bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women Skating on the Edge: Marketplace Performances as Ideological Edgework
Authors: Thompson Craig J. , Üstüner Tuba 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This study analyzes the marketplace performances that are enacted in the field of women’s flat track roller derby using the theoretical lens of gender performativity. Rather than treating the roller derby field as an autonomous enclave of gender resistance, this study focuses on the interrelationships between derby grrrls’ resignifying performances of femininity and the gender constraints that have been naturalized in their everyday lives. The market-mediated nature of derby grrrls’ ideological edgework enables them to challenge orthodox gender boundaries, without losing sociocultural legitimacy. This analysis casts new theoretical light on the gendered habitus and reveals key differences to the outcomes that would follow from Bourdieusian assumptions about the deployment of cultural capital in zero-sum status competitions. The concept of ideological edgework also presents a theoretical alternative to critical arguments, such as the commodity feminism thesis, that assume an inherently paradoxical and, ultimately co-opting, relationship exists between practices of countercultural resistance and marketplace performances. We further argue that ideological edgework redresses some of the conceptual ambiguities that can lead gender researchers to conflate gender performativity with social performances.
Conventional echocardiography—basic principles
Authors: Hagendorff Andreas 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The transthoracic and transooesophageal documentation is the base of understanding and interpretation of sonographic findings. Practical and technical skills and a standardized acquisition of an echocardiographic image dataset make it possible to compare examinations due to better reproducibility. Standardization is also necessary to make diagnoses correctly and to objectify changes of the cardiovascular state. Despite the wide range of textbooks in the literature, there are limited user-oriented instructions for echocardiography. Thus, the present chapter starts by describing the practical aspects of transducer holding and its handling in transthoracic, as well as transooesophageal, echocardiography. Then, the reader is familiarized with the standard documentation of grey-scale 2D imaging, colour-coded imaging, and spectral Doppler imaging according to the actual international guidelines and recommendations. Illustrations of all important sectional planes are given. In addition, schemata for understanding special views, as well as for incorrect documentation, are given. At the end, a table of standard values and a table of cineloops and spectra belonging to a standardized investigation in echocardiography are given.
Cardiac CT—basic principles
Authors: Cademartiri Filippo , Maffei Erica , Arcadi Teresa , Catalano Orlando , Krestin Gabriel 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cardiac CT is a fast-developing technique. In 10 years it developed from an investigative tool into a clinical reality. The technology drive has been the key to success for this technique, which is to date the only non-invasive clinical tool for coronary angiographic assessment. Technical background is quite complex and the newer solutions are aiming at reducing the scan time and the radiation dose while improving temporal resolution, contrast resolution, and ultimately image quality. The key technical development has been in late 1990: the introduction of ECG triggering/gating techniques. Spatial resolution has also been improved, reaching sub-millimetre performance. The latest innovations provide fast coverage with &gt;64 slice detectors, high spatial resolution with 0.5-mm slice thickness, high temporal resolution with &lt;100 ms in hardware, and higher contrast resolution with the forthcoming dual-energy solutions.
New technical developments in cardiac CT
Authors: Achenbach Stephan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Computed tomography (CT), in the context of cardiac imaging, faces numerous challenges. The heart is a complex, three-dimensional organ, which moves very rapidly and has small dimensions. Especially the coronary arteries, the main target of cardiac CT imaging, are difficult to visualize by any non-invasive technique. Technology progress has made the use of CT for cardiac and coronary diagnosis possible. For selected applications, including ruling out coronary artery stenoses in low-risk individuals, CT has become a clinical tool. The technical progress of cardiac CT, and especially coronary CT angiography, is continuous and rapid. One major aim is to improve image quality and broaden the applicability of coronary CT angiography, while at the same time achieving lower radiation doses. The other major aim is to extract more than purely anatomic information out of the dataset and to complement the information in luminal narrowing with information on downstream ischaemia.
Aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Baumgartner Helmut , Donal Erwan , Orwat Stefan , Schmermund Axel , Rosenhek Raphael , Maintz David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Echocardiography is the method of choice for the diagnosis, assessment of morphology, and aetiology, as well as quantification of aortic valve stenosis. It permits the additional evaluation of the consequences on left ventricular size and, function, wall thickness, mitral valve (functional regurgitation).Haemodynamic assessment can be performed by Doppler echocardiography providing transvalvular gradients and valve areas can be determined by the continuity equation. Recently, MR and CT imaging have gained importance for assessment of valve morphology, ventricular function, and associated aortic disease. In current practice their role in quantifying severity of valve stenosis, however, remains limited. It is important to be aware of the specific limitations and pitfalls of the various measurements. Final judgement should be based on an integrated approach involving all available information. Finally, imaging techniques provide important prognostic information in aortic valve stenosis and have a fundamental impact on the decision making process in clinical practice.
Valvular heart disease: mitral valve stenosis
Authors: Brochet Eric , Gonçalves Alexandra 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Rheumatic fever is still the predominant aetiology of mitral stenosis (MS) and full recognition and comprehensive assessment of valve morphology is fundamental for the treatment strategy. Echocardiography is the main method to diagnose and assess MS severity and consequences. The evaluation of morphology uses 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D echocardiography, while the severity classification depends on an integrative approach, combining all echocardiographic and Doppler parameters. Lately, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) are increasing adjuncts to echocardiography, but the experience in MS is still limited. This chapter describes the role of echocardiography, MRI, and MSCT in quantifying mitral stenosis and discusses the imaging part in decision-making and in the assessment of prognosis. Finally, we present an overview of echocardiography during percutaneous mitral commissurotomy.
MDCT and detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Achenbach Stephan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Coronary CT angiography (coronary CTA) with multi-detector row CT (MDCT) systems permits visualization of the coronary arteries and detection of stenoses. Image quality depends on a low and stable heart rate, so patients need to be selected and adequately prepared. Due to a very high negative predictive value, coronary CTA is useful to rule out coronary artery stenosis, especially in low-to-intermediate risk patients with stable or acute chest pain. Imaging of patients with coronary artery stents and patients after bypass surgery is challenging and only in selected situations considered appropriate. Coronary CTA can visualize non-stenotic coronary atherosclerotic plaque, the presence and extent of which is associated with cardiovascular events, but there is no indication to perform coronary CTA for screening of asymptomatic individuals at low-intermediate risk. Coronary calcium, on the other hand, has a well-established predictive value and can be considered to improve risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals with a low to intermediate cardiovascular risk profile.
Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function and mechanics
Authors: Hoffmann Rainer , Colonna Paolo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Analysis of left ventricular (LV) systolic function is the most frequent indication to perform echocardiography and an integral part of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) or radionuclide studies. Visual estimation of LV function may be supplemented by quantitative analysis of 2D images to obtain parameters of global or regional function. Administration of contrast agents to improve identification of myocardium–blood interface has been demonstrated to improve the reproducibility of 2D-echocardiography-based analysis of LV function and should be applied in cases of insufficient endocardial border definition (more than two LV segments not adequately visualized). 2D-echocardiography-based analysis of LV volumes results in underestimation of end-systolic and end-diastolic LV volumes compared to CMR. 3D-echocardiography results in significantly less volume underestimation and higher accuracy in the analysis of ejection fraction. Analysis of regional wall motion is mainly based on subjective visual assessment, which is limited by significant inter-observer variability. Doppler tissue imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography have become validated methods for quantitative analysis of regional LV function. Similarly, tagging, strain-encoded cardiac magnetic resonance (SENC) and feature tracking are modalities to quantify regional LV function based on CMR. Echocardiography should be used as a primary technique to assess systolic LV function as it is the cheapest, widely available and can be applied without the use of ionizing radiation or nephrotoxic contrast material. CMR has become the clinical gold standard for quantification of LV function and may be applied if other information achievable best by CMR is required. Similarly, nuclear techniques should be applied to assess LV function only if simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion is requested.
Evaluation of diastolic LV function
Authors: Sutter Johan De , Vanoverschelde Jean-Louis J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The evaluation of diastolic function in patients with reduced (HFREF) or preserved (HFPEF) left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction is important as it carries both diagnostic and prognostic information. In daily practice, this is most frequently done by standard echocardiographic techniques, including the evaluation of LV mass and LA volumes, as well as transmitral and pulmonary venous PW Doppler, CW Doppler for evaluation of the IVRT, and tissue Doppler imaging of the septal and lateral annular velocities. This permits grading the severity of diastolic dysfunction, which is related to outcome and may be used to estimate LV filling pressures. The latter needs further validation, especially in patients with HFPEF. Newer echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance techniques, including myocardial deformation measurements during diastole, LV twist and untwisting, and parameters of left atrial function, are promising and will hopefully in the future help clinicians to make a more precise evaluation of diastolic function and filling pressures in heart failure patients.
Nuclear imaging and multi-detector computed tomography to assess viability
Authors: Perrone-Filardi Pasquale , Gerber Bernhard L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Although recent trials have questioned whether revascularization of myocardial viability benefits survival of patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease, evaluation of myocardial viability by cardiac imaging still plays an important role in clinical practice for decision-making and selection of therapeutic strategies for patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Application of cardiac imaging for viability assessment follows distinct pathophysiological approaches, namely regional assessment of perfusion by either single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), or regional assessment of perfusion and metabolism by PET, or verification of residual contractile reserve in dysfunctional myocardium using dobutamine stimulation, or direct visualization of necrotic myocardium by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). For predicting the recovery of regional or global LV systolic function at rest, nuclear techniques (PET and SPECT) demonstrate very high sensitivity but reduced specificity, which in clinical terms translates into overestimation of potential for recovery of systolic function, whereas an opposite behaviour is reported by techniques assessing contractile reserve. MDCT, like MRI, directly evaluates the presence of necrotic tissue using late enhancement (LE) after injection of a contrast agent. Although at present time no sufficient clinical experience has been reported, MSCT has the appealing potential for a comprehensive anatomic and tissue characterization within a single test.
Imaging cardiac innervation
Authors: Flotats Albert , Carrió Ignasi 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Imaging cardiac autonomic nervous system has shown to be of value in the assessment of patients with different cardiac disorders, especially in those with heart failure (HF), where it has an independent prognostic value and provides a potential tool for improving patient management. Excellent reviews on cardiac autonomic imaging have been recently published. This chapter updates the subject with inclusion of novel data, highlighting the use of innervation imaging for monitoring therapy in patients with HF.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: selection of candidates
Authors: Delgado Victoria , Bax Jeroen J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for heart failure patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment, with left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;35% and QRS complex with left bundle branch block morphology or duration ≥150 ms. Non-invasive imaging modalities contribute in the evaluation and selection of patients who are candidates for CRT. Evaluation of left ventricular mechanics and dyssynchrony, extent and location of myocardial scar and cardiac venous anatomy are important to estimate the likelihood of favourable response to CRT. This chapter will review the ‘why and how’ to assess cardiac dyssynchrony, myocardial scar, and cardiac venous anatomy, prior to CRT implantation.
Echocardiography for advanced extracorporeal support
Authors: Price Susanna , Canivet Jean-Luc 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Extracorporeal circuits are increasingly used to support critically ill patients with severe cardiac and/or respiratory failure. They may be used as a bridge to recovery, transplantation, decision for further intervention, or, in a very few patients with cardiac failure, as destination therapy. Although echocardiography for extracorporeal support is highly specialist, certain key principles apply. First, extracorporeal support is not a treatment per se, but rather a supportive therapy whilst awaiting resolution of the underlying pathological process. Thus echocardiography has a vital role in excluding any potentially treatable underlying cause for cardiorespiratory failure. Second, echocardiography is required to determine the requirement for right and/or left ventricular support, the level of support required, and assessing the ability of the right and left ventricles to support the extracorporeal circuit. This demands that the practitioner understands the different types of circuit, and the load that each will place on the heart. Third, echocardiography is mandatory to exclude cardiovascular contraindications to initiation of support. Echocardiography subsequently has a vital role in its successful implementation, including confirming/guiding correct cannula placement, ensuring the goals of support are met, detecting complications, and assessing tolerance to assistance. Finally, in patients requiring extracorporeal cardiac support, various echocardiographic parameters have been proposed to be used in conjunction with clinical and haemodynamic assessment in order to attempt to predict those patients who can be successfully weaned.
Infiltrative cardiomyopathy
Authors: Selvanayagam Joseph B. , Joseph Majo , Karamitsos Theodoros , Neubauer Stefan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Infiltrative cardiomyopathy can result from a wide spectrum of both inherited and acquired conditions with varying systemic manifestations. They usually portend an adverse prognosis, although in rare instances (e.g. Fabry’s disease) early diagnosis can result in potentially curative treatment. Cardiac amyloid remains the archetypal infiltrative cardiomyopathy and is discussed in most detail in this chapter. Non-invasive imaging modalities, principally echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance, play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis and management of all types of infiltrative cardiomyopathy.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Germans Tjeerd , Lombardi Massimo , Neglia Danilo , Nihoyannopoulos Petros , van Rossum Albert C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathies either familial/genetic or non-familial/non-genetic in origin are characterized by dilatation of one or both ventricles and systolic dysfunction. The modern imaging techniques allow assessment of the primary myocardial defect as abnormalities in the structural, mechanical, metabolic, and perfusion patterns. The diagnostic and the prognostic role of the three most used imaging modalities (echocardiography, nuclear technologies, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) are discussed with the purpose of integrating the specific cardiac characteristics provided by each of them.
Other genetic and acquired cardiomyopathies
Authors: Nihoyannopoulos Petros , Elliott Perry , Captur Gaby 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The right ventricle may be the seat of ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch block pattern. Recent interest has centred on its pathophysiology because early reports suggested that an apparent absence of gross organic heart disease indicated a more favourable prognosis. The term ‘arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy’ was first proposed in 1977 by Fontaine et al. when he reported right ventricular tachycardia associated with right-sided structural disorders. Although ARVC/D is a cardiomyopathy affecting primarily the right ventricle (RV), the left ventricle (LV) is also affected in many patients. It is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation from very subtle abnormalities located at the RV to a most extensive RV and LV dysfunction.
Constrictive pericarditis
Authors: Garot Jérôme , Rademakers Frank 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis (CP) generally requires both the demonstration of an appropriate physiology and evidence of pericardial thickening. Differential diagnosis in pericardial disease remains difficult and challenging to the clinician. The pathophysiologic characteristics of the various pericardial syndromes can be studied with different imaging modalities, but it is crucial to register morphology, function and flow during the different phases of the respiratory cycle. When a discrepancy exists between clinical findings and hemodynamic evaluation with imaging, multiple modalities should be combined and, if a very low or very high atrial pressure is suspected, an intervention to increase or lower this pressure can be required to unmask characteristic findings during respiration with respect to ventricular interdependence.
Cardiac masses and tumours
Authors: Buser Peter , Buck Thomas , Plicht Björn 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cardiac tumours represent a rare but important cause of morbidity and mortality in clinical cardiology and are often challenging in diagnostic cardiac imaging. There is a broad spectrum of differential diagnosis for cardiac masses. This chapter is mainly focused on the diagnosis of primary and secondary cardiac tumours and intra-cardiac thrombi. Diagnostic imaging of cardiac tumours provides important clinical decision-making information, such as origin, size, extension, morphology, and mobility of the tumour, involvement of cardiac chambers, valves, myocardium and pericardium, invasiveness, vascularization, and tissue characterization. Echocardiography is usually the first imaging modality providing high sensitivity in detecting cardiac masses, particularly by transoesophageal approach, and detailed analysis of mass characteristics by the use of different imaging modalities, including 3D imaging, tissue Doppler imaging, and contrast imaging.
The role of echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease
Authors: Mertens Luc , Friedberg Mark K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Congenital malformations of the heart affect at least 1% of newborn infants. Without intervention, the prognosis for more complex forms is poor. Over the last few decades advances in paediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery have significantly improved patient management, and the majority of patients now survive into adulthood. This has led to new challenges as increasing numbers of adult patients with congenital heart disease transition into the care of adult cardiac services. Caring for these patients requires expert knowledge and a new subspecialty of adult congenital heart disease (CHD) has emerged. This patient population also has specific imaging requirements due to variability in morphology and hemodynhaemodynamics.
The roles of CMR and MSCT in adult congenital heart disease
Authors: Kilner Philip , Nicol Ed , Rubens Michael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Both CMR and MSCT give almost unrestricted access to intra-thoracic structures, whereas ultrasonic access may be limited in ACHD patients. MSCT, generally using intravascular contrast, gives superior spatial resolution more rapidly than CMR, although the radiation dose is a concern in younger patients who may require repeated studies. MSCT gives better visualisation of epicardial coronary arteries and small collateral vessels, and can show conduit calcification or stent location clearly. It provides an alternative to CMR in patients with a pacemaker or ICD. CMR offers unrivalled versatility of acquisition methods without ionizing radiation, enabling measurements of biventricular function, flow, myocardial viability, angiography and more. A dedicated CMR service should be available in a centre specializing in ACHD care. Appropriate understanding is needed for the evaluation of congenitally and surgically altered circulatory function, for example after Fontan operations, surgery for transposition of the great arteries or tetralogy of Fallot.
Role of echocardiography
Authors: Fernández-Golfín Covadonga , Zamorano José L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection are relatively frequent entities and their prognosis is sometimes fatal. Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography are two of the main diagnostic tools for diagnosis, prognostic evaluation and surgical assessment. In this chapter, the potential use of echocardiography for patients with suspected or demonstrated aortic aneurysm or dissection will be discussed.