bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Flow Field Analysis for a Traditional II+ PWR Containment Under Normal Condition
Authors: Tian Maolin , Tian Wenxi , Su Guanghui , Qiu Suizheng 
Published: November 2014

Flow field analysis is a foundation to many thermal-dynamic phenomena in the nuclear containment. There are several ventilation systems under normal condition to assure the proper environment for staff and facilities, and the two main ventilation systems are the Reactor Pit Ventilation system (EVC) and the Containment Continuous Ventilation system (EVR). The fans of the ventilation systems recycle the air in the containment to various rooms, and cooling coils are cooled by the Nuclear Island Chilled Water system (DEG). In this paper, we simulated the 3D flow field in a Chinese traditional generation II+ PWR reactor containment under normal conditions with a commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT.
According the actual geometry data of the reactor plant, we built the geometry model, including the EVC and EVR system, and they were checked by plant experts to assure authenticity. Proper maximum mesh sizes were set for different parts at the ICEM CFD, and the grid number was about ten millions. We used the fan model in the ANSYS FLUENT to simulate fans in the ventilations. The calculated values of flow rate in ventilation systems were in good agreement with the design values.
Nodalization of NEK in APROS and Steady State Simulation
Authors: Polach Tadeja , Debelak Klemen , Bašić Ivica , Štrubelj Luka 
Published: November 2014

A model of the primary circuit and part of the secondary circuit of the Slovenian Krško NPP – NEK was built using APROS - Advanced PROcess Simulation environment. The data used to describe the properties of the system modelled in APROS, were the data describing Krško NPP and its operational properties after the uprating and the introduction of the 18-month cycle. Basis for data collections, nodalization, structure and simplifications was NEK RELAP5\MOD3.3 Engineering Handbook and the 23rd cycle.
In order to build a model describing all the important parameters, the available elements in APROS environment were used as building blocks for each system. The goal was to create a detailed model nodalization, which would give accurate results and would run on reasonable processing power. Each submodel was checked to verify that the partial results are within the allowable limits and that the description of the physical parameters is consistent with the real components. The model includes reactor pressure vessel, reactor coolant pumps and primary piping, steam generator, part of main steam, part of feedwater, pressurizer and reactor core kinetics. The regulation of pressurizer level and pressure, steam generator level and control rod is also modelled. The model consists of more than 400 thermal hydraulic volumes. The aim of building this model was a through thermal hydraulic analysis of the PWR systems present in the NPP Krško. Several simulations of the steady states at different power levels were performed. The resulting data describing the flow rates in steam generator feedwater, reactor pressure vessel, including bypass flows, heat transfer in reactor core and steam generator, thermal losses to containment, liquid level in pressurizer and steam generator, pressure drops in primary circuit and other parameters were then compared to the results of different types of calculation and to the testing data obtained from Krško NPP. The next step was to identify variations in results and determine whether they are consequence of wrong parameters, measurement deviation or numerical error. In that manner the model was verified and validated (in the sense of comparison with available system surveillance plant test results) to ensure the correct setup, initial and boundary conditions were applied in order to get reliable steady state results.
Development of a Quality Manual for Radioisotope Production Plants
Authors: Tawfik Yasser E. 
Published: November 2014

The purpose of issuing a quality manual for the radioisotope production plants is to define and describe the quality system implemented by the plant. It provides general procedures for all activities comprising the quality system, defines the authorities and responsibilities of all personnel affected by the system and provides a way to inform our customers of the specific controls that are in place at radioisotope production plants to assure continued product quality. Such a quality manual is regularly updated to depict the quality management system implemented by radioisotope production plant as accurately as possible.
Example of this type of quality manual is developed for the radioisotope production facility (RPF) located in ETRR-2 Complex site – Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority – Inshas-EGYPT.
Kalman Filter Based Predictive Trip Detection for Nuclear Power Plant Safety Systems
Authors: Rankin Drew J. , Jiang Jin 
Published: November 2014

The primary aim of this work is to utilize a Kalman filter (KF) to predict reaching the trip set-point for a trip parameter in a nuclear power plant (NPP). To address uncertainty in the predicted measurements, prediction bounds are calculated by propagating the state error covariance. These predicted bounds enable the calculation of levels of confidence in making trip decisions. Further, to address uncertainty in the estimation model, the observed prediction error is used to offset the predicted measurements.
The predictive trip detection routines are evaluated through simulations of a single NPP sub-system. More specifically, the water level parameter in a steam generator of a NPP is considered. The model of this sub-system is represented by the Irving linear parameter varying (LPV) model with inverse response characteristics. The simulations include a level low postulated initiating event (PIE) made to occur during two different common power transients for various estimation models. The results of this paper are a proof of concept for KF-based predictive trip detection which is demonstrated to achieve reduced time-to-trip when applied to a single sub-system.
Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Is the Linear No-Threshold Model Valid?
Authors: Giannoni Luca , Mazzini Marino 
Published: November 2014

The risk assessment for population’s exposures to low doses and low dose-rates of ionizing radiation is still subject to clear uncertainties. The issue has outstanding societal importance in relation to radiologic occupational safety, medical applications of radiation, effects of the natural background radioactivity and the future of nuclear power, due to its particular influence on the public acceptance of this form of energy.
This review article analyzes, in a critical, historical and bibliographical manner, the worldwide accepted hypothesis of linearity without a threshold dose (LNT model). As well known, it rejects, from its first proposal in 1946 by American geneticist and Nobel laureate Hermann J. Muller, the concept of zero-risk for exposures to any dose level of ionizing radiation.
The starting point is the dose-effects relationship provided by this model and related risk’s excess graphic curve. The biological and physical motivations for the linearity assumption are argued and challenged by the explanation of human body’s natural defense mechanisms and its repair capacity of the radiation damage.
Furthermore, the historical and political truthfulness of the LNT model is also contested by the review of a recent investigation by Prof. Edward Calabrese, regarding the lack of scientific sources behind Muller’s Nobel Prize Lecture. Calabrese’s inquiry demonstrates that Muller, at the moment of his declaration on LNT model’s validity, had experimental proofs contradicting his conclusions about the unacceptability of a threshold dose. This finding is of historical importance since Muller’s Nobel Lecture is a turning point in the acceptance of the linearity model in risk assessment by the major regulatory agencies till today.
Finally, the results of many epidemiological and statistical studies are shown specifically. They give further evidences concerning the inapplicability of the LNT model and its overestimation of the risk for various cases of exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation in different fields. By that, hormesis model is also discussed, with its assumption of possible benefits for the organism following low dose exposures: a dose-response model characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition, which has been frequently observed in the aforementioned studies.
The argumentations and the experimental evidences provided here challenge the validity of the LNT model. We contest the fact that its establishment is principally based on a cautionary philosophy on nuclear public safety, rather than on actual scientific comprehension of the phenomenon. As such, it implies an exaggerated conception of the radiological hazard. In particular, this article calls attention to the need for a deeper understanding of the biological impact of low doses of ionizing radiation and the development of further specific and exhaustive researches.
Experimental Study of Moderator Circulation in CANDU6 Calandria Tank
Authors: Kim Hyoung Tae , Seo Han , Im Sunghyuk , Rhee Bo Wook , Cha Jae Eun 
Published: November 2014

As a CANDU6 reactor has a high pressure primary cooling system and an independently cooled moderator system, the moderator in the calandria would act as a supplementary heat sink during a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) if the primary cooling and emergency coolant injection systems fail to remove the decay heat from the fuel. For the safety concern it is required to predict the 3-dimensional velocity and temperature distribution of moderator fluid to confirm the effectiveness of moderator heat sink.
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is carrying out a scaled-down moderator test program to simulate the CANDU6 moderator circulation phenomena during steady state operation and accident conditions. This research program includes the construction of the Moderator Circulation Test (MCT) facility, production of the validation data for self-reliant CFD tools, and development of optical measurement system using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). In the present work the PIV technique is used to measure the velocity distributions in the scaled moderator tank of MCT under iso-thermal test conditions. The preliminary PIV measurement data are obtained and compared with CFX code predictions.
Study of Refractory Material Installation in the Reactor Cavity
Authors: Moon Young Tae , Ryu In Chul , Zhou Quan , McMinn Paul , Paik Chan Y. 
Published: November 2014

During a severe accident with a vessel failure, corium relocates from the vessel into the reactor cavity (PWR) or pedestal (BWR) and accumulates on top of the cavity floor to form a corium pool. This corium pool is hot enough to cause a Molten Corium-Concrete Interaction (MCCI) that can ablate the concrete structure even if water is present on top of the corium. MCCI will also produce steam and other gases that increase containment pressure as well as generate combustible gases (Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide). Current MAAP5* calculations with conservative assumptions have shown that the ablation depth in a basemat constructed of siliceous concrete can be larger than the depth of liner, even if the reactor cavity is flooded by water. To retain the melt in the containment and to cool the corium pool before the erosion reaches the liner plate, several approaches are being considered. One of these approaches is the installation of a protective layer on top of the concrete floor to retard MCCI. The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of different protective materials under postulated severe accident conditions. The candidates for the protective materials are refractory materials and limestone/limestone-common-sand (LCS) concrete. The refractory material was chosen based on the thermal performance and dissolution rate of the refractory material calculated by analytical calculations and also by MAAP5. Adding the refractory protective material protects the underlying concrete basemat from melting temporarily, so that water ingression into the surface of the corium is not initially affected by addition of the concrete material.
*MAAP5 is an integrated severe accident code owned by the Electric Power Research Institute and developed by Fauske and Associates, LLC.
Genome Sequence of Tumebacillus flagellatus GST4, the First Genome Sequence of a Species in the Genus
Tumebacillus
Authors: Wang Qing-Yan , Xie Neng-Zhong , Huang Yan-Yan , Song Li-Fu , Du Qi-Shi , Yu Bo , Chen Dong , Huang Ri-Bo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

We present here the first genome sequence of a species in the genus
Tumebacillus
. The draft genome sequence of
Tumebacillus flagellatus
GST4 provides a genetic basis for future studies addressing the origins, evolution, and ecological role of
Tumebacillus
organisms, as well as a source of acid-resistant amylase-encoding genes for further studies.
The educational gradient in coronary heart disease: the association with cognition in a cohort of 57 279 male conscripts
Authors: Ariansen Inger , Mortensen Laust , Igland Jannicke , Tell Grethe S , Tambs Kristian , Graff-Iversen Sidsel , Strand Bjørn Heine , Næss Øyvind 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundIndependently of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, cognitive ability may account for some of the excess risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) associated with lower education. We aimed to assess how late adolescence cognitive ability and midlife CVD risk factors are associated with the educational gradient in CHD in Norway.MethodsIn a cohort of 57 279 men born during 1949–1959, health survey information was linked to military conscription records of cognitive ability, to national educational data, to hospitalisation records from the Cardiovascular Disease in Norway (CVDNOR) project and to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry.ResultsAge and period adjusted HR for incident CHD events was 3.62 (95% CI 2.50 to 5.24) for basic relative to tertiary education, and was attenuated after adjustment; to 2.86 (1.87 to 4.38) for cognitive ability, to 1.90 (1.30 to 2.78) for CVD risk factors, and to 1.84 (1.20 to 2.83) when adjusting for both. Age and period adjusted absolute rate difference was 51 (33 to 70) incident CHD events per 100 000 person years between basic and tertiary educated, and was attenuated after adjustment; to 42 (22 to 61) for cognitive ability, to 25 (7 to 42) for CVD risk factors, and to 24 (5 to 43) when adjusting for both.ConclusionsLate adolescence cognitive ability attenuated the educational gradient in incident CHD events. CVD risk factors further attenuated the gradient, and to the same extent regardless of whether cognitive ability was included or not. Cognitive ability might be linked to the educational gradient through CVD risk factors.
The Evolving Role of Molecular Markers in the Diagnosis and Management of Diffuse Glioma
Authors: Huse Jason T. , Aldape Kenneth D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWhile the classification of diffuse gliomas has relied on the examination of morphologic features supplemented with techniques such as immunohistochemistry, there is an increasing recognition of substantial biologic diversity within morphologically defined entities. High-throughput technologies, in particular studies that integrate genome-wide data from diverse molecular platforms, increasingly identify the existence of robust and distinct glioma subtypes. While treatment advances and improvement of outcomes for patients with diffuse glioma have been modest, there may be benefit to integrate findings from biologic studies into clinical practice to enhance the precision of treatment for these diseases. Recent examples such as the identification of mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 as an early genetic event that is predominantly in lower-grade gliomas (grades 2 and 3) underscore the importance of molecular discovery leading to the ability to develop subclassifications with prognostic and potentially therapeutic implications. In contrast, glioblastoma (grade 4), the most common and aggressive glioma, typically arises without IDH mutation, supporting the need for different therapeutic approaches. Additional genomic and epigenomic signatures are generally nonoverlapping between IDH-mutant and IDH wild-type diffuse glioma, and despite comparable histopathology, IDH-mutant gliomas can be considered as biologically distinct from IDH wild-type gliomas. In this CCR Focus article, we highlight and summarize the current understanding of recent molecular findings and the relationships of these findings to clinical trials and clinical management.See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Discoveries, Challenges, and Progress in Primary Brain Tumors.”Clin Cancer Res; 20(22); 5601–11. ©2014 AACR.
Universes Collide: Combining Immunotherapy with Targeted Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Wargo Jennifer A. , Cooper Zachary A. , Flaherty Keith T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
There have been significant advances in the past several years with regard to targeted therapy and immunotherapy for cancer. This is highlighted in melanoma, where treatment with targeted therapy (against the BRAF oncoprotein) results in responses in the majority of patients, although the duration of response is limited. In contrast, treatment with immunotherapy results in a lower response rate, but one that tends to be more durable. Insights about mechanisms of response and potential synergy between these treatment strategies for melanoma are a focus of this review, with opportunities to extend these insights to the treatment of other cancers.
Significance: Two major advances in melanoma have occurred concurrently and involve treatment with targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade. However, each of these approaches has limitations with regard to overall response rates or duration of response. To address this, investigators have proposed combining these strategies, and this concept is being tested empirically in clinical trials. There is a scientific rationale supporting the combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and these concepts are discussed herein. Cancer Discov; 4(12); 1377–86. ©2014 AACR.
Resveratrol Treatment of Mice With Pressure-Overload–Induced Heart Failure Improves Diastolic Function and Cardiac Energy Metabolism
Authors: Sung Miranda M. , Das Subhash K. , Levasseur Jody , Byrne Nikole J. , Fung David , Kim Ty T. , Masson Grant , Boisvenue Jamie , Soltys Carrie-Lynn , Oudit Gavin Y. , Dyck Jason R.B. 
Published: November 2014

Background—
Although resveratrol has multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects, whether resveratrol can be used for the treatment and management of heart failure (HF) remains unclear. In the current study, we determined whether resveratrol treatment of mice with established HF could lessen the detrimental phenotype associated with pressure-overload–induced HF and identified physiological and molecular mechanisms contributing to this.

Methods and Results—
C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to either sham or transverse aortic constriction surgery to induce HF. Three weeks post surgery, a cohort of mice with established HF (% ejection fraction <45) was administered resveratrol (≈320 mg/kg per day). Despite a lack of improvement in ejection fraction, resveratrol treatment significantly increased median survival of mice with HF, lessened cardiac fibrosis, reduced gene expression of several disease markers for hypertrophy and extracellular matrix remodeling that were upregulated in HF, promoted beneficial remodeling, and improved diastolic function. Resveratrol treatment of mice with established HF also restored the levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, restored cardiac AMP-activated protein kinase activation, and improved myocardial insulin sensitivity to promote glucose metabolism and significantly improved myocardial energetic status. Finally, noncardiac symptoms of HF, such as peripheral insulin sensitivity, vascular function, and physical activity, were improved with resveratrol treatment.

Conclusions—
Resveratrol treatment of mice with established HF lessens the severity of the HF phenotype by lessening cardiac fibrosis, improving molecular and structural remodeling of the heart, and enhancing diastolic function, vascular function, and energy metabolism.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Administration Mediated Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelin Formation in Subcortical Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ramos-Cejudo Jaime , Gutiérrez-Fernández María , Otero-Ortega Laura , Rodríguez-Frutos Berta , Fuentes Blanca , Vallejo-Cremades Maria Teresa , Hernanz Teresa Navarro , Cerdán Sebastián , Díez-Tejedor Exuperio 
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose—
Translational research is beginning to reveal the importance of trophic factors as a therapy for cellular brain repair. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) administration could mediate oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after white matter injury in subcortical stroke.

Methods—
Ischemia was induced in rats by injection of endothelin-1. At 24 hours, 0.4 μg/kg of BDNF or saline was intravenously administered to the treatment and control groups, respectively. Functional evaluation, MRI, and fiber tract integrity on tractography images were analyzed. Proliferation (KI-67) and white matter repair markers (A2B5, 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase [CNPase], adenomatous polyposis coli [APC], platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha [PDGFR-α], oligodendrocyte marker O4 [O4], oligodendrocyte transcription factor [Olig-2], and myelin basic protein [MBP]) were analyzed at 7 and 28 days.

Results—

The BDNF-treated animals showed less functional deficit at 28 days after treatment than the controls (
P
<0.05). Although T2-MRI did not show differences in lesion size at 7 and 28 days between groups, diffusion tensor imaging tractography analysis revealed significantly better tract connectivity at 28 days in the BDNF group than in the controls (
P
<0.05). Increased proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors was observed in treated animals at 7 days (
P
<0.05). Finally, the levels of white matter repair markers (A2B5, CNPase, and O4 at 7 days; Olig-2 and MBP at 28 days) were higher in the BDNF group than in the controls (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—
BDNF administration exerted better functional outcome, oligodendrogenesis, remyelination, and fiber connectivity than controls in rats subjected to subcortical damage in ischemic stroke.