bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy of the Boroo Gold Deposit in the North Khentei Gold Belt, Central Northern Mongolia
Authors: Khishgee Chinbat , Akasaka Masahide 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMineral assemblages and chemical compositions of ore minerals from the Boroo gold deposit in the North Khentei gold belt of Mongolia were studied to characterize the gold mineralization, and to clarify crystallization processes of the ore minerals. The gold deposit consists of low‐grade disseminated and stockwork ores in granite, metasedimentary rocks and diorite dikes. Moderate to high‐grade auriferous quartz vein ores are present in the above lithological units. The ore grades of the former range from about 1 to 3 g/t, and those of the latter from 5 to 10 g/t, or more than 10 g/t Au. The main sulfide minerals in the ores are pyrite and arsenopyrite, both of which are divisible into two different stages (pyrite‐I and pyrite‐II; arsenopyrite‐I and arsenopyrite‐II). Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite are minor associated minerals, with trace amounts of bournonite, boulangerite, geerite, alloclasite, native gold, and electrum. The ore minerals in the both types of ores are variable in distribution, abundance and grain size. Four modes of gold occurrence are recognized: (i) “invisible” gold in pyrite and arsenopyrite in the disseminated and stockwork ores, and in auriferous quartz vein ores; (ii) microscopic native gold, 3 to 100 µm in diameter, that occurs as fine grains or as an interstitial phase in sulfides in the disseminated and stockwork ores, and in auriferous quartz vein ores; (iii) visible native gold, up to 1 cm in diameter, in the auriferous quartz vein ores; and (iv) electrum in the auriferous quartz vein ores. The gold mineralization of the disseminated and stockwork ores consists of four stages characterized by the mineral assemblages of: (i) pyrite‐I + arsenopyrite‐I; (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite‐II; (iii) sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite + tetrahedrite + bournonite + boulangerite + alloclasite + native gold; and (iv) native gold. In the auriferous quartz vein ores, five mineralization stages are defined by the following mineral assemblages: (i) pyrite‐I; (ii) pyrite‐II + arsenopyrite; (iii) sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite; (iv) Ag‐rich tetrahedrite‐tennantite + bournonite + geerite + native gold; and (v) electrum. The As–Au relations in pyrite‐II and arsenopyrite suggest that gold detected as invisible gold is mostly attributed to Au+1 in those minerals. By applying the arsenopyrite geothermometer to arsenopyrite‐II in the disseminated and stockwork ores, crystallization temperature and logfs2 are estimated to be 365 to 300 °C and –7.5 to –10.1, respectively.
Clay Minerals in an Active Hydrothermal Field at Iheya‐North‐Knoll, Okinawa Trough
Authors: Miyoshi Youko , Ishibashi Jun‐ichiro , Shimada Kazuhiko , Inoue Hiroyasu , Uehara Seiichiro , Tsukimura Katsuhiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges.
Reasoning About Cultural and Genetic Transmission: Developmental and Cross‐Cultural Evidence From Peru, Fiji, and the United States on How People Make Inferences About Trait Transmission
Authors: Moya Cristina , Boyd Robert , Henrich Joseph 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUsing samples from three diverse populations, we test evolutionary hypotheses regarding how people reason about the inheritance of various traits. First, we provide a framework for differentiat‐ing the outputs of mechanisms that evolved for reasoning about variation within and between (a) biological taxa and (b) culturally evolved ethnic categories from (c) a broader set of beliefs and categories that are the outputs of structured learning mechanisms. Second, we describe the results of a modified “switched‐at‐birth” vignette study that we administered among children and adults in Puno (Peru), Yasawa (Fiji), and adults in the United States. This protocol permits us to study perceptions of prenatal and social transmission pathways for various traits and to differentiate the latter into vertical (i.e., parental) versus horizontal (i.e., peer) cultural influence. These lines of evidence suggest that people use all three mechanisms to reason about the distribution of traits in the population. Participants at all three sites develop expectations that morphological traits are under prenatal influence, and that belief traits are more culturally influenced. On the other hand, each population holds culturally specific beliefs about the degree of social influence on non‐morphological traits and about the degree of vertical transmission—with only participants in the United States expecting parents to have much social influence over their children. We reinterpret people's differentiation of trait transmission pathways in light of humans' evolutionary history as a cultural species.
Hemoglobin thresholds for transfusion in pediatric patients at a large academic health center
Authors: Klaus Sybil A. , Frank Steven M. , Salazar Jose H. , Cooper Stacy , Beard Lauren , Abdullah Fizan , Fackler James C. , Heitmiller Eugenie S. , Ness Paul M. , Resar Linda M. S. 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDAlthough prior studies support the use of a hemoglobin (Hb) transfusion trigger of 7 to 8 g/dL for most hospitalized adults, there are few studies in pediatric populations. We therefore investigated transfusion practices and Hb triggers in hospitalized children.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe performed a historical cohort study comparing transfusion practices in hospitalized children by service within a single academic institution. Blood utilization data from transfused patients (n = 3370) were obtained from electronic records over 4 years. Hb triggers and posttransfusion Hb levels were defined as the lowest and last Hb measured during hospital stay, respectively, in transfused patients. The mean and percentile distribution for Hb triggers were compared to the evidence‐based restrictive transfusion threshold of 7 g/dL.RESULTSMean Hb triggers were above the restrictive trigger (7 g/dL) for eight of 12 pediatric services. Among all of the services, there were significant differences between the mean Hb triggers (>2.5 g/dL, p<0.0001) and between the posttransfusion Hb levels (>3 g/dL, p < 0.0001). The variation between the 10th and 90th percentiles for triggers (up to 4 g/dL, p < 0.0001) and posttransfusion Hb levels (up to 6 g/dL, p < 0.0001) were significant. Depending on the service, between 25 and 90% of transfused patients had Hb triggers higher than the restrictive range.CONCLUSIONSRed blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy varies significantly in hospitalized children with mean Hb triggers above a restrictive threshold for most services. Our findings suggest that transfusions may be overused and that implementing a restrictive transfusion strategy could decrease the use of RBC transfusions, thereby reducing the associated risks and costs.
Veinticinco años de crisis fiscal en Colombia (1990-2014). Acumulación, confianza y legitimidad en el orden neoliberal
Authors: Mora Cortés Andrés Felipe 
Published: September 2015

A través del cumplimiento de sus funciones deacumulación, legitimidad y confianza, la políticafiscal garantiza la reproducción de las relacionessociales capitalistas en un contexto de relativaarmonía social. Este es el caso en Colombia,donde un análisis histórico permitirá identificarla configuración de un Estado bélico-asistencialy de confianza inversionista que, a través dediferentes mecanismos de represión y contenciónsocial garantiza la reproducción del ordenprevaleciente. En este contexto, se afirmará queel origen del déficit fiscal tiene una relación directacon la consolidación del neoliberalismo, lapersistencia del conflicto armado y la expansión del modelo asistencialista de política social.Únicamente transformaciones profundas endichos procesos podrán resolver los problemaspresupuestales que ha enfrentado el gobiernodespués de 1990.
Ecological functions of neotropical amphibians and reptiles: a review
Authors: Cortes Angela María , Ruiz-Agudelo César Augusto , Valencia-Aguilar Anyelet , Ladle Richard J. 
Published: September 2015

Amphibians and reptiles (herps) are the most abundant and diverse vertebrate taxa in tropical ecosystems. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in maintaining and regulating ecosystems functions and, by extension, their potential value for supporting ecosystems services. Here, we review research on the ecological functions of Neotropical herps, in different sources (the bibliographic databases, book chapters, etc.). A total of 167 Neotropical herpetology studies published over the last four decades (1970 to 2014) were reviewed, providing information on more than 100 species that contribute to at least five categories of ecological functions: i) nutrient cycling; ii) bioturbation; iii) pollination; iv) seed dispersal, and v) energy flow through ecosystems and the mechanisms behind these, through the study of functional traits and analysis of ecological processes. Many of these functions provide key ecosystems, such as biological pest control, seed dispersal and water quality. By knowing and understanding the functions that perform the herps in ecosystems, management plans for cultural landscapes, restoration or recovery projects of landscapes that involve aquatic and terrestrial systems, development of comprehensive plans and detailed conservation of species and ecosystems may be structured in a more appropriate way. Besides information gaps identified in this review, this contribution explores these issues in terms of better understanding of key questions in the study of ecosystem services and biodiversity and, also, of how these services are generated.
Fitness Studies of Azole-Resistant Strains of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Valsecchi Isabel , Mellado Emilia , Beau Rémi , Raj Shriya , Latgé Jean-Paul 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Isogenic bar-coded strains of
Aspergillus fumigatus
carrying the G54W or M220K mutation in Cyp51A were constructed.
In vitro
, the growth and conidiation capacities of the mutants were similar to those of the parental strain. Competition studies in the absence of azoles showed that there was no adverse fitness cost for the azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
strains
in vitro
or
in vivo
compared to the parental strain.
Effects of Antiviral Drugs on Organic Anion Transport in Human Placental BeWo Cells
Authors: Nabekura Tomohiro , Kawasaki Tatsuya , Kamiya Yuki , Uwai Yuichi 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Placental drug transfer is important for achieving better pharmacotherapy in pregnant women and in fetuses. In the present study, we examined the effects of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and anti-HIV drugs on organic anion transport in human placental BeWo cells. The cellular uptake of two fluorescence organic anions, 8-(2-[fluoresceinyl]aminoethylthio)adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-FcAMP) and fluorescein, was temperature and concentration dependent. The Michaelis constant (

K
m

) and the maximum uptake rate (
V
max
) for 8-FcAMP transport in BeWo cells were estimated to be 6.45 ± 0.75 μM and 25.55 ± 5.93 pmol/mg protein/10 min, respectively. The

K
m

and
V
max
values for fluorescein uptake were estimated to be 31.2 ± 11.8 μM and 510.9 ± 90.6 pmol/mg protein/10 min, respectively. Several known substrates of organic anion transporters in human placenta, including atorvastatin, glibenclamide, estrone-3-sulfate, and rifampin, inhibited cellular uptake of 8-FcAMP and fluorescein in BeWo cells. Transport of 8-FcAMP and fluorescein was inhibited by the antiviral drugs boceprevir, telaprevir, elvitegravir, and maraviroc. These findings suggest that some antiviral drugs are sufficiently potent to influence placental drug transfer and cause drug-drug interactions.
Two Simple Rules for Improving the Accuracy of Empiric Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Linsenmeyer Katherine , Strymish Judith , Gupta Kalpana 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens is making the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) more challenging. We sought to evaluate the accuracy of empiric therapy for MDR UTIs and the utility of prior culture data in improving the accuracy of the therapy chosen. The electronic health records from three U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs facilities were retrospectively reviewed for the treatments used for MDR UTIs over 4 years. An MDR UTI was defined as an infection caused by a uropathogen resistant to three or more classes of drugs and identified by a clinician to require therapy. Previous data on culture results, antimicrobial use, and outcomes were captured from records from inpatient and outpatient settings. Among 126 patient episodes of MDR UTIs, the choices of empiric therapy against the index pathogen were accurate in 66 (52%) episodes. For the 95 patient episodes for which prior microbiologic data were available, when empiric therapy was concordant with the prior microbiologic data, the rate of accuracy of the treatment against the uropathogen improved from 32% to 76% (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 17.1;
P
< 0.001). Genitourinary tract (GU)-directed agents (nitrofurantoin or sulfa agents) were equally as likely as broad-spectrum agents to be accurate (
P
= 0.3). Choosing an agent concordant with previous microbiologic data significantly increased the chance of accuracy of therapy for MDR UTIs, even if the previous uropathogen was a different species. Also, GU-directed or broad-spectrum therapy choices were equally likely to be accurate. The accuracy of empiric therapy could be improved by the use of these simple rules.
Novel Type XII Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome
mec
Harboring a New Cassette Chromosome Recombinase, CcrC2
Authors: Wu Zhaowei , Li Fan , Liu Dongliang , Xue Huping , Zhao Xin 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Excision and integration of staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) are mediated by cassette chromosome recombinases (Ccr), which play a crucial role in the worldwide spread of methicillin resistance in staphylococci. We report a novel
ccr
gene,
ccrC2
, in the SCC
mec
of a
Staphylococcus aureus
isolate, BA01611, which showed 62.6% to 69.4% sequence identities to all published
ccrC1
sequences. A further survey found that the
ccrC2
gene was mainly located among coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and could be found in staphylococcal isolates from China, the United States, France, and Germany. The
ccr
gene complex harboring the
ccrC2
gene was designated a type 9 complex, and the SCC
mec
of BA01611 was considered a novel type and was designated type XII (9C2). This novel SCC
mec
element in BA01611 was flanked by a pseudo-SCC element (ΨSCC
BA01611
) carrying a truncated
ccrA1
gene. Both individual SCC elements and a composite SCC were excised from the chromosome based on detection of extrachromosomal circular intermediates. We advocate inclusion of the c
crC2
gene and type 9
ccr
gene complex during revision of the SCC
mec
typing method.
Fitness Cost of Rifampin Resistance in Neisseria meningitidis:
In Vitro
Study of Mechanisms Associated with
rpoB
H553Y Mutation
Authors: Colicchio Roberta , Pagliuca Chiara , Pastore Gabiria , Cicatiello Annunziata Gaetana , Pagliarulo Caterina , Talà Adelfia , Scaglione Elena , Sammartino Josè Camilla , Bucci Cecilia , Alifano Pietro , Salvatore Paola 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Rifampin chemoprophylaxis against
Neisseria meningitidis
infections led to the onset of rifampin resistance in clinical isolates harboring point mutations in the
rpoB
gene, coding for the RNA polymerase β chain. These resistant strains are rare in medical practice, suggesting their decreased fitness in the human host. In this study, we isolated rifampin-resistant
rpoB
mutants from hypervirulent serogroup C strain 93/4286 and analyzed their different properties, including the ability to grow/survive in different culture media and in differentiated THP-1 human monocytes and to compete with the wild-type strain
in vitro
. Our results demonstrate that different
rpoB
mutations (H553Y, H553R, and S549F) may have different effects, ranging from low- to high-cost effects, on bacterial fitness
in vitro
. Moreover, we found that the S549F mutation confers temperature sensitivity, possibly explaining why it is observed very rarely in clinical isolates. Comparative high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis of bacteria grown in chemically defined medium demonstrated that the low-cost H553Y substitution resulted in global transcriptional changes that functionally mimic the stringent response. Interestingly, many virulence-associated genes, including those coding for meningococcal type IV pili, porin A, adhesins/invasins, IgA protease, two-partner secretion system HrpA/HrpB, enzymes involved in resistance to oxidative injury, lipooligosaccharide sialylation, and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis, were downregulated in the H553Y mutant compared to their level of expression in the wild-type strain. These data might account for the reduced capacity of this mutant to grow/survive in differentiated THP-1 cells and explain the rarity of H553Y mutants among clinical isolates.
In Vitro
Activities of Primaquine-Schizonticide Combinations on Asexual Blood Stages and Gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Cabrera Mynthia , Cui Liwang 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Currently, the World Health Organization recommends addition of a 0.25-mg base/kg single dose of primaquine (PQ) to artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) for
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria as a gametocytocidal agent for reducing transmission. Here, we investigated the potential interactions of PQ with the long-lasting components of the ACT drugs for eliminating the asexual blood stages and gametocytes of
in vitro
-cultured
P. falciparum
strains. Using the SYBR green I assay for asexual parasites and a flow cytometry-based assay for gametocytes, we determined the interactions of PQ with the schizonticides chloroquine, mefloquine, piperaquine, lumefantrine, and naphthoquine. With the sums of fractional inhibitory concentrations and isobolograms, we were able to determine mostly synergistic interactions for the various PQ and schizonticide combinations on the blood stages of
P. falciparum
laboratory strains. The synergism in inhibiting asexual stages and gametocytes was highly evident with PQ-naphthoquine, whereas synergism was moderate for the PQ-piperaquine, PQ-chloroquine, and PQ-mefloquine combinations. We have detected potentially antagonistic interactions between PQ and lumefantrine under certain drug combination ratios, suggesting that precautions might be needed when PQ is added as the gametocytocide to the artemether-lumefantrine ACT (Coartem).
Guanylate Binding Proteins Enable Rapid Activation of Canonical and Noncanonical Inflammasomes in Chlamydia-Infected Macrophages
Authors: Finethy Ryan , Jorgensen Ine , Haldar Arun K. , de Zoete Marcel R. , Strowig Till , Flavell Richard A. , Yamamoto Masahiro , Nagarajan Uma M. , Miao Edward A. , Coers Jörn 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTInterferon (IFN)-inducible guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) mediate cell-autonomous host resistance to bacterial pathogens and promote inflammasome activation. The prevailing model postulates that these two GBP-controlled activities are directly linked through GBP-dependent vacuolar lysis. It was proposed that the rupture of pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) by GBPs destroyed the microbial refuge and simultaneously contaminated the host cell cytosol with microbial activators of inflammasomes. Here, we demonstrate that GBP-mediated host resistance and GBP-mediated inflammatory responses can be uncoupled. We show that PVs formed by the rodent pathogenChlamydia muridarum, so-called inclusions, remain free of GBPs and thatC. muridarumis impervious to GBP-mediated restrictions on bacterial growth. Although GBPs neither bind toC. muridaruminclusions nor restrictC. muridarumgrowth, we find that GBPs promote inflammasome activation inC. muridarum-infected macrophages. We demonstrate thatC. muridaruminfections induce GBP-dependent pyroptosis through both caspase-11-dependent noncanonical and caspase-1-dependent canonical inflammasomes. Among canonical inflammasomes, we find thatC. muridarumand the human pathogenChlamydia trachomatisactivate not only NLRP3 but also AIM2. Our data show that GBPs support fast-kinetics processing and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 by the NLRP3 inflammasome but are dispensable for the secretion of the same cytokines at later times postinfection. Because IFN-γ fails to induce IL-1β transcription, GBP-dependent fast-kinetics inflammasome activation can drive the preferential processing of constitutively expressed IL-18 in IFN-γ-primed macrophages in the absence of prior Toll-like receptor stimulation. Together, our results reveal that GBPs control the kinetics of inflammasome activation and thereby shape macrophage responses toChlamydiainfections.