bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of snow to global precipitation
Authors: Field P. R. , Heymsfield A. J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPrecipitation controls the availability of drinking water and viability of the land to support agriculture. Failure to accurately predict the location, magnitude, and frequency of precipitation impacts not only numerical weather forecasting but also climate modeling. It has been proposed that most rainfall events originate from ice that has melted to form rain. Here we use remote sensing from spaceborne cloud radar to quantify that idea. A new metric is constructed to quantify the fraction of rain events at the surface that are linked to snow melting at a higher altitude. CloudSat is used to show the global variation of the importance of snow in the precipitation process. In the tropics, subtropics, midlatitude and polar regions 0.3, 0.4, 0.8, and >0.9, respectively, of all precipitation events (>1 mm/d) are linked to the production of snow in clouds.
Steadily propagating slip pulses driven by thermal decomposition
Authors: Platt John D. , Viesca Robert C. , Garagash Dmitry I. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGeophysical observations suggest that mature faults weaken significantly at seismic slip rates. Thermal pressurization and thermal decomposition are two mechanisms commonly used to explain this dynamic weakening. Both rely on pore fluid pressurization with thermal pressurization achieving this through thermal expansion of native solids and pore fluid and thermal decomposition by releasing additional pore fluid during a reaction. Several recent papers have looked at the role thermal pressurization plays during a dynamically propagating earthquake, but no previous models have studied the role of thermal decomposition. In this paper we present the first solutions accounting for thermal decomposition during dynamic rupture, solving for steady state self‐healing slip pulses propagating at a constant rupture velocity. First, we show that thermal decomposition leads to longer slip durations, larger total slips, and a distinctive along–fault slip rate profile. Next, we show that accounting for more than one weakening mechanism allows multiple steady slip pulses to exist at a given background stress, with some solutions corresponding to different balances between thermal pressurization and thermal decomposition, and others corresponding to activating a single reaction multiple times. Finally, we study how the rupture properties depend on the fault properties and show that the impact of thermal decomposition is largely controlled by the ratio of the hydraulic and thermal diffusivities χ = αhy/αth and the ratio of pore pressure generated to temperature rise buffered by the reaction Pr/Er.
The deep circulation of the Faroe‐Shetland Channel: Opposing flows and topographic eddies
Authors: Broadbridge Maria B. , Toumi Ralf 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNew insights into the deep circulation of the Faroe‐Shetland channel are gained from a high‐resolution regional ocean model. The simulation shows a more complex structure of the deep flow field than previously thought: a flow reversal of the deep and intermediate waters to the northeast on the Faroese flank of the channel and persistent topographic eddies that force the deep currents into a gyre‐like structure. This flow reversal opposes the previously accepted understanding of a purely southwestward deep flow but is in agreement with velocity measurements. The southwestward transport of the overflow waters is found to be facilitated almost exclusively by a strong and narrow current on the Shetland side of the channel. Float release experiments show that up to 38% of the overflow water takes longer than a purely southwestward flow regime suggests and up to 13% takes twice as long. From the release of tracers, a substantial amount of lateral mixing is evident within the channel, predominantly facilitated by the topographic eddies.
Did the 2011 Nabro eruption affect the optical properties of ice clouds?
Authors: Meyer A. , Vernier J.‐P. , Luo B. , Lohmann U. , Peter T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe eruption of the Eritrean Nabro Volcano in June 2011 was the largest eruption since Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. The Nabro volcano emitted 1–1.5 megaton of sulfur dioxide into the lower stratosphere which resulted in a significant rise in the stratospheric sulfate aerosol burden in the months following the eruption. We have analyzed backscatter and extinction from ice clouds, as measured by the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite between June 2006 and May 2014, to assess if volcanic aerosol produced by the Nabro eruption had affected ice clouds. We found no significant modifications of either of ice cloud optical properties (i.e., total backscattering and extinction), occurrence frequencies, or residence altitudes on a global scale. Using the analyzed optical properties as indicators of posteruptive ice cloud radiative forcing modifications, we find that the eruption had no significant volcanic aerosol‐ice cloud radiative effect. Our results suggest that the investigated optical properties of ice and cirrus clouds are at most weakly dependent on the sulfate droplet number density and size distribution.
Diurnal cycle of the South Pacific Convergence Zone in 30 years of satellite images
Authors: Haffke Colene , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA data set of three‐hourly South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) location and extent, from which IR temperature within the SPCZ may be obtained, for 1980–2012, November–April is used to examine the diurnal cycle of the SPCZ. Maximum SPCZ area occurs at 15:00–18:00 local standard time (LST). Two minima in mean IR temperature are evident, one at 13:00–16:00 LST, nearly coinciding with the maximum in area, and the second in the early morning hours at 05:00–07:00 LST, when area is at a minimum. The morning minimum in mean IR temperature is associated with a peak in deep convection while the afternoon minimum is associated with a peak in midlevel clouds. On average, the morning minimum in IR temperature dominates in the tropical regions of the SPCZ, while the afternoon IR temperature minimum dominates in the subtropical regions of the SPCZ. The relative strength of the two IR temperature minima is affected by the seasonal cycle, intraseasonal variability associated with active Madden Julian Oscillation events, and interannual variability due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation. The morning IR temperature minimum becomes more dominant when the SPCZ is more frequently present or when the SPCZ is shifted toward the equator. In terms of cloud height, midlevel clouds dominate at all times in all regions of the SPCZ and peak in abundance between 15:00–18:00 LST. Low‐level clouds peak near midnight and then transition to high‐level clouds, which peak between 03:00–06:00 LST, just before sunrise.
Black carbon concentrations in snow at Tronsen Meadow in Central Washington from 2012 to 2013: Temporal and spatial variations and the role of local forest fire activity
Authors: Delaney Ian , Kaspari Susan , Jenkins Matthew 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCharacterizing black carbon (BC) concentrations in the seasonal snowpack is of interest because BC deposition on snow can reduce albedo and accelerate melt. In Washington State, USA snowmelt from the seasonal snowpack provides an important source of water resources, but minimal work has been done characterizing BC concentrations in snow in this region. BC concentrations in snow were monitored over two winters (2012 and 2013) at Tronsen Meadow, located near Blewett Pass in the eastern Cascade Mountains in Central Washington, to characterize spatial and temporal variations in BC concentrations, and the processes affecting BC concentrations in the snowpack. BC concentrations were measured using a Single Particle Soot Photometer. Snowpit BC concentrations at spatial scales ranging from centimeter to 100 m scales were fairly homogenous during the accumulation season, with greater spatial variability during the melt season due to variable melt patterns. BC concentrations in snow increased in late winter‐spring due to an increase in atmospheric BC concentrations and trapping of BC on the snow surface during melt. However, during a period of intense melt in 2013 BC concentrations decreased, likely caused by meltwater scavenging. In summer 2012 the Table Mountain forest fire burned adjacent to the study site, and BC concentrations in the snowpack in 2013 were far higher than in previous years, with charred trees postfire the likely source of the elevated BC.
Chromatiales ord. nov.
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. 
Published: August 2015

Chro.ma.ti.a' les. M.L. neut. n.Chromatiumtype genus of the order; ‐alesending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.ChromatiaceaetheChromatiumorder.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales
Studies on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Sisal Pulp Reinforced Phenolic Composites
Authors: WANG SHIQI , WEI CHUN , LIU HONGXIA , GONG YONGYANG , YANG DEJIANG , YANG PENG , LIU TIANXI 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTBased on renewable cellulosic resource, sisal pulp (SP) was prepared from wasted sisal fiber (SF) by the sulfate pulping method. The impact of the content of SP on the mechanical properties of phenolic composites was studied. For comparison, the reinforcement effect of SF, aramid pulp (AP), and glass fiber (GF) was studied. The microscopic structure and properties of the composites were characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical testing. Results show that the flexural strength and impact strength of SP‐reinforced phenolic composites maximized at 125.6 MPa and 11.09 kJ/m2, respectively, with 25wt% of SP. Compared with SF‐, AP‐, and GF‐reinforced phenolic composites, the flexural strength of SP‐reinforced phenolic composite has increased by 76.41, 25.35, and 14.29%, respectively, and impact strength increased by 49.26, 65.03, and 132.01%. POM illustrates that SP, SF, and AP subjected to a large shear during the roll milling process, and thus the fibers are cracked into finer microfibers. The results indicate that those microfibers and interfacial interaction affect reinforcement effect significantly.
Quantitative Detection of Photothermal and Photoelectrocatalytic Effects Induced by SPR from Au@Pt Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Hao , He Lan‐Qi , Hu Yu‐Wen , Lu Xihong , Li Gao‐Ren , Liu Biju , Ren Bin , Tong Yexiang , Fang Ping‐Ping 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe surface plasmon resonance (SPR) induced photothermal and photoelectrocatalysis effects are crucial for catalytic reactions in many areas. However, it is still difficult to distinguish these two effects quantitatively. Here we used surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to detect the photothermal and photoelectrocatalytic effects induced by SPR from Au core Pt shell Nanoparticles (Au@Pt NPs), and calculated the quantitative contribution of the ratio of the photothermal and photoelectrocatalysis effects towards the catalytic activity. The photothermal effect on the nanoparticle surface after illumination is detected by SERS. The photoelectrocatalytic effect generated from SPR is proved by SERS with a probe molecule of p‐aminothiophenol (PATP).
Synthesis, Single Crystal, and Physical Properties of Asymmetrical Thiophene/Selenophene‐Fused Twistacenes
Authors: Lv Bo , Shen Xingxing , Xiao Jinchong , Duan Jingdan , Wang Xuefei , Yi Yuanping 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTwo asymmetrical twistacenes, PyPT and PyPS, have been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X‐ray analyses show that both of them have twisted structures with a torsion angle of 26.65° for PyPT and 26.59° for PyPS measured between plane C5‐C23‐C25 and plane C13‐C15‐C26. The thiophene/selenophene‐fused acenes emit blue fluorescence with quantum yields of 0.39 for PyPT and 0.04 for PyPS in organic solvents, whereas the all‐carbon molecule HBP emits green fluorescence. Meanwhile, PyPT and PyPS show a similar reversible oxide procedure with the onset potentials of 0.73 and 0.72 V, respectively. In addition, PyPT and PyPS can self‐assemble to form nanoparticles in a mixture of THF/H2O through re‐precipitation method.
Is Aerogen–π Interaction Capable of Initiating the Noncovalent Chemistry of Group 18?
Authors: Miao Junjian , Song Bo , Gao Yi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe interactions between atoms of noble gases and π systems are generally considered as van der Waals interaction, which have not attracted attention yet. Herein, we present high‐level ab initio calculations to show the unexpected noncovalent interaction between a covalently bonded noble gas atom and a delocalized aromatic π electron using XeO3⋅benzene as the prototype. The CCSD(T)/CBS reference data show its strength amounting to −10.2 kcal mol−1, comparable to a typical H‐bond or an anion–π interaction. The energy decomposition analysis reveals that the aerogen–π interaction is favored by the electrostatic interaction (27.7 %), the induction (13.4 %), and the dispersion (21.6 %). This interaction may prompt us to consider the noncovalent chemistry of aerogen derivatives in the near future.
Directed evolution of xylose specific transporters to facilitate glucose‐xylose co‐utilization
Authors: Wang Meng , Yu Chenzhao , Zhao Huimin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTA highly active xylose specific transporter without glucose inhibition is highly desirable in cost‐effective production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. However, currently available xylose specific transporters suffer from low overall activity and most are inhibited by glucose. In this study, we applied a directed evolution strategy to engineer the xylose specific transporter AN25 from Neurospora crassa with improved xylose transportation capacity. After four rounds of directed evolution using two different strategies, we obtained an AN25 mutant AN25‐R4.18 with 43‐fold improvement in terms of xylose transportation capacity while maintaining its high xylose specificity. In addition, glucose inhibition was almost completely eliminated in the final evolved mutant. We demonstrated that improved xylose transportation of AN25 mutants in the exponential growth phase led to significant improvement of xylose consumption in high cell‐density fermentation. Finally, we showed that AN25 mutant AN25‐R4.18 can enable relatively efficient glucose‐xylose co‐utilization in high concentrations of mixed sugars. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 484–491. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hospital‐treated suicide attempts among Finnish fire setters: a follow‐up study
Authors: Thomson Annika , Tiihonen Jari , Miettunen Jouko , Virkkunen Matti , Lindberg Nina 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundHigh rates of attempted and completed suicide have been reported among offenders, but there has been little attention in this respect to fire setters specifically.AimOur aim was to investigate hospital‐treated suicide attempts among male fire setters.MethodsFor each of a consecutive series of 441 pre‐trial fire setters, four controls matched for age, gender and place of birth were randomly selected from the Central Population Register. Data on hospitalisation and causes of death over a 39‐year period were obtained from the Finnish national registers.ResultsThe prevalence of suicide attempts was significantly higher among fire setters than among controls. Approximately every fifth fire setter had made at least one suicide attempt which had required hospital treatment. The most common method chosen was intentional self‐poisoning or exposure to noxious substances. More than 1 in 10 fire setters with at least one hospitalisation for suicide‐related behaviour eventually completed suicide.Conclusions and implications for practiceMore attention should be paid to detecting and managing suicidal behaviours among fire setters as they are a high‐risk group and accurate identification of their needs in this respect may not only be life‐saving but also reduce recidivism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper(II)‐Specific Fluorogenic Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids as Selective Fluorescence Probes and Recyclable Extractants
Authors: Chatterjee Sobhan , Gohil Hardipsinh , Suresh E. , Paital Alok Ranjan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe designed synthesis of a series of copper(II) specific fluorogenic hydrophobic task‐specific ionic liquids (TSILs) from a new naphthalene‐based tetradentate ligand is reported. Absorption and fluorescence spectral studies reveal both the ligand and its derivative TSILs show exclusive selectivity towards copper(II) ions. The Stern–Volmer method for calculation of the detection limit for ligand and TSIL1–3 shows values of 0.12, 20, 17, and 15 μM, respectively. Extraction and striping studies by doping these TSILs in [bmim][NTf2] demonstrated that these TSILs are recyclable extractants for the selective recovery of CuII ions from a mixture of 14 relevant metal chloride aqueous solutions in biphasic liquid–liquid extraction with approximately 95 % recovery.
Utilization of (18‐Crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic Acid as a Chiral NMR Solvating Agent for Diamines and β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Rodriguez Yolanda C. , Duarte Tayla M. , Szakonyi Zsolt , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc , Wenzel Thomas J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe compound (18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid was evaluated as a chiral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solvating agent for a series of diamines and bicyclic β‐amino acids. The amine must be protonated for strong association with the crown ether. An advantage of (18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid over many other crown ethers is that it undergoes a neutralization reaction with neutral amines to form the protonated species needed for binding. Twelve primary diamines in neutral and protonated forms were evaluated. Diamines with aryl and aliphatic groups were examined. Some are atropisomers with equivalent amine groups. Others have two nonequivalent amine groups. Association equilibria for these systems are complex, given the potential formation of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 crown‐amine complexes and given the various charged species in solution for mixtures of the crown ether with the neutral amine. The crown ether produced enantiomeric differentiation in the 1H NMR spectrum of one or more resonances for every diamine substrate. Also, a series of five bicyclic β‐amino acids were examined and (18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid caused enantiomeric differentiation in the 1H NMR spectrum of three or more resonances of each compound. Chirality 27:708–715, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How do you write and present research well? 1 — admit that you did it
Authors: Patience Gregory S. , Boffito Daria C. , Patience Paul A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many researchers avoid expressing sentences with personal pronouns such as I, you, we. Rather, they resort to the passive tense and add clutter with words and expressions like It should be noted that or It is suggested that. The former expression appears more than 2 100 000 times in Google Scholar[1] and the latter over 710 000 times. In the 500 most‐cited articles and letters from Science in 2013 and the top 500 from Nature, how many times does we or our appear?[2,3]

more than 2000 (2004)
between 1000 and 2000
between 500 and 1000
between 250 and 500
less than 250
Efficient CPU‐GPU cooperative computing for solving the subset‐sum problem
Authors: Wan Lanjun , Li Kenli , Liu Jing , Li Keqin 
Published: August 2015

SummaryHeterogeneous CPU‐GPU system is a powerful way to accelerate compute‐intensive applications, such as the subset‐sum problem. Many parallel algorithms for solving the problem have been implemented on graphics processing units (GPUs). However, these GPU implementations may fail to fully utilize all the CPU cores and the GPU resources. When the GPU performs computational task, only one CPU core is used to control the GPUs, and all the remaining CPU cores are in idle state, which leads to large amounts of available CPU resources being wasted. This paper proposes an efficient CPU‐GPU cooperative computing scheme for solving the subset‐sum problem, which enables the full utilization of all the computing power of both CPUs and GPUs. In order to find the most appropriate task distribution ratio between CPUs and GPUs, this paper establishes a simple but effective task distribution model. Considering the high CPU‐GPU communication overhead and the unbalanced workload between CPUs and GPUs may greatly reduce the performance, an incremental data transfer method is proposed to reduce the CPU‐GPU communication overhead, and a feedback‐based dynamic task distribution scheme is designed to effectively balance the workload between CPUs and GPUs during runtime. The experimental results show that the CPU‐GPU cooperative computing achieves a significant performance benefit over the CPU‐only or GPU‐only computing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform Reduction of Scalar Coupling by Real‐Time Homonuclear J‐Downscaled NMR
Authors: Glanzer Simon , Zangger Klaus 
Published: August 2015

AbstractScalar coupling in proton NMR spectra provides important information for the structural analysis. However, the low resolution due to the resulting signal splitting, together with the rather narrow spectral range of hydrogen, often prevents the extraction of J‐coupling information. Here we present a method to achieve real‐time homonuclear J‐downscaling. Thereby, all J‐values are uniformly reduced by an arbitrary scaling factor. In the resulting one‐dimensional spectra, signal overlap is reduced, while scalar coupling information is still available.
Static wireless sensor networks deployment using an improved binary PSO
Authors: Senouci Mustapha R. , Bouguettouche Daoud , Souilah Farouk , Mellouk Abdelhamid 
Published: August 2015

SummaryA major issue in designing wireless sensor networks is the deployment problem. Indeed, many performances of the sensor network, such as coverage, are determined by the number and locations of deployed sensors. This paper reviews existing deterministic deployment strategies and devises a modified binary particle swarm optimization, which adopts a new position updating procedure for a faster convergence and exploits the abandonment concept to avoid some drawbacks such as premature convergence. The devised approach combines, in a meaningful way, the characteristics of the binary particle swarm optimization with the wireless sensor networks deployment requirements in order to devise a lightweight and efficient sensor placement algorithm. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach are evaluated through extensive simulations. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art approaches, especially in the case of preferential coverage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.