bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suitably Altering Amid Predicaments in Rural Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Prakash 
Published: August 2014

The major argument of this article is that societies and cultures are dynamic and triggered by various dynamics. However the past legacy of quandary affects the present societal development. To this zing, the rural communities in Bandipur who have been the victims of apathy and desertion in the past are more susceptible to quandary underneath the obsessive pressure of tourism and modernization at the present. This has created circumstances with a high probability of cultural conflict between tourists and locals, entrepreneurs and the commons. Nevertheless, local entrepreneurs involved in tourism business perceive tourism’s upshot more optimistically and sturdily in immediate sense than tourisms cultural consequences and insinuation in the long nudge. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v6i0.10717 Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.6 2014: 187-202
Effect of Pre-Molding Process and Additive of Injection Molded Wood/PP Composites
Authors: Yu Y. , Yang Q. Y. , Nomura M. , Hamada H. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Injection molded composites are becoming more widespread in recent years because of their high quality and low cost. However, compared to synthetic fiber composites, it is difficult to maintain a constant fiber volume fraction and uniform distribution for natural fiber composites during the direct injection process. This is mainly because natural fibers are more easily twisted during feeding into the injection machine, owing to their rough surfaces. These feeding difficulties are particularly due to the low bulk densities of natural fibers, especially natural fillers. Additional challenges to the injection process include the concentration and, especially for natural filler reinforced composite. To address these problems, the current study investigates the mechanical properties and morphologies of polypropylene (PP) reinforced by wood powder. Two pre-molding processes, dry-blending and compounding, were compared, and the effects of an additive (crystalline polyalpha olefin (CPAO)) on the mechanical properties of the wood/PP composites were investigated. This investigation is based on tensile, three point bending, and Izod impact tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the fracture surfaces. Results indicated that the composites molded through compounding exhibited better mechanical properties than the samples molded through the direct dry-blending process. In addition, the tensile and bending properties of the composites produced through compounding were found to increase with the addition of CPAO content, because of improved wood powder distribution in the PP matrix.
The Porous Structure and Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded HA/PA66 Scaffolds
Authors: Zhou S. , Li Y.-B. , Wang Y.-Y. , Zuo Y. , Gao S.-B. , Li M. , Zhang L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Hydroxyapatite/polyamide-66 (HA/PA66) composite scaffolds were prepared using injection-molding technique, and also analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical testing. Compared with common methods including solvent casting/particulate leaching, phase separation and so forth to fabricate scaffolds, this process is of a rapid and convenient manner. The increase of HA content can increase the stiffness of composite scaffolds accompanied by the reduction of impact strength, pore size and porosity. The storage modulus of composite scaffolds increases with increasing HA content and with decreasing porosity. The damping (tan δ) of PA66 decreases with the increase of HA content, and the α and β relaxation peaks of PA66 for the foamed HA/PA66 composites slightly shift to lower value, indicating that both HA and gas in the foamed HA/PA66 composites have an effect on the chain mobility of the polymer and the interaction between the polymer chains. The microstructure of the 30 wt% and 40 wt% HA/PA66 composite scaffolds with porosity more than 59 % and pore size ranging from 100 to 500 μm is similar to that of dry human trabecular bone. The obtained composite scaffolds with 30 wt% and 40 wt% HA have a compressive modulus of 232 to 443 MPa, and a compressive strength of 9.3 to 9.8 MPa, similar to or a little higher than those of trabecular bone, and close to those of the cancellous bone.
Development of Composites of Highly Filled Phenol Formaldehyde Resin – Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Endocarp Particles
Authors: Lengowski E. C. , Nisgoski S. , de Oliveira Tanobe V. , Bolzon de Muniz G. I. , Magalhães W. L. E. , Satyanarayana K. G. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Considering the growing interest in the development of new materials based on renewable materials, this paper presents the results of experiments carried out with high content (80 to 95 %) of coconut endocarp particles in phenol formaldehyde resin for the development of composite material by compression molding. The morphology of the particles and chemical composition and thermal stability of both the particles and the resin were evaluated. Tensile and flexural properties of the composites exhibited significant improvements with increasing resin content, attributed to good bonding between the resin and the particles and the presence of fewer voids in the composites as well as to the microstructural homogeneity, as corroborated by the fractographic studies. The thermal stability of the composites is influenced by the proportion of particles, while the swelling characteristics are affected by the amount of resin. The results taken together suggest that the developed composite can be used for various applications.
L'analyse distributive dans les études d'impact, ou comment prendre en compte la répartition des conséquences d'une règlementation
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Rosenberg Jennifer S. 
Published: August 2014

Résumé Cet article examine le rôle joué par l’étude de la répartition des impacts d’une règlementation, laquelle vient en complément de l’analyse « coûts‑avantages ». Il discute les façons dont cette analyse distributive peut affecter l’évaluation d’une politique publique. L’utilité d’une telle étude est accrue pour les pays développés et émergents, dont nombre d’entre eux font face à des problèmes extrêmement pressants de pauvreté et d’inégalité et pour qui la répartition des coûts et des bénéfices peut avoir des conséquences sociales importantes. Examinant les effets distributifs de chacune des options à la disposition des responsables politiques, les auteurs concluent que certains types d’analyse distributive sont susceptibles d’offrir une meilleure prise de décision.
Étudier l'étude d'impact
Authors: Dunlop Claire A. , Fritsch Oliver , Radaelli Claudio M. 
Published: August 2014

Résumé Que font exactement les gouvernements, les organisations internationales et d’autres acteurs lorsqu’ils affirment vouloir évaluer de manière systématique tout projet de règlementation ? Les autorités en charge des politiques de régulation utilisent-elles vraiment les résultats produits par les instruments d’analyse fondés sur des données factuelles ? Cet article envisage deux dimensions de l’étude d’impact : le champ et la portée de l’analyse empirique, à la base de toute étude d’impact, et l’utilisation qui en est faite. Celles‑ci servent à dresser une typologie explicative. À partir de ces deux points de vue, nous avons passé systématiquement en revue la littérature existante, pour y repérer les angles morts et en tirer des leçons. Enfin, un tableau retrace les liens entre qualité et utilisation de l’analyse, montrant ainsi la manière dont des recherches ultérieures pourraient devenir moins descriptives.
De la psychologie des profondeurs à l'histoire des sensibilités
Authors: Mazurel Hervé 
Published: August 2014

L’histoire des sensibilités suscite encore une méfiance persistante, avant tout parce que son projet intellectuel demeure mal identifié, parce que l’historiographie a souvent laissé penser que ses origines s’ancraient uniquement dans la continuité du projet de Lucien Febvre et de l’histoire des mentalités à la française. Or, en vérité, celle-ci n’est autre que la traduction historiographique d’un mouvement philosophique beaucoup plus ample et ancien, né du basculement incarné par Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche et Sigmund Freud, ces penseurs du soupçon, qui nous ont appris à repérer derrière les idées, la raison et la conscience, le rôle des désirs et des appétits, le jeu des pulsions et des sentiments. Rendant ainsi l’homme moins transparent à lui-même, l’historien du sensible vise, outre à restituer l’historicité de notre vie sensible, à réévaluer la part des affects dans la détermination des conduites humaines. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie également sur la riche nébuleuse des savoirs critiques élaborés ensuite, dans l’Allemagne de la première moitié du 20 e siècle, sous les appellations de « psychologie sociale » ou « historique » ou, à la manière nietzschéenne, de « psychologie des profondeurs ».
Les métamorphoses de l'intimité
Authors: Rebreyend Anne-Claire 
Published: August 2014

Cécile et Étienne sont amants. Elle est âgée de trente-six ans, mariée et mère, vit à Paris ; il a dix ans de moins, est célibataire, provincial et sans expérience sexuelle. Leur importante correspondance a été déposée à l’Association pour l’autobiographie et le patrimoine autobiographique (APA) et constitue une source d’une grande richesse. Faisant appel à la micro-histoire et attentive à l’analyse des discours, nous proposons de suivre le développement de l’histoire d’amour de Cécile et Étienne entre 1945 et 1960, en s’attardant sur ses prémices entre 1945 et 1949. L’analyse d’une relation adultère vécue de l’intérieur permet de mieux comprendre les métamorphoses de l’intimité au cours de cette période du baby-boom, en particulier les rôles masculin et féminin. Cette histoire singulière permet aussi d’éclairer, par un jeu de contrastes, les représentations de la conjugalité pendant les décennies d’après-guerre – période de doutes au sujet de l’intimité. En quoi ce couple adultère interroge-t-il et contourne-t-il les normes conjugales, tout en cherchant à s’y conformer ?
De l'invention du traumatisme à la reconnaissance des victimes
Authors: Fassin Didier 
Published: August 2014

Partant d’un événement dramatique survenu aux États-Unis, la tuerie de Fort Hood en 2009, et des interprétations contradictoires qui en ont été données concernant le rôle du traumatisme dans la genèse du massacre, cet essai propose une réflexion sur l’histoire de cette notion et de ses enjeux politiques. Dans un premier temps, il est montré comment, de catégorie clinique à connotation négative, le traumatisme est devenu, à la fin de la seconde moitié du 20 e siècle, le marqueur positif d’un événement dramatique dont les conséquences psychiques attestent le bon état mental de la personne qui en souffre. Cette remarquable conversion morale autorise, en l’authentifiant, la reconnaissance d’un statut de victime. Dans un second temps, à partir de trois scènes, dans les suites de l’accident de l’usine AZF, pendant la seconde Intifada et lors de l’évaluation des demandes d’asile, il est analysé comment le traumatisme s’inscrit dans une triple politique de la réparation, du témoignage et de la preuve. Dans ces processus cependant, une inégalité demeure dans la manière dont on reconnaît les victimes.
Interview de Christian Lahanier, ancien chef du département documentation et image numérique au Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF) et de Geneviève Aitken, chargée de la documentation des collections du musée Rodin
Authors: Lahanier Christian 
Published: August 2014

Dès 1990, le LRMF, pionnier dans le numérique, a digitalisé en très haute définition (6000 x 8000 pixels) plus de 150.000 clichés grand format réalisés depuis 1931, avec un scanner à plat développé par la société Thomson-Broadcast (projet Narcisse).Ensuite, la numérisation haute définition directe et multi-vues des objets positionnés sur une table tournante de précision permet de visualiser sur écran un objet en rotation puis, par combinaison de ces vues, de manipuler un modèle 3D ; mais aussi des modèles 3D constitués de points obtenus par balayage laser en noir et blanc puis en couleur. Enfin, la numérisation multi-spectrale des peintures permet la reconstruction de la couleur indépendamment de la source d’éclairage et l’analyse colorimétrique de la couche picturale. Au-delà de la consultation à distance, le numérique ouvre un nouveau domaine de recherche et une palette d’applications sur la caractérisation du contenu scientifique des images 3D multi-spectrales.
Un retour du vitalisme ?
Authors: Morange Michel 
Published: August 2014

En proposant que les êtres vivants soient radicalement différents des objets inertes, le vitalisme a joué un rôle important dans la naissance de la biologie moderne. Sa place était encore âprement discutée au début du XXe siècle. Puis le terme a progressivement acquis, parmi les biologistes, une valeur péjorative. Quelques articles et deux ouvrages récents nous invitent à « repenser le vitalisme ». S’agit-il simplement de rendre justice à son importance historique ? Peut-il être encore utile aux biologistes en ce début de XXIe siècle ?
INDRA. Naissance d’un « multi-détecteur » en physique nucléaire
Authors: Pouthas Joël 
Published: August 2014

Au début de 1993, un nouveau dispositif expérimental de physique nucléaire, INDRA, entrait en fonctionnement sur le site de l’accélérateur Ganil à Caen. À partir de documents d’époque, l’article retrace la genèse de cette aventure partagée par 150 physiciens, ingénieurs, techniciens et administratifs de cinq laboratoires du CNRS et du CEA. Le document analyse les différentes étapes : avant-projets de 1987 et 1988, décisions de construction prises au cours de l’année 1989 et organisation du projet pendant sa phase de réalisation.
CD11a Is Essential for Normal Development of Hematopoietic Intermediates
Authors: Bose Tina O. , Colpitts Sara L. , Pham Quynh-Mai , Puddington Lynn , Lefrançois Leo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The process of lymphopoiesis begins in the bone marrow (BM) and requires multiple cellular intermediates. For T cell production, lymphoid progenitors exit the BM and home to the thymus where maturation and selection ensue. These processes are dependent on a number of factors, including chemokines and adhesion molecules. Although the β2 integrin CD11a plays an important role in the migration of lymphocytes to lymph nodes, the role of CD11a in T cell development is largely undefined. Our studies now show that, in CD11a−/− mice, thymic cellularity was decreased and early T cell development was partially impaired. Remarkably, CD11a was critical for generation of common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors. However, in intact CD11a−/− mice, peripheral B and T cell subsets were only modestly altered, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms were operating. In contrast, competitive BM-reconstitution assays revealed an essential role for CD11a in the generation of thymocytes and mature T and B cells. This defect was linked to the requirement for CD11a in the development of CLPs. Furthermore, our results identified CLPs, and not lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors, as the requisite CD11a-dependent precursor for lymphocyte development. Thus, these findings established a key role for CD11a in lymphopoiesis.
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibition Extends Cellular Lifespan in Dendritic Cells by Preserving Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Amiel Eyal , Everts Bart , Fritz Daniel , Beauchamp Saritha , Ge Burong , Pearce Erika L. , Pearce Edward J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
TLR-mediated activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is associated with a metabolic transition in which mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited by endogenously synthesized NO and the cells become committed to glucose and aerobic glycolysis for survival. We show that inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) extends the lifespan of TLR-activated DCs by inhibiting the induction of NO production, thereby allowing the cells to continue to use their mitochondria to generate ATP, and allowing them the flexibility to use fatty acids or glucose as nutrients to fuel core metabolism. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into how mTOR modulates DC metabolism and cellular longevity following TLR activation and provide an explanation for previous findings that mTOR inhibition enhances the efficacy of DCs in autologous vaccination.
The Role of Metalloproteinase ADAM17 in Regulating ICOS Ligand–Mediated Humoral Immune Responses
Authors: Marczynska Joanna , Ozga Aleksandra , Wlodarczyk Agnieszka , Majchrzak-Gorecka Monika , Kulig Paulina , Banas Magdalena , Michalczyk-Wetula Dominika , Majewski Pawel , Hutloff Andreas , Schwarz Jeanette , Chalaris Athena , Scheller Jürgen , Rose-John Stefan , Cichy Joanna 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Immune cells regulate cell surface receptor expression during their maturation, activation, and motility. Although many of these receptors are regulated largely at the level of expression, protease-mediated ectodomain shedding represents an alternative means of refashioning the surface of immune cells. Shedding is largely attributed to a family of a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain (ADAM) metalloproteases, including ADAM17. Although ADAM17 is well known to contribute to the innate immune response, mainly by releasing TNF-α, much less is known about whether/how this metalloprotease regulates adaptive immunity. To determine whether ADAM17 contributes to regulating adaptive immune responses, we took advantage of ADAM17 hypomorphic (ADAM17ex/ex) mice, in which ADAM17 expression is reduced by 90–95% compared with wild-type littermates. In this study, we show that that ADAM17 deficiency results in spleen and lymph node enlargement, as well as increased levels of Ag-specific class-switched Ig production following immunization with OVA together with anti-CD40 mAbs and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Moreover, we demonstrate that the costimulatory ligand ICOS ligand (ICOSL) is selectively downregulated on the surface of B cells in an ADAM17-specific manner, although it is not proteolitically processed by recombinant ADAM17 in vitro. Finally, we show that higher cell surface levels of ICOSL in ADAM17ex/ex mice may contribute to the development of excessive Ab responses. Therefore, our data suggest a functional link between ADAM17 and ICOSL in controlling adaptive immune responses.
Secretion and Immunogenicity of the Meningioma-Associated Antigen TXNDC16
Authors: Harz Christian , Ludwig Nicole , Lang Sven , Werner Tamara V. , Galata Valentina , Backes Christina , Schmitt Katja , Nickels Ruth , Krause Elmar , Jung Martin , Rettig Jens , Keller Andreas , Menger Michael , Zimmermann Richard , Meese Eckart 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In a previous study, we identified thioredoxin domain containing 16 (TXNDC16) as a meningioma-associated Ag by protein macroarray screening. Serological screening detected autoantibodies against TXNDC16 exclusively in meningioma patients’ sera and not in sera of healthy controls. TXNDC16 was previously found to be an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–luminal glycoprotein. In this study, we show an additional ER-associated localization of TXNDC16 in the cytosol by in vitro synthesis, molecular mass shift assay, and flow cytometry. We were able to show TXNDC16 secretion in different human cell lines due to masked and therefore nonfunctional ER retrieval motif. A previously indicated exosomal TXNDC16 secretion could not be confirmed in HEK293 cells. The secreted serum protein TXNDC16 is bound in circulating immune complexes, which were found both in meningioma and healthy blood donor sera. Employing a customized array with 163 overlapping TXNDC16 peptides and measuring autoantibody reactivity, we achieved discrimination of meningioma sera from healthy controls with an accuracy of 87.2% using a set of only five immunogenic TXNDC16 epitopes.
Thymic Epithelium Determines a Spontaneous Chronic Neuritis in Icam1tm1JcgrNOD Mice
Authors: Meyer zu Horste Gerd , Mausberg Anne K. , Cordes Steffen , El-Haddad Houda , Partke Hans-Joachim , Leussink Verena I. , Roden Michael , Martin Stephan , Steinman Lawrence , Hartung Hans-Peter , Kieseier Bernd C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The NOD mouse strain spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes. A deficiency in costimulatory molecules, such as B7-2, on the NOD genetic background prevents diabetes but instead triggers an inflammatory peripheral neuropathy. This constitutes a shift in the target of autoimmunity, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that NOD mice deficient for isoforms of ICAM-1, which comediate costimulatory functions, spontaneously develop a chronic autoimmune peripheral neuritis instead of diabetes. The disease is transferred by CD4+ T cells, which infiltrate peripheral nerves together with macrophages and B cells and are autoreactive against peripheral myelin protein zero. These Icam1tm1JcgrNOD mice exhibit unaltered numbers of regulatory T cells, but increased IL-17–producing T cells, which determine the severity, but not the target specificity, of autoimmunity. Ab-mediated ICAM-1 blockade triggers neuritis only in young NOD mice. Thymic epithelium from Icam1tm1JcgrNOD mice features an altered expression of costimulatory molecules and induces neuritis and myelin autoreactivity after transplantation into nude mice in vivo. Icam1tm1JcgrNOD mice exhibit a specifically altered TCR repertoire. Our findings introduce a novel animal model of chronic inflammatory neuropathies and indicate that altered expression of ICAM-1 on thymic epithelium shifts autoimmunity specifically toward peripheral nerves. This improves our understanding of autoimmunity in the peripheral nervous system with potential relevance for human diseases.
Helminth-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Prime CD4+ T Cells to IL-4 Production In Vivo
Authors: Connor Lisa M. , Tang Shiau-Choot , Camberis Mali , Le Gros Graham , Ronchese Franca 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for the initiation of immune responses; however, their role in priming IL-4–producing Th2 cells in vivo is not fully understood. We used a model of intradermal injection with fluorescent-labeled, nonviable larvae from the helminth parasite nonviable Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 larvae (Nb), a strong inducer of Th2 responses, together with IL-4–GFP reporter mice that enable a sensitive detection of IL-4 production to examine the contribution of DC to the priming of IL-4–producing CD4+ T cells in vivo. We found that parasite material is taken up by two distinct DC populations in draining lymph nodes: a mostly CD11cintMHC class II (MHCII)hiCD11b+Ly6C− dermal DC population and a CD11chiMHCIIintCD11b+Ly6C+ monocyte-derived DC population. After Nb treatment, these two DC populations appeared in the draining lymph nodes in comparable numbers and with similar kinetics; however, treatment with pertussis toxin blocked the migration of dermal DC and the priming of IL-4–producing T cells, but only partially affected monocyte-derived DC numbers. In line with this observation, transfer of OVA-loaded CD11cintMHCIIhi DC from Nb-treated mice into naive hosts could sensitize OVA-specific CD4+ T cells to IL-4 production, whereas transfer of CD11cintMHCIIhi DC from naive mice, or CD11chiMHCIIint DC from Nb-treated or naive mice, induced CD4+ T cell expansion but no IL-4 production. Phenotypic analysis of Nb-loaded CD11cintMHCIIhi DC revealed expression of programmed death ligand 2, CD301b, IFN regulatory factor 4, and moderate upregulation of OX40 ligand. However, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand were not required for Th2 priming. Thus, our data suggest that appropriate stimuli can induce DC to express the unique signals sufficient to direct CD4+ T cells to Th2 differentiation.