bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water security and the science agenda
Authors: Wheater Howard S. , Gober Patricia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe freshwater environment is facing unprecedented global pressures. Unsustainable use of surface and groundwater is ubiquitous. Gross pollution is seen in developing economies, nutrient pollution is a global threat to aquatic ecosystems, and flood damage is increasing. Droughts have severe local consequences, but effects on food can be global. These current pressures are set in the context of rapid environmental change and socio‐economic development, population growth, and weak and fragmented governance. We ask what should be the role of the water science community in addressing water security challenges. Deeper understanding of aquatic and terrestrial environments and their interactions with the climate system is needed, along with trans‐disciplinary analysis of vulnerabilities to environmental and societal change. The human dimension must be fully integrated into water science research and viewed as an endogenous component of water system dynamics. Land and water management are inextricably linked, and thus more cross‐sector coordination of research and policy is imperative. To solve real‐world problems, the products of science must emerge from an iterative, collaborative, two‐way exchange with management and policy communities. Science must produce knowledge that is deemed to be credible, legitimate, and salient by relevant stakeholders, and the social process of linking science to policy is thus vital to efforts to solve water problems. The paper shows how a large‐scale catchment‐based observatory can be used to practice trans‐disciplinary science integration and address the Anthropocene's water problems.
Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE
Authors: Richey Alexandra S. , Thomas Brian F. , Lo Min‐Hui , Reager John T. , Famiglietti James S. , Voss Katalyn , Swenson Sean , Rodell Matthew 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGroundwater is an increasingly important water supply source globally. Understanding the amount of groundwater used versus the volume available is crucial to evaluate future water availability. We present a groundwater stress assessment to quantify the relationship between groundwater use and availability in the world's 37 largest aquifer systems. We quantify stress according to a ratio of groundwater use to availability, which we call the Renewable Groundwater Stress ratio. The impact of quantifying groundwater use based on nationally reported groundwater withdrawal statistics is compared to a novel approach to quantify use based on remote sensing observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Four characteristic stress regimes are defined: Overstressed, Variable Stress, Human‐dominated Stress, and Unstressed. The regimes are a function of the sign of use (positive or negative) and the sign of groundwater availability, defined as mean annual recharge. The ability to mitigate and adapt to stressed conditions, where use exceeds sustainable water availability, is a function of economic capacity and land use patterns. Therefore, we qualitatively explore the relationship between stress and anthropogenic biomes. We find that estimates of groundwater stress based on withdrawal statistics are unable to capture the range of characteristic stress regimes, especially in regions dominated by sparsely populated biome types with limited cropland. GRACE‐based estimates of use and stress can holistically quantify the impact of groundwater use on stress, resulting in both greater magnitudes of stress and more variability of stress between regions.
Measurement and comparison of health utility assessments in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ference Elisabeth H. , Stubbs Vanessa , Lidder Alcina K. , Chandra Rakesh K. , Conley David , Avila Pedro C. , Hirsch Annemarie G. , Min Jin‐Young , Shintani Smith Stephanie , Kern Robert C. , Tan Bruce K. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition encountered in primary care medicine and is estimated to affect 12.5% of the United States population. This study aims to compare methods of assessing health utility in CRS.MethodsA cross‐sectional sample of CRS patients (n = 137) were interviewed using direct health utility assessment measures: the visual analogue scale (VAS), time trade‐off (TTO), and standard gamble (SG). General quality of life (QOL) scores were obtained via the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) and converted to SF‐6D health utility values using a Bayesian algorithm. Disease‐specific QOL was measured with the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). A selected subgroup of patients (n = 51) not initiating surgery or new treatment for CRS were re‐interviewed within 3 weeks.ResultsThe mean ± SD health utilities were VAS 0.69 ± 0.19; TTO 0.80 ± 0.27; SG 0.93 ± 0.11; and SF‐6D 0.72 ± 0.12; they differed significantly (p < 0.001). Only VAS scores differed based on disease state classification or the presence of nasal polyposis. Correlations between methods of determining health utility were weak, but significant. VAS, TTO, and SF‐6D scores were significantly associated with SNOT‐22 (p < 0.001 for all); however, SG and SNOT‐22 were poorly correlated (Spearman correlation = −0.33). The test‐retest reliability of TTO (Spearman correlation = 0.71) and SG (0.73) was strong.ConclusionCRS patients show significant impairment in QOL, with health utility values similar to those of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or intermittent claudication using similar methods. The method of ascertainment significantly affects measured health utility, but the degree of impairment warrants improved recognition and appropriate treatment of the condition.
Die Renaissance der nichtwässrigen Uranchemie
Authors: Liddle Stephen T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBis zum Jahr 2000 umfasste die nichtwässrige Uranchemie hauptsächlich Metallocen‐ und klassische Alkyl‐, Amid‐ oder Alkoxidverbindungen sowie bekannte Carben‐, Imido‐ und Oxoderivate. Seither hat das Gebiet einen starken Aufschwung erfahren, einhergehend mit der Entwicklung von Hilfsliganden, mehrfach bindenden Ligandenarten, der Aktivierung niedermolekularer Verbindungen und der Untersuchung magnetischer Eigenschaften. Dieser Aufsatz führt in die theoretischen Grundlagen des Gebiets ein, behandelt wichtige Ausgangsstoffe und untersucht neuere Ligandenklassen für Uran, einschließlich Alkyle, Aryle, Arene, Carbene, Amide, Imide, Nitride, Alkoxide, Aryloxide und Oxoeinheiten. Des Weiteren werden die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet des Einzelmolekülmagnetismus beschrieben, bevor eine Zusammenfassung der Koordination und Aktivierung niedermolekularer Verbindungen, einschließlich Kohlenmonoxid, Kohlendioxid, Stickstoffmonoxid, Distickstoff, weißem Phosphor und Alkanen, gegeben wird.
CO2‐Responsive Nanofibrous Membranes with Switchable Oil/Water Wettability
Authors: Che Hailong , Huo Meng , Peng Liao , Fang Tommy , Liu Na , Feng Lin , Wei Yen , Yuan Jinying 
Published: June 2015

AbstractResponsive polymer interfacial materials are ideal candidates for controlling surface wetting behavior. Here we developed smart nanostructured electrospun polymer membranes which are capable of switching oil/water wettability using CO2 as the trigger. In particular, the combination of CO2‐responsiveness and porous nanostructure enables the as‐prepared membranes to be used as a novel oil/water on–off switch. We anticipate that the promising versatility and simplicity of this system would not only open up a new way of surface wettability change regulation by gas, but also have obvious advantages in terms of highly controlled oil/water separation and CO2 applications.
Olefin‐Directed Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Oxidative Arylation of Allenes
Authors: Zhu Can , Yang Bin , Jiang Tuo , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn olefin‐directed palladium‐catalyzed oxidative regio‐ and stereoselective arylation of allenes to afford 1,3,6‐trienes has been established. A number of functionalized allenes, including 2,3‐ and 3,4‐dienoates and 3,4‐dienol derivatives, have been investigated and found to undergo the olefin‐directed allene arylation. The olefin moiety has been proven to be a crucial element for the arylating transformation.
Tropolone as a High‐Performance Robust Anchoring Group for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Higashino Tomohiro , Fujimori Yamato , Sugiura Kenichi , Tsuji Yukihiro , Ito Seigo , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA tropolone group has been employed for the first time as an anchoring group for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The DSSC based on a porphyrin, YD2‐o‐C8T, with a tropolone moiety exhibited a power‐conversion efficiency of 7.7 %, which is only slightly lower than that observed for a reference porphyrin, YD2‐o‐C8, with a conventional carboxylic group. More importantly, YD2‐o‐C8T was found to be superior to YD2‐o‐C8 with respect to DSSC durability and binding ability to TiO2. These results unambiguously demonstrate that tropolone is a highly promising dye‐anchoring group for DSSCs in terms of device durability as well as photovoltaic performance.
The Renaissance of Non‐Aqueous Uranium Chemistry
Authors: Liddle Stephen T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPrior to the year 2000, non‐aqueous uranium chemistry mainly involved metallocene and classical alkyl, amide, or alkoxide compounds as well as established carbene, imido, and oxo derivatives. Since then, there has been a resurgence of the area, and dramatic developments of supporting ligands and multiply bonded ligand types, small‐molecule activation, and magnetism have been reported. This Review 1) introduces the reader to some of the specialist theories of the area, 2) covers all‐important starting materials, 3) surveys contemporary ligand classes installed at uranium, including alkyl, aryl, arene, carbene, amide, imide, nitride, alkoxide, aryloxide, and oxo compounds, 4) describes advances in the area of single‐molecule magnetism, and 5) summarizes the coordination and activation of small molecules, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, dinitrogen, white phosphorus, and alkanes.
Short and Divergent Total Synthesis of (+)‐Machaeriol B, (+)‐Machaeriol D, (+)‐Δ8‐THC, and Analogues
Authors: Klotter Felix , Studer Armido 
Published: June 2015

AbstractShort and highly efficient stereoselective syntheses provide machaeriols and cannabinoids in a divergent approach starting from a common precursor, commercially available (S)‐perillic acid. Key features of the novel strategy are a stereospecific palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative arylation and a one‐pot sequence comprising a stereoselective hydroboration followed by oxidation or reduction of the corresponding intermediary boranes. The divergent approach is convincingly demonstrated by the five‐step syntheses of (+)‐machaeriol B, (+)‐machaeriol D, and related analogues, and the four‐step synthesis of (+)‐Δ8‐THC and an analogue.
Self‐Healing, Expansion–Contraction, and Shape‐Memory Properties of a Preorganized Supramolecular Hydrogel through Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Miyamae Kohei , Nakahata Masaki , Takashima Yoshinori , Harada Akira 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSupramolecular materials cross‐linked between polymer chains by noncovalent bonds have the potential to provide dynamic functions that are not produced by covalently cross‐linked polymeric materials. We focused on the formation of supramolecular polymeric materials through host–guest interactions: a powerful method for the creation of nonconventional materials. We employed two different kinds of host–guest inclusion complexes of β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) with adamantane (Ad) and ferrocene (Fc) to bind polymers together to form a supramolecular hydrogel (βCD‐Ad‐Fc gel). The βCD‐Ad‐Fc gel showed self‐healing ability when damaged and responded to redox stimuli by expansion or contraction. Moreover, the βCD‐Ad‐Fc gel showed a redox‐responsive shape‐morphing effect. We thus succeeded in deriving three functions from the introduction of two kinds of functional units into a supramolecular material.
CD47 is an adverse prognostic factor and a therapeutic target in gastric cancer
Authors: Yoshida Kazumichi , Tsujimoto Hironori , Matsumura Kouji , Kinoshita Manabu , Takahata Risa , Matsumoto Yusuke , Hiraki Shuichi , Ono Satoshi , Seki Shuhji , Yamamoto Junji , Hase Kazuo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCD47 is an antiphagocytic molecule that acts via ligation to signal regulatory protein alpha on phagocytes; its enhanced expression and therapeutic targeting have recently been reported for several malignancies. However, CD47 expression in gastric cancer is not well documented. Immunohistochemical expression of CD47 in surgical specimens was investigated. Expression of CD47 and CD44, a known gastric cancer stem cell marker, were investigated in gastric cancer cell lines by flow cytometry. MKN45 and MKN74 gastric cancer cells were sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting according to CD44 and CD47 expression levels, and their in vitro proliferation, spheroid‐forming capacity, and in vivo tumorigenicity were studied. In vitro phagocytosis of cancer cells by human macrophages in the presence of a CD47 blocking monoclonal antibody (B6H12) and the survival of immunodeficient mice intraperitoneally engrafted with MKN45 cells and B6H12 were compared to experiments using control antibodies. Immunohistochemistry of the clinical specimens indicated that CD47 was positive in 57 out of 115 cases, and its positivity was an independent adverse prognostic factor. Approximately 90% of the MKN45 and MKN74 cells expressed CD47 and CD44. CD47hi gastric cancer cells showed significantly higher proliferation and spheroid colony formation than CD47lo, and CD44hiCD47hi cells showed the highest proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. B6H12 significantly enhanced in vitro phagocytosis of cancer cells by human macrophages and prolonged the survival of intraperitoneal cancer dissemination in mice compared to control antibodies. In conclusion, CD47 is an adverse prognostic factor and promising therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
Genome Mining for Innovative Biocatalysts: New Dihydroxyacetone Aldolases for the Chemist’s Toolbox
Authors: Guérard‐Hélaine Christine , de Berardinis Véronique , Besnard‐Gonnet Marielle , Darii Ekaterina , Debacker Marine , Debard Adrien , Fernandes Carlos , Hélaine Virgil , Mariage Aline , Pellouin Virginie , Perret Alain , Petit Jean‐Louis , Sancelme Martine , Lemaire Marielle , Salanoubat Marcel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractStereoselective carboligating enzymes were discovered by a genome mining approach to extend the biocatalysis toolbox. Seven hundred enzymes were selected by sequence comparison from diverse prokaryotic species as representatives of the aldolase (FSA) family diversity. The aldol reaction tested involved dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate. The hexose‐6‐phosphate formation was monitored by mass spectrometry. Eighteen enzymes annotated either as transaldolases or aldolases were found to exhibit a DHA aldolase activity. Remarkably, six of them proven as aldolases, and not transaldolases, shared very limited similarities with those currently described. Multiple sequence alignment performed on all enzymes revealed a Tyr in the new DHA aldolases as found in FSAcoli instead of a Phe usually found in transaldolases. Four of these DHA aldolases were biochemically characterised in comparison with FSAcoli. In particular, an aldolase from Listeria monocytogenes exhibited interesting catalytic properties.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐Substituted Derivatives of L‐threo‐3‐Benzyloxyaspartate, An Important Glutamate Transporter Blocker
Authors: de Villiers Jandré , de Villiers Marianne , Geertsema Edzard M. , Raj Hans , Poelarends Gerrit J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA simple, three‐step chemoenzymatic synthesis of L‐threo‐3‐benzyloxyaspartate (L‐TBOA), as well as L‐TBOA derivatives with F, CF3, and CH3 substituents at the aromatic ring, starting from dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate was investigated. These chiral amino acids, which are extremely difficult to prepare by chemical synthesis, form an important class of inhibitors of excitatory amino acid transporters involved in the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. In addition, a new chemical procedure for the synthesis of racemic mixtures of TBOA and its derivatives was explored. These chemically prepared racemates are valuable reference compounds in chiral‐phase HPLC to establish the enantiopurities of the corresponding chemoenzymatically prepared amino acids.
Low‐Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO on an Iron Ore Catalyst in a Magnetically Fluidized Bed
Authors: Gui Keting , Liang Hui , Wang Fang , Wang Xiaobo , Yao Guihuan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLow‐temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO from simulated flue gas by NH3 on admixtures of iron ore and iron catalyst in a magnetically fluidized bed was experimentally studied. It was found that iron ore exerts a prominent catalytic effect on NO removal resulting in high removal efficiency without magnetic fields. Since iron ore is insensitive to magnetic fields due to its antiferromagnetic property, NO removal efficiency with iron ore as catalyst is only slightly influenced by magnetic fields. The NO removal efficiency, however, can be greatly improved using admixtures of iron ore and iron as catalyst in a magnetically fluidized bed. At defined magnetic field intensity and the same temperature, the removal efficiency reaches higher values compared with that without magnetic fields.
Breakage and Particle Size Redistribution in an Ultrasound‐Intensified Leaching Process
Authors: Gao Jiang Xiong , Huang Hou Quan , Li Xiao Xia , Du Fei Hu , Li Lin Bo , Li Jing Sheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe breakage and particle size redistributions in an ultrasound‐intensified leaching process were explored experimentally and analyzed statistically. It was found that particle size distributions (PSDs) of this atomic crystal silica may be changed to a certain extent by ultrasound, but the width of PSD cannot be altered under the conditions considered. Chemical reactions played an important reciprocal causality to the breakage and the particle size redistributions, and the contribution was about a half on the mean particle size. The most severe breakup happened at the maximum volume percentage of PSD rather than in the region of the largest particle size end. The ability of conventional stirring to break the silica particles may be larger as expected when the same power was used. The morphology of the silica particles verified that the change before and after leaching is small.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ba[CoSO]: Magnetic Complexity in the Presence of Chalcogen Ordering
Authors: Valldor Martin , Rößler Ulrich K. , Prots Yurii , Kuo Chang‐Yang , Chiang Jen‐Che , Hu Zhiwei , Pi Tun‐Wen , Kniep Rüdiger , Tjeng Liu Hao 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBarium thio‐oxocobaltate(II), Ba[CoS2/2O2/2], was synthesized by the reaction of equimolar amounts of BaO, Co, and S in closed silica ampoules. The title compound (Cmcm, a=3.98808(3), b=12.75518(9), c=6.10697(4) Å) is isostructural to Ba[ZnSO]. The use of soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed that cobalt is in the oxidation state +2 and tetrahedrally coordinated. Its coordination consists of two sulfur and two oxygen atoms in an ordered fashion. High‐temperature magnetic susceptibility data indicate strong low‐dimensional spin–spin interactions, which are suggested to be closely related to the layer‐type crystal structure and perhaps the ordered distribution of sulfur and oxygen. Antiferromagnetic ordering below TN=222 K is observed as an anomaly in the specific heat, coinciding with a significant lowering of the magnetic susceptibility. Density functional theory calculations within a generalized‐gradient approximation (GGA)+U approach identify an antiferromagnetic ground state within the square‐like two‐dimensional layers of Co, and antiferromagnetic correlations for nearest and next nearest neighbors along bonds mediated by oxygen or sulfur. However, this magnetic state is subject to frustration by relatively strong interlayer couplings.
Hierarchical Porous ZnMn2O4 Hollow Nanotubes with Enhanced Lithium Storage toward Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Longhai , Zhu Siqi , Cao Hui , Hou Linrui , Yuan Changzhou 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe have purposefully developed a smart template‐engaged methodology to efficiently fabricate well‐defined ternary spinel ZnMn2O4 hollow nanotubes (NTs). The procedure involves coating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with ZnMn2O4 nanosheets (NSs), followed by heating at high temperature in air to oxidize the CNT template. Physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the formed ZnMn2O4 NTs with a diameter of approximately 100 nm were composed of assembled NSs and/or nanoparticles (NPs) as building blocks and possessed numerous nanopores of several nanometers in the sidewall of the NTs. In favor of the intrinsic structural advantages, the resulting ZnMn2O4 NTs exhibited superior electrochemical lithium‐storage performance with a large capacity, good rate behavior, and excellent cyclability when evaluated as promising anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The remarkable electrochemical performance was rationally ascribed to the appealing one‐dimensional (1D) porous hollow tubular architecture with nanoscale subunits and mesopores in the sidewalls, which decreased the diffusion length for the Li+ ions, improved the kinetic process, and enhanced the structural integrity with sufficient void space to tolerate the volume variation during Li+‐ion insertion/extraction. These results highlight the promising application of 1D ZnMn2O4 NTs as anodes for high‐performance LIBs.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (R)‐3‐Methylthalidomide by Piperidin‐2‐one Ring Assembly Approach
Authors: Yadav Shyam Raj , Tiwari Vinay Shankar , Haq Wahajul 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA simple and stereoselective synthesis of 3‐methylthalidomide, a configurationally stable thalidomide analog, is presented. Herein we describe the synthesis of (R)‐3‐methylthalidomide starting from (S)‐alanine by piperidin‐2‐one ring assembly approach in high yield and enantiomeric purity without using a chiral auxiliary or reagent. Starting from (R)‐alanine, the corresponding (S)‐3‐methylthalidomide can be prepared using the same methodology. Chirality 27:619–624, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.