bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bas van Fraassen's Philosophy of Science and His Epistemic Voluntarism
Authors: Okruhlik Kathleen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBas van Fraassen's anti‐realist account of science has played a major role in shaping recent philosophy of science. His constructive empiricism, in particular, has been widely discussed and criticized in the journal literature and is a standard topic in philosophy of science course curricula. Other aspects of his empiricism are less well known, including his empiricist account of scientific laws, his relatively recent re‐evaluation of what it is to be an empiricist, and his empiricist structuralism. This essay attempts to provide an overview of these diverse aspects of van Fraassen's empiricism and to show how they relate to one another. It also focuses on the nature of van Fraassens's epistemic voluntarism and its relationship to his empiricist philosophy of science.
Impact of negative affectivity and trait forgiveness on aortic blood pressure and coronary circulation
Authors: Sanchez‐Gonzalez Marcos A. , May Ross W. , Koutnik Andrew P. , Fincham Frank D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPrior research suggests that negative affectivity (NA) may have a direct adverse effect on coronary circulation, whereas forgiveness may provide cardioprotection. This study examined whether NA and forgiveness were independently related to aortic hemodynamics and the subendocardial viability index (SVI), a marker of coronary perfusion. A sample of 131 adults (M = 21.11 years, SD = 2.52) were evaluated for NA (depression, anxiety, and anger symptoms) and forgiveness (Tendency to Forgive Scale; TTF). Aortic hemodynamic parameters via applanation tonometry were assessed at rest and during sympathostimulation (cold pressor test; CPT). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of resting values showed that NA was related to higher aortic blood pressure (ABP) and lower SVI. After controlling for demographics and for NA, TTF scores were significantly associated with decreased ABP, but increased SVI. CPT changes from baseline indicated that, after controlling for demographics and NA, TTF scores were significantly associated with SVI. Results indicate that NA significantly predicts ABP and decreased SVI. Conversely, forgiveness seems to provide cardioprotection by evoking decreased ABP while improving SVI.
The Psychology of Inspiration
Authors: Thrash Todd M. , Moldovan Emil G. , Oleynick Victoria C. , Maruskin Laura A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInspiration is a concept of longstanding interest in diverse areas of academia, but it has only recently become the subject of rigorous scientific investigation. In this article, we review the emerging scientific literature on inspiration, with a focus on both theory and findings. First, we present a general definition of inspiration based on an integrative literature review, and we outline approaches to differentiating the general inspiration construct into specific types. Second, we review the literature on construct validity. Third, we present substantive theory and findings, with an emphasis on the role of inspiration in promoting attainment of elusive goods, such as creativity, productivity, and happiness. Finally, we respond to frequent questions and misconceptions about inspiration, and we offer recommendations about how to promote inspiration in others or oneself.
Let Go of Your (Inflated) Ego: Caring more about Others Reduces Narcissistic Tendencies
Authors: Jordan Christian H. , Giacomin Miranda , Kopp Leia 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNarcissists are known for having excessively positive self‐views, but an equally defining characteristic of narcissism may be a disregard of other people. Could encouraging people to care more about others, or feel more connected to them, reduce narcissism? We describe a series of studies demonstrating that a more communal focus on others reduces narcissistic tendencies. In particular, repeating communal self‐statements (i.e., “I am a caring person”), recalling a time when one was caring, feeling empathy, focusing on monetary expenditures (which increases a sense of dependence on others), and interdependent self‐construal all situationally reduce narcissism. These effects occur on a small scale but are significant because they establish that communal focus causes changes in narcissism. They also suggest that narcissism may have a state‐like or context‐dependent component, fluctuating across time and situations. Everyone may have the propensity to be narcissistic, but caring more about others may help to curb narcissism.
Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology
Authors: Bauman Christopher W. , McGraw A. Peter , Bartels Daniel M. , Warren Caleb 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSacrificial dilemmas, especially trolley problems, have rapidly become the most recognizable scientific exemplars of moral situations; they are now a familiar part of the psychological literature and are featured prominently in textbooks and the popular press. We are concerned that studies of sacrificial dilemmas may lack experimental, mundane, and psychological realism and therefore suffer from low external validity. Our apprehensions stem from three observations about trolley problems and other similar sacrificial dilemmas: (i) they are amusing rather than sobering, (ii) they are unrealistic and unrepresentative of the moral situations people encounter in the real world, and (iii) they do not elicit the same psychological processes as other moral situations. We believe it would be prudent to use more externally valid stimuli when testing descriptive theories that aim to provide comprehensive accounts of moral judgment and behavior.
Thiol‐based regulation of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in blood bank–stored red blood cells: a strategy to counteract oxidative stress
Authors: Rinalducci Sara , Marrocco Cristina , Zolla Lello 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundRed blood cell (RBC) glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme normally inhibited upon binding to the membrane‐spanning protein Band 3, but active when free in the cytosol. Accumulating evidence in other cells indicates that oxidative thiol modifications in cytosolic GAPDH drive this molecule into functional avenues that deviate from glycolysis. This study aimed to investigate the role of GAPDH in oxidative stress–dependent metabolic modulations occurring in SAGM‐stored RBCs, to increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms affecting RBC survival and viability under blood banking conditions.Study Design and MethodsMembranes and cytosol from CPD SAGM‐stored RBCs were subjected to Western blotting with anti‐GAPDH at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of preservation. Immunoreactive bands were excised, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by mass spectrometry for the presence of oxidative posttranslational modifications. GAPDH enzymatic activity was also measured in the cytosolic fraction during storage.ResultsAt 21 days of storage, we demonstrated that cytosolic GAPDH undergoes temporary inactivation due to the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between the active‐site Cys‐152 and nearby Cys‐156, a mechanism to rerouting glucose flux toward the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, an increase in the membrane‐bound GAPDH was detected in long‐stored RBCs.ConclusionReversible inhibition or activation of cytosolic GAPDH may represent a protective strategy against oxidative stress to favor NADPH production in stored RBCs.
The Trans‐Pacific Partnership: Suddenly a ‘Game Changer’
Authors: Mercurio Bryan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article argues that the entry of Canada, Mexico and most importantly Japan has dramatically shifted the prospects and potential impact of the TPP. More specifically, the article offers four reasons why the entry of Canada, Mexico and Japan has transformed the TPP from a potentially failed agreement of limited economic significance and great geopolitical risk to a ‘game changer’ for the region and beyond. The article also recognizes that while the entry of Canada, Mexico and Japan has transformed the TPP negotiations, their entry comes with some potentially serious risks. The article discusses three specific risks the new entrants bring to the negotiations.
Activity Profile of International Rugby Sevens: Effect of Score Line, Opponent, and Substitutes
Authors: Murray Andrew M. , Varley Matthew C. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:To investigate the influence of score line, level of opposition, and timing of substitutes on the activity profile of rugby sevens players and describe peak periods of activity.Methods:Velocity and distance data were measured via 10-Hz GPS from 17 international-level male rugby sevens players on 2–20 occasions over 4 tournaments (24 matches). Movement data were reported as total distance (TD), high-speed-running distance (HSR, 4.17−10.0 m/s), and the occurrence of maximal accelerations (Accel, ≥2.78 m/s2). A rolling 1-min sample period was used.Results:Regardless of score line or opponent ranking there was a moderate to large reduction in average and peak TD and HSR between match halves. A close halftime score line was associated with a greater HSR distance in the 1st minute of the 1st and 2nd halves compared with when winning. When playing against higher-compared with lower-ranked opposition, players covered moderately greater TD in the 1st minute of the 1st half (difference = 26%; 90% confidence limits = 6, 49). Compared with players who played a full match, substitutes who came on late in the 2nd half had a higher average HSR and Accel by a small magnitude (31%; 5, 65 vs 34%; 6, 69) and a higher average TD by a moderate magnitude (16%; 5, 28).Conclusions:Match score line, opposition, and substitute timing can influence the activity profile of rugby sevens players. Players are likely to perform more running against higher opponents and when the score line is close. This information may influence team selection.
The Effect of Low-Volume Sprint Interval Training on the Development and Subsequent Maintenance of Aerobic Fitness in Soccer Players
Authors: Macpherson Tom W. , Weston Matthew 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:To examine the effect of low-volume sprint interval training (SIT) on the development (part 1) and subsequent maintenance (part 2) of aerobic fitness in soccer players.Methods:In part 1, 23 players from the same semiprofessional team participated in a 2-wk SIT intervention (SIT, n = 14, age 25 ± 4 y, weight 77 ± 8 kg; control, n = 9, age 27 ± 6 y, weight 72 ± 10 kg). The SIT group performed 6 training sessions of 4–6 maximal 30-s sprints, in replacement of regular aerobic training. The control group continued with their regular training. After this 2-wk intervention, the SIT group was allocated to either intervention (n = 7, 1 SIT session/wk as replacement of regular aerobic training) or control (n = 7, regular aerobic training with no SIT sessions) for a 5-wk period (part 2). Pre and post measures were the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRL1) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).Results:In part 1, the 2-week SIT intervention had a small beneficial effect on YYIRL1 (17%; 90% confidence limits ±11%), and VO2max (3.1%; ±5.0%) compared with control. In part 2, 1 SIT session/wk for 5 wk had a small beneficial effect on VO2max (4.2%; ±3.0%), with an unclear effect on YYIRL1 (8%; ±16%).Conclusion:Two weeks of SIT elicits small improvements in soccer players’ high-intensity intermittent-running performance and VO2max, therefore representing a worthwhile replacement of regular aerobic training. The effectiveness of SIT for maintaining SIT-induced improvements in high-intensity intermittent running requires further research.
Activity Profiles of Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players During Competition
Authors: Rhodes James M. , Mason Barry S. , Perrat Bertrand , Smith Martin J. , Malone Laurie A. , Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria L. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose:To quantify the activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players and establish classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. In addition, indicators of fatigue during full matches were explored.Methods:Seventy-five elite WCR players from 11 national teams were monitored using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across 2 international tournaments. Players who participated in complete quarters (n = 75) and full matches (n = 25) were included and grouped by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation functional classification: groups I (0.5), II (1.0–1.5), III (2.0–2.5), and IV (3.0–3.5).Results:During a typical quarter, significant increases in total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), and mean speed (m/s) were associated with an increase in classification group (P< .001), with the exception of groups III and IV. However, group IV players achieved significantly higher peak speeds (3.82 ± 0.31 m/s) than groups I (2.99 ± 0.28 m/s), II (3.44 ± 0.26 m/s), and III (3.67 ± 0.32 m/s). Groups I and II differed significantly in match intensity during very-low/low-speed zones and the number of high-intensity activities in comparison with groups III and IV (P< .001). Full-match analysis revealed that activity profiles did not differ significantly between quarters.Conclusions:Notable differences in the volume of activity were displayed across the functional classification groups. However, the specific on-court requirements of defensive (I and II) and offensive (III and IV) match roles appeared to influence the intensity of match activities, and consequently training prescription should be structured accordingly.
Qualitative Ultrasound Comparisons Between Pre-Pubertal Normally Active Girls versus Competitive Jump Rope Participants
Authors: Heumann Kristin J. , Swan Pamela D. 
Published: September 2014

Jumping rope (JR) is known to enhance Os Calcis Stiffness Index (OCSI) in postpubertal girls; however the effects in prepubescent girls are unknown.Purpose:Qualitative Ultrasound (QUS) indices were compared between competitive JRs (N = 19) and normally active (NA, N = 18) girls 9–12 years old.Methods:Heel QUS, height, weight, percent body fat (bioelectrical impedance), and Tanner Sex Stage (self-report) were measured.Results:JR were significantly younger and had less body fat than NA (p < .01). No other between group differences were found. OCSI was not different between groups even after correcting for fat mass (p > 0.3). Broadband attenuation (BUA) was correlated with Tanner stage (R > .40; p = .01).Conclusion:QUS of the heel bone is more related to pubertal status than to JR participation in young girls. Prepubertal girls who perform high intensity jumping have similar bone quality measures as normally active girls.
The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis
Authors: Denoeud France , Carretero-Paulet Lorenzo , Dereeper Alexis , Droc Gaëtan , Guyot Romain , Pietrella Marco , Zheng Chunfang , Alberti Adriana , Anthony François , Aprea Giuseppe , Aury Jean-Marc , Bento Pascal , Bernard Maria , Bocs Stéphanie , Campa Claudine , Cenci Alberto , Combes Marie-Christine , Crouzillat Dominique , Da Silva Corinne , Daddiego Loretta , De Bellis Fabien , Dussert Stéphane , Garsmeur Olivier , Gayraud Thomas , Guignon Valentin , Jahn Katharina , Jamilloux Véronique , Joët Thierry , Labadie Karine , Lan Tianying , Leclercq Julie , Lepelley Maud , Leroy Thierry , Li Lei-Ting , Librado Pablo , Lopez Loredana , Muñoz Adriana , Noel Benjamin , Pallavicini Alberto , Perrotta Gaetano , Poncet Valérie , Pot David , Priyono  , Rigoreau Michel , Rouard Mathieu , Rozas Julio , Tranchant-Dubreuil Christine , VanBuren Robert , Zhang Qiong , Andrade Alan C. , Argout Xavier , Bertrand Benoît , de Kochko Alexandre , Graziosi Giorgio , Henry Robert J , Jayarama  , Ming Ray , Nagai Chifumi , Rounsley Steve , Sankoff David , Giuliano Giovanni , Albert Victor A. , Wincker Patrick , Lashermes Philippe 
Published: September 2014

Coffee, tea, and chocolate convergeCaffeine has evolved multiple times among plant species, but no one knows whether these events involved similar genes. Denoeudet al.sequenced theCoffea canephora(coffee) genome and identified a conserved gene order (see the Perspective by Zamir). Although this species underwent fewer genome duplications than related species, the relevant caffeine genes experienced tandem duplications that expanded their numbers within this species. Scientists have seen similar but independent expansions in distantly related species of tea and cacao, suggesting that caffeine might have played an adaptive role in coffee evolution.Science, this issue p.1181; see also p.1124
Draft Genome Sequence of Calcium-Dependent
Paenibacillus
sp. Strain TCA20, Isolated from a Hot Spring Containing a High Concentration of Calcium Ions
Authors: Fujinami Shun , Takeda-Yano Kiyoko , Onodera Takefumi , Satoh Katsuya , Sano Motohiko , Takahashi Yuka , Narumi Issay , Ito Masahiro 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Calcium-dependent
Paenibacillus
sp. strain TCA20 was isolated from a water sample of a hot spring containing a high concentration of calcium ions. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this bacterium, which may be the basis for the research of calcium ion homeostasis.
Complete Genome Sequence of Methanoregula formicica SMSP
T
, a Mesophilic Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen Isolated from a Methanogenic Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
Authors: Yamamoto Kyosuke , Tamaki Hideyuki , Cadillo-Quiroz Hinsby , Imachi Hiroyuki , Kyrpides Nikos , Woyke Tanja , Goodwin Lynne , Zinder Stephen H. , Kamagata Yoichi , Liu Wen-Tso 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Methanoregula formicica
SMSP
T
is a mesophilic H
2
/formate-utilizing methanogenic archaeon and a representative of the family
Methanoregulaceae
, a recently proposed novel family within the order
Methanomicrobiales
. Here, we report a 2.8-Mb complete genome sequence of this methanogenic archaeon.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Pelosinus
sp. Strain UFO1 Assembled Using Single-Molecule Real-Time DNA Sequencing Technology
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Utturkar Sagar M. , Magnuson Timothy S. , Ray Allison E. , Poole Farris L. , Lancaster W. Andrew , Thorgersen Michael P. , Adams Michael W. W. , Elias Dwayne A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Pelosinus
species can reduce metals such as Fe(III), U(VI), and Cr(VI) and have been isolated from diverse geographical regions. Five draft genome sequences have been published. We report the complete genome sequence for
Pelosinus
sp. strain UFO1 using only PacBio DNA sequence data and without manual finishing.
Comparison ofEnteral versusIntravenousPotassiumSupplementation in hypokalaemia in postcardiac surgery paediatric cardiac intensive care patients: prospective open label randomised control trial (EIPS)
Authors: Merchant Quratulain , Rehman Siddiqui Naveed ur , Rehmat Amina , Amanullah Muneer , Haq Anwar ul , Hasan Babar 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundHypokalaemia is frequently encountered in the daily clinical practices of a paediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU). It is a strong independent predictor of mortality in patients with heart failure. Thus, prompt potassium replacement therapy holds pivotal importance in therapy for hypokalaemia. Although intravenous potassium replacement (IVPR) in hypokalaemia is the preferred route in most intensive care settings, it is associated with known safety risks and can lead to arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and death if inappropriately administered. Enteral potassium replacement (EPR), with its superior safety profile, may be a better alternative to IVPR.OutcomePrimary outcome To compare the efficacy EPR and IVPR for treatment of hypokalaemia. Secondary outcome measures include a comparison of adverse effects (hyperkalaemia, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeds, nausea and vomiting) after EPR and IVPR and a comparison of the number of dose/s required to achieve resolution of hypokalaemia for each episode of hypokalaemia.Methods and analysisThe Enteral Versus Intravenous Potassium Supplementation trial is designed as a randomised, controlled, non-blinded trial with two arms. Intervention arms will be block randomised on alternate weeks for IVPR and EPR. Recruited patients will receive treatment accordingly. For analysis, the percentage change in serum potassium levels in mEq/L after each event of potassium replacement in both arms will be used as an end point to compare the efficacy EPR and IVPR for treatment of hypokalaemia.Study settingThe study will be conducted at the PCICU at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Ethics Review Committee and Clinical Trials Unit at The Aga Khan University with respect to scientific content and compliance with applicable research and human subjects regulations.Trial registration numberThis trial is registered at Clinical Trials.Gov. Registration number:NCT02015962.
Health-related quality-of-life of coal-based sponge iron plant workers in Barjora, India: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kaushik , Chattopadhyay Chaitali , Kaltenthaler Eva 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesDuring the last decade, coal-based sponge iron plants, a highly polluted industry, have grown rapidly in Barjora, India. Understanding their workers’ perception of health is essential in people-centered healthcare. The aim of the study was to assess their health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), and to determine factors that independently predict their HRQoL.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingCoal-based sponge iron plants in Barjora, India.Participants258 coal-based sponge iron plant workers.Primary outcome measureHRQoL was measured using the EuroQol-5D-5L.ResultsThe response rate was 100%. Participants with problems in mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were 23.3%, 5.1%, 10.9%, 39.5% and 45.5%, respectively. 36.8% of participants reported health state 11111 (no problem in any EQ-5D dimension). The mean visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) was 69.8 (18.5 SD). The odds of mobility problems decreased with age (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.99, p=0.016), were lower in participants with presence/history of any respiratory disease (0.27, 0.13 to 0.55, p<0.001), scheduled caste/scheduled tribe/other backward class workers (0.44, 0.22 to 0.89, p=0.021), manual workers (0.40, 0.16 to 0.99, p=0.047) and non-smokers (2.63, 1.27 to 5.46, p=0.009). The odds of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were lower in participants with any respiratory disease (0.44, 0.24 to 0.79, p=0.006; and 0.52, 0.29 to 0.92, p=0.026, respectively). The EQ-VAS was worse in manual participants (coefficient −6.91, 95% CI −12.40 to −1.41, p=0.014), with any respiratory disease (−8.13, −13.12 to −3.13, p=0.002), alcohol drinkers (−4.81, −9.47 to −0.15, p=0.043), literates (7.70, 0.97 to 14.43, p=0.025) and Hindus (13.41, 2.62 to 24.20, p=0.015).ConclusionsMany coal-based sponge iron plant workers in Barjora have problems in their HRQoL, and the predictors of different aspects of HRQoL were identified. The study findings could be taken into consideration in future interventional studies aimed at improving the HRQoL of these workers.