bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Solutions for Tunnels of Elliptical Cross-Section in Rheological Rock Accounting for Sequential Excavation
Authors: Wang H. N. , Utili S. , Jiang M. J. , He P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTime dependency in tunnel excavation is mainly due to the rheological properties of rock and sequential excavation. In this paper, analytical solutions for deeply buried tunnels with elliptical cross-section excavated in linear viscoelastic media are derived accounting for the process of sequential excavation. For this purpose, an extension of the principle of correspondence to solid media with time varying boundaries is formulated for the first time. An initial anisotropic stress field is assumed. To simulate realistically the process of tunnel excavation, solutions are developed for a time-dependent excavation process with the major and minor axes of the elliptical tunnel changing from zero until a final value according to time-dependent functions specified by the designers. In the paper, analytical expressions in integral form are obtained assuming the incompressible generalized Kelvin viscoelastic model for the rheology of the rock mass, with Maxwell and Kelvin models solved as particular cases. An extensive parametric analysis is then performed to investigate the effects of various excavation methods and excavation rates. Also the distribution of displacements and stresses in space at different times is illustrated. Several dimensionless charts for ease of use of practitioners are provided.
Energy dispersion in turbulent jets. Part 1. Direct simulation of steady and unsteady jets
Authors: Craske John , van Reeuwijk Maarten 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe study the physics of unsteady turbulent jets using direct numerical simulation (DNS) by introducing an instantaneous step change (both up and down) in the source momentum flux. Our focus is on the propagation speed and rate of spread of the resulting front. We show that accurate prediction of the propagation speed requires information about the energy flux in addition to the momentum flux in the jet. Our observations suggest that the evolution of a front in a jet is a self-similar process that accords with the classical dispersive scaling$z\sim \sqrt{t}$. In the analysis of the problem we demonstrate that the use of a momentum–energy framework of the kind used by Priestley & Ball (Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 81, 1955, pp. 144–157) has several advantages over the classical mass–momentum formulation. In this regard we generalise the approach of Kaminskiet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 526, 2005, pp. 361–376) to unsteady problems, neglecting only viscous effects and relatively small boundary terms in the governing equations. Our results show that dispersion originating from the radial dependence of longitudinal velocity plays a fundamental role in longitudinal transport. Indeed, one is able to find dispersion in the steady state, although it has received little attention because its effects can then be absorbed into the entrainment coefficient. Specifically, we identify two types of dispersion. Type I dispersion exists in a steady state and determines the rate at which energy is transported relative to the rate at which momentum is transported. In unsteady jets type I dispersion is responsible for the separation of characteristic curves and thus the hyperbolic, rather than parabolic, nature of the governing equations, in the absence of longitudinal mixing. Type II dispersion is equivalent to Taylor dispersion and results in the longitudinal mixing of the front. This mixing is achieved by a deformation of the self-similar profiles that one finds in steady jets. Using a comparison with the local eddy viscosity, and by examining dimensionless fluxes in the vicinity of the front, we show that type II dispersion provides a dominant source of longitudinal mixing.
AMERICAN MASTER NARRATIVES AND THE PROBLEM OF INDIAN CITIZENSHIP IN THE GILDED AGE AND PROGRESSIVE ERA
Authors: Deloria Philip J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAmerican Indian people fit poorly into the sweeping stories most commonly told about American history. Puritan-inspired stories of national origins and Turnerian frontier narratives cast Indians as outsiders whose role was to be dispossessed and then disappear. More recent counter-narratives of conquest and of redemptive struggles for citizenship allow Native actors important and autonomous roles, but are also premised on a teleology of assimilation and civil rights that flattens the complexity of Indian uses of U.S. citizenship rights. The history of the Society of American Indians, founded in 1911, shows how the paradox of Indian citizenship is central to stories about the broader sweep of U.S. historical practice.
ERIC FONER'S “RECONSTRUCTION” AT TWENTY-FIVE
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: December 2014

What follows is a written reproduction of a forum held at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in San Francisco in April 2013. The forum commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of Eric Foner'sReconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. Kate Masur (Northwestern University) organized and introduced the discussion, and the commentators in order of speaking were the following:•Heather Andrea Williams, The University of Pennsylvania•Gregory P. Downs, City College of New York and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York•Thavolia Glymph, Duke University•Steven Hahn, The University of Pennsylvania•Eric Foner, Columbia UniversityThe written version on the following pages largely preserves the feel and tone of the original oral presentations by the contributors. However, given the opportunity for reflection inherent in the published word, the authors and editors have made some small changes to enhance readability.
Measuring attachment and parental bonding in psychosis and its clinical implications
Authors: Mathews S. , Onwumere J. , Bissoli S. , Ruggeri M. , Kuipers E. , Valmaggia L. 
Published: December 2014

Background.Attachment theory proposes that psychological functioning and affect regulations are influenced by the attachment we form with others. Early relationships with parents or caregivers lay the foundations for attachment styles. These styles are proposed to influence how we relate to others during our life can be modified by the relationships and events we experience in our lifespan. A secure attachment style is associated with a capacity to manage distress, comfort with autonomy and the ability to form relationships with others, whereas insecure attachment can lead to dysfunctional relationships, emotional and behaviour avoidance. Attachment theory provides a useful framework to inform our understanding of relationship difficulties in people with psychosis. This paper aims to complement recent systematic reviews by providing an overview of attachment theory, its application to psychosis, including an understanding of measurement issues and the clinical implications offered.Method.A narrative review was completed of the measures of attachment and parental bonding in psychosis. Its clinical implications are also discussed. The paper also explores the link between insecure attachment styles and illness course, social functioning and symptomatology. The following questions are addressed: What are the key attachment measures that have been used within the attachment and psychosis literature? What are the results of studies that have measured attachment or parental bonding in psychosis and what clinical implications can we derive from it? What are some of the key questions for future research from these findings in relation to the onset of psychosis research field?Results.The most commonly used measures of attachment in psychosis research are reviewed. Self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews have mainly been used to examine attachment styles in adult samples and in recent years comprise a measure specifically developed for a psychosis group. The review suggests that insecure attachment styles are common in psychosis samples. Key relationships were observed between insecure, avoidant and anxious attachment styles and psychosis development, expression and long-term outcome.Conclusions.Attachment theory can provide a useful framework to facilitate our understanding of interpersonal difficulties in psychosis that may predate its onset and impact on observed variability in outcomes, including treatment engagement. Greater attention should be given to the assessment of attachment needs and to the development of interventions that seek to compensate for these difficulties. However, further investigations are required on specifying the exact mechanisms by which specific attachment styles impact on the development of psychosis and its course.
How is Time Perspective Related to Perceptions of Self and of Interpersonal Relationships?
Authors: Akirmak Umit 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPrevious research has revealed a positive association between balanced time perspective (BTP) and subjective well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004), however mechanisms underlying BTP are yet to be determined. The goal of the present study was to examine the contributions of personality and quality of interpersonal relationships in the development of BTP. Additionally, the correlations between these measures and time perspective dimensions were evaluated as an attempt to provide further psychometric properties of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Turkish sample. 178 undergraduates filled out a survey that included the ZTPI and measures that assessed personality characteristics, and quality of parent, peer, and adult relationships. Results showed that deviation from BTP was positively associated with romantic anxiety (r= .41,p< .001), romantic avoidance (r= .33,p< .001), and neuroticism (r= .49,p< .001) but negatively associated with self-esteem (r= –.50,p< .001) and security of the mother (r= –.38,p< .001), father (r= –.37,p< .001) and peer (r= –.27,p< .001) attachment. When personality and attachment measures were employed in a regression analysis, father attachment, romantic anxiety, self-esteem, and neuroticism were found to be significant predictors of the deviation from BTP scores (adjustedR2= .39,f2= .75). Finally, the inter-correlations of the ZTPI dimensions and their correlations with the personality and attachment measures provided additional support for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the ZTPI. These findings imply that positive perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships are crucial in the development of BTP.
Multiple-Choice Tests: Polytomous IRT Models Misestimate Item Information
Authors: García-Pérez Miguel A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLikert-type items and polytomous models are preferred over yes–no items and dichotomous models for the measurement of attitudes, because a broader range of response categories provides superior item and test information functions. Yet, for ability assessment with multiple-choice tests, the dichotomous three-parameter logistic model (3PLM) is often chosen. Because multiple-choice responses are polytomous before they are categorized as correct or incorrect, a polytomous characterization might render more efficient tests. Early studies suggested that the nominal response model (NRM) is advantageous in this respect. We investigate the reasons for those results and the outcomes of a polytomous characterization based on the multiple-choice model (MCM). An empirical data set is used to compare polytomous (NRM and MCM) and dichotomous (3PLM) characterizations of a test. The results revealed superior item and test information functions from polytomous models. Yet, close inspection suggests that these outcomes are artifactual and two simulation studies confirmed this point. These studies revealed a structural inadequacy of the NRM for multiple-choice items and that the MCM characterization outperforms the 3PLM characterization only when distractor endorsement frequencies vary non-monotonically with ability, although this feature is rarely observed in empirical data sets.
Greater temporal changes of sediment microbial community than its waterborne counterpart in Tengchong hot springs, Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Wang Shang , Dong Hailiang , Hou Weiguo , Jiang Hongchen , Huang Qiuyuan , Briggs Brandon R. , Huang Liuqin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTemporal variation in geochemistry can cause changes in microbial community structure and diversity. Here we studied temporal changes of microbial communities in Tengchong hot springs of Yunnan Province, China in response to geochemical variations by using microbial and geochemical data collected in January, June and August of 2011. Greater temporal variations were observed in individual taxa than at the whole community structure level. Water and sediment communities exhibited different temporal variation patterns. Water communities were largely stable across three sampling times and dominated by similar microbial lineages:Hydrogenobaculumin moderate-temperature acidic springs,Sulfolobusin high-temperature acidic springs andHydrogenobacterin high-temperature circumneutral to alkaline springs. Sediment communities were more diverse and responsive to changing physicochemical conditions. Most of the sediment communities in January and June were similar to those in waters. However, the August sediment community was more diverse and contained more anaerobic heterotrophs than the January and June:DesulfurellaandAcidicaldusin moderate-temperature acidic springs,IgnisphaeraandDesulfurococcusin high-temperature acidic springs, the candidate division OP1 andFervidobacteriumin alkaline springs andThermusand GAL35 in neutral springs. Temporal variations in physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH and dissolved organic carbon may have triggered the observed microbial community shifts.
Modulation properties of factors released by bone marrow stromal cells on activated microglia: an in vitro study
Authors: Cizkova Dasa , Devaux Stéphanie , Le Marrec-Croq Françoise , Franck Julien , Slovinska Lucia , Blasko Juraj , Rosocha Jan , Spakova Timea , Lefebvre Christophe , Fournier Isabelle , Salzet Michel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the present paper we develop a new non-cell based (cell-free) therapeutic approach applied to BV2 microglial cells and spinal cord derived primary microglia (PM) using conditioned media from rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs-CM). First we collected conditioned media (CM) from either naive or injured rat spinal cord tissue (SCI-CM, inflammatory stimulation agent) and from rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs-CM, therapeutic immunomodulation agent). They were both subsequently checked for the presence of chemokines and growth, neurotrophic and neural migration factors using proteomics analysis. The data clearly showed that rat BMSCs-CM contain in vitro growth factors, neural migration factors, osteogenic factors, differentiating factors and immunomodulators, whereas SCI-CM contain chemokines, chemoattractant factors and neurotrophic factors. Afterwards we determined whether the BMSCs-CM affect chemotactic activity, NO production, morphological and pro-apoptotic changes of either BV2 or PM cells once activated with SCI-CM. Our results confirm the anti-migratory and NO-inhibitory effects of BMSCs-CM on SCI-CM-activated microglia with higher impact on primary microglia. The cytotoxic effect of BMSCs-CM occurred only on SCI-CM-stimulated BV2 cells and PM, not on naive BV2 cells, nor on PM. Taken together, the molecular cocktail found in BMSCs-CM is favorable for immunomodulatory properties.
Monitoring Progress for Children with Hearing Loss
Authors: Weston Monica , Muñoz Karen F. , Blaiser Kristina 
Published: December 2014

PurposeThis study investigated average hours of daily hearing aid use and speech-language outcomes for children age 3 to 6 years of age with hearing loss.MethodObjective measures of hearing aid use were collected via data logging. Speech and language measures included standardized measures GFTA-2, CELF Preschool-2 and additional item analyses for the word structure subtest CELF Preschool-2 and the GFTA-2.ResultsHearing aid use was full time for 33% of the children (n=3; M=8.84 hours; Range: 2.9–12.1) at the beginning of the study, and for 78% at the end of the study (n=7; M=9.89 hours; Range 2.6–13.2). All participants demonstrated an improvement in articulation and language standard scores and percentiles however continued to demonstrate areas of weakness in sounds high-frequency in nature.ConclusionsThrough early identification and fitting, children gain access to speech sounds. Both standardized measures and individual language analysis should be used to identify and support children with hearing loss in language and subsequent literacy development.
Exploring the epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in west London and the utility of routinely collected hospital microbiology data
Authors: Freeman R. , Moore L. S. P. , Charlett A. , Donaldson H. , Holmes A. H. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to identify carbapenem-resistant organisms using routinely collected local microbiology data and describe the epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in two London teaching hospitals.

Methods
Data on inpatients infected or colonized with Gram-negative organisms between March 2009 and February 2012 were extracted. A computer algorithm was developed incorporating internationally recognized criteria to distinguish carbapenem-resistant organisms. Multivariable analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with infection or colonization with carbapenem-resistant organisms. Binomial regression was performed to detect changes in resistance trends over time.

Results
Yearly incidence of carbapenem resistance was observed to be increasing, with significant increasing trends in Acinetobacter baumannii (47.1% in 2009–10 to 77.2% in 2011–12; P &lt; 0.001) and Enterobacter spp. (2.2% in 2009–10 to 11.5% in 2011–12; P &lt; 0.001). Single-variable and multivariable analysis demonstrated differences in the proportion of carbapenem-resistant isolates across all variables investigated, including age, sex and clinical specialty; in the latter organism-specific niches were identified. Patients in the youngest age group (16–24 years old) had the highest odds of being infected or colonized with carbapenem-resistant isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, proportions of carbapenem-resistant organisms differed between the hospitals.

Conclusions
Carbapenem resistance is an emerging problem within the UK inpatient healthcare setting. This is not an issue confined to the Enterobacteriaceae and fine-resolution surveillance is needed to identify at-risk groups. Regular analysis of routinely collected data can provide insight into the evolving carbapenem-resistance threat, with the ability to inform efforts to prevent the spread of resistance.
Using Grounded Theory Method to Capture and Analyze Health Care Experiences
Authors: Foley Geraldine , Timonen Virpi 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveGrounded theory (GT) is an established qualitative research method, but few papers have encapsulated the benefits, limits, and basic tenets of doing GT research on user and provider experiences of health care services. GT can be used to guide the entire study method, or it can be applied at the data analysis stage only.MethodsWe summarize key components of GT and common GT procedures used by qualitative researchers in health care research. We draw on our experience of conducting a GT study on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients' experiences of health care services.FindingsWe discuss why some approaches in GT research may work better than others, particularly when the focus of study is hard‐to‐reach population groups. We highlight the flexibility of procedures in GT to build theory about how people engage with health care services.ConclusionGT enables researchers to capture and understand health care experiences. GT methods are particularly valuable when the topic of interest has not previously been studied. GT can be applied to bring structure and rigor to the analysis of qualitative data.
How Do Rural Households Cope with Economic Shocks? Insights from Global Data using Hierarchical Analysis
Authors: Börner Jan , Shively Gerald , Wunder Sven , Wyman Miriam 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUnanticipated events can cause considerable economic hardship for poor rural households. Some types of negative shocks, for example weather‐related agricultural losses and vector‐borne diseases, are expected to occur more frequently as a result of climate change. In this paper we measure the role of household‐ and location‐specific characteristics in conditioning behavioural responses to a wide range of idiosyncratic and covariate shocks. We use data from 8,000 rural households in 25 developing countries, compiled in the global database of the Poverty Environment Network. We employ a hierarchical multinomial logit model to identify the importance of characteristics observed at different levels of aggregation on a set of strategies aimed at coping with economic shocks. Results indicate that in response to idiosyncratic shocks, households tend to deplete financial and durable assets, whereas covariate and thus often climate‐related shocks predominantly result in reduced consumption. Households in sites characterised by high asset wealth tend to cope with shocks in a more proactive way than those in sites with average or below average asset wealth, but the role of asset types in conditioning shock responses varies across regions. Our findings have implications for rural development and climate change adaptation strategies.
Total intravenous general anaesthesia vs. spinal anaesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: a randomised, controlled trial
Authors: HARSTEN A. , KEHLET H. , LJUNG P. , TOKSVIG‐LARSEN S. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundThe choice of anaesthetic technique for patients undergoing joint arthroplasty is debatable. The hypothesis of this study was that general anaesthesia would generate a more favourable recovery profile than spinal anaesthesia.MethodsWe randomly allocated 120 patients to either intrathecal bupivacaine or general anaesthesia with target‐controlled infusion of remifentanil and propofol. Length of hospital stay assessed as meeting discharge criteria was the primary outcome parameter. Other outcome parameters were actual time of discharge, pain, use of rescue pain medication, blood loss, length of stay in the post‐operative care unit, dizziness, post‐operative nausea, need of urinary catheterisation and patient satisfaction.ResultsGeneral anaesthesia resulted in slightly reduced length of hospital stay (26 vs. 30 h, P = 0.004), less nausea (P = 0.043) and dizziness (P < 0.001). General anaesthesia patients had higher pain scores during the first two post‐operative hours (P < 0.001) but lower after 6 h compared with the spinal anaesthesia group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). General anaesthesia patients had better orthostatic function compared with spinal anaesthesia patients (P = 0.008). Patients in the spinal anaesthesia group fulfilled the discharge criteria from the post‐operative care unit earlier compared with the general anaesthesia patients (P = 0.004). General anaesthesia patients requested a change in the method of anaesthesia for a subsequent operation less often than the spinal anaesthesia patients (5 vs. 13, P = 0.022).ConclusionGeneral anaesthesia resulted in a more favourable recovery profile compared with spinal anaesthesia.