bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment Methodology for Flow Assurance Challenges: The Sooner You Look at it, the Better
Authors: Gomez Susana , Pena Jose Luis Henrique , Duenas-Diez Marta Henrique , Merino-Garcia Daniel 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
It is a reality that oil and gas production is moving to areas where Flow Assurance (FA) risks take a prominent role in the success of operations: arctic, ultra-deepwater conditions imply that the pressure-temperature envelope during operation enlarges, leading to greater chances of solid formation; longer distances to processing facilities difficult remediation operations, in case a blockage occurs. More and more decisions, even in early stages of field life, depend on fluid quality and fluid behavior.
To tackle this issue, Repsol has developed a methodology to account for fluid composition and behavior that allows for an integrated view of Flow Assurance risks that is updated from Exploratory to Operation Phases, from high-uncertainty to low-uncertainty periods of field life.
The presentation will describe several field cases where the methodology is applied, to assure flow assurance constraints are considered in all Phases (Exploratory, Development and Operation); special stress is given to cases where alternatives from conventional tools are required to better represent reality, both in terms of solid formation management, and instabilities associated to multiphase flow.
The objective of this work is to highlight, by means of examples, how critical it is to have an integrated view of fluid properties from Exploratory to Operation Phases, and illustrate how it affects decision taking throughout the life of a field.

Introduction
Flow Assurance (FA), as a discipline in the Oil and Gas industry, refers to the analysis of the factors that may affect the flow of oil and gas from the reservoir to the facilities. Figure 1 shows the main challenges that are covered inside of Flow Assurance. FA topics can be divided into problems associated to Solid Formation and Fluid-Dynamics: the former deals with the reduction of productivity associated to the appearance of solids in the production lines, either originated in the hydrocarbon or in the water that is being co-produced; the latter, with the phenomena related to the presence of several continuous phases (hydrocarbon liquid, hydrocarbon vapor and liquid water) and how their interaction may modify the deliverability of a production network.
Being a quite broad discipline, FA comprises phenomena as different as solids plugging the face of the formation, the difficulties to re-start a pipeline after a long shut-down in cold temperatures or emulsion problems in a separator [1, 2]; it is acknowledged that other companies also include Material Integrity (Corrosion) and Sand Control inside Flow Assurance [3, 4], but these are treated in other areas of Production Engineering inside of our company.
A Critical Assessment of the Main Challenges Related to Feasibility Studies, Risk Analysis and Monitoring of Current Offshore Projects in Brazil
Authors: Freigedo Armando , Prates Antonio , Almeida Paulo Octavio 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The remarkable heating of the Brazilian oil and gas market in recent years has led to a significant boost in the orders of offshore units (such as exploration and production platforms, drilling rigs and various types of support vessels) as well as in the construction of new shipyards or the expansion and modernization of existing ones.
In this context, entrepreneurs (operators, constructors, shipowners and shipyards) as well as governmental funding entities, financial agents and insurance companies, face new challenges, commensurate with the size and complexity of the involved projects, and their degree of innovation. In addition to the specific challenges of a more technical nature, special care should be given to those involving critical business decisions, such as the development and analysis of feasibility studies, validation of assumptions, risk analyses, insurance warranties, contract evaluation, claims and contractual amendments, construction follow-up, and physical and financial progress of projects in the marine and offshore markets.
This paper presents and discusses some important technical and economic aspects involved in these studies and typical difficulties found in projects of greater complexity, comparing and evaluating different approaches and mechanisms, and their suitability to the needs and resources of key stakeholders. The authors intend to contribute to the identification, discussion and dissemination of available best practices, comparing them with those applied in similar contexts, both in the domestic and international scenarios.
The paper also presents suggestions for the improvement and development of methodologies and tools, addressing issues of the content and format of reports and studies, as well as the support of information systems.
Submarine High Voltage Power Transmission: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Voight Richard William 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Seabed equipment is at times deployed to do work on, or add energy to, produced fluids to improve or ensure sustained flow when natural reservoir pressure declines. This hardware includes subsea pumps and compressors. The power required to create a meaningful impact on production with these systems is generally substantial, i.e. several thousand horsepower or more. The power supplied to a fluid is hydraulic and is accommodated through application of rotating machinery (subsea pumps/compressors). This machinery converts electric power into rotational power through an electric motor, which then turns the shaft of the pump/compressor to do the work. Electric power to the subsea equipment from the source is generally transmitted via subsea power cables operating at 50/60 Hz. However, as distance and power levels become ever greater, stable AC power transmission becomes challenging due to excessive reactive power demand within the transmission cables.
What follows is a discussion of the present and anticipated, future power demands associated with subsea pumping and compression systems and the technical issues associated with conventional long distance, high power AC transmission for these applications. Distribution system topology and technology limits will be discussed to address more complex subsea configurations. Furthermore, the focus of submarine cable applications will be limited to Subsea Tiebacks to streamline the subject matter and manage document length.
Finally, solutions (opportunities) are proposed to address the range of issues presented. Solutions include high voltage, low frequency power transmission and high voltage DC power transmission. Reference is also made to this year's Subsea Processing Poster, developed by INTECSEA and published by Offshore Magazine (March 2013). In particular, Graph 4 - Subsea Power Transmission is briefly described to reinforce the aforementioned subject matter and afford readers a fuller understanding of the range and depth of information embedded within the graphic.

Introduction: A Brief History of Submarine Cable Applications

Early Uses
Submarine power cables have been around for more than a century and their application has evolved over the years. Early in life, submarine power cables were used to supply isolated offshore facilities such as lighthouses, infirmary ships, etc. As submarine power cable technology evolved, cables were used to link shore-based power grids across bays, estuaries, rivers, straits [1].

Present Day Uses
Today, submarine cables are used in a variety of applications, including:Carrying power between countries or to remote locationsCarrying power and communications to offshore installations, e.g. oil/gas platforms and ocean science observatories;Transferring power from offshore renewable energy schemes to shore, e.g. wind, wave and tidal systems.
With growing reliance on offshore-based renewable energy schemes, many countries now class submarine power cables as critical infrastructure.
Risk Based in Inspection Applied to a Semi-Submersible Platform
Authors: Daniel Giovani , Silva Mariana , Junior Jorge Souza Pinheiro , Barros Mariana , Krzonkalla Viviane Coelho de Souza , Costa Viviane , dos Santos Luciano Barbosa , Portugal Leonardo Monteiro , Duarte Romulo Leonardo , Nunes J. Arroyo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper has the main purpose to describe the overview development of a Risk Based Inspection (RBI) methodology applicable to a semisubmersible production platform. Considering news and inventive methodologies for: inspection, acquisition and management of corrosion rates, critical points monitoring, crack propagation studies based on fracture mechanics, structural reliability and a structural database in order to facilitate the structural management in the asset. The data for this paper are based on inspection historical data and hydrodynamic and structural analysis software ABS OSAP System; see reference 8, to provide the structural results of buckling and fatigue analysis. RBI methodology can be applied to semisubmersible platforms in order to rationalize the structure integrity management, as well as optimize the class process maintenance.
The RBI methodology when compared with the traditional method has a lot of advantages as: focusing inspection during the unit life, lower accidents risk, resulting in the reduction of the maintenance cost. The main focus of RBI methodology for semi's concentrate in the reduction of underwater scope of inspection, while increase the importance of focusing critical areas based on the risk assessment and reliablility results.
The proposed paper has a significant contribution to the knowledge on reliability of semisubmersible, as well as the optimization and rationalization of integrity management.

Introduction
The pioneer development of RBI for FPSO has been done during the year of 2001. It has been a result of significant joined efforts from different companies and the first implemented RBI in the world. Since this time, the methodology has been improved and for different purposes ABS also establishes different levels for the methodology and respective requirements. Considering the needs to optimize the conventional survey inspection programs of a semi-submersible Platform, the RBI methodology has been considered a next step of new technology to be invstigated. In order to reach the objective some tasks have been carried out and will be described on this paper.
Dry Tree Semisubmersible Application With Low Heave Motion and VIM Response
Authors: Lambrakos Kostas , Kyoung Johyun , Kim Jangwhan , O&apos;Sullivan James Francis 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has made substantial efforts to find a semisubmersible design with low hull motion response suitable for a dry tree application in deep water. The top tensioned riser (TTR) makes possible both the drilling and completion of production wells, and the support of production risers for vertical access to the producing well over the life of the field, without need for dis-connecting due to environmental events. The application of TTRs requires a hull with both minimal heave response and lateral motion due to the limitation of tensioner stroke in extreme conditions. Conventional semisubmersible designs exhibit motion responses to extreme environmental design events for the central Gulf of Mexico that exceed current generation of riser tensioners stroke limits.
To satisfy the industry demand on the dry tree application, the Heave and VIM Suppressed (HVS) class semisubmersible has been adapted to provide a longer heave natural period while maintaining reduced heave motion and VIM (Vortex Induced Motion) response. The longer heave natural period of the hull accommodates the natural period reduction effect of TTRs. This new adaption of the HVS class of semisubmersible maintains the characteristic features of a column step and tall narrow pontoon. The column step breaks the coherence of vortex shedding along the length of columns. The design transfers the water plane area from the narrower pontoons to the larger diameter columns, which provides greater shallow draft stability for quayside integration of topsides and for ballasting down of the hull at site. The new adaptation increases the heave natural period by adding hydrodynamic mass (added mass) with the inclusion of upper and lower "paired" pontoon plates at the junction of the pontoons and column. These "corner" paired pontoon plates also increase the stiffness of the lower h ull. Model tests for the adapted HVS class of semisubmersible were performed to investigate the in-place hull motion for the Gulf of Mexico environmental conditions, and the measured data were correlated with the numerical tool MLTSIM, which is the in-house time-domain nonlinear 6-Degree of Freedom (DOF) motion analysis program. Also, extensive Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) work was done with Technip's proprietary Numerical Wave Basin (NWB) to optimize the design. With the addition of pontoon plates, the HVS class of semisubmersible hull can now be designed to serve either wet or dry tree completions by adjusting hull geometry parameters in order to achieve the desired heave natural period. Note also that the dry tree version of the HVS class of semisubmersible does not use keel joints on the risers making the hull layout and structure similar for wet and dry applications.
Lacustrine Carbonates - For the Purpose of Reservoir Characterization Are They Different?
Authors: Borghi Leonardo , Corbett Patrick W M 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The reservoir characterisation of lacustrine carbonates is currently challenging, as historically they are not common as major carbonate reservoirs and therefore have been less studied in terms of reservoir characterization. The giant discoveries of the Pre-Salt of the South Atlantic Margin in Brazil have introduced lacustrine carbonates as a major target for exploration and development and are driving new research.
Lacustrine carbonates are formed in lakes which are particularly sensitive to salinity, pH, water level and sediment supply variations. This variability results in a wide range of primary fabric types and associated porosity types, likely formed by the interaction of microbial and chemical processes. Lacustrine grainstones can be formed from spherulites or coquinas and stromatolites and stromatolite bioherms can form cavities and laminated pore systems. Shrub morphologies are found that can form complex pore networks. These fabric types can be affected by a series of diagenetic processes that can both enhance and occlude porosity.
In this paper, we review how porosity in these systems may be characterised in thin sections and using micro-CT and how permeability and resistivity might be determined in the laboratory or by 3-D modelling. We also address how rock types may be determined by analysis of capillary pressure data, to determine relative permeabilities for different rock types. This paper addresses some classical reservoir characterisation issues that are likely to be important in these reservoirs. The approach considered here emphasises an integrated link between petrography, facies analysis (outcrop studies) and porosity description in a petrophysically-based rock typing framework appropriate for geomodelling, upscaling and calibration with dynamic data. This reservoir characterisation workflow methodology is applicable to all carbonates, however, it is recognized that lacustrine carbonates present some special challenges.

Introduction
Carbonate reservoirs are strongly controlled by the nature of the porosity distribution. To understand the main primary controls on porosity we need to go back to basics. There are four main constraints on primary porosity (Moore, 2011):Framework (created within and between the dominant depo-structural features such as stromatolites),Boring (created by various bio-erosional agents),Detrital (intergranular porosity between grainstones or interbedded clastics) andCement (early cements occurring during the earliest phases of diagenesis).
Secondary processes such as karstification (epi- or endokarst) can create new porosity largely through dissolution. Burial can result in the development of microporosity generally in the fine grained carbonate rocks and/or dolomitisation (either through reflux from marine water mixing) or hydrothermal activity often associated with faults and fractures. Lacustrine carbonates can also be associated with exotic clays and minerals through evaporitic influences.
Design of a Dry Completion Monocolumn Platform Unit Using Optimization Techniques
Authors: Oliveira Allan Carre De 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Offshore production in ultra deep water may present several technical challenges. New exploration frontiers, sometimes, could provide a very complex scenario for oil production, considering very far fields from the shore, very harsh environmental conditions and the necessity of well intervention, to maximize the recovering factor of the field. Scenarios like that demands functional requirements for production units which can be very hard to achieve considering conventional Production Units.
The MPSO (Monocolumn Production Storage and Offloading) Unit concept has been being developed in recent years to combine small motion requirements and high stability with or without oil storage capability, with good results for oil production scenarios. However, the use of this type of Unit as a drilling Unit or for a dry tree completion scenario becomes a challenge in harsh environmental conditions, due to the very strict constrains required regarding motions and offsets of the unit.
In order to obtain a Monocolumn design with dry completion capability, considering the Brazilian shore pre-salt scenario, an optimization process was set up, evaluating thousands of different configurations considering motion and stability requirements. Mooring analyses were also performed to guarantee a small offset and a small set-down of the unit. As a result, a different platform design was obtained, with very small motions and dry completion capability.

Introduction
For some scenarios considering pre-salt reservoirs, which are located in Santos Basin, in deep water productions fields, the use of dry completion Units could bring some economical advantages, as saving in rigging costs and rigging maintenance, a greater recovering factor of the oil fields and an improved capability of workover of the production wells. In 2008, Petrobras has performed assessments of different types of dry tree unit production platforms, as SPAR and TLP platforms. Besides that, a Monocolumn dry tree production platform concept was already designed for operations in those scenarios.
The Monocolun concept has been being developed for different companies, including Petrobras, which has your own concept, called MonoBR (Masetti et al, 2006), developed in partnership with the São Paulo University, as shown in Figure 1. Besides the Petrobras concept, there are alternative concepts developed by other companies as well (Syvertsen et al, 2004), (Orr et al, 2009). The main idea of the MonoBR was originally designed to be riser friendly considering Steel Catenary Riser subsea systems an the concept combines low motion levels with storage capability and great stability, which are concurrent requirements, in general. To achieve this objective, in general, it is necessary a huge Unit, deep draft and the Use of huge appendages to create vortex damping and added mass effects.
Flexible Subsea Storage Unit Development and Applications
Authors: Kaalstad Jens P. , Kristoffersen Astrid 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The paper describe the KONGSBERG patented Subsea Storage Unit (SSU) technology and the ongoing Qualification Program. The SSU is characterized by using a flexible bag as oil / fluid storage. It's a gravity based storage unit that differ from conventional gravity storage systems by the flexible bag, which eliminates contact between sea-water and the stored fluid, thus eliminating the problems with emulsion layer and risk of bacteria growth. The bag is further covered by a protection structure, which accommodate the whole volume of the stored fluid thereby providing a second barrier should the bag rupture. There is free flow of seawater into the base of the protection structure and hence no needs to design against the water pressure. The top of the protection structure is designed such that the bag may be retracted separately from the storage tank if necessary for repair or replacement. Different fields would have variable storage needs and the ability to size, combine and manifold multiple SSU's provides attractive flexibility. The number of SSU's could also be varied over the field life and the paper present how the SSU is an enhancer for subsea processing and production in arctic areas and also how it may commercialize development of marginal oil field or tail end production.
Quantile Regression - A Statisticians Approach to the Local Ice Pressure-Area Relationship
Authors: Morrison Tom , Spencer Paul 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The ISO 19906 local pressure-area relationship represents a deterministic estimate of the failure pressure of massive ice features. For areas &lt; 10 m2 the pressure is represented as a power law on area. For areas between 10 and 40 m2 the pressure has a constant value. In the past, in order to fit the power law, the data were binned and means and standard deviations for each bin were determined. The deterministic value of the local ice failure pressure is the relationship obtained by fitting a line to the values of mean plus three standard deviations so obtained. This implies the probability a local ice pressure exceeds the deterministic relationship is 0.13%, treating the deterministic value as a one-sided upper bound. It is shown herein that a quantitative, repeatable and non-subjective statistical methodology called quantile regression can be applied to this data. Using a nonlinear quantile regression methodology the deterministic relationship can be estimated in one step without the requirement for binning or transformation. Furthermore, the method produces quantile lines for a wide range of quantiles. The nonlinear quantile regression analysis of the local pressure area relationship, fitted to a power law, indicate the deterministic ISO relationship is in fact equivalent to an exceedance of 5% for areas greater than 2 and less than 10 m2. For areas of less than 2 m2 the ISO relationship exceedance decreases from 5% at 2 m2 to less than 1% for areas less than 0.3 m2.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce this powerful technique to the ice science and ice engineering communities using the local ice pressure data as an example.
The Role of RADARSAT-2 SAR Data for Ice Seismic Operations
Authors: Staples Gordon , Pierce Ray , Rabus Bernhard 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In conducting ice-seismic, geophysical ships and icebreakers routinely operate in rigorous ice regimes. As the progress of the geophysical ship must be continuous and without error, operations must be supported with high levels of ice information. Ice-seismic follows a predetermined route where one of the key requirements is to assess and execute a plan to adhere to pre-determined survey parameters. To meet operational requirements for ice-seismic, there are three key elements: ice information, data delivery, and data management. Products have been developed that provide ice information such as ice-water delineation and ice strain. To deal with data delivery bandwidth-constraints data compression was required. For ease of implementation and multi-platform compatibility, a commercial off-the-shelf compression technique was selected and integrated into an automated production chain. A data management system was developed for management of the georeferenced data onboard the ships and the translation of the data into sound operational decisions.