bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the efficacy of efavirenz and boosted lopinavir using viremia copy‐years
Authors: Lima Viviane D , Sierra‐Madero Juan , Wu Zunyou , Singer Joel , Wood Evan , Hull Mark W , Harrigan Paul Richard , Montaner Julio SG 
Published: May 2014

IntroductionHIV‐1 plasma viral load during treatment can be highly variable. Thus, there is the need to find a measure of cumulative viremia that can be used to assess both the short‐ and long‐term efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Here, we validate a measure of cumulative viremia to evaluate HAART efficacy.MethodsWe accessed HAART efficacy using data from a randomized clinical trial conducted in Mexico. We compared the proportion of individuals achieving a viral load <50 and <400 copies/mL at week 48, against the cumulative plasma viral load, estimated as the area under the plasma viral load curve (AUVLC). High AUVLC indicates high cumulative viremia.Results and discussionThere was a strong and significant association between the proportion of individuals achieving a viral load <50 and <400 copies/mL at week 48, with individuals suppressed having significant lower cumulative viremia. The median area was 7513 (25th–75th percentile [Q1–Q3] 6634−8180) if viral load <50 copies/mL and 7679 (Q1–Q3 6899−9373) if viral load ≥50 copies/mL (p‐value 0.0284). When the analysis was stratified by study arm, individuals on efavirenz had lower cumulative viremia than those on boosted lopinavir.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that cumulative viremia should be explored further as a tool to simultaneously evaluate the individual and public health efficacy of HAART. This is particularly relevant to the implementation and evaluation of the Treatment 2.0 strategy recently proposed by UNAIDS and the WHO, as a means to maximize the individual and public health benefit of HAART.
The spectral variability of kieserite (MgSO4·H2O) with temperature and grain size and its application to the Martian surface
Authors: Jamieson C. S. , Noe Dobrea E. Z. , Dalton J. B. , Pitman K. M. , Abbey W. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe spectrally characterize (λ = 0.35–10 µm) the low‐humidity polymorph of kieserite (MgSO4·H2O), which is abundant on Mars and likely present on Europa, at various grain sizes and temperatures (100–300 K) relevant to the surfaces of Mars and Europa. Compositional analysis of these surfaces often relies on remote sensing using imaging spectrometers such as Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité, and Galileo Near‐Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. To estimate surface abundances from these observations, well‐characterized laboratory spectra are required for comparison. Several variables, including temperature and grain size, affect the observed spectra and must be quantified in the laboratory to more confidently evaluate the returned data. Certain spectral features of kieserite exhibit predictable variability with changes in temperature and grain size that may be exploited to better understand the nature of kieserite on the surface of Mars. For instance, trends in our spectral analysis suggest that absorption features centered at λ < 3.0 µm were primarily sensitive to temperature changes, while features at λ > 3.0 µm were additionally sensitive to grain size changes. We compare our laboratory spectra with selected CRISM data of suspected Martian kieserite and assess the inherent uncertainty that exists in using band center minima to determine surface composition. Incorporation of these temperature and grain size‐specific spectra into linear mixture models of planetary surface spectra will improve the compositional interpretation and contribute to our understanding of surface geochemistry and chemical evolution.
UV sensitivity of planktonic net community production in ocean surface waters
Authors: Regaudie‐de‐Gioux Aurore , Agustí Susana , Duarte Carlos M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe net plankton community metabolism of oceanic surface waters is particularly important as it more directly affects the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters and thus the air‐sea fluxes of CO2. Plankton communities in surface waters are exposed to high irradiance that includes significant ultraviolet blue (UVB, 280–315 nm) radiation. UVB radiation affects both photosynthetic and respiration rates, increase plankton mortality rates, and other metabolic and chemical processes. Here we test the sensitivity of net community production (NCP) to UVB of planktonic communities in surface waters across contrasting regions of the ocean. We observed here that UVB radiation affects net plankton community production at the ocean surface, imposing a shift in NCP by, on average, 50% relative to the values measured when excluding partly UVB. Our results show that under full solar radiation, the metabolic balance shows the prevalence of net heterotrophic community production. The demonstration of an important effect of UVB radiation on NCP in surface waters presented here is of particular relevance in relation to the increased UVB radiation derived from the erosion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Our results encourage design future research to further our understanding of UVB effects on the metabolic balance of plankton communities.
Does oxygen exposure time control the extent of organic matter decomposition in peatlands?
Authors: Philben Michael , Kaiser Karl , Benner Ronald 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe extent of peat decomposition was investigated in four cores collected along a latitudinal gradient from 56°N to 66°N in the West Siberian Lowland. The acid:aldehyde ratios of lignin phenols were significantly higher in the two northern cores compared with the two southern cores, indicating peats at the northern sites were more highly decomposed. Yields of hydroxyproline, an amino acid found in plant structural glycoproteins, were also significantly higher in northern cores compared with southern cores. Hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins are not synthesized by microbes and are generally less reactive than bulk plant carbon, so elevated yields indicated that northern cores were more extensively decomposed than the southern cores. The southern cores experienced warmer temperatures, but were less decomposed, indicating that temperature was not the primary control of peat decomposition. The plant community oscillated between Sphagnum and vascular plant dominance in the southern cores, but vegetation type did not appear to affect the extent of decomposition. Oxygen exposure time appeared to be the strongest control of the extent of peat decomposition. The northern cores had lower accumulation rates and drier conditions, so these peats were exposed to oxic conditions for a longer time before burial in the catotelm, where anoxic conditions prevail and rates of decomposition are generally lower by an order of magnitude.
Modeling priming effects on microbial consumption of dissolved organic carbon in rivers
Authors: Hotchkiss E. R. , Hall R. O. , Baker M. A. , Rosi‐Marshall E. J. , Tank J. L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRivers receive and process large quantities of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Biologically available (unstable) DOC leached from primary producers may stimulate (i.e., prime) the consumption of more stable terrestrially derived DOC by heterotrophic microbes. We measured microbial DOC consumption (i.e., decay rates) from contrasting C sources in 10 rivers in the western and Midwestern United States using short‐term bioassays of river water, soil and algal leachates, glucose, and commercial humate. We added inorganic nutrients (ammonium and phosphorus) to a subset of bioassays. We also amended a subset of river, soil, and commercial humate bioassays with glucose or algal leachates to test the hypothesis that unstable DOC primes consumption of more stable DOC. We used prior measurements of source‐specific DOC bioavailability, linked with a Bayesian process model, to estimate means and posterior probability distributions for source‐specific DOC decay rates in multisource bioassays. Modeled priming effects ranged from a −130 to +370% change in more stable DOC decay when incubated with unstable DOC. Glucose increased modeled river DOC decay by an average of 87% among all rivers. Glucose and algal leachates increased soil leachate and commercial humate decay by an average of 25% above background rates. Inorganic nutrient additions did not have consistent effects on DOC decay, likely because most of the study rivers had high ambient background nutrients. Our results demonstrate that the priming effect can augment DOC decay in rivers. In addition, Bayesian models can be used to estimate mechanisms driving aquatic ecosystem processes that are difficult to measure directly.
Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from the Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree
Authors: Lea Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn indigenous water treatment method uses Moringa oleifera seeds in the form of a crude water‐soluble extract in suspension, resulting in an effective natural clarification agent for highly turbid and untreated pathogenic surface water. Efficient reduction (80.0% to 99.5%) of high turbidity produces an aesthetically clear supernatant, concurrently accompanied by 90.00% to 99.99% (1 to 4 log) bacterial reduction. Application of this low‐cost Moringa oleifera protocol is recommended for water treatment where rural and peri‐urban people living in extreme poverty are presently drinking highly turbid and microbiologically contaminated water. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 33:1G.1‐1G.8. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Western Blot Assay for Quantitative and Qualitative Antigen Detection in Vaccine Development
Authors: Kumar Sanjai , Zheng Hong , Mahajan Babita , Kozakai Yukiko , Morin Merribeth , Locke Emily 
Published: May 2014

AbstractImmunological methods for quantitative measurement, antigenic characterization, and monitoring the stability of active immunogenic component(s) are a critical need in the vaccine development process. This unit describes an enhanced chemiluminescence‐based western blot for quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), a major malaria candidate vaccine antigen. The most salient features of this assay are its high sensitivity and reproducibility; it can reliably detect ∼5 to 10 pg PfCSP expressed on native parasites or recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. Although described for a specific vaccine antigen, this assay should be applicable for any antigen‐antibody combination for which relevant detection reagents are available. Detailed stepwise experimental procedures and methods for data acquisition and analysis are described. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 33:18.4.1‐18.4.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trihapto Ligation of a Borirene to a Single Metal Atom: A Heterocyclic Analogue of the η3‐Cyclopropenyl Ligand
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Radacki Krzysztof , Tate Christopher W. , Vargas Alfredo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe first example of a complex containing an η3‐coordinated borirene ligand bound to a single metal atom was prepared by photolytic transfer of an arylborylene ligand to diphenylacetylene and loss of three CO ligands from the precursor. The η3‐borirene complex possesses a chromium(0) atom which is also bound to one phenyl group in an η6 fashion. The complex was isolated in 15 % yield along with the corresponding metal‐free borirene, which was isolated in 62 % yield. The bonding between the chromium center and the borirene ring was studied computationally by DFT methods.
Resveratrol and Its Metabolites Bind to PPARs
Authors: Calleri Enrica , Pochetti Giorgio , Dossou Katina S. S. , Laghezza Antonio , Montanari Roberta , Capelli Davide , Prada Ellen , Loiodice Fulvio , Massolini Gabriella , Bernier Michel , Moaddel Ruin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractResveratrol, a modulator of several signaling proteins, can exert off‐target effects involving the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) transcription factors. However, evidence for the direct interaction between this polyphenol and PPARs is lacking. Here, we addressed the hypothesis that resveratrol and its metabolites control aspects of PPAR transcriptional activity through direct interaction with PPARs. Bioaffinity chromatographic studies with the immobilized ligand‐binding domains (LBDs) of PPARγ and PPARα and isothermal titration calorimetry allowed the binding affinities of resveratrol, resveratrol 3‐O‐glucuronide, resveratrol 4‐O‐glucuronide, and resveratrol 3‐O‐sulfate to both PPAR‐LBDs to be determined. Interaction of resveratrol, resveratrol 3‐O‐glucuronide, and resveratrol 4‐O‐glucuronide with PPARγ‐LBD occurred with binding affinities of 1.4, 1.1, and 0.8 μM, respectively, although only resveratrol bound to the PPARα‐LBD with a binding affinity of 2.7 μM. Subsequently, X‐ray crystallographic studies were carried out to characterize resveratrol binding to the PPARγ‐LBD at the molecular level. The electron density map from the crystal structure of the complex between PPARγ‐LBD and resveratrol revealed the presence of one molecule of resveratrol bound to the LBD of PPARγ, with the ligand occupying a position close to that of other known PPARγ ligands. Transactivation assays were also performed in HepG2 cells, with the results showing that resveratrol was not a PPAR agonist but instead was able to displace rosiglitazone from PPARγ and Wy‐14643 from PPARα with IC50 values of (27.4±1.8) μM and (31.7±2.5) μM, respectively. We propose that resveratrol acts as a PPAR antagonist through its direct interaction with PPARγ and PPARα.
Free Energy Fluctuations for Directed Polymers in Random Media in 1 + 1 Dimension
Authors: Borodin Alexei , Corwin Ivan , Ferrari Patrik 
Published: May 2014

We consider two models for directed polymers in space‐time independent random media (the O'Connell‐Yor semidiscrete directed polymer and the continuum directed random polymer) at positive temperature and prove their KPZ universality via asymptotic analysis of exact Fredholm determinant formulas for the Laplace transform of their partition functions. In particular, we show that for large time τ, the probability distributions for the free energy fluctuations, when rescaled by τ1/3, converges to the GUE Tracy‐Widom distribution.We also consider the effect of boundary perturbations to the quenched random media on the limiting free energy statistics. For the semidiscrete directed polymer, when the drifts of a finite number of the Brownian motions forming the quenched random media are critically tuned, the statistics are instead governed by the limiting Baik–Ben Arous–Péché distributions from spiked random matrix theory. For the continuum polymer, the boundary perturbations correspond to choosing the initial data for the stochastic heat equation from a particular class, and likewise for its logarithm—the Kardar‐Parisi‐Zhang equation. The Laplace transform formula we prove can be inverted to give the one‐point probability distribution of the solution to these stochastic PDEs for the class of initial data. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogenetic community structure: temporal variation in fish assemblage
Authors: Santorelli Sergio , Magnusson William , Ferreira Efrem , Caramaschi Erica , Zuanon Jansen , Amadio Sidnéia 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHypotheses about phylogenetic relationships among species allow inferences about the mechanisms that affect species coexistence. Nevertheless, most studies assume that phylogenetic patterns identified are stable over time. We used data on monthly samples of fish from a single lake over 10 years to show that the structure in phylogenetic assemblages varies over time and conclusions depend heavily on the time scale investigated. The data set was organized in guild structures and temporal scales (grouped at three temporal scales). Phylogenetic distance was measured as the mean pairwise distances (MPD) and as mean nearest‐neighbor distance (MNTD). Both distances were based on counts of nodes. We compared the observed values of MPD and MNTD with values that were generated randomly using null model independent swap. A serial runs test was used to assess the temporal independence of indices over time. The phylogenetic pattern in the whole assemblage and the functional groups varied widely over time. Conclusions about phylogenetic clustering or dispersion depended on the temporal scales. Conclusions about the frequency with which biotic processes and environmental filters affect the local assembly do not depend only on taxonomic grouping and spatial scales. While these analyzes allow the assertion that all proposed patterns apply to the fish assemblages in the floodplain, the assessment of the relative importance of these processes, and how they vary depending on the temporal scale and functional group studied, cannot be determined with the effort commonly used. It appears that, at least in the system that we studied, the assemblages are forming and breaking continuously, resulting in various phylogeny‐related structures that makes summarizing difficult.
Using problem solving therapy to treat veterans with subsyndromal depression: a pilot study
Authors: Kasckow J. , Klaus J. , Morse J. , Oslin D. , Luther J. , Fox L. , Reynolds C. , Haas G. L. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveWe conducted a pilot study comparing problem solving therapy for primary care (PST‐PC) to a dietary education control condition in middle‐aged and older veterans with symptoms of emotional distress and subsyndromal depression.MethodsThis was a two‐site study at the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Philadelphia VA Medical Center. Participants included veterans >50 years of age referred from primary care clinics who were eligible if they obtained a pre‐screen score >11 on the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale. Exclusions were a DSM‐IV Major Depressive Episode within the past year, active substance abuse/dependence within 1 month, current antidepressant therapy, and a Mini mental status exam score <24. Participants were randomized to receive one of two interventions—either PST‐PC or an attention control condition consisting of dietary education (DIET)—each consisting of six to eight sessions within a 4‐month period.ResultsOf 45 individuals randomized, 23 (11 PST‐PC and 12 DIET) completed treatment. Using regression models in completers that examined outcomes at end of treatment while controlling for baseline scores, there were significant differences between treatment groups in SF‐36 mental health component scores but not in depressive symptoms (as assessed with either the 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or the Beck Depression Inventory), social problem solving skills, or physical health status (SF‐36 physical health component score).ConclusionsThese pilot study findings suggest that a six‐to‐eight session version of PST‐PC may lead to improvements in mental health functioning in primary care veterans with subsyndromal depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrophobic ionic liquids as novel extractants for gold(I) recovery from alkaline cyanide solutions
Authors: Yang Xiangjun , Yang Ruisi , Shi Deqiang , Wang Shixiong , Chen Jing , Guo Hong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough ionic liquids (ILs) as green solvents have become a focus of research in the field of metal ions separation, little attention has been paid to gold(I) recovery from alkaline cyanide solutions using ILs as extractants. Therefore, this work explores gold(I) extraction using hydrophobic imidazolium‐based ionic liquids.RESULTSIt was found that an increase in the alkyl group chain substituted on the cation ring of the ionic liquid corresponded with an increase in gold(I) extraction. Almost all of the gold(I) (>98%) was extracted from the aqueous phase into the organic phase using pure [C8mim][PF6] as an extractant. With increased reaction temperature, the gold extraction efficiency also increased. The transfer mechanism of Au(CN)2− into the ionic liquid was proved to be an anion exchange reaction. Most of the gold(I) (>90%) in the [C8mim][PF6] phase could be directly deposited on a copper cathode through electrowinning. Energy dispersive spectrometry analysis and X‐ray diffraction patterns suggested that the yellow deposits on the copper cathode were pure gold. Results of three recycling experiments indicated the excellent stability of the [C8mim][PF6].CONCLUSIONIonic liquid extraction followed by direct electrodeposition from the organic phase is a feasible method for gold recovery from alkaline aurocyanide solutions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Syntheses and Fluorescent Properties of 6‐Methoxy‐2‐oxoquinoline‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles and 6,7‐Dimethoxy‐2‐oxoquinoline‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles
Authors: Enoua Guy Crépin , Lahm Günther , Uray Georg , Stadlbauer Wolfgang 
Published: May 2014

4‐Chlorocarbostyrils 3, 12, 17, 24, 26 with methoxy substituents in 6, 7, or 6,7‐position react with potassium cyanide in a p‐toluenesulfinate mediated reaction either to the highly fluorescent and stable 2‐oxoquinoline‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles 6, 27, 29, 30 or at slightly lower temperatures to 4‐monocarbonitriles 5, 13, 18. 4‐Chlorocarbostyril 3 and lithium p‐toluenesulfinate gave pure 4‐toluenesulfonylquinolone 4, which reacted with potassium cyanide either to monocarbonitrile 5 or dicarbonitrile 6, depending on the reaction conditions. 4‐Trifluoromethylquinolones 9 and 19 were prepared for fluorescence comparison from the appropriate methoxyaniline and 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate.The fluorescence properties such as emission wavelengths and quantum yields of 6‐methoxyderivatives 4, 5, 6, 9, 13 were studied and compared with those of 7‐methoxy derivatives 18, 19 and 6,7‐dimethoxyderivatives 27, 28, 29, 30. 6,7‐Dimethoxy derivatives show best results, showing long‐waved fluorescence spectra up to 520 nm and acceptable quantum yields up to 0.46 for 3,4‐dicyano derivative 27 excited at 440 nm in acetonitrile.
Quantitative T2* (T2 star) relaxation times predict site specific proteoglycan content and residual mechanics of the intervertebral disc throughout degeneration
Authors: Ellingson Arin M. , Nagel Tina M. , Polly David W. , Ellermann Jutta , Nuckley David J. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTDegeneration alters the biochemical composition of the disc, affecting the mechanical integrity leading to spinal instability. Quantitative T2* MRI probes water mobility within the macromolecular network, a potentially more sensitive assessment of disc health. We determined the relationship between T2* relaxation time and proteoglycan content, collagen content, and compressive mechanics throughout the degenerative spectrum. Eighteen human cadaveric lumbar (L4–L5) discs were imaged using T2* MRI. The T2* relaxation time at five locations (nucleous pulposus or NP, anterior annulus fibrosis or AF, posterior AF, inner AF, and outer AF) was correlated with sulfated‐glycosaminoglycan (s‐GAG) content, hydroxyproline content, and residual stress and strain at each location. T2* relaxation times were significantly correlated with s‐GAG contents in all test locations and were particularly strong in the NP (r = 0.944; p < 0.001) and inner AF (r = 0.782; p < 0.001). T2* relaxation times were also significantly correlated with both residual stresses and excised strains in the NP (r = 0.857; p < 0.001: r = 0.816; p < 0.001), inner AF (r = 0.535; p = 0.022: r = 0.516; p = 0.028), and outer AF (r = 0.668; p = 0.002: r = 0.458; p = 0.041). These strong correlations highlight T2* MRI's ability to predict the biochemical and mechanical health of the disc. T2* MRI assessment of disc health is a clinically viable tool showing promise as a biomarker for distinguishing degenerative changes. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1083–1089, 2014.