bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of observed and model‐derived soil moisture‐evaporative fraction relationships over the United States Southern Great Plains
Authors: Ford Trent W. , Wulff Christoph O. , Quiring Steven M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe relationship between soil moisture (SM) and evaporative fraction (EF) is an important component of land‐atmosphere interactions. Frequently, land‐atmosphere studies are based on land‐surface models and not on observations. This study examines SM‐EF interactions over the United States Southern Great Plains using both in situ observations and simulations from the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model. Specifically, we evaluate how the relationship between SM and EF varies by season, we determine why these variations occur, and we compare model‐derived and observed SM‐energy flux relationships. Data from four sites (2004–2008) that are part of the United States Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement—Southern Great Plains network are used in this study. Results show that SM‐EF interactions in both the model and observations are in general agreement with the evaporative regime theory described in past studies. That is, EF is a linear function of SM when SM is between the wilting point and the critical value, and when SM is above the critical value, EF is not dependent on SM. However, SM‐EF relationships vary substantially from year to year. EF is a linear function of SM only when daily net radiation is above normal. Our results suggest that the strength of SM‐EF interactions is not solely controlled by soil wetness but is also strongly influenced by daily net radiation and meteorological conditions.
Turbulence regimes and the validity of similarity theory in the stable boundary layer over complex terrain of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Liang Jiening , Zhang Lei , Wang Ying , Cao Xianjie , Zhang Qiang , Wang Hongbin , Zhang Beidou 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo gain an insight into the characteristics of turbulence in a stable boundary layer over the complex terrain of the Loess Plateau, data from the Semi‐Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University are analyzed. We propose a method to identify and efficiently isolate nonstationary motions from turbulence series, and then we examine the characteristics of nonstationary motions (nonstationary motions refer to gusty events on a greater scale than local shear‐generated turbulence). The occurrence frequency of nonstationary motions is found to depend on the mean flow, being more frequent in weak wind conditions and vanishing when the wind speed, U, is greater than 3.0 m s−1. When U exceeds the threshold value of 1.0 m s−1 for the gradient Richardson number Ri ≤ 0.3 and 1.5 m s−1 for Ri > 0.3, local shear‐generated turbulence on timescales of less than 4 min depends systematically on U with an average rate of 0.05 U. However, for the weak wind condition, neither the mean wind speed nor the stability is an important factor for local turbulence. Then turbulence is categorized into three regimes based on the behaviors of nonstationary motions and local turbulence. Regime 1 considers stationary turbulence with a wind speed greater than 3.0 m s−1, and the Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) can be used to calculate the turbulence momentum flux. Regime 2 examines intermittent turbulence where the MOST is competent to evaluate the local turbulence momentum flux but not nonstationary motions. Regime 3 involves wind speed that is less than the threshold value, where nonstationary motions are dominant, local turbulence is independent of the mean flow, and where the MOST may well be invalid.
Predictions of the solar wind speed by the probability distribution function model
Authors: Bussy‐Virat C. D. , Ridley A. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe near‐Earth space environment is strongly driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. This study presents a model for predicting the solar wind speed up to 5 days in advance. Probability distribution functions (PDFs) were created that relate the current solar wind speed and slope to the future solar wind speed, as well as the solar wind speed to the solar wind speed one solar rotation in the future. It was found that a major limitation of this type of technique is that the solar wind periodicity is close to 27 days but can be from about 22 to 32 days. Further, the optimum lag between two solar rotations can change from day to day, making a prediction of the future solar wind speed based solely on the solar wind speed approximately 27 days ago quite difficult. It was found that using a linear combination of the solar wind speed one solar rotation ago and a prediction of the solar wind speed based on the current speed and slope is optimal. The linear weights change as a function of the prediction horizon, with shorter prediction times putting more weight on the prediction based on the current solar wind speed and the longer prediction times based on an even spread between the two. For all prediction horizons from 8 h up to 120 h, the PDF Model is shown to be better than using the current solar wind speed (i.e., persistence), and better than the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge Model for prediction horizons of 24 h.
Paleocene‐Eocene foreland basin evolution in the Himalaya of southern Tibet and Nepal: Implications for the age of initial India‐Asia collision
Authors: DeCelles P. G. , Kapp P. , Gehrels G. E. , Ding L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSiliciclastic sedimentary rocks derived from the southern Lhasa terrane, sitting depositionally upon rocks of the northern Indian passive continental margin, provide an estimate of the age of initial contact between the continental parts of the Indian and Asian plates. We report sedimentological, sedimentary petrological, and geochronological data from Upper Cretaceous‐Paleocene strata in the Sangdanlin section, located along the southern flank of the Indus‐Yarlung suture zone in southern Tibet. This is probably the most proximal, and therefore the oldest, record of the India‐Asia collision. These strata were deposited by high‐density turbidity currents (or concentrated density flows) and suspension settling of pelagic biogenic debris in a deep‐marine setting. An abrupt change from quartz‐arenitic to feldspatholithic sandstone compositions marks the transition from Indian to Asian sediment provenance. The abrupt compositional change is accompanied by changes in U‐Pb ages of detrital zircons diagnostic of a sediment provenance reversal, from Indian to Asian sources. The timing of the transition is bracketed between ~60 Ma and 58.5 ± 0.6 Ma by detrital zircon U‐Pb ages and zircon U‐Pb ages from a tuffaceous bed in the upper part of the section. In the context of a palinspastically restored regional paleogeographic framework, data from the Sangdanlin section combined with previously published data from the northern Tethyan Himalaya and the frontal Nepalese Lesser Himalaya and Subhimalaya suggest that a flexural wave migrated ~1300 km southward across what is now the Himalayan thrust belt from Paleocene time to the present.
Exterior Vehicle Noise Development: Assessment and Control
Authors: Fernández Ismael , García‐Bonito Juan J. , Iturbe Javier 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Noise in modern cities has reached levels great enough to affect the comfort and well‐being of citizens and vehicle exterior noise is the main contributor to this situation.
Various laws have entered into force since 1970 to control exterior noise from vehicles, and over the last 40 years the automotive industry has made a great effort to reduce vehicle noise levels.
However, over the last 15 years the automotive industry's efforts to reduce vehicle noise have not been reflected in a reduction in urban noise because the actual test procedure does not reflect real driving conditions in our cities. Then, a new measuring procedure has recently been developed. This new procedure has not entered into force yet. In it vehicles are tested in accelerating and constant speed conditions, allowing better representativeness of average urban use conditions of vehicles.
Association of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Ethnicity: Results From a Multiethnic Multicenter Canadian Cohort
Authors: Levy Deborah M. , Peschken Christine A. , Tucker Lori B. , Chédeville Gaëlle , Huber Adam M. , Pope Janet E. ,   Canadian Network for Improved Outcomes in SLE (CaNIOS) 1000 Faces Investigators, Silverman Earl D. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of ethnicity on self‐reported health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in the Canadian childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) population.MethodsPatients with cSLE at 4 pediatric centers were consecutively enrolled. Sociodemographics and multiple disease activity measures were collected. The Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) was administered and analyzed by ethnicity.ResultsWe enrolled 213 cSLE patients, and complete data from 196 patients with the following ethnicities were analyzed: white (33%), Asian (32%), South Asian (16%), African American (11%), Latino/Hispanic (5%), and Aboriginal (4%). Compared to healthy children, cSLE patients rated their HRQOL significantly more poorly in 9 of 10 individual domains, and in 4 of 10 domains when compared to a cohort of juvenile arthritis patients. Within the cSLE cohort, CHQ scores were lower in 5 of 10 domains in white patients versus nonwhite ethnicities (P < 0.05 for each). Physical summary scores were lower for white patients compared to the other ethnicities aggregated together (mean ± SD 46.0 ± 11.9 versus 50.4 ± 10.1; P = 0.009); however, psychosocial summary scores were similar among the groups (mean ± SD 40.5 ± 14.6 versus 42.8 ± 12.7; P = 0.26). Disease activity measures, including the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000, the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure, Revised, and physician global visual analog scale, were similar across ethnicities. However, patient‐reported Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Questionnaire symptom scores were greater in patients of white ethnicity compared to those of Asian ethnicity (mean ± SD 8.2 ± 5.8 versus 4.5 ± 4.7; P = 0.004).ConclusionThe self‐ and parent‐reported health status of Canadian cSLE patients differed across ethnicities, with white patients reporting lower HRQOL despite similar and overall low disease activity.
Switching Treatment Between Mycophenolate Mofetil and Azathioprine in Lupus Patients: Indications and Outcomes
Authors: Al Maimouni Hesham , Gladman Dafna D. , Ibañez Dominique , Urowitz Murray B. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the reasons for changing treatment from mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to azathioprine (AZA) or vice versa in lupus patients and to evaluate the effect of the change.MethodsLupus patients were identified from the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic database. Global disease activity in the 6 months prior to the change in therapy and 6 months after the change was calculated. The reasons for changing therapy were identified.ResultsOne hundred eight switches occurred among 92 lupus patients: 89 switches from AZA to MMF and 19 from MMF to AZA. There was significant improvement in disease activity in the 6 months after drug switching compared to the 6 months prior to the switch when the reason was a drug failure. There was no statistically significant deterioration in disease activity in the 6 months after drug switching when the reason for the switch was a side effect, pregnancy, renal transplant, or financial. In the 19 patients who switched because of side effects, 15 (79%) had resolution of the side effects.ConclusionSwitching from AZA to MMF is most often due to AZA failure, whereas switching from MMF to AZA is mostly due to side effects and pregnancy. When the reason for the switch was drug failure, improvement in disease activity occurred and there was a reduction of steroid dose after 6 months. When the reason for switching was something other than drug failure, there was no deterioration in global disease activity. Switching for side effects usually resulted in elimination of the side effect.
Time Trends in Glucocorticoid Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Population‐Based Inception Cohort, 1980–1994 Versus 1995–2007
Authors: Makol Ashima , Davis John M. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Therneau Terry M. , Gabriel Sherine E. , Matteson Eric L. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo examine trends in glucocorticoid (GC) use and dosing among patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over time.MethodsA population‐based inception cohort of RA patients diagnosed during 1980–2007 was followed longitudinally through their medical records until death, migration, or December 31, 2008. GC start and stop dates were collected, along with doses in prednisone equivalents.ResultsThe study population comprised 349 patients (68% women) diagnosed in 1980–1994 and 464 (69% women) diagnosed in 1995–2007, with a median followup of 15.3 and 5.7 years, respectively. A higher proportion of patients started GCs in their first year of disease in 1995–2007 (68% versus 36%; P < 0.001), but the starting dose (mean 8.7 versus 10.3 mg; P = 0.08) and cumulative dose in the first year of use (mean 1.8g [mean daily dose 4.9 mg] versus 2.1 gm [mean daily dose 5.8 mg]; P = 0.48) were not different. A higher proportion also discontinued GCs in their first year of disease in the 1995–2007 cohort (P < 0.001). These differences in GC initiation and discontinuation persisted throughout followup. Prevalence of GC use was higher in the 1995–2007 cohort for the first 3 years of disease.ConclusionMore patients are starting GCs early in their disease course now compared to previously, which is consistent with established treatment guidelines. A higher proportion are also discontinuing GCs, but the proportion of patients taking GCs at any given point of disease during the first 4 years is higher now than previously. Despite early addition of a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug, some patients may not be able to discontinue GCs over the long term.
Non‐linear associations between stature and mate choice characteristics for American men and their spouses
Authors: Stulp Gert , Mills Melinda , Pollet Thomas V. , Barrett Louise 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesAlthough male height is positively associated with many aspects of mate quality, average height men attain higher reproductive success in US populations. We hypothesize that this is because the advantages associated with taller stature accrue mainly from not being short, rather than from being taller than average. Lower fertility by short men may be a consequence of their and their partner's lower scores on aspects of mate quality. Taller men, although they score higher on mate quality compared to average height men, may have lower fertility because they are more likely to be paired with taller women, who are potentially less fertile.MethodsWe analyzed data from The Integrated Health Interview Series (IHIS) of the United States (N = 165,606). Segmented regression was used to examine patterns across the height continuum.ResultsOn all aspects of own and partner quality, shorter men scored lower than both average height and taller men. Height more strongly predicted these aspects when moving from short to average height, than when moving from average to taller heights. Women of a given height who scored lower on mate quality also had shorter partners.ConclusionsShorter men faced a double disadvantage with respect to both their own mate quality and that of their spouses. Scores of taller men were only marginally higher than those of average height men, suggesting that being tall is less important than not being short. Although effect sizes were small, our results may partly explain why shorter and taller men have lower fertility than those of average stature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:530–537, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal‐Free Triplet Phosphors with High Emission Efficiency and High Tunability
Authors: Koch Michael , Perumal Karthikeyan , Blacque Olivier , Garg Jai Anand , Saiganesh Ramanathan , Kabilan Senthamaraikannan , Balasubramanian Kallupattu Kuppusamy , Venkatesan Koushik 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDesign of highly efficient phosphorescent emitters based on metal‐ and heavy atom‐free boron compounds has been demonstrated by taking advantage of the singlet fission process. The combination of a suitable molecular scaffold and appropriate electronic nature of the substituents has been utilized to tailor the phosphorescence emission properties in solution, neat solid, and in doped PMMA thin films.
Highly Reactive Nonheme Iron(III) Iodosylarene Complexes in Alkane Hydroxylation and Sulfoxidation Reactions
Authors: Hong Seungwoo , Wang Bin , Seo Mi Sook , Lee Yong‐Min , Kim Myoung Jin , Kim Hyung Rok , Ogura Takashi , Garcia‐Serres Ricardo , Clémancey Martin , Latour Jean‐Marc , Nam Wonwoo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh‐spin iron(III) iodosylarene complexes bearing an N‐methylated cyclam ligand are synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic methods. The nonheme high‐spin iron(III) iodosylarene intermediates are highly reactive oxidants capable of activating strong CH bonds of alkanes; the reactivity of the iron(III) iodosylarene intermediates is much greater than that of the corresponding iron(IV) oxo complex. The electrophilic character of the iron(III) iodosylarene complexes is demonstrated in sulfoxidation reactions.
Controlled Directional Water‐Droplet Spreading on a High‐Adhesion Surface
Authors: Feng Shile , Wang Sijie , Gao Longcheng , Li Guangjun , Hou Yongping , Zheng Yongmei 
Published: May 2014

AbstractControlled directional spreading of a droplet on a smart high‐adhesion surface was made possible by simply controlling anodic oxidation. The wettability gradient of the surface was controlled from 0.14 to 3.38° mm−1 by adjusting the anodic oxidation conditions. When a water droplet made contact with the substrate, the droplet immediately spread in the direction of the wettability gradient but did not move in other directions, such as those perpendicular to the gradient direction, even when the surface was turned upside down. The spreading behavior was mainly controlled by the wettability gradient. Surfaces with a V‐ or inverse‐V‐shaped wettability gradient were also formed by the same method, and two droplets on these surfaces spread either toward or away from one another as designed. This method could be used to oxidize many conductive substrates (e.g., copper, aluminum) to form surfaces with variously shaped wettability gradients. It has potential for application in microfluidic devices.
Formation of Mesoporous Heterostructured BiVO4/Bi2S3 Hollow Discoids with Enhanced Photoactivity
Authors: Gao Xuehui , Wu Hao Bin , Zheng Lingxia , Zhong Yijun , Hu Yong , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSemiconductor heterostructures are of great interest in a wide range of applications. In this work, we design and synthesize a novel heteronanostructure with controlled relative composition, i.e., BiVO4/Bi2S3 hollow discoid‐like particles with mesoporous shell. The synthesis involves a facile anion exchange process by reacting pre‐synthesized BiVO4 discoid‐like particles with Na2S in an aqueous solution. Benefiting from the unique structural features and the formation of heterostructure, the as‐prepared BiVO4/Bi2S3 hollow discoids exhibit significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical current response and photocatalytic activity for reduction of CrVI under visible‐light illumination.
Mapping of the Photoinduced Electron Traps in TiO2 by Picosecond X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Rittmann‐Frank M. Hannelore , Milne Chris J. , Rittmann Jochen , Reinhard Marco , Penfold Thomas J. , Chergui Majed 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTitanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most popular material for applications in solar‐energy conversion and photocatalysis, both of which rely on the creation, transport, and trapping of charges (holes and electrons). The nature and lifetime of electron traps at room temperature have so far not been elucidated. Herein, we use picosecond X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ti K‐edge and the Ru L3‐edge to address this issue for photoexcited bare and N719‐dye‐sensitized anatase and amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles. Our results show that 100 ps after photoexcitation, the electrons are trapped deep in the defect‐rich surface shell in the case of anatase TiO2, whereas they are inside the bulk in the case of amorphous TiO2. In the case of dye‐sensitized anatase or amorphous TiO2, the electrons are trapped at the outer surface. Only two traps were identified in all cases, with lifetimes in the range of nanoseconds to tens of nanoseconds.
Vinyl Dihydropyrans and Dihydrooxazines: Cyclizations of Catalytic Ruthenium Carbenes Derived from Alkynals and Alkynones
Authors: Cambeiro Fermín , López Susana , Varela Jesús A. , Saá Carlos 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA novel synthesis of 2‐vinyldihydropyrans and dihydro‐1,4‐oxazines (morpholine derivatives) from alkynals and alkynones has been developed. The cyclizations require a mild generation of catalytic ruthenium carbenes from terminal alkynes and (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane followed by trapping with carbonyl nucleophiles. Mechanistic aspects of the new cyclizations are discussed.
Numerical simulations to evaluate basic geometrical shapes as headers for equal liquid flow distribution
Authors: Darekar Mayur , Singh K. K. , Shenoy K. T. , Kundu G. , Rao H. , Ghosh S. K. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe study presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for evaluation of basic geometrical shapes as headers for equal liquid flow distribution. The headers that have been evaluated are conical header, cylindrical header, pyramidal header, rectangular header and spherical header. The computational approach used in the study has been validated by comparing predictions of numerical simulations with experimental results for a cylindrical header. The effects of volume of header, flow rate, diameter of outlets and pressure imbalance at outlets on flow distribution have been studied. At low flow rates, there is no significant difference in the performance of the headers of different geometrical shapes. At higher flow rates, spherical header is found to be better. The possibility of ensuring equal flow distribution by having outlets of varying cross‐sectional area is discussed. The results reported in the study provide useful insights relevant for header design problems. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of biomass ash thermal decomposition by thermogravimetry using raw and artificial ashes
Authors: Li Qinghai , Meng Aihong , Li Li , Zhou Hui , Zhang Yanguo 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe effects of alkali oxide (K2O), calcium oxide (CaO) and ratio of silicon oxide to aluminum oxide (SiO2/Al2O3) on the thermal decomposition of biomass ashes and artificial ashes were examined by using thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis. It was observed that mass losses due to mineral evolution from the ashes mainly occur during three temperature ranges: (a) low temperature, 70–250 °C; (b) moderate temperature, 350–450 °C; and (c) high temperature, 600–1100 °C. The ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 almost have no obvious effects of on the mass loss. The CaO content mainly contributes to the peaks at moderate temperature. The alkali contents show clear effects on the TG and DTG curves. The apparent activation energy and pre‐exponential factor were obtained based on the first‐order assumption for the separate splitting consecutive reaction. The kinetic analysis of the thermal decomposition of biomass ashes to some extent confirms that the initial deformation temperature during ash fusion test is susceptible to the K2O evolution at low temperature. It also helps understand the inorganic compounds partitioning during the biomass combustions and thereof effects on the ash fusion temperature. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.