bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engine emissions and combustion analysis of biodiesel from East African countries
Authors: Maina Paul 
Published: March 2014

Environmental, availability and financial problems associated with fossil fuels encourage the manufacture and
use of biodiesel. In this study, vegetable oil was extracted from
Jatropha curcas
seeds sourced from Kenya
and Tanzania. A two-step acid–base catalytic transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel
because of the amount of free fatty acids present in the oil. The test rig used in the experiments was an Audi,
1.9-litre, turbocharged direct injection, compression ignition engine. Emissions were measured using an
Horiba emission analyser system while combustion data was collected by a data acquisition system, from
which cylinder pressure and rate of heat release of the test engine in every crank angle were calculated.
The two biodiesels showed better emission characteristics than the fossil diesel included in the tests for
comparison purposes. Cylinder pressure and heat release of the biodiesel were also within acceptable
ranges. However, the emission and combustion characteristics differed between the two biodiesels – a result
likely related to their different origins. These findings prove that the source of biodiesel is an important factor
to consider.
Palaeomagnetic and synchrotron analysis of >1.95 Ma fossil-bearing palaeokarst at Haasgat, South Africa
Authors: Herries Andy I.R. , Kappen Peter , Kegley Anthony D.T. , Patterson David , Howard Daryl L. , De Jonge Martin D. , Potze Stephany , Adams Justin W. 
Published: March 2014

Palaeomagnetic analysis indicates that Haasgat, a fossil-bearing palaeocave in the Gauteng Province of
South Africa, is dominated by reversed magnetic polarity in its oldest, deepest layers and normal polarity in
the younger layers. The presence of in-situ
Equus
specimens suggests an age of less than ~2.3 Ma, while
morphological analysis of faunal specimens from the ex-situ assemblage suggests an age greater than
1.8 Ma. Given this faunal age constraint, the older reversed polarity sections most likely date to the beginning
of the Matuyama Chron (2.58–1.95 Ma), while the younger normal polarity deposits likely date to the very
beginning of the Olduvai Sub-Chron (1.95–1.78 Ma). The occurrence of a magnetic reversal from reversed
to normal polarity recorded in the sequence indicates the deposits of the Bridge Section date to ~1.95 Ma.
All the in-situ fossil deposits that have been noted are older than the 1.95 Ma reversal, but younger than
2.3 Ma. Haasgat therefore dates to an interesting time period in South African human evolution that saw
the last occurrence of two australopith species at ~2.05–2.02 Ma (Sts5
Australopithecus africanus
from
Sterkfontein Member 4) to ~1.98 Ma (
Australopithecus sediba
from Malapa) and the first occurrence of
early
Homo
(Sk847),
Paranthropus
and the Oldowan within Swartkrans Member 1 between ~2.0 Ma and
~1.8 Ma.
An evaluation for harnessing low-enthalpy geothermal energy in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Dhansay Taufeeq , De Wit Maarten , Patt Anthony 
Published: March 2014

South Africa generates most of its energy requirements from coal, and is now the leading carbon emitter in
Africa, and has one of the highest rates of emissions of all nations in the world. In an attempt to decrease its
CO
2
emissions, South Africa continues to research and develop alternative forms of energy, expand on the
development of nuclear and has began to explore potentially vast shale gas reserves. In this mix, geothermal
has not been considered to date as an alternative energy source. This omission appears to stem largely
from the popular belief that South Africa is tectonically too stable. In this study, we investigated low-enthalpy
geothermal energy from one of a number of anomalously elevated heat flow regions in South Africa. Here, we
consider a 75-MW enhanced geothermal systems plant in the Limpopo Province, sustainable over a 30-year
period. All parameters were inculcated within a levelised cost of electricity model that calculates the single
unit cost of electricity and tests its viability and potential impact toward South Africa’s future energy security
and CO
2
reduction. The cost of electricity produced is estimated at 14 USc/KWh, almost double that of
coal-generated energy. However, a USD25/MWh renewable energy tax incentive has the potential of making
enhanced geothermal systems comparable with other renewable energy sources. It also has the potential
of CO
2
mitigation by up to 1.5 gCO
2
/KWh. Considering the aggressive nature of the global climate change
combat and South Africa’s need for a larger renewable energy base, low-enthalpy geothermal energy could
potentially form another energy option in South Africa’s alternative energy basket.
Bosutinib in Combination With the Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole: A Phase II Trial in Postmenopausal Women Evaluating First-Line Endocrine Therapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive/HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Moy Beverly , Neven Patrick , Lebrun Fabienne , Bellet Meritxell , Xu Binghe , Sarosiek Tomasz , Chow Louis , Goss Paul , Zacharchuk Charles , Leip Eric , Turnbull Kathleen , Bardy-Bouxin Nathalie , Duvillié Ladan , Láng István 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Author Summary

Background.
Endocrine therapy resistance in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) may involve crosstalk between HRs and growth factor signaling pathways. We evaluated bosutinib, a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has previously demonstrated some antitumor activity in BC, plus letrozole as first-line endocrine therapy in locally advanced or metastatic HR+/HER2− BC.

Methods.
Sixteen postmenopausal women were enrolled in a phase II study evaluating the safety/efficacy of bosutinib plus letrozole. In the single-arm safety/dose-confirming lead-in (part 1), patients received oral bosutinib at 400 mg/day plus letrozole at 2.5 mg/day; adverse events (AEs) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were monitored, and initial efficacy was assessed. A randomized efficacy/safety phase (part 2) was planned to evaluate the combination versus letrozole monotherapy.

Results.
Fifteen of 16 subjects experienced treatment-related AEs, most commonly diarrhea (69%). Treatment-related hepatotoxicity AEs (primarily alanine aminotransferase [ALT] or aspartate aminotransferase [AST] elevations) occurred in 6 of 16 patients (38%). Four of 15 evaluable patients (27%) experienced a DLT (grade 3/4 ALT/AST elevations, n = 2; grade 3 rash, n = 1; grade 3 diarrhea or vomiting, n = 1), including 1 Hy's law hepatotoxicity case. All DLTs resolved following treatment discontinuation. One patient achieved confirmed partial response; one had stable disease for &gt;24 weeks. Study termination occurred before part 2.

Conclusion.
The unfavorable risk-benefit ratio did not warrant further investigation of bosutinib plus letrozole.
Fuzzy approach - a new chapter in the methodology of psychology?
Authors: Stoklasa Jan , Talášek Tomáš , Musilová Jana 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This paper aims to briefly introduce the main idea behind the fuzzy approach and to identify the areas and problems encountered in the humanities that might profit from using this approach. Based on a short overview of selected applications of fuzzy in psychology we identify key areas in which the fuzzy approach has already been applied, and propose a list of general types of problems that the fuzzy approach may provide solutions for in psychology and the humanities in general. These types of problems are illustrated using practical examples. The benefits and possible shortcomings of using the fuzzy approach compared to classical approaches in use today are discussed.
The goal of this paper is to indicate areas in research and practice in the humanities, where modern mathematical tools—in this case linguistic fuzzy modeling—have already been used or might prove promising.
Fast and unique Tucker decompositions via multiway blind source separation
Authors: Zhou G. , Cichocki A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A multiway blind source separation (MBSS) method is developed to decompose large-scale tensor (multiway array) data. Benefitting from all kinds of well-established constrained low-rank matrix factorization methods, MBSS is quite flexible and able to extract unique and interpretable components with physical meaning. The multilinear structure of Tucker and the essential uniqueness of BSS methods allow MBSS to estimate each component matrix separately from an unfolding matrix in each mode. Consequently, alternating least squares (ALS) iterations, which are considered as the workhorse for tensor decompositions, can be avoided and various robust and efficient dimensionality reduction methods can be easily incorporated to pre-process the data, which makes MBSS extremely fast, especially for large-scale problems. Identification and uniqueness conditions are also discussed. Two practical issues dimensionality reduction and estimation of number of components are also addressed based on sparse and random fibers sampling. Extensive simulations confirmed the validity, flexibility, and high efficiency of the proposed method. We also demonstrated by simulations that the MBSS approach can successfully extract desired components while most existing algorithms may fail for ill-conditioned and large-scale problems.
Motion planning of the trident snake robot equipped with passive or active wheels
Authors: Paszuk D. , Tchoń K. , Pietrowska Z. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We study the kinematics of the trident snake robot equipped with either active joints and passive wheels or passive joints and active wheels. A control system representation of the kinematics is derived, and control singularities examined. Two motion planning problems are addressed, corresponding to diverse ways of controlling the robot, and solved by means of the endogenous configuration space approach. The constraints imposed by the presence of control singularities are handled using the imbalanced Jacobian algorithm assisted by an auxiliary feedback. Performance of the motion planning algorithms is demonstrated by computer simulations.
Tool stiffness influence on the chosen physical parameters of the milling process
Authors: Zębala W. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article presents our own model researches, relating to the down milling process of Aluminium alloy (Al6061) and Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), with a tool made of sintered carbides. These investigations pay the special attention to the impact of the tool rigidity on the process of chip formation. The simulation calculations have been carried out for two cases of the cutting process: case 1 - assuming an ideally rigid construction of a milling cutter (length of tool does not impact its deflection under the cutting forces); case 2 - it is possible that the tool can be subjected to deflection under the cutting forces (length of a tool part is counted from the holder end to the contact point of a cutting edge with the machining material).
The choice of optimal 3-rd order polynomial packet dropping function for NLRED in the presence of self-similar traffic
Authors: Domańska J. , Augustyn D.R. , Domański A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Algorithms of queue management in IP routers determine which packet should be deleted when necessary. The article investigates the influence of the self-similarity on the optimal packet rejection probability function in a special case of NLRED queues. This paper describes another approach to the non-linear packet dropping function. We propose to use the solutions based on the polynomials with degree equals to 3. The process of obtaining the optimal dropping packets function has been presented. Our researches were carried out using the Discrete Event Simulator OMNET++. The AQM model was early verified using the discrete-time Markov chain. The obtained results show that the traffic characteristic has the great impact on the network node behavior, but self-similarity of network traffic has no influence on the choosing of the optimal dropping packet function.
Gas sensors based on nanostructures of semiconductors ZnO and TiO2
Authors: Pustelny T. , Procek M. , Maciak E. , Stolarczyk A. , Drewniak S. , Urbańczyk M. , Setkiewicz M. , Gut K. , Opilski Z. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The paper presents a resistance structures with sensor layers based on nanostructures elaborated on the base of TiO2 and ZnO. The structures were tested concerning their sensitivities to the effects of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere of synthetic air. The TiO2 and ZnO nanostructures played the role of sensor layers. Investigations have proved that the elaborated resistance structures with TiO2 and ZnO layers are sensitive to the presence of NO2 in the atmosphere of synthetic air. The resistance of the structure amounted to about 20 in the case of ZnO structures and to about 200 in the case of TiO2 structures. The investigations confirmed that resistance structures with ZnO and TiO2, exposed to the effect of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere of synthetic air changes their resistances relatively fast. This indicates that such structures might be practically applied in sensors of nitrogen dioxide ensuring a short time of response.
L'Iran en 2014 : une Révolution normalisée ?
Authors: Therme Clément 
Published: March 2014

« Qui dirige l’Iran ? » Cette question est posée demanière récurrente par les chercheurs en science politique qui analysent la République islamique d’Iran 1 . Selon la réponse apportée à la question, on évaluera les conséquences stratégiques de l’élection d’un président de la République islamique « modéré » de manière opposée.
La Révolution islamique de 1979 : mutation de l'opposition politique
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: March 2014

La Révolution islamique de 1979 a induit destransformations profondes dans la nature même de l’opposition au régime. L’écrasante majorité de l’opposition externe contre le régime du chah a été plus ou moins neutralisée par le retour des opposants en Iran dont les jeunes islamistes sont devenus les membres de la nouvelle élite politique et militaire. Pour ce qui est de l’opposition interne, c’est dans l’espace ouvert par la théocratie islamique qu’elle s’est constituée, au nom de la réforme interne au régime plutôt qu’en rupture avec elle. Cette « docilité » de l’opposition et l’incapacité de l’opposition externe à s’agréger ont assuré la longévité du régime théocratique, les « réformistes » se comportant avec une large docilité à l’égard du pouvoir, même lorsqu’ils l’ont contesté dans ses excès.
Etats-Unis-Iran : du Grand Satan au Grand Bargain
Authors: Bauchard Denis 
Published: March 2014

Les relations entre l’Iran et les Etats-Unis, si elles remontenthistoriquement à 1856, ne sont devenues véritablement actives qu’en 1943. Si les rapports avec le Shah sont bons, le renversement de Mossadegh en 1953 organisé par la CIA ternit leur image. La mise en place en 1979 de la République islamique s’organise sur fond de forte hostilité, les Etats-Unis étant qualifiés par l’ayatollah Khomeiny de Grand Satan. L’assaut donné à l’ambassade américaine à Téhéran par des « étudiants » et la détention en otages de 52 diplomates pendant 444 jours sont vécus comme une humiliation par l’opinion publique américaine. Les conditions d’installation au pouvoir, comme la volonté d’exporter la révolution et se mettre à la tête du « Front du refus », conduisent les Etats-Unis à développer une politique mêlant containment et sanctions, non sans parfois certaines incohérences. Le développement, à partir de 2005, d’un programme nucléaire suspecté d’avoir une finalité militaire renforce les Etats-Unis dans leur volonté de durcir leur position. Cependant quelques occasions de réconciliation sont manquées. L’élection de Rohani apporte une nouvelle donne et une opportunité pour régler les contentieux en cours, notamment le nucléaire. L’accord intérimaire du 24 novembre 2013 confirme cette évolution, même s’il ne règle aucun problème de fond. Mais une dynamique est créée. S’achemine-t-on vers une normalisation des relations, voire un Grand bargain ? Il existe certes une volonté politique aussi bien du côté d’Obama que de Rohani. Mais des obstacles demeurent : la défiance reste grande entre les deux pays ; la marge de manœuvre est étroite en termes de politique intérieure ; la négociation nucléaire qui s’ouvre est complexe et majeure en termes d’enjeu pour les deux parties ; de nombreux points de crispation existent, notamment l’appui donné par l’Iran au Hezbollah. En toute hypothèse un Grand bargain ne peut être que le fruit de négociations longues et laborieuses qui peut déboucher sur un nouvel équilibre des forces au Moyen-Orient.
(Re)formulations des hétéronationalismes en Iran
Authors: Direnberger Lucia 
Published: March 2014

Cet article propose une historicisation des articulationsdes catégories « Nation » et « homosociabilité » et « homosexualité » en Iran. Cette mise en perspective révèle que l’ordre sexuel qui émerge des idéologies nationales est à la fois travaillé par la domination et l’influence des puissances européennes et nord-américaines mais aussi par leur utilisation « nationale » pour réaffirmer un ordre hétéropatriarcal présenté comme « moderne » ou comme « authentique ». C’est à travers une analyse historique de ces normes nationales que sont mis en lumière l’émergence de la question LGBT dans la diaspora iranienne et la position des ultra-conservateurs sur les relations entre personne du même sexe.
Tamarrod (« rébellion ») : une autre lecture de l'action politique dans le processus révolutionnaire égyptien
Authors: Barbary Caroline , Adib Doss Maria 
Published: March 2014

Après le coup d’Etat du 3 juillet 2013 qui a destitué lepremier président égyptien élu dans le cadre d’élections pluralistes et la répression contre les Frères Musulmans, une partie des analystes a eu tendance à considérer que toute la mobilisation de Tamarrod avait été organisée et téléguidée par l’armée et les anciennes élites de Moubarak. En réalité la mobilisation de Tamarrod n’a attiré ces derniers acteurs, l’opposition politique traditionnelle et une partie du secteur privé que lorsque la récolte des signatures initiée par cette mobilisation a montré des signes de sa réussite. L’objectif du présent article est d’analyser ce dernier phénomène qui interroge les modalités de la politisation de la jeunesse égyptienne avant et après la révolution du 25 janvier, par-delà la question de l’instrumentalisation politique de Tamarrod.
Laïcité et Islam : un terrain miné ?
Authors: Bistolfi Robert 
Published: March 2014

Pilier de l’ordre républicain, la laïcité est née d’uncompromis constructif entre l’Etat et l’Eglise catholique. Ses principes universalistes la rendaient apte à un accueil ouvert des musulmans, nouvelle composante, très diverse, de la population française. Pour l’essentiel, le dispositif laïque a répondu aux attentes, mais en pratique des conflits ont surgi dans le contexte d’une profonde crise sociale qui a durci les replis identitaires. Emanant d’une « communauté » désormais plus assurée de ses droits citoyens, des demandes multiples touchant à la pratique de leur foi ont été formulées par des musulmans à la visibilité pleinement assumée. Des arrangements consensuels ont souvent permis d’y répondre. Avec une laïcité inclusive d’un côté, et une laïcité normative de l’autre, deux sensibilités laïques se sont toutefois affirmées, et parfois opposées. Au-delà, prenant appui sur les phantasmes concernant un islam conquérant, certains ont approché la laïcité comme une idéologie restrictive des libertés religieuses. Face à ces données, l’on est conduit à s’interroger sur la « bande médiane » des perceptions et des comportements où se joue concrètement l’avenir de la cohésion sociétale. Cette cohésion dépendra certes, fondamentalement, de l’issue de la crise d’ensemble qui sape les fondements du modèle social ; mais les questions proprement identitaires devraient sans attendre être mieux affrontées car, s’agissant de la relation à l’islam, elles se posent avec une acuité lourde de dérives. La frontière entre espaces publics et espace privé, le champ exact de la neutralité laïque, la nature des flexibilités qu’en pratique elle pourrait tolérer... : autant de domaines et de zones « grises » où croissent les tensions. Face à cela, devrait s’imposer la « morale de la retenue » que réclamait Claude Lévi-Strauss pour approcher l’autre : elle devrait permettre de mieux articuler « accommodements raisonnables » (de la société dans son ensemble) et « acculturations raisonnables » (dans la mouvance musulmane).
Productivity of Functional Guilds of Fishes in Managed Wetlands in Coastal South Carolina
Authors: Robinson Kelly F. , Jennings Cecil A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In coastal South Carolina, many wetlands are impounded and managed as migratory waterfowl habitat. Impoundment effects on fish production and habitat quality largely are unknown. We used the size-frequency method to estimate summer production of fish guilds in three impoundments along the Combahee River, South Carolina. We predicted that guild-specific production would vary with impoundment salinity, which ranged from 3 to 21 practical salinity units. We expected that marine species that use the estuary as nursery habitat would have greatest production in the impoundment with the highest salinity regime, and that species that inhabit the upper reaches of the estuary would have greatest production in the impoundment with the lowest salinity regime. Finally, we expected that estuarine species would be highly productive in all study impoundments, because these species can reproduce within these structures. We found that guild-specific productivity varied both among years and among impoundments, generally following salinity gradients, though to a lesser extent than expected. Our guild-specific estimates of fish productivity fell on the low end of the range of previously published estuarine fish production estimates. Additionally, we observed large mortality events in the study impoundments each summer. The results of our study indicate that during the summer, the study impoundments provided poor-quality fish habitat to all guilds.
First-male sperm precedence and precopulatory and postcopulatory rituals in the parasitoid waspOoencyrtus kuvanae(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Ablard K.M. , Simonetto K. , Weir L.K. , Crespi B.J. , Schaefer P.W. , Gries G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSperm competition generates selection for male traits to prevent it. These traits remain unclear in species where males compete for a virgin who is briefly receptive. Males of the parasitoid waspOoencyrtus kuvanaeHoward (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) compete over females following emergence from host egg masses. Males engage virgins in a precopulatory ritual, mate, and then immediately perform a postcopulatory ritual after which the female becomes unreceptive. Often, sneaker (M2) males copulate with a female while she is engaged in the postcopulatory ritual, and they also perform the postcopulatory ritual. We investigated (i) paternity of M1and M2males using DNA microsatellite analysis, (ii) copulation and postcopulatory behaviour of both males, and (iii) morphological adaptations of the aedeagus for sperm removal. Eighty-eight percent of M1males sired all daughters when they were first to perform the precopulatory and postcopulatory ritual, suggesting a linked effect of both rituals on paternity. The number and length of copulations by both males did not affect paternity, and the shape of the aedeagus does not seem to facilitate sperm removal. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that postcopulatory rituals represent forms of mate guarding that function to increase paternity in the context of sperm competition.