bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symmetry of Crystals and Molecules
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive study of the symmetry and geometry of crystals and molecules, starting from first principles. The pre-knowledge assumed is mathematics and physical science to about A-level; additional mathematical topics are discussed in appendices. It is illustrated, including many stereoviews, with instructions both for stereoviewing and for constructing a stereoviewer. Problems for each chapter are provided, with fully worked solutions. A suite of associated computer programs has been devised and placed online, for assisting both the study of the text and the solutions of the problems. The programs are easily executed, and instructions are provided in the text and on the monitor screen. The applicability of symmetry in everyday life as well as in science is stressed. Point groups and space groups are first discussed and derived in a semi-analytical manner, and later by use of group theory. The basic principles of group theory are discussed, together with applications to symmetry, chemical bonding and aspects of vibrations of molecules and crystals.
Lattices
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The definition of ‘lattice’ in one, two, and three dimensions is discussed, together with the choice of unit cell. The Bravais lattices are explained with stereoscopic illustrations, system by system, and the reciprocal lattice introduced. The law of rational intercepts and its ramifications are described, leading to an examination of preferential crystal growth planes. Transformation of unit cell vectors, zone symbols, coordinates of points in a unit cell, Miller indices and reciprocal unit cell vectors are described in detail, with examples. The Wigner–Seitz cell is discussed as an alternative crystal unit cell. Matrix representations of point groups are introduced,
Elements of group theory
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces group theory and the rules governing mathematical groups, of which point groups and space groups are examples. Group multiplication tables and their uses are described with examples, and subgroups and cosets are considered briefly. Similarity transformations are used to show the equivalence, or otherwise, of symmetry operations. Character tables are introduced and explained, and the procedures for creating representations are described. Transformation properties are discussed, and irreducible representations and their notations are examined, leading to a description of the theorems on orthogonality. The construction of character tables is explained, together with the applications of direct products.
A Motive for Terror: Law and Islam
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers how the concept of ‘Muslim extremist’ functions as racialised category, an object of scrutiny, and the subject of the policing function of law. The requirement in the definition of terrorist act for an accused to advance a ‘political ideological or religious cause’ formally introduces a motive element to terrorism offences. It locates belief and identity, while purporting to criminalise only actions: that is, motive provides implicit evidence of an extremist identity. Drawing on the prosecution of Faheem Lodhi as case study, it argues the ‘motive’ of violent jihad secures criminal responsibility in law. In turn, preparatory offences rely on reading Islamism as incipient violence. Lodhi's case exemplifies the normal function of criminal law in knowing and regulating the dangerous subject. The concept of extremism elaborates the law's constitutive power to act on the cultural and religious assemblage of race, without referencing race.
‘We Just Want to Get to Know You’: The Function of Informal Questioning
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers the impacts of informal police and ASIO questioning on those policed. This focus is crucial not only because being questioned ‘by consent’ is the most prevalent strategy of counter-terrorism policing, but also because it brings to the fore key themes of this book. Questioning interpellates policed subjects. Individuals are categorised as cooperative or uncooperative, suspicious or transparent, moderate or extremist. While people may resist, evade, or welcome policing, informal questioning overwhelmingly compels those policed to give an account of themselves and their communal positioning. In Chapter 4 police expressed hope that community engagement will soften the necessity of intelligence, make police less suspicious, and make their practice less punitive. In the present chapter those who are policed talk about consensual strategies as coercive instruments.
Introduction
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main argument of the book — about the way in which the state implementation of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh is conceived of by its architects and agents as a modern project of social engineering. It also highlights the ways in which Aceh’s state Shariʿa project took on new levels of activity and intensity in the wake of the devastating 2004 tsunami, and the subsequent end of a violent separatist conflict that had plagued the region for decades. The idea of Shariʿa social engineering was energized and reinterpreted in powerful ways by pervasive rhetorics of ‘total social reconstruction’ brought to Aceh by international relief and development agencies that thronged to the province in the post-disaster/post-conflict period.
Islam in Visions of Aceh’s Past (and Future)
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical overview of the ways in which ideas of Islam as a definitive element of Acehnese identity have taken shape in the region’s history. This material serves to contextualize the ways in which both the Indonesian central government and local Islamic leaders appeal to Islam in policy discussions and public debates over the implementation of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of discourses that define Acehnese society in relation to ‘Islam’. These include appeals to the implementation of Islamic law as testimony to the legitimacy of rulers, evolving understandings of acceptable sufi doctrine and practice, the growth of modern visions of Islamic reform, and patterns of state involvement in the management of Islamic religious affairs.
The Jurisdiction and Jurisprudence of Shariʿa Courts
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter traces the developments of Islamic religious courts in Aceh. In addition to a discussion of the jurisprudence of the courts in their actual handling of both family law and penal cases, particular attention is paid to the ways in which Aceh’s Islamic courts are integrated within Indonesia’s national legal system. As a concrete example of both of these aspects of the structure and functioning of Aceh’s religious courts, the chapter includes an extended discussion of a Shariʿa criminal case that was first heard in a local court in Lhokseumawe (North Aceh), and then passed to an appellate Shariʿa court at the provincial level in Banda Aceh before being sent on for cassation by the Indonesian Supreme Court in Jakarta (Mahkamah Agung).
Loyalty and the Constitutionalization of EU Law
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 3 explains how loyalty has in general had a slow and delayed reception in the literature, and how this has only changed by the increased attention it has received in the fields of external relations in recent years. It also discusses how especially the dominant narratives on the constitutionalization of EU law have ignored the role loyalty has played in some of the most important foundational cases. Against this background, the case law on direct effect, indirect effect, state liability, and implied competences is re-examined for the role loyalty has played as an argument used by the Court of Justice to resolve various conflicts between national and Union law. This Chapter concludes by assessing whether there was an apparent strategy of the actors shaping the case law in the way loyalty has been used as a legal argument.
A Primer on Cooperation and Constitutional Conflict in the European Union
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 11 starts off with a brief recapitulation of theories for conceptualizing the relationship between the national and the Union level such as pluralism, building on the discussion of monism, dualism, and of federalism in previous chapters. Issues both with respect to the lawmaking authority of the Council and the Parliament, as well as with regard to the self-perceptions as final arbiters of national constitutional courts, are examined. This Chapter discusses how different approaches by the Court regarding the first relationship, such as with Union citizenship and the fundamental freedoms, can be rationalized. The scope of application of the principle of loyalty to the latter relationship, which is often described as cooperative and pluralist, is examined. This Chapter also explores the preliminary reference procedure as a concretization of the duty of cooperation in general, and its purportedly cooperative nature in particular.
Jus Post Bellum, Grotius, and Meionexia
Authors: May Larry 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter highlights several themes that are of theoretical and practical interest. First, it gives a brief account of the six principles of jus post bellum, indicating how each was already addressed by such important sixteenth and seventeenth-century theorists as Hugo Grotius, Francisco Vitoria, and Francisco Suarez. Second, it provides a defense of seeing meionexia as a principle of justice well-suited for jus post bellum deliberations. Third, it attempts to answer the question: “Is jus post bellum binding law?” by going back to Grotius and Hobbes, especially to their discussion of the relation between the laws of nature and the laws of nations. In the fourth section, the chapter concludes with a few thoughts about how jus post bellum and transitional justice relate to each other.
At War’s End
Authors: Evans Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers two challenges to the appropriateness of jus post bellum as a moral theory for the ending and aftermath of war: first, an argument that it should be clearly distinguished from a morality of peacebuilding: the latter is forward-looking in the tasks it sets itself in a way that jus post bellum is not; second, an argument that a theory of jus ex bello—justice in the ending of war—is logically distinct from a theory of justice with respect to post-conflict rights and responsibilities. In addressing these arguments, the chapter mounts a case for greater conceptual clarity in the theory, centering in particular on “justice” and “just peace” and querying the extent to which an adequate post bellum is indeed a theory specifically of justice.
The Gentle Modernizer of the Law of Armed Conflict?
Authors: Österdahl Inger 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter argues that jus post bellum is necessary in order to cope constructively with the consequences of armed conflict. At the same time, the introduction of a systematic and comprehensive jus post bellum will challenge the traditional conceptual categories relating to the law on the use of force. The purpose of jus post bellum is presumed to be the achievement of a just and stable peace based on democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. The introduction of jus post bellum will move the focus away from the beginning towards the middle and end of armed conflict. It will have an impact on jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Its introduction will also move the focus away from military necessity toward humanitarian values. It will further make armed conflict law less state-centered and more people-centered.
The Application of Jus Post Bellum in Non-International Armed Conflicts
Authors: Boon Kristen E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Jus post bellum’s deep moral and legal associations with the humanitarian tradition have meant that predominant approaches to the concept have tended to focus on international wars and international actors at the expense of any deep exploration of what role jus post bellum might play in non-international or internal situations. Now that non-international armed conflicts outnumber international armed conflicts by a significant margin, it is time to reassess the scope of jus post bellum norms in cases of internal conflict. This contribution argues that some jus post bellum principles will be the same regardless of the nature of the conflict—specifically, those derived from international criminal law and human rights law. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that in areas where jus post bellum relates to rebuilding and reconstruction after non-international conflicts, it should be regulated by the principle of “bounded discretion” and show deference to local authorities.
Post-War States
Authors: Suhrke Astri 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The growth of the international peacebuilding regime is a manifestation of the growing collective will during the past two decades to mediate an end to civil wars and stabilize the post-war situation. The potentially constraining effect of international involvement on local wars and its aftermath is the foundational principle of the international peacebuilding regime and growing efforts to streamline, sharpen, but also broaden such interventions. In principle, that is also a justification for the development of a corpus of international law tailored to post-war situations. This chapter argues that international efforts to stabilize post-war peace must reflect the diversity of post-war situations, identifies four main types of post-war states, and discusses the implications for the development of law.
Towards a Functional Conceptualization of the Temporal Scope of Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Kleffner Jann K. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
One of the central questions being raised by jus post bellum is the temporal scope of its applicability. The very choice of the term “jus post bellum” confirms this centrality, suggesting that it is aimed at regulating the phase after the end of an armed conflict. This invites reflection on the available choices and their consequences as regards the beginning and end of the applicability of jus post bellum. These choices are not so much a matter of different interpretations of applicable legal rules or principles, but are essentially policy choices. This chapter offers some reflections on these available choices and their consequences, first regarding the beginning of the applicability, and secondly, on the end of applicability. Against the background of these reflections, the chapter will then conclude by developing an argument in support of a functional conceptualization of the temporal scope of jus post bellum.
The Status of Foreign Armed Forces Deployed in Post-Conflict Environments
Authors: Sari Aurel 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Foreign armed forces frequently play an important part in the transition from conflict to peace, yet their presence can be a source of controversy. The chapter argues that two distinct concerns relating to the legal position of foreign forces arise in post-conflict situations: 1) the effect that changes in the legal basis of their presence have on their legal status, and 2) the need to balance the principle of territorial sovereignty and the jurisdictional exemptions of foreign forces in a manner that reflects the specific features and demands of post-conflict environments. As this chapter shows, both of these concerns point towards the need for a more contextual and dynamic understanding of the legal status of foreign forces deployed in post-conflict situations. Such an approach provides greater conceptual clarity and offers a vantage point from which the position of sending states and host states can be critically assessed.
The Norm of Environmental Integrity in Post-Conflict Legal Regimes
Authors: Payne Cymie R. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Discussion of post-conflict legal regimes must include measures for the protection and rehabilitation of the environment as well as international humanitarian law, human rights, and international criminal law. This chapter asks whether an environmental integrity norm supports a theory of jus post bellum, and how jus post bellum theory advances environmental integrity. It concludes that the investigation of these two questions is itself a useful framing tool to understand, and perhaps to improve, the layers of normative expectations, law, and practice that guide belligerents and civilians in their interactions with the environment during armed conflict. Jus post bellum theories that prioritize peacebuilding over retribution appear to accord best with environmental integrity, in terms of explanatory power and consonance with goals. The practices of legal bodies and armed forces described here show how this approach has led to implementation of environmental protection and restoration, not mere words deploring environmental destruction.
Should Rebels Be Amnestied?
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the link between jus post bellum and insurgency, with a particular focus on the treatment of amnesties. Insurgents have become a central feature of jus post bellum, but their normative status remains unclear. There is consensus that regardless of the cause they pursued, insurgents should be accountable for violations of the laws of war and other international crimes. The more difficult question is how the fact of having taken up arms in itself should be treated. Analyzing why a privilege of belligerency is recognized in international armed conflicts, the chapter argues that a normatively defensible argument for the amnesty of insurgents must necessarily be based on a partial recognition (at least of the “agree to disagree” type) of the international legitimacy of some insurgencies, particularly those against a regime engaged in massive human rights violations or a foreign occupation in violation of international law.
Individual Employment, Household Employment, and Risk of Poverty in the European Union. A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Corluy Vincent , Vandenbroucke Frank 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter investigates the relationship between poverty trends and employment, proceeding in two steps. The first step explores the link between individual employment and household employment. A ‘polarization index’ is defined in terms of the difference between, on the one hand, the actual share of individuals living in jobless households and, on the other, the hypothetical share of individuals living in jobless households assuming that individual employment is distributed randomly across households. The second step integrates the link that is so established between individual employment rates and household employment with an analysis of the relationship between household employment and poverty. An integrated decomposition of changes in the at-risk-of-poverty rates is presented on the basis of (i) changes in the poverty risks of jobless households, (ii) changes in the poverty risks of other (non-jobless) households, (iii) changes in household joblessness due to changes in individual employment rates and changing household structures and (iv) changes in polarization.
Intimations of an Earlier Age
Authors: Manassa Colleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces the approaches to history during the New Kingdom, including a tour of Medinet Habu through the eyes of an ancient administrator, Amunmose. A survey of the intertextual universe of historical fiction includes a discussion of military literature, day-book texts, and other New Kingdom fictional tales. The definition of historical fiction as a genre is then presented, using the genre theories of Alastair Fowler and Mikhail Bakhtin; this discussion represents the first application of Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope to ancient Egyptian literature. The physical media of the four works of historical fiction are examined—the hieratic papyri and their interesting use of different grammatical forms in the ancient Egyptian language.
NGC 4337: an overlooked old cluster in the inner disc of the Milky Way
Authors: Carraro Giovanni , Giorgi Edgard E. , Costa Edgardo , Vázquez Ruben A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Galactic open clusters do not survive long in the high-density regions of the inner Galactic disc. Inside the solar ring only 11 open clusters are known with ages older than 1 Gyr. We show here, basing on deep, high-quality photometry, that NGC 4337, contrary to earlier findings, is indeed an old open cluster. The cluster is located very close to the conspicuous star cluster Trumpler 20, as well misclassified in the past, and that has received so much attention in recent years. NGC 4337 shows a significant clump of He-burning stars which was not detected previously. Its beautiful colour–magnitude diagram is strikingly similar to the one of the classical old open clusters IC 4651, NGC 752, and NGC 3680, and this suggests similar age and composition. A spectroscopic study is much needed to confirm our findings. This, in turn, would also allow us to better define the inner disc radial abundance gradient and its temporal evolution. To this aim, a list of clump star candidates is provided.
Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Lutz Brianna Marie , Bekker Alex , Tao Yuan-Xiang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chronic pain, a common clinical symptom, is often treated inadequately or ineffectively in part due to the incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms that initiate and maintain this disorder. Newly identified noncoding RNAs govern gene expression. Recent studies have shown that peripheral noxious stimuli drive expressional changes in noncoding RNAs and that these changes are associated with pain hypersensitivity under chronic pain conditions. This review first presents current evidence for the peripheral inflammation/nerve injury–induced change in the expression of two types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and Kcna2 antisense RNA, in pain-related regions, particularly in the dorsal root ganglion. The authors then discuss how peripheral noxious stimuli induce such changes. The authors finally explore potential mechanisms of how expressional changes in dorsal root ganglion microRNAs and Kcna2 antisense RNA contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. An understanding of these mechanisms may propose novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and/or treating chronic pain.