bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TCAD‐based DLTS simulation for analysis of extended defects
Authors: Scheinemann Artur , Schenk Andreas 
Published: January 2014

The fabrication technology of extra‐functionality CMOS devices involves process steps which lead to high damage in the silicon lattice. Amorphizing implants and simultaneous reduction of thermal budgets to gain better control of the formation of ultra‐shallow junctions render the presence of extended defects in active regions unavoidable. In particular, dislocation loops (DLs) have proven to be stable under thermal treatment. To better understand the electrical properties of DLs and their impact on the leakage current we developed an analytical tool to extract defect parameters from measured Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) signals and capacitance transients. Commercial process and device simulators are used to test the plausibility of applied defect models and the basic assumptions about the electrical activity of DLs.Simulation of DLTS peak broadening caused by the broadening of a defect level distribution in the band gap of silicon.
Dimorphism in La5Ge3 and Ce5Ge3? How Exploratory Syntheses Led to Surprising New Finds in the La–Ge and Ce–Ge Binary Phase Diagrams
Authors: Suen Nian‐Tzu , Bobev Svilen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractReported are the synthesis, the crystal structures, and the electronic structures of two new tetragonal phases, La5Ge3 and Ce5Ge3. Both title compounds crystallize in the Pu5Rh3 (P4/ncc) structure type, which has close structural relationship with the W5Si3 (I4/mcm) structure type. The synthetic results, supported by thermal analysis suggest that this tetragonal phase is only stable at relatively low temperature and it transforms to the hexagonal form (Mn5Si3 structure type, P63/mcm) at above 850 °C. The structural relationship between La5Ge3 (Pu5Rh3 type) and La5Sn3 (W5Si3 type) is discussed as well. Temperature dependent DC magnetization and resistivity measurements indicate that the tetragonal phase La5Ge3 exhibits Pauli‐like paramagnetism and is a good metallic conductor. For the tetragonal phase Ce5Ge3, the magnetic behavior obeys the Curie–Weiss law in the high‐temperature regime, while it deviates from the Curie–Weiss law at low temperature. No long‐range magnetic ordering was observed down to 5 K, although short‐range correlations can be inferred below ca. 50 K. The resistivity measurements of Ce5Ge3 also show metallic‐like temperature dependence, although the low‐temperature behavior resembling a T2 law could signify anomalous electron‐scattering (e.g., Kondo‐like effect). The electronic structures of multiple phases with the same nominal compositions, computed by the TB‐LMTO‐ASA method, are compared and discussed.
Preferences Regarding Targeted Education and Risk Assessment in People with a Family History of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Quinn Veronica , Meiser Bettina , Wilde Alex , Cousins Zoe , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , Mitchell Philip B. , Schofield Peter R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGenetic testing for susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD) is not available for clinical use at present. Given this, family history remains the best predictor for development of MDD, and family‐history‐based risk assessment and information about familial aspects of MDD may be useful to clients at increased risk for MDD attending for genetic counseling. This study uses a mixed‐methods design to assess the information needs and preferences of people at increased familial risk for MDD. Telephone interviews were conducted with 23 individuals, who had at least one first‐degree relative with MDD and were recruited through advertisements placed on depression education websites. The most preferred way to access depression information was via the internet (87 % of participants), although this preference may have been due to the internet‐based recruitment method. The second most preferred dissemination strategy (56 %) was face‐to‐face delivery through a health professional, including genetic counselors. Individuals reported a need for information about etiology and development of MDD, reproductive decision‐making, early detection of symptoms and risk‐reducing strategies. Nearly all participants expressed an interest in risk assessment. The present study found evidence of a high level of interest for information targeted to people at increased familial risk for MDD. Genetic counselors are likely to be called upon increasingly to provide supportive counseling to assist clients at increased familial risk in interpreting and contextualizing such information once it becomes available.
Surgical revisions and mechanical support of the failing Fontan
Authors: Fuller Stephanie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDespite its many anatomic modifications, Fontan failure remains prevalent in adult patients living with single-ventricle physiology. Although the Fontan operation has created a generation of survivors of complex single-ventricle disease, recognition of the limitation of this circulation is increasing. Most commonly, survivors suffer from ventricular dysfunction, protein-losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis and arrhythmias. Although several medical therapies exist to palliate these long-term complications, surgical treatments are becoming increasingly useful, including the introduction of mechanical devices and cardiac transplantation. Currently, there are a variety of options available for mechanical support of the failing Fontan. Further developments in mechanical support technology will be required to tailor-make specific devices for this unique population. Owing to the fact that availability of donor hearts for transplantation is limited, mechanical support will play an increasingly important role in the management of complications of the Fontan circulation.
Wilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart – Fourth Edition - Robert H. Anderson, Diane E. Spicer, Anthony M. Hlavacek, Andrew C. Cook, Carl L. Backer (eds) with illustrations by Gemma PriceCambridge University Press, 2013, 382 pp, 654 illustration ISBN 978-1-107-01448-0; list price: $250.00
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart – Fourth Edition is the classic textbook of cardiac anatomy and morphology. This book is required reading for all who care for patients with paediatric and congenital cardiac disease as well as all who have interest in the congenitally malformed heart. It is mandatory to include this Fourth Edition in all libraries, both personal and academic, that cater to the needs of those who care for patients with congenitally malformed hearts. This book will have value to surgeons, cardiologists, anaesthesiologists, intensivists, neonatologists, maternal fetal specialists, advanced practice nurses, operating room nurses, catheterization lab nurses, bedside nurses, sonographers, physician assistants, respiratory therapists, perfusionists, pathologists, pathologists' assistants, and administrators. This value of book truly spans conventional subspecialty, geographic, and temporal boundaries. Indeed, the Fourth Edition of Wilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart is a classic textbook and “must-do” reading!!
Low‐Temperature Tolerance and Critical Thermal Minimum of the Invasive Oriental Weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in Idaho, USA
Authors: Urquhart Alexander N. , Koetsier Peter 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Oriental Weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is invasive to many countries around the world, but very little is known about the life history or environmental tolerances of this cryptic fish. As part of a larger study of its life history, we conducted an experiment designed to determine the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) of Oriental Weatherfish collected from water bodies near Boise, Idaho, USA. In each of three experimental trials, 16 fish were placed into individual tanks in an environmental chamber where over the course of 20 d the ambient air temperature was lowered to 0°C. Air temperature was then held at 0°C for 102–134 h. Individual tank temperatures decreased over the course of each trial such that fish were exposed to temperatures ranging from 20°C to −3.64°C. Tank temperatures reaching below the ambient air temperature set‐point were attributed to cold air currents within the environmental chamber. Six of 48 fish died due to temperature‐related factors. Thirty‐eight of the remaining 42 fish survived exposure below the freezing point of freshwater, and 2 fish survived full enclosure in ice with direct contact between skin and ice. In the absence of an observed lethal temperature at which 50% of fish died (LT50), we used logistic regression and observational data to extrapolate a CTmin of −1.8°C. The ability of Oriental Weatherfish to survive at subfreezing temperatures and being embedded in ice indicates a physiological adaptation to cold that may include systemic antifreeze proteins. Tolerance for low temperature and resistance to freezing add to a growing list of characteristics that make the Oriental Weatherfish a highly successful invasive species.
Effects of Small Dams on Sunfish Assemblages in North Carolina Piedmont and Coastal Plain Streams
Authors: Thoni Ryan , Holcomb Jordan , Nichols Robert , Gangloff Michael M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the past century dams have played a major role in restructuring North American stream communities. Effects of large dams on fish assemblages are well studied; however, effects of small dams are relatively unstudied. Sunfishes (family Centrarchidae) include many meso‐ and apex predators that are key components of North American lotic and lentic ecosystems. Additionally, centrarchids are widely introduced into impoundments well beyond their native ranges. Here, we examine sunfish assemblages at 75 sites associated with small dams in the Neuse, Tar, and Roanoke drainages in North Carolina. We predicted that streams with intact dams would have more introduced centrarchids than streams with breached or relict dams in response to dam‐induced shifts in assemblage structure. Contrary to our predictions, streams with breached dams had significantly higher numbers of introduced centrarchids, but total and native centrarchid richness were not significantly different from streams with intact dams. Streams with relict dams had significantly lower total and native centrarchid richness; exotic centrarchids did not differ between streams with intact and relict dams. Abundance of the most frequently encountered native taxon (Redbreast Sunfish Lepomis auritus) did not differ across dam types, and the abundance of the most frequently encountered exotic taxon (Bluegill L. macrochirus) was only significantly different (lower) in streams with relict dams. These data suggest that low‐head–small dams have unanticipated and potentially long‐lasting effects on stream fish communities. Moreover, they suggest a need to (1) reevaluate current views of breached dams as benign structures, and (2) develop a more holistic approach to prioritizing dams for removal.
Westslope Cutthroat Trout Movements through Restored Habitat and Coanda Diversions in the Nevada Spring Creek Complex, Blackfoot Basin, Montana
Authors: Pierce Ron , Podner Craig , Wendt Tracy , Shields Ron , Carim Kellie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the Blackfoot basin of western Montana, the recovery of migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi requires landscape conservation as well as restoration of spawning tributaries. Westslope Cutthroat Trout are now increasing in the Blackfoot River and several streams, including Nevada Spring Creek, where natural channel, flow, and temperature regimes have reestablished aquatic habitat and migration corridors. To examine whether restoration has improved corridors for migration, we tracked the movements of 14 adult Westslope Cutthroat Trout from wintering areas in lower Nevada Creek (downstream of Nevada Spring Creek) to spawning and summering areas. Ten fish moved through Nevada Spring Creek upstream a median distance of 7.7 km (range, 7.6–16.9) to spawning sites at the headwaters of Wasson Creek through stream reaches where channels were reconstructed, instream flows enhanced, and grazing practices improved. Eight of the 10 fish that entered Wasson Creek spawned in a concentrated area upstream of two experimental diversion–fish screen structures located in the main channel of Wasson Creek. Prespawning movements of the remaining four radio‐tagged fish were much farther than those of Wasson Creek spawners (median, 51.8 km; range, 44.9–63.1). These four fish moved downstream through Nevada Creek into the Blackfoot River and then ascended upper Blackfoot River before entering two separate spawning tributaries. This telemetry study indicates that restoration can improve migration corridors which, in turn, promote the recovery of migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout, and that spring‐influenced tributaries like Nevada Spring Creek provide important overwinter habitat for Westslope Cutthroat Trout that spawn and summer elsewhere in the basin.
Response of Estuarine Fish to Large‐Scale Oyster Reef Restoration
Authors: Pierson Katherine J. , Eggleston David B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRestoration of oyster reefs is increasing worldwide due to oyster populations reaching historic lows and recognition of the many ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs, such as essential fish habitat. This study took advantage of an existing network of subtidal oyster reefs and a large‐scale oyster reef restoration effort in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, to (1) compare estuarine fish assemblages on oyster reefs with those on unstructured bottom, (2) identify the short‐term change in fish abundance and richness in response to reef creation, and (3) identify spatiotemporal trends in fish abundance and richness. We quantified transient and reef fish using gill nets and fish traps, respectively. Oyster reefs harbored more unique species than unstructured bottom, thereby enhancing the overall diversity of estuarine fish assemblages. Fish abundance on recently created experimental reefs (6–8 months postconstruction) was similar to that on control reefs that were 4–6 years old, suggesting rapid colonization of new reefs. Fish diversity at 1 of 2 sites actually decreased on control reefs after reef construction, suggesting that rapid colonization of new reefs was due, in part, to the movement of fish from old to new reefs. Information on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of estuarine fish in relation to restored oyster reefs will improve our understanding of oyster reefs as essential fish habitat.
Higher Levels of Spontaneous Breathing Induce Lung Recruitment and Reduce Global Stress/Strain in Experimental Lung Injury
Authors: Güldner Andreas , Braune Anja , Carvalho Nadja , Beda Alessandro , Zeidler Stefan , Wiedemann Bärbel , Wunderlich Gerd , Andreeff Michael , Uhlig Christopher , Spieth Peter M. , Koch Thea , Pelosi Paolo , Kotzerke Jörg , de Abreu Marcelo Gama 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background:
Spontaneous breathing (SB) in the early phase of the acute respiratory distress syndrome is controversial. Biphasic positive airway pressure/airway pressure release ventilation (BIPAP/APRV) is commonly used, but the level of SB necessary to maximize potential beneficial effects is unknown.

Methods:
Experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced by saline lung lavage in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs (n = 12). By using a Latin square and crossover design, animals were ventilated with BIPAP/APRV at four different levels of SB in total minute ventilation (60 min each): (1) 0% (BIPAP/APRV0%); (2) greater than 0 to 30% (BIPAP/APRV>0–30%); (3) greater than 30 to 60% (BIPAP/APRV>30–60%); and (4) greater than 60% (BIPAP/APRV>60%). Gas exchange, hemodynamics, and respiratory variables were measured. Lung aeration was assessed by high-resolution computed tomography. The distribution of perfusion was marked with 68Ga-labeled microspheres and evaluated by positron emission tomography.

Results:
The authors found that higher levels of SB during BIPAP/APRV (1) improved oxygenation; (2) decreased mean transpulmonary pressure (stress) despite increased inspiratory effort; (3) reduced nonaerated lung tissue, with minimal changes in the distribution of perfusion, resulting in decreased low aeration/perfusion zones; and (4) decreased global strain (mean ± SD) (BIPAP/APRV0%: 1.39 ± 0.08; BIPAP/APRV0–30%: 1.33 ± 0.03; BIPAP/APRV30–60%: 1.27 ± 0.06; BIPAP/APRV>60%: 1.25 ± 0.04, P < 0.05 all vs. BIPAP/APRV0%, and BIPAP/APRV>60%
vs. BIPAP/APRV0–30%).

Conclusions:
In a saline lung lavage model of experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome in pigs, levels of SB during BIPAP/APRV higher than currently recommended for clinical practice, that is, 10 to 30%, improve oxygenation by increasing aeration in dependent lung zones without relevant redistribution of perfusion. In presence of lung recruitment, higher levels of SB reduce global stress and strain despite an increase in inspiratory effort.
Steroid users and the unique challenge they pose to needle and syringe program workers
Authors: Dunn Matthew , McKay Fiona H. , Iversen Jenny 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsNeedle and syringe programs (NSP), which provide sterile injecting equipment, are a cornerstone of Australia's drug harm reduction strategy and assist in reducing the spread of blood‐borne virus infections, such as HIV and hepatitis C, among people who inject drugs. Some reports suggest that steroid users are an increasing proportion of clientele at NSPs. In this research, we investigate the experience of NSP workers who come into contact with people who use steroids and other performance‐ and image‐enhancing drugs (PIED).Design and MethodThirteen NSP workers were recruited using purposive sampling strategies. Participants were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview guide. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded for themes.ResultsThere are three key findings of this study. Firstly, NSP workers do not feel well informed about the substances that PIED users are injecting. Secondly, they were unsure what equipment PIED users required. Thirdly, PIED users were perceived to differ from other client groups, and these differences impacted upon the level of rapport staff could build with this group.Discussion and ConclusionPIED users pose unique challenges for NSP workers compared with other NSP client groups. The PIEDs used and the way in which they are used are substantially different compared with other NSP clients, and there appears to be a lack of knowledge within the workforce about these substances. This study highlights the need to engage in workforce training, but also the need to more effectively engage with PIED users in relation to effective harm reduction strategies. [Dunn M, McKay FH, Iversen J. Steroid users and the unique challenge they pose to needle and syringe program workers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:71–77]
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is rare cause for thrombosis of the intra‐abdominal veins in the ethnic Indian population – results fromFLAER‐based flowcytometry screening
Authors: Ahluwalia Jasmina , Naseem Shano , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh , Bose Parveen , Bose Sunil Kumar , Kumar Narender , Thapa Babu Ram , Varma Neelam , Chawla Yogesh Kumar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) may present as cytopenia, hemolysis, or thrombosis at unusual sites including splanchnic vessels. Thrombosis of the portal veins and hepatic veins are associated with thrombophilic risk factors: deficiencies of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin, positivity for antiphospholipid antibodies, and factor V Leiden mutation. There is limited information regardingPNHpresenting primarily as a thrombotic event. We prospectively screened 142 consecutive patients with intrabdominal thrombosis and 106 controls with fluorescently labeled inactive toxin aerolysin (FLAER)‐based flowcytometry to assess the frequency ofPNHas a thrombophilic risk factor in patients with intra‐abdominal thrombosis.MethodsGranulocytes of patients and controls were screened withCD24 andFLAERand monocytes withCD14 andFLAER. Dual negativity of >1% events in both lineages was interpreted as a positivePNHclone. Screening for thrombophilia risk factors was carried out.ResultsTwo (1.4%) cases had largePNHclones.RBCalso demonstrated thePNHdefect. Thrombophilia risk factors were as follows: deficiency of protein S, protein C, and antithrombin in 13.4%, 4.9%, and 2.1%, respectively, and positivity for anti‐beta‐2 glycoprotein 1, anticardiolipin antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant in 9.2%, 1.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. Factor V Leiden mutation was seen in 1.4% patients.ConclusionPNHwas uncommon in patients with intra‐abdominal thrombosis in the ethnic Indian population. Despite low positivity, screening by flowcytometry forPNHis of value in this group of patients because it provides an opportunity to rapidly establish the diagnosis of this treatable disorder, which might otherwise be missed if the initial presentation is only thrombotic.
Aggregation kinetics of natural soil nanoparticles in different electrolytes
Authors: Zhu X. , Chen H. , Li W. , He Y. , Brookes P. C. , Xu J. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryIn the space of just a few years, nanotechnology has become a topical subject not only in academia, but also in the daily lives of people. In order to investigate the properties of natural nanoparticles (NNPs) and to obtain a better understanding of their environmental behaviour and impacts from a new perspective, transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta potential analysis and time‐resolved dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were used to examine the main properties and aggregation kinetics of NNPs extracted from Chinese soils added to various concentrations of the electrolytes NaCl, CaCl2 and LaCl3. The NNPs that were less than 100 nm remained stable for 100 days. The classic Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek (DLVO) model partially revealed the aggregation behaviour of NNPs, in which ionic strength, composition and size may play important roles. The influence of hematite and natural organic matter (NOM) was demonstrated by aggregation kinetics and critical coagulation concentrations (CCC). The size of NNPs could also change the maximum total potential energy of interactions in the systems (VT(h)). These factors make the aggregation of NNPs in electrolytes different from that of soil colloids and influence the environmental behaviour of NNPs.
Why households buy bottled water: a survey of household perceptions in the Philippines
Authors: Francisco Jamil Paolo S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the determinants of household buying decisions to purchase bottled water or purified water from refilling stations among households in Metro Cebu, Philippines. A survey of 360 households was conducted to obtain data on household sources of drinking water, household bottled water buying behaviour and perceptions of water quality. A binary probit model was used to examine the effects of socio‐economic and perception‐based variables on the likelihood that a household regularly bought bottled or purified water. Results show that households that perceived their primary source of water, whether from the tap or from other sources, to be unsafe were more likely to buy bottled or purified water. Education of household heads, the presence of children ages 0–5 years, household size and price were also found to have significant effects. Income, however, was not found to have influenced the decision to buy. Having piped access to the local water district and knowledge of government assurances about water safety were also not found to have a significant impact.