bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariatetnonlinear mixed‐effects models for multi‐outcome longitudinal data with missing values
Authors: Wang Wan‐Lun , Lin Tsung‐I 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe multivariate nonlinear mixed‐effects model (MNLMM) has emerged as an effective tool for modeling multi‐outcome longitudinal data following nonlinear growth patterns. In the framework of MNLMM, the random effects and within‐subject errors are assumed to be normally distributed for mathematical tractability and computational simplicity. However, a serious departure from normality may cause lack of robustness and subsequently make invalid inference. This paper presents a robust extension of the MNLMM by considering a joint multivariatetdistribution for the random effects and within‐subject errors, called the multivariatetnonlinear mixed‐effects model. Moreover, a damped exponential correlation structure is employed to capture the extra serial correlation among irregularly observed multiple repeated measures. An efficient expectation conditional maximization algorithm coupled with the first‐order Taylor approximation is developed for maximizing the complete pseudo‐data likelihood function. The techniques for the estimation of random effects, imputation of missing responses and identification of potential outliers are also investigated. The methodology is motivated by a real data example on 161 pregnant women coming from a study in a private fertilization obstetrics clinic in Santiago, Chile and used to analyze these data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Monte Carlo simulation study of wind turbine loads in thunderstorm downbursts
Authors: Nguyen Hieu Huy , Manuel Lance 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe simulation of thunderstorm downbursts and associated loads on a utility‐scale wind turbine is the focus of this study. Using a deterministic–stochastic hybrid model, downburst‐related wind fields are generated separately from non‐turbulent and turbulent parts. The non‐turbulent part builds on available analytical models developed from field data that include recorded downburst events; the turbulent part is simulated as a stochastic process using standard turbulence power spectral density functions and coherence functions adjusted by information on parameters such as the downburst's translation velocity. Key thunderstorm downburst‐related parameters include the maximum radial velocity, the height and radial distance to the maximum radial velocity, the downburst intensity, the downburst translation velocity and the downburst translation direction. In addition, the streamwise ambient (environmental) velocity and the downburst touchdown location relative to the wind turbine are also important in turbine load computation. A utility‐scale 5‐MW wind turbine model is selected, and loads are generated using stochastic simulation of the aeroelastic response. Information available in the literature on recorded downbursts is used to define the cases studied. A single downburst simulation and associated turbine response simulation is first discussed to illustrate loads computation and highlight downburst‐related parameters of interest. Next, a Monte Carlo simulation study is performed to investigate the influence of touchdown locations and translation direction on turbine extreme loads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the contribution of wind farms to distribution network reliability
Authors: Blake S. , Taylor P. , Dent C. , Miller D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe reliability of power supply to distribution network customers can be increased by embedded generation, including wind farms. The value of this increase in reliability needs to be evaluated, and national standards such as the Great Britain security of supply standard P2/6 seek to do so. This paper appraises the capacity credit evaluation methodology in P2/6 and outlines an alternative methodology to integrate generation with load more effectively, taking into account the topology, loading and reliability of the surrounding network. It concludes that under certain circumstances, the presence of embedded wind generation can allow the deferral of costly network reinforcement projects but that the time for which reinforcement can reasonably be deferred is a function not only of the generators themselves but also of the surrounding network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Fluid Bolus Administration Rates Using Ruggedized Field Intravenous Systems
Authors: Morgan Theodore R. 
Published: March 2014

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 ruggedized field intravenous (IV) systems currently in use by US military medics and to determine their effect on fluid bolus administration rates. Methods A series of 500 mL fluid boluses consisting of either Lactated Ringer’s solution or Hextend were delivered to 2 artificial intravenous training arms using a standard 18G catheter (control) and 2 separate ruggedized field IV systems. Fluid boluses were delivered under both gravity force and pressure infusion (constant 300 mm Hg), and total bolus times were recorded. Results Using Lactated Ringer’s solution, the standard IV system took a mean time of 9:33 minutes (95% CI: 9:13–9:54) to deliver a 500 mL fluid bolus whereas the 2 ruggedized field systems took mean times of 14:50 minutes (95% CI: 14:00–15:40) and 12:20 minutes (95% CI: 11:54–12:45). Using Hextend, the mean bolus time for the control system was 24:39 minutes (95% CI: 22:47–26:32). The 2 ruggedized field systems required an average of 49:32 minutes (95% CI: 48:07–50:58) and 39:46 minutes (95% CI: 37:30–42:01) to deliver an equivalent bolus. Pressure infusion significantly increased flow rate in all systems. Conclusions Ruggedized field IV systems can significantly delay fluid bolus rates. In instances where ruggedized field systems are deemed necessary, pressure infusion devices should be considered to overcome the constrictive effects of the ruggedized system.
Poly-l-Arginine Topical Lotion Tested in a Mouse Model for Frostbite Injury
Authors: Auerbach Lauren J. , DeClerk Brittney K. , Garrison Fathman C. , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Auerbach Paul S. 
Published: March 2014

Background Frostbite injury occurs when exposure to cold results in frozen tissue. We recently reported a novel mouse model for frostbite injury to be used in screening potentially therapeutic drugs and other modalities. Objective We used the mouse skin frostbite model to evaluate the effect of poly-l-arginine contained in lotion (PAL) applied topically to involved skin. Methods Sixty mice were studied in a randomized, double-blind method. Standardized 2.9-cm-diameter circles were tattooed on the mouse dorsum. Magnets snap frozen in dry ice (–78.5°C) were used to create a frostbite injury on skin within the circle as a continuous 5-minute freeze. Mice were treated with prefreeze placebo, postthaw placebo, combined prefreeze and postthaw placebo, prefreeze with PAL, postthaw with PAL, or combined prefreeze and postthaw with PAL. Appearance, healing rate, tissue loss, and histology were recorded until the wounds were healed. Results Application of PAL before inducing frostbite injury resulted in decreased tissue loss as compared with other treatment conditions. Conclusions Applying PAL topically to frostbitten mouse skin caused decreased tissue loss. Poly-l-arginine should be studied further to determine whether it is a beneficial therapeutic modality for frostbite injury.
Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent flow in a rotating channel with a sudden expansion
Authors: Lamballais Eric 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe effects of spanwise rotation on the channel flow across a symmetric sudden expansion are investigated using direct numerical simulation. Four rotation regimes are considered with the same Reynolds number$\mathit{Re}=5000$and expansion ratio$\mathit{Er}=3/2$. Upstream from the expansion, inflow turbulent conditions are generated realistically for each rotation rate through a very simple and efficient technique of recycling without the need for any precursor calculation. As the rotation is increased, the flow becomes progressively asymmetric with stabilization (destabilization) effects on the cyclonic (anticyclonic) side, respectively. These rotation effects, already present in the upstream channel, lead further downstream to an increase (reduction) of the separation size behind the cyclonic (anticyclonic) step. In the cyclonic separation, the free-shear layer created behind the step corner leads to the formation of large-scale spanwise vortices that become increasingly two-dimensional as the rotation is increased. Conversely, in the anticyclonic region, the turbulent structures in the separated layer are more elongated in the streamwise direction and also more active in promoting reattachment. For the highest rotation rate, a secondary separation is observed further downstream in the anticyclonic region, leading to the establishment of an elongated recirculation bubble that deflects the main flow towards the cyclonic wall. The highest level of turbulent kinetic energy is obtained at high rotation near the cyclonic reattachment in a region where stabilization effects are expected. The phenomenological model of absolute vortex stretching is found to be useful in understanding how the rotation influences the dynamics in the various regions of the flow.
Spanwise-localized solutions of planar shear flows
Authors: Gibson J. F. , Brand E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present several new spanwise-localized equilibrium and travelling-wave solutions of plane Couette and channel flows. The solutions exhibit concentrated regions of vorticity that are centred over low-speed streaks and flanked on either side by high-speed streaks. For several travelling-wave solutions of channel flow, the vortex structures are concentrated near the walls and form particularly isolated and elemental versions of coherent structures in the near-wall region of shear flows. One travelling wave appears to be the invariant solution corresponding to a near-wall coherent structure educed from simulation data by Jeong et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 332, 1997, pp. 185–214) and analysed in terms of transient growth modes of streaky flow by Schoppa & Hussain (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 453, 2002, pp. 57–108). The solutions are constructed by a variety of methods: application of windowing functions to previously known spatially periodic solutions, continuation from plane Couette to channel flow conditions, and from initial guesses obtained from turbulent simulation data. We show how the symmetries of localized solutions derive from the symmetries of their periodic counterparts, analyse the exponential decay of their tails, examine the scale separation and scaling of their streamwise Fourier modes, and show that they develop critical layers for large Reynolds numbers.
Dynamic Modeling and Experimental Validating of Large Semi-Rigid Structures
Authors: Li D.-X. , Liu W. , Sun X.-Y. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA new type of large semi-rigid solar array structure with a new structural concept of rigid-flexible combination has developed for space application. Due to the good features of large scale and lightweight, such structure can well satisfy to the large power requirements of spacecraft and thus has drawn increasing attention recently. However, its structural weakness of inherently flexibility makes low frequency vibrations happen much easier. It is highly required to obtain an accurate dynamic model for predicting the dynamic characteristics of this kind of semi-rigid space structure. Because this structure is composed of different components that have quite different stiffness properties respectively, it is very difficult to build up an accurate dynamic model of this complex structure. In this paper, a novel analytical dynamic model is developed for solving this problem. To validate the correctness of the proposed model, experiment studies are conducted. By comparing the simulation results with experimental results, it can be concluded that this dynamic modeling method presented in the paper is credible. The present study is significant for the structural construction and application of this special structure.
Analysis of the prognostic significance of lymph node related characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients presenting with pre- or intra-operative evidence of cervical lymph node metastases
Authors: Soudry E , Hilly O , Preis M , Hadar T , Segal K , Bachar G , Feinmesser R 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjective:To identify the prognostic significance of specific lymph node related characteristics for disease persistence and recurrence in patients with pre- or intra-operative evidence of neck metastases and no other risk factors.Method and resultsSixty-eight patients were identified; 50 per cent had persistent or recurrent disease. All underwent the same treatment strategy. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the patient- or tumour-related parameters when patients with and without persistence or recurrence were compared. Patients with recurrent or persistent disease had significantly larger (>3 cm) metastatic lymph nodes, but there were no differences regarding other lymph node related parameters (i.e. number, extracapsular extension, number of lymph nodes with extracapsular extension, and central vs lateral neck location). On multivariate analysis, however, none of the parameters were predictive of persistent or recurrent disease.Conclusion:In papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with no other risk factors, pre- or intra-operative evidence of cervical metastases was associated with a very high rate of disease persistence or recurrence. Specific lymph node characteristics were not shown to have prognostic significance.
Should elective neck dissection be routinely performed in patients undergoing salvage total laryngectomy?
Authors: Pezier T F , Nixon I J , Scotton W , Joshi A , Guerrero-Urbano T , Oakley R , Jeannon J-P , Simo R 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground:The prevalence of occult neck metastasis in patients undergoing salvage total laryngectomy remains unclear, and there is controversy regarding whether elective neck dissection should routinely be performed.Method:A retrospective case note review of 32 consecutive patients undergoing salvage total laryngectomy in a tertiary centre was performed, in order to correlate pre-operative radiological staging with histopathological staging.Results:The median patient age was 61 years (range, 43–84 years). With regard to lymph node metastasis, 28 patients were pre-operatively clinically staged (following primary radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) as node-negative, 1 patient was staged as N1, two patients as N2c and one patient as N3. Fifty-two elective and seven therapeutic neck dissections were performed. Pathological analysis up-staged two patients from clinically node-negative (following primary radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) to pathologically node-positive (post-surgery). No clinically node-positive patients were down-staged. More than half of the patients suffered a post-operative fistula.Conclusion:Pre-operative neck staging had a negative predictive value of 96 per cent. Given the increased complications associated with neck dissection in the salvage setting, consideration should be given to conservative management of the neck in clinically node-negative patients (staged following primary radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy).
Diasporic Memories and Conceptual Geography in Post-colonial Hong Kong
Authors: CHIN ANGELINA Y. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper explores how the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been trying to incorporate post-1997 Hong Kong into the framework of a Greater China. The construction of two ‘narratives’ are examined: the grand narrative of Chinese history in secondary school textbooks in Hong Kong; and the development of a new regional framework of the Pearl River Delta. The first narrative, which focuses on the past, signals the PRC government's desire to inculcate through education a deeper sense of collective identity as patriotic citizens of China amongst residents of Hong Kong. The second narrative, which represents a futuristic imagining of a regional landscape, rewrites the trajectory of Hong Kong by merging the city with the Pearl River Delta region. However, these narrative strategies have triggered ambivalent responses from people in Hong Kong, especially the generations born after 1980. In their discursive battles against merging with the mainland, activists have sought to instil a collective memory that encourages a counter-imagination of a particular kind of Hong Kong that draws from the pre-1997 past. This conflict pits activists and their supporters against officials in the local government working to move Hong Kong towards integration with greater Guangdong and China at large. But the local resistance discourses are inadequate because they are constrained by their own parochial visions and colonial nostalgia.
The politics of redistribution in local governments: the effect of gender representation on welfare spending in California counties
Authors: Park Sanghee 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis research explores the impact of gender representation at the state and local levels on redistributive choices. This research also examines whether female officeholders moderate the impact of the local economy and institution on welfare spending. Hypotheses are tested across 58 counties in California over ten years, between 2001 and 2010. According to the fixed effect models, women in state legislature had a positive effect on local welfare spending, while women on county boards had no significant effect. However, a positive moderating effect of women on county boards during economic hardship was found. Three categories of control variables include institutional factors, such as the introduction of Proposition 1A and county home rule; political factors, such as the political preference of each county’s residents and strength of non-profit organisations; and socio-economic factors, such as intergovernmental revenue, unemployment rate and demographics. Counties with more intergovernmental revenue and supporters of Democratic presidential candidates are likely to spend more on welfare services.
Hand-eye servo and impedance control for manipulator arm to capture target satellite safely
Authors: Ma Gan , Jiang Zhihong , Li Hui , Gao Junyao , Yu Zhangguo , Chen Xuechao , Liu Yun-Hui , Huang Qiang 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYA crucial problem is the risk that a manipulator arm would be damaged by twisting or bending during and after contacting a target satellite. This paper presents a solution to minimize the risk of damage to the arm and thereby enhance contact performance. First, a hand-eye servo controller is proposed as a method for accurately tracking and capturing a target satellite. Next, a motion planning strategy is employed to obtain the best-fit contacting moments. Also, an impedance control law is implemented to increase protection during operation and to ensure more accurate compliance. Finally, to overcome the challenge of verifying algorithms for a space manipulator while on the ground, a novel experimental system with a 6-DOF (degree of freedom) manipulator on a chaser field robot is presented and implemented to capture a target field robot; the proposed methods are then validated using the experimental platform.
The impact of climate change on agricultural net revenue: a case study in the Fouta Djallon, West Africa
Authors: Wood Stephen A. , Mendelsohn Robert O. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractContinental-scale economic analysis suggests that changes in climate conditions are associated with lower agricultural net revenue in sub-Saharan Africa. Specific locations, however, may not reflect this overall trend due to variation in baseline climate, soils, and socioeconomic factors that are difficult to model at large scales. The economic effect of changes in climate conditions on agricultural revenue in particular places in sub-Saharan Africa remains largely unknown. To test this effect, we study an area of West Africa with high climate variation over a small geographic area. We find that higher temperatures and precipitation lower agricultural revenues in the more important rainy season but increase revenues in the less important cool, dry season.
Impact of a Smarter Lunchroom intervention on food selection and consumption among adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a residential school setting
Authors: Hubbard Kristie L , Bandini Linda G , Folta Sara C , Wansink Brian , Eliasziw Misha , Must Aviva 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether a Smarter Lunchroom intervention based on behavioural economics and adapted for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities would increase the selection and consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and reduce the selection and consumption of refined grains.DesignThe 3-month intervention took place at a residential school between March and June 2012. The evaluation employed a quasi-experimental, pre–post design comparing five matched days of dietary data. Selection and plate waste of foods at lunch were assessed using digital photography. Consumption was estimated from plate waste.SettingMassachusetts, USA.SubjectsStudents (n 43) aged 11–22 years with intellectual and developmental disabilities attending a residential school.ResultsDaily selection of whole grains increased by a mean of 0·44 servings (baseline 1·62 servings, P = 0·005) and refined grains decreased by a mean of 0·33 servings (baseline 0·82 servings, P = 0·005). The daily consumption of fruits increased by a mean of 0·18 servings (baseline 0·39 servings, P = 0·008), whole grains increased by 0·38 servings (baseline 1·44 servings, P = 0·008) and refined grains decreased by a mean of 0·31 servings (baseline 0·68 servings, P = 0·004). Total kilojoules and total gram weight of food selected and consumed were unchanged. Fruit (P = 0·04) and vegetable (P = 0·03) plate waste decreased.ConclusionsA Smarter Lunchroom intervention significantly increased whole grain selection and consumption, reduced refined grain selection and consumption, increased fruit consumption, and reduced fruit and vegetable plate waste. Nudge approaches may be effective for improving the food selection and consumption habits of adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Visualization of the Coalescence of Bismuth Nanoparticles
Authors: Niu Kai-Yang , Liao Hong-Gang , Zheng Haimei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCoalescence is a significant pathway for the growth of nanostructures. Here we studied the coalescence of Bi nanoparticles in situ by liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The growth of Bi nanoparticles was initiated from a bismuth neodecanoate precursor solution by electron beam irradiation inside a liquid cell under the TEM. A significant number of coalescence events occurred from the as-grown Bi nanodots. Both symmetric coalescence of two equal-sized nanoparticles and asymmetric coalescence of two or more unequal-sized nanoparticles were analyzed along their growth trajectories. Our observation suggests that two mass transport mechanisms, i.e., surface diffusion and grain boundary diffusion, are responsible for the shape evolution of nanoparticles after a coalescence event.
SHOULD WE GIVE MONEY TO BEGGARS?
Authors: Moen Ole Martin 
Published: March 2014

In this paper it is argued that we should not give money to beggars. Rather than spending our welfare budget on the people whom we happen to pass by on the street, we should spend it on those who are genuinely poor and who can be helped the most with each pound that we give. A pound given to a beggar in a Western country, it is argued, is a pound spent on someone who – in a global perspective – is relatively well off. That pound, if spent better, could have rescued the life of a starving child in another part of the world.