bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Liver Remnants Are More Vulnerable to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury after Extended Hepatectomies: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Theodoraki Kassiani , Arkadopoulos Nikolaos , Nastos Constantinos , Vassiliou Ioannis , Karmaniolou Iosifina , Smyrniotis Vassilios 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThere is evidence that small‐for‐size liver grafts are more vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. We hypothesized that ischemic injury is more pronounced in small liver remnants after major hepatectomies.MethodsFifteen patients underwent extended hepatectomy with remnant liver mass less than 30 % of standard liver weight (study group). These patients were matched with patients who underwent minor liver resection, with liver remnants equal to or more than 70 % of standard liver weight (control group). Ischemia/reperfusion injury was assessed by tissue caspase‐3 activity postoperatively as well as peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values and a‐glutathione S‐transferase (α‐GST) levels adjusted for remnant liver weight. In addition, caspase‐3 activity and adjusted serum markers of hepatocyte injury were correlated with the degree of postoperative portal hypertension.ResultsCaspase‐3 activity was higher in patients with small liver remnants (22.66 ± 6.57 vs. 12.60 ± 4.06 count per high‐power field, p < 0.001). Serum markers of hepatocyte injury, when adjusted per gram of liver remnant, were found to be higher in the study group than in the control group (AST: 1.26 ± 0.25 vs. 0.54 ± 0.11 IU g−1, p < 0.001; α‐GST: 0.14 ± 0.02 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01 IU g−1, p < 0.001). Tissue caspase‐3 expression in the small liver remnant group correlated with both AST and α‐GST levels adjusted per gram of liver remnant (r2 = 0.51, p = 0.005 and r2 = 0.71, p < 0.001, respectively). Significant correlations between postoperative portal hypertension and the same markers as well as caspase‐3 activity were also demonstrated.ConclusionLiver remnants less than 30 % of standard liver weight are much more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion injury than controls twice the size. Adjustment of serum markers of hepatocyte injury to the liver remnant weight depicts injury more accurately.
Analgesic Efficacy of Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block in Robot‐Assisted Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Using a Transaxillary Approach
Authors: Shin Seokyung , Chung Woung Youn , Jeong Jong Ju , Kang Sang‐Wook , Oh Young Jun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundNerve blocks and infiltration with local anesthetics are commonly employed methods for postoperative pain control. This prospective, randomized trial was conducted to determine whether bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) is effective for reducing acute postoperative pain after robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy (RAET) and to compare its effects with that of local wound infiltration (LWI).MethodsNinety‐seven patients who were to undergo RAET were randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive BSCPB with either 20 mL of 0.525 % ropivacaine (BSCPB group, n = 32) or 20 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution (Control group, n = 32) or LWI with 20 mL of 0.525 % ropivacaine (LWI group, n = 33). Postoperative pain scores were assessed at the postoperative anesthesia care unit (PACU) and at 6, 24, and 48 h postoperatively using a visual analog scale (VAS). Patients with VAS scores of ≥40 were administered rescue analgesics according to a standardized protocol. The main outcome variables were pain scores during the first postoperative 24 h and the number of patients requiring postoperative analgesic rescue.ResultsThe BSCBP and LWI groups showed lower pain scores compared with the Control group at the PACU. The BSCPB group continued to show significantly lower pain scores compared with the LWI and Control groups at postoperative 6 and 24 h. The number of patients requiring analgesic rescue at the PACU was lower in the BSCPB and LWI groups than in the Control group. The number of patients requiring additional rescue analgesics after discharge from the PACU until the first 24 postoperative h was lower in the BSCPB group than in the LWI group.ConclusionsBSCPB and LWI are effective for reducing pain scores and analgesic requirements during the immediate postoperative period in patients who undergo RAET, with BSCPB being superior to LWI at postoperative 6–24 h.
Local temperature perturbations of the boundary layer in the regime of free viscous–inviscid interaction
Authors: Koroteev M. V. , Lipatov I. I. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe analyse the disturbed flow in the subsonic laminar boundary layer, disturbances being generated by local heating elements, which are placed on the surface. It is exhibited that these flows are described in terms of free interaction theory for specific sizes of thermal sources. We construct the numerical solution for the case of a flat subsonic stream in the viscous asymptotic layer, in which the flow is described by nonlinear equations for vorticity, temperature and an interaction condition which provides the influence of perturbations to the pressure in the main order. The obtained solutions are compared with those for corresponding linear problems with small perturbations. It is demonstrated that strong temperature perturbations in some situations allow us to obtain the flow close to the separated flow.
Obligate larval inhibition of Ostertagia gruehneri in Rangifer tarandus? Causes and consequences in an Arctic system
Authors: HOAR BRYANNE M. , EBERHARDT ALEXANDER G. , KUTZ SUSAN J. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYLarval inhibition is a common strategy of Trichostrongylidae nematodes that may increase survival of larvae during unfavourable periods and concentrate egg production when conditions are favourable for development and transmission. We investigated the propensity for larval inhibition in a population of Ostertagia gruehneri, the most common gastrointestinal Trichostrongylidae nematode of Rangifer tarandus. Initial experimental infections of 4 reindeer with O. gruehneri sourced from the Bathurst caribou herd in Arctic Canada suggested that the propensity for larval inhibition was 100%. In the summer of 2009 we infected 12 additional reindeer with the F1 and F2 generations of O. gruehneri sourced from the previously infected reindeer to further investigate the propensity of larval inhibition. The reindeer were divided into 2 groups and half were infected before the summer solstice (17 June) and half were infected after the solstice (16 July). Reindeer did not shed eggs until March 2010, i.e. 8 and 9 months post-infection. These results suggest obligate larval inhibition for at least 1 population of O. gruehneri, a phenomenon that has not been conclusively shown for any other trichostrongylid species. Obligate inhibition is likely to be an adaptation to both the Arctic environment and to a migratory host and may influence the ability of O. gruehneri to adapt to climate change.
The Persian κάρδακες
Authors: Charles Michael B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPersian troops denominated by Greek writers as κάρδακες appear infrequently in our sources for Achaemenid history, though they are recorded as having a substantial presence at Issus (333 BC). A comprehensive study of these troops is lacking and is of potentially great importance to our understanding of the military system of the Achaemenids, particularly after Xerxes' failed enterprise against Greece, and in light of the 10,000 Immortals' general disappearance from the literary record. Whether they were (a) light or heavy infantry and (b) mercenaries or native Persians has long been the subject of debate, with no particularly conclusive results. This study dismisses Strabo as a useful source on the κάρδακες, and attempts to reconcile the divergent source traditions of Arrian, who describes them as , and Callisthenes (recorded by Polybius), who writes of Persian πελτασταί at Issus. From an investigation of a wide variety of texts, together with lexicographical sources, it is possible to conclude that the hitherto enigmatic κάρδακες were general-purpose infantry not dissimilar to Iphicratean πελτασταί, and that, collectively, they constituted an ethnically diverse infantry force.
Attic Idylls: Hierarchies of Herdsmen and Social Status in Alciphron and Longus
Authors: Hodkinson Owen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe ‘hierarchy of herdsmen’ in pastoral (cowherd > shepherd > goatherd) as discussed by ancient critics of Theocritus and Virgil was an important facet of ancient readers' engagement with this literature; it was known to imperial authors of prose pastoral Longus (1.16.1) and Alciphron (2.33.1-2), who each allude to it and adapt it to their own unique receptions of the pastoral tradition. Alciphron is concerned with hierarchies of wealth and status among his ‘low’ characters; he uses his readers' awareness of hierarchy as a theme of his pastoral hypotexts to sustain a theme of social status throughout his Letters and to order his four books according to their protagonists' position in the hierarchy. His relocation of ‘Idylls’ to a Classical Attic setting, and transposition into the Sophistic Atticizing prose valued by contemporary authors, follows up Longus' attempt to reclaim the pastoral tradition from Virgil for Greek literature. Menander is proposed as an authorial figure for Alciphron in Letters 4.18–19.
Polynomial functors and polynomial monads
Authors: GAMBINO NICOLA , KOCK JOACHIM 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe study polynomial functors over locally cartesian closed categories. After setting up the basic theory, we show how polynomial functors assemble into a double category, in fact a framed bicategory. We show that the free monad on a polynomial endofunctor is polynomial. The relationship with operads and other related notions is explored.
Adversarial scheduling in discrete models of social dynamics
Authors: ISTRATE GABRIEL , MARATHE MADHAV V. , RAVI S. S. 
Published: September 2012

In this paper we advocate the study of discrete models of social dynamics underadversarial scheduling. The approach we propose forms part of a foundational basis for agenerative approach to social science(Epstein 2007). We highlight the feasibility of the adversarial scheduling approach by using it to study thePrisoners's Dilemma Game with Pavlov update, a dynamics that has already been investigated under random update in Kittock (1994), Dyeret al. (2002), Mossel and Roch (2006) and Dyer and Velumailum (2011). The model is specified by letting players at the nodes of an underlying graphGrepeatedly play the Prisoner's Dilemma against their neighbours. The players adapt their strategies based on the past behaviour of their opponents by applying the so-called win–stay lose–shift strategy. With random scheduling, starting from any initial configuration, the system reaches the fixed point in which all players cooperate with high probability. On the other hand, under adversarial scheduling the following results hold:—A scheduler that can selectbothgame participants can preclude the system from reaching the unique fixed point on most graph topologies.—A non-adaptive scheduler that is only allowed to chooseoneof the participants is no more powerful than a random scheduler. With this restriction, even an adaptive scheduler is not significantly more powerful than the random scheduler, provided it is ‘reasonably fair’.
Intersectoral labor mobility and deforestation in Ghana
Authors: Owusu Victor , Fosu K. Yerfi , Burger Kees 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper quantifies the effects of the determinants of intersectoral labor mobility and the effect of intersectoral labor mobility on deforestation in Ghana over the period 1970–2008. A cointegration and error correction modeling approach is employed. The empirical results show that labor mobility from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector exerts negative effects on deforestation in Ghana in the long run and short run. Relative agricultural income exerts a significant negative effect on intersectoral labor mobility in the long run. Deforestation is influenced positively by population pressure, the price of fertilizer and rainfall, whereas access to irrigation infrastructure exerts a negative effect in the long run. In the short run, real producer prices of cocoa and maize exert significant positive effects on deforestation whereas access to irrigation infrastructure exerts a negative significant effect. Fruitful policy recommendations based on the empirical magnitudes and directions of these effects are made in this paper.
Role of diatoms in nickel biogeochemistry in the ocean
Authors: Twining Benjamin S. , Baines Stephen B. , Vogt Stefan , Nelson David M. 
Published: September 2012

Dissolved nickel (Ni) typically displays a ‘nutrient‐like’ vertical profile in the ocean, with lower concentrations in surface waters and higher concentrations in deep waters, similar to other micronutrient metals such as iron and zinc. Vertical profiles of Ni show particular similarities to profiles of the macronutrients phosphate and silicic acid, suggesting that diatoms play an important role in mediating the vertical distribution of this metal. We performed synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence (SXRF) analysis on individual phytoplankton cells collected from stations in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and from nutrient‐addition incubation experiments conducted on the same cruise. Diatoms were enriched in Ni twofold to fivefold relative to picoplankton and flagellated cells. Changes in cellular quotas of Si, P and Ni observed in diatoms growing in response to Fe and Si additions were used to estimate the Ni:P (0.52 ± 0.10 mmol/mol) and Ni:Si (28 ± 13 μmol/mol) ratios of internal biomass and the frustule, respectively. Elevated internal Ni:P suggests a heightened role for urease or the Ni isoform of superoxide dismutase in diatoms (similar to cyanobacteria), while Ni associated with the frustule appears to contribute an additional 50% of cellular Ni found in the diatoms. The derived Ni:Si ratio for frustule material is comparable to Ni:Si ratios in published nutrient profiles, confirming the dominant role that diatoms play in ocean Ni biogeochemistry. While a molecular explanation for the association of Ni with frustules remains to be determined, this study demonstrates the unique biogeochemical insight that can be gained from microanalytical element analysis.
Organic carbon transformations in high-Arctic peat soils: key functions and microorganisms
Authors: Tveit Alexander , Schwacke Rainer , Svenning Mette M , Urich Tim 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A substantial part of the Earths’ soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored in Arctic permafrost peatlands, which represent large potential sources for increased emissions of the greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 in a warming climate. The microbial communities and their genetic repertoire involved in the breakdown and mineralisation of SOC in these soils are, however, poorly understood. In this study, we applied a combined metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approach on two Arctic peat soils to investigate the identity and the gene pool of the microbiota driving the SOC degradation in the seasonally thawed active layers. A large and diverse set of genes encoding plant polymer-degrading enzymes was found, comparable to microbiotas from temperate and subtropical soils. This indicates that the metabolic potential for SOC degradation in Arctic peat is not different from that of other climatic zones. The majority of these genes were assigned to three bacterial phyla, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes. Anaerobic metabolic pathways and the fraction of methanogenic archaea increased with peat depth, evident for a gradual transition from aerobic to anaerobic lifestyles. A population of CH4-oxidising bacteria closely related to Methylobacter tundripaludum was the dominating active group of methanotrophs. Based on the in-depth characterisation of the microbes and their genes, we conclude that these Arctic peat soils will turn into CO2 sources owing to increased active layer depth and prolonged growing season. However, the extent of future CH4 emissions will critically depend on the response of the methanotrophic bacteria.
The EU/IMF Financial Stabilisation Process in Latvia and Its Implications for Labour Law and Social Policy
Authors: Dahan Samuel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This article provides an account of the European Union/International Monetary Fund (EU/IMF) financial stabilisation package in Latvia, drawing out its implications for learning-based models of governance and for the relationship between social policy and financial aid. It is argued that the country-specific social and economic context of financial assistance programmes critically influences governments’ policy choices and hence the nature of the adjustment process. A case study of the Latvian assistance programme also reveals the role of social policy in the financial aid process, in particular in ameliorating some of the effects of structural adjustment packages. This study also considers shifts in the attitudes of the World Bank and IMF to social policy issues and the changing relationship between social policy and fiscal and macroeconomic policy in the EU.
First Report of Impatiens Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara obducens in Ohio
Authors: Baysal-Gurel F. , Taylor N. J. , Chatfield J. , Miller S. A. 
Published: September 2012

Single and double flowered impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.) plants with symptoms of downy mildew were found in commercial greenhouses in Delaware, Wayne, and Holmes counties, Ohio, in April 2012. Plants were stunted and defoliated. Symptoms on remaining leaves included general chlorosis without discrete spots and downward curling of leaves. A downy white growth was observed on the lower surface of infected leaves. The disease was widespread in affected greenhouses and incidence in cvs. Shimmer Coral, Accent Mix, and Super Elfin was nearly 90%. The downy growth consisted of coenocytic mycelia, monopodial sporangiophores, and ovoid, hyaline sporangia typical of Plasmopara obducens (J. Schröt.) J. Schröt in Cohn (1,2,4). Sporangia were borne on branchlets measuring 5 to 15 μm long (average 10 μm) at right angles to the main axis of the sporangiophore. Sporangia were 9.4 to 17.5 × 12.8 to 16.3 μm. No oospores were observed. Total DNA was extracted directly from plant tissue with the Wizard SV Genomic DNA Purification System (Promega, Madison, WI) following the manufacturer's instructions. Large ribosomal subunit DNA was amplified by PCR using primers NL-1 and NL-4 (3). Amplicons of 690 bp and 834 bp were produced from each diseased sample, while only the 690-bp amplicon was produced from healthy tissue. DNA from each amplicon of sample IDM041712 was purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega), sequenced, and the sequence of the diagnostic 834-bp amplicon was deposited in GenBank (JX142134). The sequence of the 834-bp amplicon was 99% similar to those of P. obducens isolates from Serbia (HQ246451) (1), the UK (AY587558), and Austria (EF196869). The sequence of the 690-bp amplicon (JX142135) was 99% similar to that of I. walleriana (HQ223336). Twelve young impatiens ‘Shimmer Coral’ plants were inoculated with sporangia washed from infected leaves (1 × 104 sporangia/ml). Plants were incubated at room temperature for 24 h in a moist chamber and then maintained in a greenhouse (21 to 23°C) until symptoms appeared. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water and maintained in the same environment. After 12 to 14 days, typical symptoms of downy mildew developed on the inoculated plants and microscopic examination revealed the same pathogen morphology as the original isolate. All non-inoculated control plants remained disease free. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew on impatiens in Ohio. This disease caused considerable economic losses in Ohio in 2012 and is likely to be a recurring problem requiring intensive preventative management. References: (1) A. Bulajic et al. Plant Dis. 95:491, 2011. (2) O. Constantinescu. Mycologia 83:473, 1991. (3) W. Maier et al. Can. J. Bot. 81:12, 2003. (4) S. N. Wegulo et al. Plant Dis. 88:909, 2004.
Design and development of impact‐resistant sensor node for launch deployment into closed area
Authors: Sawai Kei , Tanabe Shigeaki , Kono Hitoshi , Suzuki Tsuyoshi , Kawabata Kuniaki 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a novel wireless sensor node (SN), with impact resistant capability, for launch deployment into closed areas. In disaster areas, gathering disaster area information is crucially important to prevent secondary disasters. However, gathering information is usually associated with the risk of death and/or accident for rescue workers in closed areas. The authors propose the SN for gathering information in dangerous places, inaccessible to rescue workers and robots, by utilizing launch deployment.Design/methodology/approachBuffer material is essential when designing an impact‐resistant structure. The authors adopted the air cushion as general buffer material when considering the directional characteristics of sensor mounting and wireless communication quality and developed the expression for determining the thickness of the air cushion using the parameters of SN size, mass, air pressure and acceleration. The authors developed a sensor node with impact resistant structure by utilizing the proposed determination method of air cushion thickness.FindingsIn the evaluation of impact resistant structure in free fall, launch deployment, the authors verified that the impact resistant structure protected the SN, and the performance of configured devices on the SN. Then, the authors examined the effect of the impact‐resistant structure on wireless communication between SNs. The structure had no effect on electric field intensity, throughput, or packet jitter, which confirmed that the wireless communication capacity was unaffected by the structure.Originality/valueIn this paper, a new design method is stated for a sensor node with an impact‐resistant structure by utilizing an air cushion as a general buffer material.