bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Un)articulated definiteness. Nominal determination in Sorbian: Moving from an articleless language to a language with articles?
Authors: Marti Roland 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Slavonic languages in general do not use articles to indicate (in)definiteness. The development of an article in some of them is the result of language contact. In the case of Sorbian the influence of German led to the use of the demonstrative pronoun ‘this’ and the numeral ‘one’ to indicate definiteness and indefiniteness, respectively. Originally the German system was copied almost without changes, but eventually specific rules developed, subject to phonotactic constraints and restricting the use of the article mainly to intratextual and pragmatic definiteness. The use of the article depended on the kind of text and language (spoken language, Bible translation and original texts, translations from German). Grammatical purism managed to eliminate the use of the article in today’s written variants as well as in most official uses of spoken Sorbian almost completely. In colloquial language and in the dialects, however, the article is very much alive but its use differs considerably from German. There are also differences between Upper and Lower Sorbian, the latter being closer to German usage.
Berber-Arabic code-switching in Imouzzar du Kandar (Morocco)
Authors: Kossmann Maarten 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this article, Berber-Arabic code-switching is studied in a corpus of informal conversations recorded between 1990 and 2010 in Imouzzar in the Middle Atlas (Morocco). Among native speakers of Berber, Moroccan Arabic is the language used in the public domain, while Berber is used at home. It is shown that Berber-Moroccan Arabic code-switching is relatively rare in these conversations. Intersentential code-switching can mostly be explained from specific events in the conversation. Intrasentential insertion of Berber materials into Arabic discourse is extremely rare. The inverse is much more common, but here Standard Arabic seems to play a more important role than Moroccan Arabic, with the exception of adverbs and adverbial expressions.
The main functions of theophoric formulae in Moroccan Arabic
Authors: Procházka Stephan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article examines the discursive and grammatical functions in Moroccan Arabic of some frequently used expressions that contain the word ‘God’. Most of them are rooted in Classical Arabic but have undergone significant phonological and semantic developments. Some of them have become grammaticalised and appear in linguistic constructions remote from their original meanings.
Enunciatives in Moroccan Arabic
Authors: Maas Utz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The paper defines a category of enunciatives as formal elements in a language that bind the interpretation of utterances to the discourse constellation in which they are uttered. A set of candidates for such enunciatives in MA is analysed, showing the grammaticalization of at least one of them (
ᵲa.h
). The analysis is based on a corpus of spontaneous spoken language in Morocco.
The phonetics of Yucatec Maya and the typology of laryngeal complexity
Authors: Frazier Melissa 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We examine the known typology of laryngeal complexity (SILVERMAN 1997a, b) in light of phonetic research (FRAZIER 2009) showing that Yucatec Maya uses contrastive tone and phonation type. The phonetic patterns in YM suggest that articulatory incompatibility is the most important factor in enforcing the phasing of tone and non-modal phonation, but that perceptual factors account for the distribution of phasing patterns. Furthermore, YM is similar to the unrelated languages Danish and Acoma which show that creaky voice conditions preceding high pitch. We motivate future research on cross-linguistic differences in the production of creak and its interaction with pitch and gender.
Free relative clauses in Yucatec Maya
Authors: Gutiérrez-Bravo Rodrigo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis and description of the syntax of free relative clauses in Yucatec Maya, the Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. The description and analysis focus on two structural properties of these free relative clauses; a) the internal nature of the relative pronoun, and, b) the absence of matching effects observed in Yucatec free relatives when a prepositional phrase is relativized. I show that these two phenomena receive a unified description in an analysis where Yucatec, in contrast with a language like English, allows the head of the noun phrase to be null.
Branched amphiphilic polysulfides: influence of macromolecular architecture on self-assembly and oxidation responsiveness
Authors: d’Arcy Richard , Tirelli Nicola 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT2-, 4-, 6- and 8-arm star amphiphilic block copolymers were prepared with the branching point located in the hydrophobic core composed of poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS); poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) pendant chains completed the macromolecular structure. The level of branching influenced the rigidity of the PPS core and of the overall macromolecule, with the Mark-Houwink parameter a gradually approaching the value typical of globules for 6 and 8 arms. A binary behavior (linear vs. branched) was noticed for the kinetics of oxidation by H2O2 and the stability of the colloidal aggregates formed in water: irrespective of the number of arms, all branched polymers showed a slower response (to oxidation) and a more stable hydrophobic domains (a critical micellar concentration < 0.01 mg/mL).
Mechanism of charge transport in organic semiconductors and carbon nanomaterials
Authors: Jiang Yuqian , Xi Jinyang , Shuai Zhigang 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTWe develop theoretical descriptions for charge transport in organic semiconductors and carbon nanomaterials. For the localized charges, we found the quantum nuclear tunneling effect is essential which could manifest isotope effect for mobility as well as exotic optical feature. Because the nuclear tunneling tends to favor electron transfer while heavier nuclei decrease the quantum effect, isotopic substitution should reduce carrier mobility. Moreover, the isotopic effect only occurs when the substituted nuclei contribute actively to vibrations with appreciable charge reorganization energy and coupling with carrier motion. For the band-like transport, we propose a Wannier extrapolation scheme for computing the electron-phonon interaction matrix for the Boltzmann equation. Our calculation indicates that the intrinsic electron-phonon scatterings in two-dimensional carbon materials are dominated by low-energy longitudinal-acoustic phonon scatterings over a wide range of temperatures, while by high-frequency optical phonons at high temperature. The electron mobilities of α- and γ-graphynes are predicted to be ca.104 cm2V-1s-1 at room temperature.
Branched Thiophene Oligomer/Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Martinez Francisco , Neculqueo Gloria , Vasquez Sergio O. , Lemmetyinen Helge , Efimov Alexander , Vivo Paola 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThiophene small novel branched structures have been proposed as candidates for dopant agents transporting holes-electron in organic solar cell (OSC). Low-band gap of these branched oligotiophene have been obtained to be used in organic solar cells. Two branched thiophene oligomers, a sexithienylene vinylene (E)-Bis-1,2-(5,5´´-Dimethyl-(2,2´:3´,2´´-terthiophene) vinylene, (BSTV) and octathienylene vinylene (BOTV) (E)-Bis-1,2-(5,5´´´-Dimethyl-(2,2´:5´,2´´:3´,2´´´-tetrathiophene) vinylene oligomers, have been synthesized and used as electron donor or dopant in a bulk heterojunction poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), /[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM), Organic Photovoltaic cell.
Stream Structural Limitations on Invasive Communities in Urban Riparian Areas
Authors: Warren Robert J. , Potts Daniel L. , Frothingham Kelly M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUrban riparian plant communities exist at the interface between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and they are rich sources of species biodiversity and ecosystem services. The periodic floods that promote species diversity in riparian plant communities also increase their vulnerability to nonnative plant invasions. Plant invasions are constrained by seed and suitable habitat availability. However, how seed dispersal and establishment limitations interact to shape nonnative plant invasions in riparian communities is poorly understood. We use Stream Visual Assessment Protocol data to evaluate the hydrological and geomorphological parameters that influence the seeding and establishment of six common nonnative species in urban riparian habitats: garlic mustard, purple loosestrife, reed canarygrass, common reed, Japanese knotweed, and multiflora rose. To address this objective, we analyzed stream reach data collected during a basin-wide environmental assessment of the extensively urbanized upper Niagara River watershed. We found limited support for our prediction that propagule limitation constrains the distribution of nonnative riparian species, likely because these species are well established in the study area. Instead, we found that opportune stream reach characteristics better predict the distribution of the common invasive riparian species—most notably open tree canopy. Given that there is widespread investment in urban riparian forest restoration to improve water quality, increase stream-bank stability, enhance wildlife habitat and promote recreation, our data suggest that riparian forests may provide the additional benefit of reducing the abundance of some, but not all, invasive plants.
Temporal Trends and Predictors for Cancer Clinical Trial Availability for Medically Underserved Populations
Authors: Gerber David E. , Lakoduk Ashley M. , Priddy Laurin L. , Yan Jingsheng , Xie Xian-Jin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background.
Lack of access to available cancer clinical trials has been cited as a key factor limiting trial accrual, particularly among medically underserved populations. We examined the trends and factors in clinical trial availability within a major U.S. safety-net hospital system.

Materials and Methods.
We identified cancer clinical trials activated at the Harold C. Simmons Cancer from 1991 to 2014 and recorded the characteristics of the trials that were and were not activated at the Parkland Health and Hospital System satellite site. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between trial characteristics and nonactivation status, and chi-square analysis to determine the association between the trial characteristics and the reasons for nonactivation.

Results.
A total of 773 trials were identified, of which 152 (20%) were not activated at Parkland. In multivariable analysis, nonactivation at Parkland was associated with trial year, sponsor, and phase. Compared with the 1991–2006 period, clinical trials in the 2007–2014 period were almost eightfold more likely not to be activated at Parkland. The most common reasons for nonactivation at Parkland were an inability to perform the study procedures (27%) and the startup costs (15%).

Conclusion.
Over time, in this single-center setting, a decreasing proportion of cancer clinical trials were available to underserved populations. Trial complexity and costs appeared to account for much of this trend. Efforts to overcome these barriers will be key to equitable access to clinical trials, efficient accrual, and the generalizability of the results.

Implications for Practice:
Despite numerous calls to increase and diversify cancer clinical trial accrual, the present study found that cancer clinical trial activation rates in a safety-net setting for medically underserved populations have decreased substantially in recent years. The principal reasons for study nonactivation were expenses and an inability to perform the study-related procedures, reflecting the increasing costs and complexity of cancer clinical trials. Future efforts need to focus on strategies to mitigate the increasing disparity in access to clinical research and cutting-edge therapies, which also threatens to hinder study accrual, completion rates, and generalizability.
Deltoid Compartment Syndrome After Prolonged Lateral Decubitus Positioning
Authors: Borenstein Todd R. , Cohen Eric , McDonnell Matthew , Kamal Robin N. , Hayda Roman A. 
Published: May 2015

Case:
A thirty-six-year-old man fell off a ladder and sustained an open fracture of the distal end of the left humerus. He was taken to the operating room for irrigation, debridement, and fixation of the fracture and was placed in the right lateral decubitus position for over seven hours. He subsequently developed right deltoid compartment syndrome, necessitating emergency compartment release. One year later, he had limited function, with a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score of 81.3 points.

Conclusion:
Deltoid compartment syndrome can occur from operative positioning, with poor long-term outcomes as a result. Expeditious surgery, additional padding, and repeat checks are necessary for at-risk patients.
Segmental Forearm Fracture Due to Grip-Lock Injury in Male Gymnast
Authors: Updegrove Gary F. , Aiyer Amiethab A. , Fortuna Kristine L. 
Published: May 2015

Case:
A fifteen-year-old male gymnast sustained a segmental forearm fracture with physeal involvement as the result of a grip-lock injury.

Conclusion:
Grip lock occurs when a leather grip becomes caught around a bar while the athlete is rotating around it. This may lead to physeal injuries, extensor tendon injuries, and fractures of the hand, wrist, or forearm. Proper grip fit and maintenance as well as education of coaches, parents, and athletes is important to prevent this type of injury.
Atypical Vancouver Type-C Periprosthetic Fracture Complicated by Nonunion
Authors: Chen Foster , Li Robert , Lall Ajay , Kim Sun Jin , Hirsh David M. , Schwechter Evan M. 
Published: May 2015

Case:
In recent years, atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) associated with bisphosphonate use have increasingly been reported, but current definitions limit their diagnosis to native femora. Atypical periprosthetic fractures are rare. We present a case of a Vancouver type-C periprosthetic fracture that was recognized as an AFF following nonunion.

Conclusion:
Bisphosphonate-associated AFFs can present as periprosthetic fractures. Delayed recognition of the role of bisphosphonates in a periprosthetic fracture may lead to a worse outcome, including a delay in diagnosis, delayed union, and failure of fixation.
Finite-Wellbore-Radius Solution for Gas Wells by Green's Functions
Authors: Sousa Emilio P. , Barreto Abelardo B. , Peres Alvaro M. 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Even when written in terms of a pseudopressure function, the diffusivity equation for flow of gases through porous media is, rigorously speaking, nonlinear because the viscosity/compressibility product is pseudopressure-dependent. However, several techniques and analysis procedures neglect such nonlinearity. A new methodology for constructing solutions for gas reservoirs through the Green's-function (GF) technique was recently proposed in the literature. Such methodology handles the viscosity/compressibility product variation rigorously, and it was successfully applied to solve several gas-well-test problems. In those problems, the wellbore is always represented by a line source. This work extends the theory a little further by considering a finite-wellbore-radius (FWR) boundary condition for a single vertical well producing at constant rate from an isotropic homogeneous and infinite gas reservoir. The proposed solution does not consider non-Darcy-flow effects, wellbore storage, and skin. Results from our FWR solution are compared with a commercial finite-difference reservoir simulator that shows a very close agreement. We also compared the FWR solution to the correspondent line-source solution to study the difference between the two solutions. As expected, the pseudopressure solutions by use of line-source and FWR boundary conditions do not match at early times, but they do agree at long times, which is exactly how FWR and line-source well solutions for slightly compressible fluids behave. It seems that, even for gas-well problems, the wellbore can be satisfactorily represented by a line source without significant loss of generality. The line-source assumption greatly simplifies the mathematics and the computational effort. This aspect is especially attractive for complex nonlinear gas-well problems that remain to be solved by the GF approach.
Controlling the Height of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures in Layered Media
Authors: Khanna Aditya , Kotousov Andrei 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Fracture-height containment is desirable in hydraulic-fracturing treatments because it can result in better efficiency of oil or gas recovery and have less impact on the environment. Several mechanisms of the containment of a single hydraulic fracture were investigated in the past, and the outcomes of these studies are now well-documented in the open literature. However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms in the case of multiple closely spaced hydraulic fractures has not received much attention. The latter situation typically arises in the case of multiple transverse fractures emanating from a single horizontal wellbore.
In this paper, we develop a mathematical model that one can use to assess the fracture-interaction phenomenon as well as the effect of the modulus contrast between adjacent rock layers. We consider the situation in which one must contain the hydraulic fractures entirely in the pay zone and investigate fracturing-fluid-pressure control as a possible mechanism of height containment. It is demonstrated that when the fracture spacing becomes comparable with the fracture height, the interaction between the fractures produces a shielding effect. In this case, the fracturing-fluid pressure that ensures fracture containment is greater in comparison with the case of a single isolated fracture. However, the fracture opening is also smaller in the case of closely spaced fractures. The dependence of the fracturing-fluid pressure and fracture opening on the fracture spacing needs to be taken into consideration during the selection of fracture spacing for a particular treatment.
Meniscal Scaffolds - Preclinical Evidence to Support their Use: A Systematic Review
Authors: Matteo Berardo Di , Perdisa Francesco , Gostynska Natalia , Kon Elizaveta , Filardo Giuseppe , Marcacci Maurilio 
Published: May 2015

Arthroscopic meniscal treatment is the most common procedure performed in the orthopedic practice. Current management of meniscal pathology relies on different therapeutic options, ranging from selective meniscectomy, suturing, and to meniscal replacement by using either allografts or scaffolds. The progresses made in the field of regenerative medicine and biomaterials allowed to develop several meniscal substitutes, some of those currently used in the clinical practice. Before reaching the clinical application, these devices necessarily undergo accurate testing in the animal model: the aim of the present manuscript is to systematically review the scientific evidence derived by animal model results for the use of meniscal scaffolds, in order to understand the current state of research in this particular field and to identify the trends at preclinical level that may influence in the near future the clinical practice.Thirty-four papers were included in the present analysis. In 12 cases the meniscal scaffolds were used with cells to further stimulate tissue regeneration. With the exception of some negative reports regarding dacron-based scaffolds, the majority of the trials highlighted that biomaterials and bio-engineered scaffolds are safe and could play a beneficial role in stimulating meniscal healing and in chondral protection. With regard to the benefits of cell augmentation, the evidence is limited to a small number of studies and no conclusive evidence is available. However, preclinical evidence seems to suggest that cells could enhance tissue regeneration with respect to the use of biomaterials alone, and further research should confirm the translational potential of cell-based approach.
Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 1 and Tristetraprolin Cooperate To Regulate Macrophage Responses to Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Smallie Tim , Ross Ewan A. , Ammit Alaina J. , Cunliffe Helen E. , Tang Tina , Rosner Dalya R. , Ridley Michael L. , Buckley Christopher D. , Saklatvala Jeremy , Dean Jonathan L. , Clark Andrew R. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) 1 dephosphorylates and inactivates members of the MAPK superfamily, in particular, JNKs, p38α, and p38β MAPKs. It functions as an essential negative regulator of innate immune responses, hence disruption of the Dusp1 gene renders mice extremely sensitive to a wide variety of experimental inflammatory challenges. The principal mechanisms behind the overexpression of inflammatory mediators by Dusp1−/− cells are not known. In this study, we use a genetic approach to identify an important mechanism of action of DUSP1, involving the modulation of the activity of the mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin. This mechanism is key to the control of essential early mediators of inflammation, TNF, CXCL1, and CXCL2, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The same mechanism also contributes to the regulation of a large number of transcripts induced by treatment of macrophages with LPS. These findings demonstrate that modulation of the phosphorylation status of tristetraprolin is an important physiological mechanism by which innate immune responses can be controlled.
Photosensitizer and Light Pave the Way for Cytosolic Targeting and Generation of Cytosolic CD8 T Cells Using PLGA Vaccine Particles
Authors: Bruno Cristina , Waeckerle-Men Ying , Håkerud Monika , Kündig Thomas M. , Gander Bruno , Johansen Pål 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The generation of CTLs is crucial in the immunological fight against cancer and many infectious diseases. To achieve this, vaccine Ags need to be targeted to the cytosol of dendritic cells, which can activate CD8 T cells via MHC class I (MHCI). Therefore, such targeting has become one of the major objectives of vaccine research. In this study, we aimed to bypass the unwanted and default MHC class II Ag presentation and trigger MHCI presentation by using a photosensitizer that, upon light activation, would facilitate cytosolic targeting of codelivered Ag. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles ∼1 μm size were loaded with OVA and the photosensitizer tetraphenyl chlorine disulphonate (TPCS2a) and administered intradermally in mice, which were illuminated 1 d later for activation of the photosensitizer. Immunization in the presence of TPCS2a significantly increased activation of CD8 T cells compared with immunization without TPCS2a and as measured by CD8 T cell proliferation, production of proinflammatory IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, and prevention of tumor growth. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated by granzyme B production in vitro and by in vivo killing of CFSE-labeled targets. CD4-dependent Ab responses were abrogated in mice immunized with TPCS2a-containing particles, suggesting that photosensitization facilitated a shift from default MHC class II toward MHCI Ag presentation. Hence, vaccine particles with Ag and photosensitizers proved an effective vehicle or adjuvant for stimulation of CTLs, and they may find potential application in therapeutic cancer vaccination and in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against intracellular infections.