bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of the effects of the somatostatin analog pasireotide in postoperative dumping syndrome
Authors: Deloose E. , Bisschops R. , Holvoet L. , Arts J. , De Wulf D. , Caenepeel P. , Lannoo M. , Vanuytsel T. , Andrews C. , Tack J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundDumping syndrome is characterized by distinct pathophysiological features such as postprandial increase in hematocrit (HT) and pulse rate (PR) and delayed hypoglycemia (HG). Treatment is based on dietary measures and somatostatin analogs (SA), but current SAs have incomplete efficacy, possibly through limited affinity for various somatostatin receptor subtypes. We evaluated the effect of pasireotide, a novel SA with high affinity for 4/5 human somatostatin receptors, on pathophysiological events and symptoms in dumping.MethodsRandomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross‐over study of nine patients (six women, 47 ± 4 years) with postoperative dumping. Baseline measurements included oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), abdominal ultrasound, and dumping symptom severity score (DSSS). Patients were treated for 2 weeks with placebo or pasireotide 300 μg s.c. t.i.d. with a 1‐week wash‐out in a randomized fashion. On day 13 and 14 of each treatment OGTT, DSSS, and solid and liquid gastric emptying (GE) were obtained.Key ResultsBaseline OGTT was pathological in all patients based on PR (n = 5), HT (n = 1) or HG (n = 7). Compared to placebo, pasireotide suppressed the increase in PR (17.1 ± 2.8 vs 8.2 ± 3.5 bpm; p < 0.05) and late HG (nadir glycemia 55.6 ± 4.3 vs 83.3 ± 9.5 mg/dL; p = 0.007), increased peak glycemia (294.1 ± 33.3 vs 221.0 ± 23.1 mg/dL; p = 0.001) and delayed GE of solids (t1/2 83 ± 23 vs 43 ± 9 min; p = 0.05) and liquids (t1/2 70 ± 10 vs 40 ± 4 min, p = 0.05). The differences in DSSS did not reach statistical significance. Two patients dropped out because of adverse gastrointestinal events under pasireotide.Conclusions & InferencesPasireotide affects pathophysiological features of both early and late dumping syndrome.
Cortical evoked potentials in response to rapid balloon distension of the rectum and anal canal
Authors: Haas S. , Brock C. , Krogh K. , Gram M. , Nissen T. D. , Lundby L. , Laurberg S. , Drewes A. M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundNeurophysiological evaluation of anorectal sensory function is hampered by a paucity of methods. Rapid balloon distension (RBD) has been introduced to describe the cerebral response to rectal distension, but it has not successfully been applied to the anal canal.MethodsNineteen healthy women received 30 RBDs in the rectum and the anal canal at intensities corresponding to sensory and unpleasantness thresholds, and response was recorded as cortical evoked potentials (CEPs) in 64‐channels. The anal canal stimulations at unpleasantness level were repeated after 4 min to test the within‐day reproducibility. CEPs were averaged, and to overcome latency variation related to jitter the spectral content of single sweeps was also computed.Key ResultsRepeated stimulation of the anal canal generated CEPs with similar latencies but smaller amplitudes compared to those from the rectum. Due to latency jitter, reproducibility of averaged CEPs was lower than what was found in the rectum. The most reproducible feature was N2P2 peak‐to‐peak amplitude with intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.7 and coefficient of variation (CV) of 18%. Spectral content of the single sweeps showed reproducibility with ICCs for all bands >0.8 and corresponding CVs <7%.Conclusions & InferencesCortical potentials evoked from the anal canal are challenged by latency jitter likely related to variability in muscle tone due to the distensions. Using single‐sweep analysis, anal CEPs proved to be reproducible and should be used in future evaluation of the anal function.
Molecular and functional characterization of wheat near‐isogenic line ‘i:S29Ra’ having intensive anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile, culm, leaves and auricles
Authors: Khlestkina Elena K. , Gordeeva Elena I. , Arbuzova Valentina S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNear‐isogenic line of the common spring wheat cultivar ‘Saratovskaya 29’, designated ‘i:S29Ra’, has been earlier developed during eight backcrosses and selection for the red auricle colour inherited from donor ‘Ulyanovka’. In this study, the line ‘i:S29Ra’ was characterized using 274 molecular and a number of morphological markers. It was found that the donor's genome material in ‘i:S29Ra’ is presented by a fragment on chromosome 7D flanked by the microsatellite loci Xgwm0044 and Xgwm1481 and carrying cluster of the genes Rc‐D1 (red coleoptile), Pc‐D1 (purple culm), Pls‐D1 (purple leaf sheaths), Plb‐D1 (purple leaf blades) and Ra‐D1 (red auricles), conferring intensive anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile, culm, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and auricles, respectively. The Ra‐D1 is a novel locus described in wheat. The relative anthocyanin contents (OD530) in different parts of wheat plant and expression level of the anthocyanin biosynthesis (AB) structural genes in auricles were compared between ‘i:S29Ra’ and ‘S29’. In auricles of ‘i:S29Ra’, the OD530 (optical density) value was twice higher and transcription of some AB structural genes was increased in comparison with ‘S29’, suggesting regulatory role of the Ra gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis in wheat.
Degree of polymerization of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐derived eumelanin from chemical degradation study
Authors: Okuda Hidekazu , Yoshino Kyoji , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , Sota Takayuki 
Published: April 2014

SummaryEumelanin is a brown‐black pigment comprising 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI) and its 2‐carboxy derivative (DHICA), but the detailed structure of eumelanin is unclear. Chemical degradation is a powerful tool for analyzing melanin. H2O2 oxidation degradation of eumelanin affords pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (PDCA). The ratio of PDCA to PTCA provides information about the eumelanin structure. In this article, we propose simple equations on the basis of previous experimental results on dimer yields for evaluating the yields of PTCA and PDCA from any DHI oligomers. Assuming the chemical disorder model of DHI‐melanin, we solve an equation where a theoretical expression for the ratio of PDCA to PTCA is set to the corresponding experimental value to obtain a plausible Poisson distribution of DHI oligomers. The results demonstrate that the main contributors to DHI‐melanin are tetramers and pentamers as shown by the mass spectrometry.
Cross‐cultural measurement equivalence of the Japanese version of Revised Conflict Tactics Scales Short Form among Japanese men and women
Authors: Umeda Maki , Kawakami Norito 
Published: April 2014

AimThe Revised Conflict Tactics Scales Short Form (CTS2SF) is an instrument used to measure intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization over the past 12 months.MethodsThe CTS2SF was translated into Japanese, and the reliability (internal consistency and 4‐week test–retest reliability) and the concurrent and factor‐based validity were examined using two waves of Internet surveys over an interval of 4 weeks. Participants of the survey were 393 Japanese men and women who were registrants of an Internet survey company.ResultsCronbach's α was greater than 0.5 for most scales, while it was low (α = 0.18) for sexual coercion by partner. The test–retest reliability of the binary variable for the presence or absence of IPV was high (Yule's Q, 0.79–1.00), and moderate between the scores (Spearman's rank correlation, 0.38:0.70). Concordance with the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Violence Against Women Screen, and Kessler 6 generally indicated good concurrent validity. The results of the exploratory factor analysis confirmed the three‐factor structure of the Japanese version of the CTS2SF.ConclusionAlthough the internal consistency reliability was limited for some sub‐scales, its moderate internal consistency and test–retest reliability and good factor‐based validity highlighted the benefit of using the Japanese version of the CTS2SF in a large‐scale community survey where a shorter scale is required to assess IPV.
Increased expression of CXCR3 axis components and matrix metalloproteinase in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients
Authors: Jimbo Keisuke , Ohtsuka Yoshikazu , Kojima Yuko , Hosoi Kenji , Ohbayashi Naho , Ikuse Tamaki , Aoyagi Yo , Fujii Tohru , Kudo Takahiro , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by extensive intestinal involvement and rapid early progression, the precise cause and specific factors involved in disease aggravation have not been well established. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of pediatric IBD.MethodsThe expression of inflammatory molecules in colon samples taken from active ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients was compared with those of controls. Three children each with UC and CD in both the active and remission phase and their controls were enrolled, and the inflammatory gene expression in the mucosa was examined by microarray. Additionally, six children from each group were further enrolled in a real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and an immunohistochemical study to examine the expression of CXCL9, 10, 11, CXCR3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, ‐3, ‐7, and ‐10.ResultsThe microarray analysis revealed enhanced expression of the CXCL9, 10, and 11 genes in the active phase of CD. The expression of MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐7, and ‐10 was significantly enhanced in the active phase of UC. These changes were also confirmed by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced expression of CXCL9, 10, and 11 in both the lamina propria and epithelial cells in these patients. CXCR3‐positive cells were also confirmed in the lamina propria. The expression of MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐7, and ‐10 was also enhanced in the mucosal epithelial cells and the lamina propria in both CD and UC patients.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that CXCR3 axis components and MMP play an important role in the mucosal damage in pediatric IBD.
Absolute Goodness, Wonder and the Evildoer
Authors: Segal Alex 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRaimond Gaita affirms absolute goodness as the only thing with the power to keep fully among us the worst kind of evildoer. At issue in this goodness is a wonder that he ties to joy. Yet Gaita does not, perhaps cannot, imagine this power with respect to the evildoer concretely enough for it to move us in the way his account requires. An aspect of his writings that resists the emphasis on a joyous wonder may assist our thinking about the relation to the evildoer.
Professional Self‐regulation in North America: The Cases of Law and Accounting
Authors: Gorman Elizabeth H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractProfessional and expert work holds the potential for misconduct that can harm clients or the public. According to the traditional model of professional self‐regulation, developed during the “golden age” of the professions in the mid‐20th century, societies grant professional communities freedom from external regulation in return for their commitment to regulate their members' conduct. Professions were said to cultivate distinctive ethical norms, socialize new practitioners, and engage in social control of deviant behavior. In light of dramatic changes in the professional world since that time, this essay reviews research on the legal and accounting professions in North America to assess the extent to which this traditional model still holds. The two professions continue to resemble the traditional model in some respects but diverge from it in others, and on some points, there is insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion. The traditional model of self‐regulation is probably best viewed as an ideal type that can serve as a standard of reference, not as an accurate representation of social reality. This conclusion opens up new topics for research and opportunities to inform policy.
The “Obesity Epidemic”: Evolving Science, Unchanging Etiology
Authors: Bombak Andrea E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract“Obesity epidemic” discourse relies on scientific and epidemiological research to justify subjecting certain bodies to healthist messaging and disciplinary technologies. The science and framing of obesity has evolved, potentially partially due to critical obesity scholars. However, critical obesity scholars are now reliant on outdated critiques of ever progressing evolving/adapting discourse. Recent discoveries have been made concerning the determinants of obesity and the complexity of weight loss. Scientific discourse often now references environmental factors as contributors to obesity, low levels of sustained weight loss, and limitations of common measures such as the body mass index. Despite this refinement, the ultimate conclusion of studies, as presented within the scientific articles or in related media reportage, remains unchanged. Individuals are still expected to attempt to “correct” their non‐normative bodies through lifestyle changes, regardless of the evidence underscoring the likely futility of these endeavors. This paper updates obesity science and public health responses and evaluates the extent to which new findings, with the potential to greatly subvert standard weight loss advice, have altered supposedly evidence‐based public health communications and recommendations. As emerging scientific insights have further muddied already‐complex obesity‐related pathways, solutions have largely remained the same.
‘How to’ Use Social Theory Within and Throughout Qualitative Research in Healthcare Contexts
Authors: Meyer Samantha , Ward Paul 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe role of theory in qualitative health research is paramount for translation into practice and policy, since it moves beyond pure description of data, allowing interpretation of the social processes underpinning and potentially ‘explaining’ findings. However, the use of theory in empirical research proves challenging to undertake and subsequently articulate in theses and publications. This paper offers insight into how theory may be used in empirical research, drawing on both theory‐driven and grounded theory approaches. The approach described assists researchers in bridging the central criticisms of these two methodological approaches. Furthermore, if offers researchers and students a step‐by‐step guide for integrating theory within and throughout the research process. Within our step‐by‐step guide, we provide examples from our own research that we hope will help readers to map the difficult terrain of using theory within and throughout their own research. Think of this paper as a guide to working with theory and research in an interconnected and interdependent way – a pluralistic approach for theory verification and generation.
Media Events: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Sun Wanning 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper aims to do three things. First, it will provide a review of key aspects of media events to date. Second, it will consider the relevance and challenge facing the paradigm of media events in the era of post‐broadcasting and terrorism. Third, it will discuss the ways in which media events work in the context of the People's Republic of China. The paper suggests that classic media events were instrumental in recording the significant moments of history during the second half of the 20th century. Although this enchantment with the modern technology of broadcasting and its role in building the national culture has been on the decline in some parts of the world, the concept of media events proves to be remarkably elastic, and as the Chinese case makes clear, innovative media event formats take place in unlikely places and in unpredictable circumstances. As we move ahead into the 21st century, it has become clear – evidenced in the case of China and elsewhere – that the scenario we face is not the replacement of the enchantment of the broadcasting era with the cynicism of the post‐broadcasting era, but rather their uneasy coexistence and curious codependence.
Going All the Way: Politicizing, Polarizing, and Radicalizing Identity Offline and Online
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis essay conceptualizes radicalization as a collective process that evolves within the context of global, national, or local intergroup tensions. People do not radicalize on their own, but as part of a group in which a collective identity is developed. Some members of the group may take a radical activist route to promote or prevent social change. Their interactions with their opponents intensify, while their ideas and beliefs sharpen. In this essay, I propose an interpretative framework to analyze radicalizing collective identities. The framework departs from the notion that supranational processes shape and mold the micro level of (radicalizing) citizens' demands, the meso level of social movements and political parties, and the macro level of national political systems. The answer to questions such as who radicalizes, why people radicalize, and the forms radical action takes lies in the interaction of supranational processes, national political processes, and the context of political mobilization. It is argued that radicalizing identities are key in this process, no radicalization without identification!
Sociological Perspectives on Japanese Manga in America
Authors: Brienza Casey 
Published: April 2014

AbstractJapanese popular culture has, according to journalist Roland Kelts, “invaded” the United States in the 21st century, and in particular Japanese comics, known as manga, have successfully “conquered America,” according to Wired magazine. Within the publishing trade itself, the medium's cultural and commercial success became known as the “manga revolution” or the “manga boom.” Yet despite all of this excitable rhetoric, there has thus far been scant sociological research into the particularities of this emerging phenomenon, and what exists is widely dispersed across multiple humanities and social science disciplines. This essay therefore aims to unite this scattered literature and provide a comprehensive survey of sociological perspectives on Japanese manga in America. I identify and explore three main substantive trends in the scholarly discourse: (i) studies of gender and sexuality and the homoerotic manga genres known as boys' love or yaoi; (ii) intellectual property, copyright, and the global digital piracy of manga colloquially known as “scanlation”; and (iii) studies of cultural production and the political economy of the American manga industry. This essay concludes with a discussion of the limitations these perspectives have in common and suggests a more critical research program drawing upon an expanded theoretical toolkit.
Imaginary Companions and Young Children's Coping and Competence
Authors: Gleason Tracy R. , Kalpidou Maria 
Published: April 2014

AbstractImaginary companions (ICs) are purported to bolster children's coping and self‐competence, but few studies address this claim. We expected that having/not havingICswould distinguish children's coping strategies and competence less than type of companion (i.e., personified object or invisible friend) or quality of child–ICrelationship (i.e., egalitarian or hierarchical). We interviewed 72 three‐ to six‐year‐olds and their mothers about children's coping strategies and competence; teachers rated competence. Mothers reportedICs.ICpresence and type did not differentiate coping strategies, but children with egalitarian relationships chose more constructive/prosocial coping strategies, and teachers rated them more socially competent than children with hierarchical child–ICrelationships. Mothers relatedICsto cognitive competence. Findings highlight (1) modest relations between imaginary relationships and coping/competence; (2) distinctions between mothers' perceptions andICfunctions; and (3) thatICsparallel real relationships in that different dimensions (presence, type/identity, and relationship quality) might be unique contributors to children's socioemotional development.
Racial Identity and Intergroup Attitudes: A Multiracial Youth Analysis*
Authors: Sullivan Jas M. , Ghara Alexandra 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveThis article examines the racial identity attitudes of white, black, and Hispanic youth and explores how these identities shape their feelings toward various racial and ethnic groups (whites, blacks, Asians, Hispanics, Arabs, and biracial individuals).MethodsUsing the 2005 Youth Culture Survey data set, we test our theoretical expectations using descriptive statistics and multiple regression models.ResultsThe relationship between racial identification and out‐group attitudes varies among racial groups; specifically, racial identity variables do not have a significant impact on whites’ out‐group attitudes, but they do matter for blacks and Hispanics.ConclusionWhile American society has changed in many ways (i.e., increased number of minorities and more tolerance, or at least more discussion of acceptance, for racial groups), our research finds that race still plays a consequential role in the lives of young racial minorities.
Education as “the Great Equalizer”: Health Benefits for Black and White Adults
Authors: Holmes Christopher J. , Zajacova Anna 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveMany social policies and academic studies assume that education is “the great equalizer” that is capable of counteracting the unequal social resources of different demographic groups. This study aims to determine whether non‐Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities indeed experience comparable health benefits with greater educational attainment.MethodsData from the National Health Interview Survey 1997–2012 were used to conduct ordered logistic models comparing the self‐rated health of 518,288 non‐Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities aged 30–65 across the full spectrum of educational attainment.ResultsEducational attainment was found to affect the health of whites more than minorities, even with the inclusion of a wide range of potential sociodemographic, behavioral, and economic mediators.ConclusionWe discuss the possibility that unmeasured variables, such as childhood environment and other individual characteristics, are responsible for the stronger effect of education for whites than minorities, and what the implications are for future policy and research.
Senate Responsiveness to Minority Constituencies: Latino Electoral Strength and Representation
Authors: Fine Jeffrey A. , Avery James M. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveWhile most research on minority representation in Congress finds that the African‐American constituency size influences representation of the group's interests, most recent studies examining Latinos find no such relationship. We argue that the failure to find a relationship stems from the focus of prior research on the proportion of the Latino population in the total geographic constituency rather than the proportion of Latinos in the electoral constituency, what we term “Latino electoral strength” (LES).MethodsUsing data on Latino turnout at the state level, we examine the effect of LES on representation of Latino interests in the U.S. Senate. We use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression that accounts for the time serial, cross‐sectional (TSCS) nature of our data.ResultsConsistent with other studies, we find no influence of Latino population size on Latino representation. However, LES has a significant, negative effect on Latino representation.ConclusionsOur results suggest that greater LES leads to worse representation of their interests, and that this relationship increases as LES grows. This is consistent with existing studies of racial threat theory.