bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borgo San Martino: an early medieval pilgrimage station on the Via Francigena near Sutri
Authors: Matheus Michael 
Published: August 2013

BORGO SAN MARTINO: UNA STAZIONE DI PELLEGRINAGGIO ALTO MEDIEVALE SULLA VIA FRANCIGENA VICINO SUTRIUna ricerca documentaria suggerisce l'esistenza di una stazione di pellegrinaggio alto medievale sulla via Cassia a sud di Sutri, nelle vicinanze del Fontanile di San Martino. Questa parte della via Cassia formava un ramo della via Francigena come riportato nella Vita di Gerald d'Aurillac di Odo di Cluny, e la stazione di pellegrinaggio, Borgo San Martino, rappresentava una delle tappe finali del pellegrinaggio verso Roma. Nel tentativo di localizzare il sito di Borgo San Martino una ricognizione archeologica dell'area è stata effettuata ed ha condotto all'ipotesi che i resti sostanziali di una villa Romana a Prati San Martino possano essere stati utilizzati (vedi articolo di Gilkes, Martin e Matheus in questo volume).
A new date for Agrippa's theatre at Ostia
Authors: Cooley Alison 
Published: August 2013

UNA NUOVA DATA PER IL TEATRO DI AGRIPPA AD OSTIAQuest'articolo riesamina la data di fondazione del teatro di Ostia, e suggerisce che esso possa contribuire a un più generale modello di costruzione dei teatri tipico dell'impero in un periodo particolare del regno di Augusto. Vi è generale consenso sul fatto che il teatro di Ostia sia stato costruito nel periodo augusteo, dietro suggerimento del braccio destro di Augusto, Marco Agrippa, ma è stato talvolta associato con la prima parte del suo regno. La prima parte della discussione sottolinea l'importanza di un frammento epigrafico, che dovrebbe essere aggiunto ai due frammenti pubblicati come CIL XIV 82. Le due lettere del frammento suggeriscono l'ipotesi che la fondazione del teatro appartenga al periodo 18–12 a.C, e forse al 18–17 a.C. Il teatro di Ostia appartiene quindi ad un gruppo di teatri che furono costruiti fra il 25 ed il 15 a.C. e che sono associati con personaggi influenti che avevano legami personali con Augusto.
The Palazzo Odescalchi
Authors: Ashby Thomas 
Published: August 2013

The history of the palace of the Colonna family which stood on the site which was afterwards occupied by the Palazzo Odescalchi is by no means completely known : but the researches which Sig. Francesco Tomassetti has been good enough to make in the Boncompagni Ludovisi archives, with the kind permission of the Prince of Piombino, have thrown a considerable amount of light on it : and I therefore give the results of his investigations; which have brought to light some very interesting facts.We saw that Bufalini's plan of Rome (1551) showed a palace of the Colonna family existing on a part of the site. This palace belonged to Pierfrancesco Colonna, lord of Zagarolo and Colonna, and passed with these estates to his heiress Vittoria, who married Camilla Colonna. The latter died in 1558, and his widow gave it on July 10, 1562, with the rest of her property (Zagarolo and Colonna) to her sons Cardinal Marcantonio and Prospero Colonna and her grandson Marzio, son of Pompeo Colonna, in equal portions, on condition that in case of the death of one, the others should succeed in the order given.
The Paleography of Latin Inscriptions in the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Centuries in Italy
Authors: Gray Nicolette 
Published: August 2013

The inscriptions of Christian, Lombard and Carolingian Italy have been collected and studied continuously almost from the date of their execution until the present day. This accumulation of secondary sources over a period of a thousand years has rendered the complication of the subject extreme.The history of the clarification and scientific arrangement of Christian epigraphy in Italy begins with the work of de Rossi in the second half of the last century. He separated, and was therefore able to co-ordinate, the study of the inscriptions themselves, and the study of the collections of inscriptions. The first collection of Roman inscriptions possibly dates back to the end of the V century, and was of classical material; the collections of Christian inscriptions begin in the VII century.
Poena legis repetundarum
Authors: Sherwin-White A. N. 
Published: August 2013

According to Mommsen the various laws de repetundis, from, the Lex Acilia of the Gracchan period to the Lex Iulia of 59 B.C., never attached any heavier political penalty to the offence than infamia, with consequent exclusion from the Senate, and the exile of those condemned for extortion was solely due to the difficulty of repayment. Mommsen also held that the penalty of twofold restitution introduced by the Lex Acilia was abandoned by the Sullan Lex Cornelia in favour of the simple repayment established by the original Lex Calpurnia of 149 B.C. Only during the Julio-Claudian principate and later were severe penalties in the form of relegatio and exilium inflicted in special circumstances (extra ordinem) by the authority of the senatorial court and not by any remodelling of the Lex Iulia, which continued to inflict only the lesser penalties.This general doctrine has caused considerable uneasiness for three reasons. First, there is an apparent contradiction between Mommsen's view and two statements of Cicero, which assert that the penalties for extortion were increased in severity by successive laws. Second, Cicero constantly speaks in cases of extortion, whether as prosecutor or in defence, as though the caput of the accused were at stake.
Punic Rock-tombs near Pawla, Malta
Authors: Baldacchino J. G. 
Published: August 2013

During the winter of 1948–9, in the course of work undertaken to widen the Tal Liedna and the Ghajn Dwieli Roads, which from Pawla lead to Zabbar and to Cospicua respectively, thirteen rock-cut tombs were discovered (Fig. 1). These operations necessitated the complete clearing away of a layer of field soil, varying in thickness from one to three feet, to expose the surface of the underlying Globigerina Limestone formation. Blasting of the rock was also effected to attain the required level.The discovery of rock-cut tombs in Malta is not of rare occurrence; but in the majority of cases they are found opened and rifled of all the material originally contained in them. The particular interest attached to the burials under consideration is that, when found, almost all of them were still intact and in a comparatively good state of preservation.
The Lampas Painter
Authors: Cambitoglou Alexander 
Published: August 2013

The artist I call the Lampas painter painted the torch-race on the mug in the Karlsruhe Museum that Blümel reproduced on plate 134 of his book Sport der Hellenen. Though I have found it difficult to place the style of the Lampas painter within the whole production of Apulian vases with certainty, I have no doubt that it is Apulian.Sir John Beazley first pointed out to me that the style of the mug in Karlsruhe was identical with that of the mug Oxford 1934.17. Later I came across two more vases, which, I thought, should go with those in Karlsruhe and Oxford. One was in Truro, the other in Reading. I compared photographs of them with Blümel's reproduction of the Karlsruhe vase and photographs of the Oxford vase, and came to the conclusion that they were all painted by the same hand.This is a short description of the subjects represented on the four vases by the Lampas painter known to me:1. Mug (oinochoe shape VIII B). Karlsruhe Museum. Pl. V, 1, after Blümel, Sport der Hellenen, 115, pl. 1 34. Three naked youths in torch-race. On either side of the first racer a post. Height 125 mm.
Arae Philaenorum and Automalax
Authors: Goodchild R. G. 
Published: August 2013

From antiquity down to the present century the shores of the Greater Syrtis (the modern Gulf of Sidra) have had the ill fame of constituting the most desolate and inhospitable part of the Mediterranean seaboard. Absence of landmarks, scarcity of water, and abundance of venomous serpents are all attested by the ancient writers, who spared no pains to paint as terrifying a picture as possible of this unhappy region. The child-devouring Lamia did well to select as her residence a cave in this very area, somewhere not far west of Automalax.Yet where horror is greatest there will heroism shine the most brightly, and we may recall that the Syrtic Gulf was the scene not only of the epic marches of Ophellas and of the younger Cato, but also of the supreme sacrifice of the Philaeni brothers, who gave their lives to secure for Carthage a favourable eastern frontier against the rival claims of Cyrene, and whose tombs later served to mark the political and cultural boundary between the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire.
Per lo studio della scrittura minuscola nell' Italia meridionale
Authors: Mazzoleni Iole 
Published: August 2013

Quando si esamina il quadro grafico della scrittura nell' Italia Meridionale dall' VIII al XII secolo e anche agli inizi del sec. XIII, si accetta di considerare l'ampiezza di espansione nel tempo e nello spazio della scrittura beneventana come determinante al punto da trascurare quelle forme diverse esistenti nel periodo della sua fioritura ma non riconosciute mai con una autonomia di scritture vere e proprie a sé stanti.Così un tipo precarolino indipendente di carattere semionciale corsivo affiora nel periodo formativo di transizione, ma non arriva ad offrire o almeno a lasciare una tradizione grafica fissa ed importante. Il prepotente affermarsi del carattere beneventano distoglie spesso l'occhio dello studioso a cui invece l'indagine archivistica e la revisione locale da farsi per paese in tutte le regioni dell' Italia Meridionale porterebbe alla concretizzazione dell' ipotesi, che l'indagine approfondita può trasformare in certezza, dell' esistenza cioè nelle regioni meridionali, con uno sviluppo ritardato, ma con gli stessi caratteri, della scrittura minuscola rotonda del centro e del nord.Si vuol proprio accennare nelle presenti note che questa scrittura, con caratteri e tipi calligrafici ben definiti, fa supporre l'esistenza di scuole o di scribi singoli conoscitori di una forma grafica che si infiltra e produce al momento non solo del trapasso della beneventana nella gotica, ma anche contemporanea in alcuni centri a dimostrazione della fisonomia particolare che la forma scrittoria può assumere localmente di fronte al tipo dominante.
The beginnings of manuscript illumination in Norman Sicily
Authors: Buchthal Hugo 
Published: August 2013

When Maio of Bari was assassinated at Palermo on 10 November 1160, a remarkable career was brought to a premature end. Maio, a commoner and a layman, had risen in the Sicilian curia to the rank of chancellor of the Norman kingdom under Roger II; William I had created him Grand Admiral immediately upon acceding to the throne in 1154. William lacked the political acumen of his father, and left the administration of Sicily entirely in his minister's hands. Maio asserted the prerogative of the crown against the feudal nobility and the large towns, and successfully intervened in the affairs of the Italian peninsula at a time when the struggle between emperor and pope was at its height. His strong, harsh policy provoked inevitably the implacable hatred of the Sicilian barons, who resented his tyranny and envied his power. They accused him of boundless personal ambition, even of sinister designs on the throne, and in the end organised the plot which led to his murder.The story of his lowly birth, his immorality and wanton cruelty, reported with relish by the chronicler Hugo Falcandus, has been discredited by modern scholarship. Falcandus favoured the claims of the nobility, and did his best to blacken the reputation both of King William and of the all-powerful minister who executed the king's policy. Even Maio's enemies had to recognise his brilliant gifts. He was the son of a protoiudex of Bari, an eminently capable administrator, and a man of education. He was friendly with some of the leading scholars of the day: it was at Maio's suggestion that Henricus Aristippus translated Diogenes Laertius, and it was to Maio that Cardinal Laborans dedicated one of his legal treatises. Maio was even capable of writing a commentary on the Lord's Prayer, dedicated to his son Stephen, composed in correct and fluent Latin and showing a commendable familiarity with patristic and scholastic literature.
A Roman Pottery near Sutri
Authors: Duncan G. C. 
Published: August 2013

In 1957 an archaeological field-survey revealed the presence of a Roman pottery near Sutri. It lay 1·8 km. to the north of the town on an isolated ridge of clay, about 800 m. east of the modern Sutri-Ronciglione road at point 713823 of the 1: 25,000 map of the Istituto Geografico Militare (Sheet ‘Ronciglione’) (fig. 1).In August 1959, with the kind permission of the Soprintendenza alle Antichitá for Southern Etruria and with the help of half-a-dozen friends, to whom go my warm thanks, the site was partly excavated. The main object of the excavation was to recover, if possible, a closely dated pottery series which might be of use to other archaeologists excavating in central Italy. In this, despite the shallow depth of soil and effects of recent ploughing, the excavation was successful. A kiln was unearthed, a comprehensive range of the pottery's wares was recovered, and the main period of production was securely dated to the third quarter of the first century A.D.
Control-Marks and the Organization of the Roman Republican Mint
Authors: Crawford M. H. 
Published: August 2013

Rome under the Republic, from its beginnings as a small barbarian community, gradually took over the Greek world. It then transformed itself and its subjects into an Empire of remarkable stability and continuity of institutions. Similarly, the Roman Republican coinage, modelled originally on that of the Greek citystates of S. Italy, became under Augustus the coinage of the Empire. It would be interesting to know to what extent, if at all, the Republican mint anticipated or foreshadowed the ultimately very sophisticated organisation of the Imperial mint and its systematic use of control-marks forming part of the coin-type.Certainly for the Republic the problems caused by the need to produce an enormous bulk of coinage already existed and a number of issues display series of marks which can be regarded as controls. For instance, the issue of L. Iulius Bursio displays such marks and alone used nearly as many obverse dies as the entire Athenian New Style silver coinage. It would be surprising if the process of striking was not in some way systematised and controlled by the marks, as it was in the case of the Athenian coinage.
Pompilio Totti: Publisher, Engraver, Roman Antiquary
Authors: Rhodes Dennis E. 
Published: August 2013

The traveller who leaves Spoleto in a north-easterly direction by the Norcia road soon comes to the village of Cerreto di Spoleto, most renowned as the birthplace of the famous humanist Giovanni Gioviano Pontano in 1429, but also the home of the Totti family for several centuries. The earliest member known to us by name is one Totto Totti, married to a lady named Isolda, whom Pontano addresses in one of his Tumulorum epigrammata, Book II, which was written about 1490 or 1500.Pompilio Totti was born at Cerreto, presumably about 1590, and is in his books always proud to proclaim himself a native of ‘Cerreto nell'Umbria,’ as is also his kinsman Sebastiano. As an Umbrian, Pompilio is given a brief entry in the earliest published Umbrian bibliography, as follows:‘Pompilius Tottus Ceretanus edidit Ristretto delle grandezze di Roma. Rome an. 1637. apud Vitalem Mascardum, & alia.’The exact date of his arrival in Rome is unknown, but he makes his first appearance in print in 1622, or possibly 1623, when he writes the preface for an edition of the manual on the nature and care of horses originally written by Agostino Colombre, a native of San Severo, whose book had been first printed in Venice as early as 1536.
A Foreign Motif in Etruscan Jewellery
Authors: Culican William 
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this paper is to document and discuss some less well known pieces of Etruscan jewellery decorated in the granulated style of the Orientalising period, with special reference to a curious motif occurring on jewels from Praeneste and elsewhere. Although the origin of the motif remains obscure it is almost certainly foreign and is very likely of Phoenician origin. Study of it appears to indicate the impact on Etruscan art of a very highly specialised iconography of which a single Oriental specimen survives.The motif is found in its simplest—and probably most degenerate—form on pendants embossed with female daemon heads, ending below in a rounded striated boss which resembles a fan-palmette or scallop shell attached below the woman's face. Praeneste jewellery is particularly rich in these. The necklace 1449 of Marshall's Catalogue (Marshall, 1911) has nine stumpy pendants in this form, each consisting of two embossed plaques soldered back to back. The curling side-locks of the fat-faced women are clearly seen. This necklace comes from Praeneste as does necklace 1453 of Marshall's Catalogue (at present mounted with a glass face bead of Phoenician type) where the details of the ‘palmette’ have been picked out in fine granules. Hathoric curled locks are clearly shown on either side of the head, and a ribbed collar separates the head from the shell-like ornament below.
Ancient Roads between Venosa and Gravina
Authors: Vinson Peter 
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the results of a topographic survey carried out between Gravina and Venosa during 1968–70, under the direction of the British School at Rome (Fig. 1). The purposes of the survey were manifold. In the first place, we wanted to determine whether this area in south-east Italy was rich enough archaeologically to justify a more intensive programme of exploration and excavation. This proved to be the case.As a focal point for the initial exploration, we wanted also to trace the route of the Via Appia between Venosa and Gravina. Venosa was Venusia, an important town on the Via Appia, and it seemed very probable that Gravina was Silvium (see Botromagno (1966), 133, 135 and later, p. 86f.), located some 35 Roman miles to the east according to the Peutinger Table. Finally, we wanted to gain as much archaeological information as possible about the area in the course of the search for the ancient road.The interpretation of the results of the survey can only be very tentative at this stage. Quite apart from the fact that the area has by no means been completely explored, facilities and leisure have been lacking for thorough research on the finds. These range from the Neolithic to late Roman Imperial, and I am by no means an expert in all of these periods.
The Via Gabina
Authors: Ward-Perkins John , Kahane Anne 
Published: August 2013

The road which is the subject of this article was first drawn to our attention in the winter of 1963–64 by Professor Dinu Adamesteanu, then Director of the Aerofototeca del Ministero. The area concerned, between the Via Prenestina and the Via Casilina, was already threatened with the development which has since overwhelmed large tracts of the periphery, and in the spring and summer of 1964 we made a number of field trips to record what could then be seen of the road itself and of the sites immediately adjoining it. Shortly afterwards, on learning that the topographical record of this whole area had been placed in the capable hands of Dr. Lorenzo Quilici, the results of whose work will shortly appear in a volume of the Forma Italiae, we turned our attention elsewhere. (Plate XVIII; Fig. 1.)Since then indiscriminate building has in fact engulfed large stretches of the Via Prenestina; the banks of the Fosso di Pratolungo (Fosso di Ponte di Nona) have been savagely quarried for tufa, and the Ponte di Nona, the finest Roman bridge of the whole Campagna, has become the epicentre of a vast municipal garbage dump.
The Ancient Roads of Southeastern Lucania
Authors: Buck R.J. 
Published: August 2013

The area under study comprises the southeastern section of Lucania bounded on the north by the high land separating the Bradano and Basento valleys, on the south by the Agri River, on the west approximately by a line from Vaglio to Grumento and on the east by a line from Tursi to Miglionico. This paper forms a part of a general survey of the ancient routes of Lucania and Apulia.The literary sources offer in the area under consideration very limited assistance in ascertaining the location of any routes, but they may shed some light on the date and distribution of some settlements and their road networks. The main tools are air photography and autopsy.The extremely rugged terrain imposes stringent limits on possible locations of the ancient roads, so that many are fairly easy to follow. Erosion, however, has been extensive, and in some areas the precise line of an ancient road is impossible to recover.
A Calendar of the Diplomas of the Norman Princes of Capua
Authors: Loud G. A. 
Published: August 2013

UNA LISTA DI DIPLOMI DEI PRINCIPI NORMANNI DI CAPUAL'articolo si divide in due parti. La prima contiene una cronologia delle pergamene tuttora esistenti dei principi normanni di Capua e della loro cerchia famigliare più stretta. La seconda tratta della cancelleria dei principi, della preservazione e trasmissione dei loro documenti, e del tipo di patrocinio rivelato da questi documenti. La cancelleria non fu mai molto attiva, ed in tempi normali non prevedeva la presenza di più di un notaio. Ciononostante i documenti ivi compilati e soprawissuti costituiscono una fonte storica di primaria importanza, indebitamente trascurata dagli studiosi moderni. Poichè non tutti questi documenti sono stati pubblicati, questo calendario rappresenta un'iniziativa di prima necessità, tanto più che le poche pubblicazioni esistenti sono molto disperse e difficili da rintracciare.
Un Decor Architectonique du IIe Siecle en Afrique Proconsulaire (Tunisie): Les Vestiges du Capitole de Numlulis: A La Memoire Du Professeur J. B. Ward-Perkins
Authors: Ferchiou Naidè 
Published: August 2013

UNA DECORAZIONE ARCHITETTONICA DEL II SECOLO NELL'AFRICA PROCONSOLARE (TUNISIA): LE VESTIGIA DEL CAMPIDOGLIO DI NUMLULISIl campidoglio di Numlulis fu costruito nel 170 d.C. in una localitá che era, da un punto di vista amministrativo, un pagus dipendente da Cartagine. Lo studio della decorazione (basi, fusti, soffitti ornati di volute e di un fregio di armi, architravi, cornici) permette di fare paragoni con la vicina cittá di Thugga, che é anch'essa un pagus di Cartagine, e con altre regioni della provincia. Si tratta dunque di un aspetto particolare di una ricerca piú generale sui laboratori della Africa Proconsolare e sulla loro ubicazione.
The ‘Cella Solearis’ of the Baths of Caracalla: A Reappraisal
Authors: DeLaine Janet 
Published: August 2013

LA ‘CELLA SOLEARIS’ DELLE TERME DI CARACALLA: UNA NUOVA VALUTAZIONE‘Tra le sue opere a Roma, egli ha lasciato le magnifiche terme che portano il suo nome, la cella solearis che gli architetti dicono non possa essere imitata quanto a costruzione. Perchè si dice che graticci di bronzo o di rame erano posti sopra (sotto), ai quali è affidata tutta la volta e tanto grande è la campata che esperti ingegneri dicono che non poteva essere fatto. SHA, Vita Ant. Cara., IX, 4–5. Questo articolo dà una nuova valutazione delle teorie esistenti sul significato di questo brano controverso, e propone una nuova soluzione del problema. Prima di tutto la cella solearis viene identificata con il caldarium sulla base della testimonianza di iscrizioni che fanno riferimento a una cella soliaris. In secondo luogo viene presentata la testimonianza sull'uso di barre di metallo nella volta di calcestruzzo del caldarium, altrimenti normale, e viene suggerito che queste possono avere sostenuto un soffitto con graticcio di bronzo. Infine il brano stesso viene preso nuovamente in considerazione e viene suggerita un'altra traduzione della parte critica che può conciliarsi con la nuova interpretazione strutturale della cella solearis.