bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the radiative budget of the Venusian atmosphere based on infrared Net Exchange Rate formalism
Authors: Lebonnois Sébastien , Eymet Vincent , Lee Christopher , Vatant d'Ollone Jan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA detailed one‐dimensional analysis of the energy balance in Venus atmosphere is proposed in this work, based on the Net Exchange Rate formalism that allows the identification in each altitude region of the dominant energy exchanges controlling the temperature. Well‐known parameters that control the temperature profile are the solar flux deposition and the cloud particle distribution. Balance between solar heating and infrared energy exchanges is analyzed for each region: upper atmosphere (from cloud top to 100 km), upper cloud, middle cloud, cloud base, and deep atmosphere (cloud base to surface). The energy accumulated below the clouds is transferred to the cloud base through infrared windows, mostly at 3–4 μm and 5–7 μm. The continuum opacity in these spectral regions is not well known for the hot temperatures and large pressures of Venus's deep atmosphere but strongly affects the temperature profile from cloud base to surface. From cloud base, upward transport of energy goes through convection and short‐range radiative exchanges up to the middle cloud where the atmosphere is thin enough in the 20–30 μm window to cool directly to space. Total opacity in this spectral window between the 15 μm CO2 band and the CO2 collision‐induced absorption has a strong impact on the temperature in the cloud convective layer. Improving our knowledge of the gas opacities in these different windows through new laboratory measurements or ab initio computations, as well as improving the constraints on cloud opacities would help to separate gas and cloud contributions and secure a better understanding of Venus's atmosphere energy balance.
Multi‐PLL with two‐stage fusion to mitigate ionospheric scintillation effects on GPS receivers
Authors: Xu Rui , Liu Zhizhao , Chen Wu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIonospheric scintillation poses a great threat to the reliability and accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) in various applications. It can increase tracking errors of the phase‐locked loop (PLL) in a GPS receiver and even cause the PLL loss of lock under severe scintillations. To mitigate the effect of scintillation on GPS receivers, especially to reduce the occurrence of loss of lock, a multi‐PLL with two‐stage fusion (i.e., tracking fusion and output fusion) is proposed in this paper. This algorithm integrates several parallel sub‐PLLs with different loop parameters into one channel to track one GPS satellite's signal. Every sub‐PLL has its own discriminator, loop filter, carrier numerical controlled oscillator, and a tracking fusion (i.e., the first stage fusion). The tracking fusion of each sub‐PLL integrates the Doppler frequency measurements from all other sub‐PLLs to detect the state of its own sub‐PLL and feeds back reliable Doppler frequency measurements. Simultaneously, the tracking fusion outputs the Doppler frequency measurements to the second stage fusion (i.e., output fusion), which integrates the outputs from all tracking fusions to provide continuous and accurate Doppler frequency measurements for the following positioning/navigation estimator. Performances of the proposed algorithm are tested using real‐world GPS data with different levels of scintillations and compared with results from single‐PLLs. For three real‐world scintillation cases (S4 = 0.26–1.1, σϕ = 0.05–1.49 rad, and average C/N0 = 41.2–45.7 dB Hz), the multi‐PLL algorithm performs more robustly than the single‐PLLs and is able to keep tracking in all scintillation cases.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Michael Reaction of Malononitrile with β,β‐Disubstituted Nitroalkenes
Authors: Chen Shengwei , Lou Qinxin , Ding Yuyang , Zhang Shasha , Hu Wenhui , Zhao Junling 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe have developed and optimized an enantioselective Michael reaction of malononitrile with β,β‐disubstituted nitroalkenes. This reaction was catalyzed by a cinchona alkaloid derived thiourea catalyst, producing products of high yields (up to 98 %) and stereoselectivities (up to 93 % ee). One of the adducts was used as an intermediate for the synthesis of dihydropyrrole derivative bearing a synthetically valuable quaternary chiral center.magnified image
Isotope‐Filtered 4D NMR Spectroscopy for Structure Determination of Humic Substances
Authors: Bell Nicholle G. A. , Michalchuk Adam A. L. , Blackburn John W. T. , Graham Margaret C. , Uhrín Dušan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHumic substances, the main component of soil organic matter, could form an integral part of green and sustainable solutions to the soil fertility problem. However, their global‐scale application is hindered from both scientific and regulatory perspectives by the lack of understanding of the molecular make‐up of these chromatographically inseparable mixtures containing thousands of molecules. Here we show how multidimensional NMR spectroscopy of isotopically tagged molecules enables structure characterization of humic compounds. We illustrate this approach by identifying major substitution patterns of phenolic aromatic moieties of a peat soil fulvic acid, an operational fraction of humic substances. Our methodology represents a paradigm shift in the use of NMR active tags in structure determination of small molecules in complex mixtures. Unlike previous tagging methodologies that focused on the signals of the tags, we utilize tags to directly probe the identity of the molecules they are attached to.
Solution‐Phase Conversion of Bulk Metal Oxides to Metal Chalcogenides Using a Simple Thiol–Amine Solvent Mixture
Authors: McCarthy Carrie L. , Webber David H. , Schueller Emily C. , Brutchey Richard L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA thiol–amine solvent mixture is used to dissolve ten inexpensive bulk oxides (Cu2O, ZnO, GeO2, As2O3, Ag2O, CdO, SnO, Sb2O3, PbO, and Bi2O3) under ambient conditions. Dissolved oxides can be converted to the corresponding sulfides using the thiol as the sulfur source, while selenides and tellurides can be accessed upon mixing with a stoichiometric amount of dissolved selenium or tellurium. The practicality of this method is illustrated by solution depositing Sb2Se3 thin films from compound inks of dissolved Sb2O3 and selenium that give high photoelectrochemical current response. The direct band gap of the resulting material can be tuned from 1.2–1.6 eV by modulating the ink formulation to give compositionally controlled Sb2Se3−xSx alloys.
Systematic assessment of triticale‐based biorefinery strategies: a biomass procurement strategy for economic success
Authors: Melendez Jose , Stuart Paul R 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn economical supply of biomass feedstock is an essential part of any biorefinery project. With procurement costs accounting for nearly 50% of operating costs, current biomass supply chain and procurement operations must be continuously improved to reduce procurement costs. Strategic negotiations between the farmer (the producer) and the end user (the biorefinery), in which both parties benefit, should also take place. This study examines procurement supply chains for triticale, for a biorefinery, and proposes a financial model that will satisfy both producer and end user. A biomass cost model was developed to determine the procurement costs of triticale biomass. Several biomass procurement supply chain alternatives were evaluated. Results from the study determined that a biorefinery would pay $225 per tonne of biomass for the delivery of 250 002 tonnes of triticale grain and 265 791 tonnes of triticale straw per year. In addition, the study shows that increased yields of triticale and its similarities in growing and harvesting methods with currently produced agricultural crops will rapidly enable it to become a viable feedstock source for biorefineries. The biomass procurement strategy described appears to be an attractive alternative for producers and provides a good basis for furnishing a long‐term cost‐competitive supply of feedstock to the triticale biorefinery. This financial model is based on the premise that the risk and cost of developing increasingly engineered triticale crops will be borne by the biorefinery owner. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Prenatal diagnosis of the VACTERL association using routine ultrasound examination
Authors: Debost‐Legrand Anne , Goumy Carole , Laurichesse‐Delmas Hélène , Déchelotte Pierre , Perthus Isabelle , Francannet Christine , Lémery Didier , Gallot Denis 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThe prognosis and early neonatal management of the VACTERL association depend mainly on the severity of malformations ascertained prenatally.MethodsHere we reviewed the spectrum of clinical features observed in cases of VACTERL association ascertained prenatally through ultrasound examination but examined at birth and compared them with cases ascertained postnatally.ResultsFrom 1995 to 2011, a total of 19 cases of VACTERL association were observed in our center; 10 were ascertained prenatally and confirmed after birth whereas 9 were ascertained only after birth. The types and frequencies of malformations observed prenatally were as follows: renal malformations (45%), tracheoesophageal fistula (44%), cardiac malformations (20%), vertebral (13%), and limb (11%) defects. Anal atresia was never detected using routine prenatal ultrasound examination.ConclusionFurther studies of fetuses with the VACTERL association are necessary to better delineate the malformations spectrum observed prenatally to improve the early recognition of the VACTERL association. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:880–886, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lego‐bike: A challenging robotic lab project to illustrate rapid prototyping in the mindstorms/simulink integrated platform
Authors: Basso Michele , Innocenti Giacomo 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTLEGO© Mindstorms is a widely spread affordable education robotic platform, that has recently gained native support from the Mathworks© simulation environment Simulink. The pros and cons of the integrated Mindstorms/Simulink framework are actually illustrated through a complex model based control design project featuring a self‐stabilized bicycle, that represents a proper example of the rapid prototyping capability of the platform. The importance of such an integration is discussed taking into account the history and the results of the LEGO‐based learning activities held at the Control Systems Laboratory of the University of Florence for graduate and undergraduate courses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:947–958, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21666
Continuous‐Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation of an Enol Ester by using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Ionic Liquids versus Supported Ionic Liquids as the Catalyst Matrix
Authors: Zhang Ziyun , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe continuous‐flow Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of the enol ester 1‐(trifluoromethyl)vinyl acetate was investigated by using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the mobile phase and either ionic liquids (IL) or supported ionic liquids (SILP) as the catalyst matrix. Three molecular catalysts based on chiral ligands were evaluated. The catalyst based on the phosphine‐phosphoramidite ligand (Sa,Rc)‐Xyl‐QUINAPHOS in combination with the SILP/scCO2 immobilization strategy provided the most effective system under continuous‐flow conditions and gave a remarkably stable performance. During 233 h on stream, high single‐pass conversions (90–70 %), slightly increased enantioselectivity (80–84 % ee), and a turnover number of 70 400 were observed; this turnover number shows a six‐fold increase over that achieved in the IL/scCO2 system with the same catalyst.
Bidisperse Shrinking Core Model for Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Authors: Egorov Andrey G. , Salamatin Arthur A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe broken‐and‐intact‐cell model is conventionally used for interpretation of overall extraction curves (OECs) observed in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of ground oilseeds. Another possibility, considered here, assumes that the packed beds of the ground material always contain a significant amount of very small particles, i.e., dust, which control the initial extraction rates. The bidisperse representation of particle ensembles allows accurate description of OECs on the basis of the modified shrinking core model. A simple asymptotic solution has been derived for bidisperse granulometric distributions under typical SFE conditions. Special microscopic observations have been performed to reveal and examine the dust fraction in ground seed substrates.
Controlling the Spatial Organization of Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles by Composition of the Organic Grafting Layer
Authors: Wójcik Michał M. , Olesińska Magdalena , Sawczyk Michał , Mieczkowski Józef , Górecka Ewa 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how the spatial ordering of liquid crystalline nanoparticles can be controlled by different factors is of great importance in the further development of their photonic applications. In this paper, we report a new key parameter to control the mesogenic behavior of gold nanoparticles modified by rodlike thiols. An efficient method to control the spatial arrangement of hybrid nanoparticles in a condensed state is developed by changing the composition of the mesogenic grafting layer on the surface of the nanoparticles. The composition can be tuned by different conditions of the ligand exchange reaction. The thermal and optical behavior of the mesogenic and promesogenic ligands were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot‐stage polarized optical microscopy. The chemical structure of the synthesized hybrid nanoparticles was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), XPS, and elemental analysis, whereas the superstructures were examined by small‐angle X‐ray diffraction (SAXSRD) analysis. Structural studies showed that the organic sublayer made of mesogenic ligands is denser with an increasing the average ligand number, thereby separating the nanoparticles in the liquid crystalline phases, which changes the parameters of these phases.
Tetranuclear Uranyl Polyrotaxanes: Preferred Selectivity toward Uranyl Tetramer for Stabilizing a Flexible Polyrotaxane Chain Exhibiting Weakened Supramolecular Inclusion
Authors: Mei Lei , Wang Lin , Liu Cai‐ming , Zhao Yu‐liang , Chai Zhi‐fang , Shi Wei‐qun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroduction of mechanically interlocked components into actinide‐based metal–organic materials such as polyrotaxanes will generate an entirely new type of inorganic–organic hybrid materials showing more supramolecular encapsulation‐based dynamics. In this work, tetranuclear uranyl‐directed polyrotaxanes (UO2)4O2‐C5A3‐CB6 (1) and (UO2)4O2‐C6A3‐CB6 (2), which are the first actinide pseudorotaxanes with high‐nuclearity uranium centers, were obtained through systematic extension of the string spacer in pseudorotaxane ligands from 1,4‐butylene (C4) to 1,5‐pentylene (C5) and 1,6‐hexylene (C6). Both of the as‐synthesized tetranuclear uranyl polyrotaxanes were structurally characterized and analyzed. Considering the structure of UO2‐C4A3‐CB6 and the 1,4‐butylene string spacer, the preference for the uranyl tetramer may be related to the configurational inversion of the pseudorotaxane ligands from trans mode to cis mode on coordination to the uranyl center. Detailed structural analysis suggests that the length of the stretched string molecules for CB6‐encapsulated pseudorotaxanes has remarkable effect on the supramolecular inclusion interactions and the configurations of pseudorotaxanes, and should be responsible for the configurational inversion of pseudorotaxane spacers and subsequent distinct changes of the uranyl building units and geometric structures.
Carbazole‐endcapped Spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene] with Large Steric Hindrance as Hole‐transporting Host for Heavily‐doped and High Performance OLEDs
Authors: Zhao Xianghua , Wu Yukun , Shi Nannan , Li Xiaoyu , Zhao Yi , Sun Mingli , Ding Dongxue , Xu Hui , Xie Linghai 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this work, we designed and synthesized a novel spirocyclic compound functionalized spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene] with carbazole group (2‐carbazolyl‐spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene], SFX‐Cz) via Friedel‐Crafts and Ullmann reaction, which is expected to own high thermal and morphological stability, and good carrier injection/transporting properties due to the excellent hole transporting characteristics of carbazole and cruciform structure of spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene]. The carbazole end‐capped spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene] SFX‐Cz based PhOLEDs with FIrpic as phosphor emitter have been researched by varying dopant concentration, which exhibit the maximum EQEs of 8.9%, 7.4%, 9.1%, and 4.7% with the doping increasing from 10% to 50%. The higher performance PhOLEDs are independent on concentration variation from 10% to 30%, which suggests the bulky steric hindrance of SFX‐Cz might be a potential canditate for high performance and inexpensive device with simplified process.
Chlorine‐Induced Hydrogen‐Bonding Network of A Novel Dimer Based on Nickel and Tridentate Ligand: 3‐Hydrazine‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐Triazole
Authors: Bi Yangang , Zhao Wenyuan , Li Ying , Zhang Tonglai 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe reaction of NiCl2 and 3‐hydrazine‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (Hatr) in the mixed solvent of EtOH and H2O yielded a dimer compound ([Ni2(Hatr)2(H2O)2(EtOH)2Cl2]Cl2·EtOH) with water and EtOH molecules coordinated to nickle ions. It crystallized in trigonal space group R‐3, a=b=29.67(1) Å, c=8.95(7) Å, β=120(1)°, as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Then, they were fully characterized by the IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), and elemental analysis.
Label‐Free DNA Sensors Based on Field‐Effect Transistors with Semiconductor of Carbon Materials
Authors: Zhao Lu , Cao Dapeng , Gao Zhiqiang , Mi Baoxiu , Huang Wei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOver one decade, various DNA sensors of carbon material‐based field‐effect transistors (FETs) have been intensively developed into an inspiring area of research and technology to substitute for the traditional method, for instance, fluorescence labeling detection. These FET DNA sensors have advantages of: directly read‐out electrical signal, no need to label DNA molecule with fluorescer, high sensitivity, facility of miniaturization, simple device preparation process, high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and wide detection range. This review gives a comprehensive description on the state‐of‐the‐art carbon‐based FET DNA sensors from the aspect of both semiconductor material and structure of device. Several essential points in this research field, including sensitivity, selectivity, stability and challenges are addressed. Optimization of sensing performance and application of these devices are also discussed.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Sulfoxide‐Functionalized BODIPYs as Chemosensors for Thiols
Authors: Zhao Chunchang , Jiang Haifeng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBODIPY‐based fluorescent chemosensors bearing sulfoxide function were designed and evaluated. Thiols triggered sulfoxide→sulfide transduction in these probes leads to an obvious red‐shift in absorption and dramatic fluorescence enhancement with distinctly ratiometric features, enabling the accurate assay of thiols in living cells.
Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Two Natural Phenolic Homobenzyl Esters
Authors: Xu Murong , Zhu Shijun , Xu Zejun , Wu Yikang , Gao Po 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTwo recently identified natural phenolic homobenzyl esters, isolated from Phragmipedium calurum (an orchid) and Eupatorium fortunei TURCZ (a perennial herb in the Asteraceae family), respectively, were synthesized in enantiopure forms. By comparison of the optical rotations for the synthetic and the natural samples, the absolute configurations for the natural products were reliably assigned. The synthesis also enables establishment of the absolute configuration of a closely related natural homobenzyl alcohol and provided for the first time complete physical and spectroscopic data for two other natural homobenzyl esters.
Estrogen and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Lavasani Sayeh , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Prentice Ross L. , Kato Ikuko , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Johnson Karen C. , Young Alicia , Rodabough Rebecca , Hubbell F. Allan , Mahinbakht Ali , Simon Michael S. 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDThe preponderance of observational studies describe an association between the use of estrogen alone and a lower incidence of colorectal cancer. In contrast, no difference in the incidence of colorectal cancer was seen in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized, placebo‐controlled trial with estrogen alone after a mean intervention of 7.1 years and cumulative follow‐up of 13.2 years. This study extends these findings by providing detailed analyses of the effects of estrogen alone on the histology, grade, and stage of colorectal cancer, relevant subgroups, and deaths from and after colorectal cancer.METHODSThe WHI study was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial involving 10,739 postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy. Participants were assigned to conjugated equine estrogen at 0.625 mg/d (n = 5279) or a matching placebo (n = 5409). Rates of colorectal cancer diagnoses and deaths from and after colorectal cancer were assessed throughout the study.RESULTSColorectal cancer rates in the estrogen‐alone and placebo groups were comparable: 0.14% and 0.12% per year, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83‐1.58; P = .43). Bowel screening examinations were comparable between the 2 groups throughout the study. The grade, stage, and location of colorectal cancer did not differ between the randomization groups. There were more colorectal cancer deaths in the estrogen‐alone group (34 [0.05%] vs 24 [0.03%]; HR, 1.46, 95% CI, 0.86‐2.46; P = .16), but the difference was not statistically significant. The colorectal cancer incidence was higher for participants with a history of colon polyp removal in the estrogen‐alone group (0.23% vs 0.02%; HR, 13.47; nominal 95% CI, 1.76‐103.0; P < .001).CONCLUSIONSThe use of estrogen alone in postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy does not influence the incidence of colorectal cancer or deaths from or after colorectal cancer. A possibly higher risk of colorectal cancer in women with prior colon polyp removal who use estrogen alone requires confirmation. Cancer 2015;121:3261–3271. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Capacitive Deionization using Biomass‐based Microporous Salt‐Templated Heteroatom‐Doped Carbons
Authors: Porada Slawomir , Schipper Florian , Aslan Mesut , Antonietti Markus , Presser Volker , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover are the groups of Tim‐Patrick Fellinger (MPI Potsdam) and Volker Presser (INM Saarbrücken and Saarland University). The image shows the dynamic process of ion electrosorption: anions are attracted and cations repelled from electrically charged electrodes based on carbons with heteroatoms. This process of capacitive deionization is particularly attractive for facile low‐energy water treatment applications. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201500166.