bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compression and hypoxia play independent roles while having combinative effects in the osteoclastogenesis induced by periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Le Li Mei , Yi Jianru , Yang Yan , Zhang Xuan , Zheng Wei , Li Yu , Zhao Zhihe 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate the isolated and combined effects of compression and hypoxia on the osteoclastogenesis induced by periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs).

Materials and Methods:
A periodontal ligament tissue model (PDLtm) was established by 3-D culturing human PDLCs on a thin sheet of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid scaffold. The PDLtm was treated with hypoxia and/or compression for 6, 24, or 72 hours. After that, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for gene expression analysis. The conditioned media were used for the coculture of osteoblast and osteoclast (OC) precursors; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was done to examine OC formation.

Results:
Either compression or hypoxia alone significantly up-regulated the gene expression of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines in the PDLtm and enhanced osteoclastogenesis in the cocultures, and the combination of the two had significantly stronger effects than either stimulation alone. In addition, comparing the two stimulants, we found that the osteoclastogenic property of the PDLCs peaked earlier (at 6 hours) in the compression group than in the hypoxia group (at 24 hours).

Conclusions:
Both compressive force and hypoxia may take part in initiating osteoclastogenesis in orthodontic tooth movement and may have combinatory effects, which could update our concepts of the mechanisms involved in the initiation of bone resorption on the pressure side of the tooth in question.
Microsatellite primers for vulnerable and thrivingAcacia(Fabaceae) species from Australia's arid zone
Authors: Forrest Cairo N. , Roberts David G. , Denham Andrew J. , Ayre David J. 
Published: April 2015

Premise of the study:Microsatellite markers were developed for the common arid Australian shrubAcacia ligulata(Fabaceae) and the threatened overstory treesA. melvilleiandA. pendula.Methods and Results:DNA sequence data generated by 454 sequencing were used to identify microsatellite nucleotide repeat motifs. Including previously developed primer sets, we report on the development of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for each species. Six of these were novel forA. melvilleiandA. ligulata, and five were novel forA. pendula, while five more each were transferred from primers developed for related species (A. carneorumandA. loderi). We found three to 17 alleles per locus for each species, with high multilocus genotypic diversity within each of twoA. ligulataandA. pendulastands, and oneA. melvilleipopulation. A secondA. melvilleistand appeared to be monoclonal.Conclusions:These markers will allow assessment of population genetics, mating systems, and connectedness of populations of these and possibly other arid‐zone acacias.
Attitudes toward people with mental illness among medical students
Authors: Poreddi Vijayalakshmi , Thimmaiah Rohini , Math Suresh Bada 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Globally, people with mental illness frequently encounter stigma, prejudice, and discrimination by public and health care professionals. Research related to medical students′ attitudes toward people with mental illness is limited from India. Aim: The aim was to assess and compare the attitudes toward people with mental illness among medical students′. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was carried out among medical students, who were exposed (n = 115) and not exposed (n = 61) to psychiatry training using self-reporting questionnaire. Results: Our findings showed improvement in students′ attitudes after exposure to psychiatry in benevolent (t = 2.510, P < 0.013) and stigmatization (t = 2.656, P < 0.009) domains. Further, gender, residence, and contact with mental illness were the factors that found to be influencing students′ attitudes toward mental illness. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that psychiatric education proved to be effective in changing the attitudes of medical students toward mental illness to a certain extent. However, there is an urgent need to review the current curriculum to prepare undergraduate medical students to provide holistic care to the people with mental health problems.
Does education plays a role in meeting the human rights needs of Indian women with mental illness?
Authors: Poreddi Vijayalakshmi , Ramachandra R , Math Suresh Bada 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Globally women are one of the vulnerable populations and women without education and with mental illness are doubly disadvantaged. Aim: To find out the role of education in meeting the human rights needs of women with mental illness at family and community levels. Materials and Methods: A descriptive design was carried out among randomly selected recovered women (N = 100) with mental illness at a tertiary care center. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Results: Our findings revealed that human rights needs in physical needs dimension, i.e. access to safe drinking water (χ2 = 7.447, P < 0.059) and serving in the same utensils (χ2 = 10.866, P < 0.012), were rated higher in women with illiteracy. The human rights needs in emotional dimension, i.e. afraid of family members (χ2 = 13.266, P < 0.004), not involved in making decisions regarding family matters (χ2 = 21.133, P < 0.00) and called with filthy nicknames (χ2 = 8.334, P < 0.040), were rated higher in literate women. The human rights needs in religious needs dimension, i.e. allowed to go to temple, church, mosque etc. (χ2 = 9.459, P < 0.024), were not satisfied by the illiterate women. Similarly, literate women felt that they were discriminated by community members due to their illness (χ2 = 9.823, P < 0.044). Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested that women without education were more deprived of human rights needs than literate women. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve literacy of women and to strengthen the legal framework to protect the rights of the women with mental illness.
Mental health literacy among caregivers of persons with mental illness: A descriptive survey
Authors: Poreddi Vijayalakshmi , BIrudu Raju , Thimmaiah Rohini , Math Suresh Bada 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Despite of growing evidence of mental disorders in developing countries, research on mental health literacy is limited from India. Aim: To examine mental health literacy among caregivers of persons with mental illness Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was carried out among 161 randomly selected caregivers of persons with mental illness at outpatient department of a tertiary care centre. Data was collected through face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. Results: Regarding the causes of mental illness, a majority agreed that genetic inheritance (69%), substance abuse (64%) and brain disease (59.6%) are main factors for developing mental illness. Although more than two-thirds agreed that anyone could suffer from mental illness, 61.5% also agreed that people with mental health problems are largely to blame for their condition. The majority of the participants also agreed that mentally ill are not able to maintain friendships (45.9%), are dangerous (54%), and not capable to work (59.1%). Just over half (55.9%) of the participants would not want people to know if they had a mental illness and nearly half of them also expressed that they would feel ashamed if a family member had a mental illness. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study researchers suggest that there is an urgent need to educate and change the attitudes of caregivers through mental health literacy programs specifically designed for them.
Contraceptive Acceptability of Female Condom: A Prospective Study
Authors: Bharadwaj Meenakshi Kanwar 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Female condom is the only available method that women and girls can initiate and, in some ways, control, that protects against both unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. In this regard, it is an important supplement to the male condom.

Materials and methods
One-hundred women between the age of 18 and 40 years attending the gynecology OPD and needing any temporary method of contrception were recruited into the study for 6 months. Only women willing to participate in the study were recruited.

Results
In the study, of the 100 women, only 17 women had heard about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that use of male or female condoms can prevent their transmission. Seventy-eight percent of women continued with the use of female condoms. Of them, 83% women reported that they were satisfied by the use of female condoms and they would continue to use them if they were easily available. The satisfaction of the male partners was observed in 79% of them. When both partners were taken together, female condoms were satisfying to 78% of both.

Conclusion
The female condom is an important temporary method of female contraception which also protects from and HIV. It is a method that empowers women; hence, it must be integrated in reproductive health programs to save the lives of millions of women and men now.

How to cite this article
Bharadwaj MK. Contraceptive Acceptability of Female Condom: A Prospective Study. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(1):10-14.
Low Back Ache in Working Women of Reproductive Age Group
Authors: Mangla Divya , Goel JK , Goel Siddharth , Mani Poonam 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Pain in the soft tissues of the back is extremely common among adults and frequently affects individuals in their working years. Although low back ache (LBA) is suggested to be linked to hormonal and reproductive factors in women, results from various studies are inconclusive. The relationship between the work environment and LBA, though clearly perceived by the women to be causative, may be less certain. In addition to the financial losses to society and patients, LBA also has a major impact on various aspects of patients’ everyday lives.

Materials and methods
It was a cross-sectional study of reproductive women presenting with LBA, included after a questionnaire survey. Statistical analysis were used to correlate LBA with overweight, posture during working and reproductive factors, like age at marriage, marriage duration, past pregnancy, number of children and number of abortions, and to explore individual and work-related risk factors.

Results
Past pregnancy (including previous deliveries or abortions), age at marriage, obesity and posture while working were associated with LBP. No positive association was found for marriage duration.

Conclusion
Ergonomics has a crucial role in preventing LBA. In working women, hormonal and reproductive factors along with posture and duration of working hours are associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain in general.

How to cite this article
Goel S, Mani P, Mangla D, Goel JK. Low Back Ache in Working Women of Reproductive Age Group. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(1):33-36.
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Complex Dilemma during Pregnancy
Authors: Kumare Bhavna , Kawathalkar Anjali , Vijay Nikita Ritesh 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
The acute and chronic management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) during pregnancy presents a challenging clinical situation as there are no evidence-based guidelines despite being the commonest arrhythmia found in pregnancy. We report a case of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in a 25 years old antenatal woman with no organic heart disease, where she received verapamil followed by diltiazem as antiarrhythmics instead of adenosine for conversion into sinus rhythm. Since she had recurrent episodes in third trimester she received verapamil and metoprolol as prophylaxis with good fetal and maternal outcome. This case highlights the need to understand the complexities in diagnosis and management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia during pregnancy.

How to cite this article
Kumare BD, Kawathalkar A, Vijay NR. Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Complex Dilemma during Pregnancy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(1):44-47.
Does the MCAT Predict Medical School and PGY-1 Performance?
Authors: Saguil Aaron , Dong Ting , Gingerich Robert J. , Swygert Kimberly , LaRochelle Jeffrey S. , Artino Anthony R. , Cruess David F. , Durning Steven J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: The Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) is a high-stakes test required for entry to most U.S. medical schools; admissions committees use this test to predict future accomplishment. Although there is evidence that the MCAT predicts success on multiple choice–based assessments, there is little information on whether the MCAT predicts clinical-based assessments of undergraduate and graduate medical education performance. This study looked at associations between the MCAT and medical school grade point average (GPA), Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, observed patient care encounters, and residency performance assessments. Methods: This study used data collected as part of the Long-Term Career Outcome Study to determine associations between MCAT scores, USMLE Step 1, Step 2 clinical knowledge and clinical skill, and Step 3 scores, Objective Structured Clinical Examination performance, medical school GPA, and PGY-1 program director (PD) assessment of physician performance for students graduating 2010 and 2011. Results: MCAT data were available for all students, and the PGY PD evaluation response rate was 86.2% (N = 340). All permutations of MCAT scores (first, last, highest, average) were weakly associated with GPA, Step 2 clinical knowledge scores, and Step 3 scores. MCAT scores were weakly to moderately associated with Step 1 scores. MCAT scores were not significantly associated with Step 2 clinical skills Integrated Clinical Encounter and Communication and Interpersonal Skills subscores, Objective Structured Clinical Examination performance or PGY-1 PD evaluations. Discussion: MCAT scores were weakly to moderately associated with assessments that rely on multiple choice testing. The association is somewhat stronger for assessments occurring earlier in medical school, such as USMLE Step 1. The MCAT was not able to predict assessments relying on direct clinical observation, nor was it able to predict PD assessment of PGY-1 performance.
Dual Process Theory and Intermediate Effect: Are Faculty and Residents' Performance on Multiple-Choice, Licensing Exam Questions Different?
Authors: Dong Ting , Durning Steven J. , Artino Anthony R. , van der Vleuten Cees , Holmboe Eric , Lipner Rebecca , Schuwirth Lambert 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Clinical reasoning is essential for the practice of medicine. Dual process theory conceptualizes reasoning as falling into two general categories: nonanalytic reasoning (pattern recognition) and analytic reasoning (active comparing and contrasting of alternatives). The debate continues regarding how expert performance develops and how individuals make the best use of analytic and nonanalytic processes. Several investigators have identified the unexpected finding that intermediates tend to perform better on licensing examination items than experts, which has been termed the “intermediate effect.” Purpose: We explored differences between faculty and residents on multiple-choice questions (MCQs) using dual process measures (both reading and answering times) to inform this ongoing debate. Method: Faculty (board-certified internists; experts) and residents (internal medicine interns; intermediates) answered live licensing examination MCQs (U.S. Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and American Board of Internal Medicine Certifying Examination) while being timed. We conducted repeated analysis of variance to compare the 2 groups on average reading time, answering time, and accuracy on various types of items. Results: Faculty and residents did not differ significantly in reading time [F (1, 35) = 0.01, p = 0.93], answering time [F (1, 35) = 0.60, p = 0.44], or accuracy [F (1, 35) = 0.24, p = 0.63] regardless of easy or hard items. Discussion: Dual process theory was not evidenced in this study. However, this lack of difference between faculty and residents may have been affected by the small sample size of participants and MCQs may not reflect how physicians made decisions in actual practice setting.
Assessing Curriculum Effectiveness: A Survey of Uniformed Services University Medical School Graduates
Authors: Picho Katherine , Gilliland William R. , Artino Anthony R. , DeZee Kent J. , Dong Ting , McManigle John E. , Cruess David F. , Durning Steven J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study assessed alumni perceptions of their preparedness for clinical practice using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies. We hypothesized that our alumni's perception of preparedness would be highest for military-unique practice and professionalism and lowest for system-based practice and practice-based learning and improvement. Method: 1,189 alumni who graduated from the Uniformed Services University (USU) between 1980 and 2001 completed a survey modeled to assess the ACGME competencies on a 5-point, Likert-type scale. Specifically, self-reports of competencies related to patient care, communication and interpersonal skills, medical knowledge, professionalism, systems-based practice, practice-based learning and improvement, and military-unique practice were evaluated. Results: Consistent with our expectations as the nation's military medical school, our graduates were most confident in their preparedness for military-unique practice, which included items assessing military leadership (M = 4.30, SD = 0.65). USU graduates also indicated being well prepared for the challenges of residency education in the domain of professionalism (M = 4.02, SD = 0.72). Self-reports were also high for competencies related to patient care (M = 3.86, SD = 0.68), communication and interpersonal skills (M = 3.88, SD = 0.66), and medical knowledge (M = 3.78, SD = 0.73). Consistent with expectations, systems-based practice (M = 3.50, SD = 0.70) and practice-based learning and improvement (M = 3.57, SD = 0.62) were the lowest rated competencies, although self-reported preparedness was still quite high. Discussion: Our findings suggest that, from the perspective of our graduates, USU is providing both an effective military-unique curriculum and is preparing trainees for residency training. Further, these results support the notion that graduates are prepared to lead and to practice medicine in austere environments. Compared to other competencies that were assessed, self-ratings for systems-based practice and practice-based learning and improvement were the lowest, which suggests the need to continue to improve USU education in these areas.
The Long-Term Career Outcome Study: Lessons Learned and Implications for Educational Practice
Authors: Durning Steven J. , Dong Ting , LaRochelle Jeffrey L. , Artino Anthony R. , Gilliland William R. , DeZee Kent J. , Saguil Aaron , Cruess David F. , Picho Katherine , McManigle John E. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
The work of the Long-Term Career Outcome Study has been a program of scholarship spanning 10 years. Borrowing from established quality assurance literature, the Long-Term Career Outcome Study team has organized its scholarship into three phases; before medical school, during medical school, and after medical school. The purpose of this commentary is to address two fundamental questions: (1) what has been learned? and (2) how does this knowledge translate to educational practice and policy now and into the future? We believe that answers to these questions are relevant not only to our institution but also to other educational institutions seeking to provide high-quality health professions education.
Novel Examination for Evaluating Medical Student Clinical Reasoning: Reliability and Association With Patients Seen
Authors: Hemmer Paul A. , Dong Ting , Durning Steven J. , Pangaro Louis N. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Medical students learn clinical reasoning, in part, through patient care. Although the numbers of patients seen is associated with knowledge examination scores, studies have not demonstrated an association between patient problems and an assessment of clinical reasoning. Aim: To examine the reliability of a clinical reasoning examination and investigate whether there was association between internal medicine core clerkship students' performance on this examination and the number of patients they saw with matching problems during their internal medicine clerkship. Methods: Students on the core internal medicine clerkship at the Uniformed Services University students log 11 core patient problems based on the Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine curriculum. On a final clerkship examination (Multistep), students watch a scripted video encounter between physician and patient actors that assesses three sequential steps in clinical reasoning: Step One focuses on history and physical examination; Step Two, students write a problem list after viewing additional clinical findings; Step Three, students complete a prioritized differential diagnosis and treatment plan. Each Multistep examination has three different cases. For graduating classes 2010–2012 (n = 497), we matched the number of patients seen with the problem most represented by the Multistep cases (epigastric pain, generalized edema, monoarticular arthritis, angina, syncope, pleuritic chest pain). We report two-way Pearson correlations between the number of patients students reported with similar problems and the student's percent score on: Step One, Step Two, Step Three, and Overall Test. Results: Multistep reliability: Step 1, 0.6 to 0.8; Step 2, 0.41 to 0.65; Step 3, 0.53 to 0.78; Overall examination (3 cases): 0.74 to 0.83. For three problems, the number of patients seen had small to modest correlations with the Multistep Examination of Analytic Ability total score (r = 0.27 for pleuritic pain, p &lt; 0.05, n = 81 patients; r = 0.14 for epigastric pain, p &lt; 0.05, n = 324 patients; r = 0.19 for generalized edema, p &lt; 0.05, n = 118 patients). Discussion or Conclusion: Although a reliable assessment, student performance on a clinical reasoning examination was weakly associated with the numbers of patients seen with similar problems. This may be as a result of transfer of knowledge between clinical and examination settings, the complexity of clinical reasoning, or the limits of reliability with patient logs and the Multistep.