bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iodine‐123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy and Iodine‐123 Ioflupane Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Lewy Body Diseases: Complementary or Alternative Techniques?
Authors: Treglia Giorgio , Cason Ernesto , Cortelli Pietro , Gabellini Anna , Liguori Rocco , Bagnato Antonio , Giordano Alessandro , Fagioli Giorgio 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPURPOSETo compare myocardial sympathetic imaging using 123I‐Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy and striatal dopaminergic imaging using 123I‐Ioflupane (FP‐CIT) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with suspected Lewy body diseases (LBD).METHODSNinety‐nine patients who performed both methods within 2 months for differential diagnosis between Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonism (n = 68) or between dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and other dementia (n = 31) were enrolled. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of both methods were calculated.RESULTSFor 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy, the overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values in LBD were 83%, 79%, 82%, 86%, and 76%, respectively. For 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT, the overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values in LBD were 93%, 41%, 73%, 71%, and 80%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between these two methods in patients without LBD, but not in patients with LBD.CONCLUSIONSLBD usually present both myocardial sympathetic and striatal dopaminergic impairments. 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT presents high sensitivity in the diagnosis of LBD; 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy may have a complementary role in differential diagnosis between PD and other parkinsonism. These scintigraphic methods showed similar diagnostic accuracy in differential diagnosis between DLB and other dementia.
George Eliot, Harriet Martineau and the Popularisation of Comte’s Positive Philosophy
Authors: Scholl Lesa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHarriet Martineau’s ‘freely translated and condensed’ version of Auguste Comte’s Positive Philosophy (1853) made a significant contribution to the scholarly conversation on positivism in Britain. The translation of Continental philosophy into English during the mid‐nineteenth century enabled translators to rewrite and rethink the original text for their home audience according to their own political and social agenda. Yet the idea of translation can be broadened to include translating philosophical ideas into different genres in order to broaden the readership – to popularise and, to some minds, bastardise the philosophy. The translation of philosophy into literary fiction arguably bridges the gap between scholarly integrity and popularisation that Eliot feared; indeed, both Eliot and Martineau, as established translators, vividly understood their power to manipulate and mould foreign philosophies through both their literal translations and their fiction. This paper examines the translational role of Eliot’s Middlemarch (1877) and Martineau’s Deerbrook (1839) in reproducing, reshaping and popularising Comte’s positivism within the British public mind.
Rewriting Paterian Sympathy: Vernon Lee and Elitist Empathy
Authors: Townley Sarah 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRenewed critical interest in the author and critic, Vernon Lee (pseud. Violet Paget, 1856–1935) has tended to focus on the way she rewrites the aesthetic and moral values of literary art in terms which account for a broad readership. This essay challenges the view that Lee’s aesthetic theory accommodates a non‐specialist reader by reassessing her commitment to the concept of aesthetic empathy. It does so by arguing that Lee’s aesthetic empathy is a modified version of Walter Pater’s notion of aesthetic sympathy, which demands a specialist practitioner. Lee sought to articulate the terms of her aesthetic theory in a way which emphasized a sharper social conscience than that which we find in the works of Pater, but this does not mean that she ‘redirected her view toward the audience.’ Like Pater, for whom the literary artist must write specifically for ‘the scholar and the scholarly conscience,’‘those men of a finer thread,’ Lee demonstrates a concern for a reader with a specialist set of skills and proficiencies. Whilst Lee’s notion of aesthetic empathy originates from the German school of psychological aesthetics, her modification of Pater is apparent in the way both writers draw on contemporary British Associationist psychology. The fact that Pater and Lee share in the same kind of Associationist terminology is evidence of the similarity of their notions of sympathy and empathy. Overall, this essay shows how the concept of aesthetic empathy particularly appealed to Lee due to the way it accounted for the individuality of the perceiver with its emphasis on a muscular and sensuous responsiveness, but eliminated the selfish element of an individualism that threatened to remove the Paterian individual from public life.
Dialectical Envisioning:Daniel Derondaand British Ethical Idealism
Authors: Li Hao 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDaniel Derondaoften comes across as a more futuristic novel than the rest of George Eliot’s oeuvre. Its moral idealism tends to puzzle the reader for being too metaphysical and ethereal. So far, Eliot’s general idealism has been discussed in terms of her engagement with philosophers such as Feuerbach, Spinoza, Auguste Comte, J. S. Mill, and Herbert Spencer. In this article, the same issue is explored by way of historical significance rather than direct influence. By readingDaniel Derondain the context of British ethical idealism, especially the writings of F. H. Bradley and T. H. Green, I argue that the novel contributed significantly to a major development of Victorian moral philosophy. In particular, the novel deploys a dialectical language of speculation that helped to shape a shift of interest to a more metaphysical approach to moral ideals. Addressing issues such as the fallibility of present judgment, the importance of integration rather than antithesis, and the heuristic value of a teleological future,Daniel Derondaself‐consciously tests out the validity of a dialectical form of moral envisioning. To readDaniel Derondathis way can help define a crucial aspect of Eliot’s thinking that cannot be easily or sufficiently articulated in such terms as scientific positivism and German idealism, though both of which have been important in shaping Eliot’s other novels beforeDaniel Deronda. In creating independently an ethical idealism that is equally metaphysical but intellectually less restrictive than that of Bradley or Green,Daniel Derondashows not only the convergence of literary and philosophical writings but also the importance of considering literary works for the study of Victorian moral philosophy.
Discrimination of Volatiles of Refined and Whole Wheat Bread Containing Red and White Wheat Bran Using an Electronic Nose
Authors: Sapirstein Harry D. , Siddhu Silvi , Aliani Michel 
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of electronic (E) nose technology to discriminate refined and whole wheat bread made with white or red wheat bran according to their headspace volatiles. Whole wheat flour was formulated with a common refined flour from hard red spring wheat, blended at the 15% replacement level with bran milled from representative samples of one hard red and 2 hard white wheats. A commercial formula was used for breadmaking. Results varied according to the nature of the sample, that is, crust, crumb, or whole slices. Bread crust and crumb were completely discriminated. Crumb of whole wheat bread made with red bran was distinct from other bread types. When misclassified, whole wheat bread crumb with white bran was almost invariably identified as refined flour bread crumb. Using crust as the basis for comparisons, the largest difference in volatiles was between refined flour bread and whole wheat bread as a group. When refined flour bread crust was misclassified, samples tended to be confused with whole white wheat crust. Samples prepared from whole bread slices were poorly discriminated in general. E‐nose results indicated that whole wheat bread formulated with white bran was more similar in volatile makeup to refined flour bread compared to whole wheat bread made with red bran. The E‐nose appears to be very capable to accommodate differentiation of bread volatiles whose composition varies due to differences in flour or bran type.Practical Application:  Consumer preference of bread made using refined flour in contrast to whole wheat flour is partly due to the different aroma of whole wheat bread. This study used an electronic nose to analyze bread volatiles, and showed that whole wheat bread incorporating white bran was different from counterpart bread made using red bran, and was closer in volatile makeup to “white” bread made without bran. Commercial millers and bakers can take advantage of these results to formulate whole wheat flour with brans of preferred type in order to foster increased consumption of whole wheat products which confer many favorable health benefits.
The importance of prior choice in model selection: a density dependence example
Authors: Lawrence James D. , Gramacy Robert B. , Thomas Len , Buckland Stephen T. 
Published: November 2012

Summary

It is important to discern the magnitude of density dependence a species exhibits, as well as the time lag over which it operates. Knowledge of a species' likely response to natural as well as synthetic shocks will assist in effective species management. Statistically this is a challenging problem which does not usually admit closed‐form mathematical analysis. Consequently, many people have used Bayesian methods to fit state space models of density dependence to many different species, of which we take eleven species of North American duck as our motivating examples. A Bayesian analysis requires a choice of model and parameter prior. The latter is difficult to do without inducing bias in model selection, and we attempt to address this problem.
Our priors will be obtained by considering which parameter values are representative of features we expect to see in the data, and which would produce unnatural behaviour. To fit the models, we use a novel sequential Monte Carlo method (particle learning) not previously applied to ecological data sets.
We show that existing analyses on the duck data may have been susceptible to a common problem in Bayesian model selection (Lindley's paradox), and suggest methods for prior selection which mitigate this issue. We also discover that although it is possible to detect the existence of density dependence, it is unrealistic to expect to determine the time lag over which it operates without a great deal of data, even if said data are simulated from the model.
We demonstrate that prior choices motivated by the above considerations can lead to substantially increased predictive accuracy over surprisingly long time scales whether model selection is of primary concern or not.
We conclude from our analysis of real‐world data that there is little evidence of density dependence in many duck species, suggesting that such effects, if present, are likely to be small in magnitude.
New Role for an Old Rule: N‐end Rule‐Mediated Degradation of Ethylene Responsive Factor Proteins Governs Low Oxygen Response in PlantsF
Authors: Licausi Francesco , Pucciariello Chiara , Perata Pierdomenico 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe N‐end rule pathway regulates protein degradation, which depends on exposed N‐terminal sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, conserved and specific enzymes stimulate selective proteolysis. Although a number of developmental and growth phenotypes have been reported for mutants in the N‐end rule, its function has remained unrelated to specific physiological pathways. The first report of the direct involvement of the N‐end rule in stress responses focused on hypoxic signaling and how the oxygen‐dependent oxidation of cystein promotes the N‐end rule‐mediated degradation of ethylene responsive factor (ERF)‐VII proteins, the master regulators of anaerobic responses. It has been suggested that plants have evolved specific mechanisms to tune ERF‐VII availability in the nucleus. In this review, we speculate that ERF‐VII proteins are reversibly protected from degradation via membrane sequestration. The oxidative response in plants subjected to anoxic conditions suggests that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) may interact or interfere with the N‐end rule pathway‐mediated response to hypoxia.
image

[ Pierdomenico Perata (Corresponding author)]
Do mood and the receipt of work‐based support influence nurse perceived quality of care delivery? A behavioural diary study
Authors: Jones Martyn C , Johnston Derek 
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectivesTo examine the effect of nurse mood in the worst event of shift (negative affect, positive affect), receipt of work‐based support from managers and colleagues, colleague and patient involvement on perceived quality of care delivery.BackgroundWhile the effect of the work environment on nurse mood is well documented, little is known about the effects of the worst event of shift on the quality of care delivered by nurses.DesignThis behavioural diary study employed a within‐subject and between‐subject designs incorporating both cross‐sectional and longitudinal elements.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐one nurses in four large district general hospitals in England completed end‐of‐shift computerised behavioural diaries over three shifts to explore the effects of the worst clinical incident of shift. Diaries measured negative affect, positive affect, colleague involvement, receipt of work‐based support and perceived quality of care delivery. Analysis used multilevel modelling (mlwin 2.19; Centre for Multi‐level Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK).ResultsHigh levels of negative affect and low levels of positive affect reported in the worst clinical incident of shift were associated with reduced perceived quality of care delivery. Receipt of managerial support and its interaction with negative affect had no relationship with perceived quality of care delivery. Perceived quality of care delivery deteriorated the most when the nurse reported a combination of high negative affect and no receipt of colleague support in the worst clinical incident of shift. Perceived quality of care delivery was also particularly influenced when the nurse reported low positive affect and colleague actions contributed to the problem.ConclusionsReceipt of colleague support is particularly salient in protecting perceived quality of care delivery, especially if the nurse also reports high levels of negative affect in the worst event of shift.Relevance to clinical practiceThe effect of work‐based support on care delivery is complex and requires further investigation.
Characterization of a High Affinity Phytochelatin Synthase from The Cd‐Utilizing Marine Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana
Authors: Gupton‐Campolongo Tiffany , Damasceno Leonardo M. , Hay Anthony G. , Ahner Beth A. 
Published: November 2012

Phytochelatin synthase (PC synthase) is the enzyme that catalyzes the production of phytochelatins, peptides of the structure (γ‐Glu‐Cys)n‐Gly, where n = 2–11, from the sulfhydryl‐containing tripeptide glutathione, in response to elevated metal exposure. Biochemical utilization of Cd in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissfloggi, as well as unusually high ratios of PC to Cd in some Thalassiosira species including T. pseudonana Hasle et Heimdal, motivated the characterization of T. pseudonana PC synthase 1 (TpPCS1). This enzyme is the product of one of three genes in the T. pseudonana genome predicted to encode for a PC synthase based on its homology to canonical PC synthases previously examined. TpPCS1 was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. TpPCS1 exhibits several characteristics that set it distinctly apart from the well‐studied PC synthase, Arabidopsis thaliana PCS1 (AtPCS1). It is extremely sensitive to oxidation, which suppresses activity, and it is readily inhibited by the addition of Cd in the absence of thiolate ligands. TpPCS1 also has significantly greater affinity for one of its key substrates, the bis‐glutathionato‐Cd complex. TpPCS1 kinetics is best described by a ternary complex model, as opposed to the ping‐pong model used to describe AtPCS1 kinetics. The findings indicate that although the function of TpPCS1 is synonymous to that of AtPCS1, its divergent biochemistry suggests adaptation of this enzyme to the distinct trace metal chemistry of the marine environment and the unique physiological needs of T. pseudonana.
Does catch and release affect the mating system and individual reproductive success of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)?
Authors: Richard Antoine , Dionne Mélanie , Wang Jinliang , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study, we documented the breeding system of a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by genetically sampling every returning adult and assessed the determinants of individual fitness. We then quantified the impacts of catch and release (C&R) on mating and reproductive success. Both sexes showed high variance in individual reproductive success, and the estimated standardized variance was higher for males (2.86) than for females (0.73). We found a weak positive relationship between body size and fitness and observed that fitness was positively correlated with the number of mates, especially in males. Mature male parr sired 44% of the analysed offspring. The impact of C&R on the number of offspring was size dependent, as the reproductive success of larger fish was more impaired than smaller ones. Also, there was an interactive negative effect of water temperature and air exposure time on reproductive success of C&R salmon. This study improves our understanding of the complex reproductive biology of the Atlantic salmon and is the first to investigate the impact of C&R on reproductive success. Our study expands the management toolbox of appropriate C&R practices that promote conservation of salmon populations and limit negative impacts on mating and reproductive success.
A question of time: the land snailMurella muralis(Gastropoda:Pulmonata) reveals constraints on past ecological speciation
Authors: Fiorentino V. , Manganelli G. , Giusti F. , Tiedemann R. , Ketmaier V. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe lively debate about speciation currently focuses on the relative importance of factors driving population differentiation. While many studies are increasingly producing results on the importance of selection, little is known about the interaction between drift and selection. Moreover, there is still little knowledge on the spatial‐temporal scales at which speciation occurs, that is, arrangement of habitat patches, abruptness of habitat transitions, climate and habitat changes interacting with selective forces. To investigate these questions, we quantified variation on a fine geographical scale analysing morphological (shell) and genetic data sets coupled with environmental data in the land snailMurella muralis, endemic to theMediterranean island ofSicily. Analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrialDNAcytochrome oxidaseIgene (COI) and eight nuclear microsatellite loci showed that genetic variation is highly structured at a very fine spatial scale by local palaeogeographical events and historical population dynamics. Molecular clock estimates, calibrated here specifically forTyrrhenian land snails, provided a framework of palaeogeographical events responsible for the observed geographical variations and migration routes. Finally, we showed for the first time well‐documented lines of evidence of selection in the past, which explains divergence of land snail shell shapes. We suggest that time and palaeogeographical history acted as constraints in the progress along the ecological speciation continuum. Our study shows that testing for correlation among palaeogeography, morphology and genetic data on a fine geographical scale provides information fundamental for a detailed understanding of ecological speciation processes.
Glycoengineering of host mimicking type‐2 LacNAc polymers and Lewis X antigens on bacterial cell surfaces
Authors: Mally Manuela , Fontana Carolina , LeibundGut‐Landmann Salomé , Laacisse Lamia , Fan Yao‐Yun , Widmalm Göran , Aebi Markus 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBacterial carbohydrate structures play a central role in mediating a variety of host–pathogen interactions. Glycans can either elicit protective immune response or lead to escape of immune surveillance by mimicking host structures. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component on the surface of Gram‐negative bacteria, is composed of a lipid A‐core and the O‐antigen polysaccharide. Pathogens like Neisseria meningitidis expose a lipooligosaccharide (LOS), which outermost glycans mimick mammalian epitopes to avoid immune recognition. Lewis X (Galβ1–4(Fucα1–3)GlcNAc) antigens of Helicobacter pylori or of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni modulate the immune response by interacting with receptors on human dendritic cells. In a glycoengineering approach we generate human carbohydrate structures on the surface of recombinant Gram‐negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium that lack O‐antigen. A ubiquitous building block in mammalian N‐linked protein glycans is Galβ1‐4GlcNAc, referred to as a type‐2 N‐acetyllactosamine, LacNAc, sequence. Strains displaying polymeric LacNAc were generated by introducing a combination of glycosyltransferases that act on modified lipid A‐cores, resulting in efficient expression of the carbohydrate epitope on bacterial cell surfaces. The poly‐LacNAc scaffold was used as an acceptor for fucosylation leading to polymers of Lewis X antigens. We analysed the distribution of the carbohydrate epitopes by FACS, microscopy and ELISA and confirmed engineered LOS containing LacNAc and Lewis X repeats by MALDI‐TOF and NMR analysis. Glycoengineered LOS induced pro‐inflammatory response in murine dendritic cells. These bacterial strains can thus serve as tools to analyse the role of defined carbohydrate structures in different biological processes.