bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The first engagement of partners in the Euprymna scolopes–Vibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two‐step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells
Authors: Altura Melissa A. , Heath‐Heckman Elizabeth A. C. , Gillette Amani , Kremer Natacha , Krachler Anne‐Marie , Brennan Caitlin , Ruby Edward G. , Orth Kim , McFall‐Ngai Margaret J. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe studied the Euprymna scolopes–Vibrio fischeri symbiosis to characterize, in vivo and in real time, the transition between the bacterial partner's free‐living and symbiotic life styles. Previous studies using high inocula demonstrated that environmental V. fischeri cells aggregate during a 3 h period in host‐shed mucus along the light organ's superficial ciliated epithelia. Under lower inoculum conditions, similar to the levels of symbiont cells in the environment, this interaction induces haemocyte trafficking into these tissues. Here, in experiments simulating natural conditions, microscopy revealed that at 3 h following first exposure, only ∼ 5 V. fischeri cells aggregated on the organ surface. These cells associated with host cilia and induced haemocyte trafficking. Symbiont viability was essential and mutants defective in symbiosis initiation and/or production of certain surface features, including the Mam7 protein, which is implicated in host cell attachment of V. cholerae, associated normally with host cilia. Studies with exopolysaccharide mutants, which are defective in aggregation, suggest a two‐step process of V. fischeri cell engagement: association with host cilia followed by aggregation, i.e. host cell–symbiont interaction with subsequent symbiont–symbiont cell interaction. Taken together, these data provide a new model of early partner engagement, a complex model of host–symbiont interaction with exquisite sensitivity.
Novel hydrocarbon monooxygenase genes in the metatranscriptome of a natural deep‐sea hydrocarbon plume
Authors: Li Meng , Jain Sunit , Baker Brett J. , Taylor Chris , Dick Gregory J. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryParticulate membrane‐associated hydrocarbon monooxygenases (pHMOs) are critical components of the aerobic degradation pathway for low molecular weight hydrocarbons, including the potent greenhouse gas methane. Here, we analysed pHMO gene diversity in metagenomes and metatranscriptomes of hydrocarbon‐rich hydrothermal plumes in the Guaymas Basin (GB) and nearby background waters in the deep Gulf of California. Seven distinct phylogenetic groups of pHMO were present and transcriptionally active in both plume and background waters, including several that are undetectable with currently available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The seven groups of pHMOs included those related to a putative ethane oxidizing Methylococcaceae‐like group, a group of the SAR324 Deltaproteobacteria, three deep‐sea clades (Deep sea‐1/symbiont‐like, Deep sea‐2/PS‐80 and Deep sea‐3/OPU3) within gammaproteobacterial methanotrophs, one clade related to Group Z and one unknown group. Differential abundance of pHMO gene transcripts in plume and background suggests niche differentiation between groups. Corresponding 16S rRNA genes reflected similar phylogenetic and transcriptomic abundance trends. The novelty of transcriptionally active pHMOs we recovered from a hydrocarbon‐rich hydrothermal plume suggests there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the diversity and function of these enzymes in the environment.
The proteomes of feedstocks used for the production of second‐generation ethanol: a lacuna in the biofuel era
Authors: Boaretto L.F. , Mazzafera P. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMaize, sorghum, sugarcane, switchgrass and miscanthus are the main crops suggested as potential sources of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of second‐generation ethanol. The attention these crops have received has been concentrated in the field of genomics, and very little research has been performed in the field of proteomics, particularly in the cell wall proteomic, despite the importance of these crops in biofuel production. New mass spectrometry‐based proteomic methods allow the identification and quantification of thousands of proteins in complex mixtures, as well as the detection of post‐translational changes in complex proteomes, providing important insight into the downstream consequences of gene expression. Together with other ‘omic’ approaches, proteomic might be decisive to bring new information in the study of cell wall formation. Here, we briefly highlight proteomic techniques and review the research that has been completed on the proteomes of these five crops.
Cytology of infection, development and expression of resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in canola
Authors: Deora A. , Gossen B. D. , McDonald M. R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe timing and expression of resistance to four isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae, collected from research sites where pathotypes 2, 3, 5 and 6 (Williams' system) had been dominant when characterised in 2006, were assessed in four new commercial cultivars of canola (Brassica napus) with resistance to clubroot. Each of the resistant cultivars was highly resistant to all four of the isolates, and there was no difference in their response to infection. Root hair infection occurred at high levels, but pathogen development occurred more slowly than in a susceptible cultivar (control). Secondary infection and development in cortical cells was severely inhibited in each of the resistant cultivars; only a few bi‐nucleated plasmodia were observed at 12 days after inoculation (DAI), and plasmodia were rarely observed at 18 and 24 DAI. In contrast, development in the susceptible cultivar had progressed to resting spores by 24 DAI. A dense ring of accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in the endodermis, pericycle and vascular cambium of non‐inoculated controls and inoculated plants of the resistant cultivars. However, the ROS ring disappeared rapidly in infected plants of the susceptible cultivar. Plasmodia invaded the stele of susceptible roots by preferentially colonising the xylem parenchyma cells. Expansion and enlargement of lignified xylem cells was observed by 35 DAI. The absence of any specific points of ROS accumulation or lignification of epidermal or cortical cells in the resistant cultivars indicates that a hypersensitive response is not the main mechanism of resistance in these lines. The uniform response of these resistant cultivars to the four isolates of P. brassicae indicates that the resistance in each cultivar may be conditioned by a gene(s) from a single source that confers broad resistance, because most sources of resistance to P. brassicae are pathotype specific.
Expression profiles and genomic organisation of group A protein phosphatase 2C genes in Brassica oleracea
Authors: Ludwików A. , Babula‐Skowrońska D. , Szczepaniak M. , Belter N. , Dominiak E. , Sadowski J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe investigated the expression profiles and genomic organisation of the ABA‐responsive genes encoding protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C, group A members) in Brassica oleracea to better understand their functional and genetic relations. Gene expression profiling of drought responsive genes in B. oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana revealed significant differences in the gene expression pattern of a key regulator of ABA signalling—ABI1 PP2C. This finding prompted us to study genetic relations within the PP2Cs group A in the Brassica species. Twenty homologous B. oleracea sequences were identified and characterised as putative PP2C group A members. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the B. oleracea homologues were closely related to the particular members of the A. thaliana PP2C. The genetic analysis corroborated the presence of two to three gene copies in B. oleracea in comparison to the nine unique PP2C genes in the A. thaliana genome. Gene expression analyses showed significant differences in PP2C gene expression pattern in B. oleracea. Our results indicate that PP2C‐based drought stress signalling in B. oleracea has evolved distinctly. Different reactions of particular B. oleracea PP2C genes to drought stress and ABA treatment indicate low conservation of gene expression patterns and functional divergence between B. oleracea and A. thaliana homologous genes.
Chronic activation of the low affinity site of β1‐adrenoceptors stimulates haemodynamics but exacerbates pressure‐overload cardiac remodelling
Authors: Kiriazis Helen , Tugiono Niquita , Xu Qi , Gao Xiao‐Ming , Jennings Nicole L , Ming Ziqui , Su Yidan , Klenowski Paul , Summers Roger J , Kaumann Alberto , Molenaar Peter , Du Xiao‐Jun 
Published: June 2013

Background and PurposeThe β1‐adrenoceptor has at least two binding sites, high and low affinity sites (β1H and β1L, respectively), which mediate cardiostimulation. While β1H‐adrenoceptor can be blocked by all clinically used β‐blockers, β1L‐adrenoceptor is relatively resistant to blockade. Thus, chronic β1L‐adrenoceptor activation may mediate persistent cardiostimulation, despite the concurrent blockade of β1H‐adrenoceptors. Hence, it is important to determine the potential significance of β1L‐adrenoceptors in vivo, particularly in pathological situations.Experimental ApproachC57Bl/6 male mice were used. Chronic (4 or 8 weeks) β1L‐adrenoceptor activation was achieved by treatment, via osmotic mini pumps, with (‐)‐CGP12177 (10 mg·kg−1·day−1). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and micromanometry.Key Results(‐)‐CGP12177 treatment of healthy mice increased heart rate and left ventricular (LV) contractility. (‐)‐CGP12177 treatment of mice subjected to transverse aorta constriction (TAC), during weeks 4–8 or 4–12 after TAC, led to a positive inotropic effect and exacerbated fibrogenic signalling while cardiac hypertrophy tended to be more severe. (‐)‐CGP12177 treatment of mice with TAC also exacerbated the myocardial expression of hypertrophic, fibrogenic and inflammatory genes compared to untreated TAC mice. Washout of (‐)‐CGP12177 revealed a more pronounced cardiac dysfunction after 12 weeks of TAC.Conclusions and Implicationsβ1L‐adrenoceptor activation provides functional support to the heart, in both normal and pathological (pressure overload) situations. Sustained β1L‐adrenoceptor activation in the diseased heart exacerbates LV remodelling and therefore may promote disease progression from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure.
Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazine Derivatives as Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitors
Authors: Bera Hriday , Dolzhenko Anton V. , Sun Lingyi , Dutta Gupta Sayan , Chui Wai‐Keung 
Published: June 2013

In our lead finding program, a series of 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives were synthesized, and their in vitro thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential was explored. Among the different derivatives, compounds having keto group (C = O) at C7 and thioketo group (C = S) at C5 positions showed varying degrees of TP inhibitory activity comparable with positive control, 7‐deazaxanthine (7‐DX, 2) (IC50 value = 42.63 μm). Enzyme inhibition kinetics study suggested that compound IVn behaved as a mixed‐type inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to thymidine (dThd) as a variable substrate. Compound IVn was also found to inhibit PMA‐induced MMP‐9 expression in MDA‐MB‐231 cells at sublethal concentrations. Computational docking study was performed to illustrate the enzyme inhibition kinetics and to explore the ligand–enzyme interactions.
Glomerular mannose-binding lectin deposition is a useful prognostic predictor in immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Liu L-L , Liu N , Chen Y , Wang L-N , Jiang Y , Wang J , Li X-L , Yao L , Fan Q-L 
Published: June 2013

Summary
There is accumulating evidence to support a hypothesis of the activation of the lectin complement pathway in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). The glomerular deposition of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), an initiator of the lectin pathway, has been identified, but its clinical significance has not been defined consistently. The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of glomerular MBL deposition as a useful histological biomarker in evaluating the severity and predicting the prognosis of IgAN. We included all consecutive patients with biopsy-proven primary IgAN from December 2008 to July 2010. Renal deposition of MBL was detected by immunofluorescence. The biopsy material from 131 patients (72 men) was thus used for MBL staining. The deposition of MBL was observed in a predominantly mesangial pattern in 45 patients (34·35%), which presented as global or segmental deposition. Compared with the patients without glomerular MBL deposition, those with glomerular MBL deposition had more severe proteinuria, decreased renal function, lower levels of serum albumin and a greater possibility of hypertension at the time of renal biopsy; they had more severe histological changes according to the Oxford classification (i.e. mesangial hypercellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis, endocapillary hypercellularity and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis), and their ratio presented an increase as the histopathological phenotypes segregated according to Lee's classification; furthermore, the follow-up data demonstrated that they had a lower renal remission rate. In conclusion, glomerular MBL deposition may predict a poor prognosis, and thus can be a new prognostic factor in IgA nephropathy.
Mapping subcortical brain maturation during adolescence: evidence of hemisphere‐ and sex‐specific longitudinal changes
Authors: Dennison Meg , Whittle Sarah , Yücel Murat , Vijayakumar Nandita , Kline Alexandria , Simmons Julian , Allen Nicholas B. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEarly to mid‐adolescence is an important developmental period for subcortical brain maturation, but longitudinal studies of these neurodevelopmental changes are lacking. The present study acquired repeated magnetic resonance images from 60 adolescent subjects (28 female) at ages 12.5 and 16.5 years to map changes in subcortical structure volumes. Automated segmentation techniques optimized for longitudinal measurement were used to delineate volumes of the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, pallidum, hippocampus, thalamus and the whole brain. Amygdala volumes were described using manual tracing methods. The results revealed heterogeneous maturation across the regions of interest (ROIs), and change was differentially moderated by sex and hemisphere. The caudate, thalamus and putamen declined in volume, more for females relative to males, and decreases in the putamen and thalamus were greater in the left hemisphere. The pallidum increased in size, but more so in the left hemisphere. While the left nucleus accumbens increased in size, the right accumbens decreased in size over the follow‐up period. Increases in hippocampal volume were greater in the right hemisphere. While amygdala volume did not change over time, the left hemisphere was consistently larger than the right. These results suggest that subcortical brain development from early to middle adolescence is characterized by striking hemispheric specialization and sexual dimorphisms, and provide a framework for interpreting normal and abnormal changes in cognition, affect and behavior. Moreover, the differences in findings compared to previous cross‐sectional research emphasize the importance of within‐subject assessment of brain development during adolescence.
The role of CITES in the conservation of marine fishes subject to international trade
Authors: Vincent Amanda C J , Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne J , Fowler Sarah L , Lieberman Susan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAll possible tools need to be marshalled for marine fish conservation. Yet controversy has swirled around what role, if any, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) should play for marine fishes. This paper analyses the relevance and applicability of CITES as a complementary tool for fisheries management. CITES currently regulates the international trade of very few marine fish species, by listing them in its Appendices. After the first meeting of the Parties (member countries) in 1976, no new marine fish taxa were added to the CITES Appendices until 2002, when Parties agreed to act to ensure sustainable and legal international trade in seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) and two species of sharks. Progress has continued haltingly, adding only one more shark, humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and sawfishes by 2012. Parties voice concerns that may include inadequate data, applicability of CITES listing criteria, roles of national fisheries agencies, enforcement challenges, CITES' lack of experience with marine fishes, and/or identification and by‐catch problems. A common query is the relationship between CITES and other international agreements. Yet all these arguments can be countered, revealing CITES to be a relevant and appropriate instrument for promoting sound marine fisheries management. In reality, Parties that cannot implement CITES effectively for marine fishes will also need help to manage their fisheries sustainably. CITES action complements and supports other international fisheries management measures. As CITES engages with more marine fish listings, there will be greater scope to analyse its effectiveness in supporting different taxa in different contexts.
Evaluation of an intra‐institutional diabetes disease management program for the glycemic control of elderly long‐term care diabetic patients
Authors: Lubart Emily , Segal Refael , Wainstein Julio , Marinov Galina , Yarovoy Alexandra , Leibovitz Arthur 
Published: June 2013

AimIncreasing numbers of nursing home elderly patients suffer from diabetes requiring individually optimized glycemic control. This is a complicated challenge because of their high comorbidity level, and heterogeneous and changing eating status varying from independent to dysphagia and enteral feeding. In order to cope with these complex needs, we developed and implemented a diabetes disease management program. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate this program.MethodsWe used the point prevalence approach by checking for fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and other routine biochemical tests. Eating status was evaluated by the Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale. Details about the diabetes disease management program are given in the text.ResultsA total of 86 (36%) of the 234 patients on the study day were diabetics. Of these, 80 were eligible for the study. Their mean fasting blood glucose was 143.1 ± 60.6 mg/dL. The mean glycated hemoglobin level was 7.23 ± 1.39%.ConclusionNo case of hypoglycemia was detected on the examination day, or during the preceding 3 weeks. No significant difference was found among the different Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale categories. These results are within satisfactory range for this category of patients suggesting that our diabetes disease management program contributes to a better glycemic control. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 341–345.
Flexibility and torsional behaviour of rotary nickel‐titanium PathFile, RaCe ISO 10, Scout RaCe and stainless steel K‐File hand instruments
Authors: Nakagawa R. K. L. , Alves J. L. , Buono V. T. L. , Bahia M. G. A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo assess and compare the flexibility and torsional resistance of PathFile, RaCe ISO 10 and Scout RaCe instruments in relation to stainless steel K‐File hand instruments.MethodologyRotary PathFile (sizes 13, 16 and 19; .02 taper), Race ISO 10 (size 10; 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 tapers), Scout RaCe (sizes 10, 15 and 20; 0.02 taper) and hand K‐File (sizes 10, 15 and 20; 0.02 taper) instruments were evaluated. Alloy chemical composition, phases present and transformation temperatures were determined for the NiTi instruments. For all instruments, diameters at each millimetre from the tip as well as cross‐sectional areas at 3 mm from the tip were measured based on ANSI/ADA Specification No. 101 using image analysis software. Resistance to bending and torsional resistance were determined according to specification ISO 3630‐1. Vickers microhardness measurements were also taken in all instruments to assess their strength. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (α = 0.05).ResultsThe alloys used in the manufacture of the three types of NiTi instruments had approximately the same chemical composition, but the PathFile instruments had a higher Af transformation temperature and contained a small amount of B19' martensite. All instruments had diameter values within the standard tolerance. The bending and torsional resistance values were significantly increased relative to the instrument diameter and cross‐sectional area.ConclusionsPathFile instruments were the most flexible and the least torque resistant, whilst the stainless steel instruments were the least flexible although they were more torque resistant than the NiTi instruments.
Ambient and Cryogenic Grinding of Fenugreek and Flow Characterization of Its Powder
Authors: Meghwal Murlidhar , Goswami T.K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractComparative study on ambient and cryogenic grinding based on determination of flow behavior of their powders has been discussed extensively in the present study. Cryogenic grinding helps in retention of aroma, volatile oil and protein structure of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum). Angle of slide, volume, density of powder, Hausner ratio, Carr index, angles of repose and particle size distribution were determined at different moisture content ranging from 11 to 20% on dry basis for ambient and cryogenic grinding. Angle of slide for different planes was found to be increasing in the range of 39–60°. Dynamic and drained angle of repose were found to be increasing for ambient and cryogenic grinding. Mean, mode, median, variances, deviations, skewness, kurtosis and uniformity of powder were also evaluated. It may be concluded that ambient and cryogenically ground fenugreek powder affects its flow behavior, in turn resulted in direct influences on handling, transportation and processing practices.Practical ApplicationsThe flow characteristics of fenugreek powder will be useful to have control over processing parameters and will lead to improved quality and output of the fenugreek powder. The present work on flow characteristics of fenugreek powder provides reliable information for design of equipments for handling, processing, packaging and transportation of ground powder, which will in turn be economically helpful for powder processing industries. Sticking and agglomeration of powder also cause loss of economy that can be overcome with the help of present studies.