bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of complementary foods in infancy and atopic sensitization at the age of 5 years: timing and food diversity in a Finnish birth cohort
Authors: Nwaru B. I. , Takkinen H.‐M. , Niemelä O. , Kaila M. , Erkkola M. , Ahonen S. , Tuomi H. , Haapala A.‐M. , Kenward M. G. , Pekkanen J. , Lahesmaa R. , Kere J. , Simell O. , Veijola R. , Ilonen J. , Hyöty H. , Knip M. , Virtanen S. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo study the associations between timing and diversity of introduction of complementary foods during infancy and atopic sensitization in 5‐year‐old children.MethodsIn the Finnish DIPP (Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention) birth cohort (n = 3781), data on the timing of infant feeding were collected up to the age of 2 years and serum IgE antibodies toward four food and four inhalant allergens measured at the age of 5 years. Logistic regression was used for the analyses.ResultsMedian duration of exclusive and total breastfeeding was 1.4 (interquartile range: 0.2–3.5) and 7.0 (4.0–11.0) months, respectively. When all the foods were studied together and adjusted for confounders, short duration of breastfeeding decreased the risk of sensitization to birch allergen; introduction of oats <5.1 months and barley <5.5 months decreased the risk of sensitization to wheat and egg allergens, and oats additionally associated with milk, timothy grass, and birch allergens. Introduction of rye <7.0 months decreased the risk of sensitization to birch allergen. Introduction of fish <6 months and egg ≤11 months decreased the risk of sensitization to all the specific allergens studied. The introduction of <3 food items at 3 months was associated with sensitization to wheat, timothy grass, and birch allergens; the introduction of 1–2 food items at 4 months and ≤4 food items at 6 months was associated with all endpoints, but house dust mite. These results were particularly evident among high‐risk children when the results were stratified by atopic history, indicating the potential for reverse causality.ConclusionsThe introduction of complementary foods was consecutively done, and with respect to the timing of each food, early introduction of complementary foods may protect against atopic sensitization in childhood, particularly among high‐risk children. Less food diversity as already at 3 months of age may increase the risk of atopic sensitization.
Mast cell activation syndromes: definition and classification
Authors: Valent P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMast cell activation (MCA) occurs in a number of different clinical conditions, including IgE‐dependent allergies, other inflammatory reactions, and mastocytosis. MCA‐related symptoms may be mild, moderate, severe, or even life‐threatening. The severity of MCA depends on a number of different factors, including genetic predisposition, the number and releasability of mast cells involved in the reaction, the type of allergen, presence of specific IgE, and presence of certain comorbidities. In severe reactions, MCA can be documented by a substantial increase in the serum tryptase level above baseline. When symptoms are recurrent, are accompanied by an increase in mast cell–derived mediators in biological fluids, and are responsive to treatment with mast cell–stabilizing or mediator‐targeting drugs, the diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is appropriate. Based on the underlying condition, these patients can further be classified into i) primary MCAS where KIT‐mutated, clonal mast cells are detected, ii) secondary MCAS where an underlying inflammatory disease, often in the form of an IgE‐dependent allergy, but no KIT‐mutated mast cells, is found, and iii) idiopathic MCAS, where neither an allergy or other underlying disease, nor KIT‐mutated mast cells are detectable. It is important to note that in many patients with MCAS, several different factors act together to lead to severe or even life‐threatening anaphylaxis. Detailed knowledge about the pathogenesis and complexity of MCAS, and thus establishing the exact final diagnosis, may greatly help in the management and therapy of these patients.
Obligatory duetting behaviour in theChrysoperla carnea‐group of cryptic species (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae): its role in shaping evolutionary history
Authors: Henry Charles S. , Brooks Stephen J. , Duelli Peter , Johnson James B. , Wells Marta M. , Mochizuki Atsushi 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTAn unusual system of communication has evolved in green lacewings of theChrysoperla carnea‐group, triggering rapid proliferation of numerous cryptic species across all of the Northern Hemisphere and large portions of Africa. The system is based on sexually monomorphic, substrate‐borne vibrational signals, produced by abdominal oscillation. These low‐frequency signals are exchanged between courting individuals in a precise duetting format. The song of each of the more than 20 described species exhibits a unique acoustical phenotype that reproductively isolates the taxon from all other species with which it might come into contact. Here, we review what is known about duetting behaviour in thecarnea‐group, emphasizing the dominant role that duetting has played in the evolution, ecology, and speciation of the complex. Included are descriptions and discussions of song diversity and its impact on reproductive isolation among species, the genetic basis of interspecific song differences, partitioning of acoustic space among sympatric species, parallel song evolution in allopatric species pairs, and modes of speciation within the complex. We also emphasize the importance of correctly identifying by song all species of thecarnea‐group that are to be used either in experimental studies or programs of biological control, while acknowledging the continuing relevance of morphology tocarnea‐group systematics.
Serum lysozyme – a surrogate marker of pulmonary microvascular injury in smokers?
Authors: Schmekel Birgitta , Blomstrand Peter , Venge Per 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProgression rate of disease processes in smoke‐induced lung injuries varies greatly. Diverse pathophysiological mechanisms may trigger these divergences. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether circulating markers of monocytes/macrophages and/or neutrophil [i.e. lysozyme (LZM) or myeloperoxidase (MPO)] were associated with reduced values of diffusion capacity (DL,CO), which is considered to serve as a mirror of pulmonary microvascular derangement and an early sign of tissue remodelling in smokers. Data obtained from 134 smokers (GOLD stage ≤1) and 24 matched healthy non‐smoking volunteers were evaluated in a cross‐sectional study design. Lung function tests as well as single breath test of DL,CO were assessed according to ATS/ERS guidelines. Biomarkers were measured in serum by means of sensitive immunoassays. A subgroup of smokers with normal lung function was created to minimize confounding, by excluding datasets showing significant airflow limitation and abnormally high values of carboxy haemoglobin (COHb), the latter indicating recent smoking. The capacity of serum lysozyme to correctly identify abnormally low values of DL,CO (i.e. <1·9SD units), tended to be higher than that of Myeloperoxidase as assessed by analyses of receiver operated curves (ROC; AUC 0·81, 95%CI: 0·69–0·89 versus AUC 0·67, 95%CI: 0·60–0·81). It is concluded that serum levels of lysozyme, reflecting mainly activated monocytes/macrophages but also neutrophils, were significantly associated with isolated decrements of DL,CO in smokers with normal lung function tests. This suggests monocytes/macrophages to have a significant mechanistic role in early phases of the disease process and/or pulmonary microvascular damage.
Great Expectations: Teaching Ethics to Medical Students in South Africa
Authors: Behrens Kevin Gary , Fellingham Robyn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany academic philosophers and ethicists are appointed to teach ethics to medical students. We explore exactly what this task entails. In South Africa the Health Professions Council's curriculum for training medical practitioners requires not only that students be taught to apply ethical theory to issues and be made aware of the legal and regulatory requirements of their profession, it also expects moral formation and the inculcation of professional virtue in students. We explore whether such expectations are reasonable. We defend the claim that physicians ought to be persons of virtuous character, on the grounds of the social contract between society and the profession. We further argue that since the expectations of virtue of health care professionals are reasonable, it is also sound reasoning to expect ethics teachers to try to inculcate such virtues in their students, so far as this is possible. Furthermore, this requires of such teachers that they be suitable role models of ethical practice and virtue, themselves. We claim that this applies to ethics teachers who are themselves not members of the medical profession, too, even though they are not bound by the same social contract as doctors. We conclude that those who accept employment as teachers of ethics to medical students, where as part of their contractual obligation they are expected to inculcate moral values in their students, ought to be prepared to accept their responsibility to be professionally ethical, themselves.
γ‐Secretase binding sites in aged and Alzheimer's disease human cerebrum: the choroid plexus as a putative origin of CSF Aβ
Authors: Liu Fei , Xue Zhi‐Qin , Deng Si‐Hao , Kun Xiong , Luo Xue‐Gang , Patrylo Peter R. , Rose Gregory M. , Cai Huaibin , Struble Robert G. , Cai Yan , Yan Xiao‐Xin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDeposition of β ‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides, cleavage products of β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β‐secretase‐1 (BACE1) and γ‐secretase, is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). γ‐Secretase inhibition is a therapeutical anti‐Aβ approach, although changes in the enzyme's activity in AD brain are unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ peptides are thought to derive from brain parenchyma and thus may serve as biomarkers for assessing cerebral amyloidosis and anti‐Aβ efficacy. The present study compared active γ‐secretase binding sites with Aβ deposition in aged and AD human cerebrum, and explored the possibility of Aβ production and secretion by the choroid plexus (CP). The specific binding density of [3H]‐L‐685,458, a radiolabeled high‐affinity γ‐secretase inhibitor, in the temporal neocortex and hippocampal formation was similar for AD and control cases with similar ages and post‐mortem delays. The CP in post‐mortem samples exhibited exceptionally high [3H]‐L‐685,458 binding density, with the estimated maximal binding sites (Bmax) reduced in the AD relative to control groups. Surgically resected human CP exhibited APP, BACE1 and presenilin‐1 immunoreactivity, and β‐site APP cleavage enzymatic activity. In primary culture, human CP cells also expressed these amyloidogenic proteins and released Aβ40 and Aβ42 into the medium. Overall, our results suggest that γ‐secretase activity appears unaltered in the cerebrum in AD and is not correlated with regional amyloid plaque pathology. The CP appears to be a previously unrecognised non‐neuronal contributor to CSF Aβ, probably at reduced levels in AD.
Vemurafenib: an unusual UVA‐induced photosensitivity
Authors: Gelot Pauline , Dutartre Hervé , Khammari Amir , Boisrobert Aurélie , Schmitt Caroline , Deybach Jean‐Charles , Nguyen Jean‐Michel , Seité Sophie , Dréno Brigitte 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVemurafenib is a new‐targeted therapy approved for the treatment of patients with V600E BRAF‐mutant metastatic melanoma. Among the cutaneous adverse events reported, the photosensitivity is frequently experienced. We aimed to characterize more deeply the mechanism leading to this photosensitivity as well as the corresponding UV spectrum. Phototests showed that the phototoxicity was UVA‐dependent since from normal value prior to vemurafenib treatment, the UVA‐minimal erythema dose decreased in 17 of 18 patients (94.4%) while the minimal erythema dose remained unchanged. Furthermore, a vemurafenib‐induced erythema appeared quickly during the UVA exposure contrarily to what is observed with a conventional drug‐induced phototoxicity showing an erythema 12–24 h after the phototesting. Vitamin PP concentration decreased, and porphyrin level significantly increased after 2 months of vemurafenib. Our study confirms the high risk of vemurafenib‐induced photosensitivity and indicates that it is possibly vitamin PP‐ and porphyrin dependent.
Expression of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 and the OPG–RANKL–RANK system in inflammatory external root resorption and external cervical resorption
Authors: Lin Y. P. , Love R. M. , Friedlander L. T. , Shang H. F. , Pai M. H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate and compare the expression of the pathogen recognition receptors Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, and the hard tissue resorption triad osteoprotegerin (OPG)–receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL)–receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B (RANK) in external inflammatory root resorption of endodontic origin (ER) and external cervical root resorption (ECR) by immunohistochemistry.MethodologyFormalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded archival specimens collected from teeth that were diagnosed clinically, radiographically and histopathologically with either ER (n = 9) or ECR (n = 9) were processed for immunohistochemistry to investigate and compare levels of TLR2, TLR4, OPG, RANKL, RANK, CD3, CD19 and CD83 expression. The histological features were evaluated via haematoxylin and eosin stain. Taylor's modification of the Brown and Brenn Gram stain was used for examining the presence and distribution of bacteria. All stained slides were digitally photographed and qualitatively analysed, and F test and unpaired Student's t‐test were used for statistical analysis.ResultsBoth ER and ECR showed similar immuno‐histopathology characteristics of a fibrovascular connective tissue with varying degrees of inflammatory infiltrate consisting of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and plasma cells. Colonies of bacteria were identified in the majority of lesions, and this correlated with the cellular expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in all lesions. Similarly, all lesions showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) level of cells expressing RANKL than OPG, indicating hard tissue resorption processes where active in the lesions.ConclusionThe immunohistopathology patterns of ECR samples were consistent with the bacteria‐driven ER specimens, suggesting bacteria‐induced inflammation may be involved in ECR.
Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell attenuates skin fibrosis development in mice
Authors: Wu Yan , Huang Sha , Enhe Jirigala , Ma Kui , Yang Siming , Sun Tongzhu , Fu Xiaobing 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecent studies showed that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation significantly alleviated tissue fibrosis; however, little is known about the efficacy on attenuating cutaneous scar formation. In this study, we established a dermal fibrosis model induced by bleomycin and evaluated the benefit of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) on skin fibrosis development. Tracing assay of green fluorescent protein (GFP+)BM‐MSCs showed that the cells disappeared gradually within 24 hours upon administration, which hinted the action of BM‐MSCs in vivo was exerted in the initial phase of repair in this model. Therefore, we repeatedly transplanted syngeneic BM‐MSCs in the process of skin fibrosis formation. After 3 weeks, it was found that BM‐MSC‐treated lesional skin demonstrated a unanimous basket‐weave organisation of collagen arrangement similar to normal skin, with few inflammatory cells. In addition, lesional skin with BM‐MSC treatment exhibited a significant down‐regulation of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), type I collagen and heat‐shock protein 47 (HSP47), with higher expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)‐2, ‐9 and ‐13. Further experiments showed that α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) positive cells, the most reliable marker of myofibroblasts, apparently decreased after BM‐MSC transplantation, which revealed that BM‐MSCs could attenuate myofibroblast proliferation and differentiation as well as matrix production. Taken together, these findings suggested that BM‐MSCs can inhibit the formation process of bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis, alleviate inflammation and favour the remodelling of extracellular matrix.
Comorbidities, metabolic risk profile and health‐related quality of life in German patients with plaque‐type psoriasis: a cross‐sectional prospective study
Authors: Jacobi Arnd , Kupke Carina , Behzad Melika , Hertl Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground  Patients with psoriasis experience a higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities and have a high burden of treatment. There is still a gap between treatment options and quality of care. The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic data, comorbidities, and the limitations of quality of life in patients with plaque‐type psoriasis.Materials and methods  This epidemiological evaluation was designed as a single‐center, cross‐sectional, prospective study in Marburg, Germany. To investigate the association between mild to severe psoriasis and comorbidities, data were obtained from 133 patients.Results  The average Psoriasis Area and Severity Index was 13.4, and the average Dermatology Life Quality Index was 6.3. Among the patients with severe psoriasis, 95% had been prescribed systemic treatments. Comorbidities were evaluated, with depression 30.8%, arterial hypertension 39.1%, and hypercholesterolemia 20.3% in all patients.Conclusions  Our findings underscore the importance of cardiovascular and metabolic risk screening for all patients with psoriasis. There is still a need for systemic treatments and the definition of treatment goals for psoriasis as a systemic inflammatory disease. Such goals should integrate parameters that include comorbidities and an improvement in health‐related quality of life.
Involvement of CD5+CD19+Cell in steroid‐dependent nephrotic syndrome treated with B‐cell targeting therapy
Authors: Nagatani Koji , Yamaoka Rie , Tezuka Yuko , Hayashi Masatoshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe showed in this study the longitudinal changes of the B‐cell counts in patients with steroid‐dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) treated with cyclophosphamide (CPM) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). In our case with SDNS, this combined therapy not only decreased B‐cell counts but also increased CD5+CD19+
(CD5+B)/ CD5‐CD19+
(CD5‐B) cell ratio. Recurrence was not observed when an elevated CD5+B/CD5‐B cell ratio was maintained even after the B cells increased. Therefore, this ratio might be more important than the whole B‐cell counts. The changes of this ratio could be a good predictor of the clinical course of the patients treated with B‐cell targeting therapy.
Marketing Is from Mars, IT Is from Venus: Aligning the Worldviews for Firm Performance
Authors: Huang Ming‐Hui , Wang Eric T. G. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA typical firm is operated by multiple functional managers who may collaborate as well as compete to achieve firm performance. In the digital age, firm performance is essentially customer‐dependent and technology‐dependent, with both marketing and information technology (IT) playing key roles. Unfortunately the two functions often have very different worldviews. We show how these differences can damage firm performance, and suggest ways to mitigate this damage. We build a worldview difference model, synthesized from multiple disciplines. The model is tested using both matched and nonmatched observations from marketing and IT managers, and is analyzed with hierarchical linear models using both perceptual and objective firm performance data over a 4‐year period. We find that differences between the beliefs and perceptions of marketing managers and IT managers generate a negative impact on firm performance, and suggest appropriate technology‐culture associations to effectively align their worldviews for firm performance. To improve firm performance, a cross‐functional appreciation for market and technology drivers can be achieved by making marketing managers more learning‐oriented and by providing IT managers a culture that is congruent with technology.
The Timing Hypothesis and Hormone Replacement Therapy: A Paradigm Shift in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Part 1: Comparison of Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Hodis Howard N. , Mack Wendy J. 
Published: February 2013

The long‐held belief that outcome data from intervention trials in men are generalizable to women has created the framework in which the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women is viewed, but over the past decade, data have accumulated to refute such a supposition of generalizability. These lines of evidence concern the sex‐specific efficacy of CHD primary prevention therapies and timing of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) initiation according to age and time since menopause as modifiers of efficacy and risk. Although the standard primary prevention therapies of statins and aspirin reduce CHD in men, neither therapy reduces CHD and, more importantly, mortality in women under primary prevention conditions. Nonetheless, HRT significantly reduces CHD and mortality in primary prevention when it is initiated in women who are younger than 60 or are less than 10 years since menopause. Herein, the efficacy of the commonly used therapies for the primary prevention of CHD in women, statins, aspirin, and postmenopausal HRT is discussed. The comparative risks of these therapies will be discussed in Part 2 of this series.
Transient and rapid activation of Akt/GSK‐3β and mTORC1 signaling by D3 dopamine receptor stimulation in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens
Authors: Salles Marie‐Josèphe , Hervé Denis , Rivet Jean‐Michel , Longueville Sophie , Millan Mark J. , Girault Jean–Antoine , Cour Clotilde Mannoury la 
Published: February 2013

AbstractD2/D3 dopamine receptors (D2R/D3R) agonists regulate Akt, but their effects display a complex time‐course. In addition, the respective roles of D2R and D3R are not defined and downstream targets remain poorly characterized, especially in vivo. These issues were addressed here for D3R. Systemic administration of quinelorane, a D2R/D3R agonist, transiently increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK‐3β in rat nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum with maximal effects 10 min after injection. Akt activation was associated with phosphorylation of several effectors of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1): p70S6 kinase, ribosomal protein‐S6 (Ser240/244), and eukaryotic initiation factor‐4E binding protein‐1. The action of quinelorane was antagonized by a D2/D3R antagonist, raclopride, and the selective D3R antagonist S33084, inactive by themselves. Furthermore, no effect of quinerolane was seen in knock‐out mice lacking D3R. In drd1a‐EGFP transgenic mice, quinelorane activated Akt/GSK‐3β in both neurons expressing and lacking D1 receptor. Thus, the stimulation of D3R transiently activates the Akt/GSK‐3β pathway in the two populations of medium‐size spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. This effect may contribute to the influence of D3R ligands on reward, cognition, and processes disrupted in schizophrenia, drug abuse, and Parkinson's disease.