bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Radicals and Other Reactive Species in Disease
Authors: Halliwell Barry 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Free radicals are generated in a wide variety of chemical and biological systems, including the production of plastics, the ageing of paints, the deterioration of foods, the combustion of fuels and in the human body. In living organisms, the levels of free radicals and other ‘reactive species’ (such as hydrogen peroxide) are controlled by a complex web of antioxidant defences, which minimise (but do not completely prevent) oxidative damage to biomolecules. One reason for this is that reactive species play useful roles, for example, in cell signalling and especially in defence against pathogens. However, over the long human lifespan, oxidative damage may contribute to diseases (e.g. cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia) and perhaps even to the ageing process itself. Some antioxidants come from the diet, whereas others (such as glutathione and the superoxide dismutase enzymes) are made
in vivo
.

Key Concepts

Oxygen free radicals and other reactive species are made
in vivo
.

Some are made for useful purposes, some ‘accidentally’.

Their action is controlled by a balanced and coordinated network of antioxidant defences, whose aim is to modulate their levels so as to allow their useful functions while minimising oxidative damage.

Many antioxidant defences are synthesised
in vivo
but some also come from diet.

Reactive species play key roles in the development of human diseases, including Alzheimer disease and cancers caused by chronic inflammation.
J
oseph
E
rlanger (1874–1965)
Authors: McComas Alan J 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Joseph Erlanger was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1944, and shared it with Herbert Gasser for research on the nerve impulse. They were the first to employ a cathode ray tube and thereby to obtain accurate recordings of the impulses (action potentials) in groups of vertebrate nerve fibres; later, Erlanger was able to record from single fibres. At the time of receiving the award Erlanger, who also had a strong background in cardiovascular physiology, was the Head of the Physiology Department at Washington University, St Louis. Erlanger's many honours included the Presidency of the American Physiological Society (1926 –1929).
I
ngram,
V
ernon
Authors: Hogan Andrew J 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Vernon Ingram (1924–2006) was a protein biochemist who spent his career studying the causes and impacts of misshapen proteins, and their relevance to human disease. Ingram is best known for his 1957 demonstration that the abnormal haemoglobin in sickle cell anaemia patients is caused by an alteration in one amino acid, which results from a single nucleotide mutation in the DNA code. This finding provided further evidence supporting Francis Crick's ‘Central Dogma’ of molecular biology and earned Ingram the widespread designation as the ‘father of molecular medicine’. Ingram's initial work on haemoglobin was conducted under Max Perutz in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. Soon thereafter, Ingram moved to MIT, where he spent the remainder of his career working on other blood disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

Key Concepts

Ingram demonstrated in 1957 that sickle cell anaemia is caused by one amino acid change in the haemoglobin protein, resulting from one DNA nucleotide alteration.

Ingram's haemoglobin studies supported Francis Crick's ‘Central Dogma’ of molecular biology.

Ingram's haemoglobin studies demonstrated that a one‐dimensional change in the DNA code resulted in the mutant form of a protein.

Ingram's haemoglobin studies undercut the hypothesis that DNA code exists in overlapping units.

Ingram's haemoglobin studies provided the first demonstration of a specific change in the DNA, causing a disease that followed a Mendelian inheritance pattern.
Single Particle
EM
Authors: Fernández José‐Jesús , Valpuesta José‐María 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Single particle electron microscopy (EM) plays an important role in structural biology because it allows derivation of biologically relevant information about proteins and macromolecular complexes. A large amount of randomly oriented images of the specimen under study (so‐called particles) are collected from micrographs taken with an electron microscope. These particles are then computationally aligned and combined to yield the 3D structure, which is subsequently subjected to visualisation and interpretation. In most cases, the resolution attained with this technique precludes tracing of the polypeptide chain or the clear visualisation of the secondary structure elements. Nevertheless, the integrative combination of the information provided by the different structural techniques (X‐ray crystallography, EM, etc.) at different resolution levels has allowed a comprehensive interpretation of the structure. The recent advancements in instrumentation and computational procedures are now making it possible to obtain maps at sub‐nanometre, and even near‐atomic, resolution.

Key Concepts

Single particle electron microscopy (EM) allows the structural determination of proteins and macromolecular complexes.

The combination of the structure obtained by single particle EM and the high‐resolution information obtained by other structural techniques allows the derivation of biologically relevant information.

Structure determination at sub‐nanometre, and even near‐atomic, resolution is also being possible in a growing number of cases.

The biological material has to be specially prepared prior to be imaged in the electron microscope.

The 3D structure of the specimen is determined by collecting, aligning and combining a large number of randomly oriented particles of the specimen that are extracted from the microscope images.
S
chmallenberg Virus
Authors: Doceul Virginie , Gouzil Julie , Vitour Damien , Zientara Stéphan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) emerged in Northern Europe during summer 2011 and then caused a large epidemic in Europe. It is a negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA virus belonging to the
Bunyaviridae
family and the
Orthobunyavirus
genus. SBV affects predominantly domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted by multiple species of
Culicoides
biting midges. SBV infection is mainly asymptomatic in adult cattle, sheep and goats but can cause congenital malformations, stillbirths and premature births when infection of the dam occurs at a critical period of gestation. In response to the emergence of SBV, molecular and serological tests have been generated rapidly to diagnose and monitor the disease and a number of inactivated vaccines have been developed.

Key Concepts

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) emerged in Northern Europe in summer 2011.

SBV belongs to the
Bunyaviridae
family and the
Orthobunyavirus
genus.

The SBV genome is composed of three negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA segments.

SBV is mainly asymptomatic in cattle, sheep and goats.

SBV is associated with abortion and birth of malformed or stillborn animals.

SBV is an arthropod‐borne virus transmitted by multiple species of
Culicoides
.

Several inactivated vaccines are available.
Genetics of Recessive Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Kahrizi Kimia , Najmabadi Hossein 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Intellectual disability (ID) is one of the most heterogeneous disorders, presenting two to three times more than any other disability. Recent estimates indicate that there are about 2000–3000 genes underlying ID. The X‐linked genes have been studied most extensively, contributing to approximately 10% of cases. However, autosomal genes make up the vast majority of genes, which is responsible for monogenic forms of ID. In Western populations, it appears that autosomal dominant (AD) disorders are more common than autosomal recessive (AR) disorders; however, when we move to the Middle East, this ratio shifts significantly and AR disorders are major players in the hereditary disease burden there. There are prevalent genes contributing to non‐syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability (NSARID) including
TUSC3
,
ELP2
and
MAN1B1
; however, there is a paucity of ARID studies in many countries, particularly in the Middle East. Although many ARID genes have been identified in the last few years with advances in next‐generation sequencing, many of the genes responsible for ARID have not yet been identified, but it is expected that the novel genes will be determined in future.

Key Concepts

Neuro‐developmental disorders arise from central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, leading to gradual and progressive cognition or movement impairment. ID is one of the most studied and explored conditions amongst neurodegenerative disorders

The majority of genes responsible for ID has an autosomal mode of inheritance
Cerebral Palsy: Underlying Causes and Animal Models
Authors: Feather‐Schussler Danielle , Ferguson Tanya S 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Cerebral palsy (CP) was first discovered in 1853 by Dr. William Little. It is a non‐progressive motor disorder that occurs in approximately 2–4 of every 1000 live births. CP can be acquired, where insults occur during or after birth, or congenital, meaning insults occurred
in utero
. The major neurological hallmarks of CP are white matter injury around the ventricles and cortical dysgenesis, caused by insults in the developing brain before, during or after birth. These insults include haemorrhage or stroke, hypoxia, ischaemia, and infection (maternally or in the neonate) or inflammation, which lead to cellular responses in astrocytes, microglia, neurons and oligodendrocytes and subsequent brain damage. Rare genetic mutations can also cause CP and lead to changes in cortical organisation. Researchers are using animal models to elucidate the underlying cellular changes that lead to CP.

Key Concepts

Cerebral palsy most commonly occurs between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation in the developing brain.

Periventricular leukomalacia and cortical dysgenesis are the neurological hallmarks of cerebral palsy.

Different insults lead to acquired or congenital cerebral palsy and also vary the degree of brain injury.

The combination of hypoxia, ischaemia and inflammation is thought to lead to the majority of congenital CP.

The inflammatory response is initiated through the activation of microglia leading to astrocyte loss and delayed activation, neuron death and decreased white matter density.

Glutamate excitotoxicity occurs in response to injury and leads to neuron death and periventricular leukomalacia.

Animal models are integral in clarifying the cellular responses underlying the brain damage seen in cerebral palsy.
3‐Methyl‐4‐oxa‐5‐azahomoadamantane as an Organocatalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Amines to Oximes in Water
Authors: Yu Jiatao , Jin Yong , Lu Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of primary amines into corresponding oximes has been developed, with 3‐methyl‐4‐oxa‐5‐azahomoadamantane as catalyst, acetaldoxime as co‐catalyst and water as solvent. This process, which uses oxygen (O2) as an economic and green oxidant and water as a green solvent, tolerates a wide range of substrates, affording the target oximes in moderate to excellent yields. It was found that high selectivity was achieved when 3‐methyl‐4‐oxa‐5‐azahomoadamantane was used, and E‐type oximes were the only detected products. A possible mechanism for this catalytic process is proposed.magnified image
Effizienter Zugang zu Titanaaziridinen durch C‐H‐Aktivierung von N‐Methylanilinen bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Manßen Manfred , Lauterbach Nicolai , Dörfler Jaika , Schmidtmann Marc , Saak Wolfgang , Doye Sven , Beckhaus Rüdiger 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTitanaaziridine bzw. η2‐Imintitankomplexe sind Schlüsselintermediate in der titankatalysierten Hydroaminoalkylierung von Alkenen. Hier berichten wir über einen effizienten Zugang zu dieser Verbindungsklasse, ausgehend von N‐Methylanilinen und Bis(η5:η1‐pentafulven)titankomplexen. Folgereaktionen der ersten strukturell charakterisierten η2‐Methylenanilinkomplexe belegen die vielfältigen Reaktionsmuster dieser Verbindungsklasse. Insbesondere werden Hydroaminoalkylierungsprodukte in Reaktionen des titanacyclischen Dreiringes mit Olefinen gefunden. Erstmalig können alle Intermediate der Hydroaminoalkylierung experimentell zugänglich gemacht werden.
Well‐Defined Copper(I) Fluoroalkoxide Complexes for Trifluoroethoxylation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides
Authors: Huang Ronglu , Huang Yangjie , Lin Xiaoxi , Rong Mingguang , Weng Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCopper(I) fluoroalkoxide complexes bearing dinitrogen ligands were synthesized and the structure and reactivity of the complexes toward trifluoroethoxylation, pentafluoropropoxylation, and tetrafluoropropoxylation of aryl and heteroaryl bromides were investigated.
Unique Curing Properties through Living Polymerization in Crosslinking Materials: Polyurethane Photopolymers from Vinyl Ether Building Blocks
Authors: Kirschbaum Stefan , Landfester Katharina , Taden Andreas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPhotopolymers with unique curing capabilities were produced by combining living cationic polymerization with network formation and restricted polymer motion. A vinyl ether diol was synthesized as a functional building block and reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to form a highly functionalized vinyl ether polyurethane as a model system with high crosslinking ability. When using a cationic photoinitiator, fast polymerization is observed upon short UV irradiation. Curing proceeds in the absence of light and under ambient conditions without oxygen inhibition. Cationic active sites become trapped dormant species upon network‐induced vitrification and surprisingly remain living for several days. The polymerization can be reactivated by additional UV irradiation and/or raised temperature. The curing behavior was studied in detail by using UV and FT‐NIR coupled rheology and photo‐DSC to simultaneously study spectroscopic and mechanical information, as well as thermal effects.
Efficient Access to Titanaaziridines by CH Activation of N‐Methylanilines at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Manßen Manfred , Lauterbach Nicolai , Dörfler Jaika , Schmidtmann Marc , Saak Wolfgang , Doye Sven , Beckhaus Rüdiger 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTitanaaziridines or η2‐imine titanium complexes are considered key intermediates of the titanium‐catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of alkenes. Herein, we present an efficient synthetic route to this class of compounds, starting from N‐methylanilines and a bis(η5:η1‐pentafulvene)titanium complex. Consecutive reactions on the η2‐methyleneaniline complexes, characterized for the first time, prove a high chemical versatility. In particular, hydroaminoalkylation products were found in reactions of the three‐membered titanacycles with alkenes. For the first time, all the intermediates of the hydroaminoalkylation of alkenes were isolated and characterized.
Preferred calculation formula and buoyancy effect on capillary number
Authors: Sheng James J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt has been well established in the literature that as the capillary number is increased, residual saturations are decreased. The concept of capillary number is very important in enhanced oil recovery. There are several definitions of the capillary number. Which equation properly describes the mechanism of residual oil reduction as the capillary number is increased? To include the effect of buoyancy, a parameter called trapping number that is similar to the capillary number is proposed, and two different equations have been derived in the literature. There is a paradox for one of these equations: It suggests that the buoyance plays a role in horizontal flow! This paper seeks answers and explanations to the question and the paradox from theoretical point of view and published experimental data. This research work from this paper also suggests which equation should be used to calculate the trapping number for the flow in an inclined core or formation, which equation should be used to calculate capillary number and how the capillary number in a multiphase flow be calculated. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultraviolet‐ray treatment of polysulfone membranes on the O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separation performance
Authors: Konruang Sutthisa , Sirijarukul Suksawat , Wanichapichart Pikul , Yu Liangdeng , Chittrakarn Thawat 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTUV irradiation on polysulfone (PSF) membranes was studied to improve their gas‐separation properties. Membranes with 19–25% PSF contents were prepared by the phase‐inversion method, and the membrane surface was modified with UV rays with a wavelength of 312 nm and a power of 360 µw/cm2. Measurements of gas permeation were conducted with pure carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) gases under 3–8 bar pressure at 25°C. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that the polar functional groups of hydroxyl and carbonyl were introduced by UV irradiation. The water contact angle of the treated membrane was reduced from 70–75° to 10–12° after 12 h of UV exposure. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the dense skin layer increased as the polymer concentration increased. After UV treatment, the permeation of O2 decreased from 0.4–3.4 to 0.2–2.3 m3 m−2 h−1 bar−1, whereas that of N2, CO2, and CH4 increased for all of the pressures used from 0.1–1.7 m3 m−2 h−1 bar−1 to about 0.1–3.4 m3 m−2 h−1 bar−1; this depended on the applied pressure and the PSF content. As a result, the selectivity ratio of O2/N2 decreased from 1.9–7.8 to 0.6–1.5, whereas that of CO2/CH4 increased from 0.9–2.6 to 1.1–6.1. Moreover, the O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 of the untreated and the treated membranes decreased with increasing pressure and increased with increasing polymer concentration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42074.
China's Role in Asia's Free Trade Agreements
Authors: He Fan , Yang Panpan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new wave of regional trade negotiations have sprung up in the Asia‐Pacific region. China faces challenges and opportunities simultaneously. On the one hand, if China is excluded from major regional trade agreements, such as Trans‐Pacific Partnership, it may hurt China's future growth. On the other hand, China can utilise the opportunities of regional trade negotiations to shape the new rules of international trade from the very early stage. Regional trade negotiations are also important for China because it needs further opening up to facilitate the domestic economic reform.
Repetitive Learning Control Design and Period Uncertainties
Authors: Verrelli C. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe aim of this brief is to show how stability proofs in the time‐domain involving suitable quadratic‐integral Lyapunov‐like functions can be derived in the repetitive control design scenario in the case of uncertain period for the reference signals/disturbances to be tracked/rejected. Even though the presented arguments are rather general, we apply them to the generalization of the proportional–integral–derivative (PID)‐like learning control that has been recently designed. The use of the presented results in multi‐link robot synchronization tasks provides simple and intuitive solutions to as yet unsolved problems.
Comparative Study and Accommodation of Biodiesel in Diesel‐Electric Hybrid Vehicles Coupled with Aftertreatment Systems
Authors: Zhao Junfeng , Chen Pingen , Ibrahim, Umar , Wang Junmin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBiodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel, which can be used in diesel‐electric hybrid vehicles to potentially bring one kind of clean vehicle on the road. However, the fuel property variation can cause impacts to the powertrain and aftertreatment systems. In this paper, biodiesel's influence on post‐injection effects is studied. Experimental results are obtained to demonstrate the differences between diesel and biodiesel, and to build up fuel‐dependent maps of engine torque, temperature, and emissions. Utilizing those maps, an aftertreatment warm‐up approach compatible with both fuels is developed by strategically enabling double post injections. Finally, a supervisory controller based on model predictive control method is designed to optimize and balance the tradeoff between hybrid vehicle fuel economy and tailpipe emissions. Simulations are conducted for both fuels with or without the proposed control strategy. The validation results show that for both fuels, the controller can significantly reduce tailpipe emissions by successfully regulating the catalyst temperature to the desired range sacrificing fuel economy. And for biodiesel, additional fuel cost is required in order to realize the tradeoff.
Eyes on the Prize? Evidence of Diminishing Attention to Experienced and Foregone Outcomes in Repeated Experiential Choice
Authors: Ashby Nathaniel J. S. , Rakow Tim 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRecently, there has been increased interest in decisions‐from‐experience (where decision makers learn from observing the outcomes of previous choices), which provide valuable insights into the learning and preference construction processes underlying many daily decisions. Several process models have been developed to capture these processes, and while such models often fit the data well, many assume that the decision maker is a vigilant observer, processing each outcome. In two studies, we provide a critical test of this assumption using eye tracking to record directed visual attention when participants choose repeatedly among two options, each time being shown the outcome for their chosen option and for the foregone option. Consistently, we find that the vigilance assumption is not supported, with decision makers often not attending to outcome information. Moreover, (in)attention to outcomes is predictable, with vigilance decreasing as more choices are made, and being greater for obtained than for foregone outcomes, and when options deliver only gains as opposed to losses or a mixture of gains and losses. Furthermore, we find that this variation in attentional allocation plays a central role in the apparent indecisiveness (inconsistency) in choice, with increased attention to foregone outcomes predicting switches to that option on the next choice. Together, these findings highlight the value of eye tracking in investigations of decisions‐from‐experience, providing novel insight into the cognitive processes underlying them. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.