bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal nonlinear eddy viscosity in Galerkin models of turbulent flows
Authors: Protas Bartosz , Noack Bernd R. , Östh Jan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe propose a variational approach to the identification of an optimal nonlinear eddy viscosity as a subscale turbulence representation for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) models. The ansatz for the eddy viscosity is given in terms of an arbitrary function of the resolved fluctuation energy. This function is found as a minimizer of a cost functional measuring the difference between the target data coming from a resolved direct or large-eddy simulation of the flow and its reconstruction based on the POD model. The optimization is performed with a data-assimilation approach generalizing the 4D-VAR method. POD models with optimal eddy viscosities are presented for a 2D incompressible mixing layer at $\mathit{Re}=500$ (based on the initial vorticity thickness and the velocity of the high-speed stream) and a 3D Ahmed body wake at $\mathit{Re}=300\,000$ (based on the body height and the free-stream velocity). The variational optimization formulation elucidates a number of interesting physical insights concerning the eddy-viscosity ansatz used. The 20-dimensional model of the mixing-layer reveals a negative eddy-viscosity regime at low fluctuation levels which improves the transient times towards the attractor. The 100-dimensional wake model yields more accurate energy distributions as compared to the nonlinear modal eddy-viscosity benchmark proposed recently by Östh et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 747, 2014, pp. 518–544). Our methodology can be applied to construct quite arbitrary closure relations and, more generally, constitutive relations optimizing statistical properties of a broad class of reduced-order models.
Radiation-induced sarcoma masquerading as osteoradionecrosis: case report and literature review
Authors: Wood J , Ver Halen J , Samant S , Florendo N 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground:Radiation therapy is a commonly used treatment in head and neck oncology, whether used alone or as an adjunct to other treatments. Osteoradionecrosis and radiation-induced malignancy are both rare, late complications of radiation therapy.Methods:This paper describes a case of radiation-induced sarcoma of the mandible initially presenting as osteoradionecrosis. In addition, the literature on the identification and treatment of these entities is reviewed.Results:The patient underwent excision and reconstruction of the presumed osteoradionecrosis. Final pathology demonstrated radiation-induced sarcoma. The patient suffered tumour recurrence at seven months post-operatively.Conclusion:When evaluating a patient with osteoradionecrosis, clinicians should be cognisant of the risk of malignancy. This paper describes the first case of radiation-induced sarcoma presenting as osteoradionecrosis. Primary treatment of radiation-induced sarcoma is wide surgical extirpation, with a very limited role for chemotherapy. Overall survival for this entity is poor.
Lessons for regulating informal markets and implications for quality assurance – the case of migrant care workers in Austria
Authors: SCHMIDT ANDREA E. , WINKELMANN JULIANE , RODRIGUES RICARDO , LEICHSENRING KAI 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe rising number of private care arrangements in which live-in migrant care workers are engaged as a functional equivalent to family care calls for special attention by policy makers and formal long-term care providers on their implications for quality assurance and professional standards in the long-term care sector. Austria is one of the first countries in Europe where tangible legal measures have been taken to regulate this area under the heading of ‘24-hour care’, typically provided by middle-aged women. Reform measures went beyond policing and control mechanisms, including also incentives and tangible subsidies for all stakeholders. This paper contributes to a better understanding of their impact on the transition from informal to formal economy, focusing on quality assurance and working conditions. Based on empirical data and findings from semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders, a framework for the analysis of ‘illegal markets', based on Beckert and Wehinger's theory, is used to discuss potential implications in terms of valuation, competition and co-operation for policy in Austria, and to draw lessons for other countries. Results indicate that even after efforts to ‘legalise’ migrant care, the sector remains a ‘grey’ area within modern labour market legislation and quality management. This is due to the very nature of personal care, low professional status associated with care work and the reluctance of political stakeholders to regulate private household activities.
Age-specific differences in influenza virus type and subtype distribution in the 2012/2013 season in 12 European countries
Authors: BEAUTÉ J. , ZUCS P. , KORSUN N. , BRAGSTAD K. , ENOUF V. , KOSSYVAKIS A. , GRIŠKEVIČIUS A. , OLINGER C. M. , MEIJER A. , GUIOMAR R. , PROSENC K. , STAROŇOVÁ E. , DELGADO C. , BRYTTING M. , BROBERG E. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of seasonal influenza is influenced by age. During the influenza season, the European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN) reports weekly virological and syndromic surveillance data [mostly influenza-like illness (ILI)] based on national networks of sentinel primary-care providers. Aggregated numbers by age group are available for ILI, but not linked to the virological data. At the end of the influenza season 2012/2013, all EISN laboratories were invited to submit a subset of their virological data for this season, including information on age. The analysis by age group suggests that the overall distribution of circulating (sub)types may mask substantial differences between age groups. Thus, in cases aged 5–14 years, 75% tested positive for influenza B virus whereas all other age groups had an even distribution of influenza A and B viruses. This means that the intepretation of syndromic surveillance data without age group-specific virological data may be misleading. Surveillance at the European level would benefit from the reporting of age-specific influenza data.
Large proportions of overweight and obese children, as well as their parents, underestimate children’s weight status across Europe. The ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project
Authors: Manios Yannis , Moschonis George , Karatzi Kalliopi , Androutsos Odysseas , Chinapaw Mai , Moreno Luis A , Bere Elling , Molnar Denes , Jan Natasha , Dössegger Alain , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Singh Amika , Brug Johannes 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the magnitude and country-specific differences in underestimation of children’s weight status by children and their parents in Europe and to further explore its associations with family characteristics and sociodemographic factors.DesignChildren’s weight and height were objectively measured. Parental anthropometric and sociodemographic data were self-reported. Children and their parents were asked to comment on children’s weight status based on five-point Likert-type scales, ranging from ‘I am much too thin’ to ‘I am much too fat’ (children) and ‘My child’s weight is way too little’ to ‘My child’s weight is way too much’ (parents). These data were combined with children’s actual weight status, in order to assess underestimation of children’s weight status by children themselves and by their parents, respectively. Chi-square tests and multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the aims of the current study.SettingEight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project.SubjectsA school-based survey among 6113 children aged 10–12 years and their parents.ResultsIn the total sample, 42·9 % of overweight/obese children and 27·6 % of parents of overweight/obese children underestimated their and their children’s weight status, respectively. A higher likelihood for this underestimation of weight status by children and their parents was observed in Eastern and Southern compared with Central/Northern countries. Overweight or obese parents (OR=1·81; 95 % CI 1·39, 2·35 and OR=1·78, 95 % CI 1·22, 2·60), parents of boys (OR=1·32; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·67) and children from overweight/obese (OR=1·60; 95 % CI 1·29, 1·98 and OR=1·76; 95 % CI 1·29, 2·41) or unemployed parents (OR=1·53; 95 % CI 1·22, 1·92) were more likely to underestimate children’s weight status.ConclusionsChildren of overweight or obese parents, those from Eastern and Southern Europe, boys, younger children and children with unemployed parents were more likely to underestimate their actual weight status. Overweight or obese parents and parents of boys were more likely to underestimate the actual weight status of their children. In obesity prevention such underestimation may be a barrier for behavioural change.
Increasing access to fresh produce by pairing urban farms with corner stores: a case study in a low-income urban setting
Authors: Gudzune Kimberly A , Welsh Claire , Lane Elisa , Chissell Zach , Anderson Steeves Elizabeth , Gittelsohn Joel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to pilot collaborations between two urban farms with two corner stores to increase access to fresh produce in low-income neighbourhoods.DesignWe conducted a pre–post evaluation of two farm–store collaborations using quantitative distribution and sales data. Using semi-structured interviews, we qualitatively assessed feasibility of implementation and collaboration acceptability to farmers and storeowners.SettingLow-income urban neighbourhoods in Baltimore, MD, USA in 2012.SubjectsPair #1 included a 0·25 acre (0·1 ha) urban farm with a store serving local residents and was promoted by the neighbourhood association. Pair #2 included a 2 acre (0·8 ha) urban farm with a store serving bus commuters.ResultsProduce was delivered all nine intervention weeks in both pairs. Pair #1 produced a significant increase in the mean number of produce varieties carried in the store by 11·3 (P<0·01) and sold 86 % of all items delivered. Pair #2 resulted in a non-significant increase in the number of produce varieties carried by 2·2 (P=0·44) and sold 63 % of all items delivered.ConclusionsOur case study suggests that pairing urban farms with corner stores for produce distribution may be feasible and could be a new model to increase access to fruits and vegetables among low-income urban neighbourhoods. For future programmes to be successful, strong community backing may be vital to support produce sales.
Inter-fraction variation in interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy
Authors: Kandasamy Saravanan , Reddy K. S. , Nagarajan Vivekanandan , Vedasoundaram Parthasarathy , Karunanidhi Gunaseelan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the inter-fraction variation in interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy. To assess the positional displacement of catheters during the fractions and the resultant impact on dosimetry.BackgroundAlthough brachytherapy continues to be a key cornerstone of cancer care, it is clear that treatment innovations are needed to build on this success and ensure that brachytherapy continues to provide quality care for patients. The dosimetric advantages offered by HDR brachytherapy to the tumour volume rely on catheter positions being accurately reproduced for all fractions of treatment.Materials and methodsA total of 66 patients treated over a period of 22 months were considered for this study. All the patients underwent computer tomography (CT) scan and three-dimensional treatment planning was carried out. Brachytherapy treatment was delivered by the HDR afterloading system. On completing the last fraction, CT scan was repeated and treatment re-planning was done. The variation in position of the implanted applicators and their impact on dosimetric parameters were analysed using both the plans.ResultsFor all breast-implant patients, the catheter displacement and D90dose to clinical target volume were <3 mm and 3%, respectively. The displacement for carcinoma of the tongue, carcinoma of the buccal mucosa, carcinoma of the floor of mouth, carcinoma of the cervix, soft-tissue sarcoma and carcinoma of the lip were comparatively high.ConclusionInter-fraction errors occur frequently in interstitial HDR brachytherapy. If no action is taken, it will result in a significant risk of geometrical miss and overdose to the organs at risk. It is not recommended to use a single plan to deliver all the fractions. Imaging is recommended before each fraction and decision on re-planning must be taken.
Edward MacDowell's Original Program for theSonata Eroica
Authors: BERTAGNOLLI PAUL 
Published: February 2015

AbstractManuscript sources for Edward MacDowell'sSonata Eroica(1895) divulge a radically different, notably more sinister program than the commentary that the composer imparted to Lawrence Gilman, his first biographer. Gilman's widely promulgated account, merely comprising four character sketches based on Tennyson's Arthurian epic,Idylls of the King, maintains that the score's movements respectively depict the coming of Arthur, Doré's engraving of a knight surrounded by elves, MacDowell's idea of Guinevere, and the passing of Arthur.Inscriptions in a continuity draft preserved at the Library of Congress, however, reveal that the first movement was initially conceived as an independent ballade (an intrinsically programmatic genre) and was originally inspired by Tennyson's portrayal of Vivien seducing Merlin. Another inscription discloses that MacDowell envisioned the third movement as Lancelot's adulterous serenade to Guinevere. Additional manuscript variants and close correlations between the score's vibrant musical topics and Tennyson's literary contexts demonstrate that the entire sonata, including the elfin scherzo and war-like finale, embodies a tale of seduction and its dire consequences.Although theEroica's vivid, newly discovered program remains compatible with MacDowell's professed aesthetics, he suppressed the inscriptions. Speculative reasons for his doing so include formal considerations, critical opinions on programmaticism, and his attitudes toward sex.
The jasmonate-responsive GTR1 transporter is required for gibberellin-mediated stamen development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Saito Hikaru , Oikawa Takaya , Hamamoto Shin , Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Kanamori-Sato Miyu , Sasaki-Sekimoto Yuko , Utsumi Tomoya , Chen Jing , Kanno Yuri , Masuda Shinji , Kamiya Yuji , Seo Mitsunori , Uozumi Nobuyuki , Ueda Minoru , Ohta Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPlant hormones are transported across cell membranes during various physiological events. Recent identification of abscisic acid and strigolactone transporters suggests that transport of various plant hormones across membranes does not occur by simple diffusion but requires transporter proteins that are strictly regulated during development. Here, we report that a major glucosinolate transporter, GTR1/NPF2.10, is multifunctional and may be involved in hormone transport inArabidopsis thaliana. When heterologously expressed in oocytes, GTR1 transports jasmonoyl-isoleucine and gibberellin in addition to glucosinolates.gtr1mutants are severely impaired in filament elongation and anther dehiscence resulting in reduced fertility, but these phenotypes can be rescued by gibberellin treatment. These results suggest that GTR1 may be a multifunctional transporter for the structurally distinct compounds glucosinolates, jasmonoyl-isoleucine and gibberellin, and may positively regulate stamen development by mediating gibberellin supply.
Collaborative rewiring of the pluripotency network by chromatin and signalling modulating pathways
Authors: Tran Khoa A. , Jackson Steven A. , Olufs Zachariah P.G. , Zaidan Nur Zafirah , Leng Ning , Kendziorski Christina , Roy Sushmita , Sridharan Rupa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractReprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a profound change in cell fate. Here, we show that combining ascorbic acid (AA) and 2i (MAP kinase and GSK inhibitors) increases the efficiency of reprogramming from fibroblasts and synergistically enhances conversion of partially reprogrammed intermediates to the iPSC state. AA and 2i induce differential transcriptional responses, each leading to the activation of specific pluripotency loci. A unique cohort of pluripotency genes including Esrrb require both stimuli for activation. Temporally, AA-dependent histone demethylase effects are important early, whereas Tet enzyme effects are required throughout the conversion. 2i function could partially be replaced by depletion of components of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin growth factor pathways, indicating that they act as barriers to reprogramming. Accordingly, reduction in the levels of the EGF receptor gene contributes to the activation of Esrrb. These results provide insight into the rewiring of the pluripotency network at the late stage of reprogramming.
Experimental Measurement-Device-Independent Entanglement Detection
Authors: Nawareg Mohamed , Muhammad Sadiq , Amselem Elias , Bourennane Mohamed 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEntanglement is one of the most puzzling features of quantum theory and of great importance for the new field of quantum information. The determination whether a given state is entangled or not is one of the most challenging open problems of the field. Here we report on the experimental demonstration of measurement-device-independent (MDI) entanglement detection using witness method for general two qubits photon polarization systems. In the MDI settings, there is no requirement to assume perfect implementations or neither to trust the measurement devices. This experimental demonstration can be generalized for the investigation of properties of quantum systems and for the realization of cryptography and communication protocols.
Ezh2 mediated H3K27me3 activity facilitates somatic transition during human pluripotent reprogramming
Authors: Rao Radhika Arasala , Dhele Narendra , Cheemadan Sabna , Ketkar Alhad , Jayandharan Giridhara R. , Palakodeti Dasaradhi , Rampalli Shravanti 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFactor induced reprogramming of fibroblasts is an orchestrated but inefficient process. At the epigenetic level, it results in drastic chromatin changes to erase the existing somatic “memory” and to establish the pluripotent state. Accordingly, alterations of chromatin regulators including Ezh2 influence iPSC generation. While the role of individual transcription factors in resetting the chromatin landscape during iPSC generation is increasingly evident, their engagement with chromatin modulators remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we demonstrate that histone methyl transferase activity of Ezh2 is required for mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) during human iPSC generation. We show that the H3K27me3 activity favors induction of pluripotency by transcriptionally targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway. We also demonstrate that the Ezh2 negatively regulates the expression of pro-EMT miRNA's such as miR-23a locus during MET. Unique association of Ezh2 with c-Myc was required to silence the aforementioned circuitry. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding by which Ezh2 restricts the somatic programme during early phase of cellular reprogramming and establish the importance of Ezh2 dependent H3K27me3 activity in transcriptional and miRNA modulation during human iPSC generation.
Whole-genome sequencing reveals that mutations in myosin-5 confer resistance to the fungicide phenamacril in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Zheng Zhitian , Hou Yiping , Cai Yiqiang , Zhang Yu , Li Yanjun , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo determine the mechanism of resistance to the fungicide phenamacril (JS399-19) in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight, we sequenced and annotated the genome of the resistant strain YP-1 (generated by treating the F. graminearum reference strain PH-1 with phenamacril). Of 1.4 million total reads from an Illumina-based paired-end sequencing assay, 92.80% were aligned to the F. graminearum reference genome. Compared with strain PH-1, strain YP-1 contained 1,989 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that led to amino acid mutations in 132 genes. We sequenced 22 functional annotated genes of another F. graminearum sensitive strain (strain 2021) and corresponding resistant strains. The only mutation common to all of the resistant mutants occurred in the gene encoding myosin-5 (point mutations at codon 216, 217, 418, 420, or 786). To confirm whether the mutations in myosin-5 confer resistance to phenamacril, we exchanged the myosin-5 locus between the sensitive strain 2021 and the resistant strain Y2021A by homologous double exchange. The transformed mutants with a copy of the resistant fragment exhibited resistance to phenamacril and the transformed mutant with a copy of the sensitive fragment exhibited sensitivity to phenamacril. These results indicate that mutations in myosin-5 confers resistance to phenamacril in F. graminearum.
Signalling mechanisms regulating phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells
Authors: Volinsky Natalia , McCarthy Cormac J. , von Kriegsheim Alex , Saban Nina , Okada-Hatakeyama Mariko , Kolch Walter , Kholodenko Boris N. 
Published: February 2015

In MCF-7 breast cancer cells epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cell proliferation, whereas heregulin (HRG)/neuregulin (NRG) induces irreversible phenotypic changes accompanied by lipid accumulation. Although these changes in breast cancer cells resemble processes that take place in the tissue, there is no understanding of signalling mechanisms regulating it. To identify molecular mechanisms mediating this cell-fate decision process, we applied different perturbations to pathways activated by these growth factors. The results demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex (mTORC)1 activation is necessary for lipid accumulation that can also be induced by insulin, whereas stimulation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is surprisingly dispensable. Interestingly, insulin exposure, as short as 4 h, was sufficient for triggering the lipid accumulation, whereas much longer treatment with HRG was required for achieving similar cellular response. Further, activation patterns of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), an enzyme playing a central role in linking glycolytic and lipogenic pathways, suggest that lipids accumulated within cells are produced de novo rather than absorbed from the environment. In the present study, we demonstrate that PI3K pathway regulates phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells, whereas signal intensity and duration is crucial for cell fate decisions and commitment. Our findings reveal that MCF-7 cell fate decisions are controlled by a network of positive and negative regulators of both signalling and metabolic pathways.
Operational reliability assessment of power systems based on bus voltage
Authors: Qin Wenping , Song Jiancheng , Han Xiaoqing , Wang Peng 
Published: February 2015

Bus voltage is a direct reliability indicator of a transmission network because it is related to system reactive and active power balance especially during a contingency state. This study proposes a technique to evaluate network operational reliability based on bus voltage. Two new voltage related bus reliability indices are proposed to represent bus reliability. Network reliability levels under various operating conditions and contingency states are evaluated and presented by probabilities of system voltage being in normal, under‐voltage, critical and collapse zones. The probabilistic voltage margin to the collapse point for each bus is evaluated to provide information for system operator regarding the risk under system random failures and load uncertainty. The IEEE 30‐bus system and a practical 220 kV Taiyuan power system in Shanxi Province of China have been analysed to illustrate the proposed techniques.