bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure Analysis of Modern Silicon Dice
Authors: Dugnani Roberto , Verghese Paul 
Published: April 2013

Although the utilization of silicon dice in electronic devices has been in place for approximately 50 years, its widespread application has occurred more recently with the rapid expansion of the consumer markets for digital devices such as cameras, personal computers, video players, and smart phones. In particular, due to the recent market drive in the miniaturization and cost reduction of electronic products, silicon dice are often utilized without encapsulation and mounted directly to the substrate by means of conductive adhesives or BGA mounting. Silicon die often need to be thinned to a few hundred micrometers thickness to fit into compact devices and to reduce parasitics. The intrinsic brittle nature of silicon in combination with the lack of mechanical protection such as encapsulation has made fracture of bare dice a typical failure mechanism in handheld electronic devices. In the current work, we tested to failure {100} silicon dice and obtained mirror–mist boundary measurements for correlation to the fracture strengths of the parts. This work will also present various practical examples of how to reliably conduct failure analysis of fractured silicon dice. The intrinsic brittle nature of silicon in combination with the lack of mechanical protection such as encapsulation has made fracture of bare dice a typical failure mechanism in handheld electronic devices such as cameras, portable computers, tablets, media players, and smart phones. In these products, silicon dice are often utilized without encapsulation and are attached directly to the substrate by means of conductive adhesives or ball grid array mounting. Modern silicon dice used in these products typically have small dimensions and higher flexural strength compared to their predecessors. Prior silicon fractographic findings have investigated low strength failures. In the current work, we extend the quantitative fractography of silicon to the high failure stress regime. We have mechanically tested modern silicon dice to failure by four‐point bending and obtained mirror–mist boundary measurements for correlation to the fracture strengths of the specimens. Two key areas are addressed which improve the practical application of quantitative fractography to modern silicon dice: (1) application of silicon fractography to high flexural strength regimes and (2) development of a systematic means of reliably measuring fracture surface features.
Human dendritic cell subsets
Authors: Collin Matthew , McGovern Naomi , Haniffa Muzlifah 
Published: April 2013

SummaryDendritic cells are highly adapted to their role of presenting antigen and directing immune responses. Developmental studies indicate that DCs originate independently from monocytes and tissue macrophages. Emerging evidence also suggests that distinct subsets of DCs have intrinsic differences that lead to functional specialisation in the generation of immunity. Comparative studies are now allowing many of these properties to be more fully understood in the context of human immunology.
Mast cells in cutaneous tumors: innocent bystander or maestro conductor?
Authors: Biswas Asok , Richards Joanna E. , Massaro Joseph , Mahalingam Meera 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundEvidence favoring a critical role for mast cells (MC) in cutaneous malignancies is conflicting.MethodsUsing the immunohistochemical stain tryptase, MC counts were performed in the following tumor categories: epithelial (basal cell carcinoma [BCC]: nodular [N], n = 10, infiltrative [I], n = 10; squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]: well differentiated [W], n = 9, moderate/poorly differentiated [MP], n = 15); melanocytic (intradermal nevus, n = 10, malignant melanoma in situ [MMIS], n = 8, invasive melanoma, n = 15); vascular (hemangioma [HEM], n = 11, Kaposi's sarcoma [KS], n = 14, angiosarcoma [AS] n = 8); and fibrohistiocytic (dermatofibroma [DF], n = 7, atypical fibroxanthoma [AFX], n = 5, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans [DFSP], n = 5). MC (intra‐ and peritumoral) were expressed as cells per 10 high‐power fields.ResultsMean MC counts were: BCCN 166.30; BCCI 130; SCCW 167.22; SCCMP 133.80; nevus 156.40; MMIS 93; MM radial growth phase 73.86; MM vertical growth phase 82.13; HEM 165.18; KS 120.57; AS 168.13; DF 247.86; AFX 280.20; and DFSP 83.60. Using a one‐way analysis of variance, statistically significant differences were observed in the following pairs: AFX and DF vs. DFSP, nevus vs. melanoma, AS and HEM vs. KS.ConclusionsOur findings appear to point towards a dichotomous role for mast cells in fibrohistiocytic and vascular neoplasms and argue against their preferential recruitment in epithelial malignancies and malignant melanoma. The value of mast cell counts as a prognostic index appears to be limited in most cutaneous malignancies.
Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela
Authors: Mata‐Essayag Sofia , Delgado Alejandro , Colella Maria T. , Landaeta‐Nezer Maria E. , Rosello Arantza , Perez de Salazar Celina , Olaizola Carolina , Hartung Claudia , Magaldi Sylvia , Velasquez Etna 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundSporotrichosis is one of the most common subcutaneous mycoses in Venezuela. It is a granulomatous chronic infection with cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue lesions. Regional lymphatic involvement may be present; extracutaneous disease is rare. The causal fungus Sporothrix schenckii has been isolated from soil, vegetation, and animals on numerous occasions and in many localities throughout the world. The aim of this study is to describe clinical and epidemiological features of cases of sporotrichosis observed in Venezuela and review of the literature.Patients and methodsWe included the demographic data, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment, and follow‐up of patients with sporotrichosis from 1963 to 2009, diagnosed at the Department of Medical Mycology.ResultsOne‐hundred and thirty‐three sporotrichosis cases were diagnosed. Most patients were under the age of 30 years (66.15%). In 61.6% of them, the mode of transmission was not identified. The predominant clinical form in this population was lymphocutaneous (63.15%). Direct microscopic diagnosis was performed in 123 cases, and 57.9% yielded positive results for asteroid body.ConclusionsSporotrichosis is an endemic subcutaneous mycosis in Venezuela. There are no reports to this date of disseminated forms of the disease, even amongst patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Direct microscopic examination of wet mount slides with saline solution or distilled water in the search for asteroid bodies is paramount. Saturated sodium and potassium iodine solutions continue to be extremely efficacious and affordable to most of our patients, therefore our treatment of choice.
Molecular characterisation of a calmodulin gene,VcCaM1,that is differentially expressed under aluminium stress in highbush blueberry
Authors: Inostroza‐Blancheteau C. , Aquea F. , Loyola R. , Slovin J. , Josway S. , Rengel Z. , Reyes‐Díaz M. , Alberdi M. , Arce‐Johnson P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCalmodulin (CaM), a small acidic protein, is one of the best characterised Ca2+sensors in eukaryotes. This Ca2+‐regulated protein plays a critical role in decoding and transducing environmental stress signals by activating specific targets. Many environmental stresses elicit changes in intracellular Ca2+activity that could initiate adaptive responses under adverse conditions. We report the first molecular cloning and characterisation of a calmodulin gene,VcCaM1(Vaccinium corymbosum Calmodulin 1), in the woody shrub, highbush blueberry.VcCaM1was first identified asVCAL19, a gene induced by aluminium stress inV. corymbosumL. A full‐lengthcDNAofVcCaM1containing a 766‐bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 149 amino acids was cloned from root RNA. The sequence encodes four Ca2+‐binding motifs (EF‐hands) and shows high similarity (99%) with the isoform CaM 201 ofDaucus carota. Expression analyses showed that following Al treatment,VcCaM1message level decreased in roots of Brigitta, an Al‐resistant cultivar, and after 48 h, was lower than in Bluegold, an Al‐sensitive cultivar.VcCAM1message also decreased in leaves of both cultivars within 2 h of treatment. Message levels in leaves then increased by 24 h to control levels in Brigitta, but not in Bluegold, but then decreased again by 48 h. In conclusion,VcCaM1does not appear to be directly involved in Al resistance, but may be involved in improved plant performance under Al toxicity conditions through regulation of Ca2+homeostasis and antioxidant systems in leaves.
Concept Analysis and Validation of the Nursing Diagnosis, Delayed Surgical Recovery
Authors: Appoloni Aline Helena , Herdman T. Heather , Napoleão Anamaria Alves , Campos de Carvalho Emilia , Hortense Priscilla 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo analyze the human response of delayed surgical recovery, approved by NANDA‐I, and to validate its defining characteristics (DCs) and related factors (RFs).MethodThis was a two‐part study using a concept analysis based on the method of Walker and Avant, and diagnostic content validation based on Fehring's model.ResultsThree of the original DCs, and three proposed DCs identified from the concept analysis, were validated in this study; five of the original RFs and four proposed RFs were validated.ConclusionsA revision of the concept studied is suggested, incorporating the validation of some of the DCs and RFs presented by NANDA‐I, and the insertion of new, validated DCs and RFs.Implications for Nursing PracticeThis study may enable the extension of the use of this diagnosis and contribute to quality surgical care of clients.ObjetivoAnalisar o diagnóstico de enfermagem aprovado da NANDA Internacional, Inc., recuperação cirúrgica retardada e validar suas características definidoras (CD) e fatores relacionados (FR).MétodoEstudo realizado em duas etapas, com utilização do método de análise de conceito de Walker e Avant e o modelo de Fehring de validação de conteúdo diagnóstico.ResultadosTrês CD originais e três CD propostas foram validadas; cinco FR originais e quatro propostos foram validados.ConclusõesUma revisão do conceito estudado é sugerida, com a incorporação da validação de algumas das CD e dos FR apresentados pela NANDA‐I e com o acréscimo de novas CD e novos FR validados.Implicações para a Prática De EnfermagemEste estudo pode permitir maior utilização deste diagnóstico de enfermagem e contribuir para um cuidado de maior qualidade aos clientes cirúrgicos.
Calorie‐sweetened beverages and fructose: what have we learned 10 years later
Authors: Bray G. A. , Popkin B. M. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
Consumption of high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
Fructose from sugar (sucrose) is just as bad as from HFCS.
Soft Drink consumption related to risk of obesity, diabetes, and CVD in adults and children.
What this study adds
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver increased by consuming fructose in containing beverages.
Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, fruit drinks and probably fruit juice may mimic metabolic syndrome.
Reducing intake of calorically sweetened beverages slows weight gain.
BackgroundSugar‐sweetened drinks and the fructose they provide are associated with several health problems.MethodsData from the Nielsen Homescan and product content were analysed for sweetener type using the Gladson Nutrition Database. Meta‐analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake.ResultsOver 70% of all foods contain some amounts of added sugar, and consumption of soft drinks has increased fivefold since 1950. Meta‐analyses suggest that consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages is related to the risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adults and in children. Drinking two sugar‐sweetened beverages per day for 6 months induced features of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Randomized, controlled trials in children and adults lasting from 6 months to 2 years have shown that lowering the intake of soft drinks reduced weight gain. Genetic factors influence the weight gain when drinking soft drinks.ConclusionConsumption of calorie‐sweetened beverages and the fructose they contain has continued to increase and may play a role in the epidemic of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease. Reducing intake of soft drinks is associated with less weight gain and metabolic improvement as well.
Continental‐scale assessment of genetic diversity and population structure in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Authors: Callahan Colin M. , Rowe Carol A. , Ryel Ronald J. , Shaw John D. , Madritch Michael D. , Mock Karen E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimQuaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) has the largest natural distribution of any tree native to North America. The primary objectives of this study were to characterize range‐wide genetic diversity and genetic structuring in quaking aspen, and to assess the influence of glacial history and rear‐edge dynamics.LocationNorth America.MethodsUsing a sample set representing the full longitudinal and latitudinal extent of the species’ distribution, we examined geographical patterns of genetic diversity and structuring using 8 nuclear microsatellite loci in 794 individuals from 30 sampling sites.ResultsTwo major genetic clusters were identified across the range: a south‐western cluster and a northern cluster. The south‐western cluster, which included two subclusters, was bounded approximately by the Continental Divide to the east and the southern extent of the ice sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum to the north. Subclusters were not detected in the northern cluster, despite its continent‐wide distribution. Genetic distance was significantly correlated with geographical distance in the south‐western but not the northern cluster, and allelic richness was significantly lower in south‐western sampling sites compared with northern sampling sites. Population structuring was low overall, but elevated in the south‐western cluster.Main conclusionsAspen populations in the south‐western portion of the range are consistent with expectations for a historically stable edge, with low within‐population diversity, significant geographical population structuring, and little evidence of northward expansion. Structuring within the south‐western cluster may result from distinct gene pools separated during the Pleistocene and reunited following glacial retreat, similar to patterns found in other forest tree species in the western USA. In aspen, populations in the south‐western portion of the species range are thought to be at particularly high risk of mortality with climate change. Our findings suggest that these same populations may be disproportionately valuable in terms of both evolutionary potential and conservation value.
Characterization of 2 Genetic Variants of Nav1.5‐Arginine 689 Found in Patients with Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: SOTTAS VALENTIN , ROUGIER JEAN‐SÉBASTIEN , JOUSSET FLORIAN , KUCERA JAN P. , SHESTAK ANNA , MAKAROV LEONID M. , ZAKLYAZMINSKAYA ELENA V. , ABRIEL HUGUES 
Published: April 2013

Nav1.5‐Arg689 in ArrhythmiasHundreds of genetic variants in SCN5A, the gene coding for the pore‐forming subunit of the cardiac sodium channel, Nav1.5, have been described in patients with cardiac channelopathies as well as in individuals from control cohorts. The aim of this study was to characterize the biophysical properties of 2 naturally occurring Nav1.5 variants, p.R689H and p.R689C, found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias and in control individuals. In addition, this study was motivated by the finding of the variant p.R689H in a family with sudden cardiac death (SCD) in children.When expressed in HEK293 cells, most of the sodium current (INa) biophysical properties of both variants were indistinguishable from the wild‐type (WT) channels. In both cases, however, an ∼2‐fold increase of the tetrodotoxin‐sensitive late INa was observed. Action potential simulations and reconstruction of pseudo‐ECGs demonstrated that such a subtle increase in the late INa may prolong the QT interval in a nonlinear fashion. In conclusion, despite the fact that the causality link between p.R689H and the phenotype of the studied family cannot be demonstrated, this study supports the notion that subtle alterations of Nav1.5 variants may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmias.
A Hypertensive Response to Exercise Is Prominent in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: A Controlled Study
Authors: Kasiakogias Alexandros , Tsioufis Costas , Thomopoulos Costas , Andrikou Ioannis , Kefala Anna , Papadopoulos Dimitrios , Dima Ioanna , Milkas Anastasios , Kokkinos Peter , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: April 2013

Blood pressure (BP) behavior during exercise is not clear in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The authors studied 57 men with newly diagnosed essential hypertension and untreated OSA (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] ≥5) but without daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale score ≤10), and an equal number of hypertensive controls without OSA matched for age, body mass index, and office systolic BP. All patients underwent ambulatory BP measurements, transthoracic echocardiography, and exercise treadmill testing according to the Bruce protocol. A hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) was defined as peak systolic BP ≥210 mm Hg. Patients with OSA and control patients had similar ambulatory and resting BP, ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass. Peak systolic BP was significantly higher in patients with OSA (197.6±25.6 mm Hg vs 187.8±23.6 mm Hg; P=.03), while peak diastolic BP and heart rate did not differ between groups. Furthermore, an HRE was more prevalent in patients with OSA (44% vs 19%; P=.009). Multiple logistic regression revealed that an HRE is independently predicted by both the logAHI and minimum oxygen saturation during sleep (odds ratio, 3.94; confidence interval, 1.69–9.18; P=.001 and odds ratio, 0.94; confidence interval, 0.89–0.99; P=.02, respectively). Exaggerated BP response is more prevalent in nonsleepy hypertensives with OSA compared with their nonapneic counterparts. This finding may have distinct diagnostic and prognostic implications.
Hypertension in Pregnancy Is a Risk Factor for Microalbuminuria Later in Life
Authors: Kattah Andrea G. , Asad Reem , Scantlebury Dawn C. , Bailey Kent R. , Wiste Heather J. , Hunt Steven C. , Mosley Thomas H. , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Turner Stephen T. , Garovic Vesna D. 
Published: April 2013

The authors aimed to compare renal function by estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in 3 groups of women: nulliparous women, women with a history of normotensive pregnancies, and women with a history of at least one hypertensive pregnancy. Women who participated in the second Family Blood Pressure Program Study visit (2000–2004) and had serum creatinine and urine albumin measurements (n=3015) were categorized as having had no pregnancy lasting >6 months (n=341), having had only normotensive pregnancies (n=2199), or having had at least 1 pregnancy with hypertension (n=475) based on a standardized questionnaire. Women who reported having had at least one pregnancy with hypertension were significantly more likely to be hypertensive (75.6% vs 59.4%, P<.001), diabetic (34.2% vs 27.3%, P≤.001), and have higher body mass index (32.8 vs 30.5, P<.001) than those who reported normotensive pregnancies. There was a significantly greater risk of microalbuminuria (urine albumin‐creatinine ratio >25 mg/g) in those who reported at least one pregnancy with hypertension (odds ratio, 1.37; confidence interval, 1.02–1.85; P=.04) than in those with normotensive pregnancies, after adjusting for risk factors for chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of future microalbuminuria.
Two New Marine Ciliates, Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. and Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea), with Phylogenetic Analyses Inferred from the Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: Jiang Jiamei , Xing Yi , Miao Miao , Shao Chen , Warren Alan , Song Weibo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe morphology, infraciliature, and molecular phylogeny of two novel spirotrich ciliates, Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. and Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp., isolated from coastal waters of China, were investigated. Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. differs from its congeners mainly in possessing seven sparsely ciliated cirral rows that are conspicuously shortened posteriorly and three transverse cirri aligned in a row. Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp. is characterized by the conspicuous spine‐like dorsal cilia, one extra (endoral?) membrane, and seven frontal, six ventral, and seven posterolateral marginal cirri. The small subunit rRNA gene was sequenced for both species. Complete SSU rRNA gene sequences of two Caryotricha spp. (including C. rariseta n. sp.) and two Discocephalus spp. (including D. pararotatorius n. sp.), along with those of 40 other ciliates, were used to determine their molecular phylogeny using maximum likelihood, neighbor joining and maximum parsimony analyses. The two Caryotricha species cluster with Kiitricha marina in the well‐supported Protohypotrichia clade that is basal to the main spirotrich assemblage. The two discocephalids form a clade that is sister to the Hypotrichia.
Plastination and its importance in teaching anatomy. Critical points for long‐term preservation of human tissue
Authors: Riederer Beat M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMost medical curricula rely on human bodies for teaching macroscopic anatomy. Over the past 20 years, plastination has become an important means of preservation of organs, for well dissected specimens or for body slices. Here, several critical points regarding body donation with legal and ethical considerations for long‐term preservation, the use of cadavers in teaching and the preparation of plastinates as an additional teaching tool will be discussed. SiliconeS10 is the gold standard in the preparation of plastinates. An important point to respect is the preparation of specimens, since only very well dissected body parts or excellent tissue sections should be plastinated to show the extraordinary aspects of the human anatomy. The preparation of thin and transparent sections and preservation withP40 polyester provides an additional technique to prepare resistant body slices. A selection of samples prepared byS10 andP40 are shown and compared. In addition, Prussian or Berlin blue staining of brain slices is shown to discriminate better between gray and white matter and demonstrate neuroanatomical structures. These plastinates have been used for many years in teaching first‐ and second‐year medical students and have not lost their appeal. Students and staff appreciate the use of such plastinates. One of the advantages is that their use is not restricted to the dissection hall; slices and body parts can be used in any lecture room or in small group teaching. Therefore, ethical and legal questions need to be addressed regarding their specific use. Plastinates do not replace the traditional dissection courses, since students learn best the anatomical features of a given region by hands‐on dissection and by exploratory anatomy. Furthermore, plastinates are more rigid and do not allow demonstration of hidden structures; they also become more cumbersome for endoscopy or are too rigid for demonstrating mechanical features of joints. However, although not a replacement for traditional dissections, plastination provides an additional tool for long‐term preservation and for teaching human anatomy.