bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational dynamics of low‐mass stellar systems
Authors: Frank M. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe last fifteen years have seen the discovery of new types of low‐mass stellar systems that bridge the gap between the once well‐separated regimes of galaxies and of star clusters. Whether such objects are considered galaxies depends also on the definition of the term “galaxy”, and several possible criteria are based on their internal dynamics (e.g. the common concept that galaxies contain dark matter). Moreover, studying the internal dynamics of low‐mass stellar systems may also help understand their origin and evolutionary history. The focus of this paper is on two classes of stellar systems at the interface between star clusters and dwarf galaxies: ultra‐compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) and diffuse Galactic globular clusters (GCs). A review of our current knowledge on the properties of UCDs is provided and dynamical considerations applying to diffuse GCs are introduced. In the following, recent observational results on the internal dynamics of individual UCDs and diffuse Galactic globular clusters are presented. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cosmic wave‐particle interactions: Astrophysical magnetic turbulence and high‐energy particles
Authors: Tautz R.C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the origin and the properties of energetic charged particles has been an important problems of both plasma astro‐physics and astroparticle physics. Here, an introduction is given about the complicated interaction processes between cosmic rays and turbulent electromagnetic fields. First, the formation of turbulent electromagnetic fields due to plasma instabilities is discussed. Second, the microphysics of particle scattering due to such turbulent fields is explained and a comparison with measurements in the Solar wind is shown. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positive and negative feedback by AGN jets in high‐redshift galaxies
Authors: Gaibler V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSimulations of feedback by jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the past mostly focused on the interaction at large scales as the circumgalactic medium or intra‐cluster medium for clusters of galaxies. Only in recent years, simulations have included the interaction of jets with a highly inhomogeneous medium as required by a multi‐phase interstellar medium (ISM). At the same time, feedback by AGN has become a common component for cosmological simulations of galaxy evolution to form massive galaxies compatible with observations. I will present some of our recent results and will put them into further context of other feedback simulations and how the opposing effects of positive and negative feedback by jets might be understood in terms of different properties of the ISM. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Jets from young stars and brown dwarfs
Authors: Whelan E. T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe protostellar outflow mechanism operates for a significant fraction of the pre‐main sequence phase of a solar mass star and is thought to have a key role in star and perhaps even planet formation. This energetic mechanism manifests itself in several different forms and on many scales. Thus outflow activity can be probed in numerous different regimes from radio to X‐ray wavelengths. Recent discoveries have shown that it is not only solar mass stars that launch outflows during their formation but also the sub‐stellar brown dwarfs. In this article what is currently known about jets from young stars is summarised, including an outline of why it is important to study jets. The second part of this article is dedicated to jets from young brown dwarfs. While only a small number of brown dwarf outflows have been investigated to date, interesting properties have been observed. Here observations of brown dwarf outflows are described and what is currently known of their properties compared to low mass protostellar outflows. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The dispersal of protoplanetary discs
Authors: Ercolano B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractProtoplanetary discs are a natural consequence of the star formation process and as such are ubiquitous around low‐mass stars. They are fundamental to planet formation as they hold the reservoir of material from which planets form. Their evolution and final dispersal and the timescales that regulate these process are therefore of particular interest. In this contribution I will review the observational evidence for the dispersal of discs being dominated by two timescales and for the final dispersal to occur quickly and from the inside out. I will discuss the current theoretical models, including X‐ray photoevaporation, showing that the latter provides a natural explanation to the observed behaviour and review supporting and contrasting evidence. I will finally introduce a new mechanism based on the interaction between planet formation and photoevaporation that may explain a particular class of transition discs with large inner holes and high accretion rates that are problematic for photoevaporation models and planet formation models alone. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of secundum atrial septal defects not percutaneously closed
Authors: Ohno Naoki , Chaturvedi Rajiv , Lee Kyong‐Jin , Benson Lee 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesWe sought to review our single center experience with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure, evaluating the incidence and morphological characteristics where percutaneous closure was thought inappropriate.Material and methodsAll children assessed as unsuitable for transcatheter device closure were reviewed. Data collected included: demographics, defect morphology by echocardiogrphy or at cardiac catheterization and defect size focusing on the reasons for procedural deferral.ResultsBetween January 2002 and December 2010, 639 children underwent closure of an isolated secundum ASD: 82 children (13%) where referred directly to surgery, 43 (6%) were thought unsuitable for device closure at the time of catheterization and underwent subsequent surgery and the remaining 514 (81%) underwent successful device closure including 2 on a second attempt. The reasons for pursuing a surgical closure (n = 124, mean age = 5.7 years; range: 0.6–17.4 years; defect diameter/body weight = 1.39) included: the need for a device thought too large for implantation versus the child's size (n = 51), defects with deficient rim(s) (n = 48), multiple defects (n = 7), defects sized >36 mm (n = 2), malposition (n = 2), ECG changes (n = 3), aneurysmal IAS (n = 2), sinus venosus (n = 2), or others (n = 7).ConclusionThe reasons for deferring transcatheter device closure of a secundum ASD are diverse, not only isolated rim deficiencies but the requirements of large implants, malposition, arrhythmias, and lack of hemodynamic need are influential components in clinical decision making. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A giant cystic pheochromocytoma mimicking liver abscess an unusual presentation – a case report
Authors: Sarveswaran Venugopal , Kumar Surees , Kumar Amit , Vamseedharan Muthukumar 
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical MessageGiant cystic pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. The possibility of cystic pheochromocytoma should be considered for any peri‐adrenal mass even in absence of characteristic symptoms and negative biochemical analysis. The key in the management of a case of cystic pheochromocytoma is the preoperative suspicion and the intraoperative crisis management.
Increased eculizumab requirements during pregnancy in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Patriquin Christopher , Leber Brian ,   Canadian PNH Network
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical MessageParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) results from reduced complement regulatory proteins on hematopoietic cells, predisposing patients to intravascular hemolysis, thrombophilia, and cytopenias. Women diagnosed in pregnancy can experience significant maternofetal complications. Trials of eculizumab in PNH excluded pregnant women. Here, we report the first Canadian patient taken through pregnancy on eculizumab.
Guest‐Responsive Function of a Dynamic Metal–Organic Framework with a π Lewis Acidic Pore Surface
Authors: Joarder Biplab , Mukherjee Soumya , Chaudhari Abhijeet K. , Desai Aamod V. , Manna Biplab , Ghosh Sujit K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA 3D dynamic coordination framework with an electron‐deficient pore surface has been synthesized by using ZnII (having a variable coordination number) and a predesigned flexible π‐electron‐deficient core‐based ligand, exhibiting chemical separations based on pore surface functionalization (π Lewis acidic pore surfaces and open metal sites) and framework flexibility, giving rise to a unique smart guest‐responsive material.
Phosphatidylcholine‐Coated Iron Oxide Nanomicelles for In Vivo Prolonged Circulation Time with an Antibiofouling Protein Corona
Authors: Groult Hugo , Ruiz‐Cabello Jesús , Lechuga‐Vieco Ana Victoria , Mateo Jesús , Benito Marina , Bilbao Izaskun , Martínez‐Alcázar María Paz , Lopez Juan. Antonio , Vázquez Jesús , Herranz Fernando F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe report the synthesis of micellar phosphatidylcholine‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a new long circulation contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Oleic acid‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were first prepared through thermal degradation and then encapsulated into small clusters with a phosphatidylcholine coating to obtain hydrophilic nanomicelles. A thorough characterization confirmed the chemical nature of the coating and the excellent colloidal stability of these nanomicelles in aqueous media. Magnetization and relaxivity properties proved their suitability as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent and in vitro cell viability data showed low toxicity. Vascular lifetime and elimination kinetics in the liver were assessed by blood relaxometry and by in vivo MRI in rats and compared with “control” particles prepared with a polyethylene glycol derivative. These micellar particles had a lifetime in blood of more than 10 h, much longer than the control nanoparticles (≈2 h), which is remarkable considering that the coating molecule is a small biocompatible zwitterionic phospholipid. The protein corona was characterized after incubation with rat serum at different times by high‐throughput proteomics, showing a higher proportion of bound apolipoproteins and other dysopsonins for the phosphatidylcholine particles. The antibiofouling properties of this corona and its resistance to the adsorption of proteins corroborate the observed enhanced stability and prolonged systemic circulation.
Chiral Bora[1]ferrocenophanes: Syntheses, Mechanistic Insights, and Ring‐Opening Polymerizations
Authors: Sadeh Saeid , Bhattacharjee Hridaynath , Khozeimeh Sarbisheh Elaheh , Quail J. Wilson , Müller Jens 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of new boron‐bridged [1]ferrocenophanes ([1]FCPs) was prepared by salt‐metathesis reactions between enantiomerically pure dilithioferrocenes and amino(dichloro)boranes (Et2NBCl2, iPr2NBCl2, or tBu(Me3Si)NBCl2). The dilithioferrocenes were prepared in situ by lithium–bromine exchange from the respective planar‐chiral dibromides (Sp,Sp)‐[1‐Br‐2‐(HR2C)H3C5]2Fe (R=Me or Et). In most of the cases, mixtures of the targeted [1]FCPs 4 and the unwanted 1,1′‐bis(boryl)ferrocenes 5 were formed. The product ratio depends on the bulkiness of the amino group, the speed of addition of the amino(dichloro)borane, the alkyl group on Cp rings, and in particular on the reaction temperature. The formation of strained [1]FCPs is strongly favored by increased reaction temperatures. Secondly, CHEt2 groups at Cp rings favored the formation of the targeted [1]FCPs stronger than CHMe2 groups. These discoveries open up new possibilities to further suppress the formation of unwanted byproducts by a careful choice of the reaction temperature and through tailoring the bulkiness of CHR2 groups on ferrocene. Thermal ring‐opening polymerizations of selected boron‐bridged [1]FCPs gave metallopolymers with a Mw of 10 kDa (GPC).
Platinum Complexes of a Borane‐Appended Analogue of 1,1′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene: Flexible Borane Coordination Modes and in situ Vinylborane Formation
Authors: Cowie Bradley E. , Emslie David J. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA bis(phosphine)borane ambiphilic ligand, [Fe(η5‐C5H4PPh2)(η5‐C5H4PtBu{C6H4(BPh2)‐ortho})] (FcPPB), in which the borane occupies a terminal position, was prepared. Reaction of FcPPB with tris(norbornene)platinum(0) provided [Pt(FcPPB)] (1) in which the arylborane is η3BCC‐coordinated. Subsequent reaction with CO and CNXyl (Xyl=2,6‐dimethylphenyl) afforded [PtL(FcPPB)] {L=CO (2) and CNXyl (3)} featuring η2BC‐ and η1B‐arylborane coordination modes, respectively. Reaction of 1 or 2 with H2 yielded [PtH(μ‐H)(FcPPB)] in which the borane is bound to a hydride ligand on platinum. Addition of PhC2H to [Pt(FcPPB)] afforded [Pt(C2Ph)(μ‐H)(FcPPB)] (5), which rapidly converted to [Pt(FcPPB′)] (6; FcPPB′=[Fe(η5‐C5H4PPh2)(η5‐C5H4PtBu{C6H4(BPh‐CPh=CHPh‐Z)‐ortho}]) in which the newly formed vinylborane is η3BCC‐coordinated. Unlike arylborane complex 1, vinylborane complex 6 does not react with CO, CNXyl, H2 or HC2Ph at room temperature.
Exploiting Supramolecular Synthons in Designing Gelators Derived from Multiple Drugs
Authors: Roy Rajdip , Deb Jolly , Jana Siddhartha Sankar , Dastidar Parthasarathi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA simple strategy for designing salt‐based supramolecular gelators comprised of various nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and amantadine (AMN) (an antiviral drug) has been demonstrated using a supramolecular synthon approach. Single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction established the existence of the well‐studied gel‐forming 1D supramolecular synthon, namely, primary ammonium monocarboxylate (PAM) synthon in all the salts. Remarkably five out of six salts were found to be capable of gelling methyl salicylate (MS)—an important ingredient in commercially available topical gels; one such selected biocompatible salt displayed an anti‐inflammatory response in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) assay, thereby indicating their plausible biomedical applications.
A Phosphine‐Catalyzed Novel Asymmetric [3+2] Cycloaddition of C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines with δ‐Substituted Allenoates
Authors: Wang De , Lei Yu , Wei Yin , Shi Min 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloadditions of C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines with δ‐substituted allenoates have been developed in the presence of (S)‐Me‐f‐KetalPhos, affording functionalized tetrahydroquinoline frameworks in good yields with high diastereo‐ and good enantioselectivities under mild condition. The substrate scope has been also examined. This is the first time that δ‐substituted allenoates have been applied as a δ,γ‐CC bond participated C2 synthon in asymmetric synthesis.
Conjugation of Cisplatin Analogues and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors to Overcome Cisplatin Resistance
Authors: Neumann Wilma , Crews Brenda C. , Sárosi Menyhárt B. , Daniel Cristina M. , Ghebreselasie Kebreab , Scholz Matthias S. , Marnett Lawrence J. , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme involved in tumorigenesis and is associated with tumor cell resistance against platinum‐based antitumor drugs. Cisplatin analogues were conjugated with COX inhibitors (indomethacin, ibuprofen) to study the synergistic effects that were previously observed in combination treatments. The conjugates ensure concerted transport of both drugs into cells, and subsequent intracellular cleavage enables a dual‐action mode. Whereas the platinum(II) complexes showed cytotoxicities similar to those of cisplatin, the platinum(IV) conjugates revealed highly increased cytotoxic activities and were able to completely overcome cisplatin‐related resistance. Although some of the complexes are potent COX inhibitors, the conjugates appear to execute their cytotoxic action via COX‐independent mechanisms. Instead, the increased lipophilicity and kinetic inertness of the conjugates seem to facilitate cellular accumulation of the platinum drugs and thus improve the efficacy of the antitumor agents. These conjugates are important tools for the elucidation of the direct influence of COX inhibitors on platinum‐based anticancer drugs in tumor cells.
A cytomorphometric analysis of pulmonary and mediastinal granulomas: Differentiating histoplasmosis from sarcoidosis by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Gailey Michael P. , Keeney Matthew E. , Jensen Chris S. 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDHistoplasmosis and sarcoidosis are commonly included in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions at lung and mediastinal sites. Once cancer is excluded on aspiration biopsy, further classification is essential for proper treatment.METHODSA search identified patients with histoplasmosis and sarcoidosis for whom the diagnosis was made by clinicopathologic correlation. Cases were reviewed for various cytologic parameters along with patient demographic, clinical, and laboratory data.RESULTSFifty‐eight cases of histoplasmosis and 44 cases of sarcoidosis were reviewed. Thirty‐seven of 58 (64%) Histoplasma cases exhibited abundant, bland necrosis, and 76% of cases contained <2 angular and ragged granulomas per slide. Yeasts were identified in 36 of 37 (97%) specimens with necrosis and in 44 of 58 (76%) cases overall. These cases had an acute (14%) and/or chronic (67%) inflammatory component and uncommonly had a giant cell infiltrate (12%). Sarcoid granulomas were round with crisp, sharp borders: 80% of these granulomas contained >3 granulomas per slide, and 32% contained >10 granulomas per slide. All sarcoid granulomas had a chronic inflammatory background without acute inflammatory cells, and 50% contained giant cell infiltrates.CONCLUSIONSDifferentiation between histoplasmosis and sarcoidosis is possible in the majority of cases. Histoplasmosis usually exhibits few angular, ragged granulomas (<2 granulomas per slide) in a background of bland necrosis. Yeasts are identified on special stains performed in aspirate smears. Sarcoidosis typically contains many more granulomas (often >10 per slide) than histoplasmosis and has a rounded morphology with crisp and sharp borders. Typically, there is no necrosis or acute inflammation, and giant cell infiltrates are frequent. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:51–8. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Computational generation of the Purkinje network driven by clinical measurements: The case of pathological propagations
Authors: Palamara Simone , Vergara Christian , Catanzariti Domenico , Faggiano Elena , Pangrazzi Cesarino , Centonze Maurizio , Nobile Fabio , Maines Massimiliano , Quarteroni Alfio 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYTo properly describe the electrical activity of the left ventricle, it is necessary to model the Purkinje fibers, responsible for the fast and coordinate ventricular activation, and their interaction with the muscular propagation. The aim of this work is to propose a methodology for the generation of a patient‐specific Purkinje network driven by clinical measurements of the activation times related to pathological propagations. In this case, one needs to consider a strongly coupled problem between the network and the muscle, where the feedback from the latter to the former cannot be neglected as in a normal propagation. We apply the proposed strategy to data acquired on three subjects, one of them suffering from muscular conduction problems owing to a scar and the other two with a muscular pre‐excitation syndrome (Wolff–Parkinson–White). To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, we compare the results obtained by using the patient‐specific Purkinje network generated by our strategy with the ones obtained by using a non‐patient‐specific network. The results show that the mean absolute errors in the activation time is reduced for all the cases, highlighting the importance of including a patient‐specific Purkinje network in computational models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite strain nonlinear human mitral valve model with fluid‐structure interaction
Authors: Gao Hao , Ma Xingshuang , Qi Nan , Berry Colin , Griffith Boyce E. , Luo Xiaoyu 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYA computational human mitral valve (MV) model under physiological pressure loading is developed using a hybrid finite element immersed boundary method, which incorporates experimentally‐based constitutive laws in a three‐dimensional fluid‐structure interaction framework. A transversely isotropic material constitutive model is used to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the MV tissue based on recent mechanical tests of healthy human mitral leaflets. Our results show good agreement, in terms of the flow rate and the closing and opening configurations, with measurements from in vivo magnetic resonance images. The stresses in the anterior leaflet are found to be higher than those in the posterior leaflet and are concentrated around the annulus trigons and the belly of the leaflet. The results also show that the chordae play an important role in providing a secondary orifice for the flow when the valve opens. Although there are some discrepancies to be overcome in future work, our simulations show that the developed computational model is promising in mimicking the in vivo MV dynamics and providing important information that are not obtainable by in vivo measurements. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Polymeric Foaming with Nanoscale Nucleants: A Surface Nanobubble Mechanism
Authors: Kumar Dadi Niranjan , Roy Anik , Jha Amarkant , Sambasivan Arvind , Harikrishnan G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe dimensionally restricted, diffusion‐driven volumetric change of almost flat nucleated surface nanobubbles hosted on dispersed nanoscale surfaces is proposed as the probable mechanism of heterogeneous bubble generation during polymer–nanoscale‐nucleant suspension foaming. By conducting numerical simulations, this hypothesis is used to predict the final bubble sizes upon polymeric foaming with nanoscale nucleants and to compare them with reported experimentally determined values. The volumetric change in the bubble hosted on the miniscule surface is envisaged to occur due to two parallel diffusion processes: 1) through the contact line of the bubble cap with the surface, and 2) through the curved gas–polymer interface. The foaming conditions determine the direction and molar rate of both these diffusions. The mechanism explains the relative nucleating efficiency of nanoscale surfaces experimentally observed during reactive and nonreactive polymeric foaming by predicting the growth or dissolution of the bubble. In the case of nonreactive thermoplastic foaming, the size of the bubbles released to the bulk from the nanoscale surface varies in a near linear fashion with respect to the size of the nucleants, limited to a maximum nucleant size. Beyond this maximum, the size of bubble generated is independent of the nucleant size. However, increase in the initial nanoscopic contact angle does not significantly affect the bubble size upon detachment from the surface.