bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning and empathy: the Civil Rights CAPTCHA
Authors: Hernández‐Castro Carlos Javier , Barrero David F. , R‐Moreno María D. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryHuman interactive proofs (HIPs) are a basic security measure on the Internet to avoid automatic attacks. There is an ongoing effort to find a HIP that is secure enough yet easy for humans. Recently, a new HIP has been designed aiming at higher security: the Civil Rights Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA). It employs the empathy capacity of humans to further strengthen Securimage, a well‐known text CAPTCHA. In this paper, we analyze it from a security perspective, finding fundamental design flaws. Using several well‐known machine learning (ML) algorithms, we analyze to what extent these flaws affect its security. We discover that thanks to them, we can create a successful side‐channel attack. This attack is able to correctly solve the HIP on 20.7% of occasions, much more than enough to consider it broken. Thus, we show that there is no need to solve the problem of optical character recognition nor empathy analysis for computers to break this particular HIP. ML can be successfully used to break a HIP that uses both with a side‐channel attack. This security analysis can be applied to other HIPs. It will allow to test whether they are leaking too much information by unexpected ways, given non‐evident design flaws. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing data partition for scaling out NoSQL cluster
Authors: Huang Xiangdong , Wang Jianmin , Zhong Yu , Song Shaoxu , Yu Philip S. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryData partition impacts the performance of Not Only SQL (NoSQL) systems significantly. Nowadays, many of the peer‐to‐peer NoSQL systems use consistent hashing to partition data automatically. These systems use virtual nodes and random data placement methods to divide the consistent hashing ring, which may lead to imbalanced data partition and degrade the overall system performance. The problem is prominent especially for scaling out heterogeneous clusters. Considering the capacity of each node, an imbalance coefficient of data distribution for a cluster is proposed firstly in this paper. Based on the imbalance coefficient, we propose a dynamic programming algorithm to calculate the position of the new coming node in the consistent hashing ring, which expands the consistent hashing ring more evenly without re‐shuffling the entire datasets. Simulations and experiments on Cassandra with Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB) benchmark show our algorithm is better than the state‐of‐the‐art work. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of a distributed storage service in community network clouds
Authors: Selimi Mennan , Freitag Felix , Cerdà‐Alabern Llorenç , Veiga Luís 
Published: September 2015

SummaryCommunity networks are self‐organized and decentralized communication networks built and operated by citizens, for citizens. The consolidation of today's cloud technologies offers now, for community networks, the possibility to collectively develop community clouds, building upon user‐provided networks and extending toward cloud services. Cloud storage, and in particular secure and reliable cloud storage, could become a key community cloud service to enable end‐user applications. In this paper, we evaluate in a real deployment the performance of Tahoe least‐authority file system (Tahoe‐LAFS), a decentralized storage system with provider‐independent security that guarantees privacy to the users. We evaluate how the Tahoe‐LAFS storage system performs when it is deployed over distributed community cloud nodes in a real community network such as Guifi.net. Furthermore, we evaluate Tahoe‐LAFS in the Microsoft Azure commercial cloud platform, to compare and understand the impact of homogeneous network and hardware resources on the performance of the Tahoe‐LAFS. We observed that the write operation of Tahoe‐LAFS resulted in similar performance when using either the community network cloud or the commercial cloud. However, the read operation achieved better performance in the Azure cloud, where the reading from multiple nodes of Tahoe‐LAFS benefited from the homogeneity of the network and nodes. Our results suggest that Tahoe‐LAFS can run on community network clouds with suitable performance for the needed end‐user experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of sonographic and cytological diagnoses of solid thyroid nodules: Emphasis on the discordant cases
Authors: Lee Yoo Jin , Kim Dong Wook , Park Young Mi , Park Ha Kyoung , Jung Soo Jin , Kim Do Hun , Lee Seok Mo , Oh Minkyung 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess solid thyroid nodule (STN) cases with discordant sonographic and cytological diagnoses and to compare the diagnostic indices of these modalities.MethodsFrom January 2013 to December 2013, a single radiologist performed consecutive thyroid ultrasonography (US) and US‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (US‐FNA) to diagnose 347 STNs in 347 patients. Each STN was classified into 1 of 5 categories according to the US diagnosis before US‐FNA: “benign,” “probably benign,” “indeterminate,” “suspicious for malignancy,” or “malignant.” We assessed cases where the sonographic and cytological STN diagnoses were discordant, using the final diagnosis as the reference standard.ResultsOf the 347 STNs, 279 (80.4%) had a final diagnosis confirmed. The “benign,” “probably benign,” and “malignant” US categories showed high concordance with the cytological diagnoses, whereas the “suspicious for malignancy” US category revealed only a 62.2% concordance rate. The prevalence of indeterminate cytology was higher in the “indeterminate” and “suspicious for malignancy” US categories than other US categories. STNs with indeterminate cytology showed a higher malignancy rate in the malignant US categories. When STNs classified into indeterminate categories from the sonographic (n = 49) and cytological (n = 18) diagnoses were excluded, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the sonographic and cytological diagnoses were 95.5 and 98.8%, 92.1 and 100%, and 93.0 and 99.6%, respectively.ConclusionThe “suspicious for malignancy” US category showed higher discordance with cytological diagnoses than other US categories, and the diagnostic value of US was lower than that of cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:953–959. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MCM9 deficiency delays primordial germ cell proliferation independent of the ATM pathway
Authors: Luo Yunhai , Schimenti John C. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryMaintenance of genome integrity is crucial for the germline, and this is reflected by lower mutation rates in gametes than somatic cells. Germ cells at different stages employ different DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms. In response to certain DNA repair defects, primordial germ cells (PGCs) either undergo apoptosis or delayed proliferation, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms that govern these outcomes. Here, we report genetic studies of DDR pathways that underlie germ cell depletion in mice mutant for minichromosome maintenance 9 (Mcm9), a gene that plays a role in homologous recombination repair (HRR). Germ cell depletion in these mice is a result of reduced PGC numbers both before and after they arrive in the primitive gonads. This reduction was attributable to reduced proliferation, not apoptosis, and this response was independent of ATM‐CHK2‐TRP53‐P21 signaling. This mechanism of PGC depletion differs from that in Fancm mutants, which also display reduced PGC depletion that is partially orchestrated by the ATM‐TRP53‐P21 pathway. Germ cell depletion in mice doubly deficient for FANCM and MCM9 was additive, indicating that the damage caused by each mutation triggers different DDR pathways to slow the cell cycle as a means to preserve genomic integrity. genesis 53:678–684, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative stability, thermal decomposition, and oxidation onset prediction of carrot, flax, hemp, and canola seed oils in relation to oil composition and positional distribution of fatty acids
Authors: Gao Feng , Birch John 
Published: September 2015

Triacylglyceride positional distribution of fatty acids in flax, hemp, and canola seed oils were determined using Novozyme 435 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) compared with the less convenient standard method using pancreatic lipase and thin layer chromatography (TLC). SFA were exclusively incorporated into the sn‐1,3 position and PUFA were higher at the sn‐2 position as expected. Thermogravimetic analysis (TGA) was used to predict onset of oxidation of carrot, flax, hemp, and canola seed oils and could replace conventional oxidation prediction methods due to its simplicity and time‐saving nature. Carrot seed oil exhibited higher oxidative stability and longer oxidation onset time compared with the other three oils in the isothermal heating trials due to having the lowest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. Thermal decomposition was influenced by the fatty acids in the oils. Flax, hemp, and canola seed oils contained higher levels of natural antioxidants due to their extraction methods although the effect of natural antioxidants on the maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was masked because of the significant differences in their unsaturated fatty acid compositions, as temperature increased. The decomposition for carrot seed oil commenced earlier compared with the seed oils containing more antioxidants, despite having low PUFA content, once natural antioxidants had been exhausted.Practical applications: This research illustrates the advantage of using novozyme 435, HPLC, and ESI‐MS for positional distribution analysis compared to the traditional method employing pancreatic lipase and thin layer chromatography followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Further, the use of thermogravimetry for determination of oxidative stability, shelf life determination and thermal decompositional analysis is illustrated. Results demonstrate influence of fatty acid type and antioxidant content on stability and positional distribution of fatty acids in the oil triglycerides.Triglyceride structure and fatty acid contents of seed oils are analyzed by HPLC, positional location and fatty acid type. These are shown to affect onset of oxidation and thermal stability profiles. Instrumental methods of thermal analysis allow for rapid analysis of shelf‐life prediction.
Far infrared‐assisted encapsulation of filter paper strips in poly(methyl methacrylate) for proteolysis
Authors: Chen Qiwen , Bao Huimin , Zhang Luyan , Chen Gang 
Published: September 2015

Filter paper strips were enclosed between two poly(methyl methacrylate) plates to fabricate paper‐packed channel microchips under pressure in the presence of far infrared irradiation. After the enclosed paper strip was oxidized by periodate, trypsin was covalently immobilized in them to fabricate microfluidic proteolysis bioreactor. The feasibility and performance of the unique bioreactor were demonstrated by digesting BSA and lysozyme. The results were comparable to those of conventional in‐solution proteolysis while the digestion time was significantly reduced to ∼18 s. The suitability of the microfluidic paper‐based bioreactors to complex proteins was demonstrated by digesting human serum.
Mercury concentrations in different tissues of turtle and caiman species from the Rio Purus, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Eggins Sam , Schneider Larissa , Krikowa Frank , Vogt Richard C. , Silveira Ronis Da , Maher William 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Total mercury (Hg) concentrations of muscle, liver, blood, and epidermal keratin were measured in typically consumed, economically and culturally important species of turtle (Podocnemis unifilis and Podocnemis expansa) and caiman (Melanosuchus niger and Caiman crocodilus) from the Rio Purus in the Amazon basin, Brazil. Methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were also measured in muscle tissue, representing the first analysis of MeHg concentrations in Amazonian reptile species. In muscle tissues Hg was mostly MeHg (79–96%) for all species. No correlations existed between animal size and total Hg or MeHg concentrations for any species other than M. niger, possibly as a result of growth dilution or the evolution of efficient Hg elimination mechanisms. Significant linear correlations were found between total Hg concentrations in all pairs of nonlethally sampled tissues (keratin and blood) and internal tissues (muscle and liver) for M. niger and between keratin and internal tissues for P. expansa, indicating that nonlethally sampled tissues can be analyzed to achieve more widespread and representative monitoring of Hg bioaccumulation in Amazonian reptiles. Although mean Hg concentrations in muscle for all species were below the World Health Organization guideline for safe consumption (500 µg kg–1), mean concentrations in caiman liver were above the safe limit for pregnant women and children (200 µg kg–1). No significant differences were found between total Hg and MeHg concentrations in tissues from wild-caught and farm-raised P. expansa, suggesting that farming may not reduce Hg exposure to humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2771–2781. © 2015 SETAC
Ethnicity/culture modulates the relationships of the haptoglobin (Hp) 1‐1 phenotype with cognitive function in older individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Guerrero‐Berroa Elizabeth , Ravona‐Springer Ramit , Heymann Anthony , Schmeidler James , Hoffman Hadas , Preiss Rachel , Koifmann Keren , Greenbaum Lior , Levy Andrew , Silverman Jeremy M. , Leroith Derek , Sano Mary , Schnaider‐Beeri Michal 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThe haptoglobin (Hp) genotype has been associated with cognitive function in type 2 diabetes. Because ethnicity/culture has been associated with both cognitive function and Hp genotype frequencies, we examined whether it modulates the association of Hp with cognitive function.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study evaluated 787 cognitively normal older individuals (>65 years of age) with type 2 diabetes participating in the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline study. Interactions in two‐way analyses of covariance compared Group (Non‐Ashkenazi versus Ashkenazi Jews) on the associations of Hp phenotype (Hp 1‐1 versus non‐ Hp 1‐1) with five cognitive outcome measures. The primary control variables were age, gender, and education.ResultsCompared with Ashkenazi Jews, non‐Ashkenazi Jews with the Hp 1‐1 phenotype had significantly poorer cognitive function than non‐Hp 1‐1 in the domains of Attention/Working Memory (p = 0.035) and Executive Function (p = 0.023), but not in Language/Semantic Categorization (p = 0.432), Episodic Memory (p = 0.268), or Overall Cognition (p = 0.082). After controlling for additional covariates (type 2 diabetes‐related characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, Mini‐mental State Examination, and extent of depressive symptoms), Attention/Working Memory (p = 0.038) and Executive Function (p = 0.013) remained significant.ConclusionsOlder individuals from specific ethnic/cultural backgrounds with the Hp 1‐1 phenotype may benefit more from treatment targeted at decreasing or halting the detrimental effects of Hp 1‐1 on the brain. Future studies should examine differential associations of Hp 1‐1 and cognitive impairment, especially for groups with high prevalence of both, such as African–Americans and Hispanics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age as a predictive factor of mental health service use among adults with depression and/or anxiety disorder receiving care through the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: DiNapoli Elizabeth A. , Cully Jeffery A. , Wayde Ernest , Sansgiry Shubhada , Yu Hong Jen , Kunik Mark E. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveThis study compared mental health service utilization by treatment modality and determined predictive factors of use among younger‐adult (18–35 years), middle‐aged adult (36–64 years), and older‐adult veterans (65+ years) with a newly recognized diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety disorder.MethodsThis retrospective study used data from the Veterans Health Administration National Patient Care Database outpatient and inpatient treatment files during the 2010 fiscal year (N = 583,692).ResultsYounger adults were the most likely to use mental health services, followed by middle‐aged adults and then older adults. Age was found to be one of the greatest predictors of utilization of mental health services, with odds of use being threefold among younger adults compared with older adults.ConclusionsContinued efforts are needed to improve the awareness of, access to, and receipt of mental health services in veterans, particularly older adults, with depression and anxiety disorders. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Topographic characterization of unworn contact lenses assessed by atomic force microscopy and wavelet transform
Authors: Ţălu Ştefan , StȨpień Krzysztof , Caglayan Mustafa Oguzhan 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the three‐dimensional (3‐D) surface morphology of optic surface of unworn contact lenses (CLs) using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and wavelet transform. Refractive powers of all lens samples were 2.50 diopters. Topographic images were acquired in contact mode in air‐conditioned medium (35% RH, 23°C). Topographic measurements were taken over a 5 µm × 5 µm area with 512 pixel resolution. Resonance frequency of the tip was 65 kHz. The 3‐D surface morphology of CL unworn samples revealed (3‐D) micro‐textured surfaces that can be analyzed using (AFM) and wavelet transform. AFM and wavelet transform are accurate and sensitive tools that may assist CL manufacturers in developing CLs with optimal surface characteristics. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:1026–1031, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Structure Theorem for Strong Immersions
Authors: Dvořák Zdeněk , Wollan Paul 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA graph H is strongly immersed in G if H is obtained from G by a sequence of vertex splittings (i.e., lifting some pairs of incident edges and removing the vertex) and edge removals. Equivalently, vertices of H are mapped to distinct vertices of G (branch vertices) and edges of H are mapped to pairwise edge‐disjoint paths in G, each of them joining the branch vertices corresponding to the ends of the edge and not containing any other branch vertices. We describe the structure of graphs avoiding a fixed graph as a strong immersion. The theorem roughly states that a graph which excludes a fixed graph as a strong immersion has a tree‐like decomposition into pieces glued together on small edge cuts such that each piece of the decomposition has a path‐like linear decomposition isolating the high degree vertices.
Rapid fibrin plug formation within cutaneous ablative fractional CO2 laser lesions
Authors: Kositratna Garuna , Evers Michael , Sajjadi Amir , Manstein Dieter 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAblative fractional laser procedures have been shown to facilitate topical drug delivery into the skin. Past studies have mainly used ex vivo models to demonstrate enhanced drug delivery and in vivo studies have investigated laser created channels over a time course of days and weeks rather than within the first few minutes and hours after exposures. We have noticed rapid in vivo fibrin plug formation within ablative fractional laser lesions impairing passage through the laser created channels.Material and MethodsIn vivo laser exposures were performed in a porcine model. A fractional CO2 laser (AcuPulse™ system, AcuScan 120™ handpiece, Lumenis, Inc., Yokneam, Israel) was programmed in quasi‐continuous wave (QCW) mode, at 40W, 50 mJ per pulse, 5% coverage, nominal 120 µm spot size, 8 × 8 mm square pattern, 169 MTZs per scan. Six millimeters punch biopsies were procured at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 minutes after completion of each scan, then fixed in 10% formalin. 12 repeats were performed of each time point. Skin samples were processed for serial vertically cut paraffin sections (5 μm collected every 25 μm) then H&E and special immunohistochemistry staining for fibrin and platelet. Dimensions of Microscopic Treatment Zones (MTZs) and extent of fibrin plug were assessed and quantified histologically. Ex vivo laser exposures of the identical laser parameter were performed on porcine and human skin at different storage conditions.ResultsHistology procured at various predetermined time intervals after in vivo fractional CO2 laser exposures revealed a rapidly forming fibrin plug initiating at the bottom of the MTZ lesions. At longer time intervals, the fibrin plug was extending towards the superficial sections. Within the first 5 minutes, more than 25% length of the entire laser‐ablated channel was filled with a fibrin plug. With increased time intervals, the cavity was progressively filled with a fibrin plug. At 90 minutes, more than 90% length of the entire laser‐ablated channel was occluded. Ex vivo exposures failed to produce any significant fibrin plug formation.ConclusionsThe current study has demonstrated rapid fibrin plug formation after ablative fractional laser procedures. It was shown that the passage through laser created pathways is critically time dependent for in vivo exposures. In contrast, ex vivo exposures do not exhibit such time dependent passage capacity. In particular, drug, substance, and cell delivery studies for ablative fractional laser treatments should take early fibrin plug formation into consideration and further investigate the impact on transdermal delivery. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:125–132, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A geometrical shift results in erroneous appearance of low frequency tissue eddy current induced phase maps
Authors: Mandija Stefano , van Lier Astrid L.H.M.W. , Katscher Ulrich , Petrov Petar I. , Neggers Sebastian F.W. , Luijten Peter R. , van den Berg Cornelis A.T. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeKnowledge on low frequency (LF) tissue conductivity is relevant for various biomedical purposes. To obtain this information, LF phase maps arising from time‐varying imaging gradients have been demonstrated to create a LF conductivity contrast. Essential in this methodology is the subtraction of phase images acquired with opposite gradient polarities to separate LF and RF phase effects. Here we demonstrate how sensitive these subtractions are with respect to geometrical distortions.Theory and MethodsThe effect of geometrical distortions on LF phase maps is mathematically defined. After quantifying typical geometrical distortions, their effects on LF phase maps are evaluated using conductive phantoms. For validation, electromagnetic simulations of LF phase maps were performed.ResultsEven sub‐voxel distortions of 10% of the voxel size, measured for a typical LF MR sequence, cause leakage of RF phase into LF phase of several milli‐radians, leading to a misleading pattern of LF phase maps. This leakage is mathematically confirmed, while simulations indicate that the expected LF phase should be in order of micro‐radians.ConclusionThe conductivity scaling of LF phase maps is attributable to the RF phase leakage, thus dependent on the RF conductivity. In fact, simulations show that the LF phase is not measurable. Magn Reson Med 76:905–912, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.