bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Public Health Implications of State Laws that Criminalize Potential HIV Exposure in the United States
Authors: Lehman J. Stan , Carr Meredith H. , Nichol Allison J. , Ruisanchez Alberto , Knight David W. , Langford Anne E. , Gray Simone C. , Mermin Jonathan H. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penalties on persons who know they have HIV and subsequently engage in certain behaviors, most commonly sexual activity without prior disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus. These laws have been subject to intense public debate. Using public health law research methods, data from the legal database WestlawNext© were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) and to examine the implications of these laws for public health practice. The first state laws were enacted in 1986; as of 2011 a total of 67 laws had been enacted in 33 states. By 1995, nearly two-thirds of all laws had been enacted; by 2000, 85 % of laws had been enacted; and since 2000, an additional 10 laws have been enacted. Twenty-four states require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. Nearly two-thirds of states in the USA have legislation that criminalizes potential HIV exposure. Many of these laws criminalize behaviors that pose low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. The majority of laws were passed before studies showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission risk and most laws do not account for HIV prevention measures that reduce transmission risk, such as condom use, ART, or pre-exposure prophylaxis. States with HIV-specific criminal laws are encouraged to use the findings of this paper to re-examine those laws, assess the laws’ alignment with current evidence regarding HIV transmission risk, and consider whether the laws are the best vehicle to achieve their intended purposes.
T-condylar fractures of the distal humerus in children: Does early motion affect final range of motion?
Authors: Beck Nicholas A. , Ganley Theodore J. , McKay Scott , Tomlinson Lauren , Ahn Jaimo , Flynn John M. , Baldwin Keith 
Published: March 2014

Purpose T-condylar fractures of the distal humerus are infrequent injuries in children. There are little data regarding outcomes in this age group. The adult literature demonstrates a high rate of postinjury stiffness. We describe a large series of T-condylar fractures in children and set out to identify factors that influence the postoperative range of motion (ROM) in children. Our hypothesis was that starting motion early (<3 weeks) would favorably influence the postoperative ROM. Methods Patients were identified based on the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code for ORIF of supracondylar distal humerus fractures with intracondylar extension (24546). Patient records and radiographs were reviewed to determine the demographics, fracture characteristics, surgical approach and fixation, and postoperative immobilization time. Our outcome measure was ROM in flexion/extension at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and final follow-up. Patients were analyzed by Morrey's criteria of −30° extension and 130° flexion to assess for postoperative elbow stiffness. Results Thirty-eight potential patients from 1992 to 2010 were identified with specific T-condylar patterns. Twelve patients were excluded due to insufficient follow-up or lack of final ROM data. Our cohort included 26 patients (average age 13.4 years). The average postoperative immobilization time was 3.4 weeks (range 0.9−12 weeks). At the final follow-up, patients had −12° average extension and 130° average flexion. Nine patients (35 %) were stiff and 17 patients (65 %) had functional motion postoperatively. At 3 and 6 months, starting motion early yielded better flexion and extension ROM. Late-motion patients obtained similar results at the 1-year follow-up. Open fractures, gender, and age were all not significantly associated with elbow stiffness in our series, given the limited numbers. Conclusion Early ROM was associated with an earlier gain of functional motion without clear adverse consequences. Despite similar findings at the final follow-up, practitioners should consider instituting early ROM protocols to decrease the duration of stiffness and potential disability for the child and the family.
Latent structure of the symptomatology of hospitalized patients with bipolar mania
Authors: Filgueiras A. , Nunes A.L.S. , Silveira L.A.S. , de Assis da Silva R. , da Silva R.O. , Landeira-Fernandez J. , Cheniaux E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSeveral studies have attempted to understand the dimensions of psychiatric symptoms in manic episodes, but only a few have been able to model the latent structure of mania in bipolar disorder patients using confirmatory factor analysis. The objective of the present study was to search for the best model of the symptomatology of hospitalized manic patients. To achieve this goal, 117 manic inpatients during a manic crisis participated in this research. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted followed by confirmatory factor analysis using an exploratory factor analysis solution and three other theory-based models. The exploratory factor analysis results revealed a six-factor structure: depression, suicide, insomnia, mania, psychosis, and anxiety. This solution also presented the best fit to the data when tested with confirmatory factor analysis. A five-factor solution, without suicide as a separate dimension, appeared to be more theoretically suitable. Another important finding was that anxiety was an independent dimension in mania. Some hypotheses are discussed in light of contemporary theories, and future studies should investigate this aspect further.
Vortex formation of a finite-span synthetic jet: effect of rectangular orifice geometry
Authors: Van Buren Tyler , Whalen Edward , Amitay Michael 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe formation and evolution of flow structures of a finite-span synthetic jet issuing into a quiescent flow were investigated experimentally using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV). The effect of two geometrical parameters, the orifice aspect ratio and the neck length, were explored at a Strouhal number of 0.115 and a Reynolds number of 615. Normalized orifice neck lengths of 2, 4 and 6 and aspect ratios of 6, 12, and 18 were examined. It was found that the effect of the aspect ratio is much larger than the effect of the neck length, and as the aspect ratio increases the size of the edge vortices decreases and the presence of secondary structures is more evident. Moreover, axis switching was observed and its streamwise location increases as the aspect ratio increases. The effect of the neck length on the flow structures and the evolution of the synthetic jet was found to be secondary, where the effect was only in the very near field (i.e. close to the jet’s orifice).
Hydraulic falls under a floating ice plate due to submerged obstructions
Authors: Page C. , Părău E. I. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSteady two-dimensional nonlinear flexural–gravity hydraulic falls past a submerged obstruction on the bottom of a channel are considered. The fluid is assumed to be ideal and is covered above by a thin ice plate. Cosserat theory is used to model the sheet of ice as a thin elastic shell, and boundary integral equation techniques are then employed to find critical flow solutions. By utilising a second obstruction, solutions with a train of waves trapped between two obstructions are investigated.
A new gregarious sabellid worm from the Gulf of California reproducing by spontaneous fission (Polychaeta, Sabellidae)
Authors: Tovar-Hernández María Ana , Dean Harlan 
Published: March 2014

A new species of the sabellid genusPseudobranchiommais described from 50 cm depth in dock fouling from the southern Gulf of California.Pseudobranchiomma schizogenicasp. nov., belongs to a group of six species characterized by having radiolar serrations extending for most of the radiolar length. The new species is characterized by the presence of a unique set of features related to the covering of the peristomium by lateral collar margins, the shape of the first ventral shield, the size of interramal eyespots, and the width of the hood of thoracic and abdominal spinelike chaetae. Information about live and post-fixed colour, glandular pattern and reproduction is also provided. The new species described here is compared with all species in the former group. The presence of paired patches of cilia without heads (kinocilia-type) on ventral lappets and ventral shields of the collar, thorax and abdomen is documented for the first time in the genusPseudobranchiomma. Dense aggregations ofPseudobranchiomma schizogenicasp. nov., on docks from the southern Gulf of California are predominantly a result of asexual reproduction taking place during summer, when 82% of the population reproduces by architomy.
The Swine Flu Emergency Department: The Relationship Between Media Attention for the Swine Flu and Registrations in an Emergency Medicine Unit
Authors: Nelissen Sara , Beullens Kathleen , Sabbe Marc , Van den Bulck Jan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroductionWhen the world is faced with a new potential pandemic outbreak, the media report heavily about it. Media are an important disseminator of health threat information. This study examined potential media effects during the 2009 outbreak of A/H1N1 influenza.HypothesisTo examine the relationship between media reports of the swine flu and self-registrations in an emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital in Flanders, Belgium.MethodsAll articles concerning swine flu published in seven Flemish newspapers were selected during the biggest flu peak in Belgium. This number was compared with the number of patients who presented themselves with a self-diagnosis of swine flu symptoms during the same time frame. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was selected to determine the relationship. The cross-correlation function determined the direction of this relationship.ResultsA strong correlation was found between the number of potential patients (n= 308) and the number of articles in the Flemish press (n= 1657). The number of patients was the leading indicator; increases in the volume of written press followed increases in the number of patients.ConclusionMedia reporting is extensive when a new infectious disease breaks out and intensifies when it is feared that pandemic levels are reached. This was also the case with the swine flu outbreak in Flanders. These findings suggest that a rise in the number of media reports follows a rise in the number of cases, rather than the reverse.NelissenS,BeullensK,SabbeM,Van den BulckJ.The Swine Flu Emergency Department: the relationship between media attention for the swine flu and registrations in an emergency medicine unit.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(2):1-5.
Efficacy of adjunctive aripiprazole in patients with major depressive disorder whose symptoms worsened with antidepressant monotherapy
Authors: Nelson J. Craig , Rahman Zia , Laubmeier Kimberly K. , Eudicone James M. , McQuade Robert D. , Berman Robert M. , Marcus Ronald N. , Baker Ross A. , Sheehan John J. 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionEfficacy of depression treatments, including adjunctive antipsychotic treatment, has not been explored for patients with worsening symptoms after antidepressant therapy (ADT).MethodsThis post-hoc analysis utilized pooled data from 3 similarly designed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of adjunctive aripiprazole in patients with major depressive disorder with inadequate response to ADT. The studies had 2 phases: an 8-week prospective ADT phase and 6-week adjunctive (aripiprazole or placebo) treatment phase. This analysis focused on patients whose symptoms worsened during the prospective 8-week ADT phase (worsening defined as >0% increase in Montgomery–Åsberg Depressive Rating Scale [MADRS] Total score). During the 6-week, double-blind, adjunctive phase, response was defined as ≥50% reduction in MADRS Total score and remission as ≥50% reduction in MADRS Total score and MADRS score ≤10.ResultsOf 1065 patients who failed to achieve a response during the prospective phase, 160 exhibited worsening of symptoms (ADT-Worseners), and 905 exhibited no change/reduction in MADRS scores (ADT-Non-worseners). Response rates for ADT-Worseners at endpoint were 36.6% (adjunctive aripiprazole) and 22.5% (placebo). Similarly, response rates at endpoint for ADT-Non-worseners were 37.5% (adjunctive aripiprazole) and 22.5% (placebo). Remission rates at endpoint for ADT-Worseners were 25.4% (adjunctive aripiprazole) and 12.4% (placebo). For ADT-Non-worseners, remission rates were 29.9% (adjunctive aripiprazole) and 17.4% (placebo).ConclusionThese results suggest that adjunctive aripiprazole is an effective intervention for patients whose symptoms worsen during antidepressant monotherapy. The results challenge the view that benefits of adjunctive therapy with aripiprazole are limited to partial responders to ADT.
In Situ WetSTEM Observation of Gold Nanorod Self-Assembly Dynamics in a Drying Colloidal Droplet
Authors: Novotný Filip , Wandrol Petr , Proška Jan , Šlouf Miroslav 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDirect in situ visualization of nanoparticles in a liquid is an important challenge of modern electron microscopy. The increasing significance of bottom-up methods in nanotechnology requires a direct method to observe nanoparticle interactions in a liquid as the counterpart to the ex situ electron microscopy and indirect scattering and spectroscopy methods. Especially, the self-assembly of anisometric nanoparticles represents a difficult task, and the requirement to trace the route and orientation of an individual nanoparticle is of highest importance. In our approach we utilize scanning transmission electron microscopy under environmental conditions to visualize the mobility and self-assembly of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-capped gold nanorods (AuNRs) in an aqueous colloidal solution. We directly observed the drying-mediated AuNR self-assembly in situ during rapid evaporation of a colloidal droplet at 4°C and pressure of about 900 Pa. Several types of final AuNR packing were documented including side-by-side oriented chains, tip-to-tip loosely arranged nanorods, and domains of vertically aligned AuNR arrays. The effect of local heating by electron beam is used to qualitatively asses the visco-elastic properties of the formed AuNR/CTAB/water membrane. Local heating induces the dehydration and contraction of a formed membrane indicated either by its rupture and/or by movement of the embedded AuNRs.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE-FREE POTENTIALS IN THE THEORY OF WATER WAVES
Authors: DHILLON HARPREET , MANDAL B. N. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractProblems of wave interaction with a body with arbitrary shape floating or submerged in water are of immense importance in the literature on the linearized theory of water waves. Wave-free potentials are used to construct solutions to these problems involving bodies with circular geometry, such as a submerged or half-immersed long horizontal circular cylinder (in two dimensions) or sphere (in three dimensions). These are singular solutions of Laplace’s equation satisfying the free surface condition and decaying rapidly away from the point of singularity. Wave-free potentials in two and three dimensions for infinitely deep water as well as water of uniform finite depth with a free surface are known in the literature. The method of constructing wave-free potentials in three dimensions is presented here in a systematic manner, neglecting or taking into account the effect of surface tension at the free surface or for water with an ice cover modelled as a thin elastic plate floating on the water. The forms of the wave motion at the upper surface (free surface or ice-covered surface) related to these wave-free potentials are depicted graphically in a number of figures for all the cases considered.
A Delta–Sigma modulator-based heterodyne FMCW radar for short-range applications
Authors: Feger Reinhard , Ng Herman Jalli , Pfeffer Clemens , Stelzer Andreas 
Published: March 2014

We present a heterodyne frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, applicable in short-range applications. Owing to a modulation of the transmit (TX) signal, the intermediate frequency (IF) signal can be shifted away from zero frequency to reduce the influence of dc-offsets and low-frequency disturbances like, e.g. flicker noise existing in components like mixers, amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. The presented system is based on E-band transceivers realized in SiGe technology, which are fully integrated with antennas in a plastic package. A sinusoidal modulation of the TX signal is realized by a binary phase-shift keying modulator, which is controlled by a Delta–Sigma sequence. The choice of a sinusoidal modulation allows to reuse signal processing blocks which are typically available in FMCW radars. Measurements show that the achievable signal-to-noise ratio is comparable to a homodyne realization since the Delta–Sigma noise can be filtered in the IF stage. Experiments with a bandwidth of 8 GHz demonstrate measurements down to 12 cm with standard deviations of the measured ranges lower than 60 µm. Compared to a homodyne realization the blocking distance could be reduced by approximately 40 mm.
Zwangsstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Jans Thomas , Reichert Andreas 
Published: March 2014

Zwangsstörungen zählen mit einer Prävalenz von 1 bis 2 % zu den häufigeren Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Komorbide Störungen sind regelhaft vorhanden und die psychosozialen Beeinträchtigungen sind oftmals gravierend. Trotz guter Behandelbarkeit der Zwangsstörung gestaltet sich der Langzeitverlauf bei einem bedeutsamen Teil der Betroffenen insgesamt ungünstig. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt eine selektive Übersicht zu Definition und Klassifikation, Epidemiologie, Symptomatik, Komorbidität, Diagnostik und Verlauf der Zwangsstörung im Jugendalter.
Size and frequency of natural forest disturbances and the Amazon forest carbon balance
Authors: Espírito-Santo Fernando D.B. , Gloor Manuel , Keller Michael , Malhi Yadvinder , Saatchi Sassan , Nelson Bruce , Junior Raimundo C. Oliveira , Pereira Cleuton , Lloyd Jon , Frolking Steve , Palace Michael , Shimabukuro Yosio E. , Duarte Valdete , Mendoza Abel Monteagudo , López-González Gabriela , Baker Tim R. , Feldpausch Ted R. , Brienen Roel J.W. , Asner Gregory P. , Boyd Doreen S. , Phillips Oliver L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractForest inventory studies in the Amazon indicate a large terrestrial carbon sink. However, field plots may fail to represent forest mortality processes at landscape-scales of tropical forests. Here we characterize the frequency distribution of disturbance events in natural forests from 0.01 ha to 2,651 ha size throughout Amazonia using a novel combination of forest inventory, airborne lidar and satellite remote sensing data. We find that small-scale mortality events are responsible for aboveground biomass losses of ~1.28 Pg C y−1 over the entire Amazon region. We also find that intermediate-scale disturbances account for losses of ~0.01 Pg C y−1, and that the largest-scale disturbances as a result of blow-downs only account for losses of ~0.003 Pg C y−1. Simulation of growth and mortality indicates that even when all carbon losses from intermediate and large-scale disturbances are considered, these are outweighed by the net biomass accumulation by tree growth, supporting the inference of an Amazon carbon sink.
Rheological decoupling at the Moho and implication to Venusian tectonics
Authors: Azuma Shintaro , Katayama Ikuo , Nakakuki Tomoeki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPlate tectonics is largely responsible for material and heat circulation in Earth, but for unknown reasons it does not exist on Venus. The strength of planetary materials is a key control on plate tectonics because physical properties, such as temperature, pressure, stress and chemical composition, result in strong rheological layering and convection in planetary interiors. Our deformation experiments show that crustal plagioclase is much weaker than mantle olivine at conditions corresponding to the Moho in Venus. Consequently, this strength contrast may produce a mechanical decoupling between the Venusian crust and interior mantle convection. One-dimensional numerical modeling using our experimental data confirms that this large strength contrast at the Moho impedes the surface motion of the Venusian crust and, as such, is an important factor in explaining the absence of plate tectonics on Venus.
Nanodiamond
Authors:   Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: March 2014

The exceptional mechanical, optical, surface and biocompatibility properties of nanodiamond have gained it much interest. Exhibiting the outstanding bulk properties of diamond at the nanoscale in the form of a film or small particle makes it an inexpensive alternative for many applications.
Nanodiamond is the first comprehensive book on the subject. The book reviews the state of the art of nanodiamond films and particles covering the fundamentals of growth, purification and spectroscopy and some of its diverse applications such as MEMS, drug delivery and biomarkers and biosensing. Specific chapters include the theory of nanodiamond, diamond nucleation, low temperature growth, diamond nanowires, electrochemistry of nanodiamond, nanodiamond flexible implants, and cell labelling with nanodiamond particles.
Edited by a leading expert in nanodiamonds, this is the perfect resource for those new to, and active in, nanodiamond research and those interested in its applications.
Hydrodynamics selects the pathway for displacive transformations in DNA-linked colloidal crystallites
Authors: Jenkins Ian C. , Casey Marie T. , McGinley James T. , Crocker John C. , Sinno Talid 
Published: March 2014

Significance
The use of single-stranded DNA oligomers grafted onto submicron particles to drive interparticle interactions is a versatile technique for assembly. Although progress has been made in the attainable structural complexity, whether these assemblies are kinetically arrested or dynamically reconfigurable materials is not well understood. Here, we study the mechanism responsible for recently observed diffusionless transformations in DNA-assembled colloidal crystallites. We discover that hydrodynamic forces act to establish diffusional anisotropy that selects for specific child structures, consistent with experimental observations. The notion that hydrodynamic correlations play a significant role in such transformations provides evidence that DNA-linked particle assemblies are not simple thermodynamic constructs but, like many other materials of technological interest, require the simultaneous consideration of process and properties.