bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finitely generated free Heyting algebras: the well-founded initial segment
Authors: Elageili R. , Truss J. K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper we describe the well-founded initial segment of the free Heyting algebra α on finitely many, α, generators. We give a complete classification of initial sublattices of 2 isomorphic to 1 (called ‘low ladders’), and prove that for 2 ≤ α < ω, the height of the well-founded initial segment of α is ω2.
The Relation among Voice Value, Policy Outcomes, and Intensity of Support on Fairness Assessments of Tax Legislation
Authors: Hogan Brian , Maroney James J. , Rupert Timothy J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT:
We conduct a quasi-experiment to determine whether the value placed on a taxpayer's opinion by an elected representative (valued or not valued) has an impact on the taxpayer's procedural and outcome fairness perceptions. We also examine how the taxpayer's intensity of support for the tax legislation interacts with both the value the elected representative placed on the taxpayer's voiced opinion and whether the taxpayer's preferred policy outcome is ultimately passed in a representative democracy. We recruited 92 participants from graduate accounting classes and assigned them to four experimental groups based on whether the elected officials valued their opinion, and whether their desired legislation was passed. As predicted, perceptions of fairness are more positively associated with receiving a desired outcome as intensity of support for an issue increases. Further, we find that taxpayers who do not have a strong intensity of support for a particular legislative position react favorably to having their voice valued by legislators. However, for those taxpayers who feel most passionate about a legislative issue, having their voice valued may provide limited benefits, if any at all.
Data Availability: Data are available from the authors on request.
microRNAs: fine tuning of erythropoiesis
Authors: Listowski Marcin , Heger Elżbieta , Bogusławska Dżamila , Machnicka Beata , Kuliczkowski Kazimierz , Leluk Jacek , Sikorski Aleksander 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCell proliferation and differentiation is a complex process involving many cellular mechanisms. One of the best-studied phenomena in cell differentiation is erythrocyte development during hematopoiesis in vertebrates. In recent years, a new class of small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as important regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Thousands of miRNAs have been identified in various organisms, including protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses, proving that the regulatory miRNA pathway is conserved in evolution. There are many examples of miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and in cancer genesis. Many of the collected data clearly show the dependence of the proteome of a cell on the qualitative and quantitative composition of endogenous miRNAs. Numerous specific miRNAs are present in the hematopoietic erythroid line. This review attempts to summarize the state of knowledge on the role of miRNAs in the regulation of different stages of erythropoiesis. Original experimental data and results obtained with bioinformatics tools were combined to elucidate the currently known regulatory network of miRNAs that guide the process of differentiation of red blood cells.
Validation of the surgical Apgar score in a neurosurgical patient population
Authors: Ziewacz John E. , Davis Matthew C. , Lau Darryl , El-Sayed Abdulrahman M. , Regenbogen Scott E. , Sullivan Stephen E. , Mashour George A. 
Published: November 2012

Object
The surgical Apgar score (SAS) reliably predicts postoperative death and complications and has been validated in a large cohort of general and vascular surgery patients. However, there has been limited study of the utility of the score in the neurosurgical population. The authors tested the hypothesis that the SAS would predict postoperative complications and length of stay after neurosurgical procedures.

Methods
A cohort of 918 intracranial and spine surgery patients treated over a 3-year period were retrospectively evaluated. The 10-point SAS was calculated and postoperative 30-day mortality and complications rates, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and hospital stay were assessed by 2 independent raters. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

Results
There were 145 patients (15.8%) with at least 1 complication and 24 patients (2.6%) who died within 30 days of surgery. Surgical Apgar scores were significantly associated with the likelihood of postoperative complications (p < 0.001) and death (p = 0.002); scores varied inversely with postoperative complication and mortality risk in a multivariate analysis. Low SASs also predicted prolonged ICU and hospital stay. Patients with scores of 0–2 stayed a mean of 18.9 days (p < 0.001) and patients with scores of 3–4 stayed an average of 14.3 days (p < 0.001) compared with 4.1 days in patients with scores of 9–10.

Conclusions
The application of the surgical Apgar score to a neurosurgical cohort predicted 30-day postoperative mortality and complication rates as well as extended ICU and hospital stay. This readily calculated score may help neurosurgical teams efficiently direct postoperative care to those at highest risk of death and complications.
Failed awake craniotomy: a retrospective analysis in 424 patients undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor
Authors: Nossek Erez , Matot Idit , Shahar Tal , Barzilai Ori , Rapoport Yoni , Gonen Tal , Sela Gal , Korn Akiva , Hayat Daniel , Ram Zvi 
Published: November 2012

Object
Awake craniotomy for removal of intraaxial tumors within or adjacent to eloquent brain regions is a well-established procedure. However, awake craniotomy failures have not been well characterized. In the present study, the authors aimed to analyze and assess the incidence and causes for failed awake craniotomy.

Methods
The database of awake craniotomies performed at Tel Aviv Medical Center between 2003 and 2010 was reviewed. Awake craniotomy was considered a failure if conversion to general anesthesia was required, or if adequate mapping or monitoring could not have been achieved.

Results
Of 488 patients undergoing awake craniotomy, 424 were identified as having complete medical, operative, and anesthesiology records. The awake craniotomies performed in 27 (6.4%) of these 424 patients were considered failures. The main causes of failure were lack of intraoperative communication with the patient (n = 18 [4.2%]) and/or intraoperative seizures (n = 9 [2.1%]). Preoperative mixed dysphasia (p < 0.001) and treatment with phenytoin (p = 0.0019) were related to failure due to lack of communication. History of seizures (p = 0.03) and treatment with multiple antiepileptic drugs (p = 0.0012) were found to be related to failure due to intraoperative seizures. Compared with the successful awake craniotomy group, a significantly lower rate of gross-total resection was achieved (83% vs 54%, p = 0.008), there was a higher incidence of short-term speech deterioration postoperatively (6.1% vs 23.5%, p = 0.0017) as well as at 3 months postoperatively (2.3% vs 15.4%, p = 0.0002), and the hospitalization period was longer (4.9 ± 6.2 days vs 8.0 ± 10.1 days, p < 0.001). Significantly more major complications occurred in the failure group (4 [14.8%] of 27) than in the successful group (16 [4%] of 397) (p = 0.037).

Conclusions
Failures of awake craniotomy were associated with a lower incidence of gross-total resection and increased postoperative morbidity. The majority of awake craniotomy failures were preventable by adequate patient selection and avoiding side effects of drugs administered during surgery.
The assessment of bulging fontanel and splitting of sutures in premature infants: an interrater reliability study by the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network
Authors: Wellons John C. , Holubkov Richard , Browd Samuel R. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Whitehead William , Kestle John , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , _ _ 
Published: November 2012

Object
Previous studies from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) have shown a great degree of variation in surgical decision making for infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, such as when to temporize, when to shunt, or when to convert. Since much of this clinical decision making is dictated by clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure (including bulging fontanel and splitting of sutures), the authors investigated whether there was variability in how these signs were being assessed by neurosurgeons. They wanted to answer the following question: is there acceptable interrater reliability in the neurosurgical assessment of bulging fontanel and split sutures?

Methods
Explicit written definitions of “bulging fontanel” and “split sutures” were agreed upon with consensus across the HCRN. At 5 HCRN centers, pairs of neurosurgeons independently assessed premature infants in the first 3 months of life for the presence of a split suture and/or bulging fontanel, according to the a priori definitions. Interrater reliability was then calculated between pairs of observers using the Cohen simple kappa coefficient. Institutional board review approval was obtained at each center and at the University of Utah Data Coordinating Center.

Results
A total of 38 infants were assessed by 13 different raters (10 faculty, 2 fellows, and 1 resident). The kappa for bulging fontanel was 0.65 (95% CI 0.41–0.90), and the kappa for split sutures was 0.84 (95% CI 0.66–1.0). No complications from the study were encountered.

Conclusions
The authors have found a high degree of interrater reliability among neurosurgeons in their assessment of bulging fontanel and split sutures. While decision making may vary, the clinical assessment of this cohort appears to be consistent among these physicians, which is crucial for prospective studies moving forward.
Screening, isolation and purification of antibacterial agents from marine actinomycetes
Authors: Attimarad Sunil Laxman , Ediga Gaviraj N , Karigar Asif Abdulrahiman , Karadi Ravindra , Chandrashekhar Nagesh , Shivanna Chandrashekara 
Published: November 2012

As marine environmental conditions are extremely different from terrestrial ones, it is surmised that marine actinomycetes might produce novel bioactive compounds. Hence marine sediments, collected from the coastal areas of Gokharna and Muradeshwara of Karnataka state, were screened Seventeen isolates were obtained on starch-casein agar media by soil dilution technique. However, only six isolates namely ACT-A2, ACT-A3, ACT-A4, ACT-A5, ACT-A7 and ACT-A15 showed significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Morphological, cultural and biochemical characterization indicated that the isolates belong to Streptomyces genus of Actinomycetes. Further studies were carried out with the most active ACT-A2. Optimization of media, temperature and pH by shake flask fermentation indicated starch-casein, 28°C and 7 to be suitable for ACT-A2. The production of antibiotics began after 24 h, reached maximum at 72 h and maintained at the same level up to 120 h. Ethyl acetate was used to extract antibacterial compounds from the culture filtrate. TLC was done on silica gel using ethyl acetate: methanol (6:4) and direct bioautography has shown the presence of two active substance, one with Rf 0.8 has more activity than the other with Rf 0.4. Further purification is done by column chromatography using a mixture of dicholoromethane and ethyl acetate. The findings from this investigation reveal that the strain ACT-A2 in order exhibited superior antimicrobial activities to other sediment isolates of actinomycetes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i12.12448 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(12): 394-402
RP-HPLC analysis for the simultaneous estimation of rabeprazole sodium and aceclofenac in a combined dosage form
Authors: Khokra Sukhbir Lal , Choudhary Balram , Mehta Heena 
Published: November 2012

A rapid, simple and highly sensitive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitative determination of Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac in a combined dosage form. Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac were chromatographed using C-18 column as stationary phase and methanol: acetonitrile: water (60 : 10 : 30 v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at ambient temperature and detected at 280 nm. The retention time (RT) of Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac were found to be 5.611 min and 2.102 minute, respectively. The linearities of Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac were in the range of 1-10 µg/ml and 3-15 µg/ml, respectively. The limit of detection was found to be 0.091 µg/ml for Rabeprazole sodium and 0.043 µg/ml for Aceclofenac. The proposed method was applied for the determination of Rabeprazole sodium and Aceclofenac in a combined dosage form and result was found satisfactory.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i12.12450 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(12): 410-413
Study of acid-base indicator property of flowers of Ipomoea biloba
Authors: Abbas Sajin Kattuvilakam 
Published: November 2012

Indicators help to determine the equivalence point in acid  base titrations (neutralization titrations). They show sharp color change with respect to change in pH. Commonly used indicators for neutralization titrations are synthetic in nature. They are found to posses hazardous effects in human body. The highly colored pigments obtained from plants are found to exhibit color changes with variation of pH. A study has been done to investigate the indicator activity of aqueous extract of flower pigments and compared with that of already existing synthetic indicators. Pigments were extracted using hot water and a definite volume was added which gave accurate and reliable results for all the four different types of neutralization titrations - strong acid against strong base, strong acid against a weak base, weak acid against strong base and weak acid against weak base. The work proved to be acceptable in introducing flower pigments as a substitute to the synthetic acid-base indicators.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i12.12452 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(12): 420-422
Enhancing dissolution profile of diazepam using hydrophilic polymers by solid dispersion technique
Authors: Howlader Md. Sariful Islam , Chakrabarty Jayanta Kishor , Faisal Khandokar Sadique , Kumar Uttom , Sarkar Md. Raihan , Khan Mohammad Firuz 
Published: November 2012

The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug by a solid dispersion technique, in order to investigate the effect of these polymers on release mechanism from solid dispersions. Diazepam was used as a model drug to evaluate its release characteristics from different matrices. Solid dispersions were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000), HPMC, HPC and Poloxamer in different drug-to-carrier ratios (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10). The solid dispersions were prepared by solvent method. The pure drug and solid dispersions were characterized by in vitro dissolution study. Distilled water was used as dissolution media, 1000 ml of distilled water was used as dissolution medium in each dissolution basket at a temperature of 37°C and a paddle speed of 100 rpm. The very slow dissolution rate was observed for pure Diazepam and the dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to improved wettability and dispersibility, as well as decrease of the crystalline and increase of the amorphous fraction of the drug. SEM (Scanning Electron microscope) studies shows that the solid dispersion having a uniform dispersion. Solid dispersions prepared with PEG-6000, Poloxamer showed the highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of Diazepam. Solid dispersion containing polymer prepared with solvent method showed significant improvement in the release profile as compared to pure drug, Diazepam.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i12.12453 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(12): 423-430
Rutin- potent natural thrombolytic agent
Authors: Dar Mohammad Arif , Tabassum Nahida 
Published: November 2012

Thrombosis, the formation of blood clots, is a cause not only of heart attacks and strokes, but of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism as well. The number one killer of Americans is a blood clot that blocks blood flow to the heart or to the brain and approximately half of all morbidity and mortality in the United States can be attributed to heart attack or stroke. All the blood clot related conditions are life-threatening, and so there is a need for safe, effective and preventive treatment. A natural substance rutin, also called rutoside, is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat), the leaves and petioles of Rheum species, and Asparagus. This flavonoid compound has shown effective thrombolytic activity (prevents the formation of blood clots) by blocking the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) found in all cells involved in blood clotting. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established that rutin is safe and, thus provides a safe and inexpensive drug that could reduce recurrent clots and help save thousands of lives.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i12.12454 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(12): 431-435
Evolution of morphological traits in Verbenaceae
Authors: O'Leary Nataly , Calviño Carolina Isabel , Martínez Susana , Lu‐Irving Pat , Olmstead Richard G. , Múlgura Maria Ema 
Published: November 2012

• Premise of the study: A new infrafamilial circumscription of the Verbenaceae with eight tribes: Casselieae, Citharexyleae, Duranteae, Lantaneae, Neospartoneae, Petreeae, Priveae, and Verbeneae, has been recently proposed, on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies. Two genera, Dipyrena and Rhaphithamnus, remain unplaced. The aim of this work is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of morphological characters traditionally employed in the classification of the Verbenaceae, with special attention to tribes Verbeneae and Lantaneae.• Methods: Twenty‐one characters, related to habit and vegetative morphology, inflorescence and floral morphology, ovary and fruit morphology, as well as chromosome number, were optimized over a molecular phylogeny of Verbenaceae.• Key Results: All tribes are supported by at least one morphological trait except tribes Duranteae and Citharexyleae. Suffrutescent habit, sessile flowers, and four cluses are synapomorphies for tribe Verbeneae. Gynoecium with short style and entire stigma are synapomorphic traits for tribe Lantaneae. Sessile flowers and unicarpellate ovaries are morphological synapomorphies for the new tribe Neospartoneae. Suffrutescent habit is a synapomorphic trait for tribe Priveae. Homothetic pleiobotrya and absence of the adaxial staminode are synapomorphic traits for tribe Casselieae. Undivided fleshy fruits are probably a synapomorphic trait for tribe Petreeae. Putative plesiomorphies for the ancestor of the Verbenaceae are discussed as well as synapomorphic traits within other Verbenaceae clades.• Conclusions: Many of the characters traditionally employed in classification have proven to be very homoplastic, or have been shown not to support relationships within the family. Moreover, traditional assumptions concerning character polarity have in some cases been shown to be incorrect.
Association between the geographic distribution during the last glacial maximum of Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon (Poaceae), and its current genetic variation
Authors: Huang Pu , Schaal Barbara A. 
Published: November 2012

• Premise of the study: The combination of traditional population genetic studies and species distribution modeling (SDM) provides many new insights in detecting phylogeographic signals. In Asian wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), the progenitor of cultivated Asian rice, geographical subdivision has been documented in many genetic studies although the root cause of this subdivision remains unknown. Surprisingly, environmental factors associated with the spatial and temporal distribution of O. rufipogon have rarely been examined. The aim of this study is to understand the historical distribution of O. rufipogon and its relationship to the current geographical pattern of genetic variation.• Methods: We used SDM to examine the present, past, and future distribution of O. rufipogon. The estimated distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum was then compared with genetic data from our previous work.• Key results: The predicted paleodistribution of O. rufipogon at the Last Glacial Maximum was separated into disconnected east and west ranges. This past distribution is consistent with the current geographic pattern of genetic variation, with two genetic groups that intergrade. Annual precipitation is the single factor that contributes most to SDM estimates. SDM predictions for 2080 indicate a general trend of increasing probability of presence and range expansion.• Conclusions: (1) The historically disjunct distribution potentially contributes to the current genetic subdivision of O. rufipogon. (2) Water availability is an important factor that limits the distribution of O. rufipogon. (3) Global warming is a lesser threat than other human‐mediated factors to the conservation of this endangered species.
Zamia(Cycadales: Zamiaceae) on Puerto Rico: Asymmetric genetic differentiation and the hypothesis of multiple introductions
Authors: Meerow Alan W. , Francisco‐Ortega Javier , Calonje Michael , Griffith M. Patrick , Ayala‐Silva Tomás , Stevenson Dennis W. , Nakamura Kyoko 
Published: November 2012

•Premise of the Study:This study ofZamiain Puerto Rico is the most intensive population genetics investigation of a cycad to date in terms of number of markers, and one of few microsatellite DNA studies of plants from the highly critical Caribbean biodiversity hotspot. Three distinctiveZamiataxa occur on the island:Z. erosaon the north coast, andZ. portoricensisandZ. pumila, both in the south. Their relationships are largely unknown. We tested three hypotheses about their genetic diversity, including the possibility of multiple introductions.•Methods:We used 31 microsatellite loci across 10 populations and analyzed the data with AMOVA, Bayesian clustering, and ABC coalescent modeling.•Key Results:Puerto Rican zamias exhibit an amalgam of patterns of genetic differentiation that have been reported for cycads. Overall, the taxa are slightly inbred, with high infra‐populational variation and little evidence of recent bottlenecks.Zamia erosaexhibits a more than threefold greater degree of population differentiation than the other two taxa. Admixture is evident only betweenZ. portoricensisandZ. pumila.Zamia portoricensisis inferred to be the youngest taxon on the island, on the basis of estimates of coalescence time and effective population size. A selective sweep may be underway in a small population ofZ. erosain a saline environment.•Conclusions: Zamia erosamay represent an independent introduction into Puerto Rico;Z. portoricensisandZ. pumilafit a scenario of allopatric speciation. This will be explored further in the context of genetic analysis across the entire Caribbean region.