bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future changes of wind energy potentials over Europe in a large CMIP5 multi‐model ensemble
Authors: Reyers Mark , Moemken Julia , Pinto Joaquim G. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTA statistical‐dynamical downscaling method is used to estimate future changes of wind energy output (Eout) of a benchmark wind turbine across Europe at the regional scale. With this aim, 22 global climate models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble are considered. The downscaling method uses circulation weather types and regional climate modelling with the COSMO‐CLM model. Future projections are computed for two time periods (2021–2060 and 2061–2100) following two scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The CMIP5 ensemble mean response reveals a more likely than not increase of mean annual Eout over Northern and Central Europe and a likely decrease over Southern Europe. There is some uncertainty with respect to the magnitude and the sign of the changes. Higher robustness in future changes is observed for specific seasons. Except from the Mediterranean area, an ensemble mean increase of Eout is simulated for winter and a decreasing for the summer season, resulting in a strong increase of the intra‐annual variability for most of Europe. The latter is, in particular, probable during the second half of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario. In general, signals are stronger for 2061–2100 compared to 2021–2060 and for RCP8.5 compared to RCP4.5. Regarding changes of the inter‐annual variability of Eout for Central Europe, the future projections strongly vary between individual models and also between future periods and scenarios within single models. This study showed for an ensemble of 22 CMIP5 models that changes in the wind energy potentials over Europe may take place in future decades. However, due to the uncertainties detected in this research, further investigations with multi‐model ensembles are needed to provide a better quantification and understanding of the future changes.
Multiscale strain analysis of tendon subjected to shear and compression demonstrates strain attenuation, fiber sliding, and reorganization
Authors: Fang Fei , Lake Spencer P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe manner in which strains are passed down the hierarchical length scales of tendons dictates how cells within the collagen network regulate the tissue response to loading. How tendons deform in different hierarchical levels under shear and compression is unknown. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate whether specific regions of bovine deep digital flexor tendons exhibited different strain attenuation from macro to micro length scales, and (ii) to elucidate mechanisms responsible for tendon deformation under shear and compression. Samples from distal and proximal regions of flexor tendons were subjected to three‐step incremental stress‐relaxation tests. Images of tissue markers, photobleached lines on collagen fibers, and nuclei locations were collected before and after loading. Results showed that strain transfer was attenuated from tissue to local matrix under both shear and compression. Nuclear aspect ratios exhibited smaller changes for distal samples, suggesting that cells are more shielded from deformation in the distal region. Collagen fiber sliding was observed to contribute significantly in response to shear, while uncrimping and fiber reorganization were the predominant mechanisms under compression. This study provides insight into microscale mechanisms responsible for multiscale strain attenuation of tendons under non‐tensile macroscale loading. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1704–1712, 2015.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of water extracts of Graptopetalum paraguayense supplementation in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a preliminary study
Authors: Chen Shu‐Ju , Yen Chi‐Hua , Liu Jen‐Tzu , Tseng Yu‐Fen , Lin Ping‐Ting 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDMany studies have demonstrated that Graptopetalum paraguayense has good antioxidant ability; however, few studies have examined its anti‐inflammatory effect. The study aimed to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effects of water extracts of G. paraguayense (WGP, 4 g day−1) in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS). Intervention was administered for 12 weeks. Levels of inflammatory markers [high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)] and antioxidant enzymes activities were measured.RESULTSForty‐two subjects completed the 12 week intervention study (placebo, n = 19; WGP, n = 23). After 12 weeks supplementation, subjects in WGP group had significantly lower levels of inflammatory markers than the baseline (P < 0.05) and the placebo group (CRP, P = 0.07; TNF‐α, P = 0.04; IL‐6, P = 0.03). The changes in levels of the inflammatory markers were significantly decreased in WGP group (CRP, P = 0.04; TNF‐α, P = 0.06; IL‐6, P = 0.01) compared to the placebo group. Levels of inflammatory markers were significantly negatively correlated with the antioxidant enzymes activities after supplementation.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated a significant reduction in inflammatory status in MS after WGP supplementation. WGP may exert an anti‐inflammatory effect on MS in addition to its antioxidant ability. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Fatty acid composition of the ovine longissimus dorsi muscle: effect of feed restriction in three breeds of different origin
Authors: van Harten Sofia , Kilminster Tanya , Scanlon Timothy , Milton John , Oldham Chris , Greeff Johann , Almeida André M 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDMuscle fatty acid profile reflects the body condition of animals and has a noticeable effect on meat quality. Herein, longissimus dorsi muscle of three different sheep breeds, Damara (a fat‐tailed breed), Dorper and Australian Merino sheep, was analysed for fatty acid composition. The three breeds were subjected to two distinctive feeding levels (ad libitum and restricted feeding) over 42 days.RESULTSThe Damara sheep revealed several differences compared to the other two breeds, namely a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can be related to being a fat‐tailed breed. Even in restricted feeding conditions, this breed revealed the highest levels compared to Merino and Dorper sheep respectively, of linoleic acid (+31% and +28%), linolenic acid (+97% and +51%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (+65% and +37%), docosapentanenoic acid (DPA) (+31% Merino) and dodosahexanenoic acid (DHA) (+63% and +77%). EPA, DPA and DHA are three omega‐3 fatty acids, with described beneficial characteristics.CONCLUSIONWith this work we show other qualities (higher levels of the omega‐3 fatty acids, EPA, DPA and DHA) of Damara meat that might present this breed as an interesting alternative for animal production in semi‐arid climates. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Modified olfactory training in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss
Authors: Altundag Aytug , Cayonu Melih , Kayabasoglu Gurkan , Salihoglu Murat , Tekeli Hakan , Saglam Omer , Hummel Thomas 
Published: June 2015

Objectives/HypothesisPatients with olfactory dysfunction benefit from repeated exposure to odors, so‐called olfactory training (OT). This does not mean occasional smelling but the structured sniffing of a defined set of odors, twice daily, for a period of 4 months or longer. In this prospective study, we investigated whether the effect of OT might increase through the use of more odors and extension of the training period.Study Design and MethodsThis study shows OT results when performed with four or 12 odors for 36 weeks in patients with postinfectious olfactory dysfunction. A total of 85 subjects participated (mean age 45.6 ± 10.5 years, range 24–68 years). Three groups were formed: 1) In the modified olfactory training (MOT) group, patients used three sets of four different odors sequentially. 2) Participants in the classical odor training (COT) group used four odors. 3) Participants in the control group did not perform OT. All groups were matched for age and sex distribution of participants.ResultsBoth participants in the COT and MOT groups reached better scores than controls in terms of odor discrimination and odor identification. Continuing OT with four different odors after the 12th and 24th weeks produced better results in terms of odor discrimination and odor identification scores as compared to using the same four odors throughout the entire study.ConclusionThis study confirmed the effectiveness of OT. Increasing the duration of OT and changing the odors enhances the success rate of this therapy.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 125:1763–1766, 2015
Thermoresponsive AuNPs Stabilized by Pillararene‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Liao Xiaojuan , Guo Lei , Chang Junxia , Liu Sha , Xie Meiran , Chen Guosong 
Published: June 2015

Pillararene‐containing thermoresponsive polymers are synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization using pillararene derivatives as the effective chain transfer agents for the first time. These polymers can self‐assemble into micelles and form vesicles after guest molecules are added. Furthermore, such functional polymers can be further applied to prepare hybrid gold nanoparticles, which integrate the thermoresponsivity of polymers and molecular recognition of pillararenes.
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Molecular Weight Effects on the Glass Transition and Confinement Behavior of Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Xia Wenjie , Hsu David D. , Keten Sinan 
Published: June 2015

Nanoscale polymer thin films exhibit strong confinement effects onTgarising from free surfaces. However, the coupled influence of molecular weight (MW) and surface effects onTgis not well understood for low MW film systems below the entanglement length. Utilizing atomistically informed coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), it is demonstrated that the decrease in free‐standing filmTgwith respect to bulk is more significant for low MW compared to high MW systems. Investigation of the local interfacial properties reveals that the increase in the local free volume near the free surface is greater for low MW, explaining the MW dependence ofTg‐confinement behaviors. These findings corroborate recent experiments on low MW films, and highlight the relationship between nanoconfinement phenomena and local free volume effects arising from free surfaces.image
Single‐residue posttranslational modification sites at the N‐terminus, C‐terminus or in‐between: To be or not to be exposed for enzyme access
Authors: Sirota Fernanda L. , Maurer‐Stroh Sebastian , Eisenhaber Birgit , Eisenhaber Frank 
Published: June 2015

Many protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are the result of an enzymatic reaction. The modifying enzyme has to recognize the substrate protein's sequence motif containing the residue(s) to be modified; thus, the enzyme's catalytic cleft engulfs these residue(s) and the respective sequence environment. This residue accessibility condition principally limits the range where enzymatic PTMs can occur in the protein sequence. Non‐globular, flexible, intrinsically disordered segments or large loops/accessible long side chains should be preferred whereas residues buried in the core of structures should be void of what we call canonical, enzyme‐generated PTMs. We investigate whether PTM sites annotated in UniProtKB (with MOD_RES/LIPID keys) are situated within sequence ranges that can be mapped to known 3D structures. We find that N‐ or C‐termini harbor essentially exclusively canonical PTMs. We also find that the overwhelming majority of all other PTMs are also canonical though, later in the protein's life cycle, the PTM sites can become buried due to complex formation. Among the remaining cases, some can be explained (i) with autocatalysis, (ii) with modification before folding or after temporary unfolding, or (iii) as products of interaction with small, diffusible reactants. Others require further research how these PTMs are mechanistically generated in vivo.
Multiculture and Public Parks: Researching Super‐diversity and Attachment in Public Green Space
Authors: Neal Sarah , Bennett Katy , Jones Hannah , Cochrane Allan , Mohan Giles 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSituating itself in encounter and public space debates and borrowing from non‐representational theory approaches, this paper uses data from the authors' 2‐year Economic and Social Research Council research project to consider how local urban parks can work as sites of routine encounter, mixity, and place belonging. The paper explores how parks as green public spaces are important as sites of inclusive openness while the materiality of parks is a key dynamic in affective encounter processes. Parks can work as animators of social interactions, participatory practices, and place affinities across ethnic and cultural difference. The paper concludes that the concept of convivial encounter can be extended to incorporate the concept of elective practices – choosing to be in shared public space can generate connective sensibilities that are not necessarily contingent on exchange. In using parks as a lens to examine localities and diversity, the paper critically reflects on research practices for understanding and describing heterogeneous formations of multiculture and outlines how the project's research design and the fieldwork methods sought to carefully and appropriately undertake research with complexly different places and populations Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compression and encryption for remote sensing image using chaotic system
Authors: Huang Xiaoling , Ye Guodong , Chai Huajin , Xie Ou 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this paper, because of the acquisition principle and big data of remote sensing image, we suggest an encryption scheme using chaotic system to build up the compressed sensing framework. A two‐dimensional generalized Arnold map is adopted here to generate the entries of the Toeplitz matrix used as measurement matrix. Then, the selecting row of the Toeplitz matrix is also decided by the chaotic sequence generated randomly by the Arnold map. With a further function of permutation operation, we can also encrypt remote sensing image after compression. The key space is constructed by the initial conditions in chaotic system. Experiment results show that the proposed method can be suitable to compressed sensing when the random measurement matrix is generated using chaotic system. Additionally, although the permutation operation is adopted, it is mainly used to enhance the security of cipher‐image. The reconstruction result is only dependent on the standard recovery algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prediction of the small for gestational age fetus with the head circumference to abdominal circumference (HC/AC) ratio: a new look at an old measurement
Authors: Quinton Ann , Cook Colleen , Peek Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe small for gestational age (SGA) fetus is at a higher risk of adverse events throughout life. Third trimester ultrasound measurements are poor at predicting SGA at delivery. We aimed to determine if ultrasound biometric growth parameters at 28–32 weeks of gestation could predict SGA, defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile.MethodThe relationship between fetal biometry and SGA at birth was examined using various statistical analyses. This prospective cross‐sectional study of 41 women (smokers n = 21; non‐smokers n = 20) had a 20% SGA incidence (8/41).ResultsWe demonstrated an increase in the head circumference (HC)/abdominal circumference (AC) ratio correlated with a decrease in birth weight percentile (r = −0.528, P < 0.001). The HC/AC ratio was the best predictor of SGA and was significantly higher at 1.105 ± 0.037 (mean ± SD) for SGA neonates compared with 1.067 ± 0.039 for appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age neonates (P = 0.02). A cutoff value of 1.067 derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve gave a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 52% with area under the curve equal to 0.742 (P = 0.04, Chi‐square).DiscussionAn increased HC/AC ratio at 28–32 weeks was a sensitive predictor of SGA at delivery. The HC/AC ratio may prove to be a useful marker for SGA with larger studies necessary to confirm these findings.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles Transmit RNAs and Proteins to Recipient Mature Heart Cells Modulating Cell Fate and Behavior
Authors: Bobis-Wozowicz Sylwia , Kmiotek Katarzyna , Sekula Malgorzata , Kedracka-Krok Sylwia , Kamycka Elzbieta , Adamiak Marta , Jankowska Urszula , Madetko-Talowska Anna , Sarna Michal , Bik-Multanowski Miroslaw , Kolcz Jacek , Boruczkowski Dariusz , Madeja Zbigniew , Dawn Buddhadeb , Zuba-Surma Ewa K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMicrovesicles (MVs) are membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments released by normal and activated cells that have been described as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Although the ability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to participate in tissue repair is being increasingly recognized, the use of hiPSC-derived MVs (hiPSC-MVs) in this regard remains unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the ability of hiPSC-MVs to transfer bioactive molecules including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and proteins to mature target cells such as cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs), and we next analyzed effects of hiPSC-MVs on fate and behavior of such target cells. The results show that hiPSC-MVs derived from integration-free hiPSCs cultured under serum-free and feeder-free conditions are rich in mRNA, miRNA, and proteins originated from parent cells; however, the levels of expression vary between donor cells and MVs. Importantly, we found that transfer of hiPSC components by hiPSC-MVs impacted on transcriptome and proteomic profiles of target cells as well as exerted proliferative and protective effects on cMSCs, and enhanced their cardiac and endothelial differentiation potential. hiPSC-MVs also transferred exogenous transcripts from genetically modified hiPSCs that opens new perspectives for future strategies to enhance MV content. We conclude that hiPSC-MVs are effective vehicles for transferring iPSC attributes to adult somatic cells, and hiPSC-MV-mediated horizontal transfer of RNAs and proteins to injured tissues may be used for therapeutic tissue repair. In this study, for the first time, we propose a new concept of use of hiPSCs as a source of safe acellular bioactive derivatives for tissue regeneration. Stem Cells 2015;33:2748–2761
Olecranon Tip Osteoarticular Autograft Transfer for Irreparable Coronoid Process Fracture: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Ramirez Miguel A. , Ramirez Jose M. , Parks Brent G. , Tsai Michael A. , Murthi Anand M. 
Published: June 2015

Background We hypothesized that transfer of the olecranon tip for simulated type III coronoid fracture would restore posterior ulnohumeral translation to a level not different from that in the intact state. Methods The collateral ligaments were left intact in 12 fresh-frozen cadaveric elbows, and all other soft tissues were removed. The entire coronoid process was osteotomized flush with the ventral aspect of the ulna and was reconstructed using the tip of the olecranon process. Specimens were tested with an axial load of 100 N at 0.25 mm/s in 15° increments from 15 to 120° of flexion. Intact, osteotomized, and reconstructed posterior ulnohumeral displacement was measured. Results The bony reconstruction did not obstruct range of motion of the elbow. Intact translation (mean±SD) ranged from 0.3±0.1 to 1.1±0.6 mm, and translation in the osteotomized state ranged from 1.3±1.0 to 2.0±1.0 mm. Resection of the coronoid resulted in a significant increase in posterior ulnar translation compared with intact at all flexion angles ( p<.05) except at 75°. Reconstruction decreased translation versus the osteotomized state at all flexion angles, significantly at 60 and 120°. No significant difference in translation was found between reconstructed and intact states at five of eight positions tested. Conclusions In this biomechanical study of irreparable coronoid fracture, autograft olecranon tip transfer restored posterior elbow stability to a level not significantly different from the intact elbow in five of eight elbow positions tested.
Salicylic acid is required forMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato to whiteflyBemisia tabaci, but not for basal defense to this insect pest
Authors: Rodríguez-Álvarez C.I. , López-Climent M.F. , Gómez-Cadenas A. , Kaloshian I. , Nombela G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPlant defense to pests or pathogens involves global changes in gene expression mediated by multiple signaling pathways. A role for the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway inMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to aphids was previously identified and its implication in the resistance to root-knot nematodes is controversial, but the importance of SA in basal andMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato to whiteflyBemisia tabacihad not been determined. SA levels were measured before and afterB. tabaciinfestation in susceptible and resistantMi-1-containing tomatoes, and in plants with theNahGbacterial transgene. Tomato plants of the same genotypes were also screened withB. tabaci(MEAM1 and MED species, before known as B and Q biotypes, respectively). The SA content in all tomato genotypes transiently increased after infestation withB. tabacialbeit at variable levels. Whitefly fecundity or infestation rates on susceptible Moneymaker were not significantly affected by the expression ofNahGgene, but theMi-1-mediated resistance toB. tabaciwas lost in VFN NahG plants. Results indicated that whiteflies induce both SA and jasmonic acid accumulation in tomato. However, SA has no role in basal defense of tomato againstB. tabaci. In contrast, SA is an important component of theMi-1-mediated resistance toB. tabaciin tomato.
Changes in plant morphological expression in 12 perennial ryegrass cultivars following frequent and infrequent cutting management
Authors: CASHMAN P. A. , GILLILAND T. J. , McEVOY M. , WATSON S. , O'DONOVAN M. 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) cultivars are out-breeding populations of differing phenotypes, potentially allowing for directional selection to occur after sowing. To investigate this, the morphology of individual space plants (i.e. isolated plants sown at 0·75 m row spaces) grown from tillers extracted from single-cultivar swards subjected to frequent cutting (FC) or infrequent cutting (IC) for 5 years (aged accessions) were compared with plants grown from seed (seed accessions). The study examined 12 cultivars, creating 36 ‘accessions’ of 80 plants in each. These plants were examined for 23 morphological measurements to test for and classify directional selection in perennial ryegrass swards. A high degree of separation was achieved between the 12 seed accessions, validating the discriminating power of the experiment. Changes in morphological expression of plants taken from swards indicated selection in favour of particular morphological ideotypes. This directional selection was identified in 10 of the accessions subjected to FC and eight subjected to IC management. Emergence natural height (plant undisturbed height at inflorescence emergence) and plant volume (emergence width × emergence natural height) were the characters modified most between seed and aged accessions. The magnitude of these morphological changes varied between cultivars. Glencar had the greatest number of morphological characters exhibiting directional selection under frequent cutting, whereas Greengold had the greatest number exhibiting directional selection under infrequent cutting. The plants grown from aged swards were also smaller than the seed accessions in all characters, raising the possibility that they may also be less productive. The present study showed that sward management can cause and influence directional selection of plants from within the morphological range of expression within perennial ryegrass cultivars.