bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmarks Regulation
Authors: Thomas Michael , Patwardhan Anahita 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the European Benchmarks Regulation. The aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis revealed a number of serious cases of manipulation affecting important benchmarks. Indeed, financial services regulators in the UK and worldwide became aware of the need for measures to improve the transparency, governance, and integrity of benchmarks. This led to a number of international and national initiatives to regulate benchmarks. The European Benchmarks Regulation is the latest step in this series of initiatives to prevent benchmark manipulation and to protect the markets. It does so by imposing restrictions on entities which use benchmarks, and those which produce or contribute to benchmarks. Brexit will not substantially change the way in which this regulation will apply. A hard Brexit will, however, have the effect of creating two separate regulatory regimes in the EU and the UK, respectively. This will create extra compliance hurdles for entities providing or using benchmarks on a cross-border basis.
Solvency II Prudential Requirements on a Group Basis
Authors: Morris Charles H R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Solvency II group regime. UK and EU groups that comprise mostly insurance undertakings and reinsurance undertakings are generally subject to the Solvency II group regime, which applies Solvency II requirements to such groups. The chapter then considers the process for identifying the existence, type (or case), extent, and constituents of a Solvency II group, which is established by article 213 of Solvency II. It also details the approach to group supervision of Case 1 and Case 2 Solvency II groups, which are headed by UK/EU (re)insurance undertakings or by UK/EU insurance holding companies or mixed financial holding companies. They are, therefore, broadly analogous to CRD consolidation groups in territorial scope and concept. The framework for the supervision of Case 1 and Case 2 Solvency II groups derives from articles 218 to 258 of Solvency II. At the core of such group supervision requirements is the Group Solvency Capital Requirement (Group SCR).
Bankruptcy and Winding Up
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the general rule wherein the right to rescind survives the bankruptcy or winding up of the party against whom the right is available. Generally, recission is not barred as it will prejudice unsecured creditors of the guilty party by shrinking the pool of assets available to satisfy their claims. Moreover, a voidable share allotment cannot be rescinded after winding up commences. The chapter also studies the special bar that prevents a shareholder in a limited liability company from rescinding a statutory contract with the company. However, some statutory rights to rescind could be active if an irregular share allotment is on the line.
The Interaction of the Legal Concept of Causation with the Economic Concept of Causation
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Davis Peter , Nebbia Paolisa 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the thorny issue of the integration of economic evidence in determining legal causation, and the challenges raised by the different understandings of causation or causality in law and in economics, counterfactual.
The Right to a Fair Trial and Jurisdiction under National Rules
Authors: Fawcett James J , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Shah Sangeeta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of Article 6(1) ECHR on national rules of jurisdiction. The greatest impact of right to a fair trial concerns can be seen in those civil law jurisdictions which have introduced a forum necessitatis rule into their national rules as a general ground of jurisdiction. In contrast, the effect on the English national rules of jurisdiction has been very limited. There is no forum necessitatis rule in England and generally there has been a lack of judicial support for Article 6(1) ECHR having such an effect. Thus, there has been a noticeable lack of impact of the right to a fair trial on the discretionary element under English law, although the argument has been raised on occasion that using discretionary powers to deny access to the English courts would result in a breach of Article 6(1) ECHR.
The Right to a Fair Trial and Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments under the Traditional English Rules
Authors: Fawcett James J , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Shah Sangeeta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the right to a fair trial on the enforcement and recognition of judgments under national rules, using the traditional English rules as an example. In principle, where Article 6(1) ECHR has indirect effect, the courts of the UK are obliged to refuse recognition and enforcement of the foreign judgment by virtue of their duty under section 6 HRA (Human Rights Act). However, there is uncertainty as to when the indirect effect of Article 6(1) ECHR is engaged: is it only in instances of a flagrant denial of justice or in all circumstances where any of the guarantees afforded by the right to a fair trial are breached? In the absence of a clear instance of a flagrant denial of justice abroad recourse should be had to private international law, as modified to take human rights law more seriously.
Civil Proceedings
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the different types of civil proceedings in competition law matters. Civil proceedings are proceedings involving civil rights and obligations of the parties, as differentiated from administrative and criminal proceedings. This chapter first discusses civil proceedings in England and Wales, before examining director disqualification proceedings in England and Wales. The chapter then deals with references to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU, which may be a step in proceedings before a court or tribunal of a Member State. Competition law actions, often in the form of a class action, may also be brought in the US, where the plaintiff has the incentive of an award of treble damages. The key features of the US regime and, in particular, the jurisdiction of the US courts in antitrust matters, are discussed in the final section.
Escape to the war: Understanding Ethiopian migration to Yemen
Authors: Telci Ismail Numan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article scrutinizes the enduring migration corridor from Ethiopia to Yemen, ultimately leading many to Saudi Arabia. This route, steeped in a rich historical context of interregional movement between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, particularly from Ethiopia to Yemen, is explored not for its novelty but for the distinct contemporary challenges it poses to migrants. The study delves into the motivations, strategies, and resilience of migrants traveling through these historically significant yet perilous paths under present-day geopolitical and socio-economic conditions. Although the route itself is not unusual within the long history of regional migration, the term “unusual” is applied here to discuss the heightened risks and the complex dynamics faced by migrants today. Utilizing reports and firsthand interviews from international aid organizations, the research offers a granular analysis of how these migrations influence the demographic fabric of the Gulf region and the integration of migrants upon arrival. By melding economic, social, and integrative aspects of migration, the article enhances the scholarly discourse on migration studies, emphasizing the transformational impact of established migration routes in contemporary settings.
Environmental migration and non-migration: Learning through an intergenerational lens
Authors: Mallick Bishawjit , Hunter Lori M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Although migration–environment scholarship has experienced tremendous advancement in the past two decades, it continues to lack a historical perspective. This article proposes an integration of historical context into a conceptual framework to examine contemporary migration and non-migration decision-making as related to aspects of environmental context and change. We mainly engage the potential for intergenerational aspirations and capabilities enhancement as lessons are passed on to subsequent generations to improve coping strategies in the face of environmental stress. We apply a historical lens to a case study in coastal Bangladesh to illustrate this perspective’s potential. Ultimately, we urge interdisciplinary collaboration between scholars of contemporary migration–environment associations and environmental historians, as the resulting historically informed research would have important implications for research, theory, and policy.
Nationwide epidemiological survey of juvenile idiopathic arthritis during transition to young adulthood in Japan using the National Database of Designated Incurable Diseases of Japan
Authors: Inoue Yuzaburo , Sakai Ryoko , Inoue Eisuke , Mitsunaga Kanako , Shimizu Masaki , Sugihara Takahiko , Matsushita Masakazu , Yamaji Ken , Mori Masaaki , Shimojo Naoki , Miyamae Takako 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We aimed to assess the unmet medical needs of young adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by evaluating real-world treatment data.

Methods
We analysed data on JIA in the age group of 20–29 years from the National Database of Designated Incurable Diseases of Japan, which records severe cases or those requiring high-cost medical care registered between April 2018 and March 2020.

Results
Overall, 322 patients with JIA transitioning to adulthood were included. A high frequency of methotrexate use was observed among all JIA subtypes. The frequency of methotrexate use at registration was significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid factor–positive polyarthritis and those with oligoarthritis or polyarthritis than in those with systemic arthritis. The historical use percentage of any biological disease–modifying antirheumatic drug was ≥85% for all JIA subtypes. The proportion of patients with ≥2 biological disease–modifying antirheumatic drug prescriptions was significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid factor–positive polyarthritis than in those with systemic arthritis.

Conclusions
High-cost drugs were necessary for many patients with JIA transitioning to young adulthood and registered in the database. Further studies on the medical interventions and support for these patients are needed.
ALKBH5 governs human endoderm fate by regulating the DKK1/4-mediated Wnt/β-catenin activation
Authors: Liang Zechuan , Huang Tao , Li Wei , Ma Zhaoyi , Wang Kaipeng , Zhai Ziwei , Fan Yixin , Fu Yu , Wang Xiaomin , Qin Yue , Wang Bo , Zhao Chengchen , Kuang Junqi , Pei Duanqing 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
N6-methyladenonsine (m6A) is ubiquitously distributed in mammalian mRNA. However, the precise involvement of m6A in early development has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that deletion of the m6A demethylase ALKBH5 in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) severely impairs definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation. ALKBH5−/− hESCs fail to undergo the primitive streak (PS) intermediate transition that precedes endoderm specification. Mechanistically, we show that ALKBH5 deficiency induces m6A hypermethylation around the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of GATA6 transcripts and destabilizes GATA6 mRNA in a YTHDF2-dependent manner. Moreover, GATA6 binds to the promoters of critical regulatory genes involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling transduction, including the canonical Wnt antagonist DKK1 and DKK4, which are unexpectedly repressed upon the dysregulation of GATA6 mRNA metabolism. Remarkably, DKK1 and DKK4 both exhibit a pleiotropic effect in modulating the Wnt/β-catenin cascade and guard the endogenous signaling activation underlying DE formation as potential downstream targets of the ALKBH5-GATA6 regulation. Here, we unravel a role of ALKBH5 in human endoderm formation in vitro by modulating the canonical Wnt signaling logic through the previously unrecognized functions of DKK1/4, thus capturing a more comprehensive role of m6A in early human embryogenesis.
FaSTPACE: a fast and scalable tool for peptide alignment and consensus extraction
Authors: Kotb Hazem M , Davey Norman E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Several novel high-throughput experimental techniques have been developed in recent years that generate large datasets of putative biologically functional peptides. However, many of the computational tools required to process these datasets have not yet been created. In this study, we introduce FaSTPACE, a fast and scalable computational tool to rapidly align short peptides and extract enriched specificity determinants. The tool aligns peptides in a pairwise manner to produce a position-specific global similarity matrix for each peptide. Peptides are realigned in an iterative manner scoring the updated alignment based on the global similarity matrices of the peptides and updating the global similarity matrices based on the new alignment. The method then iterates until the global similarity matrices converge. Finally, an alignment and consensus motif are extracted from the resulting global similarity matrices. The tool is the first to support custom weighting for the input peptides to satisfy the pressing need to include experimental attributes encoding peptide confidence in specificity determinant extraction. FaSTPACE exhibited state-of-the-art performance and accuracy when benchmarked against similar tools on motif datasets generated using curated peptides and high-throughput data from proteomic peptide phage display. FaSTPACE is available as an open-source Python package and a web server.
Clinical and socioeconomic factors predicting return-to-work times after cholecystectomy
Authors: Li M-C , Wu S-Y , Chao Y-H , Shia B-C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Cholecystectomy, a type of surgery commonly performed globally, has possible mutual effects on the socioeconomic conditions of different countries due to various postoperative recovery times.

Aims
This study evaluated the medical and socioeconomic factors affecting delayed return-to-work (RTW) time after elective cholecystectomy.

Methods
This retrospective study analysed patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases from January 2022 to April 2023. The patients’ medical and socioeconomic data were collected to investigate the clinical and socioeconomic factors correlated with RTW time of &gt;30 days after surgery.

Results
This study included 180 consecutive patients. Significant correlations were found between delayed RTW time (&gt;30 days) and age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.059, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.008–1.113, P = 0.024), lack of medical insurance (OR: 2.935, 95% CI 1.189–7.249, P = 0.02) and high-intensity labour jobs (OR: 3.649, 95% CI 1.495–8.909, P = 0.004). Patients without medical insurance (26.6 versus 18.9 days) and those with high-intensity labour jobs (23.9 versus 18.8 days) had a higher mean RTW time than those with insurance and a less-intense labour job (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
After cholecystectomy, older age, lack of medical insurance and high-intensity labour job were correlated with a delayed RTW time. Informing patients about their expected RTW time after surgery can help reduce costs.
Population-Based Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection in Southern China, 2023–2024 Season
Authors: Gào Xīn , Sun Yexiang , Shen Peng , Guo Jinxin , Chen Yunpeng , Yin Yueqi , Liu Zhike , Zhan Siyan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
In China, the 2022–2023 influenza season began earlier and was characterized by higher levels of influenza activity and co-circulation of various respiratory pathogens compared with seasons before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Timely and precise estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against infections can be used to guide public health measures.

Methods
A test-negative study was conducted to estimate IVE against laboratory-confirmed influenza using data from the CHinese Electronic health Records Research in Yinzhou (CHERRY) study that prospectively integrated laboratory, vaccination, and health administrative data in Yinzhou, southern China. We included patients who presented influenza-like illness and received nucleic acid tests and/or antigen tests between October 2023 and March 2024. Estimates of IVE were adjusted for age, gender, month of specimen submitted, chronic comorbidities, and hospitalization status.

Results
A total of 205 028 participants, including 96 298 influenza cases (7.6% vaccinated) and 108 730 influenza-negative controls (13.4% vaccinated), were eligible for this analysis. The estimates of IVE were 49.4% (95% CI, 47.8%–50.9%), 41.9% (95% CI, 39.8%–44.0%), and 59.9% (95% CI, 57.9%–61.9%) against overall influenza, influenza A, and influenza B, respectively. A lower IVE was observed for individuals aged 7–17 years (38.6%), vs 45.8% for 6 months–6 years, 46.7% for 18–64 years, and 46.1% for ≥65 years. Vaccination reduced the risk of infection by 44.4% among patients with chronic comorbidities. IVEs varied by epidemic weeks with the changes in influenza activity levels and the switch of dominant influenza strains.

Conclusions
Influenza vaccination in the 2023–2024 season was protective against infection for the entire population.
Real-world use of pemigatinib for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in the US
Authors: Saverno Kim , Zimmerman Savill Kristin M , Brown-Bickerstaff Cherrishe , Kotomale Angele , Rodriguez Michael , Feinberg Bruce , Ren Haobo , Blecker Mike , Kim Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Pemigatinib demonstrated efficacy in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-altered cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the FIGHT-202 trial. However, limited real-world evidence exists on treatment patterns and outcomes in this setting.

Patients and Methods
Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes of US adults who received pemigatinib for unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic CCA were collected via retrospective physician-abstracted chart review. Results were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results
Data from 120 patients (49.2% male; 55.0% White; 19.2% Hispanic; median age at initial pemigatinib prescription, 64.5 years) were collected from 18 physicians/practices. At the time of prescribing, 90.0% of patients had metastatic disease. FGFR2 testing was completed for 92.5% of patients; of those, all but one (result unknown) tested positive, and 95.5% were tested using next-generation sequencing. Pemigatinib was prescribed as second- and third-line therapy among 94.2% and 5.8% of patients, respectively. The most common starting dosage was 13.5 mg daily for 14 days of 21-day cycles (87.5% of patients). Among 60 patients (50.0% of the full cohort) who discontinued pemigatinib during the 6.5-month median study follow-up period, 68.3% discontinued due to disease progression. The median real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) from the date of pemigatinib initiation was 7.4 months (95% CI: 6.4-8.6), and the real-world overall response rate (rwORR) was 59.2% (95% CI: 50.0%-68.4%).

Conclusion
This study complements the FIGHT-202 clinical trial by assessing the use of pemigatinib among a diverse population of patients with CCA under real-world conditions. Findings support the clinical benefit of pemigatinib demonstrated in FIGHT-202.
John Berger
Authors: Heath Iona 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this book, Iona Heath writes about reading John Berger’s writing over more than fifty years and her friendship and correspondence with him over the best part of twenty years. She found that both of these interacted profoundly with her work as a general practitioner in a deprived urban area in London. For Iona Heath general practice is a quite extraordinary undertaking: every working day, sitting with a succession of unique individuals, each worried about some aspect of their health or life circumstances, many burdened by unspoken fears, and each seeking some form of answer. Starting with A Fortunate Man, when she was an ignorant but hopeful undergraduate medical student, she found reading John Berger on any subject had something new to tell her about the aspirations and detail of her work: clues about how to look and how to listen and much else. Later when they start to correspond, Iona Heath found herself in the privileged position of being able to check her understanding directly with the writer and on each occasion found deeper levels of awareness and insight. She is convinced that reading John Berger made her a better doctor.
Introduction
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to the changing dynamics of media power and persuasion and situates these phenomena within the context of the hybrid media system. It begins with a brief examination of the inaugural White House social media summit, put on by Donald Trump’s administration in 2019, in order to illustrate the complex climate of propaganda and (dis)information in the contemporary media era. Next, the chapter considers what tried-and-true media strategies like spectacle and outrage can teach us about this pseudo-event and about practices of manipulation more broadly. The chapter then situates these and related phenomena within the context of a mediatized society defined by increasing hybridity between platforms and publishers. The chapter concludes by introducing some of the book’s central claims and concepts and by offering an overview of the chapters that follow.
Europeans, “Franks,” and “Their” Musics
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The use of the term “European” to describe people is relational and dependent on context, with multiple meanings that have shifted over time. It has a complex connection to music. From the time of the Crusades, the categories of “Christian” and “European” became conflated with the term “Frank,” reflecting terminology used in the Islamic world. Religion, continental identity, and skin color interacted in ways that were initially loose but increasingly reified, resulting in discriminatory taxonomies that impacted the ways musical abilities were interpreted and described by writers of the time. In the eighteenth century, the trope of “European ears” became a popular idea in travel literature, referring to essentialized ways of listening. The emergence of the term and concept of “European musician” can also be traced to the 1700s.
The Emergence of the “European Music” Concept
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The connection of the adjective “European” to the noun “music” is identifiable only from the late seventeenth century in western European historiography. Uses until the 1770s relate to comparison with musics in other parts of the world. Three examples by Jesuits in Latin, French, and German were published in the 1680s and 1690s, referring to China and Paraguay. In early-eighteenth-century France, certain uses of “European music” elided French and Italian styles in comparisons with Turkish music. By the last three decades of the eighteenth century, “European music” was more common, still usually with reference to other parts of the world. Most uses until the 1820s emanate from travel writing. Music histories published from the 1770s use it rarely. What appears to be the earliest example of published sheet music to apply the adjective “European” was printed in the United States in 1807.