bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of perinatal health and socio‐demographic factors on school education outcomes: A population study of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous children in the Northern Territory
Authors: Guthridge Steven , Li Lin , Silburn Sven , Li Shu Qin , McKenzie John , Lynch John 
Published: March 2015

AimThis study investigated the association between early‐life risk factors and school education outcomes.MethodsThis is an historical cohort study of 7601 children (61% were Indigenous) born in the Northern Territory between 1999 and 2004. Information was linked, for each child on: perinatal health, student enrolment and National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) Year 3 results. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between selected risk factors and a NAPLAN result ‘below’ the national minimum standard (NMS) in reading and numeracy.ResultsIndigenous children had much higher odds, than non‐Indigenous children, of a result below the NMS for both reading (odds ratio (OR): 8.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.55–9.74) ) and numeracy (OR: 11.52, 95% CI: 9.94–13.35). When adjusted for all other variables, the increased odds were attenuated for both reading (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.46–3.40) and numeracy (OR: 3.19, 95% CI: 2.65–3.84). Common risk factors for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous children included higher birth order, maternal smoking in pregnancy and being a boy. There were gradients of decreasing risk with increasing education level of primary care giver and increasing maternal age. Among Indigenous children only, risks increased when living in remote areas, with younger age (<8 years) and low birthweight.ConclusionsThe study highlights that many of the risk factors associated with poor education outcomes among Indigenous children are shared with the general population. The results inform a targeted, cross‐agency response to address modifiable early‐life risk factors for educational disadvantage. Data linkage, using existing administrative datasets, provides a useful addition to methods that identify priority areas for prevention and early intervention.
Attitudes of Australian neonatologists to resuscitation of extremely preterm infants
Authors: Mills Bernice A , Janvier Annie , Argus Brenda M , Davis Peter G , Frøisland Dag Helge 
Published: March 2015

AimWe aimed to investigate how Australian neonatologists made decisions when incompetent patients of different ages needed resuscitation.MethodsA survey including vignettes of eight incompetent patients requiring resuscitation was sent to 140 neonatologists. Patients ranged from a very preterm infant to 80 years old. While some had existing impairments, all faced risk of death or neurological sequelae. Respondents indicated whether they would resuscitate, whether they believed resuscitation was in the patients' best interests, whether they would want intervention for a family member and whether they would comply with families' wishes to withhold resuscitation. They were also asked how they would rank the eight patients in a triage situation.ResultsSeventy‐eight per cent of specialists completed the survey. The majority of respondents gave priority to the resuscitation of children over adults. Less than 40% would agree to withhold resuscitation at families' request for all children except for the preterm infant, where 96% would comply with families' wishes to withhold intensive care despite 77% believing resuscitation to be in the infant's best interest.ConclusionThis study found inconsistencies between physicians' perceptions of the patient's best interest regarding resuscitation and their willingness to comply with families' wishes to withhold resuscitation and give comfort care. Accepting a family's refusal of resuscitation was more marked for the premature infant, even among respondents who thought that resuscitation was in the patient's best interest. These findings are consistent with other international studies.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Yiu Eppie M , Kornberg Andrew J 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy, an X‐linked disorder, has an incidence of one in 5000 boys and presents in early childhood with proximal muscle weakness. Untreated boys become wheelchair bound by the age of 12 years and die of cardiorespiratory complications in their late teens to early 20s. The use of corticosteroids, non‐invasive respiratory support, and active surveillance and management of associated complications have improved ambulation, function, quality of life and life expectancy. The clinical features, investigations and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy are reviewed, as well as the latest in some of the novel therapies.
Inequalities in dental caries among 12‐year‐old Chinese children
Authors: Shen Anqi , Zeng Xiaojuan , Cheng Min , Tai Baojun , Huang Ruizhe , Bernabé Eduardo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo explore whether there are socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical inequalities in dental caries among 12‐year‐old Chinese children.MethodsData from 2,307 12‐year‐old children living in Guangxi, Hubei, Jilin, and Shanxi and who participated in the Third National Oral Health Survey in China were used for this study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and clinical examinations with children. The decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index and number of decayed teeth (DT) were the outcome measures for analysis. Inequalities in DMFT and DT by socioeconomic position (parental education), ethnicity, and geography (province of residence and urbanicity) were assessed in unadjusted and adjusted negative binomial regression models.ResultsEthnicity and geographical factors, but not parental education, were significantly associated with childhood dental caries in unadjusted models. However, only geographical factors remained significantly related to dental caries after mutual adjustments. The DMFT index and DT were higher among children living in Jilin and Guangxi than those of children living in Hubei and Shanxi, and also higher among children living in rural areas than in those living in urban areas.ConclusionThis analysis shows inequalities in dental caries among 12‐year‐old children in four provinces of China. There were considerable inequalities in children's DMFT and number of decayed teeth by geography but not by ethnicity or parental education.
Maternalism: a healthy alliance for recovery and transition in eating disorder services
Authors: Wright K. M. 
Published: March 2015

Accessible summary
The therapeutic relationship is pivotal to mental health nursing, but very little is known about how it is experienced in adult eating disorder services.
This paper reports on a research project that sought to discover how the therapeutic relationship is experienced between care workers and women with anorexia nervosa in an adult eating disorder service.
Both care workers and women spoke of a relationship that had similarities to the mother–daughter relationship, that it felt therapeutic and that it was in keeping with a professional and compassionate nursing approach.
These findings provide new insight. Maternalism is seen as a positive, nurturing and transient relationship that ensures the safety of the person and promotes recovery and transition to eventual independence.
AbstractThis paper reports on a UK interpretative phenomenological research study that aimed to explore the lived experience of the relationship between women with anorexia and their care workers in the context of a specialist eating disorder (ED) unit. Here, the concept of maternalism as a phenomenon occurring within the therapeutic relationship in specialist ED units is discussed. Consideration is given to the parallel roles of the health care worker whose duty it is to protect, preserve life and to promote health and that of a mother/guardian. Although seemingly simplistic, the comforting, soothing and nurturing techniques that are used by the workers to diffuse distress and help the person feel cared for have many similarities to ‘mothering’. Hence, a maternalistic approach that provides a sense of security and nurturing can be a compassionate way to facilitate hope and a route out of their anorexia into recovery, in the same way that good parenting can facilitate maturation and independence.
Objective markers for sleep propensity: comparison between the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig
Authors: Olbrich Sebastian , Fischer Marie M. , Sander Christian , Hegerl Ulrich , Wirtz Hubert , Bosse‐Henck Andrea 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe regulation of wakefulness is important for high‐order organisms. Its dysregulation is involved in the pathomechanism of several psychiatric disorders. Thus, a tool for its objective but little time‐consuming assessment would be of importance. The Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig allows the objective measurement of sleep propensity, based on a single resting state electroencephalogram. To compare the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig with the standard for objective assessment of excessive daytime sleepiness, a four‐trial Multiple Sleep Latency Test in 25 healthy subjects was conducted. Between the first two trials, a 15‐min, 25‐channel resting electroencephalogram was recorded, and Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig was used to classify the sleep propensity (i.e. type of vigilance regulation) of each subject. The results of both methods showed significant correlations with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ρ = −0.70; ρ = 0.45, respectively) and correlated with each other (ρ = −0.54). Subjects with a stable electroencephalogram‐vigilance regulation yielded significant increased sleep latencies compared with an unstable regulation (multiple sleep latency 898.5 s versus 549.9 s; P = 0.03). Further, Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig classifications allowed the identification of subjects with average sleep latencies <6 min with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 77%. Thus, Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig provides similar information on wakefulness regulation in comparison to the much more cost‐ and time‐consuming Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Due to its high sensitivity and specificity for large sleep propensity, Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig could be an effective and reliable alternative to the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, for example for screening purposes in large cohorts, where objective information about wakefulness regulation is needed.
A new dehydratase conferring innate resistance to thiacetazone and intra‐amoebal survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Carrère‐Kremer Séverine , Blaise Mickael , Singh Vipul K. , Alibaud Laeticia , Tuaillon Edouard , Halloum Iman , van de Weerd Robert , Guérardel Yann , Drancourt Michel , Takiff Howard , Geurtsen Jeroen , Kremer Laurent 
Published: March 2015

SummaryNontuberculous mycobacteria are innately resistant to most antibiotics, although the mechanisms responsible for their drug resistance remain poorly understood. They are particularly refractory to thiacetazone (TAC), a second‐line antitubercular drug. Herein, we identified MSMEG_6754 as essential for the innate resistance of Mycobacterium smegmatis to TAC. Transposon‐mediated and targeted disruption of MSMEG_6754 resulted in hypersusceptibility to TAC. Conversely, introduction of MSMEG_6754 into Mycobacterium tuberculosis increased resistance 100‐fold. Resolution of the crystal structure of MSMEG_6754 revealed a homodimer in which each monomer comprises two hot‐dog domains characteristic of dehydratase‐like proteins and very similar to the HadAB complex involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. Gene inactivation of the essential hadB dehydratase could be achieved in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis only when the strains carried an integrated copy of MSMEG_6754, supporting the idea that MSMEG_6754 and HadB share redundant dehydratase activity. Using M. smegmatis‐Acanthamoeba co‐cultures, we found that intra‐amoebal growth of the MSMEG_6754 deleted strain was significantly reduced compared with the parental strain. This in vivo growth defect was fully restored upon complementation with catalytically active MSMEG_6754 or HadABC, indicating that MSMEG_6754 plays a critical role in the survival of M. smegmatis within the environmental host.
Effect of Steroid Elution on Electrical Performance and Tissue Responses in Quadripolar Left Ventricular Cardiac Vein Leads
Authors: YANG ZHONGPING , KIRCHHOF NICOLE , LI SHELBY , HINE DOUGLAS , MCVENES RICK 
Published: March 2015

IntroductionThe use of steroid elution (SE) electrode in a cardiac pacing lead is known to suppress myocardial inflammation to lower pacing thresholds (PTs). SE has been widely utilized on the distal electrode of left ventricular cardiac vein (LVCV) leads used in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, no paired comparison in effect of SE has been studied in proximal electrodes of quadripolar LVCV leads.MethodsWe evaluated electrical performance and tissue responses of quadripolar LVCV lead electrodes with and without SE in two canine studies with a total of 14 canines. Extended bipolar PT and pacing impedance of the LVCV electrodes to right ventricle coil were collected via an implantable CRT device/programmer or a percutaneous threshold analyzer/pacing analyzer at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12. Gross and histopathological examinations of the canines were performed at the end of the studies.ResultsOur preclinical studies showed that SE had significant effects on the long‐term pacing performance of quadripolar LVCV leads. The SE tip and ring electrodes reduced postimplant PT peak and chronic PT, P = 0.038. Histological examination of the perilead tissue capsules at 12 weeks showed a reduced thickness for the location of SE electrodes.ConclusionSE electrodes in quadripolar LVCV leads lower the PTs, and therefore may potentially reduce long‐term current drain of CRT systems, thus improving the device longevity. These preclinical data serve as rationale to include SE on proximal electrodes for the Attain Performa LVCV leads and future quadripolar LVCV leads development.
Biostratinomic analysis of Lycoptera beds from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, western Liaoning, China
Authors: Pan Yanhong , Fürsich Franz T. , Zhang Jiangyong , Wang Yaqiong , Zheng Xiaoting 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLittle is known about the palaeoenvironments of the Early Cretaceous lakes of western Liaoning. Uncertainties exist especially about the water depth, water temperatures and annual temperature fluctuations. Here, we analyse the preservation of the most abundant fish of the lakes, the teleost Lycoptera, articulated skeletons of which occur in large concentrations suggestive of mass mortality. Taphonomic features such as degree of disarticulation, orientation patterns and displacement of skeletal elements reveal distinct preservational patterns. They suggest that the water temperature was low during winter and exhibited pronounced seasonal fluctuations. The depth of the lakes was not deep. Possible causes of the fish mortality are discussed, of which anoxia is favoured. This leads to a more refined palaeoenvironmental model for these palaeolakes, which harbour one of the most important Mesozoic Lagerstätten.
Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Conventional In‐center Hemodialysis
Authors: Hingwala Jay , Tangri Navdeep , Rigatto Claudio , Komenda Paul 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThere is substantial variability at international, national, and regional levels in how effective dialysis providers are in the implementation of well‐accepted interventions to deliver better health outcomes at reduced costs to payers. The growing number of dialysis patients within a finite pool of resources has led to searches for more efficient methods to provide patient care without compromising or diminishing quality. We review here some contemporary concepts surrounding quality improvement and operations research that may provide clinician administrators to both improve efficiency and quality in facility based hemodialysis units. The creation of balanced scorecards, utilization of process mapping techniques, and the application of LEAN principles may readily improve how hemodialysis care is delivered in an environment of increasing patient volumes and reduced operating resources.
Grounding Cognitive‐Level Processes in Behavior: The View From Dynamic Systems Theory
Authors: Samuelson Larissa K. , Jenkins Gavin W. , Spencer John P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMarr's seminal work laid out a program of research by specifying key questions for cognitive science at different levels of analysis. Because dynamic systems theory (DST) focuses on time and interdependence of components, DST research programs come to very different conclusions regarding the nature of cognitive change. We review a specific DST approach to cognitive‐level processes: dynamic field theory (DFT). We review research applying DFT to several cognitive‐level processes: object permanence, naming hierarchical categories, and inferring intent, that demonstrate the difference in understanding of behavior and cognition that results from a DST perspective. These point to a central challenge for cognitive science research as defined by Marr—emergence. We argue that appreciating emergence raises questions about the utility of computational‐level analyses and opens the door to insights concerning the origin of novel forms of behavior and thought (e.g., a new chess strategy). We contend this is one of the most fundamental questions about cognition and behavior.
Chromatin dynamics of plant telomeres and ribosomal genes
Authors: Dvořáčková Martina , Fojtová Miloslava , Fajkus Jiří 
Published: March 2015

SummaryTelomeres and genes encoding 45S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) are frequently located adjacent to each other on eukaryotic chromosomes. Although their primary roles are different, they show striking similarities with respect to their features and additional functions. Both genome domains have remarkably dynamic chromatin structures. Both are hypersensitive to dysfunctional histone chaperones, responding at the genomic and epigenomic levels. Both generate non‐coding transcripts that, in addition to their epigenetic roles, may induce gross chromosomal rearrangements. Both give rise to chromosomal fragile sites, as their replication is intrinsically problematic. However, at the same time, both are essential for maintenance of genomic stability and integrity. Here we discuss the structural and functional inter‐connectivity of telomeres and rDNA, with a focus on recent results obtained in plants.
Exploring the Benefits of Context in 3D Gesture Recognition for Game-Based Virtual Environments
Authors: Taranta II Eugene M. , Simons Thaddeus K. , Sukthankar Rahul , Laviola Jr. Joseph J. 
Published: March 2015

We present a systematic exploration of how to utilize video game context (e.g., player and environmental state) to modify and augment existing 3D gesture recognizers to improve accuracy for large gesture sets. Specifically, our work develops and evaluates three strategies for incorporating context into 3D gesture recognizers. These strategies include modifying the well-known Rubine linear classifier to handle unsegmented input streams and per-frame retraining using contextual information (CA-Linear); a GPU implementation of dynamic time warping (DTW) that reduces the overhead of traditional DTW by utilizing context to evaluate only relevant time sequences inside of a multithreaded kernel (CA-DTW); and a multiclass SVM with per-class probability estimation that is combined with a contextually based prior probability distribution (CA-SVM).
We evaluate each strategy using a Kinect-based third-person perspective VE game prototype that combines parkour-style navigation with hand-to-hand combat. Using a simple gesture collection application to collect a set of 57 gestures and the game prototype that implements 37 of these gestures, we conduct three experiments. In the first experiment, we evaluate the effectiveness of several established classifiers on our gesture set and demonstrate state-of-the-art results using our proposed method. In our second experiment, we generate 500 random scenarios having between 5 and 19 of the 57 gestures in context. We show that the contextually aware classifiers CA-Linear, CA-DTW, and CA-SVM significantly outperform their non--contextually aware counterparts by 37.74%, 36.04%, and 20.81%, respectively. On the basis of the results of the second experiment, we derive upper-bound expectations for in-game performance for the three CA classifiers: 96.61%, 86.79%, and 96.86%, respectively. Finally, our third experiment is an in-game evaluation of the three CA classifiers with and without context. Our results show that through the use of context, we are able to achieve an average in-game recognition accuracy of 89.67% with CA-Linear compared to 65.10% without context, 79.04% for CA-DTW compared to 58.1% without context, and 90.85% with CA-SVM compared to 75.2% without context.
Performance-Energy Considerations for Shared Cache Management in a Heterogeneous Multicore Processor
Authors: Holey Anup , Mekkat Vineeth , Yew Pen-Chung , Zhai Antonia 
Published: March 2015

Heterogeneous multicore processors that integrate CPU cores and data-parallel accelerators such as graphic processing unit (GPU) cores onto the same die raise several new issues for sharing various on-chip resources. The shared last-level cache (LLC) is one of the most important shared resources due to its impact on performance. Accesses to the shared LLC in heterogeneous multicore processors can be dominated by the GPU due to the significantly higher number of concurrent threads supported by the architecture. Under current cache management policies, the CPU applications’ share of the LLC can be significantly reduced in the presence of competing GPU applications. For many CPU applications, a reduced share of the LLC could lead to significant performance degradation. On the contrary, GPU applications can tolerate increase in memory access latency when there is sufficient thread-level parallelism (TLP). In addition to the performance challenge, introduction of diverse cores onto the same die changes the energy consumption profile and, in turn, affects the energy efficiency of the processor.
In this work, we propose heterogeneous LLC management (HeLM), a novel shared LLC management policy that takes advantage of the GPU’s tolerance for memory access latency. HeLM is able to throttle GPU LLC accesses and yield LLC space to cache-sensitive CPU applications. This throttling is achieved by allowing GPU accesses to bypass the LLC when an increase in memory access latency can be tolerated. The latency tolerance of a GPU application is determined by the availability of TLP, which is measured at runtime as the average number of threads that are available for issuing. For a baseline configuration with two CPU cores and four GPU cores, modeled after existing heterogeneous processor designs, HeLM outperforms least recently used (LRU) policy by 10.4%. Additionally, HeLM also outperforms competing policies. Our evaluations show that HeLM is able to sustain performance with varying core mix.

In addition to the performance benefit, bypassing also reduces total accesses to the LLC, leading to a reduction in the energy consumption of the LLC module. However, LLC bypassing has the potential to increase off-chip bandwidth utilization and DRAM energy consumption. Our experiments show that HeLM exhibits better energy efficiency by reducing the ED
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by 18% over LRU while impacting only a 7% increase in off-chip bandwidth utilization.