bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second-tier Diplomacy: Hans von Gagern and William I in their Quest for an Alternative European Order, 1813–1818
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: December 2014

Second-tier Diplomacy: Hans von Gagern and William I in their Quest for an Alternative European Order, 1813–1818 This article supplements Anglo- or Prussian dominated readings of the Vienna Conference by focusing more on its beginnings, on alternative scenarios of a Dutch-German union and on the process of diplomatic bargaining by secondary agents. Based on new archival material, German-Dutch cooperation in Vienna is traced and placed in a wider context. Vienna did not restore the «conservative order» but negotiated a new outlook on peace and security rooted in the notion of «political equilibrium » and an incipient sense of a Pax Europeana. While the great powers deliberated, two secondary agents in the field of transnational diplomacy and security, the «free-lancing» nobleman Hans von Gagern and the hereditary Prince of Orange, William Frederick, pursued their own alternative version for Europe, both geographically and politically. By analysing their efforts, which in the end proved only partly successful, this paper adds more insight to the dynamic and contested process of creating a new European order and an accompanying security culture.
Réflexions sur la notion d’intégration scolaire des jeunes immigrants
Authors: Jacquet Marianne , Masinda Mambo Tabu 
Published: December 2014

RésuméMalgré une vaste littérature sur l’intégration scolaire des élèves immigrants, aucune étude n’en offre une définition intégrée permettant d’en saisir toute la complexité. Nous proposons ici un canevas conceptuel intégrant quatre dimensions de l’intégration scolaire (académique, sociale, culturelle et psychologique) discutées dans la littérature. Notre discussion suggère que le soutien aux élèves africains à l’école doit se décliner sur toutes ces dimensions et qu’une approche concertée entre les différents acteurs de l’action éducative (les familles ainsi que les partenaires scolaires, communautaires et universitaires) est nécessaire. Finalement, quelques exemples de soutien à l’intégration scolaire des élèves immigrants africains en milieu minoritaire francophone viennent illustrer notre propos.
Inadvertent intravesicular placement of a vaginal contraceptive ring: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Baker Kevin Scott , Barish Matthew 
Published: December 2014

The NuvaRing® is a deformable, ring-shaped hormonal contraceptive device which is typically vaginally self-inserted by the patient. While there are several potential side effects of usage, essentially all of them result from hormone delivery. Complications from incorrect placement are rare. We present the case of a 31 year old female who presented to our emergency department after being unable to retrieve a NuvaRing® for its scheduled removal. CT scan showed a hypodense intravesicular NuvaRing® which the patient had inadvertently placed transurethrally 3 weeks prior. Cystoscopy was performed and retrieval using a 3-pronged grasper was eventually successful after several failed attempts with an alligator grasper. Our purpose in presenting this case is to introduce the reader to a rare complication of incorrect NuvaRing® placement, explain how this complication may occur as a result of NuvaRing® construction/functionality, describe how alternative cystoscopic instruments may aid in cystoscopic retrieval, and review the 3 other case reports of intravesicular NuvaRing® placement to discuss the utility of various imaging modalities when clinical suspicion of the complication is high.
Biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Yan Jing , Rao Qun 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common syndrome in clinical practice, particularly in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The prerequisite of its early treatment is early diagnosis. The early biomarkers hence have been gradually favored. While some new and original biomarkers continue to be the focus of research, some biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin have been widely used in clinical practice.
Left liver lobe diameter albumin ratio as a predictor of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: A preliminary report
Authors: Mudassir Laeeq Syed , Hasan Luck Nasir , Kumar Wadhwa Rajesh , Abbas Zaigham , Mujahid Hasan Syed , Younus Mahira , Mubarak Muhammed 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the significance of the ratio of diameter of left lobe of liver with serum albumin as a non-invasive predictor of esophageal varices. Materials and Methods: All consecutive patients with clinical cirrhosis were included in the study. The study was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan. All patients underwent full history taking, clinical examination, relevant laboratory investigations and abdominal ultrasound evaluation. Measurement of the right liver lobe diameter (RLLD) and left liver lobe diameter (LLLD) was performed using ultrasound in the mid-clavicular line and central line, respectively. Esophago-gastroscopy was performed for the detection and grading of esophageal varices. Calculation of the RLLD and LLLD/serum albumin ratio was performed and analyzed for clinical significance. Results: One hundred and eleven subjects (80 males; 72%), with a mean age of 40.09 ± 13.6 years were studied. Esophageal varices were seen in 68 (61.3%) patients and Child-Pugh class A accounted for 41.4%, class B for 45.9% and class C for 12.6% cases. The mean value of RLLD/serum albumin ratio was 5.05 ± 1.90 in patients with varices versus 4.24 ± 1.64 in patients without varices (P = 0.023). The mean value of the LLLD/serum albumin ratio was 2.41 ± 0.90 in patients with varices versus 1.89 ± 0.61 in patients without varices (P < 0.001). Areas under curve were 0.377 and 0.69 for the RLLD/ serum albumin ratio and LLLD/serum albumin ratio, respectively. At a cut-off value of 1.5, the sensitivity was 88.1% and the specificity was 72.1% for the LLLD/albumin ratio. Conclusion: The LLLD/albumin ratio is a better predictor of esophageal varices than the RLLD/albumin ratio in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Facile Synthesis of Guanidine Functionalised Building Blocks
Authors: Hickey Shane M. , Ashton Trent D. , Pfeffer Frederick M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThree useful developments in the preparation of guanidines are presented herein. A collection of bis(Boc)aminoalkylguanidines (n=2, 3, 4 and 6; Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl), known to be prone to cyclisation, have been synthesised and isolated without chromatography as shelf‐stable sulfonate salts in good yield (up to 94 %). Secondly, a selection of guanidines tethered to a range of other functional groups, including alkyne, alkene, alcohol, and azide, have been prepared in good yields with no requirement for a purification step, and thirdly an inexpensive, high‐yielding (93 %), and facile synthesis of N,N′‐bis(Boc)guanidine, a key precursor for N,N′‐bis(Boc)‐N′‐triflylguanidine, is described in which the need for chromatographic purification is again obviated.
π‐Helicene auf ein Minimum reduziert: Zugang mithilfe einer mehrfachen Domino‐Carbopalladierungs‐Stille‐Sequenz
Authors: Milde Bastian , Leibeling Markus , Pawliczek Martin , Grunenberg Jörg , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEin neuartiger Typ von π‐Helicenen, deren π‐System auf eine all‐s‐cis‐Z,Z,…︁‐Oligoenkette reduziert ist, wird vorgestellt. Eine Dominosequenz aus bis zu vier aufeinanderfolgenden Carbopalladierungen und einer abschließenden Stille‐Kreuzkupplung wurde entwickelt, um den einstufigen Aufbau dieser Einheiten ausgehend von den jeweiligen linearen Oligoinen zu ermöglichen. Trotz des minimalen π‐Systems wurden für die einzelnen Enantiomere sehr hohe Werte ihrer optischen Rotation festgestellt. Die schraubenförmigen Strukturen wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen.
Introduction of a Fluorescent Probe to Amyloid‐β to Reveal Kinetic Insights into Its Interactions with Copper(II)
Authors: Branch Thomas , Girvan Paul , Barahona Mauricio , Ying Liming 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe kinetics of the interactions between amyloid‐β (Aβ) and metal ions are crucial to understanding the physiological and pathological roles of Aβ in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease. Using the quenching of a fluorescent probe by Cu2+, the mechanism of Aβ/Cu2+ interactions in physiologically relevant conditions has been elucidated. Cu2+ binds to Aβ at a near diffusion‐limited rate, initially forming component I. The switching between component I and II occurs on the second timescale, with a significant energy barrier. Component I is much more reactive towards Cu2+ ligands and likely responsible for initial Aβ dimer formation. Clioquinol (CQ) is shown to sequester Cu2+ more effectively than other tested ligands. These findings have implications for the potential roles of Aβ in regulating neurotransmission, and for the screening of small molecules targeting Aβ–metal interactions.
B(C6F5)3‐katalysierte Transferhydrierung von Iminen und verwandten Heteroaromaten mit Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienen als Wasserstoffquelle
Authors: Chatterjee Indranil , Oestreich Martin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDie Freisetzung von Wasserstoff aus entsprechend donorsubstituierten Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienen nach Hydridabstraktion durch die starke Bor‐Lewis‐Säure Tris(pentafluorphenyl)boran, B(C6F5)3, wird vorgestellt. Dieses Verfahren ist dann an die FLP‐artige Hydrierung (FLP=frustiertes Lewis‐Paar) von Iminen und stickstoffenthaltenden Heteroaromaten, die durch dieselbe Lewis‐Säure katalysiert wird, gekoppelt. Die Nettoreaktion ist eine B(C6F5)3‐katalysierte, d. h. übergangsmetallfreie, Transferhydrierung mit leicht zugänglichen Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienen als Reduktionsmitteln. Konkurrierende Reaktionspfade mit oder ohne Einbeziehung von freiem Wasserstoff werden diskutiert.
Adsorption‐Driven Self‐Sorting of Dynamic Imine Libraries
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Wei , Miljanić Ognjen Š. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDifferences in adsorption among the components of complex mixtures play a role in separations, surface‐based sensing, and heterogeneous catalysis, and have been implicated in theories of the origin of life. Herein, we consider mixtures of imines and we show that if such complex mixtures are also dynamic—that is, if their components equilibrate among themselves—then they can dramatically simplify in composition during the course of column chromatography. As they travel down the column, imines continuously trade their aldehyde and amine constituents, favoring the formation of molecules with extremes of polarity at the expense of species with intermediate polarities. Iterative application of this principle leads to simplification of imine libraries containing up to 16 members into 4 major products.
Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X‐ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Batzdorf Lisa , Fischer Franziska , Wilke Manuel , Wenzel Klaus‐Jürgen , Emmerling Franziska 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe combination of two analytical methods including time‐resolved in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy provides a new opportunity for a detailed analysis of the key mechanisms of milling reactions. To prove the general applicability of our setup, we investigated the mechanochemical synthesis of four archetypical model compounds, ranging from 3D frameworks through layered structures to organic molecular compounds. The reaction mechanism for each model compound could be elucidated. The results clearly show the unique advantage of the combination of XRD and Raman spectroscopy because of the different information content and dynamic range of both individual methods. The specific combination allows to study milling processes comprehensively on the level of the molecular and crystalline structures and thus obtaining reliable data for mechanistic studies.
Bed Bug Aggregation Pheromone Finally Identified
Authors: Gries Regine , Britton Robert , Holmes Michael , Zhai Huimin , Draper Jason , Gries Gerhard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBed bugs have become a global epidemic and current detection tools are poorly suited for routine surveillance. Despite intense research on bed bug aggregation behavior and the aggregation pheromone, which could be used as a chemical lure, the complete composition of this pheromone has thus far proven elusive. Here, we report that the bed bug aggregation pheromone comprises five volatile components (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)‐2‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐octenal, 2‐hexanone), which attract bed bugs to safe shelters, and one less‐volatile component (histamine), which causes their arrestment upon contact. In infested premises, a blend of all six components is highly effective at luring bed bugs into traps. The trapping of juvenile and adult bed bugs, with or without recent blood meals, provides strong evidence that this unique pheromone bait could become an effective and inexpensive tool for bed bug detection and potentially their control.
Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1) Incorporating an ortho‐Phenylene Motif
Authors: Pawlicki Miłosz , Garbicz Mateusz , Szterenberg Ludmiła , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn understanding of fundamental aspects of archetypal organic structural motifs remains a key issue faced by the experimental and theoretical chemists. Two possible bonding modes for a disubstituted benzene ring, that is a meta and para, determines the π delocalization for oligomeric structures. When the less abundant ortho‐substituted variant is introduced into a triphyrin(2.1.1) skeleton an aromatic molecule is obtained and the carbocyclic ring participates in the conjugation of the macrocycle. The two‐electron reduction and introduction of boron(III) changes the aromatic character and results in an anti‐aromatic structure which has been confirmed by single‐crystal analysis and supported by theoretical calculations.
π‐Helicenes Truncated to a Minimum: Access Through a Domino Approach Involving Multiple Carbopalladations and a Stille Coupling
Authors: Milde Bastian , Leibeling Markus , Pawliczek Martin , Grunenberg Jörg , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA novel type of π‐helicenes is reported, in which the π‐system is truncated to an all‐s‐cis all‐Z oligoene chain. A domino sequence was developed, consisting of up to four consecutive carbopalladation reactions and a terminal Stille cross‐coupling, to generate these entities in one step from the respective linear oligoynes. Despite the minimal π‐system, very high optical rotation values were encountered for the single enantiomers. X‐ray crystallography confirmed their screw‐shaped structure.
B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines and Related Heteroarenes Using Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes as a Dihydrogen Source
Authors: Chatterjee Indranil , Oestreich Martin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe strong boron Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, B(C6F5)3, is shown to abstract a hydride from suitably donor‐substituted cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes, eventually releasing dihydrogen. This process is coupled with the FLP‐type (FLP=frustrated Lewis pair) hydrogenation of imines and nitrogen‐containing heteroarenes that are catalyzed by the same Lewis acid. The net reaction is a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed, i.e., transition‐metal‐free, transfer hydrogenation using easy‐to‐access cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes as reducing agents. Competing reaction pathways with or without the involvement of free dihydrogen are discussed.
Synthesis and Systematic Evaluation of Dark Resonance Energy Transfer (DRET)‐Based Library and Its Application in Cell Imaging
Authors: Su Dongdong , Teoh Chai Lean , Kang Nam‐Young , Yu Xiaotong , Sahu Srikanta , Chang Young‐Tae 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we report a new strategy for constructing a dye library with large Stokes shifts. By coupling a dark donor with BODIPY acceptors of tunable high quantum yield, a novel dark resonance energy transfer (DRET)‐based library, named BNM, has been synthesized. Upon excitation of the dark donor (BDN) at 490 nm, the absorbed energy is transferred to the acceptor (BDM) with high efficiency, which was tunable in a broad range from 557 nm to 716 nm, with a high quantum yield of up to 0.8. It is noteworthy to mention that the majority of the non‐radiative energy loss of the donor was converted into the acceptor’s fluorescence output with a minimum leak of donor emission. Fluorescence imaging tested in live cells showed that the BNM compounds are cell‐permeable and can also be employed for live‐cell imaging. This is a new library which can be excited through a dark donor allowing for strong fluorescence emission in a wide range of wavelengths. Thus, the BNM library is well suited for high‐throughput screening or multiplex experiments in biological applications by using a single laser excitation source.
Design of Hyperthermophilic Lipase Chimeras by Key Motif‐Directed Recombination
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Gao Le , Yang Guangyu , Liu Donglai , Bai Aixi , Li Binchun , Deng Zixin , Feng Yan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecombination of diverse natural evolved domains within a superfamily offers greater opportunity for enzyme function leaps. How to recombine protein modules from distant parents with less disruption in cross‐interfaces is a challenging issue. Here, we identified the existence of a key motif, the sequence VVSVN(D)YR, within a structural motif ψ loop in the α/β‐hydrolase fold superfamily, by using a MEME server and the PROMOTIF program. To obtain thermostable lipase‐like enzymes, two chimeras were engineered at the key motif regions through recombination of domains from a mesophilic lipase and a hyperthermophilic esterase/peptidase with amino acid identity less than 21 %. The chimeras retained the desirable substrate preference of their mesophilic parent and exhibited more than 100‐fold increased thermostability at 50 °C. Through site‐directed mutation, we further improved activity of the chimera by 4.6‐fold. The recombination strategy presented here enables the creation of novel catalysts.
Structure, Genetics and Function of an Exopolysaccharide Produced by a Bacterium Living within Fungal Hyphae
Authors: Uzum Zerrin , Silipo Alba , Lackner Gerald , De Felice Antonia , Molinaro Antonio , Hertweck Christian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus has an unusual symbiosis with a bacterium, Burkholderia rhizoxinica, which lives within the fungal cytosol and produces a potent phytotoxin that causes severe losses in agriculture. To gain insight into symbiosis factors we investigated the endosymbiont's exopolysaccharide (EPS), a secreted matrix that plays pivotal roles in mediating cell–environment interactions. By a combination of homo‐ and heteronuclear 2D NMR experiments, we elucidated a previously unknown EPS structure: a repeating tetrasaccharide unit bearing a nonstoichiometric acetyl group on a mannose residue. We also analyzed the EPS biosynthesis gene cluster and generated a targeted mutant to compare the phenotypes. Scanning electron microscope images revealed a reduced ability of the mutant to form extracellular polymers around cell aggregates. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the symbiont's EPS genes are retained through evolutionary processes.
Elucidating pH‐Dependent Collagen Triple Helix Formation through Interstrand Hydroxyproline‐Glutamic Acid Interactions
Authors: Chen Liwei , Cai Shuting , Lim Jaehong , Lee Su Seong , Lee Song‐Gil 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHere, we describe systematic explorations into the molecular basis underlying hydroxyproline‐mediated interstrand interactions on the triple‐helical stability of collagen‐mimetic peptides containing glutamic acid residues. Our studies reveal that the triple‐helical stability of these peptides relies on the existence of interstrand interactions between hydroxyprolines and glutamic acid residues that are pH dependent. These unique interactions have been used to engineer collagen peptides that form triple helices on demand through pH control.
Light Control of Cellular Processes by Using Photocaged Abscisic Acid
Authors: Wright Catherine W. , Guo Zhi‐Fo , Liang Fu‐Sen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbscisic acid (ABA) was chemically modified with a photocaging group to promote photo‐induced protein dimerization. This photocontrolled chemically induced dimerization (CID) method based on caged ABA enables dose‐dependent light regulation of cellular processes, including transcription, protein translocation, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal remodeling, without the need to perform extensive protein engineering. Caged ABA can be easily modified to respond to different wavelengths of light. Consequently, this strategy should be applicable to the design of light‐regulated protein dimerization systems and potentially be used orthogonally with other light‐controlled CID systems.
Rational Design of Alpha‐Helical Antimicrobial Peptides: Do's and Don'ts
Authors: Uggerhøj Lars Erik , Poulsen Tanja Juul , Munk Jens Kristian , Fredborg Marlene , Sondergaard Teis Esben , Frimodt‐Moller Niels , Hansen Paul Robert , Wimmer Reinhard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for battling multiresistant bacteria. Despite extensive research, structure–activity relationships of AMPs are not fully understood, and there is a lack of structural data relating to AMPs in lipids. Here we present the NMR structure of anoplin (GLLKRIKTLL‐NH2) in a micellar environment. A vast library of substitutions was designed and tested for antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, as well as for changes in structure and lipid interactions. This showed that improvement of antimicrobial activity without concomitant introduction of strong hemolytic activity can be achieved through subtle increases in the hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic face or through subtle increases in the polarity of the hydrophilic face of the helix, or—most efficiently—a combination of both. A set of guidelines based on the results is given, for assistance in how to modify cationic α‐helical AMPs in order to control activity and selectivity. The guidelines are finally tested on a different peptide.
Optimal DAPT duration: Each in their own time
Authors: Hillegass William B. , Brott Brigitta C. 
Published: December 2014

Key Points

Meta‐analysis of randomized trials shows no significant difference in major adverse cardiovascular events between shorter (3–6 months) and longer (12–24 months) durations of clopidogrel‐based dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after drug eluting stent (DES) implantation.
Shorter durations (6 months) of DAPT should be considered in lower risk patients undergoing DES implantation in current practice.
Further research should define the optimal agents and duration of DAPT after percutaneous coronary intervention based on patient specific factors.
Bridging antiplatelet therapy prior to surgery in DES patients: Is less more?
Authors: Safian Robert D. 
Published: December 2014

Key Points

A weighted meta‐analysis of 280 patients showed that preoperative bridging therapy with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors did not eliminate the risk of postoperative stent thrombosis.
Despite preoperative bridging therapy, pooled estimated rates of postoperative complications included stent thrombosis in 1.3%, major bleeding in 7.4%, myocardial infarction in 1.6%, and death in 3.5%.
Optical coherence tomography may be useful to assess the degree of stent endothelialization and improve preoperative risk stratification.