bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Selective Aromatic Alkylation of Phenol and Anisole by Using Recyclable Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid Systems
Authors: Titze‐Frech Karin , Ignatiev Nikolai , Uerdingen Marc , Schulz Peter Steffen , Wasserscheid Peter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA highly efficient ionic liquid catalyst system for selective alkylation of phenol and anisole with alkenes is described. By using Brønsted acidic triflate ionic liquids containing the SO3H group attached to the cation, it was possible to recycle the catalyst and reuse it after a simple workup procedure. Moreover, selectivity towards the monoalkylated products was improved to 93 % by using a biphasic system.
Injured and Silenced: Working with Workers' Compensation Claimants and Their Families
Authors: Frankcom Kaye 
Published: September 2013

It is not uncommon for rehabilitation and workers' compensation systems to treat the injured worker as either a passive victim or a mischievous malingerer. Much ofthe literatureregardingrehabilitation ofpeople with chronic pain and soft tissue injury speaks of paralysis and powerlessness as if the injured person is a piece offlotsam buffeted about by the socialforces of WorkCare (and other compensation systems), the employer and the medical legal systems.This paper will review the pertinent literature and demonstrate the lack ofobjective supportfor a ‘blame‐thevictim’ attitude. The importance of the injured person playing an active role in his/her rehabilitation will be emphasised through a systematic analysis ofthe impact ofthe WorkCare scheme on the injured worker and their treatment. In this light, a systems based approach to therapy with injured workers and their families will be outlined.
Assimilation of T‐TREC‐retrieved wind data with WRF 3DVAR for the short‐term forecasting of typhoon Meranti (2010) near landfall
Authors: Li Xin , Ming Jie , Wang Yuan , Zhao Kun , Xue Ming 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAn extended Tracking Radar Echo by Correlation (TREC) technique, called T‐TREC technique, has been developed recently to retrieve horizontal circulations within tropical cyclones (TCs) from single Doppler radar reflectivity (Z) and radial velocity (Vr, when available) data. This study explores, for the first time, the assimilation of T‐TREC‐retrieved winds for a landfalling typhoon, Meranti (2010), into a convection‐resolving model, the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). The T‐TREC winds or the original Vr data from a single coastal Doppler radar are assimilated at the single time using the WRF three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR), at 8, 6, 4, and 2 h before the landfall of typhoon Meranti. In general, assimilating T‐TREC winds results in better structure and intensity analysis of Meranti than directly assimilating Vr data. The subsequent forecasts for the track, intensity, structure and precipitation are also better, although the differences becomes smaller as the Vr data coverage improves when the typhoon gets closer to the radar. The ability of the T‐TREC retrieval in capturing more accurate and complete vortex circulations in the inner‐core region of TC is believed to be the primary reason for its superior performance over direct assimilation of Vr data; for the latter, the data coverage is much smaller when the TC is far away and the cross‐beam wind component is difficult to analyze accurately with 3DVAR method.
Restoring Limestone Quarries: Hayseed, Commercial Seed Mixture or Spontaneous Succession?
Authors: Gilardelli Federica , Sgorbati Sergio , Citterio Sandra , Gentili Rodolfo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe main goal of quarry restoration is to convert degraded, unproductive areas into new, self‐sustaining ecosystems that develop into highly natural environments. With the aim to individuate the best practices for restoring limestone quarries, we investigated the short‐term effects on vegetation features and economic advantages of three restoration approaches. These approaches included tree and shrub planting, no herb layer, or a commercial seed mixture or hayseed. The different approaches were tested in a limestone quarry within the Botticino extractive basin (N‐Italy). A donor grassland area of hayseed and a quarry area that had undergone spontaneous revegetation over a decade were used as control areas. We surveyed the vegetation plots to investigate the structure and the productivity of the herbaceous layers; collecting data on plant species cover, the mean plant height, the tree and shrubs mortality and biomass enabled us to perform gradient analysis. The main differences between the sites were due to biotic factors; specifically, vegetation cover was affected quite differently by the different restoration approaches. Restoration with commercial seed mixture resulted primarily in dense stands of Lolium perenne that caused an increase in shrub and tree mortality. Cost–benefit analysis showed that despite hayseed being the most expensive approach in terms of cost and time, it ensured higher species diversity, vegetation structure and greening. Our results highlighted that autochthonous plant materials can improve excavation‐areas restoration by both contrasting the colonisation of non‐native species and increasing natural regeneration and biodiversity levels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatric nurses’ attitudes towards children visiting their parents in psychiatric inpatient units
Authors: Houlihan D. , Sharek D. , Higgins A. 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundThe provision of care for children of parents with a mental health problem is an area that is frequently neglected by health-care practitioners.ObjectivesThe aim of the overall study was to explore psychiatric nurses’ knowledge of, attitudes and practice towards the support needs of children whose parent has a mental health problem. This paper specifically addresses the views of psychiatric nurses towards children visiting their parent in a mental health inpatient facility.MethodThis study employed a self-completion survey design with a sample of 114 registered psychiatric nurses from one integrated mental health service in Ireland.ResultsThe majority of participants were in favour of children visiting their parent when in hospital, but were of the view that the visiting areas should be away from the main ward location and designed to be child-friendly. Many expressed concerns about the standard of visiting facilities and worried about the potentially negative impact of a visit on the child's well-being. In relation to education on child-care issues, a significant majority of the participants reported not having received any education in the child-care issues identified and, as a likely consequence, rated their knowledge as insufficient.ConclusionsThis study highlights the need for further work in the areas of practitioner education, child-friendly visiting facilities, and the development of policy and practice guidelines around children whose parents experience a mental health problem.
Poststimulus response characteristics of the human cone flicker electroretinogram
Authors: GOWRISANKARAN SOWJANYA , McANANY J. JASON , ALEXANDER KENNETH R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAt certain temporal frequencies, the human cone flicker electroretinogram (ERG) contains multiple additional responses following the termination of a flicker train. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these poststimulus responses are a continuing response to the terminated flicker train or represent the oscillation of a resonant system. ERGs were recorded from 10 visually normal adults in response to full-field sinusoidally modulated flicker trains presented against a short-wavelength rod-saturating adapting field. The amplitude and timing properties of the poststimulus responses were evaluated within the context of a model of a second-order resonant system. At stimulus frequencies between 41.7 and 71.4 Hz, the majority of subjects showed at least three additional ERG responses following the termination of the flicker train. The interval between the poststimulus responses was approximately constant across stimulus frequency, with a mean of 14.4 ms, corresponding to a frequency of 69.4 Hz. The amplitude and timing characteristics of the poststimulus ERG responses were well described by an underdamped second-order system with a resonance frequency of 70.3 Hz. The observed poststimulus ERG responses may represent resonant oscillations of retinal ON bipolar cells, as has been proposed for electrophysiological recordings of poststimulus responses from retinal ganglion cells. However, further investigation is required to determine the types of retinal neurons involved in the generation of the poststimulus responses of the human flicker ERG.
Growth and maturation
Authors: Baxter-Jones Adam
                D.G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The terms ‘growth’ and ‘maturation’ are used broadly to include all developmental processes, for example, cognitive growth and social maturation;8 however, this chapter uses a stricter definition and limits its focus to physical aspects, primarily the growth at the organism level, that is, the level of the whole child. In the growth and maturity literature, life leading up to maturity is split into three stages: the prenatal period, childhood, and adolescence. The period of prenatal life is vitally important to the child’s well-being;9 however, it will not be covered in this chapter, as discussion will focus on the first two decades of post-natal life. The terms adolescence and puberty are used frequently in the paediatric literature to explain the later period of growth and maturity, often with no clear distinction in their definitions. Some authors refer to adolescence when talking about psychosocial changes and puberty when talking about the physical changes. However, as most of the literature use these terms interchangeably, this chapter will use adolescence synonymously with puberty.
Aerobic training
Authors: Mahon Anthony
                D. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Aerobic training is defined as exercise training that involves whole body endurance activity that is sustained for a sufficient length of time and at a sufficient intensity in order to improve cardiorespiratory fitness.1 The effect of aerobic training on physiological function in children has been investigated for nearly four decades. Some of this research has focused on the health-related benefits of this type of training on children and adolescents and for good reason. With increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and many other physical inactivity-related disorders, there is ample reason to discern the health-related effects of aerobic training during the paediatric years.2,3 However, there also has been a concerted effort to study the effect of aerobic training on the physiological adaptations, particularly maximal oxygen uptake (V·O2 max), that are associated with endurance performance.4 This chapter will focus on the latter consideration and will examine the effect of aerobic training in apparently healthy children and adolescents.
Whither the Relationship Between Etiology and Phenotype in Tourette Syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M. , Eapen Valsamma 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Tourette syndrome (TS) phenotype is not unitary but heterogeneous. This chapter offers a critical commentary on available research on the definition of the phenotype of TS, analyzed from different perspectives, and provides an update on the nosography of tic disorders. Endophenotype studies indicate that there are indeed a few correlations between etiology and phenotype, and this is an exciting area. Gender and other behavioral differences may indicate different etiological factors, and there is some evidence to suggest the existence of obsessive-compulsive behavior/disorder endophenotpyes. Early neuroimaging studies suggest that this may be due to prenatal and perinatal difficulties, which influence the phenotypic expression of the TS gene(s). Thus, replication studies are required with similar methods and with the TS patients subdivided into phenotypes. The clinical phenotype and the severity of symptoms, as well as the associated psychopathology observed in TS, may be influenced by the nature and extent of involvement of the above circuitry based on both genetic and nongenetic factors as well as the developmental period in question. There may be shared molecular genetic pathways affecting development across diagnostic boundaries mediated through neurodevelopmental genes.
Hyperemesis gravidarum and birth outcomes—a population‐based cohort study of 2.2 million births in the Norwegian Birth Registry
Authors: Vandraas KF , Vikanes ÅV , Vangen S , Magnus P , Støer NC , Grjibovski AM 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo study associations between hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and birth outcomes.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingNorway.SampleSingleton births in the Norwegian Birth Registry, 1967–2009 (n = 2 270 363).MethodsMultiple logistic regression was applied to study associations between HG and dichotomous outcomes; multiple linear regression to study associations between HG, birthweight and gestational length. Generalised estimating equations were applied to obtain valid standard errors. Sub‐analysis on data with available information on smoking was conducted (1999–2009).Main outcome measuresSmall and large for gestational age (SGA/LGA), Apgar score after 5 minutes, very preterm and preterm birth (VPTB/PTB), perinatal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, birthweight and gestational length.ResultsNo associations between HG and adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed in crude analyses, except for VPTB (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.93). In adjusted analysis, HG was associated with perinatal death (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.08–1.48). Inverse associations were observed between HG and VPTB (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68–0.94) and LGA (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–0.99). Sub‐analyses showed no associations between HG and perinatal death (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.91–1.83). The inverse associations between HG, VPTB and LGA were strengthened (OR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.48–0.91 and OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.93, respectively). Exposed babies had reduced birthweight and gestational length compared with unexposed, adjusted difference − 21.4 g and − 0.5 days, respectively. Adjustment for smoking slightly strengthened the impact of HG on birthweight.ConclusionsInverse associations for HG and VPTB and LGA were observed. HG was associated with slight reductions in birthweight and gestational age.
Rapid and Sensitive Immunochromatographic Strip for On‐site Detection of Sulfamethazine in Meats and Eggs
Authors: Shim Won‐Bo , Kim Jeong‐Sook , Kim Min‐Gon , Chung Duck‐Hwa 
Published: September 2013

Abstract A rapid immunochromatographic (ICG) strip based on a conjugate of colloidal gold and monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed for the rapid, sensitive, and on‐site detection of sulfamethazine in meat and egg samples. The detection limit of the ICG strip is 2 ng/mL, and the assay can be completed in 10 min. A cross‐reactivity test indicated that the ICG strip was highly specific to sulfamethazine with no cross‐reaction with sulfonamide compounds and other antibiotics. The results of the recovery test from meat and egg samples spiked with sulfamethazine were in good agreement with those obtained by the indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. These results demonstrated that the ICG strip can be used as a rapid and qualitative tool for on‐site screening of sulfamethazine in meat and egg samples.
Plum Coatings of Lemongrass Oil‐incorporating Carnauba Wax‐based Nanoemulsion
Authors: Kim In‐Hah , Lee Hanna , Kim Jung Eun , Song Kyung Bin , Lee Youn Suk , Chung Dae Sung , Min Sea C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNanoemulsions containing lemongrass oil (LO) were developed for coating plums and the effects of the nanoemulsion coatings on the microbial safety and physicochemical storage qualities of plums during storage at 4 and 25 °C were investigated. The emulsions used for coating were produced by mixing a carnauba wax‐based solution (18%, w/w) with LO at various concentrations (0.5% to 4.0%, w/w) using dynamic high pressure processing at 172 MPa. The coatings were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and their ability to preserve various physicochemical qualities of plums. Uniform and continuous coatings on plums, formed with stable emulsions, initially inhibited S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 by 0.2 to 2.8 and 0.8 to 2.7 log CFU/g, respectively, depending on the concentration of LO and the sequence of coating. The coatings did not significantly alter the flavor, fracturability, or glossiness of the plums. The antimicrobial effects of the coatings against S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were demonstrated during storage at 4 and 25 °C. The coatings reduced weight loss and ethylene production by approximately 2 to 3 and 1.4 to 4.0 fold, respectively, and also retarded the changes in lightness and the concentration of phenolic compounds in plums during storage. The firmness of coated plums was generally higher than uncoated plums when stored at 4 °C and plum respiration rates were reduced during storage. Coatings containing nanoemulsions of LO have the potential to inhibit Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 contamination of plums and may extend plum shelf life.
Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for completely endophytic renal masses: a single institution experience
Authors: Autorino Riccardo , Khalifeh Ali , Laydner Humberto , Samarasekera Dinesh , Rizkala Emad , Eyraud Remi , Stein Robert J. , Haber Georges‐Pascal , Kaouk Jihad H. 
Published: September 2013

Objective
To analyse the outcomes of robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for completely endophytic renal tumours.
Patients and Methods
Medical records of patients who had undergone RAPN for a completely endophytic (i.e. 3 points for the ‘E’ domain of the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score) enhancing renal mass at our Centre from 2006 to 2012 were retrieved from our prospectively maintained RAPN database and used for this analysis.
Demographics, surgical and early postoperative outcomes were compared with those of patients with exophytic masses (i.e. 1 point for the ‘E’ domain) and those of patients with mesophytic masses (i.e. 2 points for the ‘E’ domain).
Results
In all, 65 patients (mean age 56 years; mean body mass index 29.4 kg/m2; mean Charlson comorbidity index 3.2) were included in the study group, accounting for 16.7% of RAPN cases over the study period. The main surgical outcomes were: mean operative time 175 min, mean estimated blood loss 225 mL, and mean warm ischaemia time 21.7 min.
Pathology showed a malignant histology in 48 cases (74%), mostly clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Two positive margins (3%) were found.
Patients with a completely endophytic mass had smaller tumours on preoperative imaging (mean 2.6 vs 3.3 for mesophytic vs 3.7 cm for exophytic; P < 0.001), and higher overall R.E.N.A.L. score (mean 8.7 vs 7.6 vs 6.4; P < 0.001).
There was a lower rate of unclamped cases in the endophytic group (3.1% vs 4.8% vs 18%; P < 0.001).
There were no differences in intraoperative complications, length of hospital stay, positive margin rate, postoperative change in estimated glomerular filtration rate, given a similar length of follow‐up (mean 12.6 vs 15.7 vs 14.5 months; P = 0.3).
Conclusion
RAPN for completely intraparenchymal renal tumours can be safely and effectively performed in centres with significant robotic expertise, with surgical outcomes resembling those obtained in the general RAPN population.
Midkine in host defence
Authors: Gela A , Jovic S , Nordin S L , Egesten A 
Published: September 2013

Midkine (MK) shares several features in common with antibacterial proteins of the innate immune system. These include growth factor properties, heparin‐binding regions and effects on immune cells, such as recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages. Indeed, recent research has demonstrated potent bactericidal and fungicidal activities of MK. This protein is constitutively expressed at relevant concentrations at barriers of the body, such as the skin and the large airways, where the body first encounters potential pathogens. The antibacterial properties of MK orthologues are preserved during evolution, as exemplified by miple2 of Drosophila. In addition to retinoic acid, promoters of MK gene expression include factors present at sites of infection, reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB and hypoxia. In the light of the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics, MK is an interesting molecule that could serve as a template in developing novel therapeutic strategies against bacterial and fungal infections, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐4
Outcomes of applying the NOF, NOGG and Taiwanese guidelines to a cohort of Chinese early postmenopausal women
Authors: Cheung Elaine , Kung Annie W. C. , Tan Kathryn C. B. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryObjectiveWe applied the NOF (National Osteoporosis Foundation, USA), NOGG (National Osteoporosis Guideline Group, UK) and Taiwanese guidelines to a cohort of postmenopausal women and compared the effectiveness in fracture prevention according to these guidelines.DesignThis study is part of the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study in which postmenopausal women underwent regular assessment and followed up for fracture outcome.SubjectsWe studied 2266 treatment‐naïve postmenopausal women with mean age of 62·1 years and mean follow‐up of 4·5 years.MeasurementThe treatment recommendations based on different guidelines were compared. The women were followed up to determine the rate of fracture occurrence.ResultsA total of 106 new major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) were reported, of which 21 were hip fractures (HF). Application of the NOF, NOGG and Taiwanese guidelines resulted in bone mineral density (BMD) screening of 40·7%, 1·3% and 31·8% and treatment of 26·8%, 15·5% and 25·4% of the cohort, respectively. 85·7%, 52·4% and 85·7% of the subjects who sustained HFs would be offered treatment according to the NOF, NOGG and Taiwanese guidelines, respectively. Likewise, 58·5%, 34% and 59·4% of the subjects who sustained MOF would be offered treatment according to the 3 guidelines, respectively. The clinical utility indexes for the 3 guidelines based on the occurrence of MOF during follow‐up were 0·0597, 0·0345 and 0·0651, respectively. The corresponding numbers for HFs were even lower.ConclusionThe clinical utility for these three guidelines is low for this postmenopausal cohort. Specific guidelines should be needed to guide BMD screening and treatment in our society.