bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beware Bubbles and Echo Chambers
Authors: Thomas Jim 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt's a bold but frankly risky opening shot for Kaebnick, Gusmano, and Murray to commence their report by claiming that a “majority opinion” or a “near‐con­sensus” has now been reached on the matter of synthetic biology. Risky because “majority opinions,” even in well‐established controversies, are highly unstable (events will have many surprises in store) but also risky because . . . well . . . the majority of whom, exactly? North American bioethicists? Invitees to Washington roundtable discus­sions? Or some sort of broader meaningful public major­ity? According to the authors, the particular unspecified majority they have in mind agrees that a social contract of sorts has already been hammered out in which “society should allow the technology to proceed and even provide it some financial support.”Has the burgeoning debate over synthetic biology re­ally already come to a gentleman's agreement brokered roughly along terms described by the U.S. President's Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues in its re­port of 2011? I don't think so.
Dynamic reconfiguration of the language network preceding onset of speech in picture naming
Authors: Liljeström Mia , Kujala Jan , Stevenson Claire , Salmelin Riitta 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLanguage production is a complex neural process that requires the interplay between multiple specialized cortical regions. We investigated modulations in large‐scale cortical networks underlying preparation for speech production by contrasting cortico‐cortical coherence for overt and silent picture naming in an all‐to‐all connectivity analysis. To capture transient, frequency‐specific changes in functional connectivity we analyzed the magnetoencephalography data in two consecutive 300‐ms time windows. Within the first 300 ms following picture onset beta frequency coherence was increased for overt naming in a network of regions comprising the bilateral parieto‐temporal junction and medial cortices, suggesting that overt articulation modifies selection processes involved in speech planning. In the late time window (300–600 ms after picture onset) beta‐range coherence was enhanced in a network that included the ventral sensorimotor and temporal cortices. Coherence in the gamma band was simultaneously reduced between the ventral motor cortex and supplementary motor area, bilaterally. The results suggest functionally distinct roles for beta (facilitatory) and gamma (suppressive) band interactions in speech production, with strong involvement of the motor cortex in both frequency bands. Overall, a striking difference in functional connectivity between the early and late time windows was observed, revealing the dynamic nature of large‐scale cortical networks that support language and speech. Our results demonstrate that as the naming task evolves in time, the global connectivity patterns change, and that these changes occur (at least) on the time‐scale of a few hundred milliseconds. More generally, these results bear implications for how we view large‐scale neural networks underlying task performance. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1202–1216, 2015. © 2014 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virtual water maze learning in human increases functional connectivity between posterior hippocampus and dorsal caudate
Authors: Woolley Daniel G. , Mantini Dante , Coxon James P. , D'Hooge Rudi , Swinnen Stephan P. , Wenderoth Nicole 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRecent work has demonstrated that functional connectivity between remote brain regions can be modulated by task learning or the performance of an already well‐learned task. Here, we investigated the extent to which initial learning and stable performance of a spatial navigation task modulates functional connectivity between subregions of hippocampus and striatum. Subjects actively navigated through a virtual water maze environment and used visual cues to learn the position of a fixed spatial location. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected before and after virtual water maze navigation in two scan sessions conducted 1 week apart, with a behavior‐only training session in between. There was a large significant reduction in the time taken to intercept the target location during scan session 1 and a small significant reduction during the behavior‐only training session. No further reduction was observed during scan session 2. This indicates that scan session 1 represented initial learning and scan session 2 represented stable performance. We observed an increase in functional connectivity between left posterior hippocampus and left dorsal caudate that was specific to scan session 1. Importantly, the magnitude of the increase in functional connectivity was correlated with offline gains in task performance. Our findings suggest cooperative interaction occurs between posterior hippocampus and dorsal caudate during awake rest following the initial phase of spatial navigation learning. Furthermore, we speculate that the increase in functional connectivity observed during awake rest after initial learning might reflect consolidation‐related processing. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1265–1277, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐pot Synthesis and Characterization of Gold‐nickel Bimetallic Nanorods
Authors: Selvi Selvam Tamil , Chi Kai‐Ming 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis report focuses on the synthesis of gold‐nickel bimetallic nanostructures. In the presence of amine as the capping agent, thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors CH3AuPPh3 and Ni(PPh3)4 in o‐xylene offered AuNi nanorods. Several preparative parameters possible influencing the morphology of the structure were carefully studied by varying the reaction conditions with respect to the standard procedure. The morphology and composition of the AuNi nanorods were principally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. The distribution of the Au as well as Ni atoms was examined by EDS mapping analysis. The mechanism of the formation of the AuNi bimetallic nanorods is proposed on the base of observation of the morphologies of nanostructures at various reaction time intervals.
LPS Promote the Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells via MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: He Wenxi , Wang Zhihua , Luo Zhirong , Yu Qing , Jiang Yong , Zhang Yaqing , Zhou Zeyuan , Smith Anthony J. , Cooper Paul R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHuman dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) show significant potential for exploitation in novel regeneration strategies, although lack of understanding of their responses to bacterial challenge constrains their application. The present study aimed to investigate whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major pathogenic factor of Gram‐negative bacteria, regulates the differentiation of hDPSCs and which intracellular signaling pathways may be involved. LPS treatment significantly promoted the differentiation of hDPSCs demonstrable by increased mineralized nodule formation and mRNA expression of several odontoblastic markers in a dose‐dependent manner. While inhibition of TLR4, p38, and ERK signaling markedly antagonized LPS‐mediated differentiation of hDPSCs. The inhibition of JNK and NF‐κB signaling had no detectable effect on LPS activation of hDPSCs. LPS stimulation resulted in phosphorylation of NF‐κB p65, IκB‐α, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DPSCs in a time‐dependent manner, which was markedly suppressed by their specific inhibitors, respectively. Data demonstrated that LPS promoted odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs via TLR4, ERK, and P38 MAPK signaling pathways, but not NF‐κB signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 554–561, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Media Participation and Mental Health in Terrorist Attack Survivors
Authors: Thoresen Siri , Jensen Tine K. , Dyb Grete 
Published: November 2014

Terrorism and disasters receive massive media attention, and victims are often approached by reporters. Not much is known about how terror and disaster victims perceive the contact with media and whether such experiences influence mental health. In this study, we describe how positive and negative experiences with media relate to posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions among survivors of the 2011 Utøya Island terrorist attack in Norway. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 285 survivors (47.0% female and 53.0% male) 14–15 months after the terrorist attack. Most survivors were approached by reporters (94%), and participated in media interviews (88%). The majority of survivors evaluated their media contact and participation as positive, and media participation was unrelated to PTS reactions. Survivors who found media participation distressing had more PTS reactions (quite distressing: B = 0.440, extremely distressing: B = 0.611, p = .004 in adjusted model). Perceiving media participation as distressing was slightly associated with lower levels of social support (r = –.16, p = .013), and regretting media participation was slightly associated with feeling let down (r = .18, p = .004). Reporters should take care when interviewing victims, and clinicians should be aware of media exposure as a potential additional strain on victims.
The value of a collaborative course for advanced head and neck surgery in East Africa
Authors: Chambers Kyle J. , Aswani Joyce , Patel Asmeeta , Fundakowski Christopher , Mannion Kyle , Lin Derrick T. , Netterville James 
Published: November 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the value of a collaborative course for advanced head and neck surgery in East Africa.Study DesignSurvey of participants.MethodsA 3‐day course in head and neck surgery was designed for otolaryngologists and trainees from Kenya and surrounding countries through a collaborative effort between Kenyatta National Hospital, the University of Nairobi, and the Head and Neck Divisions from the Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Topics included neck dissection, parotidectomy, total laryngectomy, parapharyngeal space tumors excision, and pectoralis myocutaneous flaps. A pre‐ and postcourse self‐evaluation survey was administered to measure course impact.ResultsEighteen otolaryngologists and trainees participated in the course, with 17 completing course surveys. The majority of participants (72%) were from Kenya. Prior to the start of the course, 41%, 71%, 23%, 12%, and 0% of participants indicated they could complete a neck dissection, parotidectomy, parapharyngeal space mass excision, total laryngectomy, and pectoralis myocutaneous flap, respectively. Following the course, 50%, 94%, 69%, 25%, and 38% of participants indicated they could complete a neck dissection, parotidectomy, total laryngectomy, parapharyngeal space tumors excision, respectively, with a statistically significant increase identified for pectoralis myocutaneous flaps (P < .001) and total laryngectomy (P = .009). There was also a trend toward an increase in the number of participants indicating an ability to complete parotidectomy following the course (P = .085).ConclusionsThis survey demonstrates the potential value of a collaborative course in advanced head and neck surgery as one useful model for increasing the number of well‐trained head and neck surgeons in East Africa.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 125:883–887, 2015
Endoscopic resection of anterolateral maxillary sinus inverted papillomas
Authors: Dean Nichole R. , Illing Elisa A. , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives/HypothesisEndoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) has become the surgical procedure of choice for resection of maxillary sinus inverted papillomas (IPs). Traditionally, IPs pedicled on the anterior and/or lateral walls of the maxillary sinus have required an adjuvant Caldwell‐Luc approach due to decreased visualization with transnasal endoscopy in these locations. The objective of the current study is to evaluate outcomes following endoscopic resection of anterolateral maxillary sinus IPs.Study DesignProspective case series.Subjects and MethodsOver 6 years, a total of 35 patients underwent EMM for maxillary sinus IPs located on the anterolateral maxillary wall. Demographics, operative technique, pathology, complications, recurrence, and postoperative follow‐up were evaluated.ResultsThe majority of patients were male (71%) with a mean age of 56 years (range 27–83). Most patients (71%) were referred for recurrence after previous attempts at surgical resection. Adequate visualization was obtained following EMM in the majority of patients with use of a 70‐degree endoscope and angled instrumentation. The addition of transseptal surgical access was critical to the removal of IPs in 16 patients. No Caldwell‐Luc approaches were required. Pathologic dysplasia was identified in nine patients, and three had carcinoma. There were no recurrences with a mean disease‐free interval of 29 months (10–72 months).ConclusionIn the present study, EMM provided excellent surgical access to anterolateral maxillary sinus IPs. The transseptal approach allowed enhanced visualization to this challenging location, previously considered accessible only with external procedures.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:807–812, 2015
Novel heterocyclic poly(pyridine‐imide)s with unsymmetric carbazole substituent and noncoplanar structure: High thermal, mechanical and optical transparency, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties
Authors: Huang Ying‐Chi , Wang Kun‐Li , Lee Wei‐Yi , Liao Yi‐An , Liaw Der‐Jang , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Lai Juin‐Yih 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA diamine containing heterocyclic pyridine and unsymmetrical carbazole substituents, 4‐(9‐ethyl‐3‐carbazole)‐2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)pyridine (CBAPP), was prepared for use in the synthesis of poly(pyridine‐imide)s PI‐1–8 by direct polycondensation with dianhydrides in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The poly(pyridine‐imide)s derived from the diamine are highly soluble in solvents such as N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and DMAc at room temperature. Noncoplanar polyimide (PI‐1) showed excellent solubility, high transparency, and high‐performance mechanical properties. These polymers had relatively high glass transition temperatures and exhibited good thermal stability in both nitrogen (Td10 > 470 °C) and air (Td10 > 450 °C). The PI‐3∼5 cannot form flexible and tough films due to the unsymmetrical carbazole moiety, rigid structure, and polar–polar interaction. However, through copolymerization technique these polymers (PI‐6∼8) could be enhanced through the solubility, mechanical, and thermal properties. The optical properties included a strong orange fluorescence (540 nm) after protonation with acid. When the HCl concentration was increased, a new absorption band at approximately 350 nm appeared, and the intensity of the fluorescent peak at 380 nm observed in the neutral polymer solution decreased, along with the appearance of the new fluorescent peak at 540 nm. The poly(pyridine‐imide)s presented here showed only slight fluorescence quenching in the presence of methanol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 405–412
Assessment of block and random copolymer overlayers on polymer optical fibers toward protein detection through electrostatic interaction
Authors: El Sachat Alexandros , Meristoudi Anastasia , Pispas Stergios , Riziotis Christos 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA simple fiber optic based scheme for the selective detection of proteins, based on surface electrostatic interactions, is presented. The implementation of this method is conducted using a modified polymer optical fiber's surface and thin overlayers of properly designed sensitive copolymer materials with predesigned molecular characteristics. Block poly(styrene‐b‐2vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) and random PS‐r‐P2VP copolymers of the same monomers and similar molecular weights, were modified and used as sensing materials. This configuration proved to be efficient concerning the fast detection of charged proteins, and also the efficient discrimination of differently charged proteins such as lysozyme and bovine serum albumin. Results on the sensing performance of block and random copolymers are also discussed drawing conclusion on their efficiency given their considerable different fabrication cost. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 327–334
Late Metal Scaffolds that Activate Both, Dinitrogen and Reduced Dinitrogen Species NxHy
Authors: Köthe Claudia , Limberg Christian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn the context of biological nitrogen fixation, the question whether molybdenum or iron is the site for substrate binding and reduction is still discussed controversially. Therefore, the development of relevant model compounds containing early or late transition metals is essential in understanding the nature and behavior of intermediates bound to the FeMo‐cofactor. Ligated early transition metal atoms are known to strongly activate N2 and mediate its cleavage, but the resulting complexes contain metal‐nitrogen bonds, which often elude further conversion. The contrary situation is observed for late‐metal dinitrogen chemistry, which is in the focus of this research report. Systems were selected, that not only bind dinitrogen but also N2 reduction intermediates NxHyz– (x = 1, 2; y = 1–4; z = 1–3) that might form on the way from N2 to NH3, so that more comprehensive reactivity patterns emerge. This includes Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Ni, and Cu based compounds.
Rate of Pulmonary Metastasis Varies with Location of Rectal Cancer in the Patients Undergoing Curative Resection
Authors: Lee Jong Lyul , Yu Chang Sik , Kim Tae Won , Kim Jong Hoon , Kim Jin Cheon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrecise understanding of recurrence patterns permits efficient surveillance and effective treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate recurrence patterns after treatment of rectal cancers, specifically with respect to tumor location and chemoradiotherapy (CRT).MethodsA single‐institution, retrospective cohort of 2,086 consecutive rectal cancer patients, was enrolled between January 2000 and December 2007. All the patients underwent curative operations (R0). Tumor location was classified into lower (≤5 cm), middle (>5 to ≤8 cm), and upper (>8 cm) groups based on the distance of the inferior tumor border from the anal verge; the patients were also characterized according to whether they received preoperative/postoperative CRT.ResultsThe lung was the most common recurrence site in the lower group (lower vs. middle/upper; 14.6 vs. 8.9 %/8.0 %, P = 0.001/0.001). Recurrence patterns were not associated with receipt of preoperative/postoperative CRT. Additionally, RT and CRT did not reduce the rate of pulmonary recurrence (no‐RT/preoperative CRT/postoperative CRT, 37.5/37.9/42.6 %; P = 0.13). In a multivariate analysis, preoperative level of serum carcinoembryonic antigen, abdominoperineal resection, advanced T category, N category, and circumferential resection margin were identified as independent risk factors for pulmonary recurrence in all groups. Otherwise, low rectal cancer was associated with unresectable pulmonary recurrence (RR = 2.19; 95 % CI 1.012–3.072; P = 0.04).ConclusionsNeither RT nor CRT affects the pattern and rate of recurrence. Tumor location specifically affects recurrence in rectal cancer patients, such that the lower group is a risk factor for unresectable pulmonary recurrences.
The Utility of Neck Ultrasound and Sestamibi Scans in Patients with Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Alkhalili Eyas , Tasci Yunus , Aksoy Erol , Aliyev Shamil , Soundararajan Saranya , Taskin Eren , Siperstein Allan , Berber Eren 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroduction
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) are disease entities in patients with chronic kidney disease that are caused by parathyroid hyperplasia. The role of preoperative localization studies in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for these conditions remains poorly defined.AimTo evaluate the utility of surgeon‐performed neck ultrasound (US) as well as sestamibi scans in the localization of parathyroid glands in patients with SHPT/THPT.
Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of patients with SHPT/THPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at a single institution. Results of preoperative localization studies were compared to intraoperative findings.ResultsOne hundred and three patients underwent parathyroidectomy for SHPT/THPT. All patients underwent surgeon‐performed neck US, while 92 (89 %) underwent sestamibi scans. US failed to localize any of the parathyroids in 4 patients (3.8 %), while sestamibi was negative in 11 (12 %). Forty‐seven ectopic glands were identified in 38 patients in whom sestamibi was performed. In five patients (13 %), ectopic glands were identified by both modalities, by US only in 6 (16 %), by sestamibi only in 8 (21 %), and by neither study in 19 patients (50 %). US showed new thyroid nodules in 19 patients (18.4 %), leading to lobectomy or thyroidectomy at the time of parathyroidectomy in 16 patients (15.5 %). Pathology showed malignancy in 7 patients (6.8 %).ConclusionUS and MIBI offer little benefit in localizing ectopic glands and rarely change the conduct of a standard four‐gland exploration. Although there was a benefit of US in the assessment of thyroid nodules, in only 8.7 % of patients was sestamibi of benefit in identifying ectopic glands.
Reproductive strategy and carry‐over effects for species with complex life histories
Authors: Green Adam W. , Bailey Larissa L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigated the influences of natal‐pool and metamorph characteristics on juvenile survival, age‐specific breeding probabilities, and dispersal of wood frogs (Lithobates sylvatica) and used this information to infer how life history strategies of short‐lived species may offset risks associated with breeding in highly variable habitats. We used multistate mark‐recapture data from eight wood frog populations in Maryland, USA, to investigate the influences of natal‐pond and metamorph characteristics on post‐metamorphic demographics. We found that post‐metamorphic juvenile survival was highly variable and negatively influenced by abiotic conditions experienced during development but showed little relationship to larval density or size at metamorphosis. Estimates of recruitment and dispersal probabilities indicated that males mature earlier than females, and a small percentage of each sex disperse to non‐natal pools. Survival probabilities for adults during the non‐breeding season were less variable than juvenile rates, lower for females, and negatively related to mean monthly precipitation. Survival of adults during the breeding season was generally very high. We provide the first robust estimates of post‐metamorphic vital rates of wood frogs that allow for variation in capture probabilities. We found little evidence for an effect of metamorph traits on juvenile survival, suggesting that wood frogs may be able to overcome initial disadvantages to have similar post‐metamorphic performance. Our study suggests that variation in the age of maturity for wood frogs may mitigate risks associated with breeding in a highly variable habitat to maximize lifetime fitness without increasing lifespan, and this strategy is minimally affected by carry‐over effects from the larval stage.