bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor for the co‐digestion of toilet blackwater and kitchen waste
Authors: Zhao Xincheng , Ji Guixia , Li Runshan , Li Jiao , Meng Qingchen , Wu Chengyang , Liu Hongbo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAnaerobic co‐digestion using an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) can separate the sludge retention time and hydraulic retention time, retaining the biomass for efficient degradation and the use of less expensive large pore‐size membrane materials and more sustainable dynamic membranes (DMs). Therefore, anaerobic co‐digestion of toilet blackwater (BW) and kitchen waste (KW) using an AnDMBR was hypothesized to increase the potential for co‐digestion. Here, the efficiency and stability of AnDMBR in anaerobic co‐digestion of toilet BW and KW were investigated. DM morphology and structural characteristics, filtration properties, and composition, as well as membrane contamination and membrane regeneration mechanisms, were investigated. Average daily biogas yields of the reactor in two membrane cycles before and after cleaning were 788.67 and 746.09 ml/g volatile solids, with average methane content of 66.64% and 67.27% and average COD removal efficiencies of 82.03% and 80.96%, respectively. The results showed that the bioreactor obtained good performance and stability. During the stabilization phase of the DM operation, the flux was maintained between 43.65 and 65.15 L/m2/h. DM was mainly composed of organic and inorganic elements. Off‐line cleaning facilitated DM regulation and regeneration, restoring new Anaerobic morphology and structure.Practitioner Points
High efficiency co‐digestion of BW and KW was realized in the DMBR system.
Average daily biogas yields before and after membrane cleaning were 788.67 and 746.09 ml/g volatile solids.
Off‐line cleaning facilitated DM regulation and regeneration as well as system stability.
The flux was maintained between 43.65 and 65.15 L/m2/h during operation.
Cognitive bias and contextual information management: Considerations for forensic handwriting examinations
Authors: Bird Carolyne , Jones Kylie , Ballantyne Kaye 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAs for other largely subjective perceptual and cognitive processes, the forensic analysis and interpretation of handwriting is potentially susceptible to bias. Cognitive bias may subconsciously influence the outcome of specific tasks at any point in an examination, during pre‐analysis, analysis, comparison, interpretation and/or reporting of results. One class of cognitive bias, contextual bias, may arise from information provided by the client, results reported from other forensic disciplines within a laboratory or the content of the questioned and/or known material itself. The base rate information (i.e., examiner knowledge, experience, and innate beliefs) associated with the type and range of examinations an examiner has previously encountered may also lead to bias. Bias introduced at any stage of the examination process, and even prior to the examination (e.g., when deciding what is collected for examination) may affect the examination outcome.This Overview focuses on contextual information management (CIM) protocols that are used to remove potentially biasing task‐irrelevant case information from the view of the reporting forensic handwriting examiner (FHE). Where laboratory resources and logistics allow for these procedures to be in place, they should be applied as part of the pre‐analysis stage of the examination process that is, at a stage in the examination prior to the reporting FHE accessing the examination material or associated documentation. Also highlighted are some additional procedures that have been proposed by others to minimize the opportunity for cognitive bias to arise in handwriting examinations.This article is categorized under:
Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative
Significance of variable thermal conductivity and suction/injection in unsteady MHD mixed convection flow of Casson Williamson nanofluid through heat and mass transport with gyrotactic microorganisms
Authors: Abd‐Alla Abdelmooty Mohamed , Thabet Esraa N. , Hosham Hany A. , El‐Kabeir S. M. M. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe present paper explores a two‐dimensional mixed bio‐convective unsteady viscous hydro‐magnetic Casson Williamson nanofluid flow model with heat and mass transport incorporating motile microorganisms towards a stretchy spinning disc. The flow concept is accomplished by rotating a stretched disc with a time‐varying angular velocity. By applying a magnetic field normal to the axial direction, a magnetic interaction is taken into consideration. The Casson Williamson nanofluid contains nanosized particles suspended with swimming motile microorganisms and the rotation of the disc is exhibited by buoyancy forces, thermophoresis, suction/injection, zero mass flux conditions, variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating and so forth. The obtained flow narrating differential equations of the model are transformed into ordinary differential system. This is accomplished by simulating boundary value problems using the shooting technique using the ‘ND‐Solve’ approach included in the Mathematica software (Mathematica 12). The implications of the engaged parameters such as Williamson fluid parameter, Casson fluid (CF) parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter and so forth, on both axial and radial velocities, temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and microorganisms are explained by means of graphical and tabular constructions. This paper's validity has been confirmed and its findings align with those of other previously published papers. Furthermore, it is found that both the axial and radial velocity profiles are seen to be diminishing functions of the CF parameter. The identified observation may have theoretical implications for a number of engineering procedures, solar energy systems, biofuel cells and extrusion system improvement. Moreover, this work finds application in micro‐fabrication techniques and the chemical industry.
The influence functional in open holography: entanglement and Rényi entropies
Authors: Pelliconi Pietro , Sonner Julian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Open quantum systems are defined as ordinary unitary quantum theories coupled to a set of external degrees of freedom, which are introduced to take on the rôle of an unobserved environment. Here we study examples of open quantum field theories, with the aid of the so-called Feynman-Vernon Influence Functional (“IF”), including field theories that arise in holographic duality. We interpret the system in the presence of an IF as an open effective field theory, able to capture the effect of the unobserved environment. Our main focus is on computing Rényi and entanglement entropies in such systems, whose description from the IF, or “open EFT”, point of view we develop in this paper. The issue of computing the entanglement-Rényi entropies in open quantum systems is surprisingly rich, and we point out how different prescriptions for the IF may be appropriate depending on the application of choice. A striking application of our methods concerns the fine-grained entropy of subsystems when including gravity in the setup, for example when considering the Hawking radiation emitted by black holes. In this case we show that one prescription for the IF leads to answers consistent with unitary evolution, while the other merely reproduces standard EFT results, well known to be inconsistent with unitary global evolution. We establish these results for asymptotically AdS gravity in arbitrary dimensions, and illustrate them with explicit analytical expressions for the IF in the case of matter-coupled JT gravity in two dimensions.
On the deep superstring spectrum
Authors: Basile Thomas , Markou Chrysoula 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We propose a covariant method of constructing entire trajectories of physical states in superstring theory in the critical dimension. It is inspired by a recently developed covariant technology of excavating bosonic string trajectories, that is facilitated by the observation that the Virasoro constraints can be written as linear combinations of lowering operators of a bigger algebra, namely a symplectic algebra, which is Howe dual to the spacetime Lorentz algebra. For superstrings, it is the orthosymplectic algebra that appears instead, with its lowest weight states forming the simplest class of physical trajectories in the NS sector. To construct the simplest class in the R sector, the lowest weight states need to be supplemented with other states, which we determine. Deeper trajectories are then constructed by acting with suitable combinations of the raising operators of the orthosymplectic algebra, which we illustrate with several examples.
Minimally extended current algebras of toroidal conformal field theories
Authors: Jockers Hans , Sarve Maik , Zadeh Ida G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It is well-known that families of two-dimensional toroidal conformal field theories possess a dense subset of rational toroidal conformal field theories, which makes such families an interesting testing ground about rationality of conformal field theories in families in general. Rational toroidal conformal field theories possess an extended chiral and anti-chiral algebra known as W-algebras. Their partition functions decompose into a finite sum of products of holomorphic and anti-holomorphic characters of these W-algebras. Instead of considering these characters, we decompose the partition functions into products of characters of minimal extensions of $$ \hat{\mathfrak{u}}(1) $$

u
̂

1

current algebras, which already appear for rational conformal field theories with target space S1. We present an explicit construction that determines such decompositions. While these decompositions are not unique, they are universal in the sense that any rational toroidal conformal field theory with a target space torus of arbitrary dimension admits such decompositions. We illustrate these decompositions with a few representative examples of rational toroidal conformal field theories with two- and three-dimensional target space tori.
Position-space renormalization schemes for four-quark operators in HQET
Authors: Lin Joshua , Detmold William , Meinel Stefan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
X-space schemes are gauge-invariant, regulator-independent renormalization schemes that are defined by requiring position-space correlation functions of gauge-invariant operators to be equal to their noninteracting values at particular kinematic points. These schemes can be used to nonperturbatively renormalize composite operators in Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD), and by computing matching coefficients between the X-space scheme and $$ \overline{\textrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

in the dimensionally-regulated continuum, matrix elements calculated with LQCD can be converted to $$ \overline{\textrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

-renormalized matrix elements. Using X-space schemes for Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET) operators has the additional benefit that appropriate ratios of position-space correlation functions cancel the power-divergent static-quark self-energy of Lattice HQET nonperturbatively. This work presents the O(αS) matching coefficients between X-space renormalized four-quark flavor-nonsinglet HQET operators relevant for the lifetimes of charm- and bottom-hadrons, and four-quark HQET operators relevant for mixing between neutral mesons containing a heavy quark, such as B − $$ \overline{B} $$

B
¯

mixing.
Revisiting azimuthal angular asymmetries in diffractive di-jet production
Authors: Shao Ding Yu , Shi Yu , Zhang Cheng , Zhou Jian , Zhou Ya-jin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We explore the impact of initial state soft gluon radiations on the azimuthal angle asymmetries in photo-production of hard di-jet via coherent diffraction in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions, as well as in electron-proton (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collisions. The primary production mechanism is identified as the diffractive production of two hard jets, accompanied by a collinear gluon emission along the beam direction. In contrast, the diffractive exclusive di-jet production, where the initial state radiation is absent, is suppressed due to color transparency. Our analysis shows that azimuthal asymmetries, traditionally attributed to final state gluon emissions, are reduced by the presence of initial state radiations. The sensitivity of azimuthal asymmetries to both initial and final state radiations suggests that they could provide novel insights into the mechanisms of di-jet production in diffractive processes.
Conformal field theory on $$ T\overline{T} $$-deformed space and correlators from dynamical coordinate transformations
Authors: Hirano Shinji , Shigemori Masaki 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe study the map between two descriptions of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of conformal field theory (CFT): one is the defining description as a deformation of CFT by the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-operator. The other is an alternative description as the undeformed CFT on the dynamical $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed space that backreacts to the state or operator insertions, reminiscent of the theory of gravity. Instead of adopting the topological gravity description, we develop a more literal CFT-based operator formalism that facilitates systematic and straightforward computations of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformation of the stress tensor, operators, and their correlators, while rederiving known results in the literature. Along the way, we discuss the backreaction to the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed space in response to local operators and exhibit the hard-disk and free-space structures in the UV-cutoff and Hagedorn phases, respectively, suggested by Cardy-Doyon and Jiang. To capitalize on the alternative description of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed CFT, we focus on the correlators of semi-heavy operators, i.e., the operators of large conformal dimension ∆ ≫ $$ \sqrt{c} $$

c

, and show an intuitive and simple way to obtain the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed correlators from those of the undeformed CFT on the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed space via dynamical coordinate transformations. This may have implications in the holographic dual description, pointing towards a working dictionary for a class of matter correlators in the cutoff AdS picture.
Quantum entanglement and Bell inequality violation in semi-leptonic top decays
Authors: Han Tao , Low Matthew , Wu Tong Arthur 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics. Recently, studies have explored entanglement in the $$ t\overline{t} $$
t

t
¯

system at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) when both the top quark and anti-top quark decay leptonically. Entanglement is detected via correlations between the polarizations of the top and anti-top and these polarizations are measured through the angles of the decay products of the top and anti-top. In this work, we propose searching for evidence of quantum entanglement in the semi-leptonic decay channel where the final state includes one lepton, one neutrino, two b-flavor tagged jets, and two light jets from the W decay. We find that this channel is both easier to reconstruct and has a larger effective quantity of data than the fully leptonic channel. As a result, the semi-leptonic channel is 60% more sensitive to quantum entanglement and a factor of 3 more sensitive to Bell inequality violation, compared to the leptonic channel. In 139 fb−1 (3 ab−1) of data at the LHC (HL-LHC), it should be feasible to measure entanglement at a precision of ≲ 3% (0.7%). Detecting Bell inequality violation, on the other hand, is more challenging. With 300 fb−1 (3 ab−1) of integrated luminosity at the LHC Run-3 (HL-LHC), we expect a sensitivity of 1.3σ (4.1σ). In our study, we utilize a realistic parametric fitting procedure to optimally recover the true angular distributions from detector effects. Compared to unfolding this procedure yields more stable results.
Yang-Mills field from fuzzy sphere quantum Kaluza-Klein model
Authors: Liu Chengcheng , Majid Shahn 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Using the framework of quantum Riemannian geometry, we show that gravity on the product of spacetime and a fuzzy sphere is equivalent under minimal assumptions to gravity on spacetime, an su2-valued Yang-Mills field Aμi and a real-symmetric-matrix valued Liouville-sigma model field hij for gravity on the fuzzy sphere. Moreover, a massless real scalar field on the product appears as a tower of scalar fields on spacetime, with one for each internal integer spin l representation of SU(2), minimally coupled to Aμi and with mass depending on l and the fuzzy sphere size. For discrete values of the deformation parameter, the fuzzy spheres can be reduced to matrix algebras M2j+1(ℂ) for j any non-negative half-integer, and in this case only integer spins 0 ≤ l ≤ 2j appear in the multiplet. Thus, for j = 1 a massless field on the product appears as a massless SU(2) internal spin 0 field, a massive internal spin 1 field and a massive internal spin 2 field, in mass ratio 0, 1,$$ \sqrt{3} $$

3

respectively, which we conjecture could arise in connection with an approximate SU(2) flavour symmetry.
Treibhausgasäquivalente und Nutzwasserverbrauch durch dermatologische Produktprobenverpackungen
Authors: Niebel Dennis , Schweig Carolina , Luhmann Esther , Saha Susanne 
Published: July 2024

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Unter Sampling versteht man das kostenlose Anbieten kleiner Produktproben. Dabei kann die Verpackung in einem Missverhältnis zum Inhalt stehen, dies führt zu Rohstoffverbrauch und bei mangelnder Recyclingfähigkeit zu Umweltbelastungen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Berechnungen zum Verhältnis zwischen Verpackungs- und Produktgewicht für im Sampling gängige Verpackungsarten (Sachet, Tube, Tiegel) dermatologischer Produktproben dargelegt. Die Zweckmäßigkeit des Samplings wird unter Berücksichtigung umweltrelevanter und betriebswirtschaftlicher Kriterien diskutiert.

Material und Methoden
Insgesamt wurden 43 dermatologische Produktproben unterschiedlicher Hersteller händisch verwogen und klassifiziert. Verpackungen wurden in ihrem strukturellen Aufbau zerlegt. Die anteiligen Gewichte bzw. das Gewicht der Flaschen/Tuben wurden mit Datenbankwerten für den jeweiligen Stoff (Material) bezüglich Treibhausgasäquivalenten (CO2eq) und Brauchwasser verrechnet. Anschließend wurde eine Gesamtsumme für den Impact der jeweiligen Verpackung gebildet. Hierbei wurden nur das Material und dessen Herstellungs- und Verarbeitungsprozess berücksichtigt, weil zu Transport, Gebrauchsnutzen und End-of-Life (EoL) der Verpackungen keine validen Informationen vorlagen.

Ergebnisse
Die kleinste und leichteste Produktprobe (1,24 g) generiert ca. 15 g CO2eq und ca. 700 ml Nutzwasserverbrauch. Die größte und schwerste Produktprobe (37 g) generierte 53 g CO2eq bei 5,78 l Nutzwasserverbrauch. Unter Annahme einer jährlichen Abgabemenge von 10 Mio. Einheiten der hier untersuchten 43 Produktproben entstehen ca. 8000 t CO2eq nur durch die Verpackungen. Weiterhin fallen 880.000.000 l Wasserverbrauch und ca. 2300 t Verpackungsabfall an.

Diskussion
Sampling weist ein ungünstiges Verhältnis zwischen CO2eq/Wasserverbrauch und Nutzen auf, insbesondere im Vergleich zu größeren Verkaufsverpackungen. Produktproben werden jährlich millionenfach in Arztpraxen, Kliniken und Apotheken und insbesondere in der Dermatologie verteilt. Die Praxis des Samplings ist ökologisch und ökonomisch zu hinterfragen.
Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung in der Neonatologie: Chancen und Risiken
Authors: Rudnik-Schöneborn Sabine , Ralser Elisabeth , Konzett Karin 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungGenetische Erkrankungen, die bereits pränatal oder in der frühen Neonatalperiode klinisch auffällig werden, stellen an betreuende Ärzte besondere Anforderungen. Die Klärung von genetischen Verdachtsdiagnosen steht in der Mehrzahl der Fälle unter großem Zeitdruck und schwerer emotionaler Belastung der betroffenen Eltern. Die korrekte Diagnose kann eine kurative Therapie zur Folge und dann einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Prognose für das Kind haben. Auch ohne Therapieoptionen ist die rasche genetische Diagnose beim kranken Neugeborenen von großer Bedeutung für den Rückzug aus einer möglicherweise belastenden klinischen Diagnostik und das Einleiten einer palliativen Pflege.Nach größeren Studien aus den letzten 10 Jahren zur genetischen Diagnostik in der pädiatrischen und neonatologischen Intensivmedizin kann durch Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung eine genetische Diagnose wahrscheinlich bei bis zu 30–50 % der Patienten gestellt werden. Zu bedenken ist, dass nicht immer ein klarer Bezug zwischen Erbgutveränderung und klinischem Bild besteht, wodurch gerade bei unspezifisch kranken Neugeborenen das Risiko einer diagnostischen Fehlinterpretation gegeben ist. Eine enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen Ärzten für Kinderheilkunde und Humangenetik ist unabdingbar für eine komplexe genetische Diagnostik. Ethisch schwierige Fragen können sich aus genetischen Zusatzbefunden ergeben; diese sind nicht nur für die (spätere) Gesundheit des Kindes, sondern auch die der ganzen Familie relevant. Anhand von 4 Fallbeispielen illustriert der vorliegende Beitrag die Chancen, aber auch die Risiken, die sich aus den aktuellen Möglichkeiten der genetischen Analysen ergeben.
DDD-costs have a strong influence on antibacterial drug prescription in Germany: a differentiated correlation analysis from 1985 to 2022
Authors: Bindel Lilly Josephine , Seifert Roland 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Antibacterial drugs are vital in modern medicine, and understanding the factors influencing their prescriptions is essential for maintaining their effectiveness and accessibility. This study investigates the hypothesis that costs significantly impact the prescriptions of antibacterial drugs, a factor previously underrecognized. To investigate this, we conducted correlation analyses on defined daily dose (DDD-) prescriptions and DDD-costs for the 15 most prescribed antibacterial drugs in Germany in 2022, using data from the Arzneimittelverordnungsreport (Drug Prescription Report) (1985–2022). The analysis focused on the periods 1985–2022, 1985–2011, and 2012–2022. Our findings revealed significant correlations between DDD-prescriptions and -costs for nearly all drugs over the entire period (1985–2022), with strong negative correlations for amoxicillin (− 0.941), cefuroxime axetil (− 0.900), clindamycin (− 0.800), nitrofurantoin (− 0.895), and cefaclor (− 0.819). From 1985 to 2011, only significant negative correlations were observed. In 2012–2022, significant correlations included both negative and positive, with strong positive correlations for ciprofloxacin (0.950) and clarithromycin (0.962). Overall, DDD-costs showed a persistent and strong correlation with DDD-prescriptions, particularly in the earlier period. This influence appears to diminish slightly in recent years, suggesting other factors might become more significant as DDD-costs plateau. Notably, amoxicillin, amoxicillin clavulanic acid, and nitrofurantoin consistently exhibited strong cost-prescription correlations throughout the entire period. While correlation does not imply causation, the significant and strong correlations, coupled with logical explanations, support the hypothesis that costs are a primary factor in prescribing patterns. Further research is needed to establish causality and examine other potential systemic factors affecting antibacterial drug prescriptions.