bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regionalism
Authors: Reger Gary 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Regionalism is the idea that geographic spaces and the human populations that occupy them can be characterized in such a way that the space and people so defined make an entity distinct from other spaces and human populations, and that ties of various kinds – linguistic, cultural, ethnic, economic, religious, and so on – are stronger within the region and between its occupants than across regional boundaries. Regionalism has been used in geography, political economy, international relations, economic history, and other disciplines as a way of analyzing and explaining human behaviors.
Saltus
Authors: Carlà Filippo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Latin word
saltus
indicates, in its broader sense and particularly in historical texts, uncultivated areas, such as woods, mountain areas, and impracticable places (e.g., Livy 10.24.6). But a more specialized meaning is also attested, indicating private properties mainly used for pasture (Varro
Ling
. 5.36; Ov.
Fast
. 5.282–9), or places where extensive animal rearing occurs (
pastio agrestis
: Varro
Rust
. 3.1.8), and so where shepherds and herds live (Cic.
Tog
.
cand
. 11).
Scales
Authors: Schaps David M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
balance
(Gk.
talanta
,
stathmon
, Lat.
libra
,
trutina
, later
bilanx
, “double‐dish”) had two pans suspended from a beam (Gk.
zygon
, Lat.
iugum
,
librile
,
scapus
), itself suspended in the center by a cord (Gk.
spartion
, Lat.
ansa
): the item to be weighed was placed in one pan and known weights in the other.
Sitologos
Authors: Adams Colin E. P. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Sitologos was an official in Greco‐Roman Egypt in charge of state granaries, in villages, toparchies, and metropoleis, responsible for the receipt of tax grain in kind, the issuing of receipts to tax‐payers, drawing up day‐books and regular reports of grain received for Strategoi, Nome officials in charge of the land economy and taxation.
Standards of living, wealth
Authors: Kron Geof 
Published: December 2012

AbstractProblems of evidence and interpretation make any account of ancient living standards controversial and hazardous, but our scattered literary and documentary sources and a growing corpus of archaeological evidence are making it increasingly clear that Greco‐Roman society was populous, urbanized, and prosperous, with a much broader middle class and a more comfortable lifestyle for ordinary working people than can be attested in most pre‐industrial or even early industrial societies, with the possible exception of the city‐states of Renaissance Italy or Holland in its Golden Age. Unskilled slaves, common laborers, and even some craftsmen, share‐croppers, or struggling tenant farmers had only a small margin separating them from subsistence, and our sources suggest that approximately 10 percent of the urban population were in want. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of the population owned land, houses or apartments, garden plots, and businesses, and the vast majority enjoyed a relatively ample diet, spacious and attractive, often opulent, housing, clothing of good quality, a wide range of consumer goods, access to a large range of commercial and public services, and more options to enjoy art, entertainment, and culture than any society prior to the twentieth century. While this critical middle income group was much smaller and more vulnerable in Pharaonic Egypt or among the Celts, societies dominated socio‐economically by priestly or warrior elites, some Mesopotamian cities were prosperous and egalitarian enough to support a populous class of middling traders and craftsmen.
Antinoopolis
Authors: Schubert Paul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAntinoopolis was a Greek city founded in Middle Egypt by the emperor Hadrian in 130CE. It took its name from Hadrian's belovedantinoos, who died by drowning in the Nile during the emperor's visit to Egypt. The city is well attested in the Greek papyri from Egypt until the eighth centuryCE(especially in the sixth century). Many documents, however, especially for the early period of the city, do not come from Antinoopolis, but from the Arsinoite nome (Fayyum).
Arsinoe, Fayyum
Authors: Reiter Fabian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArsinoe was the unofficial name of the capital (metropolis) of the Arsinoite nome in Greco‐Roman times. The town was situated on the western side of the Nile near the Bahr Yussuf Canal in the northern part of the modern capital of the Fayyum, Medinet el‐Fayyum. Arsinoe became famous at the end of the nineteenth century as one of the most important find spots for papyri. These papyri offer an enormous amount of information about the administration, economy, and social, religious, and private life of themetropolisin Roman, Byzantine, and early Arab times.
Augustamnica
Authors: Benaissa Amin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Augustamnica was the name of a province in the Eastern Roman Empire, created in 341
CE
and lasting until the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641. For the most part of its existence, it encompassed the eastern half of the Egyptian Delta. Its genesis was a result of the continuous administrative reorganization of the former Roman province of Egypt (Aegyptus) in the fourth century, which involved a series of experimental subdivisions of the old province into two, three, or four smaller provinces.
Calendar, Greco‐Roman Egypt
Authors: Jones Alexander 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSeveral calendars were used, by various people and for various purposes, in Greco‐Roman Egypt. By far the most important in all periods was the Egyptian civil calendar that had provided the chronological framework for daily life, including administrative as well as many religious purposes, since Pharaonic times. Every year of this calendar comprised twelve months of exactly thirty days, which in the Greco‐Roman period were usually identified by Hellenized versions of their Egyptian names:
Dioiketes(Egypt)
Authors: Clarysse Willy 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThedioiketeswas a financial official. In the Ptolemaic period, there were localdioiketaiand adioiketeslocated centrally in Alexandria; in the early Roman period, thedioiketeswas a lower rank administrator, and from 120CEonward a Romanprocurator. In 284CE, he was replaced by thekatholikos. The present article only concerns the Ptolemaic centraldioiketesin Alexandria.
Persians in Egypt
Authors: Fournet Jean‐Luc 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Egypt was a rich country, and the Persians had coveted it for more than a millennium. It had been conquered twice by the Achaemenids (525–404 and 343–332
BCE
, until Alexander's conquest), but the stable and powerful Ptolemaic kingdom, and then the Roman Empire, kept away Persians from Egypt for much of the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine periods. But the expansionist designs of the Sasanian King Chosroes II Parwêz (590–628), taking advantage of a troubled period on the Byzantine side, allowed Persians under the command of Shahrbaraz to conquer Egypt once again (among other parts of the Near East), for a short period (619–629).
Soterichos of Oasis
Authors: Derda Tomasz 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSoterichos of Oasis, “an epic poet, who fourished under Diocletian” (Suda [σ 877]), wrote “anEncomium on Diocletian, four booksBassarikaorDionysiaka,The Story of the Babylonian Panthea,The Story of Ariadne,The Life of Apollonius of Tyana,Python or Alexandriakosand other works”.
Akoe
Authors: Longley Georgina M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAkoemeans “hearing” or “thing heard.” Herodotus and Polybius distinguished the eyes and the ears as the instruments of historical inquiry, but they considered the latter less reliable than the former (Hdt. 1.8.2, Polyb. 12.27.7; for eye‐witnessing,seeAutopsy).
Annales Maximi
Authors: Forsythe Gary 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Modern scholars have generally construed Cicero's remarks at
De oratore
2.52–3 to mean that, while Publius Mucius Scaevola was
pontifex maximus
(130–115
BCE
), all the material accumulated in the pontiffs' archive since early times was reworked and consolidated into the
Annales maximi
, which, according to, comprised eighty books (the relevant passages of Cicero and Servius are both quoted in the entry
pontifical chronicle
).
Annalists, Roman
Authors: Forsythe Gary 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

“Annalists” is a term applied by modern scholars collectively to Livy's predecessors: the twenty or so Romans who flourished ca. 230–30
BCE
and wrote histories of Rome. None of these works survived beyond antiquity, except in fragments–that is, direct quotations or paraphrases of portions of these works made by ancient writers whose writings have survived.
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius,
Liber de Consulatu
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Cicero cites the noble Q. Lutatius Catulus (born by 147
BCE
, suicide in 87) as a shining example of affability, erudition, and pure Latin diction, evidenced by his speeches and also his book “on his consulship and military exploits,” which he dedicated to his friend the poet Aulus Furius (Antias). For a work that comes to us only in a few paraphrased snippets (via Plutarch's Greek), Catulus' political autobiography offers little guesswork as to its tone and approach — which (
pace
Cicero) clearly was pugnacious and self‐serving.
Dinon of Kolophon
Authors: Almagor Eran 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDinon of Kolophon was active ca. 340 BCE. Little is known of his writings, and even less of his life. If he is indeed the same person referred to by Pliny the Elder (HN 1.10) asDione Colophonio, he was probably a native of Kolophon and the father of the popular Alexander historian Kleitarchos of Alexandria (Plin.HN 10.136). His work, titled Persica, was divided into at least three series (syntaxeis: FGrH690 F 1–3), each containing several books.
Duris of Samos
Authors: Pownall Frances 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Duris of (ca. 330–ca. 260
BCE
) served as tyrant of his native island and was the author of numerous historical and literary works; he is best known for his Macedonian history, which covered the reigns of philip ii of macedon, alexander iii, the great, and his early Successors. Because his work does not survive apart from snippets quoted by later authorities, little can be determined with any certainty about his life and the character of his historical writing.
Genealogy
Authors: Vivero Manuel Albaladejo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBachofen's famous work provides a good starting point for discussing the historiographic treatment of Greek genealogies. For him, the Greek heroic genealogies were reliable descriptions, or descriptions slightly derivative of actual social situations, and he used them to produce his theory of matrilineality and matriarchy as features of that institution that had characterized all societies at an early stage of development.
Hellanicus of Mytilene
Authors: Brodersen Kai 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHellanicus of Mytilene on Lesbos (ca. 480–ca. 400BCE), a younger contemporary of Herodotus in the later fifth century, is the author ofat least twenty‐three books on the past, which are lost save for some 200 fragments. Hellanicus was born in Mytilene on Lesbos, perhaps in 480/79 BCE, and died around or after 400 in Perperne in Mysia.
Juba II of Mauretania
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractJuba II (48BCE–23CE) was king of Mauretania and a noted explorer and scholar. His father, Juba I of Numidia, had become embroiled in the Roman civil war and was defeated by Julius Caesar in 46BCE; his infant son was taken to Rome and raised in the household of Caesar's great‐niece Octavia, becoming a noted scholar, writing on the history of Rome, the theater, and linguistics.
Justin, Roman historian
Authors: Popov‐Reynolds Nadejda V. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractJustin (fl. sometime between the mid‐second and the late fourth centuryCE; exact date unknown) is known solely as the author of an extensive LatinEpitome(summary) of a lost Universal History,Historiae Philippicae (Philippic Histories), of the Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus. The primary significance of Justin's summary is that it is “the only universal history of any sort from before the Christian era to survive in its entirety” (Yardley and Develin 1994: 2). Because nothing is known about Justin outside his work, modern readers of his history have to deal with two challenges: the first is the problem of separating Justin's own views from thoseof Trogus within theEpitome, while the second is the uncertainty surrounding the date of Justin's text.
Universal history
Authors: Thornton John 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn the opinion of Diodorus Siculus (1.3.2) (seeDiodorus of Sicily), who was probably one of the most rigorous (cf. Clarke 1999: 259–60) adepts of the genre defined by modern scholars, starting in the Renaissance (Desideri 2001), as “universal history,” an historical work was all the more useful to its readers, the greater the number and variety of the events it encompassed.
Zeno of Rhodes
Authors: Wiemer Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Zeno of Rhodes (born not later than 220
BCE
) was a Rhodian politician and writer of a historical monograph in perhaps fifteen books (
FGrH
523) that can, though entirely lost in the original, partly be reconstructed from passages in later authors that, directly or indirectly, are derived from it.
Kleitarchos of Alexandria
Authors: Wiemer Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Kleitarchos of Alexandria, the son of Dinon, known as author of a “History of Persia,” was the author of a monograph on Alexander the Great (
FGrH
137) in more than twelve books, which was very popular in the Late Republic and Early Empire and lies at the back of the historiographic tradition represented by Diodorus (book 17), Curtius Rufus, Justin (books 11–12), and others (the so‐called
Vulgata
).
Onesikritos of Astypalaia
Authors: Prandi Luisa 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Onesikritos of Astypalaia
(FGrH
134), member of an Aiginetan family already experienced with seafaring and involved with the philosopher Diogenes the Cynic (Figueira 1993), followed Alexander in Asia and wrote – perhaps close to 323 Bce – a work entitled
How Alexander was educated,
clearly inspired by Xenophon's
Cyropaedia
.
Ariobarzanid Dynasty
Authors: Michels Christoph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAriobarzanes I Philorhomaios (epithet on coins, Simonetta 1977: 39–42) was a Cappadocian noble elected king (96/5–63/62BCEwith several interruptions) after the extinction of the Ariarathid Dynasty with the death of Ariarathes VIII.
Athenaeus of Naukratis
Authors: Olson S. Douglas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

According to the
Suda
(
α
731), Athenaeus was born in the city of Naukratis in Egypt and lived in the time of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161–180
CE
). Reference is made at 12.537f to Commodus (reigned 180–192), who appears already to be dead, and the scholarly consensus today is that the
Deipnosophistae
was composed — or at least completed — early in the reign of Septimius Severus (reigned 193–211). At 5.211a, one of the dinner guests mentions and seemingly quotes from a history of the kings of Syria composed by “our companion Athenaeus” (
FGrH
166 F 1). The work is otherwise lost, but the author is presumably to be identified with the historical Athenaeus of Naukratis rather than with the fictional character who shares his name. Beyond this, we know nothing certain about him.
Chremonidean War
Authors: Scholten Joseph B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Chremonidean War is a thinly‐documented conflict that nonetheless was of epochal importance in the political history of the Greek mainland. The war united the Athenians and Spartans one last time to head a coalition ofpoleisin defense of their freedom (eleutheria) against a tyrannical foreign monarch. This time, however, the outside bogeyman was the ruler of Macedonia, Antigonos II Gonatas.
Greekness
Authors: Mitchell Lynette G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn the second half of the fifth centuryBCE, Herodotus says that during the Persian wars the Athenians refused to betray the Greeks to the Persians because of their sense of Greekness (to Hellenikon), that is, their sense of shared identity based on common blood, language, cult, and way of life (8.144.2).
Memnon of Herakleia Pontica
Authors: Muccioli Federicomaria 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMemnon was a local historian of Herakleia Pontica on the south coast of the Black Sea. Some scholars place him in the first centuryCE, others in the second – especially on somehow doubtful stylistic grounds, associating him with the Second Sophistic. A date in the first centuryBCEis less likely, although not completely to be dismissed. Memnon wrote a history of hispolisin at least sixteen books (we do not know the exact title; it could well have beenPeri Herakleias). This work is known only through the long summary given by Photios. No other piece of ancient Greek local historiography is preserved to such an extent (FGrH434). Photios declares that he was unable to find and read other parts of it, adding that Memnon's style was plain, clear, and with a conventional vocabulary, apart from some unusual words.
Nikomedes I–IV of Bithynia
Authors: Kleu Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“Nikomedes” was the name of four Bithynian kings. The last three of them ruled consecutively between 149 and ca. 75BCE(Strabo 12.4.2, 563). Because they were not well‐defined in the literary source material, their exact number and their periods of reign were not clear for a long time.
Pharsalos, battle of
Authors: Scholten Joseph B. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

One of the most significant land engagements of the Greco‐Roman era, the Battle of Pharsalos occurred on August 9 (pre‐Julian), 48
BCE
, somewhere in the plain below modern Farsala in Thessalia province, Greece (
B.Alex
. 48; Caes.
B Civ
. 3.73–96. App.
B Civ
. 2.64–82; Plut.
Caes
. 42–6,
Pomp
. 68–72; Suet.
Iul
. 30 Front.
Strat
. 2.3.22; Cass. Dio 41.51–63).
Philip III Arrhidaios
Authors: Landucci Franca , Wallace Shane 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPhilip III Arrhidaios (ca. 355–317BCE) was the son of Philip II of Macedon and of Philine of Larissa. He suffered from a mental illness that saved him from Alexander III, The Great's purges in 336, thus allowing him to receive the kingship after Alexander's death.
Seleukos II Kallinikos
Authors: Kuhn Christina 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Seleukos II
Kallinikos
(“Gloriously Triumphant”), or
Pogon
(“Bearded”), born ca. 260
BCE
as the eldest son of Antiochos II Theos and Laodike, Wife of Antiochos II, ruled the Seleucid Empire from 246 to 226/5.
Wills, of Hellenistic kings
Authors: Kosmetatou Elizabeth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWills, of Hellenistic kings, refers to the last will and testament of several Hellenistic monarchs that aimed at settling their kingdom's complicated affairs and often unclear succession in turbulent times. While most kings were able to establish an undisputed heir apparent, usually a biological son, during their lifetime, internal and/or external conflicts came to require the legally binding provisions of a will that legitimized a successor's rule and maintained, and reinforced the stability of a state.
Ancus Marcius
Authors: Forsythe Gary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAncus Marcius was the fourth of early Rome's seven kings. His reign receives the least space in our two principal ancient accounts: Livy (1.32–4) and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Ant. Rom. 3.36–45), indicating that later Romans could find little, if anything, to assign to him.
Catullus, Gaius Valerius
Authors: Edwards Davis Josiah 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA lyric poet from Cisalpine Gaul, Gaius Valerius Catullus (84–54?BCE) was a member of a group of poets at Rome whom Cicero disdainfully labeled the “Neoterics” for their literary experiments in a Hellenizing style (Att. 7.2; Lyne 1978).
Client kings
Authors: J. M. Kropp Andreas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

As Rome expanded through the Mediterranean world and beyond, it deployed two basic instruments of rule: direct and indirect administration, each with its inherent logic, benefits, and hazards. From as early as the second century
BCE
, indirect rule was accomplished through so‐called “client kings,” a modern term often criticized as a mistaken transfer of the technical language of private relations to matters of state. But it adequately describes the reality of a peculiar kind of kingship, which only functioned under the patronage of a Roman aristocrat or, in the Principate, within the limits of another, more powerful monarchy.
Sappho
Authors: Boedeker Deborah 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSappho of Lesbos (late seventh/early sixth centuryBCE) was the most famous woman poet of antiquity. We have almost no reliable data about her life, except that she may have had a daughter named Kleis (fr. 132) and a brother (fr. 5), called Charaxos by Herodotus (Histories2.135).
Babylonian exile of the Jews
Authors: Grabbe Lester L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Neo‐Babylonian period and the sixth centuryBCEmarked a low point in the history of Judah. Through much of its history, Judah had been under the rule of a foreign power in some form. From the middle of the ninth centuryBCEto almost the end of the seventh — ca. 850 to 600 — Assyria was the main oppressor. Then just before 600, the Babylonians replaced the Assyrians. It is this short‐lived Neo‐Babylonian Empire — lasting less than a century — that brought the kingdom of Judah to an end and began the exile.
Beth Shean (Skythopolis)
Authors: Klein Konstantin M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Beth Shean (
Arab
. Baysān) is a town 30 km south of the Sea of Galilee that flourished from Hellenistic times far into the Umayyad period. The place is located at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley, and at an intersection of several ancient roads of the region of Palestine.
Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Babkina Svetlana V. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The term Dead Sea Scrolls is used in two senses, general and specific. In a general sense, it designates Hebrew, Aramaic, Nabatean, Greek, and some Syriac and Arabic texts discovered in various places along the north‐west shore of the Dead Sea in the mid‐twentieth century and later.
Dura‐Europos, synagogue in
Authors: Williams Matthew , Fine Steven 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Dura‐Europos synagogue is best known for wall paintings depicting biblical themes that decorated all four walls of the synagogue. The building was a “house synagogue,” a renovated housing unit located near the western wall of the city. The synagogue served a Jewish community comprising Greek, Aramaic, and Persian speakers from some time in the second century through its renovation in 244/245
CE
and destruction during a Sasanian invasion of approximately 256.
Ezekiel
Authors: Zimmerle William 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEzekiel (“God strengthens” or “May God strengthen”) was a prophet of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and a member of the priestly class of Jerusalem who preached to the Jews exiled in Babylonia. Along “the banks of the Chebar, in the land of the Chaldeans” (Ezek 1:3), probably in Tel Abib near the southern Mesopotamian city of Nippur, he was among the first generation exiled in 598BCEbecause of the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II.
Idolatry, Jewish and Christian views of
Authors: Barbu Daniel 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The word “idolatry” (and its derivates) first appears in the New Testament, alongside other sins and vices attributed to the Gentiles (1 Cor 5:11, 6:9; Gal 5:19–20; Eph 5:5; Col 3:5; also 1 Pet 4:3; Rev 21:8, 22:15).