bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Student Music Growth With Blind-Reviewed Portfolios: A Pilot Study
Authors: Parkes Kelly A. , Rohwer Debbie , Davison Dru 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop reliable and valid measures of student learning and growth in music classes (prekindergarten through 12th grade [PK-12] public schools) in Virginia by replicating the first portion of the Fine Arts Teacher Evaluation Pilot (Memphis City Schools, 2012) with a research grant. The methods involved: (a) surveying all state stakeholders, (b) forming the Music Growth Measures Committee that created measurement instruments (MIs), (c) creating professional development offerings with teachers to assist them in assessing their students’ work and selecting artifacts that could illustrate growth over time, and (d) forming a local review team comprised of peer-exemplary music teachers from one school district to conduct a holistic blind review of teacher-selected student artifacts using the MIs as submitted with portfolios of student work. The MIs measured Virginia music standard strands: performance and production, cultural context and music theory, judgment and criticism, and aesthetics. Reasonable reliability and validity resulted from constructing measurements with the community in which they were to be used and utilizing a blind-review process. Additionally, the process promoted a sense of empowerment in teachers and was viewed positively by teachers and administrators as a successful professional development effort. The MIs and student growth portfolios were considered useful as measures of student growth for use in teacher evaluations.
Exploring Learning Connections Between Music and Mathematics in Early Childhood
Authors: McDonel Jennifer S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore early learning connections between music and mathematics. To resolve the research questions "What connections--if any--do young children make between music learning and mathematics learning?" and "Is there a relationship between young children’s emergent rhythm development and emergent numeracy development?" a concurrent embedded, mixed-methods design was utilized; quantitative data were embedded within a primarily qualitative analysis. Ten preschool children in an intact class were observed for 11 weeks at predetermined points during spring 2012 through participant observation and video footage of children’s daily classroom interactions and weekly music classes. Interventions, by both classroom teachers and a music specialist, were intended to foster appropriate music and mathematics practice based on Gordon’s (2012) music learning theory and Clements and Sarama’s (2009) mathematics learning trajectories. Emergent themes reinforced current theory that learning is interactive and individually and socially constructed. Individual children expressed themselves more readily through music or mathematics; careful coordination of these content areas allowed for learning connections in a safe environment. Correlation of music aptitude, rhythm achievement, and numeracy achievement scores provided supportive evidence regarding the relationship of early rhythm and early mathematics development; however, caution is advised in interpretation due to low sample size. Recommendations include selecting preschool song literature to meet music learning and mathematics learning objectives, eliciting observable musical and mathematical responses, and reinforcing learning connections and increased music and mathematics pedagogy courses and professional development for preschool classroom teachers to support learning connections.
Leaf Architecture of Hoya incrassata Warb. and Hoya crassicaulis Elmer x Kloppenb. (Apocynaceae): Taxonomic Identification and Conservation Concerns
Authors: Villareal Angela Marie M. , Buot Jr. Inocencio E. 
Published: September 2015

Hoya incrassata Warb. and Hoya crassicaulis Elmer x Kloppenb, both Philippine endemics have been always thought to be one species. Leaf architecture study of the two controversial species were examined to determine if they have similar characteristics in terms of leaf architecture, the main morphological character used in fossil studies and in taxonomic works dealing with sterile plant specimens. The unifying characters of the two species are the symmetrical and unlobed blade, acuminate apex, entire margin, pinnate primary vein, straight primary vein course, weak brochidodromous secondary vein, moderate relative secondary vein thickness, sinuous secondary vein course, loop-forming branches, enclosed by 3° or 4° arches, composite intersecondary veins, random reticulate tertiary vein, regular polygonal reticulate quaternary vein, looped ultimate marginal venation, and random areole arrangement. The characters blade length to width ratio, blade class and form, base shape, variation in secondary vein angle of divergence, and areole development delineates the two species apart. The study proved that H. incrassata and H. crassicaulis are two different species. Leaf architecture can be of great use when identifying and classifying seemingly similar plant species and sterile specimens. As both species are endemics to the Philippines, conservation ought to be massive as these species can be lost anytime with forest destruction. Conservation strategies could include forest protection and domestication. Keywords - Botany, leaf architecture, taxonomy, Hoya crassicaulis, Hoya incrassata, Philippines
Cycloaddition and Electrocyclic Reactions of Vinylketenes, Allenylketenes, and Alkynylketenes
Authors: Fu Nanyan , Tidwell Thomas T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractVinylketenes may be prepared by the typical procedures used for other ketenes, and are usually highly reactive, except when bulky groups and silyl substituents are present. They are extensively utilized in cycloaddition reactions and electrocyclizations, including dimerizations, inter‐ and intramolecular reactions with alkenes, alkynes, imines, and carbonyl groups, and intramolecular reactions with aryl and heteroaryl groups. These pericyclic reactions are widely used in syntheses of carbocyclic and heterocyclic products, and are particularly useful for the preparation of β‐lactams and β‐lactones. Allenylketenes and alkynylketenes also undergo cycloaddition and electrocyclic reactions.
Magnetic resonance neurography detects diabetic neuropathy early and with Proximal Predominance
Authors: Pham Mirko , Oikonomou Dimitrios , Hornung Benjamin , Weiler Markus , Heiland Sabine , Bäumer Philipp , Kollmer Jennifer , Nawroth Peter P. , Bendszus Martin 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to localize and quantify alterations of nerve microstructure in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) by magnetic resonance (MR) neurography with large anatomical coverage.MethodsPatients (N = 25) with mild‐to‐moderate (Neuropathy‐Symptom‐Score [NSS]/Neuropathy Deficit Score [NDS] 3.8 ± 0.3/2.6 ± 0.5) and patients (n = 10) with severe DPN (6.2 ± 0.6/7.4 ± 0.5) were compared to patients (n = 15) with diabetes but no DPN and to age‐/sex‐matched nondiabetic controls (n = 25). All subjects underwent MR neurography with large spatial coverage and high resolution from spinal nerve to ankle level: four slabs per leg, each with 35 axial slices (T2‐ and proton‐density–weighted two dimensional turbo‐spin‐echo sequences; voxel size: 0.4 × 0.3 × 3.5 mm3) and a three‐dimensional T2‐weighted sequence to cover spinal nerves and plexus. Nerve segmentation was performed on a total of 280 slices per subject. Nerve lesion voxels were determined independently from operator input by statistical classification against the nondiabetic cohort. At the site with highest lesion‐voxel burden, signal quantification was performed by calculating nerve proton spin density and T2 relaxation time.ResultsTotal burden of nerve lesion voxels was significantly increased in DPN (p = 0.003) with strong spatial predominance at thigh level, where average lesion voxel load was significantly higher in severe (57 ± 18.4; p = 0.0022) and in mild‐to‐moderate DPN (35 ± 4.0; p < 0.001) than in controls (18 ± 3.6). Signal quantification at the site of predominant lesion burden (thigh) revealed a significant increase of nerve proton spin density in severe (360 ± 22.9; p = 0.043) and in mild‐to‐moderate DPN (365 ± 15.2; p = 0.001) versus controls (288 ± 13.4), but not of T2 relaxation time (p = 0.49). Nerve proton spin density predicted severity of DPN with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.4–3.5; p < 0.001) per 100 proton spins.InterpretationIn DPN, the predominant site of microstructural nerve alteration is at the thigh level with a strong proximal‐to‐distal gradient. Nerve proton spin density at the thigh level is a novel quantitative imaging biomarker of early DPN and increases with neuropathy severity. Ann Neurol 2015;78:939–948
Epilepsy in adults with mitochondrial disease: A cohort study
Authors: Whittaker Roger G. , Devine Helen E. , Gorman Grainne S. , Schaefer Andrew M. , Horvath Rita , Ng Yi , Nesbitt Victoria , Lax Nichola Z. , McFarland Robert , Cunningham Mark O. , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Douglass M. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to determine the prevalence and progression of epilepsy in adult patients with mitochondrial disease.MethodsWe prospectively recruited a cohort of 182 consecutive adult patients attending a specialized mitochondrial disease clinic in Newcastle upon Tyne between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2008. We then followed this cohort over a 7‐year period, recording primary outcome measures of occurrence of first seizure, status epilepticus, stroke‐like episode, and death.ResultsOverall prevalence of epilepsy in the cohort was 23.1%. Mean age of epilepsy onset was 29.4 years. Prevalence varied widely between genotypes, with several genotypes having no cases of epilepsy, a prevalence of 34.9% in the most common genotype (m.3243A>G mutation), and 92.3% in the m.8344A>G mutation. Among the cohort as a whole, focal seizures, with or without progression to bilateral convulsive seizures, was the most common seizure type. Conversely, all of the patients with the m.8344A>G mutation and epilepsy experienced myoclonic seizures. Patients with the m.3243A>G mutation remain at high risk of developing stroke‐like episodes (1.16% per year). However, although the standardized mortality ratio for the entire cohort was high (2.86), this ratio did not differ significantly between patients with epilepsy (2.96) and those without (2.83).InterpretationEpilepsy is a common manifestation of mitochondrial disease. It develops early in the disease and, in the case of the m.3243A>G mutation, often presents in the context of a stroke‐like episode or status epilepticus. However, epilepsy does not itself appear to contribute to the increased mortality in mitochondrial disease. Ann Neurol 2015;78:949–957
CRISPR‐Cas: von einem bakteriellen adaptiven Immunsystem zu einem vielseitigen Werkzeug für die Gentechnik
Authors: Kirchner Marion , Schneider Sabine 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDer Forschungsbereich der Biologie erfährt zurzeit eine Revolution durch die Weiterentwicklung eines bakteriellen adaptiven Immunsystems zu einem universellen Werkzeug für die Gentechnik. Bakterien und Archaeen benutzen repetitive Teile des Genoms, sogenannte “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats” (CRISPR), in Kombination mit einer RNA‐abhängigen Nuklease (CRISPR‐associated nuclease=Cas), um in Zellen eindringende DNA zu erkennen und zu zerstören. Indem man die Sequenz der Leit‐RNA (guide‐RNA) passend wählt, kann dieses Zweikomponentensystem verwendet werden, um auf effiziente Weise Genloci in Pflanzen, Insekten, Pilzen, Säugetierzellen und ganzen Organismen zu erreichen oder zu modifizieren. Dies eröffnet ungeahnte Möglichkeiten in der Gentechnik bis hin zur Behandlung oder Heilung von menschlichen Erbkrankheiten. Jetzt rücken die potentiellen Risiken und ethische, soziale und juristische Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit dieser mächtigen neuen Technik ins Rampenlicht.
Klassifizierung und Manipulation des synthetischen Potenzials carboxylierender Reduktasen aus dem Zentralmetabolismus und der Polyketid‐Biosynthese
Authors: Peter Dominik M. , Schada von Borzyskowski Lennart , Kiefer Patrick , Christen Philipp , Vorholt Julia A. , Erb Tobias J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDie kürzlich entdeckte Enzymklasse carboxylierender Enoylthioester‐Reduktasen (ECRs) katalysiert die Addition von molekularem CO2 an die Doppelbindung α,β‐ungesättigter CoA‐Thioester. ECRs besitzen zwei bekannte biologische Funktionen. Im Primärstoffwechsel einer Vielzahl Bakterien katalysieren sie die Bildung von Ethylmalonyl‐CoA zur Assimilierung des Zentralmetaboliten Acetyl‐CoA. Im Sekundärstoffwechsel katalysieren sie die Bildung einer Vielzahl verschiedener α‐carboxylierter Acylthioester, die dazu dienen, Variationen in der chemischen Grundstruktur von Polyketid‐Naturstoffen zu erzeugen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Substratspezifität verschiedener ECRs mithilfe einer Substratbibliothek systematisch untersucht. Es wurden drei Aminosäuren im aktiven Zentrum von ECRs identifiziert, die ECRs mit eingeschränktem Substratspektrum von ECRs mit einem flexiblen Substratspektrum unterscheiden. Dies wurde experimentell durch das gezielte Design des aktiven Zentrums einer ausgewählten ECR bestätigt. Die vorliegende Studie erklärt die molekulare Grundlage einer Schlüsselreaktion in der Biosynthese von Naturstoffen, was es erlaubt, die Spezifität von ECRs zukünftig nicht nur vorherzusagen, sondern auch gezielt zu manipulieren.
The Development of Fluorescent Probes for Visualizing Intracellular Hydrogen Polysulfides
Authors: Chen Wei , Rosser Ethan W. , Matsunaga Tetsuro , Pacheco Armando , Akaike Takaaki , Xian Ming 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEndogenous hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn; n>1) have been recognized as important regulators in sulfur‐related redox biology. H2Sn can activate tumor suppressors, ion channels, and transcription factors with higher potency than H2S. Although H2Sn are drawing increasing attention, their exact mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. A major hurdle in this field is the lack of reliable and convenient methods for H2Sn detection. Herein we report a H2Sn‐mediated benzodithiolone formation under mild conditions. This method takes advantage of the unique dual reactivity of H2Sn as both a nucleophile and an electrophile. Based on this reaction, three fluorescent probes (PSP‐1, PSP‐2, and PSP‐3) were synthesized and evaluated. Among the probes prepared, PSP‐3 showed a desirable off/on fluorescence response to H2Sn and high specificity. The probe was successfully applied in visualizing intracellular H2Sn.
Magnetic Control of Macromolecular Conformations in Supramolecular Anionic Polysaccharide–Iron Complexes
Authors: Schefer Larissa , Bulant Ariane , Zeder Christophe , Saha Abhijit , Mezzenga Raffaele 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe anionic iota carrageenan polysaccharide is enriched with FeII and FeIII by ion exchange against FeSO4 and FeCl3. With divalent iron, portions of polymer chains undergo a secondary structure transition from random coils to single helices. The single‐chain macromolecular conformations can be manipulated by an external magnetic field: upon exposure to 1.1 T, the helical portions exhibit 1.5‐fold stiffening and 1.1‐fold stretching, whereas the coil conformations respond much less as a result of lower contents of condensed iron ions. Along with the coil–helix transition, the trivalent iron triggers the formation of superstructures. The applicability of iron‐enriched iota carrageenan as functional ingredient for food fortification is tested by free Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents, respectively, with the most promising iota‐FeIII yielding 53 % of bound iron, which is due to the superstructures, where the ferric ions are chelated by the supramolecularly self‐assembled polymer host.
Influence of the polymorphism of cellulose on the formation of nanocrystals and their application in chitosan/nanocellulose composites
Authors: Borysiak Sławomir , Grząbka‐Zasadzińska Aleksandra 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, we evaluated the physicochemical properties of the chitosan/nanocellulose composites. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering was applied to define the supermolecular structure of the materials, the laser diffracting technique was used to characterize the particle sizes, and scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphologies of the samples. The tensile properties of the composite films were also determined. Cellulose pulp was mercerized with 16% sodium hydroxide to give only cellulose II. Cellulose I and cellulose II were subsequently hydrolyzed with 64% sulfuric acid. As a result, nanocellulose I (NCC I) from cellulose I and nanocellulose II (NCC II) from cellulose II were produced. The mercerization of cellulose pulp contributed to a significant particle size reduction; more than 50% of the particles of the NCC II sample and only 36% of the particles of the NCC I sample were smaller than 100 nm. Chitosan composite films containing 5, 10, and 20% w/w of nanocelluloses were prepared by a solvent casting method. This was the first study investigating the influence of the crystallographic forms of cellulose on the formation of nanocrystals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42864.
Polymerase Synthesis and Restriction Enzyme Cleavage of DNA Containing 7‐Substituted 7‐Deazaguanine Nucleobases
Authors: Mačková Michaela , Boháčová Soňa , Perlíková Pavla , Poštová Slavětínská Lenka , Hocek Michal 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPrevious studies of polymerase synthesis of base‐modified DNAs and their cleavage by restriction enzymes have mostly related only to 5‐substituted pyrimidine and 7‐substituted 7‐deazaadenine nucleotides. Here we report the synthesis of a series of 7‐substituted 7‐deazaguanine 2′‐deoxyribonucleoside 5′‐O‐triphosphates (dGRTPs), their use as substrates for polymerase synthesis of modified DNA and the influence of the modification on their cleavage by type II restriction endonucleases (REs). The dGRTPs were generally good substrates for polymerases but the PCR products could not be visualised on agarose gels by intercalator staining, due to fluorescence quenching. The presence of 7‐substituted 7‐deazaguanine residues in recognition sequences of REs in most cases completely blocked the cleavage.
Effectiveness of work skills programmes for offenders with mental disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Talbot Emily C. , Völlm Birgit , Khalifa Najat 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundAcademic literature and government initiatives have emphasised the importance of work as a means of improving health and reducing reoffending among offenders with mental disorders. Whilst a number of work skills programmes have shown promise for offenders more generally, evaluation of evidence for their effectiveness for those with a mental disorder is lacking, particularly in relation to improving employment outcomes.AimsTo assess the evidence on the effectiveness of work skills programmes for mentally disordered offenders.MethodA systematic review of the literature was conducted by searching the following databases: PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library (Trials Register), Embase and Medline, using search terms which included Work Skills Programme*, Offend* and Mental*. Any empirical comparison study of work skills programmes was included in this review. The primary outcome was employment. Secondary outcomes included employment outcomes, reoffending, education, mental state, substance misuse, global functioning, quality of life, acceptability, leaving the study early and cost effectiveness or other economic outcomes.ResultsSix articles met the inclusion criteria. Collectively they provided limited evidence that work skills programmes increase the likelihood of people with mental disorder who are offenders obtaining employment in the short term, but there are insufficient studies to determine the long‐term impact of work skills programmes.ConclusionsThere is modest evidence to support inclusion of specific work skills programmes in the treatment of offenders with mental disorder. Future studies should be of theoretically driven programmes, such as Individual Placement Support (IPS), and use a standard set of relevant outcome measures and long enough follow‐up for testing the effectiveness of any programme on engagement in competitive, paid employment as, even if skilled, offenders with mental disorder must constitute a hard to place group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dioxomolybdenum Complexes as Excellent Catalysts for the Deoxygenation of Aryl Ketones to Aryl Alkenes
Authors: Fernandes Tiago A. , Fernandes Ana C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis work describes a new methodology for the selective deoxygenation of aryl ketones to the corresponding aryl alkenes catalyzed by dioxomolybdenum complexes using silanes as reducing agents. The best results were obtained with the system PhSiH3/MoO2Cl2(H2O)2 (5–10 mol %), which was very efficient for the deoxygenation of a large variety of aryl ketones to alkenes in excellent yields. This new methodology has the advantages of using an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, easily prepared, and air‐stable catalyst in ether solution.
VxOy Supported on Hydrophobic Poly(Ionic Liquid)s as an Efficient Catalyst for Direct Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol
Authors: Han Hongling , Jiang Tao , Wu Tianbin , Yang Dexin , Han Buxing 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSupported vanadium oxides (VxOy) on hydrophobic poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), for which the PILs were obtained by copolymerization of the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐hexadecyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide and the cross‐linker divinylbenzene (DVB), are reported. The VxOy/PIL catalyst was characterized by different techniques, and the performance of the catalyst for the selective oxidation of benzene to phenol was studied with H2O2 as the oxidant. It was demonstrated that VxOy/PIL had much better catalytic performance than the analogous catalyst VxOy/P, prepared with the polymer support (P) obtained from DVB and vinyl imidazole, without the IL. The high activity and selectivity of the VxOy/PIL catalyst could be attributed to the incorporation of the IL during the polymerization, which endowed the VxOy/PIL catalyst with increased specific surface area, stronger absorbent ability, and more active sites than the smooth and bulky VxOy/P. Furthermore, the hydrophobic side chain of the IL in the catalyst was beneficial for the access of benzene and the removal of the generated phenol from the surface of the catalyst, which also played an important role in improving the catalytic performance of VxOy/PIL. Up to 13.4 % yield of phenol was achieved, with a high selectivity of 97.5 %. In addition, the catalyst could be easily separated and recycled at least three times without significant decline in the phenol yield.
General Strategy to Fabricate Ternary Metal Nitride/Carbon Nanofibers for Supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Yunling , Wang Jie , Ding Bing , Shen Laifa , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this work, ternary metal nitrides are proposed as novel electrode materials for supercapacitors. We selectively fabricate ternary vanadium titanium nitride/carbon (VTiN/C) nanofibers through a facile electrospinning strategy and investigate their electrochemical performance for the first time. The obtained well‐interconnected VTiN/C nanofibers with VTiN nanoparticles embedded into carbon ensure rapid electron/ion transfer and offer a highly ion‐accessible surface. Appealingly, the VTiN‐4/C nanofibers exhibit a greatly improved performance, with a high specific capacitance (430.7 F g−1, 0.5 A g−1) and a good rate capability. Furthermore, the performance of the VTiN/C nanofibers is found to be controllable by adjusting the V/Ti atomic ratio. The encouraging electrochemical performance suggests that ternary VTiN could be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.