bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why is service‐dominant logic based service system better?
Authors: Edvardsson Bo , Ng Gloria , Min Choo Zhi , Firth Robert 
Published: June 2013

PurposeResearch suggests that service‐dominant designs are superior to goods‐dominant; but why? The purpose of this paper is to answer three questions. First, in what way is a service system based on service‐dominant logic (SDL) superior to one based on goods‐dominant logic (GDL)? Second, which characteristics of the service system facilitate the co‐creation of value‐in‐context as perceived by the customer? Third, how do customers describe the contents of these characteristics?Design/methodology/approachIn an experiment, the authors compared two different service systems designed with different mindsets. The experiment was carried out with a group of habitual bus travellers to plan a specific journey using two online service systems by two different organizations; one exhibited a goods‐dominant mindset, and the other a service‐dominant mindset. The subjects' opinions of the two systems were gathered, and sentiment analysis was performed on the opinions to uncover the rationale behind the operational superiority of an SDL‐based system in value co‐creation.FindingsThe sentiment analysis identified three key differentiators: intangibles; operant resources; and information symmetry as the reason why an SDL‐based service system is superior to a GDL‐based system. The study also identified specific attributes linked to the key differentiators that could be built into a service system design and verified during a review of that design.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to research by: showing why an SDL based service system is superior to a GDL based one; proposing guidelines for service system design based on SDL to arrive at a favourable customer experience; and to managers by showing that customers have much to contribute in service development and realisation.
Informal economy as a “good” “bad practice”? Informal sale of medicines in Lomé
Authors: Worou‐Houndekon Rosaline D. , Pesqueux Yvon 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expound on the idea that informal economy is a “conforming” situation, based on the informal sale of medicines in Lomé.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a case study based on interviews.FindingsThe case makes it possible to understand that the quality‐price ratio mainly explains the existing practices, inducing an immediate satisfaction of the purchasers. Indeed, the average income in developing countries is very low and consumers are inclined to buy these products because of their low prices (i.e. “Bottom of the Pyramid” issues – BOP).Research limitations/implicationsTo say that the informal economy “conforms to the rules” is to assert its institutional dimension and suggest it should be considered within the categories of institutionalization. It is also a scathing criticism of the logic of international organizations and CSR, one that is unlikely to crop up in the so‐called audited reports.Practical implicationsInformal economy gives rise to innovations and the development of a kind of entrepreneurship dissimilar to that of business schools and the very honorable “social entrepreneurs”. Concepts such as leadership, motivation, negotiation power, organizational learning, strategy, competitive advantage, diversity and the like have coherent materializations, albeit structurally different in origin from the received wisdom about them.Social implicationsThe argument of this research is based on the observation that informal economy is a situation just as “conforming” as the formal economy. It should be mentioned that in economics, grassroots collective and non‐institutionalized action is referred to as “informal economy”. It is regarded as inseparable from the formal economy – as evidenced in the case of Togo's reform of public health policy following the Bamako Initiative and its consequences as studied in this paper – but receives less attention despite numerous studies.Originality/valueThis paper presents a real field study. The interviews were carried out near all the categories of actors implied in the drugs sales: wholesalers and retailers and customers (primary wholesalers, local dealers, retailers, patients).
Motives behind white‐collar crime: results of a quantitative and qualitative study in Germany
Authors: Cleff Thomas , Naderer Gabriele , Volkert Jürgen 
Published: June 2013

PurposeKnowledge on corporate crime still lags behind its far‐reaching economic significance. In order to learn more about the motives of corporate criminals, qualitative psychological interviews were conducted with convicted offenders to identify the critical motives behind the crimes. In a quantitative analysis the offender profiles were then systematically compared and validated with the help of court records from public prosecutors' offices in Germany. The purpose of this paper is to gain insights into the complex interaction of emotional, motivational and cognitive processes leading up to the crime in order to draw possible conclusions for how best to prevent and combat white‐collar crime.Design/methodology/approachIn order to learn more about the motives of corporate criminals, thirteen qualitative psychological interviews were conducted with convicted delinquents in various penitentiaries. The focus was on fraud, embezzlement, breach of trust and corruption. In addition, the court files of 60 corporate criminals from 11 German public prosecutors' offices were analysed systematically in order to evaluate pivotal motives and propitious conditions for criminal behaviour along with characteristic personality traits of the perpetrators.FindingsFive different criminal psychological profiles were identified that enable a better understanding of the motives behind white‐collar crime. The key point is to gain insight into the complex interaction of emotional, motivational and cognitive processes that lead to a criminal act in order to derive possible consequences for preventing and combating white‐collar crime. The results of the study reveal extremely disparate delinquent types that demand a mix of preventive measures and an adequate compliance management framework.Originality/valueThe results of the study reveal extremely disparate delinquent types that demand a mix of preventive measures and an adequate compliance management framework.
Grazing dampens the positive effects of shrub encroachment on ecosystem functions in a semi‐arid woodland
Authors: Eldridge David J. , Soliveres Santiago , Bowker Matthew A. , Val James 
Published: June 2013

Summary

The encroachment of woody plants into grasslands, open woodlands and savannah has been widely reported over the past few decades. Overgrazing is a probable cause of shrub encroachment and could be a stronger driver of declining ecosystem structure and functioning in shrublands than encroachment per se. We examined the relative effects of changes in shrub cover and grazing rate on ecosystem functions at sandy and loamy sites in eastern Australia varying in shrub cover and grazing. Our aim was to test the notion that the negative effects on ecosystem functioning commonly attributed to encroachment are more likely due to grazing than to increase in shrub cover per se.

Structural equation modelling indicated a generally strong positive effect of increasing shrub cover, and a generally negative, or slight effect of grazing on multiple measures of ecosystem function related to plant productivity, water infiltration, nutrient cycling and surface stability.

On loamy soils, grazing generally dampened the positive effects of increasing shrub cover on most response variables. On sandy soils, however, although there were generally stronger effects of grazing, most attributes did not change in response to increasing shrub cover.

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that, contrary to the prevailing opinion, increasing shrub cover was generally associated with increases (or no change) in functional and structural measures indicative of healthy systems. The dampening of the positive effects of shrub cover caused by grazing was site (soil texture) specific, reinforcing the notion that the effects of increasing shrub cover and their interaction with grazing are context dependent. Our study provides the basis for improved understanding and management of shrublands for a number of competing goals and suggests that managing grazing rates is a better strategy than focusing on shrub removal. Using low levels of grazing is likely to maximize the benefits from shrublands, such as the maintenance of biodiversity, water infiltration and C sequestration, while maintaining a productive herbaceous community.
Biological control of the wheat root rot caused by Fusarium graminearum using some PGPR strains in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Moussa T.A.A. , Almaghrabi O.A. , Abdel‐Moneim T.S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selected bacterial strains against the wheat soil‐borne pathogen Fusarium graminearum under greenhouse conditions. The most potent isolates were 3 isolates out of 18 isolates, which have numbers 3, 9 and 10 with in vitro inhibition index 42.5%, 41.3% and 46.3% respectively. Isolates 3 and 10 were selected for the following experiments. Isolates 3 and 10 were identified as Bacillus subtilis MAA03 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MAA10, respectively according to International Identification Keys and, confirmed by using Biolog system and 16S rDNA where the strains exhibited more than 99.5% sequence identity. Their close taxonomic relationship was further documented by phenotypic similarities. The using of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens separately or in mixture as biocontrol agent against F. graminearum on wheat significantly increased the final germination percent, the mean daily germination and germination index of wheat cultivar, while the mean germination time was significantly decreased relative to infested control. The final infection percent, the mean daily infection and infection index were decreased significantly, while the mean infection time was significantly increased relative to infested control. The use of P. fluorescens as biocontrol agent was the most efficient than B. subtilis or in mixture and the best treatment was seed coating. The application of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens separately or in combination significantly affected the growth parameters of wheat cultivar Tabuki, the root length was significantly increased in seed coating and seed soaking treatments, while non‐significantly decreased in case of soil drench treatment relative to infested control. Shoot length was significantly decreased in case of seed coating treatment relative to infested control. The shoot fresh and dry weights were significantly increased in seed coating and seed soaking treatments relative to infested control. The root fresh and dry weights were significantly increased in seed coating and seed soaking treatments relative to infested control. The number of leaves was significantly increased in all treatments relative to infested control.
Microscopic and biochemical aspects of sorghum resistance to anthracnose mediated by silicon
Authors: Resende R.S. , Rodrigues F.A. , Gomes R.J. , Nascimento K.J.T. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe use of silicon (Si) in agriculture has attracted a great deal of interest from researchers because of the numerous benefits of this element to plants, especially when they are submitted to abiotic and/or biotic types of stress. The host's increased resistance to diseases, promoted by Si, is mainly associated with the deposition of this element in the tissues and the potentiation of defence mechanisms. However, the mechanisms involved in Si‐mediated host resistance need to be further investigated. Thus, this study aimed to microscopically and biochemically elucidate the resistance of sorghum to anthracnose. In the leaves of plants supplied with Si, in addition to a greater deposition of Si at the infection sites, the acervuli were smaller in number compared to the leaves of plants not supplied with Si. Additionally, the activities of the defence enzymes peroxidases and polyphenoloxidases and the concentration of anthocyanins were higher in the leaves of plants supplied with Si. It can be concluded that Si, in addition to participate in the physical barrier that slows or prevents Colletotrichum sublineolum penetration in sorghum leaves, also plays a role in the biochemical aspect of sorghum resistance to anthracnose.
Employment status 1 year after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in comatose patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia
Authors: KRAGHOLM K. , SKOVMOELLER M. , CHRISTENSEN A. L. , FONAGER K. , TILSTED H.‐H. , KIRKEGAARD H. , DE HAAS I. , RASMUSSEN B. S. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundTherapeutic hypothermia for comatose survivors of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has improved survival and neurologic outcome. This study focused on return to work 1 year after therapeutic hypothermia.MethodsFrom June 2004 to June 2009, patients between 18 and 65 years of age with OHCA, who were treated with hypothermia from two regions, representing one third of the national population, were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry, and from hospital and ambulance records. The patients' employment status was obtained from the Danish Ministry of Employment.ResultsOne hundred thirty‐three comatose patients after OHCA treated with hypothermia were identified. One hundred and four (78%) patients were employed, or able to work, at the time of cardiac arrest. This particular group of patients showed significant lower in‐hospital mortality compared to the group of patients who were not able to work before cardiac arrest; 13% vs. 48%, respectively (P < 0.001). The workable group had a lower Charlson comorbidity score (P = 0.004), a higher incidence of witnessed cardiac arrest (P = 0.004) and a higher incidence of shockable heart rhythm (P < 0.001). Eighty‐seven patients (84%), who were able to work prior to cardiac arrest, survived, and 55 (65%) of these patients were employed or able to work at 1 year follow‐up.ConclusionThe majority of patients employed, or able to work prior to OHCA, had returned to work at one year follow‐up. Predictors of return to work in comatose patients treated with hypothermia have to be identified in a larger‐scale study.
Electrical impedance tomography for verification of correct endotracheal tube placement in paediatric patients: a feasibility study
Authors: STEINMANN D. , ENGEHAUSEN M. , STILLER B. , GUTTMANN J. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundEndotracheal tubes (ETTs) are frequently used in paediatric anaesthesia. Correct placement is crucial. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrical impedance tomography (EIT) for guiding and confirmation of paediatric ETT placement. In a retrospective analysis of stored EIT data, distribution of ventilation between left and right lung was used to verify correct paediatric ETT placement.MethodsLeft and right lung ventilation was studied by EIT in 18 paediatric patients (median age: 53 months) requiring anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation. EIT was recorded before induction of anaesthesia, during mask ventilation, during ETT placement (including deliberate mainstem intubation), and after ETT repositioning according to the formula: ETT intubation depth (cm) = 3× ETT internal diameter (mm) or the mainstem intubation method (withdrawing the ETT 2 cm). Final ETT position was confirmed by fluoroscopy.ResultsFollowing deliberate mainstem intubation, distribution of ventilation to the right lung was unequivocally demonstrated by EIT. Homogeneous distribution of ventilation between left and right lung monitored with EIT correlated in each patient with correct endotracheal ETT placement. The distribution of left and right lung ventilation differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the initial two‐lung ventilation and subsequent right one‐lung ventilation, and between right one‐lung and subsequent two‐lung ventilation according to auscultation and the final ETT position, respectively. In one patient, ETT was misplaced within the oesophagus which was also obvious from the EIT record.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that EIT enables non‐invasive recognition of correct ETT placement. Homogeneous right‐left‐lung ventilation is an indicator for correct ETT placement.
A phase II study of vorinostat (MK‐0683) in patients with polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia
Authors: Andersen Christen L. , McMullin Mary F. , Ejerblad Elisabeth , Zweegman Sonja , Harrison Claire , Fernandes Savio , Bareford David , Knapper Steven , Samuelsson Jan , Löfvenberg Eva , Linder Olle , Andreasson Bjørn , Ahlstrand Erik , Jensen Morten K. , Bjerrum Ole W. , Vestergaard Hanne , Larsen Herdis , Klausen Tobias W. , Mourits‐Andersen Torben , Hasselbalch Hans C. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryInhibition of histone deacetylases may be an important target in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. This investigator‐initiated, non‐randomized, open‐label phase II multi‐centre study included 63 patients (19 essential thrombocythaemia, 44 polycythaemia vera) from 15 centres. The primary objective was to evaluate if vorinostat was followed by a decline in clonal myeloproliferation as defined by European Leukaemia Net. Thirty patients (48%) completed the intervention period (24 weeks of therapy). An intention‐to‐treat response rate of 35% was identified. Pruritus was resolved [19% to 0% (P = 0·06)] and the prevalence of splenomegaly was lowered from 50% to 27% (P = 0·03). Sixty‐five per cent of the patients experienced a decrease in JAK2 V617F allele burden (P = 0·006). Thirty‐three patients (52% of patients) discontinued study drug before end of intervention due to adverse events (28 patients) or lack of response (5 patients). In conclusion, vorinostat showed effectiveness by normalizing elevated leucocyte and platelet counts, resolving pruritus and significantly reducing splenomegaly. However, vorinostat was associated with significant side effects resulting in a high discontinuation rate. A lower dose of vorinostat in combination with conventional and/or novel targeted therapies may be warranted in future studies.
Sex‐based differences in cardiac ischaemic injury and protection: therapeutic implications
Authors: Ostadal B , Ostadal P 
Published: June 2013

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the most frequent cause of mortality among men and women. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that premenopausal women have a reduced risk for IHD compared with their male counterparts. The incidence of IHD in women increases after menopause, suggesting that IHD is related to declining oestrogen levels. Experimental observations have confirmed the results of epidemiological studies investigating sex‐specific differences in cardiac tolerance to ischaemia. Female sex appears also to favourably influence cardiac remodelling after ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, sex‐related differences in ischaemic tolerance of the adult myocardium can be influenced by interventions during the early phases of ontogenetic development. Detailed mechanisms of these sex‐related differences remain unknown; however, they involve the genomic and non‐genomic effects of sex steroid hormones, particularly the oestrogens, which have been the most extensively studied. Although the protective effects of oestrogen have many potential therapeutic implications, clinical trials have shown that oestrogen replacement in postmenopausal women may actually increase the incidence of IHD. The results of these trials have illustrated the complexity underlying the mechanisms involved in sex‐related differences in cardiac tolerance to ischaemia. Sex‐related differences in cardiac sensitivity to ischaemia/reperfusion injury may also influence therapeutic strategies in women with acute coronary syndrome. Women undergo coronary intervention less frequently and a lower proportion of women receive evidence‐based therapy compared with men. Although our understanding of this important topic has increased in recent years, there is an urgent need for intensive experimental and clinical research to develop female‐specific therapeutic strategies. Only then we will be able to offer patients better evidence‐based treatment, a better quality of life and lower mortality.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Biological Sex and Cardiovascular Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐3
Fractures in children with cerebral palsy: a total population study
Authors: Uddenfeldt Wort Ulrika , Nordmark Eva , Wagner Philippe , Düppe Henrik , Westbom Lena 
Published: June 2013

AimTo analyse factors associated with fractures in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in different levels of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).MethodThis was an epidemiological retrospective study of a total population of 536 children (214 females, 322 males) with CP born between 1990 and 2005. CP type was unilateral spastic (n=159), bilateral spastic (n=225), ataxic (n=60), dyskinetic (n=80), and mixed type (n=12); 384 children were in Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) levels I–III and 152 children were in GMFCS levels IV–V. Data were collected for a 9‐year period on sex, CP‐type, GMFCS level, gastrostomy, height, weight, the use of a standing device, antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, and fractures.ResultsThe risk of fracture in the total population of children with CP was similar to that for typically developing children. The risk for fractures of those in GMFCS levels I–III was not significantly associated with any of the studied risk factors. The risk of fractures for those in GMFCS levels IV–V on AED therapy was a twofold increase (p=0.004). The risk for fractures without trauma in children with stunted growth (height for age <−3 SD) and those who did not use standing devices was significantly increased: adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) 4.16 (p=0.011) and 3.66 (p=0.010) respectively. Results regarding gastrostomy feeding for those in GMFCS levels IV–V were conflicting: a gastrostomy was associated with a reduced risk of fractures with trauma, but with increased risk of fractures without trauma (AIRR 0.10, p=0.003 and 4.36, p=0.012) respectively.InterpretationChildren in GMFCS levels I–III had a similar incidence and pattern for fractures as normally developing children. Those in GMFCS levels IV–V had stunted growth, often a sign of longstanding undernourishment, and were associated with an increased risk of fractures. Children using standing devices had a fourfold reduction of fractures without trauma. Regular loading exercises and early adequate nutritional intake could prevent fractures in severe CP.