bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyse der Grenzschicht zwischen Aluminium und Titan nach dem Verbundstrangpressen∗
Authors: Striewe B. , Grittner N. , von Hehl A. , Hunkel M. , Stelling O. , Schaper M. , Zoch H.-W. , Bach Fr.-W. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The combination of different metallic materials enables the design of lightweight structures with tailor-made properties. In contrast to conventional joining methods, for example fusion welding, by co-extrusion no degradation occurs in the materials structure in the form of heat affected zones or pore formation. Therefore, co-extrusion exhibits an attractive alternative for joining aluminium and titanium based alloys. The performed extrusion experiments were focused on the co-extrusion of aluminium (EN AW-6082) and titanium (TiAl6V4), where titanium is the reinforcing element that is inserted in aluminium profiles. During co-extruding an intermetallic layer with a thickness of 1 to 3 µm arises in the bonding zone between aluminium and titanium. In this layer an enrichment of elements of the aluminium alloy, such as silicon, was observed. The formation of the intermetallic layer and the strength of the compounds were examined at various positions after the co-extrusion and after subsequent heat treatment. The investigation of the intermetallic layer was performed with light optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and electro probe micro analysis. The mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests. The heat treatment led to the intended hardening of the aluminium alloy. However, the layer thickness did not change. The tensile tests specimen showed different failure locations. The heat treatment led to increased tensile strength values, but also to a decreased yield strength level.
Kostenoptimierung durch Änderung der Legierungszuschläge für wärmebehandelbare Baustähle
Authors: Schifferl H. , Zamberger S. , Jöller A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The substitution of expensive alloying elements like Mo and Ni by cheaper ones, e. g. Mn or B-Ti, was studied on the Q&T steel 42CrMo4 and the case-hardening steel 18CrNiMo7-6 based on equal hardenability. The alternative alloying concepts met the requirements for hardenability and mechanical properties in both steel types. The total substitution of Mo by Mn in the Q&T steel caused a loss in low temperature impact toughness. Residual elements (P, As, etc.) seem to promote this kind of temper embrittlement, so for temperature-critical cases the Mo content must be adapted. In the case-hardening steel the substitution of a part of Mo and Ni by Mn or B-Ti resp. lead to a tolerably reduced impact toughness and tooth impact bending force. Nb addition improved the impact toughness. The presented concepts of substitution offer a considerable potential for saving costs for alloy additions.
Einführung in die Grundlagen des Distortion Engineering
Authors: Lübben Th. , Zoch H.-W. 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Auf dem HärtereiKongress 2012 wurde im Rahmen einer vollständigen Session ein Überblick über wesentliche Erkenntnisse des Sonderforschungsbereichs „Distortion Engineering“ präsentiert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zunächst die Grundlagen der Verzugsentstehung vermittelt. Dabei werden die grundlegenden Mechanismen vorgestellt, die Systematik der unvermeidbaren Maß- und Formänderungen besprochen und für die vermeidbaren Verzäge das Konzept des Verzugspotenzials und der zugehörigen Träger erläutert. Darauf aubauend werden die Methode „Distortion Engineering“ und die Ansätze der erweiterten Verzugsbeschreibung für Welle, Scheibe und Ring besprochen. Auf dieser Basis werden in den folgenden vier Beiträgen dieses Hets diese hemen präsentiert:

Mechanismen der Verzugsentstehung bei Wälzlagerringen aus 100Cr6 [1]

Verzugskompensation an Wälzlagerringen aus 100Cr6 [2]

Analyse von Seigerungen und seigerungsbedingtem Verzug am Beispiel des Einsatzstahls 20MnCr5 [3]

Verzugsentstehung bei geschmiedeten Scheiben aus 20MnCr5 – Einluss von Umformung und Gefügestruktur [4]
Gas quenching process optimization to minimize distortion of a thin-wall ring gear by simulation∗
Authors: Li Z. , Ferguson B. L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Of the differences between gas quenching and immersion quenching processes, the major difference is the presence of boiling during the early stages of quenching in oil or water. The formation of a vapor phase has a dramatic effect on both the overall and local rates of heat removal from the parts being quenched, and on part distortion. With the absence of a quenchant phase change, gas quenching is touted to result in uniform heat extraction, thus lessening part distortion. Gas quenching is not without inherent problems. Nonuniform gas flow around a part contributes to distortion, and nonuniform cooling at different locations contributes to the variance of distortion. This paper discusses difficulties associated with gas quenching a thin walled ring gear that is prone to distortion. Heat treat process simulation was used to model the low pressure carburization and high pressure gas quenching of a carburized 5130 steel ring gear. Process variables investigated include fan speed and cooling durations of different quenching stages. The intent is to reduce distortion by controlling the overall gas velocity through adjustment of the fan speed, whereby the local cooling rates can be controlled to better accommodate the dimensional change associated with steel phase transformations during quenching.
Influence of cutting parameters, tool coatings and friction on the process heat in cutting processes and phase transformations in workpiece surface layers∗
Authors: Schulze V. , Michna J. , Zanger F. , Faltin C. , Maas U. , Schneider J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The surface states and thus the functionality of machined workpieces are influenced by parameters of the process and the cutting tool. Depending on these variables different mechanical and thermal loads lead to changing characteristics of components. This paper presents a 2D-FE-cutting simulation model predicting machining induced phase transformations of workpiece surface layers for the steel 42CrMo4 (AISI 4140) considering detailed friction modeling between tool and workpiece, based on tribological experiments. The cutting simulation model was developed using the commercial software ABAQUS. Friction and phase transformations are implemented using specific user subroutines. The model calculates the process of austenization and the transformed volume fraction of the phases ferrite/perlite, bainite and martensite. Additional thermo dynamical simulations of the heat transfer using the code INSFLA are performed. The simulated temperatures, cutting forces and phase transformations are compared to orthogonal cutting experiments.
The Potential of Alkyl Polyglucosides and Polyethylene Glycol Glucosides Coatings for Improving the Storage and Shelf-Life of Pineapples
Authors: Jin Xin , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong , Li Yanke 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) and polyethylene glycol glycosides (PEGG) were applied as coatings on fresh pineapple to extend their postharvest shelf-life and to prevent Black Heart (BH). The pineapples were coated with solutions of APGs and PEGG, and the tissue firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), grade of freshness, incidence and grade of BH were measured. The APGs and PEGG were obviously able to reduce the decay incidence, firmness and flavor loss as well as retard color change and ripening rate of pineapples during storage. C12/14-APGs could not only improve quality and shelf-life characteristics, but also markedly reduce incidence of BH. The combination of APGs with PEGG showed the obvious synergism for preventing BH.
Characterization of Langmuir-Monolayers of Molecular Tweezers and Clips by Means of Brewster-Angle-Microscopy
Authors: Rehage H. , Achenbach B. , Klärner F.-G. , Kamieth M. , Panitzky J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Molecular clips and tweezers tend to bind selectively electron deficient aromatic and aliphatic substrates. These interesting processes of molecular recognition are usually investigated in dilute solutions of organic or aqueous solvents. Due to discrepancy between polar and hydrophobic groups, molecular clips and tweezers are surface-active chemical compounds which can form monomolecular films at the surface of water. In this publication, we have systematically investigated the self-association and phase-behavior of these artificial receptors by means of pressure-area-isotherms and Brewster-Angle-Microscopy (BAM). We observed spherical and rod-shaped two-dimensional aggregates in the liquid condensed phase. The size and shape of these domains are similar to corresponding structures of classical surfactants.
Environmental Care and Consumer Protection – Example for the Official Survey of Laundry Detergents and Cleansing Agents
Authors: Rohrdanz A. , Kratz E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The official survey of detergents and cleansing agents includes both: the environmental care by overlooking the regulations of the Washing and Cleaning Act and the consumer protection, which is established in the Food and Consumer Goods Act and the Chemical Law.
The work of the official survey was illustrated by example of the analytics and assessment of fragrances in laundry detergents and cleansing agents and the use of limonene as solvent was shown. The results of the examinations were presented.
Microemulsions Formed by a Catanionic Surfactant or by an Ionic Surfactant with an Organic Counterion
Authors: Friman R. , Backlund S. , Høgnesen E. , Austad T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The phase diagrams at 298.2 K for the systems heptylammonium heptanoate-heptane-water, butylammonium decanoate-butanol-decane-water and butylammonium decanoate-butanol-decane-sodium chloride (aq) have been determined. A large three-phase region and an extensive microemulsion phase were obtained for the heptylammonium heptanoate system. Addition of both cosurfactant and electrolyte brings about a separation into three phases in the butylammonium decanoate-water system. All three-phase systems were characterized by low inter-facial tensions. Sound velocity, conductivity, and viscosity measurements were used successfully for qualitative studies of microstructural transitions in the isotropic microemulsion phase.
Structure-Activity Relationships for Sorption of Alkyl Trimethyl Ammonium Compounds on Activated Sludge
Authors: García M. T. , Campos E. , Sánchez-Leal J. , Comelles F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Association of quaternary ammonium based surfactants with activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants has been studied. Adsorption isotherms on activated sludge particles and surface properties of a series of alkyl trimethyl ammonium compounds have been investigated. The effect of alkyl chain length and the water hardness in those physical-chemical properties have been evaluated. Adsorption on sludge increased with increasing the alkyl chain length in the cationic surfactant molecule. Linear relationships between critical micelle concentration (-log CMC) and efficiency of adsorption at the liquid/gas interface (pC20), and the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain length were found for the alkyl trimethyl ammonium compounds. Water hardness decreased the CMC values of the tested alkyl trimethyl ammonium homologues and the extent of their sorption to activated sludge. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms described satisfactorily the equilibrium adsorption of the cationic surfactants on activated sludge.
Design Criteria, Mechanical Features, Advantages and Performances of Multitube Falling Film Sulphonation Reactor
Authors: Adami Icilio 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Anionic Surfactants, and Sulphonates in particular, will continue to keep their important rule in Detergents formulation for generations to come.
The sulphonation Reactor is the key-tool to generate Sulphonated Molecules for Detergent application, therefore the efforts in improving the specific technology are focused on the best possible design and search for optimum operation of the same.
The limits of the present technology are discussed and the peculiarity and advantages of the latest generation of Multi Tube Falling Film Reactor are valued by highlighting:
Design basis
Construction accuracy
Operating conditions and savings
Achievable products quality
30th Anniversary of the Expert Group Detergent Chemistry: From an Isolated Problem Solving to Sustainable Responsibility
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The 30th anniversary of the GDCh-Fachgruppe Waschmittelchemie (Expert Group Detergent Chemistry) was celebrated at this year's Conference in Königswinter. Unfortunately, only some 80 people attended this fine meeting that was focused on Ecology/Toxicology but also encompassed stimulating papers in Basics/Mechanisms, Raw Materials/Syntheses, and Applications. 19 lectures and 13 posters were given. The anniversary marked the end of the conference in this form because the annual meeting of the Expert Group will be developed to a European Detergents Conference (EDC) that will be embedded in the next SEPAWA Kongress 2005 for the first time.
At the anniversary's celebratory convention D. Schermer, Chairman of the Expert Group, reviewed the activities of the Expert Group, which was founded in 1974 in Bamberg to meet the need of scientifically based open discussions on ecological issues of detergent chemistry. In the meantime, the Group has been developed into an active forum for scientific exchange in all fields of detergent chemistry. Furthermore, it has contributed to the practicable solution of many environmental problems and to a more serious public discussion about surfactants and detergents. Many problems remain to be solved, and therefore an active cooperation also with other expert groups of the German Chemical Society (GDCh) is crucial.
In his celebrating address W. Koch, General Manager of the GDCh, stressed that in its early days the Group had implemented consumer and environmental protection in its catalogue of topics. In so far, the today's motto “From an isolated problem solving to a sustainable responsibility” is just a consequent extension of its activities. He also asked all members to strive for new members of the GDCh to strengthen this scientific society as one of the largest in Europe.
In his celebratory lecture D. Ruchay, Monheim, Germany, summarized “30 Years of Water Protection in Germany – Through Societal Cooperation to Success”.
After World War Two there were no municipal and industrial sewage plants in Germany able to work. The infrastructure of waste water management was built up very slowly in the first 20 years after the war. Correspondingly the quality of the inshore waters impaired dramatically.
Since 1970 the water quality improved significantly. At that time the water management act had been tightened considerably and the waste water fee depending on the quality and pollution of the waste water was established.
Today the water quality in the German inshore waters is fair up to good, but the ecological situation has still to be improved. For some years the water regulations are laid down decisively by the European Union (The Water Framework Directive, The Urban Waste-water Treatment Directive, The Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive).
Commercial Surfactants for Use in CO2 – a Survey
Authors: Hebach A. , Oberhof A. , Dahmen N. , Beeh M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper reappraises the dry cleaning process using compressed Carbon Dioxide as washing fluid, specifically in view to cleaning enhancement options. At first, the cleaning cycle of the process is presented. Thereafter, suitable surfactant classes are discussed against the background of prolific as well as an environmentally benign process. Among the most promising structures are the alcohol ethoxylates. Their physical properties such as solubility, phase behaviour, and interfacial activity were intensely studied. The performance of test-formulations in cleaning tests is promising and already suitable for outer garment cleaning. A new way of enhanced mechanical action was already demonstrated in a lab-scale apparatus.
Synthesis, Separation and Adsorption of Naphthalene Sulphonate Formaldehyde Condensates
Authors: Yan Li , Liangjun Dong , Zongshi Li , Weihong Qiao 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Ten components of NaNSF were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) by using F254 silica gel plates as fixed phase and acidic alcohol solution as mobile phase. Adsorption of naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde (NaNSF) on titania surface was studied through fundamental principles of surface physical chemistry, and the saturation adsorption of NaNSF was found to be much lower than that of dispersant in disperse dyes. This study is of reference significance to the investigation of mechanism of adsorption of dispersant on dyes, cement, and so on.
The Self-Assembly of an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study
Authors: Schulz S. G. , Frieske U. , Kuhn H. , Schmid G. , Müller F. , Mund C. , Venzmer J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The self-assembly of a poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) blockcopolymer (EO13PO30EO13) in the presence of water was investigated. The phases have been studied with the mesoscopic simulation technique Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD). The micellar, hexagonal, lamellar, bicontinuous and inverse micellar phase have been identified with this method and showed remarkable agreement with the experimental phase behavior. This work showed that the Dissipative Particle Dynamics simulations are also suitable for complicated polymer systems such as the EO13PO30EO13 triblock copolymer.
Rapeseed Methyl Ester Ethoxylates: A New Class of Surfactants of Environmental and Commercial Interest
Authors: Renkin M. , Fleurackers S. , Szwach I. , Hreczuch W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe two last decades have been marked by an increasing environmental awareness. In relationship to detergents, renew-ability, biodegradability, and ecotoxicity have become important issues in the study, development and application of surfactants. In this respect, rapeseed methyl ester ethoxylates are an interesting new class of nonionic surfactants that gain more and more interest on the market. They are easily to formulate into attractive liquid detergents with high cleaning performance and show a more favorable ecotoxicological profile compared to fatty alcohol ethoxylates.
Study of the Cloud Point of C12 E6 Nonionic Surfactant: Effect of Additives
Authors: Alibrahim M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Addition of electrolytes to surfactant solutions does change the temperature at which the clouding phenomena occur. Electrolytes have a large effect on the cloud point (CP) of hexa ethyleneglycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C12 E6)/water system, because of their effect on water structure and their hydrophilicity. In this work we report the effect of electrolytes (KCl, NaCl and Na2CO3) on the (CP) of C12 E6/water system. It has been observed that the cloud point as a function of electrolyte's concentration, depends mostly on the electrolyte's charge. Furthermore it has been observed that the two factors, temperature and salt concentration mainly affect equivalently the phase separation of C12 E6/water system. Moreover, ionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and carboxylate ethoxyle (TDC) have been used to investigate their effect on CP of C12 E6.
Surfactant Enhanced Washing of Drilling Fluids, a Promising Remediation Technique
Authors: Torres L. G. , Lemus X. , Urquiza G. , Verdejo A. , Iturbe R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this work, drilling fluids with 135 400 mg kg−1 of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were washed with six different surfactants (the non-ionic Emulgin 600, Emulgin 1000, Brij 35 and Tween 80, ionic SDS, and zwitterionic Polafix CAPB) and their mixtures. Due to the high Ca content in the samples, three different approaches were employed when washing with SDS, because of its ionic character: a) using mixtures of surfactants, b) addition of NaCl, and c) addition of a Ca sequestrant, i. e., sodium metasilicate. Drilling fluids were washed; TPH, electric conductivity (EC, as an indirect measurement of salinity), and pH values were measured before and after the washing process. Surface tension of the clean and spent washing solutions (surfactant or surfactants mixture, with or without salts) was measured.
TPH removals as high as 75% were achieved using SDS + sodium metasilicate. EC values diminished 75% with the washing process, but for the experiments in which salts were added, increments in electric conductivity of up to 367% were observed. Regarding the pH changes, initial sample pH value was 7.77, and in most cases this value was reduced, except for some of the cases where salt was added. Surfactant solution's surface tension changes (before and after the washing process) correlated fairly with TPH removals.
Testing Robustness and Compatibility of Colour Damaging Washing Tests
Authors: Reinhardt G. , Ulshöfer H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Uncertainty concerning the colour damaging effect of new bleach systems often is a major hurdle for their market introduction. In this study we have therefore examined the colour damaging effect of various bleach activators, peracids and catalysts using a newly developed Reactive Dye Set. The trials were carried out according to ISO 105-C09 (diagnostic single wash test) and a similar test as well as the recently developed colour damage profile test (20 wash cycles). The results show that new bleach systems can differ significantly from conventional activators in their reactivity and selectivity towards the individual dyeings. Each system produces a characteristic damage profile. ISO 105-C09 appears not to be suitable for prediction of the effect of new bleach systems such as perimidic acids as well as all bleach catalysts.
Effect of Aromatic Ring in the Alkyl Chain on Surface Properties of Aryl Alkyl Sulfonate Surfactants
Authors: Zhigang Xu , Chenguang Bi , Yuehong Tian , Weihong Qiao , Zongshi Li , Lubo Cheng 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Surface properties of a series of aryl alkyl sulfonate surfactants were investigated. A strong structure-activity relationship was observed, depending on the variation of aromatic ring size in the hydrophobic chain. The results show that the size of aromatic ring, introduced to the carbon chain, affects their surface and thermodynamic properties. The values of critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface excess concentration (Γmax), effectiveness (Πcmc), to reduce surface tension of water, are decreased with increasing the aromatic ring size from phenyl to methylnaphthyl. While, the values of surface tension (γcmc) at cmc, Gibbs energy of micellization (ΔGmic°), and minimum area per molecule (Amin) are increased. Hence, the dominant factor of influencing on the area per molecule of aryl alkyl sulfonate surfactants would be the size of aryl alkyl chains.