bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleft lip–cleft palate in Zimbabwe: Estimating the distribution of the surgical burden of disease using geographic information systems
Authors: Tollefson Travis T. , Shaye David , Durbin‐Johnson Blythe , Mehdezadeh Omid , Mahomva Leonard , Chidzonga Midion 
Published: May 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the prevalence and unmet need for cleft lip–cleft palate reconstructive surgery by using incidence. Our hypotheses were that the age of presentation to screening clinics will decrease between 2006 and 2012, and the geospatial distribution of cases will expand to a more rural catchment area.Study DesignLongitudinal cross‐sectional/geospatial distribution study.MethodsAn online, secure database was created from intake forms for children with cleft lip–cleft palate (N = 604) in Zimbabwe (2006–2012). Univariate analysis was completed. A linear regression model was fitted to test the time trend of a child's age at the time of presentation. Unique patient addresses (n = 411) were matched. Maps presenting cleft diagnosis and presentation year were created with geographic information systems (GIS) software.ResultsThe median age of presentation was greater for isolated cleft palate (4.2 years, n = 106) than isolated cleft lip (1.5 years, n = 251) and cleft lip–cleft palate (2.0 years, n = 175). Cleft lip cases were mostly left sided with equal gender distribution. The overall age of presentation remained stable (P = .83). The age of children with isolated cleft palate decreased by 0.8 years per surgical trip (P = .01), suggesting the prevalence of unrepaired cleft palate is decreasing due to local and visiting surgeons. The catchment area extended to a less populous area, but clustered around Harare and Bulawayo.ConclusionsThis study gives Zimbabwe‐specific evidence that supports reports of the persistent burden of disease requiring attention. The GIS software provided data for the primary needs assessment, which will direct communication to healthcare providers and prospective patients outside of the current catchment area.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 125:S1–S14, 2015
Synthesis of Well‐Defined Oligo(2,5‐dialkoxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)s by Combined Olefin Metathesis and Wittig‐type Coupling: Effect of Conjugation Repeat Units and End Groups Toward Optical Properties
Authors: Abdellatif Mohamed Mehawed , Yorsaeng Sakkawet , Inagaki Akiko , Nomura Kotohiro 
Published: May 2014

Defect‐free, highly trans oligo(2,5‐dialkoxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)s [alkoxy = O(CH2)2OSiiPr3] with both repeat units (ex. 9, 15, and 31 repeat units) and end groups (aldehyde, C6F5, terthiophene, ferrocene) well‐defined are prepared by a stepwise combined olefin metathesis using Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(N‐2,6‐Me2C6H3)[OCCH3(CF3)2]2 with subsequent Wittig‐type coupling. End‐functionalized oligomers with uniform distributions are also prepared by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) condensation using a ruthenium‐carbene catalyst, followed by the above combined olefin metathesis and Wittig coupling. The effects of the repeat units and the end functional groups on the optical properties are explored; the photoluminescence quantum yields in the end‐functionalized oligomers (e.g., 9 mers) are affected by the end groups.
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The Clinical Spectrum of Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 2
Authors: Brugger Florian , Schüpbach Michael , Koenig Michel , Müri René , Bohlhalter Stephan , Kaelin‐Lang Alain , Kamm Christian P. , Kägi Georg 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAtaxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations within both alleles of the senataxin gene. First symptoms are usually recognized before the age of 30. Unlike several other autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia syndromes, levels of alpha‐fetoprotein are nearly always elevated in AOA2 and thus narrowing down the differential diagnosis list. We present 3 video cases illustrating and expanding the clinical spectrum of AOA2, with 1 case bearing a novel mutation with cervical dystonia as the first symptom, the absence of neuropathy, and a disease onset beyond the age of 40. Furthermore, all patients were assessed by oculographic analysis, which revealed distinct patterns of oculomotor abnormalities. The clinical spectrum of AOA2 might be even broader than previously described in larger series. Oculography might be a useful tool to detect subclinical oculomotor apraxia in this disorder.
Real‐time direct integration of reduced solid dynamics equations
Authors: González David , Cueto Elías , Chinesta Francisco 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYA new method is developed here for the real‐time integration of the equations of solid dynamics based on the use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)–proper generalized decomposition (PGD) approaches and direct time integration. The method is based upon the formulation of solid dynamics equations as a parametric problem, depending on their initial conditions. A sort of black‐box integrator that takes the resulting displacement field of the current time step as input and (via POD) provides the result for the subsequent time step at feedback rates on the order of 1 kHz is obtained. To avoid the so‐called curse of dimensionality produced by the large amount of parameters in the formulation (one per degree of freedom of the full model), a combined POD–PGD strategy is implemented. Examples that show the promising results of this technique are included. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hamilton's law of variable mass system and time finite element formulations for time‐varying structures based on the law
Authors: Zhao Rui , Yu Kaiping 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYTraditional principles of mechanics are primarily conceived for constant mass systems, which are only valid if mass is gained or lost at null velocity with respect to an inertial reference frame for variable mass systems, thus the numerical algorithms for time‐varying structures based on these principles are only suitable for this special case. In this paper, Hamilton's law of variable mass system is derived based on Meshchersky's fundamental equation, and two classes of novel time finite element formulations for linear systems with arbitrary continuous time‐varying parameters are developed based on the previous law. The formulations are verified extensively through numerical examples in which the convergence and effectiveness of algorithms are evaluated. Numerical examples demonstrate that compared with the algorithms for time‐varying structures that developed based on traditional principles of mechanics, the proposed algorithms provide extended capabilities in both time‐varying mass problems that mass is gained or lost at any velocity (such as rocket problem) and moving‐mass problems (such as vehicle‐bridge interaction problem) besides the time‐varying stiffness and damping problems, the proposed algorithms have a wider range of application. In particular, Hamilton's law of variable mass system provides a solid theoretical foundation for further research on the algorithm design for time‐varying structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity of Lagrange (Bézier) and rational Bézier quads of degree 2
Authors: George P.L. , Borouchaki H. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYFinite elements of degree two or more are needed to solve various PDE problems. This paper discusses a method to validate such meshes for the case of quadrilateral elements of degree 2. The first section of this paper comes back to Bézier curve and Bézier quadrilateral patches of degree 2. The way in which a Bézier quad patch and a Q2 finite element quad are related is introduced. The two possible quads are discussed, the 9‐node (or complete) quad together with the 8‐node (or Serendipity) quad. A validity condition, the positivity of the Jacobian, is exhibited for these two elements. The discussion continues with a rational Bézier quad patch that can be used as a finite element. Extension to arbitrary degrees is given. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐Term Labour Migration: Brazilian Migrants in Ireland
Authors: Maher Garret , Cawley Mary 
Published: May 2014

AbstractShort‐term low‐skilled labour migration has increased internationally during the past two decades of rapid economic growth, in response to deficiencies in local labour supply in developed countries. Ireland was one of the newer states to recruit labour internationally on a large scale from the late 1990s until the global economic downturn in 2008. Various forms of short‐term migration, as well as both documented and undocumented employment, followed. This paper discusses the experience of Brazilian migrants in Ireland who assume particular interest because of being a new migration stream over a great distance, which involved relatively short sojourns in Ireland for many before returning to Brazil. Changing government work permit policies for non‐European Economic Area citizens, European Union enlargement, and economic recession all contributed to reduce the opportunities for legal employment in Ireland. This paper is based on research with workers who were initially recruited for the agricultural processing sector in two small towns in western Ireland through an existing link with the province of Goiás in Brazil. The evidence differs from some other studies of international labour migration in that data collection took place in both Ireland and Brazil. It highlights in particular the vulnerability of short‐term migrants to labour policies and the economy in host countries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbaceous Versus Forested Riparian Vegetation: Narrow and Simple Versus Wide, Woody and Diverse Stream Habitat
Authors: Jackson C. R. , Leigh D. S. , Scarbrough S. L. , Chamblee J. F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe investigated interactions of riparian vegetative conditions upon a suite of channel morphological variables: active channel width, variability of width within a reach, large wood frequency, mesoscale habitat distributions, mesoscale habitat diversity, median particle size and per cent fines. We surveyed 49 wadeable streams, 45 with low levels of development, throughout the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin in the Southern Appalachians. Conversion of riparian forest to grass has reduced aquatic habitat area (quantified by active channel width), channel width variability, wood frequency, mesoscale habitat diversity and obstruction habitat (wood and rock jams), and such conversion has increased the fraction of run and glide habitat. Channels with grassy riparian zones were only one‐third to three‐fifths of the width of channels with forested riparian zones, and channels with grassy or narrow forested riparian zones were nearly devoid of wood. Particle size metrics were strongly affected by stream power and agricultural cover in the basin, but the data suggest that elimination of riparian forest reduces median bed particle size. Results indicate that even modest increases in the extent and width of forested riparian buffers would improve stream habitat conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Injury, Disability and Access to Care in Rwanda: Results of a Nationwide Cross‐Sectional Population Study
Authors: Petroze Robin T. , Joharifard Shahrzad , Groen Reinou S. , Niyonkuru Francine , Ntaganda Edmond , Kushner Adam L. , Guterbock Thomas M. , Kyamanywa Patrick , Calland J. Forrest 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundDisparities in access to quality injury care are a growing concern worldwide, with over 90 % of global injury‐related morbidity and mortality occurring in low‐income countries. We describe the use of a survey tool that evaluates the prevalence of surgical conditions at the population level, with a focus on the burden of traumatic injuries, subsequent disabilities, and barriers to injury care in Rwanda.MethodsThe Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) tool is a cross‐sectional, cluster‐based population survey designed to measure conditions that may necessitate surgical consultation or intervention. Questions are structured anatomically and designed around a representative spectrum of surgical conditions. Households in Rwanda were sampled using two‐stage cluster sampling, and interviews were conducted over a one‐month period in 52 villages nationwide, with representation of all 30 administrative districts. Injury‐related results were descriptively analyzed and population‐weighted by age and gender.ResultsA total of 1,627 households (3,175 individuals) were sampled; 1,185 lifetime injury‐related surgical conditions were reported, with 38 % resulting in some form of perceived disability. Of the population, 27.4 % had ever had a serious injury‐related condition, with 2.8 % having an injury‐related condition at the time of interview. Over 30 % of household deaths in the previous year may have been surgically treatable, but only 4 % were injury‐related.ConclusionsDetermining accurate injury and disability burden is crucial to health system planning in low‐income countries. SOSAS is a useful survey for determining injury epidemiology at the community level, which can in turn help to plan prevention efforts and optimize provision of care.
A Novel Method for Laparoscopic Splenectomy in the Setting of Hypersplenism Secondary to Liver Cirrhosis: Ten Years’ Experience
Authors: Cai Yunqiang , Liu Xubao , Peng Bing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt is a technical challenge to perform laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) on patients with liver cirrhosis. The purpose of this article is to share our experience with performing LS in the setting of hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis.MethodsA total of 43 LSs for hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis were performed between September 2003 and January 2013. The patients studied in this series were consecutively enrolled. All of the surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. We divided our patients into two groups based on whether splenogastric ligament‐entranced laparoscopic splenectomy (SLELS) was used. Data were collected retrospectively by chart review.ResultsThe patients in the two groups had comparable demographic characteristics. Patients who underwent LS with SLELS (group 2) required less operating time (195.2 ± 45.8 vs. 227.7 ± 52.1 min, p = 0.042) and suffered less blood loss (160.4 ± 107.6 vs. 270.1 ± 231.2 ml, p = 0.031). No significant difference was found in terms of blood transfusion, conversion, postoperative hospital stay, and complications.ConclusionsIt is safe and feasible to perform LS on patients with hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis. In the procedure of SLELS, we highlight the importance of sufficient elevation the upper pole of the spleen.
Distribution of Boron Between Silicon and CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 Slags
Authors: Jakobsson Lars Klemet , Tangstad Merete 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Production of solar-grade silicon through metallurgical refining methods can be less expensive than current production methods both in terms of energy use and capital cost. Slag refining is a potential metallurgical refining method for removal of boron from silicon. The distribution of boron between silicon and binary CaO-SiO2 and MgO-SiO2 slags, and between silicon and ternary CaO-MgO-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags has been investigated in this work at 1873 K (1600 °C). The distribution coefficient of boron has been found to be between 2 and 2.5 in the binary CaO-SiO2 and MgO-SiO2 systems. It has also been found to be in the same range across the entire CaO-MgO-SiO2 system. In these systems the distribution coefficient is unaffected by slag composition. The distribution coefficient has been found to decrease with increasing Al2O3 content in the slag in the ternary CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system.
Characterizing physicians’ information needs at the point of care
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Ten Cate Olle , Moorhead Laura L. , Van Stiphout Feikje , Kramer Bianca M. R. , Ter Braak Edith , Posley Keith , Irby David , O’Brien Bridget C. 
Published: May 2014

Physicians have many information needs that arise at the point of care yet go unmet for a variety of reasons, including uncertainty about which information resources to select. In this study, we aimed to identify the various types of physician information needs and how these needs relate to physicians’ use of the database PubMed and the evidence summary tool UpToDate. We conducted semi-structured interviews with physicians (Stanford University, United States; n = 13; and University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; n = 9), eliciting participants’ descriptions of their information needs and related use of PubMed and/or UpToDate. Using thematic analysis, we identified six information needs: refreshing, confirming, logistics, teaching, idea generating and personal learning. Participants from both institutions similarly described their information needs and selection of resources. The identification of these six information needs and their relation to PubMed and UpToDate expands upon previously identified physician information needs and may be useful to medical educators designing evidence-based practice training for physicians.
Although unseen, chronic pain is real–A phenomenological study
Authors: Ojala Tapio , Häkkinen Arja , Karppinen Jaro , Sipilä Kirsi , Suutama Timo , Piirainen Arja 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Background
Research has emphasised the essential role of psychosocial risk factors in chronic pain. In practice, pain is usually verified by identifying its physical cause. In patients without any distinct pathology, pain is easily defined as imaginary pain. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the invisibility of chronic pain, from the patients’ perspective.

Methods
Thirty-four participants with chronic pain were interviewed. The mean age of the participants was 48 years, and 19 of them were women. For 21 of the participants, the duration of pain was more than five years, and most of the participants had degenerative spinal pain. The transcribed interviews were analysed using Giorgi’s four-phase phenomenological method.

Results
The participants’ chronic pain was not necessarily believed by health care providers because of no identified pathology. The usual statements made by health care providers and family members indicated speculation, underrating, and denial of pain. The participants reported experience of feeling that they had been rejected by the health care and social security system, and this feeling had contributed to additional unnecessary mental health problems for the participants.
As a result from the interviews, subthemes such as “Being disbelieved”, “Adolescents’ pain is also disbelieved”, “Denying pain”, “Underrating symptoms”, “The pain is in your head”, “Second-class citizen”, “Lazy pain patient”, and “False beliefs demand passivity” were identified.

Conclusions
In health care, pain without any obvious pathology may be considered to be imaginary pain. Despite the recommendations, to see chronic pain as a biopsychosocial experience, chronic pain is still regarded as a symptom of an underlying disease. Although the holistic approach is well known and recommended, it is applied too sparsely in clinical practice.

Implications
The Cartesian legacy, keeping the mind and body apart, lives strong in treatment of chronic pain despite recommendations. The biopsychosocial approach seems to be rhetoric.
Can BDNF and IL-2 be indicators for the diagnosis in schizophrenic patients with depressive symptoms?
Authors: Eker Salih Saygin , Yavasci Ebru Oztepe , Cangur Sengul , Kirli Selcuk , Sarandol Emre 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveThe aim of the current study is to determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) can be biological indicators for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients with depressive symptoms.MethodForty-seven patients (11 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 16 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and comorbid depression and 20 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder) and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled. The Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used for assessment. The serum BDNF and IL-2 levels of all the subjects were studied.ResultsDecreased levels of serum BDNF and increased levels of serum IL-2 were found in the patients diagnosed with either schizophrenia, schizophrenia with depression, or major depressive disorder (p= 0.049,p= 0.010;p= 0.001 andp= 0.044;p= 0.027,p= 0.003; respectively) compared with control group. There were no significant differences between the patient groups in their serum BDNF and IL-2 levels.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that neurotrophic factors and immune system changes are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia with or without depressive symptomatology. However, the data do not clarify whether depressive symptoms in schizophrenia occur as a dimension of schizophrenia or as symptoms of major depression that is comorbid with schizophrenia.
Associations of the Baltic Sea diet with cardiometabolic risk factors – a meta-analysis of three Finnish studies
Authors: Kanerva Noora , Kaartinen Niina E. , Rissanen Harri , Knekt Paul , Eriksson Johan G. , Sääksjärvi Katri , Sundvall Jouko , Männistö Satu 
Published: May 2014

Dyslipidaemia, hypertension and low-grade inflammation increase the risk of CVD. In the present meta-analysis, we examined whether adherence to a healthy Nordic diet, also called the Baltic Sea diet, may associate with a lower risk of these cardiometabolic risk factors. In 2001–2007, three cross-sectional Finnish studies were conducted: the Dietary, Lifestyle and Genetic Determinants of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome study (n4776); Health 2000 Survey (n5180); Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (n1972). The following parameters were assessed in these three studies: blood pressure, total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, TAG and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); a validated FFQ was used to assess the participants' dietary intakes. The Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) was developed based on the healthy Nordic diet. All studies assessed confounding variables, such as physical activity and BMI, based on standardised questionnaires and measurements. The random-effects meta-analysis provided summary estimates for OR and 95 % CI by the BSDS quintiles. In the meta-analysis, the risk of elevated hs-CRP concentration was lower among men (OR 0·58, 95 % CI 0·43, 0·78) and women (OR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·91) in the highest BSDS quintile than among those in the lowest BSDS quintile. In contrast, the risk of lowered HDL-cholesterol concentration was higher among women (OR 1·67, 95 % CI 1·12, 2·48) in the highest BSDS quintile than among those in the lowest BSDS quintile. However, no other associations were found. In conclusion, the associations between the adherence to the healthy Nordic diet and cardiometabolic risk factors are equivocal. Longitudinal studies are needed to further examine this hypothesis.