bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening Market Principles in Welfare Institutions: How Hybrid Pension Systems Impact on Social-risk Spreading
Authors: FRERICKS PATRICIA 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn the past two decades, the question of how pension systems should be designed to offer ‘adequate and sustainable pensions for all’ has been raised. As a result, European pension systems, in which market principles in general have played a marginal or even negligible role in the past, were redesigned, with market-based pensions becoming part of the pension calculation norm, i.e. the institutionalised and nationally defined target level for old-age protection. However, since the hybrid pension systems are institutionalised very differently, pension systems’ ingredients, characteristics and nexus are far from being homogeneous, and the role of market principles in hybrid systems differs. These differences significantly determine the degree of social protection of the various social citizens and the number of future pensioners with adequate pensions. An illustrative comparison of the contrasting Dutch and German institutional setups indicates differences in the manner in which market principles have been strengthened in the pension system, and the related effects these differences have on social-risk spreading.
A psychophysical evaluation of haptic controllers: viscosity perception of soft environments
Authors: Son Hyoung Il , Jung Hoeryong , Lee Doo Yong , Cho Jang Ho , Bülthoff Heinrich H. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, human viscosity perception in haptic teleoperation systems is thoroughly analyzed. An accurate perception of viscoelastic environmental properties such as viscosity is a critical ability in several contexts, such as telesurgery, telerehabilitation, telemedicine, and soft-tissue interaction. We study and compare the ability to perceive viscosity from the standpoint of detection and discrimination using several relevant control methods for the teleoperator. The perception-based method, which was proposed by the authors to enhance the operator's kinesthetic perception, is compared with the conventional transparency-based control method for the teleoperation system. The fidelity-based method, which is a primary method among perception-centered control schemes in teleoperation, is also studied. We also examine the necessity and impact of the remote-site force information for each of the methods. The comparison is based on a series of psychophysical experiments measuring absolute threshold and just noticeable difference for all conditions. The results clearly show that the perception-based method enhances both detection and discrimination abilities compare with other control methods. The results further show that the fidelity-based method confers a better discrimination ability than the transparency-based method, although this is not true with respect to detection ability. In addition, we show that force information improves viscosity detection for all control methods, as predicted from previous theoretical analysis, but improves the discrimination threshold only for the perception-based method.
Vision-based autonomous hovering for a miniature quad-rotor
Authors: Gomez-Balderas J. E. , Salazar S. , Guerrero J. A. , Lozano R. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, a vision-based scheme for the autonomous hovering of a miniature quad-rotor is developed. Cameras are used to estimate the position and the translational velocity of the vehicle. The dynamic model of the miniature quad-rotor is developed using the Newton–Euler approach. A nonlinear controller based on a separated saturation control strategy for a miniature quad-rotor is presented. To validate the theoretical results, an embedded control system for the miniature quad-rotor has been developed. Thus, the analytic results are supported by experimental tests. Experimental results have validated the proposed control strategy.
Experimental tests of a sliding mode controller for trajectory tracking of a car-like mobile robot
Authors: Hamerlain F. , Floquet T. , Perruquetti W. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the problem of the practical tracking control of an experimental car-like system called the Robucar. The car-like Robucar is a four-wheeled car in a single steering mode. Based on a kinematic model of the car-like Robucar, a practical tracking controller is designed using the second-order sliding mode control of the super twisting algorithm. Hence, the output tracking of the desired trajectory is achieved, and the tracking errors vanish asymptotically. Experimental tests on the car-like Robucar are presented for simple and real-time nonholonomic trajectories, and comparative results with the conventional sliding controller demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed controller.
Show me the pragmatic contribution: a developmental investigation of contrastive inference
Authors: KRONMÜLLER EDMUNDO , MORISSEAU TIFFANY , NOVECK IRA A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAn utterance such as ‘Show me the large rabbit’ potentially generates a contrastive inference, i.e., the article the and the adjective large allow listeners to pragmatically infer the existence of other entities having the same noun (e.g. a small rabbit). The primary way to measure children's ability to carry out this pragmatic inference has been through tasks that measure infelicity detection. We argue that such studies are not as revealing as one might assume because they force children to adopt a metalinguistic stance and they consider infelicity detection as tantamount to contrastive inference-making. To address these concerns, we develop a game-like situation in which all utterances remain felicitous. Moreover, we make a distinction between responses that are revealing of a pragmatic interpretation and responses that are revealing of a reliance on the utterance's linguistically encoded meaning (i.e., a lack of contrastive inference). Three experiments with seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, and adults show that pragmatic interpretations do not emerge among seven-year-olds, that ten-year-olds do not show adult-like performance, and that adults are not at ceiling. We conclude that contrastive inference-making is an effortful process and that the ability to detect such gains-in-information through language increases with age.
English-learning one- to two-year-olds do not show a consonant bias in word learning
Authors: FLOCCIA CAROLINE , NAZZI THIERRY , DELLE LUCHE CLAIRE , POLTROCK SILVANA , GOSLIN JEREMY 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTFollowing the proposal that consonants are more involved than vowels in coding the lexicon (Nespor, Peña & Mehler, 2003), an early lexical consonant bias was found from age 1;2 in French but an equal sensitivity to consonants and vowels from 1;0 to 2;0 in English. As different tasks were used in French and English, we sought to clarify this ambiguity by using an interactive word-learning study similar to that used in French, with British-English-learning toddlers aged 1;4 and 1;11. Children were taught two CVC labels differing on either a consonant or vowel and tested on their pairing of a third object named with one of the previously taught labels, or part of them. In concert with previous research on British-English toddlers, our results provided no evidence of a general consonant bias. The language-specific mechanisms explaining the differential status for consonants and vowels in lexical development are discussed.
Prevention of falls in old people – a review
Authors: Karlsson Magnus K. , Karlsson Caroline , Cöster Maria , Magnusson Håkan , Rosengen Björn E. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryPhysical training, if including specific different training modalities, reduces the fall risk in healthy community-dwelling older people, as does a home hazards modification programme. Vitamin D supplementation in older individuals with low levels of vitamin D, adjustment of psychotropic medication, and structured modification of multi-pharmacy are all drug-focused programmes that reduce the number of falls. Anti-slip shoe devices during icy conditions for older people who walk outdoors and multifaceted podiatry in patients with specific foot disability reduce the fall risk. First eye cataract surgery and pacemakers in patients with cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity are surgical interventions that reduce the fall risk. Multi-factorial preventive programmes that include training, both individually designed and generally prescribed, also reduce the fall frequency. With this in mind, we ought to initiate fall preventive programmes in older people, especially in high- risk groups, to reduce the number of falls and fallers in society.
Global well-posedness for 3D Navier–Stokes equations with ill-prepared
initial data
Authors: Paicu Marius , Zhang Zhifei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe study the global well-posedness of 3D Navier–Stokes equations for a class of large
initial data. This type of data slowly varies in the vertical direction (expressed as
a function of $\varepsilon {x}_{3} $), and it is ill-prepared in the sense that its norm in ${C}^{- 1} $ will blow up at the rate ${\varepsilon }^{- \alpha } $ for $\frac{1}{2} \lt \alpha \lt 1$ as $\varepsilon $ tends to zero.
Economic analysis of private and public benefits of corn, switchgrass and mixed grass systems in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Bourlion Nelly , Janssen Larry , Miller Michael 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe objective of this research is to develop an economic analysis of different crop mix biofuels programs for meeting ethanol and sustainability demands. Primary data are from South Dakota State University field experiments on farms located in east-central South Dakota. The data include 4 years of field data, three crop systems (mixed grass, switchgrass and corn), two residue treatments (no removal, removal of biomass), and three landscape positions (back slope, crest and foot slope). A representative farm model and five scenarios are developed to conduct a full budget analysis over a 12-year period. Public benefits are evaluated, using the benefit transfer method to value ecosystem services, by allocating a dollar value to three environmental variables; carbon sequestration, reduction of sedimentation and pheasant production. Stochastic simulation results are compared for each of the five scenarios, one with only annualized net private returns, and one including the value of environmental benefits. Results indicate that: (1) the conventional continuous corn scenario has the highest net returns over the 12-year budget, (2) carbon sequestration represents 80% of the environmental benefits, and (3) the added economic value of ecosystem services does not provide enough incentives for farmers to convert from corn production to grass production.
H2O2-responsive molecularly engineered polymer nanoparticles as ischemia/reperfusion-targeted nanotherapeutic agents
Authors: Lee Dongwon , Bae Soochan , Hong Donghyun , Lim Hyungsuk , Yoon Joo Heung , Hwang On , Park Seunggyu , Ke Qingen , Khang Gilson , Kang Peter M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe main culprit in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the most abundant form of ROS produced during I/R, causes inflammation, apoptosis and subsequent tissue damages. Here, we report H2O2-responsive antioxidant nanoparticles formulated from copolyoxalate containing vanillyl alcohol (VA) (PVAX) as a novel I/R-targeted nanotherapeutic agent. PVAX was designed to incorporate VA and H2O2-responsive peroxalate ester linkages covalently in its backbone. PVAX nanoparticles therefore degrade and release VA, which is able to reduce the generation of ROS and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity. In hind-limb I/R and liver I/R models in mice, PVAX nanoparticles specifically reacted with overproduced H2O2 and exerted highly potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities that reduced cellular damages. Therefore, PVAX nanoparticles have tremendous potential as nanotherapeutic agents for I/R injury and H2O2-associated diseases.
Insights into the Reactivity of Gold: an Analysis of FTIR and HRTEM Studies
Authors: Boccuzzi Flora , Manzoli Maela , Chiorino Anna , Vindigni Floriana 
Published: July 2013

The reactivity of different gold‐based catalysts has been examined and re‐discussed on the basis of the most recent literature data, mainly looking at the characterization data obtained by FTIR spectroscopy and HRTEM microscopy. In particular, the CO oxidation reactions at 90 K and at room temperature have been discussed. By comparing samples with different gold particle sizes and different supports it has been deduced that the sites responsible for the adsorption and the reactive activation of CO and O2 are the gold edge sites, in proximity to the support oxygen‐vacancy defects. These defects may produce electron‐rich gold atoms, which may be relevant for oxygen activation and dissociation. As for the water–gas shift reaction, an important role of support sites at the borderline with the gold sites, where water and CO in mutual interaction may be activated, has been proposed. Moreover, a role of oxygen adsorbed on gold particles near oxygen vacancies of the support in the oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol and in the furfural oxidative esterification has been discussed. All the above summarized points confirm the importance of the dual perimeter sites in the catalytic activity of gold catalysts.
Synthesis and electromagnetic properties of Fe/SiO2 yolk/shell nanospheres with improved oxidation resistance
Authors: Fu Li‐Shun , Jiang Jian‐Tang , Xu Cheng‐Yan , Gong Yuan‐Xun , Zhen Liang 
Published: July 2013

Nearly monodispersed Fe/SiO2 yolk/shell nanospheres with an average diameter of about 250 nm were synthesised by hydrogen‐thermal reduction of Fe3O4/SiO2 precursor nanospheres. The morphology of products and precursors was characterised in three stages of preparation. Electrical conductivity magnetic properties and electromagnetic properties in the microwave band of Fe/SiO2 yolk/shell nanospheres were investigated. The eddy current effect in Fe/SiO2 yolk/shell nanospheres was effectively suppressed because of separation of ultrafine iron particles by silica shells, indicating that the eddy current effect can be suppressed only by separating iron particles and it is not related to the interface of iron and sillica. A reflection loss of −12.5 dB and an effective absorption band with a bandwith of 3.3 GHz were simultaneously obtained for Fe/SiO2 yolk/shell nanospheres‐containing coatings with thickness of 2 mm. Compared with bare Fe particles obtained from Fe3O4 precursor nanospheres, oxidation resistance of Fe/SiO2 yolk/shell nanospheres was improved because of the existence of silica shells.
Effect of Ni–Co codoping on structure and electrical properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Hossain Sk Mazaffar , Mukherjee Ayan , Basu Soumen , Pal Mrinal 
Published: July 2013

Ni and Co doped nanocrystalline BiFeO3 (BFO) have been prepared using a facile sol–gel technique. The effects of codoping on the crystal structure, morphology and electrical properties are investigated. X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies confirm the phase purity and growth of BFO nanoparticles. The heat‐flow measurement using a differential thermal analyser shows an endothermic peak between 1070 and 1100 K representing ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition. A systematic electrical conductivity study of these nanoparticles delineates that resistivity increases for doped BFO samples which is very much desirable for device applications of multiferroics.
Monocrystalline silicon nanowires and nanosheets as anodes of lithium‐ion battery: synthesis in mass production and low cost
Authors: Wang Qi , Chen Zhao‐Hui , Xing Li‐Li 
Published: July 2013

Monocrystalline silicon nanowires and nanosheets are prepared in mass production by the novel electroless etching method. Low‐cost silicon powders are used as precursors. The initial capacities of silicon nanowires and nanosheets as lithium‐ion battery (LIB) anodes are up to 4311 and 4426 mAh/g, respectively. After ten cycles, the reversible capacity maintains 2318 and 2791 mAh/g for nanowires and nanosheets, respectively. The capacity and cyclability of nanosheets is slightly higher than that of nanowires. Such a behaviour is attributed to their finite lateral sizes and enhanced open‐edges, which can facilitate Li ion diffusion and decrease overvoltage associated with Li–Si alloying reaction. The presented results open a way for synthesising silicon nanostructures as LIB anodes in mass production and low cost.
Facile synthesis and characterisation of hexagonal magnetite nanoplates
Authors: Zhu Jianjun , Li Di , Jiang Deli , Chen Min 
Published: July 2013

Hexagonal magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoplates were synthesised using a facile hydrothermal route, where ß‐cyclodextrin and urea were used as a reducing agent and a modifier, respectively. It was found that the obtained hexagonal Fe3O4 nanoplates had an average diameter of about 400 nm and thickness in the range of 40–80 nm. The effects of the concentration of urea and pH value on the formation of Fe3O4 nanoplates are discussed. A possible formation mechanism for the hexagonal Fe3O4 nanoplates is proposed. Magnetic studies revealed that the hexagonal Fe3O4 nanoplates exhibited a relatively high saturation magnetisation of 78.93 emu/g and a coercivity of less than 200 Oe at room temperature, which indicates that the as‐prepared Fe3O4 nanoplates are ferromagnetic.
Raman spectroscopic image analysis on micropatterned graphene
Authors: Choi Wooseok , Park Joonkyu , Jung Jongwan , Seo Yongho , Ahn Jinho , Park In‐Sung 
Published: July 2013

A study has been conducted on patterned graphene with widths in the range of 0.1–4 μm which was grown by chemical vapour deposition and patterned by electron beam lithography. The microscopic behaviour of the Raman spectrum was investigated using image mapping from Raman spectroscopic data. Among three main peaks (D‐band, G‐band and 2D‐band), the two‐dimensional (2D) peak was clear even in 200 nm width graphene, however the D‐band signal was very weak, confirming low defect concentration. It was found that the 2D‐band line width was decreased as the width became narrower, which was explained by refining the electronic band structure because of confined sample size. The 2D‐ and G‐band intensities were decreased by reducing the width because the laser beam spot size was greater than the width of the sample and the effective area generating the signal was reduced.
Investigation of the spin-lattice relaxation of 13CO and 13CO2 adsorbed in the metal-organic frameworks Cu3(btc)2 and Cu3−xZnx(btc)2
Authors: Gul-E-Noor Farhana , Michel Dieter , Krautscheid Harald , Haase Jürgen , Bertmer Marko 
Published: July 2013

The 13C nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time of 13CO and 13CO2 molecules adsorbed in the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) Cu2.97Zn0.03(btc)2 and Cu3(btc)2 is investigated over a wide range of temperatures at resonance frequencies of 75.468 and 188.62 MHz. In all cases a mono-exponential relaxation is observed, and the 13C spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) reveal minima within the temperature range of the measurements and both frequencies. This allows us to carry out a more detailed analysis of the 13C spin relaxation data and to consider the influence due to the spectral functions of the thermal motion. In a model-free discussion of the temperature dependence of the ratios T1 (T)/T1,min we observe a motional mechanism that can be described by a single correlation time. In relation to the discussion of the relaxation mechanisms this can be understood in terms of dominating translational motion with mean jump distance being larger than the minimum distances between neighboring adsorption sites in the MOFs. A more detailed discussion of the jump-like motion observed here might be carried out on the basis of self-diffusion coefficients. From the present spin relaxation measurements activation energies for the local motion of the adsorbed molecules in the MOFs can be estimated to be 3.3 kJ/mol and 2.2 kJ/mol, for CO and CO2 molecules, respectively. Finally, our findings are compared with our recent results derived from the 13C line shape analysis.
A novel correction scheme for DFT: A combined vdW-DF/CCSD(T) approach
Authors: Hermann Jan , Bludský Ota 
Published: July 2013

A system-specific but very accurate density functional theory (DFT) correction scheme is proposed for precise calculations of adsorbent–adsorbate interactions by combining the non-empirical van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) method and the empirical DFT/CC correction scheme to reach accuracy of the coupled clusters method with single, double and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T)). The new approach is applied to small molecules (CH4, CO2, H2, H2O, N2) interacting with silica surfaces and purely siliceous microporous solids. The vdW-DF/CC results for a perfectly reconstructed α-quartz surface are consistent with other dispersion-corrected DFT methods. Corrected for ZPVE, the vdW-DF/CC enthalpies of adsorption in pure-silica zeolite LTA (ΔHads(0 K)) of 3.6 and 5.2 kcal/mol for methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, are in excellent agreement with experimental values of 3.6 and 5.0 kcal/mol. The very high accuracy of the new scheme and its relatively easy use and numerical stability as compared to the earlier DFT/CC scheme offer a straightforward solution for obtaining reliable predictions of adsorption energies.
Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yarnall Alison Jane , Rochester Lynn , Burn David John 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the general population has received increased attention over recent years, and is associated with risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease. Within Parkinson's disease (PD), MCI (PD-MCI) is also now recognised to be relatively common, with certain subtypes predicting progression to Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Recently, criteria to better characterise PD-MCI and its subtypes have been produced by the Movement Disorder Society. In contrast to the population as a whole, where amnestic MCI is the most common subtype, non-amnestic PD-MCI dominates, with prominent executive and attention dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of PD-MCI is poorly understood and encompasses both PD and non-PD pathology, it is most likely the result of a complex interaction between neurotransmitter dysfunction, synaptic pathology, protein aggregation and neuronal damage. Determining the factors that influence the progression of these pathologies in PD and the individuals at risk of ultimately developing PDD is critical for targeted intervention and drug discovery studies. Further work is required, however, to determine the significance of PD-MCI and also to validate the diagnostic criteria. This would be best delivered in the form of longitudinal studies in homogenous cohorts of PD participants, to allow prognostication and generalisation among the PD population. At the present time, no drug therapies are available for PD-MCI. Management includes screening for the disorder, excluding treatable causes of cognitive decline and cautious use of dopamine agonists and medications such as anticholinergics.