bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Part VII. Chemical Investigations on Ivory
Authors: Taylor Hugh 
Published: October 2013

This research project of Roger Moseley, a fourth-year undergraduate student in Princeton University arose out of conversations between Sir Hugh Taylor, Dean of the Graduate College, Princeton, and Dr. A. J. B. Wace of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton at a meeting of the American Philosophical Society in April 1954 in Philadelphia. The questions were directed to the properties of ivory when subjected to the conditions obtaining in houses destroyed by fire as, for example, in the houses excavated by Wace in Mycenae, where, in one case, many fragments of ivory which had obviously been in the fire were discovered.Samples of old ivories were subsequently provided by Wace and others for examination. These included:(1) Ivory fragments from Mycenae from houses destroyed by fire. Date: thirteenth century B.C.(2) Ivory fragments from Syria in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. Pratt Gift. Date: twelfth century B.C.(3) Ivory fragments from Nimrud, Mesopotamia. Date: ninth and eighth centuries B.C.An experimental programme on ‘modern’ ivory was put into effect to provide data against which the properties of the ancient ivories could be examined.
A Tholos Tomb on the Kephala
Authors: Hutchinson R. W. 
Published: October 2013

The ridge known as the Kephala is the middle part of the long ridge that extends from Zafer Papoura on the south to Isopata on the north. The numerous Late Minoan and Protogeometric tombs uncovered on the west slopes of this ridge suggest that there was here in all probability a Minoan Appian Way connecting Knossos both with the harbour town at the mouth of the Kairatos and with the naval station at Amnisos. Years ago Professor Marinatos pointed out to me what appears to be a clear section of the same Minoan way where the modern road from the aerodrome dips to cut through into the Karteros valley.In December 1938 the Ephor Dr. Platon informed me of the possible existence of a Minoan tomb on this ridge, and permission was granted for me to excavate it on behalf of the British School at Athens. I was assisted by two students of the school, Mr. Vincent Desborough and Miss Vronwy Fisher (now Mrs. Hankey). Miss Fisher kept the catalogue of small finds and is responsible for the published account of them. Mr. Desborough was responsible for the planning and surveying of the tomb, and also for most of the photographs taken during the excavations. Mr. Gerald Young, then Director of the School, kindly came over and took some photographs of the tomb and the inscription (Plate 10b). The foreman was my old friend the late Emmanuel Akoumianos.
Sealing animal welfare into the GATT exceptions: the international dimension of animal welfare in WTO disputes
Authors: SYKES KATIE 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEC–Seal Products has been characterized as a contest between local moral preferences about animal welfare, on the one hand, and global commitments to trade disciplines on the other. But that description fails to take into account the development of international legal norms concerning animal welfare and their relevance to this case, as well as to other potential disputes involving animal welfare measures that affect trade. The international dimension of animal welfare implicates two ongoing debates in international trade law: what the relationship should be between WTO law and general international law, and the extent to which ‘public morals’ under Article XX(a) of GATT can be locally defined or need to be internationally shared. This Article examines the argument that there is a general principle of international law concerning animal welfare, and analyzes the role that international norms regarding animal welfare should play in EC–Seal Products.
Assessing the roles of multi-stakeholder initiatives in advancing the business and human rights agenda
Authors: Jerbi Scott 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGrowing reliance on ‘multi-stakeholder initiatives’ (MSIs) aimed at improving business performance with respect to specific human rights-related challenges has become a significant dimension of the evolving corporate responsibility agenda over recent decades. A number of such initiatives have developed in direct response to calls for greater state and corporate accountability in areas of weak governance and violent conflict. This article examines the evolution of key MSIs in light of the 2011 adoption of the United Nations (UN) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and addresses challenges facing these initiatives in the future.
Ultra-stable radio frequency dissemination in free space
Authors: Miao J. , Wang B. , Gao C. , Bai Y. , Zhu X. , Wang L. J. 
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate an ultra-stable radio frequency (RF) dissemination scheme over 80 m free space. The frequency dissemination stability is 3.2 × 10−13/s and 4.4 × 10−17/day, which can be applied to transfer frequency signal without compromising its stability in a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or radio astronomy.
MicroRNA-26a targets ten eleven translocation enzymes and is regulated during pancreatic cell differentiation
Authors: Fu Xianghui , Jin Liang , Wang Xichun , Luo Angela , Hu Junkai , Zheng Xianwu , Tsark Walter M. , Riggs Arthur D. , Ku Hsun Teresa , Huang Wendong 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes are recently identified proteins that mediate DNA demethylation, but their regulation is still unknown. This paper indicates that a microRNA, miR-26a, is able to directly target TETs and then modulate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Furthermore, regulation of TETs by miR-26a is shown to promote pancreatic cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight a link between a miRNA, DNA demethylation, and stem/progenitor cell differentiation. It also suggests a potential approach to increase the efficiency of generating pancreatic endocrine cells in vitro through modulating miR-26a.
Robust adjustment of sequence tag abundance
Authors: Baumann Douglas D. , Doerge Rebecca W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMotivation: The majority of next-generation sequencing technologies effectively sample small amounts of DNA or RNA that are amplified (i.e. copied) before sequencing. The amplification process is not perfect, leading to extreme bias in sequenced read counts. We present a novel procedure to account for amplification bias and demonstrate its effectiveness in mitigating gene length dependence when estimating true gene expression.Results: We tested the proposed method on simulated and real data. Simulations indicated that our method captures true gene expression more effectively than classic censoring-based approaches and leads to power gains in differential expression testing, particularly for shorter genes with high transcription rates. We applied our method to an unreplicated Arabidopsis RNA-seq dataset resulting in disparate gene ontologies arising from gene set enrichment analyses.Availability and implementation: R code to perform the RASTA procedures is freely available on the web at www.stat.purdue.edu/∼doerge/.Contact: doerge@purdue.edu
Enteral Zinc Supplementation and Growth in Extremely‐Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants With Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Shaikhkhalil Ala K. , Curtiss Jennifer , Puthoff Teresa D. , Valentine Christina J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:Zinc deficiency causes growth deficits. Extremely‐low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) infants with chronic lung disease (CLD), also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, experience growth failure and are at risk for zinc deficiency. We hypothesized that enteral zinc supplementation would increase weight gain and linear growth.Methods:A cohort of infants was examined retrospectively at a single center between January 2008 and December 2011. CLD was defined as the need for oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. Zinc supplementation was started in infants who had poor weight gain. Infants' weight gain and linear growth were compared before and after zinc supplementation using the paired t test.Results:A total of 52 ELBW infants with CLD met entry criteria. Mean birth weight was 682 ± 183 g, and gestational age was 25.3 ± 2 weeks. Zinc supplementation started at postmenstrual age 33 ± 2 weeks. Most infants received fortified human milk. Weight gain increased from 10.9 before supplementation to 19.9 g · kg−1 · day−1 after supplementation (P < 0.0001). Linear growth increased from 0.7 to 1.1 cm/week (P = 0.001).Conclusions:Zinc supplementation improved growth in ELBW infants with CLD receiving human milk. Further investigation is warranted to reevaluate zinc requirements, markers, and balance.
Alternate Endpoints and Clinical Outcome Assessments in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Registration Trials
Authors: Sun Haihao , Lee Jessica J. , Papadopoulos Elektra J. , Lee Catherine S. , Nelson Robert M. , Sachs Hari C. , Rodriguez William J. , Mulberg Andrew E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Presently, there is no consensus on endpoint measures to assess clinical outcomes for pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC). This study reviewed the endpoints used in the registration trials of approved drugs for pediatric UC.Methods:The primary efficacy endpoints of all registration trials completed from 1950 to 2008 that led to Food and Drug Administration approval for indications in pediatric and adult UC were reviewed.Results:Colazal and Remicade have been approved for pediatric UC indication, and clinical response was used as a primary endpoint in these registration trials. The clinical response in the adult Colazal trials was defined as a reduction of rectal bleeding and improvement in at least one of the other assessed symptoms (stool frequency, patient functional assessment, abdominal pain, sigmoidoscopic grade, and physician's global assessment) assessed by the Sutherland UC Activity Index. The pediatric Colazal trial defined clinical response using the Modified Sutherland UC Activity Index, which excluded abdominal pain and functional assessment. Both adult and pediatric Remicade trials used clinical response defined by the Mayo score as the primary endpoint. The Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index was used to measure various secondary endpoints in the pediatric Remicade trial.Conclusions:Pediatric‐specific endpoints were used, but outcome measures and definition of clinical response were not consistent in pediatric UC trials. Consensus on the definition of successful treatment outcome (clinical response and/or remission) and collaboration in the development of well‐defined and reliable measures of signs and symptoms for use in conjunction with endoscopic parameters of mucosal healing will facilitate pediatric drug development.
Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC55730 in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Di Nardo Giovanni , Oliva Salvatore , Menichella Alessandra , Pistelli Riccardo , De Biase Riccardo Valerio , Patriarchi Francesca , Cucchiara Salvatore , Stronati Laura 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) on the rate of respiratory exacerbations and of the infections of both upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.Methods:Prospective randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study enrolling 61 patients with CF with mild‐to‐moderate lung disease at the Regional Center for CF of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome “La Sapienza.” All of the patients were not hospital inpatients at the time of the enrollment. Inclusion criteria were forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) >70% predicted; no inhaled or systemic steroids, no anti‐inflammatory drugs, antileukotrienes, and mast cell membrane stabilizers; and no serious organ involvement. Exclusion criteria were a history of pulmonary exacerbation or upper respiratory infection in the previous 2 months; changes in medications in the last 2 months; a history of hemoptysis in the last 2 months; and colonization with Burkholderia cepacia or mycobacteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive LR (30 patients) in 5 drops per day (1010 colony‐forming units) or placebo (31 patients) for 6 months. Main outcomes were number of episodes of pulmonary exacerbations and hospital admissions for pulmonary exacerbations, number of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections. FEV1, fecal calprotectin, and cytokine profile in induced sputum and plasma were assessed at baseline and at the end of the trial.Results:Pulmonary exacerbations were significantly reduced in the LR group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.01; odds ratio 0.06 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0–0.40]; number needed to treat 3 [95% CI 2–7]). Similarly, the number of upper respiratory tract infections (in our series only otitis) was significantly reduced in the LR group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05; odds ratio 0.14 [95% CI 0–0.96]; number needed to treat 6 [95% CI 3–102]). The 2 groups did not differ statistically in the mean number and duration of hospitalizations for pulmonary exacerbations and gastrointestinal infections. There was no significant statistical difference in the mean delta value of FEV1, fecal calprotectin concentration, and tested cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐8) between the 2 groups.Conclusions:LR reduces pulmonary exacerbations and upper respiratory tract infections in patients with CF with mild‐to‐moderate lung disease. LR administration may have a beneficial effect on the disease course of CF.
Role of Treg and TH17 Cells of the Gastric Mucosa in Children With Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
Authors: Gil Joo Hyun , Seo Jeong Wan , Cho Min‐Sun , Ahn Jung‐Hyuck , Sung Hye Youn 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of FOXP3, interleukin (IL)‐10, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, IL‐17A, and T helper 17 (TH17) cells/FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells balance in the gastric mucosa of children with Helicobacter pylori infection, in relation to the gastric histopathology.Methods:Antral mucosal biopsies were obtained from 20 children with H pylori(+) gastritis and 20 age‐ and sex‐matched normal controls. Histopathology was assessed by the updated Sydney classification. Gene expression of FOXP3, IL‐10, and TGF‐β1 was analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining for FOXP3+ Treg and TH17 cells was performed.Results:The gene expression levels of FOXP3, TGF‐β1, and IL‐10 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the number of FOXP3+ Treg were significantly higher in the H pylori(+) gastritis group than in the control group (P < 0.01). FOXP3 mRNA levels were correlated positively with TGF‐β1 and IL‐10 mRNA levels in the H pylori(+) gastritis group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FOXP3 mRNA levels were correlated positively with the bacterial density, infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, and mononuclear cells in the H pylori(+) gastritis group (P < 0.05). The number of TH17 cells was significantly higher in the H pylori(+) gastritis group than in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the number of TH17 cells was correlated negatively with the bacterial density and positively with the inflammatory scores of polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells in the H pylori(+) gastritis group (P < 0.05). A negative correlation between the TH17 cells/FOXP3+ Treg ratio and the bacterial density was demonstrated in the H pylori(+) gastritis group (P < 0.05).Conclusions:This study suggested that a TH17/Treg balance toward a Treg‐biased response favors the persistence of bacteria, causing chronic active gastritis.
Safety and Efficacy of Delayed Release Rabeprazole in 1‐ to 11‐Month‐Old Infants With Symptomatic GERD
Authors: Hussain Sunny , Kierkus Jaroslaw , Hu Peter , Hoffman Diane , Lekich Ray , Sloan Sheldon , Treem William 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAim:The efficacy and safety of rabeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, were studied in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Methods:Infants ages 1 to 11 months, with symptomatic GERD resistant to conservative therapy and/or previous exposure to acid‐suppressive medications, were screened. After scoring >16 on a GERD symptom score (Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire‐Revised [I‐GERQ]), 344 infants were enrolled in a 1‐ to 3‐week open‐label (OL) phase and received rabeprazole 10 mg/day. Following caregiver‐rated clinical improvement during the OL phase, patients were randomized to placebo, rabeprazole 5 mg, or rabeprazole 10 mg in the ensuing 5‐week double‐blind (DB) withdrawal phase. Primary endpoints evaluated from DB baseline to the end of the DB withdrawal phase included frequency of regurgitation, weight‐for‐age z score, and daily and weekly GERD symptom scores.Results:Overall, 231 (86%) of the 268 randomized infants (placebo: 90; rabeprazole 5 mg: 90; rabeprazole 10 mg: 88) completed the study. Efficacy endpoints were similarly improved during the OL phase in all of the groups, and continued improving during the DB withdrawal phase with no difference between the placebo and combined rabeprazole groups. Mean decrease in frequency of regurgitation (−0.79 vs −1.20 times per day; P = 0.168), in I‐GERQ‐Revised scores (−3.6 [−25%] vs −3.9 points [−27%]; P = 0.960), in I‐GERQ‐Daily Diary scores (−1.87 [−19%] vs −1.85 [−19%]; P = 0.968), and increase in weight‐for‐age z scores (mean [standard deviation]: 0.11 [0.329] vs 0.14 [0.295]; P = 0.440) indicated equal improvement. Equal percentages (47%) reported adverse events in placebo and combined rabeprazole groups, with no new safety signals emerging.Conclusions:In those infants with GERD who improved with rabeprazole during the OL phase, improvements in symptoms and weight were similar in those who continued rabeprazole and those withdrawn to placebo during a 5‐week DB phase.
Printed silver circuits for FMCG packaging
Authors: Tudor Gethin David , Huw Jewell Eifion , Charles Claypole Tim 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Printed flexible circuits that combined conventional silicon technology will enable the realisation of many value added products such as smart packaging for the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry. This paper aims to describe an investigation into integrating silicon and printable circuits for the FMCG packaging industry and this would allow products with features such as brand protection, time temperature indicators, customer feedback and visual product enhancement. Responding to interest from the FMCG packaging industry, an investigation was carried out which investigated the printing conductive silver ink on common packaging substrates.

Design/methodology/approach
– Standard IC mounting patterns were screen printed using two conductive silver materials (one high silver content traditional paste and one lower silver content gel polymer) to four plastic and three paper substrates which represent common FMCG substrates (HDPE, BOPP, PET and three paper substrates). Materials were characterised in terms of material rheology whereas prints were characterised through electrical performance and printed film topology.

Findings
– There was a significant interaction between the substrate, silver ink formulation and the resultant line quality, line topology and conductivity. On paper substrates, the absorption of binder into the substrate resulted in denser silver packing and higher conductivity for the paste material. Higher conductivities were obtained on the substrates capable of withstanding higher curing temperatures. On the polymer substrates higher conductivity could be obtained by lower content silver materials due to the denser particle packing in the cured ink film as a result of its higher solvent/lower solids components.

Research limitations/implications
– Further work should examine the interactions for other printing processes commonly used in the FMCG industry such as rotogravure of flexography and should also examine nano particle materials. Further work should also address the mechanical adhesion of silicon logic on the substrates and bottlenecks in processing.

Practical implications
– The lower silver content gel material potentially provides material cost reduction by a factor of between 4 and 7 for the same conductivity. The gel material also has potential for more uniform performance across all substrate types. Typically 3.1 Ω/cm resistance values are achieved on all substrates for 300 micron lines.

Originality/value
– For those in the field of smart packaging the work has highlighted the interaction between silver materials and non PET/PEN substrates in flexible printed circuits. It has demonstrated the implications of rheology, substrate absorbency and materials processing temperature on circuit design. For those seeking printing process understanding it has provided further validation to support material transfer mechanisms in the screen printing process.
The mediation role of trust in knowledge sharing
Authors: Ding Zhikun , Fai Ng Fung , Wang Jiayuan 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Some researchers claim that trust can directly affect knowledge sharing but others consider that it is a mediator between some independent variables and knowledge sharing. So the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether trust is a mediator for knowledge sharing in the construction industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– Personal construct theory is employed to test the mediation role of trust in architectural design teams. A questionnaire survey of architects is conducted in Beijing, Shanghai and Qingdao, People's Republic of China. The mediator model is tested using structural equation modeling.

Findings
– The paper shows that the mediation role of trust between two personal construct based factors, i.e. social interaction (SI) and attitude on work (AttonW) and willingness to share knowledge is supported.

Research limitations/implications
– As the paper focusses on architects working in the early-design stage of a project, the findings may not be applicable to other stages. In future, other project actors should also be considered so as to investigate the issues in construction management in a more comprehensive way.

Practical implications
– The results suggest that team managers should improve the SIs between team members and provide guidance to team members about the correct attitude on work so that the level of interpersonal trust can be enhanced, thereby knowledge sharing is encouraged.

Originality/value
– The personal construct theory developed in clinical psychology is applied to study the mediation role of trust for knowledge sharing in the construction industry. The interdisciplinary research offers a theoretical framework to reveal the cognitive process of knowledge sharing.