bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Discourses About International Students
Authors: Yi Joseph E. , Jung Gowoon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA growing, English‐language literature analyzes the public discourse of international education and students. One large set of studies highlight the discursive marginalization of non‐western, international students in western, host societies. They draw on critical discourse analysis (CDA) and meta‐narratives of western, White, and elite dominance, which diminish the theoretical importance of discourse in non‐western and non‐elite settings. A second, smaller set of studies analyze the public discourse of international education in non‐western, specifically Asian, countries; they generally reference educational discourse in both Asian and western countries. Relatively few studies critically examine patterns of discursive domination in Asian discourse; but the ones that do so compare both Asian and Western countries. Even rarer are studies of social media discourse among international students. We find a few studies of social media discourse among Asian students who studied abroad, but none of foreign students studying in host, Asian countries. Attention to multiple discourses and theoretical narratives offers a fruitful, research agenda and underlines the complex, dynamic, global nature of contemporary public discourse on international education.
Normative Accountability: How the Medical Model Influences Transgender Identities and Experiences
Authors: Johnson Austin H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe medicalization of gender variance is a key force in transgender people's experiences of embodiment, identity, and community. While most directly dictating experiences of diagnosis and medical classification, it is important to acknowledge that the effects of medicalization are widespread across social contexts and institutions. I explore the medical model of transgender identity, with special attention to its current diagnostic classification, in order to highlight how transgender people's interactional experiences of gender are shaped by medical authority. I review literature that highlights the operation of the medical model as a normative accountability structure in its influence across multiple institutions of social life including health and healthcare, transgender community groups, and legal classification.
Organizational Political Economy and Environmental Pollution
Authors: Prechel Harland 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEnvironmental scholars have made important progress explaining the social forces associated with pollution. Although important exceptions exist, insufficient attention has been given to organizations, which is where most environmental pollution is produced. Even less attentions has been given to parent companies, which have ultimate decision‐making authority over their polluting facilities. To file this gap in the literature, this paper develops an organizational political economy perspective to advance our understanding of how organizational and political‐legal arrangements affect parent companies' capacity to externalize their pollution costs to society. Organizational political economy maintains that corporations' organizational complexity, financial characteristics, management operating systems, political embeddedness in subnational states, and the degree of compliance with national and subnational environmental policies affect their capacity to externalize pollution costs. This perspective also shows how the exercise of organizational power to externalize pollution costs subsidizes the managerial and investor classes by the middle and working classes, whose taxes pay for a large share of environmental clean‐up costs, thereby contributing to economic inequality that goes beyond standard inequality measurements.
Extreme‐phenotype genome‐wide association study (XP‐GWAS): a method for identifying trait‐associated variants by sequencing pools of individuals selected from a diversity panel
Authors: Yang Jinliang , Jiang Haiying , Yeh Cheng‐Ting , Yu Jianming , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A. , Nettleton Dan , Schnable Patrick S. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAlthough approaches for performing genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) are well developed, conventional GWAS requires high‐density genotyping of large numbers of individuals from a diversity panel. Here we report a method for performing GWAS that does not require genotyping of large numbers of individuals. Instead XP‐GWAS (extreme‐phenotype GWAS) relies on genotyping pools of individuals from a diversity panel that have extreme phenotypes. This analysis measures allele frequencies in the extreme pools, enabling discovery of associations between genetic variants and traits of interest. This method was evaluated in maize (Zea mays) using the well‐characterized kernel row number trait, which was selected to enable comparisons between the results of XP‐GWAS and conventional GWAS. An exome‐sequencing strategy was used to focus sequencing resources on genes and their flanking regions. A total of 0.94 million variants were identified and served as evaluation markers; comparisons among pools showed that 145 of these variants were statistically associated with the kernel row number phenotype. These trait‐associated variants were significantly enriched in regions identified by conventional GWAS. XP‐GWAS was able to resolve several linked QTL and detect trait‐associated variants within a single gene under a QTL peak. XP‐GWAS is expected to be particularly valuable for detecting genes or alleles responsible for quantitative variation in species for which extensive genotyping resources are not available, such as wild progenitors of crops, orphan crops, and other poorly characterized species such as those of ecological interest.
Increasing Anaerobic Acetate Consumption and Ethanol Yields in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with NADPH-Specific Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Henningsen Brooks M. , Hon Shuen , Covalla Sean F. , Sonu Carolina , Argyros D. Aaron , Barrett Trisha F. , Wiswall Erin , Froehlich Allan C. , Zelle Rintze M. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
has recently been engineered to use acetate, a primary inhibitor in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, as a cosubstrate during anaerobic ethanolic fermentation. However, the original metabolic pathway devised to convert acetate to ethanol uses NADH-specific acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase and quickly becomes constrained by limited NADH availability, even when glycerol formation is abolished. We present alcohol dehydrogenase as a novel target for anaerobic redox engineering of
S. cerevisiae
. Introduction of an NADPH-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (NADPH-ADH) not only reduces the NADH demand of the acetate-to-ethanol pathway but also allows the cell to effectively exchange NADPH for NADH during sugar fermentation. Unlike NADH, NADPH can be freely generated under anoxic conditions, via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. We show that an industrial bioethanol strain engineered with the original pathway (expressing acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
and with deletions of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes
GPD1
and
GPD2
) consumed 1.9 g liter
−1
acetate during fermentation of 114 g liter
−1
glucose. Combined with a decrease in glycerol production from 4.0 to 0.1 g liter
−1
, this increased the ethanol yield by 4% over that for the wild type. We provide evidence that acetate consumption in this strain is indeed limited by NADH availability. By introducing an NADPH-ADH from
Entamoeba histolytica
and with overexpression of
ACS2
and
ZWF1
, we increased acetate consumption to 5.3 g liter
−1
and raised the ethanol yield to 7% above the wild-type level.
Plant Pathogen-Induced Water-Soaking Promotes Salmonella enterica Growth on Tomato Leaves
Authors: Potnis Neha , Colee James , Jones Jeffrey B. , Barak Jeri D. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Plant pathogen infection is a critical factor for the persistence of
Salmonella enterica
on plants. We investigated the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of
S. enterica
on diseased tomato plants by using four diverse bacterial spot
Xanthomonas
species that differ in disease severities.
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
and
X. gardneri
infection fostered
S. enterica
growth, while
X. perforans
infection did not induce growth but supported the persistence of
S. enterica
.
X. vesicatoria
-infected leaves harbored
S. enterica
populations similar to those on healthy leaves. Growth of
S. enterica
was associated with extensive water-soaking and necrosis in
X. euvesicatoria
- and
X. gardneri
-infected plants. The contribution of water-soaking to the growth of
S. enterica
was corroborated by an increased growth of populations on water-saturated leaves in the absence of a plant pathogen.
S. enterica
aggregates were observed with bacterial spot lesions caused by either
X. euvesicatoria
or
X. vesicatoria
; however, more
S. enterica
aggregates formed on
X. euvesicatoria
-infected leaves as a result of larger lesion sizes per leaf area and extensive water-soaking. Sparsely distributed lesions caused by
X. vesicatoria
infection do not support the overall growth of
S. enterica
or aggregates in areas without lesions or water-soaking;
S. enterica
was observed as single cells and not aggregates. Thus, pathogen-induced water-soaking and necrosis allow
S. enterica
to replicate and proliferate on tomato leaves. The finding that the pathogen-induced virulence phenotype affects the fate of
S. enterica
populations in diseased plants suggests that targeting of plant pathogen disease is important in controlling
S. enterica
populations on plants.
O Antigen Modulates Insect Vector Acquisition of the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Rapicavoli Jeannette N. , Kinsinger Nichola , Perring Thomas M. , Backus Elaine A. , Shugart Holly J. , Walker Sharon , Roper M. Caroline 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Hemipteran insect vectors transmit the majority of plant pathogens. Acquisition of pathogenic bacteria by these piercing/sucking insects requires intimate associations between the bacterial cells and insect surfaces. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the predominant macromolecule displayed on the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria and thus mediates bacterial interactions with the environment and potential hosts. We hypothesized that bacterial cell surface properties mediated by LPS would be important in modulating vector-pathogen interactions required for acquisition of the bacterial plant pathogen
Xylella fastidiosa
, the causative agent of Pierce's disease of grapevines. Utilizing a mutant that produces truncated O antigen (the terminal portion of the LPS molecule), we present results that link this LPS structural alteration to a significant decrease in the attachment of
X. fastidiosa
to blue-green sharpshooter foreguts. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that this defect in initial attachment compromised subsequent biofilm formation within vector foreguts, thus impairing pathogen acquisition. We also establish a relationship between O antigen truncation and significant changes in the physiochemical properties of the cell, which in turn affect the dynamics of
X. fastidiosa
adhesion to the vector foregut. Lastly, we couple measurements of the physiochemical properties of the cell with hydrodynamic fluid shear rates to produce a Comsol model that predicts primary areas of bacterial colonization within blue-green sharpshooter foreguts, and we present experimental data that support the model. These results demonstrate that, in addition to reported protein adhesin-ligand interactions, O antigen is crucial for vector-pathogen interactions, specifically in the acquisition of this destructive agricultural pathogen.
A Rapid and Specific Method for the Detection of Indole in Complex Biological Samples
Authors: Darkoh Charles , Chappell Cynthia , Gonzales Christopher , Okhuysen Pablo 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Indole, a bacterial product of tryptophan degradation, has a variety of important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and is a biomarker in biological and clinical specimens. Yet, specific assays to quantitate indole are complex and require expensive equipment and a high level of training. Thus, indole in biological samples is often estimated using the simple and rapid Kovács assay, which nonspecifically detects a variety of commonly occurring indole analogs. We demonstrate here a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for measuring indole in complex biological samples using a specific reaction between unsubstituted indole and hydroxylamine. We compared the hydroxylamine-based indole assay (HIA) to the Kovács assay and confirmed that the two assays are capable of detecting microgram amounts of indole. However, the HIA is specific to indole and does not detect other naturally occurring indole analogs. We further demonstrated the utility of the HIA in measuring indole levels in clinically relevant biological materials, such as fecal samples and bacterial cultures. Mean and median fecal indole concentrations from 53 healthy adults were 2.59 mM and 2.73 mM, respectively, but varied widely (0.30 mM to 6.64 mM) among individuals. We also determined that enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
strain H10407 produces 3.3 ± 0.22 mM indole during a 24-h period in the presence of 5 mM tryptophan. The sensitive and specific HIA should be of value in a variety of settings, such as the evaluation of various clinical samples and the study of indole-producing bacterial species in the gut microbiota.
Microbial Iron Oxidation in the Arctic Tundra and Its Implications for Biogeochemical Cycling
Authors: Emerson David , Scott Jarrod J. , Benes Joshua , Bowden William B. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

The role that neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria play in the Arctic tundra is unknown. This study surveyed chemosynthetic iron-oxidizing communities at the North Slope of Alaska near Toolik Field Station (TFS) at Toolik Lake (lat 68.63, long −149.60). Microbial iron mats were common in submerged habitats with stationary or slowly flowing water, and their greatest areal extent is in coating plant stems and sediments in wet sedge meadows. Some Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) produce easily recognized sheath or stalk morphotypes that were present and dominant in all the mats we observed. The cool water temperatures (9 to 11°C) and reduced pH (5.0 to 6.6) at all sites kinetically favor microbial iron oxidation. A microbial survey of five sites based on 16S rRNA genes found a predominance of
Proteobacteria
, with
Betaproteobacteria
and members of the family
Comamonadaceae
being the most prevalent operational taxonomic units (OTUs). In relative abundance, clades of lithotrophic FeOB composed 5 to 10% of the communities. OTUs related to cyanobacteria and chloroplasts accounted for 3 to 25% of the communities. Oxygen profiles showed evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis at the surface of some mats, indicating the coexistence of photosynthetic and FeOB populations. The relative abundance of OTUs belonging to putative Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) averaged around 11% in the sampled iron mats. Mats incubated anaerobically with 10 mM acetate rapidly initiated Fe reduction, indicating that active iron cycling is likely. The prevalence of iron mats on the tundra might impact the carbon cycle through lithoautotrophic chemosynthesis, anaerobic respiration of organic carbon coupled to iron reduction, and the suppression of methanogenesis, and it potentially influences phosphorus dynamics through the adsorption of phosphorus to iron oxides.
The Cch1-Mid1 High-Affinity Calcium Channel Contributes to the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by Mitigating Oxidative Stress
Authors: Vu Kiem , Bautos Jennifer M. , Gelli Angie 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic fungi have developed mechanisms to cope with stresses imposed by hosts. For
Cryptococcus
spp., this implies active defense mechanisms that attenuate and ultimately overcome the onslaught of oxidative stresses in macrophages. Among cellular pathways within
Cryptococcus neoformans
' arsenal is the plasma membrane high-affinity Cch1-Mid1 calcium (Ca
2+
) channel (CMC). Here we show that CMC has an unexpectedly complex and disparate role in mitigating oxidative stress. Upon inhibiting the Ccp1-mediated oxidative response pathway with antimycin, strains of
C. neoformans
expressing only Mid1 displayed enhanced growth, but this was significantly attenuated upon H
2
O
2
exposure in the absence of Mid1, suggesting a regulatory role for Mid1 acting through the Ccp1-mediated oxidative stress response. This notion is further supported by the interaction detected between Mid1 and Ccp1 (cytochrome
c
peroxidase). In contrast, Cch1 appears to have a more general role in promoting cryptococci survival during oxidative stress. A strain lacking Cch1 displayed a growth defect in the presence of H
2
O
2
without BAPTA [(1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-
N
,
N
,
N
′,
N
′-tetraacetic acid, cesium salt] or additional stressors such as antimycin. Consistent with a greater contribution of Cch1 to oxidative stress tolerance, an intracellular growth defect was observed for the
cch1
Δ strain in the macrophage cell line J774A.1. Interestingly, while the absence of either Mid1 or Cch1 significantly compromises the ability of
C. neoformans
to tolerate oxidative stress, the absence of both Mid1 and Cch1 has a negligible effect on
C. neoformans
growth during H
2
O
2
stress, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism that becomes active in the absence of CMC.
The dose–response effect of physical activity on cancer mortality: findings from 71 prospective cohort studies
Authors: Li Tingting , Wei Shaozhong , Shi Yun , Pang Shuo , Qin Qin , Yin Jieyun , Deng Yunte , Chen Qiongrong , Wei Sheng , Nie Shaofa , Liu Li 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe WHO recommends moderate physical activity to combat the increasing risk of death from chronic diseases. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between physical activity and cancer mortality and the WHO recommendations to reduce the latter.MethodsMEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up until May 2014 for cohort studies examining physical activity and cancer mortality in the general population and cancer survivors. Combined HRs were estimated using fixed-effect or random-effect meta-analysis of binary analysis. Associated HRs with defined increments and recommended levels of recreational physical activity were estimated by two-stage random-effects dose–response meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 71 cohort studies met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Binary analyses determined that individuals who participated in the most physical activity had an HR of 0.83 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.87) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.84) for cancer mortality in the general population and among cancer survivors, respectively. There was an inverse non-linear dose–response between the effects of physical activity and cancer mortality. In the general population, a minimum of 2.5 h/week of moderate-intensity activity led to a significant 13% reduction in cancer mortality. Cancer survivors who completed 15 metabolic equivalents of task (MET)-h/week of physical activity had a 27% lower risk of cancer mortality. A greater protective effect occurred in cancer survivors undertaking physical activity postdiagnosis versus prediagnosis, where 15 MET-h/week decreased the risk by 35% and 21%, respectively.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis supports that current physical activity recommendations from WHO reduce cancer mortality in both the general population and cancer survivors. We infer that physical activity after a cancer diagnosis may result in significant protection among cancer survivors.
Education Against Tobacco (EAT): a quasi-experimental prospective evaluation of a multinational medical-student-delivered smoking prevention programme for secondary schools in Germany
Authors: Brinker Titus J , Stamm-Balderjahn Sabine , Seeger Werner , Klingelhöfer Doris , Groneberg David A 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the multinational medical-student-delivered tobacco prevention programme for secondary schools for its effectiveness to reduce the smoking prevalence among adolescents aged 11–15 years in Germany at half year follow-up.SettingWe used a prospective quasi-experimental study design with measurements at baseline (t1) and 6 months postintervention (t2) to investigate an intervention in 8 German secondary schools. The participants were split into intervention and control classes in the same schools and grades.ParticipantsA total of 1474 eligible participants of both genders at the age of 11–15 years were involved within the survey for baseline assessment of which 1200 completed the questionnaire at 6-month follow-up (=longitudinal sample). The schools participated voluntarily. The inclusion criteria were age (10–15 years), grade (6–8) and school type (regular secondary schools).InterventionTwo 60 min school-based modules delivered by medical students.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary end point was the difference from t1 to t2 of the smoking prevalence in the control group versus the difference from t1 to t2 in the intervention group (difference of differences approach). The percentage of former smokers and new smokers in the two groups were studied as secondary outcome measures.ResultsIn the control group, the percentage of students who claimed to be smokers doubled from 4.2% (t1) to 8.1% (t2), whereas it remained almost the same in the intervention group (7.1% (t1) to 7.4% (t2); p=0.01). The likelihood of quitting smoking was almost six times higher in the intervention group (total of 67 smokers at t1; 27 (4.6%) and 7 (1.1%) in the control group; OR 5.63; 95% CI 2.01 to 15.79; p<0.01). However, no primary preventive effect was found.ConclusionsWe report a significant secondary preventive (smoking cessation) effect at 6-month follow-up. Long-term evaluation is planned.
Providing immediate neonatal care and resuscitation at birth beside the mother: parents’ views, a qualitative study
Authors: Sawyer Alexandra , Ayers Susan , Bertullies Sophia , Thomas Margaret , Weeks Andrew D , Yoxall Charles W , Duley Lelia 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to assess parents’ views of immediate neonatal care and resuscitation at birth being provided beside the mother, and their experiences of a mobile trolley designed to facilitate this bedside care.DesignQualitative study with semistructured interviews. Results were analysed using thematic analysis.SettingLarge UK maternity hospital.ParticipantsMothers whose baby received initial neonatal care in the first few minutes of life at the bedside, and their birth partners, were eligible. 30 participants were interviewed (19 mothers, 10 partners and 1 grandmother). 5 babies required advanced neonatal resuscitation.Results5 themes were identified: (1) Reassurance, which included ‘Baby is OK’, ‘Having baby close’, ‘Confidence in care’, ‘Knowing what's going on’ and ‘Dad as informant’; (2) Involvement of the family, which included ‘Opportunity for contact’, ‘Family involvement’ and ‘Normality’; (3) Staff communication, which included ‘Communication’ and ‘Experience’; (4) Reservations, which included ‘Reservations about witnessing resuscitation’, ‘Negative emotions’ and ‘Worries about the impact on staff’ and (5) Experiences of the trolley, which included ‘Practical issues’ and ‘Comparisons with standard resuscitation equipment’.ConclusionsFamilies were positive about neonatal care being provided at the bedside, and felt it gave reassurance about their baby's health and care. They also reported feeling involved as a family. Some parents reported experiencing negative emotions as a result of witnessing resuscitation of their baby. Parents were positive about the trolley.