bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español: estudios lingüísticos
Authors: García de Toro Cristina 
Published: August 2015

Cet article présente les résultats d’une vaste étude consacrée aux travaux sur la traduction entre le catalan et l’espagnol, aussi bien ceux qui se basent sur l’approche traductologique que ceux qui se fondent sur la linguistique. En raison du détail et de la longueur de l’étude, les résultats seront présentés dans deux articles indépendants. Le premier : « La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español : estudios lingüísticos », abordera les études qui se fondent sur la linguistique, et le deuxième : « La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español : estudios traductológicos », qui apparaîtra bientôt dans ce journal, s’occupera de la recherche faite dans le domaine des études en traduction. Le but de ce premier article est d’offrir une première approximation à ce champ d’études selon l’approche linguistique. Les travaux se fondant sur la linguistique se sont notamment intéressés à l’interférence et ses implications sur l’établissement des normes orthographiques et grammaticales de la langue, surtout du catalan, et à la précision du lexique, lors de la normalisation linguistique. Conséquemment, l’article passe en revue les approches grammaticales et stylistiques, les approches basées sur la linguistique contrastive diachronique, sur la lexicographie, sur l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues et sur le contact des langues.
Primulina linglingensis var. fragrans, a new variety (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: Ge Yu-Zhen , Wen Fang , Pan Bo 
Published: August 2015

Primulina linglingensis var. fragrans (Gesneriaceae) endemic to Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated here
as a new variety. The newly described variety is similar to P. linglingensis var. linglingensis but differs by having
leaf blade nearly symmetric to symmetric, inflorescence with cymes 2–8-flowered, peduncle densely hairy with
glandular and eglandular indumentum, bracts narrowly ovate, corolla usually bicolor, staminodes 2, ovary and
style densely hairy and glandular-hairy. Notes on habitat, distribution and conservation status are provided.
Two new species of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from the North West region of Western Australia
Authors: Jobson Richard W , Baleerio Paulo C 
Published: August 2015

Two new species of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from the North West region of Western Australia. Utricularia
byrneana R.W.Jobson & Baleeiro and U. wannanii R.W.Jobson & Baleeiro are described as new and are considered
members of Utricularia subgen. Polypompholyx section Pleiochasia. The distribution and habitat preferences
of these species are discussed. Two individual taxonomic keys are provided representing the groups in which
the new species are most likely to be closely related. Specifically, Utricularia byrneana is compared with species
from Western Australia possessing hollow peduncles namely U. fistulosa P.Taylor and U. tubulata F. Muell.,
while U. wannanii is compared to species possessing connate bracts and bracteoles namely U. dunlopii P.Taylor,
U. georgei P.Tayor and U. kimberleyensis C.A.Gardener, as well as close relative U. uniflora R.Br.
Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae), an endemic species from the Western Ghats: its taxonomy, lectotypification and distribution
Authors: Gnanasekaran Gunadayalan , Murthy G.V.S. 
Published: August 2015

The name Andrographis producta (C.B.Clarke) Gamble (basionym: A. neesiana Wight var. producta
C.B.Clarke) is lectotypified here. As well as a complete description, including the pollen and seed morphology,
the relationships, IUCN conservation status and distribution of this endemic species from the Western Ghats
in India are discussed in detail for the first time.
VII. Utrum parvuli sint invitis parentibus baptizandi? Eine Spurensuche nach den Wurzeln des can. 868 § 2 CIC
Authors: Rehak Martin 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Utrum parvuli sint invitis parentibus baptizandi? A quest for the roots of can. 868 § 2 CIC [Code of Canon Law]. The present contribution examines the theological and canonistic discussion on whether children are to be baptized contrary to their parents’ will. For that purpose, the opinions of famous authors of the 12th to the 18th century as well as the relevant decisions of roman dicasteries from the 17th to the 19th century are portrayed.
VIII. Das Inquisitionsverfahren beim Heiligen Offizium
Authors: Lorenz-Filograno Maria Pia 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Inquisition procedure at the Holy Office - Legal Facets and Perspectives of analysis. The present essay examines institutional and normative aspects as well as the structure and the procedure of the Holy Office in condemning heresy, with a special focus on the 19th century. Beginning with a description of heresy and its relevance for criminal policy, the author considers the Inquisition not only as a tribunal with its own rules, but also as an institution that was integrated into a general legal system, which therefore cannot be understood as an impermeable and completely separated institution.
VIII. Curiales e cohortales in P.Gen. Lat. inv. 6.
Authors: Ammirati Serena , Fressura Marco , Mantovani Dario 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Curiales and Cohortales in P.Gen. Lat. inv. 6. A new version of a Costitution of Honorius and Theodosius II of 423. A re-examination of P.Gen. inv. Lat. 6, a parchment fragment from Egypt now kept in the Geneva Library, allows to identify its content as a constitutio - in a textual form so far unknown - of Honorius and Theodosius II (partially transmitted in CTh. 8,4,28; 6,35,14; 12,1,184), perhaps included in a collection of imperial dispositions concerning curiales and cohortales, set up for private or professional use. A new edition of the text of the fragment, together with a commentary, has been provided within the framework of the ERC project “Redhis. Rediscovering the hidden structure. A new appreciation of Juristic texts and Patterns of thought in Late Antiquity” (University of Pavia), which aims to the edition of the writings of Roman jurists on papyri and parchments, dating from the 2nd to 6th cent. AD, in order to evaluate the persistence of classical legal thought in Late Antiquity.
X. Modelle objektiver Haftung im Deliktsrecht: Das schwerwiegende Erbe des römischen Rechts
Authors: Cursi Maria Floriana 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forms of strict liability in the law of delicts: The heavy legacy of Roman law. In Roman law there are two forms of delictual strict liability - i.e. liability for damages, regardless of the participation of the liable person to the harmful act. According to the first model, the pater familias / dominus is liable, because he is the only one in the family who can pay compensation. The second model is instead based on a reference to culpa in eligendo or in vigilando, and the strict liability is justified by the need to ensure an absolute protection of the injured person. The civilian tradition has built its theory of strict liability on this second model, speaking of culpa in vigilando or in eligendo even when - after the distinction between iniuria and culpa was introduced by Chr. Thomasius - strict liability was conceived as liability without fault. This has led to a gap, in the European civil codes, between the dogmatic construction of vicarious liability as subjective, because based on culpa, and its actual nature of objective liability, regardless of fault.
Zu den älteren Bauverträgen aus Epidauros
Authors: Thür Gerhard 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
About the older building contracts from Epidaurus. The article is dealing with the four earlier building inscriptions from the sanctuary of Asclepius in Epidaurus dated in the first half of the fourth century BCE (IG IV2 102, 103, 118 and 112) newly edited by Sebastian Prignitz in 2014. The author puts forward a new sight at concluding the contract and ensuring it through guarantors.
Fluxes and fate of dissolved methane released at the seafloor at the landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone offshore western Svalbard
Authors: Graves Carolyn A. , Steinle Lea , Rehder Gregor , Niemann Helge , Connelly Douglas P. , Lowry David , Fisher Rebecca E. , Stott Andrew W. , Sahling Heiko , James Rachael H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWidespread seepage of methane from seafloor sediments offshore Svalbard close to the landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) may, in part, be driven by hydrate destabilization due to bottom water warming. To assess whether this methane reaches the atmosphere where it may contribute to further warming, we have undertaken comprehensive surveys of methane in seawater and air on the upper slope and shelf region. Near the GHSZ limit at ∼400 m water depth, methane concentrations are highest close to the seabed, reaching 825 nM. A simple box model of dissolved methane removal from bottom waters by horizontal and vertical mixing and microbially mediated oxidation indicates that ∼60% of methane released at the seafloor is oxidized at depth before it mixes with overlying surface waters. Deep waters are therefore not a significant source of methane to intermediate and surface waters; rather, relatively high methane concentrations in these waters (up to 50 nM) are attributed to isopycnal turbulent mixing with shelf waters. On the shelf, extensive seafloor seepage at <100 m water depth produces methane concentrations of up to 615 nM. The diffusive flux of methane from sea to air in the vicinity of the landward limit of the GHSZ is ∼4–20 μmol m−2 d−1, which is small relative to other Arctic sources. In support of this, analyses of mole fractions and the carbon isotope signature of atmospheric methane above the seeps do not indicate a significant local contribution from the seafloor source.
Chemical compositions of solid particles present in the Greenland NEEM ice core over the last 110,000 years
Authors: Oyabu Ikumi , Iizuka Yoshinori , Fischer Hubertus , Schüpbach Simon , Gfeller Gideon , Svensson Anders , Fukui Manabu , Steffensen Jørgen Peder , Hansson Margareta 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study reports the chemical composition of particles present along Greenland's North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core, back to 110,000 years before present. Insoluble and soluble particles larger than 0.45 µm were extracted from the ice core by ice sublimation, and their chemical composition was analyzed using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. We show that the dominant insoluble components are silicates, whereas NaCl, Na2SO4, CaSO4, and CaCO3 represent major soluble salts. For the first time, particles of CaMg(CO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2•4H2O are identified in a Greenland ice core. The chemical speciation of salts varies with past climatic conditions. Whereas the fraction of Na salts (NaCl + Na2SO4) exceeds that of Ca salts (CaSO4 + CaCO3) during the Holocene (0.6–11.7 kyr B.P.), the two fractions are similar during the Bølling‐Allerød period (12.9–14.6 kyr B.P.). During cold climate such as over the Younger Dryas (12.0–12.6 kyr B.P.) and the Last Glacial Maximum (15.0–26.9 kyr B.P.), the fraction of Ca salts exceeds that of Na salts, showing that the most abundant ion generally controls the salt budget in each period. High‐resolution analyses reveal changing particle compositions: those in Holocene ice show seasonal changes, and those in LGM ice show a difference between cloudy bands and clear layers, which again can be largely explained by the availability of ionic components in the atmospheric aerosol body of air masses reaching Greenland.
Luba–Lunda states
Authors: Macola Giacomo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCentralized state systems have existed among the Luba and Lunda peoples of present‐day southern Democratic Republic of Congo since at least 1700. Over the course of the 18th century, both polities took on an imperial character, as the political, economic, and cultural networks that revolved around them came to overlay large expanses of the central African savannah. Luba and Lunda elites, however, proved ill‐equipped to deal with the growth of the trade in slaves and ivory in the closing decades of the 19th century. The collapse of the Luba and Lunda spheres of imperial control on the eve of European colonialism ushered in an era of widespread political turmoil and social violence.
China and treaty‐port imperialism
Authors: Ladds Catherine 
Published: August 2015

AbstractForeign imperialist powers extended their economic, political, and cultural influence in China through a series of “unequal treaties” (1842–1917), so called because they granted privileges to foreign nationals and foreign‐owned businesses while conceding China's sovereignty. The foreign powers used gunboat diplomacy to impose the treaty system, resulting in a series of conflicts on Chinese soil between 1839 and 1901. Foreign‐administered enclaves emerged in the towns opened to foreign trade and residence, which were known as “treaty ports,” thus compromising China's territorial rights. These treaty ports fostered a vibrant commercial and political culture. In the face of rising Chinese nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s, combined with the growing threat from Japan, Western powers gradually retreated from China, a process that culminated with the Chinese Communist Party's rise to power in 1949.
Decolonization
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe decolonization of the European overseas empires in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean came late, and was rapidly concluded. Each moment of independence was exemplary, and contributed cumulatively to the accelerating process of change, especially after 1957. Anti‐colonialists contributed greatly to this development, which was given institutional and legal meaning by way of independence as sovereign membership of the United Nations. But “flag independence” was not the end of decolonization as either a practical or intellectual problem: the legacies and consequences of decolonization remain very important. Formal independence was, though, indicative of a profound reshaping of the international system and its normative architecture after 1945. This may constitute the most significant aspect of decolonization as a process of historical change.
Gordonia
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Kumar Yashawant , Maldonado Luis A. 
Published: August 2015

Gor.do'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.Gordonianamed after Ruth E. Gordon, a celebrated bacterial systematist.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / GordoniaAerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive to Gram‐stain‐variable, nonspore‐forming actinomycetes that areusually partially acid–alcoholfast. Nonmotile, short rods and cocci(0.5–1.0 × 1.0–2.5 µm)occur singly, in pairs, in V‐shaped arrangements, or as short chains. Elementary branched hyphae which fragment into rod‐ and coccoid‐like elements are formed by some species.Colonial appearance ranges from convex, shiny and smooth to rough, matt and folded with irregular margins. Colonies may be cream, beige, light yellow, or tan through to apricot, orange, pink, or red. Chemo‐organotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism. Mycobactins are formed. Catalase‐positive, arylsulfatase‐negative, and sensitive to lysozyme. Most strains grow well between 20 and 37°C.DNA G+C content (mol%):63–69 (HPLC,Tm).Type species:Gordonia bronchialis(Tsukamura 1971) Stackebrandt, Smida and Collins 1988, 345VP.
Brachybacterium
Authors: Buczolits Sandra , Busse Hans Jürgen 
Published: August 2015

Bra.chy.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.brachysshort; L. neut. dim. n.bacteriumrod; N.L. neut. n.Brachybacteriuma small rodlet.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermabacteraceae / BrachybacteriumCells vary in shape from coccoid forms in the stationary phase, which occur in large agglomerations, to club‐shaped rods in the exponential phase, which occur predominantly in pairs or agglomerations. Cells are nonmotile, nonsporeforming, and stain Gram‐positive. Surface colonies are small, white to yellow, circular, convex, and smooth.DNA G+C content(mol%): 68–73.Type species:Brachybacterium faeciumCollins, Brown and Jones 1988, 46VP.
Curtobacterium
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Guimarāes Patricia Messenberg 
Published: August 2015

Cur.to.bac.te'ri.um L. adj.curtusshortened; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Curtobacteriuma short rodletActinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / CurtobacteriumShort irregular rods(0.3–0.6 × 0.5–3.0 µm); pleomorphism is not distinctive. Cells become shorter to coccoid in older cultures. Branching is not found,bending type cell division. Nonsporeforming. Not all species are motile; generally motile species show peritrichous flagellation. Gram‐stain‐positive, but staining properties can be lost with age. Non‐acid‐fast. Colonies are generally ivory, yellow, or orange. Strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophs. Acid is produced weakly from glucose, fructose, and some other carbohydrates. Acetate, pyruvate, and lactate are assimilated in addition to other organic acids. Catalase and DNase‐positive; gelatin and esculin are hydrolyzed. Nitrate is not reduced; urease is not produced.The cell‐wall peptiodoglycan, based on the presence ofD‐ornithine, is type B2β.Acetyl is the peptidoglycan acyl type. Mycolic acids are not found. Nonhydroxylated fatty acids, specificallyanteiso‐methyl branched chains fatty acids predominate; ω‐cyclohexyl undecanoic acid is found in some species. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and some glycosyldiacylglycerols are the major polar lipids. Spermidine and spermine are the major polyamines; putrescine and cadaverine are absent.Isoprenoid quinones, comprising menaquinones with 9 isoprene units(MK‐9),predominate.DNA G+C content(mol%): 65.8–75.2 (Tm).Type species:Curtobacterium citreum(Komagata and Iizuka, 1964) Yamada and Komagata 1972a, 425 (Brevibacterium citreumKomagata and Iizuka 1964, 498).
Gulosibacter
Authors: Manaia Célia M. , Nogales Balbina , Nunes Olga C. 
Published: August 2015

Gu.lo.si.bac'ter. L. adj.gulosusgluttonous, luxurious, dainty, fond of tidbits; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Gulosibacterrod fond of tidbits.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / GulosibacterIrregular rod‐shaped cellswith tendency to form short filaments and branching. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonsporeforming.Nonmotile. Obligately aerobic. Mesophilic. Catalase and oxidase‐positive.Chemo‐organotrophic. Few organic compounds, including amines and nitrogen bases, are used as sole source of carbon and energy.The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan is d‐Orn. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐9. The polar lipid pattern is composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and minor amounts of an unknown glycolipid. Major cellular fatty acids are 12‐methyl‐tetradecanoic acid (C15:0anteiso), 14‐methyl‐pentadecanoic acid (C16:0iso), and 14‐methyl‐hexadecanoic acid (C17:0anteiso); C15:0anteiso and C16:0iso are predominant.DNA G+C content(mol%): 65 (HPLC).Type species:Gulosibacter molinativoraxManaia, Nogales, Weiss and Nunes 2004, 787VP.
Leifsonia
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I. 
Published: August 2015

Leif.so'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.Leifsonianamed after Einar Leifson, an American microbiologist who isolated and described the first organism of this genus.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / LeifsoniaYoung cultures produceslender (mostly 0.3–0.6 μm in diameter) irregular rods or filaments. Primary branching and V‐forms typically occur. Cultures a week or more old usually contain shorter rods, but some cells may be coccoid. No aerial mycelium is produced. Nonsporeforming. Some species aremotile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram‐stain‐positivecell‐wall architecture.Non‐acid‐fast. Chemo‐organotrophs, metabolism is primarily respiratory with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Mostlycatalase‐positive. Oxidase reaction varies with strains or experiments. Acids are produced oxidatively rather weakly from carbohydrates. Most species grow well on standard laboratory media at near neutral pH. Some species are nutritionally very exacting. Mesophilic, optimum temperature ~24–30°C; growth range ~4–42°C.DNA G+C content(mol%): 66–70.7.Type species:Leifsonia aquatica(exLeifson 1962) Evtushenko, Dorofeeva, Subbotin, Cole and Tiedje 2000, 377VP(“Corynebacterium aquaticum” Leifson 1962, 161).
Propionibacterium
Authors: Patrick Sheila , McDowell Andrew 
Published: August 2015

Pro.pio.ni.bac.te'ri.um. N.L. n.acidum propionicumpropionic aid; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Propionibacteriumpropionic (acid) bacterium.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / PropionibacteriumPleomorphic rods, 0.2–1.5 µm ×, 1–5 µm, often diphtheroid or club‐shaped with one end rounded and the other tapered or pointed;however, cells may be coccoid, bifid, branched, or filamentous with lengths up to 20 μm. Cells may occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps with “Chinese character” arrangement. Swollen spherical cells resembling sphaeroplasts, up to 5–20 µm in diameter, are formed by some strains. Highly filamentous microcolonies of long, branched, septate or non‐septate filaments may be formed.Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile, non‐acid‐fast, non‐sporeforming.Anaerobic‐to‐aerotolerant‐to‐microaerophilic, although some strains can grow aerobically, most grow better anaerobically. Chemo‐organotrophic mostly with complex nutritional requirements, grow in standard complex media: fermentation of sugars,polyhydroxy alcohols, or lactate produced by the fermentative activities of other bacteria (secondary fermentation) andproduce large amounts of propionic and acetic acidswhich is a distinguishing feature of the genus. Lesser amounts of iso‐valeric, formic, succinic, or lactic acids and carbon dioxide are also formed.Generally catalase‐positive. Optimum growth temperature 30–37°C. Colonies on solid media are smooth, convex, or rough. Floccular or granular masses of variable size may be observed in liquid media. White, gray, pink, red, yellow, or orange in color. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains eithermeso‐ orLL‐diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as the dibasic amino acid. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units [MK‐9(H4)]are the major respiratory quinones. The long‐chaincellular fatty acids are of the straight‐chain saturated, iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl branched types, principally 12‐ and 13‐methyltetradecanoic acids (C15:0iso;C15:0anteiso); monounsaturated acids may also be present in small amounts.DNA G+C content(mol%): 57–70.Type species:Propionibacterium freudenreichiivan Niel 1928, 162AL.
Streptomyces
Authors: Kämpfer Peter 
Published: August 2015

Strep.to.my'ces. Gr. adj.streptospliant, bent; Gr. masc. n.mukêsfungus; N.L. masc. n.Streptomycespliant or bent fungus.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptomycetales / Streptomycetaceae / StreptomycesAerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast bacteria that form extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelia. Chemoorganotrophic, having an oxidative type of metabolism. The vegetative hyphae (0.5–2.0 µm in diameter) rarely fragment.The aerial mycelium forms chains of three to many spores at maturity. Some species show short chains of spores on the substrate mycelium and others form sclerotia, pycnidial‐, sporangia‐, and synnemata‐like structures. The spores are nonmotile.Colonies are discrete and lichenoid, leathery, or butyrous. Often, colonies initially show a smooth surface, but later develop a weft of aerial mycelium that may appear floccose, granular, powdery, or velvety.Can produce a wide variety of pigments responsible for the color of the vegetative and aerial mycelia. Colored diffusible pigments may also be formed. Many strains are able to produce one or more antibiotic substances.DNA G+C content(mol%): 66–78 (Tm).Type species:Streptomyces albus(Rossi Doria 1891) Waksman and Henrici 1943, 339AL.