bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similar but Different: The Beliefs of Foreign Language Teachers
Authors: Kissau Scott P. , Algozzine Bob , Yon Maria 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUsing data from a large‐scale, mixed‐method study involving 222 K–12 foreign language (L2) teachers and their supervisors (see Kissau, Yon, & Algozzine, 2011), in this article the researchers explore differences in beliefs across four demographic groups: experienced and inexperienced teachers, teachers with L2 teacher training and those without, teachers of different foreign languages, and immersion and traditional L2 teachers. While survey responses were similar in each of the comparisons, interview data emphasized that members of each group faced unique challenges that influenced their beliefs and classroom practices. The results speak to the need to tailor training to meet the needs of different groups of L2 teachers and for contextual factors to be incorporated into future research related to teacher beliefs.
The Impact of Study Abroad on Students' Self‐Efficacy Perceptions
Authors: Cubillos Jorge H. , Ilvento Thomas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article reports the findings of an investigation into the impact of study abroad experiences on self‐efficacy perceptions among foreign language (FL) learners. Thirty‐nine American college students taking part in both short‐term and semester‐long academic programs in France and Spain completed self‐efficacy surveys at the beginning and at the end of their foreign sojourns. Students were also asked to complete a questionnaire documenting the nature and extent of their interactions with members of the host country. Statistical analysis of the self‐efficacy measures in this investigation revealed that participation in a study abroad program (regardless of its length or destination) had a significant impact on self‐efficacy perceptions in all FL subskills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking). Furthermore, the extent of self‐efficacy gains was found to be associated with the extent and type of interaction with members of the host country. Pedagogical implications of these finds are discussed, along with suggestions on how to maximize the motivational benefits of foreign study programs.
A High School Intensive Summer Mandarin Course: Program Model and Learner Outcomes
Authors: Xu Xiaoqiu , Padilla Amado M. , Silva Duarte , Masuda Norman 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article describes a STARTALK intensive summer high school Mandarin language and culture program that was conducted for three summers. Participants across the three years included 40 Mandarin Level II and 53 Mandarin Level III high school students. Quantitative and qualitative data are presented to show the effectiveness of the program. Students' language proficiency scores showed significant improvement between pre‐ and posttests for listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Interview and observational data are also discussed to show students' improvement in all four Mandarin language skills, as well as their increased knowledge of Chinese culture. A detailed program description including program goals, curriculum, instruction, and assessment is also shared for those who are interested in replicating the program model.
Phylogeography of the Arizona hairy scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis) supports a model of biotic assembly in the Mojave Desert and adds a new Pleistocene refugium
Authors: Graham Matthew R. , Jaeger Jef R. , Prendini Lorenzo , Riddle Brett R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimAs data accumulate, a multi‐taxon biogeographical synthesis of the Mojave Desert is beginning to emerge. The initial synthesis, which we call the ‘Mojave Assembly Model’, was predominantly based on comparisons of phylogeographical patterns from vertebrate taxa. We tested the predictions of this model by examining the phylogeographical history of Hadrurus arizonensis, a large scorpion from the Mojave and Sonoran deserts.LocationMojave and Sonoran deserts, United States and Mexico.MethodsWe sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data from 256 samples collected throughout the range of H. arizonensis. We analysed sequence data using a network analysis, spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA), and a Mantel test. We then used a molecular clock to place the genetic patterns in a temporal framework. We tested for signals of expansion using neutrality tests, mismatch distributions and Bayesian skyline plots. We used Maxent to develop current and late‐glacial species distribution models from occurrence records and bioclimatic variables.ResultsPhylogenetic and structure analyses split the maternal genealogy basally into a southern clade along the coast of Sonora and a northern clade that includes six lineages distributed in the Mojave Desert and northern Sonoran Desert. Molecular dating suggested that the main clades diverged between the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, whereas subsequent divergences between lineages occurred in the middle and late Pleistocene. Species distribution models predicted that the distribution of suitable climate was reduced and fragmented during the Last Glacial Maximum.Main conclusionsGenetic analyses and species distribution modelling suggest that the genetic diversity within H. arizonensis was predominantly structured by Pleistocene climate cycles. These results are generally consistent with the predictions of Pleistocene refugia for arid‐adapted taxa described in the Mojave Assembly Model, but suggest that a northern area of the Lower Colorado River Valley may have acted as an additional refugium during Pleistocene glacial cycles.
Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy, inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Vinik Aaron I , Erbas Tomris , Casellini Carolina M 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOne of the most overlooked of all serious complications of diabetes is cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. There is now clear evidence that suggests activation of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic patients and that these correlate with abnormalities in sympathovagal balance. Dysfunction of the autonomic system predicts cardiovascular risk and sudden death in patients with type 2 diabetes. It also occurs in prediabetes, providing opportunities for early intervention. Simple tests that can be carried out at the bedside with real‐time output of information – within the scope of the practicing physician – facilitate diagnosis and allow the application of sound strategies for management. The window of opportunity for aggressive control of all the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular events or sudden death with intensification of therapy is with short duration diabetes, the absence of cardiovascular disease and a history of severe hypoglycemic events. To this list we can now add autonomic dysfunction and neuropathy, which have become the most powerful predictors of risk for mortality. It seems prudent that practitioners should be encouraged to become familiar with this information and apply risk stratification in clinical practice. Several agents have become available for the correction of functional defects in the autonomic nervous system, and restoration of autonomic balance is now possible.
Extension of the mitochondria dysfunction hypothesis of metabolic syndrome to atherosclerosis with emphasis on the endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and biophysical laws
Authors: Lee Hong Kyu , Shim Eun Bo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMetabolic syndrome and its component phenotypes, hyperglycemia, hypertension, (abdominal) obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, are major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Recently, associations between exposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs), mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis have been established, suggesting a possible common mechanism underlying these phenomena. Extending a previously proposed mitochondria dysfunction theory of metabolic syndrome and using biophysical laws, such as metabolic scaling, Murray's law and fractal geometry of the vascular branching system, we propose that atherosclerosis could be explained as an ill‐adaptive change occurring in nutrient‐supplying arteries in response to the decreasing tissue energy demand caused by tissue mitochondrial dysfunction. Various aspects of this new hypothesis are discussed.
Best treatment practices for pachyonychia congenita
Authors: Goldberg I. , Fruchter D. , Meilick A. , Schwartz M.E. , Sprecher E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundNumerous therapeutic modalities have been proposed to treat the manifestations of pachyonychia congenita (PC). While research hopes lie with molecular therapies, patients are in need of answers regarding the efficacy of conventional treatments.Aim of the studyTo determine patients' experience and preferences regarding conventional treatments for PC.MethodsThe study population included 120 PC patients from 20 countries. The study was based on a patient survey developed by physicians and researchers from the International Pachyonychia Congenita Consortium and conducted via the internet. Using an effectiveness scale of 1 to 5, the patients were asked to grade treatments for different manifestations, including keratoderma, cysts, follicular hyperkeratosis, fingernail and toenail involvement.ResultsPatients reported surgical treatments being most effective for cysts and mechanical treatments the most effective conventional therapeutic approach for all other investigated manifestations. The other conventional medical treatments were found to be non‐effective to only slightly effective. Among patients with keratoderma, older people were more likely to report beneficial effect from mechanical treatments (P = 0.04), topical retinoids (P = 0.04) and topical steroids (P = 0.02). Likewise, females were more inclined to report filing and grinding beneficial than males (P = 0.02). Finally, carriers of KRT16 and KRT6a were more likely to benefit from keratolytics than carriers of mutations in KRT17 (P = 0.04).ConclusionsNone of the currently available therapeutic options for PC are ideal, although they provide some relief, with mechanical/surgical options being preferred over medical therapies. These results emphasize the need for more efficient and targeted therapies.
Outcomes of Care in Birth Centers: Demonstration of a Durable Model
Authors: Stapleton Susan Rutledge , Osborne Cara , Illuzzi Jessica 
Published: January 2013

Introduction: The safety and effectiveness of birth center care have been demonstrated in previous studies, including the National Birth Center Study and the San Diego Birth Center Study. This study examines outcomes of birth center care in the present maternity care environment.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of women receiving care in 79 midwifery‐led birth centers in 33 US states from 2007 to 2010. Data were entered into the American Association of Birth Centers Uniform Data Set after obtaining informed consent. Analysis was by intention to treat, with descriptive statistics calculated for maternal and neonatal outcomes for all women presenting to birth centers in labor including those requiring transfer to hospital care.Results: Of 15,574 women who planned and were eligible for birth center birth at the onset of labor, 84% gave birth at the birth center. Four percent were transferred to a hospital prior to birth center admission, and 12% were transferred in labor after admission. Regardless of where they gave birth, 93% of women had a spontaneous vaginal birth, 1% an assisted vaginal birth, and 6% a cesarean birth. Of women giving birth in the birth center, 2.4% required transfer postpartum, whereas 2.6% of newborns were transferred after birth. Most transfers were nonemergent, with 1.9% of mothers or newborns requiring emergent transfer during labor or after birth. There were no maternal deaths. The intrapartum fetal mortality rate for women admitted to the birth center in labor was 0.47/1000. The neonatal mortality rate was 0.40/1000 excluding anomalies.Discussion: This study demonstrates the safety of the midwifery‐led birth center model of collaborative care as well as continued low obstetric intervention rates, similar to previous studies of birth center care. These findings are particularly remarkable in an era characterized by increases in obstetric intervention and cesarean birth nationwide.
Can Time‐Varying Risk of Rare Disasters Explain Aggregate Stock Market Volatility?
Authors: WACHTER JESSICA A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWhy is the equity premium so high, and why are stocks so volatile? Why are stock returns in excess of government bill rates predictable? This paper proposes an answer to these questions based on a time‐varying probability of a consumption disaster. In the model, aggregate consumption follows a normal distribution with low volatility most of the time, but with some probability of a consumption realization far out in the left tail. The possibility of this poor outcome substantially increases the equity premium, while time‐variation in the probability of this outcome drives high stock market volatility and excess return predictability.
Access to Collateral and Corporate Debt Structure: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: VIG VIKRANT 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWe investigate how firms respond to strengthening of creditor rights by examining their financial decisions following a securitization reform in India. We find that the reform led to a reduction in secured debt, total debt, debt maturity, and asset growth, and an increase in liquidity hoarding by firms. Moreover, the effects are more pronounced for firms that have a higher proportion of tangible assets because these firms are more affected by the secured transactions law. These results suggest that strengthening of creditor rights introduces a liquidation bias and documents how firms alter their debt structures to contract around it.
Equilibrium Subprime Lending
Authors: MAKAROV IGOR , PLANTIN GUILLAUME 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper develops an equilibrium model of a subprime mortgage market. Our goal is to offer a benchmark with which the recent subprime boom and bust can be compared. The model is tractable and delivers plausible orders of magnitude for borrowing capacities, as well as default and trading intensities. We offer simple explanations for several phenomena in the subprime market, such as the prevalence of teaser rates and the clustering of defaults. In our model, both nondiversifiable and diversifiable income risks reduce debt capacities. Thus, debt capacities need not be higher when a larger fraction of income risk is diversifiable.
Sentiment during Recessions
Authors: GARCÍA DIEGO 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the effect of sentiment on asset prices during the 20th century (1905 to 2005). As a proxy for sentiment, we use the fraction of positive and negative words in two columns of financial news from the New York Times. The main contribution of the paper is to show that, controlling for other well‐known time‐series patterns, the predictability of stock returns using news' content is concentrated in recessions. A one standard deviation shock to our news measure during recessions predicts a change in the conditional average return on the DJIA of 12 basis points over one day.
A Model of Shadow Banking
Authors: GENNAIOLI NICOLA , SHLEIFER ANDREI , VISHNY ROBERT W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWe present a model of shadow banking in which banks originate and trade loans, assemble them into diversified portfolios, and finance these portfolios externally with riskless debt. In this model: outside investor wealth drives the demand for riskless debt and indirectly for securitization, bank assets and leverage move together, banks become interconnected through markets, and banks increase their exposure to systematic risk as they reduce idiosyncratic risk through diversification. The shadow banking system is stable and welfare improving under rational expectations, but vulnerable to crises and liquidity dry‐ups when investors neglect tail risks.
Immunisation coverage in children with cerebral palsy compared with the general population
Authors: Greenwood Victoria J , Crawford Nigel W , Walstab Janet E , Reddihough Dinah S 
Published: January 2013

AimTo compare immunisation coverage of a cerebral palsy (CP) cohort with the known general population vaccination coverage statistics.MethodsA cohort of children with CP aged less than 7 years was extracted from the Victorian Cerebral Palsy Register. The vaccination status of these children was compared with the general population using the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR). Details that were audited included overall ‘up‐to‐date’ status of immunisations and individual vaccines missed.ResultsThe CP cohort consisted of 449 children. Eighty‐six or 19.2% (95% confidence intervals 15.6–23.1%) of these children were not ‘up to date’ (NUTD) with the Australian immunisation schedule at the time of the ACIR data link (13 March 2009). This NUTD result is well above the general population percentage (range 6.4–8%). This group was divided into subgroups based on age, with all groups having significantly lower rates of immunisation, varying from 100% NUTD in the youngest subgroup to 18.6% in the oldest subgroup. The most common vaccine NUTD was MMR (measles, mumps and rubella), followed by polio and DTaP (diphtheria‐tetanus‐acellular pertussis).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that children with CP are at high risk of incomplete and delayed immunisation, a significant problem given the increased health‐care needs of this patient group and their increased vulnerability to the complications of vaccine‐preventable diseases.
Objective measures of sleep and dim light melatonin onset in adolescents and young adults with delayed sleep phase disorder compared to healthy controls
Authors: Saxvig Ingvild W. , Wilhelmsen‐Langeland Ane , Pallesen Ståle , Vedaa Øystein , Nordhus Inger H. , Sørensen Eli , Bjorvatn Bjørn 
Published: January 2013

SummaryDelayed sleep phase disorder is characterized by a delay in the timing of the major sleep period relative to conventional norms. The sleep period itself has traditionally been described as normal. Nevertheless, it is possible that sleep regulatory mechanism disturbances associated with the disorder may affect sleep duration and/or architecture. Polysomnographic data that may shed light on the issue are scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine polysomnographic measures of sleep in adolescents and young adults with delayed sleep phase disorder, and to compare findings to that of healthy controls. A second aim was to estimate dim light melatonin onset as a marker of circadian rhythm and to investigate the phase angle relationship (time interval) between dim light melatonin onset and the sleep period. Data from 54 adolescents and young adults were analysed, 35 diagnosed with delayed sleep phase disorder and 19 healthy controls. Results show delayed timing of sleep in participants with delayed sleep phase disorder, but once sleep was initiated no group differences in sleep parameters were observed. Dim light melatonin onset was delayed in participants with delayed sleep phase disorder, but no difference in phase angle was observed between the groups. In conclusion, both sleep and dim light melatonin onset were delayed in participants with delayed sleep phase disorder. The sleep period appeared to occur at the same circadian phase in both groups, and once sleep was initiated no differences in sleep parameters were observed.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF‐23) Concentrations in Cats with Early Nonazotemic Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and in Healthy Geriatric Cats
Authors: Finch N.C. , Geddes R.F. , Syme H.M. , Elliott J. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundFibroblast growth factor (FGF‐23) has an important role in phosphate regulation. Its clinical relevance in cats with CKD has not been explored previously.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe study objectives were (1) to determine whether FGF‐23 concentrations are increased in nonazotemic cats, cats which developed azotemia within 12 months of screening compared with cats that remained non‐azotemic, and (2) to evaluate the relationships between FGF‐23 and PTH and FGF‐23 and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).AnimalsSixty‐two healthy client‐owned geriatric cats, 14 of which developed azotemia during the 12‐month follow‐up period.MethodsHealthy nonazotemic cats were recruited prospectively into the study and followed for 12 months. At the study end‐point, cats were categorized into 3 groups according to plasma creatinine concentration. PTH, FGF‐23, and additional biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and after 12 months. GFR was measured by a corrected slope‐intercept iohexol clearance method.ResultsFGF‐23 concentrations at baseline were found to be significantly increased in cats that developed azotemia (P = .001) compared with cats that did not develop azotemia. A significant positive relationship was identified between FGF‐23 and PTH, whereas the relationship between FGF‐23 and GFR was negative.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFGF‐23 concentrations predicted development of azotemia in geriatric cats. Positive relationships between FGF‐23 and PTH suggest an association between FGF‐23 and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.
A review of oral preventative strategies to reduce ventilator‐associated pneumonia
Authors: Andrews Tom , Steen Colin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAimThis article evaluates the evidence for and efficacy of the use of mechanical hygiene and chlorhexidine in the prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP).Search strategiesInclusion criteria: primary research articles; randomized controlled trials; systematic reviews. Exclusion criteria: quasi‐experimental trials; opinion articles. Search Engines: PubMed; CINAHL; and EBSCO.BackgroundVAP is the commonest infection found in critically ill patients who are mechanically ventilated. It is associated with increased mortality, increased length of stay in intensive care and increased costs.Relevance to clinical practiceVAP is a health care‐associated infection consistent with the presence of an endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilation for greater than 48 h. Efforts aimed at reducing infection rates include oral decontamination and mechanical hygiene to control the bacteria responsible, since there is an association between changes in bacteria found in the oropharynx and its development. Tooth brushing and the use of an oral antiseptic such as chlorhexidine gluconate are increasingly recommended in ventilator care bundles.ConclusionWhile there have been a number of studies conducted evaluating the efficacy of both approaches, there is limited evidence to support their use. The frequency of oral decontamination and mechanical hygiene interventions have not been established and chlorhexidine 2% seems to be more effective compared to weaker concentrations, but data is mainly confined to patients following cardiothoracic surgery.