bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Assessment of Periodontal Status and Treatment Needs of the Adult Population Aged 34-44 Residing in Lublin Province and Visiting the Dentist Regularly
Authors: Stodókiewicz Małgorzata , Krawczyk Joanna , Szkutnik Jacek , Berger Marcin 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction. Periodontitis is a group of inflammatory disorders affecting periodontal tissues. This condition manifests by a progressive destruction of the alveolar bone, subsequently leading to tooth loss. World Health Organization introduced Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs in order to gain data regarding periodontal health and treatment needs of people with periodontitis

Aim. To evaluate the periodontal status of citizens living in the city of Lublin and its surrounding, using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN).

Material and methods. Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs was used to assess the periodontal status among 180 patients aged 35-44 residing in Lublin and the area around it.

Results. Periodontal diseases have been observed in over 90% of the examined population. Treatment need index TN1 has referred to 26.11% of the patients, TN2 – 61.67% and TN3 – 2.22% respectively.

Conclusions. Patients who visit the dentist regularly have a better periodontal status as compared to groups randomly selected.
Orthodontic Treatment – Complications and Preventive Measures
Authors: Zarzycka-Kogut Katarzyna , Pucek Marzena , Szymańska Jolanta 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Orthodontic treatment aims at restoring correct occlusion and chewing function and improving the aesthetics of the dentition and facial esthetics of the patient. During treatment complications may occur. Most frequently observed complications have been described in the paper.
There role of the orthodontist in the therapeutic process and the principles on which doctor- patient cooperation should be based in order to achieve a therapeutic success have been presented. Particular emphasis has been put to the importance of prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients.
Variations in α–, β–Amylase and α–Glycosidase Activities in Two genotypes of Wheat Under NACL Salinity Stress
Authors: Chiraz Chaffei Haouari , Afef Hajjaji Nasraoui , Donia Bouthour , Houda Gouia 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Two wheat differing in salt sensitivity, was examined for osmolyte contents and activities of α-amylase, β-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes involved in seeds germination, in absence as well as in presence of 100, 150, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. The inhibitory effects of NaCl differed, depending on the species tested. In wild wheat specie (Triticum monococcum), with reduced germination percentage and lower relative water content, the increase in NaCl concentration resulted in the decrease in endogenous level of proline, total soluble sugars and activities of the main enzymes involved in the germination process. In contrast, cultivated wheat specie (Triticum aestivum) seed in response to salt stress accumulated higher proline and total soluble carbohydrate concentrations which improved their water status and the enzyme activities involved in the germination process. Differential response of the different species of wheat to salt stress is governed by the accumulation of osmolytes in seeds.
The Impact of Seed Priming and Aging on Physiological Performance of Chickpea Under Different Irrigation Treatments
Authors: Hosseinzadeh-Mahootchi Ayda , Ghassemi-Golezani Kazem 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A sub-sample of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. CV.ILC482) seeds was kept as control and two other subsamples were aged at 40 °C for 3 and 5 days. Consequently, three seed lots with different levels of vigor were provided. These seed lots were soaked in distilled water at 15°C for 12 and 18 hours and then dried back to initial moisture content at a room temperature of 20–22°C. Then seeds were sown in the field as split plot factorial based on RCB design. Hydro-priming improved leaf chlorophyll content index of plants from different seed lots. Hydro-priming also enhanced stomatal conductance of plants from all seed lots under all irrigation levels, but this advantage for plants from low vigor seed lots particularly under limited irrigations was higher than that for other treatments. Plants from high vigor seed lot under different irrigation treatments had higher relative water content, compared with those from low vigor seed lots. Hydro-priming improved relative water content, membrane stability and grain yield of chickpea plants from different seed lots under various irrigation treatments. It was concluded that hydro-priming to some extent can repair aged seeds and improve their performance under different irrigation treatments.
Influence of Seed Size and Aging on Seedling Growth and Field Establishment of Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medik)
Authors: Ghassemi-Golezani Kazem , Chadordooz-Jeddi Afsaneh , Zehtab-Salmasi Saeid , Oustan Shahin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA sub-sample of lentil (Lens culinarisMedik. cv. Kimia) seeds was kept as bulk (S1) and the other seeds were separated by a sieve with four millimeters diameter. Consequently, three seed lots including bulk (S1), large (S2) and small (S3) seeds were obtained. Seeds of each size were divided into three sub-samples. A sub-sample was kept as control or high vigor seed lot (A1). The other two sub-samples with about 20% moisture content were artificially aged at 40°C for 2 and 4 days (A2and A3, respectively). These seeds were evaluated in laboratory and field during 2011 and 2012 as factorial experiments on the bases of RCB design. The lowest mean germination and emergence times and the highest germination percentage, seedling dry weight and emergence percentage were recorded for high vigor seed lot. Large seeds produced the largest seedlings in comparison with bulk and small seeds. Although, seedling dry weight was reduced with increasing seed aging, the lowest reduction was recorded for seedlings from large seeds. The most deteriorated large seeds germinated earlier than those of bulk and small seeds. Early germination of the most deteriorated large seeds resulted in rapid emergence of seedlings in the field. This is also reflected in the highest positive correlation of mean germination time with mean emergence time. It was concluded that some deleterious effects of seed aging can be reduced by increasing seed size.
Genetic analysis of Plant Height, Yield Components and Seed Yield in Rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) Cultivars
Authors: Rameeh Valiollah 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Half F2 diallel crosses of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties along with their parents were evaluated for plant height, first siliqua height, siliquae on main axis, siliquae per plant, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. The Analysis of variance based on Cockerham’s method revealed significant mean squares of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) for all the traits indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic effects were involved in controlling these traits. Parent vs crosses mean square which is indicating average heterosis was significant for all the traits. In Hayman’s method the regression lines estimated for all the traits except plant height cut the Wr axis below the origin in the negative zone, suggesting the overdominance type of gene action for these traits except plant height. Based on the array points on the regression lines, 19H had maximum dominant genes for siliquae on main axis, siliquae per plant 1000-seed weight and seed yield, being closest to the origin, while 0ption500 possessed recessive genes for first siliqua height, siliquae per plant and 1000-seed weight, as evidenced by its distant position from the origin. Due to low narrow-sense heritability estimates for most of the traits, selection for improving these traits should be carried out in delayed segregating generations.
The Evolution of Boosting Algorithms
Authors: Binder H. , Gefeller O. , Schmid M. , Mayr A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackground: The concept of boosting emerged from the field of machine learning. The basic idea is to boost the accuracy of a weak classifying tool by combining various instances into a more accurate prediction. This general concept was later adapted to the field of statistical modelling. Nowadays, boosting algorithms are often applied to estimate and select predictor effects in statistical regression models.Objectives: This review article attempts to highlight the evolution of boosting algorithms from machine learning to statistical modelling.Methods: We describe the AdaBoost algorithm for classification as well as the two most prominent statistical boosting approaches, gradient boosting and likelihood-based boosting for statistical modelling. We highlight the methodological background and present the most common software implementations.Results: Although gradient boosting and likelihood-based boosting are typically treated separately in the literature, they share the same methodological roots and follow the same fundamental concepts. Compared to the initial machine learning algorithms, which must be seen as black-box prediction schemes, they result in statistical models with a straight-forward interpretation.Conclusions: Statistical boosting algorithms have gained substantial interest during the last decade and offer a variety of options to address important research questions in modern biomedicine.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a hospital in northwest China
Authors: Xun Meng , Zhang Yi , Li Bo-Ling , Wu Min , Zong Yuan , Yin Yi-Ming 
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections have recently increased in importance in China, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of S. maltophilia infection in ICU of a hospital in northwest China. Methodology: The characteristics and outcomes of patients with any type of S. maltophilia infection at Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Shaanxi, China, over a two-year period (from July 2011 to June 2013) were studied. S. maltophilia antimicrobial susceptibility was tested with the agar dilution method. The risk factors for all-cause in-hospital mortality were assessed with multivariate logistic regression. Results: Forty patients (median age, 72 years; 77.5% males) with S. maltophilia infection were identified. The main type of infection was lower respiratory tract infection (97.5%); one patient had a bloodstream infection. A total of 97.5% patients were infected with two or more organisms at the same time. The main characteristics of the patients were prolonged use of mechanical ventilation, urethral catheter, and central venous catheter before the infections occurred. The case number of infection was not different in the four seasons. High in vitro sensitivity was observed to minocycline (91.2%), levofloxacin (85.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (79.4%). Most patients received therapy with a combination of agents. The crude mortality was 50%. By multivariate analysis, low albumin content and hypotension were the independent prognostic factors for mortality. Conclusions: Appropriate antimicrobial treatment had no positive impact on mortality. The impacts of albumin supplements and increasing blood pressure on mortality require further clinical studies.
Diagnosis of leishmaniasis
Authors: Elmahallawy Ehab Kotb , Sampedro Martinez Antonio , Rodriguez-Granger Javier , Hoyos-Mallecot Yannick , Agil Ahamd , Navarro Mari Jose Mari , Gutierrez Fernandez Jose 
Published: August 2014

Leishmaniasis is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis encompasses subclinical ( not apparent), localized (skin lesion), and disseminated (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral) infection. This spectrum of manifestations depends on the immune status of the host, on the parasite, and on immunoinflammatory responses. Visceral leishmaniasis causes high morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Reliable laboratory methods become mandatory for accurate diagnosis, especially in immunocompromised patients such as those infected with HIV. In this article, we review the current state of the diagnostic tools for leishmaniasis, especially the serological test.
Sexual behavioral correlates with HSV-2 seroprevalence among pregnant women in Nigeria
Authors: Kalu Eziyi Iche , Ojide Chiedozie Kingsley , Fowotade Adeola , Nwadike Victor Ugochukwu 
Published: August 2014

Introduction: The burden of HSV-2 infection, the cause of most cases of genital herpes in Nigeria, varies from region to region; and so are the associated factors. This infection is known to be responsible for several negative pregnancy outcomes. There is currently no documented data on sexual behavioral factors associated with the occurrence of HSV-2 infection or seroprevalence among pregnant women in Nigeria. This study aimed at identifying the sexual behavioral correlates of HSV-2 seroprevalence among pregnant women in Benin City, Nigeria. Methodology: The cross-sectional study design was adopted and the study took place between November 2011 and June 2012. Four hundred and ten consenting ante-natal clinic patients in two major tertiary hospitals in Benin City were consecutively and prospectively included. Data sources were represented by questionnaires, the patient’s case records and laboratory investigations. Each patient’s serum was analyzed for HSV-2 antibody detection. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results: Four hundred and ten patients were enrolled with average age 30.6 years. Seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody was 47.3%. Sexual behavioral factors that were significantly associated with HSV-2 seroprevalence included early exposure to sexual intercourse, number of sex partners, involvement in polygamous marriages, involvement of husband in extra-marital affairs and hormonal contraceptive use. Conclusion: The prevalence of HSV-2 among pregnant women in Benin City is high. Public health campaigns aimed at: delaying onset of sexual activity; encouraging monogamous relationships; and emphasizing that hormonal contraceptives do not protect from STI’s, are recommended.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Limits Autoimmune Neuroinflammation via Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Expression in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Benkhoucha Mahdia , Molnarfi Nicolas , Dunand-Sauthier Isabelle , Merkler Doron , Schneiter Gregory , Bruscoli Stefano , Riccardi Carlo , Tabata Yasuhiko , Funakoshi Hiroshi , Nakamura Toshikazu , Reith Walter , Santiago-Raber Marie-Laure , Lalive Patrice H. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Autoimmune neuroinflammation, including multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a prototype for T cell–mediated autoimmunity, is believed to result from immune tolerance dysfunction leading to demyelination and substantial neurodegeneration. We previously showed that CNS-restricted expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent neuroprotective factor, reduced CNS inflammation and clinical deficits associated with EAE. In this study, we demonstrate that systemic HGF treatment ameliorates EAE through the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) with high expression levels of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a transcriptional repressor of gene expression and a key endogenous regulator of the inflammatory response. RNA interference–directed neutralization of GILZ expression by DCs suppressed the induction of tolerance caused by HGF. Finally, adoptive transfer of HGF-treated DCs from wild-type but not GILZ gene–deficient mice potently mediated functional recovery in recipient mice with established EAE through effective modulation of autoaggressive T cell responses. Altogether, these results show that by inducing GILZ in DCs, HGF reproduces the mechanism of immune regulation induced by potent immunomodulatory factors such as IL-10, TGF-β1, and glucocorticoids and therefore that HGF therapy may have potential in the treatment of autoimmune dysfunctions.
6-Methoxyflavone Inhibits NFAT Translocation into the Nucleus and Suppresses T Cell Activation
Authors: So Jae-Seon , Kim Gi-Cheon , Song Minkyung , Lee Choong-Gu , Park Eunbee , Kim Ho Jin , Kim Young Sup , Jun Chang-Duk , Im Sin-Hyeog 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
NFAT plays a crucial role in the immune system by regulating the transcription of inducible genes during immune responses. In T cells, NFAT proteins govern various cellular events related to T cell development, activation, tolerance induction, and differentiation. We previously reported the NFAT1-dependent enhancer activity of conserved noncoding sequence (CNS)-9, a distal cis-acting element, in the regulation of IL-10 transcription in T cells. In this study, we developed a T cell–based reporter system to identify compounds that modulate the regulatory activity of CNS-9. Among the identified candidates, 6-methoxyflavone (6-MF) significantly inhibited the enhancer activity of CNS-9, thereby reducing IL-10 expression in T cells without affecting cell viability. 6-MF also downregulated the transcription of NFAT1 target genes such as IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ. Treatment of 6-MF inhibited the translocation of NFAT1 into the nucleus, which consequently interrupted NFAT1 binding to the target loci, without affecting the expression or dephosphorylation of NFAT1. Treatment of 6-MF to CD4+ T cells or B cells isolated from mice with atopic dermatitis significantly reduced disease-associated cytokine production, as well as the levels of IgE. In addition, oral administration of 6-MF to atopic dermatitis mice ameliorated disease symptoms by reducing serum IgE levels and infiltrating lymphocytes. Conclusively, our results suggest that 6-MF can be a potential candidate for the development of an effective immunomodulator via the suppression of NFAT-mediated T cell activation.
MyD88 Signaling Inhibits Protective Immunity to the Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: Reynolds Lisa A. , Harcus Yvonne , Smith Katherine A. , Webb Lauren M. , Hewitson James P. , Ross Ewan A. , Brown Sheila , Uematsu Satoshi , Akira Shizuo , Gray David , Gray Mohini , MacDonald Andrew S. , Cunningham Adam F. , Maizels Rick M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Helminth parasites remain one of the most common causes of infections worldwide, yet little is still known about the immune signaling pathways that control their expulsion. C57BL/6 mice are chronically susceptible to infection with the gastrointestinal helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. In this article, we report that C57BL/6 mice lacking the adapter protein MyD88, which mediates signaling by TLRs and IL-1 family members, showed enhanced immunity to H. polygyrus infection. Alongside increased parasite expulsion, MyD88-deficient mice showed heightened IL-4 and IL-17A production from mesenteric lymph node CD4+ cells. In addition, MyD88−/− mice developed substantial numbers of intestinal granulomas around the site of infection, which were not seen in MyD88-sufficient C57BL/6 mice, nor when signaling through the adapter protein TRIF (TIR domain–containing adapter–inducing IFN-β adapter protein) was also ablated. Mice deficient solely in TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, or TLR9 did not show enhanced parasite expulsion, suggesting that these TLRs signal redundantly to maintain H. polygyrus susceptibility in wild-type mice. To further investigate signaling pathways that are MyD88 dependent, we infected IL-1R1−/− mice with H. polygyrus. This genotype displayed heightened granuloma numbers compared with wild-type mice, but without increased parasite expulsion. Thus, the IL-1R–MyD88 pathway is implicated in inhibiting granuloma formation; however, protective immunity in MyD88-deficient mice appears to be granuloma independent. Like IL-1R1−/− and MyD88−/− mice, animals lacking signaling through the type 1 IFN receptor (i.e., IFNAR1−/−) also developed intestinal granulomas. Hence, IL-1R1, MyD88, and type 1 IFN receptor signaling may provide pathways to impede granuloma formation in vivo, but additional MyD88-mediated signals are associated with inhibition of protective immunity in susceptible C57BL/6 mice.
Risk of Lower Extremity Injury in a Military Cadet Population After a Supervised Injury-Prevention Program
Authors: Carow Scott D. , Haniuk Eric M. , Cameron Kenneth L. , Padua Darin A. , Marshall Stephen W. , DiStefano Lindsay J. , de la Motte Sarah J. , Beutler Anthony I. , Gerber John P. 
Published: August 2014

Context: Specific movement patterns have been identified as possible risk factors for noncontact lower extremity injuries. The Dynamic Integrated Movement Enhancement (DIME) was developed to modify these movement patterns to decrease injury risk.
Objective: To determine if the DIME is effective for preventing lower extremity injuries in US Military Academy (USMA) cadets.
Design: Cluster-randomized controlled trial.
Setting: Cadet Basic Training at USMA.
Patients or Other Participants: Participants were 1313 cadets (1070 men, 243 women).
Intervention(s): Participants were cluster randomized to 3 groups. The active warm-up (AWU) group performed standard Army warm-up exercises. The DIME groups were assigned to a DIME cadre-supervised (DCS) group or a DIME expert-supervised (DES) group; the former consisted of cadet supervision and the latter combined cadet and health professional supervision. Groups performed exercises 3 times weekly for 6 weeks.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Cumulative risk of lower extremity injury was the primary outcome. We gathered data during Cadet Basic Training and for 9 months during the subsequent academic year. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare groups.
Results: No differences were seen between the AWU and the combined DIME (DCS and DES) groups during Cadet Basic Training or the academic year. During the academic year, lower extremity injury risk in the DES group decreased 41% (relative risk [RR] = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.38, 0.93; P = .02) compared with the DCS group; a nonsignificant 25% (RR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.49, 1.14; P = .18) decrease occurred in the DES group compared with the AWU group. Finally, there was a nonsignificant 27% (RR = 1.27; 95% CI = 0.90, 1.78; P = .17) increase in injury risk during the academic year in the DCS group compared with the AWU group.
Conclusions: We observed no differences in lower extremity injury risk between the AWU and combined DIME groups. However, the magnitude and direction of the risk ratios in the DES group compared with the AWU group, although not statistically significant, indicate that professional supervision may be a factor in the success of injury-prevention programs.
Modified No Search Scheme based Domain Blocks Sorting Strategies for Fractal Image Coding
Authors: Wang Xing-Yuan , Zhang Dou-Dou , Wei Na 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A novel fractal image coding algorithm based on domain blocks sorting strategies and modified no search scheme is proposed in this paper. On one hand, in order to improve the encoding time, a modified no search (MNS) scheme is adopted. Firstly, the image is divided into blocks of different size utilizing an adaptive quadtree partition method. Secondly, one finds the location of the best matching domain block using the MNS scheme for the range blocks, whose sizes are larger than the preset minimum value. Thirdly, the types of the range block and domain block are computed employing the proposed approach, and then the corresponding computation of mean square error (MSE) is determined. The computation of the MSE is reduced and the encoding phase speeds up. On the other hand, the range blocks with the minimal sizes are encoded applying the proposed domain blocks sorting (DBS) method. Contrast experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain good quality of the reconstructed images and shorten the encoding time significantly.