bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Culture Condition Optimization of Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Rai U , Deshar G , Rai B , Bhattarai K , Dhakal RP , Rai SK 
Published: May 2014

Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck (Beijerinck) is one of the fast growing planktonic microalgae predominantly found in lentic habitats. It was isolated from water samples using BG 11 medium and identified and screened for mixotrophic growth using glucose as carbon source in the medium. The growth of this algae was also studied for autotrophic and mixotrophic regimen. It showed higher growth in a medium of pH 7 containing glucose rather than in autotrophic condition. Similarly, its growth was also studied in media containing different nitrogen sources in which NaNO3 gave the best result. A pilot scale culture of C. vulgaris was performed in 5 l fermenter illuminated with fluorescent tube of 36 W maintaining 16:8 hrs of light and dark period with pH 7, temperature at 25°C, stirrer rate at 75 rpm, air flow rate at 30 L/hr. The specific growth rate was found to be 6.879 cells/ ml/ day whereas doubling time was found to be 2 hrs and 9 mins. The cells were harvested by sedimentation and centrifugation followed by drying at 50°- 80°C. The dried biomass was treated with dichloromethane: methanol (2:1) v/v solution in Soxhlet extractor for 3 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10414 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 43-48
Phytochemical and Biological Studies on Essential Oil and Leaf Extracts of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall
Authors: Joshi S , Subedi PC 
Published: May 2014

Essential oil of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall was isolated by hydrodistillation and GC/MS was used to find out the active constituents present in the oil. Methyl salicylate was the major compound (94.16%) and 4-hydroxy-4- methyl-2-pentanone as minor (5.84%) of oil. Phytochemical screening of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts of leaves showed the presence of volatile oils, alkaloids, carotenoids, steroids, triterpenes, fatty acids, phenolic compounds and glycosides. Brine Shrimp Bioassay showed the oil was cytotoxic having LC50 value of 81.3 mg/l. Oils having 50% and 100% were found to be biologically active towards Staphylococcus and Kelbesia species but no positive activity was noted against Proteus and Escherichia species. Both concentrations (50% & 100%) of ethyl acetate and hexane extracts were biologically active only towards Proteus species. Further, chloroform extract was biologically inactive among the tested species. E. coli and S. aureus showed greater zone of inhibition towards methanol extracts for both concentrations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10416 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 59-64
Study on the Soil Corrosivity towards the Buried-Structures in Soil Environment of Tanglaphant-Tribhuvan University Campus-Balkhu Areas of Kirtipur
Authors: Gautam M , Bhattarai J 
Published: May 2014

Soil parameters such as moisture, pH, resistivity, oxidation-reduction potential, chloride and sulfate ions were investigated, because these parameters affect the corrosive nature of soils toward the buried-galvanized steels and cast-iron pipelines used to supply drinking water in Tanglaphant-Tribhuvan University Campus-Balkhu areas of Kirtipur. The soil parameters examined in the study areas are found as: moisture (7-48%), pH (7.0-7.9), resistivity (6,300-37,000 ohm.cm), oxidation-reduction potential (307-490 mV vs SHE), chloride (13-92 ppm) and sulfate (62-309 ppm) contents. The results gave an indication of mildly corrosive to non-corrosive nature of soils on the buried galvanized steels and cast-iron pipes used to supply drinking water in the study areas of Kirtipur. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10417 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 65-72
Roles of Alloying Elements on the Passivity of W-xCr-yNi Alloys in Aggressive Environments
Authors: Kharel PL , Sah SP , Bhattarai J 
Published: May 2014

The role of alloying elements on the passivity of the sputter−deposited amorphous or nanocrystalline W-xCr-yNi alloys in 12 M HCl, 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M NaOH solutions open to air at 30°C was studied by corrosion tests and electrochemical measurements. All the examined sputter-deposited W-(42-75)Cr-(4-15)Ni alloys, which are composed of either amorphous or nanocrystalline single phase solid solution, showed higher corrosion resistance than those of alloying elements (i.e. tungsten, chromium and nickel) in 12 M HCl, 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M NaOH solutions. All the alloys used in this study showed higher corrosion resistance than those of the alloying elements in the aggressive environments. Anodic current densities of the alloys decreased with increasing chromium contents and became lower than that of chromium. Transpassive dissolution of chromium was significantly enhanced by the simultaneous additions of tungsten, chromium and nickel in aggressive environments of 12 M HCl, 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M NaOH. Hence the synergistic effect of chromium addition in enhancing the corrosion resistance of the W-xCr-yNi alloys was clearly observed from the present study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10418 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 65-72
Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM System
Authors: Aryal SR , Dhungana H 
Published: May 2014

There are no limit of human desire, so day by day we need much higher data speed to facilitate our need but every physical resource like frequency band, transmit signal strength are finite. Within the given limited resource, higher data speed is accomplished by new proficiency called Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. MIMO-OFDM fulfills the high data rate requirement through spatial multiplexing gain and improved link reliability due to antenna diversity gain. With this technique, both interference reduction and maximum diversity gain are achieved by increasing number of antennae on either side. Received signal in MIMO-OFDM system is usually distorted by multipath fading. In order to recover the transmitted signal correctly, channel effect must be estimated and repaired at receiver. In this paper the performance evaluating parameter mean square error and symbol error rate of least square error, minimum mean square error and DFT based channel estimation methods are estimated and appropriate solution is recommended. Furthermore, comparison among their characteristics is simulated in MATLAB and useful conclusion is delineated. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10421 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 97-102
Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) under Forest, Cultivated and Barren Land: A Case of Chovar Village, Kathmandu
Authors: Bhandari S , Bam S 
Published: May 2014

The study was carried out in Chovar village of Kritipur Municipality, Kathmandu to compare the soil organic carbon (SOC) of three main land use types namely forest, agricultural and barren land and to show how land use and management are among the most important determinants of SOC stock. Stratified random sampling method was used for collecting soil samples. Walkley and Black method was applied for measuring SOC. Land use and soil depth both affected SOC stock significantly. Forest soil had higher SOC stock (98 t ha-1) as compared to agricultural land with 36.6 t ha-1 and barren land with 83.6 t ha-1. Similarly, the SOC in terms of CO22-1, 79.27 to 22.02 CO2-e ha-1 and 121.11 to 80.74 CO2-1 for 0- 20 cm to 40-60 cm soil depth, respectively. Bulk density (BD) was found less in forest soil compared to other lands at all depths, which showed negative correlation with SOC. The study showed a dire need to increase current soil C stocks which can be achieved through improvements in land use and management practices, particularly through conservation and restoration of degraded forests and soils. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10422 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 103-108
On Locally Convex Topological Vector Space Valued Paranormed Function Space Defined by Orlicz Function
Authors: Pahari NP 
Published: May 2014

The aim of this paper is to introduce and study a new class (l∞ (X, Y, Φ, ξ, w , L), HU) of locally convex space Y- valued functions using Orlicz function Φ as a generalization of some of the well known sequence spaces and function spaces. Besides the investigation pertaining to the linear topological structures of the class (l∞ (X, Y, Φ, ξ, w , L), HU) when topologized it with suitable natural paranorm , our primarily interest is to explore the conditions pertaining the containment relation of the class l∞ (X, Y, Φ, ξ, w) in terms of different ξ and w so that such a class of functions is contained in or equal to another class of similar nature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10423 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 109-116
Production, Purification and Characterization of Hemicellulose from Penicillium janthinellum 3CHP
Authors: Adhikari S , Chadha BS 
Published: May 2014

Penicillium janthinellum 3CHP, a mesophilic fungal strain, isolated from the pine forest of Simla hill was found to produce an array of hemicelluloses when grown in urea medium with sorghum straw as the carbon source. For purification these enzymes, were subjected to ion exchange chromatography. The active fractions pertaining to á-arabinofuranosidase obtained from it were pooled and concentrated using PM-10 (10 KDa cut off) fitted into an Amicon cell and further purified by gel filtration chromatography. Active fractions which exhibited high á-arabinofuranosidase activity in gel filtration chromatography were again pooled, concentrated and analyzed by SDS PAGE and zymogram development using L-umbelliferyl arabinofuranoside as substrate. Two isoforms of á-arabinofuranosidase were observed with molecular weight of approximately 60 and 80 KDa respectively. á-arabinofuranosidase, was further characterized with respect to various parameters such as temperature, pH, effect of various metal ions and chemicals, substrate specificity, and thermo-stability DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10425 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 123-130
Staphylococcal Colonisation of Intravenous Cannula and Antimicrobial Patterns of Isolated Staphylococcus Species
Authors: Mahto R , Amatya J , Amatya R , Adhikari D 
Published: May 2014

Cannula-related infections are amongst the most important nosocomial infections. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS) are the most frequent causes of colonizing the intravenous cannula through which infection may occur. The aim of the study was to isolate the colonized staphylococci and to study the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern against them. Cultures of cannula tips were raised by semi-quantitative method. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus was confirmed by coagulase slide test followed by tube test. CONS were distinguished by novobiocin sensitivity test. Out of 200 samples of cannula tips collected and processed, 45 (22.5%) isolates were S. aureus, 15 (7.5%) were S. epidermidis and 16 (8%) were other CONS. The highest occurance (30.7%) of S. aureus and the CONS (18.4%) was found in the nephrology ward and the surgical ward respectively. All the 76 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Novobiocin was used to differentiate S. epidermidis from other CONS. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and ofloxacin. Out of total, 46.7% isolates of S. aureus and 12.9% isolates of CONS were multidrug resistant; 35.5% and 20 % isolates of S. aureus were oxacillin (methicillin) resistant and vancomycin resistant respectively. Four (12.9%) isolates of CONS [2(13.3%) of other CONS and 2(12.5%) of S. epidermidis] were oxacillin (methicillin) and vancomycin resistant. In our study, vancomycin resistant staphylococci were found and it was concluded that the precautions for inserting intravenous cannula is necessary as different kinds of pathogens may colonize such devices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10426 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 131-136
Anti-oxidative Activity of Nepalese Traditional Anti-diabetic Medicines
Authors: Devkota HP , Adhikari-Devkota A , Yahara S , Basnet P 
Published: May 2014

Chronic overproduction of free radicals in human body has a role in numerous disease states including diabetes. Proper use of antioxidants may help in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes. For the management of diabetes, a combination of herbal drugs is being practiced traditionally in Nepal. These herbal medicines might have a good correlation to anti-oxidative properties. Anti-oxidative property was evaluated with the methanolic extracts of nineteen common traditional anti-diabetic medicines by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Among the evaluated herbal medicines, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula showed potent radical scavenging activity. The activities of P. emblica, T. bellirica and T. chebula were more potent than that of ascorbic acid. Some of the reported popular hypoglycemic herbal drugs did not show strong activity. Therefore strong anti-oxidative herbal drugs in combination with hypoglycemic drugs might have better results in the management of diabetes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10429 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 151-154
Morphology and AFM Spectroscopy of Irradiated Interface of Silicon
Authors: Lamichhane SK 
Published: May 2014

In covalent solids, more energetic irradiation sources are necessary to produce detectable level of damage. The atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies of mega electron-volt (MeV) ions irradiated silicon surfaces have been studied to a fluence of 5×108 ions cm-2 and surface morphology has been studied with AFM. Interesting features of cracks of ~ 50 nm in depth and ~ 100 nm in width have been observed on the irradiated surface. The features seemed to have been caused by the irradiation-induced stress in the irradiated regions of the target surface. The observed feature of cracks seems to be mainly due to the high electronic energy loss of the irradiated ions on the surface induces the stress in it. It confirms that the coarseness of the microstructure of a material directly affects the mechanical properties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10430 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 155-160
Recoverable autonomous sonde (RECAS) for environmental exploration of Antarctic subglacial lakes: general concept
Authors: Talalay P.G. , Zagorodnov V.S. , Markov A.N. , Sysoev M.A. , Hong J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe proposed RECoverable Autonomous Sonde (RECAS) will allow analysis and sampling of subglacial water while the subglacial lake remains isolated from the surface. The probe is equipped with two electrically heated melting tips, one on the bottom and one on the top of a cylindrical probe. When one of the tips is powered, the RECAS moves up or down similarly to a hot-point thermal electric drill. The electric power and signal cable is coiled inside the probe on an electric-motor-powered coil. When the lower tip is powered, the probe advances downwards by gravity. In order to move the probe up, power is applied to the upper heated tip and the coil motor pulls the cable, moving the probe upwards and melting the borehole above the probe. A conventional internal combustion engine electric generator on the glacier surface provides 9–10 kW of power to the RECAS via an umbilical cable stored in the probe. Electric power enables a penetration rate of 2.4–2.9m h–1, and thus 4–5 months will be required to reach a depth of 3500 m and return to the surface.
Geometric sensitivity of statically determinate planar truss families
Authors: Tóth Krisztina 
Published: May 2014

We define a truss family Ti by a statically determinate truss T0 and a recursive step Ti+1=f(Ti), such that Ti+1Ti and that step f(Ti) keeps static determinacy. Such recursive algorithms have been broadly discussed in the literature, e.g. the Henneberg operation 1 is a well-known example. Earlier we introduced the concept of geometric sensitivity index rg of trusses, here we investigate the sensitivity of truss families, in particular, the limit sensitivity ﻿(Ti).
Antigen Delivery to CD11c+CD8− Dendritic Cells Induces Protective Immune Responses against Experimental Melanoma in Mice In Vivo
Authors: Neubert Kirsten , Lehmann Christian H. K. , Heger Lukas , Baranska Anna , Staedtler Anna Maria , Buchholz Veit R. , Yamazaki Sayuri , Heidkamp Gordon F. , Eissing Nathalie , Zebroski Henry , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Nimmerjahn Falk , Dudziak Diana 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central modulators of immune responses and, therefore, interesting target cells for the induction of antitumor immune responses. Ag delivery to select DC subpopulations via targeting Abs to DC inhibitory receptor 2 (DCIR2, clone 33D1) or to DEC205 was shown to direct Ags specifically to CD11c+CD8− or CD11c+CD8+ DCs, respectively, in vivo. In contrast to the increasing knowledge about the induction of immune responses by efficiently cross-presenting CD11c+CD8+ DCs, little is known about the functional role of Ag-presenting CD11c+CD8− DCs with regard to the initiation of protective immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag targeting to the CD11c+CD8− DC subpopulation in the presence of stimulating anti-CD40 Ab and TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid induces protective responses against rapidly growing tumor cells in naive animals under preventive and therapeutic treatment regimens in vivo. Of note, this immunization protocol induced a mixed Th1/Th2-driven immune response, irrespective of which DC subpopulation initially presented the Ag. Our results provide important information about the role of CD11c+CD8− DCs, which have been considered to be less efficient at cross-presenting Ags, in the induction of protective antitumor immune responses.
IL-36 Promotes Myeloid Cell Infiltration, Activation, and Inflammatory Activity in Skin
Authors: Foster Alexander M. , Baliwag Jaymie , Chen Cynthia S. , Guzman Andrew M. , Stoll Stefan W. , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Ward Nicole L. , Johnston Andrew 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The IL-1 family members IL-36α (IL-1F6), IL-36β (IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (IL-1F9) and the receptor antagonist IL-36Ra (IL-1F5) constitute a novel signaling system that is poorly understood. We now show that these cytokines have profound effects on the skin immune system. Treatment of human keratinocytes with IL-36 cytokines significantly increased the expression of CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL20, potent chemotactic agents for activated leukocytes, and IL-36α injected intradermally resulted in chemokine expression, leukocyte infiltration, and acanthosis of mouse skin. Blood monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), and monocyte-derived DC (MO-DC) expressed IL-36R and responded to IL-36. In contrast, no direct effects of IL-36 on resting or activated human CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, or blood neutrophils, could be demonstrated. Monocytes expressed IL-1A, IL-1B, and IL-6 mRNA and IL-1β and IL-6 protein, and mDC upregulated surface expression of CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 after treatment with IL-36. Furthermore, IL-36α–treated MO-DC enhanced allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation, demonstrating that IL-36 can stimulate the maturation and function of DC and drive T cell proliferation. These data indicate that IL-36 cytokines actively propagate skin inflammation via the activation of keratinocytes, APC, and, indirectly, T cells.
Boosting of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Responses by a Distally Related Retroviral Envelope Protein
Authors: Uchtenhagen Hannes , Schiffner Torben , Bowles Emma , Heyndrickx Leo , LaBranche Celia , Applequist Steven E. , Jansson Marianne , De Silva Thushan , Back Jaap Willem , Achour Adnane , Scarlatti Gabriella , Fomsgaard Anders , Montefiori David , Stewart-Jones Guillaume , Spetz Anna-Lena 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Our knowledge of the binding sites for neutralizing Abs (NAb) that recognize a broad range of HIV-1 strains (bNAb) has substantially increased in recent years. However, gaps remain in our understanding of how to focus B cell responses to vulnerable conserved sites within the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). In this article, we report an immunization strategy composed of a trivalent HIV-1 (clade B envs) DNA prime, followed by a SIVmac239 gp140 Env protein boost that aimed to focus the immune response to structurally conserved parts of the HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Envs. Heterologous NAb titers, primarily to tier 1 HIV-1 isolates, elicited during the trivalent HIV-1 env prime, were significantly increased by the SIVmac239 gp140 protein boost in rabbits. Epitope mapping of Ab-binding reactivity revealed preferential recognition of the C1, C2, V2, V3, and V5 regions. These results provide a proof of concept that a distally related retroviral SIV Env protein boost can increase pre-existing NAb responses against HIV-1.
Novel Role for Tumor-Induced Expansion of Myeloid-Derived Cells in Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Cuenca Alex G. , Cuenca Angela L. , Winfield Robert D. , Joiner Dallas N. , Gentile Lori , Delano Matthew J. , Kelly-Scumpia Kindra M. , Scumpia Philip O. , Matheny Michael K. , Scarpace Philip J. , Vila Lizette , Efron Philip A. , LaFace Drake M. , Moldawer Lyle L. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Cancer progression is associated with inflammation, increased metabolic demand, infection, cachexia, and eventually death. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) commonly expand during cancer and are associated with adaptive immune suppression and inflammatory metabolite production. We propose that cancer-induced cachexia is driven at least in part by the expansion of MDSCs. MDSC expansion in 4T1 mammary carcinoma-bearing hosts is associated with induction of a hepatic acute-phase protein response and altered host energy and fat metabolism, and eventually reduced survival to polymicrobial sepsis and endotoxemia. Similar results are also seen in mice bearing a Lewis lung carcinoma and a C26 colon adenocarcinoma. However, a similar cachexia response is not seen with equivalent growth of the 66C4 subclone of 4T1, in which MDSC expansion does not occur. Importantly, reducing MDSC numbers in 4T1-bearing animals can ameliorate some of these late responses and reduce susceptibility to inflammation-induced organ injury and death. In addition, administering MDSCs from both tumor- and nontumor-bearing mice can produce an acute-phase response. Thus, we propose a previously undescribed mechanism for the development of cancer cachexia, whereby progressive MDSC expansion contributes to changes in host protein and energy metabolism and reduced resistance to infection.