bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concerted action of target‐site mutations and high EPSPS activity in glyphosate‐resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona) from California
Authors: Alarcón‐Reverte Rocío , García Alejandro , Watson Susan B , Abdallah Ibrahim , Sabaté Sebastián , Hernández María J , Dayan Franck E , Fischer Albert J 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDEchinochloa colona is an annual weed affecting field crops and orchards in California. An E. colona population carrying a mutation in the EPSPS gene endowing resistance to glyphosate, the most widely used non‐selective herbicide, was recently identified in the Northern Sacramento Valley of California. Plants from this population, from a suspected glyphosate‐resistant (GR) population, and from one susceptible (S) population collected in the Northern Sacramento Valley of California, were used to generate three GR and one S selfed lines to study possible mechanisms involved in glyphosate resistance.RESULTSBased on the amount of glyphosate required to kill 50% of the plants (LD50), GR lines were 4–9‐fold more resistant than S plants and accumulated less shikimate after glyphosate treatment. GR and S lines did not differ in glyphosate absorption, translocation or metabolism. A different target‐site mutation was found in each of two of the GR lines corresponding to Pro106Thr and Pro106Ser substitutions; the mutations were found in different homoeologous EPSPS genes. No mutation was found in the third GR line, which exhibited 1.4‐fold higher basal EPSPS activity and a fivefold greater LD50 than S plants. Quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that GR lines had similar or lower EPSPS expression than S plants.CONCLUSIONIt is demonstrated that individuals with different glyphosate resistance mechanisms can coexist in the same population, individuals from different populations may carry different resistance mechanisms and different mechanisms can act in concert within single E. colona plants. However, other plant factors or resistance mechanisms appear to modulate plant expression of EPSPS sensitivity to glyphosate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Bond and anchorage of embedded steel reinforcement in fib Model Code 2010
Authors: Cairns John 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the changes to design provisions for embedded steel reinforcement in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. The changes introduce new coefficients for steel grade and clear spacing between bars, and extend the range of concrete strengths covered. The way in which the contribution of hooks or anchorages is calculated has been revised and the contribution of end bearing to laps and anchorages of compression bars is recognized. The revised rules represent a move away from a distinction between laps and anchorages per se towards a distinction based on the presence or absence of transverse pressure perpendicular to the bar axis within the bond length. The benefits of staggering laps with only a proportion of bars lapped at a section are also reviewed. Finally, the potential impact of lap and anchorage performance on structural robustness is discussed, and it is concluded that this can only be achieved if bar yield precedes splitting mode bond failures.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in cognition
Authors: Oomen Charlotte A. , Bekinschtein Pedro , Kent Brianne A. , Saksida Lisa M. , Bussey Timothy J. 
Published: August 2014

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has intrigued neuroscientists for decades. Several lines of evidence show that adult‐born neurons in the hippocampus are functionally integrated and contribute to cognitive function, in particular learning and memory processes. Biological properties of immature hippocampal neurons indicate that these cells are more easily excitable compared with mature neurons, and demonstrate enhanced structural plasticity. The structure in which adult‐born hippocampal neurons are situated—the dentate gyrus—is thought to contribute to hippocampus function by disambiguating similar input patterns, a process referred to as pattern separation. Several ideas about AHN function have been put forward; currently there is good evidence in favor of a role for AHN in pattern separation. This function of AHN may be understood within a ‘representational‐hierarchical’ view of brain organization. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:573–587. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1304This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Neuroscience > Cognition
Neuroscience > Plasticity
Understanding the developing sound system: interactions between sounds and words
Authors: Curtin Suzanne , Zamuner Tania S. 
Published: August 2014

Over the course of the first 2 years of life, infants are learning a great deal about the sound system of their native language. Acquiring the sound system requires the infant to learn about sounds and their distributions, sound combinations, and prosodic information, such as syllables, rhythm, and stress. These aspects of the phonological system are being learned simultaneously as the infant experiences the language around him or her. What binds all of the phonological units is the context in which they occur, namely, words. In this review, we explore the development of phonetics and phonology by showcasing the interactive nature of the developing lexicon and sound system with a focus on perception. We first review seminal research in the foundations of phonological development. We then discuss early word recognition and learning followed by a discussion of phonological and lexical representations. We conclude by discussing the interactive nature of lexical and phonological representations and highlight some further directions for exploring the developing sound system. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:589–602. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1307This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Psychology > Language
Alkynyl Compounds of the Rare‐earth Metals
Authors: Nieland Anja , Lamm Jan‐Hendrik , Mix Andreas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractConversion of the rare‐earth tetramethylaluminates [Ln(AlMe4)3] with phenylacetylene afforded the homoleptic alkynylaluminates [Ln{(μ‐C≡CPh)2AlMe2}3] [Ln = Ce (1), Er(2)]. The reaction of five equivalents of phenylacetylene with the yttrium aluminate [Y(AlMe4)3] afforded [Y{(μ‐C≡CPh)AlMe3}{(μ‐C≡CPh)2AlMe2}2] (3). The cationic yttrium complex [(TMTAC)2YMe2][AlMe4] (4) (TMTAC = 1, 3,5‐trimethyl‐1, 3,5triazacyclohexane) was reacted with phenylacetylene to give the product [(TMTAC)2Y(C≡CPh)2][Me2Al(C≡CPh)2] (5), in which two methyl groups of each, the cation and the anion, were substituted by phenylacetylide groups. Under the same conditions as for the synthesis of compound 5, the holmium analogue reveals different reactivity in forming a neutral alkynyl complex [(TMTAC)2Ho(C≡CPh)3] (6). The introduction of 1, 8‐diethynylanthracene to 4 leads to a structural very similar complex [(TMTAC)2Ho(μ‐1, 8‐diethynylanthracene)3] (7) and offers the same reactivity as observed for the synthesis of 6. All compounds were characterized by X‐ray diffraction experiments. Compounds 1–3 and 5 were also characterized by NMR and elemental analyses.
Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity in Drifts Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) Technique – A Case Study from Jammu & Kashmir, India
Authors: Srinivas G.S. , Goverdhan K. , Narsimhulu CH. , Seshunarayana T. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is a non-destructive seismic prospecting method utilizing Rayleigh waves for imaging and characterizing shallow sub-surface structure. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) studies were conducted in drift areas of two bridge sites in the hilly terrain of J&K for imaging and characterizing shallow sub-surface structure. The purpose of the present study is to estimate the shear wave velocity (VS) and sub-surface structure in four drifts made in a hilly terrain for construction of two bridges. Rayleigh waves are having dispersive properties, travelling along or near the ground surface and are usually characterized by relatively low velocity, low frequency, and high amplitude. The study area comprises of Tertiary group of rocks which are underlain by Siwalik group. The main rock type in the study area is dolomite which has undergone various geological processes like weathering, jointing, fracturing and shearing. MASW data was collected inside four drifts in the mountainous terrain of J&K state which are located on either sides of Chenab river. The data was analyzed by relevant processing software using dispersion and inversion technique. Shear wave velocities were estimated up to 30 m depth. Average shear wave velocity (VS30) up to top 30m was also computed. It is observed that, VS in the range 400-800 m/s upto 10-15 m corresponding to weathered rock, followed by compact dolomite rock up to the depth of about 30 m with VS in the range 1200-1600 m/s. Some low velocity zones are also identified from these sections which represent shear zones.
Compositional Variation in Magma through Early Neogene in the Northeast Indian Ocean: A Testimony from Glass Shards
Authors: Shrivastava J. P. , Sharma V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:
We report unusual occurrence of glass shards with diverse morphologies and compositions in the volcanic ash associated with the early Neogene marine stratigraphic succession (early Miocene to early middle Miocene) of Andaman-Nicobar Islands, Northeast Indian Ocean. These small, ash-size (200 to 800 µm) broken pieces of glass shards when viewed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), represent distinctive - platy, sickle, bicuspate, concentric, angular, horn shape and slivers with broken angular bubble wall - morphologies. Glass shards are colourless. But, a few are grey or reddish-brown, indicate high Fe content. Chilled, juvenile, angular and blocky shards show fragments of highly viscous, silicic magma. Spindle and ribbon-shape shards form from a low viscosity basalt and rhyolite. Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) was used to measure low concentration variations of major oxides within individual amorphous silicate solid glass shards whose disordered atomic structure is that of a liquid derived from a silicate melt. Major elemental chemistry of early Miocene glass shards from Colebrook island show low silica, alkalis, high FeO(T) MgO and CaO, whereas, early middle Miocene glass shards from Inglis island show high silica, alkalis, low FeO(T), MgO and CaO contents. These data-sets when plotted on ternary Total Alkali-Silica and Na2O+K2O-MgO-FeO (T) diagrams show that their data plots lie within the basaltic-andesite, tephri-phonolite, rhyolite and trachyte fields. These glass shards which were present in the provenance, formed by explosive eruption of lavas, ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite with andesite/ basalt-andesite being the most common magma types erupted sub-areally, implying island arc type of tectono-magmatic setting for the formation of these lavas. However, more evolutionary variant rhyolite was most likely formed by crystal fractionation.
Dynamic Computed Tomography Angiography in Suspected Brain Death: A Noninvasive Biomarker
Authors: Chakraborty Santanu , Adas Reem A. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose Neurologic determination of death or brain death is primarily a clinical diagnosis. This must respect all guarantees required by law and should be determined early to avoid unnecessary treatment and allow organ harvesting for transplantation. Ancillary testing is used in situations in which clinical assessment is impossible or confounded by other factors. Our purpose is to determine the utility of dynamic computed tomographic angiography (dCTA) as an ancillary test for diagnosis of brain death. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 13 consecutive patients with suspected brain death in the intensive care unit who had dCTA. Contrast appearance timings recorded from the dCTA data were compared to findings from 15 controls selected from patients who presented with symptoms of acute stroke but showed no stroke in follow-up imaging. Results The dCTA allows us to reliably assess cerebral blood flow and to record time of individual cerebral vessels opacification. It also helps us to assess the intracranial flow qualitatively against the flow in extracranial vessels as a reference. We compared the time difference between enhancement of the external and internal carotid arteries and branches. In all patients who were brain dead, internal carotid artery enhancement was delayed, which occurred after external carotid artery branches were opacified. Conclusion In patients with suspected brain death, dCTA reliably demonstrated the lack of cerebral blood flow, with extracranial circulation as an internal reference. Our initial results suggest that inversion of time of contrast appearance between internal carotid artery and external carotid artery branches at the skull base could predict a lack of distal intracranial flow.
Defining the anesthesia gap for reproductive health procedures in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Anderson R. Eleanor , Ahn Roy , Nelson Brett D. , Chavez Jean , de Redon Emily , Burke Thomas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn resource‐limited settings, severe shortages of anesthetists and anesthesiologists lead to surgical delays that increase maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity.ObjectivesTo more clearly understand the individual components of the anesthesia gap pertaining to reproductive health surgeries and procedures in resource‐limited settings.Search strategyMedline, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, and POPLINE were systematically searched for reports published before December 31, 2013. Search terms were related to obstetric surgery, resource‐limited settings, and anesthesia.Selection criteriaStudies that addressed the use of anesthesia in reproductive procedures in resource‐limited settings were included.Data collection and analysisReviewers independently evaluated the full text of identified studies, extracted information related to study objectives and conclusions, and identified the anesthesia gap.Main resultsOverall, 14 publications met the inclusion criteria. A significant lack of infrastructure, equipment and supplies, and trained personnel were identified as key factors responsible for a lack of anesthesia services.ConclusionsA shortage of trained anesthesia providers, equipment, supplies, medications, and infrastructure, along with limitations in transportation in resource‐limited settings have produced a wide gap between available anesthesia services and the demand for them for reproductive health surgeries and procedures. Safe, affordable, and scalable solutions to address the anesthesia gap are urgently needed.
A Cantilever Subjected to Axial Force, Bending Moment, and Shear Force
Authors: Tseng W.-D. , Tarn J.-Q. , Chang C.-C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present an exact analysis of the displacement and stress fields in an elastic 2-D cantilever subjected to axial force, shear force and moment, in which the end conditions are exactly satisfied. The problem is formulated on the basis of the state space formalism for 2-D deformation of an orthotropic body. Upon delineating the Hamiltonian characteristics of the formulation and by using eigenfunction expansion, a rigorous solution which satisfies the end conditions is determined. The results show that the end condition alters the stress significantly only near the end, and elementary solutions in the form of polynomials can give sufficiently accurate results except near the ends. Such a system would give rise to localized stresses and displacements in the immediate neighborhood of the ends, and the effect may be expected to diminish with distance on account of geometrical divergence.
Lower Cretaceous alkali feldspar granites in the central part of the Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China: chronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications
Authors: TIAN DEXIN , GE WENCHUN , YANG HAO , ZHAO GUOCHUN , ZHANG YANLONG 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Mingshui–Jilasitai–Suolun area, located in the central part of the Great Xing’an Range, is characterized by large volumes of alkali feldspar granites. However, the formation time and tectonic setting of these rocks remains controversial owing to a lack of precise geochronological and detailed geochemical data. In this paper, we report new SIMS U–Pb zircon ages and mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical data for Lower Cretaceous alkali feldspar granites from the Mingshui–Jilasitai–Suolun area. The SIMS zircon dating results indicate that these granites formed at 133.6–135.9 Ma. The mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical data show that these granitic rocks belong to highly fractionated I-type granites. Combined with the regional geology data, we propose that the formation of the Lower Cretaceous alkali feldspar granitic rocks was related to an extension induced by delamination of the lithosphere that arose from subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate.
From Loss to Looting? Battlefield Costs and Rebel Incentives for Violence
Authors: Wood Reed M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResearch into the causes of civilian abuse during civil conflict has increased significantly in recent years, yet the mechanisms responsible for changes in actors' tactics remain poorly understood. I investigate how the outcomes of discrete conflict interactions influence subsequent patterns of rebel violence against civilians. Two competing logics suggest opposite influences of material loss on violence. A stylized model of rebel-civilian bargaining illustrates how acute resource demands resulting from recent severe conflict losses may incentivize insurgent violence and predation. I also identify several factors that might condition this relationship. I evaluate hypotheses based on these expectations by first analyzing the behaviors of the Lord's Resistance Army using subnational conflict data and then analyzing a cross-sectional sample of post–Cold War African insurgencies. Results from both the micro- and macrolevel analyses suggest that rising battlefield costs incentivize attacks on civilians in the period immediately following the accrual of losses. However, group-level factors such as effective control over territory and the sources of rebel financing condition this relationship. The findings suggest potential benefits from examining the interaction of strategic conditions and more static organizational characteristics in explaining temporal and geographic variation in rebel violence.
Reproductive biology of the lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris, and recommendations for its management on the Abrolhos Shelf, Brazil
Authors: Freitas Matheus Oliveira , Rocha Gecely Rodrigues Alves , Chaves Paulo De Tarso Da Cunha , De Moura Rodrigo Leão 
Published: August 2014

The reproductive biology of the lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris, was evaluated from 770 specimens (434 females and 336 males) obtained on the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil, between May 2005 and October 2007. Total length ranged from 14.7 to 56.0 cm for females and from 16.5 to 54.3 cm for males, with size composition not varying significantly between sexes. Five distinct maturity stages were identified based on macroscopic and histological examination of the gonads. Mean value of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) for females peaked in September and October, with a secondary peak in February and March. Histological analyses confirmed the reproductive cycle inferred by GSI variation. Asynchronous-type ovarian development was observed, and batch fecundity ranged from less than 104,743 oocytes for a 25.5 cm female of to 568,400 oocytes for a 56.0 cm female (250.0 and 2260 g, respectively), with an average of 345,700 oocytes. The reproductive parameters obtained for L. synagris in the Abrolhos Bank were similar to those reported in studies in northern Brazil and the north-west Atlantic. The species is an important fishery resource in the study region, and management measures are needed before the species becomes overfished. Exploitation occurs largely during spawning aggregations, a situation that has caused other lane snapper populations (and congeners) to decline acutely elsewhere. Our results provide support for size limits and seasonal spawning closures on the Abrolhos Bank, a region that sustains artisanal fisheries involving >20,000 fishermen.
Stylisations as teacher practice
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStudies on stylised language use have tended to focus on the creative exploitation of linguistic heteroglossia among urban multi-ethnic youth. This article argues that there are good reasons for exploring how such practices can also be initiated by norm-enforcing white adults such as teachers. I report on linguistic ethnographic fieldwork in one mixed-ethnicity class at a Brussels Dutch-medium school and describe how one teacher often produced the creative, stylised language use one usually associates with younger speakers. The analysis emphasizes that while teacher stylisations provided alleviation from the friction between linguistic expectations and the reality of the classroom floor, they were also functional in maintaining the school linguistic policy inasmuch as they typified nonstylised, nonaccented, and standard language use as normal and expected. These findings suggest that stylisations can be closely tuned to linguistic normativity and reproductive of wider patterns of sociolinguistic stratification. (Stylisations, urban heteroglossia, crossing, classroom interaction, Brussels, Dutch, enregisterment)*
RethinkingPeople v. Croswell: Alexander Hamilton and the Nature and Scope of “Common Law” in the Early Republic
Authors: Brown Kate Elizabeth 
Published: August 2014

While serving in the New York Assembly in 1787, Alexander Hamilton identified a problematic clause in New York's constitution. Remarking on an act for settling intestate estates, Hamilton asked, “The question is what is meant in the constitution, by this phrase ‘the common law’?” He went on to describe an important distinction in his legal and constitutional thought:These words have in a legal view two senses, one moreextensive,the other morestrict.In their most extensive sense, they comprehend the [British] constitution, of all those courts which were established by memorial custom, such as the court of chancery, the ecclesiastical court, &c. though these courts proceed according to a peculiar law. In their more strict sense, they are confined to the course of proceedings in the courts of Westminster in England, or in the supreme court of this state.After suggesting that the constitution's reference to “common law” encompassed more than just the case reports generated by the central courts in Westminster, Hamilton determined that, “I view it as a delicate and difficult question; yet, I am inclined to think that the moreextensive sensemay be fairly adopted.” Although Hamilton referred here only to the intestacy bill, the distinction between a “strict” and an “extensive” common law would animate his constitutional and legal thought, many years later, during his famous defense of Federalist publisher Harry Croswell.