bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Viral Load and Erythrocytic Inclusion Body Formation in Pacific Herring Artificially Infected with Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus
Authors: Glenn Jolene A. , Emmenegger Eveline J. , Grady Courtney A. , Roon Sean R. , Gregg Jacob L. , Conway Carla M. , Winton James R. , Hershberger Paul K. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) is a condition that affects marine and anadromous fish species, including herrings and salmonids, in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Infection is frequently associated with severe anemia and causes episodic mortality among wild and hatchery fish when accompanied by additional stressors; VEN can be presumptively diagnosed by (1) light microscopic identification of a single characteristic—a round, magenta-colored, 0.8-μm-diameter inclusion body (IB) within the cytoplasm of erythrocytes and their precursors on Giemsa-stained blood films; or (2) observation (via transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) of the causative iridovirus, erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), within erythrocytes or their precursors. To better understand the kinetics of VEN, specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasii were infected with ENV by intraperitoneal injection. At 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 d postexposure, samples of blood, spleen, and kidney were collected and assessed (1) via light microscopy for the number of intracytoplasmic IBs in blood smears and (2) via TEM for the number of virions within erythrocytes. The mean prevalence of intracytoplasmic IBs in the blood cells increased from 0% at 0–4 d postexposure to 94% at 28 d postexposure. Viral load within circulating red blood cells peaked at 7 d postexposure, fell slightly, and then reached a plateau. However, blood cells observed within the kidney and spleen tissues demonstrated high levels of ENV between 14 and 28 d postexposure. The results indicate that the viral load within erythrocytes does not correlate well with IB prevalence and that the virus can persist in infected fish for more than 28 d.
Received September 7, 2011; accepted March 8, 2012
Hypoalbuminaemia is an independent predictor for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in childhoodEpstein–Barr virus‐associated infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Huang Shu‐Ching , Chen Jiann‐Shiuh , Cheng Chao‐Neng , Yang Yao‐Jong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a potentially fatal condition in children withEpstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated infectious mononucleosis (IM). This study aimed to identify commonly available clinical and laboratory predictors that might help clinicians decide to perform the bone marrow and immunological tests forHLHin paediatricEBV‐associatedIM.MethodsA retrospective case–control study of patients aged <18 yr diagnosed withEBV‐associatedIMandHLHfrom 1991 to 2010 in a tertiary medical centre was conducted. A diagnosis ofHLHwas defined as fulfilling the criteria of the guidelines of theHLH‐2004 protocol of theHistiocyteSociety and consisted of at least evidence of hemophagocytosis in a bone marrow biopsy.ResultsA total of 177IMand 27HLHpatients were enrolled. The mean age was 5.3 yr with a female‐to‐male ratio of 1.06. The most common characteristics (>70% of patients) were fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly. In addition to the diagnostic criteria ofHLHincluding fever, splenomegaly, cytopenia, hyperferritinaemia, hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypofibrinogenaemia, children withHLHhad a significantly higher rate of prolonged fever >10 d, hepatomegaly, jaundice, general malaise, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase,C‐reactive protein and hypoalbuminaemia compared to those withIM(allP < 0.01). Multiple logistic regression confirmed that hypoalbuminaemia (OR = 23.1,P = 0.01) was an independent predictor of paediatricHLH, with a high sensitivity (96%) and a good negative likelihood ratio (0.06) in patients withEBV‐associatedIM.ConclusionsHypoalbuminaemia is a unique characteristic and potentially a valuable predictor forHLHin paediatricEBV‐associatedIM.
Living in proximity of a bar and risky alcohol behaviours: a longitudinal study
Authors: Halonen Jaana I. , Kivimäki Mika , Virtanen Marianna , Pentti Jaana , Subramanian S.V. , Kawachi Ichiro , Vahtera Jussi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsWe examined whether distance from home to the nearest bar, i.e. alcohol outlet permitting consumption on the premises, is associated with risky alcohol behaviours.DesignCross‐sectional and longitudinal study.Setting and participantsThe cross‐sectional data consisted of 78 858 and the longitudinal data of 54 778 Finnish Public Sector Study participants between 2000 and 2009 [mean follow‐up 6.8 years (SD = 2.0)].MeasurementsDistances from home to the nearest bar were calculated using Global Positioning System coordinates. The outcome variables were heavy alcohol use (drinking above the weekly guidelines) and extreme drinking occasions (passing out because of alcohol use). We used binomial logistic regression in cross‐sectional analyses and in longitudinal mixed effects (between‐individual) analyses. Conditional logistic regression was used in longitudinal fixed effects (within‐individual) analyses.FindingsCross‐sectionally, the likelihood of an extreme drinking occasion and heavy use was higher among those who resided <1 versus ≥ 1 km from a bar. Longitudinally, between individuals, a decrease from >1 km to ≤1 km in distance was weakly associated with an extreme drinking occasion [odds ratio (OR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.41] and heavy use (1.12, 95% CI 0.97–1.29). Within‐individual, the OR for becoming a heavy user was 1.17 (95% CI 1.02–1.34), per 1 km decrease in log‐transformed continuous distance, the corresponding OR for an extreme drinking occasion was 1.03 (95% CI 0.89–1.18).ConclusionsMoving place of residence close to, or far from, a bar appears to be associated with a small corresponding increase or decrease in risky alcohol behaviour.
Are the 1976–1985 birth cohorts heavier drinkers? Age‐period‐cohort analyses of the National Alcohol Surveys 1979–2010
Authors: Kerr William C. , Greenfield Thomas K. , Ye Yu , Bond Jason , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsTo estimate age‐period‐cohort models predicting alcohol volume, heavy drinking and beverage‐specific alcohol volume in order to evaluate whether the 1976–1985 birth cohorts drink relatively heavily.DesignData from seven cross‐sectional surveys of the USA conducted between 1979 and 2010 were utilized in negative binomial generalized linear models of age, period and cohort effects predicting alcohol measures.SettingGeneral population surveys of the USA.ParticipantsThirty‐six thousand four hundred and thirty‐two US adults (aged 18 years or older).MeasurementsMonthly number of alcohol drinks, beer, wine and spirits drinks, and days drinking five or more drinks in the past year derived from beverage‐specific graduated frequency questions.FindingsRelative to the reference 1956–60 birth cohort, men in the 1976–1980 cohort for were found to consume more alcohol [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.222: confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.39) and to have more 5+ days (the number of days having five or more drinks) (IRR = 1.365: CI 1.09–1.71) as were men in the 1980–85 cohort for volume (IRR = 1.284: CI 1.10–1.50) and 5+ days (IRR = 1.437: CI 1.09–1.89). For women, those in the 1980–85 cohort were found to have higher alcohol volume (IRR = 1.299: CI 1.07–1.58) and more 5+ days (IRR = 1.547: CI 1.01–2.36). Beverage‐specific models found different age patterns of volume by beverage with a flat age pattern for both genders' spirits and women's wine, an increasing age pattern for men's wine and a declining age pattern from those in their early 20s for beer.ConclusionsIn the USA, men born between 1976 and 1985, and women born between 1981 and 1985 have higher alcohol consumption than in earlier or later years.
‘My life's been a total disaster but I feel privileged’: care‐leavers’ access to personal records and their implications for social work practice
Authors: Murray Suellen , Humphreys Cathy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn Australia, there is no binding protocol that proscribes the processes by which the release of personal records of adults who grew up in care occurs. Individual agencies that hold the records – both government and non‐government organizations – have their own policy and practice guidelines. While not specific to care‐leavers, the existence of freedom of information and privacy legislation means that the subject of the records is entitled to access information about themselves, but this is not unproblematic. Drawing on qualitative in‐depth interviews with a group of Australian care‐leavers, this paper discusses their experiences of accessing personal records. Accessing these records was often highly significant to identity formation, but could produce both positive and negative effects. The negative aspects of the records were that, typically, at least in part, they were incomplete, insulting, incorrect and/or incomprehensible. Currently, the range of support provided to those accessing their records varies significantly across agencies. The findings of this research suggest the need for the greater provision of supported release and the implications for social work practice are discussed.
Serum levels and mesenteric fat tissue expression of adiponectin and leptin in patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Rodrigues V S , Milanski M , Fagundes J J , Torsoni A S , Ayrizono M L S , Nunez C E C , Dias C B , Meirelles L R , Dalal S , Coy C S R , Velloso L A , Leal R F 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by inflammation and an aetiology that is still unknown. Hypertrophy of mesenteric fat is a reflection of disease activity, as this fat covers the entire length of the affected area. Adipocytes synthesize leptin and adiponectin, adipocytokines responsible for pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we evaluated serum levels of adiponectin and leptin, as well as mesenteral expression of adiponectin in active CD and those in remission. Sixteen patients with ileocaecal CD followed at the Outpatient Clinic, Coloproctology Unit of University of Campinas Clinical Hospital, participated in the study. Analysis of serum adiponectin and leptin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed in patients with active CD (ACD group), remission CD (RCD group) and in six healthy controls. Ten patients with active ileocaecal CD (FCD group) and eight patients with non-inflammatory disease selected for surgery were also studied. The specimens were snap-frozen and the expression of adiponectin was determined by immunoblot of protein extracts. Serum C-reactive protein levels were higher in the ACD group when compared to the others and no difference of body mass index was observed between the groups. Serum adiponectin was lower in the ACD group when compared to control, but no differences were seen when comparing the ACD and RCD groups. Mesenteric adiponectin expression was lower in the FCD group when compared to the FC group. Serum leptin was similar in all groups. The lower levels of serum and mesenteric adiponectin in active CD suggest a defective regulation of anti-inflammatory pathways in CD pathogenesis.
Spatiotemporal variation in the distribution of chytrid parasites in diatom host populations
Authors: GSELL ALENA S. , DE SENERPONT DOMIS LISETTE N. , NAUS‐WIEZER SUZANNE M. H. , HELMSING NICO R. , VAN DONK ELLEN , IBELINGS BAS W. 
Published: August 2012

Summary1. Many host–parasite interaction dynamics show distinct seasonality. Parasite population growth and invasion success are generally explained by host density dependence, while the direct influence of environmental factors on parasite life history traits has been underreported.2.  In waterbodies, resource availability and environmental conditions change with season (temperature, irradiance and rainfall patterns) and with depth (light, temperature and chemical gradients). Hence, hosts and parasites live in a spatially and temporally variable environment. Such environmental variation leads to structured populations, which in turn have implications for host–parasite interaction dynamics. Nevertheless, time‐series data on the vertical distribution of aquatic hosts and their parasites are rare.3.  We present a dataset spanning 1.5 years (2008–2010) of weekly sampling in Lake Maarsseveen (the Netherlands) focussing on the dynamics of the diatomAsterionella formosaand its parasite, the chytridZygorhizidium planktonicum, at four depths. Environmental variables measured included ice cover, temperature, global irradiance, light extinction, pH, soluble reactive silicate (SRSi), dissolved nitrate and ortho‐phosphate.4.  We observed four host blooms, two in early spring and one each in summer and autumn. Each host bloom was followed by a time‐lagged parasite epidemic. Blooms and epidemics started in the uppermost water layers and showed a time lag in onset date with increasing depth.5.  Host abundance was related to SRSi, global irradiance, Schmidt stability and parasite abundance in the upper 10 m, whereas at 15 m only a relationship with parasite abundance prevailed. Parasite abundance was related to host abundance, light extinction, temperature, SRSi, stability and global irradiance within the upper 10 m; again, at 15 m, parasite abundance correlated only with host abundance and disease prevalence.6.  Host vertical distribution was less aggregated during isothermal conditions than during thermal stratification, when host abundance was higher in the mixed, photic epilimnion and lower in the dark, colder hypolimnion. Parasite vertical distribution was patchy most of the year. Parasite epidemics seemed to reduce host vertical patchiness as they impacted higher density patches in the photic zone more strongly, a result of both higher host abundance and favourable environmental conditions for the parasite.7.  Seasonal variability and vertical gradients in biotic and abiotic factors expose host and parasite individuals to different environmental conditions even within a single population. Environmental variability affects parasite transmission rates through changes in host abundance and through changes in the strength and outcome of host–parasite interactions.
Combining limnological and palaeolimnological data to disentangle the effects of nutrient pollution and climate change on lake ecosystems: problems and potential
Authors: BATTARBEE R. W. , ANDERSON N. J. , BENNION H. , SIMPSON G. L. 
Published: August 2012

Summary1. As long‐term observational lake records continue to lengthen, the historical overlap with lake sediment records grows, providing increasing opportunities for placing the contemporary ecological status of lakes in a temporal perspective.2. Comparisons between long‐term data sets and sediment records, however, require lake sediments to be accurately dated and for sediment accumulation rates to be sufficiently rapid to allow precise matching with observational data.3. The critical role of the sediment record in this context is its value in tracking the changing impact of human activity on a lake from a pre‐disturbance reference through to the present day.4. Here, we use data from a range of lakes across Europe presented as case studies in this Special Section. The seven sites considered all possess both long‐term observational records and high‐quality sediment records. Our objective is to assess whether recent climate change is having an impact on their trophic status and in particular whether that impact can be disentangled from the changes associated with nutrient pollution.5. The palaeo‐data show clear evidence for the beginning of nutrient pollution varying from the mid‐nineteenth century at Loch Leven to the early and middle twentieth century at other sites. The monitoring data show different degrees of recovery when judged against the palaeo‐reference.6. The reason for limited recovery is attributed to continuing high nutrient concentrations related to an increase in diffuse nutrient loading or to internal P recycling, but there is some evidence that climate change may be playing a role in offsetting recovery at some sites. If this is the case, then lake ecosystems suffering from eutrophication may not necessarily return to their pre‐eutrophication reference status despite the measures that have been taken to reduce external nutrient loading.7. The extent to which future warming might further limit such recovery can be evaluated only by continued monitoring combined with the use of palaeo‐records that set the pre‐eutrophication reference.
Insights into historical drainage evolution based on the phylogeography of the chevron snakehead fish (Channa striata) in the Mekong Basin
Authors: ADAMSON ELEANOR A. S. , HURWOOD DAVID A. , MATHER PETER B. 
Published: August 2012

Summary1. The phylogeography of freshwater taxa is often integrally linked with landscape changes such as drainage re‐alignments that may present the only avenue for historical dispersal for these taxa. Classical models of gene flow do not account for landscape changes and so are of little use in predicting phylogeography in geologically young freshwater landscapes. When the history of drainage formation is unknown, phylogeographical predictions can be based on current freshwater landscape structure, proposed historical drainage geomorphology, or from phylogeographical patterns of co‐distributed taxa.2. This study describes the population structure of a sedentary freshwater fish, the chevron snakehead (Channa striata), across two river drainages on the Indochinese Peninsula. The phylogeographical pattern recovered for C. striata was tested against seven hypotheses based on contemporary landscape structure, proposed history and phylogeographical patterns of co‐distributed taxa.3. Consistent with the species ecology, analysis of mitochondrial and microsatellite loci revealed very high differentiation among all sampled sites. A strong signature of historical population subdivision was also revealed within the contemporary Mekong River Basin (MRB). Of the seven phylogeographical hypotheses tested, patterns of co‐distributed taxa proved to be the most adequate for describing the phylogeography of C. striata.4. Results shed new light on SE Asian drainage evolution, indicating that the Middle MRB probably evolved via amalgamation of at least three historically independent drainage sections and in particular that the Mekong River section centred around the northern Khorat Plateau in NE Thailand was probably isolated from the greater Mekong for an extensive period of evolutionary time. In contrast, C. striata populations in the Lower MRB do not show a phylogeographical signature of evolution in historically isolated drainage lines, suggesting drainage amalgamation has been less important for river landscape formation in this region.
Geometrid outbreak waves travel across Europe
Authors: Tenow Olle , Nilssen Arne C. , Bylund Helena , Pettersson Rickard , Battisti Andrea , Bohn Udo , Caroulle Fabien , Ciornei Constantin , Csóka György , Delb Horst , De Prins Willy , Glavendekić Milka , Gninenko Yuri I. , Hrašovec Boris , Matošević Dinka , Meshkova Valentyna , Moraal Leen , Netoiu Constantin , Pajares Juan , Rubtsov Vasily , Tomescu Romica , Utkina Irina 
Published: August 2012

Summary

We show that the population ecology of the 9‐ to 10‐year cyclic, broadleaf‐defoliating winter moth (Operophtera brumata) and other early‐season geometrids cannot be fully understood on a local scale unless population behaviour is known on a European scale.
Qualitative and quantitative data on O. brumata outbreaks were obtained from published sources and previously unpublished material provided by authors of this article. Data cover six decades from the 1950s to the first decade of twenty‐first century and most European countries, giving new information fundamental for the understanding of the population ecology of O. brumata.
Analyses on epicentral, regional and continental scales show that in each decade, a wave of O. brumata outbreaks travelled across Europe.
On average, the waves moved unidirectionally ESE–WNW, that is, toward the Scandes and the Atlantic. When one wave reached the Atlantic coast after 9–10 years, the next one started in East Europe to travel the same c. 3000 km distance.
The average wave speed and wavelength was 330 km year−1 and 3135 km, respectively, the high speed being incongruous with sedentary geometrid populations.
A mapping of the wave of the 1990s revealed that this wave travelled in a straight E–W direction. It therefore passed the Scandes diagonally first in the north on its way westward. Within the frame of the Scandes, this caused the illusion that the wave moved N–S. In analogy, outbreaks described previously as moving S–N or occurring contemporaneously along the Scandes were probably the result of continental‐scale waves meeting the Scandes obliquely from the south or in parallel.
In the steppe zone of eastern‐most and south‐east Europe, outbreaks of the winter moth did not participate in the waves. Here, broadleaved stands are small and widely separated. This makes the zone hostile to short‐distance dispersal between O. brumata subpopulations and prevents synchronization within meta‐populations.
We hypothesize that hostile boundary models, involving reciprocal host–herbivore–enemy reactions at the transition between the steppe and the broadleaved forest zones, offer the best explanation to the origin of outbreak waves. These results have theoretical and practical implications and indicate that multidisciplinary, continentally coordinated studies are essential for an understanding of the spatio‐temporal behaviour of cyclic animal populations.
Synergistic Effects of A1896, T1653 and T1762/A1764 Mutations in Genotype C2 Hepatitis B Virus on Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Lyu H. , Lee D. , Chung Y.‐H. , Kim J. A. , Lee J.‐H. , Jin Y.‐J. , Park W. , Mathews P. , Jaffee E. , Zheng L. , Yu E. , Lee Y. J. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe effects of genomic changes in hepatitis B virus (HBV) on the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear, especially in relation to the genotype of HBV. In this study, we examined the effects of genomic changes in HBV of genotype C2 on the development of HCC. A total of 318 patients with HBV‐associated HCC and 234 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were studied. All of HCC cases were diagnosed histologically and treated with surgical resection. The whole of the X, S, basal core promoter (BCP) and precore regions of the viral genome from sera or liver tissues were sequenced. All subjects had HBV of genotype C2. The prevalence of the T1653 mutation in the X region and the A1896 mutation in the precore region of HBV was significantly higher in the HCC group than in the control CHB group (22% vs 11%, P = 0.003; 50% vs 23%, P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the T1762/A1764 mutations in the BCP region in combination with either T1653 or A1896 were more common in the HCC compared with the CHB group (BCP+X1653: 18% vs 11%, P = 0.05; BCP+PC, 40% vs 15%, P < 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, T1653 and A1896 were revealed to be independent risk factors for HCC development. G1896A in the precore region and C1653T mutation in the X region of genotype C2 HBV are important risk factors for HCC development. Also, the A1762T/G1764A double mutation may act in synergy with C1653T to increase the risk of HCC in patients chronically infected with HBV genotype C2.