bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audiovisual texture in scene transition
Authors: Tseng, Chiao-i 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper shows how the method of cohesion analysis in film provides a strong foundation for constructing coherent filmic narrative across different spatial and temporal settings. Until now the unit of a fine-grained systematic analysis of film viewers' narrative comprehension has been anchored in the shot. This paper provides a semiotic descriptive tool of filmic cohesion for analyzing elements within and across shots, i.e., how viewers comprehend the presenting and tracking of dominant narrative elements such as characters, objects, and settings as a film unfolds. In addition, this paper also reviews the Neo-Formalist exploration of cinematic cohesion and then demonstrates how the semiotics-oriented method suggested here can support more systematically and even strengthen the Neo-Formalist account. Most importantly, this article will explicitly show the potential of this tool for providing empirical accounts of filmic narrative construction by analyzing scene transitions in Wong Kar Wai's film 2046 (2004).
Michel Foucault's moral subjectivity and the semiotic modeling of knowledge
Authors: Votsis, Athanasios 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Michel Foucault's theory of moral subjectivity, as a trained relation of the subject to itself, contains a latent semiotic theory of self-knowledge. The formation of the moral subject is seen by Foucault as a sign system, given the name of technology, and placed in a broader context of semiotic and non-semiotic paths to knowledge. In such a framework, signification as a technology, the self as a binary opposition, and the in-between space of binaries emerge as important methodological elements in self-knowledge. Furthermore, a semiotic argument comes forth about the epistemological role of culture in the modeling of knowledge at large.
The Normalization of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations in 1964 and the Formation of the “One-China” Principle: Negotiations over Breaking French Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of China Government and the Recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the Sole Legitimate Government
Authors: Fukuda Madoka 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article examines the substance and modification of the “One-China” principle, which the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) pursued in the mid 1960s. Under this principle, a country wishing to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC was required first to break off such relations with the Republic of China (ROC). In 1964 the PRC established diplomatic relations with France. This was its first ambassadorial exchange with a Western government. The PRC, in the negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations, attempted to achieve some consensus with France on the matter of “One-China”. The PRC, nevertheless, had to abandon these attempts, even though it demanded fewer conditions of France than of the United States (USA), Japan and other Western countries in the 1970s. The PRC had demanded adherence to the “One-China” principle since 1949. France, however, refused to accept this condition. Nevertheless, the PRC established diplomatic relations with France before the latter broke off relations with the ROC. Subsequently, the PRC abandoned the same condition in negotiations with the African governments of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa, Dahomey and Mauritania. After the negotiations with France, the PRC began to insist that the joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations should clearly state that “the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government of China”. However, France refused to insert these words into the communiqué. Afterwards, the PRC nevertheless insisted on putting such a statement into the joint communiqués or exchanges of notes on the establishment of diplomatic relations with the African countries mentioned above. This was done in order to set precedents for making countries accede to the “One-China” principle. The “One-China” principle was, thus, gradually formed in the process of the negotiation and bargaining between the PRC and other governments.
Inverse association between serum insulin and sex hormone-binding globulin in a population survey in Sweden
Authors: Daka Bledar , Rosen Thord , Jansson Per Anders , Råstam Lennart , Larsson Charlotte A , Lindblad Ulf 
Published: October 2012

Objectives
Obesity is associated with low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). While the reason is not fully understood, we aimed to study the association between serum insulin and levels of SHBG in a random population.

Design and methods
Between 2001 and 2005, a random sample of 2816 participants aged 30–74 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional survey in the South-west of Sweden. Fasting blood samples were collected and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted in all subjects without known diabetes. Diabetes mellitus was defined according to criteria from WHO, and clinical characteristics were used to discriminate between type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Analyses of SHBG were successful in 2782 participants (98%), who thus constituted the current study population.

Results
We found significant inverse association between levels of SHBG and fasting serum insulin in both genders (men: β=−0.090, P=0.001; women: β=−0.197, P<0.001), which was independent of differences in age and BMI. The associations remained when also differences in fasting plasma glucose were accounted for (men: β=−0.062, P=0.022; women: β=−0.176, P≤0.001). Subjects with T1D exhibited higher levels of SHBG than both T2D (men: δ=15.9 nmol/l, P<0.001; women: δ=71.1 nmol/l, P<0.001) and non-diabetic subjects (men: δ=15.1 nmol/l, P<0.001; women: δ=72.9 nmol/l, P<0.001) independent of age, BMI and fasting glucose levels.

Conclusion
These findings are consistent with high levels of SHBG in T1D, and correspondingly low levels in T2D subjects, suggesting an inhibitory effect of insulin on the SHBG production in the liver.
Energy Relay Dye Dynamics With Highly Purified Chlorophyll A as Photo-sensitizer
Authors: Magsi Komal , Lee Ping , Kang Yeona , Fortmann Charles M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTDye type solar cells, especially those incorporating low cost dyes suffer from a very narrow photo-response wavelength range. Motivated by natural photosynthesis research, energy relay dyes (ERDs) appear to offer a possibility to broaden the dye-cell spectral response. In-turn photovoltaic cells can be an extremely sensitive tool for investigation of dye ERD photochemistry. Sensitive Chlorophyll based dye-type solar cells were prepared from purified natural Chlorophyll A. The importance of Chlorophyll purity is discussed as well as the use of purified Chlorophyll A in combination with ERD’s. . Results shed light on many interesting phenomenon including the nature of purified Chlorophyll A excitation and absorption. Importantly, it was found by this work that the ERD architecture when combined with a photosensitizer do not appear to having greater absorption in the infrared region of the spectrum than the ERD alone indicating a lack of cooperative absorption.
All-Cause and External Mortality in Released Prisoners: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zlodre Jakov , Fazel Seena 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We systematically reviewed studies of mortality following release from prison and examined possible demographic and methodological factors associated with variation in mortality rates. Methods. We searched 5 computer-based literature indexes to conduct a systematic review of studies that reported all-cause, drug-related, suicide, and homicide deaths of released prisoners. We extracted and meta-analyzed crude death rates and standardized mortality ratios by age, gender, and race/ethnicity, where reported. Results. Eighteen cohorts met review criteria reporting 26 163 deaths with substantial heterogeneity in rates. The all-cause crude death rates ranged from 720 to 2054 per 100 000 person-years. Male all-cause standardized mortality ratios ranged from 1.0 to 9.4 and female standardized mortality ratios from 2.6 to 41.3. There were higher standardized mortality ratios in White, female, and younger prisoners. Conclusions. Released prisoners are at increased risk for death following release from prison, particularly in the early period. Aftercare planning for released prisoners could potentially have a large public health impact, and further work is needed to determine whether certain groups should be targeted as part of strategies to reduce mortality.
Implementing the Ten Steps for Successful Breastfeeding in Hospitals Serving Low-Wealth Patients
Authors: Taylor Emily C. , Nickel Nathan C. , Labbok Miriam H. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding is a proven approach to support breastfeeding in maternity settings; however, scant literature exists on the relative impact and interpretation of each step on breastfeeding. We assessed the Ten Steps and their relationship with in-hospital breastfeeding rates at facilities serving low-wealth populations and explored the outcomes to identify step-specific actions. Methods. We present descriptive and nonparametric comparisons and qualitative findings to examine the relationship between the Ten Steps and breastfeeding rates from each hospital using baseline data collection. Results. Some steps (1-policy, 2-training, 4-skin-to-skin, 6-no supplements, and 9-no artificial nipples, followed by 3-prenatal counseling, 7-rooming-in) reflected differences in relative baseline breastfeeding rates between settings. Key informant interviews revealed misunderstanding of some steps. Conclusions. Self-appraisal may be less valid when not all elements of the criteria for evaluating Step implementation may be fully understood. Limited exposure and understanding may lead to self-appraisal errors, resulting in scores that are not reflective of actual practices. Nonetheless, the indication that breastfeeding rates may be better mirrored by a defined subset of steps may provide some constructive insight toward prioritizing implementation activities and simplifying assessment. These issues will be further explored in the next phase of this study.
Mapping the Spread of Methamphetamine Abuse in California From 1995 to 2008
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J. , Ponicki William R. , Remer Lillian G. , Waller Lance A. , Zhu Li , Gorman Dennis M. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. From 1983 to 2008, the incidence of methamphetamine abuse and dependence (MA) presenting at hospitals in California increased 13-fold. We assessed whether this growth could be characterized as a drug epidemic. Methods. We geocoded MA discharges to residential zip codes from 1995 through 2008. We related discharges to population and environmental characteristics using Bayesian Poisson conditional autoregressive models, correcting for small area effects and spatial misalignment and enabling an assessment of contagion between areas. Results. MA incidence increased exponentially in 3 phases interrupted by implementation of laws limiting access to methamphetamine precursors. MA growth from 1999 through 2008 was 17% per year. MA was greatest in areas with larger White or Hispanic low-income populations, small household sizes, and good connections to highway systems. Spatial misalignment was a source of bias in estimated effects. Spatial autocorrelation was substantial, accounting for approximately 80% of error variance in the model. Conclusions. From 1995 through 2008, MA exhibited signs of growth and spatial spread characteristic of drug epidemics, spreading most rapidly through low-income White and Hispanic populations living outside dense urban areas.
Ethical Issues in Health Research With Novel Online Sources
Authors: Vayena Effy , Mastroianni Anna , Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: October 2012

Health-related research is increasingly drawing on novel sources of online data, such as crowdsourced information about disease outbreaks, consumer-supplied information provided to health or wellness Web sites, Internet search queries about personal health, and social network postings that identify health behaviors. We offer examples of online sources and their uses, identify ethical and policy issues they generate, and formulate key questions for future discussion and investigation. Further work in this area will require cross-disciplinary collaboration to develop ethics and policy guidance for the ethical use of these novel data sources in health-related research.
The Brazilian Family Health Program and Secondary Stroke and Myocardial Infarction Prevention: A 6-Year Cohort Study
Authors: Cabral Norberto L. , Franco Selma , Longo Alexandre , Moro Carla , Buss Talita A. , Collares Daniel , Werlich Roberta , Dadan Danieli D. , Fissmer Cristiane S. , Aragão Ana , Ferst Priscilla , Palharini Felipe G. , Eluf-Neto Jose , Fonseca Luiz A. M. , Whiteley William N. , Gonçalves Anderson R. R. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We compared the incidence of recurrent or fatal cardiovascular disease in patients using Brazil’s government-run Family Health Program (FHP) with those using non-FHP models of care. Methods. From 2005 to 2010, we followed outpatients discharged from city public hospitals after a first ever stroke for stroke recurrence and myocardial infarction, using data from all city hospitals, death certificates, and outpatient monitoring in state-run and private units. Results. In the follow-up period, 103 patients in the FHP units and 138 in the non-FHP units had exclusively state-run care. Stroke or myocardial infarction occurred in 30.1% of patients in the FHP group and 36.2% of patients in non-FHP care (rate ratio [RR] = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61, 1.18; P = .39); 37.9% of patients in FHP care and 54.3% in non-FHP care (RR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.50, 0.92; P = .01) died. FHP use was associated with lower hazard of death from all causes (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58; P = .005) after adjusting for age and stroke severity. The absolute risk reduction for death by all causes was 16.4%. Conclusions. FHP care is more effective than is non-FHP care at preventing death from secondary stroke and myocardial infarction.
Impact of Health Insurance Status and a Diagnosis of Serious Mental Illness on Whether Chronically Homeless Individuals Engage in Primary Care
Authors: Chwastiak Lydia , Tsai Jack , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We evaluated the impact of a diagnosis of serious mental illness on use of a primary care provider (vs the emergency department [ED]) as a source of care by people who were chronically homeless. Methods. We used data from 750 chronically homeless adults enrolled in the 11-site Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness and identified demographic and clinical characteristics independently associated with using a primary care provider rather than an ED. Results. The factor most strongly associated with using the ED as a regular source of medical care was previous-year lack of health insurance. Despite high rates of serious mental illness, neither a diagnosis of serious mental illness nor increased severity of psychiatric symptoms was associated with such use. Conclusions. Findings suggest that people who are chronically homeless and have chronic medical illness would be more likely to access care if they had health insurance. Individual states’ deciding not to expand Medicaid coverage will likely have a tremendous impact on the health outcomes and health care costs associated with this and other vulnerable populations.
Evaluation of an Education, Restraint Distribution, and Fitting Program to Promote Correct Use of Age-Appropriate Child Restraints for Children Aged 3 to 5 Years: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Keay Lisa , Hunter Kate , Brown Julie , Simpson Judy M. , Bilston Lynne E. , Elliott Maureen , Stevenson Mark , Ivers Rebecca Q. 
Published: October 2012

Objectives. We evaluated an education, distribution, and fitting program for increasing age-appropriate and correct child restraint use. Methods. We performed a cluster randomized trial involving 28 early childhood education centers in low socioeconomic status areas in Sydney, Australia. The main outcome was optimal restraint use defined as age-appropriate restraints, installed into the vehicle correctly and used correctly. Results. One service withdrew after randomization, so data are presented for 689 child passengers, aged 3 to 5 years, from 27 centers. More children attending intervention centers were optimally restrained (43% vs 31%; P = .01; allowing for clustering). More 3-year-olds were using forward-facing seats rather than booster seats, more 4- to 5-year-olds were using booster seats instead of seat belts alone, and there were fewer errors in use at intervention centers. Among non–English-speaking families, more children attending intervention centers were optimally restrained (43% vs 17%; P = .002; allowing for clustering). Conclusions. The program increased use of age-appropriate restraints and correct use of restraints, which translates to improved crash injury protection. Multifaceted education, seat distribution, and fitting enhanced legislation effects, and the effect size was larger in non–English-speaking families.
Long-term outcome of Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations graded by the Spetzler-Martin classification
Authors: Koltz Michael T. , Polifka Adam J. , Saltos Andreas , Slawson Robert G. , Kwok Young , Aldrich E. Francois , Simard J. Marc 
Published: October 2012

Object
The object of this study was to assess outcomes in patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated by Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS); lesions were stratified by size, symptomatology, and Spetzler-Martin (S-M) grade.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 102 patients treated for an AVM with single-dose or staged-dose SRS between 1993 and 2004. Lesions were grouped by S-M grade, as hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic, and as small (< 3 cm) or large (≥ 3 cm). Outcomes included death, morbidity (new neurological deficit, new-onset seizure, or hemorrhage/rehemorrhage), nidus obliteration, and Karnofsky Performance Scale score.

Results
The mean follow-up was 8.5 years (range 5–16 years). Overall nidus obliteration (achieved in 75% of patients) and morbidity (19%) correlated with lesion size and S-M grade. For S-M Grade I–III AVMs, nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic combined, treatment yielded obliteration rates of 100%, 89%, and 86%, respectively; high functional status (Karnofsky Performance Scale Score ≥ 80); and 1% mortality. For S-M Grade IV and V AVMs, outcomes were less favorable, with obliteration rates of 54% and 0%, respectively. The AVMs that were not obliterated had a mean reduction in nidus volume of 69% (range 35%–96%). On long-term follow-up, 10% of patients experienced hemorrhage/rehemorrhage (6% mortality rate), which correlated with lesion size and S-M grade; the mean interval to hemorrhage was 81 months.

Conclusions
For patients with S-M Grade I–III AVMs, SRS offers outcomes that are favorable and that, except for the timing of obliteration, appear to be comparable to surgical outcomes reported for the same S-M grades. Staged-dose SRS results in lesion obliteration in half of patients with S-M Grade IV lesions.
Using a modified far-lateral approach to remove hypoglossal neurilemmomas: notes on technique
Authors: Xiao Xinru , Wu Zhen , Zhang Liwei , Jia Guijun , Tang Jie , Meng Guolu , Zhang Junting 
Published: October 2012

Object
In this paper the authors describe a modified far-lateral transcondylar approach to remove hypoglossal neurilemmomas (HGNs).

Methods
Between September 2008 and June 2011, 11 consecutive patients with HGNs underwent tumor removal via a modified far-lateral transcondylar approach. The average age at presentation, tumor characteristics, cranial nerve (CN) deficits, and outcomes were assessed. The modified far-lateral transcondylar approach comprises several important steps. The first step is to remove the limited posterior aspect of the condylar facet to open the hypoglossal canal. The second step is to expose the posterior arch and the transverse process of C-1. A fat layer covers the venous plexus of the vertebral artery, and careful dissection along this surface of the fat layer is important to protect the vertebral artery from damage. The neck muscles are dissected caudally to expose the extracranial component of the tumor, which is located in front of the transverse process of C-1.

Results
Eleven cases of HGNs were treated during the study period. The mean patient age was 47.4 ± 8.9 years (range 31–59 years); there were 3 men and 8 women. The mean follow-up period was 14.1 ± 9 months. All patients presented with hypoglossal nerve deficits; other commonly observed deficits included glossopharyngeal and vestibular/cochlear nerve deficits. Gross-total resection of the tumor was achieved in 10 patients. A subtotal resection of the tumor was achieved in the remaining patient. Two patients had transient postoperative facial nerve palsies, 1 patient developed a new CN XI palsy postoperatively, and 5 patients experienced transient hoarseness and difficulty swallowing. Two patients required a tracheotomy because they demonstrated dysfunction of the caudal CNs and subsequently developed postoperative pneumonia. Postoperatively, 5 patients required the temporary placement of a nasogastric feeding tube. There were no surgery-related deaths in this series.

Conclusions
The modified far-lateral transcondylar approach is an effective treatment for HGNs, yielding a high total tumor removal rate with an acceptable rate of morbidity.