bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Conflict
Authors: Mullins Ian 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

This essay traces the emergence of the concept of cultural conflict as it is commonly used today in the social sciences. I describe the history of social scientific approaches to cultural conflict as they developed from the post‐World War II period through the 1980s; emphasizing how changes in the ways scholars conceptualize culture correspond to changes in how conflict is investigated. I argue that a pendulum‐like swing has occurred between, what I refer to as, inequality‐based approaches and value‐based approaches to the study of conflict. Researchers deploying inequality‐based approaches tend to focus on how inherent antagonisms within political, economic, and religious institutions, to name a few, lead people into contentious relations with others. In these accounts, culture is viewed as a by‐product of a group's position within a particular institution, and as such, is considered to reflect members' collective interests (or institutionally produced needs). Value‐based approaches, on the other hand, are characterized by the researcher's attention to fundamental differences in what people
believe
, and how these beliefs lead to contentious relations between various groups, nations, or even civilizations. In these approaches, culture is seen as enduring sets of schemas, or value systems, that direct action. This essay then turns to the debate over particular value‐based approaches to cultural conflict that emerged in the 1990s and presents emerging alternatives to these approaches. I conclude by presenting work that represent the current state of scholarship on cultural conflict and discuss how increased cross‐disciplinary collaborations contribute to our ability to advance social science research and develop new understandings of how culture relates to conflict.
Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Monti Martin M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Disorders of consciousness are a spectrum of neurological disorders, encompassing coma, the vegetative state, and the minimally conscious state, in which patients acquire or develop an impairment of the two cardinal elements of consciousness–wakefulness and awareness. One of the main sources of complexity in this context is how to recognize and tell apart patients who retain some level of awareness from patients who do not. Indeed, in the absence of any direct means of assessing one's level of awareness, we are forced to indirectly infer a patient's state on the basis of their ability to perform behaviors that, appearing clearly voluntary, imply the presence of consciousness. In this contribution, we explore recent evidence showing how brain imaging can be harnessed to address the problem of consciousness in patients surviving severe brain injury. First, we focus on recent experiments demonstrating how neuroimaging can be used to detect the presence of voluntary “brain behavior” in otherwise non responsive patients, and to allow a rudimentary form of non muscle‐dependent communication strategy based solely on voluntary brain activity. Second, we discuss recent findings concerning network activity at different levels of awareness, and the relationship between thalamo cortical circuits and consciousness.
Gender Segregation in Higher Education
Authors: Hendley Alexandra , Charles Maria 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
During the second half of the twentieth century, systems of higher education expanded and democratized around the world. Women's participation increased so dramatically that their numbers now surpass men's in many industrialized countries. But gender equalization has not occurred uniformly. Sex segregation of majors and degree programs is a striking feature of modern educational systems and a key reason for the ongoing social and economic inequality of women and men. While significant gender inequality is found within educational systems worldwide, recent evidence shows marked differences among countries and country groups in their degree and pattern of sex segregation. This essay reviews foundational research in this field, identifies emergent trends and cutting‐edge lines of inquiry, and poses questions for future research on men's and women's distribution across educational institutions and fields of study. Much research on sex segregation in higher education has focused on cross‐national differences and historical trends. A major question concerns the persistence of extreme gender differentiation even in the most economically and socially modern contexts. Research findings to date reveal a complex interplay between cultural beliefs, structural forms, and individual cognition in generating and maintaining sex segregation in the modern world. In order to advance research in this field, we suggest that future studies focus on: (i) how patterns of sex segregation differ by race, ethnicity, class, and national origin; (ii) how curricular preferences are formed; (iii) how characteristics of educational systems influence patterns of sex segregation; and (iv) how fields of study (and occupations) become defined as either masculine or feminine.
Media and the Development of Identity
Authors: Manago Adriana M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The shift from “media” to “social media” in the digital age has implications for processes of identity formation during adolescence and the transition to adulthood. First, the Internet provides young people with opportunities to co‐construct entertainment and social environments tailored to their own needs and interests. Second, adolescents' presentations of self take place on the same screens and in the same activity settings in which they access commercial media programming. These changes reflect increasing cultural emphasis on personal agency and self‐expression which brings to bear new tasks for identity development during the transition to adulthood that involve both opportunities and challenges for creating a coherent, stable, and meaningful sense of self. In terms of opportunities, social media give youth enhanced control over presentations of self in social interactions and increased access to social information and large networks of others to solicit feedback and reify self‐concepts. However, social media also bring new demands to negotiate heightened pressure to perform a socially desirable self in a commercial environment that bestows value on attractive images and popularity. Suggestions for future research include methods that bridge youths' offline and online social contexts and that balance enthusiasm for the massive quantities of data that can be aggregated via data mining technologies with qualitative work that examines the lived experiences of adolescents' everyday social practices.
Network Research Experiments
Authors: Linton Allen L. , Sinclair Betsy 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This essay attempts to lay the foundation of modern social networks research with a jolt toward innovative ways to create data or finding ways to access newly available data to address meaningful political questions. We focus on outlining potential new resources for data, discuss the emergent theoretical arguments involving political networks, and present some current empirical estimates for the magnitude of the effects of political networks. With the rise of social media and new technology, ordinary citizens socialize online with old friends from elementary school, siblings across the country, and local neighbors. While these relationships have long been part of the social fabric of ordinary life, the ability to observe these exchanges directly and on a daily basis is new, for both researchers and citizens. Records of our social interactions have the potential to transform our academic understanding of the relationship between communication among family, friends, and coworkers and how we become informed about politics and act politically. Whether the relationship occurs on or offline, the social element of the relationship can be incredibly vital in understanding the way individuals react and interact with their political environments. Processing and understanding these interactions, however, can be difficult without knowing where to look for new information, what patterns to look for, and how to interpret data in the context of other findings on the effects of social and political networks. We conclude by considering the new and exciting directions this research may take in the future.
Niche Construction: Implications for Human Sciences
Authors: Laland Kevin N. , O'Brien Michael J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Niche construction is the process whereby organisms, through their activities, interactions, and choices, modify their own and each other's niches. By using and transforming natural selection, niche construction generates feedback in evolution at various levels. Niche‐constructing species play important ecological roles by creating and modifying habitats and resources used by other species, thereby affecting the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems. This process is often referred to as
ecosystem engineering
. This engineering can have significant downstream consequences for succeeding generations—often referred to as an
ecological inheritance
. One key emphasis of niche‐construction theory is on the evolutionary role played by acquired characters in transforming selective environments. This is particularly relevant to human evolution, where our species has engaged in extensive environmental modification through cultural practices. Humans can construct developmental environments that feed back to affect how individuals learn and develop and the diseases to which they are exposed. Here we provide an introduction to niche construction and illustrate some of its more important implications for the human sciences.
Organizations and the Production of Systemic Risk
Authors: Perrow Charles 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Organizations and Systemic Risks
Systemic risks are those threatening multiple parts of an organizations, or other organizations and systems in its environment. Interdependencies abound in our highly technological world and can be unexpected, and in the case of global warming—largely an organizational failure—dire. An 80% reduction in the assets of oil, gas, and coal companies is required to reduce warming but is not anticipated. So‐called “natural” disasters are shown to be enhanced or even caused by organizations. The organizational roots of the 2008 economic meltdown, Fukushima, and chemical plant accidents are examined with regard to regulations, profits, and system interdependencies. With economic systems favoring short‐run concerns, and shareholder rather than stakeholder values, there is little evidence of emerging long‐run visions that could protect future generations.
Political Psychology and International Conflict
Authors: McDermott Rose 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Political psychology takes an individual level of analysis approach to the study of international conflict. This study has traditionally investigated the psychological foundations of decision making among elite leaders in the area of war and peace. Psychological models that have been applied to the examination of this area include those taken from cognitive psychology and evolutionary models. Such approaches include the application of prospect theory to cases of decision making under conditions of risk. Similar work in this area further explores the nature of psychological biases in decision making, particularly in the area of risk assessment. More recent work has explored the biological underpinnings of aggression, and their contribution to the emergence of violent behavior. Past work has tended to neglect the role of emotion, but more recent work has investigated these forces more fully. Future work that seeks to incorporate both biological and environmental forces in precipitating violence appears challenging but worthwhile. In addition, experimental methods drawn from psychology have been applied to the study of international conflict. The use of field experiments to explore the psychological forces that both motivate and sustain conflict appears promising.
Primate Allomaternal Care
Authors: Tecot Stacey , Baden Andrea L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Allomaternal care (AMC) (i.e., infant care that is provided by group members other than an infant's mother) is a rare, although phylogenetically widespread, mammalian infant care strategy. In primates, however, AMC occurs at unusually high frequencies, particularly among several haplorhine (monkey and ape) taxa. In fact, AMC is present in every major primate radiation and has been described in 74% of 154 species for which data are available. Its widespread presence in the Order Primates suggests that there may have been strong selective pressure for AMC early in primate evolution, but it is currently unknown why these behaviors are so common in primates. Research focused on captive callitrichids (tamarins and marmosets) has contributed greatly to our understanding of the potential causes and consequences of highly derived forms of AMC (i.e., cooperative breeding). Recent efforts have shifted focus to understand the selective pressures leading to the expansion and diversification of AMC throughout the Primate Order, thus expanding research to investigate the causes and consequences of less derived forms of AMC. Here we review the broad‐scale patterns observed in primates and outline innovative and exciting avenues of research moving forward.
Sustainability
Authors: Tainter Joseph A. , Taylor Temis G. , Brain Roslynn G. , Lobo José 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Research needs in sustainability encompass a range of topics spanning much of social and behavioral science. Sustainability requires understanding human cognition, capacity to reason and make decisions, capacity for long‐term planning, understanding trade‐offs, risk perceptions, communication techniques, innovation, the consequences of improvements in efficiency, energy and other resources, complexity in problem solving, and other matters. We discuss research accomplishments and needs in the four most important areas of sustainability: (i) risk perceptions; (ii) influencing behavior; (iii) resources and economics; and (iv) problem solving and complexity.
The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognition
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In spite of early warnings of dire consequences of bilingualism for children's cognitive development, research in the past 50 years has revealed that bilingualism is in fact a positive developmental experience. These benefits were more recently shown to extend across the life span. New research is incorporating neuroimaging to determine the brain bases of these effects and exploring the possibility that the beneficial effects of bilingualism can compensate for degeneration of other cognitive functions that are associated with dementia, thereby postponing symptom onset.
Aggregation‐Induced Photon Upconversion through Control of the Triplet Energy Landscapes of the Solution and Solid States
Authors: Duan Pengfei , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kurashige Yuki , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAggregation‐induced photon upconversion (iPUC) based on control of the triplet energy landscape is demonstrated for the first time. When a triplet state of a cyano‐substituted 1,4‐distyrylbenzene derivative is sensitized in solution, no upconverted emission based on triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) was observed. In stark contrast, crystalline solids obtained by drying the solution revealed clear upconverted emission. Theoretical studies unveiled an underlying switching mechanism: the excited triplets in solution immediately decay back to the ground state through conformational twisting around a CC bond and photoisomerization, whereas this deactivation path is effectively inhibited in the solid state. The finding of iPUC phenomena highlights the importance of controlling excited energy landscapes in condensed molecular systems.
Ein PEGyliertes, lichtspaltbares Auxiliar für die sequenzielle enzymatische Glykosylierung und native chemische Ligation von Peptiden
Authors: Bello Claudia , Wang Shuo , Meng Lu , Moremen Kelley W. , Becker Christian F. W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUnser Verständnis der spezifischen biologischen Funktion von Proteinglykosylierungsmustern würde sehr von zusätzlichen Methoden profitieren, die einen direkten Zugang zu homogenen Glykoproteinen ermöglichen. Hier wird die Entwicklung und Anwendung einer effizienten Methode für die Synthese komplexer, homogen glykosylierter Peptide, basierend auf einem multifunktionellen, lichtspaltbaren Auxiliar, beschrieben. Der Einbau eines PEG‐Polymers ins Auxiliar ermöglicht die sequenzielle enzymatische Glykosylierung und einfache Isolierung in sehr guten Ausbeuten. Die modifizierten Peptide können mit Peptidthioestern, die durch direkte Hydrazinolyse und Oxidation der zugehörigen glykosylierten Peptidharze erhalten werden, direkt nativ chemisch ligiert werden. Die ligierten Glykopeptide lassen sich durch UV‐Bestrahlung unter milden Bedingungen entschützen. Die Methode wird für die Synthese von Varianten des Tumormarkers MUC1 mit einem oder mehreren Tn‐, T‐ oder Sialyl‐T‐Antigenen verwendet.
Synthesis of Phosphabenzenes by an Iron‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Diynes with Phosphaalkynes
Authors: Nakajima Kazunari , Takata Shohei , Sakata Ken , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA method for the synthesis of phosphabenzenes under iron catalysis is described. Thus, the FeI2‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of diynes with phosphaalkynes in m‐xylene gave a variety of phosphabenzenes in good to high yields (up to 87 % yield).
Cooperative Crystallization of Heterometallic Indium–Chromium Metal–Organic Polyhedra and Their Fast Proton Conductivity
Authors: Zhai Quan‐Guo , Mao Chengyu , Zhao Xiang , Lin Qipu , Bu Fei , Chen Xitong , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMetal–organic polyhedra (MOPs) or frameworks (MOFs) based on Cr3+ are notoriously difficult to synthesize, especially as crystals large enough to be suitable for characterization of the structure or properties. It is now shown that the co‐existence of In3+ and Cr3+ induces a rapid crystal growth of large single crystals of heterometallic In‐Cr‐MOPs with the [M8L12] (M=In/Cr, L=dinegative 4,5‐imidazole‐dicarboxylate) cubane‐like structure. With a high concentration of protons from 12 carboxyl groups decorating every edge of the cube and an extensive H‐bonded network between cubes and surrounding H2O molecules, the newly synthesized In‐Cr‐MOPs exhibit an exceptionally high proton conductivity (up to 5.8×10−2 S cm−1 at 22.5 °C and 98 % relative humidity, single crystal).
Mechanistic Insight into the Stereochemical Control of Lactide Polymerization by Salan–Aluminum Catalysts
Authors: Press Konstantin , Goldberg Israel , Kol Moshe 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlkyl aluminum complexes of chiral salan ligands assembled around the 2,2′‐bipyrrolidine core form as single diastereomers that have identical configurations of the N donors. Active catalysts for the polymerization of lactide were formed upon the addition of benzyl alcohol. Polymeryl exchange between enantiomorphous aluminum species had a dramatic effect on the tacticity of the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the polymerization of racemic lactide (rac‐LA): The enantiomerically pure catalyst of the nonsubstituted salan ligand led to isotactic PLA, and the racemic catalyst exhibited lower stereocontrol. The enantiomerically pure catalyst of the chloro‐substituted salan ligand led to PLA with a slight tendency toward heterotacticity, whereas the racemic catalyst led to PLA of almost perfect heterotacticity following an insertion/auto‐inhibition/exchange mechanism.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Sequential C(sp)C(sp3) and C(sp3)C(sp3) Bond Formation through Migratory Carbene Insertion
Authors: Xia Ying , Feng Sheng , Liu Zhen , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA RhI‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of tert‐propargyl alcohol, diazoester, and alkyl halide has been developed. This reaction can be considered as a carbene‐involving sequential alkyl and alkynyl coupling, in which C(sp)C(sp3) and C(sp3)C(sp3) bonds are built successively on the carbenic carbon atom. The RhI‐carbene migratory insertion of an alkynyl moiety and subsequent alkylation are proposed to account for the two separate CC bond formations. This reaction provides an efficient and tunable method for the construction of all‐carbon quaternary center.
Multicolor Fluorescence Writing Based on Host–Guest Interactions and Force‐Induced Fluorescence‐Color Memory
Authors: Matsunaga Yuki , Yang Jye‐Shane 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA new strategy is reported for multicolor fluorescence writing on thin solid films with mechanical forces. This concept is illustrated by the use of a green‐fluorescent pentiptycene derivative 1, which forms variably colored fluorescent exciplexes: a change from yellow to red was observed with anilines, and fluorescence quenching (a change to black) occurred in the presence of benzoquinone. Mechanical forces, such as grinding and shearing, induced a crystalline‐to‐amorphous phase transition in both the pristine and guest‐adsorbed solids that led to a change in the fluorescence color (mechanofluorochromism) and a memory of the resulting color. Fluorescence drawings of five or more colors were created on glass or paper and could be readily erased by exposure to air and dichloromethane fumes. The structural and mechanistic aspects of the observations are also discussed.
One‐Step Formation of “Chain‐Armor”‐Stabilized DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Cassinelli Valentina , Oberleitner Birgit , Sobotta Jessica , Nickels Philipp , Grossi Guido , Kempter Susanne , Frischmuth Thomas , Liedl Tim , Manetto Antonio 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDNA‐based self‐assembled nanostructures are widely used to position organic and inorganic objects with nanoscale precision. A particular promising application of DNA structures is their usage as programmable carrier systems for targeted drug delivery. To provide DNA‐based templates that are robust against degradation at elevated temperatures, low ion concentrations, adverse pH conditions, and DNases, we built 6‐helix DNA tile tubes consisting of 24 oligonucleotides carrying alkyne groups on their 3′‐ends and azides on their 5′‐ends. By a mild click reaction, the two ends of selected oligonucleotides were covalently connected to form rings and interlocked DNA single strands, so‐called DNA catenanes. Strikingly, the structures stayed topologically intact in pure water and even after precipitation from EtOH. The structures even withstood a temperature of 95 °C when all of the 24 strands were chemically interlocked.
A PEGylated Photocleavable Auxiliary Mediates the Sequential Enzymatic Glycosylation and Native Chemical Ligation of Peptides
Authors: Bello Claudia , Wang Shuo , Meng Lu , Moremen Kelley W. , Becker Christian F. W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractResearch aimed at understanding the specific role of glycosylation patterns in protein function would greatly benefit from additional approaches allowing direct access to homogeneous glycoproteins. Herein the development and application of an efficient approach for the synthesis of complex homogenously glycosylated peptides based on a multifunctional photocleavable auxiliary is described. The presence of a PEG polymer within the auxiliary enables sequential enzymatic glycosylation and straightforward isolation in excellent yields. The auxiliary‐modified peptides can be directly used in native chemical ligations with peptide thioesters easily obtained by direct hydrazinolysis of the respective glycosylated peptidyl resins and subsequent oxidation. The ligated glycopeptides can be smoothly deprotected by UV irradiation. We apply this approach to the preparation of variants of the epithelial tumor marker MUC1 carrying one or more Tn, T, or sialyl‐T antigens.