bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocal expression of emotions in laughter
Authors: Szameitat Diana P. , Wildgruber Dirk , Alter Kai 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHuman laughter is a complex behavior expressed not only in the context of play as it is in animals, but also in various emotional states. This suggests that throughout evolution human laughter has adopted more complex communicative functions to reflect the increased complexity of human social interaction. This chapter outlines recent findings on perception, acoustic cues, and neural correlates of laughter sounds. Laughter sounds can be classified according to the emotional categories and according to different emotional dimensions, such as arousal, valence and dominance. Moreover, the acoustical correlates of laughter expressing different emotions can be discriminated on the basis of a small parameter set. Finally, the evolutionary diversification of ecological functions of laughter is associated with distinct cerebral responses underlying laughter perception. These findings indicate that human laughter is a multifaceted behavior serving distinct social functions.
7 Special functions
Authors: Wong Chun Wa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSpecial functions are advanced functions frequently used in science and engineering. The properties of Legendre, Hermite, Laguerre, Chebyshev and spherical harmonics polynomials and Bessel functions are obtained. The use of generating functions, recursion formulas, differential relations, Rodrigues formulas and differential equations to define and manipulate these functions are described. Their general treatments as classical orthogonal polynomials and as Sturm Liouville eigenfunctions are given.
8 Functions of a complex variable
Authors: Wong Chun Wa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFunctions of a complex variable are shown to be more complete and rigid than functions of a real variable. Analytic functions with well defined derivatives satisfy two Cauch–Riemann conditions. Multivalued functions can be made single-valued on a multi-sheet Riemann surface. The values of an analytic function in a region of the complex plane are completely defined by the knowledge of their values on a closed boundary of the region. Important properties and techniques of complex analysis are described. These include Taylor and Laurent expansions, contour integration and residue calculus, Green's functions, Laplace transforms and Bromwich integrals, dispersion relations and asymptotic expansions. Analytic functions are defined by their properties at the locations called singularities (poles and branch cuts) where they cease to be analytic. This feature makes analytic functions of particular interest in the construction of physical theories.
9 Applying (PEP)
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter explains how to apply the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) to stories involving self-locating belief and context-sensitivity. This formal modeling framework and its distinctive updating rules (Generalized Conditionalization and the Proper Expansion Principle) were defined and defended in previous chapters. Here the framework is used to model rational requirements in a number of stories, most importantly Adam Elga’s highly controversial Sleeping Beauty Problem. After analyzing solutions to that problem offered by Elga and by David Lewis, the chapter shows two different ways of constructing CLF models that refute Lewis’s solution (without invoking indifference principles or even Lewis’s Principal Principle). Objections to the CLF models are considered and rebutted.
11 Indifference principles and quantum mechanics
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAdam Elga argues that in certain cases when an agent cannot tell which of many subjectively indistinguishable experiences she is currently having, she should assign equal credence to being in each. This chapter derives instances of that indifference principle from the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) proposed and defended in this book, then defends those instances against criticisms from Brian Weatherson. Next, the chapter applies CLF to cases involving personal fission or cloning. Finally, the chapter uses CLF to examine how agents should assign degrees of belief to the outcomes of various quantum experiments if the Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics is true. If the Everettian interpretation can make sense of nonextreme degrees of belief about quantum outcomes to begin with, then CLF provides plausible results about how those degrees of belief should update over time.
Dispositions, Character Traits, and Virtues
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter does some preliminary conceptual work in order to clarify how terms such as ‘character traits,’ ‘dispositions,’ and ‘virtues’ will be used. Most important of all, by getting clearer conceptually in this area, the chapter aims to show that we can make sense of the idea that there are character traits which are neither virtues nor vices. This will then set the stage for the chapters to come which argue that these are precisely the traits that most of us actually possess.
Guilt and Helping
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter surveys some of the empirical work on guilt and helping in order to ultimately advance both a negative and positive claim. The negative claim is that the experimental results can be plausibly interpreted to suggest that most people do not have the virtue of compassion. The positive claim is that instead most people seem to be (i) disposed to help more frequently when feeling guilty, and (ii) when they do help because of this emotion, they do so in certain consistent ways across time and situations, as a result of (iii) the casual activity of mental state dispositions which are not altruistic.
Empathy and Helping
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFeeling empathy for someone in distress is also known to dramatically increase helping. And there is good reason to believe that the motivation to help which arises from empathizing with another is altruistic motivation rather than egoistic motivation, moralistic motivation, or motivation of some other kind. This will be an important result, not only for further developing the account of Mixed Traits later on, but also for examining how realistic it is to think that many of us have acquired the virtue of compassion.
Ingredients of Polarity Sensitivity
Authors: Watanabe Akira 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter will take up two types of bipolar items in Japanese to identify various factors that contribute to polarity sensitivity. It has been well known since Fauconnier (1975) that scalar semantics is closely related to licensing of negative polarity items. There are indeed languages like Dutch and Hindi that have negative polarity items overtly marked with a scalar focus particle. The chapter show that there are other morphological characteristics that play important roles in polarity sensitivity. Furthermore, the chapter suggest that the relation between negative concord and negative polarity must be taken into account when concord items and polarity items are morphologically very similar.
BinominalEach
Authors: Stowell Tim 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe chapter proposes a new analysis of the binominal each construction. This construction is of interest because it presents the quantifier each in a non‐standard position for a quantifier, widely assumed to be located inside an indefinite NP over which it unambiguously takes scope. While the earliest generative analysis of binominal each took it to be a variant of floated each, derived by rightward Q‐float, later analyses provided a distinct derivation, base‐generating it inside the indefinite NP that it co‐occurs with. This later assumption makes it problematic to assimilate binominal each to current approaches to QR, and to the theory underlying the most widely held current approach to floated quantifiers. The chapter argues here for an analysis partly resembling the earliest account, whereby binominal each and floated each are fundamentally unified, though differing from it on a number of points. In particular, The chapter adopts a variant of Sportiche's (1988) approach to Q‐float, combined with a derivation involving leftward movement of the indefinite and remnant VP movement. New facts about the syntactic distribution of binominal each are brought to light that support the revised analysis.
Campaign Finance Reform: a Collection of Null Results
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides additional tests of the effects of election reform by assessing the consequences of campaign finance rules. Money in politics attracts a series of complaints—and raises a series of concerns about untoward and unwarranted influence of money in politics. The UK and US have seen the adoption of a series of finance reforms over the past ten to twenty years aimed at alleviating these concerns, and introducing transparency into the system in an attempt to restore public confidence in electoral politics. But the evidence from both the UK and the US shows that these reforms have simply not had the effect of reducing these concerns among voters. Voters seem to be just as cynical about the role of money politics after these reforms as before.
International Corporate Debt Markets
Authors: MANUELA GERANIO , ISSAM HALLAK 
Published: May 2013

AbstractInternational debt markets have gone through major changes during the past 20 years. Reduction in capital controls and privatization of the manufacturing and banking sectors created a higher demand for international debt, which is debt denominated in nondomestic currencies, from the private sector. This major change had important consequences. While international debt crises used to be attributed to state mismanagement of borrowed funds, such crises are now largely due to poor performance in the private sector. Yet, corporate debts have several advantages compared with sovereign debts. The chapter begins by discussing new developments and describing the impact on country risk and cost of capital. Next, the chapter explains how these developments affect the international financial architecture by describing the differences between corporate and sovereign debt. International bond issuance and the latest developments are then discussed to explain the impact of these main changes.
Irrationality, Mental Capacities, and Neuroscience1
Authors: Craigie Jillian , Coram Alicia 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe concept of mental capacity is of central importance in private law, where it is used to determine a person’s ability to consent to or refuse medical treatment. Questions about psychological capacities are also increasingly playing a role in the criminal law, where culpability is being understood in terms of the ability for rational action. In both contexts, progress in the neurosciences has raised questions about how it might inform these decisions. We investigate this question by examining the relationship between judgments about capacity, norms of rationality and underlying psychological and neural mechanisms. The role played by normative requirements in both kinds of determination, and differences in the norms that are relevant, are used to draw conclusions about what neuroscience can offer in these two legal contexts. We conclude that current debates in moral psychology call into question key assumptions that underlie optimism about the usefulness of neuroscience for assessing culpability.
The Viper on the Hearth
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In 1997 this book was praised as a new classic in Mormon studies. In the wake of Mormon-inspired and -created artistic, literary, and political activity—today's “Mormon moment”—this book has now been revised and updated to address the continuing presence and reception of the Mormon image in contemporary culture. It provides a comprehensive study of how Mormons have been constructed in popular culture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Interdisciplinary research in this book relies on historical and literary sources. The book also provides novel scholarship on religious formation, identity, and persecution.
REVIEW: Managing urban ecosystems for goods and services
Authors: Gaston Kevin J. , Ávila‐Jiménez María L. , Edmondson Jill L. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryConcomitant with the rise in the proportion of the global human population that resides in urban areas has been growth in awareness of the importance of the provision of ecosystem goods and services to those people. Urban areas are themselves of significance in this regard because of their areal extent, and hence the quantity of services falling within their bounds, and because of the need for local provision of services to urban residents.Here, we review key challenges to the effective management of ecosystem goods and services within urban areas.These challenges include the structure of green space, its temporal dynamics, spatial constraint on ecosystem service flows, occurrence of novel forms of flows, large numbers of land managers, conflicting management goals, possible differences between perceptions of urban dwellers and the reality of the distribution and flow of ecosystem services, and the ‘wicked’ nature of the problem of ecosystem service management.Synthesis and applications. Urban areas present very particular combinations of challenges and opportunities for the management of ecosystem goods and services. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of green spaces greatly complicates the maintenance and improvement in service provision as well as dramatically inflating costs. Spatial constraints on ecosystem service flows mean that these can be highly dependent on the maintenance of particular areas of connectivity, but also that provision of additional key points of connectivity may be disproportionately beneficial to those flows. The existence of novel forms of flows of ecosystem services in urban areas offers means of overcoming spatial constraints on more natural flows, but will require the development of new kinds of ecosystem process models to inform their design and management. The large numbers of land managers, conflicts between the best approaches for managing for different goods and services, and frequent differences between the perceptions of urban dwellers and the reality of urban landscapes create a complex management context. The management of ecosystem goods and services is closely allied to the challenges of conventional urban planning. However, applied ecology has a broad range of tools available to assist in determining solutions, including the use of high‐resolution remote sensing techniques, landscape ecology principles and theory (e.g. patch and matrix frameworks, meta‐population models), and systematic conservation planning approaches.
Cholinergic stimulation with pyridostigmine improves autonomic function in infarcted rats
Authors: de La Fuente Raquel N , Rodrigues Bruno , Moraes‐Silva Ivana C , Souza Leandro E , Sirvente Raquel , Mostarda Cristiano , De Angelis Kátia , Soares Pedro P , Lacchini Silvia , Consolim‐Colombo Fernanda , Irigoyen Maria‐Cláudia 
Published: May 2013

SummaryIn the present study we evaluated the effects of short‐term pyridostigmine bromide (0.14 mg/mL) treatment started early after myocardial infarction (MI) on left ventricular (LV) and autonomic functions in rats.MaleWistar rats were divided into control, pyridostigmine, infarcted and infarcted + pyridostigmine‐treated groups. Pyridostigmine was administered in the drinking water, starting immediately afterMIor sham operation, for 11 days. Left ventricular function was evaluated indirectly by echocardiography and directly byLVcatheterization. Cardiovascular autonomic control was evaluated by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart rate variability (HRV) and pharmacological blockade. All evaluations started after 7 days pyridostigmine treatment and were finalized after 11 days treatment.Pyridostigmine prevented the impairment of +dP/dTand reduced theMIarea in infarcted + pyridostigmine compared with infarcted rats (7 ± 3%vs17 ± 4%, respectively). Mean blood pressure was restored in infarcted + pyridostigmine compared with infarcted rats (103 ± 3vs94 ± 3 mmHg, respectively). In addition, compared with the infarcted group, pyridostigmine improved BRS, as evaluated by tachycardic (1.6 ± 0.2vs2.5 ± 0.2 b.p.m./mmHg, respectively) and bradycardic (−0.42 ± 0.01vs−1.9 ± 0.1 b.p.m./mmHg) responses, and reduced the low frequency/high frequency ratio ofHRV(0.81 ± 0.11vs0.24 ± 0.14, respectively). These improvements are probably associated with increased vagal tone and reduced sympathetic tone in infarcted + pyridostigmine compared with infarcted rats.In conclusion, the data suggest that short‐term pyridostigmine treatment started early afterMIcan improveBRS,HRVand parasympathetic and sympathetic tone in experimental rats. These data may have potential clinical implications because autonomic markers have prognostic significance afterMI.
MEFV gene mutations in Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Authors: Altug Umut , Ensari Cuneyt , Sayin Derya B. , Ensari Arzu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimCoexistence of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) with various systemic vasculitides, including Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) and other inflammatory disorders has been reported and the MEFV gene has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this association. In the present study, the mutation rate of the MEFV gene in HSP and its association with the clinical course of the disease were evaluated.MethodThe study group comprised 68 children (36 boys and 32 girls) diagnosed as having HSP. The spectrum and degree of organ involvement and the levels of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were documented for each patient. Allele‐specific PCR using oligonucleotide probes which include 12 MEFV mutations (E148Q, P369S, F479L, M680I [G/C], M680I [G/A], I692del, M694V, M694I, K695R, V726A, A744S, R761H) were used for mutation analysis.ResultsOf the 68 patients studied, 50 (74%) showed no mutation, while 18 (26%) had MEFV mutation. Mutation analysis of the whole group revealed that 15 (22%) patients were heterozygous for one of the screened MEFV mutations, while three (4.5%) patients were compound heterozygous for two of the studied mutations, and one (1.5%) patient was homozygous for E148Q/E148Q mutations. Gastrointestinal and joint involvement, and edema were more frequently observed in patients with MEFV mutations, while ESR and CRP levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in patients with MEFV mutations.ConclusionMEFV mutations, especially, E148Q and M694V, mutations might be associated with HSP and may affect clinical presentation and laboratory findings in HSP patients.
Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes
Authors: Etter Jean‐François , Zäther Eva , Svensson Sofie 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsTo assess levels of nicotine, nicotine degradation products and some specific impurities in commercial refill liquids for electronic cigarettes.Design and settingWe analyzed 20 models of 10 of the most popular brands of refill liquids, using gas and liquid chromatography.MeasurementsWe assessed nicotine content, content of the known nicotine degradation products and impurities, and presence of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.FindingsThe nicotine content in the bottles corresponded closely to the labels on the bottles. The levels of nicotine degradation products represented 0–4.4% of those for nicotine, but for most samples the level was 1–2%. Cis‐N‐oxide, trans‐N‐oxide, myosmine, anatabine and anabasine were the most common additional compounds found. Neither ethylene glycol nor diethylene glycol were detected.ConclusionThe nicotine content of electronic cigarette refill bottles is close to what is stated on the label. Impurities are detectable in several brands above the level set for nicotine products in the European Pharmacopoeia, but below the level where they would be likely to cause harm.
Severity of the TGN1412 trial disaster cytokine storm correlated with IL‐2 release
Authors: Eastwood David , Bird Chris , Dilger Paula , Hockley Jason , Findlay Lucy , Poole Stephen , Thorpe Susan J. , Wadhwa Meenu , Thorpe Robin , Stebbings Richard 
Published: May 2013

AimTo determine if cytokine release with a solid phase assay is predictive of adverse responses for a range of therapeutic mAbs.MethodsCytokine ELISAs and a multi‐array system were used to compare responses generated by different therapeutic mAbs using a solid phase assay. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the cellular source of those cytokines.ResultsOnly TGN1412 and muromonab‐CD3 stimulated CD4+ T‐cell mediated cytokine release characterized by significant (all P < 0.0001) IFNγ, TNFα, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13, IL‐17 and IL‐22 release, comparable with T‐cell mitogen. Significantly greater (P < 0.0001) IL‐2 release with TGN1412 (2894–6051 pg ml−1) compared with muromonab‐CD3 (62–262 pg ml−1) differentiated otherwise comparable cytokine responses. Likewise, TGN1412 stimulated significantly more (P = 0.0001) IL‐2 producing CD4+ T‐cells than muromonab‐CD3 and induced Th1, Th2, Th17 and Th22 subsets that co‐release this cytokine. Significant TNFα release was observed with bevacizumab (P = 0.0001), trastuzumab (P = 0.0031) and alemtuzumab (P = 0.0177), but no significant IL‐2 release. TGN1412 and muromonab‐CD3 caused pro‐inflammatory cytokine release despite significantly (both P < 0.0001) increasing numbers of T‐cells with a regulatory phenotype.ConclusionsThe severity of the adverse response to TGN1412 compared with muromonab‐CD3 and other therapeutic mAbs correlates with the level of IL‐2 release.