bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Preoperative Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Serve as an Indicator for Midterm Adverse Events after Coronary Bypass Grafting?
Authors: Togan Turhan , Günday Murat , Çiftçi Özgür , Bingol Hakan 
Published: June 2015

<strong>Objective</strong>: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may serve as a reasonably good indicator for coronary heart disease as usually ESR is elevated in these patients. The measurement of ESR is a very simple and cheap laboratory test that can be performed in routine blood examinations. In this study, we investigated the association between preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate and postoperative midterm adverse events after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). <br /><strong>Methods</strong>: In the study, only male patients were included. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (preoperative sedimentation rate [&lt;20 mm/h] normal [n = 232, 63.9%]) and group 2 (preoperative sedimentation rate <br />[&gt;20 mm/h] above normal [n = 131, 36.1%]). The hemogram and biochemistry panel values were measured one day before operation, on the postoperative first day, on the postoperative seventh day, and on the postoperative third month.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Among the laboratory values, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to postoperative first-day ESR and postoperative third-month high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P &lt; .05). In terms of postoperative morbidity, there was also a statistically significant difference (P &lt; .05) between the two groups with regard to pleural effusion, infection of the soft tissue over the sternum, pulmonary infection, return to the intensive care unit, rehospitalization, and mortality. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Elevated preoperative sedimentation rate is associated with postoperative adverse events in patients who undergo CABG. For this purpose, we suggest that patients with higher sedimentation rates undergo detailed examination to prevent mortality and morbidity.
Improved Detection and Characterization of Copy Number Variations Among Diverse Pig Breeds by Array CGH
Authors: Wang Jiying , Jiang Jicai , Wang Haifei , Kang Huimin , Zhang Qin , Liu Jian-Feng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAs a major component of genomic variation, copy number variations (CNVs) are considered as promising markers for some phenotypic and economically important traits in domestic animals. Using a custom-designed 1M array CGH (aCGH), we performed CNV discovery in 12 pig samples from one Asian wild boar population, six Chinese indigenous breeds, and two European commercial breeds. In total, we identified 758 CNV regions (CNVRs), covering 47.43 Mb of the pig genome sequence. Of the total porcine genes, 1295 genes were completely or partially overlapped with the identified CNVRs, which enriched in the terms related to sensory perception of the environment, neurodevelopmental processes, response to external stimuli, and immunity. Further probing the potential functions of these genes, we also found a suite of genes related important traits, which make them a promising resource for exploring the genetic basis of phenotype differences among diverse pig breeds. Compared with previous relevant studies, the current study highlights that different platforms can complement each other, and the combined implementation of different platforms is beneficial to achieve the most comprehensive CNV calls. CNVs detected in diverse populations herein are essentially complementary to the CNV map in the pig genome, which would be helpful for understanding the pig genome variants and investigating the associations between various phenotypes and CNVs.
The Evolving Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Pennock Gregory K. , Chow Laura Q.M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Traditional treatment modalities for advanced cancer (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted agents) act directly on tumors to inhibit or destroy them. Along with surgery, these modalities are predominantly palliative, with toxicity and only modest improvements in survival in patients with advanced solid tumors. Accordingly, long-term survival rates for most patients with advanced cancer remain low, thus there is a need for cancer treatments with favorable benefit and toxicity profiles that can potentially result in long-term survival. The immune system plays a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumor cells (“immune surveillance”), and immunotherapies based on this concept have been used for decades with some success against a few tumor types; however, most immunotherapies were limited by a lack of either substantial efficacy or specificity, resulting in toxicity. We now have a greater understanding of the complex interactions between the immune system and tumors and have identified key molecules that govern these interactions. This information has revitalized the interest in immunotherapy as an evolving treatment modality using immunotherapeutics designed to overcome the mechanisms exploited by tumors to evade immune destruction. Immunotherapies have potentially complementary mechanisms of action that may allow them to be combined with other immunotherapeutics, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or other traditional therapies. This review discusses the concepts and data behind immunotherapies, with a focus on the checkpoint inhibitors and their responses, toxicities, and potential for long-term survival, and explores promising single-agent and combination therapies in development.

Implications for Practice:
Immunotherapy is an evolving treatment approach based on the role of the immune system in eradicating cancer. An example of an immunotherapeutic is ipilimumab, an antibody that blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) to augment antitumor immune responses. Ipilimumab is approved for advanced melanoma and induced long-term survival in a proportion of patients. The programmed death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitors are promising immunotherapies with demonstrated sustained antitumor responses in several tumors. Because they harness the patient's own immune system, immunotherapies have the potential to be a powerful weapon against cancer.
Hypothyroidism Is a Risk Factor for New-Onset Diabetes: A Cohort Study
Authors: Gronich Naomi , Deftereos Spyros N. , Lavi Idit , Persidis Andreas S. , Abernethy Darrell R. , Rennert Gad 
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE
To identify risk factors for the development of statin-associated diabetes mellitus (DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one involved high-throughput in silico processing of a large amount of biomedical data to identify risk factors for the development of statin-associated DM. In phase two, the most prominent risk factor identified was confirmed in an observational cohort study at Clalit, the largest health care organization in Israel. Time-dependent Poisson regression multivariable models were performed to assess rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs for DM occurrence.

RESULTS
A total of 39,263 statin nonusers were matched by propensity score to 20,334 highly compliant statin initiators in 2004–2005 and followed until the end of 2010. Within 59,597 statin users and nonusers in a multivariable model, hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism carried an increased risk for DM (RR 1.53 [95% CI 1.31–1.79] and 1.75 [1.40–2.18], respectively). Hypothyroidism increased DM risk irrespective of statin treatment (RR 2.06 [1.42–2.99] and 1.66 [1.05–2.64] in statin users and nonusers, respectively). Subclinical hypothyroidism risk for DM was prominent only upon statin use (RR 1.94 [1.13–3.34] and 1.20 [0.52–2.75] in statin users and nonusers, respectively). Patients with hypothyroidism treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy were not at increased risk for DM.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for DM. Subclinical hypothyroidism-associated risk for DM is prominent only upon statin use. Identifying and treating hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism might reduce DM risk. Future clinical studies are needed to confirm the findings.
Né enfant de remplacement : Qui suis-je ?
Authors: Schellinski Kristina , Hainsworth Karen 
Published: June 2015

Les rêves et les questions existentielles de ceux qui sont nés pour remplacer une personne morte tournent autout d’un cri central : Qui suis-je ? Ces personnes, si elles ont été conçues, sont nées ou ont été désignées comme enfants de remplacement , peuvent souffrir, même devenues adultes, d’une confusion inconsciente d’identité rarement reconnue, composée de chagrin et de culpabilité du survivant. Bien avant la naissance de l’enfant, les forces archétypiques de vie et de mort sont réunies dans une constellation fatale ; l’âme de l’enfant de remplacement porte l’ombre de la mort depuis le tout début de la vie. Pour un enfant de remplacement, l’espoir repose sur l’émergence d’un soi authentique pendant que l’âme recrée la vie originelle. L’analyse peut aider l’enfant de remplacement à faire l’expérience d’une « renaissance dans la vraie vie », non pas comme « celui qui revient », mais comme un individu nouveau-né sur le plan psychique, le chemin d’individuation allant à l’opposé de l’identification de l’enfant de remplacement avec un mort. L’analyse jungienne propose des concepts uniques pour la compréhension et l’aide aux enfants de remplacement. C. G. Jung lui-même est né après deux bébés morts-nés et un enfant qui n’a vécu que cinq jours.
Le genre des administrations. La fabrication des inégalités de carrière entre hommes et femmes dans la haute fonction publique
Authors: Marry Catherine , Bereni Laure , Jacquemart Alban , Le Mancq Fanny , Pochic Sophie , Revillard Anne 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	L’article s’intéresse aux inégalités sexuées de carrière de l’encadrement dans quatre directions générales de deux ministères – économiques et financiers d’une part, sociaux de l’autre – contrastées du point de vue de leur féminisation et des types de carrière. L’enquête s’appuie sur une centaine de récits de vie de femmes et d’hommes. Au-delà de l’éducation familiale et d’un inégal accès à la voie royale de l’ÉNA, les blocages de carrières des femmes sont décelés au cœur des administrations, à travers des règles de disponibilité, de mobilité géographique, de cooptation homophile qu’elles s’imposent. Les politiques d’égalité professionnelle peinent à les modifier mais font émerger une plus grande conscience des inégalités.
La promotion de la diversité dans la fonction publique : de l’héritage républicain à une méritocratie néoliberale
Authors: Sénac Réjane 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	Dans le prolongement des études conduites sur la « publicisation » de la diversité dans la société française du XXI e siècle, cet article analyse les usages de celle-ci dans la fonction publique. Comment le développement de la promotion de la diversité contribue-t-il à la mutation de la fonction publique ? L’auteur répond à cette interrogation en examinant la manière dont elle participe d’un État post-moderne néolibéral articulant héritage républicain et management public. L’hypothèse est que la promotion de la diversité permet d’incorporer et de subvertir les perspectives critiques, en particulier celles sur l’application de l’exigence constitutionnelle d’égal accès de tous les citoyens aux emplois publics.
Lutter contre les discriminations et promouvoir l’égalité dans l’emploi public : l’action du défenseur des droits
Authors: Toubon Jacques 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	La lutte contre les discriminations dont les agents publics font encore trop souvent l’objet est indissociable de la promotion de leur égalité de traitement. Afin de consolider ces deux axes essentiels à l’action menée par le Défenseur des droits, mais aussi d’impulser à celle‑ci un nouvel élan, son nouveau titulaire a, dès sa nomination, adopté un certain nombre de décisions dont sont présentées ici les principales idées forces.
Politique salariale et mode de rémunération dans la fonction publique en France depuis le début des années 2000 : mutations et enjeux
Authors: Audier Florence , Bacache-Beauvallet Maya , Courtioux Pierre , Gautié Jérôme 
Published: June 2015

Résumé	La politique salariale de l’État a connu des inflexions importantes au cours de la dernière décennie. Des ajustements paramétriques (gel du point d’indice, indexation de fait des bas salaires au SMIC) et des mesures partielles (requalifications de certaines catégories) ont été adoptés, mais des réformes plus structurelles du mode de rémunération, même si elles ont été souhaitées par l’État, n’ont pas réellement abouti. La politique salariale de l’État s’est faite en même temps plus catégorielle. Au‑delà des effets limités sur le pouvoir d’achat moyen, ces changements ont eu des conséquences importantes et contribuent à expliquer la montée d’un mécontentement salarial important. L’ensemble de ces évolutions interpellent les organisations syndicales, dont les stratégies, à divers niveaux (central ou local) varient entre opposition et accompagnement.
L’apprentissage, un bien public ?
Authors: Moreau Gilles 
Published: June 2015

L’orientation et l’entrée en apprentissage sont mal connues. La sélection des jeunes admis en apprentissage repose sur des règles diffuses et obscures : sélection par entreprises, hiérarchie endogène des métiers, régulation par les CFA, institutionnalisation progressive de la recherche du maître d’apprentissage. Autant d’éléments qui conduisent à un durcissement du « prix d’entrée » en apprentissage, à un accroissement du nombre de jeunes apprentis qui n’apprennent pas le métier souhaité et, au final, à un dispositif qui écarte les jeunes urbains, les jeunes d’origine étrangère et les jeunes filles, a contrario de l’idée qu’on peut se faire d’un bien public.
Trouver et tenir sa place. Les apprenti(e)s et le travail
Authors: Kergoat Prisca 
Published: June 2015

L’apprentissage s’avère un puissant révélateur des inégalités sociales. Comment caractériser la manière dont celui-ci (re)produit la hiérarchisation des individus et la division sociale et sexuelle du travail ? L’entrée privilégiée ici, celle des rapports entretenus au travail, permet d’éclairer le sens que les apprentis accordent à leurs expériences et d’appréhender les contraintes comme la manière dont elles et ils les rencontrent et tentent de les déjouer. L’analyse ainsi menée révèle que les inégalités observées ne sont pas réductibles aux seules formes de domination scolaire ni non plus à de simples pratiques discriminatoires. Ces inégalités font système et sont l’objet d’une co-production à l’intersection des politiques publiques, de l’école et du marché du travail.
Wisdom’s rebellion: Kingdom politics as a guerrilla drama
Authors: Kruger Petrus P. 
Published: June 2015

This article aims at exploring kingdom politics in South Africa as a guerrilla drama, not only of a contemporary play of wisdom as human virtue, but specifically in the form of the personified Wisdom’s play (cf. Christ’s parable of the children on the marketplace; Lk 7). Firstly, it investigates the availability of hermeneutical space for such an enterprise, attending to the concept of rebellion vis-à-vis a scripture-based, imaginative, theodramatic articulation of the Wisdom’s play of the parable. Secondly, the public space for the enactment of such a ‘wisdom’s rebellion’ is probed. It should not be neutrally indifferent to, but positively advancing of, the nearly universally accepted ‘golden rule’. The public space should, in the public imagination, be seen and treated as a kind of public theatre, hospitable to a plurality of worldviews, each freely and imaginatively enacting its own political alternatives before the critical eyes of a democratic voting public. A follow-up article will attempt to outline the difference it might make to the human dignity of the participants (actors) and in their humane political actions (theodramatic roles), if they can imagine themselves as performing (not only theorising about and not only feeling passionately about) wisdom’s subversive play of God’s kingdom in South Africa. Hierdie artikel stel ondersoek in na koninkrykspolitiek in Suid-Afrika as ’n guerrilladrama wat die vorm van ’n wysheidspel aanneem; nie alleen ’n eietydse spel van wysheid as ’n menslike deug nie, maar veral as spel van die gepersonifieerde Wysheid (vgl. Christus se gelykenis van die kinders wat op die markplein speel; Luk 7). Eerstens word na die beskikbaarheid van ’n hermeneutiese ruimte vir so ’n onderneming gevra. Daarby word aandag geskenk aan die konsep van rebellie in verband met ’n skriftuurlik gefundeerde, verbeeldingryke, teodramatiese uitwerking van Wysheid se spel na aanleiding van die genoemde gelykenis.Tweedens word die publieke ruimte vir ‘Wysheid se rebellie’ heuristies afgetas. Hierdie ruimte mag nie neutraal-onverskillig wees nie, maar moet positief-bevorderend staan teenoor die feitlik universeel-aanvaarde ‘goue reël’. Die publieke ruimte moet in die publieke verbeelding as ’n soort publieke teater gesien en hanteer word, waar ’n pluraliteit van wêreldbeskouings gasvry verwelkom word sodat elkeen vrylik en verbeeldingryk, tussen die ander, sy eie politieke alternatief voor ’n kritiese, demokratiese kieserskorps kan ‘uitbeeld’. ’n Opvolg artikel sal probeer aantoon watter verskil dit aan die menslike waardigheid van die deelnemers (akteurs) en aan hulle menswaardige politieke aksies kan maak, wanneer hulle in hulle verbeelding hulleself nie net as denkers oor of passievol-voelendende deelnemers van Wysheid se subversiewe drama van God se koninkryk in Suid-Afrika beskou nie.
The Measurement of Bulbar Hyperemia: Challenges and Pitfalls
Authors: Baudouin Christophe , Barton Keith , Cucherat Michele , Traverso Carlo 
Published: June 2015

Purpose To review methods of assessing bulbar redness, particularly with respect to the practicality of comparing different rating systems. Methods The published literature was reviewed and discussed by a panel of experts and a narrative review prepared. Results Bulbar hyperemia is a common clinical sign and an important indicator of ocular disease. As bulbar hyperemia is a frequent side effect of topical glaucoma medications, accurate objective measurement is important to allow comparison of clinical studies. A number of different measurement systems have evolved to allow quantification of subjectively assessed redness to be rendered into a form that allows between-treatment comparisons and longitudinal changes in both clinical research and practice. Whereas widespread use of image-based rating scales has improved the assessment of bulbar redness in clinical practice and clinical research, these techniques are less than ideal. The scales are subject to an intrinsic subjectivity and are suboptimal in differentiating the physiologic phenomenon of bulbar hyperemia. There is also a degree of interobserver and intraobserver variation; in some studies, average variation in scores exceed half the extent of the whole scale. Moreover, a lack of interscale validation has led to confusion in comparing the results from clinical studies that use different scales. In a recent series of studies, cross-calibration between the various scales in use has been attempted. Conclusions Whereas naive comparisons between the results obtained in studies using different bulbar redness scales can lead to erroneous conclusions, the tools exist to permit meaningful comparisons between rating systems and scales.
Where There's a Will, There's a “Why”
Authors: Bissell Roger E. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The author examines the canonical Objectivist model of free will (aka “volitional consciousness”) and finds it wanting, amounting to a form of Agency—Indeterminism. Employing an Aristotelian Four Cause analysis, he explores the complementary roles of determinism and free will, as well as the conditional nature of necessity and contingency, in understanding how causality operates in the human realm. He proposes an integration of what he calls “value-determinism” and “conditional free will,” arguing that it amounts to a basic axiom of human choice and action, and urges its acceptance in place of the Orthodox Objectivist view of free will.
To Reveal or Conceal?: Introducing the Anonymous Public Concern Test for US Defamation Lawsuits
Authors: Myers Cayce 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Online defamation suits present a new forum for the application of traditional defamation laws. One particular nuance of these defamation suits is frequently defendants’ identities are initially unknown to the plaintiff. Because of this, courts issue Internet service providers with subpoenas requiring them to divulge the identity of anonymous users to defamation plaintiffs. This article proposes a new test that protects online speakers’ right to anonymous speech. The “Anonymous Public Concern Test” incorporates the history of protection of anonymous speech and addresses the critiques of various pro-plaintiff, pro-defendant, and hybrid tests for online subpoenas employed by courts today.
Living Apart Together: Over de verhouding tussen toezichthouders en maatschappelijke stakeholders
Authors: Braun Caelesta 
Published: June 2015

Living Apart Together: Over de verhouding tussen toezichthouders en maatschappelijke stakeholders
De verhouding tussen toezichthouders en de sector is van oudsher een netelige kwestie. Betekenisvol en legitiem toezicht vraagt om zowel distantie ten opzichte van als betrokkenheid bij de sector en andere maatschappelijke stakeholders. Een onbalans in deze relaties leidt vaak tot kritiek op het functioneren van de toezichthouder. Ook rond het functioneren van de NZa komt deze complexe relatie aan bod, maar slechts op een indirecte manier.
De lessons learned van toezichtrapporten
Authors: Ottow Annetje 
Published: June 2015

De lessons learned van toezichtrapporten
Het rapport van de Commissie Borstlap past in een serie rapporten waarin, naar aanleiding van een incident, terugkijkend een feitelijke en kwalitatieve analyse wordt gedaan over de gang van zaken bij een toezichthouder. Andere rapporten die in dit rijtje thuishoren zijn onder meer: het rapport Icesave, het rapport in de DSB-affaire en het onderzoek naar de ondergang van SNS. Deze rapporten zijn waardevol, aangezien zij waardevolle lessen bevatten voor niet alleen de betrokken toezichthouder, maar ook voor andere toezichthouders. In deze bijdrage worden uit diverse rapporten de lessons learned geschetst, waarbij ook buitenlandse rapporten aan de orde komen.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Alkyl–Alkyl Cross‐Couplings of Fluorinated Secondary Electrophiles: A General Approach to the Synthesis of Compounds having a Perfluoroalkyl Substituent
Authors: Liang Yufan , Fu Gregory C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFluorinated organic molecules are of interest in fields ranging from medicinal chemistry to polymer science. Described herein is a mild, convenient, and versatile method for the synthesis of compounds bearing a perfluoroalkyl group attached to a tertiary carbon atom by using an alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling. A nickel catalyst derived from NiCl2⋅glyme and a pybox ligand achieves the coupling of a wide range of fluorinated alkyl halides with alkylzinc reagents at room temperature. A broad array of functional groups is compatible with the reaction conditions, and highly selective couplings can be achieved on the basis of differing levels of fluorination. A mechanistic investigation has established that the presence of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) inhibits cross‐coupling under these conditions and that a TEMPO–electrophile adduct can be isolated.