bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of large‐scale superhydrophobic composite films with enhanced tensile properties by multinozzle conveyor belt electrospinning
Authors: Wang Shuai , Yang Yubo , Zhang Yang , Fei Xiaoliang , Zhou Chen , Zhang Yue , Li Yaoxian , Yang Qingbiao , Song Yan 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTLarge‐scale superhydrophobic composite films with enhanced tensile properties were prepared by multinozzle conveyor belt electrospinning. First, a strategy of conveyor belt electrospinning was introduced for large‐scale fabrication since the conveyor belt can expand the electrospinning area unlimitedly. During the electrospinning (or electrospraying) process, certain kinds of fibers are combined on the conveyor belt in one electrospinning (or electrospraying) step. The superhydrophobicity of electrospun film can be achieved by the presence of PS beads and bead‐on‐string PVDF fibers, while submicron PAN fibers are responsible for the improvement of mechanical properties. The result shows that CA value of the surface comprising of PS beads and bead‐on‐string PVDF fibers could reach up to 155.0°. As the submicron PAN fibers increased, the value of CA decreased, changing from 155.0° to 140.0°, meanwhile the tensile strength of composite film was enhanced from 1.14 to 4.12 MPa correspondingly which is beneficial to putting the films into practice. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39735.
Mesomorphic phase formation of plasticized poly(l‐lactic acid)
Authors: Koido Shunsuke , Kawai Takahiko , Kuroda Shinichi , Nishida Koji , Kanaya Toshiji , Kato Makoto , Kurose Takashi , Nakajima Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe effects of the crystallization temperature, Tc, on the crystal structure as well as its thermal behavior of plasticized poly(l‐lactic acid) were investigated by means of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PLLA blended with succinic acid‐bis[2‐[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl] ester (SAE) showed clear difference in Tc dependence of crystalline form compared to PLLA homopolymer. PLLA with 26 wt % SAE crystallized into orthorhombic α form for Tc above 80°C, while a peculiar disordered structure (mesophase) was obtained for Tc at 40°C. A detailed FTIR analysis of the mesophase of PLLA, focusing on the intra‐ and inter‐chain interaction in the structure, indicated that mesophase had a large degree of disorder in 10/3 helical conformation as well as its packing manner of disordered 10/3 helical chain. Upon heating, mesophase showed a steep exothermic peak at 80°C in DSC thermogram, indicating the phase transformation from mesophase to a form crystal. FTIR results showed that the degree of interchain interaction of C=O in PLLA started to decrease above 60°C, followed by steep increase at 80°C due to the recrystallization into a form. Melt‐recrystallization process in mesophase‐α transformation was clarified. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39762.
A commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Xue Meng , Zhang Xian , Wu Zhaofeng , Wang Huan , Gu Zhen , Bao Chao , Tian Xingyou 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to develop a halogen‐free thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite with significantly improved fire performance by using a highly commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant (P–N IFR). Based on the characterizations of thermogravimetric analysis and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, P–N IFR powder was proved a desired flame retardant for TPU in theory and the thermal degradation property of PU/PNIFR composites at elevated temperatures was investigated as well. Fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories 94 testing and char residue morphologies. Results showed that the addition of P–N IFR promotes the formation of char residues which were covered on the surface of polymer composites resulting in the improvement of thermal stability and flame retardancy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39772.
Three‐dimensional Modelling of Archaeological Sites Using Close‐range Automatic Correlation Photogrammetry and Low‐altitude Imagery
Authors: Ortiz Juan , Gil Ma Luz , Martínez Santiago , Rego Teresa , Meijide Gonzalo 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPhotogrammetry is a commonly used technique in three‐dimensional image‐based modelling for cultural heritage documentation. Three‐dimensional image‐based techniques that combine close‐range photogrammetry and automatic image matching are presently attracting a great deal of interest. This paper evaluates the feasibility of the application of photogrammetric three‐dimensional modelling of an archaeological site with close‐range automatic image‐matching software and a consumer‐grade digital camera. In order to correctly model upward‐facing surfaces using this technique, the photographs were taken from the air with the camera in low‐oblique position. A mast pole was used as camera platform to obtain low‐altitude imagery. To verify the usefulness of this method it was applied to the hill fort ‘Castro de Formigueiros’, located in Lugo, Spain. In this case, low‐cost automatic image‐correlation photogrammetry has proved to be a powerful, cost‐effective and versatile technique for the documentation, analysis and cultural dissemination of archaeological mapping. The mast used is inexpensive, easily transported and handled on site, and allows oblique photographs of the ground and wall‐tops to be obtained at distances similar to photographs of vertical wall faces taken from the ground. As a result, the resolution and accuracy of the point clouds of all the surfaces of the final model are similar. Given the geometric peculiarities of hill forts (the occupied surface area, height, volume and distribution of the objects) and the relief (they are generally located in areas difficult to access and often on high ground), the mast is particularly suitable for photographing low‐altitude imagery at archaeological sites, as the final accuracy of the three‐dimensional model demonstrates. The tools that have been applied to the final digital model of the hill fort show the information analysis potential that can be obtained for archaeological work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the CMD Mini‐Explorer, a New Low‐frequency Multi‐coil Electromagnetic Device, for Archaeological Investigations
Authors: Bonsall James , Fry Robert , Gaffney Chris , Armit Ian , Beck Anthony , Gaffney Vince 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article we assess the abilities of a new electromagnetic (EM) system, the CMD Mini‐Explorer, for prospecting of archaeological features in Ireland and the UK. The Mini‐Explorer is an EM probe which is primarily aimed at the environmental/geological prospecting market for the detection of pipes and geology. It has long been evident from the use of other EM devices that such an instrument might be suitable for shallow soil studies and applicable for archaeological prospecting. Of particular interest for the archaeological surveyor is the fact that the Mini‐Explorer simultaneously obtains both quadrature (‘conductivity’) and in‐phase (relative to ‘magnetic susceptibility’) data from three depth levels. As the maximum depth range is probably about 1.5 m, a comprehensive analysis of the subsoil within that range is possible. As with all EM devices the measurements require no contact with the ground, thereby negating the problem of high contact resistance that often besets earth resistance data during dry spells. The use of the CMD Mini‐Explorer at a number of sites has demonstrated that it has the potential to detect a range of archaeological features and produces high‐quality data that are comparable in quality to those obtained from standard earth resistance and magnetometer techniques. In theory the ability to measure two phenomena at three depths suggests that this type of instrument could reduce the number of poor outcomes that are the result of single measurement surveys. The high success rate reported here in the identification of buried archaeology using a multi‐depth device that responds to the two most commonly mapped geophysical phenomena has implications for evaluation style surveys. © 2013 The Authors.Archaeological Prospectionpublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Tragsicherheitsbewertung einer Mauerwerksgewölbebrücke mittels nichtlinearer Finite‐Elemente‐Simulationen
Authors: Franck Stephanie A. , Kothmayer Herbert , Schulz Ali , Bretschneider Nick , Slowik Volker 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAm Beispiel einer Bahnbrücke wird eine mögliche Vorgehensweise zur Tragsicherheitsbewertung bestehender Mauerwerksgewölbebrücken vorgestellt. Das betreffende Bauwerk sollte trotz höherer Nutzungsanforderungen erhalten und weiter genutzt werden. Eine Nachrechnung mit konventionellen Stabwerksmodellen wurde als nicht Erfolg versprechend angesehen. Mithilfe nichtlinearer Finite‐Elemente‐Simulationen konnten jedoch Tragreserven erschlossen werden. Um das Tragverhalten möglichst wirklichkeitsnah nachzubilden, fand für das Mauerwerk ein bruchmechanisches Materialmodell Anwendung und der an das Bauwerk angrenzende Boden wurde in das Finite‐Elemente‐Modell einbezogen. Die im Grundriss gekrümmte Brückenachse sowie verkehrs‐ und baulich bedingte Außermittigkeiten erforderten eine dreidimensionale Modellierung. Mithilfe der numerischen Simulationen war es möglich, die Tragsicherheit der Brücke bei zukünftig vorgesehenen Schwerlasttransporten nachzuweisen und mögliche Ursachen für am Bauwerk vorhandene Schäden aufzuzeigen.Safety evaluation of a masonry arch bridge by nonlinear finite element simulationsUsing the example of a railway bridge, a procedure for the safety evaluation of existing masonry arch bridges is presented. The investigated bridge was to be preserved and utilized under increased usage requirements. A conventional frame‐work based analysis was not considered to be a promising approach for this particular problem. By nonlinear finite element simulations, however, it was possible to reveal an additional load‐carrying capacity. In order to simulate the mechanical behavior of the structure as realistic as possible, the adjacent soil was incorporated in the finite element model. Nonlinear material laws were used for both masonry and soil. For the masonry, the smeared crack approach of nonlinear fracture mechanics has been adopted. The curved bridge axis, lateral loads, and eccentricities of the vertical loads required a 3D modeling. The simulation results allowed to prove structural safety even under exceptional traffic loads anticipated for the future. In addition, possible causes for the existing damage pattern could be identified.
Gebäudeklima – Langzeitmessung zur Bestimmung der Auswirkungen auf Feuchtegradienten in Holzbauteilen
Authors: Gamper Andreas , Dietsch Philipp , Merk Michael , Winter Stefan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDie Auswertung von Schäden an weitgespannten Holztragwerken zeigt als überwiegend festgestelltes Schadensbild ausgeprägte Rissbildungen in Klebefugen und Lamellen von Brettschichtholzbauteilen. Ein wesentlicher Anteil an der Entstehung dieser Schäden wird starken klimatischen Schwankungen innerhalb von Gebäuden und den damit verbundenen Schwind‐ und Quellvorgängen in den Holzbauteilen zugesprochen. Im Hinblick auf diesen Sachverhalt wurden mittels Langzeitmessserien klimatische Bedingungen in für den Holzbau typischen Gebäudetypen und ‐nutzungen sowie den daraus resultierenden Holzfeuchten in unterschiedlichen Bauteiltiefen ermittelt. Die gemessenen Holzfeuchten ermöglichen Rückschlüsse auf die Größe und Geschwindigkeit ihrer jahreszeitlichen Anpassung an sich ändernde Umgebungsbedingungen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der einzelnen Nutzungen bestätigt die erwartete große Bandbreite der möglichen klimatischen Bedingungen in Gebäuden mit Holztragwerken. Die Ergebnisse erlauben die Angabe von Bereichen sich einstellender Ausgleichsfeuchten in Abhängigkeit der konkreten Nutzung, wodurch ein Einbau des Holzes mit einer vorher angepassten Holzfeuchte ermöglicht wird. Sie unterstützen zudem die Entwicklung entsprechender Monitoringsysteme, die z.B. in Form von Frühwarnsystemen auf Basis von Klimamessungen eingesetzt werden könnten. Es werden konkrete Vorschläge für die praktische Anwendung der Forschungsergebnisse gegeben.Building Climate – long‐term measurements to determine the effect on the moisture gradient in large‐span timber structuresThe evaluation of damages in large‐span timber structures indicates that the predominantly observed damage pattern is pronounced cracking in the lamellas of glued‐laminated timber elements. A significant proportion of these cracks is attributed to the seasonal and use‐related variations of the internal climate within large buildings and the associated inhomogeneous shrinkage and swelling processes in the timber elements. To evaluate that matter, long‐term measurements of climate data and timber moisture content were generated in large‐span timber structures in buildings of typical construction type and use to draw conclusions on the size and speed of adjustment of the moisture distribution to changing climatic conditions. A comparison of the results of the individual types of building use confirms the expected large range of possible climatic conditions in buildings with timber structures. They allow for a more precise indication of range of resulting equilibrium moisture content for the specific use, enabling the installation of timber elements with adjusted moisture content. They also support the development of suitable monitoring systems which could be applied in form of early warning systems on the basis of climate measurements. Proposals for the practical implementation of the results are given.
Ertüchtigung der Tragkonstruktion der Empore eines denkmalgeschützten Gebäudes in Cottbus
Authors: Glaser Ronny 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIm Folgenden wird erläutert, wie durch eine Lastumverteilung sowie lokale Verstärkungsmaßnahmen an den Hauptträgern die Tragkonstruktion der Empore des Stadthauses in Cottbus für neue Nutzungsanforderungen ertüchtigt wurde. Es wird gezeigt, wie eine ca. 100 Jahre alte Stahlbetonkonstruktion mit einfachen baulichen Mitteln und unter Berücksichtigung der Forderungen des Denkmalschutzes wirtschaftlich ertüchtigt werden kann.Improvement of the existing load carrying system of the gallery in a historic building in CottbusThe following explanations show, how the load bearing system of the gallery in the town hall of Cottbus could be adjusted to new requirements of utilization by local reinforcements of the gallery's principal girders and load redistribution.Besides this example demonstrates that an approximate 100 year old reinforce concrete construction can be efficiently improved by elementary measures and in line with the regulations of historic monument protection.
Dauerhafte Schutzschichten aus Textilbeton für Bauwerksoberflächen im Wasserbau
Authors: Büttner Till , Morales Cruz Cynthia , Raupach Michael 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFür einen dauerhaften Schutz von Bauwerksoberflächen im Wasserbau mit gleichzeitiger Rissüberbrückungsfähigkeit wurde im Rahmen von Forschungsarbeiten am Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen University eine innovative und dauerhafte Schutzschicht aus Textilbeton entwickelt. Diese ist mit sogenannten technischen Textilien bewehrt und mörtelbasiert. Aufgrund der Verwendung ausgewählter Materialien ermöglicht diese Schutzschicht eine dauerhafte, wasserundurchlässige und rissüberbrückende Instandsetzung. Das Material wird im Folgenden als DURTEX bezeichnet (DURTEX: dauerhafter, wasserundurchlässiger, rissüberbrückender Textilbeton). Die Anwendung kann bei Bauwerken aus verschiedenen Baustoffen, wie z.B. Stahlbeton‐ oder Natursteinbauwerken, erfolgen. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung stellt sowohl das Konzept der Schutzschicht aus DURTEX und aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse als auch die praktische Umsetzung an einem Wehrbauwerk des Neckars dar.Textile reinforced concrete layers for a durable protection of building surfaces in hydraulic constructionsAn innovative and durable protective layer for concrete surfaces with simultaneous crack‐bridging properties was developed during research at the Institute of Building Materials Research, Aachen University. This layer is composed of cement mortar and is reinforced with textile structures. The combination of these materials allows a durable, waterproof and crack‐bridging repair. This innovative layer has been named DURTEX (in German DURTEX: durable, waterproof, crack‐bridging textile reinforced concrete). The following paper presents the concept behind DURTEX, recent research results and the repair concept on the weir Horkheim.
Rissinstandsetzung eines Zuckersilos
Authors: Weiland Silvio , Schladitz Frank , Schütze Elisabeth , Timmers Regine , Curbach Manfred 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEin großer Teil der weltweit vorhandenen Silos ist über 50 Jahre alt und bedarf in den kommenden Jahren einer Erneuerung oder Sanierung. So war bei einem im Jahr 1962 erbauten Doppelkammersilo aus Spannbeton mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 20 000 t Zucker eine Rissinstandsetzung erforderlich. Im Rahmen einer Voruntersuchung wurde hierfür ein Vergleich möglicher Instandsetzungsverfahren durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis wurde die Verstärkung mit Textilbeton gewählt. Für die ca. 3 100 m2 große Sanierungsfläche wurden ca. 14 000 m2 textile Bewehrung sowie ca. 150 t Feinbeton verbaut.Crack repair of a sugar siloWorldwide, a great part of the existing silos is older than 50 years and require renovation in the coming years. For example, crack repair was necessary for a twin compartment silo, which is made of prestressed concrete and can hold up to 20 000 t of sugar, from 1962. In this context, a preliminary investigation was made with the aim of comparing the different possibilities for restoration. Eventually, strengthening through textile reinforced concrete was chosen. Approximately 14 000 m2 of textile reinforcement and 150 t of fine grained concrete were used for approximately 3 100 m2 restoration area.
Bau‐Ingenieur‐Kultur
Authors: Möller Eberhard 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVom 15. Juni bis zum 1. September 2013 bietet das Deutsche Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt am Main Einblick in die Arbeit des weltweit renommierten Frankfurter Ingenieurbüros Bollinger + Grohmann. Dem Titel der Ausstellung “Bollinger + Grohmann. Hinter den Kulissen” zufolge stehen dabei eher die Prozesse des Erarbeitens, des Entwickelns und des Realisierens von Projekten im Vordergrund – und nicht, wie sonst so oft, das fertige Resultat (Bild 1).Parallel zur Ausstellung erscheint die Monografie “Bollinger + Grohmann” in der Reihe engineering des Detail‐Verlags. Als Band 3 rücken die beiden Ingenieure Klaus Bollinger und Manfred Grohmann mit ihrem Büro also neben die Ingenieurbüros Schlaich Bergermann und Partner (Band 1) sowie Arup (Band 2).Civil Engineering Culture not only “behind the scenes”From June 15th to September 1st, 2013, the Deutsches Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt presents the work of world‐renowned Frankfurt structural engineers Bollinger + Grohmann. The exhibition “Bollinger + Grohmann – Behind the scenes” reveals the processes that ordinarily take place behind building site fences.Parallel to the exhibition the third volume of the DETAIL engineering series presents the engineering office Bollinger + Grohmann.
Succinic acid production derived from carbohydrates: An energy and greenhouse gas assessment of a platform chemical toward a bio‐based economy
Authors: Cok Benjamin , Tsiropoulos Ioannis , Roes Alexander L. , Patel Martin K. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBio‐based succinic acid has the potential to become a platform chemical, i.e. a key building block for deriving both commodity and high‐value chemicals, which makes it an attractive compound in a bio‐based economy. A few companies and industrial consortia have begun to develop its industrial production on a large scale. A life cycle assessment of different bio‐based succinic acid production processes, based on dextrose from corn, was performed to investigate their non‐renewable energy use (NREU) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, from cradle‐to‐factory gate in Europe. Three processes were studied, i.e. (i) low pH yeast fermentation with downstream processing (DSP) by direct crystallization, (ii) anaerobic fermentation to succinate salt at neutral pH (pH7) and subsequent DSP by electrodialysis, and (iii) a similar process producing ammonium sulfate as co‐product in DSP. These processes are compared to the production of petrochemical maleic anhydride, succinic acid, and adipic acid. Low pH yeast fermentation to succinic acid with direct crystallization was found to have significantly lower GHG emissions and NREU, compared to other fermentation routes and three petrochemical routes. However, the disparity in GHG emissions between this process and the electrodialysis process becomes less prominent if one considers a cleaner electricity mix than the current European production mix. Moreover, this study highlights that the allocation approach in corn wet milling and the succinic acid plant location strongly influence the results. Overall, the results suggest that low pH yeast fermentation with direct crystallization is the most beneficial process to bio‐based succinic acid from an environmental perspective. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Potential of general practice data for congenital anomaly research: Comparison with registry data in the united kingdom
Authors: Sokal Rachel , Fleming Kate M. , Tata Laila J. 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDGeneral practice data provide large population‐based cohorts of individuals with prospectively collected medical information with promising potential for studying the causes and consequences of congenital anomalies (CAs). We sought to validate these data through comparison with CA registries.METHODSOur study population was 794,209 children in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database, born between 1990 and 2009 with a median follow‐up of 6.7 years. We compared the birth prevalence of any major and system‐specific CAs with the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) United Kingdom registries.RESULTSThe birth prevalence of any major CA for children in THIN diagnosed before 1 year of age was 198 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval, 195–201), which was slightly higher than the EUROCAT prevalence of 167 per 10,000 (relative risk, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.20). Absolute differences in prevalence between THIN and EUROCAT were small across 16 system‐specific anomaly groups. The majority of children in THIN with major CAs had recorded diagnoses before 1 year of age (72%), but including children diagnosed at any age increased the overall prevalence to 277 per 10,000 births.CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of CAs in THIN was consistent with EUROCAT for early diagnoses, demonstrating THIN to be a valuable source of data in which to investigate CAs. Age of diagnosis is an important factor in explaining a higher overall prevalence in THIN; the inclusion of diagnoses made after 1 year of age substantially improves capture of diagnoses. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:546‐553, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.