bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix of ℤ-module1
Authors: Futa Yuichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: July 2015

Summary
In this article, we formalize a matrix of ℤ-module and its properties. Specially, we formalize a matrix of a linear transformation of ℤ-module, a bilinear form and a matrix of the bilinear form (Gramian matrix). We formally prove that for a finite-rank free ℤ-module V, determinant of its Gramian matrix is constant regardless of selection of its basis. ℤ-module is necessary for lattice problems, LLL (Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász) base reduction algorithm and cryptographic systems with lattices [22] and coding theory [14]. Some theorems in this article are described by translating theorems in [24], [26] and [19] into theorems of ℤ-module.
Dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinazoline-5,11-dione derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors targeting hepatitis B virus
Authors: Zhang Jun-Fei , Liu Bo , Chen Cong-Xin 
Published: July 2015

<p>The construction of dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinazoline-5,11-dione derivatives (4a–4m), by the condensation isatoic anhydride, appropriate amines and 2-formylbenzoic acid by using silica sulfuric acid as catalyst was reported. These dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinazoline-5,11-dione derivatives (DIQ) were identified as potent inhibitors of HBV capsid assembly. The newly synthesized dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinazoline-5,11-dione derivatives 4a-4m were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, and Mass spectrum and evaluated for their anti-HBV activity. Majority of the synthesized compounds inhibited the expression of viral antigens at low concentration. But five compounds, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4f, and 4m were shown potent inhibition of HBV DNA replication at submicromolar range. Of these compounds, compound 4a was the most active when compared with lamivudine.</p><p> </p><p> </p>
IL-4 Downregulates IL-1β and IL-6 and Induces GATA3 in Psoriatic Epidermal Cells: Route of Action of a Th2 Cytokine
Authors: Onderdijk Armanda J. , Baerveldt Ewout M. , Kurek Dorota , Kant Marius , Florencia Edwin F. , Debets Reno , Prens Errol P. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Clinical improvement of psoriasis induced by IL-4 treatment has been ascribed to changes in dermal inflammatory cells, such as activation of Th2 cells and tolerization of dendritic cells by suppressing IL-23 production. The pathologic epidermal alterations in psoriatic lesional skin include increased epidermal expression of IL-1β, IL-6, S100A7, and human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) and a downregulated expression of the epidermal transcription factor GATA3. Effects of IL-4 on the epidermal compartment of psoriasis lesions were not previously investigated. Therefore, we investigated whether IL-4 directly affects abovementioned psoriatic markers in the epidermal compartment. We cultured freshly isolated psoriatic epidermal cells, whole psoriatic and healthy skin biopsies, human keratinocytes and Langerhans cells with IL-4. The secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 by psoriatic epidermal cells was inhibited by IL-4 via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, respectively. In normal skin, IL-4 inhibited IL-1β- and IL-17A–induced hBD2 expression in vitro. In addition, IL-4 reduced the protein expression of hBD2 in psoriatic skin biopsies and induced phospho-STAT6 protein. Epidermal GATA3 mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated by IL-4 in epidermal cells and keratinocytes. Our data argue that IL-4 improves psoriasis not only via modification/induction of Th2 cells and type II dendritic cells, but also via direct inhibition of inflammatory cytokines in resident IL-4R–expressing epidermal cells and thereby alters the psoriatic skin phenotype toward a healthy skin phenotype.
Peripherally Induced Tolerance Depends on Peripheral Regulatory T Cells That Require Hopx To Inhibit Intrinsic IL-2 Expression
Authors: Jones Andrew , Opejin Adeleye , Henderson Jacob G. , Gross Cindy , Jain Rajan , Epstein Jonathan A. , Flavell Richard A. , Hawiger Daniel 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can induce peripheral immune tolerance that prevents autoimmune responses. Ag presentation by peripheral DCs under steady-state conditions leads to a conversion of some peripheral CD4+ T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs) that require homeodomain-only protein (Hopx) to mediate T cell unresponsiveness. However, the roles of these peripheral Tregs (pTregs) in averting autoimmune responses, as well as immunological mechanisms of Hopx, remain unknown. We report that Hopx+ pTregs converted by DCs from Hopx− T cells are indispensible to sustain tolerance that prevents autoimmune responses directed at self-Ags during experimental acute encephalomyelitis. Our studies further reveal that Hopx inhibits intrinsic IL-2 expression in pTregs after antigenic rechallenge. In the absence of Hopx, increased levels of IL-2 lead to death and decreased numbers of pTregs. Therefore, formation of Hopx+ pTregs represents a crucial pathway of sustained tolerance induced by peripheral DCs, and the maintenance of such pTregs and tolerance requires functions of Hopx to block intrinsic IL-2 production in pTregs.
IL-17–Producing Vγ4+ γδ T Cells Require Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 for Their Egress from the Lymph Nodes under Homeostatic and Inflammatory Conditions
Authors: Maeda Yasuhiro , Seki Noriyasu , Kataoka Hirotoshi , Takemoto Kana , Utsumi Hiroyuki , Fukunari Atsushi , Sugahara Kunio , Chiba Kenji 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Conventional αβ T cells require sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1P1) for circulation through the lymph nodes (LN); however, it is unclear whether γδ T cells use similar mechanisms. In this study, we found that treatment with fingolimod (FTY720, 1 mg/kg, orally) markedly reduced not only conventional CD4 T cells but also circulating γδ T cells (Vγ4+ and Vγ4− subsets) in the blood of mice. In contrast, IL-17+Vγ4+, IL-17+Vγ4−, and IL-17−Vγ4− subsets were significantly accumulated in the LN after 6 h of FTY720 treatment. By skin application of a synthetic TLR7/8 agonist, Vγ4+ γδ T cells (IL-17+ and IL-17− subsets) were accumulated and expanded in the draining LN (DLN), whereas the IL-17+ subset predominantly migrated to the inflamed skin. FTY720 induced a marked sequestration of IL-17–producing Vγ4+ γδ T cells in the DLN and inhibited their infiltration into the inflamed skin. Similarly, FTY720 inhibited infiltration of Vγ4+ γδ T cells into the CNS by their sequestration into the DLN in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Vγ4+ γδ T cells expressed a significant level of S1P1 and showed a migratory response toward S1P. FTY720 treatment induced almost complete downregulation of S1P1 expression and S1P responsiveness in Vγ4+ γδ T cells. Our findings strongly suggest that IL-17–producing Vγ4+ γδ T cells require S1P1 for their egress from the LN under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Consequently, inhibition of S1P1-dependent egress of pathogenic IL-17–producing Vγ4+ γδ T cells from the DLN may partly contribute the clinical therapeutic effects of FTY720 in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Foxo1 Is a T Cell–Intrinsic Inhibitor of the RORγt-Th17 Program
Authors: Lainé Alexandra , Martin Bruno , Luka Marine , Mir Lucile , Auffray Cédric , Lucas Bruno , Bismuth Georges , Charvet Céline 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An uncontrolled exaggerated Th17 response can drive the onset of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we show that, in T cells, Foxo1 is a negative regulator of the Th17 program. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras and Foxo1-deficient mice, we demonstrate that this control is effective in vivo, as well as in vitro during differentiation assays of naive T cells with specific inhibitor of Foxo1 or inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt pathway acting upstream of Foxo1. Consistently, expressing this transcription factor in T cells strongly decreases Th17 generation in vitro as well as transcription of both IL-17A and IL-23R RORγt-target genes. Finally, at the molecular level, we demonstrate that Foxo1 forms a complex with RORγt via its DNA binding domain to inhibit RORγt activity. We conclude that Foxo1 is a direct antagonist of the RORγt-Th17 program acting in a T cell–intrinsic manner.
A Study to determine the Prevalence of Malocclusion and Chief Motivational Factor for Desire of Orthodontic Treatment in Jaipur City, India
Authors: Sharma Kuldeep , Sharma Ruchi , Yadav Dhruv , Choudhary Abhilasha , Singh Swapnil 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Prevalence of malocclusion varies in different parts of a diverse country like India.

Aims
To determine the prevalence of malocclusion in population of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India, as well as subjects views regarding the most important factor for seeking orthodontic treatment by patients who have malocclusion.

Materials and methods
The sample consisted of 700 subjects (373 males and 327 females) with age group of 15 to 30 years. Subjects were randomly selected and none of them had received orthodontic treatment previously. The subjects who showed bilateral Angle's class I molar relationship with acceptable overjet, overbite and well-aligned arches or minimal crowding were considered to have normal occlusion. The subjects with malocclusion were classified into four groups according to Angle's classification, i.e. class I, class II division 1, class II division 2 and class III malocclusions.

Results
About 74.57% of population was found to have malocclusion. Among these subjects, 52.57% subjects were diagnosed with class I malocclusion, 12.57% with class II division 1 malocclusion, 8% with class II division 2 and remaining 1.42% had class III malocclusion. No statistically significant differences were found between male and female subjects.

Conclusion
Among class I malocclusion characteristics, Angle's class I type 1 malocclusion was statistically significantly found to be the most prevalent type of malocclusion. As far as the most important factor for seeking orthodontic treatment was determined, a desire of enhancing facial appearance followed by a desire of attaining straight teeth was considered to be the chief motivational factor among this population.

How to cite this article
Sharma R, Sharma K, Yadav D, Choudhary A, Singh S. A Study to determine the Prevalence of Malocclusion and Chief Motivational Factor for Desire of Orthodontic Treatment in Jaipur City, India. World J Dent 2015; 6(2):87-92.
Tooth Mortality: An Analysis of Reasons underlying the Extraction of Permanent Teeth
Authors: Manekar Varsha Sunil , Kende Prajwalit , Kulkarni Seema 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
The patients loose tooth/teeth for various reasons at different year of age. The most common reason are caries and periodontal disease. There is debate on the main cause out of these two. This may vary depending on other variables like age, food habits, general condition. The other causes of tooth extraction are failure of endodontics, fracture, infection. Some disease free teeth need to be sacrificed for orthodontic or prosthetic treatment plan. There is need of evaluation of reasons for tooth mortality. This will be the indicator of status of oral health awareness among population and success of oral healthcare delivered. In a prospective survey at our department collected data of 1186 subjects undergoing extractions of tooth/teeth. This data were evaluated for age and gender distribution, prevalence of reason for extraction and that of each tooth type in both arches.

Aim
The aim of survey is to study of prevalence and reasons of extraction of teeth according to age groups. In this prospective survey, the data were collected from the outpatient registration desk of extraction room of department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, India. The assessment of the data was done by a single senior faculty. The data were analyzed for age, gender, reason for extraction and tooth/teeth extracted. Total 1,568 extractions were performed on 1,186 subjects.

Conclusion
The dental caries and its sequel is the principal reason for extraction of teeth followed by periodontal disease. The first molar of both arches is the tooth extracted most frequently for caries and its sequel in young age group of 15 to 25 years.

How to cite this article
Manekar VS, Kende P, Kulkarni S. Tooth Mortality: An Analysis of Reasons underlying the Extraction of Permanent Teeth. World J Dent 2015;6(2):93-96.
An Atypical Case of Partial Displacement and Wash-out of the Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-based Sealer in Endodontic Surgery
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , Kuga Milton Carlos , Guiotti Flávia Angélica , Dantas Andrea Abi Rached , Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Jordão-Basso Keren Cristina Fagundes , Venção Ana Carolina , Magro Miriam Graziele 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
This clinical report described an atypical case where the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based sealer added with 20% calcium hydroxyde was used for retrograde filling. The patient was subjected to endodontic surgery to remove persistent apical lesion. After the apicoetomy and apical cavity preparation using an ultrasonic device, MTA-based sealer (MTA Fillapex) added with 20% calcium hydroxide (w/w) was used for retrograde filling. After 48 hours, the radiographic analysis showed partial displacement and wash-out of sealer. The case was only clinically controlled and no surgery was performed. After 10 months, the postoperative control showed reduction of periapical radiolucent image and absence of symptoms, radiographic and clinical signs, presented bone periradicular repair showing partial absence of the sealer in cavity retrograde.

How to cite this article
Guiotti FA, Kuga MC, Magro MG, Venção AC, Tonetto MR, Jordão-Basso KCF, Bandeca MC, Dantas AAR. An Atypical Case of Partial Displacement and Wash-out of the Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-based Sealer in Endodontic Surgery. World J Dent 2015;6(2):108-111.
Functional Rehabilitation of Mandibular Molar with separated Instrument and External Root Resorption
Authors: Ramugade Manoj Mahadeo , Metkari Sachin Shashikant , Kamble Praneeta S , Meena Rajesh Kumar 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
Procedural errors like separated instrument have always been a hindrance for successful endodontic therapy. However, it becomes more challenging when there is an added condition of root resorption in the same root in which instrument is separated. Here, we present and discuss such a case where instrument retrieval was unsuccessful and had to restore to surgical techniques like hemisection and extraction of affected root of the tooth followed by prosthetic rehabilitation.

How to cite this article
Metkari SS, Kamble PS, Meena RK, Ramugade MM. Functional Rehabilitation of Mandibular Molar with Separated Instrument and External Root Resorption. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2015;5(1):27-30.
Effects of Adding Resorbable Phosphate Glass Fibres and PLA to Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements
Authors: Hasan Muhammad Sami , Carpenter Nicholas , Wei Teo Ling , McNally Donal , Ahmed Ifty , Boszczyk Bronek M. 
Published: July 2015

Background Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), due to their biocompatibility and degradation properties, are being widely investigated as a replacement to more commonly used polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for vertebroplasty. CPCs have shown the potential to be replaced by host bone tissue during the healing/remodelling process. However, brittleness and comparatively low strength restrict the use of CPC in load-bearing applications. Although porous CPC can integrate with bone over time, slow degradation profiles and poor interconnectivity between pores restricts osseointegration to the top layer of CPC only. Methods Polylactic acid (PLA) and phosphate glass fibres (PGFs) were incorporated in a CPC matrix to overcome the problem of inherent brittleness and limited osseointegration. Results Incorporation of PLA and PGFs within CPC was successful in achieving a much less brittle CPC matrix without affecting the mechanical properties of CPC. The area under the stress-strain curve showed that the total energy to failure of the CPC hybrid was significantly greater than that of the CPC control. Conclusions The methodology adopted here to add PLA within the CPC matrix may also allow for incorporation of PLA cross-linked biochemicals. Micrographic studies revealed that it was possible to confer control over pore size, shape and interconnectivity without negatively affecting the mechanical properties of the cement. This tailorable porosity could potentially lead to better osseointegration within CPC.
Why Vascular Access Trials on Flow Surveillance Failed
Authors: Krivitski Nikolai 
Published: July 2015

Introduction Since the introduction of access flow surveillance technology for routine patient screening in 1995, more than 30 clinical trials have been presented in peer reviewed journals. Despite overall positive outcomes, some trials, including randomized control trials (RCTs), failed to produce positive outcomes for access surveillance. The purpose of this study is to analyze published data related to the main component of access surveillance–-adequate increase of access flow after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Results A total of nine studies for arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) that include 350 accesses and nine studies for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) that included 503 accesses were considered for analysis from 14 publications. Practically, all reference data find high sensitivity (>90%) of access flow measurement to predict 50% stenosis. Mean access flow increase after PTA in AVGs was 319 ml/min (from 238 to 524 ml/min). Mean access flow increase in AVFs was 331 ml/min (from 195 to 402 ml/min). Relative flow increase in AVFs was 1.6 times greater than in AVGs. The authors of failed RCT for AVGs either did not select patients for PTA based on KDOQI guidelines and did not provide/analyze PTA flow results data, or reveal data that obviously show failure of PTA to adequately improve access flow. Summary Access flow surveillance successfully identifies patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis. PTA performed on AVFs produce better hemodynamic results than in AVGs. Inadequate flow increases during PTA and not following KDOQI guidelines are major contributing factors for failed AVG randomized tails. Radiologists should use objective means for flow evaluation during PTA.
Gloss (à partir de quelques photos d’Ann Hamilton)
Authors: Armstrong Philip , Popovici-Toma Cosmin 
Published: July 2015

À travers une lecture attentive de la série Face to Face d’Ann Hamilton – des photographies prises en exposant une pellicule photosensible posée dans la bouche de l’artiste – et suivant la réflexion de Jean-Luc Nancy sur la bouche dans Ego sum, ce texte traite de la relation entre « la matière photographique » et la question de l’ekphrasis. En prêtant attention aux manières dont la photographie vient au jour à travers les conditions de son énonciation, Face to Face déplace l’agencement temporel traditionnel de l’ekphrasis, où la représentation verbale tente de saisir la représentation visuelle. Ces photographies font plutôt passer au premier plan les conditions performatives de l’écriture ekphrastique, en déplaçant l’accent mis sur la description vers des questions d’exposition, de glossolalie et de parole.
On the symmetry of ionospheric polar cap patch exits around magnetic midnight
Authors: Moen J. , Hosokawa K. , Gulbrandsen N. , Clausen L. B. N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper we examine how polar cap patches, which have been frozen into the antisolar flow over the polar cap, are transported into the nighttime auroral oval. First we present a detailed case study from 12 January 2002, with continuous observations of polar cap patches exiting into the nighttime auroral oval in the Scandinavian sector. Satellite images of the auroral oval and all‐sky camera observations of 630.0 nm airglow patches are superimposed onto Super Dual Auroral Radar Network convection maps. These composite plots reveal that polar cap patches exit on both the dusk and on the dawn convection cells. Then we present statistics based on 8 years of data from the meridian scanning photometer at Ny‐Aalesund, Svalbard, to investigate the possible interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By influence on the distribution of patch exits around magnetic midnight. The magnetic local time distribution of patch exits is almost symmetric around magnetic midnight, independent of IMF By polarity. Synthesizing these observations with previous results, we propose a three‐step mechanism for why patch material exits symmetrically around midnight. First, intake of patch material occurs on both convection cells for both IMF By polarities. Second, plasma intake by transient magnetopause reconnection stretches the newly cut polar cap patches into dawn‐dusk elongated forms during their transport into the polar cap. And finally at exit, dawn‐dusk elongated patches are split and diverted toward both the dawn and dusk flanks when grabbed by transient tail reconnection.
Reintroducing radiometric surface temperature into the Penman‐Monteith formulation
Authors: Mallick Kaniska , Boegh Eva , Trebs Ivonne , Alfieri Joseph G. , Kustas William P. , Prueger John H. , Niyogi Dev , Das Narendra , Drewry Darren T. , Hoffmann Lucien , Jarvis Andrew J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHere we demonstrate a novel method to physically integrate radiometric surface temperature (TR) into the Penman‐Monteith (PM) formulation for estimating the terrestrial sensible and latent heat fluxes (H and λE) in the framework of a modified Surface Temperature Initiated Closure (STIC). It combines TR data with standard energy balance closure models for deriving a hybrid scheme that does not require parameterization of the surface (or stomatal) and aerodynamic conductances (gS and gB). STIC is formed by the simultaneous solution of four state equations and it uses TR as an additional data source for retrieving the “near surface” moisture availability (M) and the Priestley‐Taylor coefficient (α). The performance of STIC is tested using high‐temporal resolution TR observations collected from different international surface energy flux experiments in conjunction with corresponding net radiation (RN), ground heat flux (G), air temperature (TA), and relative humidity (RH) measurements. A comparison of the STIC outputs with the eddy covariance measurements of λE and H revealed RMSDs of 7–16% and 40–74% in half‐hourly λE and H estimates. These statistics were 5–13% and 10–44% in daily λE and H. The errors and uncertainties in both surface fluxes are comparable to the models that typically use land surface parameterizations for determining the unobserved components (gS and gB) of the surface energy balance models. However, the scheme is simpler, has the capabilities for generating spatially explicit surface energy fluxes and independent of submodels for boundary layer developments.
Zeta potential in intact natural sandstones at elevated temperatures
Authors: Vinogradov Jan , Jackson Matthew D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe report measurements of the zeta potential of natural sandstones saturated with NaCl electrolytes of varying ionic strengths at temperatures up to 150°C. The zeta potential is always negative but decreases in magnitude with increasing temperature at low ionic strength (0.01 M) and is independent of temperature at high ionic strength (0.5 M). The pH also decreases with increasing temperature at low ionic strength but remains constant at high ionic strength. The temperature dependence of the zeta potential can be explained by the temperature dependence of the pH. Our findings are consistent with published models of the zeta potential, so long as the temperature dependence of the pH at low ionic strength is accounted for and can explain the hitherto contradictory results reported in previous studies.