bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of controlled interventions on employees’ burnout: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Maricuţoiu Laurenţiu P. , Sava Florin A. , Butta Oana 
Published: December 2014

The aim of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of controlled interventions on reducing employees’ burnout. Peer‐reviewed published papers included in online databases, as well as papers identified in previous reviews, were considered for selection into the meta‐analysis. Keywords entered were burnout and intervention, exhaustion and intervention, cynicism and intervention, and depersonalization and intervention. Inclusion criteria for the studies were (1) to include a burnout measure as a primary or a secondary outcome; (2) to include a comparison control group; and (3) available/sufficient data to calculate the d Cohen effect sizes. Using a random‐effects model, we found small overall effect sizes for general level of burnout (d = .22, p < .05, k = 13, overall N control = 741, overall N intervention = 747) and exhaustion (d = .17, p < .01, k = 34, overall N control = 1,120, overall N intervention = 1,215), and statistically not significant effects for depersonalization (d = .04, p > .05, k = 31, overall N control = 895, overall N intervention = 888) and personal accomplishment (d = −.02, p > .05, k = 29, overall N control = 806, overall N intervention = 817). Similar effects were also found at follow‐up, suggesting modest but lasting effects of interventions in reducing burnout. Yet, new more tailored strategies to reduce burnout are needed to improve the effects of the interventions.Practitioner points

Cognitive‐behavioural interventions and interventions based on relaxation techniques are effective only for reducing emotional exhaustion.

New types of interventions are needed, to address depersonalization and personal accomplishment.

The effects on emotional exhaustion are significant even at more than 6 months after the end of the intervention.
Presentation of primary ciliary dyskinesia in children: 30 years' experience
Authors: Hosie Patrick H , Fitzgerald Dominic A , Jaffe Adam , Birman Catherine S , Rutland Jonathan , Morgan Lucy C 
Published: December 2014

AimPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare (1:15 000) condition resulting in recurrent suppurative respiratory tract infections, progressive lung damage and hearing impairment. As the diagnosis is often delayed for years, the purpose of this study was to review the presenting features of children with PCD attending Australia's initial diagnostic PCD service over a 30‐year period.MethodA retrospective review of the symptoms of children diagnosed with PCD at Concord Hospital between 1982 and 2012 was undertaken.ResultsOne thousand thirty‐seven paediatric patients were referred for assessment and underwent nasal ciliary brushing. Eighty‐four (8.1%) had PCD based on microscopic analysis of nasal cilia. This included 81 with ciliary ultrastructural abnormalities demonstrated on electron microscopy and 3 with a suggestive phenotype, reduced ciliary beat frequency and a family history of PCD. The median age at diagnosis was 6.4 years (range 0.1 to 18.2 years). Forty‐six per cent had situs abnormalities and 31% had a family member with PCD. Recurrent cough (81%), rhinosinusitis (71%), recurrent otitis media (49%) and neonatal respiratory distress (57%) were reported. Bronchiectasis at presentation was documented in 32%. Situs abnormalities and neonatal respiratory distress were present together in 26%.ConclusionPCD remains under‐recognised by health‐care workers. The combination of neonatal respiratory distress, chronic suppurative cough and rhinosinusitis was the most common documented symptom cluster at presentation in cases of PCD. A heightened awareness of the clinical features of the disease may help to lower the age at diagnosis, facilitate appropriate treatment and improve long‐term outcomes.
Replacement of Dietary Fish Meal with Poultry By‐product Meal and Soybean Meal for Golden Pompano, Trachinotus ovatus, Reared in Net Pens
Authors: Ma Xuzhou , Wang Fei , Han Hua , Wang Yan , Lin Yayun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTwo 8‐wk feeding trials were conducted to examine the effect of replacing dietary fish meal with poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and soybean meal (SBM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition, and wastes output of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (initial body weight 16.7 g), reared in net pens. A control diet (C) was formulated to contain 35% fish meal. In Trial I, dietary fish meal level was reduced to 21, 14, 7, and 0% by replacing 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the fish meal in diet C with PBM. The weight gain (WG), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE) decreased, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and total waste output of nitrogen (TNW) increased, with the fish meal level reducing from 35 to 21%. No significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index, viscersomatic index, and body composition between fish fed diet C and test diets. In Trial II, a 2 × 2 layout was established, and 40 and 60% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by either PBM or SBM. At the same fish meal replacement level, the WG and NRE were higher and the FCR and TNW were lower in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by PBM than in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by SBM. The results of this study indicate that more than 21% fish meal must be retained in diets for golden pompano when PBM or SBM is used alone as a fish meal substitute.
A comparison of survey and focal follow methods for estimating individual activity budgets of cetaceans
Authors: Karniski Caitlin , Patterson Eric M. , Krzyszczyk Ewa , Foroughirad Vivienne , Stanton Margaret A. , Mann Janet 
Published: December 2014

AbstractActivity budget data are essential for determining behavioral responses to physiological and ecological variables. Yet, few studies are available to investigate the robustness, accuracy, and biases of the methods used to estimate activity budgets for cetaceans. In this study, we compare activity budgets of 55 adult female bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia derived from two methods: surveys (n = 6,903) and focal follows (n = 1,185, totaling 2,721 h of observation). Activity budgets estimated from survey data differed in all behavioral states compared to focal follow data. However, when controlling for temporal autocorrelation, only time spent socializing and time spent traveling remained disparate between the methods. To control for biases associated with assigning group‐level behavior to individuals, we also compared survey and focal follow activity budgets for lone females. Here we found differences between methods in time spent foraging and traveling regardless of whether we controlled for temporal autocorrelation, which suggests detection biases likely play a role in explaining differences in activity budget estimates between the two methodologies. Our results suggest that surveys are less representative of individual‐level activity budgets, and thus, when individual‐level knowledge about behavior is needed, focal follows are preferred.
Development of plants resistant to tomato geminiviruses using artificial trans‐acting small interfering RNA
Authors: Singh Archana , Taneja Jyoti , Dasgupta Indranil , Mukherjee Sunil Kumar 
Published: December 2014

SummaryRNA interference (RNAi), a conserved RNA‐mediated gene regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes, plays an important role in plant growth and development, and as an antiviral defence system in plants. As a counter‐strategy, plant viruses encode RNAi suppressors to suppress the RNAi pathways and consequently down‐regulate plant defence. In geminiviruses, the proteins AC2, AC4 and AV2 are known to act as RNAi suppressors. In this study, we have designed a gene silencing vector using the features of trans‐acting small interfering RNA (tasiRNA), which is simple and can be used to target multiple genes at a time employing a single‐step cloning procedure. This vector was used to target two RNAi suppressor proteins (AC2 and AC4) of the geminivirus, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). The vector containing fragments of ToLCNDV AC2 and AC4 genes, on agro‐infiltration, produced copious quantities of AC2 and AC4 specific siRNA in both tobacco and tomato plants. On challenge inoculation of the agro‐infiltrated plants with ToLCNDV, most plants showed an absence of symptoms and low accumulation of viral DNA. Transgenic tobacco plants were raised using the AC2 and AC4 tasiRNA‐generating constructs, and T1 plants, obtained from the primary transgenic plants, were tested for resistance separately against ToLCNDV and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus. Most plants showed an absence of symptoms and low accumulation of the corresponding viruses, the resistance being generally proportional to the amounts of siRNA produced against AC2 and AC4 genes. This is the first report of the use of artificial tasiRNA to generate resistance against an important plant virus.
Sense of meaning in life among the oldest old people living in a rural area in northern Sweden
Authors: Jonsén Elisabeth , Norberg Astrid , Lundman Berit 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundHaving meaning in life is important for all people, and according to Erikson's developmental theory, this is especially true for older adults. However, there are few studies about meaning in life focusing on the oldest old.AimThe aim of our study was to illuminate the sense of meaning in life in the oldest old living in northern Sweden.DesignThe study has a qualitative explorative and interpretative design.MethodWe interviewed three men and seven women between 85 and 95 years old and analysed the interviews using qualitative content analysis.FindingsOur findings revealed the following four themes: ‘Creating space for living’, ‘Living in connection with others and nature’, ‘Seeing oneself as a link between generations’ and ‘Having trust in God’.ConclusionsThe sense of meaning in life in the oldest old was linked to regarding oneself as having a mission to carry out and to finding beauty, joy and happiness in life. The sense of meaning involved transferring to coming generations what earlier generations had left and having a deeply rooted faith in being taken care of from birth to the afterlife.Implications for practiceWhen caring for the oldest old, it is important to take their experiences of sense of meaning in life into consideration and to focus on ways to maintain important sources of meaning in life.
Sleep disturbances and dementia
Authors: Cipriani Gabriele , Lucetti Claudio , Danti Sabrina , Nuti Angelo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSleep is a complex behavioural state, the ultimate functions of which remain poorly understood. It becomes more fragmented as we age, with more night‐time awakenings and greater tendency for daytime sleep. The magnitude of disordered sleep among individuals affected by dementia has been clearly demonstrated, and disturbed sleep is a major clinical problem in dementia. Comorbid insomnia and other sleep disturbances are common in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, such Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders. How and when sleep problems manifest themselves can depend on the type of dementia involved as well as the stage of the dementia. However, differences in sleep pattern presentation show more variation during the initial stages of dementias than they do during the later stages. Effective, pragmatic interventions are largely anecdotal and untested.
Risk of Climate‐Induced Damage in Historic Textiles
Authors: Bratasz Ł. , Łukomski M. , Klisińska‐Kopacz A. , Zawadzki W. , Dzierżęga K. , Bartosik M. , Sobczyk J. , Lennard F. J. , Kozłowski R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEleven wool and silk historic textiles and two modern artist's canvases were examined to determine their water vapour adsorption, moisture dimensional response and tensile behaviour. All the textiles showed a similar general pattern of moisture response. A rise in ambient relative humidity (RH) from dry conditions produced expansion of a textile until a certain critical RH level after which a contraction occurred to a greater or lesser degree depending on the yarn crimp and the weave geometry. The largest expansion recorded between the dry state and 80% RH was 1.2 and 0.9% for wool and silk textiles, respectively. The largest shrinkage of 0.8% at high RH range was experienced by a modern linen canvas. Two potential damage mechanisms related to the moisture response of the textiles—stress building as a result of shrinkage of the textile restrained in its dimensional response and the fretting fatigue when yarns move with friction one against another—were found insignificant in typical textile display environments unless the textiles are severely degraded or excessively strained in their mounting.
THE RELATION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE VARIATIONS TO THE ACTIVITIY OF AFFERENT PULMONARY VASCULAR FIBERS
Authors: Pearce J. W. , Whitteridge D. 
Published: December 2014

Quart. J. exp. Physiol., Vol. 36, No. 3.J. W. PEARCE and D. WHITTERIDGE.P. 180, fig. 2. Top tracings of 50 cycle line, ECG, intrapleural pressure, aortic pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressure are shown inverted.P. 186, line 14. For “msec.,” read “m./sec.”
DIURESIS AND ANTIDIURESIS IN KIDNEYS AUTOTRANSPLANTED TO THE NECK OF DOGS
Authors: Dempster W. J. , Joekes A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The water diuretic responses of dog kidneys autotransplanted to the neck have been studied. In the presence of a normal kidney the “neck” kidney for one or two weeks following operation shows a normal diuretic response following an oral water load. Between two and four weeks after transplantation the diuretic response falls to half or less than half of the normal kidney and then remains fairly constant over many months. On removal of the normal kidney the “neck” kidney regains a normal diuretic response to water.2. From the time of transplantation the “neck” kidney excretes urine of low specific gravity.3. The “neck” kidney retains a normal response to posterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone.4. In the “neck” kidney the antidiuretic response to faradic stimulation is unaltered from the normal.
SLOW AND RAPID COMPONENTS IN A FLEXOR MUSCLE
Authors: Gordon G. , Phillips C. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The twitches of the cat's tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, crureus and soleus have been examined under isometric conditions between 37°C. and 39°C. The three latter muscles had twitches represented by pure curves, with mean crest‐times of 19·6, 58·2 and 72·7 msec. respectively.2. The crest‐times of the twitches of tibialis anterior varied between 19 and 24 msec., and the twitches were usually complicated by a late secondary hump. After removal by dissection of the superficial part of the muscle—some 9/10 of the whole—the twitches usually became pure, the crest‐times now being longer by 20–60 per cent.3. The twitches of a few deep motor units were examined in isolation during a flexion reflex, and had crest‐times around 35 msec.4. In the flexion reflex, or during stimulation of the motor cortex, motor units in the deep part appeared to have the lower threshold for central excitation. Such units sometimes exhibited tonic after‐discharge in the flexion reflex.5. The deep part of tibialis anterior is usually redder in colour than the superficial part, and has more fibres containing lipoid granules, and these distinctions, coupled with the differences in speed of contraction, suggest an analogy with the situation found in extensor muscle groups.6. The temperature coefficient (Q10 30°–40° C.) for the crest‐time of tibialis anterior was 1·55.
CHANGES IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND RADIO‐IODINE (I131) UPTAKE FOLLOWING HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Beattie J. , Chambers R. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Bilateral lesions in the caudal hypothalamus of albino rats, designed to sever the efferent pathways from the hypothalamic nuclei, bring about a transient rise in oxygen consumption of about 7 per cent 24 hours after infliction of the lesions followed by a fall of around 10 per cent of the control value 72 hours after the operation. This low oxygen consumption remains constant for as long as 13 days.2. Radio‐iodine (I131) uptake by the thyroid gland over a period of 4 hours was not significantly different from that of a control group, irrespective of the time after the lesions were inflicted.3. The histological structure of the thyroid gland 7 and 14 days after the lesions were made indicated that thyrotrophic hormone production was not reduced but rather might have been somewhat increased after the lesion.4. The fall in oxygen consumption was not related to either body weight or body temperature changes.5. It is suggested that the fall in oxygen consumption is not due to diminished thyroid activity but may be caused by the withdrawal of hypothalamic control of the rate of secretion of adrenalin.
CHANGES IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS AFTER HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS
Authors: Beattie J. , Chambers R. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Section of the efferent hypothalamic pathways to the brain stem produces a fall in resting blood glucose level of about 38 per cent below that of normal rats kept under the same experimental conditions.2. Injection of a standard dose of insulin produced after 30 minutes the same fall in blood glucose concentration in rats with hypothalamic lesions as in normal animals.
THE EFFECTS OF PAPAVERINE UPON SYSTEMIC VENOUS PRESSURE IN ARTIFICIALLY PERFUSED SHEEP AND IN CONTROL SHEEP WITH INTACT CIRCULATIONS
Authors: Tyrer J. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. In six experiments on three sheep artificially perfused at a constant rate, administration of papaverine in therapeutic doses was followed by a slight fall of mean inferior vena caval pressure.2. In six control experiments on three sheep with intact circulations, administration of papaverine in therapeutic doses was followed by a more marked fall of mean right atrial pressure.3. These findings are discussed.
THE ACTIONS OF l‐ADRENALINE AND dl‐NORADRENALINE ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION OF ARTIFICIALLY PERFUSED SHEEP
Authors: Tyrer J. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Both l‐adrenaline and dl‐noradrenaline caused a rise of mean pulmonary artery pressure in sheep artificially perfused at a constant rate. This confirmed work on other species.2. Tachyphylaxis was encountered in the pulmonary artery pressor response to both l‐adrenaline and dl‐noradrenaline in the perfused sheep, but not in the aortic pressor responses.3. Alternate administration of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the same sheep showed that synthetic l‐adrenaline had a slightly weaker pulmonary artery pressor effect than twice the dose of dl‐noradrenaline.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CHOLINESTERASES OF RABBIT RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE
Authors: Hebb Catherine O. , Silver Ann , Swan A. A. B. , Walsh E. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The distribution of specific and non‐specific cholinesterases in the retina and optic nerve of the rabbit has been studied by Koelle's histochemical method.2. Specific cholinesterase was detected in the bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina but not in the rods and cones or in the optic nerve.3. Non‐specific cholinesterase was detected in the glial cells and septa of the optic nerve and in the nuclei of the bipolar and ganglion cell layers.
A DEMONSTRATION OF THE SECRETION OF PEPSIN BY THE ISOLATED FROG STOMACH
Authors: Zwarenstein H. 
Published: December 2014

1. When the isolated stomach of Xenopus lævis, ligatured at both ends, is filled with an acid solution, perforation of the stomach wall occurs near the cardiac end. This preparation was used to study the influence of pH and temperature on the action of pepsin in situ.2. The optimum pH varies with the temperature. At 30° it is 0·45, at 40°, 1·0, and at 50° , 1·33. The pH range within which pepsin is active is 0·00‐3·75 at 30°, 0·05‐3·95 at 40°, and 0·39‐5·35 at 50°.3. The Q10 is constant within a wide range of pH values. It decreases with a rise of temperature throughout the pH range of peptic activity.
THE ROLE OF ALBUMIN IN THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S. , French J. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. When chyle is added to the plasma of rats which have received an intravenous injection of heparin, the extent of clearing is determined by the quantity of plasma albumin present.2. After clearing, the lipid which has become soluble can be recovered quantitatively from the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins in the form of fatty acid.
THE HYPOPHYSIAL PORTAL SYSTEM OF VESSELS IN MAN
Authors: Xuereb G. P. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. , Daniel P. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The portal system of vessels in the pituitary body of man has been studied by means of injection methods and red cell staining techniques.2. The capillaries within the neural tissue of the hypophysial stalk and the lower infundibular stem constitute a first capillary bed. In both these areas the capillaries are arranged in characteristic formations, the more complex groups being confined to the hypophysial stalk. From this first capillary bed the blood is conveyed by long and short hypophysial portal vessels to a second capillary bed, the sinusoids of the pars distalis. The short hypophysial portal vessels drain the capillaries in the lower infundibular stem; the longer portal vessels drain the capillaries in the neural tissue of the hypophysial stalk.3. The hypophysial portal vessels are the only afferent channels to the sinusoids of the pars distalis.4. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the results of transection or experimental occlusion of the hypophysial stalk, and to the pathogenesis of post‐partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary.
STREAMLINING IN THE PORTAL VEIN
Authors: Dreyer B. 
Published: December 2014

1. Portal venograms made by injecting 50 or 70 per cent diodone into the spleens of nine dogs and 15 patients were studied for evidence of streamlining in the portal vein.2. Separate streams were visible in only one patient and two dogs.3. The probable factors concerned in the production of streamlining in the portal vein are discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASES IN THE MAMMALIAN PANCREAS
Authors: Hebb Catherine , Hill K. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Histochemical examination of the pancreas of the dog, sheep, goat, horse, rabbit and cat revealed that only in the dog did the gland cells contain pseudo‐cholinesterase. In this species the cytoplasm of both acinar and Islet cells contained the enzyme.2. True cholinesterase was present in the nervous tissue of the glands of all species examined, as well as in some unidentified cells of the glands of the horse, goat and sheep.3. The Pacinian corpuscles in the cat pancreas contained pseudo‐cholinesterase.4. The cholinesterase in the pancreatic juice of the dog was identified as pseudo‐cholinesterase.5. Sheep pancreatic juice differed from dog pancreatic juice in two respects: it contained no cholinesterase, and hydrolyzed olive oil at a much slower rate.