bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flat‐slab subduction, topography, and mantle dynamics in southwestern Mexico
Authors: Gérault Mélanie , Husson Laurent , Miller Meghan S. , Humphreys Eugene D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTopography above subduction zones arises from the isostatic contribution of crustal and lithospheric buoyancy, as well as the dynamic contribution from slab‐driven mantle flow. We evaluate those effects in southwestern Mexico, where a segment of the Cocos slab subducts horizontally. The eastern part of the volcanic arc—the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt—stands at an average elevation of 2.3 km, nearly 1.3 km above the fore‐arc. Lateral changes in bulk crustal density are relatively small, and seismic imaging shows that there is little variation in crustal thickness between these two regions. Thus, the elevation difference between the arc and the fore‐arc should arise from differences in mantle properties. We present finite element models of flat‐slab subduction that provide a simultaneous match to topography, plate velocities, and stress state in the overriding plate. We find that the dynamic effects are primarily controlled by the amount of coupling at the subduction interface and in the mantle wedge, the lack of slab anchoring into the lower mantle, and the absence of continental mantle lithosphere. With a mantle wedge and a subduction interface that are, respectively, 2 and 4 orders of magnitude weaker than the asthenosphere, the flat slab exerts a downward pull that can explain most of the elevation difference between the fore‐arc and the arc. We infer that lateral viscosity variations play a significant role in shaping dynamic topography in complex tectonic settings and that sublithospheric dynamics can influence the topography at wavelengths that are significantly shorter than previously recognized.
Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Novel Chloroquine Analogues with Bulky Basic Side Chains
Authors: Tasso Bruno , Novelli Federica , Tonelli Michele , Barteselli Anna , Basilico Nicoletta , Parapini Silvia , Taramelli Donatella , Sparatore Anna , Sparatore Fabio 
Published: July 2015

AbstractChloroquine is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, butPlasmodium falciparum, the main species responsible for malaria‐related deaths, has developed resistance against this drug. Twenty‐seven novel chloroquine (CQ) analogues characterized by a side chain terminated with a bulky basic head group, i.e., octahydro‐2H‐quinolizine and 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐1,5‐methano‐8H‐pyrido[1,2‐a][1,5]diazocin‐8‐one, were synthesized and tested for activity against D‐10 (CQ‐susceptible) and W‐2 (CQ‐resistant) strains ofP. falciparum. Most compounds were found to be active against both strains with nanomolar or sub‐micromolar IC50values. Eleven compounds were found to be 2.7‐ to 13.4‐fold more potent than CQ against the W‐2 strain; among them, four cytisine derivatives appear to be of particular interest, as they combine high potency with low cytotoxicity against two human cell lines (HMEC‐1 and HepG2) along with easier synthetic accessibility. Replacement of the 4‐NH group with a sulfur bridge maintained antiplasmodial activity at a lower level, but produced an improvement in the resistance factor. These compounds warrant further investigation as potential drugs for use in the fight against malaria.
The outcomes of “atypical” and “suspicious” bile duct brushings in the identification of pancreaticobiliary tumors: Follow‐up analysis of surgical resection specimens
Authors: Choi Won‐Tak , Swanson Paul E. , Grieco Verena S. , Wang Dongliang , Westerhoff Maria 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundBile duct brushing cytology is frequently used to investigate suspected pancreaticobiliary tumors, but it is associated with low diagnostic sensitivity. As recently proposed by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology in its new classification scheme for pancreaticobiliary cytology, the use of “atypical” and “suspicious (for malignancy)” categories may give a better prediction of malignancy and improve patient management.MethodsA series of 65 “atypical” and “suspicious” results initially diagnosed at the University of Washington and Harborview Medical Centers between 2005 and 2012 were analyzed to determine outcomes based on the review of subsequent surgical resection specimens.ResultsSeven of 15 (47%) “atypical” cases demonstrated malignant outcomes, whereas 49 of 50 (98%) “suspicious” cases showed documented malignancy within a mean follow‐up of 4 months (P < 0.0001 from Pearson's chi‐squared test). The analysis of surgical resection specimens demonstrates that 59% of “atypical” and “suspicious” bile duct brushings with malignant outcomes were pancreatic adenocarcinoma (95% confidence interval (CI): 46–71%), 97% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas caused strictures in the head of the pancreas (95% CI: 86–100%), and that 86% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas were moderate to poorly differentiated (95% CI: 73–99%). Fifty‐three of the 60 (88%) patients in the presence of prior stenting had a histologically confirmed malignancy.ConclusionThe use of “atypical” and “suspicious” categories may allow more accurate surveillance and/or more rapid surgical exploration of pancreaticobiliary tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:885–891. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecological connectivity assessment in a strongly structured fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) population
Authors: Bani Luciano , Pisa Giulia , Luppi Massimiliano , Spilotros Giulia , Fabbri Elena , Randi Ettore , Orioli Valerio 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSmall populations are more prone to extinction if the dispersal among them is not adequately maintained by ecological connections. The degree of isolation between populations could be evaluated measuring their genetic distance, which depends on the respective geographic (isolation by distance, IBD) and/or ecological (isolation by resistance, IBR) distances. The aim of this study was to assess the ecological connectivity of fire salamander Salamandra salamandra populations by means of a landscape genetic approach. The species lives in broad‐leaved forest ecosystems and is particularly affected by fragmentation due to its habitat selectivity and low dispersal capability. We analyzed 477 biological samples collected in 47 sampling locations (SLs) in the mainly continuous populations of the Prealpine and Eastern foothill lowland (PEF) and 10 SLs in the fragmented populations of the Western foothill (WF) lowland of Lombardy (northern Italy). Pairwise genetic distances (Chord distance, DC) were estimated from allele frequencies of 16 microsatellites loci. Ecological distances were calculated using one of the most promising methodology in landscape genetics studies, the circuit theory, applied to habitat suitability maps. We realized two habitat suitability models: one without barriers (EcoD) and a second one accounting for the possible barrier effect of main roads (EcoDb). Mantel tests between distance matrices highlighted how the Log‐DC in PEF populations was related to log‐transformed geographic distance (confirming a prevalence of IBD), while it was explained by the Log‐EcoD, and particularly by the Log‐EcoDb, in WF populations, even when accounting for the confounding effect of geographic distance (highlighting a prevalence of IBR). Moreover, we also demonstrated how considering the overall population, the effect of Euclidean or ecological distances on genetic distances acting at the level of a single group (PEF or WF populations) could not be detected, when population are strongly structured.
Efficiency Limits and Color of Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells for Application in Building‐Integrated Photovoltaics
Authors: Forberich Karen , Guo Fei , Bronnbauer Carina , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe have modified the well‐known Scharber model for the efficiency limits of organic solar cells for the case of semitransparent devices, which are considered as one of the most promising applications for this photovoltaic (PV) technology. We introduce a modified external quantum efficiency (EQE) relation and derive the transparency from the convolution of the calculated transmittance spectrum with the human eye sensitivity. We find that the design guidelines for the optimum band gap of the absorber material have to be carefully adapted for the desired transparency, especially for transparency values exceeding 40 %. In addition, we examine the relationship between efficiency, transmitted color, and band gap and conclude that high efficiencies can be achieved for a wide range of colors. Our model shows good agreement with experimental values from the literature and can be easily adapted to different applications (e.g., greenhouses) by using the appropriate spectrum.
Interference‐aware resource sharing in D2D underlaying LTE‐A networks
Authors: Xu Shaoyi , Kwak Kyung Sup , Rao Ramesh 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn a device‐to‐device (D2D) underlaying cellular system, intra‐cell interference is no longer negligible, and such interference exists for sharing both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) resources. This work presents a power and Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) allocation algorithm to coordinate UL and DL interference in the D2D underlaying Long‐Term Evolution‐Advanced (LTE‐A) network. The objective is to find an effective and efficient mechanism to mitigate the interference between the two subsystems while maximising the weighted sum throughput. This optimisation problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming, which is further decomposed into PRBs assignment and transmission power allocation. Analysis reveals that the proposed PRBs allocation strategy is energy‐efficient, and it suppresses the interference not only suffered by the LTE‐A system but also to the D2D users. In another side, the optimal power allocation is resolved by using a low‐complexity technique, and results show the optimal power resides in one of at most four feasible power vectors. Specifically, the scenario of applying partial channel state information (CSI) is also taken into account in our study. Simulations prove that the optimal power allocation combined with the proposed PRBs assignment achieves higher weighted sum throughput as compared with traditional algorithms, even when partial CSI is utilised. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation Processing of Polymers for Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Darwis Darmawan , Erizal  , Abbas B. , Nurlidar Farah , Putra D. Pribadi 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe use of ionizing radiation for the preparation of polymeric biomaterials is one of the examples of the application of atomic energy for the benefit of humanity. Radiation processing is based on the use of high energy ionizing radiation to induce chemical and biological changes in irradiated systems. High energy electron (EB) under 10 keV and gamma irradiation are the most frequently used of ionizing radiation for synthesis, modification of polymers, and sterilization of medical devices. Potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of these polymers are implants, topical dressings, injectable formulations, drug delivery devices, diagnostic assays, and immobilized enzyme. Through radiation crosslinking or degradation processes, polymers with specific characteristics can be prepared. The advantages of radiation processing include the absent of any chemical residues (since no chemical additives are requires to initiate the reactions), can be used at all temperatures, can be limited to the surface only and in certain cases, the synthesis/modification of materials can be combined with sterilization.
The Influence of Succinyl Groups and Lithium Perchlorate on Chitosan Membranes as Electrolyte Polymers
Authors: Fauzi Iqbal , Wahyuningrum Deana , Arcana I Made 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe needs of secondary batteries are increasing every year. Secondary batteries using a liquid electrolyte have weaknesses, such as prone to leakage and difficulty in its packing. A solid polymer electrolyte is one solution to resolve this problem. This study was conducted to determine the effect of succinyl group and lithium perchlorate on chitosan membranes as the polymer electrolyte. The succinyl chitosan was obtained by reacting chitosan with succinic anhydride in various compositions. Polymer electrolyte membranes were derived from succinyl chitosan with different ratios of lithium perchlorate. The deacetylation degree of chitosan was determined by 1H‐NMR spectrum is 80.26%. Synthesis of succinyl chitosan has been successfully carried out, which is indicated by the characteristic peaks of 1H‐NMR spectrum at chemical shift value of 2.7 ppm – 2.9 that correspond to the signal proton from methilen of succinyl groups of the succinyl chitosan. The substitution degree of N‐succinyl chitosan that was determined by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) was 13.75% for Chi‐SC 1:1 and 70.84% for Chi‐SC 1:3. The presence of succinyl groups on chitosan can increase ionic conductivity values of the membrane, but the tensile strength of membrane decreases. The N‐Succinyl chitosan membrane with degree substitution of 70.84% and lithium perchlorate ratio of 5% (w/w) showed the ionic conductivity of 8.04 × 10−2 S.cm−1. Therefore, the membrane of succinyl chitosan‐lithium with 5% (w/w) lithium perchlorate could be potentially used as a polymer electrolyte for lithium‐ion battery applications.
Isolation of Natural Polymer from the By‐Product of Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Budiman Harry , Hanafi Achmad 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe natural polymer was isolated from black liquor as the product of bioethanol pretreatment process by means of precipitated method. The natural polymer was precipitated by addition of sulfuric acid to obtain various pH conditions (10 to 1) of the mixtures at room temperature. In addition, variation of temperatures agitation was also conducted in the precipitation of natural polymer from black liquor at different initial of pH. The results showed that percentage of yield of precipitated natural polymer is increasing from 5.5 to 30.1% with the decreasing of the pH of black liquor from 10 to 1. In addition, the increasing temperature of precipitation from 50 °C to 90 °C results in increasing the yield of precipitated natural polymer. Furthermore, the distribution of particles of natural polymer recovered from precipitation process at different pH was then analyzed by Particle Size Analysis and the non‐volatile residue of precipitate was determined by furnace temperature program. The average of particle size of natural polymer is decreasing from 262 to 64 μm with the increasing of the precipitation pH from 1 to 10. The non‐volatile residue of natural polymer isolated by precipitation at higher pH was larger than at lower pH.
Common Types of Reading Problems and How to Help Children Who Have Them
Authors: Spear‐Swerling Louise 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPatterns of reading difficulty provide an educationally useful way to think about different kinds of reading problems, whether those problems are mainly experiential in nature (e.g., those common among English learners) or associated with disabilities (e.g., those typical of children with dyslexia). This article reviews research on three common patterns of poor reading: specific word‐reading difficulties, specific reading‐comprehension difficulties, and mixed reading difficulties. The purpose of the article is to explain how teachers can use assessments to identify individual struggling readers’ patterns of reading difficulties, and how this information is valuable in differentiating classroom instruction and planning interventions.
Computational close up on protein–protein interactions: how to unravel the invisible using molecular dynamics simulations?
Authors: Rakers Christin , Bermudez Marcel , Keller Bettina G. , Mortier Jérémie , Wolber Gerhard 
Published: July 2015

As an essential part of many biological processes, protein–protein interactions (PPIs) offer exciting and promising opportunities for drug discovery by extension of the druggable target space. Over the last decade, studies on protein networks have significantly increased the number of identified PPIs. However, despite steadily growing data on PPIs, detailed understanding of the interaction surfaces and their dynamics remains limited. Furthermore, the development of small‐molecule inhibitors of PPIs faces technological challenges, leaving the question about the ‘druggability’ of PPIs open. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations may facilitate the prediction of druggable binding sites on protein–protein interfaces by detecting binding hot spots and transient pockets. MD allows for a detailed analysis of structural and functional aspects of PPIs and thus provides valuable insights into PPI mechanisms and supports the design of PPI modulators. We provide an overview on the main areas of MD applications to PPIs including structural investigations and the design of PPI disruptors. Emphasizing the beneficial synergies between computational and experimental techniques, MD techniques are also frequently applied to low‐resolution structural data and have been used to elucidate structure and movements of complex macromolecular structures relevant for biological processes. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:345–359. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1222This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Methods
Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Interactions
LIFESTYLE und erblicher Brustkrebs
Authors: Kast Karin , Ditsch Nina , Kiechle Marion 
Published: July 2015

Zusammenfassung
Nicht für alle Trägerinnen einer Mutation in den Genen BRCA1 und BRCA2 liegt das lebenslange Erkrankungsrisiko für Brust- oder Eierstockkrebs gleich hoch. Bislang werden jedoch bei der Indikationsstellung zur Teilnahme am intensivierten Früherkennungs- und Nachsorgeprogramm oder zur Durchführung einer prophylaktischen Operation keine risikomodifizierenden Faktoren berücksichtigt. Für das sporadische Mammakarzinom sind zahlreiche direkt und indirekt veränderbare nicht-genetische Einflussfaktoren bekannt. Studien lassen vermuten, dass Lebensstilfaktoren auch das Risiko der BRCA-assoziierten Tumoren modulieren. Die Erforschung der genetischen und nicht-genetischen Faktoren und ihrer Interaktion untereinander führt zur Erstellung eines umfassenden Vorhersagemodells. Dieses hat zum einen die Vermeidung von Übertherapie im Hinblick auf präventive Maßnahmen zum Ziel. Zum anderen bereitet die Kenntnis der individuellen Trigger einer potenziellen Brust- oder Eierstockkrebserkrankung den Weg für eine gezieltere Prävention von der medikamentösen Therapie bis hin zur Lebensstilintervention.
One-step synthesized calcium phosphate-based
material for the removal of alizarin S dye from aqueous solutions: isothermal, kinetics,
and thermodynamics studies
Authors: Adeogun Abideen Idowu , Babu Ramesh Balakrishnan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCalcium phosphate hydroxyapatite (Ca-Hap) synthesized from
CaCO3 and
H3PO5, it was characterized by
scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction. The
Ca-Hap was used for the removal of Alizarin Red S dye from its aqueous solution. The
kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic of the adsorption of the dye onto the
Ca-Hap were investigated. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH
as well as temperature on adsorption capacity of Ca-Hap were studied. Experimental
data were analyzed using six model equations: Langmuir, Freudlinch,
Redlich–Peterson, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Sips isotherms and it was found
that the data fitted well with Sips and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models.
Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovic, and Avrami kinetic models were used
to test the experimental data in order to elucidate the kinetic adsorption process
and it was found that pseudo-second-order model best fit the data. The calculated
thermodynamics parameters (∆G°, ∆H° and ∆S°)
indicated that the process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
Simple Pneumonia or Something More?: A Case Report and Discussion of Unexpected Empyema Identified by Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Authors: Romano Michael , Jelic Tomislav , Chenkin Jordan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThere is evidence to suggest that point-of-care ultrasound assessment of the lungs has a higher sensitivity and specificity than chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumonia. It is unknown if the same is true for pneumonia complications. We present and discuss the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with confusion, decreased level of consciousness, and signs of sepsis. A chest x-ray revealed a right sided infiltrate. An ultrasound of the patient’s lungs was performed, and revealed a complex loculated fluid collection consistent with an empyema. A chest CT confirmed the diagnosis, and immediate percutaneous drainage was performed.
Giant Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Coincident With Epileptiform Discharges in Acutely Comatose Patients
Authors: Houlden David A. , Boulos Mark I. , Murray Brian J. , Norton Loretta , Young G. Bryan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe amplitude of the cortically generated somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) is used to predict outcome in comatose patients. The relationship between epileptiform discharges and SSEP amplitude has not been elucidated in those patients.MethodsBilateral median nerve SSEP and electroencephalograph (EEG) studies were performed in a comatose patient (patient 1) 1 day after cardiac surgery and repeated 4 days later. He had tranexamic acid administered before and during surgery. Another comatose patient (patient 2) had the same studies performed 1 day after sustaining 10 minutes of pulseless electrical cardiac activity.ResultsBoth comatose patients had epileptiform discharges (on EEG) that were coincident with giant cortically generated SSEPs. In patient 1, the EEG and SSEP studies repeated 5 days postoperatively showed no epileptiform discharges, and the cortically generated SSEP amplitude was decreased (normalized) compared with that obtained one day postoperatively. He emerged from coma and had a good recovery. Patient 2 died shortly after EEG and SSEP testing.ConclusionsEpileptiform discharges were associated with giant cortically generated median nerve SSEP amplitude (tranexamic acid was implicated in patient 1 and anoxic brain injury in patient 2). Accordingly, those who use the amplitude of cortically generated SSEPs for predicting outcome in comatose patients should consider the presence of epileptiform discharges (detected by EEG) as a potential confounding factor.