bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female sex work interventions and changes in HIV and syphilis infection risks from 2003 to 2008 in India: a repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: Arora Paul , Nagelkerke Nico J D , Moineddin Rahim , Bhattacharya Madhulekha , Jha Prabhat 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesWe examined if increased spending and coverage of female sex worker (FSW) interventions were associated with declines in HIV or syphilis risk among young pregnant women (as a proxy for new infections in the general population) in the high-burden southern states of India.DesignRepeated cross-sectional analysis.SettingWe used logistic regression to relate district-level spending, number of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) treated, FSWs reached or condoms distributed to the declines in the annual risk of HIV and syphilis from 2003 to 2008 among prenatal clinic attendees in the four high-HIV burden states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.Participants386 961 pregnant women aged 15–24 years (as a proxy for incident infections in the adult population).InterventionsWe examined National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) data on 868 FSW intervention projects implemented between 1995 and 2008.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHIV or syphilis infection.ResultsHIV and syphilis prevalence declined substantially among young pregnant women. Each additional STI treated (per 1000 people) reduced the annual risk of HIV infection by −1.7% (95% CI −3.3 to −0.1) and reduced the annual risk of syphilis infection by −10.9% (95%CI −15.9 to −5.8). Spending, FSWs reached or condoms distributed did not reduce HIV risk, but each was significantly associated with reduced annual risk of syphilis infection. There were no major differences between the NACO-funded and Avahan-funded districts in the annual risk of either STI.ConclusionsTargeted FSW interventions are associated with reductions in syphilis risk and STI treatment is associated with reduced HIV risk. Both more and less costly FSW interventions have comparable effectiveness.
What are the factors associated with HIV testing among male injecting and non-injecting drug users in Lashio, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Saw Yu Mon , Yasuoka Junko , Saw Thu Nandar , Poudel Krishna C , Tun Soe , Jimba Masamine 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesHIV testing is an effective intervention for reducing HIV risk and providing information on HIV status. However, uptake of HIV testing is a major challenge within the drug-using population due to the stigma and discrimination associated with their illegal drug use behaviours. This study thus aimed to identify factors associated with HIV testing among injecting drug users (IDUs) and non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) in Lashio, Myanmar.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2010 to February 2010.SettingThis study was carried out in Lashio city, Northern Shan State, Myanmar.ParticipantsIn total, 158 male IDUs and 210 male NIDUs were recruited using a respondent-driven sampling method.Primary outcome measuresProportion of both drug users who were ever tested for HIV and factors associated with HIV testing.ResultsApproximately 77% of IDUs and 46% of NIDUs were ever tested for HIV. The multivariate analysis revealed that having ever received drug treatment was positively associated with HIV testing among both IDUs (adjusted OR (AOR) 13.07; 95% CI 3.38 to 50.53) and NIDUs (AOR 3.58; 95% CI 1.38 to 9.24). IDUs who were married (AOR 0.24; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.94) and who injected at least twice daily (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.97) were less likely to undergo HIV testing. Among NIDUs, those who belonged to Shan (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.84) or Kachin (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.87) ethnicities were less likely to test for HIV.ConclusionsIDUs and NIDUs who have received drug treatment are more likely to test for HIV. Integrating HIV testing into drug treatment programmes alongside general expansion of HIV testing services may be effective in increasing HIV testing uptake among both IDUs and NIDUs in the Northern Shan State of Myanmar.
Professionalisation and social attitudes: a protocol for measuring changes in HIV/AIDS-related stigma among healthcare students
Authors: Ahmadi Keivan , Reidpath Daniel D , Allotey Pascale , Hassali Mohamed Azmi Ahmad 
Published: June 2013

IntroductionHIV/AIDS-related stigma affects the access and utilisation of health services. Although HIV/AIDS-related stigma in the health services has been studied, little work has attended to the relationship between professional development and stigmatising attitudes. Hence, in this study, we will extend earlier research by examining the relationship between the stage of professional development and the kinds of stigmatising attitudes held about people living with HIV/AIDS.Methods and analysisA serial cross-sectional design will be combined with a two-point in time longitudinal design to measure the levels of stigma among healthcare students from each year of undergraduate and graduate courses in Malaysia and Australia. In the absence of suitable measures, we will carry out a sequential mixed methods design to develop such a tool. The questionnaire data will be analysed using mixed effects linear models to manage the repeated measures.Ethics and disseminationWe have received ethical approval from the Monash MBBS executive committee as well as the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee. We will keep the data in a locked filing cabinet in the Monash University (Sunway campus) premises for 5 years, after which the information will be shredded and disposed of in secure bins, and digital recordings will be erased in accordance with Monash University's regulations. Only the principal investigator and the researcher will have access to the filing cabinet. We aim to present and publish the results of this study in national and international conferences and peer-reviewed journals, respectively.
Exploring adaptations to the modified shuttle walking test
Authors: Woolf-May Kate , Meadows Steve 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveThe 10 m modified shuttle walking test (MSWT) is recommended to determine the functional capacity in older individuals and for patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. Participants are required to negotiate around cones set 1 m from the end markers. However, consistent comments indicate that for some individuals manoeuvring around the cones can be quite difficult. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore differences within and between non-cardiac and postmyocardial infarction (MI) males during MSWT with and without the cones.DesignComparative study.Participants20 post-MI (64.8±6.6, range 51–74 years) and 20 non-cardiac male controls (64.1±5.7, range 52–74 years) participated.MethodsParticipants performed MSWT with and without cones. Throughout, the participants expired air, and the heart rate (bpm) (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Participant protocol preference was recorded verbatim.ResultsOne-way analysis of variance found no significant difference in VO2peak (cones 20.4±5.1 vs no-cones 21.9±4.8 ml/kg/min, p=0.197) or distance ambulated (cones 631.8±132.9 m vs no-cones 662.4±164.1 m, p=0.371) between protocols or groups. Analysis comparing lines of regression showed a significant trajectory difference in VO2(ml/kg/min) (p<0.01) between protocols with higher HR (p<0.01) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, p<0.001) values during cones. RPEs were higher for post-MIs versus controls during both protocols (p<0.05). Post-MIs taking β-blockers produce significantly lower HR values. The χ2analysis found no significant difference in protocol preference (no-cones: all n=25, 63%; post-MIs n=13, 65%; and controls n=12, 60%).ConclusionsPost-MIs found both protocols subjectively harder than controls with no significant difference in the VO2peak. However, both groups worked at a lesser percentage of their anaerobic threshold during no-cones protocol as indicated by lower RER values. Importantly, for the post-MIs, this would reduce their risk of functional impairment. Therefore, though more research is required, indicators at present are more favourable for the use of the no-cones with post-MIs.
Corifollitropin α followed by menotropin for poor ovarian responders’ trial (COMPORT): a protocol of a multicentre randomised trial
Authors: Polyzos Nikolaos P , Camus Michel , Llacer Joaquin , Pantos Konstantinos , Tournaye Herman 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundPoor response to ovarian stimulation affects a significant proportion of infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. Recently, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology developed new criteria to define poor ovarian response, the so-called Bologna criteria. Although preliminary studies in these patients demonstrated very low pregnancy rates, a recent pilot study has shown promising results in women <40 years old fulfilling the criteria, after treatment with corifollitropin α followed by highly purified menotropin (hpHMG) in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist setting. Corifollitropin α followed by menotropin for poor ovarian responders’ trial (COMPORT) is a randomised trial aiming to investigate whether this novel protocol is superior to treatment with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in an antagonist setting for young poor responders.Methods/designCOMPORT is a multicentre, open label, phase III randomised trial using a parallel two-arm design. 150 patients <40 years old fulfilling the ‘Bologna criteria’ will be randomised to corifollitropin α followed by hpHMG (group A) or recombinant FSH (group B) in a GnRH antagonist protocol for IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The primary outcome is the ongoing pregnancy rate (defined as the presence of intrauterine gestational sac with an embryonic pole demonstrating cardiac activity at 9–10 weeks of gestation). Secondary outcomes are clinical and biochemical pregnancy rates and number of oocytes retrieved. Central randomisation will be performed using a computer-generated list and allocation concealment will be secured with the use of sealed-opaque envelopes. A sample size of 150 women is essential to detect a difference of 19.5% in ongoing pregnancy rates between group A (28%) and group B (8.5%) with a power of 85% and a level of significance at 0.05 using a two-sided Fisher's exact test.
THE SEMIGROUPS B2AND B0ARE INHERENTLY NONFINITELY BASED, AS RESTRICTION SEMIGROUPS
Authors: JONES PETER R. 
Published: June 2013

The five-element Brandt semigroup B2and its four-element subsemigroup B0, obtained by omitting one nonidempotent, have played key roles in the study of varieties of semigroups. Regarded in that fashion, they have long been known to be finitely based. The semigroup B2carries the natural structure of an inverse semigroup. Regarded as such, in the signature {⋅,-1}, it is also finitely based. It is perhaps surprising, then, that in the intermediate signature of restriction semigroups — essentially, "forgetting" the inverse operation x ↦ x-1and retaining the induced operations x ↦ x+= xx-1and x ↦ x* = x-1x — it is not only nonfinitely based but inherently so (every locally finite variety that contains it is also nonfinitely based). The essence of the nonfinite behavior is actually exhibited in B0, which carries the natural structure of a restriction semigroup, inherited from B2. It is again inherently nonfinitely based, regarded in that fashion. It follows that any finite restriction semigroup on which the two unary operations do not coincide is nonfinitely based. Therefore for finite restriction semigroups, the existence of a finite basis is decidable "modulo monoids".These results are consequences of — and discovered as a result of — an analysis of varieties of "strict" restriction semigroups, namely those generated by Brandt semigroups and, more generally, of varieties of "completely r-semisimple" restriction semigroups: those semigroups in which no comparable projections are related under the generalized Green relation 𝔻. For example, explicit bases of identities are found for the varieties generated by B0and B2.
COMPARING AND AGGREGATING PARTIAL ORDERS WITH KENDALL TAU DISTANCES
Authors: BRANDENBURG FRANZ J. , GLEIßNER ANDREAS , HOFMEIER ANDREAS 
Published: June 2013

Comparing and ranking information is an important topic in social and information sciences, and in particular on the web. Its objective is to measure the difference of the preferences of voters on a set of candidates and to compute a consensus ranking. Commonly, each voter provides a total order or a bucket order of all candidates, where bucket orders allow ties.In this work we consider the generalization of total and bucket orders to partial orders and compare them by the nearest neighbor and the Hausdorff Kendall tau distances. For total and bucket orders these distances can be computed in [Formula: see text] time. We show that the computation of the nearest neighbor Kendall tau distance is NP-hard, 2-approximable and fixed-parameter tractable for a total and a partial order. The computation of the Hausdorff Kendall tau distance for a total and a partial order is shown to be coNP-hard.The rank aggregation problem is known to be NP-complete for total and bucket orders, even for four voters and solvable in [Formula: see text] time for two voters. We show that it is NP-complete for two partial orders and the nearest neighbor Kendall tau distance. For the Hausdorff Kendall tau distance it is in [Formula: see text], but not in NP or coNP unless NP = coNP, even for four voters.
Data center asset tracking using a mobile robot
Authors: Nelson John C. , Connell Jonathan , Isci Canturk , Lenchner Jonathan 
Published: June 2013

Management and monitoring of data centers is a growing field of interest, with much current research, and the emergence of a variety of commercial products aiming to improve performance, resource utilization and energy efficiency of the computing infrastructure. Despite the large body of work on optimizing data center operations, few studies actually focus on discovering and tracking the physical layout of assets in these centers. Such asset tracking is a prerequisite to faithfully performing administration and any form of optimization that relies on physical layout characteristics.
In this work, we describe an approach to completely automated asset tracking in data centers, employing a vision-based mobile robot in conjunction with an ability to manipulate the indicator LEDs in blade centers and storage arrays. Unlike previous large-scale asset-tracking methods, our approach does not require the tagging of assets (e.g., with RFID tags or barcodes), thus saving considerable expense and human labor. The approach is validated through a series of experiments in a production industrial data center.
The Dormancy Dilemma: Quiescence versus Balanced Proliferation
Authors: Wells Alan , Griffith Linda , Wells Jakob Z. , Taylor Donald P. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Metastatic dissemination with subsequent clinical outgrowth leads to the greatest part of morbidity and mortality from most solid tumors. Even more daunting is that many of these metastatic deposits silently lie undetected, recurring years to decades after primary tumor extirpation by surgery or radiation (termed metastatic dormancy). As primary tumors are frequently curable, a critical focus now turns to preventing the lethal emergence from metastatic dormancy. Current carcinoma treatments include adjuvant therapy intended to kill the cryptic metastatic tumor cells. Because such standard therapies mainly kill cycling cells, this approach carries an implicit assumption that metastatic cells are in the mitogenic cycle. Thus, the pivotal question arises as to whether clinically occult micrometastases survive in a state of balanced proliferation and death, or whether these cells undergo at least long periods of quiescence marked by cell-cycle arrest. The treatment implications are thus obvious—if the carcinoma cells are cycling then therapies should target cycling cells, whereas if cells are quiescent then therapies should either maintain dormancy or be toxic to dormant cells. Because this distinction is paramount to rational therapeutic development and administration, we investigated whether quiescence or balanced proliferation is the most likely etiology underlying metastatic dormancy. We recently published a computer simulation study that determined that balanced proliferation is not the likely driving force and that quiescence most likely participates in metastatic dormancy. As such, a greater emphasis on developing diagnostics and therapeutics for quiescent carcinomas is needed. Cancer Res; 73(13); 3811–6. ©2013 AACR.
The Soldiers’ Inscription and the Angel’s Word
Authors: Ferda Tucker S. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This article defends the rarely encountered suggestion that Matthew’s insertion of “Jesus” in the titulus (27:37) recalls the word of the Angel to Joseph: “You will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins” (1:21). The reading has precedent in the work of John Gill but is altogether absent from Matthew commentaries and mentioned only in passing in a select few exegetical studies. The structure of Matthew’s gospel, components of his form and style, the narrative shape of his crucifixion scene, and his attempt to associate the death of Jesus with the forgiveness of sins, all suggest that “Jesus” on the titulus is more significant than hitherto realized. Like the fulfillment of Scripture in the casting of lots and the words of mockery from the passersby, the inscription unwittingly witnesses to Jesus as the Savior of his people.
The Calibration Simplex: A Generalization of the Reliability Diagram for Three-Category Probability Forecasts
Authors: Wilks Daniel S. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Full exposition of the performance of a set of forecasts requires examination of the joint frequency distribution of those forecasts and their corresponding observations. In settings involving probability forecasts, this joint distribution has a high dimensionality, and communication of its information content is often best achieved graphically. This paper describes an extension of the well-known reliability diagram, which displays the joint distribution for probability forecasts of dichotomous events, to the case of probability forecasts for three disjoint events, such as “below,” “near,” and “above normal.” The resulting diagram, called the calibration simplex, involves a discretization of the 2-simplex, which is an equilateral triangle. Characteristics and interpretation of the calibration simplex are illustrated using both idealized verification datasets, and the 6–10- and 8–14-day temperature and precipitation forecasts produced by the U.S. Climate Prediction Center.
Plural provision of primary medical care in England, 2002–2012
Authors: Sheaff Rod 
Published: June 2013

Objectives: Health care reforms often include provider diversification, including privatization, to increase competition and thereby health care quality and efficiency. Donabedian's organizational theory implies that the consequences will vary according to the providers' ownership. The aim was to examine how far that theory applies to changes in English NHS primary medical care (general practice) since 1998, and the consequences for patterns of service provision. Methods: Framework analysis whose categories and structure reflected Donabedian's theory and its implications, populated with data from a systematic review, administrative sources and press rapportage. Results: Two patterns of provider diversification occurred: 'native' diversification among existing providers and plural provision as providers with different types of ownership were introduced. Native diversification occurred through: extensive recruitment of salaried GPs; extending the range of services provided by general practices; introducing limited liability partnerships; establishing GPs with special clinical interests; and introducing a wider range of services for GPs to refer to. All of these had little apparent effect on competition between general practices. Plural provision involved: increased primary care provision by corporations; introducing GP-owned firms; establishing social enterprises (initially mostly out-of-hours cooperatives); and Primary Care Trusts taking over general practices. Plural provision was on a smaller scale than native diversification and appeared to go into reverse in 2011. Conclusions: Although the available data confirm the implications of Donabedian's theory, there are exceptions. Native diversification and plural provision policies differ in their implications for service development.
LIN28B-mediated expression of fetal hemoglobin and production of fetal-like erythrocytes from adult human erythroblasts ex vivo
Authors: Lee Y. Terry , de Vasconcellos Jaira F. , Yuan Joan , Byrnes Colleen , Noh Seung-Jae , Meier Emily R. , Kim Ki Soon , Rabel Antoinette , Kaushal Megha , Muljo Stefan A. , Miller Jeffery L. 
Published: June 2013

Key PointsLIN28B regulates HbF expression in erythroblasts that are cultured from umbilical cord and adult human blood. LIN28B expression manifested a more fetal-like phenotype among adult human erythroblasts.
Intraclonal genome diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones CHA and TB
Authors: Bezuidt Oliver KI , Klockgether Jens , Elsen Sylvie , Attree Ina , Davenport Colin F , Tümmler Burkhard 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to different living conditions is accompanied by microevolution resulting in genomic diversity between strains of the same clonal lineage. In order to detect the impact of colonized habitats on P. aeruginosa microevolution we determined the genomic diversity between the highly virulent cystic fibrosis (CF) isolate CHA and two temporally and geographically unrelated clonal variants. The outcome was compared with the intraclonal genome diversity between three more closely related isolates of another clonal complex.

Results
The three clone CHA isolates differed in their core genome in several dozen strain specific nucleotide exchanges and small deletions from each other. Loss of function mutations and non-conservative amino acid replacements affected several habitat- and lifestyle-associated traits, for example, the key regulator GacS of the switch between acute and chronic disease phenotypes was disrupted in strain CHA. Intraclonal genome diversity manifested in an individual composition of the respective accessory genome whereby the highest number of accessory DNA elements was observed for isolate PT22 from a polluted aquatic habitat. Little intraclonal diversity was observed between three spatiotemporally related outbreak isolates of clone TB. Although phenotypically different, only a few individual SNPs and deletions were detected in the clone TB isolates. Their accessory genome mainly differed in prophage-like DNA elements taken up by one of the strains.

Conclusions
The higher geographical and temporal distance of the clone CHA isolates was associated with an increased intraclonal genome diversity compared to the more closely related clone TB isolates derived from a common source demonstrating the impact of habitat adaptation on the microevolution of P. aeruginosa. However, even short-term habitat differentiation can cause major phenotypic diversification driven by single genomic variation events and uptake of phage DNA.