bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Technique to Enhance Fingerprinting of Mummified Fingers
Authors: Haglund WD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report details a fingerprinting technique for softening mummified fingers and hands using Metaflow and Restorative, a fluid for rehydration of desiccated tissue. This procedure has proven successful in cases of extreme desiecation and has allowed for good fingerprint detail to be developed.
A Review of Geriatric Psychiatry and the Law
Authors: Bloomingdale LM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This volume, part of a series derived from annual lectures presented to members of the Tri-State Chapter of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, is divided into six sections: I—Fundamentals, II—Competency and Informed Consent, III—The End of Life, IV—Diagnostic and Clinical Factors, VAdministrative and Social Policy Issues, and VI—Ethnic Considerations: Overcoming Potential Bias. This is the first volume of the series devoted to a common theme and represents an invaluable source book to forensic psychiatrists. The book consists of 21 chapters, and each chapter is worth reviewing when a psychiatrist is confronted with an elderly patient whose case involves any of the specific chapters.
The Evolution of Questioned Document Examination in the Last 50 Years
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The last 50 years have seen significant changes and growth in questioned document problems. New writing instruments have come into use affecting handwriting identification and the detection of forgery. Electronic typewriters and word-processing systems have been developed, increasing the difficulty in establishing the source of “typewritten” material. Various new office machines, especially copiers, produce documents very different from those of the 1930s. With all of these problems, there has been an evolution and development of new methods for examining documents and new equipment to assist the examiner. Also throughout this period, certain office machines created challenging problems for several years but subsequently have been replaced for the most part by contemporary equipment. They too are considered since the problems of the 1930s as well as those of the intervening years can still be encountered occasionally.
Incidence of Cannabinoids in Medical Examiner Urine Specimens
Authors: Isenschmid DS , Caplan YH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cannabinoid use was studied in a nonspecific population of postmortem urine specimens in the State of Maryland. Of 500 sequential specimens screened for cannabinoids by enzyme multiplied immunoassay EMIT®, 63 (13%) were initially positive and 58 (12%) were confirmed positive (92%). It was observed that geographic location and race did not correlate with cannabinoid prevalence. Cannabinoid use was observed to be strongly age related, with peak use by the 21- to 25-year-old age group where 22% of the cases were positive. Use of cannabinoids was also closely linked to homicides, which represented nearly half of the positive cases but only 13% of the total cases. When comparing manner of death, the greatest percent of confirmed positives was seen in homicide (26%) and drug-related (17%) deaths. The incidence of cannabinoid use was found to be more than 3 times as great in drug-related (17%) as compared to natural deaths (5%). The percent of cannabinoid-positive cases from vehicle-related accidents was low (6%) and that from nonvehicle-related accidents somewhat higher (10%).
Other drugs appeared in cannabinoid-positive cases. Most prevalent was ethanol N = 18, followed by morphine (from heroin, N = 11), quinine N = 11, and cocaine N = 11. Phencyclidine (PCP) occurred twice and several other drugs were reported only once. Of the 25 homicide cases screened for drugs, 64% were positive for some drug including ethyl alcohol. Thus it appears that a high percentage of homicide cases are drug related. Males greatly outnumbered females (56:2) in positive cases, but the number of female specimens received was small.
Excluding a Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder in Forensic Psychiatric Evaluations
Authors: Lacoursiere RB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The forensic psychiatrist is sometimes asked to exclude that a person has a psychoactive substance use disorder, for example, in a security worker who has access to weapons, in a health care professional who may be alcohol/drug impaired, or in a parent, in a deprived child or custody hearing matter. After examining the data that are leading to the evaluation, these evaluations require corroborated background information to look for developmental and genetic antecedents that might be consistent with substance abuse and dependence; inquiry into the history of substance use; and an examination of areas, in which problems from substance use can occur, namely in family and other social relationships, at work, in legal settings, in physical health, and in personal and psychiatric reactions, for example, in suicidal behavior. Then a physical exam and laboratory evaluation are conducted to look for medical evidence of substance use and complications therefrom, and a mental status exam is performed and psychological testing is obtained as required, for example, a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or neuropsychological testing. When such an evaluation is essentially negative, the examiner can say, within the limits of the evaluation, that a psychoactive substance use disorder does not exist.
Individual Identification from Semen by the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fingerprint Technique
Authors: Honma M , Yoshii T , Ishiyama I , Mitani K , Kominami R , Muramatsu M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For individual identification from semen, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprint technique was used. In a blind trial, we succeeded in determining the semen donors among several volunteers comparing the DNA fingerprints of the blood and semen samples, respectively. Thereafter, we examined semen in a condom left beside a naked female dead body. The DNA fingerprint of the semen was recognized to be identical to that of the blood from a suspected man arrested later. This is the first report that the DNA fingerprint technique was practically used in a criminal investigation in Japan.
Toolmarks and Peculiar Blunt Force Injuries Related to an Adjustable Wrench
Authors: Takizawa H , Nakamura I , Hashimoto M , Maekawa N , Yamamura M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A factory hand troubled a housewife with a money matter, and in the end he beat her to death with an adjustable wrench. The toolmarks found at the crime scene and the patterned injuries on the victim are shown in this article.
A Review of The Lindbergh Case
Authors: Doud D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Lindbergh Case is a painstakingly researched, immensely readable account of the “Crime of the Century” from the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby in 1932 to Richard Hauptmann's conviction and execution some four years later. It's author, Jim Fisher, Professor of Criminal Justice at Edinboro University, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, states that he spent over four years on researching the case, and I can believe it. The vast amount of background material that he reviewed and catalogued by computer includes some 7500 pages of trial transcripts and literally thousands of other documents maintained in the Lindbergh case archives in West Trenton, New Jersey, such as affidavits, memos, letters, logs, statements, photographs, press clippings, trial exhibits, and material from the Governor Hoffman file. Fisher also examined the physical evidence itself including the fourteen ransom notes, Hauptmann's known handwriting, the kidnap ladder, and the baby's sleeping suit.
A Review of Interviewing, An Introduction to Interrogation
Authors: Labowitz DI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In his introductory remarks, the author states that he would like to conduct training seminars on his theories of interviewing as a form of interrogation, and being unable to do so he has put his theories into this book to allow others to teach his theories. I do wish that he had included some form of teaching guide as the major portion of the text is not decipherable as any form of instructional material. Without aid, it would be of little use to the inexperienced student because of the unnecessarily complex manner in which ideas are presented. The experienced interviewer might gain some knowledge from the text but the majority of it would be of little use.
The Status of Training for Questioned Document Examiners in the United States
Authors: Behrendt JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Questioned document examination has traditionally used on-the-job training as its primary instructional method. There are several deficiencies inherent in this method of training, however. Some of these deficiencies are the lack of a standardized course of instruction, the inability to evaluate the quality of the training received by an individual, the absence of any criteria establishing minimum levels of competency, and the length of time required which results in a reluctance to hire trainees. These and other shortcomings in on-the-job training are discussed in view of a survey that was conducted of 249 document examiners associated with federal, state, county, local, and private laboratories. Some possible remedies to correct the weaknesses in the current approach to training are offered.
Upper Cervical Trauma in Motor Vehicle Collisions
Authors: Shkrum MJ , Green RN , Nowak ES 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Motor vehicle collisions can cause a variety of injuries in pedestrians and vehicle occupants. Fatal and nonfatal trauma to the upper cervical spine, that is, atlanto-occipital junction, atlas and axis, can be part of this spectrum. Certain distinctive injuries (for example, “hangman's fracture”) which occur result from the unique anatomic structure of this area and the various disruptive forces such as extension, distraction (tension), compression (axial loading), shear, and inertia generated during collision. Correlation of autopsy findings or radiological information of these cervical injuries or both with scene investigation can be informative not only in the determination of morbidity and mortality, but also in the assessment of injury mechanisms and improvements in occupant protection.
The Epidemiology of Fatal Burn Injuries
Authors: Parks JG , Noguchi TT , Klatt EC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper retrospectively reviews 80 burn fatalities from accidents or attempted suicides with patients admitted to the LAC-USC Medical Center from 1983 to 1987 to determine demographic factors, etiology of the burn injury, and existence of predisposing risk factors. The average age of fatal burn victims was 44 years; 74% were males, 39% were Caucasian, 35% were black, 21% were Hispanic, and 5% were of Asian descent. Blacks and Caucasians were overrepresented and Hispanics underrepresented in relation to all autopsy cases. Major etiologic factors included suicide, falling asleep while smoking, accidents while working with volatile solvents, housefires, scalds, cooking accidents, and accidents involving motor vehicles. Gasoline was the commonest solvent involved with burn fatalities. Significant risk factors for burn fatality were substance abuse (25% of cases) and impaired mental function (19% of cases).
Craniofacial Dysmorphism in Mozart's Skull
Authors: Puech B , Puech P-F , Tichy G , Dhellemmes P , Cianfarani F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mozart's craniofacial dysmorphism shown in his portraits and in the skull held by the Mozarteum in Salzburg (Austria) helps to document the role of pathology in human identification. The specific syndrome is formed by a premature synostosis of the metopic suture (PSMS) in association with an abnormally shaped skull.
A Comfort for the Bad Cop—A Challenge for the Good Forensic Scientist
Authors: Wecht CH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On 28 Nov. 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that failure by the police to preserve physical evidence that could prove a defendant's innocence does not violate the constitutional right to due process of law unless it can be proved that the police acted in “bad faith.” In the case of Arizona v. Youngblood, the state's Court of Appeals had overturned Larry Youngblood's conviction for the kidnapping and sodomy of a ten-year-old boy on the ground that the police neglected to test semen stains on the victim's clothing, or to preserve that evidence by storing it in their freezer, thereby precluding the opportunity to compare the assailant's blood type with the defendant's when he was arrested a few weeks later. The State of Arizona appealed that ruling, and the Supreme Court, by a 6 to 3 vote, in an opinion written by a former Arizonian, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, reinstated Mr. Youngblood's conviction.
Canid Scavenging/Disarticulation Sequence of Human Remains in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Haglund WD , Reay DT , Swindler DR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Greater understanding of animal scavenging of human remains can assist forensic science investigators in locating and recovering dispersed skeletal elements, in recognizing damage produced by scavengers, and in making more informed estimates of the postmortem interval. The pattern of skeletal damage can indicate whether the body was scavenged while intact or at some time after other natural processes of disarticulation had begun.
This study analyzed thirty partially to fully skeletonized human remains with respect to scavenging at the time of body discovery in order to determine if a patterned consumption sequence existed. The scavengers were primarily coyotes (Canis latrans) and domestic dogs (C. familiaris). Sixteen non-carnivore-scavenged remains were also examined and contrasted with the carnivore-scavenged sample.
Observed postmortem intervals from death to recovery ranged from 4 h to 52 months. Results demonstrate that canid scavenging of human remains takes place in sequential stages: Stage 0 = no bony involvement; Stage 1 = ventral thorax damaged and one or both upper extremities removed; Stage 2 = lower extremity involvement; Stage 3 = only vertebral segments remain articulated; and Stage 4 = total disarticulation. Results revealed a clear correspondence between observed stages of disarticulation and the postmortem interval.
Surface Analysis of Electrical Arc Residues in Fire Investigation
Authors: Anderson RN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fires caused by electrical shorting are difficult to identify with certainty from fire pattern analysis alone. Surface analysis techniques, such as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES), can be used to determine the history of an electrical short circuit by characterizing the environment in which the electrical arc residues were formed. In a fire that destroys insulation, the surface of the arc bead formed from the resultant electrical short circuit would show the presence of combustion products. If the electrical short circuit occurred before the fire had started, then arc bead analysis would show the absence of combustion products.
Multivariate Analysis of Typeface Damage Frequencies
Authors: Stoney DA , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To explore possible deterministic factors in typeface damage, multivariate analysis was performed on data developed by Dr. David Crown in his doctoral dissertation on typewriter individuality. Crown observed a slow increase in collective typeface damage with the duration of typewriter use, but found no apparent increase in damage correlated with individual letter use frequencies. These findings seemed peculiar and were the initial motivation for the present study.
For multivariate analysis, three groups of dependent variables were defined: those based on letter use frequencies; those based on letter form; and those based on basket or keyboard position. Both letter-use frequency and letter area showed statistically significant positive correlation with typeface damage frequencies. Together, these two variables accounted for 42% of the observed variation in damage frequencies. None of the other variables tested was able to explain any statistically significant portion of the remaining variation. These variables included use frequencies associated with difficult finger movements, vertical extension of letters, basket position, and keyboard row.
The 58% residual variation must be combined with additional variation introduced by the form and position of typeface damage. With this amount of variation left unexplained, the deterministic factors identified in this study are of little significance in the interpretation of typewriting comparisons.
Fatal Thrombosis of Internal Carotid Artery Following Minor Blunt Trauma to the Neck
Authors: An TL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fatal traumatic thrombosis of the left internal carotid artery occurred in a 38-year-old man following minor blunt cervical trauma during an altercation. There was no external injury observed on the head, face, or neck. Neurologic deficit developed soon after the injury, which progressed to right hemiplegia. His condition deteriorated and he expired on the sixth hospital day. The gross and microscopic findings of the internal carotid artery are presented and the significance of minor cervical blunt trauma and the possible mechanism for the vascular lesion are discussed.
Evidentiary and Procedural Rules Governing Expert Testimony
Authors: Giannelli PC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Expert testimony plays a critical role in criminal litigation. The legal system has developed both evidentiary and procedural rules to govern the use of experts. The rules of evidence specify the conditions under which expert testimony may be admitted at trial and thus considered by the trier of fact. The rules of procedure cover related issues, such as pretrial discovery of scientific reports and the appointment of defense experts. This article explains and critiques these legal rules. The concluding section recommends ways in which these rules can be improved.
Canid Modification of Human Remains: Implications for Time-Since-Death Estimations
Authors: Willey P , Snyder LM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Time-since-death estimations are usually based on physical decomposition of the corpse, insect succession, and contextual associations. The rates of change and succession are based on decomposition studies, most of which control access of scavengers to the corpse; however, many naturally exposed corpses are subject to scavenger modification. These modifications change the rate of decomposition, the pattern of insect succession, and the context of associations, thus altering estimations of time since death. A controlled feeding study with captive wolves and road-killed deer is pertinent to understanding canid scavenging and how scavenging may alter postmortem changes. During feeding, the wolves commonly dismember and devour the deer in a predictable sequence. Although there are some variations in the usual sequence, the carcass is always moved, and skeletal elements are separated, diminished in size and scattered. Scavenging must, therefore, be considered in estimating time since death.
Variations in the Infrared Spectra of Heroin Base
Authors: Ravreby M , Gorski A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The infrared spectrum of the heroin base standard supplied with the Georgia State Crime Laboratory (GSCL) library index has a carbonyl doublet with absorbance maxima at 1756.6 and 1728.3 cm−1. Most heroin base samples from actual cases have carbonyl absorbance maxima at 1761.3 and 1741.1 cm−1 with additional differences in the spectra at 2800 to 3200 cm−1 and in the fingerprint region. These differences could not be accounted for as a result of impurities, decomposition products, additives, or diluents. At least two polymorphic forms of heroin base exist with various crystal habits. The main parameters determining which polymorph and crystal habit are obtained are the temperature conditions and solvent used for crystallization.
Sex Determination of Bloodstains by the Use of a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Probe
Authors: Kobayashi R , Matsuzawa S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An asymmetric ribonucleic acid (RNA) probe, which represents a Y-chromosome specific nucleotide sequence, was applied to the sex origin of bloodstains by using a nonisotopic Southern hybridization method. The RNA probe was in vitro transcribed from the recombinant of the Y-chromosome specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence and transcription-vector Bluescript SK M13+. The use of this RNA probe can lower the detection limit of the nonisotopic DNA analyzing method to ⅛ of that reached by our previously reported method in which a DNA probe was used.
Analysis of Carboxyhemoglobin and Cyanide in Blood from Victims of the Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire in Puerto Rico
Authors: Levin BC , Rechani PR , Gurman JL , Landron F , Clark HM , Yoklavich MF , Rodriguez JR , Droz L , de Cabrera FM , Kaye S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ninety-seven people died from a fire that occurred in the Dupont Plaza Hotel in Puerto Rico on 31 Dec. 1986. All, except four who died later in the hospital, were found dead at the scene. All of the fatalities at the hotel (except for eight) were burned beyond recognition. Blood from seventy-eight of the victims was screened for carboxyhemoglobin at the Institute for Forensic Sciences in Puerto Rico and was then sent to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, for analysis of carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide concentrations. The blood data indicated that carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, singly or combined, were probably not responsible for the majority of the deaths that occurred in the badly burned victims. On the other hand, the significantly higher carboxyhemoglobin in the nonburned victims indicated that carbon monoxide alone or combined with hydrogen cyanide probably played a major role in the cause of their deaths.
Death Following Accidental Sodium Azide Ingestion
Authors: Howard JD , Skogerboe KJ , Case GA , Raisys VA , Lacsina EQ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two college students developed symptoms of poisoning following ingestion of a salt solution during a college physiology laboratory exercise. Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and altered consciousness. The ingested solution was identified as isotonic buffered saline containing sodium azide in a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The solution was commercially prepared for instrumentation use only and was used inadvertently for the exercise instead of freshly preparing sodium chloride in water. One student drank three sips of the solution and survived. The other student drank 700 to 800 mL and over several days became progressively ill, suffering myocardial damage and cardiac dysrhythmias, and, finally, died. Toxicologic studies confirmed the presence of azide in an antemortem urine sample from the deceased. Sodium azide is an uncommon but potent poison which can cause serious illness and death.
A Review of Road Accident Statistics
Authors: Lund AK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author, T. P. Hutchinson, states that Road Accident Statistics “is an account of the methods of collecting and processing data about the occurrence and consequences of road accidents, and gives numerous statistical tables as examples of the findings.” An experienced researcher in the motor vehicle safety field, Hutchinson discusses in detail the serious limitations inherent in the two major sources of motor vehicle crash death and injury data: police reports of crashes and death certificates. He also discusses the problem of different definitions of such basic concepts as “road accident deaths” and how these differences can affect crash statistics. Issues of injury classification covered in the book range from descriptions of different classification systems and their purposes to consideration of the kinds of coding and analysis problems inherent in each. Throughout the presentation, Hutchinson sprinkles examples of data from different countries and includes replicas of the data forms used by representative jurisdictions to record them.