bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A global perspective of the changing epidemiology of invasive fungal disease and real-world experience with the use of isavuconazole
Authors: Thompson George R , Chen Sharon C-A , Alfouzan Wadha Ahmed , Izumikawa Koichi , Colombo Arnaldo L , Maertens Johan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Global epidemiological data show that the incidence of invasive fungal disease (IFD) has increased in recent decades, with the rising frequency of infections caused by Aspergillus and Mucorales order species. The number and variety of patients at risk of IFD has also expanded, owing in part to advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and other serious diseases, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and other therapies causing immune suppression. Isavuconazonium sulfate (active moiety: isavuconazole) is an advanced-generation triazole antifungal approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis that has demonstrated activity against a variety of yeasts, moulds, and dimorphic fungi. While real-world clinical experience with isavuconazole is sparse in some geographic regions, it has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in diverse patient populations, including those with multiple comorbidities who may have failed to respond to prior triazole antifungal therapy. Isavuconazole may be suitable for patients with IFD receiving concurrent QTc-prolonging therapy, as well as those on venetoclax or ruxolitinib. Data from clinical trials are not available to support the use of isavuconazole prophylactically for the prevention of IFD or for the treatment of endemic IFD, such as those caused by Histoplasma spp., but real-world evidence from case studies suggests that it has clinical utility in these settings. Isavuconazole is an option for patients at risk of IFD, particularly when the use of alternative antifungal therapies is not possible because of toxicities, pharmacokinetics, or drug interactions.
Late-end reionization with aton-he: towards constraints from Ly α emitters observed with JWST
Authors: Asthana Shikhar , Haehnelt Martin G , Kulkarni Girish , Aubert Dominique , Bolton James S , Keating Laura C 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a new suite of late-end reionization simulations performed with aton-he, a revised version of the GPU-based radiative transfer code aton that includes helium. The simulations are able to reproduce the Ly $\alpha$ flux distribution of the E-XQR-30 sample of QSO absorption spectra at $5 \lesssim z \lesssim 6.2$, and show that a large variety of reionization models are consistent with these data. We explore a range of variations in source models and in the early-stage evolution of reionization. Our fiducial reionization history has a mid-point of reionization at $z = 6.5$, but we also explore an ‘Early’ reionization history with a mid-point at $z = 7.5$ and an ‘Extremely Early’ reionization history with a mid-point at $z = 9.5$. Haloes massive enough to host observed Ly $\alpha$ emitters are highly biased. The fraction of such haloes embedded in ionized bubbles that are large enough to allow high Ly $\alpha$ transmission becomes close to unity much before the volume filling factor of ionized regions. For our fiducial reionization history this happens at $z = 8$, probably too late to be consistent with the detection by JWST of abundant Ly $\alpha$ emission out to $z = 11$. A reionization history in our ‘Early’ model or perhaps even our ‘Extremely Early’ model may be required, suggesting a Thomson scattering optical depth in tension with that reported by Planck, but consistent with recent suggestions of a significantly higher value.
Capture of field stars by dark substructures
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge , Errani Raphaël , Walker Matthew G , Gieles Mark , Boekholt Tjarda C N 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We use analytical and N-body methods to study the capture of field stars by gravitating substructures moving across a galactic environment. The majority of stars captured by a substructure move on temporarily bound orbits that are lost to galactic tides after a few orbital revolutions. In numerical experiments where a substructure model is immersed into a sea of field particles on a circular orbit, we find a population of particles that remain bound to the substructure potential for indefinitely long times. This population is absent from substructure models, initially placed outside the galaxy on an eccentric orbit. We show that gravitational capture is most efficient in dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) on account of their low velocity dispersions and high stellar phase-space densities. In these galaxies, ‘dark’ sub-subhaloes, which do not experience in situ star formation, may capture field stars and become visible as stellar overdensities with unusual properties: (i) they would have a large size for their luminosity, (ii) contain stellar populations indistinguishable from the host galaxy, and (iii) exhibit dark matter (DM)-dominated mass-to-light ratios. We discuss the nature of several ‘anomalous’ stellar systems reported as star clusters in the Fornax and Eridanus II dSphs that exhibit some of these characteristics. DM sub-subhaloes with a mass function ${\rm d}N/{\rm d}M_\bullet \sim M_\bullet ^{-\alpha }$ are expected to generate stellar systems with a luminosity function, ${\rm d}N/{\rm d}M_\star \sim M_\star ^{-\beta }$, where $\beta =(2\alpha +1)/3=1.6$ for $\alpha =1.9$. Detecting and characterizing these objects in dSphs would provide unprecedented constraints on the particle mass and cross-section of a large range of DM particle candidates.
Positive and unlabelled machine learning reveals new fast radio burst repeater candidates
Authors: Sharma Arjun , Rajpaul Vinesh Maguire 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are astronomical radio transients of unknown origin. A minority of FRBs have been observed to originate from repeating sources, and it is unknown which apparent one-off bursts are hidden repeaters. Recent studies increasingly suggest that there are intrinsic physical differences between repeating and non-repeating FRBs. Previous research has used machine learning classification techniques to identify apparent non-repeaters with repeater characteristics, whose sky positions would be ideal targets for future observation campaigns. However, these methods have not sufficiently accounted for the positive and unlabelled (PU) nature of the data, wherein true labels are only available for repeaters. Modified techniques that do not inadvertently learn properties of hidden repeaters as characteristic of non-repeaters are likely to identify additional repeater candidates with greater accuracy. We present in this paper the first known attempt at applying PU-specific machine learning techniques to study FRBs. We train an ensemble of five PU-specific classifiers on the available data and use them to identify 66 repeater candidates in burst data from the CHIME/FRB collaboration, 18 of which were not identified with the use of machine learning classifiers in past research. Our results additionally support repeaters and non-repeaters having intrinsically different physical properties, particularly spectral index, frequency width, and burst width. This work additionally opens new possibilities to study repeating and non-repeating FRBs using the framework of PU learning.
Incidence Rate and Risk Factors for Developing Active Tuberculosis Among People Living With HIV in Georgia 2019–2020 Cohort
Authors: Buziashvili Mariana , Djibuti Mamuka , Tukvadze Nestani , DeHovitz Jack , Baliashvili Davit 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people with HIV (PHIV) globally. Our study is the first to evaluate TB incidence and its risk factors among PHIV in the country of Georgia, where previously no data were available.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted among persons newly diagnosed with HIV in Georgia during 2019–2020. Active TB incidence was calculated within a minimum of 2-year follow-up period from HIV diagnosis. Cox proportional hazard model was used for evaluating risk factors for TB development.

Results
The median age in the final cohort of 1165 PHIV was 38 (interquartile range, 30–48) and 76.3% were male. Twenty-nine percent of patients had a CD4 cell count &lt;200 at HIV diagnosis and 89.9% initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART). TB incidence rate was 10/1000 person-years (p-y; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6–10.4), with rates being higher within several subgroups, mainly: PHIV aged 40–49 years (17.5/1 000 p-y [95% CI, 16.8–18.2]); those not receiving ART (22/1000 p-y [95% CI, 20.9–23.1]); those with CD4 &lt; 200 at baseline (28/1000 p-y [95% CI, 27.4–28.6]); and those who developed AIDS (29.1/1 000 p-y [95% CI, 28.6–29.6]). Age (aHR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03–1.39; P = .01) and AIDS diagnosis (aHR, 3.2; 95% CI, 3.06–27.9; P = .001) were associated with TB development, whereas high CD4 count was protective against TB (aHR, 0.18; 95% CI, .06–.61; P = .005).

Conclusions
Study results highlight an imperative role of CD4 cell count management and the need for early HIV diagnosis and timely initiation of ART to ensure an effective immune response against tuberculosis, stressing the need for further in-depth evaluation of the TB preventive treatment delivery system's efficiency and gaps.
Playing with labels: Identity terms as tools for building agency
Authors: Camp Elisabeth , Flores Carolina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Identity labels like “woman”, “Black,” “mother,” and “evangelical” are pervasive in both political and personal life, and in both formal and informal classification and communication. They are also widely thought to undermine agency by essentializing groups, flattening individual distinctiveness, and enforcing discrimination. While we take these worries to be well-founded, we argue that they result from a particular practice of using labels to rigidly label others. We identify an alternative practice of playful self-labelling, and argue that it can function as a tool for combating oppression by expressing and enhancing individual and collective agency.
Pulmonary delivery of cell membrane-derived nanovesicles carrying anti-miRNA155 oligonucleotides ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Zhuang Chuanyu , Kang Minji , Oh Jihun , Lee Minhyung 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating inflammatory disease. MicroRNA155 (miR155) in alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial cells enhances inflammatory reactions by inhibiting the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in ALI. Anti-miR155 oligonucleotide (AMO155) have been suggested as a potential therapeutic reagent for ALI. However, a safe and efficient carrier is required for delivery of AMO155 into the lungs for ALI therapy. In this study, cell membrane-derived nanovesicles (CMNVs) were produced from cell membranes of LA4 mouse lung epithelial cells and evaluated as a carrier of AMO155 into the lungs. For preparation of CMNVs, cell membranes were isolated from LA4 cells and CMNVs were produced by extrusion. Cholesterol-conjugated AMO155 (AMO155c) was loaded into CMNVs and extracellular vesicles (EVs) by sonication. The physical characterization indicated that CMNVs with AMO155c (AMO155c/CMNV) were membrane-structured vesicles with a size of ∼120 nm. The delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of CMNVs were compared with those of EVs or polyethylenimine (25 kDa, PEI25k). The delivery efficiency of AMO155c by CMNVs was similar to that by EVs. As a result, the miR155 levels were reduced by AMO155c/CMNV and AMO155c/EV. AMO155c/CMNV were administered intratracheally into the ALI models. The SOCS1 levels were increased more efficiently by AMO155c/CMNV than by the others, suggesting that miR155 effectively was inhibited by AMO155c/CMNV. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines were reduced more effectively by AMO155c/CMNV than they were by AMO155c/EV and AMO155c/PEI25k, reducing inflammation reactions. The results suggest that CMNVs are a useful carrier of AMO155c in the treatment of ALI.
The implication of anti-Ro60 with or without anti-Ro52 antibody in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Liao Katie , Li Ning , Bonin Julie , Koelmeyer Rachel , Kent Joanna , Pellicano Rebecca , De Silva Thilinie , Yap Kristy , Golder Vera , Kitching A Richard , Morand Eric F , Hoi Alberta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Anti-Ro60 and anti-Ro52 autoantibodies are frequently used as diagnostic biomarkers for Sjögren’s disease, but their clinical significance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not well characterized.

Methods
Patients fulfilling SLE classification criteria were studied according to their anti-Ro status. We defined Ro positivity (Ro+) as those who have either anti-Ro60 or anti-Ro52 positivity. Patient characteristics and disease outcomes, including High Disease Activity Status (HDAS) defined as an ever attainment of SLEDAI2K ≥10, adjusted mean SLEDAI (AMS), and time-adjusted mean clinical SLEDAI (excluding serologic activities) were compared using linear or logistic regressions. Furthermore, isolated or dual positivity of anti-Ro60 and anti-Ro52 were studied.

Results
Out of 409 patients, 47.2% were Ro+. Ro+ patients were predominantly Asian, had positive dsDNA and hypocomplementemia. They showed a higher likelihood of HDAS (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.10–2.48, P = 0.015), AMS &gt;4 (OR 1.84, 1.18–2.88, P = 0.007) and more frequent use of glucocorticoids (OR 1.87, 1.16–3.03, P = 0.011) and immunosuppressants (OR 2.0, 1.26–3.17, P = 0.003). Additionally, 24.4% of Ro+ patients experienced sicca symptoms, and hypergammaglobulinemia was significantly more common. Multivariate analysis confirmed that Asian ethnicity, severe flares, AMS, hypocomplementemia, rheumatoid factor, proteinuria, leucopenia and sicca symptoms were significantly linked to Ro positivity.

Conclusion
Anti-Ro positivity is associated with higher disease activity and increased treatment needs. Ro positivity correlates with laboratory abnormalities such as hypocomplementemia and leucopenia. These findings highlight the importance of anti-Ro60/Ro52 testing in the clinical evaluation of SLE.
Ejaculatory-sparing transurethral prostatectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ramez Mohamed , Abolazm Ahmed E , El-Nahas Ahmed R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent urologic condition leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Transurethral prostatectomy has been a cornerstone for surgical management of LUTS due to BPH. A growing interest has recently emerged to develop a surgical approach that can decrease the effect on sexual and ejaculatory functions while maintaining its efficacy in treating LUTS.

Objective
The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess patient-reported outcomes of ejaculatory-sparing transurethral prostatectomy in management of BPH.

Methods
Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically until July 6, 2024. Randomized controlled trials reporting data on ejaculatory-sparing techniques during transurethral prostatectomy were included. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was used for quality assessment. The meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager software. Numerical data were analyzed by standardized mean difference (SMD), while the risk ratio was used for analysis of categorical data. Fixed or random effects models were used according to heterogeneity.

Results
Five randomized controlled trials were included with 274 patients. No statistically significant differences were found between groups for International Prostate Symptom Score (SMD, 0.07; 95% CI, –0.45 to 0.59; P = .79), Qmax (SMD, –0.53; 95% CI, –1.11 to 0.06; P = .08), and International Index of Erectile Function (SMD, 0.89; 95% CI, –0.07 to 1.84; P = .07). Ejaculation was better preserved in ejaculatory-sparing techniques (risk ratio, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.12-0.30; P &lt; .00001).

Conclusions
Ejaculatory-sparing transurethral prostatectomy techniques are feasible to preserve ejaculation while improving outcomes without compromising functional voiding outcomes.
Emerging trends in pediatric candidemia: mapping the rise in Candida parapsilosis incidence and antifungal resistance in Turkey
Authors: Önal Pınar , Aygün Fatma Deniz , Sever Gözde Apaydın , Eren Beste Akdeniz , Kes Gülşen , Aygün Fatih , Zübarioğlu Tanyel , Beşer Ömer Faruk , Ocak Süheyla , Yazgan Zeynep , Zeybek Çiğdem Aktuglu , Aygün Gökhan , Camcıoğlu Yıldız , Çokuğraş Haluk 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Candidemia is emerging as a significant concern in children, particularly among those with underlying conditions like malignancies or prematurity. The interpretation of epidemiological data on candidemias and their antifungal resistance plays a vital role in aiding diagnosis and guiding clinicians in treatment decisions. From 2014 to 2021, a retrospective analysis was conducted in İstanbul, Turkey; comparing Candida albicans and non-albicans (NAC) spp in both surviving and deceased groups. Furthermore, an examination of Candida parapsilosis and other species was performed, assessing various clinical and laboratory parameters. Among 93 patients, with a median age of 17 months, C. parapsilosis emerged as the predominant isolated species (44%), followed by C. albicans (34.4%). Resistance to fluconazole, voricanozole, and echinocandins, along with a history of broad-spectrum antibiotic use were found to be significantly higher in the non-albicans Candida group compared to C. albicans group. In the C. parapsilosis group, statistically lower age was identified in comparison to the other groups (P = .018). In addition, high fluconazole and voriconazole resistance was detected in Candida parapsilosis spp. Our study highlights a notable prevalence of C. parapsilosis, particularly in younger children, which is different from similar studies in childhood. This trend may be attributed to the common use of total parenteral nutrition and central venous catheter in gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, as anticipated, high azole resistance is noted in C. parapsilosis and other non-albicans Candida species. Interestingly, resistance to both amphotericin B and echinocandins within this group has been notably high. It is crucial to emphasize the considerable antifungal resistance seen in C. parapsilosis isolates.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity, dietary behaviors, and physical activities among sixth graders: a cross-sectional study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc-Trinh T , Nguyen Trang H H D , Pham Lan-Anh T , Dibley Michael J , Tang Hong K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents has been increasing worldwide and is a significant public health challenge. Obesity is linked to several non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on three growth references and described physical activities and dietary patterns among sixth graders in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). From 2018 to 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 1375 students from 16 junior high schools in HCMC. We applied Probability Proportional to Size sampling to select schools. Anthropometric measurements, pubertal status assessment, and diet and physical activity data were collected through Food Frequency and Physical Activity Questionnaires. The study revealed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among grade 6 students, with ∼45%–56% of students classified as overweight or obese using various growth references. Moreover, most students did not meet the World Health Organization’s physical activity and sedentary behavior recommendations. Most students spent &lt;60 min/day on moderate to vigorous physical activity, and over 70% spent at least 120 min/day on sedentary activities during weekdays and weekends. The diet of the students was also imbalanced, with high intakes of protein, lipids, and carbohydrates and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Nutritionists and policymakers should inform and encourage opportunities for healthier food and more daily activity for children, starting before the sixth-grade, so they can learn how to make healthier choices and change their behavior before they reach adolescence.
Medicaid Reimbursement for Common Orthopaedic Trauma Procedures Is 16.0% Less Compared With Medicare With Substantial Variability Between States
Authors: Moore Michael Lane , Henderson Adam , Haglin Jack M. , Brinkman Joseph C. , Van Schuyver Paul R. , Bingham Joshua S. , Miller Brian 
Published: August 2024

OBJECTIVES:
This study seeks to evaluate the variability of Medicaid reimbursement and compare it with Medicare reimbursement using the 20 most commonly billed orthopaedic trauma Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes nationwide. The authors anticipate significant variability between states and hypothesize that Medicaid payment will be significantly less than Medicare payment.

METHODS:
The top 20 most common orthopaedic trauma surgery procedural codes were identified from a previous analysis performed by Haglin et al. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician Fee Schedule was used to determine reimbursement rates from Medicare, and state Medicaid fee schedules were used to determine reimbursement rates for Medicaid. State Medicaid rates were compared with their corresponding Medicare rates to determine a dollar difference. In addition, the dollar difference for each CPT code was divided by its respective physician relative value unit. This was used to acknowledge the possible variability in the complexity of orthopaedic procedures and the related physician effort. The Medicare Wage Index was used to adjust Medicaid rates based on the cost of living for the state as well. Coefficients of variation were calculated to represent overall variability in Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement rates.

RESULTS:
The mean reimbursement rates for Medicaid were lower for all 20 procedures compared with Medicare. On average, Medicaid reimbursed 16.0% less than Medicare and 29.6% less when adjusting for cost of living. MCD reimbursed at a higher rate than MCR for all procedures in only 9 states (Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, and South Dakota) while 38 states reimbursed at a lower rate than MCR, on average. The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.24 to 0.34 for the Medicaid unadjusted group and from 0.35 to 0.46 for the Medicare Wage Index–adjusted group. By contrast, the Medicare group was consistent at 0.06 for all 20 procedures. The average dollar difference across the 20 CPT codes for Medicaid reimbursement compared with Medicare reimbursement ranged from −$76.89 to −$225.17, and the dollar difference per relative value unit ranged from −$5.96 to −$15.16.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study found a high amount of variation between state Medicaid reimbursement rates and average rates that were significantly lower than Medicare reimbursement rates for the top 20 most used orthopaedic trauma CPT codes as identified by Haglin et al. The discrepancy in reimbursement was increased when Medicaid rates were adjusted for state cost of living.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Prognostic, Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.