bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRAPPED PROTON FLUXES AT LOW EARTH ORBITS MEASURED BY THE PAMELA EXPERIMENT
Authors: Adriani O. , Barbarino G. C. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Bellotti R. , Boezio M. , Bogomolov E. A. , Bongi M. , Bonvicini V. , Bottai S. , Bruno A. , Cafagna F. , Campana D. , Carbone R. , Carlson P. , Casolino M. , Castellini G. , De Donato C. , De Santis C. , De Simone N. , Felice V. Di , Formato V. , Galper A. M. , Karelin A. V. , Koldashov S. V. , Koldobskiy S. , Krutkov S. Y. , Kvashnin A. N. , Leonov A. , Malakhov V. , Marcelli L. , Martucci M. , Mayorov A. G. , Menn W. , Mergé M. , Mikhailov V. V. , Mocchiutti E. , Monaco A. , Mori N. , Munini R. , Osteria G. , Palma F. , Panico B. , Papini P. , Pearce M. , Picozza P. , Ricci M. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sarkar R. , Scotti V. , Simon M. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stozhkov Y. I. , Vacchi A. , Vannuccini E. , Vasilyev G. I. , Voronov S. A. , Yurkin Y. T. , Zampa G. , Zampa N. , Zverev V. G. 
Published: January 2015

We report an accurate measurement of the geomagnetically trapped proton fluxes for kinetic energy above ∼70 MeV performed by the PAMELA mission at low Earth orbits (350 ÷ 610 km). Data were analyzed in the frame of the adiabatic theory of charged particle motion in the geomagnetic field. Flux properties were investigated in detail, providing a full characterization of the particle radiation in the South Atlantic Anomaly region, including locations, energy spectra, and pitch angle distributions. PAMELA results significantly improve the description of the Earth's radiation environment at low altitudes, placing important constraints on the trapping and interaction processes, and can be used to validate current trapped particle radiation models.
China's Dairy United: A New Model for Milk Production
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Chen Mei , Klein Peter G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA milk scandal erupted in China in 2008 when the industrial chemical melamine was found in dairy products nationwide. While many Chinese dairy companies faced huge losses or bankruptcy as a result, one small firm, Dairy United, accelerated its development. Dairy United is one of the fastest‐growing and most innovative Chinese dairy producers, one that features an unusual organizational structure and business model. Unlike most corporate and cooperative dairies that purchase cows on the market, Dairy United leases dairy cows from local farmers, giving it access to its primary asset without a large up‐front investment, and letting the firm grow its dairy herds with newborn heifers. In return, farmers receive fixed payments biannually, but relinquish control rights and residual claims to the firm. Thus, Dairy United's leasing is helping transform Chinese milk production from a backyard, labor‐intensive activity to a more industrialized mode of farming. The case is particularly interesting for understanding applications of agency theory in agribusiness.
Development of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Fed Dairy Manure
Authors: Myers Heidi M. , Tomberlin Jeffery K. , Lambert Barry D. , Kattes David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens L., are a common colonizer of animal wastes. However, all published development data for this species are from studies using artificial diets. This study represents the first examining black soldier fly development on animal wastes. Additionally, this study examined the ability of black soldier fly larvae to reduce dry matter and associated nutrients in manure. Black soldier fly larvae were fed four rates of dairy manure to determine their effects on larval and adult life history traits. Feed rate affected larval and adult development. Those fed less ration daily weighed less than those fed a greater ration. Additionally, larvae provided the least amount of dairy manure took longer to develop to the prepupal stage; however, they needed less time to reach the adult stage. Adults resulting from larvae provided 27 g dairy manure/d lived 3–4 d less than those fed 70 g dairy manure. Percentage survivorship to the prepupal or adult stages did not differ across treatments. Larvae fed 27 g dairy manure daily reduced manure dry matter mass by 58%, whereas those fed 70 g daily reduced dry matter 33%. Black soldier fly larvae were able to reduce available P by 61–70% and N by 30–50% across treatments. Based on results from this study, the black soldier fly could be used to reduce wastes and associated nutrients in confined bovine facilities.
Behavioral Diversity of Predatory Arboreal Ants in Coffee Agroecosystems
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Perfecto Ivette , Vandermeer John 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Aspects of predator assemblages that alter predator effects on prey have received extensive recent attention. Among other mechanisms, differences in behavior or resource use within predator trophic levels may enhance predator effects on prey, especially if effects of each predator species differ with environmental conditions. We address whether three common ant species (Azteca instabilis F. Smith, Camponotus textor Forel, and Crematogaster spp.) are functionally unique in coffee agroecosystems, asking if each species differs in (1) cooperative foraging behavior, (2) responses to experimentally introduced herbivores, and (3) responses to pest outbreaks. Furthermore, we examined the behaviors and effects of each ant species under different conditions by varying herbivore species, herbivore size, and herbivore density and carrying out observations in different seasons. Ant species significantly differed in foraging behaviors, in effects on individual herbivores, and in responses to pest outbreaks in terms of both type and time of response to herbivores. The behaviors and effects of each ant species differed in the dry and wet seasons and for different herbivore species and sizes. Although A. instabilis generally removed more larvae and more quickly removed larvae, this was not the case under all conditions. The data presented thus support that common ant species in coffee agroecosystems are behaviorally diverse in their responses to herbivores under different conditions. We discuss the implications of these differences in ant behaviors for enhancement of predatory function in light of both multipredator effects and in terms of the potential importance of predator diversity.
Pulpit and Cross: Preaching the Crusade in Fourteenth-Century England
Authors: Guard Timothy 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In contrast to earlier periods, the activity of crusade preachers and their propaganda in the fourteenth century has been little studied. Partly this is a result of the repeated failure to embark on grand crusades to the east after the 1270s and of the increasing fragmentation of crusading along alternative fronts, beyond easy control of the church. It has long been tempting to agree with one expert that, in the era of the later crusades, ‘preaching was much less important than it had been’: there was no Peter the Hermit or Fulk Neuilly of the fourteenth century. Yet, closer scrutiny of the English sources shows that preacherly transmission of the crusade idea remained a dynamic force, open to varied influences and pursuing various objectives. Besides core messages of support for ‘wars of the Cross’, it could involve basic instruction on Christian civility, good manners, orthodoxy and pious living. It was also a platform for comment on matters of national interest and papal policy. Drawing heavily upon little-known sources, including an unedited English crusade sermon, the primary aim of this article is to provide a case-study of crusade promotion in the 1300s—of what it meant to engage and mobilise public opinion in practice. Two key questions are addressed: how was crusade preaching organised in this period, and what can be reconstructed of the preacher’s voice?
James II and David Nairne: The Exiled King and his First Biographer
Authors: Corp Edward 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
During the last years of his life in exile, King James II became increasingly dependent on, and even friendly with, one of his servants at Saint-Germain-en-Laye named David Nairne. Yet none of the many biographies of the king shows any awareness of this. In fact there is no mention of Nairne in any of the books devoted to the life of the king. The present article therefore has a double purpose. The first is to draw attention to an interesting master–servant relationship which has been overlooked for too long. The second is to use that relationship to shed new light on the final years of the king. One reason why those years have posed such a problem for his biographers is that almost all of the king’s papers were destroyed during the French Revolution. By studying the close relationship between James II and David Nairne, we are able to demonstrate that Nairne was both the king’s archivist and his first biographer. James II entrusted his papers to Nairne and asked him to use them to write his Life. Immediately after the king’s death, Nairne continued to assemble and arrange all of these papers, and it is his detailed diary entries which enable us to have a good general idea as to what was lost when they were destroyed. It is to a great extent the involvement of James II with Nairne, who was Scottish, which has misled so many people into wrongly identifying the Stuart court at Saint-Germain with Scotland.
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
Authors: Lumb Andrew B. , Slinger Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAbstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) represents a fundamental difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. HPV is active in utero, reducing pulmonary blood flow, and in adults helps to match regional ventilation and perfusion although it has little effect in healthy lungs. Many factors affect HPV including pH or Pco
2, cardiac output, and several drugs, including antihypertensives. In patients with lung pathology and any patient having one-lung ventilation, HPV contributes to maintaining oxygenation, so anesthesiologists should be aware of the effects of anesthesia on this protective reflex. Intravenous anesthetic drugs have little effect on HPV, but it is attenuated by inhaled anesthetics, although less so with newer agents. The reflex is biphasic, and once the second phase becomes active after about an hour of hypoxia, this pulmonary vasoconstriction takes hours to reverse when normoxia returns. This has significant clinical implications for repeated periods of one-lung ventilation.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction matches lung perfusion to ventilation in patients with lung disease and during one-lung ventilation. This review describes its physiology, factors affecting its activity, and how the reflex impacts on clinical anesthesiology.
Asymmetric Sternotomy and Sternal Wound Complications: Assessment Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Reconstruction
Authors: Jacobson Joshua Y. , Doscher Matthew E. , Rahal William J. , Friedmann Patricia , Nikfarjam Jeremy S. , D'Alessandro David A. , Michler Robert E. , Garfein Evan S. 
Published: January 2015

Objective Wound complications after midline sternotomy result in significant morbidity and mortality. Despite many known risk factors, the influence of sternal asymmetry has largely been ignored. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of 3-dimensional computed tomographic scan reconstructions to assess sternal asymmetry and determine its relationship with sternal wound infection. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients who underwent midline sternotomy and received a postoperative computed tomographic scan between 2009 and 2010. Cases were composed of all patients who had a sternal wound infection after undergoing sternotomy. Controls were randomly selected from patients without poststernotomy wound complications. Sternal asymmetry was defined as the difference between the left and the right sternal halves and was expressed as a percentage of the total sternal volume. Results Twenty-six cases were identified and 32 controls were selected as described earlier. The patients were similar in baseline characteristics and risk factors including age, sex, smoking status, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, preoperative creatinine, and operative time. Univariate factors associated with sternal wound infection include an asymmetry of 10% or greater, body mass index, and internal mammary artery harvest. In a multivariate logistic regression, independent predictors of sternal wound infection included an asymmetry of 10% or greater (odds ratio, 3.6; P = 0.03) and diabetes (odds ratio, 3.3; P = 0.0442). Conclusions Our data suggest an association between asymmetric sternotomy and sternal wound infections. We recommend an assessment of sternal asymmetry to be performed in patients with sternal wound infection and if it is found to be 10% or greater, the surgeon should implement measures that stabilize the sternum.
Competitive strategies for small manufacturers in high labor cost countries
Authors: Caskey Kevin R. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The paper aims to examine competitive strategies used by several small ski brands manufacturing in the USA. The motivation is to explain, while there are no major manufacturers in the USA, why many smaller manufacturers produce locally despite higher labor costs.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper first describes mid-volume, mid-complexity manufacturing. It then describes customization and innovation. Descriptions of the ski industry, ski manufacturing and customization and innovation, especially among smaller ski manufacturers, then follow. Publicly available information is the examined to understand the competitive strategy of firms in this sector. This is followed by interviews with principals at several smaller manufacturers.

Findings
– The findings show that small firms do use innovation and customization strategies and are able to compete while producing their product within the USA.

Research limitations/implications
– The interview method limits the ability to perform rigorous statistical analysis. Results in this sector may not carry over to other sectors of similar size and complexity.

Practical implications
– The findings give an example of the ability of manufacturing to remain in higher labor cost countries if customization and innovation are significant market drivers.

Social implications
– The health of manufacturing in Western Europe and North America is currently of significant political interest. Companies and government entities may consider what actions they can take to encourage innovation-driven markets.

Originality/value
– The paper provides an explanation for the success of small firms manufacturing mid-volume and complexity products in higher labor cost countries. As innovation and customization are found to be major drivers, this can inform manufacturers in other segments where the products and market share characteristics with those found in higher-end downhill skis.
Customer satisfaction and loyalty in Malaysian Islamic banks:a PAKSERV investigation
Authors: Kashif Muahmmad , Wan Shukran Sharifah Suzana , Rehman Mohsin Abdul , Sarifuddin Syamsulang 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of PAKSERV measures on customer satisfaction and loyalty in the Malaysian Islamic banking context.

Design/methodology/approach
– The dimensionality of the PAKSERV scale is examined with confirmatory factor analysis. A survey approach is adopted to collect data from 300 Islamic banking customers in Kuching, Malaysia.

Findings
– Results reveal an excellent model fit for the PAKSERV scale in collectivist cultural context of Malaysia. All dimensions of PAKSERV are validated except reliability. The issue of non-validity of the reliability dimension in an Islamic banking context is explained by extant literature.

Practical implications
– Islamic banks are recommended to focus on all the PAKSERV scale dimensions to impart service quality. Given a collectivist cultural setting, a “network marketing” approach is recommended to maintain a desirable level of customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Originality/value
– The PAKSERV scale has been employed for the first time to investigate the service quality-loyalty path in a collectivist cultural context. The validity of the PAKSERV scale has been operationalized for the first time in a collectivist cultural context.
How the personality of retail bank customers interferes with the relationship between service quality and loyalty
Authors: Al-hawari Mohammad Ahmad 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study was to test how customers’ personality traits affect the importance of service quality in triggering customer loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach
– A survey was used to collect information from respondents about their attitude toward and experiences with their primary bank. The same survey was also used to explore respondents’ personality traits. AMOS 18 was used to test the hypothesized relationships.

Findings
– The findings, consistent with the literature, show that the overall quality of service affects customer loyalty. Services quality plays significant and more important role in triggering customer loyalty for customers that tend to be low on most of the five personality traits. For customers high on most of the personality traits, quality plays less of a role in triggering customer loyalty.

Practical implications
– This study demonstrates how bank managers could use their customers’ personality traits to offer the best services and, ultimately, foster stronger relationships.

Originality/value
– Very few papers speculated and non-tried to investigate the effect of customers’ personality traits on the quality-loyalty relationship within the context of retail banking. Thus, this paper fills this gap.
Design of prototype simulation system for driving performance of electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive test
Authors: Chen Gang , Zhang Wei-gong 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a prototype simulation system for driving performance of an electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive test (URAT) to solve that it is difficult and dangerous to online debug control program and to quickly obtain test vehicle dynamic performance.

Design/methodology/approach
– The driving performance of the electromagnetic URAT can be evaluated by the prototype simulation system. The system can simulate various driving conditions of test vehicles. An improved vehicle longitudinal dynamics model matching to the electromagnetic URAT is established. The proposed model has good real-time, and it is easy to implement. The displacement of throttle mechanical leg, brake mechanical leg, clutch mechanical leg and shift mechanical arm is used for the system input. Test vehicle speed and engine speed are used for the system output, and they are obtained by the computation of the established vehicle longitudinal dynamics model.

Findings
– Driving conditions simulation test and vehicle emission test are performed using a Ford Focus car. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed prototype simulation system in the paper can simulate the driving conditions of actual vehicles, and the performance that electromagnetic URAT drives an actual vehicle is evaluated by the simulation system.

Research limitations/implications
– Future research will focus on improving the real time of the proposed simulation system.

Practical implications
– The autonomous driving performance of electromagnetic URAT can be evaluated by the proposed prototype simulation system.

Originality/value
– A prototype simulation system for driving performance of an electromagnetic URAT based on an improved vehicle longitudinal dynamics model is proposed in this paper, so that it can solve the difficulty and danger of online debugging control program, quickly obtaining the test vehicle performance.
Welding robot system applied in sub-sea pipeline-installation
Authors: Yu Luo , Xiangdong Jiao , Canfeng Zhou , Jiaqing Chen , Suxin Han 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this study was to develop a new generation of automatic systems based on cutting-edge design and practical welding physics to minimize downtime caused by defects and machine faults on the barges. Automatic welding has been used frequently on offshore pipeline projects.

Design/methodology/approach
– An automated welding robot system for sub-sea pipeline installation was constructed. The system utilized the double-car double-torch welding, which is light-weight and compact, suited for offshore applications. Several state-of-the-art technologies were integrated into the control system design, including a heterogeneous network based on EtherCAT technology, network communications based on CANopen, motor synchronization, all-position welding, etc. In addition, the utilization of the CAN bus reduced the number of cable lines and increased the extensibility of the proposed welding robot system. An internal clamp with copper shoes assured a nice root weld and narrow bevel design and the welding efficiency was improved accordingly.

Findings
– The trial was carried out to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed automated system. The deposition rate of the backing welding could reach 17.78 kg/h; the average time for each welding was 340 s. This system was unique in that it features a dual-torch welding head that allowed for the deposition of one run with twice as much material as a single torch head. The experiment showed that the double-vehicle double-torch mode can greatly improve the welding efficiency of pipeline installation during the welding process.

Research limitations/implications
– The automated welding robot system will be applied to offshore pipeline projects.

Originality/value
– This robot is the first submarine pipeline installation welding robot to use a heterogeneous network based on EtherCAT technology. Various aspects of the submarine pipeline installation welding robot’s design and performance were discussed, including mechanical body design, control system design and welding process specification.
Absolute accuracy analysis and improvement of a hybrid 6-DOF medical robot
Authors: Joubair Ahmed , Zhao Long Fei , Bigras Pascal , Bonev Ilian 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a calibration method developed to improve the accuracy of a six degrees-of-freedom medical robot. The proposed calibration approach aims to enhance the robot’s accuracy in a specific target workspace. A comparison of five observability indices is also done to choose the most appropriate calibration robot configurations.

Design/methodology/approach
– The calibration method is based on the forward kinematic approach, which uses a nonlinear optimization model. The used experimental data are 84 end-effector positions, which are measured using a laser tracker. The calibration configurations are chosen through an observability analysis, while the validation after calibration is carried out in 336 positions within the target workspace.

Findings
– Simulations allowed finding the most appropriate observability index for choosing the optimal calibration configurations. They also showed the ability of our calibration model to identify most of the considered robot’s parameters, despite measurement errors. Experimental tests confirmed the simulation findings and showed that the robot’s mean position error is reduced from 3.992 mm before calibration to 0.387 mm after, and the maximum error is reduced from 5.957 to 0.851 mm.

Originality/value
– This paper presents a calibration method which makes it possible to accurately identify the kinematic errors for a novel medical robot. In addition, this paper presents a comparison between the five observability indices proposed in the literature. The proposed method might be applied to any industrial or medical robot similar to the robot studied in this paper.