bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield of CT perfusion for the evaluation of transient ischaemic attack
Authors: Kleinman Jonathan T. , Mlynash Michael , Zaharchuk Greg , Ogdie Alyshia A. , Straka Matus , Lansberg Maarten G. , Schwartz Neil E. , Singh Paul , Kemp Stephanie , Bammer Roland , Albers Gregory W. , Olivot Jean-Marc 
Published: December 2012

Background Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion-weighted imaging are able to identify ischaemic ‘footprints’ in transient ischaemic attack. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) may be useful for patient triage and subsequent management. To date, less than 100 cases have been reported, and none have compared computed tomography perfusion to perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). We sought to define the yield of computed tomography perfusion for the evaluation of transient ischaemic attack. Methods Consecutive patients with a discharge diagnosis of possible or definite transient ischaemic event who underwent computed tomography perfusion were included in this study. The presence of an ischaemic lesion was assessed on non-contrast computed tomography, automatically deconvolved CTPTMax (Time till the residue function reaches its maximum), and when available on diffusion-weighted imaging and PWITMax maps. Results Thirty-four patients were included and 17 underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Median delay between onset and computed tomography perfusion was 4.4 h (Interquartile range [IQR]: 1.9-9.6), and between computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance imaging was 11 h (Interquartile range: 3.8-22). Noncontrast computed tomography was negative in all cases, while CTPTMax identified an ischaemic lesion in 12/34 patients (35%). In the subgroup of patients with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, an ischaemic lesion was found in six (35%) patients using CTPTMax versus nine (53%) on magnetic resonance imaging (five diffusion-weighted imaging, nine perfusion-weighted imaging). The additional yield of CTPTMax over computed tomography angiography was significant in the evaluation of transient ischaemic attack (12 vs. 3, McNemar, P = 0.004). Conclusions CTPTMax found an ischaemic lesion in one-third of acute transient ischaemic attack patients. Computed tomography perfusion may be an acceptable substitute when magnetic resonance imaging is unavailable or contraindicated, and has additional yield over computed tomography angiography. Further studies evaluating the outcome of patients with computed tomography perfusion lesions in transient ischaemic attack are justified at this time.
EPINICIAN AND THE POLIS
Authors: ALONI ANTONIO 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The paper draws up a map situating the surviving epinicia in the various cities where they were performed and discussing the eventual relationship between said performances and the civic context (or part of it) to which they were addressed. This issue is approached on various levels. In particular, the nature of the city is considered and, with a special attention to clients and recipients of the epinicion, an attempt is made to assess the extent to which the city is a strong political structure, featuring a collective identity and shared values and demanding loyal behaviour towards fellow citizens.
CATO AND THE PEOPLE
Authors: VAN DER BLOM HENRIETTE 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Cato the Younger is often depicted as a principled senator and a vehement defender of republican values, but how did he relate to the people of Rome? The ancient sources present a multifaceted picture of this relation and central to these descriptions are Cato's oratorical qualities as a means to communicate with the urban populace. Cato was an effective orator and aware of the various influential tactics available when addressing the crowd, but he was never the people's hero. While he would, at times, promote people-friendly tactics and ingratiate himself with the crowd, this was only a means to his ultimate end: the advancement of his own interpretation of the res publica.
How Does the Variability in Aus Rice Yield Respond to Climate Variables in Bangladesh?
Authors: Sarker Md. A. R. , Alam K. , Gow J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this study, the impacts of climate variables on the mean and variability in Aus variety rice yield in Bangladesh are assessed. Using the theoretical framework of the Just–Pope production function, cross‐sectional time series data on Aus rice yield and maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall at a district level over a period of 38 years are analysed for evidence of rice yield variability as a result of climate change. The findings reveal that minimum temperature and rainfall decrease Aus yield variability. However, maximum temperature appears to increase variability, which may reduce Aus rice production. Therefore, government should create an enabling environment to develop temperature‐tolerant rice varieties for Aus rice crop to ensure ongoing food security.
How Do People Described as having a Learning Disability Make Sense of Friendship?
Authors: Mason Paul , Timms Ken , Hayburn Tracey , Watters Camilla 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundFor many people with learning disabilities, friendships can be limited or restricted, with loneliness being a significant problem. Although much research has been undertaken exploring these issues, little attention has been given to what people with learning disabilities themselves have to say about friendship. The aim of this study is to explore how adults with learning disabilities make sense of ‘friendship’ and their associated experiences.Materials and MethodsEleven participants took part in this study. Ages ranged from between 24 and 62 years (mean = 42). All participants were interviewed on a one‐to‐one basis, with interviews following a semi‐structured format. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the interview data.ResultsFour superordinate themes were identified: the significance of friendship, the effects of friendship on well‐being, power dynamics and autonomy.ConclusionsIn the social lives of people with learning disabilities, friendships have an important role. Other relationships also have significance. Greater efforts are required to support people with learning disabilities to be able to maintain friendships and follow social pursuits of their own choosing.
Spatio‐temporal evolution of Fosterella (Bromeliaceae) in the Central Andean biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Wagner Natascha , Silvestro Daniele , Brie David , Ibisch Pierre L. , Zizka Georg , Weising Kurt , Schulte Katharina 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimTo reconstruct the spatio‐temporal evolution of Fosterella (Bromeliaceae), a genus characterized by a high degree of endemism in the Central Andes, and to account for contemporary patterns of diversity and distribution within the genus.LocationFosterella has its centre of diversity in the Central Andes (24 species), where it occurs in two major biomes: the Yungas and seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF). The genus displays three major disjunctions: Amazonia (one species), Central America (one species), and the Brazilian Shield (five species).MethodsPhylogenetic relationships within Fosterella were inferred based on six plastid DNA regions. Parsimony and likelihood methods, a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock, ancestral area reconstructions, and diversification rate analyses were used to infer the spatio‐temporal evolution of Fosterella.ResultsThe origin of extant lineages of Fosterella was placed in the late Miocene (c. 9.6 Ma) during the last rapid Andean uplift. SDTF and azonal lowland sites were inferred as the most likely ancestral habitats. The Yungas were colonized several times independently from c. 4.7 Ma onwards. Only one clade diversified in the Yungas, indicative of an ecological shift to moister and cooler conditions. Two recent long‐distance dispersals to Central America and to Amazonia were inferred. Diversification rates within Fosterella were found to be constant through time and comparatively low (0.4 species Myr−1).Main conclusionsAllopatric speciation is the main mode of diversification in Fosterella. The isolated distribution of suitable habitats fostered the evolution of a high degree of endemism. The low speciation rates in Fosterella contrast with high diversification rates of Andean high‐elevation taxa but are similar to other Andean low‐ to mid‐elevation taxa. The last rapid Andean uplift did not leave a detectable signature in the diversification rates of Fosterella.
2D numerical computation for flood flow in upper river basin with tributary inflows by using water level hydrographs observed at the main stream
Authors: Uchida T. , Fukuoka S. , Ishikawa T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt is difficult to clarify the characteristics of flood flows in a total river system because of insufficient data for the upper river basin. Numerical analysis is an effective tool for complementing flood observation data in space and time. The objective of this study is to develop an unsteady 2D numerical analysis method for a river with tributary inflows in the upper river basin. The inflow boundary conditions of sharp discharge hydrographs from tributaries were estimated using water level hydrographs obtained from observation stations in the main stream; these stations were installed far downstream from the confluence points. This paper demonstrates that the method could be used to investigate the propagation and transformation of the discharge hydrographs from the main and tributary streams by using the sparse water level hydrographs observed in the main stream. The installation method for the water level observation stations is also discussed.
Inundation analysis of the 2009 Chikusa River flood and comparison of evacuation criteria
Authors: Fujita I. , Ito T. , Sayama T. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Chikusa River in Hyogo Prefecture suffered from extremely heavy rains by Typhoon Number 9 (Typhoon Etau) in 2009. In the Sayo‐cho area, the inundated flood claimed more than 20 lives, many of whom were trying to evacuate from the inundated rising water. To investigate the cause of such a disaster, we paid attention to people's behaviour in two districts. In the Kuzaki district, most of the area was flooded because of a levee breach, but with no loss of life. On the other hand, the Makuyama River Basin yielded more than eight casualties. It was made clear from detailed inundation analyses and interviews with local people that the difference was caused by the previous knowledge about the flood and a sudden rise of fast‐flowing water. In addition, a new criterion of walking difficulty based on a drag force was proposed to show its superiority to the other criteria from a physical viewpoint.
A framework for long‐term scenario analysis in the Taihu Basin, China
Authors: Cheng X.T. , Evans E.P. , Wu H.Y. , Thorne C.R. , Han S. , Simm J.D. , Hall J.W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Taihu Basin, situated on the south side of the Yangtze delta, is a large flood‐prone area that has urbanised rapidly. The risk of flooding is set to increase in future because of continued economic development and the impacts of climate change. Scenario analysis has been adopted to help understand the potential impacts of long‐term change on flood risk, including the effects of climate change and socio‐economic development, thus providing the basis for the development of sustainable flood risk management strategies. This paper describes the flooding processes in the Taihu Basin and sets out strategic questions that the scenario analysis sought to address. It provides an overview of the assessment framework adopted in the China/UK scientific cooperation project ‘China–UK Scenario Analysis Technology for River Basin Flood Risk Management in the Taihu Basin’. Further details of the component studies carried out as part of the project are given in the associated papers in this special issue.
Motor Profile and Drug Treatment of Nursing Home Residents with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Weerkamp Nico J. , Zuidema Sytse U. , Tissingh Gerrit , Poels Petra J. E. , Munneke Marten , Koopmans Raymond T. C. M. , Bloem Bastiaan R. 
Published: December 2012

ObjectivesTo examine the clinical characteristics, motor impairments, and drug treatments of nursing home residents with Parkinson's disease (PD).DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingNursing homes in the southeast of the Netherlands.ParticipantsNursing home residents with PD and a Mini‐Mental State Examination score of 18 or greater seen by a physician with experience in movement disorders.MeasurementsParticipant characteristics, motor function, and dopaminergic medications were assessed. The Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale/SCales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease (SPES‐SCOPA) was used to assess motor impairments and disabilities.ResultsSeventy‐three nursing home residents with PD (mean age 78.7; 45% male; mean disease duration 10.1 years; Hoehn and Yahr 4 (38%) and 5 (49%)) were included. Most residents were severely disabled, 49% being wheelchair bound. According to the SPES‐SCOPA, 44% of residents were “off” (in a motor state in which they are slow and stiff) most of the time. Dyskinesias were encountered infrequently. Most residents were mainly treated with levodopa monotherapy, and daily doses varied widely (20–1,600 mg, mean 673 mg); 25% of residents were treated with less than 400 mg levodopa daily, and 8% received no levodopa at all. The movement disorders specialist considered 32 residents to be possibly undertreated.ConclusionThese findings show that PD in nursing home residents is characterized by severe motor impairment and a high proportion of daily “off” time, which underscores the need for better management of PD in nursing homes, for example within specialized institutions or with periodic consultations by a movement disorders expert.
A potential method to confirm the previous existence of lawsonite in eclogite: the mass imbalance of Sr and LREEs in multistage epidote (Ganghe, Dabie UHP terrane)
Authors: Guo S. , Ye K. , Wu T. F. , Chen Y. , Yang Y. H. , Zhang L. M. , Liu J. B. , Mao Q. , Ma Y. G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLawsonite is an important hydrous mineral that is stable at low‐temperature (LT) and high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure (HP–UHP) conditions in subducted slabs. The occurrence/absence of lawsonite in eclogite is a significant constraint for the construction of the metamorphic, tectonic and fluid/melt evolution histories of an HP–UHP terrane. However, lawsonite is very rarely preserved in natural eclogites, and accurate judgment of its former existence is a significant challenge for petrologists. At present, whether lawsonite has ever existed in lawsonite‐absent eclogite is mainly judged by (i) pseudomorphs after lawsonite, and (ii) phase equilibria modelling. In this study, major element and trace‐element distributions in multistage minerals were examined in the Ganghe lawsonite‐absent UHP eclogite in the Dabie UHP terrane, eastern China. This work demonstrates that the whole‐rock Sr and light rare earth elements (LREEs) are mainly dominated by epidote; other minerals (garnet, omphacite, quartz, kyanite, barroisite, phengite and accessory minerals) play a very limited role in the Sr and LREEs budgets. Two stages of epidote, which have noticeably different Sr and LREEs contents, were recognized in the eclogite: (i) Epidote porphyroblasts (Ep‐P core), which are suspected to be the pseudomorphic mineral after lawsonite, contain significantly high Sr (7200–10 300 ppm) and LREEs (160–1300 ppm for La). (ii) An earlier stage epidote (Ep‐In core) occurs as inclusions in matrix omphacite, or in omphacite inclusions in the suspected pseudomorphic minerals after lawsonite (SPMAL); this early epidote has significantly lower Sr (990–1890 ppm, average 1495 ppm, n = 17) and LREEs contents (60–110 ppm for La, average 91 ppm, n = 17). All of the existing early‐stage minerals predating the SPMAL have very low contents of Sr and LREEs, and the total amounts of these elements in the early‐stage minerals do not balance those in the SPMAL. This indicates that a missing Ca‐, Al‐, Sr‐ and LREE‐rich mineral, which was previously in equilibrium with the early‐stage minerals, likely existed in the Ganghe eclogite. On the basis of the mineral geochemistry and phase equilibria modelling, we confirm that the missing mineral cannot be anything but lawsonite. This study indicates that examining the mass (im)balance of Sr and LREEs between multistage HP–UHP epidote can be used as a potential method to confirm the previous existence of lawsonite in lawsonite‐absent eclogite.
“A Parliament of Man Become a Parliament of Women”: Performing Femininity and the State Through Mediated Civic Ritual inOntario, 1900–1940
Authors: Cairns James 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article analyses representations of bourgeois femininity in early twentieth century newspaper coverage of the ceremonial Opening of the Legislature inOntario,Canada's largest and most populous province. Building on theories that shed light upon the complex processes of material and symbolic reproduction required to reproduce “the idea of the reality of the state,” I argue that mass mediated representations of women's bodies and fashions during this key civic ritual contributed to state formation. The article demonstrates the ways in which newspaper coverage of a particular type of gendered performance reflected and reinforced an imperialist and patriarchal provincial state‐building project.
Expression of the CMV‐CP Gene in Synechocystis 6803 Affects Cyanobacterial Photosynthesis
Authors: Wang Chun‐Mei , Shi Ding‐Ji , Zhu Shui‐Fang , Yie Yin , Tien Po , Wei Ning‐Sheng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPrevious work has shown that the presence of excess coat protein (CP) of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the chloroplasts was related with mosaic symptoms. However, whether these mosaic symptoms are directly induced by the interaction between CP and chloroplasts is unknown. To directly demonstrate the interaction between CP and the chloroplast, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was used as the chloroplast model. The cDNA encoding the CMV‐CP was cloned in a cyanobacterial shuttle vector (pKT‐CP) and transferred to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The CP was expressed in the cyanobacterium with the psbA promoter. The expression of CMV‐CP hindered the growth of transgenic cyanobacterium cells and decreased its photosynthetic rate and the PS II activity. The transgenic cells showed increased fluorescence (F) from the phycobilisome terminal emitters and increased fluorescence (F) from PS II. The absorption spectra at room temperature showed the Chl and the phycocyanin absorption peak of the mutant strain significantly decreased. These results showed that CP may directly affect the cyanobacterium cells and decreased its photosynthesis, especially the PS II activity. These data might provide new evidence for mosaic symptoms being directly induced by the interaction between CP and chloroplasts.
Evaluation of two decellularization methods in the development of a whole‐organ decellularized rat liver scaffold
Authors: Ren Haozhen , Shi Xiaolei , Tao Liang , Xiao Jiangqiang , Han Bing , Zhang Yue , Yuan Xianwen , Ding Yitao 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimHepatic tissue engineering is considered as a possible alternative to liver transplantation for end‐stage liver disease. Several methods of decellularization of xenogeneic liver are available to produce three‐dimensional organ scaffolds for engineering liver tissues. However, rare studies have examined and compared the effectiveness of different methods on the structure and composition of intact decellularized liver extracellular matrix.MethodsTwo decellularization methods were adopted herein. Their effects on collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) content and influence to the function of hepatocytes cultured in scaffolds were examined and compared.ResultsThe complete tissue decellularization was successfully achieved after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X‐100. The total absence of nuclear structures and removal of viable cells were confirmed by haematoxylin‐eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy. Collagen was preserved after both treatments. However, the elastin content decreased to about 20% and 60%, the GAGs content decreased to about 10% and 50% and the HGF content decreased to about 20% and 60% of the native liver level after SDS and Triton X‐100 treatment respectively. The Triton X‐100‐treated scaffolds were much superior than SDS‐treated scaffolds in supporting liver‐specific function, including albumin secretion (P = 0.001), urea synthesis (P = 0.002), ammonia elimination (P = 0.007) and mRNA expression levels of drug metabolism enzymes.ConclusionThis study suggested that liver extracellular matrix scaffolds constructed using perfusion of Triton X‐100 as described herein might provide a more effective and ideal material for the usage in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches.
Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy – still a public health issue
Authors: McAree Trixie , Jacobs Benjamin , Manickavasagar Thubeena , Sivalokanathan Suganthinie , Brennan Lauren , Bassett Paul , Rainbow Sandra , Blair Mitch 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to quantify the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in pregnancy, explore associated risk factors and discuss the public health implications. The study used retrospective analysis of randomly selected data. This is the first report on serum vitamin D levels in an unselected multi‐ethnic population of pregnant women collected between April 2008 and March 2009. Women with sufficient stored serum were randomly selected from among all women who delivered between April 2008 and March 2009. Serum vitamin D levels were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D levels were analysed with respect to ethnicity (marking skin tone), calendar quartile, body mass index (BMI), trimester and parity. Deficiency was defined as <25 nmol L−1, insufficiency 25–75 nmol L−1 and adequacy >75 nmol L−1. Three hundred and forty‐six women were included and represented the total population regarding skin tone, quartile, BMI, gestation and parity. Overall, 18% [95% confidence interval (CI): 15–23%] of sample women had adequate vitamin D levels; 36% were deficient, 45% insufficient. Among women with dark skin, only 8% (95% CI: 5–12%) had adequate levels compared with 43% (95% CI: 33–53%) of those with light skin. Obese women were found have significantly lower vitamin D levels than non‐obese women. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are prevalent year‐round among pregnant women in North West London, especially those with darker skin. Existing supplementation guidelines should be supported; however, other measures are required to improve status among all women.