bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discretization of Dynamic Loading in Time History Analysis
Authors: Chang S.-Y. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough the numerical properties of a step-by-step integration method can be evaluated based on the currently available techniques, there is still lack of a technique for evaluating its capability to capture dynamic loading. In this work, the amplitude error caused by the step discretization error is identified and the correlation between the relative amplitude error and relative step discretization error is analytically established. As a result, it is thoroughly confirmed that the asymptotic constant of the discretization error amplification factor for the displacement response to a cosine loading can be considered as an indicator of the capability to capture dynamic loading for a general step-by-step integration method.
An Investigation of Suspension Phenomena of a Large Glass Substrate in a Vertical Transportation by the Arbitrary Lagrangian and Eulerian Method
Authors: Fu W.-S. , Lai Y.-C. , Huang Y. , Huang S.-H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFor economizing the space of equipment and increasing the throughput of product, a vertical transportation is usually used for manufacturing a large and thin glass substrate. Due to the fragile characteristic of the large and thin glass substrate, investigation of a method for maintaining the glass substrate stably and safely on a supporting frame during manufacturing processes becomes an important subject. This subject belongs to a kind of moving boundary problem and the method of Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) with a finite element scheme is suitably used to solve it. Also, related methods of the generalized minimal residual method (GMRES) and pressure convection diffusion method are adopted to calculate pneumatic pressures distributed on the glass substrate. The results show that under a low frequency of the vertical transportation the glass substrate stably lies on the supporting frame, oppositely under a high frequency of the vertical transportation the glass substrate has possibility to depart from the supporting frame. The later situation is disadvantageous to the glass substrate and should be avoided as much as possible.
Exploring the Evolution of Lateral Earth Pressure using the Distinct Element Method
Authors: Weng M.-C. , Cheng C.-C. , Chiou J.-S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis study adopted the distinct element method (DEM) to explore the key influencing factors on the variations of lateral earth pressure, including packing type, interior friction angle, particle stiffness and particle size. The reference parameters for the DEM model were retrieved from direct shear tests of a rod assembly. Based on the reference parameters, the evolution of lateral earth pressure is further simulated, and a parametric study was conducted. The results showed that: (1) the analysis model could effectively capture the variation of lateral earth pressure under both active and passive conditions, and the simulated failure patterns were consistent with those from the sandbox tests; (2) the greater interior friction angle ϕinteriordecreased the active coefficientKaand increased the passive coefficientKp; (3) increasing particle stiffness decreased the active coefficientKaand increased the passive coefficientKp; (4) larger particle sizes led to a larger active coefficientKaand a smaller passive coefficientKp; and (5) when the particle assembly was arranged in order, its lateral pressure was much larger than that of the randomly packed assembly.
Segmental distributions and consonant-vowel association patterns in Japanese infant- and adult-directed speech
Authors: TSUJI SHO , NISHIKAWA KENYA , MAZUKA REIKO 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTJapanese infant-directed speech (IDS) and adult-directed speech (ADS) were compared on their segmental distributions and consonant-vowel association patterns. Consistent with findings in other languages, a higher ratio of segments that are generally produced early was found in IDS compared to ADS: more labial consonants and low-central vowels, but fewer fricatives. Consonant-vowel associations also favored the early produced labial-central, coronal-front, coronal-central, and dorsal-back patterns. On the other hand, clear language-specific patterns included a higher frequency of dorsals, affricates, geminates, and moraic nasals in IDS. These segments are frequent in adult Japanese, but not in the early productions or the IDS of other studied languages. In combination with previous results, the current study suggests that both fine-tuning (an increased use of early produced segments) and highlighting (an increased use of language-specifically relevant segments) might modify IDS on the segmental level.
XRD analysis of nanocrystalline anatase powders prepared by various chemical routes: correlations between micro-structure and crystal structure parameters
Authors: Matěj Z. , Matějová L. , Kužel R. 
Published: November 2013

Nanocrystalline anatase powders synthesised by various chemical processes as super/subcritical fluid extraction, sol-gel technique and hydrolysis of titanium alkoxides in hydrogen peroxide were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) whole profile modelling method (WPPM) in order to reveal correlations between structural and micro-structural parameters as well as sample treatment conditions. Anisotropy of the diffraction line broadening due to truncated bipyramidal shape of anatase crystals was discussed. The hkl-anisotropy can be very strong but also almost negligible in dependence on relative ratio of the crystallite dimensions. The latter was the case for the studied samples. The size of synthesised anatase nanoparticles was within the range 3–25 nm. The theoretical total surface area of crystallites calculated from XRD was in a good correlation with the surface area measured by the nitrogen physisorption up to the temperature 400–450 °C, when the particles started to agglomerate. At atomic scale a unit cell volume contraction with decreasing crystallite size and a significant deficiency in the Ti-site occupancy was observed. Both effects were attributed to the presence of Ti-vacancies and a linear coefficient between the relative cell volume contraction and the fraction of Ti-vacancies was estimated to (–0.017 ± 0.003).
Polymorphism in Ho2(MoO4)3
Authors: González-Silgo C. , Guzmán-Afonso C. , Sánchez-Fajardo V. M. , Acosta-Gutiérrez S. , Sánchez-Soares A. , Torres M. E. , Sabalisck N. , Matesanz E. , Rodríguez-Carvajal J. 
Published: November 2013

Two polymorphs of Holmium molybdate, known as β'-phase and γ-phase, were prepared by solid state reaction with different thermal treatments. These polycrystalline samples have been studied for the first time by X-ray thermodiffractometry from room temperature up to 1300 K. We found that the initial β'-phase undergoes a transition to a β-phase and then to a γ-phase. The γ (hydrated)-phase, turns to the γ (dehydrated)-phase and then to the β-phase. Each sequence involves a reversible and an irreversible phase transition for Ho2(MoO4)3. Both polymorphs have remarkable physical properties like nonlinear optics, ferroelectricity and negative thermal expansion. We have calculated the linear expansion coefficients of both phases. We have obtained a positive coefficient for the β'-phase and a negative one for the γ-phase. Moreover, we have made a comparison of the obtained coefficients with previous results for other rare earth molybdates.
The association of soda sales tax and school nutrition laws: a concordance of policies
Authors: Greathouse K Leigh , Chriqui Jamie , Moser Richard P , Agurs-Collins Tanya , Perna Frank M 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe current research examined the association between state disfavoured tax on soda (i.e. the difference between soda sales tax and the tax on food products generally) and a summary score representing the strength of state laws governing competitive beverages (beverages that compete with the beverages in the federally funded school lunch programme) in US schools.DesignThe Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS) summary score reflected the strength of a state's laws restricting competitive beverages sold in school stores, vending machines, school fundraisers and à la carte cafeteria items. Bridging the Gap (BTG) is a nationally recognized research initiative that provided state-level soda tax data. The main study outcome was the states’ competitive beverage summary scores for elementary, middle and high school grade levels, as predicted by the states’ disfavoured soda tax. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted, adjusting for year and state.SettingData from BTG and CLASS were used.SubjectsBTG and CLASS data from all fifty states and the District of Columbia from 2003 to 2010 were used.ResultsA higher disfavoured soda sales tax was generally associated with an increased likelihood of having strong school beverage laws across grade levels, and especially when disfavoured soda sales tax was >5 %.ConclusionsThese data suggest a concordance between states’ soda taxes and laws governing beverages sold in schools. States with high disfavoured sales tax on soda had stronger competitive beverage laws, indicating that the state sales tax environment may be associated with laws governing beverage policy in schools.
A full life cycle and spatially explicit individual-based model for the giant mud crab (Scylla serrata): a case study from a marine protected area
Authors: Meynecke J.-O. , Richards R. G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) is an important fisheries species throughout southeast Asia and the South Pacific. In Australia, marine protected areas (MPAs) and fish habitats have been declared specifically to protect the local populations of S. serrata. The cannibalistic behaviour of S. serrata coupled with the potential attraction of increased predators may counteract the effect of excluding fishing from these areas as a means of increasing the local crab population. The population dynamics of S. serrata could also be confounded by the spatio-temporal variability in environmental conditions (e.g. run-off and temperature). Here, we used a spatially explicit individual-based model (IBM) to explore the population dynamics of S. serrata in an MPA located in southern Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. This IBM simulated the life cycle dynamics of individual S. serrata and integrated the key processes affecting its population dynamics. These processes include physical transport of the planktonic life stages, movement, growth, metamorphosis, setting, reproduction, spawning, harvesting, and predation. Individual variability was built into the model to account for demographic variation. The modelled scenarios indicated that the effect of the different harvest strategies trialled on the population dynamics after 30 months and the MPA influenced the number of individuals in the creek system resulting in a partial 35% population increase. Further development and application of this model has implications for MPAs and catch limits under multiple stressors including climate change.
Vulnerability of moorland plant communities to environmental change: consequences of realistic species loss on functional diversity
Authors: Sasaki Takehiro , Katabuchi Masatoshi , Kamiyama Chiho , Shimazaki Masaya , Nakashizuka Tohru , Hikosaka Kouki 
Published: November 2013

Summary

Understanding the consequences of realistic species loss on the functioning and persistence of vulnerable ecosystems is key to devising conservation strategies when environmental changes are immediate threats. Yet, few studies have provided direct evidence for conservation prioritization and decision‐making.
We incorporated the quantification of functional diversity based on the Rao index of diversity (FDrao) into this applied context and examined the consequences of realistic species loss on functional diversity in moorland plant communities widely interspersed within a subalpine zone in northern Japan. The realistic order of species loss was derived from the nested subset pattern in the moorland communities, which was corroborated by selective species tolerance and selective extinction. We analysed the relationships between the FDrao half‐life, as an index of each moorland's vulnerability to species loss, and a range of environmental variables describing the moorlands. We then mapped this index across the entire landscape.
At most sites, ordered species loss caused a relatively small decline in FDrao until a certain number of species was lost and an accelerating decline thereafter, suggesting relatively low initial vulnerability to species loss. At the other sites, however, ordered species loss caused an approximately proportional decrease in FDrao, suggesting relatively high vulnerability to species loss. The model indicated that sites with higher elevation, higher carrying capacities, or increasing isolation have a shorter FDrao half‐life. The mapping of this index allowed us to identify the geographical distribution of sites of high conservation priority.
Synthesis and applications. We performed fine‐scale assessments of the vulnerability of moorland plant communities to species loss, which is likely to occur under future environmental conditions, by simulating the consequences of realistic species loss for functional diversity. The methods used here can provide urgently needed information to support the prioritization and decision‐making involved in conserving ecosystems in the face of global biodiversity loss.
Are waves of relational assumptions eroding traditional analysis?
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe author designates as ‘traditional’ those elements of psychoanalytic presumption and practice that have, in the wake of Fordham's legacy, helped to inform analytical psychology and expand our capacity to integrate the shadow. It is argued that this element of the broad spectrum of Jungian practice is in danger of erosion by the underlying assumptions of the relational approach, which is fast becoming the new establishment. If the maps of the traditional landscape of symbolic reference (primal scene, Oedipus et al.) are disregarded, analysts are left with only their own self‐appointed authority with which to orientate themselves. This self‐centric epistemological basis of the relationalists leads to a revision of ‘analytic attitude’ that may be therapeutic but is not essentially analytic. This theme is linked to the perennial challenge of balancing differentiation and merger and traced back, through Chasseguet‐Smirgel, to its roots in Genesis.An endeavour is made to illustrate this within the Journal convention of clinically based discussion through a commentary on Colman's (2013) avowedly relational treatment of the case material presented in his recent Journal paper ‘Reflections on knowledge and experience’ and through an assessment of Jessica Benjamin's (2004) relational critique of Ron Britton's (1989) transference embodied approach.
Rationale and methodology for a multicentre randomised trial of fibrinolysis for pulmonary embolism that includes quality of life outcomes
Authors: Kline Jeffrey A , Hernandez Jackeline , Hogg Melanie M , Jones Alan E , Courtney D Mark , Kabrhel Christopher , Nordenholz Kristen E , Diercks Deborah B , Rondina Matthew T , Klinger James R 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundSubmassive pulmonary embolism (PE) has a low mortality rate but can degrade functional capacity.ObjectiveThe present study aims to provide rationale, methodology, and initial findings of a multicentre, randomised trial of fibrinolysis for PE that used a composite end‐point, including quality of life measures.MethodsThis investigator‐initiated study was funded by a contract between a corporate partner and the investigator's hospital (the prime site). The investigator was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sponsor. The prime site subcontracted, indemnified, and trained consortia members. Consenting, normotensive patients with PE and right ventricular strain (by echocardiography or biomarkers) received low‐molecular‐weight heparin and random assignment to a single bolus of tenecteplase or placebo in double‐blinded fashion. The outcomes were: (i) in‐hospital rate of intubation, vasopressor support, and major haemorrhage, or (ii) at 90 days, death, recurrent PE, or composite that defined poor quality of life (echocardiography, 6 min walk test and surveys). The planned sample size was n = 200.ResultsEight sites enrolled 87 patients over 5 years. The ratio of patients screened for each enrolled was 7.4 to 1, equating to 11 h screening time per patient enrolled. Primary barrier to enrolment was the cost of screening. Two patients died (2.5%, 95%CI [0–8%]), one developed shock, but 18 (22%, 95%CI: [13–30%]) had a poor quality of life.ConclusionsAn investigator‐initiated, FDA‐regulated, multicentre trial of fibrinolysis for submassive PE was conducted, but was limited by screening costs and a low mortality rate. Quality of life measurements might represent a more important patient‐centred end‐point.
Review article: Evacuating hospitals in Australia: What lessons can we learn from the world literature?
Authors: Rojek Amanda , Little Mark 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe creation of hospitals safe from disaster is an area of increasing public policy. The vulnerability of hospitals to damage and destruction during an event has profound implications for the health of a community. Although hospital evacuations do occur in Australia, their prevalence is unknown and what leads to a successful evacuation is poorly understood. This article reviewed the worldwide hospital evacuation literature to determine the prevalence of hospital evacuations and common precipitants for evacuation. Factors leading to safe evacuation and areas of ongoing challenge were identified. The findings highlight the need for more structured and detailed reporting of hospital responses to disaster. A number of lessons can be learned from hospitals that have experienced evacuation. Most critically, all hospitals must have a practised, detailed hospital evacuation plan existing before an impending threat. There are also areas for improvement in the areas of assessing the risk to the facility, communications, leadership, logistics, staffing and planning. These lessons should be included into comprehensive, detailed evacuation plans for all Australian hospitals, supported by a national framework that standardises planning and response.
‘A General and Distinct View of Nature in Miniature’: Mechanical Explanations of Natural Knowledge c.1760
Authors: GRANT FLORENCE 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe course of experimental philosophy was an important new genre for the representation of natural knowledge in eighteenth‐century Britain and Europe. It was a complex, multimedia genre with a variety of possible forms, but we know little about its characteristics and affinities with other kinds of representation. This article uses a collection of instruments, books and manuscripts made for George III in the early 1760s to show how contemporary ideas about geometry, rhetoric, poetry and cognition provided a conceptual framework for re‐making natural knowledge in new social contexts.
Nature, Nation and Nostalgia: Narratives of Natural History in Spanish and British America (1750‐1800)
Authors: COWIE HELEN , GRAY KATHRYN 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article studies natural history narratives in the eighteenth‐century Atlantic world. Focusing on two key texts, Juan de Velasco's Historia del Reyno de Quito and Hector St John de Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer, it examines the close relationship between natural knowledge and national identity. We consider some of the tensions that emerged between European and American writers of natural history during this period and situate these narratives of natural history within a wider critique of travel‐writing and representations of the Americas. We focus, in particular, on the textual devices employed to confer credibility on Creole natural histories.
Comparison of different sets of instruments for laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery in a surgical simulator with novices
Authors: Wang Dong , Shi Long‐Qing , Wang Jing‐Min , Jiang Xiao‐Hua , Ji Zhen‐Ling 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundGiven the parallel entry of working instruments through a single incision in laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery, loss of triangulation in the abdominal cavity and counteracting movements of the instruments are inevitable obstacles. Some specially designed devices have emerged to ameliorate these challenges.MethodsTwenty‐four novice participants were randomized into four groups using assigned instruments, conventional straight instruments, single‐curved instruments, double‐curved instruments and articulating instruments, respectively, to perform two basic tasks (peg transferring and pattern cutting) 14 times in a modified simulator. A test of the tasks and a resection of the intestine segment of a rat were performed. The task scores and evaluation of intraoperative skills during the resection of the intestine segment were recorded. The instrument of modified National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) was completed.ResultsThe task scores of the groups using single‐curved instruments and articulating instruments were better than the other two groups on the simulator tasks, consistent with the evaluation of intraoperative skills during the resection of intestine segment. As the proficiency with the instruments increased, the task scores improved, as demonstrated by the learning curve. The workload measured by the modified NASA‐TLX tool demonstrated that the groups using articulating instruments and double‐curved instruments had a heavier workload in most of the categories compared with the other two groups.ConclusionsSingle‐curved and articulating instruments are more effective than conventional straight and double‐curved devices, and are favourable in laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery for novice learners.
Devising a competency‐based continuing professional development programme to meet the needs of on‐call consultant paediatricians
Authors: Wekell Per , Aspegren Knut , Holmgren Daniel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo define the clinical competencies currently required by on‐call consultant paediatricians in Sweden and to describe how these competencies can be acquired by using an outcome‐based continuing professional development (CPD) programme.MethodsThe overall aims and objectives of the programme were formulated to meet the current responsibilities of an on‐call consultant. It was delineated during a precourse needs assessment of 26 consultants, before being implemented with 16 participants, using a variety of learning, assessment and evaluation methods.ResultsThe precourse needs assessment identified 217 clinical situations and 17 themes, and 139 subthemes were developed. During the programme evaluation, carried out using a reflective questionnaire, participants stated that they had improved their understanding of the role of, and demands on, the on‐call consultant. They had also felt more confident on‐call, had built a network of colleagues and updated their knowledge in relevant fields.ConclusionWe defined and implemented a competency‐based CPD programme to meet the changing demands faced by on‐call consultant paediatricians. The aims and objectives of the programme were formulated according to a needs assessment among consultant paediatricians active in on‐call services. Evaluation of the programme indicates that participants moved in the direction of the overall objectives.