bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability, return periods, and risk under nonstationarity
Authors: Read Laura K. , Vogel Richard M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWater resources design has widely used the average return period as a concept to inform management and communication of the risk of experiencing an exceedance event within a planning horizon. Even though nonstationarity is often apparent, in practice hydrologic design often mistakenly assumes that the probability of exceedance, p, is constant from year to year which leads to an average return period To equal to 1/p; this expression is far more complex under nonstationarity. Even for stationary processes, the common application of an average return period is problematic: it does not account for planning horizon, is an average value that may not be representative of the time to the next flood, and is generally not applied in other areas of water planning. We combine existing theoretical and empirical results from the literature to provide the first general, comprehensive description of the probabilistic behavior of the return period and reliability under nonstationarity. We show that under nonstationarity, the underlying distribution of the return period exhibits a more complex shape than the exponential distribution under stationary conditions. Using a nonstationary lognormal model, we document the increased complexity and challenges associated with planning for future flood events over a planning horizon. We compare application of the average return period with the more common concept of reliability and recommend replacing the average return period with reliability as a more practical way to communicate event likelihood in both stationary and nonstationary contexts.
Integrating social and physical sciences in water management
Authors: Lund Jay R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWater management has always required more than physical science. This paper reviews the accomplishments of integrating social with physical sciences for water management in the last 50 years. Particular successes are highlighted to illustrate how fundamentals from both physical science and social science have been brought together to improve the performance of water management systems. Some forward‐looking lessons for managing practical and academic interdisciplinary research for water management are also provided.
Charting unknown waters—On the role of surprise in flood risk assessment and management
Authors: Merz B. , Vorogushyn S. , Lall U. , Viglione A. , Blöschl G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUnexpected incidents, failures, and disasters are abundant in the history of flooding events. In this paper, we introduce the metaphors of terra incognita and terra maligna to illustrate unknown and wicked flood situations, respectively. We argue that surprise is a neglected element in flood risk assessment and management. Two sources of surprise are identified: (1) the complexity of flood risk systems, represented by nonlinearities, interdependencies, and nonstationarities and (2) cognitive biases in human perception and decision making. Flood risk assessment and management are particularly prone to cognitive biases due to the rarity and uniqueness of extremes, and the nature of human risk perception. We reflect on possible approaches to better understanding and reducing the potential for surprise and its adverse consequences which may be supported by conceptually charting maps that separate terra incognita from terra cognita, and terra maligna from terra benigna. We conclude that flood risk assessment and management should account for the potential for surprise and devastating consequences which will require a shift in thinking.
Use of Decision Support for Improved Knowledge, Values Clarification, and Informed Choice in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fraenkel Liana , Matzko Cynthia K. , Webb Debra E. , Oppermann Brian , Charpentier Peter , Peters Ellen , Reyna Valerie , Newman Eric D. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo examine the potential value of a theory‐based, interactive decision support tool in clinical practice for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are candidates for biologic agents.MethodsWe conducted an 8‐week, 2‐arm, parallel, single‐blind pilot trial in which candidates for treatment escalation with a biologic agent were randomized to receive either a link to a web‐based tool or usual care. Outcomes included changes in objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, values clarification, and satisfaction with risk communication as well as the proportion of subjects defined as making an informed choice to escalate care at 2 weeks.ResultsA total of 125 subjects were randomized. Significant between‐group differences at 2 weeks favoring the intervention group were seen for changes in objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, and values clarification. No significant between‐group differences were found in subjects’ satisfaction with risk communication. Among those deciding to escalate care, a greater percentage met the criteria for an informed choice at 2 weeks in the intervention group compared to the control group (32% versus 13%; P = 0.02). Improvements in subjective knowledge and values clarification persisted at 8 weeks. There were no between‐group differences in objective knowledge at 8 weeks.ConclusionIn this study, use of a decision support tool at the time of decision‐making resulted in improved objective and subjective knowledge, as well as values clarity, compared to usual care. Not all improvements were sustained, emphasizing the need to offer educational support should additional escalation of care be required over the course of the illness.
Fabrication of polyvinyl chloride based nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane: investigation of SDS/Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration and solvent ratio effects
Authors: Bagheripour E. , Moghadassi A. R. , Hosseini S. M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the current research polyvinylchloride‐based nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes were prepared by using of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as additive, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles as inorganic filler and dimethylacetamide (DMAC)/tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvents via phase inversion method. The effect of solvents ratio (DMAC to THF), SDS concentration and Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration in the casting solution on membrane physico‐chemical properties was studied. The flux, selectivity and water content measurements and also scanning electron microscope analysis were carried out for the membrane characterization. The increase of THF concentration in the casting solution led to decrease of membrane flux and increase of salt rejection. Additionally, flux was reduced, and rejection was enhanced by utilizing of SDS in the casting solution significantly. Furthermore, membrane flux was improved initially and then declined by increase of Al2O3 nanoparticle content ratio in membrane matrix. This was followed by nearly constant trend of rejection by increase of nanoparticle concentration. The optimum concentrations of used SDS and Al2O3 nanoparticles and solvent (DMAC:THF) ratio were found 0.45 %wt, 0.05 %wt and (85:15) (V/V) respectively. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of graphene oxide on the behavior of poly(amide‐6‐b‐ethylene oxide)/graphene oxide mixed‐matrix membranes in the permeation process
Authors: Zhao Dan , Ren Jizhong , Qiu Yongtao , Li Hui , Hua Kaisheng , Li Xinxue , Deng Maicun 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTPolyether‐block‐amide (Pebax)/graphene oxide (GO) mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared with a solution casting method, and their gas‐separation performance and mechanical properties were investigated. Compared with the pristine Pebax membrane, the crystallinity of the Pebax/GO MMMs showed a little increase. The incorporation of GO induced an increase in the elastic modulus, whereas the strain at break and tensile strength decreased. The apparent activation energies (Ep) of CO2, N2, H2, and CH4 permeation through the Pebax/GO MMMs increased because of the greater difficulty of polymer chain rotation. The Ep value of CO2 changed from 16.5 kJ/mol of the pristine Pebax to 23.7 kJ/mol of the Pebax/GO MMMs with 3.85 vol % GO. Because of the impermeable nature of GO, the gas permeabilities of the Pebax/GO MMMs decreased remarkably with increasing GO content, in particular for the larger gases. The CO2 permeability of the Pebax/GO MMMs with 3.85 vol % GO decreased by about 70% of that of the pristine Pebax membrane. Rather than the Maxwell model, the permeation properties of the Pebax/GO MMMs could be described successfully with the Lape model, which considered the influence of the geometrical shape and arrangement pattern of GO on the gas transport. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42624.
Electrochemical behavior of multifunctional graphene–polyimide nanocomposite film in two different electrolyte solutions
Authors: Okafor Patricia Azuka , Huxel Brenton , Iroh Jude O. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe effect of solvent on specific capacitance, bulk resistance, and charge/discharge capacity of graphene/polyimide composite films is studied by electrochemical methods. Composite films are synthesized by in situ condensation polymerization of poly (amic acid) in the presence of 50 wt % partly exfoliated graphene sheets followed by thermal curing at 250°C. Raman spectrum of the exfoliated graphene sheets show an increase in the ratio of ID to IG peak intensities from 0.167 to 0.222, suggesting increased defects in graphene basal planes. Electrochemical measurements carried out by using 0.4M potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) dissolved in propylene carbonate and N‐methylpyrrolidone at 25°C show that the composite system exhibits both pseudocapacitance and supercapacitance behaviors, with an average capacitance of 40 and 36.5 F g−1, respectively. Bulk resistance of the composite obtained by using KPF6–propylene carbonate electrolyte solution is 300% lower than that obtained in KPF6–N‐methylpyrrolidone solution, with a fairly stable specific capacity of 85 μAhr g−1, with 80% retention observed after 30 charge–discharge cycles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements show shifts in the cyclic imide carbonyl peak from 1778 to 1774 cm−1, which suggests that some form of interaction exists between the graphene and polyimide. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42673.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Tin–Iron–Carbon Nanocomposite as the Anode of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xu , Zhang Rongyu , Bie Xiaofei , Wang Chunzhong , Li Malin , Chen Nan , Wei Yingjin , Chen Gang , Du Fei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTin–iron–carbon nanocomposite is successfully prepared by a sol–gel method followed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with acetylene gas as the carbon source. The structural properties, morphology, and electrochemical performances of the nanocomposite are comprehensively studied in comparison with those properties of tin–carbon and iron–carbon nanocomposites. Sheet‐like carbon architecture and different carbon contents are induced thanks to the catalytic effect of iron during CVD. Among three nanocomposites, tin–iron–carbon demonstrates the highest reversible capacity of 800 mA h g−1 with 96.9 % capacity retention after 50 cycles. It also exhibits the best rate capability with a discharge capacity of 420 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1. This enhanced performance is strongly related to the carbon morphology and content, which can not only accommodate the large volume change, but also improve the electronic conductivity of the nanocomposite. Hence, the tin–iron–carbon nanocomposite is expected to be a promising anode for lithium‐ion batteries.
A Direct, Concise, and Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 4,4,4‐Trifluorobutane‐1,3‐diols Based on the Organocatalytic In Situ Generation of Unstable Trifluoroacetaldehyde
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Furuno Yudai , Yano Yosuke , Sakaida Yuta , Kubota Yasuhiro , Matsui Masaki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA direct, concise, and enantioselective synthesis of 2‐substituted 4,4,4‐trifluorobutane‐1,3‐diols based on the organocatalytic asymmetric direct aldol reaction of an ethyl hemiacetal of trifluoroacetaldehyde with various aldehydes was examined. A catalytic amount (30 mol %) of commercially available and inexpensive l‐prolinamide is quite effective as an organocatalyst for the catalytic in situ generation of gaseous and unstable trifluoroacetaldehyde from its hemiacetal, and a successive asymmetric direct aldol reaction with various aldehydes in dichloromethane at 0 °C, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride, gives 2‐substituted 4,4,4‐trifluorobutane‐1,3‐diols in moderate to good yields (31–84 %) with low diastereoselectivities and good to excellent enantioselectivities (64–97 % ee).
Modulation of Energy Conversion Processes in Carbonaceous Molecular Bearings
Authors: Hitosugi Shunpei , Ohkubo Kei , Kawashima Yuki , Matsuno Taisuke , Kamata Sho , Nakamura Kosuke , Kono Hirohiko , Sato Sota , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Isobe Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe energetics and photodynamics of carbonaceous molecular bearings with discrete molecular structures were investigated. A series of supramolecular bearings comprising belt‐persistent tubular cycloarylene and fullerene molecules accepted photonic stimuli to afford charge‐separated species via a photoinduced electron transfer process. The energy conversion processes associated with the photoexcitation, however, differed depending on the molecular structure. A π‐lengthened tubular molecule allowed for the emergence of an intermediary triplet excited state at the bearing, which should lead to an energy conversion to thermal energy. On the other hand, low‐lying charge‐separated species induced by an endohedral lithium ion in fullerene enabled back electron transfer processes to occur without involving triplet excited species. The structure–photodynamics relationship was analyzed in terms of the Marcus theory to reveal a large electronic coupling in this dynamic supramolecular system.
Energetic Materials Based on 5,5′‐Diamino‐4,4′‐dinitramino‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Leroux Marcel , Schmid Philipp C. , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA simple and straightforward synthesis of 5,5′‐diamino‐4,4′‐dinitramino‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole by the selective nitration of 4,4′,5,5′‐tetraamino‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole is presented. The interaction of the amino and nitramino groups improves the energetic properties of this functionalized bitriazole. For a deeper investigation of these properties, various nitrogen‐rich derivatives were synthesized. The new compounds were investigated and characterized by spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR, IR, Raman), elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray analysis, and impact and friction sensitivities (IS, FS). X‐ray analyses were performed and deliver insight into structural characteristics with which the stability of the compounds can be explained. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS‐4M level of theory, revealing highly positive heats of formation. The energetic performance of the new molecules was predicted with the EXPLO5 V6.02 computer. A small‐scale shock reactivity test (SSRT) and a toxicity test gave a first impression of the performance and toxicity of selective compounds.
Metabolite profiling of CHO cells: Molecular reflections of bioprocessing effectiveness
Authors: Sellick Christopher A. , Croxford Alexandra S. , Maqsood Arfa R. , Stephens Gill M. , Westerhoff Hans V. , Goodacre Royston , Dickson Alan J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhilst development of medium and feeds has provided major advances in recombinant protein production in CHO cells, the fundamental understanding is limited. We have applied metabolite profiling with established robust (GC‐MS) analytics to define the molecular loci by which two yield‐enhancing feeds improve recombinant antibody yields from a model GS‐CHO cell line. With data across core metabolic pathways, that report on metabolism within several cellular compartments, these data identify key metabolites and events associated with increased cell survival and specific productivity of cells. Of particular importance, increased process efficiency was linked to the functional activity of the mitochondria, with the amount and time course of use/production of intermediates of the citric acid cycle, for uses such as lipid biosynthesis, precursor generation and energy production, providing direct indicators of cellular status with respect to productivity. The data provide clear association between specific cellular metabolic indicators and cell process efficiency, extending from prior indications of the relevance of lactate metabolic balance to other redox sinks (glycerol, sorbitol and threitol). The information, and its interpretation, identifies targets for engineering cell culture efficiency, either from genetic or environmental perspectives, and greater understanding of the significance of specific medium components towards overall CHO cell bioprocessing.
Intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast carcinoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Tian P , Zhang W , Zhao H , Lei Y , Cui L , Zhang Y , Xu Z 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Background
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a routine surgical staging procedure in clinically lymph node-negative breast cancer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a technique based on the biochemical composition of the tissue, has previously been found to be capable of differentiating between normal and malignant tissue. The aim of the present study was to explore the intraoperative use of FTIR spectroscopy for rapidly identifying metastatic SLNs, and distinguishing between metastatic and non-metastatic tissue.

Methods
Freshly removed SLNs from patients with breast cancer were analysed. Samples were measured by FTIR spectroscopy before histopathological diagnosis. The FTIR spectrum of each sample identified ten bands from 2000 to 900 cm−1. The peak position, intensity and full width at half maximum of each absorbent band were measured, and the relative intensity ratios calculated. Canonical discriminant analysis was performed to discriminate between metastatic and non-metastatic samples.

Results
A total of 149 SLNs were removed from 49 patients. Histopathological examination confirmed 38 metastatic and 111 non-metastatic SLNs. Eighteen of 29 parameters were significantly different between the metastatic and non-metastatic SLNs. Five parameters were selected as independent factors to form discriminant functions. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this method were 94·7, 90·1 and 91·3 per cent respectively. The accuracy of histological analysis of frozen sections was 100 per cent.

Conclusion
FTIR spectroscopy is a promising technique for the real-time diagnosis of SLN metastasis during breast cancer surgery. Surgical relevanceSentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a highly accurate predictor of overall axillary status and has become the standard in disease staging in clinically node-negative breast cancer. A rapid and accurate intraoperative assessment of metastatic spread to the SLN provides the necessary information for the surgeon to proceed with immediate axillary dissection.The results of this research indicate that Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, accurate, non-destructive and cost-effective molecular method that can be used to detect SLN metastasis during surgery.FTIR analysis could be useful for the intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastases at large institutions, thereby reducing the workload of pathologists, as well as in regions lacking pathologists such as in developing countries.
Impact of bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity during pancreaticoduodenectomy on surgical-site infection
Authors: Sugiura T , Mizuno T , Okamura Y , Ito T , Yamamoto Y , Kawamura I , Kurai H , Uesaka K 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Background
Several risk factors for complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy have been reported. However, the impact of intraoperative bacterial contamination on surgical outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy has not been examined in depth.

Methods
This retrospective study included patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and peritoneal lavage using 7000 ml saline between July 2012 and May 2014. The lavage fluid was subjected to bacterial culture examination. The influence of a positive bacterial culture on surgical-site infection (SSI) and postoperative course was evaluated. Risk factors for positive bacterial cultures were also evaluated.

Results
Forty-six (21·1 per cent) of 218 enrolled patients had a positive bacterial culture of the lavage fluid. Incisional SSI developed in 26 (57 per cent) of these 46 patients and in 13 (7·6 per cent) of 172 patients with a negative lavage culture (P &lt; 0·001). Organ/space SSI developed in 32 patients with a positive lavage culture (70 per cent) and in 43 of those with a negative culture (25·0 per cent) (P &lt; 0·001). Grade B/C pancreatic fistula was observed in 22 (48 per cent) and 48 (27·9 per cent) respectively of patients with positive and negative lavage cultures (P = 0·010). Postoperative hospital stay was longer in patients with a positive lavage culture (28 days versus 21 days in patients with a negative culture; P = 0·028). Multivariable analysis revealed that internal biliary drainage, combined colectomy and a longer duration of surgery were significant risk factors for positive bacterial culture of the lavage fluid.

Conclusion
Intraoperative bacterial contamination has an adverse impact on the development of SSI and grade B/C pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Src family kinases maintain the balance between replication stress and the replication checkpoint
Authors: Miura Takahito , Fukumoto Yasunori , Morii Mariko , Honda Takuya , Yamaguchi Noritaka , Nakayama Yuji , Yamaguchi Naoto 
Published: July 2015

AbstractProgression of DNA replication is tightly controlled by replication checkpoints to ensure the accurate and rapid duplication of genetic information. Upon replication stress, the replication checkpoint slows global DNA replication by inhibiting the late‐firing origins and by slowing replication fork progression. Activation of the replication checkpoint has been studied in depth; however, little is known about the termination of the replication checkpoint. Here, we show that Src family kinases promote the recovery from replication checkpoints. shRNA knockdown of a Src family kinase, Lyn, and acute chemical inhibition of Src kinases prevented inactivation of Chk1 after removal of replication stress. Consistently, Src inhibition slowed resumption of DNA replication, after the removal of replication blocks. The effect of Src inhibition was not observed in the presence of an ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine. These data indicate that Src kinases promote the resumption of DNA replication by suppressing ATR‐dependent replication checkpoints. Surprisingly, the resumption of replication was delayed by caffeine. In addition, Src inhibition delayed recovery from replication fork collapse. We propose that Src kinases maintain the balance between replication stress and the activity of the replication checkpoint.
Non‐cardiac procedures after DES: An everyday issue awaiting answers
Authors: Esteves Vinícius , Lemos Pedro A. 
Published: July 2015

Key Points

Need for non-cardiac surgery is a common event during the follow-up of patients treated drug-eluting stenting.
The eventual associated risks of complications (bleeding and stent thrombosis) are relatively low.
Larger clinical studies are needed to better delineate the optimal management of this population.