bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SHORELINE CLEANSING BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OIL AND FINE MINERAL PARTICLES
Authors: Bragg James R. , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Interactions of fine mineral particles with oil stranded on shorelines following spills has been shown to be an important natural cleansing process, capable of accelerating oil removal in most environments, and particularly in low energy environments where wave action and abrasion are negligible. This process involves formation of solids-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions by flocculation of micron-sized mineral fines with oil droplets in the presence of water containing ions (such as sea water). Once flocculated, the oil droplets do not coalesce, and the oil no longer adheres strongly to shoreline sediments, facilitating its removal and dispersion by waves and tidal currents.
The importance of the flocculation process to the rate of oil removal from sediments, the conditions needed for the process to occur, and the properties of the resulting floe have been studied in detail for the Exxon Valdez spill. Its potential role in shoreline cleansing also has been studied for other recent spills: Metula (1974, Chile), Arrow (1970, Nova Scotia), BIOS test spill (1981, Cape Hatt, Northwest Territories), Nosac Forest (1993, Tacoma, Washington), and Fred Bouchard (1993, Tampa, Florida). This paper summarizes the various laboratory and field studies and discusses the findings within the contexts of natural shoreline cleansing, and the use of certain treatment techniques.
ENHANCING THE CAPABILITIES OF SALVAGE-BASED POLLUTION DEFENSE
Authors: Witte John Arnold 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Given the inherent difficulties of oil spill cleanup, salvage-based pollution defense has come to the fore in political and regulatory circles. This is partially a response to public concern over large spills and agrees with the logic of the International Salvage Union's position that preventing a spill is more important, and easier, than cleaning up after one. The report of the Donaldson Inquiry—set up after the grounding of the Braer in 1993—focused on defense against pollution rather than cleanup. The report advocated, among other things, franchises of salvage companies paid for by potential polluters. Members of the International Salvage Union can be active partners in this type of defense against oil spills. Some international agreements are needed to make their efforts more effective.
OPA 90 AND THE INTERNATIONAL REGIMES CONCERNING OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION: ARE THEY SO FAR APART, MUST THEY REMAIN SO?1
Authors: Sheehan Daniel F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) set a new course for the United States with respect to oil spill liability and compensation. For 15 years preceding the passage of OPA 90, the United States sought to become party to the international regimes. A 1984 international conference was held at the request of the United States, to modify provisions of existing conventions. Passage of OPA 90 rejected those efforts and implemented a more comprehensive and farther reaching regime. Structurally, the regimes are similar, yet they are far apart with respect to key issues of levels of liability, ease with which those limits may be broken, and scope and extent of compensable damages. The issue examined is whether they must remain so far apart and whether there is a mechanism to bring them back together.
COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CLEANUP OF MARINE OIL SPILLS
Authors: Harper John , Godon Ann , Allen Alan A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The cost of offshore and coastal cleanup of spilled oil varies greatly from spill to spill but is of high interest in risk assessments, because cost is often used as the basis of comparison. We present data on the costs associated with mechanical offshore cleanup, shoreline cleanup, and offshore burning. A review of eight offshore recovery operations in North America indicates a mean offshore, on-water cleanup cost of approximately $2,500/bbl, with a range of $10 to $6,000/bbl. Smaller spills (1,000 to 2,000 bbl) have a higher per-unit recovery cost than large spills (≥10,000 bbl)—at about two to three times the cost. Review often shoreline cleanup operations indicates a mean cleanup cost of approximately $8,000 to $9,000/bbl, an average of 2.5 to 4 times higher than the cost of offshore recovery. Variability in shoreline cleanup costs is high, and costs are highly dependent on both the size of the spill and the remoteness of the spill location; small, widely dispersed spills, such as the Nestucca (British Columbia and Washington coasts), involve cleanup costs of more than $20,000/bbl. Although there are few spills where offshore in situ burning has been used as a response option, preliminary estimates indicate comparable unit “elimination” costs of about $500/bbl, five times less expensive than offshore on-water recovery and more than an order of magnitude less than mean shoreline cleanup costs.
TUG USAGE FOR ESCORT AND RESCUE TOWING IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA
Authors: Gray David L. , de Jong Johan H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The second part of the Prince William Sound Disabled Tanker Towing Study was undertaken to evaluate, using computer simulations, the capability of existing escort vessels in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and to examine alternatives that could enhance escort and rescue towing capabilities. The study was undertaken by The Glosten Associates, Inc., the Maritime Simulation Centre the Netherlands, and the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands on behalf of the Disabled Tanker Towing Study Group. A brief discussion of the project background, methodology, and results is contained herein.
EVALUATION OF THE U.S. COAST GUARD'S TANKER INSPECTION PROGRAM: TANKER INSPECTION IMPACTS1
Authors: Meers Christine S. , Ameer Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 assessed the effectiveness and adequacy of the U.S. Coast Guard's inspection program for oil tankers. The inspection standards study was conducted in two parts. The first part surveyed the range of inspection programs of the Coast Guard, International Maritime Organization, classification societies, and industry to identify significant gaps and/or duplicate requirements among these programs. The second part analyzed a number of issues related to the effectiveness of the Coast Guard's program. The study was intended to help the Coast Guard determine whether overlap exists in inspection requirements affecting tank vessels and whether increasing, decreasing, or targeting Coast Guard inspection resources would have a measurable impact on the occurrence of marine casualties. The recommendations and conclusions will be presented during the 1995 Oil Spill Conference and are intended to help the Coast Guard improve its marine inspection program's effectiveness.
TRACKING BUOYS FOR OIL SPILLS
Authors: Goodman Ron H. , Simecek-Beatty Debra , Hodgins Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of tracking buoys in oil spill response, planning, and training and criteria for the selection of these buoys were studied in conjunction with an experiment conducted in the Gulf of Mexico during March 1994 on the relative motions of several oil spill drifter buoys. For the test, wood chips and cottonseed hulls were used to simulate the motion of the oil. Six different types of buoys and three different positioning and tracking systems, in various combinations, were tested. The first day of the program was conducted in Galveston Bay, the second in the Gulf of Mexico off Galveston. Significant differences were noted in the movements of the various buoys. Analysis of the data from these experiments suggests that tracking of the buoys should occur for a longer time period than in the experiments in order to reduce the influence of positioning errors.
SALVAGE OR PREVENTIVE MEASURE? A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Noble John M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Salvage Convention provisions incorporated in the 1990 Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement have increased the spill responder's armory. The hitherto accepted “primary purpose” test, used in determining whether an operation is salvage or a preventive measure, is being challenged increasingly. Salvors’ operational priorities have changed; in conducting operations under LOF 90 contracts they are much more environmentally aware. Such awareness is closely linked with the special compensation now available, and salvage is increasingly treated by some as a preventive measure. The shipowner, now obliged to fund special compensation, may seek to have salvage services provided under contracts other than LOF 90 if he considers the financial burden too onerous. This reluctance to readily agree to LOF 90 may force authorities with statutory responsibility to use intervention powers more readily.
A COOPERATIVE APPROACH FOR MEASURING DIRECT-USE DAMAGES: THE 1992 AVILA BEACH (CALIFORNIA) OIL SPILL
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Mathews Kristy E. , Banzhaf H. Spencer 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A cooperative approach was used to estimate natural resource damages from the Avila Beach, California, spill. The approach was cooperative because we, on behalf of Union Oil Company of California (UNOCAL), and the economist working for the State of California shared data collection and damage estimation responsibilities. Cooperative assessments have several advantages, including reduced costs and less duplication. Because this case was not settled when this paper was submitted, we provide no damage estimates.
NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESIDENTE RIVERA OIL SPILL, DELAWARE RIVER1
Authors: Helton Douglas , Lawson Donna , McHugh Martin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On June 24, 1989, the Uruguayan merchant marine tanker Presidente Rivera, loaded with 19 million gallons of No. 6 fuel oil, ran aground in the Delaware River near Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, spilling between 200,000 and 300,000 gallons of oil. Currents spread the oil over approximately 29 miles of shoreline in New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, reaching upstream as far as Little Tinicum Island, a wildlife refuge near Philadelphia, and downstream as far as Reedy Island, south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.
Natural resources under the trusteeship of New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S. Department of Commerce) were affected by the spill, including shoreline parks, fisheries, marshes, birds, and wildlife. Additionally, portions of the river were closed to vessel traffic and nearby creeks were boomed off, preventing access to marinas and boat ramps.
After three years of damage assessment, pretrial discovery, and negotiations, the trustees reached a settlement on natural resource damages with the responsible party. This paper discusses the strategy used by the trustees in developing a natural resource damage claim and highlights some of the lessons learned during the assessment and settlement process.
INNOVATIVE PROCEDURES FOR NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Hansen Ingrid K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The State of Texas has developed an innovative scheme for resolving contentious issues in assessing natural resource damages from coastal oil spills. The Texas statute and regulations provide for mediation among state natural resource trustees to resolve differences among them when assessing natural resource damages. The state trustees have formally signed a memorandum of agreement to institute mediation whenever they have disputes about any aspect of damage assessment in a case.
The statute and regulations also require the responsible person (the spiller) to mediate any disagreement about the assessment as a prerequisite to the jurisdiction of any court. This provision gives both the trustees and the responsible person an opportunity to reach a negotiated agreement without initiating expensive and lengthy litigation.
The regulations implementing damage assessment procedures and protocols were developed through the use of a negotiated rulemaking process. This process brought together representatives from state trustee agencies, the regulated community, and citizen environmental groups.
The Texas statute and rules require the state natural resource trustees to invite the responsible person to participate in all phases of the damage assessment process. By specifically providing for a negotiated assessment process, this provision encourages cooperation and discourages duplication and withholding of vital information. The regulations are designed to encourage the trustees and the responsible person to coordinate information, studies, and assessment procedures. The goal is to initiate restoration of the injured resources as quickly as possible without a “battle of the experts.” The regulations require the state trustees to coordinate their assessment activities in conjunction with federal natural resource trustees. The obvious benefits of the arrangement are to promote intergovernmental cooperation and coordination and to allow the responsible person to deal with a unified trustee response to damage assessment. The benefits to all parties are the swift initiation of restoration actions, efficient use of expended funds, and an open process.
OIL SPILL CHEMICALS IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS: TECHNICAL ISSUES
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Kucklick Janet H. , Steen Alexis E. , Fritz David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This summary of current protocols and on-going research for effectiveness and toxicity testing of chemical agents also discusses data interpretation and analyses for these tests. In addition, a decision tree to provide an initial framework for discussing the development of authorization for the use of chemical treating agents is proposed. For the purposes of the study, chemical treating agents include herding agents, emulsion treating agents, elasticity modifiers, solidifiers, shoreline cleaning agents, shoreline pretreatment agents, and dispersants.
AQUATIC RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE UPPER OHIO RIVER BASIN USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Arway John , Nieman Douglas , Proch Thomas , Shulte Jerry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania successfully negotiated a $1.75 million settlement with Ashland Oil Company for injuries to aquatic resources and recreational users resulting from the January 1988 oil spill into the lower Monongahela and upper Ohio Rivers. The commonwealth's natural resource trustee agencies reserved these funds for special studies to learn more about the aquatic resources of the impacted rivers.
A project team including commonwealth agencies, consulting experts, and the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission agreed to use the framework of a geographic information system (GIS) to organize geo-referenced natural resource data spatially. This paper discusses the development of a GIS base map of a river system modified by a series of navigation dams and outlines the ecological basis of the aquatic habitat classification system. This system divides individual navigation pools into component parts along longitudinal, cross-sectional, and vertical axes. These components are then combined to delimit aquatic areas and habitat conditions to define aquatic habitat types. These habitat types will serve as the basis for making an inventory of environmentally sensitive areas; and the completed GIS will have coverages of infrastructural, monitoring/regulatory, recreational, and environmental themes. The GIS will be used by Pennsylvania agencies in the management and protection of the natural resources supported by the Ohio River and its tributaries.
FATE AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL IN A SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA STREAM DRAINAGE1
Authors: Mancini Eugene R. , Chamberlain Dilworth W. , Lowe Mark A. , Fischel Marion , Greenwood Eric J. , Rankin Susan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 6, 1993, a crude oil pipeline ruptured releasing an estimated 6,200 bbl of blended San Joaquin Valley crude oil (2T API gravity) which flowed overland and through interstate freeway storm-water culverts to a small stream in Kern County, southern California. A mixture of crude oil and water flowed 12 km downstream to an emergency containment/underflow dike. Response operations were completed within 21 days resulting in recovery of approximately 3,400 bbl of liquid crude and an additional 1,200 bbl of oil contained in nearly 19,000 yd3 of excavated soil and streambed sediments (74 percent recovery).
Water quality data collected throughout the stream within 24 hours of the release demonstrated total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH; method 8015-modified, GC/FID) concentrations ranging from 55 to 120 mg/L with BTEX (total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers; method 5030/8020) concentrations less than 145 ≤g/L. Within 72 hours of the spill, TPH concentrations were less than 8 mg/L and total BTEX concentrations were less than 25 ≤g/L. Within five weeks of the spill, TPH and most BTEX constituents were below detection limits. Average sediment TPH concentrations in impacted stream segments ranged from &lt;100 to 21,733 mg/kg prior to cleanup while postcleanup samples ranged from &lt;50 to 1325 mg/kg. Average September concentrations ranged from 11 to 299 mg/kg.
Qualitative benthic macroinvertebrate samples collected within a few days of the spill indicated reduced taxonomic diversity and numerical abundance in impacted stream segments. Quantitative macroinvertebrate samples collected five months after the spill, however, identified diverse and abundant benthic macroinvertebrate populations, relative to reference stations, where streamflow volumes were sufficient to maintain such invertebrate communities.
Upstream vegetation was characterized as cottonwood-willow riparian woodland that may have experienced some spill-related stress in the form of leaf drop, which was photographically documented. A transition riparian zone, dominated by mule fat, tamarisk, and red willow, exhibited no symptoms of stress following the spill. Annual grassland dominated by nonnative grasses, forbs (broad leaved, nonwoody plants), and native wildflower species occurred along the lower portions of the creek and was not affected by the spill except for the physical impact of cleanup operations.
Avian surveys conducted in riparian habitat in April and June suggested that bird populations utilizing oiled and unoiled reaches of Grapevine Creek were similar. Lower species richness and abundance in April was attributed to extensive response operations. Avian surveys conducted along downstream, dry wash portions of the creek in June, however, indicated greater species abundance and diversity along these previously oiled reaches of the creek relative to an unoiled reference channel.
WEATHERING EXPERIMENT ON SPILLED CRUDE OILS USING A CIRCULATING WATER CHANNEL
Authors: Tsukihara Tsutomu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Crude oil spilled in the sea is mixed with the sea water by the wind and waves resulting in increases in its water content and viscosity as time passes. We have constructed a small, transfer type circulating water channel of an elliptical cuit-track form. Using an attached circulating unit, together with a war tunnel, artificial waves are generated to enable simulation corresponding to the natural circumstances in the sea. The experiment disclosed the following results.Drastic changes in the properties (water content and viscosity) of the oil depend on the power of waves.Contrasting processes are observed between heavy and light crude oils during weathering.Heavy crude oils form a massive water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) with increases in both water content and viscosity.Light crude oils behave differently at summer sea temperatures,
DISTRIBUTION AND WEATHERING OF OIL FROM THE IRAQ-KUWAIT CONFLICT OIL SPILL WITHIN INTERTIDAL HABITATS—TWO YEARS LATER
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , Montello Todd M. , Aurand Don V. , Sauer Theodor C. , Al-Mansi Ahmed , Al-Momen Abdul Halim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The heavily oiled coastal bays of Dafi and Musallamiyah on the Saudi Arabian coast were surveyed in 1992 and again in 1993, two years after the Iraq-Kuwait conflict oil spill. All habitat types showed little improvement or recovery from their condition one year earlier. Oil on the exposed outer beaches was beginning to form asphalt pavements, much like the ones still present from the 1983 Nowruz spill. Moderately exposed sand flats with bars showed no change in the distribution of surface oil; but in some areas, the subsurface oil migrated deeper, up to twice the depths in 1992. The heavy surface oil on moderately exposed sand flats was hardening into incipient pavements, which are sealing off the heavy subsurface oil from natural removal and weathering processes. Sheltered habitats showed even less improvement, with contamination likely to remain for decades. Factors contributing to the long-term persistence of oil in these intertidal habitats include the initial, heavy oil loading; deep penetration into porous sand substrates, even on the lower intertidal zone; deep penetration into animal burrows in muddy sediments; and subsequent formation of extensive asphalt pavements, which have sealed the subsurface oil from physical removal processes and slowed chemical weathering.
RESPONSE TO A MAJOR GASOLINE RELEASE INTO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER1
Authors: Hartley Jane M. , Hamera Donald F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 18, 1994, unleaded gasoline began entering the Mississippi River through the bank adjacent to an oil distribution/storage facility in St. Louis, Missouri. Reported as a minor, per the National Contingency Plan, it developed into a major discharge. Of the 364,930 gallons lost, 140,000 gallons discharged into the river. The amount of product recovered from all sources was 107,000 gallons. The emergency phase of the response ran from January 18 to 24. Not until January 24 was the cause determined to be a 10.7 ft by ¼ in fracture near the center of the floor of a two million gallon tank. Secondary containment showed no evidence of the catastrophic release. The extreme cold permitted the initial booming of the gasoline, but recovery was complicated by flowing river ice, ice shelves, temperatures that froze equipment, and access down 45 feet of snow-covered riprap. Elastol, fire-fighting foam, barges, weir and barrel skimmers, and vacuum trucks were utilized for water and land recovery operations. Safety concerns were paramount for the federal, state, and local personnel and yet there was a demonstrated weakness in timely development and enforcement of the comprehensive site safety plan. This unusual spill heightened the awareness of many prevention and response issues.