bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burden of 30 cancers among men: Global statistics in 2022 and projections for 2050 using population‐based estimates
Authors: Bizuayehu Habtamu Mellie , Dadi Abel F. , Ahmed Kedir Y. , Tegegne Teketo Kassaw , Hassen Tahir Ahmed , Kibret Getiye Dejenu , Ketema Daniel Bekele , Bore Meless G. , Thapa Subash , Odo Daniel Bogale , Kassa Zemenu Y. , Shifti Desalegn Markos , Amsalu Erkihun , Sarich Peter , Venchiarutti Rebecca L. , Melaku Yohannes Adama , Kibret Kelemu Tilahun , Habte Aklilu , Mefsin Yonatan M. , Seid Abdulbasit , Belachew Sewunet Admasu 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundMen exhibit higher prevalence of modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, leading to greater cancer incidence and lower survival rates. Comprehensive evidence on global cancer burden among men, including disparities by age group and country, is sparse. To address this, the authors analyzed 30 cancer types among men in 2022, with projections estimated for 2050.MethodsThe 2022 GLOBOCAN estimates were used to describe cancer statistics for men in 185 countries/territories worldwide. Mortality‐to‐incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated by dividing age‐standardized mortality rates by incidence rates.ResultsIn 2022, a high MIR (indicating poor survival) was observed among older men (aged 65 years and older; 61%) for rare cancer types (pancreatic cancer, 91%) and in countries with low a Human Development Index (HDI; 74%). Between 2022 and 2050, cancer cases are projected to increase from 10.3 million to 19 million (≥84%). Deaths are projected to increase from 5.4 million to 10.5 million (≥93%), with a greater than two‐fold increase among men aged 65 years and older (≥117%) and for low‐HDI and medium‐HDI countries/territories (≥160%). Cancer cases and deaths are projected to increase among working‐age groups (≥39%) and very‐high‐HDI countries/territories (≥50%).ConclusionsSubstantial disparities in cancer cases and deaths were observed among men in 2022, and these are projected to widen by 2050. Strengthening health infrastructure, enhancing workforce quality and access, fostering national and international collaborations, and promoting universal health coverage are crucial to reducing cancer disparities and ensuring cancer equity among men globally.
Rett syndrome: The Natural History Study journey
Authors: Percy Alan K. , Benke Timothy A. , Marsh Eric D. , Neul Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractUnderstanding clinical features and disease progression of Rett syndrome (RTT) and establishing clinical trial readiness was enhanced by the RTT Natural History Study (NHS). The NHS benefited from two key developments: one, the Orphan Drug Act passed by Congress in 1983 defining criteria for rare disorders in the United States and creating opportunities for pharmaceutical companies to develop products for individuals with rare disorders, and two, the Rare Diseases Act of 2002, which established the National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases and provided research funding. Funding for the RTT and related disorders NHS was obtained in 2003, creating a broad network of experienced clinical investigators across the United States and producing critical results not only for RTT but also for related disorders: CDKL5 deficiency disorder, FOXG1 disorder, and MECP2 duplication syndrome. Longitudinal information from over 1800 participants (more than 1600 diagnosed with RTT) led to multiple reports describing their clinical features and natural progression and identified putative biomarkers and clinical outcome measures. Establishing clinical trial readiness assisted in evaluating the first FDA‐approved medication for RTT in 2023 and continues to provide opportunities to develop potentially life‐altering therapies. The experiences of the RTT NHS journey provide informative guidance for studying other rare neurological disorders. These lessons include positive features of developing productive collaborations focused on improving lives of people and families with RTT and related disorders, as well as lessons learned through retrospective analysis for improving overall conduct of natural history studies in rare disorders.
Ratcheting by Stochastic Resetting With Fat‐Tailed Time Distributions
Authors: Liu Jianli , Li Yunyun , Ghosh Pulak K. , Nayak Shubhadip , Marchesoni Fabio 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe investigated both numerically and analytically the drift of a Brownian particle in a ratchet potential under stochastic resetting with fat‐tailed distributions. As a study case we chose a Pareto time distribution with tail index β. We observed that for
rectification occurs even if for
the mean resetting time is infinite. However, for
rectification is completely suppressed. For low noise levels, the drift speed attains a maximum for β immediately above 1, that is for finite but large mean resetting times. In correspondence with such an optimal drift the particle diffusion over the ratchet potential turns from normal to superdiffusive, a property also related to the fat tails of the resetting time distribution.
Understanding the Electric Double Layer at the Electrode‐Electrolyte Interface: Part I – No Ion Specific Adsorption
Authors: Mazur Daria A. , Brandyshev Petr E. , Doronin Sergey V. , Budkov Yury A. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this work, we present a mean‐field model that takes into account the key components of electrical double layer theory at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte solution. The model considers short‐range specific interactions between different species, including electrode‐ion repulsion, the hydration of ions, dielectric saturation of solvent (water), and excluded volume (steric) interactions between species. By solving a modified Poisson‐Boltzmann equation, which is derived from the grand thermodynamic potential of an inhomogeneous electrolyte solution, and using the appropriate results of quantum chemistry calculations on the hydration of ions, we can accurately approximate the differential capacitance profiles of aqueous electrolyte solutions at the boundary with a silver electrode. The specific interactions between the ions and the electrodes in the systems under consideration (aqueous solutions of NaClO4 and KPF6) are assumed to be significantly weaker than their Coulomb interactions. A novel aspect of our research is the investigation of the impact of short‐range ion‐water interactions on the differential capacitance, which provides new insights into the behavior of the electrical double layer. This model has the potential to be useful for electrochemical engineers working on the development of supercapacitors and related electrochemical energy storage devices. It serves as a basis for future modeling of electrolyte systems on real electrodes, especially in scenarios where chemical ion‐electrode interactions are significant.
Potential pharmaceuticals targeting neuroimmune interactions in treating acute lung injury
Authors: Wu Di , Liao Ximing , Gao Jing , Gao Yixuan , Li Qiang , Gao Wei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground and main bodyAlthough interactions between the nervous and immune systems have been recognized decades ago, it has become increasingly appreciated that neuroimmune crosstalk is among the driving factors of multiple pulmonary inflammatory diseases including acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we review the current understanding of nerve innervations towards the lung and summarize how the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation participates in the onset and progression of several lung diseases, especially ALI. We then present advancements in the development of potential drugs for ALI targeting neuroimmune interactions, including cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway, sympathetic‐immune pathway, purinergic signalling, neuropeptides and renin‐angiotensin system at different stages from preclinical investigation to clinical trials, including the traditional Chinese medicine.ConclusionThis review highlights the importance of considering the therapeutic strategy of inflammatory diseases within a conceptual framework that integrates classical inflammatory cascade and neuroimmune circuits, so as to deepen the understanding of immune modulation and develop more sophisticated approaches to treat lung diseases represented by ALI.Key points
The lungs present abundant nerve innervations.
Neuroimmune interactions exert a modulatory effect in the onset and progression of lung inflammatory diseases, especially acute lung injury.
The advancements of potential drugs for ALI targeting neuroimmune crosstalk at different stages from preclinical investigation to clinical trials are elaborated.
Point out the direction for the development of neuroimmune pharmacology in the future.
Fire exclusion alters forest evapotranspiration: A comprehensive water budget analysis in longleaf pine woodlands
Authors: Brantley Steven T. , Stuber O. Stribling , Holder Dakota L. , Taylor R. Scott 
Published: August 2024

AbstractForests are critical to water resources, but high evapotranspiration (ET) can reduce water yield. Thinning and prescribed fire reduce forest density and often reduce ET, promoting higher water yield. However, results from such treatments have been inconsistent, possibly because of unknown interactions among individual ET components. We compare water budget components of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodlands with frequent prescribed fire to the water budget components of fire‐excluded stands. We hypothesized that fire exclusion would result in higher ET due to increased midstory transpiration (Et) and interception (Ei), and higher evaporation from litter (Ilitter). Reference plots were burned every two years while treatment plots had fire excluded for 15–20 years. Fire treatments were repeated in two sites representing a soil moisture gradient, noted as mesic and xeric. We measured woody Et using sap flux, and we modeled groundcover Et using physiological models. We measured Ei of canopy and groundcover layers, modeled Es litter biomass, and constructed a total component‐based water budget for each site and treatment. Compared with reference plots, midstory Et was 300%–800% higher in fire exclusion plots. Groundcover Et was ~80% less than reference treatments, countering the effects of midstory growth on total ET. Stand Ei followed similar trends, with groundcover Ei in reference plots countering the effects of midstory and litter Ei in fire exclusion plots. As expected, total ET in the xeric site was 18% higher in fire exclusion plots. However, ET in the mesic site was 16% lower in the fire exclusion plots due to high groundcover Et and Ei in reference plots. Thus, our results show that fire exclusion changes total forest ET, but the size and direction of the effect vary depending on the balance between midstory and groundcover transpiration and interception. These results highlight the importance of groundcover in ecosystem function in low‐density forests and may help explain inconsistent results from studies of water yields following thinning and fire. While prescribed fire is a valuable tool in forest management, we suggest that the effects of fire on ET are complex and require careful accounting of all water fluxes within a forest ecosystem.
Minimum safety protection distance of high‐pressure natural gas pipeline based on physical explosion injury consequences
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Zhou Yazhe , Wang Wenshu , Tian Shanshan , Zhou Yawei , Gao Na , Kazman Karyal 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe transportation of natural gas through pipelines offers numerous advantages. However, physical explosions in high‐pressure natural gas pipelines can cause casualties and property loss. There is currently no method for accurately predicting the damage range of physical explosions in pipelines, and a safer site selection plan cannot be determined during the pipeline construction design stage. This study proposes a method for determining the range of pipeline physical explosion damage by comprehensively considering two factors: the size range of the physical explosion craters, and the attenuation distance of the shock waves. A high‐pressure natural gas pipeline physical explosion crater model was constructed using HyperMesh software, and the accuracy of the model was verified using the PRCI calculation model. Based on the Sadovsky formula, a program was developed to simulate the spatiotemporal changes in shock wave diffusion, demonstrating the law of shock wave diffusion. The results show that the distance from the overpressure peak attenuation of the physical explosion shock wave in air to 0.02 MPa is calculated to be 33 m, and the maximum damage range of the crater is 9.27 m. Finally, the safe protection distance for personnel and buildings was determined to be 33 m.
Nitrogen fertilizer regulates purple rice seed endophytes and grain amino acid accumulation
Authors: Lu Yanyao , Wang Runnan , Wang Shuai , Wu Han , Zhu Jinyan , Xiong Qiangqiang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe effects of different nitrogen (N) application levels on seed endophytes and grain nutritional quality are not yet clear. The impact of four N application levels on endophytes and amino acid accumulation in purple rice seeds was examined using 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing technology. This study integrates 16S rRNA, ITS amplicon sequencing technology and amino acid‐targeted detection to explore the effects of four different nitrogen application levels (0 kg hm−2, Y1N0; 180 kg hm−2, Y1N1; 270 kg hm−2, Y1N2; 360 kg hm−2, Y1N3) on the accumulation of endophytic bacteria, fungi and amino acid content in purple rice seeds and their interaction mechanisms. The findings indicated an increase in the contents of most amino acids with increasing N application. The dominant bacterial species in the community were mainly from the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, while the dominant fungal species were from the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. There was a significant difference in the richness of endophytic fungal communities between Y1N0 and Y1N2. Y1N1 showed significant differences in Mucoromycota compared to Y1N3. The quantity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the bacterial and fungal community co‐occurrence network increased with increasing N fertilizer, showing strong correlations with Sporidiobolus, Chaetomium, Humicola, Botryotrichum, Ophiosphaeria and Dioszegia for most amino acids. These findings indicate that a high amount of N fertilizer greatly increases amino acid contents in purple rice seeds and improves the diversity and stability of endophytic fungal populations.
Identification of volatile compounds and evaluation of certain phytochemical properties of Turkish propolis
Authors: Yavaş Berfin , Baştürk Ayhan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess volatile component profiles and the antioxidant activity of propolis samples from eight different locations in Türkiye. α‐Pinene, β‐pinene, 3‐carene, limonene, 2‐acetylfuran, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, benzoic acid, longifolene, isopentyl acetate, m‐cymene, styrene, and δ‐cadinene were the most common volatile components found in the most of propolis samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed on the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) data to identify trends and clusters in the propolis samples. As a result of the PCA, the common components in all propolis were m‐cymene, decanal, α‐pinene, limonene, pinocarvone, benzaldehyde, and butanoic acid. The samples had 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) inhibition activity ranging from 19.2% to 92.5% and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) values ranging from 480 to 1370 μM trolox/g extract. The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 10,900 to 34,033 mg GAE/100 g. Compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (control), all but one of the propolis samples exhibited higher DPPH activity. In addition, ABTS levels of propolis extracts were higher than those of BHT. These results unequivocally show that Turkish propolis has remarkable antioxidant qualities, which makes it a viable option for addition to food and medicine products.
Smallholder livestock farming in the face of climate change: Challenges in the Raya Alamata district of Southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebrehiwot Misgina , Kebede Berhanu , Meaza Hailemariam , Hailu Tesfayohanis , Assefa Kiros , Demissie Biadglign 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSmallholder livestock farming is a crucial component of African economies, particularly south of the Sahara, sustaining millions of farmers and bolstering food security continent‐wide. Our study investigates into the effects of climate change on smallholder livestock farmers in northern Ethiopia's Raya Alamata district, investigating how farmers are adapting to evolving conditions. A field survey encompassing 177 households within three rural communities, coupled with statistical analysis, revealed that droughts strike once every three seasons, causing water and forage shortages, rangeland deterioration and a surge in livestock diseases and deaths. In seasons marked by dryness and heat, the incidence of livestock illness increased markedly, and daily milk yield per cow plummeted from 4 to 1.66 litres. In response, local farmers have transitioned from open grazing to stall‐feeding, heavily dependent on costly market‐bought feeds. Other significant adaptive measures include providing shelter, bathing livestock during heatwaves and practicing transhumance. To enhance resilience to these issues, we advocate for improved environmental conservation, better access to climate data and resources, better animal health care, and subsidized and readily available feed. Our research underscores the profound adversities confronting smallholder livestock farmers in northern Ethiopia due to climate change, implications that extend to food security and the economic equilibrium of the area and beyond.
Evaluation of the McGill‐Tongji Blended Education Program for Teacher Leaders in General Practice: The importance of partnership and contextualization in International Primary Care Training Initiatives
Authors: Wang Ziyue , Zhao Xinxin , Shen Huixia , Wang Hao , Cheng Gemma , Gao Ya Ning , Zuo Wenzhen , Xu Zhuyin , Avallone Francesco , Arora Anish K. , Guo Manxi , Simmons Rachel , Lessard David , Beesley Theresa , Zheng Jialin C. , Lebouché Bertrand , Bergman Howard 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPurposeStrong primary health care (PHC) systems require well‐established PHC education systems to enhance the skills of general practitioners (GPs). However, the literature on the experiences of international collaboration in primary care education in low‐ and middle‐income countries remains limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation and perceived impact of the McGill‐Tongji Blended Education Program for Teacher Leaders in General Practice (referred to as the “Tongji Program”).MethodsIn 2020–2021, the McGill Department of Family Medicine (Montreal, Canada) and Tongji University School of Medicine (TUSM, Shanghai, China) jointly implemented the Tongji Program in Shanghai, China to improve the teaching capacity of PHC teachers. We conducted an exploratory longitudinal case study with a mixed methods design for the evaluation. Quantitative (QUAN) data was collected through questionnaire surveys and qualitative (QUAL) data was collected through focus group discussions.ResultsThe evaluation showed that learners in Tongji Program were primarily female GPs (21/22，95%) with less than 4 years of experience in teaching (16/22，73%). This program was considered a successful learning experience by most participants (19/22, 86%) with higher order learning tasks such as critical thinking and problem‐solving. They also agreed that this program helped them feel more prepared to teach (21/22，95%), and developed a positive attitude toward primary care (21/22，95%). The QUAL interview revealed that both the Tongji and McGill organizers noted that TUSM showed strong leadership in organization, education, and coordination. Both students and teachers agreed that by adapting training content into contextualized delivery formats and settings, the Tongji Program successfully overcame language and technology barriers.ConclusionsCommitted partnerships and contextualization were key to the success of the Tongji Program. Future research should focus on how international primary care education programs affect learners' behavior in their practice settings, and explore barriers and facilitators to change.
The lateral based nasopharyngeal flap: A novel vascularized flap for skull base reconstruction
Authors: Patel Viraj M. , Alshammari Saad M. , Jang David W. , Zomorodi Ali R. , Abi Hachem Ralph 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAs the indications for endoscopic skull base approaches have increased, so has the need for more versatile vascularized flaps for skull base reconstruction. Here, we describe a novel lateral based nasopharyngeal flap (LNPF). Two cadaver heads were dissected to elucidate flap anatomy, dimensions, and technique. A retrospective review was performed on two cases where LNPF was used to repair CSF leaks in the nasopharyngeal area, and outcomes reported. The LNPF is an ascending pharyngeal artery myomucosal flap that includes the nasopharyngeal mucosa and the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. The flap was 1.2 × 2.2 cm in greatest dimensions. The LNPF was used for salvage CSF leak repair in two cases: one clival and one tubal. Both patients had resolution of leak at 7 months follow‐up. The LNPF is a novel flap with reconstruction potential for the nasopharynx, including the lower clivus and the eustachian tube.
Calculation of Green's functions for heat conduction in curved anisotropic media
Authors: Frishman Anatoli M. , Holland Stephen D. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSolving the inverse problems of heat conduction often requires performing a very large number of Green's function evaluations. This paper addresses the calculation of Green's functions in anisotropic curved media, such as composite lamina, where the principal axes of thermal conductivity follow the curved surface. We start with established exact series solutions for cylindrical convex and concave shapes. These solutions are extended to accommodate geometries of real‐world composite materials that do not form a closed surface like a cylinder. Unfortunately, the exact solutions have the form of an infinite series of sums or integrals and are computationally infeasible for the inverse problems of interest, especially for large radii of curvature. This motivates a perturbation solution that is accurate and computationally efficient at large radii of curvature. In addition, it motivates a phenomenological approximation that is extremely computationally efficient over a broad range of curvatures, but with some sacrifice in accuracy. These solutions are compared with exact solutions, with each other, and with numerical finite difference calculation. We identify regions in parameter space where the different approaches are preferable and where they lead to the same numerical result.