bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phonological Process with Two Patterns of Simplified Chinese Characters
Authors: Jin Zheng , Lee Junehee , Lee Yang 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This paper analyzed word recognition in two patterns of Chinese characters, cross referenced with word frequency. The patterns were defined as uni-part (semantic radical/component only) and bi-part (including the phonetic radical/component and the semantic radical/component) characters. The interactions of semantic and phonological access in both patterns were inspected. It was observed that in the naming task and the pronunciation-matching task, the subject performance involving the uni-part characters showed longer RT than the bi-part characters. However, with the lexical decision and meaning-matching tasks the uni-part characters showed shorter RT than the bi-part characters. It was also observed that the frequency, which is regarded as a lexical variable, displayed a strong influence. This suggests that Chinese characters require lexical access in all tasks. This study also suggested that the phonological process is primary in visual word recognition; as there is a significant phonological effect in processing the Chinese bi-part characters, resulting in either the facilitation or inhibition of phonology due to the differing demands of the two tasks
Methodological Procedure For Pre-Investment Wind Farm Ornithological Monitoring Based On Collision Risk Estimation
Authors: Busse Przemysław 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
Even though the proportion of wind farm victims compared to general bird species mortality is relatively low, there is necessity to limit direct and indirect losses to the bird populations caused by this kind of human activity. Estimation of threats to the birds resulting from building of wind farms is a very difficult task and it must take into account several constrains. The basic task is to build farms in localities that are the safest to birds. This can be achieved by pre-investment monitoring and direct observations at the spot and then evaluation of potential threats and risks. Field methods typical for the studies on bird populations are usually applied in such monitoring. The procedure described below includes four steps: screening (starts the process and sets preliminary constrains of the location), monitoring (standardised data are collected at the location), estimations of potential collision risk and evaluation of the location.
The key parameters determining collision risk of bird species are: (1) the number of individuals utilising the monitored area in different seasons, (2) air space utilization (height and directions of flights), as well as (3) characteristics of the species behaviour. The starting data set contains: species name, number of individuals, height of flight (three layers - below, in, above the rotor), and distance from the observer. The final estimation of the collision index (the most probable number of collisions per turbine a year) is based on (1) estimation of the total number of individuals that use the defined area during a year and (2) estimation of probability that the individual will collide. In the latter (i.e. 2) the most important is that birds can actively avoid passing through the rotor swept (active avoidance rate) and that even birds, which crossed the rotor swept area not necessarily will be killed. Calculations are performed for each species separately and then are summarised to get the farm index as well as season indices. Some values of indices for raptors studied at 76 localities in Poland are given in the table. The final evaluation of the site is made as shown in a parametric analysis table, discussion of cumulative and barrier effects and the discussion of species specific risk to species of high conservation concern.
Silica/lignosulfonate hybrid materials: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Klapiszewski Łukasz , Zdarta Jakub , Szatkowski Tomasz , Wysokowski Marcin , Nowacka Magdalena , Szwarc-Rzepka Karolina , Bartczak Przemysław , Siwińska-Stefańska Katarzyna , Ehrlich Hermann , Jesionowski Teofil 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The research reported here concerns the synthesis, characterization and potential applications of silica/lignosulfonate hybrid materials. Three types of silica were used (Aerosil®200, Syloid®244 and hydrated silica), along with magnesium lignosulfonate. The effectiveness of the hybrid material synthesis methodology was confirmed indirectly, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental and colorimetric analysis. Dispersive-morphological analysis indicates that the products with the best properties were obtained using 10 parts by weight of magnesium lignosulfonate per 100 parts of Syloid®244 silica. The relatively high thermal stability recorded for the majority of the synthesized products indicates the potential use of this kind of a material as a polymer filler. Results indicating the high electrokinetic stability of the materials are also of great importance. Additionally, the very good porous structure properties indicate the potential use of silica/lignosulfonate systems as biosorbents of hazardous metal ions and harmful organic compounds.
Dynamic pressure thermal analysis of double-base propellants containing RDX
Authors: Liu Rui , Zhang Tonglai , Yang Li , Zhou Zunning 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The thermal decomposition of five double-base propellants modified with RDX was studied by dynamic pressure thermal analysis to determine the effect of RDX content (20–60 wt.%) on performance. All have good stability. Both stability and activation energy increase as RDX increases from 20% to 50% then decrease; 50% RDX performs best. The decomposition mechanism is affected by RDX content and temperature. Increasing temperature induces autocatalysis and accelerates decomposition.
The role of hydroxy aluminium sulfate minerals in controlling Al3+ concentration and speciation in acidic soils
Authors: Povar Igor , Spinu Oxana 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A thermodynamic approach for the complex chemical equilibria investigation of two-phase systems containing hydroxy aluminium sulfate (HAS) minerals in soils has been developed. This approach utilizes thermodynamic relationships combined with original mass balance constraints, where the HAS mineral phases are explicitly expressed. The factors influencing the distribution and concentrations of various soluble aluminium species have been taken into account. The new type of diagrams, based on thermodynamic, graphical and computerized methods, which quantitatively describe the distribution of soluble and insoluble inorganic, and organic, monomeric and polymeric aluminium species in acidic soil solutions in a large range of pH values has been used. The thermodynamics of equilibria of different natural HAS in soils, the conditions under which solids involving common ions can coexist at equilibrium, the acid-base and mineral equilibria and complex formation have been examined. It has been proved that the presence of sulfate ion dramatically alters the HAS mineral solubility under acidic conditions. The obtained data regarding the factors influencing Al speciation, based on the constructed diagrams of heterogeneous chemical equilibria, are in good agreement with the current experimental and theoretical evidence. The proposed approach is intended to determine the dominant processes that are responsible for the Al3+ concentration levels and its speciation in acidic soils.
Classical analogue of the statistical operator
Authors: Plastino Angelo , Plastino Angel , Zander Claudia 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We advance the notion of a classical density matrix, as a classical analogue of the quantum mechanical statistical operator, and investigate its main properties. In the case of composite systems a partial trace-like operation performed upon the global classical density matrix leads to a marginal density matrix describing a subsystem. In the case of dynamically independent subsystems (that is, non-interacting subsystems) this marginal density matrix evolves locally, its behavior being completely determined by the local phase-space flow associated with the subsystem under consideration. However, and in contrast with the case of ordinary marginal probability densities, the marginal classical density matrix contains information concerning the statistical correlations between a subsystem and the rest of the system.
What is Europe Aiming at?
Authors: Gizicki Wojciech 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The problems faced in the first decade of the 21st century by the integrating Europe are quite serious and require an effective action. The above is true for both economic, political and social issues. Economic dilemmas are best seen in the Economic and Monetary Union, competitiveness and economic growth. Their importance has been raised even higher by the now overwhelming global economic downturn. Political issues are invariably connected with the future vision of the European Union, and relate, among others, to the identity, security, stability and prominence of individual states. The formal empowerments of the EU remain debatable, especially when seen through the context of (non)ratification of the EU Constitution and the Lisbon Treaty. Social problems focus mainly on the demographic decline, illegal immigration, dissimilation, inequalities in life quality, etc. The EU has to be constantly guided by the demand that these difficulties are effectively surmounted.
The Political Class – Definition and Characteristics
Authors: Manolov Georgi L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article treats the historical- political developments of the political class phenomenon. It analyses in detail the concepts of „political class“, „elite“ and „oligarchy“, their definiteness, composition and structure, and it emphases on the characteristics of oligarchy in politics. In this sense, the separate political layers and their relationship with the contemporary political oligarchy have been outlined through in-depth theoretical analysis.
Potential Hidden Losses for Slovakia as a Member of the European Monetary Union
Authors: Stískala Jozef 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Aim of this paper is to evaluate solutions for European crisis in context of Slovak participation in rescue mechanisms. The most evident element is the European stability mechanism. There is no problem with estimation of the potential losses caused by the eurozone break-up for the Slovak Republic regarding ESM. But there are other mechanisms used mainly by the ECB as monetary instruments for stabilization of the financial markets. ECB via these instruments bears potential risk of losses regarding default of the member state(s) that could damage its balance sheet. The Protocol on the statute of the European system of central banks and ECB says that losses from the common mechanisms should be borne by eurozone member states according to their share in the ECB´s capital. It is inevitable for the Slovak Republic to realize the size of its exposure via European programmes on the peripheral economies to maintain appropriate attitude as far as the eurozone issues are concerned. The author therefore tries to reveal potential hidden losses for Slovakia as a member of the European monetary union that are not explicitly seen.
Psychological Aspects of the U.S. Election Campaign
Authors: Turska-Kawa Agnieszka 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGreat diversity - racial and cultural as well as in terms of quality of life - in the United States forces versatility of electoral activities, pushing them to a certain level of generality, as specific, defined solutions may turn out too narrow for a broad electorate. In specific campaigns, psychological mechanisms become particularly important, especially those which in many ways provide a sense of closeness to the preferred candidate and build a relationship that leads to support and casting a vote in the elections. The present study focuses on three important - from a psychological point of view - issues, which are perfectly represented in the American elections - the narrative of the political image; communities created on the Internet thanks to management of specific electoral groups by politicians, and the presence of humor and satire in the campaign.
New Gall Midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Brachineurini, Ledomyiini) from the Late Eocene Rovno Amber
Authors: Fedotova Z. A. , Perkovsky E. E. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Three new genera and six new species of the tribes Brachineurini and Ledomyiini from the Late Eocene Rovno amber are described: Rovnobrachineura kiryeyevi Fedotova et Perkovsky, gen. et sp. n.; Brachineura polessica Fedotova et Perkovsky, sp. n.; Popovineura nacta Fedotova et Perkovsky gen. et sp. n.; Nascensluna mellea Fedotova et Perkovsky, gen. et sp. n.; Rhizomyia parkalovi Fedotova et Perkovsky, sp. n.; Ledomyia olgae Fedotova et Perkovsky, sp. n. Th e new species of genera Brachineura and Rhizomyia are the first extinct representatives of the respective genera. Diagnoses of Ledomyia, Brachineura and Rhizomyia are updated.
Postoperative Irrigation Therapy after Sinonasal Tumor Surgery
Authors: Jo Hae W. , Dalgorf Dustin M. , Snidvongs Kornkiat , Sacks Raymond , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: March 2014

Background Sinonasal care after endoscopic tumor resection aims to manage crusting, edema, mucus, and a healing cavity. High-volume irrigation have proved beneficial in this setting. The addition of corticosteroid to the irrigation is used for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in modifying the postsurgical inflammatory response; however, its effect in endoscopic sinonasal tumor resection is unknown. Saline alone versus combination saline and corticosteroid irrigations in postoperative nasal care of sinonasal tumor patients was assessed. Methods A retrospective cohort of patients postendoscopic endonasal tumor resection was assessed. Patients used 240 mL of saline or 240 mL of saline with 1 mg of betamethasone daily. Nasal symptom scores (NSSs) and the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome test (SNOT-22) was recorded 3 months postoperatively. An endoscopic score was made of the area undergoing secondary healing at 3 months by two blinded assessors. Results Fifty-nine patients were assessed (aged 50.1 ± 18.26 years; 36% female subjects). The groups were similar in number (saline n = 31), treatment, and surgical characteristics. The endoscopic scores did not differ between the groups at 3 months. NSS was lower in the saline group (1.0 [interquartile range {IQR}, 3] versus 7.0 [IQR, 9]; p = 0.03) and, similarly, for SNOT-22 (0.24 [IQR, 1] versus 1.09 [IQR, 1]; p = 0.01) compared with the saline with steroid group. Conclusion Although corticosteroid irrigations have become routine for managing inflammatory sinus disease at our center, their use after tumor surgery does not appear to be warranted. The inflammatory healing process after tumor surgery differs from CRS inflammation and may explain the observed findings.
Prevalence, Risk Factors and Comorbidities of Allergic Rhinitis in South Korea: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Rhee Chae-Seo , Wee Jee Hye , Ahn Jae-Cheul , Lee Woo Hyun , Tan Keng Lu , Ahn Soyeon , Lee Ju Hyun , Lee Chul-Hee , Cho Yang-Sun , Park Kyoung Ho , Lee Kun Hee , Kim Kyung-Su , Lee Ari , Kim Jeong-Whun 
Published: March 2014

Background There has been no nationwide epidemiological investigation of allergic rhinitis (AR) that was diagnosed by both questionnaires and laboratory tests in Korea. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities of AR in South Korea. Methods The Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey examined a representative sample of the Korean population. A total of 2305 participants underwent immunoradiometric assay for specific IgE antibodies against common indoor allergens. Healthy, atopy only, and AR groups were defined according to the results of allergen test. The weighted prevalence for each group was calculated. Risk factors including food and comorbidities were identified using univariate or multivariate analyses. The patients were also categorized into four subgroups according to the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification and associated comorbidities were analyzed. Results The prevalence of atopy only and AR was 30.0 ± 1.2% and 16.2 ± 1.0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that the prevalence was influenced by sex (p < 0.01) for atopy only and sex (p = 0.09), age (p = 0.02), marital status (p = 0.24), and stress level (p = 0 for AR. Compared with the healthy group, asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 4.77), nasal polyp (NP; OR = 3.44), chronic rhinosinusitis (OR = 13.93), and olfactory dysfunction (OR = 4.88) were more prevalent in the AR group. Based on the ARIA guideline, intermittent mild rhinitis was most common (58.1%). Asthma was correlated to severity and atopic dermatitis and NPs was associated with persistency. Daily intake of less mackerel and more carrots, bread, and bean curd were associated with the increased risk of AR. Conclusion Prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities of AR were evaluated in the general Korean population, which will contribute to prevention and treatment of AR and its comorbidities in Koreans.
Occurrence of Oral Ulcerations in Patients undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Comparative study
Authors: Mainali Apeksha 
Published: March 2014

Introduction: Intra-oral and extra-oral tissues are at risk of damage during orthodontic treatment, most commonly oral ulcerations. Clinicians should assess and monitor every aspect of patient’s treatment procedure to achieve an uneventful and successful final result.
Objective: To evaluate occurrence of oral ulcerations in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. To evaluate the most common type of ulceration and to assess the management of such ulcerations by the orthodontists.
Materials & Method: A questionnaire-based study was used among Nepalese and international orthodontists. Data were analyzed statistically using descriptive analysis and Chi-square test, p<0.05 was considered to be significant with a confidence interval of 95%.
Result: Most common oral ulceration encountered during orthodontic treatment was traumatic ulceration which was managed by symptomatic measures. There was a statistically significant difference in the method of education to the patients among national and international orthodontists.
Conclusion: Careful use of instruments, careful fitting and adjustment of the appliances should be done to avoid oral ulcerations during orthodontic treatment. Topical medicines can be used for management of such ulcers. Nepalese orthodontists should focus on using audio-visual aids for patient education as it has great promise in enhancing patient understanding and in prompting behavioral change.
Radiotracers in performance evaluation of nuclear grade resins Amberlite IRN-78 and Purolite NRW-8000
Authors: Singare P. U. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The present paper deals with evaluation of organic base nuclear grade anion exchange resins Amberlite IRN-78 and Purolite NRW-8000 by application of radioactive tracer isotopes 131I and 82Br. The evaluation was made on the basis of their performance in iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions carried out under different experimental conditions like temperature and ionic concentration. It was observed that during iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction at a constant temperature of 30.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases from 0.001 mol/L to 0.004 mol/L, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 70.10 % to 77.10 % for Amberlite IRN-78, which was higher than an increase of 63.90 % to 71.00 % as obtained for Purolite NRW-8000 resins. Also at a constant temperature of 30.0 °C, using 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.001 mol/L labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min−1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were calculated to be 0.280, 0.175, 0.049 and 11.4 respectively for Amberlite IRN-78 resin, which was higher than the values of 0.258, 0.160, 0.041 and 10.6 respectively as that obtained by using Purolite NRW-8000 resins. The identical trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. The results of present investigation also indicate that during the two ion-isotopic exchange reactions, for both the resins, there exists a strong positive linear correlation between amount of ions exchanged and concentration of ionic solution; and strong negative correlation between amount of ions exchanged and temperature of exchanging medium. The overall results indicate that under identical experimental conditions, Amberlite IRN-78 resins show superior performance over Purolite NRW-8000 resins.
Analysis of processes in RBMK-1500 fuel rods during the operation, short and intermediate term storage
Authors: Kaliatka T. , Kaliatka A. , Makarevicius V. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Recently the reactors of both units of Ignalina NPP in Lithuania were shutdown for decommissioning (in 2004 and 2009). According to the design, the spent fuel should be returned for reprocessing to Russia. However, up to now, all assemblies of spent fuel are still stored in the spent fuel pools and in the dry storage facility on-site of the Ignalina NPP. Thus, the safety justification for short and intermediate term spent fuel assemblies storage in Ignalina NPP is very important. The most important barrier, preventing release of radioactivity from the fuel matrix to the environment is the fuel rod cladding. The condition (integrity) of cladding at the end of intermediate storage of spent fuel assemblies may be evaluated by simulating processes in fuel rods during the whole “life cycle” of the fuel assembly: beginning from the first loading into the reactor core, until the end of dry intermediate storage in special casks. This paper presents the modelling of processes in fuel rods during normal operation of fuel assemblies in reactor, short term wet storage in spent fuel pool and intermediate storage in dry cask. The analysis was performed using FEMAXI-6 integral code for the analysis of processes in fuel rod. The behaviour of thermal (pressure inside fuel rod, temperatures of fuel pellets and cladding, etc.) and mechanical (change of the gap between pellets and cladding, stresses and plastic deformation in fuel pellets and cladding, etc.) parameters were calculated. The analysis performed demonstrates the possibility to describe the state of the fuel rods after normal operation and short and intermediate term fuel storage.
Upgrading of neutron radiography/tomography facility at research reactor
Authors: Abd El Bar W. , Mongy T. , Kardjilov N. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A state-of-the-art neutron tomography imaging system was set up at the neutron radiography beam tube at the Egypt Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2) and was successfully commissioned in 2013. This study presents a set of tomographic experiments that demonstrate a high quality tomographic image formation. A computer technique for data processing and 3D image reconstruction was used to see inside a copy module of an ancient clay article provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The technique was also able to uncover tomographic imaging details of a mummified fish and provided a high resolution tomographic image of a defective fire valve.