bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The α2B‐adrenergic receptor is mutant in cortical myoclonus and epilepsy
Authors: De Fusco Maurizio , Vago Riccardo , Striano Pasquale , Di Bonaventura Carlo , Zara Federico , Mei Davide , Kim Min Seuk , Muallem Shmuel , Chen Yunjia , Wang Qin , Guerrini Renzo , Casari Giorgio 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveAutosomal dominant cortical myoclonus and epilepsy (ADCME) is characterized by distal, fairly rhythmic myoclonus and epilepsy with variable severity. We have previously mapped the disease locus on chromosome 2p11.1‐q12.2 by genome‐wide linkage analysis. Additional pedigrees affected by similar forms of epilepsy have been associated with chromosomes 8q, 5p, and 3q, but none of the causing genes has been identified. We aim to identify the mutant gene responsible for this form of epilepsy.MethodsGenes included in the ADCME critical region were directly sequenced. Coimmunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent, and electrophysiologic approaches to transfected human cells have been utilized for testing the functional significance of the identified mutation.ResultsHere we show that mutation in the α2‐adrenergic receptor subtype B (α2B‐AR) is associated with ADCME by identifying a novel in‐frame insertion/deletion in 2 Italian families. The mutation alters several conserved residues of the third intracellular loop, hampering neither the α2B‐AR plasma membrane localization nor the arrestin‐mediated internalization capacity, but altering the binding with the scaffolding protein spinophilin upon neurotransmitter activation. Spinophilin, in turn, regulates interaction of G protein coupled receptors with regulator of G protein signaling proteins. Accordingly, the mutant α2B‐AR increases the epinephrine‐stimulated calcium signaling.InterpretationThe identified mutation is responsible for ADCME, as the loss of α2B‐AR/spinophilin interaction causes a gain of function effect. This work implicates for the first time the α‐adrenergic system in human epilepsy and opens new ways of understanding the molecular pathway of epileptogenesis, widening the spectrum of possible therapeutic targets. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:77–87
β‐Amyloid is transmitted via neuronal connections along axonal membranes
Authors: Song Ha‐Lim , Shim Sungbo , Kim Dong‐Hou , Won Se‐Hoon , Joo Segyeong , Kim Sudong , Jeon Noo Li , Yoon Seung‐Yong 
Published: October 2013

Objectiveβ‐amyloid plaque is a critical pathological feature of Alzheimer disease. Pathologic studies suggest that neurodegeneration may occur in a retrograde fashion from axon terminals near β‐amyloid plaques, and that plaque may spread through brain regions. However, there is no direct experimental evidence to show transmission of β‐amyloid.MethodsMicroscopic imaging data of β‐amyloid transmission was acquired in cortical neuron cultures from Sprague‐Dawley rat embryos using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic culture chambers and in brain sections from in vivo β‐amyloid injection.ResultsWe present direct imaging evidence in cultured cortical neurons, using PDMS microfluidic culture chambers, that β‐amyloid is readily absorbed by axonal processes and retrogradely transported to neuronal cell bodies. Transmission of β‐amyloid via neuronal connections was also confirmed in mouse brain. β‐Amyloid absorbed by distal axons accumulates in axonal swellings, mitochondria, and lysosomes of the cell bodies. Interestingly, dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin, which is a protein indispensable for endocytosis, did not prevent retrograde transport of β‐amyloid, indicating that β‐amyloid is absorbed onto axonal membranes and transmitted via them to the cell body. Dynasore did decrease the transneuronal transmission of β‐amyloid, suggesting that this requires the internalization and secretion of β‐amyloid.InterpretationOur findings provide direct in vitro and in vivo evidence for spreading of β‐amyloid through neuronal connections, and suggest possible therapeutic approaches to blocking this spread. Ann Neurol 2014;75:88–97
A CFD simulation study to evaluate the flow and catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate in a packed bed, a two‐stage fluidized bed, and a circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Zhu Ya‐Ping , Xiao Fang‐Zhi , Luo Zheng‐Hong 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTHydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) can be operated in various reactors, such as the packed bed (PB), two‐stage fluidized bed (TSFB), and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors. Fluid dynamic behaviors in these reactors are different and can lead to different transport and reaction behaviors. Recent advances in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique show its great potential in advancing current understanding of fluid dynamics and its interactions with chemical reaction dynamics. In this study, CFD models for the simulations of flow and hydrogenation of Diethyl Oxalate (DEO) in PB, TSFB, and CFB reactors were developed. The CFD model for the PB reactor was validated using experimental data. The models were then used to predict flow and hydrogenation behaviors in the other two reactors. Various critical issues to be considered in choosing a reactor and how CFD modeling can be utilized to reduce uncertainties associated with this are discussed in details. The approach, models, and results presented here will be useful for understanding the complex flow dynamics and its interaction with the reaction dynamics of DMO hydrogenation in various types of reactors. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SiO2 reinforced HDPE hybrid materials obtained by the sol–gel method
Authors: Ma Wenzhong , Gong Fanghong , Liu Chunlin , Tao Guoliang , Xu Jianping , Jiang Bibiao 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTNovel high density polyethylene (HDPE)/SiO2 hybrid materials were prepared by the sol–gel process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). HDPE and synthesized HDPE‐g‐vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) through melt grafting method was used as the raw material. The structure and thermal, mechanical properties of hybrid materials were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), simultaneous thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and tensile tests, respectively. Silica phase in the HDPE‐g‐VTMS hybrids showed a network structure and nano‐scale size. The covalent bonds between organic and inorganic phases were introduced by the HDPE‐g‐VTMS bearing trimethoxysilyl groups, which underwent hydrolytic polycondensation with TEOS. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of HDPE‐g‐VTMS hybrids were obviously improved by embedded silica networks. It was found that the silica content in the HDPE‐g‐VTMS hybrid material was linearly increased with the TEOS dosage. The formation of the HDPE‐g‐VTMS hybrid was beneficial for enhanced mechanical strength and thermal stability, in comparison with the neat HDPE. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39891.
The study of char forming on OPS/PC and DOPO‐POSS/PC composites
Authors: Cheng Baofa , Zhang Wenchao , Li Xiangmei , Yang Rongjie 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPolyhedral oligomeric octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO‐POSS) with polycarbonate (PC) were each prepared by twin screw extrusion. Their flammability was studied by cone calorimetry under different heat fluxes (35 and 50 kW/m2). In the cone calorimeter testing, thermocouples were used to measure the temperature at the top and bottom of the composites. Compared to the DOPO‐POSS/PC composite, the char layer of the OPS/PC composite is better for preventing heat transfer, the temperature change indicates that OPS/PC composite has a longer period of char formation, and the organization of their char materials are different. The DOPO‐POSS/PC composite has a harder char layer than the OPS/PC composite, but the OPS/PC composite char layer is more compact. The char layer macrostructure was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS, which indicated that there are many bubbles and pores in the DOPO‐POSS/PC composite. EDS showed that there was some Si content in the exterior and interior char for the DOPO‐POSS/PC composite; there is a greater Si content in the exterior OPS/PC char residue than in the interior. The storage modulus of OPS/PC composite was higher than the PC control and DOPO‐POSS/PC composite at low frequencies. The values of η* of the OPS/PC composite were higher than the PC control and DOPO‐POSS/PC composite at low frequencies; also, the PC control exhibits a quasi‐Newtonian regime, but the OPS/PC and DOPO‐POSS/PC composites exhibit typical shear‐thinning behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39892.
Simultaneous adsorption of aniline and Cr(VI) ion by activated carbon/chitosan composite
Authors: Huang Ruihua , Yang Bingchao , Liu Qian , Liu Yanping 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTActivated carbon/chitosan composite has been used as an adsorbent to remove aniline and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions simultaneously. The effects of preparation conditions such as the ratio of activated carbon to chitosan, crosslinking reagents, crosslinking time, and adsorption conditions including adsorbent dosage, pH value of solution, and contact time on simultaneous adsorption of aniline and Cr(VI) ion were investigated. Experimental results showed that epichlorohydrin was the proper crosslinking reagent, and the ratio of activated carbon to chitosan was kept at 1. When the adsorbent dosage was 4.0 g/L, and the concentrations of aniline and Cr(VI) were lower than 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively, both aniline and Cr(VI) were simultaneously removed at natural pH with high removals (>95%). The presence of Cr(VI) enhanced the adsorption of aniline, while the presence of aniline almost had no influence on the adsorption of Cr(VI). The adsorption processes of both aniline and Cr(VI) followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model, but the sorption of Cr(VI) was preferential to that of aniline by this composite. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39903.
Online monitoring of reaction temperature during cationic ring opening polymerization of epichlorohydrin in presence of BF3 and 1,4‐butanediol
Authors: Su Kim Jeong , Ohk Kweon Jeong , Tae Noh Si 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis work introduces cationic ring opening polymerization of polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) produced under various reaction conditions (set temperature: −10 to 40°C, [C]/[I] ratio: 0.1–1, monomer feed rate: 1–4 mL/min). In addition, a correlation between the exothermic reaction temperature and the performance of the PECH was obtained by utilizing a reaction temperature monitoring system, GPC, 1H‐NMR, and FTIR. During the polymerization, an induction period which affects the polydispersity was observed below 10°C. At lower temperatures and lower [C]/[I] ratios, a higher induction period was observed. The monomer feed rate did not affect the induction period but it highly affected the polydispersity when the induction period occurred. The total molecular weight of PECH increased with decreasing set temperature even though the amount of low molecular weight cyclic oligomer increased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39912.
Effect of solid‐state shear milling on structure and properties of HDPE/UHMWPE blends
Authors: Chen Yang , Li Yi , Zou Huawei , Liang Mei 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe structure and properties of HDPE/UHMWPE blends prepared through a pan‐milling reactor in solid state at ambient temperature were compared with the blends made by melt mixing. The changes of structure and properties of the blends were investigated by FTIR, melt flow index, mechanical properties, dynamic rheological measurement, DSC, and WAXD. DSC measurement illustrated that after pan‐milling treatment, the half‐width of the melting temperature became smaller. The more content of UHMWPE added in the blend, the more evident change was observed. Combined with the dynamic rheological analysis, it was proved that, the pan‐milling treatment can improve the compatibility of the HDPE/UHMWPE blends. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that after pan‐milling treatment some ordered structure could be induced, but after heat treatment, the induced crystalline structure disappeared. The tensile properties of pan‐milled HDPE/UHMWPE blends also achieved improvement after pan milling treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39916.
Measuring the residence time distribution in a twin screw extruder with the use of NIR‐spectroscopy
Authors: Laske Stephan , Witschnigg Andreas , Selvasankar Ramesh Kumar , Holzer Clemens 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe mean residence time (MRT) and the residence time distribution (RTD) of polypropylene in a twin‐screw extruder was determined directly in‐line with the help of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and the use of an UV‐absorber as tracer. Different experiment alignments such as screw speed, mass throughput, back pressure as well as tracer content and their influence on MRT and RTD have been investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39919.
Upcycling waste plastics into carbon nanomaterials: A review
Authors: Zhuo Chuanwei , Levendis Yiannis A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPolymer production and utilization are currently widespread and have greatly improved people's standards of living. However, due to their stable and nonbiodegradable nature, postconsumer polymers pose challenging issues to the environment and ecosystems. Efforts are being made not only to contain the generation of polymer wastes and associated littering but, also, to find ways of utilizing them sustainably. Aside from mechanical recycling, which turns postconsumer polymers into new polymer products, and thermal recycling, which releases the thermal energy contained within waste plastics through combustion, chemical recycling converts waste polymers into feedstock for chemicals/materials/fuels production. This manuscript reviews prior work on a special application of the particular chemical recycling route that converts polymers into carbon‐based nanomaterials. These materials feature extraordinary physical and chemical properties with tremendous applications potential. However, their production processes are both resource‐ and energy‐intensive. Yet, by taking advantage of the high carbon content of waste polymers, as well as of their high energy content, a cost‐effective, environmentally‐friendly, and self‐sustaining production of carbon nanomaterials can be achieved. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39931.
Hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular polymers as self‐healing hydrogels: Effect of a bulky adamantyl substituent in the ureido‐pyrimidinone monomer
Authors: Chirila Traian V. , Lee Hui Hui , Oddon Mathieu , Nieuwenhuizen Marko M. L. , Blakey Idriss , Nicholson Timothy M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to generate supramolecular assemblies able to function as self‐healing hydrogels, a novel ureido‐pyrimidinone (UPy) monomer, 2‐(N ′‐methacryloyloxyethylureido)‐6‐(1‐adamantyl)‐4[1H]‐pyrimidinone, was synthesized and then copolymerized with N,N‐dimethylacrylamide at four different feed compositions, using a solution of lithium chloride in N,N‐dimethylacetamide as the polymerization medium. The assembling process in the resulting copolymers is based on crosslinking through the reversible quadruple hydrogen bonding between side‐chain UPy modules. The adamantyl substituent was introduced in order to create a “hydrophobic pocket” that may protect the hydrogen bonds against the disruptive effect of water molecules. Upon hydration to equilibrium, all copolymers generated typical hydrogels when their concentration in the hydrated system was at least 15%. The small‐deformation rheometry showed that all hydrated copolymers were hydrogels that maintained a solid‐like behavior, and that their extrusion through a syringe needle did not affect significantly this behavior, suggesting a self‐healing capacity in these materials. An application as injectable substitutes for the eye's vitreous humor was proposed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39932.
Polymeric hydrogels obtained using a redox initiator: Application in Cu(II) ions removal from aqueous solutions
Authors: Morán‐Quiroz José Luis , Orozco‐Guareño Eulogio , Manríquez Ricardo , Carbajal‐Arízaga Gregorio G. , de la Cruz Wencel , Gomez‐Salazar Sergio 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide) hydrogels were prepared via free‐radical solution polymerization, crosslinked with ethylene‐glycol‐dimethacrylate, potassium persulfate/ammonium bisulfite as the initiator, and applied in the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Molar ratios of acrylamide/acrylic acid moieties and the amount of crosslinking agent were varied to determine the swelling capacities of hydrogels and maximum metal uptake. Polymerization kinetics was investigated by 1H‐NMR. Hydrogel physicochemical properties were characterized by nitrogen sorption measurements, elemental analysis, FTIR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Swelling results indicated that hydrogels were swollen up to 27,500%. Hydrogels showed equilibrium Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 211.7 mg g−1 and fast kinetics (∼20 min). Langmuir isotherm fitted adsorption equilibrium data. FTIR and XPS results helped in elucidating the presence of monodentate copper complex on the surface of hydrogels. A simple synthesis route of hydrogels using the redox initiator suggests the potential application in the removal of toxic metals from aqueous streams. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39933.
Adhesion behavior of different annealed polyphenylquinoxaline foils treated using low pressure plasma
Authors: Anagreh Nabil , Dweiri Radwan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the adhesion behavior of polyphenylquinoxaline (PPQ) foils. PPQ foils were initially produced and then annealed in vacuum furnace at different temperatures. The surface of PPQ was activated with GHz‐low pressure plasma (lp‐plasma) using oxidative (O2) and noble (Ar, Ar/He) gases. An epoxy adhesive was used to glue the PPQ foil with a sheet of steel. The adhesions of foils were examined using 90°‐peel test. Observations from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in addition to the gravimetry measurements were used to interpretate the effects of plasma treatment of adhesion of foils. The results showed that the peeling resistance values were significantly dependent on plasma treatment time and power as well as annealing conditions. In case of PPQ foils where the adhesion was significantly enhanced, it was observed that the fracture changed from adhesion mode at the interface between the adhesive layer and the PPQ foil to cohesive mode, which was seen either in the layer nearby the PPQ surfaces or in the foil itself. Furthermore, furrowed structures were observed at the fracture surface and they were oriented transversely to the peeling direction. SEM and AFM graphs showed that the surface roughness of PPQ foils increased significantly with increasing plasma treatment time and it was more pronounced when using oxidative than noble gas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39949.
Thermotropic glazings for overheating protection. I. Material preselection, formulation, and light‐shielding efficiency
Authors: Weber Andreas , Resch Katharina 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis article presents a systematic strategy for formulation and optimization of thermotropic layers for overheating protection purposes. Specifically, thermotropic systems with fixed domains (TSFD) which consist of a thermotropic additive finely dispersed in a matrix material are considered. Based on systematic material (component) preselection regarding thermoanalytical characteristics and refractive indices, numerous thermotropic layers were formulated. TSFD with thermoplastic matrix were produced by compounding and compression molding. TSFD with resin matrix were produced by UV curing. The thermotropic layers were analyzed as to solar optical properties, threshold temperature, switching process and residual transmittance in the opaque state applying UV/Vis/NIR spectrometry equipped with a heating stage. Best performing materials exhibited solar hemispheric transmittance in the range of 72.2–84.5% and between 59.6 and 83.7% in the clear and opaque state, respectively. Threshold temperatures between 45 and 75°C were realized. Refractive index difference between matrix and additive and solar hemispheric transmittance displayed a close correlation. Hence, refractometry was shown to be an appropriate tool for material preselection. Furthermore, investigations revealed a close correlation of thermal transitions of thermotropic additives recorded by differential scanning calorimetry and threshold temperatures of thermotropic layers formulated therewith. However, thermotropic layers formulated so far have to be optimized with respect to light‐shielding performance for efficient overheating protection. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39950.
Improved thermal and mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate) by polymer blending with a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester
Authors: Yang Qun , Hirata Masayuki , Hsu Yu‐I , Lu Danian , Kimura Yoshiharu 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA novel polymer blending system consisting of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester [LCP: a poly(4‐hydroxybenzoate)‐based polymer] was investigated in the presence and absence of a polycarbodiimide (PCD) and/or 1,1′‐carbonyl biscaprolactam (CBC) as chain extenders. Although the LCP was immiscible with PBS, it formed elongated fibrous domains having an orientation in the flowing direction when an extensional flow was applied during the processing. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the injection‐molded polymer blends supported the distribution of micro fibrils of LCP in the PBS matrix by which the efficient toughening was provided. These blend specimens showed highly improved mechanical properties along with retaining high dynamic storage‐moduli (E′) up to the melting temperature of PBS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39952.
Synthesis of palm oil‐based polyester polyol for polyurethane adhesive production
Authors: Ang Khoon Poh , Lee Choy Sin , Cheng Sit Foon , Chuah Cheng Hock 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPalm oil‐based polyester polyol is synthesized by ring opening reaction on epoxidized palm olein by phthalic acid. The reaction is carried out in a solvent free and noncatalyzed condition with the optimal reaction condition at 175°C for 5 h reaction time. The physical state of the product is a clear bright yellowish liquid with low viscosity value of 5700–6700 cP at 25°C and pour point of 15°C. The chemical structure and molecular weight of the polyester polyol were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and GPC. The optimal polyol with molecular weight of 36,308 dalton and hydroxyl value of 78.17 mg KOH/g sample was reacted with polymeric 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) at isocyanate index of 1.3 to produce polyurethane adhesive. The lap shear strength of the polyurethane adhesive showed two times higher than the commercial wood adhesives. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39967.