bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on Impact of Universal Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu (India)
Authors: Mahendran A 
Published: January 2014

PDS is considered as principal institutions in the hands of State Governments for providing safety net to the poor against the spiralling food prices of essential commodities. In this regard Tamil Nadu sets a model in the PDS as universal system. The involvement of the Cooperative Societies, and other distribution networks to make ensures safety net, transparency, accessibility and all reduced the less transaction cost. This study found that problems like leakages, poor quality, under weightiest, non-availability of controlled as well as non-controlled articles during certain times, non-availability of ration cards, bogus cards and its affect the impact of the universal system. This study covered Multi-stage random sampling and pre-test analysis was done. To this study showed that universal PDS will help to provide safety net to the poor. The study suggested that new implications of universal PDS in the state.
Religion, Entrepreneurship, Income and Employment
Authors: Kingma Bruce , Yeung Ryan 
Published: January 2014

This exploratory study compares the entrepreneurial tendency and family income across religious denominations in the United States. Information from the General Social Survey (GSS) database on self-employed and a matched sample of those employed by others is used to compare the family income and incidence of entrepreneurship by religion. We show that Protestants are more likely to be self-employed than Catholics, although both are less likely than those that are not religious or Jews. Religious affiliation has a mixed result on income, although increased attendance at religious services increases income for those employed by others.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i1.8641 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(1) 2014 3-9
Lived Experience of Older Adults with Post-Hip Fracture
Authors: Bista Thapa Bishnu 
Published: January 2014

Objective: this phenomenological study was undertaken to explore lived experiences of community dweller older adults with post hip fractured. Methods: A qualitative research design underpinned by the philosophy of Edmund Husserl and methodological interpretations of Colaizzi’s. The series of in-depth web based interviews were simultaneously conducted and analyzed until saturation of data. Rigor of the study was maintained by validated the transcribed information by informants. Findings: based on subjective information provided by informants, sixteen themes were emerged which further merged into four theme clusters that were patho-dynamic of hip fracture, affected reaction to distress and situation appraisal, limitation in movement and being dependent on others and coping behaviors. Findings of this study indicated that informants experienced both fluid and complex that challenges all spheres of their life after hip fracture. Conclusion: It was concluded that, older adults with post-hip fracture are facing multiple situational problems like physical, emotional, care-givers and financial so that comprehensive, affordable and culturally based multi-disciplinary services are essential. Physical comforts, motivation, continuous support, encouragement for exercise, walking and financial assistance can promote their early recovery and regaining functional capacity. This approach to the study of lived experience of older adults with post-hip fracture offers an opportunity to reflect and make sense of their current situation in the light of their day to day life activities, struggling and achieving pre-fracture functional abilities, to tell their story to an interested listener and to have their feelings validated.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i1.9590 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(1) 2014 35-40
Characterization and Kinetics of VC Coatings on AISI D3 Steel Performed by Thermo-Reactive Diffusion Technique
Authors: Kurt B. , Onder E. , Carboga C. , Demirel B. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the present study, VC coatings on AISI D3 steel were processed by pack method thermo-reactive diffusion method (TRD) in a solid medium for 2 and 4 h at 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 °C, respectively. Then, the coated specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis. From the results, between 5.6 and 26.8 μm carbide layers on the surface were obtained by increasing process time and temperature. The coatings were determined by VC and V2C phases. The kinetics of vanadium carbide coating was also studied and the activation energy was estimated to be 180.73 kJ/mol. The avarage value of the microhardness of the coating is 2400 HV. The ball crater test was applied to determine the micro abrasion behaviors of the coated samples.
Reconstruction of the annual mass balance of Chhota Shigri glacier, Western Himalaya, India, since 1969
Authors: Azam Mohd Farooq , Wagnon Patrick , Vincent Christian , Ramanathan Alagappan , Linda Anurag , Singh Virendra Bahadur 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study presents a reconstruction of the mass balance (MB) of Chhota Shigri glacier, Western Himalaya, India, and discusses the regional climatic drivers responsible for its evolution since 1969. The MB is reconstructed by a temperature-index and an accumulation model using daily air-temperature and precipitation records from the nearest meteorological station, at Bhuntar Observatory. The only adjusted parameter is the altitudinal precipitation gradient. The model is calibrated against 10 years of annual altitudinal MB measurements between 2002 and 2012 and decadal cumulative MBs between 1988 and 2010. Three periods were distinguished in the MB series. Periods I (1969-85) and III (2001-12) show significant mass loss at MB rates of -0.36±0.36 and -0.57±0.36mw.e.a-1 respectively, whereas period II (1986-2000) exhibits steady-state conditions with average MBs of -0.01 ±0.36mw.e.a–1. The comparison among these three periods suggests that winter precipitation and summer temperature are almost equally important drivers controlling the MB pattern of Chhota Shigri glacier at decadal scale. The sensitivity of the modelled glacier-wide MB to temperature is -0.52 m w.e. a–1 °C–1 whereas the sensitivity to precipitation is calculated as 0.16mw.e.a-1 for a 10% change.
Intra-surface radiative transfer limits the geographic extent of snow penitents on horizontal snowfields
Authors: Cathles L. Maclagan , Abbot Dorian S. , MacAyeal Douglas R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPenitents are broad snow spikes and ridges that range in height between centimeters and meters. Two key features of penitents remain unexplained: (1) they generally form at low latitudes and (2) their ridges and troughs have an east–west orientation. Here we show that surface-to-surface exchange of shortwave radiation and the local geometry of the sun’s daily arc across the sky are the key processes that, in the absence of other effects, determine the geographic extent of where surface roughness features can grow or dissipate on snowfields and ice surfaces. As an application of our analysis, we examine the question of the geographic extent of snow penitents on horizontal surfaces. The results show that surface-to-surface radiative transfer can explain why penitents do not form on horizontal surfaces more than ~55˚ off the equator. We further show on the basis of the sun’s path across the sky that penitents that are corrugated, i.e. occur in long ridges or rows, must align their ridge axis within 308 of the east–west transect.
Novel shearing apparatuses in confined flow for investigating recrystallization and fabric evolution processes in mono- and polycrystalline ice
Authors: Samyn D. , Azuma N. , Matsuda I. , Osabe Y. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe orientations of individual crystals within a polycrystalline aggregate subjected to stress have a strong influence on its bulk strain rate and flow behavior. The ability to include the effect of crystal fabric and recrystallization processes in an ice flow law, especially at the bottom of glaciers and ice sheets where temperature is close to the pressure-melting point, is important because the stratigraphy of the ice body may be affected and the paleoclimate reconstruction hampered. We present herein three newly developed deformation apparatuses offering the possibility, from single experiments, of investigating different finite strain stages and their corresponding c-axis fabric and grain texture patterns in various confined, shear flow configurations (simple shear, pure shear and compression/extension bending). The technical set-ups and major advantages compared to classical methods are explained, and results from experiments are discussed in order to illustrate the functioning and purposes of the methods. In all experiments, significant variations in the microstructural development have been observed that reflect the varying orientations of the anisotropy and its relationship to the stress pattern. In monocrystalline ice-bending experiments, the pre-existing c-axis fabric is shown to have a profound influence on the response to stress and possibly to the type of slip system activated.
Disappearing semi-permanent snow in the High Arctic and its consequences
Authors: Woo Ming-ko , Young Kathy L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSemi-permanent snow is part of the continuum between seasonal snow and glacier ice. Although ubiquitous in the High Arctic, most late-lying snow banks and snow beds have lost their perennial status over the past decade as the summers have become progressively warmer. The loss over the past decade is the most unprecedented since aerial photography of the Canadian Arctic islands was first undertaken over half a century ago, and it has produced observable thermal, hydrological and ecological impacts. Where the ground has become exposed beneath the perennial snow cover, seasonal ground thaw has deepened. Tundra ponds and patchy wetlands fed principally by meltwater in the summer have suffered water-level decline or desiccation. The water balance of headwater basins is also affected, losing a buffering vehicle that accumulates storage surplus from the wet cool years to support streamflow and evaporation in the dry warm years. The tundra vegetation, already sparse, undergoes changes in the long term. As an essential source of water in the polar desert environment, the widespread distribution of semi-permanent snow magnifies its Arctic-wide importance.
Reproductive biology of seven taxa of <i>Magnolia</i> L. in the south of Russian Far East
Authors: Kameneva Lyubov A. , Koksheeva Inna M. 
Published: January 2014

This paper presents the phenology of seven taxa of the genus Magnolia L., pollen biology on germination and storage conditions, seed productivity, germinating ability of seeds and its dependence on stratification and germination conditions. It has been found that M. kobus DC, M. kobus var. boreales Sarg., M. obovata Thurb., M. officinalis Rehd. et Wils., M. salicifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., M. sieboldii K. Koch. and M. tripetala L. in cultivated condition produce pollen at a low viability rate (9.4 - 31.7%). Real seed productivity of the taxa being studied is less than their potential productivity. However, M. obovata, M. officinalis and M. tripetala are characterized by high seed germinating ability, up to 94%. Optimal germination conditions for seeds of M. tripetala, M. officinalis and M. obovata require protected ground (greenhouse) and stratification at 4ºC during 30 days. The high germinating ability of M. sieboldii seeds in the open ground is explained by stratification duration and temperature required for this species. Sarcotesta effects on higher seed germinating ability have been observed in M. obovata only.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17390Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(2): 163-170, 2013
A new <i>Ranunculus</i> species (Ranunculaceae) from Shaanxi, China
Authors: Luo Min-Rong , Zhao Liang 
Published: January 2014

Ranunculus shanyangensis M.R. Luo & L. Zhao, a new species of Ranunculaceae from Shaanxi, China, is described and illustrated. Ranunculus shanyangensis is morphologically similar to R. repens, however, it differs from the latter due to the following characters: longer adventitious roots, wholly creeping stems with no branches, longer rachis, fewer floral organs and pollen wall sculpturing. SEM micrography of thepollens for R. shanyangensis and R. repens are presented along with distribution map.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17394Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(2): 201-205, 2013
<i>Euonymus leiophloeus</i> (Celastraceae) - A new record for the flora of Turkey
Authors: Eminagaoglu Özgür , Özcan Melahat 
Published: January 2014

Not available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17403Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(2): 263-266, 2013
Continued Benefit of Tocilizumab Plus Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Clinical Responses by Week 8 of Treatment
Authors: Keystone Edward C. , Anisfeld Andrew , Ogale Sarika , Devenport Jenny N. , Curtis Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2014

Objective.To evaluate whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis who did not respond sufficiently to tocilizumab (TCZ) plus disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment by Week 8 responded at later timepoints when continuing to take their original dose of TCZ.Methods.In this posthoc analysis of data from phase III randomized controlled trials of inadequate responders (IR) to DMARD or tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (anti-TNF), percentages of patients meeting early response criteria were calculated by randomized treatment arm (TCZ 4 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, or placebo in combination with DMARD). Percentages of patients achieving certain disease activity thresholds at later timepoints were calculated for patients who had/had not achieved response by Week 8.Results.In DMARD-IR early nonresponders, 29.0%, 17.2%, and 3.7% of TCZ 8 mg/kg-randomized, TCZ 4 mg/kg-randomized, and placebo-randomized patients, respectively, achieved 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) ≤ 3.2 by Week 24. Among anti-TNF-IR patients without early response, 26.5%, 8.5%, and 1.9% of TCZ 8 mg/kg-randomized, TCZ 4 mg/kg-randomized, and placebo-randomized patients, respectively, achieved DAS28 ≤ 3.2 at Week 24.Conclusion.A substantial number of DMARD-IR patients taking TCZ 4 or 8 mg/kg and anti-TNF-IR patients taking TCZ 8 mg/kg who failed to respond by 8 weeks benefited from continued TCZ treatment in combination with DMARD. In contrast, the anti-TNF-IR patients without early responses who continued to take TCZ 4 mg/kg were unlikely to experience a cumulative benefit. ClinicalTrials.gov registration numbers: NCT00106548, NCT00106574, NCT00106535, NCT00106522.
Burden on university hospitals of handling Portable Data for Imaging (PDI) media
Authors: Nemoto A. , Inoue T. , Hagiwara H. 
Published: January 2014

Summary
Background: Portable Data for Imaging (PDI) is regularly used as a guideline for sharing medical imaging data between hospitals and other medical institutions. When a patient is referred to another location, the patient almost always brings PDI media on a CD or DVD. However, problems often occur when trying to view images on PDI discs inserted into computer terminals, and it is more efficient to view images on the hospitals’ own picture archiving and communication system (PACS). On the request of doctors, it has become a routine practice to import PDI data to the PACS of the referred hospital.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the increase in PDI image importing and investigate methods for reducing the burden caused by importing images.
Methods: We compiled representative data on image importing over time and analyzed the test modalities, number of images, volume of data, and referring hospital or medical clinic from which the data originated.
Results: The amount of PDI images imported to the PACS has risen despite no large increase in the number of patients. Currently, images imported from PDI media make up 22.8% of the total number of images stored in the PACS. The images come from a diverse array of hospitals (184 hospitals) and 82% are essential for medical care. The total annual expenditure associated with PDI data management is estimated to be 98,300 USD.
Conclusion: The spreading use of the PDI guideline has led to a dramatic increase in data image sharing in the field of healthcare. While this has great benefits for patients and doctors, it is also associated with a greater cost and an overall burden for hospitals. These results indicate the need for a system to enable many hospitals and clinics to participate in image sharing at a cheaper cost.
Citation: Hagiwara H, Nemoto A, Inoue T. Burden on university hospitals of handling Portable Data for Imaging (PDI) media.Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 46–57http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-07-RA-0052
Influence of Surface Inclination on the Spreading Velocity of Simplified Adhesive Systems
Authors: Pazinatto Flavia Bittencourt , Castro Fabrício Luscino Alves de , Atta Maria Teresa 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
Adhesion can be influenced by adhesives spreading. Both slow and fast spreading can be deleterious as they can respectively lead adhesive to partially cover the demineralized substrate or to accumulate on line angles of cavity preparations. Since brands of dentin bonding systems present distinct compositions and thus different behaviors its important to know how fast they spread over dental substrates. The purpose is to determine the influence of surface inclinations on the spreading velocity of simplified adhesive systems.

Materials and methods
Spreading velocities of adhesive systems (Adper Single Bond, Adper Single Bond Plus, Adper Prompt, Prime and Bond 2.1, Prime and Bond NT, One-Up Bond F) were measured on glass slide surfaces inclined at 45° and 90°. The spreading of each drop was observed at a 30 seconds interval. Data was recorded and the values obtained at 30 seconds were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests (α = 0.05).

Results
The type of adhesive system and the angle of inclination influenced spreading velocity (p < 0.05). Adper Single Bond Plus and One-Up Bond F exhibited the lowest spreading velocities of all materials tested (p < 0.01). Adhesives spreading were similar on surfaces inclined 45° and 90°, except for Adper Single Bond Plus which spread faster and Prime and Bond NT that spread slower on 90° angled surfaces (p < 0.01).

Conclusion
The materials tested showed complex spreading patterns since the spreading velocities changed only when some specific material/inclination combinations where tested.

How to cite this article
Pazinatto FB, de Castro FLA, Saini R, Atta MT. Influence of Surface Inclination on the Spreading Velocity of Simplified Adhesive Systems. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):92-97.
Isolation of a New Steroidal Glycoalkaloid from Solanum xanthocarpum
Authors: Parveen Fazil  , Rahat Azhar Ali  
Published: January 2014

A new steroidal glycoalkaloid was isolated from barries of Solanum xanthocarpum, together with two other known steroidal glycoalkaloids. The structure of new steroidal glycoalkaloid was elucidated as O-(3){ α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2gal)- β-D- galactopyranosyl}-solasodine on the basis of spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with reported spectroscopic data of related compounds.
Assessing Delay Discounting in Mice
Authors: Mitchell Suzanne H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDelay discounting (also intertemporal choice or impulsive choice) is the process by which delayed outcomes, such as delayed food delivery, are valued less than the same outcomes delivered immediately or with a shorter delay. This process is of interest because many psychopathologies, including substance dependence, pathological gambling, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder, are characterized by heightened levels of delay discounting. Some of these disorders are heritable, and data indicate that delay discounting also has a genetic component. To identify the genes underlying the delay discounting decision‐making process and genetic correlates of heightened discounting, researchers have used mouse models. This unit describes a protocol for generating delay discounting behavior in mice and discusses analysis techniques for such behavior. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 66:8.30.1‐8.30.12. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gradual diffusion and punctuated phase space density enhancements of highly relativistic electrons: Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. N. , Li X. , Henderson M. G. , Kanekal S. G. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Claudepierre S. G. , Fennell J. F. , Hudson M. K. , Thorne R. M. , Foster J. C. , Erickson P. J. , Malaspina D. M. , Wygant J. R. , Boyd A. , Kletzing C. A. , Drozdov A. , Shprits Y. Y. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe dual‐spacecraft Van Allen Probes mission has provided a new window into mega electron volt (MeV) particle dynamics in the Earth's radiation belts. Observations (up to E ~10 MeV) show clearly the behavior of the outer electron radiation belt at different timescales: months‐long periods of gradual inward radial diffusive transport and weak loss being punctuated by dramatic flux changes driven by strong solar wind transient events. We present analysis of multi‐MeV electron flux and phase space density (PSD) changes during March 2013 in the context of the first year of Van Allen Probes operation. This March period demonstrates the classic signatures both of inward radial diffusive energization and abrupt localized acceleration deep within the outer Van Allen zone (L ~4.0 ± 0.5). This reveals graphically that both “competing” mechanisms of multi‐MeV electron energization are at play in the radiation belts, often acting almost concurrently or at least in rapid succession.
How does solar eclipse influence the complex behavior of midlatitude ionosphere? Two case studies
Authors: Unnikrishnan K. , Richards Phil 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the influence of two solar eclipses on the ionosphere complexity measures: Tsallis entropy, Rényi entropy, Hurst exponent, beta exponent, and fractal dimension. The study used GPS TEC measured at three locations in Japan during the solar eclipses of 22 July 2009 and 21 May 2012.This is the first effort to compare the complexity measures by comparing TEC time series of the eclipse day with those from the day before and the day after the eclipse. It was found from analysis of the TEC observations that there were no abnormal variations of the complexity parameters from their expected values for either eclipse. Model calculations also show that TEC deviations during the eclipses are small.