bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and specificity of S-cone (“blue cone”) signals in subcortical visual pathways
Authors: MARTIN PAUL R. , LEE BARRY B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe review here the distribution of S-cone signals and properties of S-cone recipient receptive fields in subcortical pathways. Nearly everything we know about S-cone signals in the subcortical visual system comes from the study of visual systems in cats and primates (monkeys); in this review, we concentrate on results from macaque and marmoset monkeys. We discuss segregation of S-cone recipient (blue-on and blue-off) receptive fields in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and describe their receptive field properties. We treat in some detail the question of detecting weak S-cone signals as an introduction for newcomers to the field. Finally, we briefly consider the question on how S-cone signals are distributed among nongeniculate targets.
Patient-centred assessment and management of pain for older adults with dementia in care home and acute settings
Authors: Newton P , Reeves R , West E , Schofield P 
Published: February 2014

SummaryEvidence suggests that there is a greater prevalence of pain, particularly chronic pain, in the older than in the younger population. This review looks at how dementia affects older people's ability to report pain, and indicates that pain is poorly assessed and managed in people living with dementia, in particular in care and acute settings. The review also reports findings from two recent studies looking at ways of improving the assessment and management of pain in acute settings. Multi-dimensional, patient-centred approaches to assessing and managing pain in those living with dementia are required, and future research should focus on innovative and practical approaches that can be applied in care home and acute settings.
Bridging the gap in pension participation: how much can universal tax-deferred pension coverage hope to achieve?
Authors: KARAMCHEVA NADIA S. , SANZENBACHER GEOFFREY 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn light of the declining pension coverage of low-income workers, policy makers have discussed requiring all employers to offer individual retirement accounts, similar to defined contribution plans. How likely to participate are workers who currently do not have access to a pension plan? We address this question by using plausibly exogenous variation in pension-plan availability to estimate the determinants of participation in a standard selection on unobservables model. We find that currently uncovered low-income workers are fairly likely to participate in a newly offered plan, yet they are much less likely to do so than currently covered workers.
Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota
Authors: Reichardt Nicole , Duncan Sylvia H , Young Pauline , Belenguer Alvaro , McWilliam Leitch Carol , Scott Karen P , Flint Harry J , Louis Petra 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Propionate is produced in the human large intestine by microbial fermentation and may help maintain human health. We have examined the distribution of three different pathways used by bacteria for propionate formation using genomic and metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota and by designing degenerate primer sets for the detection of diagnostic genes for these pathways. Degenerate primers for the acrylate pathway (detecting the lcdA gene, encoding lactoyl-CoA dehydratase) together with metagenomic mining revealed that this pathway is restricted to only a few human colonic species within the Lachnospiraceae and Negativicutes. The operation of this pathway for lactate utilisation in Coprococcus catus (Lachnospiraceae) was confirmed using stable isotope labelling. The propanediol pathway that processes deoxy sugars such as fucose and rhamnose was more abundant within the Lachnospiraceae (based on the pduP gene, which encodes propionaldehyde dehydrogenase), occurring in relatives of Ruminococcus obeum and in Roseburia inulinivorans. The dominant source of propionate from hexose sugars, however, was concluded to be the succinate pathway, as indicated by the widespread distribution of the mmdA gene that encodes methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the Bacteroidetes and in many Negativicutes. In general, the capacity to produce propionate or butyrate from hexose sugars resided in different species, although two species of Lachnospiraceae (C. catus and R. inulinivorans) are now known to be able to switch from butyrate to propionate production on different substrates. A better understanding of the microbial ecology of short-chain fatty acid formation may allow modulation of propionate formation by the human gut microbiota.
Taxonomical and functional microbial community selection in soybean rhizosphere
Authors: Mendes Lucas W , Kuramae Eiko E , Navarrete Acácio A , van Veen Johannes A , Tsai Siu M 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study addressed the selection of the rhizospheric microbial community from the bulk soil reservoir under agricultural management of soybean in Amazon forest soils. We used a shotgun metagenomics approach to investigate the taxonomic and functional diversities of microbial communities in the bulk soil and in the rhizosphere of soybean plants and tested the validity of neutral and niche theories to explain the rhizosphere community assembly processes. Our results showed a clear selection at both taxonomic and functional levels operating in the assembly of the soybean rhizosphere community. The taxonomic analysis revealed that the rhizosphere community is a subset of the bulk soil community. Species abundance in rhizosphere fits the log-normal distribution model, which is an indicator of the occurrence of niche-based processes. In addition, the data indicate that the rhizosphere community is selected based on functional cores related to the metabolisms of nitrogen, iron, phosphorus and potassium, which are related to benefits to the plant, such as growth promotion and nutrition. The network analysis including bacterial groups and functions was less complex in rhizosphere, suggesting the specialization of some specific metabolic pathways. We conclude that the assembly of the microbial community in the rhizosphere is based on niche-based processes as a result of the selection power of the plant and other environmental factors.
Wideband antenna array for Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial‐based passive bistatic radar applications
Authors: O'Hagan Daniel W. , Schröder Martin , Basavarajappa Vedaprabhu , Knott Peter , Kuschel Heiner , Simeoni Massimilano 
Published: February 2014

A Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial (DVB‐T)‐based passive radar requires the development of a dedicated antenna array that performs satisfactorily over the entire DVB‐T band. The array should require no mechanical adjustments to the inter‐element spacing to correspond to the DVB‐T carrier frequency used for any particular measurement. This study describes the challenges involved in designing an ultra high frequency (UHF) antenna array with a bandwidth of 450 MHz. The design procedure is discussed and a number of simulated array configurations are demonstrated. The final configuration of the array will be shown along with the simulations of the expected performance over the desired frequency span. Finally, the actual array is characterised to evaluate its performance based on data from anechoic chamber measurements.
Synthesis of novel CuSn10‐graphite nanocomposite powders by mechanical alloying
Authors: Canakci A. , Varol T. , Cuvalci H. , Erdemir F. , Ozkaya S. , Yalcın E.D. 
Published: February 2014

CuSn10‐Gr nanocomposite powders were successfully synthesised by mechanical alloying of the powder mixtures of CuSn10 and Gr (1, 3 and 5 wt%, respectively, of Gr). The effects of increasing the graphite particles weight percentage and milling time on the morphology, the particle size and the microstructure of the CuSn10‐Gr nanocomposite powders were investigated. The CuSn10‐Gr nanocomposite powders were characterised using a scanning electron microscope, a laser particle‐size analyser, X‐ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The results show that the addition of the graphite particles as the reinforcement and the milling time has an important effect on the particle size, the morphology and the yield of the powder. The electron microscopy studies showed the formation of the equiaxed grains with a wide size distribution ranging from 50 to 250 nm. It was found that the particle size decreased until the creation of a balance between the rate of welding and fracturing. Moreover, the powder yield dropped drastically with the increasing milling time and the decreasing graphite content.
Dynamo action in thick discs around Kerr black holes: high-order resistive GRMHD simulations
Authors: Bugli M. , Del Zanna L. , Bucciantini N. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We present the first kinematic study of an αΩ-dynamo in the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics regime, applied to thick discs orbiting around Kerr black holes and using a fully covariant mean-field dynamo closure for the Ohm law. We show that the αΩ-dynamo mechanism leads to a continuous exponential growth of the magnetic field within the disc and to the formation of dynamo waves drifting away or towards the equatorial plane. Since the evolution of the magnetic field occurs qualitatively in the same fashion as in the Sun, we present also butterfly diagrams that characterize our models and show the establishment of an additional time-scale, which depends on the microscopic properties of the turbulent motions, possibly providing an alternative explanation to periodicities observed in many high-energy astrophysical sources where accretion on to a rotating black hole is believed to operate.
Greek Historiography
Authors: Baron Christopher A. 
Published: February 2014

The writing of history in ancient Greece, an activity which occurred over a period of one thousand years (500 bce–500 ce), is a subject of great interest to modern scholars for a number of reasons. First, the very term “history” derives from the Greek word historiê (“inquiry”) which Herodotus uses to describe his work, and the subject of historical inquiry decided upon by Herodotus and his successor Thucydides—description and explanation of political and military events in the past—remained standard for many centuries. Though the fundamental differences between the activity, methodology, and expectations of the ancient Greek historians and ourselves has been increasingly highlighted in recent years, we are still in many ways the inheritors of their achievement. Secondly, the writings of the Greek historians represent one of the basic sources of our knowledge of what happened in the ancient world. As with any historical document, then, it is important for scholars to examine the nature of this evidence and the circumstances of its production. Finally, Greek historians aimed both to relate the past and to produce works of literary merit. While some have been reluctant to admit this fact, it is no longer a controversial claim, and scholars have largely moved past arguments over whether Greek historians were writing history or fiction and begun to apply techniques of literary analysis to their works. Of course, this recognition has raised questions about whether some notions central to modern historical writing—truth, accuracy, proper use of sources—operated in the same way in ancient Greek historiography. As with any field of study, the shape of scholarship has been determined by the available evidence. We can examine the texts of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon in their entirety; for other authors we have substantial amounts of continuous narrative (Polybius, Dionysius, Arrian, and others). The last three decades have seen increasing work on the hundreds of Greek historians whose works are known only in fragmentary form, through the quotations, paraphrases, and references in later, extant authors; and more attention has been given to the methodological difficulties posed by the nature of this evidence. The loss of so much historical writing contributes to the ongoing debates over the origins of Greek historiography, its development through the centuries, its essential nature and methodology, and its relationship to other forms of literary production.
Jacques Derrida
Authors: Reynolds Jack , Gratton Peter 
Published: February 2014

Jacques Derrida (b. 1930–d. 2004) was one of the most famous philosophers of the 20th century, and he has remained so since his death in 2004. Derrida’s work was described by Hélène Cixous as the greatest ethico-political warning of our time, and he was remarkably prolific. It is unlikely that anyone has read all of Derrida’s work, and there are around fifty books still to be published in both French and English from his lecture notes, which are almost all completed prose of philosophical subtlety (for more on this, see the Derrida Seminars Translation Project). He was especially indebted to philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Emmanuel Levinas, along with various literary figures (e.g., Mallarmé, Joyce, Celan, etc.), and he developed a manner of reading and engaging with texts and ideas that came to be known as “deconstruction,” which was infamous throughout the 1980s and 1990s, especially in Anglo-American countries, where Derrida was arguably most influential. Derrida deliberately resisted any simple definition of deconstruction, instead preferring pithy and enigmatic remarks such as “deconstruction is justice.” Nonetheless, deconstruction is standardly thought to involve a scholarly reading of texts according to traditional standards, while also attempting to reveal dimensions of the text that resist or problematize the overt argument. These points may occur in apparently marginal and peripheral places but still destabilize both the author’s stated intentions and the textual system in question. The singularity of each text, however, precludes deconstruction being a neutral “method” that might be taken up and robotically deployed upon any and all texts. Derrida’s later philosophy is less textually embedded, instead becoming increasingly concerned with ethico-political concepts, such as democracy, responsibility, justice, friendship, forgiveness, hospitality, and the gift. Here his concern was with an aporetic or paradoxical logic to these concepts and to the experience of them, which leaves them open and incomplete. Without doing the disservice of offering further such short and ultimately unsatisfactory summaries of Derrida’s immense corpus, this bibliography aims to introduce the reader to some of the most influential of Derrida’s own texts, as well as provide a means for navigating the vast secondary literature that is out there. With regard to Derrida’s own texts, it has not been possible to provide summaries of all of them. Instead, this bibliography highlights just some of the most significant of those texts in regard to a given area or theme with which Derrida was concerned, while also having annotated entries on some of the most significant secondary literature that is about Derrida’s work, even if it extends or transforms it. While this article is primarily focused on texts in the English language, also included are some of the most significant writings on Derrida in French.
Plotinus
Authors: Gerson Lloyd P. 
Published: February 2014

After Plato and Aristotle, Plotinus (b. 204/5–d. 270 ce) stands out as the most accomplished and influential philosopher of Antiquity. He is also the only philosopher from this period, other than Plato, whose works are all extant. In his writings, collectively known by the name given to them by his student and editor, Porphyry, as Enneads (“nines” in Greek, for the six groups of nine “treatises”), he engages with the entire history of philosophy up to that time, systematizing Plato and defending that system against all comers, especially Peripatetics, Skeptics, and Stoics. For the next three hundred or so years, philosophy in Late Antiquity took Plotinus as its starting point. Proclus (b. 412–d. 485 ce) thought of him as the principal “exegete of the Platonic revelation.” Philosophy in Late Antiquity was essentially Platonism as constructed by Plotinus, and it is this philosophy that Christians, Muslims, and Jews appropriated and struggled to fit within their theological frameworks.
Medieval Music Theory
Authors: Herlinger Jan 
Published: February 2014

Medieval music theory encompasses technical writing on music from roughly 500 to 1450 ce—from the transmission to the West of ancient Greek music theory via the writings of Boethius and his contemporaries to the development of printing. It was disseminated principally in Latin (the primary language of intellectual discourse in the West) through handwritten documents, which remain its principal witnesses. The subjects of medieval music theory include fundamentals of music, notation of both pitch and rhythm, counterpoint, musica ficta, and modes. Medieval music theory has strong relations to other disciplines of the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy); to the institutions within which it flourished (church, monastic and cathedral schools, and—during the later Middle Ages—universities). It has strong ties to philosophy and theology and, of course, to music in practice. During the later Middle Ages, English, German, French, Italian, and other vernaculars became increasingly common in discourse on music, but they never overtook Latin.
Giannozzo Manetti
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: February 2014

Giannozzo Manetti (b. 1396–d. 1459) was a man in whom the currents of his time flowed together—an intellectual who participated fully and successfully in economic and political life, an accomplished scholar with strong religious convictions, and a humanist who retained roots in the medieval past. His studies were shaped by Ambrogio Traversari in the Camaldolensian convent of Sta. Maria degli Angeli, where he learned Greek and Hebrew as well as Latin. Manetti held a series of increasingly important offices in his native Florence, including his service abroad as provincial governor and ambassador. In 1454 he left Florence, first serving Pope Nicholas V, who was a school friend from his youth, then Alfonso of Aragon, King of Naples. As a member of one of Florence’s richest families, Manetti had the resources to build a large library, which he used to write works in a number of areas, including biographies, speeches, one of the first humanist defenses of the dignity of man, and a wide-ranging apology for Christianity. Much work remains to be done on Manetti: many of his writings are unedited, there is no full-length modern intellectual biography, and many areas of his scholarship remain largely unexplored with not much available in English.
American Independent Cinema
Authors: Sterritt David 
Published: February 2014

American independent cinema, often called “indie cinema,” has no clear historical starting point and no single definition. Most broadly, the term refers to films made outside the Hollywood system, although some scholars date independent cinema from 1908, when enterprising filmmakers defied the near-monopoly of the Motion Picture Patents Company, formed by Thomas A. Edison and others hoping to control the rapidly expanding industry. The creation of United Artists in 1919 established a nominally independent studio within Hollywood, although its founders—Charles Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, D. W. Griffith, and Mary Pickford—were celebrated movie stars. The advent of cheap, flexible equipment facilitated truly independent filmmaking during and after World War II, and the prolific producer-director Roger Corman gave the movement a major boost in the 1950s and 1960s. Another pivotal moment came when actor John Cassavetes wrote and directed Shadows (1957, revised 1959), the first of many profoundly personal films (e.g., Faces in 1968 and A Woman under the Influence in 1974) financed in part by his earnings as a top Hollywood star. Subsequent critical and/or commercial successes brought heightened attention to indie cinema, which then entered a New Hollywood period in which a gifted “film-school” or “movie-brat” generation blurred the lines between independent and Hollywood production by drawing on industry resources or setting up alternative studios, even as quasi-independents such as Robert Altman made both Hollywood and non-Hollywood films. In the same era, the “midnight movie” scene began with such radically distinctive pictures as John Waters’s Pink Flamingos (1972), a scatological satire of middle-class Americana, and David Lynch’s Eraserhead (1977), described by the filmmaker as a “dream of dark and troubling things.” More recent developments include film/video hybrids and “postcinema” films (e.g., The Blair Witch Project in 1999) that extend their fictions into neighboring media such as websites and video games; all the while, drastically individualistic moving-image artists have created avant-garde and “experimental” works ranging from Maya Deren’s oneiric Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) to Stan Brakhage’s dazzling Commingled Containers (1996).
Gambia
Authors: Sarr Assan , Wright Donald R. 
Published: February 2014

The Gambia River, which enters the Atlantic Ocean 115 miles south of Cape Verde, Africa’s western tip, was long a major artery for commerce between the Atlantic and West Africa’s interior. Europeans referred to land along the river as “Gambia” or “the Gambia,” part of “Senegambia,” the region between the Senegal River on the north and the Gambia River on the south. Gambia’s population consists of several ethnic groups: Serer and Jola, early occupants of coastal regions; Mandinka (the largest), and Serahuli (Serrawooli, Soninke), migrants from the east; Fula (Fulbe, Peul), herders from the north, bringing cattle and Islam; Wolof from Senegal, accompanying British traders and officials; and Aku, descendants of liberated slaves from Sierra Leone. Before rapid urban growth in the last half of the 20th century, most Gambians were farmers (millet, sorghum, rice), herders, craftsmen, merchants, or Islamic holy men, residing in small villages. Riverine trade, for centuries involving salt moving upriver, increased after the mid-15th century with the arrival of Portuguese seamen, and again after the mid-17th century with the establishment of English and French outposts. Exports were gold, slaves, and cowhides; imports included cloth, beads, iron bars, metalware, weaponry (swords and cutlasses, firearms and gunpowder), spirits, and paper. Beginning in the early 19th century, after Great Britain established a permanent settlement at Bathurst (now Banjul) near the river’s mouth, closing the river to slave trading, British merchants steadily garnered more Gambia trade. Peanuts dominated exports from the 1840s through the 20th century. In 1893, Britain claimed a narrow strip along two hundred miles of the lower Gambia River, surrounded by French Senegal, as its Gambia Colony and Protectorate. British rule was noteworthy for lack of expenditure and development. Thus, when The Republic of The Gambia (commonly “The Gambia”) gained independence in 1965, it was one of the world’s poorest nations. The Gambia’s government was a democracy known for respecting human rights until a military coup in 1994 brought to power Lieutenant (later Colonel, and then President) Yahya A. J. J. Jammeh. His two decades of increasing authoritarian rule, which saw declining respect for the law, illegal detention, torture, and murder, ended in the surprising 2016 election of coalition candidate Adama Barrow, hopeful of leading the nation toward recovery from two decades of tyranny. Because Senegal surrounds The Gambia, overviews and bibliographies of Senegal can be informative about Gambia, as are works on Senegalese history, culture, religion, language, and the arts. In this article, because they are difficult to access, government and private publications from Gambia are rarely included. For these, see Gamble 1988, cited under Bibliographies, and supplements in Gamble’s Gambia Studies Series, cited under General Overviews.