bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen affinity and antigen dose exert distinct influences on CD4 T-cell differentiation
Authors: Keck Simone , Schmaler Mathias , Ganter Stefan , Wyss Lena , Oberle Susanne , Huseby Eric S. , Zehn Dietmar , King Carolyn G. 
Published: September 2014

SignificanceT-cell receptor recognition of antigen is an essential first step in the initiation of a T-cell response. This report demonstrates that CD4 T cells responding during an infection can discriminate between antigen affinity and antigen dose, resulting in distinct types of effector and memory cell generation. Moreover, memory T cells “remember” the strength of primary T-cell activation and maintain a biased recall response upon secondary infection. These data reveal that antigen affinity exerts an important influence on T-cell differentiation that is not compensated for by high antigen dose. Understanding the rules of CD4 T-cell differentiation is integral to effective vaccine design.
Hybrid polarizing solids for pure hyperpolarized liquids through dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization
Authors: Gajan David , Bornet Aurélien , Vuichoud Basile , Milani Jonas , Melzi Roberto , van Kalkeren Henri A. , Veyre Laurent , Thieuleux Chloé , Conley Matthew P. , Grüning Wolfram R. , Schwarzwälder Martin , Lesage Anne , Copéret Christophe , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Emsley Lyndon , Jannin Sami 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization can dramatically enhance signal intensities in MRI and NMR, notably for metabolic tracers for imaging and diagnosis. It is applicable to a variety of substrates for in vivo imaging and chemistry but requires the use of contaminants (glassing agents and free radicals) that may interact with cells and proteins and can have potential side effects. These contaminants can sometimes be eliminated by precipitation followed by filtration or solvent extraction, but these methods are substrate-specific, are usually time-consuming, and typically result in signal loss. Here, production of pure hyperpolarized liquids free of contaminants is shown by a simple wetting–polarization–filtration sequence for a solid silica matrix containing homogeneously distributed persistent radicals.
Single nanoparticle detection using split-mode microcavity Raman lasers
Authors: Li Bei-Bei , Clements William R. , Yu Xiao-Chong , Shi Kebin , Gong Qihuang , Xiao Yun-Feng 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Optical sensing with ultrahigh sensitivity of single nanoscale objects is strongly desirable for applications in various fields, such as in early-stage diagnosis of human diseases and in environmental monitoring, as well as in homeland security. In this article, we report an optical technique for single nanoparticle detection in both air and an aqueous environment, with an ultralow detection limit.
ICAM-1 as a molecular target for triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Guo Peng , Huang Jing , Wang Liya , Jia Di , Yang Jiang , Dillon Deborah A. , Zurakowski David , Mao Hui , Moses Marsha A. , Auguste Debra T. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have a poor prognosis (5-y survival of 74.5%) among all breast cancer patients (5-y survival of greater than 95%) because of the aggressiveness of the disease and the lack of targeted therapeutics. We show that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is differentially expressed in human TNBC tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry and in human TNBC cell lines via quantification of gene and protein expression. Iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with ICAM-1 antibody (ICAM-IONP) were synthesized as MRI probes. An in vivo signal enhancement of 2.6-fold for ICAM-IONPs was measured relative to controls, demonstrating that ICAM-1 is a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for TNBC treatment.
Entrained neural oscillations in multiple frequency bands comodulate behavior
Authors: Henry Molly J. , Herrmann Björn , Obleser Jonas 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Our sensory environment is teeming with complex rhythmic structure, but how do environmental rhythms (such as those present in speech or music) affect our perception? In a human electroencephalography study, we investigated how auditory perception is affected when brain rhythms (neural oscillations) synchronize with the complex rhythmic structure in synthetic sounds that possess rhythmic characteristics similar to speech. We found that neural phase in multiple frequency bands synchronized with the complex stimulus rhythm and interacted to determine target-detection performance. Critically, the influence of neural oscillations on target-detection performance was present only for frequency bands synchronized with the rhythmic structure of the stimuli. Our results elucidate how multiple frequency bands shape the effective neural processing of environmental stimuli.
Short- and long-term effects of unemployment on fertility
Authors: Currie Janet , Schwandt Hannes 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Fertility falls when unemployment rises, but there may be no long-run effect if women simply postpone childbearing. We analyze the effects of unemployment by following fixed cohorts of US-born women defined by their own state and year of birth. We find that a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate experienced between the ages of 20 and 24 reduces the short-run fertility of women in this age range by six conceptions per 1,000 women. When these women are followed to age 40, a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate experienced at 20 to 24 is associated with an overall loss of 14.2 conceptions. This larger long-term effect is driven largely by women who remain childless.
Probing biological nanotopology via diffusion of weakly constrained plasmonic nanorods with optical coherence tomography
Authors: Chhetri Raghav K. , Blackmon Richard L. , Wu Wei-Chen , Hill David B. , Button Brian , Casbas-Hernandez Patricia , Troester Melissa A. , Tracy Joseph B. , Oldenburg Amy L. 
Published: September 2014

SignificanceMany diseases are characterized by nanostructural changes in connective fibers and soluble proteins, which can indicate or drive disease progression. Noninvasive methods sensitive to nanotopological changes in 3D tissue models can elucidate biophysical changes associated with disease progression. Nanoparticles probe their environment via their diffusion, which is impacted by the size and connectivity of pores into which they freely diffuse. Here, we show that optical coherence tomography provides depth-resolved imaging of gold nanorods (GNRs) to infer local biological nanotopology. We demonstrate the broad potential of this method by sensing changes in diffusion of GNRs in 3D models of mammary ECM and pulmonary mucus.
Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought
Authors: Grossiord Charlotte , Granier André , Ratcliffe Sophia , Bouriaud Olivier , Bruelheide Helge , Chećko Ewa , Forrester David Ian , Dawud Seid Muhie , Finér Leena , Pollastrini Martina , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael , Valladares Fernando , Bonal Damien , Gessler Arthur 
Published: September 2014

Significance
In the context of climate change, expected drier and warmer environmental conditions will have drastic consequences on forest functions and services and may bring about important drought-induced die-off events. Biodiversity promotes forest ecosystem performance and resistance to insect pests and diseases, but whether or not diverse forests are also better adapted to deal with drought stress remains unknown. Within our study network of 160 forest stands across Europe, we found that mixed species forests are less exposed to drought stress in some regions only. Therefore, managing forest ecosystems for high tree species diversity does not necessarily assure improved resistance to the more severe and frequent drought events predicted for the future.
The hereditary spastic paraplegia-related enzyme DDHD2 is a principal brain triglyceride lipase
Authors: Inloes Jordon M. , Hsu Ku-Lung , Dix Melissa M. , Viader Andreu , Masuda Kim , Takei Thais , Wood Malcolm R. , Cravatt Benjamin F. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Many rare human genetic disorders are caused by mutations in genes that code for proteins of poorly characterized function. Determining the functions of these proteins is critical for understanding and devising potential treatments for human diseases. In this article, we discover using a combination of mouse genetic models, selective inhibitors, and lipid profiling that the DDHD2 enzyme, mutations of which cause a neurological disease termed complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), acts as a major brain triglyceride hydrolase. Mice lacking DDHD2 have elevated brain triglycerides and lipid droplet accumulation in neurons. We have thus discovered that the brain possesses a specialized pathway for triglyceride metabolism, disruption of which leads to biochemical and cellular changes that may contribute to complex HSP.
A new flavanone and other flavonoids from green perilla leaf extract inhibit nitric oxide production in interleukin 1β-treated hepatocytes
Authors: Nakajima Ayaka , Yamamoto Yuka , Yoshinaka Nao , Namba Mayuri , Matsuo Hirotaka , Okuyama Tetsuya , Yoshigai Emi , Okumura Tadayoshi , Nishizawa Mikio , Ikeya Yukinobu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A new flavanone, shisoflavanone A (1), and several flavonoids were purified from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of green perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa form viridis), and their structures were identified. Shisoflavanone A was elucidated as 8-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavanone based on its spectral data. Other constituents of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, i.e. 5,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (2), negletein (5,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone) (3), luteolin (4), apigenin (5), esculetin (6), and protocatechuic acid (7), were identified. This is the first time that constituents 2, 3, and 6 have been found in green perilla. Shisoflavanone A and the other constituents (except 7) significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in interleukin 1β-stimulated rat hepatocytes, which have been used to monitor the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal constituents. The present findings suggest that these constituents, including shisoflavanone A, may be involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of green perilla leaves.
Hybrid Bayesian-rank integration approach improves the predictive power of genomic dataset aggregation
Authors: Badgeley Marcus A. , Sealfon Stuart C. , Chikina Maria D. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Motivation : Modern molecular technologies allow the collection of large amounts of high-throughput data on the functional attributes of genes. Often multiple technologies and study designs are used to address the same biological question such as which genes are overexpressed in a specific disease state. Consequently, there is considerable interest in methods that can integrate across datasets to present a unified set of predictions.
Results : An important aspect of data integration is being able to account for the fact that datasets may differ in how accurately they capture the biological signal of interest. While many methods to address this problem exist, they always rely either on dataset internal statistics, which reflect data structure and not necessarily biological relevance, or external gold standards, which may not always be available. We present a new rank aggregation method for data integration that requires neither external standards nor internal statistics but relies on Bayesian reasoning to assess dataset relevance. We demonstrate that our method outperforms established techniques and significantly improves the predictive power of rank-based aggregations. We show that our method, which does not require an external gold standard, provides reliable estimates of dataset relevance and allows the same set of data to be integrated differently depending on the specific signal of interest.
Availability : The method is implemented in R and is freely available at http://www.pitt.edu/~mchikina/BIRRA/
Contact : mchikina@pitt.edu
Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Gottlob Frege
Authors: Beaney Michael 
Published: September 2014

Gottlob Frege (b. 1848–d. 1925) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy—together with Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Frege’s main project was to demonstrate the logicist thesis that arithmetic can be reduced to logic. In attempting to do so, he revolutionized logical theory, creating the first system of modern predicate logic in his first book, Begriffsschrift (1879; the term is often left untranslated: see Main Works). In The Foundations of Arithmetic (Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884), he offered an informal account of his logicist project, showing how the natural numbers could be defined as extensions of (logically definable) concepts—roughly, what we would now call sets or classes. In Basic Laws of Arithmetic (Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Vol. 1 [1893], Vol. 2 [1903]), he then set out to demonstrate formally, using his logical system, that arithmetic could be reduced to logic. Between the Foundations and Basic Laws he thought through—and revised—his underlying philosophical ideas, explaining them in three of his most influential essays: “Function and Concept” (1891), “On Sense and Reference” (1892), and “On Concept and Object” (1892). In 1902, however, as the second volume of Basic Laws was in press, Russell wrote to Frege informing him of a contradiction that he had discovered in Frege’s system—now known as Russell’s paradox. Frege attempted to resolve the paradox in a hastily written appendix, but he soon realized that the attempt failed and he abandoned his logicist project. He continued to work on his philosophical and logical ideas, though, planning but never completing a textbook on logic; what survived was eventually published posthumously. In the last years of his life he wrote three essays in a series called “Logical Investigations,” the first of which—“Thought”—has also been much discussed and cited. Frege influenced Russell, Rudolf Carnap (who attended two of his lecture courses), and especially Wittgenstein; however, it was only after his death that the significance of his work began to be widely recognized, and it was not until after the Second World War that his writings began to be translated into English (the only exception being the opening thirty pages of Basic Laws, which had appeared in 1915–1917). Today Frege’s place in the history of philosophy is secure, and interest in his work is still blossoming, not just in Anglo-American analytic philosophy, but also right across the world. (Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Gottfried Gabriel, Robert May, and Kai Wehmeier for comments on the first draft of this article and suggestions for additions.)
Giordano Bruno
Authors: Gatti Hilary 
Published: September 2014

Giordano Bruno of Nola near Naples in Italy (b. 1548–d. 1600) was one of the major natural philosophers of the Italian renaissance. He is also remembered for his turbulent life of exile and dissent that took him to most of the cultural centers of renaissance Europe. He died dramatically, burned at the stake as an unrepentant heretic in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome. During a brief period of intense intellectual activity, between 1582 and 1591, Bruno composed thirty works, in various European capitals where he visited and taught (including Paris, London, Wittenberg, Prague, and Frankfurt). Seven of those works were written in Italian and the rest in Latin. They covered a large variety of subjects. Some of his major works were concerned with propagating and supporting a post-Copernican cosmology that he expanded to infinite dimensions. He also proposed a meditation on the infinitely small or minimum quantity that established his reputation as one of the first modern atomists. Other works deal with the art of memory and the pictorial logic of Raymond Lull, both of which he opposed to the dominant Aristotelian logic and the increasingly complex and abstract mathematics of his time. He was concerned with the epic religious, social, and political upheavals of the Europe of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, both of which he attacked from the perspective of an anti-ecclesiastical polemic that privileged a search for the divine within the natural world. Magical and Hermetic strands of thought that, from his earliest works, accompanied this stand in favor of a natural religion came to dominate a final period of creative activity expressed in a number of incomplete and unpublished manuscripts, discovered and published only in the 19th century. Bruno’s return to Italy in 1591 ended in an eight-year-long trial at the hands of the Roman Catholic Inquisition, first in Venice and then in Rome, that has been the subject of much study both for the complexity of the religious doctrines debated and for his final stand in favor of freedom of thought, which led to his tragic death.
Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell
Authors: Phillippy Patricia 
Published: September 2014

Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell (b. 1540–d. 1609) was the seventh child and fourth daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke and his wife, Anne Fitzwilliam. With the ascension of Edward VI in 1547, Cooke became tutor to the nine-year-old king, a position he held until Edward’s death in 1553. Cooke also dedicated himself to the education of his children, both male and female. The Cooke sisters, as they became known to contemporaries, benefited with their brothers from a humanist education grounded in Greek and Latin languages and texts. By the age of twelve, Elizabeth Cooke was fluent in Latin, Greek, and French. Mildred, her eldest sister, was a noted Greek scholar and the wife of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I throughout most of her reign. Anne Cooke married Sir Nicholas Bacon, the queen’s keeper of the Great Seal. She translated fourteen Italian sermons by Bernardino Ochino, as well as Bishop John Jewel’s Latin Apology for the Church of England. Katherine married Sir Henry Killigrew and was the author of Latin poems that circulated in manuscript, and of her own Latin epitaph, inscribed on her tomb, where Greek and Latin verses by her sister Elizabeth were also engraved. Russell was sister-in-law to William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon, aunt to Robert Cecil and Francis Bacon, and wife first to Sir Thomas Hoby and second to Lord John Russell, son and heir of the Earl of Bedford. Her family connections put her in close proximity to the center of power in her day, while her intelligence and tenacity enabled her to negotiate the political, social, and religious complexities of Elizabethan culture. Russell’s literary reputation emerges from three related forms of early modern publication. First, her fame spread through the circulation of her manuscript works, including poems in Greek and Latin and most likely a manuscript copy of her English translation of John Ponet’s treatise on the Eucharist, A Way of Reconciliation of a Good and Learned Man (Russell 2001, cited under Printed Texts). Second, Russell was renowned in her lifetime as the author of funerary epitaphs in three languages, engraved upon tombs that she designed and commissioned for members of her family. Finally, Russell’s reputation was established through the joint endeavors of the Cooke sisters and the works that praised them. The Cooke sisters’ shared erudition underwrites Russell’s self-representation and self-defense as a woman of learning, culture, and literary achievement. By foregrounding her role as co-heir with her sisters of their father’s intellectual legacy, Russell’s writings challenge her period’s frequent dismissal of educated women as anomalous and endorse a pedagogy that would educate girls as well as boys.
Theater and Film
Authors: Szeto Kin-Yan 
Published: September 2014

Historically, theater and film have been closely intertwined in many respects. Indeed, theatrical genres and aesthetics have had a significant influence on film. Nineteenth-century theatrical genres such as melodrama and vaudeville had an impact on many popular American film genres, for example. Since the early years of cinema, collaborations between filmmakers and theater personnel show not only how two art forms have influenced each other, but also that the flows between theater and film are bidirectional. Directors, writers, actors, and personnel working across these two media demonstrate that much interconnection of stage and screen exists. D. W. Griffith was a stage actor and playwright before he became a movie director, and Sergei Eisenstein directed plays and designed scenery before he started making films. Many film stars, as early as Buster Keaton and as contemporary as Jackie Chan, were trained in popular theater forms and traditions and have incorporated such techniques into their screen performance. From early modern drama to the musical theater of the 20th century, stage plays have frequently been realized on film. Less often, films have been adapted to create pieces of theater. Meanwhile, film had a profound effect on 20th-century theater. Early in the 20th century, theater directors and playwrights integrated film and visual images in theater. For most of the 20th century, theater practitioners and theorists felt pressured by the growing popularity of film among the general public. As a result, amid the anxiety regarding film, the relationship between theater and film is largely viewed as antagonistic. Scholars and critics argue that film’s close affinity with theater impedes film from becoming a unique art form. Therefore, advocating film’s autonomy from theater can become a passionate concern. Today, in a technology-driven world, cinema and media greatly influence directors, writers, actors, artists, practitioners, audiences, and critics alike. In addition, the perpetuation of the theater and film dichotomy obstructs the reciprocal exchange and mobility between cinematic and dramatic means of expressions. Indeed, many discussions have focused on interdisciplinarity, because artistic practices can be intermedial, intercultural, and international. Finally, the topics of acting, film adaptation of Shakespeare, and musicals are excluded from annotation here, as they have already received a fair amount of scholarly attention by other contributors to Oxford Bibliographies. These topics are listed under the Bibliographies section in this article, for readers’ reference.