bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pacific Ocean surface freshwater variability underneath the double ITCZ as seen by satellite sea surface salinity retrievals
Authors: Sena Martins Meike , Stammer Detlef 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe salinity budget of the upper tropical Pacific Ocean underneath the double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is studied using the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius surface salinity observations as well as in situ salinity measurements. In this shallow mixed layer region of the ocean, precipitation effects on the near‐surface salinity budget are large, typically leading to a band of fresh sea surface salinity (SSS) between March and June. The role of precipitation during the freshening period is documented here through a direct correlation between the SMOS SSS fields and the monthly accumulated precipitation. During the same period, the mixed layer salinity budget is impacted by advection, which, based on in situ observations, is found to be another important mechanism for the evolution of the near‐surface salinity as documented through a connection between the north equatorial eastern Pacific Fresh water pool and this south equatorial freshwater pattern in boreal spring. However, given the information at hand, the near‐surface salinity budget cannot be closed, suggesting that other processes are important too, such as nonlinear effects, mixing, and entrainment.
Relative contributions of gaseous oxidized mercury and fine and coarse particle‐bound mercury to mercury wet deposition at nine monitoring sites in North America
Authors: Cheng Irene , Zhang Leiming , Mao Huiting 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRelative contributions to mercury wet deposition by gaseous oxidized mercury (%GOM) and fine and coarse particle‐bound mercury (%FPBM and %CPBM) were estimated making use of monitored FPBM air concentration and mercury wet deposition at nine North American locations. Scavenging ratios of particulate inorganic ions (K+ and Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+) were used as a surrogate for those of FPBM and CPBM, respectively. FPBM and CPBM were estimated to contribute 8–36% and 5–27%, respectively, depending on the location, to total wet deposition. The rest of the 39–87% was attributed to the contribution of GOM. The average %GOM, %FPBM and %CPBM among all locations were 65%, 17%, and 18%, respectively. The relative distributions of %GOM, %FPBM, and %CPBM were influenced by Hg(II) gas‐particle partitioning, urban site characteristics, and precipitation type. At the regional scale, %GOM dominated over %FPBM and %CPBM. However, the sum of FPBM and CPBM contributed to nearly half of the total Hg wet deposition in urban areas, which was greater than other site categories and is attributed to higher FPBM air concentrations. At four locations, %FPBM exceeded %GOM during winter in contrast to summer, suggesting the efficient snow scavenging of aerosols. The results from this study are useful in improving mercury transport models since most of these models do not estimate CPBM, but frequently use monitored mercury wet deposition data for model evaluation.
Socio‐Economic Hazards and Impacts of Space Weather: The Important Range Between Mild and Extreme
Authors: Schrijver Carolus J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSociety needs to prepare for more severe space weather than it has experienced in the modern technological era. To enable that we must both quantify extreme‐event characteristics and analyze impacts of lesser events that are frequent yet severe enough to be informative. Exploratory studies suggest that economic impacts of a century‐level space hurricane and of a century of lesser space weather “gales” may turn out to be of the same order of magnitude. The economic benefits of effective mitigation of the impacts of space gales may substantially exceed the required investments, even as these investments provide valuable information to prepare for the worst possible storms.
The Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydrolipstatin
Authors: Liu Xiaofan , Wang Yanping , O'Doherty George A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe various syntheses of the over‐the‐counter anti‐obesity drug tetrahydrolipstatin (also known as Orlistat) are reviewed. The 31 various syntheses cover the development of enantioselective natural products synthesis since the first synthesis of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) by Schneider in 1987. After Schneider's landmark synthetic effort there have been numerous total and formal syntheses of THL, which have involved a diverse range of approaches. These various syntheses can be classified by the methods that were used to install the stereochemistry, for instance, chiral auxiliary, asymmetric aldol, asymmetric allylation/crotylation, asymmetric reductions, asymmetric resolutions, asymmetric oxidations, and chiron approach. These routes also feature the elegant use of a chiral phosphate template, a tandem [2+2]‐Mukaiyama aldol‐lactonization, an anti‐aldol segment via a non‐aldol route, a Prins cyclization, and an epoxide carbonylation.
Can serum white birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen antigen (Bet v 1) immunoglobulin E measurement distinguish between sensitization and allergy?
Authors: Ciprandi Giorgio , Comite Paola , Ferrero Francesca , Minale Paola , Voltolini Susanna , Bignardi Donatella , Fontana Vincenzo , Bruzzone Marco , Troise Costantino , Mussap Michele 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundIn clinical practice, it is fundamental to distinguish between sensitization and allergy, mainly with respect to polysensitized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) to white birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen antigen (Bet v 1) assessment might be able to differentiate simple sensitization from true allergy.MethodsIn total, 197 subjects (100 females; mean age 44.9 years) with serum Bet v 1 IgE positivity and history of nasal symptoms were evaluated. Subjects were subdivided in 2 groups: allergic and sensitized.ResultsAllergic patients were 58.4% of the total; they had higher serum Bet v 1 IgE levels than sensitized subjects (p < 0.001). A serum IgE to Bet v 1 value >8.94 kilo units of allergen per liter (kUA/L) was able to differentiate between sensitization and allergy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.76; diagnostic odds ratio, ie, degree of agreement between health status and dichotomized IgE levels [DOR] = 6.5). Gender and season when the blood was drawn influenced IgE levels.ConclusionSerum Bet v 1 IgE measurement may be able to differentiate sensitization from allergy in subjects with sensitization to Betulaceae pollen allergens. Thus, Bet v 1 IgE measurement should be considered a useful step in the management of patients with allergic rhinitis due to Betulaceae pollen allergens.
Multi‐institutional study of risk factors for perioperative morbidity following transnasal endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery
Authors: Boling Caitlin C. , Karnezis Tom T. , Baker Andrew B. , Lawrence Lauren A. , Soler Zachary M. , Vandergrift W. Alexander , Wise Sarah K. , DelGaudio John M. , Patel Zara M. , Rereddy Shruthi K. , Lee John M. , Khan Mohemmed N. , Govindaraj Satish , Chan Chun , Oue Sakiko , Psaltis Alkis J. , Wormald Peter‐John , Trosman Samuel , Stokken Janalee , Woodard Troy , Sindwani Raj , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to identify preoperative risk factors associated with increased perioperative morbidity after endoscopic pituitary surgery.MethodsA retrospective review of patients undergoing endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery between 2002 and 2014 at 6 international centers was performed. Standard demographic and comorbidity data, as well as information regarding tumor extent and treatment were collected. Logistic regression was used to examine risk factors for the following 30‐day outcomes: systemic complications, intracranial complications, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, length of hospital stay, readmission, and reoperation.ResultsData was collected on 982 patients with a mean age of 52 years. The median body mass index (BMI) for all patients was 30.9 kg/m2 with 56% female. The median hospital stay was 5 days and 23.8% of patients suffered a postoperative adverse event. Systemic complications occurred in 3.2% of patients and intraventricular extension was a risk factor (odds ratio [OR] 8.9). Intracranial complications occurred in 7.3% of patients and risk factors included previous radiation (OR 8.6) and intraventricular extension (OR 7.9). Reoperation occurred in 6.5% of patients and intraventricular extension (OR 7.3) and age (<40 years, OR 3.5; 40 to 64 years, OR 3.2) were risk factors. Postoperative CSF leaks occurred in 5.5% of patients and risk factors included female gender (OR 2.4), BMI ≥ 30 (OR 2.1), age (<40 years, OR 5.3; 40 to 64 years, OR, 7.9), and intraventricular extension (OR, 9.5).ConclusionPostoperative endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery complications are associated with tumors with intraventricular extension, preoperative radiation, as well as common patient comorbidities. Identification of these factors may permit implementation of strategies to reduce postoperative complications.
Quadripartite entanglement from coupled type I second harmonic generation
Authors: Juan Guo , Shu‐qin Zhai , Ze‐hui Zhai 
Published: August 2015

We present a feasible protocol of continuous variable quadripartite entanglement from the coupled type I second harmonic generation (SHG) below threshold. According to the sufficient inseparability criteria for multipartite continuous variable (CV) entanglement, the four output fields are proved to be multicolored entangled beams in separable locations with four‐mode amplitude quadratures correlation and relative phase quadratures correlation. It shows that the coupled system can produce a compact tunable multimode entangled source that can be applied into the quantum communication.
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A Family of Molecular Sieves Containing Framework‐Bound Organic Structure‐Directing Agents
Authors: Lee Jun Kyu , Shin Jiho , Ahn Nak Ho , Turrina Alessandro , Park Min Bum , Byun Youngchul , Cho Sung June , Wright Paul A. , Hong Suk Bong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOrganic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs), such as quaternary ammonium cations and amines, used in the synthesis of zeolites and related crystalline microporous oxides usually end up entrapped inside the void spaces of the crystallized inorganic host lattice. But none of them is known to form direct chemical bonds to the framework of these industrially important catalysts and adsorbents. We demonstrate that ECR‐40, currently regarded as a typical silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve, constitutes instead a new family of inorganic‐organic hybrid networks in which the OSDAs are covalently bonded to the inorganic framework. ECR‐40 crystallization begins with the formation of an Al–OSDA complex in the liquid phase in which the Al is octahedrally coordinated. This unit is incorporated in the crystallizing ECR‐40. Subsequent removal of framework‐bound OSDAs generates Al‐O‐Al linkages in a fully tetrahedrally coordinated framework.
Phosphothreonine as a Catalytic Residue in Peptide‐Mediated Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenations of 8‐Aminoquinolines
Authors: Shugrue Christopher R. , Miller Scott J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPhosphothreonine (pThr) was found to constitute a new class of chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyst upon insertion into peptides. To demonstrate the potential of these phosphopeptides as asymmetric catalysts, enantioselective transfer hydrogenations of a previously underexplored substrate class for CPA‐catalyzed reductions were carried out. pThr‐containing peptides lead to the observation of enantioselectivities of up to 94:6 e.r. with 2‐substituted quinolines containing C8‐amino functionality. NMR studies indicate that hydrogen‐bonding interactions promote strong complexation between substrates and a rigid β‐turn catalyst.
A Gallium‐Substituted Distibene and an Antimony‐Analogue Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane: Synthesis and Solid‐State Structures
Authors: Tuscher Lars , Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Bläser Dieter , Wölper Christoph , Schulz Stephan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRGa {R=HC[C(Me)N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2} reacts with Sb(NMe2)3 with insertion into the SbN bond and elimination of RGa(NMe2)2 (2), yielding the Ga‐substituted distibene R(Me2N)GaSbSbGa(NMe2)R (1). Thermolysis of 1 proceeded with elimination of RGa and 2 and subsequent formation of the bicyclo[1.1.0]butane analogue [R(Me2N)Ga]2Sb4 (3).
An A‐Site Mixed‐Ammonium Solid Solution Perovskite Series of [(NH2NH3)x(CH3NH3)1−x][Mn(HCOO)3] (x=1.00–0.67)
Authors: Chen Sa , Shang Ran , Wang Bing‐Wu , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe A‐site mixed‐ammonium solid solutions of metal–organic perovskites [(NH2NH3)x(CH3NH3)1−x][Mn(HCOO)3] (x=1.00–0.67) exhibit para‐ to ferroelectric diffuse phase transitions with lowered transition temperatures from x=1.00 to 0.67. These properties are due to the decreased framework distortion and polarization in their low temperature ferroelectric phases caused by the increased CH3NH3+ concentration.
A Cell‐Penetrating Foldamer with a Bioreducible Linkage for Intracellular Delivery of DNA
Authors: Douat Céline , Aisenbrey Christopher , Antunes Stéphanie , Decossas Marion , Lambert Olivier , Bechinger Burkhard , Kichler Antoine , Guichard Gilles 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDespite significant advances in foldamer chemistry, tailored delivery systems based on foldamer architectures, which provide a high level of control over secondary structure, are curiously rare among non‐viral technologies for transporting nucleic acids into cells. A potent pH‐responsive, bioreducible cell‐penetrating foldamer (CPF) was developed through covalent dimerization of a short (8‐mer) amphipathic oligourea sequence bearing histidine‐type units. This CPF exhibits a high capacity to assemble with pDNA and mediates efficient delivery of nucleic acids into the cell. Furthermore, it does not adversely affect cellular viability and was shown to compare favorably with a cognate peptide transfection agent based on His‐rich sequences.
Synthesis and properties of PMMA‐ZrO2 organic–inorganic hybrid films
Authors: Alvarado‐Beltrán Clemente Guadalupe , Almaral‐Sánchez Jorge Luis , Ramírez‐Bon Rafael 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work we report the synthesis process and properties of PMMA‐ZrO2 organic–inorganic hybrid films. The hybrid films were deposited by a modified sol‐gel process using zirconium propoxide (ZP) as the inorganic (zirconia) source, methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the organic source, and 3‐trimetoxy‐silyl‐propyl‐methacrylate (TMSPM) as the coupling agent between organic and inorganic phases. The films were deposited by dip coating on glass slide substrates from a hybrid precursor solution containing the three precursors with molar ratio 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 for ZP, TMSPM, and MMA, respectively. After deposition, the hybrid thin films were heat‐treated at 100°C for 24 h. The macroscopic characteristics of the hybrid films such as high homogeneity and high optical transparence evidenced the formation of a cross‐linked, interpenetrated organic–inorganic network. The deposited PMMA‐ZrO2 hybrid films were homogeneous, highly transparent and very well adhered to substrates. Fourier Transform Infra‐Red measurements of the hybrid films display absorption bands of chemical groups associated with both PMMA and ZrO2 phases. The amounts of organic and inorganic phases in the hybrid films were determined from thermogravimetric measurements. The surface morphology and homogeneity of the hybrid films at microscopic level were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images. From the analysis of optical transmission and reflection spectra, the optical constants (refraction index and extinction coefficient) of the hybrid films were determined, employing a physical model to simulate the hybrid optical layers. The refraction index of the hybrid films at 532 nm was 1.56. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42738.
Highly crystalline and oriented high‐strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers by using low molecular weight polymer
Authors: Avci Huseyin , Najafi Mesbah , Kilic Ali , Kotek Richard 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTHigh‐strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers were obtained using low molecular weight (LMW) polymervia horizontal isothermal bath (hIB), followed by postdrawing process. We investigated the unique formations of different precursors, which differentiated in its molecular orientation and crystalline structures from traditional high‐speed spinning PET fibers. Sharp increase in crystallinity was observed after drawing process even though the fibers showed almost no any crystallinity before the drawing. Properties of as‐spun and drawn hIB and control filaments at different process conditions were compared. As would be expected, performances of resulted treated undrawn and drawn fibers have dramatically improved with developing unique morphologies. Tenacities more than 8 g/d for as‐spun and 10 g/d for drawn treated fibers after just drawn at 1.279 draw ratio were observed. These performances are considerably higher than that of control fibers. An explanation of structural development of high‐strength fibers using LMW polymer spun with hIB is proposed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42747.
Crosslinking and ozone degradation of thermosetting resins based on maleic anhydride/diene copolymer and polyfunctional alcohols
Authors: Lou Limin , Nagashima Mika , Okamura Haruyuki , Matsumoto Akikazu 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTCrosslinking and de‐crosslinking reactions of an alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride (MAn) and 2,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐pentadiene (DMPD) by thermal curing with polyfunctional alcohols as the crosslinkers and subsequent ozone degradation are reported in this article. The ring‐opening reaction of an anhydride group by polyfunctional alcohols produces network polymers with an ester linkage. The rate of crosslinking reaction depends on the curing conditions, i.e. the structure of the used alcohols and the curing temperature and time. The crosslinking density of the alcohol‐cured copolymers is low due to a slow reaction between the anhydride and hydroxy groups, being different from the corresponding epoxy‐cured copolymer with a dense network structure reported in a previous article. The insoluble resins are readily de‐crosslinked and solubilized by ozone degradation. The polymer surface modification by ozone is also investigated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42763.
Inhibition of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity by Interleukin‐6: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Authors: Cifaldi Loredana , Prencipe Giusi , Caiello Ivan , Bracaglia Claudia , Locatelli Franco , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Strippoli Raffaele 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveSystemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with high levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in the serum and synovial fluid, and impairment of natural killer (NK) cell function is often observed. This study was undertaken to evaluate a possible link between these 2 biologic findings and whether they may be associated with the development of macrophage activation syndrome, a condition frequently observed in systemic JIA.MethodsSplenocytes from wild‐type (WT) or IL‐6–transgenic (Tg) mice were evaluated for NK cell cytotoxicity using a 51Cr‐release assay. Numbers of NK cells and expression of perforin, granzyme B, CD69, and CD107a were evaluated by flow cytometry. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy donors were treated with IL‐6 and cultured in the presence or absence of tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL‐6 receptor blocker. Human polyclonal NK cells from healthy donor PBMCs were evaluated for cell cytotoxicity and expression of perforin, granzyme B, and CD107a. PBMCs harvested from patients with systemic JIA during periods of active or inactive disease were left untreated or treated with IL‐6 in combination with soluble IL‐6 receptor and analyzed for the expression of perforin and granzyme B.ResultsSplenic NK cell cytotoxicity was reduced in IL‐6–Tg mice compared to WT mice. Levels of CD69 and CD107a showed no significant differences, whereas expression of perforin and granzyme B was impaired in NK cells from IL‐6–Tg mice. Exposure of human peripheral blood NK cells to IL‐6 led to reduced expression of perforin and granzyme B. Culturing human polyclonal NK cells in the presence of TCZ significantly increased cell cytotoxicity, and also increased expression of perforin and granzyme B. In patients with systemic JIA, a reduction in IL‐6 plasma levels during disease remission correlated with the rescue of perforin and granzyme B expression in NK cells from these patients.ConclusionIn both mice and humans, IL‐6 down‐modulated the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. This decrease was associated with reduced perforin and granzyme B levels in the absence of altered granule exocytosis.
Autoantibodies in Prediction of the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Healthy Relatives of Patients With the Disease
Authors: Ramos‐Remus Cesar , Castillo‐Ortiz Jose Dionisio , Aguilar‐Lozano Luis , Padilla‐Ibarra Jorge , Sandoval‐Castro Carlos , Vargas‐Serafin Cesar Omar , de la Mora‐Molina Hector , Ramos‐Gomez Ariadna , Sanchez‐Ortiz Adriana , Avila‐Armengol Hilario , Aceves‐Avila Francisco Javier 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveAlthough blood bank–based studies have shown that rheumatoid arthritis (RA)–related autoantibodies are present before the onset of RA, information on their positive predictive value (PPV) for development of RA in healthy individuals is scarce. This study was undertaken to assess the 5‐year PPV of serum IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM‐RF) and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) for the development of RA among healthy relatives of patients with RA.MethodsHealthy relatives of RA patients were invited to participate in a cohort study. At baseline, information on participants’ medical history was obtained, and serum levels of IgM‐RF and anti‐CCP antibodies were determined (by nephelometry and second‐generation anti‐CCP enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively). The subjects were followed up every 4 months via a structured interview (Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases [COPCORD] questionnaire). When the COPCORD questionnaire indicated possible arthritis, subjects underwent an in‐office rheumatology assessment including joint count. The study end point was defined as fulfillment of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA.ResultsEight hundred nineteen initially healthy relatives of 252 patients with RA were included (69% female, 41% offspring, mean ± SD age 35 ± 12 years). Eleven (1.3%) were positive for both anti–CCP‐2 and RF, 12 (1.5%) only for anti–CCP‐2, and 16 (2%) only for RF. RA developed in 17 (2.1%) of the relatives during the 5‐year followup (3,313 person‐years for the seronegative group and 60.8 person‐years for the anti–CCP‐2–positive group). The PPV was 64% when both anti–CCP‐2 and RF were positive and 58% when only anti–CCP‐2 was positive. Offspring of patients with RA had an independent 3‐fold increased risk of developing RA.ConclusionResults of the present study indicate that the magnitude of risk for developing RA in healthy relatives of patients with RA can be estimated using simple routine laboratory tests.