bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the treatment effect in the presence of non‐compliance and missing data
Authors: Leuchs Ann‐Kristin , Zinserling Jörg , Schlosser‐Weber Gabriele , Berres Manfred , Neuhäuser Markus , Benda Norbert 
Published: July 2013

Treatment non‐compliance and missing data are common problems in clinical trials. Non‐compliance is a broad term including any kind of deviation from the assigned treatment protocol, such as dose modification, treatment discontinuation or switch, often resulting in missing values. Missing values and treatment non‐compliance may bias study results. Follow‐up of all patients until the planned end of treatment period irrespective of their protocol adherence may provide useful information on the effectiveness of a study drug, taking the actual compliance into account. In this paper, we consider non‐compliance as discontinuation of treatment and assume that the endpoint of interest is recorded for some non‐complying patients after treatment discontinuation. As a result, the patient's longitudinal profile is dividable into on‐ and off‐treatment observations.Within the framework of depression trials, which usually show a considerably high amount of dropouts, we compare different analysis strategies including both on‐ and off‐treatment observations to gain insight into how the additional use of off‐treatment data may affect the trial's outcome. We compare naïve strategies, which simply ignore off‐treatment data or treat on‐ and off‐treatment data in the same way, with more complex strategies based on piecewise linear mixed models, which assume different treatment effects for on‐ and off‐treatment data.We show that naïve strategies may considerably overestimate treatment effects. Therefore, it is worthwhile to follow up as many patients as possible until the end of their planned treatment period irrespective of compliance, including all available data in an analysis that accounts for the different treatment conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New horizons for prostate cancer: part 2
Authors: Dearnaley David , Ottensmeier Christian , Attard Gerhardt , Crabb Simon 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis report is based on a seminar held during the 9th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group in Bristol. The workshop reviewed emerging prostate cancer treatment strategies that are predicted to have a potential future impact on the management of prostate cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Testosterone deficiency in the ageing man: is the ‘male menopause’ an entity?
Authors: Thrower Sally Louise , Ahmad Bushra 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this debate, endocrinologists Sally Thrower and Bushra Ahmad ask whether intervention with testosterone replacement therapy is appropriate to reverse the effects of ageing in men. In the response that follows in this issue, Consultant in Sexual Medicine Geoff Hackett provides evidence from guidelines outlining the beneficial effects of testosterone for hypogonadal men. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Social capital: Its constructs and survey development
Authors: Enfield Richard P. , Nathaniel Keith C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article reports on experiences and methods of adapting a valid adult social capital assessment to youth audiences in order to measure social capital and sense of place. The authors outline the process of adapting, revising, prepiloting, piloting, and administering a youth survey exploring young people's sense of community, involvement in the community, and the development of social capital. They then discuss the trade‐offs of defining the often amorphous concepts included in social capital as they select measurement scales. The constructs used in the survey are agency, belonging, engagement, and trust for bonding, bridging, and linking forms of social capital.
Social capital and youth development: Toward a typology of program practices
Authors: Emery Mary 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs part of our inquiry into how youth development and 4‐H programming can affect the development of social capital for youth and for the community, we engaged youth in ripple mapping. Based on this information, we provide a typology of participation structures in youth development activities and the expected bridging and bonding social capital outcomes for each type. This article outlines the key factors underlying the typology and discusses strategies for using the typology to expand the impact of youth development and 4‐H programming on young people and communities. It also outlines potential implications for increasing opportunities for fostering social capital leading to a spiraling‐up effect for youth, volunteers, and the community.
Using multiple youth programming delivery modes to drive the development of social capital in 4‐H participants
Authors: Kinsey Sharon 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on how 4‐H youth participants are building social capital, or connections among individuals and community members, through their 4‐H experiences. These experiences can be seen through the lens of such 4‐H delivery modes as the traditional 4‐H club, after‐school programs, and school enrichment programs. In addition, other experiences such as leadership camps and conferences or activities in the local community afford youth the opportunity to build the relationships, trust, and respect reflective of social capital. Examples are derived from 4‐H program participants—urban, suburban and rural youth—in Camden County, New Jersey.
Engaging underrepresented youth populations in community youth development: Tapping social capital as a critical resource
Authors: Erbstein Nancy 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFor youth who are the most vulnerable to challenging community conditions, more limited opportunities, and poor health, educational and economic trajectories derive especially strong benefits from engagement in community youth development efforts. Although communities can benefit in powerful ways from the knowledge and insight of these youth populations, the experiences of vulnerable youth are often underrepresented in planning and decision making. This article draws on lessons learned from two communities that successfully engaged such youth in a community change initiative over four years.Key elements in creating the types of safe, supportive, and meaningful settings that promote young people's ongoing participation and leadership were intentionality and commitment; local knowledge of vulnerable populations; adult allies with key capacities; meaningful focus; resources for intensive outreach, relationship building, and youth support; and continuity of key adults. Each of these elements is described, identifying the ways they build on often underrecognized forms of social capital and offering lessons learned about engaging underserved youth populations in community youth development.
Synthesis, Structure, and SOD‐like Activity of a Copper(II) Complex Containing a Bistriazole Group
Authors: Zhou Ying‐Hua , Wan Wei‐Qing , Sun Da‐Liang , Tao Jun , Zhang Li , Wei Xian‐Wen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe dinuclear complex [Cu2(HL)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (1) [H2L = 5′‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1‐H,2′‐H‐3, 3′‐bis(1, 2,4‐triazole)] was obtained and fully characterized. It exhibits a centrosymmetry configuration, in which each copper(II) ion is pentacoordinate with four nitrogen atoms of two triazole ligands and one oxygen atom from a water molecule. The net atomic charges distribution and atomic orbital contribution to frontier molecular orbitals were obtained using the Gaussian 98 program with Hartree‐Fock method at LANL2DZ level, indicating that the copper(II) ion has the potential to accept the electron of O2·–. The complex showed quasi‐reversible one‐electron CuII/CuI redox waves with redox potentials of –0.034 V. The SOD‐like activity (IC50) of 1 was measured to be 0.18 ± 0.01 μM by xanthine/xanthine oxidase‐NBT assay at pH 7.8. The relatively high SOD activity suggests that the positive charge of protonated triazole can effectively steer O2·– to and from the active copper ion.
Copper Substitution and Mixed Cation Effect in Ag10Te4Br3
Authors: Giller Malte , Bawohl Melanie , Gerstle Alexandra P. , Nilges Tom 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAg10Te4Br3 is the first compound of this substance class, where covalent interactions in the tellurium substructure led to the formation of Peierls distorted linear chains, responsible for a strong modulation of the electronic structure. This compound represents the first example within a series of pnp switching compounds, where the interplay of mobile ions, in combination with the attractive interactions, created by partially covalent‐bonded anion substructures defines a new substance class of resistivity switching phases. Herein, we report on the partial substitution of mobile copper ions into the cation substructure of cation conducting Ag10Te4Br3. An X‐ray powder phase analysis substantiated the continuous intake of copper in the title compound. Thermoanalytic investigations were performed to analyse the influence of two mobile species on the structural phase transitions of the polymorphic coinage metal (poly)telluride bromide.
Clinical Significance of Delphian Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Oh Eun Mee , Chung Yoo Seung , Lee Young Don 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundDelphian lymph node (DLN) metastasis has long been considered a prognostic marker of head and neck malignancy. These days, the significance of DLN in thyroid cancer has come to the fore. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of DLN metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).Patients and methodsThe study was carried out between July 2009 and December 2011, and DLN was detected in 245 of 898 PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and bilateral central compartment neck dissection. In those 245 patients DLN status was correlated with clinical and pathologic factors, including age, gender, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and central and lateral nodal metastasis.ResultsDLN metastasis was found in 20 % of the patients studied (49 of 245), and DLN metastasis was correlated with tumor size, multicentricity, bilaterality, and LVI excluding ETE (all p < 0.05). The proportion of male patients was higher in the DLN metastasis positive group than in the DLN metastasis negative group (34.7 vs. 13.3 %; p < 0.05). Most of the patients (95.9 %) with DLN metastasis had other central neck node metastasis, and the metastatic central lymph node ratio was higher (0.38 ± 0.23 versus 0.09 ± 0.16; p < 0.001) and lateral neck node metastasis was more common (2.6 vs. 32.7 % <0.001) than in patients without DLN metastasis. For central and lateral compartment nodal metastasis, DLN status had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 100, 37.4, 58.1, and 100 %, and 85.3, 76.2, 97.4, and 32.7 %, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors affecting DLN involvement were tumor size and LVI. Patients with positive DLN were ~1.6 times more likely to have further central compartment disease and 3.6 times more likely to have lateral compartment disease.ConclusionsDLN metastasis in patients with PTC is related to a number of poor prognostic factors. Furthermore DLN involvement implies that the patients are predicted to have heavy burden of central neck node metastasis and are more likely to have further lateral neck node metastasis. It is recommended that DLN is evaluated and dissected in all patients with thyroid cancer. If DLN metastasis is suspected, the surgeon should thoroughly dissect the central neck compartment and pay particular attention to the lateral lymph node compartments.
Community Psychology and Transformative Policy Change in the Neo‐liberal Era
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey 
Published: July 2013

AbstractI present ideas about how community psychologists, as researcher‐activists, can influence public policy. I begin by describing the current neo‐liberal era, noting the immense obstacles it poses to progressive policy change. Next I contrast two approaches to understanding policy formation, evidence‐based policy and discursive policy analysis, and argue that transformative policy change can benefit from both approaches. I then propose three types of policy outcomes that community psychology research and activism should aim to promote: (a) shaping problem definition, (b) controlling channels for debate and participation, and (c) allocating resources. I use examples from community psychologists’ involvement in policy, mostly in Canada, to illustrate how such policy change can be both achieved and constrained. I conclude by discussing implications for theory and practice related to policy change.
Influence of Surfactant on the Characteristics of W1/O/W2‐Microparticles
Authors: Benéitez Maria Cristina , Espada Juan Ignacio , Fernandes Daniel , de la Ossa Dolores Hernán Pérez , Gil‐Alegre Maria Esther 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe water‐in‐oil‐in water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion evaporation technique is widely used when the microencapsulation of soluble agents like naloxone HCl is intended. The present work shows the effect of HLB emulsifiers added to phase O on microsphere morphology, size, release, drug encapsulation efficiency. The addition of sorbitan ester to first emulsion (W1/O) and the HLB of the surfactant have an important effect on the characteristics of poly‐lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP). This MP with sorbitan esters added were smaller and released the hydrophilic drug, naloxone, with no‐significant difference at pH 5 versus pH 7.5 (phosphate medium). This is an important fact when long‐drug release is considered since it is known that PLGA degradation leads to media acidification. The HLB value had an important effect on drug loading. Sorbitan monooleate led to the highest naloxone loading. Because of its low HLB (4.3), it is most suitable for stabilizing the W1/O emulsion, which is fundamental for the successful entrapment of a hydrophilic compound in MP prepared by double emulsion technique. Finally, drug solubility in the MP matrixes cannot be considered as a predictive parameter for drug encapsulation. Both surfactants increased the naloxone solubility in the polymer PLGA and only sorbitan monooleate increased the drug entrapment.
Preparation and Characterization of C10–C14Alkyl Cellulose Ester Sulfate Surfactant
Authors: Yu Jian‐Ling , Yang Fang , Liu Zhi‐Hua , Liu Ya‐Nan , Li Gang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe aim of this work is to synthesize surfactants based on cellulose with different molecular weights. Raw cotton cellulose was tailored into cellulose segments with different molecular weights by a hydrothermal process, then the average degree of polymerization (DP) was determined by viscosimetry and the molecular weight distribution was estimated by gel permeation chromatography. The C10–C14alkyl cellulose ester sulfate surfactants were prepared by hydrophilic sulfonation and hydrophobic esterification. The surface tension of the surfactants solution was obtained by the Wilhelmy plate method. Results showed that the cellulose segments presented a broader distribution compared with the raw material. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) value decreased from 1.08 to 0.86 wt% as the hydrophobic chain length was increased from 10 to 14. The CMC values of cellulose surfactants with C14‐acyl chloride hydrophobization decreased from 1.32 to 0.86 wt% as the DP was decreased from 2,700 to 296.
Synthesis and the Structure to Property Relationship of Monoperfluoroalkyl Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Jaoued‐Grayaa Najeh , Boughariou‐Charrada Boutheina , Hedhli Ahmed 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMonoprotected polyethylene glycols (PEG) react with epichlorohydrin to furnish PEGylated epoxides. The latter were converted into the corresponding α‐(2‐F‐alkylethyl)thiomethyl polyethylene glycols by treatment with 2‐F‐alkylethanethiol. Surface activity of the obtained surfactants was investigated by evaluation of PEG and perfluoroalkyl chains length on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface and interfacial tensions.
Predictors and consequences of developmental changes in adolescent girls' self‐reported quality of attachment to their primary caregiver
Authors: Scott Lori N. , Whalen Diana J. , Zalewski Maureen , Beeney Joseph E. , Pilkonis Paul A. , Hipwell Alison E. , Stepp Stephanie D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIn an at‐risk community sample of 2101 girls, we examined trajectories, predictors, and consequences of changes in a central aspect of adolescents' perceived quality of attachment (QOA), i.e., their reported trust in the availability and supportiveness of the primary caregiver. Results demonstrated two distinct epochs of change in this aspect of girls' perceived QOA, with a significant linear decrease in early adolescence (ages 11–14) followed by a plateau from 14 to 16. Baseline parent‐reported harsh punishment, low parental involvement, single parent status, and child‐reported depression symptoms predicted steeper decreases in attachment during early adolescence, which in turn predicted greater child‐reported depression and conduct disorder symptoms in later adolescence. Results suggest that both parent and child factors contribute to trajectories of self‐reported QOA in adolescence, and a faster rate of decrease in girls' perceived QOA to caregivers during early adolescence may increase risk for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool—Japanese Version
Authors: Notoh Hiroyuki , Yamada Takashi , Kobayashi Norikazu , Ishii Yoshikazu , Forsyth Kirsty 
Published: July 2013

Objective/Background The Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool-Japanese version (J-MOHOST) was developed, and it was identified that the J-MOHOST did not have any problems in linguistic validation. The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the J-MOHOST for the physical disabilities. Methods Forty-four participants were recruited from the rehabilitative wards and data, including demographic variables and the J-MOHOST scores, were obtained. The fit statistics, rating scale characteristics, and reliability index were examined using the Rasch analysis. Results There were no misfitting participants, and the J-MOHOST measures reliably separated the participants into 3.95 statistically distinct strata with a person reliability of .88. The result of item fit showed that it did not have noticeable problem in the items of the J-MOHOST. Moreover, the item reliability was .88. The content of the item difficulty could represent the characteristics of occupational participation of the participants in conformity with the rating system of the J-MOHOST. Conclusion The J-MOHOST rating scale could discriminate the level of occupational participation in physical disabilities. The results indicate that the J-MOHOST is an effective tool for measurement. Further studies are needed to increase the number of participants with a variety of disabilities and settings.
Prevalence and associated features of restless legs syndrome in a population of Iranian women during pregnancy
Authors: Vahdat Mansoureh , Sariri Elaheh , Miri Shahnaz , Rohani Mohammad , Kashanian Maryam , Sabet Amin , Zamani Babak 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) during pregnancy and to evaluate factors associated with RLS in a population of Iranian pregnant women.MethodsIn the present cross‐sectional study, 443 consecutive pregnant women admitted for delivery underwent an interview within 2 days of parturition. The diagnosis of RLS was established by the 4 criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). The severity of RLS was assessed through the IRLSSG Rating Scale.ResultsSeventy‐nine (17.8%) women met the RLS diagnostic criteria, with most (74.7%) having RLS of moderate severity. The mean RLS duration before delivery was 3.1 ± 2.1 months among 69 (87.3%) women; 10 (12.7%) had RLS onset before pregnancy. Sleep disturbances including insomnia and early awakening were significantly more common among women with RLS than among those without (P < 0.001), and the frequency of cesarean delivery was also significantly higher (58.2% versus 44.5%, P = 0.027; odds ratio 2.4). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, number of pregnancies, folate and iron supplementation, hemoglobin level, and neonatal anthropometric data.ConclusionRestless legs syndrome is common during pregnancy and is associated with poor sleep and an increased risk of cesarean delivery.
Témoignage et histoire dans la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Canada
Authors: Niezen Ronald , Gadoua Marie-Pierre 
Published: July 2013

Résumé
La Commission de vérité et de réconciliation (CVR) du Canada relative aux pensionnats autochtones nous offre l’opportunité d’observer les processus par le biais desquels les victimes reconsidèrent leur place au sein de l’histoire de l’État. Les témoignages livrés dans ce contexte mettent en relief souffrance et souvenirs d’agression et de torture d’enfants, au détriment d’une vue d’ensemble plus complète et variée des origines, des modes d’opération et des conséquences de ces pensionnats. En favorisant l’articulation d’un certain type de témoignages, la CVR canadienne façonne autant de récits de traumatismes, de crimes institutionnels et d’histoire nationale. Cette forme d’essentialisation des témoignages nous amène à nous questionner sur les capacités de la CVR à dévoiler effectivement la diversité des dynamiques des pensionnats, les raisons de leur établissement, les causes de la corruption de leurs objectifs et les caractéristiques communes qu’ils pourraient avoir avec d’autres formes durables et continues d’abus de pouvoir institutionnel.
Credit Counselling in Canada: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Ben-Ishai Stephanie , Schwartz Saul 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
When debt becomes unmanageable, two options for a consumer debtor in Canada are: (1) enlisting the services of a bankruptcy trustee, and (2) becoming a client of a not-for-profit credit counselling agency. Each of these options is regulated differently and has public and private dimensions. At first glance, these two options might seem to illustrate the potential of multiple legal orders to better serve the public. In this paper, however, we argue, based on empirical research on the credit counselling industry, that while this pluralism has potential to facilitate debt relief in Canada, it has failed to do so. The lines between public and private options have been blurred to the point where they are difficult to discern, and the consumer debtor is ultimately disadvantaged.