bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Precision in Motorcycle Helmet Detection: YOLOv5 and Darknet Approach
Authors: Sarmah Ranjan , Lahon Pranjit , Ahmed Tazliqutddin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

In India, helmets symbolize safety and civic responsibility, bearing cultural significance. However, a 22% increase in accidents and a 17.5% rise in fatalities in 2022-23 underscore the critical importance of helmet compliance beyond legal mandates. Non-compliance not only elevates the risk of injuries and fatalities but also entails legal consequences. Notably, 47,000 Indians died in 2021 due to not wearing helmets, emphasizing the pivotal role of helmet usage in road safety. This research focuses on improving motorcycle helmet detection to ensure compliance and reduce the risk of fatal head injuries for riders, extending its impact beyond geographical limits. While our dataset predominantly draws from Sivasagar, a district in Assam, India, the scope of our research is universally applicable. We employed a comprehensive methodology, comprising data collection, preprocessing, and YOLOv5 model training using the Darknet framework, testing, and evaluation. Analysis of the original YOLOv5 algorithm's performance using Precision-Recall (PR) curves resulted in mAP values of 85.9% for helmets, 88.1% for human heads, and an average of 87%. Subsequently, the proposed YOLOv5 algorithm, achieving mAP values of 93% for helmets, 96.8% for human heads, and a remarkable 94.9% average mAP, demonstrated significant improvements. Comparison revealed a consistent 7–8.5% higher mAP for helmet and human head detection, underscoring the efficacy of the proposed approach in improving detection capabilities. This research contributes to the broader field of computer vision and its practical applications, particularly in enhancing road safety and averting head injuries among riders, irrespective of their location.
Activation of a GPCR, ORL1 receptor: A novel therapy to prevent heart failure progression
Authors: Pathan Saliha , Pugazenthi Aarthi , Dixon Beverly REA , Wensel Theodore G , Rosengart Todd K , Mathison Megumi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The number of ischemic heart failure (HF) patients is growing dramatically worldwide. However, there are at present no preventive treatments for HF. Our previous study showed that Gata4 overexpression improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in the rat heart. We also found that Gata4 overexpression significantly increased a Pnoc gene expression, an endogenous ligand for cell membrane receptor, ORL1. We hypothesized that an activation of ORL1 receptor would suppress HF in a rat ischemic heart model.
Method
Adult Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks old, 6 males and 6 females) underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Three weeks later, normal saline or MCOPPB (ORL1 activator, 2.5mg/kg/day) intraperitoneal injection was started, and continued 5 days a week, for 3 months. Echocardiography was performed six times, pre-operative, 3 days after coronary artery ligation, pre-MCOPPB or saline injection, and 1, 2, and 3 months after saline or MCOPPB injection started. Animals were euthanized after 3 months follow up and the heart was harvested for histological analysis.
Results
ORL1 activator, MCOPPB, significantly improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rat (Ejection fraction, MCOPPB vs saline at euthanasia, 67 ± 3 vs 43 ± 2, p < 0.001). MCOPPB also decreased fibrosis and induced angiogenesis.
Conclusion
ORL1 activator, MCOPPB, may be a novel treatment for preventing HF progression.
Early vs. Late Anticoagulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke for Non-Atrial Fibrillation Indications
Authors: Zhang Ming May , Mousa-Ibrahim Fady , Leshko Nicole A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background/Objective: In persons whose sole indication for anticoagulation is atrial fibrillation (AF), early therapeutic anticoagulation after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) may decrease ischemic risk without increasing hemorrhagic risk. However, literature to guide anticoagulation timing in patients with a non-AF indication remains extremely limited.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study compared outcomes of early (within ≤4 days of AIS) versus late anticoagulation (5-14 days) for persons with AIS and non-AF indications for anticoagulation. The primary outcome was a composite of intracranial hemorrhage or major extracranial bleeding while on therapeutic anticoagulation, within 30 days of the index event. The main secondary outcome was a composite of major bleeding events while on therapeutic anticoagulation, recurrent AIS, systemic embolism, and all-cause mortality, within 30 days of the index event.
Results: Eighty-one patients were included for analysis, with 65 patients in the early cohort and 16 patients in the late cohort; median time to anticoagulation was 1 day and 7 days, respectively. The most common indication for anticoagulation was deep vein thrombosis. The primary composite outcome occurred in 3 patients (4.6%) in the early cohort and 2 patients (12.5%) in the late cohort (p = 0.255). The secondary composite outcome occurred in 10 patients (15.4%) in the early cohort and 7 patients (43.8%) in the late cohort (p = 0.034). There were no statistical differences in any individual components of the composite outcomes, although recurrent AIS and mortality had numerically higher incidence in the late cohort.
Conclusions: In this retrospective study, early anticoagulation was not associated with increased major bleeding risk, but late anticoagulation was associated with an increased composite risk of major bleeding, thrombotic events, and all-cause mortality, driven by increases in recurrent AIS and mortality. Further studies are warranted to expound on the optimal timing of anticoagulation in this patient population.
The Mystery of the Missing P Waves
Authors: chen yuanguo , Zhang Haibo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

This case report discusses a 60-year-old female with a history of rheumatic heart disease, mitral stenosis, and atrial fibrillation, who presented with fatigue and was discovered to have significant bradycardia without visible P waves on ECG. The diagnosis and management involving electrophysiological studies highlight the complexities of treating atrial arrhythmias in the presence of mechanical valve replacements and extensive atrial fibrosis.
Monitoring Racial Disparities in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Mbalaka Blessing 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

This paper utilized primary findings from an AI image generator of faces to analyse how racially inclusive the program is. This paper rendered 100 results and found that, from the findings, 77% of the faces generated were white faces, while the program failed to render a single black face. This paper calls for algorithmic auditing at the state level to ensure algorithmic inclusivity. Not rectifying this dilemma may yield AI algorithms that are not sufficiently catered to the South African context and application. Another consideration pertains to evaluating whether these algorithms are safe for public dissemination. This paper rests on the position that strong policy and state instruments are required to help circumvent the encroachment of technology that has not been sufficiently vetted for public use. This paper critically engages with the already prevalent discourse on bias mitigation and looks at ways people could bypass these regulatory mechanisms, such as the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act. This critical perspective looks to help assess if the proposed conjectures are sufficient.
Association between insulin and sarcopenia in elderly Chinese individuals: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: Sun Guofang , Liang Jianjun , Chen Dechao , Zhao Kongjun , Liu Wangmi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:The link between insulin and sarcopenia among older adults in China is not yet fully understood. This study seeks to investigate this association using data from a nationally representative large-scale survey.
Methods: The study utilized data from two waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted in 2009 and 2015. Subjects meeting the inclusion criteria were classified according to the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia2019 criteria. The study employed ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to analyze the cross-sectional association between muscle mass and insulin. Additionally, logistic regression models were utilized to examine the longitudinal association between sarcopenia and insulin.
Results: In 2009, a cross-sectional association study enrolled a total of 2329 participants aged over 60 years, with 53.1% women and a median age of 68.00 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the study population was 30.83%, with a higher prevalence in females (60.03%). In the adjusted OLS regression model based on blood biomarker, insulin was positively associated with muscle mass (β=0.075, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.034 - 0.117, P <0.01). In 2009, individuals without sarcopenia were divided into two groups based on the median value of insulin in the total population. When 944 individuals were followed up in 2015 to assess the incidence of sarcopenia, a significant difference was found between the two groups (12.44% vs 7.45%, P=0.01). The adjusted logistic regression models indicated that higher insulin levels were associated with a reduced incidence of sarcopenia (Hazard ratio =0.958, 95% CI: 0.925 - 0.989, P=0.01).
Conclusions: Adequate insulin could potentially serve as a protective factor in preserving healthy muscle mass among Chinese adults aged 60 and above.
Persistent symptoms after 1 year in hospitalized children with acute COVID-19 compared to other conditions
Authors: Tagarro Alfredo , Conde Marta , Gastesi Irati , de Pablo Lucía , Villanueva Sara , Aguilera-Alonso David , Esteban Ana , Epalza Cristina , López María , Domínguez-Rodríguez Sara , Gómez Pablo , Ballesteros Álvaro , Pinto Carlota , Navarro Marisa , Giaquinto Carlo , Moraleda Cinta 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Purpose
We evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of persistent signs and/or symptoms in children and young people (CYP) one year after hospitalization for acute COVID-19 compared with a control group of CYP hospitalized for other conditions.
Methods
We conducted an observational study in three hospitals in Madrid. We included a group of children who aged 1 month to 18 years of age who were hospitalized for acute COVID-19 from March 2020 to December 2021. We selected a group of patients for comparison among hospitalized patients the same month as the participants with COVID-19, for different reasons, with no history of COVID-19 at recruitment or during follow-up. Data were collected from clinical records and a standardized questionnaire answered by families. The primary outcome was the presence of persistent symptoms one year after hospitalization.
Results
Ninety-six patients were enrolled and analyzed (50 acute COVID-19 patients and 46 non-COVID-19 participants). The definition of persistent symptoms was met in 34/96 (35%) CYP: 17/50 (34%) COVID-19 participants and 17/46 (37%) non-COVID-19 participants (p=0.767). Symptoms persisted ³12 months in 14/50 (28%) COVID-19 participants and in 7/46 (15%) non-COVID-19 participants (p=0.140).
Both groups rated similarly before and after admission on all the specific items related to emotional welfare, social relationships, and current activities. Readmissions occurred in 11/50 (22%) COVID-19 participants and in 6/46 (13%) non-COVID-19 participants (p=0.267).
Conclusion: This study found a non-significant difference in the prevalence of persistent symptoms 1 year after hospitalization between children and young people (CYP) with acute COVID-19 and those hospitalized for other reasons.
AO classification system and 3D reconstruction view method for radial distal fractures with isolated joint surface collapse bone fragments: An independent inter-observer and intra-observer consistency study
Authors: Aozhengzheng Dong , Xing Gao , Yongsheng Li , Zhe Zhao , Wencui Li , Jianquan Liu , Jianwen Yin , Jiabei Li , Xiangyu Cheng , Xiaoqiang Chen , Guanghui Wang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Purpose
This study aimed to compare the consistency among surgeons of varying experience levels in classifying distal radius articular collapse fractures using conventional CT scans and 3D images reconstructed with software MIMICS 26.0 (MIMICS, Boston, MA)according to the AO classification. Additionally, the study compared the consistency in identifying the position of isolated bone fragments on the articular surface using both imaging methods. The aim was to determine a more practical approach for the AO classification of distal radius articular collapse fractures and identifying isolated bone fragment positions, thereby assisting clinicians in preoperative decision-making.
Methods
The study included 80 patients with distal radius articular collapse fractures. Four independent assessors (two senior and two junior orthopedic clinicians) evaluated the fractures' AO classification and the relative positions of isolated articular bone fragments using conventional CT images and 3D reconstructed images. After six weeks, the 80 cases were randomly reassigned, and all assessors re-evaluated the abovementioned parameters. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate inter-observer and intra-observer reliability, presented with a 95% confidence interval.
Results
The results showed that AO classification of distal radius articular collapse fractures using 3D reconstructed images had lower overall inter-observer consistency (0.577 (0.369–0.729)) compared to direct AO classification from conventional CT scans (0.642 (0.486–0.761)). However, determining the relative positions of bone fragments in the coronal plane using 3D reconstructed images showed higher overall inter-observer consistency (coronal plane 0.806 (0.700–0.882); sagittal plane 0.809 (0.712–0.879)) compared to conventional CT scans (coronal plane 0.762 (0.635–0.852); sagittal plane 0.698 (0.558–0.802)).
Conclusion
In conclusion, for distal radius articular collapse fractures, the consistency in AO classification assessments among observers was generally moderate, influenced by the experience level of the doctors. Junior doctors showed higher consistency in classification assessments using 3D reconstruction, while senior doctors had higher consistency using conventional CT scans. The method of observation for bone fragment positions, whether by conventional CT scan or 3D reconstruction of the distal radius, showed differences in consistency, with 3D reconstruction reaching almost perfect consistency levels in identifying bone fragment positions on the articular surface.
Shared and distinct prefrontal cortex activation between genders in depression individuals during verbal fluency task: evidence from one large sample of fNIRS studies
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zheng Minxiao , Xiang Nian , Qiu Min , Da Hui , Xiao Qiang , Wei Qiang , Ke Shanzhi , Zhu Dongmei , Shi Hui 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background Cognitive impairment is a key characteristic of depression. While sex differences in various aspects of depression have been well-documented, fewer studies investigated gender differences in abnormal brain region activation during specific cognitive tasks. This study aimed to explore sex differences in cognitive deficits using fNIRS technology, providing neurobiological evidence for gender-specific therapy approaches.
Methods 853 young adults participated in the study, 422 healthy individuals (224 male, 198 female) and 431 individuals with depression (233 male, 198 female). The average oxyhemoglobin levels in the prefrontal cortex were measured using a 53-channel fNIRS imaging device.
Results Compared to male healthy controls, lower oxyhemoglobin activation was observed in the male depression group in the frontopolar cortex, Broca's area, and left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Similarly, lower oxyhemoglobin activation was found in the female depression group in the right BA, FPC, and left dlPFC compared to female healthy controls. Additionally, a significant difference in oxyhemoglobin activation was noted between male and female depression groups in the left and right dlPFC.
Conclusion Females and males had similar but unique prefrontal brain activations. FPC and BA may be the shared neural basis, whereas dlPFC may be distinct underlying physiological mechanisms for depression between genders.
Unexpected HBsAg decrease after nucleoside analogues re-treatment among HBeAg positive postpartum women: a pilot study.
Authors: Tang Qiao , Wang Chunrui , Li Hu , Chen Zhiwei , Zhang Li , Zhang Jing , Liu Xiaoqing , Xue Yunling , Qiu Yue , Peng Mingli , Zeng Yi , Hu Peng 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background/Purpose:
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is one of the main routes of transmission of HBV, and previous studies focused on the efficacy and safety of nucleoside analogues (NAs) in the prevention MTCT. There are limited data on virologic changes of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients after discontinuing treatment postpartum and the efficacy of re-treatment.
Methods
A retrospective-prospective real-word pilot cohort study on HBeAg-positive pregnant women with chronic HBV infection was conducted. Biochemical and virological characteristics (HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA) in patients received NAs treatment pre-pregnancy (n = 10), patients discontinued treatment after delivery (n = 88) and re-treatment patients (n = 22) were collected during follow-up.
Results
The incidence of ALT flare was numerically higher in patients discontinued NAs treatment postpartum compared to patients received NAs treatment pre-pregnancy (28.9% versus 0%, P = 0.058). More significantly decreases of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA were observed in re-treatment patients compared to patients received NAs treatment pre-pregnancy. Significantly higher incidences of half decrease of HBsAg and 0.5 lg decrease of HBsAg were achieved in 95.5% (21/22) and 76.2% (16/21), and numerically higher incidence of HBsAg < 1000 IU/mL was achieved in 36.4% (8/22) in re-treatment patients compared to patients received NAs treatment pre-pregnancy and patients discontinued treatment. Long-term follow-up results indicated that it is safe for HBeAg positive pregnant patients to discontinue treatment after delivery.
Conclusion
HBeAg positive patients received NAs treatment during pregnancy and discontinued it postpartum can benefit from NAs re-treatment because of unexpected decrease of HBsAg, which may be helpful for achieve the goal of functional cure.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Nalbuphine and Hydromorphone in Painless Colonoscopy Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hou Chunliu , Zhang Siming , Chen Huiyi , Wang Di , Han Qingqing , Wen Guochun , Su Xuesen , Zhang Wenjie , Tian Shouyuan , Li Yan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background: Colonoscopy is essential for diagnosing colon lesions but is often associated with discomfort. Painless colonoscopy techniques are being increasingly used to improve the patient experience." However, in the case of painless colonoscopy, anesthesia is performed outside the operating room, which requires more significant peri-examination of hemodynamic changes and adverse postoperative reactions. This requires a more careful selection of narcotic analgesics, and there needs to be optimal analgesic drug guidance in clinical practice. This study compared the efficacy and safety of nalbuphine and hydromorphone in improving patient comfort and maintaining hemodynamic stability during elective colonoscopy.
Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blinded controlled trial included 72 adult patients (aged 18-65) who underwent sedation colonoscopy. The 72 patients were randomly divided into two groups using a computer-generated random sequence. Body mass index 18.5-28.0 kg/m2; American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I to II. Then, the nalbuphine group was given 0.13 mg/kg nalbuphine, the hydromorphone group was given 0.016 mg/kg hydromorphone, and during the operation, 10-20 mg/time propofol could be appropriately injected according to the patient's examination and cooperation. All patients were continuously monitored for oxygen saturation, heart rate, and noninvasive mean arterial blood pressure. The colonoscopy time and anesthesia time were recorded. Adverse reactions such as hypotension, decreased oxygen saturation, nausea, and vomiting were recorded. Anesthesiologist satisfaction, gastroenterologist (operator), and patient satisfaction were recorded.
Results: Both nalbuphine and hydromorphone effectively maintained hemodynamic stability, with no significant differences in vital signs observed between the groups (P > 0.05). However, nalbuphine significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache compared to hydromorphone (P < 0.05). The reduced side effects of nalbuphine were marked, suggesting a better postoperative comfort profile.
Conclusions: While nalbuphine and hydromorphone effectively maintain intraoperative vital signs, nalbuphine offers superior postoperative comfort. This makes nalbuphine a preferable analgesic choice in outpatient colonoscopy settings. Further research is warranted to determine the optimal dosages for both drugs and to explore their mechanisms of action in procedural pain management.
Register Number: ChiCTR2300077446
Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in second-generation cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: Harms Phillip , Rottner Laura , Heeger Christian , Reissmann Bruno , Ouyang Feifan , Mathew Shibu , Wohlmuth Peter , Schlüter Michael , Metzner Andreas , Kuck Karl-Heinz , Maurer Tilman , Lemes Christine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background - An effective treatment of symptomatic Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the second-generation cryoballoon (CB2) based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). However, this technique is associated with an increased exposure to contrast media and little is known about postprocedural acute kidney injury (AKI).
Objective - We evaluated the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of contrast-associated AKI after CB2-based catheter ablation in a large patient cohort.
Methods - 444 patients with symptomatic drug-refractory paroxysmal AF (PAF, n=236 [53%]) or persistent AF (n=208) who underwent CB2-based PVI were included. The study group was divided into four groups based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) documented the day before the procedure. Serum creatinine levels were measured before and 48 hours after the procedure. AKI was assessed using the KDIGO guidelines.
Results - The overall incidence of AKI was 2.9% (13/444). Among the AKI group, the majority were in CKD stage 4 (2/7, 28.6%), followed by CKD stage 3 (7/111; 6.3%), CKD stage 1(1/70; 1.4%) and CKD stage 2 (3/256; 1.2%). Baseline CKD stage (HR 1.3659, 95% CI 0.05107 - 36.53, p = 0.033) was identified as independent predictor of AKI. Arterial hypertension was prevalent in the AKI group.
Conclusions - The overall incidence of postcontrast AKI in CB2-based ablation of AF was low. Cryoablation PVI is a safe therapeutic option for individuals with CKD stages 1 and 2. However, in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4, it is associated with an increased incidence of AKI.