bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing de Tocqueville
Authors: Sułek Antoni 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Ludwik Krzywicki (1859-1941), a founding father of the social sciences in Poland, was one of the first European sociologists to visit the United States of America. His written impressions and observations were published in a little-known tome titled, Beyond the Atlantic (1895). Krzywicki’s journey and book are introduced here from a trifold perspective. First, Krzywicki undertook his travels to observe modernity emerging in America, and to see how the future of Europe might possibly look. Second, the book constitutes a report of the firsthand field observations of a "modern" society by a social scientist who had previously studied "primitive" societies from the comfort of a library; thus it demonstrates how an "armchair ethnologist" became a fieldwork anthropologist. Third, Krzywicki analyzed changes in the attitudes and behavior of the Polish immigrants sometime after their coming to the United States; his observations on this topic were later confirmed by William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki in their classic The Polish Peasant in Europe and America.
Diffusing Global Medical Knowledge in Poland and Ukraine
Authors: Romuzga Natalia 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the thirty-year effort of the Children’s Medical Care Foundation (CMCF) in Poland and Ukraine and identify the main determinants of success and limitations of the program. Using the diffusion of innovations theory as a guide for assessment, this study discusses the most common themes associated with barriers to knowledge dissemination and innovation implementation that CMCF trainees face, or have faced, in both countries. The data collected suggest that training through the CMCF has resulted in knowledge diffusion that has led to positive health outcomes for infants and children in both Poland and Ukraine; however, a large gap still exists between knowledge acquisition and the translation of knowledge into practice through the dissemination of innovative methods, particularly in regard to Ukraine. In light of the economic, political, and social barriers CMCF confronts, this article aims to provide options for the reinvention and modernization of the program’s focus, as it pertains to Poland and Ukraine. Suggestions are offered for tailoring the CMCF’s objectives to each country separately, while maintaining sustainability through increased collaboration and rapid knowledge diffusion. This study used face-to-face interviews in a qualitative methods approach among former CMCF trainees in the specializations of neonatology and pediatric surgery.
Antoni Gronowicz
Authors: Guzlowski John Z. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Antoni Gronowicz, one of the most prolific and famous Polish American writers of his time, is seldom read now because of the controversies and legal issues that developed over his last two books, God’s Broker, a biography of John Paul II, and Garbo, a biography of the film actress. Gronowicz did not have the access to these two figures that he pretended to have. Instead, both books were seen to be almost entirely fictionalized. This article on Gronowicz argues that despite this, there is value in taking another look at these two works and the writing about Poland that Gronowicz published for almost five decades.
The Role of Nutrients in a Dietary Intervention in Improving Blood Cholesterol Profile and Lowering Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Augusto Innocenti  , Ferdinando Franzoni  , Carlo Pruneti  
Published: April 2014

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been positively associated to an increase of cardiovascular risk by a large number of epidemiological studies. On the contrary, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol results inversely related to cardiovascular risk. In this contest plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, and the total cholesterol – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio seems to be able to predict cardiovascular risk. Diet and its composition affects various plasma cholesterol concentration and their ratios. Particularly, a reduction of saturated fat acids dietary intake is strictly related to both improve of blood lipid profile and reduction of cardiovascular events incidence. On the other hand, the evidences from epidemiologic and clinical studies are consistent in finding that the reduction of cardiovascular risk depends by nutrients used for replacing saturated fat acids. Specifically it has been demonstrated that replacement of saturated fat acids with unsaturated fat acids, either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated ones, is effective in improving cardiovascular risk. On the contrary, saturated fat acids replacement with high glycemic index refined carbohydrate actually increases cardiovascular risk. Despite that, many dietary guidelines do not give any tips about nutrients to use in replacement of saturated fat acids, underestimating the significance. In this perspective Mediterranean diet, represents an attractive dietary pattern for the improvement of blood lipid profile and the reduction of the cardiovascular risk.
Acidity decline in Antarctic ice cores during the Little Ice Age linked to changes in atmospheric nitrate and sea salt concentrations
Authors: Pasteris Daniel , McConnell Joseph R. , Edwards Ross , Isaksson Elizabeth , Albert Mary R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAcidity is an important chemical variable that impacts atmospheric and snowpack chemistry. Here we describe composite time series and the spatial pattern of acidity concentration (Acy = H+ − HCO3−) during the last 2000 years across the Dronning Maud Land region of the East Antarctic Plateau using measurements in seven ice cores. Coregistered measurements of the major ion species show that sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) determine greater than 98% of the acidity value. The latter, also described as excess chloride (ExCl−), is shown mostly to be derived from postdepositional diffusion of chloride with little net gain or loss from the snowpack. A strong inverse linear relationship between nitrate concentration and inverse accumulation rate provides evidence of spatially homogenous fresh snow concentrations and reemission rates of nitrate from the snowpack across the study area. A decline in acidity during the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1500–1900 Common Era) is observed and is linked to declines in HNO3 and ExCl− during that time. The nitrate decline is found to correlate well with published methane isotope data from Antarctica (δ13CH4), indicating that it is caused by a decline in biomass burning. The decrease in ExCl− concentration during the LIA is well correlated to published sea surface temperature reconstructions in the Atlantic Ocean, which suggests increased sea salt aerosol production associated with greater sea ice extent.
Impact of subgrid‐scale radiative heating variability on the stratocumulus‐to‐trade cumulus transition in climate models
Authors: Xiao Heng , Gustafson William I. , Wang Hailong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSubgrid‐scale interactions between turbulence and radiation are potentially important for accurately simulating marine low clouds in climate models. To better understand the impact of these interactions, the Weather Research and Forecasting model is configured for large eddy simulation to study the stratocumulus to trade cumulus (Sc‐to‐Cu) transition. Using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric System Studies composite Lagrangian transition case and the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment case, it is shown that the lack of subgrid‐scale turbulence‐radiation interaction, as is the case in current generation climate models, accelerates the Sc‐to‐Cu transition. Our analysis suggests that subgrid‐scale turbulence‐radiation interactions in cloud‐topped boundary layers contribute to stronger production of temperature variance, which in turn leads to stronger buoyancy production of turbulent kinetic energy and helps to maintain the Sc cover.
The asymmetry of the climate system's response to solar forcing changes and its implications for geoengineering scenarios
Authors: Schaller N. , Sedláček J. , Knutti R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMotivated by proposals to compensate CO2‐induced warming with a decrease in solar radiation, this study investigates how single‐forcing simulations should be combined to best represent the spatial patterns of surface temperature and precipitation of idealized geoengineering scenarios. Using instantaneous and transient simulations with changing CO2 and solar forcings, we show that a geoengineering scenario, i.e., a scenario where the solar constant is reduced as CO2 concentrations are increased, is better represented by subtracting the response pattern of a solar forcing increase simulation from the response pattern of a CO2 forcing increase simulation, than by adding the response pattern of a solar forcing decrease simulation to a CO2 forcing increase simulation. The reason is a asymmetric response of the climate system to a forcing increase or decrease between both hemispheres. In particular, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation responds faster to a solar forcing decrease compared to a solar forcing increase. Further, the climate feedbacks are state and region dependent, which is particularly apparent in the polar regions due to the sea ice‐albedo feedback. The importance of understanding the local response of the climate system to geoengineering and single‐forcing scenarios is highlighted, since these aspects are hardly discernible when only global mean values are considered.
Sensitivity of summer stream temperatures to climate variability in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Luce Charles , Staab Brian , Kramer Marc , Wenger Seth , Isaak Dan , McConnell Callie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEstimating the thermal response of streams to a warming climate is important for prioritizing native fish conservation efforts. While there are plentiful estimates of air temperature responses to climate change, the sensitivity of streams, particularly small headwater streams, to warming temperatures is less well understood. A substantial body of literature correlates subannual scale temperature variations in air and stream temperatures driven by annual cycles in solar angle; however, these may be a low‐precision proxy for climate change driven changes in the stream energy balance. We analyzed summer stream temperature records from forested streams in the Pacific Northwest for interannual correlations to air temperature and standardized annual streamflow departures. A significant pattern emerged where cold streams always had lower sensitivities to air temperature variation, while warm streams could be insensitive or sensitive depending on geological or vegetation context. A pattern where cold streams are less sensitive to direct temperature increases is important for conservation planning, although substantial questions may yet remain for secondary effects related to flow or vegetation changes induced by climate change.
A vulnerability driven approach to identify adverse climate and land use change combinations for critical hydrologic indicator thresholds: Application to a watershed in Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: Singh R. , Wagener T. , Crane R. , Mann M. E. , Ning L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLarge uncertainties in streamflow projections derived from downscaled climate projections of precipitation and temperature can render such simulations of limited value for decision making in the context of water resources management. New approaches are being sought to provide decision makers with robust information in the face of such large uncertainties. We present an alternative approach that starts with the stakeholder's definition of vulnerable ranges for relevant hydrologic indicators. Then the modeled system is analyzed to assess under what conditions these thresholds are exceeded. The space of possible climates and land use combinations for a watershed is explored to isolate subspaces that lead to vulnerability, while considering model parameter uncertainty in the analysis. We implement this concept using classification and regression trees (CART) that separate the input space of climate and land use change into those combinations that lead to vulnerability and those that do not. We test our method in a Pennsylvania watershed for nine ecological and water resources related streamflow indicators for which an increase in temperature between 3°C and 6°C and change in precipitation between −17% and 19% is projected. Our approach provides several new insights, for example, we show that even small decreases in precipitation (∼5%) combined with temperature increases greater than 2.5°C can push the mean annual runoff into a slightly vulnerable regime. Using this impact and stakeholder driven strategy, we explore the decision‐relevant space more fully and provide information to the decision maker even if climate change projections are ambiguous.
Process‐dependent residual trapping of CO2 in sandstone
Authors: Zuo Lin , Benson Sally M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that the nature and extent of residual CO2 trapping depend on the process by which the CO2 phase is introduced into the rock. We compare residual trapping of CO2 in Berea Sandstone by imbibing water into a core containing either exsolved CO2 or CO2 introduced by drainage. X‐ray computed tomography measurements are used to map the spatial distribution of CO2 preimbibition and postimbibition. Unlike during drainage where the CO2 distribution is strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of the rock, the distribution of exsolved CO2 is comparatively uniform. Postimbibition, the CO2 distribution retained the essential features for both the exsolved and drainage cases, but twice as much residual trapping is observed for exsolved CO2 even with similar preimbibition gas saturations. Residually trapped exsolved gas also disproportionately reduced water relative permeability. Development of process‐dependent parameterization will help better manage subsurface flow processes and unlock benefits from gas exsolution.
The Changing Structure of the Maize Seed Industry in Zambia: Prospects for Orange Maize
Authors: Smale Melinda , Simpungwe Eliab , Birol Ekin , Kassie Girma Tesfahun , de Groote Hugo , Mutale Raphael 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTZambia's maize seed industry is currently one of the strongest and most competitive in Sub‐Saharan Africa. This paper describes the changing structure of the maize seed industry and seed supply chain in Zambia. The aim of the paper is to propose elements of a marketing strategy for seed production and delivery of recently released, provitamin A‐rich, orange maize varieties. Information sources include a thorough review of the literature, a statistical survey of farmers in the major maize‐producing areas of the country, and key informant interviews conducted with seed company representatives. We discuss the merits of two strategies: (1) liberalizing the provision of original orange maize planting material to all seed companies with the aim of maximizing the impact of this public health intervention, and (2) exclusive rights granted to companies with the goals of preserving differentiated products and ensuring standard seed quality to protect the brand. We find that, exclusive or not, risk‐sharing contracts with any company that takes up this product, as well as building and maintaining a unique brand for orange maize would be essential for the success of this product.
Cerebrospinal fluid JC virus antibody index for diagnosis of natalizumab‐associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Warnke Clemens , von Geldern Gloria , Markwerth Philipp , Dehmel Thomas , Hoepner Robert , Gold Ralf , Pawlita Michael , Kümpfel Tania , Mäurer Mathias , Stangel Martin , Wegner Florian , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Straeten Vera , Limmroth Volker , Weber Thomas , Hermsen Derik , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Wattjes Mike P. , Svenningson Anders , Major Eugene , Olsson Tomas , Kieseier Bernd C. , Adams Ortwin 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by JC virus (JCV), can occur in patients receiving natalizumab for multiple sclerosis (MS). JCV detection by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or brain biopsy, is required for probable or definite diagnosis of PML. However, in some patients only low levels of JCV DNA (<100 copies/ml) are present in CSF, making the diagnosis challenging. Our objective was to assess the complementary value of a CSF JCV antibody index (AIJCV) in the diagnosis of natalizumab‐associated PML.MethodsAIJCV was assessed in 37 cases of natalizumab‐associated PML and 89 MS‐patients treated with natalizumab without PML. Sera and CSF were tested in a capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, using JCV‐VP1 fused to glutathione S‐transferase as antigen. Albumin levels and total immunoglobulin G concentration were determined by immunonephelometry, and the AIJCV was calculated as published.ResultsTwenty‐six of 37 (70%) patients with natalizumab‐associated PML exhibited an AIJCV > 1.5, whereas this was seen in none of the controls (p < 0.0001). At time of the first positive qPCR for JCV DNA, 11 of 20 (55%) patients with natalizumab‐associated PML had an AIJCV > 1.5. JCV DNA levels of <100 copies/ml were seen in 14 (70%) of these 20 patients, of whom 8 (57%) demonstrated an AIJCV > 1.5.InterpretationDetermination of the AIJCV could be an added tool in the diagnostic workup for PML and should be included in the case definition of natalizumab‐associated PML. Ann Neurol 2014;76:792–801
Terminal Imido Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Geer Ana M. , Tejel Cristina , López José A. , Ciriano Miguel A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCompounds of the late transition metals with MX multiple bonds (X=CR2, NR, O) represent a synthetic challenge, partly overcome by preparative chemists, but with noticeable gaps in the second‐ and third‐row elements. For example, there are no isolated examples of terminal imido rhodium complexes known to date. Described herein is the isolation, characterization, and some preliminary reactivity studies of the first rhodium complexes [Rh(PhBP3)(NR)] (PhBP3=PhB{CH2PPh2}3) with a multiple and terminal RhN bond. These imido compounds result from reactions of organic azides with the corresponding rhodium(I) complex having a labile ligand, and display a pseudo‐tetrahedral core geometry with an almost linear Rh‐N‐C arrangement [177.5(2)°] and a short RhN bond [1.780(2) Å]. We also show that the RhN bond undergoes protonation at the nitrogen atom or addition of H2, and also engages in nitrene‐group transfer and cycloaddition reactions.
Electron Transfer and Multi‐Electron Accumulation in ExBox4+
Authors: Dyar Scott M. , Barnes Jonathan C. , Juríček Michal , Stoddart J. Fraser , Co Dick T. , Young Ryan M. , Wasielewski Michael R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMolecules capable of accepting and storing multiple electrons are crucial components of artificial photosynthetic systems designed to drive catalysts, such as those used to reduce protons to hydrogen. ExBox4+, a boxlike cyclophane comprising two π‐electron‐poor extended viologen units tethered at both ends by two p‐xylylene linkers, has been shown previously to accept an electron through space from a photoexcited guest. Herein is an investigation of an alternate, through‐bond intramolecular electron‐transfer pathway involving ExBox4+ using a combination of transient absorption and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). Upon photoexcitation of ExBox4+, an electron is transferred from one of the p‐xylylene linkers to one of the extended viologen units in ca. 240 ps and recombines in ca. 4 ns. A crystal structure of the doubly reduced species ExBox2+ was obtained.
Nanobiomolecular Multiprotein Clusters on Electrodes for the Formation of a Switchable Cascadic Reaction Scheme
Authors: Feifel Sven C. , Kapp Andreas , Ludwig Roland , Lisdat Fred 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA supramolecular multicomponent protein architecture on electrodes is developed that allows the establishment of bidirectional electron transfer cascades based on interprotein electron exchange. The architecture is formed by embedding two different enzymes (laccase and cellobiose dehydrogenase) and a redox protein (cytochrome c) by means of carboxy‐modified silica nanoparticles in a multiple layer format. The construct is designed as a switchable dual analyte detection device allowing the measurement of lactose and oxygen, respectively. As the switching force we apply the electrode potential, which ensures control of the redox state of cytochrome c. The two signal chains are operating in a non‐separated matrix and are not disturbed by the other biocatalyst.
Surface decoration of electrospun scaffolds by microcontact printing
Authors: Giannitelli Sara M. , Abbruzzese Franca , Mozetic Pamela , De Ninno Adele , Businaro Luca , Gerardino Annamaria , Rainer Alberto 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTMicrocontact printing has emerged as one of the most straightforward methods of surface patterning and has been successfully employed to obtain biologically instructive substrates for a wide range of tissue engineering applications. However, although a consolidated success has been gained in the patterning of smooth surfaces, limited popularity has been achieved in the modification of soft and/or textured substrates.Thus, aim of this study is to transfer protein patterns onto 3D electrospun matrices by a custom‐designed microcontact printing setup. The proposed approach has been successfully pursued for precise and gentle transfer of poly‐l‐lysine patterns from polydimethylsiloxane stamps onto sub‐micron‐sized poly(ε‐caprolactone) electrospun fibers without loss of biological activity. In vitro performance of the patterned substrates has been preliminary evaluated in combination with human mesenchymal stem cells. Copyright © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐state NMR study of spin finish of thermally treated PAN and PAN/CNT precursor fibers
Authors: Ghoshal Sushanta , Liu Yaodong , Gulgunje Prabhakar , Gupta Kishor , Chae Han Gi , Leisen Johannes , Kumar Satish 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDry‐jet wet‐spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PAN/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) precursor fibers coated by spin finishes were characterized using the solid‐state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Series of fiber samples were prepared upon thermal treatment at different temperatures (room temperature to 180°C). Using the Hahn echo sequence, relatively mobile components were identified and the effect of the heat treatment on those components was studied. It was observed that the mobile components are mainly the spin finishes. Heat treatment caused loss of one of the spin finishes (Type B) to a great extent (∼80%), whereas the other two spin finishes (Type A and Type C) were more stable. Additional information regarding the change in molecular mobility due to heat treatment was obtained by the spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1) analysis. It was found that the presence of CNT affects the T1 relaxation time of the polymer in the composite fiber, however, that of relatively mobile components remains unaffected. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40734.
Stone use and avoidance on Easter Island: Red scoria from the topknot quarry at Puna Pau and other sources
Authors: Seager Thomas Mike 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe paper presents new observations on the use and avoidance of different red scoria rocks on Easter Island (Rapa Nui), made during fieldwork. It describes the different facies of the rock, their origins, their nature and their context of quarrying and use. From the latter, it is inferred that, for the prehistoric Rapanui, the meaning of red scoria transcended practical utility. A combination of stone context and ethnographic analogy suggests what this meaning or these meanings might be. Stone use on the Island is presented as a model against which the stone use of other prehistoric cultures might be measured.