bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Legacies in Ethics and Medicine
Authors: Schroeder O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This scholarly publication traces the eternal challenge of ethics to the practice of medicine from its roots in antiquity (sixth century B.C. to second century A.D.), its nurture through the medieval era (ninth century A.D. to fourteenth century A.D.), and its blossoming in the modern period (sixteenth century A.D. to twentieth century A.D.). The editor, in addition to his chapters on “Thomas Percival: Medical Ethics or Medical Jurisprudence?” and “Reciprocity in the Development of Anglo-American Medical Ethics, 1765–1865,” has assembled writings from a distinguished group of historians and ethicists. These writings provide great depth in the practical understanding of the ethical issues in the medical practice. The most significant message from the book as a whole is the idea that the same ethical problems persist from generation to generation of practitioners and from century to century in a wide variety of human societies and civilizations.
Trace Element Profiles and Ratios Determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis for Fine Paper Identification
Authors: Blanchard DB , Harrison SH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied to virtually every type of evidentiary material for forensic purposes, including glass, rubber, narcotics, soil, and paper [1–5]. Literature to date on sample identification of fine paper (book or bond-type writing papers) by INAA has not emphasized the value of trace element concentration profiles or elemental ratios. It is to this area of sample identification that this investigation was directed. Some assets of INAA that make it suitable for forensic analysis are (1) the often nondestructive nature of the technique, which is valuable in many legal situations; (2) extremely high sensitivity, allowing small samples of evidentiary material to be used when mutilation is permitted; and (3) the ability to analyze for many elements in a single sample.
The Mummified Heart: A Problem in Medicolegal Diagnosis
Authors: Zimmerman MR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An occasional problem encountered in forensic medicine is the finding of a mummified body, preserved by chance in an environment conducive to desiccation. Such individuals have usually died suddenly in an obscure location, precluding their discovery and allowing time for natural mummification to take place. In the absence of evidence of trauma, it is important to establish a natural disease process such as arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) to account for death.
The Effect of Severe Bedsores on Bone and Its Forensic Implications
Authors: Klepinger LL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Bedsores, also known as decubitus ulcers and pressure sores, are continual problems for the debilitated and disabled but are often not regarded with the seriousness they deserve. Pressure sores arise when localized areas of the body are subjected to prolonged pressure that occludes vascular flow. When blood flow is obstructed for a sufficiently long period, the mechanism of reactive hyperemia cannot compensate for inadequate cell nutrition and soft tissue necrosis begins. Pressure sores develop under bones that are close to the skin, where soft tissues are compressed by concentration of body weight. Particularly vulnerable areas are those over the sacrum, heel, greater trochanter, elbow, lateral and medial malleoli, scapula, and occiput in the bedfast patient and over the ischial tuberosities in the chairfast.
George A. Dorsey's Role in the Luetgert Case: A Significant Episode in the History of Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Stewart TD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
At the 1976 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in Washington I gave an invited evening lecture on the history of physical anthropology [1]. Actually, I spoke only about the history of physical anthropology as I saw it reflected in the history of forensic anthropology. Among the pioneers of forensic anthropology in the United States, I included George A. Dorsey (1868–1931), mentioning that while a student at Harvard in the early 1890s he might have known Thomas Dwight, the father of forensic anthropology in the United States, and that after joining the staff of the Field Columbian Museum in 1896 he served as an expert witness for the prosecution in the sensational Luetgert murder trials in Chicago. Unfortunately, on the basis of the limited information about these trials available to me in 1976, I misjudged the nature of Dorsey's testimony and made the mistake of saying that he “tripped up badly in the process.” Since this error did not get corrected before the paper appeared in print, I would like to set the record straight.
Chewing Gum—An Unusual Clue in a Recent Homicide Investigation
Authors: Sperber ND 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Human bite marks on human tissue have been important items of evidence in homicide and rape convictions in recent years. The literature also describes the apprehension of burglary suspects based on booth marks left on foodstuff. This report is the first case description recorded where chewing gum has been an essential part of the evidence in a homicide conviction.
Utilization of Medically Obtained Evidence in Cases of Sexual Assault: Results of a Survey
Authors: Weaver RL , Lappas NT , Rowe WF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recent studies of the problem of sexual assault [1–3] have reached a consensus that physical evidence is valuable in investigations of such incidents. While physical evidence such as fingerprints, footprints, and tire tracks may be obtained in many cases of sexual assault, the physical evidence most frequently encountered in such cases is the biological material transferred during sexual activity: hair, semen, blood, and other fluids or tissues. The collecting of such evidence is the province of the emergency room physician (or medical examiner, if the victim is deceased). The victim of a sexual attack who suffers trauma, or fears pregnancy or venereal disease, will probably seek medical treatment. If the victim reports the assault to the police she will also almost certainly receive a medical examination. This medical examination not only provides a basis for further medical treatment but also serves as the primary opportunity for the recovery and preservation of potentially valuable physical evidence.
Phase Contrast Microscopy Versus Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy as Applicable to the Observation of Spermatozoa
Authors: Cortner GV , Boudreau AJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A review of available literature has shown something of a paucity of suggested and applied microscopic techniques on the identification of human spermatozoa in forensic casework. Phase contrast microscopy (PC) has been mentioned as the desirable technique by Kirk [1] and Kivela [2]. The advantages of PC as compared with bright-field are well known and would most certainly include simplifying the task of locating any spermatozoa present. Some other advantages are an apparent improvement in the morphological detail presented to the observer and some reduction in the fatigue associated with the eyestrain accompanying this frequently tedious task.
A Review of Ballistic Science for the Law Enforcement Officer
Authors: Crossman EB 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The author says, “There is rather widely spread a less than satisfactory understanding among law enforcement personnel of the basic laws of physics and principles that govern the functioning of firearms,” which he attempts to improve. The book does not deal with tactical use of various arms, although a considerable part is devoted to bullet effect, wounding, “stopping power,” and similar matters.
Further Alleles of Phosphoglucomutase in Human Semen Detected by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Sutton JG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The polymorphism of the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) system was first demonstrated by starch gel electrophoretic studies conducted by Spencer et al [1] on the enzyme from the human red cell. Pedigree studies [2] have shown that two common autosomal alleles PGM11 and PGM12 situated on the same locus of chromosome 1 [3] are responsible for determining the three common phenotypes PGM1 1, PGM1 2, and PGM1 2–1 that are observed by starch gel electrophoresis.
Factors Influencing Gastric Emptying
Authors: Rose EF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Interest in the regulation of gastric emptying dates back to 1833, when Beaumont [1] observed that the amount of time food remains in the stomach after a meal depends upon the type of food eaten. The application of general rules governing gastric emptying as a technique in approximating the time of death is not generally emphasized in the forensic sciences. The postmortem changes of rigor, livor, and algor mortis as well as chemical changes in the blood and vitreous are widely used for determining the time of death, yet none of these methods is truly satisfactory because of individual variations and the host of factors influencing each of them. Yet in the individual case these can be very important. Gastric emptying is no more accurate than these other methods, and studies regarding gastric emptying during life are not customarily within the scope of the forensic scientist. However, these scientists may be called on to express an opinion estimating the postmortem interval based on knowledge of the time and character of the last meal and on observation of the presence or absence of liquids or solids in the stomach of a dead person. The condition of the stomach contents remains largely unchanged after death, as observed by the presence of liquids and solids in the stomach when deaths result from either violent or natural means during or immediately following a meal. Thus, gastric emptying time is useful when the specific question of death related to a known time and character of the last meal is raised, and the presence or absence of food in the stomach may be of great probative significance, providing important or even pivotal evidence.
A Review of NIDA Research Monograph 15, “Review of Inhalants: Euphoria to Dysfunction”
Authors: Garriott JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Inhalation of certain volatile chemical substances to induce euphoria became popular with the discovery of anesthetic gases early in the nineteenth century. In modern times, the youth of this country have discovered the euphoric properties of components of glue, fuels, aerosol propellants, and others. These substances have toxic properties in varying degrees and sometimes result in death. This NIDA Research Monograph includes 13 chapters dealing with these inhalants and their use as euphoriants. Medical practitioners, psychologists, pharmacologists, and sociologists have contributed sections on many aspects of solvent abuse. Much useful information is provided by this collection, some of the most valuable being the sections on the detailed pharmacology and toxicology of various solvents and gases, including benzene derivatives, aliphatic hydrocarbons (such as gasoline), aliphatic nitrites, and others. A separate chapter by D. M. Aviado deals with the halogenated propellants and solvents; these agents are the most frequent source of inhalant-related deaths. Cardiac arrhythmias were found to result with as little as 0.3% of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon® 11). Chronic use of hydrocarbon inhalants results in nervous system damage, and cases are described by L. Prockop and D. Couri.
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Morphine Derivatives
Authors: Saferstein R , Manura J , Brettell TA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry is being used with increasing frequency for studying various classes of organic compounds. Molecular weight data and information relating to the loss of labile substituent groups have been obtained from organic compounds as diverse as biogenic amines [1], phenothiazines [2], polytertiary alkylamines [3], quaternary amines [4], esters of carboxylic acids [5], trinitroaromatics [6], and carbohydrates [7,8].
Rapid Phenotyping of Esterase D by Starch Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Andrus RH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The intent of this paper is to report a time-saving modification of the system reported by Parkin and Adams [1] in conjunction with the developments of Streeter and Lovaas [2]. It has resulted in the development of a starch gel electrophoretic technique that can rapidly determine, with clear and reproducible results, the esterase D (EsD) phenotype of both fresh blood and bloodstains within 30 rain, as compared with the 2 h required for previously reported starch gel techniques [1] and 60 min for bloodstains by cellulose acetate methods [3].
An Improved Means of Enzyme Typing of Hair Roots Using Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Burgess RM , Sutton JG , Whitehead PH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A recent publication [1] described the characterization of human hair using a technique dependent on starch gel electrophoresis of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) from hair root sheath cells. Similar, independent work has been reported elsewhere [2,3]. Phosphoglucomutase has three common phenotypes, PGM1 1, PGM1 2–1, and PGM1 2, observable by starch gel electrophoresis and hence typing of hair roots in this manner is a valuable aid to discriminating human hairs.
Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema: An Unusual Case of Maternal Mortality
Authors: Postnikoff IM , Pritzker KPH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Hereditary angioneurotic edema is an autosomal dominant, nonallergic disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of brawny edema of the extremities, face, larynx, and genitalia [1] and biochemically by a reduction in the serum protein C1 esterase inhibitor, a factor which prevents the activation of the first component of the complement system [2]. Although most attacks are precipitated by trauma [3], there have been no previously reported cases in pregnancy during delivery or in the immediate postpartum period, despite obvious traumatic injury during the birth process. This report describes a patient who, following delivery, developed localized perineal swelling, which over 72 h progressed to generalized edema, terminating in irreversible shock.
The Effect of Time of Death on Extravascular Tissue/Blood Secobarbital Concentration Ratios in the Rat
Authors: Orzelek RM , Wolen RL , Forney RB 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The concentration of a drug in the liver is often significantly higher than its concentration in the blood [1]. Curry and Sunshine [2] obtained data from 52 cases of barbiturate poisoning involving quick- or intermediate-acting barbiturates in which some information was available on the time between drug ingestion and death. It was observed that when the liver/blood ratio was greater than 4, death had usually occurred within 5 h of ingestion, and when the liver/blood ratio was less than 4, no relationship between time of drug ingestion and death was indicated.
Absorption Test Using Latex Particles as the Indicator System for the Species Identification of Bloodstains and Muscles
Authors: Itoh Y 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the practice of forensic medicine, various methods [1–11] have been applied to determine whether a bloodstain is of human or animal origin. In 1901, Uhlenhuth [1], Wassermann and Schütze [2], Stern [3], and Nuttall and Dinkelspiel [4] found the specific precipitation of antiserum and corresponding serum proteins and recommended forensic science use of this phenomenon for the species identification of bloods. The test by means of the interfacial or ring precipitin technique [12] has been widely employed. This method is simple but has poor reproducibility [13], and specific antisera are not easily prepared [14].
Reidentification of a Major Impurity in Illicit Amphetamine
Authors: Kram TC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Di-(1-phenylisopropyl) formamide (I) has been identified as a by-product in the Leuckart synthesis of N-formylamphetamine [1,2], a reaction precursor to dl-amphetamine. Significantly, it has been detected as an impurity in exhibits of illicitly manufactured dl-amphetamine [3,4] but identified incorrectly as tri-(1-isopropylphenyl) amine (II) [3].
Fatal Retropleural Hematoma from a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Pseudo-Aneurysm
Authors: Aguilar JC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Farmley et al [1] reported that five patients, or 38% of the 13 cases studied, who had primary penetrating wounds of the aorta caused by missiles and stabbing and who survived the immediate posttraumatic period, developed a false aneurysm which ultimately ruptured. In the absence of a pathologic tract leading away from the retroperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity, any rupture of the abdominal aorta will result in accumulation of blood in the retroperitoneal space or peritoneal cavity, or both. After a thorough search of the literature the author concludes that the case reported here appears to be the only case of retropleural hematoma where the source of the bleeding is the abdominal aorta. Further, this is the only case of a traumatic abdominal aortic pseudo-aneurysm spontaneously rupturing into the retropleural space in the absence of a pathologic tract connecting the retropleural and retroperitoneal and peritoneal spaces without hemorrhage in the latter two spaces. Correct radiographic interpretation of the chest films in the early stages of the development of retropleural hemorrhage can be made by noting the effacement of aortic shadow and the left primary sulcus by a convex homogenous density in the posterior mediastinum and by correlating these results with the clinical presentation.
Iron Staining of the Hands in Suicides with Firearms
Authors: Norton LE , DiMaio VJM , Gilchrist TF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In death resulting from gunshot wounds it is the routine policy of the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences to examine the hands for evidence of powder and primer residues. In the past three months while performing such examinations the authors encountered three cases in which there was an orange-brown discoloration of the skin of the palm of one hand. Several months ago, one of the authors (V. J. M. D.) had been contacted by another medical examiner who had noticed this phenomenon and did not know its cause. He indicated that his cases were suicides and that the weapon had been a long arm. The authors at that time had no explanation.
A Case of Arson?
Authors: Powell GLF , Spanswick KR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A vehicle owner reported to his insurance company that as he was changing a rear wheel the vehicle fell off the jack and the fuel tank was ruptured and caught fire. A bumper jack in conjunction with an adjustable stand was used. The questions to be answered were these: 1. Were the events, as described by the owner, likely to lead to a fire? 2. If the owner's description was not likely, was there an alternative, reasonable explanation for the fire consistent with an examination of the vehicle?
A Review of Malpractice and Product Liability Actions Involving Drugs
Authors: Sachs JL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This book fills a need for lawyers as a source for reports of drug liability actions. It deserves a special thanks for the compilation of a wealth of factual information scattered throughout the literature and the law prior to 1975. It is superbly indexed, giving both the trade name and the generic. The problems presented are far from solved, and this book spotlights the questions as well as provides some answers.
A Rapid, Systematic, and Comprehensive Classification System for the Identification and Comparison of Motor Vehicle Paint Samples. I: The Nature and Scope of the Classification System
Authors: Audette RJ , Percy RFE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Numerous forensic science laboratories have approached the identification and comparison of automotive paints differently, but the paint samples are normally subjected to a series of microscopic and chemical examinations that yield chromatic and geometric appearance information as well as fundamental molecular information concerning the types of resins and pigments present.
History of Questioned Document Examination in the United States
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The history and development of questioned document examination in this country can be divided into three distinct sections. The earliest runs from the founding of the United States and continues up to the end of the 19th century. It is actually a time in which very little is known about work in this field. The first third of the 20th century represents a period dominated by Dr. Albert S. Osborn and the private document examiners and represents the period of acceptance by the courts of what might be termed modern questioned document examination. Finally, the years from the mid-1930s to date represent the more modern era in which the public examiner and governmental laboratories first developed and expanded so that today they are more or less the dominant factor in this field of work. Actually, no fixed dates can be set to delimit these periods, but the dates given should be considered as a general framework for this discussion.
A Death Involving Asphyxiation from Propane Inhalation
Authors: Haq MZ , Hameli AZ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A death involving asphyxiation by propane inhalation is reported. The presence of propane was determined in blood, brain, kidney, liver, and lung by gas chromatography. Autopsy samples were heated in hot water, and headspace samples from various specimens were injected into the gas chromatograph. The identity of propane was established on the basis of the retention times. The brain of the deceased showed the highest level of propane, whereas the kidney exhibited the lowest level.
Immunofluorescence Detection of Drugs in Postmortem Tissues: A New Technique with Potential for Assessment of Drug Influence in Cause of Death
Authors: Balkon J , Bidanset JH , Lynch VD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This report describes a new technique, immunofluorescence, for the detection and possible characterization of drug content in postmortem tissues. By using antisera generated against a drug-protein conjugate, the stabilization of tissue-sequestered drug is accomplished by incubation of fresh frozen sections of tissue with dilute solutions of rabbit anti-drug antibodies. Secondary incubation with a fluorescence-labeled anti-rabbit immunoglobulin labels these points of sequestration. Tissue sections so stained are examined by fluorescence microscopy. In studies with rats given graded doses of morphine sulfate, there were discernible differences in tissue binding of morphine in brain sections from animals treated “therapeutically,“ fatally, and chronically. Extension of these studies to human autopsy material is anticipated and potential problems are discussed. This technique offers the forensic toxicologist the potential for evaluating the drug content of tissues in situ.
A New Enzymatic Method for the Demonstration of Spermine in Human Seminal Stains
Authors: Suzuki O , Oya M , Katsumata Y , Matsumoto T , Yada S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A new, simple method for the identification of seminal stains based on the reaction of bovine plasma amine oxidase (spermine oxidase) with spermine is described. The key reaction is the production of hydrogen peroxide by the oxidase action on spermine; the hydrogen peroxide oxidizes 2',7'-dichlorofluoresein to produce a light green color by which the presence of seminal fluid can be identified. Some data are presented on the stability and specificity of the present method.