bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Analysis of the Human Antibody Response to Chikungunya Virus Infection: Implications for Serodiagnosis and Vaccine Development
Authors: Kam Yiu-Wing , Lee Wendy W. L. , Simarmata Diane , Harjanto Sumitro , Teng Terk-Shin , Tolou Hugues , Chow Angela , Lin Raymond T. P. , Leo Yee-Sin , Rénia Laurent , Ng Lisa F. P. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus which causes chronic and incapacitating arthralgia in humans. Although previous studies have shown that antibodies against the virus are produced during and after infection, the fine specificity of the antibody response against CHIKV is not known. Here, using plasma from patients at different times postinfection, we characterized the antibody response against various proteins of the virus. We have shown that the E2 and E3 glycoproteins and the capsid and nsP3 proteins are targets of the anti-CHIKV antibody response. Moreover, we have identified the different regions in these proteins which contain the linear epitopes recognized by the anti-CHIKV antibodies and determined their structural localization. Data also illustrated the effect of a single K252Q amino acid change at the E2 glycoprotein that was able to influence antibody binding and interaction between the antibodies and epitope because of the changes of epitope-antibody binding capacity. This study provides important knowledge that will not only aid in the understanding of the immune response to CHIKV infection but also provide new knowledge in the design of modern vaccine development. Furthermore, these pathogen-specific epitopes could be used for future seroepidemiological studies that will unravel the molecular mechanisms of human immunity and protection from CHIKV disease.
Pseudotyped Influenza A Virus as a Vaccine for the Induction of Heterotypic Immunity
Authors: Powell Timothy J. , Silk Jonathan D. , Sharps Jane , Fodor Ervin , Townsend Alain R. M. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThere is a need for vaccines that can protect broadly across all influenza A strains. We have produced a pseudotyped influenza virus based on suppression of the A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin signal sequence (S-FLU) that can infect cells and express the viral core proteins and neuraminidase but cannot replicate. We show that when given by inhalation to mice, S-FLU is nonpathogenic but generates a vigorous T cell response in the lung associated with markedly reduced viral titers and weight loss after challenge with H1 and H3 influenza viruses. These properties of S-FLU suggest that it may have potential as a broadly protective A virus vaccine, particularly in the setting of a threatened pandemic before matched subunit vaccines become available.
Cell-Specific Regulation of Nucleic Acid Sensor Cascades: a Controlling Interest in the Antiviral Response
Authors: Stein Saskia C. , Lam Eric , Falck-Pedersen Erik 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
In this study, we examined the capacities of non-antigen-presenting cell types to propagate antiviral signals following infection with recombinant adenovirus or by direct nucleic acid transfection. Three murine cell lines (RAW264.7 macrophages as a positive control, FL83B hepatocytes, and MS1 endothelial cells) were assessed following exposure to adenovirus, DNA, or RNA ligands. Based on primary (interferon response factor 3 [IRF3] phosphorylation) and secondary (STAT1/2 phosphorylation) response markers, we found each cell line presented a unique response profile: RAW cells were highly responsive, MS1 cells were modified in their response, and FL83B cells were essentially nonresponsive. Comparative reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of nucleic acid sensing components revealed major differences between the three cell types. A prominent difference was at the level of adaptor molecules; TRIF, MyD88, MAVS, and STING. TRIF was absent in MS1 and FL83B cells, whereas MyD88 levels were diminished in FL83B hepatocytes. These differences resulted in compromised TLR-mediated activation. While the cytosolic adaptor MAVS was well represented in all cell lines, the DNA adaptor STING was deficient in FL83B hepatocytes (down by nearly 3 log units). The absence of STING provides an explanation for the lack of DNA responsiveness in these cells. This hypothesis was confirmed by acquisition of IRF3 activation in Flag-STING FL83B cells following DNA transfection. To consolidate the central role of adaptors in MS1 endothelial cells, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of STING and MAVS resulted in a ligand-specific loss of IRF3 responsiveness. In contrast to the requirement for specific adaptor proteins, a requirement for a specific DNA sensor (AIM2, DDx41, or p204) in the IRF3 activation response was not detected by shRNA knockdown in MS1 cells. The data reveal that cell-specific regulation of nucleic acid sensing cascade components influences antiviral recognition responses, that controlling levels of adaptor molecules is a recurring strategy in regulating antiviral recognition response functions, and that comparative RT-qPCR has predictive value for antiviral/innate response functions in these cells.
Elevated HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam: a systematic review
Authors: García Macarena C , Meyer Samantha B , Ward Paul 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo review and analyse original studies on HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam.DesignSystematic literature review. Comprehensive identification of material was conducted by systematic electronic searches of selected databases. Inclusion criteria included studies conducted from 2002 onwards, following a systematic review concluding in 2001 conducted by Colby, Nghia Huu and Doussantousse. Data analysis was undertaken through the application of both the Cochrane Collaboration and ePPI Centre approaches to the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative studies.SettingVietnam.ResultsSixteen studies, undertaken during 2005–2011, were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that HIV prevalence among MSM in Vietnam has increased significantly (eg, from 9.4% in 2006 to 20% in 2010 in Hanoi) and that protective behaviours, such as condom use and HIV testing and counselling, continue at inadequately low levels.ConclusionsIncreasing HIV prevalence and the lack of effective protective behaviours such as consistent condom use during anal sex among MSM in Vietnam indicate a potential for a more severe HIV epidemic in the future unless targeted and segmented comprehensive HIV prevention strategies for MSM in Vietnam are designed and programmes implemented.
Is admission blood glucose concentration a more powerful predictor of mortality after myocardial infarction than diabetes diagnosis? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Gholap Nitin Narayan , Mehta Rajnikant Laxmishanker , Ng Leong , Davies Melanie J , Khunti Kamlesh , Squire Iain B 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveTo explore the relative association of admission blood glucose levels and antecedent diabetes on early and long-term survival in a contemporary UK population of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI).DesignRetrospective cohort study based on the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project dataset.SettingTertiary care centre.Participants4111 (20.3% known diabetes) consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (58.3% STEMI) between October 2002 and September 2008.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAll-cause mortality at 30 days and 1 year. The relative association of admission blood glucose and of antecedent diabetes with mortality was assessed using multivariate Cox regression analysis. Furthermore, we compared these relationships in patients with STEMI to those with NSTEMI.ResultsBy 30 days and 1 year, 409 (9.9%) and 677 (16.5%) of patients died. After adjusting for covariates, diabetes did not show independent association with mortality at any time point, in the entire cohort (HR 30 days 0.93 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.38); 1 year 1.00 (0.77 to 1.30)) or in subgroups of STEMI (HR 30 days 1.03 (0.65 to 1.64); 1 year 1.08 (0.77 to 1.51)) and NSTEMI (HR 30 days 0.62 (0.26 to 1.50); 1 year 0.87 (0.56 to 1.36)). In contrast, after adjusting for covariates, admission glucose showed robust and independent association with mortality in the entire cohort (HR: 30 days 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10); 1 year 1.05 (1.03 to 1.08)), and in the subgroup of STEMI (30 days 1.07 (1.03 to 1.10); 1 year 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10)), and NSTEMI (HR 30 days 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14); 1 year 1.02 (0.97 to 1.06)).ConclusionsAdmission glucose is strongly associated with mortality in all presentations of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), irrespective of established diabetes diagnosis. The increased risk is maintained up to 1 year. Future studies are required to assess the impact of active management of elevated blood glucose in improving mortality in individuals admitted with AMI.
Outcomes of Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Piccini Jonathan P. , Sinner Moritz F. , Greiner Melissa A. , Hammill Bradley G. , Fontes João D. , Daubert James P. , Ellinor Patrick T. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Walkey Allan J. , Heckbert Susan R. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Curtis Lesley H. 
Published: September 2012

Background—
Atrial fibrillation is common among older persons. Catheter ablation is increasingly used in patients for whom medical therapy has failed.

Methods and Results—
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years of age who underwent catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009. The main outcome measures were major complications within 30 days and mortality, heart failure, stroke, hospitalization, and repeat ablation within 1 year. A total of 15 423 patients underwent catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Mean age was 72 years; 41% were women; and >95% were white. For every 1000 procedures, there were 17 cases of hemopericardium requiring intervention, 8 cases of stroke, and 8 deaths within 30 days. More than 40% of patients required hospitalization within 1 year; however, atrial fibrillation or flutter was the primary discharge diagnosis in only 38.4% of cases. Eleven percent of patients underwent repeat ablation within 1 year. Renal impairment (hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.66–2.58), age ≥80 years (hazard ratio, 3.09; 95% confidence interval, 2.32–4.11), and heart failure (hazard ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 2.07–3.13) were major risk factors for 1-year mortality. Advanced age was a major risk factor for all adverse outcomes.

Conclusions—
Major complications after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation were associated with advanced age but were fairly infrequent. Few patients underwent repeat ablation. Randomized trials are needed to inform risk-benefit calculations for older persons with drug-refractory, symptomatic atrial fibrillation.
The Power of a Handshake: Neural Correlates of Evaluative Judgments in Observed Social Interactions
Authors: Dolcos Sanda , Sung Keen , Argo Jennifer J. , Flor-Henry Sophie , Dolcos Florin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Effective social interactions require the ability to evaluate other people's actions and intentions, sometimes only on the basis of such subtle factors as body language, and these evaluative judgments may lead to powerful impressions. However, little is known about the impact of affective body language on evaluative responses in social settings and the associated neural correlates. This study investigated the neural correlates of observing social interactions in a business setting, in which whole-body dynamic stimuli displayed approach and avoidance behaviors that were preceded or not by a handshake and were followed by participants' ratings of these behaviors. First, approach was associated with more positive evaluations than avoidance behaviors, and a handshake preceding social interaction enhanced the positive impact of approach and diminished the negative impact of avoidance behavior on the evaluation of social interaction. Second, increased sensitivity to approach than to avoidance behavior in the amygdala and STS was linked to a positive evaluation of approach behavior and a positive impact of handshake. Third, linked to the positive effect of handshake on social evaluation, nucleus accumbens showed greater activity for Handshake than for No-handshake conditions. These findings shed light on the neural correlates of observing and evaluating nonverbal social interactions and on the role of handshake as a way of formal greeting.
Cumulative morbidity and prognostic staging of illness in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)
Authors: Magalhães Pedro Vieira , Dodd Seetal , Nierenberg Andrew A , Berk Michael 
Published: September 2012

Objective: Staging models may provide heuristic utility for intervention selection in psychiatry. Although a few proposals have been put forth, there is a need for empirical validation if they are to be adopted. Using data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), we tested a previously elaborated hypothesis on the utility of using the number of previous episodes as a relevant prognostic variable for staging in bipolar disorder. Methods: This report utilizes data from the multisite, prospective, open-label study ‘Standard Care Pathways’ and the subset of patients with acute depressive episodes who participated in the randomized trial of adjunctive antidepressant treatment. Outpatients meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder ( n = 3345) were included. For the randomized pathway, patients met criteria for an acute depressive episode ( n = 376). The number of previous episodes was categorized as less than 5, 5–10 and more than 10. We used disability at baseline, number of days well in the first year and longitudinal scores of depressive and manic symptoms, quality of life and functioning as validators of models constructed a priori. Results: Patients with multiple previous episodes had consistently poorer cross-sectional and prospective outcomes. Functioning and quality of life were worse, disability more common, and symptoms more chronic and severe. There was no significant effect for staging with regard to antidepressant response in the randomized trial. Conclusions: These findings confirm that bipolar disorder can be staged with prognostic validity. Stages can be used to stratify subjects in clinical trials and develop specific treatments.
Psychiatry versus general physicians: who is better at differentiating epileptic from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures?
Authors: MacDonald Tim , Hill Aron , Phan Thanh , Fitzgerald Paul , Seneviratne Udaya 
Published: September 2012

Objective: To determine how accurately psychiatry and general medical doctors can differentiate epileptic and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures based on videotaped events (closest proxy to witnessed events). This study aims to establish how confidently this distinction can be made, the reasons why a particular diagnosis is reached, and inter-rater agreement. Methods: 18 videos of patients demonstrating a heterogeneous mixture of epileptic and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures were collected and ordered in a random mix. These videos were shown to groups of general physicians, medical registrars and residents ( n=19) as well as to psychiatrists and psychiatry registrars ( n=8) who were provided with a questionnaire. Results: A total of 27 doctors participated in the study. The overall percentage of correct diagnoses was 55.4%. There were no significant differences in correct diagnosis rates between psychiatry and general medical doctors. There was poor inter-rater agreement (Kappa = 0.159). Neither group was particularly confident in reaching a diagnosis, and diverse reasons underpinned the diagnoses given. Conclusion: Among the participants, merely observing an epileptic or non-epileptic event is insufficient to establish a definitive diagnosis. The results indicate poor diagnostic accuracy and agreement among psychiatry and general medical doctors. This may have important implications for both education and clinical practice.
Dialectical behavioral therapy informed treatment with Deaf mental health consumers: an Australian pilot program
Authors: Davidson Fiona , Cave Mark , Reedman Rebecca , Briffa Dianne , Dark Frances 
Published: September 2012

Objective: This paper outlines the process of implementation of a dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) informed treatment for Australian Deaf mental health consumers. Method: The pilot project team members adapted DBT materials for the Australian Deaf population. Feedback was obtained from the pilot participants and modifications made during the pilot. Participant progress and therapeutic alliance were monitored using culturally valid tools. Results: The DBT informed therapy approach was well received by this target group, with the observation and self report of improved interpersonal skills and emotional regulation. Conclusions: While labor intensive, the process of developing a DBT informed treatment program for Australian Deaf mental health consumers appears to be beneficial for this group. Culturally valid, objective measures of skill attainment need to be developed and further studies comparing different adapted therapeutic approaches would be useful.
Behavioural treatment of chronic, severe self-loathing in people with borderline personality disorder. Part 1: interrupting the self-loathing cycle
Authors: Krawitz Roy 
Published: September 2012

Objective: The purpose of this article is to briefly outline difficulties in the standard behavioural treatment of severe chronic self-loathing in people with borderline personality disorder, and to follow with a fuller discussion on interrupting the self-loathing cycle. This is the first of a series of two articles on this topic. The second article focuses on the specific intervention of self-compassion and briefly mentions a range of other behavioural interventions. Conclusions: Treating severe chronic self-loathing in people with borderline personality disorder can be challenging for client and clinician alike, with standard approaches often being ineffective. Assessment of reinforcers of the locked-in downward spiral of self-loathing will guide interventions for clients to interrupt this vicious cycle.
The use of practice guidelines by the American Society of Anesthesiologists for the identification of surgical patients at high risk of sleep apnea
Authors: Munish Munish , Sharma Vandana , Yarussi Kaitlyn M , Sifain Andrew , Porhomayon Jahan , Nader Nader 
Published: September 2012

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) has introduced a simple tool to assess the perioperative risk of surgery/anesthesia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We compared the surgical outcomes in patients at high risk of OSA with the matched controls. This was a case–control study conducted on 3593 surgical patients receiving a general anesthesia at a single institution. On the basis of a preoperative OSA scoring system using the ASA checklist, patients were classified as high-risk OSA (HR-OSA) or low-risk OSA (LR-OSA) groups. Apnea/hypopnea index of >5 h−1 during a formal preoperative sleep study was used to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of OSA. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to determine the predictive values as well as sensitivity and specificity of the ASA tool in predicting HR-OSA. The HR-OSA group was matched with the patients in LR-OSA using the propensity scoring and logistic regression. Patients were analyzed for premorbid conditions, intraoperative course and postoperative events using cross tabulation, logistic regression model and paired t test. The development of a composite respiratory complication in the postoperative period was considered as the primary end point. The ASA risk tool was found to have 95.1% sensitivity and 52.2% specificity. At a prevalence of 10%, the negative predictive value was 98.5%. Of the 3593 patients, 306 were identified as HR-OSA. The HR-OSA group was found to have a higher incidence of hypertension and diabetes preoperatively when compared with LR-OSA. Postoperatively, the HR-OSA group had higher incidence of hypoxia, reintubation, postoperative use of continuous positive airway pressure and a longer stay in the recovery room. The ASA checklist offers a highly sensitive tool to identify the patients at a higher risk of OSA during the perioperative period. Patients at HR-OSA have a higher incidence of adverse events in the postoperative period when compared with those with LR-OSA.
Use of the Exercise Treadmill Test for the Assessment of Cardiac Risk Markers in Adults Infected with HIV
Authors: Lorenzo Andrea De , Meirelles Vanderson , Vilela Felippe , Souza Fernando Cesar C. 
Published: September 2012

Background: Despite the association between HIV and coronary artery disease (CAD), there are no specific recommendations for the cardiovascular evaluation of the HIV-infected population. Besides being a tool for the evaluation of CAD, the exercise treadmill test (ETT) provides insights into functional capacity and autonomic function, which have been frequently affected in HIV infection, and thus may be useful in this setting. Methods: Forty-nine HIV-infected individuals without known CAD underwent ETT. Peak oxygen consumption during exercise (VO2 peak), functional capacity (in metabolic equivalents [METs]), exercise-induced ischemia, chronotropic incompetence (CI) and abnormal heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise were studied. Results: VO2 peak was 31.4±4.8 mL/kg/min and functional capacity was 9.2±1.6 MET. CI was observed in 30.6%, and 10.2% had abnormal HRR. VO2 peak was lower in women and inversely correlated with age and body mass index. None of the patients displayed ischemic changes. Conclusion: Although functional capacity was good, risk markers such as CI and abnormal HRR were not infrequent. This study identifies a subgroup of HIV-infected patients–the older, overweight, or obese–who may have higher risk and deserve cardiovascular screening with the ETT.
Registration of Magnetic Resonance Image Series for Knee Articular Cartilage Analysis
Authors: Urish Kenneth L. , Williams Ashley A. , Durkin John R. , Chu Constance R. ,   the OAI Investigators Group
Published: September 2012

Objective: Although conventional radiography is used to assess osteoarthritis in a clinical setting, it has limitations, including an inability to stage early cartilage degeneration. There is a growing interest in using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to identify degenerative changes in articular cartilage, including the large multicentered study, the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). There is a demand for suitable image registration and segmentation software to complete this analysis. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the open source software, ImageK, that registers 3 T MRI T2 mapping and double echo steady state (DESS) knee MRI sequences acquired in the OAI protocol. Methods: A C++ library, the insight toolkit, was used to develop open source software to register DESS and T2 mapping image MRI sequences using Mattes’s Multimodality Mutual information metric. Results: Registration was assessed using three separate methods. A checkerboard layout demonstrated acceptable visual alignment. Fiducial markers placed in cadaveric knees measured a registration error of 0.85 voxels. Measuring the local variation in Mattes’s Mutual Information metric in the local area of the registered solution showed precision within 1 pixel. In this group, the registered solution required a transform of 56 voxels in translation and 1 degree of rotation. Conclusion: The software we have developed, ImageK, provides free, open source image analysis software that registers DESS and T2 mapping sequences of knee articular cartilage within 1 voxel accuracy. This image registration software facilitates quantitative MRI analyses of knee articular cartilage.