bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradigm Shift in the Holistic Evaluation of the Reliability of NDE Systems
Authors: Mueller Christina , Bertovic Marija , Pavlovic Mato , Kanzler Daniel , Ewert Uwe , Pitkänen Jorma , Ronneteg Ulf 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The aim of this publication is to provide an overview of new methodologies for evaluating the reliability of NDE systems in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial applications. After a review of the substantive issues of the previous decades, the go forward guidance is concluded. For high safety demands a quantitative POD (Probability of Detection) created from hit/miss experiments or signal response analysis and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) are typically created. The modular reliability model distinguishes between the pure physical-technical influence, industrial application factors, and human factors. It helps to learn which factors can be determined by modeling and by open or blind trials. A new paradigm is offered to consider the POD or reliability of the system as a function of the configuration of input variables and is used for optimization rather than for a final judgement. New approaches are considered dealing with real defects in a realistic environment, affordable but precisely like the Bayesian approach or model assisted methods. Among the influencing parameters, human factors are of high importance. A systematic psychological approach helps to find out where the bottlenecks are and shows possibilities for improvement.
Coating Distribution Depending on Surface Microgeometry
Authors: Runje Biserka , Marković Marija , Stojanović Ivan , Jakovljević Suzana , Alar Željko 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of surface microgeometry on coating thickness, both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical part of the paper, surface roughness parameters are analyzed and basic definitions and general requirements on coating quality defined. The experimental part of the paper gives a calculation for the coating quantity required in order to fill “dead volume” depending on surface roughness. Coating distribution is analyzed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The paper also evaluates quality of a measuring system using magnetic method for measuring coating thickness.
Stress Analyses of Pump Gears Produced by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Cetinel Hakan , Yilmaz Burak 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study, trochoidal type (gerotor) hydraulic pump gears were produced by powder metallurgy (P/M) technique. Several gears with different mechanical properties have been obtained by changing process variables. The tooth contact stresses were calculated analytically under particular operation conditions of the hydraulic pump. The 3D models have been obtained from real gears by using Capability Maturity Model (CMM, 3D scanning) operation and SOLIDWORKS software. Stress analyses were conducted on these 3D models by using ANSYS WORKBENCH software. It was found that the density increases by the increase of sintering duration and mechanical properties were positively affected by the increase of density. Maximum deformation takes place in the region of the outer gear where failure generally occurs with the minimum cross-section area.
Synchrotron-Radiographie und -Tomographie einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle
Authors: Markötter Henning , Arlt Tobias , Banhart John , Manke Ingo , Riesemeier Heinrich , Krüger Philipp , Haußmann Jan , Klages Merle , Scholta Joachim 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDie dreidimensionalen Wasserverteilungen und -transportwege in den Gasdiffusionslagen (GDL) einer Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran(PEM)-Brennstoffzelle werden bei verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen analysiert. Die Methode der quasi In-situ-Röntgen-Tomographie wird für eine dreidimensionale Visualisierung der Wasserverteilung sowie der Struktur der GDL genutzt. Basierend auf Ergebnissen dynamischer radiographischer Messungen werden Wassertransportwege aufgefunden und anschließend mithilfe der Tomographie im Detail untersucht. Die Kombination dieser 2D- und 3D-Techniken erlaubt eine Identifizierung der Transportwege durch die GDL. zwei Mechanismen werden auf der Kathodenseite beobachtet: zum einen Wasser, das aus der GDL in den Kanal transportiert wird, und zum anderen Wasser, das in die GDL zurückgedrückt wird.
The Effect of Aging and Sliding Speed on Wear Behaviour of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy
Authors: Özyürek Dursun , Ciftci Ibrahim , Tuncay Tansel 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study, the sliding wear behaviour of non-aged and aged Cu-Cr-Zr alloy specimens were investigated. The specimens were aged for 2 h at the temperatures of 450 °C and 475 °C. Prior to the wear tests, microstructural examinations and hardness measurements were performed on all Cu-Cr-Zr alloy specimens. The wear tests were performed on a pin-on disk type wear apparatus at the sliding speeds of 0.5 ms−1, 1.0 ms−1 and 1.5 ms−1 as well as under 40 N applied load. After the wear tests, the worn surfaces of all samples were analyzed by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The experimental results indicated that aging heat treatment led to increase in the hardness values of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys and the highest wear loss was observed for non-aged specimens. With increasing sliding speed, the wear loss increased to a maximum value beyond which it decreased.
An Automatic Detecting Apparatus for Antarctic Sea Ice Cracks
Authors: Xiaomin Chang , Yinke Dou , Zhuo Dun , Jianmin Qin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The change in width of sea ice cracks seriously affects the transportation during human's activities in the Antarctic sea, but there are few automatic technologies for accurate monitoring of such cracks. To solve this problem, an automatic detecting apparatus for sea ice cracks was designed, and its feasibility and monitoring principles were studied. Furthermore, a practical methodology was developed and such apparatus was applied to the testing of the Antarctic sea ice cracks. The testing results showed that the data were reliable and stable for the analysis of icing behaviour.
Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Fatigue Life Prediction for a Carbon Steel Specimen using a Statistical-Based Approach
Authors: Mohammad Mazian , Abdullah Shahrum , Jamaluddin Nordin , Innayatullah Othman 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the strain and acoustic emission (AE) signals to ascertain the applicability of AE in predicting the fatigue life of metallic specimens. This paper is an extension research of previous work that has been published before. Previous paper presents the ability of AE to predict the fatigue life using statistical parameters such as root mean square (r.m.s) and kurtosis. The same approach also has been carried out in this recent paper but this time, the common parameters that can be directly extracted from the AE data acquisition system were used. To achieve the objective, the strain and AE signals were measured using a strain gauge and a AE piezoelectric transducer on SAE 1045 steel specimens. These measurements were conducted during the cyclic test at constant loadings of 570 MPa, 610 MPa, and 650 MPa. For data collection, AE parameters, i. e., count rate, hits, and duration, were extracted from specific software and were then correlated to fatigue lives calculated using the strain data. Fatigue life values were calculated using strain-life models. The correlation between the experimental and predicted values of fatigue life was then established by the so-called coefficient of correlation which is within 97.2 % and 98.5 % for the Coffin-Manson model and between 92.7 % and 94.3 % for the Smith-Watson-Topper model, respectively. As for the Morrow model, the coefficient of correlation was tabulated at approximately between 71.9 % and 73.6 %. Good correlation values expressed that the AE technique is applicable for predicting the fatigue life of metallic specimens.
Bemessung laserstrahlgeschweißter Überlappverbindungen aus Magnesium und Aluminium unter mehrachsiger Beanspruchung∗
Authors: Exel Nora , Wiebesiek Jens , Sonsino Cetin Morris , Hanselka Holger 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die beiden Leichtmetallknetlegierungen AlMg3,5Mn und MgAl3Zn1 auf Basis von Schwingfestigkeitsergebnissen laserstrahlgeschweißter Überlappverbindungen. Die Versuche wurden sowohl unter reiner Axial- und Torsionsbelastung als auch kombiniert mit konstanten und veränderlichen Hauptspannungsrichtungen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit dem Referenzradiuskonzept rref = 0,05 mm bewertet und mit zulässigen Beanspruchbarkeiten aus einem Regelwerk verglichen. Des Weiteren werden zwei spannungsbasierte Methoden zur Bewertung der Beanspruchungsmehrachsigkeit vorgestellt.
Verhalten von lasergeschmolzenen Bauteilen aus der Titan-Aluminium-Legierung TiAl6V4 unter zyklischer Beanspruchung∗
Authors: Riemer Andre , Leuders S. , Richard Hans A. , Tröster T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Selektives Laserschmelzen (SLM) gehört zu den additiven Fertigungsverfahren (AM) und gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Im Fokus dieses Beitrags stehen Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen an zyklisch belasteten SLM-Bauteilen aus der Titan-Aluminium-Legierung TiAl6V4. Hierzu wurden Experimente zur Bestimmung der Schwingfestigkeit sowie zur Charakterisierung des bruchmechanischen Materialverhaltens durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass z. B. die Dauerfestigkeit und der Schwellenwert des Materials gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung beim SLM-Verfahren niedriger sind als die des Grundmaterials. In dieser Arbeit wird jedoch gezeigt, wie durch gezielte Wärmebehandlungsmethoden die Materialkenndaten der SLM-Bauteile verbessert werden können.
EFNDT Working Group 5 – der Brückenschlag zwischen technischer und öffentlicher Sicherheit
Authors: Osterloh Kurt , Wrobel Norma , Kolkoori Sanjeevareddy 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Die Arbeitsgruppe 5 der Europäischen Föderation für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (EFNDT Working Group 5 “Public Security and Safety”, EFNDT WG 5) verfolgt weiterhin das Ziel, organisatorisch weit auseinanderliegende Zuständigkeiten und Arbeitsgebiete zusammenzuführen, die weitgehend mit gleichen, zumindest ähnlichen Prinzipien und Methoden arbeiten. Auf der Suche nach neuen Wegen stoßen beide Seiten auf Gemeinsamkeiten. Dies gilt auch für neue Ansätze und Bewertungsmethoden von Techniken, mit denen Risiken vermindert werden sollen. Hierzu hat in Berlin ein Workshop im Oktober 2012 stattgefunden, auf dem parallele Projekte zur Container- und Frachtsicherheit zusammengeführt werden konnten. Herausgestellt wurde die Komplementarität der laufenden Projekte, gemeinsame Aspekte sollen künftig auch zusammen bearbeitet werden. Darüber hinaus wurden neue Methoden und Vorgehensweisen vorgestellt, aber auch die Sichtweise der Europäischen Kommission mit ihren Vorstellungen zu einem europäischen Markt für Sicherheitstechnik dargestellt. Angesprochen wurden bestehende und vorgeschlagene europaweite Regulierungen und das europäische Referenznetz zum Schutz kritischer Infrastrukturen (ERNCIP), welches ein Netzwerk von Laboratorien für den Test von Sicherheitstechnik zum Ziel hat. Auf technischem Sektor standen Methoden im Vordergrund, mit denen die Gesamtmenge eines Gefahrstoffes wie z. B. Sprengstoff erkannt werden kann, und nicht nur Spuren als indirekter Hinweis. Die Arbeitsgruppe konnte somit erstmalig ein neutrales Forum für parallel laufende Projekte zur öffentlichen Sicherheit zur Verfügung stellen. Die auf den Workshops 2010 bis 2012 in Berlin gehaltenen Vorträge sind auf der Webseite des EFNDT WG 5 im geschützten Bereich zu finden. Nicht alles davon ist geeignet, es der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Deshalb sind alle Vorträge aus den Workshops in einem passwortgeschützten Verzeichnis abgelegt. Die Erteilung des Passwortes erfolgt über den Convenor der Arbeitsgruppe durch die EFNDT. Eine Erweiterung dieser Struktur zu einem Austauschforum ist vorgeschlagen. Zur Teilnahme daran sind nicht nur Mitglieder in den Gesellschaften für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung eingeladen, sondern auch diejenigen, die in den Anwendungsgebieten zur öffentlichen Sicherheit tätig sind.
Einfluss der Auswertestrategie auf die Grenzformänderungskurve∗
Authors: Kuppert Andreas , Merklein Marion , Friebe Harald , Möller Theodor , Hotz Walter , Volk Wolfram 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Die Grenzformänderungskurve stellt bis heute das bewährte und etablierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Versagensgrenze des Werkstoffes dar und kann für nahezu alle modernen Simulationsprogramme der Blechumformung als Eingangsparameter verwendet werden. Die Qualität der FLC ist entscheidend von der Definition des Beginns der Einschnürung während der Umformung abhängig und geht auf Arbeiten von Keeler [1] und Goodwin [2] zurück. In diesem Beitrag wird dargestellt, dass besonders bei Leichtbauwerkstoffen das standardisierte Verfahren nach ISO 12004-2 [3] Schwächen aufweisen kann, wodurch Abweichungen zwischen Simulationsergebnissen und realen Umformversuchen entstehen können. Die unterschiedlichen Ansätze zur Ermittlung der FLC werden gegenübergestellt. Im besonderen Fokus stehen dabei die zeitlichen Auswertestrategien, welche aktuell auch im Rahmen der Arbeitsgruppe „Erweiterung FLC ISO 12004“ diskutiert werden.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co/NiCrBSi, Cr3C2 Coatings on Al Alloys
Authors: Özel Serkan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study, WC-Co/NiCrBSi and Cr3C2 powders were coated on surface of Al alloys (AA7075-T651, AA5083, AA2024-T4) by using HVOF (High Velocity Oxy Fuel) process. The coated samples were characterized by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX, XRD), hardness and bonding strength. These results showed that the maximum hardness and minimum surface roughness have been obtained at specimens coated with WC-Co. The bonding strengths of specimens used AA2024-T4 substrates were maximum. XRD study revealed that WC, W2C, C, Co, Cr3Ni2SiC, W5Si3, Cr7C3, Cr3C2, Cr, and Ni phases are present in the coatings.
Hochenergieradiografie – Erkennung von Einzelheiten in großen, komplexen Schichttiefen
Authors: Kolkoori Sanjeevareddy , Wrobel Norma , Osterloh Kurt , Redmer Bernhard , Deresch Andreas , Ewert Uwe 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Zur Durchstrahlung großer, dichter Objekte reichen die Energien, die mit normalen Röntgenröhren erzielt werden können, ab gewissen Schichtdicken nicht mehr aus. Als hochenergetische Strahlenquellen stehen Kobalt-60 und Elektronenbeschleuniger zur Verfügung. Als Einschränkung der Hochenergieradiografie ist der geringere Kontrast besonders beim Vorhandensein leichterer Objekte umgeben von Körpern bestehend aus schweren Elementen anzusehen. Es ist daher zu erwarten, dass Objekte aus organischen Substanzen hinter dicken Schwermetallwänden oder in Bohrungen von Metallblöcken schwer zu erkennen sind. Im Unterschied zu einem Gammastrahler wie Kobalt-60 mit den beiden Spektrallinien um 1,3 MeV besitzt die Bremsstrahlung aus einem Beschleuniger einen wesentlichen Anteil an niederenergetischer Strahlung, der fließend zu höheren Energien übergeht. Es wird hier untersucht, welche Signaturen von leichten Materialien in einer Umgebung aus Schwermetall bis zu welcher Dicke und bis zu welchem Komplexitätsgrad erkennbar sind. Mit einem Betatron (JME X-ray Betatron 7,5 MeV) und einem Matrixdetektor (Perkin Elmer XRD 1621) wurden Aufnahmen von unterschiedlichen leichten Objekten angefertigt, die zunehmend in eine Umgebung aus Schwermetallen gestellt wurden. Mit unterschiedlichen Energieeinstellungen wurde untersucht, inwieweit eine Materialerkennung hinter welcher Abschirmung möglich ist. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit Simulationen verglichen, die mit einer Software zur Modellierung von Durchstrahlungsverfahren (aRTist) erzeugt wurden. Dabei wird dem Problem der Aufhärtung bei Anwendung von Bremsstrahlung Rechnung getragen. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl zur Erkennung von Fremdkörpern in Maschinen oder Pumpen als auch zur Überprüfung von Frachtladungen im Bereich der öffentlichen Sicherheit und bei Zollkontrollen dienen.
Statistic Evaluation of Sample Test Results to Determine Residual Strength of Composite Gas Cylinders
Authors: Mair Georg W. , Scherer Florian 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Hydraulic pressure testing of composite gas cylinders damages the cylinders, but provides very limited information. For this reason, the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM) demands the assessment of the safety of design types for retest periods of more than three years by employing destructive testing of small samples. This gives insight in properties not quantified by current standards. Depending on the cycle fatigue behaviour of the individual design type either cycle tests or slow burst tests are employed. In this paper methods are introduced for a statistical assessment of sample results of both test methods. This includes gathering the average and load cycle burst strength, and the scatter of a sample as well as analysing and plotting them as a pair of values. Each pair of values representing a sample can be assessed approximately regarding its survival rate in service, if the introduced performance charts are employed.
NiCr Thin Film Strain Gauges Fabricated on Glass Substrates
Authors: Danışman Murat , Cansever Nurhan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In order to investigate the strain gauge characteristics of NiCr thin films, 500 nm NiCr (80 wt.-% and 20 wt.-%, respectively) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. After deposition, NiCr thin films were characterized by using X-Ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope and four-point probe techniques inview of crystallization, phases, film structure and electrical resistivity. After characterization, NiCr thin films were shaped into strain gauges by photo lithography and wet etching techniques. Strain gauges were tested with different loads, and strain values were calculated by comparing the results with commercial NiCr strain gauges with the same surface area. Resistivity change vs. strain was plotted, and the gauge factor of fabricated thin film strain gauges was evaluated as 1.23.
A New Design of Dental Implant Coating Using Functionally Graded Material
Authors: Hedia Hassan S. , Fouda Noha 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Dental implantation treatment has developed into one of the most successful prosthetic technologies. A critical progress made in this area was the development of biocompatible materials to enable an engineered device (implant) to integrate within its surrounding bony tissues. Titanium and its alloys have been widely adopted as such materials due to their excellent biocompatibility. However, their mechanical properties largely differ from those in host bony tissues, which is problematical in osseointegration and bone remodeling. The challenge to face in prosthetics is to develop both biologically and mechanically compatible biomaterials for this purpose. Few existing research has been reported to develop an optimized design of functionally graded material (FGM) dental implant for promoting a long-term success. One of the authors of the present Contributions has previously designed a new FGM dental implant coating graded in axial direction from titanium at the apex to collagen at the basis of the dental implant. The aim of this investigation is to design a new gradation direction of FGM dental implant coating as well as studying the effect of coating thickness on the maximum von Mises stresses in bone adjacent to the coating layer. The gradation of the elastic modulus is changed along the longitudinal direction. Stress analysis using a finite element method showed that using a coating of 150 μm thickness, which is functionally graded from titanium at the outer shell adjacent to the bone to collagen at the inner shell adjacent to the implant, will reduce the maximum von Mises stress by 16 % and 13 % compared with the common conventional coating materials such as collagen and hydroxyapatite coatings, respectively. However, using FGM coating graded from hydroxyapatite at the outer shell to titanium at the inner shell reduces the maximum von Mises stress by 8 % and 5 % compared with collagen and hydroxyapatite coatings, respectively, but this gradation can improve the biocompatibility and can also achieve a full integration of the implant within the living bone, which increases the life of the implant.
The impact of non-optimized operation of nuclear power plants on the nuclear fuel burn-up
Authors: de Oliveira H. R. V. , Martinez A. S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to model the additional nuclear power and fuel burn-up needed to compensate non-optimized operation. Technical limitations, such as changes in reactivity, the additional nuclear power needed to compensate deficiencies of the electrical system control, and other related nuclear parameters are evaluated. The equations that define and quantify the additional nuclear power that must be generated by a reactor in order to fulfill the commitment with the national electric system operator are modeled in a simple and precise way.
Comparison of two modern approaches for MBDA calculations of RBMK-type reactors
Authors: Urbonas R. , Kaliatka A. , Ušpuras E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The paper presents the comparative study of modern approaches, i. e. “best-estimate” and “partially-conservative” for the accident analyses based on calculations of Maximum Design Basis Accident at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. The calculated critical parameters, values of which lead to the determination of the safety margin, were compared for both analyses. The comparison of the results shows that these values for “best-estimate” calculation are slightly lower in comparison with “partially-conservative” calculation results. That enables to draw a conclusion that in most cases both approaches – either “best-estimate” or “partially-conservative” can be applied. The latter approach looks tempting since in this case only one calculation is sufficient; while in the case of the “best-estimate” approach a high number of calculations is required. Thus, the “partially-conservative” approach requires considerably less computational time. However, when using this methodology the obtained calculated results do not meet the acceptance criteria, the complete analysis by employing “best-estimate” approach is necessary.
Monte Carlo simulation of the ETRR-2 research reactor using the MCNP Code
Authors: Aziz M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The MCNP computer Code is used to model the ETRR-2 research reactor. A computer program was designed to evaluate the axial burn-up of the fuel elements. The excess reactivity of the reactor core is calculated for different core configurations and compared with the existing measurements. The thermal flux is also calculated and compared with measurements. Several factors that affect the safety of the reactor such as power peak and the effect of control rod insertion on the reactor power and flux were studied and analysed. The agreement between the MCNP results and the experimentally determined values is good.
Preliminary evaluation of the fixed and fluidized bed nuclear reactor concept using the IAEA-INPRO methodology
Authors: Sefidvash F. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through its INPRO Project has developed a methodology to evaluate the innovative nuclear reactors. Here is a preliminary application of this methodology to evaluate the Fixed and Fluidized Bed Nuclear Reactor Concept (FBNR). The FBNR is based on pressurized light water reactor technology. It is a small, modular, and integrated primary circuit reactor. It is an inherently safe and passively cooled reactor concept. FBNR in its first phase of development is a fixed bed nuclear reactor and in its next phase will be a fluidized bed nuclear reactor. FBNR in its advanced versions can use supercritical steam or helium gas as coolant, and utilize MOX or thorium fuel.