bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Long-Term Prognosis of Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Ischemic Stroke Affected by the Occurrence of Nonfocal Symptoms?
Authors: Compter Annette , van der Worp H. Bart , van Gijn Jan , Kappelle L. Jaap , Koudstaal Peter J. , Algra Ale 
Published: March 2014

Background and Purpose—
In patients with a transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke, nonfocal neurological symptoms, such as confusion and nonrotatory dizziness, may be associated with a higher risk of vascular events. We assessed the relationship between nonfocal symptoms and the long-term risk of vascular events or death in patients with a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke.

Methods—
We related initial symptoms with outcome events in 2409 patients with a transient ischemic attack (n=723) or minor ischemic stroke (n=1686), included in the Life Long After Cerebral ischemia cohort. All patients underwent a standardized interview on the occurrence of focal and nonfocal neurological symptoms during the qualifying event. The primary outcome was the composite of any stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death. Secondary outcomes were all-cause death, vascular death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Hazard ratios were calculated with Cox regression.

Results—

Focal symptoms were accompanied by nonfocal symptoms in 739 (31%) patients. During a mean follow-up of 10.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in 1313 (55%) patients. There was no difference in the risk of the primary outcome between patients with both focal and nonfocal symptoms and patients with focal symptoms alone (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.09;
P
=0.60). The risk of each of the secondary outcomes was also similar in both groups.

Conclusions—
About one third of the patients with a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke has both focal and nonfocal neurological symptoms. Nonfocal symptoms are not associated with an increased long-term risk of vascular events or death.

Clinical Trial Registration—
This trial was not registered because enrollment began before July 1, 2005.
Contrastive Substitution and the Greek Verb
Authors: Runge Steven E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOne of the most compelling proofs Porter offers to substantiate his claim that Koiné Greek does not encode temporal reference in the verb is the test of contrastive substitution. The reasoning goes that if the different tense-forms can be used in the same temporal context, then these forms must convey something other than time, i.e., Greek lacks tense. Porter’s primary literature makes clear that his claim is invalid, yet neither he or nor subsequent researchers engage or acknowledge these counterarguments. This raises troubling questions about the adequacy of interdisciplinary peer-review in nt linguistic studies.
Frühchristliche Prophetie und die Johannesoffenbarung
Authors: Müller Ulrich B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe book of Revelation is a prophetic work written by an author who understands himself as similar to those Christian prophets about whom the apostle Paul writes in 1 Cor 14. Besides this fact John uses prophetic idioms which call to mind Old Testament prophecy (for example Rev 2:22-23; 2:10; 3:9).
Investigating the Effect of the “Land between the Lakes” on Storm Patterns
Authors: Durkee Josh , Degu Ahmed M. , Hossain Faisal , Mahmood Rezaul , Winchester Jesse , Chronis Themis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe artificially created region around the “Land between the Lakes” (LBL) in Kentucky represents unique land use and land cover (LULC) heterogeneities. Over a distance of 100 km, the LULC comprises artificially created open water bodies (i.e., two parallel large run-on-river dams separated by the LBL), mountainous terrain, forest cover, and extensive agricultural land. Such heterogeneities increase (decrease) moisture supply and sensible heat, resulting in a differential air mass boundary that helps to initiate (inhibit) convection. Hence, the LBL can potentially modify precipitation formation. Historical anecdotes reveal a tendency for storms to dissipate or reintensify near the LBL. The specific scientific question pursued in this study is therefore the following: Has the unique development of two parallel run-on-river reservoirs and the surrounding LULC heterogeneity modified storm patterns in the region? Ten storm events during the growing season were selected. Two additional events, observed by the newly established high-resolution Kentucky Mesonet network, were also considered. Radar reflectivity images were visually inspected to understand the evolution of convective cells that originated or were modified near the LBL. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) Model was used to determine near-surface trajectories that led to the selected events. The spatial synoptic classification and merged Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) IR images were analyzed to determine the prevailing synoptic conditions on the event dates. Six storm events showed a pattern wherein the convective cells lost strength as it passed over the LBL in a northeasterly direction. In two events, Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) reflectivity imagery revealed enhancement of convection as the storm passed over the LBL toward the Mississippi valley. Further dissection of the storm morphology suggested that the thermodynamic environment may have played an important role for the eight events where modification of precipitation near LBL has been clearly observed.
Understanding Midlatitude Jet Variability and Change Using Rossby Wave Chromatography: Poleward-Shifted Jets in Response to External Forcing
Authors: Lorenz David J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Rossby wave chromatography (RWC) is implemented in a linearized barotropic model as a tool to understand the response of the midlatitude jet to external forcing. Given the background zonal-mean flow and the space–time structure of the baroclinic wave activity source, RWC calculates the space–time structure of the upper-tropospheric eddy momentum fluxes. RWC is used to diagnose and understand the poleward shift of the jet in an idealized GCM using the convergence of the vertical EP flux in the upper troposphere as the wave activity source.
The poleward-shifted jet is maintained via a selective “reflecting level” on the poleward flank of jet: for a given wavenumber, low phase speed waves are reflected but high phase speed waves are absorbed at the critical level on the poleward flank of jet. When the zonal-mean zonal wind increases on the poleward flank of the jet, a wider range of poleward-propagating waves encounter a reflecting level instead of a critical level on the poleward flank. The increased wave reflection leads to increased equatorward-propagating waves (and, therefore, poleward momentum flux) across the jet. Increases in wave phase speeds directly oppose the poleward shift because, in addition to the well-recognized effect of phase speed on wave dissipation in the subtropics, increased phase speeds imply more wave dissipation rather than reflection on the poleward flank via the selective reflecting level.
Shallow Cumulus Mixing and Subcloud-Layer Responses to Variations in Aerosol Loading
Authors: Seigel Robert B. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The sensitivity of lightly precipitating trade wind shallow cumulus to both aerosol concentration and domain size is investigated using large-eddy simulations (LESs). The mean states of liquid water potential temperature, total water, and velocity field exhibit negligible change between all LES runs, offering the perfect opportunity to investigate microphysical–dynamical interactions solely due to variations in aerosol concentration and not changes in meteorology. As aerosol concentration increases, two cloud population responses are found: 1) cloud and cloud-core widths decrease while their strength increases and 2) cloud and core numbers increase. The narrowing of the polluted clouds is caused by enhanced evaporation rates surrounding the cloud cores, which in turn shrinks the diameter of the cumulus toroidal circulation. The more narrow toroidal circulation in polluted clouds has a faster rise rate and imparts weaker dynamical entrainment on the cloud cores, resulting in stronger clouds as aerosol concentration increases. The reduction in cloud number for more pristine conditions occurs from greater cold pool coverage, reducing the likelihood of subcloud-layer thermals reaching their lifting condensation level. The increase in cloud number as aerosol concentration increases is compensated by narrower and stronger clouds, resulting in a cumulus-core mass flux that appears to be unaffected by aerosol concentration variability. For the weakly precipitating case studied here, the trends in the response of the cumulus clouds to aerosol concentration are found to be insensitive to domain size.
The Advection of Mesoscale Atmospheric Vortices over Reykjavík
Authors: Ágústsson Hálfdán , Ólafsson Haraldur 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
On 12 August 2009, a series of satellite images revealed asymmetric shedding of atmospheric vortices in the lee of Mt. Snæfellsjökull, and their passage a distance of 120 km across Faxaflói Bay and over the city of Reykjavík in West Iceland. After landfall, the vortices were detected by a network of surface weather stations. These observations are presented and with the aid of a numerical simulation, they are discussed in view of existing theories of orographic wakes and vortex shedding. In general, the flow is in line with existing knowledge, but there is a remarkable absence of vortices with anticyclonic rotation. Atmospheric conditions for vortices of this kind are most often favorable in late winter and spring and they are a forecasting challenge.
Estimation of Data Assimilation Error: A Shallow-Water Model Study
Authors: Vlasenko Andrey , Korn Peter , Riehme Jan , Naumann Uwe 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) produces unavoidable inaccuracies in the models initial state vector. In this paper the authors investigate a novel variational error estimation method to calculate these inaccuracies. The impacts of model, background, and observational errors on the state estimate produced by 4D-Var are analyzed by applying the variational error estimation method. The structure of the method is similar to the conventional 4D-Var, with the differences in that (i) instead of observations it assimilates observational errors, and (ii) the original model equations (used in 4D-Var as constraints) are first linearized with respect to a small perturbation in the initial state vector and then used as the constraints. The authors then carry out a proof-of-concept study and validate the reliability of this method through multiple twin experiments on the basis of a 2D shallow-water model. All required differentiated models were generated by means of algorithmic differentiation directly from the nonlinear model source code. The experiments reveal that the suggested method works well in a wide range of assimilation windows and types of observational and model errors and can be recommended for error estimation and prediction in data assimilation.
An Empirical Model for Assessing the Severe Weather Potential of Developing Convection
Authors: Cintineo John L. , Pavolonis Michael J. , Sieglaff Justin M. , Lindsey Daniel T. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The formation and maintenance of thunderstorms that produce large hail, strong winds, and tornadoes are often difficult to forecast due to their rapid evolution and complex interactions with environmental features that are challenging to observe. Given inherent uncertainties in storm development, it is intuitive to predict severe storms in a probabilistic manner. This paper presents such an approach to forecasting severe thunderstorms and their associated hazards, fusing together data from several sources as input into a statistical model. Mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have been developed in part to forecast environments favorable to severe storm development. Geostationary satellites, such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series, maintain a frequently updating view of growing cumulus clouds over the contiguous United States to provide temporal trends in developing convection to forecasters. The Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) network delivers repeated scans of hydrometeors inside storms, monitoring the intensification of hydrometeor size and extent, as well as hydrometeor motion. Forecasters utilize NWP models, and GOES and NEXRAD data, at different stages of the forecast of severe storms, and the model described in this paper exploits data from each in an attempt to predict severe hazards in a more accurate and timely manner while providing uncertainty information to the forecaster. A preliminary evaluation of the model demonstrates good skill in the forecast of storms, and also displays the potential to increase lead time on severe hazards, as measured relative to the issuance times of National Weather Service (NWS) severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings and occurrence times of severe events in local storm reports.
The Value of Pharmacy Residency Training for Health Systems
Authors: Swan Joshua T. , Giouroukakis Mary , Shank Brandon R. , Crona Daniel J. , Berger Karen , Wombwell Eric 
Published: March 2014

Purpose: Identify and summarize articles that describe the value that pharmacy residency training offers to sponsoring health systems. Summary: There is a tremendous gap between the number of resident applicants and the number of pharmacy residencies available. Informing health-system administration executives about the proven value of residency training is key to expanding the number of available positions. To address this disparity, a comprehensive and systematic literature search to identify publications highlighting the value that pharmacy residency training provides to the sponsor hospital or health system was conducted. Articles were identified through query of PubMed and SciVerse SCOPUS and through review of bibliographies from relevant articles. Twenty articles were identified and summarized in this annotated bibliography that demonstrate perceived and quantitative value of pharmacy residency training for health systems that sponsor residency training. Conclusion: Pharmacy residency training programs are essential for pharmacists that will primarily engage in direct patient care activities. This annotated bibliography includes key publications that provide evidence of the value that pharmacy residents provide to the sponsoring health system. This manuscript will aid prospective residency directors interested in developing new residency positions at new institutions or for residency program directors interested in expanding the total number of resident positions available at the existing sites.
Efficacy of mizoribine-tacrolimus-based induction therapy for pediatric lupus nephritis
Authors: Tanaka H , Aizawa T , Watanabe S , Oki E , Tsuruga K , Imaizumi T 
Published: March 2014

Background Recent advances in the management of lupus nephritis (LN) have also contributed to a favorable outcome in patients with pediatric-onset LN. Nevertheless, we believe that a more effective and less toxic treatment is needed to attain optimal control of pediatric-onset LN. Methods Seven consecutive children with biopsy-proven LN (four with class III/IV and three with class V) received multitarget induction therapy consisting of mizoribine (MZR), tacrolimus (Tac), and prednisolone (PDN). They were prospectively evaluated at three, six, and 12 months, and at the latest observation point after a mean period of 32 months. Post-treatment renal biopsy was performed in two patients with class III/IV. Results Despite gradually tapering the dose of concomitantly administered PDN, a significant improvement compared with baseline values was observed in the urinary, serological, and clinical assessment measures even at three months of treatment, and the favorable changes persisted throughout the treatment period in most of the study participants except for one. In two patients who underwent post-treatment renal biopsy, a marked histologic improvement was confirmed. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions Multitarget therapy may be an attractive option for the treatment of pediatric-onset LN. Further studies involving a larger number of patients are needed.
Case Series of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Injuries in Division 1 College Athletes
Authors: Faltus John , Mullenix Kerry , Moorman Claude T. , Beatty Kyle , Easley Mark E. 
Published: March 2014

Context: Injuries of the first metatarsophalangeal (hallux MP) joint can be debilitating in the athletic population. Turf toe and plantar plate injuries are typically diagnosed similarly. However, variance in injury mechanism as well as compromised integrity of soft tissue and ligamentous structures make it difficult to accurately diagnose specific hallux MP injuries. Recent literature has supported the use of both radiographic imaging and the Lachman test as reliable indicators of joint instability in the presence of hallux MP injuries. To date, research supporting specific rehabilitation interventions and return-to-play decision making for hallux MP injuries has been limited to case studies and suggested guidelines from literature reviews. There is limited evidence suggesting specific criteria for surgical and nonsurgical decision making in conjunction with rehabilitation progressions to return an athlete to sport when managing hallux MP injuries. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search was performed using Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar to find and review articles from 1970 to 2013 that addressed the basic anatomy of the plantar plate, injuries to this anatomical structure, and the evaluation, diagnosis, surgical and nonsurgical management, and rehabilitation of these injuries, specifically in the athletic population. Medical information for each case was gathered from electronic medical records from the individual athletes cited in this case series, which included imaging reports, rehabilitation documentation, and both evaluation and surgical reports. No statistical analysis was used. Study Design: Case series. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Treatment plans for each case varied depending on surgical and nonsurgical intervention and rehabilitation outcomes. However, each athlete was able to return to sports-specific activities. Conclusion: Successful outcomes for hallux MP injuries are contingent on thorough evaluation, appropriate clinical decision making with regard to surgical versus nonsurgical treatment planning, and a multidisciplinary team approach for ensuring a safe return to sport. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): C.
Surgery for Patients With Recalcitrant Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Wheeler Patrick , Boyd Kevin , Shipton Mary 
Published: March 2014

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of foot pain, and although many episodes are self-limiting with short duration, 10% leave chronic symptoms. Recalcitrant cases can be managed surgically, with studies demonstrating good results in the short term but uncertainties over longer term outcomes. Purpose: To assess the outcome following surgical intervention for patients with plantar fasciitis. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Seventy-nine patients were identified from operative diaries undergoing plantar fasciotomy surgery between 1993 and 2009. They were contacted to investigate long-term results using self-reported outcome measures. Results: Sixty-eight responses were received (86% response rate), with an average of 7 years (range, 1-15 years) of follow-up. Patients reported an average reduction in pain by visual analog scale of 79%, and 84% of patients were happy with the surgical results. Greater success was achieved in patients with shorter duration of symptoms preoperatively. No deterioration in success was seen over time. Conclusion: Plantar fasciotomy surgery for plantar fasciitis remains controversial, with biomechanical arguments against surgery; however, this article reports good success following surgery over a long follow-up period. The results of current operative techniques need to be fully investigated for longer term success, as do the outcomes of newer nonoperative management strategies.
Somatic activating ARAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Nelson David S. , Quispel Willemijn , Badalian-Very Gayane , van Halteren Astrid G. S. , van den Bos Cor , Bovée Judith V. M. G. , Tian Sara Y. , Van Hummelen Paul , Ducar Matthew , MacConaill Laura E. , Egeler R. Maarten , Rollins Barrett J. 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
Whole exome sequencing reveals novel mutations in ARAF that activate the kinase and are inhibitable by vemurafenib in a patient with LCH. Requiring the presence of BRAF V600E in LCH to qualify for rat fibrosarcoma inhibitor treatment may be overly exclusionary.
CD16xCD33 bispecific killer cell engager (BiKE) activates NK cells against primary MDS and MDSC CD33+ targets
Authors: Gleason Michelle K. , Ross Julie A. , Warlick Erica D. , Lund Troy C. , Verneris Michael R. , Wiernik Andres , Spellman Stephen , Haagenson Michael D. , Lenvik Alexander J. , Litzow Mark R. , Epling-Burnette Pearlie K. , Blazar Bruce R. , Weiner Louis M. , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Vallera Daniel A. , Miller Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
NK cells and their expression of FcRγIII (CD16) are decreased in MDS and inversely correlate with a substantial increase in MDSCs. CD16xCD33 BiKE potently activates blood and marrow MDS-NK cells at all diseases stages to lyse CD33+ MDS and CD33+ MDSC targets.
Glycophorin C (CD236R) mediates vivax malaria parasite rosetting to normocytes
Authors: Lee Wenn-Chyau , Malleret Benoit , Lau Yee-Ling , Mauduit Marjorie , Fong Mun-Yik , Cho Jee Sun , Suwanarusk Rossarin , Zhang Rou , Albrecht Letusa , Costa Fabio T. M. , Preiser Peter , McGready Rose , Renia Laurent , Nosten Francois , Russell Bruce 
Published: March 2014

Key PointsP vivax infected cells rosette exclusively to normocytes. Thus, rosetting does not directly facilitate P vivax merozoite invasion. Glycophorin C (CD236R) mediates vivax malaria parasite rosetting. This finding will help in the search for the P vivax rosette ligand.
Objective responses in relapsed T-cell lymphomas with single-agent brentuximab vedotin
Authors: Horwitz Steven M. , Advani Ranjana H. , Bartlett Nancy L. , Jacobsen Eric D. , Sharman Jeff P. , O’Connor Owen A. , Siddiqi Tanya , Kennedy Dana A. , Oki Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
Objective responses observed with brentuximab vedotin in 41% of patients with relapsed T-cell lymphomas, including 54% of AITL patients. Objective responses observed across a wide range of CD30 expression, including undetectable CD30 expression per central review.