bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achieving Hull Structural Hotwork Repairs On Board an Operational FPSO
Authors: MacLean Calum , Lewin Matthew 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This paper explores the importance of forward planning for on-station hotwork repair and demonstrates how major repair work scopes, traditionally requiring completion in dry dock, can be carried out while the FPSO is producing.
Although in theory FPSOs can be taken off station, the reality is that this has huge cost implications and reservoir issues may also make it technically very difficult. Even if the FPSO has a detachable turret, dry docking is likely to result in a minimum of 8 weeks off station. While periodical dry-docking can be easily scheduled for sailing ships, FPSO operators are increasingly looking for solutions that will enable them to keep their asset on-station and in production for upwards of 20–25 years. This being the case, it is inevitable that regardless of advances in integrity management strategies, structural hot work repairs will be required on-station.
Given the inevitability of the requirement for hotwork repairs to the hull structure, it is essential that details of how the work will be conducted are fully understood and agreed by all stakeholders long before it is necessary to start hotwork activities. The relatively small numbers of FPSOs mean that operators may have limited experience of hull structural issues and standard procedures, for example, confined space entry procedure, may not adequately address the unique issues presented by working in the enclosed but large space of FPSO tanks. It will be necessary to define and agree procedures for emergency response to incidents, IP rescue, fire and muster, isolation standards, boundary hotwork management and tank cleaning.
Wave Glider - Introduction to Innovative Autonomous Remotely Piloted Ocean Data Collection Platform
Authors: Pai Sudhir 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Wave Glider is a flagship product, the world’s first marine vehicle that harnesses kinetic energy from wave action to produce locomotion in the ocean, while remaining environmentally friendly and fuel-free; Wave Gliders are completely self-sustaining using solar panels to power their payloads. The platform includes navigational and control systems, and communication to an operations center via satellite. Control with full security can be transferred to a local set-up via a master/slave system. This game changing technology provides persistent ocean presence and a reliable data acquisition platform which can support numerous applications in the oil and gas industry. The drilling industry will benefit from magnetic survey applications for better error control. Exploration & production has applications for effective SEEP surveys, turbidity monitoring and METOC (meteorology and oceanography) applications. The subsea world will benefit from a cost effective method for data harvesting (Gateway Communications). This talk is focused around case studies conducted for customers around the world to illustrate system operation (excellence in execution), data acquisition and data analysis revolving around the applications discussed above. Value is enhanced when a number of these sensors are deployed on a swarm of Wave Gliders to conduct pre-site baseline surveys for risk and insurance management.
The Mid-Atlantic Current Hindcast
Authors: Bell M. J. , O’Neill C. K. , Waters J. , Martin M. J. , Sellar A. , Cox A. T. , Spall S. A. , Stephens R. V. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Advanced numerical modelling technology enables detailed characterisation of ocean current conditions in regions of complex hydrodynamics, such as the deeper water provinces of the continental slope. Model simulation of long-term historical conditions can significantly enhance the understanding of ocean conditions in a given location, increase the value of relatively short-term in-situ measurements, and hence reduce the uncertainty in engineering design and operational planning. However, such model results must be shown to be fully ‘fit for purpose’, which has often been a challenge to the research community. The Mid-Atlantic Current Hindcast (MACH) is a cooperative initiative between the UK Met Office, Oceanweather Inc. and BMT ARGOSS, to undertake a high integrity numerical model reanalysis of layered ocean current, temperature and salinity over a twenty year period. Applications of the resultant dataset include support to deep water offshore engineering design, marine operational planning and oil spill simulation. The project utilises state of the art assimilative ocean modelling technology and very high quality wind forcing. With the engagement of oil and gas majors, the modelling system is tuned and independently extensively validated against comprehensive in-situ oceanographic measurements. The nested ocean model system includes a coarse grid of the central and South Atlantic Ocean, and a nested very fine resolution grid covering all of the principal oil and gas concession areas in West Africa. The modelling approach also facilitates nesting fine resolution grids along the eastern Atlantic coast of South America, which provides future possibilities for deep water Brazil. The paper presents details of the modelling system, its configuration and testing during an initial pilot integration.
Installation of a Pre-Assembled Unit on an FPSO & Replacement of a Platform Crane
Authors: Wright William 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In 2012, the Operator completed the successful replacement of an obsolete crane on its BLP (Bridge Linked Platform) and installation of a new module on its FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading) vessel. This was a significant project which occurred during the Operator’s TAR (turnaround) and required close coordination between numerous vessels and assets in what was a busy field.
The module installed on the FPSO consisted of stores, laboratory, fabrication workshop and additional laydown area and was installed as part of a larger accommodation upgrade on the FPSO. The existing maximum POB (Personnel on Board) on the FPSO has always been heavily utilised for normal operation of the facility with little ullage available. There was significant benefit in increasing the maximum POB to enable execution of critical maintenance, maintain focus on fabric maintenance and inspection & execution of Capital projects, thus aiding in field life extension. The additional cabins and recreation space were installed within the hull at the fore end of the FPSO where there was previously a large gym and storeroom.
In order to support the increase in POB, it was necessary to design and install a new PAU (Pre-Assembled Unit) on the FPSO which consisted of a laydown area and module which enclosed a laboratory, fabrication workshop and stores. This PAU was required to provide the asset with the facilities removed when installing the new cabins.
Due to the age of the crane installed on the platform, obsolescence of spares combined with crane capacity/operational issues meant that the platform crane was identified as a Single Point Failure for BLP operations. This lead to possible business risk exposure, as such the replacement of the crane was endorsed.
The geometry and weight of the new crane meant that the use of a considerable bumper/guidance system was required for safe installation. In addition to this, replacement of the crane left the BLP with no overside lifting capabilities through the entire TAR.
Installation of a new stores module on the FPSO and replacement of the platform crane had to be completed utilising a HLV (Heavy Lift Vessel) with adequate reach due to the PAU and crane installation locations on the assets.
The project saw the successful installation of a higher capacity platform crane, installation of the new PAU on the FPSO and an increase of 20 beds in maximum POB. All operations were completed incident and injury free, during a TAR which also incorporated approximately 30,000 man hours of platform and FPSO maintenance, significant subsea workscopes, drilling operations, and a "Walk to Work" campaign.
The Benefits and Challenges of Maintaining Offshore Structures within Lift-Installed Parameters
Authors: Maclaren David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
There are clear cost and schedule benefits in maintaining offshore structures within lift-installed parameters for both Jacket structures and Topside modules. The paper sets out initially the context that drives the decision making process for determination of the various available options including lift-installed, launched and float-over.
The benefits in maximising the available lift capacity of heavy lift vessels (HLVs) include; avoiding the need to develop solutions such as barge-launch jackets that result in significantly longer fabrication schedule and costly mechanical systems, as well as the extra weight and associated costs for buoyancy tanks and launch rails. There is thus a significant benefit in maintaining weight and centre-of-gravity within the liftable envelope of the HLV.
This paper describes a case-history of Valemon jacket, installed in July 2012, which at 9200t has a lift weight close to the lifting limit of the Thialf, the world’s largest offshore crane vessel. This was achieved via the implementation of several weight saving measures during post-FEED and detail engineering stages ensuring the weight kept within the target throughout. These measures included the use of high strength steels, a fully-coated jacket, detailed and repeated analyses, the use of more sophisticated methods for ship impact, using structural details such as cones to minimise brace diameters, the use of vortex shedding restraints, minimising pile offsets relative to leg, post-installing caissons and flooding braces to reduce wall thickness.
The result was that the weight was maintained within the limit of 9500t set at the outset, with the design independently checked by the clients’ third party verifier. The application of the measures listed herein may assist in maintaining future jackets in water depths of up to 135m, as at Valemon, within the lifting envelope, with clear associated cost and schedule benefits.
An Assessment of the Impact of Water Injection System Uptime on Well and Reservoir Management on two Northsea FPSOs
Authors: Adeola Olawale 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A review of two separate FPSO (Floating, Producing, Storage and Offloading) vessels water injection systems was carried out with emphasis on the impact of the uptime of the system on overall production from the fields. The focus remained on the critical aspects of the WI injection system and what constitute a top quartile performing system. Results highlights the correlation between the injection water volumes/frequency on the reservoir pressures, voidage and production in both fields with marked adverse impact as defects on key units of the water injection systems increased. On FPSO1, a poor overall uptime of the WI system over a 6 year period showed a significant reduction in the life of the fields. For FPSO2, a contrasting illustration in results showed that an improved water injection uptime arrested a decline with improved reservoir pressures and production with the desired overall impact of increasing the overall recovery and extension of the life of the fields. Ongoing improvement studies shows that an increase in the water injection system uptime up to an average of around 80% will potentially improve production by close to 3 mln bbls of oil, securing an additional 6–7 mln bbls over the life of one of the fields under review as it extends production for another 5 years.
Unlocking Small Gas Field Development In The Southern North Sea With The Application Of Modern Seismic Imaging Technologies
Authors: Darnet Mathieu , Van Loevezijn Peter , Hollman Frans , Wervelman Rob , Bruehl Matthias , Pi Alperin Juan , Shipp Richard 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The economics of small gas field developments in the Southern North Sea away from any existing infrastructure is particularly sensitive to subsurface uncertainties. Applying latest geophysical approaches is a key aspect of obtaining sufficient grip on these parameters and ensuring robust project economics. For the Alpha field, the structural uncertainty due to poor seismic imaging was identified as critical and therefore a dedicated seismic imaging project was undertaken. It involved re-processing the existing seismic data with the latest velocity modeling and imaging technologies, such as Reverse Time Migration. It led to a clear improvement of the seismic character at objective level as well as a more consistent depth image. As a consequence, the expected volume of gas in place increased by 50% and additional reservoir targets were identified, considerably improving the project economics. In addition, a High Definition 3D seismic image of the shallow subsurface was for the first time successfully created over the area to assess any potential geohazards and ensured that the proposed and selected development concept had mitigations against these hazards and their consequences.
Integrated Play-Based Exploration Methodology for Screening and Prospect Assessment Using 3D Seismic Data from Makassar Strait, Indonesia
Authors: Roy Ananda Shankar , Roy Sonali , Sari Pebrina Puspa 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Exploration challenges are increasing every day since easy-to-access hydrocarbon resources have been mostly exploited in past decades and the search for profitable deep-water plays is increasing worldwide. The approach is not only to look for hydrocarbons in new areas, but also to look for hydrocarbons in old places with new ideas, whilst managing exploration risk. An integrated petroleum systems based software suite allows identification and characterization of prospective areas. This approach facilitates a systematic and consistent progression from play-based exploration, to assessment of geological chance-of-success and probabilistic volumetric calculations for each prospect in a play.
A new integrated petroleum system based play evaluation workflow has been implemented to screen the Makassar Strait based on available public domain data and literature. The prospective areas were studied in detail by incorporating 3D seismic data to gain a better understanding of structural controls and lithological variations on prospectivity.
Regional interpretation maps of widely spaced 2D seismic lines from reports were used, in conjunction with different published literature for the basin, to understand the regional geological concepts and build a play fairway model. A facies dependent reservoir porosity map was prepared based on a porosity-depth relationship for the different lithologies and later improved with facies derived from the 3D seismic data. By evaluating the key elements of petroleum system possible accumulation areas were identified within the basin. Depending on the geological scenario, different geological parameters were transformed applying simple and complex transformations using a Play Chance Mapping tool to generate combined Geological chance of success (COS) maps and Economical COS of each prospect along with their associated uncertainties, through integrated prospect assessments. This Integrated Methodology minimizes the cost of exploration, especially related to drilling and management of uncertainties. It serves as guide in acquiring the right acreage for right price at right time.
Using Technology as a Lever to Reduce Seismic and Environmental Interference
Authors: Allinson C. R. , Jardine W. A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The scale of current marine stakeholder activity in the North Sea is such that considerable effort is required to minimise the impact of operations conducted adjacent to one another. Impacts are typically spatial – vessels wanting to work in the same physical space at the same time, or acoustic – geophysical sources from separate seismic operations interfering with one another.
Site surveys are one example where significant planning is required to minimise such simultaneous operations (SIMOPS). BP had two different approaches to reduce the impact of SIMOPS at two site survey locations during 2012.
A large site survey in the Clair field (West of Shetland) required the acquisition of High Resolution (HR) seismic data within 8km of an Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) seismic survey. At this range, acoustic interference between the two geophysical systems is significant. Avoiding acoustic SIMOPS altogether was impossible as weather constraints dictated both surveys were shot during summer months. A redesigned data processing flow was devised to reduce or eliminate seismic interference, enabling acceptable data in both surveys during significant periods of simultaneous acquisition.
A site survey at a southern North Sea platform highlighted a different SIMOPS issue – potential physical interaction with fishing equipment, during the height of the lobster and shellfish season. The survey required acquisition of bathymetry and side scan sonar data to identify seabed features. By using a tetherless, low logistics Gavia AUV solution, the overall survey footprint and fouling risk was minimised as no towed equipment was required. The survey area required for the vessel was approximately a quarter of the size of a conventional towed sensor survey, greatly reducing the impact to the fishing community.
In addition, excellent data quality was achieved.
Joint Pain Undergoes a Transition in Accordance with Signal Changes of Bones Detected by MRI in Hip Osteoarthritis
Authors: Kamimura Mikio , Nakamura Yukio , Ikegami Shota , Uchiyama Shigeharu , Kato Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2013

Objectives:
In this study, we aimed to investigate whether joint pain is derived from cartilage or bone alterations.

Methods:
We reviewed 23 hip joints of 21 patients with primary hip osteoarthritis (OA), which were classified into Kellgren–Laurence (KL) grading I to IV. Plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained from all of the 23 joints. Two of the 21 patients had bilateral hip OA. Pain was assessed based on the pain scale of Denis. A Welch t test was performed for age, height, weight, body mass index, bone mineral density, and a Mann–Whitney U test was performed for KL grading.

Results:
Four of 8 hip joints with pain and OA showed broad signal changes detected by MRI. Fourteen hip joints without pain, but with OA did not show broad signal changes by MRI. Collectively, MRI analyses showed that broad signal changes in OA cases without joint pain or with a slight degree of joint pain were not observed, while broad signal changes were observed in OA cases with deteriorated joint pain.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that hip joint pain might be associated with bone signal alterations in the hips of OA patients.
Financial Reporting versus Tax Incentives and Repatriation under the 2004 Tax Holiday
Authors: Morrow Michaele , Ricketts Robert C. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
We analyze the repatriation behavior of U.S. multinational corporations under the tax holiday implemented as part of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. Our results suggest that tax incentives, as reflected in differences between firms' effective foreign tax rates, do not appear to be significant predictors of either participation in the tax holiday or the amounts repatriated by firms that chose to participate. In contrast, differences in financial reporting incentives were significant predictors of both participation in the holiday and the amounts repatriated. Not surprisingly, we find that firms appear to have chosen between repatriation of permanently versus temporarily deferred foreign earnings based on how the source of repatriation impacted their GAAP financial statements. Moreover, our results suggest that many firms chose to participate in the holiday only to the extent necessary to achieve financial reporting goals. Overall, our results suggest that financial reporting incentives appear to have been much more important to firms than tax savings in choosing whether and to what extent to participate in the holiday. Indeed, many firms appear to have viewed the act principally as an opportunity to manage reported GAAP income, rather than as an opportunity to reduce their U.S. tax costs.
The Effect of Changes in Decision Aid Bias on Learning: Evidence of Functional Fixation
Authors: Beck Grant M. , Limor Rina , Arunachalam Vairam , Wheeler Patrick R. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Building on prior accounting research (Luft and Shields 2001; Dearman and Shields 2005), this study examines the effects of observable decision aid bias on decision aid agreement and task performance accuracy. Using a behavioral experiment, this study manipulates decision aid bias to assess the impact of a change in the level of decision aid bias on the degree to which decision makers' decisions agree with decision aid suggestions (i.e., decision aid agreement) and to which they learn to effectively adjust their decisions (i.e., task performance accuracy). Results indicate that learning subsequent to an observable change in decision aid bias is diminished, consistent with fixation on the previous aid's bias.
JEL Classifications: D8; D83; M4
Deep submersion: Severe phenotype of deciduous-molar infraocclusion with biological associations
Authors: Shalish Miriam , Har-Zion Gilad , Zini Avraham , Harari Doron , Chaushu Stella 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the clinical manifestation of and treatment modalities for this severe phenotype of infraocclusion and to examine relationships between deep submersion and the occurrence of other dental anomalies.

Materials and Methods:
The experimental sample consisted of 25 orthodontic patients with at least one deciduous molar in infraocclusion greater than 5 mm. Dental records were used to assess severity of infraocclusion, treatment modality, and presence of other dental anomalies (tooth agenesis, small maxillary lateral incisors, palatally displaced canines, and distal angulation of mandibular second premolars).

Results:
The sample included 14 females and 11 males, age 7 to 14 years (mean age 10.1 years). The mean infraocclusion depth was 9 mm, with a range of 5–18 mm. The crowns of the adjacent teeth were severely tilted toward the infraoccluded tooth, space was lost in the dental arch, and the successor premolars were impacted in all cases. Treatment consisted of space regaining, surgical extraction of the deciduous molar, and space maintenance. The impacted premolar erupted spontaneously in 95% of the cases. There was a significant increase in prevalence of dental anomalies in the deep-submersion sample compared with that of reference values (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
The treatment modality used in this sample resulted in spontaneous eruption of the impacted premolar in most cases. Markers for early diagnosis of deep submersion include other dental anomalies, severe tilt of adjacent teeth, and local space loss. The increased prevalence of other dental anomalies supports a shared genetic etiology.
The Identification of Sustainable Supply Chain Elements in The Enterprise X
Authors: Bajdor Paula 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Today, operating on the market, enterprises, to a lesser or greater extent, try to carry out their activities in such a way to minimize the possible negative impact on the environment. In most companies, the analysis of its supply chains can identify them as "green supply chains", which primarily involves not harming the natural environment. However, the further development of this concept is "sustainable supply chain", the chain that means not only protection of the environment but also means caring for the closest social environment together with economic development of the company. As opposed to green supply chains, it is still difficult to identify a sustainable supply chain in Polish enterprises. For the research purpose, the interview sheet has been created, based on the answers provided by the companies it is possible to further identify and determine the elements that make up a sustainable supply chain. This article presents an interview sheet with the answers given by one of the companies investigated