bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Changes of Normal Pupil Size and Reactivity in Children
Authors: Brown Jacob T. , Connelly Mark , Nickols Caitlin , Neville Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:
The goal of this study was to establish normative values for measurements of quantitative pupillometry in children.

Methods:
Quantitative pupillometry measurements were obtained from children between 1 and 18 years of age being seen for either a well child check or other outpatient appointment.

Results:

Maximum and minimum pupil size increased slightly with age; however, the correlation was weak (
r
= 0.29 and 0.19, respectively). Similarly weak correlations with age also were observed for maximum constriction velocity (
r
= −0.29) and dilation velocity (
r
= 0.27). Maximum (5.56 vs 4.97 mm) and minimum (3.74 vs 3.40 mm) pupil sizes were significantly larger in whites than in African Americans.

Conclusions:
Pupil size and reactivity show little correlation with age and are therefore suitable for further exploration in using pupillometry as a biomarker across the pediatric age range. Differences in race should be taken into consideration when pupillometry is used in mixed populations.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015:52(3):147–151.]
An Improved Breast Epithelial Sampling Method for Molecular Profiling and Biomarker Analysis in Women at Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Danforth David N. , Warner Andrew C. , Wangsa Darawalee , Ried Thomas , Duelli Dominik , Filie Armando C. , Prindiville Sheila A. 
Published: June 2015

Background There is a strong need to define the molecular changes in normal at-risk breast epithelium to identify biomarkers and new targets for breast cancer prevention and to develop a molecular signature for risk assessment. Improved methods of breast epithelial sampling are needed to promote whole-genome molecular profiling, increase ductal epithelial cell yield, and reduce sample cell heterogeneity. Methods We developed an improved method of breast ductal sampling with ductal lavage through a 22-gauge catheter and collection of ductal samples with a microaspirator. Women at normal risk or increased risk for breast cancer were studied. Ductal epithelial samples were analyzed for cytopathologic changes, cellular yield, epithelial cell purity, quality and quantity of DNA and RNA, and use in multiple downstream molecular applications. Results We studied 50 subjects, including 40 subjects at normal risk for breast cancer and 37 subjects with non-nipple aspirate fluid-yielding ducts. This method provided multiple 1.0 mL samples of high ductal epithelial cell content (median ≥8 samples per subject of ≥5,000 cells per sample) with 80%–100% epithelial cell purity. Extraction of a single intact ductal sample (fluid and cells) or the separate frozen cellular component provided DNA and RNA for multiple downstream studies, including quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for microRNA, quantitative PCR for the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene, whole-genome DNA amplification, and array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Conclusion An improved breast epithelial sampling method has been developed, which should significantly expand the acquisition and biomarker analysis of breast ductal epithelium in women at risk for breast cancer.
Similarity of Serum and Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor Concentrations
Authors: Houghton Lauren C. , Pollak Michael N. , Tao Yuzhen , Tu Ying Gang , Black Amanda , Bradwin Gary , Hoover Robert N. , Troisi Rebecca 
Published: June 2015

Background Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are implicated in many normal physiological processes and pathological states, including cancer. For large consortia projects, it may be necessary to make comparisons among studies with different specimens that were not collected specifically to optimize the measurement of IGFs. Objective This study aimed to compare IGFs in matched serum and plasma samples. Methods We measured IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3, C-peptide, and leptin in serum and ethylenediaminetetraacetic–containing-plasma samples obtained concurrently from 30 healthy women aged 64–80 years in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial using chemiluminescent or colorimetric enzyme-linked immune assays. Coefficients of variation (CVs) and correlations were determined. Results Intraassay CVs ranged from 0.4% for IGFBP-3 to 10% for IGF-II. Mean concentrations of all analytes were higher in the serum, but the differences in mean concentrations of the analytes between serum and plasma were all <11%. Concordance correlation coefficients of matched serum/plasma specimens were 0.92, 0.91, 0.82, 0.96, and 0.99 for IGF-I, IGFBP-3, IGF-II, C-peptide, and leptin, respectively. Conclusion IGF concentrations measured in serum and plasma are highly correlated but are consistently slightly higher in serum, suggesting that IGF values should be corrected for systematic bias, particularly in consortial efforts when pooling data derived from different specimens.
De verjaring van een 403-vordering
Authors: van der Kraan J. 
Published: June 2015

De verjaring van een 403-vordering
Een 403-vordering is een zelfstandige vordering, meestal op de moedervennootschap. Deze vordering onderscheidt zich van de hoofdvordering op de dochtervennootschap. Deze te onderscheiden vorderingen verjaren onafhankelijk van elkaar. Naast de vraag of deze vorderingen onafhankelijk van elkaar verjaren, rijst de vraag of deze vorderingen op verschillende tijdstippen kunnen verjaren. Op basis van verschillende gronden kan dit het geval zijn.Een hoofdvraag die beantwoord dient te worden om vast te stellen wanneer een 403-vordering verjaart, is wanneer een 403-vordering ontstaat. Er zijn gronden om aan te nemen dat een 403-vordering pas ontstaat nadat de schuldeiser de moedervennootschap tot nakoming heeft aangesproken.
AIFMD: veranderd toezicht op beheerders van beleggingsinstellingen in Nederland
Authors: Boogaard R.J. 
Published: June 2015

AIFMD: veranderd toezicht op beheerders van beleggingsinstellingen in Nederland
Met de inwerkingtreding van de AIFMD in de Nederlandse regelgeving is het toezichtregime voor beheerders van beleggingsinstellingen ingrijpend veranderd. Nu het stof rond de eerste implementatieperikelen is neergedaald, kan een tussenbalans worden opgemaakt van de gevolgen van de AIFMD voor de Nederlandse fondsenpraktijk. Dit artikel behandelt ten eerste de vraag welke entiteiten onder de reikwijdte van de AIFMD vallen, en welke daarvan uitgezonderd zijn. Vervolgens wordt ingegaan op de regimes die voor Nederlandse beheerders gelden, met name het ‘lichte’ registratieregime van art. 2:66a Wft, het ‘volledige’ vergunningsregime van art. 2:65 Wft en het grandfathering-regime. Tot slot worden de regimes behandeld die gelden voor buitenlandse beheerders van beleggingsinstellingen die in Nederland actief (willen) zijn door Nederlandse beleggingsinstellingen te beheren of door beleggingsinstellingen aan Nederlandse beleggers aan te bieden.
De NZa: marktmeester én toezichthouder
Authors: Pietermaat Elisabeth 
Published: June 2015

De NZa: marktmeester én toezichthouder
Het rapport van de Commissie Borstlap bevat een groot aantal aanbevelingen voor zowel de Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit als de minister van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn & Sport. Een van de aanbevelingen luidt dat moet worden overwogen de regulerings- en toezichttaken van de NZa niet langer in één organisatie onder te brengen. Op die aanbeveling wordt in deze bijdrage nader ingegaan, waarbij uiteraard ook aan de orde komt wat de commissie onder regulering en toezicht verstaat.
Linkage to care following a home‐based HIV counselling and testing intervention in rural South Africa
Authors: Naik Reshma , Doherty Tanya , Jackson Debra , Tabana Hanani , Swanevelder Sonja , Thea Donald M , Feeley Frank G , Fox Matthew P 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionEfforts to increase awareness of HIV status have led to growing interest in community‐based models of HIV testing. Maximizing the benefits of such programmes requires timely linkage to care and treatment. Thus, an understanding of linkage and its potential barriers is imperative for scale‐up.MethodsThis study was conducted in rural South Africa. HIV‐positive clients (n=492) identified through home‐based HIV counselling and testing (HBHCT) were followed up to assess linkage to care, defined as obtaining a CD4 count. Among 359 eligible clients, we calculated the proportion that linked to care within three months. For 226 clients with available data, we calculated the median CD4. To determine factors associated with the rate of linkage, Cox regression was performed on a subsample of 196 clients with additional data on socio‐demographic factors and personal characteristics.ResultsWe found that 62.1% (95% CI: 55.7 to 68.5%) of clients from the primary sample (n=359) linked to care within three months of HBHCT. Among those who linked, the median CD4 count was 341 cells/mm3 (interquartile range [IQR] 224 to 542 cells/mm3). In the subsample of 196 clients, factors predictive of increased linkage included the following: believing that drugs/supplies were available at the health facility (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.78; 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.96); experiencing three or more depression symptoms (aHR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.24 to 3.53); being a caregiver for four or more people (aHR 1.93; 95% CI: 1.07 to 3.47); and knowing someone who died of HIV/AIDS (aHR 1.68; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.49). Factors predictive of decreased linkage included the following: younger age – 15 to 24 years (aHR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.91); living with two or more adults (aHR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.77); not believing or being unsure about the test results (aHR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.77); difficulty finding time to seek health care (aHR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.67); believing that antiretroviral treatment can make you sick (aHR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.89); and drinking alcohol (aHR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.80).ConclusionsThe findings highlight barriers to linkage following an increasingly popular model of HIV testing. Further, they draw attention to ways in which practical interventions and health education strategies could be used to improve linkage to care.
Discussion Addendum for: Resolution of 1,1′‐Bi‐2‐Naphthol; (
R
)‐(+)‐ and (
S
)‐(−)‐2,2′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (
BINAP
)
Authors: Hughes* David L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The article discusses the resolution of 1, 1′‐Bi‐2‐Naphthol; (R)‐(+)‐ and (S)‐(−)‐2, 2′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP). The studies of this resolution is undertaken by survey of solvents and MeCN is identified as the most promising solvent. The resolution was carried out with 0.55 equiv of 5 at a concentration of 80 g of BINOL per L of solvent. A straightforward resolution for isolating both enantiomers of BINOL in high yield is developed.
pREPORT: a multi‐readout transcription reporter vector for fission yeast
Authors: Převorovský Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTranscription factors are prominent regulators of gene expression that execute responses to various intracellular and extracellular stimuli. Recombinant transcription reporter systems can be conveniently used to study the DNA binding preferences and regulatory activity of a transcription factor under a range of conditions. Several reporter genes have been used to study transcription regulation in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. Each of these reporters has distinct advantages, such as high sensitivity or ease of use, and limitations, such as prohibitive costs or use of hazardous substances. To combine the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses of individual reporter genes, we have created pREPORT, a flexible multi‐readout transcription reporter vector for fission yeast that employs an enhanced GFP–lacZfusion and a customizable minimal promoter. With pREPORT, gene expression driven by the transcription factor of interest can be quantified in a number of ways, both in live cells andin vitro, using a single reporter construct. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splitting behavior of S n -polynomials
Authors: Lagarias Jeffrey C , Weiss Benjamin L 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe analyze the probability that, for a fixed finite set of primesS, a random, monic, degreenpolynomial$f(x) \in {\mathbb {Z}}[x]$f(x)∈ℤ[x]with coefficients in a box of sideBsatisfies: (i)f(x) is irreducible over "Image missing", with splitting field$K_{f}/{\mathbb {Q}}$Kf/Qover "Image missing"having Galois groupSn; (ii) the polynomial discriminantDisc(f) is relatively prime to all primes inS; (iii)f(x) has a prescribed splitting type (modp) at each primepinS.The limit probabilities asB→∞are described in terms of values of a one-parameter family of measures onSn, calledz-splitting measures, with parameterzevaluated at the primespinS. We study properties of these measures.We deduce that there exist degreenextensions of "Image missing"with Galois closure having Galois groupSnwith a given finite set of primesShaving given Artin symbols, with some restrictions on allowed Artin symbols forp<n. We compare the distributions of these measures with distributions formulated by Bhargava for splitting probabilities for a fixed primepin such degreenextensions ordered by size of discriminant, conditioned to be relatively prime top.Mathematics Subject Classification:Primary 11R09; Secondary 11R32; 12E20; 12E25
The Ethics of Sweatshops and the Limits of Choice
Authors: Kates Michael 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:This article examines the “Choice Argument” for sweatshops, i.e., the claim that it is morally wrong or impermissible for third parties to interfere with the choice of sweatshop workers to work in sweatshops. The Choice Argument seeks, in other words, to shift the burden of proof onto those who wish to regulate sweatshop labor. It does so by forcing critics of sweatshops to specify the conditions under which it is morally permissible to interfere with sweatshop workers’ choice. My aim in this article is to meet that burden. Unlike other critics of sweatshop labor, however, my argument does not proceed from contested economic or moral assumptions. To the contrary, my strategy will be to demonstrate that even if we grant the truth of the economic and moral assumptions made by defenders of the Choice Argument, it nevertheless does not follow that it is morally wrong to interfere with the choice of sweatshop workers to work in sweatshops. The Choice Argument thus fails on its own terms.
Secoiridoids delivered as olive leaf extract induce acute improvements in human vascular function and reduction of an inflammatory cytokine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial
Authors: Lockyer Stacey , Corona Giulia , Yaqoob Parveen , Spencer Jeremy P. E. , Rowland Ian 
Published: June 2015

The leaves of the olive plant (Olea europaea) are rich in polyphenols, of which oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol (HT) are most characteristic. Such polyphenols have been demonstrated to favourably modify a variety of cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present intervention was to investigate the influence of olive leaf extract (OLE) on vascular function and inflammation in a postprandial setting and to link physiological outcomes with absorbed phenolics. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, acute intervention trial was conducted with eighteen healthy volunteers (nine male, nine female), who consumed either OLE (51 mg oleuropein; 10 mg HT), or a matched control (separated by a 4-week wash out) on a single occasion. Vascular function was measured by digital volume pulse (DVP), while blood collected at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 h was cultured for 24 h in the presence of lipopolysaccharide in order to investigate effects on cytokine production. Urine was analysed for phenolic metabolites by HPLC. DVP-stiffness index andex vivoIL-8 production were significantly reduced (P< 0·05) after consumption of OLE compared to the control. These effects were accompanied by the excretion of several phenolic metabolites, namely HT and oleuropein derivatives, which peaked in urine after 8–24 h. The present study provides the first evidence that OLE positively modulates vascular function and IL-8 productionin vivo, adding to growing evidence that olive phenolics could be beneficial for health.
Firm Mortality and Natal Financial Care
Authors: Bhattacharya Utpal , Borisov Alexander , Yu Xiaoyun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe construct a mortality table for U.S. public companies during 1985–2006. We find that the age-specific mortality rates of firms initially increase, peaking at age three, and then decrease with age, implying that the first 3 years of public life are critical. Financial intermediaries involved around the “public birth” of a firm (e.g., venture capitalists (VCs) and high-quality underwriters) are associated with lower firm mortality rates, sometimes for up to 7 years after the initial public offering (IPO). VCs reduce mortality rates more through natal financial care than through selection, whereas high-quality underwriters affect firm mortality more through selection.
The Diminishing Liquidity Premium
Authors: Ben-Rephael Azi , Kadan Ohad , Wohl Avi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractStock liquidity has improved over the recent 4 decades. This improvement was accompanied by a dramatic increase in trading activity. The net effect on the liquidity premium is ambiguous. We show that the characteristic liquidity premium of U.S. stocks has significantly declined over the past 4 decades. In recent years, characteristic liquidity is significantly priced only for the smallest common stocks. This decline stems from an improvement in liquidity and from a lower sensitivity of expected returns to liquidity. By contrast, systematic liquidity has not been trending down and is still significantly priced primarily among NASDAQ stocks.
Identification and validation of mixed anxiety–depression
Authors: Hettema J. M. , Aggen S. H. , Kubarych T. S. , Neale M. C. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: June 2015

Background.Mixed anxiety–depression (MAD) has been under scrutiny to determine its potential place in psychiatric nosology. The current study sought to investigate its prevalence, clinical characteristics, course and potential validators.Method.Restricted latent-class analyses were fit to 12-month self-reports of depression and anxiety symptom criteria in a large population-based sample of twins. Classes were examined across an array of relevant indicators (demographics, co-morbidity, adverse life events, clinical significance and twin concordance). Longitudinal analyses investigated the stability of, and transitions between, these classes for two time periods approximately 1.5 years apart.Results.In all analyses, a class exhibiting levels of MAD symptomatology distinctly above the unaffected subjects yet having low prevalence of either major depression (MD) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was identified. A restricted four-class model, constraining two classes to have no prior disorder history to distinguish residual or recurrent symptoms from new onsets in the last year, provided an interpretable classification: two groups with no prior history that were unaffected or had MAD and two with prior history having relatively low or high symptom levels. Prevalence of MAD was substantial (9–11%), and subjects with MAD differed quantitatively but not qualitatively from those with lifetime MD or GAD across the clinical validators examined.Conclusions.Our findings suggest that MAD is a commonly occurring, identifiable syndromal subtype that warrants further study and consideration for inclusion in future nosologic systems.
Reconsolidation versus retrieval competition: Rival hypotheses to explain memory change in psychotherapy
Authors: Brewin Chris R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractI suggest it is premature to assume memory reconsolidation provides a unifying model of psychotherapeutic change given our current state of knowledge, and that other basic memory mechanisms, also supported by neuroscience, have a stronger claim at present. In particular, I propose that retrieval competition provides a more plausible alternative to memory reconsolidation.
Changing maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: A role for sleep in psychotherapy?
Authors: Diekelmann Susanne , Forcato Cecilia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLike Lane et al., we believe that change in psychotherapy comes about by updating dysfunctional memories with new adaptive experiences. We suggest that sleep is essential to (re-)consolidate such corrective experiences. Sleep is well-known to strengthen and integrate new memories into pre-existing networks. Targeted sleep interventions might be promising tools to boost this process and thereby increase therapy effectiveness.
Therapeutic affect reduction, emotion regulation, and emotional memory reconsolidation: A neuroscientific quandary
Authors: LaBar Kevin S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLane et al. emphasize the role of emotional arousal as a precipitating factor for successful psychotherapy. However, as therapy ensues, the arousal diminishes. How can the unfolding therapeutic process generate long-term memories for reconsolidated emotional material without the benefit of arousal? Studies investigating memory for emotionally regulated material provide some clues regarding the neural pathways that may underlie therapy-based memory reconsolidation.
Let's be skeptical about reconsolidation and emotional arousal in therapy
Authors: Patihis Lawrence 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLane et al. imply hypotheses that are questionable: that emotional arousal is a cause of positive change and reconsolidation research can be applied to therapy to alter memory. Given the history of problematic attempts to incorporate memory distortion or high emotional arousal into therapeutic techniques, both of which heralded premature optimism and hubris, I urge open-minded skepticism.
Mental model construction, not just memory, is a central component of cognitive change in psychotherapy
Authors: von Hecker Ulrich , McIntosh Daniel N. , Sedek Grzegorz 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe challenge the idea that a cognitive perspective on therapeutic change concerns only memory processes. We argue that inclusion of impairments in more generative cognitive processes is necessary for complete understanding of cases such as depression. In such cases what is identified in the target article as an “integrative memory structure” is crucially supported by processes of mental model construction.
Memory reconsolidation and self-reorganization
Authors: Whelton William J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLane et al. propose that memory reconsolidation through new emotional experiences is an integrative pathway to change in psychotherapy. My commentary suggests that memory reconsolidation is an element within self-reorganization. Given the focal nature of the self to every aspect of psychotherapy, it is a more useful construct on which to build integrative models than memory reconsolidation.
Disruption of reconsolidation processes is a balancing act – can it really account for change in psychotherapy?
Authors: Spanagel Rainer , Bohus Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLane et al. argue that any psychotherapeutic intervention at its core acts on reactivated memories via the process of reconsolidation which leads to modified memory traces. From our perspective, this model (1) only explains a small subsegment of psychotherapeutic mechanisms and (2) ignores the difficulties of generating reliable experimental conditions that allow interference with reconsolidation processes and – if successful – their transient nature.