bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional quantification of pretorqued nickel-titanium wires in edgewise and prescription brackets
Authors: Mittal Nitika , Xia Zeyang , Chen Jie , Stewart Kelton T. , Liu Sean Shih-Yao 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To quantify the three-dimensional moments and forces produced by pretorqued nickel-titanium (NiTi) rectangular archwires fully engaged in 0.018- and 0.022-inch slots of central incisor and molar edgewise and prescription brackets.

Materials and Methods:
Ten identical acrylic dental models with retroclined maxillary incisors were fabricated for bonding with various bracket-wire combinations. Edgewise, Roth, and MBT brackets with 0.018- and 0.022-inch slots were bonded in a simulated 2 × 4 clinical scenario. The left central incisor and molar were sectioned and attached to load cells. Correspondingly sized straight and pretorqued NiTi archwires were ligated to the brackets using 0.010-inch ligatures. Each load cell simultaneously measured three force (Fx, Fy, Fz) and three moment (Mx, My, Mz) components. The faciolingual, mesiodistal, and inciso-occluso/apical axes of the teeth corresponded to the x, y, and z axes of the load cells, respectively. Each wire was removed and retested seven times. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) examined the effects of wire type, wire size, and bracket type on the measured orthodontic load systems. Interactions among the three effects were examined and pair-wise comparisons between significant combinations were performed.

Results:
The force and moment components on each tooth were quantified according to their local coordinate axes. The three-way ANOVA interaction terms were significant for all force and moment measurements (P &lt; .05), except for Fy (P &gt; .05).

Conclusion:
The pretorqued wire generates a significantly larger incisor facial crown torquing moment in the MBT prescription compared to Roth, edgewise, and the straight NiTi wire.
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Profiles Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Fitzpatrick Stephanie L. , Lai Betty S. , Brancati Frederick L. , Golden Sherita H. , Hill-Briggs Felicia 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE
Although African American adolescents have the highest prevalence of obesity, they have the lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome across all definitions used in previous research. To address this paradox, we sought to develop a model of the metabolic syndrome specific to African American adolescents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2010) of 822 nonpregnant, nondiabetic, African American adolescents (45% girls; aged 12 to 17 years) who underwent physical examinations and fasted at least 8 h were analyzed. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to model metabolic syndrome and then used latent profile analysis to identify metabolic syndrome risk groups among African American adolescents. We compared the risk groups on probability of prediabetes.

RESULTS
The best-fitting metabolic syndrome model consisted of waist circumference, fasting insulin, HDL, and systolic blood pressure. We identified three metabolic syndrome risk groups: low, moderate, and high risk (19% boys; 16% girls). Thirty-five percent of both boys and girls in the high-risk groups had prediabetes, a significantly higher prevalence compared with boys and girls in the low-risk groups. Among adolescents with BMI higher than the 85th percentile, 48 and 36% of boys and girls, respectively, were in the high-risk group.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide a plausible model of the metabolic syndrome specific to African American adolescents. Based on this model, approximately 19 and 16% of African American boys and girls, respectively, are at high risk for having the metabolic syndrome.
Comparison of BMI and Physical Activity Between Old Order Amish Children and Non-Amish Children
Authors: Hairston Kristen G. , Ducharme Julie L. , Treuth Margarita S. , Hsueh Wen-Chi , Jastreboff Ania M. , Ryan Kathy A. , Shi Xiaolian , Mitchell Braxton D. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Snitker Soren 
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE
The Old Order Amish (OOA) is a conservative Christian sect of European origin living in Pennsylvania. Diabetes is rare in adult OOA despite a mean BMI rivaling that in the general U.S. non-Hispanic white population. The current study examines childhood factors that may contribute to the low prevalence of diabetes in the OOA by comparing OOA children aged 8–19 years with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data and children from Maryland’s Eastern Shore (ES), a nearby, non-Amish, rural community. We hypothesized that pediatric overweight is less common in OOA children, that physical activity (PA) and BMI are inversely correlated, and that OOA children are more physically active than ES children.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We obtained anthropometric data in 270 OOA children and 229 ES children (166 non-Hispanic white, 60 non-Hispanic black, 3 Hispanic). PA was measured by hip-worn accelerometers in all ES children and in 198 OOA children. Instrumentation in 43 OOA children was identical to ES children.

RESULTS
OOA children were approximately 3.3 times less likely than non-Hispanic white ES children and NHANES estimates to be overweight (BMI ≥85th percentile, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Time spent in moderate/vigorous PA (MVPA) was inversely correlated to BMI z-score (r = −0.24, P = 0.0006). PA levels did not differ by ethnicity within the ES group, but OOA children spent an additional 34 min/day in light activity (442 ± 56 vs. 408 ± 75, P = 0.005) and, impressively, an additional 53 min/day in MVPA (106 ± 54 vs. 53 ± 32, P &lt; 0.0001) compared with ES children. In both groups, boys were more active than girls but OOA girls were easily more active than ES boys.

CONCLUSIONS
We confirmed all three hypotheses. Together with our previous data, the study implies that the OOA tend to gain their excess weight relatively late in life and that OOA children are very physically active, both of which may provide some long-term protection against diabetes.
Post‐pollination barriers and their role in asymmetric hybridization in Rhinanthus (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Natalis Laurent C. , Wesselingh Renate A. 
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Several barriers against hybrid formation exist, and their combined action can affect the evolutionary outcomes of hybridization. To explain the asymmetrical introgression observed between two bumblebee‐pollinated plant species (Rhinanthus angustifolius and R. minor), we focused on post‐pollination barriers and ethological isolation of hybrids.• Methods: We studied pollen competition in conspecific and heterospecific crosses on both species and analyzed germination rates of hybrid and pure seeds. We also measured bumblebee visitation rates to hybrids relative to their parents using potted Rhinanthus placed in populations of each parental species.• Key results: In mixed pollinations, there was a conspecific siring advantage in both species, but no difference in pollen tube growth rates in either cross type. F1 seeds with a R. angustifolius maternal plant germinated poorly, while those with R. minor as the maternal parent germinated better than pure seeds. Interestingly, bumblebees treated hybrids almost as equal to the background species and more often rejected the nonresident Rhinanthus. In a R. angustifolius background, bumblebees preferred R. angustifolius, but visited hybrids more often than R. minor. In contrast, visitation rates were similar on a R. minor background.• Conclusions: Our results suggest that hybridization rates in Rhinanthus remain low because of several leaky barriers that make R. minor the maternal parent of most F1 offspring. Preference for R. angustifolius and the equal treatment of F1 and background species by bumblebees induce a visitation pattern that directs gene flow toward R. angustifolius when this species predominates.
Neogene‐dominated diversification in neotropical montane lichens: Dating divergence events in the lichen‐forming fungal genus Oropogon (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Esslinger Theodore L. , Lumbsch H. Thorsten 
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Diversification in neotropical regions has been attributed to both Tertiary geological events and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. However, the timing and processes driving speciation in these regions remain unexplored in many important groups. Here, we address the timing of diversification in the neotropical lichenized fungal genus Oropogon (Ascomycota) and assess traditional species boundaries.• Methods: We analyzed sequence data from three loci to assess phenotypically circumscribed Oropogon species from the Oaxacan Highlands, Mexico. We provide a comparison of dated divergence estimates between concatenated gene trees and a calibrated multilocus species‐tree using substitution rates for two DNA regions. We also compare estimates from a data set excluding ambiguously aligned regions and a data set including the hyper‐variable regions in two ribosomal markers.• Key results: Phylogenetic reconstructions were characterized by well‐supported monophyletic clades corresponding to traditionally circumscribed species, with the exception of a single taxon. Divergence estimates indicate that most diversification of the sampled Oropogon species occurred throughout the Oligocene and Miocene, although diversification of a single closely related clade appears to have occurred during the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene. Divergence estimates calculated from a data set with ambiguously aligned regions removed were much more recent than those from the full data set.• Conclusions: Overall, our analyses place the majority of divergence events of Oropogon species from the Oaxacan Highlands within the Neogene and provide strong evidence that climatic changes during the Pleistocene were not a major factor driving speciation in the lichenized genus Oropogon in neotropical highlands.
The complex leaves of the monkey's comb (Amphilophium crucigerum, Bignoniaceae): A climbing strategy without glue
Authors: Seidelmann Katrin , Melzer Björn , Speck Thomas 
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Monkey's comb (Amphilophium crucigerum) is a widely spread neotropical leaf climber that develops attachment pads for anchorage. A single complex leaf of the species comprises a basal pair of foliate, assimilating leaflets and apical, attaching leaflet tendrils. This study aims to analyze these leaves and their ontogenetic development for a better understanding of the attachment process, the form–structure–function relationships involved, and the overall maturation of the leaves.• Methods: Thorough morphometrical, morphological, and anatomical analyses incorporated high‐resolution microscopy, various staining techniques, SEM, and photographic recordings over the entire ontogenetic course of leaf development.• Key results: The foliate, assimilating leaflets and the anchorage of the more apical leaflet tendrils acted independently of each other. Attachment was achieved by coiling of the leaflet tendrils and/or development of attachment pads at the tendril apices that grow opportunistically into gaps and fissures of the substrate. In contact zones with the substrate, the cells of the pads differentiate into a vessel element‐like tissue. During the entire attachment process of the plant, no glue was excreted.• Conclusion: The complex leaves of monkey's comb are highly differentiated organs with specialized leaf parts whose functions—photosynthesis or attachment—work independently of each other. The function of attachment includes coiling and maturation process of the leaflet tendrils and the formation of attachment pads, resulting in a biomechanically sound and persistent anchorage of the plant without the need of glue excretion. This kind of glue‐less attachment is not only of interest in the framework of analyzing the functional variety of attachment structures evolved in climbing plants, but also for the development of innovative biomimetic attachment structures for manifold technical applications.
La cause de mon enfant
Authors: Morel Stanislas 
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article étudie les mobilisations individuelles de parents en faveur de leur enfant en échec au cours des premières années de sa scolarité. L’accent est mis sur la confrontation entre les parents et une série de professionnels (enseignants, médecins, professions paramédicales, « psys ») qui se posent aujourd’hui en « réparateurs » légitimes de l’échec scolaire. Le développement d’un champ d’intervention professionnelle tend à exercer des effets contradictoires, souvent anxiogènes, sur les parents : il leur impose une délégation, au moins partielle, de leur « problème », mais il les oblige aussi à acquérir les compétences nécessaires pour se mouvoir entre ces spécialistes aux savoirs non unifiés. La professionnalisation du traitement de l’échec scolaire souligne également le caractère profane des mobilisations parentales. Fortement contraints, les parents disposent néanmoins, y compris pour les moins dotés d’entre eux, de marges de manœuvre : dans les interstices du pouvoir des « experts » se donnent à voir des manières socialement différenciées et relativement autonomes de se représenter les difficultés de l’enfant et les manières les plus efficaces de les résoudre.
Antibodies to a Superantigenic Glycoprotein 120 Epitope as the Basis for Developing an HIV Vaccine
Authors: Planque Stephanie A. , Mitsuda Yukie , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Karle Sangeeta , Boivin Stephane , Salas Maria , Morris Mary-Kate , Hara Mariko , Liao Guangling , Massey Richard J. , Hanson Carl V. , Paul Sudhir 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Failure to induce synthesis of neutralizing Abs to the CD4 binding determinant (CD4BD) of gp120, a central objective in HIV vaccine research, has been alternately ascribed to insufficient immunogen binding to Abs in their germline V region configuration expressed as BCRs, insufficient adaptive mutations in Ab V regions, and conformational instability of gp120. We employed peptide analogs of gp120 residues 421–433 within the CD4BD (CD4BDcore) to identify Abs produced without prior exposure to HIV (constitutive Abs). The CD4BDcore peptide was recognized by single-chain Fv fragments from noninfected humans with lupus that neutralized genetically diverse strains belonging to various HIV subtypes. Replacing the framework region (FR) of a VH4-family single-chain Fv with the corresponding VH3-family FRs from single-chain Fv JL427 improved the CD4BDcore peptide-binding activity, suggesting a CD4BDcore binding site outside the pocket formed by the CDRs. Replacement mutations in the FR site vicinity suggested the potential for adaptive improvement. A very small subset of serum CD4BDcore-specific serum IgAs from noninfected humans without autoimmune disease isolated by epitope-specific chromatography neutralized the virus potently. A CD4BDcore-specific, HIV neutralizing murine IgM with H and L chain V regions (VH and VL regions) free of immunogen-driven somatic mutations was induced by immunization with a CD4BDcore peptide analog containing an electrophilic group that binds B cells covalently. The studies indicate broad and potent HIV neutralization by constitutive Abs as an innate, germline-encoded activity directed to the superantigenic CD4BDcore epitope that is available for amplification for vaccination against HIV.
Local Complement-Targeted Intervention in Periodontitis: Proof-of-Concept Using a C5a Receptor (CD88) Antagonist
Authors: Abe Toshiharu , Hosur Kavita B. , Hajishengallis Evlambia , Reis Edimara S. , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D. , Hajishengallis George 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
When excessively activated or deregulated, complement becomes a major link between infection and inflammatory pathology including periodontitis. This oral inflammatory disease is associated with a dysbiotic microbiota, leads to the destruction of bone and other tooth-supporting structures, and exerts an adverse impact on systemic health. We have previously shown that mice deficient either in complement C5a receptor (C5aR; CD88) or TLR2 are highly and similarly resistant to periodontitis, suggesting that a cross-talk between the two receptors may be involved in the disease process. In this paper, we show that C5aR and TLR2 indeed synergize for maximal inflammatory responses in the periodontal tissue and uncover a novel pharmacological target to abrogate periodontitis. Using two different mouse models of periodontitis, we show that local treatments with a C5aR antagonist inhibited periodontal inflammation through downregulation of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 and further protected against bone loss, regardless of the presence of TLR2. These findings not only reveal a crucial cooperation between C5aR and TLR2 in periodontal inflammation but also provide proof-of-concept for local targeting of C5aR as a powerful candidate for the treatment of human periodontitis.
Unemployment Insurance and the Business Cycle: What Adjustments are Needed?
Authors: Schwartz Jeremy 
Published: October 2012

During the 2007–2011 economic downturn, the duration that one could collect unemployment insurance (UI) in the United States increased to an unprecedented 99 weeks, and the UI benefit amount increased by $25. This article explores the policy of increasing the generosity of UI during recessions using a model that accounts for the insurance and moral hazard implications of UI as well as the program's impact on job creation. When limited to adjusting the duration of benefits, a more generous UI system is optimal. However, due to UI's negative impact on job creation and the increased cost of providing benefits when unemployment is high, the optimal extension is just 1.3 months. When the government adjusts both the benefit amount and its duration, the optimal policy during downturns is a reduction in the replacement rate. This mitigates the decline in job creation and funds a UI extension of 4.3 months.
The False Security of Blind Dates
Authors: Cimino J.J. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryBackground: The reuse of clinical data for research purposes requires methods for the protection of personal privacy. One general approach is the removal of personal identifiers from the data. A frequent part of this anonymization process is the removal of times and dates, which we refer to as “chrononymization.” While this step can make the association with identified data (such as public information or a small sample of patient information) more difficult, it comes at a cost to the usefulness of the data for research.Objectives: We sought to determine whether removal of dates from common laboratory test panels offers any advantage in protecting such data from re-identification.Methods: We obtained a set of results for 5.9 million laboratory panels from the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Biomedical Translational Research Information System (BTRIS), selected a random set of 20,000 panels from the larger source sets, and then identified all matches between the sets.Results: We found that while removal of dates could hinder the re-identification of a single test result, such removal had almost no effect when entire panels were used.Conclusions: Our results suggest that reliance on chrononymization provides a false sense of security for the protection of laboratory test results. As a result of this study, the NIH has chosen to rely on policy solutions, such as strong data use agreements, rather than removal of dates when reusing clinical data for research purposes.Citation: Cimino J.J. The false security of blind dates: Chrononymization’s lack of impact on data privacy of laboratory data. Appl Clin Inf 2012; 3: 392–403http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-07-RA-0028
Grammar in the Language Classroom: A Case Study of Teachers’ Attitudes and their Actual Behaviour in the Class
Authors: Azimi Mozhgan 
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper was to explore the language teachers’ attitudes towards teaching English grammar. In addition, this study compared the teachers’ beliefs and their actual behaviors in the class. The “Action Theory” was chosen regarding this issue. It was investigated if there was any compatibility between their beliefs and practice or not and in case of incompatibility, the subjects were aware of it or not. This paper also tried to explore the reasons of this incompatibility as well as to find out the factors that influenced the teachers’ actual behaviors in the class. The present study is a case study done in a semi-government language center in Mashhad, Iran. Three female language teachers were selected as subjects for this research. To identify the language teachers’ attitudes towards teaching English grammar, a series of observations was done. And also, some interviews with three English teachers were planned to make known their attitudes towards teaching grammar. The Constant Comparative Method (CCM) was used to analyze the data obtained from observations and interviews. The findings of this study revealed that sometimes there was no compatibility between beliefs and actual behaviors. Most of the time, teachers were not aware of this incompatibility. Keywords - Attitudes, Grammar, Belief, Behavior, Action Theory and Compatibility
The Development of Local Content-based Science Curriculum for Madrasah Tsanawiyah (Islamic Middle School) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Suprihatiningrum Jamil 
Published: October 2012

Indonesia has been implementing a basically competencybased curriculum which provides a large room for local potentials to be incorporated into the curriculum. This paper aims at describing the process of developing and implementing local content-based science curriculum, by using the case of the embedment of salakpondoh into the Islamic middle school science curriculum. The development of the curriculum followed the 4-D model of the research based development, i.e. Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate. The Define phase was conducted through a thorough analysis of the national curriculum, local potentials as well as the characteristics of students and school environment. The Design phase was characterized by the development of the prototype of the curriculum. The prototype of the curriculum was then reviewed by 6 middle school science teachers from 3 types of middle schools in the district. The revised version of the curriculum was then implemented in the Public Madrasah Tsanawiyah(PMTs) of Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The result of this study shows that the prototype of the curriculum was given a good score by the teachers. It also was implemented in the PMTsand can increase the learning outcome of students well and also improve the cooperative skills. Keywords - local content, salakpondoh, science curriculum, learning model, prototype, research and development