bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life
Authors: Thompson Amanda L. , Lampl Michelle 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesHuman biologists have documented variability in reproductive maturation, fertility, and cancer risk related to developmental conditions. Yet no previous studies have directly examined the impact of prenatal and postnatal energetic environments on sex steroids in infancy, a critical period for hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis development. Thus, we examined the impact of maternal characteristics, birth size, and feeding practices on fecal sex steroid production in a longitudinal sample of 31 American infants followed from 2 weeks to 12 months of age.MethodsMaternal characteristics and birth size were collected at study enrollment, infant diet was assessed through weekly 24‐h food diaries, and anthropometrics were measured weekly. Fecal estradiol and testosterone levels were assessed weekly using validated microassay RIA techniques. Mixed models were used to test for associations between maternal and birth characteristics, feeding practices, and sex steroids across the first year of life. Formal mediation analysis examined whether the relationship between infant feeding and hormone levels was mediated by infant size.ResultsMaternal and birth characteristics had persistent effects on fecal sex steroid levels, with taller maternal height and larger birth size associated with lower estradiol levels in girls and higher testosterone levels in boys. Infant diet was also associated with sex steroid levels independently of infant size. Formula feeding was associated with higher estradiol levels in boys and girls and with higher testosterone in girls.ConclusionThese results suggest that markers of early energy availability influence sex hormone levels with potential long‐term consequences for reproductive development and function. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 25:643–654, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The developmental origins of chronic rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Eriksson Johan G. , Kajantie Eero , Phillips David I.W. , Osmond Clive , Thornburg Kent L. , Barker David J.P. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesProgramming is the phenomenon whereby the body's structures and functions are permanently set by nutrition and other influences during early development. There is increasing evidence that programming in utero initiates cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that susceptibility to developing chronic rheumatic heart disease on exposure to Streptococcus pyogenes is programmed.MethodsWe studied hospital admissions and deaths from chronic rheumatic heart disease in 20,431 people born in Helsinki, Finland, during 1924–1944. One hundred and one people, 56 men, and 45 women, had chronic rheumatic heart disease.ResultsThe disease was not associated with body or placental size at birth. It was, however, associated with a long umbilical cord so that the hazard ratio for the disease was 1.23 (95% CI 1.04–1.45, P = 0.02) for every 10 cm increase in cord length. This association was present in people with mitral valve disease, hazard ratio 1.5 (1.20–1.89, P < 0.0001), but not in people with aortic valve disease, hazard ratio 1.0 (0.76–1.33, P = 0.97). Growing up in large households increased the risk of rheumatic heart disease.ConclusionLonger umbilical cords have more spirals and a greater density of spirals per unit of length. Increased spiraling will increase the resistance to flow and the pressure load on the fetal heart. This could affect the development of the heart's valves and make them more vulnerable to the autoimmune process initiated by Streptococcus pyogenes. The mitral valve may be more vulnerable than the aortic valve because the valve leaflets are larger and therefore have greater wall stress. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 25:655–658, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritional status of Maya children, their mothers, and their grandmothers residing in the City of Merida, Mexico: Revisiting the leg‐length hypothesis
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Varela‐Silva Maria Inês , Rodriguez Luis , Bogin Barry , Dickinson Federico 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that leg length‐relative‐to‐stature is a more sensitive indicator of nutrition and health than is total height (HT) or sitting height (SH) in a sample of 109 triads of urban Maya children (6.0–8.99 years), their mothers, and maternal grandmothers from Merida, Mexico.MethodsFrom September 2011 to June 2012, the following factors were obtained from all participants: (1) HT, SH, and leg length (LL); (2) the sitting height ratio (SHR = [SH × 100]/HT), relative leg length index (RLLI = [LL × 100]/height), and percentiles and z‐scores of HT, SH, and LL were calculated; and (3) the percentages of stunting for children or very short ZHT for the adults, short ZSH, and short ZLL: HT‐for‐age, SH‐for‐age, or LL‐for‐age below the 5th percentile of the reference were calculated. Correlations were performed to examine the association between z‐scores of HT, SH, and LL among three generations.ResultsStunting in children was 11% (short ZLL = 29%, short ZSH = 7%). Short ZHT was present in 71% of mothers (short ZLL = 54%, short ZSH = 50%) and 90% of grandmothers (short ZLL = 69%, short ZSH = 83%). Significant correlations in ZHT, ZSH, and ZLL were found in mother‐to‐child and grandmother‐to‐mother, with the strongest correlations for ZLL.ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis for children and mothers. Based on ZLL, there is evidence that childhood and nutrition have improved somewhat for each younger generation. Persistent environmental adversity during growth resulted in growth deficits for LL and SH for the mothers and grandmothers. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 25:659–665, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measured maximal heart rates compared to commonly used age‐based prediction equations in the heritage family study
Authors: Sarzynski M.A. , Rankinen T. , Earnest C.P. , Leon A.S. , Rao D.C. , Skinner J.S. , Bouchard C. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine how well two commonly used age‐based prediction equations for maximal heart rate (HRmax) estimate the actual HRmax measured in Black and White adults from the HERITAGE Family Study.MethodsA total of 762 sedentary subjects (39% Black, 57% Females) from HERITAGE were included. HRmax was measured during maximal exercise tests using cycle ergometers. Age‐based HRmax was predicted using the Fox (220‐age) and Tanaka (208 – 0.7 × age) formulas.ResultsThe standard error of estimate (SEE) of predicted HRmax was 12.4 and 11.4 bpm for the Fox and Tanaka formulas, respectively, indicating a wide‐spread of measured‐HRmax values are compared to their age‐predicted values. The SEE (shown as Fox/Tanaka) was higher in Blacks (14.4/13.1 bpm) and Males (12.6/11.7 bpm) compared to Whites (11.0/10.2 bpm) and Females (12.3/11.2 bpm) for both formulas. The SEE was higher in subjects above the BMI median (12.8/11.9 bpm) and below the fitness median (13.4/12.4 bpm) when compared to those below the BMI median (12.2/11.0 bpm) and above the fitness median (11.4/10.3) for both formulas.ConclusionOur findings show that based on the SEE, the prevailing age‐based estimated HRmax equations do not precisely predict an individual's measured‐HRmax. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 25:695–701, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary Amines as Lewis Bases in Nitroalkene Activation
Authors: Yan Wuming , Shi Xiaodong , Zhong Cheng 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSecondary amines, the well‐known enamine and iminium catalysts, can also be used as Lewis bases for the activation of electron‐deficient olefins. In this Focus Review, a series of systematic studies from the last five years on activation of nitroolefins with secondary amines as Lewis bases that give different multicomponent condensation products are described. Asymmetric syntheses of heterocycles based on this strategy are also presented.
Recent Advances in the Use of Chiral Brønsted Acids as Cooperative Catalysts in Cascade and Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Lv Fengping , Liu Shunying , Hu Wenhao 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn recent years, chiral Brønsted acid catalysts have been widely used in numerous enantioselective carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond‐forming reactions. Cascade/domino reactions and multicomponent reactions provide highly efficient, operationally simple, and atom‐economical approaches to the synthesis of polyfunctional complex molecules that are useful for modern organic chemistry and drug discovery. The control of stereoselectivity in these reactions remains a great challenge. Chiral Brønsted acid catalysts were rationally introduced as bifunctional catalysts to achieve synergetic catalysis for well‐controlled stereoselectivity. The synergy between chiral Brønsted acid catalysts and other compatible catalysts provides additional avenues for the discovery of novel organic transformations and improves reaction selectivity as well. In this Focus Review, recent advances in the uses of chiral Brønsted acids as cooperative catalysts in asymmetric cascade/multicomponent reactions are summarized.
Variability in the developmental life history of the genusGorilla
Authors: Stoinski Tara S. , Perdue Bonnie , Breuer Thomas , Hoff Michael P. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTLife history is influenced by factors both intrinsic (e.g., body and relative brain size) and extrinsic (e.g., diet, environmental instability) to organisms. In this study, we examine the prediction that energetic risk influences the life history of gorillas. Recent comparisons suggest that the more frugivorous western lowland gorilla shows increased infant dependence, and thus a slower life history, than the primarily folivorous mountain gorilla to buffer against the risk of starvation during periods of food unpredictability. We further tested this hypothesis by incorporating additional life history data from wild western lowland gorillas and captive western lowland gorillas with the assumption that the latter live under ecological conditions of energetic risk that more closely resemble those of mountain gorillas and thus should show faster life histories than wild members of the species. Overall, we found captive western lowland and wild mountain gorillas to have faster developmental life histories than wild western lowland gorillas, weaning their infants approximately a year earlier and thus reducing interbirth intervals by a year. These results provide support that energetic risk plays an important role in determining gorilla life history. Unlike previous assertions, gorillas do not have substantially faster life histories, at least at the genus level, than other great apes. This calls for a re‐evaluation of theories concerning comparative ape life history and evolution and highlights the need for data from additional populations that vary in energetic risk. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:165–172, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and patterning of maxillary premolar accessory ridges (MxPARs) in several human populations
Authors: Mihailidis Suzanna , Scriven Graham , Khamis Mohd , Townsend Grant 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTWe present new data on the prevalence and patterning of the maxillary premolar accessory ridge (MxPAR), a common but understudied morphological dental trait that is expressed as a linear elevation extending from the buccal cusp ridge to the medial sulcus of maxillary premolar teeth. A total of 579 sets of dental casts, representing six ethnic groups, were scored using the five‐grade system proposed by Burnett et al. (2010). The frequency and distribution of the MxPAR were determined by tooth type, sex, side, locus and ethnicity, and the applicability of the scoring system was assessed. The MxPAR was found in approximately two‐thirds of premolar teeth, more often on second than first premolars, and more often on the distal aspect of the occlusal surface than the mesial. There was some evidence that more pronounced forms of the feature occurred more often in males than females, and that there may be some directionality in its expression between sides. Variation was also noted in the frequency of occurrence and degree of expression of the MxPAR between ethnic groups. Intra‐ and inter‐observer concordance rates for scoring the MxPAR were low, confirming that it was difficult to score the trait identically on two different occasions. Our findings have clarified the distribution of the MxPAR within the dentition and between ethnic groups, and highlighted the need for researchers to carry out thorough replicability studies and to decide on an appropriate breakpoint for determining presence or absence of this feature before embarking on genetic studies or bio‐distance analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:19–30, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dental wear and cultural behavior in Middle Paleolithic humans from the Near East
Authors: Fiorenza Luca , Kullmer Ottmar 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTNeanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMHs) may have lived in close proximity in the Near East region during Middle Paleolithic times. Although functional morphological analyses suggest a marked behavioral contrast between these two human groups, new dental micro‐ and macro‐wear studies, together with new archaeological data, have revealed some similarities in ecology and dietary habits. In this study, we analyze the tooth wear patterns of Neanderthals and AMH from Middle Paleolithic sites of Israel and Northern Iraq, using the Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis (OFA) method to virtually reconstruct the jaw movements responsible for the creation of the occlusal wear areas. We particularly focus on para‐facets, a distinctive type of wear which has been previously described in the dentition of historic and modern hunter‐gatherers. The analysis reveals a similarity in para‐facet frequency between early Near Eastern Neanderthals and AMH, and a significant difference with other Pleistocene human groups. The absence of antagonist occlusal contacts in the lower teeth and the occlusal compass analysis suggest that para‐facet formation is not related to normal mastication but to nonmasticatory activities. Thus, the identification of these nonmasticatory wear areas on the molars of early Near Eastern Neanderthals and AMH may indicate analogous tooth‐tool uses for daily task activities. These may have emerged independently or could be interpreted as indirect evidence of cultural interactions between these two groups. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:107–117, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eteplirsen for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Mendell Jerry R. , Rodino‐Klapac Louise R. , Sahenk Zarife , Roush Kandice , Bird Loren , Lowes Linda P. , Alfano Lindsay , Gomez Ann Maria , Lewis Sarah , Kota Janaiah , Malik Vinod , Shontz Kim , Walker Christopher M. , Flanigan Kevin M. , Corridore Marco , Kean John R. , Allen Hugh D. , Shilling Chris , Melia Kathleen R. , Sazani Peter , Saoud Jay B. , Kaye Edward M. ,   the Eteplirsen Study Group
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveIn prior open‐label studies, eteplirsen, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer, enabled dystrophin production in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with genetic mutations amenable to skipping exon 51. The present study used a double‐blind placebo‐controlled protocol to test eteplirsen's ability to induce dystrophin production and improve distance walked on the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT).MethodsDMD boys aged 7 to 13 years, with confirmed deletions correctable by skipping exon 51 and ability to walk 200 to 400 m on 6 MWT, were randomized to weekly intravenous infusions of 30 or 50 mg/kg/wk eteplirsen or placebo for 24 weeks (n = 4/group). Placebo patients switched to 30 or 50 mg/kg eteplirsen (n = 2/group) at week 25; treatment was open label thereafter. All patients had muscle biopsies at baseline and week 48. Efficacy included dystrophin‐positive fibers and distance walked on the 6MWT.ResultsAt week 24, the 30 mg/kg eteplirsen patients were biopsied, and percentage of dystrophin‐positive fibers was increased to 23% of normal; no increases were detected in placebo‐treated patients (p ≤ 0.002). Even greater increases occurred at week 48 (52% and 43% in the 30 and 50 mg/kg cohorts, respectively), suggesting that dystrophin increases with longer treatment. Restoration of functional dystrophin was confirmed by detection of sarcoglycans and neuronal nitric oxide synthase at the sarcolemma. Ambulation‐evaluable eteplirsen‐treated patients experienced a 67.3 m benefit compared to placebo/delayed patients (p ≤ 0.001).InterpretationEteplirsen restored dystrophin in the 30 and 50 mg/kg/wk cohorts, and in subsequently treated, placebo‐controlled subjects. Duration, more than dose, accounted for dystrophin production, also resulting in ambulation stability. No severe adverse events were encountered. Ann Neurol 2013;74:637–647
Synthesis and swelling behaviors of semi‐IPNs superabsorbent resin based on chicken feather protein
Authors: Li Qian , Liu Jia , Su Yuan , Yue Qinyan , Gao Baoyu 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTA novel chicken feather protein‐g‐poly (potassium acrylate)/polyvinyl alcohol (CFP‐g‐PKA/PVA) semi‐IPNs superabsorbent resin (SAR) based on feather protein, acrylic acid (AA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was synthesized by graft copolymerization and semi‐interpenetrating technology. The results from FTIR, SEM, and TGA analysis showed that both CFP and PVA reacted with PKA during the polymerization process. The effects of AA, PVA, initiator and crosslinker content on water absorbency of semi‐IPNs SAR were studied. The swelling behavior in various pHs and saline solutions were also investigated. The water absorbency of SAR reached the maximum at pH = 6. The effect of the five cations on swelling had the following order: Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+. The highest water absorbency in distilled water and 0.9 wt % NaCl solutions were 714.22 and 70.08 g g−1, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39748.
Current densities and total contact currents associated with 400 kV power line tasks
Authors: Korpinen Leena , Kuisti Harri , Elovaara Jarmo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze all current values from measured periods while performing tasks on 400 kV power lines. Our aim was also to study the average current densities and average total contact currents caused by electric fields in 400 kV power line tasks. Two workers simulated the following tasks: (A) climbing up a portal tower, (B) climbing up a portal transposing tower, (C) working on the cross‐arm of a portal tower, (D) climbing up a portal tube tower, (E) climbing up a Tannenbaum tower on the side of the energized circuit with the other circuit unenergized, (F) climbing up a Tannenbaum tower with both circuits energized, and (G) climbing up a Donau tower. The highest average current density in the neck was 2.5 mA/m2 (calculated internal electric field 31.5–63.0 mV/m), and the highest average of the contact currents was 240.0 µA. All measured values at 400 kV towers were lower than the limit value of 10 mA/m2 in the first version of Directive 2004/40/EC and the basic restrictions (0.1 and 0.8 V/m) of the International Commission on Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection. Bioelectromagnetics 34:641–644, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isoxanthohumol modulates angiogenesis and inflammation via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappa B pathways
Authors: Negrão Rita , Duarte Delfim , Costa Raquel , Soares Raquel 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAngiogenesis and inflammation are becoming distinguished players in the pathogenesis of many heterogeneous diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to study new compounds that are able to modulate these events. Isoxanthohumol (IXN) is a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IXN on blood vessel proliferation and maturation and describe underlying molecular mechanisms in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Angiogenic profile of IXN was analyzed by retinal angiogenesis at different time points. IXN modulation of angiogenic and inflammatory signaling pathways was evaluated by Western blotting on EC and VSMC cultures. IXN inhibited by 20% sprouting angiogenesis and decreased vascular coverage by mural cells up to 39%. IXN of 10 µM also decreased inflammatory signals, namely tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) (26 and 40%) and factor nuclear kappa B (24 and 42%) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Angiogenic regulators, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (HUVEC, 55%), angiopoietins 1 (HUVEC, 39%; HASMC, 35%), angiopoietin 2 (HUVEC, 38%), and Tie2 (HUVEC, 56%) were also inhibited by 10 µM of IXN treatments. Akt activation was reduced by 47% in HUVEC‐treated cells and Erk activation was also reduced by 52 and 69% upon IXN treatment of HUVEC and HASMC. IXN seems to regulatein vivovascular proliferation and stabilization and the EC–VSMC–inflammatory crosstalk, leaving this molecule as an interesting nutritional player for angiogenesis and inflammation‐related diseases. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(6):608–622, 2013
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Solid Solutions Based on Layered Honeycomb‐Ordered Phases P2—Na2M2TeO6 (M: Co, Ni, Zn).
Authors: Berthelot Romain , Schmidt Whitney , Sleight A. W. , Subramanian M. A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSolid solutions Na2Ni2‐xZnxTeO6, Na2Ni2‐xCoxTeO6, and Na2Co2‐xZnxTeO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) are prepared by solid state reaction of appropriate mixtures of Na2CO3, NiO, Co3O4, ZnO, and TeO2 (Au crucible, 900 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Strong Blue and White Photoluminescence Emission of BaZrO3 Undoped and Lanthanide Doped Phosphor for Light Emitting Diodes Application.
Authors: Romero V. H. , De la Rosa E. , Salas P. , Velazquez‐Salazar J. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPerovskite BaZrO3:Tm3+ submicron crystals are prepared from aqueous mixtures of Ba(NO3)2 and ZrCl2 as host precursors, TmCl3 as dopant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, EtOH, and NaOH (autoclave, 100 °C, 24 h; annealing in air at 1000 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Extending the Family of Oxygen Ion Conductors Isostructural with La2Mo3O9.
Authors: Voronkova V. I. , Kharitonova E. P. , Orlova E. I. , Belov D. A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractX‐ray diffraction shows that compounds isostructural with the oxygen ion conductor La2Mo2O9 exist in the ternary systems La2Mo2O9—Nd2W2 O9—Nd2Mo2O9 and La2Mo2O9—Pr2W2 O9—Pr2Mo2O9 over wide single‐phase regions.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Tetradentate μ‐1ϰ2:2ϰ2‐Sn2Se6 Ligand to a Lanthanide(III) Center: Solvothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Lanthanide Selenidostannate Polymers with Tetraethylenepentamine as a Second Ligand.
Authors: Tang Weiwei , Chen Ruihong , Jiang Wenqing , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCompounds (IV) and (VIII) crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi6(SeO3)3O5Br2: A New Bismuth Oxo‐Selenite Bromide.
Authors: Berdonosov Peter S. , Olenev Andrei V. , Kirsanova Maria A. , Lebed Julia B. , Dolgikh Valery A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe title compound is synthesized by reaction of BiOBr, Bi2O3 and SeO2 (sealed quartz tube, 475 °C, 60 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Alkyl‐β‐ketoesters: Asymmetric Roskamp Reaction Catalyzed by an Oxazaborolidinium Ion.
Authors: Gao Lizhu , Kang Byung Chul , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Ryu Do Hyun 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA catalytic route toward chiral α‐alkyl‐β‐ketoesters using the title reaction of α‐alkyl diazoester with aldehydes is developed.