bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial State of Alaska Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Bayliss Randolph , Janssen John H. , Kegler Albert , Kendziorek Marshal , Lawn Daniel , Gundlach Erich , Little Arthur D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The first weeks of the Exxon Valdez oil spill were critical to the defense of state resources. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) implemented the state spill response plan upon notification in the early hours of March 24, 1989. A local ADEC representative boarded the vessel within three and one-half hours of grounding. Experienced ADEC spill response staff, other state agencies, and two cleanup contract firms were notified that morning and were arriving through the first day. The Governor of Alaska and the Commissioner of ADEC surveyed the wreck that same day. Within 33 hours, ADEC had 30 persons on site. The state notification procedure and plan functioned effectively.
Key roles undertaken initially by the state were aerial and computer spill tracking; liaison with fishing groups and local villages; and protection of sensitive habitats, especially salmon hatcheries. Notably, ADEC worked with the Cordova District Fishermen United (CDFU) to defend a critical salmon hatchery directly in the path of the spreading oil. Using the Alaska Air National Guard, two Alaska state ferries, and fishing boats, CDFU volunteers, local Chenega villagers, ADEC staff, and contractors used miles of boom to defend the hatchery. The hatchery was spared from oiling just as millions of salmon fry were released.
National Park Service Contingency Planning for Natural and Cultural Resources
Authors: Donahue John , Hoogland Jacob 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Coastal units of the National Park Service (NPS) continue to receive hazardous material and oil spills from outside sources. The physical and cultural isolation that once insulated National Parks from these concerns is no longer a source of protection from the catastrophic pollution events of the modern world. This paper details the experiences of NPS units with major and minor oils spills in recent years. It also examines the contingency planning needs determined to be most urgent and the most effective methods for meeting those needs.
Long-Term Results from the BIOS Shoreline Experiment—Surface Oil Cover
Authors: Humphrey Blair , Owens Edward H. , Sergy Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project was conducted at Cape Hatt on the northern end of Baffin Island, Canada, from 1980 to 1989. A shoreline experiment in Bay 11 consisted of spilling 15 m3 of Lago Medio crude oil on a sheltered beach. Some of the oil was removed within days, and the remaining oil (about 5 m3) was monitored until 1989. The natural removal of oil was initially rapid, but the rate of change slowed significantly as available unweathered “free” oil was removed. This experiment provides a worst case example of natural oil removal from a low energy, predominantly frozen pebble-cobble beach. The most useful trend indicator was equivalent area (EA) oiled. Over the approximately 17 open water months since the spill, more than 90 percent of the oil was removed by natural process.
Recovery of Intertidal Biotic Communities at Sullom Voe Following the Esso Bernicia Oil Spill of 1978
Authors: Rolan Robert G. , Gallagher Ronald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In December 1978, the Esso Bernicia spilled 8,000 barrels of Bunker C oil during a berthing accident near the Sullom Voe Oil Terminal. About 100 miles of shoreline were oiled, much of that span heavily. Sullom Voe is a bay of the Shetland Islands, north of Scotland, an area environmentally similar to Prince William Sound. The highly indented, rocky shoreline is inhabited by typical intertidal communities characterized by fucoid algae (rockweed), barnacles, and snails. Biological survey data for the intertidal communities had been collected for three years prior to the spill.
During the cleanup, most of the shores that were accessible to heavy equipment were stripped of oily rock, cobble, and gravel. Other fairly accessible areas were hand-cleaned. Dispersants were tried on a few shores, but were ineffective. Many of the less accessible locations were not cleaned at all.
The oiled shorelines were resurveyed every year from 1979 through 1987, except 1982 and 1983. Except for the mechanically cleaned areas, the biological communities in the rocky intertidal zone returned to very near normal within the first year, and have remained so in spite of the presence of traces of weathered oil. Normal populations of snails and small crustaceans have thrived in intimate contact with asphaltic residues that remain in some locations. In contrast, the biological communities at the sites that were cleaned mechanically were obliterated, and still had not fully recovered after almost nine years.
On Scale Modeling of Oil Droplet Formation from Spilled Oil
Authors: Delvigne Gerard A. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil droplets form through various processes when oil is spilled at sea:Breakup of the oil surface layer by breaking waves and intrusion of the droplets into the water column (natural dispersion)Enhanced breakup of the oil layer by application of dispersants (chemical dispersion)Breakup of oil lumps from a subsurface spill by turbulence in the waterEntrainment of droplets from a boomed oil slick caused by a large difference in velocity between the oil and the waterBreakup of oil droplets after disposal of oily water into the turbulent wake of a ship.
The formation of droplets from a coherent oil mass has been found to be dependent on a complex structure of process parameters, for example, the turbulent eddy structure in the water, internal breaking waves on the oil-water interface, and viscosity and interfacial tension of the oil. The behavior of oil and oil droplet formation in the above processes can be studied relatively easily in small-scale laboratory models, provided that the scaling rules are understood and the laboratory results can be interpreted in terms of field situations. Several laboratory model studies of oil droplet formation were performed by Delft Hydraulics. Much attention was paid to scaling rules and the reliable interpretation of the results in terms of field conditions. Results and conclusions about the modeling process are discussed.
Development and Evaluation of Application Techniques for Delivery of Nutrients to Contaminated Shoreline in Prince William Sound
Authors: Glaser John A. , Venosa Albert D. , Opatken Edward J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The application of nutrients to assist and accelerate naturally occurring biodegradation processes was studied at field scale on contaminated shoreline in Prince William Sound as part of the effort to recover from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Selection of fertilizer forms and means to apply the nutrients comprised a major part of the evaluation project. Liquid and solid forms of nutrients were tested.
New and innovative application technology was investigated for use under field conditions. Ease of application and cost-effective technology were important selection criteria. Worker protection and environmental-effect concerns served to modify the selection of application technology. Details of application technology selection are presented, difficulties with application and areas for potential research are discussed. Projections for development of application technology to subsurface deposits of stranded oil are made.
Protocol for Testing Bioremediation Products against Weathered Alaskan Crude Oil
Authors: Venosa Albert D. , Haines John R. , Nisamaneepong Wipawan , Govind Rakesh , Pradhan Salil , Siddique Belal 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To screen various commercial microbial products for effectiveness in enhancing biodegradation of weathered Alaskan crude oil, a series of laboratory tests were conducted of 10 different products. The products were tested by electrolytic respirometry, to measure oxygen uptake over time, and in shaker flask microcosms, to measure oil degradation and microbial growth. Results supported the decision to field test two of the products.
Selection of Nutrients to Enhance Biodegradation for the Remediation of Oil Spilled on Beaches1
Authors: Safferman Steven I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the fate of fertilizers proposed for application to the Alaska shoreline in support of the Alaskan Oil Spill EPA Bioremediation Project. Fertilizer application is thought to provide indigenous organisms with nutrients that appear to be limited on ocean beaches. The experiments were developed strictly to test the durability, release rates, and application procedures of a variety of fertilizer types.
The effects of tidal movement on a beach were simulated by two separate conditions, static and dynamic. The static condition represented periods when the beach material was under water and turbulence was at a minimum. This condition was simulated in the laboratory by submerging the nutrient in a beaker of simulated seawater (with or without beach material, depending on the nutrients being tested). These experiments ran continuously over a three-month period, with water exchanges according to a planned schedule. Nutrient concentrations were measured in the exchanged water. Dynamic conditions represented the forces on beach material as the water moved from low to high tide and back to low tide. In the laboratory, the condition was simulated by applying the nutrients to beach material piled in one end of a long, narrow tray placed on a rocker table. When the rocker table was operating and enough seawater had been added to cover the beach material (in the rocker table's low position), a gentle sloshing of the water over the materials resulted. These experiments generally lasted one to two hours, during which time liquid samples were collected for nutrient analyses. Durability of the fertilizers was measured by visual observation and freeze/thaw determinations.
The experimental setup was economical and performed well. The fertilizer most suited for field trial was found to be isobutyraldehyde diurea briquettes, which produced a slow, continuous release of nutrients.
The Metamorphosis of PIRO into MSRC
Authors: Costello V. Adm. John D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In reaction to the March 1989 oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, the oil industry formed a high-level task force to study the problems associated with maritime transportation of petroleum. The task force recommended the creation of a Petroleum Industry Response Organization (PIRO), financed entirely by industry. This company would have three missions: response, readiness, and research and development. PIRO was conceived to fill the void in the nation's capability to manage catastrophic offshore spills of persistent oils.
Bringing the PIRO concept to reality required resolving many organizational, legal, and operational issues. PIRO was originally conceived as an industry initiative. However, passage of federal legislation made the creation of an organization—broadened in scope and renamed the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC)—a necessity for those that ship and handle bulk oil in the maritime environment of the United States. The federal law also provided the states with important powers, especially in determining the liability limits that affect shippers, handlers, and responders.
Original assumptions about PIRO's resources requirements for response and cleanup were adjusted as more detailed analyses were completed. MSRC has considerably more capability than was originally contemplated for PIRO. PIRO was estimated to require $250 million in its first five years to cover its operating, capital, and research and development costs. The corresponding estimate for MSRC is $800 million.
Future of the International Conventions on Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The international regime on oil spill liability and compensation is based on two international conventions, the 1969 Civil Liability Convention and the 1971 Fund Convention. The Fund Convention establishes an intergovernmental organization, the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund), with the task of administering the regime of compensation set up by that convention. At present, 67 nations are party to the Civil Liability Convention, 45 to the Fund Convention. The United States is not party to either.
In 1984, the conventions were revised by two protocols, which provide higher compensation limits and a wider scope of application than the original conventions. These protocols have not yet come into force.
The future of the compensation regime established by these conventions is examined here, with special attention to the prospects for the entry into force of the 1984 protocols. At present, the United States will not ratify these protocols.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AIR CUSHIONED VEHICLES IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: McCarthy Mac W. , McGrath John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 22, 1991, the Tuo Hai, a 46,500 ton Chinese grain carrier, collided with the Tenyo Maru, a 4,800 ton Japanese fish processing ship, off the coast of Washington State. The Tenyo Maru sank, creating an oil spill that cost upwards of $4 million (U.S.) to clean up. The incident initiated a joint response from the U.S. and Canadian governments. As part of this response, the Canadian Coast Guard mobilized an SRN-6 hovercraft. This air cushioned vehicle (ACV) provided logistical support to responders on both sides of the international boundary.
The response operation along the Pacific Coast was extensive. Dense fog and the remote location of the impacted area provided formidable challenges to the cleanup effort. It was the mission scenario of the Canadian SRN-6 hovercraft to provide logistical support—as an experiment in ACV utility—to the organizations responding to this incident. Based on this experience, it can be argued that the hovercraft offers great potential value in responding to marine oil spills. Appropriate application of ACV technology can enhance oil spill response work, spill waste management, and incident surveillance.
This paper discusses the contribution of the SRN-6 hovercraft to the Tenyo Maru response, briefly examines the use of another, very different hovercraft, during a response in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and reviews a new hovercraft design and discusses its potential contributions.
RESPONDING TO THE UNDERGROUND OIL SPILL: A CASE STUDY OF THE CITY GAS AND TRANSMISSION SITE IN WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Babb Jeffrey , Laferriere Roger 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Numerous above-ground and underground oil storage tanks and underground piping present a significant groundwater pollution threat when breached or deteriorated. The principal aid in cleaning up a spill on land or at sea is being able to observe it, and this opportunity is lacking in the case of the groundwater incident. A groundwater incident can be equally as damaging to the environment as a surface spill and can directly impact the public health by contaminating drinking water or creating hazardous atmospheres in cellars, storm drains, and sewers.
In March 1991, when oil was found leaching from the bank of a river trench leading to the Cape Fear River, the Coast Guard Marine Safety Office (MSO) in Wilmington was able to control the oil in the trench through traditional use of booms and sorbents. The MSO was confronted with the threat of oil contaminating ground water and the challenge of locating the source. This report outlines the decisions, actions, and events surrounding the response to the groundwater contamination problem at the City Gas and Transmission facilty.
THE REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM (RRT): DYNAMITE OR DINOSAUR?1
Authors: Reed John C. , Schultz Harry E. , Athayde William P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Government has in place a national oil and hazardous substance spill response system as required under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FW?CA) of 1972, as amended, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980. The National Contingency Plan (NCP) establishes the National Response Team (NRT), Regional Response Teams (RRTs) and the National Response Center (NRC). This system has been in place since 1971, with NRT and RRT membership including 15 federal agencies having environmental responsibilities, and associated states in thirteen specific regional areas.
Initially, when CERCLA-funded support positions were staffed in 1987, the RRT membership interaction proved to be dynamic and highly productive. However, as the organizations “matured,” work emphasis shifted from new initiatives to refinement of existing policies/documents. Examination of some of the existing organizational interactions demonstrates shortfalls that must be overcome before any RRT can be rejuvenated. These barriers to high productivity include skewed distribution of CERCLA-funded positions, accountability of CERCLA positions, parochial interests versus cooperation, adequacy of working level resources, duplication of efforts, lack of state funding support, and lack of continuity due to the constant personnel turnover and shortages.
Also, in light of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) mandates, in order to better determine if increased RRT productivity is possible, two major questions must be examined: what exactly is the nature of the NRT/RRT relationship and appropriate interaction; and, how should area committees (ACs) and the RRTs interact?
PERSISTENCE AND WEATHERING OF EXXON VALDEZ OIL IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE—3.5 YEARS LATER
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Hayes Miles O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Intertidal surveys of 18 stations in Prince William Sound have been repeated up to 12 times between September 1989 and August 1992. Four of the stations were set-asides where no treatment was conducted. Shoreline treatment techniques applied at the other stations included: hot-water flushing, nutrient addition, manual removal, berm relocation, and sediment tilling. Over 800 sediment samples have been analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. Detailed chemical characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been conducted on over 100 samples to track weathering patterns of the persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Shoreline environments studied include: cobble/boulder platforms with berms, bayhead beaches, sheltered rubble slopes, and sheltered bedrock. Major conclusions are:Surface oil was reduced to very small amounts as of 1991, though there was little change between 1991 and 1992, particularly in sheltered environments.Oil penetrated deeply into gravel storm berms, beyond the depth of annual reworking. Berm relocation was required to speed removal of this highly stranded oil at 30 locations and it was very effective. The normal beach profile was reestablished after one storm season at many sites, depending upon the magnitude of the operation and rates of longshore sediment transport.On some gravel beaches, oil penetrated to greater than 50 cm in the upper intertidal zone. By August 1992, only the deepest layer of oil, greater than 25 cm, remained. This residual oil was moderately weathered, showing removal of all 2-ring PAHs.On sheltered rubble shores, oil had penetrated the loose surface deposits. The subsurface oil showed significant weathering but it was much slower than other areas, and still contained some 2-ring PAHs.On sheltered rocky shores, oil was more persistent and likely to form pavements in the upper intertidal zone on sites not treated.
EFFECTS OF THE 1986 BAHÍA LAS MINAS OIL SPILL ON REEF FLAT COMMUNITIES
Authors: Cubit John D. , Connor Judith L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 27, 1986, about 75,000 to 100,000 barrels of medium-weight crude oil spilled into the Caribbean Sea from a refinery in Bahía Las Minas, Panama. After weathering for 13 days in warm, sunny conditions, the oil reached the intertidal reef flat and biological reserve at Punta Galeta, which had been under study since the early 1970's. The pre-spill data base consisted of detailed, time-series monitoring of sessile biota on the reef flat in relation to changes in sea and weather conditions. To assess the effects of the oil, this monitoring was expanded to other sites and continued after the oil spill.
Within the resolution of our measurements, most detectable mortality of the sessile biota occurred in specific zones of the reef flats where factors such as winds, waves, water levels, and topography caused the oil to accumulate. Where the oil floated over the reef flats without prolonged accumulation, little mortality was recorded. The sessile biota regenerated from fragments surviving in place or washing in from nearby habitats, and the regeneration times ranged from less than one year to more than five years. For the sessile biota, there appeared to be no recolonization via planktonic larvae or spores. The fastest regeneration times were for species that propagated from fragments that survived in place; the slowest were for species that suffered nearly 100 percent mortality and recolonized from fragments washing in from subtidal habitats. Because regeneration of sessile species on tropical reef flats depends on regrowth from local survivors, control and cleanup of oil spills in these environments should be designed to maximize the survival of resident populations.
OIL IN NEARSHORE SUBTIDAL SEDIMENTS OF SAUDI ARABIA FROM THE GULF WAR SPILL
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Hayes Miles O. , Keenan Richard S. , Jensen John R. , Narumalani Sunil 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Detailed sedimentological and dynamic-process studies of the shallow, subtidal habitats of Dawhats ad Dafi and al Mussallamiyah and the bays at Tanaqib on the Saudi Arabian coast were carried out one year after the Gulf War oil spill. These studies were part of Leg II of the NOAA ship Mt. Mitchell cruise. Satellite imagery and space shuttle photography were used extensively to develop detailed study plans. Work accomplished during the study included deployment of three current meters, a tide gauge, and suspended sediment traps (at seven locations). Bathymetric surveys were conducted along 14 transects, and 197 bottom observation dives were carried out. More than 170 bottom sediment samples were collected for chemical and/or textural analysis. Sediment hydrocarbon screening by HPLC fluorescence was conducted on board to verify and refine the sampling plan. The results to date show no evidence of large-scale sinking of oil as a result of the spill. Subtidal oil, as sparse tar balls, was visually observed by divers at three locations, all of which were associated with the erosion of oiled sand from outer beaches. On-board chemical results showed that subtidal sediments have been contaminated at levels ranging from 20 to 2,000 mg/kg petroleum hydrocarbons, with the highest contamination up in the sheltered, muddy basins. However, the oil initially stranded in the intertidal zone does not appear to be accumulating in the nearshore subtidal region in significant quantities one year later.
COMPARISON OF OBSERVED AND PREDICTED CHANGES TO OIL AFTER SPILLS1
Authors: Walker Michael , McDonagh Madeleine , Albone Derek , Grigson Stephen , Wilkinson Alastair , Baron Gordon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Warren Spring Laboratory and the Institute of Offshore Engineering have carried out a laboratory weathering and emulsification study on 40 crude oils from the North Sea; data from the study have been used in the Eurospill model. Experimental spills were carried out in May 1992 to validate the model predictions. This paper presents data from the trials and compares them with model predictions.
The model generally overestimates emulsion water content, evaporative loss, and viscosity in the early stages of a spill; but after a day or so model predictions are in better agreement with measured values.