bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active plasmonics in WDM traffic switching applications
Authors: Papaioannou Sotirios , Kalavrouziotis Dimitrios , Vyrsokinos Konstantinos , Weeber Jean-Claude , Hassan Karim , Markey Laurent , Dereux Alain , Kumar Ashwani , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I. , Baus Matthias , Tekin Tolga , Apostolopoulos Dimitrios , Avramopoulos Hercules , Pleros Nikos 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWith metal stripes being intrinsic components of plasmonic waveguides, plasmonics provides a “naturally” energy-efficient platform for merging broadband optical links with intelligent electronic processing, instigating a great promise for low-power and small-footprint active functional circuitry. The first active Dielectric-Loaded Surface Plasmon Polariton (DLSPP) thermo-optic (TO) switches with successful performance in single-channel 10 Gb/s data traffic environments have led the inroad towards bringing low-power active plasmonics in practical traffic applications. In this article, we introduce active plasmonics into Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) switching applications, using the smallest TO DLSPP-based Mach-Zehnder interferometric switch reported so far and showing its successful performance in 4×10 Gb/s low-power and fast switching operation. The demonstration of the WDM-enabling characteristics of active plasmonic circuits with an ultra-low power × response time product represents a crucial milestone in the development of active plasmonics towards real telecom and datacom applications, where low-energy and fast TO operation with small-size circuitry is targeted.
Ultra low-resistance palladium silicide Ohmic contacts to lightly doped n-InGaAs
Authors: Yearsley J. D. , Lin J. C. , Hwang E. , Datta S. , Mohney S. E. 
Published: September 2012

The formation of shallow, ultra-low resistance, Pd/Si solid-phase regrowth (SPR) ohmic contacts to n-In0.53Ga0.47As epilayers of ND=1×1017 cm−3 and ND=3×1019 cm−3 is demonstrated. The resulting specific contact resistances of 9×10−8 Ω  cm2 and 1.8×10−8 Ω cm2, respectively, are the lowest demonstrated for SPR contacts to n-InGaAs. An optimum Pd/Si atomic ratio of 1.5 is found to be essential to achieving low specific contact resistance. A low-temperature, two-step, rapid thermal annealing process has been employed to activate the InGaAs regrowth process and consistently achieve shallow contacts with minimal lateral diffusion. Transmission electron microscopy is used to substantiate the SPR mechanism of contact formation. For lightly doped epilayers, I-V-T measurements from 77–300 K show that the ohmic behavior is a direct result of the SPR process due to the introduction of excess Si dopant greater than 1019 cm−3 at the regrown InGaAs interface.
Effects of Multiple Electrical Field Exposures on Cyprinid Embryo Survival
Authors: Nutile Sam , Amberg Jon J. , Sepúlveda María S. , Goforth Reuben R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The effects of electricity on fish embryo survival during sampling events have been previously researched, demonstrating that survival is affected by voltage gradient, current type, exposure duration, developmental stage, and egg diameter. However, the effects of multiple electrical field exposures on fish embryos, such as during sampling depletions, have not been investigated. We conducted multiple electrical field exposures over a range of voltage gradients and resting intervals to determine potential effects on zebrafish Danio rerio embryos during epiboly. However, multiple electrical field exposures had no effect on zebrafish embryo survival, and the only factor to significantly decrease survival regardless of the number of exposures was a voltage gradient of 16 V/cm. Since zebrafish are widely used as model cyprinids, our results suggest that multiple electrical field exposures during electrofishing depletions are not likely to significantly increase cyprinid fish embryo mortality.
Received March 1, 2012; accepted May 23, 2012
Doubly dispossessed by accumulation: Egyptian fishing communities between enclosed lakes and a rising sea
Authors: Malm Andreas , Esmailian Shora 
Published: September 2012

In a corner of the Egyptian revolutionary drama, the fisherfolk of the northern Nile Delta have begun to organise. They suffer an indicative predicament. The two great lagoons of Borullus and Manzala have largely been enclosed by fish farms as the Mubarak regime sought to expand Egypt's aquaculture industry. On the other hand, the sea is threatening to submerge the ground on which the very same fishing communities are based. How can we understand the pinch in which they find themselves? This article questions the sustainability of the Egyptian aquaculture miracle, examines the likely impacts of sea level rise on the communities north of Borullus and Manzala, and seeks to conceptualise the dialectic between the two processes. While the fisherfolk prepare to fight against the encroaching farms, however, there is little on the horizon in the way of struggle against the other, perhaps even more dangerous side of the squeeze.
[Doublement dépossédés par l'accumulation: les communautés des pêcheurs égyptiens entre les lacs fermés et une mer montante.] Dans un coin du drame révolutionnaire égyptien, la communauté des pêcheurs dans le Nord du Delta du Nil a commencé à s'organiser. Elle souffre d'une situation à titre indicatif. Les deux grandes lagunes de Borullus et de Manzala ont été en grande partie entourées par les exploitations piscicoles, comme le régime de Moubarak a cherché à élargir l'industrie de l'aquaculture égyptienne. D'autre part, la mer menace de submerger le terrain sur lequel ces mêmes communautés de pêche sont établies. Comment pouvons-nous comprendre le malaise dans lequel ils se trouvent? Cet article évoque la question du miracle de la durabilité de l'aquaculture égyptienne, examine les effets probables de l'élévation du niveau de la mer au nord des communautés de Borullus et de Manzala, et cherche à établir un concept dialectique entre les deux processus. Alors que les pêcheurs se préparent à lutter contre les exploitations agricoles contrariantes, il ya cependant peu de marge à l'horizon sur la façon de lutter contre l'autre – peut-être même le plus dangereux – côté de la compression.

Mots-clés: L'Egypte; les communautés de pêche; l'élévation du niveau de la mer; l'aquaculture; l'accumulation par dépossession; la révolution
Comparison of Nutritional Compounds in Premature Green and Mature Yellow Whole Wheat in Korea
Authors: Yang Dan , Shin Jung‐Ah , Gan Lu‐Jing , Zhu Xue‐Mei , Hong Soon‐Taek , Sung Chang‐Keun , Cho Jin‐Woong , Ku Ja‐Hyeong , Lee Ki‐Teak 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTUntil now few comparisons of nutritional compounds in premature green and mature yellow wheat have been reported. In this study, the contents of amino acids, vitamins, mineral compounds, phytosterols, and fatty acids as well as the proximate composition of premature green and mature yellow wheat were investigated. Premature green wheat had lower protein content (12.0 g/100 g db) and higher dietary fiber content (19.3 g/100 g db) than mature yellow wheat (13.6 and 14.3 g/100 g db for protein and dietary fiber, respectively). Despite a small difference in total amino acids, protein in premature wheat had a significantly greater proportion of essential amino acids: 16.1, 39.9, and 32.7 mg/g of protein for methionine, lysine, and threonine, respectively. Furthermore, the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid scores of whole grain premature green and mature yellow wheat were 62.8 and 46.4, respectively, showing significant difference (P < 0.05). Total fatty acids content was 2.66 g/100 g db for premature green wheat and 2.21 g/100 g db for mature yellow wheat. Vitamin C, β‐carotene (provitamin A), α‐ and γ‐tocopherol, and niacin were the major vitamins in premature green wheat, whereas vitamin C and β‐carotene were not detected in mature yellow wheat. The results obtained indicated that premature green wheat has potential for the human diet because of its desirable nutritional value.
Strigolactones Are Involved in Root Response to Low Phosphate Conditions in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mayzlish-Gati Einav , De-Cuyper Carolien , Goormachtig Sofie , Beeckman Tom , Vuylsteke Marnik , Brewer Philip B. , Beveridge Christine A. , Yermiyahu Uri , Kaplan Yulia , Enzer Yael , Wininger Smadar , Resnick Natalie , Cohen Maja , Kapulnik Yoram , Koltai Hinanit 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that suppress lateral shoot branching, and act to regulate root hair elongation and lateral root formation. Here, we show that SLs are regulators of plant perception of or response to low inorganic phosphate (Pi) conditions. This regulation is mediated by MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) and correlated with transcriptional induction of the auxin receptor TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1). Mutants of SL signaling (max2-1) or biosynthesis (max4-1) showed reduced response to low Pi conditions relative to the wild type. In max4-1, but not max2-1, the reduction in response to low Pi was compensated by the application of a synthetic strigolactone GR24. Moreover, AbamineSG, which decreases SL levels in plants, reduced the response to low Pi in the wild type, but not in SL-signaling or biosynthesis mutants. In accordance with the reduced response of max2-1 to low Pi relative to the wild type, several phosphate-starvation response and phosphate-transporter genes displayed reduced induction in max2-1, even though Pi content in max2-1 and the wild type were similar. Auxin, but not ethylene, was sufficient to compensate for the reduced max2-1 response to low Pi conditions. Moreover, the expression level of TIR1 was induced under low Pi conditions in the wild type, but not in max2-1. Accordingly, the tir1-1 mutant showed a transient reduction in root hair density in comparison with the wild type under low Pi conditions. Therefore, we suggest that the response of plants to low Pi is regulated by SLs; this regulation is transmitted via the MAX2 component of SL signaling and is correlated with transcriptional induction of the TIR1 auxin receptor.
Acute diverticulitis: demographic, clinical and laboratory features associated with computed tomography findings in 741 patients
Authors: Longstreth G. F. , Iyer R. L. , Chu L.‐H. X. , Chen W. , Yen L. S. , Hodgkins P. , Kawatkar A. A. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackgroundComputed tomography (CT) demonstrates diverticulitis severity.AimTo assess demographic, clinical and leucocyte features in association with severity.MethodsWe reviewed medical records of 741 emergency department cases and in‐patients with diverticulitis. CT findings were: (i) nondiagnostic; (ii) moderate (peri‐colic inflammation); and (iii) severe (abscess and/or extra‐luminal gas and/or contrast).ResultsPatients with severe vs. nondiagnostic/moderate findings had fewer females (42.4% vs. 58.2%, P = .004), less lower abdominal pain only (74.7% vs. 83.7%, P = .042) and more constipation (24.4% vs. 12.5%, P = .002), fever (52.2% vs. 27.0%, P < .0001), leucocytosis (81.5% vs. 55.2%, P < .0001), neutrophilia (86.2% vs. 59.0%, P < .0001), ‘bandemia’ (18.5% vs. 5.5%, P < .0001) and the triad of abdominal pain, fever and leucocytosis (46.7% vs. 19.9%, P < .0001) respectively. Severe vs. nondiagnostic/moderate findings occurred in 4.8% vs. 95.2% without fever or leucocytosis, 7.0% vs. 93.0% with fever, 12.3% vs. 87.7% with leucocytosis and 25.1% vs. 74.9% with fever and leucocytosis respectively (P < .0001). The former group (odds ratio [95% CI]) included females less often (0.45 [0.26–0.76]) and had less lower abdominal pain only (0.54 [0.29–0.99]) and more constipation (2.32 [1.27–4.23]), fever (2.13 [1.27–3.57]) and leucocytosis (2.67 [1.43–4.99]).ConclusionsLess than 50% of severe cases have the clinical/laboratory triad of abdominal pain, fever and leucocytosis, but only 1 of 20 with pain who lack fever and leucocytosis have severe diverticulitis. Male gender, pain not limited to the lower abdomen, constipation, fever and leucocytosis are independently associated with severe diverticulitis.
Childhood acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Inaba Hiroto 
Published: September 2012

SummaryAlthough acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has long been recognized for its morphological and cytogenetic heterogeneity, recent high‐resolution genomic profiling has demonstrated a complexity even greater than previously imagined. This complexity can be seen in the number and diversity of genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications, and characteristics of the leukaemic stem cells. The broad range of abnormalities across different AML subtypes suggests that improvements in clinical outcome will require the development of targeted therapies for each subtype of disease and the design of novel clinical trials to test these strategies. It is highly unlikely that further gains in long‐term survival rates will be possible by mere intensification of conventional chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize recent studies that provide new insight into the genetics and biology of AML, discuss risk stratification and therapy for this disease, and profile some of the therapeutic agents currently under investigation.
Peri‐Implantitis versus Periodontitis: Functional Differences Indicated by Transcriptome Profiling
Authors: Becker Stephan T. , Beck‐Broichsitter Benedicta E. , Graetz Christian , Dörfer Christof E. , Wiltfang Jörg , Häsler Robert 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundPeriodontitis and Periimplantitis are oftentimes discussed as one entity, which is reflected by therapeutical as well as by scientific approaches. It is unclear, to which extent the similarity of the clinical characteristics is attributed to similarities in the underlying disease mechanisms.PurposeThe main objective of the study is to display if or how different periimplantitis and periodontitis are on the mRNA level, representing a high‐resolution map of disease‐associated events.Materials and MethodsAiming to describe the pathophysiological mechanisms in vivo, primary gingival tissue from 7 periimplantitis patients, 7 periodontitis patients and 8 healthy controls was employed in order to generate genome wide transcriptome profiles.ResultsOn the basis of quantitative transcriptome analysis, we could show that periimplantitis and periodontitis exhibit significantly different mRNA signatures. Additionally we present a disease associated mRNA profile, which displays potential periimplantitis disease mechanisms. A gene ontology analysis revealed various pathways, supporting the hypothesis of periimplantitis being a complex inflammatory disorder with a unique pathophysiology. While in periimplantitis tissue the regulation of transcripts related to innate immune responses and defense responses were dominating, in periodontitis tissues bacterial response systems prevailed.ConclusionsTaken together, our results suggest considering periimplantitis and periodontitis as disease entities with shared as well as with distinct features, which should be reflected on the therapeutical as well as on the scientific level.
Whole‐body vibration for functional constipation: a single‐centre, single‐blinded, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wu T.‐J. , Wei T.‐S. , Chou Y.‐H. , Yang C.‐P. , Wu C.‐L. , Chen Y.‐C. , Liu S.‐Y. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim  The aim of this trial was to determine whether whole‐body vibration (WBV) induced via a noninvasive oscillation platform could improve symptoms and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic functional constipation.Method  A single‐blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed in a single hospital in Taiwan. Patients diagnosed with chronic functional constipation, as per the Rome III diagnostic criteria, were included and randomized to either the WBV treatment or no treatment (control) group. The treatment group received six 15‐min sessions of WBV therapy over a 2‐week period. Patients received vibrations of 2 mm in amplitude at a frequency of 12 Hz. The primary outcome was whether constipation symptoms improved, assessed by the constipation severity instrument (CSI) and the secondary outcome measure was whether there was an improvement in HRQOL.Results  Whole‐body vibration therapy over a 2‐week period in patients with chronic functional constipation (n = 14) significantly reduced the total CSI and obstructive defaecation subscale scores compared with control (n = 13). However, WBV did not improve the pain and chronic inertia subscale scores of the CSI or HRQOL.Conclusion  These findings suggest that low‐intensity WBV induced via a noninvasive oscillation platform may be an effective therapy for reducing symptom severity in patients with chronic functional constipation.
Learning to Choose Among Social Foraging Strategies in Adult House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)
Authors: Belmaker Amos , Motro Uzi , Feldman Marcus W. , Lotem Arnon 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSocial foragers may be regarded as being engaged in a producer–scrounger game in which they can search for food independently or join others who have discovered food. Research on the producer–scrounger game has focused mainly on the different factors influencing its evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) solution, but very little is known about the actual mechanisms that shape players' decisions. Recent work has shown that early experience can affect producer–scrounger foraging tendencies in young house sparrows and that in nutmeg mannikins learning is involved in reaching theESS. Here, we show that direct manipulation of the success rate experienced by adult sparrows when following others can change their strategy choice on the following day. We presented to live sparrows an experimental regime, where stuffed adult house sparrows in a feeding position were positioned on a foraging grid that included two reward regimes: a positive one, in which the stuffed models were placed near food, and a negative one, in which the models were placed away from food. There was a significant increase in joining behavior after the positive treatment (exhibited by 84% of the birds), but no change after the negative treatment. Further analysis demonstrated that sparrows more frequently used the strategy with which they were more successful (usually joining) and that differences in strategy use were correlated with differences in success. These results suggest that adult birds can monitor their success and learn to choose among social foraging strategies in the producer–scrounger game.
Deficiency in the nuclear‐related factor erythroid 2 transcription factor (Nrf1) leads to genetic instability
Authors: Oh Diane H. , Rigas Diamanda , Cho Ara , Chan Jefferson Y. 
Published: September 2012

Nuclear factor erythroid‐derived 2‐related factor 1 (Nrf1) regulates cellular stress response genes, and has also been suggested to play a role in other cellular processes. We previously demonstrated that hepatocyte‐specific deletion of Nrf1 in mice resulted in spontaneous apoptosis, inflammation, and development of liver tumors. Here, we showed that both fibroblasts derived from Nrf1 null mouse embryos and fibroblasts expressing a conditional Nrf1 allele showed increased micronuclei and formation of abnormal nuclei. Lentiviral shRNA‐mediated knockdown of Nrf1 in SAOS–2 cells also resulted in increased micronuclei, abnormal mitosis and multi‐nucleated cells. Metaphase analyses showed increased aneuploidy in Nrf1−/− embryonic fibroblasts. Nuclear defects in Nrf1‐deficient cells were associated with decreased expression of various genes encoding kinetochore and mitotic checkpoint proteins. Our findings suggest that Nrf1 may play a role in maintaining genomic integrity, and that Nrf1 dysregulation may induce tumorigenesis.
The climate velocity of the contiguous United States during the 20th century
Authors: Dobrowski Solomon Z. , Abatzoglou John , Swanson Alan K. , Greenberg Jonathan A. , Mynsberge Alison R. , Holden Zachary A. , Schwartz Michael K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRapid climate change has the potential to affect economic, social, and biological systems. A concern for species conservation is whether or not the rate of on‐going climate change will exceed the rate at which species can adapt or move to suitable environments. Here we assess the climate velocity (both climate displacement rate and direction) for minimum temperature, actual evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit (deficit) over the contiguous US during the 20th century (1916–2005). Vectors for these variables demonstrate a complex mosaic of patterns that vary spatially and temporally and are dependent on the spatial resolution of input climate data. Velocities for variables that characterize the climatic water balance were similar in magnitude to that derived from temperature, but frequently differed in direction resulting in the divergence of climate vectors through time. Our results strain expectations of poleward and upslope migration over the past century due to warming. Instead, they suggest that a more full understanding of changes in multiple climatic factors, in addition to temperature, may help explain unexpected or conflicting observational evidence of climate‐driven species range shifts during the 20th century.
The psychosocial influence to habit using make‐up of women aged 40 to 59 years menopausal Japanese women
Authors: Oi N. , Ohi K. 
Published: September 2012

SynopsisWe conducted a survey to elucidate the psychosocial influence of menopausal symptoms on the habit of using make‐up. This study included 420 Japanese women (age, 40–59 years) who were examined for the first time in a specialized women's outpatient clinic of our institution from June 2010 to September 2011. Using the Menopause‐Specific Quality of Life questionnaire (MENQOL), we analysed the scores in relation to menopausal symptoms and whether and how frequently the subject used make‐up (including foundation, lip rouge and eyebrow brushing). JMP version 9.0 software was used to statistically analyse the data. Significant results were observed for psychosocial symptoms (P = 0.0002) but not for vasomotor symptoms. Psychosocial symptoms tended to be more severe in women with climacteric <5 years previously. Furthermore, the frequency of make‐up use was positively correlated with menopausal symptoms (P = 0.0251). There were strong relationships between psychological symptoms and make‐up use in menopausal women. Psychological condition and the frequency of make‐up use were inversely correlated, especially in women with climacteric <5 years previously.