bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breathalyzer® Accuracy in Actual Law Enforcement Practice: A Comparison of Blood- and Breath-Alcohol Results in Wisconsin Drivers
Authors: Harding P , Field PH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Breathalyzer® and blood-alcohol results from drivers arrested for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated and for related offenses were compared during a two-year period. Four hundred and four pairs of breath- and blood-alcohol results from specimens collected within 1 h of each other were studied. Blood-alcohol concentrations ranged from zero to 0.421% weight per volume (w/v). Breath-alcohol concentrations ranged from zero to 0.44 g/210 L. The mean Breathalyzer result was 0.16 g/210 L. The mean blood-alcohol result was 0.176% w/v. Compared to the blood-alcohol result, Breathalyzer results were lower by more than 0.01 g/210 L 61% of the time, within 0.01 g/210 L 33% of the time, and higher by more than 0.01 g/210 L 6% of the time.
Estimating Time Since Death Using Plant Roots and Stems
Authors: Willey P , Heilman A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A number of methods have been used successfully in estimating time since death of long dead individuals, including physical decomposition of the corpse and clothing and the succession of insects. Using these sources, however, it is usually impossible to estimate accurately time since death for bodies which have been exposed more than a year. Roots and stems of perennial plants may be used as complementary sources of information. Stems and woody roots of perennial plants have annual growth rings which may be used to establish the minimum number of growing seasons since death. To be used, these plant parts must grow through the clothing, other personal effects, or bone or be affected indirectly by soil disturbance or body decomposition. Procedures for collecting, preserving, and examining these specimens and the limitations of the approach are presented.
Distributions of Genetic Markers in United States Populations: II. Isoenzyme Systems
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Bell SC , Lee HC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
All published and unpublished population frequency data that could be located for U.S. populations is tabulated and presented for the isoenzyme systems phosphoglucomutase, esterase D, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, glyoxalase 1, adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, carbonic anhydrase II, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Results obtained by combining data for comparable racial/ethnic groups are also presented. The results obtained with combined data may give better information on frequencies for the U.S. population at large than is obtainable from studies conducted in restricted geographic areas.
Homicidal Behavior in Schizophrenics
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper emphasizes that homicidal behavior may be part of the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia. The failure to hospitalize potentially violent schizophrenics contributes to the incidence of psychotic homicide. The tendency to diagnose homicidal schizophrenics as personality disorders combined with legal changes brought about a shift of this population from the mental health system to the criminal justice system.
A Unique Missile in a Homicide Victim: The Brenneke Shotgun Slug
Authors: Rao VJ , Rao GS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A young black male was shot to death by an unknown assailant who then fled the scene. The medical examiner who responded to the scene noted a freshly deformed metal screw in the immediate vicinity of the body. The autopsy findings of additional, very similar screws in the body, noted on X-ray and consistent with having caused the injuries sustained, revealed the missiles to be 12-gauge Brenneke shotgun slugs.
Fatal Intoxication by Tocainide
Authors: Sperry K , Wohlenberg N , Standefer JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 26-year-old woman committed suicide by ingestion of a large quantity of tocainide, a recently developed oral antiarrhythmic agent with chemical similarities to lidocaine. Blood and bodily fluid analysis by thin-layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tocainide, with a serum level of 68 mg/L, nearly 7 times the upper recommended therapeutic level for this drug. Tocainide was also detected at significant levels in vitreous fluid and bile. Although the mechanism of death from tocainide intoxication in animal studies is related to central nervous system toxicity, the presentation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with coma in this patient suggests that tocainide at high levels may have primary myocardiotoxicity in humans.
A Double Homicide as a Result of Chloroform Poisoning
Authors: McGee MB , Jejurikar SG , VanBerkom LC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Homicidal poisoning using chloroform has been reported infrequently. Presented is a case of a double homicide involving a 29-year-old male and his 23-year-old fiance. Gas chromatographic methodology and tissue concentrations of chloroform are presented. Evidence strongly suggests forced inhalation using an impregnated cloth.
A Review of Electrophoresis, Theory, Techniques, and Biochemical and Clinical Applications
Authors: Monforte JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Only three years since the appearance of the first edition, this text covers very comprehensively the several areas of electrophoresis available to scientists. As mentioned in the preface, electrophoresis is a dynamic field which has shown several significant advances in the last few years. Therefore, this second edition is thoroughly justified.
A Review of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology: Perspectives and Standards for Interdisciplinary Practice
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology is an unusually good book covering a panorama of issues of interest to expert witnesses, current and potential, and to legal people. It is well edited; for example, the various chapters are cross-referenced so that the reader can pick up related data in other sections of the book.
A Review of Criminal Interrogations and Confessions (Third Edition)
Authors: Pitluck HM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Simply put, this is a good book. Basically divided into two parts, Part I “Interrogation Tactics and Techniques” takes the reader from preinterview preparation through written confession, and Part II “The Law on Criminal Interrogations and Confessions” covers case law, comparisons, observations, and suggestions from pre-Miranda to publication. There is also an appendix on “The Psychological Principles of Criminal Interrogation.”
A Review of The Murderer and His Victim
Authors: Drucker F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
According to the dust jacket, this book is intended “for everyone professionally involved with these criminal offenders,” and indeed it is. The dust jacket also indicates the book “answers just about any question that may arise concerning murderers and their victims:” It doesn't tell whodunit! It does, however, include a somewhat rambling section by Dr. Boyd, “Homicide in Fiction.” Dr. Macdonald trained in New Zealand and Great Britain. He has practiced psychiatry in Colorado for more than 35 years. He has interviewed more than 400 murderers, and he offers may vignettes about the murderers he interviewed and others.
Detection of Lea Substance in Saliva Stains by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Using Anti-Gum Arabic Serum
Authors: Ogata M , Nakasono I , Iwasaki M , Kubo S , Fukae T , Suyama H , Narita K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It is known that rabbit anti-gum arabic (GA) serum has cross-reactivity with Lea antigen, and that, by using this cross-reactive anti-Lea antibody, the presence of Lea antigen in red blood cells and saliva can be demonstrated with accuracy. We have devised a rapid and highly sensitive method for detecting Lea substance in human saliva by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using an anti-Lea antibody isolated from anti-GA serum by affinity chromatography on Synsorb Lea. The ELISA plate, coated with the specific anti-Lea antibody, adsorbed the Lea substance in saliva which was subsequently identified by adding enzyme labeled anti-Lea IgG in that order. The method could detect the Lea substance in Le(a+) saliva stains as small as 0.1 by 0.1 cm in size that had been stored at room temperature for three weeks and in Le(a+) saliva stains 0.7 by 0.7 cm in size that had been stored for ten years. This method seems to be useful for quantitative analyses of the Lea substance in various body fluids.
The Use of Separator Isoelectric Focusing in Micro-Ultrathin Polyacrylamide Gels in the Characterization of Some Polymorphic Proteins of Forensic Science Significance
Authors: Alonso A , Gascó P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification of phenotypes of erythyrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP), esterase D (EsD), group specific component (Gc), and alpha-1-antitrypsin (PI) by separator isoelectric focusing in micro-ultrathin polyacrylamide gels (interelectrode distance: 45 mm) is described. The protein patterns obtained are compared favorably with the patterns seen by isoelectric focusing in conventional polyacrylamide gel dimensions (interelectrode distance: 110 to 120 mm). The technique described allows greater stability of pH gradients and is a fast and economic method.
Observations of High Velocity Bloodspatter on Adjacent Objects
Authors: Pex JO , Vaughan CH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a recent homicide investigation, high velocity backspatter was observed on the sleeve cuff of the accused. These minute droplets were discovered only after microscopic examination and were limited in number. A study was initiated to determine if these were truly backspatter droplets or transferred blood produced from light contact with a bloody item. It was observed that the backspattered blood was primarily limited to contact or near contact shots. An exception was a shot into an already bloody surface. It was found that backspattered blood would deposit on the shooter's shirt sleeve irrespective of the weave pattern. Transferred blood was observed only on the fiber tops. This information was found to be useful in reconstruction of events in suicides as well as possible homicides.
Automation of Gunshot Residue Detection and Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX)
Authors: White RS , Owens AD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification of gunshot residues (GSR) is generally accomplished by bulk analysis of complete residue samples (by atomic absorption spectroscopy or neutron activation analysis) or by residue particle analysis (by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis). The limitations and advantages of the two techniques are discussed. Two systems for the automation of GSR particle search have become commercially available recently. A detailed operational description and the results of 50 experimental search runs are reported for 1 of these systems. These results are also compared with results of 16 experimental search runs conducted with the second of the automation systems commercially available.
Suicidal Contact Gunshot Wounds to the Head with .38 Special Glaser Safety Slug Ammunition
Authors: Jones AM , Reyna M , Sperry K , Hock D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Glaser Safety Slug TM ammunition is a uniquely designed, essentially prefragmented ammunition. Tests performed by the U.S. Justice Department demonstrated that the ammunition possesses high kinetic energy, high relative incapacitation index (RII) and poses a very low risk to bystanders because of its total loss of kinetic energy in the target. Despite having been manufactured since 1974, no deaths from this ammunition have been previously reported. The authors herein describe the first three reported human deaths.
Identification of the Cadaver Remains of Josef Mengele
Authors: Helmer RP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 1985 at the cemetery in Embu near Sao Paulo, Brazil, parts of a skeleton were exhumed, and now these parts have been examined to determine whether they are the remains of the corpse of Dr. Josef Mengele, the camp doctor of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The osteometrical and osteological findings ascertained correspond completely and consistently without contradiction with all the available personal data of Josef Mengele. Through a method of electronic visual mixing for the identification of the skull, it was determined that all the authentic pictures available used for comparison correspond definitely and consistently to the exhumed skull.
Age and Ossification of the Hyoid Bone: Forensic Implications
Authors: O'Halloran RL , Lundy JK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hyoid bones from a medical examiner population were visually and radiographically examined to determine the presence or absence of bony fusion of the greater cornua to the central body. Fusion was found to increase in frequency with age. Hyoid bones fused more frequently in males than in females. Females showed an especially high frequency of unilateral nonfusion.
Lack of Observable Intoxication in Humans with High Plasma Alcohol Concentrations
Authors: Sullivan JB , Hauptman M , Bronstein AC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Judging the degree of human alcohol intoxication is an important clinical, social, and medicolegal matter. Assessing the degree of intoxication is not always easy by direct patient observation. Observational instruments have been used in forensic science, medical, and social situations in an endeavor to measure alcohol intoxication. The validity of these observational instruments must be questioned. In this study, twenty-one patients with alcohol related complaints presenting to major city emergency departments were studied using one such observational instrument, the Alcohol Symptom Checklist (ASC). Three independent emergency medicine physicians applied the criteria of ASC to the twenty-one patients and obtained a plasma alcohol concentration (PAC) for correlation purposes. Individual correlation coefficients (r = 0.182, r = 0.202, r = 0.200) and a composite correlation coefficient (r = 0.235) demonstrated lack of correlation between PAC and ASC. This lack of correlation is supported by clinical observations of experienced emergency department personnel.
Self- and Official Report of Name Variation Among Male Offenders
Authors: Harry B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author studied one hundred incarcerated adult male felons referred consecutively for psychiatric evaluation, asking each if he had ever changed his name. He then compared each offender's self-report with official institutional records for the presence of recorded name variations. Fifteen men admitted to having changed their names, while twenty three had officially recorded name variations. These groups appeared to overlap to some extent and had no statistically significant differences among a range of descriptive variables. However, they had what seemed to have been a different pattern of changing their names. The author concludes that these different methods for identifying name changes among criminals may look at alias use from different perspectives and should be used to complement one another.
The Uses and Effects of Forensic Science in the Adjudication of Felony Cases
Authors: Peterson JL , Ryan JP , Houlden PJ , Mihajlovic S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the uses and effects of forensic and other forms of evidence on the judicial processing of criminal cases. To achieve this goal, several data gathering approaches were used: surveys of laboratory scientists, interviews with prosecutors and defense attorneys, issuance of hypothetical case scenarios to prosecuting attorneys, exit surveys of citizens discharged from jury service, and a review of several thousand randomly chosen felony case filings in five prosecutors' offices. Aside from drug and alcohol related cases, firearms, bloodstains, fingerprints, hair, and semen are the leading categories of scientific evidence examined in felony prosecutions. Taking into account a variety of other sociodemographic and evidentiary factors, the authors find that scientific evidence makes little difference in prosecutors' decisions to charge defendants, or for that matter in the determination of guilt or innocence of charged defendants. Confessions emerge as the principal form of evidence influencing decisions to convict or acquit defendants. Forensic science reports and testimony have their greatest impact at the time of sentencing, when convicted defendants are more likely to go to prison and for longer periods of time where scientific evidence is presented.
A System for Handwriting Classification
Authors: Taylor LR , Chandler HB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In dealing with questioned document cases, examiners may encounter a questioned writing with no known suspect or a potential suspect with no writing available. The benefit and purpose of a classification system is to put at the fingertips of the examiner a means of filing and retrieving handwriting information on classified individuals who in many instances are repeat offenders and could be potential suspects. For clarification purposes, it should be stated that the classification of handwriting is not synonymous nor should be confused with the identification of handwriting. Classification simply allows the development of a mathematical formula based upon types of handwriting patterns for the purpose of retrieving information. Identification, on the other hand, is concerned not only with patterns that occur in handwriting, but individual characteristics as well as a host of other features. This paper discusses the development and implementation of a handwriting classification system used primarily to expedite the search for potential suspects where no suspects have been developed by the investigating agency, and as a source to project trends in certain handwriting characteristics as they relate to each other and to the sex and the race of known offenders.
Caffeine Toxicity: A Case of Child Abuse by Drug Ingestion
Authors: Morrow PL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The case of a 14-month-old child who died of caffeine toxicity is presented. The evidence for prolonged toxicity associated with inappropriate delay in the seeking of medical care and the presence of various recent and healing injuries are diagnostic of child abuse. Fatal caffeine toxicity and child abuse by drug/substance administration are uncommonly reported. Relevant medical literature is reviewed.
A Case with Bear Facts
Authors: Murad TA , Boddy MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the summer of 1985, human skeletal remains along with accompanying material culture and various debris were discovered beside a logging road in Northern California. An analysis of the human remains and debris, which ran the gamut from a badly damaged 1974 automobile to the feces of a large mammal, revealed that an adult male Caucasoid, who had at one time had skull surgery performed, was partially eaten by a large carnivore, probably a bear. Along with the unusual circumstances surrounding this case which make it interesting, the fact that the victim's identity was later established allowed an opportunity to gain insight into some of the techniques employed by forensic physical anthropologists to discern sex, race, age, stature, and individual features. A review of some techniques is offered.
Class Defects in Printwheel Typescript
Authors: Behrendt JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although the identification of printwheel typescript is predicated on the characteristics of the typing system, most of the identifying defects encountered are normally ascribed to the printwheel. Typescript samples from several new printwheels of different manufacture were examined to ascertain whether class defects are present in printwheel typescript. It was found that several different types of class defects commonly occur in typescript samples of new printwheels. These class defects often appear similar to individual identifying characteristics, when in fact, they are indicative of an entire group of printwheels.
Postmortem Diagnosis of Meningococcemia by Detection of Capsular Polysaccharides
Authors: Challener RC , Morrissey AM , Jacobs MR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Detection of specific meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in postmortem blood permits rapid diagnosis of meningococcemia and differentiation from pneumococcemia and septicemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type b. We present studies validating application of latex agglutination assay for CPS on blood samples collected at autopsy, delineate the circumstances when CPS testing is indicated, and illustrate the usefulness of this procedure by several recent cases. Blood samples from victims dying of injury or disease other than infection were examined to determine whether the postmortem interval, bacterial contamination, anticoagulants, or delay in testing would result in false positive assays. Series 1 samples, collected so as to minimize bacterial contamination, were immediately submitted for assay. Series 2 evaluated the effect of adverse conditions of collection, anticoagulation, and prolonged sample storage. Despite extended postmortem intervals of up to 14 days, heavy bacterial contamination, prolonged storage at 4°C, deep hemolysis, and presence of anticoagulants, false positive assays were seldom observed.
Barefoot Impressions—A Preliminary Study of Identification Characteristics and Population Frequency of Their Morphological Features
Authors: Laskowski GE , Kyle VL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Footprint impressions of 107 male adults ranging in age from 19 to 67 years were recorded and examined. Included in this study were foot impressions from a pair of monozygotic twins as well. The impressions were recorded and converted into a set of indices which essentially are width-versus-length ratios of prominent features of the human foot. These indices were then correlated to yield probability values for use in this study and for comparison to data published by previous investigators Qamra, Abbott, Lovejoy, Cassidy, and Robbins. Friction ridge minutae were not considered in this study. Crease marks, well impressions, and toe step measurements were considered, but not incorporated in the probability values, because of the unique aspect of these features and the inability, at present, to convert these features to mathematical indices. These features do, however, introduce a subjective nature to the analysis scheme. This study uses the combined index probabilities of foot impressions so that the data generated can be used to assign a given probability that a particular foot impression, even without clear definable individual features, can be linked to the person who made the impression.
Evaluation of Sudden Death in Psychiatric Patients with Special Reference to Phenothiazine Therapy: Forensic Pathology
Authors: Laposata EA , Hale P , Poklis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The investigation of sudden unexpected death in psychiatric patients and the ensuing litigation has brought to our attention many unusual features important in the evaluation of such deaths. Certain pathophysiologic mechanisms of death, rarely encountered in routine forensic science practice, may be important in determining the cause of death in psychiatric patients, especially in cases where the autopsy is unrevealing. Of particular concern is a tendency in the current literature to implicate phenothiazines as a cause of death when the death investigation and the autopsies are incomplete. Thus, based on our experience and on a review of the current literature, we have set forth factors that the forensic pathologist should consider when faced with a sudden psychiatric death. A case report illustrates these unique aspects of scene investigation and analysis of terminal events and autopsy findings.