bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dwatery ocean
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper I raise a difficulty for Joseph LaPorte's account of chemical kind terms. LaPorte has argued against Putnam that H2O content is neither necessary nor sufficient to fix the reference of the kind term ‘water’ and that we did not discover that water is H2O. To this purpose, he revisits Putnam's Twin Earth story with the fictional scenario of Deuterium Earth, whose ocean consists of ‘dwater’, to conclude that we did not discover that deuterium oxide is (a kind of) water (usually called ‘heavy water’). Instead, according to LaPorte, by including deuterium oxide in the extension of the term ‘water’, we simply refined our vague use of the term ‘water’. But we could have decided to exclude deuterium oxide from the extension of the term ‘water’. Let us call this the thesis of semantic stipulation.I raise two problems for LaPorte's Deuterium Earth story. First, I show that ‘dwater’ (i.e. deuterium oxide not as a kind of water) does not have the same scientific credibility of ‘heavy water’ (i.e. deuterium oxide as a kind of water). Second, I argue that for the thesis of semantic stipulation to go through one would need to show that ‘dwater’ is semantically on a par with ‘heavy water’. Namely, one would need to show that ‘dwater’ is a projectible kind term, capable of supporting inductive inferences. But, in fact, it is not, because the term is vulnerable to an unwelcome Goodmanian scenario, unless one surreptitiously reintroduces some Putnamian assumptions about D2O content being necessary and sufficient to fix the reference of the term.
The emergence of multidrug-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeof international clones ST13, ST16, ST35, ST48 and ST101 in a teaching hospital in the Paris region
Authors: MARCADE G. , BRISSE S. , BIALEK S. , MARCON E. , LEFLON-GUIBOUT V. , PASSET V. , MOREAU R. , NICOLAS-CHANOINE M.-H. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYDespite infection control measures, an important increase in the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producingKlebsiella pneumoniaeincidence density occurred in our hospital from 2006 onwards. This study, focusing on the 2005–2007 period, was performed in an attempt to explain this increase. ESBLs were characterized, isolates were typed by ERIC2-PCR, and sequence type (ST) of clustered isolates was determined. Temporal-spatial relationships of patients were analysed to assess possible cross-contamination. Of the 74 ESBL-producing isolates, 30 (40%) were detected at admission, 53 (71·5%) produced CTX-M enzymes, 40 displayed unique ERIC2-PCR profiles and 34 were assigned into six clusters: ST16 (n = 21), ST101, ST48, ST35, ST13, and ST436. Relationships were identified in 22 of the 34 patients harbouring clustered isolates. This study highlights the complex epidemiology of ESBL-producingK. pneumoniaein the mid-2000s with potential cross-contamination for only 30% of the 74 patients in our hospital, and the emergence of clones that are currently spreading worldwide.
Development of a Decision Framework for Establishing a Health Register Following a Major Incident
Authors: Paranthaman Karthikeyan , Catchpole Mike , Simpson John , Morris Jill , Muirhead Colin R. , Leonardi Giovanni S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroductionHealth registers have been established in the United Kingdom (UK) and elsewhere following mass exposure to novel agents or known agents, but there is no consensus on the criteria for establishing such registers.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a decision framework to assess the need for establishing a health register for major chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) incidents.MethodsThe study comprised three stages. In the first stage, the study team prepared a list of potential criteria that may be used to assess the need for setting up a health register based on literature review and personal experiences in previous incidents. In the second stage, the potential criteria were evaluated in two Delphi rounds involving experts and key decision makers from the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) and academic organizations. In the final stage, the criteria were converted into a decision framework, and its utility was tested using four fictional scenarios.ResultsA total of 11 statements were proposed by the study group. These criteria were revised following feedback from 16 experts in the first Delphi round. All 11 statements achieved consensus at the end of the second Delphi round. Pilot testing of the agreed criteria on four fictional scenarios confirmed validity and reliability for use in the decision process.ConclusionsA decision framework to assess the need for setting up a health register after a major incident was agreed upon and tested using fictional scenarios. Further areas of work for practical implementation of the criteria and related planning for systems and protocols have been identified.ParanthamanK, CatchpoleM, SimpsonJ, MorrisJ, MuirheadCR, LeonardiGS. Development of a decision framework for establishing a health register following a major incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-7.
Body fatness or anthropometry for assessment of unhealthy weight status? Comparison between methods in South African children and adolescents
Authors: Craig Eva , Reilly John , Bland Ruth 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveA variety of methods are available for defining undernutrition (thinness/underweight/under-fat) and overnutrition (overweight/obesity/over-fat). The extent to which these definitions agree is unclear. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess agreement between widely used methods of assessing nutritional status in children and adolescents, and to examine the benefit of body composition estimates.DesignThe main objective of the cross-sectional study was to assess underweight, overweight and obesity using four methods: (i) BMI-for-age using WHO (2007) reference data; (ii) BMI-for-age using Cole et al. and International Obesity Taskforce cut-offs; (iii) weight-for-age using the National Centre for Health Statistics/WHO growth reference 1977; and (iv) body fat percentage estimated by bio-impedance (body fat reference curves for children of McCarthy et al., 2006). Comparisons were made between methods using weighted kappa analyses.SettingRural South Africa.SubjectsIndividuals (n 1519) in three age groups (school grade 1, mean age 7 years; grade 5, mean age 11 years; grade 9, mean age 15 years).ResultsIn boys, prevalence of unhealthy weight status (both under- and overnutrition) was much higher at all ages with body fatness measures than with simple anthropometric proxies for body fatness; agreement between fatness and weight-based measures was fair or slight using Landis and Koch categories. In girls, prevalence of unhealthy weight status was also higher with body fatness than with proxies, although agreement between measures ranged from fair to substantial.ConclusionsMethods for defining under- and overnutrition should not be considered equivalent. Weight-based measures provide highly conservative estimates of unhealthy weight status, possibly more conservative in boys. Simple body composition measures may be more informative than anthropometry for nutritional surveillance of children and adolescents.
Nutritional quality of foods and beverages on child-care centre menus in Mexico
Authors: Benjamin Neelon Sara E , Reyes-Morales Hortensia , Haines Jess , Gillman Matthew W , Taveras Elsie M 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to assess the nutritional quality of foods and beverages listed on menus serving children in government-sponsored child-care centres throughout Mexico.DesignFor this cross-sectional menu assessment, we compared (i) food groups and portion sizes of foods and beverages on the menus with MyPlate recommendations and (ii) macronutrients, sugar and fibre with Daily Reference Intake standards.SettingMenus reflected foods and beverages served to children attending one of 142 government-sponsored child-care centres throughout Mexico.SubjectsThere were fifty-four distinct menus for children aged 4–6 months, 7–9 months, 10–12 months, 13–23 months, 24–47 months and 48–72 months.ResultsMenus included a variety of foods meeting minimum MyPlate recommendations for each food category except whole grains for children aged 48–72 months. Menus listed excessive amounts of high-energy beverages, including full-fat milk, fruit juice and sugar-sweetened beverages for children of all ages. The mean daily energy content of menu items yielded an average of 2·76 MJ for infants, 4·77 MJ for children aged 13–23 months, 5·36 MJ for children aged 24–47 months and 5·87 MJ for children aged 48–72 months. Foods and beverages on menus provided sufficient grams of carbohydrate and fat, but excessive protein.ConclusionsMenus provided a variety of foods but excessive energy. Whole grains were limited, and high-energy beverages were prevalent. Both may be appropriate targets for nutrition intervention. Future studies should move beyond menus and assess what children actually consume in child care.
Building the case for independent monitoring of food advertising on Australian television
Authors: King Lesley , Hebden Lana , Grunseit Anne , Kelly Bridget , Chapman Kathy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo provide an independent monitoring report examining the ongoing impact of Australian self-regulatory pledges on food and drink advertising to children on commercial television.DesignAnalysis of food advertisements across comparable sample time periods in April/May 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The main outcome measure comprised change in the mean rate of non-core food advertisements from 2006 to 2011.SettingSydney free-to-air television channels.SubjectsTelevised food advertisements.ResultsIn 2011 the rate of non-core food advertisements was not significantly different from that in 2006 or 2010 (3·2/hv. 4·1/h and 3·1/h), although there were variations across the intervening years. The rate of fast-food advertising in 2010 was significantly higher than in 2006 (1·8/hv. 1·1/h,P< 0·001), but the same as that in 2011 (1·5/h).ConclusionsThe frequency of non-core food advertising on Sydney television has remained essentially unchanged between 2006 and 2011, despite the implementation of two industry self-regulatory pledges. The current study illustrates the value of independent monitoring as a basic requirement of any responsive regulatory approach.
Association between parental motives for food choice and eating patterns of 12- to 13-year-old Norwegian children
Authors: Oellingrath Inger M , Hersleth Margrethe , Svendsen Martin V 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine (i) the importance of parents’ motives for everyday family food choices; and (ii) the relationship between parental food choice motives and eating patterns of 12- to 13-year-old children.DesignCross-sectional study. A modified version of the Food Choice Questionnaire was used to determine parental motives for food choices. The children's food and drink intake was reported by their parents using a retrospective FFQ. Eating patterns were derived using principal component analysis. The association between food choice motives and eating patterns was examined using multiple linear regression analysis.SettingPrimary schools, Telemark County, Norway.SubjectsIn total, 1095 children aged 12–13 years and their parents.ResultsThe parental motive ‘sensory appeal’ was the most important for food choice, followed by ‘health’, ‘convenience’, ‘natural content’ and ‘weight control’. The food choice motives were associated with the eating patterns of the children, independent of background variables. The motive ‘health’ was most strongly associated with a ‘varied Norwegian’ eating pattern, representing a diverse diet and regular meals, while the motive ‘convenience’ appeared to be the most important barrier to this eating pattern. ‘Weight control’ was not associated with the ‘varied Norwegian’ eating pattern.ConclusionsTo encourage parents to make healthy food choices for their children, health promotion activities should focus on the health benefits of a diverse diet and regular meals, rather than weight control. Recommended food products should be made more convenient and easily available for families with children.
Public vs private administration of rural health insurance schemes: a comparative study in Zhejiang of China
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyuan , Mao Zhengzhong , Rechel Bernd , Liu Chaojie , Jiang Jialin , Zhang Yinying 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSince 2003, China has experimented in some of the country's counties with the private administration of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), a publicly subsidized health insurance scheme for rural populations. Our study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of private vs public administration in four counties in one of China's most affluent provinces in the initial stage of the NCMS's implementation. The study was undertaken in Ningbo city of Zhejiang province. Out of 10 counties in Ningbo, two counties with private administration for the NCMS (Beilun and Ninghai) were compared with two others counties with public administration (Zhenhai and Fenghua), using the following indicators: (1) proportion of enrollees who were compensated for inpatient care; (2) average reimbursement–expense ratio per episode of inpatient care; (3) overall administration cost; (4) enrollee satisfaction. Data from 2004 to 2006 were collected from the local health authorities, hospitals and the contracted insurance companies, supplemented by a randomized household questionnaire survey covering 176 households and 479 household members. In our sample counties, private administration of the NCMS neither reduced transaction costs, nor improved the benefits of enrollees. Enrollees covered by the publicly administered NCMS were more likely to be satisfied with the insurance scheme than those covered by the privately administered NCMS. Experience in the selected counties suggests that private administration of the NCMS did not deliver the hoped-for results. We conclude that caution needs to be exercised in extending private administration of the NCMS.
Analysis of large‐amplitude stratospheric mountain wave event observed from the AIRS and MLS sounders over the western Himalayan region
Authors: Niranjan Kumar K. , Ramkumar T. K. , Krishnaiah M. 
Published: October 2012

Mountain waves in the stratosphere have been observed over elevated topographies using both nadir‐looking and limb‐viewing satellites. However, the characteristics of mountain waves generated over the Himalayan Mountain range and the adjacent Tibetan Plateau are relatively less explored. The present study reports on three‐dimensional (3‐D) properties of a mountain wave event that occurred over the western Himalayan region on 9 December 2008. Observations made by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder on board the Aqua and Microwave Limb Sounder on board the Aura satellites are used to delineate the wave properties. The observed wave properties such as horizontal (λx, λy) and vertical (λz) wavelengths are 276 km (zonal), 289 km (meridional), and 25 km, respectively. A good agreement is found between the observed and modeled/analyzed vertical wavelength for a stationary gravity wave determined using the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis winds. The analysis of both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and MERRA winds shows that the waves are primarily forced by strong flow across the topography. Using the 3‐D properties of waves and the corrected temperature amplitudes, we estimated wave momentum fluxes of the order of ∼0.05 Pa, which is in agreement with large‐amplitude mountain wave events reported elsewhere. In this regard, the present study is considered to be very much informative to the gravity wave drag schemes employed in current general circulation models for this region.
Tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean chlorophyll response to MJO forcing
Authors: Jin Daeho , Murtugudde Raghu , Waliser Duane E. 
Published: October 2012

Previous studies that analyzed ocean color satellite data have suggested that the primary mechanism of surface chlorophyll (Chl) response to the MJO is wind‐induced turbulent mixing and the corresponding mixed layer entrainment. In this study, this notion is examined with an ocean biophysical model in an ensemble framework, focusing on upper ocean processes (z < 200 m). As a whole, the model's mean Chl state is lower than observations except in the tropical Pacific basin, but its seasonal variation is acceptable, particularly in the tropical Indian Ocean. In this basin, the model can simulate surface Chl responses to the MJO consistent with the observations in terms of the phase‐by‐phase anomaly evolution patterns. These Chl responses are mostly induced by surface wind forcing, which is consistent with previous studies. Further investigation of subsurface variations is performed at select grid points, and it is revealed that (1) entrained nutrients are the primary source of enhancement for surface Chl concentration and detrainment blooms are relatively less common; (2) in limited regions, Ekman pumping can effectively reduce Chl concentration; and (3) both entrainment/detrainment and Ekman pumping mechanisms rely on background states of nutrient availability, so the same forcing can result in completely different Chl responses depending on the background state.
Viruses in the desert: a metagenomic survey of viral communities in four perennial ponds of the Mauritanian Sahara
Authors: Fancello Laura , Trape Sébatien , Robert Catherine , Boyer Mickaël , Popgeorgiev Nikolay , Raoult Didier , Desnues Christelle 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Here, we present the first metagenomic study of viral communities from four perennial ponds (gueltas) located in the central Sahara (Mauritania). Three of the four gueltas (Ilij, Molomhar and Hamdoun) are located at the source of three different wadis belonging to the same hydrologic basin, whereas the fourth (El Berbera) belongs to a different basin. Overall, sequences belonging to tailed bacteriophages were the most abundant in all four metagenomes although electron microscopy and sequencing confirmed the presence of other viral groups, such as large DNA viruses. We observed a decrease in the local viral biodiversity in El Berbera, a guelta with sustained human activities, compared with the pristine Ilij and Molomhar, and sequences related to viruses infecting crop pests were also detected as a probable consequence of the agricultural use of the soil. However, the structure of the El Berbera viral community shared the common global characteristics of the pristine gueltas, that is, it was dominated by Myoviridae and, more particularly, by virulent phages infecting photosynthetic cyanobacteria, such as Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus spp. In contrast, the Hamdoun viral community was characterized by a larger proportion of phages with the potential for a temperate lifestyle and by dominant species related to phages infecting heterotrophic bacteria commonly found in terrestrial environments. We hypothesized that the differences observed in the structural and functional composition of the Hamdoun viral community resulted from the critically low water level experienced by the guelta.
Iron-reducing bacteria accumulate ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticle aggregates that may support planktonic growth
Authors: Luef Birgit , Fakra Sirine C , Csencsits Roseann , Wrighton Kelly C , Williams Kenneth H , Wilkins Michael J , Downing Kenneth H , Long Philip E , Comolli Luis R , Banfield Jillian F 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) play key roles in anaerobic metal and carbon cycling and carry out biogeochemical transformations that can be harnessed for environmental bioremediation. A subset of FeRB require direct contact with Fe(III)-bearing minerals for dissimilatory growth, yet these bacteria must move between mineral particles. Furthermore, they proliferate in planktonic consortia during biostimulation experiments. Thus, a key question is how such organisms can sustain growth under these conditions. Here we characterized planktonic microbial communities sampled from an aquifer in Rifle, Colorado, USA, close to the peak of iron reduction following in situ acetate amendment. Samples were cryo-plunged on site and subsequently examined using correlated two- and three-dimensional cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The outer membranes of most cells were decorated with aggregates up to 150 nm in diameter composed of ∼3 nm wide amorphous, Fe-rich nanoparticles. Fluorescent in situ hybridization of lineage-specific probes applied to rRNA of cells subsequently imaged via cryo-TEM identified Geobacter spp., a well-studied group of FeRB. STXM results at the Fe L2,3 absorption edges indicate that nanoparticle aggregates contain a variable mixture of Fe(II)–Fe(III), and are generally enriched in Fe(III). Geobacter bemidjiensis cultivated anaerobically in the laboratory on acetate and hydrous ferric oxyhydroxides also accumulated mixed-valence nanoparticle aggregates. In field-collected samples, FeRB with a wide variety of morphologies were associated with nano-aggregates, indicating that cell surface Fe(III) accumulation may be a general mechanism by which FeRB can grow while in planktonic suspension.
Accuracy of protist diversity assessments: morphology compared with cloning and direct pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA genes and ITS regions using the conspicuous tintinnid ciliates as a case study
Authors: Bachy Charles , Dolan John R , López-García Purificación , Deschamps Philippe , Moreira David 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Deep-sequencing technologies are becoming nearly routine to describe microbial community composition in environmental samples. The 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) pyrosequencing has revealed a vast diversity of infrequent sequences, leading to the proposition of the existence of an extremely diverse microbial ‘rare biosphere’. Although rare microbes no doubt exist, critical views suggest that many rare sequences may actually be artifacts. However, information about how diversity revealed by molecular methods relates to that revealed by classical morphology approaches is practically nonexistent. To address this issue, we used different approaches to assess the diversity of tintinnid ciliates, a species-rich group in which species can be easily distinguished morphologically. We studied two Mediterranean marine samples with different patterns of tintinnid diversity. We estimated tintinnid diversity in these samples employing morphological observations and both classical cloning and sequencing and pyrosequencing of two different markers, the 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, applying a variety of computational approaches currently used to analyze pyrosequence reads. We found that both molecular approaches were efficient in detecting the tintinnid species observed by microscopy and revealed similar phylogenetic structures of the tintinnid community at the species level. However, depending on the method used to analyze the pyrosequencing results, we observed discrepancies with the morphology-based assessments up to several orders of magnitude. In several cases, the inferred number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) largely exceeded the total number of tintinnid cells in the samples. Such inflation of the OTU numbers corresponded to ‘rare biosphere’ taxa, composed largely of artifacts. Our results suggest that a careful and rigorous analysis of pyrosequencing data sets, including data denoising and sequence clustering with well-adjusted parameters, is necessary to accurately describe microbial biodiversity using this molecular approach.