bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial translation factors of Trypanosoma brucei: elongation factor‐Tu has a unique subdomain that is essential for its function
Authors: Cristodero Marina , Mani Jan , Oeljeklaus Silke , Aeberhard Lukas , Hashimi Hassan , Ramrath David J. F. , Lukeš Julius , Warscheid Bettina , Schneider André 
Published: September 2013

SummaryMitochondrial translation in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei relies on imported eukaryotic‐type tRNAs as well as on bacterial‐type ribosomes that have the shortest known rRNAs. Here we have identified the mitochondrial translation elongation factors EF‐Tu, EF‐Ts, EF‐G1 and release factor RF1 of trypanosomatids and show that their ablation impairs growth and oxidative phosphorylation. In vivo labelling experiments and a SILAC‐based analysis of the global proteomic changes induced by EF‐Tu RNAi directly link EF‐Tu to mitochondrial translation. Moreover, EF‐Tu RNAi reveals downregulation of many nuclear encoded subunits of cytochrome oxidase as well as of components of the bc1‐complex, whereas most cytosolic ribosomal proteins were upregulated. Interestingly, T. brucei EF‐Tu has a 30‐amino‐acid‐long, highly charged subdomain, which is unique to trypanosomatids. A combination of RNAi and complementation experiments shows that this subdomain is essential for EF‐Tu function, but that it can be replaced by a similar sequence found in eukaryotic EF‐1a, the cytosolic counterpart of EF‐Tu. A recent cryo‐electron microscopy study revealed that trypanosomatid mitochondrial ribosomes have a unique intersubunit space that likely harbours the EF‐Tu binding site. These findings suggest that the trypanosomatid‐specific EF‐Tu subdomain serves as an adaption for binding to these unusual mitochondrial ribosomes.
Two key arginine residues in the coat protein of Bamboo mosaic virus differentially affect the accumulation of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs
Authors: Hung Chien‐Jen , Hu Chung‐Chi , Lin Na‐Sheng , Lee Ya‐Chien , Meng Menghsiao , Tsai Ching‐Hsiu , Hsu Yau‐Heiu 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe interactions between viral RNAs and coat proteins (CPs) are critical for the efficient completion of infection cycles of RNA viruses. However, the specificity of the interactions between CPs and genomic or subgenomic RNAs remains poorly understood. In this study, Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) was used to analyse such interactions. Using reversible formaldehyde cross‐linking and mass spectrometry, two regions in CP, each containing a basic amino acid (R99 and R227, respectively), were identified to bind directly to the 5′ untranslated region of BaMV genomic RNA. Analyses of the alanine mutations of R99 and R227 revealed that the secondary structures of CP were not affected significantly, whereas the accumulation of BaMV genomic, but not subgenomic, RNA was severely decreased at 24 h post‐inoculation in the inoculated protoplasts. In the absence of CP, the accumulation levels of genomic and subgenomic RNAs were decreased to 1.1%–1.5% and 33%–40% of that of the wild‐type (wt), respectively, in inoculated leaves at 5 days post‐inoculation (dpi). In contrast, in the presence of mutant CPs, the genomic RNAs remained about 1% of that of wt, whereas the subgenomic RNAs accumulated to at least 87%, suggesting that CP might increase the accumulation of subgenomic RNAs. The mutations also restricted viral movement and virion formation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves at 5 dpi. These results demonstrate that R99 and R227 of CP play crucial roles in the accumulation, movement and virion formation of BaMV RNAs, and indicate that genomic and subgenomic RNAs interact differently with BaMV CP.
An Aspect of Functional Harmony in Schoenberg's Early Post‐Tonal Music
Authors: Newton Neil 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTwo views of Schoenberg's post‐tonal music are common: that it is non‐functional, and that there was a complete break from the tonal music that preceded it. In this article I show that there are aspects of functional voice leading, derived from tonality, that are still present in Schoenberg's early post‐tonal music. Furthermore, this functional harmony also helps to communicate the form of the piece and to supply closure.
OsFIE2 plays an essential role in the regulation of rice vegetative and reproductive development
Authors: Li Shisheng , Zhou Bing , Peng Xiongbo , Kuang Quan , Huang Xiaolong , Yao Jialing , Du Bo , Sun Meng‐Xiang 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are gene repressors that help to maintain cellular identity during development via chromatin remodeling. Fertilization‐independent endosperm (FIE), a member of the PcG complex, operates extensively in plant development, but its role in rice has not been fully investigated to date.

We report the isolation and characterization of a PcG member in rice, which was designated OsFIE2 for Oryza sativa Fertilization‐Independent Endosperm 2. OsFIE2 is a single‐copy gene in the rice genome and shows a universal expression pattern.

The OsFIE2 RNAi lines displayed pleiotropic phenotypes in vegetative and reproductive organ generation. In unfertilized lines, endosperm formation could be triggered without embryo formation, which indicates that FIE is indeed involved in the suppression of autonomous endosperm development in rice. Furthermore, lateral root generation was promoted early in the roots of OsFIE2 RNAi lines, whereas the primary root was premature and highly differentiated. As the root tip stem cell differentiated, QHB, the gene required for stem cell maintenance in the quiescent center, was down‐regulated.

Our data suggest that the OsFIE2–PcG complex is vital for rice reproduction and endosperm formation. Its role in stem cell maintenance suggests that the gene is functionally conserved in plants as well as animals.
Host‐specific Nod‐factors associated with Medicago truncatula nodule infection differentially induce calcium influx and calcium spiking in root hairs
Authors: Morieri Giulia , Martinez Eduardo A. , Jarynowski Andrzej , Driguez Hugues , Morris Richard , Oldroyd Giles E. D. , Downie J. Allan 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Rhizobial nodulation (Nod) factors activate both nodule morphogenesis and infection thread development during legume nodulation. Nod factors induce two different calcium responses: intra‐nuclear calcium oscillations and a calcium influx at the root hair tip. Calcium oscillations activate nodule development; we wanted to test if the calcium influx is associated with infection.

Sinorhizobium meliloti nodL and nodF mutations additively reduce infection of Medicago truncatula. Nod‐factors made by the nodL mutant lack an acetyl group; mutation of nodF causes the nitrogen (N)‐linked C16:2 acyl chain to be replaced by C18:1. We tested whether these Nod‐factors differentially induced calcium influx and calcium spiking.

The absence of the NodL‐determined acetyl group greatly reduced the induction of calcium influx without affecting calcium spiking. The calcium influx was even further reduced if the N‐linked C16:2 acyl group was replaced by C18:1. These additive effects on calcium influx correlate with the additive effects of mutations in nodF and nodL on legume infection. Infection thread development is inhibited by ethylene, which also inhibited Nod‐factor‐induced calcium influx.

We conclude that Nod‐factor perception differentially activates the two developmental pathways required for nodulation and that activation of the pathway involving the calcium influx is important for efficient infection.
Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Biochemical Evidence of Altered Signaling Pathways
Authors: PAUL MATTHIAS , MEYBORG MATTHIAS , BOKNIK PETER , GERGS ULRICH , GERSS JOACHIM , SCHMITZ WILHELM , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , WICHTER THOMAS , NEUMANN JOACHIM 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an important cause of sudden cardiac death especially in times of increased sympathetic tone, for example, during sports, which have been confirmed by nuclear imaging studies. However, the underlying biochemical pathways remain to be delineated. Therefore, we investigated the expression levels of proteins of the signaling cascade in patients with ARVC.MethodsDuring diagnostic work‐up, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) were sampled from 15 consecutive male ARVC patients (52 ± 14 years). Tissue levels of key proteins of the signaling cascade were analyzed. Results were compared to those obtained from EMBs of 10 patients with idiopathic right ventricular outflow‐tract tachycardia (RVOT; 41 ± 14 years) and of five control subjects without identifiable structural heart disease (42 ± 13 years; P = ns).ResultsAmong the proteins analyzed, only tissue levels of norepinephrine (NE; P < 0.04) and cyclic adenosine‐3´,5´‐monophospate (cAMP; P < 0.01) were significantly lower in ARVC when compared to RVOT patients. When compared to controls, mean cAMP levels were lower in patients with ARVC but did not reach statistical significance. No differences in cAMP were observed between RVOT and controls.ConclusionsThe current findings confirm and expand the concept of adrenergic dysfunction in ARVC: the reduction of NE in ARVC could lead to an impaired stimulation of β‐adrenoceptor subsequent signaling pathways with potential implication for cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmogenesis.
The ‘Oxycythereis’ problem: taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of deep‐sea ostracod genera Pennyella and Rugocythereis
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Hunt Gene , Okahashi Hisayo , Brandão Simone N. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSystematic revision of the globally distributed deep‐sea ostracod genera Pennyella Neale, 1974 and Rugocythereis Dingle, Lord and Boomer, 1990, which have been considered to correspond, at least partially, to nomen nudum but widely used genus name ‘Oxycythereis,’ was conducted to reduce taxonomic uncertainty of these important components of the Modern and fossil deep‐sea ostracod community. Approximately 100 specimens from 18 species were examined, ranging in age from the Cretaceous to the present day. Nine new species are described: Pennyella rexi, Pennyella sanfordae, Pennyella liowae, Pennyella schellenbergi, Pennyella majorani, Pennyella iani, Pennyella ayressi, Rugocythereis melonis and Rugocythereis zarikiani. Emended generic concepts of Pennyella and Rugocythereis are proposed, and the palaeobiogeographical distributions of these two genera are discussed.
Late Rebound of Infantile Hemangioma after Cessation of Oral Propranolol
Authors: Shehata Nancy , Powell Julie , Dubois Josée , Hatami Afshin , Rousseau Elizabeth , Ondrejchak Sandra , McCuaig Catherine 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPropranolol has become the first line of treatment for infantile hemangiomas (IHs), with a high response rate, but rebound growth after cessation of propranolol has been reported, primarily in the first year of life. We sought to determine the frequency and associated factors leading to late regrowth after successful treatment at an age when the proliferative phase has usually ceased. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts, serial photographs, and radiologic images of children with rebound IH occurring after the age of 15 months after a successful course of oral propranolol averaging 2.6 mg/kg/day (range 2–3 mg/kg/day). Thirteen (10 female, 3 male) of 212 patients (6%) treated with oral propranolol since 2008 were evaluated. The mean age at the start of treatment was 5.3 months (range 1.8–13 months), and an average of 10.3 months (range 4.5–16 months) of treatment was given. It took an average of 5.3 months (range 1–13.8 months) for a significant rebound to appear. Late rebound after successful propranolol indicates a prolonged proliferation phase of IH even after 15 months of age. This is compared with previous reports of rebound, which occurred primarily in infants younger than 1 year old. Late proliferation can occur in localized, small, mixed, and deep IH, even after several months of a positive response to propranolol. A second course of propranolol readily controlled the recurrence.
Longitudinal evaluation of endothelial function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Bruzzi Patrizia , Predieri Barbara , Patianna Viviana Dora , Salvini Annamaria , Rossi Rosario , Modena Maria Grazia , Iughetti Lorenzo 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundType 1 diabetes (T1DM) predisposes to cardiovascular disease, increasing the risk to develop atherosclerosis. In the pediatric population, the cardiovascular risk may be evaluated examining endothelial function by a non‐invasive ultrasound technique, namely flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. The aims of this study were the longitudinal evaluation of the potential change in the endothelium‐dependent vasomotor function in children and adolescents with T1DM and the identification of clinical and laboratory data correlated to modifications.MethodsWe studied 39 T1DM patients (20 girls and 19 boys; aged 11.2 ± 3.72 years). FMD and blood samples were obtained from all patients at baseline (time 0) and after a follow up of at least 1 year (time 1). FMD was also evaluated in 45 healthy controls (22 boys, 23 girls) aged 10.2 ± 3.05 years.ResultsAt time 0, 43.6% of T1DM patients presented an impaired FMD. FMD at time 1 revealed a dramatic impairment of endothelial function: altered FMD values were shown in 61.5% of patients and it got worse in 74.3% of them. Longitudinally, boys had a greater impairment of FMD than girls. At baseline, multivariate analysis identified only sex as significant predictor of FMD (β = 0.470, P = 0.029).ConclusionsBecause endothelial dysfunction appears earlier in diabetic children, they are at higher risk to develop atherosclerosis. Our results suggest the usefulness of FMD as a tool to stratify pediatric T1DM patients according to their cardiovascular risk and to follow them up longitudinally.
Physiological acclimation to drought stress in Solidago canadensis
Authors: Nolf Markus , Pagitz Konrad , Mayr Stefan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSolidago canadensis is an invasive species from North America that is spreading across Europe, Australia and temperate Asia. We hypothesized that the species' wide ecological amplitude is also based on its potential in hydraulic acclimation, and analyzed hydraulic and anatomical properties along a transect with decreasing soil humidity. Stem hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought‐induced embolism, stomatal closure during dehydration and xylem‐anatomical parameters were quantified at three sites. At the humid site, specific hydraulic conductivity of stems (1.0 ± 0.2 kg m–1 MPa–1 s–1) was about twofold higher, and leaf‐specific conductivity about 1.5 times higher (3.1 ± 0.5 kg m–1 MPa–1 s–1) than at the dry site. Water potential (Ψ) at 50% loss of conductivity was −3.7 ± 0.1 MPa at the dry site and −3.1 ± 0.2 MPa at the humid site (September). Vulnerability to drought‐induced embolism decreased along the transect and over the vegetation period. At drier sites, stomata started closing at lower Ψ while complete stomatal closure was reached at less negative Ψ (12% of maximum stomatal conductance: –2.5 ± 0.0 and −3.0 ± 0.2 MPa at the dry and humid site). The safety margin between stomatal closure and 50% loss of conductivity was 1.2 and 0.2 MPa at the dry and humid sites. The observed variability indicated an efficient acclimation in hydraulic conductivity and safety: plants at dry sites exhibited lower specific hydraulic conductivity, higher embolism resistance and broader safety margins, signifying a trade‐off between the hydraulic safety and efficiency. The observed intraspecific plasticity in hydraulic and anatomical traits may help to explain the invasive potential of this species.
The Social Process Behind Inequalities in Children's Mental Health: Incorporating an Illness Career Framework
Authors: Potter Daniel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMore advantaged children (both in terms of social class and racial/ethnic membership) appear protected from symptoms of mental health problem, but a pattern has emerged in which these children who tend to have better mental health are more likely to be diagnosed with certain mental health disorders. These patterns have led some researchers and professionals to wonder if the qualifications for diagnosis are culturally biased or might unfairly favor the mental health needs of more advantaged individuals in society. Evidence that White and middle‐class children are more likely to be diagnosed with certain mental health disorders raises important and legitimate concerns about the mental health profession, but this problem of social advantage leading to mental health diagnosis has often overlooked the role of social process in how children become diagnosed. Mental health diagnoses represent the culmination of a process that involves several stages and requires initiation and (often times) persistence on the part of the individual being diagnosed. This idea of process has previously been referred to as the “illness career,” and applying this logic to the study of children opens the door for renewed inquiry into understanding who is and who is not diagnosed with a mental health problem.
Men's Aging Amidst Intersecting Relations of Inequality
Authors: King Neal , Calasanti Toni 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMen age under the pressure of age relations and their intersections with such other inequalities as gender, race, class, nation, and sexuality. We review findings of research on masculinity, inequalities, and social gerontology, and argue that a theoretically informed combination of all three offers the best understanding. We theorize that many men are privileged by their claims on occupational niches and family care and that age relations disrupt those privileges. Age relations exacerbate inequalities among men and reverse many claims to high status. Old men find themselves doing more care work, with less recognition, and suffering effects of the activities that had maintained status in younger years. Economic dependency, loss of status, declining health, isolation, and increasing invisibility shape old manhood even as other relations shield many from the lowest status.
Informed Consent in the Twenty‐First Century: What It Is, What It Isn't, and Future Challenges in Informed Consent and Shared Decision Making
Authors: Mazur Dennis J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractConsent evolved from judge‐made law in Great Britain in 1767. The term informed consent entered the judicial lexicon in 1957. The first court case to articulate a reasonable person standard adopted by the high courts in Canada and Australia was heard in the U.S. in 1972. Today, informed consent continues to develop in four areas: (i) the court‐based doctrines of consent and informed consent in clinical care in judge‐made law; (ii) federal regulations related to research on human study participants; (iii) shared decision making adopted by care organizations and medical societies in the US, Canada, and Europe; and (iv) areas including decision analysis, discourse analysis, ethics, linguistic analysis, patient–physician communication, risk and evidence communication, and social theory.In this paper, we will focus on consent and informed consent in the first part of the twenty‐first century. We will examine a range of information and decision making frameworks from the oldest court‐established frameworks of consent and informed consent to recent conceptions of information and decision making in evidence‐based decision making and shared decision making in the patient–physician relationship. This paper is divided into three parts: I. What informed consent is, II. What informed consent isn't, and III. Future challenges in informed consent and shared decision making.
Is Small Still Beautiful? The Case of Austria
Authors: Gebhard Carmen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSmall states are often perceived to be particularly suited to take on the role of mediators and facilitators in international disputes. The case of Austria is peculiar in this regard insofar as the emergence of a ‘typical’ small state attitude in international affairs indeed coincided with the establishment of the country as a small nation in 1945. Throughout the Cold War, Austria developed an active and value‐based foreign policy which heavily emphasized international law. Austrian political leaders, foremost the Social Democrat Bruno Kreisky, established a global reputation for their country as a benevolent mediator, for example in the Middle East. This attitude has been intrinsically linked to the country's neutral status, which has been formally preserved until today but has lost much of its substance and practical importance. This paper discusses the historical and normative foundations of Austria's small state identity and asks to what extent the glorious reputation of the past has been preserved. The paper argues that European and transatlantic integration as well as a number of domestic factors have substantially diminished Austria's role as a ‘natural born’ peacemaker on the global stage.
The Necker–Zeno Model for Bistable Perception
Authors: Atmanspacher Harald , Filk Thomas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA novel conceptual framework for theoretical psychology is presented and illustrated for the example of bistable perception. A basic formal feature of this framework is the non‐commutativity of operations acting on mental states. A corresponding model for the bistable perception of ambiguous stimuli, the Necker–Zeno model, is sketched and some empirical evidence for it so far is described. It is discussed how a temporal non‐locality of mental states, predicted by the model, can be understood and tested.
Dynamic Behavior of Rolling Tires Under Different Operating Conditions
Authors: Vercammen S. , González Díaz C. , Kindt P. , Thiry C. , Middelberg J. , Leyssens J. 
Published: September 2013

Although tire/road noise and tire vibration phenomena have been studied for decades, there are still some missing links in the process of accurately predicting and controlling the overall tire/road noise and vibration. An important missing link is represented by the effect of rolling on the dynamic behavior of a tire. Consequently, inside the European seventh framework program, an industry-academia partnership project, named TIRE-DYN, has been founded between KU Leuven, Goodyear and LMS International. By means of experimental and numerical analyses, the effects of rolling on the tire dynamic behavior are quantified.
This paper presents the results of vibration measurements on a rotating tire with an embedded accelerometer. Modal parameters of the rolling tire are estimated from an operational modal analysis. In addition, the dispersion curves, which give detailed insight in the wave propagation behavior of a structure, are analyzed for the rolling tire. The goal of these analyses is to deepen the understanding on the influence of rolling on the tire dynamic behavior.
Sound Power Measurements in the Near Field of Transformers
Authors: Ertl Michael , Landes Hermann 
Published: September 2013

The international standard for the determination of the sound power level of transformers allows both the sound pressure and the sound intensity measurement method. Since the sound measurements take place in the reactive near-field next to the vibrating transformer tank walls, local disturbances influence the sound field characteristics at the measurement positions. As a result, the measured mean sound power level differs commonly up to 6dB at comparative measurements with both methods.
Beyond these near field effects, the influence of an industrial measurement environment (background sound sources, hard-reflecting floor, semi-reverberant walls, and standing waves) to the sound pressure and sound intensity field characteristics is investigated. Hereby, numerical analyses based on 3D-FEM with consideration of the fluid-structure-coupling are used. The measured sound level differences can be re-produced and clarified in numerical analyses.