bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manhood and Masculinity in Early Modern England
Authors: Reinke‐Williams Tim 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article provides an overview of some key developments in the historiography of manhood and masculinity in early modern England in the last decade, focusing in particular on how ideals of manhood and masculinity were shaped by ideas about the body and sexuality, as well as experiences and practices of fatherhood, sociability and politics in England between the mid‐16th and mid‐18th centuries. The article argues that the history of manhood and masculinity is a vibrant area but that some questions relating to manhood and masculinity remain underexplored, especially in relation to politics. It also questions whether enough effort has been taken to consider the 17th century as a whole, with much work on the history of manhood and masculinity continuing to focus on the periods before 1640 or after 1660, reiterating earlier calls for more attention to be paid to thinking about continuities and changes in manhood and masculinity across the early modern period in England.
Adenomyomas of the uterine cervix: report of a cohort including endocervical and novel variants
Authors: Casey Shauna , McCluggage W Glenn 
Published: September 2014

AimsTo report a series of 10 cervical adenomyomas of endocervical type and the first case of a mesonephric adenomyoma.Methods and resultsThe patients’ ages ranged from 30 to 55 years. Most lesions were grossly polypoid; a minority were intramural or exophytic. In six of seven endocervical adenomyomas received in consultation, adenoma malignum was considered. A variety of benign lesions, including lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH), adenofibroma, endocervicosis and tunnel clusters, were also considered. The endocervical adenomyomas consisted of bland mucinous glands, sometimes with focal epithelial metaplasia, within a prominent smooth muscle stroma. There was usually a focal lobular architecture and sometimes papillary infoldings. A characteristic feature was a rim of stroma surrounding glands, surrounded in turn by smooth muscle. Previously undescribed features were ‘symplastic‐like’ smooth muscle, stromal adipose tissue, gland rupture with mucin extravasation, prominent adenofibroma‐like areas and surface cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Diffuse oestrogen receptor (ER) immunoreactivity was useful in excluding adenoma malignum and LEGH, which are hormone receptor‐negative. The mesonephric adenomyoma consisted of a lobular arrangement of mesonephric glands [ER/progesterone receptor (PR)‐negative; vimentin and luminal CD10 immunoreactivity] within a smooth muscle stroma.ConclusionsEndocervical and mesonephric adenomyomas are rare lesions which are often misdiagnosed, possibly because of lack of familiarity among pathologists.
Physical characterization and in vitro skin permeation of solid lipid nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of quercetin
Authors: Han S. B. , Kwon S. S. , Jeong Y. M. , Yu E. R. , Park S. N. 
Published: September 2014

SynopsisObjectiveQuercetin, a phenolic compound isolated from plants, can act as an antioxidant to protect the skin from oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet rays. The aims of this work were (i) to compare the physical characterization of quercetin‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (QSLNs) and (ii) to investigate the enhanced skin permeation of quercetin using QSLNs.MethodsQSLNs were prepared with a certain amount lipid (palmitic acid) and the different ratio of surfactant (Tween® 80) by homogenization and ultrasonification method.ResultsQSLNs showed mono‐dispersed particle size distribution in the ranges of 274.0–986.6 nm and zeta potential from −50.4 to −29.4 mV. Entrapment efficiency of QSLN was 15.2–46.2%, and their crystallinity index was low (0–18.2%). In vitro occlusion test showed QSLN‐2 has the highest occlusive effect due to its smallest particle size (274.0 nm), and through these result, QSLN‐2 was selected as the optimum formulation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis further confirmed the uniform spherical shape of QSLN‐2 particles. Field emission–scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) analysis and histological observation of hairless rat skin showed that the lipid particles of QSLN‐2 formed a fused lipid film and, subsequently, it hydrated the surface of the rat skin. Franz diffusion cell was used to measure in vitro skin permeation of quercetin dissolved in propylene glycol (QPG), QSLN‐2 and QSLN‐3. The results showed that QSLN‐2 (33.5 μg cm−2, 21.9%) exhibited higher skin permeability than QPG (6.6 μg cm−2, 4.2%) and QSLN‐3 (14.2 μg cm−2, 9.1%), which was visually confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) image analysis as well.ConclusionThe results suggest that QSLN‐2, prepared with a surfactant content of 2%, could be used as useful skin delivery system for transdermal delivery of hydrophobic antioxidants such as quercetin.
Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Bulbul Sen Bilge , Rifaioglu Emine Nur , Ekiz Ozlem , Buyukkaya Eyup , Kurt Mustafa , Karakas Mehmet Fatih , Buyukkaya Sule , Bilen Perihan , Akcay Adnan Burak , Sen Nihat 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis is an inflammatory disorder, which has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular (CV) risks. Although increased CV risks in psoriasis are well established, there are no data about changes of contraction synchrony in psoriasis. Therefore, we aimed to study the left ventricular (LV) contraction synchrony in patients with psoriasis with narrow QRS and normal ejection fraction.MethodsFifty patients with psoriasis and 50 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects were included in the study. LV dyssynchrony was investigated by color‐coded tissue Doppler imaging.ResultsIn the psoriasis group, the mean high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein values were significantly higher compared with the controls. Peak A velocity, deceleration time, isovolumetric relaxation time, and E/E′ values were higher in the psoriasis group; however, E/A ratio and average Em were higher in the control group. LV systolic dyssynchrony parameters [including standard deviation of Ts of the 12 LV segments (Ts‐SD‐12), maximal difference in Ts between any two of the 12 LV segments, standard deviation of Ts of the six basal LV segments, and maximal difference in Ts between any two of the six basal LV segments] were found to be higher in the psoriasis group. The patients with ventricular dyssynchrony (a Ts‐SD‐12 >34.4 ms) were higher in the psoriasis group than the control group (34% vs. 6%, P < 0.01).ConclusionIn patients with psoriasis with normal ejection fractions and narrow QRS, LV systolic dyssynchrony is an early manifestation of heart involvement and may coexist with diastolic dysfunction.
WT1 expression in endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma: a study of 13 cases
Authors: Shon Wonwoo , Salomão Diva R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundEndocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC), a low‐grade sweat gland carcinoma with a predilection for the eyelids, often shows areas of benign eccrine cysts, atypical intracystic proliferation and associated mucinous carcinoma, suggesting tumor progression. Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) protein, a transcription factor, is overexpressed in many tumors and plays a role in oncogenesis.MethodsA computer‐based search for tumors diagnosed between 1989 and 2009 was conducted. Clinical data were obtained from pathology reports and patient records. Biopsies were reviewed for histologic features. Immunostaining was performed for WT1, chromogranin, synaptophysin, estrogen receptor (ER), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (P‐CEA), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and MIB‐1.ResultsEight women and five men (mean age: 61.2 years; range: 40–77 years) presented with slow‐growing eyelid nodules. Cases of EMPSGC were characterized by the presence of dermal nodules with various growth patterns. Adjacent eccrine cysts were present in five patients, atypical epithelial proliferation within the cyst wall in four patients, and an associated mucinous carcinoma in one patient. All tumors were positive for WT1, CK7, ER, P‐CEA and EMA and negative for CK20. Tumors were positive for synaptophysin in 12 cases and chromogranin in nine cases. The MIB‐1 proliferation index was low in most cases. No WT1 staining was observed in the overlying epidermis, adnexal structures or areas of benign eccrine cyst. WT1 expression was observed in areas of atypical epithelial proliferation, and the neoplastic cells.ConclusionsThe present study shows WT1 expression in the neoplastic epithelial cells of EMPSGC, areas of atypical intraductal proliferations, and mucinous carcinoma. The absence of WT1 expression in areas of benign eccrine cyst and cutaneous sweat glands suggests WT1 upregulation plays a role in tumor cell proliferation and progression of EMPSGC.
China's Role in Global Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Garnaut Ross 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChina contributed a majority of the growth in global greenhouse gas emissions in the first 11 years of this century. The trajectory of emissions has changed radically since then, as China has implemented its Cancun 2010 commitment to reduce the 2005 emissions intensity of economic activity by 40–45 percent by 2020. The change in trajectory has been reinforced by China's new model of economic growth, with its greater emphasis on equity in income distribution, consumption and services. The large‐scale deployment of low emissions technology in China is lowering the cost of transition to a low carbon economy all over the world. China's new emissions trajectory improves the opportunity for the international community to meet the 2°C climate target. It is essential that the changes in China are brought to account in shaping global mitigation ambition.
Reaping the Economic Benefits of Decarbonization for China
Authors: Teng Fei , Jotzo Frank 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChina needs to reduce its carbon emissions if global climate change mitigation is to succeed. Conventional economic analysis views cutting emissions as a cost, creating a collective action problem. However, decarbonization can improve productivity and provide co‐benefits that accord with multiple national policy objectives. We track China's progress in reducing the emissions intensity of the economy, and construct a macro scenario with China's carbon emissions peaking in the 2020s. Investment in greater energy productivity and economic restructuring away from heavy industries can bring productivity gains, and decarbonization of energy supply has important co‐benefits for air pollution and energy security. Combined with lower climate change risks and the likelihood that China's actions will influence other countries, this suggests that cutting carbon emissions is not only in China's self‐interest but also in the global interest. To properly identify the true costs and benefits of climate change action requires new thinking in economic analysis.
Choice for China: What Role for Vocational Education in Green Growth?
Authors: Jaeger Carlo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGreen growth cannot succeed without significant changes in the education system and the closely related social division of labor. This paper combines historical evidence and a game‐theoretic analysis to study the relation between vocational education and green growth. It is found that a low‐vocation and a high‐vocation equilibrium can be distinguished in the interplay between education and labor markets, and that a high‐vocation equilibrium is better suited for green growth. At the present stage of development, there are tendencies in both directions in China. Therefore, China has the possibility to successfully implement a green growth strategy by developing a strong vocational education with Chinese characteristics.
Resilient and Inclusive Prosperity within Planetary Boundaries
Authors: Hepburn Cameron , Beinhocker Eric , Farmer J. Doyne , Teytelboym Alexander 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe current model of economic growth generated unprecedented increases in human wealth and prosperity during the 19th and 20th centuries. The main mechanisms have been the rapid pace of technological and social innovation, human capital accumulation, and the conversion of resources and natural capital into more valuable forms of produced capital. However, there is evidence emerging that this model may be approaching environmental limits and planetary boundaries, and that the conversion of natural capital needs to slow down rapidly and then be reversed. Some commentators have asserted that in order for this to occur, we will need to stop growing altogether and, instead, seek prosperity without growth. Others argue that environmental concerns are low‐priority luxuries to be contemplated once global growth has properly returned to levels observed prior to the 2008 financial crisis. A third group argues that there is no trade‐off, and, instead, promotes green growth: the (politically appealing) idea is that we can simultaneously grow and address our environmental problems. This paper provides a critical perspective on this debate and suggests that a substantial research agenda is required to come to grips with these challenges. One place to start is with the relevant metrics: measures of per‐capita wealth, and, eventually, quantitative measures of prosperity, alongside a dashboard of other sustainability indicators. A public and political focus on wealth (a stock), and its annual changes, could realistically complement the current focus on market‐based gross output as measured by GDP (a flow). This could have important policy implications, but deeper changes to governance and business models will be required.
Climate Change and Green Growth: A Perspective of the Division of Labor
Authors: Zhang Yongsheng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a new research agenda on climate change and green growth from the perspective of the division of labor in classical economics. The paper covers three major dimensions of green growth (i.e. carbon emissions, environmental protection and material resources use) and some related important topics, as well as the fresh policy implications of the new research agenda, Typical marginal analysis in a given structure of the division of labor suggests that “green” action is a burden to economic development. Therefore, climate negotiation has become a burden‐sharing game and has reached a stalemate. New thinking is badly needed to rescue these negotiations and to drive a shift to a new “green growth” paradigm. The proposed new research agenda represents an effort to create a new narrative on climate change and green growth. Because the new research agenda can theoretically predict the possibility that a more competitive structure of the division of labor could be triggered by “green” policy, it has promising policy implications for various important challenges facing us in the 21st century.
‘Well the Future, that is Difficult’: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Maternal Experience of Parenting a Young Adult with a Developmental Disability
Authors: Thackeray Lisa A. , Eatough Virginia 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe predominant focus of extant literature exploring maternal experience of developmental disability has been stress, adaptation, efficacy of interventions and the burden of care. Most studies involve mothers of children, with scant attention given to what life is like later. This study qualitatively explores the experience of mothers of young adults (aged 19–28).Materials and methodsSemi‐structured interviews conducted with six women aged 48–60 were transcribed and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsThree themes illustrate how mothers are confronted with their adult children's continuing need for support and how a lack of trust in social care creates anxiety about the future, increasing awareness of mortality.ConclusionsVulnerability represents a useful concept for understanding these findings theoretically. Galvin & Todres’ (2013) conceptual framework for the humanization of care provides the opportunity to prioritize the needs of individuals by highlighting dimensions of existence which confer meaning.
Evolution of the Germline Actin Gene in Hypotrichous Ciliates: Multiple Nonscrambled IESs at Extremely Conserved Locations in Two Urostylids
Authors: Chen Tianbing , Yi Zhenzhen , Huang Jie , Lin Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn hypotrichous ciliates, macronuclear chromosomes are gene‐sized, and micronuclear genes contain short, noncoding internal eliminated segments (IESs) as well as macronuclear‐destined segments (MDSs). In the present study, we characterized the complete macronuclear gene and two to three types of micronuclear actin genes of two urostylid species, i.e. Pseudokeronopsis rubra and Uroleptopsis citrina. Our results show that (1) the gain/loss of IES happens frequently in the subclass Hypotrichia (formerly Stichotrichia), and high fragmentation of germline genes does not imply for gene scrambling; and (2) the micronuclear actin gene is scrambled in the order Sporadotrichida but nonscrambled in the orders Urostylida and Stichotrichida, indicating the independent evolution of MIC‐actin gene patterns in different orders of hypotrichs; (3) locations of MDS–IES junctions of micronuclear actin gene in coding regions are conserved among closely related species.
Walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill) are relatively resistant to experimental infection with VHSV IVb and extant walleye strains vary in susceptibility
Authors: Grice J , Reid A , Peterson A , Blackburn K , Tubbs L , Lord S , Huber P , Horricks R , Dixon B , Bols N C , Lumsden J S 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCompared to fathead minnow, walleye demonstrate low susceptibility to experimental infection with VHSV IVb, regardless of route of exposure or water temperature at time of infection. In triplicate and duplicate groups, walleye were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected (102–108 pfu/fish) or waterborne‐exposed (w; 1.4 × 107 pfu mL−1) with VHSV IVb. High cumulative mortality (64–100%) and severe gross lesions associated with VHSV IVb infection were evident only in fish i.p. injected with 108 pfu at 12 °C. These fish had multifocal necrosis of several tissues including the gill and heart. There was no difference in mortality between walleye infected (w or i.p.) at 12 °C (spring stocking) compared with a declining temperature profile from 18 to 12 °C (fall stocking). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in mortality between four extant walleye strains following i.p. infection, indicating that the choice of walleye strain for stocking might be an important consideration. Viral antigen was found in both i.p. and w‐exposed walleye using immunohistochemistry, mostly within the gill and skin of w‐exposed fish and most prominently in dermal fibrocytes. VHSV IVb was detected in multiple tissues from 6 to 21 days post‐infection using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR).
Mechanisms of quorum sensing and strategies for quorum sensing disruption in aquaculture pathogens
Authors: Zhao J , Chen M , Quan CS , Fan SD 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn many countries, infectious diseases are a considerable threat to aquaculture. The pathogenicity of micro‐organisms that infect aquaculture systems is closely related to the release of virulence factors and the formation of biofilms, both of which are regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Thus, QS disruption is a potential strategy for preventing disease in aquaculture systems. QS inhibitors (QSIs) not only inhibit the expression of virulence‐associated genes but also attenuate the virulence of aquaculture pathogens. In this review, we discuss QS systems in important aquaculture pathogens and focus on the relationship between QS mechanisms and bacterial virulence in aquaculture. We further elucidate QS disruption strategies for targeting aquaculture pathogens. Four main types of QSIs that target aquaculture pathogens are discussed based on their mechanisms of action.
Method of Rapid Remote Control of Casein Concentration in Dairy Products in Unopened Packages
Authors: Alekseev Gennady Valentinovich , Khripov Anatoly Anatolevich 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe propose a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method of rapid remote determination of casein concentration in dairy products in unopened packages. The method was successfully tested for whole milk products in unopened packages. The milk products had a fat concentration in a range of 0–6%, casein concentration in a range of 0–3% and were produced by different manufacturers in Leningrad Region, Russia. Because the milk packages had different sizes and shapes, we used a new receiver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) solenoid that has a variable radius and shape for an improvement of signal‐to‐noise ratio of MR images of milk products measured in MRI system, GEMS Vectra, 0.5 T.Practical ApplicationsThis method may have two possible ways of practical implication.Using this rapid remote method, the adulteration of casein concentration in dairy products particularly in sealed packages can be detected, e.g., milk, condensed milk, cottage cheese produced with the use of adulterated skim milk powder containing whey powder. According to the preliminary estimation, the minimum casein concentration recorded with the method proposed is less than 0.5%.The method is based on measuring the water protons spin–spin relaxation time 1/T2, which is proportional to the number of hydrogen atoms bound to casein micelles due to chemical exchange and hydration. Therefore, the method may be used for research purposes of casein micelles hydration processes that influence vastly the stability of the micelles in the milk protein, the structure and mechanical properties of protein coagulum formed in the production of sour milk products, the consistency of the finished cheese. Therefore, this method that uses NMR imaging could be used for remote research of the spatial distribution of hydration parameters (hydration properties, the mobility of water in the hydration shells, etc.) in the foods that are produced and kept in sealed containers, and of storage control quality.