bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forensic Limnology: The Use of Freshwater Algal Community Ecology to Link Suspects to an Aquatic Crime Scene in Southern New England
Authors: Siver PA , Lord WD , McCarthy DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During July, 1991, two young boys were brutally attacked by multiple teenaged assailants while fishing at a suburban Connecticut pond. After being accosted at knife point, the victims were bound with duct tape, beaten with a baseball bat and dragged into the pond to drown. One victim managed to free himself, rescue his colleague, and summon help from local residents. An exhaustive investigation led to the rapid apprehension of three suspects.
In an effort to link the suspects to the crime scene, sediment encrusted sneakers were seized from both assailants and victims, and analyzed for aquatic microorganisms. Numerous species of diatoms and scaled chrysophytes (planktonic algae) were recovered from the sneakers and from reference samples of pond sediment. The marked similarities in the algal communities present on the sneakers indicated exposure to a common freshwater habitat, most probably the crime scene pond. Additional analyses revealed that Mallomonas caudata was the dominant scaled chrysophyte species in each sample, and that there was no significant difference in the ratios of three species of the diatom Eunotia between all samples examined. These findings further supported the idea that all of the samples originated from a common, if not the same, locality. This case further exemplifies the applicability of aquatic community ecology to forensic investigations.
A Fatality Involving Clothiapine and Clomipramine
Authors: Romano G , Bono GD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fatality resulting from the suicidal ingestion of clothiapine, clomipramine and biperiden is reported. Clomipramine, its metabolite N-desmethylclomipramine and clothiapine were quantified in blood, liver, kidney and gastric contents by HPLC and GC. Biperiden was detected only in the gastric content. Significant differences of drug levels were found in postmortem blood obtained from brain and from heart. Concentrations of clomipramine and N-desmethylclomipramine ranged from 0.48 to 1.61 mg/L and 0.26 to 1.32 mg/L, respectively, and clothiapine from 0.50 to 2.15 mg/L. This phenomenon may reflect a postmortem drug redistribution.
A Review of a Guide to Pathological Evidence for Lawyers and Police Officers, Third Edition
Authors: Ernst MF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This 240 page book contains 17 chapters relating to forensic pathology topics (that The Medicolegal Autopsy, Questions the Pathologist Tries to Answer, Traffic Fatali- ties, Stabs and Cuts, etc.), as well as a glossary of forensic terms and 174 references. publication is intended to provide lawyers and police officers with a basic under- standing and working knowledge of the capability and role of the forensic pathologist he determination of an individual's cause and manner of death. It is skillfully written lear and concise layman's terms.
A High Resolution Electronic Imaging System for Crime Scene Use
Authors: Jackson GR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A portable high resolution electronic imaging system has been designed and built for recording laser or ultraviolet excited fluorescent marks at serious crime scenes. A 2048 × 2048 pixel Peltier cooled CCD camera and PC-based image capture system contained in two flight cases forms the basis of the system. The captured images can be viewed at the scene to ensure recording quality and returned to the Laboratory stored on magneto optical disks for hardcopy production or digital image processing.
A New Approach to Automatic Comparison of Striation Marks
Authors: Geradts Z , Keijzer J , Keereweer I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A database for toolmarks (named TRAX) has been developed on a PC with Microsoft Windows. The database is filled with video-images and administrative data about the toolmarks (width, kind of toolmark, etc.). A comparison screen in TRAX makes it possible to compare images of toolmarks.
The system works with the Screen Machine multi media-board. A new algorithm for the automatic comparison of digitized striation patterns has been developed. The algorithm works well for deep and complete striation marks and will be implemented in TRAX.
Experiences with Zincon, A useful Reagent for the Determination of Firing Range with Respect to Leadfree Ammunition
Authors: Beijer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the Dutch Forensic Laboratory firing range is determined by means of a chemographical method. The applied method produces colors with the elements lead and barium in conventional ammunition. This method cannot be applied for the determination of the firing range of leadfree ammunition. Because of developments in the eighties and the increasing use of leadfree ammunition, a new method with another coloring reagent has been developed.
Elements present in the gunshot residues of, for example, 9 mm para Action-3 Sintox ammunition used by the Dutch police forces, are copper, zinc and titanium. Our contribution to the method for the determination of the firing range is a combination of the material cellophane film, the coloring reagent zincon and the design of a simple stretching device.
Dependent on weapon, ammunition and clothing a firing range up to about 1.5 m can be determined by means of this method. To conclude, a survey is given of the shoot-outs investigated in The Netherlands in which leadfree ammunition was used.
An Improved Technique to Enable 2-Dimensional Shoe Sole Impression Evidence to be Photographically Recorded “To Scale”
Authors: Hall BR , Nolan AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An improved technique to photographically record 2-Dimensional shoe sole impressions “to scale” is described. This technique was developed as a result of continual attacks in court in relation to the question of precise SCALE.
Staff at our laboratory are routinely required to examine shoe sole impressions evidence that has been collected by our Scenes of Crime Officers. The Scenes of Crime Officers have been instructed in the appropriate photographic techniques which should be used to record 2-Dimensional shoe sole impressions, however, for one reason or another, including inexperience, this technique is not rigidly adhered to.
We have seventy-five (75) Scenes of Crime Officers throughout Queensland, and nearly all of the shoe sole interpretation work is done in the Brisbane Headquarters. It is the case that the Scenes of Crime Officers record the scene and other photographers record the Test Impression.
There are three problems that affect the quality of the scale photographs submitted.
1. The camera is not directly over the center of the subject.
2. The camera is not exactly parallel to the subject.
3. The designs of the camera lens.
These problems are highlighted when barristers compare the scale photos of the test impressions made in the laboratory, with the scale photos of the scene impressions. Barristers actually measure the distance between features and usually a discrepancy (albeit slight) is found. The GRID allows us to demonstrate to Lay persons and Lawyers the interrelationship of identification features, by reference to a particular GRID.
Paternity Identification in Twins with Different Fathers
Authors: Lu H-L , Wang C-X , Wu F-Q , Li J-J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
If a female has sexual intercourse with two males at short intervals within the same ovulatory period, superfecundation may occur. This article reports two cases of paternity identification in twins. The results showed that each twin had come from a different father. Thus, great attention should be paid to such a situation when the twin paternity identification is asked for.
Isopropanol Interference with Breath Alcohol Analysis: A Case Report
Authors: Logan BK , Gullberg RG , Elenbaas JK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The presence of interfering substances, particularly acetone, has historically been a concern in the forensic measurement of ethanol in human breath. Although modern infrared instruments employ methods for distinguishing between ethanol and acetone, false-positive interferant results can arise from instrumental or procedural problems. The case described gives the analytical results of an individual arrested for driving while intoxicated and subsequently providing breath samples in two different BAC Verifier Datamaster infrared breath alcohol instruments. The instruments recorded ethanol results ranging from 0.09 to 0.17 g/210 L with corresponding interferant results of 0.02 to 0.06 g/210 L over approximately three hours. Breath and venous blood specimens collected later were analyzed by gas chromatography and revealed in the blood: isopropanol 0.023 g/100 mL, acetone 0.057 g/100 mL and ethanol 0.076g/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of the breath sample by GCMS also showed the presence of all three compounds. This individual had apparently consumed both ethanol and isopropanol with acetone resulting from the metabolism of isopropanol. An important observation is that the breath test instruments detected the interfering substances on each breath sample and yet they did not show tendencies to report false interferences when compared with statewide interferant data.
Wall Hangings, Hairs and The Holocaust
Authors: Brauner P , Zamir A , Gorski A , Granger-Taylor H , Sheffer A , Salmon I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two wall hangings, from the time of the Second World War, were reportedly made from human hair. Laboratory examination of the hangings confirmed this fact. Fibers, holding the wall hangings together, and the weave of the hangings were also examined. Results and implications of the findings are discussed.
Proceedings of “Workshop on Guidelines for Scene Investigation of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths”—July 12–13, 1993
Authors: Iyasu S , Hanzlick R , Rowley D , Willinger M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The 1992 Senate Report #102-104 and House Report #102-121 recommended that the Interagency Panel on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) review and establish an updated standard death scene investigation protocol for scene investigation of unexplained infant deaths. As a result of the recommendation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Reproductive Health (DRH), and the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) organized a workshop entitled “Workshop on Guidelines for Scene Investigation of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths,” which was held in Rockville, Maryland, on July 12–13, 1993. This article outlines the proceedings of the workshop. The goal of the workshop was to gather information and ideas that could be used to establish guidelines which could be useful in developing a model death scene investigation protocol. It was not a goal of this workshop to produce a specific protocol during the workshop. The workshop was successful in generating a variety of information and ideas concerning the desirable attributes of a protocol including essential items of data, identification of certain training needs, specification of procedures for data collection, reporting, and quality assurance, and proposed strategies for implementation. This information can now be considered by the HHS Interagency SIDS Panel to develop specific guidelines for developing a standard scene investigation protocol for sudden unexplained infant deaths.
Medico-Legal Investigations of the Airbus A320 Crash upon Mount Ste-Odile, France
Authors: Ludes B , Tracqui A , Pfitzinger H , Kintz P , Levy F , Disteldorf M , Hutt JM , Kaess B , Haag R , Memheld B , Kaempf C , Friederich F , Evenot E , Mangin P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors present the medico-legal investigations and identification after the aircrash of the Airbus A320 upon the Mount Sainte-Odile (France). The identification team comprising investigators from the gendarmerie, forensic pathologists, odontologists, and scientists of the Institute from Legal Medecine rapidly retrieved and identified 85 of the 87 victims, with 17 being identified through DNA typing, three through fingerprints and the remaining through dental records and specific physical or X-ray findings.
Full autopsies were performed on all fatalities to determine patterns of injury and cause of death.
Results lead us to point out the importance of a multidisciplinary team of forensic practitioners especially trained for managing medico-legal investigation in mass disaster and the ability of DNA technology to solve complex identification problems.
Inappropriate Use of .38 Special Ammunition in .30-30 Rifles
Authors: Ward ME , Conradi S , Lawrence CH , Nolte KB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Modern firearms are designed to fire ammunition of a specific caliber. We report two gunshot fatalities where .38 Special handgun ammunition was used inappropriately in .30-30 Winchester lever-action rifles. In both cases the recovered wad-cutter bullets were abnormally elongated and unusually striated. In one instance, the cartridge case was expanded and split. Ballistic tests using .38 Special ammunition in a .30-30 Winchester rifle created deformed bullets similar to those recovered from the body. The test fired cartridge cases expanded and jammed in the chamber. While the .30-30 rifle chamber configuration accepts .38 Special wadcutter ammunition, its narrower barrel squeezes larger caliber lead bullets out like toothpaste.
It behooves forensic pathologists to not make hasty determinations of the caliber and weapon type based on a casual inspection of the recovered bullet.
Extensive Fibrofatty Infiltration of the Left Ventricle in Two Cases of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Collett BA , Davis GJ , Rohr WB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Replacement of the myocardium by fibrous and adipose tissue is well documented in the right ventricle, but has been rarely described in the left ventricle. We present two cases of extensive fibrofatty infiltration of the left ventricle without significant right ventricular involvement in young men whose presenting symptom was sudden death.
Hazard Ratings of Vapors from Coatings and Adhesives
Authors: Hauser RL , McKeever RB , Krause-Singh J , Elverum JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many coatings and adhesives have components that are flammable and/or have toxic hazard. When such materials are associated with personal or property injury leading to litigation, there is often the question as to magnitude of hazard. How does the involved material compare to alternative materials suitable for the same task?
This paper presents methods for comparing such materials, using a number of commercial coatings and adhesives as examples for the comparison. The authors present a concept of Flammable Hazard Index whose numbers may range from zero to 20 billion among the population of commercial materials. Inhalation hazards are also compared using a toxic injury potential (TIP), which is the volume of air required to dilute the vapors to permissible exposure limits (PEL) suitable for 8-hour work-day exposure.
Evaluation of the AmpliType® PM DNA Test System on Forensic Case Samples
Authors: Herrin G , Fildes N , Reynolds R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Evidence material from sexual assault cases which had been submitted to the laboratory for routine processing were examined to determine the usefulness of the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit developed by Roche Molecular Systems for forensic evidence. In all cases in which a conclusive answer was reached for the AmpliType PM system, the results agreed with or surpassed results previously obtained with RFLP testing. The AmpliType PM DNA test system has promise as a quick and easy method for elimination or inclusion of suspects.
CompuTOD, A Computer Program to Estimate Time of Death of Deer
Authors: Cox RJ , Mitchell SL , Espinoza EO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A statistical program named CompuTOD has been written which calculates the time since death of white-tailed deer. The data used for the regression analysis (n = 378) was obtained from a controlled hunt in 1982. The results obtained compare favorably with previous studies but additionally gives upper and lower confidence limits for the calculated time interval since death.
Anomalous Migration of PCR Products Using Nondenaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: The Amelogenin Sex-Typing System
Authors: Eng B , Ainsworth P , Waye JS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sex-typing of biological samples can be accomplished using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA sequences that are specific for the Y-chromosome. One such system is based on PCR amplification of the X-chromosome amelogenin gene and the amelogenin-like sequences located near the centromere of the Y-chromosome. The X and Y PCR products can be distinguished from each other on the basis of a 177 basepair (bp) insertion in the X relative to the Y. In this report, we demonstrate that the amelogenin PCR products migrate anomalously using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ND-PAGE) as opposed to agarose gel electrophoresis or denaturing PAGE. These results may be relevant to the choice of electrophoretic system used to analyze highly polymorphic loci for individual identification.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Polymerase Chain Reaction-HLA DQα Analysis of Casework Urine Specimens
Authors: Medintz I , Chiriboga L , McCurdy L , Kobilinsky L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA was isolated from casework urine samples previously submitted for toxicological analysis. The quality and quantity of DNA isolated was determined by spectrofluorometry and agarose yield gel electrophoresis. Hae III restricted samples were then resolved by analytical agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane by Southern blotting and hybridized with a chemiluminescently-labelled (D2S44) probe. The DNA fragment banding patterns were indistinguishable from the DNA banding patterns of blood specimens collected from the same donor. Only 5 of 20 samples yielded banding patterns and the banding intensity relative to background was low. Genomic DNA was also obtained from casework samples by Chelex extraction, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then genotyped for human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQα. Of 20 specimens, 13 (65%) were typed correctly producing identical results for urine and blood specimens obtained from the same donor. Aging studies of casework samples and normal samples (from a non-drug using population) were also conducted with PCR-HLA DQα analysis. Results of these studies indicate that amplification by PCR was more likely to produce positive results. Based on these findings, we conclude that PCR-initiated analysis is more suitable than RFLP analysis for individualization of urine samples.
A Possible Approach to Soil Discrimination Using X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Hiraoka Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Soil samples collected from 110 different sites in the Kyoto district, Japan, were analyzed quantitatively using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to predict unknown soil origins. More than 250 mg soil samples, ground to −100 + 200 mesh and pressed, were analyzed for Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Rb and Sr with good reproducibility. Analytical data were normalized to a standard rock sample (JG-1) and were subjected to multivariate analysis. Especially trace elements, such as Sr and Rb, as well as K and Fe were available to characterize soil samples, and these soils were classified into nine types that show good agreement with geological features. Probabilities of correct identity by comparing unknown soils with control data sets were about 71%, according to the systematic discrimination that was derived from multivariate analysis and a geochemical survey map of soils.
Detection and Determination of Pseudococaine in Coca Leaves and Illicit Cocaine Samples
Authors: Casale JF , Moore JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Methodology is presented for the isolation, identification and determination of pseudococaine in coca leaves and illicit cocaine. Coca leaves, crude cocaine base (coca paste), refined cocaine base and refined cocaine hydrochloride, all derived from the same geographic location in Bolivia, were examined. Pseudococaine and other coca alkaloids were isolated from leaf samples using toluene extraction followed by acid/Celite trap and ion-pair column chromatography, and from crude and refined cocaine samples by acid/Celite column ion-pairing chromatography. Mass spectral analysis of coca leaf isolates confirmed the presence of pseudococaine. Pseudococaine was quantified by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection at levels of 0.0001–0.035% (relative to cocaine) in refined illicit cocaine and coca leaves.
Suicidal Cyanide Ingestion as Detailed in Final Exit
Authors: Cina SJ , Raso DS , Conradi SE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Final Exit is an “informational aid” advocating the practice of active euthanasia and describing the proper method for the foolproof commission of suicide. Although it has been directed toward assisting the terminally ill patient who desires to terminate suffering, it has been suggested that the widespread availability of this book may result in its abuse. Specifically, there is growing concern that “do-it-yourself suicide manuals” could bring about the fruition of suicidal ideations that are relatively common among mentally ill patients and impressionable adolescents. Described is the suicidal ingestion of cyanide by a physically healthy 30-year-old man. His diary, found next to the body, contains a recipe for suicide copied verbatim from Derek Humphry's Final Exit. Although the decedent's history, the scene investigation, and the external examination strongly suggest an underlying psychiatric disorder, postmortem examination disclosed minimal underlying physical disease. This case graphically illustrates the abuse potential of this literary genre. To our knowledge, this is the first case of its kind to appear in the literature. We recommend that forensic pathologists and medical investigators familiarize themselves with the methods of suicide described in Final Exit.
Fingerprint Imaging with a Confocal Scanning Laser Macroscope
Authors: Beesley KM , Damaskinos S , (Ted) Dixon AE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The scanning laser macroscope is a new scanning beam confocal imaging system that scans up to 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm in 5 seconds. One of its unique features is a telecentric f-theta lens that focuses the incoming beam from a low power laser to a 10 µm spot on the sample. The f-theta lens provides a linear scan, and has a flat focal plane. The macroscope is described in detail and its operation is discussed. Confocal reflected-light images of latent fingerprints were obtained on several different materials. Fluorescence images of Rhodamine-treated samples were also obtained. We also show a reflection image of a fingerprint recorded by scanning the finger in air. Other possible uses of the macroscope in forensics include time-resolved fluorescence, imaging of fluorescent gels used in DNA fingerprinting, IR fluorescence imaging of documents, detecting and recording fluorescence images of latent fingerprints excited with UV radiation, and entering file prints into the computer for storage.