bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Components of Anaphalis Sinica Hance
Authors: Hua Yan , Wang Han‐Qing 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwenty components (including a new flavanone) were isolated and identified from the whole plant of Anaphalis sinica Hance. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical transformation. These components are 6‐[(5‐methyl‐6‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐pyrone‐3‐yl)‐methylene]glabranine (1), kaempferol (2), tiliroside (3), quercetin (4), quercetin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (5), scutellarin (6), 5,7‐dihydroxy‐8‐methoxyflavone (7), 5,7‐dihydroxy‐4′‐methoxy‐flavone‐7‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (8), helipyrone (9), 4′‐hydroxydehydrokawain (10), panamin (11), ursolic acid (12), pomolic acid (13), 3‐acetyloleanolic acid (14), a mixture of N‐(2‐hydroxy‐acyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐8(E)‐ene‐sphingenine (15), O‐methyl‐D‐inositol (16), a mixture of β‐sitosterol (17) and stigmasterol (18) and a mixture of daucosterol (19) and stigmasterol‐β‐D‐glucoside (20). Among them, 6‐[(5‐methyl‐6‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐pyrone‐3‐yl)‐methylene]glabranine (1) is a new compound, and 13C NMR data of panamin (11) is reported for the first time.
Structure‐Reactivity Relationships as Probes to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Mechanisms by Aryl Carbamates. II. Hammett‐Taft Cross‐Interaction Correlations
Authors: Lin Gialih 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSubstituted phenyl‐N‐butyl carbamates (1) and p‐nitrophenyl‐N‐substituted carbamates (2) are characterized as “pseudo‐pseudo‐substrate” inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Since the inhibitors protonate in pH 7.0 buffer solution, the virtual inhibition constants (Ki's) of the protonated inhibitors can be calculated from the equation, ‐logKi' = ‐logKi ‐ pKa + 14. The ‐logKi' and logkc values for acetylcholinesterase inhibitions by carbamates 1 correlate with the Hammett equation (log(k/k0) = ρσ); moreover, those by carbamates 2 correlate with the Taft equation (log(k/k0) = ρ* σ*). With modified Hammett‐Taft cross‐interaction variations, multiple linear regressions of the ‐logKi' and logkc values of carbamates 1 and 2 give good correlations, and the cross‐interaction constants (ρXR) are 0.5 and 0.0, respectively. The ρXR value of 0.5 indicates that the carbamate O‐C(O)‐N‐R geometries for the transition states that lead to enzyme‐carbamate tetrahedral intermediates are all pseudo‐trans conformations. Therefore, the carbamate moiety of the inhibitors stretches along the active site gorge of the enzyme but does not bind in the acyl binding site pocket of the enzyme. Overall, the carbamate O‐C(O)‐N‐R geometries for carbamates 1 and 2, protonated carbamates 1 and 2, and the tetrahedral intermediate are all retained in pseudo‐trans conformations. The ρXR value of 0.0 suggests that the transition states that lead to the carbamyl enzymes are breaking C‐O bonds and are excluding the leaving groups, substituted phenols.
Untersuchungen an Diazoverbindugen und Aziden, XXIV. Struktur und Reaktivität des Tosylazid‐Adduktes an Malodinitril
Authors: Stadler Dieter , Anschütz Walter , Regit Manfred , Keller Gilbert , VanAssche Daniel , Fleury Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTosylazid addiert sich in stark alkalischem Medium an Malodinitril unter der Bildung von 5‐Tosylamino‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐carbonitril (1). Methylierungen mit Dimethylsulfat (zu 2‐4 und 5‐8), die Synthese von 1 aus 12, verschiedene Abbaureaktionen (1→14,1→16 und 1→17) sowie die Umwandlung von 1 in das Diazotriazol 21 stellen die Struktur des Adduktes sicher und schließen ein Triazenisomeres E aus.
Naturstoffe aus Arzneipflanzen. XX. Scutellariosid‐I und ‐II, ein 10‐Cinnamoyl‐und 10‐(4‐Hydroxycinnamoyl)Catalpol aus Scutellaria altissima L.
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Künstler Klaus , Schilling Gerhard 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEs wird die Isolierung des 10‐Cinnamoylcatalpols (Scutellariosid‐1,2) und des 10‐(4‐1‐Hydrosycinnamoyl)catalpols (Scutellariosid‐11,3) aus der frischen Pflanze von Scutellaria altissima L beschriehen. Die Konstitutionsbestimmungen von 2 and 3 werden an ihren kristallinen Peracetaten mit Hilfe spektroskopischer Methoden (13C‐NMR‐, 1H‐NMR‐und Massenspektroskopie) durchgeführt.
β‐Lactame über N‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐β‐aminosäure‐(trimethyl‐silylester)
Authors: Birkofer Leonhard , Schramm Jürgen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie N ‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐β‐aminosäure‐(trimethylisilylester) 1‐10 lassen sich durch Umsetzung mit Grignard‐Reagenzien unter Ringschluß in die 3‐Azetidinone 11‐20 überfübren.
Partialsynthese von Canarigenin
Authors: Albrecht Hans P. , Reichling Paul 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Hydroxylierung der konjugierten Diengruppierung in 14‐Hydroxy‐14β‐carda‐3.5.20(22)‐trienolid (Dianhydroperiplogenin, 1) mit einem Äquivalent Osmiumtetroxid erfolgt selektiv an der weniger substituierten Doppelbindung zu einem Gemisch der beiden isomeren cis‐Diole 2 und 3. Sauer katalysierte Wasserabspaltung aus 2 und 3 unter milden Bedingungen gibt 4, das durch Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumtri‐tert.‐butoxyhydrid in 3β,14‐Dihydroxy‐14β‐carda‐4,20(22)‐dienolid (Canarigenin, 5) übergeführt werden kann.
Synthesen der (3S4S)‐4‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methylheptansäure und einiger Derivate
Authors: Steulmann Reiner , Klostermeyer Heming 
Published: October 2014

Abstract(3.5,4.5)‐4‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methylheptansäure, die Bauelement verschiedener mikrobieller Proteinaseinhibitoren ist, wurde auf zwei unabhängigen Wegen synthetisiert. Ausgangsmaterial war stets tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl‐L‐leucin‐unidazolid. In einem Falle wurde es mit dem Magnesiumenolat des Malonsäure‐äthylesters zum (4S)‐N‐Boc‐4‐amino‐3‐ono‐6‐methylheptansüure‐älhylester kondensiert, aus dem durch katalytische Hydrierung an Raney‐Nickel oder durch Reduktion mit KBH4 LiCl in Acetonitril der Boc‐geschützte Äthylester der Hydroxyaminosäure gewonnen wurde. Im anderen Falle wurde das Inudazolid mit LiAlH4 zum Boc‐11‐leucal reduziert und dieses direkt mit der Lithiumverbindung des Essigsäure‐äthylesters zum Boc‐Derivat des Hydroxyaminosäure‐äthylesters umgesetzt. Die alkalische Verseifung lieferte das N‐geschützte Derivat der Säure, dessen (S.S)‐Diastereoisomer durch selektive Kristallisation isoliert wurde. Daraus wurden sowohl die freie Säure als auch das Hydrochlorid des Methylesters gewonnen.
Synthese tryptophanhaltiger Peptide
Authors: Eckstein Heiner 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Synthesen von mehreren Tryptophanpeptiden werden beschrieben. Durch geeignete Schutzgruppen konnten diese Peptide frei von Oxidationsprodukten der Tryptophanreste erhalten werden. Ihre UV‐Spektren zeigten beim Übergang von Trp zu Trp‐Trp und zu Trp‐Trp‐Trp charakteristische Unterschiede.
Über Valoneagerbstoffe, VI.Isovalolaginsäure
Authors: Mayer Walter , Schick Hartmut , Schilling Gerhard 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDurch umfangreiche chromatographische Trennungen ist es gelungen, aus Valoneagerbstoff3)W. Mayer, W. Bilzer und K. Schauerte, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 754, 150 (1971).
eine neue Verbindung C41, H30O28 zu isolieren, die als Isomeres der Valolaginsäure4) W. Mayer, A. Günther, H. Basath, W. Bilzer und G. Schilling, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1976,
Isovalolaginsäure (1) genannt wird. 1 gibt bei der saurer Hydrolyse Ellagsäure und Isovalolinsäure (2, C27H24O20). Unter verschärften Hydrolysebedingungen liefert 2 Trillosäuretrilacton I (3), das als Hexamethylderivat 3a charakterisiert wurde. Mit Diazomethan entstehen aus 1 eine Tetradeca‐O‐methylverbindung 1a und als Nebenprodukt eine Pentadeca‐O‐methylverbindung 1c. Von diesen ergibt 1a das Diacetylderivat 1b und 1c das Monoacetylderivat 1d.
Die Einwirkung von Methanol/Natriummethylat auf 1a liefert (−)‐Hexamethoxydiphensäuredimethylester. Danach und nach eingehenden 1H‐NMR‐Untersuchungen besitzt Isovalolaginsäure
die Struktur 1. Sie unterscheidet sich damit nur in der Konfiguration an C‐l von
Valolaginsäure.
α‐Isothiocyanatoacrylsäureester, IV. Reaktionen von 2‐Isothiocyanato‐3,3‐dimethylacrylsäure‐äthylester mit 5‐Oxazolon‐Anionen
Authors: Hoppe Dieter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKaliummalonsäure‐dimethylester addiert sich an die NCS‐Gruppe von 2‐Isothiocyanato‐3.3‐dimethylacrylsäure‐äthylester (1a) zum Thioamid‐Anion 4, das zum α‐(2‐Thiazolidinyliden)malonester 5 cyclisiert. Die Anionen 8 der 5‐Oxazolone 7 reagieren mit 1a bei tiefen Temperaturen in einer Michael‐Addition. Das Addukt aus Kalium‐2‐benzyl‐5‐oxo‐4‐oxazolinid (K‐8a) und 1a cyclisiert zum Spiro[2‐oxazolin‐4.3′‐pyrrolidin] 10, während aus der Umsetzung von Kalium‐2‐benzyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐4‐oxazolinid (K‐8b) mit 1a der 2‐Isothiocyanalo‐3‐(5‐oxo‐2‐oxazolin‐4‐yl)buttersäureester 14 erhalten wurde. 10 wurde zu trans‐3.3‐Dimethyl‐4‐phenylacetamido‐5‐thioxo‐2‐pyrrolidincarbonsäure‐äthylester (11) abgebaut, sowie in das Spiro[2‐oxazolin‐4.3′‐2′‐pyrrolin] 12 übergeführt. — Darstellung und Verwendung des 5‐Silyl‐oxyoxazols 9 als potentielles α‐Glycyl‐Carbanion sind beschrieben.
Neue C5‐Bausteine für Terpensynthesen, I. Monoacetale von 2‐Methyl‐2‐buten‐1, 4‐dial
Authors: Paust Joachim , Reif Werner , Schumacher Horst 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDrei neue Synthesewege zur Herstellung sterisch einheitlicher Monoacetale 3a, b und 4a, b des (E)‐2‐Methyl‐2‐buten‐1,4‐dials werden beschrieben. C5‐Bausteine dieser Struktur eignen sich besonders zum Aufbau von Polyensystemen der Terpenreihe.
Synthese und polarographisches Verhalten von offenkettigen sowie heterocyclischen chinoiden Guanidin‐ und Harnstoffderivaten
Authors: Heesing Albert , Kappler Ulrich , Rauh Werners 
Published: October 2014

AbstractZur Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Chinon‐ und Guanidin‐Systemen wurden Verbindungen der Typen A und C synthetisiert. Der vielstufige Bildungsweg bei C zeigt die Reaktivität der Zwischenstufen. Bei der polarographischen Untersuchung erweist sich die Guanidiniumgruppe (in A) trotz ihrer positiven Ladung als Elektronendonator für das chinoide System.
N‐Oxidation von Azaadamantanen mit Aminalfunktionen
Authors: Kliege Wolfgang , Franckenstein Gerd‐Holger 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Reaktion verschiedener Di‐, Tri‐oder Tetraazaadamantane mit 3‐Chlorperoxybenzoesäure führt zur N‐Oxidation der in diesen Verbindungen vorliegenden Aminalfunktionen. Je nach Strukturtyp and molarem Verhältnis der Reaktanten kann ein Mono‐, Di‐oder Trioxid entstehen.
Zur Stereochemie der Oxidation chiraler, tertiärer Phosphine mit Dimethylsulfoxid
Authors: Luckenbach Reiner , Herweg Günter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEs wird über den sterischen Verlauf der Oxidation der optisch aktiven, tertiären Phosphine 3 and 4 mit Dimethylsulfoxid berichtet. Diese Umsetzung verläuft nur in Gegenwart elektrophiler Katalysatoren (Tabelle 1). Je nach Art and Menge des Katalysators zeigt die Stereochemie der Reaktion entweder überwiegende Inversion oder Retention der Konfiguration am Phosphor an (Tabellen 2, 3); in einigen Fällen wird jedoch fast vollständige Racemisierung beobachtet (Tabelle3). Auf der Grundlage dieser stereochemischen Resultate werden mögliche Mechanismen für diese Umsetzung diskutiert.
Organische Peroxide, XIV. Basekatalysierte Addition von Hydroperoxiden an Aryl(vinyl)sulfone
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Ball Michael , Hofmann Klaus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie basenkatalysierte Reaktion von Hydroperoxiden and Wasserstoffperoxid mit den p‐substituierten Aryl(vinyl)sulfonen 1a‐e ergibt in guten Ausbeuten 2‐(Alkyperoxy)äthyl‐(aryl)sulfone 3a‐k oder Bis[2‐(Arylsulfonyl)äthyl]peroxide 4a‐d. Phenyl (styryl)sulfon(2a) wird erst unter verschärften Bedingungen epoxidiert; 2,2‐Diphenylvinyl(phenyl)sulfon (2b) reagiert nicht. ‐ Der Mechanismus der Addition wird diskutiert.
Organische Peroxide, XV. Oxirene als Zwischenstufen der basenkatalysierten Reaktion von elektronenarmen Alkinen mit Wasserstoffperoxid
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Schröder Rüdiger 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie elektronenarmen Alkine, R1CCX, 1d‐g werden durch Wasserstoffperoxid in Gegenwart von Lithiumhydroxid unter Bildung der entsprechenden Säuren an der CC‐und der CX‐Bindung gespalten.Als Zwischenprodukte sind Acyl oder Sulfonyloxirene zu diskutieren, die im Gleichgewicht mit den Diacyl‐ bzw. ‐Acylsulfonylcarbenen stehen. Bei der Umsetzung von 1c reagiert das Diacylcarben unter Wolff‐Umlagerung zu Essig‐ und Buttersäure. ‐ 1a and 1b werden in geringem Maße (beim Ester nach Verseifung) decarboxyliert.
Factor Structure of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Verbal Form B in a Spanish‐speaking Population
Authors: Krumm Gabriela , Aranguren María , Arán Filippetti Vanessa , Lemos Viviana 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare, through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, two different theoretical models that explain the operationalized creativity construct with the Verbal Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Form B. Model 1 is represented by six factors which correspond to each activity and its respective indicators while Model 2 is integrated by three factors which correspond to eachTTCTability (i.e., Fluency, Originality, and Flexibility) and the corresponding indicators for each variable. The study was carried out with a sample consisting of 432 Spanish‐speaking youngsters of both sexes aged 15–26. According to the research findings, the model which showed the most satisfactory fit identifies six correlated factors that correspond to each of the activities proposed (χ2 = 414.48;df = 116; χ2/df = 3.57;GFI = .90;NFI = .95;CFI = .96 andRMSEA = .077). These results are discussed according to its psychometric implications for the construct assessment in different fields.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng on adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Lee Mak‐Soon , Jung Sunyoon , Oh Soojung , Shin Yoonjin , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim In‐Hwan , Kim Yangha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDRed ginseng is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. Through this processing, chemical compounds are modified, and then biological activities are changed. In the food‐processing industry, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has become an alternative to heat processing to make maximum use of bioactive compounds in food materials. This study comparatively investigated the anti‐adipogenic effects of water extract of red ginseng (WRG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HPG) in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.RESULTSBoth WRG and HPG inhibited the accumulation of intracellular lipids and triglycerides, and the activity of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. Intracellular lipid content and GPDH activity were significantly lower in the HPG group compared to the WRG group. In addition, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, including CEBP‐α, SREBP‐1c and aP2, were lower in HPG‐treated cells compared to WRG‐treated cells. HPG significantly increased the activity of AMPK, and WRG did not.CONCLUSIONResults suggested that HPG may have superior beneficial effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis compared with WRG. The anti‐adipogenic effects of HPG were partially associated with the inhibition of GPDH activity, suppression of adipogenic gene expression and activation of AMPK in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A generalized duration forecasting model of test‐and‐fix cycles
Authors: Houston Dan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRework is inherent in product development, but estimation of the duration and required resources for rework cycles is inhibited by task size variation, process capacity variation, and the process characteristics of dynamism and concurrency. This difficulty is especially evident in testing of software‐intensive systems. Dynamic modeling of test‐and‐fix cycles has addressed this problem by providing good forecasting of test phase durations and by providing good results in supporting resource allocation and process improvement decisions. A generalized model of test‐and‐fix phases has been produced from an analysis of commonality and variation in six project models. The generalized model can be configured to support test phase planning of duration and resources. This paper extends the work reported in ICSSP 2012 by reporting results of experiments on managing test‐and‐fix projects through work‐in‐process limits and through test case prioritization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TMEM70 deficiency: long‐term outcome of 48 patients
Authors: Magner Martin , Dvorakova Veronika , Tesarova Marketa , Mazurova Stella , Hansikova Hana , Zahorec Martin , Brennerova Katarina , Bzduch Vladimir , Spiegel Ronen , Horovitz Yoseph , Mandel Hanna , Eminoğlu Fatma Tuba , Mayr Johannes Adalbert , Koch Johannes , Martinelli Diego , Bertini Enrico , Konstantopoulou Vassiliki , Smet Joél , Rahman Shamima , Broomfield Alexander , Stojanović Vesna , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo , van Coster Rudy , Morava‐Kozicz Eva , Sperl Wolfgang , Zeman Jiri , Honzik Tomas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesTMEM70 deficiency is the most common nuclear‐encoded defect affecting the ATP synthase. In this multicentre retrospective study we characterise the natural history of the disease, treatment and outcome in 48 patients with mutations in TMEM70. Eleven centers from eight European countries, Turkey and Israel participated.ResultsAll 27 Roma and eight non‐Roma patients were homozygous for the common mutation c.317‐2A > G. Five patients were compound heterozygotes for the common mutation and mutations c.470 T > A, c.628A > C, c.118_119insGT or c.251delC. Six Arab Muslims and two Turkish patients were homozygous for mutations c.238C > T, c.316 + 1G > T, c.336 T > A, c.578_579delCA, c.535C > T, c.359delC. Age of onset was neonatal in 41 patients, infantile in six cases and two years in one child. The most frequent symptoms at onset were poor feeding, hypotonia, lethargy, respiratory and heart failure, accompanied by lactic acidosis, 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria and hyperammonaemia. Symptoms further included: developmental delay (98 %), hypotonia (95 %), faltering growth (94 %), short stature (89 %), non‐progressive cardiomyopathy (89 %), microcephaly (71 %), facial dysmorphism (66 %), hypospadias (50 % of the males), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (22 %) and Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome (13 %). One or more acute metabolic crises occurred in 24 surviving children, frequently followed by developmental regression. Hyperammonaemic episodes responded well to infusion with glucose and lipid emulsion, and ammonia scavengers or haemodiafiltration. Ten‐year survival was 63 %, importantly for prognostication, no child died after the age of five years.ConclusionTMEM70 deficiency is a panethnic, multisystemic disease with variable outcome depending mainly on adequate management of hyperammonaemic crises in the neonatal period and early childhood.
RELIGION AFTER THE STATE: SECULAR SOTERIOLOGIES AT THE BIRTH OF SOUTH SUDAN
Authors: Salomon Noah 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines South Sudan's experiment in creating a secular state out of the ashes of the professedly Islamic republic from which it seceded in 2011. South Sudanese political actors presented secularism as a means of redeeming the nation from decades of religious excess in which the government conflated political imperative with theological ambition, claiming to save the nation from its woes through the unifying force of Islam. However, secularism as an alternative soteriology—one that contended that it is only through political nonalignment in regards to religion that the public could be saved from the problems that plagued its predecessor—quickly became an object of contention itself, read by many South Sudanese to be anything but neutral. This article interrogates the secular promise of mediating religious diversity through exploring the tensions that have arisen in its fulfillment at the birth of the world's newest republic.
Provision of healthy school meals does not affect the metabolic syndrome score in 8–11-year-old children, but reduces cardiometabolic risk markers despite increasing waist circumference
Authors: Damsgaard Camilla T. , Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Laursen Rikke P. , Ritz Christian , Hjorth Mads F. , Lauritzen Lotte , Sørensen Louise B. , Petersen Rikke A. , Andersen Malene R. , Stender Steen , Andersen Rikke , Tetens Inge , Mølgaard Christian , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim F. 
Published: October 2014

An increasing number of children are exhibiting features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) including abdominal fatness, hypertension, adverse lipid profile and insulin resistance. Healthy eating practices during school hours may improve the cardiometabolic profile, but there is a lack of evidence. In the present study, the effect of provision of school meals rich in fish, vegetables and fibre on a MetS score (primary outcome) and on individual cardiometabolic markers and body composition (secondary outcomes) was investigated in 834 Danish school children. The study was carried out as a cluster-randomised, controlled, non-blinded, cross-over trial at nine schools. Children aged 8–11 years received freshly prepared school lunch and snacks or usual packed lunch from home (control) each for 3 months. Dietary intake, physical activity, cardiometabolic markers and body composition were measured at baseline and after each dietary period. The school meals did not affect the MetS score (P= 1·00). However, it was found that mean arterial pressure was reduced by 0·4 (95 % CI 0·0, 0·8) mmHg (P= 0·04), fasting total cholesterol concentrations by 0·05 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·08) mmol/l (P= 0·001), HDL-cholesterol concentrations by 0·02 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·03) mmol/l, TAG concentrations by 0·02 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·04) mmol/l (bothP< 0·05), and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance by 0·10 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·16) points (P= 0·001) compared with the control diet in the intention-to-treat analyses. Waist circumference increased 0·5 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·7) cm (P< 0·001), but BMIz-score remained unaffected. Complete-case analyses and analyses adjusted for household educational level, pubertal status and physical activity confirmed the results. In conclusion, the school meals did not affect the MetS score in 8–11-year-olds, as small improvements in blood pressure, TAG concentrations and insulin resistance were counterbalanced by slight undesired effects on waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol concentrations.
Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008
Authors: Kreutz Joakim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIs foreign policy influenced by humanitarian concerns, or are concepts such as human security merely rhetoric for traditional power politics? Using a multilevel modeling technique and a unique data set of military and economic European Union (EU) intervention 1989–2008, I find that military and economic interventions by the EU are conducted in response to humanitarian atrocities but that geostrategic concerns also influence EU action. While the EU consistently is more likely to act against countries with greater civilian victimization, the size of the effect is influenced by spatial considerations. The EU is most attentive to human rights violations in non-EU European states, followed by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, while it has been least active in Asia and the Americas.
An alternative approach to primary rhinoplasty using Walsham forceps
Authors: Bowles P F D , Fu B , Cartwright S J , Watts S J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground:The successful execution of lateral osteotomies in rhinoplasty is an important step that can influence the functional and aesthetic outcome of the procedure.Objective:This paper describes an alternative method for achieving mobilisation of the nasal bones by careful application of Walsham forceps during primary rhinoplasty.