bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REMEDIACIÓN DE LOS IMPACTOS CAUSADOS POR EL DERRAME DE PETRÓLEO EN LA LAGUNA DE PAPALLACTA EN ECUADOR-SUR AMERICA1 TIEMPO DE EJECUCIÓN: NOVIEMBRE 2003-MAYO 2004
Authors: Pino Iván A. Aveiga del , Cabrera Luis , Tapia Iván , Ponce Patricio 
Published: January 2013

RESUMEN
Se limpió y remedió un área afectada aproximada de 7,2 ha (hectáreas) por un derrame con 22000 barriles de petroleó en la Laguna de Papallacta, producto de la rotura del oleoducto transecuatoriano. Se descontaminaron riberas, sedimento, agua de ríos y de la Laguna de Papallacta. Los hidrocarburos presentes en el agua fueron extraídos por skimming, adsorción, absorción y filtrado. Los sedimentos contaminados del fondo de la laguna, fueron extraidos por succión, deshidratados y transportados a estaciones de landfarming para su biorremediación utilizando microorganismos endémicos. Los análisis iniciales de concentración de hidrocarburos totales en las riberas de los ríos y de la laguna oscilaban entre 40245 y 85879 miligramosILitro (mg/L)MM1, 4500 mg/Kg en los sedimentos del fondo de la laguna y 89 mg/L en el agua de la laguna.
Los trabajos de remediación se subdividieronpor conveniencia logística en 5 tramos. La limpieza y remediación incluyó el lecho de los ríos, rocas, riberas de la Laguna de Papallacta, material vegetal y agua contaminada.
La remediación redujo los niveles de hidrocarburos de petróleoen los suelos a menos de 1000 mg/L, en sedimentos de la laguna por debajo de 500 mg/L y en el agua de la laguna por debajo de 0,5 mg/L. Los valor es de los hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos en agua y sedimento de la laguna alcanzaron valores menores a I mg/Kg-LMM2. Todos estos valores son los establecidos como limites permisibles para ecosistemas sensibles y agua para consumo humano. La recuperación del ecosistema, además, se estableció por la presencia de invertebrados bénticos en la laguna, que al inicio de la limpieza estaban ausentes. Entre los grupos registrados se incluyen bivalvos, caracoles, nemátodos y larvas de insectos.
La remediación se realizó sin utilizar productos químicos o biológicos en los procesos de limpieza en el área del derrame en la laguna.
EMANACIÓN NATURAL DE CANTARELL: LABORATORIO NATURAL PARA EXPERIMENTOS DE DERRAMES DE PETRÓLEO
Authors: Quintero-Mármol Arturo Mendoza , Miranda Fernando Pellon de , Goodman Ron , Bannerman Karen , Pedroso Enrico Campos , Rodríguez Miguel Herrera 
Published: January 2013

RESUMEN
La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre derrames de petróleo se realizan mediante trabajos de laboratorio en diferentes escalas, empleando desde cristalería hasta tanques para pruebas de ï las. Por lo tanto, la extrapolatión de sus resultados para condiciones de derrames reales es difícil dadas las limitaciones para establecer una parametrización adecuada. Por otra parte, los expert—mentos realizados en mar abierto son limitados debido a sus altos costos, así como a la complejidad para la gestión de los permisos requeridos en muchos paises. De esta forma, las emanaciones naturales de aceite representan un escenario potential que puede ser utilizado para solucionarlo.
Aunque la mayor parte de las emanaciones naturales son pequeñas e intermitentes, otras pueden alcanzar grandes magnitudes y una actividad casi constante, como en el caso de la conocida como Chapopotera de CantarelV, en el sur del Golfo de México. Con registros satelitales de área may ores a los 200 km2 y una presencia casi constante, sus órdenes de magnitud son similares a muchos de los derrames de dimensiones relevantes. Por lo tanto, representa una oportunidad para desarrollar en una escala natural una gran variedad de estudios sobre fenómenos de advección, dispersión, degradatión, así como ciertos tipos de respuesta.
Con base en cinco años de informatión sobre el comportamiento espacial de la emanatión de Cantarell usando imágenes del satélite RADARSAT-1 se desarrolló una referenda para analizar y mejorar los resultados de la modelacion de derrames de petróleo. Esta informatión también se analiza con relatión a pruebas de derrames en laboratorio utilizando el mismo tipo de aceite para comprender mejor el comportamiento de las películas de aceite en el mar. Este esquema de trabajo multidisciplinario se plantea como una alternativa para mejorar la evaluatión y seguimiento de eventos relacionados con derrames de petróleo.
RESOURCES AND UNDERSEA THREATS (RUST) DATABASE: AN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING SUBMERGED HAZARDS WITHIN THE NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES1
Authors: Overfield Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries and throughout our country have directed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to begin to look proactively at catastrophic oil and other chemical releases from submerged sources. Integrating data from several federal, state, and private sources, the Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) database was developed to inventory and determine through analysis the scope of this potential threat. Although this tool was developed initially for use by sanctuary resource protection managers, its application has applicability to the broader response community.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF TOWING DAMAGED VESSELS: A REVIEW OF PAST CASES
Authors: Hampton Steve , Ford Glenn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When a damaged vessel is leaking oil and there is significant risk of further release, spill responders often consider towing the vessel into a harbor of refuge in order to protect it from rough seas and thus prevent a catastrophic discharge of oil, or out to sea to protect the coastline. This paper reviews three cases on the west coast of North America where vessels were towed out to sea (the Puerto Rican, Nestucca, New Carissa). Using actual spill data and modeled trajectories, the environmental impacts associated with towing are compared to the likely environmental impacts that would have occurred with alternative scenaríos. We conclude that, in at least two of these cases, the environmental impacts may have been magnified as a direct result of towing the vessel. Thus, when towing damaged vessels, the environmental risks and tradeoffs should be carefully evaluated.
APPLYING THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT'S (NEPA) FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE DOCTRINE TO THE NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLAN (NCP)
Authors: Altendorf Jereme M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
NEPA is a policy and procedural statute that makes environmental protection a part of the mandate of every federal agency and department. NEPA was enacted to establish a framework for public review of the environmental impacts of actions carried out by the federal government. NEPA anticipates that most federal actions are planned in detail and are implemented over the course of months or years. This planning and implementation cycle, allows detailed analysis of specific project impacts. Environmental response actions taken by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the United States Coast Guard (CG) under the regulatory authorities established by the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) are also considered specific federal actions. However, the nature of these specific actions varies greatly depending on the exact nature of each incident; therefore traditional NEPA planning is neither possible nor appropriate. The NCP establishes a mechanism of continuous environmental assessment and review through the network of Regional Response Teams (RRT), local emergency area planning committees, Area Contingency Planning (ACP) Committees, and the availability of local area contingency plans to the public on a contingency basis for review or comment. Federal courts have allowed functional equivalence doctrine to apply exclusively to EPA because of their adherence to “substantive and procedural standards ensuring full and adequate consideration of environmental issues.” These decisions have held up the interpretation that NEPA compliance is unnecessary where the agency is independently required to consider environmental issues. The EPA and the CG share the responsibility of protecting public health, welfare, and environment from discharges or threats of discharges of oil and/or releases or threats of a releases of hazardous substances, pollutants and/or contaminants under the planning, preparedness, and response scheme established by the NCP and carried out by those working within the National Response System (NRS). For this reason any planning, preparedness, and response activities undertaken by EPA and CG personnel to mitigate accidental or intentional discharges of oil or releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and/or contaminants within the purview of the NCP should be interpreted as functionally equivalent to the requirements found within NEPA.
EQUIPMENT RESOURCE INVENTORY FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSES
Authors: Crawford John , Knutson Scott , Haugen Jim , McDonald Ross , Grennan Devon , Dougans Craig , Quirk Denny , Way Brent , Reiter Gary , Robertson Roy , Brown Tammy , Murphy John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper will describe the online cataloging of oil spill equipment that has taken place on the West Coast of the United States. A collaborative effort, the cataloging project was developed as a Northwest ad hoc undertaking to meet the equipment-listing requirement of the Area Contingency Plan. The intent was to assemble Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSROs) equipment lists into an Excel® spreadsheet format. Project participants in Washington and Oregon began equipment listing and over time, the process expanded to new members in California and Canada.
Individual owners of equipment keep the data up-to-date. All equipment-location moves and acquisition changes are posted to the Internet site, yielding a current resource inventory that can be easily accessed 2417. The computer allows this equipment to be displayed, sorted by type, location, and tracked by date/time. The Excel® spreadsheet data can easily be manipulated to accurately tabulate, among other things, how much boom is available or in use, how much oil can be recovered, and how much oil storage is available. Hard copy equipment lists, which soon became outdated, are a thing of the past. The spreadsheets are used on a weekly basis for drill and spill applications as a tool to assist the Incident Command System's (ICS) Operation, Planning and Logistic sections to assemble, track and order specialized response equipment. The states of Washington and Oregon are using the list as a “database of record.”
This is a great tool for the ICS Situation Unit when filling out the Incident Status Summary (ICS Form 209). In addition, individual lines of equipment or equipment systems can easily be printed onto ICS T-cards from Excel® by using a mail-merge program.
A uniform Excel®-formatted response-equipment list is flexible, simple to use and easy to access. Undoubtedly, it has contributed to improving response management in the Pacific Northwest.
NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION OF GIS-A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN A REGION OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY AND INCREASING COMPLEXITY IN OIL PRODUCTION
Authors: Skeie Geir Morten , Engen Frode , Brude Odd Willy , Randall Marit E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) extends from latitude 56° to 71°. Along the 82,000 km coastline and offshore, biodiversity is high, with large populations of fish, seabirds and marine mammals.
In terms of oil and gas production, there is an increasing diversity in technical structures, water depth, and oil types, as recovery proceeds to smaller reservoirs. This calls for a high degree of flexibility in oil spill response strategies. According to Norwegian regulations, alternative response strategies must be analysed in a standardized way, including Net Environmental Benefit Analyses (NEBA). For this purpose, a GIS based method has been developed for net environmental benefit analysis of different oil spill response options for the NCS. Through a GIS interface, the user can interactively select a release location, an oil type, and a month for the oil spill. A standard map is generated, showing areas where different oil response strategies pose a net environmental benefit, net environmental loss, or a conflict.
DUE TO THE HEAVY MARINE TRAFFIC AND ASSOCIATED RISK THE OIL SPILL SCENARIOS AT KANDILLI WHICH IS THE NARROWEST POINT IN ISTANBUL STRAIT
Authors: Basar Ersan , Kose Ercan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Istanbul strait, which is a part of Turkish Strait System (TSS), is a narrow and navigationally risky waterway for ships. This risk increases daily due to oil transportation from Central Asia and Russia. Over 50.000 vessels, on average, annually use the Turkish Straits. This is an increasing figure that occurred in the Istanbul Strait under the heavy marine traffic.
In this study, the scenario was to run on Kandilli which is the narrowest part of the strait. This area is difficult for navigation due to inverse currents (which is referred to as Devils Current by the locals). Simulation was run for 500 tones of oil spill at Kandilli Point and distribution of oil was determined by using GNOME™. Effective wind speed and three different wind directions were used at each scenario. As a result of these runs, risky areas were identified and necessary actions to minimize the effect of spill were discussed.
Cengelkoy, Arnavutkoy beaches and Sarayburnu were identified as the most risky areas. In order to minimize the effect on these areas, stocking enough barriers were found to be helpful for speedy action.
MASS BALANCE AND DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS: ARE NEW TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES NEEDED?
Authors: Goodman Ron 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In order to obtain a scientifically-acceptable measurement of dispersant effectiveness, the oil mass balance must be demonstrated. While this is normal in small-scale laboratory apparatus, it has not been achieved in larger-scale wave basin and open ocean experiments despite the work of a large number of research groups. Five years ago, mass balance was either ignored or losses of up to fifty percent of the applied oil were accepted. In the larger wave basin experiments, recent work has reduced the unknown losses to between ten and fifteen percent. No such reduction has been achieved in the few open ocean tests that have been recently undertaken.
This paper will discuss the limitation of current measuring technologies and experimental techniques. New experimental techniques will be suggested to improve mass balance calculations, such as changing the experimental plan for large wave basins from a Lagrangian description of motion to an Eulerian frame of reference. There are technologies, that can be applied to large wave basins, that are unique to this experimental situation, but are not widely used. These technologies will be discussed.
For the open ocean situation, there are seldomly-used methods, which could be employed to improve the measurement of sub-surface plume characteristics and oil thickness on water. The current limitations of these technologies will be discussed.
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISPERSANT USE ZONES IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA: A CONSENSUS APPROACH FOR MARINE WATERS 3–200 NAUTICAL MILES FROM SHORE
Authors: Addassi Yvonne Najah , Sowby Michael , Parker-Hall Heather , Robberson Bill 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It has long been the policy of the National Response Team (NRT) that the appropriate use of dispersants as a first strike method of response to marine oil spills could greatly minimize the impacts of such spills. Beginning in early 2000, the Region IX Regional Response Team (RRT) evaluated the appropriateness of dispersant use for the State of California. In January 2001, the RRT signed into effect a dispersant use policy for the federal waters off the coast of California from 3200 nm offshore. These revisions to the Regional Contingency Plan provided a streamlined decision making process for dispersant use and designation of zone. Specifically, the plan called for each of the six local area committees to develop and forward recommendations for dispersant-use zone designations into one of three categories: pre-approval, pre-approval with consultation, or incident-specific RRT approval required.
Each of the six local area committees utilized a modified Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) known as a Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) process to identify concerns and prioritize risk. Such an approach ensured consistency along the coast as well provided a mechanism by which all points of view were considered. Utilizing a “what if” oil scenario, each on-water response option (no-response, dispersants, in-situ burning, mechanical recovery) was evaluated for its ability to remove oil from the water surface and potential environmental impacts. A risk matrix allowed comparison between species and habitats. Participants were encouraged to share their concerns along with the key drivers for their response decisions, often allowing then to think outside their typical agency-centered framework. Based on seasonality and species of special concern, zones for dispersant use were designated as a means of providing protection to sensitive shorelines and on-water species.
As of November 2002, the RRT has adopted DispersantUse Zones for all designated off-shore waters. Current efforts are underway to incorporate the necessary dispersant planning information into the State and Federal Planning efforts.
The response to the workshops was overwhelmingly positive. The NEBA/workshop approach facilitated the subsequent work undertaken by the U.S. Coast Guard and the RRT as an integral part of the implementation of the US-Mexico Agreement, further ensuring a coordinated bi-national oil spill response.
NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME FOR TASMAN SPIRIT OIL SPILL IN PAKISTAN
Authors: ALRAI M. Irfan Saeed , Rizvi S.H.N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil tanker Tasman Spirit was grounded in the channel of the port of Karachi, Pakistan on 27, July 2003. The vessel was carrying a cargo of 67,535 tones of Iranian Light crude oil for delivery to the Pakistan Refinery Limited in Karachi when the grounding occurred. Significant quantities of oil were spilled when the Tasman Spirit broke up during the evening of August 13, 2003. By 18 August approximately 27,000 tones of cargo had been lost. The coastal environment in which the Tasman Spirit oil spill (TSOS) occurred is a rich and diverse tropical marine/estuarine ecosystem. It includes extensive mangrove forests, habitat for sea turtles, dolphins, porpoises, and beaked whales, and several species of lizards and sea snakes. The initial findings revealed that the initial impacted area covered about 1600 square kilometer and a coast line of 7.5 kilometer. Pakistan does not have the expertise to deal with oil spill disaster of this magnitude. The rapid assessment report was prepared with the assistance of United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme and local experts. The report emphasized the need of carrying out a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). This paper highlights important findings of the NRDA study describing the methodologies adapted for the systematic assessment of the extent and severity of the environmental damage and ecological injury resulting from the Tasman Spirit Oil Spill.
BACKGROUND BIRD OILING AND INCIDENT SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION
Authors: Mauseth Gary S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Reports of stranded oiled seabirds began being published in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries in Europe. During and after World War I, reports of oiled birds were common on European coastlines. World War II brought observations of oiled birds on European shores, as well as the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Numerous studies and publications have established that fugitive oil can be found on most of the worlds shorelines, and that it impacts birds at various rates of background oiling. With U.S. regulation and worldwide concern regarding compensation for injured natural resources, searches for and efforts to quantify birds associated with specific incidents have increased in recent decades. As a result, delineation between incident specific oiling and background oiling is subject to increasing scrutiny. Laboratory analytical methods and data interpretive techniques are available to confidently differentiate between oil sources and to definitively attribute oil samples to a particular source. Data are becoming available from a variety of incidents and have contributed substantially to the worldwide knowledge base. For example, in the NEW CARISSA case on the coast of the state of Oregon on the western shore of North America, a group of 27 birds recovered from areas specifically searched for dead and injured wildlife were presumed to be due to the vessel and included in the initial injury assessment. Forensic testing of the oil on the birds revealed that none of the birds were contaminated with the vessel source oils. Further studies were conducted to refine the incident specific oiling rate. While the specifics of each incident varies widely, the availability of background oiling information can assist in developing a more accurate and defensible estimate of injury.
INCORPORATING CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INTO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Stevens Leigh , Roberts Julian , Hume Deborah 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the New Zealand (NZ) approach used to define the likelihood and consequences of oil spills through the Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment process.
A new methodology for consequence analysis was developed using 20 kilometre coastal cells established across the country for ranking and mapping sensitivity. For each cell, the resources present were evaluated under “environmental” categories (shoreline character, plants and animals, protected sites) and “human” categories (economic, cultural, and social, amenity & recreation). Factors within each category were allocated scores reflecting the sensitivity, vulnerability and reversibility of impacts at local, regional and national levels on a semi-quantitative 5-point score (very low / low / moderate / high or unknown / extreme). Qualitative descriptions (e.g. “no vulnerable plants or animals” ranging to “a number of vulnerable plants or animals of national importance, or at least one that is irreplaceable”) were used to ensure national consistency in scoring.
Determining the presence or absence of environmental and human factors within each cell enabled individual scores to be summed for each category and graphically presented using diagonally split colour-coded squares on a map. This was overlain with the results of the regional oil spill likelihood analysis (e.g. how much, how often, where, what oil, and where from) providing an overall risk profile for NZ. The methodology was refined through national level multi-stakeholder meetings, and tested at two regional workshops to produce a data collection template for use by regional response agencies.
The unique contribution of this work has been to incorporate consequence analysis into the assessment of regional and national risk profiles. Further quantifying the relative contribution of different activities and factors to the risk profile of each region, and nationally, will guide preventive and preparedness measures to lower the likelihood and impact of a spill. This in turn will determine the relative contribution each risk activity makes to the total risk profile which forms the basis for setting Oil Pollution Fund levies used to fund spill preparation in NZ.