bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of advanced thyroid cancer with axitinib: Phase 2 study with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and quality‐of‐life assessments
Authors: Locati Laura D. , Licitra Lisa , Agate Laura , Ou Sai‐Hong I. , Boucher Andree , Jarzab Barbara , Qin Shukui , Kane Madeleine A. , Wirth Lori J. , Chen Connie , Kim Sinil , Ingrosso Antonella , Pithavala Yazdi K. , Bycott Paul , Cohen Ezra E. W. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUNDIn a previous phase 2 trial, axitinib was active and well tolerated in patients with advanced thyroid cancer. In this second phase 2 trial, the efficacy and safety of axitinib were evaluated further in this population, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships and patient‐reported outcomes were assessed.METHODSPatients (N = 52) with metastatic or unresectable, locally advanced medullary or differentiated thyroid cancer that was refractory or not amenable to iodine‐131 received a starting dose of axitinib 5 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety, pharmacokinetic parameters, and patient‐reported outcomes assessed with the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory questionnaire.RESULTSThe overall ORR was 35% (18 partial responses), and 18 patients had stable disease for ≥16 weeks. The median PFS was 16.1 months, and the median OS was 27.2 months. All‐causality, grade ≥3 adverse events (>5%) were fatigue, dyspnea, diarrhea, decreased weight, pain in extremity, hypertension, decreased appetite, palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia, hypocalcemia, and myalgia. Patients who had greater axitinib exposure had a longer median PFS. Quality of life was maintained during treatment with axitinib, and no significant deterioration in symptoms or interference in daily life caused by symptoms, assessed on MD Anderson Symptom Inventory subscales, were observed.CONCLUSIONSAxitinib has activity and a manageable safety profile while maintaining quality of life, and it represents an additional treatment option for patients with advanced thyroid cancer. Cancer 2014;120:2694–2703. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Effect of Structural Characteristics of Binary Palladium–Cobalt Fuel Cell Catalysts on the Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Antolini Ermete 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn view of possible use as cathode materials in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, the electrocatalytic activity of palladium–cobalt catalysts for oxygen reduction has been investigated in acid medium. In this minireview, the effect of structural characteristics, such as degree of alloying, particle size and palladium segregation on the alloy surface to form a core–shell system, on the electrocatalytic activity of palladium–cobalt catalysts for oxygen reduction is discussed.
Surfactant for Enhanced Rheological, Electrical, and Electrochemical Performance of Suspensions for Semisolid Redox Flow Batteries and Supercapacitors
Authors: Madec Lénaïc , Youssry Mohamed , Cerbelaud Manuella , Soudan Patrick , Guyomard Dominique , Lestriez Bernard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA suspension of Li4Ti5O12 and of Ketjen black in a solution of 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in propylene carbonate is studied as the anolyte for semisolid redox flow batteries. The rheological behavior and electronic conductivity are studied both at rest and under shear flow. The electrochemical behavior is evaluated at rest as a function of the charge/discharge rates and of the thickness of the suspension in the electrochemical cell. The highly beneficial influence of the addition of a non‐ionic surfactant in the composition of the suspension is demonstrated. All practical properties are improved with respect to semisolid redox flow applications. The viscosity decreases, the electronic conductivity increases and is less affected by the shear flow, and the electrochemical performance is improved. Moreover, the suspension shows much better stability, so its performance is preserved over time.
Controlling the Surface Chemistry of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Production of Highly Efficient and Stable Laccase‐Based Biocatalysts
Authors: Silva Cláudia G. , Tavares Ana P. M. , Dražić Goran , Silva Adrián M. T. , Loureiro José M. , Faria Joaquim L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLaccase was immobilized over multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 nm and different surface chemical groups. Oxygen‐containing groups were introduced selectively or removed by liquid‐phase oxidation and thermal treatments. The effect of pH on the immobilization efficiency and catalytic activity of laccase has been evaluated. Pristine MWCNTs show excellent immobilization capacity (100 %) and high enzyme activity, but low thermal stability (at 50 °C) owing to weak interaction (mostly hydrophobic) between laccase and the support. Immobilization capacity and catalytic activity of laccase on the modified MWCNTs were related to the surface electric charge of both the support and the enzyme. MWCNTs oxidized with HNO3 and posteriorly heated at 400 °C, mostly presenting hydroxyl surface groups, provided the best compromise between laccase activity and thermal stability, which has been attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the support and the enzyme.
The trajectory of IGF‐1 across age and duration of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Palta Mari , LeCaire Tamara J. , Sadek‐Badawi Mona , Herrera Victor M. , Danielson Kirstie K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with type 1 diabetes may have low IGF‐1, related to insulinopenia and insulin resistance. There are few longitudinal studies of IGF‐1 levels to establish its pattern in type 1 diabetes with duration and age, and to examine whether IGF‐1 tracks within individuals over time. We examine age and duration trends, and the relationship of IGF‐1 to gender, glycaemic control, insulin level and other factors.MethodsParticipants in the Wisconsin Diabetes Registry Study, an incident cohort study of type 1 diabetes diagnosed May 1987–April 1992, were followed for up to 18 years with IGF‐1 samples up to age 45 for women and age 37 for men.ResultsIGF‐1 is lower with type 1 diabetes than in normative samples. Although, the pattern across age resembles that in normative samples with a peak in adolescence and slow decline after age 20, the adolescent peak is delayed for women with type 1 diabetes. There was low to moderate tracking of IGF‐1 within an individual. Higher insulin dose was associated with higher IGF‐1 as was puberty, and female gender. Adjusted for these factors, IGF‐1 declined rapidly across early diabetes duration. Lower HbA1c was most strongly related to higher IGF‐1 at Tanner stages 1 and 2.ConclusionsIGF‐1 is low in type 1 diabetes, with a delayed adolescent peak in women and is especially influenced by glycaemic control in early and pre‐adolescence. High variability within an individual is likely a challenge in investigating associations between IGF‐1 and long‐term outcomes, and may explain contradictory findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of Hybrid Porous Materials from Cubic Octavinylsilsesquioxane through Friedel–Crafts Reaction Using Tetraphenylsilane as a Concentrative Crosslinker
Authors: Yang Wenyan , Wang Dengxu , Li Liguo , Liu Hongzhi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA series of novel hybrid porous polymers (HPPs), derived from cubic octavinylsilsesquioxane (OVS; [(C2H3SiO1.5)8]) and tetraphenylsilane (TPS), were successfully synthesized through Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. The porosities of the HPPs could be tuned by modulating the molar ratio of OVS and TPS. The HPPs showed high porosity, with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface areas of 518–989 m2 g–1, and total pore volumes of 0.35–0.76 cm3 g–1, as well as narrow pore‐size distributions. For gas sorption application, HPP‐5 possessed a hydrogen uptake of 0.80 wt.‐% at 760 Torr/77 K and a carbon dioxide uptake of 3.31 wt.‐% at 760 Torr/298 K.
The Photochemical and Thermal Decomposition of Azidoacetylene in the Gas Phase, Solid Matrix, and Solutions
Authors: Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Seifert Jennifer , Banert Klaus 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDecomposition of the extremely explosive and unstable parent compound of 1‐azidoalkynes, HCCN3 (azidoacetylene), was studied in the gas phase, solid argon matrix, and solutions. In the gas phase, this azide decomposes quickly at room temperature with a half‐life time (t1/2) of 20 min at an initial pressure (p0) of 0.8 mbar. The decay (p0 = 1.0 mbar) is significantly increased in an atmosphere of O2 with t1/2 of 3 min, in which HC(O)CN was identified as the trapping product of the cyanocarbene intermediate HCCN. Trapping products of this carbene by solvent molecules (CH2Cl2 and CHCl3) were also found during decomposition of the azide in solution, whereas the reaction with a solution of bromine to form dibromoacetonitrile is interpreted as taking place by nucleophilic attack of the alkyne itself. The intermediary formation of triplet HCCN by flash vacuum pyrolysis and photolysis (255 nm) of the azide in the gas phase and in solid argon matrices, respectively, was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and mutual photo‐interconversion of HCCN with isomeric cyclo‐C(H)CN (azirinylidene) and HCNC by selective irradiations at 16 K.
Spinal toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated signalling pathway contributes to visceral hypersensitivity induced by neonatal colonic irritation in rats
Authors: Chen Z‐Y. , Zhang X‐W. , Yu L. , Hua R. , Zhao X‐P. , Qin X. , Zhang Y‐M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough visceral hypersensitivity is a major pathophysiological feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical pattern recognition molecule of the innate immune system. In this study, we investigated whether the TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling pathway in the spinal cord contributed to the visceral hypersensitivity induced by neonatal colonic irritation (CI) in rats.MethodsThe Sprague‐Dawley rat model of IBS was induced by colon irritation on post‐natal day (PND) 8, PND10 and PND12. Experiments were conducted in adult rats. TLR4 mRNA and protein, and its downstream signalling molecules, MyD88, inhibitory nuclear factor‐kappa B (IκB) and NF‐κB protein expressions in L2‐S4 spinal segments were detected by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction as well as Western blotting. TLR4 co‐localization was determined by immunohistochemistry. Levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) were measured with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsWe found that neonatal CI treatment induced long‐lasting visceral hypersensitivity without identifiable structural abnormalities in descending colons of adult rats. Neonatal CI treatment evoked a significant up‐regulation of the expressions of TLR4 in glia, MyD88, p‐IκB‐α and NF‐κB in adult rats. Neonatal CI treatment also increased the levels of its downstream inflammatory agents TNF‐α and IL‐1β in the L2–S4 regions of the spinal cord of adult rats.ConclusionsThese results suggest that neonatal CI stimulates the production of IL‐1β and TNF‐α through the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB signalling pathway in the spinal cord, which contributed to visceral hypersensitivity induced by neonatal CI in rats.
Vaccines for the 21st century
Authors: Delany Isabel , Rappuoli Rino , De Gregorio Ennio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn the last century, vaccination has been the most effective medical intervention to reduce death and morbidity caused by infectious diseases. It is believed that vaccines save at least 2–3 million lives per year worldwide. Smallpox has been eradicated and polio has almost disappeared worldwide through global vaccine campaigns. Most of the viral and bacterial infections that traditionally affected children have been drastically reduced thanks to national immunization programs in developed countries. However, many diseases are not yet preventable by vaccination, and vaccines have not been fully exploited for target populations such as elderly and pregnant women. This review focuses on the state of the art of recent clinical trials of vaccines for major unmet medical needs such as HIV, malaria, TB, and cancer. In addition, we describe the innovative technologies currently used in vaccine research and development including adjuvants, vectors, nucleic acid vaccines, and structure‐based antigen design. The hope is that thanks to these technologies, more diseases will be addressed in the 21st century by novel preventative and therapeutic vaccines.
Coexistence of FTTC and FTTDp network architectures in different VDSL2 scenarios
Authors: Mazzenga F. , Petracca M. , Vatalaro F. , Giuliano R. , Ciccarella G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractVery high speed Digital Subscriber Line type 2 (VDSL2) systems can achieve significant bit rate values depending on the access network architecture and how far‐end crosstalk (FEXT) interference suppression is implemented. The so‐called vectoring technology recently became an implementation reality. It was introduced to dynamically suppress ‘self‐FEXT’ in a cable of twisted pairs on both downstream (DS) and upstream (US) signals. In the DS direction, crosstalk pre‐compensation precedes modulation, and in the US cancellation follows demodulation. However, vectoring allows to effectively eliminate crosstalk if lines belong to the same vectored group. When this condition is not satisfied, in general, even very few uncontrolled interferers can cause significant performance degradation. In this paper, we evaluate by simulation the VDSL2 performance in scenarios of coexistence between Fibre‐To‐The‐Cabinet (FTTC) with vectoring and Fibre‐To‐The‐Distribution point (FTTDp) architectures. We consider two different combinations of VDSL2 band plans assigned to the FTTC and FTTDp networks. We analyse VDSL2 performance in both cases of absence of spectrum management and implementation of the Downstream Power Back‐Off (DPBO) technique. We also study the throughput trade‐off between the two VDSL2 systems due to DPBO. Results show that, to protect VDSL2 FTTC systems, DPBO must be configured on VDSL2 FTTDp, whereas the investment required to bring the optical fibre to the distribution point could be justified by the improved performance achievable with the FTTDp architecture, even with the VDSL2 band profiles currently used. The presented coexistence analysis can be useful with reference to the G.fast spectrum allocations currently under definition. © 2014 The Authors. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Multicyclic Heterocycles Initiated by C–H Bond Activation Along with “Rollover” Using a Rh(III) Catalyst
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Takayasu Satoshi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTVarious multicyclic heterocycles were synthesized via “rollover” as the key pathway using a Rh(III) catalyst with a catalytic amount of sodium pivalate or copper(II) acetate. 3‐Alkynyl‐2‐heteroarylpyridines were transformed into tri‐ or tetracyclic heterocycles containing two heteroatoms via an intramolecular alkyne insertion. 3‐Aryloyl‐2‐arylpyridines were derived into 4‐azafluoren‐9‐ols via the intramolecular carbonyl insertion.
Copper‐Mediated One‐Pot Access to 2,3‐Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxathiines from o,o′‐Dihydroxydisulfides
Authors: Viglianisi Caterina , Sinni Aidona , Menichetti Stefano 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTo,o′‐Dihydroxydisulfides can be transformed to the corresponding o‐thioquinones using a substoichiometric amount of Cu(II) salts to promote a thiolate anion 1,4‐elimination at sulfur. o‐Thioquinones are trapped in situ as dienes in an inverse electron‐demand hetero Diels–Alder reaction with electron‐rich alkenes acting as dienophiles to give, one‐pot, 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxathiine cycloadducts.
Kinetic Resolution of Secondary 2‐Aryl‐1‐cycloalkanols with Phosphoroselenoyl Chloride with a Binaphthyl Group
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Miwa Tomoaki 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPhosphoroselenoic acid esters with a binaphthyl group were prepared by reacting phosphoroselenoyl chloride with excess racemic secondary cyclic alcohols. While the reactions of trans‐2‐aryl‐1‐cyclohexanols, 2‐pheny‐1‐cycloheptanols, and 2‐phenyl‐1‐cyclooctanols proceeded with high diastereoselectivity, those of 2‐alkyl‐1‐cylcohexanols and 2‐aryl‐1‐cyclopentanols did not show any diastereoselectivity. The resulting diastereomeric mixtures of the esters were purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give fractions that contained only one of the diastereomers. Reduction of the separated esters gave optically active cyclic alcohols with high enantiomeric excess. Extrusion of the selenium atom of the esters with PBu3 gave optically active phosphites in high yields.
Estrogen causes ultrastructural changes of fibrin networks during the menstrual cycle: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Swanepoel Albe C. , Lindeque Barend G. , Swart Paul J. , Abdool Zeelha , Pretorius Etheresia 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionHormonal fluctuations may influence fibrin structure. During the menstrual cycle, plasma fibrinogen levels change, mainly due to the variations of estrogen. Throughout the menstrual cycle estrogen levels peak twice, first during the mid‐follicular phase and then a lower second peak during the luteal phase.Materials and methodsIn order to investigate the possible changes in the fibrin network throughout the menstrual cycle, the fibrin network ultrastructure of six healthy female participants were studied at different intervals in the menstrual cycle where differences in estrogen levels are prevalent. Blood plasma smears were prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis.ResultsThe external and internal structure of the fibrin fibers showed different morphologies throughout the menstrual cycle. The fibrin fibers were smooth during days 1–5. However, during days 12–14 of the menstrual cycle the fibrin fiber morphology started to change, becoming less smooth. During the luteal phase of the cycle (days 20–25), the network appears sticky, where the minor, thin fibers are more prominent between the thick fibers when compared to the menstrual phase.ConclusionThe two estrogen peaks of the menstrual cycle coincide with the changes seen in the current qualitative research, where the fibrin morphology changes during the same time as the estrogen peaks occur. Purified fibrinogen confirmed that it is indeed estrogen that causes the altered fibrin network morphology. This research is the first to show ultrastructural changes in fibrin fiber morphology resulting from estrogen changes during the menstrual cycle. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:594–601, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic performance of preoperative gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shim Ju Hyun , Han Seungbong , Shin Yong Moon , Lee Young‐Joo , Lee Sung‐Gyu , Kim Kang Mo , Lim Young‐Suk , Lee Han Chu 
Published: May 2014

PurposeTo assess the impact of preoperative evaluation by gadoxetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on early recurrence outcomes after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection.Materials and MethodsThe retrospective study included two groups of Child‐Pugh class A patients who underwent curative liver resection for a single HCC; in one group the HCC was identified by dynamic computed tomography (CT) and gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI (n = 174; MRI group); in the other by dynamic CT only (n = 416; non‐MRI group). We compared the two groups with respect to recurrence‐free survival after propensity score matching (162 pairs).ResultsIn the matched cohorts, disease‐free survival rates for overall and intrahepatic recurrence were 92.6% and 91.9% at 1 year and 78.3% and 79.4% at 2 years, respectively, for the MRI group versus 82.7% and 82.7% at 1 year and 67.2% and 70.4% at 2 years, respectively, for the non‐MRI group (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox analyses revealed that the MRI group was independently superior to the non‐MRI group in terms of risk of overall and intrahepatic recurrence at 1 and 2 years in the pooled cohort (P < 0.05).ConclusionGadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI evaluation is more useful than dynamic CT for identifying good surgical candidates at low risk of early recurrence following hepatic resection for HCC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1115–1123. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Illinois resident attitudes toward recolonizing large carnivores
Authors: Smith Julia B. , Nielsen Clayton K. , Hellgren Eric C. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLarge carnivores are recolonizing portions of midwestern North America given harvest protection and the presence of suitable habitat in the region. Perhaps more so than other species, the successful management and viability of large carnivore populations is as dependent on social acceptance as on biological factors. However, knowledge of human attitudes and perceptions toward large carnivores in much of the Midwest remains unknown. We assessed attitudes and perceptions of Illinois citizens about black bears (Ursus americanus), cougars (Puma concolor), and gray wolves (Canis lupus) via a mail survey to provide wildlife managers with an understanding of residents' views prior to formulating carnivore management plans. The survey instrument consisted of questions about large carnivores regarding knowledge and beliefs, experiences and encounters, attitudes toward carnivores and management, and demographic questions and behavioral characteristics. We surveyed residents statewide; the sample drawn was stratified by geographic region (northern, central, and southern) and urban or rural county designation within regions. Because we observed differences in demographic variables between respondents (by mail) and non‐respondents (telephone interviewees), we did not pool responses from the 2 groups for analysis; the final response rate for the survey was 13%. More than 70% of survey respondents (n = 791) were male and their average age was 60; 55% were hunters. Approximately 40% were unsure about the population status of large carnivores in Illinois; of the remaining respondents, most (ranging from 20% for black bears to 41% for cougars) believed the presence of all 3 focal species had increased over the past decade. More residents supported protection (43%) and increasing numbers of large carnivores (39%) than opposed them (26%); however, support for black bears was slightly higher than for cougars and wolves. Rural residents and livestock owners were the most likely to want carnivore numbers to decrease and least likely to support their protection; higher levels of education corresponded to positive attitudes toward large carnivores. Our research provides the foundation for well‐informed management plans, policy decisions, and educational initiatives for large carnivores in midwestern states where these species appear to be recolonizing following decades of absence. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.