bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Funding New E&P Technologies
Authors: Schroeder Art J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
OTC Panel Session; Funding New E&P Technologies: At the end of the day, new technology is only valuable if it can be successfully deployed; and this of course requires operator up-take or ‘pull’. While operators and established service and manufacturing companies supply the bulk of new E&P technology, a number of different organizations provide alternative funding mechanisms. This panel session will examine six (6) ‘funding’ organizations. The presentations and moderated discussion will cover:–Present / current funding solicitation and evaluation process–Future technology needs and expected funding levels over the next ~ 3 years–How these needs and levels may have changed from the recent past–The good, bad and ugly of past solicitations; what do prospective awardees need to do well in the solicitation process to be in the best position to secure funding.–Lessons learned from previously funded and executed R&D projects with examples of projects or seed funding that resulted in commercial success or failure–Advice and guidance to ‘budding entrepreneurs’ and start-up companies
Session Moderators: Opening introduction and scene settingBrad Burke, Managing Director; Rice Alliance for Technology and EntrepreneurshipArt Schroeder, CEO; Energy Valley, Inc.
Panelist:DeepStar – Greg Kusinski, DeepStar Director and Senior Advisor from ChevronITF – Paddy O'Brien; CEOResearch & Development Corporation – Glenn Janes, CEORPSEA – James Pappas, VP Ultra-DeepwaterEnergy Ventures – Jim Sledzik, Partner and President, Houston OfficeStatoil Technology Invest – Richard Erskine; Investment Manager
Each panelist will utilize about 10 minutes to cover their organization's basic mission and parameters of operation, followed with approximately 1 hour of moderated panel discussion.
Model Based Multiphase Metering and Production Allocation
Authors: Patel Piyush , Odden Havard , Djoric Biljana , Garner Robert Dennis , Vea Hans Kristian 
Published: June 2014

It is irrefutable that subsea operation is one of the most critical operations for Oil & Gas industry. To meet the growing demand of energy in the coming years, upstream oil and gas industry will develop even marginal fields which would tie-back to existing infrastructure and require more complex subsea network. Subsea production monitoring, back allocation and fiscal allocation are an essential part of any field development, as inaccurate tracking of production will negatively impact management and recovery from a reservoir. The need for allocation is due to the fact of unavailable quality measurements of oil, gas, condensate and water produced and injected at all nodes in a subsea distribution system.
Contrary to easily monitored downstream onshore operation, subsea offshore operations cannot be easily monitored due to low reliability and high cost of subsea sensors. From industry experience, the currently available physical subsea flow meters, instrumentation and associated measurements are subject to deficiency, inconsistency and failure and results in low accuracy, and reliability. Due to these facts, there is a high demand for an alternative and accurate method of flow metering and condition monitoring for offshore operation and processing.
In the past few years the use of Virtual Flow Metering systems as a backup or validation system for MPFMs or Wet Gas Meters has become more common. There are various options available depending on the vendor; statistical analysis of measurements (steady state solution), high fidelity online flow simulation models (dynamic solution) or a mix of both (nodal analysis). While VFM is maturing it has not been fully accepted as a viable alternative to good physical metering.
Driving the dynamic model with real time measurements from the plant opens a new world of information for the operator in terms of model estimated data and enables him to take better decisions.
This paper will present a case study whereby a virtual flow metering system has fully replaced a multiphase flow meter for flow metering and allocation purposes.
Don Field Subsea Development: Umbilical Strategy and Practical Experiences
Authors: Hall J.H. , Campbell J.J. , Shaw P.G.H. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
The Don field was developed as a subsea satellite of the Thistle platform and is currently the furthest from the host platform (17.5 km) in the UKCS. The paper presents the umbilical strategy adopted for the first phase of the field development.
The paper also addresses, in particular, problems encountered with the design, manufacture and installation of the electro-hydraulic control umbilical and their successful resolution following an extensive test programme.

INTRODUCTION
The Don field is situated in Block 2ll/18a about 15 km north of BP's Thistle Platform and is in 170 meters water depth. The field is extensively faulted and consists of two main accumulations. These are denoted as Don NE and Don SW with the former having potentially the more prolific reserves. The reserves for both areas were estimated as 56 mmstb. Figure 1 shows the location of the field.
The plan finally adopted was to develop the field using sub sea production techniques tied back to the Thistle Platform. Because of the nature of the reservoir particularly its multiple faults and uncertain reservoir characteristics, the development was to be phased.
Two production wells and a water injection well comprise the first phase. All three wells are located at the Don NE area. The second phase potentially requires up to a further seven wells at Don NE area and three wells at the Don SW area. However, the detailed requirements and their location will be better determined after further reservoir information has been gained from the early phase 1 production experience. Both the production wells incorporate down hole pressure and temperatures gauges to assist in maximizing this information.
The wells are arranged in a cluster around a manifold. This enables the wells to be drilled from one mooring position and allows simultaneous production and drilling and work over. Each tree structure incorporates a valve package containing an additional wing valve designed to take the flow cutting action on tree shut down and a choke. A control module to control and monitor each well isalso located on the tree adjacent to the valve package. The valve package and the control module are independently retrievable without having to recover the tree.
The cluster arrangement proposed for both phases is shown in figure 2. The development is also described in more detail in ref 1.
In order to derive maximum economic benefit from a phased development, Phase 1 equipment was generally limited to that required for the initial stage of the development only and was not extended to accommodate flexibility initially for future development. However, there were areas where the expenditure of very little capital in an early phase was seen to result in significant savings in later phases and it was recognized that the umbilical's satisfied this criteria.
The Applicability of the Ras Tanajib Pile Capacity Method to Long Offshore Piles
Authors: Stevens Robert F. , Al-Shafei Khell A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The applieabfity of the Ras Tanajib pile capacity method to piles driven to penetrations greater than 30 m in the very dense sands of the Safaniya Field of the Arabian Gulf is investigated. Comparisons of observed and predicted blow counts, and measured and computed soil resistances to driving are presented. Blow counts are predicted using procedures recommended by Stevens, Wiltsie, and Turton (1982). The measured soil resistance to driving is the Case- Goble bearing capacity computed using a damping coefficient of 0.20. The computed soil resistance to driving is the lower and upper bound values computed for a plugged pile. CAPWAP analyses are performed at final penetration to confirm pile capacities computed using the Ras Tanajib method.

Introduction
We platforms were recently installed as part of the GOSP- 4 complex in the Safaniya Field of the Arabian Gulf. Design penetrations were selected from pile capacities computed using the Ras Tanajib method, and ranged from 48 to 69 m for the six-pile Accommodation Platform, 59 to 77 m for the eight-pile Tie-In Platform, and 35 to 84 m for the twelve-pile Production Platform. The Flare Bridge Support and Flare Platforms were lightly loaded structures. Previously, the maximum driven pile penetrations in the Safaniya Field were only 28 and 30 m for 36- and 42-in. (0.91- and 1.07-m) -diameter piles, respectively. Pile refusal has occurred at shallow penetrations due to rock layers and cemented zones. Since 1979, of the 41 piles that have refused, 19 were accepted based on the results of pile monitoring, 10 were accepted with a grout plug, 6 were redriven after drilling a pilot hole, one was redriven after removing the soil plug and 5 drilled and grouted insert piles were installed. The average penetration for the piles driven to refusal is 19 m

The Ras Tmusjib Method
Piles driven to shallow penetrations in the Safaniya Field had soil resistances to driving that were as much as 10 times greater than the computed static pile capacity. Because discrepancies of this magnitude were observed, a total of 26 pullout tests were performed in 1982 at eight offshore siteson 20- to 30-in. (0.51- to 0.76-m) -diameter open-ended pipe piles driven to penetrations of 11 to 22 m. Tensile capacities were 2.5 to 6 times greater than the static pile capacity computed using the API method. Wiltsie, Stevens, and Vines (1984) provide additional information. Load tests were performed in 1983 on two 18-m long, 24-ii. (0.61- m) -diameter open-ended pipe piles driven in the very dense sands at Ras Tanajib, A new procedure was developed to compute pile capacity in very dense sands. Helfrich, Wiltsie, COL and A1-Shafei (1985) and A1-Shafei, COL and Helfrich (1994) describe these load tests in more detail. The engineering design parameters adopted by Saudi Aramco for designing piles driven into medium-dense to very dense sand are presented on Table 1. The very dense, over consolidated sand and silty sand typically have cone sleeve resistances greater than 400 kpa.
Recent Research on Properties of Gas Hydrates
Authors: Makogon Yuri F. , Dunlap Wayne A. , Holditch Stephen A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Gas hydrates are metastable minerals whose formation, stable existence and decomposition depend on pressure, temperature and composition of the gas and water.
Gas hydrates are widespread in nature; they exist in sedimentary rocks on land in sub-Arctic regions and in the cold sediments of the ocean at depths of 200 m or more. Potential gas resources concentrated on earth in the hydrate state exceed 1.5 × 1 0 16m3. Although gas hydrates can be a tremendous energy source, they can also be an expensive problem during the drilling and operation of deep wells and during the operation of oil and gas pipelines. Analysis of research results indicates that the properties of hydrate and hydrate saturated sediments remains one of the most important and least studies parts of the hydrate problem. The properties of natural gas hydrates depend on the conditions of formation, dynamics of pressure, temperature in the sediments in geological time, migration of gas-saturated water, structure and hydrate saturation of sediments, position of hydrate-saturated stratum in the hydrate formation zone, supercooling d hydrates, and many other factors.
Recent research results of the authors into the properties of hydrates are discussed with particular reference to the factors mentioned above.

Introduction
Deep drilling and operation of oil and gas wells, and operation of oil and gas pipelines in the deep sea are vastly complicated by the presence of natural gas hydrates.
Gas hydrate is a metastable mineral. Its formation, stable existence and decomposition depend on pressure, temperature, and composition of the gas and water.
Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds, solid solutions, in which water is the solvent. Molecules of water tied together by hydrogen bonds form a space-filling lattice. Mobile molecules of gasses are absorbed or incorporated in the cavities of the water lattice.
Gas hydrates are widespread in nature A in sedimentary rock on land in the sub-Arctic regions and in the cold bottom rock of the ocean at depths of 200-500 m or more. Potential gas resources concentrated on earth in the hydrate state exceed 15x1015m3. Explored reserves of methane in the hydrate state are over 700 trillion m3. Several countries have started research aimed at the discovery and production of gas from offshore gas hydrate deposits. For example, Japan discovered 12 gas hydrate deposits around the Japan islands with total reserves of methane estimated at 6 trillion m3. A program of testing production of gas from the hydrate deposits will start in 1999 (Okuda, 1996). Similar programs have started in India, where potential resources in the Bay of Bengal can be over 60 trillion m3, and in the Ukraine (Black Sea opposite the Crimea) where potential resources are over 25 trillion m3. The amount throughout the entire Black Sea bottom is about 75-100 trillion m3 (Smirnov, 1996).
On one hand, gas hydrate represents a tremendous amount of mineral energy, but on the other hand, a large expensive problem.
Effect of a 2-Week Trial of Functional Electrical Stimulation on Gait Function and Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Downing Abbey , Van Ryn David , Fecko Anne , Aiken Christopher , McGowan Sean , Sawers Sarah , McInerny Thomas , Moore Katie , Passariello Louis , Rogers Helen 
Published: June 2014

Background: Footdrop is a common gait deviation in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) leading to impaired gait and balance as well as decreased functional mobility. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) provides an alternative to the current standard of care for footdrop, an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). FES stimulates the peroneal nerve and activates the dorsiflexor muscles, producing an active toe clearance and a more normal gait. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of a 2-week FES Home Assessment Program on gait speed, perceived walking ability, and quality of life (QOL) among people with MS-related footdrop.
Methods: Participants completed the Timed 25-Foot Walk test (T25FW) and two self-report measures: 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) and 29-item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29). Measures were taken without FES before and with FES after 2 weeks of full-time FES wear.
Results: A total of 19 participants (10 female, 9 male) completed the study; mean age and duration of disease were 51.77 ± 10.16 and 9.01 ± 7.90 years, respectively. Use of FES for 2 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in time to complete the T25FW (P &lt; .0001), the MSWS-12 standardized score (P &lt; .0001), and the MSIS-29 total (P &lt; .0001), Physical subscale (P &lt; .0001), and Psychological subscale (P = .0006) scores.
Conclusions: These results suggest that use of FES can significantly improve gait speed, decrease the impact of MS on walking ability, and improve QOL in people with MS-related footdrop even over a short period of time.
A Systematic Review of Stress-Management Interventions for Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Reynard Alison K. , Sullivan Amy Burleson , Rae-Grant Alexander 
Published: June 2014

Background: The objective of this study was to identify stress-management interventions used for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and systematically evaluate the efficacy of these interventions.
Methods: Several strategies were used to search for studies reported in articles published up to 2013.
Results: Our initial search retrieved 117 publications, of which 8 met our criteria for review. Of the eight studies, one provided Class I evidence, five provided Class III evidence, and two provided Class IV evidence for the efficacy of stress-management interventions according to the evidence classification established by the American Academy of Neurology. Most studies showed positive changes in outcomes assessed; however, the range of methodological quality among the published studies made it difficult to draw conclusions.
Conclusions: The promising findings for stress-management interventions highlight the need for future studies. Additional large, prospective, multicenter studies will help to define the role of stress-management interventions in the treatment and course of MS. Furthermore, including outcome measures based on biological and clinical markers of disease will prove useful in understanding potential underlying mechanisms.
Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on Middle Ear Effusion Following Acute Otitis Media in Young Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Steele Karen M. , Carreiro Jane E. , Viola Judith Haug , Conte Josephine A. , Ridpath Lance C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractContext:Childhood acute otitis media (AOM) is highly prevalent. Its usual sequela of middle ear effusion (MEE) can lead to conductive hearing loss, for which surgery is commonly used.Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of an osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) protocol on MEE resolution following an episode of AOM. The authors hypothesized that OMT provided adjunctively to standard care for young children with AOM would reduce the duration of MEE following the onset of AOM.Methods:We compared standard care only (SCO) and standard care plus OMT (SC+OMT) for the duration of MEE following AOM. Patients were aged 6 months to 2 years. The SC+OMT group received OMT during 3 weekly visits. Weekly tympanometric and acoustic reflectometer (AR) readings were obtained from all patients.Results:There were 52 patients enrolled, with 43 completing the study and 9 dropping out. No demographic differences were noted. Only ears from each patient with abnormal tympanograms at entry were included. There were 76 ears in the tympanogram analysis (38 from SCO; 38 from SC+OMT) and 61 ears in the AR data analysis (31 from SCO; 30 from SC+OMT). Dependence of bilateral ear disease noted in AR readings was accounted for in statistical analysis. Tympanogram data demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in MEE at visit 3 in patients in the SC+OMT group (odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.16, 7.62; χ2test for independence,P=.02). The AR data analysis showed statistically significant improvement at visit 3 for the SC+OMT group (z=2.05;P=.02). There was no statistically significant change in MEE before or immediately after the OMT protocol.Conclusion:A standardized OMT protocol administered adjunctively with standard care for patients with AOM may result in faster resolution of MEE following AOM than standard treatment alone. (ClinicalTrials.govnumber NCT00520039.)
Osteopathic Approach to Sacroiliac Dysfunction in a Patient With Steroid Myopathy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Kohns David J. , Fitch David S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLong-term steroid use has a well-documented risk of myopathy that imposes functional limitations for patients and challenges for health care providers. Proximal weakness from steroid myopathy affects support structures around the pelvic girdle and likely predisposes patients to somatic dysfunction. To the authors' knowledge, there are no prior reports in the literature that describe an osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) approach for patients with steroid myopathy. In the present case report, a 59-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia received a blood stem cell transplantation and developed gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease. High-dose steroids were prescribed, and she developed proximal weakness from steroid myopathy. The patient's acute inpatient rehabilitation was impacted by new onset left sacroiliac dysfunction. A patient-focused OMM approach was used to assist the patient in maximizing her sacroiliac function. The proximal weakness seen with steroid myopathy necessitates special considerations for an OMM approach to address somatic dysfunction associated with this disease.
Direct Measurement of Intracellular Pressure
Authors: Petrie Ryan J. , Koo Hyun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA method to directly measure the intracellular pressure of adherent, migrating cells is described in this unit. This approach is based on the servo‐null method where a microelectrode is introduced into the cell to directly measure the physical pressure of the cytoplasm. We also describe the initial calibration of the microelectrode, as well as the application of the method to cells migrating inside three‐dimensional (3‐D) extracellular matrix (ECM). Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 63:12.9.1‐12.9.9. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deciphering cumulative fault slip vectors from fold scarps: Relationships between long‐term and coseismic deformations in central Western Taiwan
Authors: Le Béon Maryline , Suppe John , Jaiswal Manoj K. , Chen Yue‐Gau , Ustaszewski Michaela E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe document the 30 ka cumulative slip history and long‐term slip vector azimuth on the northern Chelungpu fault based on a series of fault‐bend folded alluvial terraces and draw quantitative relationships between geological structure, deformation observed from the geomorphology, and coseismic displacements during the 1999Mw = 7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake. In our study area, three main terrace levels show progressive folding by kink band migration in relation to the underlying fault geometry, forming a main N‐S fold scarp up to ~193 m high and secondary E‐W scarps. Detailed analysis using 5 m resolution digital elevation model allows us to characterize the scarp morphology and quantify the deformation parameters, namely, terrace heights, fold scarp relief, and fold limb width and slope angle. The 3‐D deformation of the highest terrace, dated by optically stimulated luminescence at 30.2 ± 4.0 ka, enables to simultaneously determine amplitude and azimuth of the long‐term slip vector based on scarp relief. The long‐term slip vector, oriented N338° ± 6°, is found to parallel the Chi‐Chi coseismic displacements in this area. Cumulative slip and dating results yield a constant slip rate of 17.7 ± 2.2 mm/a in the direction N338° ± 6°. Late Quaternary shortening rates observed at four sites vary along strike in a similar way to Chi‐Chi coseismic displacements. Together with the collinearity of long‐term and coseismic slip vectors at our study site, this suggests that Chi‐Chi earthquake is a characteristic earthquake for the Chelungpu thrust with recurrence interval ~470 years. We also discuss implications for the regional and long‐term distribution of shortening in the central Western Foothills.
Deep water paleo‐iceberg scouring on top of Hovgaard Ridge–Arctic Ocean
Authors: Arndt Jan Erik , Niessen Frank , Jokat Wilfried , Dorschel Boris 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn multibeam echosounder and subbottom profiler data acquired during R/V Polarstern cruise ARK‐VII/3a from the Hovgaard Ridge (Fram Strait), we found evidence for very deep (>1200 m) iceberg scouring. Five elongated seafloor features have been detected that are interpreted to be iceberg scours. The scours are oriented in north‐south/south‐north direction and are about 15 m deep, 300 m wide, and 4 km long crossing the entire width of the ridge. They are attributed to multiple giant paleo‐icebergs that most probably left the Arctic Ocean southward through Fram Strait. The huge keel depths are indicative of ice sheets extending into the Arctic Ocean being at least 1200 m thick at the calving front during glacial maxima. The deep St. Anna Trough or grounded ice observed at the East Siberian Continental Margin are likely source regions of these icebergs that delivered freshwater to the Nordic Seas.