bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Sequence Representations in the Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Kalm Kristjan , Davis Matthew H. , Norris Dennis 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Much of what we need to remember consists of sequences of stimuli, experiences, or events. Repeated presentation of a specific sequence establishes a more stable long-term memory, as shown by increased recall accuracy over successive trials of an STM task. Here we used fMRI to study the neural mechanisms that underlie sequence learning in the auditory–verbal domain. Specifically, we track the emergence of neural representations of sequences over the course of learning using multivariate pattern analysis. For this purpose, we use a serial recall task, in which participants have to recall overlapping sequences of letter names, with some of those sequences being repeated and hence learned over the course of the experiment. We show that voxels in the hippocampus come to encode the identity of specific repeated sequences although the letter names were common to all sequences in the experiment. These changes could have not been caused by changes in overall level of activity or to fMRI signal-to-noise ratios. Hence, the present results go beyond conventional univariate fMRI methods in showing a critical contribution of medial-temporal lobe memory systems to establishing long-term representations of verbal sequences.
Doubling–Adding Method for Delta-Four-Stream Spherical Harmonic Expansion Approximation in Radiative Transfer Parameterization
Authors: Zhang Feng , Li Jiangnan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Though the single-layer solutions have been found for the δ-four-stream spherical harmonic expansion method (SHM) in radiative transfer, there is lack of a corresponding doubling–adding method (4SDA), which enables the calculation of radiative transfer through a vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere with multilayers. The doubling–adding method is based on Chandrasekhar's invariance principle, which was originally developed for discrete ordinates approximation. It is shown that the invariance principle can also be applied to SHM and δ-four-stream spherical harmonic expansion doubling–adding method (δ-4SDA) is proposed in this paper. The δ-4SDA method has been systematically compared to the δ-Eddington doubling–adding method (δ-2SDA), the δ-two-stream discrete ordinates doubling–adding method (δ-2DDA), and δ-four-stream discrete ordinates doubling–adding method (δ-4DDA). By applying δ-4SDA to a realistic atmospheric profile with gaseous transmission considered, it is found that the accuracy of δ-4SDA is superior to δ-2SDA or δ-2DDA, especially for the cloudy/aerosol conditions. It is shown that the relative errors of δ-4SDA are generally less than 1% in both heating rate and flux, while the relative errors of both δ-2SDA and δ-2DDA can be over 6%. Though δ-4DDA is slightly more accurate than δ-4SDA in heating rates, both of them are accurate enough to obtain the cloud-top solar heating. Here δ-4SDA is superior to δ-4DDA in computational efficiency. It is found that the error of aerosol radiative forcing can be up to 3 W m−2 by using δ-2SDA at the top of the atmosphere (TOA); such error is substantially reduced by applying δ-4SDA. In view of the overall accuracy and computational efficiency, δ-4SDA is suitable for application in climate models.
Complications Following Treatment of Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures Through the Posterolateral Approach
Authors: Little Milton T. M. , Berkes Marschall B. , Lazaro Lionel E. , Sculco Peter K. , Helfet David L. , Lorich Dean G. 
Published: February 2013

Background: The posterolateral approach to the ankle is a valuable approach for the treatment of ankle fractures (SER) ankle fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the complication rate for ankle fractures treated through the posterolateral approach. We hypothesized that this approach would be associated with a low incidence of complications and good clinical outcomes. Methods: A total of 112 patients with SER ankle fractures treated through a posterolateral approach met inclusion criteria. Prospectively collected data were examined retrospectively from chart review, preoperative plain radiographs, and MRI as well as postoperative radiographs. The mean age was 51.5 (range, 18 to 86) years. The primary outcome of the study was major (surgical debridement, flap, or split thickness skin graft) and minor (epidermolysis requiring local wound care) wound complications. The secondary outcomes included infection, symptomatic hardware, reoperation, loss of reduction, malreduction, nonunion, Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores, range of motion, and other perioperative complications. Results: There were 11 minor wound related complications (9.8%) and 3 major wound complications (2.7%), 1 of which required a split thickness skin graft. The overall postoperative wound infection rate was 4.4% (5 of 112); 2 patients required hardware removal due to deep infection. Of patients, 7% (8 of 112) reported symptomatic lateral sided hardware and thus underwent removal of implants. The overall reoperation rate was 12.5%. The complication rate was 23%. No patients experienced loss of reduction. Conclusions: The posterolateral approach to the ankle was a valuable approach for SER ankle fractures. This series demonstrated many key aspects of this approach including access to the apex of the fibula fracture for posterior antiglide plating, access to the posterior malleolus for fixation, access to the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament for repair, minimal major wound complications, good functional outcomes, and minimal need for reoperation. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected data.
Minimally Invasive Reconstruction of Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle Using Semitendinosus Autograft
Authors: Wang Bibo , Xu Xiang-Yang 
Published: February 2013

Background: Multiple techniques have been described for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Most require extensive exposure and dissection, which may lead to potential problems with wound healing, higher risk of nerve injury, fibrosis, and stiffness. This study reports on the results of a minimally invasive method to reconstruct the ligaments using a semitendinosus tendon autograft and achieve a stable ankle while avoiding these problems. Materials and Methods: From September 2006 to May 2010, 25 patients (14 males, 11 females) with chronic ankle instability underwent lateral ligament reconstruction. The average age was 32.4 (range, 17 to 62) years old. A semitendinosus autograft was harvested through 2 small knee incisions. For the ankle reconstruction, 4 small incisions of 5 mm each were made at the medial and lateral side of the fibular tip, the talar neck, and the middle of the calcaneus. Anatomical reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) was then performed through these small incisions. The mean final follow-up was 32.3 (range, 12 to 56) months. AOFAS questionnaires were used to measure clinical outcomes and donor site morbidity and patient satisfaction are also reported. Preoperative and postoperative stress tests were performed and radiographic parameters were measured. Results: The mean AOFAS score increased on average from 71.1 to 95.1 ( P < .001). Two patients reported residual instability on uneven ground. No patient reported weakness or disability from the donor site. The satisfaction level was excellent in 20 patients and good in 5 patients. Significant improvement in stress radiographic parameters was noted for the talar tilt angle, with reduction from a mean of 14.0 to 3.8 degrees ( P < .001); anterior talar displacement reduced from a mean of 12.3 to 4.6 mm ( P < .001). Conclusion: Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments using a semitendinosus tendon autograft and a minimally invasive approach can achieve a stable ankle while avoiding extensive exposure and risk of nerve injury. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Use of Collagen Conduits in Management of Painful Neuromas of the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Gould John S. , Naranje Sameer M. , McGwin Gerald , Florence Mason , Cheppalli Suresh 
Published: February 2013

Background: Painful neuromas of the foot and ankle frequently pose a treatment dilemma due to persistent pain or recurrence after resection. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes in patients in which collagen nerve conduits were used as an adjunct to the resection of a painful neuroma. Our prior experience with vein conduits for this purpose suggested that we might have similar success with the use of these devices. Materials and Methods: Chart reviews and telephone surveys were performed on patients operated by the senior surgeon (JSG) at our medical center from June 2006 to June 2011. A total of 50 patients underwent excision of painful single or multiple neuromas with the end of the resected nerve sutured into the collagen conduit. Each patient preoperatively was asked to describe the amount of pain he or she was experiencing on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain. In the telephone interview conducted during this study, the same question was asked of each patient following revision. Patient ages ranged from 16 to 77 years, with a mean of 54 years. In all, 30 right and 20 left sides were operated, and 1 patient had bilateral involvement. Mean follow-up was 36 months (6-55 months). There were a total of 69 nerves that underwent conduit procedures. Results: Of 69 nerve conduit constructs, 30 (43%) were painless at final outcome, 23 (33%) had pain scores of 1 to 4, 6 (9%) had pain scores of 5 to 7, and 10 (15%) had severe symptoms with pain scores of 8 to 10. Satisfactory outcomes in which patients stated that they were significantly improved with the procedure and now functional occurred in 59/69 (85%). In all, 24 (48%) patients were completely symptom free, 13 (26%) had a pain score of 1 to 4, 6 (12%) had scores of 5 to 7, and 10 (15%) had severe pain with scores of 8 to 10. Three patients had superficial infections (stitch abscesses): 2 resolved with oral antibiotics and 1 resolved spontaneously. Three patients developed complex regional pain syndrome. One patient responded to a dorsal column stimulator and 2 responded to sympathetic blocks. No other complications were reported. Conclusion: Collagen conduits were safe and generally successful adjuncts to simple excision in the management of painful neuromas of the foot and ankle. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
The calcineurin-NFAT pathway negatively regulates megakaryopoiesis
Authors: Zaslavsky Alexander , Chou Stella T. , Schadler Keri , Lieberman Allyson , Pimkin Maxim , Kim Yeo Jung , Baek Kwan-Hyuck , Aird William C. , Weiss Mitchell J. , Ryeom Sandra 
Published: February 2013

Key PointsInhibition of calcineurin-NFAT signaling increases megakaryocyte and platelet counts. Inhibition of calcineurin-NFAT signaling increases proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitors.
The brain-in-motion study: effect of a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention on cerebrovascular regulation and cognitive function in older adults
Authors: Tyndall Amanda V , Davenport Margie H , Wilson Ben J , Burek Grazyna M , Arsenault-Lapierre Genevieve , Haley Eryka , Eskes Gail A , Friedenreich Christine M , Hill Michael D , Hogan David B , Longman R Stewart , Anderson Todd J , Leigh Richard , Smith Eric E , Poulin Marc J 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Aging and physical inactivity are associated with declines in some cognitive domains and cerebrovascular function, as well as an elevated risk of cerebrovascular disease and other morbidities. With the increase in the number of sedentary older Canadians, promoting healthy brain aging is becoming an increasingly important population health issue. Emerging research suggests that higher levels of physical fitness at any age are associated with better cognitive functioning and this may be mediated, at least in part, by improvements in cerebrovascular reserve. We are currently conducting a study to determine: if a structured 6-month aerobic exercise program is associated with improvements or maintenance of both cerebrovascular function and cognitive abilities in older individuals; and, the extent to which any changes seen persist 6 months after the completion of the structured exercise program.

Methods/design
Two hundred and fifty men and women aged 55–80 years are being enrolled into an 18-month combined quasi-experimental and prospective cohort study. Participants are eligible for enrollment into the study if they are inactive (i.e., not participating in regular physical activity), non-smokers, have a body mass index <35.0 kg/m2, are free of significant cognitive impairment (defined as a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 24 or more), and do not have clinically significant cardiovascular, cerebrovascular disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary airway disease. Repeated measurements are done during three sequential six-month phases: 1) pre-intervention; 2) aerobic exercise intervention; and 3) post-intervention. These outcomes include: cardiorespiratory fitness, resting cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular reserve, and cognitive function.

Discussion
This is the first study to our knowledge that will examine contemporaneously the effect of an exercise intervention on both cerebrovascular reserve and cognition in an older population. This study will further our understanding of whether cerebrovascular mechanisms might explain how exercise promotes healthy brain aging. In addition our study will address the potential of increasing physical activity to prevent age-associated cognitive decline.
A functional genomics screen for microRNA regulators of NF-kappaB signaling
Authors: Olarerin-George Anthony O , Anton Lauren , Hwang Yih-Chii , Elovitz Michal A , Hogenesch John B 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
The nuclear factor-KappaB (NF-κB) pathway is conserved from fruit flies to humans and is a key mediator of inflammatory signaling. Aberrant regulation of NF-κB is associated with several disorders including autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, and cancer, making the NF-κB pathway an attractive therapeutic target. Many regulatory components of the NF-κB pathway have been identified, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs and are common components of signal transduction pathways. Here we present a cell-based functional genomics screen to systematically identify miRNAs that regulate NF-κB signaling.

Results
We screened a library of miRNA mimics using a NF-κB reporter cell line in the presence and absence of tumor necrosis factor (+/- TNF). There were 9 and 15 hits in the -TNF and +TNF screens, respectively. We identified putative functional targets of these hits by integrating computational predictions with NF-κB modulators identified in a previous genome-wide cDNA screen. miR-517a and miR-517c were the top hits, activating the reporter 86- and 126-fold, respectively. Consistent with these results, miR-517a/c induced the expression of endogenous NF-κB targets and promoted the nuclear localization of p65 and the degradation of IκB. We identified TNFAIP3 interacting protein1 (TNIP1) as a target and characterized a functional SNP in the miR-517a/c binding site. Lastly, miR-517a/c induced apoptosis in vitro, which was phenocopied by knockdown of TNIP1.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that miRNAs are common components of NF-κB signaling and miR-517a/c may play an important role in linking NF-κB signaling with cell survival through TNIP1.
Factors affecting late displacement following volar locking plate fixation for distal radial fractures in elderly female patients
Authors: Rhee S. H. , Kim J. , Lee Y. H. , Gong H. S. , Lee H. J. , Baek G. H. 
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of late displacement after the treatment of distal radial fractures with a locking volar plate, and to investigate the clinical and radiological factors that might correlate with re-displacement. From March 2007 to October 2009, 120 of an original cohort of 132 female patients with unstable fractures of the distal radius were treated with a volar locking plate, and were studied over a follow-up period of six months. In the immediate post-operative and final follow-up radiographs, late displacement was evaluated as judged by ulnar variance, radial inclination, and dorsal angulation. We also analysed the correlation of a variety of clinical and radiological factors with re-displacement. Ulnar variance was significantly overcorrected (p < 0.001) while radial inclination and dorsal angulation were undercorrected when compared statistically (p < 0.001) with the unaffected side in the immediate post-operative stage. During follow-up, radial shortening and dorsal angulation progressed statistically, but none had a value beyond the acceptable range. Bone mineral density measured at the proximal femur and the position of the screws in the subchondral region, correlated with slight progressive radial shortening, which was not clinically relevant. Volar locking plating of distal radial fractures is a reliable form of treatment without substantial late displacement. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:396–400.
Residual pain due to soft-tissue impingement after uncomplicated total ankle replacement
Authors: Kim B. S. , Choi W. J. , Kim J. , Lee J. W. 
Published: February 2013

We report the incidence and intensity of persistent pain in patients with an otherwise uncomplicated total ankle replacement (TAR). Arthroscopic debridement was performed in selected cases and the clinical outcome was analysed. Among 120 uncomplicated TARs, there was persistent pain with a mean visual analogue scale (VAS) of 2.7 (0 to 8). The intensity of pain decreased in 115 ankles (95.8%). Exercise or walking for more than 30 minutes was the most common aggravating factor (62 ankles, 68.1%). The character of the pain was most commonly described as dull (50 ankles, 54.9%) and located on the medial aspect of the joint (43 ankles, 47.3%). A total of seven ankles (5.8%) underwent subsequent arthroscopy. These patients had local symptoms and a VAS for pain ≥ 7 on exertion. Impingement with fibrosis and synovitis was confirmed. After debridement, the median VAS decreased from 7 to 3 and six patients were satisfied. The median VAS for pain and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score of the ankles after debridement was similar to that of the uncomplicated TARs (p = 0.496 and p = 0.066, respectively). Although TAR reduces the intensity of pain, residual pain is not infrequent even in otherwise uncomplicated TARs and soft-tissue impingement is the possible cause. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:378–83.
Azithromycin for the Treatment of Gastroparesis
Authors: Potter Teresa G , Snider Kenneth R 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of azithromycin for the treatment of gastroparesis. DATA SOURCES Literature was accessed through PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science (both 1966-October 2012) using the terms gastroparesis, diabetic gastroparesis, and azithromycin. Literature was limited to English-language publications. In addition, references from publications identified were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All articles published in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS The treatment of gastroparesis depends on the severity of the symptoms, but generally includes dietary modifications, prokinetic medications, and antiemetics. The initial treatment for gastroparesis is a prokinetic agent, and because erythromycin has the greatest effect on gastric emptying, it is often used. Limitations to erythromycin include adverse reactions (nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain), QTc interval prolongation, CYP3A-associated drug interactions, and tachyphylaxis. Azithromycin, another macrolide, has been shown to increase gastrointestinal motility and may have fewer limitations to its use. Azithromycin has fewer drug interactions, less incidence of QTc interval prolongation, a longer half-life, and fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects. Use of azithromycin may be beneficial in patients with gastric and small bowel dysmotility. Two observational studies have supported its use in gastroparesis, but there have been no controlled studies. All studies published have been performed during testing procedures for gastroparesis; thus, longer-term treatment effects and symptom control need to be studied. There is one ongoing prospective controlled trial with preliminary data available only in abstract form. CONCLUSIONS Azithromycin may prove to be an alternative prokinetic agent in gastroparesis, but further study is needed before it can be recommended.
Tranexamic Acid–Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Irazabal Maider Pretel , Martin Laura Marques , Gil Leyre Aguado , Gastearena Miguel Angel Idoate 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE To report a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) induced by orally administered tranexamic acid in a patient with liver cirrhosis and acute rectal bleeding. CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old male with a history of liver cirrhosis due to alcohol consumption with ascitic decompensation, esophageal varices, and multifactorial renal insufficiency presented with rectal bleeding. The patient was prescribed oral tranexamic acid (1000 mg every 8 hours), with partial resolution of symptoms. Te n days after treatment with tranexamic acid began, a purplish macular rash appeared over the patient's trunk. The dose of tranexamic acid was reduced to 1000 mg every 12 hours, adjusting for renal function. In the following days the lesions extended and became confluent with blisters and epidermal necrosis. Multiple mucosal surfaces were also affected. He denied allergies to any medications and had no history of tranexamic acid exposure. Treatment with tranexamic acid was suspended and fluid replacement therapy, oral prednisone therapy (0.4 mg/kg per day), and N-acetylcysteine 2 g every 6 hours was started, with the empiric diagnosis of TEN. Results of a skin biopsy were compatible with TEN. Resolution of the skin lesions was favorable, but after 2 weeks the patient died secondary to acute renal failure, respiratory infection, and multiorgan failure. DISCUSSION TEN is a rare, severe mucocutaneous adverse reaction. Although infrequent, TEN has a significant impact on public health because of its high mortality. Its pathogenesis is unclear, but it seems to be a form of delayed hypersensitivity. To our knowledge, a well-documented case of TEN following tranexamic acid use has not been reported (MEDLINE search to June 2012). There have been recent reports of skin hypersensitivity reactions through different mechanisms (immunologic and nonimmunologic). The Naranjo probability scale indicates a probable relationship between the development of TEN and tranexamic acid use in our patient. CONCLUSIONS This appears to be the first report of a case of TEN that occurred in a patient being treated with oral tranexamic acid. Clinicians should be made aware of this potential severe cutaneous adverse reaction that may be caused by tranexamic acid administration.
Health and educational performance among young migrants
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce David , Furnham Adrian , Siefen Rainer Georg 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study is a part replication of an earlier study by on health efficacy, educational attainment and well-being among 30 nations. It includes, however, data from these nations, as well as the latest Pisa results and update socioeconomic data and sociological variables which include divorce rate, number of persons/household, employment rates, and measures of physical and mental health (including new scales of well-being, e.g., mental health index, life satisfaction, suicide rates). More importantly, it includes measures of migrant rates among children and adults in each country, the focus of attention of this article. New material on health and educational expenditure are provided.