bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of Sports Accelerometers During Static and Dynamic Testing
Authors: Kelly Stephen J. , Murphy Aron J. , Watsford Mark L. , Austin Damien , Rennie Michael 
Published: June 2014

Purpose:To investigate the validity and reliability of accelerometry of the SPI-ProX II dual data logger (GPSports, Canberra, Australia).Methods:Controlled laboratory assessments determined the accuracy and reproducibility of raw accelerometer data. Intra- and interdevice reliability assessed the ability of the SPI-ProX II accelerometers to repeatedly measure peak gravitational accelerations (g) during impact-based testing. Static and dynamic validity testing assessed the accuracy of SPI-ProX II accelerometers against a criterion-referenced accelerometer. Dynamic validity was assessed over a range of frequencies from 5 to 15 Hz.Results:Intradevice reliability found no differences (P < .05) between 4 SPI-ProX II accelerometers, with a low coefficient of variation (1.87–2.21%). SPI-ProX II accelerometers demonstrated small to medium effect-size (ES) differences (0.10–0.44) between groups and excellent interdevice reliability, with no difference found between units (F = 0.826, P = .484). Validity testing revealed significant differences between devices (P = .001), with high percentage differences (27.5–30.5%) and a large ES (>3.44).Conclusions:SPI-ProX II accelerometers demonstrated excellent intra- and interaccelerometer reliability. However, static and dynamic validity were poor, and caution is recommended when measuring the absolute magnitude of acceleration, particularly for high-frequency movements. Regular assessment of individual devices is advised, particularly for mechanical damage and signal-drift errors. It is recommended that guidelines be provided by the manufacturer on measuring shifts in the base accelerometer signal, including time frames for assessing accelerometer axis, magnitude of errors, and calibration of accelerometers from a stable reference point.
Influence of Number of Contact Efforts on Running Performance During Game-Based Activities
Authors: Johnston Rich D. , Gabbett Tim J. , Jenkins David G. 
Published: June 2014

Purpose:
To determine the influence the number of contact efforts during a single bout has on running intensity during game-based activities and assess relationships between physical qualities and distances covered in each game.

Methods:
Eighteen semiprofessional rugby league players (age 23.6 ± 2.8 y) competed in 3 off-side small-sided games (2 × 10-min halves) with a contact bout performed every 2 min. The rules of each game were identical except for the number of contact efforts performed in each bout. Players performed 1, 2, or 3 × 5-s wrestles in the single-, double-, and triple-contact game, respectively. The movement demands (including distance covered and intensity of exercise) in each game were monitored using global positioning system units. Bench-press and back-squat 1-repetition maximum and the 30−15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30−15IFT) assessed muscle strength and high-intensity-running ability, respectively.

Results:
There was little change in distance covered during the single-contact game (ES = −0.16 to −0.61), whereas there were larger reductions in the double- (ES = −0.52 to −0.81) and triple-contact (ES = −0.50 to −1.15) games. Significant relationships (P < .05) were observed between 30–15IFT and high-speed running during the single- (r = .72) and double- (r = .75), but not triple-contact (r = .20) game.

Conclusions:
There is little change in running intensity when only single contacts are performed each bout; however, when multiple contacts are performed, greater reductions in running intensity result. In addition, high-intensity-running ability is only associated with running performance when contact demands are low.
Social Patterning in Grip Strength, Chair Rise, and Walk Speed in an Aging Population: The Czech HAPIEE Study
Authors: Jancova-Vseteckova Jitka , Bobak Martin , Kubinova Ruzena , Capkova Nada , Peasey Anne , Marmot Michael G. , Pikhart Hynek 
Published: June 2014

Background:The aim was to examine the association of objective measures of physical functioning (PF) with education and material circumstances and the decline in PF with age by socioeconomic position (SEP).Methods:In 3,205 subjects (60–75 years) from the Czech Republic, we assessed relationship between PF, SEP, and age. Linear regression was used to assess PF measures and SEP measures.Results:Cross-sectional decline in PF by age was similar in all individuals. Differences between SEP groups were similar across age groups, except for the difference in walk speed by material circumstances in men—bigger at older ages (p = .004). Men and women with the highest education were about 2 s faster at the chair rise test than those with the lowest education.Discussion:Findings suggest strong educational gradient in PF, an inconsistent role of self-assessed material circumstances, and virtually no interaction of SEP with the cross-sectional decline in PF by age.
Genotype-Positive Status in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Is Associated With Higher Rates of Heart Failure Events
Authors: Li Qin , Gruner Christiane , Chan Raymond H. , Care Melanie , Siminovitch Katherine , Williams Lynne , Woo Anna , Rakowski Harry 
Published: June 2014

Background—
The aim of the study was to clarify the relationship between genotype status and major cardiovascular outcomes in a large cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Methods and Results—

Genetic testing was performed in 558 consecutive proband patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Baseline and follow-up (mean follow-up 6.3 years) clinical and echocardiographic data were obtained. Pathogenic mutations were identified in 198 (35.4%) patients. Genotype-positive patients were more likely to be women (44% versus 30%;
P
=0.001), younger (39 versus 48 years;
P
<0.001), and have a family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (53% versus 20%;
P
<0.001), as well as family history of sudden cardiac death (17% versus 7%;
P
=0.002). There were no significant differences in the rates of atrial fibrillation, stroke, or septal reduction procedures. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that genotype-positive status was an independent risk factor for the development of combined heart failure end points (decline in left ventricular ejection fraction to <50%, New York Heart Association III or IV in the absence of obstruction, heart failure–related hospital admission, transplantation, and heart failure–related death; hazards ratio, 4.51; confidence interval, 2.09–9.31;
P
<0.001). No difference was seen in heart failure events between the myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C genotype-positive patients.

Conclusions—
The presence of a pathogenic sarcomere mutation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was associated with an increase in heart failure events, with no differences in event rates seen between myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C genotype-positive patients. The presence of a disease-causing mutation seems more clinically relevant than the specific mutation itself.
From Goal-Oriented to Constraint-Oriented Design: The Cybernetic Intersection of Design Theory and Systems Theory
Authors: Fischer Thomas , Richards Laurence D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
This article traces the changing notions of constraints in design and of systems since the mid-20th century in the intersection of design theory and systems theory. Taking a second-order cybernetic perspective, the article develops constraints as observer dependent and it analyzes conditions under which constraints tend to be beneficial or detrimental. Ethical implications of constraints in design processes are established with reference to system boundaries. Constraint-oriented design is discussed as an alternative to goal-oriented design, and a method called constraint reversal is introduced as a strategy of deliberate defiance of constraints to support design exploration.
A new genus and two new species of Opilioacaridae (Acari: Parasitiformes) from Amazonia, Brazil with a key to world genera
Authors: VÁZQUEZ MA. MAGDALENA , DE ARAÚJO MARCEL SANTOS , FERES REINALDO JOSÉ FAZZIO 
Published: June 2014

Collections of Opilioacaridae made close to 50 years ago in Manaus in the Amazonian Region have allowed the description of a new genus and two new species from Brazil, Amazonacarus setosus n.gen, n.sp. and A. paraensis n.gen, n.sp. These species show a unique combination of characters in the Opilioacaridae: a high number of foliate setae (10) on the palp tarsus with each seta bearing many lobes (6–7), a group of large, serrate setae (26–31) on the palp tibia (this group of setae is much smaller in other species), and 5–7 dorsal setae on idiosomal segment XVIII. Indiacarus and some Opilioacarus show 3–5 setae on segment XVIII, but these genera (and Caribeacarus) have fewer foliate setae on the palp (3–4). Females of Amazonacarus have an ovipositor of the “complex” type, with spiny projections and 2–4 genital setae, while males have two pairs of rounded, large glands.
The Vorticity Budgets of North Atlantic Winter Extratropical Cyclone Life Cycles in MERRA Reanalysis. Part II: Decaying Phase*
Authors: Azad Roohollah , Sorteberg Asgeir 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The role of physical forcing mechanisms that contribute to the decay of winter North Atlantic extratropical cyclones during the period 1979–2009 are examined using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). The paired Zwack–Okossi tendency equation and omega equation explained in part I of this paper is employed to investigate the total effects of forcing processes (the direct effect of the forcing mechanisms and the indirect effect of the induced adiabatic cooling) that dissipate the 950-hPa cyclonic geostrophic vorticity at the cyclone center.
Composite analyses reveal that the commencement of the decay is associated mainly with the upper-level anticyclonic vorticity advection, cold-air advection, and positive ageostrophic vorticity tendency. The secondary contributor to the dissipation of cyclonic circulation is the lower-tropospheric adiabatic cooling induced mainly by friction and positive ageostrophic vorticity tendency. The dynamics is found to be different at the beginning of the decay than in the later stages. While the negative tilt of troughs aloft and the surface cyclone is required for cyclolysis to occur, low air processes show a greater effect in the termination of the low pressure systems. Further, the total effect of the vorticity advection and temperature advection terms are modest, while the ageostrophic vorticity tendency and friction terms show a greater total negative contribution. This is because the two latter terms decrease the cyclonic geostrophic vorticity at the low center through both their direct and indirect effects. The latent heat release maximizing at 800–700 hPa produces cyclonic circulation, thus reducing the spindown of decaying cyclones.
The Vorticity Budgets of North Atlantic Winter Extratropical Cyclone Life Cycles in MERRA Reanalysis. Part I: Development Phase*
Authors: Azad Roohollah , Sorteberg Asgeir 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This series of papers (parts I and II) examines the vorticity budgets of winter North Atlantic extratropical cyclones during the period 1979–2009 using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA). The authors use a new partitioning technique to combine the Zwack–Okossi (Z–O) equation with the omega equation. The combination provides a possibility to partition the adiabatic term in the Z–O equation into its different forcing mechanisms. Thus, both the direct effect of the dynamic and thermodynamic forcings and their indirect effect on the adiabatic term can be calculated to provide the total effect (direct plus indirect) on the 950-hPa geostrophic vorticity tendency.
It is demonstrated that the total-effect diagnostic is a suitable tool to identify the dynamically consistent characteristics of cyclone development in midlatitudes because it possesses less case-to-case variability. The authors found that the vorticity advection is the major forcing process, the tendencies attributed to the ageostrophic vorticity tendency term are considerable, and the opposing effect of the friction term in moderating the deepening is significant. In general, the upper-level dynamics drive the deepening of the cyclones, except at the end of development, where a combination of midlevel latent heating, positive ageostrophic vorticity tendency, and positive indirect effect of vorticity advection contribute to the development. Additionally, the total effects of temperature advection and latent heating on the intensification of cyclones are reduced because of the inclusion of counteractive indirect effects, as are their variabilities within the cyclone composite.
Energy Partitioning and Evapotranspiration over a Rice Paddy in Southern Brazil
Authors: Timm Andrea Ucker , Roberti Débora R. , Streck Nereu Augusto , Gustavo G. de Gonçalves Luis , Acevedo Otávio Costa , Moraes Osvaldo L. L. , Moreira Virnei S. , Degrazia Gervásio Annes , Ferlan Mitja , Toll David L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDuring approximately 80% of its growing season, lowland flooded irrigated rice ecosystems in southern Brazil are kept within a 5–10-cm water layer. These anaerobic conditions have an influence on the partitioning of the energy and water balance components. Furthermore, this cropping system differs substantially from any other upland nonirrigated or irrigated crop ecosystems. In this study, daily, seasonal, and annual dynamics of the energy and water balance components were analyzed over a paddy rice farm in a subtropical location in southern Brazil using eddy covariance measurements. In this region, rice is grown once a year in low wetlands while the ground is kept fallow during the remaining of the year. Results show that the energy budget residual corresponded to up to 20% of the net radiation during the rice-growing season and around 10% for the remainder of the year (fallow). The energy and water balance analysis also showed that because of the high water table in the region, soil was near saturation most of the time, and latent heat flux dominated over sensible heat flux by up to one order of magnitude in some cases. The estimate of evapotranspiration ET using the crop coefficient multiplied by the reference evapotranspiration KcETo and the Penman–Monteith equation ETPM, describing the canopy resistance through leaf area index (LAI) obtained by remote sensing, represent well the measured evapotranspiration, mainly in the fallow periods. Therefore, using a specific crop parameter like LAI and crop height can be an easy and interesting alternative to estimate ET in vegetated lowland areas.
Overview of national health research systems in sub-Saharan Africa: results of a questionnaire-based survey
Authors: Mbondji Peter Ebongue , Kebede Derege , Zielinski Chris , Kouvividila Wenceslas , Sanou Issa , Lusamba-Dikassa Paul-Samson 
Published: June 2014

Objective To assess the state of national health research systems of countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. Design A questionnaire-based survey Methods Structured questionnaires were used to solicit health research systems’ relevant information from key informants in each country. Setting Forty-six Member States of the WHO African Region. Participants Key informants from the ministry of health in each country, with the support of WHO Country Offices. Main outcome measures Presence of national health research policy or strategy, priority setting and ethical review of research. Results Of the 44 responding countries, 39 (89%) reportedly had an official national health policy and 37 (84%) had a strategic health plan. A total of 16 (36%) countries reportedly had a functional national health research governance mechanism, nine of which had clear terms of reference; nine (20%) countries had a functional national health research management forum. Functional ethical review committees were reported in 33 countries (75%). Conclusions National health research systems were weak in the countries assessed. Significantly more resources should be allocated to strengthening these systems.
Health information systems in Africa: descriptive analysis of data sources, information products and health statistics
Authors: Mbondji Peter Ebongue , Kebede Derege , Soumbey-Alley Edoh William , Zielinski Chris , Kouvividila Wenceslas , Lusamba-Dikassa Paul-Samson 
Published: June 2014

Objective To identify key data sources of health information and describe their availability in countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. Methods An analytical review on the availability and quality of health information data sources in countries; from experience, observations, literature and contributions from countries. Setting Forty-six Member States of the WHO African Region. Participants No participants. Main outcome measures The state of data sources, including censuses, surveys, vital registration and health care facility-based sources. Results In almost all countries of the Region, there is a heavy reliance on household surveys for most indicators, with more than 121 household surveys having been conducted in the Region since 2000. Few countries have civil registration systems that permit adequate and regular tracking of mortality and causes of death. Demographic surveillance sites function in several countries, but the data generated are not integrated into the national health information system because of concerns about representativeness. Health management information systems generate considerable data, but the information is rarely used because of concerns about bias, quality and timeliness. To date, 43 countries in the Region have initiated Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response. Conclusions A multitude of data sources are used to track progress towards health-related goals in the Region, with heavy reliance on household surveys for most indicators. Countries need to develop comprehensive national plans for health information that address the full range of data needs and data sources and that include provision for building national capacities for data generation, analysis, dissemination and use.
Reduction in accuracy of genomic prediction for ordered categorical data compared to continuous observations
Authors: Kizilkaya Kadir , Fernando Rohan L , Garrick Dorian J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Accuracy of genomic prediction depends on number of records in the training population, heritability, effective population size, genetic architecture, and relatedness of training and validation populations. Many traits have ordered categories including reproductive performance and susceptibility or resistance to disease. Categorical scores are often recorded because they are easier to obtain than continuous observations. Bayesian linear regression has been extended to the threshold model for genomic prediction. The objective of this study was to quantify reductions in accuracy for ordinal categorical traits relative to continuous traits.

Methods
Efficiency of genomic prediction was evaluated for heritabilities of 0.10, 0.25 or 0.50. Phenotypes were simulated for 2250 purebred animals using 50 QTL selected from actual 50k SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotypes giving a proportion of causal to total loci of.0001. A Bayes C π threshold model simultaneously fitted all 50k markers except those that represented QTL. Estimated SNP effects were utilized to predict genomic breeding values in purebred (n = 239) or multibreed (n = 924) validation populations. Correlations between true and predicted genomic merit in validation populations were used to assess predictive ability.

Results
Accuracies of genomic estimated breeding values ranged from 0.12 to 0.66 for purebred and from 0.04 to 0.53 for multibreed validation populations based on Bayes C π linear model analysis of the simulated underlying variable. Accuracies for ordinal categorical scores analyzed by the Bayes C π threshold model were 20% to 50% lower and ranged from 0.04 to 0.55 for purebred and from 0.01 to 0.44 for multibreed validation populations. Analysis of ordinal categorical scores using a linear model resulted in further reductions in accuracy.

Conclusions
Threshold traits result in markedly lower accuracy than a linear model on the underlying variable. To achieve an accuracy equal or greater than for continuous phenotypes with a training population of 1000 animals, a 2.25 fold increase in training population size was required for categorical scores fitted with the threshold model. The threshold model resulted in higher accuracies than the linear model and its advantage was greatest when training populations were smallest.
Polymyxin B hemoperfusion: a mechanistic perspective
Authors: Ronco Claudio , Klein David J 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDirect hemoperfusion therapy with polymyxin B immobilized fiber cartridge (PMX-DHP) is an established strategy in the treatment of septic shock in Japan and parts of Western Europe. PMX-DHP is currently the subject of a pivotal North American randomized controlled trial (EUPHRATES) in patients with septic shock and confirmed endotoxemia, as measured by the endotoxin activity assay. The major mechanism of action of this therapy is the removal of circulating endotoxin. High affinity binding of circulating endotoxin by the PMX-DHP column may decrease circulating endotoxin levels by up to 90% after two standard treatments. Basic research has shown reductions in circulating cytokine levels and in renal tubular apoptosis. Clinical research has shown that PMX-DHP therapy results in hemodynamic improvements, improvements in oxygenation, renal function, and reductions in mortality. Further research is needed to further define additional patient populations with endotoxemia that may benefit from PMX-DHP therapy as well as to further elucidate dosing, timing, and additional information on mechanisms of action. This review will present the mechanistic rationale for this targeted strategy of endotoxin removal using PMX-DHP in endotoxemic septic patients, highlighting both the specific effects of the therapy and the evidence accumulated so far of clinical improvement following this therapy in terms of recovery of organ function.
Solid-state 47/49Ti Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of TiO2
Authors: Yamada Kazuhiko , Saito Masayoshi , Ohashi Ryutaro , Nakai Toshihito , Deguchi Kenzo , Shimizu Tadashi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We present 47/49Ti stationary NMR spectra of TiO2 produced in Canada, Australia, and India, acquired at 21.8 T, demonstrating that solid-state 47/49Ti NMR potentially enables one to distinguish the production areas of TiO2.