bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Can We still Use ‘Separate Spheres’? British History 25 Years After Family Fortunes”
Authors: Steinbach Susie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHistorians of Britain often call the period between 1780 and 1850 the age of ‘separate spheres’ or ‘domestic ideology’ for men and women, and when they do, they are likely to reference Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall’sFamily Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Working Class, 1780–1850(1987). This essay takes the 25th anniversary ofFamily Fortunesas an occasion on which to assess the book and its treatment of the ideology of separate spheres. Careful reading reveals that whileFamily Fortunesis often remembered as championing an historical focus on the emergence of separate spheres ideology, it is in fact an account of the formation of the English middle class that interprets separate spheres ideology in complex and nuanced ways. The principal contribution ofFamily Fortunesis its demonstration that notions of gender were central to class as it was constructed and as it was experienced and lived out. Gender was not merely an aspect of social life; rather, gender and class were mutually constitutive.
Loss of genetic diversity and increased genetic structuring in response to forest area reduction in a ground dwelling insect: a case study of the flightless carabid beetle Carabus problematicus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Gaublomme Eva , Maebe Kevin , Van Doninck Karine , Dhuyvetter Hilde , Li Xiang , Desender Konjev , Hendrickx Frederik 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Old growth temperate broadleaved forests are characterised by a large proportion of forest specialists with low dispersal capability. Hence, species bound to this habitat are expected to be highly susceptible to the effects of decreasing patch size and increasing isolation.
Here, we investigate the relative effect of both factors by genotyping individuals of a flightless and forest specialist beetle Carabus problematicus from 29 populations, sampled in 21 different forest fragments in Belgium, at eight microsatellite loci.
A high degree of genetic differentiation among fragments was observed, with populations from smaller forests being considerably more differentiated and characterised by a lower genetic diversity compared to those of larger forests.
A more detailed study on forest remnants of a former historic continuous woodland area revealed that population differentiation was high among, but not within remnants, irrespective of geographical distance. This suggests that patch fragmentation rather than geographical distance is the ultimate factor that hampers gene flow in this species.
The results indicate that gene flow among suitable habitat patches is primarily reduced by the inability of this specialised species to traverse the landscape matrix. This lack of dispersal may pose a serious threat for the persistence of C. problematicus and ecologically similar species, and suggests that present populations can best be protected by securing or increasing the size of existing habitat patches.
Gene profiling in partially resistant and susceptible near‐isogenic tomatoes in response to late blight in the field
Authors: Cai Guohong , Restrepo Silvia , Myers Kevin , Zuluaga Paola , Danies Giovanna , Smart Christine , Fry William 
Published: November 2012

SummaryIn order to better understand resistance to Phytophthora infestans in tomato, we compared the global gene expression of the susceptible tomato, M82, with its more resistant near‐isogenic line, 6‐2 (IL6‐2), under field conditions using a microarray with more than 12 800 tomato expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Because variance in the field was a major concern, we investigated the likelihood of false positives or false negatives and demonstrated that either probability was very low. The two isolines had indistinguishable constitutive gene expressions prior to inoculation. However, a few genes were particularly prone to variation in both isolines in the absence of P. infestans. Included among these genes were catalase, genes coding for pathogenesis‐related proteins, endochitinase and cytochrome P450. In response to inoculation with P. infestans, a time course of gene expression identified 1248 transcripts that were similarly induced or repressed in each line, and 991 that were differentially expressed between the two lines. These differences provide hypotheses to explain the difference in resistance between the two isolines. For example, one hypothesis is that genes up‐regulated in IL6‐2 in response to inoculation with P. infestans, but not up‐regulated in M82, contribute to the resistance in IL6‐2. Using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS), we were able to partially silence two such genes—one encoded a protein with homology to an R gene with the Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor–nucleotide‐binding site–leucine‐rich repeat (TIR‐NBS‐LRR) motif (37O19) and the other encoded a peroxisomal membrane protein (35P7). Partial silencing of 37O19 reduced the resistance in IL6‐2 (P = 0.001), but had no effect on the response of M82. Partial silencing of 35P7 reduced the resistance in IL6‐2 moderately significantly (P = 0.067), but had no effect in M82. We expect that hypotheses developed from this gene expression study performed under field conditions will provide an important avenue to an accurate understanding of the genes involved in resistance.
Molecular cloning and characterization of an endogenous digestive β‐glucosidase from the midgut of the fungus‐growing termite Macrotermes barneyi
Authors: Wu Y. , Chi S. , Yun C. , Shen Y. , Tokuda G. , Ni J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstractβ‐glucosidase from the midgut of the fungus‐growing termite Macrotermes barneyi was first cloned and characterized to gain a better understanding of cellulolytic systems in fungus‐growing termites. β‐glucosidase activity was proven to present primarily in the midgut of M. barneyi and two β‐glucosidases were partially purified from the midgut. Based on the N‐terminus sequence of one of the β‐glucosidases, a full‐length cDNA fragment of 1708 bp was obtained. This sequence encodes a 493 amino acid protein belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 1. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis proved that the β‐glucosidase gene was primarily expressed in the midgut. β‐glucosidase was expressed heterologously and biochemically characterized. Results indicate that β‐glucosidase is an endogenous, midgut‐origin termite digestive enzyme. It may have applications in understanding the mechanism of lignocellulose degradation in fungus‐growing termites.
The impact of staff and service user gender on staff responses towards adults with intellectual disabilities who display aggressive behaviour
Authors: Kleinberg I. , Scior K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of staff and service user gender on responses of staff in intellectual disability (ID) services is poorly understood. The present study set out to assess the role of gender in influencing staff emotions, attributions and behavioural intentions in response to aggression displayed by adults with ID.MethodA new scale measuring staff behavioural intentions was developed. A two × two (staff gender × service user gender) between subjects design was used to compare the responses of day and residential support staff to physical aggression by a hypothetical service user. In response to a vignette depicting a service user with ID assaulting a member of staff, 160 respondents completed measures of affective responses, causal attributions and behavioural intentions while imagining themselves as the target of the service user's assault.ResultsFemale participants reported feeling more fear/anxiety, more depression/anger and less confident/relaxed than male participants. The longer staff had worked with people with ID, the more likely they were to favour safety‐focused behaviours. More confident female participants were less likely to favour safety‐focused behaviours, but confidence had no effect on male participants' endorsement of these behaviours. Increased confidence in both was associated with lower agreement of safety‐focused behaviours in relation to the female vignette, regardless of participant gender. The more control women believed the service user had over their behaviour, the more likely they were to choose safety‐focused behaviours. Punitive behaviours were favoured more in response to the male rather than the female service user. Punitive behaviours were also favoured more by more junior staff and by participants who expected feeling more depressed/angry in response to the vignettes.ConclusionsBoth staff and service user gender influenced staff responses to aggression, yet the latter played a smaller role than expected. The role of gender in staff–service user interactions should be the focus of further research and should be considered in service delivery.
Evaluation of misindexing of EBSD patterns in a ferritic steel
Authors: KARTHIKEYAN T. , DASH M.K. , SAROJA S. , VIJAYALAKSHMI M. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe systematic misindexing caused by pseudo‐symmetry Kikuchi diffraction patterns in automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction analysis has been studied in a 9Cr‐1Mo ferritic steel. Grains with its [1 1 1] directed towards detector centre were found to be prone to misindexing, and the solutions exhibit a relative orientation of ±30° and 60° about the common [1 1 1] axis (as compared to the true orientation). Fictitious boundaries were detected within such grains, which satisfy the Σ3 or Σ13b type coincidence site lattice boundary criteria. Misindexing rate was reduced with more than six detected bands, but 30° rotated solution was comparatively more persistent, as the additional bands of (3 1 0)‐type exhibited a nearly good pattern match. Increase in detector collection angle to 0.96 sr or number of detected bands to nine were found to be beneficial in preventing the misindexing problem.
Performance of the Australian Developmental Screening Test in a clinical setting
Authors: Morris Joanne , Perkins Deborah , Sarkozy Vanessa , Moline Adrienne , Zwi Karen , Williams Katrina 
Published: November 2012

Aims:  The study aims to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Australian Developmental Screening Test (ADST) in a clinical setting in detecting developmental concerns that warrant further assessment or treatment.Methods:  Clients referred to an inner Sydney Community Health Centre with developmental concerns were initially assessed using the ADST, followed within 12 weeks by an assessment using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS) as the gold standard.Results:  Of the 65 eligible children, 46 (71%) had results indicating further assessment (42) or follow‐up (4) was needed (using the criteria recommended in the ADST manual). However, of these only 21 (46%) had an abnormal GMDS. This gave a sensitivity of 95% but a specificity of only 52%.New threshold criteria for further assessment were developed and applied to three age groups. If children aged under 2 years are assessed using the standard ADST threshold, and children 2 years or older are assessed using the new ADST cut‐off, then the tool has a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 82%, a positive likelihood ratio of 5.24 (95% CI 2.78, 9.88) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.06 (0.01, 0.40).Conclusions:  Modified criteria for the ADST developed in this study showed good specificity and sensitivity for detection of developmental problems in this population, referred because of developmental concerns. Further testing to see if these new criteria perform well in a different population is now needed.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Controversies and current concepts
Authors: Bracken Jennifer , Tran Ton , Ditchfield Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip is an important but poorly understood disorder as evidenced by the vast amount of literature published to date on this topic. The precise definition of hip dysplasia is controversial and it encompasses a spectrum of abnormalities, rather than a single condition, which at one end overlap with normal hip maturation. We review the risk factors, clinical examination and radiological imaging of the hip in the infant and young child, the controversies of ultrasound screening for hip dysplasia and the current management, both operative and non‐operative, of this condition according to patient age.
Robotic versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for tumor in a solitary kidney: A single institution comparative analysis
Authors: Panumatrassamee Kamol , Autorino Riccardo , Laydner Humberto , Hillyer Shahab , Khalifeh Ali , Kassab Ahmad , Stein Robert J , Haber Georges‐Pascal , Kaouk Jihad H 
Published: November 2012

ObjectivesTo compare the outcomes of robot‐assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor in patients with a solitary kidney.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data of patients with solitary kidney who underwent laparoscopic (n = 52) and robot‐assisted (n = 15) partial nephrectomy for renal tumor at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, between June 2000 and April 2012. Patient demographic data, perioperative parameters and follow‐up data were compared.ResultsThe two groups were similar in terms of patients and tumor characteristics, including preoperative renal function and etiology of solitary kidney. The median operative time (225 vs 171 min, P = 0.02), warm ischemia time (19 vs 15 min, P = 0.04) and hospital stay (4 vs 3 days, P = 0.03) were significantly shorter in the robotic group. No significant differences were found in terms of estimated blood loss, transfusion, complications, pathological results and margin status. The median percentage change of renal function was not significantly different between two groups. Long‐term hemodialysis was required for three patients in the laparoscopic group (6%) and none of the patients in the robotic group. Median follow up was 15.6 and 5.9 months in the laparoscopic and robotic group, respectively.ConclusionsRobot‐assisted partial nephrectomy represents a safe and effective minimally‐invasive treatment option for renal masses in patients with a solitary kidney. Early comparative outcomes suggest that it offers a significant benefit over the laparoscopic approach in terms of operative time, warm ischemia time and hospital stay. Further studies with a longer follow up are required to confirm the likelihood of better long‐term functional and oncological outcomes.
Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence in murine models
Authors: Koike Yusuke , Furuta Akira , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Honda Mariko , Naruoka Takehito , Asano Koji , Egawa Shin , Yoshimura Naoki 
Published: November 2012

AbstractUrethral closure mechanisms under stress conditions consist of passive urethral closure involving connective tissues, fascia and/or ligaments in the pelvis and active urethral closure mediated by hypogastric, pelvic and pudendal nerves. Furthermore, we have previously reported that the active urethral closure mechanism might be divided into two categories: (i) the central nervous control passing onto Onuf's nucleus under sneezing or coughing; and (ii) the bladder‐to‐urethral spinal reflex under Valsalva‐like stress conditions, such as laughing, exercise or lifting heavy objects. There are over 200 million people worldwide with urinary incontinence, a condition that is associated with a significant social impact and reduced quality of life. Therefore, basic research for urinary continence mechanisms in response to different stress conditions can play an essential role in developing treatments for stress urinary incontinence. It has been clinically shown that the etiology of stress urinary incontinence is divided into urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency, which could respectively correspond to passive and active urethral closure dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the representative stress urinary incontinence animal models and the methods to measure leak point pressures under stress conditions, and then highlight stress‐induced urinary continence mechanisms mediated by active urethral closure mechanisms, as well as future pharmacological treatments of stress urinary incontinence. In addition, we introduce our previous reports including sex differences in urethral closure mechanisms under stress conditions and urethral compensatory mechanisms to maintain urinary continence after pudendal nerve injury in female rats.
Perioperative outcomes of off‐clamp vs complete hilar control laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Authors: George Arvin K. , Herati Amin S. , Srinivasan Arun K. , Rais‐Bahrami Soroush , Waingankar Nikhil , Sadek Mostafa A. , Schwartz Michael J. , Okhunov Zhamshid , Richstone Lee , Okeke Zeph , Kavoussi Louis R. 
Published: November 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Off‐clamp laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is thought to preserve renal function by limiting warm ischaemia time (WIT) and consequently reperfusion injury. To date, studies using the off‐clamp technique represent a heterogeneous group, with limited follow‐up showing feasibility and safety in a restricted number of cases.We report the largest experience of off‐clamp vs on‐clamp LPN with perioperative outcomes and intermediate follow‐up of renal functional outcomes with stratification by WIT.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate perioperative and 6‐month renal functional outcomes of patients undergoing off‐clamp vs complete hilar control laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A retrospective review of 489 patients undergoing LPN was completed.
Preoperative imaging assessed tumour characteristics.
Patient demographics, perioperative parameters, and postoperative outcomes were documented.
Multivariable regression analysis was used to assess factors contributing to changes in postoperative renal function between off‐clamp and clamped LPN.
RESULTS
In all, 289 LPNs were performed on‐clamp and 150 were performed off‐clamp.
Tumours in the on‐clamp group were larger than those in the off‐clamp group (mean [range] 3.3 [0.5–13.5] vs 2.7 [0.4–9] cm, P= 0.003).
Univariable analysis comparing off‐clamp to on‐clamp cohorts showed that estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was better preserved in the off‐clamp cohort at 6 months (−5.8% vs –11.4%, P= 0.046). Multivariable analysis of the groups showed that estimate blood loss (P= 0.015) and warm ischaemia time (WIT, P< 0.001) were the only significant predictors of decreased eGFR in the postoperative period.
Difference in eGFR at 6 months was not significant when WIT was limited to 30 min. The complication rate was greater in the clamped cohort (10% vs 20%, P= 0.012).
There was no difference in transfusion rate or positive margin status.
CONCLUSIONS
LPN without hilar clamping is feasible, safe and associated with less renal injury as assessed by postoperative GFR in select patients.
With experience, it can be applied to complex renal lesions.
CLASSIFYING PROCESSES: AN ESSAY IN APPLIED ONTOLOGY
Authors: Smith Barry 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe begin by describing recent developments in the burgeoning discipline of applied ontology, focusing especially on the ways ontologies are providing a means for the consistent representation of scientific data. We then introduce Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), a top‐level ontology that is serving as domain‐neutral framework for the development of lower level ontologies in many specialist disciplines, above all in biology and medicine. BFO is a bicategorial ontology, embracing both three‐dimensionalist (continuant) and four‐dimensionalist (occurrent) perspectives within a single framework. We examine how BFO‐conformant domain ontologies can deal with the consistent representation of scientific data deriving from the measurement of processes of different types, and we outline on this basis the first steps of an approach to the classification of such processes within the BFO framework.1
Anorectal atresia and Variants at Predicted Regulatory Sites in Candidate Genes
Authors: Carter Tonia C. , Kay Denise M. , Browne Marilyn L. , Liu Aiyi , Romitti Paul A. , Kuehn Devon , Conley Mary R. , Caggana Michele , Druschel Charlotte M. , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAnorectal atresia is a serious birth defect of largely unknown etiology but candidate genes have been identified in animal studies and human syndromes. Because alterations in the activity of these genes might lead to anorectal atresia, we selected 71 common variants predicted to be in transcription factor binding sites, CpG windows, splice sites, and miRNA target sites of 25 candidate genes, and tested for their association with anorectal atresia. The study population comprised 150 anorectal atresia cases and 623 control infants without major malformations. Variants predicted to affect transcription factor binding, splicing, and DNA methylation in WNT3A, PCSK5, TCF4, MKKS, GLI2, HOXD12, and BMP4 were associated with anorectal atresia based on a nominal P value < 0.05. The GLI2 and BMP4 variants are reported to be moderately associated with gene expression changes (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between −0.260 and 0.226). We did not find evidence for interaction between maternal pre‐pregnancy obesity and variants in MKKS, a gene previously associated with obesity, on the risk of anorectal atresia. Our results for MKKS support previously suggested associations with anorectal malformations. Our findings suggest that more research is needed to determine whether altered GLI2 and BMP4 expression is important in anorectal atresia in humans.
Biogeography of Rutilus species of the southern Balkan Peninsula as inferred by multivariate analysis of morphological data
Authors: Tsoumani M. , Apostolidis A. P. , Leonardos I. D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMorphological patterns among species of the genus Rutilus from the southern Balkan Peninsula were analysed to identify morphological differentiation and its palaeogeographic history. Seven meristic and 65 morphometric characters, based on 20 landmarks, were studied on 711 specimens from 15 Greek lakes. Multivariate analyses demonstrated a well‐supported differentiation of the western and northern from the eastern Rutilus species' populations, separated by the Pindos Mountains. In North‐western Greece, there are three isolated endemic species, in different biogeographical areas (R. prespensis in the Southern Adriatic, R. panosi in the Ionian and R. ylikiensis in the Attico‐Boeotia), while in the Northern Aegean, multiple non‐homogeneous populations of the cosmopolitan R. rutilus can be found. This distribution is clearly in accordance with the biogeographical scenario for the distribution of freshwater fauna of the Balkan Peninsula. This study confirms differentiation of the populations of Lakes Kastoria, Volvi, Vegoritida and Doirani, and emphasizes the likely existence of cryptic species within R. rutilus populations.