bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth hormone level at admission and its evolution during refeeding are predictive of short-term outcome in restrictive anorexia nervosa
Authors: Nogueira Juan P. , Valéro René , Maraninchi Marie , Lorec Anne M. , Samuelian-Massat Catherine , Bégu-Le Corroller Audrey , Nicolay Alain , Gaudart Jean , Portugal Henri , Vialettes Bernard 
Published: November 2012

The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is dramatically altered in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether GH and IGF-1 could be predictors of outcome in patients with a restrictive form of AN. Blood levels of GH, IGF-1, adipocytokines, ghrelin, insulin, glucose, and sex and thyroid hormones were measured in eleven women inpatients with AN and in ten healthy women controls. Three stages were compared during refeeding: admission (T0), when BMI reached 16 kg/m2 (T1) and at discharge when BMI reached 17·5 kg/m2 (T2). Clinical status was assessed 6 months after discharge from hospital (T3), and remission was defined by the maintenance of a BMI ≥ 17·5 kg/m2. AN patients in remission (AN-R; n 6) had significantly higher GH levels at admission than those who relapsed (AN-NR; n 5) (P< 0·05). During refeeding (Δ = T2 − T0), the AN-R group differed from the AN-NR group only by both GH level decrease (P< 0·05) and BMI increase (P< 0·05). In multiple regression analysis, ΔGH was associated negatively and significantly and Δleptin and Δbody fat mass levels were associated positively and significantly with BMI at T3 and explained 88 % of its variability (r2 0·88, P< 0·05). The present study suggests that a low GH level at admission and the absence of its decrease after weight recovery could predict short-term relapse in women suffering from a restrictive form of AN.
Should the Critically Endangered Goliath grouperEpinephelus itajarabe culled in Florida?
Authors: Frias-Torres Sarah 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Goliath grouperEpinephelus itajarahas been protected in the USA since 1990. In Florida commercial and recreational fishers consider the species a top predator of fish and lobster and advocate culling the grouper population as a solution to recover declining stocks. I examined the scientific evidence for and against culling the Goliath grouper, using commercial landing data from the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (1950–2010), fisheries-independent diver-based surveys from the REEF Environmental Education Foundation (1993–2007), and published dietary and morphological studies. An analysis of the commercial extinction of the Goliath grouper in Florida indicates that its recovering population is not the cause of declining fish and lobster stocks. The recovering Goliath grouper population could provide ecological and socio-economic benefits: as top-down control on other lobster predators, in ecotourism, and as potential biocontrol of the invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfishPterois volitanson Atlantic reefs.
Prevalence of depression and utilization of health care in single and multiple morbidity: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Bhattarai N. , Charlton J. , Rudisill C. , Gulliford M. C. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine whether depression in patients with long-term conditions is associated with the number of morbidities or the type of co-morbidity.MethodA cohort study of 299 912 participants aged 30–100 years. The prevalence of depression, rates of health-care utilization and costs were evaluated in relation to diagnoses of diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and colorectal cancer.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of depression was 7% in men and 14% in women with no morbidity. The frequency of depression increased in single morbidities including DM (men 13%, women 22%), CHD (men 15%, women 24%), stroke (men 14%, women 26%) or colorectal cancer (men 10%, women 21%). Participants with concurrent diabetes, CHD and stroke had a very high prevalence of depression (men 23%, women 49%). The relative rate of depression for one morbidity was 1.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59–1.66], two morbidities 1.96 (95% CI 1.89–2.03) and three morbidities 2.35 (95% CI 2.03–2.59). Compared to those with no morbidity, depression was associated with higher rates of health-care utilization and increased costs at any level of morbidity. In women aged 55 to 64 years without morbidity, the mean annual health-care cost was £513 without depression and £1074 with depression; when three morbidities were present, the cost was £1495 without depression and £2878 with depression.ConclusionsDepression prevalence and health-care costs are more strongly associated with the number of morbidities than the nature of the co-morbid diagnosis.
Environmental suitability of a highly fragmented and heterogeneous landscape for forest bird species in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: FERRAZ KATIA MARIA PASCHOALETTO MICCHI DE BARROS , DE SIQUEIRA MARINEZ FERREIRA , ALEXANDRINO EDUARDO ROBERTO , DA LUZ DANIELA TOMASIO APOLINARIO , DO COUTO HILTON THADEU ZARATE 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYAssessment of the suitability of anthropogenic landscapes for wildlife species is crucial for setting priorities for biodiversity conservation. This study aimed to analyse the environmental suitability of a highly fragmented region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world's 25 recognized biodiversity hotspots, for forest bird species. Eight forest bird species were selected for the analyses, based on point counts (n= 122) conducted in April–September 2006 and January–March 2009. Six additional variables (landscape diversity, distance from forest and streams, aspect, elevation and slope) were modelled in Maxent for (1) actual and (2) simulated land cover, based on the forest expansion required by existing Brazilian forest legislation. Models were evaluated by bootstrap or jackknife methods and their performance was assessed by AUC, omission error, binomial probability orpvalue. All predictive models were statistically significant, with high AUC values and low omission errors. A small proportion of the actual landscape (24.41 ± 6.31%) was suitable for forest bird species. The simulated landscapes lead to an increase ofc.30% in total suitable areas. In average, models predicted a small increase (23.69 ± 6.95%) in the area of suitable native forest for bird species. Being close to forest increased the environmental suitability of landscapes for all bird species; landscape diversity was also a significant factor for some species. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that species distribution modelling (SDM) successfully predicted bird distribution across a heterogeneous landscape at fine spatial resolution, as all models were biologically relevant and statistically significant. The use of landscape variables as predictors contributed significantly to the results, particularly for species distributions over small extents and at fine scales. This is the first study to evaluate the environmental suitability of the remaining Brazilian Atlantic Forest for bird species in an agricultural landscape, and provides important additional data for regional environmental planning.
Bayesian project diagnosis for the construction design process
Authors: Matthews P.C. , Philip A.D.M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study demonstrates how subtle signals taken from the early stages within a construction process can be used to diagnose potential problems within that process. For this study, the construction process is modeled as a quasi-Markov chain. A set of six different scenarios representing various common problems (e.g., small budget, complex project) is created and simulated by suitably defining the transition probabilities between nodes in the Markov chain. A Monte Carlo approach is used to parameterize a Bayesian estimator. By observing the time taken to pass the review gateway (as measured by number of hops between activity nodes), the system is able to determine with good accuracy the problem scenario that the construction process is suffering from.
The Extraterritoriality of the European Convention on Human Rights: Why Human Rights Depend on Jurisdiction and What Jurisdiction Amounts to
Authors: BESSON SAMANTHA 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe extraterritoriality or extraterritorial application of international and European human rights treaties refers to the recognition by those treaties' states parties of the international and European human rights of individuals or groups of individuals situated outside their territory and, in a second stage, to the identification of their corresponding duties to those individuals. Examples of extraterritoriality abound in international human rights practice, and in particular in the European Court of Human Rights’ case law. Except for vague and often misleading gestures to the universality of human rights, which allegedly requires their extraterritorial application, however, many of the normative considerations underlying the extraterritorial applicability of human rights have not been broached in the human rights law literature. Nor, conversely, have human rights theorists, even among those who take the supply side of human rights seriously, devoted much attention to the threshold criteria for the abstract recognition of human rights and the trigger of the corresponding duties. To remedy some of those shortcomings, this article endeavours to bring some normative human rights theorizing to bear on the European Court of Human Rights’ recent practice on extraterritoriality. More specifically, the article delves deeper into the notion of ‘jurisdiction’ qua threshold criterion for the applicability of the European Convention on Human Rights both within and outside its states parties’ territories; distinguishes it from related notions such as authority, coercion, power, or control; and explains its normative consequences.
‘Ethnicity’ in the International Law of Minority Protection: The Post-Cold War Context in Perspective
Authors: SHAHABUDDIN MOHAMMAD 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAs a concept, ‘ethnicity’ has been informing the notions of the ‘self’ as well as the ‘other’ since antiquity. While in ancient Greek it referred to the ‘other’ in a derogatory sense, in the Romantic literature of the nineteenth century, ethnicity came to depict the self-image of the nation. Although, in contrast, the liberal self-image refers to ethnicity only in the instrumental sense (as a tool for regulation without attributing any real value to the notion), ethnicity remains salient in both the liberal and conservative versions of nationalism to identify the backward ‘other’ – the minority – within the nation. Against the backdrop of the nineteenth-century discourse on ethnicity, this paper explores how the notion of ethnicity having the image of ‘otherness’ as well as ‘backwardness’ shapes the liberal perception of ‘minority’ and ‘minority protection’ in the post-Cold War context in three different ways. First, I argue that ethnicity informs the perception of the minority as the ethnic ‘other’. Second, the individualist response to minority protection paradoxically endeavours to remove ‘ethnicity’ from the concept of ‘minority’. And finally, in the post-Cold War European scenario, it is again the ethnic ‘otherness’ that rationalizes a differentiated minority protection mechanism for the West and the East within Europe.
Jus CogensafterGermanyv.Italy: Substantive and Procedural Rules Distinguished
Authors: TALMON STEFAN 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn the case concerningJurisdictional Immunities of the State, the ICJ held that rules ofjus cogensdid not automatically displace hierarchically lower rules of state immunity. The Court's decision was based on the rationale that there was no conflict between these rules as the former were substantive rules while the latter were procedural in character. The ‘substantive–procedural’ distinction has been heavily criticized in the literature. Much of the criticism seems to be motivated by the unwanted result of the distinction, namely de facto impunity for the most serious human rights violations. This paper takes a step back from the alleged antinomy of human rights and state immunity and broadens the picture by looking at the relationship between substantive and procedural rules more generally. It is shown that substantive rules of ajus cogenscharacter generally leave procedural rules unaffected and, in particular, do not automatically override such rules. Substantive rules may, however, have a limited effect upon the interpretation and application of procedural rules. It is argued that the ‘substantive–procedural’ distinction is well established in international law and makes eminent sense even when substantive rules ofjus cogensand procedural rules of immunity are involved.
Modelling fortification of corn masa flour with folic acid and the potential impact on Mexican-American women with lower acculturation
Authors: Hamner Heather C , Tinker Sarah C , Flores Alina L , Mulinare Joe , Weakland Aliki P , Dowling Nicole F 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveHispanics with lower acculturation may be at higher risk for neural tube defects compared with those with higher acculturation due to lower total folic acid intake or other undetermined factors. Modelling has indicated that fortification of corn masa flour with folic acid could selectively target Mexican Americans more than other race/ethnicities. We assessed whether fortification of corn masa flour with folic acid could selectively increase folic acid intake among Mexican-American women with lower acculturation, as indicated by specific factors (language preference, country of origin, time living in the USA).DesignWe used dietary intake and dietary supplement data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2008, to estimate the amount of additional total folic acid that could be consumed if products considered to contain corn masa flour were fortified at 140 μg of folic acid per 100 g of corn masa flour.SettingUSA.SubjectsNon-pregnant women aged 15–44 years (n 5369).ResultsMexican-American women who reported speaking Spanish had a relative percentage change in usual daily total folic acid intake of 30·5 (95 % CI 27·8, 33·4) %, compared with 8·3 (95 % CI 7·3, 9·4) % for Mexican-American women who reported speaking English. We observed similar results for other acculturation factors. An increase of 6·0 percentage points in the number of Mexican-American women who would achieve the recommended intake of ≥400 μg folic acid/d occurred with fortification of corn masa flour; compared with increases of 1·1 percentage points for non-Hispanic whites and 1·3 percentage points for non-Hispanic blacks. An even greater percentage point increase was observed among Mexican-American women who reported speaking Spanish (8·2).ConclusionsFortification of corn masa flour could selectively increase total folic acid intake among Mexican-American women, especially targeting Mexican-American women with lower acculturation, and result in a decrease in the number of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects.
Engaged or Not? Perceptions of Australian Influence among Asian Publics
Authors: GOLDSMITH BENJAMIN E. , LINLEY MATTHEW 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDespite Australia's increasing economic ties with Asia, little is known about how it is perceived by the typical citizen in the region. This paper seeks to contribute to the Australian discussion on ‘Asian engagement’, as well as to a general understanding of the structure of foreign policy beliefs, by examining perceptions of Australia's influence among the mass publics of 14 Asian polities. Despite some anxiety in Australia on national op-ed pages and among political leaders over how the country is perceived, we find that the average person in Asia probably does not have a strong or meaningful opinion about Australia's foreign policy. Using survey data covering the years 2006 through 2008 from the AsiaBarometer project, we find that, on average, far more people view Australia's influence on their country favorably (40.5%) than view it unfavorably (6.1%). A similar percentage (41.5%), however, have neutral views of Australia's influence, and 12% of people in Asian nations express no opinion on the topic. We suggest these high frequencies of neutral perceptions and non-response are evidence of considerable indifference towards Australia. Furthermore, we investigate the correlates of perceptions of Australia's influence and find that in almost all cases citizens’ views about US and Chinese influence on their country are much better predictors of their views of Australia's influence than core values, identity, information, and demographic characteristics. We posit that opinions about Australia, even those that are favorable, may have less to do with perceptions of Australia specifically, and more to do with respondents’ general internationalist sentiment or perceptions of major powers.
Pioneers in Optics: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and James Clerk Maxwell
Authors: Davidson Michael W. 
Published: November 2012

Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland on October 24, 1632. His father was a basket maker, and although Leeuwenhoek did not receive a university education and was not considered a scholar, his curiosity and skill allowed him to make some of the most important discoveries in the history of biology.James Clerk Maxwell was one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. He is best known for the formulation of the theory of electromagnetism and in making the connection between light and electromagnetic waves. He also made significant contributions in the areas of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and engineering. He is considered by many as the father of modern physics.
Investigation of Mars' ionospheric response to solar energetic particle events
Authors: Ulusen Demet , Brain David A. , Luhmann Janet G. , Mitchell David L. 
Published: November 2012

We investigate the effects of solar energetic particle (SEP) events on the Martian ionosphere using observations from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Electron Reflectometer (ER) and Radio Science (RS) experiments. Although MGS/ER is not designed to measure solar storm particles, it detects SEPs as increased instrument background. Using this proxy for SEP fluxes near Mars, we compare electron density profiles obtained from the RS experiment during periods of high and low SEP activity. Six case studies show no clear evidence for an increase in the ionospheric electron density between 200 and 100 km altitudes. However, 4 of the 6 events show a small increase in electron density below 100 km altitude during SEP events, suggesting that high‐energy (10–20 keV) electrons may cause ionization in the lower ionosphere. We also observe an ∼25% decrease in the ionospheric electron density between ∼100 and ∼120 km altitude for the two strongest events, suggesting that SEPs trigger a process that increases electron loss in this altitude range of the lower ionosphere. However, we cannot be confident from only two events that this effect is caused directly or indirectly by increased SEP fluxes. A statistical study confirms the case study results, but not over all solar zenith angles. Additionally, we observe depletions in the topside ionospheric electron density at some solar zenith angles, which can be explained by compression of the ionosphere by the passing CME.
Advance warning of high‐speed ejecta based on real‐time shock analyses: When fast‐moving ejecta appear to be overtaking slow‐moving shocks
Authors: Paulson Kristoff W. , Taylor David K. , Smith Charles W. , Vasquez Bernard J. , Hu Q. 
Published: November 2012

Interplanetary shocks propagating into the magnetosphere can have significant space weather consequences. However, for many purposes it is the ejecta behind the shock that is the greater threat. The ejecta can be fast moving, impart significant momentum upon the magnetopause, and may contain a flux rope with strong southward magnetic fields. When transient solar wind activity strikes the magnetosphere, it can lead to enhanced magnetospheric currents and elevated radiation levels in the near‐Earth environment. It is therefore desirable to use the observed shocks ahead of ejecta to predict any aspects of the approaching ejecta that can be predicted. We have examined 39 shocks observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft in the years 1998 to 2003. Within the selection are shocks that were chosen because they appear to propagate significantly more slowly than the speed of the ejecta behind it. While appearing at first to be a contradiction, we show that the shocks are propagating across the radial direction and at significant angles to the velocity of the ejecta. These slow‐moving shocks are actually precursors of fast‐moving and potentially significant ejecta. Reversing the analysis, we are able to predict the peak speed of the ejecta well in advance of their observation, up to or in excess of 10 h following the shock crossing, when slow‐moving shocks are seen, and we have incorporated this feature into our real‐time shock analysis.
Recovery of Larval Sea Lampreys from Short‐Term Exposure to the Pesticide 3‐Trifluoromethyl‐4‐Nitrophenol: Implications for Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes
Authors: Clifford Alexander M. , Henry Matthew , Bergstedt Roger , McDonald D. Gordon , Smits Adam S. , Wilkie Michael P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFor over 50 years, invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus populations have been controlled in the Great Lakes using the pesticide 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (TFM), which is applied to streams containing larval sea lampreys. The specificity of TFM is due to the sea lamprey's relative inability to detoxify it using glucuronidation; this inability causes death by interfering with the production of ATP, the main energy currency of cells. TFM treatments typically last 12 h, but given the sea lamprey's relative inability to detoxify TFM we predicted that TFM‐induced homeostatic disturbances and toxicity would occur following shorter periods of exposure. Accordingly, we exposed larval sea lampreys to the 12‐h LC99.9 (i.e., the concentration lethal to 99.9% of the test subjects over 12 h) of TFM for 4 or 6 h and monitored the survival and replenishment of energy stores and metabolite concentrations in surviving sea lampreys over a 24‐h depuration period. Minimal mortality (∼20%) was observed during the post‐TFM recovery, despite respective 50% and 70% reductions in brain and liver ATP, 70–90% decreases in brain phosphocreatine (PCr), and 30–50% reductions in brain and liver glycogen with corresponding increases in lactate. While relatively resistant to TFM, muscle still underwent a 55% decline in PCr. However, energy stores and metabolites returned to preexposure levels 4–12 h after TFM exposure. We conclude that sea lampreys can rapidly restore homeostasis following shorter‐term TFM exposure. The resilience of sea lampreys to shorter‐term TFM exposure suggests that there is no merit in reducing TFM treatment times from 12 h, which could lead to “treatment residuals” that survive lampricide treatments. This capacity to reverse TFM‐induced perturbations also suggests that larvae seen emerging from the stream substrate late in a treatment, or that find refuge near streambanks or in isolated pools, could be another source of treatment residuals, leading to increased sea lamprey parasitism of sport and commercial fisheries in the Great Lakes.