bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple risk pathways for schizophrenia converge in serine racemase knockout mice, a mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunction
Authors: Balu Darrick T. , Li Yan , Puhl Matthew D. , Benneyworth Michael A. , Basu Alo C. , Takagi Shunsuke , Bolshakov Vadim Y. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: June 2013

SignificanceWe sought to determine whether the diverse hippocampal neuropathology observed in schizophrenia could be recapitulated in an animal model of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. Serine racemase-deficient (SR−/−) mice, which lack one of the NMDAR coagonistsd-serine, display impaired hippocampal plasticity, as well as the morphological, neurochemical, and cognitive abnormalities consistent with what is observed in schizophrenia. Importantly, treatment in adulthood withd-serine reversed the electrophysiological, neurochemical, and cognitive deficits. These results demonstrate that NMDAR hypofunction can reproduce the hippocampal deficits associated with schizophrenia and point to potential interventions for the currently untreatable negative and cognitive symptoms of this disorder.
Resident Characterization of Better-than- and Worse-than-Average Clinical Teaching
Authors: Haydar Bishr , Charnin Jonathan , Voepel-Lewis Terri , Baker Keith 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background:
Clinical teachers and trainees share a common view of what constitutes excellent clinical teaching, but associations between these behaviors and high teaching scores have not been established. This study used residents’ written feedback to their clinical teachers, to identify themes associated with above- or below-average teaching scores.

Methods:
All resident evaluations of their clinical supervisors in a single department were collected from January 1, 2007 until December 31, 2008. A mean teaching score assigned by each resident was calculated. Evaluations that were 20% higher or 15% lower than the resident’s mean score were used. A subset of these evaluations was reviewed, generating a list of 28 themes for further study. Two researchers then, independently coded the presence or absence of these themes in each evaluation. Interrater reliability of the themes and logistic regression were used to evaluate the predictive associations of the themes with above- or below-average evaluations.

Results:
Five hundred twenty-seven above-average and 285 below-average evaluations were evaluated for the presence or absence of 15 positive themes and 13 negative themes, which were divided into four categories: teaching, supervision, interpersonal, and feedback. Thirteen of 15 positive themes correlated with above-average evaluations and nine had high interrater reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient >0.6). Twelve of 13 negative themes correlated with below-average evaluations, and all had high interrater reliability. On the basis of these findings, the authors developed 13 recommendations for clinical educators.

Conclusions:
The authors developed 13 recommendations for clinical teachers using the themes identified from the above- and below-average clinical teaching evaluations submitted by anesthesia residents.
δ Opioid Receptor Antagonist, ICI 174,864, Is Suitable for the Early Treatment of Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats
Authors: Liu Liangming , Tian Kunlun , Zhu Yu , Ding Xiaoli , Li Tao 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background:
Fluid resuscitation is the essential step for early treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock. However, its implementation is greatly limited before hospital or during evacuation. The authors investigated whether δ opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174,864 was suitable for the early treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

Methods:
With uncontrolled hemorrhagic-shock rats, the antishock effects of six dosages of ICI 174,864 (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) infused with or without a small volume of lactated Ringer’s solution (LR) before bleeding controlled or bleeding cessation at different times were observed.

Results:
ICI 174,864 (0.1–3 mg/kg) with or without 1/4 volume of LR infusion showed dose-dependent increase in the mean arterial blood pressure, and significantly prolonged the survival time and 8-h survival rate, as compared with ICI 174,864 plus 1/2 volume of LR infusion. The best effect was shown with 3 mg/kg of ICI 174,864. Bleeding cessation at 1, 2, or 3 h during infusion of ICI 174,864 (3 mg/kg) plus 1/4 volume of LR improved subsequent treatment (70% 24-h survival rate vs. 50 and 10% 24-h survival rate in hypotensive resuscitation and LR group, respectively). There was significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters, oxygen delivery, and tissue perfusion of hemorrhagic-shock rats with 3 mg/kg of ICI 174,864 plus 1/4 volume of LR infusion.

Conclusion:
δ Opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174,864 alone or with small volume of fluid infusion has good beneficial effect on uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Its early application can “buy” time for subsequent treatment of traumatic shock.
The Foregger Midget
Authors: Ball Christine M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Next year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Foregger Company, an important manufacturer of anesthetic equipment in the first half of the 20th century. Founded by Richard von Foregger in a barn in Long Island, New York in 1914, the Foregger Company developed equipment in collaboration with anesthesiologists. Their first product was the Gwathmey machine, built around the rudimentary flowmeter designed by the anesthesiologist, James Tayloe Gwathmey. This machine was the cornerstone of future anesthetic machine development. As the company grew, von Foregger formed other liaisons, joining forces with Ralph Waters to create the Waters to-and-fro canister for carbon dioxide absorption, and with Arthur Guedel, a variety of nontraumatic airways. The combined creativity of these three men ultimately led to the Foregger Midget. This portable machine extended the reach of the Foregger Company well beyond the shores of America, as far away as the isolated west coast of Australia.
Individually Optimized Hemodynamic Therapy Reduces Complications and Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Goepfert Matthias S. , Richter Hans Peter , zu Eulenburg Christine , Gruetzmacher Janna , Rafflenbeul Erik , Roeher Katharina , von Sandersleben Alexandra , Diedrichs Stefan , Reichenspurner Herrmann , Goetz Alwin E. , Reuter Daniel A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background:
The authors hypothesized that goal-directed hemodynamic therapy, based on the combination of functional and volumetric hemodynamic parameters, improves outcome in patients with cardiac surgery. Therefore, a therapy guided by stroke volume variation, individually optimized global end-diastolic volume index, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure was compared with an algorithm based on mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure.

Methods:
This prospective, controlled, parallel-arm, open-label trial randomized 100 coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic valve replacement patients to a study group (SG; n = 50) or a control group (CG; n = 50). In the SG, hemodynamic therapy was guided by stroke volume variation, optimized global end-diastolic volume index, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac index. Optimized global end-diastolic volume index was defined before and after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass and at intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure served as hemodynamic goals in the CG. Therapy was started immediately after induction of anesthesia and continued until ICU discharge criteria, serving as primary outcome parameter, were fulfilled.

Results:
Intraoperative need for norepinephrine was decreased in the SG with a mean (±SD) of 9.0 ± 7.6 versus 14.9 ± 11.1 µg/kg (P = 0.002). Postoperative complications (SG, 40 vs. CG, 63; P = 0.004), time to reach ICU discharge criteria (SG, 15 ± 6 h; CG, 24 ± 29 h; P < 0.001), and length of ICU stay (SG, 42 ± 19 h; CG, 62 ± 58 h; P = 0.018) were reduced in the SG.

Conclusion:
Early goal-directed hemodynamic therapy based on cardiac index, stroke volume variation, and optimized global end-diastolic volume index reduces complications and length of ICU stay after cardiac surgery.
Effect of Deep Tissue Incision on pH Responses of Afferent Fibers and Dorsal Root Ganglia Innervating Muscle
Authors: Kido Kanta , Gautam Mamta , Benson Christopher J. , Gu He , Brennan Timothy J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background:
Understanding the mechanisms underlying deep tissue pain in the postoperative period is critical to improve therapies. Using the in vitro plantar flexor digitorum brevis muscle–nerve preparation and patch clamp recordings from cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating incised and unincised muscle, the authors investigated responses to various pH changes.

Methods:
Incision including the plantar flexor digitorum brevis muscle or sham operation was made in the rat hind paw. On postoperative day 1, in vitro single-fiber recording was undertaken. On the basis of previous studies, the authors recorded from at least 40 fibers per group. Also DiI-labeled dorsal root ganglia innervating muscle from rats undergoing incision and a sham operation were cultured and tested for acid responses, using whole cell patch clamp recordings.

Results:
The prevalence of responsive group IV afferents to lactic acid pH 6.5 in the incision group (15 of 67; 22.3%) was greater than that in the control group (2 of 35; 5.7%; P = 0.022). In dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating muscle, incision increased mean current amplitudes of acid-evoked currents; the acid-sensing ion channel blocker, amiloride 300 μm, inhibited more than 75% of the acid-evoked current, whereas, the transient receptor vanilloid receptor 1 blocker (AMG9810 1 μM) did not cause significant inhibition.

Conclusion:
The authors’ experiments demonstrated that incision increases the responses of flexor digitorum brevis muscle afferent fibers to weak acid solutions, and increased acid-evoked currents in dorsal root ganglia innervating muscle. The authors’ data suggest that up-regulation of acid-sensing ion channels might underlie this increased chemosensitivity caused by surgery.
An In Vitro Evaluation of Fracture Reduction Achieved by Inflatable Bone Tamps Under Simulated Physiological Load
Authors: Gordon Michael , Peppelman Walter C. , Beutler William , O'Halloran Damien , Chinthakunta Suresh R. , Bucklen Brandon 
Published: June 2013

Study Design:
An in vitro biomechanical study.

Objective:
To determine the fracture reduction achieved by a novel inflatable bone tamp under simulated physiological load.

Summary of Background Data:
Previous biomechanical studies have showed that kyphoplasty allows near-total restoration of lost vertebral height in unloaded conditions and partial height restoration under simulated physiological loads. Clinically, loss of reduction has been observed after bone tamp deflation, before cement injection. The present study evaluated fracture reduction achieved by an inflatable bone tamp during kyphoplasty while maintaining physiological load. Comparison to commercially available inflatable bone tamp was also performed.

Materials and Methods:
Eighteen osteoporotic vertebral bodies (T11–L4) were alternately assigned to one of the 2 treatment groups: group A—AFFIRM® (Algea Thearpies, a division of Globus Medical Inc., Audubon, PA); and group B—KYPHON (Kyphon Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). The vertebral bodies were compressed axially on an MTS Bionix 858 machine at a rate of 5 mm/min until compressed to 40% of the initial anterior height. Load versus displacement was recorded. The fractured VBs then underwent kyphoplasty with cement augmentation. The augmented vertebral bodies were then recompressed and anterior vertebral body height (mm) and wedge angle (degrees) was measured initially, after mechanically creating an anterior wedge fracture, and after repairing the compression fracture. Each vertebral body was subjected to 111 N load to simulate in vivo physiological loading during inflation and cement augmentation. The vertebral height, wedge angle, cement volume, and inflation pressures were compared between the treatment groups using an unpaired t test (P<0.05). Failure loads were compared between intact and repaired VBs using a paired t test (P<0.05).

Results:
Average lost height restored in group A was 29%, and 30% in group B compared to the compressed state. Similar trends were observed in the mean changes of vertebral body wedge angle in both the groups. No significant difference in mean inflation pressures (group A 182±33 psi; group B 175±37 psi) were found between the 2 groups. Average percentage increase in failure load was 218% and 241% for groups A and B, respectively. Mean injected cement volume was 6.65±0.65 and 6.73±0.41 mL for groups A and B, respectively.

Conclusions:
Some height restoration was observed using the 2 bone tamps in fractured vertebral bodies under simulated physiological load. The fracture reduction achieved by the 2 inflatable bone tamps was equivalent. No significant difference between mean inflation pressures and failure load was demonstrated between the 2 groups.
Soluble Adhesion Molecules Correlate with Surface Expression in an In Vitro Model of Endothelial Activation
Authors: Kjærgaard Anders G. , Dige Anders , Krog Jan , Tønnesen Else , Wogensen Lise 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEndothelial activation is a pivotal event in the development and progression of inflammation. Central to endothelial activation is the up‐regulation of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) including E‐selectin (CD62E), ICAM‐1 (CD54), VCAM‐1 (CD106) and PECAM‐1 (CD31). These CAMs are also found in soluble forms (sCAMs). In this in vitro study of endothelial activation, we examined whether the levels of sCAMs correlate with the endothelial surface expression of CAMs in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. Such a correlation would support the use of sCAMs as surrogate markers for endothelial activation in inflammatory conditions. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured with various concentrations of TNF‐α for 8 hr and at a fixed concentration of TNF‐α for various durations. The levels of soluble and surface‐bound E‐selectin, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and PECAM‐1 were quantified by flow cytometry. TNF‐α stimulation increased CAM and sCAM expression in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. There was a significant positive correlation between the levels of ICAM‐1 and sICAM‐1 and between the levels of VCAM and sVCAM‐1 in both the dose–response and time–response experiments. A positive correlation between the levels of E‐selectin and sE‐selectin was observed in the time–response experiment. This study supports the use of sCAMs as potential biomarkers of endothelial activation. In particular, the use of sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1 and sE‐selectin seems promising.
Stationarity Tests for Spatial Point Processes using Discrepancies
Authors: Chiu Sung Nok , Liu Kwong Ip 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSummaryFor testing stationarity of a given spatial point pattern, Guan (2008) proposed a model‐free statistic, based on the deviations between observed and expected counts of points in expanding regions within the sampling window. This article extends his method to a general class of statistics by incorporating also such information when points are projected to the axes and by allowing different ways to construct regions in which the deviations are considered. The limiting distributions of the new statistics can be expressed in terms of integrals of a Brownian sheet and hence asymptotic critical values can be approximated. A simulation study shows that the new tests are always more powerful than that of Guan. When applied to the longleaf pine data where Guan's test gave an inconclusive answer, the new tests indicate a clear rejection of the stationarity hypothesis.
Weighted Least‐Squares Method for Right‐Censored Data in Accelerated Failure Time Model
Authors: Yu Lili , Liu Liang , Chen Ding‐Geng(Din) 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSummaryThe classical accelerated failure time (AFT) model has been extensively investigated due to its direct interpretation of the covariate effects on the mean survival time in survival analysis. However, this classical AFT model and its associated methodologies are built on the fundamental assumption of data homoscedasticity. Consequently, when the homoscedasticity assumption is violated as often seen in the real applications, the estimators lose efficiency and the associated inference is not reliable. Furthermore, none of the existing methods can estimate the intercept consistently. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a semiparametric approach in this article for both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic data. This approach utilizes a weighted least‐squares equation with synthetic observations weighted by square root of their variances where the variances are estimated via the local polynomial regression. We establish the limiting distributions of the resulting coefficient estimators and prove that both slope parameters and the intercept can be consistently estimated. We evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed approach through simulation studies and demonstrate its superiority through real example on its efficiency and reliability over the existing methods when the data is heteroscedastic.
MicroRNA signatures and treatment response in patients with advanced classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Sánchez‐Espiridión Beatriz , Martín‐Moreno Ana M. , Montalbán Carlos , Figueroa Vianihuini , Vega Francisco , Younes Anas , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Alvés Francisco J. , Canales Miguel , Estévez Mónica , Menarguez Javier , Sabín Pilar , Ruiz‐Marcellán María C. , Lopez Andrés , Sánchez‐Godoy Pedro , Burgos Fernando , Santonja Carlos , López José L. , Piris Miguel A. , Garcia Juan F. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryAlthough specific microRNA (miRNA) signatures in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) have been proposed, their relationship with clinical outcome remains unclear. Despite treatment advances, a substantial subset of patients with advanced cHL are refractory to standard therapies based on adriamycin and its variants. Global miRNA expression data of 29 advanced cHL patients and five cHL‐derived cell lines were used to identify profiles from Hodgkin‐Reed‐Sternberg (HRS) cells and their non‐tumoural microenvironment. A cHL‐miRNA signature was identified with 234 miRNAs differentially expressed. A subset of these miRNAs was associated with outcome and selected for study in an independent set of 168 cHL samples using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Multivariate Cox regression analyses including cross‐validation with failure‐free survival (FFS) as clinical endpoint revealed a miRNA signature with MIR21, MIR30E, MIR30D and MIR92B* that identified two risk‐groups with significant differences in 5‐year FFS (81% vs. 35·7%; P < 0·001). Additionally, functional silencing of MIR21 and MIR30D in L428 cells showed increased sensitivity to doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis, pointing towards abnormalities of mitochondrial intrinsic and TP53‐CDKN1A pathways as related to miRNA deregulation in cHL. These results suggest that clinical outcome in cHL is associated with a specific miRNA signature. Moreover, functional analyses suggest a role for MIR21 and MIR30D in cHL pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.
The sustained effect of emotional signals on neural processing in 12‐month‐olds
Authors: Leventon Jacqueline S. , Bauer Patricia J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAround the end of the first year of life, infants develop a social referencing ability – using emotional information from others to guide their own behavior. Much research on social referencing has focused on changes in behavior in response to emotional information. The present study was an investigation of the changes in neural responses that underlie social referencing behavior, reflected in event‐related potentials (ERPs). Twenty‐six 12‐month‐olds participated in a single‐session visit in which ERPs were recorded both immediately before and after a behavioral intervention in which infants' caregivers provided positive, negative or neutral information about each of three stimuli (ERP data available for n = 17). After the intervention, infants devoted more neural resources to processing negative versus neutral and positive information, as observed in early and late positive‐going components. Changes in neural responses from the pre‐ to post‐intervention recordings clarify this observation, indicating a sustained response in the negative and positive conditions, and a decrease in the neutral condition, suggesting an attenuation effect in the neutral condition. Further, infants who attended most to the objects in the behavioral intervention showed increased neural responses in the negative condition and decreased responses in the positive condition. Taken together, these findings suggest that infants' neural responses are differentially affected by positive, negative and neutral information. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of measuring the change in neural responses to better interpret post‐experience responses.
When do children trust the expert? Benevolence information influences children's trust more than expertise
Authors: Landrum Asheley R. , Mills Candice M. , Johnston Angie M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractHow do children use informant niceness, meanness, and expertise when choosing between informant claims and crediting informants with knowledge? In Experiment 1, preschoolers met two experts providing conflicting claims for which only one had relevant expertise. Five‐year‐olds endorsed the relevant expert's claim and credited him with knowledge more often than 3‐year‐olds. In Experiment 2, niceness/meanness information was added. Although children most strongly preferred the nice relevant expert, the children often chose the nice irrelevant expert when the relevant one was mean. In Experiment 3, a mean expert was paired with a nice non‐expert. Although this nice informant had no expertise, preschoolers continued to endorse his claims and credit him with knowledge. Also noteworthy, children in all three experiments seemed to struggle more to choose the relevant expert's claim than to credit him with knowledge. Together, these experiments demonstrate that niceness/meanness information can powerfully influence how children evaluate informants.
The production of phytolith‐occluded carbon in China's forests: implications to biogeochemical carbon sequestration
Authors: Song Zhaoliang , Liu Hongyan , Li Beilei , Yang Xiaomin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe persistent terrestrial carbon sink regulates long‐term climate change, but its size, location, and mechanisms remain uncertain. One of the most promising terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration mechanisms is the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths, the silicified features that deposit within plant tissues. Using phytolith content–biogenic silica content transfer function obtained from our investigation, in combination with published silica content and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) data of leaf litter and herb layer in China's forests, we estimated the production of phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) in China's forests. The present annual phytolith carbon sink in China's forests is 1.7 ± 0.4 Tg CO2 yr−1, 30% of which is contributed by bamboo because the production flux of PhytOC through tree leaf litter for bamboo is 3–80 times higher than that of other forest types. As a result of national and international bamboo afforestation and reforestation, the potential of phytolith carbon sink for China's forests and world's bamboo can reach 6.8 ± 1.5 and 27.0 ± 6.1 Tg CO2 yr−1, respectively. Forest management practices such as bamboo afforestation and reforestation may significantly enhance the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink and contribute to mitigation of global climate warming.