bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A procedure for the transient expression of genes by agroinfiltration above the permissive threshold to study temperature‐sensitive processes in plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Del Toro Francisco , Tenllado Francisco , Chung Bong‐Nam , Canto Tomas 
Published: March 2014

SummaryLocalized expression of genes in plants from T‐DNAs delivered into plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an important tool in plant research. The technique, known as agroinfiltration, provides fast, efficient ways to transiently express or silence a desired gene without resorting to the time‐consuming, challenging stable transformation of the host, the use of less efficient means of delivery, such as bombardment, or the use of viral vectors, which multiply and spread within the host causing physiological alterations themselves. A drawback of the agroinfiltration technique is its temperature dependence: early studies have shown that temperatures above 29 °C are nonpermissive to tumour induction by the bacterium as a result of failure in pilus formation. However, research in plant sciences is interested in studying processes at these temperatures, above the 25 °C experimental standard, common to many host–environment and host–pathogen interactions in nature, and agroinfiltration is an excellent tool for this purpose. Here, we measured the efficiency of agroinfiltration for the expression of reporter genes in plants from T‐DNAs at the nonpermissive temperature of 30 °C, either transiently or as part of viral amplicons, and envisaged procedures that allow and optimize its use for gene expression at this temperature. We applied this technical advance to assess the performance at 30 °C of two viral suppressors of silencing in agropatch assays [Potato virus Y helper component proteinase (HCPro) and Cucumber mosaic virus 2b protein] and, within the context of infection by a Potato virus X (PVX) vector, also assessed indirectly their effect on the overall response of the host Nicotiana benthamiana to the virus.
Celebrating the prophet: religious nationalism and the politics ofMilad‐un‐Nabi festivals inIndia
Authors: Parvez Z. Fareen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe traditional honoring of the birth of theProphetMohammed (Milad‐un‐Nabi) has shifted in numerous Indian cities from private prayer and ritual meals in the home to grand public festivals that bear resemblances toHindu religious processions. In 2010 in the southernIndian city ofHyderabad, large‐scaleMilad‐un‐Nabi festivals became implicated inHindu–Muslim nationalist riots that erupted weeks later at the commencement of aHindu festival forHanumanJayanthi. This paper explores the political production ofMuslim ethno‐nationalism and the intra‐community debates over the legitimacy and piety ofMilad‐un‐Nabi celebrations. It argues thatMilad‐un‐Nabi as a public performance is a (re)invented tradition that is part of the struggle for material, political and symbolic goods of the nation‐state. It is shaped by local party politics and history of anti‐Muslim discrimination. However, as the festivals highlight community divisions and religious ambiguities, they ultimately reveal the fragility of ethnic groups.
Physiological response of fucoid algae to environmental stress: comparing range centre and southern populations
Authors: Ferreira João G. , Arenas Francisco , Martínez Brezo , Hawkins Stephen J. , Jenkins Stuart R. 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Climate change has led to alterations in assemblage composition. Species of temperate macroalgae at their southern limits in the Iberian Peninsula have shown shifts in geographical range and a decline in abundance ultimately related to climate, but with the proximate factors largely unknown.
We performed manipulative experiments to compare physiological responses of Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis from Portugal and Wales (UK), representing, respectively, southern and central areas of their distribution, to different intensities of solar radiation and different air temperatures.
Following exposure to stressful emerged conditions, Portuguese and Welsh individuals of both fucoid species showed increased frond temperature, high desiccation levels and reduced photophysiological performance that was evident even after a 16 h recovery period, with light and temperature acting in an additive, not an interactive, manner. The level of physiological decline was influenced by geographical origin of populations and species identity, with algae from the south and those living higher on the shore coping better with stressful conditions.
The negative effect of summer conditions on photophysiology may contribute to changes in fucoid abundance and distribution in southern Europe. Our results emphasise how physiological performance of geographically distinct populations can differ, which is particularly relevant when predicting responses to climate change.
Monism and Material Constitution
Authors: Barker Stephen , Jago Mark 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAre the sculpture and the mass of gold which permanently makes it up one object or two? In this article, we argue that the monist, who answers ‘one object’, cannot accommodate the asymmetry of material constitution. To say ‘the mass of gold materially constitutes the sculpture, whereas the sculpture does not materially constitute the mass of gold’, the monist must treat ‘materially constitutes’ as an Abelardian predicate, whose denotation is sensitive to the linguistic context in which it appears. We motivate this approach in terms of modal analyses of material constitution, but argue that ultimately it fails. The monist must instead accept a deflationary, symmetrical use of ‘materially constitutes’. We argue that this is a serious cost for her approach.
Exchange and Social Structure in Norwegian Agricultural Communities: How Farmers Acquire Labour and Capital
Authors: Gezelius Stig S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUsing interviews and survey data from Norwegian farms, I address the questions of how farmers make use of various forms of exchange to acquire labour and capital and how these exchange practices depend on community structure. The article questions the commonly used dichotomy of ‘hired’ versus ‘family’ labour, and argues that the notion of farming as a family business should be supplemented by the notion of farming as a community‐based moral economy in which multiple forms of exchange and payment are used flexibly in a market that is embedded in several types of long‐term relationships. I argue that the embeddedness of this market affects farm economies in ways that may enhance their viability. The study draws on three traditions of economic sociology: political economy, the New Economic Sociology, and social exchange theory. I argue that public policies have protected a community structure that provides for a local, socially embedded labour and capital market. This social embeddedness facilitates two exchange forms that have been neglected by previous research on modern farming: reciprocal and non‐monetised exchange.
The Politics of Financial Intransparency: The Case of Swiss Banking Secrecy
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn parallel to the growing weight of finance in the global economy, the transparency of financial flows and asset ownership has attracted increasing attention, a process further accelerated by the 2007/8 global financial crisis. Tax‐starved governments want to know the assets their residents own but financial intransparency can make tax collection difficult by obscuring both the ownership of assets as well as their real size. This article reviews three interrelated strands of literature on financial intransparency with a special emphasis given to one of its most prominent examples: Swiss‐style banking secrecy. First, I discuss the challenge of financial intransparency in a globalized economy and document the central role Switzerland plays as an offshore financial centre. I show that while Swiss‐style banking secrecy is an important example of financial intransparency, possible tax evaders also have other instruments at their disposal. Second, a review of the literature on the origins of Swiss banking secrecy shows how struggles for interpretive dominance shape the politics of financial intransparency. Third, I discuss the literature on the first OECD campaign against tax havens and demonstrate that representatives of the Swiss political‐economic system could have anticipated the shift of attention from small island states to OECD member states like Switzerland. Given the writing on the wall, it is surprising that recent developments have caught Swiss banks flat‐footed.
Hematologic and biochemical variables of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) after overwintering in rehabilitation centers
Authors: Rossi Gabriele , Mangiagalli Gerard , Paracchini Giulia , Paltrinieri Saverio 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundInformation about laboratory reference intervals (RIs) of European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) hospitalized at rehabilitation centers is scarce.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to establish hematologic and biochemicalRIs for rehabilitated hedgehogs before the release into the wild, and to assess whether sex and management of the center influence laboratory results.MethodsBlood was collected from 50 hedgehogs at 3 centers. Thirty‐eight animals were included in the study based on normal body weight, absence of clinical signs of disease, Bunnell index > 0.80, and absence of hibernation during overwintering.CBCs were performed using an automated laser cell counter followed by morphologic analysis of blood smears. Clinical biochemistry was performed using an automated spectrophotometer.RIs were determined as recommended by theASVCPguidelines.ResultsHematology profiles revealed a prevalence of lymphocytes, a constant presence of nucleatedRBCs, Howell–Jolly bodies and basophils, and bilobed nuclei in neutrophils and eosinophils. Biochemistry profiles were characterized by higher creatinine and urea concentrations, and higherALPand GGT activities compared with other domestic species. The sex did not influence the results. Conversely, numbers of eosinophils, activated and large granular lymphocytes, and concentrations of total protein, glucose and cholesterol were different among the centers, likely due to different management practices (eg, antiparasitic treatments, environmental exposure to microorganisms, diet).ConclusionTheRIs established in this study can be used to monitor the health status of hedgehogs in rehabilitation centers. As management practices appeared to influence some variables, it is recommended to standardize the management protocols to minimize their influence on laboratory data.
Induction of Immunoregulatory CD271+ Cells by Metastatic Tumor Cells That Express Human Endogenous Retrovirus H
Authors: Kudo-Saito Chie , Yura Masahiro , Yamamoto Ryusuke , Kawakami Yutaka 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) are associated with many diseases such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. Although the frequent expression of a variety of HERVs in tumor cells has been demonstrated, their functional contributions in cancer are as yet unclear. Intriguingly, HERVs and other retroviruses include an immunosuppressive domain in their transmembrane envelope proteins, but its mechanism of action and cancer relevance are obscure. In this study, we demonstrate that the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-H has a critical role in tumor metastasis and immune escape. We found that expression of herv-h mRNA was elevated in metastatic tumor cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in primary tumor tissues from advanced colon cancer. The immunosuppressive peptide H17 derived from HERV-H was sufficient to induce EMT in tumor cells that expressed low levels of HERV-H, and it amplified this event within the tumor microenvironment. H17 also stimulated CCL19 expression in tumor cells, which in turn recruited and expanded a population of pluripotent immunoregulatory CD271+ cells, which included mesenchymal stem cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In tumor tissues from patients with advanced colon cancer, we confirmed that CD271+ cells were increased in HERV-H+CCL19+ tumor tissues. Notably, RNAi-mediated change of HERV-H or CCL19, or depletion of CD271+ cells, improved immune responses in vitro and in vivo accompanied by tumor regression. Together, our results argued that HERV-H is a critical determinant of immune escape in cancer, suggesting its candidacy as a promising therapeutic target to treat patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res; 74(5); 1361–70. ©2014 AACR.
Natural Killer Cells: The Secret Weapon in Dendritic Cell Vaccination Strategies
Authors: Van Elssen Catharina H.M.J. , Oth Tammy , Germeraad Wilfred T.V. , Bos Gerard M.J. , Vanderlocht Joris 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In cancer therapy, dendritic cell (DC) vaccination is still being explored. Clinical responses, however, are diverse and there is a lack of immunologic readout systems that correspond with clinical outcome. Only in the minority of patients, T-cell responses correlate with clinical outcome, indicating that other immune cells also gain anticancer activity. We still have limited knowledge of the effect of DC vaccination on different immune effector cells. However, it has been shown that bidirectional cross-talk between natural killer (NK) cells and DCs is responsible for enhanced activation of both cell types and increases their antitumor activity. In this review, we postulate the possibility that NK cells are the secret weapons in DC vaccination and studying their behavior together with T-cell activation in vaccinated individuals might predict clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res; 20(5); 1095–103. ©2014 AACR.
The Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblast Expressing Fibroblast Activation Protein and Escape from Immune Surveillance
Authors: Fearon Douglas T. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The fibroblastic element of the tumor microenvironment has been of great interest to cancer biologists but less so to cancer immunologists. Yet, the sharing of a common mesenchymal cell type in the stroma of tumors and at sites of chronic inflammatory lesions, some of which have an autoimmune basis, has been a strong hint that this cellular component of the tumor microenvironment may have an immunologic function. Recent studies have confirmed this possibility. These fibroblast-like cells, which are termed carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF), can be identified by their expression of the membrane protein, fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP). The conditional depletion of the FAP+ CAF permits immune control not only of an artificial, transplanted tumor, but also of an autochthonous model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) that replicates the molecular, histologic, clinical, and immunologic characteristics of the human disease. Immune suppression by the FAP+ CAF is mediated by CXCL12, the chemokine that binds to cancer cells and excludes T cells by a mechanism that depends on signaling by the CXCL12 receptor CXCR4. Inhibition of CXCR4 leads to the elimination of cancer cells by enabling the rapid, intratumoral accumulation of preexisting, PDA-specific CD8+ T cells, and reveals the antitumor efficacy of the T-cell checkpoint antagonist anti–PD-L1. Recent studies have also shown that the FAP+ CAF is related to FAP-expressing stromal cells of normal tissues, demonstrating that cancers recruit a member of an essential stromal cell lineage that is involved not only in wound repair but also in normal tissue homeostasis. These findings extend the concept introduced by cancer biologists that the fibroblastic component of tumors has a critical role in the adaptation of the cancer to the host. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(3); 187–93. ©2014 AACR.
Indian Ocean Dipole Overrides ENSO’s Influence on Cool Season Rainfall across the Eastern Seaboard of Australia
Authors: Pepler A. , Timbal B. , Rakich C. , Coutts-Smith A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The strong relationship between eastern Australian winter–spring rainfall and tropical modes of variability such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) does not extend to the heavily populated coastal strip east of the Great Dividing Range in southeast Australia, where correlations between rainfall and Niño-3.4 are insignificant during June–October. The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is found to have a strong influence on zonal wind flow during the winter and spring months, with positive IOD increasing both onshore winds and rainfall over the coastal strip, while decreasing rainfall elsewhere in southeast Australia. The IOD thus opposes the influence of ENSO over the coastal strip, and this is shown to be the primary cause of the breakdown of the ENSO–rainfall relationship in this region.
Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria
Authors: Gleick Peter H. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The devastating civil war that began in Syria in March 2011 is the result of complex interrelated factors. The focus of the conflict is regime change, but the triggers include a broad set of religious and sociopolitical factors, the erosion of the economic health of the country, a wave of political reform sweeping over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Levant region, and challenges associated with climate variability and change and the availability and use of freshwater. As described here, water and climatic conditions have played a direct role in the deterioration of Syria’s economic conditions. There is a long history of conflicts over water in these regions because of the natural water scarcity, the early development of irrigated agriculture, and complex religious and ethnic diversity. In recent years, there has been an increase in incidences of water-related violence around the world at the subnational level attributable to the role that water plays in development disputes and economic activities. Because conflicts are rarely, if ever, attributable to single causes, conflict analysis and concomitant efforts at reducing the risks of conflict must consider a multitude of complex relationships and contributing factors. This paper assesses the complicated connections between water and conflict in Syria, looks more broadly at future climate-related risks for water systems, and offers some water management strategies for reducing those risks.
Catechin-capped gold nanoparticles: green synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity toward 4-nitrophenol reduction
Authors: Choi Yoonho , Choi Myung-Jin , Cha Song-Hyun , Kim Yeong Shik , Cho Seonho , Park Youmie 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
An eco-friendly approach is described for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using catechin as a reducing and capping agent. The reaction occurred at room temperature within 1 h without the use of any external energy and an excellent yield (99%) was obtained, as determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Various shapes of gold nanoparticles with an estimated diameter of 16.6 nm were green-synthesized. Notably, the capping of freshly synthesized gold nanoparticles by catechin was clearly visualized with the aid of microscopic techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Strong peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the as-prepared gold nanoparticles confirmed their crystalline nature. The catalytic activity of the as-prepared gold nanoparticles was observed in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4. The results suggest that the newly prepared gold nanoparticles have potential uses in catalysis.
Traumatic brain injury enhances neuroinflammation and lesion volume in caveolin deficient mice
Authors: Niesman Ingrid R , Schilling Jan M , Shapiro Lee A , Kellerhals Sarah E , Bonds Jacqueline A , Kleschevnikov Alexander M , Cui Weihua , Voong April , Krajewski Stan , Ali Sameh S , Roth David M , Patel Hemal H , Patel Piyush M , Head Brian P 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) enhances pro-inflammatory responses, neuronal loss and long-term behavioral deficits. Caveolins (Cavs) are regulators of neuronal and glial survival signaling. Previously we showed that astrocyte and microglial activation is increased in Cav-1 knock-out (KO) mice and that Cav-1 and Cav-3 modulate microglial morphology. We hypothesized that Cavs may regulate cytokine production after TBI.MethodsControlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI (3 m/second; 1.0 mm depth; parietal cortex) was performed on wild-type (WT; C57Bl/6), Cav-1 KO, and Cav-3 KO mice. Histology and immunofluorescence microscopy (lesion volume, glia activation), behavioral tests (open field, balance beam, wire grip, T-maze), electrophysiology, electron paramagnetic resonance, membrane fractionation, and multiplex assays were performed. Data were analyzed by unpairedttests or analysis of variance (ANOVA) withpost-hocBonferroni’s multiple comparison.ResultsCCI increased cortical and hippocampal injury and decreased expression of MLR-localized synaptic proteins (24 hours), enhanced NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity (24 hours and 1 week), enhanced polysynaptic responses (1 week), and caused hippocampal-dependent learning deficits (3 months). CCI increased brain lesion volume in both Cav-3 and Cav-1 KO mice after 24 hours (P< 0.0001, n = 4; one-way ANOVA). Multiplex array revealed a significant increase in expression of IL-1β, IL-9, IL-10, KC (keratinocyte chemoattractant), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in ipsilateral hemisphere and IL-9, IL-10, IL-17, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α) in contralateral hemisphere of WT mice after 4 hours. CCI increased IL-2, IL-6, KC and MCP-1 in ipsilateral and IL-6, IL-9, IL-17 and KC in contralateral hemispheres in Cav-1 KO and increased all 10 cytokines/chemokines in both hemispheres except for IL-17 (ipsilateral) and MIP-1α (contralateral) in Cav-3 KO (versus WT CCI). Cav-3 KO CCI showed increased IL-1β, IL-9, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in ipsilateral and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 in contralateral hemispheres (P= 0.0005, n = 6; two-way ANOVA) compared to Cav-1 KO CCI.ConclusionCCI caused astrocyte and microglial activation and hippocampal neuronal injury. Cav-1 and Cav-3 KO exhibited enhanced lesion volume and cytokine/chemokine production after CCI. These findings suggest that Cav isoforms may regulate neuroinflammatory responses and neuroprotection following TBI.