bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>Docência universitária: formação ou improvisação?</b>
Authors: Behrens Marilda Aparecida 
Published: June 2015

Este artigo tem como foco temático a formação pedagógica do professor universitário. A pesquisa-ação foi realizada numa parceria da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná e a Universidade de Lisboa-Portugal, por meio de uma vivência do grupo de pesquisa “Paradigmas Educacionais na Formação de Professores”, num projeto desenvolvido no Seminário de Aprofundamento de Teoria e Prática Pedagógica na Formação de Professores. A pesquisa-ação contou com o envolvimento de quatro doutorandas, uma delas da Universidade de Lisboa, coor-denadas por duas doutoras/pesquisadoras. A pesquisa envolveu 15 encontros e permitiu registrar o processo de formação para a docência universitária. Ela desenvolveu-se em um processo que ampliou o campo de pesquisa porque foi realizado por meio de encontros presenciais e, concomitantemente, foi utilizado um ambiente virtual (Eureka) que possibilitou o contato contínuo dos pesquisadores. Objetivou-se a formação pedagógica de professores por meio de uma metodologia que atendesse ao paradigma da complexidade, com atividades baseadas na produção do conhecimento. Para tal, tomou-se como base as atividades realizadas por doutorandas, no âmbito stricto sensu, nível de doutorado, na área de Educação. Esta pesquisa, ao longo dos encontros, mostrou-se como um espaço colaborativo de aprendizagem da docência e de compar-tilhamento da produção do conhecimento, contribuindo para a formação pedagógica consciente e responsável dos envolvidos como pesquisadores e professores na Educação Superior. Palavras-chave: paradigmas, formação dos professores, prática pedagógica.
Food Additives
Authors: Somogyi Laszlo P. 
Published: June 2015

Food additive is any substance that becomes part of a food product, either directly or indirectly. Direct food additives are those that have been intentionally added to food for a functional purpose, in controlled amounts, usually at low levels. Indirect additives are those entering into food products in small quantities as a result of growing, processing or packaging.This article covers 27 functional food additive categories, including food regulations in the United States, European Union Countries and Japan. The food additive categories comprise hundreds of individual compounds, representing the majority of those normally used in the food system. Typical food applications of each additive are identified, and the important technical and functional properties are described.While there are many differences in food tastes and preferences among the global population, the major trends driving the food additive industry appear to be very similar in all regions: concern over food safety, health and nutrition, and desire for convenience. These trends will expand the use of food additives, especially those of natural origin.
Polymers Applications in Petroleum Production
Authors: Lucas Elizabete F. , Spinelli Luciana S. , Khalil Carlos N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article overviews the application of macromolecules in the various exploration and production operations of the petroleum industry. The main molecules utilized are presented as well as those with potential application in different functions, with a description of the operations in which they are used, their action mechanism and preliminary laboratory tests. Aspects related to the solubility of polymer additives are also covered since the polymers are used in liquid media (hydrophilic or hydrophobic), such that they have to be soluble to allow dispersal or suspension, depending on the action mechanism involved in each application. In the end, aspects of toxicity, economics, environmental impact, and occupational health and safety are discussed.
Analytical sensitivity analysis of transient groundwater flow in a bounded model domain using the adjoint method
Authors: Lu Zhiming , Vesselinov Velimir V. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSensitivity analyses are an important component of any modeling exercise. We have developed an analytical methodology based on the adjoint method to compute sensitivities of a state variable (hydraulic head) to model parameters (hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient) for transient groundwater flow in a confined and randomly heterogeneous aquifer under ambient and pumping conditions. For a special case of two‐dimensional rectangular domains, these sensitivities are represented in terms of the problem configuration (the domain size, boundary configuration, medium properties, pumping schedules and rates, and observation locations and times), and there is no need to actually solve the adjoint equations. As an example, we present analyses of the obtained solution for typical groundwater flow conditions. Analytical solutions allow us to calculate sensitivities efficiently, which can be useful for model‐based analyses such as parameter estimation, data‐worth evaluation, and optimal experimental design related to sampling frequency and locations of observation wells. The analytical approach is not limited to groundwater applications but can be extended to any other mathematical problem with similar governing equations and under similar conceptual conditions.
Chaperones, Chaperonins and Heat‐Shock Proteins
Authors: Consalvi Valerio , Chiaraluce Roberta 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe protein folding of a nascent polypeptide is the decoding of the linear information contained in the primary sequence into the native and functionally active three‐dimensional conformation. Chaperone proteins and folding catalysts may contribute to successful folding into the native and active protein conformation in the crowded cellular environment, thus avoiding aggregation of non‐native protein forms. Molecular chaperonesin vivoplay a pivotal role in the maintenance of the proteome quality control and in the correct balance between protein folding and degradation. The unbalance of the equilibrium between protein synthesis, protein folding and protein degradation may contribute to protein misfolding and aggregation which may lead to the onset of several degenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease.Key ConceptsThe native protein conformation is the active and functional form of the proteinin vivo.Protein chaperones assist several proteins in the folding to their native conformation.Protein chaperones contribute to maintain the correct balance between protein synthesis and degradation.Chaperones are ubiquitous proteins and are present in all the cells and in all the cellular compartments.Most of chaperones require adenosine triphosphate for their function.Chaperones prevent protein misfolding and aggregation that may be associated to several degenerative diseases.
m
RNA
Splicing: Role of sn
RNA
s
Authors: Padgett Richard A 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Eukaryotic genomes code for many types of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs). One class of these ncRNAs is termed small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). The snRNAs are, in turn, complexed with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). Many of these snRNPs are involved in the nuclear maturation of primary transcripts of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Certain snRNAs are involved in the formation and function of spliceosomes, the large ribonucleoprotein structures in which pre‐mRNA splicing takes place. Most metazoan genomes contain two distinct types of spliceosomes which differ primarily in their snRNA composition. Biochemical, genetic and structural evidences suggest that snRNAs are core components of the catalytic centre of the spliceosomes.

Key Concepts

Eukaryotic genes often contain introns that are removed by RNA splicing.

RNA splicing takes place in large complexes of RNAs and proteins called spliceosomes.

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are essential parts of spliceosomes.

snRNAs are complexed with proteins to form snRNPs which are recruited to unspliced primary RNA transcripts and direct the formation of spliceosomes.

Evidence is growing that the snRNAs compose much if not all of the active site of the spliceosome suggesting that spliceosomes, like ribosomes, are RNA machines.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (
MHC
): Mouse
Authors: Stuart Patrick M 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse, which is called the
H2
complex, is located on chromosome 17. It contains genes critical to the functioning of the immune system, the products of which are intimately involved in the initiation of immune responses. The proteins made by these genes display a significant amount of polymorphism, or sequence variability. Few genes possess this degree of polymorphism, but it is critical to the immune response and to the survival of a species. The chief characteristic of MHC molecules is their ability to bind small peptides. These bound peptides along with specific areas of the MHC molecule are the structures that interact with the T‐cell receptor (TCR) leading to activation of a T‐cell immune response, which in turn can active other cells of immune system. Thus, they determine which TCRs are functional which in turn indicates which peptides a T cell will respond to.

Key Concepts

The historical background and the genetics of MHC development are described.

The expression and function of MHC class I genes is described.

MHC class I molecules are expressed on virtually all nucleated cells and function to present foreign and self‐antigens to the immune system.

MHC class I expression is dependent on peptide binding in the peptide binding groove of the molecule.

MHC class I polymorphism is important for species resistance to infectious disease.

The expression and function of MHC class II genes is described.

MHC class II expression is required for generation and function of CD4 T cells.

Nonclassical class I molecules bind a variety of peptide and nonpeptide antigens that are commonly expressed by pathogenic organisms. .

The function of other genes found within the H2 complex is described.
Life Sciences in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Frampton Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe life sciences in late antiquity (ad 300–600) and the early Middle Ages (ad 600–1000) centre around the study of three primary categories of ensouled or animate creatures, namely, plants (botany), animals (zoology) and man (anthropology). Major subdisciplines within these general areas of study include pharmacology, medicine, agriculture and veterinary science. The ancient Greek and Roman life scientists of the classical period (600 bc–ad 300) established much of the data and many of the fundamental concepts concerning the nature of the cosmos and its living inhabitants which scholars of the post‐classical period (ad 300–1000) would inherit. The history of the late ancient and the early medieval life sciences is essentially the story of the preservation, dissemination and partial elaboration of classical Graeco‐Roman learning within several very different political, linguistic and religious contexts following the dissolution of the political and cultural synthesis that had been established under the Roman Empire (27 bc–ad 476).Key ConceptsLife science in the classical (ad 300–600) and post‐classical (ad 600–1000) periods centres around the study of three primary categories of ensouled or animate creatures, plants (botany), animals (zoology) and man (anthropology) and includes the subdisciplines of medicine, pharmacology, agriculture and veterinary science.Soul (Greekpsyche; Latinanima) is the life principle of plants, animals and people, of which there are three broad species: the vegetative, sensitive and rational.Classical anatomy, physiology, medicine, botany and zoology are tacitly accepted in the post‐classical period.The interlocking concepts of (1) teleology, (2) the microcosm–macrocosm analogy and (3) the great chain of being provide common conceptual ground for the ancient (classical) and the late ancient/early medieval (post‐classical) world views.Classical life science continues to flourish in diverse religious (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) and linguistic (Latin, Greek, Persian, Syriac and Arabic) cultures following the dissolution of the political and cultural synthesis that had been established under the Roman Empire.Greek, Latin, Syriac and Arabic languages are the primary linguistic vehicles in the diffusion of classical knowledge throughout Europe and the Middle East.Linguistic barriers are overcome by a handful of multilingual scholars who live on the borderland of two or more dominant cultures.Christian and Muslim post‐classical scholars use their pagan classical heritage selectively by (1) choosing organisation, conciseness and practicality over theoretical and experimental elaboration and (2) adapting it to the sacred Scriptures of the Judaeo‐Christian (Old and New Testaments) and Muslim (Koranic) cultures.
MicroRNA Signatures as Biomarkers in Cancer
Authors: Adams Brian D , Slack Frank J 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMicroribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally and control many biological processes including tumourigenesis. Given that, miRNA levels are heavily dysregulated in tumour tissues, many of these RNAs have been identified as classifiers for particular cancer subtypes. In addition, miRNA gene signatures can provide prognostic value, are associated with tumourigenic processes such as metastasis and can identify certain tumour cell types including drug‐resistant and cancer stem cell populations. To gain a better molecular understanding of therapeutic response and disease relapse, there has been an impetus to develop miRNA biomarker profiles through less invasive strategies (i.e. from serum and other sources) rather than from repeated biopsy near the original tumour site. Through these techniques, miRNAs have been found to exist in cell‐free fractions, in exosomes and in circulating tumour cells. While it is still unclear about the mechanisms guiding the release of miRNAs into the serum and other sources, overall, miRNAs have the potential to be used in understanding the pathogenesis of disease prognosis and for diagnostic purposes and in the development of new therapeutic treatment regimens.Key ConceptsMicroRNAs function as master regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level.MicroRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors in a cell‐context‐dependent manner.MicroRNAs are stable, found in serum and other biofluids and make good non‐invasive biomarkers.MicroRNA profiles are associated with therapeutic treatments and disease outcomes.MicroRNAs can themselves be therapeutic agents or therapeutic targets.
Gas Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Selective Detection in Pesticide Analysis
Authors: Radović Jagoš R. , Carrasco Pilar B. , Bayona Josep M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAnalytical methods based on GC (gas chromatography) and SFC (supercritical fluid chromatography) for the determination of pesticides are presented. Organochlorine, organonophosphorous, pyretroids, phenylureas, sulfonilureas, carbamates, chloracetamides, and triazines are presented. Figures of merit and selected applications of the different methods are reported.
Minimizing Contextual Bias in Forensic Firearms Examinations
Authors: Mattijssen Erwin J.A.T. , Stoel Reinoud D. , Kerkhoff Wim 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSolutions to cognitive and human factor challenges in forensic science are emerging [Dror, I.E. (2014). Practical solutions to cognitive and human factor challenges in forensic science, Forensic Science Policy & Management 4(3–4), 1–9.], but have not yet been widely communicated let alone applied in practice. Within the discipline of forensic firearms examination, a procedure has been developed and implemented that minimizes the effects of domain‐irrelevant information and maximizes the utilization of domain‐relevant information. This procedure, termedcontext management, is described and for this we distinguish between different types of contextual information that an examiner may come across. Contextual information may come from the trace (Level 1), the reference material (Level 2), the case information (Level 3), and the “base rate” information (Level 4) [Stoel, R., Berger, C., Kerkhoff, W., Mattijssen, E.J.A.T. & Dror, I. (2014). Minimizing Contextual Bias in Forensic Casework, inForensic Science and the Administration of Justice: Critical Issues and Directions, p. 67–86, SAGE.]. By going through the steps of the examination of a typical comparison case (i.e., checking and acceptance of the case, preassessment of the case, comparison of the markings, and peer review and reporting), it is illustrated how and when contextual information may influence the examiners' judgment and how this influence can be minimized by implementing context management.
Child Physical Abuse
Authors: Baxter Michael A. , Lowen Deborah E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChild physical abuse is an all‐too‐common form of child maltreatment, second only to neglect. There are varying definitions of child physical abuse, but the most important point is that a child has sustained tissue injury. This can range from bruises to fractures to life‐threatening or fatal head trauma. Determining the incidence and prevalence of physical abuse is difficult for many reasons; national datasets almost certainly do not provide an accurate picture. There are multiple risk factors for child physical abuse, but children can be abused without any risk factors present. Diagnosing child physical abuse requires a thorough medical assessment including a detailed history, complete physical examination, and often ancillary studies such as labs and radiology studies. Abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death in abused children, and often leads to long‐term neurodevelopmental delays. Physically abused children may have short‐ and long‐term medical and mental health problems as a result of their experiences.
Biologically Templated Nanostructure Assemblies
Authors: Behrens Silke S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLiving organisms are able to manufacture a variety of sophisticated inorganic materials with precise control over chemical composition, crystal structure, and shape. Biomolecules offer unique functionalities such as specific recognition capabilities or catalytic activity. On the basis of these recognition capabilities, biological subunits are able to self‐assemble into defined superstructures with unique shapes. Furthermore, they may respond to multiple physical, chemical, or biological stimuli, and therefore provide a potential means for manufacturing nanomachines. However, naturally occurring inorganic materials are typically based on protein scaffolds with inorganic minerals, for example, iron oxide or calcium carbonate, which limits their technical application. Hence, the knowledge of biological concepts, functions, and design features has been exploited for manufacturing new, technologically important, and functional inorganic nanomaterials that have no isomorphous complement in nature.One major challenge in manufacturing nanostructures by biotemplating has been the need to either modify traditional methodologies derived from chemistry or microelectronics or to develop new synthetic pathways in order to make the material synthesis compatible with the relatively labile biotemplates. Various chemical procedures illustrated by selected examples have been elaborated to direct the nucleation and deposition of inorganic materials (e.g., metals, alloys, or semiconductors) on bioassemblies or to link preformed inorganic building blocks to functional biomolecules. Bioassemblies template complex, multidimensional, and inorganic nanoarchitectures that are typically not available by conventional material synthesis. Recently, the templating ability of natural bioassemblies has been improved by means of genetic engineering. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the biological functionality of the system may be retained under appropriate conditions, which allows the manufacturing of inorganic nanostructures with motility functions. The use of diverse nanostructured bioassemblies based on both proteins (e.g., cell components such as microtubules, microfilaments, and S‐layers) or microorganisms (i.e., viruses and diatoms) and deoxyribonucleic acid is discussed for their potential of templating of inorganic nanoarchitectures.
Human Metapneumovirus Matrix Protein
Authors: Leyrat Cedric , Renner Max , Grimes Jonathan M 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe matrix protein (M) of paramyxoviruses plays a key role in determining virion morphology by directing viral assembly and budding. The structure of the human metapneumovirus M was solved by X‐ray crystallography, with two dimers in the asymmetric unit. The structure revealed the presence of a high‐affinity Ca2+binding site. Molecular dynamics simulations in combination with fluorescence‐based thermal shift assays predicted a secondary lower affinity site, located on the same face of the protein. The two binding sites have been shown to stabilize the protein structure, and their conservation across the human pneumoviruses suggests a role for calcium in regulating interactions required for assembly and budding of this subgroup of the paramyxoviruses.
Longitudinal analysis of respiratory outcomes among bauxite exposed workers in western Australia
Authors: Dennekamp Martine , de Klerk Nicholas Hubert , Reid Alison , Abramson Michael John , Cui Jisheng , Del Monaco Anthony , Fritschi Lin , Benke Geza Paul , Sim Malcolm Ross , Musk Arthur William 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionOccupational exposure to bauxite is common in the aluminium industry but little is known about the associated health effects. This study investigates respiratory health in relation to respirable bauxite dust exposure longitudinally over a 13 year period.MethodsAn inception cohort study recruited 91 male bauxite miners and 363 male alumina refinery workers. Annual measurements of respiratory symptoms and lung function were made. Cumulative exposure to bauxite was derived from job histories and air monitoring data. Mixed‐effects modeling was used.ResultsNo associations were found between cumulative bauxite exposure and respiratory symptoms or lung function. However, when analysis was restricted to the first three rounds, FEV1 was significantly lower in all exposure groups than in those unexposed but with no significant trend.ConclusionIncreasing exposure to bauxite dust in the aluminum industry was not associated with respiratory symptoms or consistent decrements in lung function. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:897–904, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.