bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hardfacing Processes on Ballistic Performance of Q&T Steel Joints
Authors: Balakrishnan M. , Balasubramanian V. , Madhusudhan Reddy G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of hardfacing processes on the ballistic performance of armour grade quenched and tempered (Q&T) steel welded joints. Two joints were fabricated using 4 mm thick tungsten carbide (WC) hardfaced middle layer, above and below which austenitic stainless steel (SS) layers were deposited on both sides of the hardfaced interlayer. Plasma transferred arc (PTA) hardfacing and shielded metal arc (SMA) hardfacing processes were used to deposite WC interlayer. In both joints, SS layers were deposited by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. The fabricated joints were tested for its ballistic performance and the results were compared with respect to depth of penetration (DOP) on weld metal and HAZ locations. From the ballistic test results, it is observed that both the joints successfully stopped the bullet penetration at weld center line. Of the two joints, the joint made with SMA hardfacing offered a maximum resistance to the bullet penetration with a DOP of 16 mm without any bulge at the rear side of the weld center line. The gradual increment in hardness in the front layer is the primary reason for the successful intact of the bullet with a lesser depth of penetration.
Effect of Process Parameters on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Iso-Thermally Treated Ductile Iron
Authors: Atanda P. O. , Olorunniwo O. E. , Imasogie B. I. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of iso-thermally treated ductile irons was investigated in this study. Sets of ductile irons produced by sandwich method from a rotary furnace melt were given iso-thermal austempering treatments using commercial neutral salt baths. The samples were preheated at 350°C and held for 1 h in a muffle furnace, followed by ausenitizing in an ausenitizing salt bath furnace containing a mixture of BaCl2 and NaCI, (in the ratio 3:2) at 900°C and soaking at that temperature for 1 h. The samples were immediately transferred to the austempering salt bath furnace containing a mixture of NaNO3 and KNO2 in the ratio 1:1. Sets of the samples were soaked at 300°C for between 5 to 240 min and were all later cooled in air. The austempering procedure was repeated at 350 and 400°C for a second and third groups of samples, respectively. The results showed that austempering at lower temperature (300°C) produced a relatively high tensile strength of 1400 MPa, after 150 min holding compared with austempering at the higher temperature (400°C) which produced a relatively lower strength of 1200 MPa at the same holding time. However, the optimal processing window for the austempering was established to be the intermediate temperature of 350°C after a holding time of 150 min. At this processing window, austempering yielded the optimum combination of mechanical properties of 1502 MPa UTS, 7.5 % elongation, and impact energy of 108 J. These properties correspond to a microstructure consisting of a plate-like morphology of ausferrite and retained austenite.
Erosion Wear Characteristics of Surface Modified Grey Cast Iron by WC–Co–Cr/NiCrBSi Coating Using HVOF Thermal Spray Process
Authors: Yoganandh J. , Natarajan S. , Kumaresh Babu S. P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Pump casings made of grey cast iron (GCI) used in lignite mines for dewatering are subjected to erosive wear and fail catastrophically. An attempt was made to modify the surface of GCI by WC–Co–Cr/NiCrBSi coating using HVOF process for the application under mining conditions. Grey cast iron samples with and without WC–Co–Cr/NiCrBSi coating were subjected to slurry jet erosion tests by varying the impingent velocity and angle under two different pH conditions of 3 and 7 which pertain to the mining environment. XRD characterization was done to identify and confirm phase composition. Eroded surface morphology studies were carried by SEM on both the substrate and coating, which revealed the erosion of GCI surface, predominantly due to ploughing mechanism. In the case of WC–Co–Cr and NiCrBSi coating, at an oblique angle of impact, the material removal from the surface is by micro cutting of the matrix, ploughing, and abrasive mode mechanisms. At normal impingement, the fluctuating stress creates the cracks, which interlink each other to form lips and craters followed by material degradation through fatigue. Performance of WC–Co–Cr coating is found to be better than NiCrBSi Coating.
Multi-rate and Multi-modal Characterization of an Advanced Poly(etherimide): Ultem 1000
Authors: Zuanetti Bryan , Mutter Nathan , Gordon Ali P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The key to the effective implementation of polymers in structural applications is an understanding of the mechanical response under a variety of conditions. In this study, an unreinforced poly(etherimide) (PEI) known as Ultem 1000 was characterized under quasi-static and high-strain-rate loading. Standard tension, compression, and torsion experiments were conducted in order to investigate the multi-regime response of this material. The elastic response of the material to multiple loading conditions was correlated using the Ramberg–Osgood model. The effects of thermal and mechanical rejuvenation processes on the mechanical response were investigated; the upper yield strength of the material was reduced, and the strain softening regime responsible for strain localization was largely eliminated. The fracture toughness of the material was evaluated using a Charpy impact test, and the mechanisms of failure were shown to be brittle. The high-strain-rate response of the material to uniaxial compression was evaluated by means of a miniaturized split Hopkinson pressure bar, and the strain-rate dependence of the material was modeled using the Ree–Eyring equations. Finally, a combination of the Ramberg–Osgood model and a novel model was employed to correlate the elastoplastic response of rejuvenated PEI to quasi-static mechanical loading.
Macrophages and β‐cells are responsible for CXCR2‐mediated neutrophil infiltration of the pancreas during autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Diana Julien , Lehuen Agnès 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAutoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) development results from the interaction between pancreatic β‐cells, and the innate and the adaptive immune systems culminating with the destruction of the insulin‐secreting β‐cells by autoreactive T cells. This diabetogenic course starts during the first postnatal weeks by the infiltration of the pancreatic islets by innate immune cells and particularly neutrophils. Here, we aim to determine the cellular and molecular mechanism leading to the recruitment of this neutrophils in the pancreatic islets of non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here, we show that neutrophil recruitment in the pancreatic islets is controlled by inflammatory macrophages and β‐cells themselves. Macrophages and β‐cells produce the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, recruiting CXCR2‐expressing neutrophils from the blood to the pancreatic islets. We further show that pancreatic macrophages secrete IL‐1β‐inducing CXCR2 ligand production by the β‐cells. Finally, the blockade of neutrophil recruitment at early ages using CXCR2 antagonist dampens the diabetogenic T‐cell response and the later development of autoimmune diabetes, supporting the therapeutic potential of this approach.
A case of pituitary apoplexy in pregnancy
Authors: Hayes Aimee R , O'Sullivan Anthony J , Davies Mark A 
Published: June 2014

SummaryPituitary apoplexy is a rare event in pregnancy. A 41-year-old woman with a known pituitary microadenoma presented with visual disturbance and headache during the second trimester of pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated pituitary apoplexy with chiasmal compression. After treatment with corticosteroid therapy, she underwent transsphenoidal excision of the pituitary adenoma. Visual abnormalities were completely restored and pituitary function preserved. There was no evidence of impact on the foetus. The literature on the subject is reviewed with emphasis on the management of the apoplectic patient with mild and stable neuro-ophthalmological signs.Learning pointsThere are no clear guidelines on the management of pituitary apoplexy in pregnancy. A multidisciplinary approach can minimise morbidity and mortality.Pituitary apoplexy has an unpredictable clinical course and determining which clinical situations warrant early surgery needs to take into consideration the presence and severity of neurological signs and their stability.The management of conscious apoplectic patients with absent or mild and stable neuro-ophthalmological signs is controversial.
The Effects of Varying Chromosome Arm Dosage on Maize Plant Morphogenesis
Authors: Brunelle Dale C , Sheridan William F 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Maize is an especially well-suited species for studying the effects of aneuploidy on plant development. We used B-A translocations and testers that were crossed seven times into inbred W22 to generate a dosage series for 14 chromosome arms. This is the first report of dosage effects on maize morphogenesis using inbred B-A stocks and inbred tester stocks. We compared plants containing one dose or three doses of each of the 14 chromosome arms with plants containing two doses for seven measured traits. These were leaf width, leaf length, plant height, ear height, internode length, ear node circumference, and tassel branch number. We observed the typical maize aneuploid syndrome wherein one dose was more widespread and more severe in its effects than three doses. All but two of the one-dose effects were negative, and all of the three-dose effects were negative. The occurrence of positive responses by hyperploid plants in our earlier B-A-A study and the absence of any positive responses among the hyperploids reported for the 14 simple B-A translocations tested for dosage effects in the present study and previously may reflect gene dosage interaction between the two chromosome arm segments present in the B-A-A translocations. The overall congruence of our results with those of previous studies suggests that the traits measured are quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes whose activities provide a balanced regulation that transcends individual inbred lines or diverse genetic backgrounds and that such genes may be especially abundant in chromosome arm 1L.
Fundamental insight into control of thermal conductivity in silicon-germanium alloy nanowires
Authors: Lee Yongjin , Hwang Gyeong S. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWe present a computational analysis of thermal transport in Silicon-Germanium alloy nanowires (SiGeNWs), particularly focusing on the relative roles of alloy scattering and boundary scattering to the significant reduction of thermal conductivity (κ). Our nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations confirm the strong dependence of κ on Si:Ge ratio, as observed in previous experimental studies. Interestingly, as the amount of impurity increases, the difference in κ between SiGe bulk and SiGeNW becomes smaller. Especially, κSiGeNW and κSiGe have similar κ values when the Ge content is 20-80 %. From a nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF)-density functional theory (DFT) analysis, it is suggested that the most reduction in transmission channels is attributed to the strong alloy scattering effect for both Si0.8Ge0.2 bulk and Si0.8Ge0.2 NW. The boundary scattering effect in the SiGe alloy system seems to be unimportant as alloy scattering is dominant. The improved understanding provides fundamental insight into how to modify Si-based materials to enhance their thermoelectric (TE) properties through nanostructuring and alloying.
Quantitative Electron Diffraction from Thin Films
Authors: Lagally M.G. , Savage D.E. 
Published: June 2014

The structure and morphology of a thin film is, apart from composition, probably its most significant feature. Again and again we find that electronic, chemical, mechanical, magnetic, optical, and superconducting properties depend on the arrangement of atoms and on disorder in this arrangement. As most thin films are created using some form of deposition technique in which atoms are brought together at a surface, it is at the surface that the first opportunity occurs for formation of a particular atomic structure and morphology. As deposition proceeds, a moving surface, the “growth front,” continues to serve as the template for structure formation. Various kinetic processes, such as atomic transport and the adsorption or desorption of atoms from already-formed structures, determine the final morphology of the film. Subsequent treatment can, of course, modify the structure and morphology, but clearly the initial events occurring at the surface influence, to a large measure, the final outcome.Techniques sensitive to surface structure and morphology are therefore an important component in the toolbox of methods for the quantitative analysis of the properties of thin films. Electron diffraction techniques have been, and continue to be, the most powerful and versatile of these. Even though electron diffraction is also useful for the structural analysis of the bulk, when one speaks of electron diffraction in the context of thin films, one almost invariably refers to surface-sensitive diffraction. Other methods, in particular scanning probe microscopy, have recently become popular. In many cases, such methods serve to re-emphasize the value of electron diffraction for quantitative structural analysis of thin films.
Mapping Invasive Plant Distributions in the Florida Everglades Using the Digital Aerial Sketch Mapping Technique
Authors: Rodgers LeRoy , Pernas Tony , Hill Steven D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe management of exotic, invasive plants is among the most challenging undertakings of natural resource managers, particularly in large, remote landscapes. The availability of information on the distribution and abundance of invasive plants is vital for effective strategic planning yet is often unavailable because of high costs and long procurement times. This paper presents results of a large-scale invasive plant mapping effort in the Florida Everglades utilizing digital aerial sketch mapping (DASM) and evaluates its utility for guiding management decisions. The distribution and abundance (cover) of four priority invasive plant species—Australian pine, Brazilian pepper, melaleuca, and Old World climbing fern—were mapped over 728,000 ha in the Everglades during 2010 to 2012. Brazilian peppertree was the most widely distributed and abundant species, occupying 30,379 ha. Melaleuca was also widely distributed and occupied 17,802 ha. Old World climbing fern occupied only 7,033 ha but its distribution was generally concentrated in heavy infestations in the northern Everglades. Australian pine was the least abundant of the mapped species and tended to be limited to the southeastern Everglades region. DASM proved to be a cost-effective means of obtaining region-wide distribution and abundance information for these species at broad scales (> 500 m), but detection rates and positional accuracy declined at finer scales. Both canopy type (forested vs. unforested) and distance from flight transect appear to be important factors for detection accuracy.
Restoration of Exotic Annual Grass-Invaded Rangelands: Importance of Seed Mix Composition
Authors: Davies Kirk W. , Johnson Dustin D. , Nafus Aleta M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRestoration of exotic annual grass-invaded rangelands is needed to improve ecosystem function and services. Increasing plant species richness is generally believed to increase resistance to invasion and increase desired vegetation. However, the effects of species richness and individual plant life forms in seed mixes used to restore rangelands invaded by exotic annual grasses have not been investigated. We evaluated the effects of seeding different life forms and increasing species richness in seed mixes seeded after exotic annual grass control to restore desirable vegetation (perennial herbaceous vegetation) and limit exotic annual grasses at two sites in southeastern Oregon. We also investigated the effects of seeding two commonly used perennial grasses individually and together on plant community characteristics. Large perennial grasses, the dominant herbaceous plant life form, were the most important group to seed for increasing perennial herbaceous vegetation cover and density. We did not find evidence that greater seed mix species richness increased perennial herbaceous vegetation or decreased exotic annual grass dominance more than seeding only the dominant species. None of the seed mixes had a significant effect on exotic annual grass cover or density, but the lack of a measured effect may have been caused by low annual grass propagule pressure in the first couple of years after annual grass control and an unusually wet-cool spring in the third year post-seeding. Although our results suggest that seeding only the dominant plant life form will likely maximize plant community productivity and resistance to invasion in exotic annual grass-invaded northern Great Basin arid rangelands, seeding a species rich seed mix may have benefits to higher tropic levels and community stability. Clearly the dominant species are the most prudent to include in seed mixes to restore exotic annual grass-invaded plant communities, especially with finite resources and an increasingly large area in need of restoration.
Landscape-Level Simulation of Weed Treatments to Evaluate Treatment Plan Options
Authors: Aracena Pablo , Chung Woodam , Jones Greg 
Published: June 2014

AbstractModels have been developed to simulate the long-term effects of weed treatments across a landscape to determine effective management strategies, but those models might not be suitable for evaluating short-term action plans of weed treatments that are specific in time and place. In this study, we developed a simulation model to build and evaluate 5-yr weed treatment plan options in terms of their cost and effectiveness in minimizing total infestation areas over the short-term planning horizon. In an iterative, interactive process, 5-yr treatment plan options are developed based on user-defined weed treatment preferences, and evaluated in terms of total projected infestation areas at the end of the planning horizon. The simulation model was applied to a study area of 24,867 ha (61,447 ac) located in the Salmon River watershed in Idaho. Eight treatment plan options were developed using two treatment priority strategies and four increasing budget levels, and compared for their effectiveness. The application results showed that regardless of budget levels, site priority strategies were more cost-effective than the species priority strategies in reducing total infestation areas over time. This simulation model can provide weed managers with a useful tool to evaluate short-term treatment options, and thus support informed decision-making for effective weed management. Although the availability and quality of input data may be a practical limitation of using the simulation model, more data would become available and improved as more invasive species monitoring programs are implemented.
Efficacy of Several Herbicides on Yellow Archangel (Lamiastrum galeobdolon)
Authors: Miller Timothy W. , Halpern Alison D. , Lucero Frances , Shaw Sasha H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractYellow archangel is a twining perennial species that produces a dense evergreen canopy and may negatively affect forest floor vegetation. Because it is spreading rapidly in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), greenhouse and field trials were conducted on yellow archangel to determine its relative sensitivity to several herbicides. Products that slowed or prevented yellow archangel regrowth at 9 mo after treatment (MAT) in one or both iterations of the greenhouse trial were aminopyralid, diclobenil, glufosinate, imazapyr, isoxaben, metsulfuron, sulfometuron, triclopyr amine, and triclopyr ester + 2,4-D ester. In the field trial at 10 MAT, triclopyr and imazapyr were controlling 81 and 78% of treated yellow archangel, respectively, similar to aminopyralid, glyphosate, and metsulfuron (61 to 65%). Two applications of 20% acetic acid or 20% clove oil were controlling 53% at the same timing. At 13 MAT, only imazapyr and glyphosate were still providing good control of yellow archangel (81 and 80%, respectively), while all other products were controlling the weed at 53% or less. By 7 or 8 MAT after a second application, only imazapyr and glyphosate provided effective control of yellow archangel (86 to 94%).
Herbicides for Postemergence Control of Mile-a-Minute (Mikania micrantha)
Authors: Sellers Brent A. , Lancaster Sarah R. , Langeland Kenneth A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGreenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate mile-a-minute response to selected herbicides. In the first experiment, mile-a-minute response was evaluated following the application of aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, glufosinate, glyphosate, imazamox, imazapic, metsulfuron, penoxsulam, and triclopyr. Applications of aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, glufosinate, glyphosate, and triclopyr all resulted in mile-a-minute control 70% or greater 8 wk after treatment (WAT). Mile-a-minute sensitivity to these six herbicides was further evaluated in a dose-response study. Although 90% growth reduction (GR90) values were determined for aminopyralid and glyphosate, statistically significant results were not obtained for aminocyclopyrachlor, fluroxypyr, glufosinate, and triclopyr. The results of these experiments suggest that glyphosate, as well as the synthetic auxin herbicides aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, and triclopyr, should be further evaluated for mile-a-minute control in south Florida.
The Evolving Scenario of Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers: Challenges and Opportunities of Care
Authors: Vaccher Emanuela , Serraino Diego , Carbone Antonino , De Paoli Paolo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background.
The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) on the risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) and the role of biological and clinical factors in their pathogenesis are debated issues. The purpose of this review is to examine the epidemiology, etiology, and not-yet-defined pathogenic characteristics of NADCs and discuss topics such as treatment strategies, comorbidity, and multidrug interactions. Four types of NADCs that deserve special attention are examined: anal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), hepatocellular carcinoma, and lung cancer.

Methods.
The PubMed database and the Cochrane Library were searched by focusing on NADCs and on the association among NADCs, HAART, aging, and/or chronic inflammation. All articles were reviewed to identify those reporting variables of interest.

Results.
NADC incidence is twofold higher in patients with HIV/AIDS than in the corresponding general population, and this elevated risk persists despite the use of HAART. The mechanisms that HIV may use to promote the development of NADCs are presently unclear; immunological mechanisms, either immunodeficiency and/or immunoactivation, may play a role.

Conclusion.
Recent clinical studies have suggested that equivalent antineoplastic treatment is feasible and outcome can be similar in HIV-infected patients on HAART compared with uninfected patients for the treatment of HL and anal and lung cancers. However, patients with advanced HIV disease and/or aging-related comorbidities are likely to experience worse outcomes and have poorer tolerance of therapy compared with those with less advanced HIV disease.