bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene Clustering in Eukaryotes
Authors: Tarailo‐Graovac Maja , Chen Nansheng 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Recent advances in genomics have provided us with better understanding of genomes from many different species, their architectures and evolutionary relationships. Genome architecture (a nonrandom arrangement of functional elements in the genome, such as genes and regulatory regions) is different in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. Although in prokaryotes, many genes are organised into linearly positioned cotranscribed groups (operons), eukaryotic genomes possess very small number of genes organised into operons. The acquisition of the nuclear membrane, decoupling of transcription and translation and adoption of the ribosome‐scanning mechanism for translation initiation (necessitating monocistronic
messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs)
) are possible reasons for the loss of operon structure in eukaryotes. Despite the general trend of low level of gene clustering within operon structures in eukaryotes, there is an evidence for nonrandom linear and spatial organisation of eukaryotic genomes, as a result of multiple mechanisms that can lead to the proximity of coexpressed genes.

Key Concepts:

Albeit not as common as the gene clustering within operons observed in bacteria, linear gene clustering does occur in eukaryotes.

In eukaryotes, linear gene clusters form predominantly by partially adaptive, but largely neutral processes, such as genome rearrangements.

In natal clusters, genes occupy adjacent positions on chromosomes as a result of a tandem duplication and consequent divergence.

In embedded clusters, coding sequence of one gene may be entirely positioned within an intron of another gene, or one gene may have exons that interweave with the exons of other genes.

In coregulated clusters, genes could be either linearly clustered on chromosomes to share regulatory sequences, or genes could be spatially colocalised within the nucleus forming transcription factories.

Linearly coregulated clusters in eukaryotes include: alternatively spliced transcripts, polycistronic messages, uORFs and genes regulated by bidirectional promoters.

Spatial sequestration of genes positioned distantly on the same chromosome or even on different chromosomes can modulate coregulated gene expression.
Dictionaries and Technology
Authors: Lew Robert 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Lexicographers have always understood the importance of working with authentic language data in describing language. Before the advent of computers, serious dictionary‐making involved an arduous process of manually collecting millions of citations from literature. Dictionary‐makers were sometimes assisted in this task by the educated public through special reading programs. The resulting citations were placed on citation slips and painstakingly arranged in voluminous files. This method was laborious in the extreme, and it also had a major methodological flaw: Human readers naturally focus on the unusual. As a result, any database of manual citations tends to emphasize instances of creative use of language, but the uninspiring everyday uses of common words remain unnoted, as those seem too trivial to be worth recording.
Ethics in Qualitative Research
Authors: Lazaraton Anne 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In simplest terms qualitative researchers attempt to understand people's lived experiences, patterns of discourse, and observable behaviors as they occur in natural settings. Such inquiry rarely results in numerical tallies, instead generating textual descriptions of unstructured data that are thought to represent phenomena of interest. These qualitative research data are analyzed in terms of data‐generated themes that point to one or more interpretations of the findings. As a cyclical and iterative process, qualitative research does not proceed in a linear fashion, and this flexibility can make it hard to predict what will come up in terms of ethical issues as the research progresses. It may also be relatively intrusive because it often delves into the private realm and it is inherently interested in people's personal views. As a result of these and other factors, “qualitative inquiry raises distinctive ethical issues” that should be understood on their own, not just in comparison to quantitative research.
Grammar and Corpora
Authors: Xiao Richard , McEnery Tony 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The rapid development of corpus linguistics since the early 1990s has revolutionized virtually all areas of linguistic research. Research in grammar has probably been influenced most profoundly by the corpus‐based approach. It has helped to redefine what a grammar is. Indeed, corpora have had such a strong impact on recently published reference grammars of English that “even people who have never heard of a corpus are using the product of corpus‐based investigation”. Hunston summarizes the changes brought about by corpora in reference grammars and dictionaries in terms of five emphases, namely an emphasis on frequency, an emphasis on collocation and phraseology, an emphasis on variation, an emphasis on lexis in grammar, and an emphasis on authenticity. These five features illustrate the roles of corpora in grammar: enabling investigations of grammatical frequency, providing authentic examples of attested language use, facilitating research of grammatical variations in different usage contexts, and integrating lexis and grammar. In addition, as
McEnery
and Xiao's study of infinitival complementation of help demonstrates, non‐corpus‐based grammars are likely to contain biased descriptions that do not accord with attested language use. Hence corpora play a crucial role in achieving improved grammatical descriptions.
Standards and Varieties of English
Authors: Shaw Philip M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Within a set of texts or interactions in any language there is always variation in linguistic form (pronunciation/spelling, syntax, lexis). Some of this variation is random, but much depends on the topic, the medium of production, and the situation in which the sample was produced. Furthermore, much can be related to the status, class, ethnicity, and local origin of the speaker (or writer). This latter type of variation is captured by the terms
norm
,
standard
, and
variety
.
Selective Bromination of sp3 CH Bonds by Organophotoredox Catalysis
Authors: Kee Choon Wee , Chan Ke Min , Wong Ming Wah , Tan Choon‐Hong 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report that bromination of aliphatic and benzylic sp3 CH bonds can be achieved with visible light photoredox catalysis by using a low loading of Eosin Y disodium salt, an inexpensive organic dye, as a photoredox catalyst. The light source is a low‐power household lamp and the reaction can be performed without the need of an inert atmosphere and anhydrous solvent. Easy‐to‐handle CBr4 is the source of bromine and morpholine is necessary for the reaction. Preliminary experimental and computational studies on the mechanism strongly suggest that an N‐morpholino radical is responsible for the CH activation step. This led us to propose that this is a radical relay reaction, in which a longer‐lived morpholine radical is generated from a CBr3 radical, which is relatively more transient, by a thermodynamically favorable reaction. Additional evidence for the existence of such an N‐radical was obtained from radical trapping experiments. The strong preference of this reaction for electron‐rich hydrogen atoms, and the high sensitivity to the steric environment around the CH bond enables bromination to occur on the relatively stronger CH bond (as quantified by bond dissociation enthalpy) on the same molecule. The potential for utilizing this reaction to achieve mild and regioselective bromination of sp3 CH bonds in complex molecules is exemplified by the bromination of (+)‐sclareolide and acetate‐protected estrone.
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Functionally Separated D‐π‐A Dyes with 2‐Cyanopyridine as an Electron‐Accepting and Anchoring Group
Authors: Mao Jiangyi , Wang Dan , Liu Shih‐Hung , Hang Yandi , Xu Yaoyao , Zhang Qiong , Wu Wenjun , Chou Pi‐Tai , Hua Jianli 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThree functionally separated donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) sensitizers CP‐I–III with a cyano group as the electron‐accepting group and a pyridine as the anchoring group have been developed for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Significantly, the Jsc of CP‐II, which contains a benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole moiety, is much higher than those of CP‐I and CP‐III, which contain quinoxaline and [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐c]pyridine groups, respectively. This is not only a result of the good photon absorption, but also effective intramolecular charge transfer. The conversion efficiency (η) for CP‐II‐based DSSCs is 4.02 %, which is far better than that of CP‐I and CP‐III. Also, the η value for CP‐II is much higher than that for the reference dye P‐II with pyridine as anchoring group.
Bridging classification for injury diagnoses that can be converted to both the International Classification of Diseases and the Abbreviated Injury Scale
Authors: Nakahara Shinji , Uchida Yasuyuki , Oda Jun , Yokota Junichiro 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is currently undergoing a revision process to develop the Eleventh Revision (ICD‐11), but substantial modification of chapter 19 has not been proposed despite its known problems in describing injury severity and multiple injuries. Many facilities treating trauma patients perform duplicate coding for trauma diagnoses using two different classification systems, the ICD for administrative purposes and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) for trauma registry, because unambiguous conversion of codes between the ICD and AIS is not always possible due to structural differences.AimWe developed a new bridging classification system which can be unambiguously converted to both ICD and AIS.Methods and ResultsThe bridging classification adopted multidimensional coding and addressed differences in granularity and classification boundaries by adopting the more detailed categorizations whenever the granularity and classification boundaries differed between the ICD and AIS. Then we showed that the bridging classification codes could unambiguously converted to both ICD and AIS.ConclusionOnce injuries are coded using the bridging classification, the ICD and AIS codes are readily available. Integrating the new bridging classification into the ICD‐11, possibly as a clinical modification, would eliminate the necessity of complicated procedures for code conversion and duplicate coding, and benefit users by building on the strengths of both the ICD and AIS.
Estimation of the biobased carbon content of polypropylene resin in composites on the basis of the carbon 14 concentration
Authors: Taguchi Kazuhiro , Kunioka Masao , Funabashi Masahiro , Ninomiya Fumi 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to estimate a procedure for the biobased carbon content of polypropylene (PP) resin isolated from composites containing additives or fillers on the basis of the carbon 14 concentration ratio, as measured by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS). To reliably estimate the biobased carbon content of plastics, additives and fillers in the composites had to be removed because they often contain significant amounts of biobased carbon. To obtain specimens with purity suitable for estimation, an isolation procedure for PP from the composites was devised. The dissolution of the composites in 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene at 150°C, followed by immediate centrifugation of the hot solution, yielded PP as semicrystalline precipitates by allowing the hot solution to cool during centrifugation. The recovery of the resin through the scooping off of the precipitates was typically 90%. This simple procedure provided a suitable specimen for the estimation of biobased carbon content by AMS on the basis of ASTM D 6866. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39978.
Enhanced swelling and methylene blue adsorption of polyacrylamide‐based superabsorbents using alginate modified montmorillonite
Authors: Qiu Haixia , Qiu Zhaoxia , Wang Jialing , Zhang Ruobing , Zheng Fuyuan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPolyacrylamide/sodium alginate modified montmorillonite (PAM/SA‐MMT) superabsorbent composites were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization under normal atmospheric conditions. They were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Their water absorbency and methylene blue (MB) adsorption behaviors were studied. Compared with PAM/MMT composites, PAM/SA‐MMT composites demonstrated greater water absorbency (863 g g−1 in distilled water and 101 g g−1 in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution) and higher adsorption capacity of 2639 mg g−1 for MB. The adsorption behaviors of the composites showed that the isotherms and adsorption kinetics were in good agreement with the Langmuir equation and pseudo‐second‐order equation, respectively. FTIR analysis suggested that the MB adsorption of PAM/SA‐MMT composites via a mechanism combined electrostatic, H‐bonding and hydrophobic interaction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40013.
Superhydrogels of Nanotubes Capable of Capturing Heavy‐Metal Ions
Authors: Song Shasha , Wang Haiqiao , Song Aixin , Hao Jingcheng 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSelf‐assembly regulated by hydrogen bonds was successfully achieved in the system of lithocholic acid (LCA) mixed with three organic amines, ethanolamine (EA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA), in aqueous solutions. The mixtures of DEA/LCA exhibit supergelation capability and the hydrogels consist of plenty of network nanotubes with uniform diameters of about 60 nm determined by cryogenic TEM. Interestingly, the sample with the same concentration in a system of EA and LCA is a birefringent solution, in which spherical vesicles and can be transformed into nanotubes as the amount of LCA increases. The formation of hydrogels could be driven by the delicate balance of diverse noncovalent interactions, including electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, steric effects, van der Waals forces, and mainly hydrogen bonds. The mechanism of self‐assembly from spherical bilayer vesicles into nanotubes was proposed. The dried hydrogels with nanotubes were explored to exhibit the excellent capability for capturing heavy‐metal ions, for example, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+. The superhydrogels of nanotubes from the self‐assembly of low‐molecular‐weight gelators mainly regulated by hydrogen bonds used for the removal of heavy‐metal ions is simple, green, and high efficiency, and provide a strategic approach to removing heavy‐metal ions from industrial sewage.
Hydrophobic Particle Effects on Hydrate Crystal Growth at the Water–Oil Interface
Authors: Cha Minjun , Baek Seungjun , Morris Jeffrey , Lee Jae W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis study introduced hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) into an interface of aqueous and hydrate‐forming oil phases and analyzed the inhibition of hydrate crystal growth after seeding the hydrate slurry. The hydrate inhibition performance was quantitatively identified by micro‐differential scanning calorimetry (micro‐DSC) experiments. Through the addition of 1.0 wt % of SiNPs into the water–oil interface, the hydrate crystal growth only occurred around the seeding position of cyclopentane (CP) hydrate slurry, and the growth of hydrate crystals was retarded. Upon a further increase in the SiNP concentration up to 2.0 wt %, the SiNP‐laden interface completely prevented hydrate growth. We observed a hollow conical shape of hydrate crystals with 0.0 and 1.0 wt % of SiNPs, respectively, but the size and shape of the conical crystals was shrunken at 1.0 wt % of silica nanoparticles. However, the conical shape did not appear with an increased nanoparticle concentration of 2 wt %. These findings can provide insight into hydrate inhibition in oil and gas delivery lines, possibly with nanoparticles.
Estimate of the potential impact of folic acid fortification of corn masa flour on the prevention of neural tube defects
Authors: Tinker Sarah C. , Devine Owen , Mai Cara , Hamner Heather C. , Reefhuis Jennita , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Dowling Nicole F. , Honein Margaret A. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUNDHispanics in the US have a higher prevalence of neural tube defect (NTD) ‐affected pregnancies than non‐Hispanic whites, and lower median total folic acid (FA) intake. FA fortification of corn masa flour (CMF) is a policy‐level intervention for NTD prevention; however, the impact on NTD prevalence has not been estimated.METHODSWe developed a model to estimate the percentage reduction in prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly (NTDs) that could occur with FA fortification of CMF. Model inputs included estimates of the percentage reduction in United States NTD prevalence attributed to FA fortification of enriched cereal grain products (1995–1996 vs. 1998–2002), the increase in median FA intake after enriched cereal grain product fortification, and the estimated increase in median FA intake that could occur with CMF fortification at the same level as enriched cereal grain products (140 μg/100 g). We used Monte Carlo simulation to quantify uncertainty. We stratified analyses by racial/ethnic group and rounded results to the nearest 10.RESULTSWe estimated CMF fortification could prevent 30 Hispanic infants from having spina bifida (95% uncertainty interval: 0, 80) and 10 infants from having anencephaly (95% uncertainty interval: 0, 40) annually. The estimated impact among non‐Hispanic whites and blacks was smaller.CONCLUSIONCMF fortification with FA could prevent from 0 to 120 infants, with the most likely value of approximately 40, from having spina bifida or anencephaly among Hispanics, the population most likely to benefit from the proposed intervention. While this estimated reduction is unlikely to be discernible using current birth defect surveillance methods, it still suggests an important benefit to the target population. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:649–657, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Materials‐based strategies for multi‐enzyme immobilization and co‐localization: A review
Authors: Jia Feng , Narasimhan Balaji , Mallapragada Surya 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTImmobilized enzymes as biocatalysts have great potential both scientifically and industrially because of their technological and economic importance. Their highly efficient catalytic mechanisms and reusability have made them excellent candidates for green and sustainable applications. Previous studies have primarily focused on single enzyme immobilization. However, there are many situations where a single enzyme cannot completely catalyze reactions and multiple enzymes working together in a cascade are needed. It is very challenging to efficiently drive the multi‐step reaction toward the desired direction, which is especially true when reactive intermediates are present. Nature overcomes this limitation through the use of multi‐enzyme complexes (MECs) to promote the overall catalytic efficiency, which has inspired researchers to synthesize artificial MECs to controllably enhance the production of the desired compounds in multi‐step reaction cascades in vitro. The most common approaches to synthesize artificial MECs are to use genetic engineering techniques to create fusion proteins or to co‐localize multiple enzymes on suitable carriers. This review focuses on the latter with a particular emphasis on materials‐based approaches to enzyme co‐localization, which builds on techniques developed for single enzyme immobilization. The attachment techniques used in single enzyme immobilization are also effective in multiple enzyme co‐localization, which has a direct impact on the overall enzyme orientation and activity. For carrier‐based strategies, the platforms developed for single enzyme immobilization are also appropriate for attaching and co‐localizing multiple enzymes. However, the involvement of multiple components in co‐localization brings many challenges. The properties of different enzymes makes co‐localization complicated when selecting attachment techniques and platforms to preserve enzymatic activity, because the structure and function of each component enzyme needs to be taken into consideration to preserve the overall enzyme activity. In addition, the relative position of the multiple enzymes in a confined space plays a significant role in the interactions between different enzymes, which makes spatial control important for co‐localization. This review focuses on the potential of materials‐based approaches for multiple enzyme co‐localization for the design of sustainable multi‐enzyme biocatalysts. A critical analysis of the attachment techniques and carriers platforms that have been used in enzyme immobilization and multi‐enzyme co‐localization in vitro is provided. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 209–222. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reappraisal of field dynamics of motor cortex during self‐paced finger movements
Authors: Suzuki Masataka , Wasaka Toshiaki , Inui Koji , Kakigi Ryusuke 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe exact origin of neuronal responses in the human sensorimotor cortex subserving the generation of voluntary movements remains unclear, despite the presence of characteristic but robust waveforms in the records of electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography (MEG).AimsTo clarify this fundamental and important problem, we analyzed MEG in more detail using a multidipole model during pulsatile extension of the index finger, and made some important new findings.ResultsMovement‐related cerebral fields (MRCFs) were confirmed over the sensorimotor region contralateral to the movement, consisting of a temporal succession of the first premovement component termed motor field, followed by two or three postmovement components termed movement evoked fields. A source analysis was applied to separately model each of these field components. Equivalent current diploes of all components of MRCFs were estimated to be located in the same precentral motor region, and did not differ with respect to their locations and orientations. The somatosensory evoked fields following median nerve stimulation were used to validate these findings through comparisons of the location and orientation of composite sources with those specified in MRCFs. The sources for the earliest components were evoked in Brodmann's area 3b located lateral to the sources of MRCFs, and those for subsequent components in area 5 and the secondary somatosensory area were located posterior to and inferior to the sources of MRCFs, respectively. Another component peaking at a comparable latency with the area 3b source was identified in the precentral motor region where all sources of MRCFs were located.ConclusionThese results suggest that the MRCF waveform reflects a series of responses originating in the precentral motor area.