bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-care Decontamination within a Chemical Exposure Mass-casualty Incident
Authors: Monteith Raymond G. , Pearce Laurie D. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGrowing awareness and concern for the increasing frequency of incidents involving hazardous materials (HazMat) across a broad spectrum of contaminants from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) sources indicates a clear need to refine the capability to respond successfully to mass-casualty contamination incidents. Best results for decontamination from a chemical agent will be achieved if done within minutes following exposure, and delays in decontamination will increase the length of time a casualty is in contact with the contaminate. The findings presented in this report indicate that casualties involved in a HazMat/CBRN mass-casualty incident (MCI) in a typical community would not receive sufficient on-scene care because of operational delays that are integral to a standard HazMat/CBRN first response. This delay in response will mean that casualty care will shift away from the incident scene into already over-tasked health care facilities as casualties seek aid on their own. The self-care decontamination protocols recommended here present a viable option to ensure decontamination is completed in the field, at the incident scene, and that casualties are cared for more quickly and less traumatically than they would be otherwise. Introducing self-care decontamination procedures as a standard first response within the response community will improve the level of care significantly and provide essential, self-care decontamination to casualties. The process involves three distinct stages which should not be delayed; these are summarized by the acronym MADE: Move/Assist, Disrobe/Decontaminate, Evaluate/Evacuate.MonteithRG,PearceLDR.Self-care decontamination within a chemical exposure mass-casualty incident.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(3):1–9.
Disastrous Events and Political Failures
Authors: Levett Jeffrey 
Published: July 2015

AbstractResponse to the Ebola crisis (ongoing event) has been less than efficient. It has been monitored less than adequately by the international community and has been coordinated poorly in the USA. The event is used as a platform to examine deficiencies in public health infrastructure, the limits of its political and financial support, and how political outcomes can be affected. The need to tease out the political determinants implicit in policy failure and disaster management is argued in this Editorial. Failures mentioned include in the Balkans and in Greece with ongoing austerity. Comments on the real heroes of Ebola on the ground in Africa and the need for a charismatic role for political leaders in public health are also included.LevettJ. Disastrous events and political failures. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):12.
Survey of UK Health Care First Responders’ Knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment Requirements
Authors: Schumacher Jan , Bond Alexandra R. , Woodham Valentine , Buckingham Anna , Garnham Francesca , Brinker Andrea 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionAn adequate level of personal protective equipment (PPE) is necessary when treating patients with highly infectious diseases or those contaminated with hazardous substances.MethodsFollowing National Institute for Health Research’s Research Centre (London, United Kingdom) approval, the authors of this study conducted a survey of specialist registrars’ knowledge of the respiratory and skin protection requirements needed during a resuscitation scenario with Advanced Life Support. Participant responses were compared to UK national recommendations and to a previous survey in 2009.ResultsA total of 98 specialist registrars (in Anesthesiology, n=51; in Emergency Medicine (EM), n=21; and in Intensive Care Medicine (ICM) n=26) completed hand-delivered surveys. The best knowledge of PPE requirements (76%) was found for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), with less knowledge about PPE requirements for anthrax, plague, Ebola virus disease (EVD), and smallpox (60%). The results show limited knowledge of PPE requirements (20%-30%) for various chemical warfare agents. Personal protective equipment knowledge regarding treatment of sarin-contaminated casualties was over-rated by 80%, and for patients with EVD, it was over-rated by up to 67% of participants.ConclusionThe results of the tested cohort indicate that current knowledge regarding PPE for chemical warfare agents remains very limited.SchumacherJ, BondAR, WoodhamV, BuckinghamA, GarnhamF, BrinkerA. Survey of UK health care first responders’ knowledge of personal protective equipment requirements. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):15
Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction Analysis of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment and Plasma Nitriding
Authors: Proust Gwénaëlle , Retraint Delphine , Chemkhi Mahdi , Roos Arjen , Demangel Clemence 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAustenitic 316L stainless steel can be used for orthopedic implants due to its biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance. Its range of applications in this field could be broadened by improving its wear and friction properties. Surface properties can be modified through surface hardening treatments. The effects of such treatments on the microstructure of the alloy were investigated here. Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) is a surface treatment that enhances mechanical properties of the material surface by creating a thin nanocrystalline layer. After SMAT, some specimens underwent a plasma nitriding process to further enhance their surface properties. Using electron backscatter diffraction, transmission Kikuchi diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, the microstructural evolution of the stainless steel after these different surface treatments was characterized. Microstructural features investigated include thickness of the nanocrystalline layer, size of the grains within the nanocrystalline layer, and depth of diffusion of nitrogen atoms within the material.
Bond Strength of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cements is Affected by Tubular Density and Location in Dentin?
Authors: Tedesco Tamara K. , Calvo Ana Flávia B. , Domingues Gabrielle G. , Mendes Fausto M. , Raggio Daniela P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of tubular density of different dentin depths and location on the bond strength of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements (GIC). A total of 20 molars were selected and assigned into six experimental groups, considering two different high-viscosity GICs—Fuji IX (FIX) or Ketac Molar (KM), and dentin location—proximal, occlusal superficial, or occlusal deep dentin (n=10). Teeth were cut and a topographical analysis of four sections per group was performed to obtain data about the tubular density of each different dentin location and depths by laser scanning confocal microscopy (100×). Polyethylene tubes were placed over the pretreated surfaces and filled with one of the GICs. Microshear bond strength (µSBS) test was performed after storage in distilled water (24 h at 37°C). Failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400×). Multilevel regression analysis was performed to compare the results at a significance level set at 5%. The tubule density was inversely proportional to the bond strength for both GICs (p<0.05). Adhesive/mixed failure prevailed in all experimental groups. Proximal (30036.5±3433.3) and occlusal superficial 29665.3±1434.04 dentin shows lower tubule density, resulting in a better GIC bonding performance (proximal: FIX–3.61±1.05; KM–3.40±1.62; occlusal superficial: FIX–4.70±1.85; KM–4.97±1.25). Thus, we can concluded that the lowest tubule density in proximal and occlusal superficial dentin results in a better GIC bond strength performance.
Fibre quality of South American camelids in Argentina: a review
Authors: Mueller J.P. , Rigalt F. , Lamas H. , Sacchero D.M. , Cancino A.K. , Wurzinger M. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryArgentina's annual camelid fibre production is estimated at 60 000 kg for llama (Lama glama), somewhat more than 2 000 kg for guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and about 845 kg for vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). The potential for increasing these amounts is huge considering that barely 30 percent of llamas are shorn and considering the size of the wild camelid population in the country. A compilation of published and unpublished work confirms that almost 50 percent of the llamas are single-coated, about 40 percent have white fleeces and that average fibre diameter is about 22 µm in the main llama production area. In general, there is a wide variation in fleece weights and fibre quality between and within herds. However, a llama fleece classing and pricing system is not yet in place to motivate implementation of breeding programmes. Guanaco and vicuña fleeces are double-coated but the fine undercoat represents more than 80 percent of the fleece weight. The proportion of down fibre remaining after mechanical dehairing is only 50 percent in guanacos and 70 percent in vicuñas. The guanaco undercoat fibre diameter is about 16 µm and vicuña fibre diameter is typically between 13 and 14 µm. Both fibres are relatively short. Research is needed to establish optimum shearing season and shearing frequency that results in fibre quality demanded for handcraft and industry in each of the three species.
Current status and phenotypic characteristics of Bulgarian poultry genetic resources
Authors: Teneva A. , Gerzilov V. , Lalev M. , Lukanov H. , Mincheva N. , Oblakova M. , Petrov P. , Hristakieva P. , Dimitrova I. , Periasamy K. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryPoultry biodiversity conservation is a great challenge for many countries. Within the last several years, the number of endangered local breeds has increased, leading to a considerable loss of genetic resources. A similar trend was observed among the poultry breeds, including chicken, local turkey and goose breeds/lines established in Bulgaria, part of which is definitely lost. Currently these breeds/lines are at risk and/or threatened with extinction. The information obtained by phenotypic characterization of these breeds is the first step for planning the management of poultry genetic resources through setting up improved selection schemes and conservation strategies. In this paper, we reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding the morphological and phenotypic diversity of local poultry breeds and some old productive poultry lines in Bulgaria.
Caractérisation phénotypique du mouton de Vogan du Togo et relation avec le mouton Djallonké et le mouton sahélien
Authors: Dayo G-K. , Alfa E. , Talaki E. , Soedji K. , Sylla S. , Dao B. 
Published: July 2015

RésuméLe mouton de Vogan (MV) est une race ovine unique au Togo et serait issu de croisements entre la brebis Djallonké et le bélier sahélien. Il est très apprécié de par ses aptitudes zootechniques, mais son élevage est très localisé au sud-est du Togo. Ce travail vise l'étude des caractères phénotypiques de la race et la comparaison de ces caractères avec ceux des populations parentales (moutons Djallonké (MD) et moutons sahéliens (MS)). A cet effet, des données morphobiométriques ont été collectées en janvier 2013 sur 206 animaux dans les préfectures de Vô, de Kloto et d'Agou au Togo et sur 30 MS en mai 2013 autour de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la couleur de la robe du MV est généralement bicolore (rousse, noire, chocolat), mais très variée. Les cornes, de forme variable, présentes chez tous les béliers, et fines ou en vestige chez les brebis, sont pour la plupart des cas prismatiques et orientées vers l'extérieur. Les caractères quantitatifs tels que la hauteur au garrot, la longueur du corps, la circonférence thoracique, la longueur de la queue, la longueur des oreilles, l'espace intercornes et la profondeur du thorax du MV sont inférieurs à ceux des MS, mais largement supérieurs à ceux des MD. La plupart des caractères du MV ont été influencés par le facteur canton (p&lt;0,05). Cette étude a confirmé la position «intermédiaire» du MV. L'exploitation de cette précieuse ressource ovine passera par sa caractérisation et sa diffusion.
Phenotypic characterization of local Ghanaian chickens: egg-laying performance under improved management conditions
Authors: Osei-Amponsah R. , Kayang B.B. , Naazie A. , Tiexier-Boichard M. , Rognon X. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryEgg production performance of 571 local Ghanaian chickens and 107 SASSO T44 chickens kept under improved management conditions were analysed. Average egg weight, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for the three experimental chicken ecotypes. Hen-day production was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher in the savannah local chicken ecotype than the forest ecotype and SASSO T44 chickens. Egg weights of local Ghanaian chickens compared favourably with values reported for local chickens in Africa. On the average, SASSO T44 had significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher egg weights and feed intake compared with the local chicken ecotypes. The local chicken ecotypes on the other hand, had significantly (P&lt; 0.05) better feed conversion ratios than SASSO T44 chicken. Local Ghanaian chicken ecotypes have a more efficient FCR per every unit of egg produced compared with the control population. Low feed intake, good feed conversion ratios and adaptation to the environment are traits local chicken harbour which can be exploited in future breeding programmes to improve on chicken meat and egg production in Ghana. Ghanaian local chickens could thus be a valuable genetic resource for the development of an efficient egg production chicken breed adaptable to the humid tropical climates.
Options for enhancing efficiency and effectiveness of research capacity for livestock genetics in, and for, sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Chagunda M.G.G. , Gibson J.P. , Dzama K. , Rege J.E.O 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAnimal breeding for increased productivity over the past 50 to 60 years has been very successful in terms of increasing growth rate, milk yield and egg production in most livestock producing regions of the world (Rauwet al., 1998). However, this success has not registered that well in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Ironically, just like most developing regions, SSA is faced with the challenge to increase rapidly the agricultural productivity to help feed their growing human populations without depleting the natural resource base (Rege, 2005). Genetic improvement of livestock depends on access to genetic variation and effective methods for exploiting this variation (Rege, 2005). This is where human capacity and infrastructure for decision-support systems in animal breeding are required. This paper provides a synthesis of views from a cross-section of livestock production experts working in SSA. These views were collated through an e-conference which was held from 8th March to 20th April 2011. The e-conference discussed future research and development (R&amp;D) needs for animal breeding and genetics in SSA and how they can be met. The e-conference attracted 43 participants from 17 countries. Results from the e-conference demonstrated that the R&amp;D institutions and infrastructure in SSA vary widely in terms of both the physical and human capacity. Equally varied is the level of utilization of these institutions. In terms of training in Animal Breeding and Genetics, although most universities/colleges have programmes in Animal Science and teach animal breeding and genetics, there are very few practicing animal breeders. Lack of mentorship programmes and collaboration, and in some cases lack of appropriate jobs, continue to contribute to this ‘leaking pipeline’ phenomenon. The following is a summary of the consensus stemming from the conference on how the efficiency and effectiveness of livestock genetic improvement in SSA could be enhanced. First, the need to augment the approach that promotes animal breeding and genetics as part of a wider agriculture and rural development system, second, collaboration both within Africa and with those in the Diaspora should be further tapped into and utilized as a source of capacity for R&amp;D and third, initiative of sharing resources and research platforms such as pooling data for genetic analysis from across institutions, and even across countries, should be encouraged in case where this is advantageous to do so.
Electronic Voting and Perceptions of Election Fraud and Fairness
Authors: Beaulieu Emily 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper contributes to a growing body of research on voting technology and voter confidence, which generally concludes that voters are less confident in technology—particularly in developed democracies. Using a unique survey experiment, this paper demonstrates that far fewer individuals are concerned about election fraud involving electronic voting, compared with other potential forms of election fraud such as registering ineligible voters or voter suppression. Other interesting findings emerge from the data: Older individuals are more concerned about fraud with electronic voting but the effects of age appear to be conditioned on political polarization. This paper advances our understanding of the impact of voting technology on electoral confidence, and raises important substantive and methodological questions about priming.
Ecophysiology of an uncultivated lineage of Aigarchaeota from an oxic, hot spring filamentous ‘streamer’ community
Authors: Beam Jacob P , Jay Zackary J , Schmid Markus C , Rusch Douglas B , Romine Margaret F , Jennings Ryan de M , Kozubal Mark A , Tringe Susannah G , Wagner Michael , Inskeep William P 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The candidate archaeal phylum ‘Aigarchaeota’ contains microorganisms from terrestrial and subsurface geothermal ecosystems. The phylogeny and metabolic potential of Aigarchaeota has been deduced from several recent single-cell amplified genomes; however, a detailed description of their metabolic potential and in situ transcriptional activity is absent. Here, we report a comprehensive metatranscriptome-based reconstruction of the in situ metabolism of Aigarchaeota in an oxic, hot spring filamentous ‘streamer’ community. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that these newly discovered Aigarchaeota are filamentous, which is consistent with the presence and transcription of an actin-encoding gene. Aigarchaeota filaments are intricately associated with other community members, which include both bacteria (for example, filamentous Thermocrinis spp.) and archaea. Metabolic reconstruction of genomic and metatranscriptomic data suggests that this aigarchaeon is an aerobic, chemoorganoheterotroph with autotrophic potential. A heme copper oxidase complex was identified in the environmental genome assembly and highly transcribed in situ. Potential electron donors include acetate, fatty acids, amino acids, sugars and aromatic compounds, which may originate from extracellular polymeric substances produced by other microorganisms shown to exist in close proximity and/or autochthonous dissolved organic carbon (OC). Transcripts related to genes specific to each of these potential electron donors were identified, indicating that this aigarchaeon likely utilizes several OC substrates. Characterized members of this lineage cannot synthesize heme, and other cofactors and vitamins de novo, which suggests auxotrophy. We propose the name Candidatus ‘Calditenuis aerorheumensis’ for this aigarchaeon, which describes its filamentous morphology and its primary electron acceptor, oxygen.
Wavevector Selective Metasurfaces and Tunnel Vision Filters
Authors: Fedotov Vassili A , Wallauer Jan , Walther Markus , Perino Mauro , Papasimakis Nikitas , Zheludev Nikolay I 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMetasurfaces offer unprecedented flexibility in the design and control of light propagation, replacing bulk optical components and exhibiting exotic optical effects. One of the basic properties of the metasurfaces, which renders them as frequency selective surfaces, is the ability to transmit or reflect radiation within a narrow frequency band that can be engineered on demand. Here we introduce and demonstrate experimentally in the THz domain the concept of wavevector selective surfaces – metasurfaces transparent only within a narrow range of light propagation directions operating effectively as tunnel vision filters. Practical implementations of the new concept include applications in wavefront manipulation, observational instruments, vision and free-space communication in light-scattering environments.
Increased reservoir ages and poorly ventilated deep waters inferred in the glacial Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: de la Fuente Maria , Skinner Luke , Calvo Eva , Pelejero Carles , Cacho Isabel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractConsistent evidence for a poorly ventilated deep Pacific Ocean that could have released its radiocarbon-depleted carbon stock to the atmosphere during the last deglaciation has long been sought. Such evidence remains lacking, in part due to a paucity of surface reservoir age reconstructions required for accurate deep-ocean ventilation age estimates. Here we combine new radiocarbon data from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) with chronostratigraphic calendar age constraints to estimate shallow sub-surface reservoir age variability, and thus provide estimates of deep-ocean ventilation ages. Both shallow- and deep-water ventilation ages drop across the last deglaciation, consistent with similar reconstructions from the South Pacific and Southern Ocean. The observed regional fingerprint linking the Southern Ocean and the EEP is consistent with a dominant southern source for EEP thermocline waters and suggests relatively invariant ocean interior transport pathways but significantly reduced air–sea gas exchange in the glacial southern high latitudes.
NF-κB-induced microRNA-31 promotes epidermal hyperplasia by repressing protein phosphatase 6 in psoriasis
Authors: Yan Sha , Xu Zhenyao , Lou Fangzhou , Zhang Lingyun , Ke Fang , Bai Jing , Liu Zhaoyuan , Liu Jinlin , Wang Hong , Zhu Huiyuan , Sun Yang , Cai Wei , Gao Yuanyuan , Su Bing , Li Qun , Yang Xiao , Yu Jianxiu , Lai Yuping , Yu Xue-Zhong , Zheng Yan , Shen Nan , Chin Y. Eugene , Wang Honglin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNF-κB is constitutively activated in psoriatic epidermis. However, how activated NF-κB promotes keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriasis is largely unknown. Here we report that the NF-κB activation triggered by inflammatory cytokines induces the transcription of microRNA (miRNA) miR-31, one of the most dynamic miRNAs identified in the skin of psoriatic patients and mouse models. The genetic deficiency of miR-31 in keratinocytes inhibits their hyperproliferation, decreases acanthosis and reduces the disease severity in psoriasis mouse models. Furthermore, protein phosphatase 6 (ppp6c), a negative regulator that restricts the G1 to S phase progression, is diminished in human psoriatic epidermis and is directly targeted by miR-31. The inhibition of ppp6c is functionally important for miR-31-mediated biological effects. Moreover, NF-κB activation inhibits ppp6c expression directly through the induction of miR-31, and enhances keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, our data identify NF-κB-induced miR-31 and its target, ppp6c, as critical factors for the hyperproliferation of epidermis in psoriasis.