bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language production in aphasia
Authors: Berndt Rita Sloan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAphasia is a condition in which previously normal and literate users of a language suffer a disruption in the operation of language processes, including language production, as the result of a focal brain lesion. Aphasic language production, which can differ from normal speech in a variety of different ways, highlights the number and complexity of the elements that constitute normal language. Aphasic speakers may exhibit marked reductions in fluency, may have enormous difficulty producing words to express meaning, may produce fragmented utterances interrupted by numerous pauses, and may produce words that do not express what they intended to say. This article describe the many forms that aphasic language production can take and interprets them within the context of psycholinguistic models of normal language production. First, it discusses language components subject to disruption in aphasia, including fluency, sentence structure, and word retrieval. The article then examines the clinical classification of the aphasias, a model of sentence production, resource limitations in aphasic sentence production (temporal window hypothesis), effects of poor verb retrieval on sentence production, and fluent aphasias.
Word learning
Authors: Koenig Melissa A. , Woodward Amanda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChildren pay special attention to people's intentional cues when learning new words, but it is possible to learn and recognize words in the absence of such cues. Word learning constitutes a “special” problem precisely because words constitute complex collections of properties. A word is a symbol. It is a linguistic unit with syntactic, morphological, and phonological properties. A word is a social convention. It is a type of intentional action that refers to a meaningful concept. This article explores children's acquisition of the essential properties of words, focusing both on the challenge of acquisition and on the generative effects of acquisition for further learning. Recent work has begun to explore the earliest roots of word knowledge, and has revealed that even at the dawn of word learning, young children bring to bear their knowledge not only of speakers' intentions but also their knowledge of the conventional and contrastive nature of linguistic symbols, the link between names and conceptual categories, and the probabilistic correspondences between syntax and semantics.
History of the Research on Case
Authors: Blake Barry J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCurrent western methods of analysing language follow a tradition that can be traced back to the Greeks, who developed criteria for determining word classes and terminology for describing word classes and grammatical categories. One of the main criteria was case, which for the Greeks was a system of word forms that signified relationships in sentences. The main word class to exhibit case forms was the noun, which for the Alexandrine Greeks included the adjective. Other word classes to show variation for case were pronouns, articles, and participles. In ancient Greece, there were five cases. This article looks at the contributions of the Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Modistae to the study of case and grammar, as well as Pāṇini's kāraka theory, and the works of L. Hjelmslev and R. Jakobson. It also traces the history of research on case in regions other than Europe.
Case in Lexical-Functional Grammar
Authors: Butt Miriam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe treatment of case has been one of the central concerns within lexical-functional grammar (LFG) since its inception in the late 1970s. LFG separates facts about linear word order and constituency from the functional dependency structure analysis of a clause. A sophisticated analysis of cross-linguistic case patterns only became available as LFG's linking theory (known as lexical mapping theory) evolved. In particular, once it was recognised on the basis of argumentation by Rappaport (1983) that argument structure needed to be posited as a level of representation that was independent of constituent structure, the way was paved for analyses of case to be stated in terms of generalisations over a(rgument)-structure. That is, in terms of generalisations that take both semantic and syntactic factors into account. This article first presents some LFG basics, then briefly charts the development of linking theory and discusses current theories of case. It also considers grammatical relations and grammatical functions, constructive case, and differential case theory. It concludes with a consideration of LFG-based analyses that are couched within optimality theory.
Case in Optimality Theory
Authors: de Hoop Helen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn optimality theory, a grammar consists of a set of constraints which are violable and typically conflicting. That these constraints are violable implies that an output of an input-output mapping can never be rejected because it violates certain constraints or too many constraints. When a set of constraints is identified, the possible rankings of these constraints will generate the possible types of languages that the theory predicts. Thus, optimality theory provides a general means for constructing particular grammars from weighting certain constraints, and for generating theoretical typologies of possible languages from the same constraints. The very first application of optimality theory in syntax happened to be on the subject of case. This article explores case in optimality theory and considers the high or low prominence of arguments. It also discusses the concepts of case assignment, uniqueness, faithfulness, and markedness.
Case in Localist Case Grammar
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the centuries immediately preceding the twentieth two main attitudes to the study of case, simplifying somewhat, can be differentiated. On the one hand, there was reasserted, particularly in the nineteenth century, a view of case as a purely morphological phenomenon (reverting to prevalent conceptions in the ancient world). The subtypes of case inflections came to be characterised by the functions they signalled, with a major division being made between ‘syntactic cases’ and ‘local’. This article deals with case in localist case grammar and discusses syntactic derivationality, which is superfluous in a framework that has available to it the expressibility made accessible by an implementation, along with dependency structures that permit restricted argument-sharing, of the traditional insights concerning ‘case’. Hence, semantic relations are basic to both the lexicon and the syntax, and morphology is only one expression-variant for ‘case’ or semantic relations.
Case Syncretism
Authors: Baerman Matthew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCase syncretism refers to the combination of multiple distinct case values in a single form. Distinct case values are determined on a language-specific basis, so that case syncretism by this definition involves an observable asymmetry between paradigms within a language. In the most obvious pattern, multiple case forms in one paradigm correspond to a single case form in another. Identifying a syncretic pattern as systematic still leaves open the question of which component of grammar encodes it, morphosyntax or morphology. The presence of case syncretism in a language implies the presence of syncretism involving the core cases somewhere in the system. The most widespread type of case syncretism, that of the core cases, may in many instances represent the outcome of desyntacticisation, that is, the morphologised relic of what was once an active syntactic rule. This article discusses case syncretism and diachrony.
Differential Case Marking and Actancy Variations
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. , De Swart Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the early 1980s, Hopper and Thompson (1980) and Tsunoda (1981b), independently of each other, argued in favour of a prototype approach to transitivity in which transitivity is treated as a gradable and multi-factorial notion. A high or prototypical transitive clause correlates with the presence of a number of parameters, or in Tsunoda's terms satisfaction of the Effectiveness Condition (EF-CON). Such a prototypical transitive clause is realised with a transitive case frame: nom-acc or erg-abs with one marked (acc/erg) and one unmarked (nom/abs) case (depending on the alignment type). In particular, Hopper and Thompson have identified the parameters contributing to transitivity of a construction. These transitivity parameters include participants, kinesis, aspect, punctuality, volitionality, affirmation, mode, agency, affectedness of O, and O individuation. This article discusses differential case marking and actancy variations, focusing on transitivity and case alternations, transitivity alternations and transitivity splits, split case alternations and verb type hierarchies, constraints on case frames, differential object marking, functions of case marking and economy, differential subject marking, and differential case marking beyond core actants.
Case and the Typology of Transitivity
Authors: Kittilä Seppo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCanonical transitive events involve a volitional and controlling agent and a thoroughly affected patient. Any deviation from this prototype may result in a change in the coding of the denoted event. Case plays a central role in this process: accusative marking of patients (nom-acclanguages) and ergative marking of agents (abs-erg-languages) are usually associated with the coding of prototypical transitive events, while other case frames (such as nom-dat/ins or abs-dat/ins) usually code events with a decreased degree of transitivity. The changes in the case marking of (core) arguments may be motivated basically in two ways. First, the changes may follow from verbal morphology as is the case with such derived constructions as passive and antipassive. Second, the changes may follow independently of verb morphology. This article focuses on transitive clauses and the changes in the marking of agent and patient arguments. It first discusses the relation between case marking and transitivity from a formal perspective, and then considers the semantics of case in transitivity alternations.
Case in Language Production
Authors: Melinger Alissa , Pechmann Thomas , Pappert Sandra 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpeech production involves the transformation of a to-be-expressed idea, or message, into lexical and grammatical content. Given the generally recognised separation of functional and positional processes, it has been argued that case assignment is within the domain of functional processes (or within Dell's syntactic stage). This article focuses on case assignment, which is achieved during the grammatical encoding stage of utterance planning. Early proposals for sentence production models were highly influenced by the distribution and characteristics of naturally occurring speech errors. More recent revisions of these models have been further influenced by experimental investigations into structural and word order alternations using a method called syntactic priming. This article first lays out in gross terms the general views of the stages necessary for sentence production. It then discusses the evidence that has supported the various stages of the production models and how they directly or indirectly inform us about the processes responsible for case assignment in sentence production. This includes evidence for and against (radical or weak) incrementality and evidence for lexical guidance (or verb primacy) in functional assignment.
Marked Nominatives
Authors: König Christa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMarked-nominative languages are a mixture of ergative/absolutive and nominative/accusative-systems (accusative in short). The pattern of the transitive subject, A, the intransitive subject, S, and the transitive object, O, is the same as in accusative languages, namely, A and S are treated the same and simultaneously differently than O. They share this feature with accusative languages. This article uses the term ‘nominative’ for cases covering A and S, and ‘accusative’ for cases covering O. But the accusative in marked-nominative languages is the morphologically unmarked form, at least typically; it is used in citation, and it is also functionally the unmarked form. The nominative on the other hand is the morphologically marked form in a marked-nominative system; A, the transitive subject, therefore is encoded by the morphologically marked form. This article discusses marked nominatives and illustrates the way they work by a few case studies (Tennet, Maa, Datooga, Haro).
Varieties of Genitive
Authors: Lander Yury 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGenitive is basically an adnominal case and in fact, a basic adnominal case. Its core function is to mark a nominal whose referent (possessor) is connected by a possessive relation to the individual expressed by the phrase within which the genitive phrase is embedded (possessum). Hence, genitive constructions are a kind of possessive construction (possessive) and any discussion of genitives requires a discussion of possessives in general. Possessive relations are usually induced from the context or the lexical semantics of the corresponding nominals. Since genitive marking is not uniform, it is convenient to begin its description with an excursion into formal types of possessives in general. Possessives utilise various means of marking, which can be classified according to numerous parameters, including the locus of marking, indexing, and the degree of synthesis. Genitive constructions often contrast with possessives of different kinds, which occasionally restricts the use of a genitive marker to certain classes of nominals. This article examines the functional varieties and polysemy patterns of the genitive case.
Case In Iranian
Authors: Stilo Donald 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGathic Avestan, the earliest documented form of Old Iranian, had a rich case system typical of archaic Indo-European languages: three genders, eight cases in the singular, a six-term plural, and a four-term dual. Old Persian, a somewhat later stage of Old Iranian, had already begun some case syncretisation with the old dative merging into the genitive. By the very earliest stages of Middle Persian and Parthian, gender and the dual were already completely lost and further stages of case syncretisation yielded a two-case system: the null-marked Direct case versus the Oblique case derived from the original genitive. Reduction or loss of case throughout Iranian and the emergence of numerous innovations have led to a bewildering array of compensating strategies whose evolution can be characterised by the interplay of three axes/dimensions: the Reduction Axis, the Innovation Axis, and the Nominal-Pronominal Axis. This article discusses the evolution of case in West Iranian languages, focusing on floating clitics and word order.
Case in Yukaghir Languages
Authors: Maslova Elena 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes case marking of core arguments in two extant Yukaghir languages, the Tundra Yukaghir language spoken in the Lower-Kolyma region of Saha (Russia) and the Kolyma Yukaghir language of the Upper-Kolyma region. The Yukaghir languages have rich, predominantly agglutinating morphology, which serves as the primary means of expressing syntactic information. The canonical word order is head-final, but it is very flexible at the clause level and cannot be used as a guide for discrimination of core participants. With minor exceptions irrelevant in the present context, verbs fall into two grammatical classes, intransitive and transitive, characterised by different inflectional paradigms. Intransitive verbs have a single core argument (S), which controls verb agreement and switch-reference in non-finite clauses. Transitive verbs have two core arguments (A and P), of which only A controls verb agreement and switch-reference. The core arguments formally differ from peripheral nominal constituents in that they can be represented by morphologically unmarked noun phrases (NPs). The case marking system is sensitive to person hierarchy and a cross-linguistically unusual grammatical classification of lexical NPs.
Overview: Anglo‐Saxon Identity
Authors: Hills Catherine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe first part of this text reflects on an emphasis on periods of interface — between the Anglo-Saxons and Britons, Scandinavians (Vikings) and Normans — rather than on periods such as the seventh and eighth centuries when identity seems to have related less to an overall Anglo-Saxon ethnicity and more to membership of family or tribe, Christian or pagan, elite or peasant. Archaeological interpretation has undergone as drastic a phase of rethinking as historical. More anthropological awareness amongst archaeologists has cast doubt on the idea of ‘culture’ and has shown that ethnicity is a very complex concept. The identities of the peoples who lived in Britain in the past varied regionally and chronologically. The archaeological evidence does not show a change of identity: most of what has been seen as ‘Medieval England’ was in place long before the Conquest.
Late Saxon Settlements
Authors: Gardiner Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes the two road groups of rural settlements — those which might be described as ‘high-status’, which in historical terms means those belonging to thegns and their social superiors, and those of the peasants, which would include the geneat and others whose servile work duties. It also addresses the impermanent settlements associated with animal herding. It starts by considering the burh or enclosure which surrounded many high-status settlements. It has proved very difficult to understand the plan and use of space in individual peasant farms and their relationship to the wider landscape. The difference between high-status and peasant settlements is not just one of scale or number of buildings, but runs through almost every aspect of the settlements. The relations of lords to their peasants may have been quite different in Cornwall where the communal control of resources seems to have been much stronger.
Mortuary Practices in Early Anglo‐Saxon England
Authors: Williams Howard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents the argument that mortuary practices were mechanisms for the construction of memories and, in turn, the constitution of identities during the turbulent socio-economic, political, and religious transformations of the fifth and sixth centuries ad. Understanding the mortuary process, variability, and change provide the background from which a fuller exploration of later fifth- and sixth-century cremation and inhumation practices can be based. It is possible to glean elements of the complex mortuary processes associated with inhumation. Graves would have provided a rich display, but not a single tableau, since many artefacts and materials would have successively augmented and concealed the body through its composition and consignment. Mortuary performances provided contexts for creating a sense of historical depth and public affirmation for what may have often been short-lived and experimental social identities and religious systems.
Overview: Rural Production
Authors: Hooke Della 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An increasingly clear picture has begun to emerge of the rural landscape of Anglo-Saxon England and how it was exploited. The new technique of Light Detection and Ranging survey can now penetrate beneath woodland and is likely to produce equally impressive results. This part of the book determines changes in crop cultivation, with less emphasis on pastoralism, as in other parts of the North Sea zone, incidentally affecting farmstead and village layout. One of the most important developments in Anglo-Saxon times was the spread of open-field farming. Agricultural techniques and field systems obviously varied across the country. Any discussion of rural production in Anglo-Saxon England must therefore consider both the chronological and spatial aspects of the evidence. If anything like a true picture of the environment at this time is to be obtained, more environmental studies are urgently required — whether of pollen series, or snails, beetles, and the like.
Woods and the Wild
Authors: Sykes Naomi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article shows that hunting was a favourite pastime of the aristocracy in Anglo-Saxon England. It also describes how and why the relationship between humans and wild animals changed through the course of the Anglo-Saxon period. Poor representation of wild animals in fifth- to seventh-century domestic assemblages promotes an impression of a landscape devoid of wildlife; however, the evidence from non-anthropogenic deposits paints a different picture. The association between haga, hunting, and the elite is demonstrated well by Faccombe Netherton in Hampshire. A facade of egalitarianism was maintained into the mid Saxon period when, it seems, wild mammals were hunted communally and the meat redistributed accordingly. By the late Saxon period, historical, iconographic, and archaeological evidence all indicate a new emphasis on ‘property’: that the ability to consume animals derived from hunting, fowling, and fishing had become something of a metaphor for ownership of land, water, and shore.
Overview: Trade, Exchange, and Urbanization
Authors: Astill Grenville 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides some of the general points focusing on three topics: exchange and trade; the pace and character of urbanization; and the inter-relationship between urban centres. Interpreting the early medieval economy as highly monetized presupposes that trading had penetrated most of society, but there is little independent evidence for this. In the eighth and ninth centuries, the urban character of the country was determined by the emporia, which were served by high-status sites, both secular and religious, which acted as collection centres for the onward transport of agricultural surpluses, giving a basic two-part core exchange structure. It is important to investigate discontinuities in the urbanization process, and not always assume that the urban network came into being relatively early and remained fixed for most of the Middle Ages.
Christian Sacred Spaces and Places
Authors: Gittos Helen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article states that minsters were among the prime foci for late Anglo-Saxon urbanization. First it reviews the key themes in the ecclesiastical history of Anglo-Saxon England and then discusses some particular issues. The role of minsters in the development of towns is also addressed. The churches built during the period of rebuilding and endowment which took place during the eleventh century make up a substantial part of Taylor and Taylor's corpus of Anglo-Saxon buildings. Church architecture was influenced by tradition, fashion, and the properties of available materials but also by ideas about what these buildings symbolized. The proximity of many Anglo-Saxon churches to certain naturally occurring features, notably springs, has long been recognized. The study of Christian sacred places in Anglo-Saxon England is a dynamic field in which huge progress has been made during the last forty or so years.