bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myocardial Tissue Characterization: Histological and Pathophysiological Correlation
Authors: Treibel T. A. , White S. K. , Moon J. C. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has become the gold standard not only for cardiac volume and function quantification, but for a key unique strength: non-invasive myocardial tissue characterization. Several different techniques, separately or in combination, can detect and quantify early and established myocardial pathological processes permitting better diagnosis, prognostication and tracking of therapy. The authors will focus on the histological and pathophysiological evidence of these imaging parameters in the characterization of edema, infarction, scar and fibrosis. In addition to laying out the strengths and weaknesses of each modality, the reader will be introduced to rapid developments in T1 and T2 mapping as well as the use of contrast-derived extracellular volume for quantification of diffuse fibrosis.
Ablation on the mitral annulus for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: Anatomical consideration to prevent coronary injury
Authors: Imura Hajime , Hames Kiyomi Y. , Miyagi Yasuo , Murata Hiroshige , Nitta Takashi , Ochi Masami 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCoronary injury is a crucial complication of ablation on the posterior mitral annulus (PMA). Fifty autopsy heart specimens were classified into different types according to the final branch of the left circumflex coronary artery. The no‐coronary area on the PMA was examined in each type. The posterolateral type was most common (39/50); the no‐coronary area was located between 50.7%±6.5% and 83.5%±8.0% on the PMA. Ablations at 38.6%±5.2% (for catheter intervention) and the middle point (for surgery) appear safe for the obtuse marginal type but not for the posterolateral type. Thus, the no‐coronary area should be considered during PMA ablation.
Paradoxical undersensing of atrial electrograms during atrial fibrillation due to repeated activation of the quiet timer blanking interval: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Morishima Itsuro , Sone Takahito , Takami Mitsuaki , Tsuboi Hideyuki , Michitaka Uesugi , Matsushita Etsushi , Morita Yasuhiro , Tsuji Yoshinori 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis report describes a case of paradoxical atrial undersensing by a dual‐chamber pacemaker during paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Undersensing of 5.6 mV atrial signals at a programmed sensitivity of 0.5 mV returned to normal sensing by decreasing atrial sensitivity to 1.0 mV. This uncommon phenomenon can be explained by a repeated activation of the quiet timer blanking interval. Knowledge of this phenomenon is important in the current pacemaker management to improve the accuracy of the diagnostic feature for atrial tachyarrhythmia burden and to avoid unnecessary lead revisions.
National Estimates of Noncanine Bite and Sting Injuries Treated in US Hospital Emergency Departments, 2001–2010
Authors: Langley Ricky , Mack Karin , Haileyesus Tadesse , Proescholdbell Scott , Annest Joseph L. 
Published: January 2014

Objective Injuries resulting from contact with animals and insects are a significant public health concern. This study quantifies nonfatal bite and sting injuries by noncanine sources using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP). Methods The NEISS-AIP is an ongoing nationally representative surveillance system used to monitor all types and causes of injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments (EDs). Cases were coded by trained hospital coders using information from medical records on animal and insect sources of bite and sting injuries being treated. Data were weighted to produce national annualized estimates, percentages, and rates based on the US population. Results From 2001 to 2010 an estimated 10.1 million people visited EDs for noncanine bite and sting injuries, based on an unweighted case count of 169,010. This translates to a rate of 340.1 per 100,000 people (95% CI, 232.9–447.3). Insects accounted for 67.5% (95% CI, 45.8–89.2) of bite and sting injuries, followed by arachnids 20.8% (95% CI, 13.8–27.9). The estimated number of ED visits for bedbug bite injuries increased more than 7-fold—from 2156 visits in 2007 to 15,945 visits in 2010. Conclusions This study provides an update of national estimates of noncanine bite and sting injuries and describes the diversity of animal exposures based on a national sample of EDs. Treatment of nonfatal bite and sting injuries are costly to society. Direct medical and work time lost translates to an estimated $7.5 billion annually.
Swansong biospheres II: the final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes
Authors: O'Malley-James Jack T. , Cockell Charles S. , Greaves Jane S. , Raven John A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe biosignatures of life on Earth do not remain static, but change considerably over the planet's habitable lifetime. Earth's future biosphere, much like that of the early Earth, will consist of predominantly unicellular microorganisms due to the increased hostility of environmental conditions caused by the Sun as it enters the late stage of its main sequence evolution. Building on previous work, the productivity of the biosphere is evaluated during different stages of biosphere decline between 1 and 2.8 Gyr from present. A simple atmosphere–biosphere interaction model is used to estimate the atmospheric biomarker gas abundances at each stage and to assess the likelihood of remotely detecting the presence of life in low-productivity, microbial biospheres, putting an upper limit on the lifetime of Earth's remotely detectable biosignatures. Other potential biosignatures such as leaf reflectance and cloud cover are discussed.
Runaway greenhouse effect on exomoons due to irradiation from hot, young giant planets
Authors: Heller R. , Barnes R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Kepler space telescope has proven capable of detecting transits of objects almost as small as the Earth's Moon. Some studies suggest that moons as small as 0.2 Earth masses can be detected in the Kepler data by transit timing variations and transit duration variations of their host planets. If such massive moons exist around giant planets in the stellar habitable zone (HZ), then they could serve as habitats for extraterrestrial life. While earlier studies on exomoon habitability assumed the host planet to be in thermal equilibrium with the absorbed stellar flux, we here extend this concept by including the planetary luminosity from evolutionary shrinking. Our aim is to assess the danger of exomoons to be in a runaway greenhouse state due to extensive heating from the planet. We apply pre-computed evolution tracks for giant planets to calculate the incident planetary radiation on the moon as a function of time. Added to the stellar flux, the total illumination yields constraints on a moon's habitability. Ultimately, we include tidal heating to evaluate a moon's energy budget. We use a semi-analytical formula to parameterize the critical flux for the moon to experience a runaway greenhouse effect. Planetary illumination from a 13-Jupiter-mass planet onto an Earth-sized moon at a distance of ten Jupiter radii can drive a runaway greenhouse state on the moon for about 200 million years (Myr). When stellar illumination equivalent to that received by Earth from the Sun is added, then the runaway greenhouse holds for about 500 Myr. After 1000 Myr, the planet's habitable edge has moved inward to about six Jupiter radii. Exomoons in orbits with eccentricities of 0.1 experience strong tidal heating; they must orbit a 13-Jupiter-mass host beyond 29 or 18 Jupiter radii after 100 Myr (at the inner and outer boundaries of the stellar HZ, respectively), and beyond 13 Jupiter radii (in both cases) after 1000 Myr to be habitable. If a roughly Earth-sized, Earth-mass moon would be detected in orbit around a giant planet, and if the planet–moon duet would orbit in the stellar HZ, then it will be crucial to recover the orbital history of the moon. If, for example, such a moon around a 13-Jupiter-mass planet has been closer than 20 Jupiter radii to its host during the first few hundred million years at least, then it might have lost substantial amounts of its initial water reservoir and be uninhabitable today.
Electrostatic activation of prebiotic chemistry in substellar atmospheres
Authors: Stark C. R. , Helling Ch. , Diver D. A. , Rimmer P. B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCharged dust grains in the atmospheres of exoplanets may play a key role in the formation of prebiotic molecules, necessary to the origin of life. Dust grains submerged in an atmospheric plasma become negatively charged and attract a flux of ions that are accelerated from the plasma. The energy of the ions upon reaching the grain surface may be sufficient to overcome the activation energy of particular chemical reactions that would be unattainable via ion and neutral bombardment from classical, thermal excitation. As a result, prebiotic molecules or their precursors could be synthesized on the surface of dust grains that form clouds in exoplanetary atmospheres. This paper investigates the energization of the plasma ions, and the dependence on the plasma electron temperature, in the atmospheres of substellar objects such as gas giant planets. Calculations show that modest electron temperatures of ≈1 eV (≈104 K) are enough to accelerate ions to sufficient energies that exceed the activation energies required for the formation of formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and the amino acid glycine.
Lys11- and Lys48-linked ubiquitin chains interact with p97 during endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation
Authors: Locke Matthew , Toth Julia I. , Petroski Matthew D. 
Published: January 2014

The ATPase associated with various cellular activities p97 has a critical function in the cytoplasmic degradation of proteins misfolded in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) through a mechanism known as ERAD (ER-associated degradation). During this process, p97 binds polyubiquitinated ERAD substrates and couples ATP hydrolysis to their dislocation from the ER as a prerequisite to destruction by the proteasome. The ubiquitin signals important for this process are not fully understood. In the present paper we report that p97 interacts with Lys11- and Lys48-linked ubiquitin polymers, but not those containing Lys63 linkages. Disruption of p97 through siRNA-mediated depletion, dominant-negative overexpression or chemical inhibition results in the accumulation of Lys11 and Lys48 ubiquitin chains predominantly at the ER membrane, and is associated with ER stress induction. We show that a catalytically inactive deubiquitinating enzyme and p97 cofactor YOD1 enhances the accumulation of Lys11- and Lys48-linked polyubiquitin in the cytoplasm, at the ER membrane and bound to p97. In addition to general effects on p97-associated ubiquitin polymers, the ERAD substrate CD3δ is modified with both Lys11 and Lys48 ubiquitin chains prior to p97-dependent dislocation. Collectively, the results of the present study are consistent with a major role for p97 in the recognition of Lys11 and Lys48 polyubiquitinated proteins before their degradation by the proteasome.
Scene‐based pedestrian safety performance model in mixed traffic situation
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Yao Danya , Qiu Tony Z. , Peng Lihui 
Published: January 2014

Compared to vehicle‐only collisions, traffic collisions with pedestrians are studied less because of insufficient data. However, with the development of image processing technology, a growing number of road user behavioural analyses have been conducted using video data. This study tries to extract road users’ movements from video data in order to analyse the conflict between pedestrian and vehicle and to evaluate pedestrian safety performance during conflicts. The time difference to collision (TDTC) parameter is used to fit the safety analysis on pedestrian‐involved conflicts. Scene‐based analysis, which evaluates the safety performance of traffic intersections and segments where several pedestrian–vehicle conflicts may happen together, is conducted using 91 groups of scene data. The parameters most related to pedestrian safety are located using a sensitivity test, a quantitative definition of pedestrian–vehicle conflict is then defined, and a scene‐based pedestrian safety performance evaluation model is built. The model can correctly detect nearly 94.4% of possibly dangerous traffic scenes. Other kinds of mixed traffic scenes can also be studied based on this research.
Perennial grasslands enhance biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services in bioenergy landscapes
Authors: Werling Ben P. , Dickson Timothy L. , Isaacs Rufus , Gaines Hannah , Gratton Claudio , Gross Katherine L. , Liere Heidi , Malmstrom Carolyn M. , Meehan Timothy D. , Ruan Leilei , Robertson Bruce A. , Robertson G. Philip , Schmidt Thomas M. , Schrotenboer Abbie C. , Teal Tracy K. , Wilson Julianna K. , Landis Douglas A. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Science-based polices are needed to inform sustainable bioenergy landscape design. Our key finding is that the linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem services is dependent not only on the choice of bioenergy crop but also on its location relative to other habitats. The implication is that careful design of bioenergy landscapes has the potential to enhance multiple services in food and energy crops, leading to important synergies that have not yet informed the ongoing bioenergy debate. This study is especially timely as high commodity prices are driving conversion of marginal lands to annual crop production, reducing future flexibility.
Site-specific targeting of enterovirus capsid by functionalized monodisperse gold nanoclusters
Authors: Marjomäki Varpu , Lahtinen Tanja , Martikainen Mari , Koivisto Jaakko , Malola Sami , Salorinne Kirsi , Pettersson Mika , Häkkinen Hannu 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Development of precise protocols for accurate site-specific conjugation of monodisperse inorganic nanoparticles to large biomolecules and bionanoparticles is one of the challenges in contemporary bionanoscience and nanomedicine, providing new tools for bioimaging and tracking in biological systems. Here we report a success in labeling enteroviruses by atomically precise thiol-stabilized gold clusters with 1.5-nm metal cores that bind, via a covalent link, to cysteines that are close to the viral surface. It is shown that the infectivity of the viruses is not compromised by this labeling procedure. These advances allow for future investigations of the structure−function relations of enteroviruses and enterovirus-related virus-like particles, including their entry mechanisms into cells and uncoating in cellular endosomes.
Peptides genetically selected for NF-κB activation cooperate with oncogene Ras and model carcinogenic role of inflammation
Authors: Natarajan Venkatesh , Komarov Andrei P. , Ippolito Thomas , Bonneau Kyle , Chenchik Alex A. , Gudkov Andrei V. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Despite general acceptance of the link between chronic inflammation and cancer, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the cancer-promoting effects of inflammation remain undefined. Inducible transcription factor NF-κB is the key regulator of inflammation, which is commonly deregulated in cancer cells to become constitutively active. Whether this deregulation contributes to malignant transformation was the main question addressed in this study. We isolated a series of genetic elements encoding artificial intracellular proteins capable of constitutive activation of NF-κB, named NF-κB–activating selectable peptides (NASPs), and demonstrated that all of them had carcinogenic activity in conventional cellular models. Specifically, NASPs made normal rodent cells susceptible to malignant transformation by oncogene Ras, which cannot do it on its own. This result defines chronically active NF-κB as an oncogene.
TLR8 on dendritic cells and TLR9 on B cells restrain TLR7-mediated spontaneous autoimmunity in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Desnues Benoit , Macedo Amanda Beatriz , Roussel-Queval Annie , Bonnardel Johnny , Henri Sandrine , Demaria Olivier , Alexopoulou Lena 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sense microbial or endogenous DNA and RNA have been well implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multisystem disease characterized by an autoimmune response to nuclear antigens. In mice, both TLR8 and TLR9 control TLR7-mediated lupus, but it is unknown if they have an additive effect in controlling TLR7. We demonstrate that double TLR8/9-deficient mice have increased abnormalities characteristic of SLE and that both TLR8 and TLR9 keep under control TLR7-mediated lupus, but they act on different cell types. TLR8 controls TLR7 function on dendritic cells, and TLR9 restrains TLR7 response on B cells. These TLR interactions have to be taken into account when novel therapeutic approaches are developed that target the blocking of TLRs.
ATF3 expression improves motor function in the ALS mouse model by promoting motor neuron survival and retaining muscle innervation
Authors: Seijffers Rhona , Zhang Jiangwen , Matthews Jonathan C. , Chen Adam , Tamrazian Eric , Babaniyi Olusegun , Selig Martin , Hynynen Meri , Woolf Clifford J. , Brown Robert H. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
This study reports on the beneficial effects of forcing high expression of the transcription factor activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in ALS. ALS is a noncurable adult-onset disease that attacks motor neurons, resulting in paralysis and death. ATF3 overexpression in motor neurons in an ALS mouse model modifies gene expression and drives the neurons into a prosurvival and proregenerative state, increasing motor neuron survival and maintaining axonal connection with muscle by promoting axonal sprouting. ATF3 overexpression results in markedly improved muscle strength and function and delayed disease onset but only slightly increased lifespan. Molecular mechanisms that promote axonal sprouting could substantially improve quality of life in ALS, although additional approaches will be required to overcome progressive motor neuron deterioration.
The miR-17/106–p38 axis is a key regulator of the neurogenic-to-gliogenic transition in developing neural stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Naka-Kaneda Hayato , Nakamura Shiho , Igarashi Mana , Aoi Hisashi , Kanki Hiroaki , Tsuyama Jun , Tsutsumi Shuichi , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Shimazaki Takuya , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) restrict their differentiation potential by developmental stage-dependent temporal specification. Thereby, specific and efficient induction of homogeneous target cell populations remains a challenge in stem cell biology. Here, we provided a potential solution by identifying the molecular machinery responsible for neurogenic-to-gliogenic transition of NSPCs, a process we termed “competence change.” We identified the microRNA-17/106–p38 axis as a critical regulator of the competence change, although epigenetic regulation seemed to be the regulatory program behind it, by our previous Coup-tf study. NSPCs sustained and restored neurogenic potential by competence regulation. Moreover, at least a part of neuron-subtype specification was regulated independent of it. Control of these multilayered regulatory programs seems promising for rigorous manipulation of cytogenesis from NSPCs.
Proteolytic cleavage of Ser52Pro variant transthyretin triggers its amyloid fibrillogenesis
Authors: Mangione P. Patrizia , Porcari Riccardo , Gillmore Julian D. , Pucci Piero , Monti Maria , Porcari Mattia , Giorgetti Sofia , Marchese Loredana , Raimondi Sara , Serpell Louise C. , Chen Wenjie , Relini Annalisa , Marcoux Julien , Clatworthy Innes R. , Taylor Graham W. , Tennent Glenys A. , Robinson Carol V. , Hawkins Philip N. , Stoppini Monica , Wood Stephen P. , Pepys Mark B. , Bellotti Vittorio 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceTransthyretin, a normal circulating plasma protein, is inherently amyloidogenic. It forms abnormal, insoluble, extracellular amyloid fibrils in the elderly, sometimes causing structural and functional damage leading to disease, senile amyloidosis. More than 100 different point mutations in the transthyretin gene cause earlier adult-onset, autosomal-dominant, fatal, hereditary amyloidosis. The transthyretin variant Ser52Pro is responsible for the most aggressive known clinical phenotype. Here we identify the crucial pathogenic role of specific proteolytic cleavage at residue 48 in triggering fibril formation by this variant. Genuine amyloid fibril formation in vitro is much more extensive than previously reported for wild-type transthyretin or any other transthyretin variant. Characterization of the fibrillogenic effect of this cleavage powerfully informs drug design and targeting for transthyretin amyloidosis.
TRIM38 inhibits TNFα- and IL-1β–triggered NF-κB activation by mediating lysosome-dependent degradation of TAB2/3
Authors: Hu Ming-Ming , Yang Qing , Zhang Jing , Liu Shi-Meng , Zhang Yu , Lin Heng , Huang Zhe-Fu , Wang Yan-Yi , Zhang Xiao-Dong , Zhong Bo , Shu Hong-Bing 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Infection of pathogenic microbes induces the body to produce cytokines, which are mediators of inflammation. TNFα and IL-1β are two important proinflammatory cytokines that trigger a series of cellular reactions, leading to induction of downstream genes and inflammation. Understanding how the cellular reactions are triggered by the proinflammatory cytokines is important for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of inflammation. In this study, we identified a protein called TRIM38, which negatively regulates TNFα- and IL-1β–triggered cellular reactions by causing degradation of TAB2/3, two cellular components essential for TNFα- and IL-1β–triggered cellular response. This study reveals a mechanism by which cells keep the inflammatory response in check to avoid excessive harmful immune response and may provide clues on treatments of inflammation.
TRPV4-mediated mechanotransduction regulates the metabolic response of chondrocytes to dynamic loading
Authors: O’Conor Christopher J. , Leddy Holly A. , Benefield Halei C. , Liedtke Wolfgang B. , Guilak Farshid 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Physiologic joint loading plays a critical role in the maintenance of articular cartilage structure and function, whereas abnormal loading can lead to pathologic changes in joint tissues. However, the mechanisms by which mechanical loading is transduced into intracellular signals that regulate chondrocyte homeostasis are not fully understood. In this study, we show that the mechanosensitive cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) plays a critical role in the physiological link between mechanical loading and chondrocyte function. Specifically, TRPV4 acts a transducer of mechanical loading to regulate cartilage extracellular matrix biosynthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in chondrocyte mechanotransduction could enable the development of novel therapies for joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
Voltage tuning of vibrational mode energies in single-molecule junctions
Authors: Li Yajing , Doak Peter , Kronik Leeor , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Natelson Douglas 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Like guitar strings, molecules have characteristic vibrational frequencies, set by the strength of chemical bonding between the atoms. In an experiment using a special antenna for light, we have found that applying an electrical voltage to a single buckyball molecule systematically lowers its vibrational frequencies, indicating that the bonds are weakened. We can explain this observation in terms of a very simple, general model in which the applied voltage slightly increases the amount of negative charge on the molecule, thus tuning the chemical bond strength. This may be generally useful in understanding and controlling the mechanical properties of molecules.