bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROPERTIES AND BIO‐ASSAY OF œESTRIN
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of the mouse or rat unit of œstrin as tested by the vaginal smear is not always the same, and at present cannot be regarded as quantitative except in the sense of an approximation. The unit‐concept is not therefore to be regarded as a fixed one.2. Notwithstanding this, it can be affirmed that, within limits, there is no appreciable difference between the quantity required to produce a reaction in the mouse from that required for the rat. This also applies to the Nissl test.3. The technique of the vaginal smear test is described, and emphasis is laid upon the necessity for attention to general hygiene, to the temperature of the environment, and to various minutiæ.4. Neither the weight of the animal nor the effect of previous injections produce an appreciable effect on the vaginal reaction to œstrin.5. Objections are made to the practice of partition of the dose. It is advocated that for vaginal tests and for the Nissl test single doses be administered. This is, however, not possible for the growth test.6. It is suggested that a practicable end‐point for the smear reaction is furnished by a cell‐picture showing an almost complete disappearance of leucocytes, with at least half the epithelial cells showing cornification.7. Differences of the mucus content of the smear and two types of mucus are described.8. It is shown that rats may show a different response to identical doses of œstrin at different times.9. Very early oöphorectomy diminishes the sensitivity to œstrin.10. The greater potency of subcutaneous as compared with intra‐peritoneal injection is confirmed.11. The growth test is described and is advocated as having a distinct place in the bio‐assay of œstrin.12. The Nissl test is described and is suggested as the most suitable for accurate investigation.
THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS ON HEAT CONTRACTION OF RAT TENDON
Authors: Simpson Ethel D. , Finney W. H. 
Published: December 2014

By increasing the concentration of hydrogen‐ions a steplike lowering of the temperature of heat‐contraction in the tendon takes place. Nitric acid has more effect in lowering the temperature of heat‐contraction than has hydrochloric. The action of acetic acid is intermediate between the effects of these two mineral acids.The addition of NaCl (0.15 moles) to HCl does not modify the temperature of heat‐contraction of tendon.Sodium acetate (0.15 moles) lowers the temperature of heat‐contraction below that of acetic acid alone, while calcium acetate (0.075 and 0.15 moles) lowers it still further.The divalent salts BaCl2 and CaCl2, added to HCl, have a much greater action in lowering the temperature of heat‐contraction than has HCl alone.Upon varying the concentration of salt, keeping the pH at 4.0 with HCl, it is found that NaCl and KCl up to a concentration of 0.6 moles do not affect the temperature of heat‐contraction of tendon. The higher concentrations of KNO3 (0.038 moles to 0.15 moles) inhibit the action of HNO3.The temperature of heat‐contraction of tendon is lowered by BaCl2 and CaCl2 at concentrations between 0.038 and 0.062 moles. At a pH of 4.0 no difference is found in the action on tendon of the two salts in solutions of equal molar concentrations.We take pleasure in acknowledging our debt to Mr J. K. L. MacDonald for many helpful suggestions made in the course of this investigation.
THE REACTIONS OF ISOLATED MUSCLE STRIPS OF THE STOMACH TO THE OXYTOCIC AND PRESSOR FRACTIONS OF AN EXTRACT OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

The reactions of isolated muscle strips from various regions of the rabbit's and cat's stomach to the oxytocic and pressor fractions of the posterior pituitary lobe (pitocin and pitressin) have been investigated.Three types of reactions were obtained in muscles from different regions:(1) Relaxation with pitressin and, to a lesser extent, with pitocin (lateral fundus of the rabbit's stomach).(2) Contraction with pitocin and, to a lesser extent, with pitressin (anterior fundus of the rabbit's stomach).(3) Contraction with pitressin; no effect with pitocin (antrum of the rabbit's and cat's stomach).The reactions of these strips to a number of other drugs were also investigated. Histamine is apparently not responsible for the inhibitory reactions obtained.
THE RESPONSES OF THE EXCISED BATRACHIAN ALIMENTARY CANAL TO AUTONOMIC DRUGS. EPHEDRINE
Authors: Epstein David 
Published: December 2014

1. Ephedrine is unable to cause inhibition of the excised amphibian alimentary canal.2. When the ratio of the concentration of ephedrine to that of adrenaline is as 1000 to 1, ephedrine antagonises or prevents the adrena‐line (i.e. sympathetic) inhibition. This antagonism appears to have no connection with the efferent sympathetic or the parasympathetic systems.3. Ephedrine is unable to antagonise the excitatory or the inhibitory effects of arecoline on amphibian alimentary tissues.4. The latter observation suggests that the arecoline relaxation of the intestine of Rana is not the result of sympathetic stimulation, and favours the inhibitory parasympathetic hypothesis.5. In the intestine of Rana ephedrine may sometimes produce a reversal of the inhibitory effects of adrenaline.The author wishes to thank Professor J. W. C.
Gunn for his interest in this investigation.
STIMULATION OF THE VAGUS NERVE AND CAROTID SINUS IN MAN
Authors: Hill Ian G. W. 
Published: December 2014

The results of mechanical stimulation of the exposed vagus nerve and carotid sinus of man in a series of twenty cases have been recorded electrocardiographically.Of thirteen cases under ether anæsthesia, none showed any response to sinus stimulation, while one responded to vagal stimulation. Two cases under chloroform yielded responses to sinus stimulation, and one to vagal stimulation also. Of five cases under gas and oxygen, three gave responses to sinus or vagal stimulation, or to both.The response to sinus stimulation was usually moderate bradycardia, with or without diminution of the P‐waves. A different response was elicited under chloroform, consisting of the appearance of ventricular extrasystoles. Responses to vagal stimulation were similar in nature, but were characterised by a longer latent period and longer after‐effect.It has been demonstrated that the human vagus is in some cases excitable by mechanical means. The relation of this to
Czermak's “vagal pressure” and to the “caroto‐vagal” pressure of
Hering is discussed.The expenses of this research have been met by grants from the Moray Endowment Fund and from the Trustees of the Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Tenth Article. VASOCONSTRICTOR EFFECT OF THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC ON PULMONARY VESSELS
Authors: Kuré Ken , Ikeda Ryoji , Sakurasawa Fujio 
Published: December 2014

1. Stimulation of fibres passing out from the cord by the dorsal roots causes marked constriction of the pulmonary vessels (dog). The spinal parasympathetic therefore has a vasoconstrictor action on the lung while acting as a vasodilator on the skin and viscera generally.2. The spinal centre of the vasoconstrictors for the lung is situated in the thoracic region from the 4th to the 8th segments.3. Stimulation of the fibres which pass out from the cord through the ventral roots evokes marked dilatation of the pulmonary vessels (dog). The sympathetic therefore has a vasodilator effect on the lung.4. The centre for dilatation lies, like that for constriction, in the thoracic region from the 4th to the 8th segments.5. Acetylcholine, when applied to the surface of the lung, causes marked anæmia due to vasoconstriction.6. Adrenaline, applied to the surface of the lung, causes anæmia at the place of application. The amount of this anæmia is much less than that produced by acetylcholine. Histamine also causes slight anæmia.7. The spontaneous tone of the vasodilator system of the lung is very feeble, that of the vasoconstrictor system a little stronger. When the spinal cord is stimulated the vasodilator effect predominates.8. Neither stimulation of the vagus nor of the stellate ganglion has any direct influence on the pulmonary vessels of the dog.The authors beg to thank the foundation “Hattori‐Hôkôkai” for the expenses of this research.
STUDIES ON THE ACCELERATION AND INHIBITION OF HÆMOLYSIS. III. THE EFFECT OF MONOVALENT CATIONS ON SAPONIN HÆMOLYSIS
Authors: Gordon Albert S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of monovalent cations in hæmolytic systems, in which saponin is the lysin, depend not only on the dilution of lysin and type of red cell employed, but also upon the concentration of electrolyte present.2. Introduction of potassium, lithium, or rubidium into systems containing human erythrocytes results in an acceleration of hæmolysis, whereas the addition of cæsium causes an inhibition. This is true only when sodium chloride is being replaced from the standard system.3. Similar results are not obtained when ox cells are employed. Here certain concentrations of electrolyte produce acceleration while others cause inhibition.4. A “polar antagonism” exists between cæsium and rubidium in systems containing human cells.5. The various time‐dilution curves corresponding to the addition of different amounts of electrolyte are excellently described by the equation of
Ponder and
Yeager.
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE VAGINA AND VULVA OF THE FERRET
Authors: Marshall F. H. A. 
Published: December 2014

The vagina and vulva of the ferret undergo well‐marked cyclical changes in correlation with those of the ovaries and uterus.During the anœstrum the vulva is small and the connective tissue of which it is mainly composed is compact. The vagina during this period is lined by a low columnar epithelium consisting of only two or three rows of cells and without a cornified layer.During the pro‐œstrum and œstrus the vulva swells up to about fifty times its anœstrous size, the submucous connective tissue becoming spongy and the nuclei of the cells widely separated. The vaginal epithelium is several layers in thickness, and in the deeper part the cells become high and squamous. There is a pronounced cornified layer. Later, during cestrus, the cornified layer begins to slough, the process being continued over some time. The entire period represents the “follicular stage” of LOEB and other authors, and is presumably brought about by the action of œstrin. The vulval swelling serves the purpose of facilitating effective copulation which in the ferret is very prolonged.During pregnancy and pseudo‐pregnancy (the latter condition in the ferret only occurring under experimental conditions as after copulation with a vasectomised male) the vulva is reduced to its ancestrous size. The reduction is accompanied by lymphoid degeneration and an invasion of leucocytes. The vaginal epithelium becomes reduced to a low columnar or cubical structure. There is no cornified layer, this being completely shed during œstrus. This period clearly represents the “luteal phase” in the ovarian cycle.It is to be noted that the vulval swelling and other characteristics of the follicular stage terminate with ovulation just as does the swelling of the sexual skin in the Primate, as described by ZUCKERMAN and PARKES.The description of the changes here recorded are in general agreeument with the observations by PARKES (1930) on the vaginal smear at different stages of the cycle in the ferret.The vaginal cycle in the ferret is in a general way similar to that of the dog, as described by EVANS and COLE. It may be again remarked, however, that pseudo‐pregnancy only occurs under experimental conditions in the ferret, yet under the influence of pro‐gestin secreted by the corpus luteum the vagina and vulva undergo similar changes during both pregnancy and pseudo‐pregnancy.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETERS OF ERYTHROCYTES. —VIII. THE DIAMETER IN HYPOTONIC PLASMA
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

1. The mean diameter of rabbit erythrocytes immersed in hypotonic plasma is measured by diffractometric methods, and the results show that the diameter decreases about 8 per cent. as the cell‐volume increases about 45 per cent., after which lysis results.2. This figure is smaller than that obtained in earlier experiments (which show about 14 per cent. decrease as a maximum), but the higher figure previously obtained is probably due to unavoidable, or at least very small, errors associated with the photographic method of measuring red‐cell diameter.
QUANTITATIVE VARIATION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE, “APH‐B,” IN THE BLOOD DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

Quantitative tests of the anterior pituitary hormone B in the blood plasma of 75 normal women show that the amount increases steadily during pregnancy till after the 30th week, when the increase is more variable.Thanks are due for hospitality and facilities to Professor H. R. SCHMIDT, Director of the Frauenklinik, Medizinischen Akademie, Düsseldorf, where the work was started; and to Dr DOUGLAS MILLER, Simpson Maternity Hospital, for placing clinical material at my disposal. Part of the expenses of the research were met by a grant from the British Medical Association, and part by a grant from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF VASODILATOR AND VASO‐CONSTRICTOR NERVES
Authors: Bain W. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments on the perfused tongue of the dog, which demonstrate directly that vasomotor nerves produce their effects by the peripheral liberation of chemical substances, are described.2. It is shown that stimulation of the vasodilator nerves liberates a substance which can be transmitted humorally to an isolated strip of rabbit intestine and cause augmentation of the tone and/or contractions of this.3. It is shown similarly that stimulation of the sympathetic supply to the blood‐vessels liberates a substance which diminishes the tone and/or contractions of an isolated strip of intestine.4. An experiment is described in which the effects of spontaneous changes in vasomotor activity (Traube‐Hering effect) were humorally transmitted to the test tissue.5. The effects described are only obtained when the perfusion fluid (Dale's solution) is uncontaminated with blood.6. It is pointed out that the humoral transmission of the substances responsible for these effects is the method of demonstrating the existence of the neuromimetic substances, and that under normal circumstances such transmission is probably of little significance.
EFFECT UPON LACTATION OF OÖPHORECTOMY DURING PREGNANCY. (ALBINO RAT.)
Authors: Hain Annie M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Removal of the ovaries at any stage of pregnancy in the rat may either prevent lactation or diminish it to almost negligible proportions. In one animal, however, normal lactation occurred after oophorectomy on the 17th day.2. Injections of alkaline extract of anterior pituitary failed to promote lactation in rats obphorectomised during pregnancy.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTE IN THE BLOOD STREAM
Authors: Climenko David R. , Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

1. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes kept under in vitro conditions do not show development from one class of the polynuclear count to another, as might be expected on theoretical grounds, nor can such development be observed under ordinary circumstances in ligated veins. The reason for this is that the slow forward development is masked by the appearance of cytolysed and degenerate forms, and also that the number of cells which are affected by the developmental process in a limited time is too few in normal blood.2. If the number of young forms in the blood is increased by a stimulation of the bone marrow, development from Class I. to Class II. can be demonstrated in isolated veins.A number of the in vitro experiments were carried out by Dr. George Saslow and Dr. Malvina Schweizer, whom we have to thank for kindly placing their results at our disposal.
ESTIMATION OF THE FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATES IN RABBIT LIVER. ISOLATION OF A REDUCING DEXTRIN
Authors: Purves C. B. 
Published: December 2014

(1) A carbohydrate easily fermented by yeast, free from glucose and glycogen, was isolated as a slightly impure, amorphous powder in 0·07 per cent. yield from rabbit liver. The solubilities and general properties of the carbohydrate were those of a mixture of dextrins containing free, copper‐reducing groups. It gave no colour with iodine.(2) The amorphous acetate of the above had a specific rotation of 127° in chloroform and a nitrogen content of 0·28 per cent. It contained no detectable amount of sulphur or phosphorus.A Carnegie Teaching Fellowship enabled the author to carry out the work.
A NOTE ON THE MECHANISM OF IODOACETATE POISONING OF MUSCLE
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul 
Published: December 2014

1. Isolated muscles of Rana esculenta were immersed in Ringer's solution containing sodium iodoacetate (N/1000), and the effect of the drug was followed in two ways: (i) the suppression of glycolytic activity, and (ii) the liberation of iodide (presumed to result from an interaction between iodoacetic acid and glutathione of muscle).2. At 0° C. the glycolytic activity of muscle is reduced to ⅔ of normal in 2 hours, and is completely suppressed in 8 to 9 hours. But no iodide is liberated during the first two hours of immersion, and even at the end of 8 to 9 hours the amount produced is less than 10 per cent. of the maximum that the muscle is capable of liberating.3. This maximum iodide liberation requires about 36 hours contact between iodoacetate and muscle at room temperature, and amounts to about 0·07 millimols per 100 grm. of muscle, irrespective of the amount and concentration of iodoacetate in the system, provided there. is an excess. This quantity is equivalent to 25 mg. of reduced glutathione per 100 grin. of muscle.4. At 40° C. the inhibition of lactic acid production becomes apparent in about 10 minutes, and maximum poisoning effect is attained in 30 to 40 minutes. Liberation of iodide, on the other hand, begins in about 20 minutes, and the maximum production takes as much as 3 to 4 hours.5. These results do not support the view that the suppression of glycolytic activity of muscle depends upon an interaction between iodoacetic acid and glutathione, although they do not rule out the possibility of the formation of an addition compound.I am deeply indebted to Dr P. Eggleton for help and guidance generously given.The expenses of this research were defrayed from a grant from the Moray Endowment Fund.
A FACTOR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF MESENCHYME
Authors: Medawar P. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. The work of Heaton on a factor present in malt extracts which inhibits the growth of connective tissue is confirmed.2. The action of the factor on explants of heart, spleen, buffy coat, periosteum, perichondrium, Jensen Rat Sarcoma, etc., indicates that it extends to all mesenchyme derivatives.3. It is shown to be a constituent of normal diet; and its dietic status is discussed.4. A survey of its manner of action on explanted tissues is reported, and a method of assay described.5. The factor is shown to have no demonstrable direct effect on the growth of epithelia.6. The meaning to be attached to the term “growth‐inhibition” is discussed.The author wishes to thank Professor H. W. Florey, Mr. J. Z. Young, and Dr. H. M. Carleton for their interest in this work and for their advice. He also wishes to thank the Christopher Welch Trust for the supply of certain apparatus.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE URETERO‐VESICAL SPHINCTER
Authors: Stewart J. Cuming 
Published: December 2014

In these experiments on dogs, method used gave readings of bladder pressure, ureteric pressure and ureteric flow.A bladder pressure of 25 cm. of water caused a cessation of ureteric flow.With bladder pressures up to 60 cm. of water no demonstrable ureteric reflux was obtained.Stimulation of the ipsilateral pelvic nerve caused a cessation of ureteric flow irrespective of whether or not the intravesical pressure was raised.Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves and the lumbar sympathetic chains and section of these various nerves had no effect on ureteric flow.In the “ringed” ureter experiments, where the distal end of the ureter and surrounding bladder wall was isolated from the rest of the bladder except by mucous membrane, the results were the same as for the intact bladder.The evidence presented above suggests that the flow of fluid from ureter to bladder is controlled by a sphincter possessing its own intrinsic nervous mechanism.
THE THYROID NERVE IN THE DOG AND ITS FUNCTION
Authors: Ross W. Donald , Moorhouse V. H. K. 
Published: December 2014

The thyroid nerve described by Nonidez in puppies and canine fœtuses has been found in adult dogs.It is usually made up of nerve fibres derived from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic and from the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus. The vagus fibres may arise from the ganglion nodosum or the vago‐sympathetic trunk, and occasionally from the external laryngeal nerve.The thyroid nerve terminates in branches which enter the thyroid with the branches of the superior thyroid artery.Stimulation of the thyroid nerve consistently slows the flow of blood through the gland. Acceleration of the blood‐flow has been obtained by stimulating the ipsilateral vagus and, in one instance, fibres from the external laryngeal nerve.These results, indicating that the thyroid has a constant constrictor and some dilator innervation, suggest an indirect nervous control of the output of thyroid hormone into the blood‐stream.Histological changes in the thyroid, after electrical stimulation of the thyroid nerve for some hours, could not be demonstrated. Section of the nerve, allowing time for degeneration, produced no demonstrable histological change.
RELATION BETWEEN THE “VILLIKININE” AND THE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE FROM THE INTESTINE
Authors: Kokas E. v. , Ludány G. v. 
Published: December 2014

1. Villikinine is not activated by glucose.2. Dilute HCI introduced into the duodenum increases sugar absorption by 12·7–30·8 per cent. An intraduodenal injection is without effect on the absorption of sugar in the colon. This increase therefore takes place only in the small intestine. The increased absorption is due to increased motility of the villi.3. This hormonal regulation of absorption was confirmed by cross‐circulation experiments.4. Extracts containing villikinine introduced into the intestine increase the automatism of the villi and, hence, the absorption of sugar.5. Glucose absorption caused by the activity of the villi is estimated as approximately 20 per cent. of the entire absorption.