bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of UV irradiation on free radicals in synthetic melanin and melanin biopolymer from Sepia officinalis – EPR examination
Authors: Zdybel Magdalena , Pilawa Barbara 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Free radicals in synthetic melanin and melanin from Sepia officinalis were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The effect of time of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on free radicals in these melanins was tested. The samples were exposed to UV during 15, 30, and 60 minutes. EPR spectra were measured with microwaves from an X-band (9.3 GHz) in the range of microwave power of 2.2–70 mW. The performed EPR examinations indicate that high concentrations (~1021–1022 spin/g) of o-semiquinone free radicals with g factors of 2.0039–2.0045 exist in all the tested samples. For nonirradiated samples, free radical concentration was higher in natural melanin than in synthetic melanin. UV irradiation caused the increase of free radical concentrations in synthetic melanin samples and this effect depends on the time of irradiation. The largest free radical formation in the both melanins was obtained for 60 min of UV irradiation. Free radical concentrations after the UV irradiation of melanins during 30 min were lower than during irradiation by 15 min, and probably this effect was the result of recombination of the radiatively formed free radicals. EPR lines of the tested samples broadened with increasing microwave power, so these lines were homogeneously broadened. The two types of melanins differed in the time of spin-lattice relaxation processes. Slower spin-lattice relaxation processes exist in melanin from Sepia officinalis than in synthetic melanin. UV irradiation did not change the time of spin-lattice relaxation processes in the tested melanins. The performed studies confirmed the usefulness of EPR spectroscopy in cosmetology and medicine.
A Monte Carlo study on dose enhancement and photon contamination production by various nanoparticles in electron mode of a medical linac
Authors: Toossi Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni , Ghorbani Mahdi , Sabet Leila Sobhkhiz , Akbari Fateme , Mehrpouyan Mohammad 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study is the evaluation of electron dose enhancement and photon contamination production by various nanoparticles in the electron mode of a medical linac. MCNPX Monte Carlo code was used for simulation of Siemens Primus linac as well as a phantom and a tumor loaded with nanoparticles. Electron dose enhancement by Au, Ag, I and Fe2O3 nanoparticles of 7, 18 and 30 mg/ml concentrations for 8, 12 and 14 MeV electrons was calculated. The increase in photon contamination due to the presence of the nanoparticles was evaluated as well. The above effects were evaluated for 500 keV and 10 keV energy cut-offs defined for electrons and photons. For 500 keV energy cut-off, there was no significant electron dose enhancement. However, for 10 keV energy cut-off, a maximum electron dose enhancement factor of 1.08 was observed for 30 mg/ml of gold nanoparticles with 8 MeV electrons. An increase in photon contamination due to nanoparticles was also observed which existed mainly inside the tumor. A maximum photon dose increase factor of 1.07 was observed inside the tumor with Au nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be used for the enhancement of electron dose in the electron mode of a linac. Lower energy electron beams, and nanoparticles with higher atomic number, can be of greater benefit in this field. Photons originating from nanoparticles will increase the photon dose inside the tumor, and will be an additional advantage of the use of nanoparticles in radiotherapy with electron beams.
Morphological Diversity of Phomopsis vaccinii Isolates from Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in Latvia
Authors: Vilka Liga , Volkova Julija 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Phomopsis vaccinii cause a serious disease of blueberry, cranberry and other Vaccinium crops in the North America and Europe as well. Over 1000 species names are described by Phomopsis spp., but their biology and life style are mostly unknown. Identification of P. vaccinii by methods of classical phytopathology is difficult and complicate, because many species are morphologically similar to P. vaccinii, and P. vaccinii itself has diverse patterns of colony morphology. For this investigation P. vaccinii isolates were obtained from five cranberry plantations in different locations of Latvia (Babite, Alsunga, Rucava, Ape and Pargauja municipality) from berries affected by viscid rot at harvest and storage in 2010. Altogether 44 P. vaccinii isolates were cultivated on potato dextrose agar for description of colony morphology. In order to find some relationships between samples, the isolates were arranged in different groups on the basis of mycelium color and structure (zoning), reverse pigmentation, pycnidium formation time, size, location, number and size of conidia. During this study the colonies of P. vaccinii from cranberry in Latvia showed different morphological features in culture and no relationships between growing regions and groups of isolates were found. P. vaccinii is easy to confuse with other Phomopsis species if only classical phytopathological methods are used.
Application Perspectives of the Leaf Area Index (LAI) Estimated by the Hemiview System in Forestry
Authors: Sidabras Nerijus , Augustaitis Algirdas 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Leaf area index (LAI) is widely used to describe the main characteristics of forest stands such as cover intensity at different forest levels from moss to tree as well as main stand dendrometric parameters. Hemispherical canopy photograph was used for analyzing quality and quantity of coniferous forest in Aukstaitija national park. Different sampling systems from single plots to aggregating them into stands allowed assessing significance of LAI detected by the HemiView system in forestry without special preparation. The obtained data revealed that the use of hemispheric photograph for LAI estimation in multi-aged and multi-layered mature and over mature pine and spruce stands was rather problematic. Only cover intensity of understory vegetation (grasses and mosses) was reflected best. In pure pine stands LAI also significantly reflected spatial changes in cover intensity of shrubs, grasses and mosses levels and in addition - spatial changes in main dendrometric stand parameters. Key findings - significant relationships between LAI detected in November and pine needle litterfall over September-October. It allowed detecting significance of LAI in mass balance of the main nutritional and contaminant components calculations. LAI increase by 1 m2 m−2 increased total litterfall amount by 1.7 t ha−1 in a pure mature pine forest. The obtained results indicated good perspectives of LAI detected by HemiView system in forestry even without special their preparation.
Numerical simulation of strain rate effect on the inelastic behavior of metal matrix composites
Authors: Chen Qiang , Zhai Zhi , Zhu Xiaojun , Xu Caibin , Chen Xuefeng 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe primary goal of this paper is to investigate the combined effects of strain rate and microscopic parameters (fiber off-axis orientation, array pattern and cross-sectional shape) on the mechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs). To this end, a rate-dependent micromechanical model by the combination of finite-volume theory and Bodner-Partom viscoplastic model is developed to analyze the inelastic response of MMCs. In the simulations, the fibers are modeled as linearly elastic while the metal matrix exhibits viscoplasticity. The macroscopic stress-strain response, local stress and strain fields are obtained simultaneously. An acceptable agreement has been found between the model’s prediction and finite-element results, which demonstrates the good predictive capabilities of the proposed method. It is concluded that the composite response is strongly affected by strain rate, fiber array pattern and cross-sectional shape in the elastic-plastic region but to a lesser extent in the elastic region. Furthermore, the clustering array provides stiffer response than random and square ones; the square fiber predicts stiffer response than circular and elliptical ones. However, increasing the strain rate will weaken the influence of clustering array and square fibers.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Scarre Chris 
Published: August 2015

In a famous and oft-quoted passage, the Greek historian Herodotus tells us of a curious custom concerning the Scythians, the peoples inhabiting the steppe lands north of the Black Sea. After burying their dead, they purify themselves in a makeshift tent: “when they have set up three pieces of wood leaning against each other, they extend around them woollen cloths; and having joined them together as closely as possible, they throw red-hot stones into a vessel placed in the middle [. . .] They have a sort of hemp growing in this country, very like flax, except in thickness and height: [. . .] When therefore the Scythians have taken some seed of this hemp, they creep under the cloths, and then put the seed on the red-hot stones; but this being put on, smokes, and produces such a steam that no Greek vapour-bath would surpass it. The Scythians, transported with the vapour, shout aloud; and this serves them instead of washing, for they never bathe the body in water” (Herodotus 4.73–75).
Cancer: leaping the E‐cadherin hurdle
Authors: Chen George T , Waterman Marian L 
Published: August 2015

Aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a common cause of colon cancer and other tumor types, accomplishing many of the hallmarks of cancer including sustained proliferative signaling, replicative immortality, reprogrammed metabolism, angiogenesis, and invasion. Yet, the dominant mutation that leads to chronic Wnt signaling in colon cancer is quite different from the spectrum of mutations that activate Wnt signaling in other tumor types. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Huels et al () focus on the influential role E‐cadherin plays in shaping these differences.
Analysis of Polygenic Mutants Suggests a Role for Mediator in Regulating Transcriptional Activation Distance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Reavey Caitlin T , Hickman Mark J , Dobi Krista C , Botstein David , Winston Fred 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Studies of natural populations of many organisms have shown that traits are often complex, caused by contributions of mutations in multiple genes. In contrast, genetic studies in the laboratory primarily focus on studying the phenotypes caused by mutations in a single gene. However, the single mutation approach may be limited with respect to the breadth and degree of new phenotypes that can be found. We have taken the approach of isolating complex, or polygenic mutants in the lab to study the regulation of transcriptional activation distance in yeast. While most aspects of eukaryotic transcription are conserved from yeast to human, transcriptional activation distance is not. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the upstream activating sequence (UAS) is generally found within 450 base pairs of the transcription start site (TSS) and when the UAS is moved too far away, activation no longer occurs. In contrast, metazoan enhancers can activate from as far as several hundred kilobases from the TSS. Previously, we identified single mutations that allow transcription activation to occur at a greater-than-normal distance from the GAL1 UAS. As the single mutant phenotypes were weak, we have now isolated polygenic mutants that possess strong long-distance phenotypes. By identification of the causative mutations we have accounted for most of the heritability of the phenotype in each strain and have provided evidence that the Mediator coactivator complex plays both positive and negative roles in the regulation of transcription activation distance.
Eye Protection and Risk of Eye Injuries in High School Field Hockey
Authors: Kriz Peter K. , Zurakowski David , Almquist Jon L. , Reynolds John , Ruggieri Danielle , Collins Christy L. , d’Hemecourt Pierre A. , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVE:
To determine if injury rates among female field hockey players differ before and after implementation of a national mandate for protective eyewear (MPE).

METHODS:
We analyzed girls’ field hockey exposure and injury data collected from national (High School Reporting Information Online [RIO]) and regional (Fairfax County Public Schools) high school sports injury databases in 2 seasons before (2009/10 and 2010/11) and 2 seasons after (2011/12 and 2012/13) a national MPE.

RESULTS:
The incidence of eye/orbital injuries was significantly higher in states without MPE (0.080 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures [AEs]) than in states with MPE (before the 2011/12 mandate) and the postmandate group (0.025 injuries per 1000 AEs) (odds ratio 3.20, 95% confidence interval 1.47–6.99, P = .003). There was no significant difference in concussion rates for the 2 groups (odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.58–1.02, P = .068). After the 2011/12 MPE, severe eye/orbital injuries (time loss &gt;21 days) were reduced by 67%, and severe/medical disqualification head/face injuries were reduced by 70%. Concussion rates for field hockey (0.335 per 1000 AEs) rank third among girls’ sports included in the High School RIO surveillance program.

CONCLUSIONS:
Among female high school field hockey players, MPE is associated with a reduced incidence of eye/orbital injuries and fewer severe eye/orbital and head/face injuries. Concussion rates did not change as a result of the national MPE. Concussion remains the most common injury involving the head and face among female field hockey players, prompting further inquiry into potential effects of adopting protective headgear/helmets.
Safety and Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in Preterm Infants: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Kotecha Sarah J. , Adappa Roshan , Gupta Nakul , Watkins W. John , Kotecha Sailesh , Chakraborty Mallinath 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
High-flow therapy is the most recent, and popular, mode of respiratory support in neonates. However, the evidence supporting its efficacy and safety has not yet been established. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing efficacy and safety of high-flow therapy compared with other modes of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in preterm infants.

METHODS:
Articles were indexed by using Medline, Embase, Scopus, OpenSIGLE, Health Management Information Consortium, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials involving preterm infants, comparing high-flow therapy with other modes of NIV, and reporting extractable data on relevant outcomes, were selected. Data on efficacy, safety, and other common neonatal outcomes were extracted on predesigned forms.

RESULTS:
In this analysis, we included 1112 preterm infants, participating in 9 clinical trials. High-flow therapy was similar in efficacy to other modes of NIV in preterm infants when used as primary support (odds ratio of failure of therapy, 1.02 [95% confidence interval: 0.55 to 1.88]), as well as after extubation (1.09 [0.58 to 2.02]). There were no significant differences in odds of death (0.48 [0.18 to 1.24]) between the groups. Preterm infants supported on high-flow had significantly lower odds of nasal trauma (0.13 [0.02 to 0.69]).

CONCLUSIONS:
High-flow therapy appears to be similar in efficacy and safety to other conventional modes of NIV in preterm infants. It is associated with significantly lower odds of nasal trauma. Caution needs to be exercised in extreme preterm infants because of the paucity of published data.
Infection-Related Hospitalization in Childhood and Adult Metabolic Outcomes
Authors: Burgner David P. , Sabin Matthew A. , Magnussen Costan G. , Cheung Michael , Kähönen Mika , Lehtimäki Terho , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Jokinen Eero , Laitinen Tomi , Taittonen Leena , Tossavainen Päivi , Dwyer Terence , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Raitakari Olli T. , Juonala Markus 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Identifying childhood determinants of adult cardiometabolic disease would facilitate early-life interventions. There are few longitudinal data on the contribution of childhood infections. Therefore, we investigated whether hospitalization with childhood infection is associated with adult anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in a large, well-phenotyped longitudinal cohort.

METHODS:
A total of 1376 subjects from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, aged 3 to 9 years at baseline (1980), who had lifetime data from birth onward on infection-related hospitalization (IRH) had repeated assessments through childhood and adolescence and at least once in adulthood (age 30–45 years in 2001–2011). Early childhood (&lt;5 years), childhood/adolescence (5–18 years), adult (&gt;18 years), and total lifetime IRHs were related to adiposity, BMI, and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Analyses were adjusted for childhood and adulthood risk factors and potential confounders.

RESULTS:
Early-childhood IRH correlated with adverse adult but not childhood metabolic variables: increased BMI (P = .02) and metabolic syndrome (risk ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.03–2.35; P = .03), adjusted for age, gender, birth weight, childhood BMI and other risk factors, and family income. The age at which differences in adult BMI became persistent was related to age of IRH in childhood. The greatest increase in adult BMI occurred in those with &gt;1 childhood IRH.

CONCLUSIONS:
Childhood IRH was independently associated with adverse adult metabolic variables. This finding suggests that infections and/or their treatment in childhood may contribute to causal pathways leading to adult cardiometabolic diseases.
Nanomechanical behavior and structural stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy processed by high-pressure torsion
Authors: Lee Dong-Hyun , Choi In-Chul , Seok Moo-Young , He Junyang , Lu Zhaoping , Suh Jin-Yoo , Kawasaki Megumi , Langdon Terence G. , Jang Jae-il 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
MODELO DE PREDIÇÃO DA ACESSIBILIDADE E MOBILIDADE URBANA
Authors: Silva André de Souza 
Published: August 2015

RESUMOApresentar os resultados obtidos com o desenvolvimento do Modelo de Deslocamento Sustentável em Cidades, indicar as possibilidades de continuidade da pesquisa e contribuir com sugestões para futuros estudos são os objetivos deste artigo. Trata-se de um modelo de predição que possibilita a análise abrangente do movimento de pedestres e veículos, uma vez que simula alternativas de decisões de desenho urbano e verifica a influência dos regimes urbanísticos no planejamento de áreas novas e preexistentes. Operacionalmente viável e promissor, o modelo matemático apresenta resultados estatísticos significativos e com alto grau de confiabilidade. Demonstra ser um instrumento útil na simulação de condições de total transformação ou relativa homogeneidade dos tecidos urbanos, assim como no auxílio ao planejamento urbano, não determinando, entretanto, o que deve ser feito, mas sim, possibilitando entender o que está sendo feito. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Planejamento Urbano. Acessibilidade Urbana. Mobilidade Urbana PREDICTION MODELACCESSIBILITY AND URBAN MOBILITY ABSTRACTPresent the results obtained with the development of the Sustainable Cities Displacement Model, indicate the possibilities of continuing the research and contribute suggestions for future studies are the objectives of this article. It is a prediction model that allows comprehensive analysis of the movement of pedestrians and vehicles, as alternative simulates urban design decisions and verifies the influence of urban planning systems in new and existing areas. Operationally feasible and promising, the mathematical model shows significant statistical results with a high degree of reliability. Proves to be a useful tool to simulate conditions of total transformation or relative homogeneity of the urban systems, as well as aid to urban planning, not determining, however, what should be done, but, allowing understand what is being done. KEY-WORDS: Urban Planning. Urban Accessibility. Urban Mobility MODELO DEL PREDICCIÓN DE LAACCESIBILIDAD Y MOVILIDAD URBANA RESUMENPresentar los resultados obtenidos con el desarrollo del modelo del predicción de La accesibilidad y movilidad urbana, indicar las posibilidades de continuar la investigación y contribuir sugerencias para futuros estudios son los objetivos de este artículo. Se trata de un modelo de predicción que permite el análisis integral del movimiento de peatones y vehículos, como simula alternativas decisiones de diseño urbano y verifica la influencia de los sistemas de planificación urbana en áreas nuevas y existentes. Operativamente viable y prometedor, el modelo matemático muestra los resultados estadísticos significativos con un alto grado de fiabilidad. Demuestra ser una herramienta útil para simular las condiciones de transformación, total o relativa homogeneidad del tejido urbano, así como la ayuda a la planificación urbana, no determinar, sin embargo, lo que se debe hacer, pero ,lo que permite entender lo que se está haciendo. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Planificación Urbana. Accesibilidad Urbana. La movilidad urbana