bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Radial Turbulent Flow Formula
Authors: Elenbaas Jack  R. , Katz Donald  L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A radial turbulent flow formula has been developed which permits thecomputation of the pressure drop for radial flow in gas wells whether the flowis laminar, turbulent, or partially laminar and partially turbulent. Using theformula a complete back-pressure curve has been calculated and analyzed by acomparison with existing back-pressure curves. A procedure is presented forcomputing the permeability of the porous media when the porosity, sphericityand average particle diameter are known.

Introduction
Recent studies on the flow of fluids through porous media have provided newmethods for computing flow under turbulent conditions. The present study wasinitiated as an investigation of pressure-drop computations for flow throughporous sands in gas wells and as an analysis of present-day back-pressuretests.
Although laminar flow exists in the producing formation of gas wells undernormal flow rates, turbulent flow does take place adjacent to the well bore. Asthe flow rate is increased, turbulent flow exists further and further into theproducing formation and under open-flow conditions in relatively deep wells aconsiderable portion of the flow through the sand will be turbulent.
In order to calculate a complete backpressure curve for relatively deep wellswithout resorting to extrapolation of curves drawn from data obtained inback-pressure tests or calculations made in the completely laminar region, itwas necessary to have some means of calculating pressure drop for flow throughporous sands under turbulent conditions. As a result, a radial turbulent flowformula was derived from the equations recently presented by Brownell andKatz.
A rigorous solution of this equation involves a trial and error graphicalintegration. By making the assumptions of average viscosity, temperature andcompressibility factor of the flowing gas, it was possible to graphicallyintegrate the relation for the general case of radial flow of gases through theporous sand of gas wells. A chart has been prepared relating the value of theintegral to the radius of the well bore and to the Reynolds number of theflowing gas. The chart actually performs the graphical integration and thesolution of the formula is then reduced to a simple trial and errorcalculation. A typical back-pressure curve is calculated to show the transitionfrom laminar to turbulent flow.
This paper will briefly describe the procedures for computing flow throughporous media, including a method for predicting sand permeability from porosityand grain size and shape.

Flow Through Porous Media
Brownell and Katz recently reported a correlation for computing flow of fluidsthrough porous media by the use of an enlarged Reynolds number and frictionfactor in which the porosity of the bed is included as an additional primevariable.
T.P. 2304
Oil-Shale Processing
Authors: Lankford J.D. , Guthrie Boyd 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A progress report on the oil-shale and shale-oil processing research programat the U.S. Bureau of Mines Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant. Legislationproviding for the program and aims are briefly noted. The remoteness and ruggednature of the terrain at the plant site are important factors in constructionand operations. Large-scale units now in operation are the crushing plant andtwo 40-ton N-T-U retorts. These are described in detail. Under construction areseveral retorting pilot plants and a 200 bbl per day refinery. The refineryincorporates several types of thermal operation, three-stage low-temperatureacid treating, doctor sweetening, and rerunning.
Data are presented on typical N-T-U retort runs. Yields of 90 to 100 pct ofassay are realized on 30 gal to the ton shale with a retort cycle time of 18hr. Data also are presented showing a comparison of a Mid-Continent petroleumand N-T-U shale oil. This comparison indicates that shale oil has a high pourpoint, low API gravity, and contains about 0.8 pct sulphur and 2 pct nitrogen.The naphtha fraction contains 3 pct tar acids, 9 pct tar bases and 50 pctolefins. The problems involved in refining shale oil into usable products arcdiscussed in detail.

Introduction
The Bureau of Mines oil-shale program now under way at Rifle, Colo., wasbegun in July 1944 under the provisions of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act, which was passed in the spring of that year under the sponsorship of SenatorJoseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming and Congressman Jennings Randolph of WestVirginia, aided by Michael W. Straus, former Assistant Secretary of theInterior, and others. The oil-shale plant is only a part of the Office ofSynthetic Liquid Fuels, Bureau of Mines, which has under way projects todevelop synthetic liquid fuels from coal and other solid materials atPittsburgh and Bruceton, Pa., Morgantown, W. Va., Louisiana, Mo., as well asthe Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station at Laramie, Wyo., and theoil-shale demonstration plant at Rif1e.
The oil-shale program is entirely experimental. It is not intended that oilwill be produced in great quantities. Production will be limited to the volumeobtained from plant-scale experimental operations, which will be kept to theminimum size needed to develop techniques and processes and to demonstratecosts.
After the passage of the enabling act in the summer of 1944 a survey of theoil-shale resources of the Nation was made to determine the most suitable general area inwhich to establish the demonstration plant. The most suitable area was found tobe in the Rifle-De Beque area in Garfield County, western Colorado.
T.P. 2360
Gravity Drainage Theory
Authors: Cardwell W.T. , Parsons R.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents a theory for estimating the rate of gravity drainage ofa liquid out of a sand column. Account is taken of the variation inpermeability to the liquid as the saturation in the upper part of the sandbecomes less than 100 pct.
The theory is confirmed by previously published experimental data.

Introduction
Petroleum engineers have expressed the need for a theory of gravitydrainage. Brunner, in particular, has pointed out that some type ofmathematical theory is necessary to begin the application of laboratory data tofield problems.
Muskat and his associates have recently made contributions to the theory ofgas-drive behavior and have indicated an intention to apply their methods towaterdrive systems. No theory of gravity drainage rates has been developed, however, and it seems desirable to formulate one at this time.

Differential Equations of Capillary Flow
The flow of liquids in partially saturated porous media has been studied bymany investigators. Richards presented derivations of fundamental differentialequations governing two-phase capillary flow; and used simplified forms ofthose equations in solving a steady-state problem. Muskat and Meres presentedand used equations different from those of Richards. Their equations did notexplicitly involve capillary pressure gradients; but included, on the otherhand, terms expressing the effects of the evolution of gas from the liquidphase during flow.
Leverett stated in 1940 that "previous work on the flow of fluidmixtures in porous solids [had] failed adequately to account for all of thethree influences that cause motion of the fluids: capillarity, gravity, andimpressed external pressure differentials." Leverett's basic equations, however, were specialized forms of the general equations of Richards, which hadactually taken account of the three influences mentioned by Leverett, but hadnot been used in a problem involving all three.
The fact is that our knowledge of capillary flow and our ability to expressthis knowledge in differential equations exceed our ability to solve theequations except in a few cases. General differential equations have usuallybeen of little more than formal value. In solving practical problems, it hasbeen necessary to develop specific equations, preserving terms that involvedthe factors important in those problems, and purposefully neglecting otherterms that were not of predominating influence. This is the method followedhere. It is believed that the solution of the particular problem and the schemeof the solution itself are new.
T.P. 2464
Volumetric and Viscosity Studies of Oil and Gas from a San Joaquin Valley Field
Authors: Olds R.H. , Sage B.H. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The volumetric behavior of five mixtures of black oil and natural gas and oftwo mixtures of condensate and natural gas from a field in the San JoaquinValley was experimentally established. This work was carried out at 100?, 190?and 250'F in the pressure interval between 400 and 5000 psi. The viscosity ofthe liquid phase of four mixtures of black oil and natural gas wasexperimentally measured in the above-indicated temperature and pressureintervals. The effect of methane upon the precipitation of bitumen from theblack oil was studied at 230'F.

Introduction
The solution of a number of the economical and technological problems whicharise in connection with petroleum production is dependent upon theavailability of the necessary quantitative information covering the materialsinvolved. This requires data concerning physical properties of naturallyoccurring hydrocarbon mixtures at the pressures and temperatures characteristicof underground petroleum reservoirs. The experimental determination of thedesired data for each situation encountered is relatively time-consuming.However, it is considered to yield results sufficiently more reliable thanthose obtained from correlations to justify the effort. For these reasons therewas undertaken a laboratory investigation of the viscosity of the liquid phaseand the volumetric and phase behavior of mixtures of oil and gas samplesobtained from wells in a field located in the San Joaquin Valley.

Terminology
The nomenclature of petroleum engineering is not at present entirelystandardized. Many commonly used technical terms are not everywhere given thesame meanings. For the purposes of this paper the following definitions will beadopted:
Black oil refers to the dark-colored, hydrocarbon liquid obtained when theproducing horizon of the well lies partly in the condensed hydrocarbon phase ofthe reservoir. Condensate is the term applied to the relatively volatile, paleyellow or amber-colored hydrocarbon liquid that is often obtained from thesurface separator system when the producing horizon of the well lies in the gascap of the reservoir. The gas obtained from the surface separator system iscalled natural gas regardless of whether the well is producing black oil orcondensate.
As might be expected from the multicomponent character of naturallyoccurring hydrocarbon materials, the compositions of black oil, condensate andnatural gas are subject to considerable variation depending upon thetemperatures and pressures prevailing in the surface separator system as wellas upon the overall composition of the material produced from thereservoir.
T.P. 2412
A Note on Well Cementing at Low Temperatures
Authors: Clark Roscoe C. 
Published: June 2014

In October 1945. R. F. Farris, in an AIME paper entitled "Method ForDetermining Minimum Waiting on Cement Time," presented a method forcalculating the minimum WOC* time required in oil well cementing operations.Briefly, this method consisted of shutting in a well after the cement had beenplaced, and noting the time required for the wellhead pressure to reach amaximum. This time was then multiplied by a factor of 1.5 to determine when thecement had reached sufficient strength to support the weight of thecasing.
As a result of this work, a number of areas have reduced their WOC timerequirements with the subsequent saving of considerable rig time.
The tests conducted by Farris were for the most part, conducted under cementingtemperatures in excess of 70'F. This was done because in the overwhelmingmajority of cases, cementing temperatures are in excess of 70'F (only in thenorthern part of the country, primarily in the Rocky Mountain area, incementing surface casing are temperatures below 70'F. encountered, and suchtemperatures occur only during the winter months). The Stanolind ResearchLaboratory since that time has performed a number of tests both in thelaboratory and in the field to evaluate this WOC factor when cementingtemperatures are lower than 70'F. The results of these tests indicated theneed for greater WOC time in areas affected by abnormally low cementingtemperatures. These tests indicated that a WOC factor of 2 (Time from start tomix cement to maximum wellhead pressure x 2 = Time to drill plug) will allowsufficient time for the cement to develop adequate strength.
A field test under abnormally low cementing temperatures (surface temperature35'F, mud discharge temperature &lt;70'F, and cementing depth 500'Ft.) in theRangely Field, Colorado, using the WOC factor of 2, indicated the time to drillthe plug as 45 hours. Well conditions preventing getting back into the welluntil a 48-hour WOC time had elapsed. At this time, the plug drilled firm tohard indicating that the cement had reached its final set.
It is contemplated that during next winter additional field tests will beperformed to further check the results of the laboratory and field testsconducted to date.
*WOC, abbreviation for "waiting on cement", indicates the time from when thecement is mixed to the time when sufficient strength has been obtained to allowthe drilling of the plug.
Implementing an Electronic Permit To Work System in Qatargas
Authors: Burrows R. I. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Qatargas is one of the pioneers in developing and implementing an electronic Permit to Work (PTW) System on a large scale. With generation of about 36000 PTWs per year currently and massive expansion of Qatargas to be world's leading LNG producer, Electronic PTW System was found to be a viable and preferred direction. The advantages outnumber disadvantages and returns are projected to be very rewarding. A team is in the final stages of reviewing the software design which will be followed by testing and implementation in near future. The paper describes development of PTW System from the paper-based to the electronic one in line with Qatargas Management System for Continuous Improvement. Author's address: SEQ Dept, P.O. Box 22666, Qatar
Development and Implementation of Process-Oriented Skin Safety Standards for the Mineral Oil Industry: A Pilot Study
Authors: Speiser-Rankine N. , Unterberger W. , Taibl R. , Payer-Neundlinger G. , Mittlböck M. , Strohal R. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Occupational skin diseases are among the most frequent causes for disablement. Although workers in the oil, gas and petrol industry are especially exposed to a variety of skin toxic/irritating substances, no data exists on the extent of the problem and how to define/introduce adequate skin protection measures. As a pilot, a 3 phase skin disease prevention and safety program was created for the Austrian OMV location at Gaenserndorf. Phase 1 (examination phase) showed that workers who substantially lacked information on dermal risk factors and behavior presented with irritant contact dermatitis of the hands at a rate of 55.4%. In addition, the company offered 27 different skin cleaning, protection and care products which were not clearly in line with workplace specific patterns of chemical skin burden. To specifically target these problems, phase 2 (realization phase) introduced new workplace adapted skin products with defined location specific sets of dispensers labeled for the role of its products, introduced skin safety plans at workplaces and a series of teaching courses based an a standardized newly developed education slide kit. By re-assessing (phase 3, evaluation phase) the most objective phase 1 parameters for the quality of skin protection measures, we found a decrease of the rate of irritant hand dermatitis from 55.4% to 19.7% and the rate of uninformed workers got down from about 60% to 20%. Taken together, the process oriented, skin safety standards herein presented have shown to specifically identify, analyze, target and unravel the relevant company related features of occupational skin diseases. The basic structure and design of this programme might be suggestive for its health supportive role in the oil, gas and petrol industry as a whole.
A New Approach to Stick-Slip Management Integrating Bit Design and Rotary-Steerable-System Characteristics
Authors: Niznik M. R. , Carson A. D. , Wise K. J. , Carson F. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
North Sea fields continue to benefit from improvements in PDC bit and rotary steerable technology. There are, however, ongoing issues in these fields relating to very hard inter-bedded formations that result in stick-slip, bit and bottom hole assembly (BHA) wear, shocks / vibration, tool failures, and short run lengths.
Rotary steerable systems (RSS) are essential to drill the challenging well paths. Push-the-bit RSS tools were first employed along with early versions of point-the-bit systems; all suffered premature tool failures due to tool wear and extreme shocks and vibration attributable to excessive stick-slip. Tool and BHA modifications to increase ruggedness, have led to longer runs and reduced shocks / vibrations in the harsh drilling environments.
PDC bits are utilized and there has been an evolution in cutter technology and bit design. The PDC cutters have higher wear resistance and are able to drill formations that were previously not PDC drillable. Bit designs evolved as RSS tools have changed: point vs. push-the-bit systems. The new point-the-bit systems require modifications to bit gauge designs. High stickslip and vibration are the main constraints to performance but are greatly reduced by designing the bit to complement the RSS.
This paper will build on previously published data showing how modifications to bit designs (based on the steering characteristics of RSS tools), and modifications to operating parameters of the RSS tools (based on the characteristics of PDC bits) have been brought together for the first time to yield a significant improvement in drilling performance. Results from initial test runs in one field were then incorporated in the plans for another field yielding similar improvements in performance.
This paper will offer both the specific details of how the integration of the bit and RSS characteristics was achieved in this example as well as more generic principles for wider application.
10-year Follow-up of Natural Crown Bonding After Tooth Fracture
Authors: Reston EG , Reichert LA , Busato AL Stefanello , Bueno RPR , Zettermann J 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARY
The aim of this article is to discuss relevant considerations about crown bonding and describe a clinical case in which a tooth fragment and direct composite resin were used to successfully restore a fractured anterior tooth. Clinical examinations showed good esthetics and periodontal health after 10 years of follow-up.
Our Experiences With B Cell Clonality Analysis Using Multiplex Pcr Amplification in Paraffin-Embedded Tissue
Authors: Stanek L. , Llsova S. , Tvrdlk D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The clonal determination of B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases by immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used. In this study we report our experiences with B cell clonality analysis using multiplex PCR amplification followed by heteroduplex analysis, which was found to be essential for the efficient resolution of monoclonal bands within polyclonal backgrounds, in formalin-fixed paraffinembedded tissue.
Diversity and Antagonistic Activity of Actinomycete Strains From Myristica Swamp Soils Against Human Pathogens
Authors: Varghese Rlnoy , Jyothy S. , Hatha A.A. Mohamed 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Under the present investigation Actinomycetes were isolated from the soils of Myristica swamps of southern Western Ghats and the antagonistic activity against different human bacterial pathogens was evaluated. Results of the present study revealed that Actinomycetes population in the soils of Myristica swamp was spatially and seasonally varied. Actinomycetes load was varied from 24×104 to 71×103, from 129×103 to 40×103 and from 31×104 to 84×103 in post monsoon, monsoon and pre monsoon respectively. A total of 23 Actinomycetes strains belonging to six genera were isolated from swamp soils. Identification of the isolates showed that most of the isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces (11), followed by Nocardia (6), Micromonospora (3), Pseudonocardia (1), Streptosporangium (1), and Nocardiopsis (1). Antagonistic studies revealed that 91.3% of Actinomycete isolates were active against one or more tested pathogens, of that 56.52% exhibited activity against Gram negative and 86.95% showed activity against Gram positive bacteria. 39.13% isolates were active against all the bacterial pathogens selected and its inhibition zone diameter was also high. 69.5% of Actinomycetes were exhibited antibacterial activity against Listeria followed by Bacillus cereus (65.21%), Staphylococcus (60.86%), Vibrio cholera (52.17%), Salmonella (52.17%) and E. coli (39.13%). The results indicate that the Myristica swamp soils of Southern Western Ghats might be a remarkable reserve of Actinomycetes with potential antagonistic activity.
Ventilator „Chirana Aura V“ In Two Models Of Neonatal Acute Lung Injury - A Pilot Study
Authors: Tomclkova L. , Mokra D. , Plstekova H. , Petraskova M. , Javorka K. , Jurcek M. , Istona P. , Calkovska A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In severe respiratory insufficiency, neonatal and pediatric patients should be ventilated artificially by a ventilator. Aim of this experimental study was to evaluate whether the newly developed ventilator Chirana Aura V may effectively ventilate the lungs of animals with two different models of acute lung injury: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by repetitive saline lavage and meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) induced by intratracheal instillation of neonatal meconium. The experiments were performed on 10 adult rabbits (New Zealand white). In ARDS group (n=5), the lungs were repetitively lavaged with saline (30 ml/kg) until partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood was under 26.7 kPa at inspiratory fraction of oxygen FiO2=1.0. In MAS group (n=5), animals were instilled 4 ml/kg of suspension of human meconium (25 mg/ml). When the model of acute lung injury was developed, animals were ventilated for additional 2 hours with pressure control ventilation (PCV) regime by ventilator Chirana Aura V. Ventilatory parameters, blood gases, acid-base balance, end-tidal CO2, O2 saturation of hemoglobin, oxygenation indexes, ventilation efficiency index, dynamic lung compliance, and right-to-left pulmonary shunts were measured and calculated in regular time intervals. In both experimental groups, used ventilatory settings provided acceptable gas exchange within the period of observation. Thus, the results indicate that ventilator Chirana Aura V might be suitable for ventilation of animal models of acute lung injury. However, further pre-clinical investigation is needed before its use may be recommended in neonatal and/or pediatric patients with acute lung injury.