bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Scanpath Regularity in Reading
Authors: von der Malsburg Titus , Kliegl Reinhold , Vasishth Shravan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractScanpaths have played an important role in classic research on reading behavior. Nevertheless, they have largely been neglected in later research perhaps due to a lack of suitable analytical tools. Recently, von der Malsburg and Vasishth (2011) proposed a new measure for quantifying differences between scanpaths and demonstrated that this measure can recover effects that were missed with the traditional eyetracking measures. However, the sentences used in that study were difficult to process and scanpath effects accordingly strong. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity, sensitivity, and scope of applicability of the scanpath measure, using simple sentences that are typically read from left to right. We derived predictions for the regularity of scanpaths from the literature on oculomotor control, sentence processing, and cognitive aging and tested these predictions using the scanpath measure and a large database of eye movements. All predictions were confirmed: Sentences with short words and syntactically more difficult sentences elicited more irregular scanpaths. Also, older readers produced more irregular scanpaths than younger readers. In addition, we found an effect that was not reported earlier: Syntax had a smaller influence on the eye movements of older readers than on those of young readers. We discuss this interaction of syntactic parsing cost with age in terms of shifts in processing strategies and a decline of executive control as readers age. Overall, our results demonstrate the validity and sensitivity of the scanpath measure and thus establish it as a productive and versatile tool for reading research.
The safety of hand‐assisted laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy: The Ohio State University experience with 1500 cases
Authors: Rajab Amer , Pelletier Ronald P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHand‐assisted laparoscopic donor (HALD) nephrectomy has been performed at our institution since December 1999. Through May 2014, a total of 1500 HALD procedures have been performed. We have evaluated the outcomes of HALD. The HALD procedure consists of a hand‐port incision as well as two 12‐mm ports. Mean donor age was 40.8 ± 10.8 yr, BMI was 27.9 ± 5.0, there were 541 males, 1271 Caucasians, and the left kidney was removed in 1236 patients. All procedures were successfully completed. Four donors (0.27%) were converted to an open technique due to bleeding. Four donors required blood transfusions. 53 donors (3.5%) were readmitted in the first month post‐donation; almost half were due to gastrointestinal complaints. Six donors required reoperation; three for SBO and three for wound dehiscence. 27 patients (1.8%) developed incisional hernias. Seven donors (0.47%) developed bowel obstruction. All donors recovered well with a mean hospital stay after donation of 2.1 ± 0.3 d. All except one kidney were successfully implanted. Twenty‐one recipients (1.4%) experienced DGF. Ureter complications occurred in 17 (1.1%) recipients. Early graft loss occurred in 13 patients (0.9%). In conclusion, HALD is a safe procedure for the donor with good recipient outcomes.
The use of species–area relationships to partition the effects of hunting and deforestation on bird extirpations in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Sreekar Rachakonda , Huang Guohualing , Zhao Jiang‐Bo , Pasion Bonifacio O. , Yasuda Mika , Zhang Kai , Peabotuwage Indika , Wang Ximin , Quan Rui‐Chang , Ferry Slik J. W. , Corlett Richard T. , Goodale Eben , Harrison Rhett D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimForest fragmentation is often accompanied by an increase in hunting intensity. Both factors are known drivers of species extirpations, but understanding of their independent effects is poor. Our goal was to partition the effects of hunting and fragmentation on bird species extirpations and to identify bird traits that make species more vulnerable to these two stressors.LocationMenglun, Yunnan, SW ChinaMethodsWe studied the landscape within 10 km radius of Menglun town, where forests have become highly fragmented by monoculture rubber plantations. We compiled data on birds recorded between 1954 and 1983 before forest loss and compared it with a checklist prepared between 2011 and 2014. We used countryside and matrix‐calibrated species–area models (SAMs) to estimate the observed slope of forest bird extirpations in Menglun and compared it with the slope expected in the absence of hunting. We also investigated six ecological traits to determine those that best explained bird extirpation probability (EP).ResultsWe found that 34% of the bird fauna had been extirpated from the study landscape, and the estimated slopes of countryside and matrix‐calibrated SAMs for forest birds were around 1.4 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than the 0.35 expected without hunting. Bird EP was strongly associated with size, and understorey insectivores that are known to be susceptible to fragmentation were less susceptible to hunting than frugivores. Given evidence of past and present hunting activity in the area, and the lack of support for alternative explanations, we suggest that hunting increased forest bird extirpations by around 1.3‐ to 1.6‐fold.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of using species–area relationships to separate area effects from the impacts of hunting. Our results suggest that hunting substantially increases species extirpations in tropical fragmented landscapes and conservation interventions that only target deforestation will therefore be inadequate.
Cognitive training in Parkinson's disease reduces cognitive decline in the long term
Authors: Petrelli A. , Kaesberg S. , Barbe M. T. , Timmermann L. , Rosen J. B. , Fink G. R. , Kessler J. , Kalbe E. 
Published: December 2014

Background and purposePatients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are at high risk for cognitive dysfunction. Non‐pharmacological interventions have attracted increasing interest for enhancing PD patients' cognitive functions.MethodsOne‐year follow‐up data (T2) of a randomized controlled trial evaluating two 6‐week cognitive trainings – a structured (NEUROvitalis, NV) and an unstructured (mentally fit, MF) program − compared with a waiting list control group (CG) in non‐demented PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr I–III) are presented. Forty‐seven PD patients were examined at T2. Effects on overall cognitive functions (Mini‐Mental State Examination and DemTect) were compared between all groups with repeated measurement analyses of variance. A combined score of the percentage change value from baseline (T0) to T2 was calculated to identify patients who retained or improved their cognitive state (responders). The risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was analyzed.ResultsSignificant time × treatment effects on overall cognitive functions were found for both training groups, each compared separately to the CG (DemTect, P < 0.05). Nine patients (56.3%) of the NV group, seven (41.2%) of the MF group and three (21.4%) of the CG were responders. Comparing NV to CG the odds ratio was 4.7 [95% confidence interval (0.8; 33.3)], and comparing MF to CG it was 2.6 [95% confidence interval (0.4; 17.4)]. MCI risk for patients without prior MCI was 40.0% in CG, 18.2% in MF and 18.2% in NV. The odds ratio was 3 comparing NV to CG, MF to CG.DiscussionThis study gives evidence that cognitive training may be effective to prevent cognitive decline and onset of MCI in PD patients.
Assessment of repeatability of composition of perfumed waters by high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with numerical data analysis based on cluster analysis (HPLC UV/VIS – CA)
Authors: Ruzik L. , Obarski N. , Papierz A. , Mojski M. 
Published: December 2014

SynopsisHigh‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/VIS spectrophotometric detection combined with the chemometric method of cluster analysis (CA) was used for the assessment of repeatability of composition of nine types of perfumed waters. In addition, the chromatographic method of separating components of the perfume waters under analysis was subjected to an optimization procedure. The chromatograms thus obtained were used as sources of data for the chemometric method of cluster analysis (CA). The result was a classification of a set comprising 39 perfumed water samples with a similar composition at a specified level of probability (level of agglomeration). A comparison of the classification with the manufacturer's declarations reveals a good degree of consistency and demonstrates similarity between samples in different classes. A combination of the chromatographic method with cluster analysis (HPLC UV/VIS – CA) makes it possible to quickly assess the repeatability of composition of perfumed waters at selected levels of probability.
Living with antipsychotic medication side‐effects: The experience of Australian mental health consumers
Authors: Morrison Paul , Meehan Tom , Stomski Norman Jay 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe present study explores people's experience of living with antipsychotic medication side‐effects. Qualitative data were gathered through semistructured interviews with 10 mental health consumers in a community care setting in Australia. The interview transcriptions were content analysed, and enhanced by combining manifest and latent content. Important contextual cues were identified through replaying the audio‐recordings. Several main themes emerged from the analysis, including the impact of side‐effects, attitudes to the use of medication and side‐effects, and coping strategies to manage medication side‐effects. Each participant reported between six and seven side‐effects on average, which were often pronounced and had a major disruptive impact on their lives. Of these effects, the most commonly mentioned was sedation, which the participants described as leaving them in a ‘zombie'‐like state. Most participants expressed an attitude of acceptance about the side‐effects. The participants' most common strategy to manage side‐effects was to change the dosage of the medication. Other common side‐effect management strategies involved using other medications to control side‐effects, and diverse self‐help techniques, the most common of which was relaxation/distraction techniques.
When Good News Is Not So Good: Economy‐wide Uncertainty and Stock Returns
Authors: Choi Hae mi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper shows that variation in economy‐wide uncertainty causes asymmetric stock price responses to firm earnings surprises. The uncertainty that attends bad earnings news that arrives during expansions with greater economy‐wide uncertainty occasions larger price declines. This is because news inconsistent with investors’ prior beliefs about the state of the economy increases uncertainty, which amplifies the negative cash flow effects contained in bad earnings news. Asymmetrically, the positive cash flow effect of good earnings news that arrives during recessions is offset by increased investor uncertainty, which results in relatively smaller price reactions to the good news. This is consistent with Veronesi's rational expectations equilibrium model, which shows that investors demand higher expected returns in the face of greater uncertainty.
Editorial: Process to progress? Investigative trials, mechanism and clinical science
Authors: Green Jonathan 
Published: December 2014

In 2002 Helena Kraemer and colleagues published an important article on the analysis of clinical trials in mental health, which advocated a planned focus on mechanisms to investigate the processes behind treatment effects. Kraemer et al. considered not only new approaches to mediation analysis, but also a theoretical approach to factors, both pre‐treatment and during treatment, that might moderate this mediation. Trials should not just be about whether a treatment ‘worked’, but how it worked; with the results informing modification of the intervention for the next trial by discarding aspects that were not effective and reinforcing aspects that were – an iterative procedure towards greater effectiveness. Can we enjoy similar ambitions for complex interventions within mental health? It is not so long ago when the received wisdom within the clinical and much of the research community was that it was simply impossible in practice to mount randomised controlled trials relevant to the kind of psychosocial interventions we use in child and adolescent mental health (CAMHS). How different the situation is now, with burgeoning interest in a systematic evidence base for psychological treatment and the possibilities for unexpected advances (as well as unexpected harms). Nevertheless it is probably still fair to say that the systematic use of process and mechanism study within trials in our field is the exception rather than the rule. What are the possibilities and implications for our field?
The failure of gastroenterologists to apply intestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease in the Asia‐Pacific: A need for action
Authors: Asthana Anil Kumar , Friedman Antony B , Maconi Giovanni , Maaser Christian , Kucharzik Torsten , Watanabe Mamoru , Gibson Peter R 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a cheap, noninvasive, risk‐free procedure that is significantly underutilized in the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the Asia‐Pacific region. More cost‐effective methods of monitoring disease activity are required in light of the increasing global burden of IBD (especially in Asia), the advent of personalized medicine, and the rising cost of healthcare. IUS is a prime example of a technique that meets these needs. Its common clinical applications include assessing the activity and complications of IBD. In continental Europe, countries such as Germany and Italy use this imaging tool as the standard of care and have integrated it into management protocols. There are formal training programs in these countries to train gastroenterologists in IUS, and it is used in an outpatient setting during patient consultations. Barriers to its use in the Asia‐Pacific region include lack of experience and research data, and there are few established centers with active training programs. These concerns can be addressed by investing more in IUS service provision and by increasing allocation of resources toward local research and training. Increased uptake of IUS will ultimately benefit patients with IBD.
Capital Mobility—Resource Gains or Losses? How, When, and for Whom?
Authors: OGAWA HIKARU , OSHIRO JUN , SATO YASUHIRO 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates which of the two types of countries—resource‐rich or resource‐poor—gains from capital market integration and capital tax competition. We develop a framework involving vertical linkages through resource‐based inputs as well as international fiscal linkages between the two types of countries. Our analysis shows that capital market integration causes capital flows from resource‐poor to resource‐rich countries and improves global production efficiency. However, such gains accrue only to resource‐poor countries, and capital mobility might even negatively affect resource‐rich countries. Furthermore, we show that resource‐rich countries can exploit the gains when taxes on capital are available.
Size scaling of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity in centric marine diatoms
Authors: Shen Chen , Hopkinson Brian M. 
Published: December 2014

Many microalgae have a surface‐associated extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) that converts HCO3− to CO2 for uptake and subsequent photosynthetic fixation. We investigated eCA activity and assessed its importance for photosynthetic CO2 supply in six centric diatom species spanning nearly the full range of cell sizes for centric diatoms (equivalent spherical radius 3–67 μm). Since larger cells are more susceptible to diffusion limitation, we hypothesized that eCA activity would increase with cell size as would its importance for CO2 supply. eCA activity did increase with cell size, increasing with cell radius by a size‐scaling exponent of 2.6 ± 0.3. The rapid increase in eCA activity with cell radius keeps the absolute CO2 concentration difference between bulk seawater and the cell surface very low (<~0.2 μM) allowing high rates of CO2 uptake even for large diatoms. Although inhibiting eCA did reduce photosynthesis in the diatoms, there was no overall relationship between the extent of inhibition of photosynthesis and cell size. The only indication that eCA may be more important for larger diatoms was that photosynthesis in the smallest diatoms (<4 μm radius) was only affected by eCA inhibition when CO2 concentrations were very low, while photosynthesis in some larger diatoms was affected even at typical seawater CO2 concentrations. eCA is ubiquitous in centric marine diatoms, in contrast to other taxa where its presence is irregularly distributed among different species, and plays an important role in supplying CO2 for photosynthesis across the size spectrum.
Reversibility of hepatitis B virus cirrhosis after therapy: who and why?
Authors: Bedossa Pierre 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe end point of liver fibrosis in almost all chronic liver diseases including HBV chronic hepatitis is cirrhosis. Progression to cirrhosis is associated with annular deposition of fibrous tissue and vascular remodeling with a shift from a lobular to nodular organization. Although advanced liver fibrosis was previously thought to be irreversible, today there is compelling evidence that cirrhosis can be reversed if the underlying cause of liver injury is eliminated. Indeed, most clinical trials with antiviral therapy and histological follow‐up have shown that fibrosis can regress and that in some cases even cirrhosis can reverse following long‐term HBV‐DNA suppression, although the return to a fully normal liver is rarely observed and difficult to prove. Nevertheless, a marked percentage of cirrhosis will not reverse even after effective antiviral therapy. Generally cirrhosis is more likely to regress if it is recent, there is effective and long‐lasting viral suppression, an internal capacity to regenerate and no vascular thrombosis. HBV treatment in patients with cirrhosis is associated with an improved clinical outcome although there may still be a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nevertheless it has not yet been determined if a favorable outcome depends on histological regression or whether the reversal of cirrhosis is merely a surrogate marker of viral suppression. The significance of the reversal of cirrhosis is still a subject of debate because neither the histological scoring systems nor non‐invasive markers to evaluate the reversal of cirrhosis have been validated.
Optimal therapy of genotype‐2 chronic hepatitis C: what's new?
Authors: Bourlière Marc , Benali Souad , Ansaldi Christelle , Le Folgoc Gaelle , Riso Aurelie , Lecomte Laurence 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe standard of care (SOC) for the treatment of HCV genotype 2 (HCV‐2) was pegylated interferon alpha plus ribavirin (PEG‐IFN/RBV) at weight‐based doses for a response‐guided duration. The launches of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in 2014 have resulted in new, better tolerated and shorter treatment. The combination of sofosbuvir and RBV for 12 weeks appears to be the new SOC in both European and American guidelines. The cost and therefore the access to this treatment remains a problem in many countries because of major economic constraints. For the few more difficult‐to‐treat patients, a combination of direct acting antivirals may be suitable and is being studied in ongoing trials. Because of rapidly changing treatment recommendations, the decision to treat HCV‐2 patients with currently approved drugs or to wait until a better option is available in the future, must be made according to the stage of fibrosis.
Optimal therapy of chronic hepatitis B: how do I treat my HBeAg‐negative patients?
Authors: Viganò Mauro , Invernizzi Federica , Lampertico Pietro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a frequent, progressive and difficult‐to‐cure phase of CHB. The end‐point of therapy is to persistently suppress viral replication to halt progression of liver disease. Two different treatment strategies are currently available: a short‐term course of pegylated interferon alpha (PEG‐IFN) or long‐term therapy with nucleot(s)ide analogues (NA), i.e. entecavir or tenofovir. Young patients with mild‐to‐moderate stages of liver disease can benefit from a 48‐week course of PEG‐IFN, while NA may be preferred in patients with more severe liver disease, in older patients, and in those who do not respond, are unwilling or have contraindications to PEG‐IFN. Nucleot(s)ide analogues provide persistent viral suppression and biochemical normalization in almost all patients, together with the regression of fibrosis and the prevention of decompensation, but the effect on hepatocellular carcinoma rates is limited. Thus, NAs have become the most popular treatment strategy worldwide but lifelong administration is associated with high cost, unknown safety and adherence issues and an unknown risk of drug‐resistance over time as well as limited rates of HBsAg seroclearance. On the other hand, PEG‐IFN treatment may achieve a SVR in nearly a quarter of patients ultimately leading to HBsAg loss in almost 30–50%. Interestingly, response rates to PEG‐IFN may further increase with more careful patient selection based on age, ALT and HBV DNA levels at baseline and by applying early on‐treatment stopping rules based on HBV DNA and HBsAg kinetics. The combination of NA and PEG‐IFN is not currently recommended but numerous studies are ongoing.
Optimal therapy for chronic hepatitis B: hepatitis B virus combination therapy?
Authors: Petersen Jorg , Dandri Maura 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCurrently available antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B can be divided into two classes of therapeutic agents: pegylated interferon alpha (PEG‐IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). The major advantages of NAs are good tolerance and potent antiviral activity associated with high rates of on‐treatment response to therapy. The advantages of PEG‐IFN include a finite course of treatment, the absence of drug resistance, and an opportunity to obtain a durable post‐treatment response to therapy. The use of these two antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action in combination is theoretically an attractive approach for treatment, either simultaneously, as sequential combination therapy (add‐on), or even as an immediate switch from one agent to the other. Different NAs have also been combined in certain clinical situations. At present, several studies have confirmed certain virological advantages to combination therapies, but pivotal prospective studies demonstrating long‐term clinical benefit to patients are still missing. Therefore, combination treatment, especially with PEG‐IFN plus NAs, is not indicated and was not recommended by the European Association for the Study of the Liver Clinical Practice Guidelines written in 2012, while the guidelines for the use of combination NAs is limited to very few clinical situations.