bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Electrolytic Model and Its Application to the Study of Recovery Problems
Authors: Botset Holbrook G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
It is possible by means of the electrolytic model to simulate water- floodingor gas recycling systems involving input and output wells, and also theencroactment of a natural water drive. The results are obtained pictorially, and by simple measurements and calculations the percentage of recovery isobtained qualitatively as a function of the total input.

Introduction
The increased demand for the petroleum products, together with the decline indiscovery rate and the higher cost of recovery as deeper formations are broughtinto production, has stimulated interest in methods for studying and predictingefficiencies of various production programs. Among methods of recovery thathave become of increased significance recently are gas recycling in condensatefields and secondary recovery by water-flooding. The electrolytic model is auseful device for studying such methods in the laboratory, at least in aqualitative way.
The original experiments with electrolytic models and the development of theirapplication to the study of secondary recovery problems were published in 1933.Subsequently other investigators continued the development and modification ofthe basic method, with resultant improvements and extension of itsapplications.
The method and equipment to be described here are thought to represent stillfurther improvement in the results obtainable, with increased validity in theirapplication to field problems.

Summary of Principles of Operation
The underlying theory of the operation of the model is given in references 1,2, and 3. However a brief statement of principles involved is given herewith.The applicability of the model is based on the fact that ohm's law and d'Arcy? slaw are exactly analogous; whence electrical flow through a permeable medium.If two electrodes are placed in a conducting (ionized) solution and connectedto the positive and negative terminals of a source of direct current, thepositive ions of the solution will move toward the negative terminal. Since thevelocity of an ion in an electrolytic medium is proportional to the electricalgradient, just as the velocity of a fluid particle in a porous medium isproportional to the pressure gradient, the motion of the ions in the potentialfield will be the same as the motion of fluid particles in a porous medium ifthe positive and negative terminals (input and output wells) and boundaryconditions are made equivalent in shape and distribution.
In order for the analogy to hold exactly, the sand must be assumed to haveuniform porosity and permeability and the input and output fluids to haveidentical viscosities and densities. In gas recycling in condensate fields andin water-flooding in oil fields, the variations in density and viscosityusually are not great enough to introduce serious discrepancies intoresults.
T.P. 1945
Related Trends in Future Domestic and Foreign Petroleum Operations
Authors: Page Howard W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Petroleum requirements since V-J day have been appreciably higher thanpredicted. Foreign operations now exceed maximum wartime levels by about 14 percent. Domestic operations since V-J day have averaged 92 per cent of thewartime peak. In spite of maximum foreign refinery runs, large exports of allproducts, except residual fuel oil, are necessary to meet foreign demand.
During the next few years it is expected that foreign operations willcontinue at capacity, including new installations, but that, because ofincreases in foreign demand, exports will continue at about their presentlevel. Domestic operations will increase during this period and crudeproduction probably will exceed maximum efficient rates.
Even after 10 years some exports probably will be required, but eventuallythese will be supplanted by increased output of foreign refineries, except forsmall tributary exports. The increase in domestic requirements will exceed thedecline in exports. Unless findings of crude oil exceed present expectations, the increasing demand will be met by increased imports and syntheticmethods-such as the Hydrocarbon Synthesis Process for conversion of natural gasand coal to gasoline and distillates. Catalytic cracking installations willincrease as crude availability decreases. This will help to meet the increasingdemand for gasoline but will intensify the domestic shortage of residual fueloil. Eventually larger imports will be required to satisfy the demand - forthis product.

Introduction
Under the pressure of the wartime period, there was time only occasionallyto look ahead in anticipation of what the postwar era held for the petroleumindustry. Perhaps the general expectation was that a rather pronounced declinein the level of industry petroleum operations would take place shortly afterthe end of the war, with the impact felt mainly on the economy of the UnitedStates. It is of interest now, nine months after V-J day, to take inventory ofthe near-term situation and see what significant forces are at work. With thisas a starting point, it should be possible to engage in something moresatisfactory than pure speculation concerning trends in the immediate futureand 10 to 20 years ahead.
T.P. 2048
Behavior and Control of Natural Water-drive Reservoirs
Authors: Elliott George R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Methods are presented for measuring and comparing "degree" of waterdrive, and for observing the control that rate of withdrawal exerts overdecline of reservoir pressure.
Degree of water drive is studied from pressure-production curves of 10reservoirs; the method used to present these comparatively is to convertcumulative oil production from barrels to percentage of ultimate. Degree ofwater drive is also represented by a "water-encroachment factor," representing barrels of water influx per pound-month per acre-foot of oilreservoir.
Pressure-production curves for the water-drive reservoirs after a period ofdeclining pressure show a diminishing angle of slope, in some cases to thepoint where pressure ceases to decline or where it even increases; the shapesof these curves are in marked contrast to the dissolved-gas type of curve, which shows a general trend toward zero pressure at ultimate oilrecovery.
Yearly rate of oil production in percentage of ultimate oil recovery iscorrelated with pressure decline. The correct rate of production of oil withits associated gas and water sustains pressure in reservoirs having a highwaterencroachment factor. For reservoirs having a low water-encroachmentfactor, it is necessary to inject the produced water and even inject largevolumes of-water from an outside source.
The discussion of the actual reservoirs is preceded by a general review and isfollowed by a substantial bibliography.

Introduction
It is now generally accepted that water drive is capable of yielding 60 to 80per cent of the original oil in place in most reservoirs, as compared with 20to 40 per cent for dissolved-gas drive. There is no need to question theimportance of controlling a reservoir in order to take advantage of such anefficient mechanism.
What is a water-drive reservoir? Oil reservoirs usually combine two or more ofthe four basic mechanisms: dissolved-gas drive, gas-cap drive, water drive, gravity drainage. A water-drive reservoir is one in which water advances totake the place of the oil and gas produced. When the oil withdrawal rate issufficiently low, the water will tend to maintain pressure. The maximumeffectiveness is attained when the water follows the oil withdrawal so closelythat little or no decline in pressure occurs.
Oil in its underground reservoir is associated with water. This water issignificant in the production of the oil according to the source of supply andthe permeability of the surrounding formation. As oil is produced and thepressure is lowered, water can move in to replace the oil. With adequate supplyand sufficient permeability, actual movement takes place on an extensivescale.
The first movement of water takes place by expansion of the water and itsassociated fluids. While this expansion is of little importance in some fields, in others it is sufficient to supply all of the energy required for theproduction of oil.
T.P. 1880
Some Practical Aspects of Radioactivity Well Logging
Authors: Jackson Warren J. , Campbell John L.P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Automatic recording of the radioactivity of the earth's formations provides alog of relative intensities that, if properly interpreted, can be applied tooil-field engineering. Production, engineering, and geological departmentsregard the radioactivity log as a forward step in the securing of moreconclusive information for successful well completions. Explanations of thetechnique, together with some of the problems to which radioactivity logginghave been applied, are presented in this paper.

Introduction
Those responsible for the completion of new oil and gas wells, or with planningworkover operations on old wells, have followed closely the development ofradioactivity well logging because they are interested in reducing the numberof unknowns that usually are present in such work. Many operators have made useof the log, or are acquainted with at least one of the applications, but it isunlikely that anyone operator is familiar with all of the many applicationsthat are possible.
The purpose of this paper is to present a representative example of each of themany applications, wherever the information has been released by an operator, and to illustrate by hypothetical examples other applications, releases forwhich have not been given. In this way, it is hoped that a better understandingof the scope of this new engineering tool may be obtained.
Although the literature contains many references that describe in detail thetheory, development, and application of radioactivity well logging, a briefdiscussion of the technique may be helpful to those who are investigating thesubject for the first time.
All rocks contain radioactive material in varying concentrations. In general, shales contain relatively more radioactive material than sandstones orlimestones. These radioactive materials disintegrate with time into othermaterials of lower atomic weight, and in that process of disintegration therocks are emitting many rays, the most penetrating of which is the gamma ray.The intensity of emission of the gamma ray is proportional to the quantities ofradioactive materials present. A higher rate of emission would be observed, therefore opposite a shale than opposite a sandstone or limestone.
Since measurable intensities of gamma rays are capable of penetrating as manyas five concentric strings of casing, and as the gamma-ray intensity isrelative to the formations, the measurements of variations in gamma-rayintensities offer a means of identifying cased-off formations in their properstratigraphic sequence.

The Gamma-Ray Curve
The measurement of gamma-ray intensities is accomplished by means of anionization chamber that consists of a heavy cylinder, about 3 ft. long, thatcontains two insulated electrodes and is filled with an inert gas under highpressure.
T.P. 1923
A Method for Determining Fluid Movement in Wells
Authors: Pease Sherman L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
An inexpensive and relatively rapid method that can be used by field crews isdescribed. Fluid movement is determined by releasing a tracer (dye) in the wellat a predetermined level and, after an interval of time, sampling the wellfluid at another level. The testing equipment consists of a combined crusherand sampler until that is run into the well on a wire line. The rate ofmovement can be calculated from time-volume relationships.

Description of Method
It is often desirable to determine whether there is occurring any transfer offluid from point to point in a shut-in well, and, if so, to measure of the rateof movement.
When it is desired to examine a large number of wells for possible ‘thief’ sands, the time and expense will be considerable unless the method used isinexpensive and rapid. After experimentation with several possible solutions tothe problem, the production Department of the Shell Oil Co., Inc., developedthe apparatus described herein, which has proved satisfactory. Routineoperations with it can be carried out by field production crews with a minimumof technical supervision and with negligible investment in equipment.
The method is based upon releasing a suitable tracer in the well fluid at aknown level and recovering a sample of well fluid at another level after ameasured interval of time. Repetition of this process with different timeintervals between release and sampling gives the necessary data.
For purposes of illustration, the setup for measuring migration of fluid in anupward direction is described in the following paragraphs.
The arrangement of equipment is shown diagrammatically on Fig. 1. The elementsof the combination unit are the tailpiece, the crushing device, the spacer andthe sampling device. The lengths of the tailpiece and spacer and the samplingdevices in the desired positions in relation to the sands being tested. Thecrushing device breaks the glass bottle containing the tracer when thetailpiece strikes the bottom of the well and the tension on the sand line isslackened. Because of the open construction of the crushing device, the traceris quickly and completely disseminated in the well fluid. The sampling deviceis a suction bailer, which obtains a sample of the fluid surrounding theperforated nipple just before the unit is picked up off bottom, the sample isretained in the barrel by the ball value for examination at the surface.
Normally, on the first run into a well, the sample is obtained near thereleasing point of the tracer, and thereafter samples are taken near the baseof the upper sand if migration is indicated by the dilution or absence of thetracer in the initial sample. The length of the time interval between thereleasing of the tracer and the sampling of the well fluid is varied forsuccessive runs, attempting first to establish the rate within limits and thento define it more accurately by additional runs if necessary.
T.P. 1911
Extending the Application of Electric Analogy in Oil-reservoir Studies
Authors: Schaefer Henry 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Solution by electric analogy of performance problems of reservoirs containingoil and gas has heretofore depended upon a process of successive approximationsbased on? material-balance calculations, because of variation in fluidcompressibility. By the addition or subtraction of electric condenser capacity, the analogy network can be adjusted automatically for changing compressibilitydue to evolution of gas in the reservoir. The addition of a condenser isaccomplished by an electronic circuit, which is described; subtracting acondenser is done by merely opening the electrical circuit by means of arelay.

Introduction
V. Paschkis and H. D. Baker first developed in this country a method ofapplying the analogy of flow of electric current in noninductive circuits tosolution of heat-flow problems and suggested its application for certain otherproblems, such as flow of fluids or mass transfer and chemical diffusion.Necessary details for applying the analogy to flow of fluids in porous mediawere developed by W. A. Bruce; he classified the types of analysis andpredictions that can be made by the analogy in class I, when the reservoircontains oil but no gas for the period under consideration; in Class 2, whenboth oil and gas exist in the free state in the reservoir sometime during theperiod under consideration.Duplication of bottom-hole pressure history andpredictions for class I reservoirs can be obtained directly by electricanalogy. Until now, the solution of problems pertaining to reservoirs in class2 was obtained by successive approximations along with material-balancecalculations. The object of this paper is to present a method for simplifyingthe application of electric analogy to class 2 reservoirs, resulting in asolution of these problems as direct as is possible for class I reservoirs.This is accomplished by an electronic control circuit, which adjusts theanalogy network for changing compressibilities of fluids contained in thereservoirs.

Analogy Network
In electrical phenomena the analogy to two-dimensional fluid flow in a porousmedia is that of current flow through an ideal conducting sheet. This sheet, perfectly insulated on both sides, has resistance and capacitance uniformlydistributed throughout its area but is of negligible inductance. The need forhaving the surface boundaries perfectly insulated is that good correspondencemay be had with a permeable fluid-conducting stratum bounded above and below byimpermeable media. In actual application the ideal conducting sheet, which hasdistributed parameters, is replaced by a network having lumped values ofresistance and capacitance--the resistances are series elements and thecapacitances are shunt elements.
T.P. 2125
Calculated Effect of Pressure Maintenance on Oil Recovery
Authors: Hoss Robert  L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The application of Muskat's differential equations for predicting theperformance of a solution gas-drive reservoir to the Fullerton field indicatesthat a recovery may be expected of 14,030 bbl per acre under primary depletion, and 15,910 and 17,190 bbl per acre, respectively, under the twopressure-maintenance programs analyzed.
In this analysis it is assumed that fluid properties are the same throughoutthe reservoir, that the core data used are typical of the Clear Fork limestonein the locality, and that injected gas is completely diffused through the payzones.
The economic study of the three recovery programs considered indicates that theone in which 60 pct of the produced gas is returned to 'the formation is themost profitable.

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to consider effect of pressure maintenance by gasinjection on the ultimate recovery of oil from a solution gas-drive reservoir.This prediction of reservoir behavior is the result calculations based on theequations presented by M. Muskat in the Journal of Applied Physics, March1945.

Reservoir
The reservoir analyzed is the Fullerton field in Andrews County, West Texas. Itsituated on a broad anticlinal structure with approximately 330'Ft of closure, and ends approximately eight miles north and south and five miles east andwest. The areal extent is taken as 16,642 acres.
The producing horizon is the Lower Clear Fork limestone of Permian age, occurring at depths from 6650 to 7350'Ft. It is divided into four zones. Forthe purposes of this study, the fluid characteristics in all zones are assumedto be the same. Therefore an equivalent zone is assumed of thickness equal tothe sum of the thicknesses of the four zones, or an average of 216 ft.
The reservoir contains 3,586,991 acre feet of producing limestone, with aninitial volume of stock tank oil in place of 918,403,100 bbl.
The average connate water saturation is 24.0 pct. The permeability ranges from6.7 md. to 12.6 md., and the porosity ranges from 7.7 pct to 11.4 pct, exceptfor occasional cavernous streaks. Based on these values, the limestone may beconsidered intergranular.
Production histories and material-balance studies have indicated that thedriving mechanism is solution gas. Water levels have been established.

Theory
It is possible to express mathematically the change in residual oil saturationwith pressure decline in a solution gas-drive reservoir as being equal to thechange in the physical properties of the fluids present in the reservoir asthis pressure decline occurs.
T.P. 2231
A Reservoir Study of the West Edmond Hunton Pool, Oklahoma
Authors: Littlefield Max , Gray L.L. , Godbold A.C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The West Edmond pool of Central Oklahoma, a limestone reservoir, has an area inexcess of 29,000 acres and as of Sept. 15, 1946, had produced 53 millionbarrels of oil from 731 wells at an average depth of 6900'Ft. Water hasencroached into the reservoir along the west side of the pool and although thearea of water invasion is large the net volume of water influx is small, because encroachment has been primarily into a fracture system.
The most significant part of this study concerns the character of the Huntonreservoir. Geological study of cores of the producing section was made tosupplement core-analysis data. It was determined, that approximately 90 pct ofthe pore volume was contained in intergranular or sand-like porosity and 10 pctin fractures (intermediate porosity). The porous limestone is divided intoblocks by the fractures, although in the strongly dolomitic parts of theproducing section, fractures are less well developed. The low-permeabilityintergranular porosity, largely subsidiary to the high-permeability fractures, will produce oil into the fractures by evolution of solution gas. The fracturesin effect serve as drainage channels for production of oil from theintergranular porosity. Because of such a large difference in permeabilities ofthe two components, a high degree of by-passing will occur, and, accordingly, the economics involved in undertaking full-scale high pressure gas injectionoperations have been seriously questioned.

Introduction
The West Edmond Hunton pool, which covers portions of Canadian, Logan, Oklahoma, and Kingfisher Counties in Central Oklahoma, is this largestreservoir at an average depth of approximately 6900'Ft, and have yielded acumulative oil production in excess of 53 million barrels as of Sept. 15, 1946.in addition to wells completed in the Hunton limestone, 21 wells have beencompleted in the Bartlesville sand at a depth of approximately 6500'Ft, whichhave produced a total of 730,000 bbl of oil. One small producer has beencompleted in Cleveland sand at a depth of 5700'Ft. However, a study of only theHunton limestone reservoir will be presented in this paper.
The most significant phase of this study concerns the special type ofgeological core examination that was made in an effort to ascertain the typeand degree of porosity in the rock in accordance with lithologic types.
T.P. 2203