bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities: A Foundation for Ethical Disability and Health Research in Developing Countries
Authors: Durham Jo , Brolan Claire E. , Mukandi Bryan 
Published: October 2014

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has foregrounded disability as a human rights and equity issue, elevating it to a priority global research area. Academics from Western universities are likely to play an increasing role in disability health research in developing countries. In such contexts, there is a need to bridge the gap between procedural ethics and the realities of disability research in cross-cultural contexts. We provide guidance on engaging in ethical disability health research that intersects with and upholds the CRPD. We highlight challenges and tensions in doing so, underscoring the need to be sensitive to the sociocultural and political context of disability that determines how ethical research should proceed. We conclude with 5 recommendations.
Illness Absences Among Beryllium Sensitized Workers
Authors: Watkins Janice P. , Ellis Elizabeth D. , Girardi David J. , Cragle Donna L. , Richter Bonnie S. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. This study examined absence rates among US Department of Energy workers who had beryllium sensitization (BeS) or were diagnosed with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) compared with those of other workers. Methods. We used the lymphocyte proliferation test to determine beryllium sensitivity. In addition, we applied multivariable logistic regression to compare absences from 2002 to 2011 between workers with BeS or CBD to those without, and survival analysis to compare time to first absence by beryllium sensitization status. Finally, we examined beryllium status by occupational group. Results. Fewer than 3% of the 19 305 workers were BeS, and workers with BeS or CBD had more total absences (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 1.46) and respiratory absences (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.84) than did other workers. Time to first absence for all causes and for respiratory conditions occurred earlier for workers with BeS or CBD than for other workers. Line operators and crafts personnel were at increased risk for BeS or CBD. Conclusions. Although not considered “diseased,” workers with BeS have higher absenteeism compared with nonsensitized workers.
A Public Health Response to Data Interoperability to Prevent Child Maltreatment
Authors: Nguyen Loc H. 
Published: October 2014

The sharing of data, particularly health data, has been an important tool for the public health community, especially in terms of data sharing across systems (i.e., interoperability). Child maltreatment is a serious public health issue that could be better mitigated if there were interoperability. There are challenges to addressing child maltreatment interoperability that include the current lack of data sharing among systems, the lack of laws that promote interoperability to address child maltreatment, and the lack of data sharing at the individual level. There are waivers in federal law that allow for interoperability to prevent communicable diseases at the individual level. Child maltreatment has a greater long-term impact than a number of communicable diseases combined, and interoperability should be leveraged to maximize public health strategies to prevent child maltreatment.
Legal Mechanisms Supporting Accountable Care Principles
Authors: Ramanathan Tara 
Published: October 2014

Public health and private providers and facilities may shape the future of the US health system by engaging in new ways to deliver care to patients. “Accountable care” contracts allow private health care and public health providers and facilities to collaboratively serve defined populations. Accountable care frameworks emphasize health care quality and cost savings, among other goals. In this article, I explore the legal context for accountable care, including the mechanisms by which providers, facilities, and public health coordinate activities, avoid inefficiencies, and improve health outcomes. I highlight ongoing evaluations of the impact of accountable care on public health outcomes.
Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Incarcerated Women: Findings From a Decade of Screening in a Los Angeles County Jail, 2002–2012
Authors: Javanbakht Marjan , Boudov Melina , Anderson Laura J. , Malek Mark , Smith Lisa V. , Chien Michael , Guerry Sarah 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We describe and report findings from a screening program to identify sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV among female inmates in Los Angeles County Jail. Methods. Chlamydia and gonorrhea screening was offered to entering female inmates. Women were eligible if they were (1) aged 30 years or younger, or (2) pregnant or possibly pregnant, or (3) booked on prostitution or sex-related charges. Voluntary syphilis and HIV testing was offered to all women between 2006 and 2009. This analysis reports on data collected from 2002 through 2012. Results. A total of 76 207 women participated in the program. Chlamydia prevalence was 11.4% and gonorrhea was 3.1%. Early syphilis was identified in 1.4% (141 of 9733) and the overall prevalence of HIV was 1.1% (83 of 7448). Treatment levels for early syphilis and HIV were high (99% and 100%, respectively), but only 56% of chlamydia and 58% of gonorrhea cases were treated. Conclusions. Screening incarcerated women in Los Angeles County revealed a high prevalence of STIs and HIV. These inmates represent a unique opportunity for the identification of STIs and HIV, although strategies to improve chlamydia and gonorrhea treatment rates are needed.
Impact of the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations With Nonrandomized Designs Reporting Guideline: Ten Years On
Authors: Fuller Thomas , Peters Jaime , Pearson Mark , Anderson Rob 
Published: October 2014

Objectives. We assessed how the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) reporting guideline was used by authors and journal editors in journals’ instructions to authors. We also evaluated its impact on reporting completeness and study quality. Methods. We extracted data from publications that cited TREND on how TREND was used in those reports; we also extracted information on journals’ instructions to authors. We then undertook a case–control study of relevant publications to evaluate the impact of using TREND. Results. Between 2004 and 2013, TREND was cited 412 times, but it was only evidently applied to study reports 47 times. TREND was specifically mentioned 14 times in the sample of 61 instructions to authors. Some evidence suggested that use of TREND was associated with more comprehensive reporting and higher study quality ratings. Conclusions. TREND appeared to be underutilized by authors and journal editors despite its potential application and benefits. We found evidence that suggested that using TREND could contribute to more transparent and complete study reports. Even when authors reported using TREND, reporting completeness was still suboptimal.
Integrating Unconventional Resource Opportunities into an Exploration and Production Portfolio
Authors: Chorn Larry , Dusterhoft Ron 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Basin-centered and tight oil source rock reservoirs are abundant across the world, but their potential and contribution have only been recognized and considered for exploitation within the last 15 years. Fundamental differences exist between conventional and unconventional resources (UR) lifecycles; these differences require conceptual changes by management and strategic planners in energy companies.
Unconventional resources lack a traditional exploration phase because the presence of shales and tight formations are widely known as a result of exploration activities for conventional resources. In addition, the variability of geologic properties in UR accumulations forces operators into a time-consuming appraisal phase to determine best practices for the particular character of the UR under study. After a development program has been sanctioned by management, the organization assumes a multi-decade program of drilling and stimulation, gathering system extension over a large area, and surface facility flexibility. Therefore, unconventional resources have been described as ‘statistical plays.’ This is true unless and until the operator has achieved static and dynamic models of the asset and is no longer hostage to local mean values and, more importantly, large standard deviations.
Consequently, UR capital commitments differ from those of conventional opportunities. URs have much longer economic lives and require nearly continuous capital investment. URs provide management with the opportunity to begin a development program, and then suspend and resume it in the future because each investment in a UR can be considered to be a unique portfolio entity. This paper addresses the strategic planning issues associated with capital commitments, resource and reserve recognition, and production forecasting in each stage in the lifecycle of a UR opportunity. The paper uses a basic, probabilistic planning model to evaluate the various approaches. The intent is to understand how UR opportunities can be blended into a portfolio containing conventional portfolio entities.
An Experimental Study of the Swelling Properties of Unconventional Shale Oil Rock Samples Using both Water-Based and Oil-Based Muds
Authors: Emadi H. , Soliman M. Y. , Samuel R. , Heinze L. R. , Moghaddam R. B. , Hutchison S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Although many shale oil wells have been drilled in recent years, the industry as a whole is still at the beginning of the learning curve with respect to shale oil drilling operations. Drilling through shale oil formations can be problematic and impose significant costs to operators attributed to wellbore stability problems. These problems include but are not limited to tight holes, stuck pipe, fishing, sidetracking, and well abandonment. Therefore, to more efficiently and effectively drill through such formations, operators should better understand their properties.
So far, few experiments have been conducted on shale oil rock samples to better understand their properties while drilling using oil-based mud (OBM). Most experiments have been performed on common shale core samples, which are significantly different from oil shale samples in terms of mineralogy, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pore fluid, and swelling properties.
This study investigates the swelling properties and CEC of shale oil core samples from the Eagle Ford field in the laboratory. Specifically, scientists submerged samples in 7% potassium-chloride (KCl) brine and OBM and then used strain gauges and the V-Shay data acquisition system to record both lateral and axial swellings for submerged and non-submerged areas. They then compared the effects of drilling fluid on the swelling properties of the rock samples and, consequently, on borehole stability during drilling operations.
All of the experiments were performed in an environmental chamber, which allowed maintaining a constant temperature. The samples were taken from the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal (45°) directions relative to the layering to help determine the optimum well path that would encounter the least possible wellbore stability problems associated with swelling during drilling operations. The results demonstrate that the swelling properties and CEC of the shale oil core samples are different from the common shale core samples. The study quantified the shale/fluid properties, interactions, and effects of the different fluids on rock properties in unconventional reserves. The results of the study can help drilling engineers more precisely understand unconventional shale oil rock properties. The results of the study should also help design a more effective drilling fluid for field applications, as well as more accurately predict the mechanism of formation failure.
Case Study: Completion Design Optimization for Barnett Oil Producing Area
Authors: Holderby Eric , Dahl Jeff , Spaid John , Dusterhoft Ron , Adams Ian 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Throughout the past several years, economic and technological advancements in the North American shale market with respect to drilling and hydraulic fracturing operations have helped create a "typical" operating scheme for producing from the multiple shale formation reservoirs currently being exploited. This typical scheme focuses on operational efficiency and cost reduction to drive profitability in these markets. While operational efficiency and effective cost control have led to more profitable operations in these shale reservoirs, the unknowns regarding the subsurface of these highly complex formations can often create situations of operating without sufficient information to optimally design drilling and completions strategies to produce larger volumes of hydrocarbon from the reservoir.
Opposed to conventional operations, the amount of basin and asset knowledge being collected and developed in most of these shale plays is much lower, and thus can result in poor development decisions, leading to less than optimum economic performance. Focus on subsurface knowledge as well as collaboration between the various aspects of developing an asset is essential to helping discover and produce more oil and gas from these complex reservoir systems.
This paper examines a case study of three wells in Wise County, Texas, in the Barnett shale, where a collaborative subsurface insight investigation and drilling and completions optimization process were used to illustrate the production benefit achieved through improved reservoir understanding. Within this process, an asset earth model was created using the collected information from wireline logging, logging while drilling (LWD), core testing, mechanical rock and fluid properties, formation mineralogy, and wellbore image logging. Additionally, for the completions design strategy, microseismic measurement and image log fracture matching and complex fracture modeling software tools were used to define and model the growth of the stimulated fracture network during hydraulic fracturing completions.
This paper presents an overview of "typical" previous completions and subsurface information collected before implementation of the new process in comparison to changes made to the drilling and completions designs used on three wells, as well as an overview of the types of information collected to supply the earth model. Examples of the fracture matching and complex fracture modeling for the wells helps illustrate the design and optimization of hydraulic fracturing treatments in a complex shale reservoir. Finally, a production results comparison is presented to illustrate a significant increase to production of hydrocarbon through better reservoir understanding and drilling and completion designs.
Production Enhancement In Arctic Environment: The Multilateral Experience For Viscous Oil
Authors: Raniolo S. , Mancini S. , Brega F. , Rovellini M. E. , Gentil P. , Malpeli M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The paper presents the experience of a multilateral well campaign for a viscous oil field and its benefits in terms of production.
The field is located in the North Slope of Alaska. The production start up was in January 2011. The main hydrocarbon reservoir is a Cretaceous sedimentary series developed in a sand lobe environment within the Schrader Bluff formation. The structure is a monocline gently dipping to NE with a gross thickness of about 30–35 ft. The oil presents different characteristics due to the instauration of a biodegradation process. Oil densities vary between 16°-19° API with associated viscosities in the range of 50–200 cP at reservoir conditions.
The crude quality and drill pad constraints (one offshore, one onshore) drove the development concept which consisted of a waterflood linedrive with horizontal producers and water injector wells located side by side. The lateral sections are 6,000′–10,000′ long through the reservoir with undulating counter-phase trajectories across the two main sand bodies. A challenging horizontal reach/depth step-out ratio around 6.5 has been achieved. The completion string was equipped to provide the capability of integrating a complex reservoir monitoring plan including distribute temperature surveys, inflow control devices and polymer tracers. The choice came out from the need of minimizing the cost and mitigating risk with the highest respect for the environment and the local communities.
With the goal of increasing reservoir contact, the multilateral concept consisting of undulating counter-phase dual-laterals was tested in August 2013. This initial test was followed by a limited campaign. As a result, well production doubled with respect to the average before the intervention. Similar productivity improvements were also observed in the new producers. At the time production was sustained by 20 producers and 15 injectors. Since then, eight additional laterals were added to existing producers and three new development wells were drilled and completed. The fieldwide step-change was evident with an overall production enhancement around plus 82% in May 2014.
After the first encouraging results, the multilateral campaign has been extended to all the producers and is now standard practice for the remaining development wells in this field.
Flushing Away the Profit: the Potential Misapplication of Unconventional Fracturing Technology on a Global Scale
Authors: Rylance M. , Martin A. N. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
It would have been difficult, if not impossible, to have been working in the oil and gas industry in recent years, without having heard of hydraulic fracturing and the revolution that has taken place using this technique when combined with horizontal wells, in unconventional resources across North America. In addition, you could be forgiven for believing that the hydraulic fracturing technique is a relatively new and recent approach, rather than the very well established science and engineering discipline that it is. Even within the industry, both operators and service providers, there appears to be a variable level of understanding and familiarity with applicability of unconventional technology. Such variation is in danger of overlooking the extensive breadth of knowledge that the industry has built up over more than 60 years of fracturing in the conventional reservoir environment.
The demarcation between conventional and unconventional formations is not a very clear one and in addition to the various definitions themselves, such nomenclature is often misapplied by the industry from one location to another. What can probably be agreed upon are the end-points that apply, namely that conventional formations are driven by well understood Darcy flow regime behaviour and drainage, whereas unconventional formations require to be somehow actuated, enabled and/or stimulated in order to provide an environment whereby a sustained flow rate can be experienced. As part of the drive to expand the application of unconventional technology across a global stage, it appears that such differentiation is at times, not fully respected or appreciated.
Globally, there is anecdotal evidence that some operators and service providers are attempting to transfer unconventional technology, without an associated detailed understanding of the nature of the formation planned to be stimulated. This often results in both operational issues and poor well productivity, neither of which are ever well publicised. However, the fact is that with increasing frequency, completion approaches that are perfectly valid for the unconventional environment, are being applied to conventional regimes for which they are not suited.
This paper will attempt to distinguish between the appropriate completions technologies for both unconventional and conventional formations and will indicate the potential pitfalls that await those who do not give appropriate consideration to such fundamental differences. Whilst the globalisation of such technology is of course to be encouraged, any misapplication will only result in disappointment and cause delays to any such global development.
Improved Assessment of Pore-Size Distribution and Pore Connectivity in Multiple-Porosity Systems using Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and NMR Measurements
Authors: Cheng Kai , Chi Lu , Heidari Zoya 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are considered among the most reliable methods to evaluate porosity and pore-size distribution in fluid-bearing rocks. However, in reservoirs with complex pore geometry, there is still a challenge to accurately interpret NMR data to evaluate petrophysical properties of these reservoirs. In this paper, we propose to inject superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) into rock samples with multiple-porosity system (including natural fractures) and then quantify their impact on NMR measurements. The comparison of NMR data before and after nanoparticle injection improves characterization of pore-size distribution and pore connectivity.
The objectives of this paper are (a) to improve assessment of pore-size distribution and pore connectivity in the heterogeneous multiple-porosity system containing natural fractures, and (b) to enhance the reliability of reservoir characterization in challenging reservoirs such as complex carbonates and organic-shale formations. We conducted coreflood experiments to inject SPION in rock samples from sandstone, carbonate, and organic-shale formations, and obtained NMR T2 distribution before and after SPION injection. We also numerically simulated the NMR responses in different rock samples using a random walk algorithm. The comparison of simulated NMR T2 distribution before and after nanoparticle injection confirmed the experimental results well.
The results of laboratory experiments show non-uniform distribution of SPION in the porous media. We observed that the long-relaxation-time peaks in NMR T2 distribution significantly shifts to short-relaxation-time in the presence of nanoparticles, indicating that inter-connected large pores/fractures are most easily pervaded by SPION. However, the original short-relaxation-time peaks remained at the same positions with almost the same amplitudes and shapes after SPION injection, indicating that small pores are not pervaded by SPION. The same accumulative volume of water in the rock before and after SPION injection indicates that SPION pervasion in the rock only results in the shift of T2 relaxation time, but does not affect estimates of total porosity. We conclude from the experiments and numerical simulations that natural fractures, interconnected and isolated large pores, and small intra-granular pores can be accurately differentiated in NMR T2 distribution with the aid of SPION.