bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling the SIESTA magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium code
Authors: Seal Sudip K. , Perumalla Kalyan S. , Hirshman Steven P. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYWe report the results of a scaling effort that increases both the speed and resolution of the SIESTA magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium code. SIESTA is capable of computing three‐dimensional plasma equilibria with magnetic islands at high spatial resolutions for toroidally confined plasmas. Starting with a small‐scale parallel implementation, we identified scale‐dependent bottlenecks of the code and developed scalable alternatives for each performance‐significant functionality, cumulatively improving both its runtime speed (on the same number of processors) and its scalability (across larger number of processors) by an order of magnitude. The net outcome is an improvement in speed by over 10‐fold, utilizing a few thousand processors, enabling SIESTA to simulate high spatial‐resolution scenarios in under an hour for the first time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Synthesis of Anatase TiO2 Single Crystals with Dominant {001} Facets from TiO2 Powders
Authors: Li Hongmei , Zeng Yangsu , Huang Tongcheng , Piao Lingyu , Liu Min 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAnatase TiO2 single crystals with dominant {001} facets were fabricated in a controlled manner from TiO2 powders through a facile route for the first time. The obtained TiO2 single crystals have a size of approximately 1.5 μm and a remarkable, roughly 65 % fraction of {001} facets. The influence of the reaction temperature, the amount of precursor, and the reaction time on the morphology and the exposed facets was studied systematically. The percentage of {001} facets increased with the temperature and the amount of precursor, as a result of the surface energy reduction effect of F− ions. Further increasing the temperature and the amount of precursor led to serious corrosion of the products because of the enhanced corrosive effect of HF. Owing to the high percentage of exposed {001} facets, the TiO2 single crystals exhibit a much enhanced photocatalytic efficiency (almost fivefold) compared to that of P25 TiO2 as a benchmark material, thus opening a new avenue to prepare highly active TiO2 single crystals with dominant {001} facets from low‐cost TiO2 powders.
Methyl Ricinoleate as Platform Chemical for Simultaneous Production of Fine Chemicals and Polymer Precursors
Authors: Dupé Antoine , Achard Mathieu , Fischmeister Cédric , Bruneau Christian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe modification of methyl ricinoleate by etherification of the hydroxyl group was accomplished by using a nonclassical ruthenium‐catalyzed allylation reaction and also by esterification. Methyl ricinoleate derivatives were engaged in ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions leading to biosourced 3,6‐dihydropyran and α,β‐unsaturated lactone derivatives with concomitant production of polymer precursors. Sequential RCM/hydrogenation and RCM/cross‐metathesis were also implemented as a straightforward method for the synthesis of tetrahydropyran and lactone derivatives as well as valuable monomers (i.e., polyamide precursors).
Floating Potential of an Electron Emitting Collector that Terminates a Bounded Plasma System
Authors: Gyergyek T. , Kovačič J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPotential formation in one‐dimensional bounded plasma system terminated by a floating, electron emitting collector is studied by a fully kinetic one‐dimensional model and particle‐in‐cell (PIC) computer simulation. As the electron emission from the collector is gradually increased, the floating potential of the collector and the electric field at the collector both increase quite strongly. When the critical emission is reached, the electric field becomes zero. If the emission is increased further, the electric field changes sign and becomes positive and a virtual cathode is formed in front of the collector. The floating potential of the collector also increases, but much more slowly, than below the critical emission level. If the ratio between the temperatures of the emitted and of the bulk electrons is high enough, the floating potential of the collector may even exceed the zero potential of the source, but in this case the simulation becomes unstable, when the positive ions start to flow back from the collector towards the source. Simulation results obtained below the critical emission level are in very good agreement with the model, provided that the particle densities obtained from the simulation are normalized correctly. In this case the potential and electric field profiles found from the PIC simulation match almost perfectly to the profiles obtained from the numerical solution of the Poisson equation (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DC Townsend Discharge in Nitrogen: Temperature‐Dependent Phenomena
Authors: Lodygin A. N. , Portsel L. M. , Astrov Yu. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLow‐current Townsend discharge in nitrogen has been studied in the temperature range of T = 100–300 K in a semiconductor‐gas‐discharge structure. It was found that the sustaining voltage US increases with time when a current is passed through the structure at low T. This effect was not observed at room temperature. A hypothesis is put forward that a film of a neutral phase of nitrogen is formed on the electrodes under cryogenic discharge conditions. The presence of the condensed thin‐film phase leads to a decrease in the secondary electron emission from the electrode and to a corresponding increase in US. A possible mechanism of the phenomenon is associated with the formation of large neutral aggregates in the form of [N+2(N2)n]– in the gas discharge volume. The condensation of these aggregates seems to yield a phase that is comparatively stable at cryogenic temperatures (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intersymbol interference cancellation in CDMA 1xEVDO network
Authors: Bayat Oguz 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents the BER performance of the physical layer of the code division multiple access 1x Evolution Data Only (EVDO) standard for different data transmission formats, and shows the improvement on the BER performance of the EVDO system over intersymbol interference channel by adapting the low complexity turbo equalization scheme at the receiver. The radio frequency, channel condition, and mobile user data speeds were extracted from a mobile user with a drive experiment on a live wireless EVDO network. Then, the real data were utilized to simulate the actual mobile user's data speeds in our simulations to show the overall BER performance of the EVDO system application. The simulation results are shown over Gaussian and Proakis A channels and the results indicate that significant intersymbol interference cancellation is obtained with an adapted code division multiple access system and the advantages of turbo equalization on the EVDO system are discussed in this research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of factors predictive of malignancy in patients with atypical biliary brushing results obtained via ERCP
Authors: Witt Benjamin L. , Kristen Hilden R. N. , Scaife Courtney , Chadwick Barbara , Layfield Lester , Cory Johnston W. , Safaee Maryam , Siddiqui Ali , Adler Douglas G. 
Published: September 2012

Biliary brushings obtained during ERCP can have one of three cellular interpretations: benign, malignant, or “atypical.” Atypical interpretations usually result in further testing, and may cause controversy over management and increases in cost. We evaluated a large cohort of patients with atypical biliary brushings for analysis and risk stratification.All biliary brushing specimens collected between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2010 that had an atypical result were included. Hospital electronic records were reviewed for these patients to include: demographics, indication for ERCP, endoscopist/pathologist impressions, serologic testing, stricture site, and information relating to the final clinical diagnosis.Eighty‐six patients were included. Totally, 60/86 patients (70%) had malignancies while 26/86 (30%) had no evidence of malignancy during long term follow up. Univariate analysis showed that the risk of malignant outcomes was significantly associated with older age, suspicious/malignant endoscopic impression, pancreatic mass, indications including jaundice and/or dilated bile ducts, stricture location within the common bile duct, PSC, and CA 19‐9 levels >300 U/mL. We created a novel scoring system for prediction of malignancy based on clinical and endoscopic factors.We identified parameters that are typically available to the clinician to categorize patients with an “atypical” bile duct brushing results into “high risk” and “lower risk” classifications. Our proposed scoring system would allow such risk stratification to take place. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:682–688. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of bronchial low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma: Rapid on‐site evaluation of cytopathologic findings
Authors: Dyhdalo Kathryn S. , Chen Longwen 
Published: September 2012

Bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is rare, comprising about 0.2% of primary lung tumors. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an integral tool in the diagnosis and staging of malignant lung tumors. Rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) has been proven useful as a guide for assessing the adequacy and accuracy of the FNA samples. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of diagnostic cytomorphologic findings of MEC is critical for ROSE.We reported a 46‐year‐old woman with 6 weeks of cough productive of yellow sputum that did not improve on antibiotics. A chest CT demonstrated a well‐circumscribed nodule in the right lower lobe bronchus that extended into the lung parenchyma. EBUS‐guided FNA was performed to obtain diagnostic materials. The ROSE of cytology specimen revealed numerous tight clusters of cells with well‐defined, but scant cytoplasm. These cells were relatively small and bland with high N/C ratio, resembling benign ductal cells. Neither cilia nor intranuclear inclusions were noted. Focal extracellular metachromatic mucinous materials were also noted. A preliminary diagnosis of “low‐grade epithelial neoplasm, favor low grade MEC” was rendered. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed by both cytology and core biopsy.EBUS‐guided FNA cytology can be a reliable method for the diagnosis of bronchial low grade MEC. The cyto‐morphology of ROSE can indicate the diagnosis of low grade MEC and direct the appropriate follow‐up triage of the specimen.Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:1096–1099. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) improves glycaemic control in oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA)‐treated type 2 diabetes (SMBG‐OHA study)
Authors: Harashima Shin‐ichi , Fukushima Toru , Sasaki Mayumi , Nishi Yuichi , Fujimoto Shimpei , Ogura Masahito , Yamane Shunsuke , Tanaka Daisuke , Harada Norio , Hamasaki Akihiro , Nagashima Kazuaki , Nakahigashi Yuko , Seino Yutaka , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a clinical research study to determine the effect of self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycaemic control and the value of a putatively less painful blood sampling technique on SMBG in oral hypoglycaemic agent‐treated type 2 diabetes patients; SMBG has not been broadly applied in non‐insulin‐treated patients in Japan.MethodsOne hundred thirty‐seven subjects were recruited for the 24‐week, prospective, comparison study and randomized into three groups: 46, no SMBG group; 46, fingertip group; and 45, palm group. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c. The secondary endpoints were SMBG compliance, dropout rate, treatment changes, and patient's and physician's satisfaction.ResultsSix subjects in the fingertip group (13.2%) and one subject in the palm group (2.2%) were dropped because of pain. A1C level of all subjects at 24‐week was decreased more in the fingertip (−0.23%) and palm (−0.16%) groups than that in the no SMBG group (+0.31%) (p < 0.05). SMBG compliance was higher in the fingertip group (2.17 times/day) than that in the palm group (1.65 times/day) (p < 0.05). A1C level of treatment‐unchanged subjects was decreased more in the fingertip (−0.25%) and palm (−0.21%) groups than that in the no SMBG group (+0.30%) (p < 0.05). SMBG compliance was higher in the fingertip group (2.24 times/day) than that in the palm group (1.65 times/day) (p < 0.05). Patient's questionnaire showed that 84.1% of the fingertip group and 90.2% of the palm group were satisfied with SMBG. Physician's satisfaction was higher in the palm group (94.0%) than that in the fingertip group (80.0%) (p < 0.05).ConclusionSMBG is beneficial for glycaemic control, and palm blood sampling is a useful procedure for oral hypoglycaemic agent‐treated type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of ephrin‐A expression in compressed retinocollicular maps
Authors: Tadesse Tizeta , Cheng Qi , Xu Mei , Baro Deborah J. , Young Larry J. , Pallas Sarah L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRetinotopic maps can undergo compression and expansion in response to changes in target size, but the mechanism underlying this compensatory process has remained a mystery. The discovery of ephrins as molecular mediators of Sperry's chemoaffinity process allows a mechanistic approach to this important issue. In Syrian hamsters, neonatal, partial (PT) ablation of posterior superior colliculus (SC) leads to compression of the retinotopic map, independent of neural activity. Graded, repulsive EphA receptor/ephrin‐A ligand interactions direct the formation of the retinocollicular map, but whether ephrins might also be involved in map compression is unknown. To examine whether map compression might be directed by changes in the ephrin expression pattern, we compared ephrin‐A2 and ephrin‐A5 mRNA expression between normal SC and PT SC using in situ hybridization and quantitative real‐time PCR. We found that ephrin‐A ligand expression in the compressed maps was low anteriorly and high posteriorly, as in normal animals. Consistent with our hypothesis, the steepness of the ephrin gradient increased in the lesioned colliculi. Interestingly, overall levels of ephrin‐A2 and ‐A5 expression declined immediately after neonatal target damage, perhaps promoting axon outgrowth. These data establish a correlation between changes in ephrin‐A gradients and map compression, and suggest that ephrin‐A expression gradients may be regulated by target size. This in turn could lead to compression of the retinocollicular map onto the reduced target. These findings have important implications for mechanisms of recovery from traumatic brain injury. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013
Electrochemically Directed Synthesis of Co2+ and Ni2+ Complexes with TCNQF42– (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane)
Authors: Le Thanh Hai , Nafady Ayman , Bond Alan M. , Martin Lisandra L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe electrocrystallization of transition metal coordination polymers MTCNQF4 containing TCNQF42– dianions and M2+ cations (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane, M = Co or Ni) has been achieved in acetonitrile (0.1 M Bu4NPF6) at glassy carbon and indium tin oxide electrodes and the reaction pathway monitored by cyclic voltammetry and surface plasmon resonance. TCNQF4 is sequentially reduced to TCNQF4·– and then TCNQF42–. In the presence of M2+, the TCNQF42– formation is accompanied by the electrocrystallization of the sparingly soluble MTCNQF4 on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that two phases of MTCNQF4 are formed. One is kinetically favoured and rapidly converts to a second thermodynamically stable phase. The formation of MTCNQF4 is possible because of the relatively high solubility of M(TCNQF4)2 derivatives. The solubilities of CoTCNQF4 and NiTCNQF4 are 8.6 × 10–6 and 9.2 × 10–6 M, respectively, in neat acetonitrile and 2.2 × 10–5 and 2.4 × 10–5 M, respectively, in an acetonitrile solution containing Bu4NPF6 (0.1 M). The presence of TCNQF42– dianions rather than TCNQF4·– monoanions in the coordination polymers was confirmed by UV/Vis, IR and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the morphology of the electrocrystallized MTCNQF4 depends on the applied potential for CoTCNQF4, but not for the NiTCNQF4 complex.
Functionalized Phosphonated Half‐Cage Molecules as Ligands for Metal Complexes
Authors: Villemin Elise , Herent Marie‐France , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPhosphonated molecules, featuring a half‐cage structure and a N‐lateral chain with additional metal coordinating groups were designed as ligands of metal cations. These compounds were synthesized by a Diels–Alder (DA) strategy, using 1‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐1,3‐butadiene and a series of N‐substituted maleimides as dienophiles. Two cycloadducts, bearing a terminal primary alcohol and a terminal iodide, respectively, were used as key intermediates for further functionalizations. Metal coordination properties of the ligands equipped with functionalized N‐lateral chains were proven by an ESI‐HRMS study. The stoichiometry of one selected EuIII complex with a diphosphonated ligand was determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy in emission mode.
Rock damage and regolith transport by frost: an example of climate modulation of the geomorphology of the critical zone
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne P. , Tucker Gregory E. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn this article we craft process‐specific algorithms that capture climate control of hillslope evolution in order to elucidate the legacy of past climate on present critical zone architecture and topography. Models of hillslope evolution traditionally comprise rock detachment into the mobile layer, mobile regolith transport, and a channel incision or aggradation boundary condition. We extend this system into the deep critical zone by considering a weathering damage zone below the mobile regolith in which rock strength is diminished; the degree of damage conditions the rate of mobile regolith production. We first discuss generic damage profiles in which appropriate length and damage scales govern profile shapes, and examine their dependence upon exhumation rate. We then introduce climate control through the example of rock damage by frost‐generated crack growth. We augment existing frost cracking models by incorporating damage rate limitations for long transport distances for water to the freezing front. Finally we link the frost cracking damage model, a mobile regolith production rule in which rock entrainment is conditioned by the damage state of the rock, and a frost creep transport model, to examine the evolution of an interfluve under oscillating climate. Aspect‐related differences in mean annual surface temperatures result in differences in bedrock damage rate and mobile regolith transport efficiency, which in turn lead to asymmetries in critical zone architecture and hillslope form (divide migration). In a quasi‐steady state hillslope, the lowering rate is uniform, and the damage profile is better developed on north‐facing slopes where the frost damage process is most intense. Because the residence times of mobile regolith and weathered bedrock in such landscapes are on the order of 10 to 100 ka, climate cycles over similar timescales result in modulation of transport and damage efficiencies. These lead to temporal variation in mobile regolith thickness, and to corresponding changes in sediment delivery to bounding streams. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Kinect: a low‐cost, high‐resolution, short‐range 3D camera
Authors: Mankoff Kenneth David , Russo Tess Alethea 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a novel application of the Kinect™, an input device designed for the Microsoft® Xbox 360® video game system. The device can be used by Earth scientists as a low‐cost, high‐resolution, short‐range 3D/4D camera imaging system producing data similar to a terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor. The Kinect contains a structured light emitter, an infrared camera (the combination of these two produce a distance image), a visual wavelength camera, a three‐axis accelerometer, and four microphones. The cost is ~ US $100, frame rate is 30 Hz, spatial and depth resolutions are mm to cm depending on range, and the optimal operating range is 0.5 to ~5 m. The resolution of the distance measurements decreases with distance and is ≤1 mm at 0.5 m and ~75 mm at 5 m. We illustrate data collection and basic data analysis routines in three experiments designed to demonstrate the breadth and utility of this new sensor in domains of glaciology, stream bathymetry, and geomorphology, although the device is applicable to a number of other Earth science fields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of helical flow in one‐dimensional modelling of sediment distribution at river bifurcations
Authors: van der Mark Caroline F. , Mosselman Erik 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTComplex flow processes at river bifurcations and the influence of the layout of a bifurcation make it difficult to predict sediment distribution over the downstream branches in case bedload transport dominates. In one‐dimensional models we need a nodal point relationship that prescribes the distribution of sediment over the downstream branches. We have identified which factors need to be included in such a relationship for the division of bedload transport at bifurcations. Next, irrotational flow theory for idealized geometries has been used to derive a simple physics‐based nodal point relationship that accounts for the effects of helical flow in the situation that a channel takes off under an angle from a straight main channel. This first step towards a complete nodal point relationship is applicable to bedload transport situations if the flow is clearly curved and if there is no pronounced bed topography. The relationship has been tested against data from a unique set of laboratory measurements, numerical data and data from a scale model of the Rhine bifurcation at Pannerden in the Netherlands. We find that the derived model yields a reasonable prediction of the sediment division over the downstream branches, and yields better predictions than the Wang et al. model for the situation considered. Considering the relative complexity and limited accuracy of the nodal point relationship for the effect of helical flow alone, however, we conclude thatderiving a practical physics‐based 1‐D relationship including all relevant processes is not feasible. We therefore recommend 2‐D or 3‐D modelling for all cases in general where morphological evolution depends on the division of bedload transport at bifurcations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.