bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The immunophenotypic relationship between the submucosal gland unit, columnar metaplasia and squamous islands in the columnar‐lined oesophagus
Authors: Lörinc Ester , Mellblom Lennart , Öberg Stefan 
Published: April 2015

AimsTo characterize the immunophenotypic relationship between the squamous and the glandular compartments in the oesophagus of patients with columnar‐lined oesophagus (CLO).Methods and resultsEight tissue blocks from three oesophageal resection specimens from patients who underwent oesophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus were selected for immunohistochemical analysis. The markers of intestinal differentiation [CK20, CDX2 and MUC2] were all expressed in the expected pattern, solely in the glandular compartment of the resection specimens. CK4, CK17 and lysozyme were expressed in both the glandular and the squamous compartments. In addition, CK17 expression was found on both the squamous and glandular margins of the squamocolumnar transformation zones and in the submucosal gland (SMG) intraglandular and excretory ducts.ConclusionsThere is an immunophenotypic relationship between the squamous and the glandular compartments of the CLO, with expression of lysozyme, CK4 and CK17 in both squamous and columnar cells. These overlapping immunophenotypes indicate similar differentiation paths, and link the SMG unit with the columnar metaplasia and the neosquamous islands in CLO. Our findings support the theory of a cellular origin of CLO and neosquamous islands from the SMG unit.
Supercritical CO2 extract from strawberry seeds as a valuable component of mild cleansing compositions
Authors: Sikora E. , Michorczyk P. , Olszańska M. , Ogonowski J. 
Published: April 2015

SynopsisObjectiveThe aim of this work was an elaboration of mild cleansing compositions, containing supercritical CO2 extract from strawberry seeds (SC‐CO2 strawberry seed oil), as a moisturizing and skin‐softening agent. The influence of concentration of the oil on user properties of shower/bath products was studied.MethodsA series of products (shower/bath cosmetics) composed mainly of mild surfactants (amphoacetates, sulfosuccinates, betaines) and containing different amounts of the oil (0.5 up to 5.0%) were prepared. For the stable products (formulations containing up to 2% of the oil), the influence of the SC‐CO2 strawberry seed oil addition on the products’ stability, foam ability, surface tension, pH and rheological properties was studied. Moreover, the skin compatibility and moisturizing efficiency of the cleansing products were recorded in a group of 15 volunteers (including 10 women and five men, aged 20–30 years), using skin diagnosis system AramoTS, Aram Huvis Co. Additionally, characterization of CO2 extract from strawberry seeds was performed. Measurements of the oil's analytical constants, that is acid value and saponification number, were conducted according to Polish Standard PN‐EN ISO 660:2010 and PN‐EN ISO 3657:2013, respectively.ResultsThe oil concentration influences stability of the products. Only the formulations containing 0.5–2% of the extract have shown high stability. Moreover, used in the amount up to 2% the SC‐CO2, strawberry seed oil does not affect significantly the cleansing and foaming properties of the products. The obtained shower/bath cosmetics showed good user properties and additionally good skin‐moisturizing effect.ConclusionThe supercritical CO2 extract from strawberry seeds, rich source of unsaturated fatty acid, could be successfully used in the formulation of body washing compositions as a moisturizing and skin‐softening agent.
Characterization of tub4P287L, a β‐tubulin mutant, revealed new aspects of microtubule regulation in shade
Authors: Yu Jie , Qiu Hong , Liu Xin , Wang Meiling , Gao Yongli , Chory Joanne , Tao Yi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWhen sun plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, are under canopy shade, elongation of stems/petioles will be induced as one of the most prominent responses. Plant hormones mediate the elongation growth. However, how environmental and hormonal signals are translated into cell expansion activity that leads to the elongation growth remains elusive. Through forward genetic study, we identified shade avoidance2 (sav2) mutant, which contains a P287L mutation in β‐TUBULIN 4. Cortical microtubules (cMTs) play a key role in anisotropic cell growth. Hypocotyls of sav2 are wild type‐like in white light, but are short and highly swollen in shade and dark. We showed that shade not only induces cMT rearrangement, but also affects cMT stability and dynamics of plus ends. Even though auxin and brassinosteroids are required for shade‐induced hypocotyl elongation, they had little effect on shade‐induced rearrangement of cMTs. Blocking auxin transport suppressed dark phenotypes of sav2, while overexpressing EB1b‐GFP, a microtubule plus‐end binding protein, rescued sav2 in both shade and dark, suggesting that tub4P287L represents a unique type of tubulin mutation that does not affect cMT function in supporting cell elongation, but may affect the ability of cMTs to respond properly to growth promoting stimuli.
Convergence or Continuity? The Gender Gap in Household Labor After Retirement
Authors: Leopold Thomas , Skopek Jan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis research examined 2 hypotheses about the effect of retirement on couples' division of household labor. The continuity hypothesis posits that the gender gap in household labor remains unaffected by retirement, whereas the convergence hypothesis expects it to close. The authors tested these hypotheses using longitudinal data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel Study (N = 1,302 couples). Fixed effects models revealed that male breadwinners doubled up on total hours of household labor across their transition to retirement. This rise was accompanied by a concurrent, albeit less pronounced, decline in wives' hours. As a result, the gender gap in household labor was cut in half. This convergence involved a moderate trade‐off in female‐typed tasks of routine housework and an increase in husbands' hours spent on male‐typed tasks of repairs and gardening. The study concludes that gendered patterns of time use change substantially after retirement, rendering couples' division of household labor more equitable in later life.
Role of Languages in Consumers' Food Description: Contrasting Malagasy and French Descriptors of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder
Authors: Ramaroson Rakotosamimanana Vonimihaingo , Arvisenet Gaëlle , Valentin Dominique 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLanguage might have an effect on the quality of sensory profiles on food description. In cross‐cultural studies, it was observed that the effect of language and cultures cannot be easily separated. This work aimed to separate these two effects by working with bilingual consumers speaking Malagasy and French languages. Five samples of dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder were described by flash profiles by four different consumer panels. Two panels performed flash profiles using French language and the two others used Malagasy language. The duplication of profiles in each language aimed to determine the importance of differences between panels using the same language and panels using different languages. There was no effect of language on the global quantity of words and the general repartition of words between sensory categories was similar. A higher number of meta‐descriptors were generated in French for the odor/aroma descriptors category. Malagasy language gave more numerous specific meta‐descriptors than the French one for visual category, while it was the contrary for odor/aroma and taste categories. French terminology was more precise thanks to the use of qualifiers associated to the descriptors to specify their meaning. No effect of language was observed on the positioning of the powders.Practical ApplicationsThis study offers new insight into the effect of languages on the description of food by consumers. When performing sensory analysis in bilingual countries, the choice of the language does not seem to influence the resulting analysis of products. For sensory analyses performed with people having different culture and language, our results suggest that the effects of culture would predominate over the effects of language to explain the differences that are frequently observed.
Adaptation of Trypanosoma rhodesiense to hypohaptoglobinaemic serum requires transcription of the APOL1 resistance gene in a RNA polymerase I locus
Authors: Lecordier Laurence , Uzureau Pierrick , Tebabi Patricia , Brauner Jonathan , Benghiat Fleur Samantha , Vanhollebeke Benoit , Pays Etienne 
Published: April 2015

SummaryHuman apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) kills African trypanosomes except Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense, the parasites causing sleeping sickness. APOL1 uptake into trypanosomes is favoured by its association with the haptoglobin‐related protein–haemoglobin complex, which binds to the parasite surface receptor for haptoglobin–haemoglobin. As haptoglobin–haemoglobin can saturate the receptor, APOL1 uptake is increased in haptoglobin‐poor (hypohaptoglobinaemic) serum (HyHS). While T. rhodesiense resists APOL1 by RNA polymerase I (pol‐I)‐mediated expression of the serum resistance‐associated (SRA) protein, T. gambiense resists by pol‐II‐mediated expression of the T. gambiense‐specific glycoprotein (TgsGP). Moreover, in T. gambiense resistance to HyHS is linked to haptoglobin–haemoglobin receptor inactivation by mutation. We report that unlike T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense possesses a functional haptoglobin–haemoglobin receptor, and that like T. gambiense experimentally provided with active receptor, this parasite is killed in HyHS because of receptor‐mediated APOL1 uptake. However, T. rhodesiense could adapt to low haptoglobin by increasing transcription of SRA. When assayed in Trypanosoma brucei, resistance to HyHS occurred with pol‐I‐, but not with pol‐II‐mediated SRA expression. Similarly, T. gambiense provided with active receptor acquired resistance to HyHS only when TgsGP was moved to a pol‐I locus. Thus, transcription by pol‐I favours adaptive gene regulation, explaining the presence of SRA in a pol‐I locus.
Distinct functions of serial metal‐binding domains in the Escherichia coli P1B‐ATPase CopA
Authors: Drees Steffen L. , Beyer Dominik F. , Lenders‐Lomscher Christina , Lübben Mathias 
Published: April 2015

SummaryP1B‐ATPases are among the most common resistance factors to metal‐induced stress. Belonging to the superfamily of P‐type ATPases, they are capable of exporting transition metal ions at the expense of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. P1B‐ATPases share a conserved structure of three cytoplasmic domains linked by a transmembrane domain. In addition, they possess a unique class of domains located at the N‐terminus. In bacteria, these domains are primarily associated with metal binding and either occur individually or as serial copies of each other. Within this study, the roles of the two adjacent metal‐binding domains (MBDs) of CopA, the copper export ATPase of Escherichia coli were investigated. From biochemical and physiological data, we deciphered the protein‐internal pathway of copper and demonstrate the distal N‐terminal MBD to possess a function analogous to the metallochaperones of related prokaryotic copper resistance systems, that is its involvement in the copper transfer to the membrane‐integral ion‐binding sites of CopA. In contrast, the proximal domain MBD2 has a regulatory role by suppressing the catalytic activity of CopA in absence of copper. Furthermore, we propose a general functional divergence of tandem MBDs in P1B‐ATPases, which is governed by the length of the inter‐domain linker.
Per Capita Income and the Mystery of Missing Trade
Authors: Cassing James , Nishioka Shuichiro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe literature on the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model has concentrated on the production side, particularly the unrealistic assumptions of identical techniques and factor price equalization. However, less is known about the demand side. In this paper, we compare the supply side assumptions versus the demand side assumptions as a cause of the empirical failures in the HOV prediction. While the relaxation in the supply side assumptions is crucial to predict the direction of factor trade, the demand side assumptions are shown to play an important role in explaining why factor trade is “missing” in relation to the HOV prediction. For example of the slope test for labor, the supply side repair improves from 0.026 to 0.162, whereas the demand side repair improves significantly from 0.162 to 0.891.
Multiple
cyp51A
-Based Mechanisms Identified in Azole-Resistant Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus from China
Authors: Liu Musang , Zeng Rong , Zhang Lili , Li Dongmei , Lv Guixia , Shen Yongnian , Zheng Hailin , Zhang Qiangqiang , Zhao Jingjun , Zheng Nan , Liu Weida 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Seventy-two
A. fumigatus
clinical isolates from China were investigated for azole resistance based on mutations of
cyp51A
. We identified four azole-resistant strains, among which we found three strains highly resistant to itraconazole, two of which exhibit the TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I mutation, while one carries only the TR34/L98H mutation. To our knowledge, the latter has not been found previously in China. The fourth multiazole-resistant isolate (with only moderate itraconazole resistance) carries a new G432A mutation.
Fluconazole Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing for Prevention and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis in Children Supported with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Watt Kevin M. , Gonzalez Daniel , Benjamin Daniel K. , Brouwer Kim L. R. , Wade Kelly C. , Capparelli Edmund , Barrett Jeffrey , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTCandidainfections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related death in children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The ECMO circuit can alter drug pharmacokinetics (PK); thus, standard fluconazole dosing may result in suboptimal drug exposures. The objective of our study was to determine the PK of fluconazole in children on ECMO. Forty children with 367 PK samples were included in the analysis. The PK data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM). A one-compartment model best described the data. Weight was included in the base model for clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V). The final model included the effect of serum creatinine (SCR) level on CL and the effect of ECMO onVas follows: CL (in liters per hour) = 0.019 × weight × (SCR/0.4)−0.29× exp(ηCL) andV(in liters) = 0.93 × weight × 1.4ECMO× exp(ηV). The fluconazoleVwas increased in children supported by ECMO. Consequently, children on ECMO require a higher fluconazole loading dose for prophylaxis (12 mg/kg of body weight) and treatment (35 mg/kg) paired with standard maintenance doses to achieve exposures similar to those of children not on ECMO.
Activity of Antimicrobial Combinations against KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Rat Model and Time-Kill Assay
Authors: Toledo Paula Virginia Michelon , Aranha Junior Ayrton Alves , Arend Lavinia Nery , Ribeiro Vanessa , Zavascki Alexandre Prehn , Tuon Felipe Francisco 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the efficacy of tigecycline (TIG), polymyxin B (PMB), and meropenem (MER) in 80 rats challenged with
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC)-producing
K. pneumoniae
infection. A time-kill assay was performed with the same strain. Triple therapy and PMB+TIG were synergistic, promoted 100% survival, and produced negative peritoneal cultures, while MER+TIG showed lower survival and higher culture positivity than other regimens (
P
= 0.018) and was antagonistic.
In vivo
and
in vitro
studies showed that combined regimens, except MER+TIG, were more effective than monotherapies for this KPC-producing strain.
Pharmacokinetics of Ceftaroline in Normal Body Weight and Obese (Classes I, II, and III) Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Justo Julie Ann , Mayer Stockton M. , Pai Manjunath P. , Soriano Melinda M. , Danziger Larry H. , Novak Richard M. , Rodvold Keith A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

The pharmacokinetic profile of ceftaroline has not been well characterized in obese adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in 32 healthy adult volunteers aged 18 to 50 years in the normal, overweight, and obese body size ranges. Subjects were evenly assigned to 1 of 4 groups based on their body mass index (BMI) and total body weight (TBW) (ranges, 22.1 to 63.5 kg/m
2
and 50.1 to 179.5 kg, respectively). Subjects in the lower-TBW groups were matched by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and serum creatinine to the upper-BMI groups. Serial plasma and urine samples were collected over 12 h after the start of the infusion, and the concentrations of ceftaroline fosamil (prodrug), ceftaroline, and ceftaroline M-1 (inactive metabolite) were assayed. Noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetic analyses were used to evaluate the data. The mean plasma ceftaroline maximum concentration and area under the curve were ca. 30% lower in subjects with a BMI of ≥40 kg/m
2
compared to those <30 kg/m
2
. A five-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order infusion and first-order elimination optimally described the plasma concentration-time profiles of the prodrug and ceftaroline. Estimated creatinine clearance (eCL
CR
) and TBW best explained ceftaroline clearance and volume of distribution, respectively. Although lower ceftaroline plasma concentrations were observed in obese subjects, Monte Carlo simulations suggest the probability of target attainment is ≥90% when the MIC is ≤1 μg/ml irrespective of TBW or eCL
CR
. No dosage adjustment for ceftaroline appears to be necessary based on TBW alone in adults with comparable eCL
CR
. Confirmation of these findings in infected obese patients is necessary to validate these findings in healthy volunteers. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01648127.)
Bioluminescence for Assessing Drug Potency against Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Vocat Anthony , Hartkoorn Ruben C. , Lechartier Benoit , Zhang Ming , Dhar Neeraj , Cole Stewart T. , Sala Claudia 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Targeting dormant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
represents a challenge to antituberculosis drug discovery programs. We previously reported and validated the use of the streptomycin (STR)-dependent
M. tuberculosis
18b strain as a tool for assessing drug potency against nonreplicating bacteria both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. In this study, we generated a luminescent 18b strain, named 18b-Lux, by transforming the bacteria with a vector expressing the
luxCDABE
operon from
Photorhabdus luminescens
. Luciferase expression was demonstrated under replicating conditions, and, more importantly, luminescence levels significantly above background were detected following STR removal. The sensitivity of STR-starved 18b-Lux to approved and candidate antituberculosis therapeutic agents was evaluated by means of a luciferase assay in a 96-well format. Results mirrored the data obtained with the standard resazurin reduction microplate assay, and the luminescence readout allowed time course assessments of drug efficacy
in vitro
. Specifically, we proved that bedaquiline, the rifamycins, and sutezolid displayed time-dependent activity against dormant bacteria, while pyrazinamide and SQ109 showed bactericidal effects at the highest concentrations tested. Overall, we established the optimal conditions for an inexpensive, simple, and very sensitive assay with great potential for future applications.
Increasing Prevalence of a Novel Triple-Mutant Dihydropteroate Synthase Genotype in Plasmodium falciparum in Western Kenya
Authors: Lucchi Naomi W. , Okoth Sheila Akinyi , Komino Franklin , Onyona Philip , Goldman Ira F. , Ljolje Dragan , Shi Ya Ping , Barnwell John W. , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam , Kariuki Simon 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

The molecular basis of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance lies in a combination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two genes coding for
Plasmodium falciparum
dihydrofolate reductase (
Pfdhfr
) and
P. falciparum
dihydropteroate synthase (
Pfdhps
), targeted by pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, respectively. The continued use of SP for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women in many African countries, despite SP's discontinuation as a first-line antimalarial treatment option due to high levels of drug resistance, may further increase the prevalence of SP-resistant parasites and/or lead to the selection of new mutations. An antimalarial drug resistance surveillance study was conducted in western Kenya between 2010 and 2013. A total of 203 clinical samples from children with uncomplicated malaria were genotyped for SNPs associated with SP resistance. The prevalence of the triple-mutant
Pfdhfr
C
50

I
51
R
59
N
108

I
164
genotype and the double-mutant
Pfdhps
S
436

G
437
E
540

A
581
A
613
genotype was high. Two triple-mutant
Pfdhps
genotypes, S
436

G
437
E
540
G
581

A
613
and

H
436
G
437
E
540

A
581
A
613
, were found, with the latter thus far being uniquely found in western Kenya. The prevalence of the S
436

G
437
E
540
G
581

A
613
genotype was low. However, a steady increase in the prevalence of the
Pfdhps
triple-mutant

H
436
G
437
E
540

A
581
A
613
genotype has been observed since its appearance in early 2000. Isolates with these genotypes shared substantial microsatellite haplotypes with the most common double-mutant allele, suggesting that this triple-mutant allele may have evolved locally. Overall, these findings show that the prevalence of the

H
436
G
437
E
540

A
581
A
613
triple mutant may be increasing in this population and could compromise the efficacy of SP for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women if it increases the resistance threshold further.