bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supersymmetry
Authors: Giudice Gian F. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents the motivations for low-energy supersymmetry, the construction of realistic models, the various schemes for generating soft terms (gravity mediation, gauge mediation, anomaly mediation, and gaugino mediation), their collider phenomenology, and their implications for dark matter. The subject is well established, and there are excellent reviews and textbooks that fully cover this material, to which the reader is directed for well-organized and exhaustive introductions to supersymmetry.
Voice morphology and the causative alternation
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Anagnostopoulou Elena , Schäfer Florian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, we first see that across languages we find two morphological variants of anticausative verbs. Some verbs do not make a formal difference between their causative and their anticausative use; these verbs form unmarked anticausatives (class B). Other verbs use some special device to mark the anticausative use; these form marked anticausatives (class A). Finally, there exists a class of verbs that can optionally form either marked or unmarked anticausatives (class C). In the Romance languages and in German, anticausatives are marked by reflexive clitics or reflexive pronouns, while Greek employs non-active morphology. Both devices have other, prototypical uses. Non-active morphology is associated with the formation of passives and reflexive constructions. Similarly, reflexive clitics form semantically reflexive predicates and, in some languages, also form passives as well as generic dispositional Middles. The chapter argues against the reflexivization analysis of anticausatives. It is further argued that, cross-linguistically, the presence of Voice morphology does not have any truth-conditional effects.
Continuations and Natural Language
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-chieh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe continuation of an expression is a portion of its surrounding context. This book proposes and defends the continuation hypothesis: that the meaning of a natural language expression can depend on its own continuation (it can denote a function on its surrounding context). Part I develops a continuation‐based theory of scope and quantificational binding. Taking inspiration from the theory of computer programming languages, and unlike other accounts of scope, continuations provide fine‐grained control over the order in which expressions are evaluated (processed). This leads to a principled yet nuanced explanation for sensitivity to order in scope‐related phenomena such as scope ambiguity, crossover, superiority, reconstruction, negative polarity licensing, dynamic anaphora, and donkey anaphora. Throughout Part I, concrete, explicit formal analyses are presented in a novel ‘tower’ format, which is designed to be easy to learn and easy to use, with diagrams, derivations, and detailed motivation and explanation. Part II develops an innovative substructural logic for reasoning about continuations. This enables an analysis of the notoriously challenging compositional semantics of adjectives such as “same” in terms of parasitic scope and recursive scope. In a separate investigation, certain cases of ellipsis are treated as anaphora to a continuation, leading to a new explanation for a subtype of sluicing known as sprouting. Attention is given throughout the book to the formal and computational properties of the analyses. Taken together, the empirical case studies support the conclusion that any complete and adequate theory of natural language meaning must recognize continuations as an essential explanatory element.
Multi‐level towers: Inverse scope
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChapter 4 extends the basic fragment to handle inverse scope. The extension depends on allowing type‐shifters to apply to proper subparts of categories. The resulting system allows distinct quantifiers to bind different pronouns without essential use of variables or of indices. Instead, binding relationships involving distinct binders are kept separate by occupying different layers in the tower. The role of the type‐shifter LOWER in the explanation for crossover is discussed. Because the LOWER type‐shifter only applies to categories built in a certain way from the atomic syntactic category S, there is an essentially syntactic element to the explanation for crossover in the tower system. Crucially for the explanation for crossover, despite the fact that the ability to take inverse scope means that a quantifier can take scope over material that precedes it, this does not enable the quantifier to bind a pronoun that precedes it.
Sluicing as anaphora to a continuation
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChapter 16 develops an account of sluicing on which sluicing is anaphora to a continuation. The analysis handles case‐matching facts and constraints on scope relations in the antecedent, as well as sluices involving implicit arguments. Sprouting (sluicing in which there is no overt inner antecedent) is explained as inference from an empty structure (empty antecedents). We argue against stipulating semantic identity requirements, as in some other approaches to sluicing. Instead, we propose a constraint on the felicitous use of a sluice that we call the Answer Ban, which says that the antecedent of a sluice cannot resolve, or even partly resolve, the issue raised by a sluice. Andrews Amalgams, in which a sluiced clause appears in DP argument position, are analyzed using recursive scope.
Efficacy of selective devices in reducing discards in the Nephrops trawl fishery in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Nikolic Natacha , Diméet Joël , Fifas Spyros , Salaün Michèle , Ravard David , Fauconnet Laurence , Rochet Marie-Joëlle 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Nephrops fishery in the Bay of Biscay is an important commercial fishery which generates large amounts of discards owing to the use of small mesh trawls. To reduce discards, French trawlers were equipped with a variety of selective devices, from 2005 onwards. This study examines their efficacy using data from the French on-board observer programme, 2003–2010. Generalized linear models were built for catches, discards, and landings of Nephrops and hake, controlling for the other factors which drive the variability in these variables. A dorsal square-mesh panel meant to let small hake escape did not affect hake catch, but was found to decrease Nephrops catches and discards. Among the devices intended to reduce Nephrops discards, the flexible grid was the most efficient, as it decreased catches and discards in large proportions while increasing landings but this result was supported by a small number of observations; a larger mesh size in the codend (80 mm instead of 70) slightly decreased Nephrops discards; and a ventral square-mesh panel was not found to affect catch or discards of either species. The design of the on-board observer programme was meant to estimate discard amounts, which limited their utilization to investigate factors for discarding.
Influenza viruses with B/Yamagata- and B/Victoria-like neuraminidases are differentially affected by mutations that alter antiviral susceptibility
Authors: Farrukee Rubaiyea , Leang Sook-Kwan , Butler Jeff , Lee Raphael T. C. , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Tilmanis Danielle , Sullivan Sheena , Mosse Jennifer , Barr Ian G. , Hurt Aeron C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The burden of disease due to influenza B is often underestimated. Clinical studies have shown that oseltamivir, a widely used neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antiviral drug, may have reduced effectiveness against influenza B viruses. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of neuraminidase mutations in influenza B viruses that may further reduce NAI susceptibility, and to determine whether these mutations have the same effect in the two lineages of influenza B viruses that are currently circulating (B/Yamagata-like and B/Victoria-like).

Methods
We characterized the effect of 16 amino acid substitutions across five framework residues and four monomeric interface residues on the susceptibility to four different NAIs (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir).

Results
Framework residue mutations E117A and E117G conferred highly reduced inhibition to three of the four NAIs, but substantially reduced neuraminidase activity, whereas other framework mutations retained a greater level of NA activity. Mutations E105K, P139S and G140R of the monomeric interface were also found to cause highly reduced inhibition, but, interestingly, their effect was substantially greater in a B/Victoria-like neuraminidase than in a B/Yamagata-like neuraminidase, with some susceptibility values being up to 1000-fold different between lineages.

Conclusions
The frequency and the effect of key neuraminidase mutations on neuraminidase activity and NAI susceptibility can differ substantially between the two influenza B lineages. Therefore, future surveillance, analysis and interpretation of influenza B virus NAI susceptibility should consider the B lineage of the neuraminidase in the same manner as already occurs for different influenza A neuraminidase subtypes.
Neutron star natal kicks and the long-term survival of star clusters
Authors: Contenta Filippo , Varri Anna Lisa , Heggie Douglas C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
We investigate the dynamical evolution of a star cluster in an external tidal field by using N-body simulations, with focus on the effects of the presence or absence of neutron star natal velocity kicks. We show that, even if neutron stars typically represent less than 2 per cent of the total bound mass of a star cluster, their primordial kinematic properties may affect the lifetime of the system by up to almost a factor of 4. We interpret this result in the light of two known modes of star cluster dissolution, dominated by either early stellar evolution mass-loss or two-body relaxation. The competition between these effects shapes the mass-loss profile of star clusters, which may either dissolve abruptly (‘jumping’), in the pre-core-collapse phase, or gradually (‘skiing’), after having reached core collapse.
The joint statistics of mildly non-linear cosmological densities and slopes in count in cells
Authors: Bernardeau Francis , Codis Sandrine , Pichon Christophe 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the context of count-in-cells statistics, the joint probability distribution of the density in two concentric spherical shells is predicted from first principle for sigmas of the order of 1. The agreement with simulation is found to be excellent. This statistics allows us to deduce the conditional one dimensional probability distribution function of the slope within under dense (resp. overdense) regions, or of the density for positive or negative slopes. The former conditional distribution is likely to be more robust in constraining the cosmological parameters as the underlying dynamics is less evolved in such regions. A fiducial dark energy experiment is implemented on such counts derived from Λ cold dark matter simulations.
Property Rights over Marital Transfers *
Authors: Anderson Siwan , Bidner Chris 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn developing countries, the extent to which women possess property rights is shaped in large part by transfers received at the time of marriage. Focusing on dowry, we develop a simple model of the marriage market with intrahousehold bargaining to understand the incentives for brides’ parents to allocate the rights over the dowry between their daughter and her groom. In doing so, we clarify and formalize the “dual role” of dowry—as a premortem bequest and as a market clearing price—identified in the literature. We use the model to shed light on the intriguing observation that in contrast to other rights, women’s rights over the dowry tend to deteriorate with development. We show how marriage payments are utilized even when they are inefficient, and how the marriage market mitigates changes in other dimensions of women’s rights even to the point where women are worse off following a strengthening of such rights. We also generate predictions for when marital transfers will disappear and highlight the importance of female human capital for the welfare of women.
What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?
Authors: Klasen Stephan , Pieters Janneke 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wage and education levels, married women's labor force participation hovered around 18 percent. Analysis of five large cross-sectional micro surveys shows that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors are rising household incomes and husband's education as well as the falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, the sectors that draw in female workers have expanded least, so that changes in the sectoral structure of employment alone would have actually led to declining participation rates.
Psychogenic Low-Back Pain and Hysterical Paralysis in Adolescence
Authors: Kanchiku Tsukasa , Suzuki Hidenori , Imajo Yasuaki , Yoshida Yuichiro , Nishida Norihiro , Taguchi Toshihiko 
Published: March 2015

Study Design:
A retrospective review.

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes in adolescents diagnosed with psychogenic low-back pain and hysterical paralysis and to evaluate the efficacy of differential diagnosis methods.

Summary of Background Data:
The incidence of low-back pain in adolescence is similar to that in adults, but the causes of low-back pain are difficult to determine in most cases. For these patients, a definitive diagnosis of psychogenic low-back pain and hysterical paralysis as well as adequate treatment are clinically important to avoid unnecessary surgical treatment.

Methods:
Eleven patients (3 males and 8 females; mean age, 16.5 years; range, 13–19 y) diagnosed with psychogenic low-back pain and hysterical paralysis were followed up for 2–10.25 years (mean, 4.67 y). Nonorganic signs were observed in almost all patients. For the purpose of excluding organic disorders, the thiopentone pain study was used in patients who complained mainly of pain, and motor evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured in patients experiencing primarily muscle weakness.

Results:
The psychiatric diagnosis was neurosis in 9 patients, whereas it was psychosomatic disorder in 2 patients. Conservative treatment, such as physiotherapy, was performed, and at the final follow-up evaluation, outcomes were regarded as excellent in 7 patients and good in 4 patients.

Conclusions:
The prognosis of psychogenic low-back pain and hysterical paralysis in adolescence is relatively good. However, it is important to understand the characteristics of psychogenic low-back pain and hysterical paralysis in childhood and young adulthood and to perform accurate diagnosis by screening for nonorganic signs and excluding organic disorders by using the thiopentone pain study and motor evoked potentials obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Is 1-stage Posterior Corpectomy More Favorable Compared With Decompression With Fusion to Control Thoracic Cord Compression by Metastasis?
Authors: Kim Dae Geun , Ha Jung-Ki , Hwang Chang Ju , Lee Dong-Ho , Lee Choon Sung , Cho Jae Hwan 
Published: March 2015

Study design:
A retrospective comparative study

Objective:
To compare 1-stage posterior corpectomy to decompression with fusion for the control of thoracic cord compression due to a metastatic tumor.

Summary of Background Data:
Thoracic cord compression by a metastatic tumor can cause back pain, paralysis, and urinary/bowel dysfunction and is generally treated by palliative decompressive surgery. However, no studies have assessed the advantages of 1-stage posterior corpectomy compared with decompression with fusion.

Methods:
We studied 18 patients who underwent surgery for thoracic cord compression due to metastatic tumors between September 2009 and August 2013. Neurological examination was performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Data on operative time, blood loss during surgery, postoperative complications, and survival time were retrospectively retrieved from electronic medical records. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on treatment: decompression and corpectomy (corpectomy group, n=8) and decompression with fusion (decompression-fusion group, n=10). Data were statistically compared between the 2 groups.

Results:
The mean age of the patients was 61±12 years. Motor weakness and urinary/bowel dysfunction were observed in 15 and 9 cases, respectively. Five patients, who could walk before surgery, could walk at 1 month following surgery. However, only 3 of the 13 patients who could not walk before surgery regained the ability to walk. No difference was found in the degree of muscle strength recovery between the 2 groups. However, the corpectomy group showed higher blood loss (2200 vs. 710 mL, P=0.037) and longer operative time (281 vs. 217 min, P=0.029) than the decompression-fusion group.

Conclusions:
There is no significant advantage of 1-stage posterior corpectomy over decompression with fusion. Furthermore, more blood loss and longer operative time may increase the risk of postoperative complications following corpectomy. For this reason, 1-stage posterior corpectomy to control thoracic metastasis should be considered with caution.
Onset of Thrombin Generation Occurs More Rapidly in Pediatric Patients With Celiac Disease
Authors: Deutschmann Andrea , Schlagenhauf Axel , Leschnik Bettina , Hoffmann Karl M. , Hauer Almuthe , Muntean Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjective:Celiac disease (CD) is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and stroke, but the mechanisms are unclear. Continuous measurement of thrombin generation in plasma is a feasible way to detect hypercoagulable changes. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate thrombin generation in pediatric patients with CD compared with pediatric controls.Methods:Plasma samples were collected from 19 pediatric patients with CD and 20 healthy controls. In each patient diagnosed as having CD, thrombin generation was determined twice by means of calibrated automated thrombography. The first measurement was undertaken when CD was diagnosed; the second measurement was undertaken after normalization of their IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody (tTG‐Ab) titers following a gluten‐free diet. In the controls, measurement for TTG‐Ab and thrombin generation was undertaken once during recruitment.Results:Patients with CD at diagnosis showed a significantly shorter lag time compared with controls (P < 0.001) and a shorter time‐to‐peak compared with controls (P < 0.02). These differences were no longer detectable after normalization of TTG‐Ab values. The overall amount of generated thrombin, represented by the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), showed no significant difference between the study groups.Conclusions:Our results show that alterations in coagulation can be found in untreated CD that may help to explain the described increased risk of stroke or VTE. A shorter lag time in patients with untreated CD indicates a more rapid onset of thrombin generation as a sign of hypercoagulability. ETP, the best predictive parameter for thromboembolic disease, however, was not altered.
Usefulness of Gastric Biopsy–Based Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children
Authors: Kalach Nicolas , Gosset Pierre , Dehecq Eric , Decoster Anne , Spyckerelle Claire , Papadopolos Stephan , Dupont Christophe , Raymond Josette 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of gastric biopsy‐based quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection and the identification of clarithromycin‐resistant strains in children.Methods:A gastric biopsy–based qPCR for the detection of H pylori infection and the identification of clarithromycin‐resistant strains in children was evaluated in 62 children with infection and 341 children without infection. H pylori infection was considered by the “reference method” when culture was positive for both histology and rapid urease test (RUT). Results were compared with those obtained using the qPCR.Results:The reference method versus H pylori qPCR positivity showed 95% confidence interval sensitivity 100% versus 100%, specificity 93.2% (86.9–99.4) versus 100%, positive predictive value 59.7% (47.4–71.9) versus 100%, negative predictive value 100% versus 100%, and, finally, test accuracy of 59.6% (47.3–71.8) versus 100%. Sixty‐two children were found to be H pylori positive, based on the qPCR results. Among those, 31 children had both positive qPCR and culture with concordant antimicrobial susceptibility testing results, whereas 31 children had negative culture and positive qPCR. The qPCR showed a bacterial load ≥103 copies per milliliter when culture, histology, and RUT were all positive (29/31 children) versus <103 copies per milliliter when culture, histology, and RUT were all negative (25/31 children). Grades 2 and 3 histological gastritis were associated with a bacterial load ≥103 copies per milliliter for 28/35 of children versus 27/27 of grade 0 to 1 <103 copies per milliliter.Conclusions:H pylori qPCR positivity is a more precise test than the routine culture, histology, RUT alone and allows detecting low bacterial loads.
Unique Aspects of the Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Iβ Cellulose Microfibrils Revealed by Computational Simulations
Authors: Oehme Daniel P. , Downton Matthew T. , Doblin Monika S. , Wagner John , Gidley Michael J. , Bacic Antony 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The question of how many chains an elementary cellulose microfibril contains is critical to understanding the molecular mechanism(s) of cellulose biosynthesis and regulation. Given the hexagonal nature of the cellulose synthase rosette, it is assumed that the number of chains must be a multiple of six. We present molecular dynamics simulations on three different models of Iβ cellulose microfibrils, 18, 24, and 36 chains, to investigate their structure and dynamics in a hydrated environment. The 36-chain model stays in a conformational space that is very similar to the initial crystalline phase, while the 18- and 24-chain models sample a conformational space different from the crystalline structure yet similar to conformations observed in recent high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. Major differences in the conformations sampled between the different models result from changes to the tilt of chains in different layers, specifically a second stage of tilt, increased rotation about the O2-C2 dihedral, and a greater sampling of non-TG exocyclic conformations, particularly the GG conformation in center layers and GT conformation in solvent-exposed exocyclic groups. With a reinterpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance data, specifically for contributions made to the C6 peak, data from the simulations suggest that the 18- and 24-chain structures are more viable models for an elementary cellulose microfibril, which also correlates with recent scattering and diffraction experimental data. These data inform biochemical and molecular studies that must explain how a six-particle cellulose synthase complex rosette synthesizes microfibrils likely comprised of either 18 or 24 chains.