bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boracite Mg3[B7O13Cl] from the Zechstein salt deposits
Authors: Heide Klaus , Nolze Gert , Völksch Günter , Heide Gerhard 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAmong the borates in the Middle European Zechstein Salt Succession boracite MgBoracite is to be found in two varieties: individual crystals in cubic, tetrahedral or dodecahedral habit on the one hand and fibrous crystals so-called “stassfurtite” on the other hand.The formation conditions such widely spread borates in the salt succession are ambiguous in two respects. First of all the synthetic formation of boracites is to be made by hydrothermal or melt conditions. Both processes can be suspended for the salt succession. Furthermore the cubic modification is stable above 265 ºC for the Mg-boracite. The cubic, tetrahedral or dodecahedral habit could be used as a geothermometer, but such conditions can be exclude by the paragenetic minerals, esp. carnallite (MgKClThe chemical composition of orthorhombic, pseudo-cubic boracite depends on the location.Pure Mg-boracite in hexahedral habit and in fibrous habit, so-called “stassfurtite”, occurs in the North Harz region, whereas the Fe-, Mn-, Mg-boracite appears in the South Harz region.Until now the source of boron, the time of formation of crystals, but also the reasons for the differences in habit of the single hexahedral crystals are still unclear. The formation during a diagenetic/metamorphic process is evident. However, the preferred formation in Stassfurt seam could be an indication for the boron enrichment in an early diagenetic process.Furthermore permit the determination of the thermal stability and the volatile content of crystals conclusions to the chemical composition of the fluid.The observed variation suggests that the condition of crystal growth as well as the chemical composition of fluid repeatedly changed over the time. Randomly occuring xenomorpheous anhydrite and magnesite inclusions within single boracite crystals have been interpreted as an indication to factors of chemical milieu during the formation of crystals.The reversible phase transition temperature of the boracite is a linearly function of the iron and manganese content and varies from 265 ºC for Mg-boracite to 330 ºC for Fe(Mn)-boracite.The thermal decomposition of boracite is determined by two processes. The decomposition started with a boronchlorine release (BOCl?), having a maximum rate at 1050 ºC. Additionally to this release one observes a simultaneous emission of HThe results give evidence for the aged approach of a secondary formation of boracite within the complete Stassfurt seam, possibly in connection with the formation of salt diapirs in the Jura and Cretaceous period.The wider environmental distribution of borates is an indication of chemical transport processes within the salt succession. This should be a more important issue in the discussion about the utilisation of salt diapirs for the storage of nuclear waste.
High-temperature borate crystal chemistry
Authors: Bubnova Rimma S. , Filatov Stanislav K. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe paper presents a brief review of the present state of high-temperature borate crystal chemistry. This review summarizes the results of high- and low-temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies for more than 10 borate structures and high-temperature powder Xray diffraction data for about 65 borates. Thermal behavior of their crystal structures, thermal expansion, polymorphic transitions and their relationship to borate glasses are presented. These studies allow to formulate the basic principles of high-temperature borate crystal chemistry and to reveal the regularities of thermal behavior of borates. On heating, the BO
Development of CdTe on Si Heteroepilayers for Controlled PV Material and Device Studies
Authors: Gessert T.A. , Dhere R. , Kuciauskas D. , Moseley J. , Moutinho H. , Romero M.J. , Al-Jassim M. , Colegrove E. , Kodama R. , Sivananthan S. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe objective of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) current three-year CdTe plan under the U.S. Department of Energy’s SunShot Initiative is to identify primary mechanisms that limit the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of polycrystalline CdTe photovoltaic (PV) devices, and develop CdTe synthesis processes and/or device designs that avoid these limitations. Part of this project relies on analysis of crystalline materials and pseudocrystalline CdTe layers where point and extended defects can be introduced sequentially without the complications of extensive impurities and grain boundaries that are typical of present polycrystalline films. The ultimate goals of the project include producing CdTe PV devices that demonstrate ≥20% conversion efficiency, while significantly improving our understanding of processes and materials capable of attaining cost goals of <$0.50 per watt. While NREL is investigating several options for the routine fabrication of high-quality CdTe layers, one pathway involves CdTe molecular beam heteroepitaxy (MBE) on Si in collaboration with the University of Illinois at Chicago. Although CdTe/Si heteroepitaxy is relatively unfamiliar to researchers in the PV community, it has been used successfully for more than 20 years to produce high-quality CdTe surfaces required for commercial production of large-area single-crystal HgCdTe infrared detectors and focal-plane arrays. The process involves chemical and thermal preparation of Si (211) wafers, followed by deposition of As-passivation and ZnTeaccommodation layers. MBE-grown CdTe layers deposited on top of this “template” have been shown to demonstrate low etch-pit density (EPD, preferably ≤ ∼5x105 cm-2) and high structural quality (full width at half maximum ∼ 60 arcs). These initial studies indicate that 10-μm-thick CdTe layers on Si are indeed epitaxial with cathodoluminescence-determined dislocation density consistent with historic EPD measurements, and that recombination rates are distinct from either as-deposited polycrystalline or crystalline materials.
Speech and Phonology in Swedish-Speaking 3-Year-Olds with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate following Different Methods for Primary Palatal Surgery
Authors: Klintö Kristina , Svensson Henry , Elander Anna , Lohmander Anette 
Published: September 2013

Objective To describe and compare speech and phonology at age 3 years in children born with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate treated with three different methods for primary palatal surgery. Design Prospective study. Setting Primary care university hospitals. Participants Twenty-eight Swedish-speaking children born with nonsyndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Interventions Three methods for primary palatal surgery: two-stage closure with soft palate closure between 3.4 and 6.4 months and hard palate closure at mean age 12.3 months (n = 9) or 36.2 months (n = 9) or one-stage closure at mean age 13.6 months (n = 10). Main Outcome Measures Based on independent judgments performed by two speech-language pathologists from standardized video recordings: percent correct consonants adjusted for age, percent active cleft speech characteristics, total number of phonological processes, number of different phonological processes, hypernasality, and audible nasal air leakage. The hard palate was unrepaired in nine of the children treated with two-stage closure. Results The group treated with one-stage closure showed significantly better results than the group with an unoperated hard palate regarding percent active cleft speech characteristics and total number of phonological processes. Conclusions Early primary palatal surgery in one or two stages did not result in any significant differences in speech production at age 3 years. However, children with an unoperated hard palate had significantly poorer speech and phonology than peers who had been treated with one-stage palatal closure at about 13 months of age.
Geospatial Assessment of Invasive Plants on Reclaimed Mines in Alabama
Authors: Lemke Dawn , Schweitzer Callie J. , Tadesse Wubishet , Wang Yong , Brown Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThroughout the world, the invasion of nonnative plants is an increasing threat to native biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability. Invasion is especially prevalent in areas affected by land transformation and disturbance. Surface mines are a major land transformation, and thus may promote the establishment and persistence of invasive plant communities. Using the Shale Hills region of Alabama as a case study, we assessed the use of landscape characteristics in predicting the probability of occurrence of six invasive plant species: sericea lespedeza, Japanese honeysuckle, Chinese privet, autumn-olive, royal paulownia, and sawtooth oak. Models were generated for invasive species occurrence using logistic regression and maximum entropy methods. The predicted probabilities of species occurrence were applied to the mined landscape to assess the probable prevalence of each species across the landscape. Japanese honeysuckle had the highest probable prevalence on the landscape (48% of the area), with royal paulownia having the lowest (less than 1%). Overall, 67% of the landscape was predicted to have at least one invasive plant species, with 20% of the landscape predicted to have two or more species, and 3% of the landscape predicted to have three or more species. Japanese honeysuckle, sericea lespedeza, privet, and autumn-olive showed higher occurrence on the reclaimed sites than across the broader region. We found that geospatial modeling of these invasive plants at this scale offered potential for management, both for identifying habitat types at risk and areas that need management attention. However, the most immediate action for reducing the prevalence of invasive plants on reclaimed mines is to remove invasive plants from the reclamation planting list. Three (sericea lespedeza, autumn-olive, and sawtooth oak) out of the six most common invasive plants in this study were planted as part of reclamation activities.
An extended dynamic thermal model of a permanent magnet excited synchronous motor
Authors: Mbo’O Christelle Piantsop , Hameyer Kay 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to develop a dynamic thermal model of a permanent magnet excited synchronous motor (PMSM). The model estimates the temperature at specific points of the machine during operation. The model is implemented using thermal network theory, whose parameters are determined by means of analytical approaches. Usually thermal models are initialized and referenced to room temperature. However, this can lead to incorrect results, if the simulations are performed when the electrical machine operates under “warm” conditions. An approach is developed and discussed in this paper, which captures the model in critical states of the machine. The model gives feedback by online measured quantities to estimate the initial temperature. The paper provides an extended dynamic thermal model, which leads to a more accurate and more efficient thermal estimation.
Cogging torque sensitivity to permanent magnet tolerance combinations
Authors: Gašparin Lovrenc , Fišer Rastko 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This study presents the dependence of the level and harmonic structure of the cogging torque in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) to imperfections of permanent magnet (PM) dimensions and positions, which can not be avoided in massproduction. Slightly diverse dimensions and misplacements of PMs are introducing asymmetries in magnetic field distribution which cause additional harmonic components. A finite element method (FEM) and Fast Fourier transform (FFT) were used to calculate cogging torque harmonic components with regard to several combinations of PM assembly imperfections. It has been established and proved that unequal PMs cause magnetic asymmetries which give rise to additional cogging torque harmonic components and consequently increase the total cogging torque. It is also shown that in some particular combinations the influence of an individual PM imprecision could compensate with others due to different phase shifts which can result even in the decrease of cogging torque. Considering presented results it is possible to foresee which additional harmonic components will comprise the cogging torque of mass-produced PMSMs due to PM imperfections. In this way the designers are able to predetermine required manufacturing tolerances to keep the level of cogging torque in a admissible level. Simulation results were verified and confirmed by laboratory tests.
High voltage pulse generation using magnetic pulse compression
Authors: Balcerak Michał , Hołub Marcin , Pałka Ryszard 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The paper presents an overview of a method of nanosecond-scale high voltage pulse generation using magnetic compression circuits. High voltage (up to 18 kV) short pulses (up to 1.4 μs) were used for Pulsed Corona Discharge generation. In addition, the control signal of parallel connection of IGBT and MOSFET power transistor influence on system losses is discussed. For a given system topology, an influence of core losses on overall pulse generator efficiency is analysed.
On determination of inductances for circuit models of AC machines
Authors: Sobczyk Tadeusz J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The paper discuss a problem of determination of inductances for AC machine windings when saturation of magnetic circuit is not neglected. For such cases, computation of magnetic field distribution in the machine magnetic circuit is a starting point for post processing procedures leading to various values, among others the co-energy in a given area and linkage fluxes of windings. This paper shows how to determine winding inductances in a nonlinear magnetic circuit from these two values and also how to compute directly nonlinear inductances. Problem is not trivial because such inductances are not uniquely determined as for linear case. In the paper a definition of nonlinear inductances is proposed which makes the choice unique.
The geoid or quasigeoid – which reference surface should be preferred for a national height system?
Authors: Sjöberg L. E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract Most European states use M. S. Molodensky’s concept of normal heights for their height systems with a quasigeoid model as the reference surface, while the rest of the world rely on orthometric heights with the geoid as the zero-level. Considering the advances in data caption and theory for geoid and quasigeoid determinations, the question is which system is the best choice for the future. It is reasonable to assume that the latter concept, in contrast to the former, will always suffer from some uncertainty in the topographic density distribution, while Molodensky’s approach to quasigeoid determination has a convergence problem. On the contrary, geoid and quasigeoid models computed by analytical continuation (e.g., rcr technique or KTH method) have no integration problem, and the quasigeoid can always be determined at least as accurate as the geoid. As the numerical instability of the analytical continuation is better controlled in the KTH method vs. the rcr method, we propose that any future height system be based on normal heights with a quasigeoid model computed similar to or directly based on the KTH method (Least squares modification of Stokes formula with additive corrections).
Dendronized core-multishell nanocarriers for solubilization of guest molecules
Authors: Fleige Emanuel , Tyagi Rahul , Haag Rainer 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe have synthesized core-multishell (CMS) nanocarriers with different outer shells and the self-aggregation behavior and the transport capacity of these nanocarriers were studied with the hydrophobic guest molecules Nile red (NR) and methotrexate (MTX). The outer shell either consisted of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) or polyglycerol (PG) dendrons of generation one or two. NR was solubilized by all CMS nanocarriers. The solubilization of MTX could only be achieved with mPEG-terminated CMS nanocarriers. Depending on the encapsulated guest, the CMS nanocarriers showed self-aggregation. The NR loaded CMS nanocarriers all formed bigger aggregates with a radius between 110 and 170 nm. In the case of the MTX loaded CMS nanocarriers, the MTX prevented the formation of CMS aggregates and therefore its efficient transport
Electroless selective deposition of gold nano-array for silicon
nanowires growth
Authors: Ruiz-Gomes E. , Herrier C. , Gouyé A. , Benkouider A. , Sudraud P. , Delobbe A. , Ronda A. , Berbezier I. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Nanopatterns of gold clusters on a large surface of oriented Si(111)
substrates, from the galvanic displacement of gold salt (via the
spontaneous reduction of AuCl4
-), are demonstrated in this work. The Si
substrate is patterned by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) prior to being dipped in a
gold solution. Here, we show that these patterns lead to successful control
of the position and size of gold clusters. Sequential patterning reveals a
powerful maskless alternative to surface preparation prior to Si nanowire
growth.
MTMonkey: A Scalable Infrastructure for a Machine Translation Web Service
Authors: Tamchyna Aleš , Dušek Ondřej , Rosa Rudolf , Pecina Pavel 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
We present a web service which handles and distributes JSON-encoded HTTP requests for machine translation (MT) among multiple machines running an MT system, including text pre- and post-processing. It is currently used to provide MT between several languages for cross-lingual information retrieval in the EU FP7 Khresmoi project. The software consists of an application server and remote workers which handle text processing and communicate translation requests to MT systems. The communication between the application server and the workers is based on the XML-RPC protocol. We present the overall design of the software and test results which document speed and scalability of our solution. Our software is licensed under the Apache 2.0 licence and is available for download from the Lindat-Clarin repository and Github.
COSTA MT Evaluation Tool: An Open Toolkit for Human Machine Translation Evaluation
Authors: Chatzitheodorou Konstantinos 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A hotly debated topic in machine translation is human evaluation. On the one hand, it is extremely costly and time consuming; on the other, it is an important and unfortunately inevitable part of any system. This paper describes COSTA MT Evaluation Tool, an open stand-alone tool for human machine translation evaluation. It is a Java program that can be used to manually evaluate the quality of the machine translation output. It is simple in use, designed to allow machine translation potential users and developers to analyze their systems using a friendly environment. It enables the ranking of the quality of machine translation output segment-bysegment for a particular language pair. The benefits of this tool are multiple. Firstly, it is a rich repository of commonly used industry criteria (fluency, adequacy and translation error classification). Secondly, it is freely available to anyone and provides results that can be further analyzed. Thirdly, it estimates the time needed for each evaluated sentence. Finally, it gives suggestions about the fuzzy matching of the candidate translations.
A rate equation method for the sequential double ionisation, including autoionising state excitation, of a noble gas
Authors: Middleton Damien , Tejaswi Katravulapally , Nikolopoulos Lampros 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA set of rate equations have been tested against a more robust set of Time-Dependent Density Matrix (TDDM) equations [D. P. W. Middleton, L. A. A. Nikolopoulos, J. Mod. Opti. 59, 1650 (2012)] by using them to determine the populations of ion species and autoionising states (AIS) in noble gas atoms when interacting with a strong external field. Two field shapes were tested here — sinusoidal and square — and a variety of pulse characteristics were examined, i.e. intensity, duration and photon energy, for the neon atomic system. It was found that the rate equations were sufficiently accurate only when the external field is way off-resonant with the AIS. Moreover, analytical solutions of the rate equations in the square pulse case agree with the numerical solutions for a time-dependent pulse containing many cycles. An attempt to model a stochastic field was also made and it was found that the use of such a field diminished and broadened the ion yield ratio due to the presence of an added bandwidth.
Enantioseparation of mandelic acid enantiomers in ionic liquid aqueous two-phase extraction systems
Authors: Yue Yan , Jiang Xin-Yu , Yu Jing-Gang , Tang Ke-Wen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn the past decade, ionic liquids have received great attention owing to their potential as green solvent alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In this work, hydrophobic achiral ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate([bmim][PF6]), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate([omim][BF4])) were used as solvents in chiral liquid-liquid extraction separation of mandelic acid (MA) enantiomers with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives as hydrophilic chiral selectors preferentially forming complexes with (R)-enantiomers. Factors affecting the separation efficiency were optimised, namely the type of the extraction solvents and β-CD derivatives, concentrations of the β-CD derivatives and MA enantiomers, pH, and temperature. Excellent enantioseparation of MA enantiomers was achieved in the ionic liquid aqueous two-phase extraction systems under the optimal conditions of pH 2.5 and temperature of 5°C with the maximum enantioselectivity (α) of 1.74. The experimental results demonstrated that the ionic liquid aqueous two-phase extraction systems with a β-CD derivative as the chiral selector have a strong chiral recognition ability, which might extend the application of ionic liquids in chiral separation.
Role of thermoxidation and depolymerisation in the ageing of systems paper/gum arabic/historical ink
Authors: Peller András , Reháková Milena , Ciglanská Michaela , Šimon Peter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the role and proportional representation of depolymerisation and thermoxidation reaction paths in the systems paper/gum arabic (GA)/historical ink during various accelerated ageing methods. The historical inks under study are iron-gall, bistre, and sepia. The results indicate that thermoxidation represents only a minor reaction path in the ageing of paper/GA/ink systems except for the iron-gall ink and the light-thermal method of accelerated ageing. The iron-gall ink accelerates both reaction paths of ageing, i.e. thermoxidation and depolymerisation; in this case, thermoxidation might become the prevailing degradation reaction path. For the sepia ink, an anti-depolymerisation stabilising effect in thermal methods of ageing has been detected. Considering the thermoxidation reaction path, the results even suggest that a compound preventing thermoxidation is formed during the thermally accelerated ageing in air and in 100 mg L−1 of NO2. In the light-thermal ageing, the most stable sample is the Whatman paper (W)/GA/bistre ink.
Endemic Macrolepidoptera Subspecies in the Natural History Museum Collections from Sibiu (Romania)
Authors: Török Sergiu-Cornel , Cuzepan Gabriela 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The paper presents data regarding endemic Macrolepidoptera subspecies preserved in the Entomological Collections of Natural History Museum from Sibiu. 22 endemic subspecies are recorded and represented by 382 specimens in the Entomological Collection. Most of the specimens have been collected from mountain habitats, especially from Southern and Western Carpathians. The results of this paper contribute to the improvement of the existing data concerning the distribution and outline the areas of Macrolepidoptera’s endemism in Romania.