bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin Versus Aspirin Alone on the Progression of Native Coronary Artery Disease After Bypass Surgery
Authors: Une Dai , Al-Atassi Talal , Kulik Alexander , Voisine Pierre , Le May Michel , Ruel Marc 
Published: September 2014

Background—
The effects of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel on the progression of native coronary artery disease after coronary artery bypass grafting are unknown.

Methods and Results—

In the Clopidogrel After Surgery for Coronary Artery DiseasE (CASCADE) trial, a total of 113 patients were randomized to receive aspirin plus clopidogrel or aspirin plus placebo for 1 year after coronary artery bypass grafting. In this secondary analysis, the 92 patients who underwent preoperative and 1-year postoperative angiograms at 2 centers had each of their coronary stenoses graded serially by using 6 thresholds (grade 0 [0%–24%], grade 1 [25%–37%], grade 2 [38%–62%], grade 3 [63%–82%], grade 4 [83%–98%], and grade 5 [99%–100%]). We compared the incidence and degree of evolving coronary artery disease between the 2 treatment groups. A total of 543 preoperative stenoses and occlusions were quantified and followed. At 1-year postoperatively, there were 103 evolving (94 worsened, 9 improved) and 22 new lesions. The right coronary artery territory and sites proximal to a graft were more commonly associated with worsening coronary artery disease (
P
≤0.02). There were no differences in clinical events between treatment groups, and the proportion of patients with evolving or new lesions was also similar (70% versus 74%, aspirin–clopidogrel versus aspirin–placebo, respectively;
P
=0.8). However, in evolving or new lesions, the mean grade change (1.1±1.0 versus 1.6±1.1, respectively;
P
=0.01) and the proportion of new occlusions (7% versus 22%;
P
=0.02) were lower in the aspirin–clopidogrel group.

Conclusions—
The addition of clopidogrel to aspirin correlates with less worsening of native coronary artery disease 1 year after coronary artery bypass grafting. These findings may help guide post–coronary artery bypass grafting antiplatelet therapy.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00228423.
Spiral Rainbands in a Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). Part I: Structures and Comparisons to Observations
Authors: Moon Yumin , Nolan David S. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This study examines spiral rainbands in a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). This paper, the first part of the study, evaluates the structures of spiral rainbands and compares them to previous observations. Four types of spiral rainbands are identified: principal, secondary, distant, and inner rainbands. Principal rainbands tend to be stationary relative to the storm center, while secondary rainbands are more transient and move around the storm center. Both principal and secondary rainbands are tilted radially outward with height and have many of the commonly observed kinematic features, such as overturning secondary circulation and enhanced tangential velocity on their radially outward sides. Principal rainbands are bounded by very dry air on their radially outward sides. Distant rainbands are radially inward-tilting convective features that have dense cold pools near the surface. Inner rainbands are made of shallow convection that appears to have originated from near the eyewall. Differences in the structures of spiral rainbands between observations and the Hurricane Bill simulation are noted. The second part of the study investigates how inner rainbands propagate and makes comparison with previously proposed hypotheses such as vortex Rossby waves.
Refining Estimates of Polar Ice Volumes during the MIS11 Interglacial Using Sea Level Records from South Africa
Authors: Chen Florence , Friedman Sarah , Gertler Charles G. , Looney James , O’Connell Nizhoni , Sierks Katie , Mitrovica Jerry X. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Peak eustatic sea level (ESL), or minimum ice volume, during the protracted marine isotope stage 11 (MIS11) interglacial at ~420 ka remains a matter of contention. A recent study of high-stand markers of MIS11 age from the tectonically stable southern coast of South Africa estimated a peak ESL of 13 m. The present study refines this estimate by taking into account both the uncertainty in the correction for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and the geographic variability of sea level change following polar ice sheet collapse. In regard to the latter, the authors demonstrate, using gravitationally self-consistent numerical predictions of postglacial sea level change, that rapid melting from any of the three major polar ice sheets (West Antarctic, Greenland, or East Antarctic) will lead to a local sea level rise in southern South Africa that is 15%–20% higher than the eustatic sea level rise associated with the ice sheet collapse. Taking this amplification and a range of possible GIA corrections into account and assuming that the tectonic correction applied in the earlier study is correct, the authors revise downward the estimate of peak ESL during MIS11 to 8–11.5 m.
Statistical Downscaling Using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA)*
Authors: Pierce David W. , Cayan Daniel R. , Thrasher Bridget L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A new technique for statistically downscaling climate model simulations of daily temperature and precipitation is introduced and demonstrated over the western United States. The localized constructed analogs (LOCA) method produces downscaled estimates suitable for hydrological simulations using a multiscale spatial matching scheme to pick appropriate analog days from observations. First, a pool of candidate observed analog days is chosen by matching the model field to be downscaled to observed days over the region that is positively correlated with the point being downscaled, which leads to a natural independence of the downscaling results to the extent of the domain being downscaled. Then, the one candidate analog day that best matches in the local area around the grid cell being downscaled is the single analog day used there. Most grid cells are downscaled using only the single locally selected analog day, but locations whose neighboring cells identify a different analog day use a weighted combination of the center and adjacent analog days to reduce edge discontinuities. By contrast, existing constructed analog methods typically use a weighted average of the same 30 analog days for the entire domain. By greatly reducing this averaging, LOCA produces better estimates of extreme days, constructs a more realistic depiction of the spatial coherence of the downscaled field, and reduces the problem of producing too many light-precipitation days. The LOCA method is more computationally expensive than existing constructed analog techniques, but it is still practical for downscaling numerous climate model simulations with limited computational resources.
Regime Transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Extreme Cold Event over Europe in January–February 2012
Authors: Luo Dehai , Yao Yao , Feldstein Steven B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, large-scale aspects for the onset of the extreme cold European weather event in January–February 2012 are investigated. It is shown that the outbreak of this extreme cold weather event may be attributed to the transition from a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+) event to a long-lasting blocking event over the eastern Atlantic and western Europe (hereafter ENAO−). A persistent decline of the surface air temperature (SAT) is seen over all of Europe during the long-lived ENAO− event, while the main region of enhanced precipitation is located over southern Europe and part of central Europe, in association with the presence of a persistent double storm track: one over the Norwegian and Barents Seas and the other over southern Europe.
The NAO+ to NAO− transition events are divided into NAO+ to ENAO− and NAO+ to WNAO− transition events [ENAO− (WNAO−) events correspond to eastward- (westward-) displaced NAO− events whose positive center is defined to be located to the east (west) of 10°W], and a statistical analysis of the NAO+ to ENAO− transition events during 1978–2012 is performed. It is found that there has been a marked increase in the frequency of the NAO+ to ENAO− transition events during the period 2005–12. Composites of SAT anomalies indicate that the marked decline of the SAT observed over much of Europe is primarily associated with NAO+ to ENAO− transition events. Thus, NAO+ to ENAO− transition events may be more favorable for the extreme cold events over Europe observed in recent winters than other types of NAO− events.
Improvements to a Tropical Cyclone Initialization Scheme and Impacts on Forecasts
Authors: Van Nguyen Hiep , Chen Yi-Leng 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This study makes improvements to the tropical cyclone (TC) initialization method introduced by Nguyen and Chen (i.e., the NC2011 scheme). The authors found that prescribing sea level pressure associated with the initial vortex using a modified Fujita formula has very little impact on the vortex structure and intensity during a series of 1-h model integration and relocation. On the other hand, inserting an artificial warm core makes the vortex spin up much faster. When a warm core is inserted during the initial spinup process, the computational time required for model initialization is reduced by ½–⅓. Because prescribed sea level pressure is not required to spin up the vortex, information on vortex size, such as radius of maximum wind, is no longer needed. The performance of the improved NC2011 scheme with an initial prescribed warm core during the initial spinup process is tested for typhoons that made landfall over southern China or Vietnam in 2006. Before landfall, these storms were over the open ocean where conventional data were sparse, without special observations. Two sets of model runs, with (NC2011-CTRL) and without (CTRL) vortex initialization, are performed for comparison. The initial and time-dependent boundary conditions are from the NCEP Final Analyses (FNL). There are twelve 48-h simulations in each run set. Results show that the vortex initialization improves TC track and intensity simulations.
The Porifera Ontology (PORO): enhancing sponge systematics with an anatomy ontology
Authors: Thacker Robert W , Díaz Maria Cristina , Kerner Adeline , Vignes-Lebbe Régine , Segerdell Erik , Haendel Melissa A , Mungall Christopher J 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Porifera (sponges) are ancient basal metazoans that lack organs. They provide insight into key evolutionary transitions, such as the emergence of multicellularity and the nervous system. In addition, their ability to synthesize unusual compounds offers potential biotechnical applications. However, much of the knowledge of these organisms has not previously been codified in a machine-readable way using modern web standards.

Results
The Porifera Ontology is intended as a standardized coding system for sponge anatomical features currently used in systematics. The ontology is available from http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/poro.owl, or from the project homepage http://porifera-ontology.googlecode.com/. The version referred to in this manuscript is permanently available from http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/poro/releases/2014-03-06/.

Conclusions
By standardizing character representations, we hope to facilitate more rapid description and identification of sponge taxa, to allow integration with other evolutionary database systems, and to perform character mapping across the major clades of sponges to better understand the evolution of morphological features. Future applications of the ontology will focus on creating (1) ontology-based species descriptions; (2) taxonomic keys that use the nested terms of the ontology to more quickly facilitate species identifications; and (3) methods to map anatomical characters onto molecular phylogenies of sponges. In addition to modern taxa, the ontology is being extended to include features of fossil taxa.
Considering age when making treatment decisions in the ICU: too little, too much, or just right?
Authors: Ehlenbach William J 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThere are a number of studies providing evidence that age is associated with treatment decisions for critically ill adults, although most of these studies have been unable to fully account for both prehospital health status and severity of acute illness. In the previous issue of Critical Care, Turnbull and colleagues present a well-executed study analyzing data from a prospective cohort study of critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome to investigate the association between age and new limitations in life-sustaining therapy. They report a strong association between age and new limitations in life support in this cohort, even after adjusting for comorbidities, prehospital functional status, and severity of illness including daily organ dysfunction scores. Their results demonstrate that decisions about the goals of care and the ongoing use of life-sustaining treatments should be viewed as dynamic and responsive to events occurring during critical illness. This study raises the important question about the contributors to this association, and the authors raise the possibility that physician or surrogate bias may be contributing to decisions for older patients. While this is unlikely to be the only contributor to the association between age and end-of-life decisions, the mere possibility should prompt reflection on the part of clinicians caring for critically ill patients.
Non-lobar atelectasis generates inflammation and structural alveolar injury in the surrounding healthy tissue during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Retamal Jaime , Bergamini Bruno Curty , Carvalho Alysson R , Bozza Fernando A , Borzone Gisella , Borges João Batista , Larsson Anders , Hedenstierna Göran , Bugedo Guillermo , Bruhn Alejandro 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
When alveoli collapse the traction forces exerted on their walls by adjacent expanded units may increase and concentrate. These forces may promote its re-expansion at the expense of potentially injurious stresses at the interface between the collapsed and the expanded units. We developed an experimental model to test the hypothesis that a local non-lobar atelectasis can act as a stress concentrator, contributing to inflammation and structural alveolar injury in the surrounding healthy lung tissue during mechanical ventilation.

Methods
A total of 35 rats were anesthetized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated. Atelectasis was induced by bronchial blocking: after five minutes of stabilization and pre-oxygenation with FIO2 = 1.0, a silicon cylinder blocker was wedged in the terminal bronchial tree. Afterwards, the animals were randomized between two groups: 1) Tidal volume (VT) = 10 ml/kg and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 3 cmH2O (VT10/PEEP3); and 2) VT = 20 ml/kg and PEEP = 0 cmH2O (VT20/zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP)). The animals were then ventilated during 180 minutes. Three series of experiments were performed: histological (n = 12); tissue cytokines (n = 12); and micro-computed tomography (microCT; n = 2). An additional six, non-ventilated, healthy animals were used as controls.

Results
Atelectasis was successfully induced in the basal region of the lung of 26 out of 29 animals. The microCT of two animals revealed that the volume of the atelectasis was 0.12 and 0.21 cm3. There were more alveolar disruption and neutrophilic infiltration in the peri-atelectasis region than the corresponding contralateral lung (control) in both groups. Edema was higher in the peri-atelectasis region than the corresponding contralateral lung (control) in the VT20/ZEEP than VT10/PEEP3 group. The volume-to-surface ratio was higher in the peri-atelectasis region than the corresponding contralateral lung (control) in both groups. We did not find statistical difference in tissue interleukin-1β and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 between regions.

Conclusions
The present findings suggest that a local non-lobar atelectasis acts as a stress concentrator, generating structural alveolar injury and inflammation in the surrounding lung tissue.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance in the assessment of the gender differences in a high-grade glioma rat model
Authors: Pérez-Carro Rocío , Cauli Omar , López-Larrubia Pilar 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma, the most frequent and aggressive of all astrocytomas, presents a clear predominance in male humans, but the assessment of sexual differences in its tumourigenesis and growth has received little attention so far. In this study, we aim to identify gender-dependent surrogate markers in an animal model of this cancer by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and biochemical and behavioural studies.

Methods
A high-grade glioma model developed in male and female rats was used. Multiparametric magnetic resonance images and localized spectra were acquired. The MR parameters linked to tumoural features were quantified. Motor and metabolic activity was also assessed. Postmortem analyses were carried out to measure indicators of malignancy, tumoural metabolism and viability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Results
Statistically significant differences dependent on the animal sex were found in the study of pathological indicators like oedema, inflammation, cellularity and microvasculature. Results suggest higher cell proliferative rate, inflammation and vasogenic oedema and or necrosis in glioma-bearing male rats. Haemodynamic parameters measured indicated a major disruption of the BBB, postmortem confirmed, in this sex. Metabolomic and energetic metabolism activity data are in agreement with a major malignancy and aggressiveness of this cancer model on males.

Conclusions
Gender differences should be taken into account in preclinical studies of glioblastoma models, in the characterization of the tumoural behaviour and consequently in the development and validation of new therapeutic approaches. MR imaging and spectroscopy allow to non-invasively monitor this sexual dimorphism in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain cancer.
Geophysical expression of a buried niobium and rare earth element deposit: The Elk Creek carbonatite, Nebraska, USA
Authors: Drenth Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2014

The lower Paleozoic Elk Creek carbonatite is a 6–8-km-diameter intrusive complex buried under 200 m of sedimentary rocks in southeastern Nebraska. It hosts the largest known niobium deposit in the U.S. and a rare earth element (REE) deposit. The carbonatite is composed of several lithologies, the relations of which are poorly understood. Niobium mineralization is most enriched within a magnetite beforsite (MB) unit, and REE oxides are most concentrated in a barite beforsite unit. The carbonatite intrudes Proterozoic country rocks. Efforts to explore the carbonatite have used geophysical data and drilling. A high-resolution airborne gravity gradient and magnetic survey was flown over the carbonatite in 2012. The carbonatite is associated with a roughly annular vertical gravity gradient high and a subdued central low and a central magnetic high surrounded by magnetic field values lower than those over the country rocks. Geophysical, borehole, and physical property data are combined for an interpretation of these signatures. The carbonatite is denser than the country rocks, explaining the gravity gradient high. Most carbonatite lithologies have weaker magnetic susceptibilities than those of the country rocks, explaining why the carbonatite does not produce a magnetic high at its margin. The primary source of the central magnetic high is interpreted to be mafic rocks that are strongly magnetized and are present in large volumes. MB is very dense (mean density [Formula: see text]) and strongly magnetized (median 0.073 magnetic susceptibility), producing a gravity gradient high and contributing to the aeromagnetic high. Barite beforsite has physical properties similar to most of the carbonatite volume, making it a poor geophysical target. Geophysical anomalies indicate the presence of dense and strongly magnetized rocks at depths below existing boreholes, either a large volume of MB or another unknown lithology.
Experimental substantiation of the use of materials «КLIPDENT» «BIOPLAST-DENT» at the substitution of bone defects after traumatic removal of teeth
Authors: Азарова  , Azarova E. , Коротких  , Korotkikh N. , Харитонов  , Kharitonov D. , Степанов  , Stepanov Ilya 
Published: September 2014

The effect of osteoplastic materials of various fractions «Klipdent», «Bioplast-dent» on the speed and quality of processes osteoreparation of bone defect resulting from traumatic removal of teeth of the lower jaw was studied. The authors note morphologically confirmed an increase in the intensity of the processes of osteoreparation in the field of bone defect. According to the results of morphological experimental study it was established that regeneration of microcirculation more pronounced and accelerated in average by 3-5 day compared with the normal process. Acceleration of process of formation of bone gaps immersed osteocytes was more pronounced when using finely dispersed substances, acceleration of the process compared to the normal average of 6-8 days. Collagen framework was formed on 6-8 days of experiment that was ahead of the normal process for 5-7 days. The conducted morphological research can testify about the acceleration of the processes of regeneration of bone tissue in comparison with normal for 6-7 days, regardless of the modifiers process. An adequate selection of the type of osteoplastic
material and a strict adherence to the indications for its use allows to increase efficiency of treatment of bone tissue defects of the maxillofacial area and to reduce the time of temporary disability of patients.
Current issues of vocational training in cosmetologyda
Authors: Груздев  , Gruzdev D. , Гусейнов  , Guseynov A. 
Published: September 2014

The article highlights the current state and problems of vocational health professional education of physicians and nurses in the specialty «cosmetology». Legal documents: orders, instructions, regulations on the activities of medical practitioners and nurses in the specialty «cosmetology» are described. The authors noted that
availability of qualified staff, regularly and systematically improving their professional skills, not only the student&#180;s individual technologies, largely determines the quality and safety of services provided on cosmetology. The authors believe that cosmetologist must have higher professional education in one of the specialties: «General medicine», «Pediatrics», he should complete his residency training on the specialty «Cosmetology» or to complete a professional retraining on specialization «Cosmetology» in the presence of higher education on the specialty «Dermatovenereology». During labour activity a doctor is obliged to obtain additional professional education at least once in five years, what determines the quality of his activities.The authors note, there are the need for greater involvement in the training
of private health organizations, which have modern material and technical base and highly qualified personnel.