bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was Archean Dharwar Craton Ever Stable? A Seismic Perspective
Authors: Pandey O. P. , Vedanti Nimisha , Srivastava R. P. , Uma V. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Indian shield comprising a number of Archean-Proterozoic cratons, forms one of the most dynamic, sheared and deformed continental segment amongst all stable areas of the earth. However, for a long time it has been believed that its lithosphere remained unaffected by episodic tectono-thermal and volcanic perturbations. Using available seismic data, an attempt has been made to study the seismic structure of the south Indian shield in order to examine the effects of such mantle processes on its overall crust-mantle structure. Our study suggests that by and large, Indian crust is intermediate to mafic in composition. On an average, only a couple of kilometers of the initially formed upper (granitic-gneissic) crust now remains in place and a thick chunk of the original lower crust has been consumed by the underlying thermally buoyant mantle due to sub-crustal erosion and then subsequently replaced by possibly as much as about 16 km thick magma layer on either side of the Moho. This study throws a new light on the geologic and geodynamic evolution of this region and contradicts the hitherto believed paleo-stability of the Indian shield.
Ground Penetrating Radar for Groundwater Exploration in Granitic Terrains: A Case Study from Hyderabad
Authors: Maheswari K. , Kumar P. Senthil , Mysaiah D. , Ratnamala K. , Rao M. Sri Hari , Seshunarayana T. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a newly developing geophysical tool for imaging the sub-surface and is potentially useful in groundwater exploration. We test its usefulness in characterizing a groundwater rich lineament near Gajularamaram in the Hyderabad granite terrain, where groundwater is limited to soil, weathering zone and lineaments. The lineament is 2 km long and 50-100 m wide, and oriented in WNW-ESE direction. It is characterized by many closely spaced sub-vertical fractures and faults, majority of which are parallel to the lineament. On either sides of the lineament, sub-horizontal sheet joints are abundant. The lineament is saturated with groundwater that discharge as springs at some places. About 450 m long, 400-100 MHz GPR data (∼5-30 m depth) were acquired along five profiles across the lineament. In the lineament, soil thickness varies from ∼0.5 m to 5 m, and is underlain by weathered granite. In the WNW part, a thick weathering zone (∼15 m) is present and a 10 m wide vertical anomaly zone (lineament) is also present. The presence of shallow reflectors at 1 m depth in the lineament is attributed to the groundwater surface. The GPR images reveal many sub horizontal to gently dipping reflectors, which are interpreted to be the sheet joints. The GPR data clearly reveal the saturated lineament, from which groundwater may migrate laterally to long distance through the sheet joints. We demonstrate the GPR as a rapid geophysical tool that can be used successfully to explore the near-surface groundwater.
Origin and Emplacement of the Higher Himalayan Leucogranite in the Eastern Himalaya: Constraints from Geochemistry and Mineral Chemistry
Authors: Singh R. K. Bikramaditya 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Higher Himalayan Leucogranites (HHLG) intruded into the high grade rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) in western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya, yield distinctive field data, petrography, geochemical and mineral chemistry data. The HHLG mostly occur as sill like bodies of limited thickness and lateral extent within the HHC. The Arunachal HHLG are characterized by the presence of two micas; normative corundum; high contents of SiO2 (67 - 78 wt.%), Al2O3 (13 - 18 wt.%), A/CNK (0.98 - 1.44) and Rb (154 - 412 ppm); low contents of CaO (0.33 - 1.91 wt.%) and Sr (19 - 171 ppm), and a high ratio of FeO(tot)/MgO in biotite (2.54 - 4.82). These distinctive features, along with their strong depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), suggest their affinity to peraluminous S-type granite generated by the partial melting of crustal material. Since the HHLG associated with high grade rocks of HHC and lack of basaltic magmatism, strongly suggests that the high grade rocks of HHC might represent the melt source and HHLG are product of pure crustal melt without any contamination of mantle material. Geothermobarometric estimations and mineral assemblages of the HHC metapelites confirm that the HHLG were probably generated in the middle crust (∼20 km) and the produced melts intruded the HHC in the form of sills/dykes.
The Mw 8.6 Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11 April 2012: Coseismic Displacement, Coulomb Stress Change and Aftershocks Pattern
Authors: Shrivastava Mahesh N. , Reddy C. D. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Mw 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred on April 11, 2012 near the NW junction of three plates viz. Indian, Australian and Sunda plate, which caused widespread coseismic displacements and Coulomb stress changes. We analyzed the GPS data from three IGS sites PBRI, NTUS & COCO and computed the coseismic horizontal displacements. In order to have in-depth understanding of the physics of earthquake processes and probabilistic hazard, we estimated the coseismic displacements and associated Coulomb stress changes from two rectangular parallel fault geometries, constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS) derived coseismic displacements. The Coulomb stress changes following the earthquake found to be in the range of 5 to -4 bar with maximum displacement of ∼11 m near the epicenter. We find that most of the aftershocks occurred in the areas of increased Coulomb stress and concentrated in three clusters. The temporal variation of the aftershocks, not conformed to modified Omori’s law, speculating poroelastic processes. It is also ascertained that the spatio-temporal transient stress changes may promote the occurrence of the subsequent earthquakes and enhance the seismic risk in the region.
Effect of Geology and Geomorphology on Landuse/Landcover in Himalayan Foothill, Dehradun
Authors: Ansari Ziaur Rehman , Rao L. A. K. , Saran Sameer 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A detailed geological, geomorphological and landuse/landcover study has been carried in a small watershed of Himalaya by visual interpretation of FCC prepared from band 123 of ASTER satellite imagery. On the basis of interpretation and field check, major litounits identified in the study area include Lesser Himalaya conglomerate consisting of quartzite, granite, phyllite boulder and pebble, Middle Siwalik sandstone and Upper Siwalik boulder beds and valley fill with Doon gravel of Holocene age. Geomorphologically the study area is characterized by typical Himalayan topography with rugged terrain. Various landforms identified and recognized include, Doon Fan Gravel Terrace, Doon Fan Gravel Dissected hill, Sub Recent Fan Terrace, Moderately Dissected Structural Hill, Piedmont Dissected Slope, River Terrace, Channel Bar and River channel. Supervised classification of ASTER False Colour Composite (FCC) (123) shows that the major landuse category in the study area is agriculture while major landcover class is forest covered land. The study shows the effect of geology and geomorphology on the type of landuse and landcover in an active tectonic zone of the study area.
Stabilization of absolute instability in spanwise wavy two-dimensional wakes
Authors: Hwang Yongyun , Kim Jinsung , Choi Haecheon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractControlling vortex shedding using spanwise-varying passive or active actuation (namely three-dimensional control) has recently been reported as a very efficient method for regulating two-dimensional bluff-body wakes. However, the mechanism of how the designed controller regulates vortex shedding is not clearly understood. To understand this mechanism, we perform a linear stability analysis of two-dimensional wakes, the base flow of which is modified with a given spanwise waviness. Absolute and convective instabilities of the spanwise wavy base flows are investigated using Floquet theory. Two types of base-flow modification are considered: varicose and sinuous. Both of these modifications attenuate absolute instability of two-dimensional wakes. In particular, the varicose modification is found to be much more effective in the attenuation than the sinuous one, and its spanwise lengths resulting in maximum attenuation show good agreement with those in three-dimensional controls. The physical mechanism of the stabilization is found to be associated with the formation of streamwise vortices from tilting of two-dimensional Kármán vortices and the subsequent tilting of these streamwise vortices by the spanwise shear in the base flow. Finally, the sensitivity of absolute instability to spanwise wavy base-flow modification is investigated. It is shown that absolute instability of two-dimensional wakes is much less sensitive to spanwise wavy base-flow modification than to two-dimensional modification. This suggests that the high efficiency observed in several three-dimensional controls is not due to the sensitive response of the wake instability to the spanwise waviness in the base flow.
The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Post-Mongol Context of the Ottoman Adoption of a School of Law
Authors: Burak Guy 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article proposes a comparative analytical framework to study changes in Islamic law during the post-Mongol period, particularly the rise of the official school of law (or statemadhhab). Taking as my case study the Ottoman adoption of a particular branch within the Sunni Hanafi school of law, I suggest that this adoption marks a new chapter in Islamic legal history. In earlier periods, while rulers appointed judges and thus regulated the adjudication procedures, they did not intervene, at least theoretically, in the structure and doctrine of the schools of law, which remained the relatively autonomous realm of the jurists. The Ottoman adoption of the school, by contrast, was not merely an act of state patronage, since the dynasty played an important role in regulating the school's structure and doctrine. To this end, it employed a set of administrative and institutional practices, such as the development of an imperial learned hierarchy with standardized career and training tracks and the appointment of jurisconsults (muftis). Some of these practices were found in other polities across the eastern Islamic lands in the post-Mongol period, but these similarities have not been treated comparatively in modern historiography. They suggest that the Ottoman case was part of a broader legal culture that spanned several polities across the region. This article outlines a framework that will enable historians of Islamic law to treat these similarities in a more coherent manner. The framework raises key issues in the historiography of Islamic law and its nineteenth-century modernization.
A Mask of Calm: Emotion and Founding the Kingdom of Bunyoro in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Schoenbrun David 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRich vernacular traditions about the aftermaths of the social trauma of a major famine, sometime in sixteenth-century eastern Africa, narrate the founding of a new dynasty in Bunyoro, one of the region's oldest monarchies. Scholars often understand such traditions about the founding of new dynasties as chartering the new political order. Whether traditions credit that order with the aura of antiquity or strengthen it by excluding social elements discordant with the new orchestrations of power, they are exercises in legitimation. When scholars recognize that such traditions were set in the aftermath of widespread violence, a spirit of mourning emerges in them. Spirits of mourning, joined to those of legitimation, shape traditions about the founding of a new dynasty by deftly inflecting the problem of accountability. In Bunyoro, traditions about its founder depict him as a barbarian cultural neophyte, of fluctuating emotional stability, improvising a new political order. These unflattering, realistic representations of the founding dynast's affective comportment were designed to appeal to emotional repertoires in the different life experiences of audience members, enlisting their participation in the project of reviving sovereignty in the aftermaths of traumatic violence. Mourning and legitimation run through historical narratives initiating an aftermath to structural violence, and reveal that loss and worry shape narratives of transformed sovereign authority, and revive it in the aftermaths of structural violence. Mourning lends emotional depth and counterpoint to matters of bureaucracy, economy, gender, and so forth, in crafting satisfying accounts of transformation and accountability in political life. That emotional depth, in turn, helps explain the durability of traditions.
The Politics of Presence: Voice, Deity Possession, and Dilemmas of Development Among Tibetans in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Makley Charlene E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTaking inspiration from linguistic anthropological approaches to the work of the Russian philosopher and literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975), this article uses a Bakhtinian perspective on voice as contested presence to analyze the post-Mao revival of mountain deity possession practices among Tibetans in China's northwestern province of Qinghai. I respond to recent work that suggests that state-led development processes have intensified grassroots contests over the moral sources of authority and legitimacy in China, by contrasting the ambivalent voices of an urbanizing village's Tibetan Party secretary with those of the village's deity medium, during a mid-2000s village conflict. The conflict underscored a crisis of authority or moral “presence” among Tibetans under intensifying central state-led development pressures that for many carried forward the disenfranchisement of Tibetans that started in the 1950s.
TEMPERATURE AND DROUGHT STRESS EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (VIGNA SUBTERRANEA L.)
Authors: AL SHAREEF IBRAHEEM , SPARKES DEBBIE , AZAM-ALI SAYED 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe effect of drought and temperature on the growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) was studied in controlled environment glasshouses in the United Kingdom. There were two landraces, S19-3 (from a hot, dry environment; Namibia) and Uniswa Red (from a cool, wet environment; Swaziland), two temperature regimes (23 °C and 33 °C) and three watering regimes (2006; fully irrigated), 2007 (drought imposed at 77 days after sowing (DAS)) and 2008 (drought imposed at 30 DAS)). Bambara groundnut responded to drought by slowing the rate of leaf area expansion and reducing final canopy size and total dry matter (TDM). Drought also caused significant reductions in pod dry matter, pod numbers and harvest index (HI), leading to a decrease in final yield that was different between landraces. Throughout the three growing seasons, landraces grown at 33 °C produced more TDM than the landraces grown at 23 °C. The two landraces differed in their phenology; S19-3 exhibited a reduced phenology where leaf numbers started to decrease before Uniswa Red at both temperatures, while Uniswa Red maintained the longest life cycle. The lowest pod yield was produced by Uniswa Red in 2008 at 33 °C (maximum of 35.5 gm−2), while S19-3 produced a minimum pod yield of 56.6 gm−2 at 33 °C, also in 2008. However, both landraces produced considerably more pod yield at 23 °C throughout the three growing seasons (minimum of 151 gm−2 and 162 gm−2 for Uniswa Red and S19-3, respectively). Under moderate drought, S19-3 at 33 °C gave the highest pod yield (365 gm−2) among the treatments throughout the three growing seasons and maintained HI better under drought. Despite being from a hot, dry environment, S19-3 also performed well at low temperature, which indicates the adaptation of S19-3 to low temperature that it also experiences in the country of origin.
Neurocognitive functioning in bipolar depression: a component structure analysis
Authors: Gallagher P. , Gray J. M. , Watson S. , Young A. H. , Ferrier I. N. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundPrevious studies of neurocognitive performance in bipolar disorder (BD) have focused predominantly on euthymia. In this study we aimed to compare the neurocognitive profile of BD patients when depressed with healthy controls and explore the component structure of neurocognitive processes in these populations.MethodCognitive tests of attention and executive function, immediate memory, verbal and visuospatial learning and memory and psychomotor speed were administered to 53 patients with a SCID-verified diagnosis of BD depression and 47 healthy controls. Test performance was assessed in terms of statistical significance, effect size and percentile standing. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore underlying cognitive factor structure.ResultsMultivariate analysis revealed an overall group effect, depressed BD patients performing significantly worse than controls. Patients performed significantly worse on 18/26 measures examined, with large effect sizes (d > 0.8) on tests of speed of processing, verbal learning and specific executive/working memory processes. Almost all tests produced at least one outcome measure on which ∼25–50% of the BD sample performed at more than 1 standard deviation (s.d.) below the control mean. Between 20% and 34% of patients performed at or below the fifth percentile of the control group in working memory, verbal learning and memory, and psychomotor/processing speed. PCA highlighted overall differences between groups, with fewer extracted components and less specificity in patients.ConclusionsOverall, neurocognitive test performance is significantly reduced in BD patients when depressed. The use of different methods of analysing cognitive performance is highlighted, along with the relationship between processes, indicating important directions for future research.
Wartime experiences and their implications for the everyday lives of older people
Authors: SIXSMITH JUDITH , SIXSMITH ANDREW , CALLENDER MATTHEW , CORR SUSAN 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTPast research has documented the influences that ‘traumatic’ memories of war have on older people's mental health (e.g.Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). However, fewer studies have explored the longer-term implications of wartime experiences for older men and women's everyday lives. This article explores the impact of Second World War experiences on older men and women living in the United Kingdom (UK), to provide an insight into how such experiences influence how they construct their daily lives. Forty UK-based participants born between 1914 and 1923 were interviewed as part of the ENABLE-AGE project that was undertaken in five European countries. The key concepts underpinning the interview schedule were: home, independence, participation, health and wellbeing, and societal supports. The data were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Participants emphasised how wartime experiences continue to hold significance within their lives and settings some 60 years later. Seven themes emerged from the analysis. Four of these reflect the way wartime experiences remain important influences on participants' present-day social worlds: comradeship, storytelling about the war, community and alienation, and long-term physical effects. A further three themes reflect how skills and personal characteristics defined by wartime experiences are embedded in the way many older people continue to negotiate and structure their practical lives: managing, resilience and adaptability, and independence.
Isolation and genetic characterization of naturally NS-truncated H3N8 equine influenza virus in South Korea
Authors: NA W. , KANG B. , KIM H.-I. , HONG M. , PARK S.-J. , JEOUNG H.-Y. , AN D.-J. , MOON H. , KIM J.-K. , SONG D. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYEquine influenza virus (EIV) causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in equids, with confirmed outbreaks in Europe, America, North Africa, and Asia. Although China, Mongolia, and Japan have reported equine influenza outbreaks, Korea has not. Since 2011, we have conducted a routine surveillance programme to detect EIV at domestic stud farms, and isolated H3N8 EIV from horses showing respiratory disease symptoms. Here, we characterized the genetic and biological properties of this novel Korean H3N8 EIV isolate. This H3N8 EIV isolate belongs to the Florida sublineage clade 1 of the American H3N8 EIV lineage, and surprisingly, possessed a non-structural protein (NS) gene segment, where 23 bases of the NS1-encoding region were naturally truncated. Our preliminary biological data indicated that this truncation did not affect virus replication; its effect on biological and immunological properties of the virus will require further study.
Effects of temperature on heat-shock responses and survival of two species of marine invertebrates from sub-Antarctic Marion Island
Authors: Clusella-Trullas S. , Boardman L. , Faulkner K.T. , Peck L.S. , Chown S.L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study examined high temperature survival and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) responses to temperature variation for two marine invertebrate species on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. The isopodExosphaeroma gigasLeach and the amphipodHyale hirtipalmaDana had the same tolerance to high temperature. The mean upper temperature which was lethal for 50% of the population (upper lethal temperature, ULT50) was 26.4°C for both species. However, the isopodE. gigasshowed significant plasticity of ULT50, with a positive response to acclimation. In addition, the isopod had a heat shock response of Hsp70 at all acclimations, and the amount of Hsp70 protein increased significantly from basal levels upon an acute warm exposure after a cold acclimation. By contrast, the amphipodH. hirtipalmashowed limited plasticity of ULT50and no evidence for a heat shock response (failure of three different Hsp70 antibodies to bind to the extracted 70kDa proteins). Overall, these results reflect different flexibility of thermal tolerance of intertidal invertebrate species on Marion Island, with possible variation in the underlying cellular mechanisms, suggesting that warming associated with climate change may result in changes in species assemblage structure in sub-polar environments.
Dynamical Electron Backscatter Diffraction Patterns. Part I: Pattern Simulations
Authors: Callahan Patrick G. , De Graef Marc 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA new approach for the simulation of dynamic electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns is introduced. The computational approach merges deterministic dynamic electron-scattering computations based on Bloch waves with a stochastic Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the energy, depth, and directional distributions of the backscattered electrons (BSEs). An efficient numerical scheme is introduced, based on a modified Lambert projection, for the computation of the scintillator electron count as a function of the position and orientation of the EBSD detector; the approach allows for the rapid computation of an individual EBSD pattern by bi-linear interpolation of a master EBSD pattern. The master pattern stores the BSE yield as a function of the electron exit direction and exit energy and is used along with weight factors extracted from the MC simulation to obtain energy-weighted simulated EBSD patterns. Example simulations for nickel yield realistic patterns and energy-dependent trends in pattern blurring versus filter window energies are in agreement with experimental energy-filtered EBSD observations reported in the literature.