bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective Assessment of Activity in Inpatients with Traumatic Brain Injury: Initial Findings
Authors: Driver Simon , Rachal Lauren , Swank Chad , Dubiel Randi 
Published: October 2015

Purpose:Use accelerometers to examine the physical activity behaviours of individuals following TBI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.Method:Twenty-one individuals with Traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation (9 females, 12 males;Mage = 43.8 ± 14.7 years;MGCS = 9.1 ± 4.3;Mtime since injury = 40.8 ± 22.1 days;Mlength of stay (LOS) = 30 ± 14 days) wore accelerometers for an average of 8.4 ± 2.0 consecutive days (1440 minutes/day). Activity counts (AC) were collected at 1 minute epochs and descriptive statistics were calculated to assess intensity of activity and time spent being active and sedentary.Results:During scheduled therapy, time individuals completed an average of 161.4 ± 65.5 AC/minute, which decreased to 114.5 ± 51.3 during non-therapy time and 22.2 ± 10 when sleeping. Using population level cut points, individuals were on average considered inactive during therapy, inactive or sedentary during non-therapy time, and only one participant spent >1 minute in moderate intensity activity. The mean length of active and sedentary bouts was 9 minutes.Discussion:Findings indicate that the amount and intensity of activity completed is low amongst individuals completing inpatient rehabilitation after TBI, with the majority considered sedentary or inactive. While the sample is small, it is important to develop and implement safe and effective strategies to increase activity levels during rehabilitation.
The origins and implications of late prehistoric plant husbandry in northern Japan
Authors: Crawford Gary W. , Takamiya Hiroto 
Published: October 2015

Introduction
Processes of acculturation and assimilation in contact situations have been the subject of considerable interest to North American and Japanese prehistorians alike. In the latter case, research has emphasized the transition, beginning about 1000 BC, to the wet-rice-focussed Yayoi (Akazawa 1981, 1986) (see TABLE1 for plant nomenclature used in this paper). The spread of agriculture to northeastern Japan is usually viewed as a northeastward progression of a frmtier that reached northern Tohoku by the Middle Yayoi (FIGURES 1 &amp; 2). However, the situation is more complex than this, in our view, and involves a spatial and cultural dichotomy between Hokkaido and northern Tohoku on the one hand and southern Tohokusouthwestern Japan on the other. Furthermore, we interpret Ainu culture (as distinct from the Ainu biological population) of Hokkaido and Sakhalin to be an outcome of a long period of social interaction along this boundary.
The Byzantine conquest of Cilicia and the Hamdanids of Aleppo, 959–965
Authors: Garrood William 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBetween 959 and 965, Byzantine forces, directed and most often led by Nikephoros Phokas, launched a series of successful campaigns of conquest, particularly in the east. Although little studied, these conquests are significant. The subject of this article, the conquest of the Cilician plain in 965, represents the culmination of a century of Byzantine pressure on the Arab border states, of which Tarsos was the last. Simultaneously, the elimination of the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo as a threat to the Empire helped to lay the groundwork for further successes in Syria after 965. It is the contention of this article that these objectives were intertwined and that Nikephoros Phokas followed a concerted and structured strategy through this period, aimed primarily at the conquest of Cilicia. Other objectives, though dramatic, should thus be seen as subordinate to this underlying objective.
Systematic review of brucellosis in the Middle East: disease frequency in ruminants and humans and risk factors for human infection
Authors: MUSALLAM I. I. , ABO-SHEHADA M. N. , HEGAZY Y. M. , HOLT H. R. , GUITIAN F. J. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYA systematic review of studies providing frequency estimates of brucellosis in humans and ruminants and risk factors forBrucellaspp. seropositivity in humans in the Middle East was conducted to collate current knowledge of brucellosis in this region. Eight databases were searched for peer-reviewed original Arabic, English, French and Persian journal articles; the search was conducted on June 2014. Two reviewers evaluated articles for inclusion based on pre-defined criteria. Of 451 research articles, only 87 articles passed the screening process and provided bacteriological and serological evidence for brucellosis in all Middle Eastern countries.Brucella melitensisandB. abortushave been identified in most countries in the Middle East, supporting the notion of widespread presence ofBrucellaspp. especiallyB. melitensisacross the region. Of the 87 articles, 49 were used to provide evidence of the presence ofBrucellaspp. but only 11 provided new knowledge on the frequency of brucellosis in humans and ruminants or on human risk factors for seropositivity and were deemed of sufficient quality. Small ruminant populations in the region show seroprevalence values that are among the highest worldwide. Human cases are likely to arise from subpopulations occupationally exposed to ruminants or from the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The Middle East is in need of well-designed observational studies that could generate reliable frequency estimates needed to assess the burden of disease and to inform disease control policies.
A 74-year-old unoperated univentricular heart: the oldest reported survival
Authors: Gesuete Valentina , Fabi Marianna , Bonvicini Marco 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUniventricular heart is a rare congenital heart malformation. Nowadays prognosis is considered to be strictly linked to surgical intervention, and survival into late adulthood is unusual.In some patients native haemodynamic circulation balances pulmonary and systemic blood flow, allowing long-term survival without the need for surgery.We report the case of a 74-year-old man with a univentricular heart in natural history, and we discuss the factors that might contribute to his extraordinary long-term survival.
Transient Modeling in Simulation of Hospital Operations for Emergency Response
Authors: Paul Jomon Aliyas , George Santhosh K. , Yi Pengfei , Lin Li 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRapid estimates of hospital capacity after an event that may cause a disaster can assist disaster-relief efforts. Due to the dynamics of hospitals, following such an event, it is necessary to accurately model the behavior of the system. A transient modeling approach using simulation and exponential functions is presented, along with its applications in an earthquake situation. The parameters of the exponential model are regressed using outputs from designed simulation experiments. The developed model is capable of representing transient, patient waiting times during a disaster. Most importantly, the modeling approach allows real-time capacity estimation of hospitals of various sizes and capabilities. Further, this research is an analysis of the effects of priority-based routing of patients within the hospital and the effects on patient waiting times determined using various patient mixes. The model guides the patients based on the severity of injuries and queues the patients requiring critical care depending on their remaining survivability time. The model also accounts the impact of prehospital transport time on patient waiting time.
Characteristics of Fatal Ambulance Crashes During Emergency and Non-emergency Operation
Authors: Pirrallo Ronald G. , Swor Robert A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjective:To analyze the characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes to assist emergency medical services (EMS) directors in objectively developing their EMS system's policy governing ambulance operations.Hypothesis:No difference exists between the characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes during emergency and nonemergency use.Design:Retrospective, cross-sectional, comparative analysis of ambulance crashes resulting in fatalities reported to the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) from 1987 to 1990.Methods:Twenty variables, representing characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes, were selected from the National Highway Traffic Administration FARS Codebook and were evaluated using tests of significance for categorical data grouped by emergency use and nonemergency use. Crash variable categories examined included demographics, accident configuration, accident severity, vehicle description, and ambulance operator action.Results:During the four-year study period, 109 fatal ambulance crashes occurred producing 126 deaths. Four states, New York, Michigan, California, and North Carolina, accounted for 37.5% of all fatal crashes. Seventy-five fatal crashes (69%) occurred during emergency use (EU) and 34 fatal crashes (31%) occurred during nonemergency use (NEU). The total number of fatal crashes varied in a downward trend (1987:32; 1988:24; 1989:28; 1990:25). The number of fatal EU crashes also varied in a downward trend (1987:28; 1988:16; 1989:19; 1990:12), while the number of fatal NEU crashes increased each year [1987:4; 1988:8; 1989:9; 1990:13](p = .016). Most EU fatal crashes occurred between 1200 h and 1800 h (p = .009). Most NEU fatal crashes occurred during times when light conditions were poor (p = .003). When a violation was charged to the ambulance driver (17 cited), the vehicle was more likely to be in EU (p = .056). No statistically significant differences between EU and NEU were identified by: 1) day of week; 2) season; 3) atmospheric conditions; 4) roadway surface type; 5) roadway surface condition; 6) speed limit; 7) roadway alignment; 8) relationship to junction; 9) manner of collision; 10) year manufactured; 11) vehicle role; 12) vehicle maneuver; 13) manner leaving scene; 14) extent of deformation; 15) violations charged; or 16) number of persons killed in accident.Conclusion:Few characteristics differentiate between fatal ambulance crashes during EU and NEU. The difference between EU and NEU were statistically significant in only three out of the 20 variables examined: 1) year occurred; 2) time of day; and 3) light condition. These data provide few objective measures that may be used to develop ambulance operation policies to decrease fatal ambulance crashes.
Effect of First Aid Education on First Aid Knowledge and Skills of Commercial Drivers in South West Nigeria
Authors: Olumide Adesola O. , Asuzu Michael C. , Kale Oladele O. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrompt prehospital care is essential for improving outcomes of road crash victims; however, this service is sub-optimal in developing countries because Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are not readily available. Training of lay responders in first aid has been suggested as a means of filling this gap in settings with inadequate EMS. This study was conducted to determine the effect of first aid training on the first aid knowledge and skills of commercial drivers.MethodsA before-and-after study was conducted among 128 commercial drivers (62 intervention and 66 controls) selected by multi-stage sampling. Drivers’ first aid knowledge and skills were assessed at baseline, immediate, and three months post-intervention. The intervention involved a 2-day training session in first aid. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences in respondents’ pre- and post-intervention scores over the three assessment points.ResultsMean first aid knowledge scores for intervention drivers were 48.9% (SD=12.0), 57.8% (SD=11.2), and 59.2% (SD=9.0) at baseline, immediate, and three months post-intervention. Corresponding scores for the controls were 48.3% (SD=12.8), 39.2% (SD=15.3), and 46.8% (SD=15.3). Mean first aid skill scores for intervention drivers were 17.5% (SD=3.8), 80.7% (SD=8.3), and 72.3% (SD=16.8). Scores for control drivers were 16.5% (SD=4.5), 16.3% (SD=4.7), and 20.4% (SD=9.1), respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences in first aid knowledge and skills scores over the three phases. Independent t-test revealed significant differences in scores between the intervention and control groups post-intervention.ConclusionThe training led to significant improvement in first aid knowledge and skills of intervention drivers. This confirms that lay responders can be trained in provision of first aid. The slight drop in skills scores, which occurred three months post-intervention, highlights the need for periodic refresher trainings to be conducted for the drivers in order to maintain the knowledge and skills acquired.OlumideAO, AsuzuMC, KaleOO. Effect of first aid education on first aid knowledge and skills of commercial drivers in South West Nigeria. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):579–585.
Potential Exposure to Ebola Virus from Body Fluids due to Ambulance Compartment Permeability in Sierra Leone
Authors: Casey Megan L. , Nguyen Duong T. , Idriss Barrie , Bennett Sarah , Dunn Angela , Martin Stephen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionPrehospital care, including patient transport, is integral in the patient care process during the Ebola response. Transporting ill persons from the community to Ebola care facilities can stop community spread. Vehicles used for patient transport in infectious disease outbreaks should be evaluated for adequate infection prevention and control.ProblemAn ambulance driver in Sierra Leone attributed his Ebola infection to exposure to body fluids that leaked from the patient compartment to the driver cabin of the ambulance.MethodsA convenience sample of 14 vehicles used to transport patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola in Sierra Leone were assessed. The walls separating the patient compartment and driver cabin in these vehicles were evaluated for structural integrity and potential pathways for body fluid leakage. Ambulance drivers and other staff were asked to describe their cleaning and decontamination practices. Ambulance construction and design standards from the National Fire Protection Association, US General Services Administration, and European Committee on Standardization (CEN) were reviewed.ResultsMany vehicles used by ambulance staff in Sierra Leone were not traditional ambulances, but were pick-up trucks or sport-utility vehicles that had been assembled or modified for patient transport. The wall separating the patient compartment and driver cabin in many vehicles did not have a waterproof seal around the edges. Staff responsible for cleaning and disinfection did not thoroughly clean bulk body fluids with disposable towels before disinfection of the patient compartment. Pressure from chlorine sprayers used in the decontamination process may have pushed body fluids from the patient compartment into the driver cabin through gaps around the wall. Ambulance design standards do not require a waterproof seal between the patient compartment and driver cabin. Sealing the wall by tightening or replacing existing bolts is recommended, followed by caulking of all seams with a sealant.ConclusionWaterproof separation between the patient compartment and driver cabin may be essential for patient transport vehicles in infectious disease outbreaks, especially when chlorine sprayers are used for decontamination or in resource-limited settings where cleaning supplies may be limited.CaseyML, NguyenDT, IdrissB, BennettS, DunnA, MartinS. Potential exposure to Ebola virus from body fluids due to ambulance compartment permeability in Sierra Leone. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):625–627.
Strategies to reduce plate waste in primary schools – experimental evaluation
Authors: Liz Martins Margarida , Rodrigues Sara SP , Cunha Luís M , Rocha Ada 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine and compare the effect of two interventions in reducing the plate waste of school lunches.DesignA between-group analysis was conducted among children from three primary schools: (i) a group receiving intervention A, designed for children and focusing on nutrition education and food waste; (ii) a group receiving intervention B, intended for teachers and focusing on the causes and consequences of food waste; and (iii) a control group with no intervention. For each child, physical weighing of individual meals and leftovers was performed on three non-consecutive weeks at baseline (T0), 1 week (T1, short term) and 3 months (T2, medium term) following the intervention. Plate waste was recorded for a total of 1742 lunches during 14 d over eight different menus.SettingPortuguese public primary schools in the city of Porto.SubjectsAll fourth-grade children (n212) attending the three preselected schools.ResultsAfter intervention A focusing on nutrition education designed for children, a decrease in soup waste was observed compared with the control group. The effect was greater at T1 (−11·9 (se2·8) %;P<0·001) than at T2 (−5·8 (se4·4) %;P=0·103). The plate waste of identical main dishes decreased strongly at T1 (−33·9 (se4·8) %;P<0·001). However, this effect was not found at T2 (−13·7 (se3·2) %;P<0·001). After intervention B involving teachers, plate waste decreased at T2 (−5·5 (se1·9) % for soup; −5·4 (se2·4) % for identical main dishes).ConclusionsNutrition education designed for children was more effective in the short than the medium term. Thus, this kind of intervention was not effective in reducing food waste in the medium term. In contrast, an intervention focusing on teachers revealed better results in the medium term than in the short term.
Bilcon et al. v. Canada
Authors: Chevry Jonathan 
Published: October 2015

InBilcon et al.v.Canada, a NAFTA Chapter 11 dispute, the tribunal's majority held Canada liable for breaches of NAFTA Articles 1102 (National Treatment) and 1105 (Minimum Standard of Treatment). Pr. D. McRae – Canada's appointed arbitrator – dissented from both findings.
Religious Liberty in Indonesia and the Rights of “Deviant” Sects
Authors: Alfitri  
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough Indonesia has acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and freedom of religion is a mandate of the 1945 Constitution, there is a significant difference between the promise and the practice of religious liberty, especially regarding the rights of sects in Indonesia. The article explores this theme in the context of the Congregation of Ahmadiyah Indonesia, a minority Islamic sect which is not considered as anagama, or official religion, as a case study. This designation has had various discriminatory effects on its adherents, which waters down significantly the guarantee of religious freedom in Indonesia.
Democratic Like Us? Political Orientation and the Effect of Making Democracy Salient on Anti-Israel Attitude
Authors: Lelkes Yphtach , Malka Ariel , Sheets Penelope 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIsrael is viewed unfavorably among wide segments of the public within several European democracies, despite being regarded itself as a Western democracy. Does drawing attention to Israel's democratic attributes improve views toward Israel? In two surveys with Dutch national samples, anti-Semitic affect, low anti-Arab/Muslim affect, and left-wing political orientation independently predicted anti-Israel sentiment. However, in experiments embedded within the surveys, making salient Israel's democratic attributes had opposite effects on Israel attitude across those on the right and the left – slightly decreasing anti-Israel sentiment among those with a right-wing orientation but slightly increasing anti-Israel sentiment among those with a left-wing orientation. We discuss potential explanations grounded in social psychological theory as well as implications for the strategic communication efforts of groups seeking to influence attitudes toward Israel.
Disclosing Brand Placements in Movies
Authors: van Reijmersdal Eva A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Recently, the European Union has decided that disclosures of brand placement are obligatory. However, the effects of such disclosures remain largely unstudied. Departing from theoretical notions of the persuasion knowledge model, this study examined how different types of disclosures and viewer involvement with a movie clip affected attitudes toward the placed brand. In addition, the role of attitude toward the placement as mediator was tested. The study employed a one-factorial (no disclosure, disclosure of source, disclosure of source and intent) between-subjects design using an online survey (N = 191). The results showed that disclosure of both the commercial source and the persuasive intent of brand placement resulted in more negative placement attitudes and in turn in more negative brand attitudes than in the absence of a disclosure. In addition, involvement with the movie moderated the disclosure effects: The brand attitudes of high-involved viewers became more negative via placement attitudes when disclosures were shown, regardless of the type of disclosure. For low-involved viewers, a disclosure of both the commercial source and the persuasive intent was necessary to affect brand attitude negatively via placement attitude. These results show that brand placement disclosures can mitigate persuasion. However, the effects depend on the disclosure type and movie involvement. These findings have important implications for theory, legislation, and practice.
Synthesis of large-area multilayer hexagonal boron nitride for high material performance
Authors: Kim Soo Min , Hsu Allen , Park Min Ho , Chae Sang Hoon , Yun Seok Joon , Lee Joo Song , Cho Dae-Hyun , Fang Wenjing , Lee Changgu , Palacios Tomás , Dresselhaus Mildred , Kim Ki Kang , Lee Young Hee , Kong Jing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a good candidate for gate-insulating materials by minimizing interaction from substrate, further applications to electronic devices with available two-dimensional semiconductors continue to be limited by flake size. While monolayer h-BN has been synthesized on Pt and Cu foil using chemical vapour deposition (CVD), multilayer h-BN is still absent. Here we use Fe foil and synthesize large-area multilayer h-BN film by CVD with a borazine precursor. These films reveal strong cathodoluminescence and high mechanical strength (Young’s modulus: 1.16±0.1 TPa), reminiscent of formation of high-quality h-BN. The CVD-grown graphene on multilayer h-BN film yields a high carrier mobility of ∼24,000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature, higher than that (∼13,000 2 V−1 s−1) with exfoliated h-BN. By placing additional h-BN on a SiO2/Si substrate for a MoS2 (WSe2) field-effect transistor, the doping effect from gate oxide is minimized and furthermore the mobility is improved by four (150) times.
Ndrg1 is a T-cell clonal anergy factor negatively regulated by CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2
Authors: Oh Yu Mi , Park Hyung Bae , Shin Jae Hun , Lee Ji Eun , Park Ha Young , Kho Dhong Hyo , Lee Jun Sung , Choi Heonsik , Okuda Tomohiko , Kokame Koichi , Miyata Toshiyuki , Kim In-Hoo , Lee Seung Hoon , Schwartz Ronald H. , Choi Kyungho 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInduction of T-cell clonal anergy involves serial activation of transcription factors, including NFAT and Egr2/3. However, downstream effector mechanisms of these transcription factors are not fully understood yet. Here we identify Ndrg1 as an anergy factor induced by Egr2. Ndrg1 is upregulated by anergic signalling and maintained at high levels in resting anergic T cells. Overexpression of Ndrg1 mimics the anergic state and knockout of the gene prevents anergy induction. Interestingly, Ndrg1 is phosphorylated and degraded by CD28 signalling in a proteasome-dependent manner, explaining the costimulation dependence of anergy prevention. Similarly, IL-2 treatment of anergic T cells, under conditions that lead to the reversal of anergy, also induces Ndrg1 phosphorylation and degradation. Finally, older Ndrg1-deficient mice show T-cell hyperresponsiveness and Ndrg1-deficient T cells aggravate inducible autoimmune inflammation. Thus, Ndrg1 contributes to the maintenance of clonal anergy and inhibition of T-cell-mediated inflammation.