bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny and timing of radiation in Lessonia (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales)
Authors: Martin Peter , Zuccarello Giuseppe C. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe genus Lessonia Bory de Saint‐Vincent is distributed solely in the Southern Hemisphere, with four species found in South America and five in Australasia. Our goal was to determine the evolutionary relationships between the Lessonia species of the two disjunct areas and hypothesize dispersal patterns and timing of radiation. We combined mitochondria, plastid and nuclear markers in a comprehensive dataset from multiple individuals per known species. Furthermore, for some species we added samples from multiple populations to take account of their widespread distribution over known bioregions. In all analyses the Australasian Lessonia formed a monophyletic group and in most analyses the South American species form a paraphyletic grade. Delimitations of the accepted species are highly supported except for L. variegata J. Agardh and L. nigrescens Bory de Saint‐Vincent. We showed for the first time four lineages for the New Zealand endemic Lessonia variegata with an unexpected high level of genetic differentiation. Our analysis cannot resolve whether the dispersal of the common ancestor of this genus was from the Americas to Australasia or vice versa. Molecular clock analysis suggested that a sudden radiation took place in Australasia c. 3.5 Mya when almost all Australasian species diverged within a time frame of only 35 000 years.
Safe and correct use of peripheral intravenous devices
Authors: Dorniak‐Wall Taisa , Rudaks Laura , Solanki Nicholas S. , Greenwood John 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundA peripheral intravenous device (PIVD) provides venous access for the administration of medications, blood products and fluids. They can be associated with a risk of infection and other complications, which have prompted the development of evidence‐based guidelines for their use at the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH). A previous audit performed at the RAH found unsatisfactory compliance with these guidelines across a group of wards. The Burns Unit performed poorly compared with other wards, but the reasons for this were not explored.MethodsA repeat audit was performed for all PIVDs in the Burns Unit over a 3‐week period and compliance with the PIVD safety guidelines was assessed. Factors influencing compliance were investigated and the evidence behind the guidelines was reviewed.ResultsOverall compliance with the seven safety criteria was 71%. Poorest compliance was for documentation of insertion date, which has implications for scheduling PIVD replacement.ConclusionThe guidelines are largely evidence‐based; however, not all of them are feasible for all patients within a hospital. The Burns Unit had an overall compliance rate of 71%. Auditing of individual wards is not effective in assessing those wards' compliance with the guidelines as many PIVDs are inserted in other locations in the hospital. For compliance to improve, other areas of the hospital where PIVDs are inserted need to be targeted.
Coronary computed tomography angiography: a new wave of cardiac imaging
Authors: Soon K. , Wong C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCoronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is becoming a popular non‐invasive imaging modality for coronary arteries. It has high sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD). Due to its high negative predictive value, the main clinical role of coronary CTA is in the exclusion of significant CAD in the low to intermediate pretest probability patients. In the emergency department, coronary CTA helps to fast‐track the triage of acute chest pain patients. One of the major coronary CTA's limitations is its false positive findings in the presence of heavily calcified lesions. With the advance of CT technology, the radiation dose of coronary CTA has been reduced significantly. At present, coronary CTA is still not indicated for screening asymptomatic patients.
The Extended Mind Rehabilitates The Metaphysical Hegel
Authors: Fritzman J. M. , Parvizian Kristin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe nonmetaphysical interpretation of Hegel's philosophy asserts that the metaphysical reading is not credible and so his philosophy must be rationally reconstructed so as to elide its metaphysical aspects. This article shows that the thesis of the extended mind approaches the metaphysical reading, thereby undermining denials of its credibility and providing the resources to articulate and defend the metaphysical reading of Hegel's philosophy. This fully rehabilitates the metaphysical Hegel. The article does not argue for the truth of the metaphysical Hegel's claims. Rather, it defends the correctness of reading his philosophy as metaphysical.
Critical Thinking is Epistemically Responsible
Authors: Ritola Juho 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMichael Huemer () argues that following the epistemic strategy of Critical Thinking—that is, thinking things through for oneself—leaves the agent epistemically either worse off or no better off than an alternative strategy of Credulity—that is, trusting the authorities. Therefore, Critical Thinking is not epistemically responsible. This article argues that Reasonable Credulity entails Critical Thinking, and since Reasonable Credulity is epistemically responsible, the Critical Thinking that it entails is epistemically responsible too.
Estimating Market Power by Retailers in a Dynamic Framework: the Italian PDO Cheese Market
Authors: Sckokai Paolo , Soregaroli Claudio , Moro Daniele 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this article, we evaluate the role of market power by retailers within the supply chain of Parmigiano Reggiano (PR) and Grana Padano (GP), the two most famous Italian quality cheeses. Market power is analysed in the context of a dynamic imperfect competition model of the supply chain, in which retailers are allowed to exert market power both downstream and upstream. We jointly estimate market‐power parameters together with supply and demand elasticities, by means of a structural system of demand, supply and price‐transmission equations, estimated using the generalised method of moments. We find evidence of downstream market power by retailers (toward final consumers) for PR and GP, but no evidence of upstream market power (toward processors/ripeners). These results may be explained by the structure of the supply chain and by the peculiar characteristics of the two cheeses.
A European Union and Canadian Review of Public Health Nursing Preparation and Practice
Authors: Hemingway Ann , Aarts Clara , Koskinen Liisa , Campbell Barbara , Chassé France 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study explores the preparation and role of the public health nurse (PHN) across European Union (EU) countries (Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and Canadian provinces (Alberta, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island).MethodsA literature review including relevant peer reviewed articles from 2000 on, in conjunction, with critical debate was undertaken. The results were considered in relation to the three essential areas of PHN practice, outlined in the World Health Organization (Moving on from Munich: A reference guide to the implementation of the declaration on nurses and midwives: A force for health, 2001b) recommendations, family oriented care, public health action, and policy making.ResultsThe major challenge the review revealed across a variety of international education and practice environments was the lack of consistent preparation for and engagement with leadership and policy making in practice.
Patch testing with 2.0% (0.60 mg/cm2) formaldehyde instead of 1.0% (0.30 mg/cm2) detects significantly more contact allergy
Authors: Pontén Ann , Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Agner Tove , Andersen Klaus E. , Giménez‐Arnau Ana M. , Gonçalo Margarida , Goossens An , Johansen Jeanne D. , Le Coz Christophe J. , Maibach Howard I. , Rustemeyer Thomas , White Ian R. , Bruze Magnus 
Published: October 2012

Background.The currently used patch test concentration for formaldehyde is 1.0% (wt/vol) in water. However, clinical experience and previous studies suggest that 1.0% might be insufficient for detecting an optimized number of clinically relevant cases of contact allergy to formaldehyde.Objectives.To validate earlier patch test results for comparison of 1% (wt/vol) and 2% (wt/vol) formaldehyde in water, and to investigate co‐reactivity with quaternium‐15.Materials and methods.In 12 dermatology clinics, 3591 patients were routinely patch tested simultaneously with 2.0% (wt/vol) (0.60 mg/cm2) and 1.0% (wt/vol) (0.30 mg/cm2) formaldehyde. Micropipettes were used for delivering the exact dosage of the allergen.Results.Significantly more patients reacted to 2.0% formaldehyde than to 1.0% (3.4% versus 1.8%, p < 0.001). Overall, there were no sex differences between those reacting positively to 2.0% and 1.0%. Of 25 quaternium‐15‐positive patients, 4 (0.1%) reacted positively without reacting to formaldehyde.Conclusion.On the basis of the results of this multicentre study, as well as of previous studies, it can be suggested that 2.0% (wt/vol) in water formaldehyde should be used in routine patch testing in the baseline series.
Contribution of the Sensorial Evaluation of Velvet Fabric in Cosmetic Emulsions to the Sensorial Universe
Authors: Pensé‐Lhéritier Anne‐Marie , Koehl Ludovic , Lavarde Marc , Gagnaire Sonia , Vie Katell 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBy associating materials of another universe with the product of yet another universe, cosmetic marketing teams wish to bring even more emotions and reinforce the interpretation of a sense by conveying the sensorial properties of a product with sensorial images contained in other product universes. This study aimed at characterizing sensorial descriptors of velvet fabrics so as to identify the descriptors relevant to cosmetic emulsions. A panel of 10 judges, expert in cosmetics, was therefore trained and qualified on velvet fabrics.At the end of this study, the panelists were efficient on a structured scale, in which each descriptor was associated to a reference fabric. The product profiles of cosmetic emulsions were carried out around the velvet universe, thus demonstrating that most of the sensations expressed in a cosmetic product could be explained through the characteristics of velvets.Practical ApplicationsThe descriptors issued from the reference fabrics were relevant in distinguishing two cosmetic emulsions, thus suggesting that they could be used in the evaluation of other products. The results of this study could be used to define the technical specifications in the functional specifications of the new products being developed.
Research Review: Maternal prenatal distress and poor nutrition – mutually influencing risk factors affecting infant neurocognitive development
Authors: Monk Catherine , Georgieff Michael K. , Osterholm Erin A. 
Published: October 2012

Background:  Accumulating data from animal and human studies indicate that the prenatal environment plays a significant role in shaping children’s neurocognitive development. Clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science research suggests that two experiences relatively common in pregnancy – an unhealthy maternal diet and psychosocial distress – significantly affect children’s future neurodevelopment. These prenatal experiences exert their influence in the context of one another and yet, almost uniformly, are studied independently.Scope and Method of Review:  In this review, we suggest that studying neurocognitive development in children in relation to both prenatal exposures is ecologically most relevant, and methodologically most sound. To support this approach, we selectively review two research topics that demonstrate the need for dual exposure studies, including exemplar findings on (a) the associations between pregnant women’s inadequate maternal intake of key nutrients – protein, fat, iron, zinc, and choline – as well as distress in relation to overlapping effects on children’s neurocognitive development; and (b) cross‐talk between the biology of stress and nutrition that can amplify each experience for the mother and fetus,. We also consider obstacles to this kind of study design, such as questions of statistical methods for ‘disentangling’ the exposure effects, and aim to provide some answers.Conclusion:  Studies that specifically include both exposures in their design can begin to determine the relative and/or synergistic impact of these prenatal experiences on developmental trajectories – and thereby contribute most fully to the understanding of the early origins of health and disease.
Crossing the threshold: gene flow, dominance and the critical level of standing genetic variation required for adaptation to novel environments
Authors: Nuismer S. L. , MacPherson A. , Rosenblum E. B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGenetic architecture plays an important role in the process of adaptation to novel environments. One example is the role of allelic dominance, where advantageous recessive mutations have a lower probability of fixation than advantageous dominant mutations. This classic observation, termed ‘Haldane's sieve’, has been well explored theoretically for single isolated populations adapting to new selective regimes. However, the role of dominance is less well understood for peripheral populations adapting to novel environments in the face of recurrent and maladaptive gene flow. Here, we use a combination of analytical approximations and individual‐based simulations to explore how dominance influences the likelihood of adaptation to novel peripheral environments. We demonstrate that in the face of recurrent maladaptive gene flow, recessive alleles can fuel adaptation only when their frequency exceeds a critical threshold within the ancestral range.
Effects of ants on arthropod assemblages of a native timber tree in a tropical reforestation plantation
Authors: Riedel J. , Dorn S. , Brand G. , Barrios H. , Mody K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSuccessful reforestation of tropical pastures can be facilitated or impeded depending on the interactions between native timber trees and arthropod communities. We assessed arthropod abundance on Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), a Central American extrafloral nectary‐bearing timber tree, in a plantation of native trees on former pasture in Panama, and we excluded ants from branches of T. rosea to determine ant impact on arthropod assemblages and on leaf damage. The trees' ant fauna was dominated by ground‐nesting species and ants were scarce in tree crowns, constituting only 2% of all arthropods collected by branch beating. Leaf damage was principally caused by caterpillars (mainly the pyralid Eulepte gastralis) and by beetles (mainly the chrysomelid Walterianella inscripta). Sugar baits at tree trunks revealed that rewarding food resources recruited high ant numbers to some tree individuals. Activity of the dominant ant, Ectatomma ruidum, at baits was negatively related to leaf damage by E. gastralis, suggesting that trees might be better protected from this herbivore when ant abundance is high. Exclusion of ants resulted in increased beetle diversity. The key herbivore W. inscripta was significantly more abundant on ant‐exclusion branches at the beginning, but not towards the end of the rainy season, when beetle density increased. Overall leaf damage and arthropod abundance were not significantly affected by ant exclusion. In conclusion, ant abundance on native timber trees in plantations recently established on former pasture can be low, and ant assemblages may be dominated by ground‐nesting generalist species, as shown in this study. This may explain the lacking protection of the timber trees from insect herbivory by ants. Increased protection of establishing timber trees by ants probably requires plantation management measures that increase the abundance of more specialized tree‐visiting and tree‐nesting ants.
Western corn rootworm adult captures as a tool for the larval damage prediction in continuous maize
Authors: Kos T. , Bažok R. , Gunjača J. , Igrc Barčić J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractContinuous maize production in Croatia and Central Europe is at serious risk from western corn rootworm (WCR) (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte) activity. When alternatives to sowing continuous are not feasible, farmers will need a reliable tool that will allow them to choose fields for continuous cultivation. The decision could be based on assessing the adult populations in fields from the previous year. Non‐baited yellow sticky traps [Pherocon AM (PhAM)] could be utilized as a practical tool for sampling. The main objective of this study was to determine which WCR adult population data collected by PhAM traps could most reliably predict the subsequent WCR larval population and damage. Adult WCR population densities in 30 cornfields were determined weekly over a 74 day period each year (24th to 35th week) from 2006 to 2009. In addition to root damage and plant lodging measurements, soil and root sampling were conducted to measure the WCR larval population in continuous maize fields. Larval infestation is best predicted by maximal weekly capture (MWC) but, root damage is better predicted by capture of adults in the 31st week of previous year. For the prediction of plant lodging, MWC, average daily capture (ADC) and the capture of adults in 29th week were found to be equivalent. To save money and to shorten the sampling period, farmers should employ PhAM traps between the 29th and 32nd week. The estimated WCR adult capture that could cause significant larval infestation is ≥22 adults/trap in the 29th week. Significant future root damage is predicted if ≥41 adults/trap are captured in the 31st week. Plant lodging is predicted if ≥36 adults/trap (for 90% of upright plants) or ≥32 adults/trap (for 10% of partially lodged plants) are captured in 29th week. Findings will help to develop economic threshold models and improved decision‐making for WCR management.
EstimatingT‐year flood confidence intervals of rivers inÇoruh basin,Turkey
Authors: Can İ. , Tosunoğlu F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the most suitable probability distribution for estimatingT‐year flood confidence intervals of the rivers inÇoruh basin,Turkey. For this purpose, 10 different distributions, which are widely used in hydrologic frequency analysis, were fitted to annual maximum flows of nine gauging stations located in critical parts of the basin, and parameters of these distributions were estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. In order to determine the most suitable distributions at each station,Akaike's information criterion, modifiedAkaike's information criterion,Bayesian information criterion,Kolmogorov–Smirnov and chi‐square goodness‐of‐fit tests were applied. According to evaluations of these tests, two‐parameter lognormal,Gumbel and generalised Pareto appeared to be the most suitable distributions. Then, these distributions were used for the estimation ofT‐year's flood confidence intervals (10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 years). Finally, the performances of the distributions were compared and discussed with regard to its application on the stations.
Category Divergence, Straddling, and Currency: Open Innovation and the Legitimation of Illegitimate Categories
Authors: Alexy Oliver , George Gerard 
Published: October 2012

Abstract The organizational literature is increasingly interested in the origins and consequences of category emergence. We examine the effects of being affiliated with categories initially considered illegitimate (‘divergence’), and of organizational attempts to blur the boundaries between categories (‘straddling’), on capital market reactions to firm announcements. We develop arguments for how these effects likely vary with increasing legitimation (‘currency’) of the category. We apply event study methodology to the complete population of firms' announcements of open source activities, an open innovation model for software development that is novel and defies the extant dominant logic of software production and valorization. Over a ten‐year period, we find negative effects of divergence, positive effects of straddling, and that the magnitude of both these effects diminishes with increasing category currency. The implications for theories of organization and open innovation in the context of category emergence are discussed.
The prodomain of the Bordetella two‐partner secretion pathway protein FhaB remains intracellular yet affects the conformation of the mature C‐terminal domain
Authors: Noël Christopher R. , Mazar Joseph , Melvin Jeffrey A. , Sexton Jessica A. , Cotter Peggy A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryTwo‐partner secretion (TPS) systems use β‐barrel proteins of the Omp85‐TpsB superfamily to transport large exoproteins across the outer membranes of Gram‐negative bacteria. The Bordetella FHA/FhaC proteins are prototypical of TPS systems in which the exoprotein contains a large C‐terminal prodomain that is removed during translocation. Although it is known that the FhaB prodomain is required for FHA function in vivo, its role in FHA maturation has remained mysterious. We show here that the FhaB prodomain is required for the extracellularly located mature C‐terminal domain (MCD) of FHA to achieve its proper conformation. We show that the C‐terminus of the prodomain is retained intracellularly and that sequences within the N‐terminus of the prodomain are required for this intracellular localization. We also identify sequences at the C‐terminus of the MCD that are required for release of mature FHA from the cell surface. Our data support a model in which the intracellularly located prodomain affects the final conformation of the extracellularly located MCD. We hypothesize that maturation triggers cleavage and degradation of the prodomain.
Noncoding Flavivirus RNA Displays RNA Interference Suppressor Activity in Insect and Mammalian Cells
Authors: Schnettler Esther , Sterken Mark G. , Leung Jason Y. , Metz Stefan W. , Geertsema Corinne , Goldbach Rob W. , Vlak Just M. , Kohl Alain , Khromykh Alexander A. , Pijlman Gorben P. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) are highly pathogenic, mosquito-borne flaviviruses (family
Flaviviridae
) that cause severe disease and death in humans. WNV and DENV actively replicate in mosquitoes and human hosts and thus encounter different host immune responses. RNA interference (RNAi) is the predominant antiviral response against invading RNA viruses in insects and plants. As a countermeasure, plant and insect RNA viruses encode RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) proteins to block the generation/activity of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Enhanced flavivirus replication in mosquitoes depleted for RNAi factors suggests an important biological role for RNAi in restricting virus replication, but it has remained unclear whether or not flaviviruses counteract RNAi via expression of an RSS. First, we established that flaviviral RNA replication suppressed siRNA-induced gene silencing in WNV and DENV replicon-expressing cells. Next, we showed that none of the WNV encoded proteins displayed RSS activity in mammalian and insect cells and in plants by using robust RNAi suppressor assays. In contrast, we found that the 3′-untranslated region-derived RNA molecule known as subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) efficiently suppressed siRNA- and miRNA-induced RNAi pathways in both mammalian and insect cells. We also showed that WNV sfRNA inhibits
in vitro
cleavage of double-stranded RNA by Dicer. The results of the present study suggest a novel role for sfRNA, i.e., as a nucleic acid-based regulator of RNAi pathways, a strategy that may be conserved among flaviviruses.