bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
François-Nicolas Delaistre et sa Vierge présentant l'Enfant à Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs à Paris : un rendez-vous manqué avec la gloire
Authors: Darroussat Séverine 
Published: April 2013

François-Nicolas Delaistre und seine Madonna mit Kind in Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs in Paris : ein verpasstes Rendezvous mit dem Ruhm, von Séverine Darroussat
Der Bildhauer François-Nicolas Delaistre (1746-1832) stellte im Salon von 1787 den Gipsentwurf einer das Jesuskind vorweisenden Madonna aus, die fiir die Pariser Kirche Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs bestimmt war. Eine Marmorfigur desselben Kiinstlers zu dem selben Thema befindet sich heute in dieser Kirche, ist jecioch 1817 datiert. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist es also zunàchst einmal, auf die Frage nach diesem bedeutenden Zeitunterschied zu antworten. Die chronologische Studie ergibt folgendes : das Werk, das wir heute sehen, ist in der Tat das Endstadium eines Auftrages, der dreißig Jahre zuvor vergeben wurde. Der Vertrag über die Marmorfigur wurde unter der Herrschaft des Direktoriums annulliert, aber die napoleonische Verwaltung kaufte die bossierte Figur zurück und beauftragte den Künstler, sie fertigzustellen, was erst unter der Herrschaft der Restauration geschah. Im Verlauf des historischen Abrisses werden ebenfalls einerseits die Problematik des Auftrages und des sozialen Milieus des Kunstlers behandelt (das Studium der familiären Umgebung läßt vermuten, dass Delaistre, der damais am Beginn seiner akademischen Laufbahn stand, den Auftrag für die Ausfuhrung der Statue durch die Familie seiner Frau erhielt, zu der mehrere Geistliche zählten), andererseits die Problematik der Rezeption eines heute unbekannten Werkes (die zahlreichen entdeckten Kritiken lassen erkennen, dass das Modell die öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit erregte, und tragen wichtige Einzelheiten zum Verständnis der komplexen Ikonographic bei, die Einflüsse der griechischen Antike, der Renaissance und flämischer karmelitischer Bilder vermischt). Schließlich werden drei unveroffentlichte Entwürfe vorgestellt, die sich mit der Marmorfigur verbinden lassen, zwei Gipse (ehemals in Saint- Laurent in Paris und in Notre-Dame von Le Havre) und eine Terrakotta (Privatsammlung) .
Déconvenues diplomatiques et philologiques de Fabricius. Les rapports de Rome avec les peuples et cités d'Italie entre 285 et 280 av. J.-C. à la lumière d'un fragment de Dion Cassius
Authors: Stouder Ghislaine 
Published: April 2013

Ghislaine Stouder, Fabricius' diplomatie and philological disappointment. Rome's relationship with the peoples and cities of Italy between 285 and 280 B.C., in the light of a fragment of Cassius Dio, DHA 33/1, 2007, 47-70.
Abstract: Starting from a fragment by Cassius Dio (fg. 39.1), the author takes into account an embassy disregarded by the modern historians of Roman diplomacy, that of Fabricius which the successive editors have situated in 283 B.C. The notice is reappraised in the light of the conflicts involving Rome against the Gauls, the Etruscans and the Umbrians together with the preparation for war in South Italy, in Tarentum. Thus the reexamination of the transmission and historical context of the fragment makes it possible to establish a new chronology of the event - now dated 285/4 B.C. The study also reconsiders Cassius Dio's contribution to the story of that period and enables one to appreciate his unique testimony on the outbreak of the Tarentine war.
Jeux de noix de la Rome antique et jeux de billes de Franche-Comté
Authors: Bourgeois Noëlle , Chauve Marie-Françoise , Guillaumin Jean-Yves 
Published: April 2013

Noëlle Bourgeois, Marie- Françoise Chauve, Jean- Yves Guillaumin, Jeux de noix de la Rome antique et jeux de billes de Franche-Comté, DHA 33/1, 2007, 71-84.
Résumé : Quelques vers du poème ovidien intitulé Nux (« Le Noyer ») suggèrent des comparaisons entre les jeux de noix de l'Antiquité et les jeux de billes traditionnels connus de tous, mais le texte latin a, sur quelques points, fait l'objet d'interprétations erronées pour lesquelles cet article propose des corrections.
Boules et bulles. Un exemple de transfert culturel
Authors: Haack Marie-Laurence 
Published: April 2013

Marie-Laurence Haack, Bowls and bullae. An example of cultural transfert, DHA 33/2, 2007, 57-67.
Abstract: This paper's analysis shows that the bulla, that badge of Roman citizenship, has been the subject of a double cultural transfer. First, the Romans borrowed the bulla from the Etruscans, at the time, according to the Ancient authors, of the Etruscan monarchy. A second transfer takes place when the bulla appears, in the second century, on statues and votive figures of children in the Etruscan sanctuaries. From one transfer to the other, there has been a change both in its use and in its meaning.
Nouvelles contributions à l'étude des cadrans solaires découverts dans les cités grecques de Dobroudja
Authors: Mihai Feraru Remus 
Published: April 2013

Remus Mihai Feraru, New contributions to the study of the sundials discovered in the Greek cities of Dobruja,
DHA 34/2, 2008, 65-80.
Abstract : Among the artefacts found in the Greek cities of the West coast of the Euxine Sea are a fragment of a sundial from Istros and a whole one from Cumpăna, in the territory of Tomi. The Istros marble fragment was probably part of a hemispheric collecting area sundial ; he was set for the latitude of Istros (44°31'), and has been dated to the end of the IVth century or the beginning of the IInd B. C. The sundial discovered at Cumpăna has a cylindrical collecting area, and lias been set at the latitude of Tomi (44°07'). It has been dated to the IInd century A. C. It is difficult to identify the origin of the marble used for the production of these instruments ; it may come from the Proconnesus' marble quarries which belonged to the city of Cyzicus. Another possible origin could be the quarries of Dokimcion (Asia Minor).
L'évolution du mythe d'Europe dans l'iconographie grecque et romaine des VIIe-VIe s. avant aux Ve-VIe s. de notre ère : de la « déesse au taureau » au rapt et du rapt au consentement
Authors: Peeters Marc C. 
Published: April 2013

Marc C. Peeters, The evolution of the myth of Europe in the Greek and Roman iconography from the VIIth- VIth c. B.C. to the Vth-VIth c. A.D. from the "goddess on the bull" to the abduction and from abduction to consent, DHA 35/1, 2009, 61-82.
Abstract : Among the oldest Greek representations of a female sitting side-saddle on a bull, some hardly évoque the image of an abduction. On the other hand, Wattel - de Croizant (1995) observes, at a later period, that the abduction of Europe progressively evolves into a love scene. This study sought to follow the evolution of these representations through the attitudes and attributes of Europe and the bull from the Greek VII-VIth centuries to the Roman V-VIth centuries. As a result, three historical phases are proposed for these representations of a female sitting on a bull. At first, a goddess sits enthroned on the back of the bull or dominates him. Later, in a break with the past, she is degraded, as Europe, to the status of a simple mortal being abducted by the main god. Finally, she is shown in an acquiescing posture or as a seduced woman in love with her abductor.
Sous le regard du Père : les imagines maiorum à Rome à l'époque classique
Authors: Molinier Arbo Agnès 
Published: April 2013

Agnès Molinier-Arbo, Under the father's gaze : imagines maiorum in the Roman classical age, DHA 35/1, 2009, 83-94.
Abstract : The imagines maiorum and the practices that were attached to them have been the subject of many studies, which have stressed that they were an expression of the pride of the great aristocratic families and a valid tool of their political propaganda. However, they were less interested in the role the imagines played within the genies to which they belonged. Several ancient authors depict in fact their presence in the domus as constraining. They constituted a powerful vector of imitatio patris, which contributed to ser ideally the younger generations in the eye of the father and to compel them in the interest of the State to adhere strictly to the example of their ancestors.
L'équilibre financier du développement de la monétique en France
Authors: Mercier Grégoire 
Published: April 2013

A l'évidence, le développement de la monétique est lourd d'enjeux pour l'économie française : structures d'exploitation des banques, compétitivité internationale des agents financiers, qualité et diversité des services de paiement offerts aux particuliers, marchés industriels liés au développement des nouveaux instruments.
Face à ces enjeux, les opérateurs français ne sont pas dépourvus d'atouts : la monétique est déjà une réalité palpable, bien acceptée par le public et les commerçants, et est bien dominée au plan technologique.
L'étude de l'équilibre financier du développement de la monétique en France dans les cinq ans à venir nécessite une méthodologie rigoureuse, fondée sur cinq grands principes : une référence aux « besoins totaux de transaction », des opérateurs, une analyse au niveau de commerces homogènes par leurs problématiques de paiement, une analyse tenant compte du coût de mise à disposition d'argent liquide pour les banques, une analyse des « profils d'utilisation » des cartes et des automates, une étude de l'évolution de la structure du coût moyen des transactions par procédure.
L'utilisation de cette méthode débouche sur un scénario indicatif et illustratif de l'introduction de la monétique entre 1986 et 1990-91 en France et sur une estimation de l'évolution des coûts de gestion des instruments. Les années 1986-1991 devraient être une période d'investissement massif, pendant laquelle le chèque conservera une place prédominante, mais moins forte en valeur relative par rapport aux nouveaux instruments de paiement. Le coût de gestion de ceux-ci, après une hausse prévisible en 1987-1988, devrait baisser pour retrouver en 1990-1991 son niveau de 1986, grâce à une politique volontariste et réaliste des banques. En conclusion, l'article rappelle que s'il ne s'est attaché qu'aux transactions électroniques de paiement et de retrait, qui constituent le socle interbancaire du développement monétique, celle-ci est destinée à déboucher sur des services beaucoup plus diversifiés, différenciés et concurrentiels.
Innovations financières, agrégats monétaires, politique monétaire
Authors: Ullmo Yves 
Published: April 2013

Financial Innovation, Monetary Masses, Monetary Policy
Financial innovation will be linked to those changes in regulations which correspond more fundamentally to the changes in borrowing and lending needs in a context of exchange rate and interest rate variation. Financial innovation has repercussion on monetary policy methods.
First, we observe that financial innovation renders monetary masses more instable and distorts them in relation to real orders of size. Where innovating practices have matured, masses over-represent monetary reality; where these practices are developing, masses under-represent monetary reality. In addition, innovation is gradually depriving credit masses of their importance.
In the main large countries, monetary authorities have reacted by redefining monetary masses in favour of wider, more diversified concepts. This has made their value somewhat less clear. In smaller countries, monetary masses have become less significant.
In these conditions, monetary policy has been less and less oriented towards direct control of the quantity of credit and more and more towards control of central money rates, with exchange rates taking pride of place.
Financial agents are for their part engaging more actively in financing procedures : the ill-mastered growth of their international assets, the increasing role of variable rates and the expansion of future markets, all tend to render monetary policy less precise and less effective.
In Europe, the development of the ECU pleads in favour of tight harmonisation of national monetary policies. The fading role of monetary masses underlies the need for reinforced coordination within the EMS.
Banque européenne : Une banque monétaire européenne dotée de fonctions de banque centrale
Authors: Triffin Robert 
Published: April 2013

A European Monetary Bank Endowed with Central Bank Functions
The ultimate aim for complete European monetary union can be achieved only by radically different means than those put forward in the First Werner Plan. Total suppression of exchange rate margins and fluctuations between currencies has been superceded as a priority in favour of a more immediate goal consisting in the transformation of the ECU into a parallel currency, designed for international payment and as a reserve currency in gradual replacement of the Eurodollar. According to recent opinion polls among the population of the E.E.C., this seems to be a widely accepted priority and it also appears to be politically viable.
The growth of the ECU as a parallel currency presupposes certain official measures being taken aiming at its increased liquidity, in relation to national currencies and at guaranteeing that debts in ECU will not engender unacceptable inflationist tension. A European Bank set up to manage the ECU would have to have the power to adjust ECU issues in accordance with non-inflationary growth requirements fo member States and to watch over parity between the ECU and the U.S. Dollar. The legal status of the Bank would have to be such that short-term political pressures could not threaten the long term interests of the E.E.C.
In this light, complete European monetary union can be seen as the gradual growth of the use of the ECU in internal and external transactions rather than as a system of exchange rate stabilization between the currencies of member States.
Les services financiers : Politique des pouvoirs publics et concurrence internationale
Authors: Pecchioli Rinaldo M. 
Published: April 2013

Openness or Protectionism ?
Three interrelated developments are currently at work which will affect profoundly the future evolution of the financial services industry: the marketisation of finance; the securitisation of financial intermediation; and the globalisation of markets. Against this background, the viability of individual institutions will depend on two basic elements: the capacity to keep abreast of innovations and market developments and the capacity to respond quickly and efficiently to the changing requirements of customers. It is with regard to this latter factor that the attitude of authorities towards the general issue of competitive equality, both domestically and internationally, will prove of crucial importance in determining the actual degree of competitiveness of the various groups of financial institutions in the global market. In this context, the paper considers briefly three major policy issues that have acquired growing prominence in international discussions in recent years: deregulation and reregulation; levelling the playing field; and the desirability of international rules of the game.
The broad interpenetration of markets worldwide and consideration relating to the international competitiveness of national financial structures militate strongly in favour of further deregulation of financial markets. But the process of reregulation of institutions - mainly, but not exclusively, from the point of view of prudential supervision - is a necessary condition for preserving the safety and soundness of institutions operating in the more competitive financial environment.
There is a broad consensus about the desirability of policies which would reduce the existing heterogeneity of institutional arrangements and regulatory standards across the world. But the prospects for a move towards greater compatibility of such arrangements and standards seem to be rather mixed. Indeed, the risk exists that the growing intermingling of instruments and intermediaries may exacerbate competitive inequalities and make more difficult the adoption of a global policy approach towards financial system management.
The de facto integration of financial markets needs to be accompanied by the establishment of internationally acceptable ground rules for strengthening the foundations of a liberal trading system in financial services and for establishing a solid framework for international cooperation in this area. Broadly-based action in this field is indispensable in order to limit the risks of the re- emergence of protectionist attitudes, which would reduce the overall efficiency of the global financial system as well as lead to further distortions and incompatibilities between institutional arrangements and market realities.
Les marchés financiers en 1994 : De la hausse des taux obligataires à la détente
Authors: Maymat Alexandre 
Published: April 2013

L'année 1994 est marquée, sur les marchés financiers, par la chute des rendements obligataires qui trouve son origine dans la montée des anticipations inflationnistes aux Etats-Unis fin 1993 et qui s'est diffusée dès le début de l'année 1994 à l'ensemble des places européennes et au Japon. La forte baisse des rendements obligataires s'est accompagnée d'une forte dépréciation du dollar, liée par ailleurs au gonflement sans précédent du déficit courant américain. Le net durcissement de la politique monétaire américaine opéré le 15 novembre 1994 semble avoir rassuré les marchés sur la volonté de la Fed d'enrayer d'éventuelles tensions inflationnistes et provoqué une stabilisation des anticipations des agents, entraînant dans son sillage une détente des marchés obligataires et un raffermissement du dollar vis-à-vis de yen et du DM. L'année 1994 s'est cependant terminée sur les vives turbulences consécutives à la crise du peso mexicain entamée le
20 décembre, alimentant la méfiance des investisseurs à l'égard des marchés émergents et des pays à monnaie faible.
La décision de prêt bancaire comme signal imparfait sur l'emprunteur
Authors: Vilanova Laurent 
Published: April 2013

Deciding on loan granting, an imperfect signal of the borrower's creditworthiness
This article deals with the apparent paradox between financial literature highlighting the role of information transmission on banking decisions and court decisions that underline the weaknesses of such a signal. Many surveys show that decisions on loan granting send new information about the borrower and have an influence on the strategy adopted by other company partners (shareholders, other creditors, business partners, etc.). However, in some cases, information given is imperfect. It is therefore necessary to question the degree of control performed by banks as well as the criteria chosen for loan granting decisions. We thus show that decisions on loan granting do not depend exclusively on the borrower's quality. This alternate explanation helps to understand court decisions condemning banks which had overtly supported companies obviously deemed to failure.
Chine : Quel taux de change pour le Yuan ?
Authors: Gay Patrick 
Published: April 2013

Alors que la plupart des monnaies d'Asie orientale, considérées comme surévaluées par les marchés, ont été attaquées au cours des derniers mois et ont enregistré des baisses importantes, le Yuan chinois continue de subir des pressions à la hausse. La Banque du Peuple de Chine, la banque centrale chinoise, a été conduite, au cours des dernières semaines, à prendre un certain nombre de mesures pour freiner l'appréciation nominale du Yuan contre le dollar. Cette divergence radicale de situation est-elle appelée à perdurer ? La monnaie chinoise peut-elle continuer à s'apprécier ou rester stable alors que les monnaies de la plupart de ses concurrents sur les marchés extérieurs ont connu des dévaluations de grande ampleur ?
Trois facteurs clé seront déterminants pour fixer l'orientation future de la monnaie chinoise : les exportations, les flux d'investissements étrangers et le dollar de Hong Kong. Si le solde commercial demeure positif et si les investissements directs étrangers continuent d'assurer un excédent de la balance des comptes courants, dans un contexte de stabilité du dollar de Hong Kong, il n'y aura aucune raison pour que le Yuan se déprécie.
Si le dollar de Hong Kong était contraint à modifier sa parité avec le dollar américain, le Yuan entrerait dans une période de fortes incertitudes. La stabilité du Yuan est la ligne directrice pour le moment présent. Mais les risques internes de la situation chinoise (fragilité des banques, conséquences sociales de la restructuration des entreprises publiques) semblent constituer, pour l'instant, des dangers potentiels plus grands pour la monnaie chinoise que l'évolution financière des pays de la zone asiatique.
Quelle surveillance prudentielle pour l’industrie de services financiers ?
Authors: Plihon Dominique 
Published: April 2013

Dominique Plihon (Université Paris Nord) propose un inventaire des thèmes en débat et organise son analyse autour de deux questions : (1) Quels doivent être les principes fondamentaux de la surveillance prudentielle ? La transparence et la discipline du marché sont-elles les conditions suffisantes d’une régulation efficace de l’industrie des services financiers ? ; (2) Existe-t-il un modèle optimal d’organisation de la supervision prudentielle ? Quel doit être le rôle des banques centrales ? Faut-il centraliser l’ensemble des fonctions de supervision au sein d’une institution unique ? Il montre que les réponses données à ces questions dépendent de la représentation théorique que l’on a de la finance.
Classification JEL : G18, G20
L’épargne retraite en France : état des lieux et finalités d’une réforme
Authors: Lechevalier Arnaud 
Published: April 2013

Retirement Savings in France : assessment and the goals of reform
The contemporary period is characterized by a high level of household savings and a structural shift toward more long-term and stable patterns of savings. It is in this context, expected to prove enduring, that the issue of retirement savings reform has been raised in France, developing unequally until now in the absence of transparency or coherent strategy. In this perspective, the first part seeks to describe the principal channels and supports which retirement savings pass through in France, while in each case evaluating their potential for development and their suitability with regard to the objective sought after. The second part focuses on an evaluation of the principal arguments which, on the basis of contrasting lines of reasoning, have been put forward to defend the need for growth in retirement savings. On the basis of this critical analysis and the problems raised by various aspects of the existing system, two solutions for modifying the structure of savings appear conceivable : a thorough-going reform of wage-earner savings and the development, with a view to intergenerational equity, of the « reserve fund » recently created within the framework of public pensions system. JEL Classification : G23, J26
La répartition des droits de vote, leur exercice et l’efficacité économique
Authors: Hamon Jean-Jacques 
Published: April 2013

Ownership Concentration, Corporate Voting Rights and the Efficiency of Capital Allocation
This paper surveys research on corporate governance, with special attention to the importance of legal protection of investors and of ownership concentration in corporate governance systems in Europe. One share-one vote encourages the selection of an efficient management team. Families are the most pronounced type of controlling shareholders in Europe, especially in France and Italy. Investor protection (by law) turns out to be crucial because, in many countries, expropriation of minority shareholders by the controlling shareholders is extensive. The efficiency of capital allocation is positively correlated with the legal protection of investors. The agency model predicts larger capital markets in countries where agency costs are reined in by the law and the institutions built to support their enforcement.
JEL classifications : G32, K22, D23, G34, L21