bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast growth of thin multi‐crystalline silicon ribbons by the RST method
Authors: Heilbronn Bertrand , De Moro Fabrice , Jolivet Emilie , Tupin Elsa , Chau Benjamin , Varrot Romain , Drevet Béatrice , Bailly Séverine , Rey Delphine , Lignier Hélène , Xi Yinghao , Riberi‐Béridot Thècle , Mangelinck‐Noël Nathalie , Reinhart Guillaume , Regula Gabrielle 
Published: October 2014

The ribbon on sacrificial template (RST) process is a ribbon direct‐wafering technology with specific ability for high throughput and thin multicrystalline wafer production, in the range of 60‐140 μm. Mechanical and electrical properties of the RST material were investigated. Ball on ring and four‐point bending tests showed good fracture stress values up to 260 MPa. The conversion efficiency potential for passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) made out from the RST material, around 16%, is shown to be limited by defects reducing minority carrier lifetime. The interaction between impurities, such as C and transitions metals, with structural defects such as dislocations, results in highly recombinative areas in RST wafers. A model is proposed which shows that the carbon substrate is an important source of carbon contamination in the silicon melt during the growth of the ribbon. This high C contamination can be accompanied by transition metal contamination and can have an influence on the growth stability and on the generation of structural defects, especially if C accumulates in a boundary layer just above the growth interface. The study of the segregation of Sb indicates that the process conditions are close to the case of the diffusive regime near the solid/liquid interface, with a boundary layer thickness of about 70 μm.
Massive Bauwerke aus Mauerwerk unter den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels
Authors: Rast Ronald 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIm September 2013 fand der deutsche Mauerwerkskongress in Berlin statt. Er behandelte die Thematik “Mauerwerk unter den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels“. Der Kongress brachte die Erkenntnis, dass der Klimawandel, insbesondere seit Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts, in Form unterschiedlicher Naturkatastrophen deutlich spürbar wird. Verstärkt auftretende Hitze‐ und Kältewellen, mehr Unwetter mit Blitz und Hagelschlag sowie Starkregen, wiederholt auftretende Überschwemmungen sowie die Zunahme von Tornados sind deutliche Zeichen dafür. Mehr Sicherheit und mehr Schutz vor den Auswirkungen derartiger Naturereignisse sind auf verschiedenen Wegen zu erlangen. Eine Möglichkeit zur Begrenzung materieller Schäden infolge von Naturkatastrophen ist die bewusste Auswahl robuster Baukonstruktionen und geeigneter Baustoffe. Die auf dem Deutschen Mauerwerkskongress 2013 angestoßene Diskussion wird auf Basis neuester Erkenntnisse der Klimaforschung und jüngster Statistiken der Versicherungen zur Schadensregulierung von Naturkatastrophen im nachfolgenden Beitrag weitergeführt. Veränderte Anforderungen aus dem Klimawandel, insbesondere an Wohngebäude und wohnähnliche Nichtwohnbauten, werden dargestellt.Massive masonry constructions under the challenges of climate change. The German Masonry Congress was held in Berlin in September 2013. It covered the topic “masonry under the challenges of climate change“. The Congress brought the realization that the climate change, especially since the beginning of the 21st century, in the form of various natural disasters is clearly noticeable. Reinforced onpassing heat and cold waves, more storms with lightning and hail and heavy rain, recurrent floods and the increase of tornadoes are clear signs. More security, more protection from the impact of natural events to gain in various ways. One way to limit material damages caused by natural disasters is the conscious choice of robust constructions and suitable building materials. In the following article the discussion initiated at the German Masonry Congress 2013 will be continued based on the latest findings of climate research and recent statistics from the insurance companies to settle claims from natural disasters. Changing demands from climate change, particularly on residential buildings and non‐residential buildings with living quarters, are presented.
Nachhaltigkeit von Mauerwerk im Geschosswohnungsbau
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Pohl Sebastian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInnerhalb der deutschen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie spielen die Bau‐ und Immobilienwirtschaft im Allgemeinen und Wohngebäude als wichtige Gebäudetypologie im Speziellen eine zentrale Rolle. Auf Basis einer ganzheitlichen lebenszyklusorientierten Analyse konnte die hohe Nachhaltigkeitsqualität kleiner Wohngebäude (EFH/ZFH) aus Mauerwerk bereits nachgewiesen werden [1]. Die Untersuchungen dieses Beitrags weiten diese Betrachtungsweise aus und sollen zeigen, ob auch größeren Mauerwerkswohngebäuden (MFH) eine vergleichbare Nachhaltigkeitsqualität attestiert werden kann.Masonry and sustainability in apartment buildings. The construction and real estate industry in general and especially residential buildings as a crucial typology are key elements of the national sustainability strategy in Germany. Based upon a holistic life‐cycle orientated analysis the high sustainability quality of small residential buildings made of masonry has already been verified [1]. The examination of the following paper extends the perspective and should prove if masonry apartment buildings can be characterised by a comparably high sustainability quality.
Zukunftssicher bauen – die Sicht des Bundesbauministeriums
Authors: Hegner Hans‐Dieter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDas neu gebildete Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit wird aufbauend auf den Forderungen des Koalitionsvertrages der aktuellen Bundesregierung rasch ein “Aktionsprogramm Klimaschutz“ vorlegen, um zusätzliche CO2‐Einsparungen zu generieren. Gleichzeitig soll mit dem “Bündnis für bezahlbares Wohnen und Bauen“ dafür gesorgt werden, dass Wohnen bezahlbar bleibt und mehr Sozialwohnungen insbesondere in Ballungsräumen errichtet werden. Beides gelingt nur, wenn konsequent innovative Ansätze beim Wohnungsbau und dem energieeffizienten und nachhaltigen Bauen umgesetzt werden. Die Forschungsinitiative Zukunft Bau leistet dabei umfangreiche Unterstützung. Die aktuelle Förderrichtlinie wurde am 28. Juli 2014 in Kraft gesetzt.Building for the future ‐ the view of the Federal Building Ministry. The new Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety will shortly submit a Climate Action Programme 2020 based on the Coalition Agreement of the current government to achieve additional CO2 savings. At the same time the Alliance for Affordable Housing and Building aims to keep housing affordable and ensure that more social housing is built, in particular in conurbations. These two goals can only be attained if we consistently implement innovative approaches in housing development and energy‐efficient, sustainable building. The research initiative Future Building (Zukunft Bau) makes a vital contribution to this. The current funding guidelines entered into force on 28 July 2014.
Anti‐doping analyses at the Sochi Olympic and Paralympic Games 2014
Authors: Sobolevsky Tim , Krotov Grigory , Dikunets Marina , Nikitina Maria , Mochalova Elena , Rodchenkov Grigory 
Published: October 2014

The laboratory anti‐doping services during XXII Winter Olympic and XI Paralympic games in Sochi in 2014 were provided by a satellite laboratory facility located within the strictly secured Olympic Park. This laboratory, established and operated by the personnel of Antidoping Center, Moscow, has been authorized by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) to conduct doping control analyses. The 4‐floor building accommodated the most advanced analytical instrumentation and became a place of attraction for more than 50 Russian specialists and 25 foreign experts, including independent observers.In total, 2134 urine and 479 blood samples were delivered to the laboratory and analyzed during the Olympic Games (OG), and 403 urine and 108 blood samples – during the Paralympic Games (PG). The number of erythropoietin tests requested in urine was 946 and 166 at the OG and PG, respectively. Though included in the test distribution plan, a growth hormone analysis was cancelled by the Organizing Committee just before the Games.Several adverse analytical findings have been reported including pseudoephedrine (1 case), methylhexaneamine (4 cases), trimetazidine (1 case), dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (1 case), clostebol (1 case), and a designer stimulant N‐ethyl‐1‐phenylbutan‐2‐amine (1 case).
Expression of major photosynthetic and salt‐resistance genes in invasive reed lineages grown under elevated CO2 and temperature
Authors: Eller Franziska , Lambertini Carla , Nielsen Mette W. , Radutoiu Simona , Brix Hans 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is important to investigate the molecular causes of the variation in ecologically important traits to fully understand phenotypic responses to climate change. In the Mississippi River Delta, two distinct, sympatric invasive lineages of common reed (Phragmites australis) are known to differ in several ecophysiological characteristics and are expected to become more salt resistant due to increasing atmospheric CO2 and temperature. We investigated whether different patterns of gene expression can explain their ecophysiological differences and increased vigor under future climatic conditions. We compared the transcript abundance of photosynthetic genes of the Calvin cycle (Rubisco small subunit, RbcS; Phosphoglycerate kinase, PGK; Phosphoribulokinase, PRK), genes related with salt transport (Na+/H+ antiporter, PhaNHA) and oxidative stress response genes (Manganese Superoxide dismutase, MnSOD; Glutathione peroxidase, GPX), and the total aboveground biomass production between two genotypes representing the two lineages. The two genotypes (Delta‐type, Mediterranean lineage, and EU‐type, Eurasian lineage) were grown under an ambient and a future climate scenario with simultaneously elevated CO2 and temperature, and under two different soil salinities (0‰ or 20‰). We found neither differences in the aboveground biomass production nor the transcript abundances of the two genotypes, but soil salinity significantly affected all the investigated parameters, often interacting with the climatic conditions. At 20‰ salinity, most genes were higher expressed in the future than in the ambient climatic conditions. Higher transcription of the genes suggests higher abundance of the protein they code for, and consequently increased photosynthate production, improved stress responses, and salt exclusion. Therefore, the higher expression of these genes most likely contributed to the significantly ameliorated salinity impact on the aboveground biomass production of both P. australis genotypes under elevated temperature and CO2. Although transcript abundances did not explain differences between the lineages, they correlated with the increased vigor of both lineages under anticipated future climatic conditions.
Lithium‐Containing Pnictides with Supertetrahedral Cluster Chains
Authors: Makongo Julien P. A. , You Tae‐Soo , He Hua , Suen Nian‐Tzu , Bobev Svilen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Svilen Bobev at the University of Delaware, USA. The cover image shows the crystal structure of Ba4Li2Cd3Pn6 (Pn = P, As, Sb), which is based on infinite chains of supertetrahedral T2 clusters.
Nanobiocomposite Based Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive Determination of Serotonin in Presence of Dopamine, Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid In Vitro
Authors: Satyanarayana M. , Koteshwara Reddy K. , Vengatajalabathy Gobi K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA multiwalled carbon nanotube – chitosan (MWCNT‐Chit) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated and applied for sensitive and selective determination of serotonin also known as 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT). Electroanalytical response of the fabricated electrode towards the detection of 5‐HT was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the MWCNT‐Chit/GCE has greatly enhanced the oxidation peak current and that the nanocomposite film enhanced the electron transfer to the analyte. Applying differential pulse voltammetry method, a linear calibration plot has been achieved over the concentration range 5×10−8–1.6×10−5 M and the low‐detection‐limit is 5×10−8 M. Selective determination of serotonin in the presence of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid was established. The fabricated biosensor detects 5‐HT in‐vitro directly from artificial urine samples and from diluted serum samples.
Evaluation of Histamine Imprinted Polypyrrole Deposited on Boron Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond
Authors: Ratautaite Vilma , Nesladek Milos , Ramanaviciene Almira , Baleviciute Ieva , Ramanavicius Arunas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study describes the evaluation of histamine imprinted polypyrrole deposited on boron doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD). Boron doped oxygen terminated NCD (B : NCD) was used as a conducting substrate for the design of here reported electrochemical sensor. Some peculiarities of B : NCD were evaluated and oxidation kinetics of both NCD and B : NCD was investigated. Both the NCD and B : NCD were modified by molecularly imprinted polypyrrole and not‐imprinted polypyrrole. Histamine was used as a template for molecular imprinting of polypyrrole. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied for the evaluation of formed MIP and NIP layers.
Label‐Free Impedance Aptasensor for Major Peanut Allergen Ara h 1
Authors: Trashin Stanislav , de Jong Mats , Breugelmans Tom , Pilehvar Sanaz , De Wael Karolien 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe peanut allergen Ara h 1 belonging to the vicilin family of seed storage proteins is known to be a suitable marker for peanut detection in foods. In the present work, we suggest an electrochemical detection of Ara h 1 using a recently selected 80‐base DNA aptamer. The detection strategy relies on insulation effect of a bulky protein captured by an immobilized aptamer. The electrodes were modified by the aptamer and characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The aptamer surface density and analytical parameters of the calibration curves for Ara h 1 were compared with the system prepared with thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) and operated in the same conditions.
Morphology, anatomy and vasculature in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgoales) under functional and evolutionary aspects
Authors: Dörken Veit Martin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMorphology and anatomy of leaves as well as germination in Ginkgo biloba were studied and compared to the situation in other gymnosperms. The results show that a long‐shoot leaf will be replaced almost perfectly by the total leaf area of a single short‐shoot, a feature which can be found in nearly all deciduous angiospermous, but is absent in all other deciduous gymnosperms. The results of the anatomical investigations of cotyledons and their comparison with the situation in other gymnosperm groups e.g. Araucariaceae, Pinacaea and Taxaceae demonstrate that the recent hypogeal germination of Ginkgo biloba might represent a feature derived from an epigeal ancestor with cotyledons taking part in photosynthesis and respiration. The cotyledons of Ginkgo biloba, however, have only a storage and haustorial function today, but they are still rich in chlorophyll and stomata are developed all over both leaf sides, despite the fact that they are never exposed to light. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A comparison among spatial interpolation techniques for daily rainfall data in Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Xu Wenbo , Zou Yangjuan , Zhang Guoping , Linderman Marc 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on testing appropriate methods to produce gridded rainfall surfaces based on the daily rainfall observed at 43 meteorological stations in the Sichuan Province during rainy seasons of 2008–2013. Rainfall is extremely variable in both spatial and temporal distribution. Therefore, three methods, namely Ordinary Kriging (OK), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and ordinaryCoKriging(CK), have been selected and examined. First, we choose a suitable model by adjusting relevant parameters including the power exponent, the Neighbours to Include and the Include at Least. Then, cross‐validation is used to verify the prediction performance of the three methods. The results for spatial interpolation of daily rainfall show that: (1) bothOKandCKmethods recorded smaller mean absolute error and the root‐mean‐square error thanIDWmethod. (2) A preferable combination of assigning 2 to power exponent, 15 to Neighbours to Include and 5 to Include at Least is identified forIDWmethod. As for the best combination ofOKandCKmethods, Neighbours to Include is assigned with 15 while Include at Least almost has no effect on their performance. (3)CKis the optimal method for spatial interpolation of the daily rainfall in the rainy season of Sichuan.
Characteristics of β‐glucosidase from oranges during maturation and its relationship with changes in bound volatile compounds
Authors: Ren Jing‐Nan , Yang Zi‐Yu , Tai Ya‐Nan , Dong Man , He Mang‐Mang , Fan Gang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe hydrolysis of glycosidically bound volatile compounds can release potential aromas in oranges during maturation. β‐Glucosidase is the key enzyme that influences the hydrolysis of bound volatiles. In this study the changes in β‐glucosidase and bound volatile compounds in Jincheng oranges during maturation were investigated. The relationship between β‐glucosidase activity and bound volatiles was analyzed.RESULTSThe optimal temperature and pH of β‐glucosidase from Jincheng oranges were 40 °C and 5–6 respectively. Its Km and Vmax values were 0.61 mmol L−1 and 0.009 U mg−1 respectively. The activity of β‐glucosidase was strongly inhibited by Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Hg2+ and Fe3+. β‐Glucosidase activity in pulp increased gradually during maturation, while that in peel first increased and then decreased in November. In total, 12 and 14 bound volatiles were found in pulp and peel respectively of this orange during maturation.CONCLUSIONThe concentration of bound volatiles in pulp and peel decreased with the rise in β‐glucosidase activity in pulp and peel during maturation. This indicated that bound volatiles in Jincheng oranges were released during maturation owing to the increase in β‐glucosidase. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Toughening Polylactide with Phase‐Separating Complex Copolymer Architectures
Authors: Gramlich William M. 
Published: October 2014

Polylactide (PLA) is a commercially produced potentially sustainable plastic that holds promise to replace petroleum‐sourced materials. Unfortunately, the brittle nature of PLA limits its current utility to disposable packaging. Melt blends of PLA and a rubbery material can rubber toughen the plastic, but often require the addition of a compatibilizer and generate opaque materials. Current efforts explore using block and graft copolymers with a majority PLA block and minority rubbery block that phase separate on the nanometer length scale to rubber toughen PLA. With these complex architectures, the polymer matrix, the minor rubbery component, and the compatibilizer are present in one molecule. Many block and graft copolymers rely on non‐sustainable rubbery blocks, which limits the sustainability of these materials. Recent work has utilized polyisoprene (PI) as the sustainable backbone for PLA graft copolymers. Post‐polymerization functionalization and copolymerization of PI provides a method to create fully sustainable PLA/PI graft copolymers that phase separate on the nanometer‐scale to make potentially tough, sustainable plastics.
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Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposite as Matrix for Bioinsecticide Formulation
Authors: Batista Diogo P. C. , Souza Rafael da S. , Santos‐Magalhães Nereide S. , de Sena‐Filho José G. , Teodoro Adenir V. , Grillo Luciano A. M. , Dornelas Camila B. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryDue to current encouragement to the use of bioinsecticides for pest control and the susceptibility of biological agents to external factors, we investigated the use of a polymer nanocomposite (PLN, polymer/ layered silicate nanocomposite) as matrix to encapsulate an entomopathogenic fungus active against pest insects of palm trees. The beads were formed by extrusion and the following variables were assessed: fungus conidial concentration (series 1: 107; series 2: 108 and series 3: 109 conidia/mL) and nanolayered silicate concentration (0; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4%). The matrix was evaluated by X‐ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the following characteristics of the products were assessed: percent of encapsulated conidia, size distribution and polydispersity index, swelling index, formulation's in vitro ability to release conidia and stability under different storage temperatures. PLN, whose interactions could be visualized by FTIR, proved to be a potential matrix for this fungus, because, while composed by natural substances non‐toxic to the environment, it succeeded to encapsulate high amounts of conidia (series 2). A barrier effect with bentonite increase was also demonstrated by increased fungus germination time and thermal stability.
Vulcanization Kinetic Study of Different Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Compounds
Authors: Gabriel Cléverson F. S. , Linhares Felipe N. , de Sousa Ana Maria F. , Furtado Cristina R. G. , Peres Augusto C.C. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe vulcanization process of rubber compounds comprises multiple chemical reactions and the investigation of this process can be carried out using several techniques. This paper aims at investigating the influence of acrylonitrile content (28, 33 and 45%) and the presence of a carboxyl group in the vulcanization process of nitrile rubber. A methodology that uses rheometric parameters to determinate the cure rate constant (k) and activation energy (E) was conducted. The results showed that there was a decrease in cure rate constant with increasing of acrylonitrile content in the rubber, for a given vulcanization temperature. Furthermore, a higher value of activation energy was obtained for the 33% of acrylonitrile compound.
Polymer Biocomposites and Nanobiocomposites Obtained from Mango Seeds
Authors: Cordeiro Edna M. S. , Nunes Yana L. , Mattos Adriano L. A. , Rosa Morsyleide F. , de sá M. Sousa Filho Men , Ito Edson N. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe objective of this work is to obtain thermoplastic starch, polymer biocomposites and nanobiocomposites using agro‐industrial waste generated in mango processing, and characterize the obtained materials. The starch extraction from the kernels of mango pits showed a good yield and the obtained starch had high purity.The results obtained characterizing the fibers and cellulose nanowhiskers, from the husk of the mango seed, proved the effectiveness of chemical treatment removing the amorphous constituents (hemicellulose and lignin).The polymer biocomposites and nanobiocomposites were obtained and the TPS mango starch showed satisfactory results of mechanical and thermal properties, when compared with TPS corn starch materials with the same composition. It is concluded that the waste generated in the agro‐industrial processing of mangos showed a potential source for biodegradable materials production.