bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial position of building industry in Hajdú-Bihar County (E Hungary) in the period of 2008–2012: Regional sectoral analysis based on economic performance ratios
Authors: Rózsa A. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this study the financial situation of leading Hungarian construction companies in Hajdú-Bihar County is analysed for the period of the economic crisis. The target group is determined by the amount of share capital and sales, thus it contains the most relevant regional companies. Their main activity is residential and non-residential building construction. The most significant purpose of the research is to analyse the changes of the comparative financial situation of these companies. Moreover, I specify the main characteristics of the regional sector, and determine the competitive advantages of the companies. The research method is based on annual financial reports. In order to evaluate the performance of the examined companies I use financial ratios concerning liquidity, efficiency, and profitability situation. At the end of the study I summarize conclusions and identify the most important consequences regarding the changing financial position of competitors.
Thermodynamic description of Ge-Mn-Si
Authors: Berche Alexandre , Tédenac Jean-Claude , Jund Philippe , Gorsse Stéphane 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLiterature data of the Mn-Si system is analyzed and discordances are pointed out. First principles calculations are performed to clarify the enthalpies of formation of the intermetallic phases. Especially the enthalpies of formation of the various possible structures of the MnSix are discussed. On the basis of these new data, a thermodynamic description of the Gibbs energy of the phases is performed using the Calphad method. The system Ge-Mn is also assessed using the Calphad method for the first time.The mixing enthalpy in the D88 solid solution is calculated between Mn5Ge3 and Mn5Si3 by DFT calculations.Finally a thermodynamic description of the ternary system is suggested. Especially the solubility of germanium in MnSix is modeled.
Climate and the mfecane (with erratum)
Authors: Garstang Michael , Coleman Anthony D. , Therrell Matthew 
Published: May 2014

The mfecane is thought to be a massive upheaval and devastation of Nguni tribal chiefdoms in the second decade of the 19th century in what is now KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Other historians have challenged this extreme interpretation suggesting that the use of the term mfecane be discontinued. We show that pervasive cycles of drought and cold periods in southern Africa are significantly amplified and extended by volcanic eruptions and that, in particular, the eruption of Tambora in 1815 triggered a prolonged and extreme climatic event which bears all of the characteristics ascribed to the mfecane. These findings are supported by a coupled ocean–atmosphere numerical model and by tree-ring rainfall and sea surface temperature analyses, suggesting that the term mfecane is an appropriate description of a singular climatic event.
Erratum
Current Status of Gene Expression Profiling to Assist Decision Making in Stage II Colon Cancer
Authors: Chee Cheng E. , Meropol Neal J. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The decision regarding adjuvant therapy for patients with stage II colon cancer remains a challenge. In contrast to stage III colon cancer, for which compelling clinical data support the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, the clinical benefit of systemic therapy in unselected patients with stage II disease is modest at best. Risk stratification based on clinicopathologic features and DNA mismatch repair status is commonly used in adjuvant therapy decisions, but these factors do not have a desired level of precision in identifying patients at high risk. Recently, gene expression platforms have been developed to further define risk and to assist in therapeutic decision making for patients with stage II disease. This review describes those platforms that are furthest along in clinical development, in an effort to place their potential clinical application in context.
High‐arctic plants like it hot: a long‐term investigation of between‐year variability in plant biomass
Authors: van der Wal René , Stien Audun 
Published: May 2014

The Arctic is viewed as most sensitive to climate warming and subject to a general greening. Yet, summer weather conditions, which differ greatly among years, are believed to have little direct effect on arctic plant productivity. The dominant view is that between‐year variation in aboveground plant biomass is small and poorly related to weather conditions in the same year in the Arctic. Here, we test this view based on a 12‐year investigation of peak plant biomass among habitats, plant functional types, and species in high‐arctic Svalbard.Our study revealed twofold variation (range 23–46 g/m2) in plant biomass between years, this being strongly related to summer temperature (r = 0.92). Importantly, we found strong plant biomass–summer temperature relationships across habitats, plant functional types, and species, and little evidence for a lagged effect of previous year's biomass. Responses were of similar orders of magnitude, indicating that summer weather conditions were the key driver of plant productivity at all three levels of investigation.We propose three key factors behind such tight relationships between summer temperature and plant biomass in the same year. First, our methodological approach, a combination of nondestructive shoot density estimates in small, permanent plots and destructive shoot mass estimates outside these plots, allowed us to overcome the otherwise overwhelming small‐scale spatial heterogeneity in aboveground plant biomass typical for high‐arctic tundra vegetation. Second, the high‐latitude location (78° N) makes the vegetation most susceptible to temperature differences due to their influence on process rates. Third, Svalbard's oceanic nature dictates prevalent cloud cover, making summer temperature a good proxy for light availability and thus an index of photosynthetic activity required for plants to produce biomass.The present study challenges the prevailing notion that relationships between summer weather and vascular plant performance in the Arctic are weak and highly variable among plant species. This has important implications for our understanding of how and at which temporal scales future climate change will shape arctic plant productivity and, in turn, the dynamics of other ecosystem components in the low‐productivity, bottom‐up regulated ecosystems of the High Arctic.
Seedbed Preparation Techniques and Weed Control Strategies for Strip‐Planting Rhizoma Peanut into Warm‐Season Grass Pastures
Authors: Castillo Miguel , Sollenberger Lynn , Blount Ann , Ferrell Jason , Na Chae‐In , Williams Mary , Mackowiak Cheryl 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPlanting rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.; RP) in strips into bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) pastures can reduce establishment cost relative to conventional techniques, but research is needed to determine the best seedbed preparation methods. The objectives were to quantify the effects of four seedbed preparation techniques: glyphosate + tillage, tillage only, glyphosate + no‐till, and sod removal; and four postemergence weed control strategies: control (no herbicides, no mowing), mowing (every 28 d to 10‐cm stubble height), imazapic (0.29 L ha–1), and imazapic + 2,4‐D amine (0.29 and 0.58 L ha–1, respectively). Sprout emergence ranged from 90 to 119 m2 in treatments where tillage occurred compared with 54 to 58 m–2 in no‐till and sod removal. Nevertheless, by season end RP canopy cover and frequency of occurrence favored no‐till (21% cover and 70% frequency) compared with the other treatments (≤14% cover and 53% frequency). Weed control strategy after planting had a greater effect on establishment success than seedbed preparation. By season end, RP cover and frequency were greater for imazapic (25 and 64%, respectively) and imazapic + 2,4‐D (23 and 64%, respectively) than for the control (10 and 42%, respectively) and mowing treatments (7 and 36%, respectively). Glyphosate followed by no‐till planting and postemergence use of imazapic with or without 2,4‐D is a viable option for reduced‐cost establishment of RP in strips into bahiagrass pastures.
Glyphosate Effects on Yield, Nitrogen Fixation, and Seed Quality in Glyphosate‐Resistant Soybean
Authors: Bärwald Bohm Giani Mariza , Rombaldi Cesar Valmor , Genovese Maria Inés , Castilhos Danilo , Rodrigues Alves Bruno José , Rumjanek Norma Gouvêa 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTGenetically‐modified soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] resistant to glyphosate (N‐phosphono‐methyl‐glycine) herbicide (GR) has turned out to be one of the most highly‐used products of plant engineering. The impacts of the soybean, genetically transformed for glyphosate resistance, on the environment under Brazilian soil and climatic conditions are still unknown. For this purpose, two soybean genotypes, one genetically modified (GR BRS 244 RR) and a conventional isogenic genotype were grown under different weed‐control methods: hand weeding and glyphosate or imazethapyr herbicide application. The study was performed in Rio Grande do Sul State with evaluations of soil microbial biomass and respiration, biological nitrogen fixation, isoflavone content in seed and glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in seeds and soil. The use of GR did not affect soil microbial population, biological nitrogen fixation, or plant yield or isoflavone contents in seed. However, even though we used the recommended application doses, the glyphosate residues in the seeds were above levels permitted by Brazilian law. Also, AMPA residues were detected in the soil and the seeds.
Ground‐Based Digital Imaging as a Tool to Assess Soybean Growth and Yield
Authors: Hoyos‐Villegas V. , Houx J.H. , Singh S.K. , Fritschi F.B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLeaf and canopy characteristics influence light interception and photosynthesis, which ultimately contribute to total biomass production and crop yield. Inexpensive hand‐held digital cameras may provide an alternative to time‐consuming destructive sampling methods used to assess these traits. The objective of this study was to test the use of common digital cameras as a potential phenotyping tool to predict yield and other crop traits in two soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars subjected to differences in soil moisture availability. Weekly digital images were acquired from each plot and used to estimate canopy cover, total aboveground biomass, leaf biomass, photosynthesis, and grain yield. The method proved effective in identifying the dynamics of canopy cover and changes in biomass and grain yield as influenced by soil water availability. Further, it was possible to differentiate between cultivars and accurately determine the timing of maximum crop biomass and canopy cover. The image analysis also indicated the onset of leaf senescence which led to a decrease in total biomass around 90 to 105 d after planting. Principal components analysis showed that canopy coverage extracted from images collected spanning a period from beginning pod to seed filling was positively correlated with grain yield. Models developed using multiple regression analysis exhibited strong relationships between the ground cover data obtained using image analysis and grain yield (R2 = 0.74), crop growth rate (R2 = 0.69), and photosynthesis (R2 = 0.80). Based on these results, digital imaging has potential as a tool to rapidly assess soybean canopy development and estimate biomass accumulation and grain yield.
Molecular Markers Linked to Important Genes in Hard Winter Wheat
Authors: Liu Shuyu , Rudd Jackie C. , Bai Guihua , Haley Scott D. , Ibrahim Amir M.H. , Xue Qingwu , Hays Dirk B. , Graybosch Robert A. , Devkota Ravindra N. , St. Amand Paul 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBiotic stresses including diseases (leaf, stem and stripe rusts), arthropods (greenbug [GB], Hessian fly [Hf], Russian wheat aphid [RWA], and wheat curl mite [WCM]) and their transmitted viral diseases significantly affect grain yield and end‐use quality of hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the U.S. Great Plains. Many genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for seedling or adult‐plant resistance to these stresses. Molecular markers for these genes or QTL have been identified using mapping or cloning. This study summarizes the markers associated with various effective genes, including genes or QTL conferring resistances to arthropods, such as GB (7), RWA (4), Hf (9), and WCM (4) and diseases including leaf, stem and stripe rusts (26) and Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV; 2); genes or QTL for end‐use quality traits such as high (3) and low (13) molecular weight glutenin subunits, gliadin (3), polyphenol oxidase (2), granule‐bound starch synthase (3), puroindoline (2), and preharvesting sprouting (1); genes on wheat–rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomal translocations of 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS; and genes controlling plant height (12), photoperiod sensitivity (1), and vernalization (2). A subset of the markers was validated using a set of diverse wheat lines developed by breeding programs in the Great Plains. These analyses showed that most markers are diagnostic in only limited genetic backgrounds. However, some markers developed from the gene sequences or alien fragments are highly diagnostic across various backgrounds, such as those markers linked to Rht‐B1, Rht‐D1, Ppd‐D1, Glu‐D1, Glu‐A1, and 1AL.1RS. Knowledge of both genotype and phenotype of advanced breeding lines could help breeders to select the optimal parents to integrate various genes into new cultivars and increase the efficiency of wheat breeding.
Optimizing Laccase Application on Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) to Facilitate Biodethatching
Authors: Sidhu Sudeep S. , Huang Qingguo , Carrow Robert N. , Raymer Paul L. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTOrganic matter buildup in the form of thatch or mat layers leads to several problems in turfgrass management systems. In a previous greenhouse study, laccase enzyme solution reduced the rate of accumulation of organic matter when applied at an activity level of 2.0 units cm−2 every 2 wk for 9 mo on ‘Crenshaw’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted on creeping bentgrass to optimize the laccase activity level, frequency of application, and to determine potential interactions with core aeration and topdressing cultural practices. Laccase enzyme at five activity levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 units cm−2, was applied every 2 wk. The frequency of laccase application was tested using a laccase activity level of 2.0 units cm−2 applied at frequencies of 2, 4, 8, or 12 wk. The common cultural management practices of core aeration and sand topdressing were compared with and without laccase enzyme at an activity level of 2.0 units cm−2 applied once a month. Results indicated that laccase treatments were effective in reducing thatch layer thickness (TLT) at rates as low as 0.5 units cm−2 applied every 2 wk and as infrequent as once a month when applied at a rate of 2.0 units cm−2. Laccase application at 2.0 units cm−2 once in 4 wk was just as effective at reducing TLT as was core aeration and sand topdressing twice per year. Even greater reductions in TLT were observed when laccase was applied in combination with core aeration and sand topdressing.
Evaluation of Three Breeding Cycles for Seedling Weight of Switchgrass, Big Bluestem, and Indiangrass
Authors: Sebolai Boingotlo , Vogel Kenneth P. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA modified form of restricted, recurrent phenotypic selection was used to select for seedling shoot weight in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), and indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] populations for three generations. Seedlings were grown in micropots in trays in a greenhouse and were individually clipped and weighed 4 wk after emergence. The seedlings were allowed to regrow, and the heaviest seedlings were transplanted to field nurseries for polycrossing to produce Syn 1 seed. Three breeding cycles were conducted for each grass. After the third breeding cycle, Syn 2 generation seed was produced for each cycle, including cycle 0 for 2 yr, and was used in subsequent greenhouse and field evaluations to determine if the breeding procedure improved seedling vigor as measured by seedling shoot weight. In two greenhouse evaluation trials, the increase in seedling weight per cycle was 7.8, 5.6, and 10.2% for big bluestem, switchgrass, and indiangrass, respectively. In two field trials, seedling weight also increased with successive cycles of selection except for indiangrass in one trial. Establishment success as measured by stand counts did not differ among the cycles of selection for the three grasses in the field trials. Based on these results and the results of subsequent breeding and field evaluation work on seedling tiller number, it is apparent that seedling traits of these grasses can be modified by breeding. To improve establishment of these grasses, research on developing agronomic seed production practices that result in improved seed quality would also be beneficial.
CO2 Enrichment at Night Affects the Growth and Yield of Common Beans
Authors: Bunce James A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMany experiments to determine the crop yield increase expected with rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration added carbon dioxide only during the daytime, without tests of whether elevation of carbon dioxide at night affected plant growth. In this experiment, two cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in the field for 4 yr in open‐top chambers in which CO2 was added during the day or the night, both day and night, or not at all. CO2 was added to increase the concentration by 180 μmol mol−1 above that of the ambient outside air, which averaged 392 μmol mol−1 during the daytime and 503 μmol mol−1 at night. In the two cultivars, the average increase in seed yield above the ambient CO2 treatment was 42% with daytime CO2 enrichment and 77% with continuous enrichment. In both cultivars, continuous CO2 enrichment increased the area of individual leaflets by about 40% compared with daytime enrichment. Leaflet size was the same with daytime CO2 enrichment and with no enrichment. In one of the cultivars, nighttime CO2 elevation alone increased leaflet size and seed yield. The results indicated that CO2 enrichment at night had important consequences for the growth and yield of these bean cultivars, and that daytime‐only CO2 enrichment greatly underestimated the yield increase likely to occur with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
A Role for Intrathymic B Cells in the Generation of Natural Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Walters Stacey N. , Webster Kylie E. , Daley Stephen , Grey Shane T. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
B cells inhabit the normal human thymus, suggesting a role in T cell selection. In this study, we report that B cells can modulate thymic production of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs]). Mice with transgenic expression of BAFF (BAFF-Tg) harbor increased numbers of Helios+Foxp3+ thymic Tregs and, similar to some human autoimmune conditions, also exhibit increased numbers of B cells colonizing the thymus. Distinct intrathymic B cell subpopulations were identified, namely B220+, IgM+, CD23hi, CD21int cells; B220+, IgM+, CD23lo, CD21lo cells; and a population of B220+, IgM+, CD23lo, CD21hi cells. Anatomically, CD19+ B cells accumulated in the thymic medulla region juxtaposed to Foxp3+ T cells. These intrathymic B cells engender Tregs. Indeed, thymic Treg development was diminished in both B cell–deficient BAFF-Tg chimeras, but also B cell–deficient wild-type chimeras. B cell Ag capture and presentation are critical in vivo events for Treg development. In the absence of B cell surface MHC class II expression, thymic expansion of BAFF-Tg Tregs was lost. Further to this, expansion of Tregs did not occur in BAFF-Tg/Ig hen egg lysozyme BCR chimeras, demonstrating a requirement for Ag specificity. Thus, we present a mechanism whereby intrathymic B cells, through the provision of cognate help, contribute to the shaping of the Treg repertoire.
Advances in Documentation, Digital Curation, Virtual Exhibition, and a Test of 3D Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Selden Robert Z. , Perttula Timothy K. , O’Brien Michael J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) digital scanning of archaeological materials is typically used as a tool for artifact documentation. With the permission of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, 3D documentation of Caddo funerary vessels from the Vanderpool site (41SM77) was conducted with the initial goal of ensuring that these data would be publicly available for future research long after the vessels were repatriated. A digital infrastructure was created to archive and disseminate the resultant 3D datasets, ensuring that they would be accessible by both researchers and the general public (CRHR 2014a). However, 3D imagery can be used for much more than documentation. To illustrate this, these data were utilized in a 3D morphometric analysis of the intact and reconstructed vessels to explore the range of variation that occurs in ceramic vessel shape and its potential contribution to the local ceramic taxonomy. Results of the 3D morphometric analysis demonstrate the potential for substantive analytical gains in discussions of temporal resolution and ceramic technological organization in the ancestral Caddo region.
Feeling Extended
Authors: Robinson Douglas 
Published: May 2014

A new view of the extended mind thesis argues that a stark binary opposition between really extending and seeming to extend oversimplifies the issue.
The extended-mind thesis (EMT), usually attributed to Andy Clark and David Chalmers, proposes that in specific kinds of mind-body-world interaction there emerges an extended cognitive system incorporating such extracranial supports as pencils, papers, computers, and other objects and environments in the world. In Feeling Extended, Douglas Robinson accepts the thesis, but argues that the usual debate over EMT—which centers on whether mind really (literally, actually, materially) extends to body and world or only seems to—oversimplifies the issue. When we say that mind feels as if it extends, Robinson argues, what extends is precisely feeling—and mind, insofar as it arises out of feeling.
Robinson explores the world of affect and conation as intermediate realms of being between the physical movements of body and the qualitative movements of mind. He shows that affect is transcranial and tends to become interpersonal conation. Affective-becoming-conative sociality, he argues, is in fact the primary area in which body-becoming-mind extends. To make his case, Robinson draws on a wide spectrum of philosophical thought—from the EMT and qualia debates among cognitivists to the prehistory of such debates in the work of Hegel and Peirce to continental challenges to Hegelianism from Bakhtin and Derrida—as well as on extensive empirical research in social psychology and important sociological theories of face (Goffman), ritual (Connerton), and habitus (Bourdieu).