bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAHS AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS IN EFFLUENTS FROM ARTIFICIALLY WEATHERED OIL ON GRAVEL
Authors: Pearson Walter H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several recent studies report that low parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of petroleum polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are toxic to marine fish embryos and that crude oil toxicity increases as it weathers. Such claims for Pacific herring embyros derive from two experiments by Carls et al. (1999) in which herring eggs were exposed to seawater passed through gravel coated with artificially weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil. The experiments differed in the extent of weathering of the oil on gravel. Carls et al. reported that developmental abnormalities in herring embryos occur during chronic exposure to PAH levels as low as 0.4 ppb in seawater passed through the oiled gravel. Earlier studies had shown that effects are observed at low PAH levels only when oil droplets or films adhered to the herring eggs. To better understand Carls et al. experiments, we examined effluent from a gravel bed prepared following Carls et al. and report that ammonia, sulfides, and oil droplets were present in the effluent from oiled gravel generators that were shut down between two 16-day trials (as was done by Carls et al.). Oil droplets (0.5 to 1 mm) were intermittently present in effluent from oiled gravel generators even when the flow was continuous. Two hours after restarting flow, low dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and sulfides were present in the generators and in the effluent. Droplets, ammonia, and sulfides all induce developmental abnormalities of the types seen by Carls et al. The presence of ammonia and sulfide in the effluent after shutdown is a laboratory artifact and constitutes clear evidence of anaerobic biodegradation of the oil on gravel. Evidence of anaerobic biodegradation suggests that the exposure regime of Carls et al. did not effectively simulate field conditions. Our results demonstrate that the presence of confounding toxicants in the Carls et al. experiments cannot be dismissed. There is no basis to conclude that aqueous exposure to low ppb PAH levels affects herring eggs or that weathering increases oil toxicity to fish eggs without additional experiments that specifically account for the potential confounding factors and all chemicals in effluents from oiled gravel columns.
NIMS AND THE INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Authors: Jamieson Gil 
Published: January 2013

The way this nation prepares for and responds to domestic incidents is about to change. It won't be an abrupt change; best practices that have been developed over the years are part of this new comprehensive national approach to incident management known as the National Incident Management System (NIMS). But it will change—and for the better.
Developed by the Department of Homeland Security and issued in March 2004, the NIMS will enable responders at all jurisdictional levels and across all disciplines to work together more effectively and efficiently. Beginning in FY 2006, federal funding for state, local and tribal preparedness grants will be tied to compliance with the NIMS.
One of the most important ‘best practices’ that has been incorporated into the NIMS is the Incident Command System (ICS), a standard, on-scene, all-hazards incident management system already in use by firefighters, hazardous materials teams, rescuers and emergency medical teams. The ICS has been established by the NIMS as the standardized incident organizational structure for the management of all incidents.
Although many agencies now use various forms of ICS, there is considerable uncertainty about NIMS ICS and the impact it will have on systems and processes currently in place. These are important questions because one of the FY 2005 requirements for implementing NIMS is “institutionalizing the use of ICS, across the entire response system.”
This paper is intended to provide an historical perspective on the development of ICS, explain how NIMS ICS works, describe how it is different from previous systems, and discuss the future of NIMS ICS training.
ENSURING PROTECTION OF CALIFORNIA'S COASTAL RESOURCES: SENSITIVE SITE STRATEGY EVALUATION PROGRAM
Authors: Price David W. , Klumpp Christopher 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There are over 400 designated environmentally sensitive sites and associated protection strategies in California(s coastal waters. To meet the challenge of protecting sensitive sites, California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) has developed the Sensitive Site Strategy Evaluation Program (SSSEP).
The SSSEP provides a program to test and evaluate the effectiveness of “protective response strategies”. These strategies have been designed to exclude or divert oil spills away from these sites. Tides and currents, wind, water depth, and obstructions can have dramatic influence on how a strategy is designed and performs. The need to test and evaluate these strategies is critical to ensure that the strategies do work in an actual oil spill emergency to protect sensitive resources.
In California, marine oil facilities, vessels carrying petroleum cargo, and non-tank vessels over 300 tons are required to have an oil spill contingency plan. These contingency plan-holders are required to protect environmentally sensitive sites which may be impacted by an oil spill. Most contingency plan-holders form their plans based upon the response strategies contained in the regional Area Contingency Plans (ACP) and rely upon Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSROs) to supply the needed response resources.
In a cooperative venture, OSPR, the San Francisco Area Committee and OSROs have teamed together to conduct the SSSEP. The OSROs participating are MSRC and NRC Environmental Services. These OSROs provide the vast majority of San Francisco Plan Holders with their spill response services and have volunteered their time and efforts to test the response strategies.
The SSSEP is providing important information on just how effective our strategies are and what we can to do to improve them. OSPR's future goal is to expand the SSSEP into California's other ACP areas, validating and building assurances in sensitive site protection strategies.
EVALUATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF VARIOUS RESPONSE OPTIONS USING MODELING OF FATE, EFFECTS AND NRDA COSTS OF OIL SPILLS INTO WASHINGTON WATERS
Authors: French-McCay Deborah P. , Rowe Jill J. , Whittier Nicole , Sankaranarayanan Subbayya , Etkin Dagmar S. , Pilkey-Jarvis Linda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill fate and effects modeling and analysis were performed to evaluate the implications of spill response options being considered by the Washington State Department of Ecology in their rulemaking related to oil spill preparedness (WA State Contingency Plan Rule). The impacts of potential spills in Washington's outer coast, sound and river environments were modeled varying response options and operational timing, including use of conventional mechanical containment and recovery operations; dispersant application with concurrent mechanical containment and recovery; and in-situ burning with concurrent mechanical containment and recovery. US Coast Guard federal response capability standards, current Washington State standards, and potential theoretical higher response capability standards were simulated for scenarios involving spills of crude oil, bunker fuel and diesel into Washington waters (in the Strait of Georgia, Strait of Juan de Fuca, outer coast, and lower and upper Columbia River). The modeling was performed in probabilistic mode, i.e., by randomly varying location along tanker routes, spill date, and time, and so environmental conditions during and after the release among potential conditions that would occur. The model results were analyzed to estimate mean, standard deviation (SD), and 5th, 50th and 95th percentile results for surface water and shoreline oiling, water column and sediment contamination, biological impacts, and natural resource damages (NRD). NRD costs were based on the Washington Compensation Schedule and Oil Pollution Act (OPA) NRD procedures involving compensatory restoration scaling and associated costs. Response costs and socioeconomic damages were evaluated in a companion study by D.S. Etkin (Environmental Research Consulting). The fates, impacts and NRD cost results for two scenarios are presented here: those for the outer coast spills assuming (1) only protective booming and (2) protective booming plus the mechanical removal up to Washington State standards. The results of these and other scenarios are being incorporated into a rulemaking process and cost-benefit analysis by the Department of Ecology.
PREVENCIÓN A CONTAMINACIONES Y PLANIFICACIÓN DE RESPUESTA CONJUNTA ENTRE MÉXICO Y LOS EUA EN LA REGIÓN FRONTERIZA MARÍTIMA. UNA HISTORIA DE ÉXITO EN COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL*
Authors: Pertuz David , Inclán Luis Orozco 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTO
El Plan Conjunto de Continencia entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y los Estados Unidos de América sobre Contaminación del Medio Ambiente Marino por Derrames de Hidrocarburos y Otras Substancias Nocivas firmado en febrero del año 2000 por la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos y la Secretaría de Marina-Armada de México, ha establecido el inicio de una cooperación bilateral exitosa en la preparación y reacción en caso de incidentes de contaminación que pudieran afectar la región marítima fronteriza de ambos países.
Desde la firma de este acuerdo, comúnmente referido como el Plan MEXUS, las actividades conjuntas realizadas han generado un avance significativo en la cooperación, preparación y respuesta ante incidentes contaminantes de ambos países. Esta cooperación ha sido ratificada por la participación decidida de las dependencias locales, estatales y federales, así como por la gran participación de la industria privada de ambos países. Las actividades conjuntas han incluido: El simulacro Conjunto MEXUS Golf “2002,” patrocinado por la Compañía UNOCAL, realizado en mayo del 2002 en la Isla del Padre, Texas; el simulacro conjunto denominado “SABALO 2003,” patrocinado por la Secretaría de Marina-Armada de México, realizado en agosto del 2003 en Tampico, Tamaulipas; la participación conjunta como parte del simulacro de Derrame de Importancia Nacional California, realizado en abril del 2004 en el sur de California y Ensenada, Baja California; y el simulacro conjunto MEXUS GOLF 2004, patrocinado por la compañía Shell Producción y Exploración y realizado en mayo del 2004 en Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Otras actividades relevantes realizadas en temas afines, incluyen reuniones regionales de los Equipos de Respuesta Conjunta, el entrenamiento del personal y la adopción del “Sistema de Comando de Incidentes” como herramienta común para el manejo de los incidentes.
Adicionalmente con la firma en marzo del 2004 del “Programa Estratégico de Trabajo mediante Metas a Lograr en Cinco Años” se consolida aún más la cooperación bilateral y el éxito en materia de prevención y combate a la contaminación marina; Este documento, describe las actividades a desarrollar y se concentra en obtener resultados claves basados en el objetivo del Plan MEXUS y sus Anexos Geográficos. Además de que sirve como una herramienta para mantener un interés común, un mayor acercamiento, lograr avances, así como identificar y evaluar los resultados de los Equipos de Respuesta Conjunta.
UN ENFOQUE REGIONAL UNIFICADO DE RESPUESTA CONTRA LA CONTAMINACION MARINA POR PETROLEO EN EL PACIFICO NORDESTE
Authors: Díaz Juan Manelia 
Published: January 2013

SUMARIO
Dos estrategias regionales aprobadas por los Gobiernos de Centroamérica, son utilizadas para aplicar un enfoque regional a nivel de los países centroamericanos del Pacífico Nordeste, en el combate contra la contaminación marina por petróleo. Una se inscribe dentro del contexto del Programa de Mares Regionales que promueve el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente y es el Plan de Acción para la Protección y Desarrollo Sostenible del Medio Marino y Zonas Costeras del Pacífico Nordeste (PNO), aprobado en Antigua Guatemala, en Febrero de 2002. La otra es la Agenda Ambiental del Transporte Marítimo en Centroamérica (AATM), liderada por la Comisión Centroamericana de Transporte Marítimo (COCATRAM), dentro del contexto del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), la que fue aprobada en el año 2002.
Tanto el PNO como la AATM son elementos que se complementan mutuamente. La AATM es específica a todos los aspectos ambientales propios del transporte marítimo y el PNO considera, dentro de otras fuentes de contaminación marina, las descargas accidentales de petróleo. En ambos elementos los Gobiernos han identificado como acción prioritaria inmediata, el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de respuesta de sus instituciones para prevenir y afrontar sucesos que determinen una contaminación del mar con petróleo, iniciando con el apoyo y cooperación internacional necesarios para la formulación, actualización y complementación, según proceda, de los Planes Nacionales de Contingencia. Además, se proponen en paralelo, llevar a cabo una fuerte acción de capacitación y entrenamiento, todo dentro del marco de una estrategia ampliada para su regionalización, que forma parte tanto del PNO como de la AATM.
Actualmente algunos de los países de la región tienen Planes Nacionales de Contingencia articulados con Planes locales, otros están en proceso. Sin embargo, aún ninguno está aprobado por una normativa específica, sino que están conectados con los sistemas nacionales de prevención y atención de desastres. El presente documento informa sobre el estado actual de esos Planes de Contingencia y de las medidas consideradas para la regionalización de una respuesta unificada en contra de derrames de petróleo, en la forma como fue percibida e informada por una reunión de expertos de Autoridades Marítimas de la región y órganos equivalentes que tienen a su cargo los Planes Nacionales de Contingencia, convocada por COCATRAM con apoyo del Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) a finales del mes de Abril del 2004.
DETERMINATION OF THE LIMITING OIL VISCOSITY FOR CHEMICAL DISPERSION AT SEA
Authors: Colcomb Kevin , Salt David , Peddar Malcolm , Lewis Alun 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many previous studies using laboratory test methods have shown that the ability to disperse spilled oils depends on several factors including: spilled oil properties (and how these change with oil weathering), the mixing energy, and the dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR). There appears to be a ‘limiting oil viscosity’ value that, when exceeded, causes a sharp reduction in the effectiveness of a dispersant. The results obtained in laboratory tests are relative and not absolute, and it has therefore proved very difficult to correlate dispersant effectiveness results from these laboratory tests with dispersant performance at sea. A series of small-scale dispersant tests were conducted at sea in the English Channel in June 2003. Several small test slicks of residual fuel oils of different viscosity grades were laid on the sea and immediately sprayed with different dispersants at different DORs. Observers used a simple ranking system to visually assess the degree of dispersion that occurred when a cresting wave passed through an area of the dispersant-treated oil. Collation of the results showed that there were obvious and consistent differences in the degree of effectiveness observed with different combinations of oil viscosity, dispersant and treatment rate.
STATISTICAL ESTIMATES OF SHORELINE OIL CONTACT IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Johnson Walter R. , Ji Zhen-Gang , Marshall Charles F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As steward of the Federal offshore lands known as the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), Minerals Management Service (MMS), is responsible for balancing the Nation's search for commercial oil and gas with protection of the human and marine environments. The MMS regulates the development of mineral resources in an environmentally safe manner by analyzing environmental consequences of the OCS program prior to lease sales or approval of industry's plans. The Oil-Spill Risk Analysis (OSRA) model was developed by the DOI for the analysis of possible oil-spill impact from offshore oil and gas operations.
The OSRA model produces statistical estimates of hypothetical oil-spill occurrence and contact from projected OCS operations. The model generates an ensemble of sea surface oil-spill trajectories by initiating thousands of oil-spill simulations at hypothetical spill locations to statistically characterize oil-spill risk in areas of prospective drilling and production and along projected pipeline routes.
The hypothetical spills are initiated every day and move at the velocity of the vector sum of the surface ocean currents plus an empirical wind-induced drift of speed equal to 3.5% of the local wind speed, with a wind-speed-dependent direction (Samuels et al., 1982). The model generates oil-spill trajectories by integrating interpolated values of the wind and ocean current fields at intervals short enough to use the full spatial resolution of the ocean current and wind fields. The OSRA model, as applied to the Gulf of Mexico, uses 3-hourly ocean current fields over 7 years (1993–1999) generated by the Princeton Regional Ocean Forecast System (PROFS) (Oey et al., 2004). The PROFS is driven by synoptic winds, heat flux, and river flows. The wind field is based on the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts surface winds enhanced by observations from meteorological buoys and Coastal-Marine Automated Network stations. The same wind field used to force the ocean model is used to move the oil in the spill trajectories.
As an example of environmental assessment, the OSRA model was used to estimate the spreading of oil spills by simultaneously modeling fractions of each spill, referred to as spillets. The spillets were used to calculate additional statistics, in particular, the length of coastline contacted by a large spill. The coastline was divided into equal length segments. Assumptions were made regarding what fraction of the spill (i.e., the number of spillets) that contacted a land segment would constitute a contact larger than the “level of concern.” Sensitivity of the analysis to key assumed parameters, such as the number of spillets and the level of concern, were tested.
INDUSTRY COOPERATION IN AN EMERGING REGION
Authors: Taylor Peter M. , Landin Kjell T. , Duckworth Tim , Pietersz Jan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the 1990s, the Caspian Sea, Black Sea and Central Eurasia region emerged as one of the most important new sources of world oil supply, attracting development and providing vital new export revenue. With more growth and investment certain, the countries of the region are able to rely increasingly on the benefits arising from uninterrupted exports. As more oil is handled in the region, the shared desire is to eliminate any spills from these operations. Further to a strong commitment to apply preventive measures, a group of energy companies—working in cooperation with governments—also believe it is prudent to undertake actions that can significantly reduce the consequence of any such incidents. In 2002–03 these companies undertook a comprehensive study and detailed analyses of the state of oil spill preparedness in region.
The study found that governments, companies, institutions and stakeholder groups widely agreed on the need for improved response capability. Beyond the significant economic and business risks posed by spills, there is universal concern to better protect the environment and the public. A poor spill response could harm the regions ecology, affect local business and the industry's reputation, with serious repercussions.
In line with recommendations from the study, the oil industry launched an initiative to support the efforts of governments and promote regional response capability in mid 2003—the Oil Spill Preparedness Regional Initiative (Caspian Sea—Black Sea—Central Eurasia)—known as OSPRI.
OSPRI embraces an overall vision, set out as … Industry and the region's governments work cooperatively to promote proven, credible, integrated, sustainable oil-spill response capability. OSPRI is action-oriented and brings a consistent, aligned approach for industry in its relationship with international and national partners when developing effective preparedness. OSPRI avoids piecemeal approaches and is encouraging planning processes based on clear command and control frameworks, the tiered response philosophy and response policy based on net environmental benefit (IPIECA 2000). This is making a significant contribution towards helping governments and operators achieve best practice in their contingency planning.
STRUCTURAL MODELLING OF OIL SPILL CONTAINMENT BOOMS BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: Boushaba Farid , Nouchi Serge , Boulerhcha Mohammed , Muttin Frédéric 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The first objective of this paper is to model the antipollution floating boom by considering it in the three different forms: the form of cables, the form of assemblies of articulated body, and in the form of membrane bodies. and then we make a comparison of its three different configurations.
THE USE OF SURFACE DRIFTING FLOATS IN THE MONITORING OF OIL SPILLS. THE PRESTIGE CASE
Authors: García-Ladona Emilio , Font Jordi , Río Evilio del , Julià Agustí , Salat Jordi , Chic Oscar , Orfila Alejandro , Alvarez Alberto , Basterretxea Gotzon , Vizoso Gonzalo , Piro Oreste , Tintoré Joaquin , Castanedo Sonia , Coto Miguel Gil , Herrera José Luis 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On November 13th, 2002 the 26 year old tanker Prestige reported an emergency off the North Western Spanish coast (Galicia). The ship was carrying 77,000 tons of heavy fuel oil that started to be spilled while the vessel was towed away from the coast, affecting more than 900 km of shoreline. The location and the way the accident occurred implied a great challenge for the organization and coordinaton of actions to fight against the oil pollution. The site, just off the Finis terre cap, is a complex region from the oceanographic point of view and weather conditions, and this facilitated the fuel transport and spread over a great area. In order to take rapid preventive actions, it was crucial to have accurate spill trajectory forecasts covering direction and coastal impact. Under the coordination of public agencies and Spanish academic and research institutions, an operational monitoring system was built including wind and wave forecast, oil spill dispersion models, and visual inspection flights. Although the use of lagrangian floats was made in other incidents in the past (i.e Erika tanker) the characteristics of the Prestige accident indicated the need to deploy a relative great number of buoys as a major novelty respect to similar accidents in the past. The purpose of this contribution is to describe the operational actions performed during this particular accident, and to show the use of Lagrangian floats as an efficient procedure to improve the management and advice for such catastrophic events.