bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of multifluid flows with large time steps using the particle finite element method
Authors: Idelsohn Sergio R. , Marti Julio , Becker Pablo , Oñate Eugenio 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYMultifluids are those fluids in which their physical properties (viscosity or density) vary internally and abruptly forming internal interfaces that introduce a large nonlinearity in the Navier–Stokes equations. For this reason, standard numerical methods require very small time steps in order to solve accurately the internal interface position. In a previous paper, the authors developed a particle‐based method (named particle finite element method (PFEM)) based on a Lagrangian formulation and FEM for solving the fluid mechanics equations for multifluids. PFEM was capable of achieving accurate results, but the limitation of small time steps was still present. In this work, a new strategy concerning the time integration for the analysis of multifluids is developed allowing time steps one order of magnitude larger than the previous method. The advantage of using a Lagrangian solution with PFEM is shown in several examples. All kind of heterogeneous fluids (with different densities or viscosities), multiphase flows with internal interfaces, breaking waves, and fluid separation may be easily solved with this methodology without the need of small time steps. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate‐to‐high intensity aerobic exercise in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study
Authors: Frederiksen Kristian S. , Sobol Nanna , Beyer Nina , Hasselbalch Steen , Waldemar Gunhild 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesPhysical exercise may modulate neuropathology and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This pilot study assessed the feasibility of conducting a study of moderate‐to‐high intensity aerobic exercise in home‐dwelling patients with mild AD.MethodsAn uncontrolled preintervention‐postintervention test design with a single group receiving the same intervention. A total of eight patients with mild to moderate AD from the Copenhagen Memory clinic were included in the study. The intervention lasted for 14 weeks and consisted of supervised, 1‐h sessions of aerobic exercise three times per week (50‐60% of heart rate reserve for a two‐week adaptation period and 70‐80 % of heart rate reserve for the remaining 12 weeks) Feasibility was assessed based on acceptability, including attendance and drop‐out, safety, and patients' and caregivers' attitudes towards the intervention as well as other relevant parameters.ResultsAttendance (mean, range: 90 %, 70‐100 %) and retention (seven out of eight) rates were very high. No serious adverse events were observed. In general, patients and caregivers were positive towards the intervention.ConclusionThis study shows that it is feasible to conduct moderate‐to‐high intensity aerobic exercise in community‐dwelling patients with mild AD. Our findings indicate that aspects such as a longer adaptation period, information about injury prevention, and need for involvement and support from caregivers should be addressed when planning an exercise intervention in an AD population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early life trauma and directional brain connectivity within major depression
Authors: Grant Merida M. , White David , Hadley Jennifer , Hutcheson Nathan , Shelton Richard , Sreenivasan Karthik , Deshpande Gopikrishna 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective: Early life trauma (ELT) is a significant risk factor for the onset of depression. Emerging findings indicate ELT is associated with enhanced amygdala reactivity to aversive stimuli in never‐depressed healthy controls as well as those with acute depression but may be absent in non‐ELT exposed depressed. The precise mechanism mediating these differences in amygdala reactivity remains unclear. Method: The authors used Granger causality methods to evaluate task‐based directional connectivity between medial or lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 20 unmedicated patients with current major depressive disorder (MDD) and 19 healthy matched controls while participants engaged in an affective variant of the flanker task comparing response to sad and neutral faces. These data were correlated with childhood trauma history. Results: Exposure to ELT was associated with failure of inhibition within the MDD group based on medial PFC–amygdala connectivity. In contrast, non‐ELT exposed MDD was associated with a negative causal pathway from medial prefrontal cortex to amygdala, despite reduced dorsolateral PFC input in comparison to healthy controls. Neither MDD group demonstrated significant lateral PFC–amygdala connectivity in comparison to healthy controls. Conclusions: Failure of the circuit implicated in emotion regulation was associated with a significant history of ELT but not with MDD more broadly. Non‐ELT related depression was associated with intact regulation of emotion despite the absence of difference in severity of illness. These findings indicate opposing system‐level differences within depression relative to ELT are expressed as differential amygdala reactivity. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4815–4826, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isotropic high resolution optoacoustic imaging with linear detector arrays in bi‐directional scanning
Authors: Schwarz Mathias , Buehler Andreas , Ntziachristos Vasilis 
Published: April 2014

Optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging is often performed with one‐dimensional transducer arrays, in analogy to ultrasound imaging. Optoacoustic imaging using linear arrays offers ease of implementation but comes with several performance drawbacks, in particular poor elevation resolution, i.e. the resolution along the axis perpendicular to the focal plane. Herein, we introduce and investigate a bi‐directional scanning approach using linear arrays that can improve the imaging performance to quasi‐isotropic transverse resolution. We study the approach theoretically and perform numerical simulations and phantom measurements to evaluate its performance under defined conditions. Finally, we discuss the features and the limitations of the proposed method.
The poor elevation resolution in a linear scan (left image) is overcome by the proposed bi‐directional scanning approach that yields isotropic transverse resolution (right).magnified imageThe poor elevation resolution in a linear scan (left image) is overcome by the proposed bi‐directional scanning approach that yields isotropic transverse resolution (right).
Preparation of animal polysaccharides nanofibers by electrospinning and their potential biomedical applications
Authors: Zhao Wen , Liu Wenlong , Li Jiaojiao , Lin Xiao , Wang Ying 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAnimal polysaccharides belong to a class of biological macromolecules. They are natural biopolymers with numerous advantages for biomedical applications, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non‐antigenicity and non‐toxicity. Electrospinning is a versatile and facile technique which can produce continuous fibers with nanoscale from a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers. The review aims to provide an up‐to‐date overview of the preparation of animal polysaccharides nanofibers by electrospinning and their potential biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. Various animal polysaccharides including chitin and chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), and chondroitin sulfate (ChS), are discussed. The challenges and some useful strategies in electrospinning of animal polysaccharides also are summarized. In addition, future study of animal polysaccharides nanofibers by electrospinning is proposed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 807–818, 2015.
Bone forming capacity of cell‐ and growth factor‐based constructs at different ectopic implantation sites
Authors: Ma Jinling , Yang Fang , Both Sanne K. , Prins Henk‐Jan , Helder Marco N. , Pan Juli , Cui Fu‐Zhai , Jansen John A. , van den Beucken Jeroen J.J.P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of implantation site (i.e., subcutaneous, SQ vs. intramuscular, IM) on bone forming capacity of cell‐based and growth factor‐based scaffolds in athymic nude rats after an implantation period of 8 weeks. Cell‐based scaffolds consisted of porous hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) scaffolds seeded with either human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT‐MSCs) only or both AT‐MSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which were precultured in osteogenic medium for 7 days. Growth factor‐based scaffolds consisted of porous HA/TCP scaffolds with 20 µg preadsorbed bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). Histological and histomorphometrical analysis were used to assess bone formation. A differentiation experiment was performed in parallel to compare thein vitroosteogenic capacity of cell‐based scaffolds. The results showed that cell‐based scaffolds showed evident osteogenic differentiationin vitro, with only marginal differences between AT‐MSCs only and AT‐MSCs/HUVECs.In vivo, none of the cell‐based scaffolds showed bone formation, irrespective of the site of implantation. In contrast, all growth factor‐based scaffolds showed bone formation at both implantation sites without differences in the amount of formed bone. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the bone forming capacity of HA/TCP scaffolds with pre‐adsorbed BMP‐2 was equal at different ectopic implantation sites. Further, despite obviousin vitroosteogenic differentiation of AT‐MSCs and AT‐MSCS/HUVECs on HA/TCP scaffolds, no bone formation of these cell‐based scaffolds was observedin vivo. This indicates further investigation on bone formation mechanisms of AT‐MSCs is needed before AT‐MSCs can be used as a cytotherapeutic treatment in clinics. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 439–450, 2015.
Growth factor conjugation: Strategies and applications
Authors: Hajimiri Mirhamed , Shahverdi Sheida , Kamalinia Golnaz , Dinarvand Rassoul 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGrowth factors, first known for their essential role in the initiation of mitosis, are required for a variety of cellular processes and their localized delivery is considered as a rational approach in their therapeutic application to assure a safe and effective treatment while avoiding unwanted adverse effects. Noncovalent immobilization of growth factors as well as their covalent conjugation is amongst the most common strategies for localized delivery of growth factors. Today, immobilized and covalently conjugated growth factors are considered as a promising drug design and are widely used for protein reformulation and material design to cover the unwanted characteristics of growth factors as well as improving their functions. Selection of a suitable conjugation technique depends on the substrate chemistry and the availability of functional reactive groups in the structure of growth factor, the position of reactive groups in growth factor molecules and its relation with the receptor binding area, and the intention of creating either patterned or unpatterned conjugation. Various approaches for growth factor reformulation have been reported. This review provides an overview on chemical conjugation of growth factors and covers the relevant studies accomplished for bioconjugation of growth factors and their related application. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 819–838, 2015.
FAT‐Free p300 Is Good for Scar‐Free Tissue Repair
Authors: Ghosh Asish K. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTFibrosis, the deadly pathological manifestation of an abnormal tissue remodeling in any organ due to excessive collagen deposition, is associated with a wide variety of organ failure‐related human diseases. Chronic stress or repeated injury in a particular organ induces abnormal molecular signals that lead to super‐activation of matrix protein producing fibroblasts, excessive matrix proteins accumulation, loss of physiological tissue architecture or elasticity, and ultimately leading to organ failure. There is no effective therapy for fibrosis. Factor acetyltransferase p300 (FATp300), a major epigenetic regulator that acetylates specific lysines in histones and transcription factors, is essential for elevated collagen synthesis and the levels of FATp300 are significantly elevated in different fibrotic tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of FAT activity of p300 is associated with decreased collagen synthesis by fibroblasts in tissues and amelioration of organ fibrosis. Therefore, FAT‐free p300 is superior for physiological tissue repair and must be exploited as a viable therapeutic target against multi‐organ fibrosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1486–1489, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of the subtropical anticyclones over North Africa and Arabian Peninsula on the African easterly jet
Authors: Spinks James , Lin Yuh‐Lang , Mekonnen Ademe 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTNorth African climate is analysed between 1979 and 2010 with an emphasis on August using the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) global dataset to investigate the effects of the subtropical anticyclones over North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula on the African easterly jet (AEJ). It was found that the AEJ encloses a core with a local wind maximum (LWM) in both West and East Africa, in which the west LWM core has a higher zonal wind speed. The strength of both cores is distinctly different by way of thermal wind balance. As found in previous studies, the AEJ is formed through baroclinicity with influence from Saharan lower level heating along and to the north of the Intertropical Front (ITF). As there are two separate anticyclonic centres, the AEJ is maintained by the anticyclonic systems in West Africa, East Africa as well as the Arabian Peninsula. The presence of these two anticyclonic centres provides the AEJ with two separate core maxima with the western LWM located at 15°W, 17°N and the eastern LWM located at 35°E, 15°N for August.
Determination of phthalic acid esters in Chinese white spirit using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with sweeping β‐cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Sun Jianzhi , He Hui , Liu Shuhui 
Published: April 2014

A simple method that consumes low organic solvent is proposed for the analysis of phthalic acid esters in Chinese white spirit using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with sweeping‐micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Tetrachloromethane and white‐spirit‐containing ethanol were used as the extraction and dispersing solvents, respectively. The electrophoresis separation buffer was composed of 5 mM β‐cyclodextrin, 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 25 mM borate buffer (pH 9.2) with 9% acetonitrile, enabling the baseline resolution of the analytes within 13 min. Under the optimum conditions, satisfactory linearities (5–1000 ng/mL, r ≥ 0.9909), good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 6.7% for peak area, and RSD ≤ 2.8% for migration time), low detection limits (0.4–0.8 ng/mL) and acceptable recovery rates (89.6–105.7%) were obtained. The proposed method was successfully applied to 22 Chinese white spirits, and the content of dibutyl phthalate in 55% of the samples exceeded the Specific Migration Limit of 0.3 mg/kg established by the domestic and international regulations.
TRASER: Acute phase vascular and follicular changes
Authors: Ball Katharine , Gustavsson Morgan , Harris Ronald , Berganza Leo , Zachary Christopher B. 
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectivesA TRASER (Total Reflection Amplification of Spontaneous Emission of Radiation) is a novel device that utilizes the energy from a flashlamp to induce the spontaneous emission of photons from a fluorescent medium. This study was designed to observe clinical and histological changes of skin treated with two different fluorescent media selected for their peak emissions tuned for vascular and hair follicle targets.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA purpuric clinical response for the vascular target was assessed with a TRASER using the fluorescent medium Pyrromethene 556 producing a narrow spectrum peaking at 544 nm. Using a 12 mm spot and pulse duration of 1 ms, treatment pulses with fluences of 6.0–9.5 J/cm2 were given along the forearm of subject with photo type II skin. Follicular structures were targeted with the dye cell switched to Sulforhodamine 640 Chloride, producing a narrow peak at 654 nm. Using a 12 mm spot, single 20 ms pulses with fluencies from 14.0 to 20.0 J/cm2 were delivered with 5°C contact cooling to the shaved chest of a subject with photo type II skin with brown hair. Clinical observations were photographed and assessed by two physicians. A 4 mm punch skin biopsy was taken at approximately 60 and 30 minutes respectively for both the vascular and hair regions. The paraffin embedded H&E stained vertical sections were analyzed by a dermatopathologist.ResultsA characteristic threshold purpuric response was noted at 7.2 J/cm2. The histological changes consistently showed intravascular thrombosis of the small sub‐dermal plexus of capillaries down to larger vessels approaching the subcutaneous fat. There were no extravasated red blood cells. Clinical hair follicle target changes of perifollicular edema and transient erythema, similar to those described with standard hair removal lasers, were noted. Histologically these were shown to be limited to the target structures.ConclusionThis is the first demonstration of clinical and histological acute phase changes associated with use of a TRASER with wavelengths optimized for vascular and follicular targets. The findings of this observational study support the notion that the TRASER can be used as an effective vascular and hair removal device. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:385–388, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Melting of Conformationally Disordered Crystals (α′‐Phase) of Poly(l‐lactic acid)
Authors: Androsch René , Schick Christoph , Di Lorenzo Maria Laura 
Published: April 2014

Melting and reorganization of conformationally disordered crystals (α′‐phase) of poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) are analyzed as a function of the rate of heating in a wide range between about 10−1 and 103 K s−1. It is found for the first time that the reorganization of conformationally disordered α′‐crystals into stable α‐crystals can be suppressed by fast heating. Heating of α′‐crystals of PLLA at a constant rate, faster than 30 K s−1, leads to its complete melting between 150 and 160 °C and suppression of formation of α‐crystals on continuation of heating. Non‐isothermal reorganization of α′‐crystals into α‐crystals only occurs when heating at a rate slower than 30 K s−1. It is evidenced that isothermal reorganization of α′‐crystals into α‐crystals at 150–160 °C proceeds via melting followed by recrystallization rather than a solid–solid phase transition.
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Global Model for Octanol‐Water Partition Coefficients from Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
Authors: An Nan , Van Der Mei Farid , Voutchkova‐Kostal Adelina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ability to estimate chemical and physical properties from experimental spectra is highly desirable, as it eliminates the need for a priori knowledge of exact chemical structure and allows the property estimation of mixtures. Here we report the proof of principle that a predictive method for octanol‐water partition coefficient (logP) based on 1H‐NMR spectra in d3‐chloroform is feasible and can yield accuracy comparable to in silico logP models. The Spectrometric Data‐Activity Relationship (QSDAR) reported predicts logP of neutral organic chemicals using descriptors derived only from 1H‐NMR chemical shifts, integrations and peak widths. Proton NMR spectra of 140 compounds with diverse structures were used to construct a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and a Partial Least Squares (PLS) model that predicts logP. The optimized models were internally validated by K‐fold cross validation and leave‐one‐out validation, and externally with a test set of 28 chemicals. The squared regression coefficients of prediction for the MLR and PLS regression models were 0.970 and 0.971 respectively, showing that the method allows accurate prediction of logP values exclusively from predicted 1H NMR spectra.
Modelling the internal stress field in argillaceous rocks under humidification/desiccation
Authors: Wang L.L. , Pouya A. , Bornert M. , Halphen B. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis paper deals with analytical and numerical modelling of the internal stress generated in argillaceous rocks during humidification/desiccation processes, which is an essential issue for damage study. This local stress field arises from two mechanisms: (i) complex interactions between free swelling/shrinking clay matrix and non‐strained inclusions of carbonate and quartz and (ii) a self‐restraint effect induced by the moisture gradient during the transient moisture exchange process. The inclusion–matrix interaction is investigated in different cases. Firstly, the analytical solution of the stress around a cylindrical inclusion embedded in an infinite swelling matrix is derived: The inclusion would suffer tension (compression) under humidification (desiccation), and the resulting cracking patterns are discussed. Then, the problem of two inclusions with different distances in an infinite swelling matrix is considered, and it is shown that the local stress around an inclusion will be perturbed and amplified by neighbouring inclusions. Finally, an inclusion outcropping at the free surface of a swelling matrix is modelled as to investigate the effect of free surface: The inclusion–matrix interface undergoes shear stresses of which the maximum is found at the free surface. In addition to the inclusion–matrix interaction, the self‐restraint effect is investigated: The induced stress is maximal at the beginning of humidification/desiccation processes and vanishes gradually with time. The quantity of the self‐restraint stress is strongly controlled by the hydric loading rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taiwanese Women's Process of Recovery From Stillbirth: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Tseng Ying‐Fen , Chen Chung‐Hey , Wang Hsiu‐Hung 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to portray the recovery process of Taiwanese women after stillbirth. Data were generated through individual in‐depth interviews with 21 women selected using purposeful sampling. Three stages in an emotional journey of recovery were suffering from silent grief, searching for a way out, and achieving peace of mind and mental stability. Throughout their journey, the women's overarching concern was where the deceased child had gone and whether it was well. Together these stages composed A pathway to peace of mind, a mental journey on which women struggled to spiritually connect with the lost baby and finally sought a personal pathway to emotional peace. Findings can inform healthcare providers in providing culturally sensitive care for Taiwanese women to facilitate healing after a stillbirth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.