bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit large eddy simulations of anisotropic weakly compressible turbulence with application to core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Radice David , Couch Sean M , Ott Christian D 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) paradigm, the dissipative nature of high-resolution shock-capturing schemes is exploited to provide an implicit model of turbulence. The ILES approach has been applied to different contexts, with varying degrees of success. It is the de-facto standard in many astrophysical simulations and in particular in studies of core-collapse supernovae (CCSN). Recent 3D simulations suggest that turbulence might play a crucial role in core-collapse supernova explosions, however the fidelity with which turbulence is simulated in these studies is unclear. Especially considering that the accuracy of ILES for the regime of interest in CCSN, weakly compressible and strongly anisotropic, has not been systematically assessed before. Anisotropy, in particular, could impact the dissipative properties of the flow and enhance the turbulent pressure in the radial direction, favouring the explosion. In this paper we assess the accuracy of ILES using numerical methods most commonly employed in computational astrophysics by means of a number of local simulations of driven, weakly compressible, anisotropic turbulence. Our simulations employ several different methods and span a wide range of resolutions. We report a detailed analysis of the way in which the turbulent cascade is influenced by the numerics. Our results suggest that anisotropy and compressibility in CCSN turbulence have little effect on the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum and a Kolmogorov $k^{-5/3}$

k

−
5
/
3

scaling is obtained in the inertial range. We find that, on the one hand, the kinetic energy dissipation rate at large scales is correctly captured even at low resolutions, suggesting that very high “effective Reynolds number” can be achieved at the largest scales of the simulation. On the other hand, the dynamics at intermediate scales appears to be completely dominated by the so-called bottleneck effect, i.e., the pile up of kinetic energy close to the dissipation range due to the partial suppression of the energy cascade by numerical viscosity. An inertial range is not recovered until the point where high resolution ∼5123, which would be difficult to realize in global simulations, is reached. We discuss the consequences for CCSN simulations.
Duodenal Expression of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase Is Higher in Adolescents Than in Children and Adults
Authors: Gawlik Aneta , Gepstein Vardit , Rozen Nimrod , Dahan Aviva , Ben-Yosef Dafna , Wildbaum Gizi , Verbitsky Oleg , Shaoul Ron , Weisman Yosef , Tiosano Dov 
Published: August 2015

Context:
Puberty is associated with increased dietary calcium absorption. However, little is known about the metabolic adaptations that enhance calcium absorption during puberty.

Objectives:
To investigate duodenal 25-hydroxy vitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP 27B1) mRNA expression and duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) production in children, adolescents, and adults.

Design and Methods:
CYP27B1and IGF1 mRNA expression and 1,25(OH)2D3 production were determined in duodenal biopsies. CYP27B1 expression was also determined after IGF1R inhibitor treatment of human and mice duodenal explants. mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR, and CYP27B1 activity was determined by incubating duodenal explants with 25(OH)D3 and measuring 1,25(OH)2D3 production by radioimmunoassay.

Results:
CYP27B1 mRNA expression was 13.7 and 10.4 times higher in biopsies from adolescents compared to adults and children, respectively. IGF1 mRNA expression was 30% and 45% higher in explants from adolescents and children, respectively, compared to adults. Inhibition of IGF1 receptor activity decreased CYP27B1expression in explants from both mice (85%) and humans (24%). 1,25(OH)2D3 production reached a maximum velocity of 768 ± 268 pmol/l/mg protein at 748.8 nmol/l of 25(OH)D3 in children and adolescents, whereas the maximum velocity was 86.4 ± 43.2 pmol/l/mg protein in adults. The substrate concentration at which the enzyme shows half of its maximum activity was similar in all groups, ranging between 624 and 837 nmol/L of 25(OH)D3.

Conclusions:
Increased CYP27B1 expression and local duodenal 1,25(OH)2D3 production during puberty may be a metabolic adaptation that promotes dietary calcium absorption. IGF1, a major factor in skeletal growth, is also involved in the modulation of CYP27B1 expression in the gut and may increase calcium supply for the growing bone.
The challenge of objective scar colour assessment in a clinical setting: using digital photography
Authors: Anderson J.C. , Hallam M-J. , Nduka C. , Osorio D. 
Published: August 2015

Objective: Scar assessment in the clinical setting is typically impeded by a lack of quantitative data and most systems rely on subjective rating scales which are user dependant and show considerable variability between raters. The growing use of digital photography in medicine suggests a more objective approach to scar evaluation. Our objective was to determine if cameras could be of practical use for measuring colour in a clinical setting. Method: The measurement of colour and reflectance spectra in photographs faces two difficulties: firstly the effects of variable illumination spectra, and secondly to recover accurate colour and spectral information from the sparse red, green and blue (RGB) camera signals. As a result the colour rendition is often inaccurate, and spectral information is lost. To deal with variable illumination and other factors that systematically affect all reflectance spectra ColourWorker (a method for image-based colour measurement implemented in software) calibrates the spectral responses of the camera's RGB sensors using a colour standard in the image. To make best use of the calibrated signals, it takes advantage of the fact that although a given RGB signal can be caused by an infinite number of spectra, most natural reflectance spectra vary smoothly and have predictable forms. This means given a set of examples of spectra produced by the materials of interest, it is possible to estimate the specific spectrum that produced a given RGB signal once corrected for the illumination. We describe a method for recovering spectral and chromatic information relating to surface reflectance from ordinary digital images and apply this to analyse photographs of surgical scars, taken as part of a clinical trial, in an attempt to better quantify clinical scar assessment. It should be noted the pre-existing trial protocol did not allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the accuracy of the method which would require the spectrophotometric measurement of skin regions corresponding to those in the photographs. Results: Scar colour was estimated reliably, and with simple image analysis we were able to record the change in colour across the skin. Furthermore, we describe a simple automated assessment procedure that enables scar severity to be quantified and defined using a single scalar value easily. Conclusion: Such image-based colour measurement and assessment offers considerable advantages over other current methods, including spectrometers, which measure only a single point, or printed charts.
Ermittlung des Investitionsvolumens zur energetischen Modernisierung des Nichtwohngebäudebestands auf Grundlage von CO2-Minderungs-Szenarien und Klimaschutzstrategien am Beispiel von Wuppertal-Vohwinkel
Authors: Hamann Achim 
Published: August 2015

ZusammenfassungBetrachtungen zu Klimaschutzzielen sind inzwischen beim Nichtwohngebäudebestand angekommen. Das resultierende jährliche Investitionsvolumen ist dabei immobilienökonomisch ebenso von Interesse, wie die Leitparameter zur Erreichung der CO2-Minderungen beim Nichtwohngebäudebestand bis zum Jahr 2050. Damit Antworten geliefert werden können, ist zunächst die lückenhafte Datengrundlage bei den beheizten Nichtwohngebäuden zu verbessern. Ein Modell für die Stadtteil- und Stadtebene auf Basis örtlich überprüfter Liegenschaftsdaten aus einem Geografischen Informationssystem wird dazu vorgestellt. Bezogen auf die CO2-Emissionen aus der Erzeugung der Raumwärme für Nichtwohngebäude wird für den Untersuchungsraum im Bereich von Wuppertal festgestellt, dass der Anteil etwa 13 % der CO2-Gesamtemissionen beträgt. Auf Grundlage der ermittelten Bestandsdaten für das Jahr 2010 werden CO2-Minderungs-Szenarien zum gesamten Nichtwohngebäudebestand bis zum Jahr 2050 aufgezeigt. Ergänzend wurde als Grundlage von Szenarienvarianten eine Akteursbefragung in Wuppertal-Vohwinkel zu den Teilbeständen der kirchlichen Einrichtungen und privaten Büroflächen berücksichtigt. Mit Hilfe der Szenarien konnten die Verläufe der CO2-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2050 analysiert und Leitparameter zur Zielerreichung bis zum Jahr 2050 abgeleitet werden. Die Ergebnisse stellen Grundlagen zu ersten Abschätzungen des jährlich notwendigen Investitionsvolumens zur energetischen Modernisierung des Nichtwohngebäudebestands dar. Das jährliche Investitionsvolumen wird auf dieser Grundlage bis zum Jahr 2020 für den Stadtteil Vohwinkel (ca. 30.000 Einwohner) und für die Stadt Wuppertal (ca. 350.000 Einwohner) abgeschätzt.
Numerical Methods for Genetic Regulatory Network Identification Based on a Variational Approach
Authors: Feng Xiaobing , Yoon Miun 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper studies differential equation-based mathematical models
and their numerical solutions for genetic regulatory network
identification. The primary objectives are to design, analyze,
and test a general variational framework and numerical methods for seeking its
approximate solutions for reverse engineering genetic regulatory
networks from microarray datasets. In the proposed variational
framework, no structure assumption on the genetic network is presumed,
instead, the network is solely determined by the microarray profile
of the network components and is identified through a well chosen
variational principle which minimizes an energy functional.
The variational principle serves not only as a selection criterion
to pick up the right solution of the underlying differential
equation model but also provides an effective mathematical characterization
of the small-world property of genetic regulatory networks which
has been observed in lab experiments. Five specific models
within the variational framework and efficient numerical methods
and algorithms for computing their solutions are proposed and
analyzed. Model validations using both synthetic
network datasets and subnetwork datasets of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and E. coli are
performed on all five proposed variational models and
a performance comparison versus some existing genetic regulatory network
identification methods is also provided.
The macromolecular crowding effect – from in vitro into the cell
Authors: Gnutt David , Ebbinghaus Simon 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The influence of the cellular milieu, a complex and crowded solvent, is often neglected when biomolecular structure and function are studied in vitro. To mimic the cellular environment, crowding effects are commonly induced in vitro using artificial crowding agents like Ficoll or dextran. However, it is unclear if such effects are also observed in cellulo. Diverging results on protein stability in living cells point out the need for new quantitative methods to investigate the contributions of excluded volume and nonspecific interactions to the cellular crowding effect. We show how new crowding sensitive probes may be utilized to directly investigate crowding effects in living cells. Moreover, we discuss processes where crowding effects could play a crucial role in molecular cell biology.
A constitutive function for the heat flux in short-fiber-reinforced composites
Authors: Herrmann Heiko 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A constitutive function for heat flux in short-fiber-reinforced composites is developed. The fiber orientation distribution is considered using second-order orientation tensor; therefore, the constitutive function for the heat flux will depend on the orientation tensor. The resulting orthotropic equation is discussed also in the context of energy efficiency of buildings.
Linguistic minorities and the multilingual turn: constructing language ownership through affect in cultural production
Authors: McLaughlin Mireille 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The “multilingual turn” brings questions of language ownership to the forefront of debates about linguistic minority governance. Acadian minority cultural producers construct language ownership using multiple languages and targeting multilingual publics, but use ideologies of monolingualism to situate Acadian authenticity in place and time. As globalization brings minority language governmentality onto global terrains, cultural workers manage the tension between multilingualism and ownership through affective registers. This paper contributes to theorizing language and governmentality by understanding affect as a discursively produced register that serves to legitimate the distribution of resources. I follow the role affect plays in constructing linguistic minority subjects as agents of globalization. I flip cultural entrepreneur’s understanding of themselves as liberal agents of linguistic change and show how they are constrained by the political salience of monolingualism. I draw on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in the field of linguistic minority cultural production in Acadie to track moments when questions of ownership appeared. I pay attention to the role affect played in navigating the tensions between the economic value of multilingualism for global markets and the remaining political salience of monolingualism for minorities. Affect served to reproduce the minority speaker as a particular type of subject, one “attached” to a community constructed as ideally monolingual, either in the past, present or future. I then map out global linguistic minority governmentality to show how knowledge production on language is embedded in the tensions experienced by linguistic minority cultural producers.
P-type Doping of Organic Charge Transport Materials with Tungsten Oxide
Authors: Li X. M. , Yang R. Y. , Cao X. A. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThe effects of WO3 doping in 4,4’-bis-9-carbozyl biphenyl (CBP) were studied through detailed electrical device characterization. A series of hole-only devices have been fabricated, where the doping level was varied from 10-40mol% and the doped CBP thickness was varied from 5-40 nm. It was found that, to achieve effective doping for improved hole injection and transport, the doping level should be greater than 20mol% and the doped layer should be at least 10 nm thick. It was also found that an energy barrier exists at the doped and undoped CBP interface, resulting in an additional voltage drop. This finding was explained by a large downward shift of the Fermi level in WO3-doped CBP, which causes band bending and depletion at the interface. Finally, simplified green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with CBP as the hole transport and host material were fabricated. With a WO3-doped hole transport layer, the OLEDs attained brightness above 105 cd/m2 at 20 mA/cm2, and exhibited an improved reliability under constant-current stressing as compared to undoped OLEDs.
Plant biodiversity effects in reducing fluvial erosion are limited to low species richness
Authors: Allen Daniel C. , Cardinale Bradley J. , Wynn‐Thompson Theresa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIt has been proposed that plant biodiversity may increase the erosion resistance of soils, yet direct evidence for any such relationship is lacking. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with eight species of riparian herbaceous plants, and found evidence that plant biodiversity significantly reduced fluvial erosion rates, with the eight‐species polyculture decreasing erosion by 23% relative to monocultures. Species richness effects were largest at low levels of species richness, with little increase between four and eight species. Our results suggest that plant biodiversity reduced erosion rates indirectly through positive effects on root length and number of root tips, and that interactions between legumes and non‐legumes were particularly important in producing biodiversity effects. Presumably, legumes increased root production of non‐legumes by increasing soil nitrogen availability due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Our data suggest that a restoration project using species from different functional groups might provide the best insurance to maintain long‐term erosion resistance.
Microbiologic Findings in Relation to Risk Assessment for Periodontal Disease: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Hur Yong , Choi Seung Kee , Ogata Yumi , Stark Paul C. , Levi Paul A. 
Published: August 2015

Background: In this study, an association between a computerized risk calculator and microbiologic testing is examined in patients with periodontitis.Methods: Seventy‐four patients with moderate and severe periodontitis were selected from patients receiving treatment at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. Their periodontal risk was analyzed with a periodontitis risk assessment tool, and microbiologic testing was performed. Periodontitis risk assessment and microbiologic testing were examined for a possible association. The data were evaluated by the χ2 test at P <0.05 levels.Results: Forty‐six patients scored as having a “very high” risk of periodontitis and 22 patients scored as having a “high” risk of periodontitis by the risk assessment tool. Patients with a risk score of very high risk showed a higher detection of each bacterium except Capnocytophaga species than the rest of the study population. Treponema denticola and Prevotella intermedia (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively) were two bacteria that showed a statistically significant difference between patients at very high risk and those at high risk.Conclusions: Patients with periodontitis were identified as high risk and very high risk compared with the rest of the risk categories by the risk assessment tool. The study population, categorized mostly as very high risk, showed high detection of putative periodontal bacteria.
Chronic Periodontitis Is Associated With Spinal Dysmobility in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Kang Eun Ha , Lee Jung Tae , Lee Hyo‐Jung , Lee Joo Youn , Chang Sung Hae , Cho Hyon Joung , Choi Byoong Yong , Ha You‐Jung , Park Kyoung Un , Song Yeong Wook , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Lee Yun Jong 
Published: August 2015

Background: Although microbes have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), several studies present contradictory results regarding the association between AS and chronic periodontitis (CP).Methods: Clinical, laboratory, and medication data were collected from 84 patients with AS and 84 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Periodontal measurements, including probing depths (PDs), clinical attachment loss (AL), serum anti‐Porphyromonas gingivalis titers, and the detection of P. gingivalis DNA in gingival crevicular fluid, were recorded. All participants with periodontitis with PD ≥4 to <7 mm received scaling and root planing and were re‐evaluated at 12 weeks; those still exhibiting periodontitis with PD of ≥4 to <7 mm at 12 weeks were followed at 24 weeks.Results: The prevalence of moderate‐to‐severe CP was not different between patients with AS and controls (70.2% versus 66.6%). The P. gingivalis detection rate was not different between patients with AS and controls or between patients with AS receiving and not receiving anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α agents. However, CP was positively associated with impaired spinal mobility of patients with AS in multivariate analyses. After periodontal treatment, PD and AL levels were improved in both groups, but the change was significantly greater in patients with AS than in controls. Patients with AS receiving anti‐TNF‐α agents exhibited a greater improvement in PD and AL than those who did not.Conclusions: Although AS was not associated with the presence of CP, CP was associated positively with the severity of spinal dysmobility in Korean patients with AS. These results suggest that periodontitis can have a negative effect on axial movement in AS.
Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of More Than 1.9 Million Individuals From 38 Observational Studies
Authors: Knott Craig , Bell Steven , Britton Annie 
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVE
Observational studies indicate that moderate levels of alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. In addition to providing an updated summary of the existing literature, this meta-analysis explored whether reductions in risk may be the product of misclassification bias.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A systematic search was undertaken, identifying studies that reported a temporal association between alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes. No restrictions were placed upon the language or date of publication. Non-English publications were, where necessary, translated using online translation tools. Models were constructed using fractional polynomial regression to determine the best-fitting dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and type 2 diabetes, with a priori testing of sex and referent group interactions.

RESULTS
Thirty-eight studies met the selection criteria, representing 1,902,605 participants and 125,926 cases of type 2 diabetes. A conventional noncurrent drinking category was reported by 33 studies, while five reported a never-drinking category. Relative to combined abstainers, reductions in the risk of type 2 diabetes were present at all levels of alcohol intake &lt;63 g/day, with risks increasing above this threshold. Peak risk reduction was present between 10–14 g/day at an 18% decrease in hazards. Stratification of available data revealed that reductions in risk may be specific to women only and absent in studies that adopted a never-drinking abstention category or sampled an Asian population region.

CONCLUSIONS
Reductions in risk among moderate alcohol drinkers may be confined to women and non-Asian populations. Although based on a minority of studies, there is also the possibility that reductions in risk may have been overestimated by studies using a referent group contaminated by less healthy former drinkers.