bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p-Nitrophenol Electro-Oxidation on a BTMA+-Bentonite-Modified Electrode
Authors: Rabi-Stanković A. Abu , Milutinović-Nikolić A. , Jović-Jovičić N. , Banković P. , Žunić M. , Mojović Z. , Jovanović D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPhenol and its derivatives are regarded as ‘priority pollutants’ and p-nitrophenol (p-NP), in particular, is of great interest due to its toxicity and frequent presence in waste waters and fresh waters. Straightforward, inexpensive methods to identify p-NP in water, however, is lacking. In the present study, an electrochemical technique using clay-modified electrodes to measure p-NP was investigated as a potentially promising method to fill that gap. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with a thin layer of Na-enriched bentonite and a series of benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA+)-bentonites (BTMA+-B) in order to confirm these materials as p-NP electrosensitive. A series of organobentonites was synthesized using different BTMA+/bentonite ratios. The materials obtained were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and a low-temperature nitrogen adsorptiondesorption method. A monolayer arrangement of BTMA+ within the interlamellar region of beidellite-rich smectite was confirmed. Deterioration of the textural properties was observed with increase of BTMA+ loading. The electro-oxidation of p-NP in an acidic medium on BTMA+-B-modified GCE was investigated. The cyclic voltammetry method with a three-electrode cell was used. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl in 3 M KCl and a Pt foil was the counter electrode. For each electrochemical measurement, a different BTMA+ loading in BTMA+-B was used as the material for GCE coating and applied as the working electrode. The electrochemical activity of BTMA+-B-based electrodes increased with BTMA+ loading. The results confirmed that the organophylic character of the BTMA+-B-modified surface was the main influence on the electrochemical activity of the BTMA+-B-based GCE; the influence of textural properties was almost negligible. The increased electrode activity toward p-NP was achieved by the adsorption of p-NP on the electrode surface, the process that commonly precedes the electro-oxidation. The present study showed that synthesized materials could potentially be used in an electrochemical test for the presence of p-NP in water solutions.
Experiencing meanings in Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
Authors: Caink, Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This article examines different types of form in Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) and the implied meanings they promote. The pragmatic approach adopted gives prominence to the sequential experience of reading and the textual proximity of evidence in strengthening otherwise weak implicatures. Implicatures related to three aspects of form are examined: (i) the anachronic telling, in which the structuralist account (e.g. Genette 1980) is argued to be inadequate from a reader's pragmatic perspective, (ii) lexical repetition and para-repetition (Toolan 2009), and (iii) the reader's linguistic knowledge of syntactic inversion. The salience of features in these different kinds of form may support weak implicatures regarding characters' narrative roles, relative prominence of key narrative moments, the foregrounding of narration and narrator's intention, as well as supporting inferences about the type of narrative that the novel tends towards in terms characterised by Todorov (1977).
Radiochemical separation of76,77Br and66,67Ga from irradiated ZnSe targets using anion-exchange chromatography
Authors: Shehata M. M. , Scholten B. , Spahn I. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe separation of no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) radiobromine and radiogallium from an irradiated ZnSe target was developed using anion-exchange chromatography. The adsorption behaviour of n.c.a. radiobromine, n.c.a. radiogallium, and macro amounts of zinc and selenium towards the anion-exchange resin Dowex 1 × 10, in Cl−and OH−form, was investigated. Radiobromide was strongly adsorbed on the resin at a low KOH concentration, while n.c.a. radiogallium, zinc and selenium were weakly adsorbed. The adsorbed n.c.a. radiobromine was recovered by 0.2 M H2SO4, followed by addition of KOH, evaporation and redissolution of residue. Finally a K∗Br solution was obtained containing about 93 ± 3% of the n.c.a. radiobromine loaded onto the column. The chloride strength in the residual solution (containing n.c.a. radiogallium and macro amounts of zinc and selenium) was increased to 4 M and then loaded onto the Dowex 1 × 10 column in Cl−form. Radiogallium (n.c.a.) was adsorbed while zinc and selenium were not. About 94 ± 2% of the n.c.a. radiogallium loaded on the column was then eluted with 0.1 M HCl. Using this method76,77Br and66,67Ga could be obtained in high purity. The radionuclidic purity of the66Ga/67Ga theragnostic pair is high enough for use in medicine. In the case of the76Br/77Br pair, however, highly enriched76Se and77Se would be needed as target materials, in order to achieve the required radionuclidic purity.
Diffusion and Cluster Growth of Binary Alloys on Surfaces
Authors: Einax Mario , Dieterich Wolfgang , Maass Philipp 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Metastable nanoclusters grown on surfaces by vapour deposition or molecular beam epitaxy techniques have become an active topic in surface science because of their potential to display new physical properties useful for applications. Atomistic modelling and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of these processes are reviewed with emphasis on two-component adatom systems. The situation we consider is that two types of atoms are co-deposited to the substrate. In this field of binary growth, systematic theoretical investigation is only at its beginning. Surface diffusion and nucleation leads to the formation of two-dimensional islands, before two-dimensional cluster growth sets in. In distinction to well-known growth scenarios for one species of adatoms, a wealth of new aspects arises in binary systems. Already in the regime of submonolayer growth, differences in adatom diffusion coefficients and binding energies make it necessary to generalise traditional scaling relations for island densities. Surface segregation and compositional fluctuations in growing 3-D clusters are issues requiring renewed examination under the point of view that the atomic short-range order, which is frozen in the bulk, was generated through the surface kinetics during previous stages of growth. We discuss the current theoretical understanding and experimental implications of these problems, including a description of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in metastable CoPt3 nanoalloys, as detected recently.
Dual-ion Cells Based on Anion Intercalation into Graphite from Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes
Authors: Placke Tobias , Bieker Peter , Lux Simon Franz , Fromm Olga , Meyer Hinrich-Wilhelm , Passerini Stefano , Winter Martin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractElectrochemical energy storage systems using graphite as both the negative and the positive electrode have been proposed as “dual-graphite cells”. In this kind of electrochemical system, the electrolyte cations intercalate into the negative electrode and the electrolyte anions intercalate into the positive electrode, both based on graphite, during the charging process. On discharge, cations and anions are released back into the electrolyte. So far, the systems proposed in literature are primarily based on Li+and PF6-intercalation/de-intercalation into/from graphite from non-aqueous organic solvent based electrolytes. As the positive electrode potential during charging always exceeds 4.2 Vvs.Li/Li+, the organic electrolyte starts to decompose at these highly oxidizing conditions resulting in insufficient discharge/charge efficiencies. The replacement of organic solvent by ionic liquids (ILs) leads an increased stability of the electrolyte towards oxidation and thus to remarkably higher efficiencies as well as an increased cycling stability. In fact, ionic liquids provide extended anodic electrochemical stability and in addition, no solvent co-intercalation occurs in parallel to anion intercalation at high potentials.Here, we present highly promising results for “dual-ion cells” based on a graphite cathode and an ionic liquid based electrolyte, namely N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI). As the compatibility of this IL with graphite anodes is poor, alternative anodes such as metallic lithium or lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) are used. Consequently, the “dual-graphite” cell is renamed to “dual-ion” cell. In addition, the calculation of the specific energy of these systems will be in the focus of the discussion.
Li Ion Dynamics in Al-Doped Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12 Crystallizing with Cubic Symmetry
Authors: Kuhn Alexander , Choi Joon-Yong , Robben Lars , Tietz Frank , Wilkening Martin , Heitjans Paul 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Lithium-ion dynamics in the garnet-type solid electrolyte “Li7La3Zr2O12” (LLZ) crystallizing with cubic symmetry was probed by means of variable-temperature 7Li NMR spectroscopy and ac impedance measurements. Li jump rates of an Al-containing sample follow Arrhenius behaviour being characterized by a relatively high activation energy of 0.54(3) eV and a pre-exponential factor of 2.2(5) × 10
13
s-1. The results resemble those which were quite recently obtained for an Al-free LLZ sample crystallizing, however, with tetragonal symmetry. Hence, most likely, the significantly higher Li conductivity previously reported for a cubic LLZ sample cannot be ascribed solely to the slight structural distortions accompanying the change of the crystal symmetry. Here, even Al impurities, acting as stabilizer for the cubic polymorph at room temperature, do not lead to the high ion conductivity reported previously.
Complexation of charged colloids with polyelectrolyte stars
Authors: Jusufi Arben , Konieczny Martin , Likos Christos N. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We investigate the complexation of star-shaped polyelectroltyes (PEs) on oppositely charged colloids. Using Molecular Dynamics simulations, we study the chain adsorption on the colloidal surface at fixed size aspect ratio between star and colloid of around 0.6. Depending on the charge ratio between the colloid and the PE star, we observe a variety of star morphologies that were also observed in a recent work of stars on oppositely charged planar surfaces [M. Konieczny and C. N. Likos, Soft Matter 3, 1130 (2007)]. Another important parameter is the PE star functionality that determines the crossover areas for the various star structures. The morphologies are characterized by the degree of chain adsorption and their orientation with respect to the colloid center. An orientational parameter allows us to identify the various morphologies that range from partial chain adsorption to complete adsorption for which a “starfish” configuration is identified. We present a conformational phase diagram that summarizes the three dominant structures in the parameter space built up from the star functionality and the star-colloid charge ratio.
Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes on Colloidal Poly(butadiene) Particles
Authors: Li Gongsheng , Xu Jun , Zhao Shifang , Zhu Yuanqing , Li Li , Guo Xuhong 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A novel method to prepare spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) on the surface of colloidal poly(butadiene) (PB) core without having to use initiators with C=C double bond to attach covalently on the core surface was reported. Making use of the abundant double bonds in PB, spherical poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) bushes were grown from PB core surface by direct thermo-initiated emulsion polymerization using KPS as initiator. The thickness of SPB increased significantly upon increasing pH and decreasing the ionic strength. The grafting density of SPB with PB core was estimated from the relationship between the brush thickness and ionic strength based on the modified Daoud-Cotton model. The grafting density of SPB prepared by thermo-initiated emulsion polymerization (0.122 nm-2) is higher that that of SPB by photo-emulsion polymerization (0.105 nm-2). Using SPB with PB core as nanoreactors, nickel and silver nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of Ni
2+
and Ag
+
absorbed inside SPB as counterions. Relatively high catalytic activities for the reduction of p-nitrophenol by NaBH4 were observed for SPB immobilized Ni or Ag nanoparticles.
Packing of Cylindrical Keggin-Type Polyoxometalate Hybrid Micelles as a Function of Aspect Ratio
Authors: Lunkenbein Thomas , Schieder Martin , Bojer Carina , Müller Axel H. E. , Breu Josef 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The packing of cylindrical Keggin-Type polyoxometalate hybrid micelles and its influence on specific surface area was studied as function of aspect ratio. Core-crosslinked cylindrical poly(butadiene-block-2-vinylpyidine) (PB-b-P2VP) micelles were used as templates for mesostructuring phosphomolybdic acid (H3PMo12O40). Prior to hybrid formation the length of the cylindrical PB-b-P2VP micelles was adjsuted by sonication. Depending on the aspect ratio of the cylinders a remarkable and unexpected evolution of specific surface areas was observed. The changes in the specific surface area could be explained by a series of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images and were related to the packing of the 1D nanoobjects.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Production in Nasal Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Suzuki Mikio , Deng Zeyi , Hasegawa Masahiro , Uehara Takayuki , Kiyuna Asanori , Maeda Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2012

Background The clinical importance of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) and SCCA subclasses has not been established for treating inverted papilloma (IP). The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical importance of serum SCCA and its subclasses in IP, compared with maxillary squamous cell carcinoma and inflammatory disease. Methods Serum SCCA was measured in 22 patients with IP (IP group), 11 with maxillary squamous cell carcinoma (carcinoma group), and 22 with inflammatory disease (inflammatory group). mRNA expression of SCCA subclasses was examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results In the IP group, 81.8% showed elevated serum SCCA, and 90.3% with recurrent IP showed elevated SCCA. The preoperative SCCA value (mean ± SD, 3.99 ± 4.39) in the IP group was significantly higher than in the carcinoma (1.28 ± 0.88; p = 0.012) and inflammatory (0.60 ± 0.31; p < 0.001) groups. mRNA expression of SCCA1 and SCCA2 in the IP group was higher than in the carcinoma and inflammatory groups. The SCCA2/SCCA1 ratio of mRNA expression (0.11 ± 0.06) in the IP group was similar to that (0.11 ± 0.09) in the inflammatory group, although the ratio (0.20 ± 0.12) in the carcinoma group was significantly higher than in the IP and inflammatory groups The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the SCCA2/SCCA1 ratio to detect carcinoma yielded an area under the curve of 0.760 (95% confidence interval, 0.626–0.894). Conclusion The serum level of SCCA is effective for detecting IP, including recurrent IP. In contrast, the SCCA2/SCCA1 ratio is useful for detecting squamous cell carcinoma among other sinonasal diseases.
The elusive quest? African regionalism, social cohesion, and institutions
Authors: Compton Robert 
Published: September 2012

Gruzd, S. (Ed.). (2010). Grappling with governance: Perspectives on the African peer review mechanism.Akokpari, J., Ndinga-Muvumba, A., & Murithi, T. (2008). The African Union and its institutions.Ferguson, J. (2006). Global shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order.Maathai, W. (2009). The challenge for Africa.
La censure en temps de guerre : Radio-Canada et le plébiscite de 1942
Authors: Canuel Alain 
Published: September 2012

RÉSUMÉ
La présente étude se propose d'analyser, dans le contexte de la censure pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, la controverse que soulève la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) lors de la campagne du plébiscite de 1942 en permettant aux tenants du OUI de se faire entendre et en refusant aux tenants du NON de présenter leur point de vue sur les ondes nationales. En plus d'exacerber les tenants du NON, cette décision mine la crédibilité de la SRC qui devient rapidement identifiée à l'appareil répressif de l'État. L'analyse remet également en question l'affirmation selon laquelle la prise de décision de la SRC lors du plébiscite aurait eu pour effet de favoriser le développement du réseau français au Canada.
L’histoire urbaine au Québec : la recherche récente à la maîtrise et au doctorat
Authors: Guérard François 
Published: September 2012

L’auteur cherche à dégager les grandes orientations qui ont marqué le champ de l’histoire urbaine au Québec depuis une décennie, à travers une recension critique des mémoires de maîtrise et des thèses de doctorat. Quelles perspectives ont été privilégiées ? Discerne-t-on quelque renouveau ? Il apparaît, dans l’ensemble, que nombre de travaux d’étudiants ont largement contribué à approfondir nos connaissances sur l’urbain au Québec. Toutefois, on peut souhaiter un raffermissement des pratiques interdisciplinaires qui tirerait exemple de l’heureux mariage de la géographie et de l’histoire, ainsi que l’ajout d’études qui embrasseraient des territoires et des périodes d’enquête plus vastes.
La « Normandie du Nouveau Monde » : la société Canada Steamship Lines, l’antimodernisme et la promotion du Québec ancien1
Authors: Murton James 
Published: September 2012

Cette étude tend à montrer que durant les années 1930 la Canada Steamship Lines (CSL) a créé et disséminé une image du Québec comme société simple, prémoderne et rurale, dans le but d’accroître la clientèle de ses navires de croisière et de ses hôtels. On y examine les documents publicitaires de la compagnie et l’on montre qu’elle faisait aussi appel à d’autres individus pour construire cette image. L’anthropologue et folkloriste Marius Barbeau a écrit un ouvrage pour le compte de la CSL et celle-ci s’est associée au gouvernement du Québec pour promouvoir le renouveau artisanal. Ces divers acteurs partageaient la croyance antimoderne dans l’existence d’un Québécois vrai, authentique et qui constituait le coeur même de la nation : l’« Habitant ».
L’Office provincial des recherches scientifiques et le développement de la science au Québec, 1937-19601
Authors: Almeida Mike 
Published: September 2012

À sa création en 1937, l’Office provincial des recherches scientifiques avait pour mandat de coordonner la recherche effectuée dans les laboratoires de la province de Québec et de pourvoir à la formation de nouveaux chercheurs. En 1960, à l’époque des grands bouleversements institutionnels qui caractérisent la Révolution tranquille, il est intégré au Bureau des recherches économiques du ministère de l’Industrie et du Commerce et disparaît sous cette appellation. On a souvent affirmé que l’Office était un « échec relatif » dans le développement de la science au Québec. Une étude approfondie de l’organisme nous permet de nuancer ce jugement. En effet, nous avons découvert que l’agence gouvernementale finança, du moins en partie, pas moins de 173 mémoires de maîtrise et 56 thèses de doctorat, assurant ainsi un recrutement plus régulier d’étudiants des cycles supérieurs, là où s’acquiert le « métier » de chercheur et la connaissance des règles du jeu en vigueur dans chacune des disciplines scientifiques. De plus, l’Office s’est efforcé, dans sa première phase d’existence (1938-1948), d’orienter les recherches universitaires vers des applications pratiques à l’industrie, formant l’une des premières structures institutionnelles de liaison entre l’université et l’entreprise privée au Québec. Au cours des années 1950, l’Office est marqué par un changement de trajectoire. Le volet recherche de l’agence étatique prend alors la forme de ce que l’on pourrait appeler un « bureau gouvernemental de consultation technique et scientifique ». Ses activités de recherche se limitent donc à des analyses d’échantillons, au contrôle de la qualité de certains produits, à la solution de divers problèmes de fabrication, bref, à assister et à conseiller les entreprises qui en font la demande. Bien qu’il n’ait jamais eu l’ampleur ni les moyens du Conseil national de recherche du Canada (CNRC), l’Office a joué un rôle important dans la formation de la communauté scientifique québécoise.
Le commerce de l’infortune
Authors: Rousseau Yvan 
Published: September 2012

Si le lancement des plans d’assurance hospitalisation de la Croix Bleue en 1942 apparaît indubitablement comme un tournant dans le développement du marché de la protection contre la maladie, des expériences avaient longuement préparé le terrain. Cet article retrace les grandes étapes de la mise en place des régimes d’assurance maladie privés au Québec, depuis la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il est l’occasion d’examiner trois grands contextes : 1) le développement des régimes d’indemnisation fondés sur l’allocation de prestations en espèces (ceux des entreprises commerciales comme des sociétés fraternelles) ; 2) la crise des régimes d’assurance volontaire dans l’entre-deux-guerres ; 3) les efforts déployés par les promoteurs de l’assurance libérale pour mettre au point des formules de prépaiement à l’égard des frais hospitaliers et médicaux. Dans le cadre de débats mouvementés autour de l’accès aux soins de santé, un grand défi doit alors être relevé : ouvrir les portes de l’hôpital à ceux qu’on désigne à l’époque sous le vocable de « classe moyenne ».
« Je crains fort que mon pauvre Henri ne fasse pas grand chose… »
Authors: Nootens1 Thierry 
Published: September 2012

Nous proposons ici une lecture particulière de l’expérience bourgeoise, en mettant l’accent sur les effets sociologiques et relationnels du patrimoine familial. Les archives privées d’une des plus riches lignées canadiennes-françaises du xixe siècle, les Masson, montrent qu’une succession importante était susceptible d’influencer de manière déterminante le rang social et l’occupation d’héritiers mâles, ainsi que les rapports intrafamiliaux. Cette trajectoire spécifique est marquée, du milieu du xixe siècle aux premières décennies du xxe siècle, par la présence d’héritiers « ratés », successeurs oisifs, endettés ou aux destins marquant un sensible déclassement social. Aussi, la gestion et les profits à tirer de l’opulente succession de Joseph Masson ont suscité de fortes tensions interpersonnelles et des poursuites judiciaires entre apparentés. Certains héritiers ont notamment été marginalisés, puisque leurs proches les jugeaient peu compétents en regard d’un univers financier de plus en plus complexe au début du xxe siècle.
Cette étude financière de la vie privée montre en fin de compte que des rapports familiaux pouvaient se dérouler à une distance sensible de certaines données essentielles de la transition au capitalisme comme la valorisation de l’individu entrepreneur et de l’idéologie contractuelle. Et, surtout, à la différence de la perspective « stratégique », elle met en lumière les tensions, blocages et éventuelles défaites des acteurs du passé, sans miser implicitement sur la cohérence, la spontanéité des réponses fournies par ces mêmes acteurs à la situation qui était la leur.
Le marché de la maladie
Authors: Guérard François , Rousseau Yvan 
Published: September 2012

Pendant les décennies 1940 et 1950, le Québec a expérimenté un régime d’hospitalisation où l’assurance privée se voyait confier une double mission : généraliser l’accès aux soins et soulager le malaise financier des hôpitaux. Ce texte retrace les succès de la première heure puis l’échec qui s’ensuivit. Il repose sur une lecture de l’histoire du système hospitalier de l’époque sous un éclairage particulier, celui du développement du marché des soins et, pourrait-on dire, de son éclatement en l’absence de mécanismes régulateurs adéquats, l’assurance privée n’ayant su jouer ce rôle.