bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of Korean forests: patterns along geographic and environmental gradients
Authors: Černý Tomáš , Kopecký Martin , Petřík Petr , Song Jong‐Suk , Šrůtek Miroslav , Valachovič Milan , Altman Jan , Doležal Jiří 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimTo describe the main vegetation types of the Korean zonal forests and explore their relationship with the main environmental and geographic gradients.LocationKorean Peninsula.MethodsA data set of 3847 relevés of zonal (semi)natural forest stands, together with environmental factors recorded in the field or derived from interpolated climatic data was collected. Using the hierarchical ISOPAM method, the relevés were classified into main forest types and their species composition, diversity and distribution were described. Their differentiation along main environmental gradients was analysed with classification and regression trees.ResultsEleven vegetation types of forests were distinguished and assigned to five vegetation classes: Quercetea mongolicae (representing the core of the Korean temperate forests), Vaccinio‐Piceetea (subalpine coniferous forest), Fagetea crenatae (rare beech‐dominated forest included within a sub‐montane and sub‐oceanic type of oak‐dominated forest), Querco mongolicae‐Betuletea davuricae (sub‐continental drought‐ and fire‐tolerant forest, differentiated along elevational gradient) and Camellietea japonicae (oceanic evergreen forest). At a higher hierarchical level, these 11 vegetation types were grouped into three clusters, which most probably reflect different vegetation development in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Within the three major vegetation clusters, each forest type occupies a distinct environment. The forest types are especially well separated along elevational and temperature gradients. The distribution of individual forest types is joinly driven by total amount of incoming energy and thermal extremes, both affecting water supply to plant communities.ConclusionsAll distinguished vegetation types can be assigned to the recent syntaxonomic classification system. However, three main vegetation clusters do not correspond to traditionally distinguished syntaxonomic units. Nevertheless, the forest types within these clusters share common species with similar ecology and, especially, migration histories during the late glacial and post‐glacial periods. Therefore, we interpret these clusters as biogeographic patterns reflecting vegetation history rather than the current environmental conditions.
Along‐strike evolution of folding, stretching and breaching of supra‐salt strata in the Plataforma Burgalesa extensional forced fold system (northern Spain)
Authors: Tavani Stefano , Granado Pablo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Plataforma Burgalesa is a partly exposed extensional forced fold system with an intermediate salt layer, which has developed along the southern portion of the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin from Malm to Early Cretaceous as part of the Bay of Biscay‐Pyrenean rift system. Relationships between syn‐ and pre‐rift strata of the supra‐salt cover sequence and distribution of intra‐cover second‐order faults are observed both along seismic sections and at the surface. These relationships indicate an along‐strike variability of the extensional structural style. After a short period of salt mobilization and forced folding, high slip rates in the central portion of the major basement faults have rapidly promoted brittle behaviour of the salt layer, preventing further salt mobilization and facilitating the propagation of the fault across the salt layer. In contrast, at the tip regions of basement faults, slower slip rates have facilitated ductile salt behaviour, ensuring its further evaporite evacuation, preventing fault propagation across the salt layer and, in essence, allowing for a long‐living forced folding process. Our results indicate the important effect of along‐strike variation in displacement and displacement rates in controlling evaporite behaviour in extensional basins. Amount of displacement and displacement rates are key factors controlling the propagation of basement faults across evaporite layers. In addition, growth strata patterns are recognized as a powerful tool for constraining the up‐dip propagation history of basement faults in extensional fault‐related fold systems with intermediate décollement levels.
The extinction of the dinosaurs
Authors: Brusatte Stephen L. , Butler Richard J. , Barrett Paul M. , Carrano Matthew T. , Evans David C. , Lloyd Graeme T. , Mannion Philip D. , Norell Mark A. , Peppe Daniel J. , Upchurch Paul , Williamson Thomas E. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTNon‐avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, geologically coincident with the impact of a large bolide (comet or asteroid) during an interval of massive volcanic eruptions and changes in temperature and sea level. There has long been fervent debate about how these events affected dinosaurs. We review a wealth of new data accumulated over the past two decades, provide updated and novel analyses of long‐term dinosaur diversity trends during the latest Cretaceous, and discuss an emerging consensus on the extinction's tempo and causes. Little support exists for a global, long‐term decline across non‐avian dinosaur diversity prior to their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. However, restructuring of latest Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in North America led to reduced diversity of large‐bodied herbivores, perhaps making communities more susceptible to cascading extinctions. The abruptness of the dinosaur extinction suggests a key role for the bolide impact, although the coarseness of the fossil record makes testing the effects of Deccan volcanism difficult.
Concerns regarding the financial aspects of kidney transplantation: perspectives of pre‐transplant patients and their family members
Authors: Ganji Sumitha , Ephraim Patti L. , Ameling Jessica M. , Purnell Tanjala S. , Lewis‐Boyer LaPricia L. , Boulware L. Ebony 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundAfrican American and non‐African American pre‐transplant patients' and their families' concerns about the financial costs of kidney transplantation have not been well studied.MethodsWe conducted structured group interviews among pre‐transplant patients (seven African American, five non‐African American) and their family members (six African American, five non‐African American) to identify their concerns about transplant health insurance coverage, out‐of‐pocket expenses, and living donor expenses. We reviewed transcribed group audio recordings and identified common discussion themes.ResultsAfrican American and non‐African American patients and family members expressed uncertainty about which transplant‐related costs were covered by health insurance and wanted information about how to choose insurance policies accordingly. Patients were particularly concerned about the impact of pre‐existing illness on securing optimal health insurance, while family members wanted information about non‐insurance‐based financial resources. Both patients and family members expressed concern about paying for immunosuppressant medications and about gradual loss of insurance benefits after transplantation. Both patients and family members also expressed concern about potential financial hardships for living donors.ConclusionAfrican American and non‐African American pre‐transplant patients and families expressed a broad range of concerns about transplant health insurance policies, out‐of‐pocket expenses, non‐insurance‐based financial resources, and resources to address donors' financial burden. Efforts to improve education and develop more comprehensive transplant insurance policies are needed to facilitate informed decision‐making for potential transplant recipients and donors.
Space and Emotion: Building to Feel
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEmotions are not only expressed but also learned through the body. The body is not the opposite of culture, but a site where culture is played out. This requires a new emphasis on space and spaces. Bodies are necessarily situated in space, and they bear the imprint of the spaces they are moving through and have moved through. Mediated by the body and its senses, different spaces become linked to different emotions. This relation is neither random, nor is it given once and for all: the connection between an emotion and a particular space can change over time, and the same spaces can trigger off vastly divergent emotions in various people. This article discusses the importance of material objects in shaping emotions; it suggests temporalization as the central category to link materiality with knowledge and practices. It then proceeds to a number of case studies related to the built environment of Delhi to show what such an investigation could look like.
‘The Scum of French Criminals and Convicts’: Australia and New Caledonia Escapees
Authors: Brennan Russell , Richards Jonathan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConvicts were sent by Britain to Australia from 1788 until the end of the 19th century, but few Australians are aware that France also established a penal colony, New Caledonia, about the same time that transportation to the Australian colonies on the eastern seaboard finally ended. Today, the arrival of boat people in Australia attracts media attention and political grandstanding, but in the final decades of the 19th century, the boat people were often escaped convicts from New Caledonia. Examining this largely forgotten episode draws attention to Australian border control history, imperial rivalries and epic sea voyages, as well as the part the escapees played in Australian history in general.
Meitokuki: Spirit Pacification and Political Legitimacy in the Late Medieval Japanese Epic
Authors: Thornton S. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMeitokuki (1392–1396) is the first of a very small group of pieces of Japanese battle literature produced in the 15th and 16th centuries identified as gunki monogatari or epic. One of the chief characteristics of this genre is the relationship to the Kaku'ichi version of the Heike monogatari (by 1371), with which it shares descriptions of salvation/spirit pacification, especially that represented by the story of Kumagai Naozane and Taira Atsumori. Hyōdō Hiromi has proposed that the third Ashikaga shogun 1) assumed the position of head of the Minamoto clan, and 2) took over control of the guild of performers of the Kaku'ichi Heike in order to use the text as an assertion of political legitimacy and 3) to pacify the vengeful spirits of the dead killed in the process of consolidating Ashikaga power, which was his responsibility as clan chief. As a much smaller text with a much shorter performance history, the Meitokuki can be used to test the thesis that gunki monogatari were actually used in pacification rituals. The article examines the content and circulation of the Meitokuki to reevaluate the religious function of the text.
Diet as Culture. On the Medical Context of Food Consumption in the Medieval Middle East
Authors: Lewicka Paulina B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGreco‐Arabic medicine was based on ancient Greek foundations, or more precisely, on the Galenic doctrine of humoral pathology, which conditioned both the preventive and curative proper diet.This doctrine had been imported into the Arabic‐Islamic world in the course of the eighth and ninth centuries,when Nestorian Christians, sponsored by the elites of early‐Abbasid Baghdad, translated the ancient Greek legacy into Arabic. With time, Galenic thought spread all over the Islamic world, where it became the prevailing medico‐dietetic‐philosophical system. As the humoral doctrine was taken for granted by most cultured people, it shaped their thinking on medicine, health, illness, diet, food, and drink.A large number of studies over the past decades were devoted to both Graeco‐Arabic medicine and the culinary culture of the medieval Arabic‐Islamic world. But although the Galenic doctrine had an immense influence on dietary consciousness and thus on daily food choices of those who inhabited that world, contemporary scholarship rarely recognized the medico‐dietary culture as a separate subject. The present paper is a review of the questions involved in its study.
Solid‐phase assays for the detection of alloantibody against human leukocyte antigens: Panacea or Pandora?
Authors: Roberts T. , Tumer G. , Gebel H. M. , Bray R. A. 
Published: July 2014

SummarySerological assessments of antibodies directed against human leucocyte antigens (HLA) formed the basis of early histocompatibility testing (Patel & Terasaki, 1969 N Engl J Med, 280, 735). However, over the past decade, significant advances in HLA antibody detection technologies have emerged. The development and implementation of solid‐phase assays has led to safer and more efficient allocation of organs by effectively distinguishing HLA from non‐HLA antibodies. Although solid‐phase assays are not standardized, they are widely accepted as the new ‘gold standard’. However, this technology is not without its challenges. This review is intended to provide a better understanding of solid‐phase HLA antibody testing and will focus on important caveats associated with this evolving technology. Examples of the limitations of the technology as well as common data misinterpretations will be shown. Both of which could pose potential harm to transplant recipients (Tait et al., Transplantation, 95, 19).
European worlds of inclusive activation: The organisational challenges of coordinated service provision
Authors: Heidenreich Martin , Aurich‐Beerheide Patrizia 
Published: July 2014

For activation policies to succeed, the provision of social services in addition to labour‐market services is essential, as social services are a prerequisite for integrating groups with complex social problems into the labour market. Activation policies based on social services can be termed inclusive. They require not only a sufficient financial basis, but also governance structures that deal with the organisational challenges associated with coordinated service provision, including fragmented competences and conflicts between different political arenas and territorial levels. This article analyses the capacity of five countries − Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden and the UK − to provide coordinated labour‐market and social services from a multidimensional, multilevel and multi‐stakeholder perspective. The findings show that coordinated service provision requires profound changes to national and local governance structures. Future research should take into account the organisational challenges of integrating social and employment services.Key Practitioner Message: ● The coordinated provision of employment and social services is an important precondition for integrating long‐term unemployed and other disadvantaged groups into the labour market.
Chaetal arrangement and chaetogenesis of hooded hooks in Lumbrineris (Scoletoma) fragilis and Lumbrineris tetraura (Eunicida, Annelida)
Authors: Tilic Ekin , Hausen Harald , Bartolomaeus Thomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAs the structure and arrangement of chaetae are highly specific for annelid species and higher taxonomic entities, we assume that rather conservative information guarantees formation of specific chaetae. Each chaeta of an annelid is formed within an ectodermal invagination, and the modulation of the apical microvilli pattern of the basalmost cell of this invagination determines the structure of the chaeta. Any hypothesis of the homology of chaetae could thus be tested by examining the process of chaetal formation. Investigations into the ultrastructure and formation of hooded hooks in different capitellids and spionids revealed that these chaetae can be homologized. The hood of each of their hooded hooks is formed by elongation of two rings of microvilli peripheral to the chaetal anlage, which give rise to the inner and outer layers of the hood. The hood layers are well separated and surround an empty space. Superficially similar hooded hooks are described for certain Eunicida. Presently available cladistic analyses suggest that the hooded hooks of eunicidans evolved independently of those in Capitellidae and Spionidae. Compared with the latter two families, we therefore expected to find differences in chaetogenesis of the hooded hooks in the eunicids Lumbrineris (Scoletoma) fragilis and Lumbrineris tetraura (Lumbrineridae). This was the case. In these eunicidans, the hood was formed by the bisected apical wall of the chaetoblast right after the mid‐apical section of the chaeta had been sunk deeply into the chaetoblast during its formation. The apical wall generated a brush of microvilli that preformed the hood. Because the microvilli of the hood showed some accelerated differentiation, they soon merged with those of the slowly growing setal shaft to form the broad manubrium of the hooded hook in lumbrinerids. Our study confirms the predicted differences in chaetogenesis of the superficially similar hooded hooks of capitellids and spionids compared with those of eunicids.
Three Dimensional Morphologic Analysis of the Lateral Surface of the Canine Femur
Authors: Zamprogno Helia , Nelson Nathan , Schaeffer David J. , Johnson Ann L. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesAnalyze the lateral plating surface of the femur to obtain bend and twist angles in dogs with non‐chondrodystrophic phenotype.Study DesignRetrospective computed tomography (CT) morphologic analysis.Sample PopulationHistorical cohort, hindlimb CT scans (n = 30).Materials and MethodsThe CT images of 30 normal femurs were uploaded to surgical planning software and 13 points of interest and their respective bend/twist angles were identified on the lateral surfaces. Mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), and range were calculated for each bend/twist angle. Hierarchal clustering and fast Fourier Analyses were used to segment the cohort. Distribution of age, breed, sex, and weight was evaluated between clusters with an exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test.ResultsThe CV of bending ranged from 17% to 46% and for twisting ranged from 21% to 58%. The greater trochanter was the most pronounced bend on the lateral surface of the femur (mean ± SD 8.11 ± 1.35°, CV 17%), and the supracondylar region of the distal femur was the most marked twist (mean ± SD 48.98 ± 10.06°, CV 21%). Although there were no differences between dogs in proximal femur anatomy, 2 clusters of 9 and 21 dogs each were identified due to differences in bend/twist angles in the distal femur. There was no difference between clusters for age (P = .85), breed (P = .62), and sex (P = .15); however, weight differed (P = .03) but was not predictive.ConclusionAlthough distal femoral lateral surfaces varied sufficiently to result in 2 population clusters, further analysis is needed to determine if the differences prevent using the mean bending and twisting parameters as a template for clinical applications.
Biomechanical Comparison of Canine Fascia Lata and Thoracolumbar Fascia: An In Vitro Evaluation of Replacement Tissues for Body Wall Reconstruction
Authors: Henderson Elisabeth R. , Friend Ed J. , Toscano Michael J. , Parsons Kevin J. , Tarlton John F. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo compare the suitability of thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) and fascia lata (FL) for body wall defect repair in dogs, by examining their biomechanical properties and useable surface area.Study DesignExperimental.AnimalsDogs (n = 8).MethodsFresh TLF and FL grafts were obtained, surface area was calculated before testing to failure in 2 different modes: tensile testing and resistance to suture pullout, in 2 perpendicular orientations.ResultsUseable TLF surface area was significantly greater than for FL. Maximum load, energy to break, and elastic modulus of FL was significantly greater than that of TLF in tensile testing, but no apparent difference in the ultimate stress or strain was identified. There was no overall difference in suture pullout load between TLF and FL. During tensile testing, tissue orientation had a significant influence on ultimate load, stress, and elastic modulus for both tissue types, with strain and energy to break only having significant effects for TLF and FL, respectively.ConclusionsThe greater tensile strength and stiffness of FL compared to TLF was not reflected in its material properties, implying any difference was a consequence of greater thickness. Suture pullout was not significantly different between the 2 tissues, perhaps limiting the clinical significance of the tissue mechanics. Tissues were anisotropic with respect to mechanical properties, thus orientation may be an important factor.
Mechanical Comparison of 3 Anchoring Techniques in the Muscular Process for Laryngoplasty in the Equine Larynx
Authors: Lechartier Antoine , Rossignol Fabrice , Brandenberger Olivier , Vitte Amelie , Mespoulhès‐Rivière Céline , Rossignol Anthony , Boening Karl Joseph 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare mechanical properties of 2 techniques with a conventional technique for anchoring the muscular process in a laryngoplasty procedure.Study designExperimentalex vivostudy.Sample PopulationEquine larynges (n = 60).MethodsA single loop (SL), a screw (SC), and a double loop technique (DL) were compared. Constructs were subjected to cyclic loading, oscillating from 5 to 50 N for 3000 cycles, followed by a single cycle to failure test. Mean distraction, load at failure, stiffness, and failure mode were compared between groups.ResultsMean ± SD distraction in cyclic loading was greater for DL (2.1 ± 0.7 mm) than for SL (1.9 ± 1.3 mm) and SC (1.539 ± 0.9 mm); however, there was no significant difference between SL and SC or between SL and DL. Mean ultimate failure load was greater for DL (240 ± 44.56 N) than for SC (189.59 ± 46.16 N) and SL (150.93 ± 44.43 N) and greater for SC compared with SL. Failure occurred by cartilage tearing for DL and SL, and by screw pull out (n = 13) or knot slippage (4) for SC.ConclusionIn cyclic loading, SC is more stable than DL and at least as stable as SL. In single cycle to failure, DL is the strongest construct and SC is stronger than SL.
Transoceanic genetic similarities of kelp‐associated sea slug populations: long‐distance dispersal via rafting?
Authors: Cumming R. A. , Nikula R. , Spencer H. G. , Waters J. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimOur aim was to test for transoceanic dispersal in direct‐developing species of Onchidella (Mollusca: Gastropoda). As these slugs are ecologically associated with buoyant bull‐kelp (Durvillaea), and are known to raft, we predicted that they would show evidence of recent genetic connectivity among isolated landmasses.LocationCool‐temperate and subantarctic coasts of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, southern Chile, and the Falkland Islands).MethodsWe employed two commonly used genetic marker types – mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) – to resolve phylogeographical and population genetic structuring of Onchidella populations on a transoceanic scale.ResultsContrary to previous taxonomic views that classify these Southern Ocean Onchidella as at least three separate species, our genetic data suggest that the studied populations belong to a single taxon, whose distribution is widespread. The analyses reveal substantial mtDNA differentiation between several mainland New Zealand populations (e.g. Kaikoura, Purakaunui Bay), apparently consistent with low rates of dispersal. However, subantarctic samples show widely shared mitochondrial haplotypes and AFLP similarity between distant populations.Main conclusionsOur study suggests recent common ancestry for geographically separated New Zealand subantarctic and South American populations of Onchidella. Their transoceanic similarities are likely to have been driven by passive rafting mediated by circumpolar ocean currents, as previously documented for several epifaunal species strongly associated with buoyant Durvillaea.