bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amino acid substitution in P3 of Soybean mosaic virus to convert avirulence to virulence on Rsv4‐genotype soybean is influenced by the genetic composition of P3
Authors: Wang Y. , Khatabi B. , Hajimorad M. R. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe modification of avirulence factors of plant viruses by one or more amino acid substitutions converts avirulence to virulence on hosts containing resistance genes. Limited experimental studies have been conducted on avirulence/virulence factors of plant viruses, in particular those of potyviruses, to determine whether avirulence/virulence sites are conserved among strains. In this study, the Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)–Rsv4 pathosystem was exploited to determine whether: (i) avirulence/virulence determinants of SMV reside exclusively on P3 regardless of virus strain; and (ii) the sites residing on P3 and crucial for avirulence/virulence of isolates belonging to strain G2 are also involved in virulence of avirulent isolates belonging to strain G7. The results confirm that avirulence/virulence determinants of SMV on Rsv4‐genotype soybean reside exclusively on P3. Furthermore, the data show that sites involved in the virulence of SMV on Rsv4‐genotype soybean vary among strains, with the genetic composition of P3 playing a crucial role.
Chronic rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a rare case report and review of the literature
Authors: Dimaka Konstantina , Mallis Antonios , Naxakis Stefanos S. , Marangos Markos , Papadas Theodoros A. , Stathas Theodoros , Mastronikolis Nicholas S. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryRhinocerebral mucormycosis is an invasive infection caused by filamentous fungi of the Mucoraceae family. The rhinocerebral form of the disease represents the most common form and has two distinct clinical entities. The common presentation consists of a rapidly progressive infection with high mortality rate, while the other presentation is that of a chronic infection with lower mortality. In the present paper we report a rare case of chronic rhinocerebral mucormycosis. An 85‐year‐old male with a 6‐month history of purulent and odorous nasal discharge, and sporadic episodes of epistaxis and anosmia, presented to the outpatient department of our clinic. Initial cultures were positive only for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient was unresponsive to ciprofloxacin treatment, developing necrotic areas of the nasal septum suspicious for rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Admission to the ENT clinic followed, with histopathologic evaluation of the vomer bone confirming the diagnosis. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and was discharged 3 weeks later on oral posaconazole therapy. Chronic rhinocerebral mucormycosis may present with atypical symptoms or coinfection with another agent. A high degree of clinical suspicion is required for correct diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment.
Cryoablation of Septal Accessory Pathways in Children: Midterm Results
Authors: KARADENIZ CEM , AKDENIZ CELAL , TURAN OZLEM , TUZCU VOLKAN 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundRadiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in the septal arrhythmia substrates has an increased risk of irreversible atrioventricular block. Despite its safety profile, several studies reported a lower acute success rate and a higher recurrence rate with cryoablation of septal accessory pathways (APs) when compared to RF ablation. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of cryoablation of right septal APs using an electroanatomical mapping system guidance.Methods and ResultsA total of 43 consecutive patients (13.2 ± 5.5 years) underwent cryoablation for right septal APs. The EnSite system (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA) was used in all procedures. No fluoroscopy was used in 90% of patients (39/43). The mean fluoroscopy time in the remaining four patients was 3.7 ± 0.7 minutes. An electrophysiology catheter with 2‐mm distal spacing was used to determine the precise AP location. The majority of the patients (20/43) had anteroseptal, and remaining of the patients had posteroseptal (15/43) and midseptal (8/43) APs. A 6‐mm‐tip catheter was used in 33 patients and 8‐mm‐tip catheter was used in nine patients (both catheters were used in one patient). The mean procedure duration and number of complete cryoablation lesions were 181.5 ± 60.6 minutes and 6.1 ± 3.1 minutes, respectively. Acute success was achieved in 40 of 43 patients (93%). No complications were noted. During a mean follow‐up of 8.8 ± 4.8 months, five patients (12.5%) experienced recurrence.ConclusionsOur data suggest that cryoablation of septal APs can be performed safely with comparable efficacy to the reported RF ablation results using a limited fluoroscopy approach.
Atrial Fibrillation: An Observational Study with Outpatients
Authors: ALBINA GASTÓN , DE LUCA JULIÁN , CONDE DIEGO , GINIGER ALBERTO 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia with serious clinical consequences in the absence of treatment. However, there are limited data on the treatment of these patients in Argentina. The objective was to describe the therapeutic management of patients with nonacute AF by Argentinean cardiologists and to determine the incidence of clinical events after 12 months follow‐up.MethodsThe Atrial Fibrillation study in Argentina (FARAON) was an observational, descriptive, prospective, national, and multicentric study that included outpatients with AF, followed for 12 months. The study included 38 sites in Argentina. Each researcher included the first 10 patients who met the inclusion criteria of being over 21 and also being an AF carrier documented by electrocardiogram or Holter within 12 months prior to or at the time of enrollment.ResultsA total of 373 patients were included, mean age 70 ± 11.5 years, 40% women; 65% had AF rhythm at the time of inclusion, 57% had permanent AF, and 56% were asymptomatic. At the time of enrollment, 40% of physicians opted for rhythm control strategy. β‐blockers and amiodarone were the most used drugs. Patients with rhythm control drugs had higher success rate than those with frequency control drug therapy (80% vs 57%).ConclusionCardiologists in Argentina receive patients with AF that are mostly permanent AF. More than half of the patients are asymptomatic. They opt primarily by controlling the pace. When choosing antiarrhythmic drugs, nearly half of them indicated amiodarone.
The interplay between semantic and phonological constraints during spoken‐word comprehension
Authors: Brunellière Angèle , Soto‐faraco Salvador 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study addresses how top‐down predictions driven by phonological and semantic information interact on spoken‐word comprehension. To do so, we measured event‐related potentials to words embedded in sentences that varied in the degree of semantic constraint (high or low) and in regional accent (congruent or incongruent) with respect to the target word pronunciation. The data showed a negative amplitude shift following phonological mismatch (target pronunciation incongruent with respect to sentence regional accent). Here, we show that this shift is modulated by sentence‐level semantic constraints over latencies encompassing auditory (N100) and lexical (N400) components. These findings suggest a fast influence of top‐down predictions and the interplay with bottom‐up processes at sublexical and lexical levels of analysis.
Temporary connectivity: the relative benefits of large river floodplain inundation in the lower Mississippi River
Authors: Phelps Quinton E. , Tripp Sara J. , Herzog David P. , Garvey James E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStudies have demonstrated the importance of the synergistic relationship between large rivers and adjacent floodplain connectivity. The majority of large rivers and their associated floodplain have been isolated through a series of expansive levee systems. Thus, evaluations of the relative importance of floodplain connectivity are limited due to the aforementioned anthropogenic perturbations. However, persistent elevated river levels during spring 2011 at the confluence of the Mississippi River and Ohio River prompted the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to create large gaps in the levee system producing an expansive floodplain (i.e. the New Madrid Floodway). Specifically, the New Madrid Floodway (approximately 475 km2) in southeast Missouri was created to divert part of the Mississippi River flow during catastrophic floods and thus alleviate flood risk on nearby population centers. Given the historic flooding of 2011, the floodway was opened and provided an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the influence of floodplain inundation on fish species diversity, relative abundance, and growth. We sampled the floodplain and the adjacent river at three stratified random locations with replication biweekly from the commencement of inundation (late May) through early October. Overall, we found that species diversity, relative abundance, and growth were higher in the floodplain than the main river. Our data support previous examinations, including those outside North America, that suggest floodplain inundation may be important for riverine fishes. Given these apparent advantages of floodplain inundation, restoration efforts should balance benefits of floodplain inundation while safeguarding priority needs of humans.
Assessing the quality of four inshore habitats used by post yolk‐sac Alosa sapidissima (Wilson 1811) in the Hudson River: a prelude to restoration
Authors: Nack Christopher C. , Limburg Karin E. , Miller Daniel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHabitat restoration within large rivers to enhance early life stages of fish is an emerging field. Prior to restoration, assessment of what constitutes “good” habitat is needed. We exemplify this with a study of larval Alosa sapidissima (American shad) in the Hudson River estuary in New York State, United States, which examines the quality of four main shallow water habitat types that have been reduced greatly by dredging activities. The larval stage has been identified as a sensitive period in need of mortality reduction. Habitats were examined as nursery habitat by comparing ambient conditions to known suitability indexes and by comparing relative abundance, loss rate, daily growth, and relative condition among habitats. Areas of lower velocity had greater abundances of shad ≤15.0 mm in length and shad growth was significantly higher. As shad became larger, those in areas of higher velocity had significantly higher relative condition, suggesting a shift in habitat use as larvae metamorphose into the juvenile stage. Contiguous backwater and secondary channel habitats had reduced loss rates during 2011 when there was high river discharge. No single habitat type examined in this study was found to be overall poor quality, and it is recommended that restoration sites be examined on an individual basis. More broadly, habitat diversity appears needed both for within‐year ontogeny as well as for longer‐term resiliency in the face of disturbance, such as storm‐driven high flows.
Path Dependence and Paradigm Shift: How Cetacean Scientists Learned to Develop Management Procedures that Survived the Controversial Whaling Regime
Authors: Ishii Atsushi , Okubo Ayako 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe transformation of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) into a preservationist regime met with extremely fierce opposition from the prowhaling countries and created an unprecedented and famous polarization of the IWC parties into pro and antiwhaling camps, which can be observed even today. In such a bipolar and harsh process, it would be typically argued that scientific advice would be powerless because it would become subject to heightened scrutiny from both camps resulting in endless technical debate. Our case shows that, on the contrary, the advisory scientists learned to successfully develop a scientific management procedure that was accepted by both the pro and antiwhaling camps. The objective of this paper is to explain this process and examine to what extent collective learning in the assessment process affected the political effectiveness of the management procedure and, more broadly thereby, to contribute to the groundwork of analyzing how the scientists participating in the scientific assessments collectively learn. With a view to cross‐fertilization between institutionalism and science and technology study (STS) approaches, we develop an analytical framework and apply it to the international whaling regime to examine the usefulness of it and provide some general lessons to be learned for making learning assessments more effective. The framework was capable of showing that path dependency and paradigm shift were among the key factors of the scientific assessment's increased effectiveness. Overall, the cross‐fertilization between institutionalism and STS appears to be a fruitful way forward for the next generation of scientific assessment studies.
Big Data for Policy Analysis: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
Authors: Schintler Laurie A. , Kulkarni Rajendra 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBig data holds tremendous potential for public policy analysis. At the same time, its use prompts a number of issues related to statistical bias, privacy, equity, and governance, among others. Accordingly, there is a need to formulate, evaluate, and implement policies that not only mitigate the risks, but also maximize the benefits of using big data for policy analysis. This poses a number of challenges, which are highlighted in this essay.
The Promise and Potential of Big Data: A Case for Discovery Informatics
Authors: Honavar Vasant G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe emergence of “big data” offers unprecedented opportunities for not only accelerating scientific advances, but also enabling new modes of discovery. While we understand how to automate routine aspects of data management and analytics, most elements of the scientific process currently require considerable human expertise and effort. We argue that realizing the full potential of data to accelerate discovery calls for a concerted effort in advancing Discovery Informatics: (i) understanding, formalization, and information processing descriptions of the entire scientific process; (ii) design, development, and evaluation of the computational artifacts (representations and processes) that embody such understanding; and (iii) application of the resulting artifacts and systems to advance science (by augmenting individual or collective human efforts, or by fully automating science).
The Big (Data) Bang: Policy, Prospects, and Challenges
Authors: McNeely Connie L. , Hahm Jong‐on 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBig data is increasingly the cornerstone on which policy making is based. However, with potential benefits and applications come challenges and dilemmas. In this set of symposium articles, authors examine the promise and problems of big data, exploring associated prospects, risks, parameters, and payoffs from a variety of perspectives. The articles address myriad challenges in the handling of big data sets, such as collection, validation, integrity, and security; ontological issues attending data analytics and conceptual transformations; the foundations of big data collection for social science research; the gap between the acquisition of data and its use to advance discovery and innovation; the costs and benefits of using big data in decision making and analysis; and, finally, related problems of privacy, security, and ethics. Issues such as these will continue to arise with increased use of big data as fundamental to policy making and governance in today's growing information society.
Clinical and oral findings in an Afro‐Brazilian family with Gorlin‐Goltz syndrome: case series and literature review
Authors: Pierro Viviane Santos da Silva , Marins Marcello Roter , Borges de Oliveira Renata Cabral , Cortezzi Wladimir , Janini Maria Elisa , Maia Lucianne Cople 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTGorlin‐Goltz syndrome (GGS) seems to be unusual in black persons. The authors present an Afro‐Brazilian family case report of GGS. The main complaint of the index case was a painless swelling of the left mandible, which was diagnosed as an odontogenic keratocyst. Further classical features of the Syndrome were present in this patient. Other two family members were diagnosed as cases of GGS and one of them presented 11 clinical findings characteristic of the syndrome. From the three cases reported, two of them presented five major diagnostic criteria for the GGS, and the diagnosis was only made because of an oral complaint. This case series emphasizes the importance of carefully examining the patient and close relatives for signs of GGS, even if they belong to an ethnic group in which this diagnosis is unusual.
PIKfyve Inhibition Interferes with Phagosome and Endosome Maturation in Macrophages
Authors: Kim Grace H.E. , Dayam Roya M. , Prashar Akriti , Terebiznik Mauricio , Botelho Roberto J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMacrophages eliminate pathogens and cell debris through phagocytosis, a process by which particulate matter is engulfed and sequestered into a phagosome. Nascent phagosomes are innocuous organelles resembling the plasma membrane. However, through a maturation process, phagosomes are quickly remodeled by fusion with endosomes and lysosomes to form the phagolysosome. Phagolysosomes are highly acidic and degradative leading to particle decomposition. Phagosome maturation is intimately dependent on the endosomal pathway, during which diverse cargoes are sorted for recycling to the plasma membrane or for degradation in lysosomes. Not surprisingly, various regulators of the endosomal pathway are also required for phagosome maturation, including phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate, an early endosomal regulator. However, phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate can be modified by the lipid kinase PIKfyve into phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate, which controls late endosome/lysosome functions. The role of phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate in macrophages and phagosome maturation remains basically unexplored. Using Fcγ receptor‐mediated phagocytosis as a model, we describe our research showing that inhibition of PIKfyve hindered certain steps of phagosome maturation. In particular, PIKfyve antagonists delayed removal of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate and reduced acquisition of LAMP1 and cathepsin D, both common lysosomal proteins. Consistent with this, the degradative capacity of phagosomes was reduced but phagosomes appeared to still acidify. We also showed that trafficking to lysosomes and their degradative capacity was reduced by PIKfyve inhibition. Overall, we provide evidence that PIKfyve, likely through phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate synthesis, plays a significant role in endolysosomal and phagosome maturation in macrophages.
Microchimerism in the transfused obstetric population
Authors: Bloch E. M. , Busch M. P. , Lee T.‐H. , Montalvo L. , Matthews Y. , Bird A. , Bruhn R. , Stefan V. 
Published: July 2014

Microchimerism (MC), the coexistence of allogeneic populations of cells within a host, is well described in pregnancy and blood transfusion. To date, transfusion‐associated MC (TA‐MC) appears unique to patients transfused after severe traumatic injury. We sought to determine whether transfusion in the peripartum period results in enduring, high‐level TA‐MC. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 22 women who were newly transfused within 48 h of delivery. Two subjects showed evidence of transient TA‐MC; however, MC was not detected at 6 weeks and 6 months. The negative findings suggest that enduring TA‐MC does not occur in this population.
CT substitutes derived from MR images reconstructed with parallel imaging
Authors: Johansson Adam , Garpebring Anders , Asklund Thomas , Nyholm Tufve 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:Computed tomography (CT) substitute images can be generated from ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI sequences with radial k‐space sampling. These CT substitutes can be used as ordinary CT images for PET attenuation correction and radiotherapy dose calculations. Parallel imaging allows faster acquisition of magnetic resonance (MR) images by exploiting differences in receiver coil element sensitivities. This study investigates whether non‐Cartesian parallel imaging reconstruction can be used to improve CT substitutes generated from shorter examination times.Methods:The authors used gridding as well as two non‐Cartesian parallel imaging reconstruction methods, SPIRiT and CG‐SENSE, to reconstruct radial UTE and gradient echo (GE) data into images of the head for 23 patients. For each patient, images were reconstructed from the full dataset and from a number of subsampled datasets. The subsampled datasets simulated shorter acquisition times by containing fewer radial k‐space spokes (1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, and 10 000 spokes) than the full dataset (30 000 spokes). For each combination of patient, reconstruction method, and number of spokes, the reconstructed UTE and GE images were used to generate a CT substitute. Each CT substitute image was compared to a real CT image of the same patient.Results:The mean absolute deviation between the CT number in CT substitute and CT decreased when using SPIRiT as compared to gridding reconstruction. However, the reduction was small and the CT substitute algorithm was insensitive to moderate subsampling (≥5000 spokes) regardless of reconstruction method. For more severe subsampling (≤3000 spokes), corresponding to acquisition times less than a minute long, the CT substitute quality was deteriorated for all reconstruction methods but SPIRiT gave a reduction in the mean absolute deviation of down to 25 Hounsfield units compared to gridding.Conclusions:SPIRiT marginally improved the CT substitute quality for a given number of radial spokes as compared to gridding. However, the increased reconstruction time of non‐Cartesian parallel imaging reconstruction is difficult to motivate from this improvement. Because the CT substitute algorithm was insensitive to moderate subsampling, data for a CT substitute could be collected in as little as minute and reconstructed with gridding without deteriorating the CT substitute quality.
A Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome
bd
Oxidase Mutant Is Hypersensitive to Bedaquiline
Authors: Berney Michael , Hartman Travis E. , Jacobs William R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

The new medicinal compound bedaquiline (BDQ) kills
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by inhibiting F
1
F
o
-ATP synthase. BDQ is bacteriostatic for 4 to 7 days and kills relatively slowly compared to other frontline tuberculosis (TB) drugs. Here we show that killing with BDQ can be improved significantly by inhibiting cytochrome
bd
oxidase, a non-proton-pumping terminal oxidase. BDQ was instantly bactericidal against a cytochrome
bd
oxidase null mutant of
M. tuberculosis
, and the rate of killing was increased by more than 50%. We propose that this exclusively bacterial enzyme should be a high-priority target for new drug discovery.

IMPORTANCE
A major drawback of current TB chemotherapy is its long duration. New drug regimens with rapid killing kinetics are desperately needed. Our study demonstrates that inhibition of a nonessential bacterial enzyme greatly improves the efficacy of the latest TB drug bedaquiline and emphasizes that screening for compounds with synergistic killing mechanisms is a promising strategy.