bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry and Zircon U–Pb–Hf Isotopic Systematics of the Sanchahe Quartz Monzonite Intrusion in the North Qinling Tectonic Zone, Central China: Implications for its Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting
Authors: YAN Ming , LIU Shuwen , LI Qiugen , ZHANG Wanyi , YANG Pengtao , YAN Zhen , WANG Ruiting , WANG Wei , GUO Rongrong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Sanchahe quartz monzonite intrusion is situated in the middle segment of the North Qinling tectonic belt, Central China mainland, and consists chiefly of sanukitoid–like and granodioritic‐monzogranitic rocks. The sanukitoid–like rocks are characterized by quartz monzonites, which display higher Mg# (55.0–59.0), and enrichments in Na2O+K2O (7.28–8.94%), Ni (21–2312 ppm), Cr (56–4167 ppm), Sr (553–923 ppm), Ba (912–1355 ppm) and LREE ((La/Yb)N=9.47–15.3), from negative to slightly positive Eu anomalies (δEu=+0.61 to +1.10), but also depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti. The granodioritic‐monzogranitic rocks diaplay various Mg# of 6.00–53.0, high Na2O+K2O (7.20–8.30%), Sr (455–1081 ppm) and (La/Yb)N (27.6–47.8), with positive Eu anomalies (δEu=1.03–1.57) and depleted Nb, Ta and TL Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) zircon U‐Pb isotopic dating reveals that the sanukitoid‐like rocks were emplaced at two episodes of magmatism at 457±3 Ma and 431±2 Ma, respectively. The monzogranites were emplaced at 445±7Ma. Sanukitoid‐like rocks have their ∊Hf(r) values ranging from +0.3 to +15.1 with Hf–depleted mantle model ages of 445 to 1056 Ma, and the monzogranite shows its ∊Hf(t) values ranging from ‐21.6 to +10.8 with Hf–depleted mantle model ages of 635 to 3183 Ma. Petrological, geochemical and zircon Lu–Hf isotopic features indicate that the magmatic precursor of sanukitoid–like rocks was derived from partial melting of the depleted mantle wedge materials that were metasomatized by fluids and melts related to subduction of oceanic slab, subsequently the sanukitoid magma ascended to crust level. This emplaced mantle magma caused partial melting of crustally metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, and mixing with the crustal magma, and suffered fractional crystallization, which lead to formations of quartz monzonites. However, the magmatic precursor of the granodioritic‐monzogranitic rocks were derived from partial melting of subducted oceanic slab basalts. Integrated previous investigation for the adackitic rocks in the south of the intrusion, the Sanchahe intrusion signed that the North Qinling tectonic zone was developed in an early Paleozoic transitionally tectonic background from an island arc to back–arc.
Trace Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from the Fe(‐Cu) Deposits in the Hami Region, Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China
Authors: HUANG Xiaowen , QI Liang , MENG Yumiao 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLaser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) was used to determine the trace element concentrations of magnetite from the Heifengshan, Shuangfengshan, and Shaquanzi Fe(–Cu) deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The magnetite from these deposits typically contains detectable Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Ga. The trace element contents in magnetite generally vary less than one order of magnitude. The subtle variations of trace element concentrations within a magnetite grain and between the magnetite grains in the same sample probably indicate local inhomogeneity of ore–forming fluids. The variations of Co in magnetite between samples are probably due to the mineral proportion of magnetite and pyrite. Factor analysis has discriminated three types of magnetite: Ni–Mn‐V–Ti (Factor 1), Mg–Ai–Zn (Factor 2), and Ga–Co (Factor 3) magnetite. Magnetite from the Heifengshan and Shuangfengshan Fe deposits has similar normalized trace element spider patterns and cannot be discriminated according to these factors. However, magnetite from the Shaquanzi Fe–Cu deposit has affinity to Factor 2 with lower Mg and Al but higher Zn concentrations, indicating that the ore–forming fluids responsible for the Fe–Cu deposit are different from those for Fe deposits. Chemical composition of magnetite indicates that magnetite from these Fe(–Cu) deposits was formed by hydrothermal processes rather than magmatic differentiation. The formation of these Fe(–Cu) deposits may be related to felsic magmatism.
Microchemical Characterization of Natural Gold and Copper Alloys from the Ancient Um Shashoba Gold Mine, South Egypt
Authors: DARWISH Mohamed Abdallah Gad 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe SEM‐EDX technique was applied to investigate Au, and Cu+Sn alloyed grains in the mineralization of the Um Shashoba mine for achieving further understanding of occurrences, internal structures and microchemistry of Au and Cu alloys and associated minerals, and mineralization type. This study is aiming at the genetic history of ore‐bearing fluid events, geochemical evaluation and exploration significance. The results showed that the mineralization could be considered as a single major episode generated by metamorphic mesothermal solution rich in sulfides and unsaturated respect to Au. It was differentiated into many stages; started with formation of auriferous pyrite that was pseudomorphed by secondary hematite, limonite and goethite. Three phases of Au alloy were precipitated, and Cu+Sn and Ag‐rich alloys were produced respectively and followed by deposition of two generations of barren pyrite. Calcite and ankerite were crystalized, surrounded and partially replaced some of early formed minerals. Finally, barren muscovite recrystallized around and inside both later formed carbonate minerals that were free of any sign of Au in their structures. The processes of deformation, recrystallization, annealing, dissolution, remobilization and re‐precipitation played the most important roles in the genetic history of the mineralization.
Current Progress on the Geological Record of Microbialites and Microbial Carbonates
Authors: CHEN Jitao , LEE Jeong‐Hyun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper reviews the current progress and problems in the study of microbialites and microbial carbonates. Microbialites and microbial carbonates, formed during growth of microbes by their calcification and binding of detrital sediment, have recently become one of the most popular geological topics. They occur throughout the entire geological history, and bear important theoretical and economic significances due to their complex structures and formative processes. Microbialites are in place benthic microbial buildups, whereas microbial carbonates can be classified into two categories: stabilized microbial carbonates (i.e., carbonate microbialites, such as stromatolites and thrombolites) and mobilized microbial carbonates (i.e., microbial carbonate grains, such as oncoids and microbial lumps). Various texture, structures, and morphologies of microbialites and microbial carbonates hamper the systematic description and classification. Moreover, complex calcification pathways and diagenetic modifications further obscure the origin of some microbialites and microbial carbonates. Recent findings of abundant sponge spicules in previously identified “microbialites” challenge the traditional views about the origins of these “microbialites” and their implications to reef evolution. Microbialites and microbial carbonates did not always flourish in the aftermath of extinction events, which, together with other evidences, suggests that they are affected not only by metazoans but also by other geological factors. Their growth, development, and demise are also closely related to sea‐level changes, due to their dependence on water depth, clarity, nutrient, and sunlight. Detailed studies on microbialites and microbial carbonates throughout geological history would certainly help understand causes and effects of major geological events as well as the coevolution of life and environment.
Lung cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2010
Authors: Zheng Rongshou , Zeng Hongmei , Zhang Siwei , Fan Yaguang , Qiao Youlin , Zhou Qinghua , Chen Wanqing 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) is responsible for cancer surveillance. Local cancer registries in each province submit data for annual publication. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China in 2010 by age, gender, and area is reported in this article.MethodsIn 2013, 145 of 219 population‐based cancer registries' 2010 data were selected after quality evaluation. Classification included Western, Middle, and Eastern areas, and the crude incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were calculated by age, gender, and urban and rural. Age‐standardized rates were determined by China and World standard population data. The 6th National Population Census data of China was used, combined with the registries' data to estimate the lung cancer burden in China in 2010.ResultsLung cancer had the highest incidence and mortality in China for men and women. It was estimated that 605 946 lung cancer cases were diagnosed in China in 2010, with a crude incidence rate of 46.08/100 000, and 486 555 patients died from lung cancer, with a crude mortality rate of 37.00/100 000. Age‐standardized rates for incidence were 35.23/100 000 and 35.04/100 000, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer were higher in men and urban areas than those in women and rural areas, reaching a peak for subjects of 80–84 years old.ConclusionLung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality of all cancers in China, especially for males in urban areas. Our findings justify the need to plan and develop effective interventions, such as air pollution control and smoking deterrents, to control and prevent the spread of lung cancer in China.
Up‐regulation of β‐amyloidogenesis in neuron‐like human cells by both 24‐ and 27‐hydroxycholesterol: protective effect of N‐acetyl‐cysteine
Authors: Gamba Paola , Guglielmotto Michela , Testa Gabriella , Monteleone Debora , Zerbinati Chiara , Gargiulo Simona , Biasi Fiorella , Iuliano Luigi , Giaccone Giorgio , Mauro Alessandro , Poli Giuseppe , Tamagno Elena , Leonarduzzi Gabriella 
Published: February 2014

SummaryAn abnormal accumulation of cholesterol oxidation products in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) would further link an impaired cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of the disease. The first evidence stemming from the content of oxysterols in autopsy samples from AD and normal brains points to an increase in both 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27‐OH) and 24‐hydroxycholesterol (24‐OH) in the frontal cortex of AD brains, with a trend that appears related to the disease severity. The challenge of differentiated SK‐N‐BE human neuroblastoma cells with patho‐physiologically relevant amounts of 27‐OH and 24‐OH showed that both oxysterols induce a net synthesis of Aβ1‐42 by up‐regulating expression levels of amyloid precursor protein and β‐secretase, as well as the β‐secretase activity. Interestingly, cell pretreatment with N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC) fully prevented the enhancement of β‐amyloidogenesis induced by the two oxysterols. The reported findings link an impaired cholesterol oxidative metabolism to an excessive β‐amyloidogenesis and point to NAC as an efficient inhibitor of oxysterols‐induced Aβ toxic peptide accumulation in the brain.
Genetic isolation of endangered bird populations inhabiting salt marsh remnants surrounded by intensive urbanization
Authors: Major R. E. , Johnson R. N. , King A. G. , Cooke G. M. , Sladek J. L. T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUrbanization represents the most extreme form of land cover transformation and is expected to restrict dispersal of animals, both because of the structural unsuitability of the novel habitat, as well as through mechanisms associated with human activity, such as disturbance. Fragmentation of populations by urbanization is considered to be a significant threat to several endangered bird populations, although isolation has seldom been demonstrated genetically. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of genetic criteria for identifying at‐risk populations, using a salt‐marsh‐inhabiting bird, the white‐fronted chat Epthianura albifrons, as a case study. DNA was extracted from feathers from 78 individuals from five sites, including two salt marsh remnants situated within the intensively urbanized zone of a city of more than three million people, and three sites up to 500 km distant. Microsatellite markers were used to measure genetic diversity and compare genetic structure between populations. Analyses of population structure demonstrated that the two populations surrounded by intensive urban development were genetically distinct from each other despite being separated by less than 20 km. They were also distinct from larger populations beyond the urban zone that showed much lower levels of genetic differentiation and no evidence of isolation by distance, despite being separated by continuous forest, which is not a recognized habitat for this species. The two endangered populations had low levels of genetic diversity reflected in the number of alleles and heterozygosity. Two immigrants were detected in one of the isolated populations, but their reproductive success was very low and they failed to effect genetic rescue. This study demonstrates that the endangered population satisfies the genetic criteria for listing, and although the population is unlikely to have special evolutionary significance in itself, flagging the population highlights the vulnerability of some coastal fauna to the impacts of urbanization.
A critical role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in stress‐induced relapse to nicotine seeking in rats
Authors: Qi Xiaoli , Yamada Hidetaka , Corrie Lu W. , Ji Yue , Bauzo Rayna M. , Alexander Jon C. , Bruijnzeel Adrie W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTobacco addiction is characterized by a lack of control over smoking and relapse after periods of abstinence. Smoking cessation leads to a dysphoric state that contributes to relapse to smoking. After the acute withdrawal phase, exposure to stressors increases the risk for relapse. Blockade of melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptors has anxiolytic and antidepressant‐like effects in animal models. The aim of these studies was to investigate the role of MC4 receptors in the dysphoria associated with nicotine withdrawal and stress‐induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. To study stress‐induced reinstatement, rats self‐administered nicotine for 16 days and then nicotine seeking was extinguished by substituting saline for nicotine. Nicotine seeking was reinstated by intermittent footshock stress. The intracranial self‐stimulation (ICSS) procedure was used to assess the negative mood state associated with nicotine withdrawal. Elevations in the ICSS thresholds are indicative of a dysphoric state. The selective MC4 receptor antagonists HS014 and HS024 prevented stress‐induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine seeking. Drug doses that prevented stress‐induced relapse did not affect responding for food pellets, which indicates that the drugs did not induce sedation or motor impairments. In the ICSS experiments, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine elevated the ICSS thresholds of the nicotine‐dependent rats. Pre‐treatment with HS014 or HS024 did not prevent the elevations in ICSS thresholds. These studies indicate that MC4 receptors play a critical role in stress‐induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking, but these receptors may not play a role in the dysphoria associated with acute nicotine withdrawal.
Do local moisture stress responses across tree species reflect dry limits of their geographic ranges?
Authors: Fensham Roderick J. , Bouchard David L. , Catterall Carla P. , Dwyer John M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUnder future climate drought‐induced tree mortality may result in the contraction of species ranges and the reorganization of community composition where abundant and peripheral species exchange their patterns of dominance. Predicting these changes will be challenging because the future suitable habitat may be a mismatch for the current bioclimatic envelope because of discrepancies between the realized and fundamental niche. Here we evaluate the extent of the discrepancy, as applied to tree species in relation to their relative field‐recorded drought sensitivities and their observed range‐wide environmental moisture envelopes. The hypothesis tested was that different species levels of drought‐induced damage at sites where they co‐occur will be positively associated with the minimum moisture availability in the most drought‐prone part of each species current geographic range. We tested the hypothesis using drought damage measurements for 13 Australian Myrtaceae (including Eucalyptus) tree species at a site where all co‐occur, together with 120 years of climate data across their geographical ranges. With limited statistical power the results generated only modest support for the hypothesis suggesting limited capacity to predict future distributions under climate change scenarios. In spite of the poor dispersal capacities of Eucalyptus and allied genera, but consistent with knowledge of breeding systems and genetic variability within Eucalyptus, the findings also suggest that many species have a capacity for rapid adaptive response to climate change, including the vicissitudes of the late Quaternary.
Risk factors for Merino ewe mortality on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Kelly GA , Kahn LP , Walkden‐Brown SW 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo measure the association of worm egg count (WEC), body weight (BW) and fat score (FS) with mortality in Merino ewes.MethodsOn six farms, Merino ewes (n = 1440) were yarded at approximately 3‐month intervals for 2 years for a range of experimental measurements. Mortality was defined by failure to present at two consecutive measurement days and at next shearing. Survival analysis was conducted with phenotypic traits measured both as continuous variables and categorised appropriately for industry guidelines.ResultsOverall mortality was 10%, with most deaths occurring in autumn followed by winter. Age class (2006 drop vs mature‐age ewes) did not affect mortality. High WEC, low BW and low FS significantly increased the risk of mortality. WEC > 1200 epg significantly increased risk of mortality in summer (risk ratio 3.76) and autumn (risk ratio 3.61) compared with the reference group. Risk of mortality increased 1.1‐fold for each kilogram unit decrease in BW and 7‐fold for each unit decrease in FS.ConclusionsMortality of Merino ewes can be significantly reduced by management methods that reduce WEC, maintain BW and increase the FS. For Merino ewes on the Northern Tablelands of NSW, improved animal welfare and economic benefits may be achieved by maintaining sheep with WEC < 1200 epg, BW > 35 kg and FS > 2.5.
Simple benchmark for complex dose finding studies
Authors: Cheung Ying Kuen 
Published: February 2014

SummaryWhile a general goal of early phase clinical studies is to identify an acceptable dose for further investigation, modern dose finding studies and designs are highly specific to individual clinical settings. In addition, as outcome‐adaptive dose finding methods often involve complex algorithms, it is crucial to have diagnostic tools to evaluate the plausibility of a method's simulated performance and the adequacy of the algorithm. In this article, we propose a simple technique that provides an upper limit, or a benchmark, of accuracy for dose finding methods for a given design objective. The proposed benchmark is nonparametric optimal in the sense of O'Quigley et al. (2002, Biostatistics 3, 51–56), and is demonstrated by examples to be a practical accuracy upper bound for model‐based dose finding methods. We illustrate the implementation of the technique in the context of phase I trials that consider multiple toxicities and phase I/II trials where dosing decisions are based on both toxicity and efficacy, and apply the benchmark to several clinical examples considered in the literature. By comparing the operating characteristics of a dose finding method to that of the benchmark, we can form quick initial assessments of whether the method is adequately calibrated and evaluate its sensitivity to the dose–outcome relationships.
Stratification of patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Jung Jin‐Woo , Lee Jung Keun , Hong Sung Kyu , Byun Seok‐Soo , Lee Sang Eun 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo identify an appropriate risk stratification system for intermediate‐risk prostate cancer (PCa).Patients and MethodsWe reviewed the data on 1559 patients who were treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) at our institution between 2005 and 2013 and classified them according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk groups. For our analyses, intermediate‐risk PCa was designated as unfavourable intermediate‐risk PCa if it met at least one of the following two criteria: biopsy Gleason score 4 + 3 and/or presence of ≥2 intermediate‐risk criteria. All other men with intermediate‐risk PCa were designated as having favourable intermediate‐risk disease. Postoperative outcomes, including biochemical recurrence (BCR)‐free survival, were calculated and compared using the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsIn multivariable analysis, biopsy Gleason score 4 + 3 and multiple (≥2) intermediate‐risk criteria were observed to be independent predictors of BCR risk among men in the intermediate‐risk group undergoing RP. The favourable intermediate‐risk group had a significantly higher 5‐year BCR‐free survival compared with the unfavourable intermediate‐risk group (87.5 vs 66.5%; P < 0.001). The unfavourable intermediate‐risk group had significantly higher 5‐year BCR‐free survival than the high‐risk group (66.5 vs 47.9%; P < 0.001) while the favourable intermediate‐risk group had significantly lower 5‐year BCR‐free survival than the low‐risk group (87.5 vs 93.5%; P = 0.002).ConclusionsA marked heterogeneity exists in the biochemical outcomes of contemporary patients with intermediate‐risk PCa who undergo definitive RP. According to biopsy Gleason score and number of intermediate‐risk criteria present, the intermediate‐risk group should be sub‐divided into those with favourable and unfavourable intermediate‐risk disease.