bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of pregnancy in the era of highly active antiretroviral: a 10‐year experience in Southern Ireland
Authors: Rizzo M , Murphy E , Joyce J , Horgan M 
Published: April 2013

IntroductionSince the introduction of HAART the desire to become a mother in women with HIV has become a viable option due to the drastic reduction in vertical transmission. The aim of this study was to look at the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and safety of antiretroviral drugs and rate of vertical transmission in our cohort in the Munster region, Ireland.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all pregnant women with HIV who attended the ID clinic from January 2002 to April 2012. Patients’ demographics, pertinent laboratory data, and pharmacy records were reviewed and statistically analysed.Results105 HIV‐positive women, with a total of 165 pregnancies, were seen from January 2002 to April 2012 at Cork University Hospital: 46 patients were previously known to be HIV‐infected at their first pregnancy and 59 were diagnosed during antenatal screening (median of 32 week gestation at diagnosis). The median age at the time of pregnancy was 32 and the HIV transmission was 90% sexual: 39 women were from Europe/Asia and 66 were African; only two women were HCV co‐infected and one was HBV co‐infected. Of the patients diagnosed with HIV prior to pregnancy, 13 were on treatment, all of whom had no detectable virus at the start and during pregnancy. The median CD4+ at the start of pregnancy was 490 cells/µl. The median weeks of gestation at the start of HAART was 28 before 2006 and 20 after 2006, in accordance with National Guidelines. The HAART regime used was in line with current Guidelines. 18 pregnancies ended in miscarriage before week 12 gestation and 2 pregnancies resulted in intrauterine death at 28 weeks. 145 pregnancies progressed to delivery at full term but 10 infants were born before the 37th week, with one baby born at 23 weeks: 63 had SVD and 82 underwent C‐section, of whom 12 emergency C‐section due to prolonged membrane rupture. Most of the C‐sections were planned due to obstetric reasons. 2 infants were born HIV+: in one case the mother was a late presenter at 38 of gestation; and in other the mother had poor compliance with viral load detectable at the time of labour. The overall number of pregnancies per year has been stable over the ten years (average of 14 pregnancies per year).ConclusionThe use of cART with high level of adherence and a close clinical management during pregnancy has shown to dramatically reduce the vertical transmission of HIV in our cohort.
Enabling clinical development of an HIV attachment inhibitor through innovative pharmaceutical development: novel extended‐release delivery of prodrug
Authors: Brown J , Tobyn M , Brown S , Connolly T , Dennis A , Hanna G , Hughes H , Kadow J , Meanwell N , Wang T , Yeung K , Zhu L , Timmins P 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundHIV‐1 attachment inhibitors are a new class of viral entry inhibitors which target viral gp120 preventing attachment of virus to its host cell receptor CD4. This class presents major challenges for development based upon low solubility and short half‐lives. For progression into clinical studies, requirements include reliable and reproducible absorption from a tolerable and convenient oral dosing regimen.MethodsA series of highly soluble prodrugs were designed to overcome the poor absorption caused by the low solubility of the active compounds. A regional absorption study was conducted to assess the uptake of active throughout the gastro‐intestinal tract following oral prodrug delivery. An extended‐release (ER) strategy was subsequently devised to optimise tolerability, decrease peak to trough ratios and reduce frequency of dosing. In silico absorption modelling was used to verify feasibility and drive in vitro testing leading to dosage form development and selection. The performance of the ER dosage form was verified in vivo prior to use in clinical studies.ResultsPhosphonooxymethyl prodrugs with aqueous solubilities in excess of 250 mg/mL were synthesised and shown to be readily converted to parent compound via alkaline phosphatase in vitro. Results of regional absorption studies for the selected compound, BMS‐663068, confirmed the rapid absorption but short half‐life of active following oral administration of prodrug. Delivery to specific regions throughout the GI tract showed absorption of active to be subject to regional variation with an extent of colonic absorption of approximately 40% of intestinal absorption. Incorporation of this data into an in silico model guided development of an ER tablet which releases prodrug over 24 hours and achieves the required exposure, pharmacokinetics and reproducibility in vivo.ConclusionsThe novel approach of combining prodrug synthesis and ER formulation has enabled clinical evaluation of a promising new class of therapeutic entity into Phase 2b studies.
Considering the role of social dynamics and positional behavior in gestural communication research
Authors: Smith Lindsey W. , Delgado Roberto A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWhile the hominin fossil record cannot inform us on either the presence or extent of social and cognitive abilities that may have paved the way for the emergence of language, studying non‐vocal communication among our closest living relatives, the African apes, may provide valuable information about how language originated. Although much has been learned from gestural signaling in non‐human primates, we have not yet established how and why gestural repertoires vary across species, what factors influence this variation, and how knowledge of these differences can contribute to an understanding of gestural signaling's contribution to language evolution. In this paper, we review arguments surrounding the theory that language evolved from gestural signaling and suggest some important factors to consider when conducting comparative studies of gestural communication among African apes. Specifically, we propose that social dynamics and positional behavior are critical components that shape the frequency and nature of gestural signaling across species and we argue that an understanding of these factors could shed light on how gestural communication may have been the basis of human language. We outline predictions for the influence of these factors on the frequencies and types of gestures used across the African apes and highlight the importance of including these factors in future gestural communication research with primates. Am. J. Primatol. 75:891–903, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structurally Defined Allyl Compounds of Main Group Metals: Coordination and Reactivity
Authors: Lichtenberg Crispin , Okuda Jun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOrganometallic allyl compounds are important as allylation reagents in organic synthesis, as polymerization catalysts, and as volatile metal precursors in material science. Whereas the allyl chemistry of synthetically relevant transition metals such as palladium and of the lanthanoids is well‐established, that of main group metals has been lagging behind. Recent progress on allyl complexes of Groups 1, 2, and 12–16 now provides a more complete picture. This is based on a fundamental understanding of metal–allyl bonding interactions in solution and in the solid state. Furthermore, reactivity trends have been rationalized and new types of allyl‐specific reactivity patterns have been uncovered. Key features include 1) the exploitation of the different types of metal–allyl bonding (highly ionic to predominantly covalent), 2) the use of synergistic effects in heterobimetallic compounds, and 3) the adjustment of Lewis acidity by variation of the charge of allyl compounds.
Nonuniformity behavior during regeneration of the diesel particulate filter
Authors: Chen K. , Sun T. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe incomplete regeneration of diesel particulate filter may cause a local build‐up of the soot on the partially regenerated areas during next filtration cycle. This may be one of reasons causing the melting of the ceramic filter during regeneration. In this paper, we investigated several situations at which the particulate matter was partially regenerated. The simulations illustrated that at stationary feed conditions, the influence of nonuniformity of soot loading on the peak temperature rise was less important. When regeneration was conducted at transient feed conditions, the peak temperature attained under the condition of uneven soot distribution along the channel, especially more soot accumulated near the end of the diesel particulate filter, was much higher than that attained under the condition of even soot distribution inside the channel. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–Property Investigations of Substituted Triarylamines and Their Applications as Fluorescent pH Sensors
Authors: Hu Binbin , Chen Xiaopeng , Wang Yifei , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFourteen triphenylamine derivatives functionalized with fluorophenyl, methoxyphenyl, and pyridinyl groups as respective donors and acceptors were synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical properties were systematically investigated in various solvents with different polarities. The solvent‐dependent Stokes shifts of these compounds were observed and analyzed by the Lippert–Mataga equation. The synthesized compounds, especially tris(4‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)phenyl) amine, presented pH‐dependent absorptions and emissions, indicating that these compounds might be used as pH sensors.
Bright, Fluorescent Dyes Based on Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines that are Capable of Two‐Photon Absorption
Authors: Firmansyah Dikhi , Ciuciu Adina I. , Hugues Vincent , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille , Flamigni Lucia , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA library of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines was synthesized by using the Gevorgyan method and their linear and non‐linear optical properties were studied. Derivatives that contained both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups at the 2 position were comprehensively investigated. Their emission quantum yield ranged between 0.2–0.7 and it was shown to depend on the substitution pattern, most notably that on the phenyl ring. Electron‐donating substituents improved the luminescence performance of these compounds, whereas electron‐withdrawing substituents led to a more erratic behavior. Substitution on the six‐membered ring had less effect on the fluorescence properties. Extension of the delocalization increased the luminescence quantum yield. A new quadrupolar system was designed that contained two imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine units on its periphery and a 1,4‐dicyanobenzene unit at its center. This system exhibited a large Stokes‐shifted luminescence that was affected by the polarity and rigidity of the solvent, which was ascribed to emission from an excited state with strong charge‐transfer character. This quadrupolar feature also led to an acceptable two‐photon absorption response in the NIR region.
Confinement of Chemisorbed Phosphates in a Controlled Nanospace with Three‐Dimensional Mesostructures
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhou Liang , Zhang Jun , Zou Jin , Yuan Zhiguo , Yu Chengzhong 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe confinement of phosphates inside adsorbents is important for not only entrophication control, but also the recovery of phosphorous, a depleting natural resource. However, the behaviour of chemisorbed phosphates inside nanoporous materials has not been systematically studied. Here, the confinement of chemisorbed phosphates in a three‐dimensional cubic mesoporous material with adjustable structural parameters is systematically investigated. By taking advantage of advanced electron tomography techniques, the relationship between the growth of chemisorbed phosphates, the overall phosphate‐adsorption performance and the mesostructural parameters is revealed. Cubic cage‐type FDU‐12 materials with tuneable entrance sizes were prepared and functionalised with different amounts of lanthanum oxide. When the entrance size is smaller than approximately 5 nm, phosphates are found only in isolated cages, thereby leading to low lanthanum (La) usage efficiency and phosphate removal capacity. When the entrance size is increased, chemisorption occurs in both cages and entrances, thus forming crystalline LaPO4 nanorods and increasing both the La usage efficiency and the phosphate removal capacity. In addition, the LaPO4 nanorods show a preferential orientation along the [110] direction. This study provides new insights in the rational design of phosphate adsorbents with controlled structures and high performance.
Comparative effectiveness of three platinum‐doublet chemotherapy regimens in elderly patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhu Junya , Sharma Dhruv B. , Chen Aileen B. , Johnson Bruce E. , Weeks Jane C. , Schrag Deborah 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDRandomized trials report equivalent efficacy among various combinations of platinum‐based regimens in advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Their relative effectiveness and comparability based on squamous versus nonsquamous histology is uncertain.METHODSThe authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked data to identify first‐line chemotherapy agents administered to Medicare beneficiaries with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC diagnosed from 2000 to 2007. Overall survival was compared between patients who received the 3 most common regimens: carboplatin‐paclitaxel, carboplatin‐gemcitabine, and carboplatin‐docetaxel. Stratified analyses distinguished between the outcomes of patients with squamous versus nonsquamous cell histology. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score analyses facilitated adjustment for imbalance in measurable patient characteristics.RESULTSOf the 15,318 patients who received first‐line chemotherapy, 43.1% received carboplatin‐paclitaxel, 14.3% received carboplatin‐gemcitabine, 8.5% received carboplatin‐docetaxel, and 34.1% received other regimens. The median survival was 8.0 months (interquartile range [IQR], 3.5‐17.4 months) for carboplatin‐paclitaxel, 7.3 months (IQR, 3.4‐15.2 months) for carboplatin‐gemcitabine, and 7.5 months (IQR, 3.2‐16.0 months) for carboplatin‐docetaxel. Both multivariable and propensity score‐adjusted Cox models demonstrated a slight inferiority associated with carboplatin‐gemcitabine or carboplatin‐docetaxel versus carboplatin‐paclitaxel, with a hazard ratio of 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 1.04‐1.15) and 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.16), respectively, in propensity score‐stratified models. Among the subgroup of 2063 patients with squamous carcinoma, propensity score‐stratified analyses had a higher risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.07‐1.35) associated with carboplatin‐gemcitabine versus carboplatin‐paclitaxel.CONCLUSIONSCarboplatin‐paclitaxel was associated with slightly better survival compared with carboplatin‐gemcitabine or carboplatin‐docetaxel within the Medicare population with advanced NSCLC, and this was most pronounced for patients who had squamous cell histology. Cancer 2013;119:2048–2060. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Community composition of root‐associated fungi in a Quercus‐dominated temperate forest: “codominance” of mycorrhizal and root‐endophytic fungi
Authors: Toju Hirokazu , Yamamoto Satoshi , Sato Hirotoshi , Tanabe Akifumi S. , Gilbert Gregory S. , Kadowaki Kohmei 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn terrestrial ecosystems, plant roots are colonized by various clades of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. Focused on the root systems of an oak‐dominated temperate forest in Japan, we used 454 pyrosequencing to explore how phylogenetically diverse fungi constitute an ecological community of multiple ecotypes. In total, 345 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of fungi were found from 159 terminal‐root samples from 12 plant species occurring in the forest. Due to the dominance of an oak species (Quercus serrata), diverse ectomycorrhizal clades such as Russula, Lactarius, Cortinarius, Tomentella, Amanita, Boletus, and Cenococcum were observed. Unexpectedly, the root‐associated fungal community was dominated by root‐endophytic ascomycetes in Helotiales, Chaetothyriales, and Rhytismatales. Overall, 55.3% of root samples were colonized by both the commonly observed ascomycetes and ectomycorrhizal fungi; 75.0% of the root samples of the dominant Q. serrata were so cocolonized. Overall, this study revealed that root‐associated fungal communities of oak‐dominated temperate forests were dominated not only by ectomycorrhizal fungi but also by diverse root endophytes and that potential ecological interactions between the two ecotypes may be important to understand the complex assembly processes of belowground fungal communities.
Formation mechanism of steep convergent intracontinental margins: Insights from numerical modeling
Authors: Chen Lin , Gerya Taras V. , Zhang Zhong‐Jie , Aitken Alan , Li Zhong‐Hai , Liang Xiao‐Feng 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe margins surrounding the Tibetan Plateau show some diversity in topographic gradient. The most striking example is the eastern Tibetan margin bordered by the Longmen Shan range, which is characterized by a remarkably steep topography transition between eastern Tibet and the Sichuan Basin. There is significant uncertainty over whether this margin was formed by crustal shortening or lower‐crustal flow. To investigate the formation mechanism of steep convergent intracontinental margins, we conducted petrological‐thermomechanical numerical simulations based on the lithospheric structure and thermal state of the eastern Tibetan margin. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that a very steep topographic gradient, such as the eastern Tibetan margin, is an inherent characteristic of convergence between a hot and weak lithosphere with thick crust and a cold and strong lithosphere with thin crust. Although lower‐crustal flow has potentially contributed to the crustal thickness difference between the two convergent blocks, it is not a prerequisite for the growth of steep convergent intracontinental margin. Rather, the topography at the margin can be explained by a near isostatic response to crustal thickening resulting from shortening.
S6 Kinase 2 Is Bound to Chromatin‐Nuclear Matrix Cellular Fractions and Is Able to Phosphorylate Histone H3 at Threonine 45 In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Ismail Heba M.S. , Hurd Paul J. , Khalil Mahmoud I.M. , Kouzarides Tony , Bannister Andrew , Gout Ivan 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe activity of S6 kinases (S6K) is highly induced in cancer cells highlighting an essential role in carcinogenesis. The S6K family has two members: S6K1 and S6K2 which bear common as well as distinct features. In an attempt to identify S6K2 unique sequence features compared to S6K1, we applied extensive bioinformatic analysis and motif search approaches. Interestingly, we identified 14 unique protein signatures which are present in proteins directly connected to chromatin and/or involved in transcription regulation. Using chromatin binding assay, we biochemically showed that S6K2 is bound to chromatin as well as nuclear matrix cellular fractions in HEK293 cells. The presence of S6K2 in chromatin fractions raised the possibility that it may be in close proximity to a number of chromatin substrates. For that, we then searched for S6K phosphorylation consensus sites RXRXXT/S in mammalian proteins using the SWISS‐PROT database. Interestingly, we identified some potential phosphorylation sites in histone H3 (Thr45). Using in vitro kinase assays and siRNA‐based knockdown strategy; we confirmed that S6K2 but not S6K1 or AKT is essential for histone H3‐Thr45 phosphorylation in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, we show that the nuclear localisation sequence in the S6K2 C‐terminus is essential for this modification. We have found that, H3‐Thr45 phosphorylation correlates to S6K activation in response to mitogens and TPA‐induced cell differentiation of leukaemic cell lines U937, HL60 and THP1. Overall, we demonstrate that S6K2 is a novel kinase that can phosphorylate histone H3 at position Thr45, which may play a role during cell proliferation and/or differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1048–1062, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The zebrafish as a model for nociception studies
Authors: Malafoglia Valentina , Bryant Bruce , Raffaeli William , Giordano Antonio , Bellipanni Gianfranco 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNociception is the sensory mechanism used to detect cues that can harm an organism. The understanding of the neural networks and molecular controls of the reception of pain remains an ongoing challenge for biologists. While we have made significant progress in identifying a number of molecules and pathways that are involved in transduction of noxious stimuli, from the skin through the sensory receptor cell and from this to the spinal cord on into the central nervous system, we still lack a clear understanding of the perceptual processes, the responses to pain and the regulation of pain perception. Mice and rat animal models have been extensively used for nociception studies. However, the study of pain and noiception in these organisms can be rather laborious, costly and time consuming. Conversely, the use of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans may be affected by the large evolutionary distance between these animals and humans. We outline here the reasons why zebrafish presents a new and attractive model for studying pain reception and responses and the most interesting findings in the study of nociception that have been obtained using the zebrafish model. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1956–1966, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of glutathione and cysteine in yeasts by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by on‐line postcolumn derivatization
Authors: Karakosta Theano D. , Tzanavaras Paraskevas D. , Themelis Demetrius G. 
Published: April 2013

In the present study, we report a new method for the determination of two primary thiols, cysteine (CYS) and glutathione (GSH), by hydrophilic interaction LC. The polar analytes are separated isocratically using a mobile phase consisting of 65% acetonitrile/35% ammonium acetate (15 mmol/L, pH 2.0) and are detected at 285 nm following on‐line postcolumn derivatization by the thiol‐selective reagent methyl propiolate. The main figures of merit included linearity in the range of 5–200 μmol/L and an LOD 0.6 μmol/L for both compounds. The absence of matrix effect allowed the determination of CYS and GSH in various yeast samples. GSH was present in most of the samples at levels ranging between 0.9 and 3.1 mg/g, whereas CYS was determined in only one sample at a significantly lower concentration. In terms of accuracy, the percent recoveries ranged between 91.2 and 105.6% for GSH, and 91.6 and 106.9% for CYS.