bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ulcerative colitis
Authors: Grieco Michael J. , Remzi Feza H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Surgery plays an important role in the multidisciplinary care of ulcerative colitis as resection of the colon and rectum cures their symptoms. Reconstructive endpoints after resection of the colon and rectum, are conventional end ileostomy, continent ileostomy, or ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA), of which IPAA is the gold standard. We describe a three-stage procedure for IPAA with total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy as stage 1, proctectomy IPAA with loop ileostomy creation as stage 2, and hand-sewn ileostomy as stage 3. If after ileostomy closure, a patient requires diversion, we recommend creating a thoughtful ileostomy 20 cm proximal to the pouch. This can be a valuable step toward pouch salvage.
Head and Neck
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter starts with clinically relevant soft tissue and neurovascular anatomy of the neck. Commonly tested ocular and otologic terms are outlined. The approach to nasal cavity and oral cavity pathology, particularly neoplasia, is next. The pharynx is reviewed in detail, with a focus on nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx malignancy. The architecture and corresponding pathology of the larynx occupies its own section, followed by a description of highly tested salivary gland tumors. The chapter closes with the diagnostic approach to a new neck mass geared toward the board examination.
Neurological complications of radiation therapies in haematological malignancies
Authors: Winter Sebastian F. , Dietrich Jorg 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Cranial radiation therapy is an integral treatment component in patients with haematological malignancies, but exposure of nervous system structures to ionizing radiation may result in a range of significant neurological complications. Patients with haematological malignancies, many of whom are long-term survivors with a remote history of antineoplastic therapy during childhood, are particularly susceptible to developing late radiogenic sequelae. Late-delayed neurological radiotoxicities are typically progressive and irreversible, difficult to diagnose and manage, and may permanently compromise neurological function with potentially detrimental effects on quality of life and survivorship. This chapter offers a comprehensive review of the most common and challenging forms of late central and peripheral nervous system radiotoxicities encountered in this patient population, with a focus on the most relevant preventative, diagnostic, and management considerations for practising clinicians.
General anatomy
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
General anatomy is common to all regions of the body (head, neck, trunk, and limbs). This chapter introduces a vocabulary to define the positions of each anatomical structure, and an elementary knowledge of the types of structures a student of medicine, dentistry, or allied health sciences will encounter. Terms of position (e.g. anterior, posterior) and terms of movement (e.g. flexion, extension) are provided and explained. An overview of the skeletal system, including bones, cartilages, and joints, is outlined. Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification are explained. Readers are introduced to muscles, their component parts, types, classification, and naming, and much more. The skin, fascia, circulatory system, lymphatic system, and nervous system are all introduced, in turn. Many medical students will undertake dissection on cadavers as an important way of getting a fuller understanding of the structure and function of the human body. The chapter outlines general instructions for dissection. Lastly, special radiological techniques which allow the study of bones are introduced, including X-rays, computerized tomography (CT), ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Introduction to the upper limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The introduction to the upper limb gives an overview of the upper limb. It defines the regions of the upper limb—the shoulder region, axilla, pectoral region, scapular region, arm or brachium, forearm or antebrachium, wrist, hand, and digits. For each region it describes the bones and muscle groups, including the muscle groups in the palm of the hand. It names the joints of the upper limb detailing the bones that come to together to articulate in each. In addition, this chapter describes how the upper limb relates to the adjacent structures in the body, namely the neck and thorax.
The free upper limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The free upper limb describes the general features of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. It begins with the bony landmarks and the surface features of this region. It describes the cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and lymphatics, with attention to the origin, course, and termination of each. A concise overview of all the cutaneous nerves on the arm, forearm, and hand is provided. It describes the superficial fascia and deep fascia of the upper limb. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided to enable the student to display the fascia, nerves, and vessels. Localized sensory loss due to damage to a peripheral nerve is discussed. The clinical importance of the superficial veins and possible complications of intravenous injection into the median cubital vein are discussed.
The arm
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the surface features of the arm, humerus, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and other muscles, as they lie in the anterior and posterior intermuscular compartments. The nerves and blood vessels supplying these muscles, the musculocutaneous nerve, the radial nerve, the brachial artery, and their branches are described. The components forming the principal neurovascular bundle of the arm are listed. The location, boundaries, and contents of the cubital fossa are described. The chapter provides detailed instructions on how the arm should be dissected to display and study the structures. Descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. A common nerve injury complicating a fracture of the humerus and blood flow changes in the brachial artery during blood pressure measurement are discussed.
The forearm and hand
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter on the forearm and hand describes the surface landmarks, the radius, the ulna, the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, the flexors of the wrist, the extensors of the wrist, the palmar aponeurosis, the flexor and extensor retinacula, the muscles of the hand, the median nerve, the ulnar nerve, the radial nerve, the anterior interosseous and posterior interosseous nerves, the radial artery, and the ulnar artery. The contents common to the anterior compartment of the forearm and palm of the hand are traced into continuity. Similarly, tendons, vessels, and nerves from the back of the forearm are traced onto the dorsum of the hand. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. Images on surface anatomy and cross-sectional images are used to illustrate the surface projections and interrelations between structures. The anatomy of common clinical conditions, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosynovitis, and Dupuytren’s contraction, are discussed.
The gluteal region
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The gluteal region describes the surface features, bony landmarks, the gluteus maximus and other muscles of the gluteal region, and their nerves and arteries. The structures under cover of the gluteus maximus—gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, the superior and inferior gluteal arteries, the superior and inferior gluteal nerves, the sciatic nerve, and the sacrotuberous ligament—are described. The boundaries of the greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch are mentioned, and the structures passing through the greater and lesser sciatic foramina are described. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided for dissecting this region. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. The gluteus medius gait and possible complications of a poorly administered intragluteal injection are discussed.
The back of the thigh
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles, the sciatic nerve, and the profunda femoris artery. It also describes the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh and the arterial anastomosis formed between the branches of the profunda femoris artery, the gluteal arteries, and the popliteal artery. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided for dissecting this region. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. The clinical condition of sciatic neuritis is discussed.
The hip joint
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the acetabulum, the head of the femur, the neck of the femur, the articular capsule, extracapsular ligaments, intracapsular ligaments, and movements of the hip joint. Specializations of the articular capsule, such as the retinacula, and the thickenings that form the pubofemoral and iliofemoral ligaments are described. Important intracapsular structures, such as the ligament of the head of the femur and the acetabular labrum, are also described. The hip arterial supply is discussed. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided for dissecting this joint. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. The hip joint movements and the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the muscles producing them are tabulated for easy reference. A clinical case of a fractured neck of the femur treated with hemiarthroplasty is presented with radiological images.
The leg and foot
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the bones, muscles, vessels, and nerves of the leg and foot. It discusses the superficial veins of the leg and the communications between the deep and superficial veins. The structures in the leg are described in the three compartments: the front of the leg with the extensors of the ankle and toes, along with the deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial artery; the lateral side of the leg—the fibular compartment with the fibularis longus and brevis and the superficial fibular nerve; and the back of the leg with the gastrocnemius, soleus, long flexors, tibial nerve, and posterior tibial artery. The origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), termination of important nerves, and vessels of the anterior compartment of the leg are described. The dorsum of the foot and the sole of the foot are described. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided for dissecting this region. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. Clinical anatomy of varicose veins of the leg, the anterior compartment syndrome, foot drop, and injury to the common fibular nerve are discussed.
Surface marking of the lower limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the knowledge and skills to mark the position of important structures of the lower limb on to the surface of the body. Surface markings of clinically important structures include the mid-inguinal point, saphenous opening, long saphenous vein, short saphenous vein, femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery, femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, and deep peroneal nerve. Illustrations demonstrate the relevant bony and soft tissue landmarks, so readers can mark the structures on the surface of the body. The chapter outlines the surface marking competencies for the lower limb required by the National Medical Council of India curricula.
Knowledge production in refugee studies from the South: Theorization of refugee labour in the literature on Turkey
Authors: Osseiran Souad , Nimer Maissam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article explores the case of the migration studies industry in Turkey, which has flourished over the past decade, through an examination of knowledge production on refugee labour. Focusing on research about Syrian refugees’ labour and employment in Turkey between 2012 and 2018, the article discusses the ways in which refugee labour is articulated and studied to provide ground for a wider critique of migration-related knowledge production. This study aims to reflexively question academic outputs by (1) exploring the conceptual frames used broadly in research on refugee labour, and (2) developing an overview of the literature on Turkey with a focus on this topic. Through the case of the literature on refugee labour in Turkey, we explore the underlying political economy premises of migration research. This case serves as an example to argue that knowledge produced in a Southern context is mainly incorporated as case studies despite attempts to advance theoretical discussions, highlighting a North–South hierarchization of knowledge.
Vinpocetine increases the microsporicidal effect of albendazole on Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Authors: Sezer Gülay , Çetinkaya Ülfet 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate, intracellular, spore-forming eukaryotic fungi that infect humans and animals. In the treatment of disseminated microsporidiosis albendazole is the choice of drug. In recent years, antiparasitic activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme inhibitors has been demonstrated against parasites and fungi, however, there is no information on microsporidia. Vinpocetine is currently used as a cerebral vasodilator drug and also as a dietary supplement to improve cognitive functions. Vinpocetine inhibits PDE1, so we aimed to investigate whether vinpocetine alone or in combination with albendazole has any effect on the spore load of Encephalitozoon intestinalis (E. intestinalis)-infected HEK293 cells. After determining the noncytotoxic concentrations of vinpocetine and albendazole on the host cell by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, HEK293 cells were infected with E. intestinalis spores. Then, two different concentrations of vinpocetine, albendazole, and a combination of both drugs were applied to the cells with an interval of 72 h for 15 days. Spore load of the cells was analyzed by real-time PCR. After the last treatment, spore Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) load was significantly reduced only in the group treated with 14 ng/ml albendazole. It was not different from control in groups treated with 7 ng/ml albendazole and 4–20 µM vinpocetine. However, the combination of vinpocetine significantly increased the effect of albendazole at both concentrations.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the microsporicidal activity of vinpocetine as well as its combinations with albendazole. However, further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of action and also confirm in vivo conditions.
Time-variable diffuse γ-ray foreground
Authors: Siegert Thomas 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
While the data analysis of γ-ray telescopes has now become more robust, some signals may be misinterpretations of a time-variable foreground emission from the Solar system, induced by low-energy cosmic-ray interactions with asteroids. Our goal is to provide emission templates for this time-variable diffuse γ-ray foreground by considering the populations of Main Belt Asteroids, Jovian and Neptunian Trojans, Kuiper Belt Objects, and the Oort Cloud. We model the spatial distribution of all known asteroids by performing 3D-fits to determine their density profiles and calculate their appearances by line-of-sight integrations. Because Earth and the asteroids are moving with respect to each other, we obtain diffuse emission templates varying on time-scales of days to decades. We find that the temporal variability can lead to flux enhancements that may mimic emission features unless properly taken into account. This variation is further enhanced by the Solar cycle as the cosmic-ray spectrum is attenuated by the Solar modulation potential, leading to a relative flux increase of the outer asteroids. The cumulative effect of the time-dependent emission is illustrated for the case of the ‘511 keV OSSE fountain’, and for emission features near the Galactic Centre, both being possible misinterpretations of the Solar system albedo. We recommend that γ-ray data analyses should always take into account the possibility of a time-variable foreground. Due to the ecliptic overlap with the Galactic plane, the Galactic emission is expected to be weaker by 0.1–20 per cent, depending on time (relative planetary motion), energy, and Solar cycle, which has consequences for the interpretation of dark matter annihilation cross sections, cosmic-ray spectra and amplitudes, as well as nucleosynthesis yields and related parameters.
Long-term wide-band spectrotemporal studies of outbursting black hole candidate sources GX 339–4 and H 1743–322: AstroSat and NuSTAR results
Authors: Aneesha U , Das Santabrata , Katoch Tilak B , Nandi Anuj 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive spectrotemporal analyses of recurrent outbursting black hole sources GX 339$-$4 and H 1743$-$322 using available AstroSat and NuSTAR archival observations during 2016–2024. The nature of the outburst profiles of both sources are examined using long-term MAXI/GSC and Swift/BAT light curves, and failed as well as successful outbursts are classified. Wide-band (0.5–60 keV) spectral modelling with disc (diskbb) and Comptonized (Nthcomp) components indicates that GX 339$-$4 transits from hard ($kT_{\rm bb}=0.12-0.77$ keV, $\Gamma _{\rm nth}=1.54-1.74$, and $L_{\rm bol}=0.91-11.56$ per cent $L_{\rm Edd}$) to soft state ($kT_{\rm in}~[\approx {kT}_{\rm bb}]=0.82-0.88$ keV, $\Gamma _{\rm nth}=1.46-3.26$, $L_{\rm {bol}}=19.59-30.06~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}L_{\rm Edd}$) via intermediate state ($kT_{\rm in}~[\approx {kT}_{\rm {bb}}]=0.56-0.88$ keV, $\Gamma _{\rm nth}=1.76-2.66$, $L_{\rm {bol}}=2.90-16.09~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}L_{\rm Edd}$), whereas H 1743$-$322 transits from quiescent to hard state ($\Gamma _{\rm nth}=1.57-1.71$, $L_{\rm {bol}}=2.08-3.48~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}L_{\rm Edd}$). We observe type-B and type-C quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in GX 339$-$4 with increasing frequencies ($0.10 - 5.37$ Hz) along with harmonics. For H 1743$-$322, prominent type-C QPOs are observed in frequency range 0.22–1.01 Hz along with distinct harmonics. Energy-dependent power spectral studies reveal that fundamental QPO and harmonics disappear beyond 20 keV in GX 339$-$4, whereas fundamental QPO in H 1743$-$322 persists up to 40 keV. We also observe that type-C ${\rm QPO}_{\rm rms}\,\rm per\,cent$ decreases with energy for both sources although such variations appear marginal for type-B QPOs. Additionally, we report non-monotonic behaviour of photon index with plasma temperature and detection of annihilation line. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the observational findings in the context of accretion dynamics around black hole binaries.
A flux-independent increase in outflows prior to the emergence of active regions on the Sun
Authors: Schunker H , Roland-Batty W , Birch A C , Braun D C , Cameron R H , Gizon L 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Emerging active regions are associated with convective flows on the spatial scale and lifetimes of supergranules. To understand how these flows are involved in the formation of active regions, we aim to identify where active regions emerge in the supergranulation flow pattern. We computed supergranulation scale flow maps at the surface for all active regions in the Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic Emerging Active Region Survey. We classified each of the active regions into four bins based on the amplitude of their average surface flow divergence at emergence. We then averaged the flow divergence over the active regions in each bin as a function of time. We also considered a corresponding set of control regions. We found that, on average, the flow divergence increases during the day prior to emergence at a rate independent of the amount of flux that emerges. By subtracting the averaged flow divergence of the control regions, we found that active region emergence is associated with a remaining converging flow at 0.5–1 d prior to emergence. This remnant flow, $\Delta \, \mathrm{div} \, \boldsymbol {v}_{\rm h} = (-4.9 \pm 1.7) \times 10^{-6}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$, corresponds to a flow speed of 10–20 m s−1 (an order of magnitude less than supergranulation flows) out to a radius of about 10 Mm. We show that these observational results are qualitatively supported by simulations of a small bipole emerging through the near-surface convective layers of the Sun. The question remains whether these flows are driving the emergence, or are caused by the emergence.
A physical model for radio and X-ray correlation in black hole X-ray binaries
Authors: Jiang Yiheng , Li Shanshan , Cao Xinwu , You Bei , Zdziarski Andrzej A , Xu Saien 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
A tight correlation between the radio and X-ray emission in the hard state of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) indicates an intrinsic disc–jet connection in stellar black hole (BH) accretion systems, though the detailed physics processes at work are still quite unclear. A hot accretion flow is suggested to match the outer cold thin disc at a certain radius in the hard state, which may vary with the accretion rate. In this work, we assume that the magnetic field generated in the outer thin disc is advected inwards by the inner hot accretion flow, which is substantially enhanced near the BH. Such a strong field threading the horizon of a spinning BH is responsible for launching relativistic jets in BHXRBs via the Blandford–Znajek mechanism. Thus, both the jet power and the X-ray emission increase with the mass accretion rate, and we find that our model calculations are able to reproduce the observed radio/X-ray correlation quantitatively. For some individual BHXRBs, the slopes of the radio/X-ray correlations become steeper when the sources are brighter. Our model calculations show that this feature is due to the transition of the outer disc from gas pressure dominated to radiation pressure dominated, which leads to different accretion rate dependence of the field strength in the outer disc.
The Fe Kα Compton shoulder in accreting supermassive black holes
Authors: Dimopoulos G , Ricci C , Paltani S 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Reprocessed X-ray radiation from active galactic nuclei (AGN) carries important information about the properties of the circumnuclear material around the black hole. The X-ray photons travel from the very centre of the system and interact with that material often producing strong emission lines. The $\rm {Fe\, K\alpha }$ Compton shoulder (CS) is formed by fluorescent $\rm {Fe\, K\alpha }$ photons that perform Compton scatterings with the intercepting material and lose energy to form the distinct shoulder shape. In this work, we use the ray-tracing code RefleX to explore how the physical properties of the medium, as well as its geometry, affect the shape of the CS. We start by running simulations using a simple toroidal reflector, to test the effect of the metal composition, metallicity, column density, dust presence and velocity on the $\rm {Fe\, K\alpha }$ line, and its CS. We confirm that the shape of the CS is sensitive to the optical depth of the intercepting medium, which can be regulated by either changing the metal composition or the line-of-sight column density of the circumnuclear material. Next, we create a series of models, which feature different geometrical configurations of dust and gas, and explore how the CS is affected by such configurations finding that components that can regulate the line-of-sight column density affect the $\rm {Fe\, K\alpha }$ and its CS. Finally, we test whether observatories such as the recently launched XRISM and future Athena will make the CS a useful spectral feature of nearby AGN, by applying specific models on simulated spectra of the Circinus galaxy. The CS has the potential to be used to help constrain properties of the circumnuclear material yet with some limitations.