bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Visible optical filter and photodetector for detection of FRET signals
Authors: Louro P. , Charneca A. , Silva V. , Vieira M. , Karmali A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present a multilayer device based on a-Si:H/a-SiC:H that operates as photodetector and optical filter. The use of such device in protein detection applications is pertinent in Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements that demand the detection of visible fluorescent signals located at specific wavelengths bands. This device was designed to operate in the visible range with a selective sensitivity dependent on the applied electrical bias. Several nanosensors were tested with a commercial spectrophotometer to judge the performance of the FRET signals using glucose solutions of different concentrations. Two nanosensors (FLIPglu-90μM and FLIPglu-600μM) were tested with a commercial spectrofluorimeter to judge the performance of the FRET signals by using glucose solutions of different concentrations. These measurements were carried out by using these nanosensors both in the free form and immobilized form on inner epidermis of onion bulb scale. The proposed device was used to demonstrate the possibility of FRET signals detection, using visible signals of similar wavelength and intensity. The device sensitivity was tuned to enhance the wavelength band of interest using adequate electrical biasing.
Diamond for Electronics: Future Prospects of Diamond SAW Devices
Authors: Glass J.T. , Fox B.A. , Dreifus D.L. , Stoner B.R. 
Published: June 2014

From a commercialization standpoint, electronic applications have been particularly elusive for diamond. Market estimates of $560 million per year by the year 2000 indicate the original enthusiasm in this area. Now such projections seem unreasonably optimistic, and even a niche commercial application in the area of electronics would be considered a success. However when taken in a broader context, this extended time frame for commercialization is not at all unusual for new technologies, and many new advances have continued to bolster the enthusiasm of diamond electronics research groups. Diamond has such an extensive list of exceptional properties that it continues to be a candidate for numerous electronic applications from heat spreaders to detectors to microvacuum tubes.A variety of theoretical calculations established diamond's potential in the early years of CVD-diamond research. As shown in Table I, figures of merit indicated that diamond's potential far exceeded the potential of more common semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide for certain applications. Typically these applications revolved around high power or high temperature. However more accurate assessments of diamond's capability after further development uncovered several issues with many electronic applications of interest: (1) n-Type doping: Although scattered reports of n-type doping have been made a high-quality, low-resistance n-type material is not available, limiting the potential applications for diamond.(2) Deep activation of p-type carriers: At reasonable dopant levels, the activation energy for p-type carriers is approximately 0.3 eV, causing diamond to be highly resistive and sensitive to temperature variations at normal operating temperatures.
Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology
Authors: Epstein Arthur J. 
Published: June 2014

For the past 50 years, conventional insulating-polymer systems have increasingly been used as substitutes for structural materials such as wood, ceramics, and metals because of their high strength, light weight, ease of chemical modification/customization, and processability at low temperatures. In 1977 the first intrinsic electrically conducting organic polymer—doped polyacetylene—was reported, spurring interest in “conducting polymers.” Intrinsically conducting polymers are completely different from conducting polymers that are merely a physical mixture of a nonconductive polymer with a conducting material such as metal or carbon powder. Although initially these intrinsically conducting polymers were neither processable nor air-stable, new generations of these materials now are processable into powders, films, and fibers from a wide variety of solvents, and also are airstable. Some forms of these intrinsically conducting polymers can be blended into traditional polymers to form electrically conductive blends. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conductingpolymer systems now range from those typical of insulators (<10−10 S/cm (10−10 Ω−1 cm1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (~10 5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as copper, 5 × 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel.The common electronic feature of pris tine (undoped) conducting polymers is the π-conjugated system, which is formed by the overlap of carbon pz orbitals and alternating carbon-carbon bond lengths.
Enteric coating of granules containing the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Pyar Hassan , Peh Kok-Khiang 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In the present study, a capsule formulation composed of enteric coated granules of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 was developed using Eudragit L30D-55 as enteric polymer. Optimization of the capsule formulation was achieved with a maximum viable cell count after 2 h of incubation in acid medium and disintegration time of 1 h in buffer pH 6.8. The amount of Eudragit L30D-55 in the capsules correlated with gastric juice resistance. The best protective qualities against artificial gastric juice were observed when capsules were prepared from granules composed of L. acidophilus, corn starch, lactose monohydrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and coated with 12.5 % (m/V) of Eudragit L30D-55. Capsule formulation of L. acidophilus in edible broth medium suspension serves as a cheap alternative to the expensive freeze-drying procedure for preparing L. acidophilus. In addition, the enteric coating using Eudragit L30D-55 could protect probiotics from the acidic gastric environment and enhance the bioactivity of probiotics along with replacement of pathogenic microbes in human intestine
Evaluation of chitosan based vaginal bioadhesive gel formulations for antifungal drugs
Authors: Şenyiğit Zeynep Ay , Karavana Sinem Yaprak , Eraç Bayri , Gürsel Özge , Limoncu Mine Hoşgör , Baloğlu Esra 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate chitosan as a vaginal mucoadhesive gel base for econazole nitrate and miconazole nitrate. To this aim, different types of chitosan with different molecular masses and viscosity properties [low molecular mass chitosan (viscosity: 20,000 mPa s), medium molecular mass chitosan (viscosity: 200,000 mPa s), high molecular mass chitosan (viscosity: 800,000 mPa s)] have been used. First, rheological studies were conducted on chitosan gels. Mechanical, syringeability and mucoadhesive properties of chitosan gels were determined. Release profiles of econazole nitrate and miconazole nitrate from chitosan gels were obtained and evaluated kinetically. In addition, anticandidal activities of formulations were determined. Finally, vaginal retention of chitosan gels in rats was evaluated by in vivo distribution studies. Based on the results, it can be concluded that gels prepared with medium molecular mass chitosan might be effectively used for different antifungal agents in the treatment of vaginal candidiosis, since it has high mucoadhesiveness, suitable mechanical and release properties with good vaginal retention
Computational design of drug candidates for influenza A virus subtype H1N1 by inhibiting the viral neuraminidase-1 enzyme
Authors: Tambunan Usman Sumo Friend , Parikesit Arli Aditya , Dephinto Yonaniko , Sipahutar Feimmy Ruth Pratiwi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
It is critical to seek potential alternative treatments for H1N1 infections by inhibiting neuraminidase-1 enzyme. One of the viable options for inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase- 1 is peptide drug design. In order to increase peptide stability, cyclization is necessary to prevent its digestion by protease enzyme. Cyclization of peptide ligands by formation of disulfide bridges is preferable for designing inhibitors of neuraminidase-1 because of their high activity and specificity. Here we designed ligands by using molecular docking, drug scan and dynamics computational methods. Based on our docking results, short polypeptides of cystein-arginine-methionine-tyrosine- -proline-cysteine (CRMYPC) and cysteine-arginine-aspargine- phenylalanine-proline-cysteine (CRNFPC) have good residual interactions with the target and the binding energy ΔGbinding of -31.7402 and -31.0144 kcal mol-1, respectively. These values are much lower than those of the standards, and it means that both ligands are more accessible to ligand-receptor binding. Based on drug scan results, both of these ligands are neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic. They also show good oral bioavailability. Moreover, both ligands show relatively stable molecular dynamics progression of RMSD vs. time plot. However, based on our metods, the CRMYPC ligand has sufficient hydrogen bonding interactions with residues of the active side of neuraminidase-1 and can be therefore proposed as a potential inhibitor of neuraminidase-1
Synthesis and preliminary ex vivo evaluation of the spasmolytic activity of 1,3-thiazolium- and 1,3,4-thiadiazolium-5-methylthio- and 5-thioacetate derivatives
Authors: Luis José A. S. , Aquino Thiago M. De , Lira Bruno F. , Filho Petrônio F. A. , Scotti Marcus T. , Scotti Luciana , Moura Ricardo O. De , Junior Francisco J. B. Mendonça 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Seven new compounds have been synthetized in satisfactory yields (51-78 %) through the treatment of mesoionic 1,3-thiazolium-5-thiolate (4a-d) and 1,3,4-thiadiazolium- 5-thiolate (10a,b) with chloroacetic acid or methyl iodide: 1,3,4-thiadiazolium-5-methylthio- (11) and 5-thioacetate (12). The structure of the title compounds was elucidated by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The newly synthesized compounds 5a, 6a, 11 and 12 were evaluated for their ex vivo spasmolytic potential on four isolated smooth muscles (rat aorta and uterus, guinea pig ileum and trachea) and compared with scopolamine. Some of the compounds exhibited potent spasmolytic activity equal to or stronger than scopolamine
An assessment of four running tests used in military training
Authors: Tomczak Andrzej , Stupnicki Romuald 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Study aim: contemporary military activities call for extremely high coordinative motor skills, especially precision, attention focusing and motor adjustment. No obligatory tests assessing those skills are presently used by Polish armed forces. The aim of this study was thus to set up a procedure of assessing running skills involving coordination and motor adjustment, possible to be of military use.
Material and methods: a group of 68 male students aged 22–25 years (23.42 ± 2.1 years) volunteered to participate in the study. The following tests were applied: 15-m sprint, shuttle run 3 × 5 m, 15-m slalom run and 15-m squat (on all fours). The tests were applied twice. The sums of all 4 velocities served as the dependent variable; its total variance was partitioned into percent contributions of the standardised results of 4 running tests.
Results: it turned out that the total variance was explained in 95% by the 15-m sprint and 15-m squat nearly by half the contributions of the other two variables being non-significant. Two indices were constructed: Speed-strength index (W1) and Speed-agility index (W2).
Discussion: the proposed indices representing the speed-strength and speed-agility potentials seem to adequately reflect running-related features required of soldiers performing field tasks. Those indices may also find use in monitoring motor skills of team game players, including their selection.
Multivariate Extreme Value Theory - A Tutorial with Applications to Hydrology and Meteorology
Authors: Dutfoy Anne , Parey Sylvie , Roche Nicolas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we provide a tutorial on multivariate extreme value methods which allows to estimate the risk associated with rare events occurring jointly. We draw particular attention to issues related to extremal dependence and we insist on the asymptotic independence feature. We apply the multivariate extreme value theory on two data sets related to hydrology and meteorology: first, the joint flooding of two rivers, which puts at risk the facilities lying downstream the confluence; then the joint occurrence of high speed wind and low air temperatures, which might affect overhead lines.
Forensic Fiction and the Normalization of Surveillance
Authors: Hausken Liv 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This essay investigates forensic fiction as a trend in televised crime fiction and argues that this trend or subgenre is particularly interesting if we are to understand how surveillance is portrayed in contemporary society. The essay looks particularly into an extremely popular example of forensic fiction, namely CSI and its two spin-offs CSI: NY and CSI: Miami. Through a discussion of the conceptions of knowledge, crime and power, which seem to come forth in the three CSI series, the present article argues that the particular blend of technological optimism, positivism and moralism that can be witnessed in forensic fiction in general, and in CSI in particular, is important to understanding how popular culture lends a certain normalization of surveillance to everyday life
The Americanization of Danish Journalism
Authors: Rasmussen Anders Bo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This article provides two examples of the Americanization of Danish journalism through an examination of Danish journalists’ adaptation of New Journalism and investigative journalism as seen through the pages of the Danish Union of Journalists’ periodical Journalisten. The article answers Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini’s call for more “concrete” studies of the Americanization process. The study demonstrates how news media in the United States, in the two examples provided, have served as an important source of methodological inspiration for Danish journalists from the late 1960s forward
Criticism of the Police in the News
Authors: Pollack Ester , Allern Sigurd 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mediated descriptions of reality are tremendously important to the way the public - and policymakers - perceive the police. The present article analyses how leading news outlets reported and commented on complaints against the Norwegian police during the period 2005-2008. The study is based on content analyses of press and television coverage, with special emphasis on a publicly debated police action in which a student of African origins lost his life. In most cases, news coverage of the police and the investigators of the police is event-driven, and the picture of the police seldom points to institutional or organizational problems. The story is too often one about individual wrongdoings alone. Unfortunately, such media pictures matter and influence policy decisions, especially when they become the point of departure for political debate
Electric Field Distribution in Hybrid Solar Cells Comprising an Organic Donor Polymer and Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Schaefer S. , Albrecht S. , Neher D. , Schulze T. F. , Conrad E. , Korte L. , Rech B. , Wördenweber J. , Gordijn A. , Scherf U. , Dumsch I. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present a study on the performance and analysis of hybrid solar cells comprising a planar heterojunction between between a conjugated donor polymer, P3HT or PCPDTBT, and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). A comparison of the modeled absorption spectra of the layer stack with the measured external quantum efficiency is used to investigate the contribution of the inorganic and organic material to the photocurrent generation in the device. Although both materials contribute to the photocurrent, the devices exhibit poor quantum efficiencies and low short circuit currents. Bandstructure simulations of the hybrid layer structure reveal that an unfavorable electric field distribution within the planar multilayer structure limits the performance. Using electroabsorption measurements we can show that the electric field is extremelyweak in the amorphous silicon but strong in the organic material. The situation changes drasticallywhen the conjugated polymer is p-doped. Doping not only increases the conductivity of the organic material, but also restores the electric field in the amorphous silicon layer. Optimized hybrid solar cells comprising thin doped P3HT layers exhibit energy conversion efficiencies (ECE) up to 2.8 %.
The Impact of the Place of Residence on Middle School Pupils' Attitudes towards Physical Culture
Authors: Dziubiński Zbigniew , Magdziarz Beata 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction. Differences and inequalities connected with the place where a person lives are a subject of interest to social sciences, sociology in particular. Empirical findings indicate that residents of urban and rural areas differ significantly in terms of such variables as physical development, health condition, life expectancy, affluence, education level, access to power, cultural capital and so on. It is interesting to check whether the above regularity also applies to young people's attitudes towards physical culture. The aim of this study was to examine attitudes which middle school pupils (ages between 13 and 16) in Poland's urban and rural areas held to physical culture. Material and methods. The study involved a survey conducted between 10th November 2011 and 10th March 2012 on a purposive sample of 336 children. They were pupils aged 13-16 in two middle schools in Świętokrzyskie province: the Jan Karski no. 4 Middle School in the city of Kielce and the John Paul II Middle School in the village of Masłów, Kielce county. The diagnostic poll method was used in the study and an original, categorised poll was the research tool. The surveying technique was an auditorium questionnaire. Results. After analysis, empirical data obtained from the survey shows that the place of residence causes slights differences in middle school pupils' attitudes towards physical culture. The data allows for the conclusion that pupils from urban areas possess a little better knowledge of physical culture than their peers from rural areas. Pupils from villages have, in turn, a slightly more positive emotional approach to physical culture than pupils in cities. Urban middle school pupils manifest more positive behaviours within physical culture than rural pupils. The place of residence does not cause such striking differences in attitudes to physical culture as it does in other social and cultural variables, such as affluence, education level, access to power, health condition, fitness, participation in culture and so on.
The Place of Tourism in Promotional Policy of Communes from Eastern Poland
Authors: Zalech Mirosław 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction. Promotion in managing local government units constitutes a significant element of communication with various groups of stakeholders, mainly with inhabitants and tourists. This instrument is playing a more and more significant role in the competition for limited resources. Therefore, its significance for territorial marketing is growing. The aim of the study was to identify the directions and range of promotional activity undertaken by communes taking into account their type and financial resources devoted to fulfilling tasks within this area and to define their competitive position. Material and methods. The research was conducted in compliance with the principles of indirect measurement method and data were collected with the use of a questionnaire. Additionally, statistical methods and the author's own method of “assessing promotional position” of local government units were used. The analysis included results obtained from 50 communes from eastern Poland (27 rural, 10 urban and 13 urban-rural communes). Results and conclusions. The research made it possible to identify the competitive position of a commune concerning its promotional activity aimed at inhabitants and tourists, taking into account its territorial range. Additionally, differences in using particular promotional tools were revealed and differences concerning the territorial range and segments which the activities undertaken by the communes are aimed at were noted. The calculations showed the correlation between money spent on promotion by the examined units and their general revenue.
Irrigation network design and reconstruction and its analysis by simulation model
Authors: Čistý Milan , Bajtek Zbynek , Becová Anna 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
There are many problems related to pipe network rehabilitation, the main one being how to provide an increase in the hydraulic capacity of a system. Because of its complexity the conventional optimizations techniques are poorly suited for solving this task. In recent years some successful attempts to apply modern heuristic methods to this problem have been published. The main part of the paper deals with applying such technique, namely the harmony search methodology, to network rehabilitation optimization considering both technical and economic aspects of the problem. A case study of the sprinkler irrigation system is presented in detail. Two alternatives of the rehabilitation design are compared. The modified linear programming method is used first with new diameters proposed in the existing network so it could satisfy the increased demand conditions with the unchanged topology. This solution is contrasted to the looped one obtained using a harmony search algorithm
The Research of Historical Trusses in Northern Regions of Slovakia
Authors: Korenková Renáta , Krušinský Peter 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The blanket research of historical trusses in the territory of Slovakia has been running at our department since 2008. This research is done as teamwork in cooperation with experts from the field of conservation, and it is mainly focused on typology, construction, and the current technical and constructional state of investigated trusses. The long-time support of the grant scheme from the Ministry of Culture allows to get a fair amount of different data related to individual buildings and structures, which enables to carry out the in-depth research. In terms of their conservation and maintenance with an effort to extend their lifetime (the oldest known historical trusses in Slovakia are those of the 13th century), it is necessary to look into the microclimate impact of the under-roof space on wooden roof structures as well as to monitor the contemporary constructional and technical condition of a roof structure itself. The suitable microclimate in the under-roof space is influenced by a number of marginal conditions, constructional solutions of roof details, proper space ventilation etc
Precipitation of heavy metals from acid mine drainage and their geochemical modeling
Authors: Petrilakova Aneta , Balintova Magdalena , Holub Marian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Geochemical modeling plays an increasingly vital role in a number of areas of geoscience, ranging from groundwater and surface water hydrology to environmental preservation and remediation. Geochemical modeling is also used to model the interaction processes at the water - sediment interface in acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD contains high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals and it is a serious environmental problem in eastern Slovakia. The paper is focused on comparing the results of laboratory precipitation of metal ions from AMD (the Smolnik creek, Slovakia) with the results obtained by geochemical modeling software Visual Minteq 3.0.