bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ornamented Facades and Panoramic Views: The Impact of Tourism Development on al-Salt’s Historic Urban Landscape
Authors: Khirfan Luna 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article discusses a series of tourism development projects for historic al-Salt in Jordan that began in the 1990s. A critical analysis of these projects reveals how their emphasis on tourism development results in superficial treatments that overlook the distinctive nature of the city’s morphology and the productive relationship between architectural elements and cultural, economic and political processes. Thus, using al-Salt in Jordan as a case study, this article reveals how preservation efforts can be rejected by a local community, particularly when the specifics of social, cultural, political and economic identity are not considered. According to the findings, these historical specificities contribute to shaping the city’s distinctive urban morphology. As such, al-Salt’s rehabilitation was reduced to superficial beautification and surface treatments that prioritize a fleeting visual experience for tourists but fail to address the fundamental aspects of rehabilitating the historic urban landscape.
Book Reviews
Authors: Baydar Gülsüm , Kargon Jeremy , DeLancey Mark Dike , Holden Stacy , Demerdash Nancy 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Turkey, Modern Architectures in History Series, Sibel Bozdoğan and Esra Akcan, (2012) London: Reaktion Books, 344 pp., 226 illus., ISBN 9781861898784, $29.95 (paperback)
Architecture in Translation: Germany, Turkey, and the Modern House, Esra Akcan, (2012) Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 392 pp., 142 illus., ISBN 9780822353089, $24.95 (paperback)
Solomon’s Temple: Myth, Conflict, and Faith, Alan Balfour, (2012) Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 328 pp., 58 b/w illus., 32 colour plates, ISBN 9780470674956, $84.95 (cloth)
Making and Remaking Mosques in Senegal, Islam in Africa Series, vol. 13, Cleo Cantone, (2012) Leiden and Boston: Brill, xliv + 408 pp., 122 b/w illus., 39 colour illus., 6 maps, 6 figs, ISBN 9789004203372, $182 (cloth)
The Future of Historic Cities
The Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme: Strategies for Urban Regeneration, Philip Jodidio (ed.), (2011) London and New York: Prestel, 339 pp., 300 illus., ISBN 9783791344065, $75.00 (cloth)
The Medina: The Restoration and Conservation of Historic Islamic Cities, Marcello Balbo (ed.), (2012) New York: I.B. Tauris, viii + 285 pp., ISBN 9781848857131, $100.00 (cloth)
Heritage and Sustainability in the Islamic Built Environment, Bashir A. Kazimee (ed.), (2012) Billerica, MA: WIT Press, xv + 213 pp., 300 illus., ISBN 9781845646240, $192.00 (cloth)
Fès, La Fabrication D’une Ville Nouvelle (1912–1956), Charlotte Jelidi, (2012) Lyon, France: ENS Éditions, 270 pp., 34 illus., ISBN 9782847882391,  €27.00 (paperback)
Conference Precis
Authors: Madar Heather , DelPlato Joan , Meshkani Taraneh 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
‘Harems Imagined and Real’, Panel at the Annual College Art Association Conference, New York, February 16, 2013
‘From Tehran to Tahrir: Public Space Redefined’, Center for Global Communication Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, February 8, 2013
Progress in mitochondrial epigenetics
Authors: Manev Hari , Dzitoyeva Svetlana 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMitochondria, intracellular organelles with their own genome, have been shown capable of interacting with epigenetic mechanisms in at least four different ways. First, epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of nuclear genome influence mitochondria by modulating the expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Second, a cell-specific mitochondrial DNA content (copy number) and mitochondrial activity determine the methylation pattern of nuclear genes. Third, mitochondrial DNA variants influence the nuclear gene expression patterns and the nuclear DNA (ncDNA) methylation levels. Fourth and most recent line of evidence indicates that mitochondrial DNA similar to ncDNA also is subject to epigenetic modifications, particularly by the 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine marks. The latter interaction of mitochondria with epigenetics has been termed ‘mitochondrial epigenetics’. Here we summarize recent developments in this particular area of epigenetic research. Furthermore, we propose the term ‘mitoepigenetics’ to include all four above-noted types of interactions between mitochondria and epigenetics, and we suggest a more restricted usage of the term ‘mitochondrial epigenetics’ for molecular events dealing solely with the intra-mitochondrial epigenetics and the modifications of mitochondrial genome.
Long antisense non-coding RNAs and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Authors: Vadaie Nadia , Morris Kevin V. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractShortly after the completion of the human genome project in 2003, the Encode project was launched. The project was set out to identify the functional elements in the human genome, and unexpectedly it was found that >80% of the genome is transcribed. The Encode project identified those transcribed regions of the genome to be encoded by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). With only 2% of the genome carrying gene-encoding proteins, the conundrum was then, what is the function, if any, of these non-coding regions of the genome? These ncRNAs included both short and long RNAs. The focus of this review will be on antisense long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as these transcripts have been observed to play a role in gene expression of protein-coding genes. Some lncRNAs have been found to regulate protein-coding gene transcription at the epigenetic level, whereby they suppress transcription through the recruitment of protein complexes to target loci in the genome. Conversely, there are lncRNAs that have a positive role in gene expression with less known about mechanism, and some lncRNAs have been shown to be involved in post-transcriptional processes. Additionally, lncRNAs have been observed to regulate their own expression in a positive feedback loop by functioning as a decoy. The biological significance of lncRNAs is only just now becoming evident, with many lncRNAs found to play a significant role in several human diseases.
MicroRNA biogenesis and variability
Authors: García-López Jesús , Brieño-Enríquez Miguel A. , del Mazo Jesús 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are cell-endogenous small noncoding RNAs that, through RNA interference, are involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs. The biogenesis and function of miRNAs entail multiple elements with different alternative pathways. These confer a high versatility of regulation and a high variability to generate different miRNAs and hence possess a broad potential to regulate gene expression. Here we review the different mechanisms, both canonical and noncanonical, that generate miRNAs in animals. The ‘miRNome’ panorama enhances our knowledge regarding the fine regulation of gene expression and provides new insights concerning normal, as opposed to pathological, cell differentiation and development.
Changes in COX-2 and oxidative damage factors during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells is associated with downregulation of P53 gene
Authors: Khajeniazi Safoura , Allameh Abdolamir , Soleimani Masoud , Mortaz Esmaeil 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to metabolically active hepatocytes depends on different regulatory factors. Trans-differentiation of stem cells into specific cell lineage in the presence of specific stimuli is associated with the molecular and cellular damage. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of P53 in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the generation of protein and lipid oxidation during trans-differentiation of MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells. During the 3-week differentiation process of MSCs to hepatocyte-like cells we found that expression liver-specific markers was associated with increased levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation. Expression of P53 and COX-2 at mRNA and protein levels were evaluated in MSCs before and after differentiation on days 7, 14 and 21. We showed that the up-regulation of COX-2 was associated with augmentation of the rate of cell proliferation, morphological and biochemical changes of hepatocytes-like cells. However, in parallel the P53 at the mRNA level was down-regulated, and at protein levels accumulation in the nuclei was reduced during the hepatogenic differentiation time. Our results may suggest a P53-COX-2 pathway in the regulation of hepatogenic differentiation of stem cells, which is linked to differentiation-dependent molecular oxidative damage.
The active form of goat insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a single-chain structure comprising three domains B-C-A, constitutively expressed and secreted by testicular Leydig cells
Authors: Siqin  , Minagawa Itaru , Okuno Mitsutoshi , Yamada Kimihiko , Sugawara Yasushi , Nagura Yoshio , Hamano Koh-Ichi , Park Enoch Y. , Sasada Hiroshi , Kohsaka Tetsuya 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Relaxin-like factor (RLF), also called insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), is a member of the insulin/relaxin gene family and is produced by testicular Leydig cells. While the understanding of its effects is growing, very little is known about the structural and functional properties of native INSL3. Here, we demonstrate that native INSL3 isolated from goat testes is a single-chain structure with full biological activity, and is constitutively expressed and secreted by Leydig cells. Using a series of chromatography steps, native INSL3 was highly purified as a single 12-kDa peak as revealed by SDS-PAGE. MS/MS analysis provided 81% sequence coverage and revealed a distinct single-chain structure consisting of the B-, C-, and A-domains deduced previously from the INSL3 cDNA sequence. Moreover, the N-terminal peptide was six amino acid residues longer than predicted. Native INSL3 exhibited full bioactivity in HEK-293 cells expressing the receptor for INSL3. Immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot analysis revealed that INSL3 was secreted by Leydig cells through the constitutive pathway into blood and body fluids. We conclude, therefore, that goat INSL3 is constitutively secreted from Leydig cells as a B-C-A single-chain structure with full biological activity.
Cathepsin K: a unique collagenolytic cysteine peptidase
Authors: Novinec Marko , Lenarčič Brigita 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Cathepsin K has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of osteoporosis in recent years. Initially identified as a papain-like cysteine peptidase expressed in high levels in osteoclasts, the important role of this enzyme in bone metabolism was highlighted by the finding that mutations in the CTSK gene cause the rare recessive disorder pycnodysostosis, which is characterized by severe bone anomalies. At the molecular level, the physiological role of cathepsin K is reflected by its unique cleavage pattern of type I collagen molecules, which is fundamentally different from that of other endogenous collagenases. Several cathepsin K inhibitors have been developed to reduce the excessive bone matrix degradation associated with osteoporosis, with the frontrunner odanacatib about to successfully conclude Phase 3 clinical trials. Apart from osteoclasts, cathepsin K is expressed in different cell types throughout the body and is involved in processes of adipogenesis, thyroxine liberation and peptide hormone regulation. Elevated activity of cathepsin K has been associated with arthritis, atherosclerosis, obesity, schizophrenia, and tumor metastasis. Accordingly, its activity is tightly regulated via multiple mechanisms, including competitive inhibition by endogenous macromolecular inhibitors and allosteric regulation by glycosaminoglycans. This review provides a state-of-the-art description of the activity of cathepsin K at the molecular level, its biological functions and the mechanisms involved in its regulation.
Functional ribosome biogenesis is a prerequisite for p53 destabilization: impact of chemotherapy on nucleolar functions and RNA metabolism
Authors: Burger Kaspar , Eick Dirk 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The production and processing of ribosomal RNA is a complex and well-coordinated nucleolar process for ribosome biogenesis. Progress in understanding nucleolar structure and function has lead to the unexpected discovery of the nucleolus as a highly sensitive sensor of cellular stress and an important regulator of the tumor suppressor p53. Inhibition of ribosomal RNA metabolism has been shown to activate a signaling pathway for p53 induction. This review elucidates the potential of classical and recently developed chemotherapeutic drugs to stabilize p53 by inhibiting nucleolar functions.
Die Wirkungen der „Physikalischen Gefäßtherapie BEMER®“, eines physikalischen Stimulationsverfahrens präkapillärer Mikrogefäße bei gestörter Mikrozirkulation auf Schlaf, Schmerz und Lebensqualität von Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Krankheitsbildern unter Verwendung von 3 wissenschaftlich validierten Skalen
Authors: Bohn Wolfgang , Hess Lorenzo , Burger Ralph 
Published: August 2013

Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen der gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Marktbeobachtung von zertifizierten Medizinprodukten wurde über den Zeitraum April 2011 bis März 2013 eine Auswertung von 658 validen Patienten-Fragebögen vorgenommen. Die Fragen bestanden im Wesentlichen aus 3 wissenschaftlich anerkannten Skalen zur Beurteilung der Veränderungen von Schlaf, Schmerz und Lebensqualität von Patienten, die über 6 Wochen die „Physikalische Gefäßtherapie BEMER®“ wegen unterschiedlicher Erkrankungen angewendet hatten. Das Ergebnis zeigt eindeutig, dass es in allen abgefragten Bereichen unabhängig von den Grunderkrankungen zu signifikanten Verbesserungen durch die Anwendung dieser komplementären Therapieoption kommt.
Adult height in girls with Turner syndrome treated from before 6 years of age with a fixed per kilogram GH dose
Authors: Wasniewska Malgorzata , Aversa Tommaso , Mazzanti Laura , Guarneri Maria Pia , Matarazzo Patrizia , De Luca Filippo , Lombardo Fortunato , Messina Maria Francesca , Valenzise Mariella 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate adult height (AH) in 25 girls with Turner syndrome (TS) who were treated from before 6 years of age for 10.0±1.7 years with a fixed GH dose of 0.33 mg/kg per week.Patients and designAfter a 6-month pretreatment assessment all patients were measured 6-monthly under therapy to assess height SDS (H-SDS) and height velocity (HV) until AH achievement.ResultsFollowing initial acceleration, HV declined after the first 4 years of therapy. At the end of the sixth year of therapy, H-SDS gain was 1.9±1.1. Thereafter, H-SDS gain from baseline decreased, becoming 0.9±0.9 SDS at AH achievement. Bone maturation velocity did not significantly change throughout the prepubertal period. According to Lyon standards for TS, mean AH SDS was significantly higher than pretreatment H-SDS (P<0.0001), with a mean H-SDS change of 0.9±0.9. However, the prevalence of patients with AH <−2 SDS (according to Sempé standards) was close to those recorded at the start of therapy (16/25 vs 18/25). No significant differences in terms of AH were found between patients with either X monosomy or X-chromosomal abnormalities and between girls with either spontaneous or induced puberty.ConclusionsWe infer that the therapeutic regimen adopted in this prospective study is sufficient to induce a significant growth acceleration during the first year, but the response waned after 6 years of treatment.
Testosterone and cardiometabolic risk in the general population – the impact of measurement method on risk associations: a comparative study between immunoassay and mass spectrometry
Authors: Haring Robin , Baumeister Sebastian E , Nauck Matthias , Völzke Henry , Keevil Brian G , Brabant Georg , Wallaschofski Henri 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveLow total testosterone (TT) serum concentrations in men have been associated with various cardiometabolic risk factors. But given error-prone immunoassays used for TT assessment, upcoming mass spectrometry methods question the validity of these risk associations. Thus, we performed the first comparative study quantifying potential differences in the association of TT with cardiometabolic risk factors between the two methods.MethodsWe used data from 1512 men aged 20–81 years, recruited for the cross-sectional population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), Germany. TT concentrations were repeatedly measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA, Immulite 2500) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We tested for significant differences between coefficients from CLIA- and LC–MS/MS-based multiple linear regression models associating TT with major cardiometabolic risk factors including adiposity, lipid metabolism, blood pressure, diabetic status, and inflammation.ResultsTT measurements by CLIA and LC–MS/MS yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.84. Only three of the ten tested associations for TT with cardiometabolic risk factor showed significant differences between the two measurement methods: in comparison to LC–MS/MS, CLIA-based TT assessment significantly underestimated risk associations of TT with waist circumference (β: −0.54 vs −0.63), BMI (β: −0.19 vs −0.22), and serum glucose levels (β: −0.006 vs −0.008).ConclusionIn this comparative study, the CLIA platform showed a reasonable measurement error and yielded comparable risk associations, providing little support to measure TT concentrations in men from the general population exclusively by LC–MS/MS.
Gamma knife surgery for patients with volumetric classification of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Zhi Feng , Zhang Fei Xiang , Li Jian Xian , Cai Lin , Zhuge Qi Chuan , Wu Zhe Bao 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to scrutinize the literature to determine the efficacy and safety of gamma knife surgery (GKS) for the treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) with volumetric classification.MethodsElectronic databases including MedLine, PubMed, and Cochrane Central were searched. The literature related to patients with NFPAs treated with GKS was collected. Eligible studies reported on the rate of tumor control (RTC), the rate of radiosurgery-induced optic neuropathy injury (RRIONI), the rate of radiosurgery-induced endocrinological deficits (RRIED), and other parameters.ResultsA total of 17 studies met the criteria. Based on the tumor volume, NFPAs were divided into three groups: the RTC of group I (93 patients) with tumor volumes <2 ml was 99% (95% CI 96–100%), the RRIONI was 1% (95% CI 0–4%), and the RRIED was 1% (95% CI 0–4%). The RTC of group II (301 patients) with volumes from 2 to 4 ml was 96% (95% CI 92–99%), the RRIONI was 0 (95% CI 0–2%), and RRIED was 7% (95% CI 2–14%). The RTC of group III (531 patients) with volumes larger than 4 ml was 91% (95% CI 89–94%), the RRIONI was 2% (95% CI 0–5%), and the RRIED was 22% (95% CI 14–31%). There were significant differences in the RTC and in the RRIED among the three groups (P<0.001), indicating that there were higher RRIED and lower RTC with the increase of tumor volume.ConclusionsNFPAs, according to tumor volume classification, need stratification for GKS treatment. GKS is the optimal choice for the treatment of group II NFPAs. Patients with residual tumor volumes of <4 ml will benefit most from GKS treatment.
The Composition, Functions, and Regulation of the Budding Yeast Kinetochore
Authors: Biggins Sue 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The propagation of all organisms depends on the accurate and orderly segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. Budding yeast has long served as an outstanding model organism to identify the components and underlying mechanisms that regulate chromosome segregation. This review focuses on the kinetochore, the macromolecular protein complex that assembles on centromeric chromatin and maintains persistent load-bearing attachments to the dynamic tips of spindle microtubules. The kinetochore also serves as a regulatory hub for the spindle checkpoint, ensuring that cell cycle progression is coupled to the achievement of proper microtubule–kinetochore attachments. Progress in understanding the composition and overall architecture of the kinetochore, as well as its properties in making and regulating microtubule attachments and the spindle checkpoint, is discussed.
Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Authors: Burkhardt Richard W 
Published: August 2013

AbstractScientists are not always remembered for the ideas they cherished most. In the case of the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, his name since the end of the nineteenth century has been tightly linked to the idea of the inheritance of acquired characters. This was indeed an idea that he endorsed, but he did not claim it as his own nor did he give it much thought. He took pride instead in advancing the ideas that (1) nature produced successively all the different forms of life on earth, and (2) environmentally induced behavioral changes lead the way in species change. This article surveys Lamarck’s ideas about organic change, identifies several ironies with respect to how his name is commonly remembered, and suggests that some historical justice might be done by using the adjective “Lamarckian” to denote something more (or other) than a belief in the inheritance of acquired characters.
Assessment of Knowledge of Dental Staff at a Saudi Arabian University Regarding the Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Bhayat Ahmed , Jarab Fadi , Mansuri Samir , Ahmad Mohammad Sami , Mahrous Mohamed Saad 
Published: August 2013

The use of prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of infective endocarditis following dental procedures has long been debated and there is still confusion regarding its efficacy. As a result, the prophylactic treatment varies considerably amongst different countries across the world and amongst different dental practitioners.Aim:To evaluate the knowledge of dental staff regarding the guidelines for the prevention of infective endocarditis.Methods:This was a cross sectional analytical study which included all staff members. A self administered questionnaire was used and responses were “graded” according to the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines.Results:The response rate was 87% (N=39) and 97% reported to use the AHA guidelines; 66% reported their knowledge was based on previous training and scientific journals. Of those cardiac conditions and dental procedures which required prophylaxis; 47% and 65% chose the correct option, respectively. Penicillin was prescribed as the drug of choice by the majority of respondents.Conclusions:Although almost all staff reported the use of the AHA guidelines, many were not following them. The study emphasizes the need for continuous education and evaluation of this critical aspect of dentistry.