bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matching species traits to projected threats and opportunities from climate change
Authors: Garcia Raquel A. , Araújo Miguel B. , Burgess Neil D. , Foden Wendy B. , Gutsche Alexander , Rahbek Carsten , Cabeza Mar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimClimate change can lead to decreased climatic suitability within species' distributions, increased fragmentation of climatically suitable space, and/or emergence of newly suitable areas outside present distributions. Each of these extrinsic threats and opportunities potentially interacts with specific intrinsic traits of species, yet this specificity is seldom considered in risk assessments. We present an analytical framework for examining projections of climate change‐induced threats and opportunities with reference to traits that are likely to mediate species' responses, and illustrate the applicability of the framework.LocationSub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsWe applied the framework to 195 sub‐Saharan African amphibians with both available bioclimatic envelope model projections for the mid‐21st century and trait data. Excluded were 500 narrow‐ranging species mainly from montane areas. For each of projected losses, increased fragmentation and gains of climate space, we selected potential response‐mediating traits and examined the spatial overlap with vulnerability due to these traits. We examined the overlap for all species, and individually for groups of species with different combinations of threats and opportunities.ResultsIn the Congo Basin and arid Southern Africa, projected losses for wide‐ranging amphibians were compounded by sensitivity to climatic variation, and expected gains were precluded by poor dispersal ability. The spatial overlap between exposure and vulnerability was more pronounced for species projected to have their climate space contracting in situ or shifting to distant geographical areas. Our results exclude the potential exposure of narrow‐ranging species to shrinking climates in the African tropical mountains.Main conclusionsWe illustrate the application of a framework combining spatial projections of climate change exposure with traits that are likely to mediate species' responses. Although the proposed framework carries several assumptions that require further scrutiny, its application adds a degree of realism to familiar assessments that consider all species to be equally affected by climate change‐induced threats and opportunities.
Annual Research Review: Current limitations and future directions in MRI studies of child‐ and adult‐onset developmental psychopathologies
Authors: Horga Guillermo , Kaur Tejal , Peterson Bradley S. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe widespread use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the study of child‐ and adult‐onset developmental psychopathologies has generated many investigations that have measured brain structure and function in vivo throughout development, often generating great excitement over our ability to visualize the living, developing brain using the attractive, even seductive images that these studies produce. Often lost in this excitement is the recognition that brain imaging generally, and MRI in particular, is simply a technology, one that does not fundamentally differ from any other technology, be it a blood test, a genotyping assay, a biochemical assay, or behavioral test. No technology alone can generate valid scientific findings. Rather, it is only technology coupled with a strong experimental design that can generate valid and reproducible findings that lead to new insights into the mechanisms of disease and therapeutic response.MethodsIn this review we discuss selected studies to illustrate the most common and important limitations of MRI study designs as most commonly implemented thus far, as well as the misunderstanding that the interpretations of findings from those studies can create for our theories of developmental psychopathologies.ResultsCommon limitations of MRI study designs are in large part responsible thus far for the generally poor reproducibility of findings across studies, poor generalizability to the larger population, failure to identify developmental trajectories, inability to distinguish causes from effects of illness, and poor ability to infer causal mechanisms in most MRI studies of developmental psychopathologies. For each of these limitations in study design and the difficulties they entail for the interpretation of findings, we discuss various approaches that numerous laboratories are now taking to address those difficulties, which have in common the yoking of brain imaging technologies to studies with inherently stronger designs that permit more valid and more powerful causal inferences. Those study designs include epidemiological, longitudinal, high‐risk, clinical trials, and multimodal imaging studies.ConclusionsWe highlight several studies that have yoked brain imaging technologies to these stronger designs to illustrate how doing so can aid our understanding of disease mechanisms and in the foreseeable future can improve clinical diagnosis, prevention, and treatment planning for developmental psychopathologies.
Improvement of Sugar Production From Potato Pulp with Microwave Radiation and Ultrasonic Wave Pretreatments
Authors: Miao Wenhua , Xu Xiaoyun , Zhou Bin , Pan Siyi , Wang Keqin , Fan Chuanhui , Wang Lufeng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPotato pulp was pretreated through the process of microwave and ultrasonic wave before they were hydrolyzed by cellulose. They were pretreated with microwave power of 240 W at microwave time of 7 min and with ultrasonic wave power of 200 W at ultrasonic wave time of 10 min, respectively. The reduction in sugar and glucose content in pretreated specimens under both pretreated conditions were measured by biotransformation method; the experimental results indicated that both the microwave and ultrasonic wave treatment could lead to significant improvement in sugar production, including reducing sugar and glucose, which provided potential strategies for widening practical application of potato pulp in the food industry.Practical ApplicationsEnergy and environment problems can be meaningfully addressed by fully using the by‐products of the agricultural products processing industry. And this research is also of practical relevance with regard to the biofuel industry. In this study, use of microwave and ultrasonic wave pretreatment could lead to significant improvement in sugar production, including sugar and glucose reduction, which means improvements in production yield and reductions in production costs. And this also provides potential strategies for widening practical application of potato pulp and some other by‐products of the agricultural products processing industry.
Divisia Monetary Aggregates, the Great Ratios, and Classical Money Demand Functions
Authors: SERLETIS APOSTOLOS , GOGAS PERIKLIS 
Published: January 2014

King et al. () evaluate the empirical relevance of a class of real business cycle models with permanent productivity shocks by analyzing the stochastic trend properties of postwar U.S. macroeconomic data. They find a common stochastic trend in a three‐variable system that includes output, consumption, and investment, but the explanatory power of the common trend drops significantly when they add money balances and the nominal interest rate. In this paper, we revisit the cointegration tests in the spirit of King et al., using improved monetary aggregates whose construction has been stimulated by the Barnett critique. We show that previous rejections of the balanced growth hypothesis and classical money demand functions can be attributed to mismeasurement of the monetary aggregates.
The Ethics of Stats
Authors: Muers Rachel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay argues for the importance and interest, within and beyond theological ethics, of the ethical questions faced by professionals who are called on to be producers of statistics (herein “stats”) for management purposes. Truth‐telling, in the context of demands for stats, cannot be evaluated at the level of the individual statement or utterance, nor through an ethical framework primarily focused on the correspondence between thought and speech. Reflection on stats production forces us to treat truth‐telling as contextual and political, and to engage with the idea that the capacity to tell the truth is learned or acquired in communities, societies and institutions. I develop this engagement through a rereading of Dietrich Bonhoeffer on “telling the truth” and Michel Foucault on parrhēsia, identifying and exploring the relationship between the responsible use of stats and the “cynical” protest against them.
Communication, Punishment, and Virtue
Authors: Bourne Richard 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay suggests that whileAntonyDuff's model of criminal punishment as secular penance is pregnant with possibilities for theological reception and reflection, it proceeds by way of a number of separations that are brought into question by the penitential traditions ofChristianity. The first three of these—between justice and mercy, censure and invitation, and state and victim, constrain the true communicative character of his account of punishment. The second set of oppositions, between sacrament and virtue, interior character and external action, and formal and moral reconciliation, subject the model of state punishment as secular penance to problematic liberal and libertarian constraints. A postsecular analogy, outlining a theology of the invitational nature of divine judgment, and drawing onThomasAquinas's account of penance as both sacrament and virtue, is proposed.
“Never Again War”
Authors: Norris Kristopher 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay addresses the complexities of the Roman Catholic position on war by evaluating recent documentary evidence, attending to the contemporary challenges of terrorism and humanitarian interventions. It presents two arguments. First, attending to traditional Catholic resources for assessing war, papal criticism of recent military action, and debates about a recent shift in Catholic just war logic, this essay argues that Catholic teaching on war has undergone a repositioning in a pacifist direction. Second, it contends that recent critiques of this shift in position by scholars such as George Weigel and James Turner Johnson, however, are wrong to categorize this a “functional pacifism.” Though a development from within just war theory and pacifist reasoning, the Church's new stance does not operate as a type of pacifism, allowing too many possibilities for justified armed conflict to be labeled as “functional” pacifism. The essay concludes by examining the traditional Catholic theological commitments that place limits on any movement toward pacifism, precluding even a functionally pacifist position.
Challenging Sociological Reductionism
Authors: Gushee David P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe author analyzes Christian Smith's What Is a Person? from a Christian theological‐ethical perspective, assessing the way in which he tackles sociological theories that reflect secularized and reductionist assumptions about the human person, and offering a friendly critique of the Christian personalist, humanist, and virtue ethic that he deploys to challenge his field.
Narrative Quests and Social Change
Authors: Kalbian Aline H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this response to Christian Smith's What Is a Person?, I raise questions about his conception of the human life as a narrative quest and his account of change in social structures and institutions. The metaphor of life as a quest suggests a solid, isolated, and integrated moral agent. I wonder whether the experiences of most moral agents render a different picture—one where life is fragmented and characterized by complex webs of relationships. Smith provides a detailed account of how social institutions change. I pose examples of more subtle and complex types of change as a way to press him to think about whether his account of change is too linear.
What Proportion of Preschool‐Aged Children Consume Sweetened Beverages?
Authors: Nickelson Jen , Lawrence Jeannine C. , Parton Jason M. , Knowlden Adam P. , McDermott Robert J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDObesity affects nearly 17% of US children and youth 2‐19 years old and 10% of infants and toddlers under the age of 2 years. One strategy for addressing obesity is to discourage sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Compared with their older school‐aged counterparts, children ≤5 years depend largely on parents for the purchase and serving of SSBs. Therefore, recognizing parental factors associated with children's intake of SSBs is important.METHODSThis study used cross‐sectional data from parents of children ≤5 years old to examine SSB consumption and associated factors. Elements of the Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action facilitated data analysis and interpretation.RESULTSThe most consistent predictor of SSB intake was child age. Nearly 94% of children aged 3‐5 years consumed sweetened milk products, 88% consumed fruity drinks, 63% consumed sodas, and 56% consumed sports drinks and sweet tea. Adjusting for all other factors, the only parental psychosocial factor associated with SSB intake was self‐efficacy (predicting fruity drinks consumption).CONCLUSIONSMore children drink SSBs as they get older. Interventions designed to prevent SSB consumption should occur early, before children reach preschool age. Additional study of parental factors influencing SSB intake in early childhood is recommended.
Isolation of Trichoderma and Evaluation of their Antagonistic Potential against Alternaria porri
Authors: Abo‐Elyousr Kamal A. M. , Abdel‐Hafez Sobhy I. I. , Abdel‐Rahim Ismail R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNine isolates of Trichoderma were collected from Assiut Governorate, Egypt, as leaf surface and endophytic fungi associated with onion flora stalks. Four isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, while five isolates were belonging to Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The antagonistic activity of these isolates against onion purple blotch pathogen Alternaria porri was studied in vitro using dual culture assay. All tested Trichoderma isolates showed mycoparasitic activity and competitive capability against the mycelial growth of A. porri. Mycoparastic activity of Trichoderma was manifested morphologically by the overgrowth upon the mycelial growth of the pathogen and microscopically by production of coiling hyphae around pathogen hyphae. Isolates of T. harzianum exhibited high ability to compete on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium causing the maximum rate of pathogen inhibition (73.12%), while isolates of T. longibrachiatum showed inhibition rate equalling 70.3%. Chitinase activity of Trichoderma was assayed, and T. harzianum Th‐3013 showed the maximum value contributing 2.69 U/min. Application of T. harzianum Th‐3013 to control purple blotch disease in vivo under greenhouse conditions caused disease reduction up to 52.3 and 79.9% before and after 48 h of pathogen inoculation, respectively, while the fungicide Ridomil Gold Plus caused disease reduction comprising 56.5 and 71.7%, respectively. This study proved that T. harzianum Th‐3013 as a biocontrol agent showed significant reduction in onion purple blotch disease compared with the tested fungicide.
The Locus of Innovation: The Effect of a Separate Innovation Unit on Exploration, Exploitation, and Ambidexterity in Manufacturing and Service Firms
Authors: Blindenbach‐Driessen Floortje , van den Ende Jan 
Published: January 2014

This paper investigates the effects of having a separate innovation unit on exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity in manufacturing and service firms according to traditional paradigms of the innovation management discipline that innovation units should be organized in a separate department. Many manufacturing firms have such a unit while few service firms do. This paper sets out to investigate the advantages of having such a unit for exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity, and whether there are differences between manufacturing and service firms that could help explain why such units are present or absent. The literature suggests that a separate innovation unit has a positive effect on exploration and ambidexterity in manufacturing firms. However, the effect on improving operational activities, that is, exploitation, is unclear. If exploration and exploitation are two ends of a continuum, as the literature suggests, more exploration comes at the cost of exploitation. On the other hand, others have suggested the possibility of an orthogonal relationship, where a separate unit can simultaneously enhance exploration and exploitation.In this paper, theDutchCommunityInnovationSurvey (CIS) is used to investigate these relationships for manufacturing and service firms, with a question added to the survey regarding the locus of innovation within each firm, that is, mostly within a dedicated innovation unit or dispersed throughout the firm. Our findings show that a separate innovation unit increases exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity in both manufacturing and service firms. It thereby provides support for the orthogonal view of ambidexterity. A separate unit enhances the ability to exploit and be ambidextrous equally in service and manufacturing firms, but has a weaker positive effect on exploration, and exploratory and ambidextrous performance in service firms. This finding implies that both manufacturing and service firms benefit from having a separate innovation unit, with the advantages being greatest for manufacturing firms. In service firms, such an innovation unit alone may not be sufficient, as such units are expensive to maintain, while they contribute less to ambidextrous performance than in manufacturing firms. Based on the latter finding, future studies should make a distinction between the ability to be ambidextrous in creating exploratory and exploitative innovations, and ambidextrous performance, the ability to gain financially from engaging in both types of activities simultaneously.
Measurement of thyroxine and cortisol in canine and feline blood samples using two immunoassay analysers
Authors: Higgs P. , Costa M. , Freke A. , Papasouliotis K. 
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVESThe AIA‐360 (Tosoh Corporation) is an automated immunoassay analyser. The aims of this study were to estimate the precision of thyroxine and cortisol AIA‐360 immunoassays in canine and feline samples and to compare the results produced with those obtained by a chemiluminescence analyser (Immulite® 1000, Siemens).METHODSBlood samples from 240 clinical cases (60 dogs and 60 cats for both thyroxine and cortisol) were analysed using both instruments.RESULTSDeming regression calculations showed excellent correlation (thyroxine, canine rs = 0 · 94, feline rs = 0 · 97; cortisol, canine rs = 0 · 97, feline rs = 0 · 97). Agreement between the two instruments was examined by Bland–Altman difference plots, which identified wide confidence intervals and outliers for thyroxine (canine n = 6, feline n = 4) and cortisol (canine n = 3, feline n = 4) results. Inter/intra‐run precision of the AIA‐360 was excellent for both cortisol and thyroxine (coefficients of variation <7%).CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe instrument showed excellent correlation for cortisol and thyroxine in canine and feline samples demonstrating that the AIA‐360 can be used in clinical practice. The agreement studies suggest that the results from the AIA‐360 cannot be used interchangeably with those generated by the Immulite 1000 and should be interpreted using reference intervals that have been established specific to the AIA‐360.
Abundance, distribution and habitat preference of Hippocampus guttulatus and Hippocampus hippocampus in a semi‐enclosed central Mediterranean marine area
Authors: Gristina Michele , Cardone Frine , Carlucci Roberto , Castellano Laura , Passarelli Sergio , Corriero Giuseppe 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPopulation abundance, distribution and habitat preference of the Mediterranean sympatric seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus and Hippocampus hippocampus were investigated in a semi‐enclosed sea system (Apulian coast, Ionian Sea). A total of 242 individuals of seahorses were sighted in the 11 transects surveyed in summer 2011. Hippocampus guttulatus (n = 225) were 14 times more abundant than H. hippocampus (17). The mean abundance of H. guttulatus for all the pooled sites was 0.018 m−2 (SE ± 0.003) ranging from a maximum of 0.035 (SE ± 0.007) to a minimum of 0.008 (SE ± 0.002). The size structure of long‐snouted seahorse shows a population ranging from 7 to 14 cm (SL) with a peak at 10 cm (TL). Juveniles (96.0 ± 8.0 mm) represent a significant fraction of the population, accounting more than 21% of the sighted individuals. In Mar Piccolo, H. guttulatus is able to shelter both in monotonous habitats, including the algal beds, and diversified ones, such as the rich filter‐feeder communities that colonize hard substrates. By contrast, H. hippocampus is mainly associated with habitats of low complexity. Today, the Mar Piccolo di Taranto is among the most heavily polluted water bodies in South Italy, with trace metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides and organic wastes affecting both biotic and abiotic matrices. However, despite the high level of degradation, the presence of a large mussel farm has avoided the impact of towed fishing gears, and eutrophication of water bodies has ensured a high trophic level that supports large crustacean populations, potential prey for seahorses.
Insulin‐Induced Changes in Microvascular Vasomotion and Capillary Recruitment are Associated in Humans
Authors: de Boer Michiel P. , Meijer Rick I. , Newman John , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Eringa Etto C. , Smulders Yvo M. , Serné Erik H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveInsulin‐induced capillary recruitment is considered a significant regulator of overall insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake. Insulin's action to recruit capillaries has been hypothesized to involve insulin‐induced changes in vasomotion. Data directly linking vasomotion to capillary perfusion, however, are presently lacking. We, therefore, investigated whether insulin's actions on capillary recruitment and vasomotion were interrelated in a group of healthy individuals. We further assessed the role of capillary recruitment in the association between vasomotion and insulin‐mediated glucose uptake.MethodsChanges in vasomotion and capillary density were determined by LDF and capillary videomicroscopy in skin, respectively, before and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in 19 healthy volunteers.ResultsInsulin‐induced increase in the neurogenic vasomotion domain was positively related to insulin‐augmented capillary recruitment (r = 0.51, p = 0.04), and both parameters were related to insulin‐mediated glucose uptake (r = 0.47, p = 0.06 and r = 0.73, p = 0.001, respectively). The change in insulin‐augmented capillary recruitment could, at least statistically, largely explain the association between the neurogenic domain and insulin‐mediated glucose uptake.ConclusionsInsulin‐induced changes in vasomotion and capillary recruitment are associated in healthy volunteers. These data suggest that insulin's action to recruit capillaries may in part involve action on the neurogenic vasomotion domain, thereby enhancing capillary perfusion and glucose uptake.