bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A modified Halpern-type iteration algorithm for quasi-ϕ -asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and applications
Authors: Tang Yong , Chang Shih-sen , Wang Lin , Zhao Y. , Chan Chi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to modify the Halpern-type iteration algorithm for quasi-ϕ-asymptotically nonexpansive mapping to have the strong convergence under a limit condition only in the framework of Banach spaces. The results presented in the paper improve and extend the corresponding results of Qin et al. [Convergence of a modified Halpern-type iterative algorithm for quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings, Appl. Math. Lett. 22 (2009), 1051–1055], Wang et al. [A modified Halpern-type iteration algorithm for a family of hemi-relative nonexpansive mappings and systems of equilibrium problems in Banach spaces, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 235 (2011), 2364–2371], Su et al. [Strong convergence theorems for two countable families of weak relatively nonexpansive mappings and applications, Nonlinear Anal. 73 (2010), 3890–3906], Nartinez-Yanes et al}. [Strong convergence of the CQ method for fixed point iteration processes, Nonlinear Anal. 64 (2006), 2400–2411], and others.
Some considerations on Hydra groups and a new bound for the length of words
Authors: Otera Daniele , Russo Francesco , Russo Vincenzo 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
After a survey on some recent results of Riley and others on Ackermann functions and Hydra groups, we make an analogy between DNA sequences, whose growth is the same of that of Hydra groups, and a musical piece, written with the same algorithmic criterion. This is mainly an aesthetic observation, which emphasizes the importance of the combinatorics of words in two different contexts. A result of specific mathematical interest is placed at the end, where we sharpen some previous bounds on deterministic finite automata in which there are languages with hairpins.
Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal
Authors: Sapkota D , Sharma D , Pokharel H P , Budhathoki Shyam Sundar , Khanal Vijay Kumar 
Published: March 2014

Background: Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adult life during which pubertal development and sexual maturation take place, thus making physiological development a challenge adolescents have to face. There is a substantial lacuna in the knowledge towards menstruation among adolescent girls. Menstrual hygiene and management is an issue that is insufficiently acknowledged and has not received adequate attention. Objective: This study was done to assess the knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents. Methods: A descriptive study was done among sixty-one female adolescents of Shree Himali Secondary School, Panchkanya, Sunsari, where data were collected from the adolescents meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: It was found that 36.1% correctly reported about menstruation where most common informant was mother (39.3%). Dysmenorrhoea was the commonest problem faced during menstruation (78.7%) followed by back pain and excessive blood loss. More than half of respondents (54.1%) used sanitary pads and frequency of changing pads twice a day was highest (50.8%). Initial reaction was of fear/apprehension at menarche by 36.1% of girls whereas 44.3% perceived it as an expectant process. Girls still faced different types of restrictions like not being allowed to visit holy places, not being allowed to cook and touch male family member etc. Conclusion: Traditional beliefs regarding menstruation still persist and menstrual hygiene among the adolescents was found to be unsatisfactory. It highlights the need of targeted interventions to raise awareness and provision of family health education package to all girls. Menstrual hygiene is an issue that needs to be addressed at all levels.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 117-121DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9962Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
Corporal punishment and its effects in children
Authors: Rimal Hem Sagar , Pokharel Archana 
Published: March 2014

Corporal punishment in children is still a major problem throughout the globe and more common in developing countries like Nepal. Several researches done across the globe have clearly established the fact that use of corporal punishment at home, school or alternative settings is associated with higher prevalence of externalizing behaviour of youth, substance use, depression, juvenile delinquency, poor academic performance and marital conflict as an adult. Authors have reviewed the journals, websites and books to find out the magnitude of problem in the national as well as international context. It has also looked at the long-term and short term adverse effects of corporal punishment in children, current legislative status, and suggested strategies to discipline children. Reinforcing legal actions against this practice can contribute to expedite the process to end corporal punishment of children globally with strong advocacy from paediatricians and other health professionals.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9968Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
For merit and Nirvana: The production of art in the Bangkok Period
Authors: Skilling Peter 
Published: March 2014

Pourquoi commanditer une image du Bouddha ? Pourquoi donner des objets ou des édifices à un temple ? Les motivations doivent avoir été puissantes et contraignantes pour donner lieu à la production massive d'images, de temples et d'objets d'art qui fut celle des premiers trois règnes (1782-1851) de la période dite de Bangkok. Rois, nobles et citoyens dessinèrent des temples grandioses pourvus de décorations et de mobiliers luxueux. Ils y installèrent d'opulentes images du Bouddha, certaines d'entre elles immenses. Le capital, les ressources et le travail du royaume du Siam en expansion furent consacrés à l'activité religieuse dans une proportion sans précédent jusqu'alors. Pourquoi cela ?
La domination de l'idéologie du mérite fournit une réponse possible à cette question. Commanditer et donner des images et des objets d'arts tels que manuscrits ou armoires et coffres à manuscrits produit une accumulation de mérite spirituel qui promet au donateur une renaissance enviable et contribue à son éventuelle réalisation du nirvana. La recherche de bénéfices pour ses parents, ses ancêtres et soi-même est une composante d'un ensemble d'idéaux incluant le souhait de conserver l'enseignement du Bouddha pendant cinq mille ans et l'aspiration à rencontrer le futur Bouddha Maitreya. Participer activement et publiquement à de tels idéaux était l'un des programmes sociaux les plus importants de cette époque.
Heureusement, les donateurs ont souvent inscrit les objets qu'ils offraient, laissant ainsi un témoignage de leurs intentions et de leurs aspirations. Ces inscriptions, gravées sur les images du Bouddha, les planches à amulettes et les armoires ou coffres à manuscrits constituent la source de cet article qui étudie des images du Bouddha et d'autres objets datant pour la plupart du XIXe siècle. Les objets proviennent du Wat Ruak Bang Bamru, un petit temple situé à Thonburi, sur la rive ouest de la Chao Phraya.
Sexual dimorphism in human cranial trait scores: Effects of population, age, and body size
Authors: Garvin Heather M. , Sholts Sabrina B. , Mosca Laurel A. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTSex estimation from the skull is commonly performed by physical and forensic anthropologists using a five‐trait scoring system developed by Walker. Despite the popularity of this method, validation studies evaluating its accuracy across a variety of samples are lacking. Furthermore, it remains unclear what other intrinsic or extrinsic variables are related to the expression of these traits. In this study, cranial trait scores and postcranial measurements were collected from four diverse population groups (U.S. Whites, U.S. Blacks, medieval Nubians, and Arikara Native Americans) following Walker's protocols (total n = 499). Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate the accuracy of these traits in sex estimation, and to test for the effects of population, age, and body size on trait expressions. Results revealed significant effects of population on all trait scores. Sample‐specific correct sex classification rates ranged from 74% to 94%, with an overall accuracy of 85% for the pooled sample. Classification performance varied among the traits (best for glabella and mastoid scores and worst for nuchal scores). Furthermore, correlations between traits were weak or nonsignificant, suggesting that different factors may influence individual traits. Some traits displayed correlations with age and/or postcranial size that were significant but weak, and within‐population analyses did not reveal any consistent relationships between these traits across all groups. These results indicate that neither age nor body size plays a large role in trait expression, and thus does not need to be incorporated into sex estimation methods. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:259–269, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
P‐glycoprotein promotes epithelial T helper 2–associated cytokine secretion in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Nocera Angela L. , Iqbal Hufsa , Hoang John D. , Alvarez Ulises , Feldman Rachel E. , Han Xue 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSinonasal epithelial cells are recognized as drivers of inflammation in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) through secretion of T helper 2 (Th2)‐promoting cytokines. P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is overexpressed in nasal polyps and modulates epithelial cytokine secretion in healthy mucosa. The objective of this study is to determine whether P‐gp overactivity promotes Th2‐associated cytokine secretion in CRSwNP.MethodsPolyp explants (n = 4) and primary epithelial cell cultures (n = 5) were cultivated from patients with CRSwNP. Explant P‐gp activity was determined using a calcein assay. In culture, P‐gp was quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sensitivity to PSC‐833 inhibition was determined using a calcein assay. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated cytokine secretion of interleukin 6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, IL‐25, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were quantified by ELISA and compared to secretion following P‐gp inhibition. Differences in P‐gp expression and cytokine secretion were compared using a Mann‐Whitney U test. Secretion was correlated with P‐gp expression using a Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsCalcein retention is increased in P‐gp inhibited vs uninhibited polyp explants (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 5.17 ± 1.76 vs 2.55 ± 0.62; p < 0.05) but not in controls, indicating increased nasal polyp P‐gp activity. P‐gp is sensitive to dose‐dependent P‐gp inhibition with PSC‐833 in vitro. LPS‐stimulated secretion of normalized GM‐CSF (45.21 ± 41.39) and IL‐6 (63.16 ± 36.37) were significantly reduced following P‐gp inhibition (8.47 ± 3.28; p < 0.01, and 39.94 ± 31.07; p < 0.05; respectively) and secretion was highly correlated with P‐gp expression(r = 0.824, p < 0.05, and r = 0.833, p < 0.05; respectively).ConclusionP‐gp overactivity promotes Th2‐associated epithelial cytokine secretion in nasal polyps, suggesting a novel mechanism for maintaining chronic inflammation in CRSwNP.
Eisen‐katalysierte C(sp2)‐H‐ und C(sp3)‐H‐Arylierung mit Triazol‐Unterstützung
Authors: Gu Qing , Al Mamari Hamad H. , Graczyk Karolina , Diers Emelyne , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: March 2014

AbstractModulare 1,2,3‐Triazole ermöglichten Eisen‐katalysierte C‐H‐Arylierungen mit hoher Anwendungsbreite. Das neuartige Triazol‐basierte, zweizähnige Auxiliar ist leicht zugänglich und bietet zudem eine benutzerfreundliche Eisen‐katalysierte C(sp2)‐H‐Funktionalisierung an Arenen und Alkenen mit exzellenten Chemo‐ und Diastereoselektivitäten. Der metallorganische Eisen‐Katalysator ist geeignet für die vielseitige Funktionalisierung von C(sp3)‐H‐Bindungen. Die Triazol‐unterstützte C‐H‐Aktivierung findet unter außergewöhnlich milden Bedingungen statt, und das Auxiliar ist rückstandslos abspaltbar. Bemerkenswerterweise stellte sich die Triazol‐Gruppe im Vergleich zu zuvor beschriebenen dirigierenden Gruppen als überlegen heraus.
Biologisch schaltbare antimikrobielle Poly(2‐methyloxazoline) auf Grundlage des Satellitengruppeneffekts
Authors: Krumm Christian , Harmuth Simon , Hijazi Montasser , Neugebauer Britta , Kampmann Anne‐Larissa , Geltenpoth Helma , Sickmann Albert , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEin neues Konzept wird demonstriert, bei dem die Abspaltung einer einzelnen funktionellen Gruppe die Wirksamkeit eines antimikrobiellen bioziden Polymers aufhebt. Grundlage hierfür ist der Satellitengruppeneffekt, bei dem sich zwei Endgruppen an demselben Polymer gegenseitig beeinflussen. Eine biozide quartäre Ammoniumgruppe wurde über ein Poly(2‐methyloxazolin) mit einer Ester‐Satellitengruppe gekuppelt. Dabei zeigt ein Polymer mit einer Octyl‐3‐propanoat‐Satellitengruppe eine sehr gute antimikrobielle Aktivität gegen Gram‐positive Bakterienstämme. Zudem weist es eine niedrige Hämotoxizität auf, was sich im hohen Verhältnis HC50/MIC=120 für S. aureus widerspiegelt. Die Hydrolyse der Ester‐Satellitengruppe, die über Lipase‐Katalyse erfolgen kann, bewirkt eine 30‐fache Abnahme der antimikrobiellen Aktivität des Polymers. Über den Satellitengruppeneffekt ist es damit tatsächlich möglich, ein wirksames biozides Polymer unter natürlichen Bedingungen zu desaktivieren.
Yoctoliter Thermometry for Single‐Molecule Investigations: A Generic Bead‐on‐a‐Tip Temperature‐Control Module
Authors: Koirala Deepak , Punnoose Jibin Abraham , Shrestha Prakash , Mao Hanbin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA new temperature‐jump (T‐jump) strategy avoids photo‐damage of individual molecules by focusing a low‐intensity laser on a black microparticle at the tip of a capillary. The black particle produces an efficient photothermal effect that enables a wide selection of lasers with powers in the milliwatt range to achieve a T‐jump of 65 °C within milliseconds. To measure the temperature in situ in single‐molecule experiments, the temperature‐dependent mechanical unfolding of a single DNA hairpin molecule was monitored by optical tweezers within a yoctoliter volume. Using this bead‐on‐a‐tip module and the robust single‐molecule thermometer, full thermodynamic landscapes for the unfolding of this DNA hairpin were retrieved. These approaches are likely to provide powerful tools for the microanalytical investigation of dynamic processes with a combination of T‐jump and single‐molecule techniques.
Integrating kinetics with thermodynamics to study the alkaline extraction of protein from Caragana korshinskii Kom
Authors: Zhong Cheng , Zhou Zhao , Zhang Yu‐Ming , Jia Shi‐Ru , Sun Zhuo , Dale Bruce E. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTExtraction and recovery of protein from abundant plant biomass is one potential way to improve the economic feasibility of biorefineries. However, valorization of the protein fraction is challenging due to its low yield (kg protein extraction/kg biomass). In order to reveal the limiting operation parameters, the alkaline extraction process of protein from Caragana korshinskii Kom. was investigated by an integrative analysis of kinetics and thermodynamics. Both a two‐site kinetic extraction model and a second‐order model indicated that particle size is the most pivotal factor affecting protein extraction yield. In a two‐site model, most proteins are extracted quickly from broken cells, while protein removal from the intact cells takes much longer; these are the faster and slower processes, respectively. A decrease of particle size from 20–40 to 60–80 mesh resulted in a decrease of C2 (protein yield in the slower process) from 14.02 to 7.32 mg g−1, but a great increase of C1 (protein yield in the faster process) from 20.61 to 59.07 mg g−1. However, the protein yield was dominated by the faster process when the average particle size is under 80 mesh. The maximum initial extraction rate was 72.20 mg g−1 min−1 with the particle size of 60–80 mesh, almost ninefold of that with 20–40 mesh. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) in the protein extraction process were calculated as 21.08 kJ mol−1 and 84.76 J K−1, respectively. The standard free energy (ΔG) had a magnitude from −3.77 to −5.46, suggesting that the extraction process was spontaneous and physically feasible. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1801–1808. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface Treatment for Conductive 12 CaO⋅7 Al2O3 Electride Powder by Rapid Thermal Annealing Processing and Its Application to Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Hayashi Fumitaka , Kitano Masaaki , Yokoyama Toshiharu , Hara Michikazu , Hosono Hideo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe inorganic electride [Ca24Al28O64]4+(e−)4 (C12A7:e−) has unique properties, that is, chemical stability and a low work function comparable to that of metal K. However, its surface area is low (≈1 m2 g−1) because sintering occurs during high‐temperature annealing, which is needed to remove CaO layers formed by reaction with metal Ca that works as a reductant. We report a simple synthesis method for moderate‐surface‐area C12A7:e− (9–19 m2 g−1) by using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) technique. The synthesis consists of 1) high‐temperature evacuation, 2) reaction with Ca metal, and 3) RTA. The influence of these synthesis conditions was first studied to achieve both high surface area and high electron concentration. Next, C12A7:e− samples were examined as Ru catalyst supports for NH3 synthesis. The activity of Ru‐loaded as‐prepared C12A7:e− was moderate but was increased fivefold by RTA processing prior to Ru loading as a result of surface structure reconstruction. The improvement in the Ru dispersion degree that results from the increased surface area trebled the overall activity (3550 μmol gcat−1 h−1 at 340 °C) compared with that of conventional Ru/C12A7:e−.
Coupled Continuous Chromatography and Racemization Processes for the Production of Pure Enantiomers
Authors: Swernath Subramanian , Kaspereit Malte , Kienle Achim 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCombining an enantioseparation by continuous chromatography with the racemization of the undesired enantiomer in a recycle is a promising approach. Two different cases were considered: limited conversion of the reaction with moderate product purity requirements and high conversion with high product purity requirements. For the first case, a simple plantwide control strategy is presented, manipulating the solvent removal in front of the racemization reactor. It is shown that the various disturbances can be compensated with this strategy without performing the more complex readjustment of the chromatographic unit. Further, it is shown that this strategy is likely to fail in the second scenario and that readjustment of the chromatographic unit is required for a successful control strategy.
Activation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides by an Iron(I) Complex Generated in the Reduction of [Fe(acac)3] by PhMgBr: Electron Transfer versus Oxidative Addition
Authors: Lefèvre Guillaume , Jutand Anny 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe mechanism of the reactions of aryl/heteroaryl halides with aryl Grignard reagents catalyzed by [FeIII(acac)3] (acac=acetylacetonate) has been investigated. It is shown that in the presence of excess PhMgBr, [FeIII(acac)3] affords two reduced complexes: [PhFeII(acac)(thf)n] (n=1 or 2) (characterized by 1H NMR and cyclic voltammetry) and [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− (characterized by cyclic voltammetry, 1H NMR, EPR and DFT). Whereas [PhFeII(acac)(thf)n] does not react with any of the investigated aryl or heteroaryl halides, the FeI complex [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− reacts with ArX (Ar=Ph, 4‐tolyl; X=I, Br) through an inner‐sphere monoelectronic reduction (promoted by halogen bonding) to afford the corresponding arene ArH together with the Grignard homocoupling product PhPh. In contrast, [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− reacts with a heteroaryl chloride (2‐chloropyridine) to afford the cross‐coupling product (2‐phenylpyridine) through an oxidative addition/reductive elimination sequence. The mechanism of the reaction of [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− with the aryl and heteroaryl halides has been explored on the basis of DFT calculations.
Synthesis of [3,3′‐Di‐sec‐butyl‐4′‐(2‐dimethylaminoethoxy)biphenyl‐4‐yl‐oxy]acetic Acid
Authors: Chang Mengyang , Chan Chiehkai 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA modified synthetic route of [3,3′‐di‐sec‐butyl‐4′‐(2‐dimethylaminoethoxy)biphenyl‐4‐yloxy]acetic acid (1) with high total yield of 44% from biphenyl‐4,4′‐diol (2) is described.
Seasonal Water Quality Upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir, China – the Effects of Land Use Type at Various Spatial Scales
Authors: Ye Yin , He Xingyuan , Chen Wei , Yao Jing , Yu Shuai , Jia Lian 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTInappropriate land use is considered a main factor in the deterioration of water quality. The relationship between land use and water quality (RLW) is complex, so the exploration of how seasonal water quality is affected by land use at various spatial scales can benefit our understanding of the RLW. We examined data for 110 sampling sites upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir in China. RLWs in three seasons and at three spatial scales were analyzed via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. After excluding unreliable data attributed to point source pollution and spatial autocorrelation, we found that land use in the riparian zone within 100 m of the river was correlated with water quality during the rainy season. Taking into account the influences of spatial pattern of the land use on water quality, breakpoint regression analysis indicated that when fragmented forest land covers more than 37% of the local riparian zone, the deterioration of water quality will be mitigated, in contrast water pollution would be exacerbated when un‐fragmented dry farmland exceeds 54%. Therefore, when analyzing RLW, selection of the appropriate spatial scale and season as well as improvement of land use patterns can facilitate rational and effective basin management.
Synthesis and Carbon Dioxide Sorption of Layered Double Hydroxide/Silica Foam Nanocomposites with Hierarchical Mesostructure
Authors: Fu Liling , Qi Genggeng , Shekhah Osama , Belmabkhout Youssef , Estevez Luis , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Giannelis Emmanuel P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLayered double hydroxides (LDHs) with a hierarchical mesostructure are successfully synthesized on mesoporous silica foams by simple impregnation and hydrothermal treatment. The as‐synthesized LDH/silica foam nanocomposites show well‐defined mesostructures with high surface areas, large pore volumes, and mesopores of 6–7 nm. The nanocomposites act as carbon dioxide (CO2) sorbents under simulated flue gas conditions. They also exhibit significantly enhanced CO2 capacities under high‐pressure conditions and high CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities.