bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boost Up Carrier Mobility for Ferroelectric Organic Transistor Memory via Buffering Interfacial Polarization Fluctuation
Authors: Sun Huabin , Wang Qijing , Li Yun , Lin Yen-Fu , Wang Yu , Yin Yao , Xu Yong , Liu Chuan , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Pan Lijia , Wang Xizhang , Hu Zheng , Shi Yi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFerroelectric organic field-effect transistors (Fe-OFETs) have been attractive for a variety of non-volatile memory device applications. One of the critical issues of Fe-OFETs is the improvement of carrier mobility in semiconducting channels. In this article, we propose a novel interfacial buffering method that inserts an ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) between ferroelectric polymer and organic semiconductor layers. A high field-effect mobility (μFET) up to 4.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 is obtained. Subsequently, the programming process in our Fe-OFETs is mainly dominated by the switching between two ferroelectric polarizations rather than by the mobility-determined charge accumulation at the channel. Thus, the “reading” and “programming” speeds are significantly improved. Investigations show that the polarization fluctuation at semiconductor/insulator interfaces, which affect the charge transport in conducting channels, can be suppressed effectively using our method.
Computational design of a leucine-rich repeat protein with a predefined geometry
Authors: Rämisch Sebastian , Weininger Ulrich , Martinsson Jonas , Akke Mikael , André Ingemar 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Repeat proteins are used in nature to bind to proteins and peptides. The shape of their binding surfaces can vary substantially, even for proteins within the same family. This variability likely arose because they evolved to match the proteins they interact with geometrically. Repeat proteins are often engineered to develop binders specific to new target proteins. It would be highly beneficial to design repeat proteins with predefined geometrical shapes because such a method would enable development of engineered repeat proteins that are shape-optimized to their targets. Here, we demonstrate that repeat proteins with a predefined shape can be designed using a computational design method. The approach is exemplified by the design of a protein that forms a ring structure not seen in nature.
Structural interactions of a voltage sensor toxin with lipid membranes
Authors: Mihailescu Mihaela , Krepkiy Dmitriy , Milescu Mirela , Gawrisch Klaus , Swartz Kenton J. , White Stephen 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Tarantula venom contains protein toxins that interact with diverse families of ion channels and alter their activity. A number of tarantula toxins are known to interact with membranes and are thought to bind to ion channel proteins within the lipid bilayer. In the present study, we find that tarantula toxins influence the structure and dynamics of the lipid bilayer, and that the toxin orients itself within membranes to facilitate formation of the toxin–channel complexes. Our results have implications for the mechanisms of toxin action on ion channels, and more generally for protein–protein interactions within membranes.
Chronic nicotine exposure augments gustatory plasticity inCaenorhabditis elegans:involvement of dopamine signaling
Authors: Matsuura Tetsuya , Urushihata Takuya 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe chemotaxis of wild-type NaCl-conditioned nematodes exposed to 100 mM NaCl, maintained on a growth medium containing 0.3 mM nicotine from first larva to young adult (YA) hermaphrodite, was significantly weaker than the chemotaxis of those maintained on a medium without nicotine. The result indicates that chronic nicotine exposure augments gustatory plasticity. The gustatory plasticity was also augmented when tph-1 mutants, with a defect in serotonin biosynthesis, were maintained on a medium containing nicotine until the YA stage. Chronic nicotine exposure did not augment gustatory plasticity in bas-1 mutants, which had defects in both serotonin and dopamine biosynthesis, and in cat-2 mutants, which had a defect in dopamine biosynthesis. However, augmentation of gustatory plasticity was observed when bas-1 and cat-2 mutants were maintained on a growth medium containing nicotine along with dopamine, suggesting that dopamine signaling is involved in the augmentation of gustatory plasticity due to chronic nicotine exposure.
Sport facility proximity and physical activity: Results from the Study of Community Sports in China
Authors: Guo Xiujin , Dai Jian , Xun Pengcheng , Jamieson Lynn M. , He Ka 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIncreased sport facility proximity is associated with higher likelihood of meeting physical activity (PA) recommendations in western studies, but it is uncertain whether the findings can be generalized to the Chinese population. From September 2012 to December 2012, 3926 participants drawn from China using a multi‐stage sampling strategy were invited to participate in the Study of Community Sports in China. Participants' demographics, commuting time to the nearest sport facility and PA levels were assessed. Among 3926 participants included (51.2% female) in the final analysis, 878 (22.4%) of them met the PA recommendation. Participants who spent ≥30 minutes in commuting time had 80% odds [odds ratio (OR): 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65–0.98)] of meeting the PA recommendation compared to those who spent less than 10 minutes. For every 10‐minute increment in commuting time, the odds reduced by 6% [OR = 0.94 (0.88–0.99)]. The observed associations were not appreciably modified by age, gender or education level. In this cross‐sectional community‐based study, we found that residents in China were less likely to meet the PA recommendation if they needed more commuting time to the nearest sport facility. Increasing sport facility proximity may be effective in improving the PA levels in the Chinese population.
Ground reaction forces of Olympic and World Championship race walkers
Authors: Hanley Brian , Bissas Athanassios 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRace walking is an Olympic event where no visible loss of contact should occur and the knee must be straightened until midstance. The purpose of this study was to analyse ground reaction forces of world‐class race walkers and associate them with key spatiotemporal variables. Nineteen athletes race walked along an indoor track and made contact with two force plates (1000 Hz) while being filmed using high‐speed videography (100 Hz). Race walking speed was correlated with flight time (r =. 46, p =. 049) and flight distance (r =. 69, p =. 001). The knee's movement from hyperextension to flexion during late stance meant the vertical push‐off force that followed midstance was smaller than the earlier loading peak (p <. 001), resulting in a flattened profile. Athletes with narrower stride widths experienced reduced peak braking forces (r =. 49, p =. 046), peak propulsive forces (r =. 54, p =. 027), peak medial forces (r =. 63, p =. 007) and peak vertical push‐off forces (r =. 60, p =. 011). Lower fluctuations in speed during stance were associated with higher stride frequencies (r =. 69, p =. 001), and highlighted the importance of avoiding too much braking in early stance. The flattened trajectory and consequential decrease in vertical propulsion might help the race walker avoid visible loss of contact (although non‐visible flight times were useful in increasing stride length), while a narrow stride width was important in reducing peak forces in all three directions and could improve movement efficiency.
APTWG: The 4th Asia-Pacific Transport Working Group Meeting
Authors: Ida K. , Kwon J.M. , Leconte M. , Ko W.H. , Inagaki S. , Todo Y. , Kosuga Y. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This conference report summarizes the contributions to, and discussions at, the 4th Asia-Pacific Transport Working Group Meeting held at Kyushu University, Japan, during 10–13 June 2014. The topics of the meeting were organized under five main headings: turbulence suppression and transport barrier formation, effect of magnetic topology on MHD activity and transport, non-diffusive contribution of momentum and particle transport, non-local transport and turbulence spreading and coupling, energetic particles and instability. The Young Researchers' Forum which was held in this meeting is also described in this report.
Iran: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Ansari Ali 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Iran has rarely been out of the headlines. Yet extensive media interest has tended to hinder rather than help our understanding of Iran as an idea, an identity, and a people, leading to a superficial understanding of what is a complex and nuanced political culture and civilization. Iran: A Very Short Introduction presents a radical reinterpretation of Iranian history and politics, placing the Islamic Revolution in the context of a century of political change and social transformation. It considers the various factors that have contributed towards the construction of the idea of Iran and the complex identity of Iranians themselves, to provide a more realistic understanding for us all.
World War II: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Weinberg Gerhard L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
World War II: A Very Short Introduction examines the origins, course, and impact of the Second World War on those who fought and the ordinary citizens who lived through it. Starting with the inter-war years and the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, it examines how the war progressed by examining a number of key events: the war in the West in 1940, Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the expansion of Japan's war with China, developments on the home front, and the Allied victory from 1944–45. Exploring the costs and effects of the war, this VSI considers the long-lasting mark World War II has left on society today.
HiTSelect: a comprehensive tool for high-complexity-pooled screen analysis
Authors: Diaz Aaron A. , Qin Han , Ramalho-Santos Miguel , Song Jun S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGenetic screens of an unprecedented scale have recently been made possible by the availability of high-complexity libraries of synthetic oligonucleotides designed to mediate either gene knockdown or gene knockout, coupled with next-generation sequencing. However, several sources of random noise and statistical biases complicate the interpretation of the resulting high-throughput data. We developed HiTSelect, a comprehensive analysis pipeline for rigorously selecting screen hits and identifying functionally relevant genes and pathways by addressing off-target effects, controlling for variance in both gene silencing efficiency and sequencing depth of coverage and integrating relevant metadata. We document the superior performance of HiTSelect using data from both genome-wide RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 screens. HiTSelect is implemented as an open-source package, with a user-friendly interface for data visualization and pathway exploration. Binary executables are available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/hitselect/, and the source code is available at https://github.com/diazlab/HiTSelect.
Resistance Patterns and Clinical Significance of Candida Colonization and Infection in Combat-Related Injured Patients From Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Blyth Dana M. , Mende Katrin , Weintrob Amy C. , Beckius Miriam L. , Zera Wendy C. , Bradley William , Lu Dan , Tribble David R. , Murray Clinton K. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Background.  Penetrating wounds with environmental contamination are associated with a range of infectious complications, including fungus. This is the first study to examine the epidemiology, resistance patterns, and outcomes of Candida infections and colonization in United States military patients injured in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Methods.  Clinical information associated with initial unique and serial Candida isolates collected from patients (June 2009–October 2013) through the Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study (TIDOS) was evaluated. Susceptibilities were performed using Sensititre YeastOne (YO-9) plates and interpreted by Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) and adjusted-European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria.
Results.  The analysis included 127 patients with 131 unique Candida isolates, of which 102 were Candida albicans and 29 non-albicans Candida spp. Overall, 99% of patients were male with a median age of 23 and an injury severity score of 22. Injuries were primarily due to blasts (77%) and sustained among personnel serving in Afghanistan (89%). There was a median of 7 days from injury to Candida isolation, and 74 isolates were associated with infection. In the multivariate analysis, non-albicans Candida spp were associated with prior antifungal exposure, blood isolates, and wound isolates (P &lt; .01). Nonsusceptibility by CLSI and EUCAST criteria was associated with non-albicans Candida spp (P &lt; .05). Patients with Candida isolation had a 7.1% mortality rate, compared with 1.4% from the overall TIDOS population.
Conclusions.  Candida isolation from patients with penetrating war injuries may identify a population at higher risk for death. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether targeted antifungals and surgical management will affect this mortality rate.
Optimal Regulation in the Presence of Reputation Concerns *
Authors: Atkeson Andrew , Hellwig Christian , Ordoñez Guillermo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn all markets, firms go through a process of creative destruction: entry, random growth, and exit. In many of these markets there are also regulations that restrict entry, possibly distorting this process. We study the public interest rationale for entry taxes in a general equilibrium model with free entry and exit of firms in which firm dynamics are driven by reputation concerns. In our model firms can produce high-quality output by making a costly but efficient initial unobservable investment. If buyers never learn about this investment, an extreme “lemons problem” develops, no firm invests, and the market shuts down. Learning introduces reputation incentives such that a fraction of entrants do invest. We show that if the market operates with spot prices, entry taxes always enhance the role of reputation to induce investment, improving welfare despite the impact of these taxes on equilibrium prices and total production.
Up-regulation of Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 on Neutrophils May Be Involved in Sepsis-induced Immunosuppression
Authors: Wang Jia-Feng , Li Jin-Bao , Zhao Yan-Jun , Yi Wen-Jing , Bian Jin-Jun , Wan Xiao-Jian , Zhu Ke-Ming , Deng Xiao-Ming 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAbstract
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 is up-regulated on neutrophils during sepsis, which may be associated with sepsisinduced immunosuppression.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:
Recent studies have shown that neutrophils may display an antigen-presenting function and inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by expressing programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). The current study was performed to investigate the effect of neutrophils and their pathophysiological significance during sepsis.

Methods:
Neutrophil PD-L1 expression was determined in both septic mice (n = 6) and patients (n = 41). Neutrophils from septic mice were subtyped into PD-L1− and PD-L1+ populations to determine their phenotypes and functions. Septic neutrophils were cocultured with lymphocytes to observe the effect of septic neutrophils on lymphocyte apoptosis.

Results:
The PD-L1 level on neutrophils from septic mice was significantly up-regulated (21.41 ± 4.76%). This level increased with the progression of sepsis and the migration of neutrophils from the bone marrow to the blood and peritoneal cavity. The percentages of CD11a, CD62L, and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 were lower, whereas the percentages of CD16 and CD64 were higher on PD-L1+ neutrophils than on PD-L1− neutrophils. The migratory capacity of PD-L1+ neutrophils was compromised. Septic neutrophils induced lymphocyte apoptosis via a contact mechanism, and this process could be reversed by anti-PD-L1 antibody. PD-L1 was also up-regulated on neutrophils from patients with severe sepsis (14.6% [3.75%, 42.1%]). The levels were negatively correlated with the monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR level and positively correlated with the severity of septic patients. Neutrophil PD-L1 was a predictor for the prognosis of severe sepsis, with an area of 0.74 under the receiver operating curve.

Conclusions:
PD-L1 is up-regulated on neutrophils during sepsis, which may be related to sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
High-risk Prostate Cancer Treated With Dose-escalated RT
Authors: Son Christina H. , Hamstra Daniel A. , Feng Felix Y. , Liauw Stanley L. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives:
To determine prognostic factors to select high-risk men receiving dose-escalated radiation therapy (RT) who will have favorable outcomes with short-term (ST) or no androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Methods:
Medical records of 458 men treated with definitive RT for high-risk, nonmetastatic prostate cancer at 3 academic referral centers from 1988 to 2009 were examined. Median dose was 76.4 Gy. Men received no ADT (n=105), STADT (<12 mo, n=194), or long-term ADT (LTADT: ≥12 mo, n=160). Univariate and multivariable analysis for freedom from distant metastases (FFDM) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were performed. Median follow-up was 71 months.

Results:
Seven-year FFDM was 83% and CSS was 91%. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir ≤0.2 (HR=0.36; 95% CI, 0.20-0.64) and Gleason score (GS) were associated with FFDM and CSS (all P<0.05). ADT duration was not associated (P>0.05). Those with PSA nadir ≤0.2 ng/mL had improved outcomes. Men with GS 9 disease did poorly despite a PSA nadir ≤0.2 ng/mL and had improved CSS with LTADT (95% vs. 71%, P<0.05).

Conclusions:
Select men with high-risk disease treated with dose-escalated RT may not require LTADT. In men treated with ADT, PSA nadir ≤0.2 is an independent prognostic factor associated with FFDM and CSS. Men without GS 9 may have acceptable outcomes with STADT if PSA nadir is ≤0.2 ng/mL. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the role of PSA nadir in determining the optimal length of adjuvant ADT.
Cellular Metabolites Enhance the Light Sensitivity of Arabidopsis Cryptochrome through Alternate Electron Transfer Pathways
Authors: Engelhard Christopher , Wang Xuecong , Robles David , Moldt Julia , Essen Lars-Oliver , Batschauer Alfred , Bittl Robert , Ahmad Margaret 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light receptors with multiple signaling roles in plants and animals. Plant cryptochrome (cry1 and cry2) biological activity has been linked to flavin photoreduction via an electron transport chain comprising three evolutionarily conserved tryptophan residues known as the Trp triad. Recently, it has been reported that cry2 Trp triad mutants, which fail to undergo photoreduction in vitro, nonetheless show biological activity in vivo, raising the possibility of alternate signaling pathways. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana cry2 proteins containing Trp triad mutations indeed undergo robust photoreduction in living cultured insect cells. UV/Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy resolves the discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro photochemical activity, as small metabolites, including NADPH, NADH, and ATP, were found to promote cry photoreduction even in mutants lacking the classic Trp triad electron transfer chain. These metabolites facilitate alternate electron transfer pathways and increase light-induced radical pair formation. We conclude that cryptochrome activation is consistent with a mechanism of light-induced electron transfer followed by flavin photoreduction in vivo. We further conclude that in vivo modulation by cellular compounds represents a feature of the cryptochrome signaling mechanism that has important consequences for light responsivity and activation.
Myrosin Cell Development Is Regulated by Endocytosis Machinery and PIN1 Polarity in Leaf Primordia ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Shirakawa Makoto , Ueda Haruko , Shimada Tomoo , Kohchi Takayuki , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMyrosin cells, which accumulate myrosinase to produce toxic compounds when they are ruptured by herbivores, form specifically along leaf veins in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the mechanism underlying this pattern formation is unknown. Here, we show that myrosin cell development requires the endocytosis-mediated polar localization of the auxin-efflux carrier PIN1 in leaf primordia. Defects in the endocytic/vacuolar SNAREs (syp22 and syp22 vti11) enhanced myrosin cell development. The syp22 phenotype was rescued by expressing SYP22 under the control of the PIN1 promoter. Additionally, myrosin cell development was enhanced either by lacking the activator of endocytic/vacuolar RAB5 GTPase (VPS9A) or by PIN1 promoter-driven expression of a dominant-negative form of RAB5 GTPase (ARA7). By contrast, myrosin cell development was not affected by deficiencies of vacuolar trafficking factors, including the vacuolar sorting receptor VSR1 and the retromer components VPS29 and VPS35, suggesting that endocytic pathway rather than vacuolar trafficking pathway is important for myrosin cell development. The phosphomimic PIN1 variant (PIN1-Asp), which is unable to be polarized, caused myrosin cells to form not only along leaf vein but also in the intervein leaf area. We propose that Brassicales plants might arrange myrosin cells near vascular cells in order to protect the flux of nutrients and water via polar PIN1 localization.
Stewardship of public service renewal and reform
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how stewardship of public service renewal and reform is changing and influencing contemporary public leadership.Design/methodology/approach– The literature is reviewed to close the gap between theory and international practice. New evidence from innovation awards, scenario building, surveys, and interviews help demystify leadership dynamics.Findings– International stakeholders remain unconvinced about the role of leadership and claim that public service behaviour cannot be predicted. Scholars maintain that collaborative leadership prevails in thought and practice over the transformational leadership of the New Public Management era. Innovation and stewardship are particularly important aspects of values-based leadership in times of uncertainty. Emerging evidence and patterns of stewardship in public service renewal and reform confirm that “where leaders stand depends upon where they sit”.Research limitations/implications– Leadership practice is running ahead of theory. Research does not differentiate the roles and impact of leaders at the centre, front, and middle of government. Action research is needed to fill knowledge gaps and make the business case for leadership development.Practical implications– Role, capacity, and ethical considerations frame the implications for public leaders. Middle managers play a strategic role in networking government for change. Good governance depends upon developing their strategic leadership competencies and values.Social implications– In turn, where nations stand on the economic ladder depends upon strategic development of their public service. Turning individual competence into organizational capacity requires institutional change.Originality/value– Leaders in the middle are increasingly instrumental as change makers and disciples of reform in today's networked government. Harnessing their leadership capabilities is integral to stewardship of public service renewal and reform.