bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intellectual Context of Solon’s Dike
Authors: Lewis John 
Published: February 2014

Solon is our only primary source for the intellectual context of archaic
Athenian political thought. Dike is central to that context. The primary question of dike is the degree of abstraction it denotes. To Solon dike is neither an abstract principle with metaphysical proportions, nor merely the concrete procedures of dispute mediation.
Solon understands Dike in a polis that is ordered by the thoughts and actions of particular human beings, not by divine dispensations. This re-alignment of political authority from vertical authoritarianism to horizontal citizen relationships is directly related to the views of nature found in the Milesian philosophers. Solon’s dike is immanent from the thoughts and actions of the citizens; it is not a divine power pushing down on the polis.
Solon’s dike has three distinct functions. First, it is the inevitable result of unjust thoughts and actions; this is ‘natural dike’. Second, dike is a process of dispute mediation; this is ‘procedural dike’. Third, dike is a nascent ordering principle in the polis, found in one passage in Solon as distinct from the consequent retribution. Dike is an archaic concept standing for a comprehensive inevitability in the interactions of the citizens.
The Emergence of the Ẕahabiyya in Safavid Iran
Authors: Anzali Ata 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article revisits some aspects of the commonly accepted scholarly narrative about the early historical development of the Barzishābādi offshoot of the Kubrawi order in Safavid Iran, a Sufi community better known in later sources as the Ẕahabiyya.1 My research focuses primarily on eleventh/seventeenth-century developments, and my examination of published and unpublished primary sources, some of which have not previously been taken into account, inclines me to suggest two major revisions to the standard scholarly narrative. First, the term Ẕahabiyya was not adopted as a proper designation for this Sufi order until the late eleventh/seventeenth century. Second, the official spiritual lineage of the order (the mashīkha), is likewise a late eleventh/seventeenth-century construction, a product of the joint efforts of the Ẕahabi master Muʾaẕẕin Khurāsānī (d. 1078/1668) and his disciple, Najīb al-Dīn Zargar Iṣfahānī (d. ca. 1108/1696–7). I examine the adoption of the designation Ẕahabiyya and the construction of a spiritual lineage and show how they intersect with a fascinating process of identity formation undergone by this Sufi order as it adapted to transformations in the religious landscape of Safavid Iran.
The Heart of Wang Daiyu’s Philosophy: The Seven Subtleties of Islamic Spiritual Physiology
Authors: Petersen Kristian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The True Explanation of the Orthodox Teaching (Zhengjiao zhenquan 正教真詮), published in 1642 by Wang Daiyu 王岱輿 (ca. 1590–1658), is the oldest extant text in the Han Kitab, a Sino-Islamic canon. This literature employed Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist language and imagery to explain Islamic thought. Wang was a pioneering figure in the institutionalization of this distinct Sino-Islamic discourse and crystallized much of the terminology used throughout subsequent Han Kitab literature. In the Zhengjiao zhenquan, Wang analyzes the spiritual nature of the heart, dividing it into three aspects and seven levels. These seven levels are correlative of the classification of subtleties (laṭāʾif ) or stages (aṭwār) developed by authors affiliated with the Kubrawi Sufi order. In this article, Wang’s spiritual taxonomy is analyzed in comparison with delineations of the multiple levels of the heart determined by Najm al-Dīn Rāzī (d. 1256) and Nūr al-Dīn Isfarāyīnī (d. 1317). Through a close reading of the sources I establish the intellectual influences from these authors’ thought on Wang’s explanation of Islam. By doing so we begin to determine the various sources for Sino-Islamic thought and determine an exact lexical register of Chinese language Islamic literature.
Northern Europe and the Arctic Agenda: Roles of Nordic and Other Sub-Regional Organizations
Authors: Bailes Alyson J.K. , Ólafsson Kristmundur Th. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Aside from the Arctic Council itself, a number of inter-governmental neighbourhood groupings – here defined as ‘sub-regional’ – have mandates covering at least part of the European High North. This paper asks how far the issues on the emerging Arctic agenda are addressed, in practical and/or policy terms, by such multilateral entities as the Nordic Council, Nordic Council of Ministers, Barents Euro-Arctic Council, Northern Dimension of the European Union, and Council of Baltic Sea States. Do these groups play conscious and helpful roles in tackling specific Arctic challenges, supporting a cooperative approach, and/or building joint Arctic policy platforms for their members? If not, do the explanations lie in the nature and limited competences of ‘sub-regional’ governance; in a lack of coordination, divisions and discrepancies between the bodies in question; or in an absence of political will? The need and scope for improvements are finally addressed against the wider political and institutional backdrop of the Arctic.
Iceland: A Small Arctic State Facing Big Arctic Changes
Authors: Cela Margrét 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Iceland is one of eight member states of the Arctic Council and claims to be the only sovereign state that is entirely located in the Arctic. Therefore, it should not come as a surprise that the region has gained a priority status in Iceland’s foreign policy. The developments in the Arctic will inevitably affect the country in one way or the other. This paper is divided into three sections; the first one discusses recent internal and external developments. The second section is about three different aspects of security, traditional, human and environmental, and furthermore, discusses those types of security in Icelandic context. The last section is on Iceland’s priorities in the Arctic, which are then measured against Lassi Heininen’s policy fields or indicators, and Arctic solutions presented by Alyson Bailes. Main conclusions are that even though Iceland has been going through challenging times in the resent years, the Arctic still remains somewhat a priority area, policy wise, and the Icelandic priorities, for the most part, fit within the frameworks of Arctic solutions and the policy fields they are measured against.
Arctic Security – Global Dimensions and Challenges, and National Policy Responses
Authors: Heininen Lassi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Stability and decrease of military tension are relevant in the new Northern order which replaced the confrontation of the Cold War period. This was a conscious choice by the Arctic states. In the international system with constant regional wars and the fight against terrorism this is an achievement – it would be possible to have another kind of order. In the 2010s this order is in a test, when the Arctic and its natural resources, as well as options to them, have become a target of growing global interest. The ongoing multifunctional change and geopolitical shift from a periphery into global has also meant changes in Arctic security environment and governance: Stability is not threatened by the military presence and the deployed nuclear weapon systems but more by rapid climate change and its environmental and socio-economic impacts. Everyday security of the people is threatened. Energy security has become a new discourse of Northern security. The strategic position of the region’s natural resources may create new tension, and economic and political competition. Followed from this, and concentrating on Arctic security, there are new dimensions and challenges, which require new and more global political responses. This article opens with a brief, theoretical discussion on how security is (re)defined, and how different security concepts are implemented. Second, it describes and defines a state of Arctic security by using three methods. Finally, the article studies and discusses national strategies and policies of the Arctic states regarding how they (re)define security and respond to the global and regional security challenges.
An International Polar Code of Navigation: Consequences and Opportunities for the Arctic
Authors: Scassola Andrea 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Arctic regime on vessel-source pollution is currently fragmented and inadequate to tackle the emerging environmental risks. Thus, a harmonized set of norms is needed to ensure compliance with internationally recognized standards. During the IMO’s Polar Code negotiations, Canada and the Russian Federation claimed that the regulations adopted pursuant to article 234 shall not be infringed. If ratified and complied with by a large majority of the international shipping community, The Code could acquire the status of generally accepted international rules and standard (GAIRAS). It follows that a Polar Code is not likely to substitute existing national norms, nor will it impede Arctic coastal states to use article 234 in the future. The tension between harmonization and the persistence of national regulations will likely result in a partially harmonized regime. While the Code will extend environmental protection to the high seas, national regulations will be harmonized in the EEZ insofar as design, construction, equipment and manning standards are concerned. Aside from the Polar Code process, designation of Special Areas and PSSAs may integrate the future Polar Code and the national regulatory frameworks now in force. Bilateral or multilateral harmonization should not be excluded to the extent practicable.
The Neglected Tradition? – The Genesis of the EU Seal Products Trade Ban and Commercial Sealing
Authors: Sellheim Nikolas 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The European Union’s ban on the placing on the market of seal products stemming from commercially hunted seals has triggered much controversy due to its negative impacts on Arctic livelihoods. This article looks at the different documents and steps that constitute the crafting process which has led to the adoption of Regulation 1007/2009 on trade in seal products. It puts special emphasis on the degree of recognition of commercial sealing as a livelihood and asks if it is a tradition that may have been neglected by the political discourse in the EU. Also the role of antisealing groups is considered that may have contributed to a pre-determined stance on the commercial seal hunt during the policy-making process.
Impact of Climate Change on Elderly People in the Arctic, with Special Focus on the European High North: A Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Begum Shahnaj 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Elderly people face increasing challenges in the Arctic region, with global warming figuring prominently among these. The rising average temperature in the region is causing not only the rapid melting of sea ice, but also a range of environmental, social, cultural and economic problems. While the population at large in the region suffers from these problems, the elderly are among the most vulnerable. Climate change has affected their lives in different ways – physically, socially, politically, culturally and psychologically – and the impacts have serious implications for their human rights. This is an issue that has not been adequately researched, particularly in the context of the European High North, and this paper undertakes to present the salient concerns in this regard.
Problems of the Legal Bases of Environmental Safety in the Arctic
Authors: Ivanova Alexandra 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Despite the large number of international legal rules and conventions, the problem of Arctic environmental safety consists of a complex political, legal and economic issues. Arctic environmental safety has not yet been adequately regulated in Russian federal legislation, state plans and programs, including the state budget.
Further studies are needed to develop a legislative framework for a qualitatively new model of balanced solutions to problems of environmental conservation, resource management and socio-economic development for present and future generations. The main areas are: the priority of environmental safety, equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of natural resources, analysis and evaluation of the negative impact on the environment, improving the efficiency of taxation to encourage investment in environmental protection, transparency and accessibility of information on the environment.
An important element is the participation of civil society, governments and business communities in the preparation, negotiation, decision making and implementation of sustainable development in the Arctic which must be based on environmental safety.
‘Himadri’ and the Global Politics of Melting Ice: India’s Arctic Presence and the March Towards Global Governance
Authors: Nayak Anuradha 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Arctic is witnessing major changes due to the melting and thinning of Arctic sea ice. This phenomenon resulted in exposure of hidden natural resources and opening of new navigational routes. The future would witness circumpolar states benefitting from these changes. However, it seems that non-circumpolar states would also be interested in participation and reaping benefits from the development process. Hence, they make their presence felt in the Arctic, through various activities which has geo-political impact. In this light, the article focuses on one of the non – circumpolar countries, India and its perspective stance. The article deliberates on the ramification of melting ice and the present Arctic system through the Arctic Council, the Svalbard treaty and an analysis of the Antarctic treaty system. The article concludes by proposing a perceived Arctic policy for India and a global governance model. The attempt is governance should focus on pan- Arctic issues rather than regional ones. Furthermore, it should encompass interests/rights of vested states, legal entities and other interested parties.
Marvelous Destruction: The Left-Leaning Satirical Magazines of 1905-1907
Authors: Brooks Jeffrey 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Russian artists and publicists created a symbolic language of revolution in left-leaning satirical magazines during and after the Revolution of 1905. They reversed the traditional association of the occult with rebellion and pictured tsarist officials as monsters, vampires, and demons. They stigmatized the old order and portrayed death as its murderous ally. They also evoked death as an instrument of revolution. This essay explores the imagery they used and the context in which they worked.
Mocking the Masters and Creating a Nation: The Yiddish Satirical Press in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Portnoy Edward 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article considers the growth and development of Yiddish satire journals as a publishing phenomenon in the wake of the 1905 revolution, particularly in consideration of the unusual nature of the legal, political, and social positions of Jews in the Empire. Also considered is the proliferation of cartoons and their visual critiques of Jewish life.
Листок из частного архива (К истории журнала Жупел’)
Authors: Сурис Борис 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This essay details the production history of Zhupel (Bugbear)—a journal of artistic satire published in St. Petersburg in the winter of 1905-1906 by several key artists of the World of Art collective. A starting point of this inquiry is a note casually composed by one of the journal’s contributors, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, to record various titles suggested for the journal at a World of Art gathering. The article reconstructs the origins of Zhupel and gauges the journal’s reception by the public and the official establishment, the nature and extent of the oppositional sentiment of various members of the World of Art (and their affiliates), as well as the artists’ involvement in the events of the period and in the business of publishing satirical journals. Also discussed are various literary-artistic alliances between the modernists of the World of Art and the realist writers of Maxim Gorky’s Znanie (Knowledge) cooperative that informed the verbal and visual content of the journal.
The Third Wave: Islamization of Europe, or Europanization of Islam?
Authors: Berger Maurits S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
To understand the concerns and issues related to Muslims and Islam in Europe, this article makes use of a framework that qualifies ‘Islam’ as two manifestations of ‘physical’ and ‘virtual’ Islam and ‘Europe’ as two discourses defined as the political-legal and cultural-religious discourse. The resulting matrix of these four dimensions will be applied to several of the main issues of the interaction between Islam and Europe: the numerical presence of Muslims, their visibility, the legacy of centuries of European-Islamic interaction, and the (in)compatibility of Islamic and European values. Based on these examples, the author observes that the European concerns regarding ‘Islam’ mostly relate to virtual Islam and are dominated by cultural-religious discourse. The author therefore questions the often-heard two-choice question between ‘Europanization of Islam’ or ‘Islamization of Europe’, arguing that the real choice to be made in Europe is whether it will adhere to its political-legal values, such as liberalism, equalit and human rights, or will prefer its cultural-religious values.
Embedding Islam in the ‘Moral Covenants’ of European States: The Case of a State-Funded Imam Training in the Netherlands
Authors: Boender Welmoet 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Modern European societies have set their ‘moral covenants’ in recent history and these underpin their social institutions. But what happens when new ‘alien’ religious institutions have to be included into the ‘moral commonwealth’ since a considerable number of people from different cultural backgrounds have come to live in Europe? How do the ‘fragile formulas’ (Salvatore) or ‘moral covenants’ (Selznick) underpin the institutionalisation process of Muslim institutions? How do the covenants persist and change? The institutionalisation processes of imam training programmes in Europe are excellent examples which can be used to examine the content and contemporary use of these ‘moral covenants.’ This paper explores the example of the Dutch ‘imam training debate,’ as a contribution to ongoing studies which focus on strategies of various actors involved in the institutionalisation process of Muslim learning institutions in Europe.
The Cultic World of the Blind Monks: Benzaiten, Jūzenji, and Shukujin
Authors: Faure Bernard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the complex institutional and symbolic network that developed during the medieval period, bringing together people, places, institutions, myths, legends, rituals, and deities. It focuses on the relationships between the goddess of musical arts and eloquence Benzaiten, the Hie Shrine deity Jūzenji, and itinerant performers such as the blind monks (mōsō) and thebiwa hōshi, who were instrumental in bringing together traditional Buddhist teachings and the performing arts (geinō). The paper argues that these relationships formed part of a broader semantic and symbolic field, at the center of which was the Protean figure of theshukujin(whose name can mean “astral god” and “god of destiny,” but also “god of theshuku”—outcasts groups and settlements). It shows how the latter was eventually identified by the Nō playwright Konparu Zenchiku (1405-1468), in his seminal workMeishukushū, with the figure of Okina, the divine old man that is widely regarded as the symbol of Nō theater. With the slow decline of the blind monks and the growing aestheticism of Nō, however, the vital connection between esoteric Buddhism, local religious traditions, and the performing arts eventually unraveled.
Buddhist Structures and Secular Themes in Zeami’s Narrative Style
Authors: Pinnington Noel J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This study is a contribution to the question of the Buddhist character of medieval Nō drama. Previous studies have analyzed references to Buddhism or expressions of Buddhist practices in Nō plays. This study, however, focuses on the discourse through which plays tell their stories. It asks how the stereotypical structure for plays established by Zeami enabled the expression of voices conceived of within a Buddhist world-view. First, techniques used in some early plays to describe Buddhist ideas are considered. Next, the structural conventions developed by Zeami to portray similar subjects are investigated. It is shown how, in plays in which ghosts appear to Buddhist priests (mugen nō), Zeami’s system was well suited to expressing the contrast between the minds of beings on the Buddhist path and those trapped in delusion. Finally, three plays are explored which used these same conventions to represent more complex characters. These can be understood as exhibiting the adequacy of the Buddhist world-view to the expression of wider themes. The last play considered, which describes an elderly poetess, is the most successful. In it, Zeami’s conventions produce both a recognizable portrait of an old woman, whilst at the same time exposing analogies between her predicament and that of deluded ghosts.
The Papyrus from the ‘Musician’s Tomb’ in Daphne: MΠ 7449, 8517-8523 (Archaeological Museum of Piraeus)
Authors: Alexopoulou Athena A. , Karamanou Ioanna 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn Section 1 Athena Alexopoulou presents the imaging documentation techniques and the non-destructive investigation methodology applied to the papyrus-fragments from the “Musician’s Tomb” in Daphne (MΠ 7449, 8517-8523). They were used to learn more about the script rescued on the papyrus, and to find ways of improving its legibility. The high resolution and optical quality of the photomacrographs enables the detection of lines containing letter-sequences and syllables on the surface and underneath, improves readability and allows further philological interpretation. In Section 2 Ioanna Karamanou edits the legible papyrus-fragments of ΜΠ 8517, 8520, 8521, which were not edited in Martin West’s edition (grms1, 2013), offering an overview of the legible material and exploring its literary character. Having detected more readings suggestive of poetic words, she argues that they are consistent with and may supplement those of Prof. West’s edition, reinforcing the likelihood that the earliest Greek papyrus employed poetic diction.
The ‘Democratization’ of Memories of Singapore’s Past
Authors: Blackburn Kevin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn Singapore, there has been a ‘democratization’ of memory through heritage blogs and Facebook, YouTube clips of reminiscences about the past, as well as the state sponsored web-based Singapore Memory Project. Many Singaporeans are recording and making public their own memories through the digital media. Is this material mainly nostalgia rather than sources of the past that can give us a greater insight into what happened? Do these memories provide counter-narratives to the official version of the Singapore past, which is known as the Singapore Story?