bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race detection for event-driven mobile applications
Authors: Hsiao Chun-Hung , Yu Jie , Narayanasamy Satish , Kong Ziyun , Pereira Cristiano L. , Pokam Gilles A. , Chen Peter M. , Flinn Jason 
Published: September 2014

Mobile systems commonly support an event-based model of concurrent programming. This model, used in popular platforms such as Android, naturally supports mobile devices that have a rich array of sensors and user input modalities. Unfortunately, most existing tools for detecting concurrency errors of parallel programs focus on a thread-based model of concurrency. If one applies such tools directly to an event-based program, they work poorly because they infer false dependencies between unrelated events handled sequentially by the same thread.
In this paper we present a race detection tool named CAFA for event-driven mobile systems. CAFA uses the causality model that we have developed for the Android event-driven system. A novel contribution of our model is that it accounts for the causal order due to the event queues, which are not accounted for in past data race detectors. Detecting races based on low-level races between memory accesses leads to a large number of false positives. CAFA overcomes this problem by checking for races between high-level operations. We discuss our experience in using CAFA for finding and understanding a number of known and unknown harmful races in open-source Android applications.
Compiler validation via equivalence modulo inputs
Authors: Le Vu , Afshari Mehrdad , Su Zhendong 
Published: September 2014

We introduce
equivalence modulo inputs (EMI)
, a simple, widely applicable methodology for validating optimizing compilers. Our key insight is to exploit the close interplay between (1) dynamically executing a program on some test inputs and (2) statically compiling the program to work on all possible inputs. Indeed, the test inputs induce a natural collection of the original program's EMI variants, which can help differentially test any compiler and specifically target the difficult-to-find miscompilations.

To create a practical implementation of EMI for validating C compilers, we profile a program's test executions and stochastically prune its unexecuted code. Our extensive testing in eleven months has led to 147 confirmed, unique bug reports for GCC and LLVM alone. The majority of those bugs are miscompilations, and more than 100 have already been fixed.
Beyond testing compilers, EMI can be adapted to validate program transformation and analysis systems in general. This work opens up this exciting, new direction.
Test-driven repair of data races in structured parallel programs
Authors: Surendran Rishi , Raman Raghavan , Chaudhuri Swarat , Mellor-Crummey John , Sarkar Vivek 
Published: September 2014

A common workflow for developing parallel software is as follows: 1) start with a sequential program, 2) identify subcomputations that should be converted to parallel tasks, 3) insert synchronization to achieve the same semantics as the sequential program, and repeat steps 2) and 3) as needed to improve performance. Though this is not the only approach to developing parallel software, it is sufficiently common to warrant special attention as parallel programming becomes ubiquitous. This paper focuses on automating step 3), which is usually the hardest step for developers who lack expertise in parallel programming.
Past solutions to the problem of repairing parallel programs have used static-only or dynamic-only approaches, both of which incur significant limitations in practice. Static approaches can guarantee soundness in many cases but are limited in precision when analyzing medium or large-scale software with accesses to pointer-based data structures in multiple procedures. Dynamic approaches are more precise, but their proposed repairs are limited to a single input and are not reflected back in the original source program. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid static+dynamic test-driven approach to repairing data races in structured parallel programs. Our approach includes a novel coupling between static and dynamic analyses. First, we execute the program on a concrete test input and determine the set of data races for this input dynamically. Next, we compute a set of "finish" placements that prevent these races and also respects the static scoping rules of the program while maximizing parallelism. Empirical results on standard benchmarks and student homework submissions from a parallel computing course establish the effectiveness of our approach with respect to compile-time overhead, precision, and performance of the repaired code.
A lightweight symbolic virtual machine for solver-aided host languages
Authors: Torlak Emina , Bodik Rastislav 
Published: September 2014

Solver-aided domain-specific languages (SDSLs) are an emerging class of computer-aided programming systems. They ease the construction of programs by using satisfiability solvers to automate tasks such as verification, debugging, synthesis, and non-deterministic execution. But reducing programming tasks to satisfiability problems involves translating programs to logical constraints, which is an engineering challenge even for domain-specific languages.
We have previously shown that translation to constraints can be avoided if SDSLs are implemented by (traditional) embedding into a host language that is itself solver-aided. This paper describes how to implement a symbolic virtual machine (SVM) for such a host language. Our symbolic virtual machine is lightweight because it compiles to constraints only a small subset of the host's constructs, while allowing SDSL designers to use the entire language, including constructs for DSL embedding. This lightweight compilation employs a novel symbolic execution technique with two key properties: it produces compact encodings, and it enables concrete evaluation to strip away host constructs that are outside the subset compilable to constraints. Our symbolic virtual machine architecture is at the heart of Rosette, a solver-aided language that is host to several new SDSLs.
VOBLA
Authors: Beaugnon Ulysse , Kravets Alexey , van Haastregt Sven , Baghdadi Riyadh , Tweed David , Absar Javed , Lokhmotov Anton 
Published: September 2014

We present VOBLA, a domain-specific language designed for programming linear algebra libraries. VOBLA is compiled to PENCIL, a domain independent intermediate language designed for efficient mapping to accelerator architectures such as GPGPUs. PENCIL is compiled to efficient, platform-specific OpenCL code using techniques based on the polyhedral model. This approach addresses both the programmer productivity and performance portability concerns associated with accelerator programming.
We demonstrate our approach by using VOBLA to implement a BLAS library. We have evaluated the performance of OpenCL code generated using our compilation flow on ARM Mali, AMD Radeon, and AMD Opteron platforms. The generated code is currently on average 1.9x slower than highly hand-optimized OpenCL code, but on average 8.1x faster than straightforward OpenCL code. Given that the VOBLA coding takes significantly less effort compared to hand-optimizing OpenCL code, we believe our approach leads to improved productivity and performance portability.
Evaluation of Corneal Biomechanical Properties Modification after Small Incision Lenticule Extraction Using Scheimpflug-Based Noncontact Tonometer
Authors: Mastropasqua Leonardo , Calienno Roberta , Lanzini Manuela , Colasante Martina , Mastropasqua Alessandra , Mattei Peter A. , Nubile Mario 
Published: August 2014

Purpose.To quantify the effect of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) on the corneal biomechanics using Scheimpflug noncontact tonometer (Corvis ST).Methods.Twenty eyes of twenty patients, evaluated as eligible for surgery, with high myopia and/or moderate myopic astigmatism, underwent small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). All patients underwent Corvis ST preoperatively and postoperatively after 1 week, and 1 and 3 months to observe alterations of corneal biomechanical properties. The main outcome measures were Deformation Amplitude, 1st-AT, and 2nd-AT. The relationship between the amount of stroma removed and the percentage variation of the measured parameters from baseline was evaluated with generalized linear model from each time point. For completeness also intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and their variations after surgery were evaluated.Results.The ratio between the amount of removed refractive error and, respectively, changes of Deformation Amplitude, 1st-AT, and 2nd-AT were significantly modified at the 1st week after surgery(P=0.005; P=0.001; P=0.024). At 1 and 3 months these values did not show statistically significant alterations. Intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness showed statistically significant changes during follow-up.Conclusions.No significant modifications in biomechanical properties were observed after SMILE so this procedure could induce only minimal transient alterations of corneal biomechanics.
Os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial como espaços promotores de vida: relatos da desinstitucionalização em Alagoas
Authors: Ribeiro Mara Cristina 
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho é recorte de uma investigação que buscou traçar a trajetória de construção do novo modelo de cuidado em saúde mental no estado de Alagoas. Tendo como referencial teórico a desinstitucionalização, o artigo trata da passagem do cuidado realizado nos hospitais psiquiátricos para o cuidado realizado no território, por meio dos CAPS, na perspectiva de seus usuários, familiares e trabalhadores. Utilizou-se a metodologia qualitativa para abordar o tema, na modalidade História Oral Temática, guiada por entrevistas para a produção dos dados e análise temática para a discussão dos seus resultados. A pesquisa aponta, entre outros resultados, que a criação desses serviços trouxe para os sujeitos, que antes só tinham a internação como experiência de cuidado, uma nova perspectiva. As relações constituídas a partir dessa nova forma de cuidado não mais se limitam às relações do tratamento biomédico ou das tão limitadas ações psiquiátricas, mas são relações constituídas no compromisso social do coletivo para que se possa garantir um novo lugar social para as pessoas em sofrimento psíquico.
Concepções sobre trabalho elaboradas por usuários de saúde mental envolvidos em projetos de inserção laboral
Authors: Lussi Isabela Aparecida de Oliveira , Pereira Maria Alice Ornellas 
Published: September 2014

O presente estudo elegeu como foco de investigação o trabalho desenvolvido por usuários de serviços de saúde mental em oficinas de geração de renda ou em cooperativas sociais. Objetivou-se identificar as concepções acerca do trabalho elaboradas pelos mesmos. Participaram do estudo quinze usuários. Para a coleta de material, utilizou-se a técnica da observação livre, entrevista semi-estruturada e busca documental. O material empírico foi submetido à Análise Temática. A análise do material foi subsidiada pelos pressupostos teóricos da Desinstitucionalização e da Economia Solidária. Os resultados mostraram que na concepção dos participantes o trabalho é uma importante ferramenta para a emancipação social das pessoas e um recurso que promove o autoconhecimento e a auto-realização. Aponta-se a importância de se considerar a opinião dos atores sociais diretamente comprometidos com a inserção laboral.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated With Future Subclinical Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Gunnarsson Sverrir I. , Peppard Paul E. , Korcarz Claudia E. , Barnet Jodi H. , Aeschlimann Susan E. , Hagen Erika W. , Young Terry , Hla K. Mae , Stein James H. 
Published: September 2014

Objective—
To determine the longitudinal associations between obstructive sleep apnea, carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and plaque.

Approach and Results—

This is a population-based, prospective cohort study conducted from July, 1989, to November, 2012, on 790 randomly selected Wisconsin residents who completed a mean of 3.5 (range, 1–6) polysomnograms during the study period. Obstructive sleep apnea was characterized by the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI, events/h). Common carotid artery IMT and plaque were assessed by B-mode ultrasound. The mean (SD) time from the first polysomnograms to carotid ultrasound was 13.5 (3.6) years. Multivariable regression models were created to estimate the independent associations of baseline and cumulative obstructive sleep apnea exposure with subsequent carotid IMT and plaque. At baseline, the mean age of participants was 47.6 (7.7) years (55% men, 97% white). AHI was 4.4 (9.0) events/h (range, 0–97); 7% had AHI >15 events/h. Carotid IMT was 0.755 (0.161) mm; 63% had plaque. Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and use of lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic medications, baseline AHI independently predicted future carotid IMT (β=0.027 mm/unit log
10
[AHI+1];
P
=0.049), plaque presence (odds ratio, 1.55 [95% confidence intervals, 1.02–2.35];
P
=0.041) and plaque score (odds ratio, 1.30 [1.05–1.61];
P
=0.018). In cumulative risk factor–adjusted models, AHI independently predicted future carotid plaque presence (
P
=0.012) and score (
P
=0.039), but not IMT (
P
=0.608).

Conclusions—
Prevalent obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with increased carotid IMT and plaque more than a decade later, indicating increased future cardiovascular disease risk.
Test Accuracy of Cognitive Screening Tests for Diagnosis of Dementia and Multidomain Cognitive Impairment in Stroke
Authors: Lees Rosalind , Selvarajah Johann , Fenton Candida , Pendlebury Sarah T. , Langhorne Peter , Stott David J. , Quinn Terence J. 
Published: September 2014

Background and Purpose—
Guidelines recommend screening stroke-survivors for cognitive impairments. We sought to collate published data on test accuracy of cognitive screening tools.

Methods—
Index test was any direct, cognitive screening assessment compared against reference standard diagnosis of (undifferentiated) multidomain cognitive impairment/dementia. We used a sensitive search statement to search multiple, cross-disciplinary databases from inception to January 2014. Titles, abstracts, and articles were screened by independent researchers. We described risk of bias using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool and reporting quality using Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy guidance. Where data allowed, we pooled test accuracy using bivariate methods.

Results—
From 19 182 titles, we reviewed 241 articles, 35 suitable for inclusion. There was substantial heterogeneity: 25 differing screening tests; differing stroke settings (acute stroke, n=11 articles), and reference standards used (neuropsychological battery, n=21 articles). One article was graded low risk of bias; common issues were case–control methodology (n=7 articles) and missing data (n=22). We pooled data for 4 tests at various screen positive thresholds: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (<88/100): sensitivity 0.96, specificity 0.70 (2 studies); Mini Mental State Examination (<27/30): sensitivity 0.71, specificity 0.85 (12 studies); Montreal Cognitive Assessment (<26/30): sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.45 (4 studies); MoCA (<22/30): sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.78 (6 studies); Rotterdam-CAMCOG (<33/49): sensitivity 0.57, specificity 0.92 (2 studies).

Conclusions—
Commonly used cognitive screening tools have similar accuracy for detection of dementia/multidomain impairment with no clearly superior test and no evidence that screening tools with longer administration times perform better. MoCA at usual threshold offers short assessment time with high sensitivity but at cost of specificity; adapted cutoffs have improved specificity without sacrificing sensitivity. Our results must be interpreted in the context of modest study numbers: heterogeneity and potential bias.
Potassium Intake and Risk of Stroke in Women With Hypertension and Nonhypertension in the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Seth Arjun , Mossavar-Rahmani Yasmin , Kamensky Victor , Silver Brian , Lakshminarayan Kamakshi , Prentice Ross , Van Horn Linda , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia 
Published: September 2014

Background and Purpose—
Dietary potassium has been associated with lower risk of stroke, but there are little data on dietary potassium effects on different stroke subtypes or in older women with hypertension and nonhypertension.

Methods—
The study population consisted of 90 137 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 at enrollment, free of stroke history at baseline, followed up prospectively for an average of 11 years. Outcome variables were total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke, and all-cause mortality. Incidence was compared across quartiles of dietary potassium intake, and hazard ratios were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and in women with hypertension and nonhypertension separately.

Results—

Mean dietary potassium intake was 2611 mg/d. Highest quartile of potassium intake was associated with lower incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and total mortality. Multivariate analyses comparing highest to lowest quartile of potassium intake indicated a hazard ratio of 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.85–0.95) for all-cause mortality, 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.79–0.98) for all stroke, and 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.96) for ischemic stroke. The effect on ischemic stroke was more apparent in women with nonhypertension among whom there was a 27% lower risk with hazard ratio of 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.88), interaction
P
<0.10. There was no association with hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusions—
High potassium intake is associated with a lower risk of all stroke and ischemic stroke, as well as all-cause mortality in older women, particularly those who are not hypertensive.
A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Fayyaz Shahina , Yan Xun , Qiu Lihong , Han Richou , Gulsher Mehreen , Khanum Tabassum Ara , Javed Salma 
Published: September 2014

A new species of Steinernema is described herein as S. bifurcatum n. sp. It is characterised by the presence of a male gubernaculum that is bifurcate at both proximal and distal ends, a key diagnostic feature. Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. belongs to the bicornutum group by having two horn-like structures on the labial region of the infective juvenile (IJ). It can be recognised by IJ body diam. = 22 (20-24) μm, pharynx = 114 (102-134) μm, ratio a = 24 (22-25) and D% = 39.7 (33-47). The new species can be further recognised by the male characters of D% = 48 (42-58), and genital papillae = 23 (22 + 1) in number and, for the first generation female, excretory pore = 75.7 (60-108) μm, pharynx = 174 (158-200) μm and tail length = 43.2 (38-60) μm. Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. is distinguished from all other members of the bicornutum group by the presence of a gubernaculum which is bifurcated at both proximal and distal ends in first generation males. On the basis of genital papillae number (22 + 1) it is close to S. abbasi, S. ceratophorum and S. pakistanense, but can be distinguished by morphometrics of IJ and adults. IJ of S. bifurcatum n. sp. can be differentiated from those of S. ceratophorum and S. pakistanense by the smaller body length of 460-590 μm. Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. differs from S. abbasi by morphological characters of IJ, male and female stages. The IJ can be distinguished by D% (33-47), body diam. (20-24) μm, b value (3.8-5.6) and pharynx length (102-134) μm. The second generation male differs by GS ratio (0.29-0.45) and the mucronate tail. The first generation female is distinguished by a protruding vulva and no postanal swelling. Analysis of ITS rDNA (824 bp), D2-D3 (880 bp) and mt DNA region (507 bp) sequences confirm that the studied nematode isolate represents a valid new species, the combination of molecular and morphological features indicating that it belongs to Clade IV, the bicornutum group.
Kieslingia chilensis (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new genus and species from northern Chile
Authors: Saldivia Patricio , FAÚNDEZ LUIS , MARTICORENA ALICIA , PANERO JOSÉ L. 
Published: September 2014

Kieslingia chilensis, a new genus and species of tribe Astereae (Asteraceae) from northern Chile restricted to the Huasco river basin of the Andes pre-mountain Range in the Atacama region is described and illustrated. The combination of its diagnostic characters including discoid homogamous capitula, alveolate epaleate receptacles, and deeply trifid leaves, is not found in any other species of South American Astereae. An ITS phylogenic analysis placed Kieslingia chilensis within subtribe Hinterhuberinae, and sister to the genus Guynesomia, also endemic to Chile. The morphological characteristics of Kieslingia chilensis are compared and contrasted to sister taxa as identified by the molecular phylogenetic studies and the environmental features of the area where the species is found are discussed. A key to distinguish Kieslingia from other Astereae genera of northern Chile is given. Based on IUCN criteria and categories we assign the Endangered (EN) category to Kieslingia chilensis.
Cyclone Center: Can Citizen Scientists Improve Tropical Cyclone Intensity Records?
Authors: Hennon Christopher C. , Knapp Kenneth R. , Schreck Carl J. , Stevens Scott E. , Kossin James P. , Thorne Peter W. , Hennon Paula A. , Kruk Michael C. , Rennie Jared , Gadéa Jean-Maurice , Striegl Maximilian , Carley Ian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The global tropical cyclone (TC) intensity record, even in modern times, is uncertain because the vast majority of storms are only observed remotely. Forecasters determine the maximum wind speed using a patchwork of sporadic observations and remotely sensed data. A popular tool that aids forecasters is the Dvorak technique—a procedural system that estimates the maximum wind based on cloud features in IR and/or visible satellite imagery. Inherently, the application of the Dvorak procedure is open to subjectivity. Heterogeneities are also introduced into the historical record with the evolution of operational procedures, personnel, and observing platforms. These uncertainties impede our ability to identify the relationship between tropical cyclone intensities and, for example, recent climate change.
A global reanalysis of TC intensity using experts is difficult because of the large number of storms. We will show that it is possible to effectively reanalyze the global record using crowdsourcing. Through modifying the Dvorak technique into a series of simple questions that amateurs (“citizen scientists”) can answer on a website, we are working toward developing a new TC dataset that resolves intensity discrepancies in several recent TCs. Preliminary results suggest that the performance of human classifiers in some cases exceeds that of an automated Dvorak technique applied to the same data for times when the storm is transitioning into a hurricane.