bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Autopen
Authors: McCarthy JF , Winchester J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Throughout history the problem of affixing signatures to numerous documents has been solved in many ways. Roman emperors, Spanish kings, and others used a metal stamp to affix their marks to a document. The monarchs of France began the practice of employing secretaries for this purpose. Presidents of the United States have also seen fit to empower amanuensis, stamps, and the “Autopen” to aid them is signing their voluminous work load. It has been stated that Andrew Johnson was the first president to have a facsimile of his signature printed on a document. He also authorized the signing of his signature on land grants, and the use of a rubber stamp signature for commissions and other documents not signed by his secretaries [1].
Professionalization of Document Examiners: Problems of Certification and Training
Authors: Miller JT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The entire forensic science field is experiencing an onslaught of pressures, both from within and without, calling for an upgrading of skills, improving education, and performance and eventual professionalization of its practitioners. Part of the stimulus for change is generated by the courts, where recent reorganizations and decisions will have a direct effect on all document examiners. The U.S. Supreme Court issued new rules of evidence for the Federal Court system during the October 1972 term. These rules became effective July 1, 1973 [1].
Sudden Unexpected Death in Hemoglobin SC Disease
Authors: Hirsch CS , Chang AH , Hoffman GC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Persons with sickle cell anemia have an extensive morbidity and frequently die at an early age. In some instances their deaths occur suddenly [1]; such an occurrence in hemoglobin SC disease is rare. This report documents the sudden and unexpected death of a 48-year-old black man whose first symptoms of hemoglobin SC disease were his last.
Departure from Handwriting System
Authors: Miller JT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Document examiners are often heard to make the statement that a certain letter is significant because it varies from system in design. This statement immediately brings to mind two obvious questions: 1. From what system does it vary? 2. How would the examiner answer during cross-examination if asked, “Mr. Witness, you have made the statement that this letter varies from system—would you please tell the court from what system it varies and what system did this person use when learning to write?”
Quantitative Analysis of Skin Color from Melanin Content of Superficial Skin Cells
Authors: Goldschmidt H , Raymond JZ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The color of human skin is determined by many factors. Blood supply, epidermal thickness, and pigments, both intrinsic and extrinsic, are responsible for the many variations we see. An important factor is the amount of the intrinsic pigment melanin, which absorbs and scatters ultraviolet radiation. In recent studies of the morphology of surface skin cells and their melanin content, we noticed a clear correlation between gross skin color and the average number of melanin granules per cell. This suggested that a quantitative analysis of melanin granules in skin cells from microscopic skin specimens, such as those present on clothing, could help to determine the skin color of the individual from which the cells came. This paper describes the methods of cell collection and staining followed and summarizes the results of the quantitative studies.
The Detection of Insulin in Postmortem Tissues
Authors: Phillips AP , Webb B , Curry AS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The detection of insulin in postmortem tissue from a victim of homicide has been reported [1]. The assay involved injection of tissue extracts into mice and reversal of the induced hypoglycemia by glucose. The sensitivity was such that for a successful detection, tens of units of insulin would have to be present at the site of the injection at the time of death. When death has been delayed, activities of insulin about the injection site may be well below this figure [2,3]. The development of a radioimmune assay method provides an attractive alternative procedure. In a forensic toxicology laboratory it is inconvenient to keep mice solely for use in an occasional insulin assay and also, the radioimmunoassay has been found to be more sensitive. The principle of the analysis is that of isotope dilution, the extracted insulin being used to compete with iodine-125 labeled insulin for a limited quantity of anti-insulin antibody.
Psychopharmaceutical Restoration to Present Sanity (Mental Competency to Stand Trial)
Authors: Haddox VG , Pollack S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Defendants considered under the influence of drugs have usually been found to be mentally incompetent to stand trial. In recent years the advent of psychopharmaceuticals in treatment of the mentally ill has created a number of interesting questions for psychiatry and law. How should the mentally ill defendant under the influence of psychotherapeutic drugs be considered? How mentally impaired should such a defendant be in order to be considered mentally incompetent to stand trial? What legal standards apply? Does the standard for level of competency differ, if the defendant is on psychopharmaceuticals? If his mental impairment has improved under the influence of drugs, should these drugs be removed in order for him to demonstrate his capacity for mental competency without drugs? If so, how long should such a drug-free period be before his return to trial? Should he be denied the right to stand trial while still under the influence of such drugs? If he relapses into mental illness after psychotherapeutic drugs have been discontinued, how does this affect his mental competency to stand trial? If he demonstrates that he requires ongoing medication for continued suppression of his impairing symptoms, can he then be returned to trial while under the influence of these drugs? For how long a period of time on drugs during which time he demonstrates mental competency to stand trial should he be considered mentally incompetent to stand trial? And finally, what trends are visible in the psychiatric and legal literature that predict the future direction of psychiatry and law in answering these questions?
The Complexities of Identifying the Modern Typewriter
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The last fifteen or twenty years have seen the problems of typewriting identification become more and more complex. Formerly, the vast majority of problems involved the identification of either pica or elite typewriting prepared on a manual typewriter. Although even as early as 1900 these machines had been well built there were many elements of typewriter construction which brought about rapid individualization of a machine. In this country domestic typewriters produced by less than ten major companies were virtually the only ones encountered so that a qualified document examiner carried in his mind significant type design characteristics. With type design highly individualized he could recognize quickly the make and age model of a particular machine.
A Basic Training Program for Forensic Drug Chemists
Authors: Canaff RF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Probably every forensic drug laboratory has at one time or other, faced the problem of training a new chemist. His prior experience varies from a recent college graduate to a transferee from another laboratory. The latter person would only require instruction on the use of instruments he did not have in his former laboratory, a briefing on such matters as degree of analytical effort applied, laboratory personnel policies, and an introduction to the laboratory staff. However, it is the training of the new graduate of an accredited college with a baccalaureate degree in chemistry, and no professional work experience which will be discussed here.
A General Approach to Pesticide Residue Analysis
Authors: Coulson DM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Organic pesticides came into wide use between 1944 and 1960. The chlorinated hydrocarbons including DDT came first, followed by the organic phosphates, the mercurials, and the organic carbamates. In the 1960s there was an awakening to the hazards to human life, to animals, and to other life forms resulting from the continued use of persistent chemicals and also from the extremely toxic ones even though they may not be persistent. There were increasing numbers of accidental deaths from pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers and among children who accidentally ate or drank pesticide formualtions. The primary culprits were the organic phosphates, such as parathion, but there have also been numerous serious or fatal poisonings by some of the others [1].
Methods for the Detection and Determination of Ethchlorvynol in Biological Tissue
Authors: Peel HW , Freimuth HC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Ethchlorvynol (PlacidylR) is a moderately popular hypnotic drug often used in place of barbiturates. The drug was first marketed in 1955 and thought to be a safe drug, free from dependence properties. However, subsequent reports have shown that ethchlorvynol can cause dependence to develop [1,2] with severe withdrawal problems resulting from chronic high dosage [3,4].
Science in Justice: The Past 25 Years
Authors: Schroeder O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A period of 25 years has relevance only when compared with different human activities. To an individual human being it can represent a major segment of his life's experience, for his scale of measurement is three score years and ten. To men as thinking beings, homo sapiens, a quarter century's time is minute, for this scale of measurement is about 50,000 years. To the human race as represented by the original homo erectus, the first true man, the silver jubilee of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences is infinitesimal, for the scale of measurement is probably 1.5 million years.
Research at the Home Office Central Research Establishment
Authors: Curry AS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The subject of this paper is the research work at the British Home Office Central Research Establishment (CRE). One might expect a report on the technical aspects of current toxicology as my colleagues and I see them; however, I do not think it appropriate to discuss the minutiae of a particular technique or such exotic topics as new concepts of cellular biology; instead I would like to discuss research work in our area generally, and to survey its objectives, initiation, control, organization, achievements, and hopes.
Drug Identification by the Application of Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Technique
Authors: Kirchgessner WG , DiPasqua AC , Anderson WA , Delaney GV 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The identification of illicit drugs presents many problems to the forensic laboratory because there is a broad range of possibilities which must be considered in order for a chemist to arrive at a definite identification. Obviously, this is a task that requires a constant search for new analytical techniques to meet such demands. Furthermore, these new techniques must not only facilitate the testing procedure but must provide the necessary confidence in their results as required by our court system.
Sample Methodology for Laser Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Bosen SF , Pudzianowski A , Dragutinovich G 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Trace metal identification and quantitation have been widely used in criminalistics to aid in investigations and in court testimony. Types of samples analyzed range from automobile paint to primer residues. Several techniques of trace metal detection and quantitation have been proposed and are currently in common use or under active investigation [1,2]. An ideal criminalistic method might be characterized as having: (1) low overall sample degradation from the analysis, (2) wide range of elements determined, (3) high quantitation accuracy, (4) high sensitivity, and (5) little or no sample preparation for analysis.
A Review of “The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens”
Authors: Freimuth HC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A book about hallucinogenic plants written by two such authors as these can be expected to be a truly authoritative work and this is. Dr. Schultes, who is a professor of biology at Harvard University, has spent most of his career in ethnobotanical studies and has acquired a uniquely outstanding knowledge of the use of various botanical species for “magic,” witchcraft, and religious ritual by primitive tribes in South America. This experience has been acquired through a more than twelve-year residence among these tribes.
Forensic Science and the Reduction of Crime
Authors: Kingston CR , Peterson JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Elementary and very crude “scientific” techniques have been utilized for centuries in judging cause of death, determining the truthfulness of an individual's statements, and assaying the purity of valuable materials. It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that the scientific disciplines of chemistry, toxicology, and medicine were sufficiently advanced for them to be utilized meaningfully in resolving legal issues. The legal and scientific professions both attained higher levels of theoretical and practical development at this time, and became more receptive to rational modes of proof and evidence to replace those based primarily upon magicoreligious or political foundations [1]. The recognition and admission of scientific procedures by the criminal courts proceeded at a slow pace, though, due largely to the presence of pseudo and biased experts who delivered unreliable findings [2].
Evaluation of SEM Potential in the Examination of Shotgun and Rifle Firing Pin Impressions
Authors: Grove CA , Judd G , Horn R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recently the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was successfully used for an indepth study of firing pin impressions of semiautomatic pistols [1]. The SEM's great depth of field was shown to reveal detail in the impression (far superior to optical microscopy) which could be successfully used for comparison purposes. It was thus the intent of this investigation to extend the work on pistols to shotguns and rifles, in order to see if their firing pin impressions possessed similar class characteristics and identifying features with repeated firings. In addition to this, the effect of preexisting primer marks on the resulting firing pin impression was also studied.
Identification of Drugs by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectroscopy—Part II
Authors: Saferstein R , Chao J-M , Manura J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Forensic scientists are currently actively evaluating new instrumental techniques to determine their potential application for solving some of the problems that are unique to their field. Liquid chromatography, flameless atomic absorption, electron scanning microscopy, and thermal analysis offer fertile areas for research and development. Mass spectroscopy is by no means a new instrumental technique; its application to analytical organic chemistry has been well documented since the early 1960's [1–4]. Unfortunately, its utilization in the forensic sciences has been minimal up to the present. A major limitation has been the cost and complexity of the instrument. However, with increased fundings becoming available to many laboratories and with the improved engineering and reliability of the latest generation of mass spectrometers, this technique is becoming feasible for many forensic laboratories. Its application to forensic drug identification has been demonstrated in previous publications [5–8].
Asymmetrical Hypertrophy of the Heart: Two Sudden Deaths in Adolescents
Authors: Sturner WQ , Spruill FG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since Teare's report of the first eight cases describing the pathologic features of asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart [1], there have been few subsequent documentations of this condition in the forensic literature [2]. This seems rather surprising, since most of these deaths are in the sudden and unexpected category and should be candidates for proper medicolegal investigation. Misdiagnosis, certification without autopsy, and lack of documenting isolated cases are probably equally responsible for this phenomenon.
Opiate Overdose Deaths in the District of Columbia. Part II—Methadone-Related Fatalities
Authors: Greene MH , Luke JL , DuPont RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
With widespread clinical utilization of methadone as a treatment modality for heroin addiction, public attention has been drawn increasingly of late to its potential for diversion to nontherapeutic situations. Deaths directly related to the abuse of black-market methadone have received considerable notoriety in the District of Columbia and elsewhere. Much can and has been learned relating to the complex epidemiological dynamics of the situation, where careful examination of a cohort of methadone-related fatalities has afforded promulgation of reasoned public policy decisions relative to community methadone utilization. Countermeasures taken to control the problem here have proven remarkably effective.
On the Choice of Color Filters for the Breathalyzer®
Authors: Bergh AK , Rodgers PG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In a previous publication [1] the authors discussed the influence exhibited by the sulfuric acid concentration in catalyzed Breathalyzer® ampules, considering fundamental principles. This publication serves as an extension to that work wherein the influence of the colored filters chosen for use in the Breathalyzer® is investigated, again from an examination of fundamental principles.
The Adversary System: Role of the Criminalist
Authors: Whittaker E 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The basic role of the criminalist is that of assisting in the investigation of an incident by establishing the probability of fact from the physical evidence. At the time of trial he provides to the court, his product, the Truth, by offering opinion testimony and, perhaps, demonstrations to explain exactly what the probative value of the physical evidence consists of in the case at trial.
The Adversary System: Role of the Document Examiner
Authors: McNally JP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Document examiners, being a heterogeneous group, have as many views as to what role a document examiner should play in the adversary system as there are members. This section is composed of examiners engaged in civil practice, law enforcement, and the academic world. And the law enforcement group is further divided into examiners working for local or municipal police agencies, state police agencies, and federal investigative agencies. Each of these groups views its role in the adversary system differently, and each individual in these groups has his own concept of this role, depending on his position in the group, his philosophy, bureaucratic pressures exerted upon him if he is in governmental service, client pressure exerted on the Examiner in private practice, etc. All these factors influence the document examiner's personal approach as to the role he envisions for himself and which he will play in the adversary system.
The Adversary System: Role of the Forensic Pathologist
Authors: Davis JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Since antiquity dead human bodies have been subject to examination under exceptional conditions. Thus, we note that the body of Julius Caesar, murdered in 44 B.C., was examined by the physician Antistius. A stab wound had penetrated his thoracic cavity whereas the remaining twenty-two wounds were designated as nonfatal in type. Throughout world history, works have been written which touch upon various facets of legal medicine including those pertaining to pathology. Evolution of legal pathology has been constant but occurring in fits and spurts. In Great Britain and in the United States changes are constantly being sought to improve medico-legal death investigations. Today, it seems evident that the complexities of such investigations require that forensic pathology be maintained as an independent entity. All previous and current systems have had one common theme, the investigation of apparent criminally caused deaths. Yet today we see that the forensic pathologist should be concerned with death investigations that relate to a broader theme, the public interest. In Florida, such deaths are defined as follows: (1) When any person dies in the state (a) Of criminal violence; (b) By accident; (c) By suicide; (d) Suddenly, when in apparent good health; (e) Unattended by a practicing physician or other recognized practitioner; (f) In any prison or penal institution; (g) In police custody; (h) In any suspicious or unusual circumstance; (i) By criminal abortion; (j) By poison; (k) By disease constituting a threat to public health; or (l) By disease, injury, or toxic agent resulting from employment; or (2) (a) When a dead body is brought into the state without proper medical certification; or (b) When a body is to be cremated, dissected, or buried at sea.These deaths have some degree of potential public interest and indicate the effect of social and health problems. Although less than ten percent of the above types of death may be the result of criminal causation, all should be of public concern. The pathologist, involved with such cases, is in a position to appreciate the problems of society and thus becomes the community pathologist.
Voiceprirt Identification in the Courtroom
Authors: Gocke JW , Oleniewski WA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In a recent article appearing in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, J. J. Hennessey and C. H. Romig presented a review of the experiments involving identification by voice-print spectrograms, concluding that the various experiments in the field were conflicting, neither denying nor confirming the validity of voiceprint identification. This disagreement among scientists has had a tremendous affect on the admissibility of voiceprint identification as evidence in judicial proceedings. With one exception, until the end of 1970 evidence of voiceprint identification has been held inadmissible. Since that time, the results of an extensive experiment on voice identification conducted by Dr. Oscar Tosi, Professor of Audiology and Speech Sciences, Michigan State University, have been released and greatly strengthened the argument for the admissibility of voiceprint identification as competent evidence.
A Fatal Overdose of Paraldehyde During Treatment of a Case of Delirium Tremens
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Garriott JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Paraldehyde has been used as a hypnotic for almost one hundred years. At the present time, it is chiefly used for suppression of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. During its long use, paraldehyde has gained a reputation for extreme safety. Because of this reputation, it is often dispensed without due caution.
SEM Microstriation Characterization of Bullets and Contaminant Particle Identification
Authors: Judd G , Sabo J , Hamilton W , Ferriss S , Horn R 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecent applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been in areas such as paint samples evaluation [1,2] and firing pin impressions [3,4], These have provided useful additional information to the forensic scientist. This investigation was conducted to further expand the applicability of the SEM and the developed imaging techniques for use on other forms of physical evidence. Specifically, striations on copper-jacketed bullets and contaminant particles recovered from personal articles (clothing, shoes, etc) were chosen.
The Effect of Interchanging Segments Between Two Typewriters: A Unique Criminal Defense Defeated
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Typewriting problems can take unusual turns in some cases. Routinely we identify machines and at times are called upon to make some estimate of the date of typewriting or of its continuity. To this writer's knowledge, however, no one has been faced with the problem of showing that a typewriter involved in a criminal case had actually been rebuilt during trial in an endeavor to substantiate the authenticity of fraudulent documents.