bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mandarin learners’ (L2) comprehension of zero anaphora in Mandarin phone conversations
Authors: Bailey Benjamin 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This article analyzes patterns of comprehension of zero anaphor by native-English-speaker learners of Mandarin in recordings and transcriptions of four naturally occurring Mandarin telephone conversations. Because many anaphoric pronouns have no overt expression in Mandarin, comprehension of even basic clause constituents of Mandarin texts can require discourse-level inferencing that English does not require. Despite these differences between English and Mandarin, intermediate to advanced level Mandarin learners in this study were able to successfully interpret and translate zero anaphor in these telephone conversation texts about 72% of the time. The greatest difficulties with zero anaphor were related to a) instances in which the initial, explicitly expressed antecedent was misinterpreted, and b) shifts in footing, or verbal activity, in which speakers moved, for example, from narrative description to direct address of interlocutor or personal evaluation of a situation just described. These patterns suggest that greater awareness of discourse level structures in naturally occurring verbal interaction – which could be taught through explicit instruction – might help intermediate and advanced Mandarin learners to correctly interpret a broader range of zero anaphora.
从叙实性看古代汉语连词 “虽” 的两种语义功能
Authors: 新良 李 , 艳 刘 
Published: October 2015

提要
“虽” 作连词是上古汉语就已产生的用法, 古代汉语中的连词 “虽” 具有表达转折和让步两种差别较大的语义功能。本文针对这种比较奇怪的现象, 旨在弄清出现这种现象的原因和机制, 并试图找到这两种语义功能之间的内在关联。本文的研究思路是:先简要回顾动词的叙实性研究的历史并梳理跟叙实性相关的概念, 进而指出古代汉语连词 “虽” 的两种语义功能可以纳入叙实性进行研究。通过跟现代汉语中的 “虽然” 和 “即使” 进行类比分析, 我们发现, 具有叙实和反叙实两种语义功能的连词 “虽” 都可以表达转折关系, 都是种反预期的表达方式, 这是它们在语义上的共通之处; 而反叙实作用的 “虽” 由于引入了一个 “可能世界”, 所以还可以表达 “假设” 和 “让步” 关系, 这是它们在语义上的不同点。最后从语言编码和解码的角度审视古代汉语中的“虽”的两种语义功能。
Rationale Anämieabklärung
Authors: Hastka Jan , Metzgeroth Georgia 
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung
Eine Anämie ist definiert als eine Verminderung der Hämoglobinkonzentration unter die alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Norm. Diese beträgt nach der WHO 120 g/L für Frauen und 130 g/L für Männer. Prinzipiell gibt es viele Differentialdiagnosen, die bei der Abklärung einer Anämie ursächlich berücksichtigt werden müssen. Die Diagnose wird zusätzlich dadurch erschwert, dass Anämien häufig nicht nur eine Ursache haben, sondern multifaktoriell bedingt sind. Eine rationale Anämieabklärung sollte immer die epidemiologischen Daten und die individuelle Anamnese berücksichtigen. Eine zentrale diagnostische Rolle spielt nach wie vor die Einteilung der Anämien nach der Größe und dem Hämoglobingehalt der Erythrozyten anhand der Erythrozytenindizes. Die weltweit wichtigste Ursache einer hypochrom-mikrozytären Anämie ist der Eisenmangel, differentialdiagnostisch sind die Anämie der chronischen Erkrankungen (anemia of chronic disorders, ACD) und Thalassämien zu berücksichtigen. Die klinisch wichtigste Ursache einer hyperchrom-makrozytären Anämie sind Störungen des Vitamin-B12- und Folsäurestoffwechsels, bzw. der DNA-Synthese. Die normochrom-normozytäre Gruppe beinhaltet die meisten Anämieformen. Bei deren Abklärung sollte man nicht versuchen alle möglichen Ursachen durch ein allesumfassendes Laborpanel bereits mit der ersten Blutentnahme zu erfassen. Es ist sinnvoller schrittweise vorzugehen und zunächst nur die wichtigsten Ursachen diagnostisch abzudecken. Dies gilt insbesondere für geriatrische und multimorbide Patienten, bei denen der diagnostischen Aufwand nicht nur aus wirtschaftlichen, sondern auch aus ethischen Gründen der individuellen Prognose und den Bedürfnissen des Patienten angepasst werden sollte. Bei ungeklärten Anämien sollte eine Vorstellung bei einem Hämatologen erwogen werden, weil im Zweifelsfall auch eine Knochenmarkpunktion erfolgen muss, um die Hämatopoese genau zu beurteilen und eine hämatologische Grunderkrankung auszuschließen.
Mechanical and structural properties of titanium dioxide deposited by innovative magnetron sputtering process
Authors: Wojcieszak Damian , Mazur Michał , Indyka Joanna , Jurkowska Aleksandra , Kalisz Małgorzata , Domanowski Piotr , Kaczmarek Danuta , Domaradzki Jarosław 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Titanium dioxide thin films were prepared using two types of magnetron sputtering processes: conventional and with modulated plasma. The films were deposited on SiO2 and Si substrates. X-ray diffraction measurements of prepared coatings revealed that the films prepared using both methods were nanocrystalline. However, the coatings deposited using conventional magnetron sputtering had anatase structure, while application of sputtering with modulated plasma made possible to obtain films with rutile phase. Investigations performed with the aid of scanning electron microscope showed significant difference in the surface morphology as well as the microstructure at the thin film cross-sections. The mechanical properties of the obtained coatings were determined on the basis of nanoindentation and abrasion resistance tests. The hardness was much higher for the films with the rutile structure, while the scratch resistance was similar in both cases. Optical properties were evaluated on the basis of transmittance measurements and showed that both coatings were well transparent in a visible wavelength range. Refractive index and extinction coefficient were higher for TiO2 with rutile structure.
Feeding Stonehenge: cuisine and consumption at the Late Neolithic site of Durrington Walls
Authors: Craig Oliver E. , Shillito Lisa-Marie , Albarella Umberto , Viner-Daniels Sarah , Chan Ben , Cleal Ros , Ixer Robert , Jay Mandy , Marshall Pete , Simmons Ellen , Wright Elizabeth , Pearson Mike Parker 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Genome-Wide Architecture of Disease Resistance Genes in Lettuce
Authors: Christopoulou Marilena , Wo Sebastian Reyes-Chin , Kozik Alex , McHale Leah K , Truco Maria-Jose , Wroblewski Tadeusz , Michelmore Richard W 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGenome-wide motif searches identified 1134 genes in the lettuce reference genome of cv. Salinas that are potentially involved in pathogen recognition, of which 385 were predicted to encode nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins. Using a maximum-likelihood approach, we grouped the NLRs into 25 multigene families and 17 singletons. Forty-one percent of these NLR-encoding genes belong to three families, the largest being RGC16 with 62 genes in cv. Salinas. The majority of NLR-encoding genes are located in five major resistance clusters (MRCs) on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 and cosegregate with multiple disease resistance phenotypes. Most MRCs contain primarily members of a single NLR gene family but a few are more complex. MRC2 spans 73 Mb and contains 61 NLRs of six different gene families that cosegregate with nine disease resistance phenotypes. MRC3, which is 25 Mb, contains 22 RGC21 genes and colocates with Dm13. A library of 33 transgenic RNA interference tester stocks was generated for functional analysis of NLR-encoding genes that cosegregated with disease resistance phenotypes in each of the MRCs. Members of four NLR-encoding families, RGC1, RGC2, RGC21, and RGC12 were shown to be required for 16 disease resistance phenotypes in lettuce. The general composition of MRCs is conserved across different genotypes; however, the specific repertoire of NLR-encoding genes varied particularly of the rapidly evolving Type I genes. These tester stocks are valuable resources for future analyses of additional resistance phenotypes.
Does Platelet-Rich Fibrin Enhance Bone Quality and Quantity of Alveolar Cleft Reconstruction?
Authors: Shawky Hazem , Seifeldin Sameh Ahmed 
Published: October 2015

Background Recently, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was described as a second-generation platelet concentrate. PRF is known as a rich source of autologous cytokines and growth factors and is universally used for tissue regeneration in clinical medicine. Objective The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of PRF on the quality and quantity of bone formation in unilateral maxillary alveolar cleft reconstruction. Patients and Methods Twenty-four patients with unilateral alveolar cleft underwent bone reconstruction. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A consisted of patients grafted with PRF combined with autogenous anterior iliac crest bone graft. Group B patients were grafted using autogenous bone graft alone (control group). Computed tomography was performed 6 months postoperatively to assess the quality and quantity of the newly formed bone. Results The percentage of newly formed bone (quantity) in group A ranged from 79.74% to 88.4%, with a mean percentage of 82.6% ± 3.9%. In group B, the percentage of bone formation ranged from 60.3% to 76.4%, with a mean percentage of 68.38% ± 6.67%. There was a statistically significant increase in the percentage of newly formed bone in group A. The mean bone density (quality) of the newly formed bone was lower in group A than group B, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P < .05). Conclusions PRF in combination with autogenous bone was beneficial in improving the volume of newly formed bone in alveolar cleft reconstruction and does not enhance bone density.
Salmon Calcitonin and the Treatment of Acute Osteoporosis
Authors: Rosen Harold N 
Published: October 2015

There are many different treatment options for osteoporosis available to physicians. Most of these are designed to prevent and treat osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and/or increasing bone formation. One group of patients with very specific needs is those with vertebral compression fractures especially in those whom the most commonly used treatment, bisphosphonate, is not well tolerated. Under these circumstances salmon calcitonin, a treatment that has known efficacy in reducing further vertebral fracture, an analgesic effect, and is known to be safe and well tolerated in older individuals, could be the answer.Salmon calcitonin is the most widely used of the calcitonins effective in humans. It has 40 times the affinity for osteoclasts as human calcitonin and is very effective at inhibiting bone resorption.1,2
Adipose Tissue Biology: An Update Review
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major health problem in most countries in the world today. It increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, fatty liver and some form of cancer. Adipose tissue biology is currently one of the “hot” areas of biomedical science, as fundamental for the development of novel therapeutics for obesity and its related disorders.CONTENT: Adipose tissue consist predominantly of adipocytes, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs), vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblast, macrophages, and extracellular matrix. Adipose tissue metabolism is extremely dynamic, and the supply of and removal of substrates in the blood is acutely regulated according to the nutritional state. Adipose tissue possesses the ability to a very large extent to modulate its own metabolic activities including differentiation of new adipocytes and production of blood vessels as necessary to accommodate increasing fat stores. At the same time, adipocytes signal to other tissue to regulate their energy metabolism in accordance with the body's nutritional state. Ultimately adipocyte fat stores have to match the body's overall surplus or deficit of energy. Obesity causes adipose tissue dysfunction and results in obesity-related disorders.SUMMARY: It is now clear that adipose tissue is a complex and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. Undestanding the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity and its associated disease cluster is also of great significance as the need for new and more effective therapeutic strategies is more urgent than ever. KEYWORDS: Obesity, Adipocyte, Adipose, Tissue, Adipogenesis, Angiogenesis, Lipid Droplet, Lipolysis, Plasticity, Dysfunction
Correlation Between Adiponectin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Insulin Resistance and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Non Diabetic Central Obese Males
Authors: Ninghayu Candra , Wijaya Andi , As'ad Suryani 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Obesity raises the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) through many risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by high levels of triglyceride, increased small dense low density lipoprotein particles, and reduced levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The exact mechanisms of central obesity and this atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP) is not clearly understood. Central obesity is characterized by a state of systemic low grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Adipose tissue has recently been shown to secrete a variety of bioactive peptides, called adipocytokines, that can potentially affect glucose and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to observe the role of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) and insulin resistance in atherogenic dyslipidemia in nondiabetic central obese males.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 75 non-diabetic central obese male subjects (waist circumferences > 90 cm). Adiponectin and TNF-α testing were performed by ELISA; insulin resistance was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index, triglyceride was assessed by GPO-PAP, HDL cholesterol and small dense LDL were measured by homogenous method. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS for Windows v. 11.5 with a significance level at p < 0.05. The Pearson and Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between various anthropometric and biochemical parameters.RESULTS: There were 75 patients aged 38.0±6.3 years, Adiponectin concentration was 3.55±1.38 μg/ml, HOMA index was 2.28±1.63, TNF-α was 12.42±11.25 pg/ml, triglyceride was 185.17±109.00, HDL-cholesterol was 44.15±9.23 mg/dL, small dense LDL 23.22±12.26 mg/dL. This study revealed that there were correlations between adiponectin and triglyceride (r=-0.236, p=0.042), adiponectin and HDL cholesterol (r=0.300, p=0.009), adiponectin and atherogenic dyslipidemia (r=-0.256, p=0.027), whereas there was no correlation between insulin resistance and TNF-α with the atherogenic dyslipidemia.CONCLUSION: Adiponectin might contribute to atherogenic dyslipidemia in central obese non-diabetic males. Advancing our understanding of the function and measurement of adiponectin serum concentration will be useful in clinical diagnosis of obesity related atherogenic dyslipidemia.KEYWORDS: obesity, waist circumference, adiponectin, insulin resistance, TNF-α, atherogenic dyslipidemia
Wellbore Stability Analysis for Trouble Free Drilling
Authors: Haidary S. A. , Shehri H. A. , Abdulraheem A.. , Ahmed M.. , Alqam M. H. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study systematically investigates the mechanical instability of a wellbore as a function of rock mechanical properties and in-situ earth stresses, and validates the predicted failures with post-drilling problematic wells. Results from this study will help to avoid wellbore instability related issues.
Extended Reach Wells (ERD) were drilled in field X through shale formations inter-bedded by unconsolidated sandstone formations and carbonate formations which experienced severe wellbore instabilities.
Rock mechanics lab tests were performed on preserved core samples and all the available well logs were obtained and subsequently analyzed thoroughly to develop the rock mechanics properties profile.
Daily drilling reports were analyzed and this drilling history was used to evaluate the best failure criterion for modeling purposes. Accordingly, Mogi-coulomb was found to be the most appropriate failure criterion that matches the drilling history failures with predicted failures and can be used for more accurate future wellbore problem predictions.
An industrial geomechanical software was used to build a Mechanical Earth Model (MEM). The software output was calibrated and validated with the observed failed wellbore condition in selected drilled wells.
Subsequently, the root causes of different wellbore instability problems were identified. After preliminary validation of the MEM, the safe mud weight window for drilling future wells was predicted with respect to each formation by providing plots for different inclinations and azimuths.
The safe mud weight windows for drilling in any inclination, azimuth and measured depth for Aruma, Rumaila, Ahmadi, Safaniya, Biyadh and Buwaib were found and reported. Furthermore, the safest mud weight window that works for the entire section at any inclination, azimuth and measured depth was discovered and reported for the fisrt time.
Results from this study indicate that the predicted mud weight window profile could be adopted in future drilling operations for safe problem-free drilling in problematic formations.
Horizontal Drilling Challenges in the Thin Oil Sands of the Lower Burgan Formation, Kuwait- A Case Study
Authors: Chowdhuri Sankar , Abbas Nazar , Khan Ali , Sahib Raffi Madar , Gawwad Tarek Abdel , Chellappan Suresh , Omar Mohammad , Saleh Iskandar , Juyal Mukul , Wenang Martine , Osman Salih Noreldin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHorizontal drilling technology was used for the first time in the Middle Cretaceous Lower Burgan Layered Sand reservoir of Raudhatain Field, Kuwait for enhancement of oil production. The reservoir has been on production using conventional development techniques for the past 50 years.The channel sands of the Lower Burgan Layered unit were targeted. These sands are much thinner than the world class Lower Burgan Massive Sand and became an ideal target for development by horizontal drilling. However these layered sands are very prolific and are at irreducible water saturation. These sands were de an ideal target for development by horizontal drilling. However these layered sands are very prolific and are at irreducible water saturation. These sands weic and are at irreducible water saturation. These sands were deposited in a clastic coastal environment. The complex geometry and heterogeneity make these sands a real challenge to place lateral boreholes within the sand.The challenge of horizontal drilling through thin sand is to expose significantly more reservoir rocks in the wellbore which helps to increase the productivity.This paper illustrates integration of LWD, geological, geophysical and engineering data for successful placement of the lateral sections within the targeted sands to maximize oil production.In the 1st phase of horizontal drilling, laterals in 4 wells were placed in the Lower Burgan Layered sands at different locations over the Raudhatain structure. Length of laterals varied from 650–2000ft depending on the spatial distribution and geometry of sand bodies' vis-à-vis oil column. Effective geosteering through 7–12ft thick oil sands in these wells encountered 0.5 – 1.5 Darcy reservoirs. These oil sand layers produced from 850 BOPD to 4500 BOPD on initial production testing.The success obtained in producing from these sand layers proved to be very effective and greatly enhanced the production from Raudhatain Field, Kuwait.
Use of Mud Gas Chromatograph for Reservoir Quality Prediction While Drilling - A Case Study
Authors: Dashti Jalal , Al-Mulla Khaled , Al-Kandari Eman , Al-Ajmi Bader , Rao Sudhakar , Al-Qattan Faisal , Al-Kandari Abdullah , Al-Bedawi Yousef , Al-Meshilah Thuwaini , Sabri Hamid , Al-Adwani Khalid , Estarabadi Javad , Shoeibi Ahmad , Ferroni Gionata , Janbakhsh Mehrdad 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
While drilling through a reservoir, a lot of valuable information can be obtained from mud logging to support formation evaluation. Field data will help wellsite geologists, petrophysicist and reservoir engineers to predict reservoir quality, fluid contacts and reservoir permeability based on formation gases detected while drilling. This study discusses some examples from exploratory wells that have recently been drilled in Kuwait. Gas readings were recorded while drilling through Cretaceous and deep Jurassic formations to evaluate hydrocarbon content using Advanced Gas Chromatography. The primary components of the system utilized are: a constant volume gas extractor, a gas sample flow control system, and a high resolution chromatographic system. To interpret the findings Gas readings are monitored by a complex system which provides real-time continuous measurements of the concentration of formation gases from very light components such as methane, to heavy components such as C6, C7 and C8 hydrocarbon species, comprising n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, benzene and toluene. Formation gas is considered as the first indication of a reservoir's fluid characterization and reflects the extent of the productivity of the well. Geochemical ratios and equations can enhance the interpretation of field data and give the first indication of zones of interest that need further evaluation.
The integration of the gas data along with the drilling parameters (ROP, ΔFlow) can be of valuable inputs to quantify the Rock properties such as porosity and permeability, this new approach can extend the utilization of gas data not only for formation evaluation and fluid characterization but also for formation petro-physical structure.
To take advantage of the field data, the gas readings are plotted on a depth log, which can be easily integrated with other data. Geochemical equations are plotted against depth and lithology to determine fluid type, contacts and evolution.
Understanding Shale-Fluid Interactions Using Molecular Modeling Techniques for Drilling Applications: A Literature Review
Authors: Al-Arfaj Mohammed , Sultan Abdullah , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The use of water-based drilling fluids to drill shale formations can cause wellbore stability problems as a result of the reaction of water with clay minerals. Examples of wellbore stability problems include shale disintegration, swelling and sloughing. Different types of clays give different types of problems. For example, when it is exposed to water, a shale sample with a high percentage of smectite tends to swell while another shale sample with a high percentage of kaolinite tends to disintegrate and disperse. Consequently, there will be higher solids loading in the wellbore. Hence, the chance to get the pipe stuck increases and the hole cleaning efficiency of drilling fluid decreases significantly.
To combat the abovementioned challenges and study the shale rock to be drilled, a series of tests should be conducted. The selection of the testing procedures and fluids to test shale samples with has been selected mainly on empirical basis involving trial and error. Molecular modeling technique can be utilized before taking the shale samples to the laboratory to provide theoretical background on the rock-fluid interactions at molecular scale. One advantage of this approach is to gain better understanding of the rock-fluid interactions from theoretical point-of-view in order to explain why one shale inhibitor works and provides adequate inhibition for one shale sample but does not work properly for another sample. The second advantage is that having insights into the potential rock-fluid interactions can guide the research to include or exclude certain types of shale inhibitors and to shorten the trial and error procedure. These advantages provide a basis upon which future drilling fluids planning can be optimized to mitigate wellbore stability issues.