bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CEO rhetorical strategies for corporate social responsibility (CSR)
Authors: Marais Magalie 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore CEO corporate social responsibility (CSR) rhetorical choices in response to stakeholder pressures. CEOs often search for legitimacy through CSR rhetoric. It contributes to maintaining or developing pragmatic, moral and cognitive legitimacy in a post‐crisis world where CSR concerns are gaining in importance.Design/methodology/approachA content analysis of various CEO discourses is performed. Press articles are analyzed to identify the nature of stakeholder pressures. Covariance analyses are conducted to study how CEO CSR rhetorical strategies vary between communication channels dedicated to specific stakeholders. Regression analyses are conducted between stakeholder pressures and rhetorical strategies.FindingsThe paper identifies three types of CEO CSR rhetorical categories: values rhetoric to develop moral legitimacy, normative rhetoric to improve cognitive legitimacy, and instrumental rhetoric to enhance pragmatic legitimacy. Values CSR rhetoric is used most often with employees or societal stakeholders. It increases when stakeholders' satisfaction is already quite high regarding financial performance, strategy, and products and services. Normative CSR rhetoric is rarely used. It is only devoted to societal stakeholders and it increases with stakeholder satisfaction with the quality of management, leadership and governance. Instrumental CSR rhetoric is mainly used with boards of directors, financial investors and shareholders. Its importance increases with stakeholder satisfaction with CSR but decreases with stakeholder satisfaction with financial performance and corporate vision/strategy.Originality/valueThe paper provides key contributions for CEOs on how to communicate on CSR. The empirical design based on qualitative and quantitative analyses innovates in operationalizing CSR rhetorical categories and stakeholder pressures.
English professional football clubs
Authors: Moore Neil , Levermore Roger 
Published: September 2012

PurposeIn the last two decades sports studies and sports management journals have called for there to be research in sports management that explores sports links to mainstream management analyses. The purpose of this paper is to argue that in many ways the sports sector is dominated by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), which have a different dynamic to larger entities and therefore should be analysed accordingly. This paper applies an SME perspective on English professional football clubs.Design/methodology/approachThis paper, drawn from 22 semi‐structured interviews with key individuals in the English professional football (soccer) industry, employs an interpretivist approach of semi‐structured interviews of key personnel to provide an account of the business practices prevalent in the English football industry.FindingsThe findings are as follows: that the sports industry can be regarded as one that is largely constituted of elements that are ascribed with characteristics associated with SMEs called archetypal SMEs, either in entity size, turnover or mentality; that much analysis of the administration and management of the sports industry fails to assess the sector through the prism of SME “modelling”; there are areas of engagement with SME literature that could be useful to the analysis of the management of the sports industry.Originality/valueThis paper does what few other papers have achieved by outlining that the sports industry can be effectively examined by applying “SME perspectives” to help explain what might appear to be their idiosyncratic characteristics.
Gender in family business management: a multinational analysis
Authors: Sonfield Matthew C. , Lussier Robert N. 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate five well‐established issues of gender stereotype, analyzing data obtained from 811 family businesses in eight diverse countries, with the objective of testing the relationship between male and female owner/managers of these businesses and these stereotypes in a managerial context.Design/methodology/approachThis eight country study involved survey research using hierarchal regression to test five hypotheses involving gender stereotypes relating to family business management. The eight countries, USA, Egypt, France, Argentina, Serbia, Kosovo, Kuwait, and Croatia, provided a mixture of entrepreneurial demographics and context.FindingsOnly one hypothesis supported a gender stereotype. As the percentage of female managers increases, so does the use of group rather than individual decision‐making. The other four variables – formal versus informal management style, conflict among family members, use of sophisticated financial analysis, and use of outside consultants, advisors and professional services – did not change significantly with the percentage of female owner/managers. For control variables, as the number of employees increased, the percentage of female owner/managers decreased, and females tended to own/manage service, rather than product, firms.Practical implicationsThese findings offer “theory into practice” implications for owner/managers of family businesses, as well as for those who assist such businesses.Originality/valueThese findings provide a theoretical contribution to the study of family business because clear answers to gender management similarities and differences in family firms remain elusive, and these results expand, modify and clarify the understanding of gender issues in family business.
Creative destruction and productivity: entrepreneurship by type, sector and sequence
Authors: Andersson Martin , Braunerhjelm Pontus , Thulin Per 
Published: September 2012

PurposeSchumpeter claimed the entrepreneur to be instrumental for creative destruction and industrial dynamics. Entrepreneurial entry serves to transform and revitalize industries, thereby enhancing their competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if entry of new firms influences productivity amongst incumbent firms, and the extent to which altered productivity can be attributed sector and time specific effects.Design/methodology/approachImplementing a unique dataset the paper estimates a firm‐level production function in which the productivity of incumbent firms is modeled as a function of firm attributes and regional entrepreneurship activity.FindingsThe analysis finds support for positive productivity effects of entrepreneurship on incumbent firms, albeit the effect varies over time, what the authors refer to as a “delayed entry effect”. An immediate negative influence on productivity is followed by a positive effect several years after the initial entry. Moreover, the productivity of incumbent firms in services sectors appears to be more responsive to regional entrepreneurship, as compared to the productivity of manufacturing firms.Originality/valueThe paper employs a firm‐level production function approach allowing for time lags of the effect of entrepreneurship. The unique data implemented allow the authors to identify genuinely new ventures as compared to those associated with reorganizations of existing businesses, thereby overcoming much of data deficiencies in previous studies. In addition, data are distributed on Swedish functional labor market regions.
James Buchanan on inheritance: a critique
Authors: Block Walter 
Published: September 2012

PurposeWhat are the reasons for writing this paper? The purpose of this paper is to make the case for liberty, and free enterprise, against the criticisms of this system. Specifically, the present essay is an attempt to criticize the case for inheritance taxation. This is made by many, but the author focuses on James Buchanan's contribution to this support for socialism. The author does so because James Buchanan is widely known as a champion of capitalism and free markets, and he is nothing of the sort, at least in this one case.Design/methodology/approachThe approach used in this paper is to quote widely from the adherents of inheritance taxes, and then to show the flaws in the cases they offer in support of this system.FindingsThe finding is that none of the arguments offered on behalf of inheritance taxation have been shown to be valid. There are flaws in all of them. This, of course, does not imply no such arguments can be shown to be successful; only that the ones herein cited do not justify this market interference.Social implicationsWhy do entrepreneurs engage in entrepreneurship? For a whole host of reasons, surely; these might in the extreme be as different as there are different entrepreneurs. But one motivation, certainly an important one, likely to be felt by most entrepreneurs, is to leave a bequest upon demise, so that one's heirs and loved ones may share in the fruits of one's entrepreneurial activities. Thus, taxes on inheritances, let alone those approaching the 100 percent level, must be anathema to at least most if not all entrepreneurial activities. The present paper makes the case against such attacks on wealth, bequests, inheritances.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, although there are of course defenses of bequests, and critiques of Buchanan on other matters, there are no criticisms of this Nobel prize winning economist on this particular issue.
Somatic growth in 94 single ventricle children – comparing systemic right and left ventricle patients
Authors: Hessel Trine Witzner , Greisen Gorm , Idorn Lars , Reimers Jesper Irving 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimWe sought to compare and assess growth in single ventricle children with a systemic right or left ventricle in five time periods: at birth, before neonatal surgery, before the Glenn anastomosis and finally before and after the Fontan operation to 11 years of age.MethodsWe reviewed medical records on 116 single ventricle patients operated at Rigshospitalet, Denmark from 1987 to 2007. Surgical procedures, feeding route, hemodynamic variables and anthropometric measurements such as weight and height were registered and converted to z‐scores.ResultsNinety four single ventricle patients were included for analysis. Gestational age and birth weight was not significantly different between the left and right ventricle group. Before neonatal surgery and before the Glenn anastomosis, both groups showed equal growth retardation. However, a significant difference in catch‐up growth was found before the Fontan operation. Thus, patients in the right ventricle group had a smaller median weight‐for‐age z‐score compared with the left ventricle group in the pre‐Fontan period (−1.9 and −1.6; p = 0.049) and in the post‐Fontan period (−1.1 and −0.7; p = 0.034).ConclusionAfter the Glenn anastomosis single ventricle children with a systemic left ventricle have better weight gain compared with children with a systemic right ventricle.
Rationing scarce organs for transplantation: healthcare provider perspectives on wait‐listing and organ allocation
Authors: Tong Allison , Jan Stephen , Wong Germaine , Craig Jonathan C. , Irving Michelle , Chadban Steven , Cass Alan , Howard Kirsten 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOngoing debate about how to maximize the benefit of scarce organs while maintaining equity of access to transplantation exists. This study aims to synthesize healthcare provider perspectives on wait‐listing and organ allocation. MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched till February 21, 2011. Quantitative data were extracted, and a qualitative synthesis of the studies was conducted. Twenty studies involving 4254 respondents were included. We identified two goals underpinning healthcare provider preferences for organ allocation: (i) maximize clinical benefit (quality of life gains, patient survival, treatment adherence, and graft survival) and social outcomes (social support, productivity, and valuation); (ii) achieve equity (waiting time, patient preferences, access to live donation, and medical urgency). Maximizing clinical or social outcomes meant organs would be preferentially given to patients expected to achieve good transplant outcomes or wider social gain. Achieving equity meant all patients should have an equal chance of transplant, or patients deemed more urgent receive higher priority. A tension between equity and efficiency is apparent. Balanced against dimensions of efficiency were considerations to instill a degree of perceived fairness in organ allocation. Ongoing engagement with stakeholders is needed to enhance transparency, a reasonable balance between efficiency and equity, and avoid discrimination against specific populations.
Phylogeny and comparative phylogeography of Sclerurus (Aves: Furnariidae) reveal constant and cryptic diversification in an old radiation of rain forest understorey specialists
Authors: d’Horta Fernando M. , Cuervo Andrés M. , Ribas Camila C. , Brumfield Robb T. , Miyaki Cristina Y. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim  To evaluate the role of historical processes in the evolution of Sclerurus leaftossers by integrating phylogenetic and phylogeographical approaches.Location  Humid forests of the Neotropical region.Methods  We reconstructed the evolutionary history of Sclerurus based on DNA sequences representing all species and 20 of the 26 recognized subspecies using one autosomal nuclear locus and three protein‐coding mitochondrial gene sequences. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood methods. We used Bayesian coalescent‐based approaches to evaluate demographic changes through time, and to estimate the timing of diversification events. Based on these results, we examined the temporal accumulation of divergence events using lineage‐through‐time plots.Results  The monophyly of all Sclerurus species was strongly supported except for Sclerurus mexicanus, which was paraphyletic in relation to Sclerurus rufigularis, and for the sister pair Sclerurus scansor–Sclerurus albigularis, which were not reciprocally monophyletic in the nuclear tree. We found remarkably deep phylogeographical structure within all Sclerurus species, and overall this structure was congruent with currently recognized subspecies and Neotropical areas of endemism. Diversification within Sclerurus has occurred at a relatively constant rate since the Middle Miocene.Main conclusions  Our results strongly support the relevance of physiographical (e.g. Nicaragua Depression, Isthmus of Panama, Andean Cordillera, great rivers of Amazonia) and ecological barriers (open vegetation corridor) and ecological gradients (elevational zonation) to the diversification of Neotropical forest‐dwelling organisms. Despite the high congruence among the spatial patterns identified, the variance in divergence times suggests multiple speciation events occurring independently across the same barrier, and a role for dispersal. The phylogenetic patterns and cryptic diversity uncovered in this study demonstrate that the current taxonomy of Sclerurus underestimates the number of species.
Computed tomography findings of aspiration pneumonia in 53 patients
Authors: Komiya Kosaku , Ishii Hiroshi , Umeki Kenji , Kawamura Tadao , Okada Fumito , Okabe Eiji , Murakami Junji , Kato Yukio , Matsumoto Bunroku , Teramoto Shinji , Johkoh Takeshi , Kadota Jun‐ichi 
Published: September 2012

Aim:  No large case series has so far shown the chest computed tomography (CT) features in patients with aspiration pneumonia, despite the fact that aspiration pneumonia is the most common pulmonary disease in the elderly and is regarded as gravity‐dependent pneumonia. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the CT features based on the patients' status in patients with dysphagia‐associated aspiration pneumonia.Methods:  A total of 53 patients, who were hospitalized because of pneumonia and subsequently confirmed to have dysphagia by videofluorography, were entered into this study. The CT findings were independently evaluated by two radiologists who were unaware of the patients' clinical information. The relationships between the patients' status and the CT patterns of pneumonia or their distributions were analyzed.Results:  There were eight patients (15%) with lobar pneumonia, 36 patients (68%) with bronchopneumonia and nine patients (17%) with bronchiolitis. Posterior lung predominance was seen in 49 patients (92%). In the craniocaudal observation, lower lung predominance was found in 25 patients (47%) and diffuse distribution was seen in 28 patients (53%). A decreased performance status was significantly associated with a diffuse distribution (P = 0.039).Conclusions:  Aspiration pneumonia more frequently presented as a bronchopneumonia pattern followed by a bronchiolitis pattern on CT. Their distributions were characterized by gravity dependence, and anterior‐ or upper lung‐limited pneumonia might not be due to dysphagia‐associated pneumonia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 580–585.
FurA is the master regulator of iron homeostasis and modulates the expression of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: González Andrés , Bes M. Teresa , Valladares Ana , Peleato M. Luisa , Fillat María F. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryKnowledge on the regulatory mechanisms controlling iron homeostasis in cyanobacteria is limited. In Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, the ferric uptake regulator FurA is a constitutive and essential protein whose expression is induced under iron deprivation. Our previous analyses have shown that this protein acts as a global transcriptional regulator, controlling the expression of several genes belonging to different functional categories, including schT, a gene coding for a TonB‐dependent schizokinen transporter. In the present study we analysed the impact of FurA overexpression and iron availability on the transcriptional modulation of a broad range of Anabaena iron uptake, transport, storage and cellular iron utilization mechanisms, including enzymes involved in siderophore biosynthesis, TonB‐dependent siderophore outer membrane transporters, siderophore periplasmic binding proteins, ABC inner membrane permeases, ferritin Dps family proteins, and enzymes involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. By combining reverse transcription‐PCR analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting experiments, we defined a variety of novel direct iron‐dependent transcriptional targets of this metalloregulator, including genes encoding at least five enzymes involved in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. The results unravel the role of FurA as the master regulator of iron homeostasis in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, providing new insights into the Fur regulons in cyanobacteria.
Structure and function of the adhesive type IV pilus of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Authors: Henche Anna‐Lena , Ghosh Abhrajyoti , Yu Xiong , Jeske Torsten , Egelman Edward , Albers Sonja‐Verena 
Published: September 2012

SummaryArchaea display a variety of type IV pili on their surface and employ them in different physiological functions. In the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius the most abundant surface structure is the aap pilus (archaeal adhesive pilus). The construction of in frame deletions of the aap genes revealed that all the five genes (aapA, aapX, aapE, aapF, aapB) are indispensible for assembly of the pilus and an impact on surface motility and biofilm formation was observed. Our analyses revealed that there exists a regulatory cross‐talk between the expression of aap genes and archaella (formerly archaeal flagella) genes during different growth phases. The structure of the aap pilus is entirely different from the known bacterial type IV pili as well as other archaeal type IV pili. An aap pilus displayed 3 stranded helices where there is a rotation per subunit of ∼ 138° and a rise per subunit of ∼ 5.7 Å. The filaments have a diameter of ∼ 110 Å and the resolution was judged to be ∼ 9 Å. We concluded that small changes in sequence might be amplified by large changes in higher‐order packing. Our finding of an extraordinary stability of aap pili possibly represents an adaptation to harsh environments that S. acidocaldarius encounters.
Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: An Internet survey
Authors: Goniewicz Maciej L. , Lingas Elena O. , Hajek Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAs the popularity of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) increases, it is becoming important to find out more about the characteristics of e‐cigarette users, why and how they use the product and whether e‐cigarettes are used exclusively or in combination with conventional cigarettes. The objective of this study was to investigate patterns and effects of e‐cigarette use and user beliefs about e‐cigarette safety and benefits.Design and MethodsE‐cigarette users in Poland were recruited online and asked to participate in a web‐based survey. The participants provided information on their smoking history, patterns of e‐cigarette use, beliefs and attitudes regarding the product and information on concurrent use of conventional cigarettes.ResultsThe survey was completed by 179 e‐cigarette users. Almost all participants used e‐cigarettes daily. E‐cigarettes were primarily used to quit smoking or to reduce the harm associated with smoking (both 41%), and were successful in helping the surveyed users to achieve these goals with 66% not smoking conventional cigarettes at all and 25% smoking under five cigarettes a day. Most participants (82%) did not think that e‐cigarettes were completely safe, but thought that they were less dangerous than conventional cigarettes. Sixty percent believed that e‐cigarettes were addictive, but less so than conventional cigarettes.Discussion and ConclusionsThe participants primarily used e‐cigarettes as a stop‐smoking aid or as an alternative to conventional cigarettes, and the majority reported that they successfully stopped smoking. More data on e‐cigarette safety and its efficacy in harm‐reduction and smoking cessation are needed.
The Paradox of Liberalization — Understanding Dualism and the Recovery of the German Political Economy
Authors: Hassel Anke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWhat do the recent trends in German economic development convey about the trajectory of change? Has liberalization prepared the German economy to deal with new challenges? What effects will liberalization have on the co‐ordinating capacities of economic institutions? This article argues that co‐ordination and liberalization are two sides of the same coin in the process of corporate restructuring in the face of economic shocks. Firms seek labour co‐operation in the face of tighter competitive pressures and exploit institutional advantages of co‐ordination. However, tighter co‐operation with core workers sharpened insider–outsider divisions and were built upon service sector cost cutting through liberalization. The combination of plant‐level restructuring and social policy change forms a trajectory of institutional adjustment of forming complementary economic segments which work under different rules. The process is driven by producer coalitions of export‐oriented firms and core workers’ representatives, rather than by firms per se.