bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How I treat Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Allen Carl E. , Ladisch Stephan , McClain Kenneth L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
“Langerhans cell histiocytosis” (LCH) describes a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from a single bone lesion or trivial skin rash to an explosive disseminated disease. Regardless of clinical severity, LCH lesions share the common histology of CD1a+/CD207+ dendritic cells with characteristic morphology among an inflammatory infiltrate. Despite historical uncertainty defining LCH as inflammatory vs neoplastic and incomplete understanding of mechanisms of pathogenesis, clinical outcomes have improved markedly over the past decades through cooperative randomized clinical trials based on empiric therapeutic strategies. Significant advances include recognition of high- and low-risk clinical groups defined by hematopoietic and/or hepatic involvement, and of the importance of optimal intensity and of duration of chemotherapy. Nevertheless, mortality of high-risk patients, disease recurrence, lack of robustly tested salvage strategies, and significant disease morbidity of both high- and low-risk patients remain challenges. Recent discovery of recurrent somatic mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway genes at critical stages of myeloid hematopoietic differentiation in LCH patients supports redefinition of the disease as a myeloproliferative disorder and provides opportunities to develop novel approaches to diagnosis and therapy.
Protein-bound drugs are prone to sequestration in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit: results from an ex vivo study
Authors: Shekar Kiran , Roberts Jason A , Mcdonald Charles I , Ghassabian Sussan , Anstey Chris , Wallis Steven C , Mullany Daniel V , Fung Yoke L , Fraser John F 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIntroductionVital drugs may be degraded or sequestered in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits, with lipophilic drugs considered to be particularly vulnerable. However, the circuit effects on protein-bound drugs have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the influence of plasma protein binding on drug disposition inex vivoECMO circuits.MethodsFour identical ECMO circuits comprising centrifugal pumps and polymethylpentene oxygenators and were used. The circuits were primed with crystalloid, albumin and fresh human whole blood and maintained at a physiological pH and temperature for 24 hours. After baseline sampling, known quantities of study drugs (ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, linezolid, fluconazole, caspofungin and thiopentone) were injected into the circuit to achieve therapeutic concentrations. Equivalent doses of these drugs were also injected into four polypropylene jars containing fresh human whole blood for drug stability testing. Serial blood samples were collected from the controls and the ECMO circuits over 24 hours, and the concentrations of the study drugs were quantified using validated chromatographic assays. A regression model was constructed to examine the relationship between circuit drug recovery as the dependent variable and protein binding and partition coefficient (a measure of lipophilicity) as explanatory variables.ResultsFour hundred eighty samples were analysed. There was no significant loss of any study drugs in the controls over 24 hours. The average drug recoveries from the ECMO circuits at 24 hours were as follows: ciprofloxacin 96%, linezolid 91%, fluconazole 91%, ceftriaxone 80%, caspofungin 56% and thiopentone 12%. There was a significant reduction of ceftriaxone (P= 0.01), caspofungin (P= 0.01) and thiopentone (P= 0.008) concentrations in the ECMO circuit at 24 hours. Both protein binding and partition coefficient were highly significant, with the model possessing a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.88,P<0.001).ConclusionsRecovery of the highly protein-bound drugs ceftriaxone, caspofungin and thiopentone was significantly lower in the ECMO circuits at 24 hours. For drugs with similar lipophilicity, the extent of protein binding may determine circuit drug loss. Future clinical population pharmacokinetic studies should initially be focused on drugs with greater lipophilicity and protein binding, and therapeutic drug monitoring should be strongly considered with the use of such drugs.
Methotrexate: should it still be considered for chronic calcium pyrophosphate crystal disease?
Authors: Pascual Eliseo , Andrés Mariano , Sivera Francisca 
Published: April 2015

AbstractChronic calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis is a clinical consequence of the formation and deposition of these crystals in joints and can result in persistent arthritis. Curative treatment would require the removal of crystals from joints and tissues, but to date all agents tested have proven ineffective. Management of the inflammatory manifestations of chronic calcium pyrophosphate disease includes glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or colchicine, and responses are usually satisfactory. However, in some patients, the response to these agents is poor or they are contraindicated. Methotrexate had been reported as a promising option in small case series; however, in a recent issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, a clinical trial failed to confirm the anticipated benefits. Here, we discuss some issues that might have influenced the results of the study, before deciding to abandon methotrexate as a therapeutic option for patients with chronic calcium pyrophosphate arthritis.
Effect of long-term supplementation with folic acid and B
vitamins on risk of depression in older women
Authors: Okereke Olivia I. , Cook Nancy R. , Albert Christine M. , Van Denburgh Martin , Buring Julie E. , Manson JoAnn E. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundHomocysteine-lowering nutrients may have preventive/ameliorative roles in
depression.AimsTo test whether long-term B-vitamin/folate supplementation reduces
depression risk.MethodParticipants were 4331 women (mean age 63.6 years), without prior
depression, from the Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular
Study – a randomised controlled trial of cardiovascular disease
prevention among 5442 women. Participants were randomly assigned to
receive a combination of folic acid (2.5mg/d), vitamin B6
(50mg/d) and vitamin B12 (1 mg/d) or a matching placebo.
Average treatment duration was 7 years. The outcome was incident
depression, defined as self-reported physician/clinician-diagnosed
depression or clinically significant depressive symptoms.ResultsThere were 524 incident cases. There was no difference between active
v. placebo groups in depression risk (adjusted
relative risk 1.02, 95% CI 0.86–1.21, P = 0.81), despite
significant homocysteine level reduction.ConclusionsLong-term, high-dose, daily supplementation with folic acid and vitamins
B6 and B12 did not reduce overall depression
risk in mid-life and older women.
Severn School of Psychiatry education fellowships: a new way to promote educational practice and research
Authors: Macpherson Rob , Arulanandam Sherlie , Undrill Guy , Atkinson Simon , Arnott Steve , Hughes Sian , Toogood Hannah , Scheeres Karl , Matone Luciana 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis paper describes a model of training in leadership and project management skills for advanced trainees, using educational projects within the Severn School of Psychiatry. Fellowships lasting 1 year have been developed to enable trainees, working with a senior consultant trainer associated with the School of Psychiatry, to support important new educational initiatives. Linkage with the local university training and learning for health professionals research module has provided academic support for the trainees and the projects. Four examples for the first year of the programme are described and feedback from structured interviews with participants is presented. The development of the fellowships appears to have had wider benefits, in developing educational faculty in the School of Psychiatry and the trainees involved have had opportunities to extend their project management and leadership skills. The fellowship programme is continuing to develop, based on feedback from its first successful year.
Recognition of the neurobiological insults imposed by complex trauma and the implications for psychotherapeutic interventions
Authors: Corrigan Frank M. , Hull Alastair M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryConsiderable research has been conducted on particular approaches to the psychotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the evidence indicates that modalities tested in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are far from 100% applicable and effective and the RCT model itself is inadequate for evaluating treatments of conditions with complex presentations and frequently multiple comorbidities. Evidence at levels 2 and 3 cannot be ignored. Expert-led interventions consistent with the emerging understanding of affective neuroscience are needed and not the unthinking application of a dominant therapeutic paradigm with evidence for PTSD but not complex PTSD. The over-optimistic claims for the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and misrepresentation of other approaches do not best serve a group of patients greatly in need of help; excluding individuals with such disorders as untreatable or treatment-resistant when viable alternatives exist is not acceptable.
Decarbonization of the Electrical Power Sector in Europe: An Asset, An Opportunity or a Problem?
Authors: Clerici Alessandro , Cova Bruno , Callegari Gabriele 
Published: April 2015

Climate change has become a priority issue since the beginning of the '90s, but binding agreements on GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission reduction valid worldwide have not been reached yet. The European Union has been a forerunner on regional binding targets with its “20-20-20” Climate and Energy Package approved in 2009, followed in Dec. 2011 by more ambitious targets implying a dramatic reduction by 2050 of GHG emissions to 80–95% below 1990 levels. After a review of the present world situation with respect to primary energy resources, electricity production and CO2 emissions, the paper addresses the present and foreseen penetration of the power generation from RES (Renewable Energy Sources) in the EU (European Union), underlining also the economic impact on final clients caused by generous feed in tariffs. The impact of a substantial increase of RES generation both in power and energy on the power market operation and system reliability and security are presented with practical examples from the Italian situations; e.g.: distortion of the day-ahead power market prices, critical load following requirements for conventional plants, need for additional reserve and risk of excess of non-programmable generation (“overgeneration”) in some hours, risk of dynamic stability and worsening of power quality. The main solutions to overcome the above problems are reviewed and a methodology developed by CESI is described explaining how to attain the maximum share of RES generation in a specific power system, in compliance with reliability and security standards. In authors'opinion, the technical and economic aspects must be treated together and it is mandatory to arrive quickly at agreed costs for the environmental impact of electrical infrastructures, particularly CO2 and other GHG emissions. Coherently, new RES generation and related network assets must be planned in an appropriate way to be a real asset and not a problem.
Wind Power Integration to the Transmission Grid: The Egyptian Perspective
Authors: Shalaby Fathalla M. L. , Helmi Abdelraheem , Helmi Dalai , Georgy Laila , El-Khayat Mohamed , Ibrahiem Mohamed 
Published: April 2015

The Government of Egypt has recognized that the availability of reliable power supply is essential for economic and social prosperity and human development as well as for attracting private sector investments in the country. Egyptian Economic reform and growth have triggered a rapid increase in electricity demand. Peak load growth rate averaged 7 % p.a. in 2005–2008 and reached as high as 12% in 2008/09. In response to the rapid growth in demand, the supply capacity has expanded through an ambitious power sector investment program that has been under implementation since 2002. The Government's new energy strategy is aiming to increase the share of renewable energy to 20 % by the year 2020. 12% of this value, i.e 7200 MW, is from wind resources. The complexity of the interconnection of wind farms to the power grid stems from the fact that wind energy is rather unstable and available only during certain hours of the day. By its nature the wind power generation may drop suddenly. To keep the grid operation stable, there is a need to ensure that other power generation sources are available to compensate for the drop. Another common characteristic of the wind farms is that they are located somewhat remote from the power grid. Therefore, the utility has to ensure the sufficiency of power transmission capacity. A rather unique feature of wind power in Egypt is that most of the wind resources are concentrated in the Gulf of Suez and Eastern and Western bank of Nile River areas. This raises the additional issue of the impact on the system when large amount of wind power are interconnected at certain points of the network and not distributed over along the country. The effects of having 3000 MW in Gulf of Suez and 4200 MW at Western Nile River areas depend very much on the local wind climate and the typical hour-to-hour load curve (electricity demand). Some important issues needed to be considered are therefore: how should wind farms be expected to behave and perform, and which requirements should be imposed in order to expect wind farms to support the system? Is it realistic to expect wind turbines and wind farms to behave as any other power plant? What is the Impact on thermal loading of lines/transformers? What are the Power Quality Aspects should be mitigated? What is the behaviour during grid faults/Fault ride through? Reactive power compensation and voltage control…..etc. Grid codes are set up to specify the relevant requirements which have to be met in order to integrate wind turbines into the grid. This paper will focus on The Egyptian approach to integrate wind power to the Egyptian Power System and the important issues related to system operation, stability, protection and the associated technical issues. Grid code requirements for large scale integration of wind power will also be illustrated.
A Comprehensive Solution for Development of Large Scale Grid-Connected PV Generation in China
Authors: Qiankun Wang 
Published: April 2015

To combat climate change and fulfill the national target of having 15% of primary energy from non-fossil fuels by 2020, China's central government is making every effort to promote PV generation, especially in the context of deteriorating export markets for China's PV industry, resulting from anti-dumping and anti-subsidy campaigns launched by United States and European Union. PV generation PV generation is set to boom in coming years in China. Although there is ambitious planning of building large scale ground-mounted PV plants in the Northwest of China, more than half of the installations are expected to be customer-sited small scale distributed systems. Because PV generation, particularly customer-sited PV systems represents a totally new pattern of power production and consumption. China's electricity system, which has been originally designed for centralized power delivery, is not fully prepared to accommodate large scale PV generation from the technical point of view. Besides, governmental policies and operational regulations are not able to match the need of these new comers. This paper works out a comprehensive solution for integration of large scale distributed PV, which consists of technical strategy, regulatory strategy and policy strategy. Firstly, electricity grids and PV systems should be directionally technically adapted to each other. oGrid friendly PV plants” requires that PV plants should be equipped with advanced technologies to improve the visibility, controllability and predictability, bringing the performance of PV plants increasingly close to that of conventional power plants. Secondly, with high penetration of distributed PV generation, grid dispatch centers should have necessary monitoring and control over these dispersed generating systems, which are supposed to follow the instructions issued by grid operators. Thirdly, incentive polies should be in accordance with national medium-and long term planning, with consideration of minimizing social cost. Policies should also be foreseeable and persistent for all the investors. Based on the framework of the comprehensive solution for PV generation, this paper elaborates major experience drawn from Germany with high PV penetration and illustrates how Germany has successfully integrated large scale distributed PV systems from the technical, regulatory and policy aspect respectively. Finally, it comes up with relevant recommendations for the development of PV generation in China: to speed up the process of establishing and improving the system of technical requirements, to draw up and release detailed operational rules on distributed PV generating systems and replace unified FIT for ground-mounted systems with differentiated FIT. Distributed customer-sited PV systems should be promoted by subsidizing the self-consumed electricity in the form of RMB cent per kWh.
Case Report: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder secondary to chronic renal fungal ball and recurrent polymicrobial urinary tract infections.
Authors: Keller Andrew , Shepherd Benjamin , Mulyadi Arief , Ali Ahmad 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare malignancy in Western countries accounting for only 5% of all primary bladder cancers. Chronic irritation is the predominant risk factor, with chronic infections, bladder stones and long term catheterisation common precursors. The highest incidence of SCC occurs in patients with spinal cord injuries who rely on indwelling or self-catheterisation for bladder drainage. We report a case of primary SCC of the bladder secondary to a fungal ball located in the renal pelvis.Case reportA 72 year-old lady was referred to our unit for further investigation of recurrent polymicrobial urinary tract infections associated with intermittent flank pain and complicated by sepsis. Investigations into the cause for her recurrent urinary tract infections identified a mass in her left renal pelvis. Pyeloscopy demonstrated no tumour, but a fungal ball. Attempts to clear the fungal ball via pyeloscopy resulted in recurrent intensive care unit (ICU) admission for urosepsis. Several months after her last pyeloscopy she returned with haematuria. Cystoscopy at this time revealed a large bladder mass. Biopsy revealed primary SCC of the bladder invading muscle. At cystectomy the mass had invaded pubic bone and was unresectable and a palliative ileal conduit was formed. The patient passed away less than 4 months following diagnosis.ConclusionWe report what we believe to be the first case of primary SCC of the bladder secondary to a renal pelvis fungal ball. Despite frequent surveillance of her urinary tract the tumour developed rapidly and was unresectable at diagnosis.
Seventh grade students’ perceptions on webquest- aided learning apporoach ın terms of science<p>Webquest destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yaklaşımının yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinde fene yönelik algıları
Authors: Ballıel Buket , Sarıkaya Mustafa 
Published: April 2015

<p> The purpose of this study; is to examine attitude of students, who took education according to learning method based on WebQuest supported collaboration of “Force and Motion” taken part in 7<sup>th</sup> grade Science and Technology Classes and renewed first education programme, towards Science.</p><p> Study carried out through pre-test post-test experimental design with control group. Experimental application of research was carried out on 68 students, studying in 7<sup>th</sup> grade D-E classes at Muğla City Türdü 100. Yıl Secondary school in 2012-2013 academic years. Two groups were established as experimental and control groups, as part of research. The group, receiving Webquest supported collaborative education was defined as experimental group and the other group was defined as control group. 31 students took part in experimental group and 37 students took part in control group.</p><p> Research data was obtained with attitude scale intended science, “Force and Motion” unit. Data, obtained, were analyzed by defining necessary statistical techniques with SPPS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) packet programme.</p><p> In line with the findings from the research, Webquests supported collaborative learning methods couldn’t be effective on students’ attitude towards science. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Bu araştırmanın amacı; 7. sınıf fen ve teknoloji dersinde yer alan kuvvet ve hareket ünitesinin webquest destekli işbirliğine dayalı öğrenme yöntemi ile yenilenen ilköğretim programa göre öğretim yapılan öğrencilerin fen bilgisine karşı tutumlarına etkisini incelemektir.</p><p> Araştırma ön test-son test kontrol gruplu deneysel desen ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın deneysel uygulaması 2012-2013 eğitim-öğretim yılında Muğla ili Türdü 100.Yıl Ortaokulunda 7. sınıf D-E şubelerinde öğrenim gören 68 öğrenci üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında deney ve kontrol grubu olmak üzere iki grup kurulmuştur. Webquest destekli işbirlikli eğitim alan grup deney, diğer grup ise kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Deney grubunda 31, kontrol grubunda 37 öğrenci yer almıştır. Araştırmanın verileri “Kuvvet ve Hareket” ünitesi Fen Bilgisine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) paket programı ile gerekli istatistiki teknikler belirlenerek analiz edilmiştir.</p><p> Araştırma sonucu elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, webquest destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yöntemi, öğrencilerin fene karşı tutumları üzerinde etkili olamamıştır.</p>
Labour Laws and Informalisation of Employment: Panel Evidences from Indian Formal Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Sofi Irfan Ahmad , Sharma Pritee 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Labour law is widely being cited as one of the principal factors creating rigidities in industrial business and, thereby, holding back productivity growth and employment generation. However, a substantial chunk of literature disputes the “rigidity argument” on the ground that there has been a sharp growth in informal employment, which is often considered as flexible labor input as it does not fall under the purview of what is believed to be directly related with rigidity – employment protection legislation (EPL). However, given empirical evidence showing that informal worker is less productive as compared to its formal (regular) counterpart, the question arises: what motivates the employer to employ less productive worker? Using three-dimensional panel data on 28 industrial sectors between 1999–2000 and 2007–2008 across 13 states of India, our results show that the incidence of informal employment is directly linked with EPL, volatility, and labor bargaining power. We utilize instrumental variable two stage least square (IV 2SLS) to overcome the endogeneity issues. The results are robust.
Some further estimates of the prolate spheroidal wave functions and their spectrum
Authors: Bonami Aline , Karoui Abderrazek 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe complete here our recent work on explicit approximations of the Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions (PSWFs) on the interval [-1,+1] and their associated spectra by pushing forward the methods in view of new results. We give in particular approximations of the ratio between large and small oscillations of PSWFs as well of the transition bandwidth for which the PSWF stops to take its largest values at the boundary of the interval. The aim of this work is two folds. On one hand, we prove a bunch of properties of the PSWFs and on the other hand, we illustrate the theoretical results by some numerical experiments.