bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wealth and welfare? Can fisheries management succeed in achieving multiple objectives? A case study of Lake Victoria, East Africa
Authors: Nunan Fiona 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFisheries policies often pursue multiple objectives, which may, in some instances, be in conflict or competition with each other. It may not be possible, for example, to create or maintain employment and generate increasing volumes of revenue for government whilst also sustaining stocks and biodiversity. Two approaches to fisheries management, one focused on capturing wealth and limiting access and the other on maintaining access for employment and providing community development and welfare, present contrasting policy advice, with different points of emphases and objectives. This article examines the case of Lake Victoria, where the three main commercial fisheries are seen to contribute to different objectives for the lake's fisheries. Insights from the debate between wealth‐based and welfare‐based approaches to fisheries management provide a framework for the analysis of fisheries policy and practice on the lake. From the analysis, it is concluded that whilst there is much rhetoric in support of a wealth‐based approach, this has not been followed through in implementation, reflecting the lack of political support for new taxation and limiting access. The welfare functions of the fisheries are significant, but could be substantially strengthened through greater investment in the provision of services to fisheries communities. The approaches are not mutually exclusive, but pursuing wealth‐based management must support livelihoods, employment and development, as well as fisheries management objectives. Without the incorporation of welfare objectives, fisheries policies will not be politically accepted or fully implemented, suggesting the need for a balance between wealth and welfare objectives and measures.
Spina bifida occulta: Not to be overlooked in children with nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Shin Sang Hee , Im Young Jae , Lee Mi‐Jung , Lee Yong Seung , Choi Eun Kyoung , Han Sang Won 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivePrevious reports have suggested that the incidence of spina bifida occulta in patients with nocturnal enuresis is higher than in the general population. However, the effect of spina bifida occulta on the response to nocturnal enuresis treatment is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spina bifida occulta and response to treatment of nocturnal enuresis.MethodsBetween 2006 and 2009, the records of 160 children with nocturnal enuresis were reviewed. Children with other organic urological disease or symptoms suggestive of spinal dysraphism were excluded. Plain radiography for the kidney–ureter–bladder was carried out before the start of the nocturnal enuresis treatment. Response to treatment of children with and without spina bifida occulta was compared.ResultsOf 160 children, 53 were girls; the mean age was 7.8 ± 2.06 years. The mean duration of treatment was 8.7 ± 9.29 months. Spina bifida occulta was detected in 43 children (26.9%). Spina bifida occulta affected L4 in four children, L5 in 12 children, S1 in 26 children and S2 in one child. There was a significant difference between the spina bifida occulta and non‐spina bifida occulta groups in terms of outcome (P = 0.002), with a complete response more likely in children without spina bifida occulta (P = 0.005). None of the children with primary non‐mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis and spina bifida occulta showed a complete response.ConclusionsThe presence of spina bifida occulta significantly affects the response to treatment in patients with nocturnal enuresis. Thus, verifying spina bifida occulta in this patient population can facilitate the prediction of the response to nocturnal enuresis treatment.
Diabetes predicts metastasis after radical prostatectomy in obese men: results from the SEARCH database
Authors: Wu Chenwei , Aronson William J. , Terris Martha K. , Presti Joseph C. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher L. , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Diabetes is known to be associated with a slightly lower risk of prostate cancer. Only a limited number of studies have examined the impact of diabetes on prostate cancer outcomes, with mixed results.
This study builds on our prior work showing that on the whole, diabetes is not a risk factor for progression to metastases after surgery. However, intriguingly we found a significant interaction with obesity for modifying the relationship between diabetes and progression. If confirmed in future studies, this suggests the mechanisms by which diabetes alters prostate cancer aggressiveness may differ in obese and non‐obese men.
Objective
To examine the association between diabetes and metastasis risk after radical prostatectomy (RP) and to determine if race or obesity modifies this relationship.
Patients and Methods
Patients comprised 2058 US veterans with prostate cancer (PCa) enrolled in the Shared Equal‐Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database and treated with RP between 1988 and 2010.
The association of diabetes with metastasis risk or secondary treatment rates was examined using Cox proportional hazards, adjusting for preoperative and, separately, clinical and postoperative findings.
The effect modification by race (black vs white) and obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 vs <30 kg/m2) was tested via interaction terms.
Results
Men with diabetes had higher BMIs and were more likely to be non‐white (all P ≤ 0.001).
On multivariable analysis, diabetes was not associated with metastasis risk (P ≥ 0.45), but, among men with diabetes, longer diabetes duration was associated with higher metastasis risk (P ≤ 0.035).
When stratified by obesity, diabetes was linked with higher metastasis risk in obese but not in non‐obese men (P‐interaction ≤ 0.037), but there was no significant interaction with race (P‐interaction ≥ 0.56).
Diabetes also predicted more aggressive secondary treatment among obese men but less aggressive treatment among non‐obese men (hazard ratio 1.39 vs 0.63, P‐interaction = 0.006).
Where applicable, results were similar for both pre‐ and postoperative models.
Conclusions
Diabetes was not associated with metastasis risk overall.
Stratification by obesity yielded significant differences, with diabetes linked to a fourfold higher metastasis risk in obese men, despite predicting more aggressive secondary treatment. Longer diabetes duration was also associated with increased metastasis risk.
Taming the Beast: Managing Hydrology to Control Carolina Willow (Salix caroliniana) Seedlings and Cuttings
Authors: Quintana‐Ascencio Pedro F. , Fauth John E. , Castro Morales Luz M. , Ponzio Kimberli J. , Hall Dianne , Snyder Ken 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHistorically, wetlands along the St. Johns River, Florida, were dominated by herbaceous marshes. However, in the last 50 years many areas transformed to shrub‐dominated wetlands, at the same time a system of levees and canals was constructed to control flooding. We tested the role of water management in controlling Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana), a native shrub that accounts for most of this shift. We assessed survival and growth of seedlings and cuttings on four artificial islands. We planted willow seedlings and cuttings at the spring waterline and at three higher levels (+17.5, +35, and +50 cm) and evaluated their responses to natural hydrologic fluctuations. Overall, seedlings had lower survival than cuttings. Highest mortality occurred during summer floods and willows greater than 50 cm above marsh surface had the highest survivorship. Surviving seedlings attained similar height and biomass among elevations, but the cuttings had greater stem diameter, stem height, and biomass at higher elevations. In the second experiment, we planted seedlings and short (25 cm) and tall (50 cm) cuttings at the waterline and at three higher levels (+25, +35, and +50 cm) in artificial ponds with controlled water levels. Before flooding, seedlings at the highest elevation suffered some mortality due to desiccation, but after flooding, they had the highest survival. Elevation did not affect cutting survival, but those at the lowest elevation had the greatest height and biomass. Hydrologic manipulation can be a powerful tool to control willow establishment. However, its success depends on timely and prolonged inundation or water drawdown.
Growth of PbSe Quantum Dots Within High‐Index Lead‐Phosphate Glass for Infrared Saturable Absorbers
Authors: Kannan Pradeesh , Choudhary Amol , Mills Benjamin , Feng Xian , Shepherd David P. 
Published: January 2013

PbSe quantum dots (QDs) were grown in high‐refractive‐index low‐melting‐temperature lead‐phosphate glass. The lowest energy exciton transition of the QDs was tuned over a wide range within the infrared spectral region (0.93–2.75 μm) by a controlled heat treatment. The measured QD radius ranged between 2 and 5.3 nm, with a time (t) dependence of t0.29 for long dwelling times during the heat treatment, indicating that the QD growth mechanism tends to follow Lifshitz‐Slyozov‐Wagner theory. The QD saturable absorber behavior at 1.2 μm had a measured saturation fluence of ~2.1 μJ/cm2.
Structure and Luminescence of New Red‐Emitting Materials‐Eu3+‐Doped Triple Orthovanadates NaALa(VO4)2 (A = Ca,Sr,Ba)
Authors: Qin Chuanxiang , Huang Yanlin , Seo Hyo Jin 
Published: January 2013

The new red‐emitting phosphors of Eu3+‐doped triple orthovanadates NaALa(VO4)2 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) were prepared by the high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The formation of single phase compound with isostructural structure of Ba3(VO4)2 was verified through X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, the fluorescence decay curves and the dependence of luminescence intensity on doping level were investigated. The phosphor can be efficiently excited by near UV and blue light to realize an intense red luminescence (613 nm) corresponding to the electric dipole transition 5D0→7F2 of Eu3+ ions. Their potential applications as red‐emitting phosphors for solid‐state lighting were evaluated in comparison with the Eu3+‐doped lanthanum orthovanadate LaVO4 and other reported references. The luminescence was discussed in detail on the base of the crystal structures. The luminescence thermal stability on temperature was investigated and the thermal activated energy was calculated. The phosphors can be suggested to be a potential red‐emitting phosphor for the application on white LEDs under irradiation of near‐UV or blue chips.
Evaluation of Oak Chips Treatment on Volatile Composition and Sensory Characteristics of Merlot Wine
Authors: Schumacher Rafael , Alañón M. Elena , Castro‐Vázquez Lucia , Pérez‐Coello M. Soledad , Díaz‐Maroto M. Consuelo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe effect of treatment with different oak chips on the volatile composition and sensory characteristics of Merlot wine was evaluated. Seasoned and toasted oak chips from different geographical origins and species were tested: American (Quercus alba), French (Quercus petraea) and Rumanian (Quercus robur). Differences in the lactone content, volatile phenols (eugenol and 6‐methoxyeugenol) and derivatives of vanillin were found according to the different species used. The major differences were found in wines aged with toasted chips as the concentrations of lignin derivatives increased while furan compounds appeared. The treatment with nontoasted chips increased the flavor complexity of wine due to the pleasant attributes imparted by oak wood. Rumanian chips imparted the lowest intensity of aged flavor into the wines. Meanwhile, wines treated with toasted oak chips were negatively assessed by the tasters due to the strong perception of smoke or tobacco attributes that masked the rest of the notes.Practical ApplicationsThe use of oak chips is a new alternative to barrels used in red wine aging. The oak treatments with seasoned American, French and Rumanian oak chips improved and enhanced the volatile profile of Merlot red wines. However, the chemical composition of aged wines varied in relationship to the chips use. This fact implied different sensory characteristics in the resulting Merlot wines.The toasting process is a common treatment applied to oak barrels to improve their aromatic potential. However, the toasting treatment applied to chips must be dealt carefully by winemakers. It was observed that the use of medium toasted chips produced strong intensities of smoke and tobacco impressions that masked the rest of the notes detected in aged wine. Therefore, these aspects must be taken into account by the winemakers in the choice of the type of oak chips to guarantee the success of the wine obtained.
Brain injury‐induced proteolysis is reduced in a novel calpastatin‐overexpressing transgenic mouse
Authors: Schoch Kathleen M. , von Reyn Catherine R. , Bian Jifeng , Telling Glenn C. , Meaney David F. , Saatman Kathryn E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe calpain family of calcium‐dependent proteases has been implicated in a variety of diseases and neurodegenerative pathologies. Prolonged activation of calpains results in proteolysis of numerous cellular substrates including cytoskeletal components and membrane receptors, contributing to cell demise despite coincident expression of calpastatin, the specific inhibitor of calpains. Pharmacological and gene‐knockout strategies have targeted calpains to determine their contribution to neurodegenerative pathology; however, limitations associated with treatment paradigms, drug specificity, and genetic disruptions have produced inconsistent results and complicated interpretation. Specific, targeted calpain inhibition achieved by enhancing endogenous calpastatin levels offers unique advantages in studying pathological calpain activation. We have characterized a novel calpastatin‐overexpressing transgenic mouse model, demonstrating a substantial increase in calpastatin expression within nervous system and peripheral tissues and associated reduction in protease activity. Experimental activation of calpains via traumatic brain injury resulted in cleavage of α‐spectrin, collapsin response mediator protein‐2, and voltage‐gated sodium channel, critical proteins for the maintenance of neuronal structure and function. Calpastatin overexpression significantly attenuated calpain‐mediated proteolysis of these selected substrates acutely following severe controlled cortical impact injury, but with no effect on acute hippocampal neurodegeneration. Augmenting calpastatin levels may be an effective method for calpain inhibition in traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders.
Acute Inhibition of Central c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase Restores Hypothalamic Insulin Signalling and Alleviates Glucose Intolerance in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Benzler J. , Ganjam G. K. , Legler K. , Stöhr S. , Krüger M. , Steger J. , Tups A. 
Published: January 2013

The hypothalamus has been identified as a main insulin target tissue for regulating normal body weight and glucose metabolism. Recent observations suggest that c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK)‐signalling plays a crucial role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance because neuronal JNK‐1 ablation in the mouse prevented high‐fat diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and increased energy expenditure, as well as insulin sensitivity. In the present study, we investigated whether central JNK inhibition is associated with sensitisation of hypothalamic insulin signalling in mice fed a high‐fat diet for 3 weeks and in leptin‐deficient mice. We determined whether i.c.v. injection of a pharmacological JNK‐inhibitor (SP600125) improved impaired glucose homeostasis. By immunohistochemistry, we first observed that JNK activity was increased in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in both mouse models, relative to normoglycaemic controls. This suggests that up‐regulation of JNK in these regions is associated with glucose intolerance and obesity, independent of leptin levels. Acute i.c.v. injection of SP600125 ameliorated glucose tolerance within 30 min in both leptin‐deficient and DIO mice. Given the acute nature of i.c.v. injections, these effects cannot be attributed to changes in food intake or energy balance. In a hypothalamic cell line, and in the ARC and VMH of leptin‐deficient mice, JNK inhibition by SP600125 consistently improved impaired insulin signalling. This was determined by a reduction of phospho‐insulin receptor substrate‐1 [IRS‐1(Ser612)] protein in a hypothalamic cell line and a decline in the number of pIRS‐1(Ser612) immunoreactive cells in the ARC and VMH. Serine 612 phosphorylation of IRS‐1 is assumed to negatively regulate insulin signalling. In leptin‐deficient mice, in both nuclei, central inhibition of JNK increased the number of cells immunoreactive for phospho‐Akt (Ser473) and phospho‐GSK‐3β (Ser9), which are important markers of insulin signalling. Collectively, our data suggest that the acute inhibition of central JNK improves impaired glucose homeostasis and is associated with sensitisation of hypothalamic insulin signalling.
A longitudinal study of well‐being in older workers and retirees: The role of engaging in different types of activities
Authors: Potočnik Kristina , Sonnentag Sabine 
Published: January 2013

This study examines the impact of engaging in seven types of activities on depression and quality of life in retirees and older workers over a period of 2 years, using a sample from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe. Longitudinal data were available from 2,813 retirees and 1,372 older employees. Our results showed that volunteering, providing help and going to sports or social clubs at the baseline improved retirees' quality of life over a period of 2 years. No direct effects of engaging in activities were found for older employees. Moreover, higher depression at the baseline fostered the depression experience at the follow‐up in those retirees and older employees who were caring for disabled adults at baseline. In retirees with higher depression at baseline, participation in religious organizations was associated with a greater decrease in depression at follow‐up than in those who had lower levels of depression at baseline. For older employees, taking part in political or community organizations at baseline was related to a greater decrease in depression at follow‐up than in those employees who experienced higher initial depression.Practitioner points

Practitioners should make attempts to reduce physical demands and time pressure exerted over older employees to improve their well‐being over time.

Practitioners should design intervention programmes and preventive measures that focus on how to stimulate retirees' and older employees' engagement in community and leisure activities to achieve successful ageing.
The Role of Foreign Direct Investments in the Development of Brazil and India: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Baer Werner , Sirohi Rahul A. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn this paper we concentrate on FDI and argue that the contrasting FDI policies in Brazil and India can be traced back to differences in the respective colonial (or semi‐colonial) experiences of the two nations during the 19th century. Our comparative analysis of FDI in Brazil and India shows the importance of historical and institutional awareness in gaining an understanding of the manner in which each society perceived the role of foreign investments in their societies. By doing this, we gain an understanding of the reasons these countries adopted different attitudes and policies towards foreign capital.
Ethnic Group Inequalities and Governance: Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Kyriacou Andreas P. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryInstitutional quality has been increasingly identified as crucial for economic development. In line with previous work which has explored the determinants of good institutions, this paper examines the impact of economic and social inequalities between ethnic groups on government quality. I hypothesize that greater inequalities between groups will tend to undermine institutions both because they tend to legitimize corruption in the eyes of disadvantaged groups and because of the efforts of better‐off groups to maintain their privileges. Based on a panel of 29 developing countries, I find that socio‐economic ethnic group inequalities reduce government quality, something which suggests the convenience of policies that can level the playing field in ethnically heterogeneous societies.
Rational Irrationality and the Political Process of Repeal: The Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform and the 21st Amendment
Authors: Thomas Michael D. , Thomas Diana W. , Snow Nicholas A. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe theory of rational irrationality suggests that voters are biased and do not face sufficient incentives to choose rationally; instead they vote for various private reasons. As a result, socially and economically destructive policies can receive widespread public support. Furthermore, because there is no private benefit of learning from experience, such policies can persist over time. We argue here that despite this otherwise dismal outlook on public policy, the theory of rational irrationality leaves two avenues for economically sensible reform: First, when the ex post costs of irrationality are higher than expected, rationally irrational voters will reduce their consumption of irrationality and demand more rational policies. Second, rationally irrational voters can be convinced to rationally update their policy preferences through the use of appealing rhetoric and persuasion by experts. We discuss these two avenues for reform using the example of the repeal of the 18thamendment, which, as we will show, relied on both updating as well as persuasive campaigning.
Intergametophytic selfing and microgeographic genetic structure shape populations of the intertidal red seaweed Chondrus crispus
Authors: Krueger‐Hadfield S. A. , Roze D. , Mauger S. , Valero M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how abiotic factors influence the spatial distribution of genetic variation provides insight into microevolutionary processes. The intertidal seascape is characterized by highly heterogeneous habitats which probably influence the partitioning of genetic variation at very small scales. The effects of tidal height on genetic variation in both the haploid (gametophytes) and diploid (tetrasporophytes) stages of the red alga Chondrus crispus were studied. Fronds were sampled every 25 cm within a 5 m × 5 m grid and along a 90‐m transect at two shore heights (high and low) in one intertidal site in France. The multilocus genotype of 799 fronds was determined (Nhaploid = 586; Ndiploid = 213) using eight microsatellite loci to test the following hypotheses: (i) high and low shore fronds belong to genetically differentiated populations, (ii) gene flow is restricted within the high shore habitat due to tidal‐influenced isolation and (iii) significant FIS values are driven by life history characteristics. Pairwise FST estimates between high and low shore levels supported the hypothesis that high and low shore fronds were genetically differentiated. The high shore was characterized by the occurrence of within‐shore genetic differentiation, reduced genetic diversity and increased levels of intergametophytic selfing, suggesting it is a marginal environment. These results suggest at fine scales within the intertidal seascape the same mechanisms as those over the species’ distributional range are at work with core and marginal population dynamics.