bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of X70 and Heavy Wall X65 Plates For Sour Service Pipeline Application
Authors: Bauer Juergen , Collura Carmelo , Schwinn Volker , Staudt Thorsten , Clipet David , Amoris Eric 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Brazil due to its extraordinary oil and gas fields is one of the upcoming future markets for heavy plates for sour service applications. Such heavy plates are steels with high-class quality demands. Depending on the quality of the sources the HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) resistance is a special requirement of these steels. By minimizing the HIC crack initiation sites as well as the crack propagation the HIC resistance is accessible. To achieve this, a careful design of all micro-structural features of the steel is necessary.
The utilization of the latest technology for steel and plate making is the central element of the production of such steels. Suitable metallurgical processes like clean steel treatment, casting in a technically sophisticated manner as well as special rolling techniques like the TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process) combined with suitable ACC (Accelerated Cooling) after final rolling provide the fundamentals of a homogeneous and resistance microstructure, especially with low level of imperfections, mainly non-metallic inclusions as well as reduced mid-thickness segregations.
The paper will point out the integrated overall production concept which provides the basis for the production of steel plates with consistent and reliable HIC resistance. The essential parameters will be explained, including the utilization of an appropriate quality assurance system.
The second part of the paper will focus on the gradual development to the strength level of grade API-5L X70 and higher wall thickness of grade API-5L X65. The feasibility of the production of such steels will be demonstrated by the presentation of recent deliveries, also interesting for the Brazilian market.

Introduction
The most line pipe projects with full sour service applications use the already established API-5L X65. But the still growing global demand on crude oil and natural gas and the involved shortage of the resources necessitate the exploitation of resources under more difficult conditions. Especially for the Brazilian oil and gas pipe market with its important resources in deep sea areas heavy wall API-5L X65 and/or API-5L X70 for full sour service are very meaningful for economically efficient as well as safe exploitation. From the point of costs it is also important to go to higher strength instead of enhancing wall thickness to manage high external pressure linked with deep sea areas. That is why all heavy plate producers in the world invest a lot of efforts in research and development of high strength line pipe grades for full sour applications [1–4].
Impact of Lubricating Materials on Arctic Subsea Production Systems
Authors: Akulichev Anton , Thorkildsen Brede 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Lubricants represent a significant challenge encountered by any moving components in cold climate. They shall demonstrate good viscosity properties over a wide temperature span to be suitable for the service and sustain the temperature extremes in storage. Furthermore, heavy duty greases for subsea connectors exposed to well stream heating shall maintain the required level of lubricity for a prolonged period under water to be able to disconnect equipment at any time.
Raised HSE concerns in the Arctic drive the current equipment and technologies for offshore oil and gas exploration towards environmentally compatible solutions and zero discharge performance. FMC performed a pre-screening test of some environmentally friendly greases and pastes for riser connectors which clearly showed that most of those compounds were not able to meet all requirements. Typically " green" compounds had inferior characteristics and virtually could not pass even preliminary standard tests. Truly a compromise between lubricants properties and their biodegradability / toxicity level needs to be found.
This is a common industry challenge which needs proper attention from operators and major EPC contractors. As a short-term measure for existing fields being developed in near future it is proposed to make a JIP on rigorous testing and qualification of lubricants for Arctic. New promising " green" products recently introduced on the market should be included into the testing program.
Nevertheless, such approach most likely will not address all challenges and requirements in the harshest areas in the High North. One solution for those regions is advanced self-lubricating composite coatings. Recently the concept of coating incorporating capsules of liquid lubricant has been proven. A further development and testing in this field is certainly required, however at the end lubrication-free moving units and components may outperform conventional lubricated counterparts in terms of cold operation cycles, reliability, lifetime and environmental impact.
An Implementation of ISO 19906 Formulae for Global Sea Ice Loads within a Probabilistic Framework
Authors: Fuglem Mark , Richard Martin , King Tony 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The ISO 19906 standard provides guidance for the calculation of characteristic ice loads on offshore structures in arctic and cold regions. Ice failure is a complex process and the development and improvement of ice load models can be challenging, in large part because of difficulties obtaining full-scale data and scaling issues when extrapolating small-scale test data. Many of the ice load models referenced in ISO 19906 were developed during arctic exploration in the 70's and 80's. Typically, simplified geometries are assumed for both the structure and ice features in order to obtain analytic solutions; other simplifications may be incorporated appropriate for the specific applications considered and information available. A significant proportion of referenced models provide the maximum load during an interaction, rather than the development of the load over time. This can be a limitation were penetration into a thick ridge is limited by available driving force and kinetic energy.
Given the large variety of ice conditions to which a structure may be subjected and the apparent randomness in ice fracture and damage mechanisms, there can be considerable variation in loads. Ice strength may be set to a characteristic fixed value, the ISO model for global sea ice loads is based on a relationship that considers ice thickness and contact width and is based on upper envelop fits to failure data. When determining the appropriate characteristic load on a structure, consideration should be given to exposure (i.e., the number and durations of ice interactions). Loads based on characteristic values for parameters such as ice thickness and ice strength could be inaccurate for scenarios where the exposure is significantly different than that on which the characteristic values were based. The application of probabilistic methods can be used to account for differences in exposure. While ISO 19906 references such methods, guidelines on implementation is limited.
This paper examines issues in implementing available formulae for ice loads on fixed structures within a probabilistic framework and shows how characteristic ice loads differ depending on the model and assumptions used. The Sea Ice Loads Software (SILS), a probabilistic framework developed by C-CORE for calculating characteristic ice loads using the methods referenced in ISO19906, is used for the analyses and comparisons.
Autonomous Surface Vehicles for Arctic Data Collection
Authors: Anderson Brian , Kleiner Art 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The work on which this paper is based is field data and pilot testing results of variable payloads on Autonomous Surface Vehicles or Unmanned Surface Vehicles (ASVs/USVs), operating in variable industrial environments. Original field data from Multibeam echo sounder, Gyro, Motion Sensor, USBL Sonar, Passive Acoustic Monitoring for marine mammals, and ADCP data collection for ocean currents are all used to illustrate the ASV as a remote data collection platform for remote environments. By employing diesel electric propulsion and payload power strategies, the systems reviewed in this paper are capable of operation and station keeping in up to 6 knot currents, and do not require sun illumination for solar power, or favorable wind and/or sea conditions for propulsion.
A Disconnectable Dry Tree Semisubmersible Design Exposed to Iceberg and Harsh Environment
Authors: Mansour Alaa M. , Dib Michel , Zuccolo Ricardo , Bagaria Ashish , Greiner Bill , James Jolly , Kumar Dhiraj , Heidari Homayoun , Azevedo Jefferson 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents an innovative design for a disconnectable dry tree semisubmersible floater for use in harsh environments and which could be exposed to the threat of iceberg impact. The use of dry tree Top Tensioned Risers (TTRs) in well completion has its advantage in allowing direct vertical access to production wells, which enables the use of dry-trees, drilling programs, and well work-over when required. Semisubmersible floaters offer significant execution and operational advantages over other types of floaters such as the quayside integration, and high flexibility on the payload and topsides area requirements. However, with the existing qualified tensioner technology, conventional semisubmersibles do not offer motion response suitable for dry tree applications. The free hanging solid ballast semi (FHSB Semi) is an enhanced semisubmersible design that maintains the advantages of the semisubmersibles while offering a very low motion response suitable for dry tree applications. The design and characteristics of the FHSB Semi is widely published elsewhere. In an area where floating platforms are exposed to icebergs and harsh environment, it is essential to design a system where the floater can be disconnected from the moorings and top-tensioned risers and be moved away from the iceberg's path. After the event the system should be designed to reconnect moorings and risers with minimal disruption to production and reasonable restriction on the reconnection environment. In this study, the FHSB Semi design has been further developed to enable disconnect/reconnect of the TTR and mooring systems. Detailed description of the disconnectable TTR and mooring systems is presented in this paper. A case study is also presented to illustrate the performance and the disconnection/reconnection of a FHSB Semi located offshore Newfoundland in a harsh environment area subject to icebergs.
Influence of Wave-Induced Iceberg Heave Motions on Risks to Subsea Equipment
Authors: Fuglem Mark , Ralph Freeman 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In offshore regions where risk of iceberg contact with subsea equipment is unacceptably high, protection options include reduction of the probability of impact by placing the equipment below the seabed in an excavation, and use of protective structures to reduce the probability of damage given an impact. An initial estimate of the probability of impact from a freely drifting or scouring iceberg may be determined based on the chance that an iceberg with draft greater than the top of the subsea equipment drifts directly over it. A more detailed analysis might consider the increase in probability of impact as a result of iceberg heave and pitch motions.
In this paper, a methodology is presented for assessing the importance of heave motions of freely floating icebergs on probability of impact with subsea equipment protruding above the seabed. The method incorporates numerical and statistical modeling of random icebergs motions in irregular seas, including shallow water effects. Consideration is given to the mean clearance of the iceberg above the equipment, the random iceberg wave-induced heave motions, the geometries of the structure and iceberg and the time for the iceberg to pass over the site. Analyses are conducted on the effect of wave-induced heave motions of icebergs in wind-generated sea states and swell in water depths of 95 m and 60 m. A number of iceberg shapes are considered. It is found that for the conditions considered, heave motions do not have a significant influence on impact probability.
In evaluating the previous methods for estimating wave-induced iceberg motions, some deficiencies in previous iceberg heave and surge response amplitude operators were discovered, and improvements are recommended when estimating iceberg impact loads with gravity based structures and floating systems.
Feasibility of a Conical Piled Monopod in Multiyear Ice Environment Offshore Northern Alaska
Authors: Aurora Ravi P. , Williams Alan , Argiolas Ricardo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study examining the feasibility of a Conical Piled Monopod (CPM) offshore Northern Alaska in about 41m water depth, fairly competent soil conditions, and Multi Year Ice environment. The study was conducted jointly by ConocoPhillips Company based in Houston, Texas and Granherne Ltd, a KBR Company based in Leatherhead, UK. ConocoPhillips sponsored the study.
Two CPM concepts were considered, the Standalone CPM covered in this paper and a Dual Rig Jack Up (Gemini) Assisted CPM. The latter is the subject of another paper to be published later.
The CPM was configured for two drilling rigs, assuming topsides weights ranging from 35,000 tonnes to 45,000 tonnes and corresponding operating weights from 60,000 tonnes to 70,000 tonnes respectively. Ice loads were calculated using ISO 19906 formulae where possible, otherwise using references within the ISO 19906 code and specialist ice load advice (Ken Croasdale) where necessary.
The CPM has been shown to be feasible in the Alaskan Sea for the two ice conditions considered, 6m thick level ice and a very rare 25m thick ice island event. The ice island event represents a very conservative scenario and further data may allow its severity to be reduced. In addition, there will be many months, if not years, after discovery before an ice island can potentially impact the CPM.
The CPM has a large enclosed volume available, which could accommodate a potentially significant amount of oil storage. However, this has not been quantified within this study work.
The CPM concept eliminates or greatly minimizes the need for seabed preparation, being a pile supported structure. It also does not require solid ballast for resistance against sliding due to ice loads; these two characteristics of the CPM can have a major positive impact on the cost and schedule of an offshore Arctic project.
ConocoPhillips has a Patent Pending on the CPM concept.
Effective Monitoring of Auroral Electrojet Disturbances to Enable Accurate Wellbore Placement in the Arctic
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Maus Stefan , Manoj Chandrasekharan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In measurement while drilling (MWD), wellbore azimuth is determined relative to the direction of the geomagnetic field. Converting this magnetic azimuth to a true azimuth requires accurate knowledge of the direction of the geomagnetic field at the point of measurement downhole. In the Arctic, MWD processing must include corrections for rapid changes in the geomagnetic field caused by auroral electrojet currents.?The auroral zone, those latitudes at which the aurora borealis (or the northern lights) occurs, is a region where the electric field of the magnetosphere precipitates along magnetic field lines into the ionosphere. At 100 km above the surface, this electric field drives auroral electrojet currents in the east/west direction, generating the strongest magnetic field disturbances on the planet. The direction of the geomagnetic field in the auroral zone can change by several degrees in less than an hour.
Data from geomagnetic observatory and variometer stations can be analyzed to characterize the auroral electrojets and compensate for the disturbance. Knowledge of the spatial structure of the electrojets' magnetic signature is essential for deploying a ground network of monitoring stations in the Arctic. This network provides the real-time geomagnetic infrastructure essential to support MWD operations, making it the most cost-effective technology available to achieve accurate wellbore placement in horizontal, relief well, and extended reach drilling, as well as in collision-avoidance applications.
In one case study using historical data from two nearby observatories from 1995 to the present, the disturbance field was characterized and a time series of maximum disturbances was derived and extrapolated to the year 2020. Maximum disturbance in the magnetic field was found to lag the maximum of solar activity by approximately two years, predicting the next maximum in 2015-2019.
NE Greenland Ice Study Group and Recent Project Work
Authors: Wright J. , Hammeken-Holm J. , Renganathan V. , Robertson S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The region that lies off the northeast coastline of Greenland is of high interest to the oil industry. This is a very remote area, well known for the severity of its physical environment. Factors of note include a limited open water season, heavy pack ice conditions, icebergs, low temperatures and poor visibility. The constraints that are imposed by this environment will present significant challenges for various oil industry activities such as seismic data acquisition, exploratory drilling operations, and potential development and export systems. However, good data on the physical environmental conditions in this region are sparce.
In order to improve the current state of knowledge, a NE Greenland Ice Study Group was formed to conduct "directed ice R&D work" of relevance to oil industry needs. The concept for this group was based on a collaborative approach successfully used in Canada during the 1970's and 1980's. The NE Greenland group includes 12 oil companies that jointly discuss and identify key ice information requirements, together with the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP), and support ice related R&D on a proportionate basis. The approach has proven to be a sensible and cost effective way to conduct work and make technical progress in a new region like the NE Greenland offshore, and has also been used by similar industry groups in the Disko West and Baffin Bay regions of Greenland.
This paper highlights the NE Greenland study group approach that has been developed, which is a good model to consider for other Arctic offshore areas, along with the NE Greenland ice studies conducted by our group to date. It also highlights some of the results of the NE Greenland ice study group projects carried out so far.
Arctic and Sub-Arctic Pipeline Routing Evaluations Enabled by Spatial AHP
Authors: White Charles N. , Paulin Mike , Palejwala Ashfaq , Burke Julie , Mower Kirk , McGee Simon 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to structure and prioritize the criteria (issues) that most strongly affect pipeline routing decisions for Arctic and sub-Arctic offshore projects. An AHP model is created incorporating these criteria and the pair-wise comparisons technique is used to establish weighting of the criteria. The collaborative pair-wise comparison approach allows all team members to explore and sound out each other's perspectives on the importance of each of the routing assessment criteria in a disciplined way that builds consensus around the model adopted for the cases under investigation.
This AHP model can then be tagged to a geomatics database automatically linking expertise in the pipelining disciplines with advanced geomatics capabilities for assessing export pipeline routing schemes to directly account for key considerations like flow assurance, geohazards, on bottom stability, bottom roughness, bathymetry, seabed morphology, sediment types, existing infrastructure, economics, public use regions, and environmentally sensitive areas. The paper describes how this linkage allows an automated scoring procedure that is then tested for robustness by sensitivity checks and demonstrates the methods via case studies.
When this method is applied to offshore Arctic pipelines, information can be incorporated that reflects the engineering, environmental, social, administrative, and infrastructure input that must be considered in routing/design. The model is then applied to challenging pipeline planning cases with sensitivities investigated in a way that confirms the robustness of the routing recommendations.
The paper clarifies how the issues and key technical information can be efficiently captured and applied within Arctic or sub-Arctic full field development planning studies that reflect real-world information (geomatics). The ability to easily accommodate changes in the engineering/technical basis and/or corporate priorities is highlighted, as well as the consensusbuilding strengths of this advanced methodology.
Ice-Seabed Gouging Database: Review and Analysis of Available Numerical Models
Authors: Babaei M.H. , Sudom D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Ice gouging or scour may damage structures buried in seabeds, hence research on this subject is important. Numerical modelling is one of the most flexible and least costly methods of studying ice gouging. Previously, information on existing numerical models and their results was scattered in the literature. A new database has been created that tabulates this information. The database can be used to search numerical results and analyze knowledge gaps and correlations that might exist, in order to better understand and further advance knowledge of ice gouging phenomena. The database contains information on 206 runs from 18 major numerical studies. Using the database, knowledge gaps have been assessed. A list has been made of topics which were given little attention despite their probable importance, including deformable ice keel, different-from-seabed trench backfill soil, and simultaneous interaction of pore water and soil matrix in cohesionless seabeds. The available numerical model results show that pre-set gouge depth and the maximum depth of subgouge soil deformation are nearly linearly correlated. Maximum pipeline strain as a function of test set-up parameters is assessed. Profiles of subgouge soil deformation with depth from various sources are also combined and compared in this paper.
Ice-Soil-Pipeline Interaction during Seabed Gouging in Physical Tests: Database Analysis and Outstanding Issues
Authors: Barrette Paul D. , Sudom Denise 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Ice gouging (or scouring) events affect the seafloor in a way that needs to be understood prior to determining safe and cost-effective burial depths of subsea pipelines in cold oceans. Knowledge on seabed scour phenomena has been gained by means of numerous physical tests in a laboratory or outdoors. Nearly 500 of these tests conducted over the past few decades were compiled into a database, a form of repository that is meant to be updateable, upgradeable and verifiable. This compilation shows that two distinct test set-ups were used: one in which a pre-set gouge depth was selected and vertical loads were monitored; the other with a pre-set vertical load and where keel heaving is allowed. Soil type and normal versus high simulated gravity are two other decisive parameters in test design. The results of this compilation are summarized. Parametric analysis of variables in the database is difficult due to significant differences in test programs. A comparison is made between seabed survey field data and the ranges of gouge width and depth obtained (or targeted) in the tests. A number of significant issues and information gaps have been identified, which could be given priority in future test programs.