bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining and identifying Sleeping Beauties in science
Authors: Ke Qing , Ferrara Emilio , Radicchi Filippo , Flammini Alessandro 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Scientific papers typically have a finite lifetime: their rate to attract citations achieves its maximum a few years after publication, and then steadily declines. Previous studies pointed out the existence of a few blatant exceptions: papers whose relevance has not been recognized for decades, but then suddenly become highly influential and cited. The Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen “paradox” paper is an exemplar Sleeping Beauty. We study how common Sleeping Beauties are in science. We introduce a quantity that captures both the recognition intensity and the duration of the “sleeping” period, and show that Sleeping Beauties are far from exceptional. The distribution of such quantity is continuous and has power-law behavior, suggesting a common mechanism behind delayed but intense recognition at all scales.
In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus
Authors: Schermuly Julia , Greco Annachiara , Härtle Sonja , Osterrieder Nikolaus , Kaufer Benedikt B. , Kaspers Bernd 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) serves as a versatile small-animal model for herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis. Infection of target cells in vitro was impossible due to the short-lived nature of B and T cells, and analysis of infected cells ex vivo was hampered by their low frequencies. To overcome these limitations, we established an in vitro system that allows infection of target cells with MDV using stimuli that prolong the survival of B and T cells. Our system recapitulates the situation in vivo, including transformation of T cells in vitro. In the future, our system will facilitate the analysis of viral and cellular factors that promote lytic replication, establishment of latency and transformation, processes ultimately resulting in deadly lymphomas in the natural host.
miRNA proxy approach reveals hidden functions of glycosylation
Authors: Kurcon Tomasz , Liu Zhongyin , Paradkar Anika V. , Vaiana Christopher A. , Koppolu Sujeethraj , Agrawal Praveen , Mahal Lara K. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Carbohydrates hold an unprecedented capacity for altering biological function, but determining which glycans and underlying enzymes are crucial for a specific biological pathway is a major impediment to our understanding of this posttranslational modification. Here we demonstrate that the mRNA target networks of microRNA (miRNA), small noncoding RNA, identify glycosylation enzymes acting as regulatory elements within a biological pathway. Leveraging the miRNA-200 family (miR-200f), regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), we identify multiple promesenchymal glycosylation enzymes. Silencing miR-200f–targeted glycogenes phenocopies the effect of miR-200f, inducing mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. These enzymes are upregulated in TGF-β–induced EMT, suggesting tight integration within the signaling network. Our work indicates that miRNA networks can be used to identify crucial glycosylation enzymes driving disease states.
Synthesis of refractory organic matter in the ionized gas phase of the solar nebula
Authors: Kuga Maïa , Marty Bernard , Marrocchi Yves , Tissandier Laurent 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Refractory organics are the main hosts of carbon, nitrogen, and other biogenic elements in primitive solar system material. We have synthesized refractory organics by ionizing a gas mixture reminiscent of the composition of the protosolar nebula, at temperatures up to 1,000 K in a plasma. Synthesized compounds share chemical and structural features with chondritic organics, and trapped noble gases reproduce well the elemental and isotopic characteristics of meteoritic noble gases. Our study suggests that organosynthesis took place in the solar system, including in its warm regions, and was ubiquitous anywhere the nebular gas was subject to ionization.
Neural Hedgehog signaling maintains stem cell renewal in the sensory touch dome epithelium
Authors: Xiao Ying , Thoresen Daniel T. , Williams Jonathan S. , Wang Chaochen , Perna James , Petrova Ralitsa , Brownell Isaac 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceThe role of nerves in regulating stem cells is largely unknown. Here, we use the touch dome epithelium in skin as a model to study neural regulation of adult stem cells. We find that sensory nerves trophically maintain the touch dome epithelium by signaling with Sonic hedgehog (Shh) to lineage-specific stem cells. This novel aspect of touch dome innervation demonstrates retrograde paracrine signaling to sensory epithelium progenitors by afferent sensory neurons. Indeed, neural Shh is a key regulatory factor in the perineural niche required for long-term renewal of touch dome stem cells. We further demonstrate that Hedgehog upregulation alone is not sufficient to drive malignant expansion of mouse Merkel cells, despite reports of active Hedgehog signaling in Merkel cell carcinoma.
The disordered P granule protein LAF-1 drives phase separation into droplets with tunable viscosity and dynamics
Authors: Elbaum-Garfinkle Shana , Kim Younghoon , Szczepaniak Krzysztof , Chen Carlos Chih-Hsiung , Eckmann Christian R. , Myong Sua , Brangwynne Clifford P. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Phase transitions have recently emerged as a key mechanism for intracellular organization. However, the underlying molecular interactions and nature of the resulting condensed phases are poorly understood. Here, we identify a role for LAF-1 in the liquid phase separation of P granules—RNA/protein assemblies implicated in germ-line maintenance. We adapt microrheology techniques to measure precise viscoelastic properties of LAF-1 liquid droplets. Our experiments reveal that electrostatic disordered protein interactions give rise to droplets with tunable material properties. RNA can fluidize protein droplets by decreasing the viscosity and increasing internal molecular dynamics. Our results provide insight into the mechanism by which molecular level interactions can give rise to liquid phase organelles with tunable material properties, potentially underlying biologically adaptable functions.
Netrin-1 exerts oncogenic activities through enhancing Yes-associated protein stability
Authors: Qi Qi , Li Dean Y. , Luo Hongbo R. , Guan Kun-Liang , Ye Keqiang 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Netrin-1 has been considered a pro-oncogene due to its oncogenic activity. However, the mechanism by which netrin-1 modulates cancer progression is not well understood. Here, we show that netrin-1 promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration through up-regulating Yes-associated protein (YAP), a downstream target of the Hippo signaling pathway. Further studies suggest that, via uncoordinated-5 homolog B (UNC5B)/deleted in colorectal cancer receptors, netrin-1 enhances YAP stability via promoting phosphatase 1A-induced YAP dephosphorylation, leading to high levels of YAP activity. These results provide a mechanism of netrin-1 oncogenic activity and identify a cross-talk between the Hippo pathway and netrin signaling.
Progressive maturation of silent synapses governs the duration of a critical period
Authors: Huang Xiaojie , Stodieck Sophia K. , Goetze Bianka , Cui Lei , Wong Man Ho , Wenzel Colin , Hosang Leon , Dong Yan , Löwel Siegrid , Schlüter Oliver M. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
During critical periods, cortical neural circuits are refined to optimize their functional properties. The prevailing notion is that the balance between excitation and inhibition determines the onset and closure of critical periods. Here, we show that postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95)–dependent maturation of silent glutamatergic synapses onto principal neurons was sufficient to govern the duration of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) in the visual cortex of mice. Loss of PSD-95 before the onset of CPs resulted in lifelong ODP, loss after CP closure reinstated silent synapses, and ODP. Thus, PSD-95–dependent silent synapse maturation terminates the critical period of ODP, and in general, once silent synapses are consolidated in any neural circuit, critical periods may end.
Sorafenib and its derivative SC-1 exhibit antifibrotic effects through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibition
Authors: Su Tung-Hung , Shiau Chung-Wai , Jao Ping , Liu Chen-Hua , Liu Chun-Jen , Tai Wei-Tien , Jeng Yung-Ming , Yang Hung-Chih , Tseng Tai-Chung , Huang Hsiang-Po , Cheng Huei-Ru , Chen Pei-Jer , Chen Kuen-Feng , Kao Jia-Horng , Chen Ding-Shinn 
Published: May 2015

Significance
The role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remains unclear. Using sorafenib and its derivative SC-1, we demonstrated the significant role of STAT3 pathway in liver fibrogenesis. We further found that STAT3 pathway of HSCs overexpressed in chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced fibrosis, therefore STAT3 may serve as a promising fibrotic biomarker and target. Furthermore, SHP-1 phosphatase-direct STAT3 inhibition may represent a previously unidentified strategy for antifibrotic drug discovery.
Efficacy of Portable PIT Detectors for Tracking Long-Term Movement of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout in a Small Montane Stream
Authors: Hodge Brian W. , Henderson Richard , Rogers Kevin B. , Battige Kyle D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of portable PIT detectors for tracking long-term fish movement in an open stream environment. In June and October of 2012, we PIT-tagged a total of 190 Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus (CRCT) in a 1.7-km segment of a small, montane stream. In the summers of 2012–2013 (15 total occasions), we relocated PIT-tagged trout using portable PIT detectors. The maximum detection distance of 23-mm PIT tags ranged from 6 to 56 cm and varied with detector, detection plane, and tag orientation. Of the CRCT tagged, 38% were never detected and 43% were detected on two or more occasions. Mean detection efficiencies of PIT-tagged trout were 34% and 45% in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and were generally lower than in evaluations of closed systems and less mobile fishes. We observed a smaller range of CRCT than has been observed by others using radiotelemetry, a difference that could be explained by the spatial and temporal limitations of portable PIT detection we encountered. We conclude that portable PIT detector surveys have value but also drawbacks for tracking the movement of relatively mobile fishes in montane streams.
Received September 27, 2014; accepted January 21, 2015
Effectiveness of Two Commercial Rotenone Formulations in the Eradication of Virile Crayfish Orconectes virilis
Authors: Recsetar Matthew S. , Bonar Scott A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The virile or northern crayfish Orconectes virilis is an invasive species throughout much of the USA, damaging aquatic communities where it is introduced. Therefore, identification of effective methods for its eradication from areas in which it is unwanted is important. We studied the effectiveness of two commercial formulations of rotenone, Chem Fish Regular and CFT Legumine, for virile crayfish control. Although both formulations were effective for fish eradication, earlier observations by fisheries managers suggested that the relative effectiveness of the two formulations differs for crayfish. The only noteworthy difference between the formulations is that the former contains a synergist. In our first experiment, we tested each toxicant at the maximum labeled dosage (5 ppm) and found CFT Legumine to be 100% ineffective (0% mortality), while the Chem Fish Regular treatment resulted in 12.5% mortality. After we deemed Chem Fish Regular to be the only toxicant with any effectiveness against virile crayfish, we tested concentrations from 5 to 50 ppm and found 10 times the maximum labeled dosage (50 ppm rotenone) was needed to kill all virile crayfish. Because crayfish burrow and can leave water, and because 100% eradication is usually desired, rotenone applied at the labeled rates will not be effective for crayfish control. However, treating a body of water with CFT Legumine to eradicate invasive fish while leaving desirable crayfish unharmed is possible.
Received May 16, 2014; accepted February 4, 2015
Numerical and Economic Contributions of Wild and Hatchery Pink Salmon to Commercial Catches in Japan Estimated from Mass Otolith Markings
Authors: Ohnuki Tsutomu , Morita Kentaro , Tokuda Hiroshi , Okamoto Yasutaka , Ohkuma Kazumasa 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Evaluating the contribution of wild and hatchery fish to a fishery is essential to understand economic feasibility as well as the impact of hatchery fish on the ecosystem. However, a precise estimate of this contribution is often difficult to obtain, particularly when hatchery and wild fish are mixed in the catch. In this study, we quantified the contribution of hatchery and wild Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha to the mixed-stock commercial fishery in Japan by identifying the ratio of otolith-marked hatchery fish to unmarked and presumably wild fish. The contribution of hatchery fish to the total coastal catch of Pink Salmon in Japan was estimated to be 16.6% and 26.4% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Thus, the majority of the commercial salmon catch originated from naturally spawned wild fish. Economic yield per release by Japanese hatcheries was 2.2 yen (¥2.2) (≈US$0.022) and ¥1.5 in 2011 and 2012.
Received October 5, 2014; accepted February 7, 2015
Comparison of Fish Communities at Random and Nonrandom Locations in a Sand-Bed River
Authors: Archdeacon Thomas P. , Henderson Kjetil R. , Austring Tristan J. , Cook Rebecca L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Surveys based on nonrandom site selection, or convenience samples, are often a necessary part of large-scale monitoring programs to help minimize costs. The reliability of convenience samples to inform managers about distributions or population status of imperiled species is questionable, however, because the samples may not be representative of the whole population. We compared fish community data from 20 nonrandom, long-term monitoring sites for Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus with those from 20 randomly chosen samples collected during two surveys (one in summer, one in autumn) in the Rio Grande, New Mexico. We compared the species richness, community composition, and the catch per unit effort (CPUE). Fish species compositions, which were similar between both sets of summer and autumn surveys, were nearly identical in the autumn surveys. Similarly, we found consistent Rio Grande Silvery Minnow CPUE between surveys; summer random surveys estimated 0.32 fish/100 m2 sampled, whereas summer nonrandom surveys estimated 0.37 fish/100 m2 sampled. In autumn, both surveys showed a marked decline in Rio Grande Silvery Minnow; random surveys found 0.08 fish/100 m2 sampled (95% confidence interval 0.04–0.18), whereas the nonrandom surveys failed to collect any Rio Grande Silvery Minnow. Both surveys showed a reduction in species richness between summer and autumn with a corresponding increase in dominance by Red Shiner Cyprinella lutrensis and a decline in Rio Grande Silvery Minnow. We failed to find any meaningful differences in either fish community or Rio Grande Silvery Minnow CPUE between random and nonrandom sites, suggesting that the long-term, nonrandom locations currently used to monitor the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow population are representative of the middle Rio Grande. We believe our results are applicable to many monitoring programs in systems with a homogeneous distribution of mesohabitats; nonetheless, we recommend that managers assess potential bias in monitoring programs based on convenience samples.
Preparation of Lentinula edodes polysaccharide-calcium complex and its immunoactivity
Authors: Cui Yujiao , Yan Huidan , Zhang Xuewu 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Polysaccharide is a major bioactive component of mushrooms. In this study, for the first time, starting from a new Lentinula edodes polysaccharide L2, we prepared a novel L2–calcium complex and the process was optimized. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry were used for characterization. The immunostimulating activities of L2 and L2–calcium complex were measured by enhancing the production of two cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. While L2–calcium complex significantly stimulates the secretions of TNF-α and IL-6 compared with the control, complex with calcium ion decreased the secretion of them. These facts indicate that calcium ion can modulate immune stimulating activity of Lentinula edodes polysaccharide L2.
Attempts to Improve Survivorship and Condition of Pond-Reared Hybrid Striped Bass during Live Transport
Authors: Barry Kelli , Bowzer John , Trushenski Jesse T 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Anecdotal information from fish growers in Illinois has suggested that pond-reared hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis) are more vulnerable to transportation-related stressors than are cage-reared fish. We conducted two simulated transport experiments to verify these reports and explored ameliorative strategies. In experiment 1, we evaluated changes in blood chemistry and water quality during transport of pond- versus cage-reared hybrid Striped Bass. Replicate trials were conducted on 4 d in August 2013. For each trial, market-size fish (weight = 650 ± 13 g, mean ± SE) were harvested from earthen ponds and floating cages, stocked in a two-compartment, semibaffled, insulated, aluminum live hauler supplied with supplemental oxygenation (density = 97 ± 3 g/L), and held for 8 h. Changes in circulating cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality indicated all fish underwent an acute stress response following harvest and transport, but subtle differences in performance and conditions experienced by pond- versus cage-reared fish suggested greater CO2 accumulation during transport of pond-reared fish may be problematic. Accordingly, in experiment 2, we evaluated changes in blood chemistry and water quality occurring during transport of pond-reared hybrid Striped Bass with or without agitation. The same hauler was fitted with “bull-style” agitators and stocked with market-size, pond-reared fish (weight = 812 ± 12 g, density = 106 ± 3 g/L), and replicate trials were conducted on 4 d in April–May 2014 in a manner otherwise identical to experiment 1. Although agitation mitigated CO2 accumulation and stabilized pH, total ammonia nitrogen equilibrium shifted in favor of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen. Minor differences in blood chemistry were noted, but the use of agitators did not substantially attenuate the stress response observed. Harvest may be a greater stressor than others experienced during transport, and seining may contribute to poorer condition of pond-reared fish during and after transport.
Food Transit Time and Site of Absorption of Nutrients in Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon
Authors: Venero Jesus A , Miles Richard D , Chapman Frank A 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We determined that the average gastrointestinal tract length of 8–11-month-old Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, a subspecies of Atlantic Sturgeon A. oxyrinchus, was approximately 82% of its fork length. The time required for digesta to pass through the digestive tract was approximately 32 h. Defecation was initiated between 8 and 16 h after feeding. The main site for digestion and absorption of energy, dry matter, and crude protein was the spiral valve region of the intestine, as determined by apparent digestibility coefficients. By the time digesta had reached the lower spiral valve most of the energy, dry matter, and crude protein had been absorbed. Morphological examination of the intestine, including the spiral valve region, revealed a highly developed mucosal surface area, which is essential for efficient nutrient digestion and absorption during the extended period required for the digesta to move through the digestive tract.
Explicit lower bounds for linear forms
Authors: Leppälä Kalle 
Published: May 2015

Let

I

\mathbb {I}

be the field of rational numbers or an imaginary quadratic field and

Z

I

\mathbb {Z}_\mathbb {I}

its ring of integers. We study some general lemmas that produce lower bounds
\[

|

B
0

+

B
1

θ
1

+
⋯
+

B
r

θ
r

|
≥

1

max
{
|

B
1

|
,
…
,
|

B
r

|

}
μ

\lvert B_0+B_1\theta _1+\cdots +B_r\theta _r\rvert \ge \frac {1}{\max \{\lvert B_1 \rvert ,\ldots ,\lvert B_r \rvert \}^\mu }

\]
for all

B
0

,
…
,

B
r

∈

Z

I

B_0,\ldots ,B_r \in \mathbb {Z}_{\mathbb {I}}

,

max
{
|

B
1

|
,
…
,
|

B
r

|
}
≥

H
0

\max \{\lvert B_1 \rvert ,\ldots ,\lvert B_r \rvert \} \ge H_0

, given suitable simultaneous approximating sequences of the numbers

θ
1

,
…
,

θ
r

\theta _1,\ldots ,\theta _r

. We manage to replace the lower bound with

1

/

max
{
|

B
1

|

μ
1

,
…
,
|

B
r

|

μ
r

}

1/{\max \{\lvert B_1 \rvert ^{\mu _1},\ldots ,\lvert B_r \rvert ^{\mu _r}\}}

for all

B
0

,
…
,

B
r

∈

Z

I

B_0,\ldots ,B_r \in \mathbb {Z}_{\mathbb {I}}

,

max
{
|

B
1

|

μ
1

,
…
,
|

B
r

|

μ
r

}
≥

H
0

\max \{\lvert B_1 \rvert ^{\mu _1},\ldots ,\lvert B_r \rvert ^{\mu _r}\} \ge H_0

, where the exponents

μ
1

,
…
,

μ
r

\mu _1,\ldots ,\mu _r

are different when the given type II approximating sequences approximate some of the numbers

θ
1

,
…
,

θ
r

\theta _1,\ldots ,\theta _r

better than the others. As an application we research certain linear forms in logarithms. Our results are completely explicit.
French Bioethics
Authors: Orfali Kristina 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on French bioethics, which is considered to have a strong rhetoric of nationalization, self-appointed mission, and explicit opposition to the outside forces of US and Anglo-Saxon bioethics values and models. It describes French bioethics as a centralized state and trusted in the Jacobin tradition as the appropriate defender of the public good that implements human dignity and solidarity. French bioethics has a strongly paternalistic medical profession, which is highly trusted by society to take ethical responsibility for decisions.
Bioethics in the United States
Authors: Jennings Bruce , Moreno Jonathan D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers bioethics in the United States as a political terrain for competing visions of American liberalism. In accordance with the U.S. belief in moral progress, a key social function of U.S. bioethics is to be an agent of progress in respecting individual rights and interests; dedication to reasonable compromise and mutual accommodation; and optimism about individual privacy, free choice, equal opportunity, and liberty ordered by law. U.S. bioethics has become a new discipline and profession because of its ideological service to mainstream American liberalism's public philosophy, advancing the social ideal of the self-sovereign individual.
Interlude
Authors: Barz Gregory 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that we should move beyond medical models in order to approach culturally bound frameworks for understanding HIV/AIDS in localized African contexts. Drawing on case studies in Uganda, it demonstrates how multiple meanings often accompany the indigenization of AIDS in a population. By positioning interventions within the domain of general care and treatment, it highlights the importance of artistic responses to HIV/AIDS. It explores the use of music as medical intervention among women’s groups and its role in reducing HIV infection rates in both rural and urban areas of Uganda. The chapter provides a background on Ugandan music and the appearance of songs about HIV/AIDS in a cross-section of local languages. It shows that singing and dancing have been among the earliest interventions directed at HIV in the country. In both songs and dramas, Ugandans educate, care for, and console one another through music, as they have done for decades.