bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of study setting (primary care vs. hospital setting) among studies of the effectiveness of brief interventions among heavy alcohol users: A systematic review
Authors: Mdege Noreen Dadirai , Watson Judith 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIssues.The aim of this study is to compare studies by their setting in order to identify design differences between studies on brief interventions (BI) for heavy alcohol use conducted in primary care and those in hospital settings.Approach.Potential studies were extracted from 16 reviews and from systematically searching literature up to October 2011. We assessed whether the following factors were statistically significant predictors of study setting: exclusion of very heavy/dependent drinkers; mean age of study sample; gender composition of study samples; sample size; total intervention delivery time; number of sessions; interventionist (physician vs. non‐physician); various study design and intervention fidelity aspects; accounting for screening/assessment reactivity; and control condition utilised.Key Findings.Seventy‐six studies (30 in primary care and 46 in hospital settings) met the inclusion criteria. The following factors were statistically significant predictors of study setting: number of sessions {odds ratio [OR] = 0.281 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.081, 0.979; P = 0.046]}, exclusion of very heavy/dependent drinkers [OR = 0.052 (95% CI 0.004, 0.716, P = 0.027)] and gender composition of study samples [OR = 1.063 (95% CI 1.005, 1.125; P = 0.033)].Implications.Researchers developing hospital setting BIs for excessive alcohol consumption should take into account methodological issues that could explain differences in the consistency of findings between hospital setting studies and primary care setting studies where BIs have been more consistently found effective in reducing alcohol use.Conclusion.The observed study design differences between hospital and primary care settings might partly explain the disparity in the consistency of findings on effectiveness of BIs between these settings.[Mdege ND, Watson J. Predictors of study setting (primary care vs. hospital setting) among studies of the effectiveness of brief interventions among heavy alcohol users: A systematic review.Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:368–380]
Keeping up with the neighbours: using a genetic measurement of dispersal and species distribution modelling to assess the impact of climate change on an Australian arid zone gecko (Gehyra variegata)
Authors: Duckett Paul E. , Wilson Peter D. , Stow Adam J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimDuring this century rapid climate change will have a profound effect on global biodiversity, and species survival will be contingent on their ability to adapt or disperse. Species distribution models are a popular tool for gauging how the distribution of favourable climate may change over space and time. Evaluating the level of dispersal between the current distribution and potential future distribution of a species is a key to predicting their survival, but rarely estimated. Here we applied species distribution models and a genetic estimate of dispersal to quantitatively assess dispersal to new distributions in the timescale imposed by future climate change.Location/MethodsWe sampled 635 adult Gehyra variegata (2n = 40a/38b) throughout central and eastern Australia, encompassing much of the recorded distribution for this gecko. We genotyped all individuals at 16 microsatellite loci, from which we estimated mean annual dispersal distance using Wright's neighbourhood size. Species distribution modelling predicted the current and future distribution of the species, and we used annual dispersal distances to evaluate whether the species could keep up with shifts in the range of their favourable climatic conditions.ResultsOur estimates of mean dispersal showed that 17–41% of the current G. variegata (2n = 40a/38b) distribution was unlikely to contribute to their future distribution given the timescale imposed by future global climate change.Main ConclusionsOur approach can make further use of molecular and occurrence record datasets to answer whether a species has the capacity to reach future areas of favourable climate and the extent to which the current distribution will contribute to this process.
Importing risk: quantifying the propagule pressure–establishment relationship at the pathway level
Authors: Bradie Johanna , Chivers Corey , Leung Brian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTo build and assess pathway‐level non‐indigenous species (NIS) establishment curves generated using a propagule pressure (PP) proxy and historical establishment data.LocationNorth AmericaMethodsOur analysis examines the utility and behaviour of pathway‐level NIS establishment curves that relate species‐level PP to establishment probability. Using theoretical and empirical methods, we examine the behaviour of pathway‐level establishment models when species are heterogeneous in their ability to establish. Next, we examine the implications of using PP proxy and historical establishment data to parameterize these models. Finally, we test the model by building an establishment curve for aquarium fish establishments in the United States using import data as a proxy for PP.ResultsFirst, we show theoretically how species' heterogeneity and the use of a proxy metric for PP affect model parameterization and the interpretation of the establishment curve. Second, we demonstrate that import data are relatively consistent across space and time for aquarium fish species. Finally, we demonstrate how basic import‐level data can improve our ability to predict which species are at risk of establishment using aquarium fish introductions to the United States as a case study.Main conclusionsPathway‐level analyses generated using species‐level PP information can provide a snapshot of establishment probability for use in risk analyses without in‐depth knowledge of species' abiotic and biotic interactions. Proxy data for PP can be a good metric for such analyses, and valid predictions can be expected when the PP data are relatively consistent across the time period for which establishments are recorded.
European checkerspots (Melitaeini: Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) are not aposematic – the point of view of great tits (Parus major)
Authors: TESAŘOVÁ MONIKA , FRIC ZDENĚK , VESELÝ PETR , KONVIČKA MARTIN , FUCHS ROMAN 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCheckerspots (Melitaeini, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) are usually considered a textbook example of aposematic butterflies and several studies on Nearctic species confirm this.The responses of the avian predator, the great tit (Parus majorL., Paridae, Passeriformes), to five species of Palaearctic checkerspots and one control palatable ringlet (Aphantopus hyperanthusL., Satyrinae, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) were observed.None of the tested checkerspots was attacked more often than the control palatable ringlet, which suggests that birds originating from the wild had no previous bad experiences with them. Nonetheless, certain tested butterfly species (Melitea didyma, Esper;Melitea aurelia, Nickerl, and probablyMelitea athalia, Rottemburg; Melitaeini, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) elicited some aversion in great tits (a long time handling them, a small portion of the body eaten, and some discomfort after ingestion).Larvae of commonly eaten species (Melitea diamina, Lang;Euphydryas aurinia, Rottemburg; Melitaeini, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) feed on plants containing secoiridoids (in contrast to the earlier mentioned protected species, which feed mostly on plants containing iridoid glycosides); therefore the efficiency of secoiridoids in the chemical protection of butterflies is discussed.
Consistently high incidence of Wolbachia in global fig wasp communities
Authors: AHMED MUHAMMAD Z. , GREYVENSTEIN OCKERT F. C. , ERASMUS CHRISTOFF , WELCH JOHN J. , GREEFF JACO M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Wolbachia are very common and widespread endosymbionts of arthropods. They can have a considerable effect on their host's fitness. It has been estimated that as many as 40% of arthropod species are infected with Wolbachia, but particular taxonomic groups and ecological niches display significantly higher or lower incidences.
In this study, an African sample was combined with those of three previous studies from three other continents. Wolbachia incidence in 172 fig wasp species (including pollinators, non‐pollinators, gallers and non gallers) associated with 81 fig trees of six subgenera was reanalysed and it was estimated that > 80% of fig wasp species were infected with Wolbachia, which is far higher than putative global infection rates in arthropods.
It was found that, within fig wasps, incidence does not vary consistently with respect to host taxonomy, ecology or geography. In particular, incidence seems remarkably constant across samples from different geographical locations.
Host preference and suitability in the endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae is associated with its ability to suppress host immune responses
Authors: HAN LI‐BIN , HUANG LING‐QIAO , WANG CHEN‐ZHU 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The endoparasitoid wasp Campoletis chlorideae Uchida attacks many noctuid species which vary in their suitability but the host association of this wasp species is poorly understood. In this study, three sympatric noctuid species were chosen, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Mythimna separata (Walker), and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), to study host preference and suitability of C. chlorideae, examining the immunological compatibility between the parasitoid and the three host species.
Campoletis chlorideae parasitised all three species, but showed a much higher preference for H. armigera and M. separata than for S. exigua. In H. armigera, the young wasps developed perfectly and none was encapsulated. In M. separata, about 50% and 10% of them were encapsulated in single and double parasitisation experiments, respectively, and the cocoons were significantly lighter than those from parasitised H. armigera and S. exigua. In S. exigua, 84.8% of the young wasps were encapsulated.
In double parasitisation experiments, the phenoloxidase activity, the number of total haemocytes, and the number of plasmatocytes and granulocytes significantly decreased in the haemolymph of H. armigera and M. separata, but not in S. exigua.
These results indicate that H. armigera is the most suitable host, M. separata is moderately suitable, whereas S. exigua is an unsuitable host for C. chlorideae. The suitability of the parasitoid to three host species was closely related with the capacity of the wasp to inhibit the host immune system.
This study sustains the optimality theory and also evidences the correlation of host‐selection behaviour of the parasitoid wasp and its immunosuppressive ability.
Contrasting engineering effects of leaf‐rolling caterpillars on a tropical mite community
Authors: LIMA VIVIAN O. , DEMITE PETERSON R. , VIEIRA CAMILA , FERES REINALDO J. F. , ROMERO GUSTAVO Q. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that change the physical structure of environments and provide habitats for other organisms. Lepidopteran caterpillars may act as ecosystem engineers by rolling leaves as shelters to complete metamorphosis. After being abandoned, these structures may provide shelter for other organisms. In this study, the influence of leaf‐rolling caterpillars on tropical mite communities was reported.
Expanded leaves and leaves rolled by larvae and also developed field experiments using leaves rolled manually with different shapes and sizes (i.e. different architectures) in different seasons were surveyed (dry and rainy).
While the abundance and diversity of predatory mites were higher in rolled leaves, the abundance of phytophages decreased in these leaves. Species composition differed between rolled and expanded leaves. The structure of shelters affected the distribution of predatory mites, with higher abundances found on funnel‐shaped leaves. Predatory mites only benefited from the rolled leaves in the dry season.
This is the first study showing (i) the contrasting effects of ecosystem engineers on microarthropod communities, favouring some feeding guilds and inhibiting others; (ii) that the shape of rolled leaves has variable effects on mite communities; and (iii) that facilitation was temporally dependent, i.e. occurred only in the dry season.
Micro‐climate determines oviposition site selection and abundance in the butterfly Pyrgus armoricanus at its northern range margin
Authors: EILERS SILKE , PETTERSSON LARS B. , ÖCKINGER ERIK 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Knowledge about species habitat requirements is important when designing conservation strategies as well as for predicting species distributions. For herbivorous insects, insights in oviposition preferences can provide important information on their habitat requirements.
The oviposition preferences of Oberthür's Grizzled Skipper butterfly Pyrgus armoricanus Oberthür at its northern range boundary in southern Sweden were studied and it was also tested to what extent oviposition preferences can predict variation in population size among monitored sites.
Oviposition behaviour was observed and analysed using a two‐step approach. First the characteristics of host plant ramets that female butterflies inspected for oviposition (including both ramets that were rejected and ramets used for oviposition) were compared with with control ramets. Second, ramets on which female butterflies oviposited were compared with ramets that butterflies inspected but rejected.
The preferred plant species for oviposition was Filipendula vulgaris Moench. Filipendula vulgaris ramets inspected for oviposition by P. armoricanus females were situated in warm microclimates, primarily on south facing slopes, surrounded by lower vegetation and a higher percentage cover of bare ground compared with random control ramets.
Among the inspected ramets, females chose to oviposit those situated in the warmest micro‐climates and those surrounded by the largest percentage cover of bare ground.
Together with habitat patch area, oviposition preferences explained 65% of the variation in butterfly population size.
These results reveal the importance of a microclimate as a component of habitat quality for insect populations at the margins of their geographical range.
Similar Performance of Diploid and Haploid Males in an Ant Species without Inbreeding Avoidance
Authors: Kureck Ilka M. , Nicolai Beate , Foitzik Susanne 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUnder haplodiploidy, a characteristic trait of all Hymenoptera, females develop from fertilised eggs, and males from unfertilised ones. Males are therefore typically haploid. Yet, inbreeding can lead to the production of diploid males that often fail in development, are sterile or are of lower fertility. In most Hymenoptera, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal flights of one or both sexes, leading to low diploid male loads. We investigated causes for the production of diploid males and their performance in a highly inbred social Hymenopteran species. In the ant Hypoponera opacior, inbreeding occurs between wingless sexuals, which mate within the mother nest, whereas winged sexuals outbreed during mating flights earlier in the season. Wingless males mate with queen pupae and guard their mating partners. We found that they mated randomly with respect to relatedness, indicating that males do not avoid mating with close kin. These frequent sib‐matings lead to the production of diploid males, which are able to sire sterile triploid offspring. We compared mating activity and lifespan of haploid and diploid wingless males. As sexual selection acts on the time of emergence and body size in this species, we also investigated these traits. Diploid males resembled haploid ones in all investigated traits. Hence, albeit diploid males cannot produce fertile offspring, they keep up with haploid males in their lifetime mating success. Moreover, by fathering viable triploid workers, they contribute to the colonies' work force. In conclusion, the lack of inbreeding avoidance led to frequent sib‐matings of wingless sexuals, which in turn resulted in the regular production of diploid males. However, in contrast to many other Hymenopteran species, diploid males exhibit normal sexual behaviour and sire viable, albeit sterile daughters.
An investigation of anthelmintic efficacy against strongyles on equine yards in Scotland
Authors: Stratford C. H. , Lester H. E. , Pickles K. J. , McGorum B. C. , Matthews J. B. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyCyathostomins comprise 50 helminth species, considered the most problematic equine endoparasites. Three classes of anthelmintic are currently licensed for their control, namely the benzimidazoles (fenbendazole), tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel) and macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin and moxidectin). Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins is common. With no new classes expected in the near future, it is essential to determine the efficacy of the available anthelmintics to inform future control programmes.ObjectivesTo determine the efficacy of all 3 anthelmintic classes against strongyles in equids on livery yards in east and central Scotland.Study designAnthelmintic efficacy testing using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).MethodsFECRTs were performed on equids with initial strongyle faecal egg counts (FECs) of ≥50 eggs per gram. Efficacy was determined by comparing pretreatment (Day 0) and 14 days post treatment (Day 14) FECs. The following chemicals were tested: fenbendazole, pyrantel, ivermectin and moxidectin. Group arithmetic mean FECR of >90% for fenbendazole and pyrantel, and >95% for ivermectin and moxidectin, represented efficacy, whereas lower mean FECR indicated potential resistance.ResultsA total of 447 FECRTs were performed on 15 yards, as follows (the numbers in parentheses represent the number of yards each anthelmintic was tested on): 55 equids (7 yards) fenbendazole, 111 (8 yards) pyrantel, 163 (13 yards) ivermectin and 118 (10 yards) moxidectin. Fenbendazole resistance was documented on all yards (range of mean FECR, 15.8–83.4%), whereas pyrantel (90.4–99.6%), ivermectin (99.5–100%) and moxidectin (99.4–100%) treatment had acceptable efficacy.ConclusionsReduced efficacy of fenbendazole was widespread, whereas >90% efficacy was found after pyrantel, and >95% efficacy after ivermectin and moxidectin. Overall, efficacies were higher than reported previously in Europe and the USA, potentially reflecting differences in management and anthelmintic use on the yards surveyed.Potential relevanceThe use of fenbendazole for strongyle control in Scotland should be questioned. Targeted use of pyrantel should be encouraged to reduce reliance on macrocyclic lactones. Further work to correlate management practices with the presence of anthelmintic resistance is warranted.The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Is Mc1r an important regulator of non‐pigmentary responses to UV radiation?
Authors: Zmijewski Michal A. , Slominski Andrzej T. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMC1R is recognized for its role in the regulation of melanin pigmentation. In addition, many investigators believe that it also plays a crucial role in immunomodulation (immunosuppression) and in melanogenesis‐independent protective responses against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Surprisingly, Wolnicka‐Glubisz et al. have shown that loss of function in the MC1R has no effect on inflammatory responses and immunosuppression induced by UVR in C57BL/6 mice as well as on the degree of UVA‐induced DNA damage in the epidermis and dermis. These findings, by challenging the existing dogmas on the precise role of MC1R in non‐pigmentary responses to the UVR, mandate further research to either validate the presented data or to define to which degree these phenomena are restricted to the C57BL/6 mouse model or are applicable to other species including humans. The alternative target for immunomodulation is represented by MC3R. However, cutaneous expression of MC3R remains to be demonstrated.
Therapeutic and immune effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on UVB‐induced squamous cell carcinomas in hairless mice
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Li Jingjing , Lv Ting , Tu Qingfeng , Huang Zheng , Wang Xiuli 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe therapeutic effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are not fully understood, and the usefulness of topical PDT in the treatment of SCC is still debatable. The most interesting aspect in SCC PDT is perhaps its potential in inducing antitumor immune responses. In this study, cutaneous SCCs were established by UVB irradiation of hairless mice and treated with multiple ALA PDT. Immunohistochemistry assays showed that ALA PDT could induce quick apoptosis, overexpression of TNFα and marked increases in DCs, CD4+ and CD8+ cells in tumor interstitium and subcutaneous connective tissues. However, a complete response was only achieved for small SCCs. The clinical value of ALA PDT‐induced specific antitumor immune responses in long‐term control of SCCs deserves further study.
Differential expression and in vivo secretion of the antimicrobial peptides psoriasin (S100A7), RNase 7, human beta‐defensin‐2 and ‐3 in healthy human skin
Authors: Wittersheim Maike , Cordes Jesko , Meyer‐Hoffert Ulf , Harder Jürgen , Hedderich Jürgen , Gläser Regine 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMP) are key players in the skin's defense system. Previous observations suggest a site‐ and age‐dependent expression of individual AMP. We investigated the expression and secretion patterns of four important AMP in a representative collective of healthy human skin samples. Levels of psoriasin, RNase 7 and hBD‐3 expression – assessed by immunohistochemistry – varied between different body localisations. Older individuals expressed hBD‐2 more frequently. No gender‐related expression was observed. The in vivo secretion of psoriasin, measured in skin washing fluids using ELISA, was related to body localisation and age, whereas RNase 7 secretion showed no significant differences regarding these variables. HBD‐2 and ‐3 secretion could not be detected. Our findings suggest the usage of control samples matching localisation and approximate age (in the case of hBD‐2) for comparative immunohistochemical analysis. To avoid bias through great interindividual differences, sufficient large collectives should be used for in vivo secretion analyses.
Assembly in vitro of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 encapsulin and peroxidase DypB to form a nanocompartment
Authors: Rahmanpour Rahman , Bugg Timothy D. H. 
Published: March 2013

Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 peroxidase DypB has been recently identified as a bacterial lignin peroxidase. The dypB gene is cotranscribed with a gene encoding an encapsulin protein, which has been shown in Thermotoga maritima to assemble to form a 60‐subunit nanocompartment, and DypB contains a C‐terminal sequence motif that is thought to target the protein to the encapsulin nanocompartment. R. jostii RHA1 encapsulin protein was overexpressed in R. jostii RHA1, and purified as a high‐Mr assembly (Mr > 106). The purified nanocompartment could be disassembled to form a low‐Mr species by treatment at pH 3.0, and reassembled to form an assembly of similar size and shape, as assessed by dynamic light scattering. Recombinant DypB could be assembled in vitro with monomeric encapsulin to form an assembly of similar size to the encapsulin‐only nanocompartment, as assessed by gel filtration. The assembled complex showed enhanced lignin degradation activity per milligram of DypB present as compared with native DypB, as determined with a nitrated lignin UV–visible assay method. The measured stoichiometry of 8.6 μmol encapsulin/μmol DypB in the complex was similar to the value of 10 predicted from the crystal structure.Structured digital abstract

encapsulin and encapsulin bind by blue native page (View interaction)

encapsulin and encapsulin bind by dynamic light scattering (View interaction)