bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prandtl number effects in convective turbulence
Authors: VERZICCO R. , CAMUSSI R. 
Published: July 2002

The effect of Prandtl number on the dynamics of a convective turbulent
flow is
studied by numerical experiments. In particular, three series of experiments
have been
performed; in two of them the Rayleigh number spanned about two decades
while the
Prandtl number was set equal to 0.022 (mercury) and 0.7 (air). In the third
series, in
contrast, we fixed the Rayleigh number at 6×105 and the
Prandtl number was varied
from 0.0022 up to 15. The results have shown that, depending on the Prandtl
number,
there are two distinct flow regimes; in the first (Pr[lsim ]0.35)
the flow is dominated by
the large-scale recirculation cell that is the most important ‘engine’
for heat transfer.
In the second regime, on the other hand, the large-scale flow plays a negligible
role
in the heat transfer which is mainly transported by the thermal plumes.For the low-Pr regime a model for the heat transfer is derived
and the predictions
are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with the results of the numerical

simulations and of the experiments. All the hypotheses and the consequences
of the model
are directly checked and all the findings are consistent with the predictions
and with
experimental observations performed under similar conditions. Finally,
in order to
stress the effects of the large-scale flow some counter examples are shown
in which
the large-scale motion is artificially suppressed.
Plato's Quinean Beard: Did Plato ever grow it?
Authors: DURRANT MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Quine may be taken to use the phrase ‘Plato's Beard’ to denote a solution to the following problem: How is it possible to speak of that which does not exist, of non-being or as Read has it, to denote a solution to the problem: ‘How can a sentence with empty names have meaning?’.Quine writes:Nonbeing must in some sense be, otherwise what is that there is not? This tangled doctrine might be nicknamed Plato's beard; historically it has proved tough, frequently dulling the edge of Occam's razor.To expand. If nonbeing in no sense is, then we cannot ever assert that it is not; yet if it in some sense is, then how can it remain nonbeing? Let us fill out with an example (coined from Quine). If Pegasus in no sense exists, then how can we ever assert that Pegasus does not exist?—yet we may clearly want to assert that Pegasus does not exist and affirm the proposition that it is false that Pegasus exists. If, on the other hand, Pegasus in some sense exists, how may we affirm that he does not? We shall be contradicting ourselves or be guilty of equivocation.
A Critique of Elie Halévy
Authors: VERGARA FRANCISCO 
Published: July 2002

The prestigious French publisher Presses Universitaires de France has recently brought out (November 1995) a new French edition of Elie Halévy's well known book The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism, first published in France in three volumes as La formation du radicalisme philosophique (1901–1904) and translated into English in 1926. The prevailing opinion on this book is that it gives an excellent account of English utilitarianism. Thus, in the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Talcott Parsons speaks of it as the ‘virtually definitive analysis of utilitarianism’ More recently Donald Winch, in his introduction to the Penguin edition of John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy, describes Halévy's book as: ‘Still the best study of the ideas and activities of the school taken as a whole’.In this short essay I express a very different opinion. I show that Halévy, who qualifies utilitarianism (with obvious disgust) as ‘a plebeian or rather bourgeois morality’, as ‘much too simple’, completely misunderstood the writings of the English and Scottish utilitarian philosophers.Halévy's understanding of Utilitarianism and the Principle of UtilityThere is no clear or precise definition of utilitarianism in Halévy's book, but he obviously understood it to be a descriptive theory, and took the ‘principle of utility’ for a psychological law explaining human behaviour: ‘the fundamental principle of the doctrine is that pleasure is the natural end of human actions’, ‘The principle of utility [...] meant that all men naturally incline towards pleasure and flee from pain’.
The longer term outcomes of community care: a 12 year follow-up of the Camberwell High Contact Survey
Authors: REID Y. , JOHNSON S. , BEBBINGTON P. E. , KUIPERS E. , SCOTT H. , THORNICROFT G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is as yet little evidence available regarding the long-term outcomes of people with severe and enduring mental illness who have been cared for primarily in the community.Methods. A 12-year follow-up was carried out of the clinical and social problems and needs for care of a group of long-term mentally ill patients (N=81) who were heavy users of psychiatric services when originally assessed in the Camberwell High Contact Survey between 1983 and 1985. The MRC Needs for Care Assessment Schedule used in the original baseline study was repeated at follow-up.Results. The clinical and social functioning of the group had remained relatively stable, with high levels of problems and needs at both time points and little evidence of significant improvement or deterioration. The majority had remained in contact with services. There was some increase in levels of unmet as well as met needs, and a decrease in ratings of unmeetable needs, which may have been due to changes in clinical practice.Conclusion. The challenge for current service providers is not only to keep clients stable, but also to help improve the clinical and social functioning of people who may no longer be the highest priority of current community mental health services. This could be approached by identifying the continuing needs of this group, and persistently delivering active treatments.
The psychiatric after-effects of the Holocaust on the second generation
Authors: LEVAV I. , KOHN R. , SCHWARTZ S. 
Published: July 2002

Numerous studies conducted in clinical and community settings by

researchers from different
countries over a period of almost five decades, have conclusively shown
protracted and disabling
psychiatric effects among World War II Holocaust victims, formerly known
as the concentration
camp syndrome (e.g. Matussek, 1975; Eitinger & Krell, 1985; Eitinger

& Major, 1993; Levav,
1998). The multiple and brutal trauma endured by the survivors during the
war years were further
compounded by earlier systematic discrimination, and by exhausting socio-political
events and
pogroms that followed liberation by the Allies. In this latter
period survivors had to learn the
fate of their spouses, children, parents, other relatives and friends.

Hastily contracted post-war
marriages were likely intended both to cope with feelings of extreme
loneliness and to recreate a social support group that would buttress survival.Given the above, many observers hypothesized that, among other
impaired abilities, survivors
would evidence a deficit in their parenting functions. As one author
noted 25 years ago: ‘Survivors
are now beginning to bring their children to our clinics. In retrospect

one should not be surprised
at this because of the nature and severity of the psychological effects

of the persecution, and because
the emotional state of the parents has some bearing on the development

of the child …’ (Sigal,
1971). Several mediating mechanisms that affected the survivors'
family as a functioning unit were
postulated by the examining clinicians, such as over-involvement,
withdrawal, inability to exert
control, parental affective unavailability, undue degree of
preoccupation with past experiences, and
an inability to cope with mourning and bereavement (Klein, 1973;
Levine, 1982; Sigal & Weinfeld,
1989). Other imputed mechanisms referred to psychological processes taking
place during child
development, such as difficulties in the individuation-separation phase
(Freyberg, 1980).
Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD
on the Stroop colour-naming task
Authors: MORADI A. R. , TAGHAVI M. R. , NESHAT DOOST H. T. , YULE W. , DALGLEISH T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Investigators have used various experimental
paradigms such as the Stroop colour
naming test to study how adults with different emotional disorders process
emotional information.
However, to date, little research has been carried out on younger subjects.Method. In the current experiment, children and adolescents
with post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and control subjects aged 9–17 years, participated in a modified
Stroop colour naming task.Results. The results indicated that the children and adolescents
with PTSD showed increased Stroop
interference for trauma-related material relative to neutral words and
to the performance of the
controls.Conclusions. These findings indicate that attentional bias
to trauma-congruent information is a
function of PTSD in young age groups. The results are discussed with respect
to the literature on
information processing in PTSD.
Urban–rural mental health differences in Great
Britain: findings from the National Morbidity Survey
Authors: PAYKEL E. S. , ABBOTT R. , JENKINS R. , BRUGHA T. S. , MELTZER H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Studies of urban–rural differences in prevalence of non-psychotic mental disorder
have not given consistent findings. Such differences have received relatively little study in Great
Britain.Methods. Data from 9777 subjects in the Household Survey of the National Morbidity Survey of
Great Britain were analysed for differences between urban, semi-rural and rural areas. Psychiatric
morbidity was assessed by scores on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), together with
alcohol dependence, drug dependence, receipt of treatment from general practitioners. Associations
with other characteristics were examined by logistic regression.Results. Urban subjects had higher rates than rural of CIS-R morbidity, alcohol dependence and
drug dependence, with semi-rural subjects intermediate. Urban subjects also tended to be members
of more deprived social groups, with more adverse living circumstances and greater life stress,
factors themselves associated with disorder. Urban–rural differences in alcohol and drug dependence
were no longer significant after adjustment for these factors by logistic regression, and differences
on CIS-R morbidity were considerably reduced. There were no differences in treatment.Conclusions. There are considerable British urban–rural differences in mental health, which may
largely be attributable to more adverse urban social environments.
Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using the
Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG)
Authors: SCHMAND B. , WALSTRA G. , LINDEBOOM J. , TEUNISSE S. , JONKER C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Dementia screening instruments, such as the Cambridge Cognitive Examination
(CAMCOG), measure a variety of cognitive functions. However, memory impairment generally is
the first sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It seems logical, therefore, to use only memory-related
items for the early detection of AD. We divided the CAMCOG into a memory section and a non-memory section, and tested the hypothesis that the memory section predicts AD better than the
non-memory section. We also provide normative data for both sections.Methods. Normal subjects (N = 169) and patients with incident AD (i.e. satisfying AD criteria
between 1 and 3 years from baseline; N = 25) were participants in the Amsterdam Study of the
Elderly (AMSTEL), a population-based longitudinal study on cognitive decline and dementia.
Patients with prevalent AD (i.e. satisfying AD criteria at baseline; N = 155) were either recruited
in a memory clinic or came from AMSTEL. Normal subjects were cognitively intact at baseline and
remained so for at least 3 years. The CAMCOG was administered to all subjects. AD was diagnosed
by DSM-III-R criteria.Results. Logistic regression analysis showed that the memory section was related to prevalent AD,
whereas in multivariate analysis the non-memory section was not (after correction for the memory
score and demographic characteristics). A similar analysis showed that the memory section
predicted incident AD, as did a higher score on the non-memory section. The MMSE did not
predict incident AD better than age alone.Conclusion. For the early detection of AD it is best to use the memory and non-memory sections
separately instead of the total CAMCOG score.
Childhood sexual abuse and affective symptoms in women: a general population study
Authors: HILL J. , DAVIS R. , BYATT M. , BURNSIDE E. , ROLLINSON L. , FEAR S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated, after controlling for other adversities, with a
range of non-psychotic disorders in adult life. There is a need to clarify whether CSA contributes
to risk of disorder in the absence of such adversities, and given that associations may be accounted
for by genetic mechanisms, whether they are seen where the perpetrator of CSA is not a biological
relative, and where there has been only one incident.Methods. A questionnaire-based study of a socio-economically representative sample of women age
25–36 (N = 862) was carried out. Parental care and control were assessed using the Parental
Bonding Instrument, and CSA using a previously validated questionnaire. Current affective
symptoms were assessed from the depression scale of the GHQ-28.Results. Low maternal and paternal care were associated with risk of abuse by a biologically
unrelated perpetrator before the age of 11, but not during early adolescence. Low maternal care and
CSA each made independent contributions to the prediction of affective symptoms. CSA by a non-
relative was strongly associated with GHQ depression, as was CSA by a non-relative that had
occurred only once.Conclusions. Quality of parental care probably influences risk of CSA by unrelated abusers in
younger children, while there may be a combination of genetic and parental influences on the risk
of abuse by a relative. The strong association of affective symptoms in adult life with CSA by a non-
relative suggests an environmental effect. Studies, utilizing genetic designs, of the role of childhood
trauma in relation to adult affective symptoms are needed.
Swinburne on providence
Authors: GALE RICHARD M. 
Published: July 2002

My review of Swinburne's elaborate and ingenious higher-good type
theodicy will begin with an examination of his argument for why the theist needs a
theodicy in the first place. After a preliminary sketch of his theodicy and its crucial
free-will plank, its rational-choice theoretic arguments will be critically scrutinized.Richard Swinburne Providence and the Problem of Evil. (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1998). Pp. xiii + 263. £35.50 Hbk. £14.99 Pbk.
‘I'd sell you suicide’: pop music and moral panic in the age of Marilyn Manson
Authors: Wright Robert 
Published: July 2002

Music makes mutations audible. (Attali 1977)In his opening remarks as host of the 1998 Grammy Award Show, sitcom actor, substance abuser and convicted drunk driver Kelsey Grammer promised that Marilyn Manson's ‘skinny white ass’ would not be appearing on the show. It was a truly extraordinary moment. Referring explicitly to his own teenage daughter, Spencer, Grammer couched this slur in the form of an inside joke for the baby boomer parents of children with seemingly inexplicable musical tastes. In so doing, he affirmed not only the intractable conservatism of the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences but also the arrogant hegemony of his own generation within mainstream musical culture. The show proceeded to reward Bob Dylan with Album of the Year, James Taylor with Best Pop Album and Elton John with Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, while lavishing unbridled approbation upon the newest crop of corporate hit-makers, including Babyface, LeAnn Rimes, Hanson and the ubiquitous Spice Girls. Mitch Miller could not have orchestrated a more thoroughgoing tribute to the pop music status quo in America.
Task space dynamic analysis for multi-arm robot using
isotropic velocity and acceleration radii
Authors: Kim Choong-Young , Yoon Yong-San 
Published: July 2002

Isotropic velocity radius (IVR) and isotropic acceleration
radius (IVR) are proposed as local performance indices to quantify the
dynamic responsiveness of a multi-arm robot as regards the velocity effects.
These performance measures are defined on the basis of the acceleration set
describing the effects of actuator torques, velocity of the manipulated object,
and gravity upon the acceleration of the object. An algorithm is presented to
obtain an explicit expression for calculating these measures by decomposing the
torque-related non-square matrix into square matrices without using the concept
of pseudo-inverse for the planar multi-arm robot composed of arms each with two
joints. Numerical examples for a planar robot with two 2R arms show that
the proposed concepts are effective in representing the acceleration capability
and velocity effects of a multi-arm robot.
Optimal trajectory planning and sliding mode control for robots using

evolution strategy
Authors: Choi Young-Kiu , Park Jin-Hyun , Kim Hyun-Sik , Kim Jung Hwan 
Published: July 2002

Although robots have some kinematic and dynamic constraints such as the limits of the position, velocity, acceleration, jerk, and torque, they should move as fast as possible to

increase the productivity. Researches on the minimum-time trajectory planning and control based on the dynamic constraints assume the availability of full dynamics of robots. However, the dynamic equation of robot may not often be exactly known. In this case, the kinematic approach for the minimum-time trajectory planning is more meaningful. We also have to construct a controller to track precisely the minimum-time trajectory. But, finding a proper controller is also difficult if we do not know the explicit dynamic equations of a robot.This paper describes an optimization of trajectory planning

based on a kinematic approach using the evolution strategy (ES), as well as an optimization of a sliding mode tracking controller using ES for a robot without dynamic equations.
Obligations and expectations:
renegotiating pensions in the Russian Federation
Authors: BUCKLEY CYNTHIA 
Published: July 2002

Changing established systems of government entitlement is a thorny
proposition, even for popular states with sturdy holds on the reigns of
power. The Russian Federation, in the throes of a severe economic
downturn, extreme political instability and social crisis, has nonetheless
altered the official stance toward forms of entitlement from the previous
regime. Benefits cut from the ‘social contract’ have included
guaranteed
employment, free post-secondary education and access to state-subsidized
apartments, in attempts to redefine the lines of authority and responsibility
between citizens and the state. Other lines of responsibility appear
sacrosanct. The Soviet pension system, more specifically the old age and
service pensions, remains in place, but with extreme delays in payment,
poor indexing to the cost of living and high levels of tax evasion.In this article I examine the ways in which both the legacy of Soviet
pension policies and post-1991 economic and social trends have
constrained policy options concerning pension reform, particularly in
reference to old age pensions, and prevented a serious re-evaluation of
pension provision. The Russian Federation government inherited a
pension system ill-equipped to cope with its aging population. However,
the previous pension system did deliver payments on a regular basis to
nearly one in five citizens before 1991. Unlike other areas of often
unfulfillable social services guarantees (housing for families, quality
health
care and free access to higher education), the pension system represented
a Soviet social programme that provided consistent direct assistance to
a
large proportion of the population. Pension payments were an expected
entitlement.
Landholdings and the family life cycle in traditional Japan
Authors: TAKAGI MASAO 
Published: July 2002

This article examines, on the basis of landholding patterns, the
relationship between the peasant family economy and its family life cycle
in the latter half of the Tokugawa era (1603–1867). The analysis is focused
on the life-cycle patterns of the stem family. In such a system, the
continuation of the family and its assets assumed prime importance while
hired labour did not provide a substantial proportion of the workforce on
the farm. In fact, the stem family was officially recognized as the lawful
family form by the Meiji government, but even in earlier periods the stem
family system provided the dominant form. Among the samurai it was
always the required form. Among the peasantry, by the early eighteenth
century the stem family was the predominant family system.The family system observed here differs in structure from that found in
western-European family systems. Even when developmental aspects of
European households are discussed, it is the relationship between the
simple, nuclear family forms and their economic and social correlates –
especially poverty, inheritance and landholdings – that is analysed. How
Japanese stem family households operated with respect to landholding
and other variables is the main theme of this article. The data come from
an agrarian and considerably backward area of north-east Japan where
harvest failures were not infrequent even in the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries.
The Organisation of Hydrographic Information for English Navigators – Five Hundred Years of Sailing Directions and Charts
Authors: Fisher Susanna 
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on the President's Invitational Address given by the author at
the 54th Annual General Meeting on 25 October 2000.The paper outlines the changes in the physical form in which hydrographic information
has reached the chart tables of ordinary navigators over the last five hundred years and
traces its development from a purely verbal aid to a graphic one.
The reproductive behaviour of the Tasmanian cave spider Hickmania troglodytes (Araneae: Austrochilidae)
Authors: Doran N. E. , Richardson A. M. M. , Swain R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract Hickmania troglodytes, the Tasmanian cave spider, belongs to a relict group with a scattered world distribution, and is of both phylogenetic and zoogeographic interest. It belongs to the superfamily Austrochiloidea (infra‐order Araneomorphae) and shares characteristics with more advanced araneomorphs and primitive spiders in the infra‐orders Liphistiomorphae and Mygalomorphae. The reproductive behaviour of H. troglodytes (including courtship, mating, egg‐sac construction, brooding, emergence, and moulting behaviour) is described, providing the first such account for any member of the Austrochiloidea. Courtship in H. troglodytes is ritualized and involves distinct communicatory gestures (beating with the legs) by the male to identify and protect himself. Males use a pronounced curve in the metatarsus of the second leg to immobilize females during mating; this curve closely matches the contours of the female's cheliceral region. Both courtship and mating are protracted and each can last for over 5.5 h. The egg‐sac is large and unusual, with a rigid internal structure that separates the egg mass from the silk walls, while the silk itself seems to be exceptionally resistant to fungal degradation. The young emerge from the egg‐sac 8–10 months after laying, a period significantly longer than the typical emergence time of araneomorph spiders (4–8 weeks). It is suggested that the rigid internal structure and the silk of the egg‐sacs may help to buffer and protect the eggs and young from biotic and abiotic factors during this extended pre‐emergence period.