bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thiopurine metabolite measurement leads to changes in management of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Kennedy N. A. , Asser T. L. , Mountifield R. E. , Doogue M. P. , Andrews J. M. , Bampton P. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe thiopurines azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine are recommended for maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Measurement of concentrations of the metabolites 6‐thioguanine nucleotide and 6‐methylmercaptopurine helps delineate interindividual variation in metabolism that may underlie variability in efficacy and toxicity.AimsWe aimed to perform a retrospective observational study to determine the utility of thiopurine metabolite testing following its introduction into South Australia.MethodsAll patients having thiopurine metabolite tests done at Flinders Medical Centre between November 2008 and January 2010 were identified. Case notes of patients with testing done in the context of treatment for IBD were interrogated to determine the reason for testing, clinical context and outcome.ResultsOne hundred and fifty‐one patients were identified with thiopurine metabolite testing for IBD with 157 testing episodes. Eighty (51.0%) had testing done for flare or inefficacy, 18 (11.5%) for adverse effects, 5 (3.2%) for a combination of inefficacy and adverse effects, and 54 (34.4%) for routine or other reasons. Testing was followed by improved outcomes of increased efficacy, reduced toxicity or change to alternative therapy in 55.0% of the inefficacy/flare group, 27.8% of the suspected adverse reaction group, 60.0% of the combination group, and 13.0% of the routine/other group. Allopurinol was used as cotherapy in 16 patients and led to marked improvements in metabolite concentrations.ConclusionsThiopurine metabolite testing has quickly become established in South Australia. When used for inefficacy or adverse effects, it often leads to improved outcomes. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether routine testing to guide dosing is of benefit.
The role of chelants in controlling Cu(II)‐induced radical chemistry in oxidative hair colouring products
Authors: Naqvi K. R. , Marsh J. M. , Godfrey S. , Davis M. G. , Flagler M. J. , Hao J. , Chechik V. 
Published: September 2012

SynopsisThe catalytic formation of hydroxyl radicals in oxidative hair colourant systems in the presence of added copper ions was measured and quantified using a colorimetric probe N,N′‐(5‐nitro‐1,3‐phenylene)bisglutaramide. Also monitored in the same experiments was the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.The first set of experiments was performed using aqueous model solutions containing the key oxidant actives in a hair colourant, ammonium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide at pH 10, with added copper and calcium ions. The second set of experiments was performed in the presence of hair containing different levels of copper in conditions very close to those found during hair colouring. Both sets of experiments demonstrate the ability of copper ions to trigger the formation of hydroxyl radicals and catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.The ability of chelants ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and N,N′‐ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) to moderate the flux of hydroxyl radicals formed in solution systems was demonstrated in the presence of copper ions alone. However, only EDDS was successful in the presence of both calcium and copper ions. This was confirmed in the hair experiments where again only EDDS was successful at preventing hydroxyl radical formation where hair is added as the source of copper and calcium ions. These results are explained using metal speciation modelling and demonstrate the importance of the chelant to be able to specifically bind and prevent the one‐electron redox chemistry of copper in the presence of high levels of calcium ions as found in hair. The formation of hydroxyl radicals during the colouring process was shown to lead to hair structure damage as measured by protein loss. EDDS was demonstrated to significantly reduce cuticle damage by suppressing the formation of the hydroxyl radicals in systems with realistic concentrations of calcium and copper.
Struggles for value: value practices, injustice, judgment, affect and the idea of class
Authors: Skeggs Beverley , Loveday Vik 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper is about the struggle for value by those who live intensified devaluation in the new conditions of legitimation and self‐formation, by which the self is required to repeatedly reveal its value through its accrual and investment in economic, symbolic, social and cultural capitals. It explores how this value struggle is experienced: felt affectively, known and spoken through discourses of injustice. Drawing on a small research project, which uses the British New Labour government's Respect Agenda as an evocative device to provoke discussion, the paper details how those positioned as already marginal to the dominant symbolic, presented as ‘useless’ subjects rather than ‘subjects of value’ of the nation, generate alternative ways for making value. It examines how the experience of injustice generates affective responses expressed as ‘ugly‐feelings’. The conversion of these ‘ugly feelings’ into articulations of ‘just‐talk’ reveals how different understandings of value, of what matters and what counts, come into effect and circulate alongside the dominant symbolic. The issue that most angered working‐class respondents is how they are positioned, judged, blamed and held responsible for an inheritance over which they have no control, ‘an accident of birth’. They were acutely aware of how they were constantly judged and de‐legitimated and how practices such as selfishness and greed were legitimate for others. Showing how they refuse to authorize those they consider lacking in value but with authority and in a position to judge, the paper demonstrates how class relations are lived through a struggle, not only against economic limitation but a struggle against unjustifiable judgment and authority and for dignified relationality. The paper reveals a struggle at the very core of ontology, demonstrating how the denigrated defend and make their lives liveable; an issue at the heart of current austerity politics which may have increased significance for the future.
Devalued, deskilled and diversified: explaining the proliferation of the strip industry in the UK
Authors: Sanders Teela , Hardy Kate 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper looks beyond the debates that focus on the objectification of the female body to examine the question as to why strip clubs have proliferated and found a permanent place in the night‐time economy in the UK. Using empirical qualitative and quantitative data from the largest study into the strip industry in the UK to date, we challenge the common assumption that ‘demand’ is responsible for the rise in erotic dance. Instead, we argue that the proliferation of strip clubs is largely due to the internal economic structures of the industry which have developed partly in response to the financial crisis beginning in 2008. First, we argue that clubs profit from individual dancers through an exploitative system of fees and fines, rendering a strip club business a low cost investment with high returns and little risk to club owners. Second, we note that the last decade has seen diversification of the industry accompanied by deskilling and devaluing of dancing and dancers’ labour. Third, we demonstrate that despite the negative effects of these changes on workers, there has been an expansion of the industry as the ability to make profit, even during a financial crisis was ensured through the transferral of risk to workers. Overall, we suggest that far from proliferating as a response to demand, the industry has maintained its market presence due to its ability to establish highly financially exploitation employment relationships with dancers at a time of economic fragility.
Translational neuropharmacology: the use of human isolated gastrointestinal tissues
Authors: Sanger GJ , Broad J , Kung V , Knowles CH 
Published: September 2012

Translational sciences increasingly emphasize the measurement of functions in native human tissues. However, such studies must confront variations in patient age, gender, genetic background and disease. Here, these are discussed with reference to neuromuscular and neurosecretory functions of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Tissues are obtained after informed consent, in collaboration with surgeons (surgical techniques help minimize variables) and pathologists. Given the difficulties of directly recording from human myenteric neurones (embedded between muscle layers), enteric motor nerve functions are studied by measuring muscle contractions/relaxations evoked by electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves; responses are regionally dependent, often involving cholinergic and nitrergic phenotypes. Enteric sensory functions can be studied by evoking the peristaltic reflex, involving enteric sensory and motor nerves, but this has rarely been achieved. As submucosal neurones are more accessible (after removing the mucosa), direct neuronal recordings are possible. Neurosecretory functions are studied by measuring changes in short‐circuit current across the mucosa. For all experiments, basic questions must be addressed. Because tissues are from patients, what are the controls and the influence of disease? How long does it take before function fully recovers? What is the impact of age‐ and gender‐related differences? What is the optimal sample size? Addressing these and other questions minimizes variability and raises the scientific credibility of human tissue research. Such studies also reduce animal use. Further, the many differences between animal and human GI functions also means that human tissue research must question the ethical validity of using strains of animals with unproved translational significance.Linked ArticleBJP published a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology in 2011. To view the articles in this themed issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐4
Acquisition of the paired fins: a view from the sequential evolution of the lateral plate mesoderm
Authors: Tanaka Mikiko , Onimaru Koh 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThe origin of paired fins has long been a focus of both paleontologists and developmental biologists. Fossil records indicate that the first pair of fin‐like structures emerged in the body wall of early vertebrates. However, extant agnathan lampreys and hagfishes lack paired fins, and thus it has been difficult to determine the developmental processes underlying the ancestral acquisition of paired fins in vertebrates. Fortunately, recent advances in our knowledge of the developmental mechanisms of the lateral plate mesoderm among different taxa have provided clues for understanding the evolutionary origin of vertebrate paired appendages.
Ontogenetic modulation of branch size, shape, and biomechanics produces diversity across habitats in the Bursera simaruba clade of tropical trees
Authors: Rosell Julieta A. , Olson Mark E. , Aguirre‐Hernández Rebeca , Sánchez‐Sesma Francisco J. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYOrganismal size and shape inseparably interact with tissue biomechanical properties. It is therefore essential to understand how size, shape, and biomechanics interact in ontogeny to produce morphological diversity. We estimated within species branch length‐diameter allometries and reconstructed the rates of ontogenetic change along the stem in mechanical properties across the simaruba clade in the tropical tree genus Bursera, measuring 376 segments from 97 branches in nine species in neotropical dry to rain forest. In general, species with stiffer materials had longer, thinner branches, which became stiffer more quickly in ontogeny than their counterparts with more flexible materials. We found a trend from short stature and flexible tissues to tall statures and stiff tissues across an environmental gradient of increasing water availability, likely reflecting a water storage–mechanical support tradeoff. Ontogenetic variation in size, shape, and mechanics results in diversity of habits, for example, rapid length extension, sluggish diameter expansion, and flexible tissues results in a liana, as in Bursera instabilis. Even species of similar habit exhibited notable changes in tissue mechanical properties with increasing size, illustrating the inseparable relationship between organismal proportions and their tissue mechanics in the ontogeny and evolution of morphological diversity.
Small‐plot studies comparing pheromone and juice baits for mass‐trapping invasive Synanthedon myopaeformis in Canada
Authors: Marius Aurelian V. , Evenden Maya L. , Judd Gary J.R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRecent introduction of Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) into organic apple‐growing areas of Canada has stimulated research on semiochemical‐based management of this European pest. Replicated, small‐plot (0.16 ha) experiments were conducted to compare sex pheromone, 3Z,13Z‐octadecadienyl acetate (10 mg), Concord grape juice (300 ml), or their combination, as mass‐trapping lures at trap densities equivalent to 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 traps ha−1. Total numbers of male and female moths removed from test plots increased significantly with trap density in all juice‐based mass‐trapping experiments. In pheromone mass‐trapping experiments, however, total catches of males did not increase significantly as trap densities were increased and catches appeared to plateau with 25–50 traps ha−1. With pheromone‐based mass‐trapping, significantly fewer males were caught in pheromone‐baited assessment traps at the centre of each mass‐trapping plot than in identical traps in untreated plots. This reduction is indicative of significant trap interference or trap ‘shut‐down’. Increasing the density of juice‐based mass‐trapping had no effect on catches of male or female moths in juice‐baited assessment traps, indicating a short range of attraction and lack of interference between juice traps. Pheromone‐ and juice‐based mass trapping removed similar numbers of males at each trap density tested, respectively, but summed catches of males and females were greatest with juice baits. Combining pheromone and juice into a single mass‐trapping treatment (50 traps ha−1) did not significantly increase catches of males or females relative to either treatment alone. If a practical bisexual mass‐trapping system is going to be developed for S. myopaeformis, then identification of volatile kairomones in Concord grape juice may be useful.
Alternative female kangaroo care for procedural pain in preterm neonates: a pilot study
Authors: Johnston Celeste , Byron Jasmine , Filion Francoise , Campbell‐Yeo Marsha , Gibbins Sharyn , Ng Eugene 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  To determine the feasibility and effect size of kangaroo care (KC) for pain from heel lance in preterm neonates provided by either the infant’s mother (MKC) or an unrelated alternate female (AFKC).Methods:  Using a randomized crossover design, preterm neonates (n = 18) between 28 and 37 weeks gestational age within 10 days of life from two university‐affiliated level III NICU’s undergoing routine heel lance were assigned to receive KC 30 min before and during the procedure from either their mother (MKC) or an unrelated woman. In the second heel lance procedure at least 24 h later but within 10 days, the infants were crossed over to the other condition.Results:  There was a 48% participation rate, with only 40 of 82 eligible cases having maternal consent. The main reason for refusal was discomfort with another woman providing kangaroo care. The effect sizes on the pain scores (PIPP) were small, ranging from .23 to .43 across the first 2 min of procedure.Conclusion:  The difference between nonrelated females and the mother in decreasing pain response is small, although not negligible. Given the high refusal rate, nonrelated females are a less desirable alternative to mothers than fathers.
Extraction of Capsicum annuum Oleoresin by Maceration and Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction: Influence of Parameters and Process Modeling
Authors: Fernández‐Ronco María P. , Gracia Ignacio , de Lucas Antonio , Rodríguez Juan F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe use of oleoresin as natural colorant is widely used in daily food and beverages. However, there is still a lack of information about the solid–liquid extraction process to obtain this oily extract from sweet paprika.The effects of different operating variables, such as extraction technique, temperature, powder‐to‐solvent ratio and type of solvent on oleoresin extraction, were investigated through experiments and the leaching process was theoretically modeled. The results indicated that although extraction yields are not affected by the extraction technique, ultrasound‐assisted extraction reduces the extraction time required to achieve them. Hexane as solvent and 298 K were the conditions to reach higher coloring capacities of the extracted oleoresins and, thus, they were selected to model the process. Calculations report a powder‐to‐solvent ratio of 1:4.3 to obtain the maximum oleoresin recovery (84 wt %) in one single contact stage.Practical ApplicationsIn this work, the results obtained from the detailed study about the effect of operating variables on the oleoresin extraction throw light on this process, enhancing the knowledge of the conventional production process and opening new possibilities to achieve the industrial extraction of sweet paprika. In this context, ultrasound‐assisted extraction has been proved to be an efficient technique to obtain similar extraction yields to those from the conventional process, but reducing by a factor of at least 24 the extraction times. Furthermore, the modeled results can serve for further scale‐up of paprika companies.
Cultural and social influences of negative illness appraisals in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Upthegrove Rachel , Atulomah Onyekachi , Brunet Kat , Chawla Rajan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundIn the UK, there has been growing concern about the incidence and prognosis of psychosis in minority ethnic groups for a number of years. Negative self‐appraisals after first‐episode psychosis (FEP) are associated with post‐psychotic depression, poor functioning and suicidality. In carers, appraisals of loss and decreased control are linked with high expressed emotion and relapse; however, as yet there has been no investigation as to how ethnicity and culture relate to these negative appraisals in FEP.AimsThe study aims to investigate the occurrence of negative illness appraisals, for example, loss and shame, in FEP within different ethnic and social‐cultural groups. In addition, it aims to explore influence of insight, recovery style and carers’ appraisals in the development of negative appraisals.MethodsThere were 67 patients and 46 carers who completed reliable and valid measures on beliefs about illness, insight and recovery style. Data on ethnicity and deprivation were also collected.ResultsBlack patients experienced significantly less loss, lack of control and entrapment than White, Asian and mixed ethnicity patients, yet these were not explained by lower levels of insight or recovery style. Patient's and carer's appraisals were highly correlated.ConclusionBlack patients, in spite of higher incidence and poorer outcome in FEP, experienced less loss and shame. Possible explanations, including a protective aspect of alternative health belief models, are explored. This area provides much scope for further investigation. Strong relationships between patient and carer appraisals indicate that family interventions are essential to improved clinical outcomes.
Controversies, Questions, and Prospects for Spontaneous Social Inferences
Authors: Uleman James S. , Rim SoYon , Adil Saribay S. , Kressel Laura M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThree decades of research on spontaneous social inferences, particularly traits, have settled some questions and generated more. We describe that research in terms of these controversies and questions. If you think you know the story, read on because it continues to surprise all of us. It deals with such broader issues as automatic and controlled processing, the nature of meaning, causality, stages of forming inferences about others, the role of consciousness, and differences between implicit and explicit impressions. Evidence on neurological substrate is growing. Spontaneous inferences continue to be a useful tool for illuminating impression formation processes.
Preclinical Experiments on the Release Behavior of Biodegradable Nanofibrous Multipharmaceutical Membranes in a Model of Four-Wall Intrabony Defect
Authors: Chen Dave Wei-Chih , Lee Fu-Ying , Liao Jun-Yi , Liu Shih-Jung , Hsiao Chao-Ying , Chen Jan-Kan 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTGuided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy has been widely used to regenerate lost periodontium from periodontal disease. However, in terms of regenerative periodontal therapy, a multidrug-loaded biodegradable carrier can be even more promising in dealing with periodontal disease. In the current study, we fabricated biodegradable nanofibrous collagen membranes that were loaded with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and lidocaine by an electrospinning technique. Thein vitrorelease behavior and the cytotoxicity of the membranes were investigated. A four-wall intrabony defect was created in rabbits forin vivorelease analysis. The bioactivity of the released antibiotics was also examined. The experimental results showed that the drug-loaded collagen membranes could provide sustainable release of effective amoxicillin, metronidazole, and lidocaine for 28, 56, and 8 days, respectively,in vivo. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the released antibiotics remained high, with average bioactivities of 50.5% for amoxicillin againstStaphylococcus aureusand 58.6% for metronidazole againstEscherichia coli. The biodegradable nanofibrous multipharmaceutical membranes developed in this study may provide a promising solution for regenerative periodontal therapy.
Optimizing Echinocandin Dosing and Susceptibility Breakpoint Determination via
In Vivo
Pharmacodynamic Evaluation against Candida glabrata with and without
fks
Mutations
Authors: Lepak Alexander , Castanheira Mariana , Diekema Daniel , Pfaller Michael , Andes David 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Echinocandins are a preferred therapy for invasive candidiasis due to their potency and broad spectrum. Resistance, especially in
Candida glabrata
, is an emerging threat to their use. Pharmacodynamic (PD) studies examining reduced susceptibility secondary to
fks
mutations in
C. glabrata
are lacking. The current study explored PD targets for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin in an
in vivo
invasive candidiasis model against 11
C. glabrata
isolates with known or putative
fks
mutations. The PD targets were compared to those of 8 wild-type (WT) isolates. The MIC ranges in the WT group were 0.03 to 0.25 mg/liter for anidulafungin, 0.03 to 0.25 mg/liter for caspofungin, and 0.01 to 0.06 mg/liter for micafungin. The MIC ranges for mutants were 0.06 to 4, 0.25 to 16, and 0.13 to 8 mg/liter for the same compounds, respectively. The mean free drug 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUCf)/MIC ratio associated with a stasis endpoint for the WT group was 13.2 for anidulafungin, 2.04 for caspofungin, and 6.78 for micafungin. Comparative values for mutants were 3.43, 2.67, and 0.90, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data from patients suggest that the
C. glabrata
PD targets needed for success in this model could be achieved based on MIC values of 0.25 mg/liter for anidulafungin, 2 mg/liter for caspofungin, and 0.5 mg/liter for micafungin. These values are higher than recently identified epidemiology cutoff values (ECVs). The results suggest that drug-specific MIC breakpoints could be increased for caspofungin and micafungin against
C. glabrata
and could include organisms with mutations in
fks-1
and
fks-2
. While identification of genetic mutants is epidemiologically important, the phenotype (MIC) provides a better predictor of therapeutic efficacy.