bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Society's Perceptions of Visibly Burned Adults and the Implications for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Franks Teresa , Goodrick-Meech Anne 
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to investigate public perceptions of the visibly burned adult (face, neck and hands) using an experimental design. The methodology involved two groups of subjects (n=20) rating five pictures of women for the personality traits of attractiveness, sense of humour, intelligence and sociability. Both groups rated the same pictures, except that one group saw a picture of a woman before a facial burn while the other group had this picture substituted for one of the same woman after the facial burn. The results supported the hypothesis that ‘adults with visible burns are perceived significantly less favourably than those without visible burns’ for each of the personality traits except intelligence. The discussion analyses these results further, comparing them with past studies on disfigurement and suggesting some implications that such stigmatisation may have for occupational therapy. Clients need to be assisted not only in coming to terms with trauma and personal loss, but also in learning to adapt psychologically to the negative perception society has towards people with visible disfigurement.
Evidence-Based Practice and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Lloyd-Smith Walter 
Published: April 2015

Occupational therapists, like other health care professionals, are constantly being asked to confront major changes in the way health and social care services are structured and, in turn, how their working practices are organised. In order for the market-driven National Health Service to function, it requires detailed information on whether services are clinically effective. The use of evidence-based practice has been widely advocated as one way to meet these demands. This article focuses on evidence-based practice as an approach, and considers its implications and relevance for occupational therapists. First, a short history of the background of evidence-based practice is given, followed by a discussion of recent social and political developments which have increased demands for its wider use. A number of key issues associated with evidence-based practice are then considered, including implementing research findings into practice; the nature of evidence itself; time; the accessibility of research findings; and skills required for evidence-based practice. Practical suggestions are also offered to enable therapists to make the most appropriate use of evidence-based practice. The aim of this article is to stimulate debate about evidence-based decision making for practitioners.
Assessment Tools Used by Occupational Therapists with Head Injured Patients in a Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Haig Jane 
Published: April 2015

This article describes the assessment tools that are used by occupational therapists working with head injured patients in a rehabilitation setting. The study method used was a postal questionnaire sent to all head injury rehabilitation units in the United Kingdom, inviting occupational therapists working there to respond. The results indicated that both standardised and non-standardised methods of assessment were used with this patient group, and a comprehensive list of all those used is now available. Standardised methods tended to assess component skills (such as memory), whereas non-standardised methods were generally used to assess functional skills (such as getting dressed). The occupational therapists felt that the objectivity of standardised tests gave them more credibility in the eyes of other professionals. However, non-standardised methods were more frequently used because the occupational therapists stressed the importance of the assessment of functional tasks, both in hospital and at home, within their professional role. They were clear that assessment of component skills did not necessarily indicate how patients performed in daily living activities. The relationship between choice of assessment method and length of experience of the therapist was also examined. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between the longer a therapist had worked in the field of head injury and his or her likelihood to assess work skills using non-standardised methods. However, from the findings, it became evident that clinical reasoning most affected assessment choice, and this subject may be worthy of further research.
Standardised Assessment: A Comparison of the Community Dependency Index and the Barthel Index with an Elderly Hip Fracture Population
Authors: Ward Gillian , Macaulay Fiona , Jagger Carol , Harper William 
Published: April 2015

The Community Dependency Index (CDI) is a standardised outcome measure of independence in self-care activities, based upon the Barthel Index, for the assessment of disabled and elderly people living in the community. The operational definitions take account of the influence that the environment has on a person's ability to carry out activities of daily living. This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of two groups of community-dwelling elderly people who had sustained a hip fracture. The inter-rater reliability of the CDI was assessed, the agreement between the CDI and the Barthel Index was assessed and the sensitivity to change over time of the two measures was compared. The CDI was found to be equally as sensitive to a change in overall scores as the Barthel Index but tended to give lower scores. This trend has important implications for its use as an outcome measure of independence in activities of daily living following trauma.
Occupation and Lifestyle: Implications for Mental Health Practice
Authors: Lambert Rod 
Published: April 2015

Occupation is central to the concept of occupational therapy. However, the definition and use of the term occupation have been through many stages. This paper considers some of these stages. It then discusses the role of lifestyle and the emergence of what has become known as lifestyle medicine. Lifestyle is an important area for occupational therapy to explore because it influences both the individual's perception and his or her experience of health. The suggestion is made that lifestyle provides both occupational form and occupational performance. Occupational synthesis can be achieved through the use of a therapeutic intervention promoting lifestyle change. Research evidence is presented relating to two specific lifestyle factors, caffeine and general fluid intake, examining their potential effect on mental health. Case studies demonstrate how a lifestyle approach can provide a beneficial early intervention strategy. The discussion resulting from the case studies illustrates how the approach can be used in a number of different ways to influence the outcome of therapeutic interventions positively.
Determining the Effectiveness of a Short-Term Anxiety Management Course
Authors: Prior Sarah 
Published: April 2015

The effectiveness of a 6-week anxiety management course at a mental health day hospital was researched. The author was motivated to research these sessions due to her own observations of the clients' progress in the groups. There was also an increasing demand for anxiety management groups with many clients being referred by general practitioners. The subjects were 37 clients. The diagnosis of the clients varied but anxiety must have been identified as a problem. Four of the 6-week courses were run over a period of 10 months. The course was evaluated using three questionnaires: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale, the Spielberger Questionnaire (state and trait) and the Fear Questionnaire. The clients completed the questionnaires four times: pre-treatment, at the beginning and at the end of the course, and at 2 months post-treatment. A control group was used. The data collected from the questionnaires were analysed using paired t-tests. The results showed that the anxiety management course was effective, with a statistically significant reduction in symptoms by the end of the course. The control group did not show significant change. It was the HAD Scale that showed the statistically significant positive change. The state section of the Spielberger Questionnaire followed the same pattern as the HAD Scale and showed a reduction in symptoms, although it was not statistically significant. The results of the Fear Questionnaire suggested that the clients' phobias were not treated by the anxiety management course. A client satisfaction questionnaire was used and participants made positive comments about the value of the course.
Assessment of Psychosocial Factors in Functional Capacity Evaluation of Clients with Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Gibson Libby , Strong Jeny 
Published: April 2015

Psychosocial factors have been shown to be major determinants in the return to work of individuals with chronic back pain. It is important, therefore, for occupational therapists to have an understanding of these factors and to include an evaluation of them when assessing function for work. This article presents an overview of the influence of some of these factors on function and, in particular, return to work in individuals with chronic back pain. It also provides an introduction to tools occupational therapists may use to assess these factors within a comprehensive functional capacity evaluation. Variables discussed include perceived disability, expectation of return to work, self-efficacy, perceived effort, pain intensity, pain location and pain behaviour. Consideration is given to the reliability and validity of the tools reviewed.
Just Playing … is it Time Wasted?
Authors: Reade Susanna , Hunter Heather , McMillan Ian R 
Published: April 2015

Occupational therapists may embark on play therapy as part of an intervention package in child psychiatry. This article examines the effectiveness of play therapy with children who have experienced emotional deprivation. Even though emotional deprivation is seldom the primary reason for referral, it may underpin the behavioural difficulties with which the children present. One important aspect of emotional deprivation appears to be the disruption of early dose relationships and, traditionally, the damage caused by this has been considered irreversible. Consequently, the possibility of children deriving benefit from play therapy and the lack of clarity about emotional deprivation are examined. Research that sheds light on this discussion is considered and, finally, the ways in which occupational therapists might contribute to this body of research are suggested.
Total Hip Replacement: An Audit of the Provision and Use of Equipment
Authors: Davidson Tracy 
Published: April 2015

Historically, Perth and Kinross Social Services supplied every total hip replacement patient with a ‘hip pack’ containing a raised toilet seat, a helping hand, a long-handled shoe horn and a sock/tights aid. This pack was issued by the hospital occupational therapist prior to discharge. In January 1996 the funding for this equipment was withdrawn. This move obstructed the hospital-based occupational therapists from achieving the standard practice that ‘all patients will be provided with a hip pack prior to discharge’. The hip pack should be used for 6–12 weeks postoperatively to reduce the risk of dislocation. These standards are in agreement with guidelines in James (1992). The occupational therapy department was concerned that patients would be at greater risk of dislocation if this equipment was not provided. A variety of options were considered to overcome this, including patients purchasing their own equipment or the hospital trust funding a loan service. In order to support these proposals an audit was carried out with three main aims: (i) to assess whether the hospital occupational therapists were meeting the standards by providing every total hip replacement patient with equipment from a hip pack; (ii) to assess whether the standard statement that the hip pack equipment should be used for 6–12 weeks was an appropriate time scale for patients; and (iii) to obtain the patient's perspective on the proposals being explored to continue to meet the standards. There was an 85% (63/74) response rate and the results of the audit highlighted how important the equipment was to the patient. The time each item was used for varied, but many were still in use 6 months postoperatively. Due to budget constraints, patients were also asked if they would purchase some of the equipment; 51 (93%) of the 55 respondents stated that they would have purchased at least one item in the hip pack. The standards were nearly but not fully met. This was due to the lack of flexibility in the standards not acknowledging that some patients would not need equipment.
A Pilot Study exploring Families' Experience of Caring for Children with Chronic Arthritis: Views from the Inside
Authors: Britton Carrie 
Published: April 2015

Control of juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) is sought by a cocktail of strong drugs, but effective rehabilitation depends upon robust exercise and splinting programmes carried out at home. This article describes the pilot stage from a larger research project and explores the global impact of both the disease process and associated health care programmes on the child with JCA, the parents, the siblings and other family members. The pilot study used a pre-tested self-completion questionnaire with families attending JCA outpatient appointments. The questionnaire was designed around six key issues in order to test issue validity and significance for the families involved. It elicited both quantitative and qualitative data that informed and guided subsequent in-depth fieldwork. The findings included the following: (a) 41% of all families reported that the experience prior to diagnosis had a strong impact on later coping; (b) the degree of understanding about the aims and methods of exercise and splinting programmes varied widely; (c) there was common confusion about prognosis; and (d) there was evidence of parental grieving. The literature review and study findings strongly suggest a knowledge gap between families and professionals. There were indications of the wideranging root causes of compliance difficulties. The recommendations include more reflexive practice by service providers, greater attention to the families' priorities and perspectives, and improvements in effective mutual information sharing between practitioners and families. There were strong indications for further in-depth research.
The use of elastic therapeutic tape and eccentric exercises for lateral elbow tendinosis: a case series
Authors: Wegener Raewyn L , Brown Ted , O’Brien Lisa 
Published: April 2015

Introduction ‘Lateral elbow tendinosis’ or ‘lateral elbow tendinopathy’ have been suggested to be more appropriate diagnostic terms instead of ‘lateral epicondylitis’ as the condition is degenerative rather than inflammatory. For this reason, it is important that interventions target this degeneration at the common extensor tendon. Methods A descriptive, retrospective review of a series of four patients with lateral elbow tendinosis was conducted to examine functional outcomes with the use of elastic therapeutic tape, eccentric exercises and activity modification techniques. Results All patients recorded improved changes in pain and grip strength within three months of treatment using elastic therapeutic tape, eccentric exercises and activity modification techniques. Conclusions There may be clinical benefit in the use of elastic therapeutic tape, in conjunction with eccentric exercises and activity modification techniques, for the treatment of lateral elbow tendinosis. More rigorous and comprehensive studies are recommended to further investigate this intervention.
Evaluation of pulmonary function changes in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Upper Egypt
Authors: Mohamad Ismail L. , Saad Khaled , Abdel-Azeem Ali , Mohamed Sherif A.A. , Othman Hisham A.K. , Abdel Baseer Khaled A. , Thabet Ahmad F. , El-Houfey Amira A. 
Published: April 2015

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children across the world and is responsible for a growing proportion of global healthcare expenditure. However, limited data are available on lung dysfunction in children with diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulmonary function changes in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: We studied 60 children with T1DM (mean age 10.5 ± 2.32 years; disease duration 2.45 ± 0.6 years, and 50 healthy control children (mean age 9.9 ± 2.5 years). Spirometry was performed for all individuals to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Glycemic control was assessed on the basis of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), with HbA1c values <8% considered to indicate good glycemic control, and HbA1c values ⩾8% to indicate poor control. Results: There was significant reduction in all spirometeric parameters in diabetic children in comparison with healthy control children. Children with poor glycemic control had significant impairment in lung functions compared with those with good glycemic control. Conclusions: T1DM in children leads to impairment of lung functions and this impairment increases with poor glycemic control.
Effects of a botulinum toxin type A injection on the masseter muscle: An animal model study
Authors: Park Si-Yeok , Park Young-Wook , Ji Young-Jun , Park Sung-Wook , Kim Seong-Gon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in the masseter muscle using electromyography (EMG) in an animal model.

Methods
Ten male adult (>3 months of age) New Zealand white rabbits were used. Muscle activity was continuously recorded from 8 hours before to 8 hours after BTX-A injection. The rabbits received unilateral BTX-A injections of either 5 units (group 1, n = 5) or 20 units (group 2, n = 5).

Results
The masseter muscle activity of the rabbits was significantly reduced immediately after BTX-A injection (P < 0.05 for both groups). When the results from group 1 were compared with those from group 2, only the peak voltage was significantly decreased in group 2 (P = 0.013).

Conclusion
Masseter muscle activity measured by EMG was immediately decreased after a BTX-A injection.
Evaluation of cognitive restructuring for post-traumatic stress
disorder in people with severe mental illness
Authors: Mueser Kim T. , Gottlieb Jennifer D. , Xie Haiyi , Lu Weili , Yanos Philip T. , Rosenberg Stanley D. , Silverstein Steven M. , Duva Stephanie Marcello , Minsky Shula , Wolfe Rosemarie S. , McHugo Gregory J. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundA cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) programme designed for
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with severe mental
illness, including breathing retraining, education and cognitive
restructuring, was shown to be more effective than usual services.AimsTo evaluate the incremental benefit of adding cognitive restructuring to
the breathing retraining and education components of the CBT programme
(trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00494650).MethodIn all, 201 people with severe mental illness and PTSD were randomised to
12- to 16-session CBT or a 3-session brief treatment programme (breathing
retraining and education). The primary outcome was PTSD symptom severity.
Secondary outcomes were PTSD diagnosis, other symptoms, functioning and
quality of life.ResultsThere was greater improvement in PTSD symptoms and functioning in the CBT
group than in the brief treatment group, with both groups improving on
other outcomes and effects maintained 1-year post-treatment.ConclusionsCognitive restructuring has a significant impact beyond breathing
retraining and education in the CBT programme, reducing PTSD symptoms and
improving functioning in people with severe mental illness.
Shear Stress- and Visible Light-induced Photochromism on Diarylethene
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Inokuchi Makoto 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Light irradiation experiments on diarylethene, cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethane (CMTE), under shear stress have been performed. From the results, it is apparent that the combination of shear stress and visible light of around 500 nm could induce the photoisomerization of CMTE to the closed-ring isomer. The present work shows that shear stress could adjust the wavelength of light for the photochromism from ultraviolet light region to visible light.
INDENTATION RESISTANCE AND CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF Fe-Mn MODIFIED Cu-Al ALLOYS IN SELECTED INDUSTRIAL AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Alaneme Kenneth Kanayo 
Published: April 2015

The hardness, and corrosion behaviour of ferromanganese modified Cu-Al alloys in selected industrial and biological fluids has been investigated. Cu-Al alloys containing approximately 12wt% Al were produced by casting with varied lean additions of ferromanganese ranging from 0.1 – 0.4 wt% of the charge. The alloys were thermo-mechanically processed adopting a homogenization – cold rolling- annealing treatment as part of the alloy design schedule. Hardness measurement, weight loss corrosion testing and microstructural analysis were used to characterize the alloys produced. The results show that the addition of ferromanganese led to partial refinement of the grain structure with inequigranular recrystallized grains manifesting as dispersed phase in the Cu-Al alloy matrix. The hardness of the Cu-Al based alloys was observed to generally improve with the addition of Fe-Mn although it did not show sensitivity to increase with corresponding increase in the wt% of Fe-Mn. The mass loss of all grades of the alloy produced were observed to be less than 0.02g/cm2 in NaCl solution. In H2SO4 solution, it was observed that the addition Fe-Mn to the Cu-Al based alloys resulted in distinct improvement of the corrosion resistance of the alloys. The corrosion rates were also relatively lower in glucose and dextrose and saline solutions (<0.006g/cm2) in comparison with NaCl solution (<0.02g/cm2). It was noted that additions of 0.1-0.2wt% Fe-Mn to the Cu-Al based alloy yielded the best combination of properties in the study.
EFFECT OF THE AGEING TEMPERATURE, AGEING TIME AND QUENCHING TEMPERATURE ON PRECIPITATION KINETICS IN Al-Mg-Si ALLOY
Authors: Lemmadi Fatima Z. , Chala Abdelouahed , Belahssen Okba , Benramache Said 
Published: April 2015

In the present paper, we have studied the effect of ageing temperature, ageing time and quenching temperature on structural, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloy. The ageing temperature used in this work was 300 °C pending time 24 and 48 h. The structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction; the microstructural evolution was investigated using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopies and microhardness measurement for the mechanical properties. After various states of ageing, the Al-Mg-Si alloy shows significant changes in the microstructure and microhardness values. After ageing, the microstructure of the matrix consisted of a two solid solution of α–Al and β– Mg2Si phases precipitation. After two-step heat treatment (quenching and ageing), the microhardness value were decreased with comparing original sample, the alloy reveals high β discontinuous precipitates. After ageing at 300 °C of original sample, corresponding to the minimum value of microhardness, the volume fraction of the continuous precipitate becomes smaller. We found be that the best results have been obtained with the ageing at 300 °C pendinf time 48 hours in all steps.