bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fat crystallization with talc particles is influenced by particle size, concentration, and cooling rate
Authors: Yoshikawa Shinichi , Kida Haruyasu , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: November 2014

We recently found that new types of additives including talc promoted the crystallization of monoacid saturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) in stable polymorphs. This study reports the effects of size and concentration of talc particles and cooling rate on the crystallization of trilauroylglycerol (LLL), tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP), and 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (POP). Talc particles were mixed with molten TAGs, and the mixtures were then cooled at designated cooling rates. Polymorphic crystallization was observed by simultaneous use of X‐ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry and by polarized optical microscopy. The following results were obtained: (i) talc promoted the crystallization of LLL in stable polymorphs with decreasing particle size and increasing concentration; (ii) the promotional effects were influenced by the cooling rate; (iii) the same behavior was observed for PPP and POP; and (iv) hydrophobic modification of talc surfaces did not affect the promotional effects. These results indicate that talc particles having median sizes of less than 2.5 μm and concentrations exceeding 0.1 wt.% effectively promote fat crystallization, and that the promotional effects can be maximized by choosing proper cooling rates according to the target fats. Furthermore, we propose a model of the heterogeneous nucleation of TAG crystals taking account of the molecular adsorption on cleavage surfaces of talc.Practical applicationsTalc is widely approved as a food‐grade ingredient, and the additive effects on various triacylglycerols widen its applicability to fat‐based food and cosmetic materials.With grinding, talc particles exhibit anisotropic surfaces: cleavage surfaces are hydrophobic, and edge (lateral) surfaces are hydrophilic. Hydrophobic modification of the edge surfaces does not affect the additive effects of talc particles on fat crystallization, indicating adsorption of fat molecules on the cleavage surfaces.
Synthesis of (+)‐6,7‐Dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐1‐carboxylic Acid, a Diastereoselective Approach
Authors: Bułyszko Ilona , Chrzanowska Maria , Grajewska Agnieszka , Rozwadowska Maria D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe diastereoselective synthesis of (+)‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐1‐carboxylic acid (90 % ee) was accomplished by employing a combination of two synthetic methods, that is, the Petasis synthesis of amino acids and the Pomeranz–Fritsch–Bobbitt synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. The stereochemical outcome of the synthesis was controlled by chiral aminoacetaldehyde acetals, which were used as the amine component of the Petasis step to yield the Pomeranz–Fritsch–Bobbitt substrate for the tetrahydroisoquinoline ring formation in one simple operation.
IrIII‐Catalyzed Direct C‐7 Amidation of Indolines with Sulfonyl, Acyl, and Aryl Azides at Room Temperature
Authors: Hou Wei , Yang Yaxi , Ai Wen , Wu Yunxiang , Wang Xuan , Zhou Bing , Li Yuanchao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA general procedure for an IrIII‐catalyzed C‐7 selective C–H amidation and amination of indolines is reported. The reaction exhibits good functional group tolerance, requires no external oxidants, and releases N2 as the single byproduct, thus providing an environmentally benign, readily scalable method for the synthesis of 7‐aminoindolines. More importantly, acyl, sulfonyl, and aryl azides can be employed as the amino source in this C–H amidation reaction under very mild and pH‐neutral reaction conditions (i.e., room temperature) to afford N‐(7‐indolinyl)amides, N‐(7indolinyl)‐sulfonamides, and N‐(7‐indolinyl)arylamines in good to excellent yields. In addition, a one‐pot synthesis for 7‐aminoindoles was developed. Overall, this procedure is robust, reliable, and compatible in air.
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) Promoted PdII‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Directed o‐Benzoxylation and Decarboxylative o‐Aroylation
Authors: Santra Sourav Kumar , Banerjee Arghya , Khatun Nilufa , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInexpensive ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is an efficient oxidant for the Pd‐catalyzed substrate‐directed o‐benzoxylation and decarboxylative o‐aroylation processes. In the presence of CAN, the reaction of directing arenes with carboxylic acids resulted in o‐benzoxylated products, whereas a decarboxylative o‐aroylation occurred by using α‐keto acids, which led to the formation of o‐aroylation products.
Trace metals distribution pattern in floodplain sediments of a lowland river in relation to contemporary valley bottom morphodynamics
Authors: Falkowska Ewa , Falkowski Tomasz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe distribution of trace metals in alluvial sediments depends on their natural background concentrations, and on the dynamics of contemporary depositional and erosional (mainly flood‐induced) processes. Geological and geochemical investigations were carried out in the valley of Vistula River near Magnuszew (central Poland). Sediment samples were collected from a depth of 35 cm and comprise sediments of all defined geomorphological features. Identification and geological interpretation of the morphodynamic sediment features was supported by aerial photographs and high‐resolution satellite images. These studies revealed that the distribution of trace metals is closely linked to the morphogenesis of the alluvial floodplain. The highest concentrations of Cu, Co, Zn, V, Cr and Ni were observed in crevasse‐splays deposits. By contrast, Sr, Pb and As were concentrated in deposits which fill oxbow lakes (partly infilled with organic deposits). The lowest concentrations of trace metals were detected in flood sediments deposited within erosional troughs. The geomorphological and sedimentological history of the fluvial features explains the pattern of heavy metal distribution on the current floodplain surface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an improved understanding of erosion rates and tidal notch development on limestone coasts in the Tropics: 10 years of micro‐erosion meter measurements, Phang Nga Bay, Thailand
Authors: Moses Cherith , Robinson David , Kazmer Miklos , Williams Rendel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractKnowledge and understanding of shore platform erosion and tidal notch development in the tropics and subtropics relies mainly on short‐term studies conducted on recently deposited carbonate rocks, predominantly Holocene and Quaternary reef limestones and aeolianites. This paper presents erosion rates, measured over a 10 year period on notches and platforms developed on the Permian, Ratburi limestone at Phang Nga Bay, Thailand. In so doing it contributes to informing a particular knowledge gap in our understanding of the erosion dynamics of shore platform and tidal notch development in the tropics and subtropics – notch erosion rates on relatively hard, ancient limestones measured directly on the rock surface using a micro‐erosion meter (MEM) over time periods of a decade or more.The average intertidal erosion rate of 0.231 mm/yr is lower than erosion rates measured over 2–3 years on recent, weaker carbonate rocks. Average erosion rates at Phang Nga vary according to location and site and are, in rank order from highest to lowest: Mid‐platform (0.324 mm/yr) > Notch floor (0.289 mm/yr) > Rear notch wall (0.228 mm/yr) > Lower platform (0.140 mm/yr) > Notch roof (0.107 mm/yr) and Supratidal (0.095 mm/yr). The micro‐relief of the eroding rock surfaces in each of these positions exhibits marked differences that are seemingly associated with differences in dominant physical and bio‐erosion processes. The results begin to help inform knowledge of longer term shore platform erosion dynamics, models of marine notch development and have implications for the use of marine notches as indicators of changes in sea level and the duration of past sea levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity region of the Gaussian doubly dirty two‐way channel in the presence of partial side information
Authors: Monemizadeh Narges , Hodtani Ghosheh Abed 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we characterize capacity region of the Gaussian doubly dirty two‐way channel (TWC) with partial side information at users, where there are two additive interference signals that, although similar to the channel noise sequences, corrupt the transmitted signals but are non‐causally and partially known to the users. First, by employing adaptation (considering the previously received signals in encoding process), we derive an adaptive outer bound on the capacity region of the channel. Then, we utilize lattice strategies and obtain a non‐adaptive inner bound that coincides with the adaptive outer bound and hence gives the capacity region. This also shows that for the doubly dirty TWC with partial side information, adaptation is useless and cannot increase the capacity region. Finally, we prove that Costa's dirty paper coding is optimal like lattice strategies and therefore, the Gaussian doubly dirty TWC is an instance of multi‐user channels in which lattice strategy and Costa's strategy have the same performance from the capacity region perspective. It is worth noting that our results subsume the previous related works as special cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the multiscale mixed finite‐element method
Authors: Pal Mayur , Lamine Sadok , Lie Knut‐Andreas , Krogstad Stein 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYSubsurface reservoirs generally have a complex description in terms of both geometry and geology. This poses a continuing challenge in modeling and simulation of petroleum reservoirs owing to variations of static and dynamic properties at different length scales. Multiscale methods constitute a promising approach that enables efficient simulation of geological models while retaining a level of detail in heterogeneity that would not be possible via conventional upscaling methods. Multiscale methods developed to solve coupled flow equations for reservoir simulation are based on a hierarchical strategy in which the pressure equation is solved on a coarsened grid and the transport equation is solved on the fine grid, and the two equations are treated as a decoupled system. In particular, the multiscale mixed finite‐element (MsMFE) method attempts to capture subgrid geological heterogeneity directly into the coarse‐scale equations via a set of numerically computed basis functions. These basis functions are able to capture the predominant multiscale information and are coupled through a global formulation to provide good approximation of the subsurface flow solution. In the literature, the general formulation of the MsMFE method for incompressible two‐phase and compressible three‐phase flow has mainly addressed problems with idealized flow physics. In this paper, we first outline a recent formulation that accounts for compressibility, gravity, and spatially dependent rock‐fluid parameters. Then, we validate the method by evaluating its computational efficiency and accuracy on a series of representative benchmark tests that have a high degree of realism with respect to flow physics, heterogeneity in the petrophysical models, and geometry/topology of the corner‐point grids. In particular, the MsMFE method is validated and compared against an industry‐standard fine‐scale solver. The fine‐scale flux, pressure, and saturation fields computed by the multiscale simulation show a noteworthy improvement in resolution and accuracy compared with coarse‐scale models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of a 3D unstructured mesh hydrodynamics code on multi‐core and many‐core architectures
Authors: Waltz J. , Wohlbier J. G. , Risinger L. D. , Canfield T. R. , Charest M. R. J. , Long A. R. , Morgan N. R. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYSeveral next generation high performance computing platforms are or will be based on the so‐called many‐core architectures, which represent a significant departure from commodity multi‐core architectures. A key issue in transitioning large‐scale simulation codes from multi‐core to many‐core systems is closing the serial performance gap, that is, overcoming the large difference in single‐core performance between multi‐core and many‐core systems. In this paper, we discuss how this problem was addressed for a 3D unstructured mesh hydrodynamics code, describe how Amdahl's law can be used to estimate performance targets and guide optimization efforts, and present timing studies performed on multi‐core and many‐core platforms. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Does job insecurity deteriorate health?
Authors: Caroli Eve , Godard Mathilde 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis paper estimates the causal effect of perceived job insecurity – that is, the fear of involuntary job loss – on health in a sample of men from 22 European countries. We rely on an original instrumental variable approach on the basis of the idea that workers perceive greater job security in countries where employment is strongly protected by the law and more so if employed in industries where employment protection legislation is more binding; that is, in induastries with a higher natural rate of dismissals. Using cross‐country data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, we show that, when the potential endogeneity of job insecurity is not accounted for, the latter appears to deteriorate almost all health outcomes. When tackling the endogeneity issue by estimating an instrumental variable model and dealing with potential weak‐instrument issues, the health‐damaging effect of job insecurity is confirmed for a limited subgroup of health outcomes; namely, suffering from headaches or eyestrain and skin problems. As for other health variables, the impact of job insecurity appears to be insignificant at conventional levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed TOPMODEL for modelling impacts of land‐cover change on river flow in upland peatland catchments
Authors: Gao Jihui , Holden Joseph , Kirkby Mike 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is global concern about headwater management and associated impacts on river flow. In many wet temperate zones peatlands can be found covering headwater catchments. In the UK there is major concern about how environmental change, driven by human interventions, has altered the surface cover of headwater blanket peatlands. However, the impact of such land‐cover changes on river flow is poorly understood. In particular, there is poor understanding of the impacts of different spatial configurations of bare peat or well‐vegetated, restored peat on river flow peaks in upland catchments. In this paper, a physically based, distributed and continuous catchment hydrological model was developed to explore such impacts. The original TOPMODEL, with its process representation being suitable for blanket peat catchments, was utilized as a prototype acting as the basis for the new model. The equations were downscaled from the catchment level to the cell level. The runoff produced by each cell is divided into subsurface flow and saturation‐excess overland flow before an overland flow calculation takes place. A new overland flow module with a set of detailed stochastic algorithms representing overland flow routing and re‐infiltration mechanisms was created to simulate saturation‐excess overland flow movement. The new model was tested in the Trout Beck catchment of the North Pennines of England and found to work well in this catchment. The influence of land cover on surface roughness could be explicitly represented in the model and the model was found to be sensitive to land cover. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracer‐based assessment of flow paths, storage and runoff generation in northern catchments: a review
Authors: Tetzlaff Doerthe , Buttle Jim , Carey Sean K. , McGuire Kevin , Laudon Hjalmar , Soulsby Chris 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe examine how tracer studies have enhanced our understanding of flow paths, residence times and sources of stream flow in northern catchments. We define northern catchments as non‐glacial sites in the temperate conifer/boreal/permafrost zone, focussing our review mainly on sites in North America and Europe. Improved empirical and theoretical understanding of hydrological functioning has advanced the analytical tools available for tracer‐based hydrograph separations, derivation of transit time distributions and tracer‐aided rainfall‐runoff models that are better able to link hydrological response to storage changes. However, the lack of comprehensive tracer data sets still hinders development of a generalized understanding of how northern catchments will respond to change. This paucity of empirical data leads to many outstanding research needs, particularly in rapidly changing areas that are already responding to climatic warming and economic development. To continually improve our understanding of hydrological processes in these regions our knowledge needs to be advanced using a range of techniques and approaches. Recent technological developments for improved monitoring, distributed hydrological sensor systems, more economic analysis of large sample numbers in conjunction with novel, tracer‐aided modelling approaches and the use of remote sensing have the potential to help the understanding of the northern hydrological systems as well as inform policy at a time of rapid environmental change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of three‐dimensional porous scaffold based on collagen fiber and bioglass for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Long Teng , Yang Jun , Shi Shan‐Shan , Guo Ya‐Ping , Ke Qin‐Fei , Zhu Zhen‐An 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering should have interconnected porous structure, good biocompatibility, and mechanical properties well‐matched with natural bones. Collagen is the key component in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural bones, and plays an important role in bone regeneration. The biological activity of collagen has promoted it to be an advantageous biomaterial for bone tissue engineering; however, the mechanical properties of these scaffolds are insufficient and the porous structures are not stable in the wet state. An effective strategy to solve this problem is to fabricate a hybrid scaffold of biologically derived and synthetic material, which have the necessary bioactivity and mechanical stability needed for bone synthesis. In this work, a three‐dimensional macroporous bone scaffold based on collagen (CO) fiber and bioglass (BG) is fabricated by a slurry‐dipping technique, and its relevant mechanical and biological properties are evaluated. The CO/BG scaffold is interconnected with a porosity of 81 ± 4.6% and pore size of 40–200 μm. Compared with CO scaffold, water absorption value of CO/BG scaffold decreases greatly from 889% to 52%, which significantly alleviates the swelling behavior of collagen and improves the stability of scaffold structure. The CO/BG scaffold has a compression strength of 5.8 ± 1.6 MPa and an elastic modulus of 0.35 ± 0.01 Gpa, which are well‐matched with the mechanical properties of trabecular bones. In vitro cell assays demonstrate that the CO/BG scaffold has good biocompatibility to facilitate the spreading and proliferation of human bone marrow stromal cells. Hence, the CO/BG scaffold is promising for bone tissue engineering application. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1455–1464, 2015.
The Excess Risk of Major Osteoporotic Fractures in Hypothyroidism Is Driven by Cumulative Hyperthyroid as Opposed to Hypothyroid Time: An Observational Register-Based Time-Resolved Cohort Analysis
Authors: Abrahamsen Bo , Jørgensen Henrik L. , Laulund Anne Sofie , Nybo Mads , Bauer Doug C. , Brix Thomas H. , Hegedüs Laszlo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

The long-term relationship between hypothyroidism and fracture risk is challenging to dissect because of the modifying influence of subsequent thyroxine replacement with the potential for excessive replacement doses. We studied changes in serum thyrotropin concentration (TSH) over time and association with fracture risk in real-world patients presenting with elevated TSH. All TSH determinations were done in the same laboratory, which served all hospitals and general practices. The study population consisted of all adults with a first measurement of TSH &gt;4.0 mIU/L (n = 8414) or normal TSH (n = 222,138; comparator). We used a Cox proportional hazards analysis incorporating additional time-dependent covariates to represent initiation of thyroxine replacement and cumulative number of periods with high versus low TSH after index date with a mean follow-up of 7.2 years. Elevated baseline TSH was not associated with an increased risk of hip fracture (HR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.02) or major osteoporotic fractures (HR 0.97; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.05), nor was subsequent thyroxine prescription predictive of increased risk of fractures. The number of subsequent 6-month periods with low TSH—suggesting excessive thyroxine dosing—was significantly associated with increased risk of both hip fracture (HR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.15) and major osteoporotic fracture (HR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.14). When gender- and age-stratified analyses for major osteoporotic fractures were undertaken, hyperthyroid time was identified as a predictor of fracture risk in postmenopausal women whereas hypothyroid time predicted increased fracture risk in men below age 75 years. In conclusion, among patients who present with an elevated TSH, the long-term risk of hip and other osteoporotic fractures is strongly related to the cumulative duration of periods with low TSH—likely from excessive replacement. An independent effect of elevated TSH could only be observed in young and middle-aged men, suggesting gender-discrepant consequences on risk. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.