bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Restraint Interventions for Challenging Behaviour Among Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: Focus on Experiences
Authors: Heyvaert Mieke , Saenen Lore , Maes Bea , Onghena Patrick 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThis article is the second in a two‐part series. Heyvaert et al. focused on the effectiveness of restraint interventions (RIs) for reducing challenging behaviour among persons with intellectual disabilities) in the first article. In this second article, Heyvaert et al. focus on experiences with RIs for challenging behaviour among people with intellectual disabilities.MethodsA mixed methods research synthesis involving statistical meta‐analysis and qualitative meta‐synthesis techniques was applied to synthesize 76 retrieved articles. This second article reports on the qualitative meta‐synthesis of 17 articles on experiences with RIs for challenging behaviour among people with intellectual disabilities.ResultsThe 17 included articles report on important variables relating to the persons receiving RIs, to the persons giving RIs and to their interactions and relationship, as well as variables situated at the meso‐ and macro‐level.ConclusionsThe developed model can assist in reflecting on and improving of current RI practices among people with intellectual disabilities.
Prognostic Differences of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form and Long Form in Relation to 1‐Year Functional Decline and Mortality in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults Receiving Home Care
Authors: Kiesswetter Eva , Pohlhausen Stefanie , Uhlig Katrin , Diekmann Rebecca , Lesser Stephanie , Uter Wolfgang , Heseker Helmut , Stehle Peter , Sieber Cornel C. , Volkert Dorothee 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo compare the prognostic value of the revised Mini Nutritional Assessment short form (MNA‐SF) classification with that of the long form (MNA‐LF) in relation to mortality and functional change in community‐dwelling older adults receiving home care in Germany.DesignMulticenter, 1‐year prospective observational study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsOlder adults (≥65) receiving home care (n = 309).MeasurementsNutritional status (well nourished, at risk of malnutrition, malnourished) was classified using the MNA‐SF and MNA‐LF at baseline. Functional status was determined according to the Barthel Index of activities of daily living (ADLs) at baseline and after 1 year. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of mortality were calculated for MNA‐SF and MNA‐LF categories using stepwise Cox regression analyses. Repeated‐measurements analysis of covariance was used to examine changes in ADL scores over time for MNA‐SF and MNA‐LF categories.ResultsMNA‐SF classified 15% of the sample as malnourished and 41% as being at risk of malnutrition, whereas the MNA‐LF classified 14% and 58%, respectively. During the follow‐up year, 15% of participants died. The estimated hazard ratios (HR) for 1‐year mortality were lower for MNA‐SF than for MNA‐LF categories (at risk of malnutrition: HR = 2.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02−4.75 vs HR = 5.05, 95% CI = 1.53−16.58; malnourished: HR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.34−8.02 vs HR = 8.75, 95% CI = 2.45−31.18). For MNA‐SF categories, no differences in functional change were found. According to the MNA‐LF, ADL decline tended to be greater in those at risk of malnutrition (7.1 ± 10.1 points) than in those who were well nourished (3.7 ± 10.1 points) and malnourished (4.9 ± 10.1 points).ConclusionIn this sample of older adults receiving home care, the MNA‐LF was superior to the MNA‐SF in predicting mortality and differentiating functional decline during 1 year of follow‐up.
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase co‐regulate axonal outgrowth of mouse retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Gaublomme Djoere , Buyens Tom , De Groef Lies , Stakenborg Michelle , Janssens Els , Ingvarsen Signe , Porse Astrid , Behrendt Niels , Moons Lieve 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRestoration of correct neural activity following central nervous system (CNS) damage requires the replacement of degenerated axons with newly outgrowing, functional axons. Unfortunately, spontaneous regeneration is largely lacking in the adult mammalian CNS. In order to establish successful regenerative therapies, an improved understanding of axonal outgrowth and the various molecules influencing it, is highly needed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc‐dependent proteases that were sporadically reported to influence axon outgrowth. Using an ex vivo retinal explant model, we were able to show that broad‐spectrum MMP inhibition reduces axon outgrowth of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), implicating MMPs as beneficial factors in axonal regeneration. Additional studies, using more specific MMP inhibitors and MMP‐deficient mice, disclosed that both MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP, but not MMP‐9, are involved in this process. Furthermore, administration of a novel antibody to MT1‐MMP that selectively blocks pro‐MMP‐2 activation revealed a functional co‐involvement of these proteinases in determining RGC axon outgrowth. Subsequent immunostainings showed expression of both MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP in RGC axons and glial cells. Finally, results from combined inhibition of MMP‐2 and β1‐integrin were suggestive for a functional interaction between these molecules. Overall, our data indicate MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP as promising axonal outgrowth‐promoting molecules.
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Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system is lacking in adult mammals, thereby impeding recovery from injury to the nervous system. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc‐dependent proteases that were sporadically reported to influence axon outgrowth. Inhibition of specific MMPs reduced neurite outgrowth from mouse retinal explants. Our data indicate MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP as promising axonal outgrowth‐promoting molecules and show a possible link between MMP‐2 and β1‐integrin in axon outgrowth.
Benefit of palliative chemotherapy and hospice enrollment in late‐stage ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Tsubamoto Hiroshi , Ito Yoshihiro , Kanazawa Riichiro , Wada Ryu , Hosoda Yoko , Honda Okuto , Takeyama Ryu , Sakane Riya , Wakimoto Yu , Shibahara Hiroaki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThe ideal timing for transition to best supportive care (BSC) for ovarian cancer patients is not clear. We retrospectively assessed the survival benefit of continuing chemotherapy and hospice enrollment in late‐stage ovarian cancer patients.Materials and MethodsEligibility criteria included platinum and taxane treatment, clinical progression within 6 months of the last platinum dose, and progression during chemotherapy.ResultsOf the 55 eligible patients (median overall survival after first becoming refractory [1st Ref], 96 days), 22 received chemotherapy (Chemo group), two received radiation therapy, and 13 had medical contraindications for subsequent chemotherapy. The remaining 18 patients (BSC group) were compared with the Chemo group. The Chemo and BSC groups had similar background characteristics, except for the rate of consultation with a regional palliative care physician before or within 1 week of 1st Ref (9% vs 50%, respectively). In multivariate analysis, chemotherapy (hazard ratio 0.251, P = 0.005) and hospice enrollment (hazard ratio, 0.274, P = 0.023) were predictive factors of survival after 1st Ref.ConclusionsChemotherapy after 1st Ref can be offered and hospice enrollment during the terminal stages is encouraged for recurrent ovarian cancer patients.
Intravascular Ultrasound Predictors of CD163 Positive Macrophage Infiltration
Authors: SATO TAKAO , KAMEYAMA TOMOKI , UENO HIROSHI , INOUE HIROSHI 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine characteristics of macrophage accumulation and predictors of CD163 positive macrophages by ultrasonic tissue characterization.BackgroundIntraplaque hemorrhage is associated with plaque instability and induces macrophage accumulation with a scavenger receptor, CD163. These CD163 positive macrophages have anti‐atherogenic property.MethodsIn 50 patients with acute coronary syndrome, lumen, vessel and plaque area, and plaque components (% fibrous, % fibro fatty, % dense calcium, and % necrotic core) of the culprit lesion were determined by virtual histology (VH) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Remodeling index (RI) was also determined. Atherothrombotic debris of the culprit lesion was collected during percutaneous coronary intervention using a distal protection device. CD163 positive macrophages and glycophorin A (a protein specific to erythrocytes) were determined immunohistochemically.ResultsPercentage of CD163 positive macrophages to the whole cells (% CD163) correlated positively with lumen, vessel and plaque area, and RI. Further, % CD163 had significant positive correlation with % necrotic core and negative correlation with % dense calcium. Immunopositive areas of glycophorin A (% glycophorin A), expressed as the ratio of positively stained areas per total tissue, had a significant positive correlation with % CD163. On multivariate analysis, % necrotic core, % dense calcium, and RI were independent determinants of % CD163.ConclusionPositive remodeling and large necrotic core without calcification on VH‐IVUS were likely to indicate coronary intraplaque hemorrhage with CD163 positive macrophages infiltration. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:317–324)
Temporal profile and amplitude of human masseter muscle activity is adapted to food properties during individual chewing cycles
Authors: Grigoriadis A. , Johansson R. S. , Trulsson M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryJaw actions adapt to the changing properties of food that occur during a masticatory sequence. In the present study, we investigated how the time‐varying activation profile of the masseter muscle changes during natural chewing in humans and how food hardness affects the profile. We recorded surface electromyography (EMG) of the masseter muscle together with the movement of the lower jaw in 14 healthy young adults (mean age 22) when chewing gelatin‐based model food of two different hardness. The muscle activity and the jaw kinematics were analysed for different phases of the chewing cycles. The increase in the excitatory drive of the masseter muscle was biphasic during the jaw‐closing phase showing early and late components. The transition between these components occurred approximately at the time of tooth–food contact. During the masticatory sequence, when the food was particularised, the size of the early component as well as the peak amplitude of the EMG significantly decreased along with a reduction in the duration of the jaw‐closing phase. Except for amplitude scaling, food hardness did not appreciably affect the muscle's activation profile. In conclusion, when chewing food during natural conditions, masseter muscle activation adapted throughout the masticatory sequence, principally during the jaw‐closing phase and influenced both early and late muscle activation components. Furthermore, the adaptation of jaw actions to food hardness was affected by amplitude scaling of the magnitude of the muscle activity throughout the masticatory sequence.
Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation
Authors: Díaz A. , Ranilla M. J. , Giraldo L. A. , Tejido M. L. , Carro M. D. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro‐organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre‐treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre‐treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme‐substrate combinations.
Use of the novel atypical opioid tapentadol in goats (Capra hircus): pharmacokinetics after intravenous, and intramuscular administration
Authors: Lavy E. , Lee H.‐K. , Mabjeesh S.J. , Sabastian C. , Baker Y. , Giorgi M. 
Published: March 2014

The objective of the present study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of the novel atypical drug tapentadol (TAP) after intravenous (I.V.) and intramuscular (I.M.) injections in clinically healthy goats. A 2 × 2 cross‐over design study was carried out. Six local adultNubian nonlactating, nonpregnant female goats, were given 5 mg/kg body weight ofTAPbyI.V.andI.M.routes. The concentrations ofTAPin plasma were evaluated using a validatedHPLCmethod. Transient adverse effects were noticed in some animals, especially afterI.V.administration (tremors and ataxia). Three days after drug administration, severe hair loss was also recorded. The plasma concentrations after the two routes of administration were best described by a bi‐compartmental model. AfterI.M.injection,TAPshowed a very fast absorption (Tmax = 0.17 h) and a short half‐life (1.29 h). TheI.M.bioavailability was quite high, despite being variable (87.8 ± 35.6%). This is the first pharmacokinetic study ofTAPin goats but due to its unknown safety profile and efficacy, it is premature to recommend the use of this drug in clinical ovine practice.
Made of the Mist: Nineteenth‐Century British and American Views of Niagara II
Authors: Hallett Adam 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWriting within the conventions of the European sublime was often problematic for 19th‐century travel writers who found Niagara had no Old World precedent. Frances and Anthony Trollope, Dickens, Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, Twain, and Henry James all made important contributions to the literary development of the Fall's treatment in the 19th century, when they first became widely written upon, painted, and commodified after the 1825 completion of the Erie Canal. This article explores the importance of these authors' points of view of the cataract in relation to silence, guidebook empiricism, guidebook Romanticism, irreverence, and the problematic prospect of coming to terms with the Falls as a commercial and tourist destination.
The effect of microwave irradiation on the vitality of various dermatophytes
Authors: Budihardja Debby , Mayser Peter 
Published: March 2014

SummaryDermatomycosis is one of the most common dermatological infectious diseases. In recent years, the incidence of tinea pedum, a fungal infection of the feet, was increasing due to changing lifestyles. The risk of tinea pedum infections is associated with the use of sport shoes as well as contact with public sports facilities. Transmission of dermatomycosis occurs almost exclusively through indirect contacts, meaning that contagious material initially contaminates the patients’ environment and subsequently facilitates the spread of infection to others. A suitable disinfection procedure for ‘fungal reservoirs’ is very important in order to reduce the risk of reinfection of tinea pedum. This study investigates the effect of microwave radiation on various dermatophytes‐ (Trichophyton rubrum, T. rubrum var. nigricans, T. interdigitale and Microsporum canis infected cork and polyethylene sponge shoe insoles. The contaminated insoles were irradiated with various intensities and durations of microwaves. In each case, 10 colonies on cork and polyethylene sponge insoles were irradiated with the same intensity and duration, and subsequently compared with those of corresponding non‐irradiated control groups. Results of three independent experiments were statistically verified using Chi‐squared test for significance. We found significant differences between the various dermatophytes on polyethylene sponge insoles and also partly on cork insoles for the same irradiation intensity and duration. We were also able to show that a complete growth inhibition of all four dermatophytes occurs on both types of insoles after a 30 s exposure at 560 W, including a maximum temperature of 60 °C.
Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9) is up‐regulated in reactive astrocytes in human gliomas
Authors: Blank Anna‐Eva , Baumgarten Peter , Zeiner Pia , Zachskorn Cornelia , Löffler Christian , Schittenhelm Jens , Czupalla Cathrin J. , Capper David , Plate Karl H. , Harter Patrick N. , Mittelbronn Michel 
Published: March 2014

AimsThe prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas is still dismal despite maximum treatment. Novel therapeutic alternatives targeting tumorigenic pathways are, therefore, demanded. In murine glioma models, targeting of tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) 9 led to complete tumour eradication. Thus,TNFRSF9 might also constitute a promising target in human diffuse gliomas. As there is a lack of data, we aimed to define the expression pattern and cellular source ofTNFRSF9 in human gliomas.MethodsWe investigatedTNFRSF9 expression in normal human central nervous system (CNS) tissue and glioma specimens using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence andWestern blotting techniques.ResultsOur results show thatTNFRSF9 is considerably up‐regulated in human gliomas when compared with normal brain tissue. In addition, our data provides evidence for an immune cell‐independentde novoexpression pattern ofTNFRSF9 in mainly non‐neoplastic reactive astrocytes and excludes classic immunological cell types, namely lymphocytes and microglia as the source ofTNFRSF9. Moreover,TNFRSF9 is predominantly expressed in a perivascular and peritumoural distribution with significantly higher expression inIDH‐1 mutant gliomas.ConclusionsOur findings provide a novel,TNFRSF9‐positive, reactive astrocytic phenotype and challenge the therapeutic suitability ofTNFRSF9 as a promising target for human gliomas.
Beyond aridification: multiple explanations for the elevated diversification of cacti in the New World Succulent Biome
Authors: Hernández‐Hernández Tania , Brown Joseph W. , Schlumpberger Boris O. , Eguiarte Luis E. , Magallón Susana 
Published: March 2014

SummarySucculent plants are widely distributed, reaching their highest diversity in arid and semi‐arid regions. Their origin and diversification is thought to be associated with a global expansion of aridity. We test this hypothesis by investigating the tempo and pattern of Cactaceae diversification. Our results contribute to the understanding of the evolution of New World Succulent Biomes.We use the most taxonomically complete dataset currently available for Cactaceae. We estimate divergence times and utilize Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods that account for nonrandom taxonomic sampling, possible extinction scenarios and phylogenetic uncertainty to analyze diversification rates, and evolution of growth form and pollination syndrome.Cactaceae originated shortly after the Eocene–Oligocene global drop inCO2, and radiation of its richest genera coincided with the expansion of aridity in North America during the late Miocene. A significant correlation between growth form and pollination syndrome was found, as well as a clear state dependence between diversification rate, and pollination and growth‐form evolution.This study suggests a complex picture underlying the diversification of Cactaceae. It not only responded to the availability of new niches resulting from aridification, but also to the correlated evolution of novel growth forms and reproductive strategies.
Outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with indication for Fontan procedure
Authors: Shiono Nobuko , Inamura Noboru , Takahashi Shigehiro , Nagata Kouji , Fujino Yuji , Hayakawa Masahiro , Usui Noriaki , Okuyama Hiroomi , Kanamori Yutaka , Taguchi Tomoaki , Minakami Hisanori 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to clarify the outcome of patients with cardiovascular malformation (CVM) among those with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) who are indicated for the Fontan procedure.MethodsThe subjects included 76 CDH patients with CVM recruited from a national survey of 614 CDH patients. The outcomes were evaluated between two groups divided according to indication for the Fontan procedure. Patients with functional univentricular disease were considered to be candidates for the Fontan procedure.ResultsSixteen (21.1%) of the 76 patients were candidates for the Fontan procedure, accounting for 2.6% of all 614 patients with CDH. None of these patients, however, underwent the Fontan procedure. Among the 16 patients, the absence of obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOTO) was significantly associated with better 90 day survival (71.4%, 5/7, for those without LVOTO vs 0.0%, 0/9, for those with LVOTO, P = 0.0007). After excluding 22 patients with chromosomal and/or genetic abnormalities or syndromes, the 90 day survival rate was significantly better in neonates without than with indication for the Fontan procedure (62.5%, 25/40 vs 28.6%, 4/14, P = 0.0271).ConclusionsPatients with indications for the Fontan procedure are rare, and the outcome of patients with LVOTO among those with CDH is especially poor.
Longitudinal nutritional assessment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia during treatment
Authors: Higashiyama Yukie , Kojima Chiaki , Kubota Masaru , Nagai Ayako , Watanabe Ken‐ichiro , Adachi Souichi , Usami Ikuya 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundA nutritional assessment of pediatric patients with cancer is important to improve their outcome. The number of longitudinal nutritional studies during treatment, however, is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal changes in anthropometric measures and serum albumin level during chemotherapy in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of 23 patients (19 boys, four girls) with ALL from April 2007 to March 2010. The median age at diagnosis was 4.5 years. Bodyweight, height, and serum albumin levels were measured at the start and the end point of each chemotherapy phase.ResultsAt diagnosis, two patients (8.7%) were underweight and five patients (21.7%) were overweight according to body mass index z‐score, while five patients were underweight and three (13.0%) were overweight according to Waterlow score. The prevalence of malnourished patients did not change significantly throughout chemotherapy by either assessment. The absolute scores in either assessment were significantly reduced at the sanctuary treatment phase. Low serum albumin (<3.2 g/dL) was found in two patients at diagnosis. Mean albumin decreased significantly at the induction and the re‐induction phases.ConclusionsGiven that nutritional status under a similar chemotherapeutic regimen as assessed by anthropometric measures and albumin level differed among patients, careful observation of the nutritional status and intervention may be necessary at different phases of chemotherapy.