bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I. A syndrome of Ear and Sinus Symptoms Dependent upon Disturbed function of the Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Costen James B. 
Published: October 2014

Headache and ear symptoms directly dependent upon disturbed function of the mandibular joint frequently occur in cases showing sufficient pathology about the sinuses to otherwise account for them. There are so many medical, rhinologic and ophthalmologic reasons for headache distributed about the ears, vertex and occiput; and there are so many nasal changes to account for eustachian tube obstruction, that evulsion of the condyle of the mandible from overbite is not considered. Hearing tests show a mild type of catarrhal otitis with eustachian tube involvement, usually simple obstruction. This is due to pressure on its anterior membranous wall, transmitted through soft tissue from the relaxation of pterygoid muscles and associated sphenomandibular ligaments during overbite. The promptness with which the ears improve seems to controvert the idea that the ear condition is due to trauma or concussion of the labyrinth or tympanic structures from the condyle of the mandible. Cases of shock to the labyrinth from a blow on the chin are not within the scope of this paper. Attacks of dizziness in these cases are obviously due to changes in intratympanic pressure affecting the labyrinth. The effect is transient and recurrent, relieved by inflation of the eustachian tube, and not the picture seen in toxic labyrinthitis. The areas involved in the headache cases are typical of headache of posterior sinus origin and are easily taken for such. Persistence of the headache after indicated sinus surgery is sometimes due to mandibular joint pathology. The symptoms arise as a result of overaction of the joint at first, and later adds the regional effect of a loose, pathologic joint, produced by absorption of the meniscus, condyles and surrounding bone. The prognosis in a given case depends on these factors: (a) the accuracy with which refitted dentures relieve abnormal pressure on the joint; (b) the extent of injury to the tube and to the condyle, the meniscus, and the joint capsule. The mechanics of occlusion and dental problems are not included here. Only sufficient reference to the anatomy of the mandible and joint is made to clarify the ear or sinus diagnosis. Anatomic reasons are advanced to account for abnormal conditions of the eustachian tube, and for the distribution of pain toward the vertex, occiput, pharynx and tongue. It is barely possible that mandibular joint pathology may be an etiologic factor in glossopharyngeal neuralgia, the association of chorda tympani and auriculotemporal nerves with the ninth occurring via sensory connections to the otic ganglion.
Heavy-duty engine electric turbocompounding
Authors: Kant Manuel , Romagnoli Alessandro , Mamat Aman MI , Martinez-Botas Ricardo F 
Published: October 2014

This paper analyses the performance of a heavy-duty engine when integrating a turbocompound system including a low-pressure-ratio turbine. The main feature of the low-pressure-ratio turbine is that of achieving efficiencies greater than 75% at very low pressure ratios (of approximately 1.1). The engine performance is predicted by a one-dimensionanl simulation model of a 10 l heavy-duty engine. An electric turbocompound system with a low-pressure-ratio turbine is fitted downstream of the main turbocharger to extract the exhaust gas energy. This additional energy supplies the electronic units and batteries. A method to scale an existing low-pressure-ratio turbine, designed for a 1.0 l gasoline engine, is defined and the changes in the turbine losses and the blade stresses are discussed. Low-pressure-ratio turbines of different sizes are analysed and compared in order to obtain the greatest benefit. In all cases the sum of the engine power and the turbocompound power is matched to the baseline engine power output. The full-load results show a power output from the low-pressure-ratio turbine of up to 15.8 kW, an improvement in the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine of up to 4% and a reduction in the brake mean effective pressure of up to 5%. The recovered exhaust gas energy is higher than the engine power required to balance the increased back pressure due to the additional component within the exhaust system. The electrical power produced is sufficiently high to replace the alternator.
Questions of control in child protection decision making: Laypersons’ monitoring and governance in child protection committees in Sweden
Authors: Forkby Torbjörn , Höjer Staffan , Liljegren Andreas 
Published: October 2014

Summary In Sweden, decision making in child protection is heavily dependent on laypersons appointed to municipal child protection committees (CPCs). These laypersons have the power to decide upon proposals coming from professionals. Members of the committees are appointed from among their political party’s members. In the committee, they are supposed to act as judicious laypersons equipped with sound judgement. In this study, 31 committee meetings in three municipalities were followed using observational techniques and audio recordings. The appointed CPC members’ decision-making processes and communicative strategies to influence social work practice were analysed. Findings The results show differences between the CPCs, indicating localized decision-making cultures. The representatives worked (not as party politicians, but) as a team with the professionals as counterparts. Communication strategies, most frequently questions, were used to govern the social work practice, over and above the decision making. Questions served both to obtain the information needed and also to exert normative influence by setting up a normative grid for ways to pass the committee. Applications This research shows that social work in Sweden has a long way to go until it is acknowledged full professional status. The study also suggests that improvements in the CPCs’ decision making need to be based on a closer look at the laypersons’ knowledge, values and common sense and how these aspects affect decision making.
Area epidemiological research on hypertension risk factors of Keriyans in the Taklimakan Desert
Authors: Cao Haitao , Cheng Zuheng , Chen Fenghui , Ding Zhijian 
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The Keriyans live in the hot, arid areas of Taklimakan Desert and maintain a primitive way of life. They have a low incidence of hypertension. However, little is known about the adaptive compensation in the organism. In the present study, we explored the the traditional risk factors of hypertension in the Keriyans. Materials and methods: We performed an epidemiological survey of Keriyans in a randomly selected natural population including 508 individuals aged 16 years or more, using the WHO MONICA scheme and 151 randomly selected age/gender-matched controls, Uighurs, from the nearest villagers to the Keriyans. Results: The incidence of hypertension in the Keriyans was significantly lower than that in the controls( p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age, hyperglycemia and salt consumption as well as sodium intake in diet were associated with traditional hypertension risk factors. Correlation between water quality and hypertension showed that calcium was positively associated with the detection rate of hypertension. Conclusions: Age, hyperglycemia and salt consumption as well as sodium intake in diet were correlated with hypertension risk factors, which leads to the speculation that the water of the desert draught area which is characterized by low calcium and high magnesium levels might account for the low incidence of hypertension in Keriyans.
The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on intact parathyroid hormone levels in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Gao Luyan , Wang Zhi , Feng Sheng , Jiang Shan , Ouyang Han , Shi Yongbing , Shen Huaying 
Published: October 2014

Hypothesis/Introduction: The objective of this article is to investigate the effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) on intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Materials and methods: All patients were divided into RASI-treated and non-treated groups. The relationships between the iPTH levels in CAPD patients and the clinical parameters and medication use were analyzed via linear regression. Results: A total of 149 CAPD patients were included in this study. The average iPTH level of the entire group was 189.4 pg/ml (range, 102.8–373.4 pg/ml). There were 79 (53.0%) and 70 (47.0%) cases in the RASI-treated and non-treated groups, respectively, with average iPTH levels of 139.0 pg/ml (range, 91.6–258.4 pg/ml) and 253.0 pg/ml (range, 134.3–467.2 pg/ml), respectively; this difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.001). Multilinear regression analysis showed that age, dialysis vintage, serum phosphatemia, ALP, Hb and RASI use were independent factors that were associated with iPTH level. Conclusion: RASI use may be associated with a lower iPTH level in CAPD patients, although the underlying mechanism requires further study.
On the Incorporation of Multi-Modality Image Registration into the Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Process
Authors: Jaradat Hazim A. , Tomé Wolfgang A. , McNutt Todd R. , Meyerand M. Elizabeth 
Published: October 2014

A technique is presented that allows the direct use of physiological image sets in the radiation therapy treatment planning process. When fused to the treatment planning CT, physiological image studies may allow one to define physiological tumor subvolumes consisting of areas of possible chronic hypoxia, areas of high perfusion, areas of high diffusion, and areas containing high choline concentrations. These physiological tumor subvolumes could be selectively boosted to increase local control of malignant brain tumors once one has determined which of these physiological tumor subvolumes predicts for local tumor recurrence after conventional radiotherapy. In this technique a user assisted automatic registration technique is used that is based on an analytical estimate for the transformation matrix needed to register two rigid bodies. The only user input needed is three non-collinear points selected based on landmarks in the primary image and the corresponding three points in the secondary image. Since this registration technique uses two sets of at least three user-defined landmark points each of which has some selection error associated with it, the final registration will have an error that depends only on the selection error associated with the point sets. Since physiological image studies are acquired at the same setting as the T1- w MRI their spatial orientation with respect to the T1- w MRI is known. Therefore, the registration of multiple physiological image studies to the treatment planning CT can be accomplished by first correlating them to the T1- w MRI, and in a second step the T1- w MRI is then registered to the treatment planning CT. The desired registration of the physiological image studies to the treatment planning CT is then accomplished by simply composing the appropriate transformation matrices.
Optimization of Physical Dose Distributions with Hadron Beams: Comparing Photon IMRT with IMPT
Authors: Oelfke U. , Bortfeld T. 
Published: October 2014

Intensity modulated radiotherapy with high enengy photons (IMRT) and with charged particles (IMPT) refer to the most advanced development in conformal radiation therapy. Their general aim is to increase local tumor control rates while keeping the radiation induced complications below desired thresholds. IMRT is currently widely introduced in clinical practice. However, the more complicated IMPT is still under development. Especially, spot-scanning techniques integrated in rotating gantries that can deliver proton or light ion-beams to a radiation target from any direction will be available in the near future. We describe the basic concepts of intensity modulated particle therapy (IMPT). Starting from the potential advantages of hadron therapy inverse treatment planning strategies are discussed for various dose delivery techniques of IMPT. Of special interest are the techniques of distal edge tracking (DET) and 3D-scanning. After the introduction of these concepts a study of comparative inverse treatment planning is presented. The study aims to identify the potential advantages of achievable physical dose distributions with proton and carbon beams, if different dose delivery techniques are employed. Moreover, a comparison to standard photon IMRT is performed. The results of the study are summarized as: i) IMRT with photon beams is a strong competitor to intensity modulated radiotherapy with charged particles. The most obvious benefit observed for charged particles is the reduction of medium and low doses in organs at risk. ii) The 3D-scanning technique could not improve the dosimetric results achieved with DET, although 10–15 times more beam spots were employed for 3D-scanning than for DET. However, concerns may arise about the application of DET, if positioning errors of the patient or organ movements have to be accounted for. iii) Replacing protons with carbon ions leads to further improvements of the physical dose distributions. However, the additional degree of improvement due to carbon ions is modest. The main clinical potential of heavy ion beams is probably related to their radiobiological properties.
The Imaging of Apoptosis with the Radiolabeled annexin V: Optimal Timing for Clinical Feasibility
Authors: Belhocine Tarik , Steinmetz Neil , Li Chun , Green Allan , Blankenberg Francis G 
Published: October 2014

In recent years, the imaging of drug-induced apoptosis has become one of the centers of interest in experimental and clinical research. In particular, the accurate monitoring of chemosensitivity as well as the early prediction of chemoresistance in response to various pro-apoptotic interventions are critical requirements for the best management of oncology patients. The use of technetium [99m Tc]-labeled annexin V on animal and human models of cancers provides a proof of principle for the feasibility of a non-invasive, in vivo detection of an apoptotic signal and then for the early assessment of tumor response in the course of chemotherapy. Although promising, however, the initial clinical data point out on the technical limitations that are still to be resolved in terms of tumor-to-background ratio and optimal timing for the imaging of apoptosis. In the present review article, we report the results of animal studies aimed to the evaluation of apoptotic peaks following chemotherapy. In the light of these basic research works, we analyze the profiles of radiolabeled annexin V uptake over time as observed in clinical trials. We then discuss possible new imaging strategies designed to optimize the visualization of apoptotic changes within tumor tissues using the [99m Tc]-labeled annexin V. We also suggest longer lived forms of radiolabeled annexin V designed to better understand the temporal patterns of apoptotic tumor response, which in turn, may help to capture the best time-window for the imaging of cell death.
An Amorphous Selenium Based Positron Emission Mammography Camera with Avalanche Gain
Authors: Reznik A. , Lui B. J. M. , Rowlands J. A. 
Published: October 2014

Early diagnosis of breast cancer is crucial for effective treatment, and the need exists for greater detection ability and specificity than possible by screening x-ray mammography (currently the primary imaging technique for the detection of breast lesions). Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using the radiotracer 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) offers a noninvasive, highly sensitive method for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Images from PET contain unique metabolic information that is not available from anatomical imaging techniques. We propose a Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) imaging system that maintains the established high specificity of FDG PET while providing improved collection efficiency for the radiotracer signal and the potential for images with better spatial resolution. This PEM system will enable detection of lesions that are considerably smaller than those that can be visualized using whole body PET imaging. The compact dual-head PEM camera will be based on an amorphous selenium (a-Se) avalanche photodetector and the scintillator lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO). The camera promises high collection efficiency by combining the fast scintillation light decay and high light yield of LSO with the excellent quantum efficiency, large avalanche gain, and rapid response time of a-Se. We have measured the gain and readout time of an 8 μm a-Se layer and demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed PEM camera.
PET/CT in the Evaluation of Response to Treatment of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer with Bevacizumab and Irinotecan
Authors: Goshen Elinor , Davidson Tima , Zwas S. Tzila , Aderka Dan 
Published: October 2014

The present approach at our institution for the treatment of patients with colorectal (CRC) cancer and with liver metastases planned for metastasectomy is the neoadjuvant administration of Bevacizumab with Irinotecan based therapy. Metabolic imaging of tumor viability with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), and simultaneous anatomic localization provided by low-dose non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), can be obtained in a combined modality FDG-PET/CT scan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible contribution of FDG-PET/CT as a surrogate marker to evaluate treatment response of liver metastases in vivo. This is a retrospective evaluation of 18F-FDG PET and CT findings in the first seven consecutive patients. FDG-PET/CT scans were performed before the start of the neoadjuvant and after four cycles of therapy, just prior to surgery. Results were compared to concurrent contrast-enhanced CT, when required, and pathology. Response to treatment was determined according to RECIST size criteria obtained from data from thin (3–5mm) slice CT, and changes in uptake of 18F-FDG uptake on PET. A total of 20 liver lesions were evaluated in seven patients. Overall, 6/7 patients had favorable response to treatment, and only one had progression of disease. One patient was found to be inoperable at surgery. Biopsy was obtained in 1/4 lesions in this patient, while pathology was unable for the remaining three lesions. As such, pathologic validation of findings was available for 17/20 lesions. Complete response (CR) was evident on FDG-PET in 10/17 (58%) lesions, whereas only 4/17(23%) were deemed CR by CT. Similarly, only 1/17 (6%) lesion appeared stable by FDG-PET criteria, whereas three (18%) were termed stable disease (SD) according to size on CT. FDG-PET findings correlated better than CT with pathology, and were more indicative of pathology. Overall PET/CT correctly predicted necrosis at pathology in 70% vs. 35% by CT. Our results suggest that 18F-FDG PET may be instrumental for predicting the pathologic response to Bevacizumab based therapy.
Breast Skin Doses from Brachytherapy Using MammoSite® HDR, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, and Tangential Fields Techniques
Authors: Selvaraj Raj N , Bhatnagar Ajay , Beriwal Sushil , Huq M. Saiful , Heron Dwight E. , Sonnik Debbie , Brandner Edward , Surgent Robert , Mogus Robert , Deutsch Melvin , Gerszten Kristina , Wu Andrew , Kalnicki Shalom , Yue Ning J. , Saw Cheng B. 
Published: October 2014

Skin doses from brachytherapy using MammoSite® HDR, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), and conventional tangential fields techniques were compared. For each treatment technique, skin doses were measured using paired thermoluminescent dosimeters placed on the patient's skin: (i) directly above the balloon catheter during MammoSite® HDR brachytherapy treatments and (ii) 4 cm inside the treatment borders during the IMRT and conventional breast treatments. The mean dose measured was about 58% of the prescription dose for the patients treated using the MammoSite® technique. On the other hand, for patients treated with IMRT and tangential fields, the mean dose was found to be about 69% and 71% of the corresponding prescription dose. This study suggests that in breast cancer radiation treatments the MammoSite® HDR technique reduces skin doses compared to IMRT and tangential field techniques. PACS numbers: 87.53.Jw, 87.53.Xd, 87.66.Sq
Cryoablation Induces Necrosis and Apoptosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma in Mice
Authors: Wen JuYi , Duan YunYou , Zou YueKun , Nie Zhoushan , Feng HuaSong , Lugnani Franco , Baust John G. 
Published: October 2014

This study evaluated cryoablation on subcutaneously transplanted tumors of lung adenocarcinoma LA795 in T739 mice in vivo, in an effort to assess the feasibility of cryoablation in treatment of NSCLC. Subcutaneously transplanted lung adenocarcinoma LA795 was implanted into T739 mice yielding tumors of approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. Following cryoablation, the various modes of cell death were studied: necrosis in the central frozen zone by light microscopy and apoptosis in periphery of the frozen zone by in situ end labeling (TUNEL). Bc1-2 and bax expression were detected by immunohistochemical SABC procedures, and the cleavage and activation of Caspase 3 and PARP in peripheral zone by Western blot. We find that in central cryoablated zone, necrosis was the dominant mode of cell death occurring at three hours and four days post-thaw. The first three-hour necrosis peak involved approximately 47% of the tumor while the four-day peak increased in volume to 68% of the tumor. In peripheral cryoablation zone, definite cell apoptosis could be observed by morphological examination under light microscope and TUNEL staining, peaking at 8–16 h after cryoablation. Immunohistochemical results yielded little change in bcl-2 protein expression before and after cryoablation. However, bax protein expression was up-regulated significantly after cryoablation. In addition, cleavage and activation of Caspase-3 and PARP occurred in the peripheral freeze zone after the treatment. It indicated that Cryoablation efficiently induces cell death both by necrosis and apoptosis. Cryoablation appears to induce apoptosis in the peripheral freeze zone through the intrinsic mitochondrial caspase pathway based on bax upregulation. This observation allows us to suggest that cryoablation may be combined with chemotherapy to increase cancer destruction.