bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new technique of radiation thermometry using a consumer digital camcorder: Observations of red glow at Aso volcano, Japan
Authors: Saito Takeshi , Sakai Satoshi , Iizawa Isao , Suda Eriko , Umetani Kazuhiro , Kaneko Katsuya , Furukawa Yoshitsugu , Ohkura Takahiro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We newly developed a technique of radiation thermometry using a Sony’s consumer digital camcorder. Our system is not only convenience and cost effective but with a better performance than previous infrared thermometers, particularly in the place like a crater of volcano where is abundant in gas. This is because our system uses the submicron wavelength band, in which radiation is less influenced by absorption of gas than in the thermal infrared wavelength (>3 μm). We carried out observations of red glow at Aso volcano and succeeded in measuring the temperature of about 800°C, which is much more acceptable than previously reported values of 200–400°C. When we measure the temperature of about 300–700°C and 600–900°C in the place where is abundant in gas, using the camcorder with the near-infrared and with the visible wavelength mode is better than the thermal infrared region, respectively.
Evidence for geomagnetic jerks in comprehensive models
Authors: Chambodut Aude , Mandea Mioara 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The rate of secular variation occasionally undergoes a sudden, sharp change, called a geomagnetic jerk. Such jerks have been detected in geomagnetic time series, centered—over the last four decades—around 1971, 1980, 1991, and 1999; others have been inferred from historical records. The geomagnetic jerks represent a reorganization of the secular variation, implying an internal origin, as established through spherical harmonic and wavelet analysis. However, some characteristics of jerks are not well understood. Here we estimate the occurrence dates for geomagnetic jerks, as they can be detected from a global geomagnetic model. This choice makes the present study novel, for two reasons. First, utilizing the comprehensive modelling approach allows for the use of a secular variation signal free of time-varying external fields and their corresponding induced counterpart, and observatory biases. Second, the model utilizes satellite data when available, in addition to observatory data. Indeed, POGO (1967 to 1971), MAGSAT (1979 to 1980), Ørsted (1999 to present time) and CHAMP (2000 to present time) satellite measurements help to separate the different magnetic sources. In this study the CM4 comprehensive model is used for a global search of geomagnetic jerks and their occurrence dates. Our first result indicates that found geomagnetic jerks might not have been worldwide in occurrence. Moreover, the obtained dates suggest that jerks detected in the CM4 model over the last four decades occurred not simultaneously but at slightly different times around 1971, 1980 and 1991.
Receiver function images of the central Chugoku region in the Japanese islands using Hi-net data
Authors: Ramesh D. S. , Kawakatsu H. , Watada S. , Yuan X. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCrustal configuration of the central Chugoku region with disposition of the Philippine Sea Plate (PHS) in this area are investigated through the receiver function approach using short-period Hi-net data. Images of the upper mantle discontinuities are also obtained. Restituted short-period receiver functions bring out discernible variations in average composition of the crust and its thickness in the study region. TheVp/Vsvalues in the study area are generally high, reaching values in excess of 1.85 at a few places. The central part of the study region showing the highestVp/Vsvalues is coincidentally a subregion of least seismicity, possibly bestowed with special subsurface structure. Migrated receiver function images, bothPsandPpsimages, unambiguously trace the NW subducting PHS taking a steeper plunge in the northwest part of the Chugoku region reaching depths of 70 km from its low dip disposition in the southeast. An excellent correlation of the subducting PHS with the hypocenters is also seen. We demonstrate that short-period data after restitution and application of appropriate low pass filters can indeed detect presence of the global 410-km and 660-km discontinuities and map their disposition reasonably well. Our migrated receiver functions image the deflections in the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities in an anti-correlated fashion on expected lines of Clapeyron slope predictions induced by subduction of the Pacific plate (PAC) beneath Japanese islands, though PAC itself is feebly traced but shows good correlation with slab seismicity.
Estimation of the source model for the foreshock of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes and strong ground motion simulation of the hypothetical Tonankai earthquake using the empirical Green’s function method
Authors: Suzuki Wataru , Iwata Tomotaka , Asano Kimiyuki , Yamada Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe estimated the source model for the foreshock of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes by empirical Green’s function modeling. The size and the rise time of the strong motion generation area (SMGA) were estimated to be 30 × 15 km, and 0.9 sec, respectively. The stress drop of the SMGA was calculated to be 8.3 MPa. This model could reproduce long-period ground motions following the direct S-wave observed in the Osaka basin well. Using the derived source parameters, we simulated strong motions of the hypothetical Tonankai earthquake. Distribution of the seismic intensity derived here is similar to that obtained by the previous report. We could predict long-period ground motions which last for a long duration at the basin sites.
Spatial distribution of centroid moment tensor solutions for the 2004 off Kii peninsula earthquakes
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Matsumoto Takumi , Kimura Hisanori , Matsubayashi Hirotoshi , Obara Kazushige , Sekiguchi Shoji 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Two large intraplate earthquakes (MW 7.0 and 7.3) occurred off the southeastern Kii Peninsula on September 5, 2004. We determined the centroid moment tensors of these earthquakes and their aftershocks. Earthquakes can be divided into two categories: (1) the reverse-fault type with a range in focal depth from 5 km to 20 km; and (2) earthquakes with a near-vertical nodal plane and a focal depth shallower than 5 km. Earthquakes of type (1) are distributed inside the Philippine Sea plate beneath the Nankai trough, while normal-fault events predominate in the other regions along the trough. The distribution of type (2) events shows two clear lineaments with strikes of NNW-SSE to the north and NE-SW to the west of the focal area. These lineament strikes coincide approximately with strikes at the nodal planes of such events.
Characteristics of the surface rupture associated with the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture earthquake, central Japan and their seismotectonic implications
Authors: Maruyama Tadashi , Fusejima Yuichiro , Yoshioka Toshikazu , Awata Yasuo , Matsu’ura Tabito 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture earthquake sequence produced a nearly 1-km-long, N-S to NNW-SSE-striking, west-side-up surface rupture along a previously unmapped fault at Obiro, Uonuma City, eastern margin of the epicentral region. The maximum vertical displacement is 20 cm. The topographic and geometric features of the surface rupture are indicative of reverse faulting with dip to the west, which is consistent with focal mechanism solutions and aftershock distribution. Along the major active faults and folds that form the framework of landforms in the epicentral region, systematic surface ruptures were not found. Exceptionally small rupture dimension and offset amount of the surface rupture compared with those of the modeled fault suggest that the fault slip appears to have been accommodated by both internal deformation in thick Neogene-Quaternary deposits and growth of the folds and blind thrusts around the epicentral region.
Aftershock distribution of the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake derived from a combined analysis of temporary online observations and permanent observations
Authors: Shibutani Takuo , Iio Yoshihisa , Matsumoto Satoshi , Katao Hiroshi , Matsushima Takeshi , Ohmi Shiro , Takeuchi Fumiaki , Uehira Kenji , Nishigami Kin’ya , Enescu Bogdan , Hirose Issei , Kano Yasuyuki , Kohno Yuhki , Korenaga Masahiro , Mamada Yutaka , Miyazawa Masatoshi , Tatsumi Ken’ichi , Ueno Tomotake , Wada Hiroo , Yukutake Yohei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (Mj = 6.8) occurred on 23 October 2004 in the northeastern part of the Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone where large contraction rates were observed. The mainshock was followed by an anomalously intense aftershock activity that included nine Mj ≥5.5 aftershocks. We deployed three temporary online seismic stations in the aftershock area from 27 October, combined data from the temporary stations with those from permanent stations located around the aftershock area, and determined the hypocenters of the mainshock and aftershocks with a joint hypocenter determination (JHD) technique. The resulting aftershock distribution showed that major events such as the mainshock, the largest aftershock (Mj = 6.5), the aftershock on 27 October (Mj = 6.1), etc. occurred on different fault planes that were located nearly parallel or perpendicular to each other. This might be due to heterogeneous structure in the source region. The strain energy was considered to have been enough accumulated on the individual fault planes. These features are probably a cause of the anomalous intensity of the aftershock activity.
Imaging of S-wave reflectors in and around the hypocentral area of the 2004 mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (M6.8)
Authors: Matsumoto Satoshi , Iio Yoshihisa , Matsushima Takeshi , Uehira Kenji , Shibutani Takuo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
An S-wave reflector is considered to relate to the existence of liquid in the seismogenic zone of the crust, which plays an important role in understanding the mechanism of earthquakes. We studied a distribution of S-wave reflectors in and around the hypocentral zone of the 2004 mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (M6.8). The earthquake was followed by several aftershocks that were greater than M6. Moreover, the aftershocks were not only located on the fault plane of the main shock but also on conjugate fault planes and on a parallel plane to that of the main shock. In order to discuss the relationship between this complex activity and the crustal heterogeneities, we analyzed the seismograms observed at the seismic stations in this region. Normal moveout processing (NMO) was applied to the data of the aftershock. Several S-wave reflectors could be identified from the NMO sections for every station. In particular, relatively strong S-wave reflectors exist in the lower crust at a depth of approximately 20-25 km in the middle part of the aftershock region. Additionally, reflectors were found beneath the fault planes of the main shock and the largest aftershock. This suggests a possibility of the correlation of the crustal heterogeneities to the occurrence of an earthquake.
FDM computation of seismic wavefield for an axisymmetric earth with a moment tensor point source
Authors: Toyokuni Genti , Takenaka Hiroshi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Axisymmetric modeling has been playing an important role in global seismic waveform modeling since it can correctly model geometrical spreading effects in 3-D within computational resources comparable to 2-D modeling. However, in the previous investigations on axisymmetric modeling, seismic sources were restricted to axisymmetric sources such as an explosive source. In this paper, we propose implementation of an arbitrary moment tensor point source to axisymmetric modeling using the finite-difference method (FDM). The validity and efficiency of this technique are demonstrated by comparing synthetic seismograms with analytical solutions for a homogeneous earth model, as well as with the DSM synthetics for a spherically symmetric earth. We also show a numerical example with a subducting slab structure.
Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures beneath the Hokkaido corner, Japan-Kurile arc-arc junction
Authors: Katsumata Kei , Wada Naoto , Kasahara Minoru 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We applied an inverse method developed by Zhao et al. (J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19909–19928, 1992) to 42,834 P and 18,263 S wave arrival time data observed at 152 seismographic stations for 1143 local earthquakes at depths between 0 and 200 km in order to estimate three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures beneath the Hokkaido corner, Japan-Kurile arc-arc junction. High- and low-velocity zones were clearly imaged in the Hidaka Mountain Range at depths shallower than 35 km. The low-velocity anomalies of P and S waves were found to be distributed in the mantle wedge at depths between 35 and 100 km beneath the volcanic front, as also observed in the Tohoku region. Another low-velocity zone was found to exist in the fore-arc region at depths of 50–70 km above the plate boundary; this zone was not detected in Tohoku, suggesting that the dehydration process in the fore-arc region is different from that in the Tohoku region.
A search for a correlation between time change in transfer functions and seismic energy release in northern Taiwan
Authors: Chen Kuang-Jung , Chiu Bonbbon , Lin Cheng-Horng 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The geomagnetic data of the Lunping Geomagnetic Observatory from 1988 to 2000 are utilized for computing daily geomagnetic transfer functions. The method of analysis is based on the power spectrum analysis developed by Everett and Hyndman. Monthly means are statistically obtained from these daily values of transfer functions. In order to compare these time changes with seismic activity (seismicity), the earthquakes occurring within 150 km from Lunping, with a magnitude M
L greater than 4.0, are located. The related energy releases by those earthquakes, summed month by month, are correlated to the transfer functions. After removing the seasonal effect, we find that the time changes of magnitude of A
u and B
u (real parts of the transfer function) for frequencies of 2, 3, 4, and 6 cycles/hour seem to be strongly related to the energy release within the whole study period. Two significant precursors were found from the A and B values, 40 and 20 months before high seismicities, respectively.
Deviation of linear relation between streaming potential and pore fluid pressure difference in granular material at relatively high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Watanabe Tohru , Katagishi Yoshiko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We conducted streaming potential measurements on the packing of glass beads, and investigated the deviation of streaming potential from the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (H-S) equation. The H-S equation was originally derived on the assumption of laminar flows. Studies using a capillary have shown that the H-S equation is valid for turbulent flows in so far as the viscous sublayer is thicker than the electrical double layer and the entrance effect is negligible. Although the streaming potential in porous media has been reported to deviate from the H-S equation for turbulent flows, its mechanism is still poorly understood. We measured the fluid flux and the streaming potential as a function of the pore fluid pressure difference. The fluid flux begins to deviate from Darcy’s law at Reynolds number >3, and the streaming potential begins to deviate from the linear relation at larger Reynolds numbers. When the flow is fast, the fluid inertia separates the boundary layer from the solid surface and induces the counter flows. The fluid in the counter-flow region is separated from the circulating fluid, and ions there cannot contribute to the convection current. We think that this results in a lower streaming potential than expected from the H-S equation.
Two electrical conductors beneath Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan, imaged by audiomagnetotellurics, and their implications for the hydrothermal system
Authors: Nurhasan  , Ogawa Yasuo , Ujihara Naoto , Tank S.Bulent , Honkura Yoshimori , Onizawa Shin’ya , Mori Takehiko , Makino Masahiko 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan, is known for its active phreatic eruptions. We have investigated its hydrothermal system by conducting audio-magnetotelluric soundings at 22 stations along a profile that extends across the volcano. The final two-dimensional model is characterized by two conductors. One is a 300- to 1000-m-thick conductor of 1–10 Ωm, which is located on the eastern slope and covered with 200-m-thick resistive layers of Kusatsu-Shirane lava and pyroclastics. This conductor indicates the presence of a Montmorillonite-rich layer of Pliocene volcanic rocks that may function both as an impermeable floor for the shallow fluid path from the peak to the hot springs to the east and as an impermeable cap for the deeper fluid path from the summit region to the foot of the volcano. The second conductor is found at a depth of 1–2 km from the surface, at the peak of the volcano, and its resistivity is as low as 1 Ωm or less. This low resistivity can be explained by fluids containing high concentrations of chloride and sulfate which were supplied from the magmatic gases. Micro-earthquakes cluster above this conductor, and the cut-off of the earthquakes corresponds to the top of the conductor. This conductor infers the presence of the fluid reservoir, and the upward release of these fluids from the reservoir through the conduit presumably triggers the micro-earthquakes at the peak area of the volcano. Crustal deformation modeling using GPS and leveling data of the past 10 years revealed that the center of the deflation coincides with the top of the second conductor, indicating that the fluid reservoir itself can be hosting the deformation.
Lava identification by paleomagnetism: a case study and some problems surrounding the 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Italy
Authors: Conte-Fasano Gennaro , Urrutia-Fucugauchi Jaime , Goguitchaichvili Avto , Incoronato Alberto , Tiano Pasquale 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Detailed rock magnetic, paleomagnetic and absolute paleointensity studies of lava flows from the disputed 1631 Mount Vesuvius eruption are reported. The magnetic carrier consists of pseudo-single domain state Ti-poor titanomagnetites. Characteristic magnetization directions determined from detailed stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetizations provide four new well-defined flow unit mean directions, with α95 ranging from 0.7° to 2.6°. Paleodirections for 11 lava flows from 24-four flows studied previously appear to be related to the 1631 eruption, as indicated by their correlation to the early 17th century segment of the Italian paleosecular variation reference curve. This provides new evidence supporting the conclusion that the 1631 episode was an explosive-effusive eruption. The paleointensity results obtained from this study are the first to be published for Mount Vesuvius, with virtual dipole moments of 9.24±1.8 × 1022 and 13.5±0.4 × 1022 Am2 higher than the present-day geomagnetic field strength.
Mantle wedge deformation by subducting and rotating slab and its possible implication
Authors: Honda S. , Orihashi Y. , Mibe K. , Motoki A. , Sumino H. , Haller M. J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We have constructed a simple model of the deformation of the mantle wedge caused by the subducting and rotating slab based on corner flow model. By applying this model to the geological settings of the Somuncura plateau volcanic region, northern Patagonia, which is located far from the volcanic front, we constrain the mechanical aspect of the hypothesis that the volcanisms of the Somuncura region are triggered by the dehydration-induced melting of the up-warped transition zone which may contain more water than other regions do. Assuming that the water concentrates in the transition zone under the Somuncura plateau, we find that the above scenario may be possible, if the speed of the subducting slab is less than ∼2 cm/yr or the dip angle changes significantly (∼50 degrees within ∼8 Myr).
Tectonic implications of post-folding Permian magnetizations in the Carapacha Basin, La Pampa province, Argentina
Authors: Tomezzoli Renata N. , Melchor Ricardo N. , MacDonald William D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Paleomagnetic results from Permian clastic and igneous rocks of the Carapacha Basin of the Gondwáides orogenic zone of central Argentina are mainly consistent with results reported previously from the same zone further east, e.g., in the Sierra de la Ventana. Three lithologic entities were analysed: the lower member and upper member of the Carapacha Formation, and an andesite intrusive into the upper member. The directions of their characteristic remanences are similar, differ significantly from the present field direction, and are post-folding. The in situ magnetization directions are moreover consistent with directions expected for late Permian poles of the APWP for South America. The in situ pole for the lower Carapacha Formation is 70°S, 049°E, A95=11° (San Roberto pole); the pole for the upper Carapacha, combined with similar directions from the intrusive, is 64°S, 005°E, A95=5° (Río Curacó pole). These magnetizations imply that the Carapacha Formation, with a minimum age of early Late Permian (about 260 Ma.), was deformed before the end of the Permian. Structural evidence, as well as paleomagnetic, IRM, and AMS experimental results, support the interpretations. The paleogeographic implications of these results are interpreted as a significant counterclockwise movement of Gondwana between the early and the late Permian.
A new Late Permian paleomagnetic pole for stable South America: The Independencia group, eastern Paraguay
Authors: Rapalini Augusto E. , Fazzito Sabrina , Orué Delio 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Late Permian segment of the South American apparent polar wander path (APWP) is poorly defined and further paleomagnetic efforts on suitable rocks of such age from stable areas of South America are needed. A study was carried out on the Late Permian Independencia Group, which is discontinuously exposed along Eastern Paraguay and consists of several hundred meters of flat lying continental white, pink and reddish sandstones and siltstones, deposited on the western margin of the Paraná basin. Thirteen sites (83 samples) were collected on the top unit of the Group (the latest Permian Tacuary Fm) from outcrops distributed over 1000 square kms. Detailed AF and thermal demagnetization permitted the isolation of within-site consistent characteristic remanence in eleven sites, being generally hematite the main carrier of the remanence. Excluding one outlier, a paleomagnetic pole was computed by averaging 10 virtual geomagnetic poles of mixed polarities (6 reversed, 4 normal), yielding a position at: 80.7°S, 7.0°E, A95: 6.6°. The new pole may be considered key for a better definition of the South American APWP by filling a gap between a relatively reliable Early Permian and a poorly defined Early-Middle Triassic groups of poles.