bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION AND CALIBRATION OF A DISPERSANT APPLICATION SYSTEM1
Authors: Shum J. S. , Nash J. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A commercially available dispersant application system of state-of-the-art design was selected for study, to improve dispersant application techniques and equipment designs for spraying from boats. Areas of concern included calibration and application rate control.
Calibration of the dispersant application equipment was performed at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. Initial calibration in November 1984 showed that flow rates among the nozzles varied significantly. The causes for the observed problems were later identified as plugged and defective nozzle internals. Following correction of these problems, the equipment was recalibrated in February 1986.
The study shows that unless the system has been properly calibrated, the dispersant application rate cannot be accurately determined. Dispersant application rate estimates based on spray nozzle manufacturers' published data may be erroneous owing to production variance, defective product parts, or differences in the fluid viscosity. For the specific equipment tested in this study, the flow meter integral to the system was inaccurate. The dispersant application equipment otherwise functioned well for dilute dispersant spraying. In the undiluted spraying mode, the dispersant application capacity decreased with increasing fluid (dispersant) viscosity. With fluid viscosity above 200 cs, the system developed operating difficulties. Spray application was accompanied by severe vibration at the pump unit and with greatly reduced spray angle at the nozzles.
Using the calibration data, operating charts were formulated for using the dispersant application equipment aboard a 20 m utility boat. After field installation, the dispersant spray equipment would be available for field trials and experiments with dispersants in future research programs. The equipment would also be available for use in actual spill responses.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A TYPE III DISPERSANT ON LOW-ENERGY SHORELINES
Authors: Little D. I. , Scales D. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objective of this experiment was to assess the effectiveness of a new Type III chemical dispersant on stranded, lightly weathered crude oil and emulsified medium fuel oil (mousse). The oils were applied to field plots on contrasting sediment shorelines (salt marsh and sand flat), where both oils had been shown to be persistent.
On the salt marsh, dispersant-treated oils usually were detected at lower sediment total hydrocarbon (THC) concentrations than were the untreated oils. However, clear trends were not visible until heavy rain removed the oiled, dead vegetation. Subsequently, the THC concentrations measured in the treated crude plots were reduced by half, and stable, lower concentrations were measured in the mousse plots. On the sand flat, the dispersant-treated mousse was detected at consistently lower THC concentrations than was the untreated mousse. The crude-oil-treated plots showed more temporal variability than the mousse-treated plots. Dispersant-treated crude ultimately was detected at half the concentration found in the untreated crude plots.
Although on the salt marsh both dispersant-treated oils were more damaging in the short term to the plant community, the longer-term effects of higher untreated oil concentrations may prove more destabilizing to the salt-marsh habitat as a whole. After erosion, untreated oil may be resuspended to form oil slicks, when public interest in the original spill and the sense of responsibility for its cleanup have all but disappeared.
Under the slightly higher-energy conditions of the sand flat, dispersant use did not dramatically alter the fate of most of the oil. The approximately 10% that remained in the beach was less obvious visually and was removed faster than the untreated oil. The practical implication of this is that if the cleanup authorities can resist amenity and conservationist pressures to disperse the residual oil, such tidal flats will eventually self-clean.
Earlier formulations of chemical dispersant either have been relatively ineffective or have increased contamination on low-energy sediment shores. Several explanations may be advanced for the effectiveness of this dispersant on both oil types. First, it helped prevent the formation of surface oiled pavements and, thus, the burial of oil layers. Second, the contact time of oils and dispersant (&gt;2 hours pre-tidal coverage) may have contributed to the reductions in oil concentrations. Third, at both sites there was sufficient energy input to assist dispersion.
A COMPUTERIZED TOOL FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE DECISION MAKING
Authors: Flaherty L. Michael , Riley John E. , Hansen Allen G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1984, the authors developed a preliminary version of a computerized oil spill countermeasure decision tree. The original purpose of this tool was to be used for real-time spill response, although both training and contingency planning have now been identified as additionally important uses of this product. A presentation and demonstration of the spill response and training tool were made at the 1985 Oil Spill Conference. Since that conference, comments have been solicited from government and private organizations, and the program has been upgraded to include several important features. A revised program was developed and made available for field use in June 1986.
This paper provides a brief review of the oil spill response decision process and contingency planning, the development of other decision trees, a review of what was accomplished since the last conference with this decision tree, and a discussion of the uses of the software for training purposes, for contingency planning, and for handling responses at actual spill situations. In addition, innovations in the program and those currently under development are presented. Some noteworthy additions are described which include a checklist for oil spill data gathering as well as printing capabilities for commenting on and documenting the entire decision path. Another feature identified is the inclusion of the entire National Contingency Plan (NCP) schedule of countermeasure products in the program.
Finally, a discussion of future program enhancements being considered is provided, including the use of electronic mail and multiuser computers to allow response personnel at different locations to communicate, modifications of the program to address regional needs, and the expansion of the tool to include hazardous chemical spills.
ORGANISM EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE/SOLUBLE HYDROCARBONS FROM CRUDE OIL SPILLS—A FIELD AND LABORATORY COMPARISON
Authors: McAuliffe Clayton D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The acute toxicities of the water soluble fraction of crude oils or the aqueous solution of individual hydrocarbons were compared with the field exposure concentrations to dissolved hydrocarbons under crude oil slicks and emulsion plumes from chemically dispersed slicks. The exposures were related by expressing LC50 values for differing times and varying concentrations as a product (mean concentration × time = ppm-hours). Field exposures to soluble hydrocarbons under oil slicks on open water or in plumes of efficiently dispersed slicks are very low (from 150 to 1 million times lower) compared with exposures to cause half mortality for more than 50 marine species. This is so because oil slicks are thin, generally with average thickness between 0.1 and 0.01 mm. A high water-to-oil ratio limits the concentration of total oil to 10 to 100 ppm in the top meter of water, and 1 to 10 in 10 m. The soluble and volatile hydrocarbons quickly evaporate to the atmosphere from the slick or from near-surface waters. The field exposure of organisms in the water column is low initially and is transitory. Thus, oil spills and the chemical dispersion of slicks are unlikely to have measurable adverse effects on larval, juvenile, or adult marine organisms in the water column.
WHERE HAS ALL THE OIL GONE? DISPERSED OIL DETECTION IN A WAVE BASIN AND AT SEA
Authors: Brown H. M. , Goodman R. H. , Canevari Gerard P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past 10 years, there have been many sea trials of dispersant chemicals for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of specific products or elucidating the processes of oil dispersion into the water column. Unfortunately, most of these tests have proved inconclusive, leading many to believe that dispersant chemicals are only marginally effective. Wave basin tests have been carried out at the Esso Resources Canada Limited laboratory in Calgary, Canada, to measure dispersant effectiveness under closely controlled conditions. These tests show that dispersed oil plumes may be irregular and concentrated over small volumes, so that extensive plume sampling was required to obtain accurate dispersant effectiveness measurements. In large-scale sea trials, dispersants have been shown effective, but only where sufficient sampling of the water column was done to detect small concentrated dispersed oil plumes and where it was known that the dispersant was applied primarily to the thick floating oil.
DISPERSANT SPRAYING GUN
Authors: Barbouteau Gerard , Angles Michel , La Salle Yves Le Gal 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An agricultural forced-air spray gun was modified to apply dispersant from the deck of a ship at sea. Under no-wind conditions, this sprayer had a range of up to 30 meters; with the wind behind it, dispersant could be applied over a slick area up to 60 meters from the ship. Further development will involve testing in actual spill conditions by one of the subsidiaries of the Elf Aquitaine Group.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISPERSANT USE: TANK VESSEL PUERTO RICAN INCIDENT1
Authors: Zawadzki David , Stieb Jeffrey D. , McGee Stewart 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The tank vessel Puerto Rican broke into two sections on November 3, 1984, following explosions and fires which had begun three days earlier. Approximately 30,000 barrels of lube oil and lube oil additives were released 32 miles west-southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California. After careful consideration of the possible effects on the environment of the application of dispersants, the U.S. Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinator requested and received authorization from the Regional Response Team to use Corexit 9527 for chemically dispersing the spilled oil. This was the first authorized use of dispersants on a major oil spill in the United States.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL CONTROL DEVICES FOR USE IN COLD CLIMATES IN JAPAN
Authors: Suzuki Isao , Miki Kenjiro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1981, the Institute of Ocean Environmental Technology (IOOET) began work on the five-year Arctic Marine Oil Spill Control Devices Research and Development program in Japan. The following tests were conducted at the IOOET's test facility.The physical properties and evaporation of a crude oil were examined under a variety of temperature conditions.Two selected adhesion type oil skimmers, a mop and a disc type, were evaluated for their recovery efficiency and oil recovery rate using an oil which had the same viscosity as crude oil at low temperatures. The mop type oil skimmer was newly developed in this program.Performance tests were conducted with two portable oil booms which were popular in Japan. Booms were towed in the catenary configuration with oil and simulated ice pieces. Booms were tested for the critical tow speed at which oil or ice began to escape the boom.Experiments using midwater trawl nets were conducted for recovering oils sunk below the water surface. Various types of trawl net were designed and tested in the circulating water channel with emulsified bunker C fuel oil.
This paper summarizes the results of the tests and shows the applicability of each device for use in cold waters.
IN-PLACE BURNING OF CRUDE OILS IN BROKEN ICE1
Authors: Smith Nelline K. , Diaz Anibal 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In March 1986, in-place oil-burning tests were conducted at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. These tests culminated a three-year effort to explore the range of conditions under which in-place burning of oil is possible in broken-ice conditions. Four tests were conducted in the OHMSETT test tank in a 42 m2 area, and 19 follow-on tests were conducted in a 1 m2 pan. The tank tests used Hibernia A and Prudhoe Bay crude oils. The oil was burned in an area having 60% to 75% ice cover. In tests with Hibernia A, both neat and aerated to raise the flash point to 14° C, a total of 65% to 75% of the oil was removed by burning. The neat Prudhoe Bay crude was aerated to a flash point of 46° C and only allowed removal of 18% of the oil. An emulsion of 9% Sandy Hook Bay water and 91% Hibernia crude burned, removing 55% of the emulsion.
The pan tests used four crude oils in neat, aerated, and emulsified conditions. These included Prudhoe Bay, Hibernia A, Hibernia B, and Hibernia C crude oils. The pan tests confirmed trends observed in the tank tests: the removal efficiency of burning decreases by the presence of water in the oil and as the flash point of the oil increases. This phenomenon may be attributed to changes in chemical composition and loss of more volatile (flammable) components of the oil.
These tests were sponsored by the OHMSETT Interagency Technical Committee, which includes representatives from the U.S. Minerals Management Service, Canadian Environmental Protection Service, U.S. Coast Guard, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
DEAD ENDANGERED SPECIES IN A CALIFORNIA OIL SPILL
Authors: Simons Edward A. , Akin Morgan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Numerous oil wells surround Taft, California, in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Heavy rains in the winter of 1985-86 brought about the overflow of a drainage channel through which brine water separated from oil was being transported to a treatment facility. The spill resulted in the known deaths of 116 mammals and 2 doves; among the mammals were 11 giant kangaroo rats, Dopodomys ingens, on the state list of endangered species. The operating procedures of the oil companies, their contractors, and state agencies have been improved as a result of this incident.
OILED SEDIMENTS IN THE HUMBER ESTUARY FOLLOWING THE SIVAND INCIDENT
Authors: Little D. I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Sivand oil spill of September 28, 1983, was unusual in that 6,000 t of crude oil were spilled in a highly turbid estuary. This study aimed to contribute to knowledge of spatial and temporal oil distribution and to examine its degradation. The role of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the fate of oil is discussed, but the study concentrates on stranded oil in two sedimentologically distinct shorelines where ecological and conservation interests are high. The sites were Humberston Fitties, a sand flat, and Blacktoft Sand, a muddy shore in the inner estuary. Methods used were replicate sediment core sampling followed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and included ancillary sediment analyses.
Soon after the spill, the sand total hydrocarbon (THC) concentration was greater than 50,000 ppm. Over 12 months this concentration decreased to about 3,000 ppm, as expected in coarser sediments. The muds were initially less contaminated (about 2,000 ppm), with only slight reductions in concentration over 12 months. However, there was strong evidence of sediment mobility at this site, and natural cleanup was in fact nearly complete after 9 months; the oil found at 12 months was due to transport of Sivand oil-contaminated muds from nearby reed beds. Good drainage at both sites permitted initial oil penetration.
Root macropores at the muddy site encouraged penetration, weathering, and release of oil more easily than if it had been found in the sediment matrix. Sediment mobility at the muddy site contrasted with the firmness of the oiled sandflat, and contrary to vulnerability indices, may imply more rapid oil removal under some circumstances. Water washing was implicated as a major process in oil degradation at the sandy site, but no dramatic sediment turnover or erosion occurred that might have removed the oil. The steep gradients in oil concentration and composition with depth contrasted with the muddy site, where oil penetrated as a coherent mass via root macropores. The study illustrates the importance of sedimentological factors in the fate, effects, and mass balance of spilled oil. Published work on the Sivand has emphasized the effectiveness of cleanup and the lack of biological effects, but may have underestimated the amount of oil trapped in sediments.
THE MANAGEMENT OF OILED PENGUINS
Authors: Kerley Graham I. H. , Erasmus Theuns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As highly aquatic animals, penguins are particularly vulnerable to oil pollution. Penguins are increasingly often exposed to oil pollution, and the jackass penguin, Spheniscus demersus, endemic to southern Africa, may be the penguin species most exposed. The main effects of oiling on penguins are loss of the waterproofing and insulative properties of the feathers. Oiled penguins are capable of thermoregulation in air, but within 5 min become hypothermic in water (despite significantly increased heat production), and must retreat to land or die from hypothermia. Oiled penguins are therefore prevented from going to sea to forage, and die of starvation without assistance. Oiled penguins in captivity show a temporary loss of appetite (for about 5 days) but are capable of utilizing food and recover body-weight rapidly. In cleaning and rehabilitating oiled penguins it is necessary to remove all the oil as well as other contaminants on the feathers to ensure waterproofness of the feathers. Cleaning techniques have been developed so that it is now possible to clean and waterproof oiled penguins in less than an hour, reducing the total time for rehabilitation (allowing the generally emaciated birds to recover body weight) to 12.2 days (n = 84), a significant improvement over older techniques. Cleaning has been shown to be a workable treatment for oiled jackass penguins, with proven breeding success after cleaning. Recommendations relevant to the management of oiled penguins are presented.
CLEANUP AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL AND FUEL OIL SPILLS IN OSITO CANYON: A COMPARISON
Authors: Kemerer Jack A. , McGuigan Terrence , Campbell Douglas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In July 1981, a crude oil spill from a pipeline break occurred in Osito Canyon near Castaic, California. In April 1984, a tank truck accident on Interstate Route 5 resulted in a fuel oil spill into a tributary canyon to Osito Canyon. Although the spills occurred at virtually the same location, the amounts spilled, the extent of the canyons contaminated, and the cleanup methods used produced different recovery results.
The spillers assumed financial responsibility for cleanup actions and complied with the concerns and recommendations of government officials. The Environmental Protection Agency served as the on-scene coordinator, while the U. S. Forest Service and the U. S. Coast Guard's Pacific Strike Team provided on-site monitors and technical assistance.
Impact from the spills appeared to be negligible on the chaparral type vegetation and sparse concentration of wildlife in the area. Effects from the spills were not lasting, and no environmentally sensitive downstream areas were affected.
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF AN OIL SPILL ON A LOUISIANA MARSH
Authors: Fischel Marion 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 23, 1985, approximately 300 barrels of South Louisiana crude oil were spilled into the marsh near Nairn, Louisiana, as a result of a break in a pipeline owned by Shell Pipe Line Corp. About 50 acres of marsh were estimated to have been impacted by the spill and subsequent cleanup operations. To assess the effect of the oil spill on the marsh and determine the potential for recovery, four studies were conducted: remote sensing study, vegetation survey, benthic community survey, and analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the sediment. The results of the studies indicated considerable impact on the vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the spill. However, it was expected that most of the vegetation would recover within one to two years. Changes in species composition of the benthic community in the impacted area indicated negative effects from the oil. However, the overall numbers of benthic macrofauna and meiofauna appeared to be stimulated by the presence of the oil. Hydrocarbon analysis three months after the spill indicated that little oil remained in the sediment. The results of these studies were used to aid Shell in determining the appropriate monetary compensation to the landowners affected by the oil spill. Additional remote sensing and vegetation surveys are to be conducted to determine the extent of recovery of the marsh one complete growing season after the spill.
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDIES FOR OIL POLLUTION CONTROL IN NIGERIA
Authors: Nwankwo Jerry N. , Michel Jacqueline , Murday Maylo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive, three-year study was conducted in 1982–1985 of petroleum-producing regions of Nigeria. This study was designed to provide the scientific basis for determining the special requirements of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of Nigeria that need to be accommodated in oil-pollution control regulations for both sudden spills and the continuous releases associated with chronic oil pollution.
The study plan was composed of extensive literature review and field collection of data in the following areas:Chemical quality assessment through surface water, ground water, bottom sediments, and biological samples collected at over 600 stations, including seasonal considerationsBiological sampling of all major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystemsCoastal geology studies for trajectory analysis and environmental sensitivity mapping of the outer coast and the Bonny River estuarySocioeconomic studies to determine public and corporate perspectives on the impacts and problems of the petroleum industry in NigeriaOperational audits at 16 installations to examine state-of-practice technologiesLegal and regulatory review of worldwide oil pollution contract legislation (options for criteria and standards for Nigeria were analyzed at a workshop of international experts)
The results of this study, probably the most comprehensive inventory and synthesis of the ecology of a tropical system to date, will provide Nigeria with the scientific tools to formulate a plan for oil pollution control that may be a model for many other countries.
DOOSIM—A NEW SIMULATION MODEL FOR OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Johansen Øistein 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new oil spill simulation model has been developed as a part of the research program Dispersion of Oil On Sea (DOOS). The model includes features such as simulation of drift and fate of oil on the surface and in the water column, as well as effects of cleanup measures (mechanical recovery, application of chemical dispersants).
The model utilizes the particle-in-fluid concept, where the oil spill is represented by a large number of particles in different states, i.e., on the surface, entrained in the water column, or evaporated. The near surface current shear is taken into account in the wind induced component of the drift, in terms of a two layer approach (reduced wind drift factor for entrained oil).
In the design of the model, major efforts have been made to obtain a system which is easy to operate. This has led to a system consisting of three modules: one for entry of user-specified inputs, one for simulating an actual spill, and one for graphical presentation.