bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of a dwarf phenotype with IBH1 may enable increased production of plant‐made pharmaceuticals in plant factory conditions
Authors: Nagatoshi Yukari , Ikeda Miho , Kishi Hiroyuki , Hiratsu Keiichiro , Muraguchi Atsushi , Ohme‐Takagi Masaru 
Published: July 2015

SummaryYear‐round production in a contained, environmentally controlled ‘plant factory’ may provide a cost‐effective method to produce pharmaceuticals and other high‐value products. However, cost‐effective production may require substantial modification of the host plant phenotype; for example, using dwarf plants can enable the growth of more plants in a given volume by allowing more plants per shelf and enabling more shelves to be stacked vertically. We show here that the expression of the chimeric repressor for Arabidopsis AtIBH1 (P35S:AtIBH1SRDX) in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) induces a dwarf phenotype, with reduced cell size. We estimate that, in a given volume of cultivation space, we can grow five times more AtIBH1SRDX plants than wild‐type plants. Although, the AtIBH1SRDX plants also showed reduced biomass compared with wild‐type plants, they produced about four times more biomass per unit of cultivation volume. To test whether the dwarf phenotype affects the production of recombinant proteins, we expressed the genes for anti‐hepatitis B virus antibodies (anti‐HBs) in tobacco plants and found that the production of anti‐HBs per unit fresh weight did not significantly differ between wild‐type and AtIBH1SRDX plants. These data indicate that P35S:AtIBH1SRDX plants produced about fourfold more antibody per unit of cultivation volume, compared with wild type. Our results indicate that AtIBH1SRDX provides a useful tool for the modification of plant phenotype for cost‐effective production of high‐value products by stably transformed plants in plant factory conditions.
Conditioned and extinguished fear modulate functional corticocardiac coupling in humans
Authors: Panitz Christian , Hermann Christiane , Mueller Erik M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough the conditioned cardiac fear response is an important index of psychophysiological fear processing, underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear.N = 22 participants underwent differential fear conditioning and extinction with face pictures as conditioned stimuli (CS) and loud noise bursts as aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) on Day 1 and a recall test 1 day later. We assessed ERPs, evoked heart period (HP), and time‐lagged within‐subject correlations of single‐trial EEG amplitude and HP as index for corticocardiac coupling in response to the CS. Fear‐conditioned stimuli (CS+) triggered cardiac deceleration during fear acquisition and recall. Meanwhile, only during Day 1 acquisition, CS+ evoked larger late positivities in the ERP than CS−. Most importantly, during Day 2 recall, stimulus‐evoked single‐trial EEG responses in the time window between 250 and 500 ms predicted the magnitude of cardiac fear responses 2 to 5 s later. This marker of corticocardiac coupling selectively emerged in response to not previously extinguished CS+ but was absent in response to CS− or previously extinguished CS+. The present results provide first evidence that fear conditioning and extinction modulate functional corticocardiac coupling in humans. Underlying mechanisms may involve subcortical structures enhancing corticocardiac transmission to facilitate processing of consolidated conditioned fear.
Malnutrition in Dialysis Patients—The Need for Intervention Despite Uncertain Benefits
Authors: Kovesdy Csaba P. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe are in the midst of an epidemic of overnutrition which has resulted in a widespread increase in obesity rates in modern societies. Yet for patients suffering from serious chronic illnesses such as end stage renal disease (ESRD), malnutrition (encompassing both inadequate quantity and quality of nutrient intake) represents a far more significant danger. Protein‐energy wasting has been identified as one of the strongest risk factor for adverse outcomes in ESRD patients, and modeling studies have suggested that improving nutrition could result in substantial lowering of mortality rates and other benefits. To date there is ample evidence that various interventions can have a positive impact on the nutritional status of ESRD patients, yet we still lack randomized controlled clinical trials showing that the same interventions could indeed lead to better survival or other clinical benefits. This knowledge gap, which is all too common for clinical problems encountered in nephrology, should not act as a deterrent, but it should rather incentivize us to continue exploring novel interventions aimed at improving malnutrition in ESRD.
The role of tense‐copying and syncretism in the licensing of morphological passives in the nordic languages
Authors: Lundquist Björn 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper discusses the morphological passive (the so‐called ‐s(t) passive) in Swedish, Danish, Bokmål and Nynorsk. There are two problematic aspects about the morphological passive: (1) in all the languages mentioned except Swedish, it is restricted to certain tenses and/or conjugation classes, and (2) from a theoretical perspective, it constitutes what looks like a mirror violation: the passive voice‐marker surfaces outside of the tense‐marker, even though it arguably originates between tense and the lexical verb. I argue that previous analyses of the passive ‐s(t) as either a clitic realizing the external argument (Julien 2007), or as a mood marker (Heltoft and Jakobsen 1996) can neither explain the tense/declension class restrictions, nor the semantics of the ‐s(t)‐passive. I argue instead that morphological passives in Danish, Bokmål and Nynorsk never contain a tense projection, and they are licensed in finite contexts when the finite form is form‐identical with a non‐finite form, that “fools” the syntax in the C‐phase of the clause (where at least some of the underlying syntactic features of the lexical items are no longer active). In Swedish on the other hand, the tensed forms are licensed through Tense‐copying, which is known to exist in Swedish to a much higher degree than in the other Scandinavian languages (Wiklund 2007). My proposal thus gets around the mirror‐violation, and manages to relate the variation in restrictions on morphological passives to other familiar differences between the languages, namely differences in conjugation classes and the availability of tense copying.
Infectious complications after liver transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected recipients
Authors: Teicher E. , Boufassa F. , Vittecoq D. , Antonini T.M. , Tateo M.‐G. , Coilly A. , Roque‐Afonso A.‐M. , Kassis‐Chikhani N. , Lambotte O. , Ichai P. , Samuel D. , Duclos‐Vallee J.‐C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have investigated infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected liver transplant patients. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, time of onset, mortality of infectious complications, other than hepatitis C virus (HCV), and to identify risk factors for their development in a large single‐center cohort of HIV‐infected liver transplant patients.MethodsWe studied 109 consecutive HIV‐infected patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) between 1999 and 2010 and followed until December 2012.ResultsThe median age was 44 years (interquartile range [IQR] 41–49), 82.6% were male, and the median follow‐up was 45.7 months (IQR 14–65). The major indications for LT were HCV cirrhosis (61%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (19%). Forty patients (37%) developed at least 1 infection during the first year after LT. Twenty‐eight (26%) patients had an episode of bacteremia. Five (4.6%) patients developed a cytomegalovirus infection. Fungal infections occurred in 5 (4.5%) patients. Four (3.6%) patients developed an HIV‐related opportunistic infection. A total of 43 (39.4%) patients died during follow‐up. Mortality related to infection occurred in 9 (7%) cases, and 20 (42.5%) patients died because of HCV recurrence. No patients died from opportunistic infections. Model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score >17 was associated with a 2‐fold higher risk (hazard ratio 1.96; 95% confidence interval 1.01–3.80) of developing infectious complications.ConclusionsInfections are not a major cause of mortality after LT in HIV patients and opportunistic infections of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are infrequent. A MELD score >17 increased the risk of developing post‐LT infectious complications. Recurrence of HCV infection remains a major cause of mortality.
Who should donate blood? Policy decisions on donor deferral criteria should protect recipients and be fair to donors
Authors: Brailsford S. R. , Kelly D. , Kohli H. , Slowther A. , Watkins N. A. ,   on behalf of the Blood Donor Selection Steering Group of the Advisory Committee for the Safety of Blood, Tissues, Organs
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYAn important element in the development of voluntary blood donation schemes throughout the world has been the attention given to minimising the risk to recipients of donated blood, primarily the risk of transfusion transmitted infections. In response to the appearance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the 1980s a range of national policies emerged that excluded populations at high risk of contracting HIV from donating blood, with a particular focus on men who have sex with men (MSM), the primary reason being the protection of recipients of donated blood. Recently some countries, including the UK, have revised their policies, informed by advances in screening tests, epidemiological evidence of transmission rates and an increasing concern about unfair discrimination of specific groups in society. Policy makers face a difficult task of balancing safety of recipients; an adequate blood supply for those who require transfusion; and societal/legal obligations to treat everyone fairly. Given that no transfusion is risk free, the question is what degree of risk is acceptable in order to meet the needs of recipients and society. Decisions about acceptance of risk are complex and policy makers who set acceptable risk levels must provide ethically justifiable reasons for their decisions. We suggest it is possible to provide a set of reasons that stakeholders could agree are relevant based on careful evaluation of the evidence of all relevant risks and explicit acknowledgement of other morally relevant values. We describe using such a process in the Safety of Blood Tissue and Organs (SaBTO) review of donor deferral criteria related to sexual behaviour.
Similarities and differences between WHO criteria and two other approaches for maternal near miss diagnosis
Authors: Menezes Filipe Emanuel Fonseca , Galvão Larissa Paes Leme , de Mendonça Caio Menezes Machado , Góis Kaique Andre do Nascimento , Ribeiro Ruy Farias , Santos Victor Santana , Gurgel Ricardo Queiroz 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the similarities, differences and diagnostic aspects between World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and two other maternal near miss (MNM) diagnostic tools.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted from June 2011 to May 2012 in two reference maternity hospitals in Aracaju, Brazil. Prospective case identification and data collection were performed and patients were classified as an MNM case according to WHO, Waterstone and literature‐based criteria. The diagnostic properties and concordance of literature‐based and Waterstone criteria were calculated using WHO criteria as standard.ResultsOf a total of 20 435 patients, 19 239 women did not have potentially life‐threatening conditions, there were 17 maternal deaths, and 77 MNM cases based on the WHO criteria. Waterstone and literature‐based criteria identified 404 and 959 MNM cases, respectively, most of them related to hypertensive disorders and haemorrhage. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing MNM cases using Waterstone and literature‐based criteria were above 90%, but Waterstone sensitivity was 48.1%. The similarities between the Waterstone and literature‐based criteria were very weak compared to WHO criteria, with a positive percentage concordance below 9%.ConclusionsAlthough using WHO guidelines to detect MNM cases can be difficult when implemented in low‐resource settings, the results from this study reinforce the importance of this tool in detecting the truly severe cases. Waterstone and literature‐based criteria are not suitable for identifying indubitable MNM. However, they remain useful as a preliminary step to select potentially severe cases, mainly those related to hypertension and haemorrhage.
Genomic prediction of seedling root length in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Pace Jordon , Yu Xiaoqing , Lübberstedt Thomas 
Published: July 2015

SummaryGenotypes with extreme phenotypes are valuable for studying ‘difficult’ quantitative traits. Genomic prediction (GP) might allow the identification of such extremes by phenotyping a training population of limited size and predicting genotypes with extreme phenotypes in large sequences of germplasm collections. We tested this approach employing seedling root traits in maize and the extensively genotyped Ames Panel. A training population made up of 384 inbred lines from the Ames Panel was phenotyped by extracting root traits from images using the software program aria. A ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction strategy was used to train a GP model. Genomic estimated breeding values for the trait ‘total root length’ (TRL) were predicted for 2431 inbred lines, which had previously been genotyped by sequencing. Selections were made for 100 extreme TRL lines and those with the predicted longest or shortest TRL were validated for TRL and other root traits. The two predicted extreme groups with regard to TRL were significantly different (P = 0.0001). The difference in predicted means for TRL between groups was 145.1 cm and 118.7 cm for observed means, which were significantly different (P = 0.001). The accuracy of predicting the rank between 1 and 200 of the validation population based on TRL (longest to shortest) was determined using a Spearman correlation to be ρ = 0.55. Taken together, our results support the idea that GP may be a useful approach for identifying the most informative genotypes in sequenced germplasm collections to facilitate experiments for quantitative inherited traits.
Treatment of canine generalized demodicosis using weekly injections of doramectin: 232 cases in the USA (2002–2012)
Authors: Hutt John H.C. , Prior I. Craig , Shipstone Michael A. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundGeneralized demodicosis is a severe skin disease in the dog, with limited treatment options.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo demonstrate that doramectin, when given at a dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight, is a safe and effective treatment for generalized demodicosis in the dog.AnimalsFour hundred client‐owned dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis at one general small‐animal practice. Of these, 232 completed their treatment and were included in the study.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out by searching the computerised medical records of dogs seen at one general small‐animal practice in Tennessee, USA. The records of each dog with a diagnosis of generalized demodicosis, who underwent treatment using weekly injections of doramectin at a dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight, were analysed.ResultsRemission was achieved in 94.8% of dogs treated with weekly subcutaneous injections of doramectin at a dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight. Adverse events were rare with two suspected instances (0.5%) being recorded. The mean duration of treatment was 7.1 weeks.Conclusions and clinical importanceDoramectin given at a dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection at weekly intervals is a useful and well‐tolerated treatment for generalized demodicosis in the dog.
Autologous blood transfusion in dogs with thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage: 25 cases (2007–2012)
Authors: Higgs Veronica A. , Rudloff Elke , Kirby Rebecca , Linklater Andrew K.J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use and outcome following autologous blood transfusion (ABT) in dogs.DesignRetrospective study (January 2007–July 2012).SettingPrivate veterinary referral center.AnimalsTwenty‐five dogs that underwent ABT secondary to thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThe hospital transaction database was searched using the keyword “autotransfusion” from January 2007 to July 2012. Data collected included signalment, body weight, etiology of hemorrhage, source and method of collection, volumes and method of ABT administration, use of anticoagulant, reported complications, and outcome. Twenty‐five dogs were included for a total of 27 ABTs. Causes of hemorrhage included vascular trauma (14/25 dogs, 56%), ruptured tumor (8/25, 32%), and coagulopathy attributed to brodifacoum toxicosis (3/25, 12%). Autologous blood was collected from the abdominal (19/25, 76%), thoracic (5/25, 20%), or abdominal and thoracic cavities (1/25, 4%). Anticoagulant was added to the ABT blood in 13 of 25 (52%) cases. A median ABT volume of 29.3 mL/kg (range 2.9–406.9 mL/kg) was infused through either a 210 μm blood administration filter (21/27, 78%) or an 18 μm hemonate filter (6/27, 22%). Reported complications that may have been associated with ABT included hypocalcemia (4/17, 24%), hemolyzed serum (5/19, 26%), and prolonged coagulation times (4/5, 80%). These complications were considered of minimal clinical significance. Additional blood products were administered in 17 of 25 (68%) dogs. Seventeen (68%) dogs survived to discharge. Cause of death in the remaining cases was euthanasia or cardiac arrest secondary to uncontrollable hemorrhage.ConclusionsABT is an adjunct to volume replacement in dogs with thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage secondary to vascular trauma, ruptured tumor, or anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis. ABT may be used as bridge to definitive hemorrhage control, particularly when other blood products are not available or affordable. Complications may include hypocalcemia, prolonged coagulation times, and hemolysis.
No Association of ApoE Genotype with Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Liu Hui , Shui Irene M. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Giovannucci Edward L. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Background: Previous studies found that low total cholesterol level was associated with a lower risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoform is associated with total cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to explore associations of ApoE isoforms with prostate cancer risk.
Methods: We assessed ApoE genotypes and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective case–control study nested among men who provided a blood sample in 1993–95 within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We identified 1,169 incident cases of prostate cancer and 1,233 controls in follow-up through 2004. Associations of ApoE isoform and prostate cancer incidence were evaluated by logistic regression models.
Results: We found no statistically significant associations of ApoE variants with overall prostate cancer or Gleason sum ≤ 7 (3+4), Gleason sum ≥ 7 (4+3), clinically localized stage, or progression to metastasis or death. There was no evidence of effect modification by circulating total cholesterol or use of cholesterol-lowering drugs prior to diagnosis.
Conclusions: ApoE variants were not associated with the risk of prostate cancer or aggressive disease.
Impact: Our findings suggest that the mechanism of circulating cholesterol level affecting prostate cancer incidence may not rely on ApoE isoforms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1632–4. ©2015 AACR.
A Comparison of Model Error Representations in Mesoscale Ensemble Data Assimilation
Authors: Ha Soyoung , Berner Judith , Snyder Chris 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Mesoscale forecasts are strongly influenced by physical processes that are either poorly resolved or must be parameterized in numerical models. In part because of errors in these parameterizations, mesoscale ensemble data assimilation systems generally suffer from underdispersiveness, which can limit the quality of analyses. Two explicit representations of model error for mesoscale ensemble data assimilation are explored: a multiphysics ensemble in which each member’s forecast is based on a distinct suite of physical parameterization, and stochastic kinetic energy backscatter in which small noise terms are included in the forecast model equations. These two model error techniques are compared with a baseline experiment that includes spatially and temporally adaptive covariance inflation, in a domain over the continental United States using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model for mesoscale ensemble forecasts and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) for the ensemble Kalman filter. Verification against independent observations and Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) 13-km analyses for the month of June 2008 showed that including the model error representation improved not only the analysis ensemble, but also short-range forecasts initialized from these analyses. Explicitly accounting for model uncertainty led to a better-tuned ensemble spread, a more skillful ensemble mean, and higher probabilistic scores, as well as significantly reducing the need for inflation. In particular, the stochastic backscatter scheme consistently outperformed both the multiphysics approach and the control run with adaptive inflation over almost all levels of the atmosphere both deterministically and probabilistically.
Model Space Localization Is Not Always Better Than Observation Space Localization for Assimilation of Satellite Radiances
Authors: Lei Lili , Whitaker Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Covariance localization is an essential component of ensemble-based data assimilation systems for large geophysical applications with limited ensemble sizes. For integral observations like the satellite radiances, where the concepts of location or vertical distance are not well defined, vertical localization in observation space is not as straightforward as in model space. The detailed differences between model space and observation space localizations are examined using a real radiance observation. Counterintuitive analysis increments can be obtained with model space localization; the magnitude of the increment can increase and the increment can change sign when the localization scale decreases. This occurs when there are negative background-error covariances and a predominately positive forward operator. Too narrow model space localization can neglect the negative background-error covariances and result in the counterintuitive analysis increments. An idealized 1D model with integral observations and known true error covariance is then used to compare errors resulting from model space and observation space localizations. Although previous studies have suggested that observation space localization is inferior to model space localization for satellite radiances, the results from the 1D model reveal that observation space localization can have advantages over model space localization when there are negative background-error covariances. Differences between model space and observation space localizations disappear as ensemble size, observation error variance, and localization scale increase. Thus, large ensemble sizes and vertical localization length scales may be needed to more effectively assimilate radiance observations.