bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic performances of Claude 3 Opus and Claude 3.5 Sonnet from patient history and key images in Radiology’s “Diagnosis Please” cases
Authors: Kurokawa Ryo , Ohizumi Yuji , Kanzawa Jun , Kurokawa Mariko , Sonoda Yuki , Nakamura Yuta , Kiguchi Takao , Gonoi Wataru , Abe Osamu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The diagnostic performance of large language artificial intelligence (AI) models when utilizing radiological images has yet to be investigated. We employed Claude 3 Opus (released on March 4, 2024) and Claude 3.5 Sonnet (released on June 21, 2024) to investigate their diagnostic performances in response to the Radiology’s Diagnosis Please quiz questions.

Materials and methods
In this study, the AI models were tasked with listing the primary diagnosis and two differential diagnoses for 322 quiz questions from Radiology’s “Diagnosis Please” cases, which included cases 1 to 322, published from 1998 to 2023. The analyses were performed under the following conditions: (1) Condition 1: submitter-provided clinical history (text) alone. (2) Condition 2: submitter-provided clinical history and imaging findings (text). (3) Condition 3: clinical history (text) and key images (PNG file). We applied McNemar’s test to evaluate differences in the correct response rates for the overall accuracy under Conditions 1, 2, and 3 for each model and between the models.

Results
The correct diagnosis rates were 58/322 (18.0%) and 69/322 (21.4%), 201/322 (62.4%) and 209/322 (64.9%), and 80/322 (24.8%) and 97/322 (30.1%) for Conditions 1, 2, and 3 for Claude 3 Opus and Claude 3.5 Sonnet, respectively. The models provided the correct answer as a differential diagnosis in up to 26/322 (8.1%) for Opus and 23/322 (7.1%) for Sonnet. Statistically significant differences were observed in the correct response rates among all combinations of Conditions 1, 2, and 3 for each model (p < 0.01). Claude 3.5 Sonnet outperformed in all conditions, but a statistically significant difference was observed only in the comparison for Condition 3 (30.1% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.028).

Conclusion
Two AI models demonstrated a significantly improved diagnostic performance when inputting both key images and clinical history. The models’ ability to identify important differential diagnoses under these conditions was also confirmed.
Role of Genetic Testing in Kidney Stone Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Geraghty Robert , Lovegrove Catherine , Howles Sarah , Sayer John A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common and potentially life-threatening condition, and half of patients experience a repeat kidney stone episode within 5–10 years. Despite the ~50% estimate heritability of KSD, international guidelines have not kept up with the pace of discovery of genetic causes of KSD. The European Association of Urology guidelines lists 7 genetic causes of KSD as ‘high risk’.

Recent Findings
There are currently 46 known monogenic (single gene) causes of kidney stone disease, with evidence of association in a further 23 genes. There is also evidence for polygenic risk of developing KSD. Evidence is lacking for recurrent disease, and only one genome wide association study has investigated this phenomenon, identifying two associated genes (SLC34A1 and TRPV5). However, in the absence of other evidence, patients with genetic predisposition to KSD should be treated as ‘high risk’. Further studies are needed to characterize both monogenic and polygenic associations with recurrent disease, to allow for appropriate risk stratification. Durability of test result must be balanced against cost. This would enable retrospective analysis if no genetic cause was found initially.

Summary
We recommend genetic testing using a gene panel for all children, adults < 25 years, and older patients who have factors associated with high risk disease within the context of a wider metabolic evaluation. Those with a genetic predisposition should be managed via a multi-disciplinary team approach including urologists, radiologists, nephrologists, clinical geneticists and chemical pathologists. This will enable appropriate follow-up, counselling and potentially prophylaxis.
Palmatine Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Dopaminergic Neuron Loss by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome through Mitophagy in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice
Authors: Zhao Jindong , Wang Ji , Zhao Kunying , Yang Shuda , Dong Junfang , Zhang Yuxiao , Wu Shangpeng , Xiang Lirong , Hu Weiyan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasomes-mediated proinflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction play a critical role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mitophagy may be an important strategy to control NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory responses. Palmatine (PAL), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in various of plants, has potent pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. However, the specific role of PAL in the pathology of Parkinson's disease remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with PAL improved motor deficits and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP mice. Further results showed that PAL promoted mitophagy and inhibited the proinflammatory response mediated by NLRP3 inflammasomes. In addition, chloroquine (CQ, mitophagy inhibitor) attenuated the ameliorative effects of PAL on the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron damage, as well as the inhibitory effect of PAL on NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that PAL ameliorates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron death in Parkinson’s disease, and the mechanism may be related to its inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation via promoting mitophagy.
Performance of Novel GPT-4 in Otolaryngology Knowledge Assessment
Authors: Revercomb Lucy , Patel Aman M. , Fu Daniel , Filimonov Andrey 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose
GPT-4, recently released by OpenAI, improves upon GPT-3.5 with increased reliability and expanded capabilities, including user-specified, customizable GPT-4 models. This study aims to investigate updates in GPT-4 performance vs. GPT-3.5 on Otolaryngology board-style questions.

Methods
150 Otolaryngology board-style questions were obtained from the BoardVitals question bank. These questions, which were previously assessed with GPT-3.5, were inputted into standard GPT-4 and a custom GPT-4 model designed to specialize in Otolaryngology board-style questions, emphasize precision, and provide evidence-based explanations.

Results
Standard GPT-4 correctly answered 72.0% and custom GPT-4 correctly answered 81.3% of the questions, vs. GPT-3.5 which answered 51.3% of the same questions correctly. On multivariable analysis, custom GPT-4 had higher odds of correctly answering questions than standard GPT-4 (adjusted odds ratio 2.19, P = 0.015). Both GPT-4 and custom GPT-4 demonstrated a decrease in performance between questions rated as easy and hard (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our study suggests that GPT-4 has higher accuracy than GPT-3.5 in answering Otolaryngology board-style questions. Our custom GPT-4 model demonstrated higher accuracy than standard GPT-4, potentially as a result of its instructions to specialize in Otolaryngology board-style questions, select exactly one answer, and emphasize precision. This demonstrates custom models may further enhance utilization of ChatGPT in medical education.
Different Numbers of Conjunctive Stimuli Induce LTP or LTD in Mouse Cerebellar Purkinje Cell
Authors: Daida Atsuro , Kurotani Tohru , Yamaguchi Kazuhiko , Takahashi Yuji , Ichinohe Noritaka 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLong-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses plays an important role in cerebellum-related motor coordination and learning. LTD is induced by the conjunction of PF stimulation and climbing fiber (CF) stimulation or somatic PC depolarization, while long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced by PF stimulation alone. Therefore, it is considered that different types of stimulation induce different types of synaptic plasticity. However, we found that a small number of conjunctive stimulations (PF + somatic depolarization of PC) induced LTP, but did not induce LTD of a small size. This LTP was not associated with changes in paired-pulse ratio, suggesting postsynaptic origin. Additionally this LTP was dependent on nitric oxide. This LTP was also induced by a smaller number of physiological conjunctive PF and CF stimuli. These results suggested that a larger number or longer period of conjunctive stimulation is required to induce LTD by overcoming LTP. Ca2+ transients at the PC dendritic region was measured by calcium imaging during LTD-inducing conjunctive stimulation. Peak amplitude of Ca2+ transients increased gradually during repetitive conjunctive stimulation. Instantaneous peak amplitude was not different between the early phase and late phase, but the average amplitude was larger in the later phase than in the early phase. These results show that LTD overcomes LTP, and increased Ca2+ integration or a number of stimulations is required for LTD induction.
The porcupine Hystrix parvae (Kretzoi, 1951) from the Late Miocene (Turolian, MN11) of Kohfidisch in Austria
Authors: Daxner-Höck Gudrun , Winkler Viola , Kalthoff Daniela C. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis paper provides an upgrade of Hystrix parvae, which so far is the smallest and oldest extinct species of Hystrix s. str. The new data derive from the exceptionally rich new fossil collection of the locality Kohfidisch in Austria, that comprises more than 100 fossils. The detailed descriptions are supported by enamel microstructure analysis of incisors, and x-ray microcomputed images (microCT) of the partial skull, upper and lower jaws and teeth. The tooth pattern and sizes show wide ranges, depending on the ontogenetic stage, tooth position and stage of wear. The deciduous D4/d4 and the permanent lower p4-m3 are identified as low crowned or brachydont. The mean hypsodonty index of m1/2 is 69%. The permanent upper P4-M3 are brachydont to mesodont. The mean hypsodonty index of M1/2 is 114%. The karstic cave and fissure system of Kohfidisch provided an ideal nursery environment as evidenced by numerous deciduous teeth in different ontogenetic stages. The age of the fauna is Late Miocene (lower Turolian, MN11), around 8.6 million years.
Satellite and robotic arm combined control for spacecraft close-proximity operations
Authors: Basana Federico , Pavanello Zeno , Branz Francesco , Francesconi Alessandro , Borelli Giacomo , Invernizzi Davide , Massari Mauro , Lovera Marco , Nocerino Alessia , Opromolla Roberto , Huertas Garcia Irene , Simplicio Pedro 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis work presents the development of the navigation and control subsystems of a guidance, navigation and control (GNC) system for controlling an autonomous satellite, called chaser, equipped with a redundant manipulator. In the study, the capture operations of a target spacecraft and its stabilization are considered. The control function employs a combined control strategy: the chaser satellite actuators and the robotic arm joint motors are degrees of freedom of the same control plant. Robust control methods are used to cope with uncertain, nonlinear dynamics of the chaser and of the complete chaser–target stack after capture. The developed navigation function is based on active or passive electro-optical sensors (i.e., passive cameras and/or LIDARs) for the relative pose determination. A numerical simulator capable of representing the dynamics of the system (chaser, manipulator, target) in orbit is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to validate the developed GNC algorithms. The simulation tool allows to thoroughly assess the GNC system performance, accounting for all the relevant external disturbances and error sources. The simulator interfaces with a synthetic image generator (i.e., PANGU) for relative navigation performance assessment. This paper presents the testing of the GNC system in two relevant In-Orbit Servicing (IOS) scenarios: (1) the servicing of a large GEO platform and (2) the servicing of a small satellite in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Deep Free‐Gas Accumulation Beneath the Chatham Rise, New Zealand—An AVO Study
Authors: Macnaughtan Michael T. , Pecher Ingo A. , Strachan Lorna J. , Crutchley Gareth J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSubduction zones serve as carbon recycling centers, where vast amassments of geologic carbon accrete or subduct through thermogenic gas windows over millions of years. We focus on New Zealand's Chatham Rise, a fossilized accretionary wedge remnant of the ∼400 Myr‐active East Gondwanan margin. We undertake an amplitude‐variation‐with‐offset (AVO)‐based seismic analysis of the abiogenic Mesozoic sedimentary sequence (MES) and overlying Sequence Y chalk interval, which span the Chatham Rise's northwestern slope. Two‐term AVO attribute analysis resulted in the interpretation of distinct AVO Class III–IV reflection anomalies, which demarcate the siliciclastic MES from overlying Sequence Y chalks. Unified through their strong negative intercept amplitudes, Class III anomalies increase in absolute amplitude with angle, while Class IV anomalies decrease in absolute amplitude with angle of incidence. Simultaneous AVO inversion of seismic data highlighted the presence of P‐impedance anomalies, which directly underlie the regionally occurring Sequence Y chalk interval. Class III anomalies are modeled and interpreted as the result of a previously undefined coarse‐grained lithofacies, bearing low saturations (2%–10%) of free gas. Co‐occurring ClassIV AVO anomalies are modeled to provide evidence for a fine‐grained upper MES, bearing similarly low saturations of free‐gas in pore space. We speculate on the gas' origin, which could be from the Hikurangi subduction margin, in situ ancient microbial activity, or a new undetermined source related to the ancient East Gondwanan subduction margin and accretionary wedge.
Source Attribution of Health Burdens From Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 Exposure for Assessment of South Korean National Emission Control Scenarios by 2050
Authors: Choi Jinkyul , Henze Daven K. , Nawaz M. Omar , Malley Christopher S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe quantify anthropogenic sources of health burdens associated with ambient air pollution exposure in South Korea and forecast future health burdens using domestic emission control scenarios by 2050 provided by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Our health burden estimation framework uses GEOS‐Chem simulations, satellite‐derived NO2, and ground‐based observations of PM2.5, O3, and NO2. We estimate 19,000, 3,300, and 8,500 premature deaths owing to long‐term exposure to PM2.5, O3, and NO2, respectively, and 23,000 NO2‐associated childhood asthma incidences in 2016. Next, we calculate anthropogenic emission contributions to these four health burdens from each species and grid cell using adjoint sensitivity analysis. Domestic sources account for 56%, 38%, 87%, and 88% of marginal emission contributions to the PM2.5‐, O3‐, and NO2‐associated premature deaths and the NO2‐associated childhood asthma incidences, respectively. We project health burdens to 2050 using UNEP domestic emission scenarios (Baseline and Mitigation) and population forecasts from Statistics Korea. Because of population aging alone, there are 41,000, 10,000, and 20,000 more premature deaths associated with PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposure, respectively, and 9,000 fewer childhood asthma incidences associated with NO2. The Mitigation scenario doubles the NO2‐associated health benefits over the Baseline scenario, preventing 24,000 premature deaths and 13,000 childhood asthma incidences by 2050. It also slightly reduces PM2.5‐ and O3‐associated premature deaths by 9.9% and 7.0%, unlike the Baseline scenario where these pollutants increase. Furthermore, we examine foreign emission impacts from nine SSP/RCP‐based scenarios, highlighting the need for international cooperation to reduce PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
Effects of Sea Spray on Extreme Precipitation Forecasting: A Case Study in Beijing of China
Authors: Li Songlin , Zhao Biao , Ma Suhong , Yin Xunqiang , Ji Dong , Qiao Fangli 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of sea spray on extreme precipitation forecast in Beijing of China between 28 July and 2 August 2023 as a case test. In this case, fully coupled model increased upward moisture in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and increased accumulated rainfall by 21% in North China. For the extreme precipitation events with the 5‐day accumulated precipitation exceeding 500 mm, the atmosphere‐only model did not forecast the events; the coupled model without sea spray performed well with the 0.29 threat score (TS) and 88 mm root mean square error (RMSE); in the fully coupled model, the effects of sea spray increased atmospheric instability, which increased the precipitation around Beijing and yielded a more accurate forecast with the 0.37 TS and 65 mm RMSE. This paper suggests a scientific clue to improve numerical simulation for extreme rainfall events, however, more cases are still needed for statistical evaluation.
Submesoscale Eddies Detected by SWOT and Moored Observations in the Northwestern Pacific
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Miao Mingfang , Qiu Bo , Tian Jiwei , Jing Zhao , Chen Ge , Chen Zhaohui , Zhao Wei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides a good opportunity to study fine‐scale processes in the global ocean but whether it can detect balanced submesoscale eddies is uncertain due to the “contamination” by unbalanced inertial gravity waves. Here, based on concurrent observations from SWOT and a mooring array in the northwestern Pacific, we successfully captured two submesoscale cyclonic eddies with negative sea level anomalies (SLAs) in spring 2023. We find that the SLA amplitude and equivalent radius of the first (second) eddy are 2.5 cm and 16.0 km (2.0 cm and 18.8 km), respectively. For both eddies, their vertical scales are around 150 m and their horizontal velocities and Rossby numbers exceed 15.0 cm/s and 0.4, respectively. Further analysis suggests that similar submesoscale eddies can commonly occur in the northwestern Pacific and that SWOT is capable to detect larger submesoscale eddies with scales greater than ∼10 km.
Interdecadal Changes in the Links Between Late‐Winter NAO and North Atlantic Tripole SST and Possible Mechanism
Authors: Song Xiaolei , Yin Zhicong , Wang Huijun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST_tri) are important modes in the atmosphere and ocean over the North Atlantic, respectively. The link between the two is well‐known. However, this link weakened during 1980–2001, which is particularly pronounced in late winter and was not detected in early winter. This phenomenon has not been well revealed. The role of NAO in the above correlation changes was discussed. In late winter, a significant eastward shift (up to 20° longitude) of NAO south center during 1980–2001 was observed in both observation and CMIP6, accompanied by the eastward expansion of NAO north center. Spatial shift of the NAO forced the region of strong air‐sea interactions to shift and resulting in the collapse of NAO‐related SST_tri. These findings deepen our understanding of the NAO on the subseasonal scale.
Predicting Interplanetary Shock Occurrence for Solar Cycle 25: Opportunities and Challenges in Space Weather Research
Authors: Oliveira Denny M. , Allen Robert C. , Alves Livia R. , Blake Séan P. , Carter Brett A. , Chakrabarty Dibyendu , D’Angelo Giulia , Delano Kevin , Echer Ezequiel , Ferradas Cristian P. , Finley Matt G. , Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Gershman Dan , Gjerloev Jesper W. , Habarulema John Bosco , Hartinger Michael D. , Hajra Rajkumar , Hayakawa Hisashi , Juusola Liisa , Laundal Karl M. , Leamon Robert J. , Madelaire Michael , Martínez‐Ledesma Miguel , McIntosh Scott M. , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Moldwin Mark B. , Nahayo Emmanuel , Nandy Dibyendu , Nilam Bhosale , Nykyri Katariina , Paterson William R. , Piersanti Mirko , Pietropaolo Ermanno , Rodger Craig J. , Shah Trunali , Smith Andy W. , Srivastava Nandita , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Ram S. Tulasi , Upton Lisa A. , Veenadhari Bhaskara , Vidal‐Luengo Sergio , Viljanen Ari , Vines Sarah K. , Yadav Vipin K. , Yee Jeng‐Hwa , Weygand James W. , Zesta Eftyhia 
Published: August 2024

AbstractInterplanetary (IP) shocks are perturbations observed in the solar wind. IP shocks correlate well with solar activity, being more numerous during times of high sunspot numbers. Earth‐bound IP shocks cause many space weather effects that are promptly observed in geospace and on the ground. Such effects can pose considerable threats to human assets in space and on the ground, including satellites in the upper atmosphere and power infrastructure. Thus, it is of great interest to the space weather community to (a) keep an accurate catalog of shocks observed near Earth, and (b) be able to forecast shock occurrence as a function of the solar cycle (SC). In this work, we use a supervised machine learning regression model to predict the number of shocks expected in SC25 using three previously published sunspot predictions for the same cycle. We predict shock counts to be around 275 ± 10, which is ∼47% higher than the shock occurrence in SC24 (187 ± 8), but still smaller than the shock occurrence in SC23 (343 ± 12). With the perspective of having more IP shocks on the horizon for SC25, we briefly discuss many opportunities in space weather research for the remainder years of SC25. The next decade or so will bring unprecedented opportunities for research and forecasting effects in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and on the ground. As a result, we predict SC25 will offer excellent opportunities for shock occurrences and data availability for conducting space weather research and forecasting.
Signature of anyonic statistics in the integer quantum Hall regime
Authors: Glidic P. , Petkovic I. , Piquard C. , Aassime A. , Cavanna A. , Jin Y. , Gennser U. , Mora C. , Kovrizhin D. , Anthore A. , Pierre F. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAnyons are exotic low-dimensional quasiparticles whose unconventional quantum statistics extend the binary particle division into fermions and bosons. The fractional quantum Hall regime provides a natural host, with the first convincing anyon signatures recently observed through interferometry and cross-correlations of colliding beams. However, the fractional regime is rife with experimental complications, such as an anomalous tunneling density of states, which impede the manipulation of anyons. Here we show experimentally that the canonical integer quantum Hall regime can provide a robust anyon platform. Exploiting the Coulomb interaction between two copropagating quantum Hall channels, an electron injected into one channel splits into two fractional charges behaving as abelian anyons. Their unconventional statistics is revealed by negative cross-correlations between dilute quasiparticle beams. Similarly to fractional quantum Hall observations, we show that the negative signal stems from a time-domain braiding process, here involving the incident fractional quasiparticles and spontaneously generated electron-hole pairs. Beyond the dilute limit, a theoretical understanding is achieved via the edge magnetoplasmon description of interacting integer quantum Hall channels. Our findings establish that, counter-intuitively, the integer quantum Hall regime provides a platform of choice for exploring and manipulating quasiparticles with fractional quantum statistics.