bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Introduction
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter introduces Subjective Bayesianism and describes its recent rise to prominence in many areas of philosophy, especially epistemology. The chapter then discusses how Bayesianism’s traditional updating norm for degrees of belief—updating by Conditionalization—fails for applications involving the loss of certainties, most particularly cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity. The book introduces a new Bayesian framework (the Certainty-Loss Framework, or CLF) for modeling rational requirements in such cases. This chapter situates CLF within the contemporary Bayesian literature and briefly outlines its advantages over other modeling frameworks. It also stresses the importance of viewing CLF as a modeling tool and of carefully specifying the framework’s normative implications. The chapter then lays out the goals for the entire book, describes the content of each chapter to come, and makes some suggestions for how to read the text.
7 Suppositional consistency
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe previous chapter introduced Generalized Conditionalization (GC), an updating norm for degrees of belief that properly models rational requirements in stories involving memory loss. This chapter explains the intuitive idea behind GC: suppositional consistency, which requires an agent to evaluate a hypothesis the same way whenever she considers it relative to the same evidence. Suppositional consistency is easy to defend if Feldman’s and White’s Uniqueness Thesis is true—that is, if every body of evidence dictates a required attitude for every hypothesis. Uniqueness defenders dating back to Carnap have offered updating rules obeying suppositional consistency. But if Uniqueness is false, suppositional consistency (and GC) must be defended by considering when an agent’s permitted but not required attitude assignments rationally commit her to similar assignments in the future. The chapter examines a number of examples and objections concerning such commitments, including cases involving memory loss.
10 Alternative updating schemes
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter compares the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) developed over previous chapters to various other Bayesian schemes for updating self-locating degrees of belief. In particular, it considers frameworks proposed by Joseph Halpern and Christopher Meacham, Sarah Moss, and Robert Stalnaker. CLF is found in some cases to get particular examples right the other frameworks get wrong, and in other cases to apply more clearly or without the need for supplementary apparati. These comparisons shed additional light on the motivations for CLF and on its strengths as a modeling framework. The Stalnaker discussion also completes an argument (begun in earlier chapters) that Bayesians cannot handle context-sensitivity simply by retaining Conditionalization and reconstruing the objects of degrees of belief.
12 A few loose ends
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis book has argued that a traditional Bayesian framework using Conditionalization as its updating constraint cannot adequately model stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because of the rational loss of certainties in such stories. The book has advocated a new modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), as a replacement. This chapter first explains why the rational requirements in stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity cannot be settled by Dutch Book arguments. Next the chapter explains why the difficulties traditional Bayesian frameworks have with certainty loss could not have been solved by moving to a framework based on Jeffrey Conditionalization. Finally, the chapter explains why cases involving certainty loss due to the acquisition of evidential defeaters are not best modeled using CLF.
Patmos in Western Interpreters from 1517
Authors: Boxall Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This lengthy chapter brings the Western story of Patmos up to the present day, concluding with a survey of post-1900 commentaries (illustrative of their limited focus compared with earlier interpretations). Unsurprisingly, given the Renaissance and Reformation return to the sources, one finds renewed interest in the biography of John, as well as in the geography and topography of the island. Reformation historical-prophetic interpretation of the Apocalypse also opens up correspondences between John’s exile and exile or persecution experienced by Protestants, while Catholics continue to exploit the potential of the island as sacred place and monastic ideal. Luther’s description of his time in the Wartburg as ‘my Patmos’ is explored as one very significant example of the ‘actualization’ of the biblical text during this period. There is also consideration of poetic apprehension of Patmos, most notably Hölderlin, but also by a number of British Victorian poets.
Visual Interpretations of Patmos
Authors: Boxall Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter surveys visual interpretations of Patmos, drawing upon Paolo Berdini’s concept of ‘visual exegesis’, and arguing that visual media may often function as better interpretative keys to the Apocalypse than the verse-by-verse commentary. A broad discussion of the main strands of visual interpretation, across a range of artistic genres (e.g. frescoes, icons, illuminated manuscripts, altarpieces), chronological periods, and geographical locations, is combined with more detailed consideration of specific examples. The latter have been selected either for their typical character (e.g. Byzantine icons of St John and Prochorus; the thirteenth-century Douce Apocalypse) or their distinctiveness (paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Hieronymus Bosch, Hans Burgkmair the Elder, and Diego Velázquez). These are discussed with closer attention to their historical and cultural context, artistic antecedents, and their location within wider patterns of Apocalypse interpretation.
Moral Character
Authors: Miller Christian B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMost of our friends, colleagues, and even family members are not virtuous people. They do not have virtues such as compassion, honesty, or courage. But at the same time, they are not vicious people either. They do not have vices such as cruelty, dishonesty, or cowardice. Instead most people today have characters which do not qualify as either virtuous or vicious. They have many positive moral features, but also many negative ones too. Our characters are decidedly mixed, and are much more complex than we might have thought. On the one hand, many of us would kill an innocent person in a matter of minutes under pressure from an authority figure as part of a psychology study. Or we would pretend to not see someone collapse from an apparent heart attack across the street. Yet it is also true that many of us would help another person when we are by ourselves and hear sounds of a non-ambiguous emergency in the next room. Or we would come to the aid of a friend when feeling empathy for her need, and do so for altruistic rather than egoistic reasons. The goal of this book is to outline a new picture of our moral character which involves what are called Mixed Character Traits. This picture can help make sense of how most of us are less that virtuous people but also morally better than the vicious.
The Interpretation of Indefinites in the Japanese wh‐moConstruction
Authors: Tancredi Christopher , Yamashina Miyuki 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter proposes an analysis of wh‐mo interaction in Japanese and explores consequences of the analysis for the interpretation of indefinite descriptions. Three important conclusions will be drawn: first, that mo is a non‐group plural‐forming operator and not a universal quantifier; second, that indefinites to which mo is adjoined cannot be interpreted as generalized existential quantifiers, supporting Reinhart (1997); and third that a choice function analysis of indefinites is possible, but only if the analysis is intensionalized, a possibility not entertained by Reinhart.
Most-favoured-nation Clause: A Case Study
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Investment protection treaties are not the first treaties that raise questions about interpretative process of pari materia treaty rules dealing with commercial matters. In the classical international law, the most-favoured-nation clause was included in many treaties and raised interpretative questions of similar nature. This chapter briefly examines the way how international law dealt with the challenge and concludes that such cases are perfectly solvable in traditional interpretative terms.
Investment Treaties, General International Law, and International Human Rights Law
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines the legal authorities that influence the content of the modern international standard, considering different approaches from the perspectives of legal soundness and practical usefulness. It is suggested that the traditional customary law, human rights reasoning (whether interpretative or comparative), and modern State practice and investment arbitration decisions are likely to be influential. Conversely, general principles are unlikely to be helpful.
International Minimum Standard and the Protection of Property
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter addresses the international minimum standard on protection of property other than regarding administration of justice. The tripartite analytical approach applied in Chapter 8 is followed, relying on the classical customary law to provide the broad contours of the rule that will be filled in by human rights reasoning and confirmed by modern investment cases. Unlike the standard of administration of justice where practice of sufficient quantity and similarity exists at all levels of the argument, the broader standard of protection of property requires considerable qualifications at each step. Overall, it is suggested that contemporary international law requires conduct that is non-arbitrary, non-discriminatory, transparent, and complies with due process; it is less obvious that the perspective of legitimate or reasonable expectations has a useful added value.
Institutional Change and Citizens
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter defines electoral rules in terms of redistributive institutions; rules where changes have zero-sum, partisan consequences. It discusses the dominant role of self-interested partisan incumbents in conflicts over electoral reform, and demonstrates the nature of divisions among partisan incumbents in conflicts over electoral rules. Chapter 2 also demonstrates the role of the voter when partisan elites compete to change election rules. This chapter presents a key question: Can citizens understand what electoral institutions do and hence understand what changes are supposed to accomplish? The answer is that voters can indeed understand conflicts over election rules in terms of their own partisan self-interests. They also evaluate reforms in terms of values and process concerns that elites may appeal to when advocating for rules changes.
Assessing Effects of Reforms: Changing the Electoral System
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter offers the first of several tests of claims about the transformative effects of electoral reform. It examines what may be seen as the ‘biggest’ of electoral reforms: changes in the electoral system. Much of the attention here is directed at the effects of adopting proportional representation (PR). Advocates of PR, and some academic literature, suggest this reform should increase voter efficacy, increase support for smaller parties, and stimulate political engagement and voter turnout. Examining the effects of the adoption of MMP in New Zealand, as well as the adoption of STV in Australia, suggests changing electoral systems had minimal effects. Additional examples presented here from Germany, Italy, and Japan illustrate no evidence that changes in the electoral system affected turnout. Most results in this chapter contradict findings in research using cross-sectional data.
Direct Legislation: Mobilization without Engagement
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Direct democracy is an electoral reform promoted as having transformative effects on citizens. The introduction of direct democracy takes power away from legislators. Advocates and academics contend that by having citizens decide matters of policy, they become educated, engaged, and efficacious. If there is a reform that should help improve public trust and engagement then this reform should be it. This chapter surveys literature on effects of direct democracy. It also makes use of a panel study to assess the effects of the UK election system referendum on political interest and engagement. Referendum use does appear to increase turnout slightly, although this is likely a standard campaign mobilization effect. There is little evidence that the UK referendum affected voter interest or engagement.
The Limits of Electoral Institutions
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The concluding chapter presents reasons why it is that electoral reforms disappoint. Claims about transformative effects of reforms distract from partisan interest that may motivate elites to alter election rules. Electoral reforms that are aimed at increasing efficacy, participation, and trust may also be running against much more powerful economic and social tides. Whatever trends may exist, the overclaiming of reformers—and political scientists—in predicting the effects of reform may also play a role. This chapter also provides a critical assessment of the ‘new institutionalism’ that motivates scholars to expect substantial effects of changes in electoral rules. It also addresses important methodological shortcomings in academic research, including the bias in favour of correlational studies that cannot establish causation, and the bias against publishing null results.
Kūkai on the Art of the Ultimate
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter Three: Kūkai on the Art of the Ultimate introduces Kūkai’s theory of monji, the ajikan disk, the Two World mandalas, and other mandalic projects that convey Mikkyō doctrines through a highly stylized iconographic code. By recognizing the collapse between signifier and signified in Mikkyō’s symbol system, this chapter demonstrates that for Kūkai, art can be the direct expression of awakening. At the same time, however, it notes that Kūkai also deconstructed the sacred power of such exceptional images into emptiness, so that all forms can be arranged and rearranged in an exercise of intericonicity.
Introduction
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the problem of the visual, not only in the contemporary period but also in the premodern era when Buddhism flourished throughout the pan-Asian sphere. It provides a cursory overview of the key historical developments in Buddhist art and doctrine. It mentions the so-called an-iconic stage of Theravadin nonfigural art of early classical Indian Buddhism (fifth century BCE onward) and the early Mahāyāna figural depictions of embodied enlightenment beginning in the early centuries CE. It then chronicles the explosion of elaborate esoteric Vajrayāna (Mikkyō) iconography beginning in the seventh century CE, and the contrasting minimalistic spirit of Zen Buddhist artistic expression in China and Japan in the tenth century onward. It then outlines the content of each chapter in the book to follow.
International Financial Integration: Benefits, Costs, and Policy Challenges
Authors: AGÉNOR PIERRE-RICHARD 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the recent analytical and empirical literature on the benefits and costs of international financial integration and the policy challenges that it creates. The chapter also discusses the impact of financial openness and capital flows on consumption, investment, and growth, as well as the impact of foreign bank entry on the domestic financial system. The argument is made that, for small open developing countries, the benefits of financial integration are mostly long term in nature, whereas risks can be significant in the short run. Careful preparation and management—notably by strengthening bank regulation and supervision and by adopting a more flexible monetary policy framework, possibly supplemented by countercyclical regulatory rules and temporary controls on short-term capital flows—are therefore essential. Cross-border regulation of systemically important financial institutions is also required to mitigate the impact of destabilizing capital flows, but care is needed in imposing micro-based prudential rules to avoid unintended general equilibrium consequences.
Challenges in Financial Regulation
Authors: CLAESSENS STIJN 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFinancial intermediation and financial services industries have undergone many changes in the past two decades due to deregulation, technological advances, and globalization. The recent financial crisis is forcing the industry through additional sharp adjustments. The framework for regulating finance has seen many changes as well and the crisis has led to many new regulations and proposals for other changes. The objective of this chapter is to review thinking on what kind of regulatory framework is necessary to develop a financial sector that is efficient and provides proper access to households and firms, while maintaining its stability. The chapter outlines four areas of current debate: (1) the special role of banks, (2) competition policy, (3) consumer protection, and (4) the costs of regulation and harmonization of rules across products, within markets, and globally. The chapter concludes with some areas where more research would be useful.
International Equity Markets: Risk and Return
Authors: ATILGAN YIGIT , BALI TURAN G. , DEMIRTAS K. OZGUR 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere is mixed evidence from U.S. studies on the relationship between conditional expected market returns and conditional variance. This chapter investigates the risk-return tradeoff in the international context. Using market return data from 27 emerging countries, pooled panel regressions show a significantly positive relationship between monthly excess market returns and realized variance measures that are constructed based on past daily returns over windows ranging from six to 12 months. The same relationship does not hold when the analysis is repeated for 25 developed countries. Stacked time-series and stacked cross-sectional regressions indicate that a cross-sectional correlation across countries rather than an intertemporal relation drives the positive risk-return tradeoff in emerging countries. A significantly positive relationship exists between dividend yield and aggregate returns for emerging markets but this does not affect the positive risk-return tradeoff.
Cross-Listing Behavior
Authors: O’CONNOR THOMAS , PHYLAKTIS KATE 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary of international cross-listing behavior. It discusses the internal and external factors that prompt firms to cross-list in the first instance, where to cross-list, and, for some, instances in which to cross-delist. The chapter also examines the behavior of firms once they cross-list. Other topics discussed include raising capital and investment behavior, the behavior of controlling insiders once firms cross-list, and the effect of cross-listing behavior on firm value. The general conclusions suggest that internal factors predominantly explain cross-listing and delisting behavior. Large firms with sizable growth opportunities tend to cross-list. When these growth opportunities disappear, firms often cross-delist. Proximity predominantly dictates where firms cross-list. Firms typically list in countries that are geographically, culturally, and economically close to their own. The behavior of controlling insiders is altered once firms cross-list as a result of legal and market-wide forces. Firm value generally increases initially as a result of cross-listing, but general disagreement exists about the durability of these valuation gains.
Asset Pricing in an International Setting
Authors: RIDDICK LEIGH A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSeveral factors complicate the tasks of valuing assets in a portfolio and measuring their risk-adjusted performance in an international setting. Chief among these are currency and inflation effects that arise when investment returns must be translated into a currency other than that in which the return is paid. These complications affect both return and risk and, thus, value. This chapter provides a review of international asset pricing models and their risk-return structure, beginning with the basic international mean-variance model. The discussion then turns to the many mean-variance model extensions, including consumption-based models, models with higher-order statistical moments, and models using conditioning information. The chapter then reviews models based on arbitrage pricing principles or other multifactor approaches that differ from the mean-variance framework. The chapter concludes that more than one model type can be effective in an international setting, but that simplifications that detract from capturing international sources of risk should be avoided.
Integrated versus Segmented Capital Markets: Implications for Financial Decision-Making
Authors: SOENEN LUC , JOHNSON ROBERT 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe market risk premium (MRP) remains one of the most debated issues in corporate finance. The MRP is a critical input when measuring a company’s cost of equity and weighted cost of capital. Thus, a company’s estimate of the MRP can have major effects on its capital budgeting decisions. This is especially true when estimating the MRP in emerging markets, where expected returns are widely understood to be affected by variables other than those specified by the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the degree of integration or lack thereof (segmentation) between capital markets and to develop a modified CAPM for financial decision-making in emerging markets.
Multinational Restructuring
Authors: ZHU PENGCHENG 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMultinational corporations use cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as an important restructuring strategy. Multiple motivations exist for cross-border M&As. Most studies focus on returns related to short-term announcements of acquiring and target firms in cross-border M&As and find significant variations in the performance outcomes. The results are mainly driven by market segmentation, the competitiveness of the corporate control market, and advantages associated with intangible assets. Long-term studies on cross-border M&As are limited and show mixed impact on acquiring and targeting firm performance. Information asymmetry, cultural barriers, and cross-country corporate governance all contribute to the complexity of the cross-border M&A activities. This chapter reviews the impact of these factors on acquisition performance.