bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roots of Moral Reasoning and Behavior in Infants
Authors: Kiley Hamlin J. , Steckler Conor M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Recent findings suggest that toddlers and infants engage in prosocial behaviors and evaluate potential social partners based on their morally relevant social acts. Together, this evidence suggests that some foundational aspects of human morality may stem from universal and unlearned features of the human mind. That is, despite the clear role of learning processes in much of moral development, basic motivations to cooperate with and help others, as well as an ability to judge third parties based on their prosocial and antisocial acts, may underlie and constrain those processes. Here, we review the current state of the literature on these topics and point to important remaining issues and future directions.
The New Political Economy of Colonialism
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The new political economy of colonialism is an interdisciplinary field that unites economists, political scientists, and sociologists interested in the nature and contemporary legacies of colonialism. It is distinctive in its reliance of quantitative data, its close attention to causal identification, and its focus on deriving novel theoretical insights using standard tools in positive political economy. This essay traces the development of the new political economy of colonialism over the past 20 years and identifies exciting new contributions in this rapidly developing and interdisciplinary field.
The Psychological Impacts of Cyberlife Engagement
Authors: Kwan Virginia S. Y. , Bodford Jessica E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay synthesizes scientific research across two decades on the influence of cyberlife engagement on cognitive processes, mental and physical health, and interpersonal interactions, highlighting the increasingly pervasive presence of digital innovation in society. New possibilities afforded by the integration of technology in commerce, relationships, therapy, and education are discussed, as are prevalent topics of interest within cyberpsychological research. We present an analysis of the positivity with which information and communication technology is portrayed in scientific literature since its emergence in society and discuss important future directions of study as technology's presence and influence continue to grow on an exponential scale. Last, we present current voids in cyberpsychological research, focusing particularly on the question of digital culture, or the impact of cyberlife engagement on global cultures as both geographical and custom‐based barriers are traversed with increasing ease.
The Public Nature of Private Property
Authors: Becher Debbie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAmerican legal academics describe private property as a set of private rights. However, liberal ideas of private control poorly describe legal practices, and thus the bundle of rights is a misleading metaphor for private property. Indeed, social theorists have long understood that property is not the ownership of a thing or a set of individual rights, but a set of social agreements about what ownership entails. In the late twentieth and early twenty‐first century, constituents have expected governments to protect the value in their properties, not just their control over the resources. Property rules involve government intimately not only in creating value but also in determining who deserves which valuable resources.
The State and Development
Authors: Cohn Samuel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe state and development is a critical issue in speaking to contemporary debates about whether prosperity is best served by small or large government. The definition of foundational versus cutting‐edge research differs depending on whether the discipline is economics or sociology. There was an early agreement that government should be big for “big pushes” or “modernization.” Economics turned antistatist as a reaction to Soviet planned economies and to corruption in general. This led to a neoliberal attempt to create growth by shrinking state programs—an initiative that failed very badly. New work in economics emphasizes flexible approaches as to what states should do, promotes states building education, infrastructure and encouraging technology transfer, and puts great weight on institutional quality. Sociology emphasized the state as a protector of poor nations from the predations of international trade and multinational corporations. Emphasis was placed on hard bargaining by states in the Global South and in developmentalist states such as those in East Asia, which administratively allocate public investment monies to overcome inefficiencies. New work suggests that more modest programs emphasizing simple public goods can be effective. Emerging work also questions traditional specifications of the adverse effects of international trade leading to a different set of suggested remedies. Future directions need to focus on palliative development—strategies of state development that build the multiplier effect rather than base industries. Methodologically, within nation studies that residualize employment from market factors offer ways to identify new government programs that are effective.
The Underrepresentation of Women in Elective Office
Authors: Anzia Sarah F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite the inroads women have made in American politics in recent decades, women still hold far fewer elective offices than men. This raises the question of why women fall short in this important mode of political engagement. Early research on this question emphasized the obstacles created by gender socialization, women's underrepresentation in the professions most likely to produce candidates, and women's family and household responsibilities. Scholars have also found that some voters use gender stereotypes in evaluating candidates. Importantly, however, the average female candidate wins the same percentage of the vote as the average male candidate, and that fact has become the basis for the widespread belief that voters arenotsystematically biased against female candidates—that the cause of women's underrepresentation must lie elsewhere. Cutting‐edge political science research has found that women are less likely than men to even consider running for office, that recruiters prefer to recruit male candidates over female candidates, and that primary races that feature female candidates attract larger numbers of challengers than all‐male primary races. But other cutting‐edge work suggests that the widely accepted conclusion that voters harbor no bias against female candidates is likely incorrect. Future research will likely reevaluate this conclusion using new approaches and methods and will also delve deeper into the question of why women are less politically ambitious than men. These lines of inquiry will likely borrow insights from psychology, sociology, and economics, as well as the political science literature on race.
The Use of Geophysical Survey in Archaeology
Authors: Horsley Timothy J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay aims to introduce readers to geophysical methods that are currently employed to help archaeologists study the past. Geophysical techniques exploit differences between the physical properties of buried remains and the natural soil to allow their detection and characterization without—or in advance of—digging. When successfully applied, they have the potential to dramatically enhance archaeological investigations by providing a map of buried remains that can (i) help to assess an area for its archaeological potential; (ii) guide subsequent excavation; or (iii) be used as a tool to define and test research questions in their own right. Given the relatively rapid and noninvasive nature of these methods, it is possible to examine entire sites and landscapes, in some instances detecting features as small as individual post holes. While these techniques are routinely integrated into archaeological investigations in some parts of the world, their potential in many areas is only starting to be realized. It is expected that we will see continued growth in the number of surveys being conducted, as well as in the sizes of areas encompassed and in the range of their archaeological application.This essay will briefly introduce the major geophysical techniques and types of buried features that may be detected. Recent developments in various aspects of the discipline are then summarized, before discussing ways in which the results may be applied more broadly in future archaeological and anthropological investigations.
The Welfare State in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Quadagno Jill , Fisher‐Shalem Orit , Pederson JoEllen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe modern welfare state, which was created in the long economic expansion of the post‐World War II era, funded benefits that provided income security across the life course. In the 1970s, the era of welfare state expansion slowed due to rising deficits and fiscal strains associated with population aging. In recent decades benefit reductions have become commonplace. Theories designed to explain the formation of welfare state include the logic of industrialism, power resource theory, and the theory of welfare state regimes. Feminist critics challenged theorists to consider how welfare benefits influence gender inequality within regime types. In recent years, research has focused on three key issues. The first is to identify variations in welfare state attitudes across nations and among individuals within nations. The second is to consider the causes and consequences of activation policies that focus less on direct cash transfers and more on a combination of incentives and punishments to encourage work effort. Finally, the third is to expand the definition of the welfare state to include the private provision of goods and services as well as education.
Theorizing the Death of Cities
Authors: Eisinger Peter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough ancient cities often followed a trajectory of birth, prosperity, decline, and death, modern cities have more commonly exhibited a high degree of resilience. Yet some contemporary cities—notably some of the old industrial cities of the American Midwest—seem on an inexorable course toward death. Our understanding of urban dying and death, however, lacks theoretical elaboration. This essay suggests that an assessment of a city's morbidity can be accomplished by examining the condition of a city's three principal vital urban functions: its governance capacity, its economic stewardship, and its cultural production and preservation. By assessing these we can make a judgment about the course of urban dying, though urban death—the endstate—still eludes theoretical understanding.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Wellman Henry 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Humans are a social species. We not only live socially, but also think socially, accumulating myriad thoughts and knowledge about our social world. A hallmark of this human social cognition is an everyday theory of mind––our ordinary human understanding that persons (self and others) have internal mental states––desires, beliefs, feelings, hopes—that crucially shape their actions and lives. I review classic and current knowledge on the nature and importance of theory of mind. Theory of mind is achieved and changes over human development; so, I emphasize that we must understand its development. Fortunately, development of this everyday theory of mind is an intriguing story in its own right, and a great portion of the research on theory of mind is developmental research with typical and atypical infants and children.
Theory of Mind and Behavior
Authors: Brandone Amanda C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe capacity to understand and reason about the unobservable mental states (e.g., thoughts, desires, and beliefs) of oneself and others, known astheory of mind(ToM), is central to human social cognition. Multidisciplinary interest in ToM stems from its potentially unique human nature, the role it plays in our ability to engage in complex social interactions, and its impairment in psychiatric and developmental disorders, such as autism. Through more than 30 years of research, we have learned a great deal about how and when children come to reason about others in terms of their mental states. This essay reviews foundational research on the development of ToM reasoning during childhood; outlines cutting‐edge findings on the infant origins and neural correlates of ToM; and finally discusses key issues for future research, including reconciling infant competence with evidence of protracted conceptual development in early childhood, expanding our neuroscientific understanding of ToM and its development, and shedding light on the use and individual variability of ToM in everyday life. Pursuing these goals will address important theoretical questions and provide critical new insight into the origins, development, neural basis, and social and behavioral consequences of ToM.
Transnational Work Careers
Authors: Verwiebe Roland 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This essay deals with transnational work careers, an issue that is relatively new in social‐scientific research and is discussed here in particular against the background of recent migration and management research. Both disciplines consider the emergence of transnational work careers in connection with economic globalization. In terms of methodology, most of the studies that are relevant to this issue are based on qualitatively oriented analyses and deal empirically with a variety of regions and nations (e.g., China, India, the United States, Canada, Germany, and Scandinavia).
Trends in Religiosity and Religious Affiliation
Authors: Christiano Kevin J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This essay examines studies of trends in religion and religiosity, concentrating on the case of the United States but periodically comparing that country to other societies as well.
The summary of research opens with an overview of the putative wisdom received from the once‐dominant belief in the process of secularization. It proceeds to a consideration of American habits of religious affiliation and switching, followed by a discussion of rates of participation in religious activities (most notably, the reported reductions across denominations in attendance at church services over the past half‐century). Featured next are recognition of the rising proportions of people who claim no religious preference at all and of those who adhere to a world faith other than Judaism or Christianity.
Finally, the narrative ventures several informed predictions concerning the contours of religion's future and concludes by identifying some of the theoretical and methodological challenges that any disciplinary or interdisciplinary understanding of religion will confront in a changed and changing world.
Trends in the Analysis of Interstate Rivalries
Authors: Thompson William R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe analysis of interstate rivalries is still a relatively new approach to studying conflict in world politics. The basic idea is that a disproportionate amount of interstate conflict is traceable to a very small number of state pairs that engage in recidivistic hostilities. Why not focus more on the recidivists? The question is what should we focus on? Six analytical categories are reviewed. It is argued that we have good foundations in terms of rivalry origins, maintenance/escalation, and termination/de‐escalation. We can certainly improve on the foundations but we also need to expand our understanding of rivalry “complexities,” rivalry effects, and domestic rivalries.
Trust and Economic Organization
Authors: Cook Karen S. , State Bogdan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDuring the past four decades, the role of trust in the economy has gained increasing attention beginning with economist Kenneth Arrow's contention that trust is the lubricant of the economy increasing efficiency and saving on transactions costs. It is also important in the political realm, facilitating collective action. Robert Putnam, among others, contends that trust, as one component of social capital, is a key factor in the vibrancy of civil society. Both economists and social psychologists have used game theory and experimental methods to investigate trust and reciprocity. A key question remains How is trust maintained in the absence of monitoring, especially in the case of principal–agent relations? Economic historians and anthropologists have identified several mechanisms that serve to facilitate trust‐based interactions across space and time. In the context of organizations and management, a wide range of trust‐related issues have been explored, especially in the wake of Enron (a company no longer in existence) and the more recent failure of investment banks and other large financial institutions. At the macro‐level, Francis Fukuyama, among others, has explored the cultural underpinnings of differences in levels of general trust in various societies and its consequences for economic development. More recently, trust has become a central theme in the study of the sharing economy in which an astonishing array of goods and services is now offered by auction or exchange on the Internet. Detailed research on such enterprises (e.g., eBay, CouchSurfing, and AirBnB) is now possible through the development of computational social science.
USUnion and Workers' Movements, Past and Future
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Stepan‐Norris Judith 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe last half century of US labor movement history is characterized by dramatic decline in both density and (since 1979) real numbers. While unions and union federations in the mainstream union movement have attempted to adjust, developments outside their sphere have been especially prominent: the rise of independent unions and the initiation of alternative forms of workers movements. With union decline, community labor organizations [typified by Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN)], worker centers, and living wage campaigns have risen to fill the void. These alternate paths for worker representation, like other forms developed in the past, bring new tactics, new activists, and new links to labor struggles and may yet contribute to the future of labor movements in the United States.
Understanding American Political Conservatism
Authors: Aberbach Joel D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay examines contemporary American political conservatism from a variety of angles. It asks first what scholars and activists mean by conservative. It then turns to controversies about the meaning of the term to the general public and to the question of whether the United States is a conservative nation and, if so, how this came about. A central theme here is that the increasing link of conservative self‐identification and party identification grew out of reactions to events in the 1960s and early 1970s and that increased partisan polarization along ideological grounds, particularly in the South, has had a large impact on American politics at all levels (elite and general public) of the polity. After a brief look at the Tea Party phenomenon and its implications, the essay closes with a discussion of the future of American conservatism, with emphasis on the ability of conservative factions to coalesce, the evolving relationship between conservative self‐identification and issues attitudes, and the likelihood that political polarization will endure.
Understanding Biological Motion
Authors: van Boxtel Jeroen J. A. , Lu Hongjing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe ultimate goal of biological motion perception is to be able tounderstandactions so as to provide an answer to the question, “Who did what to whom and why?” This inference capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior in order to successfully interact with others and with the environment. In addition to its functional importance, understanding biological motion bridges several major fields, including perception, reasoning, and social cognition. However, despite its paramount role in human perception and cognition, only limited progress has so far been made in understanding biological motion. After reviewing the relevant literature, this essay argues that future research needs to identify the contributions of three basic processes involved in understanding biological motion: perception of animacy, causality, and intention. The involvement of these basic processes needs to be investigated both in the typical healthy population as well as in populations with mental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. We also suggest that a productive research approach should focus on more interactive actions of the sort often observed in the natural social environment, rather than solely using the single‐actor displays that have been typical in previous work. It is further emphasized that there is a need for a theoretical and computational framework within which these different types of processing can be united. We propose that the predictive coding framework provides a good candidate.
Understanding Risk‐Taking Behavior: Insights from Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Machluf Karin , Bjorklund David F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEvolutionary developmental psychology posits that natural selection has operated across the lifespan, but especially in childhood, shaping psychological mechanisms that foster survival during the early years of life and also preparing children for life as adults. The tenets of evolutionary developmental psychology are briefly reviewed, along with a summary of life‐history theory. Differential susceptibility theory and biological sensitivity to context theory are also outlined and applied to mental health. Adolescent risk‐taking behavior is then examined from an evolutionary developmental perspective, assessing the independent contributions of environmental harshness and unpredictability in early childhood to later psychological functioning.
Understanding the Adaptive Functions of Morality from a Cognitive Psychological Perspective
Authors: Dungan James , Young Liane 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhat are the possible functions of moral cognition? Addressing this question has proved difficult, leading to disagreement among moral psychologist. Researchers claiming that morality is composed of many distinct domains have posited multiple functions, whereas researchers focusing on the features that are unique to and common across all moral judgments have suggested a unified evolutionary function. In this review, we suggest that the limitations of these accounts can be overcome by systematically investigating the cognitive mechanisms that support moral judgments across descriptively distinct domains. As a case study, we focus on the contrast between harm and purity morals, and we argue for a novel functional difference on the basis of differences in the underlying psychological processes. Understanding the psychology behind distinct morals will pave the way for understanding the distinct functions of moral cognition.