bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of tides in a baroclinic circulation model of the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Guarnieri A. , Pinardi N. , Oddo P. , Bortoluzzi G. , Ravaioli M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe impact of tides in the circulation of the Adriatic Sea is investigated by means of a nested baroclinic numerical ocean model. Tides are introduced using a modified Flather boundary condition at the open edge of the domain. The results show that tidal amplitudes and phases are reproduced correctly by the baroclinic model and tidal harmonic constants errors are comparable with those resulting from the most consolidated barotropic models. Numerical experiments were conducted to estimate and assess the impact of (i) the modified Flather lateral boundary condition; (ii) tides on temperature, salinity, and stratification structures in the basin; and (iii) tides on mixing and circulation in general. Tides induce a different momentum advective component in the basin, which in turn produces a different distribution of water masses in the basin. Tides impact on mixing and stratification in the River Po region (northwestern Adriatic) and induce semidiurnal fluctuations of salinity and temperature, in all four seasons for the former and summer alone for the latter. A clear presence of internal tides was evidenced in the northern Adriatic Sea basin, corroborating previous findings.
Soil moisture retrieval from multi‐instrument observations: Information content analysis and retrieval methodology
Authors: Kolassa J. , Aires F. , Polcher J. , Prigent C. , Jimenez C. , Pereira J. M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn algorithm has been developed that employs neural network technology to retrieve soil moisture from multi‐wavelength satellite observations (active/passive microwave, infrared, and visible). This represents the first step in the development of a methodology aiming to combine beneficial aspects of existing retrieval schemes. Several quality metrics have been developed to assess the performance of a retrieval product on different spatial and temporal scales. Additionally, an innovative approach to estimate the retrieval uncertainty has been proposed. An information content analysis of different satellite observations showed that active microwave observations are best suited to capture the soil moisture temporal variability, while the amplitude of the surface temperature diurnal cycle is best suited to capture the spatial variability. In a synergy analysis, it has been found that through the combination of all observations the retrieval uncertainty could be reduced by 13%. Furthermore, it was found that synergy benefits are significantly larger using a data fusion approach compared to an a posteriori combination of retrieval products, supporting the combination of different retrieval methodology aspects in a single algorithm. In a comparison with model data, it was found that the proposed methodology also shows potential to be used for the evaluation of modeled soil moisture. A comparison with in situ observations showed that the algorithm is well able to capture soil moisture spatial variabilities. It was concluded that the temporal performance can be improved through incorporation of other existing retrieval approaches.
Mercury's hollows: Constraints on formation and composition from analysis of geological setting and spectral reflectance
Authors: Blewett David T. , Vaughan William M. , Xiao Zhiyong , Chabot Nancy L. , Denevi Brett W. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Helbert Jörn , D'Amore Mario , Maturilli Alessandro , Head James W. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLandforms unique to Mercury, hollows are shallow, flat‐floored irregular depressions notable for their relatively high reflectance and characteristic color. Here we document the range of geological settings in which hollows occur. Most are associated with impact structures (simple bowl‐shaped craters to multiring basins, and ranging from Kuiperian to Calorian in age). Hollows are found in the low‐reflectance material global color unit and in low‐reflectance blue plains, but they appear to be absent from high‐reflectance red plains. Hollows may occur preferentially on equator‐ or hot‐pole‐facing slopes, implying that their formation is linked to solar heating. Evidence suggests that hollows form because of loss of volatile material. We describe hypotheses for the origin of the volatiles and for how such loss proceeds. Intense space weathering and solar heating are likely contributors to the loss of volatiles; contact heating by melts could promote the formation of hollows in some locations. Lunar Ina‐type depressions differ from hollows on Mercury in a number of characteristics, so it is unclear if they represent a good analog. We also use MESSENGER multispectral images to characterize a variety of surfaces on Mercury, including hollows, within a framework defined by laboratory spectra for analog minerals and lunar samples. Data from MESSENGER's X‐Ray Spectrometer indicate that the planet's surface contains up to 4% sulfur. We conclude that nanophase or microphase sulfide minerals could contribute to the low reflectance of the low‐reflectance material relative to average surface material. Hollows may owe their relatively high reflectance to destruction of the darkening agent (sulfides), the presence of alteration minerals, and/or physical differences in particle size, texture, or scattering behavior.
A new hypothesis for the amount and distribution of dextral displacement along the Fish Lake Valley–northern Death Valley–Furnace Creek fault zone, California‐Nevada
Authors: Renik Byrdie , Christie‐Blick Nicholas 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Fish Lake Valley–northern Death Valley–Furnace Creek fault zone, a ~250 km long, predominantly right‐lateral structure in California and Nevada, is a key element in tectonic reconstructions of the Death Valley area, Eastern California Shear Zone and Walker Lane, and central Basin and Range Province. Total displacement on the fault zone is contested, however, with estimates ranging from ~30 to ~63 km or more. Here we present a new synthesis of available constraints. Preextensional thrust faults, folds, and igneous rocks indicate that offset reaches a maximum of ~50 km. Neogene rocks constrain its partitioning over time. Most offset is interpreted as ≤ ~13–10 Ma, accruing at ~3–5 mm/yr in the middle of the fault zone and more slowly toward the tips. The offset markers imply ~68 ± 14 km of translation between the Cottonwood Mountains and Resting Spring–Nopah Range (~60 ± 14 km since ~15 Ma) through a combination of strike slip and crustal extension. This suggests that a previous interpretation of ~104 ± 7 km, based on the middle Miocene Eagle Mountain Formation, is an overestimate by ~50%. Our results also help to mitigate a discrepancy in the ~12–0 Ma strain budget for the Eastern California Shear Zone. Displacement has previously been estimated at ~100 ± 10 km and ~67 ± 6 km for the Basin and Range and Mojave portions of the shear zone, respectively. Our new estimate of ~74 ± 17 km for the Basin and Range is within the uncertainty of the Mojave estimate.
Arytenoid Dislocation as a Cause of Prolonged Hoarseness after Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Goz Vadim , Qureshi Sheeraz , Hecht Andrew C. 
Published: November 2012

Study Design Case series of two arytenoid dislocations after anterior cervical discectomy. Objective To recognize arytenoid dislocation as a possible cause of prolonged hoarseness in patients after anterior cervical discectomies. Summary of Background Data Prolonged hoarseness is a common postoperative complication after anterior cervical spine surgery. The etiology of prolonged postoperative hoarseness is usually related to a paresis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. However, other causes of postoperative hoarseness may be overlooked in this clinical scenario. Other possible etiologies include pharyngeal and laryngeal trauma, hematoma and edema, injury of the superior laryngeal nerve, as well as arytenoid cartilage dislocation. Arytenoid dislocation is often misdiagnosed as vocal fold paresis due to recurrent or laryngeal nerve injury. Methods We report two cases of arytenoid dislocation and review the literature on this pathology. Results Two patients treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion experienced prolonged postoperative hoarseness. Arytenoid dislocation was confirmed by flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy in both cases. The dislocations experienced spontaneous reduction at 6 weeks and 3 months postsurgery. Conclusions Arytenoid dislocation must be considered in the differential diagnosis of prolonged postoperative hoarseness and evaluated for using direct laryngoscopy, computed tomography, or a laryngeal electromyography. Upon diagnosis, treatment must be considered immediately. Slight dislocations can reduce spontaneously without surgical intervention; however, operative intervention may be required at times.
Digital-to-analog converter using a superconducting quantum interference device
Authors: Nakanishi Masakazu 
Published: November 2012

We developed a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) having a current output and incorporating a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The linearity of the device is based on the periodic dependence of the SQUID response on the magnetic flux coupling to the SQUID ring. The period is a flux quantum (Φo = h/2e, where h is Planck's constant and e is the elementary charge). Because of the device's quantum accuracy, the output is essentially linear. The SQUID DAC was constructed using a commercially available rf-SQUID, the periodicity of which has been experimentally verified below 3420 Φo. An adjustable number of current amplitudes are dependent on maximum output (Imax). The output current is adjustable to ∼100 000 different values when Imax ≃1 mA and ∼1 000 000 when Imax ≃0.1 mA. The short-term fluctuation of ∼0.15 ppm was attributable to flux resolution of the SQUID. As a demonstration, measurements showing the voltage linearity of a digital multimeter were performed.
Stromal epigenetic dysregulation is sufficient to initiate mouse prostate cancer via paracrine Wnt signaling
Authors: Zong Yang , Huang Jiaoti , Sankarasharma Devipriya , Morikawa Teppei , Fukayama Masashi , Epstein Jonathan I. , Chada Kiran K. , Witte Owen N. 
Published: November 2012

SignificanceIncreasing evidence supports the notion that an aberrant microenvironment facilitates cancer development. The mechanisms underlying the phenotypic changes and the tumor-promoting function of cancer-associated stroma remain largely unknown. Overexpression of the chromatin remodeling protein Hmga2 in the stroma leads to the formation of multifocal prostatic precancerous lesions in the neighboring naïve epithelium in a paracrine Wnt-dependent manner. The potent growth-promoting effects of Hmga2-modified stroma collaborate significantly with enhanced stromal AR signaling to drive the development of prostate adenocarcinoma. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the critical contribution of epigenetic changes in stromal cells to cancer initiation and progression.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a set of goal attainment forms in primary care mental health services
Authors: Proctor Gillian , Hargate Rebecca 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAims: The aim of this paper is to present an attempt to collate the results of the client‐completed Goal Attainment Form (GAF) and to explore the usefulness of analysing the data in this way. The GAF is used primarily to add qualitative idiosyncratic data to the quantitative data collected by the CORE‐OM (Clinical Outcomes for Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure) questionnaire. Method: A sample of 477 completed GAF were used during short‐term therapy through primary care mental health services to investigate potential correlations in various different aspects between the GAF and the CORE outcome measure (CORE‐OM). The themes from these forms were qualitatively analysed to compare how clients describe their experience of therapy with clinical perspectives. Results: The results reveal several significant correlations. Themes used by clients to describe their problems and benefits of therapy were different from clinicians' perspectives. Discussion and recommendations: Several suggestions and recommendations are offered regarding evaluation, therapy and primary care short‐term therapy services.
Efficiency-optimized monolithic frequency stabilization of high-power diode lasers
Authors: Crump P , Schultz C M , Wenzel H , Erbert G , Tränkle G 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
High-power GaAs-based diode lasers produce optical energy with extremely high efficiencies, but their spectrum is too broad for many applications (4–5 nm with 95% power content). Narrow spectra (<1 nm) can be achieved using monolithically integrated gratings and recent advances in semiconductor technology have largely eliminated the losses associated with this step. However, it remains challenging to develop designs that simultaneously achieve high power, high efficiencies and narrow spectra over a wide operation range. We review here the design choices necessary for optimized performance, using 975 nm broad-area lasers with uniform overgrown distributed feedback (DFB) gratings as a worked example, focusing on the role of the grating coupling strength. The steps necessary to minimize losses in the grating region are also reviewed. In addition, we show that special measures are needed to sustain narrow spectra in broad-area DFB lasers as they can support multiple longitudinal, lateral and vertical modes.
Emission colour-tunable phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes based on the self-absorption effect and excimer emission
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Fujun , Liu Bo , Xu Zheng , Zhang Jian , Wang Yongsheng 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Two kinds of emission colour-tunable phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) were realized by changing the Ir(III) bis [2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′] (picolinate) (FIrpic) doping levels in the host polymer poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) or by adjusting the driving voltage on the devices with neat FIrpic film as the emission layer. The Commission Internationale del'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of PhOLEDs could be changed from (0.14, 0.37) to (0.29, 0.55) by adjusting the FIrpic doping levels from 0.08 : 1 to 2 : 1 in the host polymer PVK. It is worthwhile to mention that all PhOLEDs with a FIrpic : PVK film as the emission layer show high emission colour stability dependence on the driving voltage. The photoluminescence emission colour tunability of the FIrpic : PVK films was also observed under the same excitation conditions when the FIrpic : PVK doping level was changed, which is very similar to that observed from electroluminescence (EL) emission of PhOLEDs. For devices with a neat FIrpic film as the emission layer, the EL emission colour of the PhOLEDs could be adjusted by the driving voltage. The CIE coordinates of the PhOLEDs could be tuned from (0.31, 0.50) to (0.44, 0.50) along with an increase in driving voltage from 8 to 20 V. The emission colour tunability of the neat FIrpic or FIrpic : PVK films should be attributed to the FIrpic self-absorption effect and the occurrence of a new emission peak at about 530 nm. The emission peak at about 530 nm was proved to be FIrpic excimer emission by investigating this emission intensity dependence on FIrpic doping levels in PVK or photo/electric-excitation density on FIrpic : PVK and neat FIrpic films.
Effects of N2O and O2 addition to nitrogen Townsend dielectric barrier discharges at atmospheric pressure on the absolute ground-state atomic nitrogen density
Authors: Es-sebbar Et , Gherardi N , Massines F 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Absolute ground-state density of nitrogen atoms N (2p3
4S3/2) in non-equilibrium Townsend dielectric barrier discharges (TDBDs) at atmospheric pressure sustained in N2/N2O and N2/O2 gas mixtures has been measured using Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy. The quantitative measurements have been obtained by TALIF calibration using krypton as a reference gas. We previously reported that the maximum of N (2p3
4S3/2) atom density is around 3 × 1014 cm−3 in pure nitrogen TDBD, and that this maximum depends strongly on the mean energy dissipated in the gas. In the two gas mixtures studied here, results show that the absolute N (2p3
4S3/2) density is strongly affected by the N2O and O2 addition. Indeed, the density still increases exponentially with the energy dissipated in the gas but an increase in N2O and O2 amounts (a few hundreds of ppm) leads to a decrease in nitrogen atom density. No discrepancy in the order of magnitude of N (2p3
4S3/2) density is observed when comparing results obtained in N2/N2O and N2/O2 mixtures. Compared with pure nitrogen, for an energy of ∼90 mJ cm−3, the maximum of N (2p3
4S3/2) density drops by a factor of 3 when 100 ppm of N2O and O2 are added and it reduces by a factor of 5 for 200 ppm, to reach values close to our TALIF detection sensitivity for 400 ppm (1 × 1013 cm−3 at atmospheric pressure).
The role of the field emission effect in direct-current argon discharges for the gaps ranging from 1 to 100 µm
Authors: Radmilović-Radjenović M , Matejčik Š , Klas M , Radjenović B 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper contains results of experimental and simulation studies of the direct-current breakdown voltage curves in argon discharges with parallel-plane electrodes separated from 1 to 100 µm. The negative slope of the Fowler–Nordheim plot indicates that the current flow is due to field-emitted electrons. Based on the breakdown voltage curves, the effective yield has been estimated. The secondary electron emission in microgaps depends primarily on the electric field E rather than reduced electric field E/N, leading directly to the violation of Paschen's law. The obtained results provide better insight into the role of the enhancement of the secondary electron emission due to high electric field generated in microgaps. Due to the lack of experimental data in microgaps, there are only a few values for the effective yield and no value for argon. By fitting presented experimental data, realistic values of the effective yield in microgaps are obtained and used for the calculations of the breakdown voltages representing basic design data of high-voltage equipment.
Predicting adverse events during angiotensin receptor blocker treatment in heart failure: results from the HEAAL trial
Authors: Kiernan Michael S. , Wentworth Deborah , Francis Gary , Martinez Felipe A. , Dickstein Kenneth , Komajda Michel , Zannad Faiez , Neaton James D. , Konstam Marvin A. 
Published: November 2012

AimsIn patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF), renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade reduces morbidity and mortality, but comes at an increased risk of adverse events (AEs). We utilized the HEAAL trial data to identify predictors of the most frequent investigator‐reported AEs.Methods and resultsThe HEAAL trial investigated the relationship between losartan dose and outcomes in patients with HFrEF. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to investigate predictors of AEs and their association with subsequent outcomes. In multivariate analyses, kidney impairment, hyperkalaemia, and hypotension were more likely to occur in older patients (P < 0.01 for each), and those taking aldosterone blockers (P < 0.01 for each). Entry levels of creatinine, potassium, and systolic blood pressure were associated with their respective AEs (P < 0.001 for each). Diabetes, baseline haemoglobin, and diuretic use were predictors (P < 0.05) of kidney impairment and hyperkalaemia. Following AEs due to kidney impairment [hazard ratio (HR) 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.91–2.50], hyperkalaemia (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.27–1.85), and hypotension (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.62–2.29), the risk of death increased compared with patients who did not experience these AEs.ConclusionWhile the risk of severe AEs is low, patients with HFrEF can be identified who are at increased risk during treatment with an angiotensin receptor blocker. AEs are associated with excess mortality, and at‐risk patients should be monitored closely.
On the hadronic γ-ray emission from Tycho's supernova remnant
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Chen Yang , Li Hui , Zhou Xin 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Hadronic γ-ray emission from supernova remnants (SNRs) is an important tool to test shock acceleration of cosmic-ray protons. Tycho is one of nearly a dozen Galactic SNRs which are suggested to emit hadronic γ-ray emission. Among them, however, it is the only one in which the hadronic emission is proposed to arise from the interaction with a low-density (∼0.3 cm−3) ambient medium. Here we present an alternative hadronic explanation with a modest energy conversion efficiency (of the order of 1 per cent) for this young remnant. With such an efficiency, a normal electron-to-proton ratio (of the order of 10−2) is derived from the radio and X-ray synchrotron spectra, and an average ambient density that is at least one order of magnitude higher is derived from the hadronic γ-ray flux. This result is consistent with the multiband evidence of the presence of a dense medium from the north to the east of the Tycho SNR. The SNR–cloud association, in combination with the H i absorption data, helps to constrain the so-far controversial distance to Tycho and leads to an estimate of 2.5 kpc.
The Perennial Ryegrass GenomeZipper: Targeted Use of Genome Resources for Comparative Grass Genomics
Authors: Pfeifer Matthias , Martis Mihaela , Asp Torben , Mayer Klaus F.X. , Lübberstedt Thomas , Byrne Stephen , Frei Ursula , Studer Bruno 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhole-genome sequences established for model and major crop species constitute a key resource for advanced genomic research. For outbreeding forage and turf grass species like ryegrasses (Lolium spp.), such resources have yet to be developed. Here, we present a model of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) genome on the basis of conserved synteny to barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the model grass genome Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) as well as rice (Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). A transcriptome-based genetic linkage map of perennial ryegrass served as a scaffold to establish the chromosomal arrangement of syntenic genes from model grass species. This scaffold revealed a high degree of synteny and macrocollinearity and was then utilized to anchor a collection of perennial ryegrass genes in silico to their predicted genome positions. This resulted in the unambiguous assignment of 3,315 out of 8,876 previously unmapped genes to the respective chromosomes. In total, the GenomeZipper incorporates 4,035 conserved grass gene loci, which were used for the first genome-wide sequence divergence analysis between perennial ryegrass, barley, Brachypodium, rice, and sorghum. The perennial ryegrass GenomeZipper is an ordered, information-rich genome scaffold, facilitating map-based cloning and genome assembly in perennial ryegrass and closely related Poaceae species. It also represents a milestone in describing synteny between perennial ryegrass and fully sequenced model grass genomes, thereby increasing our understanding of genome organization and evolution in the most important temperate forage and turf grass species.