bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between clients and bureaucrats: An ambivalent position of NGOs in the social inclusion agenda in Czech statutory cities
Authors: Čada Karel , Ptáčková Kateřina 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper examines the landscape of policy work conducted by NGOs with respect to the social inclusion agenda. Based on a qualitative case study of integration policy in a Czech city, the paper focuses on the relations between collaborative and critical policy work of NGOs. In this case, while the collaborative position is mainly justified by apolitical expertise, long-term professional experience and compliance with official standards of social work, the latter calls upon community-based knowledge and political participation. We argue that despite indisputable long-term benefits of collaborative policy work it includes risks of paternalism, accountability deficit and exclusiveness. These risks become more significant with increasing shared understanding and mutual interdependence. In this situation there is a room for the episodic external critical capacity to challenge the governance structure and enforce the accountability of collaborative networks.
Interactions between Doctors and Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives in a Former Communist Country
Authors: MAKOWSKA MARTA 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:An anonymous survey distributed to doctors in Poland revealed the troublesome relationship between physicians and pharmaceutical sale representatives in terms of the frequency of visits, the trust of physicians in information supplied by sales reps, gifts accepted, and the general influence of marketing strategies on physician decisions. Challenges remain, despite laws enacted to address the problem.
Effects of a simple educational intervention in well-baby clinics on women’s knowledge about and intake of folic acid supplements in the periconceptional period: a controlled trial
Authors: de Smit Denhard J , Weinreich Stephanie S , Cornel Martina C 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that a concise intervention to promote the preconception use of folic acid (FA) supplements among mothers who visit a well-baby clinic (WBC) for the 6-month check-up of their youngest child is effective. Effectiveness was measured as intention to use or actual use of FA supplements before a next pregnancy among women who expected to be pregnant within 0–12 months.DesignControlled intervention study with independent samples of intervention and control mothers. The intervention took place at the 6-month visit. A post-intervention measurement was done in the intervention group and a comparable measurement in the control group at the 11-month check-up visit.SettingThe intervention, verbal and in writing, was implemented in four Dutch WBC and given by the WBC physician to the mothers who visited the WBC.SubjectsAll mothers visiting the WBC were eligible for inclusion, unless they were unable to complete a questionnaire. The intervention group consisted of 198 (68 %) mothers recruited from 291 6-month intervention visits and the control group of 215 (84 %) mothers recruited from 255 11-month normal visits.ResultsIn mothers who expected to be pregnant within 0–12 months, the proportion using or intending to use FA was 65 % in the intervention group (n49)v. 42 % in the control group (n43; difference 23 %, 95 % CI 4, 43 %,P<0·05).ConclusionsHealth education intervention at the 6-month WBC visit is an effective means to promote the use of FA supplements or the intention to do so.
Archbishop Charles Riley, Theological Education and the Foundation of the University of Western Australia, 1903–c.1929
Authors: Strong Rowan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper critically examines the role of Charles Riley, Bishop of Perth, in the foundation of the University of Western Australia in 1913. Riley advocated a modern university devoted to applied science, which would also include a humanities/arts component that would be able to deliver a liberal education. It goes on to explore what a ‘liberal education’ meant to Riley in connection with a theological education for clergy. It argues that Riley, and his successor Archbishop Le Fanu, desired a theological education for clergy connected with the university as productive of such a liberal education. Such an education would enable clergy to be leaders in society, capable of understanding modern issues in the context of faith, and able, by virtue of their education, to engage sympathetically with people of diverse backgrounds and views.
Role of methylotrophs in the degradation of hydrocarbons during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Authors: Gutierrez Tony , Aitken Michael D 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The role of methylotrophic bacteria in the fate of the oil and gas released into the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has been controversial, particularly in relation to whether organisms such as Methylophaga had contributed to the consumption of methane. Whereas methanotrophy remains unqualified in these organisms, recent work by our group using DNA-based stable-isotope probing coupled with cultivation-based methods has uncovered hydrocarbon-degrading Methylophaga. Recent findings have also shown that methylotrophs, including Methylophaga, were in a heightened state of metabolic activity within oil plume waters during the active phase of the spill. Taken collectively, these findings suggest that members of this group may have participated in the degradation of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in plume waters. The discovery of hydrocarbon-degrading Methylophaga also highlights the importance of considering these organisms in playing a role to the fate of oil hydrocarbons at oil-impacted sites.
Low Dose of the Anesthetic Propofol Does Not Induce Genotoxic or Mutagenic Effects in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Valença‐Silva Graziela , Braz Mariana G. , Barreto Rodrigo E. , Salvadori Daisy M. F. , Volpato Gilson L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate the efficacy of propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) as an anesthetic when administered to fish in an immersion bath and show the absence of genetic side effects following short‐term exposure to the drug. All tested fish were anesthetized (as indicated by loss of posture and lack of response to physical stimulation), and both the comet assay (tail intensity) and the micronucleus assay revealed that propofol does not induce primary DNA damage or chromosome damage in the fish Nile TilapiaOreochromis niloticus. Our results should be considered in light of our particular test conditions, including the water temperature (∼25°C), the life stage and size of the fish, and the single exposure to the anesthetic. We suggest that propofol is a promising anesthetic in terms of its lack of genotoxic effects, at least in low dosages in adult Nile Tilapia.
Diel Reproductive Periodicity of Haddock in the Southwestern Gulf of Maine
Authors: Burchard Katie A. , Juanes Francis , Rountree Rodney A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe studied a population of Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in the Gulf of Maine to determine whether it exhibits diel spawning periodicity. Commercial fishing vessels were chartered for 25 dedicated long‐lining trips to collect sexually mature Haddock in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary at locations identified by commercial fishers as having spawning aggregations. In order to examine diel effects on Haddock reproduction, the changes in CPUE and percentages of male and female Haddock of all reproductive maturity stages, as well as gonadosomatic index (GSI), were observed across a 24‐h diel cycle. The comparison of diel patterns among different maturation stages was used to differentiate diel periodicity due to spawning from feeding behavior. Diel periodicity was observed for the proportion of males and females in the catch, the proportion and CPUE of male and female maturation stages most indicative of imminent spawning, and for female GSI. Although spawning occurred throughout the diel cycle, peak spawning of females occurred during the evening hours (1700–2100 hours) and gradually declined to low values during the day at 0900 hours. In an apparent contradiction male spawning stages were uniformly high except for lows during the night between 2100 and 0100 hours. We hypothesize that this pattern is consistent with lekking behavior where strong competition among spawning‐ready males during courtship would reduce their feeding activity during the peak spawning hours. Strong annual differences in diel periodicity may have resulted from different temporal patterns in the spawning season or density dependence, or both.
Movements and Demography of Spawning American Shad in the Penobscot River, Maine, prior to Dam Removal
Authors: Grote Ann B. , Bailey Michael M. , Zydlewski Joseph D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe conducted a baseline study to better understand the migratory movements and age and spawning histories of American Shad Alosa sapidissima in the Penobscot River, Maine. The Penobscot River is currently undergoing a major dam removal project that is focused on restoring migratory connectivity and recovering diadromous fish populations including American Shad. This study addresses key data gaps for a previously unstudied native population of shad prior to restoration. A combination of radio‐ (n = 70) and acoustic telemetry (n = 14) was used to investigate the movements of migratory adult fish in 2010 and 2011. Scale‐based analyses were used to assess spawner age and iteroparity. Radiotelemetry results indicated that few tagged fish (5–8%) approached the head‐of‐tide dam. Tagged fish exhibited three general patterns of movement in the accessible freshwater river habitat: use of the upper river reach, the lower river reach, or both. Mean freshwater residence time ranged from 9.1 to 14.0 d. Congregating fish were observed at two sites in the upper river reach and spawning activity was observed. Freshwater survival and survival to the estuary were at least 71%. This observed high survival was consistent with the estimated age and spawning histories of tracked fish, which indicated that 75–95% of the sampled fish were repeat spawners. Estimated age of adult migrants ranged from age 4 to age 9. Postspawning acoustic‐tagged American Shad exhibited a series of prolonged upstream and downstream reversals upon entering the lower estuary. These movements have been previously unreported, and suggest that estuarine residency after spawning is important to osmoregulatory acclimatization for re‐entry into salt water and the resumption of postspawning feeding activity.
Comparison of Two Sampling Designs for Fish Assemblage Assessment in a Large River
Authors: Kiraly Ian A. , Coghlan Stephen M. , Zydlewski Joseph , Hayes Daniel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe compared the efficiency of stratified random and fixed‐station sampling designs to characterize fish assemblages in anticipation of dam removal on the Penobscot River, the largest river in Maine. We used boat electrofishing methods in both sampling designs. Multiple 500‐m transects were selected randomly and electrofished in each of nine strata within the stratified random sampling design. Within the fixed‐station design, up to 11 transects (1,000 m) were electrofished, all of which had been sampled previously. In total, 88 km of shoreline were electrofished during summer and fall in 2010 and 2011, and 45,874 individuals of 34 fish species were captured. Species‐accumulation and dissimilarity curve analyses indicated that all sampling effort, other than fall 2011 under the fixed‐station design, provided repeatable estimates of total species richness and proportional abundances. Overall, our sampling designs were similar in precision and efficiency for sampling fish assemblages. The fixed‐station design was negatively biased for estimating the abundance of species such as Common Shiner Luxilus cornutus and Fallfish Semotilus corporalis and was positively biased for estimating biomass for species such as White Sucker Catostomus commersonii and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar. However, we found no significant differences between the designs for proportional catch and biomass per unit effort, except in fall 2011. The difference observed in fall 2011 was due to limitations on the number and location of fixed sites that could be sampled, rather than an inherent bias within the design. Given the results from sampling in the Penobscot River, application of the stratified random design is preferable to the fixed‐station design due to less potential for bias caused by varying sampling effort, such as what occurred in the fall 2011 fixed‐station sample or due to purposeful site selection.
Juvenile Rockfish Recruitment in Trinidad Bay, California
Authors: Jones Michelle K. , Mulligan Tim 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study is the first to describe the relative interannual abundance and timing of nearshore juvenile rockfish, Sebastes spp., recruiting to nearshore kelp beds in Trinidad Bay, California. Recruitment refers to the number of individuals arriving onshore from pelagic larval habitat. Documenting recruitment at new sites may provide insight into coastwide patterns, providing resolution to competing hypotheses that describe why annual recruitment varies. However, recruitment can be patchy along the coast, requiring exploratory research to identify recruitment sites before beginning long‐term monitoring. The objective of this study is to provide the first description of the timing and abundance of nearshore juvenile rockfish entering kelp beds in Trinidad Bay. Fish were sampled weekly over the summers of 2010 and 2011 with two artificial reefs, Standard Monitoring Units for the Recruitment of Fishes (SMURFs). The number of fish sampled varied annually, averaging 3,464 (n = 2, SD = 315) fish sampled per SMURF in 2010 and 447 (n = 2, SD = 8) sampled per SMURF in 2011. Of the fish sampled, 46% and 23% were juvenile Black Rockfish S. melanops in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The order in which species arrived onshore was consistent between the years and matched the order of parturition among species. We conclude Trinidad Bay would be a valuable site for long‐term monitoring of rockfish recruitment in northern California and discuss our observations within the context of habitat selection, larval transport, and open‐ocean survival.
Feeding Habits Variability and Trophic Position of Dolphinfish in Waters South of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Torres‐Rojas Y. E. , Hernández‐Herrera A. , Ortega‐García S. , Soto‐Jiménez M. F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUsing data from analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes, we examined high‐resolution variations in the feeding habits and trophic position of Dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus during 2005–2007. In total, 418 specimens were collected off the southern Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Based on analysis of stomach contents (% index of relative importance [%IRI]), Dolphinfish consumed mainly epipelagic prey, with the red crab Pleuroncodes planipes as the most abundant prey species. The diet was highly similar between sexes but differed between size‐classes: Dolphinfish smaller than 65 cm FL fed mainly on Pacific Sardine Sardinops sagax caeruleus (%IRI = 30), whereas those larger than 110 cm FL fed mainly on jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (%IRI = 45) in addition to red crabs. Dietary differences between the smallest and largest specimens were mainly related to changes in morphology and spatial stratification by size (i.e., to avoid cannibalism). Trophic positions estimated by both methods indicated that the Dolphinfish is a secondary to tertiary carnivore with a high degree of trophic plasticity, and thus it plays different trophic roles within the area. Elevated variability in δ15N and Shannon–Wiener diversity index values on an annual scale revealed that Dolphinfish are opportunistic predators. Interannual diet variation related to the availability and abundance of prey species can be explained by changes in environmental conditions due to climate anomalies associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation events. We highlight that the Dolphinfish is a good indicator of changes occurring in the food web structure of pelagic ecosystems. The observed variations in feeding habits and trophic position are critical to understanding the ecology and role of Dolphinfish in marine ecosystems by providing knowledge on feeding locations, seasonal prey utilization, and prey availability and allowing predictions of possible ecological responses to environmental change.
Review of studies that have used knockout mice to assess normal function of prion protein under immunological or pathophysiological stress
Authors: Onodera Takashi , Sakudo Akikazu , Tsubone Hirokazu , Itohara Shigeyoshi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDeletion of cellular isoform of prion protein (PrPC) increases neuronal predisposition to damage by modulating apoptosis and the negative consequences of oxidative stress. In vivo studies have demonstrated that PrPC‐deficient mice are more prone to seizure, depression, and induction of epilepsy and experience extensive cerebral damage following ischemic challenge or viral infection. In addition, adenovirus‐mediated overexpression of PrPC reduces brain damage in rat models of cerebral ischemia. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, PrPC‐deficient mice reportedly have a more aggressive disease onset and less clinical improvement during the chronic phase than wild‐type mice mice. In mice given oral dextran sulfate, PrPC has a potential protective role against inflammatory bowel disease. PrPC‐deficient mice demonstrate significantly greater increases in blood glucose concentrations after intraperitoneal injection of glucose than wild‐type mice. Further in vivo challenges to PrP gene‐deficient models and conditional knockout models with siRNA and in vivo administration of PrP‐ligating agents may assist in refining knowledge of the lymphoid function of PrPC and predicting the effects of anti‐PrP treatment on the immune system. Together, these findings indicate that PrPC may have multiple neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory roles, which explains why this protein is so widely expressed.
Using vaginal Group B Streptococcus colonisation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes to guide the decision for immediate delivery: a secondary analysis of the PPROMEXIL trials
Authors: Tajik P , van der Ham DP , Zafarmand MH , Hof MHP , Morris J , Franssen MTM , de Groot CJM , Duvekot JJ , Oudijk MA , Willekes C , Bloemenkamp KWM , Porath M , Woiski M , Akerboom BM , Sikkema JM , Bijvank B Nij , Mulder ALM , Bossuyt PM , Mol BWJ 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate whether vaginal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonisation or other baseline characteristics of women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) can help in identifying subgroups of women who would benefit from immediate delivery.DesignSecondary analysis of the PPROMEXIL trials.SettingSixty hospitals in the Netherlands.PopulationWomen with PPROM between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation.MethodsRandom assignment of 723 women to immediate delivery or expectant management.Main outcome measuresEarly onset neonatal sepsis.ResultsVaginal GBS colonisation status was the only marker which was significantly associated with the benefit of immediate delivery (P for interaction: 0.04). GBS colonisation was observed in 14% of women. The risk of early onset neonatal sepsis in GBS‐positive women was high (15.2%) when they were managed expectantly but this risk was reduced to 1.8% with immediate delivery. The early onset neonatal sepsis risk was much lower in neonates of GBS‐negative women: 2.6% after expectant management and 2.9% with immediate delivery. We estimated that by inducing labour only in GBS‐positive women, there would be a 10.4% increase in term delivery rate, while keeping neonatal sepsis and caesarean delivery rates comparable to a strategy of labour induction for all.ConclusionsOur post hoc findings suggest that women with PROM between 34 and 37 weeks might benefit from immediate delivery if they have GBS vaginal colonisation, while in GBS‐negative women labour induction could be delayed until 37 weeks.
Oral health impacts and quality of life in an urban homeless population
Authors: Ford PJ , Cramb S , Farah CS 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundHomeless people experience a much higher burden of general health conditions and have much poorer oral health than the rest of the population. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health impacts and general quality of life of an urban homeless population.MethodsA convenience sample of 58 adults (dentate n = 56) experiencing homelessness were assessed using a survey which included the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile and the 26‐item World Health Organization's Quality of Life – short version. A subset (n = 34) also underwent a dental examination.ResultsThe study participants were younger, more likely to be Indigenous, smoked daily and avoided dental care because of cost than the rest of the population. Dentate homeless adults reported significantly greater oral health impacts when compared with the Australian dentate population. General quality of life was significantly poorer than for the rest of the population. Treatment need was associated with greater oral health impacts.ConclusionsPoor oral health is prevalent and adversely impacts quality of life for homeless people, but it is only one of a range of complex social and health challenges being faced by these individuals. Dental care should be better integrated within homeless support services.
Correct diagnosis for plunging ranula by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Li Jian , Li Jun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPlunging ranulas most commonly occupy the submandibular triangle and misdiagnosis inevitably leads to incorrect treatment. Three cases of plunging ranula are reported. The correct diagnosis resulted from the characteristic signs of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment consisted of the total removal of the sublingual gland and evacuation of cystic contents by the intraoral approach. The cyst gradually regressed and disappeared within two months after surgery as confirmed by ultrasonography. All three cases have not experienced recurrence in the follow‐up period. MRI is a valuable method to correctly diagnosis plunging ranula. Total removal of the sublingual gland is the most reliable method to treat plunging ranula.