bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding increasing concentrate to Tifton 85 hay ratios modulated rumen fermentation and microbiota in Nellore feedlot steers
Authors: RIBEIRO C. S. , GRANJA-SALCEDO Y. T. , MESSANA J. D. , NETO A. J. , CANESIN R. C. , FIORENTINI G. , ALARCON M. F. F. , BERCHIELLI T. T. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe use of diets with increasing proportions of concentrate to fibre can ensure appropriate energy levels and result in greater efficiency in Nellore feedlot steers. It was hypothesized that higher proportions of concentrate in the diet of these Nellore steers may affect ruminal fermentation and microbiota as a consequence of ruminal pH reduction. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with four different roughage (hay Tifton 85) : concentrate ratios on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota of Nellore feedlot steers. Higher proportions of concentrate in the diet did not affect intake and digestibility of dry and organic matter. The concentration of N-NH3, total rumen volatile fatty acid, acetic (C2), butyric (C4), isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric acids, and microbial nitrogen did not differ among diets. However, increasing proportions of concentrate in the diet resulted in a linear reduction in average rumen pH and increased propionic acid (C3) concentration, resulting in lower relative C2 : C3. Bacterial population ofFibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococus flavefaciensandRuminococcus albusdecreased in the rumen. However, bacteria that are consumers of lactic acid (Selenomonas ruminantiumandMegasphaera elsdenii) and producers of lactic acid (Lactobacillussp. andStreptococcus bovis) increased when animals were fed with high-concentrate diets. The total number of protozoa was similar for the different roughage : concentrate ratios. Protozoan counts were only influenced by diet for the genusDasytricha. The findings point to diets with increasing concentrate to Tifton 85 hay ratios as inhibiting the growth of some cellulolytic bacteria and reducing fibre digestibility, and indicate Tifton 85 hay as a possible modulated rumen fermentation in the Nellore steer feedlot.
The relationship between adenovirus-36 seropositivity, obesity and metabolic profile in Turkish children and adults
Authors: KARAMESE M. , ALTOPARLAK U. , TURGUT A. , AYDOGDU S. , KARAMESE S. AKSAK 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYObesity potentially arising from viral infection is known as ‘infectobesity’. The latest reports suggest that adenovirus-36 (Adv36) is related to obesity in adults and children. Our aim was not only to determine the Adv36 seropositivity in both obese and non-obese children and adults, but also to investigate correlations between antibody positivity and serum lipid profiles. Both Adv36 positivity and tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha, leptin and interleukin-6 levels were detected in blood samples collected from 146 children and 130 adults by ELISA. Fasting plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were also measured. Adv36 positivity was determined to be 27·1% and 6% in obese and non-obese children and 17·5% and 4% in obese and non-obese adults, respectively. There was no difference with regard to total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels (P> 0·05). However, there was a significant difference between groups in terms of leptin levels (P< 0·05). We determined the prevalence of Adv36 positivity in obese children and adults. Our results showed that Adv36 may be an obesity agent for both adults and children, parallel with current literature data. However, the available data on a possible relationship between Adv36 infection and obesity both in children and adults do not completely solve the problem.
The Outer Halos of Early-Type Galaxies
Authors: Gerhard Ortwin , Arnaboldi Magda , Longobardi Alessia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe outer halos of massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) are dark matter dominated and may have formed by accretion of smaller systems during galaxy evolution. Here a brief report is given of some recent work on the kinematics, angular momentum, and mass distributions of simulated ETG halos, and of corresponding properties of observed halos measured with planetary nebulae (PNe) as tracers. In the outermost regions of the Virgo-central galaxy M87, the PN data show that the stellar halo and the co-spatial intracluster light are distinct kinematic components.
Stellar masses calibrated with micro-lensed quasars
Authors: Schechter Paul L. , Blackburne Jeffrey A. , Pooley David , Wambsganss Joachim 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe measure the stellar mass surface densities of early type galaxies by observing the micro-lensing of macro-lensed quasars caused by individual stars, including stellar remnants, brown dwarfs and red dwarfs too faint to produce photometric or spectroscopic signatures. Our method measures the graininess of the gravitational potential, in contrast to methods that decompose a smooth total gravitational potential into two smooth components, one stellar and one dark. We find the median likelihood value for the calibration factor $\cal F$ by which Salpeter stellar masses (with a low mass cutoff of 0.1 M⊙) must be multiplied is 1.23, with a one sigma confidence range of 0.77 < $\cal F$ < 2.10.
Myeloid lineage skewing due to exacerbated NF-κB signaling facilitates osteopenia in Scurfy mice
Authors: Chen T H-P , Swarnkar G , Mbalaviele G , Abu-Amer Y 
Published: April 2015

AbstractImmune surveillance through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells plays a crucial role in bone homeostasis. Scurfy, the mouse model of autoimmune IPEX syndrome, bears a loss-of-function mutation in Foxp3 that leads to multi-organ inflammation. Herein, we report that scurfy mice exhibit severe bone loss mediated by accelerated osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistically, Foxp3 deficiency results in the upregulation of NF-κB in T helper cells through the loss of repressive Foxp3/NEMO interaction, thereby unleashing NF-κB-mediated over-production of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines. Flow cytometry analysis shows marked increase in lin-Sca-1+c-kit+ hematopoietic stem cells (LSK HSCs) and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMPs) in bone marrow of scurfy mice with corresponding exacerbated osteoclastogenic potential, implying that osteoclast progenitors are affected at a very primitive stage in this disorder. Scurfy LSK HSCs exhibit greater sensitivity to M-CSF and contain abundant PU.1+ Sf LSK HSCs compared with WT. Accordingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of M-CSF or mTOR signaling, but not IL-17 signaling, attenuates osteoclastogenesis and osteopenia in scurfy. Thus, our study suggests that Foxp3 deficiency leads to osteopenia owing to dysregulated NF-κB activity and subsequent cytokine-mediated hyper-proliferation of myeloid precursors, and positions the NF-κB pathway as a potential target for therapeutic intervention for this disorder.
Dynamin-related protein 1 is required for normal mitochondrial bioenergetic and synaptic function in CA1 hippocampal neurons
Authors: Shields L Y , Kim H , Zhu L , Haddad D , Berthet A , Pathak D , Lam M , Ponnusamy R , Diaz-Ramirez L G , Gill T M , Sesaki H , Mucke L , Nakamura K 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDisrupting particular mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins leads to the death of specific neuronal populations; however, the normal functions of mitochondrial fission in neurons are poorly understood, especially in vivo, which limits the understanding of mitochondrial changes in disease. Altered activity of the central mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) may contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurologic diseases. To study Drp1 in a neuronal population affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and seizure disorders, we postnatally deleted Drp1 from CA1 and other forebrain neurons in mice (CamKII-Cre, Drp1lox/lox (Drp1cKO)). Although most CA1 neurons survived for more than 1 year, their synaptic transmission was impaired, and Drp1cKO mice had impaired memory. In Drp1cKO cell bodies, we observed marked mitochondrial swelling but no change in the number of mitochondria in individual synaptic terminals. Using ATP FRET sensors, we found that cultured neurons lacking Drp1 (Drp1KO) could not maintain normal levels of mitochondrial-derived ATP when energy consumption was increased by neural activity. These deficits occurred specifically at the nerve terminal, but not the cell body, and were sufficient to impair synaptic vesicle cycling. Although Drp1KO increased the distance between axonal mitochondria, mitochondrial-derived ATP still decreased similarly in Drp1KO boutons with and without mitochondria. This indicates that mitochondrial-derived ATP is rapidly dispersed in Drp1KO axons, and that the deficits in axonal bioenergetics and function are not caused by regional energy gradients. Instead, loss of Drp1 compromises the intrinsic bioenergetic function of axonal mitochondria, thus revealing a mechanism by which disrupting mitochondrial dynamics can cause dysfunction of axons.
Textile‐to‐rigid microstrip transition using permanent magnets
Authors: Fonseca D.S. , Seager R.D. , Flint J.A. 
Published: April 2015

A novel transition between a rigid‐substrate and a flexible‐substrate microstrip for use in wearable devices is described. The contact force between the conductors of the two microstrips is supplied by a pair of rectangular magnets. A simulation and measurement study carried out on a test jig comprising a back‐to‐back pair of such transitions demonstrated an insertion loss of better than 0.5 dB/transition can be achieved in the range of 0–3 GHz.
Wideband harmonic‐tuned CMOS power amplifier with 19.5 dBm output power and 22.6% PAE over entire X‐band
Authors: Park Seungwon , Jeon Sanggeun 
Published: April 2015

A wideband power amplifier (PA) with high output power and efficiency over the entire X‐band is implemented in a 0.11 μm CMOS technology. To achieve high efficiency in the wideband, a new harmonic‐tuned technique is proposed for the output matching network of the PA, while no radio frequency (RF) choke is used for DC bias. Measurement results show that the output power and power‐added efficiency (PAE) are no less than 19.5 dBm and 22.6%, respectively, over the entire X‐band. The peak PAE is 28.9% with an output power of 20.3 dBm at 9 GHz.
3D‐printed spherical dipole antenna integrated on small RF node
Authors: Adams J.J. , Slimmer S.C. , Lewis J.A. , Bernhard J.T. 
Published: April 2015

New three‐dimensional (3D) printing techniques enable the integration of an antenna directly onto the package of a small wireless sensor node. This volume‐filling approach ensures near‐optimal bandwidth performance of the small antenna, increasing a system's battery life, data rate or range. Simulated results show that the fabricated spherical antenna's bandwidth‐efficiency product is more than half of the fundamental limit and radiation pattern measurements exhibit a dipole pattern with −0.7 dBi gain.
Historical Truth and the Miraculous Past: The Use of Oral Evidence in Twelfth-Century Latin Historical Writing on the First Crusade
Authors: John Simon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This article uses a number of twelfth-century Latin chronicles of the First Crusade (1096–99) as a point of entry into a wider discussion of medieval attitudes toward historical truth. It analyses how chroniclers used and interpreted spoken evidence in the composition of their accounts of the crusade. It is asserted that, if modern scholars are properly to understand those chroniclers’ methods, it must be recognised that twelfth-century conceptions of historical truth were vastly different from their modern equivalents. In that period authors could discern the truth of an oral report in a number of ways. While medieval chroniclers in general often emphasised the identity and status of the witnesses who had provided the reports in order to authenticate them, it is shown here that chroniclers of the First Crusade discussed the identity of their informants in only a small number of instances. However, of the crusade may have approached spoken material concerning the expedition according to a methodology which was more often exercised in this era in the writing of hagiography. According to that methodology, the historical truth of an oral report relating to the crusade could be discerned from the expedition’s place within sacred history, that is, those events during which God had intervened directly in the world by means of miracles. This essay concludes by setting out its implications for modern approaches towards twelfth-century writing about the past.
Interobserver Agreement on Endoscopic Classification of Oesophageal Varices in Children
Authors: D'Antiga Lorenzo , Betalli Pietro , De Angelis Paola , Davenport Mark , Di Giorgio Angelo , McKiernan Patrick J. , McLin Valerie , Ravelli Paolo , Durmaz Ozlem , Talbotec Cecile , Sturm Ekkehard , Woynarowski Marek , Burroughs Andrew K. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Data regarding agreement on endoscopic features of oesophageal varices in children with portal hypertension (PH) are scant. The aim of this study was to evaluate endoscopic visualisation and classification of oesophageal varices in children by several European clinicians, to build a rational basis for future multicentre trials.Methods:Endoscopic pictures of the distal oesophagus of 100 children with a clinical diagnosis of PH were distributed to 10 endoscopists. Observers were requested to classify variceal size according to a 3‐degree scale (small, medium, and large, class A), a 2‐degree scale (small and large, class B), and to recognise red wales (presence or absence, class Red). Overall agreement was considered fair if Fleiss and Cohen κ test was ≥0.30, good if ≥0.40, excellent if ≥0.60, and perfect if ≥0.80.Results:Agreement between observers was fair with class A (κ = 0.34) and class B (κ = 0.38), and good with class Red (κ = 0.49). The agreement was good on presence versus absence of varices (class A = 0.53, class B = 0.48). The agreement among the observers was good in class A when endoscopic features of severe PH (medium and large sizes, red marks) were grouped and compared with mild features (absent and small varices) (κ = 0.58).Conclusions:Experts working in different centres show a fairly good agreement on endoscopic features of PH in children, although a better training of paediatric endoscopists may improve the agreement in grading severity of varices in this setting.
Societal values and individual values in reward allocation preferences
Authors: Olsen Jesse E. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– Prior research suggests that cultural values affect individuals’ preferences in whether work rewards (i.e. pay and benefits) are allocated according to rules based on equity, equality, or need. However, this research has focussed primarily on societal-level values or individual-level operationalizations of values originally conceptualized at the societal level. Drawing on equity and social exchange theories, the purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model and nine propositions that incorporate both individual and societal values as determinants of these reward allocation rule preferences.Design/methodology/approach– The author briefly reviews of the relevant literature on values and reward allocation preferences and present arguments supported by prior research, leading to a model and nine propositions.Findings– The author proposes that societal values and individual values have main and interactive effects on reward allocation preferences and that the effects of societal values are partially mediated by individual values.Research limitations/implications– The model and propositions present relationships that could be tested in future multi-level studies. Future conceptual/theoretical work may also build on the model presented in this paper.Practical implications– The proposed relationships, if supported, would have important implications for organizational reward systems and staffing.Originality/value– Prior research on reward allocation preferences focusses mostly on the effects of societal or individual values. This theoretical paper attempts to clarify and distinguish values at these two levels and to better understand their main and interactive effects on individual reward allocation rule preferences.
Power preference of bank managers in conflicts with subordinates
Authors: Tal Achinoam , Schwarzwald Joseph , Koslowsky Meni 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This study aims to examine supervisors’ power preference (harsh/soft) for gaining compliance from subordinates in conflict situations using the updated Power Interaction Model (Koslowsky and Schwarzwald, 2009. The model assumes that the relationship between antecedents and power preference is mediated by cost/benefit considerations.Design/methodology/approach– Four considerations were examined as mediators: acquiescence, relations, worker growth and conformity. A sample of 120 bank managers was given one of several conflict scenarios differing on severity (low/high) and subordinate worker’s performance ability (low/average/high). In addition, mangers’ leadership style and organizational commitment were assessed.Findings– For the two manipulated variables, conflict (high significance, low significance) and worker performance (high, average, low), an interaction effect was tested with follow-up univariate analysis yielding significance only for harsh tactics. Structural equations modeling, used for comparing the fit generated for different mediators, indicated that acquiescence was the most salient mediator and provided adequate fit for the model predicting power tactics preference.Research limitations/implications– Although it is difficult to exclude cultural effects when applying the Interpersonal Power Interaction Model (IPIM) in a specific country, it should be noted that, as far as factor structure is concerned, a similar pattern was obtained for Israeli and American participants in previous research (Ravenet al., 1998). Additionally, in the present study, the outcome measure was not observed but rather elicited through scenarios. The participant responses were derived from self-report questionnaires and are prone to percept–percept bias and common method variance.Originality/value– For the first time, in a study where antecedent variables were manipulated, findings supported the revised IPIM. Power choice was demonstrated as a result of a sequential process with mediators serving as links between various organizational, situational and personal antecedents and outcomes.
Illegal geographies of the state: the legalisation of a “squatter” settlement in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Hatcher Craig 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to problematise the relation between “legality” and the state, through a case study analysis of law at work within the built environment. In doing so, the paper argues that studies on law and geography should consider the broader processes of state “law making” to understand the production of illegal space.

Design/methodology/approach
– The liminal boundary of illegal/legal and its relation with the state is developed through a case study on the legalisation process of a “squatter” settlement located on the outskirts of Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. The paper draws on primary qualitative research (semi-structured interviews) and legal analysis undertaken in Kyrgyzstan at various times over seven months between 2011 and 2013.

Findings
– Examining law as static and pre-existing is problematic in developing an understanding of the production of illegal and legal spaces within the built environment. An emphasis on law-making and the process of legalisation draws attention to the different groups, practices and policies involved and reframes the relation between the state and legality.

Originality/value
– Using a case study anchoring the analysis within law’s constitutive and contested presence within the built environment, the paper addresses a theoretical and empirical panacea in legal geography by unpacking the “legal” with reference to its plurality internally within the state. Moreover, studies on law and geography have tended to focus on European or North American contexts, whereas this paper draws on data from Central Asia.
‘Temporary’ relocation: spaces of contradiction in South African law
Authors: Ranslem Duncan 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This study aims to examine how temporary relocation areas (TRAs), urban forms that facilitate evictions and forced relocations, have been written into South African legal and governmental structures through contested urban planning and legal regimes.Design/methodology/approach– Proceeding from the macro-scale of TRAs spread across the nation, to the mezzo-scale of the Delft Symphony Way TRA in Cape Town, to the micro-scale of an individual “blikkie” (housing unit) within this camp, the article looks at the form and function of the TRA in urban resettlement practices. Special attention is given to relocation areas’ designation as “temporary” spaces and the consequences of this temporal designation in law and on the ground.Findings– These sites have developed as technologies for negotiating competing demands on the state, and their presence foregrounds some of the deeply rooted contradictions in post-apartheid South Africa. They are places both within and apart from the city, often managed by city officials according to municipal specifications, but located proximally to key urban amenities, utilities services and employment centers. They also place contradictory demands on their residents, for whom making the TRA liveable also legitimates it as a form of housing.Originality/value– This article uncovers several concerns about TRAs, including their inadequacy for long-term settlement, their problematic usage as tools of dispossession and the spatial-material-legal imbrications by which TRAs exist, persist and act back upon both individual lives and policy spheres.
Training older employees: what is effective?
Authors: Zwick Thomas 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– Employees older than 55 years of age have a much lower share in training than other employees. The purpose of this paper is to propose that one of the reasons for this phenomenon that has not been taken into account so far is that their training is less effective.Design/methodology/approach– This paper shows that training of older employees indeed is less effective in the self-assessment of training participants. Training effectiveness is measured with respect to key dimensions such as career development, earnings, adoption of new skills, flexibility or job security. Besides age a broad range of explanatory variables is included as covariates in a large linked employer-employee data set.Findings– The paper finds that main reason for the differences in training effectiveness during the life cycle is that firms do not take into account differences in training motivation. Older employees get higher returns from informal and directly relevant training and from training contents that can be mainly tackled by crystallised abilities. Training incidence in the more effective training forms is, however, not higher for older employees. Given that other decisive variables on self-assessed effectiveness such as training duration, financing and initiative are not sensitive to age, the wrong allocation of training contents and training forms therefore is the critical explanation for the lower effectiveness of training.Originality/value– This paper therefore shows to human resource managers why old employees rate training effectiveness lower and indicates what can be done in order to improve training effectiveness of old employees. It uses a large and detailed data set entailing more than 6,000 employees from about 150 establishments.