bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of influenza A virus infection in high‐ and low‐birth‐weight pigs using morphometric analysis
Authors: Detmer Susan E. , Gunvaldsen Rayna E. , Harding John C. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundEpigenetic studies have shown that low‐birth‐weight (LBW) and growth restriction has been associated with reduced immune function in humans and reduced passive immunity in pigs. To examine the immune responses of high‐birth‐weight (HBW) and LBW groups of pigs, influenza A virus infection was used as an exemplifier of neonatal respiratory disease.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were (i) to compare clinical, immunological, and pathological outcome of influenza infection in HBW to LBW pigs and (ii) to establish standardized sampling sites, score each site independently with set criteria, and compare scores between sites.MethodsSixty‐eight 4‐week‐old pigs originating from either HBW or LBW litters were intratracheally inoculated with 106·3 TCID50/ml of A/swine/Texas/4199‐2/1998 H3N2 and euthanized 48 hours later. Samples were collected 2·5 cm from the tip of both cranial and middle lung lobes. The formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue sections were scored in a blinded manner by a single pathologist using established scoring criteria for routine and immunohistochemical stains. Clinical parameters, lung and nasal swab virus titers, and cytokine levels for interferon‐alpha and interleukin‐1‐beta, IL‐6, and IL‐8 were measured.Results and ConclusionsLung lesion severity and influenza staining intensity were significantly lower in LBW compared with HBW pigs (P < 0·05). Additionally, examining just the LBW group, the significant difference between lobes (P = 0·009) showed that the mean score for the right cranial lung lobe was higher compared with the other three lobes.
Swine influenza: clinical, serological, pathological, and virological cross‐sectional studies in nine farms in Argentina
Authors: Dibárbora Marina , Cappuccio Javier , Olivera Valeria , Quiroga Maria , Machuca Mariana , Perfumo Carlos , Pérez Daniel , Pereda Ariel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza A viruses (IAV) are important pathogens responsible for economic losses in the swine industry and represent a threat to public health. In Argentina, clinical, pathological, and virological findings suggest that IAV infection is widespread among pig farms. In addition, several subtypes of IAV, such as pH1N1, H3N2, δ1H1N1, and δ2H1N2, have been reported.ObjectivesTo evaluate the infection patterns of influenza virus in nine pig farms in Argentina.MethodsClinical, serological, pathological, and virological cross‐sectional studies were conducted.ResultsClinical and pathological results were characteristic of endemic influenza infection in eight of the nine farms studied. By rRT‐PCR, six of the nine farms were positive to influenza. Five IAV were obtained. Genome analysis determined that four of the isolations were pH1N1 and that the remaining one was a reassortant human origin H3N2 virus containing pandemic internal genes. Serological results showed that all farms were positive to influenza A antibodies. Moreover, the hemagglutination inhibition test showed that infection with viruses containing HA′s from different subtypes (pH1, δ1H1, δ2H1, and H3) is present among the farms studied and that coinfections with two or more subtypes were present in 80.5% of positive pigs.ConclusionsBecause vaccines against IAV are not licensed in Argentina, these results reflect the situation of IAV infection in non‐vaccinated herds. This study provides more information about the circulation and characteristics of IAV in a poorly surveyed region. This study provides more data that will be used to evaluate the tools necessary to control this disease.
Immunofluorescence of Japanese Eneephalitis Virus InfectionIn Vitro: Localization of Viral Antigen in Canine Cerebellar Tissue Cultures
Authors: Yoshida Jun , Hotta Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPropagation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in cells of dog cerebellar tissue cultures was investigated by means of fluorescent antibody (FA) technique. The fluorescent globulin conjugate was made from the serum of a dog inoculated with partially purified JE virus, treated by Sephadex G‐25 and DEAE cellulose column chromatography and then adsorbed with dog liver powder. This preparation was found to be appropriate for the present work. Fluorescence was demonstrable in virus‐infected cultures of three different types of cells, fibroblast‐like cells, nerve cells and some of the glial type cells. Fluorescence could first be demonstrated about 20 hours after virus inoculation and appeared to increase in intensity in proportion to the increase of infective virus present in the cultures. The specificity of the reaction was supported by the non‐reactivity of control (non‐infected) cultures and by the results of blocking tests. The infected nerve cells and glial type cells also exhibited morphological changes clearly detectable by the FA techniques, corresponding to the changes shown in Bodian‐stained preparations. The localization of FA antigen in the fibers of these cells suggests a possible mode of spread of JE virus in the nervous tissues. In any of the cell types studied thus far, the nuclei remained FA‐unstained even during the advanced stage of infection.
Immunobiologic Role of the Bursa of Fabricius and Thymus in the Development of the Competence to Produce Serum Antibody in Chickens
Authors: Takahashi Katsuji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGroups of chickens which were surgically thymectomized or bursectomized immediately after hatching, or hormonally bursectomized by testosterone injection at an early embryonic stage, or thymo‐bursectomized were used in an attempt to elucidate the immunobiologic roles of the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus of the chicken in the initial development of immunologic competence, particularly the ability to produce serum antibody. There were no significant differences in the rate of elimination of an injected antigen (131I‐human serum albumin) from the blood of all the groups. However, a significant difference was observed in antibody production; no antibody was produced in the sera of hormonally bursectomized birds after the primary and secondary injections, while there was recognizable production of antibody in the sera of surgically thymectomized or bursectomized birds. Further, no antibody production was observed in tissue cultures of spleen cells derived from hormonally bursectomized chickens after immunization with human serum albumin or sheep erythrocytes. The injection of viable cells of the bursa restored to a significant degree the impaired capacity to produce antibody in hormonally bursectomized and surgically thymectomized birds as well as surgically thymo‐bursectomized birds, while cell‐free extracts of the bursa could restore the capacity only in the latter group of birds. These results suggest that in the chicken, only the bursa is concerned in the development of immunologic competence as measured by the ability to produce serum antibodies. The main role of the bursa seems to be to provide the initial supply of lymphoid cells and, in addition, the production of a humoral factor which promotes the proliferation of lymphoid cells and their immunological maturity.
Relationship between Indole Production, Nitrite Production and Carbohydrate Fermentation in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Ozawa Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVibrio cholerae produces indole in the presence of nitrite even though the former cannot always be demonstrated as such by standard test procedures. The results of present experiments indicate that the inhibition of a positive indole reaction by nitrite may be due to the interaction of nitrite with the para‐dimethyl‐amino‐benzaldehyde in the indole reagent. Several factors, such as strain differences, pH change of culture medium, nature of fermentable carbohydrates, are also associated with the inhibition of indole production in the presence of fermentable substrates. The way in which these factors, singly or in combination, affect this inhibition is not known.
Prevalence of Transferable Drug Resistance in Drug‐Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Japan
Authors: Naide Yorio , Kawamura Takeshi , Makino Kozo , Tamura Hajime , Watanare Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMany urinary isolates which belong to the Enterobacteriaceae and bear multiple drug resistance were shown to harbor transmissible resistance factors (R factors). The levels of resistance were almost uniform in every strain investigated. The resistance markers were usually transferred as a unit. Frequency of transfer varied from host to host even when the same recipient strain was employed. However, no remarkable differences were observed in successive transfers of R factors between substrains of Escherichia coli K‐12. The role of R factors in urinary tract infection is discussed.
The Electrophoretical Analysis of Esterase and Catalase and Its Use in Taxonomical Studies of Mycobacteria
Authors: Nakayama Yasuko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe zymogram patterns of esterases and catalases of mycobacterial strains were studied using the thin layer agar electrophoresis. Though there were some variations, Mycobacterium hominis, M. bovis, M. kansasii, M. fortuitum, M. runyonii, M. avium, M. phlei and M. smegmatis seemed to show species‐specific patterns consisting of 2 to 6 esterase bands and one or more catalase bands. The patterns of scotochromogens and nonchromogens were rather variable.
Complement Fixation Reaction and Agar Gel Double Diffusion Test in Tyzzer's Disease of Mice
Authors: Fujiwara Kôsaku 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComplement fixation reaction and agar gel double diffusion test were made using as antigens, water or phosphate buffer saline extracts of liver from mice severely infected with Tyzzer's disease. The supernatant of the extract heated at 56 C for 30 minutes was highly reactive with immune mouse serum in the complement fixation test, while an intense precipitate band was observed only with unhealed extracts in agar gel double diffusion tests. Cross reactions were observed in both tests between liver extracts from mice infected with different strains of organisms originating from different sources and showing varied degrees of virulence. Such reactions were not shown between Tyzzerimmune serum and liver extracts from uninfected or murine hepatitis‐infected mice, nor were they shown between the Tyzzer‐antigen and normal or anti‐murine hepatitis virus serum. The complement fixation test was used to test retired breeder mouse sera for disease contamination in mouse colonies. Positive reactions were observed in test sera collected from some breeding colonies that subsequently proved to be contaminated by the cortisone provocation test in young animals.
Grouping of RNA Phages by a Millipore Filtration Method
Authors: Miyake Tadashi , Shiba Tadayoshi , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwenty‐five strains of RNA phages were tested for their filtration and elution patterns (F‐E patterns) by a millipore filtration method. These strains, including MS2, f2 and R17, were separated in three groups in this aspect. We named these groups as group I, II and III. According to this grouping, MS2, f2 and R17 belonged to group I and Qβ belonged to group III. Furthermore, it was shown that group III was further divided in two sub‐groups (IIIa and IIIb) by this method. Grouping based on the F‐E patterns was in extremely good accordance with the grouping based on the serological properties. This grouping was also supported by the results of chemical and physical analyses of these RNA phages, that is, RNA phages which belonged to the same group had several common properties. Basic Information on the millipore filtration method was also presented in this paper.
A Statistical Approach to the Definition of Bacterial Species
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA statistical method is proposed for recognition of a bacterial species or for differentiation of two groups of bacterial strains. Comparison between two groups is done by the “t”‐test. When the mean S‐values (similarity value) of two groups are A and B, and the mean S‐value for all possible combinations between strains of both groups is S, a condition necessary for defining the two groups as different species is to demonstrate the existence of equations A > S and B > S. Unless this condition is fulfilled, the two groups should be considered unseparable. The condition necessary for recognition of two groups as one species is to demonstrate the existence of equations A:= S and B = S. A few examples of the test were shown using the mycobacteria, and it was suggested that this statistical method is useful in the recognition of a species.
A Phase Cinematography Study on Morphological Changes of FL‐Line Cells Following the Infection of Poliovirus
Authors: Makino Sajiro , Nakanishi Yuh H. , Yoshida Michihiro C. , Sakurada Norio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSuccessive cellular changes leading to damage induced in human epithelial FL‐line cells by poliovirus infection were followed by means of phase cinematography and described on the basis of cine records of living cells and fixed‐stained specimens. The first visible change appeared as acidophilic inclusions in nuclei of stained specimens as early as 5 hours after infection. Following distortion of the nucleus, a marked increase in basophilia and the appearance of a paranuclear mass were noted in the cytoplasm. With the development of this mass, the nucleus located in the peripheral area of the cell became intensively wrinkled and distorted. Then several vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm, and a marked blebbing of the cell surface followed, resulting in shrinkage of the cell. The cell damage was characterized morphologically 20 to 24 hours after infection by an eosinophilic cytoplasmic mass, severe distortion of the nucleus and fragmentation of nuclear material leading to pycnotic degeneration of nuclei. The nucleoli and acidophilic intranuclear inclusions remained unchanged during the course of pyknotic degeneration of cells. Degenerative changes leading to cell damage proceeded rather slowly in infected cells.
Fine Structure of Strictly Anaerobic, Non‐Spore‐Forming, Gram‐Negative Bacilli
Authors: Ushijima Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe fine structure of a strain of Bacteroides insolitus has been studied by ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy. Logarithmically growing cells were fixed both by osmic acid and potassium permanganate, and embedded in Epon. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and examined. The periphery of the cell was composed of a wavy three‐layered outer membrane (ca. 80 A), an intermediate layer (50–200 A), and three layered cytoplasmic membrane (ca. 80 A). Single or double bridges which connected the outer membrane with the cytoplasmic membrane were observed. Invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane was observed in no occasion. Independent, distinct, and uniform particles were not the main component of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm was filled with more or less beaded reticulum‐like structures. The nucleoplasm with fine fibrils was mainly dispersed continuously in rather regular cubic masses in an intermediate region between the center and the periphery of the cell. Contacts of the nucleoplasm with the cytoplasmic membrane were occasionally observed.
Studies on the Protection Test of Pertussis Vaccine. Immunization Period and Protectivity
Authors: Yoshioka Morimasa , Takatsu Kuniyoshi , Kawahira Minoru , Takahashi Kihachiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to confirm the data reported in the previous papers, variously prepared pertussis vaccines were employed in the present investigation. Pertussis organisms grown either on a solid or in a liquid semisynthetic medium were treated by: (1) heating at 56 C for 30 min, (2) storage in 0.1% formalin at 37 C for 5 days, (3) storage in 0.1% formalin at 25 C for 5 days, and (4) simple addition of sodium ethyl‐mercuri thiosalicylate (merthiolate) as a preservative. Freeze‐dried vaccines were made from these preparations four and a half months later. Mice were immunized intraperitoneally and challenged intracerebrally with a virulent strain of Bordetella pertussis 10 or 17 days later. The data were analyzed statistically assuming the probit corresponding to the percentage of survivors at any dose be a linear function of the logarithms of the dose. The 50% effective doses (ED50) and slopes of each vaccine were found to be uniform. More accurate estimates of ED50 were obtained by employing a pooled slope in each experiment. From these ED50 values, the relative potency was estimated by comparing the value of a vaccine to that of a dried merthiolate‐vaccine. For vaccines derived from solid cultures, with an immunization period of 17 days, the relative potency of the vaccine heated at 56 C was 0.63 (95% fiducial limits=0.52 to 0.76); the value for the formalinized vaccine at 37 C was 0.40 (0.30 to 0.53) and one at 25 C was 0.51 (0.34 to 0.77). Vaccines derived from liquid cultures showed a relative potency of 20 to 50% less than that of corresponding vaccine derived from a solid culture. The potency obtained for the 17 day immunization period was usually higher than that for the 10 day period. Using the overall‐pooled slope, an experimental design which will be appropriate for statistical analysis is discussed.
Penicillin Resistance Correlated with Phage Types in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Fujisawa Hiroyasu , Ishihara Keizo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to penicillin G was studied quantitatively by the dilution method. A series of 338 strains obtained from patients fell into 3 groups according to degree of resistance; 150 highly resistant strains, 137 moderately resistant strains, and 51 sensitive strains. Furthermore, 287 strains resistant to 0.2 units per ml or more of penicillin fell into 2 groups according to antibiotic resistance pattern, 173 single resistant strains and 114 multiple resistant strains. The vast majority of the highly resistant strains belonged to phage‐groups I and III, whereas the majority of the moderately resistant strains belonged to group II. Of the highly resistant strains, 65% were multiple resistant, and 35% single resistant. Of the multiple resistant strains, 86% belonged to the 52, 52A, 80, 81 complex within group I and to group III, but none belonged to group II. Of the strains that were highly resistant to penicillin only, 83% belonged to group I, and of these, nearly one‐half were members of the 52, 52A, 80, 81 complex, and the other half belonged to the rest of phage‐types within group I. In contrast, 88% of the moderately resistant strains were single resistant, and of these, 58% belonged to group II. Mercury resistance was observed in 77% of the highly resistant strains of the multiple resistance pattern, 29% of those of the resistance to penicillin alone and 3% of the strains moderately resistant to penicillin alone. Of the mercury resistant strains, 68% belonged to the 52, 52A, 80, 81 complex, 3% to the rest of phage‐types in group I, 12% to group III, but none belonged to group II. The results suggest that there may exist a difference in the mechanisms of inactivating penicillin between strains of staphylococci highly resistant and moderately resistant to penicillin.
Serological and Pyocine Types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Various Sources
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Tazaki Tadakatu , Kato Takashi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo hundred and sixty six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various pathological or non‐pathological materials were classified by serological and pyocine typing methods for the purpose of epidemiological investigation. The O antigenic groups detected were Verder and Evans' O1, 2, 3 (7a, 7b), 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and Habs' 04 and O10. In addition, three new O antigenic groups designated tentatively as Ox11, Ox12 and Ox13 have been established. Among these groups, Verder and Evans' O2, O3 (7a, 7b) and Ox11 were most common. No significant difference existed between the O groups of P. aeruginosa isolated from pathological materials and those obtained from non‐pathological sources. Pyocine typing of Darrell and Wahba was considered to be useful in the epidemiological investigation. In a patient, P. aeruginosa of a specific sero‐pyocine type persisted for long period in an infected focus.
Complement‐Fixation Tests of Rickettsia orientalis with Sodium Deoxycholate Treated Antigen
Authors: Tachibana Nobuyoshi , Kobayashi Yuzuru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComplement‐fixation tests of Rickettsia orientalis were performed by using antigens purified with sodium deoxycholate. Cross complement‐fixation tests between antigens of the Gilliam, Ohzeki, Karp and Kato strains and immune mouse sera of these four strains and of the Kaneko strain revealed difference in antigenic structure among the Gilliam, Karp and Kato strains. The Ohzeki strain was identical with the Gilliam strain and the Kaneko strain was identical with the Karp strain. In the homologous system, complement‐fixing antibodies of mice infected with R. orientalis began to appear on the 15th day after infection and rose rapidly in a few days, and reached maximum in 4–6 weeks after infection and 8 weeks at latest. Subsequently, the titers declined gradually and showed low titers on the 52nd week in spite of survival of rickettsia in mice. In the heterologous system among which antigenic structures were different, the titers rose somewhat later and declined earlier than those of the homologous system. It was confirmed that the antigen treated with sodium deoxycholate was utilizable in the specific serological diagnosis of scrub typhus, because convalescent sera from all ten patients with the disease showed significant rise of complement‐fixing titers against the antigen.
Biological Activity of Papain Digested Streptococcal Anti‐M Antibody
Authors: Saito YÜIchi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDigestion of rabbit streptococcal anti‐M antibody with papain to produce univalent fragments resulted in the loss of its ability to fix complement. However, the digested univalent antibody still retained the indirect bactericidal activity in vitro, opsonic activity in vivo, and also the capability of protecting mice against the streptococcal infection. Thusly the biological activities of digested anti‐M antibody appear to be similar to those of intact anti‐M antibody.
Heat Resistance and α‐Toxigenicity of Clostridium perfringens Strains in Normal Intestines of Japanese
Authors: Nakagawa Masaaki , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHeat‐resistant strains of Clostridium perfringens were isolated from normal feces samples of Japanese people more frequently than from European people. However, the predominant number of the C. perfringens cells in the human intestines were sensitive to the heat at 100 C for 10 min. This proved to be true of the feces samples which were demonstrated to carry the organism resistant to 100 C for 60 min. Further studies indicated that the more the number of the organism in the intestines, the higher was the recovery ratio of the heat‐resistant strains. Concomitant estimation for α‐toxigenicity of those strains isolated from unheated feces samples revealed that the α‐toxigenicity ranged mainly between 0.05 and 0.9 α‐antitoxin equivalents.