bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining the variation in impacts of non‐native plants on local‐scale species richness: the role of phylogenetic relatedness
Authors: Vilà Montserrat , Rohr Rudolf P. , Espinar José L. , Hulme Philip E. , Pergl Jan , Le Roux Johannes J. , Schaffner Urs , Pyšek Petr 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo assess how the magnitude of impacts of non‐native plants on species richness of resident plants and animals varies in relation to the traits and phylogenetic position of the non‐native as well as characteristics of the invaded site.LocationGlobal.MethodsMeta‐analysis and phylogenetic regressions based on 216 studies were used to examine the effects of 96 non‐native plant species on species richness of resident plants and animals while considering differences in non‐native species traits (life‐form, clonality or vegetative reproduction, and nitrogen‐fixing ability) and characteristics of the invaded site (ecosystem type, insularity and climatic region).ResultsPlots with non‐native plants had lower resident plant (–20.5%) and animal species richness (–26.4%) than paired uninvaded control plots. Nitrogen‐fixing ability, followed by phylogeny and clonality were the best predictors of the magnitude of impacts of non‐native plants on native plant species richness. Non‐nitrogen‐fixing and clonal non‐native plants reduced species richness more than nitrogen‐fixing and non‐clonal invaders. However, life‐form and characteristics of the invaded sites did not appear to be important. In the case of resident animal species richness, only the phylogenetic position of the non‐native and whether invaded sites were islands or not influenced impacts, with a more pronounced decrease found on islands than mainlands.Main conclusionsThe presence of a phylogenetic signal on the magnitude of the impacts of non‐native plants on resident plant and animal richness indicates that closely related non‐native plants tend to have similar impacts. This suggests that the magnitude of the impact might depend on shared plant traits not explored in our study. Our results therefore support the need to include the phylogenetic similarity of non‐native plants to known invaders in risk assessment analysis.
Association between metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus and oncological outcomes of bladder cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Cantiello Francesco , Cicione Antonio , Salonia Andrea , Autorino Riccardo , De Nunzio Cosimo , Briganti Alberto , Gandaglia Giorgio , Dell'Oglio Paolo , Capogrosso Paolo , Damiano Rocco 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMetabolic syndrome is a cluster of several metabolic abnormalities, its prevalence is increasing worldwide. To summarize the most recent evidence regarding the relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components and the oncological outcomes in bladder cancer patients, a National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed search for relevant articles either published or e‐published up to March 2014 was carried out by combining the following Patient population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome terms: metabolic syndrome, obesity, body mass index, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, bladder cancer, risk, mortality, cancer specific survival, disease recurrence and progression. Metabolic syndrome is a complex, highly prevalent disorder, and central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension are its main components. Published findings would suggest that metabolic syndrome per se might be associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in male patients, but it did not seem to confer a risk of worse prognosis. Considering the primary components of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia), available data are uncertain, and it is no possible to reach a conclusion yet on either a direct or an indirect association with bladder cancer risk and prognosis. Only with regard to type 2 diabetes mellitus, available data would suggest a potential negative correlation. However, as the evaluation of bladder cancer risk and prognosis in patients with metabolic disorders is certainly complex, further studies are urgently required to better assess the actual role of these metabolic disorders.
Two subclasses of odorant‐binding proteins in Spodoptera exigua display structural conservation and functional divergence
Authors: Liu N.‐Y. , Yang F. , Yang K. , He P. , Niu X.‐H. , Xu W. , Anderson A. , Dong S.‐L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough many studies on lepidopteran pheromone‐binding proteins (PBPs)/ general odorant‐binding proteins (GOBPs) have been reported, the functional differentiation within and between the two odorant‐binding protein (OBP) subclasses is still elusive. Here we conducted a comparative study on three SexiPBPs and two SexiGOBPs in Spodoptera exigua. Results showed that all five SexiPBP/GOBP genes have the same intron numbers and conserved exon/intron splice sites. Reverse transcription PCR results showed that these five SexiPBP/GOBPs were primarily expressed in antennae of both sexes and some were also detected in other tissues. Further, quantitative real‐time PCR showed that five SexiPBP/GOBPs had different sex‐biased expression patterns, with PBP1 being highly male‐biased (5.96‐fold difference) and PBP3 slightly female‐biased (2.43‐fold difference), while PBP2 and two GOBPs were approximately sex‐equivalent (the absolute value < 1.90‐fold difference). Binding assays showed that all three SexiPBPs could bind all six sex pheromone components, but SexiPBP1 had much higher affinities [dissociation constant (Ki) < 1.10 μM] than did the other two SexiPBPs (Ki > 1.20 μM). Very intriguingly, SexiGOBP2 displayed even stronger binding to five sex pheromone components (Ki < 0.40 μM) than SexiPBP1. In contrast, SexiGOBP1 only exhibited weak binding to three alcohol‐pheromone components. Similar results were obtained for tested pheromone analogues. In addition, each of SexiPBP/GOBPs selectively bound some plant odorants with considerable affinities (Ki < 10.0 μM). Taken together, of the three SexiPBPs, SexiPBP1 may play the most important role in female sex pheromone reception, and additionally all three SexiPBPs can detect some plant odorants, while SexiGOBP2 may be involved in the detection of female sex pheromones in addition to plant odorants. The results strongly suggest functional differentiation within and between the two OBP sub‐classes.
Levee body vulnerability to seepage: the case study of the levee failure along the Foenna stream on 1 January 2006 (central Italy)
Authors: Camici S. , Barbetta S. , Moramarco T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe levee failure event occurred along the Foenna stream (Tuscany region, central Italy) on 1 January 2006 is here investigated. The levee body vulnerability to seepage is first assessed through a procedure here proposed and based on a simple vulnerability index. In particular, the index is defined for dimensionless geometry of levee body and related to the probability of occurrence of the levee seepage through the identification of ‘fragility curves’. The procedure can be applied for embankments whose soil hydraulic parameters are unknown or partly known. The obtained results indicate that the investigated levee, if intact, would not have to be vulnerable to seepage for the flood event occurred on January 2006 when, instead, the failure happened. The analysis shows that the failure was likely due to the presence of burrows at middle height of levee body riverside drawing the flow into the embankment triggering the piping phenomenon. This study indicates that to prevent the failure due to the burrows' presence, the levees must be actively maintained through both the burrows closing and the capture of wild animals. Finally, considering that scarce data are usually available for this type of events worldwide, this paper aims also to illustrate the collected data in terms of: maximum stage recorded at a gauged section close to the failure location, status of the levee, evolution of the failure event.
Negative Stereotypes of Ethnic Outgroups: A Longitudinal Examination AmongPalestinian,IsraeliJewish, andIsraeliArab Youth
Authors: Niwa Erika Y. , Boxer Paul , Dubow Eric F. , Huesmann L. Rowell , Landau Simha , Shikaki Khalil , Dvir Gvirsman Shira 
Published: October 2014

Ethno‐political conflict impacts thousands of youth globally and has been associated with a number of negative psychological outcomes. Extant literature has mostly addressed the adverse emotional and behavioral outcomes of exposure while failing to examine change over time in social cognitive factors in contexts of ethno‐political conflict. Using cohort sequential longitudinal data, this study examines ethnic variation in the development of negative stereotypes about ethnic outgroups amongPalestinian (n = 600),IsraeliJewish (n = 451), andIsraeliArab (n = 450) youth over 3 years. Age and exposure to ethno‐political violence were included as covariates for these trajectories. Findings indicate important ethnic differences in trajectories of negative stereotypes about ethnic outgroups, as well as variation in how such trajectories are shaped by prolonged ethno‐political conflict.
The Development of Impulse Control and Sensation‐Seeking in Adolescence: Independent or Interdependent Processes?
Authors: Shulman Elizabeth P. , Harden Kathryn Paige , Chein Jason M. , Steinberg Laurence 
Published: October 2014

This study examines whether changes in impulse control and sensation‐seeking across adolescence and early adulthood reflect independent or interdependent developmental processes. Data are drawn from a national longitudinal study (N = 8,270; 49% female; 33% Black, 22% Hispanic, 45% non‐Black, non‐Hispanic). An autoregressive latent trajectory model is used to test whether development in one trait influences development in the other. Although levels of these traits are inversely correlated, we do not find evidence that change over time in either trait is influenced by the prior level of the other. This failure to reject the null hypothesis is consistent with the view that sensation‐seeking and impulse control are the products of distinct neuropsychological systems that develop independently of one another.
Identification of the resting cyst of Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Dinophyceae, Gymnodiniales) in Korean coastal sediments
Authors: LI Zhun , Han Myung‐Soo , Matsuoka Kazumi , Kim So‐Young , Shin Hyeon Ho 
Published: October 2014

This study provides the first morphological features of resting cysts of Cochlodinium polykrikoides collected from Korean coastal sediments. Evidence for the existence of resting cysts of C. polykrikoides is based on the morphological and molecular phylogenetic data of the germinated cells and a resting cyst. The morphology of the resting cysts differed from that reported previously in sediments and culture experiments. The distinct feature is that the cyst body was covered by the reticulate ornaments and spines.
Kurt Lewin's Leadership Studies and His Legacy to Social Psychology: Is There Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory?
Authors: Billig Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper re‐examines Kurt Lewin's classic leadership studies, using them as a concrete example to explore his wider legacy to social psychology. Lewin distinguished between advanced “Galileian” science, which was based on analysing particular examples, and backward “Aristotelian” science, which used statistical analyses. Close examination of the way Lewin wrote about the leadership studies reveals that he used the sort of binary, value‐laden concepts that he criticised as “Aristotelian”. Such concepts, especially those of “democracy” and “autocracy”, affected the way that he analysed the results and the ways that later social scientists have understood, and misunderstood, the studies. It is argued that Lewin's famous motto—“there is nothing as practical as a good theory”—is too simple to fit the tensions between the leadership studies and his own views of what counts as good theory.
Tidal variation in a rocky inter‐tidal fish population: the case of white seabream Diplodus sargus juveniles
Authors: Gonçalves Ana Ribeiro , de Sousa Liliana , Duarte‐Coelho Pedro , Almada Vitor Carvalho 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe rocky inter‐tidal habitat is a harsh and fluctuating environment, subject to frequent disturbances. Field observations of juvenile white seabream Diplodus sargus in inter‐tidal rocky habitats were conducted to analyse the spatial distribution and feeding activity of this species in relation to the tidal cycle. The depth at which fish were observed did not change in most tidal phases while feeding activity changed with tidal level, showing the occurrence of tidal migrations and that feeding may be limited by habitat availability in shallow waters and thus be dependent on tidal changes. The present results show the exploitation of available feeding areas in the rocky inter‐tidal by juvenile white seabream, which corroborates the importance of these habitats for the first developmental stages of this fish species.
Gastropod shell repair tracks predator abundance
Authors: Stafford Emily S. , Tyler Carrie L. , Leighton Lindsey R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPredator‐prey interactions can shape biological communities and drive evolutionary change. The assessment of predation rates in modern and ancient ecosystems presents many challenges. We examined the utility of one common predation metric, shell repair frequency, as a proxy for crushing predation on marine gastropod populations. Our six localities near Bamfield, British Columbia, represented two contrasting predation regimes: three high‐wave‐energy (exposed) environments have low predation rates, while three low‐wave‐energy (protected) environments exhibit high predation rates. We measured the occurrence of repair scars for local populations of the gastropod Chlorostoma funebrale, and recorded multiple independent variables (shell measurements, water velocity, predatory crab abundance) at each locality. Fisher's exact test established that the repair frequencies observed in the protected localities were significantly greater than those of the exposed environments. Factors important in predicting the likelihood of an individual having a repair scar were examined using binomial logistic regression. A model containing the main effects of crab abundance, shell height, shell thickness and water velocity provided the best fit in predicting the presence of repair scars, with crab abundance having the largest contribution. The strong relationship between the presence of repair scars and predator abundance indicates that repair frequency is a valid tool for assessing predation intensity in gastropod populations.
Mapping migration in a songbird using high‐resolution genetic markers
Authors: Ruegg Kristen C. , Anderson Eric C. , Paxton Kristina L. , Apkenas Vanessa , Lao Sirena , Siegel Rodney B. , DeSante David F. , Moore Frank , Smith Thomas B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNeotropic migratory birds are declining across the Western Hemisphere, but conservation efforts have been hampered by the inability to assess where migrants are most limited—the breeding grounds, migratory stopover sites or wintering areas. A major challenge has been the lack of an efficient, reliable and broadly applicable method for measuring the strength of migratory connections between populations across the annual cycle. Here, we show how high‐resolution genetic markers can be used to identify genetically distinct groups of a migratory bird, the Wilson's warbler (Cardellina pusilla), at fine enough spatial scales to facilitate assessing regional drivers of demographic trends. By screening 1626 samples using 96 highly divergent single nucleotide polymorphisms selected from a large pool of candidates (~450 000), we identify novel region‐specific migratory routes and timetables of migration along the Pacific Flyway. Our results illustrate that high‐resolution genetic markers are more reliable, precise and amenable to high throughput screening than previously described intrinsic marking techniques, making them broadly applicable to large‐scale monitoring and conservation of migratory organisms.
Silicon‐mediated resistance of Arabidopsis against powdery mildew involves mechanisms other than the salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent defence pathway
Authors: Vivancos Julien , Labbé Caroline , Menzies James G. , Bélanger Richard R. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryOn absorption by plants, silicon (Si) offers protection against many fungal pathogens, including powdery mildews. The mechanisms by which Si exerts its prophylactic role remain enigmatic, although a prevailing hypothesis suggests that Si positively influences priming. Attempts to decipher Si properties have been limited to plants able to absorb Si, which excludes the model plant Arabidopsis because it lacks Si influx transporters. In this work, we were able to engineer Arabidopsis plants with an Si transporter from wheat (TaLsi1) and to exploit mutants (pad4 and sid2) deficient in salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent defence responses to study their phenotypic response and changes in defence expression against Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Gc) following Si treatment. Our results showed that TaLsi1 plants contained significantly more Si and were significantly more resistant to Gc infection than control plants when treated with Si, the first such demonstration in a plant transformed with a heterologous Si transporter. The resistant plants accumulated higher levels of SA and expressed higher levels of transcripts encoding defence genes, thus suggesting a role for Si in the process. However, TaLsi1 pad4 and TaLsi1 sid2 plants were also more resistant to Gc than were pad4 and sid2 plants following Si treatment. Analysis of the resistant phenotypes revealed a significantly reduced production of SA and expression of defence genes comparable with susceptible controls. These results indicate that Si contributes to Arabidopsis defence priming following pathogen infection, but highlight that Si will confer protection even when priming is altered. We conclude that Si‐mediated protection involves mechanisms other than SA‐dependent defence responses.
Genotype‐by‐sequencing of the plant‐pathogenic fungi Pyrenophora teres and Sphaerulina musiva utilizing Ion Torrent sequence technology
Authors: Leboldus Jared M. , Kinzer Kasia , Richards Jonathan , Ya Zhu , Yan Changhui , Friesen Timothy L. , Brueggeman Robert 
Published: October 2014

SummaryGenetic and genomics tools to characterize host–pathogen interactions are disproportionately directed to the host because of the focus on resistance. However, understanding the genetics of pathogen virulence is equally important and has been limited by the high cost of de novo genotyping of species with limited marker data. Non‐resource‐prohibitive methods that overcome the limitation of genotyping are now available through genotype‐by‐sequencing (GBS). The use of a two‐enzyme restriction‐associated DNA (RAD)‐GBS method adapted for Ion Torrent sequencing technology provided robust and reproducible high‐density genotyping of several fungal species. A total of 5783 and 2373 unique loci, ‘sequence tags’, containing 16 441 and 9992 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and characterized from natural populations of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata and Sphaerulina musiva, respectively. The data generated from the P. teres f. maculata natural population were used in association mapping analysis to map the mating‐type gene to high resolution. To further validate the methodology, a biparental population of P. teres f. teres, previously used to develop a genetic map utilizing simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, was re‐analysed using the SNP markers generated from this protocol. A robust genetic map containing 1393 SNPs on 997 sequence tags spread across 15 linkage groups with anchored reference markers was generated from the P. teres f. teres biparental population. The robust high‐density markers generated using this protocol will allow positional cloning in biparental fungal populations, association mapping of natural fungal populations and population genetics studies.
Refractive errors in a Brazilian population: age and sex distribution
Authors: Ferraz Fabio H. , Corrente José E. , Opromolla Paula , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Schellini Silvana A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine the prevalence of refractive errors and their distribution according to age and sex in a Brazilian population.MethodsThis population‐based cross‐sectional study involved 7654 Brazilian inhabitants of nine municipalities of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between March 2004 and July 2005. Participants aged >1 year were selected using a random, stratified, household cluster sampling technique, excluding individuals with previous refractive or cataract surgery. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤−0.5D, high myopia as SE ≤−3.0D, hyperopia as SE ≥+0.5D, high hyperopia as SE ≥+3D, astigmatism as ≤‐0.5DC and anisometropia as ≥1.0D difference between eyes. Age, sex, complaints and a comprehensive eye examination including cycloplegic refraction test were collected and analysed using descriptive analysis, univariate and multivariate methods.ResultsThe prevalence of astigmatism was 59.7%, hyperopia 33.8% and myopia was 25.3%. Astigmatism had a progressive increase with age. With‐the‐rule (WTR) axes of astigmatism were more frequently observed in the young participants and the against‐the‐rule (ATR) axes were more frequent in the older subjects. The onset of myopia occurred more frequently between the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Anisometropia showed a prevalence of 13.2% (95% CI 12.4–13.9; p < 0.001). There was an association between age and all types of refractive error and hyperopia was also associated with sex. Hyperopia was associated with WTR axes (odds ratio 0.73; 95% CI: 0.6–0.8; p < 0.001) and myopia with ATR axes (odds ratio 0.66; 95% CI: 0.6–0.8; p < 0.001).ConclusionsAstigmatism was the most prevalent refractive error in a Brazilian population. There was a strong relationship between age and all refractive errors and between hyperopia and sex. WTR astigmatism was more frequently associated with hyperopia and ATR astigmatism with myopia. The vast majority of participants had low‐grade refractive error, which favours planning aimed at correction of refractive error in the population.