bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New world, new tourism, new destinations
Authors: Ajagunna Ibrahim 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to examine the position of tourism in tourism dependent countries in light of newly industrialized countries and how trends in the industry impact these developing tourism dependent nations. International tourism, for example, is now a technologically advanced activity in which some developing countries are lagging behind. These developing countries are challenged in adapting to compatible and new technology, financing, staff training and the relevant to the future of the industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study employed a qualitative research methodology using both primary and secondary data drawn from a study conducted on the South Coast of Jamaica with supporting literature from a global perspective.

Findings
– Moves by major players in the international tourism industry to increase their influence and dominance of global markets may reduce consumer choice thereby creating a shift for tourism from old tourism dependent developing nations to newly industrialized countries of the world. This would mean that the old tourism dependent nations need to devise a new way of diversifying their tourism products to attract elite markets seeking clean and un-spoilt environments and destinations.

Originality/value
– This paper is part of a PhD work, which has been published in a book. The key issues raised in the paper are still current and the challenges present now need government and policy makers
'
attention.
Factors used by Ghanaian students in determining career options in the tourism and hospitality industry
Authors: Neequaye Kate , Armoo A. Kobina 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– While colleges have perceived the importance and growth within the tourism and hospitality industry, students in the industry have mixed feelings about career options that are available to them. The purpose of this paper is to discuss factors that underpin students
'
perception of career options in the tourism and hospitality industry and to make recommendations for other developing countries.

Design/methodology/approach
– A 21-variable structured questionnaire was used to solicit response from 260 Ghanaian tourism and hospitality students. The data was coded and keyed into MINITAB and SPSS statistical processing software. Various multivariate techniques such as Eigen-analysis, correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Secondary data was also obtained for student records.

Findings
– The study revealed that, industry-person congeniality, social benefit factors, opportunity for professional development, and job competitiveness, were crucial in determining students
'
choice of career options. Other factors include, career opportunities in tourism and hospitality industry were more easily attainable than in many other sectors of the economy; remuneration in the industry is grossly inadequate.

Research limitations/implications
– A limitation of the study is the use of HTM students of one university. Therefore, replication of this study in other tourism and hospitality institutions of higher in other developing countries is strongly recommended to harmonize the findings of this study.

Practical implications
– Several implications were found including: getting students to be made aware of the career and career development opportunities available in each sector; educational institutions should partner with industry to provide internship and employment opportunities, that would encourage students to have a better perception of the industry; curb the escalating trend of “brain drain” away for the industry, while the industry should reorganize itself to correct the negative perception of low wages and high turnover.

Originality/value
– The study was an original primary study that surveyed students at two tertiary level institutions to determine their perception of the career options available to them. The lessons are of value to stakeholders of Ghana
'
s tourism and hospitality industry and relevance to those in other developing countries.
Richey, Rita C ed (2013) Encyclopedia of terminology for educational communications and technologySpringer (Berlin) isbn 978‐1‐4614‐6572‐0 xxxii+338 pp £117 http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/learning+%26+instruction/book/978‐1‐4614‐6572‐0
Authors: El‐Farargy Nancy 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis collection of explanations of terms across the field of educational communications and technology offers scholars and practitioners a comprehensive and coherent overview of the domain. It presents short key educational discussions, annotated explanations, and avenues to further scholarly works. I recommend borrowing the book, and for educational leaders, it could fruitfully feature as a useful reference text in their personal libraries.Nancy El‐Farargy
Learning from Conservation Planning for the U.S. National Wildlife Refuges
Authors: MERETSKY VICKY J. , FISCHMAN ROBERT L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System has nearly completed its first round of unit‐level, comprehensive conservation plans (CCPs) and will soon begin required revisions. Laws and policies governing refuge planning emphasize ecological integrity, landscape‐scale conservation, and adaptive management. We evaluated 185 CCPs completed during 2005–2011, which cover 324 of 555 national wildlife refuges. We reviewed CCP prescriptions addressing 5 common conservation issues (habitat and game, nongame, imperiled, and invasive species) and 3 specialized topics (landscape‐scale conservation, climate change, and environmental quality). Common conservation issues received prescriptions in >90% of CCPs. Specialized topics received more variable treatment. Prescriptions for aquatic connectivity, water quantity, and climate‐change impacts increased over the study period. Except for climate change, direct actions were the most common type of management prescription, followed by plans or studies. Most CCPs stated a commitment to adaptive management and prescribed monitoring for common conservation objectives; other aspects of planning for adaptive management were often lacking, despite strong support for adaptive management in the conservation planning literature. To better address refuge‐specific threats, we recommend that revised plans explicitly match identified refuge issues with prescriptions, particularly for under‐represented concerns such as novel pests and pathogens. We recommend incorporating triggers into monitoring frameworks and specifying actions that will occur when threshold values are reached to improve support for adaptive management. Revised CCPs should better reflect work that refuges already undertake to extend conservation objectives beyond their borders and better engage with regional conservation efforts to continue this work. More thorough landscape‐scale threat assessments and explicit prioritization of planned actions would further improve conservation effectiveness. Excellent examples of all recommended practices exist within the CCPs we examined; sharing best planning practices would improve planning efficiency within the refuge system.Aprendiendo de la Planeación de la Conservación para los Refugios Nacionales de Vida Silvestre de EUA
Analysis of pre‐invasive lung adenocarcinoma lesions on thin‐section computerized tomography
Authors: Xing Yanfen , Li Zhen , Jiang Sen , Xiang Wenjing , Sun Xiwen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroductionRecent studies have revealed a potential relationship between the presence of ground glass opacity (GGO) on regular computerized tomography (CT) and adenocarcinomas.ObjectivesTo investigate features of pre‐invasive lung adenocarcinoma lesions on thin‐section CT.MethodsWe evaluated 59 cases of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and 35 cases of adenoma in situ (AIS) confirmed by histopathology. Comparison of thin‐section CT features, such as size, shape, margin, internal characteristics, and adjacent structures of pre‐invasive lesions were analyzed. Lesions were further classified to pure ground glass opacity (pGGO) and mixed ground glass opacity (mGGO). Differences were analyzed using Chi‐square or Fisher tests.ResultsThere were significant differences in lobulation, spiculation, and bubble lucency between pGGO and mGGO (P < 0.05), while no differences in air bronchogram, pleural indentation, or vascular morphological changes were identified (P > 0.05). In the group of pGGO, AAH and AIS lesions did not differ significantly in size (P > 0.05), while significant differences were found with respect to lobulation, spiculation, pleural indentation, and vascular morphological changes (P < 0.05). In the group of mGGO, AAH and AIS lesions were significantly different with respect to size (P < 0.05), while no differences were found in lobulation, spiculation, bubble lucency, air bronchogram, or pleural indentation (P > 0.05). Only vascular morphological changes were significantly different between AAH and AIS lesions (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe features of thin‐slice CT of AAH and AIS reflected the corresponding morphological changes from AAH progressing to AIS or adenocarcinoma.
Imbalance of peripheral blood Th17 and Treg responses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Wang Huaying , Ying Huajuan , Wang Shi , Gu Xiao , Weng Yuesong , Peng Weidong , Xia Dajing , Yu Wanjun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundAutoimmune responses mediated by cluster of differentiation 4+ T cells may contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, little is known about the frequency of peripheral blood Th17 cells and of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Chinese patients with COPD. This study is aimed at determining the frequency of circulating Th17 and Tregs in patients with moderate and severe COPD, heavy smokers and healthy controls (HC).MethodThe percentages of circulating T‐helper type (Th)17 cells and Tregs were determined by flow cytometry in 32 patients with moderate COPD, 33 patients with severe COPD, 35 smokers, and 31 HC. The concentrations of serum Th17‐ and Treg‐related cytokines were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of retinoic acid orphan receptor (ROR)‐γt and Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The potential correlation between the percentages of Th17 Tregs, serum cytokines and lung function was evaluated.ResultsIn comparison with that in the smokers and HC, significantly higher frequencies of Th17 cells and higher levels of ROR‐γt mRNA transcripts and serum interleukin (IL)‐17A, IL‐6, IL‐21, IL‐22 and IL‐23, but lower frequency of Tregs and lower levels of Foxp3 and serum IL‐10 were detected in patients with moderate and severe COPD. The increased ratios of Th17 to Tregs were negatively correlated with the values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC.ConclusionsAn imbalance of circulating Th17 cells and Tregs is associated with the deterioration of pulmonary function in patients with moderate and severe COPD.
Words, shape, visual search and visual working memory in 3‐year‐old children
Authors: Vales Catarina , Smith Linda B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDo words cue children's visual attention, and if so, what are the relevant mechanisms? Across four experiments, 3‐year‐old children (N = 163) were tested in visual search tasks in which targets were cued with only a visual preview versus a visual preview and a spoken name. The experiments were designed to determine whether labels facilitated search times and to examine one route through which labels could have their effect: By influencing the visual working memory representation of the target. The targets and distractors were pictures of instances of basic‐level known categories and the labels were the common name for the target category. We predicted that the label would enhance the visual working memory representation of the target object, guiding attention to objects that better matched the target representation. Experiments 1 and 2 used conjunctive search tasks, and Experiment 3 varied shape discriminability between targets and distractors. Experiment 4 compared the effects of labels to repeated presentations of the visual target, which should also influence the working memory representation of the target. The overall pattern fits contemporary theories of how the contents of visual working memory interact with visual search and attention, and shows that even in very young children heard words affect the processing of visual information.
Parasitoids update the habitat profitability by adjusting the kairomone responsiveness to their oviposition experience
Authors: LOUÂPRE PHILIPPE , PIERRE JEAN‐SEBASTIEN 
Published: April 2014

Coping with unpredictability is crucial for insect parasitoids whose fitness depends on their ability to find hosts. One way to optimise their foraging behaviour is to glean information and to update the estimation of the habitat profitability through experience. Kairomone responsiveness (also called ‘motivation to stay’) is usually seen as a biological variable that reflects the initial estimate of patch quality.
In the present study, an experiment was performed to test if the kairomone responsiveness of Asobara tabida Nees females (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at arrival in a patch is specifically influenced by the number of hosts previously encountered in a series of patches of different qualities, thus highlighting their ability to estimate habitat profitability.
Asobara tabida females keep trace of the number of hosts previously encountered in prior patches and adjust their foraging behaviour in the next, regardless of the kairomone level perceived in these patches. First, these results demonstrate the ability of parasitoids to estimate the relative patch quality on the basis of the number of hosts previously encountered. Second, they provide new insight into how parasitoids handle information from patch to patch. This ability is discussed in an evolutionary context.
Pain and bleeding associated with trephine biopsy
Authors: Valebjørg Therese , Spahic Boris , Bremtun Fredrik , Kahrs Johannes , Hammerstrøm Jens , Brudevold Robert , Kolflaath Jan , Ghanima Waleed 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe study objectives were to determine the intensity and duration of pain, factors that may influence pain experience during and after trephine biopsy, and to assess bleeding and infectious complications related to the procedure. Patients scheduled for trephine biopsy were recruited to the study. Local anesthesia was applied in all patients. Pain intensity was recorded twice daily by the patients using the numeric rating scale (NRS). Bleeding was graded into four grades. Median age of 184 patients was 63 yr. Maximum NRS level was measured at time of biopsy (T0); 167 (91%) patients experienced pain at T0. Median (Q1 : Q3) NRS was 3 (1; 5). Median duration of pain was 36 h. Fourteen patients reported pain for more than 7 d. Significant inverse correlation was found between NRS at T0 and age. Pain duration at rest correlated with NRS at T0 and age, while pain duration in activity correlated with NRS at T0, age, and with body mass index (BMI). Mild and moderate bleeding at T0 occurred in 97 (54%) and 18 (10%) patients, respectively; no severe bleeding or infectious complications were registered. Secondary bleeding occurred in two patients; both required hospitalization. In conclusion, the study shows that despite the application of local anesthetic, more than 50% of the patients experienced pain of ≥3 points. Procedure‐related bleeding is mild to moderate and managed by local pressure only.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Drug Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia Related to Cocaine Use: A Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy Study
Authors: LAKKIREDDY DHANUNJAYA , KANMANTHAREDDY ARUN , BIRIA MAZDA , MADHU REDDY YERUVA , PILLARISETTI JAYASREE , MAHAPATRA SRIJOY , BERENBOM LOREN , CHINITZ LARRY , ATKINS DONITA , BOMMANA SUDHARANI , TUNG RODERICK , DI BIASE LUIGI , SHIVKUMAR KALYANAM , NATALE ANDREA 
Published: April 2014

RF Ablation of VT in Chronic Cocaine UsersBackgroundCocaine use is a known but rare cause of cardiac arrhythmias. Ventricular arrhythmias related to cocaine may not respond to antiarrhythmic drugs and may need treatment with radiofrequency ablation.ObjectivesWe describe the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of cocaine‐related ventricular tachycardia (VT) from a multicenter registry.MethodsSubjects presenting with VT related to cocaine use and being considered for radiofrequency ablation have been included in the study. Patients who were refractory to maximal medical therapy underwent radiofrequency ablation of the VT. Clinical, procedural variables, efficacy, and safety outcomes were assessed.ResultsA total of 14 subjects met study criteria (age 44 ± 13, range 18‐ to 68‐year‐old with 79% male, 71% Caucasian). MRI showed evidence of scar only in 43% of patients (6/14). The mechanism of VT was focal in 50% (n = 7) and scar related reentry in 50% (n = 7) based on 3D mapping. The mean VT cycle length was 429 ± 96 milliseconds. The site of origin was epicardial in 16% (3/18) of VTs. Most clinical VTs were hemodynamically stable (75%). Mean ejection fraction at the time of admission was 44 ± 14%. Duration of procedure was 289 ± 50 minutes. One subject developed pericardial tamponade requiring drainage. At 18 ± 11 months follow‐up, freedom from arrhythmia was seen in 86% (1 case lost to follow‐up and 2 died).ConclusionRadiofrequency ablation is not only feasible but also safe and effective in patients who have drug refractory VT related to chronic cocaine use.
Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin in blood in children with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Janas Roman M , Ochocińska Agnieszka , Śnitko Rafał , Dudka Dorota , Kierkuś Jarosław , Teisseyre Mikołaj , Najberg Ewa 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundNeutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25 kDa glycoprotein present in the bodily fluids and tissues. It is secreted by neutrophils, epithelial cells, hepatocytes and adipocytes, and its expression is highly increased in response to cellular stress. The role of NGAL in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in children has thus far not been studied.MethodsThe following groups of children were included: (i) inflammatory bowel disease group, n = 36, aged from 1 to 18 years with Crohn's disease (n = 19) and ulcerative colitis (n = 17); (ii) control group, n = 126; and (iii) disease control group, n = 27, without inflammatory bowel disease, with a food and/or inhalant allergy.ResultsHealthy children aged from 1 to 8 years exhibited lower NGAL level than those of 9 to 18 years old (39.0; 18.1–83.7 ng/mL vs 57.6; 28.7–107 ng/mL, P = 0.001). In the younger, but not in the older children, the serum NGAL level correlated with their age, r = 0.334, P = 0.001. In children with inflammatory bowel disease, serum NGAL level was higher (108; 37.3–245 ng/mL) than in healthy (42.0; 18.1–107 ng/mL) and allergic, noninflammatory bowel disease children (49.3; 19.3–107 ng/mL), P = 0.001. Serum NGAL levels in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis children did not correlate with age, gender, disease activity, and indices of the inflammation.ConclusionSerum NAGL levels are highly elevated in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in children compared to the healthy control group. Systematic studies are needed to explain the role of this protein in the inflammatory bowel disease.
Usefulness and safety of endoscopic treatment for nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma
Authors: Seo Jung Yeon , Hong Su Jin , Han Jae Pil , Jang Hee Yoon , Myung Yu Sik , Kim Cheol , Lee Yun Nah , Ko Bong Min 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimSafety and efficacy data on endoscopic treatment of duodenal neoplasm are limited. We suggest the technical feasibility of endoscopic procedures by evaluating the results of endoscopic treatment for nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma.MethodsForty‐five patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for nonampullary duodenal adenoma with or without malignant transformation between September 2003 and March 2012 were included. Endoscopic polypectomy of duodenal polyp (DPP), duodenal endoscopic mucosal resection (DEMR), and duodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection (DESD) were selected as endoscopic treatments for each lesion.ResultsMean lesion size was 9.1 mm, and most lesions were located in the second portion of the duodenum. There were 40 adenomas and five early‐stage adenocarcinomas arising from adenomas. Of the 45 duodenal neoplasms, five patients were treated with DPP, 33 with DEMR, and seven patients with a large duodenal lesion underwent DESD. Minimum of 1‐year follow‐up endoscopies were performed in 42 patients, excepting three patients treated after October 2011. Median follow‐up was 24.8 months. Of the 45 patients, en bloc resection was performed in 43 (95.6%). A complete resection was performed in 41 patients (91.1%). No significant bleeding events occurred. Perforations occurred in three patients who underwent DESD. All perforations were noticed during the procedures and completely closed by endoscopic clipping. There was one recurrence at 6 months after DPP.ConclusionEndoscopic treatment is minimally invasive management for duodenal adenomas and superficial adenocarcinomas. It would be helpful for medical doctors in the management of duodenal neoplasms.
The Trade‐off Between Environmental Impacts in Water Recycling Systems Using Industrial Effluent
Authors: O'Connor Matthew , Garnier Gil , Batchelor Warren 
Published: April 2014

SummaryA life cycle assessment was conducted on three industrial effluent water recycling options using a one‐, two‐, and three‐stage effluent treatment plant composed of clarification, aerobic treatment, and ultrafiltration processes. The impact categories dominated by energy use and the category of freshwater use were then further investigated and compared between each recycling system. A dual functional unit of recycled water delivered and effluent treated was identified to make the recycling options functionally equivalent. Three‐stage water recycling was the environmentally preferred option, with all three water recycling options investigated producing similar environmental impacts in most impact categories, with the exception of freshwater use, where the one‐ and two‐stage treatment options performed significantly worse than the three‐stage treatment. It was found that the impact categories of global warming potential and nonrenewable energy demand did not directly correlate with each other as a result of direct greenhouse gas emissions from sludge disposal.The construction of the equivalent systems shows that external systems required for functional equivalence are important in water recycling comparisons, and considering dual functional units is important for comparing water recycling options. With the increasing prevalence of industries utilizing biomass and other renewable fuels, it is becoming more apparent that measuring energy usage is not sufficient, and the specific impacts and damages associated with energy consumption need to be evaluated. This study provides a framework to identify opportunities in industrial wastewater management, which can be particularly important in industries with large effluent flows and high organic loadings.