bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional data assimilation and reanalysis of radiation belt electrons: Observations of a four‐zone structure using five spacecraft and the VERB code
Authors: Kellerman A. C. , Shprits Y. Y. , Kondrashov D. , Subbotin D. , Makarevich R. A. , Donovan E. , Nagai T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObtaining the global state of radiation belt electrons through reanalysis is an important step toward validating our current understanding of radiation belt dynamics and for identification of new physical processes. In the current study, reanalysis of radiation belt electrons is achieved through data assimilation of five spacecraft with the 3‐D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code using a split‐operator Kalman filter technique. The spacecraft data are cleaned for noise, saturation effects, and then intercalibrated on an individual energy channel basis, by considering phase space density conjunctions in the T96 field model. Reanalysis during the CRRES era reveals a never‐before‐reported four‐zone structure in the Earth's radiation belts during the 24 March 1991 shock‐induced injection superstorm: (1) an inner belt, (2) the high‐energy shock‐injection belt, (3) a remnant outer radiation belt, and (4) a second outer radiation belt. The third belt formed near the same time as the second belt and was later enhanced across keV to MeV energies by a second particle injection observed by CRRES and the Northern Solar Terrestrial Array riometer network. During the recovery phase of the storm, the fourth belt was created near L*=4RE, lasting for several days. Evidence is provided that the fourth belt was likely created by a dominant local heating process. This study outlines the necessity to consider all diffusive processes acting simultaneously and the advantage of supporting ground‐based data in quantifying the observed radiation belt dynamics. It is demonstrated that 3‐D data assimilation can resolve various nondiffusive processes and provides a comprehensive picture of the electron radiation belts.
No effect of water on oxygen self‐diffusion rate in forsterite
Authors: Fei Hongzhan , Wiedenbeck Michael , Yamazaki Daisuke , Katsura Tomoo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe systematically measured oxygen self‐diffusion coefficients (DO) in forsterite along b crystallographic axis at a pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures of 1600–1800 K, over a wide range of water content (CH2O) from <1 up to ~800 weight ppm. The experimental results suggest that DO ∝ (CH2O)0.05±0.06 ≈ (CH2O)0. Thus, water has no significant effect on oxygen self‐diffusion rate in forsterite. Since the CH2O dependence of silicon self‐diffusion rate is also very small, the effect of water on olivine rheology is not significant by assuming the diffusion controlled creep mechanism.
Synoptic activity associated with sea ice variability in the Arctic
Authors: Mills Catrin M. , Walsh John E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRelationships between synoptic activity and sea ice variability in the Arctic are studied using self‐organizing maps (SOMs) to categorize observed weather patterns over the 1979–2013 period. The European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis Interim provides the daily averaged sea level pressures from which the SOMs are computed. Time series of frequencies and durations of synoptic weather patterns are correlated with two sea ice metrics, Fram Strait ice outflow and year‐to‐year changes in September pan‐Arctic sea ice extent. When compared to climate indices commonly used to predict sea ice, the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Arctic Dipole, some SOM patterns correlate as or more strongly with sea ice metrics. For example, Beaufort High synoptic patterns are increasing in frequency in spring and their summer frequencies are associated with ice loss. Arctic high‐pressure patterns are linked to ice loss through pressure gradients conducive to ice export. The phase lags between the SOM occurrences and sea ice variability offer the potential for augmentation of other approaches to seasonal sea ice prediction.
Seasonal variation of relapse rate in multiple sclerosis is latitude dependent
Authors: Spelman Tim , Gray Orla , Trojano Maria , Petersen Thor , Izquierdo Guillermo , Lugaresi Alessandra , Hupperts Raymond , Bergamaschi Roberto , Duquette Pierre , Grammond Pierre , Giuliani Giorgio , Boz Cavit , Verheul Freek , Oreja‐Guevara Celia , Barnett Michael , Grand'Maison Francois , Edite Rio Maria , Lechner‐Scott Jeannette , Van Pesch Vincent , Fernandez Bolanos Ricardo , Flechter Shlomo , Den Braber‐Moerland Leontien , Iuliano Gerardo , Amato Maria Pia , Slee Mark , Cristiano Edgardo , Saladino Maria Laura , Paine Mark , Vella Norbert , Kasa Krisztian , Deri Norma , Herbert Joseph , Moore Fraser , Petkovska‐Boskova Tatjana , Alroughani Raed , Savino Aldo , Shaw Cameron , Vucic Steve , Santiago Vetere , Bacile Elizabeth Alejandra , Skromne Eli , Poehlau Dieter , Cabrera‐Gomez Jose Antonio , Lucas Robyn , Butzkueven Helmut 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivePrevious studies assessing seasonal variation of relapse onset in multiple sclerosis have had conflicting results. Small relapse numbers, differing diagnostic criteria, and single region studies limit the generalizability of prior results. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a temporal variation in onset of relapses in both hemispheres and to determine whether seasonal peak relapse probability varies with latitude.MethodsThe international MSBase Registry was utilized to analyze seasonal relapse onset distribution by hemisphere and latitudinal location. All analyses were weighted for the patient number contributed by each center. A sine regression model was used to model relapse onset and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) seasonality. Linear regression was used to investigate associations of latitude and lag between UVR trough and subsequent relapse peak.ResultsA total of 32,762 relapses from 9,811 patients across 30 countries were analyzed. Relapse onset followed an annual cyclical sinusoidal pattern with peaks in early spring and troughs in autumn in both hemispheres. Every 10° of latitude away from the equator was associated with a mean decrease in UVR trough to subsequent relapse peak lag of 28.5 days (95% confidence interval = 3.29–53.71, p = 0.028).InterpretationWe demonstrate for the first time that there is a latitude‐dependent relationship between seasonal UVR trough and relapse onset probability peak independent of location‐specific UVR levels, with more distal latitude associated with shorter gaps. We confirm prior meta‐analyses showing a strong seasonal relapse onset probability variation in the northern hemisphere, and extend this observation to the southern hemisphere. Ann Neurol 2014;76:880–890
Dynamic Formation of Hybrid Peptidic Capsules by Chiral Self‐Sorting and Self‐Assembly
Authors: Jędrzejewska Hanna , Wierzbicki Michał , Cmoch Piotr , Rissanen Kari , Szumna Agnieszka 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOwing to their versatility and biocompatibility, peptide‐based self‐assembled structures constitute valuable targets for complex functional designs. It is now shown that artificial capsules based on β‐barrel binding motifs can be obtained by means of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) and self‐assembly. Short peptides (up to tetrapeptides) are reversibly attached to resorcinarene scaffolds. Peptidic capsules are thus selectively formed in either a heterochiral or a homochiral way by simultaneous and spontaneous processes, involving chiral sorting, tautomerization, diastereoselective induction of inherent chirality, and chiral self‐assembly. Self‐assembly is shown to direct the regioselectivity of reversible chemical reactions. It is also responsible for shifting the tautomeric equilibrium for one of the homochiral capsules. Two different tautomers (keto‐enamine hemisphere and enol‐imine hemisphere) are observed in this capsule, allowing the structure to adapt for self‐assembly.
A new method to prepare low melting point polyamide‐6 and study crystallization behavior of polyamide‐6/calcium chloride complex by rheological method
Authors: Liu Dianxin , Zheng Qiang , Lu Shengjun , Li Cheng , Lu Pan , Yu Jie 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA new method to prepare low melting point polyamide‐6 (LPA6) by complex reaction of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and polyamide‐6 (PA6) in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder was reported. We employed a new rheological method to study the crystallization behavior of PA6/CaCl2 complex and the mechanism of confined crystallization of PA6. Compared with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), this method was more capable of detecting crystalline information. What's more, it was also an effective method for studying mechanism of confined crystallization. From the results of X‐ray diffraction, DSC, infrared spectroscopy, rheology, and mechanical properties, the complex reaction of CaCl2 with the carbonyl oxygen atom in the amide group disrupted the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and confined the mobility of PA6 molecules. This could significantly reduce the crystallinity and melting temperature of PA6, and improve tensile strength and notched Izod impact strength. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41513.
Electrostatic deposition of silica nanoparticles between E‐glass fibers and an epoxy resin
Authors: Rutz Benjamin H. , Berg John C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe achievement of optimum adhesion between a thermoset and an inorganic material is an important goal for the composites and coatings industries. There is a growing interest in the use of structural surface modifiers, such as nanotubes, nanoparticles, and whiskers, to improve this adhesion. Here, a method for electrostatically depositing poly(ethylene imine)‐functionalized silica nanoparticles onto E‐glass fibers was developed. The deposition of 26‐nm functionalized particles onto glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS)‐functionalized E‐glass fibers and then their embedding in a resin of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and m‐phenylene diamine increased the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) 35% over that of bare fibers and 8% over that of GPS‐functionalized fibers. IFSS was highly dependent on the particle size; the 16‐nm functionalized particles had little effect on the IFSS. When the particles size was increased to 71 and 100 nm, this led to increasingly poor IFSS values, whereas the 26‐nm particles produced the best results. Similar results were seen with the transverse flexural strength of the unidirectional composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41516.
Effects of mixing protocols on impact modified poly(lactic acid) layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Baouz Touffik , Acik Eda , Rezgui Farouk , Yilmazer Ulku 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid)/2 wt % organomodified montmorillonite (PLA/OMMT) was toughened by an ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (E‐MA‐GMA) rubber. The ternary nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding in a twin screw extruder using four different addition protocols of the components of the nanocomposite and varying the rubber content in the range of 5–20 wt %. It was found that both clay dispersion and morphology were influenced by the blending method as detected by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and observed by TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results, which were also confirmed by TEM observations, demonstrated that the OMMT dispersed better in PLA than in E‐MA‐GMA. All formulations exhibited intercalated/partially exfoliated structure with the best clay dispersion achieved when the clay was first mixed with PLA before the rubber was added. According to SEM, the blends were immiscible and exhibited fine dispersion of the rubber in the PLA with differences in the mean particle sizes that depended on the addition order. Balanced stiffness‐toughness was observed at 10 wt % rubber content in the compounds without significant sacrifice of the strength. High impact toughness was attained when PLA was first mixed with the clay before the rubber was added, and the highest tensile toughness was obtained when PLA was first compounded with the rubber, and then clay was incorporated into the mixture. Thermal characterization by DSC confirmed the immiscibility of the blends, but in general, the thermal parameters and the degree of crystallinity of the PLA were not affected by the preparation procedure. Both the clay and the rubber decreased the crystallization temperature of the PLA by acting as nucleating agents. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41518.
Investigation on structure and properties of anion exchange membranes based on tetramethylbiphenol moieties containing copoly(arylene ether)s
Authors: Li Xiuhua , Wang Liuchan , Cheng Shanshan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTQuaternary ammonium functionalized poly(arylene ether)s (QPAEs) containing 2,2′,6,6′‐tetramethylbiphenol moieties were designed and successfully synthesized via nucleophilic substitution polycondensation, bromination, quaternization and alkalization. The structure, water uptake, ion exchange capacities (IECs), hydroxide ion conductivities, and mechanical properties, as well as thermal and chemical stabilities of obtained QPAEs membranes were investigated. The QPAE‐a membrane with IEC value of 0.98 meq g−1 demonstrated the highest ion conductivity (47.4 mS cm−1) at 80°C. The ion transport activation energy (Ea) of QPAEs membranes varied from 8.57 to 19.95 kJ mol−1. After chemical stability test conditioned in 1M NaOH at 60°C for 7 days, the QPAEs membranes except QPAE‐c (IEC = 0.88 meq g−1) still exhibited high hydroxide ion conductivities (over 15 mS cm−1) and acceptable tensile strength (∼10 MPa). These properties indicate that the ionomers membranes are potential candidates for anion exchange membranes in anion exchange membrane fuel cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41525.
A complex based on imidazole ionic liquid and copolymer of acrylamide and phenoxyacetamide modification for clay stabilizer
Authors: Liu Pingli , Zhou Lihua , Yang Cheng , Xia Hong , He Yang , Feng Meilin 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA complex system (AM/AA/APO‐EMIN) was obtained by poly (acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid‐co‐N‐allyl‐2‐phenoxyacetamide) (AM/AA/APO) combining 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM] [BF4]) for clay stabilizer by using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) and N‐allyl‐2‐phenoxyacetamide (APO), N‐methylimidazole, bromoethane, and sodium fluoroborate as raw materials. The complex solution exhibited excellent anti‐swelling rate (up to 94.5% at 10,000 mg/L), satisfying aging resistance (viscosity retention rate 84.2% after 15 days), and marked shear thinning behavior (viscosity retention rate 7.5% under 600 s−1). From scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, a clear network structure appeared in AM/AA/APO‐EMIM solution. Compared with an existing poly (acrylamide‐co‐diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) clay stabilizer (HY‐201S), AM/AA/APO‐EMIN was less content and more effective to reduce the d‐spacing of sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) from 19.1 Å to 15.7 Å. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41536.
Entwicklung eines dezentralen kompakten Lüftungssystems für den Einsatz in der minimalinvasiven Gebäudesanierung
Authors: Speer Christoph , Pfluger Rainer , Feist Wolfgang , Zgaga Janez , Lanthaler David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLüftungssysteme werden sowohl im Neubau als auch in der Gebäudesanierung eingesetzt, um eine ausreichende Raumluftqualität sicher zu stellen. Durch den Einsatz von Wärmeübertragern kann dabei gleichzeitig der Energieverlust minimiert werden. Speziell in der Sanierung kann das Lüftungssystem durch die Kombination von Ventilatoren und Wärmeübertrager in einer einzigen Komponente sehr kompakt ausgeführt werden. Derzeit am Markt verfügbare Geräte dieses Typs haben eine physikalisch prinzipbedingte relativ geringe strömungsmechanische und thermische Effizienz. Durch ein neuartiges Konzept kann sowohl die Ventilationseffizienz als auch die Wärmerückgewinnung erheblich gesteigert werden. Systembedingte Eigenschaften sorgen für Feuchterückgewinnung in der kalten und trockenen Jahreszeit und ermöglichen niedrige Investitions‐, Betriebs‐ und Wartungskosten durch einfache Installation und hohe Effizienz. Die Ergebnisse von strömungsmechanischen und thermischen Parameterstudien und das daraus resultierende optimierte Systemdesign werden hier vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird das Konzept für einen energieeffizienten Volumenstrombalanceabgleich sowie den Sommerbypass präsentiert und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Lüftungssystems in der minimalinvasiven Gebäudesanierung erörtert.Development of a decentralized compact ventilation system for use in minimally invasive refurbishment. Ventilation systems are needed in new buildings as well as in the renovation of existing buildings to ensure adequate indoor air quality. Through the use of heat exchangers, the energy loss can be minimized at the same time. Especially in the renovation decentralized ventilation systems can be realized very compact through the combination of fans and heat exchanger in a single component. Currently available devices on the market of this type have a physically limited low fluid mechanical and thermal efficiency. Through an innovative concept both the ventilation efficiency and heat recovery can be increased considerably. System‐related properties provide automated moisture recovery during the cold and dry season and enable low investment, operating and maintenance costs through simple installation and high efficiency. The results of fluid mechanical and thermal parameter studies and the resulting optimized system design are presented. Moreover, the concept of an energy‐efficient flow balance as well as the summer bypass is introduced and the area of application of the ventilation system in minimally invasive building renovation is discussed.
Rechnerische Herleitung der vom Wind verursachten Kräfte auf Luftdichtheitsbahnen und Verklebungen
Authors: Zeller Joachim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBei Außenbauteilen in Holzbauweise werden häufig Bahnen als Dampfbremse und Luftdichtheitsbahn eingesetzt. Druckunterschiede zwischen innen und außen können diese Bahnen belasten. Gleichermaßen werden auch die Verklebungen an Überlappungen zwischen den Bahnen belastet. Es stellt sich die Frage, wie groß die Kräfte auf die Verklebungen sind.In der Literatur findet man für ein Beispiel die Antwort. Dabei wurden mittels einer Berechnung mit finiten Elementen die Kräfte ermittelt. Interessant wäre es nun zu wissen, wie sich eine Änderung der Randbedingungen, z. B. der Windgeschwindigkeit, auf das Ergebnis auswirkt.Im zweidimensionalen Fall ist eine Berechnung mit finiten Elementen nicht erforderlich. Vielmehr können Lösungen durch ein einfaches iteratives Verfahren mittels Tabellenkalkulation gefunden werden. Falls die Luftdichtungsbahn im unbelasteten Zustand ohne Durchhang und ohne Spannung verlegt ist, lässt sich sogar eine Formel angeben, die direkt die Berechnung der maßgeblichen Kräfte erlaubt.Calculating the wind‐induced forces on airtightness membranes and their seals. Where external structural elements are made of wood, membranes are often employed as barriers to water vapour and air. Differences between external and internal air pressure may exert load forces on these membranes and also on the bonded overlaps. How can the magnitude of these forces on the seals be established?For a particular set example answers can be found in the literature. The forces in this examples have been calculated using finite elements. Yet it would be interesting to know how a change in boundary conditions, such as wind speed, impacts on the results.For two‐dimensional analysis, it is not necessary to use finite elements. Instead, results can be calculated using a spreadsheet employing a simple iterative procedure. If the airtightness membrane is laid with no tension or sag, a formula can be input with which to calculate the key forces in operation.
Bone morphogenetic proteins: A powerful osteoinductive compound with non‐negligible side effects and limitations
Authors: Oryan Ahmad , Alidadi Soodeh , Moshiri Ali , Bigham‐Sadegh Amin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHealing and regeneration of large bone defects leading to non‐unions is a great concern in orthopedic surgery. Since auto‐ and allografts have limitations, bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has attempted to solve this issue. In TERM, healing promotive factors are necessary to regulate the several important events during healing. An ideal treatment strategy should provide osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis, and osteointegration of the graft or biomaterials within the healing bone. Since many materials have osteoconductive properties, only a few biomaterials have osteoinductive properties which are important for osteogenesis and osteointegration. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potent inductors of the osteogenic and angiogenic activities during bone repair. The BMPs can regulate the production and activity of some growth factors which are necessary for the osteogenesis. Since the introduction of BMP, it has added a valuable tool to the surgeon's possibilities and is most commonly used in bone defects. Despite significant evidences suggesting their potential benefit on bone healing, there are some evidences showing their side effects such as ectopic bone formation, osteolysis and problems related to cost effectiveness. Bone tissue engineering may create a local environment, using the delivery systems, which enables BMPs to carry out their activities and to lower cost and complication rate associated with BMPs. This review represented the most important concepts and evidences regarding the role of BMPs on bone healing and regeneration from basic to clinical application. The major advantages and disadvantages of such biologic compounds together with the BMPs substitutes are also discussed. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(5):459–481, 2014
Double‐stranded DNA stereoselectively promotes aggregation of amyloid‐like fibrils and generates peptide/DNA matrices
Authors: Yamada Masanori , Hara Sachiko , Yamada Tetsuya , Katagiri Fumihiko , Hozumi Kentaro , Nomizu Motoyoshi 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT:An amyloidogenic LAM‐L peptide (AASIKVAVSADR, all‐L configuration) derived from laminin promoted cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and angiogenesis. Here, we prepared novel matrices using double‐stranded DNA and the LAM‐L peptide. Double‐stranded DNA promoted aggregation of amyloid‐like fibrils and generated a LAM‐L/DNA matrix through electrostatic interactions between the phosphate groups of DNA and the amino groups of LAM‐L. This formation of peptide/DNA matrix depends on the Ile‐Lys‐Val‐Ala‐Val (IKVAV) sequence in the peptide, since LAM‐RM peptide (AASVVIAKSADR), which is scrambled peptide of LAM‐L, did not form a matrix with DNA. Further, LAM‐D (all‐D configuration of LAM‐L), which forms amyloid‐like fibrils and promotes similar biological activities as LAM‐L, did not form amyloid‐like fibrils with DNA, suggesting that DNA selectively interacts with the L‐configured peptide. Moreover, the LAM‐L/DNA matrices showed stronger cell attachment activity compared with LAM‐L alone, suggesting the LAM‐L/DNA matrices have potential for use as a novel biomaterial in tissue engineering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 465–472, 2014.