bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Au-Sn IMCs’ formation and morphologies on shear properties of laser reflowed micro-solder joints
Authors: Liu Wei , An Rong , Wang Chunqing , Tian Yanhong 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of typical morphologies of Au-Sn IMCs (intermetallic compounds) at the interfaces of solder and pads on shear properties of laser reflowed micro-solder joints.

Design/methodology/approach
– Sn-2.0Ag-0.75Cu-3.0Bi (SnAgCuBi) solder balls (120 μm in diameter), pads with 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 or 4.0 μm thickness of Au surface finish, and different laser input energies were utilized to fabricate micro-solder joints with Au-Sn IMCs having different typical morphologies. The joints were performed by a shear test through a DAGE bond test system. Fracture surfaces of the joints were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry to identify fracture modes and locations.

Findings
– Morphologies of Au-Sn IMCs would affect shear properties of the joints remarkably. When needle-like AuSn4 IMCs formed at the interfaces of solder and pads, almost entire surfaces presented the manner of ductile fracture. Moreover, shear forces of this kind of solder joints were higher than those of joints without Au-Sn IMCs or with a nearly continuous/continuous Au-Sn IMCs layer. The reason was that the shear performance of the solder joints with needle-like AuSn4 IMCs was enhanced by an interlocking effect between solder and needle-like AuSn4 IMCs. As a nearly continuous or continuous Au-Sn IMCs layer formed, the fracture surfaces presented more character of brittle than ductile fracture. However, if an Au layer still remained under Au-Sn IMCs, the shear performance of the joints would be enhanced.

Originality/value
– The results in this study can be used to optimize microstructures and shear properties of laser reflowed micro-solder joints.
Somatosensory assessment and treatment after stroke: An evidence‐practice gap
Authors: Pumpa Lloyd U. , Cahill Liana S. , Carey Leeanne M. 
Published: January 2015

Background/aimLoss of body sensations is common after stroke, impacting negatively on recovery and performance of activities of daily living. Despite advances in the evidence for the assessment and treatment of somatosensory impairment post‐stroke, the translation from research into clinical practice has been slow. The aim of this study was to determine current clinical practice of occupational therapists and physiotherapists in the assessment and treatment of somatosensory impairment post‐stroke.MethodsA cross‐sectional, self‐administered online survey of occupational therapists and physiotherapists currently working with stroke clients in Australian health organisations, identified through an audit of stroke rehabilitation services and a professional member association.Results172 clinicians, 62.8% occupational therapists and 37.2% physiotherapists currently working with stroke clients completed the survey. Most respondents (93.0%) indicated routinely assessing for sensory loss in stroke clients. The most commonly used measures were light touch and proprioception, with the majority (70.4%) not using standardised measures. Most respondents (97.7%) reported providing treatment to address sensory impairment, with compensatory strategies and sensory re‐education the two most frequently reported. Evidence‐based treatment choices were not common and therapists frequently relied on colleagues' opinions and previous experience to inform practice. Therapists commonly experienced barriers to implementing evidence‐based sensory rehabilitation, including time constraints, large caseloads and lack of access to evidence‐based somatosensory assessment and treatment resources.ConclusionsMost therapists perceived somatosensory assessment and treatment as important. However, frequently utilised methods lack a sound theoretical or empirical basis. Despite published evidence regarding somatosensory assessment and treatment, an evidence‐practice gap exists.
‘Citizen Emperor’: Political Ritual, Popular Sovereignty and the Coronation ofNapoleonI
Authors: Dwyer Philip 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe coronation ofNapoleon inNotreDame on 2December 1804 was built upon a number of contradictory concepts. As heir to theFrenchRevolution,Napoleon founded the legitimacy of his new regime on the notion of popular sovereignty. He incorporated the idea into a new coronation ceremony, a mélange of different rites and customs, incorporating aspects ofCarolingian tradition, theancien régimeand theRevolution, thereby helping to create a new political culture based on continuity with the past. And yet the people were precluded from the ceremony itself. Moreover, the coronation contained within it the seeds of theEmpire's later turn towards absolute‐style monarchy, based on revived notions of divine right. The coronation thus highlightsNapoleon's, and theFrench political elite's, ambivalent attitude towards the idea of monarchy and popular sovereignty. Although the coronation should be seen as part of the process of national reconciliation implemented byNapoleon, as ritual it failed to leave a deep impression.
Autobiography as a Micrometer for Empire: How a Nineteenth‐CenturyEnglish Tailor was – and was not – an Absent‐Minded Imperialist
Authors: Ferguson Christopher 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe relationship between theBritish empire and the metropolitan populace remains a recurring point of debate for historians. Autobiographies, such as that of the nineteenth‐century tailorJamesCarter (1792–1853), offer a means of moving beyond the question of working‐class knowledge of the empire, to understand the ways in which workers perceived the role and significance of the empire within the context of their own lives. Analysis ofCarter's autobiography yields a vision of a worker who, while far from ignorant of the empire's existence, perceived it as a largely distant entity, except in those moments when its influence manifested directly in his own personal and economic affairs.
Preliminary Validation of Handheld X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Distinguishing Osseous and Dental Tissue from Nonbone Material of Similar Chemical Composition
Authors: Zimmerman Heather A. , Schultz John J. , Sigman Michael E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOne of the tasks of a forensic anthropologist is to sort human bone fragments from other materials, which can be difficult when dealing with highly fragmented and taphonomically modified material. The purpose of this research is to develop a method using handheld X‐ray fluorescence (HHXRF) spectrometry to distinguish human and nonhuman bone/teeth from nonbone materials of similar chemical composition using multivariate statistical analyses. The sample materials were derived primarily from previous studies: human bone and teeth, nonhuman bone, nonbiological materials, nonbone biological materials, and taphonomically modified materials. The testing included two phases, testing both the reliability of the instrument and the accuracy of the technique. The results indicate that osseous and dental tissue can be distinguished from nonbone material of similar chemical composition with a high degree of accuracy (94%). While it was not possible to discriminate rock apatite and synthetic hydroxyapatite from bone/teeth, this technique successfully discriminated ivory and octocoral.
Physicochemical Characterization of Pure Persimmon Juice: Nutritional Quality and Food Acceptability
Authors: González Eva , Vegara Salud , Martí Nuria , Valero Manuel , Saura Domingo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTechnological process for production of non‐astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. “Rojo Brillante”) juice was described. The degree of fruit ripening expressed as color index (CI) varied between 12.37 and 16.33. Persimmon juice was characterized by determining physicochemical quality parameters as yield, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), organic acids, and main sugars. A thermal treatment of 90 ºC for 10 s was effective in controlling naturally occurring microorganisms for at least 105 d of storage without significantly affecting production of soluble brown pigments (BPs) and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (5‐HMF), total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity and acceptability of juice by panelists. Storage time affected all and each of the above parameters, reducing BPs, TPC and antioxidant capacity but increasing 5‐HMF content. Refrigerated storage enhanced the acceptability of the juices. This information may be used by the juice industry as a starting point for production of pure persimmon juices.
Enhancing photo‐catalytic production of organic acids in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ΔglgC, a strain incapable of glycogen storage
Authors: Carrieri Damian , Broadbent Charlie , Carruth David , Paddock Troy , Ungerer Justin , Maness Pin‐Ching , Ghirardi Maria , Yu Jianping 
Published: January 2015

SummaryA key objective in microbial biofuels strain development is to maximize carbon flux to target products while minimizing cell biomass accumulation, such that ideally the algae and bacteria would operate in a photo‐catalytic state. A brief period of such a physiological state has recently been demonstrated in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ΔglgC strain incapable of glycogen storage. When deprived of nitrogen, the ΔglgC excretes the organic acids alpha‐ketoglutarate and pyruvate for a number of days without increasing cell biomass. This study examines the relationship between the growth state and the photo‐catalytic state, and characterizes the metabolic adaptability of the photo‐catalytic state to increasing light intensity. It is found that the culture can transition naturally from the growth state into the photo‐catalytic state when provided with limited nitrogen supply during the growth phase. Photosynthetic capacity and pigments are lost over time in the photo‐catalytic state. Reversal to growth state is observed with re‐addition of nitrogen nutrient, accompanied by restoration of photosynthetic capacity and pigment levels in the cells. While the overall productivity increased under high light conditions, the ratio of alpha‐ketoglutarate/pyruvate is altered, suggesting that carbon partition between the two products is adaptable to environmental conditions.
A novel strain of Cellulosimicrobium funkei can biologically detoxify aflatoxin B1 in ducklings
Authors: Sun Lv‐Hui , Zhang Ni‐Ya , Sun Ran‐Ran , Gao Xin , Gu Changqin , Krumm Christopher Steven , Qi De‐Sheng 
Published: January 2015

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted to screen microorganisms with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) removal potential from soils and to evaluate their ability in reducing the toxic effects of AFB1 in ducklings. In experiment 1, we screened 11 isolates that showed the AFB1 biodegradation ability, and the one exhibited the highest AFB1 removal ability (97%) was characterized and identified as Cellulosimicrobium funkei (C. funkei). In experiment 2, 80 day‐old Cherry Valley ducklings were divided into four groups with four replicates of five birds each and were used in a 2 by 2 factorial trial design, in which the main factors included administration of AFB1 versus solvent and C. funkei versus solvent for 2 weeks. The AFB1 treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain, feed intake and impaired feed conversion ratio. AFB1 also decreased serum albumin and total protein concentration, while it increased activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and liver damage in the ducklings. Supplementation of C. funkei alleviated the adverse effects of AFB1 on growth performance, and provided protective effects on the serum biochemical indicators, and decreased hepatic injury in the ducklings. Conclusively, our results suggest that the novel isolated C. funkei strain could be used to mitigate the negative effects of aflatoxicosis in ducklings.
Methanol‐based cadaverine production by genetically engineered Bacillus methanolicus strains
Authors: Nærdal Ingemar , Pfeifenschneider Johannes , Brautaset Trygve , Wendisch Volker F. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMethanol is regarded as an attractive substrate for biotechnological production of value‐added bulk products, such as amino acids and polyamines. In the present study, the methylotrophic and thermophilic bacterium Bacillus methanolicus was engineered into a microbial cell factory for the production of the platform chemical 1,5‐diaminopentane (cadaverine) from methanol. This was achieved by the heterologous expression of the Escherichia coli genes cadA and ldcC encoding two different lysine decarboxylase enzymes, and by increasing the overall L‐lysine production levels in this host. Both CadA and LdcC were functional in B. methanolicus cultivated at 50°C and expression of cadA resulted in cadaverine production levels up to 500 mg l−1 during shake flask conditions. A volume‐corrected concentration of 11.3 g l−1 of cadaverine was obtained by high‐cell density fed‐batch methanol fermentation. Our results demonstrated that efficient conversion of L‐lysine into cadaverine presumably has severe effects on feedback regulation of the L‐lysine biosynthetic pathway in B. methanolicus. By also investigating the cadaverine tolerance level, B. methanolicus proved to be an exciting alternative host and comparable to the well‐known bacterial hosts E. coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. This study represents the first demonstration of microbial production of cadaverine from methanol.
The gonadotrophic response of Royal Marines during an operational deployment in Afghanistan
Authors: Hill N. E. , Woods D. R. , Delves S. K. , Murphy K. G. , Davison A. S. , Brett S. J. , Quinton R. , Turner S. , Stacey M. , Allsopp A. J. , Fallowfield J. L. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMilitary training has been associated with changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis consistent with central hypogonadism. Often such changes have been associated with body mass loss, though sleep deprivation and other psychological stress may also contribute. The effects of deployment in a combat zone on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in military personnel are not known. The objective was to investigate the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in male military personnel deployed in Afghanistan. Eighty‐nine Royal Marines were investigated pre‐deployment, following 3 months in Afghanistan and following 2 weeks mid‐tour leave. Testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione (AD) and insulin were assayed and body mass recorded. The results showed that body mass (kg) dropped from 83.2 ± 9.2 to 79.2 ± 8.2 kg during the first 3 months of deployment (p < 0.001). Total testosterone did not change, but SHBG increased (30.7 ± 9.7 vs. 42.3 ± 14.1 nmol/L, p < 0.001), resulting in a significant (p < 0.001) fall in calculated free testosterone (435.2 ± 138 vs. 375.1 ± 98 pmol/L). Luteinising hormone and FSH increased by 14.3% (p < 0.001) and 4.9% (p = 0.003) respectively. Free testosterone, SHBG, LH and FSH returned to baseline following 2 weeks of mid‐tour leave. Androstenedione (AD) decreased by 14.5% (p = 0.024), and insulin decreased by 26% (p = 0.039), over the course of deployment. In this study of lean Royal Marines, free testosterone decreased during operational deployment to Afghanistan. There was no evidence to suggest major stress‐induced central hypogonadism. We postulate that reduced body mass, accompanied by a decrease in insulin and AD synthesis, may have contributed to an elevated SHBG, leading to a decrease in free testosterone.
Husband's smoking status and breast cancer risk in Japan: From the Takayama study
Authors: Wada Keiko , Kawachi Toshiaki , Hori Akihiro , Takeyama Naoharu , Tanabashi Shinobu , Matsushita Shogen , Tokimitsu Naoki , Nagata Chisato 
Published: January 2015

The effects of smoking on breast cancer remain unclear. We assessed the associations of subjects' or husbands' smoking status with breast cancer incidence in a population‐based prospective study in Japan. The subjects were 15 719 women aged 35 years or older. The follow up was conducted from September 1992 to March 2008. Cancer incidence was mainly confirmed through regional population‐based cancer registries. Breast cancer was defined as code C50 according to the International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, 10th Revision. Lifestyle, including smoking status, was assessed with a self‐administered questionnaire. Alcohol consumption was assessed with a validated food‐frequency questionnaire. After multivariate adjustments for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, education, age at menarche, age at first delivery, menopausal status, number of children and history of hormone replacement therapy, active smoking was not associated with the risk of breast cancer. Compared with never smokers whose husband had never smoked, the risks of breast cancer were 1.98 (95% CI: 1.03–3.84) among never smokers whose husband was a current smoker of 21 cigarettes per day or more. The increased risk of breast cancer among women having a smoking husband was pronounced among those who did not habitually consume alcohol. These results suggest that exposure to smoke from husbands is a potential risk factor for breast cancer. The impact of alcohol consumption on the increased breast cancer risk from passive smoking needs to be addressed in further studies.
Maternal vitamin D and E intakes during early pregnancy are associated with airway epithelial cell responses in neonates
Authors: Miller D. R. , Turner S. W. , Spiteri‐Cornish D. , Scaife A. R. , Danielian P. J. , Devereux G. S. , Walsh G. M. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryBackgroundAntenatal factors including maternal diet may predispose to airway disease, possibly by impacting on fetal airway development.ObjectiveThis cohort study tested the hypothesis that maternal vitamin D and E status in early pregnancy is associated with airway epithelial cell (AEC) responses in new born infants and examined constitutive and TNFα/IL‐1β, house dust mite (HDM) extract or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated neonatal AEC responses in vitro.MethodsMaternal dietary vitamin D and E intakes (plasma 25[OH]D3 or α‐tocopherol) were characterized at 10–12 weeks gestation. Neonatal nasal AECs were collected soon after birth and cultured to tertiary passage. Constitutive and stimulated – TNFα/IL‐1β, HDM extract or LPS – secretory responses (VEGF, RANTES, MCP‐1, IL‐17A, IFN‐γ, GM‐CSF, eotaxin, MIP1‐α, MIP1‐β, ICAM, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, TNF) in 139 AEC cultures were quantified.ResultsAEC mediator release was greater following TNF‐α/IL‐1β, HDM or LPS stimulation compared to constitutive release. Increased maternal dietary vitamin D was associated with significant increases in IL‐10 release by AEC after stimulation with TNF‐α/IL‐1β (P = 0.024) or HDM (P = 0.049). Maternal plasma α‐tocopherol at 10–12 weeks gestation was positively associated with MIP1α (Spearman's rho 0.242, P = 0.009) and IL‐3 (ρ 0.189, P = 0.043) responses after TNF‐α/IL‐1β stimulation and negatively associated with TNF (ρ ‐0.404, P = 0.011) and MIP1β (ρ ‐0.322, P = 0.046) responses after LPS stimulation.DiscussionNeonatal AECs respond to pro‐inflammatory and allergenic stimuli in vitro demonstrating their potential to function as components of the innate immune response. Our findings suggest that associations exist between maternal micronutrient intake during early pregnancy and aspects of stimulated neonatal airway epithelial cell secretory function that may in turn impact on the development of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in later life.
Airway epithelial NF‐κB activation promotes the ability to overcome inhalational antigen tolerance
Authors: Ather J. L. , Foley K. L. , Suratt B. T. , Boyson J. E. , Poynter M. E. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryBackgroundInhalational antigen tolerance typically protects against the development of allergic airway disease but may be overcome to induce allergic sensitization preceding the development of asthma.ObjectivesWe examined in vivo whether pre‐existing inhalational antigen tolerance could be overcome by activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB in conducting airway epithelial cells, and used a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to examine the mechanisms involved.MethodsWild‐type and transgenic mice capable of expressing constitutively active IκB kinase β (CAIKKβ) in airway epithelium were tolerized to inhaled ovalbumin. Twenty‐eight days later, the transgene was transiently expressed and mice were exposed to inhaled OVA on Day 30 in an attempt to overcome inhalational tolerance.ResultsFollowing ovalbumin challenge on days 40–42, CAIKKβ mice in which the transgene had been activated exhibited characteristic features of allergic airway disease, including airway eosinophilia and methacholine hyper‐responsiveness. Increases in the CD103+ and CD11bHI lung dendritic cell populations were present in CAIKKβ mice on Day 31. Bronchoalveolar lavage from mice expressing CAIKKβ mice induced CD4+ T cells to secrete TH2 and TH17 cytokines, an effect that required IL‐4 and IL‐1 signalling, respectively. CAIKKβ mice on Dox demonstrated increased numbers of innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2) in the lung, which also exhibited elevated mRNA expression of the TH2‐polarizing cytokine IL‐4. Finally, airway epithelial NF‐kB activation induced allergic sensitization in CAIKKβ mice on Dox that required IL‐4 and IL‐1 signalling in vivo.ConclusionsOur studies demonstrate that soluble mediators generated in response to airway epithelial NF‐κB activation orchestrate the breaking of inhalational tolerance and allergic antigen sensitization through the effects of soluble mediators, including IL‐1 and IL‐4, on pulmonary dendritic cells as well as innate lymphoid and CD4+ T cells.
Galectin isolated from parasite inhibits remission of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by up-regulating autoantibody
Authors: Bing S J , Ha D , Ahn G , Cho J , Kim A , Park S K , Yu H S , Jee Y 
Published: January 2015

SummaryRecently, parasite infections or parasite-derived products have been suggested as a therapeutic strategy with suppression of immunopathology, which involves the induction of regulatory T cells or/and T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. In a recent study, researchers reported that constructed recombinant galectin (rTl-gal) isolated from an adult worm of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Toxascaris leonina attenuated clinical symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in mice treated with dextran sulphate sodium. Noting the role of rTl-gal in inflammatory disease, we attempted to investigate the effect of the parasite via its rTl-gal on neuronal autoimmune disease using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse inflammatory and demyelinating autoimmune disease model of human multiple sclerosis. In this model, rTl-gal-treated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice failed to recover after the peak of the disease, leading to persistent central nervous system (CNS) damage, such as demyelination, gliosis and axonal damage. Further, rTl-gal-treated EAE mice markedly increased the number of CD45R/B220+ B cells in both infiltrated inflammation and the periphery, along with the increased production of autoantibody [anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55] in serum at chronic stage. Upon antigen restimulation, rTl-gal treatment affected the release of overall cytokines, especially interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Our results suggest that galectin isolated from a gastrointestinal parasite can deliver a harmful effect to EAE contrary to its beneficial effect on inflammatory bowel disease.