bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Growth Factors Successfully Treat Nonunions and Delayed Unions
Authors: Desai Pingal , Hasan Saad Mumtaz , Zambrana Lester , Hegde Vishal , Saleh Anas , Cohn Matthew R. , Lane Joseph M. 
Published: March 2015

Background While the gold standard of treatment of nonunion is open autologous bone grafting, studies have shown that injecting bone marrow aspirate concentrates (BMAC) is effective in treating tibial nonunions with fracture gaps less than 5 mm. Questions/Purposes We aim to demonstrate that combining BMAC with osteoinductive agents can effectively treat delayed or nonunion regardless of fracture gap size, nonunion site, or osteoinductive agent used. Methods In this non-randomized retrospective-prospective cohort study, 49 patients with tibial nonunion met the inclusion criteria and underwent BMAC injection with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and/or recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Radiologic healing of the fracture was the primary outcome. Patients were followed until radiographic union was achieved or another procedure was performed. Radiographic healing was defined as bridging of three out of four cortices on anteroposterior and lateral films. Results There was no difference in the healing rate ( p = 0.81) between patients with fracture gaps less than and greater than 5 mm. On multivariate analysis, the use of rhBMP-2 was associated with a lower healing rate compared to DBM ( p = 0.036). Patients who underwent early intervention (within 6 months of fixation) had higher union rates ( p = 0.04). Conclusion This study shows that percutaneous BMAC injection combined with either DBM and/or rhBMP-2 is a safe and effective treatment for delayed or nonunion regardless of the fracture gap size or fracture site. DBM may be superior to rhBMP-2 in this procedure.
Using Sterol Substitution to Probe the Role of Membrane Domains in Membrane Functions
Authors: Kim JiHyun , London Erwin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOrdered membrane lipid domains rich in sphingolipids and sterols (“lipid rafts”) are thought to be important in many biological processes. However, it is often difficult to distinguish domain‐dependent biological functions from ones that have a specific dependence on sterol, e.g. are dependent upon a protein with a function that is dependent upon its binding to sterol. Removing cholesterol and replacing it with various sterols with varying abilities to form membrane domains or otherwise alter membrane properties has the potential to help distinguish these cases. This review describes this strategy, and how it has been applied by various investigators to understand cellular functions.
Transfer of care and offload delay: continued resistance or integrative thinking?
Authors: Schwartz Brian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe disciplines of paramedicine and emergency medicine have evolved synchronously over the past four decades, linked by emergency physicians with expertise in prehospital care. Ambulance offload delay (OD) is an inevitable consequence of emergency department overcrowding (EDOC) and compromises the care of the patient on the ambulance stretcher in the emergency department (ED), as well as paramedic emergency medical service response in the community. Efforts to define transfer of care from paramedics to ED staff with a view to reducing offload time have met with resistance from both sides with different agendas. These include the need to return paramedics to serve the community versus the lack of ED capacity to manage the patient. Innovative solutions to other system issues, such as rapid access to trauma teams, reducing door-to-needle time, and improving throughput in the ED to reduce EDOC, have been achieved by involving all stakeholders in an integrative thinking process. Only by addressing this issue in a similar integrative process will solutions to OD be realized.
BECKER AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Authors: Lee Ronald 
Published: March 2015

It was a different era when Gary Becker did his groundbreaking work on the economics of fertility, during the years from the late 1950 through the early 1990s. There was great concern then about the “population explosion” due to sustained high fertility in the developing world after mortality declined following World War II. In 1968, Paul Ehrlich published “The Population Bomb” predicting disaster and mass starvation due to rapid population growth: “The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s, the world will undergo famines – hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death. . . .” Robert McNamara, then the President of the World Bank, in 1984 said “Short of thermonuclear war itself, population growth is the gravest issue the world faces over the decades immediately ahead. If we do not act, the problem will be solved by famine, riots, insurrection and war.”
Replacing starch with fat in the diet is more effective at enhancing overall performance in finisher than grower pigs
Authors: BROOKE G. , EDWARDS A. C. , PLUSKE J. R. , HOWARTH G. S. , CAMPBELL R. G. , DUNSHEA F. R. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThe addition of supplementary fat to pig diets above current dietary recommendations has generally been viewed in a negative manner because it is considered that the surplus energy will be deposited into adipose tissue, and may therefore be detrimental to carcass value. The current study sought to investigate the effects of adding supplementary fat, in place of starch, to increase the energy density of male and female pig diets on growth performance and carcass quality. A total of 288 Large White × Landrace male and female pigs (boars and gilts) were randomly allocated to pens of 12 pigs each. The effects of (i) sex (gilts v. boars), (ii) added dietary fat level (as tallow; 0 v. 40 and 80 g/kg) and (iii) within added dietary fat level (40 v. 80 g fat/kg), were tested for a 5-week period (Period 1) (n = 4). These diets were formulated to contain 13·5, 14·3 and 15·2 MJ digestible energy/kg for 0, 40 and 80 g added fat/kg, respectively; the calculated standardized ileal digestible lysine content was kept constant at 8·8 g/kg of diet. Thereafter the experiment was designed to test for the same effects over a second 5-week period (Period 2), during which pigs from the initial three treatments were offered the diets with 0 and 40 g added fat/kg. Treatment effects were also assessed over the whole 10 weeks of the study. There was a positive linear effect of dietary fat supplementation in Period 1 on average daily weight gain, whereas dietary fat level in Period 1 had no effect on performance in Period 2, overall, or on carcass weight and P2 backfat thickness (i.e. thickness of fat at 65 mm down the left side from the midline, at the level of the head of the last rib) at 10 weeks. In contrast, supplementation of the diet with 40 g fat/kg during Period 2, regardless of the diet offered in Period 1, increased ADG in the second period and over the entire experiment. There were minimal effects of supplementary fat on feed intake in the entire experiment; however feed conversion ratio (FCR) was influenced by sex over the entire study and tended to be reduced by dietary fat supplementation in Period 2. The diet with 40 g added fat/kg fed in Period 2 increased carcass weight by an average of 2·8 kg and P2 backfat thickness by 1·2 mm. Collectively, the data from the current study suggest that dietary fat supplementation is more effective in finisher pigs than in grower pigs in terms of growth rate, FCR and carcass weight.
Sensitive growth stages and temperature thresholds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for index-based crop insurance in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Authors: VIJAYA KUMAR P. , RAO V. U. M. , BHAVANI O. , DUBEY A. P. , SINGH C. B. , VENKATESWARLU B. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYHigh temperature stress at critical growth stages is a major risk factor for wheat in many wheat growing areas globally. Developing weather indices relating to yield reductions in wheat is an urgent requirement for weather-index-based crop insurance. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) identify critical phenological stage(s) for heat stress, (ii) quantify the impact of heat stress at critical growth stage(s) and (iii) work out thresholds of temperature for obtaining above average, average and below average yield of wheat. For achieving these objectives, 11 years’ experimental data for three cultivars (HD-2285, K-8804 and K-9107) under three sowing dates at the Kanpur Centre located in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India were used. Among the eight phenological stages, the milk stage (growth stage 73) was identified as most sensitive for high maximum and minimum temperatures to adversely affect yield. The rate of yield reduction with unit increase in maximum and minimum temperatures (°C) was found to be highest in K-8804 and lowest in HD-2285. The optimum ranges of maximum temperature during anthesis, milk, dough and maturity stages are 19·7–21·9, 24·2–26·5, 26·1–28·8 and 29·5–30·8 °C, respectively and those for minimum temperature are 4·3–6·2, 8·3–9·7, 11·5–12·4 and 13·0–15·1 °C, respectively. The thresholds of temperature during critical stages and quantification of heat stress on yield will be of use in devising weather-index-based crop insurance products in wheat and also for breeding temperature-stress-resistant genotypes. This method of devising weather indices in the present study can be used in other crops and regions of the world as an adaptation strategy for climate change.
F-actin distribution and function during sexual development inEimeria maxima
Authors: FRÖLICH SONJA , WALLACH MICHAEL 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYTo determine the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in macrogametocyte growth and oocyst wall formation, freshly purified macrogametocytes and oocysts were stained with Oregon Green 514 conjugated phalloidin to visualize F-actin microfilaments, while Evans blue staining was used to detect type 1 wall forming bodies (WFB1s) and the outer oocyst wall. The double-labelled parasites were then analysed at various stages of sexual development using three-dimensional confocal microscopy. The results showed F-actin filaments were distributed throughout the entire cytoplasm of matureEimeria maximamacrogametocytes forming a web-like meshwork of actin filaments linking the type 1 WFBs together into structures resembling ‘beads on a string’. At the early stages of oocyst wall formation, F-actin localization changed in alignment with the egg-shaped morphology of the forming oocysts with F-actin microfilaments making direct contact with the WFB1s. In tissue oocysts, the labelled actin cytoskeleton was situated underneath the forming outer layer of the oocyst wall. Treatment of macrogametocytesin vitrowith the actin depolymerizing agents, Cytochalasin D and Latrunculin, led to a reduction in the numbers of mature WFB1s in the cytoplasm of the developing macrogametocytes, indicating that the actin plays an important role in WFB1 transport and oocyst wall formation inE. maxima.
When a foreign adolescent orphan refuses to be treated: Considerations on a clinical case
Authors: Clerici Carlo Alfredo , Casiraghi Giovanna , Veneroni Laura , Pecori Emilia , Proserpio Tullio , Gandola Lorenza , Massimino Maura 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProviding medical treatment for unaccompanied foreign minors can prove particularly demanding when a patient is not fully compliant. This report describes the case of a 13-year-old boy from Sub-Saharan Africa brought to Italy to receive treatment for a neoplasm. Right from the start, he showed strong oppositional reactions, with aggressive and self-harming behavior. This made it necessary to activate various different psychological, psychiatric, and social-support resources, and to adapt the proposed treatments to the patient's willingness and ability to cooperate. Here we outline the assessments and actions (also from the economic and organizational standpoint) that need to be implemented in any scheme to bring young foreign orphans to Italy for specialist medical care.
Gamma-ray blazars and active galactic nuclei seen by the Fermi-LAT
Authors: Lott B. , Cavazzuti E. , Ciprini S. , Cutini S. , Gasparrini D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe third catalog of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected by the Fermi-LAT (3LAC) is presented. It is based on the third Fermi-LAT catalog (3FGL) of sources detected with a test statistic (TS) greater than 25 using the first 4 years of data. The 3LAC includes 1591 AGNs located at high Galactic latitudes, |b| > 10 (with 28 duplicate associations, thus corresponding to 1563 gamma-ray sources among 2192 sources in the 3FGL catalog), a 71% increase over the second catalog based on 2 years of data. A very large majority of these AGNs (98%) are blazars. About half of the newly detected blazars are of unknown type, i.e., they lack spectroscopic information of sufficient quality to determine the strength of their emission lines. The general properties of the 3LAC sample confirm previous findings from earlier catalogs, but some new subclasses (e.g., intermediate- and high-synchrotron-peaked FSRQs) have now been significantly detected.
The jet–disc connection in AGN
Authors: Sbarrato Tullia , Padovani Paolo , Ghisellini Gabriele 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present our latest results on the connection between the accretion rate and the power of relativistic jets. To this aim we use blazars, whose jet is pointing at us, with visible broad emission lines, along with broad lineless radio–galaxies. We trace the jet power with two proxies (gamma–ray and radio luminosities), while the broad emission lines are a direct measure of the accretion disc luminosity. We find a correlation between the broad emission line and the gamma–ray or luminosities in blazars, suggesting a direct tight connection between the jet and the accretion rate. Only extending our analysis to radio–galaxies, and using as jet tracer the radio luminosity, we are finally able to conclude that jetted AGN can accrete both through a radiatively efficient accretion disc and a hot accretion flow, depending on the accretion rate. We finally observe the transition between the two states among the family of jetted AGN.
Multi-wavelength selection and identification of gamma-ray blazar candidates
Authors: Paggi Alessandro , D'Abrusco R. , Massaro F. , Landoni M. , Milisavljevic D. , Masetti N. , Ricci F. , Jiménez-Bailón E. , Chavushyan V. , Giroletti M. , Smith H. A. , Margutti R. , Tosti G. , Martinéz-Galarza J. R. , Otí-Floranes H. , Grindlay J. E. , Funk S. , Cheung C. C. , Chomiuk L. , Strader J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA significant fraction (~ 30%) of the gamma-ray sources detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is still of unknown origin, being not yet associated with counterparts at lower energies. Many unidentified gamma-ray sources (UGSs) could be blazars, the largest identified population of extragalactic gamma-ray sources and the rarest class of active galactic nuclei. In particular, it has been found that blazars occupy a defined region in WISE three dimensional color space, well separated from that occupied by other sources in which thermal emission prevails. For farther sources with weaker IR emission, additional informations can be obtained combining WISE data with X-ray or radio emission. Alternatively, the low-frequency radio emission can be used for identifying potential gamma-ray candidate blazars. However, optical spectroscopic observations represent the tell-tale tool to confirm the exact nature of these sources. To this end, an extensive observational campaign has been performed with several optical telescopes, aimed at pinpointing the exact nature of gamma-ray candidate blazars selected with the different selection methods mentioned above. The results of this campaign lead to the discovery of 60 new gamma-ray blazars, thus confirming the effectiveness of these selection criteria.
Optical variability of PHL 1811 and 3C 273
Authors: Fan J. H. , Kurtanidze O. , Liu Y. , Yuan Y. H. , Hao J. M. , Cai W. , Xiao H. B. , Pei Z. Y. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this work, we reported the optical photometry monitoring results for two brightest nearby quasars, PHL 1811 and 3C 273 using the ST-6 camera at Abastumani Observatory, Georgia. For PHL 1811, we found 3 microvariability events with time scale of ΔT = 6.0 min. For 3C273, we found that the largest variations are ΔV = 0.369 ± 0.028 mag, ΔR = 0.495 ± 0.076 mag, and ΔI = 0.355 ± 0.009 mag. When periodicity analysis methods are adopted to the available data, a period of p = 5.80 ± 1.12 years is obtained for PHL 1811, and p = 21.10 ± 0.14, 10.00 ± 0.14, 7.30 ± 0.09, 13.20 ± 0.09, 2.10 ± 0.06, and 0.68 ± 0.05 years are obtained for 3C 273.
The variability and periods in the BL Lac AO 0235+164
Authors: Fan J. H. , Kurtanidze O. , Liu X. , Liu Y. , Wang H. T. , Yuan Y. H. , Hao J. M. , Wu D. X. , Cai W. , Xiao H. B. , Pei Z. Y. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVariability is one of the extreme observational properties of BL Lacertae objects. AO 0235+164 is a well studied BL Lac through the whole electro-magnetic wavebands, it is violently variable in the optical bands. In the present work, we show its optical R band photometric observations carried out during the period of Nov. 2006 to Dec. 2012 using the Ap6E CCD camera attached to the primary focus of the 70 cm meniscus telescope at Abastumani Observatory, Georgia. It shows a large variation of ΔR = 4.88 mag (14.20 - 19.08 mag) during our monitoring period. When periodicity analysis methods are adopted to its R observations from our Abastumani monitoring programme and those in the literature, the signs of some periods, P1 = 8.26 yr, P2 = 0.55 yr, P3 = 0.85 yr, P4 = 1.99 yr are found.
Kinematics of kiloparsec-scale jets
Authors: Laing R. A. , Bridle A. H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt has long been known that kiloparsec-scale jets in radio galaxies can be divided into two flavours: strong (found in powerful sources, narrow and terminating in compact hot-spots) and weak (found in low-luminosity sources, flaring, unable to form hot-spots and terminating in diffuse lobes or tails). Both flavours are initially relativistic, but weak jets decelerate to sub-relativistic, transonic speeds by entraining external gas while strong jets remain relativistic and supersonic until they terminate. Much is now known about the kinematics of weak-flavour jets, which can be modelled as intrinsically symmetrical, decelerating relativistic flows, and we summarize the results of our work in this area. Strong-flavour jets are relatively faint and narrow, so it has hitherto proved difficult to obtain the necessary deep, transverse-resolved images in total intensity and linear polarization. The spectacular jets in the radio galaxy NGC 6251 appear to represent a transition case between weak and strong flavours: the jets show no clear evidence for deceleration, but are relatively wide. VLA observations hint at transverse velocity structure with a very fast (Lorentz factor >5) spine surrounded by a slower shear layer. New observations with the upgraded VLA should be able to test this picture.
Rotation measures in AGN jets seen by VLA at 21 cm to 6 mm
Authors: Kravchenko Evgeniya V. , Cotton William D. , Kovalev Yuri Y. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present Faraday rotation measure (RM) properties of seven active galactic nuclei (AGN), observed with the NRAO VLA at three epochs in 2012-2014. Data was taken at 1.4, 2.2, 5.0, 8.2, 15.4, 22.4, 33.5 and 43.1 GHz quasi simultaneously in full polarization mode. For the first time RMs were calculated in a range of wavelengths covering more than one order of magnitude: from 21 cm up to 6 mm. We measured RM for each source and showed a tendency to increase its value toward high frequencies according to the law |RM|~νa with a = 1.6±0.1. For 0710+439, we observed an increase over the frequency range of 4 orders of magnitude and measured one of the highest RM ever, (−89±1)⋅103 rad/m2. Analysis of different epochs shows variations of the value and the sign of RM on short and long time-scales. This may be caused by changing physical conditions in the compact regions of the AGN jets, e.g., strength of magnetic field, particle density and so on.
Diagnosing particle acceleration in relativistic jets
Authors: Böttcher Markus , Baring Matthew G. , Liang Edison P. , Summerlin Errol J. , Fu Wen , Smith Ian A. , Roustazadeh Parisa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe high-energy emission from blazars and other relativistic jet sources indicates that electrons are accelerated to ultra-relativistic (GeV - TeV) energies in these systems. This paper summarizes recent results from numerical studies of two fundamentally different particle acceleration mechanisms potentially at work in relativistic jets: Magnetic-field generation and relativistic particle acceleration in relativistic shear layers, which are likely to be present in relativistic jets, is studied via Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations. Diffusive shock acceleration at relativistic shocks is investigated using Monte-Carlo simulations. The resulting magnetic-field configurations and thermal + non-thermal particle distributions are then used to predict multi-wavelength radiative (synchrotron + Compton) signatures of both acceleration scenarios. In particular, we address how anisotropic shear-layer acceleration may be able to circumvent the well-known Lorentz-factor crisis, and how the self-consistent evaluation of thermal + non-thermal particle populations in diffusive shock acceleration simulations provides tests of the bulk Comptonization model for the Big Blue Bump observed in the SEDs of several blazars.
The sequence of events that led to the 1963 publications in Nature of 3C273, the first quasar and the first extragalactic radio jet
Authors: Hazard Cyril , Jauncey David , Goss W. M. , Herald David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe are undertaking a detailed investigation, based on the available evidence, of the sequence of events that led to the historical discovery of the first quasar, 3C273.
The road to quasars
Authors: Kellermann K. I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough the extragalactic nature of 3C 48 and other quasi stellar radio sources was discussed as early as 1960 by John Bolton and others, it was rejected largely because of preconceived ideas about what appeared to be unrealistically high radio and optical luminosities. Not until the 1962 occultations of the strong radio source 3C 273 at Parkes, which led Maarten Schmidt to identify 3C 273 with an apparent stellar object at a redshift of 0.16, was the true nature understood. Successive radio and optical measurements quickly led to the identification of other quasars with increasingly large redshifts and the general, although for some decades not universal, acceptance of quasars as the very luminous nuclei of galaxies.Curiously, 3C 273, which is one of the strongest extragalactic sources in the sky, was first cataloged in 1959 and the magnitude 13 optical counterpart was observed at least as early as 1887. Since 1960, much fainter optical counterparts were being routinely identified using accurate radio interferometer positions which were measured primarily at the Caltech Owens Valley Radio Observatory. However, 3C 273 eluded identification until the series of lunar occultation observations led by Cyril Hazard. Although an accurate radio position had been obtained earlier with the OVRO interferometer, inexplicably 3C 273 was initially misidentified with a faint galaxy located about an arc minute away from the true quasar position.