bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of polygonal water bells: inertia-dominated thin-film flows over microtextured surfaces
Authors: Dressaire Emilie , Courbin Laurent , Delancy Adrian , Roper Marcus , Stone Howard A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMicrotextured surfaces are commonly used to study complex hydrodynamic phenomena such as spreading and splashing of liquid droplets. However, although surface topography is known to modify near-surface flow, there is no theory able to quantitatively predict the dramatic changes in dynamics of liquid spreading and splashing. Here, we investigate experimentally water bells formed on micropatterned surfaces in order to characterize the hydrodynamics of inertia-dominated flows through regular porous layers. Water bells are self-suspended catenary-shaped liquid films created when a jet impinges on a horizontal disc called an impactor. We show that the presence of micrometre-sized posts regularly arranged on the impactor results in a decrease of the water bell radius and the loss of axisymmetry as open water bells adopt polygonal shapes. We introduce a simple model that captures the main features of the inertia-dominated flow and reveals the role of the hydrodynamic interactions between neighbouring posts. In addition to their applications for tunable jet atomization, these polygonal sheets provide a paradigmatic system for understanding inertia-dominated flow in porous media.
BAK activation is necessary and sufficient to drive ceramide synthase-dependent ceramide accumulation following inhibition of BCL2-like proteins
Authors: Beverly Levi J. , Howell Lauren A. , Hernandez-Corbacho Maria , Casson Lavona , Chipuk Jerry E. , Siskind Leah J. 
Published: March 2013

Determining mechanistic details about how drugs kill cancer cells is critical for predicting which cancers will respond to given therapeutic regimens and for identifying effective combinations of drugs that more potently kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. The BCL2 family of proteins and bioactive sphingolipids are intricately linked during apoptotic cell death. In fact, many chemotherapeutic drugs are known to cause accumulation of the pro-apoptotic sphingolipid ceramide; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is not completely understood. In the present study we demonstrate that direct inhibition of anti-apoptotic BCL2 proteins with ABT-263 is sufficient to induce C16-ceramide synthesis in multiple cell lines, including human leukaemia and myeloma cells. ABT-263 activates CerS (ceramide synthase) activity only in cells expressing BAK or in cells capable of activating BAK. Importantly, recombinant BAK is sufficient to increase in vitro CerS activity in microsomes purified from Bak-KO (knockout) cells and activated BAK more potently activates CerS than inactive BAK. Likewise, ABT-263 addition to wild-type, but not Bak-deficient, microsomes increases CerS in vitro activity. Furthermore, we present a feed-forward model by which BAK activation of CerS by chemotherapeutic drugs leads to elevated ceramide levels that result in synergistic channel formation by ceramide (or one of its metabolites) and BAX/BAK.
Sikh Traditions and Violence
Authors: Mahmood Cynthia Keppley 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which deals with the Sikh tradition within the context of the shifting sands of India's religious history, also discusses the reverence for certain Sikh gurus as being linked with martyrdom and violence, and relates this history of religious violence to the militant drive for a Sikh homeland—Khalistan—in recent decades. Sikhism is among the youngest of the global religions. The struggle for Khalistan was a resistance movement against the perceived injustices of the Indian state and a political movement aimed at sovereign rule, but it also provided an existential means of being a Sikh, independently of secular instrumental political goals. A conflation of “militancy” with “violence” in the Sikh tradition has resulted in a widespread misunderstanding of Sikhi in the modern world, has added to the unfortunate “Sikhs as terrorists” propaganda, and has distorted the theological message of the tradition. Many Sikhs have turned to their Holy Book to try to figure out when the kirpan is to be appropriately returned to its sheath.
African Traditional Religion and Violence
Authors: Wlodarczyk Nathalie 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a wide range of African customs and legends. It demonstrates that African traditional religion offers notions of a thriving spirit world which provides “sacred warriors” ritualized protections and martial enhancements when defense of community is urgent. African traditional religion remains primarily an African phenomenon and, as a result, is tightly associated with the cultures and realities of the continent. The role of religion in motivating violence and its role in carrying out the violence are addressed. The Lord's Resistance Army has revealed that a spiritual agenda and rhetoric is not enough to win the support of the people. A proliferation of news stories and images from across Africa of persecuted albino communities, victims of ritual sacrifice or magically empowered rebels might give the impression that traditional religion and violence are more intertwined than ever.
The Religious Problem of Evil
Authors: Aho James 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides some of the answers as to how evil is experienced and why it exists. Evil explodes into the everyday world unasked and unwelcome, and has little underlying meaning other than in relation to culturally contrived notions of orderliness, goodliness, or legality. Three major reasons or rhetorics are routinely raised by evil-doers when called upon to account for their acts: arguments from affect, from custom, and from rationality. Human evil is always “reasonable” even if it seems at first glance to be crazy. Mankind becomes the occasion of evil; not out of craven malignity, but out of a yearning to triumph over evil. Albert Camus reported on the human response to “plague,” a metaphor for the evils he had just witnessed during the Second World War. However, he failed to determine exactly what a disillusioned grappling with evil might mean.
Just War and Legal Restraints
Authors: Kelsay John 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter offers an older notion of just war, particularly as it developed in relation to the changing place of Christianity in Europe and North America. The just war idea presents a way of thinking in which war itself is a kind of restraint. The norms of positive international law are determined with the hope that an appropriate set of institutions might transcend and thus govern the behavior of sovereign states, imposing the rule of law in cases where sovereign states (and their rulers) violate those norms intended “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.” The universality of norms is a project to be obtained by means of negotiation among sovereign states. The outline of just war presented reveals that the idea is a moving target, in which changes reflect the dynamic nature of social and political institutions.
Conflicts over Sacred Ground
Authors: Hassner Ron E. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter argues that contested sacred sites pose indivisibility challenges which can drive even natural religious allies into violent conflict, and also outlines the multiple roots of conflicts over sacred sites based on the type of objective at stake: legitimacy, security, or profit. It then turns to investigate several aspects that characterize these disputes, regardless of cause. Sacred sites cannot be shared to the satisfaction of all parties involved. The characteristics of disputes over sacred places include cohesion, boundaries, and value. Leaders have pursued three primary strategies in order to avoid bloodshed: partition, scheduling, and exclusion. These approaches develop tensions that threaten to burst as soon as one of the claimants perceives a change in the balance of power. Religious leaders can introduce flexibility into the rules governing holy places and add a measure of harmony to contests over holy sites.
Violent Death in Religious Imagination
Authors: Kitts Margo 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the selected religious myths of violent death under three rubrics: when death is primordially wrong; when violent death is cosmically right; and when violent death, particularly in the form of suicide, is enshrined as martyrdom. A brief speculation on religious imagination and its peculiar obsessions is given. There are few themes in religious studies that justify a sweeping overview, but violent death is recurrent enough to be one of them. The biblical Chaoskampf theme needs death, rescue, and restoration. Two motifs that illustrate the violent deaths are the dema and the Chaoskampf. The first focuses on the victim, the other on the victor. The spectacle of violent death has concentrated individuals and mobs across traditions. Although the examples presented consider the mythology of violent death, the ritualistic display of violent death could have been treated in equal breadth.
Religion and Violence from a Psychological Perspective
Authors: Jones James W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter summarizes some of the methods and findings in religion and violence from a psychological perspective, reviewing Stanley Milgram's obedience to authority and Philip Zimbardo's prison experiment. There are important differences between Milgrim's and Zimbardo's experimental conditions and contemporary campaigns of religious terrorism. The theory of the origins of violence by Heinz Kohut highlights the role of a person's sense of self and any threats to it. It is indicated that universal religious themes such as purification or the search for reunion with the source of life or the longing for personal meaning and transformation can become colligated into destructive psychological motivations. The combination of powerful psychological motivations with profound spiritual desires gives the rhetoric of religious violence its appeal and power.
Religion and Violence from Christian Theological Perspectives
Authors: Kimball Charles 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the movement from pacifism to Just War and Crusade. It also tries to demonstrate the ways prominent Catholic and Protestant leaders have harshly used violent measures within their communities, and determines contemporary manifestations of these three approaches among twenty-first-century Christians. The Crusades constitute the third type of response to war and peace among Christians, joining the ongoing Just War and pacifist traditions. The Inquisition within the Catholic Church and the city-state of Geneva under John Calvin's leadership within the emerging Protestant movement are elaborated. These examples show how pervasive the use of violence in the name of religion had become. The Just Peacemaking Paradigm is the alternative to pacifism and Just War theory, an effort that tries to change the focus to initiatives which can help prevent war and foster peace.
Rheological Hardness Index for Assessing Hardness of Hexaploids and Durums
Authors: Haraszi Réka , Juhász Angela , Sissons Mike , Rakszegi Mariann , Tamás Laszlo , Anderssen Robert S. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTKernel hardness of cereal grains is a fundamental phenotype, and various protocols for its characterization have been proposed. Although, from different perspectives, each has proved useful, these methods do not directly address the rheological (fracturing) response of a grain when subjected to compression. Such information is hidden in the individual crush response profiles (iCRPs) obtained by measuring the response of individual grains to crushing on an SKCS 4100 device. Here, the appropriateness and utility of rheological phenotypes, based on single‐kernel measurements, are demonstrated by proposing and validating a new wheat grain hardness phenotype, the rheological hardness index (RHI). It is defined in terms of the rheological phenotype phases (RPPs) of the averaged CRPs (aCRPs) obtained by averaging a large number of iCRPs. The utility of RHI is illustrated by showing how it provides improved insight about the differences in brittleness and compactness of grains from different wheat varieties. This investigation highlights the opportunity that the RPP of the aCRPs represent for obtaining specific quantitative phenotypes for the study of hardness in cereal grains. In particular, successful plant breeding relies on segregating a breeding population into appropriate end‐use categories, for which RHI has a potential role to play.
Fe2(SO4)3·H2SO4·28H2O, a low-temperature water-rich iron(III) sulfate
Authors: Schmidt Horst , Hennings Erik , Zürner Philipp , Voigt Wolfgang 
Published: March 2013

The title compound, diiron(III) trisulfate–sulfuric acid–water (1/1/28), has been prepared at temperatures between 235 and 239 K from acid solutions of Fe2(SO4)3. Studies of the compound at 100 and 200 K are reported. The analysis reveals the structural features of an alum, (H5O2)Fe(SO4)2·12H2O. The Fe(H2O)6unit is located on a centre of inversion at ({1 \over 2}, 0, {1 \over 2}), while the H5O2+cation is located about an inversion centre at ({1 \over 2}, {1 \over 2}, {1 \over 2}). The compound thus represents the first oxonium alum, although the unit cell is orthorhombic.
The inferior prognosis of adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is caused by a higher rate of treatment‐related mortality and not an increased relapse rate – a population‐based analysis of 25 years of the Austrian ALL‐BFM (Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster) Study Group
Authors: Pichler Herbert , Reismüller Bettina , Steiner Manuel , Dworzak Michael N. , Pötschger Ulrike , Urban Christian , Meister Bernhard , Schmitt Klaus , Panzer‐Grümayer Renate , Haas Oskar A. , Attarbaschi Andishe , Mann Georg ,   the Austrian ALL‐BFM (Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster) Study Group
Published: March 2013

SummaryAdolescents aged 15–18 years with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have been historically reported to have a poorer prognosis than younger children. We retrospectively analysed the characteristics and outcome of 67 adolescents included in a population‐based series of 1125 non‐infant cases that were enrolled into four Austrian ALL‐BFM (Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster) multicentre trials at paediatric institutions within a 25‐year period. Five‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 66 ± 6% and 76 ± 5% respectively, and thus lower than in younger children (83 ± 1%, 91 ± 1%; P < 0·001). This was not due to an increased cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (5‐year CIR: 19 ± 5% vs. 13 ± 1%; P = 0·284), but due to an increased incidence of treatment‐related death [5‐year cumulative incidence of death (CID): 15 ± 4% vs. 3 ± 0%; P < 0·001] as a first event. Furthermore, while 44/67 (66%) non‐high‐risk adolescents had favourable 5‐year EFS and OS rates (76 ± 7%, 89 ± 5%), 18/67 (27%) high‐risk adolescents had an inferior outcome (5‐year EFS: 56 ± 12%, OS 61 ± 11%, P < 0·05). Among the latter patients the CID was significantly higher than in younger high‐risk children (22 ± 10% vs. 6 ± 2%; P = 0·020). Given that adolescent age is an independent risk factor for death as a first event, this specific age group may need particular vigilance when receiving intense BFM‐type chemotherapy, as relapse‐free survival is similar to younger children.
Cancer risk with alemtuzumab following kidney transplantation
Authors: Puttarajappa C. , Yabes J. , Bei L. , Shah N. , Bernardo J. , McCauley J. , Basu A. , Tan H. , Shapiro R. , Unruh M. , Wu C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAlemtuzumab has been employed for induction therapy in kidney transplantation with low rates of acute rejection and excellent graft and patient survival. Antibody induction therapy has been linked to increased vulnerability to cancer. Data regarding malignancy rates with alemtuzumab are limited. We studied 1350 kidney transplant recipients (between 2001 and 2009) at the University of Pittsburgh Starzl Transplant Institute, for post‐transplant de novo and recurrent malignancy, excluding non‐melanoma skin cancer, among patients receiving alemtuzumab, thymoglobulin, and no induction therapies. Of the 1350 patients, 1002 (74.2%) received alemtuzumab, 205 (15.2%) received thymoglobulin, and 122 (9%) received no induction therapy. After excluding cancers occurring within 60 d post‐transplantation, 43 (3.25%) malignancies were observed during a median follow‐up time of 4.0 yr. The incidence of malignancy was 5.4% (1.09 per 100 patient‐years [PY]) with thymoglobulin, 2.8% (0.74 per 100 PY) with alemtuzumab, and 3.3% (0.66 per 100 PY) with no induction (across all groups; p = 0.2342, thymoglobulin vs. alemtuzumab; p = 0.008). Thus, with the exception of non‐melanoma skin cancer which we did not evaluate, alemtuzumab induction was not associated with increased cancer incidence post‐kidney transplantation when compared to no induction therapy and was associated with lower cancer incidence when compared to thymoglobulin.
Multiple effects of temperature, photoperiod and food quality on the performance of a pine sawfly
Authors: KOLLBERG IDA , BYLUND HELENA , SCHMIDT AXEL , GERSHENZON JONATHAN , BJÖRKMAN CHRISTER 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Many entomologists strive to understand what consequences climate change will have on insect performance. Such understanding is important, not least, when trying to predict the future impact of pest insects.
In this study, it was reported how the multiple effects of temperature, photoperiod, and food quality affected the survival, development, and the final weight of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.), an herbivorous outbreak species in boreal pine (Pinus spp.) forests.
Sawfly larvae were reared in two different temperatures (15 and 20 °C) and under two different light regimes (20 and 18 h light). The larvae were fed pine needles either low or high in diterpene content.
A 5 °C higher temperature did not affect the survival of the larvae, but reduced the development time by 37–41%. The final weight was reduced by 22% in the warmer temperature, but only in combination with a short day length. A high content of diterpenes in the needles reduced the susceptibility to the virus by 31%, but did not otherwise affect the performance of the larvae.
This study shows that the larval development could be shortened in a warmer climate and thereby decreasing the risk of predation. This per se may increase the risk for insect outbreaks, but the interactive effects of warmer temperatures with other abiotic and biotic factors such as day length and food quality (indicated in this study), and potential better performance of natural enemies and pathogens, illustrate the possibility for complex outcomes in a climate change perspective.
Topical tacrolimus does not negatively impact acute skin wound healing
Authors: Namkoong Sun , Chung Jimin , Yoo Jiyeon , Jung Minyoung , Gye Jiwon , Kim Ji Seok , Kim Jee Young , Ahn Sung Ku , Park Byung Cheol , Kim Myung Hwa , Hong Seung Phil 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDespite the increasing use of topical tacrolimus, there is little information about its effect on skin wound healing. To determine effects on acute cutaneous wound healing, two full‐thickness skin wounds were imparted on the backs of 45 hairless mice, which were then divided into vehicle‐, topical tacrolimus‐ and topical steroid‐treated group. Each drug was topically applied once daily. The wound area was assessed by using dermoscopic images every two days after wounding. At 3, 7 and 11 days after wounding, 10 wounds in each group were collected for semi‐quantitative analysis of histological features including re‐epithelialization, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, fibroblasts and collagen. We also checked the mRNA expression levels of EGF, TGF‐β, TNF‐α and IL‐1α. While topical application of clobetasol propionate was found to delay re‐epithelialization and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocyte, topical treatment with tacrolimus showed patterns similar to that of the vehicle. In the tacrolimus‐treated group, mRNA expression levels of IL‐1α and TGF‐β were slightly decreased, while the others were similar with the vehicle‐treated group. Unlike steroid, topical tacrolimus, therefore, did not disturb the wound healing process in a murine skin wound model.
A new method for determining the fracture toughness of main pipeline steels
Authors: Said Galip , Aytekin Halil 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTOne of the fundamental aims of fracture mechanics is to define fracture toughness KIC of a material. Hence, the ASTM E399 standard was developed. However according to the standard, large‐sized specimens are required to determine the fracture toughness of low alloy carbon steels. ASTM E1921 standard was developed on the fracture toughness of ferritic steels. In this study, a new method was proposed to determine the fracture toughness of ferritic steels. The purpose of the present paper is to compare the results of the method with the experimental results. Two steels that are used in gas and oil main pipelines were investigated in this study.
Subgroup analysis of virological response rates with once‐ and twice‐daily darunavir/ritonavir in treatment‐experienced patients without darunavir resistance‐associated mutations in the ODIN trial
Authors: Sension M , Cahn P , Domingo P , Hodder S , Opsomer M , Lathouwers E , Van de Casteele T , Tomaka F 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundODIN (once‐daily darunavir in treatment‐experienced patients) was a 48‐week, phase III, randomized, open‐label trial comparing once‐daily (qd) darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) 800/100 mg with twice‐daily (bid) DRV/r 600/100 mg, both with an optimized background regimen [OBR; at least two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)], in treatment‐experienced, HIV‐1‐infected adults with no DRV resistance‐associated mutations (RAMs) at screening. Week 48 analyses of virological response by subgroups are reported.MethodsA total of 590 patients were randomized to receive qd (n = 294) or bid (n = 296) DRV/r. Virological response (HIV‐1 RNA < 50 copies/mL) was assessed according to: screening HIV‐1 RNA (≥ or < 50 000 copies/mL), CD4 cell count, prior protease inhibitor (PI) use, number of active NRTIs in the OBR, presence of mutations (primary PI mutations, PI RAMs or M184V/I), gender, age, race, HIV‐1 clade and adherence.ResultsBaseline characteristics were well balanced between arms and across subgroups. Response rates were comparable between qd and bid DRV/r treatments for all subgroups examined. Response rates were 78.4 and 76.8% in the qd and bid treatment arms, respectively, in patients with baseline HIV‐1 RNA ≤ 50 000 copies/mL and 52.8% in both arms in those with > 50 000 copies/mL. Response rates for the qd and bid treatment arms by baseline CD4 cell count were also similar (69.6 vs. 65.2% for <200 cells/μL; 72.2 vs. 74.8% for 200− < 350 cells/μL; 77.0 vs. 74.3% for ≥ 350 cells/μL).ConclusionsDRV/r administered either qd or bid provided effective treatment for antiretroviral treatment‐experienced patients with no DRV RAMs, with comparable response rates across all subgroups studied. Low patient numbers in specific subgroups may limit interpretation of these specific subgroup results.