bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing International Criminal Justice in Guatemala: Evolutions and Ongoing Challenges
Authors: Calvet-Martínez Elisenda , Mejía Gretel , Agosto Luis De León 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article examines the codification of international crimes in domestic law, the prosecution of international crimes committed during Guatemala’s Internal Armed Conflict, and the challenges in implementing the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (icc). It underscores the essential role of civil society in the fight against impunity through strategic litigation and memory initiatives, thus contributing to advances in justice. It exposes the impact of Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ rulings demanding reparations for victims of international crimes as a catalyst for domestic prosecution efforts. Furthermore, the establishment of the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (cicig) with the support of the UN represented a significant advance in justice. However, the abrupt end by the Guatemalan government of the cicig was a significant setback. Ongoing challenges involve maintaining progress within Guatemala’s criminal justice system, as many justice operators who had worked alongside cicig faced criminalization and were forced into exile.
Italy and International Criminal Justice: Mapping the Present and Charting the Path Ahead
Authors: Mancini Marina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The present article investigates Italy’s posture on international criminal justice and identifies gaps and obstacles whose overcoming is essential to make the country effectively contribute to its efficient functioning. To this end, firstly, the Italian Government’s attitude towards international criminal justice institutions is surveyed. Secondly, domestic legislation and case law on international crimes are carefully analysed. Thirdly, the public perception of international crimes in Italy is critically assessed. The author finds that a major legislative reform is urgently needed and cannot be postponed any longer, so as to remove any ambiguity about the Italian Government’s commitment to ensuring accountability for all international crimes listed in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. She also advises that such reform should be complemented with the assumption of additional international obligations bringing Italy at the forefront of the supporters of the Rome Statute system.
Taking Stock of the EU-Turkey Statement in 2024
Authors: Ovacık Gamze , Ineli-Ciger Meltem , Ulusoy Orçun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The EU-Turkey Statement of March 2016 aimed to end irregular migration from Turkey to the European Union (EU). Since 2016, the relationship between Turkey and the EU has undergone significant changes. While the EU fulfilled only two of its promises under the Statement, Turkey suspended the implementation of the return component of the Statement in 2020 and stopped readmitting third-country nationals from Greece. Meanwhile, recent judgments delivered by the European Court of Human Rights, such as Akkad v. Turkey and G.B. and others v. Turkey, have shed new light on conditions facing refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in Turkey. This article aims to analyse the implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement as of 2024 by examining to what extent Turkey and the European Union, as well as its Member States, have fulfilled their pledges and acted in line with the course of action agreed under the Statement. It also aims to investigate to what extent Turkey’s assumed status as a safe third country has changed over the years. Given that the number of irregular passages towards the EU through Turkey has decreased considerably and that the return component of the Statement is not currently implemented, we argue that the assessment of whether Turkey is safe should be made with reference to refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants contained in Turkey as a result of the EU-Turkey Statement arrangements not just those returned under the EU-Turkey Statement.
Cooperation within Reason: Tunisia’s Approach to Asylum and Readmission
Authors: Sha’ath Hiba , Raach Fatma 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Since 2011, migration and asylum have grown in salience in EU-Tunisia international cooperation. Through various agreements, the EU has provided technical and financial support to Tunisia to strengthen its border management capabilities, develop a national migration strategy, legislate a national asylum framework, and re-integrate Tunisians who were returned from Europe. However, among the points of contention between Tunisia and the EU, two key issues stand out: the continued absence of a national law governing asylum in Tunisia, and Tunisia’s refusal to include clauses related to readmission (of its own nationals and third-country nationals) in its agreements with the EU. Drawing on an analysis of cooperation on asylum and readmission between the EU and Tunisia from 2011 to 2021, this article argues that the EU’s perceptions of a lack of cooperation from its Tunisian counterparts are misplaced. Rather, Tunisia is willing to work cooperatively with the EU as long as it does not see this cooperation serve the sole purpose of supporting the EU’s externalization agenda. We see this attitude as a form of resistance to EU pressure, with the unfortunate consequence being the undermining of protection for vulnerable populations in Tunisia and in the EU. Tunisian authorities see the adoption of an asylum law as paving the way for disembarkation platforms, the use of the safe third country concept to return foreign nationals and contain them to Tunisia. This has been fueled by issue linkage in negotiations with the EU between the passing of the asylum act and the return of third-country nationals to Tunisia. Similarly, while Tunisia has concluded agreements with some EU countries regarding the readmission of its nationals, its priorities with respect to facilitating returns lie in the protection of its nationals’ social rights rather than in meeting quantitative targets set by the EU.
Negotiated Agreements as an Alternative to Criminal Trials: Policy Lessons from the Hungarian Example
Authors: Budaházi Árpád , Fantoly Zsanett 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper looks at ways of speeding up domestic criminal proceedings. Both the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg encourage Member States to ensure that their courts deliver judgments within a reasonable time. The present paper deals with the new Hungarian cooperation system, including the trial waiver and the preparatory session, which is a pre-trial meeting in the court phase. These have achieved significant results in speeding up and simplifying proceedings without limiting the rights of the accused and offer a genuine rule of law solution for efficient criminal proceedings, all while preventing unjustified delays in proceedings. Initial experience in practice has shown that these Hungarian legal instruments could serve as an excellent example for countries facing similar challenges in developing criminal politics and criminal justice policies.
EU Cross-Border Gathering and Admissibility of Electronic Content Data
Authors: Kusak Martyna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Electronic content data is a goldmine of data and information that may be relevant for a criminal investigation. Yet, these data are difficult to fit into the traditional set of evidence, and Member States use various approaches to its gathering and use. This makes the EU cross-border exchange of electronic content data context-sensitive, multilayered, ambiguous; as well as it involves the risks of privacy violations and inadmissibility concerns. Therefore, in order to achieve smooth collection and use of electronic content data, the EU needs to underpin the trust basis required for mutual recognition in this area. This study builds upon the line of research on art. 82.2 tfeu and its potential for implementing a real and multi-directional free movement of evidence regime. In this respect, it is aimed to identify common EU minimum standards for electronic content data, complemented with per se admissibility of evidence gathered accordingly. The study also advocates that with regard to electronic content data, the focus should switch from the specific measure to an overall data category. Such an approach does not intend to harmonise the methods of collecting electronic content data. Instead, any measure targeted at any electronic content data would have to meet an EU common minimum standard.
Biometric Encryption of Smart Devices and the Prohibition against Self-incrimination in Criminal Procedure. Old Guarantees in the New World
Authors: Zontek Witold 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Whether we realize it or not, our smartphones/tablets store an extremely rich amount of information about ourselves, our daily activities, secrets, preferences, and plans. To talk about professional or purely private matters, we use communicators. For this data, modern technology gives us a sense of security. We are reassured by encryption based on alphanumeric codes. But remembering passwords that are too complex is inconvenient. That’s why we often use biometric security - fingerprint readers or facial recognition. Not only for the unlocking of the device, but also for the effective use of many applications (e.g. mobile banking). But evidence of a crime could be a file, document, photo or conversation stored only on our device. Our crime. If law enforcement demands that we unlock the device, what should we do? Looking at modern legal solutions in this area, the international standard of not incriminating oneself is clear - we cannot be forced to reveal information stored only in memory (e.g. passcode). However, when it comes to whether we are required to place our thumb on a reader or look into a Face id camera, the law is silent or extremely inconsistent. Paradoxically, the technology that makes our data more secure seems to have the opposite effect of diminishing our fundamental rights as potential suspects. The most troubling threads in this area will be addressed in this paper. Where do we stand? What’s next for our fair trial rights?
Provincializing European Christianity? Constructing and Collapsing the “Grand Narrative” of Modern Christian Europe
Authors: Robert Dana L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article applies selected aspects of Depesh Chakrabarty’s concept of “Provincializing Europe” to the discourse of world Christianity studies. It argues that colonial-era mission scholars constructed a grand narrative of a united Christian Europe to justify European missions to the rest of the world. Contemporary postcolonial efforts to de-center Europe now contrast a vitiated European Christianity with a vibrant nonwestern Christianity that is required to re-evangelize Europe. Paradoxically, the trope of a formerly Christian Europe merges with a caricature of its numerical failure to make European Christianity the permanent foil for world Christianity studies. The article urges that European Christianity be studied in its diverse contexts, that the distinction between migrant and missionary be queried, and that European Christianity be considered essential to world Christianity studies.
Islamic Constitutionalism in Pakistan
Authors: Waseem Mohammad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article questions the lumpy character of understanding Islamic constitutionalism through all-pervasive models operating across time and space and reliance on classical texts as the ultimate reference for jurisprudence. It focuses on conflict and compromise among stakeholders in individual Muslim countries. Pakistan represents a ‘differentiated social formation’ underscored by dichotomy between modernity and tradition. The former is defined by a secular legal-institutional mechanism of authority inherited from British India, which seeks to accommodate the latter’s Islamic agenda through ideological symbolism, legal formalism and — under Gen. Zia’s martial law — cultivation of a divine source of legitimacy to counter the constitutional source of legitimacy in the form of mass mandate. In the face of outcry from modernists, the ulema fell back on a defensive strategy to safeguard their gains.
Plato’s Dietetics for Intellectuals in Timaeus 86b–90d
Authors: Bartoš Hynek 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper I focus on the dietetic discussion at the end of the Timaeus (86b–90d) and read it against the background of the medical dietetics of its day. I try to show that Plato’s version of dietetics is deeply rooted in the preceding medical tradition and that it draws in particular on ideas attested in the Hippocratic treatises On Regimen and Airs, Waters, Places. On the other hand, I also argue that Plato is most likely the first author ever to identify intellectuals as a specific dietetic category and to propose a preventive regimen adapted to the specific needs of mathematicians, philosophers, and other men of letters. Therefore, his dietetic discussion in the Timaeus deserves recognition as an important contribution to the history of dietetic therapy and prevention.
Form and Matter of Regular Geometrical Bodies in Luca Pacioli’s Summa (1494) and Compendium de divina proportione (1498)
Authors: Damiani Giacomo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Luca Pacioli (ca. 1447–1517) is widely considered a central figure in the Italian Renaissance, particularly in the history of practical mathematics. The perspectival representations of geometrical bodies that Leonardo da Vinci drew for Pacioli’s Compendium de divina proportione are, in turn, often singled out to illustrate the relationships between the visual arts and mathematics in the late fifteenth century. Yet despite increasing scholarly attention, the philosophical framework of Pacioli’s works deserves to be further explored. This paper discusses how Pacioli ably developed his arguments on regular geometrical bodies by relying on a predominantly Aristotelian philosophical framework. In this way, Pacioli established correlations among the quantitative, material, and formal properties of regular geometrical bodies, concluding with the visualisation of their (geometrically defined) form at the level of the intellect.
Gradients of Trust in Vaccines
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth M. , Kubota Shogo , Robinson Dimbintsoa Rakotomalala , Tengbriacheu Chankham 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination in Laos has been affected by challenges in reaching the whole population and preexisting mistrust in the health system. Vaccination rates are low among the Hmong, whose healing epistemologies are rooted in animism and Christianity, while most healthcare staff are from the lowland Buddhist majority. However, local notions of immunity and religious practices are not the main factors influencing confidence in vaccines, as these are flexible and pragmatic in incorporating different approaches to curing illness. Instead, the root causes are patterns of mistrust and inequity enacted through Hmong peoples’ experiences with health services. An innovative government-led initiative focusing on trust-building and local ownership through relational community engagement, utilizing existing village, family, ethnic, and religious structures and promoting effective communication and cultural sensitivity led to a rapid increase in vaccine uptake. Trust in vaccines is therefore not an abstract concept but highly relational, and so can be intentionally developed.
Building National Identity via Immunity
Authors: Tan Xuanxuan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This research investigates the impact of “not burdening the state” as a practice of national identity on vaccine implementation in China’s response to COVID-19. The study shows how vaccination provides a pathway for some Chinese citizens to practice “immunity national identity,” creating solidarity by invoking individual obligation toward the collective and the state. In this process, the science of vaccines is politicized, contributing to the building of a sense of belonging to and identification with the state. By showing how the immunized and vaccinated body works as a site generating the community of the nation-state, this research argues that immunity, residing beyond the healthy body and entangled with national identity, becomes a means of strengthening and imagining “us.” This paper shows how the sense of belonging to the nation interacts with vaccine-related information, influencing individuals’ willingness to accept vaccines, and how the act of vaccination and public knowledge about vaccines further shape national identity.
Viral Drugs and Antiviral Politics
Authors: Chudakova Tatiana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on the social biography of the Soviet-made antiviral pharmaceutical “Arbidol” (umifenovir), used in Russia as a popular medication to treat influenza. Despite doubts cast on its efficacy, the drug remained a staple for treating upper respiratory infections in Russia. When H1N1 arrived in Siberia in 2009, a shortage of medicine on pharmacy shelves caused by Arbidol’s rapid bulk purchasing led to a social outcry, as well as to discussions about the political corruption underpinning the drug’s production, promotion, and supply chain. By tracking the ways in which Arbidol endured over time through different epidemic waves, this article explores how both viruses and antiviral medicines weave medical and political efficacies together. By using Arbidol as a productive hinge, I analyze the ways in which conspiracy in times of social and medical crisis demonstrate how pharmaceutical and political efficacies are mutually co-constituted.
Defying Disease, Deifying Disease
Authors: Dasgupta Deepsikha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
With the advent of biomedicine in India, vaccination has been studied in tandem with the colonial commitment to exercise control over imperial subjects. The history of smallpox vaccination in India is entangled with the Goddess Śītalā – “controller” of epidemics. Despite the eradication of the epidemic, faith in the goddess reigns among her devotees. This ethnographic study suggests that Śītalā devotees are informed by a plurality of understandings of body, disease, and prophylaxis in the Covidian age; I argue that Śītalā practices and the irreducible faith in the goddess aid in sustaining trust in biomedical interventions like vaccines among her devotees. Based on fieldwork conducted in West Bengal, I further argue that Śītalā’s place as a “lesser” or “lower-caste” deity worshipped mostly by marginalized sections of society makes their active demand for vaccination an act of assertion.
Canon Lists of Church Fathers in Early Christianity
Authors: Edwards Robert G.T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article examines how the names of “church fathers” were compiled into lists from the end of the fourth century to the middle of the sixth century. Although not as common as biblical canon lists, these lists of church fathers attempt to vest ecclesiastical authority in the figures listed. Surveying Greek and Latin Christian literature, it finds that there are two overarching strategies for listing church fathers: (1) linking individual fathers’ authority to their involvement in authoritative church councils; (2) compiling lists of names that are meant to be representative of the church’s antiquity and catholicity.
Social Welfare in Iberian Corporatism: a Comparative Approach to the Organic Structures of the Guardianship Bodies
Authors: Torres Jorge Mano 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article aims to analyze the internal and organic structures of the social welfare management and tutelage bodies under the authoritarian Iberian regimes of the twentieth century.
Both the Instituto Nacional do Trabalho e Previdência (INTP-1933-1974) and the Instituto Nacional de Previsión (INP-1908-1978) played central roles in social welfare in Portugal and Spain, respectively. Therefore, it is important to compare their structures, competences, and attributions and the roles they actually played within these regimes. This further seeks to demonstrate the divergences in their nature, while also bearing in mind the corporatism adopted by the different regimes.
“Independencia total, ça quá pôvô mêcê”
Authors: Seibert Gerhard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In 1960, a small group of nationalists from São Tomé and Príncipe founded the archipelago’s first organization that demanded independence. As any activity within the islands was impossible, the activists remained abroad from where they pursued a modest anti-colonial struggle. When the Portuguese Revolution of 25 April 1974 created space for the struggle in the islands, Sãotomean students in Portugal were sent back home to wage the fight for total independence. This article traces these endeavours from the years in exile until the turbulent months in 1974 that paved the way for the archipelago’s independence on 12 July 1975.
Singularities of Timor-Leste’s Process of Self-Determination (1974–2002)
Authors: Pereira Zélia , Feijó Rui Graça 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The self-determination of Timor-Leste presents singular features in contexts of Portuguese decolonization and global politics. It spans three periods: Portugal’s territorial reconfiguration after the Carnation Revolution; re-colonization under a major international player in global decolonization; and direct involvement of the United Nations in final phases leading to independence. It distinctively combines struggle for self-determination with a plight for broad human rights. A transnational multitude of actors, from colonial and neo-colonial powers to the UN and leading regional and world powers, blended state diplomacy with “citizens diplomacy” arising from the mobilization of civil society and the impact of international public opinion.
A Decolonisation Delayed and a Case for the Local Approach
Authors: Cerdeira Pedro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article investigates the possibilities of the local approach in revisiting traditional historiographical narratives on the decolonisation of Guinea-Bissau, a process which has mostly been analysed from national and imperial standpoints. Drawing from local archival sources from the region of Cacheu, it argues that the transition process at the local level was rather complex, with a new administration that took time to be installed and colonial officials who assured the continuity of administrative tasks. Moreover, local sources demonstrate that the Guinean liberation movement did not have a good knowledge of the region and mobilised local structures to collect information.
Correlation between lumbo-pelvic shock attenuation and ankle range of motion of horse riders during extended trot: a pilot study
Authors: Elmeua González M. , Šarabon N. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The lumbo-pelvic hip complex (LPHC) plays a pivotal role in equestrian sports, connecting the rider’s body to the horse’s back and influencing rider-horse interaction. Achieving an ideal ‘independence of seat’ characterised by balanced, elastic, and upright posture is representative of rider expertise. While previous studies have examined aspects of rider-horse coordination, the relationship between rider ankle range of motion (ROM) and shock attenuation at the LPHC remains mostly unexplored. Eight experienced dressage dyads participated, and their ankle ROM was measured using a goniometer while accelerometers recorded saddle and rider sacrum accelerations during 20 extended sitting trot strides. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.71, ) was observed between ankle ROM and saddle-rider’s sacrum increase in shock signal strength, indicating that greater ankle ROMs correlated to worse dampening capacities of experienced riders. Ankle ROM may have implications for the rider’s and horse welfare and performance. Understanding the role of ankle mobility provides valuable insights for coaching and training programs in equestrian sports.