bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Missing Link” in Managerial Network Dynamics
Authors: Graen George B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the understanding on managerial leadership, and how training using the strategic alliance model can enable more business managers of human talent to become leadership competent. The problem of misguided leadership talent in companies is described. The chapter then assesses the leadership motivated excellence (LMX) theory. LMX S/B research shows that forming a network of strong strategic alliances is vital in team leadership. Interpersonal alliances permit the members to combine their resources to participate in more interesting and challenging work and report more satisfaction on their jobs. They were also a reaction to felt inadequacy of influence in a position. Being authentic and taking career risks is the better way to forge strategic alliances. Before the potential leaders can advance, they need to forge a proper set of strategic alliances.
Medieval Karaism
Authors: Polliack Meira 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Karaism is best defined as a Jewish religious movement of a scripturalist and messianic nature, which crystallized in the second half of the ninth century in the areas of Persia-Iraq and Palestine. This article highlights new developments and breakthroughs in research, with specific emphasis on the state of manuscript sources, and the fields of Karaite history and hermeneutics. It also attempts to redefine the major impetus behind the Karaite movement. It concludes by reviewing the issues that have been raised and outlines the major paradigmatic shift in the current understanding of Karaism. Two separate modes of explanation have traditionally been pursued in the light of comparative religious phenomena. One identifies the major motivation underlying Karaism as intrinsic to Judaism, drawn from earlier scripturalist models, and the other identifies it as external to Judaism, borrowed or grafted onto it from heterodox Islamic models.
European Jewry in the Early Modern Period: 1492–1750
Authors: Carlebach Elisheva 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article describes conceptions of the early modern period in Jewish historiography, the Italian Renaissance, intellectual history, the Jews of Central Europe in the early modern period, the Sephardic diaspora in Western Europe, and messianism. Classical Jewish historiography depicted a sharp break between medieval and modern patterns, the movements of transformation seeming to emerge virtually out of nothing. Cecil Roth's The Jews in the Renaissance introduced Jewish historians to the riches of Jewish life in this multifaceted world. Jewish intellectual history in the early modern period is characterized by successful attempts to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497 had a profound impact on the life of Western European Jews, even beyond that on Iberian Jewry itself. Meanwhile, the messianic movement of Sabbatai Zevi reverberated strongly through the Jewish historiography of the early modern period.
Eastern European Jewry in the Modern Period: 1750–1939
Authors: Stanislawski Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article notes that the study of the modern history of East European Jews is not a field driven at present by deep conceptual or ideological divides or abiding scholarly or methodological controversies. The past debates on this score between Israeli and diaspora Jewish scholarship have all but disappeared, as has even more dramatically the attempt at a Marxist version of juedische Wissenschaft. While the major works of the founders of the field from Simon Dubnov on ought to be studied and the impressive resurgence of interest in the history and culture of East European Jewry in the modern age is underway, the work is still largely undone. The crucial challenge to the field is not to succumb to the lachrymose and romanticized stereotypes of Jewish life in Eastern Europe while continuing to explore the history of this the largest Jewry in the world before the Holocaust.
American Jewish History
Authors: Diner Hasia R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
American Jewish history as a field of scholarly inquiry takes as its subject-matter the experience of Jews in the United States and places it within the context of both modern Jewish history and the history of the United States. Its practitioners see their intellectual project as inextricably connected to both histories. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the enterprise of American Jewish history enjoys a condition of robust health. By the 1990s American immigration history had generally declined in favour within the ranks of American historians. That Jews, outsiders to American culture upon their arrival in the United States, were able to penetrate barriers and enter the mainstream clashes with the way historians want to see the American past. As a group who craved both economic security and respectability, their story lacks the dramatic punch of resisters and rebels to the American ethos.
Jewish Women's Studies
Authors: Ilan Tal 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Women's studies, as a discipline within Jewish studies, is relatively new. It appeared in the 1970s, in the wake of a similar development within other fields of academia particularly in the United States — a move that was later to be designated ‘second-wave feminism’. The question of women's status within Judaism, as within any human society is not new. In Jewish sources, it is as old as the story of creation in the first chapters of Genesis, with the description of woman's secondary creation and her implication in the original sin and fall from grace. The human condition has always been one in which women are subordinated to men, and most written cultures have produced documents justifying this condition. Only over the last 200 years has this truism come under criticism, particularly in the cultures of the West, with the advent of ideas about humanism, equality, and democracy.
Demography
Authors: DellaPergola Sergio 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The scientific study of the Jewish population, also known as demography of the Jews or Jewish demography, does not actually claim the status of a distinct discipline. It is an area of specialization focusing on the changing size and composition of Jewish populations and on the determinants and consequences of such changes. This article outlines some of the main concepts, interpretative frameworks, and methodological issues in the field, followed by a short outline of substantive patterns and applied uses of available knowledge. The main scientific rationale for the study of Jewish populations rests with the growing interest in understanding the demography of religious, ethnic, and cultural groups and minorities. Demographic changes provide an important and occasionally indispensable background for an appraisal of Jewish history and cultural experience. Hence, the study of Jewish demography is organically tied to the development of Jewish studies.
Anti-Semitism Research
Authors: Benz Wolfgang 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Anti-Semitism refers to all anti-Jewish statements, tendencies, resentments, attitudes, and actions, regardless of whether they are religiously, racially, socially, or otherwise motivated. Ever since the experience of National Socialist ideology and dictatorship, anti-Semitism has been understood as a social phenomena which serves as a paradigm for the formation of prejudices and the political exploitation of the hostilities that ensue from them. As prejudice research, it is primarily interested in the behaviour and attitudes of different majority societies, and strictly speaking, it does not even require knowledge of the discriminated minority. This article claims that anti-Semitism research and Jewish studies are not interconnected, nor dependent on one another. However, the history of Jews, their interaction with non-Jewish majority societies, their persecution and extermination, serves anti-Semitism research as a paradigm.
Appearance in Later Life
Authors: Baker Lucie , Gringart Eyal 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article reports on a four-year study (2007–2010) in which an integrative model of body image and a quantitative measure was developed with which body image satisfaction in older adulthood was investigated. It argues that body image is a significant concern to older adults. Further, it proposes that body image dissatisfaction in older adulthood is psychologically injurious.
Culture and Ethnicity
Authors: Naqvi Habib , Saul Krysia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article considers appearance through the lens of culture and ethnicity, with a focus on how different physical attributes are considered desirable in different parts of the world. Drawing on one of the few studies in this area — a qualitative study of a South Asian community's views of visible difference — the article demonstrates how religious and cultural beliefs relating to appearance can influence attitudes, affect social lives, and influence expectations of marriage, particularly amongst women.
The Role of the Family
Authors: Bellew Rebecca 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article explores how the family uniquely contributes to individuals' experience of appearance and to their values, attitudes, and behaviours. The first section explores two overarching ways in which the family contributes to our understanding of appearance: through the information that families offer, and their guidance in interpreting social and cultural information. The latter sections explore other more specific, familial factors that may affect appearance adjustment, including the family's influence when a member has a visible difference of appearance, the child's gender, and the family's relative importance compared to other sociocultural influences. It concludes with recommendations for future research.
Interventions for Families and Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Brown Sue 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Parents and families of babies born with a visible facial difference have to overcome many challenges. Professionals caring for the child and their family can have an instrumental role in how these challenges are managed. This article identifies the nature of some of the challenges and illustrates how professional interventions can be innovative and benefit from service user involvement. Using personal experience of coordinating the development of a series of DVDs, the article outlines how this medium can be used to provide authoritative information for healthcare professionals and families, with input from people who have lived through a particular experience themselves. The article also highlights a very positive use of service user involvement in the content, design, and filming of the DVDs.
Using Novel Methods in Appearance Research
Authors: Harcourt Diana 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article uses a selection of methods to examine the benefits and challenges of using novel approaches in appearance research. It considers the potential expansion of new technologies and web-based research alongside the possibilities offered by alternative methods including arts-based approaches. It suggests that the use of a broader range of methods could be interesting and advantageous for researchers, and would offer alternative means by which people can be engaged with, and participate in, appearance research.
Coleridge's Early Years
Authors: Roe Nicholas Hugh 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines the early years of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It suggests that contrary to some claims, Coleridge's childhood was not a scene of unrelenting deprivation because he had spent much time with his father Reverend John Coleridge, who was a respected citizen of Ottery St. Mary in Devon, England. The article explains that after his father's death in 1781, Coleridge was sent Christ's Hospital in London, where he remained throughout his childhood, studying and writing poetry.
Coleridge and Wordsworth: Collaboration and Criticism from Salisbury Plain to Aids to Reflection
Authors: Gravil Richard 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines the collaboration and ‘symbiosis’ of English poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. It explains that this celebrated friendship involved intimate and creative gift exchange both in world view and in the craft of verse, and that two instances of this gift were Frost at Midnight and Tintern Abbey, two of the greatest poems of 1798. The article contends that the long-term outcome of this friendship was a weakening of each poet's confidence in his own voice.
Coleridge's Publisher and Patron: Cottle and Poole
Authors: Lopez John-David 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's relationship with his publisher Charles Cottle and his friend and patron Thomas Poole. It discusses Coleridge's struggles to apply Pantisocratic notions to his patron/publisher relationship with Cottle and the damaging effects of this failed relationship. The article describes Poole's influence on Coleridge's search for an economic model and on his attempts at building a community of sympathetic subscribers.
Coleridge's Travels
Authors: Mazzeo Tilar J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's travels. It suggests that Coleridge's passion for travel and travel writing began in his small-town childhood, where he passed the first decade of his life never voyaging more than a dozen miles from his hometown. The article discusses Coleridge's travel to Wales in 1794, to the British Midlands in 1796, to Germany from 1798 to 1799, to the Caribbean and the Continent from 1800 to 1802, and to Italy and Malta from 1804 to 1806.
Coleridge: Biblical and Classical Literature
Authors: Harding Anthony John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines the influence of biblical and classical literature on the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It discusses Coleridge's lifelong immersion in biblical and classical literature, and mentions that Table Talk gives some indication of how frequently and eagerly Coleridge spoke about biblical and classical literature at his Thursday-evening soirées. The article evaluates Coleridge's influence on his younger contemporaries, especially as it relates to how the ancient world was understood and interpreted.
Coleridge's Dialogues With German Thought
Authors: Shaffer Elinor 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ‘dialogues’ with German thought and literature. It explains that Coleridge was deeply engaged in the German renaissance of culture in the late eighteenth century, leading to the high period of German literature. The article discusses Coleridge's early interest in German, his appreciation of Friedrich Schiller as a playwright, and his reading of contemporary poets such as Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock.
Communication in Bargaining Experiments
Authors: Charness Gary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article looks at evidence of the effect of communication in bargaining, even in settings in which economic theory predicts that communication will have no effect. It specifically presents data from various bargaining experiments. It also looks at the impact of cheap talk in laboratory experiments involving principal–agent and buyer–seller interactions. The possible outcome of communicating a the greater compliance and a decreased necessity for further legal battles. It is noted that communication has led to substantially better social outcomes. The impact of communication depends on the content of the communication. It is then shown that nonbinding and costless communication is typically beneficial in attaining better and more efficient outcomes in bargaining environments, including in principal–agent and buyer–seller interactions. There are still a number of cautionary notes that need to be made with regard to when statements are trustworthy and how communication influences bargaining outcomes in asymmetric environments.
Wages, Inequity, and Questions About Incentive Schemes
Authors: Werner Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article investigates the effects of others' negotiated outcomes on our own bargaining behavior in labor negotiations. The role of relative wages has important implications for the design of wage schemes in firms. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of wage comparisons in environments that allow for multiple and potentially competing fairness norms. Wage inequality has detrimental effects on real or hypothetical effort exertion in a variety of settings. There is also a significant interaction between competing fairness standards and the acceptance of unequal outcomes. Contrary to strict payoff maximization, workers generally care about their own pay and their standings relative to other workers. So far, the literature does not provide strong guidance about the role of transparency and the endogenous emergence of reference points.
Social Comparison in Negotiation
Authors: Crusius Jan , Mussweiler Thomas 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores the implications of social comparisons in bargaining behavior. Social comparisons are an inevitable part of negotiations. Social comparison is ubiquitous in human thinking, and mounting evidence suggests that it is a central process in social cognition. A social cognition view provides a novel explanation for the importance of comparisons in human thinking. Comparisons with routine standards may have an efficiency advantage because they omit arduous standard selection procedures and because the comparison process becomes more efficient itself. A spontaneous and basic upward motivational tendency can be an important part of the effects of an envy-eliciting situation, which will predictably affect behavior in some situations. Social comparison can cause a multitude of cognitive, motivational, and affective effects in negotiations.
Negotiating Reputations
Authors: Ockenfels Axel , Resnick Paul 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article presents an overview of multiple studies using data from Internet markets to examine the role of reputation in building trust. It specifically addresses the interaction of reputations and dispute resolution. Parties that care more about their reputations deliver more power to their partners in these negotiations. Endogenous feedback is systematically affected by strategic incentives and psychosocial behaviors and is thus less informative than it might be. Reducing the gaming opportunities in feedback provision tends to increase market efficiency. Economic engineering may help to support the effectiveness of reputation building. Market platforms such as eBay continuously monitor and improve trust and trustworthiness on their platform. It is believed that the various phenomena observed on eBay generalize beyond Internet markets.
The Unsettled Periphery: The Backcountry on the Eve of the American Revolution
Authors: Hart William B. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
In early 1774, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, organized a 2,400-man militia led by John Connolly, a Pittsburgh magistrate, to raid several Shawnee and Mingo villages. They defeated the Shawnees at the battle at Point Pleasant and forced them to sue for peace. Some historians see Lord Dunmore's War as an epilogue to the Seven Years' War, which put an end to the decade-long British struggle to administer and control the backcountry. Others argue that Dunmore's campaign was a prologue to the American Revolution, one that aided and legitimized colonists' pursuit of property by supporting and encouraging white intrusion onto Indian lands. Whatever the significance of Dunmore's War, the fact remains that Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War triggered a wave of white westward migration as colonists took advantage of the power vacuum created by the collapse of the French empire in North America. Britain failed to contain that westward expansion. Instead, it angered westward-looking colonists and eastward-looking Indians, adding fuel to the Revolutionary movement.
The Imperial Crisis
Authors: Yirush Craig B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe crisis experienced by the British Empire during the 1760s and 1770s has been linked to the decentralized nature of the empire built by the English on the far shores of the Atlantic world in the seventeenth century. The Crown, unwilling to pay the full costs of colonization, granted charters to corporations and proprietors. After delegating so much authority to the colonists, it was unable to unilaterally dictate how the empire was to be governed. For the most part, it was the colonial elites who were able to negotiate their relationship with the imperial center. This de facto decentralization did not sit well with royal officials, who wanted a more politically centralized empire and thought that colonies existed mainly for the mother country's economic benefit. To implement this contrasting vision, Parliament passed a series of Navigation Acts designed to confine colonial trade to English possessions and English-flagged vessels. In America, the debate over the Stamp Act of 1765 gave rise to a radically different view of the relationship between the mother country and its colonies.
The Impact of the War on British Politics
Authors: Dickinson Harry T. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The length, extent, and scale of the American Revolution had a profound impact on political developments across the British Isles. Britain was forced to send the largest army ever to cross the Atlantic to suppress a rebellion 3,000 miles away. In addition, early in 1778, France entered the war in support of America, followed by Spain in 1779 and the Dutch Republic in 1780. Britain therefore found itself fighting a world war with no ally, relying only on hired German mercenaries. The Royal Navy could no longer retain command of the seas of the world, and British interests worldwide were endangered. Britain even was facing the threat of a major Franco-Spanish invasion in June 1779. To meet the threat presented by the rebellion, it greatly expanded its land and sea forces, increased taxes and secured large loans, and fought a long, bloody, and expensive war. This chapter assesses the impact of the American Revolution on British politics, focusing on how it affected Lord North's ministry, the opposition in Parliament, and demands for reform in both Britain and Ireland.
Republican Law
Authors: Tomlins Christopher 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The American Revolution gave birth to a republic that would be shaped profoundly by law—specifically, by a revolution in the law. Conceived during the first revolution, Republican law was molded by the second. In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville identified “the spirit of the law” abroad in the republic as an outward—and more importantly a downward—emanation. He was describing what republican law had become, rather than its origins. A legal culture that no longer stood alongside “the people themselves” but over them supplanted what is termed the “exuberant legalism” of the American Revolution. The dominant law of the Revolution was Whig law, the lex loci of the colonies. This chapter examines law in the American Revolution, republican law, legal localism, the science of law, and the science of government.