bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-resolution CT findings of pulmonary infections after orthotopic liver transplantation in 453 patients
Authors: Qin J , Xu J , Dong Y , Tang W , Wu B , An Y , Shan H 
Published: September 2012

Objectives
The objective of this study was to review the high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings in patients with pulmonary infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and to determine distinguishing findings among the various types of infection.

Methods
This study included 453 consecutive liver transplant recipients with pulmonary infection, on whom HRCT of the chest was performed within 24 h of the beginning of symptoms and for whom proven diagnosis had taken place within 1 week of the onset of symptoms. Two radiologists analysed the CT images; final decisions regarding the findings were reached by consensus.

Results
Bacterial and viral pneumonia made up the bulk of infections (63.4% and 29.4%, respectively), followed by fungal infiltrates (24.5%). Large nodules were most common in patients with fungal pneumonia, having been seen in 38 (54%) of the 70 patients with fungal pneumonia, 22 (10%) of 220 with bacterial pneumonia (p=0.0059) and 6 (8%) of 78 with viral pneumonia (p=0.0011). The halo sign was also more frequent in patients with fungal pneumonia, having been seen in 38 (54%) of the 70 patients with fungal pneumonia, 17 (8%) of 220 with bacterial pneumonia (p=0.0026) and 7 (9%) of 78 with viral pneumonia (p=0.0015). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the other HRCT patterns including air-space consolidation, ground-glass attenuation and small nodules among bacterial, viral and fungal infections (all p&gt;0.05).

Conclusion
The presence of large nodules with the halo sign is most suggestive of fungal infection after OLT. Other HRCT patterns are not helpful in distinguishing among the various types of infection seen in liver transplant recipients.
Register as a predictor of linguistic variation
Authors: Biber, Douglas 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOver the last two decades, corpus analysis has been used as the basis for several important reference grammars and dictionaries of English. While these reference works have made major contributions to our understanding of English lexis and grammar, most of them share a major limitation: the failure to consider register differences. Instead, most reference works describe lexico-grammatical patterns as if they applied generally to English.The main goal of the present paper is to challenge this practice and the underlying assumption that the patterns of lexical-grammatical use in English can be described in general/global terms. Specifically, I argue that descriptions of the average patterns of use in a general corpus do not accurately describe any register. Rather, the patterns of use in speech are dramatically different from the patterns in writing (especially academic writing), and so minimally an adequate description must recognize the two major poles in this continuum (i.e., conversation versus informational written prose).The paper begins by comparing two general corpus approaches to the study of language use: variationist and text-linguistic. Although both approaches can be used to investigate the use of words, grammatical features, and registers, the two approaches differ in their bases: the first gives primacy to each linguistic token, while the second gives primacy to each text. This difference has important consequences for the overall research design, the kinds of variables that can be measured, the statistical techniques that can be applied, and the particular research questions that can be asked. As a result, the importance of register has been more apparent in text-linguistic studies than in studies of linguistic variation.The bulk of the paper, then, argues for the importance of register at all linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical, and lexico-grammatical. Analyses comparing conversation and academic writing are discussed for each level, showing how a general ‘average’ description includes some characteristics that are not applicable to one or the other register, while also omitting other important patterns of use found in particular registers.
Preparation and characterizations of ternary biodegradable blends composed of polylactide, poly(ε-caprolactone), and wood flour
Authors: Liao Hsin-Tzu , Wu Chin-San 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Melt blending of polylactide (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and wood flour (WF) was performed in an effort to overcome the major drawbacks (brittleness and high price) of PLA. In addition, the acrylic acid (AA)-grafted PLA70PCL30 (PLA70PCL30-g-AA) was used as the alternative for the preparation of ternary blends to improve the compatibility and the dispersability of WF within the PLA70PCL30 matrix. As expected, PCL improved the elongation at break and the toughness of PLA but decreased the tensile strength and modulus. Because the hydrophilic WF is dispersed physically in the hydrophobic PLA70PCL30 matrix, as the result of Fourier transform infrared analysis, the mechanical properties of PLA70PCL30 became noticeably worse when it was blended with WF. This problem was successfully conquered by using PLA70PCL30-g-AA to replace PLA70PCL30 due to the formation of an ester carbonyl group between PLA70PCL30-g-AA and WF. Furthermore, the PLA70PCL30-g-AA/WF blend provided a plateau tensile strength at break when the WF content was up to 50 wt%. PLA70PCL30/WF exhibited a tensile strength at break of approximately 3–25 MPa more than PLA70PCL30-g-AA/WF. By using p-cresol and tyrosinase, the enzymatic biodegradable test showed that PLA70PCL30-g-AA is somewhat more biodegradable than PLA70PCL30 because the former has better water absorption. After 16 weeks, the weight loss of the PLA70PCL30/WF (50 wt%) composite was >80%. PLA70PCL30-g-AA/WF exhibited a weight loss of approximately 1–12 wt% more than PLA70PCL30-g-AA/WF. It was also found that the addition of WF to PLA70PCL30 or PLA70PCL30-g-AA decreased the crystallinity of PLA and PCL in PLA70PCL30 or PLA70PCL30-g-AA and then increased their biodegradable property.
Genetically Engineered Cancer Models, But Not Xenografts, Faithfully Predict Anticancer Drug Exposure in Melanoma Tumors
Authors: Combest Austin J. , Roberts Patrick J. , Dillon Patrick M. , Sandison Katie , Hanna Suzan K. , Ross Charlene , Habibi Sohrab , Zamboni Beth , Müller Markus , Brunner Martin , Sharpless Norman E. , Zamboni William C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground.Rodent studies are a vital step in the development of novel anticancer therapeutics and are used in pharmacokinetic (PK), toxicology, and efficacy studies. Traditionally, anticancer drug development has relied on xenograft implantation of human cancer cell lines in immunocompromised mice for efficacy screening of a candidate compound. The usefulness of xenograft models for efficacy testing, however, has been questioned, whereas genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and orthotopic syngeneic transplants (OSTs) may offer some advantages for efficacy assessment. A critical factor influencing the predictability of rodent tumor models is drug PKs, but a comprehensive comparison of plasma and tumor PK parameters among xenograft models, OSTs, GEMMs, and human patients has not been performed.Methods.In this work, we evaluated the plasma and tumor dispositions of an antimelanoma agent, carboplatin, in patients with cutaneous melanoma compared with four different murine melanoma models (one GEMM, one human cell line xenograft, and two OSTs).Results.Using microdialysis to sample carboplatin tumor disposition, we found that OSTs and xenografts were poor predictors of drug exposure in human tumors, whereas the GEMM model exhibited PK parameters similar to those seen in human tumors.Conclusions.The tumor PKs of carboplatin in a GEMM of melanoma more closely resembles the tumor disposition in patients with melanoma than transplanted tumor models. GEMMs show promise in becoming an improved prediction model for intratumoral PKs and response in patients with solid tumors.
Mapping Tobacco Quitlines in North America: Signaling Pathways to Improve Treatment
Authors: Leischow Scott J. , Provan Keith , Beagles Jonathan , Bonito Joseph , Ruppel Erin , Moor Gregg , Saul Jessie 
Published: September 2012

Objectives. This study was designed to better understand how the network of quitlines in the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC) interact and share new knowledge on quitline practices. Methods. Network relationship data were collected from all 63 publicly funded quitlines in North America, including information sharing, partner trust, and reputation. Results. There was a strong tendency for US and Canadian quitlines to seek information from other quitlines in the same country, with few seeking information from quitlines from the other country. Quitlines with the highest reputation tended to more centrally located in the network, but the NAQC coordinating organization is highly central to the quitline network—thus demonstrating their role as a broker of quitline information. Conclusions. This first “snapshot” of US and Canadian quitlines demonstrated that smoking cessation quitlines in North America are not isolated, but are part of an interconnected network, with some organizations more central than others. As quitline use expands with the inclusion of national toll-free numbers on cigarette packs, how quitlines share information to improve practice will become increasingly important.
Effectiveness of a Risk Screener in Identifying Hepatitis C Virus in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Drainoni Mari-Lynn , Litwin Alain H. , Smith Bryce D. , Koppelman Elisa A. , McKee M. Diane , Christiansen Cindy L. , Gifford Allen L. , Weinbaum Cindy M. , Southern William N. 
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We evaluated an intervention designed to identify patients at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) through a risk screener used by primary care providers. Methods. A clinical reminder sticker prompted physicians at 3 urban clinics to screen patients for 12 risk factors and order HCV testing if any risks were present. Risk factor data were collected from the sticker; demographic and testing data were extracted from electronic medical records. We used the t test, χ2 test, and rank-sum test to compare patients who had and had not been screened and developed an analytic model to identify the incremental value of each element of the screener. Results. Among screened patients, 27.8% (n = 902) were identified as having at least 1 risk factor. Of screened patients with risk factors, 55.4% (n = 500) were tested for HCV. Our analysis showed that 7 elements (injection drug use, intranasal drug use, elevated alanine aminotransferase, transfusions before 1992, ≥ 20 lifetime sex partners, maternal HCV, existing liver disease) accounted for all HCV infections identified. Conclusions. A brief risk screener with a paper-based clinical reminder was effective in increasing HCV testing in a primary care setting.
Incidence of Disability Among Children 12 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Rivara Frederick P. , Koepsell Thomas D. , Wang Jin , Temkin Nancy , Dorsch Andrea , Vavilala Monica S. , Durbin Dennis , Jaffe Kenneth M. 
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We examined the burden of disability resulting from traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) among children younger than 18 years. Methods. We derived our data from a cohort study of children residing in King County, Washington, who were treated in an emergency department for a TBI or for an arm injury during 2007–2008. Disabilities 12 months after injury were assessed according to need for specialized educational and community-based services and scores on standardized measures of adaptive functioning and social–community participation. Results. The incidence of children receiving new services at 12 months was about 10-fold higher among those with a mild TBI than among those with a moderate or severe TBI. The population incidence of disability (defined according to scores below the norm means on the outcome measures included) was also consistently much larger (2.8-fold to 28-fold) for mild TBIs than for severe TBIs. Conclusions. The burden of disability caused by TBIs among children is primarily accounted for by mild injuries. Efforts to prevent these injuries as well as to decrease levels of disability following TBIs are warranted.
The Role of Personal Attributes in the Genesis and Progression of Lung Disease and Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Brook Adam , Zhang Chenshu 
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We examined early maladaptive personal attributes (e.g., depression), later lung disease, and later maladaptive personal attributes over a significant part of a woman’s life. Methods. We gathered longitudinal data on a prospective cohort of community-dwelling women (n = 498) followed from young adulthood to late midlife. Results. We used structural equation modeling to assess the interrelations of maladaptive personal attributes, cigarette smoking, lung disease, and financial strain. The results supported a mediational model through which early maladaptive personal attributes were associated with smoking (b = 0.17, P < .001), which in turn predicted later lung disease (b = 0.33, P < .001), and lung disease was related to later family financial difficulties (b = 0.09, P < .05), which in turn were associated with later maladaptive personal attributes (b = 0.35, P < .001). Conclusions. Our results address a number of important public health and clinical issues. An understanding of the interrelations of smoking, underlying mental health conditions, financial stress, and later mental health conditions on the part of physicians and other health care providers can be critical in managing patients with lung disease.
Household Food Insecurity During Childhood and Subsequent Health Status: The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort
Authors: Ryu Jeong-Hee , Bartfeld Judith S. 
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We examined long-term patterns of household food insecurity in children from kindergarten through eighth grade and the association between those patterns and children’s proxy-reported health status in eighth grade. Methods. We obtained data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort, a study that followed a nationally representative sample of students from kindergarten entry in 1998–1999 through eighth grade. We classified food insecurity according to the number of years of reported household food insecurity over 4 observation years. We estimated logistic regression models to estimate the association between cumulative food insecurity exposure and health outcomes. Results. Food insecurity was generally a transient rather than a persistent condition. Persistent food insecurity over the 9-year period was associated with lower health status in eighth grade, whereas more transient food insecurity was not significantly associated with health outcomes in most models. Conclusions. Single-year estimates substantially underestimate the share of children whose households experienced food insecurity at some point during their childhood years. Persistent food insecurity is an important public health issue for children. Policy interventions to alleviate children’s persistent food insecurity may promote child health.
Studies on the surface properties of mixed‐matrix membrane and its antifouling properties for humic acid removal
Authors: Teow Y. H. , Ahmad A. L. , Lim J. K. , Ooi B.S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA major factor limiting the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane in water treatment process is the membrane fouling by natural organic matter such as humic acid (HA). In this work, neat PVDF and PVDF/TiO2 mixed‐matrix membranes were prepared and compared in terms of their antifouling properties. Two commercial types of TiO2 namely PC‐20 and P25 were embedded to prepare the mixed matrix membranes via in situ colloidal precipitation method. The contact angles for the mixed‐matrix membranes were slightly reduced while the zeta potential was increased (more negatively charged) compared with the neat membrane. Filtration of HA with the presence of Ca2+ demonstrated that mixed‐matrix membrane could significantly mitigate the fouling tendency compared with the neat membrane with flux ratio (J/J0) of 0.65, 0.70, and 0.82 for neat PVDF membrane, PVDF/TiO2 mixed‐matrix membrane embedded with P25 and PC‐20, respectively. PC‐20 with higher anatase polymorphs exhibited better antifouling properties due to its hydrophilicity nature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate toughened poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites
Authors: Baouz Touffik , Rezgui Farouk , Yilmazer Ulku 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPoly (lactic acid) (PLA) was melt blended in a twin screw extruder using an ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate rubber as a toughener. PLA/rubber blends were immiscible as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Impact strength and ductility of PLA were improved by the addition of the rubber at the expense of strength and stiffness. An organo‐montmorillonite (OMMT) was used at 2 wt % to counteract the negative effect of the rubber on modulus, and balanced properties were observed at 10 wt % rubber content. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of intercalated/exfoliated structure in the ternary nanocomposites. Thermal behavior analysis indicated that the degree of crystallinity is slightly affected by the clay and the rubber. Both the clay and the rubber decreased the crystallization temperature of PLA and acted as nucleating agents for PLA. The viscosity of the mixtures as measured by melt flow index was highly influenced by the rubber and the OMMT. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Controlling the Self‐Assembly of a Mixed‐Metal Mo/V–Selenite Family of Polyoxometalates
Authors: Corella‐Ochoa M. Nieves , Miras Haralampos N. , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFive mixed‐metal mixed‐valence Mo/V polyoxoanions, templated by the pyramidal SeO32− heteroanion have been isolated: K10[MoVI12VV10O58(SeO3)8]⋅18 H2O (1), K7[MoVI11VV5VIV2O52(SeO3)]⋅31 H2O (2), (NH4)7K3[MoVI11VV5VIV2O52(SeO3)(MoV6VV‐ O22)]⋅40 H2O (3), (NH4)19K3[MoVI20VV12VIV4O99(SeO3)10]⋅36 H2O (4) and [Na3(H2O)5{Mo18−xVxO52(SeO3)} {Mo9−yVyO24(SeO3)4}] (5). All five compounds were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis, TGA, UV/Vis and FT‐IR spectroscopy, redox titrations, and elemental and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) analysis. X‐ray studies revealed two novel coordination modes for the selenite anion in compounds 1 and 4 showing η,μ and μ,μ coordination motifs. Compounds 1 and 2 were characterised in solution by using high‐resolution ESI‐MS. The ESI‐MS spectra of these compounds revealed characteristic patterns showing distribution envelopes corresponding to 2− and 3− anionic charge states. Also, the isolation of these compounds shows that it may be possible to direct the self‐assembly process of the mixed‐metal systems by controlling the interplay between the cation “shrink‐wrapping” effect, the non‐conventional geometry of the selenite anion and fine adjustment of the experimental variables. Also a detailed IR spectroscopic analysis unveiled a simple way to identify the type of coordination mode of the selenite anions present in POM‐based architectures.
Mechanistic Studies on the Gas‐Phase Dehydrogenation of Alkanes at Cyclometalated Platinum Complexes
Authors: Butschke Burkhard , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the ion/molecule reactions of the cyclometalated platinum complexes [Pt(LH)]+ (L=2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy), 2‐phenylpyridine (phpy), and 7,8‐benzoquinoline (bq)) with linear and branched alkanes CnH2n+2 (n=2–4), the main reaction channels correspond to the eliminations of dihydrogen and the respective alkenes in varying ratios. For all three couples [Pt(LH)]+/C2H6, loss of C2H4 dominates clearly over H2 elimination; however, the mechanisms significantly differs for the reactions of the “rollover”‐cyclometalated bipy complex and the classically cyclometalated phpy and bq complexes. While double hydrogen‐atom transfer from C2H6 to [Pt(bipyH)]+, followed by ring rotation, gives rise to the formation of [Pt(H)(bipy)]+, for the phpy and bq complexes [Pt(LH)]+, the cyclometalated motif is conserved; rather, according to DFT calculations, formation of [Pt(LH)(H2)]+ as the ionic product accounts for C2H4 liberation. In the latter process, [Pt(LH)(H2)(C2H4)]+ (that carries H2 trans to the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic ligand) serves, according to DFT calculation, as a precursor from which, due to the electronic peculiarities of the cyclometalated ligand, C2H4 rather than H2 is ejected. For both product‐ion types, [Pt(H)(bipy)]+ and [Pt(LH)(H2)]+ (L=phpy, bq), H2 loss to close a catalytic dehydrogenation cycle is feasible. In the reactions of [Pt(bipyH)]+ with the higher alkanes CnH2n+2 (n=3, 4), H2 elimination dominates over alkene formation; most probably, this observation is a consequence of the generation of allyl complexes, such as [Pt(C3H5)(bipy)]+. In the reactions of [Pt(LH)]+ (L=phpy, bq) with propane and n‐butane, the losses of the alkenes and dihydrogen are of comparable intensities. While in the reactions of “rollover”‐cyclometalated [Pt(bipyH)]+ with CnH2n+2 (n=2–4) less than 15 % of the generated product ions are formed by CC bond‐cleavage processes, this value is about 60 % for the reaction with neo‐pentane. The result that CC bond cleavage gains in importance for this substrate is a consequence of the fact that 1,2‐elimination of two hydrogen atoms is no option; this observation may suggest that in the reactions with the smaller alkanes, 1,1‐ and 1,3‐elimination pathways are only of minor importance.
Wrapping an Organic Reducing Reagent in a Cationic Boron Complex and Its Use in the Synthesis of Polyhalide Monoanionic Networks
Authors: Vitske Viktoriia , Herrmann Hendrik , Enders Markus , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe reaction between BF3⋅OEt2 and one of two guanidines, 1,8‐bis(tetramethylguanidinyl)naphthalene (btmgn) and 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(tetramethylguanidinyl)naphthalene (ttmgn), yields the salts [(btmgn)(BF2)]BF4 and [(ttmgn)(BF2)2](BF4)2. NMR spectroscopic data show that the boron atoms in the cation and anion exchange in the case of [(ttmgn)(BF2)2](BF4)2, but not in the case of [(btmgn)(BF2)]BF4. The rate constant for this exchange was estimated to be 4 s−1 at 80 °C for solutions in CH3CN. These salts were subsequently used for the reduction of dihalides Br2 or I2 to give polyhalide salts. We report the synthesis and first complete characterization (including structural analysis) of salts that contain pentabromide monoanions. In these salts, the Br5− anions interact to give dimeric units or polymeric chains. Our results are compared to previous quantum chemical calculations on the gas‐phase structure of the Br5− anion. The possible pathways that lead to the polyhalides are evaluated. In the case of [(ttmgn)(BF2)2](BF4)2, reduction is accompanied by ttmgn oxidation, whereas in the case of [(btmgn)(BF2)]BF4 reduction is initiated by aromatic substitution.