bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitions among sex-determination systems
Authors: Beukeboom Leo W. , Perrin Nicolas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTransitions among sex-determination systems and mechanisms are manifold and surprisingly frequent. The ultimate causes for such transitions are classified in three main categories: i) neutral processes, ii) fitness differences between sex phenotypes (stemming e.g. from sexually antagonistic mutations or accumulating mutational load), and iii) sex-ratio selection, arguably the most important evolutionary force triggering transitions. Sex-ratio selection may result from changes in population structure or environmental conditions, or from conflicts between genetic elements. Intergenomic conflicts may arise from differences between parents and offspring over optimal sex allocation, and intragenomic conflicts from differences in inheritance modes. The latter may have led to the control of sex determination by endosymbiotic microbes, and ensuing evolution towards haplodiploidy. Open questions in this area include why turnover rates differ between lineages, whether particular sex-determination systems are more labile and some transitions more likely to occur, and whether particular chromosome pairs are more likely to evolve into sex chromosomes. It is argued that experimental evolution approaches offer a promising way forward.
Individual behaviour: behavioural ecology meets quantitative genetics
Authors: Dingemanse Niels J. , Dochtermann Ned A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Emerging interest on the part of behavioural ecologists into the causes and consequences of individually repeatable behaviour substantially crosses over methodology and theory well developed in the field of quantitative genetics. Unfortunately, how behavioural ecological concepts translate to quantitative genetic parameters has been under-recognized by researchers in both groups. In this chapter, this overlap is discussed, behavioural ecology terms like ‘animal personality’ and ‘behavioural syndrome’ explicitly defined as quantitative genetic parameters, and adaptive explanations for between-individual behavioural variation are also examined. In addition, this chapter talks about what is known about patterns of behavioural heritabilities, additive genetic correlations between behaviours, and how behavioural correlations might constrain evolutionary responses. Finally, this chapter describes ways in which theory and empirical research in behavioural ecology might inform attempts among the broader quantitative genetics community to understand how and why variation is distributed.
Molecular quantitative genetics
Authors: Jensen Henrik , Szulkin Marta , Slate Jon 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Recent development of high-throughput genomics tools has made it possible and affordable to examine the molecular basis of variation in quantitative traits in studies of non-model species in the wild. High-density single nucleotide polymorphism data and genome sequences provide promising methodological advances complementing and strengthening traditional quantitative genetic analyses from long-term pedigrees. This chapter, discusses how high-density genomic data can be used to determine the actual or realised genetic relationship between relatives, which then can be accounted for in further analyses to improve estimates of quantitative genetic parameters, perhaps even without the need to construct a pedigree. Furthermore, this chapter suggests how combining long-term field data with high-density genomic data, to carry out genome-wide association studies or genomic predictions of phenotypes, can provide important insight into the genetic architecture and evolutionary dynamics of fitness-related traits. Empirical results thus far provide good support for the notion that most quantitative genetic traits studied in wild populations have a highly polygenic basis; a key assumption of quantitative genetic analyses. This chapter also discusses how high-density genomic data can be used to identify past signatures of selection in genetic data that can be further compared to loci currently responsible for variation in individual fitness. Finally, this chapter presents some important issues to consider when sampling, storing and preparing DNA for high-throughput genomics analyses. The application of high-throughput genomics tools in quantitative genetic studies of non-model species in the wild shows great promise to increase understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes in natural populations.
Bayesian approaches to the quantitative genetic analysis of natural populations
Authors: Morrissey Michael B. , de Villemereuil Pierre , Doligez Blandine , Gimenez Olivier 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Bayesian statistics provides a flexible set of tools for analysis of empirical data. This chapter focuses primarily on how flexible Bayesian tools, especially Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms, are particularly amenable to statistical inference of quantitative genetic parameters in the wild. First, this chapter takes a practical tour of a simple quantitative genetic analysis—estimation of a heritability—by setting up quantitative genetic models in the BUGS statistical programming language. No prior familiarity with the particular software is necessary, and following these analyses through should go some way to demystifying some aspects of ‘what goes on under the hood’. This chapter then discusses three ways in which the flexibility of Bayesian tools can be used to make quantitative genetic inferences of complex data from natural populations. These examples in no way provide a comprehensive list of ways that Bayesian methods can contribute to wild quantitative genetics, but together serve to outline a range of the benefits afforded.
Evolutionary dynamics in response to climate change
Authors: Gienapp Phillip , Brommer Jon E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Environmental changes lead to new or altered selection pressures and possibly also to changes in expressed genetic (co)variances. Understanding the resulting evolutionary dynamics is important for predicting possible negative impacts of environmental change for populations and species. Consequently, knowledge of how climate change affects selection and the genetic variation in important traits is crucial in this context. However, the molecular genetics of relevant traits potentially affected by climate change are currently not well known and quantitative genetic approaches offer a possibility to gain insight into this. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate how quantitative genetic approaches can be used to address these questions in the wild, for example by estimating phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation in relevant traits and also by disentangling genetic and phenotypic trends with the help of breeding values. This chapter provides an overview of current evidence as well as an outlook on possible future directions.
Future tense vs. future time: An introduction
Authors: Brabanter Philippe De , Kissine Mikhail , Sharifzadeh Saghie 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter lays bare some of the difficulties and intricacies that often remain implicit in the literature on future tense(s). After outlining some foundational issues concerning the definition of ‘tense’ as distinct from ‘aspect’ and ‘modality’, this chapter examines criteria for deciding if a given language has a future tense. More fundamentally, the chapter considers whether there is justification for the very category of ‘future tense’ as part of the linguist’s descriptive repertoire. To achieve these goals, the chapter reviews some of the relevant literature from such fields as traditional linguistics, formal semantics, and the philosophy of language and also assesses to what extent work in cognitive psychology confirms that referring to future time is in essence different from referring to the past. The chapter concludes by explaining why a book such as Future Times, Future Tenses is timely, and by sketching all the contributions to the volume.
Talking about the future: Unsettled truth and assertion
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhilosophers have long been concerned with the issue of whether or not the notions of truth and falsity apply to future contingents, that is, to statements that express future events that have not been determined yet and thus may not happen. There are several frameworks that (arguably) provide a satisfactory account of the truth conditions of future tensed sentences, but there have been few accounts of the assertability conditions for such statements. The question therefore remains: under which conditions should one assert that some event will happen, if the universe is indeterministic and its current state leaves it open whether the event at stake will indeed happen. The chapter first explains the problem that future contingents raise for natural language semantics and introduces four frameworks that rely upon the idea of “branching time”. These frameworks are compared and evaluated in the second section. The final section discusses a puzzle that turns upon the assertability of future-tensed sentences.
The riddle of ‘future tense’ in Polish
Authors: Błaszczak Joanna , Jabłońska Patrycja , Klimek-Jankowska Dorota , Migdalski Krzysztof 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn Polish two types of constructions express future time reference: a ‘simple future’ (SF) and a ‘periphrastic future’ (PF). These two seemingly simple constructions raise four complex questions concerning their syntax, semantics, and diachrony: What is the syntactic structure of future constructions in Polish? Why does Polish have two variants of the periphrastic future (one with an l-participle as a complement of the future auxiliary będzie and another with an infinitive as a complement of będzie)? (More specifically, can the fact that at some point in the history of Polish the two variants developed be attributed to the semantics of these forms, or should it be treated as a diachronic accident?) How is future reference obtained in the Polish future constructions? Assuming that there is the same mechanism for securing future time reference both in SF and PF, what then is the difference between SF and PF?
Consistent Testing of Functional Form in Time Series Models
Authors: Davidson James , Halunga Andreea G. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We develop a consistent procedure for testing the adequacy of parametric time series models. The approach is to extend Herman Bierens’s idea of examining the covariances between regression residuals and an exponential weight function, to check the full range of orthogonalities predicted for the score contributions in quasi-maximum likelihood estimation. Tests of this type, which involve nuisance parameters, are constructed as either "sup"ed or integrated conditional moment tests, and are often implemented using bootstrap methods. However, our emphasis in this study is on practical implementation. We study a two-statistic approach that aims to exploit the available power while keeping computing requirements to a minimum.
Linearity Testing for Trending Data with an Application of the Wild Bootstrap
Authors: Kruse Robinson , Sandberg Rickard 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents new linearity tests in smooth transition logistic time series models allowing for parameter instability. Building on work by Lundbergh and Teräsvirta (2003), Vogelsang (1998), and Harvey and Leybourne (2007), our linearity tests are constructed in such a way that they do not depend on the order of integration of the time series under consideration. As an important practical implication, this means that critical values from standard distributions can be used when testing for linearity, regardless of whether the process is linear I(0) or linear I(1). In fact, for many macroeconomic and financial time series, it is not evident whether a linear I(0) or linear I(1) process a priori should serve as the null hypothesis. Asymptotic properties of the tests are studied and consistency is shown. Monte Carlo simulations shed light on the tests’ empirical performance in finite samples. The tests, as well as its heteroskedasticity-robust wild bootstrap versions, are applied to 43 macroeconomic and financial US time series. Evidence of both nonlinearities and structural changes is found.
Semi-Automatic Nonlinear Model Selection
Authors: Castle Jennifer L. , Hendry David F. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe consider model selection for nonlinear dynamic equations with more candidate variables than observations, based on a general class of nonlinear-in-the-variables functions, addressing possible location shifts by impulse-indicator saturation. After an automatic search delivers a simplified congruent terminal model, an encompassing test can be implemented against an investigator’s preferred nonlinear function. When that is nonlinear in the parameters, such as a threshold model, the overall approach can only be semi-automatic. The method is applied to re-analyze an empirical model of real wages in the UK over 1860–2004, updated and extended to 2005–2011 for forecast evaluation.
Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. , Gajjar Jitesh S. B. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This book, the first of a four-part series on fluid dynamics, consists of four chapters on classical theory suitable for an introductory undergraduate course. Chapter 1 discusses the continuum hypothesis and introduces macroscopic functions. The forces acting inside a fluid are analysed, and the Navier–Stokes equations are derived for incompressible and compressible fluids. Chapter 2 studies the properties of flows represented by exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations, including Couette flow between two parallel plates, Hagen–Poiseuille flow through a pipe, and Kármán flow above an infinite rotating disk. Chapter 3 deals with inviscid incompressible flows, starting with a discussion of integrals of the Euler equations, the Bernoulli integral, and the Cauchy–Lagrange integral. Kelvin’s Circulation Theorem is proved, and used to identify physical situations where a flow can be treated as potential. Attention is principally directed at two-dimensional potential flows. These can be described in terms of a complex potential, allowing the full power of the theory of functions of a complex variable to be used. The method of conformal mapping is introduced and used to study various flows, including flow past Joukovskii aerofoils. Chapter 4 introduces the elements of gasdynamics, describing compressible flows of a perfect gas, including supersonic flows. Particular attention is paid to the theory of characteristics, which is used, for example, to analyse Prandtl–Meyer flow over a body surface bend and a corner. Shock waves are discussed and the chapter concludes with analysis of unsteady flows, including the theory of blast waves.
The Efficacy of Palonosetron Plus Dexamethasone in Preventing Chemoradiotherapy-induced Nausea and Emesis in Patients Receiving Daily Low-dose Cisplatin-based Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Uterine Cervical Cancer
Authors: Mitsuhashi Akira , Usui Hirokazu , Nishikimi Kyoko , Yamamoto Noriko , Hanawa Shinsuke , Tate Shinichi , Watanabe-Nemoto Miho , Uno Takashi , Shozu Makio 
Published: August 2014

Objectives:
The prevention of chemotherapy-induced and radiotherapy-induced emesis is recommended by several guidelines; however, there are no evidence-based recommendations for the use of antiemetics in concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antiemetic therapy comprising palonosetron and dexamethasone during CCRT.

Methods:
This is a nonrandomized, prospective, single-center, open phase II study.
Twenty-six consecutive patients with cervical carcinoma were treated with daily low-dose cisplatin (8 mg/m2/d)-based CCRT (2 Gy/d, 25 fractions, 5 times a week). All patients received 0.75 mg of palonosetron on day 1 of each week and 4 mg of oral dexamethasone daily. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving a complete response, which was defined as no emetic episodes and no antiemetic rescue medication during treatment.

Results:
Planned daily low-dose cisplatin-based CCRT was successful without delay or interruption in 46% (12/26) of the patients. The mean dose of total cisplatin was 184 (range, 136 to 200) mg/m2.
No patient vomited during the treatment period. The complete response rate during CCRT was 100%. A total of 81% patients were completely free from nausea. All patients tolerated the combination of palonosetron and dexamethasone and completed the scheduled regimen. Five patients exhibited grade 1 Cushingoid features that resolved after treatment.

Conclusions:
Antiemetic therapy comprising palonosetron and dexamethasone provided complete protection from nausea and vomiting in patients with cervical cancer receiving daily low-dose cisplatin-based CCRT.
Protein folding and binding can emerge as evolutionary spandrels through structural coupling
Authors: Manhart Michael , Morozov Alexandre V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBinding interactions between proteins and other molecules mediate numerous cellular processes, including metabolism, signaling, and regulation of gene expression. These interactions evolve in response to changes in the protein’s chemical or physical environment (such as the addition of an antibiotic), or when genes duplicate and diverge. Several recent studies have shown the importance of folding stability in constraining protein evolution. Here we investigate how structural coupling between protein folding and binding–the fact that most proteins can only bind their targets when folded–gives rise to evolutionary coupling between the traits of folding stability and binding strength. Using biophysical and evolutionary modeling, we show how these protein traits can emerge as evolutionary “spandrels” even if they do not confer an intrinsic fitness advantage. In particular, proteins can evolve strong binding interactions that have no functional role but merely serve to stabilize the protein if misfolding is deleterious. Furthermore, such proteins may have divergent fates, evolving to bind or not bind their targets depending on random mutation events. These observations may explain the abundance of apparently nonfunctional interactions among proteins observed in high-throughput assays. In contrast, for proteins with both functional binding and deleterious misfolding, evolution may be highly predictable at the level of biophysical traits: adaptive paths are tightly constrained to first gain extra folding stability and then partially lose it as the new binding function is developed. These findings have important consequences for our understanding of fundamental evolutionary principles of both natural and engineered proteins.
Oxidative Stress Contributes to Autophagy Induction in Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Pérez-Martín Marta , Pérez-Pérez María Esther , Lemaire Stéphane D. , Crespo José L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the activation of stress responses, such as the unfolded protein response or the catabolic process of autophagy to ultimately recover cellular homeostasis. ER stress also promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in autophagy regulation. However, it remains unknown whether reactive oxygen species are involved in ER stress-induced autophagy. In this study, we provide evidence connecting redox imbalance caused by ER stress and autophagy activation in the model unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Treatment of C. reinhardtii cells with the ER stressors tunicamycin or dithiothreitol resulted in up-regulation of the expression of genes encoding ER resident endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin1 oxidoreductase and protein disulfide isomerases. ER stress also triggered autophagy in C. reinhardtii based on the protein abundance, lipidation, cellular distribution, and mRNA levels of the autophagy marker ATG8. Moreover, increases in the oxidation of the glutathione pool and the expression of oxidative stress-related genes were detected in tunicamycin-treated cells. Our results revealed that the antioxidant glutathione partially suppressed ER stress-induced autophagy and decreased the toxicity of tunicamycin, suggesting that oxidative stress participates in the control of autophagy in response to ER stress in C. reinhardtii In close agreement, we also found that autophagy activation by tunicamycin was more pronounced in the C. reinhardtii sor1 mutant, which shows increased expression of oxidative stress-related genes.
Bait pricing: evaluating the success of regulatory reform in advertising
Authors: Kupke Valerie , Rossini Peter , Kershaw Paul 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of this legislative reform in the state of South Australia (SA) through an examination of the relationship between listed or advertised price and transaction prices before and after the changes in regulation. Between 2000 and 2008, legislative changes took place throughout Australia to make real-estate transactions more transparent and to deal with misleading conduct by real-estate agents. The practice of “charm” or “bait” pricing was targeted. This denotes the under-quoting of estimated selling prices in real-estate sale advertisements which can be considered deceptive or even fraudulent.Design/methodology/approach– The study area is Adelaide, the state capital of SA and includes analysis of first and last advertised prices and eventual selling price for > 120,000 residential sales transactions over a nine-year period between 2003 and 2011. The analysis to test these hypotheses included, first, a descriptive evaluation of the percentage price difference over time and a spatial breakdown of mean percentage price difference before and after legislation. Second, for each hypothesis, the change was tested by measuring the variance of the percentage change, with significance established through the Levene and Brown–Forsythe tests, rather than by the mean percentage change.Findings– The results, both descriptive and statistical, support the effectiveness of the reform in legislation.Research limitations/implications– The study has application in terms of agents as social gatekeepers and confirms the role of regulation to ensure market values are achieved and consumers not disadvantaged. With friction in the market, imperfect information and the possible behavioural responses of land agents, there may be incomplete market correction of underpricing strategies. This paper confirms the effectiveness of one such market intervention.Social implications– Some half a million dwellings are purchased in Australia every year. Annually, in the state of SA, some 53,000 dwellings are financed to be purchased or built. These levels of purchase reflect national home ownership rates of about 69 per cent, with some 33 per cent of Australians owning their houses outright and a growing number, some 36 per cent, owners with a mortgage. Australian households also move house relatively frequently. In 2008, 43 per cent of Australians reported moving in the previous 5 years, 15 per cent had moved 3 or more times. The most common reasons for moving were twofold, either to buy a house or to buy a bigger house. These levels of purchase, home ownership and mobility underpin the importance and viability of some 10,000 real-estate services businesses in Australia; a sector which, up to 2,000, was largely self-regulated.Originality/value– This paper is one of the first in Australia to effectively quantify the success of legislative reform on residential agency behaviour.