bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental predictors of woody plant encroachment in calcareous fens are modified by biotic and abiotic land‐use legacies
Authors: Bart David , Davenport Tara , Yantes Austin 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Woody plant encroachment in grasslands is a world‐wide concern. Assertions that abiotic stress reduction facilitates encroachment are not universally supported. To devise restoration and management strategies, the ability of stress reduction, in the context of co‐occurring biotic land‐use legacies, needs to be assessed to predict shrub cover.

We determined whether legacy‐induced reduction in Carex stricta (a potential facilitator of shrub encroachment and attractor of animal dispersers) and an increase in herbaceous invaders (potential competitors) altered the ability of stress reduction to predict woody plant cover in ploughed and never‐ploughed plots within 11 Wisconsin (USA) calcareous fens. We hypothesized that drier conditions (low saturation stress) and higher nutrient availability associated with ploughing would be associated with high woody plant cover; that higher cover of herbaceous invaders associated with ploughing would predict low woody plant cover, and C. stricta cover predicts high woody plant cover in saturated, never‐ploughed plots. Restricted maximum‐likelihood (REML) multiple regression was used to determine the importance of interactions among ploughing, saturation, nutrients and the two biotic legacies in predicting woody richness and cover, as well as cover by dispersal syndromes and individual species.

Unexpectedly, encroachment by animal‐dispersed species was higher in never‐ploughed plots, while wind‐dispersed species had no relationship with ploughing. Animal‐dispersed species cover decreased with saturation stress in never‐ploughed plots, only. Carex cover was associated with increased encroachment by animal‐dispersed species, mainly in never‐ploughed highly saturated plots. Herbaceous‐invasive cover was associated with decreased encroachment. Wind‐dispersed species cover declined with increasing saturation stress, with responses varying among species.

Synthesis and applications. The results suggest that the impacts of stress reduction on encroachment are not uniform and are modified by biotic legacies. We suggest that impacts of restoring stressful abiotic conditions on encroachment may not be known until the impacts on competitors and facilitators are understood.
What can Post‐Democracy tell us about TNCs and Extraterritorial Violations of Human Rights?
Authors: Palmer Claire 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article considers the problem of extraterritorial human rights violations committed by transnational corporations (TNCs), and draws on Crouch's framework in Post‐democracy to illustrate why the issue has proved so difficult for states to regulate. I begin by examining the problem of corporate regulation more generally, and set out Crouch's analysis to show why and how corporations have become so influential. The second section considers the area of business and human rights, and explains why there is ‘a governance gap’ in relation to extraterritorial human rights violations committed by corporations. The third section describes efforts at the international and domestic levels to regulate corporations in relation to this issue. It concludes that while new international principles and innovative hybrid schemes are playing a valuable role in norm creation and standard‐setting, the enforcement of these principles remains limited. Corporations have largely succeeded to date in their lobbying efforts to remain free of any direct obligations under international law.
Longitudinal evidence linking processing speed to the development of reasoning
Authors: Kail Robert V. , Lervåg Arne , Hulme Charles 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAge‐related change in processing speed has been linked directly to increases in reasoning as well as indirectly via increases in the capacity of working memory (WM). Most of the evidence linking change in speed to reasoning has come from cross‐sectional research; in this article we present the findings from a 2½‐year longitudinal study of 277 6‐ to‐13‐year‐olds. On three occasions, speed of information processing was assessed with Visual Matching and Cross Out; WM was assessed with reading, listening, backward digit, alphabet, and operation span tasks; and nonverbal reasoning was assessed with Raven's progressive matrices. The results provided consistent evidence of direct links from processing speed to reasoning but inconsistent evidence for indirect links from speed to WM to reasoning. These findings suggest that variations in processing speed may constrain the development of reasoning, directly and perhaps indirectly. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/nc0VlFdi468
Benefits of radial head excision in patients with haemophilia: mid‐term functional results
Authors: Atalar A.C. , Koc B. , Birisik F. , Ersen A. , Zulfïkar B. 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionRecurrent haemarthrosis in haemophilic patients result with arthropathy of the radiocapitellar joint and blockage of the forearm rotation.AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the mid‐term results of radial head excision with partial synovectomy in severe haemophilic patients retrospectively.MethodsPersistent pain and decreased forearm rotation were the main indications for radial head excision. Between 2002 and 2013, radial head excisions were performed for 14 elbows of 14 patients. Eleven patients were haemophilia A, whereas two patients were haemophilia B patients and the remaining one had von Willebrand (Type 3) disease. The mean age of the patients was 29 at the time of the surgery. The mean follow‐up was 51 (12–155) months. VAS (visual analogue score) for pain, forearm rotation, qDASH and MEPS (Mayo Elbow Performance Score) were used as the primary outcome parameters.ResultsThe mean VAS decreased significantly from 6.5 preoperatively to 2.2 at the final follow‐up (P = 0.0003). The mean forearm rotation increased from 40° to 115° respectively (P = 0.0007). In two patients, efficacious rotation increase was not achieved due to distal radioulnar joint problems. The mean qDASH score and MEPS were 18.1 and 87.5 at the latest follow‐up, respectively, where four patients had excellent and 10 patients had good results.ConclusionsRadial head excision is a safe and effective procedure for haemophiliac patients with radiocapitellar arthropathy and decreased forearm rotation. Distal radioulnar joint should be evaluated preoperatively which may impair the results.
The Effect of 2008 Crisis on the Volatility Spillovers among Six Major Markets
Authors: Akca Kübra , Ozturk Serda Selin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe scope of this paper is to determine whether global stock markets function differently under conditions of economic crisis by measuring volatility spillovers between six major markets, namely the US, the UK, Germany, Spain, Turkey, and Greece. We examine the volatility spillover effects of the 2008 US financial crisis to these six major markets using daily stock returns from January 2003 to December 2014, before, during, and after the 2008 financial crisis. We combine the Diebold and Yilmaz methodology with the stochastic volatility model of Taylor implemented through the sequential Efficient Importance Sampling method of Richard and Zhang to obtain variance decompositions derived from an estimated vector autoregressive model. The empirical findings suggest that stock markets tend to show increased volatility spillovers during the crisis period, thus resulting in lesser diversification benefits for investors.
Could Ethical Tensions in Oral Healthcare Management Revealed by Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Caregivers Explain Unmet Oral Health Needs? Participatory Research with Focus Groups
Authors: Blaizot Alessandra , Hamel Olivier , Folliguet Marysette , Herve Christian , Meningaud Jean‐Paul , Trentesaux Thomas 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundCognitively impaired patients often present poor oral health status that may be explained by ethical tensions in oral healthcare management. This participatory study explored such tensions among adults with intellectual disabilities and with caregivers. The second objective was to specify, with caregivers, the points that should be developed in a future study among dentists.Materials and MethodsThree focus groups involving adults with intellectual disabilities, family caregivers and professional caregivers were organized in France in 2013.ResultsThe thematic content analysis identified discrepancies between experiences and expectations, which were particularly marked for the dentist's competence and attitudes, the dentist's role in decisions, the dental care management and the French socio‐political context.ConclusionsThese discrepancies could partly explain multiple attempts to find the ‘right’ dentist or the fact that care was abandoned, and could at least contribute to oral health needs being unmet.
Treatment monitoring of 0.5% 5‐fluorouracil and 10% salicylic acid in clinical and subclinical actinic keratoses with the combination of optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Malvehy J. , Alarcon I. , Montoya J. , Rodríguez‐Azeredo R. , Puig S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundReflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and high‐definition optical coherence tomography (HD‐OCT) allow the observation in vivo of dynamic changes in response to non‐surgical treatment of actinic keratosis and field of cancerisation.ObjectiveTo non‐invasively assess the pharmacodynamic changes induced by treatment with low dose 5‐fluorouracil and 10% salicylic acid by means of RCM and high‐definition OCT in field cancerization and actinic keratosis.MethodsTwenty patients aged >50 years with diagnosis of actinic keratosis on the head and face and indication for treatment with 0.5% 5‐fluorouracil and 10% salicylic acid were enrolled. An area of 25 cm² including visible type I and II AK and subclinical AK was treated once daily during 6 weeks and examination was performed with RCM and HD‐OCT before treatment and 2 weeks after the end of treatmentResultsHigh‐definition optical coherence tomography results at baseline of mean thickness of the stratum corneum and epidermis were in AK 10.4 (SD = 4.99) and 43.3 (SD = 24.01) μm respectively and in subclinical AK 3.7 (SD = 2.15) and 30.05 (SD = 16.85) μm. At week 8 (2 weeks after the end of treatment) measurements of stratum corneum and epidermis were significantly reduced in AK and subclinical AK for stratum corneum and epidermis. In RCM at week 8 scaling, detached corneocytes, atypical honeycomb, round nucleated cells in the spinosum granulosum layer, round vessels (dermal papillae), inflammatory cells and total AK score were significantly reduced in AK and subclinical AK.ConclusionsEvaluation of AK and subclinical AK by RCM and HD‐OCT showed objective improvement after treatment with 5‐fluorouracil and 10% salicylic acid. These methods allowed the study of dynamic changes in the tissue at a subclinical level.
Benefits of adjunctive moxifloxacin in generalized aggressive periodontitis: a subgroup analyses in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans‐positive/negative patients from a clinical trial
Authors: Ardila Carlos M. , Guzmán Isabel C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the baseline detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) on the clinical outcomes of moxifloxacin (MOX) as an adjunct to full‐mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP).MethodsForty patients were randomly distributed to two therapy protocols: SRP + placebo or SRP combined with MOX. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected using culture methods. The significance of the treatment option (MOX or SRP + placebo) on the dependent variables (probing depth [PD] and clinical attachment level [CAL]), considering the interaction with the baseline detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans, was estimated.ResultsMOX therapy led to a higher significant PD reduction and CAL gain in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive patients at baseline. In A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive patients, the reduction of sites ≥5 mm was higher in the MOX group. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not present in sites with PD ≥6 mm in the MOX group. The interactions of A. actinomycetemcomitans and MOX were significantly associated with CAL gain and PD reduction at 6 months.ConclusionsAdjunctive MOX trended toward better clinical responses in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive patients at baseline. These results suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans at baseline might modify the effect of adjunctive MOX in GAgP.
Brain modularity across the theropod–bird transition: testing the influence of flight on neuroanatomical variation
Authors: Balanoff Amy M. , Smaers Jeroen B. , Turner Alan H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLiving birds constitute the only vertebrate group whose brain volume relative to body size approaches the uniquely expanded values expressed by mammals. The broad suite of complex behaviors exhibited by crown‐group birds, including sociality, vocal learning, parental care, and flying, suggests the origins of their encephalization was likely driven by a mosaic of selective pressures. If true, the historical pattern of brain expansion may be more complex than either a gradual expansion, as proposed by early studies of the avian brain, or a sudden expansion correlating with the appearance of flight. The origins of modern avian neuroanatomy are obscured by the more than 100 million years of evolution along their phylogenetic stem (from the origin of the modern radiation in the Middle Jurassic to the split from crocodile‐line archosaurs). Here we use phylogenetic comparative approaches to explore which evolutionary scenarios best explain variation in measured volumes of digitally partitioned endocasts of modern birds and their non‐avian ancestors. Our analyses suggest that variation in the relative volumes of the endocranium and cerebrum explain most of the structural variation in this lineage. Generalized multi‐regime Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck (OU) models suggest that powered flight does not appear to be a driver of observed variation, reinforcing the hypothesis that the deep history of the avian brain is complex, with nuances still to be discovered.
Anaphylactic Shock at the Beginning of Hemodialysis
Authors: Sayeed Khaleel , Murdakes Charlene , Spec Andrej , Gashti Casey 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn patients who receive hemodialysis, most hypersensitivity reactions to components of the dialysis circuit are due to ethylene oxide or complement activating bio‐incompatible membranes. We present a case of a 59 year‐old female, with a 4‐year history of uneventful hemodialysis using a cellulose based dialyzer membrane at her outpatient dialysis center, who developed repeated anaphylactic reactions associated with markers of an IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction when a polysulfone based dialyzer membrane was used while she was hospitalized. Only when the patient's dialyzer was changed back to her usual cellulose based membrane, did these reactions cease. On the basis of her clinical course and laboratory findings, we concluded that the patient's symptoms were due to exposure to polysulfone. This case reminds us that “biocompatible” membranes are not free from dialyzer reactions, and can be especially severe if the mechanism is an IgE mediated anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction.
Seventy Years of Privatizing the British National Health Service?
Authors: Powell Martin , Miller Robin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe existence of different and conflicting definitions and different types, but few clear measures, of privatization has contributed to different interpretations of the extent of privatization in the almost 70‐year history of the British National Health Service (NHS). This article aims to examine the extent of privatization in the NHS over successive policy chronologies through the lens of the ‘three dimensional’ approach of the Mixed Economy of Welfare. We find that whilst privatization in the NHS is not new, the generally accepted view that it has increased in recent years appears valid, although precision is difficult due to the lack of a generally accepted typology or measure.
Organization and Supply of Long‐term Care Services for the Elderly: A Bird's‐eye View of Old and New EU Member States
Authors: Riedel Monika , Kraus Markus , Mayer Susanne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the organization of formal long‐term care (LTC) systems for the elderly in ten old and 11 new EU member states (MS). Generally, we find that the main responsibility for regulating LTC services is centralized in half of these countries, whereas in the remaining countries, this responsibility is typically shared between authorities at the central level and those at the regional or local levels in both institutional and home‐based care. Responsibilities for planning LTC capacities are jointly met by central and non‐central authorities in most countries. Access to publicly financed services is rarely means tested, and most countries have implemented legal entitlements conditional on needs. In virtually all countries, access to institutional care is subject to cost sharing, which also applies to home‐based care in most countries. The relative importance of institutional LTC relative to home‐based LTC services differs significantly across Europe. Although old MS appear to be experiencing some degree of convergence, institutional capacity levels still span a wide range. Considerable diversity may also be observed in the national public–private mix in the provision of LTC services. Lastly, free choice between public and private providers exists in the vast majority of these countries. This overview provides vital insights into the differences and similarities in the organization of LTC systems across Europe, especially between old and new MS, while also contributing valuable insight into previously neglected topics, thus broadening the knowledge base of international experience for mutual learning.
Policy Changes in Community Mental Health: Interventions and Strategies Used in Sweden over 20 Years
Authors: Bergmark Magnus , Bejerholm Ulrika , Markström Urban 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe deinstitutionalization of mental health care has changed the responsibilities of involved authorities and has led to a continuous need for new treatment forms and interventions. This article describes this development in Europe, and in particular how these new conditions have been handled in Sweden over the past 20 years at the level of governmental policy‐making. Three major policy documents from 1994, 2009 and 2012 were included in this study. To increase our understanding of the policies' contents, we have used theoretical concepts concerning governance, implementation and political risk management. Although our main interest was to find out how the government handles interventions for users of the mental health care system, we found that the policy work is progressing stepwise. The first document, from the deinstitutionalization era, did not discuss interventions clearly. Instead, it was mainly concerned with both practical and economical areas of responsibility. The second document, from the post‐deinstitutionalization era, was more focused on what services should be delivered to the users, while the most recently published document to a greater extent addressed the question of how the support is supposed to be designed. The trend in European community mental health policy has been to advocate services in open forms that are integrated into the society's other care systems. This is also the case in Sweden, and continuous work is being done by the government to find strategies to support the development, and to meet the needs at both political and local levels.
Can Quasi‐market and Multi‐level Governance Co‐exist? Insights from the Case of Lombardy's Employment Services System
Authors: Trivellato Benedetta , Bassoli Matteo , Catalano Serida L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article explores the functioning of Lombardy's networked employment services system, inspired by quasi‐market and horizontal subsidiarity principles, and specifically addresses a gap in the quasi‐market literature, where little attention is devoted to the role played by institutions at lower levels of government. A qualitative study of the Lombardy system, with a focus on the municipality of Milan, is relied upon in order to explore the extent to which the principles of quasi‐market and multi‐level governance pursued by the regional government are allowed to co‐exist in practice. Here, sub‐regional levels of government are directly involved in services provision, but enjoy a more privileged condition relative to the private providers, thereby jeopardizing the implementation of an effective quasi‐market. The article contributes to existing theories by suggesting that horizontal subsidiarity and marketization cannot neglect multi‐level governance in those sectors where public bodies at various levels of government are directly involved in implementation.
Sympathetic overactivity occurs before hypertension in the two‐kidney, one‐clip model
Authors: Oliveira‐Sales Elizabeth B. , Colombari Eduardo , Abdala Ana Paula , Campos Ruy R. , Paton Julian F. R. 
Published: November 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The aim was to evaluate whether elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) occurs before the onset of arterial hypertension in a rat renovascular model of hypertension, the two‐kidney, one‐clip (2K1C) Goldblatt model, and to determine possible mechanisms and origins.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Sympathetic nerve activity can be raised before the onset of hypertension, by the third week after renal artery clipping, and this originates, in part, from enhanced respiratory modulation. Spinal circuits contribute to the elevation of SNA, but only after hypertension has developed.

Our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for both the development and the maintenance of hypertension remains incomplete in the Goldblatt (two‐kidney, one‐clip; 2K1C) model. We tested the hypothesis that elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) occurs before the onset of hypertension in 2K1C rats, considering the time course of the increase in SNA in relationship to the onset of the hypertension. We used a decorticated in situ working heart–brainstem preparation of three groups of male Wistar rats, namely sham‐operated animals (SHAM, n = 7) and animals 3 weeks post‐2K1C, of which some were hypertensive (2K1C‐H, n = 6) and others normotensive (2K1C‐N, n = 9), as determined in vivo a priori. Perfusion pressure was higher in both 2K1C groups (2K1C‐H, 76 ± 1 mmHg; 2K1C‐N, 74 ± 3 mmHg; versus SHAM, 60 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05). The SNA was significantly elevated in both 2K1C groups (2K1C‐H, 47.7 ± 6.1 μV; 2K1C‐N, 32.8 ± 2.8 μV; versus SHAM, 20.5 ± 2.5 μV, P < 0.05) owing to its increased respiratory modulation; the chemoreflex was augmented and baroreflex depressed. Precollicular transection reduced SNA in all groups (2K1C‐H, −32.5 ± 7.5%; 2K1C‐NH, −48 ± 6.9%; versus SHAM, −13.2 ± 1%, P < 0.05). Subsequent medullary spinal cord transection abolished SNA in both SHAM and 2K1C‐N groups, but decreased it by only 57± 5.5% in 2K1C‐H preparations. Thus, SNA is raised before the onset of hypertension, by the third week after renal artery clipping, and this originates, in part, from its enhanced respiratory modulation. Spinal circuits contribute to the elevation of SNA in the 2K1C model, but only after hypertension has developed.