bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the upper level structure of the Madden‐Julian oscillation
Authors: Monteiro Joy M. , Adames Ángel F. , Wallace John M. , Sukhatme Jai S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe nonlinear response of a spherical shallow water model to an imposed heat source in the presence of realistic zonal mean zonal winds is investigated numerically. The solutions exhibit elongated, meridionally tilted ridges and troughs indicative of a poleward dispersion of wave activity. As the speed of the jets is increased, the equatorial Kelvin wave is unaffected but the global Rossby wave train coalesces to form a compact, amplified quadrupole structure that bears a striking resemblance to the observed upper level structure of the Madden‐Julian oscillation. In the presence of strong subtropical westerly jets, the advection of planetary vorticity by the meridional flow and relative vorticity by the zonally averaged background flow conspire to create the distinctive quadrupole configuration of flanking Rossby waves.
Solar wind effect on Joule heating in the high‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Cai L. , Aikio A. T. , Nygrén T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe effect of solar wind on several electrodynamic parameters, measured simultaneously by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radars in Tromsø (TRO, 66.6° cgmLat) and on Svalbard (ESR, 75.4° cgmLat), has been evaluated statistically. The main emphasis is on Joule heating rate QJ, which has been estimated by taking into account the neutral wind. In addition, a generally used proxy QE, which is the Pedersen conductance times the electric field squared, has been calculated. The most important findings are as follows. (i) The decrease in Joule heating in the afternoon‐evening sector due to winds reported by Aikio et al. (2012) requires southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions and a sufficiently high solar wind electric field. The increase in the morning sector takes place for all IMF directions within a region where the upper E neutral wind has a large equatorward component and the F region plasma flow is directed eastward. (ii) At ESR, an afternoon hot spot of Joule heating centered typically at 14–15 magnetic local time (MLT) is observed during all IMF conditions. Enhanced Pedersen conductances within the hot spot region are observed only for the IMF Bz + /By− conditions, and the corresponding convection electric field values within the hot spot are smaller than during the other IMF conditions. Hence, the hot spot represents a region of persistent magnetospheric electromagnetic energy input, and the median value is about 3 mW/m2. (iii) For the southward IMF conditions, the MLT‐integrated QE for By− is twice the value for By+ at TRO. This can plausibly be explained by the higher average solar wind electric field values for By−.
Outflow and plasma acceleration in Titan's induced magnetotail: Evidence of magnetic tension forces
Authors: Romanelli N. , Modolo R. , Dubinin E. , Berthelier J.‐J. , Bertucci C. , Wahlund J. E. , Leblanc F. , Canu P. , Edberg N. J. T. , Waite H. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. , Coates A. , Dougherty M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCassini plasma wave and particle observations are combined with magnetometer measurements to study Titan's induced magnetic tail. In this study, we report and analyze the plasma acceleration in Titan's induced magnetotail observed in flybys T17, T19, and T40. Radio and Plasma Wave Science observations show regions of cold plasma with electron densities between 0.1 and a few tens of electrons per cubic centimeter. The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS)‐ion mass spectrometer (IMS) measurements suggest that ionospheric plasma in this region is composed of ions with masses ranging from 15 to 17 amu and from 28 to 31 amu. From these measurements, we determine the bulk velocity of the plasma and the Alfvén velocity in Titan's tail region. Finally, a Walén test of such measurements suggest that the progressive acceleration of the ionospheric plasma shown by CAPS can be interpreted in terms of magnetic tension forces.
Inorganic chlorine variability in the Antarctic vortex and implications for ozone recovery
Authors: Strahan S. E. , Douglass A. R. , Newman P. A. , Steenrod S. D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe infer the interannual variability of inorganic chlorine in the Antarctic lower stratospheric vortex using 9 years of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) nitrous oxide (N2O) measurements and a previously measured compact correlation. Inorganic chlorine (Cly) is the sum of the destruction products of long‐lived chlorine‐containing source gases. Its correlation with N2O, derived from observations in the year 2000, is scaled to the years 2004–2012 to account for subsequent N2O growth and chlorofluorocarbon decline. The expected annual Cly change due to the Montreal Protocol is −20 ppt/yr, but the MLS‐inferred Cly varies year‐to‐year from −200 to +150 ppt. Because of this large variability, attributing Antarctic ozone recovery to a statistically significant chlorine trend requires 10 years of chlorine decline. We examine the relationship between equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) and ozone hole area. Temperature variations driven by dynamics are a primary contributor to area variability, but we find a clear linear relationship between EESC and area during years when Antarctic collar temperatures are 1σ or more below the mean. This relationship suggests that smaller ozone hole areas in recent cold years 2008 and 2011 are responding to decreased chlorine loading. Using ozone hole areas from 1979 to 2013, the projected EESC decline, and the inferred interannual Cly variability, we expect ozone hole areas greater than 20 million km2 will occur during very cold years until 2040. After that time, all ozone hole areas are likely to be below that size due to reduced EESC levels.
Queues and Networks
Authors: Böhm Walter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQueueing theory of today is a highly developed discipline, although deeply rooted in probability theory, it has a strong interdisciplinary flavour and the wide range of applications make it a really interesting and challenging field. This article is meant to provide a gentle introduction into the subject and to give the reader an impression of these challenges and of the vast fields where queueing theory proved to be a successful method to understand and to analyze waiting lines and their dynamics. Our discussion starts with a first glimpse on interesting examples ranging from every‐day situations like waiting lines in supermarkets, road traffic, manufacturing and cellular mobile systems up to rather particular issues in the management of intensive care units in hospitals. Since many of the problems sketched in these examples may be studied within the framework of birth‐death processes we give a short introduction into the analysis of such processes and also show how this simple methodology can be extended to analyze more sophisticated questions arising in networks of queues. Our efforts to generalize ideas and methods will lead us to classical and celebrated results like the Pollaczek‐Khintchin mean value formula and we will also have occasion to look briefly at approximation and simulation techniques, indispensable tools of modern queueing theory.
Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Prodrugs: A Versatile Approach to Prepare Well‐Defined Drug‐Loaded Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Jinyao , Liu Wenge , Weitzhandler Isaac , Bhattacharyya Jayanta , Li Xinghai , Wang Jing , Qi Yizhi , Bhattacharjee Somnath , Chilkoti Ashutosh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of polymer–drug conjugates from prodrug monomers consisting of a cyclic polymerizable group that is appended to a drug through a cleavable linker is achieved by organocatalyzed ring‐opening polymerization. The monomers polymerize into well‐defined polymer prodrugs that are designed to self‐assemble into nanoparticles and release the drug in response to a physiologically relevant stimulus. This method is compatible with structurally diverse drugs and allows different drugs to be copolymerized with quantitative conversion of the monomers. The drug loading can be controlled by adjusting the monomer(s)/initiator feed ratio and drug release can be encoded into the polymer by the choice of linker. Initiating these monomers from a poly(ethylene glycol) macroinitiator results in amphiphilic diblock copolymers that spontaneously self‐assemble into micelles with a long plasma circulation, which is useful for systemic therapy.
A rapid LC‐MS/MS method for quantification of CSUOH0901, a novel antitumor agent, in rat plasma
Authors: Voggu Ramakrishna R. , Alagandula Ravali , Zhou Xiang , Su Bin , Zhong Bo , Guo Baochuan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCSUOH0901, a novel anticancer derivative of nimesulide, exhibits very promising anticancer activities in various cancer cell lines. In order to support further pharmacological and toxicological studies of this promising anticancer drug candidate, an LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The drug molecules were extracted from plasma samples by protein precipitation and then analyzed with LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. An excellent analyte separation was achieved using a phenomenex C18 column with a mobile phase of 90% methanol and 5 m m of ammonium formate. The validated linear dynamic range was between 0.5 and 100 ng/mL and the achieved correlation coefficient (r2) was >0.9996. The results of inter‐ and intra‐day precision and accuracy were satisfactory, that is, <12% for accuracy and within ±5% for precision at a low and high quality control concentrations, respectively. In addition, the analyte and internal standard (JCC76) were found to be stable under the storage conditions at −20°C for about 2 months. Hence, the acquired results proved that the LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method developed is precise, accurate and selective for the quantification of CSUOH0901 in plasma, and can be used for pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antecedents of young adults' materialistic values
Authors: Grougiou Vassiliki , Moschis George P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGiven the adverse effects of materialism on consumer well‐being, the present study integrates various theoretical frameworks within the life course paradigm to assess the effects of earlier‐in‐life experiences on young Greek adults' materialistic values. Findings from a sample of 285 young adults suggest that disruptive family incidents in early life affect the development of materialistic values, while peers have no discernible influence. Disruptive family settings appear to impair socio‐economic status and self‐esteem, but young Greek adults with impaired self‐esteem are not more materialistic. A family communication environment that places emphasis on autonomy and individual achievement appears to promote the importance of materialism, while a family communication setting that encourages compliance instead of self‐direction appears to deter the development of such orientations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular prenatal diagnosis of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts in a child from southwest of Iran
Authors: Shariati Gholamreza , Hamid Mohammad , Saberi Alihossein , Andashti Behnaz , Galehdari Hamid 
Published: November 2014

Key Clinical MessageMegalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC) is a rare neurological disorder with an autosomal recessive pattern. Clinical diagnosis was based on macrocephaly, recurrent seizure, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here we report first finding of a novel homozygous single base deletion in the MLC1 gene in an affected Iranian child causing a premature stop codon (p.L150fs.160X).
100 Jahre „Ullmann“
Authors: Elvers Barbara 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAls Fritz Ullmann 1914 die beiden ersten Bände der Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie herausgab, hätte er sich wohl in seinen kühnsten Träumen nicht vorstellen können, dass das Werk 100 Jahre später immer noch das Standardwerk der industriellen Chemie und des chemischen Ingenieurwesens sein wird. 2014 fasst das Werk nicht nur in 40 gedruckten Bänden, sondern auch elektronisch nach wie vor den Stand der Technik zusammen.
Step selection techniques uncover the environmental predictors of space use patterns in flocks of Amazonian birds
Authors: Potts Jonathan R. , Mokross Karl , Stouffer Philip C. , Lewis Mark A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the behavioral decisions behind animal movement and space use patterns is a key challenge for behavioral ecology. Tools to quantify these patterns from movement and animal–habitat interactions are vital for transforming ecology into a predictive science. This is particularly important in environments undergoing rapid anthropogenic changes, such as the Amazon rainforest, where animals face novel landscapes. Insectivorous bird flocks are key elements of avian biodiversity in the Amazonian ecosystem. Therefore, disentangling and quantifying the drivers behind their movement and space use patterns is of great importance for Amazonian conservation. We use a step selection function (SSF) approach to uncover environmental drivers behind movement choices. This is used to construct a mechanistic model, from which we derive predicted utilization distributions (home ranges) of flocks. We show that movement decisions are significantly influenced by canopy height and topography, but depletion and renewal of resources do not appear to affect movement significantly. We quantify the magnitude of these effects and demonstrate that they are helpful for understanding various heterogeneous aspects of space use. We compare our results to recent analytic derivations of space use, demonstrating that the analytic approximation is only accurate when assuming that there is no persistence in the animals' movement. Our model can be translated into other environments or hypothetical scenarios, such as those given by proposed future anthropogenic actions, to make predictions of spatial patterns in bird flocks. Furthermore, our approach is quite general, so could potentially be used to understand the drivers of movement and spatial patterns for a wide variety of animal communities.
Phase Correction for High Precision Measurement of Iron Loss Using H‐coil Method
Authors: Kutsukake Akifumi , Kido Yukihito , Ikeda Tetsu , Kanada Tsugunori , Enokizono Masato 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThe accurate magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets are important for the development of high‐efficiency electromagnetic devices. In particular, the H‐coil method is a useful technique for accurately measuring magnetic field strength in a single sheet tester. Therefore, we developed a tester for magnetic field properties using the H‐coil method, referred to as the stress load type single sheet tester (S‐SST), and a problem was found in iron loss measurement at a high flux density of 1.6 T or more. In this paper, it is shown that the cause of this problem is the phase difference between the induced voltage in the H‐coil and the B‐coil. Because the phase difference makes the B–H loop slightly twisted near the tip point, the iron losses are evaluated low. Thus, we propose a method of determining the phase correction values. These values are measured in the absence of a specimen in the S‐SST measurement system, and the phase correction method for induced voltage in a coil is investigated. Finally, ideal results for the correction of iron loss in nonoriented electrical steel sheets are shown. The proposed method is effective for the calibration of a single sheet tester using the H‐coil method.
An Inchworm Using Levitation Caused by Vertical Vibration
Authors: Torii Akihiro , Itatsu Yuki , Nishio Mitsuhiro , Ueda Akiteru , Doki Kae 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYWe propose an inchworm‐type microactuator which uses levitation caused by vertical vibration. The vertical vibration is generated by a piezoelectric actuator. The inchworm usually consists of thrust elements and clamp elements. The proposed inchworm‐type microactuator however does not use any clamp elements. Three levitation elements are connected with two thrust elements which are stacked piezoelectric actuators. The levitation element consists of a mass, a piezoelectric actuator, and a plate. The vertical vibration of the piezoelectric actuator lifts the levitation elements and eliminates the friction. By controlling the phase of the horizontal and vertical piezoelectric actuators, the inchworm moves in a linear direction. The levitation height and the position of the inchworm are measured, and experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed inchworm. The mechanism described in this paper is effective in a precise positioning system in a clean room.
Control of Uninterrupted Switching Using a Virtual Synchronous Generator Between Stand‐Alone and Grid‐Connected Operation of a Distributed Generation System for Houses
Authors: Lung Chienru , Shintai Toshinobu , Kakigano Hiroaki , Miura Yushi , Ise Toshifumi 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThe home applications of distributed generations facilities such as photovoltaic and gas engine cogeneration systems are growing and many distributed generations are connected to a grid by a DC/AC inverter. The DC/AC inverter is controlled by a phase‐locked loop (PLL) in order to be synchronized with the power system frequency. However, the control scheme of stand‐alone operation uses voltage control, and the PLL is unnecessary. Therefore, it is hard to realize uninterrupted change between stand‐alone and grid‐connected operation. In this paper, we propose a virtual synchronous generator control scheme in order to use the same control scheme in stand‐alone and grid‐connected operation. We carried out experiments to demonstrate the control characteristics.
Statistical Shape Model of the Liver and Its Application to Computer‐Aided Diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Uetani Mei , Tateyama Tomoko , Kohara Shinya , Tanaka Hidetoshi , Han Xian‐Hua , Kanasaki Shuzo , Furukawa Akira , Chen Yen‐Wei 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in statistical shape modeling of human anatomy. The statistical shape model can capture the morphological variations of human anatomy. Since liver cirrhosis will cause significant morphological changes, the authors propose a computer‐aided diagnosis method for liver cirrhosis based on statistical shape models. In the proposed method, the authors first construct a statistical shape model of the liver using 50 clinical CT datasets (25 sets of normal data and 25 sets of abnormal data). The authors apply the marching cubes algorithm to convert the segmented liver volume to a triangulated mesh surface containing 1000 vertex points. The coordinates of these vertex points are used to represent the 3D liver shape as a shape vector. After normalization and identification of correspondences between all datasets, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to find the principal variation modes of the shape vectors. Then the authors propose a mode selection method based on class variations between the normal class and abnormal class. The authors found that the top two modes of class variations are most effective for the classification of normal and abnormal livers. The classification rate of abnormal livers and normal livers by the use of a simple linear discriminant function were 84% and 80%, respectively.
An Optically Isolated High‐Performance Servo Network in FA Systems for Total High Productivity
Authors: Kachi Mitsuyasu , Nagano Tetsuaki 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYIn recent years, the reduction of total cost of ownership (TCO) from system architecture to start‐up, operation and maintenance has risen rapidly with the demand for factory automation (FA). But due to the complexity and combination of functions of machines and devices, and to progress in meeting high‐speed and high‐accuracy demands, networking of controllers and amplifiers has come into use. However, conventional servo networks have had various problems in TCO reduction. The servo network proposed in this paper can obtain position and speed information from counterpart amplifiers in the synchronous control by communication between amplifiers, which is conventionally unattainable. Compared with the conventional system, high‐speed, high‐accuracy operation can be realized with the new synchronous compensation control utilizing data transferred between amplifiers, and improvements in operating productivity were verified with an actual machine. Conventional systems used multiple electrical signals, but the new network realizes optical communication over only a single pair of optical cables using optically isolated circuit technology, and it has also proved effective for increasing productivity in the setup and maintenance.
Cinnamate‐Functionalized Cage Silsesquioxanes as Photoreactive Nanobuilding Blocks
Authors: Yang Wenyan , Gan Yanchang , Jiang Xuesong , Liu Hongzhi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractStarting from potassium cinnamate, photoreactive mono‐, octa‐, and deca(propyl cinnamate)‐functionalized cage silsesquioxanes were synthesized by simple nucleophilic substitution reactions with chloropropyl‐substituted octasilsesquioxanes. Among them, octa(propyl cinnamate)silsesquioxane exhibited some remarkable behavior, including high photopolymerization conversion of double bonds under UV irradiation and thermal stability. These compounds can act as pure photoreactive nanobuilding blocks for the preparation of hybrid nanocomposites with specific properties.
The Effects of Task Interruption on Human Performance: A Study of the Systematic Classification of Human Behavior and Interruption Frequency
Authors: Lee Byung Cheol , Duffy Vincent G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInterruptions are prevalent phenomena in modern working environments; yet, few interruption studies have been conducted on different types of human tasks. A study using computer‐based human behavior tasks was carried out to investigate the effects of interruptions with 4 different primary‐interrupting task sets. The tasks used in this study were determined by cognitive and motor skill processes based on human behavior classification theory. The results showed that interruption effects were most negative in cognitive/cognitive task sets, and skill/cognitive task sets showed the least amount of effects in task completion time, F(3, 332) = 77.88, p < .001. In error rate performance, skill/skill task sets showed the highest rate, and error rates for cognitive primary task sets (cognitive/cognitive and cognitive/skill task sets) were not significantly different, F(1, 42) = 41.18, p < .001; F(1, 42) = 3.56, p = 0.0661. Interruption frequency also negatively affected task performance, F(1, 412) = 89.88, p < .001, but skill tasks’ quantitative performance did not show significant effects at different interruption frequencies, F(1, 187) = 3.78, p = .0534. The results showed that interruptions increase more time to complete in cognitive tasks and produce more errors in skill tasks. Also, similar types of primary‐interrupting tasks were more susceptible from interruptions. Thus, based on task composition of work process, we can estimate different effects from the interruptions and memory load, and task similarity in primary‐interrupting task relationship were considered a main factor.