bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing treatment‐seeking codeine users and strong opioid users: Findings from a novel case series
Authors: Nielsen Suzanne , Murnion Bridin , Dunlop Adrian , Degenhardt Louisa , Demirkol Apo , Muhleisen Peter , Lintzeris Nicholas 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsFew studies have described those seeking treatment for codeine dependence. This study aimed to compare patients presenting for treatment where either codeine or a strong pharmaceutical opioid (oxycodone or morphine) was the principal drug of concern to understand if codeine users may have unique treatment needs.Design and MethodsRetrospective case review of 135 patients from three geographical areas in New South Wales, Australia. Cases where the principal drug of concern was codeine (n = 53) or a strong pharmaceutical opioid (oxycodone or morphine, n = 82) were compared. Differences in demographic characteristics, pain history, mental health, substance use history and, subsequently, the treatment that was received were examined.ResultsPeople whose principal drug of concern was codeine were more likely to be female (66% vs. 37%, P < 0.001), employed (43% vs. 22%, P < 0.01) and use only one pharmaceutical opioid (91% vs. 49%, P < 0.001). There was no difference in age between the codeine group (mean 38.6 years) and the strong opioid group (39.3 years). Opioid substitution therapy was the most common treatment received by both groups although codeine patients were more likely to be treated with buprenorphine than methadone (odds ratio = 7.7, 95% confidence interval 2.2–27.2, P < 0.001) and more likely to attempt withdrawal (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2–5.3, P = 0.010).Discussion and ConclusionsThere are important differences between codeine‐dependent patients and strong prescription opioid‐dependent patients. Further work should explore the outcomes of withdrawal versus maintenance treatment for codeine users. [Nielsen S, Murnion B, Dunlop A, Degenhardt L, Demirkol A, Muhleisen P, Lintzeris N. Comparing treatment‐seeking codeine users and strong opioid users: Findings from a novel case series. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014]
Parents' level of support for adults' purchase and consumption of alcohol at primary school events when children are present
Authors: Ward Bernadette , Kippen Rebecca , Buykx Penny , Gilligan Conor , Chapman Kathy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental and societal factors are significant determinants of children's initiation to and use of alcohol. Schools are important settings for promoting well‐being and substantial resources have been devoted to curriculum‐based alcohol programs, but the effects of these in reducing the misuse of alcohol have been modest. Adults can and do consume alcohol at school events when students are present, but there is a dearth of evidence about parents' level of support for the practice. The aim of this study was to examine parents' level of support for the purchase and consumption of alcohol at primary school fundraising events when children are present.MethodsFour hundred seventy‐nine Australian parents of children aged 0–12 years participated in an online survey. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of parent characteristics on the level of agreement with parental purchase and consumption of alcohol at school fundraising events when children are present.ResultsThe majority of parents (60%) disagreed/strongly disagreed with the practice of adults being able to purchase and consume alcohol at school fundraising events when children were present. The 21% of parents who supported the practice were more likely to be daily smokers and/or have higher (>6) Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—alcohol consumption scores.ConclusionsDespite the fact that the majority of parents disagree with this practice, published reports suggest that adults' use of alcohol at primary school events is an emerging issue. It is important that school decision‐makers are mindful of the financial and educational value of fundraising activities. [Ward B, Kippen R, Buykx P, Gilligan C, Chapman K. Parents' level of support for adults' purchase and consumption of alcohol at primary school events when children are present. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:202–206]
Becoming a high‐fidelity – super – imitator: what are the contributions of social and individual learning?
Authors: Subiaul Francys , Patterson Eric M. , Schilder Brian , Renner Elizabeth , Barr Rachel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn contrast to other primates, human children's imitation performance goes from low to high fidelity soon after infancy. Are such changes associated with the development of other forms of learning? We addressed this question by testing 215 children (26–59 months) on two social conditions (imitation, emulation) – involving a demonstration – and two asocial conditions (trial‐and‐error, recall) – involving individual learning – using two touchscreen tasks. The tasks required responding to either three different pictures in a specific picture order (Cognitive: Airplane→Ball→Cow) or three identical pictures in a specific spatial order (Motor‐Spatial: Up→Down→Right). There were age‐related improvements across all conditions and imitation, emulation and recall performance were significantly better than trial‐and‐error learning. Generalized linear models demonstrated that motor‐spatial imitation fidelity was associated with age and motor‐spatial emulation performance, but cognitive imitation fidelity was only associated with age. While this study provides evidence for multiple imitation mechanisms, the development of one of those mechanisms – motor‐spatial imitation – may be bootstrapped by the development of another social learning skill – motor‐spatial emulation. Together, these findings provide important clues about the development of imitation, which is arguably a distinctive feature of the human species.
Type 2 wide‐field amacrine cells in TH::GFP mice show a homogenous synapse distribution and contact small ganglion cells
Authors: Brüggen Bianca , Meyer Arndt , Boven Franziska , Weiler Reto , Dedek Karin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn vertebrate retinas, wide‐field amacrine cells represent a diverse class of interneurons, important for the extraction of selective features, like motion or objects, from the visual scene. Most types of wide‐field amacrine cells lack dedicated output processes, whereas some types spatially segregate outputs from inputs. In the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)::green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse line, two types of GFP‐expressing wide‐field amacrine cells have been described: dopaminergic type 1 and γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ergic type 2 cells (TH2). TH2 cells possess short and long radial processes stratifying in the middle of the inner plexiform layer, where they collect excitatory and inhibitory inputs from bipolar cells and other amacrine cells, respectively. Although it was shown that these inputs lead to ON–OFF light responses, their spatial distribution along TH2 cell processes is unknown. Also, the postsynaptic targets of TH2 cells have not been identified so far. Here, we analysed the synapse distribution of these cells in TH::GFP mice and show that they form a weakly coupled network. Electrical synapses (made of connexin36) and chemical (excitatory and inhibitory) synapses are uniformly distributed along TH2 dendrites, independent of dendrite length or distance from soma. Moreover, we reveal that TH2 cells contact at least two types of small ganglion cells; one of them is the W3 cell, a ganglion cell sensitive to object motion. Contacts were often associated with markers of inhibitory synapses. Thus, TH2 wide‐field amacrine cells likely provide postsynaptic inhibition to W3 ganglion cells and may contribute to object‐motion detection in the mouse retina.
Media Endorsements of New Product Announcements: A New Marketing Strategy
Authors: Doukas Angelos J. , Guo Jie (Michael) , Lam Herbert Y. T. , Xiao Sarah (Hong) 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper examines whether investors' decisions are influenced by the word content of newspaper reports of new product announcements. Using textual analysis we find that announcements of new products covered by financial newspapers with positive word content earn significant abnormal returns. These returns are 270 basis points higher than new products without positive word coverage, and such announcements bring negative impact to their rival firms' value. Our results suggest that the market reacts to the linguistic content of the new product announcement rather than to the announcement itself.
The linear‐elastic Theory of Critical Distances to estimate high‐cycle fatigue strength of notched metallic materials at elevated temperatures
Authors: Louks R. , Susmel L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the accuracy of the linear‐elastic Theory of Critical Distances (TCD) in estimating high‐cycle fatigue strength of notched metallic materials experiencing elevated temperatures during in‐service operations. The TCD postulates that the fatigue damage extent can be estimated by directly post‐processing the entire linear‐elastic stress field acting on the material in the vicinity of the crack initiation locations. The key feature of this theory is that the high‐cycle fatigue assessment is based on a scale length parameter that is assumed to be a material property. The accuracy of this design method was checked against a number of experimental results generated, under axial loading, by testing, at 250 °C, notched specimens of carbon steel C45. To further investigate the reliability of the TCD, its accuracy was also checked via several data taken from the literature, these experimental results being generated by testing notched samples of Inconel 718 at 500 °C as well as notched specimens of directionally solidified superalloy DZ125 at 850 °C. This validation exercise allowed us to prove that the linear‐elastic TCD is successful in estimating high‐cycle fatigue strength of notched metallic materials exposed to elevated temperature, resulting in estimates falling within an error interval of ±20%. Such a high level of accuracy suggests that, in situations of practical interest, reliable high‐cycle fatigue assessment can be performed without the need for taking into account those non‐linearities characterising the mechanical behaviour of metallic materials at high temperature, the used critical distance being still a material property whose value does not depend on the sharpness of the notch being designed.
Long‐term changes in structure and function of a tropical headwater stream following a disease‐driven amphibian decline
Authors: Rantala Heidi M. , Nelson Amanda M. , Fulgoni Jessica N. , Whiles Matt R. , Hall Robert O. , Dodds Walter K. , Verburg Piet , Huryn Alex D. , Pringle Catherine M. , Kilham Susan S. , Lips Karen R. , Colon‐Gaud Checo , Rugenski Amanda T. , Peterson Scot D. , Fritz Kelley , McLeran Kerry E. , Connelly Scott 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Taxonomic and functional diversity in freshwater habitats is rapidly declining, but we know little about how such declines will ultimately affect ecosystems. Neotropical streams are currently experiencing massive losses of amphibians, with many losses linked to the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd).

We examined the ecological consequences of the disease‐driven loss of amphibians from a Panamanian stream. We quantified basal resources, macroinvertebrates, N uptake and fluxes through food‐web components and ecosystem metabolism in 2012 and 2014 and compared them to pre‐decline (2006) and 2 year post‐decline (2008) values from a prior study.

Epilithon biomass accrued after the decline, more than doubling between 2006 and 2012, but then decreased fivefold from 2012 to 2014. In contrast, suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) concentrations declined continuously after the amphibian decline through 2014.

Biomass of filter‐feeding, grazing and shredding macroinvertebrates decreased from 2006 to 2014, while collector–gatherers increased during the same time period. Macroinvertebrate taxa richness decreased from 2006 (52 taxa) to 2012 (30 taxa), with a subsequent increase to 51 taxa in 2014.

Community respiration, which initially decreased after the amphibian decline, remained lower than pre‐decline in 2012 but was greater than pre‐decline values in 2014. Gross primary production remained low and similar among years, while uptake length in both 2012 and 2014 was longer than pre‐decline. Nitrogen flux to epilithon increased after the decline and continued to do so through 2014, but N fluxes to fine particulate organic matter and SPOM decreased and remained low.

Our findings underscore the importance of studying the ecological consequences of declining biodiversity in natural systems over relatively long time periods. There was no evidence of functional redundancy or compensation by other taxa after the loss of amphibians, even after 8 years.
Homogenization of fish assemblages in different lake depth strata at local and regional scales
Authors: Menezes Rosemberg F. , Borchsenius Finn , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Davidson Thomas A. , Søndergaard Martin , Lauridsen Torben L. , Landkildehus Frank , Jeppesen Erik 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Eutrophication alters the trophic dynamics in lakes and may result in homogenisation of biotic communities. How nutrient enrichment drives patterns of homogenisation of fish species composition at within‐lake (local) and among‐lake (regional) scales is, however, not well studied.

To test for homogenisation in fish communities, we analysed number, biomass and individual mean body mass of the different fish species present in 53 Danish lakes with contrasting depths, surface area and eutrophication.

A combination of uni‐ and multivariate techniques revealed that eutrophication homogenises fish community composition in the littoral zone of both shallow and deep lakes at within‐ and among‐lake scales, a notable contrast being that community composition was not homogenised in the offshore in deep lakes.

In addition, fish species richness and diversity converged with progressive eutrophication and mean lake depth in all lake zones. For deep lakes, surface area was positively related to increasing differences in fish species richness and diversity.

Increased homogeneity of this key assemblage may have profound implications for ecosystems and their stability (such as decreased resilience to disturbance, reduced biological complexity and increased vulnerability to large‐scale and stochastic environmental events).

Thus, to fully understand the impacts of eutrophication on aquatic communities at both local and regional scales, the effects of nutrient enrichment on compositional heterogeneity should be considered.
The hydrochemical response of small and shallow floodplain water bodies to temporary surface water connections with the main river
Authors: Weigelhofer Gabriele , Preiner Stefan , Funk Andrea , Bondar‐Kunze Elisabeth , Hein Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Summary

We investigated the effects of temporary surface water connections with the main river on the water chemistry of large and small waterbodies in a Danube floodplain by comparing hydrochemical data before, during and after water exchange with the Danube during two large floods in 2009 and 2013. In addition, we studied the effects of an increased frequency of flood pulses on the water chemistry of the floodplain via long‐term monitoring data.

We used conservative (i.e. biologically non‐reactive) parameters (alkalinity, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, SO4, conductivity) to identify hydrochemical changes due to the mixing with river water. Changes in non‐conservative parameters (PO4‐P, NO3‐N, NO2‐N, NH4‐N, total phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll‐a), which deviated from pure mixing effects, were ascribed to alterations of biogeochemical processes induced by the imported river water.

In large floodplain waterbodies, both conservative and non‐conservative parameters changed towards Danube water concentrations during the connection with the main river and returned to pre‐connection levels after the water exchange ended. Only chlorophyll‐a concentrations were almost twice as high in the post‐connection phase than before the connection.

In small floodplain waterbodies, conservative and non‐conservative parameters showed similar changes during the connection with the main river. However, the concentrations of PO4‐P, total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a did not return to pre‐connection levels, but increased further in the post‐connection phase, exceeding even Danube water concentrations. We attribute these changes to phosphorus releases from the sediments and enhanced primary and bacterial production induced by the river water.

In years with an increased flooding frequency, both conservative and non‐conservative parameters approached Danube water concentrations in large floodplain waterbodies due to the increased surface water exchange. In small floodplain waterbodies, conservative parameters remained unaffected by the increased connection with the river, while nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were considerably higher in wet years than in dry years.

We conclude that the temporary input of oxygen‐ and nutrient‐rich river water to small, mainly isolated backwaters can induce changes in benthic biogeochemical processes, which may provoke an internal eutrophication of these waterbodies.
Metacommunity organisation, spatial extent and dispersal in aquatic systems: patterns, processes and prospects
Authors: Heino Jani , Melo Adriano S. , Siqueira Tadeu , Soininen Janne , Valanko Sebastian , Bini Luis Mauricio 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Metacommunity ecology addresses the situation where sets of local communities are connected by the dispersal of a number of potentially interacting species. Aquatic systems (e.g. lentic versus lotic versus marine) differ from each other in connectivity and environmental heterogeneity, suggesting that metacommunity organisation also differs between major aquatic systems. Here, we review findings from observational field studies on metacommunity organisation in aquatic systems.

Species sorting (i.e. species are ‘filtered’ by environmental factors and occur only at environmentally suitable sites) prevails in aquatic systems, particularly in streams and lakes, but the degree to which dispersal limitation interacts with such environmental control varies among different systems and spatial scales. For example, mainstem rivers and marine coastal systems may be strongly affected by ‘mass effects’ (i.e. where high dispersal rates homogenise communities to some degree at neighbouring localities, irrespective of their abiotic and biotic environmental conditions), whereas isolated lakes and ponds may be structured by dispersal limitation (i.e. some species do not occur at otherwise‐suitable localities simply because sites with potential colonists are too far away). Flow directionality in running waters also differs from water movements in other systems, and this difference may also have effects on the role of dispersal in different aquatic systems.

Dispersal limitation typically increases with increasing spatial distance between sites, mass effects potentially increase in importance with decreasing distance between sites, and the dispersal ability of organisms may determine the spatial extents at which species sorting and dispersal processes are most important.

A better understanding of the relative roles of species sorting, mass effects and dispersal limitation in affecting aquatic metacommunities requires the following: (i) characterising dispersal rates more directly or adopting better proxies than have been used previously; (ii) considering the nature of aquatic networks; (iii) combining correlative and experimental approaches; (iv) exploring temporal aspects of metacommunity organisation and (v) applying past approaches and statistical methods innovatively for increasing our understanding of metacommunity organisation.
USPIO‐related T1 and T2 mapping MRI of cartilage in a rabbit model of blood‐induced arthritis: a pilot study
Authors: Amirabadi A. , Vidarsson L. , Miller E. , Sussman M. S. , Patil K. , Gahunia H. , Peel S. A. F. , Zhong A. , Weiss R. , Detzler G. , Cheng H. L. M. , Moineddin R. , Doria A. S. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryUltrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)‐enhanced MRI is promising for evaluating inflammation. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of USPIO on cartilage T1 and T2 mapping, and to evaluate a proposed rapid vs. conventional T2 map method for imaging cartilage in a blood‐induced arthritis model. Knees of nine arthritic (induction by intra‐articular autologous blood injection) and six control rabbits were imaged over time (baseline, weeks 1, 5, 10) by 1.5T MRI. All rabbits had USPIO (35–75 μmol Fe/kg)‐enhanced MRI at each time point. T1 and T2 (conventional and rapid) maps and signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) were obtained pre‐ and post‐USPIO administration. Cartilage biochemistry and histology were compared with MRI. Excellent correlations were noted between T1 map values and histologic scores at week 10 pre‐USPIO (medial, r = 0.93, P = 0.0007; lateral, r = 0.87, P = 0.005) in the arthritic group, but not between T2 map and histology. Marginally and significant differences were observed between pre‐ and post‐USPIO T2 values at weeks 5 (P = 0.06) and 10 (P = 0.02), but only with the administration of high USPIO doses in the arthritic group using the conventional method. No significant differences were noted between pre‐ and post‐USPIO T1 values at any imaging time points. Cartilage T2 maps with short‐TR and conventional protocols provided similar T2 values [(decreased trend)] (P > 0.05). Concomitant use of USPIO to T1 and T2 mapping of cartilage would not impair the identification of interval changes of T1 and T2 maps. Rapid T2 map provides similar results compared to conventional method, but its validation warrants further investigation.
Comprehensive evaluation of haemostatic function in von Willebrand disease patients using a microchip‐based flow chamber system
Authors: Ogiwara K. , Nogami K. , Hosokawa K. , Ohnishi T. , Matsumoto T. , Shima M. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) is difficult due to the wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with this disorder. We have analysed and characterized haemostatic function in VWD patients using a microchip‐based flow chamber system. Microchips coated with either collagen [platelet (PL)‐chip] or collagen/thromboplastin [atherome (AR)‐chip] were used to evaluate platelet thrombus formation at 1000 s−1 and fibrin‐rich platelet thrombus formation at 240 s−1 respectively. Blood samples from an asymptomatic patient with VWD type 1 [von Willebrand factor (VWF): RCo 3.2%; bleeding score (BS 2] displayed normal thrombus formation in both PL‐ and AR‐chips, whereas blood from a symptomatic type 1 patient (VWF: RCo 14%, BS 9) had significantly delayed capillary occlusion. Nearly complete suppression of the flow pressure increase was observed in symptomatic patients with VWD type 2A (BS 13) and 2N (BS 27), whereas no flow pressure was found for the type 3 patient (BS 6). Fibrin‐rich platelet thrombus formation was only weakly increased by the in vitro addition of factor VIII (FVIII) to blood samples from the type 3 patient, but was normalized by the addition of VWF/FVIII. The in vivo effects of treatment with desmopressin or VWF/FVIII for the symptomatic patients were analysed using two types of microchips. The PL‐chip was highly sensitive for patients’ VWF‐mediated platelet functions, whereas the AR‐chip allowed assessment of overall haemostatic ability, including sensitivity to both VWF and FVIII. The combined analysis with PL‐ and AR‐chips may be potentially useful for the diagnosis of VWD based on clinical phenotypes, and for monitoring drug effects.