bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obligation to pay interest
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 78, which establishes the obligation of a party to pay interest on any sum that is in arrears. The provision is applicable for all obligations based on the contract—regardless of whether it is a primary claim to performance or a secondary claim to damages, and regardless of whether the claim is expressly mentioned in the contract or derived from the Convention on the International Sale of Goods or national law applicable. The chapter zooms in on the preconditions of applying Article 78. It also highlights that the provisions of the payment, such as the place of payment and currency, are not expressly governed in this article. Furthermore, the chapter explains that an interest claim based on Article 78 stops accumulating if the principal obligation is paid in full.
Buyer’s loss of rights where restitution of goods is impossible
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Article 82 as the successor of Article 79(1) ULIS, which compared to its predecessor, has been condensed and complemented by Article 82(2)(c), according to which resale, consumption, or transformation do not hinder avoidance of the contract. Article 82 poses a principle that may appear rather complicated and overly restrictive, but it was adopted and known to many predominant domestic sales laws in the world. It analyzes how Article 82 states that the buyer who cannot hand back to the seller the goods originally received is not entitled to declare the contract avoided. The chapter highlights the fact that the goods are no longer essentially in the condition in which the buyer had received them will deprive the buyer of its right to avoidance. Article 82 and its exception can essentially be traced back to classic Roman law.
Depositary
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Article 90 that defines the Sales Convention’s sphere of application in cases in which another instrument, such as an international agreement, seeks application. It points out that clauses like Article 90 are frequently found in uniform law-making conventions and are variously referred to as compatibility clause, concurrence clause, conflict clause, delimitation norm, disconnection clause, Relationsnorm, special treaty clause governing precedence, or subsidiarity clause. The general treaty law background of Article 90 are the rules in Article 30 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties on the application of successive treaties relating to the same subject-matter. The chapter cites Article 30(2) of the 1969 Vienna Convention that expressly grants prevalence to relationship clauses in concurrent treaties. Article 90 displaces the further rules in Article 30(3), (4) of the 1969 Vienna Convention, which are residual in nature.
Reservation regarding Article 1(1)(b)
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about Article 95, which authorizes each CISG Contracting State to declare a reservation, according to which it will not be bound by Article 1(1)(b). By authorizing an opting out of Article 1(1)(b), the reservation influences the Sales Convention’s sphere of applicability in courts of the reserving State in constellations not covered by Article 1(1)(a). It highlights how an Article 95 reservation does not affect the reservation State’s status as Contracting State in the sense of Article 1(1). The chapter reviews the historical reason for Article 95’s inclusion into the Sales Convention and the reservation itself was a true late-minute addition. As the Sales Convention is not establishing a give-and-take relationship between States but creating uniform commercial law rules for sales transactions between private parties, Article 95 is arguably ill-suited for this purpose.
Entry into force
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the primary purpose of Article 99, which is to define the date of the Sales Convention’s entry into force for new CISG Contracting States. It details how Article 99 governs one aspect of the CISG’s temporal sphere of application. Article 99’s second purpose is to coordinate the transition of those States that were Contracting States of the 1980 Sales Convention’s predecessors to the Sales Convention. The chapter categorizes Article 99 to the purely diplomatic final provisions and exclusively directed at States in their treaty-making capacity. Article 99’s predecessors in the 1964 Hague Sales Conventions and 1974 Limitation Convention contained counterparts to the entry into force rules, which did not address the relation to the 1964 Hague Convention.
A study on factors related to sleep disorders and serum BDNF expression levels in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Han Yaxin , Chen Xixi , Tang Guo , Peng Qing , Liu Jiajun , Liu Yan , Zhou Qiao , Long Li 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We aimed to assess the sleep quality of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and the associated factors. Moreover, we conducted a preliminary exploration of the clinical significance of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in pSS patients with sleep disorders.

Methods
A self-report survey was administered to 111 pSS patients and 40 healthy individuals using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep quality. Clinical data, and mental conditions were collected using on-site questionnaires and various scales. A total of 40 healthy controls from the health examination centre of the same hospital, who were age- and sex-matched. Detection of serum BDNF levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Use GraphPad Prism to analyze data and create graphs.

Results
Patients with pSS had higher scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index than the healthy individuals. Abnormal sweating, high Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and EULAR Sjögren Syndrome Patient Reported Index scores were independent risk factors for sleep disorders. pSS patients had lower serum BDNF than the healthy individuals. The area under the curve of predicting sleep disorder in pSS patients using detection of serum BDNF level was 0.8470, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.951 and 0.727, which were superior to Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.

Conclusion
Compared with the healthy individuals, pSS patients had a higher prevalence of sleep disorders and lower serum BNDF. Serum BDNF level demonstrated greater predictive advantage for sleep disorder in pSS patients.
Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm in Behcet’s Disease Manifesting as Haemoptysis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Al-Yacopy Ali Akeel , Alhatemi Ahmed Qasim Mohammed , Hashim Hashim Talib , Al-Obaidi Ahmed Dheyaa , Abdulhussain Rand 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) in Behcet’s disease is a rare yet potentially life-threatening manifestation, often presenting as haemoptysis. We present a case report of a 33-year-old male with recurrent haemoptysis and a history of oral and genital ulcers, diagnosed with Behcet’s disease complicated by PAA. Diagnostic workup, including imaging and laboratory tests, confirmed the diagnosis, leading to prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and meticulous follow-up. The patient showed significant clinical improvement with reduced ulcer severity and no new episodes of haemoptysis during one-year follow-up. Our case underscores the importance of early recognition, multidisciplinary management, and close monitoring to optimize outcomes in Behcet’s disease with pulmonary involvement. A comprehensive literature review further elucidates the clinical nuances, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies associated with this rare manifestation, highlighting the need for collaborative care and tailored interventions to mitigate complications and improve patient prognosis.
Key clinical message Behcet’s disease can present with pulmonary artery aneurysm, necessitating vigilant monitoring and prompt intervention to prevent severe complications like haemoptysis. Multidisciplinary collaboration is vital for tailored management and improved patient outcomes.
Darwin and the biological rhythms
Authors: de Andrade Tiago G , Beale Andrew D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
While the formalization of chronobiology as a scientific discipline occurred in the mid-20th century, the exploration of rhythmic phenomena has a longer history, notably exemplified by De Mairan's observations of Mimosa pudica in darkness in 1729. In this historical narrative, Charles Darwin is known for his investigations into the “sleep movements” of plants. Nevertheless, the complete scope of Darwin's exploration of biological rhythms remains incompletely understood. Through a detailed examination of Darwin's writings, meticulous observations, experiments, and conceptualizations, we unveil a depth of engagement that surpasses his widely acknowledged work on plants, revealing a more extensive interest in and insight into biological rhythms than traditionally recognized.
Inflammatory signature-based theranostics for acute lung injury in acute type A aortic dissection
Authors: Liu Hong , Diao Yi-fei , Qian Si-chong , Shao Yong-feng , Zhao Sheng , Li Hai-yang , Zhang Hong-jia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious adverse event in the management of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Using a large-scale cohort, we applied artificial intelligence-driven approach to stratify patients with different outcomes and treatment responses. A total of 2,499 patients from China 5A study database (2016–2022) from 10 cardiovascular centers were divided into 70% for derivation cohort and 30% for validation cohort, in which extreme gradient boosting algorithm was used to develop ALI risk model. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk under anti-inflammatory strategies in different risk probability. Eight top features of importance (leukocyte, platelet, hemoglobin, base excess, age, creatinine, glucose, and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension) were used to develop and validate an ALI risk model, with adequate discrimination ability regarding area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.844 and 0.799 in the derivation and validation cohort, respectively. By the individualized treatment effect prediction, ulinastatin use was significantly associated with significantly lower risk of developing ALI (odds ratio [OR] 0.623 [95% CI 0.456, 0.851]; P = 0.003) in patients with a predicted ALI risk of 32.5–73.0%, rather than in pooled patients with a risk of &lt;32.5 and &gt;73.0% (OR 0.929 [0.682, 1.267], P = 0.642) (Pinteraction = 0.075). An artificial intelligence-driven risk stratification of ALI following ATAAD surgery were developed and validated, and subgroup analysis showed the heterogeneity of anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy, which suggested individualized anti-inflammatory strategies in different risk probability of ALI.
High-quality research on physical therapy in psoriatic arthritis is needed: a systematic review
Authors: Kaerts Marlies , Swinnen Thijs W , Dankaerts Wim , de Vlam Kurt , Neerinckx Barbara 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Although physical therapy is recommended as part of the non-pharmacological management of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), the evidence is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review and appraise the quality of research on physical therapy in the management of patients with PsA.

Methods
In June 2024, a systematic literature search using four different databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library) was performed to include interventional and observational studies examining physical therapy in patients with PsA (PROSPERO ID 255501). A risk of bias assessment was conducted. Due to the wide variety of interventions and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was used.

Results
Of 9442 abstracts, 15 papers examining physical therapy uptake in clinical practice (N = 2) and different physical therapy interventions (N = 13) were included: cardiorespiratory exercises (N = 5), resistance exercises (N = 2), therapeutic modalities (N = 4) and mixed rehabilitation programs (N = 2). A low risk of bias was scored in only one RCT assessing cardiorespiratory exercises. The well-tolerated 11-week high-intensity interval training resulted in a long-term increase in peak oxygen uptake and a short-term decrease in truncal fat percentage in patients with low disease activity. Resistance training in patients with active disease did not increase muscle strength, but improved functional capacity, disease activity, pain and general health after the intervention. Evidence for other modalities was inconclusive.

Conclusion
High-quality evidence on physical therapy in PsA was scarce. Cardiorespiratory and resistance exercises demonstrated promising results to positively influence cardiometabolic risk as well as disease-related outcomes. Future research on physical therapy in PsA with adequate methodological quality is needed.
Barriers and Facilitators to Accessing Opioid Agonist Therapy for Street-involved Adolescents and Young Adults in Vancouver
Authors: Gallant Kat , Nijjar Preety , DeBeck Kora , Cui Michelle , Kerr Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Objective
Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) remains the first-line therapy for people with opioid use disorder. Whereas overdose rates among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) remain high, little is known about their access to OAT. Therefore, we sought to evaluate factors that shape access to OAT among AYAs aged 14 to 26 years.

Methods
Data were derived from the At-Risk Youth Study, a prospective cohort study that involves street-involved AYAs who use illicit substances in Vancouver, Canada. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify factors associated with OAT enrollment from September 2005 to October 2021.

Results
A total of 759 AYAs reported at least weekly opioid or OAT use, with a median age of 23 years and 65.7% self-identifying as male. At baseline, 147 participants (19.4%) were on OAT, and another 199 (26.2%) initiated OAT during study follow-up (median number of follow-up visits, 5 [Q1–Q3, 2.5–8]). In a multivariable analysis, being <19 years old (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.71), Indigenous ancestry (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52–1.00), homelessness (AOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.54–0.77), drug dealing (AOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61–0.87), daily opioid use (AOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.40–0.55), and nonfatal overdose (AOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60–0.89) were negatively associated with OAT use.

Conclusions
This study identified a low rate of OAT access among AYAs. Adolescents and young adults were less likely to be on OAT if they were <19 years old, Indigenous, and possessed certain risk markers. These findings highlight the need for mitigation strategies to facilitate OAT access for this population and for additional harm reduction measures to support AYAs who do not want to use OAT.
Adherence to Wide-Abduction Brace Treatment is Associated With Improved Hip Abduction and Radiographic Outcomes in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Authors: Prasadh Jai Ganesh , Kang Michael Seungcheol , Shah Hitesh , Jo Chan-Hee , Kim Harry K.W. 
Published: August 2024

Introduction:
The wide-abduction A-frame brace contains the femoral head to improve its remodeling in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). There is no study of the effect of brace adherence on hip outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient adherence to A-frame brace treatment is associated with improved hip abduction range of motion and radiographic outcomes in children with LCPD.

Methods:
This retrospective study included patients aged 4 to 11 years with LCPD treated with an A-frame brace. Patients aged >11 and those treated with osteotomy before completing brace treatment were excluded. Built-in temperature sensors measured brace wear. Hip abduction was measured on examination before and after bracing. Deformity index (DI) and sphericity deviation score (SDS) were measured from radiographs at the 2-year follow-up and healed stage, respectively. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed.

Results:
Fifty-seven patients (44 male; 77%) were included with a mean age of 7.0±1.6 at brace treatment and mean adherence of 0.66±0.28. Brace adherence was associated with increased hip abduction (R=0.36; P=0.006) and decreased DI (R=−0.37; P=0.042) across all patients, and decreased SDS in patients <9 years old at the time of brace treatment (R=−0.58; P=0.024). A +0.50 increase in adherence was associated with +9.4° hip abduction (P=0.018), −0.13 DI (P=0.027), and −17.7 SDS (P=0.019).

Conclusions:
Adherence to A-frame brace treatment was associated with increased hip abduction, decreased femoral head deformity, and increased sphericity. Patients and parents can be counseled regarding brace adherence to maximize outcomes of treatment.

Level of Evidence:
III–Therapeutic Study.
Epidemiology of Brachial Plexus Birth Injury and the Impact of Cesarean Section on Its Incidence
Authors: DeFrancesco Christopher J. , Mahon Scott J. , Desai Vineet M. , Pehnke Meagan , Manske M. Claire , Shah Apurva S. 
Published: August 2024

Background:
While prior research provided thorough analysis of the epidemiology of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) from 1997 to 2012, recent trends are unknown. The goal of this study was to update the understanding of the epidemiology and risk factors for BPBI.

Methods:
Installments of the Kids’ Inpatient Database (1997 to 2019) were used to estimate BPBI incidence in the United States in comparison to several independent variables over time. An interaction between cesarean (C-) section and newborn weight was explored by defining BPBI rates in a stratified manner. A logistic regression model accounting for this interaction was developed to produce odds ratios for independent factors. Lastly, the temporal relationship between BPBI rates and C-section rates was explored using linear regression.

Results:
BPBI rates were steady around 0.9 to 1.1 per 1000 live births between 2006 and 2019. C-section rates were similarly stable between 32.3% and 34.0% over this period. Stratified analysis indicated C-section delivery was protective against BPBI across newborn weight classes, but the magnitude of this protective value was highest among newborns with macrosomia. Shoulder dystocia was the strongest risk factor for BPBI in the logistic regression model [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 56.9, P<0.001]. The AOR for a newborn with macrosomia born through C-section (AOR: 0.581, 95% CI: 0.365-0.925) was lower than that for a normal weight newborn born vaginally (AOR: 1.000, P=0.022). Medicaid insurance coverage (AOR: 1.176, 95% CI: 1.124-1.230, P<0.001), female sex (AOR: 1.238, 95% CI: 1.193-1.283, P<0.001), and non-White race (AOR: 1.295, 95% CI: 1.237-1.357, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for BPBI. Over time, the rate of BPBI correlated very strongly with the rate of C-section (R
2=0.980).

Conclusions:
While BPBI and C-section rates were relatively stable after 2006, BPBI incidence strongly correlated with C-section rates. This highlights the need for close surveillance of BPBI rates as efforts to lower the frequency of C-section evolve. Female, Black, and Hispanic newborns and children with Medicaid insurance experience BPBI at a higher rate, a finding which could direct future research and influence policy.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.
Impact of the Prognostic Nutritional Index on Outcomes in Native Spine Infection
Authors: Ezeonu Teeto , Narayanan Rajkishen , Alfonsi Samuel , Lee Yunsoo , Gibbons John Liam , McCormick Christian , Spring Jacob , Kozlowski Gabrielle , Mangan John J. , Canseco Jose A. , Hilibrand Alan S. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Schroeder Gregory D. , Kepler Christopher K. 
Published: August 2024

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The objective of this study was to determine if a baseline prognostic nutritional index (PNI) score could be used to predict outcomes in patients with native spine infections, including the need for operative intervention.

Summary of Background Data.
Nutritional status is an important, potentially modifiable risk factor to consider in the native spine population. The PNI score is a tool that has demonstrated utility as a marker of preoperative nutritional status in patients undergoing surgery; however, it has not yet been studied in the context of native spine infection.

Methods.
Adult patients (≥18 y) with a diagnosis of spine infection from 2017 to 2022 were retrospectively identified. Native spine infection was defined as a diagnosis of spinal infection in the absence of prior spine surgery within 3 months of diagnosis. PNI was calculated using the equation: PNI=10×serum albumin (g/dL)+0.005 total lymphocyte count (/μL). Patients were stratified into high or low PNI groups based on their PNI being above or below the average, respectively.

Results.
There were 45 patients in the low PNI group and 56 patients in the high PNI group. Patients in the low PNI group were more likely to require surgery (P=0.046), had more levels decompressed (P=0.012), and were more likely to undergo two or more irrigation and debridement procedures (P=0.016). Patients in the low PNI group were also less likely to be discharged home (P=0.016). There was no difference in length of stay, inpatient complications, 90-day readmissions, 90-day ED visits, or 1-year reoperations between groups.

Conclusion.
While postadmission outcomes and inpatient complications were similar across PNI groups, PNI on admission provides useful insight into the severity of infection and predicts the need for operative intervention in patients presenting with native spine infection.
Professional Development Program for New Psychiatry Graduates in an Outpatient Telepsychiatry Practice
Authors: Sharoha Nidhi , Petti Anna , Banner Bethany , Perlmutter Ilisse 
Published: August 2024

Abstract:
Telehealth has grown in recent years and with it, the need for educational interventions for new graduates entering this practice environment. This article evaluates a six-month professional development program designed to help psychiatrists joining our practice directly out of training acclimate to independent practice and the telepsychiatry setting. Our New Graduate Development Program included advisory sessions, lectures, board preparation, and flash mentorship for 87 new graduates who joined our telepsychiatry practice between July and December 2022. An anonymous retrospective pre-/postsurvey evaluated the efficacy of each component on a five-point Likert scale and a 10-point interval scale. Twenty-three percent of new graduates completed the survey. After participating in the program, 94.40% of respondents indicated that the program helped them acclimate to our practice, prepared them for independent practice, and enhanced their competence in telepsychiatry; 82.35% of respondents agreed that the program improved their performance as a new psychiatrist. The New Graduate Development Program helped participants acclimate to independent practice and the telepsychiatry setting; however, some revisions to our approach are needed for future iterations of the program.