bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breath stacking in children with neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Jenkins H. M. , Stocki A. , Kriellaars D. , Pasterkamp H. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryRespiratory muscle weakness in neuromuscular disorders (NMD) can lead to shallow breathing and respiratory insufficiency over time. Children with NMD often cannot perform maneuvers to recruit lung volume. In adults, breath stacking with a mask and one‐way valve can achieve significantly increased lung volumes. To evaluate involuntary breath stacking (IBS) in NMD, we studied 23 children of whom 15 were cognitively aware and able to communicate verbally. For IBS, a one‐way valve and pneumotachograph were attached to a face mask. Tidal volumes (Vt) and minute ventilation (VE) were calculated from airflow over 30 sec before and after 15 sec of expiratory valve closure. Six cooperative male subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) participated in a subsequent comparison of IBS with voluntary breath stacking (VBS) and supported breath stacking (SBS). The average Vt in those studied with IBS was 277 ml (range 29–598 ml). The average increase in volume by stacking was 599 ml (range −140 to 2,916 ml) above Vt. The average number of stacked breaths was 4.5 (range 0–17). VE increased on average by 18% after stacking (P < 0.05, paired t‐test). Oxygen saturation did not change after stacking. Four of the 23 children did not breath stack. Compared to IBS, VBS achieved similar volumes in the six subjects with DMD but SBS was more successful in those with greatest muscle weakness. IBS may achieve breath volumes of approximately three times Vt and may be particularly useful in non‐cooperative subjects with milder degrees of respiratory muscle weakness. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:544–553. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal recrystallization of physical vapor deposition based germanium thin films on bulk silicon (100)
Authors: Hussain Aftab M. , Fahad Hossain M. , Sevilla Galo A. Torres , Hussain Muhammad M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe demonstrate a simple, low‐cost, and scalable process for obtaining uniform, smooth surfaced, high quality mono‐crystalline germanium (100) thin films on silicon (100). The germanium thin films were deposited on a silicon substrate using plasma‐assisted sputtering based physical vapor deposition. They were crystallized by annealing at various temperatures ranging from 700 °C to 1100 °C. We report that the best quality germanium thin films are obtained above the melting point of germanium (937 °C), thus offering a method for in‐situ Czochralski process. We show well‐behaved high‐κ /metal gate metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs) using this film. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Steganalysis of least significant bit matching using multi‐order differences
Authors: Xia Zhihua , Wang Xinhui , Sun Xingming , Wang Baowei 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a learning‐based steganalysis/detection method to attack spatial domain least significant bit (LSB) matching steganography in grayscale images, which is the antetype of many sophisticated steganographic methods. We model the message embedded by LSB matching as the independent noise to the image, and theoretically prove that LSB matching smoothes the histogram of multi‐order differences. Because of the dependency among neighboring pixels, histogram of low order differences can be approximated by Laplace distribution. The smoothness caused by LSB matching is especially apparent at the peak of the histogram. Consequently, the low order differences of image pixels are calculated. The co‐occurrence matrix is utilized to model the differences with the small absolute value in order to extract features. Finally, support vector machine classifiers are trained with the features so as to identify a test image either an original or a stego image. The proposed method is evaluated by LSB matching and its improved version “Hugo”. In addition, the proposed method is compared with state‐of‐the‐art steganalytic methods. The experimental results demonstrate the reliability of the new detector. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale testing facility for cyclic axially loaded piles
Authors: Baeßler Matthias , Rücker Werner , Cuéllar Pablo , Georgi Steven , Karabeliov Krassimire 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOffshore piles have to withstand predominantly cyclic axial loads when they are installed in multi‐pile configurations, as in jacket foundations. The dimensions of the pile are governed by both the internal capacity and the fatigue behaviour of the steel cross‐section as well as by its external capacity in the pile‐soil interaction. Owing to the large numbers of piled foundations required for current and future offshore wind farms, there is an urgent need to optimize the dimensions and related costs of single piles. With regard to the pile capacity, two major topics of research are the determination of possible capacity gains due to pile ageing effects and proper consideration of cyclic degradation. In order to investigate both effects, a large‐scale testing facility has been constructed at the BAM TTS site in Horstwalde near Berlin. This open‐air facility allows large tubular driven piles to be loaded cyclically in both tension and compression while studying the ageing effects by introducing delays between the testing campaigns. First results already show a moderate increase in pile capacity over time. Concerning the anticipated capacity degradation of cyclically loaded piles, preliminary results show an unexpected behaviour. Additional tests are currently being conducted for further clarification.
Costimulation-adhesion blockade is superior to Cyclosporine A and prednisone immunosuppressive therapy for preventing rejection of differentiated human embryonic stem cells following transplantation
Authors: Huber Bruno C. , Ransohoff Julia D. , Ransohoff Katherine J. , Riegler Johannes , Ebert Antje , Kodo Kazuki , Gong Yongquan , Sanchez-Freire Veronica , Dey Devaveena , Kooreman Nigel G. , Diecke Sebastian , Zhang Wendy Y. , Odegaard Justin , Hu Shijun , Gold Joseph D. , Robbins Robert C. , Wu Joseph C. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Rationale: Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivatives are attractive candidates for therapeutic use. The engraftment and survival of hESC derivatives as xenografts or allografts require effective immunosuppression to prevent immune cell infiltration and graft destruction. Objective: To test the hypothesis that a short-course, dual-agent regimen of two costimulation-adhesion blockade agents can induce better engraftment of hESC derivatives compared to current immunosuppressive agents. Methods and Results: We transduced hESCs with a double fusion reporter gene construct expressing firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescent protein, and differentiated these cells to endothelial cells (hESC-ECs). Reporter gene expression enabled longitudinal assessment of cell engraftment by bioluminescence imaging. Costimulation-adhesion therapy resulted in superior hESC-EC and mouse EC engraftment compared to cyclosporine therapy in a hind limb model. Costimulation-adhesion therapy also promoted robust hESC-EC and hESC-derived cardiomyocyte survival in an ischemic myocardial injury model. Improved hESC-EC engraftment had a cardioprotective effect after myocardial injury, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Mechanistically, costimulation-adhesion therapy is associated with systemic and intragraft upregulation of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) and a reduced proinflammatory cytokine profile. Conclusions: Costimulation-adhesion therapy is a superior alternative to current clinical immunosuppressive strategies for preventing the post-transplant rejection of hESC derivatives. By extending the window for cellular engraftment, costimulation-adhesion therapy enhances functional preservation following ischemic injury. This regimen may function through a TIM3-dependent mechanism.
Plurilingualism and Curriculum Design: Toward a Synergic Vision
Authors: Piccardo Enrica 
Published: August 2013

Contemporary globalized society is characterized by mobility and change, two phenomena that have a direct impact on the broad linguistic landscape. Language proficiency is no longer seen as a monolithic phenomenon that occurs independently of the linguistic repertoires and trajectories of learners and teachers, but rather shaped by uneven and ever‐changing competences, both linguistic and cultural. In the European context, research conducted over the past 20 years in multilingual realities of local communities and societies has brought to the forefront the notion ofplurilingualism, which is opening up new perspectives in language education. In North American academia, the paradigm shift from linguistic homogeneity and purism to heteroglossic and plurilingual competence in applied linguistics has been observed in the emergence of such concepts asdisinventing languages,translanguaging, andcode‐meshing. Starting from a historical perspective, this article examines the shared principles upon which such innovative understandings of linguistic competence are based. In particular, it investigates the specificity of plurilingualism as an individual characteristic clearly distinct from multilingualism in the light of different theoretical lenses. The author discusses the potential of such vision together with its implications. Finally, this article offers pedagogical implications for English language education in the North American context, and suggests ways to investigate the new active role that English language learners and teachers can adopt in shaping their process of learning English.
Plurilingual Pedagogical Practices in a Policy‐Constrained Context: A Northern Ugandan Case Study
Authors: Abiria Doris Maandebo , Early Margaret , Kendrick Maureen 
Published: August 2013

Uganda is a linguistically diverse nation where plurilingualism is common. Its language education policy dictates that, except in large urban areas, one local language be selected as the medium of instruction (MoI), to Primary 3, transitioning to English MoI, in Primary 4. Yet, as Ramanathan and Morgan () argue, “thepracticeof policy encourages us, as researchers and teachers, to read between and behind the lines (cf. Cooke,), to interpret the ambiguities and gaps … that open up moments and spaces for transformative pedagogical interventions” (p. 448). The purpose of this study, conducted in Uganda with five Primary 4 teachers and their coordinator, was to explore such possibilities. It asks: How do subject‐area primary teachers in northern Uganda use local linguistic and multimodal cultural resources as plurilingual pedagogical tools to enhance students' learning in English MoI/TESOLclassrooms? What are the challenges and constraints in employing locally available linguistic and multimodal cultural resources to become plurilingual pedagogical tools in English MoI/TESOLprimary school classrooms? Three themes emerged: the teachers' exploratory plurilingual practices, students as plurilingual peer tutors, and integrated multimodal and plurilingual instruction. Challenges related to the larger educational cultural context and to local school and classroom conditions are also discussed.
Profit maximization for secondary users in dynamic spectrum auction of cognitive radio networks
Authors: Sun Gaofei , Tian Xiaohua , Xu Youyun , Wang Xinbing 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAs a powerful economic theory, auction mechanism has been extensively studied in dynamic spectrum allocation for cognitive radio networks (CRNs) recently. Different from most of existing works that focused on the mechanism design from the spectrum owner's side, we study from a new perspective on profit maximization of the secondary users (SUs). Because the spectrum auction mechanism has already been designed by the spectrum owner, we derive SUs' optimal bid strategies, which maximize their profits. First, we relax the limitation of SU's value on spectrum band, which is formerly defined as the transmission rate on channel, and introduce the affiliated value considering the impacts from other SUs. Further, the optimal value determination function is derived, which maximizes SU's expected profit; second, we analyze the auctioneer cheating issue, which has great influence on SU's profit, and the Nash equilibrium strategies for both spectrum owner and SUs are derived. Moreover, the repeated auction game mechanism is proposed that resists the auctioneer cheating effectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortex‐induced vibrations of a DU96‐W‐180 airfoil at 90° angle of attack
Authors: Skrzypiński Witold , Gaunaa Mac , Sørensen Niels , Zahle Frederik , Heinz Joachim 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis work presents an analysis of vortex‐induced vibrations of a DU96‐W‐180 airfoil in deep stall at a 90° angle of attack, based on 2D and 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes and 3D Detached Eddy Simulation unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics computations with non‐moving, prescribed motion and elastically mounted airfoil suspensions. Stationary vortex‐shedding frequencies computed in 2D and 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics differed. In the prescribed motion computations, the airfoil oscillated in the direction of the chord line. Negative aerodynamic damping, found in both 2D and 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics computations with moving airfoil, showed in the vicinity of the stationary vortex‐shedding frequency computed by 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics. A shorter time series was sufficient to verify the sign of the aerodynamic damping in the case of the elastic computations than the prescribed motion. Even though the 2D computations seemed to be capable of indicating the presence of vortex‐induced vibrations, the 3D computations seemed to reflect the involved physics more accurately. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weather radars – the new eyes for offshore wind farms?
Authors: Trombe Pierre‐Julien , Pinson Pierre , Vincent Claire , Bøvith Thomas , Cutululis Nicolaos A. , Draxl Caroline , Giebel Gregor , Hahmann Andrea N. , Jensen Niels E. , Jensen Bo P. , Le Nina F. , Madsen Henrik , Pedersen Lisbeth B. , Sommer Anders 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTOffshore wind fluctuations are such that dedicated prediction and control systems are needed for optimizing the management of wind farms in real‐time. In this paper, we present a pioneer experiment – Radar@Sea – in which weather radars are used for monitoring the weather at the Horns Rev offshore wind farm, in the North Sea. First, they enable the collection of meteorological observations at high spatio‐temporal resolutions for enhancing the understanding of meteorological phenomena that drive wind fluctuations. And second, with the extended visibility they offer, they can provide relevant inputs to prediction systems for anticipating changes in the wind fluctuation dynamics, generating improved wind power forecasts and developing specific control strategies. However, integrating weather radar observations into automated decision support systems is not a plug‐and‐play task, and it is important to develop a multi‐disciplinary approach linking meteorology and statistics. Here, (i) we describe the settings of the Radar@Sea experiment, (ii) we report the experience gained with these new remote sensing tools, (iii) we illustrate their capabilities with some concrete meteorological events observed at Horns Rev and (iv) we discuss the future perspectives for weather radars in wind energy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of genes in the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway by RNA processing and RNA‐mediated mechanisms
Authors: Lutz Carol S. , Cornett Ashley L. 
Published: August 2013

Arachidonic acid (AA) is converted by enzymes in an important metabolic pathway to produce molecules known collectively as eicosanoids, 20 carbon molecules with significant physiological and pathological functions in the human body. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes work in one arm of the pathway to produce prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs), while the actions of 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5 or 5LO) and its associated protein (ALOX5AP or FLAP) work in the other arm of the metabolic pathway to produce leukotrienes (LTs). The expression of the COX and ALOX5 enzymes that convert AA to eicosanoids is highly regulated at the post‐ or co‐transcriptional level by alternative mRNA splicing, alternative mRNA polyadenylation, mRNA stability, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation. This review article will highlight these mechanisms of mRNA modulation. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:593–605. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1177This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
The First Phosphates of Heptavalent Rhenium
Authors: Islam Saiful M. , Glaum Robert , Pelka Axel , Daniels Jörg , Hoffbauer Wilfried 
Published: August 2013

AbstractReVIIO2(PO4) and (ReVII2O5)Sio2[Sit2O(PO4)6] were obtained from Re2O7 and P4O10 in sealed silica tubes (250 ≤ ϑ ≤ 400 °C). The crystal structures were solved and refined from X‐ray single crystal data (ReVIIO2(PO4): C2/c, Z = 24, a = 14.403(1) Å, b = 8.414(1) Å, c = 20.647(3) Å, β = 93.165(8)°, T = 123 K, 10352 ind. refl., 218 variables, 24 atoms in asymmetric unit, R1 = 0.041, wR2 = 0.106; (ReVII2O5)Sio2[Sit2O(PO4)6]: P$\bar{1}$, Z = 1, a = 7.8589(3) Å, b = 7.8609(3) Å, c = 10.8311(4) Å, α = 85.312(2)°, β = 73.078(2)°, γ = 60.075(2)°, T = 298 K, 2551 ind. reflections, 174 variables, 22 atoms in asymmetric unit, R1 = 0.078, wR2 = 0.208). The complex crystal structure of ReO2(PO4) can be derived from the ReO3 structure type. The crystal structure of the silicophosphate consists of distorted [Re2O11] dioctahedra (1.69 Å ≤ d(Re–O) ≤ 2.08 Å), [SiIVO6] octahedra, and [Sit2O(PO4)6]12– heteropolyanions. In ReO2(PO4) monomeric perrhenyl ions (ReO2)3+ (∠(Ot,Re, Ot) ≈ 101.5°) are formed. The silicophosphate (Re2O5)Sio2[Sit2O(PO4)6] contains dinuclear (Re2O5)4+ cations. 31P‐MAS‐NMR studies on ReO2(PO4) are in accordance with three independent sites of phosphorus. The results of 31P‐ and 29Si‐MAS‐NMR studies on (Re2O5)Sio2[Sit2O(PO4)6] are in agreement with three crystallographically independent sites for phosphorus and two sites for silicon.
Synthesis and Phase Relations of Single‐Phase Fibrous Phosphorus
Authors: Eckstein Nadine , Hohmann Andrea , Weihrich Richard , Nilges Tom , Schmidt Peer 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFibrous phosphorus is one of the known crystalline allotropes under standard pressure conditions. It has been predicted prior to its successful synthesis and structural characterization. The allotrope consists of parallel, tubular double strands of phosphorus, in contrast to the violet form of Hittorf's phosphorus, where the same strands are arranged in a perpendicular orientation towards each other. This structural similarity results in an almost identical energetic stability leading to a somehow problematic realization of single‐phase materials. We herein report on the successful synthesis route to single phase fibrous phosphorus and the in situ characterization of its formation via the gas phase applying CuCl2 as a mineralizer. The sublimation pressure of fibrous phosphorus is slightly lower than the one of the black allotrope. This behavior indicates thermodynamic stability of fibrous phosphorus.
THE NATURAL PARTIAL ORDER ON SOME TRANSFORMATION SEMIGROUPS
Authors: CHAOPRAKNOI SUREEPORN , PHONGPATTANACHAROEN TEERAPHONG , RAWIWAN PATTANACHAI 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFor a semigroup $S$, let ${S}^{1} $ be the semigroup obtained from $S$ by adding a new symbol 1 as its identity if $S$ has no identity; otherwise let ${S}^{1} = S$. Mitsch defined the natural partial order $\leqslant $ on a semigroup $S$ as follows: for $a, b\in S$, $a\leqslant b$ if and only if $a= xb= by$ and $a= ay$ for some $x, y\in {S}^{1} $. In this paper, we characterise the natural partial order on some transformation semigroups. In these partially ordered sets, we determine the compatibility of their elements, and find all minimal and maximal elements.
Duddingtonia flagranschlamydospores in nutritional pellets: effect of storage time and conditions on the trapping ability againstHaemonchus contortuslarvae
Authors: Fitz-Aranda J.A. , Mendoza-de-Gives P. , Torres-Acosta J.F.J. , Liébano-Hernández E. , López-Arellano M.E. , Sandoval-Castro C.A. , Quiroz-Romero H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe study evaluated the effect of storage time and conditions of nutritional pellets (NP) containingDuddingtonia flagranschlamydospores on itsin vitrotrapping ability againstHaemonchus contortusL3 larvae. The treated batch (200 NP) contained 4 × 106chlamydospores of the FTH0-8 strain, whereas the control batch (200 NP) was produced without spores. Both NP batches were exposed to four experimental storage conditions: (T1) shelves (indoors); (T2) refrigeration (4°C); (T3) outdoors under a roof; and (T4) 100% outdoors. Each group comprised 48 NP with spores and 48 NP without spores (control). The ability ofD. flagransspores to trapH. contortusL3 larvae was evaluated for 8 weeks for each storage condition. For that purpose, six randomly selected NP with spores were compared to their respective control NP. Each NP was individually crushed. The crushed material (1 g) was placed on the surface of a 2% water agar plate with 200H. contortusL3 larvae. Plates were sealed and were incubated at room temperature for 8 days. The whole content of every plate was transferred to a Baermann apparatus to recover the remaining larvae. There was a clear larval reduction in the NP with spores, compared to the respective control NP in the four storage conditions (P< 0.05). The mean reductions ( ± SEM) of the storage conditions were 67 ± 4.9 (T2), 77 ± 6.1 (T1), 81.5 ± 3.8 (T4) and 82.1 ± 2.5 (T3). Larval reductions were similar at all times and were not affected by storage conditions or storage time (R2< 0.2;P>0.05). The long-term shelf-life of the chlamydospores in the NP suggests that this spore dosage technology is a viable option.
The 2012 Presidential Election and What It Reveals about Mexican Voters
Authors: CAMP RODERIC AI 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe 2012 presidential election in Mexico is significant for many reasons, not least of which is that it returned the Partido Revolucionario Institucional to power after two Partido Acción Nacional administrations. This essay reviews more than 50 surveys taken before and during the election to determine significant patterns among Mexican voters, comparing the most influential traditional and non-traditional demographic variables, as well as other variables such as partisanship and policy issues in this election, with those of the two previous presidential races. It also analyses other influential variables in the 2012 presidential race, including social media and the application of new electoral legislation. It identifies significant differences and similarities among voters today in contrast to the two prior elections, and suggests long-term patterns among Mexican voters which are likely to influence voting behaviour in future elections, ranging from regionalism and gender to partisanship and social media.
‘These Industrial Forests’: Economic Nationalism and the Search for Agro-Industrial Commodities in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
Authors: CRIBELLI TERESA 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn the nineteenth century, members of the Rio de Janeiro-based Sociedade Auxiliadora da Industria Nacional promoted the development of new agro-industrial commodities from Brazil's native forests as substitutes for expensive foreign imports. Influenced by late colonial scientists and reformers who followed the political economy of Carl Linnaeus, the society turned a Portuguese imperial project of economic revitalisation into a vision for developing the nation's post-independence economy. For society members, Brazil's ‘industrial forests’ were essential for economic independence and defined the new nation's place in an emerging global capitalist system.