bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myeloide Suppressorzellen (MDSC) beim malignen Melanom
Authors: Umansky Viktor , Sevko Alexandra , Gebhardt Christoffer , Utikal Jochen 
Published: November 2014

ZusammenfassungMelanome sind bekannt für ihre schnelle Progression, Fernmetastasierung und Therapieresistenz. Trotz ihrer hohen Immunogenität sind die Ergebnisse immuntherapeutischer klinischer Studien bisher unbefriedigend geblieben. Eine Erklärung dafür ist die starke immunsupprimierende Wirkung sogenannter myeloider Suppressorzellen [myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)], regulatorischen Leukozyten, die in der Mikroumgebung des Tumors angereichert und aktiviert werden, und dort durch eine starke Unterdrückung der Immunantwort die Tumorprogression erlauben.Daher ist das Verständnis der Mechanismen der MDSC‐Bildung, ihrer Migration in die Tumorumgebung und ihrer Aktivierung essentiell für die Entwicklung neuer Strategien für eine effektive Immuntherapie bei Melanomen. Unserer Ansicht nach sollten derartige Therapieansätze eine Inhibition des immunsuppressiven Mikromilieus des Tumors mit anderen immunologischen Behandlungen kombinieren.
Der metastatische Zyklus: metastatische Nischen und Tumorzell‐Dissemination
Authors: Géraud Cyrill , Koch Philipp S , Damm Friederike , Schledzewski Kai , Goerdt Sergij 
Published: November 2014

ZusammenfassungIn den letzten Jahren hat das Konzept des metastatischen Zyklus das Konzept einer unidirektionalen Kaskade aufeinander folgender Metastasierungsschritte abgelöst. Dieses Konzept beschreibt einen dynamisch voranschreitenden Zyklus (feed forward cycle) metastatischer Nischen, die sich durch reziproke Interaktionen mit dem Primärtumor bzw. mit disseminierten Tumorzellen weiterentwickeln. Primärtumoren interagieren dabei mit prämetastatischen Geweben und bereiten so die Entstehung organspezifischer metastatischer Nischen vor. Metastasierende Zellen wandern in diese sich bildenden metastatischen Nischen ein und sind hier vielfältigen Interaktionen ausgesetzt; sekundär rezirkulierende maligne Zellen können wiederum retrograd mit dem Primärtumor interagieren. Die Organspezifität, aber auch das Fortschreiten der metastasierenden Tumorerkrankung sind das Ergebnis dieses dynamischen Zyklus reziproker Interaktionen der Tumorzellen mit ihren diversen metastatischen Nischen. Ein besseres Verständnis der vielfältigen Effekte organspezifischer metastatischer Nischen und ihrer komplexen Veränderungen auf die Tumorzelldissemination sowie des Zusammenspiels der beiderseitig beteiligten zellulären und molekularen Mechanismen wird neue therapeutische Möglichkeiten eröffnen, sowohl für bislang nicht behandelbare fortgeschrittene Erkrankungsstadien als auch für adjuvante Therapien, die bei tumorfreien Patienten ein Wiederauftreten der Erkrankung verhindern könnten.
Phengaris (Maculinea) alconbutterflies deposit their eggs on tall plants with many large buds in the vicinity ofMyrmicaants
Authors: Wynhoff Irma , Bakker Raldi B. , Oteman Bas , Arnaldo Paula Seixas , van Langevelde Frank 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe survival of eggs and larvae is dependent on the oviposition site selection of their mothers. In obligate myrmecophilic butterflies, both host plant phenology and host ant presence are expected to affect the decision where to deposit eggs. The importance of ant nest presence in the oviposition site selection ofPhengarisbutterflies is, however, highly debated.We studied oviposition in the largestPhengaris (Maculinea) alconpopulation in Portugal, exploitingGentiana pneumonantheas the host plant andMyrmica alobaas host ant. We collected phenological plant data and recorded the presence and number of eggs on plants with and withoutMyrmicaants nearby during the flight period of the butterfly.Females oviposited on tall plants with many tall buds, while the presence of host ant nests weakly affected oviposition on plants where the probability of finding ants at close range was high. Moreover, larger plants with many tall buds close to host ant nests received more eggs.A density‐dependent shift in oviposition was not found as the proportion of buds not infected with eggs did not differ between plants with or without ants, whereas plant characteristics did have an effect. Tall plants with many large buds were associated with earlier oviposition.Our results suggest that females ofP. alconin Portugal choose gentian plants for oviposition mainly based on plant characteristics whereas the vicinity of ants had a weak effect. Moreover, our study shows that testing the ant‐mediated oviposition hypothesis requires baiting ants more than once.
The coordination environment of copper in hair can be altered by treatment products
Authors: Worasith N. , Goodman B. A. 
Published: November 2014

SynopsisObjectiveTo determine whether the coordination environment of copper in hair is affected by the shampoo used.MethodsElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to discriminate between mixed oxygen/nitrogen and mixed oxygen/sulphur coordination of copper after treatment with two different shampoos.ResultsCopper with mixed oxygen/nitrogen coordination could be converted to mixed oxygen/sulphur coordination by treating with the appropriate shampoo, but this was not reversible with the products tested, although copper was removed from hair at very high pH values.ConclusionCommercial hair treatment products can have a profound effect on the copper coordination environment in hair, and this must be taken into account in any attempt to use hair as a health marker.
Temperature dependence and P/Ti ratio in phosphoric acid treatment of titanium dioxide and powder properties
Authors: Onoda H. , Matsukura A. 
Published: November 2014

SynopsisObjectiveTitanium dioxide has photocatalytic activity and is used as a white pigment for cosmetics. A certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, titanium dioxide was shaken with phosphoric acid to synthesize a white pigment for cosmetics.MethodsTitanium dioxide was treated with 0.1 mol/L of phosphoric acid at various P/Ti molar ratios, and then shaken in hot water for 1 h. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activity, colour phase, and smoothness of the obtained powder were studied.ResultsThe obtained materials indicated XRD peaks of titanium dioxide, however the peaks diminished subsequent to phosphoric acid treatment. The samples included small particles with sub‐micrometer size. The photocatalytic activity of the obtained powders decreased, decomposing less sebum on the skin. Samples prepared at high P/Ti ratio with high shaking temperature indicated low whiteness in in L*a*b* colour space. The shaking and heating temperature and P/Ti ratio had influence on the smoothness of the obtained materials.ConclusionPhosphoric acid treatment of titanium dioxide is an effective method to inhibit photocatalytic activity for a white pigment.
The Impact of Zeta Potential and Physicochemical Properties of TiO2‐Based Nanocomposites on Their Biological Activity
Authors: Jastrzębska Agnieszka Maria , Kurtycz Patrycja , Olszyna Andrzej , Karwowska Ewa , Miaśkiewicz‐Pęska Ewa , Załęska‐Radziwiłł Monika , Doskocz Nina , Basiak Dariusz 
Published: November 2014

The aim of this research was to observe the relationship between zeta potential, morphology, surface area, porosity, chemical composition, and ecotoxicity of nanocomposite powders such as Au/TiO2, Ag2O/TiO2, PdO/TiO2, Ag/TiO2/SiO2, Ag/N(C)TiO2, and SiO2/TiO2 from which Ag2O/TiO2, Ag/N(C)/TiO2, and Ag/TiO2/SiO2 were exhibiting good antimicrobial properties. It was observed, that nanomaterials characterized by similar morphology and zeta potential revealed the similar toxic behavior. The samples of higher agglomeration and higher zeta potential, especially Ag/TiO2/SiO2 xerogel and TiO2/SiO2 aerogel were generally less ecotoxic to water organisms and plants. They were also not genotoxic in concentrations up to 500 and 250 mg/L, respectively.
TRAUMATIC HAEMOBILIA TREATED BY HEPATIC ARTERY LIGATION
Authors: Shi E. C. P. , Ham J. M. 
Published: November 2014

A 22‐year‐old woman developed haemobilia following suture of an apparently superficial liver injury. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical features, duodenoscopy, and liver function tests. Selective hepatic angiography and liver scintiscan demonstrated a cavity in the right lobe of the liver, with the bleeding arising from a branch of the right hepatic artery.She was treated by cholecystectomy, exploration of the common bile duct with removal of clots, and ligation of the right hepatic artery. Subsequent T tube cholangiography and liver scintiscans demonstrated complete resolution of the cavity, and there was no further bleeding.Experience with this patient suggests that contrary to previous recommendations, haemobilia associated with an intrahepatic cavity may be successfully treated by hepatic artery ligation.
TERMINATION OF EARLY PREGNANCY USING MIFEPRISTONE IN COMBINATION WITH PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGS
Authors: Maria B. , Stampf F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMifepristone, (RU 486), is an antiprogesterone which, when administered alone will terminate early pregnancy in 80% of cases. Prostaglandins at high doses have also been used to terminate pregnancy but there are often unacceptable side effects. The combined treatment of mifepristone with low doses of prostaglandin analogs appears to be an effective method for termination of pregnancy, with a high success rate and a reduction in the side effects observed with prostaglandins.
Enhanced Light Storage of SrAl2O4 Glass‐Ceramics Controlled by Selective Europium Reduction
Authors: Nakanishi Takayuki , Watanabe Kazune , Ueda Jumpei , Fushimi Koji , Tanabe Setsuhisa , Hasegawa Yasuchika 
Published: November 2014

A luminescent Eu, Dy: SrAl2O4 glass‐ceramics with high transparency in the visible region was successfully synthesized using the frozen sorbet technique with the control of O2 partial pressure () for the oxidation of Eu2+ ions. The glass‐ceramics include Eu2+, Eu3+, and Dy3+ ions, and thus exhibits three characteristic types of emission bands, 4f–5d at around 520 nm (Eu2+ ions), 4f–4f at 610 nm (Eu3+ ions), and 480 nm (Dy3+ ions). The Eu, Dy: SrAl2O4 glass‐ceramics provide remarkable long‐persistent luminescence under dark condition. The glass‐ceramics also exhibits color‐changing luminescence in the visible region based on their remarkable light storage properties. The luminescent Eu, Dy: SrAl2O4 glass‐ceramics using the frozen sorbet technique with control of are promising materials for application in novel photonic and light storage materials.
CEO Overconfidence and Earnings Management During Shifting Regulatory Regimes
Authors: Hsieh Tien‐Shih , Bedard Jean C. , Johnstone Karla M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study examines the relationship of CEO overconfidence with accrual‐based earnings management, real activities‐based earnings management, and targeting to meet or just beat analyst forecasts. Following, we measure “overconfidence” based on the CEO's tendency to hold in‐the‐money stock options, as rational expected utility maximizers should exercise early to avoid overexposure to company idiosyncratic risks. The results show that before the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), companies of overconfident CEOs were more likely than other CEOs to engage in managing earnings through accelerating the timing of cash flow from operations and achieving analyst forecast benchmarks. After SOX, we find that overconfident CEOs are more likely to have income‐increasing discretionary accruals. They remain more likely to engage in real activities management through abnormally high cash flows, and also have abnormally low discretionary expenses. These results are consistent with overconfident CEOs feeling less constrained by SOX, and suggest that this individual characteristic works against regulators’ attempts to constrain earnings management by corporate executives. In contrast, we find that the tendency of overconfident CEOs to manage to targets decreases after SOX, perhaps due to changes in investor behavior in the new regulatory environment.
Is the use of formulae a reliable way to predict the accuracy of genomic selection?
Authors: Brard S. , Ricard A. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryWe studied four formulae used to predict the accuracy of genomic selection prior to genotyping. The objectives of our study were to investigate the impact of the parameters of each formula on the values of accuracy calculated using these formulae, and to check whether the accuracies reported in the literature are in agreement with the formulae. First, we computed the marginal distribution of accuracy (by integration) for each parameter of all four formulae: heritability h2, reference population size T, number of markers M and number of effective segments in the genome Me. Then, we collected 145 accuracies and corresponding parameters reported in 13 publications on genomic selection (mainly in dairy cattle), and performed analysis of variance to test the differences between observed and predicted accuracy with effects of formulae and parameters. The variation of accuracy for different values of each parameter indicated that two parameters, T and Me, had a significant impact and that considerable differences existed between the formulae (mean accuracies differed by up to 0.20 point). The results of our meta‐analysis showed a big formula effect on the accuracies predicted using each formula, and also a significant effect of the value obtained for Me calculated from Ne (effective population size). Each formula can therefore be demonstrated to be optimal depending on the assumption used for Me. In conclusion, no rules can be applied to predict the reliability of genomic selection using these formulae.
Phylogeny and Reclassification of Hemistasia phaeocysticola (Scherffel) Elbrächter & Schnepf, 1996
Authors: Yabuki Akinori , Tame Akihiro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHemistasia phaeocysticola is a marine flagellate that preys on diatoms and dinoflagellates among others. Although its morphology and ultrastructure were previously observed and characterized, its phylogenetic position has not been analyzed using molecular sequence data. This flagellate was classified as a kinetoplastid on the basis of the presence of a kinetoplast in the mitochondrion. However, several morphological characteristics similar to those of diplonemids, a sister group of kinetoplastids, have also been noted. Herein, we report that H. phaeocysticola branches within the diplonemid clade in the phylogenetic tree reconstructed by analyzing 18S rRNA gene sequences. Its systematic placement based on this finding is also discussed.
Efficiency of Several Cultural Methods and a Chick Bioassay to Recover Dry‐Stressed Campylobacter
Authors: Cox N.A. , Richardson L.J. , Harrison M.A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCampylobacter can become viable but nonculturable (VBNC) when environments are unfavorable. The VBNC state arises from exposure to sublethal adverse environmental conditions and recovery occurs by passage of the organism through a susceptible host. This study evaluated the efficacy of five enrichment procedures for recovery of dry‐atmospheric‐temperature stressed Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and determined viability using a chick bioassay. Sterile chick paper pads and filter papers were inoculated at a low (L) and high (H) inoculum levels. Inoculated samples were left at room temperature and exposed to atmospheric conditions for up to 24 h with sampling performed periodically. Recovery rate decreased gradually from 0 to 2 h and then sharply from 2 to 4 h. For the chick bioassay, negative dry‐stressed samples at 6 and 24 h post inoculation were administered orally and intracloacally to day‐of‐age chicks. Seven days post inoculation, the chicks' ceca were analyzed for marker strains. This is the first study to use the intracloacal route of chicks to determine viability.Practical ApplicationsThe inability of conventional laboratory procedures to detect the presence of viable nonculturable Campylobacter from dry samples has led scientists to misunderstand the ecology of this microorganism in the integrated poultry industry. For example, when Campylobacter are not detected in dry hatchery samples (eggshell, fluff, chick pads), it is erroneously assumed that they are not present rather than not culturable. Breeder flocks and fertile eggs are indeed a source of Campylobacter to the young chick, but this has been overlooked and disregarded due to the nonculturable state of this microorganism. This study may convince poultry scientists to frequently question their lab results and may allow us to better understand the ecology of this elusive organism.
Detection and Enumeration of Lactic Acid Bacteria, Acetic Acid Bacteria and Yeast in Kefir Grain and Milk Using Quantitative Real‐Time PCR
Authors: Kim Dong‐Hyeon , Chon Jung‐Whan , Kim Hyunsook , Kim Hong‐Seok , Choi Dasom , Hwang Dae‐Geun , Seo Kun‐Ho 
Published: November 2014

AbstractKefir is a unique fermented dairy product that is produced by a mixture of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and yeast. In this study, a culture‐independent quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to enumerate lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and yeast in kefir grain and kefir milk using group‐specific primers. The most abundant microbial groups were lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, followed by yeast (P < 0.05) in both kefir grain and kefir milk. The most leading genera of lactic acid bacteria and yeast were Lactobacillus/Lactococcus (P < 0.05) and Candida, respectively. All microbial groups were present in lower numbers in kefir milk than in kefir grain (P < 0.05), except for Enterococcus and Saccharomyces groups. This is the first report to characterize the number of specific microbial populations in kefir grain and kefir milk using quantitative real‐time PCR. In conclusion, we successfully established the methods for the quantification of microorganisms in kefir grain and kefir milk using group‐specific quantitative real‐time PCR and provided quantitative microbiological information for quality control of kefir.Practical ApplicationsThis report describes the enumerative methods of microorganisms in the kefir grain and kefir milk using group‐specific quantitative real‐time PCR assay. It could facilitate the microbiological quality control of kefir‐fermented milk and grain and can be used in further studies to understand the fermentation process of kefir milk. In addition, the results provide basic information on the number of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and yeast in kefir grain and kefir milk.
Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs
Authors: Garcia D. A. A. , Froes T. R. 
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVETo describe the effect of fasting on the technical success of abdominal ultrasonography specifically in respect of examination of the gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, adrenal glands and portal vein in dogs.METHODSRandomised, prospective study of 150 dogs with a variety of physical characteristics. Animals were divided into two groups of 75 dogs each. Dogs in Group 1 were fasted for 8 to 12 hours before ultrasonographic evaluation and those in Group 2 were not but received food anytime between 10 minutes and 2 hours before the procedure.RESULTSIntraluminal gas can influence the visibility of organs, but intraluminal gas accumulation occurred independently of fasting status. The assessment of abdominal organs was not affected by whether or not an animal was fasted.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCERoutine fasting of dogs before abdominal ultrasonography is not essential.
Impact of the free‐vaccine policy on timely initiation and completion of hepatitis B vaccination in Fujian, China
Authors: Wu J. N. , Wen X. Z. , Zhou Y. , Lin D. , Zhang S. Y. , Yan Y. S. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe extent to which the free‐vaccine policy impacts the initiation and completion of a hepatitis B vaccine series is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the free‐vaccine policy on hepatitis B vaccination. A provincial survey was conducted in 2006 in Fujian Province, south‐east of China, where the free‐vaccine policy for hepatitis B was announced in 2002 and implemented in 2003. A total of 1628 children were investigated, and 1443 (88.6%) were included in this analysis. Among the children studied, 55.2% were vaccinated within 24 h of birth, and 76.1% completed the hepatitis B vaccine series on time. The rate of hepatitis B surface antibody positivity increased from 29.9% among children born in 1992 to 90.5% among children born in 2005, while the corresponding HBV infection rate decreased from 30.4% to 1.72%. Logistic regression indicated that, compared to children born between 1996 and 2001, the odds ratios (ORs) for timely initiation were 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71–3.84), 5.24 (95% CI, 3.26–8.43) and 9.06 (95% CI, 4.48–18.34) among children born in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively; the corresponding ORs for completing the vaccine series were 4.23 (95% CI, 1.97–9.10), 3.76 (95% CI, 1.81–7.82) and 4.94 (95% CI, 1.74–14.00) among children born in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Children with delayed vaccine initiation (>24 h after birth) were less likely to complete the vaccine series than those who received a timely first dose (OR = 0.02, 95% CI, 0.005–0.09). The impact of the free‐vaccine policy on vaccine initiation and vaccine series completion did not differ by children's residence area (rural vs urban). As hypothesized, the odds of completing the vaccine series increased after the free‐vaccine policy was announced in 2002 among children with delayed initiation (>24 h after birth) but not among those with timely initiation (≤24 h after birth). In conclusion, the free‐vaccine policy significantly improved the timely initiation and completion of the vaccine series. The impact of this policy on completion of the vaccine series was larger among children with delayed vaccine initiation.
Perceptual Variation, Color Language, and Reference Fixing. An Objectivist Account
Authors: Gómez‐Torrente Mario 
Published: November 2014

AbstractI offer a new objectivist theory of the contents of color language and color experience, intended especially as an account of what normal intersubjective variation in color perception and classification shows about those contents. First I explain an abstract account of the contents of (utterances of) color and other gradable adjectives; on the account, these contents are certain objective properties constituted in part by contextually intended standards of application, which are in turn values in the dimensions of variation associated with the adjectives. Then I propose an explanation of normal variations in linguistic color classification; these are postulated to be effects of differences in intended standards for the color adjectives appearing in the classifying predicates. Next, I consider a potential objection to this explanation, based on the suggestion that contextual content should be more accessible than the explanation predicts. In reply, I point out that contextual content is occasionally opaque to unsophisticated reflection. Finally, I present a companion account of the contents of color experiences on which these represent an object as lying on certain salient intervals in the chromatic dimensions, and I show how the account accommodates intersubjective variation in color perception.