bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of Less Biased Threshold Angles for SAM Classification Using the Real Value–Area Fractal Technique
Authors: Shahriari Hadi , Ranjbar Hojjatollah , Honarmand Mehdi , Carranza Emmanuel John M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe accuracy of classification of the Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM) is warranted by choosing the appropriate threshold angles, which are normally defined by the user. Trial‐and‐error and statistical methods are commonly applied to determine threshold angles. In this paper, we discuss a real value–area (RV–A) technique based on the established concentration–area (C–A) fractal model to determine less biased threshold angles for SAM classification of multispectral images. Short wave infrared (SWIR) bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images were used over and around the Sar Cheshmeh porphyry Cu deposit and Seridune porphyry Cu prospect. Reference spectra from the known hydrothermal alteration zones in each study area were chosen for producing respective rule images. Segmentation of each rule image resulted in a RV–A curve. Hydrothermal alteration mapping based on threshold values of each RV–A curve showed that the first break in each curve is practical for selection of optimum threshold angles. The hydrothermal alteration maps of the study areas were evaluated by field and laboratory studies including X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin section study of rock samples. The accuracy of the SAM classification was evaluated by using an error matrix. Overall accuracies of 80.62% and 75.45% were acquired in the Sar Cheshmeh and Seridune areas, respectively. We also used different threshold angles obtained by some statistical techniques to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed RV–A technique. Threshold angles provided by statistical techniques could not enhance the hydrothermal alteration zones around the known deposits, as good as threshold angles obtained by the RV–A technique. Since no arbitrary parameter is defined by the user in the application of the RV‐A technique, its application prevents introduction of human bias to the selection of optimum threshold angle for SAM classification.
An Early Paleozoic Inter‐Platform Shelf in the Southwest of Tarim Basin, NW China and its Significance for Petroleum Exploration
Authors: Zhiqian Gao , Tailiang Fan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAn early Paleozoic inter‐platform, platform, slope and shelf succession comprised of five Cambrian to mid‐Ordovician seismic sequences, has been identified in the southwestern part of the Tarim Basin. A previously unknown, elongate shelf succession that extends from east to west transects the Taxinan area of the southwestern Tarim Basin. It was flanked by carbonate platforms and platform margins, and by peri‐platform margin slopes on its north and south sides. The Markit platform margin and slope, located along the northern side of the shelf, extended nearly linearly west to east with some headlands and embayments towards the east. The Tangnan platform margin and slope, located along the southern side of the shelf, extended southwest to northeast and was more sinuous with pronounced northwest‐directed headlands flanked by embayments. Differentiation of these settings began in earliest Cambrian time during continental breakup. Initially, broad gentle slopes flanked an open shelf seaway in Cambrian time. In Early Ordovician time, the Markit and Tangnan platform margins became more distinct and rimmed, and were flanked by slightly steeper, but still very gentle slopes. During their deposition, these platform margins and their adjoining slopes exhibited some lateral migration, with a slight overall widening of the open shelf seaway between them from Cambrian to Ordovician time. The presence of these platform margin and slope successions in the southwestern area of the Tarim basin provides another focus for petroleum exploration and discovery of additional carbonate reef‐shoal reservoirs in the Markit and Tangnan areas. The adjoining deep‐water shelf shale and mudstone shelf succession itself is an additional prospective petroleum source rock in close proximity to these potential reef‐shoal reservoirs.
Textural and Chemical Evolution of Unidirectional Solidification Textures in Highly Differentiated Granitic Rocks at Kharaatyagaan, Central Mongolia
Authors: Erdenebayar Jamsran , Ogata Takeyuki , Imai Akira , Sereenen Jargalan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUnidirectional solidification texture (UST) in an aplite body is recognized in the Neoproterozoic highly differentiated granitic rocks at Kharaatyagaan, central Mongolia. On the basis of crystal morphology, two main types of UST were identified in the aplite body: (i) thin crenulate UST layers; and (ii) thick intergrowth UST layers. Bulk geochemistry indicates that the Kharaatyagaan UST‐bearing aplite and aplite dike are alkaline, and are enriched in light rare‐earth elements. Scanning electron microscopy and cathadoluminescence imaging of UST quartz from Kharaatyagaan show four types of quartz: euhedral quartz phenocrysts with well‐developed concentric growth zoning (Qa1) in the aplite; euhedral quartz with weak growth zoning in the aplite (Qa2); UST quartz exhibiting distinct growth zones (Qu1); and UST quartz showing mosaic texture (Qu2). Crystallization temperatures determined by the Ti‐in‐quartz geothermometer of Qa1 and Qu1 quartz range between around 500°C and 780°C and Qa2 and Qu2 range between about 490° and 630°C. The cathodoluminescence textures of quartz are predominantly caused by variations in the trace elements contents of quartz. The Qa1 and Qu1 quartz crystals are characterized by high Ti and Al concentrations in the quartz lattice, and are observed in the bottom of the Kharaatyagaan hill, which formed in the early, less evolved magmatic stage. The Qa2 and Qu2 UST quartz characterized by low Ti and variable Al concentrations are found at the top. The UST layers crystallized along the upper part of the magma chamber in the presence of fluid phases exsolved from felsic magma.
Assessing the agronomic benefit of noninversion tillage for improving soil structure following winter grazing of cattle and sheep
Authors: Laurenson S. , Houlbrooke D. J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSevere treading damage to soils often occurs when cattle and sheep graze standing forage crops during winter. Soil recovery is a long process that may take several months if not years. Noninversion tillage can speed up the recovery process by improving drainage and air diffusion. This research assessed the ongoing benefit of noninversion tillage for improving soil structure relative to non‐tillage. This assessment was made following a land‐use transition from winter forage cropping to re‐establishment of seasonal pasture that was rotationally grazed by cattle or sheep. Prior to commencement of this study, the research site had poor soil structure due to four consecutive years of cattle and sheep grazing of winter forage crops [macroporosity (0–100 mm) <0.075 and 0.113 m3/m3 under cattle and sheep, respectively]. Tillage was effective in increasing soil macroporosity to ca. 0.175 m3/m3 under both grazing classes, which was significantly higher than nontilled soils (ca. 0.140 m3/m3, 0–100 mm depth). Improvements gained from tillage generally did not persist longer than 18 months. Average annual pasture production in tilled plots was 22.1 and 20.9 tons of dry matter per hectare (t DM/ha) for respective cattle‐ and sheep‐grazed plots, while in the nontilled plots, it was 19.1 and 18.6 t DM/ha, respectively. Results indicate noninversion tillage can provide an immediate increase in the porosity of compacted soils and improve pasture growth. However, processes involved in the formation of resilient soil aggregates are curtailed if subsequent grazing events coincide with high moisture content that causes recompaction.
Computing boundary extensions of conformal maps
Authors: McNicholl Timothy H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe show that a computable and conformal map of the unit disk onto a bounded domain $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}D$ has a computable boundary extension if $D$ has a computable boundary connectivity function.
Comparison of Intrapulmonary and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Methanesulfonate (CMS) and Colistin after Aerosol Delivery and Intravenous Administration of CMS in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Boisson Matthieu , Jacobs Matthieu , Grégoire Nicolas , Gobin Patrice , Marchand Sandrine , Couet William , Mimoz Olivier 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Colistin is an old antibiotic that has recently gained a considerable renewal of interest for the treatment of pulmonary infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Nebulization seems to be a promising form of administration, but colistin is administered as an inactive prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate (CMS); however, differences between the intrapulmonary concentrations of the active moiety as a function of the route of administration in critically ill patients have not been precisely documented. In this study, CMS and colistin concentrations were measured on two separate occasions within the plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of critically ill patients (
n
= 12) who had received 2 million international units (MIU) of CMS by aerosol delivery and then intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a population approach and completed by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling and simulations. The ELF colistin concentrations varied considerably (9.53 to 1,137 mg/liter), but they were much higher than those in plasma (0.15 to 0.73 mg/liter) after aerosol delivery but not after intravenous administration of CMS. Following CMS aerosol delivery, typically, 9% of the CMS dose reached the ELF, and only 1.4% was presystemically converted into colistin. PK-PD analysis concluded that there was much higher antimicrobial efficacy after CMS aerosol delivery than after intravenous administration. These new data seem to support the use of aerosol delivery of CMS for the treatment of pulmonary infections in critical care patients.
XXIV. The Bearing of Fossil Ichthyology on the Doctrine of Evolution
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: September 2014

T
he
lecturer pointed out that it had been urged against the doctrine of descent by Hugh Miller and others that the oldest fossil fishes we know are the remains of creatures of high organisation, and not of a low or primitive type. But we cannot accept the fishes of the Upper Silurian or of the Old Red Sandstone formation as the oldest fishes which ever lived, as the most primitive ancestors of the class of fishes could not have possessed any hard parts which were capable of preservation in a fossil state.

The palæontological record was also very imperfect from other causes, and therefore afforded us only very disjointed glimpses of the history of organic life on the globe. Many anti-evolutionists had not been able to differentiate the idea of highness and lowness of organisation from that of generalisation and specialisation of structure. The old sharks and ganoids of palæozoic times were doubtless more highly organised as animals than the mass of the fishes of the present day, but they were not so specialised as fishes. They were animals of “generalised” structure, having, as it were, the potentialities of higher development in them, and in all probability, the amphibia, and through them the higher vertebrata, had their origin from the palæozoic Crossopterygian ganoid fishes.
Thereafter as the higher vertebrata evolved, the class of fishes became more and more specialised in a direction of their own, while they tended to lose the characters which linked their ancestors and the few surviving
XXXIII. Extinct Birds
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: September 2014

T
he
lecturer observed that comparative anatomy showed that birds were more nearly allied to reptiles than to mammals, however striking the external differences between them might be. Hence the late Professor Huxley had included birds and reptiles in one common group—the Sauropsida. Evolutionists believed that birds had originated from reptiles, though it was not known from what order of reptiles they were descended. The resemblances between birds and the Pterodactyles, or winged reptiles of the Jurassic epoch, were merely adaptive, but some of the likewise extinct order of Dinosauria had certainly bird-like osteological peculiarities.

It was, however, interesting to know that the oldest known fossil bird—the Archæopteryx of the Upper Jurassic—was more reptile-like than any later bird, inasmuch as it had teeth in its jaws, a less specialised anterior extremity, and the caudal part of the vertebral column was elongated and tapering. The Archæopteryx formed one of the three great divisions into which birds were classed by Huxley—namely, the Saururae, or lizard-tailed; the other two being the Ratitæ, or ostrich-like birds, and the Carinatae, which included the overwhelming majority of living species.
The Ratitæ comprised the Ostrich, the Emu, &c, running birds with degenerate wings, and consequently incapable of flight. Remains referred to Ratitæ have been found in Tertiary strata, but the most complete were those from the more recent accumulations, such as the Æpiornis, or Giant Bird, of Madagascar, eggs of which have been found measuring 14 inches in length; and the huge Moas of New Zealand, some of
XXII. Notes on the Post-Tertiary Deposits of the Carse of Falkirk
Authors: Burns John 
Published: September 2014

T
he
author described at considerable length the peculiar characteristics of the deposits of the Carse of Falkirk, giving in detail the variety and extent of these beds, as shown by the numerous bores put down in different parts of the trough or basin, from which it appeared that the depth of these deposits, about the centre of the trough is about 300 feet, and that they decrease very rapidly on either side, showing that at that part the trough is very narrow.

In some places the beds of clay are of immense thickness; in others they are divided by thin beds of gravel and sand.
The variety of these beds indicated the different conditions under which they were deposited, but he believed that in many instances these local changes were direct ocean currents, having set in and washed away the old deposits, leaving their own in the place of those removed.

He exhibited part of the vertebra of a whale, which was found in a bed of clay 9 feet from the surface, and 12 feet above present high water level. He also exhibited a number of shells from the same beds, mostly of a post-tertiary character, which had existed very abundantly towards the close of the glacial epoch. Many of the species are still living in the Forth,—such as
Cardium edule, C. echinatum, Littorina littorea, Ostrea edulis, Buccinum undatum,
&c., &c. Also a few representations of a more Arctic kind, including
Tellina proxima
and
Trophon scalariforme.
In the same
WRF–SBM Simulations of Melting-Layer Structure in Mixed-Phase Precipitation Events Observed during LPVEx
Authors: Iguchi Takamichi , Matsui Toshihisa , Tao Wei-Kuo , Khain Alexander P. , Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Kidd Chris , L’Ecuyer Tristan , Braun Scott A. , Hou Arthur 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo mixed-phase precipitation events were observed on 21 September and 20 October 2010 over the southern part of Finland during the Light Precipitation Validation Experiment (LPVEx). These events have been simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with spectral bin microphysics (WRF–SBM). The detailed ice-melting scheme with prognosis of the liquid water fraction during melting enables explicit simulation of microphysical properties in the melting layer. First, the simulations have been compared with C-band 3D radar measurements for the purpose of evaluating the overall profiles of cloud and precipitation. The simulation has some artificial convective patterns and errors in the forecast displacement of the precipitation system. The overall overestimation of reflectivity is consistent with a bias toward the range characterized by large-diameter droplets in the surface drop size distribution. Second, the structure of the melting bands has been evaluated against vertically pointing K-band radar measurements. A peak in reflectivity and a gradual change in Doppler velocity are observed and similarly simulated in the common temperature range from approximately 0° to 3°C. The effectiveness of the time-dependent melting scheme has been justified by intercomparison with a corresponding simulation using an instantaneous melting scheme. A weakness of the new melting scheme is that melting particles having high liquid water fractions on the order of 80%–90% cannot be simulated. This situation may cause underestimation of radar reflectivity in the melting layer because of the assumptions of melting-particle structure used to calculate the scattering properties.
Quantifying the Effects of Long-Term Climate Change on Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Using a Cloud-Resolving Model: Examples of Two Landfall Typhoons in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh , Lin Bo-Xun , Chen Cheng-Ta , Lo Shih-How 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
To quantify the effects of long-term climate change on typhoon rainfall near Taiwan, cloud-resolving simulations of Typhoon (TY) Sinlaku and TY Jangmi, both in September 2008, are performed and compared with sensitivity tests where these same typhoons are placed in the climate background of 1950–69, which is slightly cooler and drier compared to the modern climate of 1990–2009 computed using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data.
Using this strategy, largely consistent responses are found in the model although only two cases are studied. In control experiments, both modern-day typhoons yield more rainfall than their counterpart in the sensitivity test using past climate, by about 5%–6% at 200–500 km from the center for Sinlaku and roughly 4%–7% within 300 km of Jangmi, throughout much of the periods simulated. In both cases, the frequency of more-intense rainfall (20 to &gt;50 mm h−1) also increases by about 5%–25% and the increase tends to be larger toward higher rain rates. Results from the water budget analysis, again quite consistent between the two cases, indicate that the increased rainfall from the typhoons in the modern climate is attributable to both a moister environment (by 2.5%–4%) as well as, on average, a more active secondary circulation of the storm. Thus, a changing climate may already have had a discernible impact on TC rainfall near Taiwan. While an overall increase in TC rainfall of roughly 5% may not seem large, it is certainly not insignificant considering that the long-term trend observed in the past 40–50 yr, whatever the causes might be, may continue for many decades in the foreseeable future.
Ensemble Simulations and Pullback Attractors of a Periodically Forced Double-Gyre System
Authors: Pierini Stefano 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A primitive equation ocean model has recently reproduced with reasonable realism the synchronization between the North Pacific Oscillation and the last two Kuroshio Extension decadal cycles observed from altimetry. However, the timing of the cycles is imperfect: could a different model initialization improve this fundamental aspect of the phenomenon? Ensemble simulations stemming from many initial conditions should be carried out to answer this question, but doing that with a primitive equation model is highly computationally expensive. A preliminary analysis is therefore performed here with a nonlinear low-order ocean model, which identifies a significant paradigm of intrinsic oceanic double-gyre low-frequency variability. The chaotic pullback attractors of the periodically forced model are first recognized to be periodic and cycloergodic. Two parameters are then introduced to analyze the topological structure of the pullback attractors as a function of the forcing period; their joint use allows one to identify four forms of sensitivity to initialization corresponding to different system behaviors. The model response under periodic forcing turns out to be, in most cases, very sensitive to initialization. Implications concerning the primitive equation model are finally discussed.
The Vertical Vorticity Structure within a Squall Line Observed during BAMEX: Banded Vorticity Features and the Evolution of a Bowing Segment
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Stauffer Phillip , Lee Wen-Chau 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A quasi-linear convective line with a trailing stratiform region developed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) while being sampled by two airborne Doppler radars. The finescale reflectivity and Doppler velocities recorded by the radars documented the evolution of the convective line. Bands of positive and negative vertical vorticity oriented parallel to the convective line were resolved in the analysis. This type of structure has rarely been reported in the literature and appears to be a result of the tilting and subsequent stretching of ambient horizontal vorticity produced by the low-level wind shear vector with a significant along-line component. The radar analysis also documented the evolution of an embedded bow echo within the convective line. Embedded bow echoes have been documented for a number of years; however, a detailed analysis of their kinematic structure has not been previously reported in the literature. The counterrotating circulation patterns that are characteristic of bow echoes appeared to be a result of tilting and stretching of the horizontal vorticity produced in the cold pool. The analysis suggests that the location along the convective line where embedded bow echoes form depends on the local depth of the cold pool. The rear-inflow jet is largely driven by the combined effects of the counterrotating vortices and the upshear-tilted updraft.
HIF-1α can act as a tumor suppressor gene in murine acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Velasco-Hernandez Talia , Hyrenius-Wittsten Axel , Rehn Matilda , Bryder David , Cammenga Jörg 
Published: September 2014

Key Points
Disease initiation and maintenance in murine AML models occurs via HIF-1α independent mechanisms. HIF-1α deficiency in mice accelerates leukemogenesis induced by certain oncogenes.
A hybrid iteration for asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive mappings
Authors: Dewangan Rajshree , Thakur Balwant Singh , Postolache Mihai 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new hybrid iteration for a finite family of asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive mappings. We also prove that such a sequence converges strongly to a common fixed point of a finite family of asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive mappings. Results in the paper extend and improve recent results in the literature.

MSC:47H09, 47H10.