bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drawing Boundaries for Air Quality Control Under the Clean Air Act: The Importance of NOT Being Nonattainment
Authors: Luneburg William V. 
Published: February 2013

Much has changed with regard to air pollution control since 1970 whenCongress revised the Clean Air Act to assume a form that, in very broad terms,it retains today. From a legal point of view, while states1 still retained at thattime wide-ranging discretion to design the regulatory controls necessary toattain the air quality goals of the Act, that discretion was significantly limitedwhen Congress revisited the Act in 1977. State discretion diminished to aneven greater extent, particularly with regard to the air pollutants ozone, carbonmonoxide, and particulate matter, when President George H.W. Bush signedthe Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Navigating in Uncertain Waters: 2006 Update on the Regulation of Ballast Water Discharge in the United States
Authors: Aquino Julie A. 
Published: February 2013

Every day more than 10,000 marine species are swept up in the ballast water of ships and make their way across the globe. 1 When discharged into non-native waters, these species are able to damage infrastructure, disrupt commerce, out compete native species, reduce biodiversity, and threaten human health.2 The ecological losses are difficult to quantify; however, the direct and indirect economic costs have been measured at billions of dollars per year in the United States alone.3 Recognizing the severity of the problem, Congress directed the Coast Guard in 1996 to administer a ballast water program and issue guidelines.4 According to various interest groups, the aquatic invasive species problem persists today despite Coast Guard involvement because of inherent and technological limitations surrounding ballast water management (BWM).5 However, other groups believe that the crux of the problem is that the Coast Guard has simply not acted aggressively enough to address the problem. In March 2005, an environmental advocacy group, joined by six states, convinced a federal district court for the Northern District of California that the EPA had exceeded its statutory authority by exempting the discharge of ballast water from the control of the Clean Water Act (CWA)6 in the case of Northwest Environmental Advocates v. EPA.
Federal Wetlands Jurisdiction – The Quagmire of Rapanos v. United States
Authors: Jones G. W. 
Published: February 2013

Federal jurisdiction over wetlands under the Clean Water Act (“CWA”) 1 has always been difficult to delineate. Wetlands, by definition can be difficult to classify as either water or land. The CWA attempts to regulate these areas; it prohibits discharge of material without a permit into “navigable waters,” which are in turn defined in section 1362(7) of the CWA as the “waters of the United States.” The Army Corps of Engineers 2 is charged with granting permits, and must make the determination of whether or not certain areas of wetlands fall within the jurisdiction of the CWA.3 The Corps has interpreted the phrase “navigable waters” very broadly to include waters “which are currently used, or were used in the past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce.”4 The tributaries of any of these “waters” also fall within the Corps’ jurisdiction.5 Intrastate waters are covered if their “use, degradation or destruction . . . could affect interstate or foreign commerce.”6 Wetlands “adjacent” to waters, such as those described above, except waters that are themselves wetlands, also clearly fall within federal jurisdiction under the CWA.7 Jurisdictional problems arise however when there are bodies of water or wetlands close to but not directly connected to navigable waters. These areas may still have significant impact on the neighboring navigable waters if a developer fills them in, or an industrial site discharges pollutants into them. Thus the Corps of Engineers has sought to regulate some of these wetland areas, in order to hold true to the CWA’s overall goals “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.
Focusing on Demand Side Management in the Future of the Electric Grid
Authors: Czajkowski Steven D. 
Published: February 2013

The widespread blackout that occurred on August 14, 2003 (“the blackout”) exposed the weaknesses of the current electric transmission grid structure, and underscored the need for improvements to the transmission grid in the United States. The outage knocked out power to approximately fifty million people in Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and the Canadian province of Ontario. 1 The total cost in the United States was estimated to be between $4 and $10 billion.
Universal Healthcare and Access for Undocumented Immigrants
Authors: Wolbert Samuel 
Published: February 2013

Nothing can rouse fury in even the most apathetic voter or stir the vitriol of American political discourse like the healthcare debate. From the run-up to the 2008 Presidential Election—when then-Senator Barack Obama made the creation of a revamped healthcare system the crux of his platform—through the present, the President’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”) has been under siege. Obstreperous members of Congress on both sides of the debate levied traditional lines of criticism, concerning themselves with the law’s perceived socialist leaning 1 or the associated financial burden.2 Still other critics believe the healthcare plan will grant undocumented immigrants unmerited access to the benefits of a public healthcare system. Collectively, the narrative surrounding the healthcare debate has been so overly contentious and hostile as to obviate any remaining comity within the political discourse surrounding the problem. 3 But, behind all this white noise and livid rhetoric there still remains the central issue: without an adequate proposal that addresses the undocumented immigrant ‘problem,’ President Obama’s healthcare plan is incomplete.
The Fight over Fizz: Soda Taxes as a Means of Curbing Childhood Obesity
Authors: Hoffman Laura 
Published: February 2013

When Michelle Obama found her way to the White House as First Lady, she was a woman with a mission—to help children live healthier lives and tackle childhood obesity. In speaking of this endeavor, the First Lady stated: “In the end, as First Lady, this isn’t just a policy issue for me. This is a passion. This is my mission. I am determined to work with folks across this country to change the way a generation of kids thinks about food and nutrition.” 2 Mrs. Obama’s dedication to this effort was not just talk. Her mission and passion led to the establishment of a federal campaign to fight childhood obesity and promote the education of children on health and nutrition known as Let’s Move.3 Additionally, the First Lady’s efforts have been supported by the actions of her husband, President Barack Obama.4 President Obama’s commitment to this mission was first evidenced by his signature to the creation of the first ever federal Task Force on Childhood Obesity simultaneously with the development of the Let’s Move campaign.5 Based on research done by this Task Force, it was recommended that Mrs. Obama’s Let’s Move campaign focused on the following four principles: 1. empowering parents and caregivers, 2. providing healthy food in schools, 3. improving access to healthy, affordable foods, and 4. increasing physical activity.
Route‐external and Route‐internal Landmarks in Route Descriptions: Effects of Route Length and Map Design
Authors: Westerbeek Hans , Maes Alfons 
Published: February 2013

SummaryLandmarks are basic ingredients in route descriptions. They often mark choice points: locations where travellers choose from different options how to continue the route. This study focuses on one of the loose ends in the taxonomy of landmarks. In a memory‐based production experiment in which respondents described routes they had seen on a map, we studied the distribution of two types of landmarks at choice points: route‐external and route‐internal descriptions (‘take left “at the barber shop” or “at the second intersection”’). We systematically varied route length and the degree of visual clutter in the map. Cluttered maps resulted in a higher proportion of external landmarks, which we explain in terms of their higher degree of referential robustness. Internal landmarks were preferred as routes were longer and thus required more memory load, suggesting that they are more basic or ‘skeletal’ in route descriptions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substantial Recoverable Energy Storage in Percolative Metallic Aluminum‐Polypropylene Nanocomposites
Authors: Fredin Lisa A. , Li Zhong , Lanagan Michael T. , Ratner Mark A. , Marks Tobin J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChemisorption of the activated metallocene polymerization catalyst derived from [rac‐ethylenebisindenyl]zirconium dichlororide (EBIZrCl2) on the native Al2O3 surfaces of metallic aluminum nanoparticles, followed by exposure to propylene, affords 0–3 metal‐isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites. The microstructures of these nanocomposites are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Electrical measurements show that increasing the concentration of the filler nanoparticles increases the effective permittivity of the nanocomposites to ϵr values as high as 15.4. Because of the high contrast in the complex permittivities and conductivities between the metallic aluminum nanoparticles and the polymeric polypropylene matrix, these composites obey the percolation law for two‐phase composites, reaching maximum permittivities just before the percolation threshold volume fraction, vf ≈ 0.16. This unique method of in situ polymerization from the surface of metallic Al particles produces a new class of materials that perform as superior pulse‐power capacitors, with low leakage current densities of ≈10−7–10−9 A/cm2 at an applied field of 105 V/cm, low dielectric loss in the 100 Hz–1 MHz frequency range, and recoverable energy storage as high as 14.4 J/cm3.
Tuning the Redox Properties of Photochromic Diarylethenes by Introducing Electron‐Withdrawing Substituents
Authors: Berberich Martin , Würthner Frank 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA series of seven photochromic diarylethenes (DAEs) with various electron‐withdrawing substituents and their respective closed‐form isomers (DAEC) were synthesized and the optical and redox properties of these photochromes were investigated by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Our comparative studies with these DAEs revealed that the absorption properties of the closed forms and the redox potentials of the open and closed isomers appreciably depend on the number and nature of the electron‐withdrawing groups introduced into the DAE unit. The DAE derivatives can be photochemically switched between two different states with different redox properties. Most prominently, photochrome 3 with two nitro groups has a first reduction potential for the open form 3 o of −1.51 V and for the corresponding closed form 3 c of −0.96 V, and, therefore, is particularly interesting as switchable electron‐acceptor moiety in photochromic systems.
An Upper Palaeolithic Landscape Analysis of Coastal Portugal Using Ground‐penetrating Radar
Authors: Conyers Lawrence B. , Daniels J. Michael , Haws Jonathan A. , Benedetti Michael M. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTGround‐penetrating mapping radar allows for the three‐dimensional reconstruction of ancient landscapes by interpreting geological horizons associated with archaeological sites. When the geological framework of a site can be placed in both time and space, ancient environments and people's usage and adaptation to landscapes can be studied. In coastal Portugal late Ice Age people discarded stone tools within aeolian sands that were deposited directly on a bedrock surface, which could be mapped using ground‐penetrating radar. That surface was then studied in three‐dimensions and the palaeotopography at the time people were using this area was mapped. It was found that these ancient people probably took shelter behind a small elevation rise on the edge of a series of streams that flowed toward a nearby floodplain. Using this type of analysis the environmental context of prehistoric activities and human behaviour of these people is provided in a way not possible using traditional archaeological methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzotriazole‐Containing D–π–A Conjugated Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yen Yung‐Sheng , Lee Chang‐Tze , Hsu Chih‐Yu , Chou Hsien‐Hsin , Chen Yung‐Chung , Lin Jiann T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA series of metal‐free benzotriazole‐based dipolar dyes have been developed as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Different heteroaromatic rings such as furan, thiophene, and selenophene, were used in combination with benzotriazole as the conjugated spacer group. Light harvesting, charge recombination, and electron injection of the cells fabricated are affected by the heteroaromatic ring used in the spacer. The DSSC with the thiophene‐containing dye has the highest conversion efficiency of 6.20 %, which reaches 85 % of the standard cell based on N719.
Biomass Futures: an integrated approach for estimating the future contribution of biomass value chains to the European energy system and inform future policy formation
Authors: Panoutsou Calliope , Bauen Ausilio , Böttcher Hannes , Alexopoulou Efi , Fritsche Uwe , Uslu Ayla , van Stralen Joost N.P. , Elbersen Berien , Kretschmer Bettina , Capros Pantelis , Maniatis Kyriakos 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Biomass Futures project assessed the role of bioenergy in meeting Europe's renewable energy targets established by the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive for 2020 and provided outlooks to 2030 and 2050. This perspective sets the scene for the approaches followed within Biomass Futures, and presents the main issues addressed and the interactions of various models and participatory methods used. Moreover, it provides a short overview of the main results and the key recommendations stemming from the project. Detailed results for demand, supply, sustainability, and policy analysis work performed by the team are presented in the other papers within this issue. To be able to evaluate and prioritize the most important biomass value chains for energy and fuels at EU27 and member states, a substantial level of information is required based on harmonized methodologies and modeling tools as well as accurate and updated datasets for sustainable biomass potentials, technological efficiencies, costs, and sustainability impacts. The Biomass Futures integrated approach employed an interrelated set of qualitative and quantitative modeling frameworks in order to conduct sectoral market analyses, estimate the availability of biomass for energy, and model the demand and supply of bioenergy within the energy system. Continuous stakeholder involvement was ensured throughout the project by dedicated workshops, teleconferences, and targeted interviews while information was disseminated in the form of short and concise briefings addressed to the stakeholders. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Determination of alkaloids in Sinomenium acutum by field‐amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescene detection
Authors: Shi Guiying , Li Jiang , Yin Yingchun , Xu Xueqin , Chen Guonan 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis (CE) with an acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence (CL) detection method was developed to determine three alkaloids (curine, sinomenine and magnoflorine) simultaneously. A laboratory‐built CE–CL detection interface was used. The field‐amplified sample stacking technique was applied to the online concentration of alkaloids. Experimental conditions for CE separation and CL detection were investigated in detail to acquire optimum conditions. Under optimal conditions, the three alkaloids were baseline separated within 6 min, and the detection limits (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.03 µg/mL to 0.49 µg/mL. This method was successfully applied to determine the above three alkaloids in Sinomenium acutum, and the result of the determination of sinomenine was in good agreement with those given by high‐performance liquid chromatography and CE methods. In addition, a possible CL reaction mechanism of sinomenine–KMnO4–H2SO4 was proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal stem cell durotaxis depends on substrate stiffness gradient strength
Authors: Vincent Ludovic G. , Choi Yu Suk , Alonso‐Latorre Baldomero , del Álamo Juan C. , Engler Adam J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to the elasticity of their environment, which varies between and within tissues. Stiffness gradients within tissues can result from pathological conditions, but also occur through normal variation, such as in muscle. MSC migration can be directed by shallow stiffness gradients before differentiating. Gradients with fine control over substrate compliance – both in range and rate of change (strength) – are needed to better understand mechanical regulation of MSC migration in normal and diseased states. We describe polyacrylamide stiffness gradient fabrication using three distinct systems, generating stiffness gradients of physiological (1 Pa/μm), pathological (10 Pa/μm), and step change (≥ 100Pa/μm) strength. All gradients spanned a range of physiologically relevant elastic moduli for soft tissues (1–12 kPa). MSCs migrated to the stiffest region on each gradient. Time‐lapse microscopy revealed that migration velocity correlated directly with gradient strength. Directed migration was reduced in the presence of the contractile agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and cytoskeleton‐perturbing drugs nocodazole and cytochalasin. LPA‐ and nocodazole‐treated cells remained spread and protrusive on the substrate, while cytochalasin‐treated cells did not. Nocodazole‐treated cells spread in a similar manner to untreated cells, but exhibited greatly diminished traction forces. These data suggest that a functional actin cytoskeleton is required for migration whereas microtubules are required for directed migration. The data also imply that, in vivo, MSCs may preferentially accumulate in regions of high elastic modulus and make a greater contribution to tissue repairs in these locations.
Development of a Group Contribution Method Based on UNIFAC Groups for the Estimation of Vapor Pressures of Pure Hydrocarbon Compounds
Authors: Rezakazemi M. , Marjani A. , Shirazian S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA group contribution method based on UNIFAC groups was developed to estimate the vapor pressures of pure hydrocarbons at reduced temperatures (0.45–0.95). The maximum pressure for the correlation is 35 atm. Experimental vapor pressures for 456 hydrocarbons were collected and used to calculate model parameters. The developed model utilizes the combinatorial and the residual UNIFAC terms and the fugacity of pure hydrocarbons. The model parameters were fitted in two modes, using contributions from first‐order groups. In the first case, the Gibbs free energy was considered only as an explicit function of temperature, and in the second one, in addition to the temperature effect, the effect of the molecular structure was also considered. Taking the molecular structure into account significantly decreases the prediction error. Hence, a uniform linear relationship to structure is considered. In the modified models, the error in prediction of the vapor pressure in the temperature range discussed is less than 15 %.
On the Hopping Efficiency of Nanoparticles in the Electron Transfer across Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Liu Feng , Khan Kamran , Liang Jing‐Hong , Yan Jia‐Wei , Wu De‐Yin , Mao Bing‐Wei , Jensen Palle Skovhus , Zhang Jingdong , Ulstrup Jens 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRedox reactions of solvated molecular species at gold‐electrode surfaces modified by electrochemically inactive self‐assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) are found to be activated by introducing Au nanoparticles (NPs) covalently bound to the SAM to form a reactive Au–alkanedithiol–NP–molecule hybrid entity. The NP appears to relay long‐range electron transfer (ET) so that the rate of the redox reaction may be as efficient as directly on a bare Au electrode, even though the ET distance is increased by several nanometers. In this study, we have employed a fast redox reaction of surface‐confined 6‐(ferrocenyl) hexanethiol molecules and NPs of Au, Pt and Pd to address the dependence of the rate of ET through the hybrid on the particular NP metal. Cyclic voltammograms show an increasing difference in the peak‐to‐peak separation for NPs in the order Au<Pt<Pd, especially when the length of the alkanedithiol increases from octanedithiol to decanedithiol. The corresponding apparent rate constants, kapp, for decanedithiol are 1170, 360 and 14 s−1 for NPs of Au, Pt and Pd, respectively, indicating that the efficiency of NP mediation of the ET clearly depends on the nature of the NP. Based on a preliminary analysis rooted in interfacial electrochemical ET theory, combined with a simplified two‐step view of the NP coupling to the electrode and the molecule, this observation is referred to the density of electronic states of the NPs, reflected in a broadening of the molecular electron/NP bridge group levels and energy‐gap differences between the Fermi levels of the different metals.
Effect of laser‐induced nanocrystallisation on the properties of electroless Ni‐P/Ni‐W‐P duplex coatings
Authors: Liu H. , Guo R. X. , Bian J. S. , Liu Z. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative study of nanocrystallisation and the wear resistance of electroless plated Ni‐P/Ni‐W‐P duplex coatings with a single Ni‐W‐P coating before and after high‐ power diode laser treatment. Effects of the laser operating parameters on microstructures, in terms of crystallisation, porosity formation, phase transformation and grain growth, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and quantitatively X‐ray Diffraction (XRD). Microhardness and wear behaviour of the coatings before and after laser treatment were evaluated by measurement of coating surface and cross‐section hardness as well as un‐lubricated friction and wear tests. The results revealed that in the case of laser treatment, the Ni‐P/Ni‐W‐P duplex coatings offered better wear resistance than the single Ni‐W‐P coating, while the as‐plated, single Ni‐W‐P coating showed better wear resistance than the Ni‐P/Ni‐W‐P duplex coatings. Adhesive wear mechanism prevails in the laser‐treated coatings when subjected to wear test against hardened steel material. The effects of microstructural characteristics in the coatings, in particularly the grain size of Ni3P phase and the degree of crystallisation, on the adhesive wear behaviour have been investigated and found to be dominant besides the effect of hardness.