bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Cutaneous Vasoreactivity to Cold in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Luck P. , Wakeling A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hand blood flows in healthy young men and women and in patients with anorexia nervosa were measured in a warm environment by using venous occlusion plethysmography. The mean core temperature of each of the three groups was similar, but the male control subjects and the anorexic patients had significantly higher peripheral blood flows than the female control subjects.
2. Blood flows were determined in the hand after 6 min localized cooling of it at varying temperatures. The female control subjects and the majority of the anorexic patients had blood flows which were similar for a given temperature, and lay between the higher values of the male control subjects and the low values of the remaining anorexic patients.
3. Those patients whose vascular responses to cold were exaggerated were characterized clinically by severe and persistent signs of ischaemia of the extremities during subsequent rehabilitation, unlike the majority of patients whose peripheral circulation rapidly improved.
4. Cold thermal stimuli evoked marked falls in blood flow of the contralateral (non-cooled) hand in the male and female control subjects, but these responses were attenuated or absent in the anorexic patients. An altered set-point for vasomotor thermoregulation in anorexia nervosa could explain these findings.
5. Plasma and whole-blood viscosity and erythrocyte deformability measured in a sample of the patients studied were similar to the values obtained from a sample of the control subjects.
6. It was concluded that the cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses to cold in the majority of the anorexic patients studied were quantitatively normal. The mechanism of the response, however, was different in that the vessels themselves were unusually reactive to cold. Increased cuteneous vasoreactivity to cold could contribute to the severe peripheral hypoperfusion observed in some anorexic patients.
Chemosensitivity in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Homma Ikuo , Kageyama Shigeru , Nagai Takeshi , Taniguchi Ikuo , Sakai Toshio , Abé Masakazu 
Published: August 2015

1. By using the rebreathing method, ventilatory responses to inhaled CO2 were studied in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
2. Their general respiratory functions including vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) were within normal ranges and ventilatory responses to CO2 in the range 5.32-5.99 kPa were not significantly different between patients and normal subjects. However, ventilation in the patients was significantly less than that in normal subjects when the alveolar partial pressure of CO2 (Paco2) was above 6.65 kPa.
3. The slope of the CO2 response curves obtained during hyperoxic rebreathing was significantly less in the patients than in the normal subjects. In the patients CO2 response curves with 15% (v/v) O2 were either the same or had lower slopes than those measured with 100% O2.
4. The results suggest that both peripheral and central chemosensitivity, including the activity of the respiratory centre, are reduced in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
Effect of a Long-Acting Octapeptide Analogue of Somatostatin on Growth Hormone and Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Hormones in Man
Authors: Barnes A. J. , Long R. G. , Adrian T. E. , Vale W. , Brown M. R. , Rivier J. E. , Hanley J. , Ghatei M. A. , Sarson D. L. , Bloom S. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The biochemical specificity and duration of action of a single 5 mg subcutaneous dose of des-AA1,2,4,5,12,13-d-Trp8-somatostatin were evaluated in eight patients with symptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumours.
2. There was a reduction by more than 50% for at least 10 h in plasma concentrations of growth hormone, glucagon, gastrin and motilin and for 4–5 h in plasma insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and enteroglucagon.
3. This study shows that this octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, like somatostatin itself, lacks specificity in the hormones it suppresses. However, its prolonged duration of action against several hormones when given subcutaneously suggests that it may be of therapeutic use in a number of disease states where excessive plasma concentrations of one or more of these hormones occur.
Isoprenaline-Induced Secretion of Active and Inactive Renin in Anaesthetized Rabbits and by Kidney Cortex Slices
Authors: Richards H. K. , Noble A. R. , Munday K. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline on the secretion of active and inactive renin was investigated in two preparations.
2. in ten urethane-anaesthetized rabbits isoprenaline, given as a renal artery infusion, had relatively minor effects on renal sodium excretion (increased) and systemic arterial blood pressure (decreased). Urine volume, potassium excretion, creatinine clearance and serum electrolytes were all unchanged. Plasma active and inactive renin both increased immediately and returned to basal values after ceasing the isoprenaline infusion.
3. No significant changes in either plasma renin activity or renal function were observed in a group of ten control animals.
4. The magnitude of the isoprenaline-induced changes in plasma active renin was similar to that in a previous study of frusemide diuresis, but the time course was quite different. Inactive renin disappeared from plasma during frusemide diuresis.
5. Renin release by rabbit kidney cortex slices was also studied. Isoprenaline, added to the incubation medium, caused a dose-related increase in active renin secretion, but inactive renin release remained unchanged. This is in marked constrast to a previous study where reducing [Na+] increased active renin and inhibited inactive renin output.
6. These data support our previous suggestion that activation of inactive renin is regulated by a sodium-sensitive intrarenal mechanism.
Potassium Citrate Feeding Protects against Nephron Loss in Severe Sodium Chloride Hypertension in Rats
Authors: Ganguli M. , Tobian L. , Iwai J. , Johnson Mary Ann 
Published: August 2015

1. Potassium citrate did not significantly increase plasma flow to the renal papilla in normotensive Dahl R rats on either low or high NaCl diets. Similarly, potassium citrate did not significantly increase papillary plasma flow in mildly hypertensive Dahl S rats on low NaCl diets. Thus potassium citrate feeding did not ordinarily alter papillary plasma flow.
2. When S rats were fed on a high (4%) NaCl diet for 24 weeks, they became severely hypertensive and developed nephrosclerosis with nephron loss. This accounted for the significant reduction in papillary plasma flow in S rats on 4% high NaCl diet with no potassium supplementation.
3. When S rats on high NaCl diet were given a supplement of KCl, they still developed severe hypertension and almost the same fall in papillary plasma flow, suggesting a similar degree of nephron loss from nephrosclerosis.
4. However, when S rats on high NaCl diet were given a supplement of potassium citrate, they still developed the same severe hypertension but, in contrast, they did not have a decrease in papillary plasma flow. This actually increased to 7% higher than in comparable S rats eating the low NaCl diet. Moreover, S rats receiving potassium citrate supplements in their high NaCl diet had a papillary plasma flow which was 34% higher than that of S rats receiving no potassium supplement in the high NaCl diet (P &lt; 0.005) and was 19% higher than that of S rats receiving KCl supplements in the high NaCl diet (P &lt; 0.04). This occurred even though the rats receiving potassium citrate were severely hypertensive.
5. Thus potassium citrate feeding protected against nephron loss from nephrosclerosis during severe NaCl-induced hypertension, whereas KCl feeding did not provide such protection.
Homocysteine in the Plasma of Renal Transplant Recipients: Effects of Cofactors for Methionine Metabolism
Authors: Wilcken D. E. L. , Gupta Vatsala J. , Betts A. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Homocysteine which is formed during the metabolism of methionine is readily oxidized and is measured by the amino acid analyser as cysteine—homocysteine mixed disulphide and homocystine. We measured plasma amino acid concentrations after an overnight fast in 27 stable long-term renal transplant recipients and 25 age-and sex-matched normal subjects with particular emphasis on sulphur-containing amino acids.
2. Plasma cysteine—homocysteine mixed disulphide was increased in the patients (mean 6.0 ± sd 3.2 μmol/l; normal 3.1 ± 0.9 μmol/l, P &lt; 0.001) and homocystine was detectable in low concentration (&lt; 1.0 μmol/l) in 24; the elevation in cysteine—homocysteine was related to serum creatinine (r = 0.60, P &lt; 0.002). Cystine was also increased (91.6 ± 29.3 μmol/l; normal subjects 64.0 ± 16.7 μmol/l, P &lt; 0.001), but methionine concentrations were normal.
3. When pyridoxine, folic acid and vitamin B12, cofactors for homocysteine metabolism, were administered sequentially to 11 arbitrarily selected transplant recipients cysteine—homocysteine decreased from 7.3 ± 2.1 to 4.3 ± 0.8 μmol/l (P &lt; 0.001) and homocystine became undetectable. the response coincided with the giving of folic acid and occurred without alteration in serum creatinine and with normal serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations.
4. in eight patients in whom pretreatment erythrocyte folate was measured, folic acid therapy reduced cysteine—homocysteine from 9.0 ± 3.1 to 5.4 ± 1.6 μmol/l over a 4 week period (P &lt; 0.001), the largest response being in the one patient with subnormal erythrocyte folate; values were in the low-normal or normal range in the other seven.
5. We conclude that plasma homocysteine is increased in renal transplant recipients when serum creatinine is only moderately elevated and that the homocysteine concentrations are decreased by treatment with folic acid, suggesting that both reduced homocysteine excretion and relative shortages of folic acid are responsible.
Effect of Strain and Sex on the Induction of Hyperalbuminaemic Proteinuria in the Rat
Authors: Lawrence Gillian M. , Brewer D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Male and female rats representing the four inbred strains [Wistar (albino), Sprague-Dawley (albino), DA (brown) and PVG (hooded) rats] were injected intraperitoneally with 4.5-5.5 mg of Cohn V bovine albumin day−1 g−1 body wt.
2. the levels of proteinuria and glomerular ultrastructural damage induced in response to hyperalbuminaemia varied widely with the strain and sex of rat studied, being highest in the male Wistar and lowest in the male Sprague-Dawley.
3. A survey of the relevant literature shows that these results probably explain most of the reported inconsistencies and anomalies concerning the effect of parenteral protein injection in the rat.
Role of Vagal Airway Reflexes in Control of Ventilation in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Savoy J. , Dhingra S. , Anthonisen N. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. in 10 patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in seven control subjects, we measured the pressure at the mouth 0.1 s after onset of an inspiration against occluded airway (P0.1), minute ventilation (VI), breathing frequency (fr), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory duration (Tl) and calculated the mean inspiratory flow (VT/Tl) and the fraction of the breath cycle devoted to inspiration (Tl/Ttot.). in the patients measurements were made at normal arterial oxygen saturations (Sao2), before and after lignocaine airway anaesthesia.
2. Efficacy of airway anaesthesia was tested by the cough response to citric acid inhalation.
3. in pulmonary fibrosis P0.1, f1 and VT/Tl were greater than in the control subjects, VT and Tl, were smaller and Tl/Ttot. and VI were not different.
4. Effective airway anaesthesia did not modify P0.1 and breathing pattern parameters observed in pulmonary fibrosis.
5. These results suggest that airway receptors do not contribute to a major extent to the control of breathing in pulmonary fibrosis.
The Relationship between Plasma Lithium and the Renal Responsiveness to Arginine Vasopressin in Man
Authors: Penney M. D. , Hullin R. P. , Srinivasan D. P. , Morgan D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) was measured in morning samples of urine from 58 patients treated with lithium for unipolar or bipolar affective disorders and from 25 healthy control subjects.
2. the AVP excretion rate was increased in the patients treated with lithium and was related to the plasma lithium concentration. the increase in AVP excretion is the result of a renal resistance to AVP so that what has been observed is an effect of lithium in vivo related to its plasma level over the therapeutic range.
Mechanisms of Structural Vascular Changes in Genetic Hypertension: Analyses on Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Yamori Yukio , Igawa Takehiro , Kanbe Toshimi , Kihara Masahiro , Nara Yasuo , Horie Ryoichi 
Published: August 2015

1. The basic mechanism underlying the structural vascular changes occurring in hypertension was studied in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) obtained by an explant method from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and compared with that in normotensive Wistar—Kyoto (WKY) rats.
2. The growth rate of SMC from SHR and SHRSP at the age of 2.5–11 months was greater than that of SMC from WKY rats even after repeated passages.
3. [3H]Thymidine and [14C]leucine incorporation, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity of SMC were increased in SHR and SHRSP in comparison with WKY rats.
4. The application of isoprenaline but not noradrenaline to the culture media increased ODC activity acutely in SMC from WKY rats and this increase was blocked by propranolol.
5. These results indicate that SMC from SHR and SHRSP are more prone to proliferate than those from WKY rats and that a β-adrenergic neurohumoral mechanism accelerates SMC growth independently of blood pressure.
Increased Peripheral Release of Noradrenaline and Uptake of Adrenaline in Essential Hypertension?
Authors: Kjeldsen S. E. , Flaaten B. , Eide I. , Helgeland A. , Leren P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty middle-aged men with untreated sustained essential hypertension for more than 5 years and 19 comparable normotensive controls were investigated. Both groups were derived from The Oslo Study, where they had served as control hypertensive and normotensive subjects.
2. Supine venous and arterial plasma catecholamines were increased in the hypertensive subjects compared with the normotensive subjects. The mean arterial—venous difference for adrenaline in the hypertensive (0.45 ± se 0.08 nmol/l) was increased compared with the normotensive group (0.27 ± 0.03 nmol/l, P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the venous-arterial difference for noradrenaline was increased in the hypertensive (0.29 ± 0.13 nmol/l, P &lt; 0.05) compared with the normotensive group (−0.07 ± 0.11 nmol/l).
3. The results are consistent with an increased release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla and noradrenaline from the peripheral vascular beds (forearm) in essential hypertension. The increased arterial-venous difference for adrenaline in the hypertensive group also suggests an increased uptake of adrenaline in the peripheral vascular beds.
Aggression-Provoked Renin Release from An Unknown Source in Male Mice
Authors: Poulsen K. , Pedersen E. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. An 800-fold increase in plasma renin occurs after aggressive behaviour in male mice without kidneys and submaxillary glands.
2. The aggression-provoked renin fulfils all the criteria so far studied for being identical with renin.
3. It is an acid proteinase which generates angiotensin I with the same Km and specific enzymatic activity as pure submaxillary renin and normal plasma renin.
4. It is immunologically identical with submaxillary renin in the direct renin assay and in crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
5. It is present in plasma as fully enzymatically active 40 000-mol. wt. renin.
6. It is not likely that it arises from an inactive precursor or binding protein in plasma, since there is no inactive renin present and the high-molecular-weight forms of renin are also present after the fighting.
7. None of many organs so far studied can account for the release.
8. Synthesis of renin de novo during fighting is not likely since it is released also after blockade in vivo of protein synthesis.
9. Origin of the renin is unknown.
α-Adrenoceptors and Age-Dependent Decrease of Plasma Renin Activity in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Salvetti A. , Pedrinelli R. , Arzilli F. , Sassano P. , Leonetti G. , Terzoli L. , Bianchini C. , Fruscio M. 
Published: August 2015

1. A stepwise infusion of phentolamine was administered to 26 patients with mild uncomplicated essential hypertension, whose basal renin was inversely related to age.
2. Phentolamine caused a dose-related increase of plasma renin activity, which was independent of mean blood pressure and heart rate changes.
3. The maximum increment of plasma renin activity was inversely related to age and the dose-response curve of plasma renin activity was steeper in the younger group than in older patients.
4. Our data do not support the hypothesis than an increased α-adrenergic tone in elderly people may explain the age-dependent decline of renin in uncomplicated essential hypertension.
Effects of Combined α- and β-Receptor Blockade on Peripheral Circulation in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Heck I. , Trübestein G. , Stumpe K. O. 
Published: August 2015

1. Six weeks' treatment with labetalol (600 mg/day) significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures in 24 patients with essential hypertension. There was a small but not significant decrease in heart rate.
2. After 6 weeks of therapy mean digital arterial blood flow at rest and during reactive hyperaemia had increased by 26%.
3. In nine essential hypertensive patients intravenous administration of 100 mg of labetalol caused prompt and striking reductions of systolic and diastolic blood pressures without significant changes in heart rate. There was a consistent and significant increase in peripheral blood flow by 32% 5 min after administration of the drug.
4. Antagonism of α-receptors in addition to β-receptors might improve peripheral arterial blood flow while achieving antihypertensive control. Thus labetalol, owing to its favourable haemodynamic effects, may have advantages over conventional pure β-receptor-blocking agents.
Comparison of Nasal and Bronchial Mucociliary Clearance in Young Non-Smokers
Authors: Puchelle Edith , Aug F. , Zahm J. M. , Bertrand A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Nasal and bronchial mucociliary clearance have been studied in ten non-smokers (aged 19–23 years). Nasal mucociliary transport was evaluated by measuring the transport rate of a single radioactive (99mTc) particle deposited on the nasal mucosa. Bronchial clearance was measured after inhalation of insoluble radioactive anionic particles (diameter 7.4 ± 1.5 μm). The initial deposition of the aerosol and subsequent clearance over 1 h was monitored with a γ-camera
2. The initial particle deposition was concentrated centrally and was similar in all subjects. The percentage of the total deposition located in the central zone was 78.2 ± 5.8. The range for nasal transport rate (0–12.6 mm/min) and bronchial mucociliary clearance (18.1–77.0%) was large
3. An inverse relationship (rs = −0.63, P &lt; 0.05) was observed between nasal transport rate and bronchial clearance, suggesting that, in young non-smokers, the lower the rate of the nasal mucociliary transport the faster the bronchial mucociliary clearance.
Effect of Fasting on the Disappearance of Injected Alanine and 3-Hydroxybutyrate in Obese Subjects
Authors: Swaminathan R. , Morgan D. B. , Wales J. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The blood concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate and alanine were measured before and after they were separately injected into obese patients who were taking a 1.68 MJ (400 kcal) diet and again when they had starved for 4 days and 28 days.
2. The disappearance of the injected metabolite was exponential and its half-life and volume of distribution were calculated.
3. The concentration of ketones (both 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) was raised in the patients when they were taking the low-calorie diet and increased a further sevenfold during starvation. This further increase was associated with an increase in the half-life of injected 3-hydroxybutyrate.
4. The pre-injection concentration of alanine almost halved during starvation and the half-life of injected alanine increased.
5. If the changes in half-life of exogenous 3-hydroxybutyrate and alanine apply to endogenous metabolites, then these results suggest that the increase in blood ketone concentration during starvation is at least partly due to a decreased clearance of ketones and the decrease in blood alanine concentration is associated with a marked decrease in production rate of alanine.
The Relation between Membrane Cholesterol and Phospholipid and Sodium Efflux in Erythrocytes from Healthy Subjects and Patients with Chronic Cholestasis
Authors: Jackson P. A. , Morgan D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. The cholesterol and phospholipid content of the cell membrane and the efflux of sodium were measured in the erythrocytes of patients with chronic cholestasis and in healthy subjects.
2. The membranes from the patients contained more cholesterol and phospholipid and had a higher cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio than the membranes from the healthy subjects.
3. The sodium efflux rate constant was reduced in the patients and this was entirely due to a reduction in the frusemide-sensitive efflux rate constant. There was no difference in either the ouabain-sensitive or the ouabain plus frusemide-resistant rate constants.
4. This reduction in the frusemide-sensitive rate constant was associated with a reduction in the erythrocyte sodium content.
5. When erythrocytes were loaded with cholesterol in vitro the frusemide-sensitive efflux rate constant was reduced by an amount similar to that observed in the patients. In addition, however, there was a reduction in the ouabain-sensitive efflux rate constant and an increase in the erythrocyte sodium content; neither of these changes was observed in the patients in vivo.
Zinc Deficiency and Photoreceptor Dysfunction in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Keeling P. W. N. , O'Day J. , Ruse W. , Thompson R. P. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. In nine patients with chronic liver disease photoreceptor function was tested, by measurement of the B-wave amplitude of dark adaptation by electroretinography, and the leucocyte content and plasma concentration of zinc were determined.
2. Four of the patients were leucocyte zinc-depleted and had impaired photoreceptor function, but this was normal in the five with normal leucocyte zinc content.
Comparative Effect of Diuretics on Renal Water Excretion in Hyponatraemic Oedematous Disorders
Authors: Szatalowicz V. L. , Miller P. D. , Lacher J. W. , Gordon J. A. , Schrier R. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of intravenous chlorthiazide and frusemide on urinary osmolality were compared in 19 hyponatraemic oedamatous patients.
2. Frusemide (1 mg/kg) caused production of a dilute urine (urine/plasma osmolality ratio, Uosm./Posm., 1.64–0.84, P &lt; 0.01) whereas chlorthiazide (10 mg/kg) did not (Uosm./Posm. 1.54–1.34, not significant).
3. The osmolar clearance (Cosm.) was higher after frusemide than after chlorthiazide (11.45 vs 4.99 ml/min, P &lt; 0.01). When the doses of frusemide (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) and chlorthiazide (20 mg/kg) were chosen to give a similar Cosm. (7.25 vs 7.48 ml/min, not significant), the Uosm./Posm. was still lower after frusemide (2.20–1.00, P &lt; 0.001) than after chlorthiazide (1.75–1.26, P &lt; 0.01).
4. Exogenous vasopressin did not increase the low Uosm./Posm. after frusemide (1.00–1.00, not significant) but increased the ratio after chlorthiazide (1.34–1.68, P &lt; 0.001).
5. These results indicate that frusemide, but not chlorthiazide, leads to the excretion of a dilute urine in hyponatraemic oedematous patients. This dilution is not due to a greater solution excretion but is associated with a resistance to the action of vasopressin.