bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Test for Estimating Soil Corrosivity Based on Investigation Of Metal Highway Culverts
Authors: STRATFULL R. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion rates of several thousand metal highway culverts buried in California soils were studied with respect to soil resistivity and pH. From this relationship a new test method was derived to estimate soil corrosivity. Statistical analysis was used to compare the accuracy of this method of estimating soil corrosivity with other known methods. It was found that within limits this new test method was a more reliable indicator of relative soil corrosivity than any of the other investigated methods. It was thought, though, that this method might not prove so effective in predicting corrosion for long pipe lines nor for estimating soil corrosivity in certain geographical areas. 4.5.3
Thermoplastic Pipe, Fittings and Equipment for Corrosion Control
Authors: Johnson Russell W. , Webb Allyn E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Describes principal characteristics of thermoplastics currently used for corrosion resistance. Some of the advantages of plastic piping over metallic piping are discussed. Types of plastic materials described briefly include polyethylene, ABS, cellulose acetate butyrate, vinylidene chloride, PVC and chlorinated polyether. Also describes plastic lined steel pipe, joints, fittings and valves. Additional data given on PVC. case histories given on service of PVC with illustrations of several installations. 6.6.8
The Low Potential Zinc Anode In Theory and Application
Authors: WELLINGTON J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
After a brief discussion of the principles of cathodic protection and the basic requirements of a galvanic anode, anode requirements are examined specifically in terms of the cathodic protection of iron or steel in an electrolyte of uniform characteristics.
For sea water it is shown that it is desirable to limit the cathode polarization to a value less anodic than −1.1 v (vs Ag/AgCl). The advantages of a low potential anode for the cathodic protection of iron under these conditions are discussed in detail in terms of circuit resistance, self-regulation, and cunrent distribution on the cathode. Other desirable anode characteristics such as current efficiency, current capacity per unit volume, and the effect of anode shape on anode current output are examined mathematically. The practical advantages and implications of the above considerations are described. It is suggested that where cathode polarization controls current distribution on the cathode and regulates anode current output, a new concept can be advanced for the design of cathodic protection systems utilizing low potential zinc anodes.
5.2.2
Corrosion Problems in the Use of Zirconium And Columbium Alloys in Nuclear Reactors
Authors: DOUGLASS D. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion problems relating to the use of zirconium in reactors are discussed in terms of corrosion rate transition and hydrogen pickup. The phenomenological aspects and the resultant practical implications are related to limitations in reactor performance. The effect of irradiation is shown to be important and not too well-defined. The rate of hydrogen pickup and its interaction with radiation damage and structural characteristics of zirconium are discussed with respect to degradation of mechanical behavior. Justification of columbium can be achieved only for superheat steam or liquid metal-cooled reactors. The kinetics and phenomenology of high temperature steam corrosion are presented. The limiting factor appears to be oxygen contamination and subsequent embrittlement due to rapid diffusion of oxygen at superheat temperatures. The oxygen sensitivity of liquid metal corrosion appears to be limiting for space power nuclear reactors.
8.4.5, 6.3.20, 6.3.5
Cell Apparatus Checks Resistivity of Nitrogen Tetroxide Propellant to Control Corrosion in Missiles
Authors: Holt Charles W. , Turley R. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Brief discussion of cell apparatus used to make continuous analysis of water content in nitrogen tetroxide propellant systems as a method of corrosion control in intercontinental ballistics missiles. Aluminum alloys used for missile propellant tanks handling nitrogen tetroxide suffer severe corrosion when water content in system rises above 0.2 percent by weight. Studies showed relationship between water content and specific resistance of missile propellant. Discusses formula for determining specific resistance of a liquid. Shows equipment used for this method of water content analysis and outlines its advantages over laboratory analysts methods.
4.3.7, 6.4.2, 7.1
Effect of Residual Etchant on the Corrosion Behavior of Zircaloy-2
Authors: KASS STANLEY 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aqueous corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-2 surfaces contaminated with reaction product from the HNO3-HF-H2O etchant was studied. Surfaces slightly contaminated with residual etchant exhibit cloudy surfaces and corrode more rapidly than non-contaminated surfaces. The surfaces of coupons severely contaminated exhibit white continuously spalling oxide films in high temperature water. In 750 F steam, however, the corrosion is characterized initially by a spalling corrosion film followed by an adherent corrosion product.
6.3.20, 2.3.6
PART 2—The Alloy-Tin Couple Test—A New Research Tool
Authors: KAMM G. G. , WILLEY A. R. , BEESE R. E. , KRICKL J. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A new 20 hour electrochemical test which measures the current flowing between pure tin and tin plate detinned to the alloy layer, coupled in deaerated grapefruit juice, shows good correlation with rate of detinning in grapefruit juice test packs. The test detects variations in corrosion resistance not measurable with other known short-term tests. A theory of tin plate corrosion based on relative porosities of tin and alloy layers has evolved from this work, providing a better understanding of factors involved in tin plate corrosion. This alloy-tin couple (ATC) test serves as a valuable tool in tin plate research. 2.3.5, 6.3.14
Corrosion Effects of Liquid Fluorine and Liquid Oxygen On Materials of Construction
Authors: FINK F. W. , WHITE EARL L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of materials of construction for handling liquid fluorine and liquid oxygen is summarized. This is an important matter in rocket construction. Even though both of these elements are very reactive, most of the common metals are sufficiently resistant for many applications. The compatibility with these oxidizers of alloys of iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and zirconium is discussed. Corrosion rate data compiled from both published and unpublished sources are presented. The compatibility of non metals and organic materials is also reviewed. Attention is given to the effect of initiating rapid reactions, or burning of both metals and organic materials by compressive impact, tensile impact, friction, wear, and other mechanisms. 4.7, 4.3.5
Practicality of Establishing Threshold Values To Eliminate Stress Corrosion Failures in Metals and Alloys
Authors: SUSS HENRY 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A review is offered on the significance of many factors which could affect the stress corrosion behavior of materials. These include such items as (1) method of test, (2) variations normally present in the materials conforming to the same specification, (3) slight variations in test environment or metallurgical structure of the metal, (4) accelerated corrosion attack (galvanic or crevice), (5) residual stress, and (6) nature of corrosion attack. Based on this review, it was evident that all the factors do not act independently; instead, there is a complex mutual interaction.
As a result of these factors, it has been concluded that the stress corrosion problem cannot be entirely eliminated at this time through control of specific parameters to established threshold values. The recommended approach is selection of an alternate resistant material. Other approaches to minimize the problem are proper design, reduction of the corrosivity of the environment, reduction of effective stress, or use of a protective layer. Evaluation under actual service conditions is an essential requirement. The possible danger of localized failure or increasing porosity of a protective layer with continued exposure of the base metal also is emphasized.
Special attention is given in this study to the behavior of AISI 410 steel. 3.5.8
Accelerated Corrosion Test for Tin Plate In Grapefruit and Other Juices
Authors: CARTER P. R. , BUTLER T. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Investigation of an alloy-tin couple (ATC) test described by Kamm and associates indicates a good correlation between ATC current and grapefruit juice pack life. The effect of Sn(II) additions to the electrolyte, of the source of the tin anode, of variations in sample and anode area, of resistance of the external and internal circuit, and of scratches on the sample surface is discussed. Increasing alloy-layer thickness decreases the ATC current. ATC measurements made in grapefruit, tomato, and pineapple juices rank various lots of tin plate similarly, but in prune juice a different ranking is observed. This difference is consistent with previous data, which showed the mechanism of corrosion of tin plate for grapefruit and tomato juices to be different from that of prune juice. 8.3.5, 6.3.14
PART 1—Electrochemical Studies of Tin, Iron-Tin Alloy, and Steel in Air-Free Acid Media—Corrosion Resistance of Electrolytic Tin Plate
Authors: KAMM G. G. , WILLEY A. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Several types of failure observed in tin plate containers are described in terms of tin-steel potential and current relationships. The effect of Sn++ on potentials and polarization of tin and steel electrodes in de-aerated 1N HCl and 0.1M citrate buffer is shown to be important to proper design of electrochemical test methods. Potential and polarization measurements indicate that inhibition by Sn++ is not a plating-out process. Hydrogen diffusion experiments suggest a relationship between hydrogen diffusion and inhibition by Sn++. Polarization studies have identified the iron-tin alloy as an important factor in tin plate corrosion.
3.8.2, 6.3.14, 3.6.8
Investigation of Mild Steel Corrosion Rate In San Diego Harbor
Authors: PETERSON M. H. , WALDRON L J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The basic corrosion rate at San Diego has been determined by exposure of an extensive series of mild steel panels for 6, 12, and 18 months. The corrosion rate as determined by weight loss, and the degree of pitting determined by pit depth measurements was measured for unprotected panels, and for three different levels of cathodic protection.
The basic corrosion rate for unprotected panels over the one-year exposure was 25.8 mdd and the greatest pit depth found exceeded 60 thousandths of an inch. The fully protected panels suffered virtually no corrosion while the partially protected panels had a corrosion rate of 8.3 mdd. However, the greatest pit depth found on the partially protected panels was only 9 mils.
6.2.3, 2.2.2, 3.2.2, 5.2.1
Intergranular Corrosion Of Commercially Pure Zirconium
Authors: PAYNE B. S. , PRIEST D. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Selective corrosion in a hot hydrochloric acid service was noted in a narrow band of the heat affected zone of a commercially fabricated zirconium weldment. Little attack was present on the weld proper or the parent stock. The selective attack has been found to be intergranular in nature and associated with the presence of a precipitated phase in the grain boundaries. The particular precipitated phase required for this attack has been duplicated in bulk samples by specific heat treatment, as well as in experimental weldments.
Two methods of prevention of this localized attack near welds have been evaluated; namely: (1) Use of high purity zirconium, and (2) heating of commercially pure zirconium weldment at 1800 F followed by a water quench. Possible mechanisms for the microstructural changes and for the corrosion attack are discussed.
6.3.20, 3.2.2, 4.3.2, 3.7.3
Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys In High Purity Water in the Range 150 C – 340 C
Authors: MacLENNAN D. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Examination of the cross-section of the film on aluminum and its alloys, while attached to the metal, reveals that the second phase particles play an important part in the corrosion pattern. The 2S aluminum contains at least two types of second phase particles, one of which corrodes more rapidly while the other corrodes more slowly than the surrounding aluminum. The majority of second phase particles in the 157 alloy corrode more slowly than the surrounding aluminum.
6.4.2, 4.6.5, 3.2.3
Specification Format for Surface Preparation And Material Application For Industrial Maintenance Painting
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6D On Industrial Maintenance Painting,   Prepared by Task Group T-6D-2 on Standardization Of Scope of Painting Specifications
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This report gives a specification format for surface preparation and material application for industrial maintenance painting for a chemical company. Topics covered include the condensed specification method, surface preparation, pretreatment, material application, material description, comparison of proposed code system with typical present method, painting specifications, painting schedules and standards of inspection. A typical material description by user code is given. 5.4.6, 1.7.1
Laboratory and Service Evaluation Of Aluminized Steel Wire
Authors: RIGO JANE H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The development of aluminized steel is outlined briefly. Results are reported of outdoor tests made on aluminized steel wire in marine, severe marine, severe industrial and semi-rurai atmospheres. Proposed and current specification tests for aluminized steel which involve utilization of corrosion principles are discussed. Although the order of superiority of aluminized steel in atmospheric corrosion resistance compared to a zinc coating of equal coating thickness is not yet fully established, current information indicates that it will be substantial.
5.3.2, 6.2.3, 2.2.2
Protective Coatings In Petroleum Production
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6E On Protective Coatings in Petroleum Production
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This report on protective coatings used in connection with petroleum production is based on a survey of current practices in use by a number of companies. It covers such topics as surface preparation, surface treatments and primers, application methods, inspection methods, coverage rates, painting for reflection, selecting a painting contractor, typical coating defects, design problems, and safety suggestions. Organic coatings discussed include oil, alkyd, chlorinated rubber, epoxy, bitiminous, vinyl, silicone, courmarone-indene, acrylic, epoxy-coal tar and urethane. Inorganic coatings considered include cement, galvanized and metallized. Special environments discussed include hot surfaces, sour crude tanks, galvanized surfaces, light products tank interiors, and pipe lines. Sample specifications are included for tank painting. Photographs of coating inspection instruments are shown.
5.4.5, 5.4.2, 5.3.2, 8.4.3, 1.7.1
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (Hypalon)
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6A On Organic Coatings and Linings for Resistance to Chemical Corrosion,   Prepared by Task Group T-6A-18 On Chlorosylfonated Polyethylene
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Physical and chemical properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene are reported in detail. Topics discussed include uses, forms available, effects of compounding, effects of aging, abrasion and impact resistance, electrical properties, heat and weather resistance, priming, and application methods. Chemical resistances are reported at room temperature or at temperatures ranging from 158–212 F for chlorosulfonated polyethylene in 274 different media. These test media include alcohol and water, alkalies, gases, inorganic acids, oxidizing agents, chlorine dioxide, chrome plating solution, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, pickling solution, sodium hypochlorite, sulfuric acid, oils and solvents.
6.6.8, 5.4.5
Cathodic Protection Proposed for Vapor Area in Pulp Digesters
Authors: Wasson L. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Proposes a system of cathodic protection for pulp digester tanks that will protect not only tank areas covered by liquid but also areas covered by vapor from liquid contents in tank. Outlines five requirements such a system should have. Describes inner lining of steel sheet used as anode with filler material between anode and tank wall. Filler suggested is cement and plaster of parts to achieve a porous material that will permit electrical conductance paths of moisture vapor through the material. Give details of mounting anode sheets to tank and also a floating type platform for use inside tank to install and replace anode sheets. 5.2.1, 8.5.3
Review of Some Data on Corrosion of Stainless Steel and Higher Alloys in Pulp Mill Equipment
Authors: Templeton Harold C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Allowable corrosion rates for equipment with low corrosion tolerance are discussed. Corrosion case histories in the various pulping processes are presented. Sulfite pulping solutions are most frequently-handled in 316 material. Stainless 316 is used because of good resistance to local attack under scale or deposits.
In alkaline pulping, soda process digesters are usually made of carbon steel with heater tubing of either carbon steel or Type 316 alloy. Kraft digesters are commonly carbon steel, though many units are partially to wholly lined with alloy materials. Type 316 most frequently. Stainless 316 is used for heater piping, strong black liquor piping and green liquor piping. Carbon steel is most frequently used for weak black liquor.
Corrosion in groundwood pulping varies greatly depending on wood being ground, water supply and treating chemicals added. Stainless 304 and 316 alloys are used frequently, both to resist corrosion and reduce contamination.
Chlorine and hypochlorite bleaching usually pose severe corrosion problems. Hastelloy C alloy is most commonly used for high strength solutions. In more dilute solutions the molybdenum-bearing. stainless steels are satisfactory. Chlorine dioxide is even more corrosive to metals than hypochlorite, and some operators have replaced Hastelloy C with titanium.
8.5.3
Driven Ground Rod Test Program
Authors:   A Progress Report of NACE Task Group T-4A-3 On Methods and Materials for Grounding
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Dangers involved in grounding of electrical systems to water pipes are reviewed briefly. Safety orders, municipal and state codes, technical society recommended practices, etc. are discussed in this connection. It was found that the City of San Francisco required a driven ground rod to be installed at each point where the neutral was connected to the water line.
A proposed driven ground rod test program is outlined briefly. Some 33 driven ground rods are scheduled to be examined after burial for one, three and seven year periods. Materials to be tested include mild steel, galvanized steel, copper clad steel, Ni-Resist and Type 302 stainless steel. Copper is not deemed to have the desired galvanic properties.
7.7
Pipe-Type Cable Corrosion Protection Practices In the Utilities Industry
Authors:   A Report by NACE Technical Unit T-4G On Protection of Pipe-Type Cables
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A summary is made on corrosion control practices on 301.2 circuit miles of pipe cable for the period 1953 and 1958. High pressure oil cables made up 245.9 miles of the total and high pressure gas cables the remaining 55.3 miles. Information contained in this report was supplied by 17 utility companies in response to a questionnaire distributed by an NACE Technical Committee. Asphalt mastic pipe coating was used by 14 of the 17 companies. Three companies used coal tar enamel, two asphalt enamel and one epoxy coating.
Data given include number of circuits energized during year, approximate circuit miles and kilovolts, operating temperature design, average length between manholes, pressure medium (pipe miles), sizes of pipe used for pipe cables, type of external pipe coating used on buried pipe, type reinforcing and shielding used with enamel, coating thickness, precautions taken to prevent coating damage, material used to coat weld, and material used to coat cable joint sleeves in manholes. Also discussed were material used on non-buried sections, acceptable coating resistance, average soil resistivity, rate of coating deterioration, grounding and cathodic protection practices, performance of cathodic protection equipment, etc.
The resistor-rectifier method of cathodic protection was finding wider application among companies operating pipe cables.
7.7
The Casing Inspection Tool — An Instrument for the In-Situ Detection Of External Casing Corrosion in Oil Wells
Authors: SCHMIDT T. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A surface recording, down hole instrument for the detection of external corrosion in oil wells is described. The tool is a non-contacting, eddy-current instrument which measures and records casing wall thickness. Equations are presented which are useful in describing the tool's action. Examples of laboratory and down hole logs are shown demonstrating the tool's response to general thinning, pits, holes, collars, etc. Results of a number of down hole runs representing some 40,000 feet of well logged are discussed.
2.4.2, 8.4.3
Influence of Cold-Reduction and Heat-Treatment Combinations On Hydrogen Solubility and Permeability in Steel
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , RIEDY K. J. , STRAGAND G. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Tests were made to determine the effect of cold reduction on hydrogen solubility in steel. It was found that this direct relationship persisted through subsequent heat-treatment and later cold reduction. This was not true, though, of hydrogen permeability. Increasing the amount of cold reduction increased the hydrogen solubility. Increasing the amount of cold reduction also increased the hydrogen permeability until a maximum was reached (below 30 percent reduction for initially hot-rolled steel), after which the permeability decreased as the amount of cold work increased.
3.7.3
Uptake of Hydrogen By Certain Organic Inhibitors During Pickling of Steel In Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: ANDERSON R. H. , ALLEN E. R. , van der MEULEN P. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An apparatus was designed for and experiments conducted to determine precisely and simultaneously the volume of hydrogen evolution and steel corroded by inhibited and uninhibited hydrochloric acid. A theoretical concept of the probable reactions is described.
Hydrogen uptake and iron dissolved are tabulated for a number of experiments with and without inhibitors and with and without a hydrogen absorber. Influence of variables inherent in the experimental method is discussed with respect to accuracy of results. Evidence was found that the inhibitor DHQ displaces hexamine at the surface and thus prevents “uptake” of hydrogen by the hexamine. DHQ and hexamine were much more effective together in reducing the rate of hydrogen evolution than was DHQ alone.
4.3.2, 5.9.2, 5.8.3