bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Onychoheterotopia Due to a Traumatically Transplanted Nail in a Child
Authors: Greywal Tanya , Maroñas‐Jiménez Lidia , Friedlander Sheila Fallon 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOnychoheterotopia is a rare condition characterized by ectopic nail tissue growth. It is a digital mass that is commonly misdiagnosed. We describe a 6‐year‐old girl who presented with onychoheterotopia after trauma to the digit. Her onychoheterotopia was incorrectly diagnosed as a common wart. It is important to include onychoheterotopia in the differential diagnosis of digital masses, especially in the setting of previous traumatic injury.
Administration of Oral Itraconazole Capsule with Whole Milk Shows Enhanced Efficacy As Supported by Scanning Electron Microscopy in a Child with Tinea Capitis Due to Microsporum canis
Authors: Chen Shuang , Ran Yuping , Dai Yalin , Lama Jebina , Hu Wenying , Zhang Chaoliang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough diagnosis and treatment of tinea capitis in children are not difficult, treatment failures are still somewhat common. We report a case of pediatric tinea capitis cured using oral itraconazole administered with whole milk, after prior treatment failure when oral itraconazole was administered with water. This apparent enhanced efficacy in one individual was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy.
Venue Effects: How State Policy Source Influences Policy Support
Authors: Gash Alison , Murakami Michael H. 
Published: October 2015

Does receiving information about a policy's source shape individual support for the policy? Is the public more supportive of policies issued by courts, legislatures, or citizens voting on a ballot initiative? Using a survey experiment, we find strong evidence that learning about a policy's source can affect support for the policy. Specifically, we find that state‐level policy sources influence both the degree and direction of influence on policy support. In general, when informed about a policy's source, survey participants are least likely to support the policy when it is judicially determined and instead prefer the policy when it is produced either through the legislature or by the voters. However, upon learning of the policy's source, self‐identified partisans and Independents differ significantly in their support for the policy.Related Articles

Grossmann, Matt. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 881‐904. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12102/abstract

Ertas, Nevbahar. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 426‐451. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12120/abstract

Rugeley, Cynthia R., and
John David Gerlach. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 444‐470. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00352.x/abstract
Related Media

Fox, Joe, and
James Nubile. (2012) “Question 1: The Battle for Same Sex Marriage in America.” http://www.q1-themovie.com/

Klink, Jack. 2013. “Rise above the Mark.” https://riseabovethemark.com/
Expression of mRNA Encoding the LH Receptor (LHR) and LHR Binding Protein in Granulosa Cells from Nelore (Bos indicus) Heifers Around Follicle Deviation
Authors: Ereno RL , Loureiro B , Castilho ACS , Machado MF , Pegorer MF , Satrapa RA , Nogueira MFG , Buratini J , Barros CM 
Published: October 2015

ContentsThe time at which follicles acquire LHR in bovine granulosa cells is the subject of some controversy among researchers. The main objective of the present study was to assess the mRNA expression of LHR and LRBP (mRNA protein binding), a post‐transcriptional suppressor of LHR mRNA expression, in granulosa cells from the two largest follicles around the expected time of follicle deviation in Nelore heifers. First, the interval between ovulation and follicle deviation in 20 Nelore heifers was determined (2.3 ± 0.2 days after ovulation). Ovulation was hormonally synchronized, and then, heifers were slaughtered on days 2, 2.5 and 3 after ovulation (before, during and after, respectively, the expected time of follicle deviation), and granulosa cells from the two largest follicles were collected. The mRNA abundance of an LHR fragment common to all isoforms (total LHR) and LRBP was assessed by real‐time RT‐PCR, and LHR alternative transcripts were assessed by semiquantitative RT‐PCR followed by electrophoresis. LHR mRNA expression was not detected before the expected time of deviation. Total LHR mRNA abundance was greater in the largest follicle and increased from day 2.5 to 3. In contrast, LRBP mRNA was detected starting on day 2 and was more expressed in the second largest follicle on days 2.5 and 3. The present data suggest that the expression of LHR mRNA in bovine granulosa cells is established after follicle deviation and that the lower abundance of LRBP mRNA after the expected time of deviation may contribute to greater expression of LHR in the bovine dominant follicle.
Oestrogen and Progesterone Receptors and COX‐2 Expression in Endometrial Biopsy Samples During Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Bianchi CP , Meikle A , Benavente MA , Álvarez MA , Trasorras VL , Miragaya MH , Rodríguez E , Aba MA 
Published: October 2015

ContentsEndometrial expression of oestrogen receptor‐α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and cyclooxigenase‐2 (COX‐2) was evaluated in non‐pregnant and pregnant llamas during the period when luteolysis/maternal recognition of pregnancy is expected to occur. Females (n = 28) were divided into two groups: non‐pregnant llamas were induced to ovulate with a Buserelin injection, and endometrial biopsies were obtained on day 8 (n = 5) or 12 (n = 5) post‐induction of ovulation. Animals of the pregnant group (n = 18) were mated with a fertile male. Pregnancy was confirmed by the visualization of the embryo collected by transcervical flushing in 5 of 9 animals on day 8 post‐mating and by progesterone profile on day 12 post‐mating in 4 of 9 animals, when endometrial biopsies were obtained. An immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate receptors population and COX‐2 expression. Pregnant llamas showed a higher percentage of positive cells and stronger intensity for ERα than for non‐pregnant llamas in stroma on day 8 and in the luminal epithelium on day 12 post‐induction of ovulation, while a deep decrease in endometrial PR population was reported in pregnant llamas on that day in luminal and glandular epithelia and stroma. In the luminal epithelium, COX‐2 expression was lower in pregnant than in non‐pregnant animals. Briefly, the increase of ERα in pregnant llamas gives further support to the hypothesis that oestrogens are involved in the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Endometrial PR decrease in pregnant llamas might be a necessary event to allow the expression of proteins involved in conceptus attachment, a mechanism widely accepted in other species. Moreover, embryo seems to attenuate maternal PGF2α secretion during early pregnancy by decreasing the endometrial expression of COX‐2 in the luminal epithelium of pregnant llamas.
Dysfunctional state institutions, trust, and governance in areas of limited statehood
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Risse Thomas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAreas of limited statehood where the state is absent or dysfunctional are rarely ungoverned or ungovernable spaces. The provision of rules and regulations, as well as of public goods and services – governance – does not necessarily depend on the existence of functioning state institutions. How can this be explained? To begin with, we identify functional equivalents to state institutions that fail to govern hierarchically. Moreover, we focus on informal institutions based on trust that are endogenous to areas of limited statehood. Personalized trust among community members enables actors to overcome collective action problems and enhances the legitimacy of governance actors. The main challenge in areas of limited statehood, which are often characterized by social heterogeneity and deep social and cultural cleavages (particularly in post‐conflict societies) is to move to generalized trust beyond the local level and to “imagined communities among strangers,” despite dysfunctional state institutions. We propose two mechanisms: First, the more group‐based identities are constructed in inclusive ways and the more group identities are cross‐cutting and overlapping, the more they lead to and maintain generalized trust. Second, experiences with fair and impartial institutions and governance practices – irrespective of whether state or non‐state – also lead to generalized trust beyond the local level and allow for the upscaling of governance.
The Roles of Innovators and Labor in a Schumpeterian Factor Endowments Based Model of Intra‐industry Trade
Authors: Sedgley Norman H. , Tan Kerry M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper builds a model of Schumpeterian innovation and trade that emphasizes endowments of innovators and labor as a key factor in determining the pattern of trade. The model suggests a strong complementarity between intra‐industry and inter‐industry trade. The pattern of inter‐industry vs intra‐industry trade is analyzed using the Grubel–Lloyd index. The theoretical model predicts that the prominence of intra‐industry trade is a nonlinear function of the ratio of the proportion of world knowledge domestically generated to the domestic share of the world labor supply. Strong empirical evidence for this key result is presented and implications are discussed.
Market Structure and the Environmental Implications of Trade Liberalization: Russia's Accession to the World Trade Organization
Authors: Böhringer Christoph , Rutherford Thomas F. , Tarr David G. , Turdyeva Natalia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe investigate the environmental impacts of Russia's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession with a computable general equilibrium model incorporating imperfectly competitive firms, foreign direct investment and endogenous productivity. WTO accession increases CO2 emissions through technique (−), composition (+) and scale (+) effects. We consider three complementary policies to limit CO2 emissions: cap and trade, emission intensity standards and energy efficiency standards. With imperfectly competitive firms, gains from WTO accession result with any of these policies. If we assume perfectly competitive market structures, the negative environmental impacts of WTO accession are smaller and no net gains arise when environmental regulation involves energy intensity or efficiency standards.
Comparison of Short‐Term Postoperative Analgesia by Epidural, Femoral Nerve Block, or Combination Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Block in Dogs Undergoing Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: McCally Ryan E. , Bukoski Alex , Branson Keith R. , Fox Derek B. , Cook James L. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo compare early postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing unilateral tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) that received bupivacaine via preoperative femoral nerve block (FNB), combination femoral‐sciatic nerve block (F+SNB), or lumbosacral epidural (EPI).Study DesignRandomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsForty‐five client‐owned dogs undergoing unilateral TPLO.MethodsDogs undergoing unilateral TPLO were enrolled and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: FNB, F+SNB, or EPI. Assessments were completed by an observer blinded to treatment at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after extubation using the Glasgow Composite Pain Score‐Short Form (GCPS‐SF). Dogs with a total score ≥6 or ≥3 in any category were given a rescue analgesic. Outcome measures analyzed for differences across treatments were the GCPS‐SF at each time point, time to first rescue analgesic, and total number of rescue analgesic doses per dog.ResultsThe GCPS‐SF score at extubation was significantly higher for FNB (median 3) compared to F+SNB (median 2). A significantly higher proportion of dogs receiving FNB (4/14) than F+SNB (0/17) required rescue analgesic at extubation. There was no significant difference in the proportion of dogs requiring rescue at extubation between FNB and EPI (2/14) or between F+SNB and EPI. There was no significant difference in the median time to first rescue between FNB (0 hours) and F+SNB (2 hours) or between F+SNB and EPI (1.5 hours).ConclusionIn dogs undergoing unilateral TPLO, bupivacaine administered via FNB, alone or in combination with sciatic nerve block, can provide short‐term postoperative analgesia not different to that with administration via lumbosacral epidural.
Regulation of B‐type natriuretic peptide synthesis by insulin in obesity in male mice
Authors: Zhang Haihua , Thoonen Robrecht , Yao Vincent , Buys Emmanuel S. , Popovich John , Su Yan Ru , Wang Thomas J. , Scherrer‐Crosbie Marielle 
Published: October 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The plasma concentration of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is decreased in obesity, a finding that may be deleterious from a cardiovascular, renal and metabolic standpoint. The present study used a mouse model of high‐fructose, high‐fat (HFHF) diet and isolated cardiomyocytes to investigate the mechanisms involved in this decrease.

What is the main finding and its importance?
The gene expression level of BNP is decreased in the left ventricle of mice fed a HFHF diet for 4 weeks and in cardiomyocytes exposed to prolonged high doses of insulin. A decrease in BNP synthesis may contribute to the decreased BNP plasma concentrations observed in obesity and insulin resistance.

Human studies suggest that insulin resistance and obesity are associated with a decrease in B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma concentrations. The objective of the study was to gain insights into the mechanisms involved in the association between insulin resistance and decreased BNP plasma concentrations. Mice fed a high‐fat, high‐fructose (HFHF) diet for 4 weeks developed mild obesity and systemic insulin resistance. Elevated plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose and triglycerides were noted. The HFHF diet was also associated with myocardial insulin resistance, characterized by an impaired response of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase–AKT (PI3K–AKT) pathway to insulin in the left ventricle. Myocardial BNP expression and protein were decreased in HFHF‐fed mice compared with control animals. Exposure of cardiomyocytes to 100 nm insulin activated PI3K–AKT signalling (15 min) and induced a 1.9 ± 0.3‐fold increase in BNP gene expression (6 h). Prolonged exposure of cardiomyocytes to a high insulin concentration (100 nm) for 48 h induced insulin resistance, characterized by an impaired response of the PI3K–AKT signalling pathway and a decreased response of the BNP gene expression to insulin. The decreased response in BNP gene expression was reproduced by treating cardiomyocytes for 7 h with a PI3‐kinase inhibitor (wortmannin). In conclusion, HFHF diet in vivo, prolonged exposure to an elevated concentration of insulin or inhibition of the PI3K–AKT pathway in vitro all decrease BNP mRNA levels; this decrease may in turn contribute to the decreased BNP peptide concentrations in plasma observed in insulin‐resistant individuals.
Norovirus Antigen Detection with a Combination of Monoclonal and Single-Chain Antibodies
Authors: Kou Baijun , Huang Wanzhi , Neill Frederick H. , Palzkill Timothy , Estes Mary K. , Atmar Robert L. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
The performance of a norovirus antigen detection assay was assessed using monoclonal antibody NV23 and single-chain antibody HJT-R3-A9 to identify both virus-like particles and virus-containing fecal samples. The detection of 25 different norovirus genotypes as recombinant virus-like particles or in clinical samples was dependent on virus or antigen concentration.
Tropheryma whipplei, a Potential Commensal Detected in Individuals Undergoing Routine Colonoscopy
Authors: Grasman M. E. , Pettersson A. M. , Catsburg A. , Koek A. G. , van Bodegraven A. A. , Savelkoul P. H. M. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Mucosal biopsy samples from individuals not suspected of having Whipple's disease were tested for the presence of
Tropheryma whipplei
. A sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay targeting a sequence present seven times in the
T. whipplei
genome was used.
T. whipplei
DNA was detected in 2.0 and 3.8% of the patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy, respectively, who were tested.
Distinct Escape Pathway by Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1a from a Dominant CD8
+
T Cell Response by Selection of Altered Epitope Processing
Authors: Walker Andreas , Skibbe Kathrin , Steinmann Eike , Pfaender Stephanie , Kuntzen Thomas , Megger Dominik A. , Groten Svenja , Sitek Barbara , Lauer Georg M. , Kim Arthur Y. , Pietschmann Thomas , Allen Todd M. , Timm Joerg 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Antiviral CD8
+
T cells are a key component of the adaptive immune response against HCV, but their impact on viral control is influenced by preexisting viral variants in important target epitopes and the development of viral escape mutations. Immunodominant epitopes highly conserved across genotypes therefore are attractive for T cell based prophylactic vaccines. Here, we characterized the CD8
+
T cell response against the highly conserved HLA-B*51-restricted epitope IPFYGKAI
1373–1380
located in the helicase domain of NS3 in people who inject drugs (PWID) exposed predominantly to HCV genotypes 1a and 3a. Despite this epitope being conserved in both genotypes, the corresponding CD8
+
T cell response was detected only in PWID infected with genotype 3a and HCV-RNA negative PWID, but not in PWID infected with genotype 1a. In genotype 3a, the detection of strong CD8
+
T cell responses was associated with epitope variants in the autologous virus consistent with immune escape. Analysis of viral sequences from multiple cohorts confirmed HLA-B*51-associated escape mutations inside the epitope in genotype 3a, but not in genotype 1a. Here, a distinct substitution in the N-terminal flanking region located 5 residues upstream of the epitope (S1368P;
P
= 0.00002) was selected in HLA-B*51-positive individuals. Functional assays revealed that the S1368P substitution impaired recognition of target cells presenting the endogenously processed epitope. The results highlight that, despite an epitope being highly conserved between two genotypes, there are major differences in the selected viral escape pathways and the corresponding T cell responses.

IMPORTANCE
HCV is able to evolutionary adapt to CD8
+
T cell immune pressure in multiple ways. Beyond selection of mutations inside targeted epitopes, this study demonstrates that HCV inhibits epitope processing by modification of the epitope flanking region under T cell immune pressure. Selection of a substitution five amino acids upstream of the epitope underlines that efficient antigen presentation strongly depends on its larger sequence context and that blocking of the multistep process of antigen processing by mutation is exploited also by HCV. The pathways to mutational escape of HCV are to some extent predictable but are distinct in different genotypes. Importantly, the selected escape pathway of HCV may have consequences for the destiny of antigen-specific CD8
+
T cells.
The ownership and clinical use of smartphones by doctors and nurses in the UK: a multicentre survey study
Authors: Mobasheri Mohammad H , King Dominic , Johnston Maximilian , Gautama Sanjay , Purkayastha Sanjay , Darzi Ara 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundMuch interest has arisen around the use of smartphones, tablet devices and related apps in the healthcare context. It has been suggested that increasing numbers of healthcare professionals are using these technologies in the workplace. We have performed an up-to-date UK-based, multicentre, cross-sectional survey study exploring the ownership rates and uses of these technologies among doctors and nurses, specifically focusing on the clinical environment.MethodsAfter initial piloting, all doctors (n=2107) and nurses (n=4069) at 5 hospital sites were invited to complete a 36-item (nurses) or 38-item (doctors) survey. Exploratory descriptive statistics were calculated and the χ2test was used to compare differences in categorical data between groups. Statistical significance was taken at a level of p<0.05.Results98.9% of doctors and 95.1% of nurses owned a smartphone, while 73.5% and 64.7% owned a tablet device, respectively. Also, 92.6% of the doctors and 53.2% of nurses found their smartphone to be ‘very useful’ or ‘useful’ in helping them to perform their clinical duties, while 89.6% of doctors and 67.1% of nurses owning medical apps were using these as part of their clinical practice. Doctors and nurses were using short-message-script messaging (64.7% and 13.8%, respectively), app-based messaging (33.1% and 5.7%), and picture messaging (46.0% and 7.4%) (p=0.0001 for all modalities) to send patient-related clinical information to their colleagues. Therefore, 71.6% of doctors and 37.2% of nurses wanted a secure means of sending such information.ConclusionsCompared to earlier studies, we have demonstrated much higher smartphone ownership among doctors and nurses, who perceive these devices to be useful when performing their clinical duties. Large numbers of staff are sending patient related clinical information using smartphone messaging modalities. Care must be taken by doctors and nurses to ensure that no identifiable patient data is transmitted in this way, and healthcare organisations must develop strategies and policies to support the safe and secure use of these technologies by front-line staff.
Preoperative single-dose methylprednisolone versus placebo after major liver resection in adults: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bressan Alexsander K , Roberts Derek J , Bhatti Sana U , Dixon Elijah , Sutherland Francis R , Bathe Oliver F , Ball Chad G 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionAlthough randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that preoperative glucocorticoids may improve postoperative surrogate outcomes among patients undergoing major liver resection, evidence supporting improved patient-important outcomes is lacking. This superiority trial aims to evaluate the effect of administration of a bolus of the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone versus placebo during induction of anaesthesia on postoperative morbidity among adults undergoing elective major liver resection.Methods and analysisThis will be a randomised, dual-arm, parallel-group, superiority trial. All consecutive adults presenting to a large Canadian tertiary care hospital who consent to undergo major liver resection will be included. Patients aged <18 years and those currently receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy will be excluded. We will randomly allocate participants to a preoperative 500 mg intravenous bolus of methylprednisolone versus placebo. Surgical team members and outcome assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation status. The primary outcome measure will be postoperative complications. Secondary outcome measures will include mortality, the incidence of several specific postoperative complications, and blood levels of select proinflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and laboratory liver enzymes or function tests on postoperative days 0, 1, 2 and 5. The incidence of postoperative complications and mortality will be compared using Fisher's exact test, while the above laboratory measures will be compared using mixed-effects models with a subject-specific random intercept.Ethics and disseminationThis trial will evaluate the protective effect of a single preoperative dose of methylprednisolone on the hazard of postoperative complications. A report releasing study results will be submitted for publication in an appropriate journal, approximately 3 months after finishing the data collection.Trial registration numberNCT01997658; Pre-results.