bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of substance abuse: Reduced functional connectivity between areas underlying reward and cognitive control
Authors: Motzkin Julian C. , Baskin‐Sommers Arielle , Newman Joseph P. , Kiehl Kent A. , Koenigs Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSubstance use disorders (SUD) have been associated with dysfunction in reward processing, habit formation, and cognitive‐behavioral control. Accordingly, neurocircuitry models of addiction highlight roles for nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, and prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex. However, the precise nature of the disrupted interactions between these brain regions in SUD, and the psychological correlates thereof, remain unclear. Here we used magnetic resonance imaging to measure rest‐state functional connectivity of three key striatal nuclei (nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate, and dorsal putamen) in a sample of 40 adult male prison inmates (n = 22 diagnosed with SUD; n = 18 without SUD). Relative to the non‐SUD group, the SUD group exhibited significantly lower functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and a network of frontal cortical regions involved in cognitive control (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal operculum). There were no group differences in functional connectivity for the dorsal caudate or dorsal putamen. Moreover, the SUD group exhibited impairments in laboratory measures of cognitive‐behavioral control, and individual differences in functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortical regions were related to individual differences in measures of cognitive‐behavioral control across groups. The strength of the relationship between functional connectivity and cognitive control did not differ between groups. These results indicate that SUD is associated with abnormal interactions between subcortical areas that process reward (nucleus accumbens) and cortical areas that govern cognitive‐behavioral control. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4282–4292, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myoclonus in mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Mancuso Michelangelo , Orsucci Daniele , Angelini Corrado , Bertini Enrico , Catteruccia Michela , Pegoraro Elena , Carelli Valerio , Valentino Maria L. , Comi Giacomo P. , Minetti Carlo , Bruno Claudio , Moggio Maurizio , Ienco Elena Caldarazzo , Mongini Tiziana , Vercelli Liliana , Primiano Guido , Servidei Serenella , Tonin Paola , Scarpelli Mauro , Toscano Antonio , Musumeci Olimpia , Moroni Isabella , Uziel Graziella , Santorelli Filippo M. , Nesti Claudia , Filosto Massimiliano , Lamperti Costanza , Zeviani Massimo , Siciliano Gabriele 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMyoclonus is a possible manifestation of mitochondrial disorders, and its presence is considered, in association with epilepsy and the ragged red fibers, pivotal for the syndromic diagnosis of MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers). However, its prevalence in mitochondrial diseases is not known. The aims of this study are the evaluation of the prevalence of myoclonus in a big cohort of mitochondrial patients and the clinical characterization of these subjects. Based on the database of the “Nation‐wide Italian Collaborative Network of Mitochondrial Diseases,” we reviewed the clinical and molecular data of mitochondrial patients with myoclonus among their clinical features. Myoclonus is a rather uncommon clinical feature of mitochondrial diseases (3.6% of 1,086 patients registered in our database). It is not strictly linked to a specific genotype or phenotype, and only 1 of 3 patients with MERRF harbors the 8344A>G mutation (frequently labeled as “the MERRF mutation”). Finally, myoclonus is not inextricably linked to epilepsy in MERRF patients, but more to cerebellar ataxia. In a myoclonic patient, evidences of mitochondrial dysfunction must be investigated, even though myoclonus is not a common sign of mitochondriopathy. Clinical, histological, and biochemical data may predict the finding of a mitochondrial or nuclear DNA mutation. Finally, this study reinforces the notion that myoclonus is not inextricably linked to epilepsy in MERRF patients, and therefore the term “myoclonic epilepsy” seems inadequate and potentially misleading. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Substituent effects on electrochemical and electrochromic properties of aromatic polyimides with 4‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)triphenylamine moieties
Authors: Wang Hui‐Min , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThree series of aromatic polyimides with 4‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)triphenylamine moieties were prepared from the polycondensation reactions of 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐(carbazol‐9‐yl) triphenylamine (1), 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐(3,6‐di‐tert‐butylcarbazol‐9‐yl)triphenylamine (t‐Bu‐1), and 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐(3,6‐dimethoxycarbazol‐9‐yl)triphenylamine (MeO‐1), respectively, with various commercially available tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. In addition to high thermal stability and good film‐forming ability, the resulting polyimides exhibited an ambipolar electrochromic behavior. The polyimides based on t‐Bu‐1 and MeO‐1 revealed higher redox‐stability and enhanced electrochromic performance than the corresponding ones based on 1 because the active sites of their carbazole units are blocked with bulky t‐butyl or electron‐donating methoxy groups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1172–1184
Comparison of AlGaN/GaN MISHEMT powerbar designs
Authors: Stoffels Steve , Ronchi Nicoló , Venegas Rafael , De Jaeger Brice , Marcon Denis , Decoutere Stefaan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis works presents a comparison of several different AlGaN/GaN powerbar designs, with a total gate width of 9mm, with the goal to minimize the total gate resistance. Analytical models were developed for the interconnect parasitics to aid in the design phase. The different power transistor topologies were fabricated in a GaN‐on‐Si MISHEMT technology. Measurements on the fabricated transistors showed a good agreement between the analytical models and the measurements. Furthermore, the modelling framework allowed us to design power transistors that reached the goal of reducing the gate resistance while having minimal impact on other characteristics. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation of the parasitic form of Trichophyton violaceum in the infected hair from tinea capitis
Authors: Zhuang Kaiwen , Ran Xin , Lei Song , Zhang Chaoliang , Lama Jebina , Ran Yuping 
Published: February 2014

SummaryTrichophyton violaceum is a pathogen of tinea capitis and usually cause infection of scalp and hair in children. To investigate the parasitic form of T. violaceum in the human hair tissue, the infected hair strands were collected from a 9‐year‐old boy with tinea capitis due to T. violaceum and observed under both the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM and TEM findings revealed that T. violaceum parasitically lives in the hair shaft in various forms and the morphological transformation of the fungus from hyphae into arthrospores was noted. The involved hair shaft was damaged to the great extent and its ultrastructural changes were evident. Those morphological characteristics of T. violaceum and the three‐dimensional ultastructure changes of infected hairs give a better knowledge about the host‐fungus relationship in tinea capitis. SCANNING 36:465–470, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ex Vivo Gene Editing of the Dystrophin Gene in Muscle Stem Cells Mediated by Peptide Nucleic Acid Single Stranded Oligodeoxynucleotides Induces Stable Expression of Dystrophin in a Mouse Model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Nik-Ahd Farnoosh , Bertoni Carmen 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which result in the complete absence of dystrophin protein throughout the body. Gene correction strategies hold promise to treating DMD. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the ability of peptide nucleic acid single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (PNA-ssODNs) to permanently correct single-point mutations at the genomic level. In this study, we show that PNA-ssODNs can target and correct muscle satellite cells (SCs), a population of stem cells capable of self-renewing and differentiating into muscle fibers. When transplanted into skeletal muscles, SCs transfected with correcting PNA-ssODNs were able to engraft and to restore dystrophin expression. The number of dystrophin-positive fibers was shown to significantly increase over time. Expression was confirmed to be the result of the activation of a subpopulation of SCs that had undergone repair as demonstrated by immunofluorescence analyses of engrafted muscles using antibodies specific to full-length dystrophin transcripts and by genomic DNA analysis of dystrophin-positive fibers. Furthermore, the increase in dystrophin expression detected over time resulted in a significant improvement in muscle morphology. The ability of transplanted cells to return into quiescence and to activate upon demand was confirmed in all engrafted muscles following injury. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using gene editing strategies to target and correct SCs and further establish the therapeutic potential of this approach to permanently restore dystrophin expression into muscle of DMD patients. Stem Cells 2014;32:1817–1830
Managing Young Colorectal Cancer: A UK and Irish Perspective
Authors: Warrier Satish K. , Yeung Justin M. , Lynch A. Craig , Heriot Alexander G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveYoung patients with familial syndromes have an increased metachronous cancer rate. Effective management is possible by identifying this high‐risk group prior to index colectomy. The study surveys the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) membership preoperative evaluation and clinical management in young patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodAn electronic survey was sent to the membership of the ACPGBI. The survey polled members on clinical scenarios relating to young‐onset CRC patients. We were particularly concerned with preoperative management strategies, the extent of colectomy, and postoperative surveillance. Survey responses were collated and analysed.ResultsA total of 124 members responded to the survey and 74 completed the survey. Of these, 87.8 % would proceed to colectomy without preoperative tumor or genetic testing. Decisions regarding the extent of colectomy depended on family history. A total of 67 (90.6 %) would offer a limited colectomy with no family history, 49 (66.2 %) in a patient with familial CRC type X, 29 (39.2 %) in a young patient with Lynch syndrome. A similar trend was seen with young rectal cancer. Only 16 surgeons (21.6 %) could identify a syndrome of MYH‐associated polyposis (MAP).ConclusionThe majority of ACPGBI members will not offer preoperative risk testing based on a young age alone; however, the majority would alter their surgical strategy based on the results of this testing. MAP is poorly recognized by ACPGBI members and therefore an opportunity exists for education among members.What is new in this paper?This study is the first paper to survey the ACPGBI membership on management practices in young‐onset CRC. Members are poor in adopting preoperative testing, alter surgical strategy based on a familial syndrome, with a minority recognizing MAP. An opportunity to improve education on young CRC patients exists.
Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover during the First Year of Injury in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Singh Roop , Rohilla Rajesh Kumar , Saini Gaurav , Magu Narender Kumar , Kaur Kiranpreet 
Published: February 2014

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with bone mass loss that can be complicated by fractures, which result in further disabilities for patients. After a SCI, the body starts losing large amounts of calcium and other minerals in the urine (demineralisation). This study aimed to assess the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) during the 1st year of acute SCI in patients with neurological deficit. Methods A total of 95 patients with acute SCI and neurological deficit were evaluated in this prospective study. Haematological investigations such as evaluation of serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum creatinine, and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were carried out. Urinary investigations such as 24-hour urinary creatinine level and excretion of calcium and phosphate in the urine were measured. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan with Hologic QDR 2000 scanner (Explorer). All of the aforementioned parameters were measured again at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results Serum ALP at 1-year follow up was significantly raised (p < 0.05). The BMD at 1-year follow up had statistically significant lower values than the initial BMD at the hip (p < 0.05), proximal tibia (p < 0.00l), and distal tibial epiphysis (p < 0.001). The BMD in motor-complete SCI patients [American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grades A and B] had significant lower values than motor-incomplete SCI patients (ASIA C and D) at the hip (p < 0.05) and proximal tibial epiphysis (p < 0.05). Conclusion There was a marked decrease in BMD in metaphyseal sites than below the neurological deficit level with maximum decrease at the proximal tibia during the 1st year of SCI. Although the markers of osteoblastic activity did not show much change, the decrease in BMD was influenced by the neurological recovery after SCI.
Instantaneous pressure measurements on a spherical grain under threshold flow conditions
Authors: Celik Ahmet O. , Diplas P. , Dancey C. L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to experimentally examine the surface pressures and resulting forces on an individual sediment grain whose size is comparable to the scales of the turbulent channel flow in an effort to discern details of the flow/grain interaction. This was accomplished by measuring the pressure fluctuations on the surface of a coarse, fully exposed, spherical grain resting upon a bed of identical grains in open channel turbulent flow. This spherical particle was instrumented with low-range, high-frequency-response pressure transducers to measure the individual surface pressures simultaneously on its front, back, top and bottom. The local flow velocity was measured synchronously with a laser Doppler velocimeter. The flow and sediment are near threshold conditions for entrainment with the channel and particle Reynolds numbers varying between 31 000–39 000 and 330–440 respectively. The emphasis was on determining the characteristics of the flow field with the potential to dislodge a spherical grain under uniform flow conditions as well as in the wake of a circular cylinder placed spanwise across the flow in otherwise fully developed open channel flow. It is concluded that the streamwise velocity near the bed is most directly related to those force events (and associated individual surface pressure distributions) crucial for particle entrainment. The lift force was observed to momentarily reach values which can be consequential for particle stability, although it is poorly correlated with the fluctuating normal velocity component. Turbulence intensity near the bed, rather than being the causative factor for increased force fluctuations, was shown to be an indicator of changes in the average lift force experienced by the grain during the application of extreme drag forces, at least for this particular flow condition (the upstream, spanwise-mounted circular cylinder). This effect is known to alter the sediment transport rates significantly. The characteristics of the temporal durations of flow events about the local maxima in the stagnation pressure, drag and lift forces, using a conditional sampling method, revealed the prevalence of sweep-type near-bed flow events in generating favourable conditions for particle dislodgement, although the dominant feature is the positive streamwise velocity fluctuation, not the normal velocity component. The duration of such events was the highest in the fourth and first quadrants in the $u,w$ plane, inducing high impulses on the grain.
On the impact of swirl on the growth of coherent structures
Authors: Oberleithner K. , Paschereit C. O. , Wygnanski I. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSpatial linear stability analysis is applied to the mean flow of a turbulent swirling jet at swirl intensities below the onset of vortex breakdown. The aim of this work is to predict the dominant coherent flow structure, their driving instabilities and how they are affected by swirl. At the nozzle exit, the swirling jet promotes shear instabilities and, less unstable, centrifugal instabilities. The latter stabilize shortly downstream of the nozzle, contributing very little to the formation of coherent structures. The shear mode remains unstable throughout generating coherent structures that scale with the axial shear-layer thickness. The most amplified mode in the nearfield is a co-winding double-helical mode rotating slowly in counter-direction to the swirl. This gives rise to the formation of slowly rotating and stationary large-scale coherent structures, which explains the asymmetries in the mean flows often encountered in swirling jet experiments. The co-winding single-helical mode at high rotation rate dominates the farfield of the swirling jet in replacement of the co- and counter-winding bending modes dominating the non-swirling jet. Moreover, swirl is found to significantly affect the streamwise phase velocity of the helical modes rendering this flow as highly dispersive and insensitive to intermodal interactions, which explains the absence of vortex pairing observed in previous investigations. The stability analysis is validated through hot-wire measurements of the flow excited at a single helical mode and of the flow perturbed by a time- and space-discrete pulse. The experimental results confirm the predicted mode selection and corresponding streamwise growth rates and phase velocities.
Notes Towards A Definition of Politics
Authors: Alexander James 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPolitics has been defined in different and contradictory ways in the last century or so. If politics is to be a single subject of study then contradictory theories should be capable of being related together. In this article I argue that they can be related in terms of what I call the Aristotelian criterion. The article is in four parts. Firstly, I discuss the problem of defining politics; secondly, I introduce the criterion; thirdly, I consider five modern theories of politics (those of Arendt, Oakeshott, Collingwood, Schmitt and Rancière) in relation to the criterion; and fourthly, I use the criterion to put forward an original and capacious definition of politics.1
Investigation of increased listeriosis revealed two fishery production plants with persistentListeriacontamination in Finland in 2010
Authors: NAKARI U.-M. , RANTALA L. , PIHLAJASAARI A. , TOIKKANEN S. , JOHANSSON T. , HELLSTEN C. , RAULO S. M. , KUUSI M. , SIITONEN A. , RIMHANEN-FINNE R. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn 2010, a marked increase in listeriosis incidence was observed in Finland.Listeria monocytogenesPFGE profile 96 was responsible for one-fifth of the reported cases and a cluster of PFGE profile 62 was also detected. Investigations revealed two fishery production plants with persistentListeriacontamination. It appears likely that the plants were at least partly responsible for the increase of listeriosis. Epidemiological investigation revealed that 57% (31/54) of cases with underlying immunosuppressive condition or medication reported eating gravad or cold-smoked fish. Two public notices were issued by THL and Evira informing which groups were most at risk from the effects of listeriosis and should therefore be cautious in consuming certain products. Systematic sampling of foods and adequate epidemiological investigation methods are required to identify the sources ofListeriainfections. Continuous control measures at fishery production plants producing risk products are essential.
Compensation for intracellular environment in expression levels of mammalian circadian clock genes
Authors: Matsumura Ritsuko , Okamoto Akihiko , Node Koichi , Akashi Makoto 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe circadian clock is driven by transcriptional oscillation of clock genes in almost all body cells. To investigate the effect of cell type-specific intracellular environment on the circadian machinery, we examined gene expression profiles in five peripheral tissues. As expected, the phase relationship between expression rhythms of nine clock genes was similar in all tissues examined. We also compared relative expression levels of clock genes among tissues and unexpectedly found that quantitative variation remained within an approximately three-fold range, which was substantially smaller than that of metabolic housekeeping genes. Interestingly, circadian gene expression was little affected even when fibroblasts were cultured with different concentrations of serum. Together, these findings support a hypothesis that expression levels of clock genes are quantitatively compensated for the intracellular environment, such as redox potential and metabolite composition. However, more comprehensive studies are required to reach definitive conclusions.
Buprenorphine–Naloxone Therapy in Pain Management
Authors: Chen Kelly Yan , Chen Lucy , Mao Jianren 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Buprenorphine–naloxone (bup/nal in 4:1 ratio; Suboxone®; Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, Richmond, VA) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for outpatient office-based addiction treatment. In the past few years, bup/nal has been increasingly prescribed off-label for chronic pain management. The current data suggest that bup/nal may provide pain relief in patients with chronic pain with opioid dependence or addiction. However, the unique pharmacological profile of bup/nal confers it to be a weak analgesic that is unlikely to provide adequate pain relief for patients without opioid dependence or addiction. Possible mechanisms of pain relief by bup/nal therapy in opioid-dependent patients with chronic pain may include reversal of opioid-induced hyperalgesia and improvement in opioid tolerance and addiction. Additional studies are needed to assess the implication of bup/nal therapy in clinical anesthesia and perioperative pain management.