bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Human Decapitation, 11,700–10,700 cal bp, within the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic Village of Tell Qaramel, North Syria
Authors: Kanjou Y. , Kuijt I. , Erdal Y. S. , Kondo O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe process and timing of skull removal remains poorly understood by researchers. New archaeological and skeletal analysis from two skeletons from the early Pre‐Pottery Neolithic site of Tell Qaramel, northern Syria, highlights that Neolithic villagers used stone tools to physically decapitate the dead. Drawing upon cutmarks on the axis and the mandible from primary and secondary burials, we employed a scanning electron microscope to document how Neolithic people cut the ligament and its surrounding connecting tissues that bind the cranium with the bones of the axis and the mandible. The position of the cutmarks, especially at the top of the odontoid process of the axis, illustrates the complexities of intentional skull removal. From these and associated burial data, we illustrate that Levantine Neolithic people had specific practical codes for the sequence of skull removal, but given variation in the decomposition of the human body, at times, villagers had to use flint tools for skull removal. This study provides evidence of some of the world's earliest examples of intentional decapitation within human communities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐State‐Trapped Reactive Ammonium Carbamate Self‐Derivative Salts of Prolinamide
Authors: Tilborg Anaëlle , Lanners Steve , Norberg Bernadette , Wouters Johan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSingle crystals for two polymorphs of the ammonium carbamate self‐derivative salt of prolinamide have been successfully obtained and characterized. Decarbonation of the carbamate salts was monitored by calorimetry, confirming stabilization of the reactive carbonated adducts in the solid state. Sublimation of the salts afforded crystals of prolinamide, leading to the first crystal structure of this otherwise common molecule. Reactivity of the ammonium carbamate self‐derivative salt is further illustrated by the observation of a series of derived products, including dehydroprolinamide, a methylene‐bridged prolinamide, and a bicyclic derivative. Crystal structures of these products display distinct amidic and/or non‐amidic hydrogen bonding. This study emphasizes the reactivity of carbonated amines stabilized in the solid and opens perspectives for a systematic study of (solid‐state) reactions involving these trapped reactive species.
Pendant perylene polymers with high electron mobility
Authors: Lang Andreas S. , Muth Mathis‐Andreas , Heinrich Christian David , Carassco‐Orozco Miguel , Thelakkat Mukundan 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTFour different perylene side‐chain semiconductor polymers, synthesized by a combination of “click” chemistry and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization, are compared in terms of their optical, electrochemical, and charge transport properties. The nature of the solubilizing side chains and the chromophoric π‐conjugation system of the pendant perylene moieties are systematically changed. Two poly(perylene bisimide)s with hydrophobic (PPBI 1) and hydrophilic substituents (PPBI 2) are compared with poly(perylene diester benzimidazole) (PPDEB) and poly(perylene diester imide) (PPDEI). Optical properties are investigated by UV/vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and charge transport is studied by organic field effect transistor and space‐charge‐limited current measurements. Cyclic voltammetry is used to estimate highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels. The extended π‐conjugation system of PPDEB leads to a broader absorption in the visible region when compared with PPDEI and the PPBIs. Although absorption properties of PPDEB could be considerably improved by varying the perylene core, the charge carrier mobility could be drastically improved by tuning the substituents. Very high electron mobilities of 1 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 were achieved for PPBI 2 carrying oligoethyleneglycol substituents. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1480–1486
Crystal structures of α‐dioxygenase from Oryza sativa: Insights into substrate binding and activation by hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Zhu Guangyu , Koszelak‐Rosenblum Mary , Malkowski Michael G. 
Published: August 2013

Abstractα‐Dioxygenases (α‐DOX) are heme‐containing enzymes found predominantly in plants and fungi, where they generate oxylipins in response to pathogen attack. α‐DOX oxygenate a variety of 14–20 carbon fatty acids containing up to three unsaturated bonds through stereoselective removal of the pro‐R hydrogen from the α‐carbon by a tyrosyl radical generated via the oxidation of the heme moiety by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We determined the X‐ray crystal structures of wild type α‐DOX from Oryza sativa, the wild type enzyme in complex with H2O2, and the catalytically inactive Y379F mutant in complex with the fatty acid palmitic acid (PA). PA binds within the active site cleft of α‐DOX such that the carboxylate forms ionic interactions with His‐311 and Arg‐559. Thr‐316 aids in the positioning of carbon‐2 for hydrogen abstraction. Twenty‐five of the twenty eight contacts made between PA and residues lining the active site occur within the carboxylate and first eight carbons, indicating that interactions within this region of the substrate are responsible for governing selectivity. Comparison of the wild type and H2O2 structures provides insight into enzyme activation. The binding of H2O2 at the distal face of the heme displaces residues His‐157, Asp‐158, and Trp‐159 ∼2.5 Å from their positions in the wild type structure. As a result, the Oδ2 atom of Asp‐158 interacts with the Ca atom in the calcium binding loop, the side chains of Trp‐159 and Trp‐213 reorient, and the guanidinium group of Arg‐559 is repositioned near Tyr‐379, poised to interact with the carboxylate group of the substrate.
Reassessing buried surface areas in protein–protein complexes
Authors: Chakravarty Devlina , Guharoy Mainak , Robert Charles H. , Chakrabarti Pinak , Janin Joël 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe buried surface area (BSA), which measures the size of the interface in a protein–protein complex may differ from the accessible surface area (ASA) lost upon association (which we call DSA), if conformation changes take place. To evaluate the DSA, we measure the ASA of the interface atoms in the bound and unbound states of the components of 144 protein–protein complexes taken from the Protein–Protein Interaction Affinity Database of Kastritis et al. (2011). We observe differences exceeding 20%, and a systematic bias in the distribution. On average, the ASA calculated in the bound state of the components is 3.3% greater than in their unbound state, and the BSA, 7% greater than the DSA. The bias is observed even in complexes where the conformation changes are small. An examination of the bound and unbound structures points to a possible origin: local movements optimize contacts with the other component at the cost of internal contacts, and presumably also the binding free energy.
Nematicidal metabolites from roots of Stellera chamaejasme against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus
Authors: Cui Haiyan , Jin Hui , Liu Quan , Yan Zhiqiang , Ding Lan , Qin Bo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDBursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, severely damages pine forests, and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, a species related to B. xylophilus, is weakly pathogenic. Because the use of synthetic pesticides to control pine wilt disease has raised concerns for human and environmental health, a search for useful botanically based compounds is needed.RESULTSThe ethyl acetate layer from an ethanol extract of Stellera chamaejasme L. roots showed significant nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, with LC50 values of 169.7 and 37.7 µg mL−1, respectively, at 72 h. Further purification of the active layer yielded eight effective nematicidal compounds, which were identified by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. Among the eight bioactive compounds, chamaejasmenin C induced the highest mortality against B. xylophilus, with an LC50 value of 2.7 µM at 72 h, and chamaechromone exhibited strong nematicidal activity against B. mucronatus, with an LC50 value of 0.003 µM at 72 h.CONCLUSIONThe nematicidal metabolites from S. chamaejasme roots could be used as lead compounds for developing botanically based nematicides for the management of pine wilt disease. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐resolution scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy of stereochemically resolved dibenzo[a,h]thianthrene molecules
Authors: Pavliček Niko , Herranz‐Lancho Coral , Fleury Benoit , Neu Mathias , Niedenführ Judith , Ruben Mario , Repp Jascha 
Published: August 2013

Recently, we reported on the bistable configurational switching of dibenzo[a,h]thianthrene (DBTH) molecules adsorbed on NaCl using combined low‐temperature scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy (STM/AFM). Here, we discuss the intra‐molecular contrast in AFM images of the molecules as a function of the tip–molecule distance. Our experiments show that ridges in the frequency shift do not necessarily correlate with chemical bonds in this case of a non‐planar molecule. To explain this finding we compare images acquired at different tip–molecule distances to the calculated electron density of the molecules obtained from density functional theory calculations (DFT). In addition, we analyze the probability of finding different configurations after adsorption onto the surface.DBTH molecules in two configurations probed by a CO‐functionalized tip. Insets show AFM (left) and STM (right) images of a U molecule.
The morphology and optical properties of ZnO crystals fabricated by hydrothermal method under pulsed magnetic field
Authors: Li Ying , Bo Weiqiang , Zhong Min , Hu Yemin , Zhu Mingyuan , Zhang Haimin , Li Yibing , Zhao Huijun 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this study, ZnO crystals have been synthesized via hydrothermal method by adjusting the component of the precursor with the pulsed magnetic field. The effects of the molar ratio of the reactants and pulsed magnetic field applied in the synthesis process on the microstructure and optical properties of ZnO crystals were investigated systematically. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV‐Vis spectrophotometer and micro‐Raman scattering. The results demonstrate that pulsed magnetic field increases the defects concentration and reduces the band gap of ZnO. And it also promotes nucleation and crystal growth, the crystals obtained under pulsed magnetic field are more uniform and complete. The change of molar ratios influences the pH value so that the environment for the growth of ZnO crystals changed dramatically. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ohmic contact on single ZnO nanowires grown by MOCVD
Authors: Geng Wei , Kostcheev Sergei , Sartel Corinne , Sallet Vincent , Molinari Michael , Simonetti Olivier , Lérondel Gilles , Giraudet Louis , Couteau Christophe 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe present work on the fabrication and the characterization of ohmic contacts on single zinc oxide nanowires grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. We demonstrate pre‐positionning of single nanowires before electronic‐beam lithography for 2 point metallic contacts. We characterize single nanowires by microphotoluminescence and by current‐voltage measurements. I–V results present a linear curve down to 1 mV with resistivities from 0.23 to 2.4 Ω ċ cm are measured, consistent with previous observation on ZnO nanowires. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the growth of Zn1–xMnxO thin films by plasma‐assisted MBE
Authors: Deparis Christiane , Morhain Christian , Zúñiga‐Pérez Jesus , Chauveau Jean‐Michel , Kim‐Chauveau Hyonju , Vennéguès Philippe , Teisseire Monique , Vinter Borge 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe growth of ZnxMn1–xO thin films by plasma‐assisted MBE has been investigated. Mn incorporation results in drastic changes in the surface morphology, the distribution of the atoms at the surface and the epilayer growth rates, which have not been reported so far and have not been observed in any other ZnO‐based alloy. These marked changes are readily observable in diluted alloys with Mn content below 1%. It is shown that Mn acts as a catalyst for oxygen incorporation into ZnO. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous generation of violet, blue, and green lasers using Nd:YAl3(BO3)4 channel waveguides under pumping at 815 nm
Authors: Tan Yang , Luan Qing‐Fang , Chen Feng , Jaque Daniel , Rodríguez Vázquez de Aldana Javier 
Published: August 2013

AbstractViolet, blue, and green lasers were simultaneously generated by nonlinear processes using ultrafast laser inscribed neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum borate (Nd:YAl3(BO3)4 or Nd:YAB) channel waveguides under pumping at 815 nm. These visible lasers were generated by the frequency doubling, self‐frequency summing, and self‐frequency doubling processes based on a 1062 nm laser radiation that corresponded to the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 transition of Nd3+ ions. Further, the wavelength tunability for the violet and blue lasers was achieved by simply tuning the pump wavelength within the 4I9/2 → 4F5/2 transition. The results obtained indicate that Nd:YAB waveguides are promising candidates for efficient compact visible laser sources. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of ZnO nanorods on cellulose fiber paper and their charge‐generating application for waste paper recycling
Authors: Ko Yeong Hwan , Yu Jae Su 
Published: August 2013

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays (NRAs) were well integrated on the cellulose fibers (CFs) of waste paper via a facile hydrothermal method. By mechanically blending the waste paper with de‐ionized water, abundant CFs were obtained and used as a sufficient platform for integrating ZnO NRAs. After coating a thin ZnO seed layer onto the surface of CFs and subsequent thermal treatment, the ZnO NRAs were densely grown, exhibiting high crystallinity and good photoluminescence properties. Their sizes were readily controlled by changing the concentration of the growth solution. To test the feasibility of an energy harvesting application using the prepared samples, the piezoelectric charge generation was explored under an external pushing force for the fabricated devices with polydimethylsiloxane‐shielded ZnO NRAs on CFs for good contact to two electrodes (i.e., gold and indium tin oxide). This nanotechnology of recycling waste paper could be considered as a promising candidate for implementation in cost‐effective and environment‐friendly advanced materials and energy production. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of Cold Deformation and Aging Process on Precipitation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Fe–18Cr–18Mn–0.63N High‐Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Feng Shi , XiaoWu Li , Yang Qi , ChunMing Liu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEffects of different treatments (solid solution + cold deformation + aging condition) on the microstructure of Fe–18Cr–18Mn–0.63N high‐nitrogen austenitic stainless steel and consequently on its mechanical properties were investigated by microscopic observations and mechanical characterizations. For un‐cold‐deformed and 20% cold‐deformed steels, the results show that, all precipitates are Cr2N phase and the granular precipitates transform into cellular precipitates with increasing aging time. However, in 50% cold‐deformed steel only the granular and massive Cr2N precipitates. On the other hand, no cellular Cr2N precipitates are observed, but the precipitation of σ phase is induced. In un‐cold‐deformed steel, all tensile properties including the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and the elongation decrease with increasing aging time, resulting from the precipitation of the second phase. In the cold‐deformed steels, the tensile and yield strengths decrease while the elongations firstly increase and then decrease with aging time. Actually, in the cold‐deformed steels, the strain recovery or recrystallization mainly causes the decreases in tensile and yield strength in addition to increase in elongation after aged for 1 h. In contrast, the cellular Cr2N precipitation or granular precipitation mainly results in the continually slow decreases in tensile and yield strengths and the relevant decrease in elongation with aging.
Effectiveness of bait tubes for brown treesnake control on guam
Authors: Lardner Björn , Yackel Adams Amy A. , Savidge Julie A. , Rodda Gordon H. , Reed Robert N. , Clark Craig S. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn 2008, we studied simulated toxicant efficacy to control invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) using bait tubes (elongate bait stations that reduce non‐target bait take) in a 5‐ha enclosure in Guam (U.S. Territory) with a known population of snakes. Instead of toxicants, we implanted radiotransmitters in small (6.6 ± 1.4 g) and large (21.8 ± 2.9 g) bait‐mouse carcasses, offered from 2 types of bait tubes over a 3‐month period. The known snake population allowed us to characterize not only the snakes taking bait, but also those evading our mock control effort. Tube design had no effect on take rate, but snout–vent length was a strong predictor of bait take: none of the 30 snakes <843 mm in length took any bait, whereas 77 of the 126 snakes ≥843 mm in length took 164 baits. While medium‐sized snakes preferentially ingested small bait (and the largest snakes tended to take large mice more frequently), some of the smallest snakes that took bait ingested large mice. Snake body condition was positively correlated to take rate, but snake sex had no discernible effect. Our data show that there is a relatively narrow size (and, thus, time) gap between the size at which the snakes become susceptible to bait‐mouse take and the size at which they become sexually mature. This has implications for the timing of repeated baiting efforts, if the goal is eradication rather than suppression. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Effects of plant invasions on wildlife in desert grasslands
Authors: Steidl Robert J. , Litt Andrea R. , Matter William J. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTLike all grasslands across North America, the distribution of desert grasslands has been reduced markedly, and remnants have been altered extensively by humans. In Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, USA, and in Mexico, desert grasslands have been invaded by dozens of non‐native plants, especially perennial grasses that evolved in arid systems with similar climate and disturbance regimes. In desert grasslands invaded by non‐native plants, biomass, richness, and diversity of native plants typically decrease, whereas plant density, biomass, and litter typically increase. These changes in composition and structure of the plant community affect animals that inhabit grassland ecosystems, with the direction and magnitude of effects reflecting the resource needs of each species, the degree of plant invasion, and the contrast in structure between invading and native plants. When non‐native plants present similar structural cues but provide different levels of resources than native plants, cues that trigger habitat selection by animals may be decoupled from the resources linked evolutionarily to that cue, creating the potential for an ecological trap. Plant invasions also influence the ecological drivers that maintain grasslands in an open condition, which will alter the long‐term dynamics of plant and animal populations. Specifically, by increasing fuel load and continuity, fires in invaded grasslands increase in frequency and intensity relative to those in native grasslands. Although eradication is unlikely once a non‐native plant has naturalized, retaining patches of native vegetation within a matrix of non‐native plants may provide a strategy to reduce effects of plant invasions on wildlife in grasslands. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
The development of dasatinib as a treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): from initial studies to application in newly diagnosed patients
Authors: Hochhaus Andreas , Kantarjian Hagop 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Purpose
Dasatinib is a dual Abl/Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) designed as a prototypic short-acting BCR–ABL-targeted TKI that inhibits BCR–ABL with greater potency compared with imatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib and has been shown to have potential immunomodulatory effects. Dasatinib is approved for the treatment of all phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia resistant or intolerant to prior imatinib treatment and first-line treatment for CML in chronic phase. In this article, the development of dasatinib as a treatment for patients with CML is reviewed.

Methods
This is a review of the relevant literature regarding dasatinib development in CML (2003–2013).

Results
Dasatinib demonstrates efficacy against most BCR–ABL mutations arising during imatinib therapy and is effective in treating patients with imatinib resistance due to other mechanisms. Randomized trial data show that first-line dasatinib provides superior responses compared with imatinib and enables patients to achieve early, deep responses correlated with improved longer-term outcomes. Dasatinib has a generally acceptable safety profile, with most adverse events (AEs) proving manageable and reversible. Cytopenias are commonly observed with dasatinib, and some nonhematologic AEs including pleural effusion have been consistently reported.

Conclusion
Dasatinib is an effective treatment option for patients with CML.