bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Sex on the Prognostic Value of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I in the General Population: The HUNT Study
Authors: Omland Torbjørn , de Lemos James A , Holmen Oddgeir L , Dalen Håvard , Benth Jūratė Šaltytė , Nygård Ståle , Hveem Kristian , Røsjø Helge 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A new, high-sensitivity assay for cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) permits evaluation of the prognostic value of cardiac troponins within the reference interval. Men have higher hs-cTnI concentrations than women, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and prognostic implications are unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of sex on the association between hs-cTnI and cardiovascular death.

METHODS
By use of the Architect STAT High-Sensitive Troponin assay, we measured hs-cTnI in 4431 men and 5281 women aged ≥20 years participating in the prospective observational Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT).

RESULTS
hs-cTnI was detectable in 98.5% of men and 94.7% of women. During a mean follow-up period of 13.9 years, 708 cardiovascular deaths were registered. hs-cTnI was associated with the incidence of cardiovascular death [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per 1 SD in log hs-cTnI 1.23 (95% CI 1.15–1.31)], with higher relative risk in women than men [HR 1.44 (1.31–1.58) vs 1.10 (1.00–1.20); Pinteraction &lt; 0.001]. This finding was mediated by both lower risk associated with low hs-cTnI concentrations in women than in men and higher risk associated with high concentrations of hs-cTnI in women than in men. Male sex was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular death [HR 1.28 (1.11–1.49)], but after adjustment for hs-cTnI, this association disappeared [HR 0.87 (0.75–1.02)].

CONCLUSIONS
The prognostic value of hs-cTnI concentrations in the general population is stronger in women than in men. Subtle impairment of cardiovascular status may contribute to higher hs-cTnI concentrations in men, reflecting sex-dependent differences in cardiovascular risk.
Rural Property Rights, Migration, and Welfare in Developing Countries
Authors: Pi Jiancai , Zhou Yu 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Two-sector general equilibrium models are built to investigate how the quality of rural property rights influences rural-urban migration and national welfare in developing countries. In the basic model where the urban wage rate is exogenously given, the impacts of strengthened rural property rights on rural-urban migration and national welfare are determined by comparisons of the rent-gaining effect and the productivity-enhancing effect. Specifically, if the rent-gaining effect dominates the productivity-enhancing effect, strengthened rural property rights will increase the number of rural-urban migrants and reduce national welfare. Otherwise, the opposite impacts are exerted if the productivity-enhancing effect dominates the rent-gaining effect. When we extend the basic model by considering the endogenously determined urban minimum wage rate, the urban minimum wage determination mechanism is also of great importance in determining the outcomes of the basic model. When we extend the basic model by introducing an urban informal sector, the value of labor’s marginal product of the urban informal sector also plays a role in determining the impact of strengthened rural property rights on national welfare. In addition, urban unemployment is also taken into account by the basic and extended models.
Treatment of arrhythmias by external charged particle beams: a Langendorff feasibility study
Authors: Prall Matthias , Lehmann H. Immo , Prokesch Hannah , Richter Daniel , Graeff Christian , Kaderka Robert , Sonnenberg Karin , Hauswald Henrik , Weymann Alexander , Bauer Julia , Constantinescu Anna , Haberer Thomas , Debus Jürgen , Szabó Gábor , Korkmaz Sevil , Durante Marco , Packer Douglas L. , Bert Christoph 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHadron therapy has already proven to be successful in cancer therapy, and might be a noninvasive alternative for the ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in humans. We present a pilot experiment investigating acute effects of a
Evaluation of standardization capability of current cardiac troponin I assays by a correlation study: results of an IFCC pilot project
Authors: Tate Jillian R. , Bunk David M. , Christenson Robert H. , Barth Julian H. , Katrukha Alexey , Noble James E. , Schimmel Heinz , Wang Lili , Panteghini Mauro , for the IFCC Working Group on Stand  
Published: February 2015

AbstractAs a part of an International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) project to prepare a commutable reference material for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a pilot study evaluated current cTnI assays for measurement equivalence and their standardization capability.cTnI-positive samples collected from 90 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were assessed for method comparison by 16 cTnI commercial assays according to predefined testing protocols. Seven serum pools prepared from these samples were also assessed.Each assay was assessed against median cTnI concentrations measured by 16 cTnI assays using Passing-Bablok regression analysis of 79 patient samples with values above each assay’s declared detection limit. We observed a 10-fold difference in cTnI concentrations for lowest to highest measurement results. After mathematical recalibration of assays, the between-assay variation for patient samples reduced on average from 40% to 22% at low cTnI concentration, 37%–20% at medium concentration, and 29%–14% at high concentration. The average reduction for pools was larger at 16%, 13% and 7% for low, medium and high cTnI concentrations, respectively. Overall, assays demonstrated negligible bias after recalibration (y-intercept: –1.4 to 0.3 ng/L); however, a few samples showed substantial positive and/or negative differences for individual cTnI assays.All of the 16 commercial cTnI assays evaluated in the study demonstrated a significantly higher degree of measurement equivalence after mathematical recalibration, indicating that measurement harmonization or standardization would be effective at reducing inter-assay bias. Pooled sera behaved similarly to individual samples in most assays.
Superhydrophobic conductive wood with oil repellency obtained by coating with silver nanoparticles modified by fluoroalkyl silane
Authors: Gao Likun , Lu Yun , Li Jian , Sun Qingfeng 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A simple and effective method for preparing superhydrophobic conductive wood surface with super oil repellency is presented in this paper. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared on wood surfaces by the treatment with AgNO3, followed by a reduction treatment with glucose to generate a dual-size surface roughness. Further modification of the surface coated with Ag NPs with a fluoroalkyl silane led to a superhydrophobic surface with water contact angle of 155.2°. This surface is also super repellent toward motor oil with the maximal contact angles around 151.8°. Interestingly, the dense Ag NPs coating on the surface is electrically conductive. The presented multifunctional coating could be a commercialized for various applications, especially for self-cleaning and biomedical electronic devices.
Preparation of electrode for electric double layer capacitor from electrospun lignin fibers
Authors: You Xiangyu , Koda Keiichi , Yamada Tatsuhiko , Uraki Yasumitsu 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Lignin-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by electrospinning of hardwood acetic acid lignin (HW-AAL) solution followed by thermostabilization, carbonization, and steam activation. The thermostabilization process was able to be remarkably shortened from 38 h to 3 h with hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) in binary solvents, AcOH/CCl4 (8/2), when compared with conventional thermostabilization processes. The resultant ACFs possessed higher specific surface area (2185 m2 g-1) than those from commercial activated carbon and electrospun lignin fibers without hexamine. These ACFs also exhibited good electrical capacitance (133.3 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1) as electrodes of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) are efficient not only due to their large surfaces area but also due to their porous structure with well-developed micropores (diameter: 0.5–1.3 nm). High energy density and power density of this EDLC (42 Wh kg-1 and 91 kW kg-1
, respectively) were also achieved.
Discounting and Criminals’ Implied Risk Preferences
Authors: Mungan Murat C. , Klick Jonathan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that potential offenders are more responsive to increases in the certainty than increases in the severity of punishment. In standard law enforcement models, this assumption implies that criminals are risk seeking. We add to the existing literature by showing that offenders who discount future monetary benefits can be more responsive to the certainty rather than the severity of punishment, even when they are risk averse, and even when their disutility from imprisonment rises proportionally (or more than proportionally) with the length of the sentence.
Static and Dynamic Structure of AU2Cl6, AUAlCl6 and AuFeCl6 Clusters
Authors: Akdeniz Z. , Tosia M. P. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Fourfold coordination of trivalent metal ions by chlorines in molecular dimers changes from tetrahedral in Al2 Cl6 and Fe2Cl6 to planar in Au2Cl6. Within an ionic model we interpret this transition in the stable molecular shape as due to the quadrupolar polarizability of the gold(III) ion. We also demonstrate within the same model that a mixed tetrahedral-planar coordination is stable in AUAlCl6 and AuFeCl6 clusters. Quantitative comparisons are presented for the calculated molecular structures and vibrational frequencies against the available experimental data from crystalline diffraction and from Raman spectra of the crystal and of vapours.
Estimating and Approximating the Total π-Electron Energy of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons
Authors: Gutman I. , Koolen J. H. , Moulto V. , Parac M. , Soldatović T. , Vidović D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Lower and upper bounds as well as approximate formulas for the total π-electron energy (E) of benzenoid hydrocarbons are deduced, depending only on the number of carbon atoms (n) and number of carbon-carbon bonds (to). These are better than the several previously known (n, m)-type estimates and approximations for E.
Explanation of the g-factors and Hyperfine Structure Constants of Co2+ in Tetragonal K2ZnF4
Authors: Zheng Wen-Chen , Wu Shao-Yi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The formulas of the g-factors gII , g┴ and the hyperfine structure constants AII.A┴ for 3d7 ions in tetragonal octahedral crystals are established from a cluster approach. Differing from previous formulas, in these formulas the role of configuration interaction (CI)-and covalency (CO)-effects is considered, and the parameters related to both effects are obtained from the optical spectra and the structural parameters of the studied crystal. From these formulas, the EPR parameters gi and Ai for K2 ZnF4 :Co2+ are calculated. The results show good agreement with the observed values. The contributions to the EPR parameters gi and Ai, from the CI and CO effects, and the relationship between the sign of Δg(=g┴ - gII) and the tetragonal distortion (elongated or compressed) of the ligand octahedron are discussed
Mean Amplitudes of Vibration of the Novel [ReFBr5]2- Anion
Authors: Baran E. J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Mean amplitudes of vibration of the recently described square-bipyramidal [ReFBr5]2- anion have been calculated from vibrational spectroscopic data, over a wide temperature range. The results are briefly discussed in relation with its structural peculiarities and some comparisons with related species are made
Higher Dimensional Integrable Models from Lower Ones via Miura Type Deformation Relation
Authors: Lou Sen-yue , Yu Jun , Tang Xiao-yan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
To find nontrivial high dimensional integrable models (especially in (3+1)-dimensions) is one of the most important problems in nonlinear physics. A systematic method to find some nontrivial high dimensional integrable models is established by means of noninvertible deformation relations. Starting from a noninvertible Miura type transformation, we find that the (1+1)-dimensional sinh-Gordon model appearing in many physical fields is a deformation of the (0+1)-dimensional Riccati equation. A high dimensional Miura type deformation (including two different (3+1)-dimensional reductions) of the heat conduction equation is proved to be Painlevé integrable. Some special types of explicit exact solutions, like multi-plane and/or multi-camber soliton solutions, multi-dromion solutions and multiple ring soliton solutions, are obtained.
Rekonstruktion der Leitfähigkeitsverteilung mit einem Impedanztomographen
Authors: Mrakawa C. , Schilcher K. , Schuhfried G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We have built an electrical impedance tomograph which makes it possible to reconstruct impedance distributions in the interior of a cylinder by means of measurements of currents and potentials on its boundary. The reconstuction algorithm is based on Newton's algorithm for the solution of non-linear integral equations, where the electric fields are calculated by the methods of finite elements and finite integrals. The results can be represented graphically on a PC. The resolution is fine enough to envisage applications in medical diagnostcs.
Remarks on Local Energy and Perturbations
Authors: Marmorino M. G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The local energy is first reviewed and compared with the expected energy. We then present the perturbative local energy method which uses an exactly soluble base problem and a perturbing potential to greatly simplify the expression of the local energy. This is demonstrated with two-electron atoms for which the method gives upper bounds with errors from 18% for He to 4% for Ne8+. Finally a call to develop a local energy method for large systems is issued.
DTA and p VT Measurements on 4-cyanobenzyI-5- (4-n-octyloxybenzoyloxy)-2-undecyloxybenzoate up to 250 MPa and 383 K
Authors: Würflinger A. , Weissflog W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The phase diagram of 4-cyanobenzyl-5-(4-«-octyloxybenzoyloxy)-2-undecyloxybenzoate (4CNOUB) has been established with differential thermal analysis (DTA). The pressure range for the smectic A phase is limited, resulting in a triple point at 165 MPa and 378.26 K. p, Vm, T data have been measured for the smectic and istotropic phases of 4CNOUB between 243 and 383 K and up to 250 MPa. The volume changes accompanying the crystal - smectic and scmectic - isotropic transitions have been deter-mined. The corresponding enthalpy changes have been calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The p, Vm, T data enable also to estimate the volume entropy for the smectic - isotropic transition and the volume dependence of the clearing temperature.
Polarized Chirped Soliton Oscillations in a Lossy Elliptically Low Birefringent Optical Fiber
Authors: Mahmood M. F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Using a variational method, a new model of the nonlinear propagation of optical solitons generated from semiconductor lasers through a lossy elliptically low birefringent fiber, is presented within the frame-work of a system of coupled nonlinear Schroedinger (CNLS) equations. This model demonstrates polarized soliton oscillations in a lossy elliptically low birefringent fiber.
AC Conduction Mechanism in Perovskite-like Dimers (C2H8NO)2M2X6, M=Co/Cu, X=Cl/Br
Authors: Montasser S.S. , Mostafa M. F. 
Published: February 2015

AC conductivities at 5 Hz-10 kHz and 78 K up to room temperature of bis- (ethanolammonium) Co2X6, and bis- (ethanolammonium) Cu2X6, X=C1 and Br are reported. At high temperatures, band type conduction prevails for all dimers. In the low temperature range T< 200 K the (Co2Br6)-2 dimer conducts via small polarons and the other three dimers conduct via quantum mechanical tunneling. The obtained relaxation times for the different dimers were found to be 1.1 • 10-14 s. The frequency dependence follows the universal power law σac (ω) = Aωs
. The exponent s and the pre-factor A were found to be very sensitive to the phase transitions, with 5 showing a minimum or maximum at the transition temperature. Changes in the conduction mechanism are reflected by abrupt changes in the variation of the pre-factor A vs 1/T relation. The conduction is found to depend on the type of the halide ion rather than on the transition metal ion.
PACS #76, 74.
Dielectric Dispersion of New Ferroelectric Cobalt Halide Dimers: Bis-ethanolammonium-hexahalocobaltate, (C 2 H 8 NO) 2 Co 2 X 6 , X = CI/Br
Authors: Mostafa M. F. , Arafat S. S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The AC conductivity in the frequency range 5.0 Hz -10.0 kHz, the magnetic susceptibility in a field of 14.7 and 17.8·104 A/m, and differential thermal analysis at 78 K up to room temperature for bis-(ethanolammonium)Co2X6,,X = CI and Br are reported. The bromide dimer undergoes an order-disorder transition at 302 K and a displacive type ferroelectric transition at T ~ 220 K. The chloride dimer shows two transitions, the first being in a displacive ferroelectric one at T ~ 210 K showing critical slowing down. The second phase transition, occuring at 282 K, is found to be inactive in the electric measurements.
The Use of Quantum Chemical Semiempirical Methods to Calculate the Lattice Energies of Organic Molecular Crystals. Part I: The Three Polymorphs of Glycine
Authors: Raabe Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A method to calculate the lattice energies of organic molecular crystals is described. It is based on the semiempirical quantum chemical MINDO/3 approximation but might also be used within the framework of any other quantum chemical method. The lattice energy is approximated by the sum of dispersion-, induction-, exchange repulsion-, and electrostatic energy. Different, however, from other schemes employed in this field, like for example the atom-atom-potential method, the variables in the expression for the lattice energy have not been fitted to reproduce experimental values and, therefore, the single contributions retain their original physical meaning. Moreover, the method offers the advantage that it may be directly applied to all compounds that can be treated within the framework of the underlying quantum chemical method. Thus, time consuming readjustment of the entire parameter set upon extension of the group of target molecules by another class of compounds becomes obsolete. As an example, the lattice energies of the three polymorphs of glycine are calculated.
Ab initio Molecular Orbital Calculations of Reduced Partition Function Ratios of Polyboric Acids and Polyborate Anions
Authors: Oi Takao 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Molecular orbital calculations at the HF/6-3 lG(d) level were carried out for polyboric acids and poly-borate anions up to a pentamer to estimate their 11B -to-10B isotopic reduced partition function ratios (RPFRs) and examine the additivity of logarithms of RPFRs. Approximate RPFR-values calculated by the use of the additivity agreed with exact RPFR-values within a margin of 1% error. This error was equivalent to a 5% error on ln(RPFR). The equilibrium constants of mono boron isotope exhange reac-tions between three-coordinate boron and four-coordinate boron ranged from 1.0203 to 1.0360 at 25 °C, indicating the importance of exact evaluation of RPFRs of polymers.
Dielectric Spectroscopy of Solutions of Some Alkylammonium Salts in Chloroform and 1-Octanol
Authors: Elsebrock R. , Stockhausen M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Dielectric loss spectra between 1 MHz and 36 GHz have been measured at 20°C for solutions of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide and chloride, tetrahexylammonium bromide and tetrabutylam-monium bromide in chloroform and 1-octanol (three solutes per solvent) at moderate and high concen-trations. The discussion is aimed at identifying relaxation processes involving ions. Describing the relax -ational part of the spectra (after subtraction of the conductivity contribution) by a sum of spectral com-ponents, the lowest frequency component can be attributed to the solute in all cases. Its concentration dependence is indicative of two ionic relaxation processes differing in physical nature. The solvent is partly involved in those processes; moreover a structure breaking effect is likely to occur in case of the alcoholic solvent. The results are also discussed in comparison with a molten alkylammonium salt and with solutions of this and of inorganic salts.
The Local Temperature Dependence of Fluorescent Centres in PVA Films on the Excitation Wavenumber
Authors: Kawski A. , Bojarski P. , Kukliński B. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The temperature difference ΔT = T* -T (where T* is the local temperature and T the ambient tem-perature) is studied as a function of the excitation wavenumber v̂̃cxc in the longwave region of the absorption band of 4-amino-4'-nitrostilbene (ANS) and 4-dimethylamino-4'-nitrostilbene (DNS) as well as rhodamine S, rhodamine 6G and Na-fluorescein in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films heated up to 403 K. Local temperatures T* are determined by a universal Kennard-Stepanov relation. A linear dependence of ΔTon v̂̃cxc has been found for all investigated luminescent compounds. For dyes, due to the big spectral overlaps between the absorption and fluorescence bands, it was possible to excite also in the anti-Stokes region. In this case for ΔT = 0, i.e. when T* = T, one has v̂̃cxc . = V()-() . In view of the slow geometrical relaxation of excitation energy excess in PVA polymers, the relaxation time τR for thermal equilibration between the luminescent molecule and the vicinal polymer exceeds distinctly the mean fluorescence lifetime τF.
Pressure-Temperature Phase Diagrams for four 4,4'-Dialkylbiphenyl Compounds
Authors: Urban Stanisław , Massalska-Arodź Maria , Würflinger Albert , Czupryński Krzysztof 
Published: February 2015

Cm-Cn
The high pressure phase behaviour of four 4,4'-dialkylbiphenyl compounds (, m = 5, 6,7, n = 6, 7) has been studied with differential thermal analysis. The pressure dependence of the phase transitions has been determined up to 200 MPa. In one substance a pressure limited and in another a pressure induced phase was observed. Volume changes accompanying the transitions to the isotropic phase were calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the enthalpy changes from DSC measurements at 1 atm. They are compared with the data for other two-ring compounds.
Role of Dielectric Medium on a Nematogen. A Statistical Approach Based on Quantum Mechanics and Computer Aided Modelling
Authors: Ojha Durga Prasad , Pisipati V. G. K. M. 
Published: February 2015

ECCP
A statistical analysis has been carried out to determine the configurational preferences of a pair of 5-(4-ethylcyclohexyl)-2-(4-cyanophenyl) pyrimidine () molecules. The CNDO/2 method has been employed to evaluate the net atomic charge and atomic dipole components at each atomic centre of the molecule. The configurational energy has been computed using the Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory. The total interaction energies obtained by these computations were used to calculate the probability of each configuration in vacuum and in a dielectric medium (benzene) at the phase transition temperature using the Maxwell-Boltzmann formula. On the basis of stacking, in-plane and terminal interaction energy calculations, all possible geometrical arrangements of the molecular pair have been considered. An attempt has been made to explain the nematogenic behavior of liquid crystals and thereby develop a molecular model for liquid crystallinity.