bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ventral habenulae of zebrafish develop in prosomere 2 dependent on Tcf7l2 function
Authors: Beretta Carlo A , Dross Nicolas , Bankhead Peter , Carl Matthias 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
The conserved habenular neural circuit relays cognitive information from the forebrain into the ventral mid- and hindbrain. In zebrafish, the bilaterally formed habenulae in the dorsal diencephalon are made up of the asymmetric dorsal and symmetric ventral habenular nuclei, which are homologous to the medial and lateral nuclei respectively, in mammals. These structures have been implicated in various behaviors related to the serotonergic/dopaminergic neurotransmitter system. The dorsal habenulae develop adjacent to the medially positioned pineal complex. Their precursors differentiate into two main neuronal subpopulations which differ in size across brain hemispheres as signals from left-sided parapineal cells influence their differentiation program. Unlike the dorsal habenulae and despite their importance, the ventral habenulae have been poorly studied. It is not known which genetic programs underlie their development and why they are formed symmetrically, unlike the dorsal habenulae. A main reason for this lack of knowledge is that the vHb origin has remained elusive to date.

Results
To address these questions, we applied long-term 2-photon microscopy time-lapse analysis of habenular neural circuit development combined with depth color coding in a transgenic line, labeling all main components of the network. Additional laser ablations and cell tracking experiments using the photoconvertible PSmOrange system in GFP transgenic fish show that the ventral habenulae develop in prosomere 2, posterior and lateral to the dorsal habenulae in the dorsal thalamus. Mutant analysis demonstrates that the ventral habenular nuclei only develop in the presence of functional Tcf7l2, a downstream modulator of the Wnt signaling cascade. Consistently, photoconverted thalamic tcf7l2

exl/exl
mutant cells do not contribute to habenula formation.

Conclusions
We show in vivo that dorsal and ventral habenulae develop in different regions of prosomere 2. In the process of ventral habenula formation, functional tcf7l2 gene activity is required and in its absence, ventral habenular neurons do not develop. Influenced by signals from parapineal cells, dorsal habenular neurons differentiate at a time at which ventral habenular cells are still on their way towards their final destination. Thus, our finding may provide a simple explanation as to why only neuronal populations of the dorsal habenulae differ in size across brain hemispheres.
Vibration response imaging: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Berry Marc P , Camporota Luigi , Ntoumenopoulos George 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
The concept of lung sounds conveying information regarding lung physiology has been used extensively in clinical practice, particularly with physical auscultation using a stethoscope. Advances in computer technology have facilitated the construction of dynamic visual images derived from recorded lung sounds. Arguably, the most significant progress in this field was the development of the commercially available vibration response imaging (VRI) (Deep Breeze Ltd, Or-Akiva, Israel). This device provides a non-invasive, dynamic image of both lungs constructed from sounds detected from the lungs using surface sensors. In the literature, VRI has been utilized in a multitude of clinical and research settings. This systematic review aims to address three study questions relating to whether VRI can be used as an evaluative device, whether the images generated can be characterized, and which tools and measures have been used to assess these images.

Methods/Design
This systematic review will involve implementing search strategies in five online journal databases in order to extract articles relating to the application of VRI. Appropriate articles will be identified against a set of pre-determined eligibility criteria and assessed for methodological quality using a standardized scale. Included articles will have data extracted by the reviewers using a standardized evidence table. A narrative synthesis based on a standardized framework will be conducted, clustering evidence into three main groups; one for each of the study questions. A meta-analysis will be conducted if two or more research articles meet pre-determined criteria that allow quantitative synthesis to take place.

Discussion
This systematic review aims to provide a complete overview of the scope of VRI in the clinical and research settings, as well as to discuss methods to interpret the data obtained from VRI. The systematic review intends to help clinicians to make informed decisions on the clinical applicability of the device, to allow researchers to identify further potential avenues of investigation, and to provide methods for the evaluation and interpretation of dynamic and static images. The publication and registration of this review with PROSPERO provides transparency and accountability, and facilitates the appraisal of the proposed systematic review against the original design.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013003751
Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Testosterone on the Cardiovascular System in Men
Authors: Ruige Johannes B. , Ouwens D. Margriet , Kaufman Jean-Marc 
Published: September 2013

Context:The widespread use of T therapy, particularly in aging males, necessitates knowledge of the relationship between T and the cardiovascular system.Evidence Acquisition:The review is based on a 1970 to 2013 PubMed search with terms related to androgens in combination with cardiovascular disease, including T, dihydrotestosterone, trial, mortality, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, blood pressure, endothelial function, dyslipidemia, thrombosis, ventricular function, and arrhythmia. Original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and relevant citations were screened.Evidence Synthesis:Low T has been linked to increased blood pressure, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, as well as to impaired left ventricular function. On the one hand, a modest association is suggested between low endogenous T and incident cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular mortality, implying unrecognized beneficial T effects, residual confounding, or a relationship with health status. On the other hand, treatments with T to restore “normal concentrations” have so far not been proven to be beneficial with respect to cardiovascular disease; neither have they definitely shown specific adverse cardiovascular effects. The cardiovascular risk-benefit profile of T therapy remains largely evasive in view of a lack of well-designed and adequately powered randomized clinical trials.Conclusions:The important knowledge gap as to the exact relationship between T and cardiovascular disease would support a cautious, restrained approach to T therapy in aging men, pending clarification of benefits and risks by adequately powered clinical trials of sufficient duration.
Regional and Overall Aortic Function In Nondiabetic Individuals With Insulin Resistance and Normal Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Stakos Dimitrios A. , Boudoulas Konstantinos D. , Gaillard Trudy R. , Schuster Dara P. , Osei Kwame , Boudoulas Harisios 
Published: September 2013

Context:
Insulin resistance is associated with altered vascular function in diabetes.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to define the overall and regional aortic function as well as the changes of aortic function over time in nondiabetic individuals with insulin resistance and a normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Design:
This was a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis with 12 months follow-up.

Setting:
The setting of the study was in primary care.

Patients:
Nondiabetic individuals (n = 181, mean age 42 ± 8 y) with a normal OGTT and insulin resistance as defined by the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) participated in the study.

Interventions:
ISI was estimated from serial measurements of plasma insulin and glucose during an iv glucose tolerance test. Ascending and abdominal aortic distensibility (AoD) and stiffness index-β (AoSI) were assessed using echocardiography. Carotid-to-femoral artery pulse wave velocity (PWVc-f; an index of overall aortic function) was measured from carotid and femoral arteries Doppler flow velocities recorded simultaneously with an electrocardiogram. Associations between ISI, AoD, AoSI, and PWVc-f were assessed using linear regression analyses and ANOVA. Differences between baseline and 12 months were compared using a paired t test.

Main Outcome Measures:
AoD and AoSI associations as well as changes over a 12-month period in relation to ISI were measured.

Results:
Ascending AoD (P = .01) and ascending AoSI (P = .025) were significantly associated with ISI; in contrast, abdominal AoD and AoSI and PWVc-f did not. Changes in AoD, AoSI, and PWVc-f over time were more prominent in individuals with low ISI compared with those with high ISI.

Conclusions:
The significant associations between ISI and aortic function suggest that insulin resistance may affect the cardiovascular system, even when OGTT is normal.
Comparison of Elastographic Strain Index and Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in 631 Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Magri Flavia , Chytiris Spyridon , Capelli Valentina , Gaiti Margherita , Zerbini Francesca , Carrara Roberto , Malovini Alberto , Rotondi Mario , Bellazzi Riccardo , Chiovato Luca 
Published: September 2013

Context:
Ultrasound (US) elastography (USE) was recently been reported as a sensitive, noninvasive tool for identifying thyroid cancer. However, the accuracy of this technique is hampered by the intra- and interoperator variability, some US features of the nodule, and the coexistence of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD).

Objectives:
The purpose of this article was to assess the accuracy of USE findings in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules compared with other US features to evaluate its feasibility in the presence of ATDs and identify the strain index (SI) cutoff with the highest diagnostic performance.

Design:
We evaluated 528 consecutive patients for a total of 661 thyroid nodules. All nodules underwent fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and USE evaluation. The SI was calculated as a ratio of the nodule strain divided by the strain of the softest part of the surrounding normal tissue.

Results:
The median SI value was significantly higher in THY4 and THY5 than in THY2 nodules in ATD-positive, ATD-negative, and ATD-unknown patients. The cutoff of SI for malignancy was estimated to be 2.905 by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in a screening set (379 FNAC results), and then tested in a replication set (252 FNAC results). In all cases, a SI value of ≥2.905 conferred to the nodule a significantly greater probability of being malignant. This SI cutoff had the greatest area under the curve, sensitivity, and negative predictive value, compared with the conventional US features of malignancy.

Conclusion:
The elastographic SI has a high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy both in the presence and in the absence of ATD. If our data on USE are also confirmed in THY3 nodules, FNAC could be avoided in a number of thyroid nodules with certain features.
Indefatigable: an erect coralline alga is highly resistant to fatigue
Authors: Denny Mark , Mach Katharine , Tepler Sarah , Martone Patrick 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYIntertidal organisms are subjected to intense hydrodynamic forces as waves break on the shore. These repeated insults can cause a plant or animal's structural materials to fatigue and fail, even though no single force would be sufficient to break the organism. Indeed, the survivorship and maximum size of at least one species of seaweed is set by the accumulated effects of small forces rather than the catastrophic imposition of a single lethal force. One might suppose that fatigue would be especially potent in articulated coralline algae, in which the strain of the entire structure is concentrated in localized joints, the genicula. However, previous studies of joint morphology suggest an alternative hypothesis. Each geniculum is composed of a single tier of cells, which are attached at their ends to the calcified segments of the plant (the intergenicula) but have minimal connection to each other along their lengths. This lack of neighborly attachment potentially allows the weak interfaces between cells to act as ‘crack stoppers’, inhibiting the growth of fatigue cracks. We tested this possibility by repeatedly loading fronds of Calliarthron cheilosporioides, a coralline alga common on wave-washed shores in California. When repeatedly loaded to 50–80% of its breaking strength, C. cheilosporioides commonly survives more than a million stress cycles, with a record of 51 million. We show how this extraordinary fatigue resistance interacts with the distribution of wave-induced water velocities to set the limits to size in this species.
Enhancement of paper dry strength by carboxymethylated β-d-glucan from oat as additive
Authors: Song Xianliang , Hubbe Martin A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The hypothesis has been tested that a carboxymethyl hemicellulose improves more effectively the dry strength of papers than a native hemicellulose. To that end, β-d-glucan from oat was treated with an alkaline ethanolic solution of sodium chloroacetate for different times to obtain a range of carboxymethylated β-d-glucan (CM-glucan) samples. The derivatization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The physical properties of paper concerning burst and tensile strength as well as folding endurance were essentially improved if CM-glucan was added to unbleached kraft fiber suspension from pine before papermaking. The effects could be maximized by a proper selection of carboxymethylation time and the amount of CM-glucan added to the suspension. The effect was also beneficial in the case of recycled fibers.
Syntactic prominence in Icelandic Experiencer arguments: quirky subjects vs. dative objects
Authors: Rott Julian A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAs has often been demonstrated, Icelandic Quirky Subjects largely behave like canonical nominative subjects and unlike topicalized objects. Among verbs selecting for Quirky Subjects, experiential predicates with a dative Experiencer subject and a nominative Stimulus object are the most common type. Recently, several studies have proposed a sub-class within this group of dat-nom-verbs, characterized by an alternation in their argument mapping. Here, both the dative Experiencer and the nominative Stimulus can occur as either the syntactic subject or object.This paper empirically investigates this class as well as the extent to which its alternation is determined by semantic and pragmatic factors.
Typology of nominal and adjectival suppletion
Authors: Vafaeian Ghazaleh 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article presents a sample-based typological account of suppletion in nouns and adjectives. The distribution of the grammatical categories involved in the suppletive forms is presented along with the lexical meanings most commonly found to be suppletive. It is demonstrated that nominal suppletion is not a rare phenomenon and most commonly involves the feature
Rheological Properties of Drilling Fluids Mixed with Lightweight Solid Additives
Authors: Kutlu Bahri 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the rheological properties (under HPHT conditions as well as ambient conditions) and flow characteristics of lightweight drilling fluids having densities less than that of the base fluids. This study concentrates on use of microsphere glass additives asdensity reducing agents. Four different types of glass microsphere additives with different compressive strengths (5000-18000 psi) and specific gravities (0.38-0.60) are being tested for their density reduction potential. Experiments are categorized in two groups: Rheology tests using a Fann75 HPHT viscometer and flow characterization tests using a flow loop. Experimental results show: 1) Test materials reduce the base fluid density successfully; 2) Average survival ratio is calculated as of 93% for all test materials under high pressure; 3) Rheological behavior of fluids containing test materials depend, not only on the test material volume concentration, but also on the composition of the base fluid used. Change in apparent viscosity with increasing concentrations of microspheres can be described with extended form of Einstein's equation for relative viscosity. 4) Pipe flow experiments suggest that viscosity increase versus concentration of microspheres is less than the increase measured onFann75 viscometers. A relationship between Fann75 measurements and pipe flow measurements is found for experimental results.
A Simultaneous Matrix-Depletion Model for Charaterizing Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Ezulike D. O. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Existing transient triple-porosity models for fractured horizontal wells do not converge to linear dual-porosity models (DPM) in the absence of micro-fractures (MF). The reason is the assumption of sequential-depletion from matrix to MF, and from MF to hydraulic-fractures (HF). This can result in unreasonable estimates of MF and/or HF parameters. Hence, a quadrilinear flow model (QFM) is proposed which relaxes the sequential-depletion assumption.
To allow simultaneous matrix-MF and matrix-HF depletion, the matrix volume is conceptually divided into two sub-domains; one feeds HF and the other feeds MF. This breaks a single 2-D problem into two 1-D problems. Using Laplace transforms, the flow equations are solved under constant-rate and constant-pressure well constraints. Type-curves are generated by numerically inverting the resulting Laplace-space solutions to time-space using Gaver-Stefhest algorithm. QFM converges to the linear sequential triple-porosity model (STPM) in the absence of matrix-HF communication; and converges to the DPM in the absence of MF. Flow-regimes observed comprise linear, bilinear, and boundary dominated. The number of flow-regimes depends on the matrix-MF, matrix-HF andMF-HF communication coefficient values.
QFM matches production history of two fractured horizontal wells completed in Bakken and Cardium Formations. Reservoir parameters like HF half-length, HF and MF permeabilities and MF spacing are estimated from the history match. These reservoir parameters are estimated as ranges of values instead of single values to reflect the non-uniqueness of the type-curve match. A QFM comparative study reveals that STPM underestimates MF spacing while DPM overestimates HF half-length.
Petrophysical Investigation on Gas Transport Properties of the Barnett Shale
Authors: Aljamaan Hamza 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive study of shale gas porosity, permeability, and excess sorption measurements utilizing the pulse decay method technique to better understand the connectivity and flow mechanism of shale gas rocks. Several experiments were conducted to measure these petrophysical properties using different gasses for possible recovery enhancement techniques. Other experiments were also conducted to measure the effect of depletion of shale gas permeability.
The main question that is being invistgiated is how sensitive are shale physical properties to the gas saturating the pore space. Because of the small size of helium molecules, initial speculation suggested that helium effective porosity is greater than the effective methane porosity leading to overestimated shale pore volumes. Experimental results reported here for a Barnett shale sample, however, indicate otherwise. Porosity and permeability measurements were carried out using several gases including He, N2, CH4 and CO2 over a wide range of pore pressures. The storage capacity of helium was in fact lower than that of CH4. This comparison with different gases also shows a decreased permeability as we move to more sorbing gases. Gibb's excess sorption utilizing the volumetric method is also measured and, in fact, confirms the impact of sorption on the permeability and storage capacity measurements. These two key reservoir rock properties representing the storage and flow capacity of rocks remain of primary importance to petroleum engineering. Better understanding of these petrophysical properties of shale gas will be essential for future field development, production forecasts, and reserve estimations.
Simultaneous Multi-Frac Treatments: Fully Coupled Fluid Flow and Fracture Mechanics for Horizontal Wells
Authors: Wu Kan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Successfully creating multiple hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells is critical for unconventional gas production economically. However, it will not be possible to fully optimize multiple fracture stimulations until accurate methods are available to directly predict fracture geometry.
In this paper, a novel Fracture Propagation Model (FPM) is developed to simulate multiple hydraulic fracture propagation simultaneously in a stage of the horizontal wellbore. This model couples fracture deformation with fluid flow in the fractures and the horizontal wellbore. The displacement discontinuity method is used to describe the geometry of multiple fractures, considering mechanical interaction between the fractures. Fluid flow and pressure drop in the fractures are determined by the Hagen Poiseuille law. Friction pressure drop in the wellbore and perforation zones is taken into account by applying Kirchoff's first and second laws. The fluid flow rates and pressure compatibility are maintained between the wellbore and the multiple fractures by using Newton's numerical method. The model accurately predicts multiple fracture geometry and computed non-planar fracture trajectories. Shear stress distributions indicate areas likely to have induced micro-seismicity.
The simulation results of FPM can serve as guidance for shale gas simulation and multiple fracture treatments. Also, the results from the model highlight conditions under which restricted width occurs that could lead to proppant screenout. This wok can help operators to design multiple fractures to enhance recovery in unconventional gas reservoirs.