bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of the fat mass and obesity‐associated gene risk allele, rs9939609A, and reward‐related brain structures
Authors: de Groot Corjan , Felius Abraham , Trompet Stella , de Craen Anton J.M. , Blauw Gerard J. , van Buchem Mark A. , Delemarre‐van de Waal Henriette A. , van der Grond Jeroen 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveRecently, the fat mass and obesity‐associated gene (FTO) has been identified as a genetic risk factor for developing obesity. The underlying mechanisms remain speculative. SNPs within FTO have been associated with brain atrophy in frontal and occipital regions, suggesting that FTO might affect body weight through cerebral pathways. Behavioral studies suggested a relationship between FTO and the reward‐related behavioral traits. Therefore the relationship between the FTO risk allele rs9939609A and volumes of reward‐related brain structures has been investigated.MethodsFour hundred and ninety‐two Dutch individuals (56% males, age: 70‐82 years) participating in the PROSPER study underwent a 3D‐T1‐weighted MRI to assess the volumes of reward‐related brain structures (e.g., amygdala, nucleus accumbens) and of gray matter and white matter. Linear regression analysis was performed to test for the association of subcortical and cortical structures with rs9939609A.Resultsrs9939609A is associated with lower volumes of the nucleus accumbens (p=0.03) and trended toward lower cortical gray matter volumes (p=0.08). This association is independent of gender, age, and BMI, FDR corrected.ConclusionsThe FTO risk allele is associated with lower nucleus accumbens volumes, suggesting that the higher body weight of risk‐allele carriers might be due to changes within reward‐related brain structures.
Adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration and lipolysis before and after a weight loss by diet and RYGB
Authors: Hansen Merethe , Lund Michael T. , Gregers Emilie , Kraunsøe Regitze , Van Hall Gerrit , Helge Jørn W. , Dela Flemming 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo study adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration and lipolysis following a massive weight loss.MethodsHigh resolution respirometry of adipose tissue biopsies and tracer determined whole body lipolysis. Sixteen obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and 27 without (OB) were studied following a massive weight loss by diet and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB).ResultsThe mitochondrial respiratory rates were similar in OB and T2DM, and the mass‐specific oxygen flux increased significantly 4 and 18 months post‐surgery (P < 0.05). With normalization to mitochondrial content, no differences in oxidative capacity after RYGB were seen. The ratio between the oxidative phosphorylation system capacity (P) and the capacity of the electron transfer system (E) increased 18 months after RYGB in both groups (P < 0.05). Lipolysis per fat mass was similar in the two groups and was increased (P < 0.05) and lipid oxidation during hyperinsulinemia decreased 4 months post‐surgery. In T2DM, visceral fat mass was always higher relative to the body fat mass (%) compared to OB.ConclusionsAdipose tissue mitochondrial respiratory capacity increases with RYGB. Adipocytes adapt to massive weight loss by increasing the phosphorylation system ratio (P/E), suggesting an increased ability to oxidize substrates after RYGB. Lipolysis increases in the short term post‐surgery, and insulin sensitivity for suppression of lipolysis increases with RYGB.
Respiratory tract exacerbations revisited: Ventilation, inflammation, perfusion, and structure (VIPS) monitoring to redefine treatment
Authors: Tiddens Harm A.W.M. , Stick Stephen M. , Wild Jim M. , Ciet Pierluigi , Parker Geoffrey J.M. , Koch Armin , Vogel‐Claussen Jens 
Published: September 2015

SummaryFor cystic fibrosis (CF) patients older than 6 years there are convincing data that suggest respiratory tract exacerbations (RTE) play an important role in the progressive loss of functional lung tissue. There is a poor understanding of the pathobiology of RTE and whether specific treatment of RTE reduces lung damage in the long term. In addition, there are limited tools available to measure the various components of CF lung disease and responses to therapy. Therefore, in order to better understand the impact of RTE on CF lung disease we need to develop sensitive measures to characterize RTE and responses to treatment; and improve our understanding of structure‐function changes during treatment of RTE. In this paper we review our current knowledge of the impact of RTE on the progression of lung disease and identify strategies to improve our understanding of the pathobiology of RTE. By improving our knowledge regarding RTE in CF we will be better positioned to develop approaches to treatment that are individualized and that can prevent permanent structural damage. We suggest the development of a ventilation, perfusion, inflammation and structure (VIPS)‐MRI suite that supplies the clinician with data on ventilation, inflammation, perfusion, and structure in one MRI session. VIPS‐MRI could be an important step to better understand the factors that contribute to and limit treatment efficacy of RTE. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S57–S65. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An impulse oscillometry system is less efficient than spirometry in tracking lung function improvements after intravenous antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Buchs Clélia , Coutier Laurianne , Vrielynck Stéphanie , Jubin Virginie , Mainguy Catherine , Reix Philippe 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA literature search identified one retrospective study on the responsiveness of impulse oscillometry (IOS) in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. The aim of this prospective observational study was to assess this property in an adequately powered study after intravenous antibiotic therapy (IVAT) administered for an acute episode of pulmonary exacerbation. Spirometry and IOS were done on the same day as the start and the end of IVAT. Data from 34 patients’ of mean age 11.9 years (range, 5–17 years) were studied. The mean FEV1 at the start and at the end of the IVAT was 73.1 ± 23.8% (range, 23.4–122%) and 88.3 ± 21.3% (range, 29.4–131%), respectively. The mean relative change (mean ± SD) was 20.2 ± 14.2% for FEV1 (ΔFEV1), −21.9 ± 23.8% for reactance at 5 Hz (ΔX5) and –13.4 ± 18.9% for resistance at 5 Hz (Δ R5) (all P‐values <0.05). There was a weak but significant correlation between ΔFEV1 and ΔX5 (r =–0.473; p = 0.01). The magnitude of improvement of ΔX5 was not statistically different between patients with normal versus abnormal lung function at the start of IVAT. Furthermore, using ΔX5 alone as an outcome measure of IVAT efficiency resulted in a significant improvement in 44% of the patients, while it was 79% with ΔFEV1. These results indicate that IOS may track changes after IVAT, but that this improvement may be insufficiently evaluated using IOS alone. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1073–1081. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on the Azido‐Tetrazolo Tautomerizations of 3,6‐Bis(azido)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine
Authors: Zhao Dan , Lv Meifang , Cai Chun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe azido‐tetrazolo tautomerizations of 3,6‐diazido‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (DIAT) in different solvents were investigated with HPLC and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 6‐Amino‐tetrazolo[1,5‐b]‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (ATTZ) was irreversibly formed as the final product by azido‐cyclization following N2 elimination from one of the azido substituents at room temperature in DMSO. The structure of ATTZ was characterized by X‐ray crystallography; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectrometry, as well as IR and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The crystal density was found to be 1.272 g cm−3. DSC result suggested that ATTZ with the melting point of 84 °C strongly decomposes with explosion at 198 °C, which can be regarded as a primary explosive.
Capacity analysis of high‐throughput satellite links for Earth observation missions
Authors: Katona Zoltán , Kourogiorgas Charilaos , Panagopoulos Athanasios D. , Jeannin Nicolas 
Published: September 2015

SummaryEarth observation missions are important for economy and science. The data collected by such satellites are used in agriculture, maritime services, disaster and environmental monitoring, and so on. Earth observation satellites are low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites typically with a sun‐synchronous, polar orbit. The amount of collected data has significantly increased over the years. This calls for finding new ways to increase the transfer rate on the satellite link. As a consequence, the present paper analyzes the possibility of moving from low to high radio frequencies. In addition, different topologies are analyzed, such as the conventional direct LEO satellite to ground station link, and the data relay link from the LEO satellite to the ground station through a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite. The present paper thus analyzes the foreseeable performance of Ka‐band and Q‐band direct links, and Ka‐band, Q‐band, and W‐band data relay links. The following channel adaptation techniques were assumed during the analysis: adaptive coding and modulation and variable coding and modulation. According to the results, the link margin is significantly high in clear sky, reaching at least 7dB, even using the least robust modulation and coding (ModCod) scheme, which applies 1024‐amplitude and phase‐shift keying (1024‐APSK) modulation scheme. As a consequence, it shall be important in the future to further increase the spectral efficiency of the link, by, for example, reducing phase noise in order to enable even higher‐order modulation schemes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aluminum and Indium Complexes derived from Guanidines, Triazenes, and Amidines
Authors: Cole Marcus L. , Davies Aaron J. , Jones Cameron , Junk Peter C. , McKay Alasdair I. , Stasch Andreas 
Published: September 2015

Abstract The reaction of guanidines, triazenes, amidines, and lithium amidinates with trimethylamine alane ([AlH3(NMe3)]), lithium tetrahydridoaluminate, trimethylaluminum, aluminum trichloride, and indium trichloride is reported. Equimolar reactions utilising hindered N,N′‐bis(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)guanidines afford [{AlX2L}n] species through hydrogen elimination (X = H) from [AlH3(NMe3)] (n = 2) with HCGiso (1), HDGiso (2), or HDPiso (3) [CGiso = N,N′‐bis(2, 6‐disopropylphenyl)‐N′′‐dicyclohexylguanidinate, DGiso = N,N′,N′′‐tris(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)guanidinate, DPiso = N,N′‐bis(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐P‐2, 6‐diisopropylphenylphosphguanidinate], or through methane elimination (X = Me) from AlMe3 [n = 1, L = CGiso (5)]. The analogous reactions of the triazene HTiso with LiAlH4 and AlMe3 selectively afford [AlH(Tiso)2] (4) and [AlMe2(Tiso)] (6), respectively [Tiso = 1, 3‐bis(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)triazenide]. Reactions of N,N′‐bis(aryl)formamidines/ates with half an equivalent of AlMe3/AlCl3 result in [AlXL2] complexes [X = Me; L = Fxy (7) or Fet (8); X = Cl; L = Fet (9) or L = Fiso (10)] [Fxy = N,N′‐bis(2, 6‐dimethylphenyl)formamidinate, Fet = N,N′‐bis(2, 6‐diethylphenyl)formamidinate, Fiso = N,N′‐bis(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)formamidinate]. Treatment of 1 with one equivalent of I2 yields [AlI2(CGiso)] (11). Attempts to prepare [InCl2L] congeners of 11 with L = Fxy and Fet led to the isolation of prodigious quantities of [InCl3(HFxy)2] (12) and [InCl2(Fet)(HFet)] (13) due to adventitious water. The X‐ray crystal structures of 1–13 are reported.
Does the Implantation Technique for Totally Implantable Venous Access Ports (TIVAPs) Influence Long‐Term Outcome?
Authors: Biacchi Daniele , Sammartino Paolo , Sibio Simone , Accarpio Fabio , Cardi Maurizio , Sapienza Paolo , De Cesare Alessandro , Maher Fouad Atta Joseph , Impagnatiello Alessio , Di Giorgio Angelo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundTotally implantable venous access ports (TIVAP) are eventually explanted for various reasons, related or unrelated to the implantation technique used. Having more information on long‐term explantation would help improve placement techniques.MethodsFrom a series of 1572 cancer patients who had TIVAPs implanted in our center with the cutdown technique or Seldinger technique, we studied the 542 patients who returned to us to have their TIVAP explanted after 70 days or more. As outcome measures we distinguished between TIVAPs explanted for long‐term complications (infection, catheter‐, reservoir‐, and patient‐related complications) and TIVAPs no longer needed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were run to investigate the reasons for explantation and their possible correlation with implantation techniques.ResultsThe most common reason for explantation was infection (47.6 %), followed by catheter‐related (20.8 %), patient‐related (14.7 %), and reservoir‐related complications (4.7 %). In the remaining 12.2 % of cases, the TIVAP was explanted complication free after the planned treatments ended. Infection correlated closely with longer TIVAP use. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the Seldinger technique as a major risk factor for venous thrombosis and catheter dislocation.ConclusionsThe need for long‐term TIVAP explantation in about one‐third of cancer patients is related to the implantation techniques used.
Identity processes and statuses in post‐Soviet Georgia: Exploration processes operate differently
Authors: Skhirtladze Nino , Javakhishvili Nino , Schwartz Seth J. , Beyers Wim , Luyckx Koen 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIdentity formation is one of the main developmental tasks of emerging adulthood. Based on quantitative data on a five‐dimensional model of identity formation, we concluded that the identity formation process has some different features in the Republic of Georgia than it does in many Western countries. Results obtained from young Georgian adults (N = 295, 82.6% female) yielded four exploration processes instead of three, which is in line with the recent Swiss findings. A key difference between Georgia and the Western contexts, however, is that exploration in breadth is highly correlated with ruminative exploration. Cluster analysis, which produced six identity clusters, also supported this pattern. Achievement, the most adjusted cluster in Western contexts, was relatively low on exploration in breadth. We discuss ways in which the Georgian transition from Soviet communism to a more globalized society may contribute to limited opportunities for identity exploration and may add some tension to the identity development process.
Maternal flaxseed diet during lactation changes adrenal function in adult male rat offspring
Authors: Figueiredo Mariana Sarto , da Conceição Ellen Paula Santos , de Oliveira Elaine , Lisboa Patricia Cristina , de Moura Egberto Gaspar 
Published: September 2015

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been a focus of interest in the field of functional foods because of its potential health benefits. However, we hypothesised that maternal flaxseed intake during lactation could induce several metabolic dysfunctions in adult offspring. In the present study, we aimed to characterise the adrenal function of adult offspring whose dams were supplemented with whole flaxseed during lactation. At birth, lactating Wistar rats were divided into two groups: rats from dams fed the flaxseed diet (FLAX) with 25 % of flaxseed and controls dams. Pups received standard diet after weaning and male offspring were killed at age 180 days old to collect blood and tissues. We evaluated body weight and food intake during development, corticosteronaemia, adrenal catecholamine content, hepatic cholesterol, TAG and glycogen contents, and the protein expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and adrenaline β2 receptor at postnatal day 180 (PN180). After weaning, pups from the FLAX group had a higher body weight (+10 %) and food intake (+10 %). At PN180, the FLAX offspring exhibited higher serum corticosterone (+48 %) and lower adrenal catecholamine ( − 23 %) contents, lower glycogen ( − 30 %), higher cholesterol (4-fold increase) and TAG (3-fold-increase) contents in the liver, and higher 11β-HSD1 (+62 %) protein expression. Although the protein expression of hypothalamic CRH was unaffected, the FLAX offspring had lower protein expression of pituitary ACTH ( − 34 %). Therefore, induction of hypercorticosteronaemia by dietary flaxseed during lactation may be due to an increased hepatic activation of 11β-HSD1 and suppression of ACTH. The changes in the liver fat content of the FLAX group are suggestive of steatosis, in which hypercorticosteronaemia may play an important role. Thus, it is recommended that lactating women restrict the intake of flaxseed during lactation.
Neonatal low-protein diet reduces the masticatory efficiency in rats
Authors: Ferraz-Pereira Kelli N. , da Silva Aragão Raquel , Verdier Dorly , Toscano Ana E. , Lacerda Diego C. , Manhães-de-Castro Raul , Kolta Arlette 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLittle is known about the effects of undernutrition on the specific muscles and neuronal circuits involved in mastication. The aim of this study was to document the effects of neonatal low-protein diet on masticatory efficiency. Newborn rats whose mothers were fed 17 % (nourished (N),n60) or 8 % (undernourished (U),n56) protein were compared. Their weight was monitored and their masticatory jaw movements were video-recorded. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in brainstem slice preparations to investigate the intrinsic membrane properties andN-methyl-d-aspartate-induced bursting characteristics of the rhythmogenic neurons (N,n43; U,n39) within the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (NVsnpr). Morphometric analysis (N,n4; U,n5) were conducted on masseteric muscles serial cross-sections. Our results showed that undernourished animals had lower numbers of masticatory sequences (P=0·049) and cycles (P=0·045) and slower chewing frequencies (P=0·004) (N,n32; U,n28). Undernutrition reduced body weight but had little effect on many basic NVsnpr neuronal electrophysiological parameters. It did, however, affect sag potentials (P<0·001) and rebound firing (P=0·005) that influence firing pattern. Undernutrition delayed the appearance of bursting and reduced the propensity to burst (P=0·002), as well as the bursting frequency (P=0·032). Undernourished animals showed increased and reduced proportions of fibre type IIA (P<0·0001) and IIB (P<0·0001), respectively. In addition, their fibre areas (IIA,P<0·001; IIB,P<0·001) and perimeters (IIA,P<0·001; IIB,P<0·001) were smaller. The changes observed at the behavioural, neuronal and muscular levels suggest that undernutrition reduces chewing efficiency by slowing, weakening and delaying maturation of the masticatory muscles and the associated neuronal circuitry.
THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS AND INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION: A LIMITED RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Hepburn Jarrod 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts have appeared in a small but steady trickle of investment treaty arbitrations over the last decade. This article considers the use of the Principles by investment tribunals on questions of both domestic law and international law. It suggests that reference to the Principles can play an important legitimating role on questions of domestic law, but that this should not replace reference to the applicable law. On questions of international law, reference to the Principles may be justified by resort to the general principles of law. However, the article contends that there is only a limited role for the UNIDROIT Principles where the primary and secondary rules of investment protection are already found in treaties and custom. In addition, while general principles have historically been drawn from domestic private law, there is increasing recognition that general principles of public law are more relevant to investment arbitration. Given this, arbitrators resolving questions of international law must be cautious in references to the UNIDROIT Principles, a quintessentially private law instrument.
Ethephon improved stalk strength associated with summer maize adaptations to environments differing in nitrogen availability in the North China Plain
Authors: YE D. L. , ZHANG Y. S. , AL-KAISI M. M. , DUAN L. S. , ZHANG M. C. , LI Z. H. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYNitrogen (N) supply is essential for achieving high grain yield in maize production, but excessive N application can lead to lodging risks and potential yield loss. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of ethephon application under different N fertilizer rates in reducing maize lodging. Field experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effects of ethephon (0 and 180 g/ha) and N rate (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg N/ha) on the morphological and chemical characteristics of basal internode and yield across two summer maize-growing seasons (2011/12) in Wuqiao of the North China Plain. Findings showed that ethephon significantly increased the maximum diameter of the 7th to 14th internodes, and decreased the internode lengths, which led to a decrease in plant and ear heights under different N rates. Significant ethephon × N interaction effects were observed on the diameter and length of internode, dry weight per unit internode length and breaking resistance. Ethephon significantly increased N, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the basal internode, but cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased as the rate of N application increased. Internode diameter, dry weight per unit internode length, and N content of the basal internode were significantly positively correlated with breaking resistance. Ethephon significantly increased grain yield and harvest index in 2011, but not in 2012. Grain yield and above-ground biomass were increased with increasing N application in both growing seasons, showing linear and quadratic responses. These results suggested that ethephon could increase stalk strength by improving the morphological and chemical characteristics of the basal internode, and maintain high yield and biomass under high N rates.
You looking at me?: Interpreting social cues in schizophrenia
Authors: White T. P. , Borgan F. , Ralley O. , Shergill S. S. 
Published: September 2015

Background.Deficits in the perception of social cues are common in schizophrenia and predict functional outcome. While effective communication depends on deciphering both verbal and non-verbal features, work on non-verbal communication in the disorder is scarce.Method.This behavioural study of 29 individuals with schizophrenia and 25 demographically matched controls used silent video-clips to examine gestural identification, its contextual modulation and related metacognitive representations.Results.In accord with our principal hypothesis, we observed that individuals with schizophrenia exhibited a preserved ability to identify archetypal gestures and did not differentially infer communicative intent from incidental movements. However, patients were more likely than controls to perceive gestures as self-referential when confirmatory evidence was ambiguous. Furthermore, the severity of their current hallucinatory experience inversely predicted their confidence ratings associated with these self-referential judgements.Conclusions.These findings suggest a deficit in the contextual refinement of social-cue processing in schizophrenia that is potentially attributable to impaired monitoring of a mirror mechanism underlying intentional judgements, or to an incomplete semantic representation of gestural actions. Non-verbal communication may be improved in patients through psychotherapeutic interventions that include performance and perception of gestures in group interactions.