bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale-Up and Transient Operation of CO2 Capture Plants at CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad
Authors: de Koeijer G. M. , Aasen K. I. , Hamborg E. S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) is the world's largest facility for testing and improving technologies for post-combustion CO2 capture. The knowledge gained will prepare the ground for full scale CO2 capture initiatives to combat climate change. TCM is a joint venture between the Gassnova, Statoil, Shell and Sasol. It is located at the West coast of Norway, north of the city Bergen. This paper will discuss the scale-up and transient operation of amine based post-combustion CO2 capture plants in general, and presents some typical results. Scale-up and transient operation are typically among the last topics to be assessed in the technology development process because it requires bigger plants. Results were used from the monoethanolamine (MEA) campaign that was executed in fall/winter 2013/2014. The discussion on scale-up showed that emissions to air, material choice, construction method, vapour/liquid distribution and reclaiming are important technical aspects. Normalized transient data were presented for 7 important variables during a controlled plant stop-and-restart and a sudden stop-fast restart case. Stable CO2 product flow could be obtained after 3–4 hours, while stable emissions and CO2 product temperature took 1–2 hours more. NH3 emissions showed a peak after restart due to accumulation in the solvent during the stop. It was concluded that amine based CO2 capture plants should be able to follow their power plants without significant additional CO2 emissions.
Induced Fracture Modelling and Its Integration with Pressure Transient Analysis: Study for Shallow-water Offshore Field, South-East Asia – Part 1
Authors: Anand A. , Subrahmanyam S. G. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Numerous studies have been done on the design and analysis of hydraulic fractures. However, the study of induced fractures is still a maturing subject especially, with regards to the predictive capabilities of the fracture simulators and, it soon becomes a challenge when it comes to the acquisition of meaningful field data and their interpretations to validate the forward modelling results of the fracture simulators.
The paper is a step forward to fill the gap between the model predictions and the field observations for water injectors in the context of induced fracture propagation. The study was done for a field, located offshore South-East Asia.
The content of this study will be presented in two papers based on the key domains stated above – "field observations" and "model predictions". The current paper (Part 1) addresses the first subject where field data have been analyzed to get an understanding of the induced fracture growth in the water injectors. This comprises of "Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA)" of "Pressure Fall-Off (PFO)" tests done on the water injectors. The paper will present a workflow to interpret a PFO for fracture analysis using two approaches. The first approach is based on the standard PTA models where no explicit fracture mechanism has been invoked. We will introduce an analytical technique which uses the compliance value obtained from the standard model analysis to determine the fracture size. The second approach is based on the "Injection Fall-Off (IFO)" model, a dedicated Shell plug-in to Ecrin, used for fracture characterization. The workflow will be first illustrated elaborately through a stepwise interpretation of an example PFO test. We will demonstrate, afterwards, the application of the above methodology for analysis of a number of field tests using both approaches.
The paper will conclude with a consistent picture of fracture growth interpreted from both techniques. Significance of geological set-up wrt the fracture growth will also be highlighted. We will also highlight some limitations with the modelling and ways around it.
From Static Model to Asset Action Plan: A Field Case Successful Journey With Innovative Modeling Approach
Authors: Amor Faical Ben , Amari Mustafa , Sharifzadeh Ahmad , Dashti Qasem , Al-Saffar Ali 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A hybrid natural fractured reservoir static geomodel using a wide range of 2D/3D seismic, geometrical and petrophysical attributes has enabled a reasonable 3D representation of three sets of fractures in the SA field, part of North Kuwait Jurassic Complex (NKJC). Based on well and seismic data, the three sets are fracture corridors associated with geophysically interpreted faults; medium scale layer-bound geomechanically controlled fractures; and folding-related fractures. The new hybrid fracture model, which is made of a discrete fracture network (DFN) and an implict fracture model (IFM), was calibrated using production logging tool (PLT), modular formation dynamics tester (MDT), and pressure buildup (PBU) data from 27 wells.
The calibrated hybrid fracture model has shortened the process of the history match significantly, requiring only very small adjustments/alterations to the initial static model. Achieving a smooth and timely history match resulted in significant CPU time gain and an optimized well count that went into the Asset Action Plan.
Time-Lapse Data Acquisition of Passive Seismic and Active Seismic at the Same Time
Authors: Takanashi Mamoru , Kato Ayato , Kasahara Junzo , Hasada Yoko 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Microseismic analysis plays a key role in hydraulic fracture monitoring for developing shale plays and avoiding unwanted fracture development. Meanwhile, active seismic (or 4D seismic) monitoring is widely used for delineating temporal change associated with fluid injection and production. For continuous analysis of both passive and active seismic at the same time, we introduce an approach to simultaneously aquire seismic signals from microseismic and from active seismic sources ACROSS (Accurately Controlled, Routinely Operated Signal System). We perform test data acquisition with two ACROSS sources in Kashiwazaki, Japan to obtain high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of ACROSS data and passive seismic signals after the suppression of ACROSS data.
The ACROSS source was operated with sweep cycle of exactly 200 seconds and with frequencies ranging between 5 and 50 Hz. Permanent geophone data at 1.5 km and 5.5 km from the ACROSS sources confirmed highly repeatable ACROSS signals with 2 hour stack and 1 day stack, respectively. The results indicated that the transmittability of ACROSS signal is sufficient enough for daily-basis active-seismic analysis. On the other hand, motions related to ACROSS source were clearly suppressed by subtracting "weight-averaged" ACROSS data, and subtle motions from passive seismic were uncovered. The ground motions of lower than 50 micro kines (5 X 10-7 m/s) were extracted at just 70 m away from the ACROSS source. Since continuous microseismic observation is possible at most of the receiver locations, our proposed technicque should provide opportunities for passive and active seismic surveys at the same time and may be highly beneficial for shale or other tight reservoir characterization.
Clad Through Clad: A Mechanical Water Shut Off Solution for Commingled Production from Multilayered Reservoirs
Authors: Bourgoin Sebastian , Sobirin Muhammad , Mahardhini Antus , Jones Mike 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A casing or tubing clad is a metal sleeve that can be run by several intervention means into a well to isolate an area of interest, be it to provide a permanent seal over splits, holes, or perforations in tubing and casing or for water shut off. Once it is on depth, the clad or metal sleeve is expanded out against the tubing or casing wall to form a seal.
Taking the example of water shut-off isolation, conventional clad technology only permits a ‘bottom up isolation’, the current technology does not have the ability to pass through an expanded clad of the same size thus it is not possible at a later date to install a second clad below an existing clad.
To resolve this issue, in 2006 TOTAL instigated the development of a "Clad thru Clad" technology through a JIP (Joint Industrial Program) Water Management R&D Project with Maersk, Statoil, Chevron, and BP as partners. Meta was selected to develop the clad through clad technology. The project objective was to design an electric line conveyed clad able to pass through other similarly sized clads previously installed in a well incorporating a metal-to-metal interference fit with elastomer seal against the 5-1/2″ production casing or tubing wall.
In addition to the dimensional, pressure rating (5000 psi absolute, 2000 psi differential) and temperature rating (125 degC) constraints, one of the major challenges was to achieve sufficient collapse rating for the clad once expanded.
The Internal Clad™ is deployed using a hydraulic expansion system. The setting tool consists of a standard electric line cable head, an electronic section (consisting of gamma ray (GR), a casing collar locator (CCL), a motor control module and pressure sensors), a down-hole reservoir, hydraulic module (consisting of motor, a pump, an intensifier and valves), and the setting tool itself.
The first trial was performed in Total Indonesia's Peciko field; well C, a gas well producing from a multilayered reservoir. The field trial was SUCCESSFUL although a number of improvements for future operations were identified.
An Effective Approach to Enhance Safety Leadership, Behaviour and Accountability
Authors: Scataglini Luciano , Salvador Carlo , Gigli Riccardo , Giusto Manfredi , Catalano Roccantonio , Petrone Annamaria 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
HSE statistics reveal that unfortunately the vast majority of incidents are of occupational nature and still occur as a consequence of violations of safe working practices (the so called Safety and Health Golden Rules).
This paper deals with some initiatives, developed within our Company, focusing on the best way to ensure that the Management Walkthroughs and the Workers' Attitude are conveyed to the same objective: constantly improve Behaviours and create a common Company Culture where personal beliefs, values and targets (life, family, health) inspire the way to do the job. A Manager shall lead this process, and give due recognition to all those who behave accordingly. This is our Company Vision. To improve personal engagement of Managers in this cultural growing process, a Leadership Toolkit has been developed and applied; on the other hand, to facilitate the workforce involvement in implementing the Company Policy, a Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) program has been developed and tested.
The effectiveness of these tools is monitored via a well established set of Key Performance Indicators; results are encouraging and a "step forward" has been planned.
Faults and Fractures Network Prediction: Stress/Strain Modelling from Outcrops Analysis to Seismic Characterization
Authors: Magistroni C. , Meda M. , Corrao A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The comprehension of the fracture network at different scales is mandatory for understanding and developing a sub-surface fractured reservoir. The different scales of fractures are investigated using several approaches and then integrated in the final fracture distribution model.
For example the micro-fractures (from cm to meter length) are analyzed, for characteristics and distribution, from oriented cores and well logs, instead faults (macro-fractures, more than hundred meters length) are interpreted and mapped from seismic. The meso-fractures (tens to hundred meters length) are the most problematic since it is impossible to analyze them with direct tools as they are hard to be detected and described in the seismic volumes. This type of fractures, also called sub-seismic fractures, is extremely important for fractured reservoir permeability characterization.
We have developed a workflow which integrates data from analogous outcrops/cores and an automatic detection of structural features in seismic volumes enhanced by attributes as continuity or positive/negative curvature.
The seismic attribute volume is scanned and lineaments are detected and collected. The resulting dataset is statistically analyzed for length distribution (histograms), for strike (rosette diagrams and fracture sets detection) and for density (P21 and P20 maps or 3D grids).
The comparison with the fault network coming from seismic interpretation allows the detection of different fractured domains or fractures corridors related or not to the faults and to better constrain the structural evolution of the studied reservoir.
It is also possible to use these lineaments to compute probabilistic fracture surfaces that can be easily imported in a DFN (Discrete Fracture Network) model for the reservoir characterization.
The results are finally checked taking into account the stress/strain evolution through time of the studied area.
This workflow was successfully applied on the main fractured reservoir operated by eni as: Kashagan field (Kazakhstan), Perla field (Venezuela), Val d'Agri field (Italy).
A Novel Anti-Foam Chemical Application As Contributor To The Successful Start-Up Of The Majnoon Oilfield
Authors: Grutters Mark , Pandya Sunil , Turner Ian , Ames Simon , Khalil Sayf , Korosoglou Elias 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Majnoon oilfield in Southern Iraq, one of the largest in the world, recommenced production in September 2013. The field was developed by the Iraqi South Oil Company in the 1980s and originally produced around 50,000 BOPD. As result of Iraq's second licensing round a consortium of Shell, Petronas and Missan Oil Company worked closely with SOC and redeveloped Majnoon to increase its daily production from 50,000 BOPD to more than 175,000 BOPD.
Over a period of several days the production increased from 15,000 to 40,000 BOPD, when several plant trips occurred due to excessive liquid carry over from the separators into the flare system. At first this was attributed to unstable flow and tuning of the production facilities. However, more plant trips followed while ramping up to more than 100,000 BOPD as debris accumulated in the flare system which resulted in multiple blockages. A root-cause analysis was carried out by a team from production chemistry, operations and production support before piloting an anti-foam chemical solution which proved to be an immediate success and production stabilised within hours.
After three days the pilot project was converted into a permanent solution and since the introduction of the anti-foam chemical Majnoon hasn't suffered any further plant trips due to liquid carry over. In fact, the chemical has allowed production to be increased by at least 15,000 BOPD through improved flow through the separators.
This paper will explain the theory behind foaming and highlight the process of fluid testing. We will present the results of the plant trips root-cause analysis and describe in detail how the anti-foam trial developed. A novel monitoring program has been developed that allows for immediate correction in case of changes to production or chemical injection, which has greatly contributed to the safe and successful Majnoon start-up.
Fracture Characterization of Carbonate Reservoir with Integration of Dynamic Data
Authors: Caetano Hugo , Niculescu Elena , Hozayen Magdy , Radwan El Sayed , Farooq Umer , de Joussineau Ghislain , Games Federico , de Haeck Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs is challenging because of variable properties and high heterogeneity. One of these examples is the complex fractured carbonate reservoir of Upper Cretaceous Maastrichtian age present in a field located in onshore of Abu Dhabi.
A detailed study was conducted to accurately characterize and model fracture networks occurring in the reservoir, in order to control early water breakthrough problems caused by fracture connections to aquifer and resulting in reduced oil production and bypassed oil issues.
The workflow involved a full interpretation of the seismic dataset and fault networks, concluding that faults are short and discontinuous, with frequency increasing with depth.
A second step included a fracture network characterization using: Core, Borehole image, 3D seismic and dynamic data. Core description showed that reservoir is dominated by short diagenetic and stylolite-related fractures, with only rare tectonic fractures. Borehole image analysis confirmed core observations and concluded that fracturing is dominated by corridors related to faults, with thicknesses of 50 to 300 ft. No small-scale diffuse fracturing was detected. Seismic attributes were combined into fracture index maps to detect large-scale fractured zones at keys levels. Good relationship was found between the faults and lineaments from seismic and large fracture clusters seen on borehole image data.
Dynamic analysis using production, pressure, PLT and well test data showed that production is mainly controlled by matrix. Moderate Kh and productivity enhancement was detected at proximity with corridors (around 100 m), and water production behavior was locally explained by corridors. No evidence for small-scale fracturing flow was found.
Finally, a fracture model integrating all fracture characterization results was built and allowed computing equivalent fracture properties (fracture K in x, y, z, fracture porosity and matrix block sizes), in order to optimize new well location and trajectories for increased field production and delayed water breakthrough.
Pressurisation of Plant Using Sweet Gas
Authors: El Thany Ezzat 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company (ADGAS) operates LNG production facility, Offshore Associated Gases facility and Integrated Gas development facility, in Das Island. They comprise of LNG Trains 1&2 processing LP Gases and HP Gas to produce 180 T/Hr of LNG each, LNG Train-3 processing only HP Gas to produce 384 T/Hr of LNG. Together they produce around 7 million tons of LNG in addition to LPG, Prafanic Naphtha, Liquid Sulphur per year.
The OAG facility processes LP Gases and involves compression of the LP Gases, Dehydration and despatch of 211 mmscfd of Gas & Condensate through marine pipeline to GASCO facility at Habshan, where NGL is recovered.
The Integrated Gas Development Project (IGD) comprises of three Trains capable of delivering 900 mmscfd of dry compressed HP Gas through marine pipeline to GASCO facility at Habshan along with the gas from OAG, where NGL is recovered and lean gas sent to the sales Gas header.
Developing Effective Site Safety Leaders in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Johnston Stuart 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Being a supervisor or manager in the oil and gas industry is challenging under the best of circumstances. Responsible for multiple priorities, but with limited time, many site leaders find it difficult to include safety tasks in a meaningful way. Yet, these leaders are influencing safety all the time through their decisions and actions. This paper discuss the specific ways oil and gas leaders are already influencing safety and how they can integrate concrete practices to improve safety and operational performance right now. This paper also outlines key safety activities for supervisors, how these activities are directly related to the leadership practices that drive safety, and how to leverage them for supervisory development and organizational safety improvement.
Optimized Approach for On-Bottom Stability Analysis of Subsea Cables
Authors: Azouz A. M. , Hakim M. Abdel , Yehia M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
On-bottom stability analysis of subsea cables is commonly carried out in accordance with the leading industry practice for subsea pipelines "DNV-RP-F109". Similar to pipelines, the analysis method typically used is F109's Generalized Lateral Stability Method. However, this method is considered to be overly conservative for small diameter cables in shallow water applications such as the Arabian Gulf. Consequently, costly additional stabilization measures such as vast quantities of concrete mattresses are normally required.
Given the flexible nature of cables, dynamic on-bottom stability analysis is considered to be a rational approach for optimizing the stabilization requirements. Dynamic on-bottom stability analysis is a known approach for subsea pipelines; however, its application is normally limited to extreme cases of environmental conditions where concrete coating requirements exceed practical limits.
Hence, ADMA-OPCO has initiated a study to develop an FE model for dynamic on-bottom stability analysis of subsea cables. The outcome of ADMA-OPCO's study demonstrated that dynamic on-bottom stability represents the best approach for achieving cost-effective stabilization solutions for subsea cables. Hence, it is envisioned to become the norm for on-bottom stability analysis of subsea cables. The key features of the FE model are presented as well as general guidance for dynamic on-bottom stability analysis of subsea cables.
Prediction of Reservoir Formation Collapse in a Carbonate Gas Field in Abu Dhabi UAE Using Coupled Reservoir Geomechanical Modelling
Authors: Sirat M. , Al Ammari K. , Masoud R. , AL Hashemi H , Zhang X. , Chen Y. , Povstyanova M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Formation collapse in reservoirs where the pressure has not been maintained during depletion can cause permeability reduction, completion damage and well failure, interrupting production and affecting the ultimate recovery from the reservoir. The problem is particularly acute within severely depleted areas of the field.
In this paper a carbonate gas field was investigated. For this developed field, a further production plan has been scheduled to deplete the reservoir up to the year 2063 without any reservoir pressure maintenance. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of formation collapse of the productive zone, well failure and completion integrity damage particularly within the severely depleted areas. Coupled reservoir geomechanical modelling was conducted, and different scenarios were investigated to understand the impact of uncertainty in mechanical properties and the presence of faults and fractures.
The results indicate that pore collapse is likely to be the main failure mechanism of high porosity formations with high levels of depletion. Onset of formation failure is likely to happen around 2018 to 2020, and it is recommended to monitor the production rate of those wells located in high porosity and high depletion areas. Pressure maintenance should be implemented if the reservoir pressure falls below 1000 psi in the later stages of production.