bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological Investigation of Cryptococcosis in Animals at Dhaka Zoo
Authors: Ahasan SA , Chowdhury EH , Khan MAH , Parvin R , Azam SU , Mohiuddin G , Uddin J , Rahman MM , Akter L , Khair A 
Published: August 2014

Dhaka Zoo with 2000 animal heads of 184 species from significant genetic diversity and five million visitors influx round the year is placing it a public health important spot. This study was conducted to investigate cryptococcosis in animals at Dhaka Zoo to ascertain animal health, welfare and public health safety standard. One hundred and two opportunistic tissue samples were collected and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin at necropsy for 36 animals of 25 different species from Dhaka Zoo during the study period. Twenty five among the study animals were found suffering from granulomatous diseases, of them nine cases were identified cryptococcosis first ever in Bangladesh. Clinical history, nodular lesions on necropsy findings, granulomatous reactions with fungal spores & both Langhangs & foreign body giant cells on histopathology and characteristic spores with wide gelatinous band around endospores on special staining revealed cryptococcosis in eight rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and one greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Present study provides evidence of existing cryptococcosis and similar long standing zoonotic diseases in majority of rest of the animals with health risk that shades health safety standard at Dhaka zoo.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19114 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 123 - 129, 2013
Effect of Salt and Storage Time on Physico-Chemical and Sensorial Properties of Beef Meatball
Authors: Tanny RS , Hashem MA , Akhter S , Islam MS , Azad MAK , Ali MS , Hossain MM 
Published: August 2014

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of salt and storage temperature on the physico-chemical properties of meatball. For this purpose meatball samples were divided into two parts; one is called fresh meatball and another is preserved meatball at different temperatures. Then the fresh samples as well as the preserved samples were divided into four subdivisions. Then these are treated with different salt levels (0, 1.5, 3 and 5% salt level).These Samples were stored at 4oC and -20oC temperature. Samples preserved at 4oC were stored in the refrigerator for 21 days and were analyzed on 7th day, 14th day and 21st day and samples preserved at -20oCwere stored in the refrigerator for 60 days and were analyzed on 15th day, 30th day, 45th day and 60thday. Dry matter content of all the samples increased with the advancement of storage time, temperature and salt concentration. Ash value decreased with the increase of storage time. Fat value of all the samples decreased with the advancement of salt concentration, storage time and temperature. pH value of all the samples decreased with the increasing of salt concentration, storage time and temperature. Cooking loss of all the samples increased with increasing of salt concentration but decreased with increasing of storage time and temperature. Dry matter in fresh sample were less than in preserved samples. CP % of fresh beef meatball was 22.31, 20.55, 14.55 and 20.13 at different salt concentration. The values of CP, DM, Ash and Fat also varied among the samples significantly (P<0.01). Beef meatball can be refrigerated for 60 days in different techniques with more or less difference in the quality. Highly significant differences are observed in preserved samples than in fresh samples at different salt levels. Fresh beef meatball treated with 1.5% salt found to be more acceptable in terms of sensory evaluation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19117 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 137 - 147, 2013
Energy Consumption in Unpuddled Transplanting of Wet Season Rice Cultivation in North West Region of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam AKMS , Hossain MM , Saleque MA , Rabbani MA , Sarker RI 
Published: August 2014

Unpuddled transplanting of rice is gaining attention in Bagnaldesh agriculture. Energy budget is essential for efficient management of the resources in agricultural production. The energy balance under different minimum tillage practices in rice cultivation was assessed during 2009-11 by comparing the parameters: energy input, energy output, energy productivity and energy output:input ratio. Energy input in CT, SPWT, BP and ST were 25.50, 23.15, 20.48 and 20.49 GJ ha-1, respectively in rice cultivation. Maximum energy was consumed for chemical fertilizers. Tillage energy ranked second in conventional tillage and ranked fourth in minimum tillage options. Energy output was insignificant due to insignificant yield difference. Unpuddled transplanting (BP and ST) showed 8-12% increase in energy productivity and 22-24% increase in energy output:input ratio. However, from the energy saving point of view, unpuddled transplanting may be considered better options depending on the resources availability in rice cultivation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19176 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 229 - 237, 2013
Farming Practices and Livelihood of the Coastal People of Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin MT , Nasrin M 
Published: August 2014

The present study was designed to assess the farming patterns and farmers livelihood in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Three coastal districts namely, Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat located in the southwest of Bangladesh were selected to conduct the study. Fifty shrimp farmers from each district (a total of 150 farmers) were selected for necessary data collection on the basis of farm size category (i.e., small, medium and large) following stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics like sum, average, percentages, etc. were derived and calculated for analyzing the data. It was found that the farming system of coastal region was mainly shrimp based. The amount of land devoted to agricultural crop cultivation was declined due to shrimp cultivation for all categories of farmers. Number of livestock except poultry and duck was decreasing due to shortage of feed. Native fish species in fresh and open water bodies were also disappearing gradually. Lower crop production was observed through surveyed region due to lower productivity of land caused by salinity. However, shrimp cultivation opened up new avenues for employment for the local people especially for women. Small farmers get higher proportion of income (75.0% of total farm income) from shrimp farming than medium (67.4%) and large farmers (73.6%). On an average, farmers income was increased which enhanced overall socioeconomic condition and livelihood status. In spite of various adverse impacts of shrimp farming, it can be recommended that proper planning, regulation and motivation of the farmers are needed to develop an environment friendly shrimp farming as well as to maintain sustainable agricultural production practices in the coastal regions of Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19177 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 251 - 262, 2013
Food Security in Bangladesh: Present Status and Trend
Authors: Begum MEA , Hossain MI , DHaese L 
Published: August 2014

The study was is an attempt that offers better understanding the overall trend and pattern of food consumption and micro-nutrient intake using secondary data. The study revealed that total dietary energy consumption was 2230 kcal/capita/day which was higher than the total energy requirements of 2225 kcal/capita/day in 2003-2005. The shares of energy from protein (8.61%) and from fat (10.90%) were lower than 12% and 20% respectively, although upward trends for dietary fat and protein consumption were observed in between 1969-1971 and 2003-2005. The prevalence of child malnutrition declined in between 1992 and 2006. The results indicate that Bangladesh is not currently food secure in the sense of share of the total energy coming from protein and fat.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19178 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 263 - 271, 2013
Preventing Tracking-Tube False Detections in Occupancy Modeling of Southeastern Beach Mouse
Authors: Stolen Eric D. , Oddy Donna M. , Legare Mike L. , Breininger David R. , Gann Shanon L. , Legare Stephanie A. , Weiss Stephanie K. , Holloway-Adkins Karen G. , Schaub Ron 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Quantifying habitat occupancy of the southeastern beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris is important for managing this threatened species throughout its limited range. Tracking tubes were used to detect the southeastern beach mouse in coastal areas on the federal lands of the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and Canaveral National Seashore. Because this method relied on observations of footprints, detections of beach mice were confounded by the co-occurrence of cotton mice Peromyscus gossypinus, which have wider but slightly overlapping footprint widths. Mice of both species were captured and footprinted using tracking tubes to collect a database of footprints of known identity. These data were used to develop a Bayesian hierarchical model of the cutoff width at which a print could be assigned as a beach mouse with a known probability of error. Specifically, within the model, observed footprint widths were used to estimate a mean and variance of footprint width for each species, while accounting for variation between individual mice. Then, a distribution of new footprint widths was generated for each species by drawing from their modeled distributions. Finally, the new footprints were compared with a range of potential cutoff widths to evaluate the proportion of times the correct decision to exclude or accept the footprint was made. We graphically evaluated the performance of the cutoff widths and chose one that traded off between reducing false positives and retaining more correct detections for use in occupancy models. We explored the use of the cutoff width using occupancy models that allow for false-positive detections, and found that the use of the cutoff performed as expected. Over 40% of primary dune habitat on the Kennedy Space Center was occupied by beach mice during the period sampled. The proportion of vegetated habitat at a site had a negative influence on detection probability. No ecological covariates had a measurable influence on beach mouse occupancy, probably due to the limited range of environmental variation in the sampled region. The use of a cutoff for footprint width resulted in a reliable method to deal with false-positive detections in tracking tubes with small mammals and allowed the use of occupancy models that rely on certain detection.
Winter Distribution Dynamics and Implications to a Reintroduced Population of Migratory Whooping Cranes
Authors: Urbanek Richard P. , Szyszkoski Eva K. , Zimorski Sara E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
From 2001 to 2012, the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership released 196 costume-reared juvenile whooping cranes Grus americana in the eastern United States in an effort to reintroduce a migratory population of this endangered species. Techniques included leading juveniles from Wisconsin to wintering areas by ultralight aircraft or direct release of juveniles in Wisconsin prior to their first autumn migration. With few exceptions, ultralight-led cranes released on the Florida Gulf Coast wintered in inland freshwater habitats in subsequent winters. Wintering of the population occurred in four general regions: Florida–southern Georgia, coastal Carolina, the Mid-South (primarily Tennessee and northern Alabama), and the North (Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky). Releases of ultralight-led juveniles resulted in the majority of the population returning to winter in Florida during the early years of the reintroduction. Later direct autumn releases and shortstopping by ultralight-led birds increased numbers in the Mid-South. Winter climate played a large role in wintering in the North. Drought resulted in changes in wintering locations, especially in Florida. Other factors influencing changes in distribution included habitat degradation and associations with other whooping cranes, especially new mates and birds released by different techniques. Breeding pairs and direct autumn-released birds exhibited greater winter site fidelity than did nonbreeders or ultralight aircraft-led birds, but fidelity was low for all groups. Causes of mortality differed across the winter range, with predation being most prevalent in Florida and gunshot accounting for the majority of mortalities north of Florida. Because most pairing occurred in central Wisconsin, the widespread winter distribution had no apparent negative effect on pair formation. There was no clear relationship between winter region and subsequent incubation success. The widespread distribution of the population poses minimal risk to the outcome of the reintroduction in comparison to reproduction problems in the core reintroduction area of central Wisconsin.
Characterization of Cross-Protection by Genetically Modified Live-Attenuated Leishmania donovani Parasites against Leishmania mexicana
Authors: Dey Ranadhir , Natarajan Gayathri , Bhattacharya Parna , Cummings Hannah , Dagur Pradeep K. , Terrazas César , Selvapandiyan Angamuthu , McCoy John P. , Duncan Robert , Satoskar Abhay R. , Nakhasi Hira L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Previously, we showed that genetically modified live-attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite cell lines (LdCen−/− and Ldp27−/−) induce a strong cellular immunity and provide protection against visceral leishmaniasis in mice. In this study, we explored the mechanism of cross-protection against cutaneous lesion-causing Leishmania mexicana. Upon challenge with wild-type L. mexicana, mice immunized either for short or long periods showed significant protection. Immunohistochemical analysis of ears from immunized/challenged mice exhibited significant influx of macrophages, as well as cells expressing MHC class II and inducible NO synthase, suggesting an induction of potent host-protective proinflammatory responses. In contrast, substantial inhibition of IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 expression and the absence of degranulated mast cells and less influx of eosinophils within the ears of immunized/challenged mice suggested a controlled anti-inflammatory response. L. mexicana Ag–stimulated lymph node cell culture from the immunized/challenged mice revealed induction of IFN-γ secretion by the CD4 and CD8 T cells compared with non-immunized/challenged mice. We also observed suppression of Th2 cytokines in the culture supernatants of immunized/challenged lymph nodes compared with non-immunized/challenged mice. Adoptively transferred total T cells from immunized mice conferred strong protection in recipient mice against L. mexicana infection, suggesting that attenuated L. donovani can provide protection against heterologous L. mexicana parasites by induction of a strong T cell response. Furthermore, bone marrow–derived dendritic cells infected with LdCen−/− and Ldp27−/− parasites were capable of inducing a strong proinflammatory response leading to the proliferation of Th1 cells. These studies demonstrate the potential of live-attenuated L. donovani parasites as pan–Leishmania species vaccines.
HIV-1 and HIV-2 Differentially Mature Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells into IFN-Producing Cells or APCs
Authors: Royle Caroline M. , Graham David R. , Sharma Simone , Fuchs Dietmar , Boasso Adriano 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
HIV-1 causes a progressive impairment of immune function. HIV-2 is a naturally attenuated form of HIV, and HIV-2 patients display a slow-progressing disease. The leading hypothesis for the difference in disease phenotype between HIV-1 and HIV-2 is that more efficient T cell–mediated immunity allows for immune-mediated control of HIV-2 infection, similar to that observed in the minority of HIV-1–infected long-term nonprogressors. Understanding how HIV-1 and HIV-2 differentially influence the immune function may highlight critical mechanisms determining disease outcome. We investigated the effects of exposing primary human peripheral blood cells to HIV-1 or HIV-2 in vitro. HIV-2 induced a gene expression profile distinct from HIV-1, characterized by reduced type I IFN, despite similar upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and viral restriction factors. HIV-2 favored plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) differentiation into cells with an APC phenotype rather than IFN-α–producing cells. HIV-2, but not HIV-1, inhibited IFN-α production in response to CpG-A. The balance between pDC maturation into IFN-α–producing cells or development of an APC phenotype differentiates the early response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. We propose that divergent paths of pDC differentiation driven by HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause the observed differences in pathogenicity between the two viruses.
Contribution of TCR Signaling Strength to CD8+ T Cell Peripheral Tolerance Mechanisms
Authors: Smith Trevor R. F. , Verdeil Gregory , Marquardt Kristi , Sherman Linda A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Peripheral tolerance mechanisms are in place to prevent T cells from mediating aberrant immune responses directed against self and environmental Ags. Mechanisms involved in the induction of peripheral tolerance include T cell–intrinsic pathways, such as anergy or deletion, or exogenous tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells. We have previously shown that the density of peptide-MHC class I recognized by the TCR determines whether CD8+ T cells undergo anergy or deletion. Specifically, using a TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cell model, we demonstrated that persistent peripheral exposure to low- or high-dose peptides in the absence of inflammatory signals resulted in clonal deletion or anergy of the T cell, respectively. In this study, by altering the affinity of the peptide-MHC tolerogen for TCR, we have confirmed that this mechanism is dependent on the level of TCR signaling that the CD8+ T cell receives. Using altered peptide ligands (APLs) displaying high TCR affinities, we show that increasing the TCR signaling favors anergy induction. Conversely, using APLs displaying a decreased TCR affinity tilted our system in the direction of deletional tolerance. We demonstrate how differential peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance mechanisms are controlled by both the potency and density of MHC class I–peptide tolerogen.
Axl Receptor Blockade Protects from Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mice
Authors: Shibata Takehiko , Habiel David M. , Coelho Ana Lucia , Hogaboam Cory M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a sporulating fungus found ubiquitously in the environment, which is quickly contained in the immunocompetent host but can cause lethal invasive aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. We have recently demonstrated that Axl (one member of the Tyro3, Axl, Mertk receptor family) is a key regulator of antiviral immune responses in the lung. In this study, we investigated the role of Axl in antifungal immunity in a model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). In this model, Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were administered into the lungs of neutrophil-depleted mice, and the mice were monitored for survival, lung inflammatory response, and fungal clearance. The lethal effect of IPA was significantly reduced in anti-Axl mAb–treated mice compared with IgG control–treated mice. Targeting Axl significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation, including the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and chitinase-like proteins in whole lung. Further, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased M1 macrophages that highly expressed inducible NO synthase and decreased M2 macrophages that expressed Arginase 1 and were found in inflammatory zone protein (Fizz1). More importantly, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased the number of IFN-γ–producing T cells and NK cells compared with the IgG control group during IPA. Together, our results demonstrate that the Axl mAb treatment is protective during invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic mice. Collectively, these data suggest a potential deleterious role for Axl during primary immune responses directed against A. fumigatus and novel therapeutic strategy for IPA.
Food for Thought: The Process of Bringing a Universal Medical Curriculum to the Plate – Part I of III
Authors: McGuffin Aaron M. 
Published: August 2014

There is currently no universally accepted core collection of competencies or medical education material for medical students. Individual medical schools create their own competencies and set of educational material using a variety of approaches. What has resulted is a medical education system wherein medical students are trained without any burden of proof that they are indeed competent in agreed upon areas of knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors befit of a graduating medical student. In fact, the only uniform assurance a member of the public in the United States can have for a graduating allopathic medical student is that the student has successfully passed USMLE Step 1 and 2 by correctly answering a rumored 55–65% of questions correctly (yes, that is an F) and that they have maintained at least a “C” average or “Pass” equivalent in all of their medical school courses. This article discusses these inadequacies within the current medical education system, and the need to standardize the competencies and curricula for all medical schools through a narrative disclosing this author's experience with trying to initiate such a movement at his own medical school.
HERMENÊUTICA E ENSINO JURÍDICO EM TERRAE BRASILIS
Authors: Streck Lenio Luiz 
Published: August 2014

A discussão acerca do ensino jurídico deve ser feita no contexto dasduas grandes revoluções copernicanas que atravessaram o direito e a filosofia no século XX: o constitucionalismo e o ontologischeWendung (giro lingüístico-ontológico). Denuncia-se, assim, que a dogmática jurídica continua refratária a essa ruptura paradigmática, continuando a reproduzir um ensino jurídico estandardizado, que contribui para a ineficácia da Constituição. A hermenêutica filosófica pode ser um importante contributo para a construção de um discurso apto a superar as insuficiências teóricas do senso comum teórico dos juristas.
DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO, POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS E PESSOAS PRIVADAS (PASSADO, PRESENTE E FUTURO DE UMA PERENE TRANSFORMAÇÃO)
Authors: Moreira Egon Bockmann 
Published: August 2014

O Direito Administrativo brasileiro e sua relação com a economia estão passando por transformações radicais. Esse novo cenário exige a formulação de novas perguntas, que revelem a compreensão do que hoje de fato se passa no Direito brasileiro – sobretudo na integração público-privada.
POR UMA TEORIA DA NARRATOLOGIA JURÍDICA: DE QUE MODO A TEORIA LITERÁRIA PODE SERVIR À COMPREENSÃO E CRÍTICA DO DIREITO
Authors: Pinheiro Douglas Antonio Rocha 
Published: August 2014

A partir da utilização do dialogismo pelo historiador Carlo Ginzburg na análise de autos inquisitoriais, especialmente no caso dos benandanti, o artigo discute a possibilidade de uma leitura do Direito baseada nas categorias relativas à Teoria Literária, especialmente as defendidas por Mikhail Bakhtin, bem como sua capacidade de oportunizar uma nova reflexão sobre o fenômeno jurídico.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DOS MODELOS DE REPARTIÇÃO DE COMPETÊNCIAS LEGISLATIVAS NOS ESTADOS FEDERADOS
Authors: Tomio Fabricio Ricardo de Limas , Biehl Ortolan Marcelo Augusto , Camargo Fernando Santos de 
Published: August 2014

Este estudo tem por objetivo comparar a concentração de atribuições legislativas eadministrativas nos sistemas federativos alemão, argentino, australiano, austríaco, suíço, brasileiro, indiano e norte-americano. Com base na distribuição de competências legislativas entre a União e os Estados, pretende-se analisar o grau de restrições existentes ao poder central e o consequente grauautonomia normativa das subunidades. Serão consideradas as competências constitucionais quanto ao conteúdo (classificadas segundo a matéria) e quanto à extensão (classificadas segundo a participação um ou mais entes federativos), conforme a técnica de repartição adotada constitucionalmente. Constatase, desde já, que os modelos mais recentes de federação abordados distanciam-se do modelo clássico norte-americano ao estabelecer menores restrições à capacidade normativa do governo central.