bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative safety of atypical antipsychotics and the risk of pneumonia in the elderly
Authors: Mehta Sandhya , Pulungan Zulkarnain , Jones Barton T. , Teigland Christie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposePrevious studies have documented increased risk of pneumonia with antipsychotic use in the elderly; however, differential risk across individual atypical antipsychotics remains unaddressed. This study examines the effect of individual atypical antipsychotics on risk of pneumonia in elderly patients.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted using a large claims database. The study population included new users of atypical antipsychotics (≥65 years). The multiple propensity‐score adjusted survival model was used to examine risk of pneumonia within a 1‐year follow‐up period.ResultsA total of 92 234 patients newly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication were identified. Of these, 41 780 (45.30%) were quetiapine users, 31 048 (33.66%) risperidone users, 11 375 (12.33%) olanzapine users, 6790 (7.36%) aripiprazole users, and 1241 (1.35%) ziprasidone users. Within the 1‐year follow‐up period, 12 411 (13.46%) patients taking atypical antipsychotics had a diagnosis of pneumonia. The multiple propensity‐score‐adjusted survival model revealed increased risk of pneumonia with the use of risperidone (hazard ratios (HR) 1.14, 95%CI 1.10–1.18) and olanzapine (HR 1.10, 95%CI 1.04–1.16) compared with the use of quetiapine.ConclusionThis large population‐based study suggests that use of risperidone and olanzapine increases risk of pneumonia compared with use of quetiapine in elderly patients. This study provides new information on the comparative risk of pneumonia associated with different atypical antipsychotics in the elderly to support optimal treatment decisions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the Initiating Capability of Detonators Containing TKX‐50, MAD‐X1, PETNC, DAAF, RDX, HMX or PETN as a Base Charge, by Underwater Explosion Test
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Witkowski Tomasz G. , Wilk Zenon , Hadzik Justyna 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA comprehensive investigation to determine the initiation power of detonators containing as a base charge the novel explosives: dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bis(tetrazolate‐1N‐oxide) – TKX‐50, dihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bis(3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazolate‐1N‐oxide) – MAD‐X1, pentaerythritol tetranitrocarbamate – PETNC and 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan – DAAF in comparison with RDX, HMX and PETN was undertaken. In order to estimate the initiation power of the detonators, the underwater initiating capability test was used. The total energy as a sum of the primary shock wave energy and the bubble gas energy was determined for each of these explosives, by measuring the overpressure of the shock waves generated in water. Moreover, the complete synthesis for novel explosives is presented. The thermal behavior of the explosives was investigated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The gas phase absolute molar enthalpies at 298 K and 105 Pa were calculated theoretically using the modified complete basis set method (CBS‐4M; M referring to the use of minimal population localization) with the Gaussian 09 software. Gas phase standard molar enthalpies of formation (ΔHf°(g)) at 298 K were computed using the atomization energy method. Standard molar enthalpies of formation (▵H(s)°) were calculated using ΔHf°(g) and the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation by applying Trouton’s rule. The Chapman‐Jouguet (CJ) characteristics based on calculated ▵H(s)° values were computed using the EXPLO5 V6.01 thermochemical computer code. For the calculations the theoretical maximum densities and densities obtained during the experiments presented in this work were used.
Safety and efficacy of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in previously treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Baas J. M. , Krens L. L. , ten Tije A. J. , Erdkamp F. , van Wezel T. , Morreau H. , Gelderblom H. , Guchelaar H. J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIntroduction Cetuximab is registered for use in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with RAS wild-type tumours only. Simvastatin blocks the mevalonate pathway and thereby interferes with the post-translational modification (prenylation) of KRAS. We hypothesize that the activitated KRAS pathway in KRAS mutant tumors can be inhibited by simvastatin rendering these tumors sensitive to the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. Methods A Simon two-stage, single-arm, phase II study was performed to test the efficacy and safety of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in patients with a KRAS mutation in their CRC tumour who were previously treated with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan based regimens. The primary endpoint was to test the percentage of patients alive and free from progression 12.5 weeks after the first administration of cetuximab. Our hypothesis was that at least 40 % was free from progression, comparable to, though slightly lower than in KRAS wild-type patients. Results Four of 18 included patients (22.2 %) were free from progression at the primary endpoint time. The time to progression in these 4 patients ranged from 20.3 to 47 weeks. Conclusion Based on the current study we conclude that the theoretical concept of KRAS modulation with simvastatin was not applicable in the clinic, as we were not able to restore sensitivity to cetuximab in CRC patients harbouring a somatic KRAS mutation.
Disentangling the influence of local and landscape factors on alpha and beta diversities: opposite response of plants and ground‐dwelling arthropods in wet meadows
Authors: Lafage Denis , Maugenest Sébastien , Bouzillé Jan‐Bernard , Pétillon Julien 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA large number of studies have tried to understand the determinants of local species richness, i.e. α‐diversity. Studies dealing with β‐diversity are considerably less numerous but their number has increased in the recent years. In this study, we assessed the relative importance of local and landscape (i.e. composition and connectivity) variables in explaining α‐ and β‐diversities (species turnover and nestedness) of three highly diverse groups, differing in mobility and dispersal: plants, spiders, and carabids. Sampling took place in 2013, using suction samplers for arthropods and phytosociological relevés for vegetation, in 77 hay meadows distributed along 200 km of the Loire Valley (France). We found plant α‐diversity to be driven by local factors, whereas spider and carabid α‐diversities were mostly determined by landscape factors (by composition and connectivity, respectively). Nestedness was negligible for the three groups. Plant β‐diversity was also mainly influenced by local factors, whereas spider β‐diversity was driven by landscape factors (composition and connectivity, equally). Surprisingly, carabid β‐diversity was mainly influenced by local factors and landscape connectivity. Despite these differences, plant, spider, and carabid β‐diversities were not different, suggesting comparable dispersal abilities and/or a low connectivity at large scale, which is in accordance with the high species turnover observed here. Managing biodiversity in meadows consequently necessitates acting at local and landscape scales, the first targeting plants and the second arthropods.
Simulated Ankle Equinus Affects Knee Kinematics during Gait
Authors: Drefus Lisa C. , Hafer Jocelyn F. , Scher David M. 
Published: October 2015

Background It is critical to distinguish gait compensations from true abnormalities when planning interventions to improve gait in individuals with neuromuscular disorders. Questions/Purposes The aim of this study was to determine the effect of isolated ankle equinus on knee kinematics during the initial contact phase of gait. Methods Ten healthy subjects (29 + 4.3 years) participated, and testing occurred in a motion analysis laboratory. This cross-sectional study investigated five gait conditions in each subject: shoe alone, shoe with unilateral ankle foot orthosis locked at neutral, 10°, 20°, and 30° of fixed ankle plantar flexion. Gait kinematics were recorded and calculated with 3D motion analysis. The difference between the shoe and each brace condition was analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. The primary outcome was knee flexion at initial contact. Results With greater than 10° simulated ankle equinus, the primary gait compensation pattern was increased knee flexion at initial contact. A significant degree of knee flexion occurred ranging from 7° to 22°. Conclusion Our data suggests that observed knee flexion at initial contact may be a compensation pattern in individuals with >10° ankle equinus. However, in individuals with ≤10° ankle equinus, observed knee flexion may represent a true gait deviation. This has clinical significance in the realm of cerebral palsy for treatment planning to improve gait.
Surface Chemical Properties and Micellization of Disodium Hexadecyl Diphenyl Ether Disulfonate in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Xu Hujun , Xu Kai , Wang Danping 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe surface tension of disodium hexadecyl diphenyl ether disulfonate (C16‐MADS) was measured at different NaCl concentrations (0.00–0.50 mol L−1) and temperatures (298.0–318.0 K) using the drop‐volume method. The results show that, with increasing temperature, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of C16‐MADS increases slightly, but the maximum surface adsorption capacity (Γmax) at the air–water interface decreases. When the concentration of NaCl was increased from 0.00 to 0.50 mol L−1, the CMC of C16‐MADS decreased from 1.45 × 10−4 to 4.10 × 10−5 mol L−1, but the surface tension at the CMC (γcmc) was not affected. When the concentration of NaCl was increased at 298.0 and 303.0 K, the Γmax of C16‐MADS increased. When the temperature was increased from 308.0 to 318.0 K, the surface excess concentration (Γmax) of C16‐MADS abnormally decreased from 2.26 to 1.41 μmol m−2 with increasing NaCl concentration. The micellization free energy () decreased from −63.98 to −76.20 kJ mol−1 with increase of temperature and NaCl concentration. The micellar aggregation number (Nm) of disodium hexadecyl diphenyl ether disulfonate (C16‐MADS) was determined using the molecule fluorescence probe method with pyrene as probe and benzophenone as quencher. The results show that an appropriate Nm could be measured only at surfactant concentration above the CMC. The Nm increased with an increase in C16‐MADS concentration, but the micropolarity in the micelle nucleus decreased. The temperature had little effect on Nm. Compared with typical single hydrophilic headgroup surfactants, aggregates of C16‐MADS exhibit different properties.
Yearly hypertension screening in women with a history of pre-eclampsia: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Drost J.T. , Grutters J.P.C. , van der Wilt G.-J. , van der Schouw Y.T. , Maas A.H.E.M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background
Women with a history of preeclampsia are at increased risk for future hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD); until now it is not clear whether preventive measures are needed.

Methods
A decision-analytic Markov model was constructed to evaluate healthcare costs and effects of screening and treatment (100 % compliance) for hypertension post preeclampsia based on the available literature. Cardiovascular events and CVD mortality were defined as health states. Outcomes were measured in absolute costs, events, life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity and threshold analyses were performed to address uncertainty.

Results
Over a 20-year time horizon, events occurred in 7.2 % of the population after screening, and in 8.5 % of the population without screening. QALYs increased from 16.37 (no screening strategy) to 16.40 (screening strategy), an increment of 0.03 (95 % CI 0.01;0.05) QALYs. Total expected costs were € 8016 in the screening strategy, and € 9087 in the none screening strategy (expected saving of € 1071 (95 % CI − 3146;-87) per person).

Conclusion
Annual hypertension screening and treatment in women with a history of preeclampsia may save costs, for at least a similar quality of life and survival due to prevented CVD compared with standard care.
THE DUAL BURDEN OF NUTRITION TRANSITION AMONG WOMEN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF UNDERWEIGHT IN NIGERIA
Authors: Kandala Ngianga-Bakwin , Emina Jacques B. O. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryIn sub-Saharan Africa, nutrition research has primarily focused on under-nutrition, particularly among vulnerable children. However, there is increasing evidence of an emerging nutrition transition with extremely high rates of obesity, and malnutrition in women may be a problem that is insufficiently recognized and inadequately documented. This analysis was based on the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), which included 27,967 women aged 15–49 years. Individual-level data were collected for socio-demographic characteristics and aggregated to the country’s 37 states. A Bayesian geo-additive mixed model was used to map the geographic distribution of under-nutrition at the state level, accounting for individual-level risk factors. The results reveal that 12.0% of the population were underweight, while 20.9% were either overweight or obese, based on BMI. The northern states of Sokoto and Yobe/Borno and the southern state of Delta had the highest prevalence of underweight, while states in the centre had the lowest underweight prevalence. Underweight women were more likely to be from poorer households compared with their counterparts from the richest wealth index, which were consistently associated with lower odds of being underweight (posterior odds ratio (POR) and 95% credible region (CR): 0.56 [0.46, 0.70]). On the other hand Muslim women (1.61 [1.10, 2.23]), those of traditional religion (2.12 [1.44, 3.00]), those from the Fulani ethnic group (2.90 [1.64, 5.55]) and those living in Yobe state were all consistently associated with higher odds of being underweight. This study demonstrates that underweight is a major public health problem in Nigeria affecting adult females in the northern states of Nigeria. Identifying risk factors and the need to account for sex, spatial and socio-cultural issues are crucial to develop and implement evidence-informed strategies and interventions for lifestyle health promotion.
Tumour–node–metastasis staging of human papillomavirus negative upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a critical appraisal
Authors: Aydil U , Duvvuri U , Kizil Y , Köybaşioğlu A 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjective:The tumour–node–metastasis staging system has a dynamic structure that is continuously being updated as scientific data develops. This review discusses some suggested revisions on tumour–node–metastasis staging of human papillomavirus negative upper aerodigestive tract cancers.Methods:The seventh edition ofThe American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manualwas reviewed and important issues that could be considered for revision were identified and discussed.Results:According to our assessment of the oncological outcomes of previous studies, the following factors should be considered for revision: anterior commissure involvement and subglottic extension in laryngeal cancers; underlying bone involvement in hard palate and upper alveolar ridge cancers; tumour thickness in oral cancers; and extracapsular spread and carotid artery involvement in neck metastases.Conclusion:Sufficient data on the prognostic importance of these issues have been reported. Suggested revisions in line with current knowledge on the clinical behaviour of upper aerodigestive tract cancers would improve the relevancy of staging.
No change in neuropsychological dysfunction or emotional processing during treatment of major depression with cognitive–behaviour therapy or schema therapy
Authors: Porter R. J. , Bourke C. , Carter J. D. , Douglas K. M. , McIntosh V. V. W. , Jordan J. , Joyce P. R. , Frampton C. M. A. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundImpaired neuropsychological functioning is a feature of major depression. Previous studies have suggested that at least some aspects of neuropsychological functioning improve with successful treatment of major depression. The extent to which medications may affect the degree of normalization of these functions is unclear. The aim of the current study was to examine the course of neuropsychological functioning during treatment of major depression with cognitive–behaviour therapy (CBT) or schema therapy (ST).MethodA total of 69 out-patients with a primary diagnosis of major depression and 58 healthy controls completed mood ratings, neuropsychological measures, and measures of emotional processing at baseline and after 16 weeks. Participants were randomized after baseline assessment to a year-long course of CBT or ST. Patients reassessed at 16 weeks were medication-free throughout the study.ResultsSignificant neuropsychological impairment was evident at baseline in depressed participants compared with healthy controls. After 16 weeks of psychotherapy, mean depression rating scores fell more than 50%. However, no neuropsychological measures showed convincing evidence of significant improvement and emotional processing did not change.ConclusionsPersisting impairment in neuropsychological functioning after the first 16 weeks of CBT or ST suggests a need to modify psychological treatments to include components targeting cognitive functioning.
‘The whole of the proceedings were very orderly’: Gunpowder Plot celebrations, civic culture and identity in some smaller Kent towns, 1860–1890
Authors: TAYLOR IAIN 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT:This article looks at how and why Bonfire Night celebrations became more peaceful in the later nineteenth century in some smaller Kent towns and what this process reveals about local civic cultures and identities. The drive towards respectability is seen both in the changing business relationships between participants, spectators and local tradesmen and in the evolving role of satire within processions. The ‘social energy’ visible at these events was channelled such that earlier class and other vertical conflicts within these towns were superseded by horizontal rivalries without, as they competed against each other (an important local variant of civic boosterism) to build free public libraries, for example. Moreover, more peaceful ‘Fifths’ and better reading facilities were linked, since both formed part of the much-altered prevailing civic cultures in these towns – their comprehensive, continuous, identity-driven efforts to present themselves in the best possible light against their rivals.
Haploinsufficiency of cathepsin D leads to lysosomal dysfunction and promotes cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein aggregates
Authors: Bae E-J , Yang N Y , Lee C , Kim S , Lee H-J , Lee S-J 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLysosomal dysfunction has been implicated both pathologically and genetically in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Lysosomal gene deficiencies cause lysosomal storage disorders, many of which involve neurodegeneration. Heterozygous mutations of some of these genes, such asGBA1, are associated with PD.CTSDis the gene encoding Cathepsin D (CTSD), a lysosomal protein hydrolase, and homozygous CTSD deficiency results in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, which is characterized by the early onset, progressive neurodegeneration. CTSD deficiency was also associated with deposition ofα-synuclein aggregates, the hallmark of PD. However, whether partial deficiency of CTSD has a role in the late onset progressive neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, remains unknown. Here, we generated cell lines harboring heterozygous nonsense mutations inCTSDwith genomic editing using the zinc finger nucleases. Heterozygous mutation inCTSDresulted in partial loss of CTSD activity, leading to reduced lysosomal activity. TheCTSDmutation also resulted in increased accumulation of intracellularα-synuclein aggregates and the secretion of the aggregates. Whenα-synuclein was introduced in the media, internalizedα-synuclein aggregates accumulated at higher levels in CTSD+/− cells than in the wild-type cells. Consistent with these results, transcellular transmission ofα-synuclein aggregates was increased in CTSD+/− cells. The increased transmission ofα-synuclein aggregates sustained during the successive passages of CTSD+/− cells. These results suggest that partial loss of CTSD activity is sufficient to cause a reduction in lysosomal function, which in turn leads toα-synuclein aggregation and propagation of the aggregates.
Structure of Ljungan virus provides insight into genome packaging of this picornavirus
Authors: Zhu Ling , Wang Xiangxi , Ren Jingshan , Porta Claudine , Wenham Hannah , Ekström Jens-Ola , Panjwani Anusha , Knowles Nick J. , Kotecha Abhay , Siebert C. Alistair , Lindberg A. Michael , Fry Elizabeth E. , Rao Zihe , Tuthill Tobias J. , Stuart David I. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPicornaviruses are responsible for a range of human and animal diseases, but how their RNA genome is packaged remains poorly understood. A particularly poorly studied group within this family are those that lack the internal coat protein, VP4. Here we report the atomic structure of one such virus, Ljungan virus, the type member of the genus Parechovirus B, which has been linked to diabetes and myocarditis in humans. The 3.78-Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure shows remarkable features, including an extended VP1 C terminus, forming a major protuberance on the outer surface of the virus, and a basic motif at the N terminus of VP3, binding to which orders some 12% of the viral genome. This apparently charge-driven RNA attachment suggests that this branch of the picornaviruses uses a different mechanism of genome encapsidation, perhaps explored early in the evolution of picornaviruses.
Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature
Authors: Gilbert Dustin A. , Maranville Brian B. , Balk Andrew L. , Kirby Brian J. , Fischer Peter , Pierce Daniel T. , Unguris John , Borchers Julie A. , Liu Kai 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe topological nature of magnetic skyrmions leads to extraordinary properties that provide new insights into fundamental problems of magnetism and exciting potentials for novel magnetic technologies. Prerequisite are systems exhibiting skyrmion lattices at ambient conditions, which have been elusive so far. Here, we demonstrate the realization of artificial Bloch skyrmion lattices over extended areas in their ground state at room temperature by patterning asymmetric magnetic nanodots with controlled circularity on an underlayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Polarity is controlled by a tailored magnetic field sequence and demonstrated in magnetometry measurements. The vortex structure is imprinted from the dots into the interfacial region of the underlayer via suppression of the PMA by a critical ion-irradiation step. The imprinted skyrmion lattices are identified directly with polarized neutron reflectometry and confirmed by magnetoresistance measurements. Our results demonstrate an exciting platform to explore room-temperature ground-state skyrmion lattices.