bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rediscovery of pycnidia inThamnolia vermicularis: implications for chemotype occurrence and distribution
Authors: LORD Janice M. , KNIGHT Allison , BANNISTER Jennifer M. , LUDWIG Lars R. , MALCOLM William M. , ORLOVICH David A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThamnolia vermicularisis a globally widespread arctic-alpine lichen with two distinct chemotypes. The intermixing of these chemotypes at the local scale and lack of genetic variation between them is puzzling given the apparent absence of specialized reproductive structures. Apothecia and conidiomata were originally reported forThamnoliain the second half of the 19th century, but putative apothecia proved to be parasitic in origin. This study presents conclusive microscopic evidence for the existence of pycnidial conidiomata containing conidia on thalli ofThamnolia vermicularisfrom geographically widespread locations. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA from excised pycnidial conidiomata matched that of thallus tips from individualThamnoliathalli. Our examination of the historic literature found that the occurrence of pycnidial conidiomata was never disproved, but this information was lost from the post-1920s English-language literature. Our rediscovery of pycnidial conidiomata indicates thatThamnolia vermicularispossesses a reproductive strategy with the potential for long-distance dispersal of multitudes of mitotically produced conidia, providing a plausible explanation for the cosmopolitan distribution of the species and the low levels of genetic variation among populations. Reversible processes, for example alternative splicing, warrant consideration as explanations for chemotype intermixing.
Detection of Protein Structure of Frozen Ancient Human Remains Recovered from a Glacier in Canada Using Synchrotron Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Quaroni Luca , Christensen Colleen R. , Chen Becky , Vogl Wayne , Monsalve Maria Victoria 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe previously used synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to describe the biochemical signature of skeletal muscle (biceps brachii) from the frozen ancient remains of a young man. In this current paper, we use light microscopy to assess the state of preservation of cellular components in the trapezius muscle from these same ancient remains and then use mid-infrared analysis at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron facility to further analyze the tissue. We compare spectra between the trapezius samples from the ancient remains and a recently deceased cadaver (control). Infrared spectra indicate preservation of secondary structure, with the α-helix being the principal component, along with triple helical portions of the protein backbone. Our mid-infrared analysis indicates an energy reserve in the skeletal muscle in the ancient remains.
The formation of growth coalitions: the role of the rural sector
Authors: GRABOWSKI RICHARD 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe political elite require resources in order to survive politically. Given the conditions existing in most developing nations, this implies following an inward-oriented development strategy promoting a large-scale, capital-intensive industrial sector. This strategy impoverishes agriculture and implies that the leaders of the industrial sector will make up a critical component of the coalition providing political support to the political elite. Reform allowing for outward-oriented growth will be extremely difficult. Dramatically increasing agricultural productivity provides a means to provide political legitimacy for the ruling elite as well as the political leverage to bring about reform.
Economics of identity and economics of the firm: why and how their three central questions overlap
Authors: BOULU-RESHEF BÉATRICE 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper shows how the literature on identity can enhance the so-far underdeveloped appreciation of social context in the theory of the firm. While taking context into account, I explain why the literatures overlap in significant ways and I propose an analytical map which relies on and matches the three central questions of both literatures. The three central questions on identity – identification, individuation and multiple social identities – are coupled respectively with the three central questions on the firm – the nature of the firm, internal organization and firm boundaries. This identity-based extension of the economics of the firm contributes to the organization of the literature by extending the analysis of identity to questions that go beyond the primary question of identification. In doing so, it identifies two key research agendas: the role of internal organization in enabling individuation and the role of firm boundaries in enabling collective intentions.
Motile invaded neutrophils in the small intestine ofToxoplasma gondii-infected mice reveal a potential mechanism for parasite spread
Authors: Coombes Janine L. , Charsar Brittany A. , Han Seong-Ji , Halkias Joanna , Chan Shiao Wei , Koshy Anita A. , Striepen Boris , Robey Ellen A. 
Published: May 2013

SignificanceToxoplasma gondiiinfection occurs following consumption of infected meat or contaminated water and produce. As a result, the parasite first enters the body in the intestine, but we understand surprisingly little about how it behaves there. In this study, we show thatT. gondiican invade neutrophils in the intestine directly, hitching a ride in these cells as they migrate out of the intestinal tissue into the lumen. Our findings implicate neutrophils and other immune cells in a surprising luminal pathway for the spread of infection and suggest new targets for therapeutic intervention in oral infection.
CANDELS MULTIWAVELENGTH CATALOGS: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND
PHOTOMETRY IN THE CANDELS UKIDSS ULTRA-DEEP SURVEY FIELD
Authors: Galametz Audrey , Grazian Andrea , Fontana Adriano , Ferguson Henry C. , Ashby M. L. N. , Barro Guillermo , Castellano Marco , Dahlen Tomas , Donley Jennifer L. , Faber Sandy M. , Grogin Norman , Guo Yicheng , Huang Kuang-Han , Kocevski Dale D. , Koekemoer Anton M. , Lee Kyoung-Soo , McGrath Elizabeth J. , Peth Michael , Willner S. P. , Almaini Omar , Cooper Michael , Cooray Asantha , Conselice Christopher J. , Dickinson Mark , Dunlop James S. , Fazio G. G. , Foucaud Sebastien , Gardner Jonathan P. , Giavalisco Mauro , Hathi N. P. , Hartley Will G. , Koo David C. , Lai Kamson , de Mello Duilia F. , McLure Ross J. , Lucas Ray A. , Paris Diego , Pentericci Laura , Santini Paola , Simpson Chris , Sommariva Veronica , Targett Thomas , Weiner Benjamin J. , Wuyts Stijn 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
We present the multiwavelength—ultraviolet to mid-infrared—catalog of the UKIRT
Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Ultra-Deep Survey field observed as part of
the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS).
Based on publicly available data, the catalog includes the CANDELS data from the
Hubble
Space Telescope (near-infrared WFC3
F125W and
F160W data and visible ACS
F606W and
F814W data); u-band data
from CFHT/Megacam; B, V,
Rc
, i′, and z′
band data from Subaru/Suprime-Cam; Y and
Ks
band data from VLT/HAWK-I;
J, H, and K band data from
UKIDSS (Data Release 8); and Spitzer/IRAC data (3.6, 4.5 μm
from SEDS; 5.8 and 8.0 μm from SpUDS). The present catalog is
F160W-selected and contains 35, 932
sources over an area of 201.7 arcmin2 and includes radio- and
X-ray-detected sources and spectroscopic redshifts available for 210
sources.
Effects of Steam, Moisture, and Screw Speed on Physical Properties of DDGS‐Based Extrudates
Authors: Fallahi Parisa , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan , Tulbek Mehmet 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTA fractional factorial design with a replicated central composite point was used to investigate the effects of extrusion processing on physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) based aquafeeds using a twin‐screw extruder. Extrusion cooking trials were performed with a nutritionally balanced ingredient blend for Nile tilapia, with two levels of screw speed (350 and 450 rpm), two levels of extruder water (0.236 and 0.302 kg/min), and two levels of conditioner steam (0.1 and 0.15 kg/min). The central point was 400 rpm screw speed, 0.271 kg/min extruder water, and 0.12 kg/min conditioner steam. Effects of these processing conditions on extrudate characteristics were extensively analyzed and included moisture content, water activity, thermal properties, expansion ratio, unit density, bulk density, color, water stability, sinking velocity, water absorption and solubility indices, and pellet durability index. Increasing the extruder water and conditioner steam resulted in a 5.3% decrease and nearly 8.6% rise in mass flow rate, respectively. As screw speed increased from 350 to 400 rpm, water stability and water activity increased by 13 and 58%, respectively. Increasing extruder water from 0.236 to 0.302 kg/min led to a significant increase in water stability by 12.5% and decreases in water absorption index, water activity, and expansion ratio by 13, 21, and 5.5%, respectively. As conditioner steam increased from 0.1 to 0.15 kg/min, sinking velocity and water absorption index decreased by 25 and 15%, respectively. Increasing conditioner steam from 0.1 to 0.12 kg/min resulted in 20, 5.5, 10, and 3% decreases in moisture content of the extrudates, brightness (L*), water stability, and expansion ratio, respectively. It also increased bulk density by 5.8% and unit density by 4.2%. Overall, all trials produced viable extrudates with properties appropriate for Nile tilapia feeding.
Genetic analysis of ORF5 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated in Vietnam
Authors: Thi Dieu Thuy Nguyen , Thi Thu Nguyen , Son Nguyen Giang , Ha Le Thi Thu , Hung Vo Khanh , Nguyen Nguyen Thao , Khoa Do Vo Anh 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important swine pathogens because it is highly infectious and causes economic losses due to decreased pig productivity. In this study, the 603 bp complete major envelope protein encoding gene (ORF5) of 32 field PRRSV isolates from Vietnam collected during 2008–2012 were sequenced and analyzed. Multiple nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) alignments of ORF5 were performed on the 32 isolates: the representative strains (European and North American genotypes), Chinese strains available in GenBank and vaccine strains licensed for use in Vietnam. The results showed 94.8–100.0% nt identity and 94.0–100% aa similarity among the 32 isolates. These isolates shared similarities with the prototype of the North American PRRSV strain (VR‐2332; nt 87.8–89.3%, aa 87.5–90.0%), and Lelystat virus, the prototype of the European PRRSV strain (LV; nt 61.1–61.9%, aa 55.1‐57.0%). There was greater similarity with QN07 (nt 96.5‐98.5%, aa 96.0‐99.0%) from the 2007 PRRS outbreak in QuangNam Province, CH‐1a (nt 93.2–95.1%, 91.5–93.5%) isolated in China in 1995 and JXA1 (nt 96.5–98.6%, aa 95.0–98.0%), the highly pathogenic strain from China isolated in 2006. The Vietnamese isolates were more similar to JXA1‐R (nt 96.5–98.6%, aa 95.0–98.0%), the strain used in Chinese vaccines, than to Ingelvac MLV/BSL‐PS (nt 87.2–89.0%, aa 86.0–89.0%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 32 isolates were of the North American genotype and classified into sub‐lineage 8.7. This sub‐lineage contains highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strains. This study documents genetic variation in circulating PRRSV strains and could assist more effective use of PRRS vaccines in Vietnam.
Fruit bats and bat fruits: the evolution of fruit scent in relation to the foraging behaviour of bats in the New and Old World tropics
Authors: Hodgkison Robert , Ayasse Manfred , Häberlein Christopher , Schulz Stefan , Zubaid Akbar , Mustapha Wan Aida W. , Kunz Thomas H. , Kalko Elisabeth K. V. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryFrugivory among bats (Chiroptera) has evolved independently in the New and Old World tropics: within the families Phyllostomidae and Pteropodidae, respectively. Bats from both families rely primarily on olfaction for the location of fruits. However, the influence of bats on the evolution of fruit scent is almost completely unknown.Using the genusFicusas a model, the aims of this study were to explore the chemical composition of fruit scent in relation to two contrasting seed dispersal syndromes in Panama and Malaysia and to assess the influence of fruit scent on the foraging behaviour of neo‐ and palaeotropical fruit‐eating bats (Artibeus jamaicensisandCynopterus brachyotis, respectively). Two hypotheses were tested: (i) variation in fruit scent, between bat‐ and bird‐dispersed figs, is independent of phylogeny and (ii) Old and New World fruit bats, which have evolved independently in each hemisphere, share the same olfactory preferences with respect to fruit scent.The fruit scents of bat‐ and bird‐dispersed fig species were sampled in the field, using dynamic headspace adsorption techniques. New and Old World fruit bats were then captured and tested on natural fig fruit scents from both hemispheres.Chemical analyses, using gas chromatography (GC) andGC/mass spectrometry (MS), revealed a broad overlap in scent compounds between bat‐dispersed fig species from both hemispheres. Their fruit scents were dominated by monoterpenes, which contrary to phylogenetic predictions, were completely absent from bird‐dispersed species from both regions.The fruit scents of bat‐dispersed figs were highly attractive to neotropical bats (A. jamaicensis) in behavioural experiments, whereas those of bird‐dispersed figs were completely rejected. Neotropical bats (A. jamaicensis) exhibited a significant preference for fig fruit scents dominated by monoterpenes, independent of the geographical origin of the scent. Palaeotropical bats (C. brachyotis), by contrast, rejected monoterpene‐rich fruit scents from the Neotropics.In a cluster analysis (which included additional, published data from the literature), the fruit scents of bat‐dispersed figs were clumped by subgenus, with the exception of palaeotropical figs of the subgenus Sycomorus.C. brachyotis, from Malaysia, was the only fruit bat species that significantly preferred the fruit scents of Sycomorus figs that contained no monoterpenes.
How do foragers decide when to leave a patch? A test of alternative models under natural and experimental conditions
Authors: Marshall Harry H. , Carter Alecia J. , Ashford Alexandra , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Cowlishaw Guy 
Published: May 2013

Summary

A forager's optimal patch‐departure time can be predicted by the prescient marginal value theorem (pMVT), which assumes they have perfect knowledge of the environment, or by approaches such as Bayesian updating and learning rules, which avoid this assumption by allowing foragers to use recent experiences to inform their decisions.

In understanding and predicting broader scale ecological patterns, individual‐level mechanisms, such as patch‐departure decisions, need to be fully elucidated. Unfortunately, there are few empirical studies that compare the performance of patch‐departure models that assume perfect knowledge with those that do not, resulting in a limited understanding of how foragers decide when to leave a patch.

We tested the patch‐departure rules predicted by fixed rule, pMVT, Bayesian updating and learning models against one another, using patch residency times (PRTs) recorded from 54 chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) across two groups in natural (n = 6175 patch visits) and field experimental (n = 8569) conditions.

We found greater support in the experiment for the model based on Bayesian updating rules, but greater support for the model based on the pMVT in natural foraging conditions. This suggests that foragers may place more importance on recent experiences in predictable environments, like our experiment, where these experiences provide more reliable information about future opportunities.

Furthermore, the effect of a single recent foraging experience on PRTs was uniformly weak across both conditions. This suggests that foragers’ perception of their environment may incorporate many previous experiences, thus approximating the perfect knowledge assumed by the pMVT. Foragers may, therefore, optimize their patch‐departure decisions in line with the pMVT through the adoption of rules similar to those predicted by Bayesian updating.
Pollination biology of the endangered orchid Cypripedium japonicum in a fragmented forest of Japan
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Fukushima Shigeki 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPollination biology studies of the endangered orchid Cypripedium japonicum were conducted in its natural habitat using pollinator observation and hand‐pollination experiments. The observed fruit set was as follows: artificial outcross‐pollinated, 100%; artificial self‐pollinated, 100%; pollinator‐excluded, 0%; and emasculated flowers, 0%. These results show that this species, although self‐compatible, is neither autogamous nor agamospermous. The fruit set for open‐pollinated flowers was 14.9%, which suggests that the study population was subject to pollinator limitation. The nectarless flowers of C. japonicum were exclusively visited and pollinated by the queens of two bumblebee species (Bombus ardens and B. diversus diversus). It is probable that the nectarless flowers of C. japonicum attract pollinators through a generalized food deceptive system.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Affect Human Endometrial Angiogenesis: Protective Effect of a Synthetic Peptide (TIFI) Mimicking the Phospholipid Binding Site of β2glycoprotein I
Authors: Di Simone Nicoletta , D'Ippolito Silvia , Marana Riccardo , Di Nicuolo Fiorella , Castellani Roberta , Pierangeli Silvia S. , Chen Pojen , Tersigni Chiara , Scambia Giovanni , Meroni Pier Luigi 
Published: May 2013

ProblemAim of our study was to investigate whether TIFI, a syntetic peptide able to compete with anti‐phospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the binding to endothelium, may restore aPL‐inhibited endometrial angiogenesis.MethodsThe protective role of TIFI was evaluated on: i) aPL–inhibited of human endometrial endothelial cells (HEEC) angiogenesis in vitro; ii) aPL–inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and metalloproteases (MMPs) expression; iii) aPL‐inhibited Nuclear Factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and Extracellular signal–Regulated Kinase (ERK) activation and (iv) angiogenesis in vivo.ResultsTIFI restores in a dose‐dependent manner: i) aPL‐mediated inhibition of HEEC angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.05), ii) VEGF (P < 0.001) and MMP–2 (P < 0.05) expression and iii) NF‐κB DNA binding and ERK–1/2 activation (P < 0.05) inhibited by aPL.ConclusionOur results show for the first time the protective effects of TIFI, as represented by its ability to interfere with aPL mediated anti‐angiogenic activity.
Constriction of porcine retinal arterioles induced by endothelin‐1 and the thromboxane analogue U46619 in vitro decreases with increasing vascular branching level
Authors: Torring Maria Skytte , Aalkjaer Christian , Bek Toke 
Published: May 2013

Abstract.Purpose:  The retinal blood flow depends on the diameter of retinal arterioles, but diameter changes in these vessels have hitherto only been assessed in vessels larger than approximately 100 μm. Therefore, a new method was developed for studying diameter changes along the vascular tree of arterioles in whole perfused segments of porcine retinas, and the effect of known vasoconstrictors on the diameter of retinal arterioles at different branching levels were studied.Methods:  Thirty‐four whole‐mounted porcine retinas were placed in a specially designed tissue chamber. On the basis of video recordings through an inverted microscope, the diameter of retinal arterioles was measured at five different branching levels before and after addition of a high potassium concentration, or increasing concentrations of endothelin‐1, the prostaglandin analogue U46619, noradrenaline or none (time controls).Results:  The baseline diameter ranged from 136 μm (95% CI 132–140 μm) for 1st order arterioles to 33 μm (95% CI 21–44 μm) for 5th order arterioles. In 1st order arterioles, endothelin produced 56.6% (95% CI 47.6–64.0) and U46619 14.6% (95% CI 5.7–22.6) relative constriction compared with baseline, which for both compounds decreased significantly with increasing branching level (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The change in diameter during addition of noradrenaline did not differ significantly from the time controls (p = 0.07).Conclusions:  The effect of retinal vasoconstrictors differs among larger and smaller arterioles. The study highlights the need for investigating diameter regulation in smaller retinal arterioles as a basis for understanding normal and pathological changes in retinal blood flow.
Exploring Local Modifications for Constrained Meshes
Authors: Deng Bailin , Bouaziz Sofien , Deuss Mario , Zhang Juyong , Schwartzburg Yuliy , Pauly Mark 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMesh editing under constraints is a challenging task with numerous applications in geometric modeling, industrial design, and architectural form finding. Recent methods support constraint‐based exploration of meshes with fixed connectivity, but commonly lack local control. Because constraints are often globally coupled, a local modification by the user can have global effects on the surface, making iterative design exploration and refinement difficult. Simply fixing a local region of interest a priori is problematic, as it is not clear in advance which parts of the mesh need to be modified to obtain an aesthetically pleasing solution that satisfies all constraints. We propose a novel framework for exploring local modifications of constrained meshes. Our solution consists of three steps. First, a user specifies target positions for one or more vertices. Our algorithm computes a sparse set of displacement vectors that satisfies the constraints and yields a smooth deformation. Then we build a linear subspace to allow realtime exploration of local variations that satisfy the constraints approximately. Finally, after interactive exploration, the result is optimized to fully satisfy the set of constraints. We evaluate our framework on meshes where each face is constrained to be planar.
DuctTake: Spatiotemporal Video Compositing
Authors: Rüegg Jan , Wang Oliver , Smolic Aljoscha , Gross Markus 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDuctTake is a system designed to enable practical compositing of multiple takes of a scene into a single video. Current industry solutions are based around object segmentation, a hard problem that requires extensive manual input and cleanup, making compositing an expensive part of the film‐making process. Our method instead composites shots together by finding optimal spatiotemporal seams using motion‐compensated 3D graph cuts through the video volume. We describe in detail the required components, decisions, and new techniques that together make a usable, interactive tool for compositing HD video, paying special attention to running time and performance of each section. We validate our approach by presenting a wide variety of examples and by comparing result quality and creation time to composites made by professional artists using current state‐of‐the‐art tools.