bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D bioprinting of photocrosslinkable hydrogel constructs
Authors: Pereira Rúben F. , Bártolo Paulo J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting comprises a group of biofabrication technologies for the additive manufacturing of 3D constructs by precisely printing biocompatible materials, cells and biochemicals in predesigned spatial positions. These technologies have been successfully applied to fabricate biodegradable 3D constructs with intricate architectures and heterogeneous composition, assuming a pivotal role in the field of tissue engineering. However, the full implementation of bioprinting strongly depends on the development of novel biomaterials exhibiting fast crosslinking schemes and appropriate printability, cell‐compatibility and biomechanical properties. Photocrosslinkable hydrogels are attractive materials for bioprinting as they provide fast polymerization under cell‐compatible conditions and exceptional spatiotemporal control over the gelation process. Photopolymerization can also be performed during the bioprinting to promote the instantaneous formation of hydrogel with high well‐defined architecture and structural stability. In this review paper, we summarize the most recent developments on bioprinting of photocrosslinkable biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering, focusing on the chemical modification strategies and the combination of photocrosslinking reactions with other gelation modalities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42458.
Fabrication of a poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) modified macroporous polypropylene membrane via one‐pot reversible‐addition fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization and click chemistry
Authors: Zhou Jin , Hu Bing 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, a macroporous polypropylene membrane (MPPM) was grafted with hydrophilic poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PNVP) based on a one‐pot reversible‐addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry. First, we prepared the clickable membrane by bromination and following SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction; then, click chemistry and RAFT polymerization were performed in one‐pot to graft PNVP to the MPPM surface. The surface characterizations, including attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, illustrated that PNVP was really grafted onto the MPPM surface. The permeation and antifouling characteristics of the MPPMs were measured by the filtration of a bovine serum albumin dispersion; this showed that in contrast to the nascent membrane, the grafted membrane efficiently obstructed protein molecules because of the compactly grafted polymer chains. The hydrophilicity and antifouling properties of MPPM were greatly ameliorated after modification. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42649.
No Sexual Dimorphism Detected in Digit Ratios of the Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra)
Authors: Balogová Monika , Nelson Emma , Uhrin Marcel , Figurová Mária , Ledecký Valent , Zyśk Bartłomiej 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIt has been proposed that digit ratio may be used as a biomarker of early developmental effects. Specifically, the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been linked to the effects of sex hormones and their receptor genes, but other digit ratios have also been investigated. Across taxa, patterns of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios are ambiguous and a scarcity of studies in basal tetrapods makes it difficult to understand how ratios have evolved. Here, we focus on examining sex differences in digit ratios (2D:3D, 2D:4D, and 3D:4D) in a common amphibian, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We used graphic software to measure soft tissue digit length and digit bone length from X‐rays. We found a nonsignificant tendency in males to have a lower 2D:3D than females; however, no sexual differences were detected in the other ratios. We discuss our results in the context of other studies of digit ratios, and how sex determination systems, as well as other factors, might impact patterns of sexual dimorphism, particularly in reptiles and in amphibians. Our findings suggest that caution is needed when using digit ratios as a potential indicator of prenatal hormonal effects in amphibians and highlight the need for more comparative studies to elucidate the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms implicated in sexually dimorphic patterns across taxonomic groups. Anat Rec, 298:1786–1795, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence and persistence of carcinogenic genital human papillomavirus infections in young women with or without Chlamydia trachomatis co‐infection
Authors: Vriend Henrike J. , Bogaards Johannes A. , van Bergen Jan E. A. M. , Brink Antoinette A. T. P. , van den Broek Ingrid V. F. , Hoebe Christian J. P. A. , King Audrey J. , van der Sande Marianne A. B. , Wolffs Petra F. G. , de Melker Hester E. ,   the Medical Microbiological Laboratories and the CSI group
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe assessed whether infection with chlamydia increases the incidence of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and if HPV persistence is affected by chlamydia co‐infection. For 1982 women (16–29 years‐old) participating in two consecutive rounds of a chlamydia screening implementation trial, swabs were polymerase chain reaction tested to detect chlamydia and 14 carcinogenic HPV genotypes. HPV type‐specific incidence and persistence rates were stratified for chlamydia positivity at follow‐up. Associations were assessed by multilevel logistic regression analyses with correction for sexual risk factors. HPV type‐specific incidence ranged from 1.4% to 8.9% and persistence from 22.7% to 59.4% after a median follow‐up of 11 months (interquartile range: 11–12). Differences in 1‐year HPV persistence rates between chlamydia ‐infected and noninfected women were less distinct than differences in HPV incidence rates (pooled adjusted odds ratios of 1.17 [95% CI: 0.69–1.96] and 1.84 [95% CI: 1.36–2.47], respectively). The effect of chlamydia co‐infection on HPV‐infection risk did not significantly differ by HPV genotype. In conclusion, infection with chlamydia increases the risk of infection by carcinogenic HPV types and may enhance persistence of some HPV types. Although these findings could reflect residual confounding through unobserved risk factors, our results do give reason to explore more fully the association between chlamydia and HPV type‐specific acquisition and persistence.
Clinical relevance of copy number profiling in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: van Kempen Pauline M. W. , Noorlag Rob , Braunius Weibel W. , Moelans Cathy B. , Rifi Widad , Savola Suvi , Koole Ronald , Grolman Wilko , van Es Robert J. J. , Willems Stefan M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCurrent conventional treatment modalities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are nonselective and have shown to cause serious side effects. Unraveling the molecular profiles of head and neck cancer may enable promising clinical applications that pave the road for personalized cancer treatment. We examined copy number status in 36 common oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in a cohort of 191 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) and 164 oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) using multiplex ligation probe amplification. Copy number status was correlated with human papillomavirus (HPV) status in OPSCC, with occult lymph node status in OSCC and with patient survival. The 11q13 region showed gain or amplifications in 59% of HPV‐negative OPSCC, whereas this amplification was almost absent in HPV‐positive OPSCC. Additionally, in clinically lymph node‐negative OSCC (Stage I–II), gain of the 11q13 region was significantly correlated with occult lymph node metastases with a negative predictive value of 81%. Multivariate survival analysis revealed a significantly decreased disease‐free survival in both HPV‐negative and HPV‐positive OPSCC with a gain of Wnt‐induced secreted protein‐1. Gain of CCND1 showed to be an independent predictor for worse survival in OSCC. These results show that copy number aberrations, mainly of the 11q13 region, may be important predictors and prognosticators which allow for stratifying patients for personalized treatment of HNSCC.
Structurally Diverse Polyamines: Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Interaction with DNA
Authors: Umezawa Naoki , Horai Yuhei , Imamura Yuki , Kawakubo Makoto , Nakahira Mariko , Kato Nobuki , Muramatsu Akira , Yoshikawa Yuko , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Higuchi Tsunehiko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA versatile solid‐phase approach based on peptide chemistry was used to construct four classes of structurally diverse polyamines with modified backbones: linear, partially constrained, branched, and cyclic. Their effects on DNA duplex stability and structure were examined. The polyamines showed distinct activities, thus highlighting the importance of polyamine backbone structure. Interestingly, the rank order of polyamine ability for DNA compaction was different to that for their effects on circular dichroism and melting temperature, thus indicating that these polyamines have distinct effects on secondary and higher‐order structures of DNA.
Peptide Backbone Composition and Protease Susceptibility: Impact of Modification Type, Position, and Tandem Substitution
Authors: Werner Halina M. , Cabalteja Chino C. , Horne W. Seth 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe clinical utility of peptides is limited by their rapid degradation by endogenous proteases. Modification of the peptide backbone can generate functional analogues with enhanced proteolytic stability. Existing principles for the design of such oligomers have focused primarily on effective structural mimicry. A more robust strategy would incorporate a rational approach for engineering maximal proteolytic stability with minimal unnatural residue content. We report here the systematic comparison of the proteolytic resistance imparted by four backbone modifications commonly employed in the design of protease‐stable analogues of peptides with complex folding patterns. The degree of protection was quantified as a function of modification type, position, and tandem substitution in the context of a long, unstructured host sequence and a canonical serine protease. These results promise to inform ongoing work to develop biostable mimics of increasingly complex peptides and proteins.
Isolation and characterization of primary microglia from post‐natal murine brain tissues: a comparison of two methods
Authors: Jose Shinsmon , Tan Shi Wei , Tong Chih Kong , Vidyadaran Sharmili 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMicroglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Apart from playing vital roles as sentinel cells, they are crucial in physiological processes such as synaptic pruning during brain development. CNS disorders require an understanding of the contribution of each cellular compartment to the pathogenesis. Elucidating the role of microglia in disease development and progression in the intricate CNS environment is technically challenging and requires the establishment of reliable, reproducible techniques to isolate and culture microglia. A number of different protocols have been developed for isolation of neonatal microglia and here we compare two widely used methods, namely, mild trypsinization and EasySep® magnetic separation. EasySep® magnetic separation provided higher microglia yield, and flow cytometric evaluation of CD11b and F4/80 markers revealed that EasySep® separation method also produced significantly higher purity compared to mild trypsinization. Microglia isolated using EasySep® separation method were functional, as demonstrated by the generation of nitric oxide, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and MCP‐1 in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In summary, this study has revealed that magnetic separation is superior to mild trypsinization in terms of yield and purity of microglia.
Angiographic appearance of spontaneous coronary artery dissection with intramural hematoma proven on intracoronary imaging
Authors: Saw Jacqueline , Mancini G.B. John , Humphries Karin , Fung Anthony , Boone Robert , Starovoytov Andrew , Aymong Eve 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundThe pathognomonic appearance of multiple radiolucent lumen on angiography is used to diagnose spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). However, this finding is absent in >70% of SCAD, in which case optical coherence tomography (OCT) or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is useful to assess arterial wall integrity.MethodsWe report the angiographic appearance of SCAD that were proven on intracoronary imaging with OCT or IVUS. Our angiographic classification and algorithm for SCAD diagnosis was previously reported. Patients with type 1 SCAD (multiple radiolucent lumen) do not require OCT/IVUS, whereas, it was recommended for those with suspected type 2 (diffuse stenosis) or 3 (mimic atherosclerosis) SCAD.ResultsTwenty‐two consecutive patients with non‐type 1 angiographic SCAD in 25 coronary arteries (22 OCT and 4 IVUS) were studied. Mean age was 52.9 ± 9.9 years, 89.5% were women, and 16/22 (72.7%) had underlying fibromuscular dysplasia. Sixteen SCAD arteries were type 2 SCAD, and nine were type 3. All 25 SCAD arteries had intramural hematoma and intimomedial membrane separation with double lumen on OCT or IVUS. The mean visual angiographic stenosis was 74.6 ± 17.5% (range 40–100%). Dissected segments were long with mean qualitative coronary analysis (QCA) length 45.2 ± 29.2 mm, especially in patients with type 2 SCAD (mean QCA length 58.3 ± 29.0 mm). The mean QCA length in type 3 SCAD lesions was 22.1 ± 5.7 mm.ConclusionsIntracoronary imaging confirms that SCAD may appear angiographically without multiple radiolucent lumen. Angiographers should be familiar with angiographic SCAD variants to improve SCAD diagnosis, and utilize intracoronary imaging when the diagnosis is uncertain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time to consider a STEMI sleepover?: Measuring the “value” of an in‐house STEMI team
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Henry Timothy D. 
Published: July 2015

Key Points

This study demonstrates that the presence of an in‐hospital STEMI team significantly reduces D2B times
PCI centers should consider the “value” (outcomes relative to cost) of an in‐house STEMI team
Larger studies are required to assess the cost effectiveness and clinical effectiveness attributable to an in‐house STEMI team
Unusual origin for the right coronary artery: One center's observations on diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C 
Published: July 2015

Key Points

Right coronary arteries that originate from the left Sinus of Valsalva and course intramurally along the aortic wall in their proximal position are a variant of anomalous coronary arteries that can be associated with ischemic symptoms.
Stenting of the proximal portion of these right coronary arteries along the intramural course can improve symptoms in those who clearly have anatomic distortion of the proximal artery.
Long‐term outcomes and durability of this approach when applied to symptomatic patients is unknown and future work with follow up IVUS is needed.
Targeting clinical outcomes: Endovascular simulation improves diagnostic coronary angiography skills
Authors: Schimmel Daniel R. , Sweis Ranya , Cohen Elaine R. , Davidson Charles , Wayne Diane B. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to determine the effects of simulation‐based medical education (SBME) on the skills required to perform coronary angiography in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.BackgroundCardiovascular fellows commonly learn invasive procedures on patients. Because this approach is not standardized, it can result in inconsistent skill acquisition through exclusion of concepts and skills. Also, the learning curve varies between trainees yielding variability in skill acquisition. Therefore, coronary angiography skills are an excellent target for SBME in an environment in which direct patient care is not jeopardized.MethodsFrom January 2013 to June 2013, 14 cardiovascular fellows entering the cardiac catheterization laboratory at a tertiary care teaching hospital were tested on an endovascular simulator to assess baseline skills. All fellows subsequently underwent didactic teaching and preceptor‐lead training on the endovascular simulator. Topics included basic catheterization skills and a review of catheterization laboratory systems. Following training, all fellows underwent a post‐training assessment on the endovascular simulator. Paired t tests were used to compare items on the skills checklist and simulator defined variables.ResultsCardiovascular fellows scored significantly higher on a diagnostic coronary angiography skills checklist following SBME using an endovascular simulator. The mean pretest score was 66.6% (SD = 9.7%) compared to 86.0% (SD = 6.3%) following simulator training (P < 0.001). Additional findings include significant reduction in procedure time and use of cine‐fluoroscopy at posttest.ConclusionsSBME significantly improved cardiovascular fellows' performance of simulated coronary angiography skills. Standardized simulation‐based education is a valuable adjunct to traditional clinical education for cardiovascular fellows. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of the Microstructure Formation Process and Its Influence on the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel‐Cell Catalyst Layers
Authors: Takahashi Shinichi , Mashio Tetsuya , Horibe Norifumi , Akizuki Ken , Ohma Atsushi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo understand the formation process of the microstructure of the catalyst layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), we tried to observe the “real” structure of the catalyst ink by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM). Catalyst inks with different water/alcohol compositions were successfully visualized, and they correlated well with the particle‐size distribution obtained by laser diffraction of the ink and the structures of the catalyst layers obtained by typical SEM. On the basis of other electrochemical characterization results, including current–voltage performance, oxygen reduction reaction kinetics, and mass‐transport properties, the microstructures of the catalyst inks and the catalyst layers were proposed. The proposed microstructures can explain the relationship between the catalyst materials and the performance of the cathode catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly through its formation and apparent properties. It was also found that the microstructure of the catalyst ink plays an important role in performance.
A Multifunctional Bimetallic Molecular Device for Ultrasensitive Detection, Naked‐Eye Recognition, and Elimination of Cyanide Ions
Authors: Chow Cheuk‐Fai , Ho Pui‐Yu , Wong Wing‐Leung , Gong Cheng‐Bin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA new bimetallic FeII–CuII complex was synthesized, characterized, and applied as a selective and sensitive sensor for cyanide detection in water. This complex is the first multifunctional device that can simultaneously detect cyanide ions in real water samples, amplify the colorimetric signal upon detection for naked‐eye recognition at the parts‐per‐million (ppb) level, and convert the toxic cyanide ion into the much safer cyanate ion in situ. The mechanism of the bimetallic complex for high‐selectivity recognition and signaling toward cyanide ions was investigated through a series of binding kinetics of the complex with different analytes, including CN−, SO42−, HCO3−, HPO42−, N3−, CH3COO−, NCS−, NO3−, and Cl− ions. In addition, the use of the indicator/catalyst displacement assay (ICDA) is demonstrated in the present system in which one metal center acts as a receptor and inhibitor and is bridged to another metal center that is responsible for signal transduction and catalysis, thus showing a versatile approach to the design of new multifunctional devices.
Development of Micro Separation Technology Modules. Part 2: Distillation
Authors: Stanisch Benjamin , Wellsandt Tim , Strube Jochen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe subject of previous work on liquid‐liquid extraction is complemented in this paper through the research activities in micro distillation. After a detailed literature study comparing the performance, strengths, and weaknesses of published micro distillation methods, critical process parameters based on model studies will be discussed. Apparative approaches to micro distillation are presented, where the capillary module used for distillation can provide a successful phase separation of gas‐liquid mixtures up to volume feeds of 10 mL min−1.
Online behavior classification for anomaly detection in self‐x real‐time systems
Authors: Rammig Franz , Stahl Katharina 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAutonomous adaptation in self‐adapting embedded real‐time systems introduces novel risks as it may lead to unforeseen system behavior. An anomaly detection framework integrated in a real‐time operating system can ease the identification of such suspicious novel behavior and, thereby, offers the potential to enhance the reliability of the considered self‐x system. However, anomaly detection is based on knowledge about normal behavior. When dealing with self‐reconfiguring applications, normal behavior changes. Hence, knowledge base requires adaptation or even re‐construction at runtime. The stringent restrictions of real‐time systems considering runtime and memory consumption make this task to a really challenging problem. We present our idea for online construction of application behavior knowledge that does not rely on training phase. The applications' behavior is defined by the application's system call invocations. For the knowledge base, we exploit suffix trees as they offer potentials to represent application behavior patterns and associated information in a compact manner. The online algorithm provided by suffix trees is a basis to construct the knowledge base with low computational effort. Anomaly detection and classification is integrated into the online construction method. New behavioral patterns do not unconditionally update the behavior knowledge base. They are evaluated in a context‐related manner inspired by Danger Theory, a special discipline of artificial immune systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T‐cell receptor activation of human CD4+ T cells shifts the innate TLR response from CXCL8hiIFN‐γnull to CXCL8loIFN‐γhi
Authors: Akhade Ajay S. , Qadri Ayub 
Published: July 2015

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play a major part in providing innate immunity against pathogenic microorganisms. Recent studies show that these receptors are also expressed on T cells, which are the sentinels of adaptive immunity. Here, we have investigated the regulatory role of the T‐cell receptor in the functioning of these innate receptors in T cells. We show that freshly isolated human CD4+ T cells readily secrete the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8 upon activation with the TLR ligands Pam3CSK and flagellin. In contrast, TCR‐activated cells secrete considerably less CXCL8 but start producing IFN‐γ upon stimulation with TLR agonists in the absence of concomitant TCR engagement. These T cells show increased activation of p38 and JNK MAP‐kinases in response to TLR stimulation, and inhibition of p38 abrogates TLR‐induced IFN‐γ secretion. The shifting of the T‐cell innate immune response from CXCL8hiIFN‐γnull in freshly isolated to CXCL8loIFN‐γhi in activated T cells is also observed in response to endogenous innate stimulus, IL‐1. These results suggest that the innate immune response of human CD4+ T cells switches from a proinflammatory to an effector type following activation of these cells through the antigen receptor.