bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling transport of chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) paralarvae off South Africa: reviewing, testing and extending the ‘Westward Transport Hypothesis’
Authors: Martins Rodrigo S. , Roberts Michael J. , Lett Christophe , Chang Nicolette , Moloney Coleen L. , Camargo Maurício G. , Vidal Erica A. G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAnnual landings of chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii), an important fishing resource for South Africa, fluctuate greatly, and are believed to be related to recruitment success. The ‘Westward Transport Hypothesis’ (WTH) attributes recruitment strength to variability in transport of newly hatched paralarvae from spawning grounds to the ‘cold ridge’ nursery region some 100–200 km to the west, where oceanographic conditions sustain high productivity. We used an individual‐based model (IBM) coupled with a 3‐D hydrodynamic model (ROMS) to test the WTH and assessed four factors that might influence successful transport – Release Area, Month, Specific Gravity (body density) and Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) – in numerical experiments that estimated successful transport of squid paralarvae to the cold ridge. A multifactor ANOVA was used to identify the primary determinants of transport success in the various experimental simulations. Among these, release area was found to be the most important, implying that adult spawning behaviour (i.e., birth site fidelity) may be more important than paralarval behaviour in determining paralarval transport variability. However, specific gravity and DVM were found to play a role by retaining paralarvae on the shelf and optimizing early transport, respectively. Upwelling events seem to facilitate transport by moving paralarvae higher in the water column and thus exposing them to faster surface currents.
The More‐than‐human Geographies of Field Science
Authors: Forsyth Isla 
Published: August 2013

AbstractGeographers have increasingly begun to attend to the local environments of science, considering how these spaces shape and influence knowledge production. This paper will explore the insights a spatial analytic can contribute to the history of science by exploring one scientific performance space; the field site. Already, rich and insightful studies into the geographies of field science have figured these sites as complex, subjective and lively places. However, so far, there appears to have only been peripheral attention paid to the multiple and myriad nonhuman animals that are present in the field. The field is a site where animals have been the object of study, provided transport, companionship, sport and food, but their presence within the history of field science is conspicuously absent. This paper asks how to study the spatialities of animal lives enrolled in the diverse technologies and knowledge that encompass scientific practice, and considers what such an engagement could offer to contemporary scientific study. Therefore, this paper will review animal and hybrid geographies, and methodological tools that attend to the performativity of science, such as the actor–network theory and Pickering's ‘the mangle’. It will consider what these literatures and conceptual frameworks can add to understandings of the historical, social, cultural and political nature of more‐than‐human knowledge through a consideration of field science.
Urban China on Screen: The Sixth Generation and the Postsocialist Cinematic City
Authors: Berra John 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article will consider the relationship between the city and the cinema with regard to the films of China's ‘Sixth Generation’, a group of filmmakers who mostly graduated from the Beijing Film Academy in the late 1980s and proceeded to make films on the subject of their nation's urban fabric. These are films which utilise city narrative to comment on social–economic change, but largely observe such conditions, rather than to take apolitical stance. To explore the urban representation of the Sixth Generation, this article will provide analysis of three works that depict life in top‐tier or second‐tier mainland China cities: Biandan, guniang/So Close to Paradise (1999), Suzhou he/Suzhou River (2000) and Xiari nuanyangyang/I Love Beijing (2001). The manner in which urban space is represented will be considered, alongside the social positioning of the characters, in order to address arguments made by scholars that these films focus on the plight of the individual rather than considering the wider implications of urban planning.
Beyond the Screen: Methods for Investigating Geographies of Life ‘Online’
Authors: Kinsley Samuel 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe internet and being ‘online’ is an integral part of everyday life for a substantial proportion of the population. There is an increasing impetus for researchers to engage with ‘online’ activities, not only as particular activities themselves but also as a part of the context of a wide range of geographies. The purpose of this article is to offer an overview of contemporary methodologies of researching geographies of life online. The article is structured in four sections. Beginning with a discussion of how to address a ‘field’, the article goes on to explore how geographers have addressed spatial understandings of the internet. Subsequently, themes of identity and authenticity are raised as key concerns for studies of life online, and accordingly the article moves on to discuss the ethics of such research. This article demonstrates how geographical thinking can inform and enhance social scientific research concerning the internet, particularly in relation to the articulation of spatial experience and knowledge.
The Distinction Between State and Government
Authors: Robinson Edward Heath 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe terms “state” and “government” are often used interchangeably in political discourse, but they can also refer to very different entities. In political geography, a distinction between the two is often not made, or made weakly. Thus, this article reviews how these terms have been used in political geography and across allied disciplines, especially in international law. Political geographers commonly seem to draw from the anthropological and sociological uses of the terms, but the distinction between state and government is arguably most developed in international legal scholarship. This article argues that political geography would gain by adopting a distinction between state and government as it is articulated in international legal scholarship. Drawing from that literature, this article recommends that states be contrasted with governments in the following way: states are juridical entities of the international legal system; governments are the exclusive legally coercive organizations for making and enforcing certain group decisions. Arguably, ambiguity regarding the referents of these terms has hindered the development of state theory and even made it unclear what the “theory of the state” is supposed to explain. Therefore, this article concludes with a call for geographers to be just as cognizant of the distinction between state and government as they traditionally have been of the distinction between state and nation.
The Politics of Public Debt: Neoliberalism, Capitalist Development and the Restructuring of the State
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Rising public debt has been widespread in democratic-capitalist political economies since the 1970s, generally accompanied among other things by weak economic growth, rising unemployment, increasing inequality, growing tax resistance, and declining political participation. Following an initial period of fiscal consolidation in the 1990s, public debt took an unprecedented leap in reponse to the Great Recession. Renewed consolidation efforts, under the pressure of ‘financial markets’, point to a general decline in state expenditure, particularly discretionary and investment expenditure, and of extensive retrenchment and privatization of state functions.
Diffusion and kinetic control of weathering layer development
Authors: Reeves D. , Rothman D. H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe formation of porous weathering rinds (layers of chemical alteration) on the exterior of rocks is a consequence of dissolution and precipitation of minerals occurring at the mineral–fluid interface within the pores. The speed at which the developed rind advances is controlled by both kinetic reaction rates and the transport of reaction products away from the pore spaces into the outside fluid. We show, using both reaction‐diffusion theory and numerics, that under diffusion limitations, the weathering rate depends on the size and curvature of the sample. This leads to a relationship between rind thickness, δ, and age,t. As the rind thickens, the result in three dimensions differs substantially from the one‐dimensional result of. We describe the conditions under which the one‐dimensional and diffusion‐limited approximations apply and how they evolve as the rock weathers. Under chemical kinetic limitations, the rind advances at a constant rate,dδ/dt = v. We defend the application of a spherical approximation to irregular non‐spherical rocks and apply our results to field observations reported in the literature to show consistency with established methods. Finally, we argue that the variability in size, as well as in mineralogy, over ensembles of grains contributes to heterogeneous weathering rates. We demonstrate that this heterogeneity can contribute to the aging, or gradual decrease with time, of weathering rates previously observed in laboratory and field measurements.
Towards generic online multicriteria decision support in patient‐centred health care
Authors: Dowie Jack , Kjer Kaltoft Mette , Salkeld Glenn , Cunich Michelle 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo introduce a new online generic decision support system based on multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), implemented in practical and user‐friendly software (Annalisa©).BackgroundAll parties in health care lack a simple and generic way to picture and process the decisions to be made in pursuit of improved decision making and more informed choice within an overall philosophy of person‐ and patient‐centred care.MethodsThe MCDA‐based system generates patient‐specific clinical guidance in the form of an opinion as to the merits of the alternative options in a decision, which are all scored and ranked. The scores for each option combine, in a simple expected value calculation, the best estimates available now for the performance of those options on patient‐determined criteria, with the individual patient's preferences, expressed as importance weightings for those criteria. The survey software within which the Annalisa file is embedded (Elicia©) customizes and personalizes the presentation and inputs. Principles relevant to the development of such decision‐specific MCDA‐based aids are noted and comparisons with alternative implementations presented. The necessity to trade‐off practicality (including resource constraints) with normative rigour and empirical complexity, in both their development and delivery, is emphasized.ConclusionThe MCDA‐/Annalisa‐based decision support system represents a prescriptive addition to the portfolio of decision‐aiding tools available online to individuals and clinicians interested in pursuing shared decision making and informed choice within a commitment to transparency in relation to both the evidence and preference bases of decisions. Some empirical data establishing its usability are provided.
Shifts in functional traits and functional diversity between vegetation and seed bank
Authors: Pakeman Robin J. , Eastwood Antonia 
Published: August 2013

AbstractQuestionDoes the seed bank have a different functional trait signature to the vegetation and is this difference affected by productivity and disturbance? Do functional diversity differences exist between the vegetation and seed bank and are the differences modulated by productivity and disturbance.LocationAn area of diverse land use on the west coast of Scotland.MethodsParallel vegetation and seed bank surveys were carried out across 30 sites contrasting in land use, and hence productivity and disturbance regime. Data were analysed to assess overall differences between the seed bank and vegetation in community‐weighted mean for selected functional traits and to test if the difference was affected by productivity or disturbance. Three functional diversity indices were calculated for each seed bank and vegetation sample – functional richness, functional divergence and functional evenness – and each index was assessed for overall differences between the seed bank, the vegetation and differences modulated by disturbance and productivity.ResultsThere were clear differences in many community‐weighted mean traits between the seed bank and the vegetation. Plants in the vegetation were characterized by increased stature, more conservative leaf traits, wind pollination and by being perennial, whereas plants in the seed bank had higher seed longevity, higher seed masses and were more frequently insect‐ or self‐pollinated. There was no difference in functional richness between the seed bank and the vegetation, and while both the seed bank and the vegetation functional richness were significantly lower than expected, the vegetation showed a bigger deviation from expectations compared to the seed bank. The functional diversity indices revealed different relationships between seed bank and vegetation against productivity and disturbance. Functional divergence (and its standardized effect size) indicated stronger habitat filtering for the vegetation at high levels of productivity or disturbance, while the effect size of functional richness and functional evenness suggested stronger filtering on the seed bank at high levels of productivity and disturbance.ConclusionsThe significant difference in traits between the seed bank and vegetation mean that following disturbance this is likely to have a considerable impact (at least in the short term) on ecosystem function. Functional diversity patterns were less clear, with conflicting evidence on habitat filtering, depending on the metric chosen.
Killing Discarded Embryos and the Nothing‐is‐Lost Principle
Authors: Devolder Katrien 
Published: August 2013

Abstract A widely held view holds that it is permissible to conduct destructive research on embryos discarded following fertility treatment, but not on embryos especially created for research. One argument in support of this view appeals to the nothing‐is‐lost principle. It holds that because discarded embryos will die soon in any case, and something good is expected to come out of using them for research, it is presumptively permissible to do so. It is then claimed that no equivalent justification can be adduced in support of destructive research on embryos especially created for research. I argue that, on a standard formulation of the nothing‐is‐lost principle, this argument fails. I consider whether other plausible variants of the principle render the argument sound and argue that they do not.
Palaearctic biogeography revisited: evidence for the existence of a North African refugium for Western Palaearctic biota
Authors: Husemann Martin , Schmitt Thomas , Zachos Frank E. , Ulrich Werner , Habel Jan Christian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimIn contrast to the attention given to southern Europe both as a centre of speciation and differentiation and as a Pleistocene refugium of Western Palaearctic taxa, North Africa has been relatively neglected. In this paper, we set out to address this shortfall.LocationNorth‐West Africa and the Mediterranean.MethodsWe reviewed the existing literature on the biogeography of North Africa, and carried out analyses of species distribution data using parsimony, nestedness and co‐occurrence methods.ResultsIn many cases, distribution patterns of non‐flying mammals, bats, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, zygaenid moths and odonates demonstrated important biogeographical affinities between Europe and North Africa at the species level. On the other hand, species co‐occurrence, nestedness and parsimony analysis also revealed some deep splits between the Maghreb and Europe; yet even in these cases the closest affinities were found between the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb. Furthermore, North Africa harbours the highest proportion of endemic taxa (13.7%) across all groups analysed. Many molecular studies demonstrated a strong genetic cohesiveness between North Africa and Europe despite the potential barrier effect of the Mediterranean Sea. In other taxa, however, remarkable splits were detected. In addition, southern European genetic lineages were often nested within North African clades, and many taxa showed exceptionally high genetic variability and differentiation in this region.Main conclusionsThe Maghreb was an important differentiation and speciation centre for thermophilic organisms during the Pliocene and Pleistocene with high relevance as a colonization source for Europe. The regions around the sea straits of Gibraltar and Sicily have acted as important biogeographical links between North Africa and Europe at different times.
The Eczema Education Programme: intervention development and model feasibility
Authors: Jackson K. , Ersser S.J. , Dennis H. , Farasat H. , More A. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe systematic support of parents of children with eczema is essential to their effective management; however, we have few models of support. This study examines the rationale, evidence base and development of a large‐scale, structured, theory‐based, nurse‐led intervention, the ‘Eczema Education Programme’ (EEP), for parents of children with eczema.ObjectivesTo outline development of the EEP, model of delivery, determine its feasibility and evaluate this based on service access and parental satisfaction data.MethodsParent–child dyads meeting EEP referral criteria were recruited and demographic information recorded. A questionnaire survey of parental satisfaction was conducted 4 weeks post EEP; parental focus groups at 6 weeks provided comparative qualitative data. Descriptive statistics were derived from the questionnaire data using Predictive Analytics Software (PASW); content analysis was applied to focus group data.ResultsA total of 356 parents attended the EEP during the evaluation period. Service access was achieved for those in a challenging population. Both survey data (n = 146 parents, 57%) and focus group data (n = 21) revealed a significant level of parental satisfaction with the programme.ConclusionsIt was feasible to provide the EEP as an adjunct to normal clinical care on a large scale, achieving a high level of patient/parent satisfaction and access within an urban area of multiple deprivation and high mobility. The intervention is transferable and the results are generalizable to other ethnically diverse child eczema populations within metropolitan areas in Britain. A multicentre RCT is required to test the effectiveness of this intervention on a larger scale.
Antibacterial Activity and Antifungal and Anti‐Mycotoxigenic Activities Against Aspergillus flavus and A. ochraceus of Green Coffee Chlorogenic Acids and Dodecyl Chlorogenates
Authors: Suárez‐Quiroz Mirna L. , Taillefer W. , López Méndez E.M. , González‐Ríos O. , Villeneuve P. , Figueroa‐Espinoza M.C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractGreen coffee chlorogenic acids (CGA) and dodecyl chlorogenates (DCGA) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity on different bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sporogenes, Listeria innocua, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella enterica), and for their antifungal and anti‐mycotoxigenic activities against Aspergillus flavus and A. ochraceus. Sa. enterica was resistant to both CGA and DCGA. CGA had an antimicrobial effect on gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria; it exhibited bactericidal activity against P. fluorescens and S. aureus, and had no sporicidal activity against B. cereus and C. sporogenes. DCGA was active on three gram‐positive bacteria and inactive on the gram‐negative ones. Both, CGA and DCGA presented anti‐Aspergillus activities and were better anti‐mycotoxigenic agents for ochratoxin A than for aflatoxin B1. This work reports for the first time both CGA and DCGA as antibacterial, antifungal and anti‐mycotoxigenic agents, which could be promising preservatives in food or nonfood products.Practical ApplicationsBoth chlorogenic acids and dodecyl chlorogenates could be used as antibacterial, antifungal and anti‐mycotoxigenic agents, possessing antioxidant properties, as preservatives in food or nonfood products like cosmetics.
Exploring Co-Parent Experiences of Sexuality in the First 3 Months After Birth
Authors: van Anders Sari M. , Hipp Lauren E. , Kane Low Lisa 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Research on postpartum sexuality has focused primarily on mothers, though new findings suggest that relational perceptions may have a strong influence over sexual desire and behavior. Little investigation exists regarding sexuality in partners of postpartum women. Additionally, recent findings point to the importance of a partner's sexuality for postpartum women's perceptions of their own sexuality in this time.

Aims
The goal of this research was to explore women's partners' sexuality in the early postpartum phase taking into account psychosocial context.

Methods
Partners (N = 114; 95 men, 18 women, 1 unspecified) of postpartum women completed a retrospective online questionnaire about their sexuality during the 3 months following their youngest child's birth.

Main Outcome Measures
Primary measures included sexual desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), latency to sexual behavior, and enjoyment and initiation of sexual behavior. Other psychosocial variables were investigated: partners' perceptions of the birth mother's sexual desire, perceptions of the birth experience (Questionnaire Measuring Attitudes About Labor and Delivery), postpartum stress (Perceived Stress Scale), body image self-consciousness (Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), fatigue, and experiences surrounding breastfeeding.

Results
Partners reported most frequent engagement in intercourse in the postpartum period, earliest engagement in masturbation, and highest enjoyment of receiving oral sex compared with other sexual activities. Partners' sexual desire was not correlated with the psychosocial variables measured in the study. Findings for partners' sexuality were similar by gender, except for perceptions of social support and likelihood to engage in intercourse.

Conclusions
This study provided a novel perspective on the study of postpartum sexuality by investigating physical and psychosocial influences on the experiences of partners of parous women. Given parallels between sexuality reported by partners in this study and by birth mothers in past studies, this study provided evidence that sexuality in the postpartum period may be experienced similarly, highlighting the social and relational nature of the postpartum.