bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Criminal Law and the Environment: A Few Reflections
Authors: Martini Pauline 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The article concludes the Special Issue by exploring the role that international criminal law (ICL) could play in the protection of the environment in light of the three core issues covered in the Special Issue: the right to a healthy environment, climate change litigation and Indigenous peoples’ Earth-Centric vision. First, the paper argues that fora applying ICL, including the International Criminal Court, could offer legal avenues to prosecute serious violations of the right to a healthy environment. Second, it alleges that whilst cases involving conducts leading to environmental degradation and destruction could be brought under ICL, ICL could not address the broader impact of such conducts, including on climate change. Third, it discusses the extent to which ICL could incorporate Indigenous peoples’ Earth-centric approach to enhance the protection of the environment.
What Is Historical Anti-realism and How to Define It?
Authors: Mitrović Branko 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Authors who advocate historical anti-realism have often insisted that they do not claim that no past events happened or that the past did not happen. In this paper, I show that in spite of such protestations, the core arguments presented by Leon Goldstein, Paul Roth, Frank Ankersmit, and Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen preclude the possibility that the past or past events happened.
The Past in Question: History as Past and Present Problem-Spaces
Authors: Retz Tyson 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article underscores the role that questions play in the production of historical knowledge. It stresses two points: (1) the questions arising from the demands of the present are the means by which historians elicit evidence from sources; (2) the questions that arose from the demands of the past are the ‘real past’ in which agents acted in search of answers. Further, by examining David Scott’s application of R.G. Collingwood’s logic of question and answer, the article points to the socio-political dangers of realist aspirations to offer definitive accounts of the past. The example indicates that the political present has much to gain from a critical historical practice attuned to the demands of past and present problem-spaces alike.
Realism, Postmodernism and/as Metanarrative
Authors: O’Sullivan Luke 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The question of how realism and metanarratives are related in the philosophy of history does not seem to have been widely discussed. Whereas there are distinct philosophical and political senses of ‘realism’, contrasting with ‘idealism’ and ‘utopianism’ respectively, ‘metanarrative’ has a singular meaning based on Jean-François Lyotard’s sceptical definition of postmodernism as “incredulity towards metanarratives”. Lyotard defined metanarratives as philosophies of history that serve some legitimatory function, but claimed that their importance was waning. From this point of view, postmodernism can be described as a species of philosophical ‘realism’. But the appearance of Francis Fukuyama’s ‘end of history’ thesis, which explicitly presented itself as a neo-Hegelian critique of political realism, suggested that Lyotard had underestimated the enduring power of metanarrative insofar as it served the interests of the American liberal-democratic capitalist order. For Jacques Derrida, Fukuyama’s work thus underlined the importance of breaking with what he called ‘onto-theological’ visions of history, although Derrida himself could be seen as authoring a metanarrative in the service of European social democracy. But if so, Derrida’s approach to metanarratives was very different in kind to contemporary religious and nationalistic versions. One way to resolve the difficulty is to make a distinction between modern ‘utopian’ and postmodern ‘realist’ versions of metanarratives.
Horn, Hoof and Hound’s Tooth in Medieval Frisian and Danish Law
Authors: Reinders Ann-Kathrin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The medieval Frisian Twenty-four Land-laws and the Danish Law of Scania share an eye-catching phrasing in their provisions on animal liability: they refer to a number of animals’ injurious body parts, e.g., a dog’s tooth. Similar formulas have been identified in the Decretum Gratiani and the Edictum Rothari, but the author’s analysis shows that the Frisian and Danish formulas and the legal rules in which they are embedded correspond to a much higher degree than with any other legal source.
Gut microbiome composition and functionality impact the responsiveness to a dairy-based product containing galacto-oligosaccharides for improving sleep quality in adults
Authors: Kortman G.A.M. , Hester E.R. , Schaafsma A. , Mulder J. , Mallee L. , Nauta A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sleep quality and duration can be impacted by diet, and has been linked to gut microbiota composition and function as the result of communication via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. As one strategy to improve sleep quality could be through the modulation of the gut microbiome, we assessed the effects of a dairy-based product containing whey protein, galacto-oligosaccharides, tryptophan, vitamins and minerals after a 3 weeks intervention on gut microbiota composition and (gut-brain related) functions on basis of 67 healthy subjects with moderate sleep disturbances. Associations of the gut microbiota with sleep quality and with response/non-response to the treatment were revealed by shotgun metagenomics sequencing of faecal DNA samples, and subsequent analyses of microbiota taxonomy and generic functionality. A database of manually curated Gut-Brain Modules (GBMs) was applied to analyse specific microbial functions/pathways that have the potential to interact with the brain. A moderate discriminating effect of the DP treatment on gut microbiota composition was revealed which could be mainly attributed to a decrease in Pseudomonas resinovorans, Flintibacter sp. KGM00164, Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, and Flavonifractor plautii. As interindividual variance in microbiota composition could have given rise to a heterogenous responsiveness of the subjects in the intervention group, we zoomed in on the differences between responders and non-responders. A significant difference in baseline microbiota composition between responders and non-responders was apparent, showing lower Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and higher Faecalibacterium prausnitzii relative abundances in responders. The findings provide leads with respect to the effectiveness and potential underlying mechanisms of mode of action in sleep improvement that could support future nutritional interventions to aid sleep improvement.
Somali discontinuous coordinate structures with a focus on conjunct hyperbaton in poetry
Authors: Orwin Martin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Noun phrase coordination in Somali is expressed by the conjunction iyo to create a single coordinate noun phrase. This is well documented. What has not been documented are instances of the conjunction iyo without a conjunct immediately adjacent to one or the other side of it. In this article I consider such cases. Some are discontinous coordinate constructions in which the conjunct following iyo is not present immediately after the conjunction but occurs later, with other words intervening. I suggest two main types of such cases: conjunct hyperbaton and insertion of an adverbial or discourse marker. Another use of iyo, one in which there is no conjunct immediately before the conjunction, and only one immediately following it at the end of a sentence, is also discussed. This is the case of afterthought, and I suggest that these cases occur only at the end of a main clause. The main focus of the article is on conjunct hyperbaton, which I suggest only occurs in poetry. Some implications of this are discussed in the final section with respect to the Coordinate Structure Constraint (Ross, 1967) as well as aesthetics.
Demokratia: Will the Greek Ideal Work in Greece’s Favour to Return the Parthenon Marbles under International Law?
Authors: Bursey Lauren 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article reviews the recent publications concerning the centuries-old dispute over the Parthenon Marbles. The discussion focuses on the application of international law to the question of the return of the Parthenon Marbles to Greece, and reviews Professor Catharine Titi’s book The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, with reference to and comparison with Alexander Herman’s book The Parthenon Marbles Dispute. This review specifically evaluates the question of whether there is a customary international law on the return of unlawfully removed cultural heritage, which would require States, and specifically the United Kingdom, to be bound to such a rule. The existence of this rule would strengthen the efforts of Greece to argue for the return of the Marbles, which Titi argues is best resolved through diplomacy, and not recourse to the European Court of Human Rights or the International Court of Justice. Despite a growing global discussion about the need for repatriation of colonial-looted cultural objects, it remains to be seen whether it will have any impact, or indeed put pressure on, the Trustees of the British Museum or the UK Parliament which must pass an act to deaccession the Marbles from the national collection.
Safeguarding the Vulnerable
Authors: Balarabe Kasim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article explores the critical issue of detainee protection in the complex landscape of contemporary non-international armed conflicts and counterterrorism operations. It examines the interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law, highlighting the challenges in their application and interpretation. The article delves into the contemporary challenges faced in protecting detainees, including the involvement of non-state armed groups, extraterritorial detention practices, administrative detention, and the impact of counterterrorism measures. It proposes a multifaceted approach to enhancing detainee protection, encompassing strategies for strengthening compliance with the legal framework, addressing the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and promoting best practices and capacity-building. The article argues that a comprehensive and contextualised approach, grounded in the principles of humanity and human dignity, is essential to effectively safeguard the rights and well-being of detainees in these challenging contexts.
Glycal Forte® (calcium-stabilized glycerol), a novel feed ingredient, promotes rumen function in dairy cows
Authors: Venter A.C. , Smith C. , Adams C.A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Good nutritional practices are essential to support the high milk production of modern dairy cows. This requires an active rumen microbial biomass which supplies microbial protein and short-chain fatty acids to the cow. Glycal Forte® (GF) a calcium-stabilised glycerol product, increased microbial biomass in an in vitro gas production study, by some 37%. The efficacy of GF was substantiated in a trial with high-producing dairy cows fed a TMR with or without GF for 28 d. Cows fed GF showed behaviour differences. Chewing was reduced from 710 GF vs 769 for the control (CON) min/d; P=0.01 and they spent more time in an inactive state (429 GF vs 383 CON min/d; P=0.01). There was a statistically significant improvement in feed efficiency with GF (2.19 CON vs 2.34 GF kg ECM/kg dry matter intake (DMI); P=0.03). Feed efficiency has an important bearing on costs and profitability of a dairy operation. Cows fed GF yielded an improved profit of $1.45 per cow per day over 28 d with an ROI of 2.23. Extrapolated to a 100 dairy cow herd for 28 d gave an additional profit of $4,060. Milk yields continued to show benefits for 70 d in milk (DIM) after the GF treatment was stopped, showed a numerical increase in milk yield of 3.2 kg/d. The benefits in rumen function continues after the feeding of GF had ceased. In summary, this trial with high-producing dairy cows was consistent with the in vitro trial data and showed that GF can improve rumen function manifested as less time chewing, more inactive time and most importantly, improved feed efficiency. This has both economic and environmental advantages in that dairy cow productivity can be enhanced solely by nutritional means
No Longer ‘Christian’ Education: Ulama Edupreneurship in Ilorin 1995–2022
Authors: Aliyu Sakariyau Alabi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Due to its Christian roots, western education in Nigeria was initially resisted by Muslims as Judeo-Christian agenda, despite some acquiescence and appropriation of values of western education for Islamic education system. However, from the mid-1980s, neoliberal economic policies led to decline of government responsibility over education, and by the new millennium, private enterprise had become the major provider of education in Nigeria. The fear of Christianisation through education particularly challenged the Muslims. Socio-economic contingencies and prodding by the Muslim populace encouraged some of the ulama to venture into edupreneurship. Using the infrastructures of the madrasa, they adapted by establishing Western-style nursery/primary schools, running the two systems in the same space but at different times. What are the arguments of these scholars? Using the analytical lens of adaptive position-taking, this paper argues that, apart from the economic benefits, the trend also broadens Muslims’ socio-economic and political agenda.
The Fantastic East: Carnivalesque Public Space and Civil Sphere in Brazilian National Identity Building
Authors: Lima Neto Fernando 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this article, I bring together the theory of the civil sphere and the concept of carnivalesque public space to analyze the function of symbols and discourses about the non-Western world in the construction of national identity in Brazil. I argue that the carnivalesque public space contributes to broadening and reinforcing solidarity in the civil sphere by de-nationalizing national identity. The orientalist representations that took place in Salvador’s carnival consolidated the “oriental” imaginary as an important dimension of the incipient national identity building process, as well as highlighted the ambivalences and discontinuities of the mosaic of symbolic references associated to it. This fantastic representation of the East corresponded to a particular expectation of meaning: the aesthetic contours of the national-popular boundaries in Brazil and its sense of belonging. The article analyses how national identities are created through symbolic references that are both within and beyond its own borders.
Biased Suspension of Judgment
Authors: Sherman Brett 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to Thomas Kelly, traditional skeptical arguments can be conceived in terms of bias. The main aim of this paper is not to challenge Kelly’s conclusions, but rather to draw some interesting consequences from them. Specifically, in addition to cases of biased judgments, which draw the ire of the skeptic, there are also cases of biased suspension of judgment. By examining cases of racially biased suspension of judgment and comparing them to cases of skepticism, I argue that we can help to uncover the mechanism that underlies the skeptic’s accusation of bias. In particular, I aim to show that it is the conclusiveness of one’s evidence, rather than the likelihood of the possibility at issue, that matters to the skeptic.
Psychological Reflections in the Philosopher’s Mirror: Comments on Thomas Kelly’s Bias: A Philosophical Study
Authors: Celniker Jared B. , Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this brief commentary, we offer thoughts on Thomas Kelly’s Bias: A Philosophical Study. We focus on the book’s relevance to the study of cognitive biases, including Kelly’s discussion of naïve realism (in the psychologists’ sense). While we are largely enthusiastic about Kelly’s theorizing, we also provide some pushback against his notion of emergent biases. We hope that psychologists will engage with Kelly’s work and might consider how some philosophical refinements could improve the empirical study of biases.
Maritime Security and the Wind: Threats and Risks to Offshore Renewable Energy Infrastructure
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Offshore wind energy production has seen a significant expansion in recent years. With technologies rapidly improving and prices dropping, it is now one of the key instruments in the green energy transition. The implications of offshore wind farm expansion for maritime security and ocean governance have, so far, received sparse attention in the literature. This article offers one of the first thorough analyses of the security of offshore wind farms and related installations, such as underwater electricity cables, energy islands, and hydrogen plants. The technical vulnerabilities of wind farm systems is reviewed and threats from terrorism, crime and State hostilities, including physical and cyber risk scenarios, are discussed. The expansion of green offshore energy production must keep pace with the changing threat landscape that follows from it. Prospective solutions for the protection of wind farms systems, including surveillance, patrols and self-protection are discussed. The current repertoire of maritime security solutions is in many ways capable of dealing with the threats and risks effectively if adjusted accordingly. The analysis builds important new bridges between debates in energy security and maritime security, as well as the implications of climate change adaption and mitigation for security at sea.
Redefining International Law Paradigms: Charting Cybersecurity, Trade, and Investment Trajectories within Global Legal Boundaries
Authors: Qian Xu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper critically examines the evolving intersections of cybersecurity, trade, and investment within the framework of international law, thereby seeking to redefine its normative paradigms. The article adopts a multidisciplinary approach, integrating legal theory, international relations, and cyber law to analyze how digital security issues intersect with global economic transactions. Utilizing doctrinal legal analysis, the article delves into international treaties, case law, and policy documents, while a comparative method highlights variances and similarities across jurisdictions. The article identifies significant gaps in existing international legal frameworks that are ill-equipped to address the complexities and nuances of the digital age. It advocates for comprehensive legal reforms, encompassing cyber warfare, digital trade, and cross-border investments. The objective is to align international law with the digital era’s realities, effectively balancing national security, economic growth, and individual rights in a globally interconnected environment. This article not only uncovers critical shortcomings in current legal structures but also proposes forward-looking legal strategies, essential for tackling emerging challenges at the cybersecurity, trade, and investment nexus. These strategies chart a course towards a more resilient and adaptive international legal system, equipped to address the multifaceted issues arising from the digital era’s convergence.
Performance of different rice genotypes cultivated under submergence and normal growing conditions
Authors: Sinha Sweta , Singh Shaurya , Singh Mahesh Chand , Singh Digvijay , Kumar Yogendra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Submergence negatively affects the plant growth and yield of rice genotypes, which in turn results in huge financial loss. Thus, identification of submergence tolerance rice genotypes is needed for sustainable rice cultivation in flood-prone areas. Keeping this in view, a two-year (2019 and 2020) field study was undertaken at Rice Research Farm of Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur to investigate and compare the yield responses of rice genotypes under submergence and normal growing conditions. Twenty-five days old seedlings of 25 rice genotypes were transplanted in a randomized complete block design in two replicates, which were allowed to grow under normal practice for the next 25 days. Thereafter, the 50-day old plants were completely submerged with turbid water of 1.5 m height for the next 18 days. After de-submergence, all the recommended agronomic practices were adopted during the rest of the crop period. Under submergence, higher grain yield was recorded under all the genotypes during 2020 as compared to 2019 mainly due to higher temperature and lesser rainfall during 2020. Under submergence conditions, Jalmagna, Nona Bokra and Swarna Sub 1 were the best performers having produced average yields of 3,167, 2,786 and 2,741 kg/ha, respectively. Whereas under normal growing practice, Swarna Sub 1, Jalmagna and Sudha were the first three best performing genotypes producing average yields of 5,063, 4,565 and 4,456 kg/ha, respectively. Therefore, Jalmagna should be preferred for cultivation in the flood-prone regions of the state, however in non-flooded areas; Swarna Sub 1 may be cultivated.
Pyotr Kostromitinov’s wood collection from Fort Ross: evidence of the early botanical exploration of northern California
Authors: Kuznetsova Ksenia N. , Stepanova Anna V. , Kotina Ekaterina L. , Oskolski Alexei A. 
Published: July 2024

Summary
Systematic attribution of the wood samples collected in 1830 by Pyotr Kostromitinov, the Manager of Fort Ross, a Russian settlement on the Pacific coast of northern California, has been carried out. As some wood samples belong to the taxa that had not been described at the time of their collection, their labels provide interesting evidence for the first steps of botanical exploration of an exotic flora by the Russian colonists who were not professional naturalists. Particularly, Garrya has been recognized by them as Viburnum, Lyonothamnus as Arbutus, and Torreya as Taxus. In contrast, different species of Ceanothus have been referred not only to this genus, but also to Rhamnus and Laurus. The meanings of some Russian vernacular plant names mentioned in the published historical documents have been clarified. For instance, lavr (laurel) was used not only for California laurel Umbellularia californica, but also for some Ceanothus species (probably C. velutinus). The reference of the vernacular name chaga to Sequoia sempervirens has been confirmed. Unlike most early wood collections, Pyotr Kostromitinov’s samples are made of thin stems and branches with no conspicuous surfaces showing their wood appearance. Such pieces are hardly suitable for demonstration of aesthetic or technical properties of timber. Pyotr Kostromitinov’s samples likely represent one of the earliest cases of collecting wood as objects of particular interest for botany and, more generally, for natural history. It was an important novelty for the 1830s, as the botanical exploration of woods did not have any sufficient conceptual background in those times.