bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of the Porphyrin β,β′‐Pyrrolic Ring: A General and Efficient Approach to Porpholactones
Authors: Yu Yi , Lv Hongbin , Ke Xiansheng , Yang Boyan , Zhang Jun‐Long 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe describe an efficient ruthenium‐catalyzed oxidation of the β,β′‐pyrrolic ring on the porphyrin periphery. Through the conversion of a β,β′‐double bond to a lactone moiety, the direct preparation of porpholactones from porphyrins is achieved, which previously suffered from needing toxic reagents, multiple synthetic steps and low yields. The generality of this method has been investigated with various porphyrins with different electronic and steric effects, even some metalloporphyrins, and so represents a general and efficient approach for the synthesis of the intriguing porpholactone derivatives.
Adsorption of lactic acid onto three ionic liquid‐modified porous polymers
Authors: Tang Baokun , Tian Minglei , Row Kyung Ho 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThree ionic liquid (IL)‐modified porous polymers were synthesized and used for the adsorption of lactic acid. The experimental adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data from the IL‐modified polymers were obtained. The kinetic study revealed a low temperature to be advantageous to the adsorption process. The dependence of the level of lactic acid adsorption on the amount of polymer, initial lactic acid concentration, and pH was examined at equilibrium. The maximum efficiency was obtained using the maximum adsorbent dose. A comparison of lactic acid adsorption at different pH revealed anion exchange to be the main interaction between the lactic acid and polymers, not molecular adsorption. The amounts adsorbed were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin equations. The equilibrium data for modified polymers (imidazole modified polymer, methylimidazole modified polymer, and ethylimidazole modified polymer) were best represented by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm with R2 values of 0.99. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesized from crude glycerol waste using mixed microbial consortia
Authors: Hu Shengjun , McDonald Armando Gabriel , Coats Erik Robert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study focused on the characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) produced from crude glycerol (CG) using mixed microbial consortia (MMC). PHB recovered from two biomass drying treatments (65°C oven drying and lyophilization) was characterized comparatively along with a commercially sourced PHB (PHB‐C). Characterization results showed that oven‐drying method caused PHB partial hydrolysis, as indicated by its lower molecular weight (Mw) (PHB‐O, 144,000 g mol−1), which further affected its physical and chemical properties. Lyophilization helped alleviate PHB hydrolysis during drying process, leading to PHB (PHB‐L) of higher Mw (309,000 g mol−1) and material properties comparable with commercial PHB. Furthermore, crystallization and morphological studies showed that PHB‐L featured faster crystallization rates and smaller spherulites as compared with PHB‐C, probably due to its lower Mw. In general, the results from this study suggested that CG‐MMC‐derived PHB‐L possessed material properties comparable with those of pure substrate/culture produced PHB. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Male and Female Fertility Assessment in the Cynomolgus Monkey Following Administration of ABT‐874, a Human Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Enright Brian P. , Tornesi Belen , Weinbauer Gerhard F. , Blaich Guenter 
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUNDABT‐874 is an anti‐IL‐12/23 monoclonal antibody that binds to the p40 subunit of human IL‐12 and IL‐23. As part of its preclinical safety assessment, studies were conducted to asses its potential effects on the reproductive system in male and female cynomolgus monkeys.METHODSSexually mature male cynomolgus monkeys (n = 6/group) were administered once weekly subcutaneous doses of 0, 5, 25, or 100 mg/kg ABT‐874 for 13 weeks. Four monkeys/group were necropsied at the end of the 13‐week dosing period and two monkeys/group were necropsied following an 8‐week recovery period. Endpoints assessed in these males included sperm parameters such as sperm count and morphology, male reproductive hormones, and testes histopathology. Sexually mature female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 6/group) were administered subcutaneous doses of 0, 5, 25, or 100 mg/kg/week ABT‐874 for two menstrual cycles, and recovery was subsequently assessed in each of these animals over two menstrual cycles. Endpoints assessed in these females included menses and reproductive hormone levels.RESULTSIn both the male and female fertility studies, there were no unscheduled deaths and there was no evidence of toxicity. In male monkeys, there were no ABT‐874‐related effects on sperm count or motility, histopathology of the testes or effects on testosterone and inhibin B levels. In addition, menstrual cycle length, progesterone, 17ß‐estradiol, and luteinizing hormone levels in female monkeys were comparable among control and ABT‐874‐treated groups.CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that ABT‐874 had no adverse effects on reproductive hormones or fertility parameters in male or female cynomolgus monkeys.
Acetylcholin als non‐neuronales Signalmolekül
Authors: Hollenhorst Monika , Clauss Wolfgang , Fronius Martin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn den vergangenen Jahren wurde deutlich, dass Acetylcholin neben seiner Rolle als Neurotransmitter eine wichtige Funktion als Signalmolekül in non‐neuronalen Zellen hat. Das so genannte non‐neuronale cholinerge System (NNCS) konnte in zahlreichen Organen, wie Lunge, Haut und Plazenta nachgewiesen werden, wo es diverse physiologische Prozesse reguliert. Zusätzlich häufen sich Hinweise darauf, dass das NNCS auch bei einigen Krankheiten, wie beispielsweise Cystischer Fibrose, involviert ist. Daher ist eine detaillierte Erforschung des NNCS im Hinblick auf ein besseres Verständnis der menschlichen Physiologie und als möglicher Ansatzpunkt für verbesserte Krankheitstherapien unerlässlich.
Hilfreiche Blutsauger in der Medizin und ihre Systematik
Authors: Kutschera Ulrich 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNoch vor wenigen Jahren wurden alle in Europa vorkommenden, blutsaugenden Kieferegel der Gattung Hirudo der ehemals häufigen Typus‐Art H. medicinalis zugeordnet. Heute wissen wir, dass drei geografisch getrennte Arten, der Europäische Medizinische Blutegel (H. medicinalis), der Mediterrane Bl. (H. verbana) und der Kaukasische Bl. (H. orientalis) unterschieden werden müssen. Im Blutegel‐Handel wird nicht H. medicinalis, sondern H. verbana vertrieben. Die Egel werden in der Türkei und Russland gesammelt und unter anderem in der plastischen Chirurgie eingesetzt.
An Original Electrochemical Pathway for the Synthesis of Porphyrin Oligomers
Authors: Schaming Delphine , Xia Yun , Thouvenot René , Ruhlmann Laurent 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn electrosynthesis process has allowed the formation of four oligomers, containing three, four, or five macrocycles. This method is based on the nucleophilic attack of porphyrins substituted by several pendant pyridyl groups to the electrogenerated radical cation of zinc β‐octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP), according to an ECEC processes. Thus, a control of the number of macrocycles and of the geometry of the oligomers can be performed. These new compounds have been characterized by HRMS as well as 1H NMR, UV/Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. The results show a strong influence of the pyridinium spacers on the macrocycles.
Self‐Assembled Tetragonal Prismatic Molecular Cage Highly Selective for Anionic π Guests
Authors: García‐Simón Cristina , Garcia‐Borràs Marc , Gómez Laura , Garcia‐Bosch Isaac , Osuna Sílvia , Swart Marcel , Luis Josep M. , Rovira Concepció , Almeida Manuel , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel , Costas Miquel , Ribas Xavi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe metal‐directed supramolecular synthetic approach has paved the way for the development of functional nanosized molecules. In this work, we report the preparation of the new nanocapsule 3⋅(CF3SO3)8 with a A4B2 tetragonal prismatic geometry, where A corresponds to the dipalladium hexaazamacrocyclic complex Pd‐1, and B corresponds to the tetraanionic form of palladium 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (2). The large void space of the inner cavity and the supramolecular affinity for guest molecules towards porphyrin‐based hosts converts this nanoscale molecular 3D structure into a good candidate for host–guest chemistry. The interaction between this nanocage and different guest molecules has been studied by means of NMR, UV/Vis, ESI‐MS, and DOSY experiments, from which highly selective molecular recognition has been found for anionic, planar‐shaped π guests with association constants (Ka) higher than 109 M−1, in front of non‐interacting aromatic neutral or cationic substrates. DFT theoretical calculations provided insights to further understand this strong interaction. Nanocage 3⋅(CF3SO3)8 can not only strongly host one single molecule of M(dithiolene)2 complexes (M=Au, Pt, Pd, and Ni), but also can finely tune their optical and redox properties. The very simple synthesis of both the supramolecular cage and the building blocks represents a step forward for the development of polyfunctional supramolecular nanovessels, which offer multiple applications as sensors or nanoreactors.
Trends in advanced imaging use for women undergoing breast cancer surgery
Authors: Breslin Tara M. , Banerjee Mousumi , Gust Cathryn , Birkmeyer Nancy J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Evidence‐based guidelines recommend limited perioperative diagnostic imaging for new breast cancer diagnoses. For patients aged >65 years, conventional imaging use (mammography, plain radiographs, and ultrasound) has remained stable, whereas advanced imaging (computed tomography [CT], nuclear medicine scans [positron emission tomography/bone scans], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) use has increased. In this study, the authors evaluated traditional and advanced imaging use among younger patients (aged ≤65 years) undergoing breast cancer surgery.METHODS:The MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Research Database from 2005 through 2008 was analyzed to evaluate the use of conventional and advanced diagnostic imaging associated with surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or stage I through III invasive breast cancer.RESULTS:The study cohort included 52,202 women (13% with DCIS and 87% with stage I‐III breast cancer). The proportion of patients undergoing conventional imaging remained stable, whereas the average number of conventional imaging tests per patient increased from 4.21 tests in 2005 to 4.79 tests per patient in 2008 (P < .0001). For advanced imaging, the proportion of women who underwent imaging increased from 48.8% in 2005 to 68.8% in 2008 (P < .0001), as did the number of tests per patient (from 1.53 tests in 2005 to 1.98 tests in 2008; P < .0001). MRI examinations accounted for nearly all of the increase in advanced imaging. Patients who underwent MRI examinations received significantly more traditional imaging tests compared with to those who did not, indicating that these tests are additive and are not replacing traditional imaging.CONCLUSIONS:The current results demonstrate that the use of perioperative breast MRI has increased among women aged <65 years. Further study is indicated to determine whether the benefits of this procedure justify increased use. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Realization of arbitrary current transfer functions based on commercially available CCII + s
Authors: Yuce Erkan , Minaei Shahram 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a new topology for realizing arbitrary nth‐order current transfer function (TF), consisting of only plus‐type second‐generation current conveyors (CCII+s), is suggested. The proposed TF simulator employs only grounded capacitors and is free from the passive element matching requirements. The developed TF simulator can be constructed directly with commercially available active components such as AD844s. It has low‐input and high‐output impedances, a feature which makes it fully cascadable with other current‐mode topologies. Moreover, the proposed simulator can provide gain at its outputs. Simulation and experimental test results for various filter examples are included to confirm the claimed theory. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of fat volume fraction, sodium caseinate, and starch on the optimization of the sensory properties of frankfurter sausages
Authors: Petridis Dimitris , Ritzoulis Christos , Tzivanos Iakovos , Vlazakis Eleuterios , Derlikis Emmanuel , Vareltzis Patroklos 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe effect of two important nonmeat constituents (starch and sodium caseinate) and fat content on the sensory perception of frankfurter sausages has been assessed for two mixture amounts (17% and 27%). A strong correlation among objective fattiness, elasticity, and chewiness has been established; these correlate negatively to consistency and hardness. This has been attributed to the protein gel disruption arising from local phase separations. Hedonic consistency, elasticity, and chewiness showed a very strong positive correlation to one another. Contour plots, based on responses of principal component axes, show that lard is important in increasing the objective sensory intensities of fattiness, chewiness, and elasticity, and for decreasing hardness and consistency. In higher lard proportions, caseinate and starch decrease the red color intensity and the acceptability of chewiness, elasticity, and consistency. Optimization of the component amounts was performed using response trace plots. After redundancy analysis, sensory and instrumental variables were found in very good mutual agreement; hardness was assessed as the most important mechanical variable, followed by chewiness.
Safeguarding the provision of ecosystem services in catchment systems
Authors: Everard Mark 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A narrow technocentric focus on a few favored ecosystem services (generally provisioning services) has led to ecosystem degradation globally, including catchment systems and their capacities to support human well-being. Increasing recognition of the multiple benefits provided by ecosystems is slowly being translated into policy and some areas of practice, although there remains a significant shortfall in the incorporation of a systemic perspective into operation management and decision-making tools. Nevertheless, a range of ecosystem-based solutions to issues as diverse as flooding and green space provision in the urban environment offers hope for improving habitat and optimization of beneficial services. The value of catchment ecosystem processes and their associated services is also being increasingly recognized and internalized by the water industry, improving water quality and quantity through catchment land management rather than at greater expense in the treatment costs of contaminated water abstracted lower in catchments. Parallel recognition of the value of working with natural processes, rather than “defending” built assets when catchment hydrology is adversely affected by unsympathetic upstream development, is being progressively incorporated into flood risk management policy. This focus on wider catchment processes also yields a range of cobenefits for fishery, wildlife, amenity, flood risk, and other interests, which may be optimized if multiple stakeholders and their diverse value systems are included in decision-making processes. Ecosystem services, particularly implemented as a central element of the ecosystem approach, provide an integrated framework for building in these different perspectives and values, many of them formerly excluded, into commercial and resource management decision-making processes, thereby making tractable the integrative aspirations of sustainable development. This can help redress deeply entrenched inherited assumptions, habits, and vested interests, replacing them in many management situations with wider recognition of the multiple values of ecosystems and their services. Global interest in taking an ecosystem approach is promoting novel scientific and policy thinking, yet there is a shortfall in its translation into practical management tools. Professional associations may have key roles to play in breaking down barriers to the “mainstreaming” of systemic perspectives into common practice, particularly through joining u different sectors of society essential to their implementation and ongoing adaptive management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 252–259. © 2012 SETAC
Enhancement of hepatic 4-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 through CYP3A4 induction in vitro and in vivo: Implications for drug-induced osteomalacia
Authors: Wang Zhican , Lin Yvonne S , Dickmann Leslie J , Poulton Emma-Jane , Eaton David L , Lampe Johanna W , Shen Danny D , Davis Connie L , Shuhart Margaret C , Thummel Kenneth E 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Long-term therapy with certain drugs, especially cytochrome P450 (P450; CYP)-inducing agents, confers an increased risk of osteomalacia that is attributed to vitamin D deficiency. Human CYP24A1, CYP3A4, and CYP27B1 catalyze the inactivation and activation of vitamin D and have been implicated in the adverse drug response. In this study, the inducibility of these enzymes and monohydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) were evaluated after exposure to P450-inducing drugs. With human hepatocytes, treatment with phenobarbital, hyperforin, carbamazepine, and rifampin significantly increased the levels of CYP3A4, but not CYP24A1 or CYP27B1 mRNA. In addition, rifampin pretreatment resulted in an 8-fold increase in formation of the major metabolite of 25OHD3, 4β,25(OH)2D3. This inductive effect was blocked by the addition of 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin, a selective CYP3A4 inhibitor. With human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells, treatment with the same inducers did not alter CYP3A4, CYP24A1, or CYP27B1 expression. 24R,25(OH)2D3 was the predominant monohydroxy metabolite produced from 25OHD3, but its formation was unaffected by the inducers. With healthy volunteers, the mean plasma concentration of 4β,25(OH)2D3 was increased 60% (p &lt; 0.01) after short-term rifampin administration. This was accompanied by a statistically significant reduction in plasma 1α,25(OH)2D3 (−10%; p = 0.03), and a nonsignificant change in 24R,25(OH)2D3 (−8%; p = 0.09) levels. Further analysis revealed a negative correlation between the increase in 4β,25(OH)2D3 and decrease in 1α,25(OH)2D3 levels. Examination of the plasma monohydroxy metabolite/25OHD3 ratios indicated selective induction of the CYP3A4-dependent 4β-hydroxylation pathway of 25OHD3 elimination. These results suggest that induction of hepatic CYP3A4 may be important in the etiology of drug-induced osteomalacia. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Electrochemical synthesis of cuprous oxide with a cylindrical bipolar reactor
Authors: González Pérez Omar , Bisang José M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis work analyzes the behaviour of monopolar and bipolar electrochemical reactors with a cylindrical configuration using woven wire meshes as three‐dimensional anodes for the production of cuprous oxide.ResultsCalcium gluconate as an additive diminishes cell voltage because of the depolarization of the hydrogen evolution reaction, and it also avoids the reduction of cuprous oxide to metallic copper. The quality of the powders obtained in a bipolar reactor with three‐dimensional anodes is similar to that of a monopolar reactor. Powders containing 97% cuprous oxide were obtained at current densities ranging from 21 to 103 mA cm‐2 with current efficiencies near 100%. The bipolar arrangement presents a simpler electrical connection; however, special attention must be paid to some features of construction to minimize the leakage current.ConclusionCylindrical bipolar electrochemical reactors with three‐dimensional anodes show a good performance for the production of cuprous oxide powder. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Turning the Corner in Quadrupedal Arboreal Locomotion: Kinetics of Changing Direction While Running in the Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus)
Authors: Lammers Andrew R. , Sufka Kelley M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArboreal animals frequently change directions during locomotion on tree branches, trunks, or twigs. Linear and rotational impulses required to change direction and rotate the body while running are largely unexplored. We trained Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) to run on narrow cylindrical trackways. The first trackway was straight and the second had a 45° bend to the right. A force pole collected substrate reaction forces and torques, and linear and rotational impulses were calculated. When the chipmunks ran and jumped across the bend, they exerted strong impulses to the left, pushing the body to the right. Before the bend the substrate reaction yaw angular impulse rotated the animal to the new heading. After passing over the 45° bend in the trackway, opposing yaw angular impulses were exerted to stop the body's rotation. Rolling angular impulses were mostly similar between straight and turning trials. We conclude that mediolateral forces are more important than craniocaudal forces to change direction in locomotion. Yaw angular impulse is necessary to start and stop the rotation of the body around the center of mass. To avoid rolling during turns, the chipmunks relied on banking rather than exerting rolling torques. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:99–112, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereotype Processing's Effect on the Impact of the Myth/Fact Message Format and the Role of Personal Relevance
Authors: Yeh Marie A. , Jewell Robert D. , Hu Michael Y. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis research examines the effectiveness of the myth/fact message format (MFMF)—a message format that first presents a common misperception as a myth then counters it with a correcting fact—within the health‐care and social marketing context of mental illness (MI). Stereotype processing theory predicts that the use of a negative aspect of the stereotype in a MFMF may further instantiate the negative belief, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the message. Conversely, using a message format that conveys only facts (i.e., new positive beliefs) without inclusion of the myth will lead to more positive attitudes. However, this effect will only be seen among people with personal relevance with MI as only they are sufficiently motivated to suppress the automatically activated stereotype and elaborate on the message. A study demonstrates that advertising utilizing a fact‐only format leads to more positive attitudes than the MFMF among people with personal relevance while people without personal relevance to MI demonstrate no differences in attitude between myth/fact and fact‐only message formats. Personal relevance had the opposite moderating effect on perceived learning. These findings suggest that the MFMF's impact on attitudes, the typical focal point of social marketing campaigns targeting misconceptions about stereotyped groups, may be ineffective. Thus, using a fact‐only format that conveys new positive beliefs in a social marketing message is recommended within the specific context of MI and may be warranted in other health‐care and social issues.