bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elections as a tool for political participation in Iraq
Authors: Al-tmimi Raad Sami , Grisham Kevin E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Elections are considered the main tool for political participation, because they lead to the peaceful transfer of power and establish the pillars of a stable society – justice, equality and respect for human rights. Free and fair elections in Iraq represent a massive step towards building a state and institutions based on human rights and good citizenship. Further, free and fair elections in Iraq are an effort towards upholding the concepts of freedom, equality and fairness. This article examines whether or not elections are the principal tool for ensuring political participation in Iraq. It will analyse the country’s experience of elections and its impact on political participation. Among the questions this article will address are the following: What are elections? Why are they important? What is political participation? What is its importance? How is it achieved? What is the relation between elections and political participation in Iraq?
Assessment of covalent bond formation between coupling agents and wood by FTIR spectroscopy and pull strength tests
Authors: Rasmussen Jonas S. , Barsberg Søren , Venås Thomas Mark , Felby Claus 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the focus was the question whether metal alkoxide coupling agents – titanium, silane, and zirconium – form covalent bonds to wood and how they improve coating adhesion. In a previous work, a downshift of the lignin infrared (IR) band ∼1600 cm-1 was shown to be consistent with the formation of ether linkages between lignin and titanium coupling agent. In the present work, changes were found in the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectra of lignin and wood mixed with silane, and titanium coupling agents, and to a lesser extent for a zirconium coupling agent. This was seen as evidence for covalent bonds between lignin phenolics and the coupling agents. No spectral changes were observed when the coupling agents were mixed with the wood constituents cellulose and hemicellulose. For verification of the results, a modified EN 311 wet adhesion pull strength test was performed with softwood panels painted with a solvent-borne alkyd/acrylic coating. The results revealed an improved adhesion for all tested coupling agents compared to the untreated reference. The spectroscopic and pull test results underline that the presence of the lignin moiety in wood is of central importance for improved wood coating adhesion.
Conversion of Glycerol into Value-Added Products Over Cu–Ni Catalyst Supported on γ-Al2O3 and Activated Carbon
Authors: Pudi Satyanarayana Murty , Mondal Tarak , Biswas Prakash , Biswas Shalini , Sinha Shishir 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA series of Cu, Ni monometallic and bimetallic catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3and activated carbon were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation method and examined for hydrogenolysis and esterification of glycerol. Hydrogenolysis reaction was carried out in a 250 ml Teflon-coated stainless steel batch reactor at 250°C and 10 bar H2pressure, whereas esterification of glycerol with acetic acid was carried out at 120°C at atmospheric pressure. The physiochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated by various techniques such as surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), NH3-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Characterization results dictated that the reduction behavior, acidic nature and the metal support interactions were varied with the support as well as Cu/Ni weight ratio. The XRD results confirmed the formation of mixed oxide Cu0.75Ni0.25Al2O4phase in Cu–Ni (3:1)/γ-Al2O3catalyst. Among the catalysts tested, Cu–Ni bimetallic catalysts showed superior performance as compared to monometallic catalysts in both the reactions. The glycerol hydrogenolysis activity of γ-Al2O3supported Cu–Ni catalysts was higher than the activated carbon-supported catalysts. 1,2-PDO was obtained as the main hydrogenolysis product independent of the support as well as Cu/Ni weight ratio and its selectivity was in the range of 92.8–98.5%. The acidic nature of γ-Al2O3and the mixed oxide (Cu0.75Ni0.25Al2O4) phase played an important role for hydrogenolysis activity. Cu–Ni (3:1)/γ-Al2O3catalyst showed the maximum 1,2-PDO selectivity to 97% with 27% glycerol conversion after a reaction time of 5 h. On the other hand, Cu–Ni(1:3)/C catalyst showed the highest glycerol conversion of 97.4% for esterification and obtained selectivity to monoacetin, diacetin and triacetin were 26.1%, 67.2% and 6.5%, respectively.
Porphysome nanoparticles: Tailoring treatments with nature’s pigments
Authors: MacDonald Thomas D. , Zheng Gang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPorphysomes are an emerging class of photonic nanoparticles formed from the self-assembly of porphyrin-lipid conjugates. They retain the multifunctional properties of their porphyrin building-blocks but also have unique properties emerging from the nanostructure itself. Porphysomes are able to act in a number of photonic modalities, from diagnostic fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging, to photodynamic and photothermal therapies. This flexibility enables customizable interventions with potential in the burgeoning field of personalized medicine. Here, we profile early porphysome-like liposomes, true porphysomes, as well as newer porphysome derivatives. We discuss the current applications and future outlook for these multimodal theranostic nanoparticles.
Presence de structures a affinites stromatolitiques dans l'Urgonien des iles du Frioul (rade de Marseille, B. -du-Rh.)
Authors: Masse Jean Pierre 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Stromatolite structures on coarse bioclastic substratum, middle littoral zone environment, associated micritic sediments and calcarenite, Barremian (lower Cretaceous), France
Use of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS) for Improving the Accuracy of the Risk Classification of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sosenko Jay M. , Skyler Jay S. , Mahon Jeffrey , Krischer Jeffrey P. , Greenbaum Carla J. , Rafkin Lisa E. , Beam Craig A. , Boulware David C. , Matheson Della , Cuthbertson David , Herold Kevan C. , Eisenbarth George , Palmer Jerry P. ,   the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet and Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Study Groups
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
We studied the utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS) for improving the accuracy of type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk classification in TrialNet Natural History Study (TNNHS) participants.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The cumulative incidence of T1D was compared between normoglycemic individuals with DPTRS values &gt;7.00 and dysglycemic individuals in the TNNHS (n = 991). It was also compared between individuals with DPTRS values &lt;7.00 or &gt;7.00 among those with dysglycemia and those with multiple autoantibodies in the TNNHS. DPTRS values &gt;7.00 were compared with dysglycemia for characterizing risk in Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) (n = 670) and TNNHS participants. The reliability of DPTRS values &gt;7.00 was compared with dysglycemia in the TNNHS.

RESULTS
The cumulative incidence of T1D for normoglycemic TNNHS participants with DPTRS values &gt;7.00 was comparable to those with dysglycemia. Among those with dysglycemia, the cumulative incidence was much higher (P &lt; 0.001) for those with DPTRS values &gt;7.00 than for those with values &lt;7.00 (3-year risks: 0.16 for &lt;7.00 and 0.46 for &gt;7.00). Dysglycemic individuals in DPT-1 were at much higher risk for T1D than those with dysglycemia in the TNNHS (P &lt; 0.001); there was no significant difference in risk between the studies among those with DPTRS values &gt;7.00. The proportion in the TNNHS reverting from dysglycemia to normoglycemia at the next visit was higher than the proportion reverting from DPTRS values &gt;7.00 to values &lt;7.00 (36 vs. 23%).

CONCLUSIONS
DPTRS thresholds can improve T1D risk classification accuracy by identifying high-risk normoglycemic and low-risk dysglycemic individuals. The 7.00 DPTRS threshold characterizes risk more consistently between populations and has greater reliability than dysglycemia.
Isolation of Mycobacterium branderi, an unusual species from an acute myelogenous leukemia patient
Authors: Marjani Majid , Farshidpour Maham , Tabarsi Payam , Sheikholslami Fatemeh-Maryam , Farnia Parissa 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe report a case of pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium branderi, a slow growing non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. The pulmonary disease was treated successfully with the combination of Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline and Clarithromycin. M. branderi may be considered as an opportunistic pathogen, especially among immunologically compromised patients.
An advanced method for flood risk analysis in river deltas, applied to societal flood fatality risks in the Netherlands
Authors: de Bruijn K. M. , Diermanse F. L. M. , Beckers J. V. L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper discusses the new method developed to analyse flood risks in river deltas. Risk analysis of river deltas is complex, because both storm surges and river discharges may cause flooding and since the effect of upstream breaches on downstream water levels and flood risks must be taken into account. A Monte Carlo based flood risk analysis framework for policy making was developed, which considers both storm surges and river flood waves and includes hydrodynamic interaction effects on flood risks. It was applied to analyse societal flood fatality risks (the probability of events with more than N fatalities) in the Rhine–Meuse delta.
The Cathedral of Humanity on Halsted Street Jane Addams, Auguste Comte, and Edward Caird
Authors: Eddy Beth 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Jane Addams played an integral role in the development of a pragmatic ethic. Influenced by Darwinian naturalism, Addams found her religious calling as the founder of an American settlement house, Hull House. On a postgraduation European tour Addams visited Toynbee Hall and met followers of Auguste Comte's Religion of Humanity and adherents of Edward Caird's Oxford Hegelian idealism. Comte's account of the social organism provides Addams with an alternative to Spencer's social Darwinism, one more compatible with Addams's social gospel ethics. Caird's Hegelian interpretation of the evolution of Christianity shaped the settlement movement. Addam's saw her American settlement house as the perfect environment for developing American democratic and humanistic faith.
The Natural: Malamud's Metamyth of a Moral Will Through the Moral Hero
Authors: Salinas Oscar 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Roy Hobbs was born to be a Great Man. In addition to the physical gifts of a natural athlete, Roy possesses the traits of a moral hero: empathy, reflectivity, and autonomy. Yet he fails both as baseball hero and moral hero. Why? In The Natural, Malamud tackles the age-old philosophical problem of free will versus determinism. Through narrative, he presents the novel argument that though there is no free will, there is the possibility of a moral will through determinism, in particular through the example of the moral hero who has been nurtured to be strong enough to be good.
Switched adaptive stabilization of switched nonlinearly parameterized cascade systems and its application to a two inverted pendulums
Authors: Long Lijun , Zhao Jun 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThis paper studies adaptive control of switched nonlinearly parameterized cascade systems. No solvability of the adaptive control problem for subsystems is required. By exploiting the multiple Lyapunov functions method and the parameter separation technique and the tool of adding a power integrator, we develop a new switched adaptive control approach for the explicit construction of adaptive controllers of subsystems and a proper switching law that solves the adaptive stabilization problem. A key feature of the proposed adaptive controllers is its switched property, namely, each subsystem has its individual update law. A two‐inverted pendulum as a practical example is also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mehr als MoS2: zweidimensionale Edelmetalldichalkogenide
Authors: Miró Pere , Ghorbani‐Asl Mahdi , Heine Thomas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDie Struktur und elektronische Struktur von schichtförmigen Edelmetalldichalkogeniden MX2 mit Edelmetallatomen M (Pt und Pd) und Chalkogenatomen X (S, Se und Te) wurden mithilfe der Dichtefunktionaltheorie und periodischen Randbedingungen untersucht. Die MS2‐Monolagen sind Halbleiter mit indirekter Bandlücke, während die analogen MSe2‐ und MTe2‐Systeme eine signifikant geringere Bandlücke aufweisen und sogar metallisch bzw. halbmetallisch sein können. Unter mechanischer Ausdehnung werden die MX2‐Materialien Halbleiter mit quasi‐direkter Bandlücke. Die mechanische Deformation und die elektronischen Transporteigenschaften dieser Materialien weisen auf potenzielle Anwendungen im Bereich der Nanoelektronik mit flexiblen Materialien hin.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenativeortho‐N‐Carbazolation of Diarylamines: Versatile Access to Unsymmetrical Diamines
Authors: Louillat Marie‐Laure , Biafora Agostino , Legros Fabien , Patureau Frederic W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe dehydrogenative C–N cross‐coupling of unprotected, secondary anilines throughortho‐N‐carbazolation has been achieved using a Ru catalytic system with O2as the terminal oxidant. The reactions proceed in an intermolecular fashion, selectively in theorthoposition. Implications for the field of organic synthesis are discussed.
Mixed‐Organic‐Cation Perovskite Photovoltaics for Enhanced Solar‐Light Harvesting
Authors: Pellet Norman , Gao Peng , Gregori Giuliano , Yang Tae‐Youl , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Maier Joachim , Grätzel Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite APbX3 pigments, such as methylammonium lead iodide, have recently emerged as excellent light harvesters in solid‐state mesoscopic solar cells. An important target for the further improvement of the performance of perovskite‐based photovoltaics is to extend their optical‐absorption onset further into the red to enhance solar‐light harvesting. Herein, we show that this goal can be reached by using a mixture of formamidinium (HN=CHNH3+, FA) and methylammonium (CH3NH3+, MA) cations in the A position of the APbI3 perovskite structure. This combination leads to an enhanced short‐circuit current and thus superior devices to those based on only CH3NH3+. This concept has not been applied previously in perovskite‐based solar cells. It shows great potential as a versatile tool to tune the structural, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of the light‐harvesting materials.
Magnetic Prospection of the Pre‐Columbian Archaeological Site of El Caño in the cultural region of Gran Coclé, Panama
Authors: Mojica Alexis , Pastor Louis , Camerlynck Christian , Florsch Nicolas , Tabbagh Alain 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe archaeological site of El Caño is located in the cultural region of Gran Coclé and is one of the most important pre‐Columbian ceremonial complexes of the Isthmus of Panama. El Caño is 3.57 ha in area presents a set of mounds and alignment of columns of carved basalt and tuff. The first organized occupation is dated between 100 and 400 bc, and this occupation lasted until the arrival of the Spanish conquerors. In order to determine the spatiotemporal organization of the site, the first magnetic and electrical surveys of this archaeological site were performed in 2005 and 2006. Although the resistivity mapping survey did not offer any information about buried stone structures, the magnetic survey in gradiometer mode produced well‐characterized magnetic anomalies. A circular magnetic anomaly in the central area of the site allowed the discovery of one of the largest Panamanian pre‐Columbian funerary complexes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful treatment of failing biological prosthesis because of “Stent creep” with valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Attia Rizwan , Papalexopoulou Niovi , Hancock Jane , Young Christopher , Thomas Martyn , Bapat Vinnie 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionStent creep is an uncommon mode of structural deterioration of bioprosthetic heart valves defined by a permanent inward deflection of the stent posts. This may occur because of valve over‐sizing and leads to intrinsic valve stenosis. It has been described in older generation of bioprosthesis and was thought not to occur in modern devices.MethodsWe describe three patients who were referred for bioprosthetic valve degeneration with presumed aortic stenosis. Investigations demonstrated mid valvular gradient predominantly because of stent creep. We performed valve‐in‐valve TAVI with Edward SAPIEN prosthesis.ResultsMedian age was 84 and logistic EuroSCORE 34.4. All patients had degenerated bioprosthesis with mean implant duration of 5.6 years. Two patients had Carpentier Edwards Perimount prosthesis (19 and 23 mm) and one patient had a Mitroflow (21 mm). Mean gradients were 33, 54, and 22 mm Hg. About 23 mm Edward SAPIEN valve was implanted in all cases with immediate improvement in haemodynamics with mean gradient reduction to 10, 17, and 8 mm Hg, respectively. The mean aortic valve area increased from 0.63 to 1.76cm2. There were no serious adverse events. The patients improved from NYHA III/IV to I/II post procedure and remain well at median follow‐up of 24‐months. Discussion: Stent creep is an uncommon mode of structural deterioration in bioprosthetic heart valves. It has been described in the previous generation of bioprosthesis. It is important to distinguish leaflet dysfunction and stent creep. By forcing the stent posts outwards a balloon expandable TAVI device can be used to treat this condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of residual shunt rates in five devices used to treat patent foramen ovale
Authors: Matsumura Koichiro , Gevorgyan Rubine , Mangels Daniel , Masoomi Reza , Mojadidi Mohammad Khalid , Tobis Jonathan 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo assess the effective closure rate among devices used for transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, and to discuss the management of patients with large residual shunts.BackgroundSeveral devices are used off‐label for transcatheter closure of a PFO in the United States. The rate of residual shunting after PFO closure varies by device. Failure of effective closure poses risk of a recurrent cerebrovascular event, persistent migraine, or recurrent orthodeoxia.MethodsPatients who underwent PFO closure in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory at UCLA between 2001 and 2013 and had baseline and adequate follow‐up transcranial Doppler studies following device placement were enrolled in the study.ResultsOf 167 patients whose records were analyzed, effective PFO closure occurred in 90% (150/167) of patients. The highest effective closure rate was with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO; 100%), followed by the Amplatzer Cribriform (93%), Gore Helex (90%), Amplatzer PFO (86%), and CardioSEAL (86%) device. The highest rate of residual shunting was observed after placement of the 30‐mm Gore Helex device (55%). Of the 17 patients with a residual shunt, three required a repeat PFO closure procedure due to a significant residual shunt associated with recurrent pulmonary emboli or profound orthodeoxia. All three patients received an ASO which successfully closed the residual shunt.ConclusionsTranscatheter PFO closure has a high success rate, but a moderate residual shunt occurs in about 10% of cases. The observed incidence of residual shunting after PFO closure is significantly larger with the 30‐mm Helex device. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C(sp2)‐Coupled Nitronyl Nitroxide and Iminonitroxide Diradicals
Authors: Tolstikov Svyatoslav , Tretyakov Evgeny , Fokin Sergey , Suturina Elizaveta , Romanenko Galina , Bogomyakov Artem , Stass Dmitri , Maryasov Alexander , Fedin Matvey , Gritsan Nina , Ovcharenko Victor 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSpin‐labelled compounds are widely used in chemistry, physics, biology and the materials sciences but the synthesis of stable high‐spin organic molecules is still a challenge. We succeeded in synthesising heteroatom analogues of the 1,1,2,3,3‐pentamethylenepropane (PMP) diradicals with two nitronyl nitroxide (DR1) and with two iminonitroxide (DR2) fragments linked through the C(sp2) atom of the nitrone group. According to magnetic susceptibility measurements, EPR data and ab initio calculations at the (8,6)CASSCF and (8,6)NEVPT2 levels, DR1 and DR2 have singlet ground states. The singlet–triplet energy splitting (2J) is low (J/k=−7.4 for DR1 and −6.0 K for DR2), which comes from the disjoint nature of these diradicals. The reaction of [Cu(hfac)2] with DR1 gives rise to different heterospin complexes in which the diradical acts as a rigid ligand, retaining its initial conformation. For the [{Cu(hfac)2}2(DR1)(H2O)] complex, sufficiently strong ferromagnetic interactions (J1/k=42.7 and J2/k=14.1 K) between two coordinating CuII ions and DR1 were revealed. In [{Cu(hfac)2}2(DR1)(H2O)][Cu(hfac)2(H2O)], the very strong and antiferromagnetic (J/k=−416.1 K) exchange interaction between one of the coordinating CuII ions and DR1 is caused by the very short equatorial CuO bond length (1.962 Å).
Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology: The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines
Authors: Pitman Martha B. , Centeno Barbara A. , Ali Syed Z. , Genevay Muriel , Stelow Ed , Mino‐Kenudson Mari , Fernandez‐del Castillo Carlos , Max Schmidt C. , Brugge William , Layfield Lester 
Published: February 2014

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for pancreatobiliary cytology including indications for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, techniques of EUS‐FNA, terminology and nomenclature of pancreatobiliary disease, ancillary testing, and postbiopsy treatment and management. All documents are based on the expertise of the authors, a review of the literature, discussions of the draft document at several national and international meetings over an 18‐month period and synthesis of online comments of the draft document on the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology web site (www.papsociety.org). This document selectively presents the results of these discussions and focuses on a proposed standardized terminology scheme for pancreatobiliary specimens that correlate cytological diagnosis with biological behavior and increasingly conservative patient management of surveillance only.The proposed terminology scheme recommends a six‐tiered system: Nondiagnostic, Negative, Atypical, Neoplastic (benign or other), Suspicious and Positive. Unique to this scheme is the “Neoplastic” category separated into “benign” (serous cystadenoma), or “Other” (premalignant mucinous cysts, neuroendocrine tumors, and solid‐pseudopapillary neoplasms). The positive or malignant category is reserved for high‐grade, aggressive malignancies including ductal adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, pancreatoblastoma, lymphoma, and metastases. Interpretation categories do not have to be used. Some pathology laboratory information systems require an interpretation category, which places the cytological diagnosis into a general category. This proposed scheme provides terminology that standardizes the category of the various diseases of the pancreas, some of which are difficult to diagnose specifically by cytology. In addition, this terminology scheme attempts to provide maximum flexibility for patient management, which has become increasingly conservative for some neoplasms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:338–350. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.