bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space and language in Williams syndrome: insights from typical development
Authors: Landau Barbara , Ferrara Katrina 
Published: October 2013

One of the holy grails of cognitive science is to understand the causal chain that links genes and cognition. Genetic syndromes accompanied by cognitive effects offer natural experiments that can uniquely inform our understanding of this chain. In this article, we discuss the case of Williams syndrome (WS), which is characterized by a set of missing genes on chromosome 7q11.23, and presents with a unique cognitive profile that includes severe spatial impairment along with strikingly fluent and well‐structured language. An early inference from this profile was the idea that a small group of genes could directly target one cognitive system while leaving others unaffected. Recent evidence shows that this inference fails. First, the profile within the spatial domain is varied, with relative strength in some aspects of spatial representation but severe impairment in others. Second, some aspects of language may fail to develop fully, raising the question of how to compare the resilience and fragility of the two key cognitive domains in this syndrome. Third, much research on the profile fails to place findings in the context of typical developmental trajectories. We explore these points and propose a new hypothesis that explains the unusual WS cognitive profile by considering normal mechanisms of cognitive development that undergo change on an extremely prolonged timetable. This hypothesis places the elements of the WS cognitive profile in a new light, refocuses the discussion of the gene–cognition causal chain for WS and other disorders, and more generally, underlines the importance of understanding cognitive structure in both typical and atypical development. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:693–703. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1258This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Psychology > Language
Neuroscience > Development
ART, cognitive science, and technology transfer
Authors: Carpenter Gail A. 
Published: October 2013

Three computational examples illustrate how cognitive science can introduce new approaches to the analysis of large datasets. The first example addresses the question: how can a neural system learning from one example at a time absorb information that is inconsistent but correct, as when a family pet is called Spot and dog and animal, while rejecting similar incorrect information, as when the same pet is called wolf? How does this system transform such scattered information into the knowledge that dogs are animals, but not conversely? The second example asks: how can a real‐time system, initially trained with a few labeled examples and a limited feature set, continue to learn from experience when confronted with oceans of additional information, without eroding reliable early memories? How can such individual systems adapt to their unique application contexts? The third example asks: how can a neural system that has made an error refocus attention on environmental features that it had initially ignored? Three models that address these questions, each based on the distributed adaptive resonance theory (dART) neural network, are applied to a spatial testbed created from multimodal remotely sensed data. The article summarizes key design elements of ART models, and provides links to open‐source code for each system and the testbed dataset. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:707–719. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1260This article is categorized under:

Computer Science > Machine Learning
Computer Science > Neural Networks
Psychology > Memory
Decision trees
Authors: de Ville Barry 
Published: October 2013

Decision trees trace their origins to the era of the early development of written records. This history illustrates a major strength of trees: exceptionally interpretable results which have an intuitive tree‐like display which, in turn, enhances understanding and the dissemination of results. The computational origins of decision trees—sometimes called classification trees or regression trees—are models of biological and cognitive processes. This common heritage drives complementary developments of both statistical decision trees and trees designed for machine learning. The unfolding and progressive elucidation of the various features of trees throughout their early history in the late 20th century is discussed along with the important associated reference points and responsible authors. Statistical approaches, such as a hypothesis testing and various resampling approaches, have coevolved along with machine learning implementations. This had resulted in exceptionally adaptable decision tree tools, appropriate for various statistical and machine learning tasks, across various levels of measurement, with varying levels of data quality. Trees are robust in the presence of missing data and offer multiple ways of incorporating missing data in the resulting models. Although trees are powerful, they are also flexible and easy to use methods. This assures the production of high quality results that require few assumptions to deploy. The treatment ends with a discussion of the most current developments which continue to rely on the synergies and cross‐fertilization between statistical and machine learning communities. Current developments with the emergence of multiple trees and the various resampling approaches that are employed are discussed. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:448–455. doi: 10.1002/wics.1278This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Pattern Recognition
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Rule-Based Mining
The emerging role of triple helices in RNA biology
Authors: Conrad Nicholas K. 
Published: October 2013

The ability of RNA to form sophisticated secondary and tertiary structures enables it to perform a wide variety of cellular functions. One tertiary structure, the RNA triple helix, was first observed in vitro over 50 years ago, but biological activities for triple helices are only beginning to be appreciated. The recent determination of several RNA structures has implicated triple helices in distinct biological functions. For example, the SAM‐II riboswitch forms a triple helix that creates a highly specific binding pocket for S‐adenosylmethionine. In addition, a triple helix in the conserved pseudoknot domain of the telomerase‐associated RNA TER is essential for telomerase activity. A viral RNA cis‐acting RNA element called the ENE contributes to the nuclear stability of a viral noncoding RNA by forming a triple helix with the poly(A) tail. Finally, a cellular noncoding RNA, MALAT1, includes a triple helix at its 3′‐end that contributes to RNA stability, but surprisingly also supports translation. These examples highlight the diverse roles that RNA triple helices play in biology. Moreover, the dissection of triple helix mechanisms has the potential to uncover fundamental pathways in cell biology. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:15–29. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1194This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Recognition modes of RNA tetraloops and tetraloop‐like motifs by RNA‐binding proteins
Authors: Thapar Roopa , Denmon Andria P. , Nikonowicz Edward P. 
Published: October 2013

RNA hairpins are the most commonly occurring secondary structural elements in RNAs and serve as nucleation sites for RNA folding, RNA–RNA, and RNA–protein interactions. RNA hairpins are frequently capped by tetraloops, and based on sequence similarity, three broad classes of RNA tetraloops have been defined: GNRA, UNCG, and CUYG. Other classes such as the UYUN tetraloop in histone mRNAs, the UGAA in 16S rRNA, the AUUA tetraloop from the MS2 bacteriophage, and the AGNN tetraloop that binds RNase III have also been characterized. The tetraloop structure is compact and is usually characterized by a paired interaction between the first and fourth nucleotides. The two unpaired nucleotides in the loop are usually involved in base‐stacking or base‐phosphate hydrogen bonding interactions. Several structures of RNA tetraloops, free and complexed to other RNAs or proteins, are now available and these studies have increased our understanding of the diverse mechanisms by which this motif is recognized. RNA tetraloops can mediate RNA–RNA contacts via the tetraloop–receptor motif, kissing hairpin loops, A‐minor interactions, and pseudoknots. While these RNA–RNA interactions are fairly well understood, how RNA‐binding proteins recognize RNA tetraloops and tetraloop‐like motifs remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the structures of RNA tetraloop–protein complexes and the general themes that have emerged on sequence‐ and structure‐specific recognition of RNA tetraloops. We highlight how proteins achieve molecular recognition of this nucleic acid motif, the structural adaptations observed in the tetraloop to accommodate the protein‐binding partner, and the role of dynamics in recognition. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:49–67. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1196This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
Ear‐tag loss rates in American beavers
Authors: Windels Steve K. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTExternal marking of American beavers (Castor canadensis) is essential to studies of population dynamics and behavior of individuals. Application of metal ear tags is a common method used to mark beavers but rates and causes of ear‐tag loss have been insufficiently documented. I live‐trapped and tagged 627 beavers in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA, from 2006 to 2012 with a single, uniquely numbered no. 3 monel ear tag in each ear. Beavers recaptured or recovered via live‐trapping (n = 178), legal harvest outside of the park (n = 55), or death (n = 4) up to 6 years after initial release were inspected for tag loss. An additional 31 beavers were secondarily marked with radiotransmitters and used to test the assumption that loss of one ear tag was independent of loss of the other. Six percent (15 out of 237) of beavers lost a single ear tag. Overall probability of beavers losing a single ear tag was low (3.3%) and did not differ by sex, age class, or method of recapture–recovery. Tag loss was highest within 6 months of initial tagging, but probability of tag loss was not related to time between tagging and recovery up to 6 years after tagging. None of the radioed beavers lost both ear tags, supporting the assumption of independence of ear‐tag loss among individual beavers. Ear‐tag loss rates are sufficiently low that studies of American beavers that rely on mark–recapture methods do not need to account for bias from ear‐tag loss. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Nesting burrowing owl density and abundance in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Neher Lee , Mount Joanne , Culver Renee C. E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAbout 600 burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) are killed annually at wind turbines in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, USA. Understanding the biological significance of this toll requires population data, including an estimate of the number of breeding pairs in the APWRA. An empirical model of breeding density predicted 35–75 pairs within the 16,760 ha of the APWRA, but that prediction proved low in spring 2011, when we detected 78 breeding pairs of burrowing owls in 46 randomly selected plots totaling 2,563 ha. We estimated that 3.201 breeding pairs/km2 occupied the 46 plots we surveyed in April–May. Extrapolating this density to the area of the APWRA led to an estimate of 537 pairs (90% CI = 320–753 pairs) across the APWRA, or 10× the model prediction. Counts of chicks emerged from burrows averaged 1.2 chicks/nest on the 46 plots, but these counts were minimum numbers. We estimated the APWRA supported at least 1,836 burrowing owls in 2011 (90% CI = 1,082–2,590), indicating the local population could conceivably be the sole source of fatalities attributed to wind turbines in the APWRA. Measures to conserve burrowing owls in the APWRA could include ground squirrel conservation and repowering to safer wind turbine models and careful siting to avoid areas densely populated with burrowing owls. More generally, management decisions based on comparisons of breeding‐pair density should also consider whether the density estimates were made in habitat fragments, sites selected for known high density, or in randomly or systematically selected plots sampling large areas, because the type of study area strongly influences the density estimate. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Activities of Copper(I) Complexes with the Ligand 2(4,5‐Diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)­pyridine
Authors: Yang Hua , Liu Yonglu , Hu Dao‐Dao 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTwo copper(I) complexes of compositions [Cu(HL)I]2·EtOH (1) and [Cu(HL)3]I·MeOH (2) were synthesized via the reactions of HL [HL = 2(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine] and CuI in EtOH and MeOH, respectively, under solvothermal conditions. The complexes were characterized by X‐ray single crystal diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 are catalytically active towards ketalization reaction, giving various ketals under mild conditions.
Information & communication technology and true real GDP: economic analysis and findings for selected countries
Authors: Welfens Paul J. J. , Perret Jens K. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The expansion of information & communication technology (ICT) is continuing in OECD countries and the world economy – partly due to the ongoing fall of relative ICT prices. The continuing absolute fall of ICT prices and ICT capital prices, respectively, is not adequately considered in the standard analysis of ICT. In the study presented here the ICT investment-GDP ratio is calculated in real terms and it is shown that this ratio is higher (order of magnitude is about 2 percentage points) than the nominal investment-GDP ratio which is misleading the ICT sector, policy makers and society at large. Moreover, we take an innovative look at the digital time budget of private households in selected OECD countries. Assuming that 10 % represents the relevant share of the time budget the digital value-added of private households stands for an unrecorded digital value-added of 2–5 % of gross domestic product; with a share of 20 % of the household’s internet time budget devoted to value-added the hidden internet value-added in the US would be in the range of 4.7–10.4 %. Hence the overall understimation of the ICT sector’s contribution to GDP is considerable and therefore changes in official statistical analysis and the System of National Accounts are required.
Molecular Species of Phospholipids with Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Skin Fibroblasts of Zellweger Syndrome
Authors: Hama Kotaro , Nagai Toru , Nishizawa Chiho , Ikeda Kazutaka , Morita Masashi , Satoh Noriko , Nakanishi Hiroki , Imanaka Tsuneo , Shimozawa Nobuyuki , Taguchi Ryo , Inoue Keizo , Yokoyama Kazuaki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe ratio of C26:0/C22:0 fatty acids in patient lipids is widely accepted as a critical clinical criterion of peroxisomal diseases, such as Zellweger syndrome and X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD). However, phospholipid molecular species with very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) have not been precisely characterized. In the present study, the structures of such molecules in fibroblasts of Zellweger syndrome and X‐ALD were examined using LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. In fibroblasts from Zellweger patients, a large number of VLCFA‐containing molecular species were detected in several phospholipid classes as well as neutral lipids, including triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters. Among these lipids, phosphatidylcholine showed the most diversity in the structures of VLCFA‐containing molecular species. Some VLCFA possessed longer carbon chains and/or larger number of double bonds than C26:0‐fatty acid (FA). Similar VLCFA were also found in other phospholipid classes, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. In addition, VLCFA‐containing phospholipid species showed some differences among fibroblasts from Zellweger patients. It appears that phospholipids with VLCFA, with or without double bonds, as well as C26:0‐FA might affect cellular functions, thus leading to the pathogenesis of peroxisomal diseases, such as Zellweger syndrome and X‐ALD.
Structurally-controlled Melt Accumulation: Himalayan Migmatites and Related Deformation – Dhauli Ganga Valley, Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Jain A. K. , Seth Puneet , Shreshtha Mrinal , Mukherjee P. K. , Singh Keser 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the uppermost parts of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) of the Great Himalaya, widespread in situ partial melting of sillimanite+K-feldspar gneiss resulted in the formation of migmatite and resultant melt accumulation near the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) during various deformation events along the Dhauli Ganga valley in Garhwal. The oldest migmatite phase, designated as the Me1, parallels the main foliation Sm as the stromatite layers and concordant leucogranite bands. Younger melt phases Me2, Me3 and Me5 are recorded along small-scale ductile thrusts, extensional fabric and structureless patches, respectively. It is only the Me4 melting phase that is evidenced by large-scale melt migration along cross-cutting irregular veins. These were possible conduits for migration and accumulation of melt into larger leucogranite bodies like the Malari granite (19.0± 0.5 Ma).
Petrology of the Udayagiri Anorthosite Complex, Eastern Ghats Belt, India
Authors: Mahapatro S. N. , Tripathy A. K. , Nanda J. K. , Rath S. C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB), characterised by pervasive Grenvillian granulite facies metamorphism, is the host to several 950-1000 Ma old massif-type anorthosite complexes. The present work describes one such complex near Udayagiri from the northern margin of the EGB, reported for the first time as “Udayagiri anorthosite complex” (UAC). The ‘massif type’ UAC comprises mainly of anorthosite, leuconorite-olivine leuconorite and norite in the decreasing order of areal extent. Mineralogically, these rocks dominantly consist of cumulates of moderately calcic plagioclase (∼An50-60), moderately magnesian intercumulus olivine (XMg: ∼0.6) and orthopyroxene (XMg : 0.47 to 0.70). Metamorphic garnet (Alm: ∼50 mol%) is also common in these rocks.
Anorthosite and leuconorite of the UAC exhibit a moderate ‘+ve’ Eu anomaly. Norite occurs locally as schlierens and is relatively rich in Fe, P, Rb, Sr, Th, Nb, Ta, Y and REE which could be a residual melt product. These rocks exhibit both relict magmatic mineralogy and textures with a metamorphic impress manifested by the development of multilayered corona involving olivine, orthopyroxene, garnet, phlogopite, ilmenite and plagioclase during cooling of the pluton. The corona development is a result of combination of significant magmatic and metamorphic reactions which have the potential to provide important clues for deciphering the magmatic and metamorphic evolution of such plutons in ambient granulite facies conditions.
Characteristics and Mechanism of Concentrated Unloading in Bank Slope of Yangqu Hydropower Station
Authors: Xia Min , Ren Guang Ming 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Based on the study of field background, tectonic evolution and development history of the Yellow River valley, the authors made an in-depth study of the distribution and formation mechanism of the deep concentrated unloading of a typical bank slope developed in broad basin, and found that the concentrated unloading ranges from 2520 to 2650 m at El, the horizontal depth is 40 to 90 m in left bank and 40 to 60 m in right bank. It showed that these deep cracks in concentrated unloading zone generally dip towards the river or to the inner slope with high angle, and the cause of formation due to the category of unloading. The concentrated unloading is the product of the epigenetic deformation along the original tectonic structural planes accompanied by the stress release of slope during the formation process of river bank slope.
Analysis of the fictitious domain method with penalty for elliptic problems
Authors: Zhou Guanyu , Saito Norikazu 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The fictitious domain method with H
1-penalty for elliptic problems is considered. We propose a new way to derive the sharp error estimates between the solutions of original elliptic problems and their H
1-penalty problems, which can be applied to parabolic problem with moving-boundary maintaing the sharpness of the error estimate. We also prove some regularity theorems for H
1-penalty problems. The P1 finite element approximation to H
1-penalty problems is investigated. We study error estimates between the solutions of H
1-penalty problems and discrete problems in H
1 norm, as well as in L
2 norm, which is not currently found in the literature. Thanks to regularity theorems, we can simplify the analysis of error estimates. Due to the integration on a curved domain, the discrete problem is not suitable for computation directly. Hence an approximation of the discrete problem is necessary. We provide an approximation scheme for the discrete problem and derive its error estimates. The validity of theoretical results is confirmed by numerical examples.
An integrated computational approach for metabolic flux analysis coupled with inference of tandem-MS collisional fragments
Authors: Tepper Naama , Shlomi Tomer 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is a commonly used approach for quantifying metabolic fluxes based on tracking isotope labeling of metabolite within cells. Tandem mass-spectrometry (MS/MS) has been recently shown to be especially useful for MFA by providing rich information on metabolite positional labeling, measuring isotopic labeling patterns of collisional fragments. However, a major limitation in this approach is the requirement that the positional origin of atoms in a collisional fragment would be known a priori, which in many cases is difficult to determine.
Results: Here we show that MS/MS data could also be used to improve flux inference even when the positional origin of fragments is unknown. We develop a novel method, metabolic flux analysis/unknown fragments, that extends on standard MFA and jointly searches for the most likely metabolic fluxes together with the most plausible position of collisional fragments that would optimally match measured MS/MS data. MFA/UF is shown to markedly improve flux prediction accuracy in a simulation model of gluconeogenesis and using experimental MS/MS data in Bacillus subtilis.
Availability and Implementation: Freely available at www.cs.technion.ac.il/∼tomersh/methods.html
Contact: tomersh@cs.technion.ac.il