bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration
Authors: Lorenz Klaus , Lal Rattan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPyrogenic carbon (C) is produced by incomplete combustion of fuels including organic matter (OM). Certain ranges in the combustion continuum are termed ‘black carbon' (BC). Because of its assumed persistence, surface soils in large parts of the world contain BC with up to 80% of surface soil organic C (SOC) stocks and up to 32% of subsoil SOC in agricultural soils consisting of BC. High SOC stocks and high levels of soil fertility in some ancient soils containing charcoal (e.g., terra preta de Índio) have recently been used as strategies for soil applications of biochar, an engineered BC material similar to charcoal but with the purposeful use as a soil conditioner (1) to mitigate increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by SOC sequestration and (2) to enhance soil fertility. However, effects of biochar on soils and crop productivity cannot be generalized as they are biochar‐, plant‐ and site‐specific. For example, the largest potential increases in crop yields were reported in areas with highly weathered soils, such as those characterizing much of the humid tropics. Soils of high inherent fertility, characterizing much of the world's important agricultural areas, appear to be less likely to benefit from biochar. It has been hypothesized that both liming and aggregating/moistening effects of biochar improved crop productivity. Meta‐analyses of biochar effects on SOC sequestration have not yet been reported. To effectively mitigate climate change by SOC sequestration, a net removal of C and storage in soil relative to atmospheric CO2 must occur and persist for several hundred years to a few millennia. At deeper soil depths, SOC is characterized by long turnover times, enhanced stabilization, and less vulnerability to loss by decomposition and erosion. In fact, some studies have reported preferential long‐term accumulation of BC at deeper depths. Thus, it is hypothesized that surface applied biochar‐C (1) must be translocated to subsoil layers and (2) result in deepening of SOC distribution for a notable contribution to climate change mitigation. Detailed studies are needed to understand how surface‐applied biochar can move to deeper soil depths, and how its application affects organic C input to deeper soil depths. Based on this knowledge, biochar systems for climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration can be designed. It is critically important to identify mechanisms underlying the sometimes observed negative effects of biochar application on biomass, yield and SOC as biochar may persist in soils for long periods of time as well as the impacts on downstream environments and the net climate impact when biochar particles become airborne.
PseDNA‐Pro: DNA‐Binding Protein Identification by Combining Chou’s PseAAC and Physicochemical Distance Transformation
Authors: Liu Bin , Xu Jinghao , Fan Shixi , Xu Ruifeng , Zhou Jiyun , Wang Xiaolong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIdentification of DNA‐binding proteins is an important problem in biomedical research as DNA‐binding proteins are crucial for various cellular processes. Currently, the machine learning methods achieve the‐state‐of‐the‐art performance with different features. A key step to improve the performance of these methods is to find a suitable representation of proteins. In this study, we proposed a feature vector composed of three kinds of sequence‐based features, including overall amino acid composition, pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC) proposed by Chou and physicochemical distance transformation. These features not only consider the sequence composition of proteins, but also incorporate the sequence‐order information of amino acids in proteins. The feature vectors were fed into Support Vector Machine (SVM) for DNA‐binding protein identification. The proposed method is called PseDNA‐Pro. Experiments on stringent benchmark datasets and independent test datasets by using the Jackknife test showed that PseDNA‐Pro can achieve an accuracy of higher than 80 %, outperforming several state‐of‐the‐art methods, including DNAbinder, DNA‐Prot, and iDNA‐Prot. These results indicate that the combination of various features for DNA‐binding protein prediction is a suitable approach, and the sequence‐order information among residues in proteins is relative for discrimination. For practical applications, a web‐server of PseDNA‐Pro was established, which is available from http://bioinformatics.hitsz.edu.cn/PseDNA‐Pro/.
Complex UWB pulse generator based on nonlinear PM‐IM conversion
Authors: Yang Chengliang , Xia Li , Xu Jun , Liu Deming 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe propose a simple approach to generate complex ultrawideband (UWB) pulse signal. The proposed system consists of a tunable laser source, phase modulator, an optical bandpasss filter, and photodetector. The light source is phase‐modulated by an electrical Gaussian pulse train via phase modulator. The UWB pulses are generated in the process of nonlinear phase modulation to intensity modulation conversion, equal to a high‐pass microwave photonic filter in frequency domain. By locating the carrier at different position, UWB pulses with different shape and frequency components are obtained. Experimental measurements in both time and frequency domains are presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2780–2784, 2014
Implementation of electronic beam steering system using look‐up table calibration method
Authors: Jang Sung‐hoon , Kim Jong‐phil , Kim Seon‐joo , Cheon Chang‐yul 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article presents a design and implementation of the electronically beam steering system for active electronically scanning array (AESA) radar. This beam steering system used look‐up table (LUT) calibration method to calibrate an amplitude and phase errors of each T/R Modules. LUT contains the T/R Module characterization data and the antenna correction data. Performance of this beam steering system was verified with the X‐band AESA radar demonstrator which has 1024 radiating elements and 504 T/R Modules. Beam steering angle is ±60° in each azimuth and elevation. Beam steering time is 3 µs using the precalculation method of the next steering position. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2769–2773, 2014
Method to sensitize an arc‐induced LPFG‐based sensor using double‐pass configuration
Authors: Loh Mey C. , Rahman Faidz A. , Kuramitz Hideki , Yong Yun T. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe sensitivity of the arc‐induced long period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor was improved utilizing the double‐pass configuration. The sensitivity in terms of transmission attenuation of the resonance wavelength for the double‐pass LPFG configuration was better compared to the single‐pass configuration when it was used to monitor the avidin–biotin interaction over a period of 60 min. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2766–2769, 2014
Protein immobilization onto IPA interface with optical fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Chen Liang‐Yu , Tsao Yu‐Chia , Lin Yu‐Cheng 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTSurface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical fiber sensing technology is applied to monitor the immobilization of globular protein (globular bovine serum albumin) onto the material surface and kinetic mechanism of protein adsorption is proposed for isopropanol (IPA) interface according to the correlation between the resonance wavelength shift and SPR efficiency. Furthermore, the optical fiber SPR technique would be applied for clinical testing and diagnostics. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2826–2828, 2014
Experimental verification of tunable property of a zeroth‐order resonator on ferrite substrate
Authors: Zermane Aziza , Sauviac Bruno , Bayard Bernard , Payet‐Gervy Beatrice , Rousseau Jean Jaques , Benghalia Abdelmadjid 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article presents a composite right–left‐handed (CLRH) zeroth‐order resonator designed on a ferrite substrate. Numerical modelling and measurements of the device are presented. The proposed structure is realized in coplanar waveguide configuration using an interdigital capacitor and a shortcircuited stub inductor to add the left‐handed property to the resonator. The ferrite substrate is magnetized in a direction perpendicular to the propagation direction. The tunable nature of the proposed device can be achieved by changing the applied magnetic bias. The resonator is designed to be tuned over the 3–5 GHz frequency band. Measured insertion loss is 5 dB giving interesting perspectives for the device. The length of the proposed device is 5.2 mm, which can be considered very small compared with a traditional half wave resonator. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2805–2809, 2014
Mm‐wave imaging results based on a frequency scanning delay line waveguide horn antenna array
Authors: Larumbe‐Gonzalo Belén , Ibáñez‐Loinaz Asier , Gonzalo Ramón , Teniente Jorge 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTFirst experimental mm‐wave imaging results, acquired with a frequency scanning horn antenna array, are presented. The antenna achieves a circular pattern that scans more than 30° in the E‐plane. Images acquired with this configuration are presented, demonstrating the benefits of these kinds of frequency scanning antennas for reduced cost imaging applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2851–2860, 2014
A solar‐powered 2.4‐GHz CMOS VCO
Authors: Wu Jian‐Ming , Chuang Ching‐Jui 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA solar‐powered 2.4‐GHz voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) is developed using an energy harvesting technique. The main feature of the VCO is self‐powered by a solar panel with an adjustable voltage regulator circuit which directly converts solar power to the electrical power. The presented VCO design is based on an NMOS‐only cross‐coupled pair with an integrated LC tank. The capacitor and varactor in this LC tank are the intrinsic junction capacitors of NMOS transistors. The VCO is implemented using the TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS standard process. Measurements of the solar‐powered VCO are made, revealing that the output power is −17.46 dBm; the phase noise is −116.87 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, and the frequency tuning range is 3.4 %. The supply voltage that is applied to VCO is only 0.5 V with a power consumption of 1.25 mW. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2874–2878, 2014
Compact microstrip bandpass filter with fragment‐loaded resonators
Authors: Zhao Qi , Wang Gang , Ding Dawei 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMicrostrip bandpass filter with fragment‐loaded resonators is proposed and designed using multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition combined with enhanced genetic operators (MOEA/D‐GO). When loaded by fragment‐type structures, microstrip resonators may have compact size and operate at different modes. By properly setting the modes of fragment‐loaded resonators in objectives of MOEA/D‐GO, stopband attenuation and spurious passband suppression of the microstrip bandpass filter can be readily adjusted and controlled. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2896–2899, 2014
A frequency reconfigurable planar inverted‐F antenna for WWAN mobile handset applications
Authors: Lee S. W. , Sung Y. J. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a reconfigurable antenna for wireless wide area network (WWAN) mobile handset application is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a conventional planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA), parasitic line, PIN diode, and bias line. The PIN diode is located between the parasitic line and ground, and its connection is electrically controlled by the on/off state of the PIN diode. The antenna's wide low band is formed by switching the quarter‐wavelength resonance mode of a conventional PIFA and covers the GSM850/900 bands. The antenna's high band is formed by the harmonic mode of a conventional PIFA and a new generated loop mode and covers the GSM1800/1900/UMTS bands. A stable and omnidirectional radiation pattern with a reasonable gain is observed over the operating bandwidth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2888–2893, 2014
Design and implementation of a novel dual band notched antenna for UWB applications
Authors: Zou Yanlin , Zhao Xiaoping , Fang Wei , Sun Baohua 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA novel dual band‐notched antenna with simple structure for ultrawideband (UWB) applications is presented in this letter. The proposed antenna is a broadband printed monopole antenna, consisting of a hexagonal radiation patch and a rectangular ground plane with an etched circular area below the patch. By inserting two pairs of symmetric L‐shaped parasitic branches into the etched circular area, dual notch bands are achieved, respectively, at the WiMAX and WLAN band. The proposed antenna is small in size (30 × 40 mm2) and operates at the band from 2.2 to 12 GHz for VSWR < 2, except for 2.7–3.7 and 4.9–6.0 GHz. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results indicate the antenna has a good prospect for UWB applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2922–2925, 2014
A tapered double cross patch antenna for dual‐band monopole‐like radiation
Authors: Tak Jinpil , Kang Do‐Gu , Choi Jaehoon 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA low‐profile tapered double cross patch antenna (TDCPA) with dual‐band monopole‐like radiation characteristic is proposed. The proposed TDCPA consists of a center‐fed circular patch on the middle layer to excite a TM01 mode and a double cross patch on the top layer to generate the dual‐band characteristic. The antenna has monopole‐like radiation in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz band and ISM 5.8 GHz band. The corresponding fractional 10‐dB return loss bandwidths and maximum gains are 3.67% and 4.5 dBi for the lower frequency band and 14.7% and 6.5 dBi for the higher frequency band, respectively. The antenna has only 0.038 λ0 thickness. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2929–2933, 2014
A broadband dumbbell‐shaped dielectric resonator antenna
Authors: Chaudhary Raghvendra Kumar , Srivastava Kumar Vaibhav , Biswas Animesh 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a dumbbell‐shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) fed by coaxial probe is proposed for wideband applications. The proposed dumbbell‐shaped DRA can be achieved by three‐layer structure of same material where the radius of middle cylinder is smaller than the top and bottom disc. In dumbbell‐shaped DRA, the effective permittivity varies in both axial and radial direction. A complex hybrid mode similar to HE11δ mode is excited through a coaxial probe. The proposed dumbbell‐shaped DRA provides the measured impedance bandwidth of 57.59% (at resonance frequency of 4.48 GHz) from 4.11 to 6.69 GHz for input reflection coefficient (S11) less than −10 dB. The simulated and measured radiation patterns are consistent throughout the operational bandwidth. The average measured gain of proposed antenna is 4.88 dB in the frequency range of 4.11–6.69 GHz. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2944–2947, 2014
Compact lowpass filter with high suppression level and wide stopband using stepped impedance m‐shape units
Authors: Du Zebao , Yang Hao , Zhang Haiying , Zhu Min 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA lowpass filter (LPF) with high suppression level and wide stopband using novel stepped‐impedance m‐shape unit is presented. The low impedance section of center‐loaded stepped‐ impedance resonator is implemented using T‐shape open stub with three arms, which improve design freedom and reduce size simultaneously. The mechanism for rejection level and stopband width is analyzed based on one stepped‐impedance m‐shape unit. The implemented filter composed with three different unit exhibits 40‐dB rejection from 1.4 fc to 7.2 fc, where fc is 3‐dB cutoff frequency. The compact size of the cascaded LPF is as small as 0.25 λg × 0.08 λg, where λg is guided wavelength at cutoff frequency. The measured results show good agreement according with simulated ones. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2947–2950, 2014
Loss effect analysis in optical delay lines based on two coupled resonators
Authors: Le Duykhanh , Tran Thang Q. , Kim Sangin 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA general analysis on loss effect on performances of coupled resonator‐based optical delay lines is presented. Two types of the coupled resonators are considered: an electromagnetically induced transparency‐like resonance and an all‐pass filter. Our analysis reveals that the all‐pass filter type is much more tolerant of the resonator loss. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2984–2987, 2014
Tailoring of higher‐order mode suppression in a high‐power alternative to classical waffle‐iron filters
Authors: Teberio Fernando , Arregui Iván , Arnedo Israel , Chudzik Magdalena , Jost Rolf , Görtz Franz‐Josef , Lopetegi Txema , Laso Miguel A. G. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a novel stepwise technique for the design of high‐power low‐pass harmonic filters is proposed. The fundamental and higher‐order mode suppression process is divided into three different steps. In the first step, the fundamental TE10‐mode rejected band is accomplished by adjusting the height of E‐plane bandstop elements along the propagation direction. In the second step, this arrangement of bandstop elements is made two‐dimensional to suppress the higher‐order TEn0 modes. Finally, the higher‐order non‐TEn0 modes are rejected by controlling the minimum mechanical gap of the filter. The design process ends after the first, second, or third step depending on the intended mode behavior for the filter. The main characteristic of the new design technique is that the filter minimum mechanical gap can always be made much larger than in the classical solution (E‐plane corrugated or waffle‐iron filters) for the same frequency specifications. To validate the control of the higher‐order mode suppression that this method permits, three different filters are designed and compared. Moreover, a prototype has been fabricated and its S‐parameters measured to prove the feasibility of the proposed filters for a tailored frequency response. Finally, its high‐power handling capability has been estimated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2967–2974, 2014
Aperture slot size effect to wide band open air gap radial‐line slot array performance
Authors: Ibrahim I. M. , Rahman T. A. , Iliya S. Z. , Sabran M. I. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA wideband open air gap radial line slot array (RLSA) antenna is presented for point‐to‐point application. This article investigates the optimum slot arrangement and the effect of slot width to the RLSA antenna. Eight models were developed and simulated with slot width taking range in values from 1 to 8 mm. Results from simulation shows optimum performance at 6‐mm slot width. The 2‐mm slot width gave similar performance to the 6‐mm slot width in term of gain and directivity. Both antennas were fabricated and measured, from the measurement; a better return loss performance of about 28% was realized at 6‐mm slot width when compared to 2‐mm slot width RLSA. However, both antennas produced the same gain. A better sidelobe level of 2.9 dB was achieved with the 2‐mm slot width antenna. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2974–2978, 2014
Improved diffusion tensor imaging of the optic nerve using multishot two‐dimensional navigated acquisitions
Authors: Jeong Ha‐Kyu , Dewey Blake E. , Hirtle Jane A.T. , Lavin Patrick , Sriram Subramaniam , Pawate Siddharama , Gore John C. , Anderson Adam W. , Kang Hakmook , Smith Seth A. 
Published: September 2014

PurposeA diffusion‐weighted multishot echo‐planar imaging approach combined with SENSE and a two‐dimensional (2D) navigated motion correction was investigated as an alternative to conventional single‐shot counterpart to obtain optic nerve images at higher spatial resolution with reduced artifacts.MethodsFifteen healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Six of these subjects underwent a repeated acquisition at least 2 weeks after the initial scan session to address reproducibility. Both single‐shot and multishot diffusion tensor imaging studies of the human optic nerve were performed with matched scan time. Effect of subject motions were corrected using 2D phase navigator during multishot image reconstruction. Tensor‐derived indices from proposed multishot were compared against conventional single‐shot approach. Image resolution difference, right–left optic nerve asymmetry, and test–retest reproducibility were also assessed.ResultsIn vivo results of acquired multishot images and quantitative maps of diffusion properties of the optic nerve showed significantly reduced image artifacts (e.g., distortions and blurring), and the derived diffusion indices were comparable to those from other studies. Single‐shot scans presented larger variability between right and left optic nerves than multishot scans. Multishot scans also presented smaller variations across scans at different time points when compared with single‐shot counterparts.ConclusionThe multishot technique has considerable potential for providing improved information on optic nerve pathology and may also be translated to higher fields. Magn Reson Med 74:953–963, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel method to attain sinusoidal mechanical responses from single motor units
Authors: Gobbo Massimiliano , Celichowski Jan , Krutki Piotr , Drzymała‐Celichowska Hanna , Solomonow Moshe , Orizio Claudio 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The relationship between output force and motor command depends on the intrinsic dynamic responses of motor units (MUs), which can be characterized by evoking accurate sinusoidal force responses at different frequencies. In this study we sought to determine whether sinusoidal modulation of the stimulation rate of single MUs results in reliable sinusoidal force changes. Methods: Single axons of rat ventral roots were stimulated electrically by changing the pulse rate sinusoidally at different frequency modulation (0.4–1.0–2.0–4.0 Hz for slow, 1.0–2.0–4.0–7.0 Hz for fast MUs). The twitching sinusoidal force signal was interpolated. We calculated harmonic distortion (HD) and the correlation coefficient (r) between theoretical sines and interpolated signals. Results: HD was always <5%, and r was always >0.97. Conclusions: The HD and r‐values obtained indicate highly reliable sinusoidal responses, which supports the potential use of this method to further characterize the dynamic behavior of single MUs. Muscle Nerve 51: 134–136, 2015