bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tradition, experts, and certifying agencies: Advances and setbacks in kashrut practice today
Authors: Topel Marta F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses kashrut practices today, as well as the innovations resulting from the incorporation of food processing technologies, on the one hand, and the mechanisms that kashrut supervisors have developed to increase the precision of their work, on the other. Part of this chapter is devoted to the training of kashrut experts and the creation of kashrut food–certifying agencies. This is followed immediately by interesting findings from the author’s fieldwork, such as the precautions taken by the Kashrut Commission of the Eda Charedit (an ultra-Orthodox group from Jerusalem) to assure that the commandments and rules referring to the Sabbatical Year of the Land are fulfilled with utmost stringency. Finally, the chapter brings out data that show the alternatives that have emerged in Israel, meant to break down the Central Rabbinate’s monopoly over kashrut and struggle against what in Israel is known as religious coercion.
Ritual density or obsession? Pointillism in kashrut
Authors: Topel Marta F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides detailed descriptions of the difficulties that Orthodox housewives have in carrying out all the preparations for the Jewish Passover. This empirical universe reveals a certain obsession or pointillism in the consummation of commandments, Halakhot, and rules and customs demanded in preparing for the festivities. Contrasting medieval sources with current ones, the author concludes that the number of rules for celebrating Easter has increased exponentially in recent decades, becoming an important indication of the chumratization process that significant segments of Jewish orthodoxy have gone through and are still experiencing. To ponder the existence of an obsessive component in contemporary Jewish orthodoxy, the chapter draws on research from ethnopsychiatry and psychology that have attempted to measure the incidence of OCD among Orthodox Jews and individuals of other orthopractic religions. At the end of the chapter, the author uses Talal Asad’s approach to ritual to develop an understanding of the ritual density of everyday life that characterizes Orthodox Judaism, a reality that classical anthropological theories of rituals are not able to explain.
Representation and Empowerment Through School Culture and Curriculum Shifts
Authors: Spellman Qiana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the developmental section of the book by examining the effectiveness of youth participatory action research (YPAR) at the high school level. Specifically, the author describes how school counselors can use YPAR in classroom instruction. A case study illuminates the construction and evaluation of an arts-based classroom curriculum (i.e. a Race in America course) that followed a YPAR process where youth created artwork to respond to systemic inequities in their lives. Stories, pictures, and youth’s lyrics are explained as evaluative measures, highlighting the impact of this course on participants. The chapter concludes with recommendations for school counselors, a reflective activity, and resources in support of implementing YPAR at the high school level.
Adult Educators Collaborating With Youth Through PAR
Authors: Murphy Kristin M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses specifically on school counselor collaboration with special educators. It is more important than ever that school personnel build avenues to collaborate with each other and to listen to students in order to inform and enact policy and practice changes in school communities and beyond. One way to accomplish this is through youth participatory action research (YPAR) guided by collaborative partnerships between school counselors, teachers, and other colleagues working together at school. This chapter will describe how school counselors can partner with teachers and other school personnel in collaboration with students as members of a research collaborative with the goal of improving school-level policies or practices. To illustrate this collaboration among adults and youth, this chapter will include a case example of a YPAR project focused on adjusting student mental health support mechanisms at a high school. Recommendations for navigating tensions and for practice are provided.
Conclusion
Authors: Levy Ian P. , Cook Amy L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This text serves to guide school counselors through the developmental application of youth action participatory research (YPAR) within comprehensive school counseling programs. Attention to amplifying youth voice is the goal of all YPAR work across the developmental span, grades K–12. To begin to apply YPAR within their comprehensive programs, school counselors should start small, whether in a classroom via collaboration with a teacher, in a small group, or within an afterschool program. This steady process of implementation and evaluation will help school counselors lay the groundwork for integrating YPAR across school ecosystems. This concluding chapter summarizes the contributions of YPAR in school counseling practice and school counselor education.
Symptoms of Mistrust and What to Do About Them
Authors: Gorman Sara E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to potential solutions to the very daunting problems that have been outlined throughout the book. Great emphasis is placed on medical misinformation and the current state of the evidence about effective responses to it. As argued in the book, misinformation is both a precursor and a symptom of a system heavily plagued by distrust, so understanding it and responding accordingly must be part of the solution. In addition to an in-depth discussion of misinformation and potential responses, the chapter also examines potential ways to improve the U.S. healthcare system, with a heavy focus on improving health equity and access to care. Targeted trust-improving interventions are also discussed with the recognition that there is less evidence on what exactly works in this arena. Comparisons are made to other countries in which levels of trust in the healthcare system are high.
Good Practicing and How It Changes the Brain
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Good practicing is problem solving. Many popular practice methods, such as playing through a large section slowly, or only stopping once a mistake has already been made, are not effective because they do not involve proactive problem-solving techniques. They also serve to reinforce bad habits and mistakes. This chapter explores how the brain changes when we learn, how neural pathways are reinforced, and how new connections are formed in the brain as a backdrop for understanding why carefully targeted approaches to practicing are more beneficial. It also discusses the research on overlearning to illustrate why correct repetitions are necessary and how best to implement this strategy.
Be More Consistent in Performance
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Consistency in performance requires a special type of spaced practice known as interleaved practice. This involves alternating frequently between different passages and skills, making the brain change gears more frequently, and allowing the brain to practice the flexibility it will need in a performance situation. The opposite, blocked practice, leads to the illusion of mastery, a mistaken belief that fluency and comfort with a given passage during the practice session itself is an accurate measure of learning. The illusion of mastery shows up most obviously when there is a clear discrepancy between how something sounds in the practice room and how it sounds in a lesson or performance. This chapter presents research demonstrating the effectiveness of interleaved practice and offers specific implementation strategies for musicians.
Mental Practice and the Brain
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mental practice is effective because it uses the same areas of the brain in approximately the same ways as physical practice. This chapter provides an overview of these areas and their role in mental practicing. It also presents evidence that greater ability with vividly imagining movements and sounds translates into more efficient body use during actual performance, providing incentive to develop mental practice skills. In addition, this chapter presents evidence that these skills can be learned and improved and are not the result of innate ability. Finally, common questions about mental practice are answered, with advice on how to improve at these skills and incorporate them into one’s practice routine.
An Economic Framework of Accounting
Authors: Frankel Richard M. , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses accounting’s economic functions, the logic of accounting, and the limitations of accounting information. Accounting helps firms function more efficiently. Within the firm, accounting information makes contracts work better and aids managerial decisions in the absence of available prices. In capital market exchanges, accounting information ameliorates information asymmetry, thereby enabling price discovery and reducing trading costs. Double-entry bookkeeping converts economic events into accounting information, and accrual-basis accounting mitigates the timing and matching problems that arise from dividing the firm’s life into subperiods for measurement. The chapter argues that accounting information is useful in stewardship and valuation despite its limitations.
China’s Political Economy
Authors: Zweig David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
China has a highly “political” economy. Despite periodic efforts to promote the market, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the state bureaucracy exercise dominance over China’s overall developmental strategy, property rights, the large state-owned sector, foreign economic relations, and the sale of land—all of which is state-owned—to developers. The chapter analyzes the decollectivization of agriculture (1979–1983), the growth of collectively owned rural factories (1984–1996), the emergence and expansion of the private sector, and the internationalization of the Chinese economy through the adoption of export-led growth, the encouragement of foreign direct investment in the PRC, and China’s own overseas investment. Throughout, it highlights the role of China’s leadership in the economy from the tumultuous Mao era through Deng Xiaoping’s “reform and opening up,” and Xi Jinping’s reassertion of party-state control.
Policy Case Study: The Environment and Climate Change
Authors: Morton Katherine , Wu Fengshi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses China’s contemporary environmental challenges from both state and societal perspectives, considering transnational drivers and contexts. It begins with an overview of the PRC’s current environmental crisis, its spillover effects beyond its borders, and the consequences of climate change. This is followed by a discussion of government responses and civil society initiatives. Attention then turns to identifying the core challenges that remain, especially in the context of accelerating climate impacts and a shrinking space for environmental activism in domestic politics. The final part of the case study discusses the potential for a more sustainable future that considers the importance of leadership at both the domestic and global levels.
Tibet
Authors: Barnett Robert 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at Tibet-China relations over the last century or more. primarily in terms of the perceptions and expectations of modern Chinese leaders. Noting first the unexpectedly large significance and sensitivity of the Tibet issue in Chinese politics, the chapter discusses how China’s post-1949 leaders have framed their Tibet policies as gifts to the Tibetan people, not wholly unlike their imperial predecessors. Official explanations for those gifts shifted abruptly from liberation from class oppression, to freedom from traditional culture, and, more recently, to freedom from poverty. The post-1949 gifts have lacked the features of bidirectional exchange and mutuality that marked gifts in the imperial era, and have often culminated in episodes of state violence or destruction. The chapter ends by noting the increasing shift in Beijing’s ethnic policies since 2014 toward cultural “integration” and enhanced surveillance, primarily through mass urbanization, ideological education, and increased grassroots governance.
The Operations Triad System and Connections to the History of Science
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research introduces the concept of the operations triad system—a holistic approach to constructing studies designed to understand and interpret discrepant results in mental health research. In introducing the operations triad system, the chapter draws connections between this system and scholarly work in evolutionary biology, behavior modification, and clinical assessment. The chapter also illustrates the operations triad system and its principles by providing an overview of Project CONTEXT. Project CONTEXT was designed to test strategies for assessing mental health that produce discrepant results containing valid data. The chapter provides a rationale for several features of Project CONTEXT, including the mental health domain evaluated (social anxiety), the developmental period examined (adolescence), and the “best practices” of assessments examined in the study (use of parents and adolescents as data sources).
Prescribing a Way of Reading
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the Noctes Atticae’s paratexts by looking at the Preface, in which Gellius calls attention to the necessity of approaching his work with a critical reading practice. His preferred methodology draws heavily on Plutarch (e.g. Mor. 48b, Mor. 520a–b) and reflects a natural outgrowth of developments in contemporary thought on ancient reading practice. Further, while he dissuades those lacking a critical eye from reading his work, Gellius frames his miscellany as a prose answer to Horace’s Odes by alluding to his famous dictum scorning the popular throng (Carm. 3.1) alongside a comparable passage from Aristophanes’ Frogs. Gellius’ Preface thus depicts the NA as a sophisticated development of the miscellany, suggesting that it embraces the aesthetics of poetry collections. In this respect, Gellius introduces both intra- and intertextual ways of reading as essential components of understanding the whole.
Evaluation
Authors: Aspers Patrik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Evaluations reduce uncertainty, and they can analytically be divided in two stages. The first step is that whatever is evaluated is deemed to be either an instance of the category evaluated or not. The second step is that evaluations lead to the ordering of different instances of the category according to the rule, scale, or standard used for the evaluation. It is possible to evaluate the quality of schools, screws, scientific work, higher education, or emissions, to take a few examples. Knowing the quality of different universities, represented in rankings, may be of great importance for families making decisions about colleges for their children. The result of evaluations, in short, can reduce uncertainty about whatever the object of evaluation is, because we know more about what is evaluated. Evaluation is a means to establish a firm of knowledge of the world before a decision is made.
Contest
Authors: Aspers Patrik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses value uncertainty, and the main difference between it and the two preceding chapters is that the analysis here is about outcome of a contest between actors with different interests. The form is about direct interaction between parties. Match racing between sailing boats is an example of a contest, as is the final of the world chess championship. The outcome of contests, as states of the world, follow from a direct interaction or even confrontation by contestants. There is thus no specific empirical domain or ‘content’ of the form called a ‘contest’. A contest must not be peaceful. The classic duel—as a direct and physical, often organized, conflict between two parties—was a way of settling states of the world that has its roots in the contestation of claims. The outcomes settle uncertainties and enable actions with more certain outcomes.
Making and Reducing Uncertainty
Authors: Aspers Patrik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the findings from the preceding chapters, and then addresses some more general questions. After briefly mentioning the variety of uncertainties people may face, it turns to uncertainty as an opportunity, and a discussion of how it is organized. Uncertainty represents, for example, opportunities for profit by entrepreneurs or speculators, who do not know the outcome of their actions and who exploit uncertainty, or use it as an asset for creative collaboration. The final issue, to be further studied in the future, is how human being is connected to uncertainty and uncertainty reduction. Central for human being is how to manage the public and handle both its large supply of knowledge and the visibility of the shortcomings that it produces. This condition both enables people to act and demand of them to act responsible.
Introduction
Authors: Svensson Manfred 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The vibrant Protestant tradition of commentary on Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics has largely flown under the radar. This introductory chapter examines the place it should have—but ostensibly lacks—in philosophical histories of the Aristotelian tradition, intellectual histories of the Renaissance, general histories of early Protestant thought, and institutional histories of the early modern university. As this introduction shows, there are good reasons for exploring this Aristotelian tradition with special focus on commentaries: commentaries normally reveal profound admiration for the work in question, they are often the mature work of a scholar who has worked for a lifetime with the Aristotelian material, and they are part of a centuries-old tradition of engagement with the text they discuss.
State Development Interests in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova
Authors: Purdon Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides detailed review of state development interests in the forest and energy sectors of Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova. State development interests are defined as policy ends targeting the supply of public goods and addressing market failures the state leadership is motivated to see realized. The analysis extends to the recent history of each of the case-study countries to understand how state development interests have evolved since the independence of each, though the focus is on the period from 2008 to 2018. While forest cover is an important element of state development interests in the forest sector, governments might also be interested in forests in terms of their contribution to industrialization as well as an energy source, especially for the poor. To understand state development interests in renewable energy across the three case-study countries, the chapter first reviews broad patterns in energy supply among them before proceeding to a detailed analysis of renewables and broader trends in electricity sectors, oil and gas resources, as well as energy security.
Explaining REDD+ Effectiveness
Authors: Purdon Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter undertakes an analysis of the implementation of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) of the UN climate change regime in Tanzania and Uganda. This includes a review of patterns of donor support for REDD+ before passing to an analysis of the evaluation framework for REDD+ being pursued in each country and, finally, concluding with analysis of the strategic coordination of REDD+ across the state apparatus. While Tanzania was a recipient of considerable donor support, Tanzania’s development policy paradigm predisposed the central government to not treat REDD+ as a genuine development opportunity. In contrast, a convergence in Uganda of state development interests in the forest sector and a development policy paradigm of liberal neodevelopmentalism has seen the Ugandan central government slowly build an innovative REDD+ program that is integrated in its national development planning process.
Explaining NAMA Effectiveness
Authors: Purdon Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter considers how Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) have been undertaken in the three-case study countries of Uganda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Relative to other climate finance instruments considered in this book, NAMA implementation has been the most problematic as it has not attracted funding necessary to get mitigation actions off the ground. Consequently, the chapter focuses on programming elements, including NAMA proposals submitted to the UNFCCC by Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova as well as the amount of domestic co-financing committed to them as well as anticipated evaluation frameworks for NAMAs and state strategic coordination approaches. The chapter finds Uganda and, especially, Moldova to have sought to program NAMAs to a surprising degree in spite of almost no climate finance being offered for implementation. In contrast, Tanzania has been almost completely unengaged with the NAMA process.
Introduction
Authors: Munro Martin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reenacts one of the Caribbean’s longest standing cultural clashes, between the visualism of the colonizers and their successors, and the more sound-centered existence of the African and Creole people, a way of being and knowing that is partly the legacy of African heritage and partly the result of the plantation and its aftermaths, the myriad ways in which sounds were and are used and adapted as markers of identity and resistance. The chapter begins by analyzing Kei Miller’s 2014 poem The Cartographer Tries to Map a Way to Zion as a prime example of the clash between a visually oriented European and a Caribbean person steeped in sound culture who critiques the practice and methods of mapmaking, and as such challenges the power of the white, European eye, to the point that this power is eventually undercut and gradually superseded by the voice, and by the sounds of the Jamaican and his island.
Time Out in Trinidad
Authors: Munro Martin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 shift from principally written materials produced by Caribbean authors to visual forms—amateur movies made by white “expatriates” and tourists—to explore further the node of sound and vision, and demonstrate how silent, visual media may be read in ways that consider the auditory elements that are key parts of the representations of people and places and yet remain unheard due to the technical limitations of the media. Chapter 2 engages with a series of amateur movies made in the late 1950s by a white British family. The films detail their experiences in south Trinidad, working in the country’s burgeoning oil and gas industries. The silence of the films is read and heard as a means of reflecting on the family’s individual and collective experiences, as the close analyses reveal the privileges of this particular group of travelers at a crucial time in Trinidadian history.