bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Winter/summer mesopause temperature transition at Davis (69°S) in 2011/2012
Authors: Lübken F.‐J. , Höffner J. , Viehl T. P. , Kaifler B. , Morris R. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present quasi‐continuous measurements of temperature profiles in the Southern Hemisphere mesopause region during the transition from winter to summer conditions in 2011/2012. In a period of 120 days around solstice, we have performed iron lidar observations at Davis (69°S), Antarctica, for a total of 736 h. The winter/summer transition is identified by a downward shift of the mesopause which occurs on 8 November 2011. Soon after transition, mesopause heights and temperatures are similar to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) colatitude summer (88 km, 130 K). Around solstice, the mesopause is elevated for several days by 4–5 km and is colder than typical NH temperatures by 10 K. In this period individual profiles show temperatures as low as 100 K. The occurrence of polar mesosphere summer echoes is closely connected to low temperatures. Below 88 to 90 km and in the main summer season of 2011/2012 temperatures at Davis are generally warmer compared to the NH by 5–15 K, whereas temperatures are generally colder above 90 km. The winter/summer transition and the first appearance of polar mesosphere summer echoes are strongly correlated to maximum zonal winds in the stratosphere which constrain gravity waves with eastward momentum reaching the mesosphere. At the breakdown of the stratospheric vortex around solstice, the mesopause is higher and, surprisingly, colder than normal.
Mesoscale eddy effects on the subduction of North Pacific mode waters
Authors: Xu Lixiao , Xie Shang‐Ping , McClean Julie L. , Liu Qinyu , Sasaki Hideharu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMesoscale eddy effects on the subduction of North Pacific mode waters are investigated by comparing observations and ocean general circulation models where eddies are either parameterized or resolved. The eddy‐resolving models produce results closer to observations than the noneddy‐resolving model. There are large discrepancies in subduction patterns between eddy‐resolving and noneddy‐resolving models. In the noneddy‐resolving model, subduction on a given isopycnal is limited to the cross point between the mixed layer depth (MLD) front and the outcrop line whereas in eddy‐resolving models and observations, subduction takes place in a broader, zonally elongated band within the deep mixed layer region. Mesoscale eddies significantly enhance the total subduction rate, helping create remarkable peaks in the volume histogram that correspond to North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) and central mode water (CMW). Eddy‐enhanced subduction preferentially occurs south of the winter mean outcrop. With an anticyclonic eddy to the west and a cyclonic eddy to the east, the outcrop line meanders south, and the thermocline/MLD shoals eastward. As eddies propagate westward, the MLD shoals, shielding the water of low potential vorticity from the atmosphere. The southward eddy flow then carries the subducted water mass into the thermocline. The eddy subduction processes revealed here have important implications for designing field observations and improving models.
An in situ‐satellite blended analysis of global sea surface salinity
Authors: Xie P. , Boyer T. , Bayler E. , Xue Y. , Byrne D. , Reagan J. , Locarnini R. , Sun F. , Joyce R. , Kumar A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe blended monthly sea surface salinity (SSS) analysis, called the NOAA “Blended Analysis of Surface Salinity” (BASS), is constructed for the 4 year period from 2010 to 2013. Three data sets are employed as inputs to the blended analysis: in situ SSS measurements aggregated and quality controlled by NOAA/NODC, and passive microwave (PMW) retrievals from both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aquarius/SAC‐D and the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture‐Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellites. The blended analysis comprises two steps. First, the biases in the satellite retrievals are removed through probability distribution function (PDF) matching against temporally spatially colocated in situ measurements. The blended analysis is then achieved through optimal interpolation (OI), where the analysis for the previous time step is used as the first guess while the in situ measurements and bias‐corrected satellite retrievals are employed as the observations to update the first guess. Cross validations illustrate improved quality of the blended analysis, with reduction in bias and random errors over most of the global oceans as compared to the individual inputs. Large uncertainty, however, remains in high‐latitude oceans and coastal regions where the in situ networks are sparse and current‐generation satellite retrievals have limitations. Our blended SSS analysis shows good agreements with the NODC in situ‐based analysis over most of the tropical and subtropical oceans, but large differences are observed for high‐latitude oceans and along coasts. In the tropical oceans, the BASS is shown to have coherent variability with precipitation and evaporation associated with the evolution of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Using the Population‐Shift Mechanism to Rationally Introduce “Hill‐type” Cooperativity into a Normally Non‐Cooperative Receptor
Authors: Simon Anna J. , Vallée‐Bélisle Alexis , Ricci Francesco , Watkins Herschel M. , Plaxco Kevin W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAllosteric cooperativity, which nature uses to improve the sensitivity with which biomolecular receptors respond to small changes in ligand concentration, could likewise be of use in improving the responsiveness of artificial biosystems. Thus motivated, we demonstrate here the rational design of cooperative molecular beacons, a widely employed DNA sensor, using a generalizable population‐shift approach in which we engineer receptors that equilibrate between a low‐affinity state and a high‐affinity state exposing two binding sites. Doing so we achieve cooperativity within error of ideal behavior, greatly steepening the beacon’s binding curve relative to that of the parent receptor. The ability to rationally engineer cooperativity should prove useful in applications such as biosensors, synthetic biology and “smart” biomaterials, in which improved responsiveness is of value.
Mirror Neurons, Psychoanalysis, and the Age of Empathy
Authors: Alford C. Fred 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA number of psychoanalysts have become excited about mirror neurons, as they are called by neuroscientists. Mirror neurons have the remarkable property of responding identically to an action I intend as well as an action you intend. The argument of some psychoanalysts is that mirror neurons open a new pathway to understanding the intentions of other. They make possible a new type of empathy, more direct and less mediated by the typical defenses. One result of such a perspective on psychoanalysis is the virtual death of the countertransference. If one has direct empathic contact with another mind, then countertransferential experience is only a barrier, not a guide. The essay not only looks at the evidence for mirror neurons, which is ambiguous, but also at what need they might be filling in our contemporary culture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined small‐angle X‐ray and neutron scattering study of the structure of purified soluble gastrointestinal mucins
Authors: Georgiades Pantelis , di Cola Emanuela , Heenan Richard K. , Pudney Paul D. A. , Thornton David J. , Waigh Thomas A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe structures of purified soluble porcine gastric (Muc5ac) and duodenal (Muc2) mucin solutions at neutral and acidic pH were examined using small‐angle X‐ray scattering and small‐angle neutron scattering experiments. We provide evidence for the morphology of the network above the semidilute overlap concentration and above the entanglement concentration. Furthermore, we investigated the gelation of both types of mucin solutions in response to a reduction in pH, where we observed the formation of large‐scale heterogeneities within the polymer solutions, typical of microphase‐separated gels. The concentration dependence of the inhomogeneity length scale (Ξ) and the amplitude of the excess scattering intensity [Iex(0)] are consistent with previously studied gelled synthetic polymeric systems. The persistence lengths of the chains were found to be similar for both Muc5ac and Muc2 from Kratky plots of the neutron data (8 ± 2 nm). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1154–1164, 2014.
‘No‐One Runs Away For No Reason’: Understanding Safeguarding Issues When Children and Young People Go Missing From Home
Authors: Hill Louise , Taylor Julie , Richards Fiona , Reddington Susan 
Published: July 2014

An estimated one in nine children will run away from home or substitute care before their 16th birthday in the UK. This paper explores the safeguarding concerns and responses for children and young people who run away or go missing from home. The majority of children and young people run away from home due to family relationship problems. Running away or being physically absent from home may be due to abuse and neglect. One in 11 children reported being hurt or harmed whilst running away. For some young people, ‘running to’ a person or situation can present many risks and can be part of a coercive and exploitative relationship. Despite these multiple indicators of risk, there has been little focus on safeguarding policies and practice for children and young people who run away from home. Drawing on a case example of a third‐sector service using Return Interview Assessments, this paper argues that professionals must ensure that all children and young people who run away or go missing from home are given meaningful opportunities to be listened to, and taken seriously, in order to ensure that a wide range of safeguarding concerns can be addressed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages:

When a child runs away from home, something may be wrong in that child's life.
Some children run away or are absent from home due to abuse or neglect.
Some children are ‘running to’ a place or person, which can place them at even more risk of harm.
All children who run away need to have an opportunity to talk about what is happening in their life without feeling judged.
‘there has been little focus on safeguarding policies and practice for children and young people who run away from home’‘Some children are ‘running to’ a place or person, which can place them at even more risk of harm’
Gleaning Unexpected Fruits from Hard‐Won Synthetases: Probing Principles of Permissivity in Non‐canonical Amino Acid–tRNA Synthetases
Authors: Cooley Richard B. , Karplus P. Andrew , Mehl Ryan A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe site‐specific incorporation of non‐canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins is an important tool for understanding biological function. Traditionally, each new ncAA targeted for incorporation requires a resource‐consuming process of generating new ncAA aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA pairs. However, the discovery that some tRNA synthetases are “permissive”, in that they can incorporate multiple ncAAs, means that it is no longer always necessary to develop a new synthetase for each newly desired ncAA. Developing a better understanding of what factors make ncAA synthetases more permissive would increase the utility of this new approach. Here, we characterized two synthetases selected for the same ncAA that have markedly different “permissivity profiles.” Remarkably, the more permissive synthetase incorporated an ncAA for which we had not been able to generate a synthetase through de novo selection methods. Crystal structures revealed that the two synthetases recognize their parent ncAA through a conserved core of interactions, with the more permissive synthetase displaying a greater degree of flexibility in its interaction geometries. We also observed that intraprotein interactions not directly involved in ncAA binding can play a crucial role in synthetase permissivity and suggest that optimization of such interactions might provide an avenue to engineering synthetases with enhanced permissivity.
A comparative study on correlation between personal background and interior color preference
Authors: Baniani Mahshid , Yamamoto Sari 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this research, we identify and investigate some of the factors influencing residential color preference. We have taken social environment as a primary focus and the influence of a person's residential, regional, educational, and personal background have been examined. A questionnaire, two drawings (one of a bedroom and another of the exterior of a few houses) and 24 color pencils were prepared. In total, 319 data were gathered from Japanese students living in Japan, Foreign students living in Japan, and Iranian students living in Iran, with 301 applicable data. One of the questions was the respondent's favorite color. The results showed that more than 96.7% have used their favorite colors in the drawings. Blue hues were used most by people living in coastal areas (P < 0.05). Education had a strong correlation with number of color varieties (P < 0.01). Moreover, students who had parents with art backgrounds had used more colors in the drawings rather than the ones with parents with no art background (P < 0.05). Foreigners and Iranians have used more color varieties compared to Japanese (P < 0.05). Ultimately, it was observed that among the case studies (regional, residential, and educational), education had a strong positive correlation with number of color varieties (P < 0.01). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 416–424, 2015
Artificial Iono‐ and Photosensitive Membranes Based on an Amphiphilic Aza‐Crown‐Substituted Hemicyanine
Authors: Batat Pinar , Grauby‐Heywang Christine , Selektor Sophiya , Silantyeva Daria , Arslanov Vladimir , McClenaghan Nathan , Jonusauskas Gediminas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractArtificial iono‐ and photosensitive membranes based on an amphiphilic aza‐crown‐substituted hemicyanine are assembled on liquid and solid supports and their aggregation behaviour, which is influenced by the binding of metal cations and surface density, is studied. The photoinduced charge‐transfer properties of an analogous non‐amphiphilic hemicyanine in solution are also demonstrated. An asymmetric sandwich dimer model is proposed and existence of such dimers in solution is evidenced by transient absorption and fluorescence anisotropy experiments. Changes in absorption and emission spectra, as well as compression isotherms of the amphiphile observed in the presence of cations, are discussed in terms of 2D molecular reorganisation. Surface‐pressure‐controlled reversible excimer formation at the air–water interphase and excimer‐type emission of Langmuir–Blodgett films in the presence of cations are demonstrated and are discussed on the basis of fibre‐optic fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy results.
Hybrid offset‐time and burst assembly algorithm (H‐OTBA) for delay sensitive applications over optical burst switching networks
Authors: Yayah Abdulsalam A. , Coulibaly Yahaya , Ismail Abdul Samad , Rouskas George 
Published: July 2014

SummaryOptical burst switching (OBS) is the most favourable switching paradigm for future all‐optical networks. Burst assembly is the first process in OBS and it consists of aggregating clients packets into bursts. Assembled bursts wait for an offset time before being transmitted to their intended destinations. Offset time is used to allow burst control packet reserve required resources prior to burst arrival. Burst assembly process and offset‐time create extra delay in OBS networks. To make OBS suitable for real time applications, this extra latency needs to be controlled. This paper proposes and evaluates a novel offset time and burst assembly scheme to address this issue. Constant bit rate (CBR) traffic that has stringent end‐to‐end delay QoS requirements is used in this study. The proposed scheme is called hybrid offset‐time and burst assembly algorithm (H‐OTBA). The objective of the paper is achieved by controlling maximum burst transfer delay parameters of CBR. The proposed scheme was evaluated via network simulation. Simulation results demonstrate that, H‐OTBA has effectively reduced end‐to‐end delay for CBR traffic compared with current solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeding Growth Approach to Gold Nanoparticles with Diameters Ranging from 10 to 80 Nanometers in Organic Solvent
Authors: Stanglmair Christoph , Scheeler Sebastian P. , Pacholski Claudia 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTo accommodate the high demand for gold nanoparticles, which is generated by the extraordinary optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials, a focus has been placed on their large‐scale synthesis for several years. In this work, a simple method for the preparation of nearly monodisperse gold nanoparticles with diameters of up to 80 nm is presented. For this purpose, gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9 nm were synthesized in toluene by using oleylamine both as a reducing and stabilizing agent. These gold nanoparticles act as seeds for a subsequent growth reaction in which the same precursors are slowly added to the reaction vessel. During the reaction, the gold nanoparticles start to agglomerate when they reach a certain size (ca. 20 nm). Despite their agglomeration, they can be grown further without impairing their size distribution or morphology. The gold nanoparticle agglomerates can be separated by stabilization with thiol‐terminated polystyrene.
Stereoselective Total Syntheses of Paecilomycins E and F through a Protecting Group Directed Diastereoselective Intermolecular Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) Reaction
Authors: Mohapatra Debendra K. , Reddy D. Sai , Mallampudi N. Arjunreddy , Yadav Jhillu S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn efficient and concise approach to the total syntheses of paecilomycins E (1) and F (2) is described. A protecting group directed intermolecular diastereoselective Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) reaction, a Julia–Kocienski olefination, a Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, and De Brabander's lactonization protocol are used as the key steps.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (α‐Phenylalkyl)amines with Substituents at the ortho Position through Diastereoselective Radical Alkylation Reaction of Sulfinimines
Authors: Fernández‐Salas José A. , Rodríguez‐Fernández M. Mercedes , Maestro M. Carmen , García‐Ruano José L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe alkyl radical (R1) addition reaction to ortho‐X‐substituted N‐(benzylidene)‐2‐methylpropane‐2‐sulfinamides (X = Br, CN, CO2Me, OH and OMe) is highly diastereoselective, regardless of the electronic properties of the X group and the size of R1. Easy removal of the sulfinyl group provides the title compounds in enantiomerically pure form. This two‐step sequence has been successfully applied to the preparation of primary α‐(tert‐butyl)‐ortho‐hydroxy‐ and ‐ortho‐methoxybenzylamines, as well as the 3‐isopropyl‐substituted isoindolin‐1‐one.
Bipolar Hosts Based on a Rigid 9,10‐Dihydroanthracene Scaffold for Full‐Color Electrophosphorescent Devices
Authors: Chaskar Atul , Hung Wen‐Yi , Chen Shou‐Wei , Chen Hsiao‐Fan , Hung Pei‐Yu , Wong Ken‐Tsung 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTwo bipolar hosts, CzDPO and CzDOxa, comprising a hole‐transporting carbazole and an electron‐transporting diphenyl phosphine oxide or oxadiazole with a saturated linker (9,10‐dihydroanthracene) have been synthesized and characterized. The saturated linker limited the effective extension of π conjugation, leading to high triplet energies (ET=2.97–2.98 eV). The diastereomers with a rigid configuration provided an amorphous thin film with high thermal (Td=415–444 °C) and morphological stability (Tg=188–224 °C). The high triplet energies and bipolar carrier transport characteristics (ambipolariy) of CzDPO and CzDOxa can facilitate exothermic energy transfer to the dopants and balance carrier injection/transport in the emission layers. As a result, they were utilized as universal hosts for various phosphorescent OLEDs (from blue to red), showing average external quantum efficiencies (ηext=8.2–13.1 %) and low efficiency roll‐off. In addition, we also fabricated dual‐emitter white organic light‐emitting diodes with a co‐doped single emissive layer. WOLED hosted by CzDOxa exhibited satisfactory device efficiencies (14.4 %, 25.7 cd A−1, 27 lm W−1) with highly stable chromaticity (CIEx=0.26–0.28 and CIEy=0.38) at brightnesses from 560 to 15200 cd m−2.
Prediction of myelopathic level in cervical spondylotic myelopathy using diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Wang Shu‐Qiang , Li Xiang , Cui Jiao‐Long , Li Han‐Xiong , Luk Keith D.K. , Hu Yong 
Published: July 2014

PurposeTo investigate the use of a newly designed machine learning‐based classifier in the automatic identification of myelopathic levels in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).Materials and MethodsIn all, 58 normal volunteers and 16 subjects with CSM were recruited for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) acquisition. The eigenvalues were extracted as the selected features from DTI images. Three classifiers, naive Bayesian, support vector machine, and support tensor machine, and fractional anisotropy (FA) were employed to identify myelopathic levels. The results were compared with clinical level diagnosis results and accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to evaluate the performance of the developed classifiers.ResultsThe accuracy by support tensor machine was the highest (93.62%) among the three classifiers. The support tensor machine also showed excellent capacity to identify true positives (sensitivity: 84.62%) and true negatives (specificity: 97.06%). The accuracy by FA value was the lowest (76%) in all the methods.ConclusionThe classifiers‐based method using eigenvalues had a better performance in identifying the levels of CSM than the diagnosis using FA values. The support tensor machine was the best among three classifiers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1682–1688. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.