bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESP Control and Monitoring System of Heavy Oil Peregrino Field
Authors: Honório Wallace , Lemos Daniel , de Lima Raone 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the experience and lessons gained from the design and three years of operation of the control and monitoring system implemented in Peregrino field to monitor and protect the electrical submersible pumps (ESP).
The ESP control and monitoring system was designed to enable robust ESP protection and avoid preventable shutdowns. The system functionalities are spread among variable speed drives (VSD), platform control system (PCS) and platform emergency safety system (ESS) with clear boundaries of equipment responsibilities documented in the cause and effect matrix. The document also presents the principles used during the design phase and the results of three years’ of operation.
Peregrino field is a Statoil asset in Campos Basin approximately 85 km offshore Cabo Frio/Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil. The oil in the Peregrino has a viscosity between 129 and 365 cP at reservoir conditions and API gravity that varies between 13 and 15° API. The first phase of field development comprises two drilling-capable wellhead platforms and a central moored FPSO. Currently, there are 27 producer wells, including 3 multilaterals and 6 injectors in operation. The field produces close to 100,000 STB/d of oil and achieved the production record of 104,292 STB/d in July 2013, which is considered the achievement of the field production plateau of 100,000 STB/d.
The learning and experience developed following the design phase and through three years’ of operation represent a very important set of best practices. The best practices can be used as a field-proven method of ESP control and monitoring system project implementation for when operating with viscous oil ESP in an offshore environment.
Application of an Integrated Subsurface Surface Coupled Model to Optimize the Performance of the Artificial Lift Methods in Matured Oil Fields
Authors: Mehranfar R.. , Gonzalez O. Espinola , Ortega H. Andres , González A. Espinosa 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Selection of the most economical artificial lift method is necessary for the operators to realize the maximum potential from developing any oil or gas field1. In artificial lift design the engineer is faced with matching facility constraints, artificial lift capabilities and the well productivity so that an efficient lift installation results. Energy efficiency will partially determine the cost of operation, but this is only one of many factors to be considered. Based on the above consideration and some other limitations in any project usually 2-3 methods of artificial lift will be candidate to maintain or increase the production from a particular field and a final decision on the type of lift will be made after doing economic studies on different scenarios and several other non-technical considerations1.
Traditionally any decision on engineering design and debottlenecking of surface network and in particular the type of the artificial lift methods are performed by production engineers with their stand-alone tools considering a production forecast profile from a reservoir simulation model. There are lots of simplifications and limitations to generate these profiles, for example well targets in the reservoir simulation model can be unrealistic from production engineering point of view and can cause over or under sizing the production and surface facilities2. Another example can be when different reservoirs are sharing the same network to produce and also there is an artificial lift plan for one of the reservoirs in the field and the production engineer is being asked to evaluate the capacity of the current production network to handle production changes. The answer to these questions if not impossible is a very tedious task to be practiced by traditional field development planning methods.
In this paper authors try to review the concept of Integrated Asset modeling with emphasizing on the artificial lift method screening and analysis. An example application of IAM in a field in Mexico will be shown and the benefits of the integration workflow will be demonstrated in bulk of the paper.
An Applied and Innovative Technology for Backspin Elimination for Progressive Cavity Pumping Systems: A Successful Case Study in Colombia
Authors: De Guevara A. Ladron , De Guevara L. M. , Sáchica J. A. , Reyes C. R. , Ortega D.. , Díaz E.. , Salinas L.. , Mendoza E.. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
It is known in the oil industry that the backspin effect occurring in PCP artificial lift systems causes operational problems related to losses because of deferred oil production, blockage of the down hole pump due to sand production, or the disconnection of the rods. It was proposed to do a study on the use of a technology known as the Anti-Backspin (ABS) Tool with the aim of determining its effectiveness in eliminating the backspin effect.
The work began with the revision and presentation of the ABS Tool technology by describing its components, metallurgy, and the principles of its operation. Later, the information related to the installation campaigns of the tool were presented, which developed the history of its use in Colombia. Once this was done, the information was organized and classified into groups, which then underwent a process of technical validation with the aim of analyzing the information from the chosen wells. Thus, the effectiveness of the tool could be shown in real situations.
Based on the results gathered over a period of 12 months it was seen that the tool, which had been installed in oil wells in different regions of Colombia improved well production times, prevented damage to the underground pumps, as well as preventing the disconnection of the rods. Also, the Anti Backspin Tool helped to eliminate oil losses due to deferred oil production. It was concluded that the use of this tool is beneficial in PCP systems as it improves the reliability of this particular artificial lift system and increases its working life.
This article presents and analyses a technology that helps to resolve a common problem in PCP systems: the backspin effect. In addition, it establishes true criteria that can be used when designing an optimized PCP application. Likewise, it presents useful and referential information for selecting technologies that eliminate or control the backspin effect in PCP systems.
Study To Improve Energy Efficiency Using ESP
Authors: Mazzola Ricardo , Colla Miguel , Teodoulou Marcelo , Ballarini Mariano , Pereyra Marcos , Muñoz Heber , Bruni Marcelo , Teves Ricardo , Oyarzun Raul 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper analyzes the improvement of opportunities that are possible to save energy in Cerro Dragon. The analysis studies the points where energy is wasted and how it can be reduced without the need to fall into additional expenses on not proven technology that could affect the good failure index achieved so far. Studying the Artificial Lift as a whole, from surface to downhole, efficiency can be increased in 10% only by changing few specifications and working methodology.
ESPs have overall efficiencies that vary depending on type of well, depth; type of equipment deployed and could reach 30% to 60%. The higher value belongs to shallow well having big casing/ESP equipment. The lower value is the typical condition for most deep wells (&gt;2300m) having 5 1/2inch casing.
Panamerican Energy generates its own energy by means of gas turbines and that gas which is produced in the field. This paper shows the potential energy savings and the M3 of gas that can be delivered to the market instead of burn it in the turbines by focusing on the main inefficient points of the artificial lift equipment.
Application of Bottom Lateral Taking (BLT) Installations in Gas Lift Systems
Authors: Cortez Juan , Vargas Claudia , Saire Jorge 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Around the years 1967 and 1968 saw the need to design a different type of installation in Intermittent Gas Lift system due to large perforated sections and lack of optimization lift point. In August 1967, the first change to installation type Bottom Lateral Taking (BLT) was the 3B-2 well in Litoral field, with a thickness of sand over 1000 feet, which began with a production of 44 bpd, the same as currently produces 16 bpd.
Installation of BLT type consists of two parallel pipelines united on the bottom, a 2-3/8″ tubing serves where fluids from entering the well and a 1″ or 1-1/4 ″ tubing which is the pipe where gas is injected. As part of the completion requires special accessories like baboons support, guide and sliding chuck shirts, that will support the pipe to prevent kinking while is deepening.
For the good results obtained in the area of Litoral campaign for change continued installation of conventional types and BLT type camera, with the passage of time the accessories used in the completion have been refined by the versatility of system your application is being extended to the different fields of the Peruvian Northwest.
All High Pressure Spoolable Composite Pipes Are Created Equal….Or Are They?
Authors: Swanstrom Steve 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
As recently as seven to ten years ago, usage of high pressure reinforced spoolable composite pipe was still in the early adoption stage in North American oil and gas service. Since then, the technology has gained significant acceptance and has displaced a growing portion of steel pipe usage in high pressure applications. These applications include flowlines, gathering lines, produced water lines, water and CO2 injection lines, saltwater disposal lines, and frack water management lines – all of which can be highly corrosive. There are at least five manufacturers of spoolable composite pipe who are active in North America. The purpose of this paper is to identify the value brought by spoolable composite pipe, the various types of technology in the market today, and issues that should be considered by an end-user specifying engineer. When properly applied and installed, reinforced spoolable composite pipe can provide many years of safe, reliable, and maintenance-free operation.
A Sustainable Choice for Water Treatment/Recycling When Injection is Not an Option or Water Supply is Limited
Authors: McManus Kent , Ertel Dan , Bogdan Jerel 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Limited disposal options and/or water scarcity have led the oil and gas industry in some shale plays to establish goals for minimizing the use of freshwater for drilling and completion activities by maximizing the recycle of wastewaters generated from exploration and production (E&P) activities. Many operators have established a goal of 100 percent recycle for their development activities. Eureka Resources, LLC (Eureka) has developed a business model which gives oil and gas operators a sustainable choice for recycling oil and gas wastewaters when water is scarce or disposal options are limited. The business model is based on operation of centralized facilities that targets recovery of useable by-products. There are many challenges associated with operating a centralized oil and gas wastewater treatment system that includes pretreatment, crystallization, biological treatment, ion exchange and reverse osmosis unit processes. This paper summarizes the challenges and lessons learned during startup and shakedown of a thermal treatment (crystallization) based model. This paper also summarizes the results of sampling and characterization efforts focused on: Demonstrating that the treated water from a centralized oil and gas wastewater treatment facility can meet freshwater standardsDemonstrating that the salt quality generated by the crystallizer is equivalent to manufactured rock salt used for road deicing and other industrial applicationsEstablishing characteristics and market value for the concentrated high calcium chloride brine purge generated by the crystallizer
Detection and Monitoring of Biofilm Growth in the Seawater Sulfate Removal Units
Authors: Baldoni-Andrey P.. , Lesage N.. , Pedenaud P.. , Jacob M.. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLarge quantities of seawater are injected in oil and gas fields for pressure support and sweeping efficiency of the reservoir. This injection enhances the hydrocarbon recovery. Many difficulties are induced by sea water injection, such as the risk of sulfate based scale formation like barium sulfate precipitation. Seawater contains around 2800 mg/L of sulfate and some reservoir water may contain large quantities of barium and strontium. When those two waters are mixed into the reservoir, precipitation will occur and reduce the efficiency of water injection. In the producer wells, scale deposits may significantly reduce oil production.This is why technical solutions are more and more implemented to remove sulfate from the sea water before injection. Filtration processes using nanofiltration membranes are able to reduce the sulfate content of seawater, and this technique has been successfully operated for more than 12 years on several TOTAL offshore sites.The use of nanofiltration membranes requires an efficient pretreatment of seawater in order to control the fouling that will reduce the capacity of the sulfate removal unit over time. The only way to remove this fouling and recover the capacity of the unit is to stop a part of the unit and operate a chemical cleaning of the membranes. Biological fouling appears to be predominant on nanofiltration membranes for this application. As a consequence, preventing biofilm growth is a key aspect to increase availability of those units and can also be of interest for corrosion management.This paper presents the main results of experiments carried out by TOTAL on a sea water filtration pilot. Biofilm measuring probes have been tested in order to detect as soon as possible a change in the growth rate of the biofilm. Results demonstrated that such tools could be implemented in order to detect a default in the biofilm prevention strategy. This early detection tool will enable to react before the full system (all trains) requires a chemical cleaning in place.The eventual objectives of this tool are to maximize reliability of desulfated water injection, to optimize use of chemicals, to increase nanofiltration membrane lifetime, and facilitate field operation of such units.
Community rabies knowledge and pet vaccination practices after a skunk rabies outbreak in Eddy County, New Mexico
Authors: McNeil Carrie S. , Nagy Samantha , Moonan Catherine , Wallace Ryan M. , Vora Neil M. , Dyer Jessie L. , Blanton Jesse D. , Dorado Tina , Heinrich Mark L. , Sankey Robin , Uhrig Samantha , Cary Angela , Houghton Woods , Ettestad Paul 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Objective—To determine percentages of domestic cats and dogs vaccinated against rabies, identify barriers to vaccination, and assess knowledge about rabies in a semirural New Mexico community after a skunk rabies outbreak.
Design—Cross-sectional, door-to-door, bilingual, community-based participatory survey.
Sample—366 residential properties in Eddy County, NM.
Procedures—The New Mexico Department of Health and CDC administered surveys and analyzed data.
Results—Individuals at 247 of the 366 residential properties participated in the survey. One hundred eighty of the 247 (73%) households owned a dog (n = 292) or cat (163). Cats were more likely than dogs to not have an up-to-date rabies vaccination status (prevalence ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 4.4). Cost and time or scheduling were the most frequently identified barriers to vaccination. One hundred sixty (65%) respondents did not know livestock can transmit rabies, 78 (32%) did not know rabies is fatal, and 89 (36%) did not know a bat scratching a person can be an exposure. Only 187 (76%) respondents indicated they would contact animal control if they saw a sick skunk, and only 166 (67%) indicated they would contact animal control if bitten by a dog they did not own.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings indicated that rabies vaccination prevalence among pet dogs and cats was low, despite the fact that the region had experienced a skunk rabies outbreak during the previous 2 years. In addition, substantial percentages of respondents did not have correct knowledge of rabies or rabies exposure.
Patterns and Sequelae of Sphenoid Sinus Fractures
Authors: Craig John , Goyal Parul 
Published: May 2015

Background The sphenoid sinus is one of the most commonly fractured regions of the skull base after blunt head trauma. These fractures may be associated with complications such as blunt carotid artery injury (BCAI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Association of these sequelae with sphenoid sinus fractures has yet to be analyzed thoroughly in the literature. Objective Analyze patterns of traumatic sphenoid sinus fractures and assess relationships between fracture patterns and incidence of BCAI and traumatic nasal CSF leaks. Methods A retrospective review of 123 patients sustaining sphenoid sinus fractures was performed. Patient medical records and radiographic images were reviewed. Fractures were classified based on the sinus walls involved. Logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze associations between injury mechanisms, fracture subsites, and sequelae. Results The most commonly fractured sphenoid sinus subsites included the carotid canal, sphenoid roof, and lateral wall (60%, 49% and 48%, respectively). CSF leaks occurred in 9% of sphenoid sinus fractures, whereas BCAI occurred in 1.6%. On logistic regression, sphenoid roof fractures were significantly associated with CSF leaks (odds ratio [OR] = 12.4, p = 0.002). No fracture subsite was associated with BCAI. The positive predictive value (PPV) of sphenoid roof fractures for the presence of CSF leaks was 17%, whereas the negative predictive value (NPV) was 98%. The PPV of carotid canal fractures for BCAI was 3%, whereas the NPV was 100%. There was no association between the number of fractured sinus walls and the incidence of BCAI or CSF leak. Penetrating injuries were significantly associated with CSF leak (OR = 24.7, p = 0.01), but no other injury mechanisms were associated with BCAI or CSF leak. Conclusion Nasal CSF leak was the most common sequela of sphenoid sinus fractures, whereas BCAI was extremely uncommon. Analysis of fracture patterns can be useful in determining the need for additional evaluation.
Increased Phosphorylation of STAT5b, but not STAT5a, in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Linke Robert , Pries Ralph , Könnecke Michael , Bruchhage Karl-Ludwig , Böscke Robert , Gebhard Maximilian , Wollenberg Barbara 
Published: May 2015

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a recurrent, benign, extensively proliferating disease that is triggered by inflammation. The signaling pathways in sinusitis and the regulation by intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are not fully understood. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5a and STAT5b are two closely related phosphokinases involved in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including proliferation and apoptosis. Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the expression, activation, and distribution of STAT5 Transcription factor in CRSwNP. Methods We studied these transcription factors in tissue samples of nasal polyps and inferior turbinates from a total of 35 patients with CRSwNP and compared them with healthy nasal mucosa. The samples were analyzed by using a DNA microarray, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, a protein array, immunoblot, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. Results We found equivalent overall expression of STAT5a in all tissue types. We observed an increase in the expression of STAT5b protein in both polyps and turbinates of patients with CRSwNP. In addition, STAT5b, but not STAT5a, was activated by phosphorylation in nasal polyps. Phosphorylated STAT5a/b was not detectable in the epithelium of turbinates from either patients with CRSwNP or patients with healthy mucosa, but it was clearly expressed in the epithelium of nasal polyps. Conclusion Analysis of these data indicates distinct expression and activation of STAT5a and STAT5b in nasal polyps, particularly the activation of STAT5b. It is possible that STAT5b may contribute to the development of nasal polyps.
Interleukin-25 and Interleukin-33 as Mediators of Eosinophilic Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lam Matthew , Hull Laura , Imrie Andrew , Snidvongs Kornkiat , Chin David , Pratt Ellie , Kalish Larry , Sacks Raymond , Earls Peter , Sewell William , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: May 2015

Background The initiating mediators of T-helper 2 inflammation, often seen in eosinophillic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), remains poorly understood. Interleukin (IL) 25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are epithelial-derived cytokines implicated in the initiation of T-helper 2 inflammation and eosinophilia in other diseases. The expression of these cytokines was compared with phenotypic and histopathologic markers to investigate the factors that may drive eosinophilic inflammation in CRS. Method Sinus mucosal samples from patients with CRS who were undergoing sinus surgery as part of their management were analyzed for IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Patients with tumor and who were undergoing surgery via an endonasal approach with normal sinus mucosa were controls. The mRNA expression was compared with CRS phenotype and histopathologic measures of eosinophilic inflammation. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm mRNA expression. Results Thirty-nine patients (mean ± standard deviation age; 48.2 ± 15.0 years, 38% women), 12 patients with CRS with nasal polyps, 20 patients with CRS without nasal polyps, and 7 controls were recruited. Higher IL-25 (p = 0.005) and IL-33 (p = 0.003) mRNA and protein expression was observed in patients with >10 eosinophil/hpf. TSLP showed no significant associations (p = 0.39). Similar overexpression was seen in eosinophilic dominated inflammation (IL-25, p = 0.01; IL-33, p = 0.02) and patients with greater inflammatory severity. Conclusion IL-25 and IL-33 overexpression was observed in eosinophilic CRS, The release of these cytokines by dysfunctional endothelium may perpetuate the eosinophillic inflammation in CRS.
Epidemiology of aging, dementia and age-related hearing loss
Authors: Limongi Federica , Noale Marianna , Siviero Paola , Crepaldi Gaetano , Maggi Stefania 
Published: May 2015

Objective:
The aim of this work was to provide updated epidemiological data regarding the aging population, dementia and age related hearing loss.

Study design:
This was a review of available data.

Results:
Aging of the population has resulted in an important epidemiological transition, marked by a widespread increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, including dementia, a disease with a devastating impact, for which currently there is no cure. In 2010 there were 35.6 million people with dementia worldwide and it is estimated that 48.1 million persons will be affected with dementia in 2020, and 90.3 million in 2040. It is therefore essential to identify known risk factors and to look for new ones, in order to be able to act quickly and effectively on those modifiable. Age related hearing loss or presbyacusis, an extremely common condition among aged individuals, is one of several factors that certainly plays an important role in increasing the risk of cognitive deficit and of developing dementia. The prevalence of hearing loss in American adults aged 70 years and above is 63%; in Europe nearly 30% of males and 20% of females have a hearing loss of 30 decibels or more at 70 years; and 55% of males, 45% of females at the age of 80 years; in Italy one individual in three over 60 years of age, and nearly 60% over 85 years, is affected by age related hearing loss.

Conclusion:
Several studies have underlined the association between dementia and age related hearing loss, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear; the risk of dementia increases three-fold for every 10 decibels of hearing loss.