bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Macrocylic Polyethers
Authors: Shih Jeng‐Shong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractArtificial macrocyclic polyethers were synthesized and applied as ion‐selective electrode neutral carriers in PVC electrode membranes, ion‐chromatographic packing materials, extractants and adsorbents for ion separations, phase‐transfer catalysts for organic reactions, surfactants, liquid crystals and ion‐transport carriers through liquid membranes. Ion selective electrodes such as K+, Na+, UO22+, Cs+, Pb2+ and Fe3+, Hg2+ and Ag+ ion electrodes based on crown ether ‐ phosphotungstic acid (PW) precipitates and dithio crown ethers respectively were prepared and showed good sensitivity and selectivity. Crown ether ‐ PW precipitates were also applied as adsorbents for adsorptions of rare‐earth ions and some common heavy metal ions. Some rare‐earth ions were found to be easily extracted with crown ethers especially 15‐crown‐5. Poly(styrene/divinyl benzene)‐cryptand 22 resin was synthesized and applied as a bifunctional stationary phase of ion chromatography for separations of both cations and anions even some organic carboxylate geometric isomers A so called “drift‐type” crown ether catalyst and some common crown ether catalysts were applied to catalyze organic oxidation, reduction, substitution and anionic polymerization. The effect of salts on micellar formation and stability, of liquid crystals of some crown‐ether surfactants were investigated. Some special crown‐ether carriers were also prepared and applied for Na+, K+ and Mg2+ ion transport through liquid membranes.
Structural Chemistry of A(VOPO4)2·nH2O (A = Alkali, Alkaline‐Earth, and Transition Metals)
Authors: Lii Kwang‐Hwa 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCrystals of layered phosphate hydrates A(VOP04)2·nH2O (A = metal cation) have been grown under bydrothermal conditions. All compounds except trihydrates Pb(VOP04)2·3H2O and Ni(VOP04)2·3H2O consist of layers of vanadium phosphorus oxide with metal cations and water molecules between the layers. The layer is a four‐connected net in which corner‐sharing vanadium oxygen polyhedra and phosphate tetrahedra alternate. Most phases crystallize in crystal symmetry lower than those prepared from redox intercalation reactions. Their crystal structures and the structural relationships with VOPO4·2H2O are discussed.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Dissociation Reactions of Open‐Chain and Macrocyclic Tetraamine Complexes of Copper(II)
Authors: Lan Wei‐Jen , Chung Chung‐Sun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanisms of dissociation reactions of open‐chain and macrocyclic tetraamine complexes of copper(II) in strongly acidic, aqueous media are reviewed. Possible pathways for cleavage of copper‐nitrogen bonds, factors influencing the dissociation rates, and the factors affecting the relative importance of each of these possible pathways are discussed. The varied kinetic behavior of the most closely correlated open‐chain and cyclic tetraamine complexes [namely (1,5,8,12‐tetraazadodecane)copper(II), Cu(3,2,3‐tet)2+, and (1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane)copper(II), Cu(cyclam)2+] indicates that ligand cyclization has a very large influence upon the rate constants for dissociation of complexes.
Triterpenoid Natural Products in the Fungus Ganoderma Lucidum
Authors: Shiao Ming‐Shi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOxygenated lanostanoid triterpenes including multiple pairs of C‐3 stereoisomers and C‐3/C‐15 positional isomers were identified from the Chinese medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Empirical rules based on the chromatographic behavior in reversed‐phase HPLC were developed to correlate the molecular polarities due to the presence of an individual functional group. 13C NMR correlation of stereochemistry in these oxygenated triterpenes was also achieved. Biosynthetic studies indicated that oxygenated triterpenes in the 3α series were derived from those in the 3β series through an oxidationreduction pathway. Several oxygenated triterpenes inhibited cholesterol synthesis in the in vitro assay. Ganodermic acid S induced platelet aggregation by stimulating the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate.
Molecular Biological Studies on Animal Growth Hormones
Authors: Chang Wen‐Chang , Pan Fu‐Ming 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe pituitary growth hormone (GH) from various vertebrate species could be purified from crude pituitary extracts by a single‐step HPLC using a reverse‐phase C18 column. The same procedure was also useful for peptide mapping of proteins. Pharmacokinetic analysis of porcine GH revealed that it circulated in plasma with a half‐life of 2 h and that most injected GH was confined to blood and probably lymph, with a total body clearance of porcine GH around 8 ± 3 mL h−1 kg−1. Several GH have been sequenced by using cloning of their cDNA. The comparative analysis of these cDNA reveals the conserved structural characteristics for all vertebrate GH: 1. There are 2 disulfide bonds in the single polypeptide chain of the GH molecule which are supposedly necessary to maintain the native conformation of the hormone. 2. The invariant residues are predominantly located within the α‐helices which are also necessary to maintain the structural integrity but may not be required for species specificity. 3. The putative signal peptides of various GH deduced from the cDNA sequences show the general consensus pattern of hydrophobicity but exhibit no obvious sequence homology. These characteristics are in agreement with other signal peptides of most secretory proteins. A high‐level expression of porcine GH in E. coli was achieved by using some combination of promoter and transcriptional terminator. The expressed 22‐kDa GH was immunoreactive to the specific GH antibody and showed expected partial N‐terminal amino‐acid sequence.
Country variations in different innovation outputs: The interactive effect of institutional support and human capital
Authors: Kwan Letty Yan‐Yee , Chiu Chi‐yue 
Published: June 2015

SummaryInnovation is of pivotal importance to economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The current research seeks to provide insights on how human and institutional factors interact to explain country variations in innovation. Using a multiple source, multinational database that covers a wide spectrum of innovation outputs in more than 120 economies in the world from 2011 to 2013, we for the first time examined both the concurrent and predictive associations of the interactive effects of human capital and institutional support with innovation output. Results showed that innovation output is a multi‐faceted construct, consisting of at least three aspects: knowledge creation, knowledge impact, and knowledge diffusion. Quality of human capital predicts knowledge creation; institutional support and human capital have additive effects on knowledge impact; and the presence of both human capital and institutional support is required for knowledge diffusion. These results extend past findings on the role of institutions and human capital in innovation and have important implications for national policies of innovation development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating topoclimatic data to support bioclimatic research in alpine environments: application and assessment of a mesoscale atmospheric model
Authors: Case Bradley S. , Zawar‐Reza Peyman , Tait Andrew 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTMany bioclimatic modelling efforts are based on the use of gridded climatic datasets that inadequately account for topoclimatic effects. We evaluate a mesoscale atmospheric model, TAPM, as an alternative means of generating spatially explicit topoclimatic data applicable to small scale (200‐m resolution) bioclimatic research. Temporal and spatial assessments of TAPM were carried out across New Zealand's mountains. First, goodness‐of‐fit analyses of TAPM‐simulated meteorology against three weather station observations for January and July, 2001–2007, were carried out. Second, TAPM‐simulated January/July mean daily temperature extremes and wind speeds were compared against interpolated climate grid data for approximately 37 000 grid cells across New Zealand. Third, deviations of TAPM‐simulated data from the gridded climate dataset baseline were modelled against GIS‐derived landscape position in order to quantify the nature and extent of topoclimatic effects. Temporal assessments indicated that TAPM provided reasonably accurate simulations for hourly temperatures and wind speeds, moderately good estimates for solar radiation and poor estimates for humidity. On the whole, the greatest simulation errors occurred for daily extreme values. Relative to the climate grid baseline, TAPM‐simulated temperatures and wind speeds were also relatively unbiased. However, TAPM‐simulated values varied widely around climate grid values, and these deviations were significantly related to landscape position. The relative congruence of simulation biases across time and space suggests that uncertainties are systematic and inherent to the model architecture rather than due to location‐related variability. While results suggest caution in using TAPM to simulate daily extremes, biases may be less problematic for studies where relative differences in topoclimate across locations are of interest. Topoclimatic effects appear pervasive across New Zealand's mountain systems and are predictable as a function of topography. On the basis of our results, further investigations into the use of mesoscale atmospheric models to generate topoclimate data in support of research in mountainous areas are merited.
In vitro effects of glutamate and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonism on human tendon derived cells
Authors: Dean Benjamin John Floyd , Snelling Sarah J.B. , Dakin Stephanie Georgina , Javaid Muhammad Kassim , Carr Andrew Jonathan 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIt is known that extracellular glutamate concentrations are increased in tendinopathy but the effects of glutamate upon human tendon derived cells are unknown. The primary purpose was to investigate the effect of glutamate exposure on human tendon‐derived cells in terms of viability, protein, and gene expression. The second purpose was to assess whether NMDAR antagonism would affect the response of tendon‐derived cells to glutamate exposure. Human tendon‐derived cells were obtained from supraspinatus tendon tissue obtained during rotator cuff repair (tendon tear derived cells) and from healthy hamstring tendon tissue (control cells). The in vitro impact of glutamate exposure and NMDAR antagonism (MK‐801) was measured using the Alamar blue cell viability assay, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative real‐time PCR. Glutamate reduced cell viability at 24 h in tendon tear derived cells but not in control cells at concentrations of 7.5 mM and above. Cell viability was significantly reduced after 72 h of 1.875 mM glutamate in both cell groups; this deleterious effect was attenuated by NMDAR antagonism with 10 µM MK‐801. Both 24 and 72 h of 1.875 mM glutamate exposure reduced Type 1 alpha 1 collagen (COL1A1) and Type 3 alpha 1 collagen (COL3A1) gene expression, but increased Aggrecan gene expression. We propose that these effects of glutamate on tendon derived cells including reduced cell viability and altered matrix gene expression contribute to the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1515–1522, 2015.
Incorporation of diagnostic laparoscopy in the management algorithm for patients with peritoneal metastases: A multi‐institutional analysis
Authors: Tabrizian Parissa , Jayakrishnan Thejus T. , Zacharias Anthony , Aycart Samantha , Johnston Fabian M. , Sarpel Umut , Labow Daniel M. , Turaga Kiran K. 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionDiagnostic laparoscopy (DL), which can predict complete cytoreduction (CC), is often considered unfeasible in patients with Peritoneal metastases (PM) due to a hostile abdomen, prior surgeries, incomplete assessment or risk of port site recurrence. We hypothesized that DL can be successfully incorporated into the management of patients with PM.MethodsRetrospective review and data analysis of prospectively maintained databases from two high volume institutions was performed between 2007 and 2013.ResultsDL was successfully completed in 211/217 (92.6%) patients with PM. The technique for entry was the Hasson in 57%, optical trocar in 38% and Veress needle in 5%. Serosal injury from DL occurred in one patient (0.4%). Predominant histology included appendiceal (40%) and colorectal primaries (34%). Exclusion from cytoreduction by DL occurred in 68 (31.3%). Among those excluded, 7 (of 68, 10.3%) subsequently underwent CRS + HIPEC after receiving systemic chemotherapy. Overall survival (from laparoscopy) for those that underwent CRS + HIPEC at the original operation was 36 versus 12.7 months among those who were excluded by laparoscopy. There were no cases of port site recurrence.ConclusionDiagnostic laparoscopy can be safely incorporated in the management of patients with peritoneal metastases, and can be especially beneficial in excluding patients from attempted incomplete cytoreduction. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:1035–1040. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trip Cultural Activities and Tourism Expenditure in Emerging Urban‐cultural Destinations
Authors: Pulido‐Fernández Juan Ignacio , Cárdenas‐García Pablo Juan , Carrillo‐Hidalgo Isabel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAlthough tourism expenditure is determined by different factors, the literature has not analysed the extent to which trip cultural activities affect tourism expenditure in the destination. The focus of this paper is a microeconomic analysis performed in 14 emerging urban‐cultural destinations in Andalusia (Spain). The results confirm that there are activities related to cultural visits, attendance at events or gastronomic activities that determine tourism expenditure. These results guide the implementation of specific actions by the policy‐makers in these destinations aimed at increasing the economic impact of tourism, based on the creation of high value‐added tourism products to overcome their mere dependence on built heritage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic Screening for the Acid‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Some Hydrophobic Fe(II) Schiff Base Amino Acid Chelates and Reactivity Trends in the Presence of Alkali Halide and Surfactant
Authors: Nassr Lobna Abdel‐Mohsen E. , Abu‐Dief Ahmed M. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTKinetics of acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of some high‐spin Fe(II) Schiff base amino acid complexes were followed spectrophotometrically at 298 K under pseudo–first‐order conditions. The studied ligands were derived from the condensation of 5‐bromosalicylaldehyde with different four amino acids (phenylalanine, aspartic acid, histidine, and arginine). The acid hydrolysis reaction was studied in aqueous media and in the presence of different concentrations of the alkali halide (KBr) and cationic surfactant (cetyl‐trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB). The general rate equation was suggested to be rate = kobs[complex], where kobs = k2[H+]. The increase in [KBr] enhances the reactivity of the reaction, and the addition of CTAB to the reaction mixture accelerates the reaction reactivity. The obtained kinetic data were used to determine the values of δmΔG# (the change in the activation barrier) for the studied complexes when transferred from “water to water containing different [KBr]” and from “water to water containing altered [CTAB].”
Stream oxygen flux and metabolism determined with the open water and aquatic eddy covariance techniques
Authors: Koopmans Dirk J. , Berg Peter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe quantified oxygen flux in a coastal stream in Virginia using a novel combination of the conventional open water technique and the aquatic eddy covariance technique. The latter has a smaller footprint (sediment surface area that contributes to the flux; ∼ 10 m2), allowing measurements to be made at multiple sites within the footprint of the open water technique (∼ 1000 m2). Sites included an unvegetated stream pool with cohesive sediment, a macrophyte bed with sandy sediment, and an unvegetated sand bed with rippled bedforms. Nighttime eddy covariance oxygen uptake was always smaller than uptake produced by the open water technique. At the pool and unvegetated sand bed sites, nighttime eddy covariance uptake was 20‐fold smaller than open water uptake. At the macrophyte bed site, gross primary production quantified with the two techniques was similar but eddy covariance uptake was 2.4‐fold smaller. The difference in oxygen uptake between eddy covariance and open water techniques could not be accounted for by uncertainties in the gas transfer velocity but could be accounted for by anoxic groundwater inflow through stream banks outside of the eddy covariance footprint. Nighttime oxygen uptake was also measured with eddy covariance in a tidal freshwater part of the stream, where pore space in the sandy sediment near the sediment–water interface was flushed with stream water at peak water velocities. As a result of this advective hyporheic exchange, nighttime oxygen flux increased fourfold with a doubling of water velocity.
Multiple environmental changes induce interactive effects on bacterial degradation activity in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Piontek Judith , Sperling Martin , Nöthig Eva‐Maria , Engel Anja 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean faces multiple environmental changes induced by climate change on both global and regional scale. In addition to global changes in seawater temperature and pH, Arctic waters receive organic matter enrichment due to increasing pelagic primary production, enhanced sea ice melting and increasing terrestrial carbon loads. We experimentally tested individual and combined effects of warming, acidification and organic matter amendment on growth, biomass production and extracellular enzyme activities of bacterioplankton in Fram Strait during early summer. Results reveal pH optima of 6.7–7.6 for extracellular leucine‐aminopeptidase and below pH 6.0 for beta‐glucosidase in the West Spitsbergen Current. These optima well below the current seawater pH imply increasing hydrolytic activity with ongoing ocean acidification. However, the new synthesis of extracellular enzymes during 4‐d incubations obscured the biochemical pH effects. Elevated temperature and carbohydrate supply had strongly interactive effects on bacterial biomass production in both Atlantic Water of the West Spitsbergen Current and Polar Water of the East Greenland Current. Activation energies ranged from 45 kJ mol−1 to 52 kJ mol−1 at in situ substrate concentration, while substantially higher values of 122–174 kJ mol−1 could be estimated from incubations with carbohydrate addition. The net loss of total amino acids in carbohydrate‐amended incubations was significantly reduced at elevated temperature in all experiments, suggesting enhanced de novo synthesis. Our findings show that the complexity of combined effects must be considered to better assess the potential of climate change to alter biogenic carbon and energy fluxes in marine systems.
Methane transport through submarine groundwater discharge to the North Pacific and Arctic Ocean at two Alaskan sites
Authors: Lecher Alanna L , Kessler John , Sparrow Katy , Garcia‐Tigreros Kodovska Fenix , Dimova Natasha , Murray Joseph , Tulaczyk Slawek , Paytan Adina 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHere, we quantify the flux of methane to the coastal Arctic and North Pacific Oceans via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), by use of naturally occurring radium isotopes as groundwater tracers, combined with methane concentration measurements of coastal groundwater. Our findings indicate the flux of methane through this process is much greater in the coastal North Pacific (35 ± 27 mg m−1 d−1) than the Arctic Ocean (4.1 ± 0.6 to 11.8 ± 3.9 mg m−1 d−1). The dominant controls on methane flux through SGD were not methane concentrations in the aquifer but rather the hydrologic characteristics of each site that mitigated or intensified the SGD water volume flux (120 ± 50 m3 m−1 d−1 in the North Pacific compared to 12 ± 4 m3 m−1 d−1 in the Arctic). Tidal pumping was observed to be an especially important control on SGD flux at the North Pacific site.
Trophic position estimates of marine teleosts using amino acid compound specific isotopic analysis
Authors: Bradley Christina J. , Wallsgrove Natalie J. , Choy C. Anela , Drazen Jeffrey C. , Hetherington Elizabeth D. , Hoen Danielle K. , Popp Brian N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe increasing use of trophic position (TP) for assessing and describing ecosystems has resulted in the emergence of novel techniques for accurate and accessible measurements. The strength of amino acid compound specific nitrogen isotopic analysis (AA‐CSIA) lies in its ability to determine TP using a single organism, utilizing the isotopic differences between two or more amino acids (AAs). However, calculating TP from this technique relies upon the predictability of isotopic differences across consumer types and consistency among ecosystems. The goal of this study was to use wild samples to evaluate 15N enrichment between AA groups with differing trophic fractionation patterns, termed the trophic discrimination factor (TDFAA), and determine an accurate value for calculating TPs of marine teleosts. Using a large sample size (224 samples of 47 species) across a broad range of TPs (2.0–4.5, estimated by stomach content analysis [SCA]) and marine ecosystems, we derived TDFAA values that explained up to 80% of the variability between TP calculations from SCA and AA‐CSIA. We found a TDFAA value of 5.7 ± 0.3‰ using the difference between δ15N values of glutamic acid and phenylalanine, 2‰ lower than the most commonly used value of 7.6 ± 1.3‰. The weighted mean of several AAs resulted in the same value for TDFAA, but provided greater agreement with TPs from SCA. For more reliable TP calculations in marine teleosts, our results strongly advocate a lower TDFAA and the use of weighted mean AA δ15N values from triplicate analyses.
Clozapine Treatment for Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Liang John , Groves Mark , Shanker Vicki L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractImpulse control disorders (ICDs) are nonmotor complications of dopaminergic medications characterized by problems in behavioral self‐control. Common management involves discontinuing or lowering dopaminergic medication, often producing motor worsening. We performed a retrospective chart review of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients treated with clozapine for ICDs. Four patients treated with clozapine for ICD were identified. Three patients were men. All 4 took dopaminergic medications at the time that ICDs developed; all received dopamine agonist therapy. ICDs included compulsive shopping, binge drinking, and hypersexuality. All 4 patients had complete resolution of symptoms while taking clozapine (12.5–37.5 mg). Two patients discontinued clozapine because of side effects. Larger studies are needed to further evaluate clozapine's role in treating PD patients with ICD.
Als das Unmögliche noch möglich erschien
Authors: Ruthenberg Klaus 
Published: June 2015

AbstractVor welche Probleme die Entdeckung und Erforschung der Radioaktivität die Chemiker bei der Elementdefinition stellte, zeigen exemplarisch die Arbeiten Friedrich Paneths zur chemischen Transmutation. Seine Experimente entstanden zu einer Zeit, als die kalte Fusion als chemisch machbar galt.
Barock im Licht
Authors: Romund Stefanie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEnde August startet die GDCh in Dresden ihr viertägiges Wissenschaftsforum “Chemie verbindet”. Das Programm mit Vorträgen, Gesprächen sowie kulturellen Aktivitäten steht dieses Mal in Verbindung mit dem Internationalen Jahr des Lichts und hat deshalb die Physik als Partner.