bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wal‐Mart
Authors: Wong Newman Chun Wai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWal‐Mart is an international retail corporation headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, with the principle of “the lowest prices anytime, anywhere.” Over the years, Wal‐Mart has grown from an Arkansas‐based retail chain in the 1960s, to a regional store in the Southern United States in the 1970s, a national chain in the 1980s, and a multinational company in the 1990s. Wal‐Mart has also introduced various innovations in the retail industry, such as Wal‐Mart Supercenters, a general merchandise and grocery hypermarket that allows one‐stop shopping. As a successful enterprise, Wal‐Mart employs rationalized management strategies, including efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control by nonhuman technology. As a powerful economic institution, Wal‐Mart has economic and social impacts on its customers, employees, local communities, and suppliers in the United States and abroad.
Waste
Authors: Chiazza Sara Di , Zuev Dennis 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Waste is a fundamental concept in understanding the variety of patterns in person–thing relations and the transformation of an object's value. Waste is a ubiquitous product of major human activities and also a part of human moral economy that has tended to stigmatize people related to waste management (cleaning, scavenging, recycling, dumpster diving). Until the 1970s, the general tendency in social sciences was to focus on the production and the circulation of objects inside the life of consumers, neglecting the potentiality that things have to reveal the social and cultural bases that are established and renewed through consumption practices. Parallel to this, the social life of things and their value has been considered more important than the social death of things. This created a vacuum in knowledge of what happens with things after they are thrown away and become waste. Consumption studies and material culture studies have failed to investigate the end product of the process of consumption – waste, and despite following analytically the life and destination of objects, they did not offer insights into the final resting place of waste.
Weddings
Authors: Arend Patricia 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Weddings are cultural rituals that, until the twenty‐first century, have symbolized the entry point for primarily heterosexual couples into the social, economic, legal, and/or religious relations of marriage. In many places around the world, weddings are also considered to be rites of passage to adulthood. This meaning is de‐emphasized in modern and postmodern consumer societies where individuals frequently establish households separately from their parents, sometimes with their partners, for many years before getting married. Some experts argue that this is because the meaning of marriage is changing. Contemporary weddings are now often understood as consumption rituals that feature highly symbolic, often sacred, objects, many of which are gendered.
Whole Foods Market
Authors: Johnston Josée 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhole Foods Market (WFM) is a successfulUS‐based grocery chain specializing in natural and organic foods. Its commercial success speaks to the prominence of natural, organic, and “green” food as a high‐status area of consumption. The case ofWFMalso speaks to the rise of ethical consumption and its win–win rhetoric, emphasizing how individual shopping purchases can generate consumer pleasures, ecological sustainability, and corporate profits.
YouTube
Authors: Hess Aaron 
Published: March 2015

AbstractYouTubeis a video‐sharing website and digital application. Considered to be a hallmark of Web 2.0 culture and user‐generated content, the site serves as a database of video content, from both individual and institutional authors. Research intoYouTubehas focused on both the production and consumption of content by individual users, drawn from a variety of methodological and theoretical approaches. Designed as a destination for individually produced videos, such as home videos, do‐it‐yourself videos, personal video blogs, and independent short films,YouTubeinvites the sharing of content across users via horizontal distribution. This many‐to‐many distribution contrasts with major media conglomerates and the vertical one‐to‐many distribution of content. Theorizing regarding the production of content forYouTubemarks a collapse of the traditional boundaries of consumption and production, parallel with participatory convergence culture. The Web 2.0YouTubeaesthetic has generated new forms of content and media. The video blog, or vlog, became a mainstay of theYouTubeform, through which a user speaks directly to the camera and edits with a jumpy frame‐to‐frame style. Politically,YouTubehas been a site for the distribution of campaign materials as well as individually authored arguments.
eBay
Authors: Wong Newman Chun Wai 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, eBay is an international online auction platform with a headquarters in San José, California. eBay does not have a physical store or sell any tangible products, but provides a virtual platform in which individuals and businesses buy and sell a wide range of products and services. Nearly anything can be listed on eBay, as long as it is not on the list of prohibited or restricted items. Some popular listing categories on eBay include collectables, jewelry, motors, music, sports, technology, and toys.
Biomarkers and cognitive endpoints to optimize trials in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Insel Philip S. , Mattsson Niklas , Mackin R. Scott , Kornak John , Nosheny Rachel , Tosun‐Turgut Duygu , Donohue Michael C. , Aisen Paul S. , Weiner Michael W. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo find the combination of candidate biomarkers and cognitive endpoints to maximize statistical power and minimize cost of clinical trials of healthy elders at risk for cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease.MethodsFour‐hundred and twelve cognitively normal participants were followed over 7 years. Nonlinear methods were used to estimate the longitudinal trajectories of several cognitive outcomes including delayed memory recall, executive function, processing speed, and several cognitive composites by subgroups selected on the basis of biomarkers, including APOE‐ε4 allele carriers, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (Aβ42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau), and those with small hippocampi.ResultsDerived cognitive composites combining Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)‐cog scores with additional delayed memory recall and executive function components captured decline more robustly across biomarker groups than any measure of a single cognitive domain or ADAS‐cog alone. Substantial increases in power resulted when including only participants positive for three or more biomarkers in simulations of clinical trials.InterpretationClinical trial power may be improved by selecting participants on the basis of amyloid and neurodegeneration biomarkers and carefully tailoring primary cognitive endpoints to reflect the expected decline specific to these individuals.
Activating Thiolate‐Based Imidoalkylidene Tungsten(VI) Metathesis Catalysts by Grafting onto Silica
Authors: Allouche Florian , Mougel Victor , Copéret Christophe 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn view of the strong σ‐donor ability of thiolate ligands, a silica‐supported tungsten alkylidene complex was prepared. While the activity of the molecular complex in alkene metathesis was not significant, the activity of the silica‐supported analogue is greatly enhanced, thus illustrating the importance of dissymmetry at the metal center in d0 metathesis catalysts and the specific properties of surface siloxy ligands in activating metathesis catalysts.
Unimolecular 4‐Hydroxypiperidines: New Ligands for Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation
Authors: Patil Pradnya H. , Nallasivam Jothi L. , Fernandes Rodney A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA family of 4‐hydroxypiperidines based mono, bis, tris, and tetrakis unimolecular compounds served as efficient ligands in combination with inexpensive CuI to catalyze Ullmann coupling reactions. A wide range of N‐arylated indoles, benzimidazoles, imidazoles, pyrroles, and adenines were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields.
Time taken for superior osteotomy in primary powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: is there a difference between an ultrasonic aspirator and a mechanical burr?
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Ganguly Anasua , Ali Mohammad Hasnat , Naik Milind N. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to report the time taken for superior osteotomy and complications during this step in primary powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (PEnDCR) using the piezoelectric system and mechanical burr.MethodsThis prospective interventional comparative series was performed on all consecutive patients who underwent a primary PEnDCR over a 4‐month period. The surgery was performed as per standard protocols and all patients were operated on by a single surgeon (M.J.A.). Parameters documented were demographic data, type of powered instrument used, time taken for superior osteotomy, exposure of the agger nasi, exposure of entire sac, and complications such as excess bleeding, soft tissue injury, or mucosal burns. Statistical analyses were performed using the linear mixed‐effect model and 2‐sample t tests.ResultsA total of 55 PEnDCRs were studied, 29 in the mechanical burr group and 26 in the piezoelectric or ultrasonic group. The mean time for superior osteotomy in the mechanical burr group was 3.71 minutes (range, 1.75 to 6.58 minutes); in the ultrasonic group it was 4.12 minutes (range, 1.33 to 6.25 minutes). There was no significant difference (p = 0.17) between the 2 groups. Subcategory analyses of time taken by age (p = 0.057) and sex (p = 0.56) did not show any difference between the groups. Two patients in the mechanical burr group had an insignificant superficial sac injury and 1 patient in the ultrasonic group suffered epithelial burns away from the site of osteotomy, which resolved spontaneously without any sequelae. There was no excess bleeding in any of the groups.ConclusionThe time taken by mechanical burr and piezoelectric system are comparable for superior osteotomy in PEnDCR. If anatomical boundaries are respected, their use appears to be safe without major complications.
Intracellular Modulation of Excited‐State Dynamics in a Chromophore Dyad: Differential Enhancement of Photocytotoxicity Targeting Cancer Cells
Authors: Kolemen Safacan , Işık Murat , Kim Gyoung Mi , Kim Dabin , Geng Hao , Buyuktemiz Muhammed , Karatas Tugce , Zhang Xian‐Fu , Dede Yavuz , Yoon Juyoung , Akkaya Engin U. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe photosensitized generation of reactive oxygen species, and particularly of singlet oxygen [O2(a1Δg)], is the essence of photodynamic action exploited in photodynamic therapy. The ability to switch singlet oxygen generation on/off would be highly valuable, especially when it is linked to a cancer‐related cellular parameter. Building on recent findings related to intersystem crossing efficiency, we designed a dimeric BODIPY dye with reduced symmetry, which is ineffective as a photosensitizer unless it is activated by a reaction with intracellular glutathione (GSH). The reaction alters the properties of both the ground and excited states, consequently enabling the efficient generation of singlet oxygen. Remarkably, the designed photosensitizer can discriminate between different concentrations of GSH in normal and cancer cells and thus remains inefficient as a photosensitizer inside a normal cell while being transformed into a lethal singlet oxygen source in cancer cells. This is the first demonstration of such a difference in the intracellular activity of a photosensitizer.
Assembly of Fluorinated Quaternary Stereogenic Centers through Catalytic Enantioselective Detrifluoroacetylative Aldol Reactions
Authors: Xie Chen , Wu Lingmin , Han Jianlin , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Pan Yi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA Cu‐catalyzed asymmetric detrifluoroacetylative aldol addition reaction of 2‐fluoro‐1,3‐diketones/hydrates to aldehydes in the presence of base and chiral bidentate ligand was developed. The reaction was carried out under convenient conditions and tolerated a wide range of substrates, resulting in fluorinated quaternary stereogenic α‐fluoro‐β‐hydroxy ketone products with good chemical yields, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. This catalytic asymmetric detrifluoroacetylative aldol addition reaction provides a new approach for the preparation of biologically relevant products containing CF quaternary stereogenic centers.
Strukturen und Biosynthese der Corvolether – Sesquiterpene aus dem Actinomyceten Kitasatospora setae
Authors: Rabe Patrick , Pahirulzaman Khomaizon A. K. , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWir berichten über die funktionale Charakterisierung einer Sesquiterpencyclase aus Kitasatospora setae. Das Enzym konvertiert den Sesquiterpen‐Vorläufer Farnesyldiphosphat (FPP) in zwei zuvor unbekannte und instabile Sesquiterpenether, für die wir die Trivialnamen Corvolether A und B vorschlagen. Beide Verbindungen wurden gereinigt und ihre Strukturen durch ein‐ und zweidimensionale NMR‐Spektroskopie aufgeklärt. Ein Biosynthesemechanismus für die FPP‐Cyclisierung durch die Corvolether‐Synthase wurde vorgeschlagen. Die Ergebnisse aus Inkubationsexperimenten der Corvolether‐Synthase mit isotopenmarkierten Vorläufern waren in Übereinstimmung mit diesem Mechanismus, wohingegen alternative Mechanismen ausgeschlossen werden konnten.
A Trigonal‐Pyramidal Erbium(III) Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Brown Andrew J. , Pinkowicz Dawid , Saber Mohamed R. , Dunbar Kim R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGiven the recent advent of mononuclear single‐molecule magnets (SMMs), a rational approach based on lanthanides with axially elongated f‐electron charge cloud (prolate) has only recently received attention. We report herein a new SMM, [Li(THF)4[Er{N(SiMe3)2}3Cl]⋅2 THF, which exhibits slow relaxation of the magnetization under zero dc field with an effective barrier to the reversal of magnetization (ΔEeff/kB=63.3 K) and magnetic hysteresis up to 3 K at a magnetic field sweep rate of 34.6 Oe s−1. This work questions the theory that oblate or prolate lanthanides must be stabilized with the appropriate ligand framework in order for SMM behavior to be favored.
Quantitative Structural Constraints for Organic Powders at Natural Isotopic Abundance Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Mollica Giulia , Dekhil Myriam , Ziarelli Fabio , Thureau Pierre , Viel Stéphane 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA straightforward method is reported to quantitatively relate structural constraints based on 13C–13C double‐quantum build‐up curves obtained by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid‐state NMR to the crystal structure of organic powders at natural isotopic abundance. This method relies on the significant gain in NMR sensitivity provided by DNP (approximately 50‐fold, lowering the experimental time from a few years to a few days), and is sensitive to the molecular conformation and crystal packing of the studied powder sample (in this case theophylline). This method allows trial crystal structures to be rapidly and effectively discriminated, and paves the way to three‐dimensional structure elucidation of powders through combination with powder X‐ray diffraction, crystal‐structure prediction, and density functional theory computation of NMR chemical shifts.
Effects of monovalent and multivalent ions on the stability of a polyelectrolyte complex with entrapped surfactants
Authors: Gao Yan , Chowdhury Monica Roy , Liang Jenn‐Tai , Dhar Prajnaparamita 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report the effects of nine different monovalent and multivalent salts on the particle size and stability of refined, positively charged polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with entrapped surfactant. Dynamic light scattering and ζ potential measurements of these polymeric particles as a function of various salt concentrations showed that both counter ions and co‐ions induced a concentration‐dependent increase in the particle size and a decrease in the ζ potential. We found that the anion concentration where the particle size doubled and the maximum anion concentration beyond which particle precipitation occurred (Ca,max) demonstrated a power law dependence on the anion valence. Moreover, for anions of the same valence but different hydration radio, Ca,max decreased in the following order: NO3 → Cl → HPO42− > SO42− > PO43−. However, unlike the case of hard colloids where co‐ions have relatively little effect on particle interactions, the co‐ions also increased the hydrodynamic radii of our PECs in the following order: K+ ≈ Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Al3+. Furthermore, we found that the entrapped surfactants were shielded from the adverse effect of multivalent ions; this established that the monovalent and multivalent ions interacted with the polyelectrolyte shells of the PEC. This behavior was in contrast with the effect of salts on mixtures containing the polyelectrolyte and surfactant components, where the addition of salts typically causes an interaction with the individual components. Because several biomedical and technological applications involving PECs require saline environments, our studies provide insight into how small ions influence the PEC stability in applications involving varying salinities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42099.
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a model compound of cellulose fibers and polyamideamine epichlorohydrin (PAE)–CMC interactions as a model of PAE–fibers interactions of PAE‐based wet strength papers
Authors: Siqueira Eder J. , Salon Marie‐Christine B. , Belgacem Mohamed N. , Mauret Evelyne 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTCarboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative obtained by the carboxymethylation of some hydroxyl groups in the cellulose macromolecules. In this article, we use CMC as a model compound of cellulose fibers to study polyamineamide epichlorohydrin (PAE)–fibers interactions during the preparation of PAE‐based wet strength papers. The main advantages of the use of CMC to replace cellulose fibers are its water‐soluble character and the homogeneous reaction medium during mixing with PAE resin. Based on 13C cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) and Fourier transformed infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, we prove the formation of ester bonds in PAE–CMC films boosted by a thermal posttreatment at 105°C for 24 h. These ester bonds are derived from a thermally induced reaction between carboxyl groups in the CMC structure and azetidinium ions (AZR) in the PAE resin. PAE‐based handsheets were prepared from 100% Eucalyptus fibers. After preparation, some samples were thermally posttreated (TP) at 130°C for 10 min and stored under controlled conditions (25°C and 50% relative humidity or RH). For lowest PAE dosage, storage of the not thermally posttreated (NTP) PAE‐based handsheets does not allow them to reach the tensile strength values of TP PAE‐based handsheets (at 130°C for 10 min), but the difference in terms of breaking length remains low. For the highest PAE addition level, NTP and TP PAE‐based handsheets exhibit close values of the breaking length from 30 days of storage under controlled conditions (25°C and 50% RH). When a thermal posttreatment is applied, the wet strength development of PAE‐based papers is a combined effect of homo‐ and co‐cross‐linking mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42144.
Studies on the effect of silicon carbide nanoparticles on the thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of poly(caprolactone)
Authors: Mdletshe Thembinkosi S. , Mishra Shivani B. , Mishra Ajay K. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were used to reinforce polycaprolactone (PCL). The nanocomposites were prepared by melt‐mixing followed by mould extrusion. The effect of increased SiC loading on the thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. The morphology and chemical interactions were carried out by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The SiC nanoparticles were fairly well dispersed in the PCL matrix. FTIR indicated that there was no chemical interaction between PCL and SiC. The presence of SiC nanoparticles influenced the crystallization behavior of PCL, whereas there was no significant influence on thermal degradation behavior of PCL. Generally, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite increased with an increase in nanoparticle content. The DMA results showed that the presence of SiC improved the storage modulus of PCL especially at higher SiC loading. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a very small influence of SiC on the thermal stability of PCL. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposites shifted to lower temperatures compared to that of neat PCL. The crystal structure was not significantly influenced by the presence of SiC. The biodegradation process of PCL in soil environment delayed in the presence of SiC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42145.
Influence of the pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt content on the combustion and thermal decomposition process of intumescent flame‐retardant ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer composites
Authors: Zhang Feng , Sun Wenying , Wang Yong , Liu Bensheng 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTPentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS) as a single‐molecule intumescent fire retardant was synthesized and characterized. The influence of the PPMS content on the combustion and thermal decomposition processes of intumescent‐flame‐retardant (IFR) ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) composites was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL 94 rating testing, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The LOI and UL 94 rating results illustrate that PPMS used in EVA improved the flame retardancy of the EVA composites. The cone calorimetry test results show that the addition of PPMS significantly decreased the heat‐release rate, total heat release, and smoke‐production rate and enhanced the residual char fire performance of the EVA composites. The IFR–EVA3 composite showed the lowest heat‐release and smoke‐production rates and the highest char residue; this means that the IFR–EVA3 composite had the best flame retardancy. The thermogravimetry results show that the IFR–EVA composites had more residual char than pure EVA; the char residue yield increased with increasing PPMS content. The analysis results for the char residue structures also illustrated that the addition of PPMS into the EVA resin helped to enhance the fire properties of the char layer and improve the flame retardancy of the EVA composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42148.