bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical graph model for object cosegmentation
Authors: Li Yanli , Zhou Zhong , Wu Wei 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Given a set of images containing similar objects, cosegmentation is a task of jointly segmenting the objects from the set of images, which has received increasing interests recently. To solve this problem, we present a novel method based on a hierarchical graph. The vertices of the hierarchical graph involve pixels, superpixels and heat sources, and cosegmentation is performed as iterative object refinement in the three levels. With the inter-image connection in the heat source level and the intra-image connection in the superpixel level, we progressively update the object likelihoods by transferring message across images via belief propagation, diffusing heat energy within individual image via random walks, and refining the foreground objects in the pixel level via guided filtering. Besides, a histogram based saliency detection scheme is employed for initialization. We demonstrate experimental evaluations with state-of-the-art methods over several public datasets. The results verify that our method achieves better segmentation quality as well as higher efficiency.
Evidence for IFNα-induced, SAMHD1-independent inhibitors of early HIV-1 infection
Authors: Goujon Caroline , Schaller Torsten , Galão Rui Pedro , Amie Sarah M , Kim Baek , Olivieri Kevin , Neil Stuart JD , Malim Michael H 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Type I interferon (IFN) treatment of some cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytic THP-1 cells, restricts HIV-1 infection and prevents viral cDNA accumulation. Sterile alpha motif and HD domain protein 1 (SAMHD1), a dGTP-regulated deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase, reduces HIV-1 infectivity in myeloid cells, likely by limiting dNTPs available for reverse transcription, and has been described as IFNα-inducible. Myeloid cell infection by HIV-1 is enhanced by HIV-2/SIVSM Vpx, which promotes SAMHD1 degradation, or by exogenous deoxyribonucleoside (dN) addition.

Findings
SAMHD1 expression was not substantially influenced by IFNα treatment of monocyte-derived macrophages or THP-1 cells. The contributions of SAMHD1 to the inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by IFNα were assessed through the provision of Vpx, exogenous dN addition, or via RNAi-mediated SAMHD1 knock-down. Both Vpx and dN efficiently restored infection in IFNα-treated macrophages, albeit not to the levels seen with these treatments in the absence of IFNα. Similarly using differentiated THP-1 cells, the addition of Vpx or dNs, or SAMHD1 knock-down, also stimulated infection, but failing to match the levels observed without IFNα. Neither Vpx addition nor SAMHD1 knock-down reversed the IFNα-induced blocks to HIV-1 infection seen in dividing U87-MG or THP-1 cells. Therefore, altered SAMHD1 expression or function cannot account for the IFNα-induced restriction to HIV-1 infection seen in many cells and cell lines.

Conclusion
IFNα establishes an anti-HIV-1 phenotype in many cell types, and appears to accomplish this without potentiating SAMHD1 function. We conclude that additional IFNα-induced suppressors of the early stages of HIV-1 infection await identification.
Australian Diabetes Foot Network: practical guideline on the provision of footwear for people with diabetes
Authors: Bergin Shan M , Nube Vanessa L , Alford Jan B , Allard Bernard P , Gurr Joel M , Holland Emma L , Horsley Mark W , Kamp Maarten C , Lazzarini Peter A , Sinha Ashim K , Warnock Jason T , Wraight Paul R 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTrauma, in the form of pressure and/or friction from footwear, is a common cause of foot ulceration in people with diabetes. These practical recommendations regarding the provision of footwear for people with diabetes were agreed upon following review of existing position statements and clinical guidelines. The aim of this process was not to re‐invent existing guidelines but to provide practical guidance for health professionals on how they can best deliver these recommendations within the Australian health system. Where information was lacking or inconsistent, a consensus was reached following discussion by all authors. Appropriately prescribed footwear, used alone or in conjunction with custom‐made foot orthoses, can reduce pedal pressures and reduce the risk of foot ulceration. It is important for all health professionals involved in the care of people with diabetes to both assess and make recommendations on the footwear needs of their clients or to refer to health professionals with such skills and knowledge. Individuals with more complex footwear needs (for example those who require custom‐made medical grade footwear and orthoses) should be referred to health professionals with experience in the prescription of these modalities and who are able to provide appropriate and timely follow‐up. Where financial disadvantage is a barrier to individuals acquiring appropriate footwear, health care professionals should be aware of state and territory based equipment funding schemes that can provide financial assistance. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and people living in rural and remote areas are likely to have limited access to a broad range of footwear. Provision of appropriate footwear to people with diabetes in these communities needs be addressed as part of a comprehensive national strategy to reduce the burden of diabetes and its complications on the health system.
Increased T-bet is associated with senescence of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in aged humans
Authors: Dolfi Douglas V , Mansfield Kathleen D , Polley Antonio M , Doyle Susan A , Freeman Gordon J , Pircher Hanspeter , Schmader Kenneth E , Wherry E John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Increased T-bet levels and senescence in CD8 T cells from aged individuals as possible mechanisms for decreased influenza-specific functionality.
Aged individuals have increased morbidity and mortality following influenza and other viral infections, despite previous exposure or vaccination. Mouse and human studies suggest increased senescence and/or exhaustion of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells with advanced age. However, neither the relationship between senescence and exhaustion nor the underlying transcriptional pathways leading to decreased function of influenza virus-specific cellular immunity in elderly humans are well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that increased percentages of CD8 T cells from aged individuals express CD57 and KLRG1, along with PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors, markers of senescence, or exhaustion, respectively. Expression of T-box transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, were also increased in CD8 T cells from aged subjects and correlated closely with expression of CD57 and KLRG1. Influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells from aged individuals exhibited decreased functionality with corresponding increases in CD57, KLRG1, and T-bet, a molecular regulator of terminal differentiation. However, in contrast to total CD8 T cells, influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells had altered expression of inhibitory receptors, including lower PD-1, in aged compared with young subjects. Thus, our data suggest a prominent role for senescence and/or terminal differentiation for influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in elderly subjects.
PGC-1α Regulates Hepatic Hepcidin Expression and Iron Homeostasis in Response to inflammation
Authors: Qian Jinchun , Chen Siyu , Huang Yueyue , Shi Xiaoli , Liu Chang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Systemic iron homeostasis is finely regulated by the liver through synthesis of the peptide hormone hepcidin (HAMP), which plays an important role in duodenal iron absorption and macrophage iron release. Clinical investigations have shown that chronic and low-grade inflammation leads to the increase of serum HAMP levels and the development of various diseases such as anemia of inflammation. However, gaps remain to fully elucidate the mechanism linking inflammation and iron dysregulation. Here we show that although inflammatory stimuli increase hepatic HAMP expression and cause systemic iron deficiency in mice, they inhibit the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a transcriptional coactivator actively involved in metabolic regulation. Liver-specific overexpression of PGC-1α antagonizes lipopolysaccharide-induced HAMP expression and alleviates various pathophysiological changes similar to anemia of inflammation. Consistently, overexpression of PGC-1α in HepG2 or HuH7 cells also suppresses HAMP expression and reduces iron accumulation. In contrast, knockdown of PGC-1α exaggerates LPS-induced HAMP expression and iron dysregulation. At the molecular level, PGC-1α suppresses HAMP transcription via the interaction with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α. In addition, PGC-1α is present near hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α-binding site on the proximal HAMP promoter and turns the chromatin structure into an inactive state. Our data suggest a critical role for PGC-1α in the regulation of hepatic HAMP expression and iron homeostasis under inflammatory circumstances.
Associations of Food Stamp Participation With Dietary Quality and Obesity in Children
Authors: Leung Cindy W. , Blumenthal Susan J. , Hoffnagle Elena E. , Jensen Helen H. , Foerster Susan B. , Nestle Marion , Cheung Lilian W.Y. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Willett Walter C. 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To determine if obesity and dietary quality in low-income children differed by participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly the Food Stamp Program.

METHODS:
The study population included 5193 children aged 4 to 19 with household incomes ≤130% of the federal poverty level from the 1999–2008 NHANES. Diet was measured by using 24-hour recalls.

RESULTS:
Among low-income US children, 28% resided in households currently receiving SNAP benefits. After adjusting for sociodemographic differences, SNAP participation was not associated with a higher rate of childhood obesity (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–1.74). Both SNAP participants and low-income nonparticipants were below national recommendations for whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, and potassium, while exceeding recommended limits for processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated fat, and sodium. Zero percent of low-income children met at least 7 of 10 dietary recommendations. After multivariate adjustment, compared with nonparticipants, SNAP participants consumed 43% more sugar-sweetened beverages (95% CI: 8%–89%), 47% more high-fat dairy (95% CI: 7%, 101%), and 44% more processed meats (95% CI: 9%–91%), but 19% fewer nuts, seeds, and legumes (95% CI: –35% to 0%). In part due to these differences, intakes of calcium, iron, and folate were significantly higher among SNAP participants. Significant differences by SNAP participation were not evident in total energy, macronutrients, Healthy Eating Index 2005 scores, or Alternate Healthy Eating Index scores.

CONCLUSIONS:
The diets of low-income children are far from meeting national dietary recommendations. Policy changes should be considered to restructure SNAP to improve children’s health.
Facial Dysmorphism Across the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Authors: Suttie Michael , Foroud Tatiana , Wetherill Leah , Jacobson Joseph L. , Molteno Christopher D. , Meintjes Ernesta M. , Hoyme H. Eugene , Khaole Nathaniel , Robinson Luther K. , Riley Edward P. , Jacobson Sandra W. , Hammond Peter 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE:Classic facial characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are shortened palpebral fissures, smooth philtrum, and thin upper vermillion. We aim to help pediatricians detect facial dysmorphism across the fetal alcohol spectrum, especially among nonsyndromal heavily exposed (HE) individuals without classic facial characteristics.METHODS:Of 192 Cape Coloured children recruited, 69 were born to women who reported abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy. According to multifaceted criteria, the remainder were allocated clinically to the FAS (n = 22), partial FAS (n = 26) or nonsyndromal HE (n = 75) categories. We used dense surface modeling and signature analyses of 3-dimensional facial photographs to determine agreement between clinical categorization and classifications induced from face shape alone, to visualize facial differences, and to consider predictive links between face shape and neurobehavior.RESULTS:Face classification achieved significant agreement with clinical categories for discrimination of nonexposed from FAS alone (face: 0.97–1.00; profile: 0.92) or with the addition of partial FAS (face: 0.90; profile: 0.92). Visualizations of face signatures delineated dysmorphism across the fetal alcohol spectrum and in half of the nonsyndromal HE category face signature graphs detected facial characteristics consistent with prenatal alcohol exposure. This subgroup performed less well on IQ and learning tests than did nonsyndromal subjects without classic facial characteristics.CONCLUSIONS:Heat maps and morphing visualizations of face signatures may help clinicians detect facial dysmorphism across the fetal alcohol spectrum. Face signature graphs show potential for identifying nonsyndromal heavily exposed children who lack the classic facial phenotype but have cognitive impairment.
Increased Length of Stay and Costs Associated With Weekend Admissions for Failure to Thrive
Authors: Thompson Rachel T. , Bennett William E. , Finnell S. Maria E. , Downs Stephen M. , Carroll Aaron E. 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether admission day of the week affects the length of stay (LOS) and health care costs for failure to thrive (FTT) admissions.METHODS:Administrative data were obtained for all children aged &lt;2 years (N = 23 332) with a primary admission diagnosis of FTT from 2003-2011 from 42 freestanding US hospitals. Demographic characteristics, day of admission, LOS, costs per stay, number of discharge diagnoses, primary discharge diagnoses, primary procedure code, number of radiologic and laboratory units billed during admission were obtained for each admission. Linear regression and zero-truncated Poisson regression were used for analysis.RESULTS:Weekend admission was significantly correlated with increased LOS and increased average cost (P &lt; .002). This finding was also true for children with both admission and discharge diagnoses of FTT (P &lt; .001). The number of procedures for children admitted on the weekend was not significantly different compared with children admitted on the weekdays (incident rate ratio [IRR]:1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–1.09]). However, weekend admissions did have more radiologic studies (IRR: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.10–1.16]) and laboratory tests (IRR: 1.39 [95% CI: 1.38–1.40]) performed. If one-half of weekend admissions in 2010 with both admission and discharge diagnoses of FTT were converted to Monday admissions, total savings in health care dollars for 2010 would be $534, 145.CONCLUSIONS:Scheduled FTT admissions on weekends increased LOS and health care costs compared with weekday admissions of similar levels of complexity. Reduction in planned weekend admissions for FTT could significantly reduce health care costs.
Community Pediatrics: Navigating the Intersection of Medicine, Public Health, and Social Determinants of Children’s Health
Authors:   COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS, Gorski Peter A. , Kuo Alice A. , Granado-Villar Deise C. , Gitterman Benjamin A. , Brown Jeffrey M. , Chilton Lance A. , Cotton William H. , Gambon Thresia B. , Gorski Peter A. , Kraft Colleen A. , Kuo Alice A. , Paz-Soldan Gonzalo J. , Zind Barbara 
Published: February 2013

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed October 2016 and December 2023.
This policy statement provides a framework for the pediatrician’s role in promoting the health and well-being of all children in the context of their families and communities. It offers pediatricians a definition of community pediatrics, emphasizes the importance of recognizing social determinants of health, and delineates the need to partner with public health to address population-based child health issues. It also recognizes the importance of pediatric involvement in child advocacy at local, state, and federal levels to ensure all children have access to a high-quality medical home and to eliminate child health disparities. This statement provides a set of specific recommendations that underscore the critical nature of this dimension of pediatric practice, teaching, and research.
Investigation of thermal and catalytic degradation of polystyrene waste into styrene monomer over natural volcanic tuff and Florisil catalysts
Authors: Filip Miuţa , Pop Aurelia , Perhaiţa Ioana , Moldovan Mărioara , Truşcă Roxana 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Thermal and catalytic degradation of polystyrene waste over two different samples of natural volcanic tuff catalyst comparative with Florisil catalyst has been carried out in order to establish the conversion degree into styrene monomer. The polystyrene waste (PS) was subjected to a thermal degradation process in the range of 380–500°C in presence of studied catalysts in a ratio of 1/10 in mass, catalyst/PS. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Influences of temperature and type of catalysts on the yields and on the distribution of end-products obtained by thermal and catalytic degradation of polystyrene waste have been studied. The maximum yields of liquid products were obtained at 460°C degradation temperature and were calculated between 83.45% and 90.11%. The liquid products were characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR analytical techniques. The GC-MS results showed that the liquid products contained styrene monomer up to 55.62%. The FTIR spectra of liquid products indicated the specific vibration bands of the functional groups of compounds of liquid products. The amounts of styrene monomer obtained were influenced by structural and textural properties of studied catalyst and the contribution on product distribution is discussed.
Research on thermal decomposition of trinitrophloroglucinol salts by DSC, TG and DVST
Authors: Liu Rui , Zhang Tonglai , Yang Li , Zhou Zunning , Hu Xiaochun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The thermal decomposition of the four nitrogen-rich salts of ammonia (NH4), aminoguanidine (AG), carbohydrazide (CHZ) and 5-aminotetrazo (ATZ) based on trinitrophloroglucinol (H3TNPG) was investigated using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravity (TG), and dynamic vacuum stability test (DVST). DSC and TG methods research the complete decomposition, while DVST method researches the very early reaction stage. The peak temperatures of DSC curves are consistent with the temperatures of maximum mass loss rates of TG curves. The apparent activation energies of these H3TNPG-based salts obtained by DSC and DVST have the same regularity, i.e., (ATZ)(H2TNPG)·2H2O 2O 4(H2TNPG) 2TNPG). The thermal stability order is (ATZ)(H2TNPG)·2H2O 2O 2TNPG) 4(H2TNPG), which was evaluated by DVST according to the evolved gas amount of thermal decomposition. DVST can monitor the real-time temperature and pressure changes caused by thermal decomposition, dehydration, phase transition and secondary reaction, and also evaluate the thermal stability and kinetics.
The influence of electrogalvanic device on scaling
Authors: Simonič Marjana , Ban Irena 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The use of an electrogalvanic device for scale neutralisation is descibed in this paper. Physico-chemical analyses were performed before and after the treatment. The results were compared with those obtained by using magnetic water treatment device. By measuring some individual parameters and the implementation of chemical analysis, the satisfactory functioning of the electrogalvanic device was demonstrated. The quality of drinking water did not change much after the water treatment method. The results of determination of calcium carbonate saturating index showed that the raw drinking water is in carbonate equlibrium as well as both treated water samples. The calcite/aragonite ratio was studied by means of microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Inspection of crystals formed during the experiments with microscopy indicated that aragonite crystal structure of the precipitates prevailed over the calcite stucture. The diffractograms showed that the share of aragonite increased after using the electrogalvanic device compared with raw drinking water samples where the share of calcite was higher.
Facile synthesis of nanoscaled α-Fe2O3, CuO and CuO/Fe2O3 hybrid oxides and their electrocatalytic and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Pan Lu , Tang Jing , Wang Fengwu 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A facile and easily controlled route was designed to synthesize nano-structured Fe2O3, CuO, and CuO/Fe2O3 hybrid oxides with different Cu/Fe molar ratios via a hydrothermal procedure. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results showed that the morphologies of the samples changed with different Cu/Fe ratios. The electrocatalytic properties of the samples modified on a glassy carbon electrode for p-nitrophenol reduction in a basic solution were investigated. The results indicated that CuO/Fe2O3 hybrids with lower Cu/Fe ratio exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic performances of the samples for methyl orange degradation with assistance of oxydol under irradiation of visible light were studied. The results revealed that CuO/Fe2O3 hybrids with higher Cu/Fe ratio showed efficient photocatalytic activity.
Aromatic properties of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its metal complexes
Authors: Zborowski Krzysztof , Solá Miquel , Poater Jordi , Proniewicz Leonard 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Chelatoaromaticity (aromaticity of chelate complexes) has been recently recognized as an important property influencing the stability of chelate compounds. In this paper, aromaticity of various forms of 8-hydroxyquinoline (anion, neutral molecule, zwitterion and cation) as well as its chelate complexes with magnesium and aluminium ions are investigated. Aromatic properties of these compounds are analyzed using several aromaticity indices based on energetic, geometric, magnetic and electronic physical manifestations of this phenomenon. Results of performed calculations have shown different aromatic properties for the two rings (pyridine and benzene) occurring in the studied ligand. Aromaticity of these rings in metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline is significantly higher than that in corresponding ligand anion. This means that during complexation the aromaticity of the ligand increases and the chelatoaromatic effect stabilizes the studied metal complexes. In contrast, metallocyclic rings of studied metal complexes have non-aromatic properties, and, consequently, the metallocyclic ring is not stabilized by chelatoaromaticity. We conclude that, in the complex, every 8-hydroxyquinoline unit and the metal ion are separated p-electronic systems.