bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Avian XPR1 Gammaretrovirus Receptor Is under Positive Selection and Is Disabled in Bird Species in Contact with Virus-Infected Wild Mice
Authors: Martin Carrie , Buckler-White Alicia , Wollenberg Kurt , Kozak Christine A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Xenotropic mouse leukemia viruses (X-MLVs) are broadly infectious for mammals except most of the classical strains of laboratory mice. These gammaretroviruses rely on the XPR1 receptor for entry, and the unique resistance of laboratory mice is due to two mutations in different putative XPR1 extracellular loops. Cells from avian species differ in susceptibility to X-MLVs, and 2 replacement mutations in the virus-resistant chicken XPR1 (K496Q and Q579E) distinguish it from the more permissive duck and quail receptors. These substitutions align with the two mutations that disable the laboratory mouse XPR1. Mutagenesis of the chicken and duck genes confirms that residues at both sites are critical for virus entry. Among 32 avian species, the 2 disabling
XPR1
mutations are found together only in the chicken, an omnivorous, ground-dwelling fowl that was domesticated in India and/or Southeast Asia, which is also where X-MLV-infected house mice evolved. The receptor-disabling mutations are also present separately in 5 additional fowl and raptor species, all of which are native to areas of Asia populated by the virus-infected subspecies
Mus musculus castaneus
. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the avian XPR1 gene is under positive selection at sites implicated in receptor function, suggesting a defensive role for XPR1 in the avian lineage. Contact between bird species and virus-infected mice may thus have favored selection of mouse virus-resistant receptor orthologs in the birds, and our data suggest that similar receptor-disabling mutations were fixed in mammalian and avian species exposed to similar virus challenges.
The Amphipathic Helix of Influenza A Virus M2 Protein Is Required for Filamentous Bud Formation and Scission of Filamentous and Spherical Particles
Authors: Roberts Kari L. , Leser George P. , Ma Chunlong , Lamb Robert A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTInfluenza virus assembles and buds at the infected-cell plasma membrane. This involves extrusion of the plasma membrane followed by scission of the bud, resulting in severing the nascent virion from its former host. The influenza virus M2 ion channel protein contains in its cytoplasmic tail a membrane-proximal amphipathic helix that facilitates the scission process and is also required for filamentous particle formation. Mutation of five conserved hydrophobic residues to alanines within the amphipathic helix (M2 five-point mutant, or 5PM) reduced scission and also filament formation, whereas single mutations had no apparent phenotype. Here, we show that any two of these five residues mutated together to alanines result in virus debilitated for growth and filament formation in a manner similar to 5PM. Growth kinetics of the M2 mutants are approximately 2 logs lower than the wild-type level, and plaque diameter was significantly reduced. When the 5PM and a representative double mutant (I51A-Y52A) were introduced into A/WSN/33 M2, a strain that produces spherical particles, similar debilitation in viral growth occurred. Electron microscopy showed that with the 5PM and the I51A-Y52A A/Udorn/72 and WSN viruses, scission failed, and emerging virus particles exhibited a “beads-on-a-string” morphology. The major spike glycoprotein hemagglutinin is localized within lipid rafts in virus-infected cells, whereas M2 is associated at the periphery of rafts. Mutant M2s were more widely dispersed, and their abundance at the raft periphery was reduced, suggesting that the M2 amphipathic helix is required for proper localization in the host membrane and that this has implications for budding and scission.
Mutations in the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Confer Hyperfusogenic Phenotypes Modulating Viral Replication and Pathogenicity
Authors: Samal Sweety , Khattar Sunil K. , Paldurai Anandan , Palaniyandi Senthilkumar , Zhu Xiaoping , Collins Peter L. , Samal Siba K. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion protein (F) mediates fusion of viral and host cell membranes and is a major determinant of NDV pathogenicity. In the present study, we demonstrate the effects of functional properties of F cytoplasmic tail (CT) amino acids on virus replication and pathogenesis. Out of a series of C-terminal deletions in the CT, we were able to rescue mutant viruses lacking two or four residues (rΔ2 and rΔ4). We further rescued viral mutants with individual amino acid substitutions at each of these four terminal residues (rM553A, rK552A, rT551A, and rT550A). In addition, the NDV F CT has two conserved tyrosine residues (Y524 and Y527) and a dileucine motif (LL536-537). In other paramyxoviruses, these residues were shown to affect fusion activity and are central elements in basolateral targeting. The deletion of 2 and 4 CT amino acids and single tyrosine substitution resulted in hyperfusogenic phenotypes and increased viral replication and pathogenesis. We further found that in rY524A and rY527A viruses, disruption of the targeting signals did not reduce the expression on the apical or basolateral surface in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, whereas in double tyrosine mutant, it was reduced on both the apical and basolateral surfaces. Interestingly, in rL536A and rL537A mutants, the F protein expression was more on the apical than on the basolateral surface, and this effect was more pronounced in the rL537A mutant. We conclude that these wild-type residues in the NDV F CT have an effect on regulating F protein biological functions and thus modulating viral replication and pathogenesis.
The size and distribution of key populations at greater risk of HIV in Pakistan: implications for resource allocation for scaling up HIV prevention programmes
Authors: Emmanuel Faran , Thompson Laura H , Salim Momina , Akhtar Naeem , Reza Tahira E , Hafeez Hajra , Ahmed Sajid , Blanchard James F 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundWith competing interests, limited funding and a socially conservative context, there are many barriers to implementing evidence-informed HIV prevention programmes for sex workers and injection drug users in Pakistan. Meanwhile, the HIV prevalence is increasing among these populations across Pakistan. We sought to propose and describe an approach to resource allocation which would maximise the impact and allocative efficiency of HIV prevention programmes.MethodsProgramme performance reports were used to assess current resource allocation. Population size estimates derived from mapping conducted in 2011 among injection drug users andhijra, male and female sex workers and programme costs per person documented from programmes in the province of Sindh and also in India were used to estimate the cost to deliver services to 80% of these key population members across Pakistan. Cities were prioritised according to key population size.ResultsTo achieve 80% population coverage, HIV prevention programmes should be implemented in 10 major cities across Pakistan for a total annual operating cost of approximately US$3.5 million, which is much less than current annual expenditures. The total cost varies according to the local needs and the purchasing power of the local currency.ConclusionsBy prioritising key populations at greatest risk of HIV in cities with the largest populations and limited resources, may be most effectively harnessed to quell the spread of HIV in Pakistan.
Case study of copper poisoning in a British dairy herd
Authors: Bidewell C. A. , Drew J. R. , Payne J. H. , Sayers A. R. , Higgins R. J. , Livesey C. T. 
Published: July 2013

Following the initial diagnosis of chronic copper poisoning (CCP), the copper (Cu) status of a British dairy herd was investigated. Eight fatal cases of CCP were identified over a 17‐month period, from December 1999 to May 2001, involving seven Jersey cows and one Holstein‐Friesian; seven cows were dry when CCP occurred. Case diagnostic criteria were necrotising hepatopathy associated with abnormally high liver and kidney Cu concentrations. Analysis of the ration for the high‐yielding Jersey cow group revealed about 50 mg Cu/kg dry matter intake (DMI). Risk factors predisposing to fatal CCP were Jersey breed, previous high yield, first two weeks of the dry period and moderately high dietary Cu (greater than 40 mg Cu/kg DMI).
Chemoprevention of Endometrial Cancer in Lynch Syndrome: A Step Forward
Authors: Stoffel Elena M. , Walsh Christine 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Lynch syndrome is one of the most common hereditary cancer syndromes. Although Lynch syndrome is associated with increased risk for developing colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers specialized screening, risk-reducing surgery, and chemoprevention offer promise for reducing morbidity and mortality. Frequent colonoscopic surveillance has proven effective for early detection and prevention of Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer; however, the optimal strategy for managing endometrial cancer risks in women with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes has yet to be determined. In this issue of Cancer Prevention Research, Lu and colleagues report their findings of a phase II prospective, multicenter randomized trial comparing the effects of oral contraceptive pills and Depo-Provera on endometrial proliferation in women with Lynch syndrome. Although short-term hormonal treatment with either modality altered endometrial proliferation indices, it remains unknown whether hormonal suppression actually reduces endometrial cancer risk in women with Lynch syndrome. This trial represents the first of its kind in evaluating agents which might offer protection against Lynch syndrome-associated endometrial cancer and provides preliminary data regarding potential biomarkers for early detection of endometrial neoplasia. The investigators' experience with this trial also offers insights regarding the various technical and scientific challenges inherent in chemoprevention research. Cancer Prev Res; 6(8); 755–9. ©2013 AACR.
Exploiting the Head and Neck Cancer Oncogenome: Widespread PI3K-mTOR Pathway Alterations and Novel Molecular Targets
Authors: Iglesias-Bartolome Ramiro , Martin Daniel , Gutkind J. Silvio 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Summary: Two studies published in this issue of Cancer Discovery describe the emerging mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and their genomic and epigenetic alterations, thus identifying novel actionable cancer drivers and predictive biomarkers for targeted therapies. Most genomic alterations in HNSCC converge in a handful of molecular pathways, resulting in cell-cycle deregulation, genomic instability, cell differentiation defects, and persistent mitogenic signaling, the latter involving aberrant phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR pathway activation, thereby rendering HNSCC responsive to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Cancer Discov; 3(7); 722–5. ©2013 AACR.
See related article by Lui et al., p. 761
See related article by Pickering et al., p. 770
How Charles Taylor Philosophizes with History: A Review of Dilemmas and Connections
Authors: Blakely Jason 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Charles Taylor’s latest collection of essays, Dilemmas and Connections, is the most recent installment in his development of a grand history of the rise of a modern, secular age. In this review, I show how the historical narrative that defines Taylor’s late work is in continuity with his earlier hermeneutic commitments, while also allowing him to advance new inquiries into areas as diverse as secularism, religion, nationalism, and human rights discourse. I do this by not only providing a succinct summary of Taylor’s master narrative, but also by arguing that it resolves a number of philosophical dilemmas.
Dating the Even Bohan of Qalonymos ben Qalonymos of Arles. A Microhistory of Scholarship
Authors: Dunkelgrün Theodor 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The Even Bohan of Qalonymos ben Qalonymos has long been acknowledged as a masterpiece of Hebrew satire and an important source for Jewish life in medieval Aragon, Provence, and Italy. The date of its composition, however, has been the subject of persistent confusion. For over four centuries its completion was dated decades before the birth of its author, even though the correct date had been discovered by Joseph Scaliger and (independently) by Leopold Zunz. After an overview of Qalonymos’s world and works, this essay uncovers this history by tracing the fate of one word through textual transmission from manuscript to print. Studying past attempts to date Qalonymos’s text, this essay tells chapters in the histories of the Hebrew book and the perception of medieval Jewish history by both Renaissance Christian Hebraists and nineteenth-century scholars of the Wissenschaft des Judentums. It also provides the correct date of the completion of the Even Bohan.
The Meaning of Judaeus and the Myth of Jewish Male Menses in a Late Medieval Astronomical School Text
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The article introduces and explores a new source on Christian hostility towards Jews during the late Middle Ages. It comes in the shape of a commentary on a Computus Judaicus, which was used as a quadrivial school text in Central and Eastern Europe during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Based on an examination of the rich manuscript tradition, it will be demonstrated how the text contributed to the evolution of the trope of Jewish male menstruation, which is here tied, in a unique manner, to an exposition of the Jewish calendar as a method of lunar reckoning.
New Hailstone Physics. Part I: Heat and Mass Transfer (HMT) and Growth
Authors: List Roland 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
An all-encompassing new theory of heat and mass transfer (HMT) and growth equations have been developed for freely falling spherical hailstones with diameters of 0.5–8 cm. The initial six variables are diameter, liquid water content, air and hailstone surface temperatures, net collection efficiency, and ice fraction of spongy deposit. They are replaced by three or four new ones, depending on the three growth categories. Two new variables are products of “old” ones: (i) the square root of the Reynolds number Re and the liquid water content and (ii) net collection efficiency and ice fraction of the spongy deposit. Only the products matter, not the individual parts. [The two variables in (ii) are as important as the two in (i).] Two old variables remain: air and surface temperatures. The HMT can be further compacted for hailstorms with specified pressure–air temperature–height profiles. Further, Re for free-fall reveals unexpected complexities—issues important to solve HMT problems.
The “new hailstone physics” is based on 55 years of in-house studies of all aspects of hailstone growth, followed by 5 years of shaping these puzzle pieces and assembling them into a coherent picture. This was only possible by recognizing the free-fall mode: a special gyration that allows hailstones to grow with a radial symmetry and, thus, homogeneous surface temperature.
Part II will display the surprising solutions to growth and HMT and firmly link the hailstones to mostly spongy growth with shedding that favors a hail-coupled rain mechanism.
Dissonant alignments: The ethics and politics of researching state institutions
Authors: Lavanchy Anne 
Published: July 2013

This article explores the ethical challenges of conducting fieldwork in state institutions. It critically engages with the chain of competing claims and multiple loyalties that confront social researchers, and addresses as the main question: how does working with people with whose goals one fundamentally disagrees shape the necessity of building collaborative alliances and trust? Drawing on the experience of a sensitive and precarious procedure – the administrative hearing of two fiancés suspected of a sham union – the article aims to give situated answers to general questions about the ethics of fieldwork relations. By challenging ideas about trust, neutrality and loyalty, it explores the tensions between building field alliances and private moral and political alignments. In the light of such dissonance, the article discusses the stakes of disclosure and the imposition of a covert role in forging alliances; the consequences of working in a state institution, where ‘customers’ are submitted to civil servants’ discretionary power; and how this blurs, for the researcher, the opposition between adopting a neutral stance and taking sides. Finally, the article addresses the ethics of unethical alliances and how this tension challenges choices in portraying and betraying research participants.
Factors influencing physical activity among postpartum Iranian women
Authors: Roozbahani Nasrin , Ghofranipour Fazlollah , Eftekhar Ardabili Hassan , Hajizadeh Ebrahim 
Published: July 2013

Background: Postpartum women are a population at risk for sedentary living. Physical activity (PA) prior to pregnancy may be effective in predicting similar behaviour in the postpartum period. Objective: To test a composite version of the extended transtheoretical model (TTM) by adding ‘past behaviour’ in order to predict PA behaviour among postpartum Iranian women. Methods: Participants were 300 primiparous postpartum women from health clinics in Arak, Iran who completed the Iranian versions of the TTM, past behaviour and PA behaviour questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 24.85 years ( SD = 4.4, range = 15–41). Data were analysed using bivariate correlation and path analysis. Results: The first revised model accounted for 43% of the variance in current PA and represented a good data fit (χ2 = 7.45, df = 4, p = 0.114). There were significant direct pathways between PA and stage of change (β = 0.51), pros (β = 0.30), and cons (β = −0.31), and significant indirect effects of self-efficacy (β = .39) and processes of change (β = 0.34). The final model, which included the direct effects of past behaviour (β = 0.28), explained 50% of the variance in PA and represented a good data fit (χ2 = 8.30, df = 5, p = 0.14). Additionally, in this model pros (β = 0.25) and cons (β = −0.26) are directly related to PA, and self-efficacy (β = 0.39) and processes of change (β = 0.34) are indirectly related to PA. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the application of TTM to PA behaviour change among Iranian postpartum women. However, adding past behaviour to the model increases our understanding of the population’s PA and may help the planning of more efficient interventions for promoting PA.
Gradient-based iterative algorithm for solving the generalized coupled Sylvester-transpose and conjugate matrix equations over reflexive (anti-reflexive) matrices
Authors: Beik Fatemeh Panjeh Ali , Salkuyeh Davod Khojasteh , Moghadam Mahmoud Mohseni 
Published: July 2013

Linear matrix equations play an important role in many areas, such as control theory, system theory, stability theory and some other fields of pure and applied mathematics. In the present paper, we consider the generalized coupled Sylvester-transpose and conjugate matrix equations [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is a group of unknown matrices and for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] in which [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are given matrices with suitable dimensions defined over complex number field. By using the hierarchical identification principle, an iterative algorithm is proposed for solving the above coupled linear matrix equations over the group of reflexive (anti-reflexive) matrices. Meanwhile, sufficient conditions are established which guarantee the convergence of the presented algorithm. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of our theoretical results and the efficiency of the algorithm for solving the mentioned coupled linear matrix equations.
Establishment of a novel rat model without blood priming during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Zhu X , Ji B , Liu J , Sun Y , Wu S , Zheng Z , Long C , Tang Y 
Published: July 2013

Objective: An effective animal model was needed for research on the pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Rat models were considered suitable for research into CPB, recently. The aim of the article is to establish a simple and safe CPB model without blood priming in rats, containing the advantages of controlling temperature precisely, being similar to the clinical process and laying the foundation for the further study of a deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) model. Materials and Methods: Ten Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into a CPB group (n=7) and a sham group (n=3), received sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia and were maintained in an anesthesia state by intubation. The entire CPB circuit consisted of a reservoir, a membrane oxygenator, a roller pump, a heat exchanger and a heat cooler, all of which were connected via silicon tubes. The volume of the priming solution, composed of 6% HES130/0.4 and 125 IU heparin, was less than 12 ml. In the CPB group, a 22G catheter was placed in the left femoral artery for monitoring arterial blood pressure, a 20G catheter was placed in a tail artery for arterial inflow and a homemade, multiorificed catheter was inserted into a right jugular vein for venous drainage. After 90 minutes, the CPB process was terminated when vital signs were stable. In the sham group, the same surgical process was conducted except for the venous drainage. Post-oxygenator blood gas and hemodynamic parameters were measured at each time point before CPB, during CPB and after CPB. Results: All CPB processes were successfully achieved. Blood gas analysis and hemodynamic parameters of each time point were in accordance with normal ranges. The vital signs of all rats were stable. Conclusion: The establishment of CPB without blood priming in rats can be achieved successfully. The rat model could be used to study short-term or long-term organ injury mechanisms caused by CPB. Furthermore, on the basis of the precise control of temperature and the depth of anesthesia, the DHCA model in rats could be developed further to study pathophysiological changes of neurological and other organ functions in the future.
The ‘Group-Analytic Stance’ in Training of Psychiatrists: Race, Cultural Differences and the Case Based Discussion Group
Authors: Cilasun Jale , Herrewegh Muge 
Published: July 2013

Britain is a multicultural society with psychiatrists and their patients coming from many different countries. It is therefore important that psychiatric trainees learn to understand their own cultural determinants and how these influence understanding patients who come from different cultures, other than their own, while operating within a third and different culture. When conducted with the group analytic stance, the Case Based Discussion (CBD) group, which is a mandatory component of psychiatric training, can be a rich medium for enabling trainees to see both themselves and their patients in their cultural context.