bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency and Long-Term Restoration Planning for The 1999 Olympic Pipe Line Company Spill, whatcom Creek, Bellingham, Washington, USA1
Authors: Helton Douglas , Doty Daniel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The restoration planning efforts for the June 10, 1999, Olympic Pipe Line Company gasoline spill illustrate the benefits of cooperative and restoration-based damage assessment. The Incident resulted in the release of approximately 236,000 gallons of gasoline into Whatcom Creek, Bellingham, Washington. The spilled gasoline ignited, burning much of the riparian vegetation including a large section of mature forest in an urban park. The combination of the spill and fire resulted in the complete elimination of terrestrial and aquatic biota in several miles of the creek. Affected biota included several species of juvenile salmonids, including chinook salmon, which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The Incident also resulted in recreational fishing and park closures. The Oil Pollution Act regulations require the Trustees to invite the Responsible Party to participate in the damage assessment and restoration process. By working together, restoration of injured resources and services may be achieved more rapidly and costeffectively. Shortly after the Incident, the Trustees and the Company recognized that a cooperative process would reduce duplication of studies, increase the cost-effectiveness of the assessment process, increase sharing of information, decrease the likelihood of litigation, and, most importantly, speed the restoration process. Another benefit of the cooperation was the ability to accomplish restoration goals in coordination with the emergency response activities. This paper summarizes the overall Incident and discusses the restoration planning process, including the emergency and long-term restoration actions.
Fast Water Response Equipment Performance in Two Inland Rivers1
Authors: Drieu Michael D. , Hansen Kurt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
About 70% of the oil transported on United States waterways between 1992 and 1997 were on waterways with currents that routinely exceed one knot. About 58 percent of all of the oil spilled (by volume) also occurred on these waterways. Approximately 80% of these waterways are in the Western Rivers and Mississippi River Marine Transportation System, which are safeguarded under the jurisdiction of six Marine Safety Offices (MSOs) and three Groups in the Eighth Coast Guard (CG) District. The U.S. Coast Guard Research & Development (CG R&D) Center has been evaluating the state-of-the-art of containment and cleanup of oil in currents over 1 knot since 1997. Three types of equipment from the previous CG R&D Center's evaluations, boom deflector, boom vane and oil spill Flow-Diverter, were further evaluated in the field exercises along with the Coast Guard's only pre-deployed Vessel Of Opportunity Skimming System (VOSS) in the inland rivers region. These two exercises were the first time the VOSS system was used in the Eighth District rivers. Partnerships helped to facilitate first time deployment of the VOSS on a commercial ferry and a CG River Tender. The first exercise evaluated the Boom Vane, boom deflector and the St. Louis-based CG VOSS, which was deployed from State of Illinois Department of Natural Resources’ (ILDNR) ferry in Grafton, Illinois in May 2001. In the other exercise, the flow-diverter was deployed from a small boat and the CG VOSS, was deployed from the CG River Tender, CGC CIMARRON in Paducah, KY in August 2002. These exercises demonstrated the usefulness of these advance systems in fast water environments.
Financial Implications of Hypothetical San Francisco Bay Oil Spill Scenarios: Response, Socioeconomic, and Natural Resource Damage Costs
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , French-McCoy Deborah , Jennings Jill , Whittier Nicole , Subbayya Sankar , Saunders William , Dalton Colleen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study provides a comprehensive examination of the use of trajectory modeling to estimate financial impacts of oil spills, including natural resource damages, response costs, and socioeconomic costs, as well as an opportunity to examine how spill size, oil type, response strategy, and probabilistic trajectory factors impact costs. The inclusion of NRDA, response, and socioeconomic costs in the modeling allows for an assessment of the relative proportion of NRDA costs to response and socioeconomic costs to further support the findings of past studies that refute the myth that NRDA costs are the overriding factors in most spill cases. The study demonstrates the overall financial and NRDA benefits of dispersant use. Estimated total bio-economic costs for oil spill scenarios involving four oil types and three spill sizes for two locations in San Francisco Bay, were modeled. Assuming present-day mechanical-only response, total costs range from $30 to $520 million. Estimated total bioeconomic costs would be reduced to $11 to $113 million if dispersants were used with high effectiveness. Dispersant use would reduce response costs, and if used effectively, could reduce NRDA and socioeconomic damages substantially, as both of these costs are driven by the amount of surface and shoreline oiling.
Emergency Marsh Restoration as Part of Response to the Swanson Creek (Maryland) Oil Spill
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Baca Bart , Barry David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This oil spill on 7 April 2000 offers a case example where marsh restoration was made as part of the response effort to successfully enhance environmental recovery at a marsh heavily contaminated from a pipeline break (126,000–139,000 gallons of Numbers 2 and 6 fuel oils, &gt;46,000 gallons eventually recovered). Marsh operations guided by U.S. EPA included mechanical trenching, limited low-to-moderate pressure flushing, hand recovery using sorbent pads and working from placed boardwalks, and the aerial application of fertilizer (bio-stimulation). After proving that planting would be successful in pilot plots and in a heavily damaged portion of the marsh, almost all of ‘ground zero’ (W01A) was hand-planted between 21 June and 31 July 2000 with 24,048 plugs of Spartina alterniflora and 1,728 plugs of S. patens (saltmeadow cordgrass). Both species were locally grown, nursery stock from native seed. Plants were placed in a 3” (8 cm) diameter hole containing 10 grams of slow release fertilizer and back-filled with washed masonry sand. Field surveys indicate recovery of 70–80% after one year and near complete recovery two years after. In spite of no apparent credit being given for replanting by government-lead Damage Assessment studies (NOAA et al., 2002), results clearly indicate that proactive planting during the response results in an environmental benefit and reduces the time needed for marsh recovery after an incident.
Practical Considerations in the Recovery of Oil from Sunken and Abandoned Vessels
Authors: Findlay Abigail 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The world has a legacy from its maritime history; sunken vessels from wars, casualties from accidents and storms and abandoned vessels from former marine operations. All have the potential to be environmental “time bombs” if left to their own devices. In recent years there have been a number of operations to investigate and potentially salvage these wrecks, some of which are in increasingly poor condition and beginning to show signs of structural failure. Operations such as the Blucher in Norway, Royal Oak in Scapa Flow, UK, and the Erika in the Bay of Biscay have all presented technological and environmental challenges to salvors. This paper will investigate one such operation that has presented a unique set of challenges, namely the recovery of the fuel oil from a collection of whale catchers abandoned in Grytviken harbour in the South Atlantic. The extreme remoteness of the location has meant that the operation can only be carried out after a number of detailed surveys. The logistics issues of transporting the personnel and the equipment to the island were a major consideration in the planning of the operation. All potential scenarios had to be considered in advance and contingencies put in place since additional or replacement equipment would not be readily available either at a nearby location or within a reasonable timescale. The issues of safety of personnel, access to the vessels and the handling of equipment on to the vessels all had to be addressed. The removal of the oil, its subsequent temporary storage and its ultimate disposal will all be covered in the paper. The whole operation is set against the backdrop of one of the worlds’ wilderness areas which is in the process of being rejuvenated after the ravages of both natural events and manmade activities.
Integrating Data, Resources, and Capabilities in the Great Lakes: Impacting Federal, State, Tribal, Local, and Private Partnerships through the Area Committee
Authors: Rayburn Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Great Lakes of the United States and Canada comprise, essentially, a closed freshwater system in which over 31 million individuals coexist within the industrial, agricultural, and recreational economies of the region. With annual replacement rates of less than one percent, pollutants introduced into the Great Lakes can, over time, concentrate, resuspend, and infiltrate the biologic system through annual lake turnover, navigational dredging, and cycling through the food web. Past spills of oil and hazardous substances resulted in highly elevated levels of byproducts such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals like mercury, and toxics including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These have resulted in stream degradation, fish consumption advisories, fish kills, and beach closures, with impacts felt at the local, watershed, regional, and binational levels. Traditionally, in the Great Lakes, local and regional policy groups have interacted with the Federal government through such programs as Areas of Concern (AOC) and the LakeWide Management Plan (LaMP) process; but these venues have not allowed direct interaction with the response and remedial community at any level. Area Committees, on the other hand, and also operating at more or less the local level and with a broad spectrum of participation, are uniquely situated to evolve and assist with specific issues on a timely basis. The coordinative and collaborative abilities of the Area Committee allow for initiating timely information gathering, focused decision-making, and action implementation, if necessary. The benefits of Area Committee involvement are two fold and profit both the policy and response groups in the Great Lakes.The concerns, historic practices, and larger-scale/longer-term vision can be vetted through the policy groups to the Area Committee.The Area Committee can, in turn, influence its members in specific directions through modified scopes of investigation and training/exercising that specifically address Area responsibilities.
The Area Committee's ability to expand its audience and augment its knowledge base is critical to developing a fully integrated multi-tiered and multi-missioned planning, preparedness, and response community.
Technical Innovation in Light Aircraft Aerial Dispersant Application Systems
Authors: Salt David , Stockham Roger , Byers Stuart 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent changes in legislation within the United Kingdom created pressure for change in the response strategies applicable in the UK offshore environment. To meet the new requirements, innovative technology was required which was capable of speedily delivering a payload of approximately one ton of dispersant. To provide a cost efficient solution, a system was developed capable of being mounted on a non-dedicated aircraft, which can be rapidly adapted to meet the response requirements. This paper describes the design criteria for the system and goes on to detail the development, construction and flight testing programme for the dispersant pods. It then goes on to briefly describe the operational response system which has been established to provide a response for the offshore operators in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). The development represents a significant step forward in providing a low cost, effective solution to changing response requirements using innovative engineering solutions, allowing for potential application in other parts of the world.
Multivariate Analysis of Community Structure Over Ten Years Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Gilfillan E.S. , Page D.S. , Parker K.R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A 1990/1991 shoreline ecology program to assess the fate and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound was updated in 1998 and 1999. This update included a sediment sampling program for organisms at “worst case” sites and at randomly chosen reference sites. Correspondence analysis (CA), a statistical method that examines animal communities in terms of their similarity, was used to define community structure Statistical analysis of the degree of similarity between communities was used to assess effects of site-specific variables (sediment grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and wave energy), interannual variation, and degree of oiling. Interannual variability had a significant effect on community structure, whereas site specific variables and degree of oiling did not. Differences in communities between 1998 and other years were particularly dramatic. The importance of interannual change demonstrates the importance of multi-year sampling and of appropriate study designs for separating impact effects from the natural occurring environmental factors which affect biological communities.
Global Challenges to Preparedness and Response Regimes
Authors: Steen Alexis , Pond Robert , Salt David , deBettencourt Michael , Julian Michael , Liebert Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Spill Conference sponsored a workshop entitled “Global Challenges to Preparedness and Response” held in London, England, November 12–14, 2002. The Workshop brought more than 25 government, industry, and nongovernmental organizations representatives together to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats relative to government-led and industry-led response regimes around the world. Over the course of three days, a team of facilitators led participants through a series of response scenarios, alternating between small break out sessions followed by plenary sessions, to develop consensus on a framework for preparedness and response. Each scenario built on previous ones to further participant understanding and concurrence on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing regimes around the world. Participants rapidly concluded that all responses to significant incidents are government-led, with varying degrees of industry involvement. The framework for successful regimes was identified. The Workshop conclusions encompass three broad areas: 1) similarities and differences among models and regimes; 2) benefits of international conventions; and 3) critical elements in the preparedness cycle. Participants put forth specific challenges (recommendations for action) to all nations.
Application of In-Situ Burning During the Mosquito Bay Oil Spill: Observations and Trade-Off Discussion
Authors: Henry Charlie , Thumm Stephen , Brolin John , Cuty Patrick , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 11 April 2001, the Unified Command received permission from the Regional Response Team (RRT6) to conduct a series of in-situ burns at an oil spill site in a remote coastal marsh adjacent to Mosquito Bay, Louisiana. Approximately 12 acres of marsh were contaminated with an estimated 1000 bbl of condensate crude oil. Because the spill was largely contained in low areas of remote interior marsh, conventional oil recovery techniques and mitigation would have caused unacceptable physical marsh impact; therefore, in-situ burning was considered the most environmentally friendly approach to minimize impact from the spill. Overall, the application of in-situ burning was considered a positive environmental trade-off since any manual response in such a sensitive marsh would involve greater negative environmental trade-offs. This paper focuses on an overview of the incident and the scientific and environmental issues that were evaluated and presented to the Unified Command in making the final decision to use in-situ burning as a mitigation technique.
An Application of Worst Case Scenario Concept in Oil Spill Response Planning for Offshore Drilling Operation in Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Hélder O. , Cabrai Alexandre , Junior Álvaro Souza 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Brazilian oil and gas E&P sector has been experiencing important changes since the end of the state monopoly in 1998. These changes include a new regulatory environment which is still under construction, in particular the requirements for environmental protection. In this context, Resolution 293 of Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA) was enacted regulating Facility Response Plans for oil spill incidents. These plans, which should be approved by the competent authority, include a vulnerability analysis that should discuss the probability of oil reaching certain areas as well as the environmental sensitivity of these areas. Oil spill modeling is an important tool to estimating the areas likely to be affected by an oil spill. Although oil spill modeling is also part of the environmental studies required in the environmental permitting process for oil E&P activities, there are not well defined criteria to compose the oil spill scenarios to be modeled. In order to demonstrate the impacts of different approaches in the results of oil spill modeling, a case study is presented related to an offshore drilling activity.
Large Wave Tank Dispersant Effectiveness Testing in Cold Water
Authors: Belore Randy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Research experiments were completed to determine the viability of using chemical dispersants on two crude oils in very cold water conditions. Tests were completed at Ohmsett (the National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in Leonardo, New Jersey) in late February and early March of 2002. Ohmsett is a large outdoor, above-ground concrete tank (203 m long by 20 m wide by 3.4 m deep) filled with 9.84 million gallons of salt water. The tank has a wave-generating paddle, a wave-dissipating beach, and mobile bridges that transport equipment over its surface. A refrigeration unit was installed to ensure that the water was kept at near freezing temperatures during the entire test program. A total of twelve large-scale tests were completed. Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 were applied to fresh and weathered Hibernia and Alaska North Slope crude oils, on cold water (-0.5 to 2.4 °C), at dispersant-to-oil ratios (DORs) ranging from 1:14 to 1:81. The average wave amplitude for the tests ranged between 16.5 and 22.5 cm and the average wave period was between 1.7 and 1.9 seconds. The effectiveness of the dispersant in each test was documented through extensive video records and by measurement of the residual oil remaining within the containment boom at the end of each test. The results clearly show that both dispersants were effective in dispersing the two crude oils tested in cold-water conditions.
Remediation of Floating Vegetable Oil Spills by Sedimentation Followed by Anaerobic Biodegradation
Authors: Li Zhengkai , Downer Robert J. , Wrenn Brian A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Floating vegetable oil can be effectively removed from the water surface and the water column as negatively buoyant oil-mineral aggregates by addition of a dense mineral, such as clay. In bench-scale experiments, it is possible to remove virtually all of the floating oil by addition of a sufficiently large dose of clay (&gt;10 g clay/g oil). Once present in the sediments, vegetable oil can be completely transformed to harmless end products (e.g., carbon dioxide and methane) by naturally occurring microbial populations. Transient production of toxic intermediates (probably free fatty acids), measured as a reduction in sediment EC50 using the Microtox Solid-Phase Test (SPT), was observed during anaerobic biodegradation. The EC50 is the sediment concentration required to reduce light emission by bioluminescent bacteria by 50%. Addition of amorphous ferric hydroxide as an alternative electron acceptor stimulated the rate of vegetable oil biodegradation, but had no effect on the Microtox EC50. Alternative factors, including clay and calcium, were tested for their ability to reduce the transient toxicity by reducing the bioavailability of the free fatty acids. Calcium, and especially calcium plus clay, reduced the rate and extent of vegetable oil biodegradation but had no effect on the sediment toxicity as measured by the Microtox SPT. Only oil biodegradation significantly reduced the sediment toxicity.
Patience Pays: The Quest for Restoration Projects To Compensate for Lost Use of Natural Resources for Public Recreation from the 1993 Tampa Bay Oil Spill1
Authors: Iliff John W. , Fluke Stephanie W. , Wieczynski Philip P. , Malvern Maureen M. , Urquhart-Donnelly Jane 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The public's use of natural resources for recreation can be substantially disrupted by an oil spill. Following a 1999 settlement with parties responsible for the spill, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) (“the Trustees”), acting through a Trustee Council, finalized a restoration to offset recreational losses from the 1993 Tampa Bay oil spill. This paper describes the development of the restoration plan in cooperation with affected communities and the basis upon which specific restoration projects were chosen for inclusion in that plan, including the nexus between injured resources or lost resource services and the selected projects. The recreational restoration plan focused only on projects designed to acquire or enhance public access to natural resources for recreation. Projects selected for implementation include construction of fishing piers, public trails and walkways, enhancement of boating opportunities, and enhancement of natural resource amenities. Though the recreational projects were selected and funded by the Trustees with settlement funds, they are being implemented by the affected beach municipalities through a continuing and unique partnership with the Trustee Council.