bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An automated causality assessment algorithm to detect drug‐induced liver injury in electronic medical record data
Authors: Cheetham T. Craig , Lee Janet , Hunt Christine M. , Niu Fang , Reisinger Steph , Murray Rich , Powell Greg , Papay Julie 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to develop an automated causality assessment algorithm to identify drug‐induced liver injury.MethodsThe Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) is an algorithm for determining the causal association between a drug and liver injury. In collaboration with hepatology experts, definitions were developed for the RUCAM criteria to operationalize an electronic RUCAM (eRUCAM). The eRUCAM was tested in a population of patients taking 14 drugs with a characteristic phenotype for liver injury. Quality assurance for programming specifications involved comparisons between scores generated by the eRUCAM, for probable and highly probable cases, and expert manual RUCAM (n = 20). Concordance between eRUCAM and manual RUCAM subscores and total score was tested using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.ResultsCausality scores were the same for 6 of 20 patients (30%) by manual and eRUCAM algorithms. Analysis of subscores revealed ≥80% concordance between manual and eRUCAM for five of the seven criteria. In general, the total scores tended to be higher for the eRUCAM compared with the manual RUCAM. Programming issues were identified for criterion 5 ‘non‐drug causes of liver injury’ where significant differences existed between manual and eRUCAM scoring (p = 0.001). For criterion 5, identical scores occurred in 9 of 20 patients (45%), and manual review identified additional codes, timing criteria, and laboratory results for improving subsequent eRUCAM revisions.ConclusionThe eRUCAM had generally good concordance with manual RUCAM scoring. These preliminary findings suggest that the eRUCAM algorithm is feasible and could have application in clinical practice and drug safety surveillance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled nucleation and optical properties of InAs quantum dots grown on faceted GaAs microstructures
Authors: Zander Marlene , Nishinaga Jiro , Gotoh Hideki , Horikoshi Yoshiji 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe present a study of the site‐controlled nucleation of InAs quantum dots on faceted GaAs microstructures grown by migration enhanced epitaxy and demonstrate single quantum dot emission. Well defined GaAs templates with facets mostly belonging to the crystal plane families {01n }, {11n } and (001) are realized. Subsequent InAs nucleation occurs on the plane with the highest growth rate, and allows a precise positioning of optical active InAs quantum dots. The site‐controlled quantum dots reveal excitonic and biexcitonic transitions with narrow linewidths. The results are promising for the realization of single photon sources from site‐selected InAs QDs on faceted GaAs microstructures. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deglycosylation induces extensive dynamics changes in α‐amylase revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Chengjie , Wei Gary 
Published: October 2013

RATIONALEN‐Linked glycosylation plays important roles in modulating protein structure and function. The direct impact of the modification on protein conformation is not yet well understood.METHODSHere we probed the dynamic changes following Endo H trimming of high mannose glycans in α‐amylase by means of amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.RESULTSThe results revealed that deglycosylation elicited extensive alterations in backbone dynamics, affecting regions both adjacent to and distal from the glycosylation site.CONCLUSIONSThe overall exchange rate is reduced in the glycosylated state, which indicates rigidity enhancement due to the attached carbohydrates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Color Instability in a Liquid Laundry Detergent
Authors: Missler Stephen R. , Vredeveld Douglas J. , Westrate Eric D. , Sliva Philip G. , Brouwer Steven J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDuring reformulation of a liquid laundry detergent, an undesirable color change was observed: the normally blue color of the formulation was found to turn green when exposed to elevated temperatures during accelerated stability testing. Spectroscopic analysis revealed formation of a yellow substance, whose transmission spectrum combined with that of the blue dye to yield the observed green color. Sequential solid phase extraction using cation and anion exchange indicated the yellow substance was a base. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis of the isolate demonstrated a series of related compounds whose elemental composition and fragmentation suggested polyethenyl imines (PEIs). These results support a mechanism involving metal‐catalyzed oxidative degradation of triethanolamine (TEA) with subsequent acetaldehyde‐mediated formation of conjugated PEIs as primary factors responsible for the observed color change.
Five Hundred Years of Italian Scholarship on Machiavelli'sPrince
Authors: Giorgini Giovanni 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMachiavelli'sPrincecirculated widely in manuscript form in Italy way before its publication in 1532. Its reception was mixed from the start: some readers found in it a frank, sometimes ironic, description for the benefit of the people of the evil means used by bad rulers; others read in it evil recommendations to tyrants to help them maintain their power. The history of the reception of thePrincein Italy discloses a book with many facets: the impious and amoral Machiavelli of the Jesuits; the republican champion of the people, who unveiled the evil practices of tyrants, of the Enlightenment and Romantic readers; the citizen and patriot who fought for the liberation of Italy of the “Risorgimento”; the nationalist author who realized the limits of popular sovereignty and the necessity of force during the Fascist era; and many more Machiavellis andPrincespresent in Italy in the past five hundred years.
Strauss onThe Prince
Authors: Mansfield Harvey C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHere is a study of what Leo Strauss in his marvelous book,Thoughts on Machiavelli(1958), tells us about Machiavelli'sThe Prince, and how he tells it. The “how” is quite remarkable: his book is unlike any other book that has ever been written on Machiavelli. For the first time Machiavelli's esotericism is not only alluded to or introduced but explained at length. In explaining, Strauss shows how he arrived at his discoveries in Machiavelli's texts, teaching his readers the proper mixture of innocence and savvy. With his book Strauss gives a wholly new picture of an author who set store by being “wholly new.” All scholarly studies on Machiavelli can now be divided into those written before Strauss and those written after him, and the latter between those that take account of him in some fashion and those that willfully, or blithely, ignore him.
Altaegyptische Pflüge, Joche, und andere Landwirtschaftliche Geräte
Authors: Schäfer Heinrich 
Published: October 2013

Die Aegyptische Abteilung der königlichen museen zu Berlin besitzt seit dem Jahre 1897 einen altaegyptischen Pflug. Da dieser bisher noch nicht in brauchbarer Form veröffentlicht ist, benutze ich gern die freundliche Aufforderung, ihn hier abzubilden und dabei einiges zu bemerken, was mir bei der Durchsicht des in den Museen erhaltenen oder auf Denkmälern dargestellten ähnlichen Materials aufgefallen ist.Der Pflug stammt aus der bekannten Nekropole von Drah abu-l-negga auf der Westseite von Theben. Genaueres über die Auffindung und das Grab, in dem er gefunden ist, liess sich indessen nicht ermitteln.
South-Western Laconia–Sites
Authors: Forster Edward S. 
Published: October 2013

I propose in this paper to give some account of the topography and existing remains of the district lying between the range of Taygetus and the eastern coast of the Messenian Gulf. The ground covered extends from Pyrgos on the south, some eight kilometres south of Areopolis, to Kalamata.The sea border of the eastern shore of the Messenian Gulf consists of a narrow shelf of land lying along the foot of Taygetus, which here approaches everywhere nearer to the sea than on the side of the Laconian Gulf. It is everywhere mountainous, and in many places the outlying spurs of Taygetus run abruptly into the sea. Harbours are not infrequent, those of Limeni and Kardamyle being the safest and most commodious. The rivers are mere mountain torrents; water is scarce; the land is everywhere infertile, except here and there, where either a small stretch of plain borders the shore, as at Levctro, or a high plateau overlooks the sea, as at Koutiphari and Platsa; the rich valley of Kampos in the north is the only instance of an inland plain.
South-Western Laconia–Inscriptions
Authors: Forster Edward S. 
Published: October 2013

I. Pyrgos: ruined Church of ῾´Αγ.Θεράπων S.E. of village. Funeral stele of red marble, ·35 m. × ·27 m., with apex of pedimental form: letters ·02 mΓοργιπὶς χαῖρεFor single π cp. Collitz-Bechtel, 4583, 4585a, and Wünsch, Defixionum Tabellae, 36 et saepeΚύδιπος Λεύκιπος etc.).2. Do.: Church of ῾´Αγ. Γεώργιος N.W. of village. Funeral stele of red marble, ·38 m. x·27 m., letters ·017 m.: built in above door and with cross cut on it.Κλεπάτρα χαῖρεΚλεπάτρα for Κλεοπάτρα cp. Θέγειτος(=Θεόγειτος=Θεογείτων) Ath. Mitt. i. 234, No. 7: Θεδωρίς (=Θεοδωρίς) Paris, Elatée, 282, No. 2: Θέτιμος Θέδωρος I.G. vii. saepe: see Meister, Griech. Dialekte, i. 248.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 6.—Block π
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: October 2013

South-east of the part of this block now excavated, the ground falls away rapidly in a terraced slope, and all remains seem to have disappeared. In this direction a limit, or at all events a break, in the continuity of the town has been reached.Of the first house all that is left is a row of rooms on the East side of Street ξ—π. These rooms go down to a considerable depth, and the remains in them are of the Late Minoan I period, although traces of floor levels some way up the walls show that they formed part of a house occupied at a later date. Above them at the north end of the row is a room at a higher level, probably belonging to the latest period of the town when the rise in level had led to the building of the steps that block the street just north of this point.
II.—Geraki: 3.—Inscriptions
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W. 
Published: October 2013

The following inscriptions were found during the excavations of the School at Geráki in May and June 1905, or are hitherto unpublished inscriptions from the churches in the same town.Mr. M. N. Tod has most kindly read the proofs and made very many valuable suggestions.
Excavations at Melos—The East Gate
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. 
Published: October 2013

This excavation was undertaken with a view to determining the position of one of the town-gates. Although there are considerable remains of the fortifications, no gate of the ancient town was visible above ground. It was evident that the discovery of the gates, and consequently of the roads, would afford the best clues to internal and external topography.Description of the Site.—Melos, as the map shows, possesses one of the finest natural harbours in the Ægean. The ancient town, like the cluster of modern villages, lay on high ground east of the straits by which the nearly landlocked bay is entered.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 2.—The Town
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. 
Published: October 2013

The prehistoric town at Roussolakkos was laid out in regular blocks, each containing several houses. We went on the system of following up the streets and ascertaining the extent of an insula before excavating it. The blocks are named β, γ, δ and so on, and to each room as it is opened up a number is given, the Greek alphabet being used in order to avoid confusion with the letters and numbers by which the squares on the plan are denominated.The excavated area was surveyed by Mr R. M. Dawkins, who has prepared an excellent plan on which the walls of different periods are so far as possible distinguished; but another season must elapse before the problems of stratification can be handled with absolute confidence. The simplified copy reproduced in this provisional report has been redrawn from Mr Dawkins' plan by Herr Seyk, draughtsman to the German Archaeological Institute at Athens. The majority of the drawings of vases in this report are also Mr Dawkins' work, the remainder being by Mr Currelly and Mr Halvor Bagge.It should be noted that in the following articles we have adopted a conventional orientation following that of the plan; north, south, east, and west are used as though the top of the plan were due north.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 8.—The Pottery
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: October 2013

§1.—A very great quantity of pottery has been found in the two seasons' work at Palaikastro. It will give an idea of the amount to say that in the season of 1903 about 650 vases were found more or less complete, of which 160 come from the cemeteries and the rest from the houses. In addition the Roussolakkos site yielded great quantities of fragments. From fifty to eighty baskets full were brought in daily. All the sherds were washed, a record kept of their nature, and the more interesting kept as samples. The rest were piled in labelled heaps for future reference or search.In giving an account of this pottery it will be best to follow as far as possible a chronological order in dealing with the various fabrics. Both in this and in other ways, Dr Mackenzie's article, ‘The Pottery of Knossos,’ J.H.S. xxiii, p. 157, which has been followed here as closely as possible, has cleared the way very much. The article on the ‘Pottery from Zakro,’ J.H.S. xxiii, p. 248, was unfortunately written before it appeared.Setting down in chronological order the places from which the pottery came, we have:—I. The cave-burials of H. Nikolaos, with their hand-made pottery of very early shapes.II. The Kamáres cemeteries. These include (a) The burials on the gravel ridge described in B.S.A. viii. p. 290. These as a whole are the earliest of all. (b) The large bone-enclosure, shewn in B.S.A. viii. p. 291, Fig. 5. (c) The bone-enclosure at Patema.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 11.—Human Remains at Hagios Nikolaos
Authors: Duckworth W. L. H. 
Published: October 2013

About a week after my arrival at Palaikastro, Mr Tod having made preliminary investigations resulting in the discovery of human crania associated with pottery of a very early period at Hagios Nikolaos, it was suggested that I should visit the locality. The present report contains an account of the results of my examination made in accordance with that suggestion. The date was April 3rd, 1903, and some final notes were added on April 8th, 1903. The simple building dignified by the title of Hagios Nikolaos is placed about five miles inland from the shore of Grandes Bay, hidden in a perfect labyrinth of intersecting valleys and ravines. The particular glen, on the southern slope of which the church is situated, runs, generally speaking, east and west, but turns at either extremity eastwards, running first to the south and then sharply resuming an eastward direction; while the western end, the head of the valley, trends slightly to the north.A steep ascent across a couple of fields above the church brings one to the foot of the rocks forming the southern boundary of the valley, where the familiar local structure of an easily-weathered limestone is met with at once. Thence one must scramble up among great masses of lentisk and carob, with numerous thyme and sage bushes, in the interstices of fallen boulders, till, at about sixty feet above the foot of the scarp, one arrives at a cleft which gives access (cf. Fig. 1.A), to the ‘cave’ discovered by Mr Tod.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 13.—The Sanctuary-site of Petsofà
Authors: Myres J. L. 
Published: October 2013

The plain and bay of Palaikastro are bounded on the south by an abrupt ridge of hills, which run out seaward into a prominent cape. Landwards, this ridge is cut off from the mass which culminates in Mt. Simódhi by a northward and a southward valley, which carry an almost impassable track from the Palaikastro plain to the cove of Karoúmes. The highest peak of this ridge, which bears the name of Petsofà, stands directly south of Roussolakkos, and rises steeply above it to a height of 270 metres. Southwards beyond the summit the slope is at first more gentle, but becomes abrupt about a quarter of a mile further on, and drops rapidly to sea-level on the south side of the promontory. The actual summit is formed by a ragged crest of limestone, precipitous on the north side, and descending less rapidly southwards into the general slope already mentioned.Some 10–15 m. down this face, however, the natural slope of the ground is interrupted by a zig-zag terrace-wall, ABCDE, which still stands some 2·5 m. high at its external angle C, and holds up an artificial platform of made-earth within it. The little enclosure which lies against its outer face between C and D is wholly modern, though built almost wholly of ancient stones from the walls above: the older workmen described it as a ‘look-out,’ but it seemed also to have served as a sheep-pen.
Damophon of Messene
Authors: Dickins Guy 
Published: October 2013

Our knowledge of Damophon of Messene is primarily derived from the fragments of the great group made by him for the temple of Despoina at Lycosura, and discovered there by M. Cavvadias during the excavations undertaken in the summer of 1889. The best known fragments are the three heads and the piece of embroidered drapery in the National Museum at Athens, but a great number of smaller pieces exist in the magazines at Athens and in the museum recently erected at Lycosura.From Pausanias we learn that Damophon erected many statues in Messene and in the sanctuary of the Great Goddesses at Megalopolis; that he worked at Aigion and Lycosura; and that he was entrusted with the repairs of the Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia. There is no mention of Damophon in other classical writers.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 12.—The Roman Stoa and the later Fortifications
Authors: Traquair Ramsay 
Published: October 2013

In plan the walls surrounding the Acropolis of Sparta form an irregular oblong, terminated to the east and west by two small hills which formed citadels or outlook points. Though no single complete part remains, and in many places the walls are levelled to the ground, the lines can still be traced fairly completely. (Plate VIII. 3.)At the south eastern corner are the ruins of a Roman Stoa of the Imperial period (A). They shew a series of small compartments (Fig. 1), covered with barrel vaults, ten on either side of three larger central rooms, which are roofed with crossgroined vaults and large semicircular niches at the back. The ground on the north side is as high as the vaults and originally must have formed a terrace overlooking the street on to which the Stoa opened on its south side.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 13.—Topographical Conclusions
Authors: Dickins Guy 
Published: October 2013

It is not intended in the present preliminary report to discuss controversial questions of Spartan topography. The solution of some of these will be provided, it is to be hoped, by our future excavations on the site. It is permissible, however, to dwell for a short time on the position of the Acropolis and the Agora, since the information of Pausanias and the results of last year's work are sufficient, in my opinion, to establish their identity.That the whole surface of the Palaeocastro hill should have been called the Acropolis is unlikely. A passage in Thucydides renders its position on the theatre-hill, or western summit, almost certain. From this passage we learn that Pausanias, the king of Sparta during the Persian wars, was buried ἐν τῷ προτεμενίσματι or, as the Scholiast explains ἐν τῷ προπυλαίῳἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ ἰεροῦ προαστείῳ. The Hieron referred to is the temple of Athena Chalkioikos on the Acropolis, and we know that the tomb of Pausanias was opposite the theatre. We may thus legitimately infer that the temple of Athena stood on the theatre-hill.
A Tholos Tomb at Kirk Kilisse
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

In the rather uninteresting landscape of the Thracian plains artificial mounds are almost everywhere a conspicuous feature. These mounds have long attracted the attention of archaeologists, but, on the Turkish side of the frontier at least, few have been scientifically explored. In Eastern Rumelia, where considerably more has been done, excavation has shewn that a large proportion of the mounds are places of burial, others representing, like the Thessalian magoules, prehistoric settlements, and others again sites of ancient watch-towers or even of Turkish camps.The neighbourhood of Kirk Kilisse, some thirty-five miles east of Adrianople, boasts its full share of these monuments. About half an hour south of the town is a group of three tumuli in a line running W.S.W. and E.N.E. All are said to have been excavated by the Russians during the campaigns of 1828 and 1878. The southernmost tomb of the group remains open, shewing the arrangement of the tomb-chamber and its approach.
Damophon of Messene.—III
Authors: Dickins Guy 
Published: October 2013

Had I been aware, when I published the reconstruction of the great group of Damophon at Lycosura in volume xiii. of this Annual, that there was even then lying under lock and key in the National Museum of Athens a coin bearing on its reverse a representation of that very group, such misgivings as I had about the correctness of my reconstruction would have been greatly intensified.The lucky re-discovery of this coin (Fig. 1) and its publication by M. Staïs in the last number of the Journal International d'Archéologie Numismatique afford an embarrassing opportunity for testing the value of the reconstruction, in which M. Staïs has treated me with great consideration. Before discussing his analysis of the coin, I should like to express to him my gratitude for acquainting me so promptly with its discovery and providing me with a cast.
The First English Traveller's Account of Athos
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: October 2013

John Covel, afterwards Master of Christ's College, Cambridge, visited Athos from Lemnos on his way from Constantinople to England in the spring of 1677. His letter of recommendation from Nointel (which he hoped might be of use if he fell amongst French ‘privateers’) and his circular letter to the monasteries from Manolaki Petrovitzes are preserved in his correspondence.The Athos notes are bound partly in the Folio MS. (Add. 22, 912) and partly in the Quarto (Add. 22, 914). They are very hastily written and ill arranged. I have therefore taken considerable liberties with the text, revising punctuation, resolving contractions, and (for the convenience of the reader) often transcribing words written wholly or partly in the Greek character; such words are indicated by italics.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1909: § 5.—Lycurgus as Patronomus.A Scottish Parallel
Authors: Giles P. 
Published: October 2013

A modern parallel to the Spartan practice of electing the divine Lycurgus as eponymous Patronomus is to be found in Cramond's Records of Elgin, vol. i, p. 91 (New Spalding Club, 1903), under date October 3rd, 1547, in the Burgh Court Book.‘The qlk (i.e. quhilk, which) day the haill communate has electit and menit Sanct Geill thair patroun provest for ane zeyr nyxt to cum.’ As the note by Cramond says, the council for the year consisted of the patron saint, four bailies, and only eight other councillors. The disastrous battle of Pinkie had been fought against the Protector Somerset on September 10th preceding, and the Elgin contingent had suffered severely.