bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-Atomic Resolution Cryo-Electron Microscopic Structure of Dengue Serotype 4 Virus
Authors: Kostyuchenko Victor A. , Chew Pau Ling , Ng Thiam-Seng , Lok Shee-Mei 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne virus, is responsible for millions of cases of infections worldwide. There are four DENV serotypes (DENV1 to -4). After a primary DENV infection, the antibodies elicited confer lifetime protection against that DENV serotype. However, in a secondary infection with another serotype, the preexisting antibodies may cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection of macrophage cells, leading to the development of the more severe form of disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever. Thus, a safe vaccine should stimulate protection against all dengue serotypes simultaneously. To facilitate the development of a vaccine, good knowledge of different DENV serotype structures is crucial. Structures of DENV1 and DENV2 had been solved previously. Here we present a near-atomic resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of mature DENV4. Comparison of the DENV4 structure with similar-resolution cryo-EM structures of DENV1 and DENV2 showed differences in surface charge distribution, which may explain their differences in binding to cellular receptors, such as heparin. Also, observed variations in amino acid residues involved in interactions between envelope and membrane proteins on the virus surface correlate with their ability to undergo structural changes at higher temperatures.
Effects of Alpha Interferon Treatment on Intrinsic Anti-HIV-1 Immunity
In Vivo
Authors: Abdel-Mohsen Mohamed , Deng Xutao , Liegler Teri , Guatelli John C. , Salama Mohamed S. , Ghanem Hussam El-din A. , Rauch Andri , Ledergerber Bruno , Deeks Steven G. , Günthard Huldrych F. , Wong Joseph K. , Pillai Satish K. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Alpha interferon (IFN-α) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication
in vitro
by inducing cell-intrinsic retroviral restriction mechanisms. We investigated the effects of IFN-α/ribavirin (IFN-α/riba) treatment on 34 anti-HIV-1 restriction factors
in vivo
. Expression of several anti-HIV-1 restriction factors was significantly induced by IFN-α/riba in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected individuals. Fold induction of cumulative restriction factor expression in CD4
+
T cells was significantly correlated with viral load reduction during IFN-α/riba treatment (
r
2
= 0.649;
P
< 0.016). Exogenous IFN-α induces supraphysiologic restriction factor expression associated with a pronounced decrease in HIV-1 viremia.
A NEW INSIGHT FOR MONITORING TRAINING IN SPRINTING
Authors: Jiménez-Reyes P , Molina-Reina M , González-Hernández J , González-Badillo Juan 
Published: October 2013

Intermittent exercise with short bouts (30–500 m) of high intensity exercise (90–100% of running intensity) separated by different recovery periods (3–15 minutes) are habitually used by sprinters during training sessions (Gorostiagaet al.JSCR2010;24:1138–1149). Repetition of sprints may induce neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). The aim of the present study was to quantify the extent of NMF while performing sprint workouts (SW) by analysing the acute metabolic and mechanical response to different SW. Nine high level sprinters (age 23±4 y, body mass 73.7±4.6 kg, height 177.6±5.9 cm; body fat 9.6±2.9%) performed eight SW separated by a week. SW with different number of repetitions (R) for each subject in short distance travelled (DT) [(x)RxDT] and SW with same number of R in long DT [3xDT]. Mechanical responses (i.e. height performance in CMJ and speed loss) and metabolic responses (i.e. blood lactate and ammonia concentrations) were measured pre-exercise, during exercise each repetition performed and post-exercise. CMJ height loss pre-post session were significant for all sprint workouts and competitions analysed and highly correlated to metabolic responses (r=0.86–0.98). These losses were between 9% for 40 m and 26% for 500 m. The fatigue, measured as CMJ height loss, increases with DT, and is strongly correlated to lactate (r=0.93) and ammonia (r=0.98). The metabolic stress developed during the effort can be estimated by controlling CMJ because of the high correlation between CMJ and blood lactate and ammonia concentrations (Jiménez-Reyeset al.MSSE2012;44(5):582). The high correlations found between mechanical (speed and CMJ height losses) and metabolic (lactate and ammonia) measures of fatigue highlight the utility and validity of using CMJ to monitor training load in different sprint workouts and quantify objectively NMF during SW and competitions.
THE EFFECT OF A GLYCOSIDE OF MONO AND DIGLYCEROL (GOPO®) SUPPLEMENTATION ON PASSIVE KNEE JOINT FORCES AND SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF PAIN IN A NON-ARTHRITIC POPULATION
Authors: Scaife R 
Published: October 2013

We investigated whether ingesting a supplement containing GOPO®has an effect on the passive forces during flexion/extension of the knee and self-reported pain in active non-arthritic participants. Thirty physically active male participants between the ages of 35–60 were randomly allocated to either placebo or active supplement groups. Measurements of body composition, hydration, physical activity, subjective aches/pains and passive lower leg forces were recorded at baseline and 2, 6 and 12 weeks, using a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer at 5, 60, 90, and 120 degrees per second. Both groups reported a drop in mean perceived aches and pains between baseline and 12 weeks, the decrease was greater for the active group 14% compared to 8% in the placebo group. At the slower speed (5° per second) there was a mean decrease in passive total work during knee flexion and extension of 8.4% and 13.7% respectively in the active group after 12 weeks when compared to baseline. The placebo group showed no such reduction (0.5% decrease in flexion and 0.7% decrease in extension). The decrease in passive torque observed at the slower speeds following 12 weeks of supplement ingestion showed promising trends that warrant further investigation. A general reduction in passive torque might indicate a change in the compliancy of the series and parallel elastic components or a change in cartilage compliance which might in the long term reduce joint degeneration.
ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL CHANGES DURING SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN TRAINED JUNIOR SWIMMERS
Authors: Archer DT , Berry L , Dixon S , Hogg R 
Published: October 2013

Inertial sensor technology is a reliable technique to provide measures such as acceleration and deceleration in laboratory and field conditions (Boydet al.IJSPP2011;6:311–321). In competitive pool swimming, the athlete's goal is to adopt an efficient technique to maximise propulsion and minimise drag and deceleration (Barbosaet al.JSMS2010;13:262–269). The aim of the present study was to assess technical aspects of swimming performance using the inertial sensors contained within a team sports GPS system. Nine regional and national level swimmers, three male and six females aged 13±3 years, height 1.63±0.74 m and body mass 56.5±10.0 kg performed three maximal 800-m freestyle time trials on three occasions in a 25 m pool, each separated by seven days. Following a 400-m standardised warm up, swimmers started the time trial with a push off from the wall. A tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope, contained within the Catapult Minimax S4 Athlete Monitoring System was used to assess split times, Player Load, stroke rate and rate of body roll at 100 Hz. Subject's mean 800-m time was 727.8±27.2 s and did not differ between trials, resulting in a coefficient of variation (CV) of 3±1% between races. The greatest swim velocities occurred in the initial 25 m in each trial. Player Load was greatest and the rate of body roll tended to be lowest on this lap. Mean Player Load per stroke, stroke rate and rate of body roll did not differ between trials (P>0.05) and mean CV values varied between 4 and 7% across the 32 laps, indicating low between-lap variability for these parameters.Table 1Player Load and rate of body roll during three swimming time trialsMean±SD Player Load (au)Mean±SD rate of body roll (°.s-1)Trial 10.34±0.06130±30Trial 20.30±0.04123±28Trial 30.31±0.05121±33In conclusion, the Catapult Minimax S4 system can be used to collect technical data during swim performance, providing measures of within- and between- lap and race variability.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON 5 KM RUNNING TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN TRAINED FEMALE RUNNERS
Authors: Lanceley R , Ranchordas M , Ruddock A 
Published: October 2013

Ingestion of dietary nitrate supplementation enhances athletic time trial performance but data on its effectiveness in trained female runners is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of beetroot juice supplementation (BRJ) on 5 km running time trial performance compared to a placebo (PLA) and no supplementation (CON). Using a double-blind, repeated-measures crossover design with a 14 day washout period, 11 trained female runners (age 20±3 years,52.6±4.6 mL.kg.min−1, body mass 53.0±3.9 kg, stature 164.2±5.8 cm) ingested 2×70 mL of either BRJ (∼8 mmoL·d−1nitrate) or PLA for 4 days and 2.5 h before performing a 5 km time trial. Blood pressure (BP), mean heart rate (HR), post-test blood lactate (BLa), 5 km time trial and 1 km split times were assessed. No main effect was found for change in systolic BP (CON=122±8, PLA=120±7, BRJ=114±9 mm Hg), but trends towards reductions after BRJ were observed, BRJ vs CON -8 mm Hg (-10 to 5; 90% CI, ES=0.82) and BRJ vs PLA 6 mm Hg (9 to 2; 90% CI, ES=0.64). No main effect was found for 5 km time trial performance (CON=1287±126, PLA=1268±109, BRJ=1237±109 s) but trends towards reductions after BRJ were observed, BRJ vs CON −49 s (73 to −26; 90% CI, ES=0.44) and BRJ and PLA −31 s (−48 to −14; 90% CI, ES=0.30). 1 km split times were similar between conditions except for the 2ndkm where BRJ was faster than CON by 16 s (−25 to −7; 90% CI and ES=0.61) and PLA by 12 s (20 to 4; 90% CI and ES=0.57). No between group differences were observed for mean HR (CON=182±8, PLA 181±7, BRJ=182±7 bpm−1; or post time trial BLa (CON=6.8±1.9, PLA=6.9±1.9, BRJ=6.9±1.9 mmol.L−1). Although not statistically significant, these results suggest BRJ supplementation improved 5 km time trial performance over PLA by 31 s (2.4%). Athletes should consider ingesting BRJ to improve 5 km running performance.
ABEL-SPORT™ TEST FOR ASSESSING OVER TRAINING SYNDROME AND DETECTING INFECTION
Authors: Knight J , Wakeman M , Reeves J 
Published: October 2013

There are many tests available to the sports science team to manage training loads and measure the effects of physical, psychological, environmental and physiological interventions. However, those that aim to predict an infection and/or identify overtraining, generally remain wanting. And to complicate matters further there is often a lack of consensus as to what constitutes overreaching (OR) overtraining (OT) and the overtraining syndrome (OTS). We describe a reproducible test, on a small drop of blood, that can be performed close to the athlete on a portable luminometer (ABEL meter-1) or in a laboratory. The test does not measure a single biomarker of OTS but instead utilises hidden information acquired by circulating leucocytes as they patrol the body spotting pathogens, responding to markers of inflammation (cytokines and chemokines) and other changes in the blood that occur after strenuous exercise. These cells also know you have an infection before there are any signs or symptoms. The ABEL-sport™ test is designed to elicit this hidden information from the cells. The test incorporates the bioluminescent protein Pholasinâwhich emits light with reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the test, the NADPH oxidase system of the leucocytes is artificially activated to produce ROS. Light response graphs quantify changes in the rate of production and magnitude of the ROS generated. The interpretation of the graphs is used to identify various responses during training, indicating if the athlete is heading towards OTS and identifying infections, superimposed on training curves. ABEL-sport™ provides objective assessments of an athlete which can support management decisions. The test has been validated for many years with elite and amateur athletes in many different fields and was successfully used by Skandia Team GB for two years prior to and in the final run up to the Olympics in Beijing in 2008 when Britain's squad topped the medal table in the Olympic sailing competition.
Shortness of Breath with Daily Activities questionnaire: validation and responder thresholds in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Watkins Michael L , Wilcox Teresa K , Tabberer Maggie , Brooks Jean M , Donohue James F , Anzueto Antonio , Chen Wen-Hung , Crim Courtney 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo test the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the 13-item Shortness of Breath with Daily Activities (SOBDA) questionnaire, and determine the threshold for response and minimal important difference (MID).Design6 week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Setting40 centres in the USA between 29 October 2009 and 1 July 2010.Primary and secondary outcome measures547 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were enrolled and 418 entered the 2-week run-in period. Data from the run-in period were collected to test internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent validity and known-groups validity of the SOBDA. Three hundred and sixty six patients were randomised 2:2:1 to fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 250/50 µg, salmeterol 50 µg or placebo, twice daily. Results from the SOBDA questionnaire, Patient Global Assessment of Change Question, modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (mMRC), Clinician Global Impression of Dysponea Severity (CGI-S), Clinician Global Impression of Change Question and Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire self-administered standardised version (CRQ-SAS) were evaluated; spirometry and safety parameters were measured. Study endpoints were selected to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal validity of the SOBDA questionnaire in relation to the clinical criteria.ResultsInternal consistency of the SOBDA questionnaire (Cronbach α) was 0.89. Test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation) was 0.94. The SOBDA weekly scores correlated with the patient-reported and clinician-reported mMRC, CGI-S and CRQ-SAS dyspnoea domain scores (0.29, 0.24, 0.24 and –0.68, respectively). The SOBDA weekly scores differentiated between the responders and the non-responders as rated by the patients and the clinicians. Anchor-based and supportive distribution-based analyses produced a range of the potential values for the threshold for the responders and MID.ConclusionsThe 13-item SOBDA questionnaire is reliable, valid and responsive to change in patients with COPD. On using anchor-based methods, the proposed responder threshold shows a −0.1 to −0.2 score change. A specific threshold value will be identified as more data are generated from future clinical trials.Trial registrationNCT00984659; GlaxoSmithKline study number: ASQ112989.
Women's experiences in relation to stillbirth and risk factors for long-term post-traumatic stress symptoms: a retrospective study
Authors: Gravensteen Ida Kathrine , Helgadóttir Linda Björk , Jacobsen Eva-Marie , Rådestad Ingela , Sandset Per Morten , Ekeberg Øivind 
Published: October 2013

Objectives(1) To investigate the experiences of women with a previous stillbirth and their appraisal of the care they received at the hospital. (2) To assess the long-term level of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in this group and identify risk factors for this outcome.DesignA retrospective study.SettingTwo university hospitals.ParticipantsThe study population comprised 379 women with a verified diagnosis of stillbirth (≥23 gestational weeks or birth weight ≥500 g) in a singleton or twin pregnancy 5–18 years previously. 101 women completed a comprehensive questionnaire in two parts.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe women's experiences and appraisal of the care provided by healthcare professionals before, during and after stillbirth. PTSS at follow-up was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES).ResultsThe great majority saw (98%) and held (82%) their baby. Most women felt that healthcare professionals were supportive during the delivery (85.6%) and showed respect towards their baby (94.9%). The majority (91.1%) had received some form of short-term follow-up. One-third showed clinically significant long-term PTSS (IES ≥ 20). Independent risk factors were younger age (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.99 to 21.83), induced abortion prior to stillbirth (OR 5.78, 95% CI 1.56 to 21.38) and higher parity (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.19 to 10.07) at the time of stillbirth. Having held the baby (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.56) was associated with less PTSS.ConclusionsThe great majority saw and held their baby and were satisfied with the support from healthcare professionals. One in three women presented with a clinically significant level of PTSS 5–18 years after stillbirth. Having held the baby was protective, whereas prior induced abortion was a risk factor for a high level of PTSS.Trial registrationThe study was registered athttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov, with registration number NCT 00856076.
The impact of an intervention programme employing a hands-on technique to reduce the incidence of anal sphincter tears: interrupted time-series reanalysis
Authors: Fretheim Atle , Odgaard-Jensen Jan , Røttingen John-Arne , Reinar Liv Merete , Vangen Siri , Tanbo Tom 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo re-evaluate previously published findings from an uncontrolled before–after evaluation of an intervention programme to reduce the incidence of anal sphincter tears. A key component of the programme was the use of a hands-on technique where the birth attendant presses the neonate's head during the final stage of delivery while simultaneously supporting the woman's perineum with the other hand.DesignInterrupted time-series analysis using segmented regression modelling.SettingObstetric departments of five Norwegian hospitals.ParticipantsAll women giving births vaginally in the study hospitals, 2002–2008.MethodsThe main data source was the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We estimated the change in incidence of anal sphincter tears before and after implementation of the intervention in the five intervention hospitals, taking into account the trends in incidence before and after implementation.Main outcome measuresIncidence of anal sphincter tears and episiotomies.ResultsThere were 75 543 registered births at the five included hospitals. We found a 2% absolute reduction in incidence of anal sphincter tears associated with the hospital intervention programme, representing almost a halving in the number of women experiencing serious anal sphincter tears. This is a substantially smaller estimate than previously reported. However, it does represent a highly significant decrease in anal sphincter injuries. The programme was also associated with a significant increase in episiotomies.ConclusionsThe intervention programme was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter tears. Still, the findings should be interpreted with caution as they seem to contradict the findings from randomised controlled studies of similar interventions.
Use of autologous fat grafting for reconstruction postmastectomy and breast conserving surgery: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Agha Riaz A , Goodacre Tim , Orgill Dennis P 
Published: October 2013

IntroductionThere is growing interest in the potential use of autologous fat grafting (AFG) for the purposes of breast reconstruction. However, concerns have been raised regarding the technique's clinical effectiveness, safety and interference with screening mammography. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the oncological, clinical, aesthetic and functional, patient reported, process and radiological outcomes for AFG.Methods and analysisAll original studies, including randomised controlled trials, cohorts studies, case–control studies, case series and case reports involving women undergoing breast reconstruction. All AFG techniques performed for the purposes of reconstruction in the postmastectomy or breast conserving surgery setting will be considered. Outcomes are defined within this protocol along; oncological, clinical, aesthetic and functional, patient reported, process and radiological domains. The search strategy has been devised to find papers about ‘fat grafting and breast reconstruction’ and is outlined within the body of this protocol. The full search strategy is outlined within the body of the protocol. The following electronic databases will be searched from 1 January 1986 to 6 June 2013: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SciELO, The Cochrane Library, including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect (DARE), the Cochrane Methodology Register, Health Technology Assessment Database, the NHS Economic Evaluation Databases and Cochrane Groups, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials Database, the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, UpToDate.com, NHS Evidence and the York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Grey literature searches will also be conducted as detailed in our review protocol. Eligibility assessment occurred in two stages, title and abstract screening and then full text assessment. Data were extracted and stored in a database with standardised extraction fields to facilitate easy and consistent data entry.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. It will also be presented at national and international conferences in the fields of plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery and at more general surgical and methodological conferences. It will be disseminated electronically and in print. Brief reports of the review findings will be disseminated directly to the appropriate audiences of surgeons and societies through email and other modes of communication. Updates of the review will be conducted to inform and guide healthcare practice and policy.Protocol RegistrationPROSPERO—National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42013005254)
Publishing priorities of biomedical research funders
Authors: Collins Ellen 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo understand the publishing priorities, especially in relation to open access, of 10 UK biomedical research funders.DesignSemistructured interviews.Setting10 UK biomedical research funders.Participants12 employees with responsibility for research management at 10 UK biomedical research funders; a purposive sample to represent a range of backgrounds and organisation types.ConclusionsPublicly funded and large biomedical research funders are committed to open access publishing and are pleased with recent developments which have stimulated growth in this area. Smaller charitable funders are supportive of the aims of open access, but are concerned about the practical implications for their budgets and their funded researchers. Across the board, biomedical research funders are turning their attention to other priorities for sharing research outputs, including data, protocols and negative results. Further work is required to understand how smaller funders, including charitable funders, can support open access.