bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is your practice diagnosing cheek teeth diastemata?
Authors: Easley J. , Odenweller S. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryDiastema (pleural diastemata) is the most common disorder predisposing the horse to periodontal disease. These can affect the incisors or cheek teeth but pose more significant problems in the cheek teeth. Cheek teeth diastema can be congenital or develop secondary to other pathology. This condition is underdiagnosed in clinical practice due to lack of awareness of its seriousness and also due to poor dental examination techniques. A thorough dental examination requires both digital palpation and visual inspection of the oral cavity. Proper patient restraint and the use of a mouth speculum, bright light source, dental mirror or oral endoscope are required to fully inspect the equine oral cavity. Diastemata diagnosed early and managed properly can prevent the progression of periodontal disease and allow affected horses to preserve their dentition into old age.
Minimally‐invasive plate osteosynthesis of a Salter‐Harris type 2 fracture of the proximal phalanx in a filly
Authors: Van Spijk J. N. , Fürst A. E. , Del Chicca F. , Ringer S. K. , Jackson M. A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryA 7‐month‐old Warmblood filly was referred to the equine hospital because of a Salter‐Harris type 2 fracture of the proximal physis of the right hind P1. On admission, the filly had acute grade 3/5 lameness at the walk and diffuse swelling in the area of the right hind proximal phalanx. Radiographs were taken to assess the fracture and plan treatment. Surgical treatment using two 4.5 mm narrow locking compression plates (PIP‐LCPs) resulted in fracture stabilisation and rapid healing. This case report suggests that internal fixation using PIP‐LCPs is useful for the treatment of Salter‐Harris type 2 fractures of the proximal physis of P1 in large foals.
The role of PPARγ‐mediated signalling in skin biology and pathology: new targets and opportunities for clinical dermatology
Authors: Ramot Yuval , Mastrofrancesco Arianna , Camera Emanuela , Desreumaux Pierre , Paus Ralf , Picardo Mauro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand‐activated transcription factors that modulate the expression of multiple different genes involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. PPARs and cognate ligands also regulate important cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory responses. This includes a role in mediating skin and pilosebaceous unit homoeostasis: PPARs appear to be essential for maintaining skin barrier permeability, inhibit keratinocyte cell growth, promote keratinocyte terminal differentiation and regulate skin inflammation. They also may have protective effects on human hair follicle (HFs) epithelial stem cells, while defects in PPARγ‐mediated signalling may promote the death of these stem cells and thus facilitate the development of cicatricial alopecia (lichen planopilaris). Overall, however, selected PPARγ modulators appear to act as hair growth inhibitors that reduce the proliferation and promote apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. The fact that commonly prescribed PPARγ‐modulatory drugs of the thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione class can exhibit a battery of adverse cutaneous effects underscores the importance of distinguishing beneficial from clinically undesired cutaneous activities of PPARγ ligands and to better understand on the molecular level how PPARγ‐regulated cutaneous lipid metabolism and PPARγ‐mediated signalling impact on human skin physiology and pathology. Surely, the therapeutic potential that endogenous and exogenous PPARγ modulators may possess in selected skin diseases, ranging from chronic inflammatory hyperproliferative dermatoses like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, via scarring alopecia and acne can only be harnessed if the complexities of PPARγ signalling in human skin and its appendages are systematically dissected.
Functional glycine receptor in cultured human keratinocytes
Authors: Inoue Kaori , Takei Kentaro , Denda Mitsuhiro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that a series of neural receptors, those play a crucial role in nerve system, also expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. We also demonstrated that topical application of glycine on hairless mice skin after the barrier disruption also accelerated the barrier recovery and it was blocked by the strychnine. Glycine is known as one of the most important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. Thus, we hypothesized that glycine receptor also functionally expressed in the epidermal keratinocytes. In the present study, we first studied the expression of glycine receptor message in cultured human keratinocytes. Then we demonstrate for the first time the existence of a functional receptor with electrophysiological properties of glycine receptors in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Finally, we demonstrated immune‐histochemical study against anti‐glycine receptor subunits in human skin. Results of the present study might indicate new target of the clinical dermatology.
Characterizing differences in precipitation regimes of extreme wet and dry years: implications for climate change experiments
Authors: Knapp Alan K. , Hoover David L. , Wilcox Kevin R. , Avolio Meghan L. , Koerner Sally E. , La Pierre Kimberly J. , Loik Michael E. , Luo Yiqi , Sala Osvaldo E. , Smith Melinda D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractClimate change is intensifying the hydrologic cycle and is expected to increase the frequency of extreme wet and dry years. Beyond precipitation amount, extreme wet and dry years may differ in other ways, such as the number of precipitation events, event size, and the time between events. We assessed 1614 long‐term (100 year) precipitation records from around the world to identify key attributes of precipitation regimes, besides amount, that distinguish statistically extreme wet from extreme dry years. In general, in regions where mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeded 1000 mm, precipitation amounts in extreme wet and dry years differed from average years by ~40% and 30%, respectively. The magnitude of these deviations increased to >60% for dry years and to >150% for wet years in arid regions (MAP<500 mm). Extreme wet years were primarily distinguished from average and extreme dry years by the presence of multiple extreme (large) daily precipitation events (events >99th percentile of all events); these occurred twice as often in extreme wet years compared to average years. In contrast, these large precipitation events were rare in extreme dry years. Less important for distinguishing extreme wet from dry years were mean event size and frequency, or the number of dry days between events. However, extreme dry years were distinguished from average years by an increase in the number of dry days between events. These precipitation regime attributes consistently differed between extreme wet and dry years across 12 major terrestrial ecoregions from around the world, from deserts to the tropics. Thus, we recommend that climate change experiments and model simulations incorporate these differences in key precipitation regime attributes, as well as amount into treatments. This will allow experiments to more realistically simulate extreme precipitation years and more accurately assess the ecological consequences.
Carbon footprint of rice production under biochar amendment – a case study in a Chinese rice cropping system
Authors: Liu Qi , Liu Benjuan , Ambus Per , Zhang Yanhui , Hansen Veronika , Lin Zhibin , Shen Dachun , Liu Gang , Bei Qicheng , Zhu Jianguo , Wang Xiaojie , Ma Jing , Lin Xingwu , Yu Yongchang , Zhu Chunwu , Xie Zubin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAs a controversial strategy to mitigate global warming, biochar application into soil highlights the need for life cycle assessment before large‐scale practice. This study focused on the effect of biochar on carbon footprint of rice production. A field experiment was performed with three treatments: no residue amendment (Control), 6 t ha−1 yr−1 corn straw (CS) amendment, and 2.4 t ha−1 yr−1 corn straw‐derived biochar amendment (CBC). Carbon footprint was calculated by considering carbon source processes (pyrolysis energy cost, fertilizer and pesticide input, farmwork, and soil greenhouse gas emissions) and carbon sink processes (soil carbon increment and energy offset from pyrolytic gas). On average over three consecutive rice‐growing cycles from year 2011 to 2013, the CS treatment had a much higher carbon intensity of rice (0.68 kg CO2‐C equivalent (CO2‐Ce) kg−1 grain) than that of Control (0.24 kg CO2‐Ce kg−1 grain), resulting from large soil CH4 emissions. Biochar amendment significantly increased soil carbon pool and showed no significant effect on soil total N2O and CH4 emissions relative to Control; however, due to a variation in net electric energy input of biochar production based on different pyrolysis settings, carbon intensity of rice under CBC treatment ranged from 0.04 to 0.44 kg CO2‐Ce kg−1 grain. The results indicated that biochar strategy had the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of crop production, but the energy‐efficient pyrolysis technique does matter.
Surgical extraction of impacted teeth in elderly patients. A retrospective analysis of perioperative complications – the experience of a single institution
Authors: Trybek Grzegorz , Chruściel‐Nogalska Małgorzata , Machnio Małgorzata , Smektała Tomasz , Malinowski Jerzy , Tutak Marcin , Sporniak‐Tutak Katarzyna 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the most frequent complications and assess their overall rate associated with the surgical extraction of impacted teeth in an elderly patient population.BackgroundOral health needs of the elders are often associated with surgical procedures for the creation of appropriate conditions for any further prosthetic treatment. One such process is the removal of severely decayed, fractured or impacted teeth detrimental to the fit or appearance of dentures. While broken and decayed teeth leave little doubt for their removal, impacted teeth divide opinion, some extreme regarding their prophylactic removal and the appropriate age for the procedure.Material and methodsMaterial was selected from the archives of an Out‐Patient Dental Surgery Clinic of the Regional Centre of Dentistry in Szczecin, from 2002 to 2013. The database was independently screened by two investigators according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. After selection process, all included records were screened using a data extraction form to obtain the necessary data.ResultsThe total number of impacted teeth was 73, of which 29% were partially impacted. The overall complication rate was 24.6%. The most common complications were as follows: haematoma, nerve disturbances and local infections.ConclusionSurgical extraction in patients above 60 years of age is fraught with a high risk of possible complications.
Evaluation of the efficiency of denture cleaners for removing denture adhesives
Authors: Harada‐Hada Kae , Hong Guang , Abekura Hitoshi , Murata Hiroshi 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveWe developed a new scoring index for assessing the removability of denture adhesives and evaluated the removal efficiency of denture cleaners.BackgroundAlthough our understanding of the importance of denture care is increasing, little is known about the effectiveness and efficiency of denture cleaners on denture adhesives. Therefore, guidelines for proper cleaning are necessary.Materials and methodsWe used five denture cleaner solutions on two cream adhesives, one powder adhesive and one cushion adhesive. After immersion in the denture cleaners for a designated time, we evaluated the area of the sample plate still covered by denture adhesive.ResultsCream adhesives were removed more completely after immersion in majority of the denture cleaners than in water. Powder adhesive was removed more quickly than cream adhesives. Cushion adhesive was not removed by immersion in either the denture cleaners or water control.ConclusionSome denture cleaners could liquefy cream adhesives more than water, but these differences were not observed in case of powder and cushion adhesives.
Dentist skill and setting to address dental treatment needs of care home residents in Wales
Authors: Morgan Maria Z. , Johnson Ilona G. , Hitchings Esther , Monaghan Nigel P. , Karki Anup J. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between treatment plans, complexity anticipated in delivering those plans, and the special care dental skills and settings identified as appropriate.BackgroundIn older adults, many factors may complicate dental treatment including health and disability problems. Assessment of dental treatment needs amongst care home residents provides information about clinical care required and clinical experience needed for this population.Material and methodsAnalysis of dental data collected in a 2010 Welsh survey. Data analysed included treatment plan information, complexity assessment and dental expertise and settings required to deliver the treatment plans.ResultsThe majority of participating residents needed simple dentistry, that is examinations, oral hygiene instruction, scaling of teeth, fillings, new dentures and fluoride application. Additional time was the commonest complexity factor. A large proportion of participants required dental treatment within a domiciliary setting. A similar proportion required care within a primary care setting (typically with care from a general dental practitioner) or a special care clinic (typically with care from a dentist with special care experience). Treatment plans involving specialists were more likely to be associated with poor general health, higher levels of interventional treatment and greater complexity.ConclusionMost treatment need in care homes is basic restorative, periodontal and preventive care. Half of this could be managed by general dentists, some on a domiciliary basis and the rest in primary care dental clinics. The commonest complexity was additional time. More complex treatments were associated with care in clinics, skills in special care dentistry and multidisciplinary care.
Clinical and psychosocial factors predicting health‐related quality of life in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Kang Gun Woo , Lee In Hee , Ahn Ki Sung , Lee Jonghun , Ji Yunmi , Woo Jungmin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMany patients with end‐stage renal disease have significant impairment in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Most previous studies have focused on clinical factors; however, quality of life can also be affected by psychosocial factors. The aim of this study was to identify the possible predictors of HRQoL among clinical and psychosocial factors in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The study included 101 patients who were undergoing HD. Psychosocial factors were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. We also assessed laboratory and clinical factors, including albumin, Kt/V as a marker of dialysis adequacy, normalized protein catabolic rate, and duration of HD. The Euro Quality of Life Questionnaire 5‐Dimensional Classification (EQ‐5D) was used to evaluate HRQoL. The mean EQ‐5D index score was 0.704 ± 0.199. The following variables showed a significant association with the EQ‐5D index: age (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), support from friends (P < 0.001), cognitive function (P < 0.001), duration of HD (P = 0.034), triglyceride (P = 0.031), total iron‐binding capacity (P = 0.036), and phosphorus (P = 0.037). Multiple regression analysis showed that age (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.008 to −0.002), anxiety (95% CI −0.025 to −0.009), and support from friends (95% CI 0.004 to 0.018) were independent predictors of impaired HRQoL. This study explored determinants of impaired HRQoL in HD patients. We found that impaired HRQoL was independently associated with age, anxiety, and support from friends. We should consider psychosocial as well as clinical factors when evaluating ways to improve HRQoL in HD patients.
Pregnancy Outcome Following Prenatal Exposure to Triptan Medications: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Marchenko Alexander , Etwel Fatma , Olutunfese Olukayode , Nickel Cheri , Koren Gideon , Nulman Irena 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundMigraine is a common disorder among women of childbearing age. Triptan medications are effective and commonly used to treat migraines in pregnancy. However, the reproductive safety of this group of drugs has not yet been confirmed. The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive safety of triptan medications by performing a literature review and a meta‐analysis.MethodsAvailable publications regarding pregnancy outcomes following prenatal exposure to triptans from 1991 to 2013 were identified and reviewed according to the inclusion criteria. A random‐effects meta‐analysis model was implemented to combine the available pregnancy outcome data for the exposed and comparison groups.ResultsOne case–control study and 5 cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies provided information on duration of gestation, major congenital malformations, and spontaneous abortions of infants following prenatal triptan exposure. The 6 studies included 4208 infants of women who used sumatriptan or other triptan medications, and 1,466,994 children of women who did not use triptans during pregnancy. No significant increases in rates for major congenital malformations (MCMs), prematurity, or spontaneous abortions were found when comparing the triptan‐exposed group to the migraine – no triptans control group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.84 [0.61‐1.16]; OR = 0.90 [0.35‐2.30]; OR = 1.27 [0.58‐2.79], respectively). There were no increased rate of MCMs (OR = 1.18 [0.97‐1.44]) or prematurity (OR = 1.16 (0.67‐1.99) when the triptan‐exposed group was compared with the healthy controls; however, there was a significant increase in the rates of spontaneous abortions (OR = 3.54 [2.24‐5.59]). When the migraine no‐triptan group was compared with healthy controls, a significant increase in the rates of MCMs was found (OR = 1.41 [1.11‐1.80]).ConclusionThe use of triptans during pregnancy does not appear to increase the rates for MCMs or prematurity. The increased rates of spontaneous abortions in the triptan‐exposed group and the increased rates of MCM in the migraine no‐triptan group require further research.
Nerve Block for the Treatment of Headaches and Cranial Neuralgias – A Practical Approach
Authors: Dach Fabíola , Éckeli Álan L. , Ferreira Karen dos S. , Speciali José G. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundSeveral studies have presented evidence that blocking peripheral nerves is effective for the treatment of some headaches and cranial neuralgias, resulting in reduction of the frequency, intensity, and duration of pain.ObjectivesIn this article we describe the role of nerve block in the treatment of headaches and cranial neuralgias, and the experience of a tertiary headache center regarding this issue. We also report the anatomical landmarks, techniques, materials used, contraindications, and side effects of peripheral nerve block, as well as the mechanisms of action of lidocaine and dexamethasone.ConclusionsThe nerve block can be used in primary (migraine, cluster headache, and nummular headache) and secondary headaches (cervicogenic headache and headache attributed to craniotomy), as well in cranial neuralgias (trigeminal neuropathies, glossopharyngeal and occipital neuralgias). In some of them this procedure is necessary for both diagnosis and treatment, while in others it is an adjuvant treatment. The block of the greater occipital nerve with an anesthetic and corticosteroid compound has proved to be effective in the treatment of cluster headache. Regarding the treatment of other headaches and cranial neuralgias, controlled studies are still necessary to clarify the real role of peripheral nerve block.
Traditional and Alternative Treatments for Depression: Implications for Migraine Management
Authors: Peck Kelly R. , Smitherman Todd A. , Baskin Steven M. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundMigraine is frequently comorbid with major depressive disorder, the presence of which confers increased disability and various clinical challenges.Methods/ResultsThe present article reviews empirically supported pharmacologic and cognitive‐behavioral interventions for depression, as well as the emerging yet generally mixed efficacy for various complementary and alternative medicine depression treatments.Discussion and ConclusionClinical implications and treatment strategies for migraine patients with comorbid depression are discussed. The literature reviewed here draws together clinical practice options for clinicians.
Venous thromboembolism rates in patients undergoing major hip and knee joint surgery at Waitemata District Health Board: a retrospective audit
Authors: Dixon J. , Ahn E. , Zhou L. , Lim R. , Simpson D. , Merriman E. G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground/AimSymptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) complicates approximately 4% of major orthopaedic surgical procedures performed without thromboprophylaxis. Randomised clinical trials demonstrate primary thromboprophylaxis reduces VTE rates to <1%, with low rates of clinically important bleeding, using low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), oral FXa inhibitors or thrombin inhibitors. We reviewed the rates of VTE in patients undergoing major hip/knee joint surgery at Waitemata District Health Board (WDHB).MethodsCases of VTE within 90 days of orthopaedic surgery were identified by retrospective audit of data from the haematology VTE database. The number of major hip/knee joint surgeries at WDHB from January 2006 to December 2010 was obtained from clinical coding data.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of VTE within 90 days of surgery was 3.29%. The median time from surgery to diagnosis was 7 days. Deep vein thrombosis comprised 75% of cases, 77.6% distal and 23.2% proximal. Pulmonary embolism comprised 26.5% of VTE; 47.7% had right heart strain on computed tomography/echocardiography. Hip fracture surgery comprised one‐third of patients. Of patients developing VTE, 85.5% had chemical thromboprophylaxis – aspirin 73%, LMWH 20 mg 16%, LMWH 40 mg 16%, therapeutic LMWH 3%, unfractionated heparin twice daily 1%, and warfarin 4%; 75.6% received mechanical prophylaxis, while 4% of patients received no prophylaxis.ConclusionVTE incidence after major hip/knee joint surgery at WDHB is high, with pulmonary embolism comprising almost one‐third of all VTE in this study, indicating the prophylaxis given is suboptimal. Implementation of appropriate, extended duration prophylaxis as per evidence‐based guidelines is required to reduce these rates.