bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diploidy in evolutionary algorithms for dynamic optimization problems
Authors: Shabash Boris , Wiese Kay C. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– In this work, the authors show the performance of the proposed diploid scheme (a representation where each individual contains two genotypes) with respect to two dynamic optimization problems, while addressing drawbacks the authors have identified in previous works which compare diploid evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to standard EAs. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
– In the proposed diploid representation of EA, each individual possesses two copies of the genotype. In order to convert this pair of genotypes to a single phenotype, each genotype is individually evaluated in relation to the fitness function and the best genotype is presented as the phenotype. In order to provide a fair and objective comparison, the authors make sure to compare populations which contain the same amount of genetic information, where the only difference is the arrangement and interpretation of the information. The two representations are compared using two shifting fitness functions which change at regular intervals to displace the global optimum to a new position.

Findings
– For small fitness landscapes the haploid (standard) and diploid algorithms perform comparably and are able to find the global optimum very quickly. However, as the search space increases, rediscovering the global optimum becomes more difficult and the diploid algorithm outperforms the haploid algorithm with respect to how fast it relocates the new optimum. Since both algorithms use the same amount of genetic information, it is only fair to conclude it is the unique arrangement of the diploid algorithm that allows it to explore the search space better.

Originality/value
– The diploid representation presented here is novel in that instead of adopting a dominance scheme for each allele (value) in the vector of values that is the genotype, dominance is adopted across the entire genotype in relation to its homologue. As a result, this representation can be extended across any alphabet, for any optimization function.
Food consumption and marketing: turning toward Asia
Authors: Seo Yuri , Cruz Angela Gracia B. , Fam Kim-Shyan 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify a need to incorporate Asian perspectives in theories of food consumption and marketing.

Design/methodology/approach
– This editorial discusses the mutually recursive relationship between food and culture in Asian markets, offers an integrative summary of the special issue and develops several key themes for future research.

Findings
– Food consumption plays a central role within Asian cultures and markets. Thus, understanding Asian perspectives and contexts provides an important complement and contrast to current theories of food consumption and marketing that have been primarily sited in North American and European contexts. In particular, the complex multiplicity of Asian consumer cultures creates dynamic heterogeneity within Asian food markets.

Research limitations/implications
– Although food consumption plays a central role in Asian consumer cultures, extant theory regarding Asian food consumption and marketing is still in its infancy. We highlight important developments in this area that suggest a path for future work.

Originality/value
– The authors make three contributions to the literature on food consumption and marketing. First, while engaging with these questions, this issue points to the importance of Asian cultural perspectives into the marketing literature on food consumption. Second, through the articles of this special issue, we trace the relationships between food consumption practices, marketing practices and cultural multiplicity in Asian contexts. Finally, we draw the threads together to provide directions for future research in this area.
Environmental influences on living marine stromatolites: insights from benthic microalgal communities
Authors: Rishworth Gavin M. , van Elden Sean , Perissinotto Renzo , Miranda Nelson A. F. , Steyn Paul‐Pierre , Bornman Thomas G. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryExtant marine stromatolites act as partial analogues of their Achaean counterparts, but are rare due to depleted ocean calcium carbonate levels and suppression by eukaryotic organisms. Unique, peritidal tufa stromatolites at the interface between marine and freshwater inputs were discovered in South Africa in the past decade. Our aim was to investigate the benthic microalgal community (green algae, diatoms and cyanobacteria) of these stromatolites to assess succession and dominance patterns using real‐time, in situ measurements of algal concentrations and composition. These biological measurements were modelled using generalized linear modelling (GLM) multivariate statistics against water physical and chemical parameters measured at regular monthly intervals, from January to December 2014. Salinity peaked and temperature dipped in winter, with both correlated to microalgal community change (GLM: P < 0.01). Diatoms and cyanobacteria, which construct the stromatolites, were consistently the dominant groups within the algal community, with minimal green algae present throughout the year. Importantly, this demonstrates a unique, relatively stable microalgal stromatolite community as opposed to those of other marine stromatolites, which likely require seasonal and stochastic disturbance to persist. This has implications in terms of interpreting community succession and differential layering in modern and fossilized stromatolites respectively.
Integrated approach to understanding the onset and pathogenesis of black band disease in corals
Authors: Sato Yui , Civiello Michael , Bell Sara C. , Willis Bette L. , Bourne David G. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryEmerging infectious diseases are contributing to global declines in coral reef ecosystems, highlighting a growing need for aetiological knowledge to develop effective management strategies. In this review, we focus on black band disease (BBD), one of the most virulent diseases and the only polymicrobial disease so far known to affect corals. A multipartite microbial consortium dominated byCyanobacteria, but also including sulfur‐cycling bacteria, other bacterial groups and members of theArchaeaandEukarya, forms a sulfide‐rich anaerobic mat that migrates across the surface of coral colonies, killing the underlying tissues. The polymicrobial nature of the disease challenges classic aetiological approaches to unravelling disease causation. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on the range of pathogens forming the microbial consortium with recent studies on the transmission, biogeochemistry and environmental drivers ofBBDto develop a conceptual model ofBBDpathogenesis. The model illustrates how the development ofBBDvirulence factors is linked to a cascade of microbial community shifts and associated functional roles that progressively develop the microbial consortium from comparatively benign cyanobacterial patches to virulentBBDlesions. This review showcases how an approach that integrates multiple key aspects of the disease provides insights essential to elucidating the aetiology ofBBD.
Applying Knowledge of Species‐Typical Scavenging Behavior to the Search and Recovery of Mammalian Skeletal Remains
Authors: Young Alexandria , Stillman Richard , Smith Martin J. , Korstjens Amanda H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractForensic investigations involving animal scavenging of human remains require a physical search of the scene and surrounding areas. However, there is currently no standard procedure in the U.K. for physical searches of scavenged human remains. The Winthrop and grid search methods used by police specialist searchers for scavenged remains were examined through the use of mock red fox (Vulpes vulpes) scatter scenes. Forty‐two police specialist searchers from two different regions within the U.K. were divided between those briefed and not briefed with fox‐typical scavenging information. Briefing searchers with scavenging information significantly affected the recovery of scattered bones (χ2 = 11.45, df = 1, p = 0.001). Searchers briefed with scavenging information were 2.05 times more likely to recover bones. Adaptions to search methods used by searchers were evident on a regional level, such that searchers more accustom to a peri‐urban to rural region recovered a higher percentage of scattered bones (58.33%, n = 84).
Physicochemical Properties of Starch Isolated from Bracken (Pteridium aquilinim) Rhizome
Authors: Yu Xurun , Wang Jin , Zhang Jing , Wang Leilei , Wang Zhong , Xiong Fei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is an important wild plant starch resource worldwide. In this work, starch was separated from bracken rhizome, and the physicochemical properties of this starch were systematically investigated and compared with 2 other common starches, that is, starches from waxy maize and potato. There were significant differences in shape, birefringence patterns, size distribution, and amylose content between bracken and the 2 other starches. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that bracken starch exhibited a typical C‐type crystalline structure. Bracken starch presented, respectively, lower and higher relative degree of crystallinity than waxy maize and potato starches. Ordered structures in particle surface differed among these 3 starches. The swelling power tendency of bracken starch in different temperature intervals was very similar to that of potato starch. The viscosity parameters during gelatinization were the lowest in waxy maize, followed by bracken and potato starches. The contents of 3 nutritional components, that is, rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starches in native, gelatinized, and retrograded starch from bracken rhizome presented more similarities with potato starch than waxy maize starch. These finding indicated that physicochemical properties of bracken starch showed more similarities with potato starch than waxy maize starch.
Effect of organic matter on nitrogenase metal cofactors homeostasis in Azotobacter vinelandii under diazotrophic conditions
Authors: Jouogo Noumsi Christelle , Pourhassan Nina , Darnajoux Romain , Deicke Michael , Wichard Thomas , Burrus Vincent , Bellenger Jean‐Philippe 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBiological nitrogen fixation can be catalysed by three isozymes of nitrogenase: molybdenum (Mo)‐nitrogenase, vanadium (V)‐nitrogenase and iron‐only (Fe)‐nitrogenase. The activity of these isozymes strongly depends on their metal cofactors, molybdenum, vanadium and iron, and their bioavailability in ecosystems. Here, we show how metal bioavailability can be affected by the presence of tannic acid (organic matter), and the subsequent consequences on diazotrophic growth of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. In the presence of tannic acids, A. vinelandii produces a higher amount of metallophores, which coincides with an active, regulated and concomitant acquisition of molybdenum and vanadium under cellular conditions that are usually considered not molybdenum limiting. The associated nitrogenase genes exhibit decreased nifD expression and increased vnfD expression. Thus, in limiting bioavailable metal conditions, A. vinelandii takes advantage of its nitrogenase diversity to ensure optimal diazotrophic growth.
Conceptual and Operational Definitions of the Defining Characteristics and Related Factors of the Diagnosis Ineffective Health Management in People With Heart Failure
Authors: de Souza Carneiro Camila , Takao Lopes Camila , de Lima Lopes Juliana , Batista Santos Vinicius , Bachion Maria Márcia , de Barros Alba Lucia Bottura Leite 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo construct conceptual and operational definitions for the defining characteristics (DCs) and related factors (RFs) of the nursing diagnosis (ND) ineffective health management for people with chronic heart failure.MethodConceptual and operational definitions for the DC and RF were based on studies found in an integrative literature review in the databases Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and MEDLINE by using the key words Nursing diagnosis, Heart Failure, and Patient Cooperation in different combinations.ResultsConceptual and operational definitions for all the DCs and RFs were constructed.Conclusions and Implications for PracticeThe definitions will facilitate in the identification of ND in clinical practice in patients with heart failure, future research on ND validation, and education in undergraduate courses.
Chronic intermittent alcohol disrupts the GluN2B‐associated proteome and specifically regulates group I mGlu receptor‐dependent long‐term depression
Authors: Wills Tiffany A. , Baucum Anthony J. , Holleran Katherine M. , Chen Yaoyi , Pasek Johanna G. , Delpire Eric , Tabb David L. , Colbran Roger J. , Winder Danny G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractN‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are major targets of both acute and chronic alcohol, as well as regulators of plasticity in a number of brain regions. Aberrant plasticity may contribute to the treatment resistance and high relapse rates observed in alcoholics. Recent work suggests that chronic alcohol treatment preferentially modulates both the expression and subcellular localization of NMDARs containing the GluN2B subunit. Signaling through synaptic and extrasynaptic GluN2B‐NMDARs has already been implicated in the pathophysiology of various other neurological disorders. NMDARs interact with a large number of proteins at the glutamate synapse, and a better understanding of how alcohol modulates this proteome is needed. We employed a discovery‐based proteomic approach in subcellular fractions of hippocampal tissue from chronic intermittent alcohol (CIE)‐exposed C57Bl/6J mice to gain insight into alcohol‐induced changes in GluN2B signaling complexes. Protein enrichment analyses revealed changes in the association of post‐synaptic proteins, including scaffolding, glutamate receptor and PDZ‐domain binding proteins with GluN2B. In particular, GluN2B interaction with metabotropic glutamate (mGlu)1/5 receptor‐dependent long‐term depression (LTD)‐associated proteins such as Arc and Homer 1 was increased, while GluA2 was decreased. Accordingly, we found a lack of mGlu1/5‐induced LTD while α1‐adrenergic receptor‐induced LTD remained intact in hippocampal CA1 following CIE. These data suggest that CIE specifically disrupts mGlu1/5‐LTD, representing a possible connection between NMDAR and mGlu receptor signaling. These studies not only demonstrate a new way in which alcohol can modulate plasticity in the hippocampus but also emphasize the utility of this discovery‐based proteomic approach to generate new hypotheses regarding alcohol‐related mechanisms.
α2A‐Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and mRNA expression levels are associated with delay discounting in cocaine users
Authors: Havranek Michael M. , Hulka Lea M. , Tasiudi Eve , Eisenegger Christoph , Vonmoos Matthias , Preller Katrin H. , Mössner Rainald , Baumgartner Markus R. , Seifritz Erich , Grünblatt Edna , Quednow Boris B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCocaine users characteristically display preferences for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, and this delay discounting (DD) has been proposed as an endophenotype of cocaine addiction. Recent evidence suggests that the norepinephrine system and more specifically the α2A‐adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) are impacted by chronic cocaine use while also being potentially involved in the neural mechanisms underlying DD. Hence, we investigated the effects ofADRA2Apolymorphisms andADRA2AmRNA expression levels on DD of cocaine users and stimulant‐naïve controls. Two hundred and twenty‐three participants (129 cocaine users and 94 stimulant‐naïve healthy controls) completed a computerized DD paradigm and were genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs1800544, rs521674 and rs602618) in theADRA2Agene, while their peripheralADRA2AmRNA expression was quantified in whole blood samples. The three SNPs were in near‐perfect linkage disequilibrium. Accordingly, significantgroup*genotypeinteractions were found for all threeADRA2Avariants revealing steeper DD in cocaine users (but not in controls) carrying the G‐allele of SNP rs1800544, the T‐allele of rs521674 and the C‐allele of rs602618. Similarly, highADRA2AmRNA expression levels were significantly associated with a reduced tendency to choose smaller more immediate rewards (over larger delayed rewards) in cocaine users but not in controls. As the relationship between DD and cocaine use was moderated byADRA2ASNPs and by peripheralADRA2Agene expression, we propose that the norepinephrine system is involved in DD deficits observed in cocaine using individuals. Consequently, pharmacological compounds targetingADRA2As might be considered for the symptom‐specific treatment of delay aversion in stimulant addiction.
Haemaphysalis longicornis tick bites are a possible cause of red meat allergy in Japan
Authors: Chinuki Y. , Ishiwata K. , Yamaji K. , Takahashi H. , Morita E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRecent studies revealed that Amblyomma or Ixodes tick bites may cause red meat allergy, in which galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (α‐Gal) is a major IgE‐binding epitope. The incidence of red meat allergy is high in Shimane Prefecture, as is tick‐transmitted Japanese spotted fever. Therefore, we speculated that tick bites may cause these meat allergies. The carbohydrate α‐Gal was detected in the salivary gland protein of Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis), the vector for Japanese spotted fever, by immunoblotting using anti‐α‐Gal antibody. H. longicornis salivary gland protein‐specific IgE was detected in the sera of 24 of 30 patients with red meat allergies. Sensitization to tick salivary gland protein containing α‐Gal is possibly a major etiology of red meat allergy; the carbohydrate plays a crucial role in its allergenicity. These results further indicate that the α‐Gal epitope is present not only in Amblyomma or Ixodes, but also in Haemaphysalis.
Triggering prepared actions by sudden sounds: reassessing the evidence for a single mechanism
Authors: Marinovic W. , Tresilian J. R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLoud acoustic stimuli can unintentionally elicit volitional acts when a person is in a state of readiness to execute them (the StartReact effect). It has been assumed that the same subcortical pathways and brain regions underlie all instances of the StartReact effect. They are proposed to involve the startle reflex pathways, and the eliciting mechanism is distinct from other ways in which sound can affect the motor system. We present an integrative review which shows that there is no evidence to support these assumptions. We argue that motor command generation for learned, volitional orofacial, laryngeal and distal limb movements is cortical and the StartReact effect for such movements involves transcortical pathways. In contrast, command generation for saccades, locomotor corrections and postural adjustments is subcortical and subcortical pathways are implicated in the StartReact effect for these cases. We conclude that the StartReact effect is not a special phenomenon mediated by startle reflex pathways, but rather is a particular manifestation of the excitatory effects of intense stimulation on the central nervous system.
Magnetic resonance enterography is feasible and reliable in multicenter clinical trials in patients with Crohn's disease, and may help select subjects with active inflammation
Authors: Coimbra A. J. F. , Rimola J. , O'Byrne S. , Lu T. T. , Bengtsson T. , de Crespigny A. , Luca D. , Rutgeerts P. , Bruining D. H. , Fidler J. L. , Sandborn W. J. , Santillan C. S. , Higgins P. D. R. , Al‐Hawary M. M. , Vermeire S. , Vanbeckevoort D. , Vanslembrouck R. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Laurent V. , Herrmann K. A. , Panes J. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBackgroundReliable tools for patient selection are critical for clinical drug trials.AimTo evaluate a consensus‐based, standardised magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) protocol for selecting patients for inclusion in Crohn's disease (CD) multicenter clinical trials.MethodsThis study recruited 20 patients [Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores: <150 (n = 8); 150–220 (n = 4); 220–450 (n = 8)], to undergo ileocolonoscopy and two MREs (with and without colonic contrast) within a 14‐day period. Procedures were scored centrally using, Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA), and both Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS) and Simplified Endoscopic Score (SES‐CD).Results37 MREs were acquired. Both MREs were evaluable in 16 patients for calculation of test–retest and inter‐reader reliability scores. The MaRIA scores for the terminal ileum had excellent test–retest and inter‐reader reliability, with correlations >0.9. The proximal ileum showed strong within‐reader agreement (0.90–0.96), and fair between‐reader agreement (0.59–0.72). MRE procedures were tolerable. MaRIA scores correlated with CDEIS and SES‐CD (0.63 and 0.71), but not with CDAI (0.34). MRE identified 3 patients with intra‐abdominal complications, who would otherwise have been included in clinical trials. Furthermore, both MRE and ileocolonoscopy identified active bowel wall inflammation in 2 patients with CDAI <150, and none in 1 patient with CDAI > 220. Data quality was good/excellent in 85% of scans, and fair or better in 96%.ConclusionsMagnetic resonance enterography of high‐quality and reproducibility was feasible in a global multi‐ centre setting, with evidence for improved selectivity over CDAI and ileocolonoscopy in identifying appropriate CD patients for inclusion in therapeutic intervention trials.
Morphology of antennal, maxillary palp and labial palp sensilla in different larval instars of the Asian long‐horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Xu Lili , Zhang Lu , Yang Yuchao , Ren Lili , Wang Tao , Zong Shixiang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Asian long‐horned beetle (ALB) is one of the most important international trunk‐boring insect pests of forest trees, which has caused enormous losses in the forests of China, the USA and some countries in Europe. To investigate the morphology of the antennal, maxillary palp and labial palp sensilla in the five larval instars of the ALB, scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the typology, morphology, number and distribution of the sensilla. The antennae had two types of sensilla: the sensilla twig basiconica (s.t.b.) and sensilla basiconica. Three different types of sensilla were observed on the maxillary palps, which were the sensilla digitiformia, the sensilla chaetica and the s.t.b. The labial palps had two types of sensilla: the sensilla chaetica and the s.t.b. The s.t.b. had seven total subtypes, and the sensilla basiconica had two subtypes. The typology, quantity and distribution of sensilla on the antennae, maxillary palps and labial palps remained constant in the five larval instars, but the dimensions of all sensilla types increased throughout the development. We discussed the mechanoreception and the chemoreception of ALB larvae inside the host tree to provide a theoretical understanding and information for further research on the behaviour and the electrophysiology of this devastating forest pest.