bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Real‐World and Standardized Spatial Imagery Tasks: Convergence, Imagery Realism, and Gender Differences
Authors: Diehl Virginia A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryCan realistic spatial scenarios be used to measure spatial mental imagery? Can people accurately evaluate their spatial imagery? Does gender moderate the relationship between performance on realistic spatial imagery tasks and ratings of imagery realism? Forty‐two female and 31 male undergraduates first rated the realism of their images after reading spatial scenarios based on actual spatial tasks. In phase 2, they solved closely related spatial scenario problems, and then completed the VZ‐2 Paper Folding test. Performance on realistic spatial scenarios predicted performance on the VZ‐2. Men's evaluation of their spatial imagery realism predicted their actual spatial performance, but women's did not. More task experience was positively related to more realistic images and higher scores on the VZ‐2. These results were generally consistent with those found with more artificial stimulus materials, but also demonstrated the importance of considering gender differences in spatial problem strategy and/or rating scale interpretation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a Desymmetrized meso Molecule as a Chiral Ligand: Development of Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Asymmetric Allylic Arylations with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Ando Shin , Matsunaga Hirofumi , Ishizuka Tadao 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe desymmetrization of a meso molecule was used for the development of a chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. This chiral NHC was then successfully applied to a copper‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic arylation with Grignard reagents. The level of stereocontrol was improved to 89 % ee via derivatization studies. The synthesized copper catalyst was effective at the level of 0.05 mol % loading for gram‐scale reactions.
Selective Formation and Unusual Reactivity of Tetraarsabicyclo[1.1.0]butane Complexes
Authors: Schwarzmaier Christoph , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe selective formation of the dinuclear butterfly complexes [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1‐E4)] (E=P (1 a), As (1 b)) and [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1‐E4)] (E=P (2 a), As (2 b)) as new representatives of this rare class of compounds was found by reaction of E4 with the corresponding dimeric carbonyl complexes. Complexes 1 b and 2 b are the first As4 butterfly compounds with a bridging coordination mode. Moreover, first studies regarding the reactivity of 1 b and 2 b are presented, revealing the formation of the unprecedented As8 cuneane complexes [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2{Cp′′′Fe(CO)}2(μ4,η1:1:2:2‐As8)] (3 b) and [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}4(μ4,η1:1:1:1‐As8)] (4). The compounds are fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray structure analysis. In addition, DFT calculations give insight into the transformation pathway from the E4 butterfly to the corresponding cuneane structural motif.
Polymorphic calcium carbonate phases as adsorbents for allergens in natural rubber latex
Authors: Petrack Janina , Vucak Marijan , Nover Christoph , Epple Matthias 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTNatural rubber latex contains different allergenic proteins and peptides that restrict its application in consumer products. Small mineral particles have a comparatively high specific surface area and are therefore well suited to adsorb such biomolecules. The adsorption of such biomolecules onto different polymorphic phases of calcium carbonate, i.e., calcite, aragonite, and vaterite, was quantitatively determined, both from solution as well as from cured natural rubber latex. All phases were able to adsorb the allergens, with slight differences between the different allergens. Desorption experiments showed differences between the allergens of natural rubber latex, but only small differences between the polymorphic phases of calcium carbonate. The release of the allergens from latex objects with incorporated calcium carbonate particles showed that a retention of allergens is possible by adding calcium carbonate as a filler material. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41271.
An innovative material based on natural rubber and leather tannery waste to be applied as antistatic flooring
Authors: Ruiz Marcos R. , Budemberg Eduardo R. , da Cunha Giovanni P. , Bellucci Felipe S. , da Cunha Helder N. , Job Aldo E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, the production chain of beef and bovine leather has grown significantly because of an increase in the world's population and improved access to consumption. However, the generation of waste derived from this sector has grown simultaneously, and consequently, improved ways of adding value, reusing, and disposing these waste materials are being sought. In this article, we present a new and innovative composite material based on vulcanized natural rubber (NR), carbon black (CB), and leather waste (NR/CB/leather). The NR/CB/leather composites were prepared by thermal compression with 60 phr of CB and 60 or 80 phr of leather waste. In accordance with Brazilian sanitary laws, we exposed these composites for 24 h to bleach (B) and a disinfectant with the aim of simulating a true everyday cleaning use. The deconvolution of the impedance semicircles was carried out, and two relaxation phenomena around linear relaxation frequencies of about 105 and 106 Hz were found and associated mainly with charge carriers from CB and leather waste. With the addition of leather, the electrical conductivity of the composites increased two orders of magnitude from 5.70 × 10−6 for the NR/CB to 7.97 × 10−4 S/cm for NR/CB/leather‐60 phr B. These results point to the possibility of using these composites as an antistatic flooring once they exhibit acceptable values of electrical conductivity and once they withstand, from the structural, morphological, and electrical point of view, exposure to sanitizing agents. Furthermore, the production of these composites will add value to and enable an environmentally acceptable disposal of leather waste. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41297.
Regenerated cellulose fibers as impact modifier in long jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: Effect on mechanical properties, morphology, and fiber breakage
Authors: Ranganathan Nalini , Oksman Kristiina , Nayak Sanjay K. , Sain Mohini 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPolypropylene/jute fiber (PP‐J) composites with various concentrations of viscose fibers (VF) as impact modifiers and maleated polypropylene (MAPP) as a compatibilizer have been studied. The composite materials were manufactured using direct long fiber thermoplastic (D‐LFT) extrusion and compression molding. The effect of fiber length, after the extrusion process, on composites mechanical performance and toughness was investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of soft and tough VF on the PP‐J improved the energy absorption of the composites. The higher impact strength was found with the addition of 10 wt % of the impact modifier, but the increased concentration of the impact modifier affected the tensile and flexural properties negatively. Similarly, HDT values were reduced with addition of viscose fibers whereas the addition of 2 wt % of maleated polypropylene significantly improved the overall composite properties. The microscopic analysis clearly demonstrated longer fiber pullouts on the optimized impact modified composite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41301.
Carbon dioxide switchable polymer surfactant copolymerized with 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate as a heavy‐oil emulsifier
Authors: Lu Hongsheng , Zhou Zheng , Jiang Jifeng , Huang Zhiyu 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA CO2‐switchable polymer surfactant was synthesized with 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate. The conductivity, ζ potential, and particle size change illustrated the switchability of the surfactant, and this change could be repeated. Its surface tension decreased sharply when the sample was bubbled with CO2; this indicated the enhancement of the surface activity. In the heavy‐oil emulsion with a surfactant concentration of 8 g/L, the viscosity almost reached the highest stability. When CO2 overflowed the emulsion, it became unstable when the temperature beyond 40°C. The emulsion had a nice resistance to inorganic salt, which was maintained stably even when the concentration of NaCl was as high as 90,000 ppm. The emulsion could later be broken by the removal of CO2. Its hydration rate was over 22 times faster than that in the presence of CO2. The amount of residual oil in water was only about 53.84 ppm; this showed a good demulsification ability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41307.
Preparation and properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber nanocomposites blended with carbon black‐graphene hybrid filler
Authors: Zhang Hongmei , Wang Chunwei , Zhang Yong 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTGraphene has become an attractive reinforcing filler for rubber materials, but its dispersion in rubber is still a big challenge. In this work, a novel carbon black‐reduced graphene (CB‐RG) hybrid filler was fabricated and blended with styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) via simple two‐roll mill mixing. The prepared CB‐RG hybrids had a microstructure with small CB agglomerates adsorbed onto graphene surfaces. CB acted as a barrier preventing the RG sheets from restacking even after drying. Homogeneous dispersion of graphene sheets in SBR matrix was observed by the mechanical mixing method based on the application of the CB‐RG hybrid fillers. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that Tg of the SBR/CB‐RG blend was higher than that of the SBR/CB blend indicating strong interfacial interactions between RG and SBR due to the high surface area of graphene and the π‐π interaction between SBR and graphene. The tensile properties of SBR/CB‐RG composites improved significantly and the volume resistivity decreased compared with the SBR/CB blends. The thermal stability of SBR composites filled with CB and CB‐RG showed slight difference. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41309.
High strength poly(vinyl alcohol) films obtained by drying and then stretching freeze/thaw cycled gel
Authors: Fukumori Taishi , Nakaoki Takahiko 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties of stretched poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which is formed by stretching a film prepared from a freeze/thaw cycled gel, were investigated as a function of the stretching ratio. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of 800% stretched PVA annealed at 130°C were 3.4 and 119 GPa, respectively. These values were much higher than those for a PVA film prepared without freeze/thaw cycling. For a film stretched more than 600% before annealing, two melting peaks, assignable to folded and extended chain crystals, were observed around 220°C and 230°C, respectively. This indicates that a shish‐kebab structure is formed as the stretching ratio increases. After annealing at 130°C, the folded‐chain crystal transformed to an extended‐chain crystal if an extended‐chain crystal was present in the stretched film before annealing. High tensile strength and Young's modulus after annealing were due to the formation of extended‐chain crystal. Therefore, the presence of extended‐chain crystal for annealing is important to provide good mechanical properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41318.
Scaled‐up manufacturing of recombinant antibodies produced by plant cells in a 200‐L orbitally‐shaken disposable bioreactor
Authors: Raven Nicole , Rasche Stefan , Kuehn Christoph , Anderlei Tibor , Klöckner Wolf , Schuster Flora , Henquet Maurice , Bosch Dirk , Büchs Jochen , Fischer Rainer , Schillberg Stefan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTobacco BY‐2 cells have emerged as a promising platform for the manufacture of biopharmaceutical proteins, offering efficient protein secretion, favourable growth characteristics and cultivation in containment under a controlled environment. The cultivation of BY‐2 cells in disposable bioreactors is a useful alternative to conventional stainless steel stirred‐tank reactors, and orbitally‐shaken bioreactors could provide further advantages such as simple bag geometry, scalability and predictable process settings. We carried out a scale‐up study, using a 200‐L orbitally‐shaken bioreactor holding disposable bags, and BY‐2 cells producing the human monoclonal antibody M12. We found that cell growth and recombinant protein accumulation were comparable to standard shake flask cultivation, despite a 200‐fold difference in cultivation volume. Final cell fresh weights of 300–387 g/L and M12 yields of ∼20 mg/L were achieved with both cultivation methods. Furthermore, we established an efficient downstream process for the recovery of M12 from the culture broth. The viscous spent medium prevented clarification using filtration devices, but we used expanded bed adsorption (EBA) chromatography with SP Sepharose as an alternative for the efficient capture of the M12 antibody. EBA was introduced as an initial purification step prior to protein A affinity chromatography, resulting in an overall M12 recovery of 75–85% and a purity of >95%. Our results demonstrate the suitability of orbitally‐shaken bioreactors for the scaled‐up cultivation of plant cell suspension cultures and provide a strategy for the efficient purification of antibodies from the BY‐2 culture medium. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 308–321. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of operant social motivation paradigms using BTBR T+tf/J and C57BL/6J inbred mouse strains
Authors: Martin Loren , Sample Hannah , Gregg Michael , Wood Caleb 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundAs purported causal factors are identified for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), new assays are needed to better phenotype animal models designed to explore these factors. With recent evidence suggesting that deficits in social motivation are at the core of ASD behavior, the development of quantitative measures of social motivation is particularly important. The goal of our study was to develop and validate novel assays to quantitatively measure social motivation in mice.MethodsIn order to test the validity of our paradigms, we compared the BTBR strain, with documented social deficits, to the prosocial C57BL/6J strain. Two novel conditioning paradigms were developed that allowed the test mouse to control access to a social partner. In the social motivation task, the test mice lever pressed for a social reward. The reward contingency was set on a progressive ratio of reinforcement and the number of lever presses achieved in the final trial of a testing session (breakpoint) was used as an index of social motivation. In the valence comparison task, motivation for a food reward was compared to a social reward. We also explored activity, social affiliation, and preference for social novelty through a series of tasks using an ANY‐Maze video‐tracking system in an open‐field arena.ResultsBTBR mice had significantly lower breakpoints in the social motivation paradigm than C57BL/6J mice. However, the valence comparison task revealed that BTBR mice also made significantly fewer lever presses for a food reward.ConclusionsThe results of the conditioning paradigms suggest that the BTBR strain has an overall deficit in motivated behavior. Furthermore, the results of the open‐field observations may suggest that social differences in the BTBR strain are anxiety induced.
Acetylation‐dependent regulation of essential iPS‐inducing factors: a regulatory crossroad for pluripotency and tumorigenesis
Authors: Dai Xiangpeng , Liu Pengda , Lau Alan W. , Liu Yueyong , Inuzuka Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInduced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from somatic cells by coexpression of four transcription factors: Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, and c‐Myc. However, the low efficiency in generating iPS cells and the tendency of tumorigenesis hinder the therapeutic applications for iPS cells in treatment of human diseases. To this end, it remains largely unknown how the iPS process is subjected to regulation by upstream signaling pathway(s). Here, we report that Akt regulates the iPS process by modulating posttranslational modifications of these iPS factors in both direct and indirect manners. Specifically, Akt directly phosphorylates Oct4 to modulate the Oct4/Sox2 heterodimer formation. Furthermore, Akt either facilitates the p300‐mediated acetylation of Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, or stabilizes Klf4 by inactivating GSK3, thus indirectly modulating stemness. As tumorigenesis shares possible common features and mechanisms with iPS, our study suggests that Akt inhibition might serve as a cancer therapeutic approach to target cancer stem cells.
Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin for residual thrombus burden: A frequency‐domain optical coherence tomography study
Authors: Vergallo Rocco , Joye Russell , Barlis Peter , Jia Haibo , Tian Jinwei , Soeda Tsunenari , Minami Yoshiyasu , Hu Sining , Dauerman Harold L. , Toma Catalin , Chan James , Lee Hang , Biasucci Luigi Marzio , Crea Filippo , Jang Ik‐Kyung 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the effect of bivalirudin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) on residual thrombus burden assessed by frequency‐domain optical coherence tomography (FD‐OCT), and on angiographic indices of microvascular obstruction (MVO).BackgroundThe efficacy of bivalirudin to inhibit thrombus formation inside the stent during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) as compared to UFH is unknown.MethodsSixty patients with coronary artery disease who underwent post‐PCI FD‐OCT were studied, including 20 patients treated with bivalirudin and 40 control patients treated with UFH, matched by clinical presentation, stent characteristics, and periprocedural medications. In‐stent thrombus volume, thrombus score (number of quadrants with thrombus), and thrombus type (white/red) were assessed by FD‐OCT. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade, corrected TIMI frame count (cTFC), and Quantitative Blush Evaluator (QuBE) score were recorded.ResultsPatients treated with bivalirudin showed similar thrombus volume (0.14 mm3 [0.00–0.88] vs. 0.13 mm3 [0.00–0.63], P = 0.962), thrombus score (10 [0–25] vs. 8 [0–21], P = 0.849) and thrombus length (1.70 mm [0.00–4.10] vs. 1.40 mm [0.00–4.05], P = 0.968], as compared with patients treated with UFH. Patients in the bivalirudin group showed lower proportion of white thrombus (55.5% vs. 78.6%, P = 0.016). There was no significant difference in TIMI flow grade, cTFC, and QuBE score between the two groups.ConclusionsThe present study showed similar residual thrombus burden and angiographic indices of MVO immediately after PCI between patients treated with bivalirudin and those treated with UFH. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of coronary artery disease on left ventricular ejection fraction recovery following transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Freixa Xavier , Chan Jason , Bonan Raoul , Ibrahim Ragui , Lamarche Yoan , Demers Philippe , Basmadjian Arsène , Ibrahim Réda , Cartier Raymond , Asgar Anita W. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to assess if the presence and severity of CAD is associated with decreased LVEF recovery after TAVI.BackgroundCoronary artery disease (CAD) and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are common findings in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The impact of CAD on LVEF recovery after TAVI has not been specifically evaluated.MethodsAll patients with LVEF≤50% who underwent TAVI between March 2006 and May 2012 were included in the study. The presence and severity of coronary artery disease was measured using the Duke Myocardial Jeopardy Score (DMJS). A DMJS = 0 corresponds to patients without CAD or complete revascularization and a DMJS > 0 to those with incomplete revascularization. LVEF recovery was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography, measuring the change in LVEF from baseline to 3‐months post‐TAVI. Myocardial viability was evaluated in a subgroup of patients using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging pre‐TAVI.ResultsFifty‐six patients were included in the study. Twenty‐eight patients (50%) had a DMJS > 0. At 3 months, patients with incomplete revascularization (DMJS > 0) demonstrated less LVEF recovery post‐TAVI (2.0 ± 9.2% versus 11.7 ± 8.9% if DMJS = 0; P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, DMJS and presence of significant delayed‐enhancement were found to be independent predictors of LVEF recovery. Patients with incomplete revascularization exhibited a worse prognosis with higher mortality at 30‐days (22.2% versus 0% if DMJS = 0; P = 0.010) and 1‐year (25.9% versus 3.5% if DMJS = 0; P = 0.019).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates an independent association between incomplete revascularization and decreased LVEF recovery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing TAVI for severe aortic stenosis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shortcut Evaluation of Chemical Carbon Dioxide Utilization Processes
Authors: Müller Karsten , Arlt Wolfgang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChemical utilization of carbon dioxide seems to be an attractive option for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the respective processes themselves cause substantial greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve a good CO2 balance, it is necessary not only to fix carbon but also to do this efficiently in terms of reactant supply and energy demand. An evaluation of the CO2 balance requires detailed process simulation for the utilization reaction and the supply chain. To allow a quick evaluation of the potential to mitigate emissions, a number of estimation methods are presented.
Novel biodegradable polyurethanes reinforced with green nanofibers for applications in tissue engineering. Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Nakhoda Hamza M. , Dahman Yaser 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new class of polyurethane (PU) biocomposites reinforced with green biocellulose nanofibers (BC) were designed and synthesized. These newly introduced non‐cytotoxic and biodegradable composites were synthesized with different ratios of hard to soft segments of the linear, aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and polycaprolactone diol (PCL), respectively. The porosity was introduced in the polyurethane matrix using a combination of salt leaching and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). BC contents were in the range of 0–15 % of the final PU by weight. FTIR spectra showed complete conversion of HDI through the disappearance of the isocyanate and imine characteristic bands (at 2260 cm−1and 1635 cm−1, respectively) and appearance of carbonyl group band in PU (at 1730 cm−1). The hard to soft segment (i.e., HDI:PCL) ratios in the final PU polymer were quantified from1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra by comparing the proton peaks arising for CH2CO at 2.25 ppm or OCH2at 3.9 ppm to CH2N at 2.9 ppm. Results showed that the ratios in the final product were consistent with the amounts added initially during the synthesis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that porosity (57–75 %) were formed (pore size in the range of 125–355 µm), with an increase in pore content with the decrease in HDI:PCL content.