bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Transport Modulation Reduces Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, and Fatty Liver
Authors: Liu Yan , Major Amy S. , Zienkiewicz Jozef , Gabriel Curtis L. , Veach Ruth Ann , Moore Daniel J. , Collins Robert D. , Hawiger Jacek 
Published: May 2013

Background
Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in blood lead to atherosclerosis and fatty liver, contributing to rising cardiovascular and hepatobiliary morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Methods and Results

A cell‐penetrating nuclear transport modifier (
NTM
) reduced hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty liver in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient mice fed a
W
estern diet.
NTM
treatment led to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood compared with control animals (36% and 53%, respectively;
P
<0.005) and liver (41% and 34%, respectively;
P
<0.05) after 8 weeks. Atherosclerosis was reduced by 63% (
P
<0.0005), and liver function improved compared with saline‐treated controls. In addition, fasting blood glucose levels were reduced from 209 to 138 mg/dL (
P
<0.005), and body weight gain was ameliorated (
P
<0.005) in
NTM
‐treated mice, although food intake remained the same as that in control animals. The
NTM
used in this study, cSN50.1 peptide, is known to modulate nuclear transport of stress‐responsive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, the master regulator of inflammation. This
NTM
has now been demonstrated to also modulate nuclear transport of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (
SREBP
) transcription factors, the master regulators of cholesterol, triglyceride, and fatty acid synthesis.
NTM
‐modulated translocation of
SREBP
s to the nucleus was associated with attenuated transactivation of their cognate genes that contribute to hyperlipidemia.

Conclusions
Two‐pronged control of inflammation and dyslipidemia by modulating nuclear transport of their critical regulators offers a new approach to comprehensive amelioration of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and their potential complications.
Effect of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Phosphorylated Protein Signaling in Children Undergoing Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pepe Salvatore , Liaw Norman Y. , Hepponstall Michele , Sheeran Freya L. , Yong Matthew S. , d'Udekem Yves , Cheung Michael M. , Konstantinov Igor E. 
Published: May 2013

Background

Our previous randomized controlled trial demonstrated cardiorespiratory protection by remote ischemic preconditioning (
RIPC
) in children before cardiac surgery. However, the impact of
RIPC
on myocardial prosurvival intracellular signaling remains unknown in cyanosis.
RIPC
may augment phosphorylated protein signaling in myocardium and circulating leukocytes during tetralogy of
F
allot (ToF) repair.

Methods and Results

Children (n=40) undergoing ToF repair were double‐blind randomized to
RIPC
(n=11 boys, 9 girls) or control (sham
RIPC
: n=9 boys, 11 girls). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 24 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. Resected right ventricular outflow tract muscle and leukocytes were processed for protein expression and mitochondrial respiration. There was no difference in age (7.1±3.4 versus 7.1±3.4 months), weight (7.7±1.8 versus 7.5±1.9 kg), or bypass or aortic cross‐clamp times between the groups (control versus
RIPC
, mean±
SD
). No differences were seen between the groups for an increase in the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein for protein kinase B, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, heat shock protein 27, Connexin43, or markers associated with promotion of necrosis (serum cardiac troponin I), apoptosis (Bax, Bcl‐2), and autophagy (Parkin, Beclin‐1, LC3B). A high proportion of total proteins were in phosphorylated form in control and
RIPC
myocardium. In leukocytes, mitochondrial respiration and assessed protein levels did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

In patients with cyanotic heart disease, a high proportion of proteins are in phosphorylated form.
RIPC
does not further enhance phosphorylated protein signaling in myocardium or circulating leukocytes in children undergoing ToF repair.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL: (
http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?id=335613
. Unique identifier: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12610000496011.
Ross Procedure in Children: 17‐Year Experience at a Single Institution
Authors: Tan Tanny Sharman P. , Yong Matthew S. , d'Udekem Yves , Kowalski Remi , Wheaton Gavin , D'Orsogna Luigi , Galati John C. , Brizard Christian P. , Konstantinov Igor E. 
Published: May 2013

Background

The
R
oss procedure in children carries substantial mortality and reoperation rate. Aortic root dilatation is of concern. To prevent dilatation of the neoaortic root, but permit normal growth, we began to apply an absorbable poly‐(
p
‐dioxanone)‐filaments (
PDS
) band at the sino‐tubular (
ST
)‐junction.

Methods and Results

All children (n=100) who underwent
R
oss procedure during 1995–2012 were studied. Mean age at operation was 8.6±6.1 years (median 8.3 years, range 3 days to 18 years); 19 patients were younger than 1 year of age. The root replacement (n=91,
R
oss‐
K
onno procedure in 29 patients), root inclusion (n=6), and subcoronary implantation (n=3) techniques were used. Operative mortality was 6% (6/100, 4 neonates, 2 infants). Age of <1‐year at time of operation was a risk factor for early death (
P
<0.001). Mean follow‐up time was 7.0±4.8 years (median 7.4 years, range 5 days to 16 years). Late mortality was 4.3% (4/94). Freedom from moderate or greater neoaortic valve insufficiency (
AI
) at 5 and 10 years was 89% and 83%, respectively. Freedom from neoaortic valve reoperation at 5 and 10 years was 96% and 86%, respectively. Aortic dilatation to Z‐score >4 was greatest at the
ST
‐junction (23%, 11/48) compared to the aortic annulus (17%, 11/66) and sinuses (14%, 7/50). Since 2001, a
PDS
band was placed around the
ST
‐junction in 19 patients. Survivors with the
PDS
band had less
AI
(0 versus 20%,
P
=0.043) compared to survivors (n=35) without the
PDS
at 4.1±3 years.

Conclusions

The
R
oss procedure in children can be performed with acceptable results. Children younger than 1 year of age have higher mortality, but not an increased autograft reoperation rate. Stabilization of the
ST
‐junction may reduce
AI
.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Profile of Blood–Brain Barrier Injury in Patients With Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Aksoy Didem , Bammer Roland , Mlynash Michael , Venkatasubramanian Chitra , Eyngorn Irina , Snider Ryan W. , Gupta Sandeep N. , Narayana Rashmi , Fischbein Nancy , Wijman Christine A. C. 
Published: May 2013

Background

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (
ICH
) is associated with blood–brain barrier (
BBB
) injury, which is a poorly understood factor in
ICH
pathogenesis, potentially contributing to edema formation and perihematomal tissue injury. We aimed to assess and quantify
BBB
permeability following human spontaneous
ICH
using dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (
DCE MRI
). We also investigated whether hematoma size or location affected the amount of
BBB
leakage.

Methods and Results

Twenty‐five prospectively enrolled patients from the Diagnostic Accuracy of
MRI
in Spontaneous intracerebral Hemorrhage (
DASH
) study were examined using
DCE MRI
at 1 week after symptom onset. Contrast agent dynamics in the brain tissue and general tracer kinetic modeling were used to estimate the forward leakage rate (K
trans
) in regions of interest (
ROI
) in and surrounding the hematoma and in contralateral mirror–image locations (control
ROI
). In all patients
BBB
permeability was significantly increased in the brain tissue immediately adjacent to the hematoma, that is, the hematoma rim, compared to the contralateral mirror
ROI
(
P
<0.0001). Large hematomas (>30 mL) had higher K
trans
values than small hematomas (
P
<0.005). K
trans
values of lobar hemorrhages were significantly higher than the K
trans
values of deep hemorrhages (
P
<0.005), independent of hematoma volume. Higher K
trans
values were associated with larger edema volumes.

Conclusions

BBB
leakage in the brain tissue immediately bordering the hematoma can be measured and quantified by
DCE MRI
in human
ICH
.
BBB
leakage at 1 week is greater in larger hematomas as well as in hematomas in lobar locations and is associated with larger edema volumes.
Coronary Artery Revascularization Evaluation—A Multicenter Registry With Seven Years of Follow‐Up
Authors: Kurlansky Paul , Herbert Morley , Prince Syma , Mack Michael J. 
Published: May 2013

Background

Data from randomized clinical trials comparing coronary artery bypass grafting (
CABG
) and percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
) may not accurately reflect current clinical practice, in which there is off‐label usage of drug‐eluting stents (
DES
). We undertook a prospective registry of coronary revascularization by
CABG
on‐ and off‐pump and
PCI
with bare‐metal stents (
BMS
s),
DES
s, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (
PTCA
) to determine clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results

All patients undergoing isolated coronary revascularization in 8 community‐based hospitals were enrolled. Final follow‐up was obtained after 5 years by patient and/or physician contact and the Social Security Death Index.
ST
‐elevation myocardial infarction and salvage patients were excluded. Five or more years of follow‐up was obtained on 81.5% (3156) of the eligible patients—968
CABG
patients (82.0%) and 2188
PCI
patients (81.3%). Overall follow‐up was 63.5±27.9 months (median
,
79.7 months). The incidence of initial major adverse cardiac events (
MACE
s) at follow‐up for
CABG
versus
PCI
was 29.2% versus 41.8% (
P
<0.001). Analysis of stent subgroups showed more events with
BMS
s (equivalent to
PTCA
alone) compared with
DES
s. All stents had more events than on‐ or off‐pump
CABG
groups. Using propensity score–matched groups, the odds ratio for
CABG
to
PCI
was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [
CI
], 0.56 to 0.85;
P
<0.001) for mortality and 0.58 (95%
CI
, 0.45 to 0.75;
P
<0.001) for any
MACE
.

Conclusions

In the current era of
DES
and off‐pump surgery, in a community hospital setting, comparable patients undergoing coronary revascularization appear to benefit from improved long‐term survival and reduced
MACE
with
CABG
versus
PCI
.
Risk‐Treatment Paradox in the Selection of Transradial Access for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Wimmer Neil J. , Resnic Frederic S. , Mauri Laura , Matheny Michael E. , Piemonte Thomas C. , Pomerantsev Eugene , Ho Kalon K. L. , Robbins Susan L. , Waldman Howard M. , Yeh Robert W. 
Published: May 2013

Background

Access site complications contribute to morbidity and mortality during percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
). Transradial arterial access significantly lowers the risk of access site complications compared to transfemoral arteriotomy. We sought to develop a prediction model for access site complications in patients undergoing
PCI
with femoral arteriotomy, and assess whether transradial access was selectively used in patients at high risk for complications.

Methods and Results

We analyzed 17 509 patients who underwent
PCI
without circulatory support from 2008 to 2011 at 5 institutions. Transradial arterial access was used in 17.8% of patients. In those who underwent transfemoral access, 177 (1.2%) patients had access site complications. Using preprocedural clinical and demographic data, a prediction model for femoral arteriotomy complications was generated. The variables retained in the model included: elevated age (
P
<0.001), female gender (
P
<0.001), elevated troponin (
P
<0.001), decreased renal function or dialysis (
P
=0.002), emergent
PCI
(
P
=0.01), prior
PCI
(
P
=0.005), diabetes (
P
=0.008), and peripheral artery disease (
P
=0.003). The model showed moderate discrimination (optimism‐adjusted c‐statistic=0.72) and was internally validated via bootstrap resampling. Patients with higher predicted risk of complications via transfemoral access were less likely to receive transradial access (
P
<0.001). Similar results were seen in patients presenting with and without
ST
‐segment myocardial infarction and when adjusting for individual physician operator.

Conclusions

We generated and validated a model for transfemoral access site complications during
PCI
. Paradoxically, patients most likely to develop access site complications from transfemoral access, and therefore benefit from transradial access, were the least likely to receive transradial access.
Systolic Blood Pressure After Intravenous Antihypertensive Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Hyperacute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Sakamoto Yuki , Koga Masatoshi , Yamagami Hiroshi , Okuda Satoshi , Okada Yasushi , Kimura Kazumi , Shiokawa Yoshiaki , Nakagawara Jyoji , Furui Eisuke , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Kario Kazuomi , Arihiro Shoji , Sato Shoichiro , Kobayashi Junpei , Tanaka Eijirou , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki , Minematsu Kazuo , Toyoda Kazunori 
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—
Blood pressure (BP) lowering is often conducted as part of general acute management in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. However, the relationship between BP after antihypertensive therapy and clinical outcomes is not fully known.

Methods—
Hyperacute (<3 hours from onset) intracerebral hemorrhage patients with initial systolic BP (SBP) >180 mm Hg were included. All patients received intravenous antihypertensive treatment, based on predefined protocol to lower and maintain SBP between 120 and 160 mm Hg. BPs were measured every 15 minutes during the initial 2 hours and every 60 minutes in the next 22 hours (a total of 30 measurements). The mean achieved SBP was defined as the mean of 30 SBPs, and associations between the mean achieved SBP and neurological deterioration (≥2 points’ decrease in Glasgow Coma Score or ≥4 points’ increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score), hematoma expansion (>33% increase), and unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 4–6 at 3 months) were assessed with multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results—
Of the 211 patients (81 women, median age 65 [interquartile range, 58–74] years, and median initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 13 [8–17]) enrolled, 17 (8%) showed neurological deterioration, 36 (17%) showed hematoma expansion, and 87 (41%) had an unfavorable outcome. On multivariate regression analyses, mean achieved SBP was independently associated with neurological deterioration (odds ratio, 4.45; 95% confidence interval, 2.03–9.74 per 10 mm Hg increment), hematoma expansion (1.86; 1.09–3.16), and unfavorable outcome (2.03; 1.24–3.33) after adjusting for known predictive factors.

Conclusions—
High achieved SBP after standardized antihypertensive therapy in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage was independently associated with poor clinical outcomes. Aggressive antihypertensive treatment may ameliorate clinical outcomes.
Profiles of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Items as a Predictor of Patient Outcome
Authors: Sucharew Heidi , Khoury Jane , Moomaw Charles J. , Alwell Kathleen , Kissela Brett M. , Belagaje Samir , Adeoye Opeolu , Khatri Pooja , Woo Daniel , Flaherty Matthew L. , Ferioli Simona , Heitsch Laura , Broderick Joseph P. , Kleindorfer Dawn 
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—
Initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score is highly predictive of outcome after ischemic stroke. We examined whether grouping strokes by presence of individual NIHSS symptoms could provide prognostic information additional or alternative to the NIHSS total score.

Methods—
Ischemic strokes from the Greater Cincinnati Northern Kentucky Stroke Study in 2005 were used to develop the model. Latent class analysis was implemented to form groups of patients with similar retrospective NIHSS (rNIHSS) item responses. Profile group was then used as an independent predictor of discharge modified Rankin and mortality, using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model.

Results—
A total of 2112 stroke patients were identified in 2005. Six distinct profiles were characterized. Consistent with the profile patterns, the median rNIHSS total score decreased from profile A “most severe” (median [interquartile range], 20 [15–25]) to profile F “mild” (1[1–2]). Two profiles falling between these extremes, C and D, both had median rNIHSS total score of 5, but different survival rates. Compared with A, C was associated with 59% risk reduction for death, whereas D with 70%. C patients were more likely to have decreased level of consciousness and abnormal language, whereas D patients were more likely to have abnormal right arm and right leg motor function.

Conclusions—
Six rNIHSS profiles were identifiable using latent class analysis. In particular, 2 symptom profiles with identical median rNIHSSS were observed with widely disparate outcomes, which may prove useful both clinically and for research studies as an enhancement to the overall NIHSS score.
Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Wang Xiang , Dong Yan , Qi Xiangqian , Huang Chengguang , Hou Lijun 
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—
Cholesterol levels are inconsistently associated with the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The purpose of this study is to assess their relationships using a meta-analytic approach.

Methods—
We searched PubMed and Embase for pertinent articles published in English. Only prospective studies that reported effect estimates with 95% confidential intervals (CIs) of hemorrhagic stroke for ≥3 categories of cholesterol levels, for high and low comparison, or for per 1 mmol/L increment of cholesterol concentrations were included. We used the random-effects model to pool the study-specific results.

Results—
Twenty-three prospective studies were included, totaling 1 430 141 participants with 7960 (5.6%) hemorrhagic strokes. In high versus low analysis, the summary relative risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.59–0.81) for total cholesterol, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.80–1.19) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.41–0.92) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In dose–response analysis, the summary relative risk of hemorrhagic stroke for 1 mmol/L increment of total cholesterol was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91), for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.99–1.25), and for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.77–1.05). The pooled relative risk for intracerebral hemorrhage was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.02–1.35) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusions—
Total cholesterol level is inversely associated with risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Higher level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol seems to be associated with lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level seems to be positively associated with risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Learning from Experience? Evidence on the Impact and Distribution of Teacher Experience and the Implications for Teacher Policy
Authors: Rice Jennifer King 
Published: May 2013

Teacher experience has long been a central pillar of teacher workforce policies in U.S. school systems. The underlying assumption behind many of these policies is that experience promotes effectiveness, but is this really the case? What does existing evidence tell us about how, why, and for whom teacher experience matters? This policy brief distills the research on teacher experience into four general findings: (1) the effect of experience is most evident during the first few years of teaching; (2) the early-career experience effect varies by level of education and subject area; (3) inexperienced teachers are most likely to teach in high-poverty schools; and (4) the impact of experience differs for teachers in high- versus low-poverty schools. The brief concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for several key policy measures including teacher compensation, support and professional development, and the unequal distribution of teachers across schools.
Leisure and Entertainment (malāhī) in Contemporary Islamic Legal Thought: Music and the Audio-Visual Media
Authors: Al-Atawneh Muhammad 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe status of leisure and entertainment (hereafter: malāhī) is an age-old issue that emerged during the very early stages of Islam and is still being debated today. Generations of Muslim scholars and jurists have attempted to identify and delineate the permissible and the forbidden in this regard to accommodate the socio-cultural contexts of their respective societies. This article examines contemporary Islamic discourse on entertainment, particularly music and audio-visual media, e.g., television, Internet, cinema and theater. How do contemporary Muslim scholars define and relate to malāhī? What is the nature and characteristics of legitimate entertainment and leisuretime activities from the Islamic religio-legal perspective? I suggest that modern-day Muslim scholars, like their predecessors, never came to an agreement on the nature and scope of malāhī. These scholars merely acknowledge that different ethico-legal boundaries are applied to malāhī in contemporary Muslim societies.
Human Capabilities and Economic Development:The Extreme Outlier Societies
Authors: Marsh Robert M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
One of the problems Amartya Sen raised in his capabilities approach was: why do people in some societies realize a much lower level of various kinds of human capabilities than would be expected on the basis of their GDP per capita, while other societies do better than expected? This paper focuses on six capabilities and functionings: life expectancy, schooling, living in a society with less income inequality and less gender inequality, political freedom and life satisfaction. Empirically I start with data on 156 societies and use regression analysis and case diagnostics to identify societies that are extreme outliers. These are identified as Singapore, Saudi Arabia and South Africa, each of which does significantly worse than expected (given their relatively high level of economic development) on two or more of the six capabilities. I then use qualitative analysis to specify, through “process-tracing”, the causal mechanisms that explain why these particular societies are so “unbalanced” in the relationship between their economic development and their human capabilities.
Atmospheric Meridional Moisture Flux over the Southern Ocean: A Story of the Amundsen Sea
Authors: Tsukernik Maria , Lynch Amanda H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Antarctic ice sheet constitutes the largest reservoir of freshwater on earth, representing tens of meters of sea level rise if it were to melt completely. However, because of the remote location of the continent and the concomitant sparse data coverage, much remains unknown regarding the climate variability in Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean. This study uses the high-resolution ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data during 1979–2010 to calculate the meridional moisture transport associated with the mean circulation, planetary waves, and synoptic-scale systems. The resulting moisture flux, which is dominated by the synoptic scales, is largely consistent with results from theoretical assumptions and previous studies. Here, high interannual and regional variability in the total meridional moisture flux is found, with no significant trend over the last 30 years. Further, the variability of the meridional moisture flux cannot be explained by the southern annular mode or El Niño–Southern Oscillation, even in the Pacific sector. In addition, the Amundsen Sea sector experiences the highest variability in meridional moisture transport and reveals a statistically significant decrease in the moisture flux at synoptic scales along the coastal zone. These results suggest that the Amundsen Sea provides a window on the complex nature of atmospheric moisture transport in the high southern latitudes.