bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical approaches to urban water governance: from critique to justice, democracy, and transdisciplinary collaboration
Authors: Finewood Michael H. , Holifield Ryan 
Published: January 2015

As global urban regions grow and transform, water systems present a unique set of challenges to stakeholders. Municipalities often struggle to pay for and maintain aging infrastructure as well as create equitable access for growing populations—especially in the rapidly urbanizing Global South. Critical approaches to urban water governance have made tremendous contributions to our collective knowledge of how these systems work. In this study, we argue that the most important direction for these approaches to urban water governance is to translate the insights generated by critique into the positive project to construct more just and democratic systems and practices of governance. However, we contend that in order to do this work, critical scholarship on urban water governance will need to continue deepening its engagement with two larger sets of debates. First, to help realize more just and democratic systems, it will need to grapple with the complex dimensions of debates on how to theorize and conceptualize justice and democracy. Second, in order to create effective alternatives to current paradigms of water governance, it will need to show how recent conceptualizations of urban water as hybrid or heterogeneous assemblage can help build truly transdisciplinary collaborations. We explore these debates through a review of recent critical approaches to urban water governance, with attention to ways forward that embrace epistemological pluralism and transdisciplinary collaboration. WIREs Water 2015, 2:85–96. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1066This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Water conflict and cooperation in Southern Africa
Authors: Swatuk Larry A. 
Published: January 2015

The water resources of southern Africa have featured centrally in the global literature on water conflict and cooperation. This scholarship has appeared in two waves: (1) the post‐Cold War focus on resource scarcities and the possibility of ‘water wars’ and (2) the mid‐2000s rise of fears surrounding the impact of a changing climate on water resource regimes. The first wave, in the region, ironically resulted in a significant body of scholarship demonstrating the predominance of cooperation rather than conflict. The second wave has served primarily as a spur to better governance and management, and to better integration across the policy making landscape. Running as something of a countercurrent to these dominant trends, is critical scholarship that focuses primarily on water rights and regards conflict as a necessary means to more equitable resource access ends. A key challenge for scholars of water conflict and cooperation across the region is, therefore, to reconcile both theoretically and practically the macro studies of largely transboundary water politics with the micro studies of social struggles for water in urban and rural settings. The article concludes that for a third wave of studies to add value to questions of regional water security, scholars must (1) recognize the simultaneous presence of conflict and cooperation, (2) acknowledge that not all conflict is bad, neither is all cooperation good, (3) approach the analysis more systematically through hard data gathering, and (4) read beyond their disciplines in order to more fully understand the social dynamics of the region. WIREs Water 2015, 2:215–230. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1070This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Age and sex identification from wings of sage‐grouse
Authors: Braun Clait E. , Schroeder Michael A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWe redefine and clarify procedures to classify sex and age (juveniles, yearlings, adults, and breeding‐age) of greater (Centrocercus urophasianus) and Gunnison sage‐grouse (C. minimus) from wings. Existing keys for greater sage‐grouse age and sex classification do not incorporate more recent information on timing and sequence of molt or regional variation. We evaluated keys with the aid of gonadally inspected, hunter‐harvested sage‐grouse in Colorado (1973–1990) and with birds captured and measured in Washington (1992–1997) and Oregon (2008–2012). The technique is accurate and transferable among biologists who have basic training in reading a key and examining wings (primaries, secondaries, tertials, and coverts). Accurate information on sex and age of grouse, particularly during harvest, is a fundamental component of our understanding of population dynamics, which ultimately enables improved management. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Molecular Studies of Half‐Sandwich η6‐Arene Ruthenium, Cp* Rhodium and Cp* Iridium Metal Complexes with Bidentate Ligands
Authors: Kalidasan Mahesh , Nagarajaprakash R. , Forbes Scott , Mozharivskyj Yurij , Rao Kollipara Mohan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe bidentate ligand benzoyl(2‐pyridyl)thiourea (L1) was prepared by reaction of benzoyl isothiocyanate with primary amine (2‐aminopyridine) but the reaction with secondary amine bis(2‐pyridyl)amine, yielded the unexpected product bis(2‐pyridyl)benzoylamine (L2). Mononuclear complexes of the general formula [(η6‐arene)Ru(L)Cl]+ {where, L = L1, arene = benzene (1); p‐cymene (2); L = L2, arene = benzene (5); p‐cymene (6)} and [Cp*M(L)Cl]+ {where, L = L1, M = Rh (3), Ir (4); L = L2, M = Rh (7), Ir (8)}, respectively, were formed by reaction of the ligands L1 and L2 with precursor complexes [(η6‐arene)Ru(μ‐Cl)Cl]2 and [Cp*M(μ‐Cl)Cl]2 (M = Rh, Ir). The cationic complexes were characterized by FT‐IR, UV/Vis, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. X‐ray crystallographic studies of these complexes reveal piano‐stool‐like arrangements around the metal atoms with six‐membered metallacycles in which L1 and L2 act as a N, S‐ and N, N' chelating ligands, respectively.
The 2a0 × 2a0 × 2a0 Superstructure in the Clathrate‐I K8LixGe44–x/4□2–3x/4
Authors: Liang Ying , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Ormeci Alim , Böhme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Grin Yuri 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAbstract. In the crystal structure of the clathrate‐I K8LixGe44–x/4□2–3x/4, the K atoms fill the polyhedral cages of a host framework formed by Li and Ge atoms. The phase has been obtained in two forms, at elevated temperatures with space group Pm$\bar{3}$n, and at low temperatures with a 2a0 × 2a0 × 2a0 superstructure. In this work, we report on the direct preparation of the low‐temperature form by thermal decomposition of the precursor phase K7LiGe8 at 400 °C. The obtained product K8Li2.48(7)Ge43.37(9)□0.15(6) [a = 21.5489(2) Å, Z = 8] was found to be virtually identical with the one prepared by annealing of the high‐temperature form at this temperature. The superstructure was investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, revealing the space group Ia$\bar{3}$d. The low‐temperature form of K8LixGe44–x/4□2–3x/4 represents one of the rare examples for a clathrate‐I superstructure primarily caused by an ordered arrangement of heteroatoms. Two similar, yet inequivalent models for the description of the ordering of lithium atoms in the framework are discussed.
Nonmarital Fertility, Union History, and Women’s Wealth
Authors: Painter Matthew , Frech Adrianne , Williams Kristi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We use more than 20 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to examine wealth trajectories among mothers following a nonmarital first birth. We compare wealth according to union type and union stability, and we distinguish partners by biological parentage of the firstborn child. Net of controls for education, race/ethnicity, and family background, single mothers who enter into stable marriages with either a biological father or stepfather experience significant wealth advantages over time (more than $2,500 per year) relative to those who marry and divorce, cohabit, or remain unpartnered. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for unequal selection into marriage support these findings and demonstrate that race (but not ethnicity) and age at first birth structure mothers’ access to later marriage. We conclude that not all single mothers have equal access to marriage; however, marriage, union stability, and paternity have distinct roles for wealth accumulation following a nonmarital birth.
Risk Factors for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Deshpande Abhishek , Pasupuleti Vinay , Thota Priyaleela , Pant Chaitanya , Rolston David D.K. , Hernandez Adrian V. , Donskey Curtis J. , Fraser Thomas G. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVEAn estimated 20–30% of patients with primary Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) develop recurrent CDI (rCDI) within 2 weeks of completion of therapy. While the actual mechanism of recurrence remains unknown, a variety of risk factors have been suggested and studied. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate current evidence on the risk factors for rCDI.DESIGNWe searched MEDLINE and 5 other databases for subject headings and text related to rCDI. All studies investigating risk factors of rCDI in a multivariate model were eligible. Information on study design, patient population, and assessed risk factors were collected. Data were combined using a random-effects model and pooled relative risk ratios (RRs) were calculated.RESULTSA total of 33 studies (n=18,530) met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent independent risk factors associated with rCDI were age≥65 years (risk ratio [RR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–2.14; P=.0005), additional antibiotics during follow-up (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.52–2.05; P<.00001), use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) (RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13–2.21; P=.008), and renal insufficiency (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14–2.23; P=.007). The risk was also greater in patients previously on fluoroquinolones (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28–1.57; P<.00001).CONCLUSIONSMultiple risk factors are associated with the development of rCDI. Identification of modifiable risk factors and judicious use of antibiotics and PPI can play an important role in the prevention of rCDI.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–9
Evidence-based management of otitis media: a 5S model approach
Authors: Wasson J D , Yung M W 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjective:The 5S model proposes five hierarchical levels (systems, summaries, synopses, syntheses and studies) of pre-appraised evidence to guide evidence-based practice. This review aimed to identify and summarise pre-appraised evidence at the highest available 5S level for the management of different subsets of otitis media: acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, chronic suppurative otitis media and cholesteatoma in both adults and children.Method:Data sources were pre-appraised evidence resources. Evidence freely available from sources at the highest available level of the 5S model were summarised for this review.Results:System level evidence exists for acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion. Summary level evidence exists for recurrent acute otitis media and medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media. There is an absence of randomised controlled trials to prove the efficacy of surgical management of chronic suppurative otitis media and cholesteatoma.Conclusion:Until randomised controlled trial data are generated, consensus publications on the surgical management of chronic suppurative otitis media and cholesteatoma should be used to guide best practice.
Refugee Integration Policy: The Effects of UK Policy-Making on Refugees in Scotland
Authors: MULVEY GARETH 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhile the concept of migrant integration is a contested one, national, sub-national and local governments over the past forty to fifty years have professed support for integration in various forms. However, practical measures have been rare, with broad race-relations policies from the 1960s being the primary means of ‘inclusion’. Under New Labour, refugees were identified as a migrant population with particular challenges and they have been the only migrant group subject to specific integration programmes. Nevertheless, policy and rhetoric about asylum seekers and refugees more generally have tended to operate against integration and have made it increasingly difficult for refugees to rebuild their lives. This paper examines refugee integration from the perspectives of the refugees themselves, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It also looks at the governance of integration in Scotland and highlights Scottish distinctivenessvis-à-visthe UK. The article suggests that the consequences of broader UK Government policy around asylum and refugee issues negates any positive support in the form of refugee integration programmes and actively inhibits integration.
What's so improper about fractions? Prescriptivism and language socialization at Math Corps
Authors: CHRISOMALIS STEPHEN 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMathematical prescriptivism is a language ideology found in school mathematics that uses a discourse of rationality to proscribe language forms perceived as illogical or inefficient. The present study is based on a three-year ethnographic investigation of Math Corps, a community of practice in Detroit, Michigan, in which prescriptive language in the classroom is used both to highlight beneficial algorithms and to build social solidarity. Although motivated by the analogy with English orthographic reform, prescriptivism at Math Corps avoids potentially harmful criticism of community members of the sort often experienced by African American students. A playful linguistic frame, the prescriptive melodrama, highlights valued prescriptions, thereby enculturating students into the locally preferred register, the ‘Math Corps way’, which encompasses social, moral, linguistic, and mathematical practices and norms. A sociolinguistic and anthropological perspective on prescriptivism within communities of practice highlights positive alternatives to the universalizing prescriptions found in other English contexts. (Prescriptivism, language ideology, mathematics education, community of practice, Math Corps, linguistic anthropology, language socialization)*
Not so fast, and not so easy: Essentialism doesn't emerge from a simple heuristic
Authors: Braisby Nick 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCimpian & Salomon's (C&S's) proposal comes unstuck on precisely the claim that inherence is an heuristic, able to deliver simple, shallow outputs that are right most of the time. Instead, the inherence heuristic delivers outputs that imply it is not an heuristic after all, and is simply too fast and too easy a mechanism to do the job of explaining categorisations.
Systematic revisions to inherent notions may shape improvements in cognitive infrastructure
Authors: Meleady Rose , Crisp Richard J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe proposed inherence heuristic centers on perceivers' failure to systematically consider external, historical factors when explaining observed patterns. We stress that this does not preclude the potential of subsequently encountered information to challenge intuitions. Drawing on models of diversity-defined social cognition, we discuss how an updating mechanism may reciprocally shape the cognitive infrastructure that underlies reliance on heuristic systems.
Owning up to the role of historical information
Authors: Noles Nicholaus S. , Danovitch Judith H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlthough the inherence heuristic is a versatile cognitive process that addresses a wide range of psychological phenomena, we propose that ownership information represents an important test case for evaluating both the boundaries of Cimpian & Salomon's (C&S's) model (e.g., is the inherence heuristic meaningfully limited to only inherent factors?) and its effectiveness as a mechanism for explaining psychological essentialism.
A new simple compact ultra-wideband dielectric resonator antenna with enhanced bandwidth and improved radiation pattern
Authors: Seyyedhatami Seyyed Hadi , Sadeghzadeh Ramazan Ali 
Published: January 2015

A new simple compact ultra-wideband (UWB) dielectric resonator antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a modified stepped microstrip-fed monopole printed antenna loaded with a rectangular dielectric resonator, truncated ground plane, and a parasitic strip underneath the dielectric resonator (DR). Using an optimized truncated ground plane and a combination of stepped feed line with DR an ultra-wide impedance bandwidth of 153% for (∣S11∣ ≤ −10 dB), covering the frequency range of (3.7–28 GHz) is achieved. The added parasitic strip can improve the radiation pattern, especially at high frequencies. The proposed antenna covers almost the entire UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz), Ku (12.4–18 GHz), and K (18–26.6 GHz) frequency bands. Also this antenna has an omnidirectional and stable radiation pattern over the whole operating frequency range and a compact size of (15 × 20 × 5.8 mm3) that make it suitable for wideband wireless system applications. This structure is light weight and can be easily fabricated. A prototype is built and measured. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
Differential mechanisms of asparaginase resistance in B-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant natural killer cell lines
Authors: Chien Wei-Wen , Le Beux Céline , Rachinel Nicolas , Julien Michel , Lacroix Claire-Emmanuelle , Allas Soraya , Sahakian Pierre , Cornut-Thibaut Aurélie , Lionnard Loïc , Kucharczak Jérôme , Aouacheria Abdel , Abribat Thierry , Salles Gilles 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBacterial L-asparaginase (ASNase), hydrolyzing L-asparagine (Asn), is an important drug for treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma. Although different native or pegylated ASNase-based chemotherapy are efficient, disease relapse is frequently observed, especially in adult patients. The neo-synthesis of Asn by asparagine synthetase (AsnS) following ASNase treatment, which involves the amino acid response and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways, is believed to be the basis of ASNase-resistance mechanisms. However, AsnS expression has not emerged as an accurate predictive factor for ASNase susceptibility. The aim of this study was to identify possible ASNase sensitivity/resistance-related genes or pathways using a new asparaginase, namely a pegylated r-crisantaspase, with a focus on classic Asn-compensatory responses and cell death under conditions of Asn/L-glutamine limitation. We show that, for B-ALL cell lines, changes in the expression of apoptosis-regulatory genes (especially NFκB-related genes) are associated with ASNase susceptibility. The response of malignant NK cell lines to ASNase may depend on Asn-compensatory mechanisms and other cellular processes such as cleavage of BCL2A1, a prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 protein family. These results suggest that according to cellular context, factors other than AsnS can influence ASNase susceptibility.
The impact of resveratrol and hydrogen peroxide on muscle cell plasticity shows a dose-dependent interaction
Authors: Bosutti Alessandra , Degens Hans 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhile reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in muscle repair, excessive amounts of ROS for extended periods may lead to oxidative stress. Antioxidants, as resveratrol (RS), may reduce oxidative stress, restore mitochondrial function and promote myogenesis and hypertrophy. However, RS dose-effectiveness for muscle plasticity is unclear. Therefore, we investigated RS dose-response on C2C12 myoblast and myotube plasticity 1. in the presence and 2. absence of different degrees of oxidative stress. Low RS concentration (10 μM) stimulated myoblast cell cycle arrest, migration and sprouting, which were inhibited by higher doses (40–60 μM). RS did not increase oxidative capacity. In contrast, RS induced mitochondria loss, reduced cell viability and ROS production and activated stress response pathways [Hsp70 and pSer36-p66(ShcA) proteins]. However, the deleterious effects of H2O2(1000 µM) on cell migration were alleviated after preconditioning with 10 µM-RS. This dose also enhanced cell motility mediated by 100 µM-H2O2, while higher RS-doses augmented the H2O2-induced impaired myoblast regeneration and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. In conclusion, low resveratrol doses promotedin vitromuscle regeneration and attenuated the impact of ROS, while high doses augmented the reduced plasticity and metabolism induced by oxidative stress. Thus, the effects of resveratrol depend on its dose and degree of oxidative stress.
An expandable donor-free supply of functional hepatocytes for toxicology
Authors: Probert Philip M. E. , Meyer Stephanie K. , Alsaeedi Fouzeyyah , Axon Andrew A. , Fairhall Emma A. , Wallace Karen , Charles Michelle , Oakley Fiona , Jowsey Paul A. , Blain Peter G. , Wright Matthew C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The B-13 cell is a readily expandable rat pancreatic acinar-like cell that differentiates on simple plastic culture substrata into replicatively-senescent hepatocyte-like (B-13/H) cells in response to glucocorticoid exposure. B-13/H cells express a variety of liver-enriched and liver-specific genes, many at levels similar to hepatocytes in vivo. Furthermore, the B-13/H phenotype is maintained for at least several weeks in vitro, in contrast to normal hepatocytes which rapidly de-differentiate under the same simple – or even under more complex – culture conditions. The origin of the B-13 cell line and the current state of knowledge regarding differentiation to B-13/H cells are presented, followed by a review of recent advances in the use of B-13/H cells in a variety of toxicity endpoints. B-13 cells therefore offer Toxicologists a cost-effective and easy to use system to study a range of toxicologically-related questions. Dissecting the mechanism(s) regulating the formation of B-13/H cell may also increase the likelihood of engineering a human equivalent, providing Toxicologists with an expandable donor-free supply of functional rat and human hepatocytes, invaluable additions to the tool kit of in vitro toxicity tests.
Effect of Speaker Gaze on Word Learning in Fragile X Syndrome: A Comparison With Nonsyndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Benjamin David P. , McDuffie Andrea S. , Thurman Angela J. , Kover Sara T. , Mastergeorge Ann M. , Hagerman Randi J. , Abbeduto Leonard 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
This study examined use of a speaker's direction of gaze during word learning by boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), boys with nonsyndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and typically developing (TD) boys.

Method

A fast-mapping task with follow-in and discrepant labeling conditions was administered. We expected that the use of speaker gaze would lead to participants selecting as the referent of the novel label the object to which they attended in follow-in trials and the object to which the examiner attended in the discrepant labeling trials. Participants were school-aged boys with FXS (
n
= 18) or ASD (
n
= 18) matched on age, intelligence quotient, and nonverbal cognition and younger TD boys (
n
= 18) matched on nonverbal cognition.

Results
All groups performed above chance in both conditions, although the TD boys performed closest to the expected pattern. Boys with FXS performed better during follow-in than in discrepant label trials, whereas TD boys and boys with ASD did equally well in both trial types. The type of trial administered first influenced subsequent responding. Error patterns also distinguished the groups.

Conclusion
The ability to utilize a speaker's gaze during word learning is not as well developed in boys with FXS or nonsyndromic ASD as in TD boys of the same developmental level.