bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of high‐level clouds in cloud resolving model simulations with ARM and KWAJEX observations
Authors: Liu Zheng , Muhlbauer Andreas , Ackerman Thomas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this study, we evaluate high‐level clouds in a cloud resolving model during two convective cases, ARM9707 and KWAJEX. The simulated joint histograms of cloud occurrence and radar reflectivity compare well with cloud radar and satellite observations when using a two‐moment microphysics scheme. However, simulations performed with a single moment microphysical scheme exhibit low biases of approximately 20 dB. During convective events, two‐moment microphysical overestimate the amount of high‐level cloud and one‐moment microphysics precipitate too readily and underestimate the amount and height of high‐level cloud. For ARM9707, persistent large positive biases in high‐level cloud are found, which are not sensitive to changes in ice particle fall velocity and ice nuclei number concentration in the two‐moment microphysics. These biases are caused by biases in large‐scale forcing and maintained by the periodic lateral boundary conditions. The combined effects include significant biases in high‐level cloud amount, radiation, and high sensitivity of cloud amount to nudging time scale in both convective cases. The high sensitivity of high‐level cloud amount to the thermodynamic nudging time scale suggests that thermodynamic nudging can be a powerful “tuning” parameter for the simulated cloud and radiation but should be applied with caution. The role of the periodic lateral boundary conditions in reinforcing the biases in cloud and radiation suggests that reducing the uncertainty in the large‐scale forcing in high levels is important for similar convective cases and has far reaching implications for simulating high‐level clouds in super‐parameterized global climate models such as the multiscale modeling framework.
Modifications to WRF's dynamical core to improve the treatment of moisture for large‐eddy simulations
Authors: Xiao Heng , Endo Satoshi , Wong May , Skamarock William C. , Klemp Joseph B. , Fast Jerome D. , Gustafson William I. , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Wang Hailong , Liu Yangang , Lin Wuyin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractYamaguchi and Feingold (2012) note that the cloud fields in their large‐eddy simulations (LESs) of marine stratocumulus using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model exhibit a strong sensitivity to time stepping choices. In this study, we reproduce and analyze this sensitivity issue using two stratocumulus cases, one marine and one continental. Results show that (1) the sensitivity is associated with spurious motions near the moisture jump between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere, and (2) these spurious motions appear to arise from neglecting small variations in water vapor mixing ratio (qv) in the pressure gradient calculation in the acoustic substepping portion of the integration procedure. We show that this issue is remedied in the WRF dynamical core by replacing the prognostic equation for the potential temperature θ with one for the moist potential temperature θm=θ(1 + 1.61qv), which allows consistent treatment of moisture in the calculation of pressure during the acoustic substeps. With this modification, the spurious motions and the sensitivity to the time stepping settings (i.e., the dynamic time step length and number of acoustic sub‐steps) are eliminated in both of the example stratocumulus cases. This modification improves the applicability of WRF for LES applications, and possibly other models using similar dynamical core formulations, and also permits the use of longer time steps than in the original code.
Estimation of human‐induced changes in terrestrial water storage through integration of GRACE satellite detection and hydrological modeling: A case study of the Yangtze River basin
Authors: Huang Ying , Salama Mhd. Suhyb , Krol Maarten S. , Su Zhongbo , Hoekstra Arjen Y. , Zeng Yijian , Zhou Yunxuan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractQuantifying the human effects on water resources plays an important role in river basin management. In this study, we proposed a framework, which integrates the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite estimation with macroscale hydrological model simulation, for detection and attribution of spatial terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes. In particular, it provides valuable insights for regions where ground‐based measurements are inaccessible. Moreover, this framework takes into account the feedback between land and atmosphere and innovatively put forward several suggestions (e.g., study period selection, hydrological model selection based on soil moisture‐climate interactions) to minimize the uncertainties brought by the interaction of human water use with terrestrial water fluxes. We demonstrate the use of the proposed framework in the Yangtze River basin of China. Our results show that, during the period 2003–2010, the TWS was continually increasing in the middle and south eastern reaches of the basin, at a mean rate of about 3 cm yr−1. This increment in TWS was attributed to anthropogenic modification of the hydrological cycle, rather than natural climate variability. The dominant contributor to the TWS excess was found to be intensive surface water irrigation, which recharged the water table in the middle and south eastern parts of the basin. Water impoundment in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is found to account for nearly 20% of the human‐induced TWS increment in the region where the TGR is located. The proposed framework gives water managers/researchers a useful tool to investigate the spatial human effects on TWS changes.
Evidence Evaluation and Evidence Integration in Legal Decision‐Making: Order of Evidence Presentation as a Moderator of Context Effects
Authors: Charman Steve D. , Carbone Jon , Kekessie Seyram , Villalba Daniella K. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryLegal decision‐making studies often demonstrate context effects: People's initial beliefs about a suspect's guilt influence their evaluation of subsequent evidence. We examine three potential moderators of these context effects: Order of evidence presentation, ability to ruminate, and valence of the initial belief (innocence or guilt). College students (n = 382) were presented with DNA evidence (incriminating or exonerating) and an ambiguous alibi in one of two orders (or just the alibi), and then evaluated how strongly the alibi incriminated the suspect and the suspect's likelihood of guilt. Results indicated that alibi evaluation exhibited context effects when (i) initial beliefs were of guilt (but not of innocence) and when (ii) evaluating subsequent evidence (but not when retroactively evaluating prior evidence). Rumination failed to moderate any effects. The integration of evidence exhibited recency effects: DNA had a greater impact on participants' beliefs in the suspect's guilt when presented last rather than first. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of postoperative endoscopy upon clinical outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Schlosser Rodney J. , Storck Kristina , Smith Timothy L. , Mace Jess C. , Rudmik Luke , Shahangian Arash , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundAfter endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), endoscopy is used to gauge surgical success and clinical outcomes. Prior studies have not examined this topic prospectively using validated outcome metrics across multiple institutions.MethodsA multi‐institutional, prospective study of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who underwent ESS completed the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), missed productivity, and medication usage questionnaires 6 months postoperatively. Lund‐Kennedy endoscopy scoring (LKES) was performed with reviewers blinded to patient‐reported data. A control cohort of non‐CRS patients was recruited for comparison.ResultsComplete data was available on 183 CRS patients and 48 non‐CRS control patients. Approximately 50% of patients achieve perfect or near perfect endoscopy (LKES 0 to 2) after ESS. Postoperative endoscopy correlated with total SNOT‐22 scores (r = 0.278, p < 0.001), with the strongest correlations to rhinologic and extranasal subdomains in the nasal polyp cohort. Improved postoperative endoscopy was associated with decreased antibiotic and oral steroid usage, but had little association with missed productivity. Among patients who achieved near perfect postoperative endoscopy, those with nasal polyps had SNOT‐22 scores that were similar to non‐CRS control patients (mean SNOT‐22 scores 17.7 and 16.3, respectively). However, CRS patients without nasal polyps remained more symptomatic than non‐CRS controls and CRS with nasal polyps patients despite nearly perfect endoscopy (mean SNOT‐22 score 21.6).ConclusionPostoperative endoscopy correlates with SNOT‐22 and medication usage in CRS patients. Polyp patients who achieve near perfect endoscopy have similar symptoms to healthy controls; however, nonpolyp patients with near perfect endoscopy still have rhinologic and extranasal symptoms that are worse than healthy controls.
Heterometallische Ringe: physikalische Eigenschaften und Verwendung als supramolekulare Bausteine
Authors: McInnes Eric J. L. , Timco Grigore A. , Whitehead George F. S. , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHeterometallische Ringe wurden in großer Zahl hergestellt, angefangen von den ersten Cr7M‐Ringen mit M=NiII, ZnII und MnII bis hin zu Ringen mit vierzehn Metallen in der cyclischen Struktur. Bekannte Beispiele entweder außen durch Carboxylate oder innen durch Fluoride oder ein fünffach deprotoniertes Polyol verbrückt. Die Ringgröße wird durch Template gesteuert, z. B. durch Ammonium‐ oder Imidazoliumionen, Alkalimetalle oder Koordinationsverbindungen. Die Ringe können funktionalisiert werden und wirken dadurch als Liganden, sie lassen sich außerdem zum Aufbau von organisch‐anorganischen Rotaxanen oder von Makromolekülen mit bis zu 200 Metallzentren verwenden. Eine Reihe von physikalischen Studien wurde an heterometallischen Ringen durchgeführt, darunter magnetische Messungen, inelastische Neutronenstreuung (einschließlich Einkristallmessungen), paramagnetische Elektronenresonanzspektroskopie (einschließlich Messungen der Phasengedächtniszeiten), NMR‐Spektroskopie (Lösung und Festkörper) und polarisierte Neutronenstreuung. Die Ringe sind somit ideale Modellsystem, um Einblicke in den Magnetismus bei austauschgekoppelten Systemen zu gewinnen.
Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen: Konzepte aus Sicht der Radikalchemie
Authors: Studer Armido , Curran Dennis P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDas Gebiet der Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen erfuhr in jüngster Zeit höchste Aufmerksamkeit. Viele interessante Radikalreaktionen wurden entdeckt und dann über Katalysezyklen erklärt. Diese Zyklen stellen allerdings selten den einzigen Weg vom Substrat zum Produkt dar. Die meisten Radikalreaktionen weisen intrinsische Ketten auf, die das Potential haben, das Produkt auch ohne Katalysator zu bilden. Wie wissen wir nun, ob eine in “katalytischen Mengen” zugegebene Verbindung einen Katalysator, einen Initiator oder gar etwas anderes darstellt? Im vorliegenden Aufsatz besprechen wir kritisch sowohl Katalysator‐freie als auch katalytische Radikalreaktionen aus Sicht der Radikalchemie. Grundlagen der Kinetik und Thermodynamik von Radikalreaktionen werden genutzt, um die Probleme der Initiierung, Propagation und Inhibierung von Radikalreaktionen zu adressieren. Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen unterscheidet sich von anderen Gebieten der Katalyse in mehreren Aspekten. Wohingegen intrinsische Kettenreaktionen schwierig zu katalysieren sind, da die zugrundeliegenden individuellen Schritte so schnell ablaufen, bieten ineffiziente Kettenprozesse und nicht‐Kettenprozesse verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Katalyse. Wir illustrieren Konzepte der Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen mit ausgewählten Beispielen aus der klassischen, aber auch der jüngsten Literatur.
Binding‐Induced DNA Nanomachines Triggered by Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Authors: Zhang Hongquan , Lai Maode , Zuehlke Albert , Peng Hanyong , Li Xing‐Fang , Le X. Chris 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe introduce the concept and operation of a binding‐induced DNA nanomachine that can be activated by proteins and nucleic acids. This new type of nanomachine harnesses specific target binding to trigger assembly of separate DNA components that are otherwise unable to spontaneously assemble. Three‐dimensional DNA tracks of high density are constructed on gold nanoparticles functionalized with hundreds of single‐stranded oligonucleotides and tens of an affinity ligand. A DNA swing arm, free in solution, is linked to a second affinity ligand. Binding of a target molecule to the two ligands brings the swing arm to AuNP and initiates autonomous, stepwise movement of the swing arm around the AuNP surface. The movement of the swing arm, powered by enzymatic cleavage of conjugated oligonucleotides, cleaves hundreds of oligonucleotides in response to a single binding event. We demonstrate three nanomachines that are specifically activated by streptavidin, platelet‐derived growth factor, and the Smallpox gene. Substituting the ligands enables the nanomachine to respond to other molecules. The new nanomachines have several unique and advantageous features over DNA nanomachines that rely on DNA self‐assembly.
Synthesis of a “Masked” Terminal Nickel(II) Sulfide by Reductive Deprotection and its Reaction with Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Hartmann Nathaniel J. , Wu Guang , Hayton Trevor W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe addition of 1 equiv of KSCPh3 to [LRNiCl] (LR={(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)NC(R)}2CH; R=Me, tBu) in C6H6 results in the formation of [LRNi(SCPh3)] (1: R=Me; 2: R=tBu) in good yields. Subsequent reduction of 1 and 2 with 2 equiv of KC8 in cold (−25 °C) Et2O in the presence of 2 equiv of 18‐crown‐6 results in the formation of “masked” terminal NiII sulfides, [K(18‐crown‐6)][LRNi(S)] (3: R=Me; 4: R=tBu), also in good yields. An X‐ray crystallographic analysis of these complexes suggests that they feature partial multiple‐bond character in their NiS linkages. Addition of N2O to a toluene solution of 4 provides [K(18‐crown‐6)][LtBuNi(SNNO)], which features the first example of a thiohyponitrite (κ2‐[SNNO]2−) ligand.
Hydrogenated rosin ester latexes/waterborne polyacrylate blends for pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Zhang KaiTao , Shang Shibin , Sun PeiPei , Shen MingGui , Wang Dan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTDiethylene glycol ester of hydrogenated rosin (DGE‐HR) emulsion was prepared via phase inversion method and then blended with waterborne (wb) polyacrylate for pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs). The preparation conditions of DGE‐HR emulsion were studied. DGE‐HR emulsion with an average particle size of about 220 nm was obtained. Furthermore, the thermal, adhesive, and viscoelastic properties and the morphology of DGE‐HR/polyacrylate composite were investigated. Thermal analysis indicated that glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the DGE‐HR/polyacrylate blends became higher as the DGE‐HR content increased and DGE‐HR did not have a significant influence on thermal stability of the blend films. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) observation revealed that the DGE‐HR particles added had a good miscibility with acrylic particles. Additionally, for these tackified acrylic PSAs, positive correlations between mechanical performance and viscoelastic response at bonding and debonding frequencies were also found. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42965.
Absence of Early Neuronal Death in the Olivocochlear System Following Acoustic Overstimulation
Authors: Reuss Stefan , Closhen Christina , Riemann Randolf , Jaumann Mirko , Knipper Marlies , Rüttiger Lukas , Wolpert Stephan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to examine possible effects of noise trauma on olivocochlear (OC) neurons. Anesthetized rats were exposed to a continuous 10 kHz pure tone at 120 dB sound pressure level for 2 hrs. The effects of treatment were verified by recordings of auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emission. Three or 8 days after acoustic trauma, rats received unilateral injections of an aqueous solution of the retrograde neuronal tracer Fluorogold (FG) into the scala tympani to identify OC neurons (OCN). Five days after FG injection, brains were perfusion‐fixed, and brainstem sections were cut and analyzed with respect to FG‐labeled neurons. We found that, in both groups, numbers of OCN were similar to that of controls. The incubation of a second set of sections with antibodies against choline‐acetyltransferase (the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis) showed the cholinergic neurons of the brainstem, however, without suggesting differences between groups. Our study, the first to investigate noise trauma effects on identified OCN, revealed that no visible alterations occurred in 2 weeks following trauma, neither in identified OCN nor in choline‐acetyltransferase‐immunofluorescence. At this time, auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emission measurements showed severe signs of hearing loss. The mechanisms leading to hearing loss upon noise trauma apparently do not involve degeneration of OCN. Anat Rec, 299:103–110, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Incident Gout: A Population‐Based, Body Mass Index–Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Yuqing , Peloquin Christine E. , Dubreuil Maureen , Roddy Edward , Lu Na , Neogi Tuhina , Choi Hyon K. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveSleep apnea is associated with hyperuricemia owing to hypoxia‐induced nucleotide turnover. We undertook this study to assess the relationship between incident sleep apnea and the risk of incident gout.MethodsUsing data from The Health Improvement Network in the UK, we identified individuals with a first‐ever physician diagnosis of sleep apnea. For each patient with sleep apnea, up to 5 individuals without sleep apnea were matched by sex, age, birth year, and body mass index (within ±0.5 kg/m2). We estimated the incidence rates of gout and examined the relationship between sleep apnea and the risk of incident gout using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for potential confounders. In addition, we assessed the rate difference in gout due to sleep apnea using an additive hazard model.ResultsAmong 9,865 patients with newly diagnosed sleep apnea and 43,598 matched individuals without sleep apnea, we identified 270 incident cases of gout over 1 year of followup, resulting in incidence rates of 8.4 per 1,000 person‐years and 4.8 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively. The crude and multivariable rate ratios of incident gout in patients with sleep apnea were 1.7 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3, 2.2) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1, 2.1), respectively. The corresponding rate differences between patients with sleep apnea and the comparison cohort were 3.6 (95% CI 1.6, 5.6) and 2.8 (95% CI 0.7, 4.9) per 1,000 person‐years. The effect of sleep apnea persisted across subgroups.ConclusionThis general population–based study indicates that sleep apnea is independently associated with an increased risk of incident gout. Future research should examine the potential benefits of correcting sleep apnea–induced hypoxia on the risk of hyperuricemia and gout flares.
Characterization, Modeling and H∞ control of n‐DOF Piezoelectric Actuators: application to A 3‐DOF Precise Positioner
Authors: Habineza Didace , Rakotondrabe Micky , Gorrec Yann Le 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper deals with the characterization, the modeling and the closed‐loop control of multivariable piezoelectric actuators, with an application to a 3‐DOF piezoelectric tube scanner, widely used in precise positioning. These actuators are typified by hysteresis and creep nonlinearities, badly damped oscillation and strong couplings between their axis. First, during the modeling, we propose to decouple the system and to use a linear model where the couplings and the two nonlinearities are integrated through an external fictive disturbance. From the obtained monovariable systems, monovariable H∞ controllers are calculated by using specifications based on model approximation. The experimental tests demonstrate the efficiency of the method to reject simultaneously the couplings, hysteresis, creep and badly damped oscillations. Furthermore, the bandwidth of the closed‐loop and the open‐loop systems are compared and the results show that the proposed control technique allows to achieve a convenient closed‐loop bandwidth and precision for all the axis of the precise positioner.
The environmental dependence of the fractions of red star‐forming and blue passive galaxies
Authors: Deng X.‐F. , Chen Y.Q. , Jiang P. , Ding Y.P. , Song J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing two volume‐limited Main galaxy samples of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 (SDSS DR6) with the luminosity –20.0 ≤ Mr ≤ –18.5 and –22.40 ≤ Mr ≤–20.16, we have explored the environmental dependence of the fractions of red star‐forming and blue passive galaxies. It is found that the fractions of red star‐forming and blue passive galax‐ies decline mildly with increasing local density in the luminous volume‐limited sample, but in the faint volume‐limited sample these fractions rise slightly with increasing local density except that the fraction of red star‐forming decreases with density in the densest regime. Only according to statistical results of this study, it is difficult to reach the conclusion: there is an environmental dependence for color beyond that for star formation activities or for star formation activities beyond that for color. In this condition, we preferentially believe that star formation activities and color possiblely have equally strong environmental dependence. In the faint volume‐limited sample, we observe that the fraction of star‐forming galaxies‐the density relation has a “critical density” at the projected local density PLD ≈ 1 h–2 Mpc–2: below this density the fraction of star‐forming galaxies is high and nearly constant, while above this density this fraction drops rapidly. Thus, it is possible that in the densest regime of the faint volume‐limited sample, there is an environmental dependence for star formation activities beyond that for color, which leads to the fraction of red star‐forming decreasing with density in the densest regime of the faint volume‐limited sample (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absolute and geometric parameters of the W UMa‐type contact binary V404 Pegasi
Authors: Gürol B. , Terzioğlu Z. , Gürsoytrak S.H. , Gökay G. , Derman E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe present the results of our investigation of the geometrical and physical parameters of the W UMa‐type binary V404 Peg from analysis of CCD (BVRI) light curves and radial velocity data. The photometric data were obtained during 2010 at Ankara University Observatory (AUO). Light and radial velocity observations were analyzed simultaneously by using the well‐known Wilson‐Devinney (2007 revision) code to obtain absolute and geometrical parameters. Our solution indicates that V404 Peg is an A‐type overcontact binary with a mass ratio of q = 0.243 and an overcontact degree of f = 32.1 %. Combining our light curves with the radial velocity curves from Maciejewski & Ligeza (2004), we determined the absolute parameters of this system as follows: a = 2.672 R⊙, M1 = 1.175 M⊙, M2 = 0.286 M⊙, R1 = 1.346 R⊙, and R2 = 0.710 R⊙. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary condition of the system (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)