bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Lions Talk: Wittgenstein, Kipling, and the Language of Colonialism1
Authors: Lee Jonathan Rey 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper uses a Wittgensteinian framework to analyze the ethical representation of otherness in Rudyard Kipling’s short story, “Her Majesty’s Servants.” These texts address a central dilemma in representing difference, that the mere fact of viable, verifiable otherness problematizes the universal validity of one’s representational practices. By analyzing the tension between comprehension and incomprehension in narrating talking animals, this paper critiques the colonial tendency to domesticate otherness by describing it, arguing instead that one can productively respond to difference only by recognizing but not transgressing the limits of representation.
Sexual selection in fungi
Authors: Nieuwenhuis B. P. S. , Aanen D. K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe significance of sexual selection, the component of natural selection associated with variation in mating success, is well established for the evolution of animals and plants, but not for the evolution of fungi. Even though fungi do not have separate sexes, most filamentous fungi mate in a hermaphroditic fashion, with distinct sex roles, that is, investment in large gametes (female role) and fertilization by other small gametes (male role). Fungi compete to fertilize, analogous to ‘male‐male’ competition, whereas they can be selective when being fertilized, analogous to female choice. Mating types, which determine genetic compatibility among fungal gametes, are important for sexual selection in two respects. First, genes at the mating‐type loci regulate different aspects of mating and thus can be subject to sexual selection. Second, for sexual selection, not only the two sexes (or sex roles) but also the mating types can form the classes, the members of which compete for access to members of the other class. This is significant if mating‐type gene products are costly, thus signalling genetic quality according to Zahavi's handicap principle. We propose that sexual selection explains various fungal characteristics such as the observed high redundancy of pheromones at the B mating‐type locus of Agaricomycotina, the occurrence of multiple types of spores in Ascomycotina or the strong pheromone signalling in yeasts. Furthermore, we argue that fungi are good model systems to experimentally study fundamental aspects of sexual selection, due to their fast generation times and high diversity of life cycles and mating systems.
Task specialization in two social spiders, Stegodyphus sarasinorum (Eresidae) and Anelosimus eximius (Theridiidae)
Authors: Settepani V. , Grinsted L. , Granfeldt J. , Jensen J. L. , Bilde T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the social organization of group‐living organisms is crucial for the comprehension of the underlying selective mechanisms involved in the evolution of cooperation. Division of labour and caste formation is restricted to eusocial organisms, but behavioural asymmetries and reproductive skew is common in other group‐living animals. Permanently, social spiders form highly related groups with reproductive skew and communal brood care. We investigated task differentiation in nonreproductive tasks in two permanently and independently derived social spider species asking the following questions: Do individual spiders vary consistently in their propensity to engage in prey attack? Are individual spiders' propensities to engage in web maintenance behaviour influenced by their previous engagement in prey attack? Interestingly, we found that both species showed some degree of task specialization, but in distinctly different ways: Stegodyphus sarasinorum showed behavioural asymmetries at the individual level, that is, individual spiders that had attacked prey once were more likely to attack prey again, independent of their body size or hunger level. In contrast, Anelosimus eximius showed no individual specialization, but showed differentiation according to instar, where adult and subadult females were more likely to engage in prey attack than were juveniles. We found no evidence for division of labour between prey attack and web maintenance. Different solutions to achieve task differentiation in prey attack for the two species studied here suggest an adaptive value of task specialization in foraging for social spiders.
Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol following administration of intravenous and subcutaneous chloramphenicol sodium succinate, and subcutaneous chloramphenicol, to koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Black L. A. , McLachlan A. J. , Griffith J. E. , Higgins D. P. , Gillett A. , Krockenberger M. B. , Govendir M. 
Published: November 2012

Clinically normal koalas (n = 19) received a single dose of intravenous (i.v.) chloramphenicol sodium succinate (SS) (25 mg/kg; n = 6), subcutaneous (s.c.) chloramphenicol SS (60 mg/kg; n = 7) or s.c. chloramphenicol base (60 mg/kg; n = 6). Serial plasma samples were collected over 24–48 h, and chloramphenicol concentrations were determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. The median (range) apparent clearance (CL/F) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) of chloramphenicol after i.v. chloramphenicol SS administration were 0.52 (0.35–0.99) L/h/kg and 1.13 (0.76–1.40) h, respectively. Although the area under the concentration–time curve was comparable for the two s.c. formulations, the absorption rate‐limited disposition of chloramphenicol base resulted in a lower median Cmax (2.52; range 0.75–6.80 μg/mL) and longer median tmax (8.00; range 4.00–12.00 h) than chloramphenicol SS (Cmax 20.37, range 13.88–25.15 μg/mL; tmax 1.25, range 1.00–2.00 h). When these results were compared with susceptibility data for human Chlamydia isolates, the expected efficacy of the current chloramphenicol dosing regimen used in koalas to treat chlamydiosis remains uncertain and at odds with clinical observations.
Diversity patterns of uncultured Haptophytes unravelled by pyrosequencing in Naples Bay
Authors: Bittner Lucie , Gobet Angélique , Audic Stéphane , Romac Sarah , Egge Elianne S. , Santini Sébastien , Ogata Hiroyuki , Probert Ian , Edvardsen Bente , de Vargas Colomban 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHaptophytes are a key phylum of marine protists, including ~300 described morphospecies and 80 morphogenera. We used 454 pyrosequencing on large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) fragments to assess the diversity from size‐fractioned plankton samples collected in the Bay of Naples. One group‐specific primer set targeting the LSU rDNA D1/D2 region was designed to amplify Haptophyte sequences from nucleic acid extracts (total DNA or RNA) of two size fractions (0.8–3 or 3–20 μm) and two sampling depths [subsurface, at 1 m, or deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) at 23 m]. 454 reads were identified using a database covering the entire Haptophyta diversity currently sequenced. Our data set revealed several hundreds of Haptophyte clusters. However, most of these clusters could not be linked to taxonomically known sequences: considering OTUs97% (clusters build at a sequence identity level of 97%) on our global data set, less than 1% of the reads clustered with sequences from cultures, and less than 12% clustered with reference sequences obtained previously from cloning and Sanger sequencing of environmental samples. Thus, we highlighted a large uncharacterized environmental genetic diversity, which clearly shows that currently cultivated species poorly reflect the actual diversity present in the natural environment. Haptophyte community appeared to be significantly structured according to the depth. The highest diversity and evenness were obtained in samples from the DCM, and samples from the large size fraction (3–20 μm) taken at the DCM shared a lower proportion of common OTUs97% with the other samples. Reads from the species Chrysoculter romboideus were notably found at the DCM, while they could be detected at the subsurface. The highest proportion of totally unknown OTUs97% was collected at the DCM in the smallest size fraction (0.8–3 μm). Overall, this study emphasized several technical and theoretical barriers inherent to the exploration of the large and largely unknown diversity of unicellular eukaryotes.
Involvement of three meningococcal surface‐exposed proteins, the heparin‐binding protein NhbA, the α‐peptide of IgA protease and the autotransporter protease NalP, in initiation of biofilm formation
Authors: Arenas Jesús , Nijland Reindert , Rodriguez Francisco J. , Bosma Tom N. P. , Tommassen Jan 
Published: November 2012

SummaryNeisseria meningitidis is a common and usually harmless inhabitant of the mucosa of the human nasopharynx, which, in rare cases, can cross the epithelial barrier and cause meningitis and sepsis. Biofilm formation favours the colonization of the host and the subsequent carrier state. Two different strategies of biofilm formation, either dependent or independent on extracellular DNA (eDNA), have been described for meningococcal strains. Here, we demonstrate that the autotransporter protease NalP, the expression of which is phase variable, affects eDNA‐dependent biofilm formation in N. meningitidis. The effect of NalP was found in biofilm formation under static and flow conditions and was dependent on its protease activity. Cleavage of the heparin‐binding antigen NhbA and the α‐peptide of IgA protease, resulting in the release of positively charged polypeptides from the cell surface, was responsible for the reduction in biofilm formation when NalP is expressed. Both NhbA and the α‐peptide of IgA protease were shown to bind DNA. We conclude that NhbA and the α‐peptide of IgA protease are implicated in biofilm formation by binding eDNA and that NalP is an important regulator of this process through the proteolysis of these surface‐exposed proteins.
A conceptual framework for restoration of threatened plants: the effective model of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) reintroduction
Authors: Jacobs Douglass F. , Dalgleish Harmony J. , Nelson C. Dana 
Published: November 2012

SummaryWe propose a conceptual framework for restoration of threatened plant species that encourages integration of technological, ecological, and social spheres. A sphere encompasses ideas relevant to restoration and the people working within similar areas of influence or expertise. Increased capacity within a sphere and a higher degree of coalescing among spheres predict a greater probability of successful restoration. We illustrate this withCastanea dentata, a foundation forest tree in North America that was annihilated by an introduced pathogen; the species is a model that effectively merges biotechnology, reintroduction biology, and restoration ecology. Because ofC. dentata's ecological and social importance, scientists have aggressively pursued blight resistance through various approaches. We summarize recent advancements in tree breeding and biotechnology that have emerged fromC. dentataresearch, and describe their potential to bring new tools to bear on socio‐ecological restoration problems. Successful reintroduction ofC. dentatawill also depend upon an enhanced understanding of its ecology within contemporary forests. We identify a critical need for a deeper understanding of societal influences that may affect setting and achieving realistic restoration goals.Castanea dentatamay serve as an important model to inform reintroduction of threatened plant species in general and foundation forest trees in particular.ContentsSummary378I.Castanea dentataas a model at the intersection of reintroduction biology and restoration ecology379II.Technological approaches for recovery ofCastanea dentata381III.Ecology of the historically dominantCastanea dentatain contemporary forests385IV.Societal challenges for successful reintroduction ofCastanea dentata388V.Conclusions389Acknowledgements389References389
Serum procalcitonin is a valuable diagnostic marker in acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Nagata Kazuma , Tomii Keisuke , Otsuka Kojiro , Tachikawa Ryo , Nakagawa Atsushi , Otsuka Kyoko , Takeshita Junpei , Tanaka Kosuke , Matsumoto Takeshi , Monden Kazuya , Kawamura Takahisa , Tamai Koji 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground and objectiveAcute exacerbation (AE) of interstitial pneumonia (IP) is defined as a life‐threatening deterioration of IP without identifiable cause. We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic role of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in AE‐IP.MethodsTwenty consecutive patients admitted for AE‐IP between May 2010 and April 2012 were evaluated. Controls consisted of 13 consecutively admitted patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to bacterial pneumonia (BP) and 24 with bacterial pneumonia with stable IP (‘BP with IP’). Serum PCT was measured at baseline, at days 2, 4 and 8 in patients with AE‐IP, and at baseline in controls.ResultsSerum PCT levels in AE‐IP were significantly lower than in BP‐ARDS (mean ± standard deviation, 0.62 ± 1.30 vs 30.14 ± 22.76 ng/mL; P < 0.0001) or ‘BP with IP’ (mean ± standard deviation, 0.62 ± 1.30 vs 8.31 ± 14.83 ng/mL; P < 0.05). Thus, serum PCT discriminated well between AE‐IP and BP‐ARDS, or ‘BP with IP’ (area under the curve 0.99 and 0.85, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in serum PCT between 30‐day survivors or non‐survivors. Serum PCT tended to be reduced in both patient groups.ConclusionsSerum PCT is a useful marker for discriminating between AE‐IP and BP. However, serum PCT is not useful as a prognostic marker for survival.
Genome Sequence of Temperate Vibrio parahaemolyticus Bacteriophage vB_VpaS_MAR10
Authors: Alanis Villa Argentina , Kropinski Andrew M. , Abbasifar Reza , Abbasifar Arash , Griffiths Mansel W. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is recognized as one of the main causes of human gastroenteritis associated with seafood. We have fully sequenced the genome of a newly isolated phage, vB_VpaS_MAR10, which lysed 61.9% of the
V. parahaemolyticus
strains tested. Phage MAR10 is a temperate siphovirus, and its genome consists of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a size of 78,751 bp, a G+C content of 49.70%, and 104 open reading frames. Bioinformatic analysis shows that phage MAR10 is closely related to
Vibrio
phage SSP002.
Complete Genome Sequence of Seoul Virus Isolated from Rattus norvegicus in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Authors: Yao Li-Si , Qin Cheng-Feng , Pu Yun , Zhang Xiao-Long , Liu Yong-Xian , Liu Yang , Cao Xiao-mei , Deng Yong-Qiang , Wang Jing , Hu Kong-Xin , Xu Bao-Liang 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Seoul virus (SEOV) is responsible for 25% of cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia. Here we report the complete genome of strain DPRK08. The sequence information provided here is useful for understanding the molecular character of SEOV in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the circulation of SEOV in East Asia.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Parvovirus in China
Authors: Dai Xiao-Fang , Wang Qiu-Ju , Jiang Shi-Jin , Xie Zhi-Jing 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
The porcine parvovirus JT strain (PPV-JT) was isolated from a piglet showing nonsuppurative myocarditis in Shandong, China, in 2010. The complete genomic sequence of PPV-JT, 4,941 bp long, was determined from clones made from replicative form (RF) DNA. The genomic analysis demonstrated that the PPV-JT might be involved in a recombination event, which will help us understand the molecular characteristics and evolutionary of PPV in China.
Complete Genome Sequence of T4-Like Escherichia coli Bacteriophage HX01
Authors: Tang Fang , Li Yanzhe , Zhang Wei , Lu Chengping 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Phage T4 is among the best-characterized biological systems (S. Kanamaru and F. Arisaka, Seikagaku 74:131-135, 2002; E. S. Miller et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67:86-156, 2003; W. B. Wood and H. R. Revel, Bacteriol. Rev. 40:847-868, 1976). To date, several genomes of T4-like bacteriophages are available in public databases but without any APEC bacteriophages (H. Jiang et al., Arch. Virol. 156:1489-1492, 2011; L. Kaliniene, V. Klausa, A. Zajanckauskaite, R. Nivinskas, and L. Truncaite, Arch. Virol. 156:1913-1916, 2011; J. H. Kim et al., Vet. Microbiol. 157:164-171, 2012; W. C. Liao et al., J. Virol. 85:6567-6578, 2011). We isolated a bacteriophage from a duck factory, named HX01, that infects avian pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(APEC). Sequence and morphological analyses revealed that phage HX01 is a T4-like bacteriophage and belongs to the family
Myoviridae
. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of phage HX01 and report the results of our analysis.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel H4N1 Influenza Virus Isolated from a Pig in Central China
Authors: Hu Yong , Liu Xiaokun , Li Shuyun , Guo Xuebo , Yang Ying , Jin Meilin 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Pigs are proposed to be “mixing vessel” hosts that can produce genetically novel reassortant viruses with pandemic potential. The appearance of any novel influenza viruses among pigs should pose concerns for human health. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel H4N1 influenza virus [A/Swine/HuBei/06/2009(H4N1)] isolated from a pig in Central China in 2009. The genomic sequence analysis indicates that this virus is a wholly avian-original influenza virus. Each gene may come from different avian influenza viruses outside mainland China, suggesting the role of migratory birds in the dispersal of influenza virus.
Dissociating N400 Effects of Prediction from Association in Single-word Contexts
Authors: Lau Ellen F. , Holcomb Phillip J. , Kuperberg Gina R. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
When a word is preceded by a supportive context such as a semantically associated word or a strongly constraining sentence frame, the N400 component of the ERP is reduced in amplitude. An ongoing debate is the degree to which this reduction reflects a passive spread of activation across long-term semantic memory representations as opposed to specific predictions about upcoming input. We addressed this question by embedding semantically associated prime–target pairs within an experimental context that encouraged prediction to a greater or lesser degree. The proportion of related items was used to manipulate the predictive validity of the prime for the target while holding semantic association constant. A semantic category probe detection task was used to encourage semantic processing and to preclude the need for a motor response on the trials of interest. A larger N400 reduction to associated targets was observed in the high than the low relatedness proportion condition, consistent with the hypothesis that predictions about upcoming stimuli make a substantial contribution to the N400 effect. We also observed an earlier priming effect (205–240 msec) in the high-proportion condition, which may reflect facilitation because of form-based prediction. In summary, the results suggest that predictability modulates N400 amplitude to a greater degree than the semantic content of the context.
The Response of Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide to the Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo at Southern and Northern Midlatitudes
Authors: Aquila V. , Oman L. D. , Stolarski R. , Douglass A. R. , Newman P. A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Observations have shown that the mass of nitrogen dioxide decreased at both southern and northern midlatitudes in the year following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, indicating that the volcanic aerosol had enhanced nitrogen dioxide depletion via heterogeneous chemistry. In contrast, the observed ozone response showed a northern midlatitude decrease and a small southern midlatitude increase. Previous simulations that included an enhancement of heterogeneous chemistry by the volcanic aerosol but no other effect of this aerosol produce ozone decreases in both hemispheres, contrary to observations. The authors’ simulations show that the heating due to the volcanic aerosol enhanced both the tropical upwelling and Southern Hemisphere extratropical downwelling. This enhanced extratropical downwelling, combined with the time of the eruption relative to the phase of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, increased Southern Hemisphere ozone via advection, counteracting the ozone depletion due to heterogeneous chemistry on the Pinatubo aerosol.
On the Detection of Onset and Activity of the Indian Summer Monsoon Using GPS RO Refractivity Profiles
Authors: Rao V. V. M. Jagannadha , Ratnam M. Venkat , Santhi Y. Durga , Raman M. Roja , Rajeevan M. , Bhaskara Rao S. Vijaya 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGlobal positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data available during 2001–10 have been used to examine the variations in the refractivity during the onset of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) over the east Arabian Sea (5°–15°N, 65°–75°E). An enhancement of 5–10 N-units in the refractivity is observed around 4.8 km (~600 hPa) a few days (9.23 ± 3.6 days) before onset of the monsoon over Kerala, India. This is attributed to moisture buildup over the Arabian Sea during the monsoon onset phase. A sudden increase (1.5–2 K) in mean upper-tropospheric temperature at the time of onset and during the active phase of the monsoon is attributed to convective activity and the release of latent heat. On the day of monsoon onset over Kerala, an appreciable dip in the refractivity is observed that persisted for 1–3 days followed by an enhancement in refractivity with the active phase of the monsoon. An arbitrary value of 128 N-units difference between 4.8 km (~600 hPa) and 16 km (~100 hPa) coupled with a dip in refractivity on the day of monsoon arrival might give an indication of clear transition of atmospheric conditions and the detection of monsoon onset. Further, a good relation is also found between the activity of monsoon and variability in the refractivity.
Diabetes in care homes: a cluster randomised controlled trial of resident education
Authors: Sinclair Alan J , Girling Alan J , Gadsby Roger , Bourdel-Marchasson Isabelle , Bayer Antony J 
Published: November 2012

Introduction Residents of care homes with diabetes are a vulnerable group, lacking comprehensive assessment, monitoring, and specialist access. This study aimed to determine whether a short-term patient centred intervention strategy might benefit people with diabetes living in residential care homes. Methods Residents with diabetes were recruited and randomised (by care home) to intervention (25 homes: 57 residents) or control (26 homes: 45 residents). The intervention consisted of a medical review and individualised resident educational programme. The control group received usual care. Measures of glycaemic control (fasting glucose and HbA1c), quality of life, functional ability, cognition, mood, and diabetes knowledge were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Results After 6 months the intervention group, compared with control, had better quality of life, mood and diabetes knowledge and a slight increase in HbA1c from a mean value of 6.84 % (1.54) to 7.49 % (1.82). Reports of hypoglycaemia were less at the end of the study in both groups. Conclusions The intervention improved patient-centred outcomes, with a small effect on glycaemic control. More research needs to be performed with care home residents to develop the evidence base for appropriate interventions in this neglected group of patients.