bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocephalus shunt technology: 20 years of experience from the Cambridge Shunt Evaluation Laboratory
Authors: Chari Aswin , Czosnyka Marek , Richards Hugh K. , Pickard John D. , Czosnyka Zofia H. 
Published: January 2014

Object
The Cambridge Shunt Evaluation Laboratory was established 20 years ago. This paper summarizes the findings of that laboratory for the clinician.

Methods
Twenty-six models of valves have been tested long-term in the shunt laboratory according to the expanded International Organization for Standardization 7197 standard protocol.

Results
The majority of the valves had a nonphysiologically low hydrodynamic resistance (from 1.5 to 3 mm Hg/[ml/min]), which may result in overdrainage related to posture and during nocturnal cerebral vasogenic waves. A long distal catheter increases the resistance of these valves by 100%–200%. Drainage through valves without a siphon-preventing mechanism is very sensitive to body posture, which may result in grossly negative intracranial pressure. Siphon-preventing accessories offer a reasonable resistance to negative outlet pressure; however, accessories with membrane devices may be blocked by raised subcutaneous pressure. In adjustable valves, the settings may be changed by external magnetic fields of intensity above 40 mT (exceptions: ProGAV, Polaris, and Certas). Most of the magnetically adjustable valves produce large distortions on MRI studies.

Conclusions
The behavior of a valve revealed during testing is of relevance to the surgeon and may not be adequately described in the manufacturer's product information. The results of shunt testing are helpful in many circumstances, such as the initial choice of shunt and the evaluation of the shunt when its dysfunction is suspected.
Male sex as a risk factor for the clinical course of skull base chordomas
Authors: Rachinger Walter , Eigenbrod Sabina , Dützmann Stephan , Simon Matthias , Feigl Guenther C. , Kremenevskaja Natalia , Kretzschmar Hans , Zausinger Stefan , Kreth Friedrich-Wilhelm , Thon Niklas , Tonn Jörg-Christian 
Published: January 2014

Object
Chordomas of the skull base are rare and locally invasive and have a poor prognosis. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to evaluate the current pattern of care and clinical course and to identify prognostic factors.

Methods
A total of 47 patients (26 men; mean age 48.5 years) treated in 5 centers were included. Histology was centrally reviewed; additionally, semiquantitative N- and E-cadherin expression analysis was performed. Prognostic factors were obtained from multivariate regression models. For survival analysis the Kaplan-Meier method was used.

Results
The median follow-up period was 5.2 years. Complete resection, incomplete resection, and extended biopsy were performed in 14.9%, 80.9%, and 4.3% of patients, respectively. Surgical morbidity was not associated with extent of resection. Adjuvant radiation therapy was performed in 30 (63.8%) of 47 patients. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.3 years. Complete resection prolonged median overall survival (OS) (p = 0.04). Male patients presented with worse PFS (4.8 years vs 9.8 years; p = 0.04) and OS (8.3 years vs not reached; p = 0.03) even though complete resection was exclusively achieved in the male subpopulation. Multivariate analysis confirmed male sex as the most important risk factor for tumor progression (p = 0.04) and death (p = 0.02). Age, duration of symptoms, initial Karnofsky Performance Scale score, brainstem compression, involvement of the petrous bone, infiltration of the dura mater, modality and dose of radiation therapy, and the E- and N-cadherin expression patterns did not gain prognostic relevance.

Conclusions
In skull base chordomas, male patients bear a higher risk of progressive disease and death. Male patients might benefit from more aggressive adjuvant therapy and/or from a closer follow-up schedule.
The comparative effectiveness of ventricular shunt placement versus endoscopic third ventriculostomy for initial treatment of hydrocephalus in infants
Authors: Jernigan Sarah C. , Berry Jay G. , Graham Dionne A. , Goumnerova Liliana 
Published: January 2014

Object
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of CSF diversion with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) versus shunt therapy in infants with hydrocephalus.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 5416 infants 1 year of age or younger with hydrocephalus (congenital or acquired) in whom CSF diversion was performed using either ETV or shunt placement at 41 children's hospitals between 2004 and 2009. Data were obtained from the Pediatric Health Information Systems database. Surgical failure was defined as the need for a repeat diversion operation within 1 year of initial surgery. The authors compared failure rates of ETV and shunt, as well as patient demographics and clinical characteristics, using hierarchical regression according to treatment group.

Results
During the period examined, 872 infants (16.1%) initially underwent ETV and 4544 (83.9%) underwent ventricular shunt placement. The median infant age was 37 days (IQR 11–122 days) for both ETV and shunt placement. More infants who underwent ETV rather than shunt placement were born prematurely (41.6% vs 23.9%, respectively; p < 0.01) and had intraventricular hemorrhage (45.4% vs 17.5%, respectively; p < 0.01). Higher operative failure rates at 1 year were observed in infants who underwent ETV as opposed to shunt surgery (64.5% vs 39.6%, respectively; OR 2.9 [95% CI 2.3–3.5], p < 0.01). After controlling for prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage, and spina bifida, ETV remained associated with a higher risk of failure (OR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1–3.2]).

Conclusions
In infants with hydrocephalus, a greater 1-year CSF diversion failure rate may occur after ETV compared with shunt placement. This risk is most significant for procedures performed within the first 90 days of life. Further investigation of the need for multiple reoperations, cost, and impact of surgeon and hospital experience is necessary to distinguish which treatment is more effective in the long term.
Analysis of complications in 430 consecutive pediatric patients treated with intrathecal baclofen therapy: 14-year experience
Authors: Motta Francesco , Antonello Clara E. 
Published: January 2014

Object
This single-center study investigated adverse events that occurred in children and adolescent patients treated with intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for spasticity and/or dystonia.

Methods
In a 14-year period, 430 consecutive patients with a mean age of 13.3 ± 5.9 years received ITB over a mean follow-up period of 8.6 ± 3.8 years (range 12 months to 14 years). Eighty-nine percent of these patients had cerebral palsy. Major complications, defined as those that required a surgical intervention, were infections, CSF leaks, and device problems related to the catheter or pump. Assessing infections, the authors compared the 2 groups of patients implanted with an ITB system by either the subcutaneous or subfascial technique. The temporal distribution of events related to the catheter was also considered.

Results
At least 1 complication was present in 25% of the patients: 9.3% experienced an infection, 4.9% a CSF leak, 15.1% a problem with the catheter, and 1% a problem related to the pump. Five percent of the assessed patients suffered more than 1 complication. The rate of infections was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in patients with the pump placed subfascially compared with those with the pump placed subcutaneously. A higher rate of infection was found after pump replacement compared with the first pump implantation (10.6% vs 6%, respectively). Catheter problems were the most common complication and occurred more frequently during the 1st year after the implant.

Conclusions
While ITB is an effective treatment to manage spasticity of different origins, adverse events may occur and need to be managed. The surgical procedure should be meticulous and different techniques may have a diverse impact on the infection rate, which is the most critical complication. Despite the adverse events that occurred in this study, the majority of patients were satisfied with the treatment received.
Comparative effectiveness of surgical versus nonoperative management of unilateral, nondisplaced, subaxial cervical spine facet fractures without evidence of spinal cord injury
Authors: Aarabi Bizhan , Mirvis Stuart , Shanmuganathan Kathirkamanthan , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Holmes Cassandra J. , Akhtar-Danesh Noori , Fehlings Michael G. , Dvorak Marcel F. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectFacet joints are major stabilizers of cervical motion allowing for effortless and pain-free multidimensional cervical spine movements without significant linear or rotational translation, thus minimizing any chance for spinal cord or nerve root impingement. Unilateral, nondisplaced subaxial facet fractures do not meet the conventional criteria for spinal instability under physiological loads. Limited evidence indicates that even with no or minimal displacement, 20%–80% of these fractures fail nonoperative management. The risk factors for instability in isolated nondisplaced subaxial facet fractures remain uncertain. In this retrospective study of prospectively collected data, the authors attempted to identify the predictors of failure in the management of isolated, nondisplaced subaxial facet fractures admitted to their Level I trauma center over a 10-year period.MethodsDemographic, clinical, imaging, and follow-up data for 25 patients with unilateral nondisplaced subaxial facet fractures who were managed surgically (n = 10) or nonoperatively (n = 15) were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 38 years, 19 were male, and 21 of the fractures were the result of either motor vehicle accidents or falls. The mean motor score on the American Spinal Injury Association scale was 99.2, and the mean Subaxial Injury Classification (SLIC) severity score was 3 (operated 3.5, nonoperated 2.3). Allen mechanistic classification included 22 compressive-extension Stage 1 and 2 distractive-extension Stage 1 fractures. Subaxial facet fractures involved C-7 in 17 patients (68%), C-6 in 7 (28%), and C-3 in 1 (4%). The anatomical plane of fracture through the lateral mass was sagittal in 12 patients, axial in 8, and coronal in 3 patients. Nondisplaced floating lateral mass injuries were noted in 2 patients. The mean instability score, considering 7 components of the discoligamentous complex on MRI, was 3.2 (operated 3.6, nonoperated 3.0). Ten (40%) of 25 patients in this investigation did not have successful management, 9 in the nonoperated and 1 in the operated group (p = 0.018). Unsuccessful management was significantly greater in younger patients (p = 0.0008), possibly indicating selection bias (p = 0.07, Wilcoxon ranksum test). Fracture plane, instability, and SLIC scores did not play a significant role in treatment failure in this study.ConclusionsIn this study, surgery was superior to nonoperative management of isolated, nondisplaced, or minimally displaced subaxial cervical spine facet fractures.
Geographic origins and patterns of radiation of Mertensia (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Nazaire Mare , Wang Xiao‐Quan , Hufford Larry 
Published: January 2014

• Premise of the study: Numerous molecular phylogenetic studies have used new biogeographic tools to explain species distributions. However, questions remain about origins, timing, direction of movement, and relationships between range expansion and diversification. We investigated geographic origins and temporal and spatial diversification of Mertensia, giving particular attention to divergence between Asian and North American lineages and radiation of western North American clades.• Methods: Divergence time estimation and biogeographic analyses were based on phylogeny reconstruction inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS and 12 plastid DNA sequence regions and a broad sampling of Mertensia, Boraginaceae, and core eudicots.• Key results: Mertensia split from Asperugo in the late Oligocene to mid Miocene (26.83–12.22 million years ago [Ma]), followed by the first divergence in the crown group in the late Miocene (10.36–5.19 Ma). The ancestral area is inferred to have been Asia or a widespread distribution across Asia, Beringia, and circumboreal locales. Initial range expansion of North American Mertensia occurred in Beringia and the Pacific Northwest (7.70–4.22 Ma), followed by diversification of three clades (Pacific Northwest, southern Rocky Mountains, central Rocky Mountains).• Conclusions: The crown divergence of extant Mertensia coincides with the onset of extreme cooling and fragmentation of a once extensive mixed mesophytic forest that was subsequently replaced by a boreal coniferous forest. Early diversification likely occurred when Beringia was connected and available for floristic exchange. The north–south orientation of the Rocky Mountain Range and Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles appear to have been important in the North American diversification of Mertensia.
Comparative Mortality–Predictability Using Alkaline Phosphatase and Parathyroid Hormone in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis
Authors: Rhee Connie M. , Molnar Miklos Z. , Lau Wei Ling , Ravel Vanessa , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Mehrotra Rajnish , Kalantar–Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: January 2014

Background In hemodialysis (HD) patients, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) derangements are associated with mortality, but outcome-predictability using ALP and PTH in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients remains uncertain. Methods In a cohort of 9244 adult PD patients from a large national dialysis organization (entry period 2001 – 2006, with follow-up through 2009), we used multivariable Cox models adjusted for case-mix and laboratory covariates to examine the associations of time-averaged ALP and PTH with all-cause mortality. We then compared mortality-predictability using ALP and PTH in 9244 PD and 99 323 HD patients. Results In PD patients, ALP concentrations exceeding 150 U/L were associated with increased mortality (reference ALP: 70 to <90 U/L). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.18 (1.03 to 1.36), 1.27 (1.08 to 1.50), 1.49 (1.23 to 1.79), and 1.35 (1.19 to 1.53) for ALP concentrations of 150 to <170 U/L, 170 to <190 U/L, 190 to <210 U/L, and ≥210 U/L respectively. In contrast, we observed a U-shaped association between PTH concentration and death risk in PD patients, with PTH concentrations of less than 200 pg/mL and 700 pg/mL or more associated with increased mortality (reference PTH: 200 to <300 pg/mL). Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were 1.25 (1.12 to 1.41), 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23), 1.06 (0.96 to 1.18), 1.09 (0.97 to 1.24), 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29), 1.18 (0.99 to 1.40), and 1.23 (1.09 to 1.38) for PTH concentrations of <100 pg/mL, 100 to <200 pg/mL, 300 to <400 pg/mL, 400 to <500 pg/mL, 500 to <600 pg/mL, 600 to <700 pg/mL, and ≥700 pg/mL respectively. Compared with PD patients having serum concentrations of ALP and PTH within reference ranges, patients on HD experienced increased mortality across all ALP and PTH concentrations, particularly those in the lowest and highest categories. Conclusions In summary, higher ALP concentrations are associated with increased mortality, and lower and higher PTH concentrations are both associated with death risk in PD patients. The utility of ALP in the management of chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorders in PD patients warrants further study.
“Shiseidô’s ‘Empire of Beauty’: Marketing Japanese Modernity in Northeast Asia, 1932-1945”
Authors: Culver Annika A. 
Published: January 2014

According to a 2011 news release by the company, "Shiseido is focusing on expanding sales in emerging markets with the aim of becoming 'a global player representing Asia with its origins in Japan'."[1] The cosmopolitan image of the company overlaying its Japanese identity lends itself to intriguing prewar parallels and debates over cultures representing both East and West. As noted by Frank Dikötter in his study of early Republican Era (1912-1949) Chinese material culture: "The endless circulation, domestication and recycling of objects with the advent of the global economy has frequently offended the guardians of cultural barriers: the notion of 'hybridity' has been used to perpetuate the illusion of 'authenticity'."[2] This hybrid "Empire of Beauty" rather than purely Japanese idea of beauty unveiled in Russia, along with Shiseidô's new Asian focus, are in fact much older business concepts dating back to the early 20th century. Not surprisingly, like other Japanese companies in the 1930s, Shiseidô also began its advent into emerging markets in the prewar period, where the progress of cosmetic penetration into northeast Asia paralleled imperial Japan's military intrusions.In addition, Shiseidô’s unique modernist visual culture sold images of an empire of beauty, where women consumers on the continent helped support an emerging politics of national identity in their product choices. The company's intersection of modernist advertising and national propaganda reveals the multifaceted interests of organizations like Shiseidô involved in marketing the Japanese empire and its appealing modernity. [1] Shiseido News Release, "Shiseido to Introduce Corporate Culture and Promote Sales at Event in Russia,", 1. [2] Dikötter, Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China, 5.
Deep‐sea coral record of human impact on watershed quality in the Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Prouty Nancy G. , Roark E. Brendan , Koenig Alan E. , Demopoulos Amanda W.J. , Batista Fabian C. , Kocar Benjamin D. , Selby David , McCarthy Matthew D. , Mienis Furu , Ross Steve W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOne of the greatest drivers of historical nutrient and sediment transport into the Gulf of Mexico is the unprecedented scale and intensity of land use change in the Mississippi River Basin. These landscape changes are linked to enhanced fluxes of carbon and nitrogen pollution from the Mississippi River, and persistent eutrophication and hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Increased terrestrial runoff is one hypothesis for recent enrichment in bulk nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values, a tracer for nutrient source, observed in a Gulf of Mexico deep‐sea coral record. However, unambiguously linking anthropogenic land use change to whole scale shifts in downstream Gulf of Mexico biogeochemical cycles is difficult. Here we present a novel approach, coupling a new tracer of agro‐industrialization to a multiproxy record of nutrient loading in long‐lived deep‐sea corals collected in the Gulf of Mexico. We found that coral bulk δ15N values are enriched over the last 150–200 years relative to the last millennia, and compound‐specific amino acid δ15N data indicate a strong increase in baseline δ15N of nitrate as the primary cause. Coral rhenium (Re) values are also strongly elevated during this period, suggesting that 34% of Re is of anthropogenic origin, consistent with Re enrichment in major world rivers. However, there are no pre‐anthropogenic measurements of Re to confirm this observation. For the first time, an unprecedented record of natural and anthropogenic Re variability is documented through coral Re records. Taken together, these novel proxies link upstream changes in water quality to impacts on the deep‐sea coral ecosystem.
Breaking all the invariants: Anomalous electron radiation belt diffusion by pitch angle scattering in the presence of split magnetic drift shells
Authors: O'Brien T. P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRelativistic electron observations near geostationary orbit routinely show pitch angle distributions peaked away from 90 degrees. These “butterfly” distributions are consistent with magnetic drift shell splitting combined with a radial flux gradient. During magnetic storms, nature adds pitch angle scattering to split drift shells, breaking all three adiabatic invariants of the particle's motion. Therefore, some degree of anomalous radial diffusion is likely, and cross terms between the gyration and drift invariants and between the bounce and drift invariants arise. Using typical assumptions about the pitch angle scattering and the magnetic field topology, we calculate these anomalous diffusion coefficients near geostationary orbit. We show that the anomalous radial diffusion can exceed that due to more traditional drift‐resonant wave‐particle interactions. We also show that the neglected cross terms, particularly the bounce‐drift cross term, can be significant. These results suggest necessary additions to some global electron radiation belt simulations.
Prenatal cerebral ischemia triggers dysmaturation of caudate projection neurons
Authors: McClendon Evelyn , Chen Kevin , Gong Xi , Sharifnia Elica , Hagen Matthew , Cai Victor , Shaver Daniel C. , Riddle Art , Dean Justin M. , Gunn Alistair J. , Mohr Claudia , Kaplan Joshua S. , Rossi David J. , Kroenke Christopher D. , Hohimer A. Roger , Back Stephen A. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveRecently, we reported that the neocortex displays impaired growth after transient cerebral hypoxia–ischemia (HI) at preterm gestation that is unrelated to neuronal death but is associated with decreased dendritic arbor complexity of cortical projection neurons. We hypothesized that these morphological changes constituted part of a more widespread neuronal dysmaturation response to HI in the caudate nucleus (CN), which contributes to motor and cognitive disability in preterm survivors.MethodsEx vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), immunohistochemistry, and Golgi staining defined CN growth, cell death, proliferation, and dendritic maturation in preterm fetal sheep 4 weeks after HI. Patch‐clamp recording was used to analyze glutamatergic synaptic currents in CN neurons.ResultsMRI‐defined growth of the CN was reduced after ischemia compared to controls. However, no significant acute or delayed neuronal death was seen in the CN or white matter. Nor was there significant loss of calbindin‐positive medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) or CN interneurons expressing somatostatin, calretinin, parvalbumin, or tyrosine hydroxylase. Morphologically, ischemic MSNs showed a markedly immature dendritic arbor, with fewer dendritic branches, nodes, endings, and spines. The magnitude and kinetics of synaptic currents, and the relative contribution of glutamate receptor subtypes in the CN were significantly altered.InterpretationThe marked MSN dendritic and functional abnormalities after preterm cerebral HI, despite the marked resistance of immature CN neurons to cell death, are consistent with widespread susceptibility of projection neurons to HI‐induced dysmaturation. These global disturbances in dendritic maturation and glutamatergic synaptic transmission suggest a new mechanism for long‐term motor and behavioral disabilities in preterm survivors via widespread disruption of neuronal connectivity. Ann Neurol 2014;75:508–524