bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Killing of Escherichia coli by Mononuclear Phagocytes and Neutrophils Stimulated In Vitro with β‐1,3‐d‐Polyglucose Derivatives
Authors: Busund Lill‐Tove Rasmussen , Pål Øian Zbigniew Konopski , Seljelid Rolf 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman monocytes, human peritoneal macrophages, mouse peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral neutrophils pretreated with β‐1,3‐d‐polyglucose derivatives showed pronounced bactericidal capacity to Escherichia coli compared to control cells. The increased bactericidal capacity was detectable in mononuclear phagocytes over a wide range of concentrations of bacteria. Granulocytes, however, showed bactericidal capacity only at low concentrations of bacteria. The pretreated mononuclear phagocytes released significant amounts of IL‐1 and PGE2. However, there was no significant release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). By incubating unstimulated cells with purified IL‐1 and TNF, the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes was enhanced. Our data indicate that the inability of neutrophils stimulated with β‐1,3‐d‐polyglucose derivatives to kill large numbers of bacteria could be overcome by a combined treatment with purified IL‐1 or TNF in addition to β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose derivatives. By incubating unstimulated cells with medium from β‐1,3‐d‐polyglucose‐treated human peritoneal macrophages, the bactericidal activity of the cells was enhanced to the same extent as cells pretreated with purified TNF and IL‐1. Cells incubated with IL‐1‐depleted medium from β‐1,3‐d‐polyglucose‐treated human peritoneal macrophages, showed reduced bactericidal activity compared to cells incubated with undepleted medium. These studies demonstrate that β‐1,3‐d‐polyglucose‐treated mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils show enhanced bactericidal activity. The enhanced activity is partly caused by stimulation of the cells with IL‐1 released from mononuclear phagocytes and partly by other unknown effects of β‐1,3‐d‐polyglucose derivatives on both mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils.
Changes with Time in the Oral Microflora and Dental Caries Induction in Hyposalivated Rats Fed on Sucrose Diet
Authors: Ooshima Takashi , Yoshida Toshihiko , Aono Wataru , Takei Tsutomu , Izumitani Akira , Sobue Shizuo , Hamada Shigeyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of hyposalivation on the induction of dental caries and the change in oral microflora were examined at weekly intervals in Sprague‐Dawley rats fed on diet 2000 containing 56% sucrose. In hyposalivated rats, significant dental caries was induced within one week and its severity increased with the experimental period. Bacteriological examinations demonstrated that the number of total cultivable microorganisms, lactobacilli and Staphylococcus aureus increased significantly shortly after surgical induction of hyposalivation, while the number of streptococci and yeasts did not increase significantly until the 7th week, beyond which time remarkable gross caries developed. A positive correlation was found between the caries score and the recovery of lactobacilli from mandibles of hyposalivated rats, while there was no statistically significant correlation between the caries score and the recoveries of S. aureus. On the other hand, dental caries was not induced in control rats fed on sucrose diet with no surgically‐induced hyposalivation. It was also found that the number of lactobacilli increased significantly shortly after diet 2000 was given to control rats, but S. aureus was rarely recovered from the mandibles of control rats throughout the experiments. The roles of lactobacilli and S. aureus in the induction of dental caries under the hyposalivated condition were discussed and it was suggested that lactobacilli may play some significant role in the induction of dental caries in hyposalivated rats.
Identification of Oklahoma Isolate as a Strain of Pseudomonas pseudomallei
Authors: Yabuuchi Eiko , Kosako Yoshimasa , Arakawa Michio , Hotta Hisako , Yano Ikuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBased on the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and nutritional characteristics, cellular fatty acid and lipid composition, ubiquinone‐8 as the major respiratory quinone, guanine‐plus‐cytosine content of DNA, DNA‐DNA homology value, and sequence alignment of 16S rRNA nucleotides, Oklahoma isolate was reidentified as a strain of Pseudomonas pseudomallei.
Neutrophil Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Respiratory Infection
Authors: Ahmed Kamruddin , Dai Tran Cong , Ichinose Akitoyo , Masaki Hironori , Nagatake Tsuyoshi , Matsumoto Keizo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSputum from patients with acute exacerbation of respiratory infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed under the electron microscope. External to the cell wall of P. aeruginosa a granular, electron‐dense material was observed which is suggestive of capsule. It is supposed that stabilization of capsule occurred by the host antibody, which was produced due to chronic infection by P. aeruginosa. Mucoid type of microcolonies were observed with a fibrous matrix of exopolysaccharide. Other types of microcolonies were surrounded by granular substances or fine fibers. Neutrophil was found to be partially surrounding the microcolony in an attempt to defense. Debris was formed mainly by the destruction of the neutrophil. Most neutrophils were found full of phagocytosed debris; in contrast only a few neutrophils were found to have phagocytosed P. aeruginosa. This study concludes that instead of phagocytosing bacteria, neutrophil phagocytosed debris and bacteria were not completely eradicated. Therefore, this might be one of the factors in the pathogenesis of respiratory infection and persistent colonization by P. aeruginosa.
Comparison of Virulence between Seoul Virus Strain SR‐11 and Hantaan Virus Strain 76–118 of Hantaviruses in Newborn Mice
Authors: Yoo Yung Choon , Yoshimatsu Kumiko , Yoshida Ryu , Tamura Mizuho , Azuma Ichiro , Arikawa Jiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVirulence of hantavirus strain of SR‐11 Seoul virus and Hantaan 76–118 (HTN) of Hantaan virus were compared. Infections of both strains were lethal in newborn mice. However, inoculum required to cause lethal infection was about 4,000 times higher for strain HTN (1.65 × 103 PFU/mouse/LD50) than for strain SR‐11 (0.36 PFU). Thus, both strains were considered pathogenic to newborn mice but they possessed different levels of virulence. The assay system used for these strains in newborn mice proved to be useful in the study of hantavirus vilurence. Growth curves of the two strains in CV‐7 cell cultures were compared. Strain SR‐11 was shown to have higher activity of virus replication and virus release into the culture fluids than strain HTN. The possibility of a relationship between replication activity and high levels of virulence in mice was suggested.
Evaluation of Opsonophagocytic Dysfunctions in Severely Burned Patients by Luminol‐Dependent Chemiluminescence
Authors: Ono Yasuo , Kunii Otohiko , Kobayashi Kunio , Kanegasaki Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe compared the luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence (CL) response of peripheral blood from severely burned patients with that from normal controls to evaluate the primary defense level against bacterial infection in the patients. The CL was measured upon addition to diluted whole blood of a soluble stimulus, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or particulate stimuli such as bacteria or zymosan without special opsonization. In the early post‐burn days, the initial rate of whole blood CL induced with the particulate stimulus was much lower than that in the normal controls, whereas the rate was higher when PMA was used as a stimulus. The number of granulocytes in the patients' blood had increased and isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from the patients exhibited higher CL responses to the particulate or soluble stimulus as compared with those of normal controls. The results suggest that the PMNs in burn patients were activated and normally mobilized in the early post‐burn period but the opsonizing capacity in the blood decreased. In fact, the serum levels of complement, immunoglobulins and fibronectin were found to be lower in the blood from the patients than those from normal controls and a supplement of freshly frozen plasma of human immunoglobulin preparations restored the initial rate of the whole blood CL upon phagocytosis. The prognosis is still poor when severe infection occurs in the patients with decreased CL response of whole blood. Recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) enhanced the CL response of PMNs from burn patients. The administration of rhG‐CSF may be useful for decreasing the morbidity of severe infection following burn injury in the near future.
Comparison of Detection Methods for Legionella Species in Environmental Water by Colony Isolation, Fluorescent Antibody Staining, and Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ezaki Takayuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThree detection methods for Legionella species in water samples from cooling towers and a river were examined. Direct counting of bacteria stained with fluorescent antibody (FA) for L. pneumophila (serogroups 1 to 6) could detect the cell of 104 to 106 cell/100 ml in all 14 samples, while colony counting method detected 10 to 103 CFU/100 ml only in 8 samples from cooling towers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with primers to amplify 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of most Legionella species (LEG primer) detected legionellae in 13 samples, while species‐specific primers for L. pneumophila detected the DNAs from 3 samples. In laboratory examination, LEG primers could amplify DNAs of 29 species of genus Legionella with high sensitivity, even from 1 cell of L. pneumophila GIFU 9134. The PCR assay with LEG primers was specific and sensitive methods to be satisfied the survey of legionellae. Thus, PCR assay is a suitable method to detect and monitor Legionella species in an environment.
Heterogeneity of HLA‐G Genes Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction/Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (PCR/SSCP)
Authors: Tamaki Junko , Arimura Yutaka , Koda Toshiaki , Fujimoto Seiichiro , Fujino Takafumi , Wakisaka Akemi , Kakinuma Mitsuaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA genomic HLA‐G clone named 7.0E was isolated from a Japanese placenta. The deduced amino acid sequence of the 7.0E was identical to two HLA‐G genomic clones and two cDNA clones previously described. The DNA sequences of α1 and α2 domains of the HLA‐G gene from 5 cell lines also encoded the same amino acids. However, a 14 bp insertion, ATTTGTTCATGCCT, was present in the 3′ untranslated region of 7.0E compared with the originally described HLA‐G clone (HLA 6.0). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of exon 8 allowed the HLA‐G gene to be classified into two alternative types, G6.0 and 7.0 E, those correlated to the absence or the presence of the 14 bp stretch. Each group had minor sequence variant(s), and the alleles of the 7.0E‐type were more heterogeneous than those of the G6.0‐ type. The 14 bp deletion is present only in the G6.0‐type of HLA‐G alleles among HLA class I genes. Thus it was suggested that G6.0 alleles were generated after diversification of the HLA‐G.
Immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae O1 Fimbriae in Animal and Human Cholera
Authors: Ehara Masahiko , Ichinose Yoshio , Iwami Mamoru , Utsunomiya Akiyoshi , Shimodori Shoichi , Kangethe Stanley K. , Neves Bianca C. , Supawat Krongkaew , Nakamura Satoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractParenteral immunization with either formalin‐fixed whole cells of the fimbriate Bgd17 strain or purified fimbriae protected against Vibrio cholerae O1 infection in rabbits, independent of biotype and serotype. Parenteral immunization of adult rabbits with purified fimbriae prior to V. cholerae O1 challenge resulted in a reduction of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude in the number of bacteria recovered from the small intestines of immunized rabbits in comparison to non‐immunized controls. IgG and IgA antibodies against fimbrillin of V. cholerae O1 were detected in the convalescent sera of patients with cholera; however, little fimbrial antigen was detected in the commercially available cholera vaccines when examined by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against fimbriae. These data suggest that fimbrial hemagglutinin is a major adhesin of V. cholerae O1 and that parenteral immunization with fimbriae generates a specific immune response in the gut that may serve as one means of mitigating subsequent V. cholerae O1 gut infection.
Molecular Characterization of Human Rotavirus VP4 Genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Assay
Authors: Iizuka Masahiro , Chiba Mitsuro , Masamune Osamu , Gerna Giuseppe , Nakagomi Osamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed to examine the genetic variability and similarity of the VP4 genes of human rotaviruses. The VP4 genes of 14 human rotavirus strains, including VP4 serotype P1A strains (Wa, P, VA70), serotype P1B strain (DS‐1), serotype P2 strains (M37, 1076, McN, ST3) and serotype P3 strains (AU‐1, AU228, K8, PA151, PCP5, MZ58), and those of 2 feline strains (FRV‐1 and Cat2) were reverse‐transcribed and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified VP4 cDNAs were then digested with a panel of restriction endonucleases (HindIII, NruI, HaeIII, and EcoRI), resulting in the identification of at least one enzyme with which digestion produced an RFLP profile specific for a particular P serotype. Of interest was the presence of two distinct RFLP patterns within the serotype P3 VP4 genes: one corresponding to the VP4 gene carried by the members of the AU‐1 genogroup and the other corresponding to the VP4 genes carried by naturally‐occurring reassortants between members of the AU‐1 and other genogroups.
Neutralization of Chlamydia psittaci with Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Ando Shuji , Takashima Ikuo , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeutralization of Chlamydia (C.) psittaci avian strain P‐1041 was examined in vitro using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Of the 10 MAbs used, 6 were found to exhibit neutralizing capability. These include 3 against major outer membrane protein (MOMP), 1 against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 2 against other protein molecules [90 kilodalton (kDa) and 90/50 kDa]. Most neutralizing MAbs were dependent on complement for efficient neutralization, while a strain‐specific MAb (2B5) against the 90 kDa protein displayed a different requirement for complement and neutralized the infectivity of the P‐1041 at high concentrations without complement. By competitive inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (competitive inhibition ELISA), all 3 neutralizing anti‐MOMP MAbs were demonstrated to recognize different epitopes found in very close proximity to each other on the outer membrane.
An Assay Method for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Seroprevalence Survey—Detection of Antibody in Saliva by Avidin‐Biotin Complex Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ABC‐ELISA)
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐qiang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo determine whether the avidin‐biotin complex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ABC‐E) is a potentially useful method for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) antibody in saliva, paired serum and saliva samples from 129 healthy individuals aged 18 to 25 years were collected simultaneously and subjected to a neutralization test (NT) for neutralizing antibody and also to an indirect ELISA (IE) and ABC‐E for HSV‐1 specific IgG detection. Compared with the results of NT, the sensitivities of the IE and ABC‐E for serum were both 100% (45/45), and for saliva 82.2% (37/45) and 93.3% (42/45), respectively. The specificity of all these methods was 100% (84/84). With the same ABC‐E method, a significant correlation (r=0.66, P < 0.001) between the OD‐difference (d‐OD) values of positive serum and saliva samples was observed. Furthermore, the consistency of ABC‐E for salivary antibody detection was confirmed with the paired serum and saliva samples which were collected from four individuals followed up for eight months. It was clear that the ABC‐E method for saliva can be used in place of the NT and ABC‐E method for serum for seroprevalence studying of HSV‐1 infection.
Lymphocytic Proliferative Response to Outer‐Membrane Proteins Isolated from Salmonella
Authors: González César R. , Isibasi Armando , Ortiz‐Navarrete Vianney , Paniagua Jorge , García José A. , Blanco Francisco , Kumate Jesús 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPorins isolated from Salmonella typhi have been demonstrated to protect against the challenge with this bacteria in mice. The mechanism has not been clarified, but could be associated with activation of both humoral and cellular immunity. In order to evaluate the induction of specific T cell responses, the lymphocytic proliferation to porins isolated from Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli was examined by 3H‐thymidine incorporation assay in mice immunized with three different antigens: acetone‐killed S. typhimurium, its porins, or outer‐membrane proteins (OMPs) isolated from S. typhi. Higher proliferative responses were observed in mice immunized with porins and OMPs compared with those which received the acetone‐killed bacteria. Although cross‐reactivity was observed between porins, they were not mitogenic. Moreover, porins were able to activate T lymphocytes isolated from mice immunized with S. typhi OMPs. These results suggest that T cell activation, through the release of lymphokines, may play a role in the induction of protective immunity with porins.
A Quantitative Microanalysis of Bacterial Endotoxin Using [3H]‐Labeled L‐Glycero‐D‐mannoheptitol as a Marker
Authors: Haishima Yuji , Tanamoto Ken‐ichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractQuantitative microanalysis of bacterial endotoxin was performed using [3H]‐labeled L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptitol (LD‐Heptitol) as a marker. Several different amounts of authentic L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose (LD‐Heptose) were reduced with 20 μg of cold NaBH4 containing 2 μg of NaB3H4 (40 Ci/mmol) in 20 μ1 of 1 mM NaOH at 4 C for 48 hr. The product, [1‐3H]‐labeled LD‐Heptitol, has high specific activity, and was purified by HPLC and detected using a liquid‐scintillation counter. As little as 50 pg of LD‐Heptose was detectable, and the radioactivity increased dose‐dependently in the 100 pg to 80 ng range tested. More than 2 ng of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin could be accurately determined by this method. It is possible to detect 50 pg of endotoxin by this method, if 100% hot material (NaB3H4) is used for [3H]‐labeling.
Two Distinct Clusterings of the VP8* Gene of Rotaviruses Possessing the AU‐1 Gene 4 Allele
Authors: Nakagomi Osamu , Isegawa Yuji , Ueda Sigeharu , Flores Jorge 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA phylogenetic tree constructed by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) for the VP8* gene from 13 human and two feline rotavirus strains possessing the AU‐1 gene 4 allele revealed that these strains could be classified into two clusters which did not correspond with the year of isolation or the host species from which they originated. Nine of 10 human strains and one feline strain isolated in Japan formed one cluster, whereas three human strains from Italy and one feline strain from Australia formed the other. Human strain K8 from Japan was distantly related to the Australo‐European clustering.
The Entry and Intracellular Multiplication of Francisella tularensis in Cultured Cells: Its Correlation with Virulence in Experimental Mice
Authors: Fujita Hiromi , Watanabe Yuriko , Sato Tadashi , Ohara Yoshiro , Homma Morio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFive acriflavine agglutination test‐positive (acf+) colonies and five negative (acf–) colonies were isolated from each of the four strains (Ebina, CMB2, N9, and Schu) of Francisella tularensis, and the correlation between the virulence in experimental mice and the entry and intracellular multiplication in cultured mouse fibroblast cells (L‐929 cells) was examined. All of the acf– colonies derived from the Ebina and CMB2 strains were highly virulent in mice, readily entering and growing well in the cells, while all of the acf‐ colonies from N9 and Schu strains were of low virulence and neither entered nor grew in the cells effectively. On the other hand, regardless of their parent strains, the acf+ colonies were low virulent and most of those colonies did neither enter nor grow in L‐929 cells. In addition, two acf‐ colonies, one from the N9 and the other from the Schu strain, gained virulence through several passages in mice, and in parallel, their entry and multiplication also improved. However, two acf+ colonies from the Ebina strain and one acf+ colony from the N9 strain showed a moderate degree of the entry and multiplication although they were all low virulent. The overall results indicate that the entry and multiplication in cells are important factors regulating the virulence of F. tularensis. The results also showed, however, that they were not sole factors to elucidate the virulence of the bacterium in mice.
Potent In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Polymyxin B against Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Yoshida Tatsumi , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEradication of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carried by inpatients or healthy hospital personnel by topical use of antibiotics is an important step for preventing outbreak of MRSA nosocomial infection. In the screening of the antibiotic best suited for this purpose, we have found that polymyxin B, a commonly used antibiotic for gram‐negative infection, had an unexpected strong cytokilling activity towards MRSA clinical strains, which was more potent than that of vancomycin or gentamicin. The data suggested that polymyxin B could be an antibiotic of choice in the treatment of topical carriage of or infection caused by MRSA.
Influence of a Small Number of Mature T Cells in Donor Bone Marrow Inocula on Reconstitution of Lymphoid Tissues and Negative Selection of a T Cell Repertoire in the Recipient
Authors: Arase‐Fukushi Noriko , Arase Hisashi , Wang Bingyan , Hirano Mari , Ogasawara Kazumasa , Good Robert A. , Onoé Kazunori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAllo‐chimerism and clonal elimination of self antigen (Ag) (Ia + Mls‐1a) reactive Vβ6+ T cells were analyzed and compared between allogeneic bone marrow (BM) chimeras reconstituted with BM cells which had been treated with anti‐Thy‐1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus complement (C) (T– chimeras) and BM chimeras which had been reconstituted with BM cells pretreated with anti‐Thy‐1 mAb alone (T+ chimeras). When lethally irradiated AKR (Mls‐1a) mice were reconstituted with BM cells from B10 or B10 H‐2 congenic mice, both T+ and T– chimeras were entirely free of signs of graft‐versus‐host reaction (GVHR). However, complete replacement of the AKR lymphoid tissues by donor BM cells was accomplished at an early stage in T+ chimeras but not in T– chimeras. On the other hand, clonal elimination of Vβ6+ T cells reactive to the recipient Ag (Mls‐1a) was abolished in T+ chimeras but successfully induced in T– chimeras. The Vβ6+ T cells not eliminated in T+ chimeras showed depressed responses against Mls‐1a antigens. The findings herein demonstrate that T cells which contaminate a BM inoculum survive in recipient mice after treatment with anti‐Thy‐1 mAb without C in vitro followed by BMT. The surviving T cells have been estimated to represent fewer than 0.5% of the BM cells inoculated. These cells appear to accelerate the full replacement of recipient lymphoid tissues by donor cells. Furthermore, the T cells which survive in the marrow inoculum influence eventually the development of a tolerant state in the T cell repertoire of the donor.