bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-disciplinary approach in engineering education: learning with additive manufacturing and reverse engineering
Authors: Gatto Andrea , Bassoli Elena , Denti Lucia , Iuliano Luca , Minetola Paolo 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report an interdisciplinary, cooperative-learning project in a second-year course within the “Enzo Ferrari” Master of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering. The work aims to raise awareness of the educational impact of additive manufacturing and reverse engineering.

Design/methodology/approach
– Students are asked to develop, concurrently, the design and the manufacturing solution for an eye-tracker head mount. A digital head model is reverse engineered from an anatomical mannequin and used as an ergonomic mock-up. The project includes prototype testing and cost analysis. The device is produced using additive manufacturing techniques for hands-on evaluation by the students.

Findings
– Results of the presented case study substantiate the authors’ belief in the tremendous potential of interdisciplinary project-based learning, relying on innovative technologies to encourage collaboration, motivation and dynamism.

Originality/value
– The paper confirms a spreading conviction that the soon-to-be engineers will need new practice-oriented capabilities to cope with new competitive scenarios. Engineering education must adapt to the social, rather than industrial, revolution that is being brought about by additive fabrication.
Geological connectivity drives microbial community structure and connectivity in polar, terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Ferrari Belinda C. , Bissett Andrew , Snape Ian , van Dorst Josie , Palmer Anne S. , Ji Mukan , Siciliano Steven D. , Stark Jonathon S. , Winsley Tristrom , Brown Mark V. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryLandscape heterogeneity impacts community assembly in animals and plants, but it is not clear if this ecological concept extends to microbes. To examine this question, we chose to investigate polar soil environments from the Antarctic and Arctic, where microbes often form the major component of biomass. We examined soil environments that ranged in connectivity from relatively well‐connected slopes to patchy, fragmented landforms that comprised isolated frost boils. We found landscape connectedness to have a significant correlation with microbial community structure and connectivity, as measured by co‐occurrence networks. Soils from within fragmented landforms appeared to exhibit less local environmental heterogeneity, harboured more similar communities, but fewer biological associations than connected landforms. This effect was observed at both poles, despite the geographical distances and ecological differences between them. We suggest that microbial communities inhabiting well‐connected landscape elements respond consistently to regional‐scale gradients in biotic and edaphic factors. Conversely, the repeated freeze thaw cycles that characterize fragmented landscapes create barriers within the landscape and act to homogenize the soil environment within individual frost boils and consequently the microbial communities. We propose that lower microbial connectivity in the fragmented landforms is a function of smaller patch size and continual disturbances following soil mixing.
Closing the gaps on the viral photosystem‐I psaDCAB gene organization
Authors: Roitman Sheila , Flores‐Uribe José , Philosof Alon , Knowles Ben , Rohwer Forest , Ignacio‐Espinoza J. Cesar , Sullivan Matthew B. , Cornejo‐Castillo Francisco M. , Sánchez Pablo , Acinas Silvia G. , Dupont Chris L. , Béjà Oded 
Published: August 2015

SummaryMarine photosynthesis is largely driven by cyanobacteria, namely Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. Genes encoding for photosystem (PS) I and II reaction centre proteins are found in cyanophages and are believed to increase their fitness. Two viral PSI gene arrangements are known, psaJF→C→A→B→K→E→D and psaD→C→A→B. The shared genes between these gene cassettes and their encoded proteins are distinguished by %G + C and protein sequence respectively. The data on the psaD→C→A→B gene organization were reported from only two partial gene cassettes coming from Global Ocean Sampling stations in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Now we have extended our search to 370 marine stations from six metagenomic projects. Genes corresponding to both PSI gene arrangements were detected in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans, confined to a strip along the equator (30°N and 30°S). In addition, we found that the predicted structure of the viral PsaA protein from the psaD→C→A→B organization contains a lumenal loop conserved in PsaA proteins from Synechococcus, but is completely absent in viral PsaA proteins from the psaJF→C→A→B→K→E→D gene organization and most Prochlorococcus strains. This may indicate a co‐evolutionary scenario where cyanophages containing either of these gene organizations infect cyanobacterial ecotypes biogeographically restricted to the 30°N and 30°S equatorial strip.
Changes in the texture, physicochemical properties and volatile compound profiles of fresh Kashar cheese (<90 days) during ripening
Authors: Eroglu Ali , Toker Omer Said , Dogan Mahmut 
Published: August 2015

In this study, four different fresh Kashar cheese samples were ripened for 90 days. The physicochemical properties, texture attributes, fatty acid composition and volatile compound profiles of the samples were measured every 30 days of ripening. The texture properties of the cheese samples were significantly affected by the duration of the ripening period. The results of this study highlighted that texture parameters as a function of ripening period should be considered for both fresh and aged Kashar cheeses to determine the ripening period as they are very important for consumer acceptability and consumption of the end product.
Effects of Different End‐Point Cooking Temperatures on the Efficiency of Encapsulated Phosphates on Lipid Oxidation Inhibition in Ground Meat
Authors: Kılıç B. , Şimşek A. , Claus J.R. , Atılgan E. , Aktaş N. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEffects of 0.5% encapsulated (e) phosphates (sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; sodium hexametaphosphate, HMP; sodium pyrophosphate, SPP) on lipid oxidation during storage (0, 1, and 7 d) of ground meat (chicken, beef) after being cooked to 3 end‐point cooking temperatures (EPCT; 71, 74, and 77 °C) were evaluated. The use of STP or eSTP resulted in lower (P < 0.05) cooking loss (CL) compared to encapsulated or unencapsulated forms of HMP and SPP. Increasing EPCT led to a significant increase in CL (P < 0.05). Both STP and eSTP increased pH, whereas SPP and eSPP decreased pH (P < 0.05). The higher orthophosphate (OP) was obtained with STP or SPP compared to their encapsulated counterparts (P < 0.05). The lowest OP was determined in samples with HMP or eHMP (P < 0.05). A 77 °C EPCT resulted in lower OP in chicken compared to 74 and 71 °C (P < 0.05), dissimilar to beef, where EPCT did not affect OP. In encapsulated or unencapsulated form, using STP and SPP enhanced reduction in TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) compared with HMP (P < 0.05). Regardless of the phosphate type, more effective lipid oxidation inhibition was achieved by the use of encapsulated forms (P < 0.05). Increasing EPCT resulted in lower TBARS in beef and higher LPO values in both beef and chicken samples (P < 0.05). Findings suggest that encapsulated phosphates can be a strategy to inhibit lipid oxidation for meat industry and the efficiency of encapsulated phosphates on lipid oxidation inhibition can be enhanced by lowering EPCT.
Variations in inflammatory genes as molecular markers for prediction of inflammatory bowel disease occurrence
Authors: Stankovic Biljana , Dragasevic Sanja , Popovic Dragan , Zukic Branka , Kotur Nikola , Sokic‐Milutinovic Aleksandra , Alempijevic Tamara , Lukic Snezana , Milosavljevic Tomica , Nikcevic Gordana , Pavlovic Sonja 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveResearch on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has highlighted genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses as contributors to disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between IBD and variations in NOD2, TLR4, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β and IL‐1RN genes, and to use the genetic data obtained in predictive modeling.MethodsA total of 167 IBD patients and 101 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. Using the genotype data attained as the input to various classification algorithms, IBD prediction models were designed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to measure their performance.ResultsSignificant associations were found between Crohn's disease (CD) and minor NOD2 variants, as well as TLR4 299Gly, TNF‐α G‐308A, IL‐6 G‐174C and IL‐1RN VNTR A2 variants, while ulcerative colitis (UC) was associated only with IL‐1RN VNTR A2 variants. CD and UC showed highly significant difference in the allelic distribution of TNF‐α G‐308A, where the A allele was found to be related to CD, and the G allele to UC. A combined effect of patients' gender and TLR4 variants was observed among CD patients. When all analyzed genotype and gender data were used, prediction performance achieved a maximum AUROC of 0.690 for CD and 0.601 for UC dataset.ConclusionVariations in the genes involved in immune regulation are genetic factors of importance in IBD susceptibility that could potentially be used as predictors of disease development.
Biomolecular Preservation of Miocene Fossil Liquidambar from Tiantai, China and Clarkia, USA: Implications for Palaeoenvironmental Study
Authors: Liang XIAO , Hong YANG , Yuli HE , Wenlong HE , Xiangchuan LI , Junfeng GUO , Kaixuan HUI 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBiomolecular characteristics of fossil Liquidambar from the Miocene Shengxian Formation, Tiantai, Zhejiang province in eastern China and Miocene Clarkia sediment, Idaho, U.S.A., are obtained by means of Pyrolysis‐Gas chromatography‐Mass spectrometry analysis (Py‐GC‐MS). Their modern equivalent (Liquidambar formosana) collected from Nanjing, eastern China, is also analyzed for comparison. The total ion chromatograms (TIC) of modern L. formosana leaves shows abundant pyrolysates of lignin, polysaccharide, aliphatic acid, and amino acid. However, only one polysaccharide molecule, i.e., levoglucosan, is retained in fossil Liquidambar leaves from the two Miocene sites with the Tiantai specimen possessing higher intensity. As expected, some lignin pyrolysates including benzene, phenol, guaiacol, vinylphenol and their derivatives, are detected in Miocene Tiantai L. miosinica. However, the lignin components with large molecular weight other than benzene and phenol compounds, are absent in Miocene Clarkia L. pachyphyllum. Abundant pristene and homologous series of n‐alk‐1‐ene/n‐alkane pairs with a long retention time are shown in pyrograms of both Tiantai and Clarkia fossils. Based upon our Py‐GC‐MS data, the molecular preservation in these Liquidambar leaf samples can be ranked as the following (from high to low quality respectively): modern sample >Tiantai sample >Clarkia sample. Vinyl phenol, an important compound, is present in modern and Tiantai Liquidambar leaves, while absent in Clarkia sample, implying that vinyl phenol may be sourced from lignin for Liquidambar leaves. Our data support the hypothesis of in situ polymerization for the origin of long‐chain homologous series of n‐alk‐1‐ene/n‐alkane pairs as leaf alteration products. Our data have implications of the impact of leaf degradation toward biases for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction using stable carbon isotope of fossil plants, and suggest the importance of evaluating molecular preservation of fossil leaf tissues prior to the application of carbon isotope compositions of fossil leaves.
Neogene Paleoseismic Events and the Shanwang Biota's Burial in the Linqu Area, Shandong Province, China
Authors: Hongshui TIAN , VAN LOON A. J. (Tom) , Zengqi ZHANG , Shenhe ZHANG , Banghua ZHANG , Mingying LÜ , Fuchang LI , Xuemin MA 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSeveral paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft‐sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake‐triggered soft‐sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball‐and‐pillow structures, flame structures, pillow‐like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn‐depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime‐mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites’; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi‐consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks’, which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period’, which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w (La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo‐earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake‐induced processes (e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.
Paleozoic Tectono‐Metallogeny in the Tianshan‐Altay Region, Central Asia
Authors: Tianfeng WAN , Qingle ZHAO , Qianqian WANG 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe research on Paleozoic tectonics and endogenic metallogeny in the Tianshan‐Altay region of Central Asia is an important and significant project. The Altay region, as a collision zone of the Early Paleozoic (500–397 Ma), and the Tianshan region, as a collision zone of the early period in the Late Paleozoic (Late Devonian‐Early Carboniferous, 385–323 Ma), are all the result of nearly N‐S trending shortening and collision (according to recent magnetic orientation). In the Late Devonian‐Early Carboniferous period (385–323 Ma), regional NW trending faults displayed features of dextral strike‐slip motion in the Altay and Junggar regions. In the Tianshan region, nearly EW‐trending regional faults are motions of the thrusts. However, in the Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian period (323–260 Ma), influenced by the long‐distance effect induced from the Ural collision zone, those areas suffered weaker eastward compression, the existing NW trending faults converted into sinistral strike‐slip in the Altay and Junggar regions, and the existing nearly E‐W trending faults transferred into dextral strike‐slip faults in the Tianshan region. The Rocks of those regions in the Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian period (323–260 Ma) were moderately ruptured to a certain tension‐shear, and thus formed a number of world famous giant endogenic metal ore deposits in the Tianshan‐Altay region. As to the Central Asian continent, the most powerful collision period may not coincide with the most favorable endogenic metallogenic period. It should be treated to “the orogenic metallogeny hypothesis” with caution in that region.
Deformation Localization‐A Review on the Maximum‐ Effective‐Moment (MEM) Criterion
Authors: Yadong ZHENG , Qing ZHANG , Quanlin HOU 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe essential difference in the formation of conjugate shear zones in brittle and ductile deformation is that the intersection angle between brittle conjugate faults in the contractional quadrants is acute (usually ∼60°) whereas the angle between conjugate ductile shear zones is obtuse (usually 110°). The Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion, an experimentally validated empirical relationship, is commonly applied for interpreting the stress directions based on the orientation of the brittle shear fractures. However, the Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion fails to explain the formation of the low‐angle normal fault, high‐angle reverse fault, and the conjugate strike‐slip fault with an obtuse angle in the σ1 direction. Although it is ten years since the Maximum‐Effective‐Moment (MEM) criterion was first proposed, and increasingly solid evidence in support of it has been obtained from both observed examples in nature and laboratory experiments, it is not yet a commonly accepted model to use to interpret these anti‐Mohr‐Coulomb features that are widely observed in the natural world. The deformational behavior of rock depends on its intrinsic mechanical properties and external factors such as applied stresses, strain rates, and temperature conditions related to crustal depths. The occurrence of conjugate shear features with obtuse angles of ∼110° in the contractional direction on different scales and at different crustal levels are consistent with the prediction of the MEM criterion, therefore ∼110° is a reliable indicator for deformation localization that occurred at medium‐low strain rates at any crustal levels. Since the strain‐rate is variable through time in nature, brittle, ductile, and plastic features may appear within the same rock.
Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of Silurian Carbonate Ramps in the Turan (Kopeh‐Dagh) and Central Iran Plates with Emphasis on Gondwana Tectonic Event
Authors: NOWROUZI Zohreh , MAHBOUBI Asadollah , MOUSSAVI‐HARAMI Reza , MAHMUDY GHARAIE Mohammad Hossein , GHAEMI Farzin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTwo sections from the Silurian deposits in the Central Iran Micro and Turan Plates were measured and sampled. These deposits are mostly composed of submarine volcanic rocks, skeletal and non‐skeletal limestone, shale and sandstone that were deposited in low to high energy conditions (from tidal flat to deep open marine). According to gradual deepening trend, wide lateral distribution of facies as well as absence of resedimentation deposits, a depositional model of a homoclinal ramp was proposed for these deposits. Field observations and facies distribution indicate that, two depositional sequences were recognized in both sections. These sections show similarities in facies and depositional sequence during the Early Silurian in the area. Although there are some opinions and evidences that demonstrated Paleo‐Tethys rifting phase started at the Late Ordovician‐Early Silurian, similarities suggest that the Turan and Iran Plates were not completely detached tectonic block during this time, and that their depositional conditions were affected by global sea level changes and tectonic events.
Early Cretaceous Paleoclimate Characteristics of China: Clues from Continental Climate‐indicative Sediments
Authors: Fang XIANG , Deyan ZHANG , Kang CHEN , Qin FENG 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Cretaceous was one of the most remarkable ‘greenhouse’ climate periods in geological history. Most of the reported studies of the Cretaceous paleoclimate are based upon marine sedimentary records. Large spatial scale paleoclimatic reconstruction, which has a higher time resolution based upon continental sediments in China, is rarely found. This study presents paleoclimate reconstruction for the six time periods of the Early Cretaceous in China by employing continental climate‐indicative sediments, including calcareous deposits, coal, oil shale, gypsum, halite, desert sedimentary systems, ferruginous deposits and laterite, copper‐bearing deposits, limestone and dolomite. Based on the distribution of the association of climate‐indicative sediments and the influences of paleotopography and orogenic belts (or important structural belts) on climate, seven climatic zones have been identified: 1) a warm and humid zone; 2) a warm and humid‐warm and arid zone; 3) a warm and arid zone; 4) an arid and hot zone; 5) the Tibet hot and humid zone; 6) a hot and arid‐semiarid zone; and 7) a hot and humid‐hot and arid one. It is found that the Early Cretaceous climatic zones of China were nearly latitudinally distributed from northwest to southeast. The arid‐hot climatic zone expanded in the Aptian, suggesting that a hotter and drier climate prevailed in later period of the Early Cretaceous. Conversely, the humid climatic zone expanded in the Albian, indicating that a wetter climate appeared at the end of the Early Cretaceous. The overall distribution pattern of the seven climatic zones indicates that a hot‐warm and arid climate was predominant in China; this coincides with a global ‘greenhouse climate’ background. However, palaeogeographic features and specific geologic events, such as the existence and disappearance of the eastern high plateau, and the uplift and denudation of Yinshan, Yanshan, Tianshan, Qinling and Dabie Mountains, led to distinctive regional climatic features of the Cretaceous in China.