bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arabic Indefinites, Interrogatives, and Negators
Authors: Wilmsen David 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
That some dialects of Arabic negate with a pre-posed mā alone, some with what is called ‘bipartite’ negation mā … š, and some with post-positive -š alone has invited comparisons with a similar process, called Jespersen’s Cycle, said to have occurred in French, whereby the pre-posed negator ne became associated with an emphatic post-positive particle pas ‘step’—and, in some French vernaculars, with a post-positive pas alone. Yet the similarity between Arabic and French is purely superficial, lacking supporting linguistic evidence. Forcing the facts of Arabic into preconceived theoretical constructs, both formal and functional, engenders erroneous conclusions. The source of the Arabic negator -š is polar interrogation, for which evidence does indeed exist in various Arabic dialects, including Andalusi, Egyptian, Levantine, Maltese, Tunisian, and Yemeni. The polar interrogative šī, itself derived from an existential particle, ultimately arose from the Proto-Semitic presentative ša and 3rd person pronouns šū, šī, and šunu. Supporting evidence for this comes from the West Semitic Modern South Arabian languages, which possess an existential particle, an indefinite determiner, and inchoate interrogative śi analogous in form and function to that of the Arabic šī. With this, it becomes possible to propose the operation of a different cycle in Arabic: the negative-existential (or Croft’s) cycle. Such comparative evidence from Arabic dialects and sister languages, along with historical records of an Arab presence in the Fertile Crescent centuries before the arrival of Arabic speaking Muslims in the 7th century ad, provides convincing evidence for the antiquity of the Arabic dialects.
Introduction
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis chapter explains the motivation for writing the book, namely to provide a phenomenon-based overview of the morphology-phonology interplay which will allow readers to make connections between topics in this interplay which have previously been addressed separately from one another. Examples include morphologically conditioned phonology and realizational or process morphology; connections emerge when both are viewed from the point of view of cophonologies, i.e. co-existing phonological grammars within the same language which are associated with particular morphological constructions. The reduplication and infixation chapters are also linked, intersecting in their treatment of internal reduplication but differing in the typological setting within which it is viewed. The book also aims to raise new questions about existing assumptions and to introduce some new examples into the discussion.
LocNES: a computational tool for locating classical NESs in CRM1 cargo proteins
Authors: Xu Darui , Marquis Kara , Pei Jimin , Fu Szu-Chin , Cağatay Tolga , Grishin Nick V. , Chook Yuh Min 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Classical nuclear export signals (NESs) are short cognate peptides that direct proteins out of the nucleus via the CRM1-mediated export pathway. CRM1 regulates the localization of hundreds of macromolecules involved in various cellular functions and diseases. Due to the diverse and complex nature of NESs, reliable prediction of the signal remains a challenge despite several attempts made in the last decade.
Results: We present a new NES predictor, LocNES. LocNES scans query proteins for NES consensus-fitting peptides and assigns these peptides probability scores using Support Vector Machine model, whose feature set includes amino acid sequence, disorder propensity, and the rank of position-specific scoring matrix score. LocNES demonstrates both higher sensitivity and precision over existing NES prediction tools upon comparative analysis using experimentally identified NESs.
Availability and implementation: LocNES is freely available at http://prodata.swmed.edu/LocNES
Contact: yuhmin.chook@utsouthwestern.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Use of Telemedicine Technologies in the Management of Infectious Diseases: A Review
Authors: Parmar Parmvir , Mackie David , Varghese Sunil , Cooper Curtis 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Telemedicine technologies are rapidly being integrated into infectious diseases programs with the aim of increasing access to infectious diseases specialty care for isolated populations and reducing costs. We summarize the utility and effectiveness of telemedicine in the evaluation and treatment of infectious diseases patients. The use of telemedicine in the management of acute infectious diseases, chronic hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, and active pulmonary tuberculosis is considered. We recapitulate and evaluate the advantages of telemedicine described in other studies, present challenges to adopting telemedicine, and identify future opportunities for the use of telemedicine within the realm of clinical infectious diseases.
Selection against maternal microRNA target sites in maternal transcripts
Authors: Marco Antonio 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIn animals, before the zygotic genome is expressed, the egg already contains gene products deposited by the mother. These maternal products are crucial during the initial steps of development. InDrosophila melanogastera large number of maternal products are found in the oocyte, some of which are indispensable. Many of these products are RNA molecules, such as gene transcripts and ribosomal RNAs. Recently, microRNAs – small RNA gene regulators – have been detected early during development and are important in these initial steps. The presence of some microRNAs in unfertilized eggs has been reported, but whether they have a functional impact in the egg or early embryo has not being explored. I have extracted and sequenced small RNAs fromDrosophilaunfertilized eggs. The unfertilized egg is rich in small RNAs and contains multiple microRNA products. Maternal microRNAs are often encoded within the intron of maternal genes, suggesting that many maternal microRNAs are the product of transcriptional hitch-hiking. Comparative genomics analyses suggest that maternal transcripts tend to avoid target sites for maternal microRNAs. I also developed a microRNA target mutation model to study the functional impact of polymorphisms at microRNA target sites. The analysis ofDrosophilapopulations suggests that there is selection against maternal microRNA target sites in maternal transcripts. A potential role of the maternal microRNA mir-9c in maternal-to-zygotic transition is also discussed. In conclusion, maternal microRNAs inDrosophilahave a functional impact in maternal protein-coding transcripts.
Dose‐dependent collagen cross‐linking of rabbit scleral tissue by blue light and riboflavin treatment probed by dynamic shear rheology
Authors: Schuldt Carsten , Karl Anett , Körber Nicole , Koch Christian , Liu Qing , Fritsch Anatol W. , Reichenbach Andreas , Wiedemann Peter , Käs Josef A. , Francke Mike , Iseli Hans Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine the visco‐elastic properties of isolated rabbit scleral tissue and dose‐dependent biomechanical and morphological changes after collagen cross‐linking by riboflavin/blue light treatment.MaterialScleral patches from 87 adult albino rabbit eyes were examined by dynamic shear rheology. Scleral patches were treated by riboflavin and different intensities of blue light (450 nm), and the impact on the visco‐elastic properties was determined by various rheological test regimes. The relative elastic modulus was calculated from non‐treated and corresponding treated scleral patches, and treatments with different blue light intensities were compared.ResultsShear rheology enables us to study the material properties of scleral tissue within physiological relevant parameters. Cross‐linking treatment increased the viscous as well as the elastic modulus and changed the ratio of the elastic versus viscous proportion in scleral tissue. Constant riboflavin application combined with different blue light intensities from 12 mW/cm2 up to 100 mW/cm2 increased the relative elastic modulus of scleral tissue by factors up to 1.8. Further enhancement of the applied light intensity caused a decline of the relative elastic modulus. This might be due to destructive changes of the collagen bundle structure at larger light intensities, as observed by histological examination.ConclusionCollagen cross‐linking by riboflavin/blue light application increases the biomechanical stiffness of the sclera in a dose‐dependent manner up to certain light intensities. Therefore, this treatment might be a suitable therapeutic approach to stabilize the biomechanical properties of scleral tissue in cases of pathological eye expansion.
A fractionally cointegrated VAR analysis of economic voting and political support
Authors: Jones Maggie E. C. , Nielsen Morten Ørregaard , Popiel Michał Ksawery 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe use a fractionally cointegrated vector autoregressive model to examine the relationship between Canadian political support and macroeconomic conditions. This model is well suited for the analysis because it allows multiple fractional time series and admits simple asymptotic inference for the model parameters and tests of the hypotheses of interest. In the long‐run equilibrium, we find that support for the Progressive Conservative Party was higher during periods of high interest rates and low unemployment, while support for the Liberal Party was higher during periods of low interest rates and high unemployment. We also test and reject the notion that party support is driven only by relative (to the United States) economic performance. Indeed, our findings suggest that US macroeconomic variables do not enter the long‐run equilibrium of Canadian economic voting (political opinion poll support) at all.
A novel approach to detect respiratory phases from pulmonary acoustic signals using normalised power spectral density and fuzzy inference system
Authors: Palaniappan Rajkumar , Sundaraj Kenneth , Sundaraj Sebastian , Huliraj N. , Revadi S.S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundMonitoring respiration is important in several medical applications. One such application is respiratory rate monitoring in patients with sleep apnoea. The respiratory rate in patients with sleep apnoea disorder is irregular compared with the controls. Respiratory phase detection is required for a proper monitoring of respiration in patients with sleep apnoea.AimsTo develop a model to detect the respiratory phases present in the pulmonary acoustic signals and to evaluate the performance of the model in detecting the respiratory phases.MethodsNormalised averaged power spectral density for each frame and change in normalised averaged power spectral density between the adjacent frames were fuzzified and fuzzy rules were formulated. The fuzzy inference system (FIS) was developed with both Mamdani and Sugeno methods. To evaluate the performance of both Mamdani and Sugeno methods, correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated.ResultsIn the correlation coefficient analysis in evaluating the fuzzy model using Mamdani and Sugeno method, the strength of the correlation was found to be r = 0.9892 and r = 0.9964, respectively. The RMSE for Mamdani and Sugeno methods are RMSE = 0.0853 and RMSE = 0.0817, respectively.ConclusionThe correlation coefficient and the RMSE of the proposed fuzzy models in detecting the respiratory phases reveals that Sugeno method performs better compared with the Mamdani method.
Cardio‐metabolic risk screening among adolescents: understanding the utility of body mass index, waist circumference and waist to height ratio
Authors: Bauer K. W. , Marcus M. D. , El ghormli L. , Ogden C. L. , Foster G. D. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundFew studies have assessed how well body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or waist to height ratio (WtHR) perform in identifying cardio‐metabolic risk among youth.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of BMI and WC percentiles and WtHR to distinguish adolescents with and without cardio‐metabolic risk.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of data from 6097 adolescents aged 10–13 years who participated in the HEALTHY study was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined the discriminatory ability of BMI and WC percentiles and WtHR.ResultsThe discriminatory ability of BMI percentile was good (area under the curve [AUC] ≥ 0.80) for elevated insulin and clustering of ≥3 risk factors, with optimal cut‐points of 96 and 95, respectively. BMI percentile performed poor to fair (AUC = 0.57–0.75) in identifying youth with the majority of individual risk factors examined (elevated glucose, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, blood pressure, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein). WC percentile and WtHR performed similarly to BMI percentile.ConclusionsThe current definition of obesity among US children performs well at identifying adolescents with elevated insulin and a clustering of ≥3 cardio‐metabolic risk factors. Evidence does not support WC percentile or WtHR as superior screening tools compared with BMI percentile for identifying cardio‐metabolic risk.
What are Adaptive Preferences? Exclusion and Disability in the Capability Approach
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIt is a longstanding problem for theorists of justice that many victims of injustice seem to prefer mistreatment, and perpetuate their own oppression. One possible response is to simply ignore such preferences as unreliable ‘adaptive preferences’. Capability theorists have taken this approach, arguing that individuals should be entitled to certain capabilities regardless of their satisfaction without them. Although this initially seems plausible, worries have been raised that undermining the reliability of individuals' strongly‐held preferences impugns their rationality, and further excludes already marginalised groups. I argue that such criticisms trade on an ambiguity between two uses of the term ‘adaptive preference’. An adaptive preference is often assumed to be irrational, and an unreliable guide to its possessor's best interests. However, I suggest a preference may also be adaptive in the sense that it is an unreliable guide to our distributive entitlements, and that this does not require an assessment of individuals' rationality. I consider this distinction in relation to disability, arguing that this clarification allows us to justifiably ignore some disabled individuals' preferences, in the context of theorising about distributive justice, without disrespecting or undermining their rationality or culture.
Depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and metabolic syndrome in community‐dwelling elderly in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ting‐Ting , Lung For‐Wey , Yen Yung‐Chieh 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveMetabolic syndrome and depression are both thought to be associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly. Metabolic syndrome is also correlated with depression. We examined their possible pathways in a population‐based sample.MethodsWe recruited 300 older community participants from Southern Taiwan. Demographics, medical history, severity of depressive symptoms, cognitive function, apolipoprotein genotyping, and lipid profile were collected. The presence of metabolic syndrome was confirmed with the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel. Possible relationships between metabolic syndrome, depressive symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction were explored using logistic regression and structured equation modelling.ResultsWhen gender, age, education, marital status, and apolipoprotein genotype were adjusted for logistic regression, metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms were independent and significant predictors of cognitive dysfunction for community‐dwelling elderly. In structural equation modelling, metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms were correlated to each other, and both contributed to the presence of cognitive dysfunction.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome are independently associated with cognitive impairment among community‐dwelling elderly.
Which variable is the strongest adjusted predictor of quality of life in caregivers of patients with dementia?
Authors: Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Nedjat Saharnaz , Salimi Yahya , Noroozian Maryam , Majdzadeh Reza 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe central role of family in caregiving for patients with dementia is now widely acknowledged. However, in playing this role, caregivers may neglect their health and quality of life (QOL). The purposes of present study were to measure caregivers' QOL and to determine its adjusted predictors via multiple regression models.MethodsWe used sequential sampling to recruit 153 patients and their caregivers from the Iran Alzheimer Association in our cross‐sectional study. A single‐item question with a Likert scale was applied to measure QOL. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine the adjusted predictors of QOL.ResultsOf the responding caregivers, 22.8% reported their QOL as poor or very poor. Caregiver burden, the main caregiver's age, the Global Deterioration Scale, and the number of caregivers were introduced as adjusted predictors of QOL.ConclusionsCaregiver burden was proposed as the strongest adjusted predictor for caregivers' poor QOL. Therefore, it seems that interventions to reduce caregiver burden can be effective in enhancing caregivers' QOL.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY BODY
Authors: Herring P. T. 
Published: December 2014

In mammamals, birds, and bony fishes the pituitary body consists of two lobes, an anterior or epithelial which has the structure of a gland secreting into blood‐vessels, and a posterior composed of nervous tissue more or less surrounded and invaded by epithelial cells of the pars intermedia. The posterior lobe may also furniish secretion into blood‐vessels, but its arrangement and histological features suggest a gland which pours its products into the infundibulum, and so into the ventricles of the brain. It may, therefore, be regarded, in part at least, as a special brain gland.Extracts of the anterior lobe have no immediate physiological action when injected into the blood‐vessels.Extracts of the posterior lobe of birds and bony fishes have an action similar to extracts of the mammalian posterior lobe, bringing about a rise of blood‐pressure, expansion of the kidney, and an increase in the secretion of urine. The tissue in which the active principles giving this result are found, contains, when examined histologically, bodies of a colloid nature such as have already been described in mammals in a previous paper. Whether this colloid contains the above‐mentioned active principles or not, is undecided; it may possibly be the expression of some other function. The close relationship which exists between pars nervosa and pars intermedia of the posterior lobe renders it probable that the active principles, and especially the colloid bodies, are furnished by the epithelial cells, but it is possible that the ependyma cells have also a secretory function.The pituitary body of elasmobranchs differs widely in structure from that of the other classes considered. It is a gland which apparently secretes directly into the blood‐vessels, but it contains none of the deeply staining (chromophil) cells which are characteristic of the anterior lobe of mammals and teleosts. Its posterior lobe is absent or merely rudimentary.Extracts of the pituitary body of elasmobranchs have no immediate physiological activity.The saccus vasculosus secretes its products into the ventricles of the brain. Its extracts are inactive, and it is probably an auxiliary to the choroid plexus, aiding in the production of the large amount of cerebrospinal fluid which is found in fishes.I have to thank Mr Richard Muir for the care with which he has executed the accompanying illustrations. The expenses incurred have been assisted by a grant from the Carnegie fund for research‐work.
THE EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY UPON THE MAMMALIAN PITUITARY. PRELIMINARY NOTE
Authors: Herring P. T. 
Published: December 2014

Thyroidectomy is followed by definite histological changes in the pituitary body. The anterior lobe is apparently unaffected; it shows no immediate sign of increased activity as far as can be judged from the animals examined. Whether or not it undergoes an alteration in animals which survive for a long time remains to be determined.There is increased activity of the cells of the pars intermedia, and probably an increase in the number of these cells in animals which live for some time after the operation. In this respect the work of Rogowitsch and others is confirmed.The most striking changes are manifested in the nervous part of the posterior lobe and in the laminæ forming the floor of the third ventricle. In these situations granular, hyaline, or colloid bodies become very numerous. They appear to be, in part at least, of a cellular nature, and to find their way between the ependyma cells into the infundibular recess and ventricles of the brain.There are also alterations in the ependyma and neuroglia cells in the same regions. The former appear to have a secretory function and give off small clear globular bodies into the infundibular recess and third ventricle. There are also localised proliferations of neuroglia.The significance of these changes is as yet undetermined. The colloid bodies appear to arise from the epithelial cells of the pars intermedia, and their extensive production to be an exaggeration of a normal process. Further work is being carried on to determine the nature of the colloid of the pituitary, its relations to the active principles found in the posterior lobe, and its influence in the production or amelioration of the symptoms, which, in many animals, follow removal or disease of the thyroid.The expenses incurred in this work are assisted by a grant from the Carnegie endowment for research purposes.
THE PYRAMID TRACT AND OTHER DESCENDING PATHS IN THE SPINAL CORD OF THE SHEEP
Authors: King Jessie Luella 
Published: December 2014

1. The sheep has a comparatively small pyramid tract, the fasciculi of which degenerate as a result of lesions in the motor area, previously found to be located in the superior frontal gyrus. The greater part of the fibres are of fine calibre, and the majority decussate in the lower part of the medulla oblongata and in the first cervical segment of the spinal cord. By the Marchi method they can be traced into the reticular formation at the base of the dorsal horn, among the lateral horn cells and those of the dorsal part of the ventral horn. The homolateral fibres have a similar course.2. The tract cannot be followed beyond the first cervical segment.3. An uncrossed ventral cortico‐spinal tract is not demonstrated.4. Experimental lesions in the lower part of the medulla oblongata and in the spinal cord show that there are two well‐developed descending paths.A. One, in the dorsal part of the ventro‐lateral column, extends into the sacral region. It is made up of coarse fibres, and many collaterals are given off to end amongst the cells of the lateral horn and those of the dorsal part of the ventral horn. From its relations it probably represents the rubro‐spinal tract described in some other animals.B. A large ventro‐lateral path, with coarse fibres, can also be followed into the sacral segments. It is directly connected with the ventral born cells.The progressive decrease of both tracts is greater in the limb than in the trunk regions.5. Little, if any, motor disturbance follows from cortical lesions. But when a considerable proportion of the fibres of one of these other paths is interrupted partial paralysis invariably results, from which the animals do not entirely recover in a fortnight.