bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Young Man with History of ADHD and Methamphetamine Use
Authors: Leikauf John , Ivanov Iliyan 
Published: January 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Recognize the importance of assessing adult patients with substance use disorders for comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

2.
Understand the difficulties in diagnosing adult ADHD in patients with comorbid substance use disorders.

3.
Identify benefits of successful treatment of ADHD in patients with substance use disorders and identify common components of treatment.

With the encouragement of his friends and girlfriend, Mr. D, a white man in his late 20s, self-referred for intake at a substance abuse clinic. The initial report indicated that his abuse of methamphetamine had affected various interpersonal relationships as well as his ability to adequately perform at work. He called out sick from work on several occasions under the premise that he had personal business to attend to, and he had begun isolating himself from many social situations. Though in the recent past he worked as a counselor in a smoking cessation clinic and held a goal to become a licensed counselor, he had not taken the necessary steps to complete even the application for the licensing exam.
Medication Adherence among Older Adults with Schizophrenia
Authors: Leutwyler Heather C. , Fox Patrick J. , Wallhagen Margaret 
Published: January 2013

How to Obtain Contact Hours by Reading This Article

Instructions

1.0 contact hours will be awarded by Villanova University College of Nursing upon successful completion of this activity. A contact hour is a unit of measurement that denotes 60 minutes of an organized learning activity. This is a learner-based activity. Villanova University College of Nursing does not require submission of your answers to the quiz. A contact hour certificate will be awarded once you register, pay the registration fee, and complete the evaluation form online at
https://villanova.gosignmeup.com
. To obtain contact hours you must:

1.
Read the article, “Medication Adherence among Older Adults with Schizophrenia” found on pages 26–34, carefully noting any tables and other illustrative materials that are included to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content. Be sure to keep track of the amount of time (number of minutes) you spend reading the article and completing the quiz.

2.
Read and answer each question on the quiz. After completing all of the questions, compare your answers to those provided within this issue. If you have incorrect answers, return to the article for further study.

3.
Go to the Villanova website listed above to register for contact hour credit. You will be asked to provide your name; contact information; and a VISA, MasterCard, or Discover card number for payment of the $20.00 fee. Once you complete the online evaluation, a certificate will be automatically generated.

This activity is valid for continuing education credit until January 31, 2015.

Contact Hours
This activity is co-provided by Villanova University College of Nursing and SLACK Incorporated.
Villanova University College of Nursing is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.

Activity Objective
Review the findings of a research study related to medication adherence among older adults with schizophrenia.

Disclosure Statement
Neither the planners nor the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

Older adults with schizophrenia are a growing segment of the population, yet their physical and mental health status is extremely poor. This article presents findings from a qualitative study that explored the understanding older adults with schizophrenia have of their physical health status. The study was conducted among 28 older adults with schizophrenia from a variety of settings using semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Self-management of psychiatric and non-psychiatric medications and its effect on participants’ health status was one of the central themes that emerged from the study. Different styles of medication adherence were identified and factors associated with each style are presented. The findings provide insights into the design of clinical interventions aimed at promoting medication adherence among older adults with schizophrenia.
Thermomineral waters of inner Dinarides Karst
Authors: Milenić Dejan , Krunić Olivera , Milanković Djuro 
Published: January 2013

The Dinarides are the largest continuous karst region in Europe. With regard to a geotectonic view, they are divided into the Outer, Central and Inner Dinarides occupying the territories of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. Numerous occurrences of thermomineral water have been recorded in the Inner Dinarides area. The majority of them are genetically related to carbonate sediments of Mesozoic age. This paper deals with occurrences of thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides karst, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics, basic genetic types, the age of karst thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides, the available quantities of hydrogeothermalmineral energy, balneological potential and the possibility of rational multi-purpose utilisation. Hydrochemical and isotope methods have been used for the analysis of basic genetic types and age of karst thermomineral waters, while a geothermometer method has been used for the calculation of primary temperatures in water-bearing horizons(geothermal reservoirs) themselves. The carried out research has pointed out that karst thermomineral waters formed in carbonate sediments of Mesozoic age are characterized by temperatures ranging from 15.5oC (Knežina Ilidža) to 75oC (Bogatić), being most frequently of a HCO3-Ca, Mg type with neutral to poor alkaline reaction and mineralization below 1 g/l. Karst thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides are most frequently related to geothermal systems formed in carbonate sediments covered by rocks of poor water permeability. In case of some thermomineral water occurrences, the mixing of the karst thermomineral waters with those formed in sedimentary basins occurs due to their hydraulic relation, thus it is not possible to determine only one geothermal system in which they are formed. The overall geothermal potential of the thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides karst is about 160 MW. In addition to the geothermal aspect, these waters have been widely utilised in balneology, wellness programmes, as well as for the needs of bottling. The level of research activity and with that the way of the utilisation of these waters are various. With regard to the number of occurrences known so far and their potential, it can be claimed with certainty, that the utilisation of thermomineral water occurring in the karst of the Inner Dinarides will increase significantly in future. An example of the multi-purpose utilisation of the Pribojska Banja Spa thermomineral waters illustrates a possible way of doing it.
The Paradoxical Functions of B Cells and Antibodies in Transplantation
Authors: Cascalho Marilia I. , Chen Brian J. , Kain Mandy , Platt Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Scarcely anyone would dispute that donor-specific B cells and the Abs that they produce can cause rejection of transplants. Less clear and more controversial, however, is the possibility that donor-specific B cells and the Abs that they produce are one or more means by which transplants can be protected from injury. In this article, we review and discuss this possibility and consider how less well-known functions of B cells and Abs might impact on the design of therapeutics and the management of transplant recipients.
Efficacy of Bleaching Treatment on Demineralized Enamel Treated with Resin Infiltration Technique
Authors: Pucci Cesar Rogério , Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Borges Alessandra Bühler , de Freitas Santos Luciana Floriani Thives , Rêgo Heleine Maria Chagas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bleaching treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide in white spot lesions-affected teeth treated with caries infiltration technique. Cylindrical enamel-dentin specimens were prepared from bovine incisors. Baseline color measurement was performed by a spectro-photometer using the CIE L*a*b* system and specimens were divided in two groups: Sound (S) and demineralized (D) enamel. The group S was divided into two subgroups (n = 20): Nonbleached (SNB) and bleached (SB). The group D was divided in four subgroups (n = 20): Nonbleached (DNB), bleached (DB), resin infiltrated/nonbleached (DRNB) and resin infiltrated/bleached (DRB). Artificial white spot lesions were produced in all groups D, simulating the presence of active lesions in labial tooth surface, and after demineralization, caries infiltration with low viscosity resin was performed in the resin infiltrated groups. In the bleached groups, 10% carbamide peroxide gel was applied (2 hours/day for 14 days). New color measurements were performed after bleaching and color alteration was calculated using ΔE parameter. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). There were significant differences among groups when ΔE was evaluated (p = 0.001). Means (± standard deviation) and results of Tukey test were: SNB (2.53 ± 0.48)a; DRNB (2.88 ± 1.03)ab; DNB (3.15 ± 0.65) ab; DRB (2.88 ± 1.03)bc; SB (4.33 ± 0.93)cd; DB (5.27 ± 1.33)d. The bleaching treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide produced no significant color alteration in demineralized enamel treated with resin infiltration technique.How to cite this articleSantos LFTF, Rêgo HMC, Borges AB, Pucci CR, Torres CRG. Efficacy of Bleaching Treatment on Demineralized Enamel Treated with Resin Infiltration Technique. World J Dent 2012;3(4):279-283.
Assessing Prescription Writing Skills of House Officers in Dental Teaching Hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Wali Aisha , Siddiqui Talha Mufeed , Ali Anwar , Jafri Hamza 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
A prescription is ‘a written order, which includes detailed instructions of what medicine should be given to whom, in what formulation and dose, by what route, when, how frequently, and for how long’.

Aim
To determine competency and knowledge gained during undergraduate dental studies regarding clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) by house officers in the form of prescription writing skill assessment.

Materials and methods
A survey form with a clinical scenario was designed and distributed to house officers working in nine different dental teaching hospitals. It required a response in the form of a complete prescription. Out of 360 forms distributed, 200 were returned. Each form was assessed for all the 20 required parameters and scored accordingly. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 19.

Results
Frequency (92.5%) and route (93%) of drug administration were the most commonly listed, followed by dose (82.9%), symbol Rx (65.2%), duration (60.4%), doctor's signature (59.3%), patient's name (52.4%), patient's age (44.9%) and date (44.4%).
Parameters that were least or not listed include hospital address (0%), refill information (0%), instructions for labeling (0.5%), quantity to be dispensed (1.1%), patients address (1.1%), professional degree and registration number (1.1%), doctor's name (1.6%), diagnosis (7%), hospital name (22%), appropriateness of drug (26.2%) and patients sex (26.2%).

Conclusion
The current study concluded that prescription writing skills of a majority of house surgeons were deficient in important details.

How to cite this article
Wali A, Ali A, Siddiqui TM, Jafri H. Assessing Prescription Writing Skills of House Officers in Dental Teaching Hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. World J Dent 2012;3(4):294-296.
Oral Hygiene Pattern observed in Primary School Children as Reported by Their Mother: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mittal Mudit , Vashisth Pallavi , Dwivedi Swati , Jaiswal Deepesh , Arora Satyaki 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective
The study was conducted to determine the oral hygiene pattern in primary school children as reported by their mother through questionnaire used in epidemiological studies.

Materials and methods
The study was conducted by Department of Pedodontic and Preventive Children Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. The children received dental examinations, and their mothers were interviewed at home. The gold standard for oral hygiene was the simplified oral hygiene index. The mothers answered questions related to their child's oral hygiene, including daily tooth brushing, tooth brushing before sleeping and the combination of the two (oral hygiene). These responses were dichotomized into regular and irregular. The validity was determined by calculating the percentages and respective 95% confidence intervals for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

Results
The overall prevalence of dental plaque was 38.3%. Just over half (54.6%) of the children were boys. Approximately, 80% of the mothers reported that their children brushed their teeth twice or more per day; however, 42.7% of the children presented oral hygiene pattern considered irregular. Plaque was higher among those with an irregular daily brushing pattern (49.8%, 95% CI 43.5; 56.1) and irregular oral hygiene (42.2%, 95% CI 37.7; 46.6) than among those in the regular categories.

Conclusion
Oral hygiene questions answered by mothers of primary school going children are not an appropriate substitute for direct oral hygiene assessment by the clinical examination of dental plaque.

How to cite this article
Dwivedi S, Mittal M, Vashisth P, Jaiswal D, Arora S. Oral Hygiene Pattern observed in Primary School Children as Reported by Their Mother: A Longitudinal Study. World J Dent 2012;3(4):308-312.
A Clinicohistopathologic Study and Probable Mechanism of Pigmentation in Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Anjum Rubina , Singh Jasmin , Kudva Shailesh 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
Probable mechanism of pigmentation in oral lichen planus which is associated with anxiety disorder and its relation to gamma aminobutyric acid whose imbalance in brain occurs during stress and strain.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study comprising of 33 cases of clinically diagnosed oral lichen planus was conducted. Ethical clearance and informed consent was obtained. Detailed history was recorded and clinical examination was conducted. All patients were subjected to thorough routine blood, urine and stool examination for any systemic conditions. Clinical photographs and biopsies were obtained. The biopsy specimens were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid Schiff's reagent staining.

Results
Histopathological features of lichen planus include hyperkeratosis, liquefaction degeneration of stratum basale and subepithelial band of chronic inflammatory cells. Lichen planus is related to anxiety as predisposing factor.

Conclusion
Due to excitation of melanocytes lichen planus are seen with pigmentation.

How to cite this article
Anjum R, Singh J, Kudva S. A Clinicohistopathologic Study and Probable Mechanism of Pigmentation in Oral Lichen Planus. World J Dent 2012;3(4):330-334.
Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel and Diode Laser
Authors: Bhardwaj Amit , Grover Harpreet Singh , Lal Sanjay 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The complaint of black gums is common particularly in patients having a very high smile line and possess esthetic problems for them. The degree of gingival pigmentation depends on melanoblastic activity. Various treatment options are in practice for depigmentation which includes scalpel gingivectomy, free gingival graft surgery, use of chemicals, such as 90% phenol and 95% alcohol, bur abrasion, electrosurgery, cryosurgery and lasers. Among the various techniques lasers offer a promising therapeutic option since it is simple, painless and predictable. Laser has been recognized as the most effective and reliable technique having many advantages as compared to other conventional treatment modalities. It provides a bloodless and painless surgery. Here, we report gingival depigmentation of 21-year-old female patient using scalpel and laser technique.

How to cite this article
Bhardwaj A, Grover HS, Lal S. Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel and Diode Laser. World J Dent 2012;3(4):359-362.
Effect of the Presence of Dental Plaque on Oral Sugar Clearance and Salivary pH: An in vivo Study
Authors: Baad Rajendra , Jain Deepak , Pradhan Debapriya , Gulati Amit , Kolhe Swapnil J , Rao B Sunil 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Background
Fermentable carbohydrates and microorganisms in the plaque play a significant role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Oral clearance of sugars and salivary pH is affected by the presence of plaque.

Aims and objectives
This study was conducted to study the effect of the presence of plaque on the salivary clearance of sucrose and on salivary pH.

Materials and methods
The study design was of a randomized controlled parallel group clinical trial and included two groups: The control group and plaque group, as follows: Control group— subjects without plaque and plaque group—subjects with plaque. Salivary sucrose determination was done by using the anthrone technique. A digital pH meter estimated the salivary pH. The Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the intergroup differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for analysis.

Results
The salivary sucrose clearance time was increased by presence of plaque.

Conclusion
The presence of plaque led to increased salivary sucrose concentrations and increased the salivary sucrose clearance time.

Clinical significance
The dental caries is the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrates, saliva and cariogenic potential of the dental plaque. Caries occur preferentially in the dentition sites characterized by high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effect.

How to cite this article
Pradhan D, Jain D, Gulati A, Kolhe SJ, Baad R, Rao BS. Effect of the Presence of Dental Plaque on Oral Sugar Clearance and Salivary pH: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):753-755.
The Efficacy of Neem Extract on Four Microorganisms Responsible for causing Dental Caries viz Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro Study
Authors: Chava Venkateswara Rao , Manjunath SM , Rajanikanth AV , Sridevi N 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

History and objectives
From the ancient time, neem used to be the traditional medicine for many diseases and was mainly used for cleaning the oral cavity. The incidence of dental caries was less a few decades ago but now the incidence of caries is very aggressive. This might be due to change in dietary habits, life style and more tendency toward processed food. The objective of this study is to find out the truth that if the neem is really efficacious against caries-inducing microorganisms, mainly Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis.

Materials and methods
The dried neem sticks ground into a coarse powder and weighed into 5, 10 and 50 gm were added to 100 ml of deionized double distilled water. After soaking for 2 days, the water was filtered at 4°C and the fine filtrate was inoculated onto blood agar plates contains individual species of microorganisms and incubated at 37°C for 2 days.

Results
At maximum concentrations, neem extract has shown the maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mutans. At less concentration, the efficacy of neem has shown some inhibition of growth for all the four species of microorganisms.

Conclusion
Neem chewing provides the maximum benefits. Hence, the use of chewing sticks of neem can be recommended.

How to cite this article
Chava VR, Manjunath SM, Rajanikanth AV, Sridevi N. The Efficacy of Neem Extract on Four Microorganisms Responsible for causing Dental Caries viz Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):769-772.
Clinical Evaluation of Conventional Cantilever and Resin Bonded Cantilever Fixed Partial Dentures: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ramesh GC , Prasanna BG , Reddy K Kesava , Harsha TV Shree 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Ever since the introduction of the minimal preparation fixed partial dentures, the major concern of the clinicians has been its longevity.

Aims and objective
The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical performance of resin bonded cantilever bridges with conventional cantilever bridges for a period of 1 year and to evaluate the periodontal changes of abutment teeth using radio visio graphy.

Materials and methods
Fourteen patients with missing first or second premolar were selected for the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups, conventional cantilever group and resin bonded cantilever group.

Results
The results were analyzed using Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test. The clinical success rate for both the groups was 100%. The amount of bone loss at 6 months for conventional group was 0.11 mm and for resin bonded bridge group was 0.10 mm. The amount of bone loss at 1 year for conventional cantilever group was 0.14 mm and for resin bonded fixed partial denture group was 0.16 mm. There was no statistical difference between both the groups.
The results showed that the resin bonded cantilever bridges can be used for the treatment of missing posterior tooth.

How to cite this article
Prasanna BG, Reddy KK, Harsha TVS, Ramesh GC. Clinical Evaluation of Conventional Cantilever and Resin Bonded Cantilever Fixed Partial Dentures: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):793-798.