bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial variability of tidal‐fluvial dynamics in the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary: An application of nonstationary tidal harmonic analysis
Authors: Matte Pascal , Secretan Yves , Morin Jean 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPredicting tides in upstream reaches of rivers is a challenge, because tides are highly nonlinear and nonstationary, and accurate short‐time predictions of river flow are hard to obtain. In the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary, tide forecasts are produced using a one‐dimensional model (ONE‐D), forced downstream with harmonic constituents, and upstream with daily discharges using 30 day flow forecasts from Lake Ontario and the Ottawa River. Although this operational forecast system serves its purpose of predicting water levels, information about nonstationary tidal‐fluvial processes that can be gained from it is limited, particularly the temporal changes in mean water level and tidal properties (i.e., constituent amplitudes and phases), which are function of river flow and ocean tidal range. In this paper, a harmonic model adapted to nonstationary tides, NS_TIDE, was applied to the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary, where the time‐varying external forcing is directly built into the tidal basis functions. Model coefficients from 13 analysis stations were spatially interpolated to allow tide predictions at arbitrary locations as well as to provide insights into the spatiotemporal evolution of tides. Model hindcasts showed substantial improvements compared to classical harmonic analyses at upstream stations. The model was further validated by comparison with ONE‐D predictions at a total of 32 stations. The slightly lower accuracy obtained with NS_TIDE is compensated by model simplicity, efficiency, and capacity to represent stage and tidal variations in a very compact way and thus represents a new means for understanding tidal rivers.
The native South American crayfishes (Crustacea, Parastacidae): state of knowledge and conservation status
Authors: Almerão Mauricio Pereira , Rudolph Erich , Souty‐Grosset Catherine , Crandall Keith , Buckup Ludwig , Amouret Julien , Verdi Ana , Santos Sandro , Araujo Paula Beatriz De 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSouth America is considered a world biodiversity hotspot, especially for freshwater ecosystems where there is significant biodiversity and endemism across different taxonomic groups. Native South American crayfishes are characterized by small range distributions, high levels of endemism and specific habitat requirements.Although this group may be considered one of the most threatened among South American freshwater crustaceans, IUCN Red List assessments for most of these species are ‘data deficient’. IUCN assessments are technical evaluations of species risk of extinction based on biological indicators of population features, thereby providing a ‘conservation status’ for each species based on common and international standards.Attempts to assess the conservation status of native South American crayfishes have been limited mainly owing to a lack of fundamental data and also misinterpretations of present information. Thus, a revision of the state of knowledge of native South American crayfishes (taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution, genetics, ecology and threats) was carried out coupled with IUCN assessments of conservation status.Globally, the lack of information on the biology of these species is still the major obstacle to making reliable conservation status assessments. For this reason, the Data Deficient (DD) category is still appropriate for many species. However, based on the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and severely fragmented populations, number of locations and decline in area, extent or quality of habitat, it is recommended that some species (especiallyVirilastacusspp.) should be moved to threatened categories (VU, EN or CR). The data suggest that others are appropriately in the Near Threatened (NT) category, because they almost reach the thresholds for threatened categories.The assessment of conservation status is essential to support future conservation actions, especially for species allocated to threatened categories. This study has identified new species under threat and also areas for future study to provide relevant data for conservation assessment for ‘data deficient’ species.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Sarcomere Lattice Geometry Optimal? Analysis of Several Potential Virtual Polygon Cross‐Sectional Patterns for Actin and Myosin Myofilaments in Muscle
Authors: Kepner Gordon R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe hexagonal arrangement of actin filaments in skeletal muscle is not the fundamental geometrical or functioning myofilament unit. This analysis of several possible sarcomere lattice geometries for the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments identifies several geometrical constraints that can be compared for their effect on muscle sarcomere functioning and efficiency. Three distinct virtual polygons, with myosins at their vertices and that tessellate the plane, are compared for both centered actin and perimeter actin arrangements. The analysis evaluates the optimal ratio of myosin to actin filaments, the packing density, and the effect on new myofilament formation in muscle hypertrophy for the various lattice geometries. The results support the view that no single measure of geometrical effectiveness can evaluate definitively the efficiency of any particular arrangement of the myofilaments. The analysis provides quantitative measures of several parameters that, taken overall, support the effectiveness of the myofilament arrangement in Nature. It provides a new definition of the fundamental myofilament unit (FMU). It is possible to calculate the number of actin and myosin myofilaments that need to be added to each polygon arrangement of the myofilaments to create a new FMU for that specific geometry. This leads to useful conclusions about the biochemical efficiency involved in where such units arise in the course of muscle hypertrophy. It supports the idea that the evolutionary endpoint for optimizing muscle's force‐generating function can be better understood via the concepts of a FMU and the polygon arrangement of the sarcomere lattice geometry. Anat Rec, 297:1770–1776, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Formin FHOD1 in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Dwyer Joseph , Pluess Marlene , Iskratsch Thomas , dos Remedios Cristobal G. , Ehler Elisabeth 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMembers of the formin family are known to be involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. We have recently identified a muscle specific splice variant of the formin FHOD3 and demonstrated its role in the maintenance of the contractile filaments of cardiomyocytes. Here, we characterize the expression and subcellular localization of FHOD3's closest relative, FHOD1, in the heart. Confocal microscopy shows that FHOD1 is mainly located at the intercalated disc, the special type of cell‐cell contact between cardiomyocytes, but also partially associated with the myofibrils. Subcellular targeting of FHOD1 is probably mediated by its N‐terminal domain, since expression constructs lacking this domain show aberrant localization in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Finally, we show that in contrast to FHOD3, FHOD1 shows increased expression levels in dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting that the two formins play distinct roles and are differentially regulated in cardiomyocytes. Anat Rec, 297:1560–1570, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activator‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Silylation of Aryl Chlorides with Silylsilatranes
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaro , Matsubara Hiroshi , Murakami Kei , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed silylation of aryl chlorides with silylsilatranes proceeds under activator‐free conditions; hence, wide functional group compatibility is displayed and boryl and siloxy groups are able to survive. Experimental and computational studies revealed that smooth transmetalation from the silylsilatrane to the arylpalladium chloride is facilitated by strong interaction between the Lewis acidic silicon and the chloride.
Dehydrogenation of Propane over Silica‐Supported Platinum–Tin Catalysts Prepared by Direct Reduction: Effects of Tin/Platinum Ratio and Reduction Temperature
Authors: Deng Lidan , Miura Hiroki , Shishido Tetsuya , Hosokawa Saburo , Teramura Kentaro , Tanaka Tsunehiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA series of Pt‐Sn/SiO2 catalysts with different Sn/Pt atomic ratios (1/3–3) were prepared by a direct reduction method and tested for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Structural characterization by XRD, TEM, CO adsorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed that the Pt‐Sn/SiO2 catalysts possessed a highly dispersed Pt‐Sn alloy core with a Sn‐rich surface regardless of the Sn/Pt ratio or reduction temperature. Highly dispersed SnO2 coexisted with the Pt‐Sn alloy particles, and part of the Pt‐Sn alloy surface was covered with SnO2. Among the catalysts prepared, 1Pt1Sn/SiO2_1073 K (Sn/Pt ratio=1, reduced at 1073 K), composed of Pt3Sn alloy with a small fraction of Pt‐Sn alloy, exhibited the highest activity. In contrast, if the Sn/Pt ratio was larger than 1 and/or the reduction temperature was 1273 K, Pt‐Sn alloy was observed mainly and the Pt‐Sn/SiO2 catalysts showed low activity.
Characterization of a Novel Intrinsic Luminescent Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid Based on [P6,6,6,14][ANS]
Authors: Delgado Joana M. , Raymundo Anabela , Vilarigues Márcia , Branco Luís C. , Laia César A. T. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntrinsically luminescent room‐temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can be prepared by combining a luminescent anion (more common) or cation with appropriate counter ions, rendering new luminescent soft materials. These RTILs are still new, and many of their photochemical properties are not well known. A novel intrinsic luminescent RTIL based on the 8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate ([ANS]) anion combined with the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ([P6,6,6,14]) cation was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Detailed photophysical studies highlight the influence of the ionic liquid environment on the ANS fluorescence, which together with rheological and 1H NMR experiments illustrate the effects of both the viscosity and electrostatic interactions between the ions. This material is liquid at room temperature and possesses a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 230.4 K. The fluorescence is not highly sensitive to factors such as temperature, but owing to its high viscosity, dynamic Stokes shift measurements reveal very slow components for the IL relaxation.
Thermochromic Luminescent Nest‐Like Silver Thiolate Cluster
Authors: Li Bo , Huang Ren‐Wu , Qin Jian‐Hua , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Gao Guang‐Gang , Hou Hong‐Wei , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA novel discrete open high‐nuclearity nest‐like silver thiolate cluster complex, [Ag33S3(StBu)16(CF3COO)9(NO3)(CH3CN)2](NO3) (1), has been isolated with nitrate and S2− anions acting as structure‐directing templates. Its similar nest‐like structure has been assembled into an extended layer [Ag31S3(StBu)16(NO3)9]n (2) by adjustment of auxiliary ligand. More interestingly, both complexes exhibit temperature‐dependent luminescence of high sensitivity with a large fluorescence enhancement (12‐fold for 1, 21‐fold for 2), which can be easily recognized by the naked‐eye (dramatic red‐shift Δ=104 nm for 1, larger Δ=113 nm for 2 at 77 K compared to those at 298 K). The correlation between luminescent thermochromism and temperature‐dependent variation of the coordination modes of template NO3− anion, Ag⋅⋅⋅S and Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag distances are also elucidated through variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray crystal structure (VT‐SCXRD) analyses.
ChemInform Abstract: SrAu4Ga3: A Further Example with Ga3 Units and a Lonsdaleite‐Related Gold Substructure.
Authors: Seidel Stefan , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe title compound is prepared by induction melting of the elements (Ta tube, Ar flow, 1300 K, 10 min) followed by annealing at 770 K (1 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Influence of Cationic Skeletons on the Arrangement of Isolated BO3 Groups Based on RbMgBO3, CsZn4(BO3)3 and Cs4Mg4(BO3)4.
Authors: Wang Zheng , Zhang Min , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Hui , Zhang Bingbing , Wang Ying , Kang Jing , Lin Xiaoxia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRbMgBO3 (I), CsZn4(BO3)3 (II), and Cs4Mg4(BO3)4 (III) are obtained by spontaneous crystallization of mixtures of Rb2CO3 or Cs2CO3, MgF2, ZnO, H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 780 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Pyrochlore Type K2Nb2O6.
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Zhou Chao , Zhao Yufei , Shang Lu , Bian Tong , Shao Lei , Shi Feng , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe new title photocatalyst is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Nb2O5 and KOH in H2O (autoclave, 240 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Cube‐Shaped Mixed Chalcogen/Pentele Clusters from GaCl3 Melts.
Authors: Eich Andreas , Hoffbauer Wilfried , Schnakenburg Gregor , Bredow Thomas , Daniels Joerg , Beck Johannes 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe compounds (VI), (VIII), (IX), and (XI), which form orange, air‐sensitive crystals are characterized by single crystal XRD, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, solid state 77Se NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Na3Y(PO4)2 Phosphate.
Authors: Matraszek Aleksandra , Szczygiel Irena , Szczygiel Bogdan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMonodisperse spindle‐shaped particles of the title compound are synthesized from sols obtained from Y(NO3)3, NH4H2PO4, and H2O mixed with Na3PO4 (autoclave, 600 W microwave heating, 240 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Allylation of Aldehydes with Allylic Carbonates.
Authors: Tan Zhuozhen , Wan Xiaolong , Zang Zhenhua , Qian Qun , Deng Wei , Gong Hegui 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reaction conditions are particularly effective for 2‐aryl‐allylic carbonates which generate the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in good to high enantioselectivity for both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxy‐Directed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Alkyl‐α‐aryl Terminal Olefins: Highly Enantioselective and Chemoselective Access to a Chiral Benzylmethyl Center.
Authors: Yang Shuang , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Guo Na , Song Song , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe carboxy‐directed hydrogenation prohibits the isomerization of the terminal olefins, and realizes the chemoselective hydrogenation of various dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Broadly Applicable NHC—Cu‐Catalyzed Approach for Efficient, Site‐, and Enantioselective Coupling of Readily Accessible (Pinacolato)alkenylboron Compounds to Allylic Phosphates and Applications to Natural Product Synthesis.
Authors: Gao Fang , Carr James L. , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA broadly applicable method for catalytic enantioselective allylic substitution of easily accessible di‐ or trisubstituted allylic phosphates and alkenyl‐boron reagents, resulting in formation of tertiary C—C bonds, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Sn‐Mediated One‐Pot Four‐Component Allylation of Aldimines.
Authors: Li Jian , Lv Wenxian , Huang Danfeng , Wang Ke‐Hu , Niu Teng , Su Yingpeng , Hu Yulai 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAliphatic amines fail to be transformed.
ChemInform Abstract: I2—DMSO Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,2‐Triarylethanones via Dual C—H Activation of Aryl Methyl Ketones.
Authors: Raghavender Reddy M. , Nageswara Rao N. , Ramakrishna K. , Meshram H. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA number of acetophenones is regioselectively bis‐arylated at the Me‐group with 1,3‐di‐, 1,2,4‐tri‐ and 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzenes via I2/DMSO‐mediated Friedel‐Crafts reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Thiolation of Aryl C—H Bonds with Disulfides.
Authors: Iwasaki Masayuki , Iyanaga Miki , Tsuchiya Yuta , Nishimura Yugo , Li Wenjuan , Li Zhiping , Nishihara Yasushi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe title reaction proceeds with ortho‐selectivity induced by a directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Enantioenriched Primary Allylic Amines with Sulfonyl Hydrazides Leading to Optically Active Allylic Sulfones.
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Wang Fu‐Xiang , Yang Fu‐Lai , Tian Shi‐Kai 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe title reaction affords diverse allylic sulfones in moderate to excellent yields with almost complete retention of optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient One‐Pot Method for the Synthesis of Thioureas and 2‐Imino‐4‐thiazolidinones under Microwave Conditions.
Authors: Chau Chi‐Min , Chuan Tzu‐Jung , Liu Kuan‐Miao 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of thioureas (IV), (VI), (VIII), and (X) is performed under environmentally benign, neat conditions without the use of base additives.
ChemInform Abstract: Acetanilide Palladacycle: An Efficient Catalyst for Room‐Temperature Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Buragohain Zenith , Mondal Manoj , Sarmah Gayatri , Borah Geetika , Bora Utpal 
Published: August 2014

Abstract4‐Tolyl and 4‐chlorophenyl acetamide derivatives of the phenyl acetamide palladacycle PAP show lower catalytic activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Conditions for the Suzuki Reaction Using Microwave Irradiation and a New HNT‐Supported Ionic Liquid‐Like Phase (HNT‐SILLP) Catalyst.
Authors: Massaro Marina , Riela Serena , Lazzara Giuseppe , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Milioto Stefana , Noto Renato 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAryl iodides are coupled with conversions comparable to aryl bromides whereas conversions of aryl chlorides are significantly lower.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Electron‐Rich Oxime Palladacycle as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Cho Hong‐Jun , Jung Sungwon , Kong Saerom , Park Sung‐Jun , Lee Sang‐Myung , Lee Yoon‐Sik 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe method is applied to the synthesis of a precursor of the drug valsartam.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Greener Approach for the Synthesis of PVC Supported Pd (0): Application to Heck and Sonogashira Reactions in Water.
Authors: Basavaprabhu Basavaprabhu , Samarasimhareddy M. , Prabhu Girish , Sureshbabu Vommina V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe catalyst is reused in five consecutive cycles without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious Synthesis of 1‐Aminoindane Derivatives Achieved by [1,4]‐Hydride Shift Mediated C(sp3)—H Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Mori Keiji , Kurihara Kazuki , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAttempts upon decreasing the catalyst loading for less reactive substrates by using benzylidene barbiturate derivatives instead of the benzylidene malonates (I) fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylation of N‐Heteroarenes with Aryldiazonium Salts by Photoredox Catalysis in Water.
Authors: Xue Dong , Jia Zhi‐Hui , Zhao Cong‐Jun , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA photolytic radical type coupling of a variety of nitrogen containing heterocycles as well as thiazol (XIX) with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates using a Ru(II)‐catalyst as photosensitizer and a household light bulb as light source is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐arylidenethiazol‐4‐ones Catalyzed by MgO Nanoparticles.
Authors: Shariati Narges , Baharfar Robabeh 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the three‐component condensation of rhodanine, aromatic aldehydes and cyclic secondary amines in the presence of MgO‐nanoparticles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Acylation of 2‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with Aldehydes.
Authors: Wang Zechao , Tian Qinshan , Yu Xin , Kuang Chunxiang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe novel method allows the selective ortho‐acylation of 2‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with aldehydes to give a variety of substituted aromatic ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Mediated Transformations of trans‐2‐Aroyl‐3‐aryl‐cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates into 2‐Pyrones and 1‐Indanones.
Authors: Sathishkannan Gopal , Srinivasan Kannupal 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTreatment of cyclopropane diesters with AlCl3 results in ring‐opening, fragmentation, recombination, and lactonization to form 2‐pyrone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Arylated 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins: Combining Continuous Flow Hydrogenation with Laccase‐Catalyzed Oxidation.
Authors: Suljic Sanel , Pietruszka Joerg 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA flow hydrogenation/laccase catalyzed oxidation/Michael addition sequence for the conversion of coumarin derivatives into the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids and Their Glycosides from Gynura procumbens
Authors: Zhang Ying , Jiang Kun , Zhai Yi‐Ming , Tan Jun‐Jie , Meng Da‐Li , Guo Sha‐Li , Qu Shi‐Jin , Tan Chang‐Heng 
Published: August 2014

Abstractisolation and structure of one new sesquiterpenoid (Ia) and two new sesquiterpene glycosides together with three known sesquiterpenoids
ChemInform Abstract: A New Phloroglucinol Glucoside from the Whole Plants of Glochidion eriocarpum.
Authors: Wang Yanming , Zhu Hongtao , Wang Dong , Cheng Rongrong , Yang Chongren , Xu Min , Zhang Yingjun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe new phloroglucinol glucoside (I) is isolated along with 16 known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in a Solar Microreactor.
Authors: Kreider Peter B. , Kim Ki‐Joong , Chang Chih‐Hung 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe title nanoparticles are prepared in a two‐step continuous flow solar microreactor using solutions of CuCl and InCl3 in a 4:1 mixture of oleic acid and trioctylphosphine, and selenium in trioctylphosphine as precursors.
Sequential‐based process modelling of VOCs photodegradation in fluidized beds
Authors: Asadi‐Saghandi Hamid , Sotudeh‐Gharebagh Rahmat , Dashliborun Amir Motamed , Kakooei Hossein , Hajaghazadeh Mohammad 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSequential modular simulation (SMS), as a new modelling approach, was developed to simulate the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of gaseous pollutants in fluidized bed reactors. In the experimental part, the PCO of gaseous acetone was studied in a fluidized bed photo‐reactor (FBPR) and the influence of operating conditions (inlet concentration, relative humidity (RH) and superficial gas velocity) on both acetone conversion and mineralization was investigated. It was found that the RH, as a key factor in PCO reactions, had a contradictory effect on the conversion and mineralization of acetone. In the modelling part, the bed was divided into several sections in which the bubble and emulsion phases were considered as a plug flow and a completely mixed flow reactor, respectively. Dynamic two‐phase model was adopted as the hydrodynamic sub‐model and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism as the kinetic sub‐model. Kinetic constants of the latter sub‐model were estimated using experimental data from the literature. A new dimensionless number (HA number) was introduced to determine the optimum number of sections, as the most important factor in model predictions. The performance of the proposed model was compared with the experimental data obtained in this study and several sets of experimental data from the literature. The results showed that the simple and easy‐to‐achieve approach, which has the capability of integrating into the industrial process simulators such as Aspen Plus© and Aspen HYSYS©, can be used to simulate the behaviour of non‐ideal FBPRs in PCO processes.