bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of Anti α-Gal-PpIX Conjugate and Photodynamic Therapy for the Diagnosis and Elimination of HeLa and CaSki Cells
Authors: Fabiola Cabrera-Cedillo  , Anabelle Manzo-Sandova  , Yolanda Medina-Flores  , María Edith Medina-Escutia  , Olga Mata-Ruíz  , Alfredo Cruz-Orea  , Jorge Adrián  Garduño-Medina  , Jóse Manuel de la Rosa-Vázquez  , Eva Ramón-Gallegos  
Published: September 2015

The photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a specific and alternative treatment for premalignant and malignant diseases. The -Gal epitope is expressed in red blood cells and nucleated cells of placental mammals not primates, but absent in old world monkeys, apes and humans. -Gal epitope has been found in cervical biopsies HPV positive, in biopsies at different stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and in cell lines such as HeLa and CaSki. The aim of this work was to obtain IgG anti a-Gal monoclonal antibody (mAb) and evaluate its usefulness in the photodynamic therapy in order to diagnosis and eliminate infected cells by HPV, types 16 and 18. From the 4C1F6D5G7B8 hybridoma line was obtained a producer hybridoma of IgG3, the mAb was conjugated with PpIX (IgG-PpIX). The IgG-PpIX conjugated was capable of identify the -Gal epitope present at the membrane of HeLa and CaSki cell lines by immunocitochemistry. The cell lines were exposed to IgG-PpIX and irradiated with a LED system at 635 nm at an energy dose of 64.3 J/cm2. The PDT using IgG anti Gal monoclonal antibody has effect on the viability of cervical carcinoma cells; the mortality results obtained were, in descendent order, HeLa (66.9 %) and CaSki (50.8 %). It was possible to conclude that PDT using the immunoconjugate IgG anti -Gal-PpIX is effective to diagnosis and eliminate cervical carcinoma cells.
Introduction
Authors: Loveless Natalie S. 
Published: September 2015

In this issue, RACAR’s editorial team is pleased to present Polemics, a new section which, like the curated Practices section introduced last year, will bring up-to-the-minute and sometimes controversial issues into the journal, while featuring art and ideas of any place and time. Each spring issue of RACAR will include a Polemics or a Practices section.
Polemics focuses on matters of pressing interest to the broad visual arts community in Canada. Each Polemics will be developed and introduced by a guest editor and will include brief, provocative essays that speak to a single contemporary topic from different perspectives. For the current issue, the guest editor, Natalie Loveless of the University of Alberta, brings together four voices from our community who reflect on research-creation as “an important contemporary queering of the academy” and a vigorous challenge to traditional disciplinary lines.
Kristin Lucas’s Refresh: Embodied Imaginings
Authors: McKay Sally 
Published: September 2015

Les performances de la pionnière d’art digital féministe Kristin Lucas présentent des personnages autobiographiques affectés matériellement au sein d’environnements numériques. Dans Refresh, Lucas dépose une requête inhabituelle auprès d’une cour en Californie : le changement légal de son nom – de Kristin Sue Lucas… à Kristin Sue Lucas. L’artiste articule cette action de renouvellement personnel en se servant d’un langage spécifique aux médias numériques : des termes tels qu’ « actualiser » (refresh), « cache », « redémarrer » (reboot), permettent aux spectateurs d’imaginer en eux-mêmes une telle transformation. Le présent article soutient que l’imagination est un processus physiologique et matériel. Puisant dans les théories du néo-matérialisme, des sciences cognitives et de la neuroscience, Refresh invite le public à habiter activement des états de conscience comme des entités impliquées dans des milieux numériques. Je postule que ces actes d’imagination consciente se déroulent comme des processus physiologiques et matériels – qui en l’occurrence sont mis en valeur à travers des principes propres aux pratiques des arts conceptuels et des nouveaux médias. Je soutiens que Refresh ne déclenche pas cette réaction, mais l’offre plutôt comme un mode d’engagement optionnel pour ceux qui voudraient consciemment s’ouvrir aux propos déclarés du projet. À cet égard, je propose une approche qui s’écarte des recherches neuro-esthétiques, qui ont tendance à se concentrer sur l’activité neuronale non consciente. Finalement, je suggère que dans le cadre de l’expérience artistique, le choix actif et la conscience autoréflexive font souvent partie intégrante de l’engagement esthétique.
The Politics of Drunkenness: John Henry Walker, John A. Macdonald, and Graphic Satire
Authors: Skelly Julia 
Published: September 2015

John A. Macdonald, le premier premier ministre du Canada, fut le sujet de plusieurs portraits officiels peints ou photographiés. Dans cet article, nous examinons les représentations satiriques de Macdonald qui le représentent buvant ou ivre. Notre objet principal d’analyse est la gravure sur bois peu connue de l’artiste montréalais John Henry Walker intitulée The Pipe versus the Bottle, qui est apparue dans le journal comique Grinchuckle en 1869. Cette estampe montre Macdonald en train de boire en compagnie du rédacteur et défenseur du mouvement de tempérance John Dougall, ce dernier tenant ce qui semble être une boisson non alcoolique. Nous plaçons Walker dans une longue lignée d’auteurs de satires graphiques, dont James Gillray, qui ont raillé politiciens et monarques au travers d’un discours portant sur l’ivrognerie et, plus généralement, sur l’excès de consommation. À partir d’une étude d’archives au Musée McCord de Montréal, notre analyse montre que Walker fut inspiré par l’artiste satirique anglais George Cruikshank, qui a produit de nombreuses gravures représentant l’ivrognerie. Nous développons le concept du « grim chuckle » (petit rire sombre) afin d’explorer les relations complexes entre satire, rire et consommation d’alcool.
Internal structure of the Moon inferred from Apollo seismic data and selenodetic data from GRAIL and LLR
Authors: Matsumoto Koji , Yamada Ryuhei , Kikuchi Fuyuhiko , Kamata Shunichi , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Iwata Takahiro , Hanada Hideo , Sasaki Sho 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe internal structure of the Moon is important for discussions on its origin and evolution. However, the deep structure of the Moon is still debated due to the absence of comprehensive seismic data. This study explores lunar interior models by complementing Apollo seismic travel time data with selenodetic data which have recently been improved by Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR). The observed data can be explained by models including a deep‐seated zone with a low velocity (S wave velocity = 2.9 ± 0.5 km/s) and a low viscosity (∼3 × 1016 Pa s). The thickness of this zone above the core‐mantle boundary is larger than 170 km, showing a negative correlation with the radius of the fluid outer core. The inferred density of the lowermost mantle suggests a high TiO2 content (>11 wt.%) which prefers a mantle overturn scenario.
Dipole fluctuations and the duration of geomagnetic polarity transitions
Authors: Buffett Bruce 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGeomagnetic polarity transitions are often accompanied by a decrease in magnetic intensity. The time required to reestablish the magnetic intensity after a transition is usually longer than the duration based on magnetic direction. Analysis of the paleomagnetic axial dipole moment from the PADM2M model shows a return to the time‐averaged intensity after 42 kyr. A shorter time is required to recover a fraction of the time‐averaged moment, but the correspondence between recovery time and fraction of recovery is nonlinear. Predictions of a stochastic model reproduce the general trends in recovery time and suggest that fluctuations in dipole generation increase substantially during polarity transitions relative to times of stable polarity. These large fluctuations could reflect larger convective velocities in the core or represent a change in the efficiency of dipole generation. In either case, large fluctuations during polarity transitions can flip the sign of the axial dipole field several times before a polarity transition is completed.
Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissions at subauroral latitudes in Athabasca, Canada
Authors: Martinez‐Calderon Claudia , Shiokawa Kazuo , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Ozaki Mitsunori , Schofield Ian , Connors Martin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present the first statistical analysis of ELF/VLF emissions observed on the ground at subauroral latitudes that includes their features, occurrences, and association with solar wind and geomagnetic variations. Using a 100 kHz sampling loop antenna located in Athabasca, Canada (54.60°N, 246.36°E, L = 4.3), we monitored these emissions, including chorus, quasiperiodic emissions, and hiss, from November 2012 to October 2013. We found a maximum occurrence rate in the morning sector (06–07 MLT, magnetic local time) and a minimum in the night sector (∼18 to 02 MLT), in agreement with previous satellite measurements in the inner magnetosphere. We also found correlation between the ongoing substorm and storm activity and the increase of occurrence rates. The observed waves usually had a central frequency ∼1–3 kHz lower than the half‐gyrofrequency at the conjugate equatorial plane, indicating a wave source at higher latitudes. A superposed epoch analysis showed that the starting time of the ELF/VLF emissions is preceded by a rise in AE both on short (hours) and long (days) terms. Solar wind speed also started slowly rising ∼1.5 days before, while density and dynamic pressure decreased shortly afterward. This may signify that high‐speed solar wind conditions also contribute to the generation of ELF/VLF emissions detected at subauroral latitudes.
Urban irrigation effects on WRF‐UCM summertime forecast skill over the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Authors: Vahmani P. , Hogue T. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn the current study, we explicitly address the impacts of urban irrigation on the local hydrological cycle by integrating a previously developed irrigation scheme within the coupled framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting‐Urban Canopy Models (WRF‐UCM) over the semiarid Los Angeles metropolitan area. We focus on the impacts of irrigation on the urban water cycle and atmospheric feedback. Our results demonstrate a significant sensitivity of WRF‐UCM simulated surface turbulent fluxes to the incorporation of urban irrigation. Introducing anthropogenic moisture, vegetated pixels show a shift in the energy partitioning toward elevated latent heat fluxes. The cooling effects of irrigation on daily peak air temperatures are evident over all three urban types, with the largest influence over low‐intensity residential areas (average cooling of 1.64°C). The evaluation of model performance via comparison against CIMIS (California Irrigation Management Information System) evapotranspiration (ET) estimates indicates that WRF‐UCM, after adding irrigation, performs reasonably during the course of the month of July, tracking day‐to‐day variability of ET with notable consistency. In the nonirrigated case, CIMIS‐based ET fluctuations are significantly underestimated by the model. Our analysis shows the importance of accurate representation of urban irrigation in modeling studies, especially over water‐scarce regions such as the Los Angeles metropolitan area. We also illustrate that the impacts of irrigation on simulated energy and water cycles are more critical for longer‐term simulations due to the interactions between irrigation and soil moisture fluctuations.
Spatial representativeness of soil moisture using in situ, remote sensing, and land reanalysis data
Authors: Nicolai‐Shaw Nadine , Hirschi Martin , Mittelbach Heidi , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the spatial representativeness of the temporal dynamics of absolute soil moisture and its temporal anomalies over North America based on a range of data sets. We use three main data sources: in situ observations, the remote‐sensing‐based data set of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative on the Essential Climate Variable soil moisture (ECV‐SM), and land surface model estimates from European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts's ERA‐Land. The intercomparisons of the three soil moisture data sources are performed at the in situ locations as well as for the full‐gridded products. The applied method allows us to quantify the spatial footprint of soil moisture. At the in situ locations it is shown that for absolute soil moisture the ECV‐SM and ERA‐Land products perform similarly, while for the temporal anomalies the ECV‐SM product shows more similarity in spatial representativeness with the in situ data. When taking into account all grid cells of the ECV‐SM and ERA‐Land products to calculate spatial representativeness, we find the largest differences in spatial representativeness for the absolute values. The differences in spatial representativeness between the single products can be related to some of their intrinsic characteristics, i.e., for ECV‐SM low similarities are found in topographically complex terrain and areas with dense vegetation, while for ERA‐Land the smoothed model topography and surface properties affect soil moisture and its spatial representativeness. Additionally, we show that the applied method is robust and can be used to analyze existing networks to provide insight into the locations in which higher station density would be of most benefit.
The cumulative effects of urban expansion on land surface temperatures in metropolitan JingjinTang, China
Authors: Hu Yonghong , Jia Gensuo , Hou Meiting , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Zheng Feixiang , Liu Yonghe 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRapid urbanization has resulted in the permanent conversion of large areas of cropland and natural vegetation to impervious surfaces and therefore greatly modified land surface properties and land‐atmosphere interactions. This study sought to examine the urbanization process using Landsat images from 2001 to 2010 in metropolitan JingjinTang (JJT), a rapidly expanding urban cluster in northern China. We aggregated the original results of land use data as fractional cover information in 1 km and 10 km grids. Annual and seasonal land surface temperatures (LSTs) were processed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer products. We used moving window and gradient analysis methods to examine the differences in LST between urban and other land types, further identifying LST increases in gradients of urbanization levels. Urban extent increased by 1.6 times, and approximately 45% newly developed areas were converted from croplands during this process. Emerging urban land in JJT has caused approximately 0.85 ± 0.68°C warming in terms of annual mean LST, and the greatest warming occurred in the summer. An increase in urban land of 10% in a 1 km grid in JJT would cause approximately a 0.21°C increase in annual LST. Urbanization also led to increases in daytime LSTs and nighttime LSTs by approximately 1.03 ± 1.38°C and 0.78 ± 1.02°C, respectively. The warming trend induced by urbanization exhibits clear seasonal and diurnal differences, and this warming trend is most likely caused by the cumulative effects of changes in land properties, radiation storage, and anthropogenic heat release by urbanization.
Multimodel ensemble projection of precipitation in eastern China under A1B emission scenario
Authors: Niu Xiaorui , Wang Shuyu , Tang Jianping , Lee Dong‐Kyou , Gao Xuejie , Wu Jia , Hong Songyou , Gutowski William J. , McGregor John 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAs part of the Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project for Asia, future precipitation projection in China is constructed using five regional climate models (RCMs) driven by the same global climate model (GCM) of European Centre/Hamburg version 5. The simulations cover both the control climate (1978–2000) and future projection (2041–2070) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. For the control climate, the RCMs have an advantage over the driving GCM in reproducing the summer mean precipitation distribution and the annual cycle. The biases in simulating summer precipitation mainly are caused by the deficiencies in reproducing the low‐level circulation, such as the western Pacific subtropical high. In addition, large inter‐RCM differences exist in the summer precipitation simulations. For the future climate, consistent and inconsistent changes in precipitation between the driving GCM and the nested RCMs are observed. Similar changes in summer precipitation are projected by RCMs over western China, but model behaviors are quite different over eastern China, which is dominated by the Asian monsoon system. The inter‐RCM difference of rainfall changes is more pronounced in spring over eastern China. North China and the southern part of South China are very likely to experience less summer rainfall in multi‐RCM mean (MRM) projection, while limited credibility in increased summer rainfall MRM projection over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. The inter‐RCM variability is the main contributor to the total uncertainty for the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and South China during 2041–2060, while lowest for Northeast China, being less than 40%.
Root reinforcement of soils under compression
Authors: Schwarz M. , Rist A. , Cohen D. , Giadrossich F. , Egorov P. , Büttner D. , Stolz M. , Thormann J.‐J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIt is well recognized that roots reinforce soils and that the distribution of roots within vegetated hillslopes strongly influences the spatial distribution of soil strength. Previous studies have focussed on the contribution of root reinforcement under conditions of tension or shear. However, no systematic investigation into the contribution of root reinforcement to soils experiencing compression, such as the passive Earth forces at the toe of a landslide, is found in the literature. An empirical‐analytical model (CoRoS) for the quantification of root reinforcement in soils under compression is presented and tested against experimental data. The CoRoS model describes the force‐displacement behavior of compressed, rooted soils and can be used to provide a framework for improving slope stability calculations. Laboratory results showed that the presence of 10 roots with diameters ranging from 6 to 28 mm in a rectangular soil profile 0.72 m by 0.25 m increased the compressive strength of the soil by about 40% (2.5 kN) at a displacement of 0.05 m, while the apparent stiffness of the rooted soil was 38% higher than for root‐free soil. The CoRoS model yields good agreement with experimentally determined values of maximum reinforcement force and compression force as a function of displacement. These results indicate that root reinforcement under compression has a major influence on the mechanical behavior of soil and that the force‐displacement behavior of roots should be included in analysis of the compressive regimes that commonly are present in the toe of landslides.
Transnational Families
Authors: Shih Kristy Y. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTransnational family living arrangements are becoming increasingly prevalent as movement around the world and technological advancements become more accessible. Members of transnational families live separately in two or more countries but keep close relationships and ties with each other as well as their homeland. Transnational families are diverse; families migrate for various reasons (e.g., political, economic, and educational) and take a variety of forms. Transnational families are also dynamic and fluid as individual members travel back and forth across national borders. Individuals' and families' experiences with transnational family arrangements also change as they develop across the life span. Transnational family members face unique opportunities as well as challenges that are not shared by any other family types. Even though this family arrangement has the potential to transformation traditional gender relations at home, most studies find these families reproduce traditional gender expectations of motherhood and fatherhood.
UNICEF
Authors: Yeung Wei‐Jun Jean 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established in 1946 by the United Nations to provide food, clothing, and healthcare to European children after World War II. In 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted by the UN General Assembly and it has since become one of the most influential human rights treaties in the world. In the early twenty‐first century, UNICEF is the world's leading advocate for children and has established more than 190 country offices all over the world, each guided and provided with technical assistance by the seven regional offices. As an intergovernmental organization, UNICEF aims to eliminate the impacts of poverty, violence, disease, and discrimination on child development by focusing on five main working areas: child survival and development, basic education and gender equality, HIV/AIDS and children, child protection, and policy advocacy and partnerships.
Aging of the World's Population
Authors: Guseh James S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe world's population is aging. This trend, known as the demographic transition, occurs when societies move from low life expectancy and high fertility to high life expectancy and low fertility. Currently, one in every nine persons in the world is aged 60 years or older. By 2050 the proportion is projected to increase to one in five, and the older population is expected to exceed the youth population for the first time in history. Women form the majority of older persons. Most developed countries have completed their demographic transition, leading to declining fertility which in turn may lead to population decline in the near future unless they have considerable in‐migration. Virtually all expected population growth in the next four decades will occur in the developing world. Aging increases the cost of providing elderly social services, but the elderly have skills and knowledge that society could reap as a “longevity dividend.”
Family Violence
Authors: Ellialti Tuğçe 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSocial research has consistently documented that family violence is the most prevalent form of interpersonal violence, and that women and children are more likely to be subjected to violence in their own homes and by their own family members than they are on the streets and by strangers. Although there is little agreement on exactly what constitutes family violence, the term typically refers to any abusive, violent, coercive, or threatening act or word inflicted by one family member on another. While family violence may occur in the form of physical, sexual, emotional, financial, and psychological abuse, the most common forms are child abuse, domestic violence against women (also known as wife abuse and spouse assault), elder abuse, and sibling violence. The detrimental effects of family violence on individuals' – especially women's and children's – physical, mental, psychological, and emotional well‐being are widely acknowledged in the literature. The prevention of family violence requires multiple institutional, political, and sociocultural transformations through comprehensive state‐ and community‐led efforts.