bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Spacing of Stages in Plug-and-Perf Completions Through Seismic Moment Tensor Inversion
Authors: Baig Adam , Urbancic Ted , Mace Kaitlyn , Prince Marc 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Hydraulic fracture completions seek to balance spacing of treatment wells and perforation clusters in order to minimize the costs of drilling wells and pumping fluids and proppant downhole while promoting the development of a discrete fracture network to connect even the most isolated pockets of hydrocarbon. To this end, numerous strategies for well completions have been proposed, such as avoiding the overlap of treatment volumes between adjacent wells and/or stages because of the risk that proppant and fluid will preferentially be diverted into earlier treated volumes. In counterpoint, it has also been suggested that the creation of new fractures in a previously treated volume promotes a complex fracture network enhancing drainage. When these stimulations are monitored from multiple arrays surrounding the treatment zone, seismic moment tensor inversion (SMTI) offers the ability to test these hypotheses by inferring if the events represent the opening of fractures or closure of pre-existing natural or newly created fractures. In this paper, we discuss two different completion programs. One common thread between the two data sets is that observed event clusters occur with a significant degree of overlap between neighbouring stages. Both completions were monitored with optimal multi-array configurations allowing for the calculation of SMTI with a high degree of robustness. The first stages in both examples showed significant opening components of failure. Neighbouring subsequent stages show closure events in the overlapping regions suggesting that the previously opened fractures were now closing due to local re-orientations of the stress-strain field stress induced by the later injection over-printing the region of overlap. Based on these analyses, it can be suggested that the moment tensor response can be used to identify the effective spacing for perforation clusters and establish optimal stimulation programs, which could include setting fracture ports farther apart.
Assessing Stimulation of Complex Natural Fractures as Characterized Using Microseismicity: An Argument the Inclusion of Sub-Horizontal Fractures in Reservoir Models
Authors: Urbancic Ted , Baig Adam , Goldstein Shoshana 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The inclusion of fracture networks in reservoir models is generally based on the concept of failure associated with sub-vertical fractures. In general, it is surmized that fractures can grow irregularly in a stress field that is perturbed by a hydraulic fracture injection. It has also been considered that structural weaknesses in the rock such as pre-existing fractures and naturally occurring laminations commonly found in shale-gas reservoirs can be conduits for fracturing during stimulation and active pathways for fluid flow. We postulate that local stress perturbations through stress transfer allows for fractures to propagate and initiate failure along pre-existing fracture sets, which include sub-vertical and sub-horizontal fractures. Additionally, the degree of fracture interconnectivity and the type of fracturing will play a role in whether effective proppant transport is achieved. Through moment tensor inversion of microseismic events related to stimulation in the Horn River Basin utilizing well-conditioned geophone arrays, we have been able to define a three dimensional discrete fracture network consisting of sub-horizontal and sub-vertical fractures. Geologic data from the site provided corroborative evidence to the validity of the observed discrete fracture network, the presence of sub-horizontal fractures and fracture orientations in-line with current regional stress field. The fracture intensity and complexity appeared to be directly related to the degree of interaction between the sub-horizontal and sub-vertical fractures. Regions dominated by sub-horizontal fractures were also regions exhibiting poor fracture intensity and complexity. Based on these observations and moment tensor derived failure modes (opening component of failure), we were able to identify regions of enhanced fluid flow, further identifying regions of effective fluid transport. Regions with poor connectivity and dominance of sub-horizontal fractures also were identified as regions of poor fluid flow; these then become regions for potential re-stimulation. Based on these analyses, it can be suggested that sub-horizontal fractures can play an important role in the overall fracture development.
Phosphonic/Hydroflouric Acid – A Promising New Weapon in the Tortuosity Remediation Arsenal for Fracturing Treatments
Authors: Melo Ricardo , Curtis James , Gomez Julio , Melo Alexandre , Garcia Fernando , Pedrosa Helio 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Tortuosity has been one of the biggest challenges for shale and tight gas hydraulic fracturing treatments, leading to high near-wellbore friction pressures, premature screen-outs, reduced treating rates and poor production results. Several solutions have been applied with varying levels of success, but often result in nothing more than a frustrating attempt.
A new solution has been developed that has demonstrated substantial success in overcoming particularly stubborn tortuosity problems. The method builds upon the use of a non-damaging, single-stage phosphonic/hydrofluoric acid system (SAS) that has been well established around the globe for matrix stimulation treatments in a single stage (without an acid pre-flush). These encouraging results in matrix treatments encouraged us to consider the SAS for hydraulic fracturing applications.
An opportunity arose in a tight gas fracturing campaign in Northeast Brazil, where severe tortuosity prevented us from achieving the required pump rate while staying below the surface treating pressure limitation. Conventional tortuosity-mitigation methods such as proppant slugs, viscous fluids, re-perforating and sand-jetting all failed to solve the problem. The novel technique was tested (to the authors’ knowledge for the first time anywhere), whereby a high-strength SAS was injected at fracturing rates and pressures, without any pre-flush, in order to clean up the tortuosity and improve injectivity. The tight gas well was subsequently hydraulically fractured in six perforated intervals, with a SAS pre-frac performed prior to each stage. Injection rates in the main fracturing treatments were improved by 25 to 100 percent.
This paper describes the SAS technique, including acid properties, treatment design overview, field results and measured tortuosity improvements.
The Quality of Life of Hematological Malignancy Patients with Major Depressive Disorder or Subsyndromal Depression
Authors: Rezaei Omid , Sharifian Ramezan-Ali , Soleimani Mehdi , Jahanian Amirabbas 
Published: December 2012

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the quality of life of hematological malignancy patients with major depressive disorder or subsyndromal depression. Method: Sample consisted of 93 hematological malignancy patients recruited from oncology ward of Valieasr hospital for Imam Khomeini complex hospital at Tehran through purposeful sampling. Participants were divided into three groups through diagnostic interview based on DSM-IV-TR criteria and the Beck Depression Inventory-2 (BDI-II): Major depressive disorder (MDD) ( n = 41; 44.1%); subsyndromal depression (SSD) ( n = 23; 24.7%), and without depression (WD) ( n = 29; 31.2%). Participants completed the short-form health survey (SF-36) as a measure of the quality of life. We carried out an analysis of covariance to examine the collected data. Results: Findings showed that there was not a significant difference between patients with MDD and SSD based on measure of quality of life. But patients with MDD and SSD showed significantly worse quality of life than patients with WD. This finding highlights the clinical importance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms and casts doubt on the clinical utility of separation between MDD and subsyndromal depression in terms of important clinical outcomes.
Acute Macrovascular Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Induced by Ingestion of Advanced Glycated β-Lactoglobulins
Authors: Stirban Alin , Kotsi Paraskevi , Franke Knut , Strijowski Ulf , Cai Weijing , Götting Christian , Tschoepe Diethelm 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE
Recent evidence indicates that heat-enhanced food advanced glycation end products (AGEs) adversely affect vascular function. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of an oral load of heat-treated, AGE-modified β-lactoglobulins (AGE-BLG) compared with heat-treated, nonglycated BLG (C-BLG) on vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a double-blind, controlled, randomized, crossover study, 19 patients with T2DM received, on two different occasions, beverages containing either AGE-BLG or C-BLG. We measured macrovascular [brachial ultrasound of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)] and microvascular (laser-Doppler measurements of reactive hyperemia in the hand) functions at baseline (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) min.

RESULTS
Following the AGE-BLG, FMD decreased at T90 by 80% from baseline and remained decreased by 42% at T180 (P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline, P &lt; 0.05 vs. C-BLG at T90). By comparison, following C-BLG, FMD decreased by 27% at T90 and 51% at T180 (P &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline at T180). A significant decrease in nitrite (T180) and nitrate (T90 and T180), as well as a significant increase in Nε-carboxymethyllisine, accompanied intake of AGE-BLG. There was no change in microvascular function caused by either beverage.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with T2DM, acute oral administration of a single AGE-modified protein class significantly though transiently impaired macrovascular function in concert with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability. These AGE-related changes were independent of heat treatment.
Cutaneous neoplastic lesions of equids in the central United States and Canada: 3,351 biopsy specimens from 3,272 equids (2000–2010)
Authors: Schaffer Paula A. , Wobeser Bruce , Martin Laura E. R. , Dennis Michelle M. , Duncan Colleen G. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To identify epidemiological trends in cutaneous neoplasms affecting equids in central North America and compare them with previously reported trends.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Sample—3,351 cutaneous biopsy specimens from 3,272 equids with a neoplastic diagnosis.
Procedures—Diagnostic reports from 2 diagnostic laboratories (Colorado State University and Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc) were reviewed for frequency of specific lesions and epidemiological trends. Variables included in analyses (if known) were age, sex, breed, geographic location, date of diagnosis, location of neoplasm on the body, and presence or absence of ulceration.
Results—Sarcoid, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma were the 3 most common tumors diagnosed. Tumors associated with UV radiation (SCC, SCC in situ, hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma) were 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 3.0) times as common in biopsy specimens received by Colorado State University than in specimens received by Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc. Appaloosa horses and American Paint horses, respectively, were 7.2 (95% CI, 5.6 to 9.2) and 4.4 (95% CI, 3.6 to 5.4) times as likely as other breeds to have tumors associated with UV radiation. Thoroughbreds were predisposed to cutaneous lymphoma, whereas Arabians were more likely to have melanomas. Draft and pony breeds were 3.1 (95% CI, 1.9 to 5.1) times as likely as other breeds to have benign soft tissue tumors. Morgans and pony breeds more commonly had basal cell tumors. Tumors in the perianal region were significantly more likely to be SCC or melanoma while tumors on the limbs were more likely to be giant cell tumor of soft parts.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Signalment, anatomic location of the mass, and geographic location of the horse can be used to help equine practitioners formulate differential diagnoses for cutaneous masses. Further research is necessary to identify the biological basis for the development of many equine cutaneous neoplasms.
(Carrying the Fire on) No Road for Old Horses: Cormac McCarthy’s Untold Biblical Stories
Authors: Walsh Richard 
Published: December 2012

Abstract: Three “major” movies have been based on the novels of Cormac McCarthy: All the Pretty Horses, No Country for Old Men, and The Road. In a landscape of loss, these fictions realize strange, new biblical stories about those who are neither chosen nor special and thus those who do not find the promise, are the prey of demons, and live after a secular apocalypse. These fictions are strange, new versions of Job in which no whirlwind answers, Job’s adversary roams unbound, and Job’s self-curse has become a luxury. Amidst an implacable fate, the fictions’ call to “carry the fire” differs from biblical faith in election and providence and from popular assumptions about US exceptionalism.
Neurosurgical treatment of low-grade cerebellar astrocytoma in children and adolescents: a single consecutive institutional series of 100 patients
Authors: Due-Tønnessen Bernt Johan , Lundar Tryggve , Egge Arild , Scheie David 
Published: December 2012

Object
The objective of this study was to delineate the long-term results of surgical treatment of pediatric low-grade cerebellar astrocytoma.

Methods
One hundred consecutive children and adolescents (0–19 years old) who underwent primary tumor resection for a low-grade cerebellar astrocytoma during the years 1980–2011 were included in this retrospective study on surgical morbidity, mortality rate, academic achievement, and/or work participation. Gross motor function and activities of daily living were scored according to the Barthel Index.

Results
Of the 100 patients, 61 children were in the 1st decade, and 39 were 10–19 years old. The male/female ratio was 1.13:1 (53 males, 47 females). No patients were lost to follow-up. There were no deaths in this series and all 100 patients are currently alive. In 29 patients, the follow-up duration was less than 10 years, in 37 it was between 10 and 19 years, and in 34 it was between 20 and 31 years. The Barthel Index was 100 (normal) in 97 patients, 90 in 2 patients, and 40 in the last patient. A total of 113 tumor resections were performed. Two patients underwent further tumor resection due to MRI-confirmed residual tumor demonstrated on the immediate postoperative MR image (obtained the day after the initial procedure). Furthermore, 9 children underwent repeat tumor resection after MRI-confirmed progressive tumor recurrence up to 10 years after the initial operation. Two of these patients also underwent a third resection, without subsequent radiation therapy, and have experienced 8 and 12 years of tumor-free follow-up thereafter, respectively. A total of 15% of the patients required treatment for persistent hydrocephalus.

Conclusions
Low-grade cerebellar astrocytoma is a surgical disease, in need of long-term follow-up, but with excellent long-term results. Nine percent of the children in this study underwent repeated surgery due to progressive tumor recurrence, and 15% were treated for persistent hydrocephalus.
A bisazobenzene crosslinker that isomerizes with visible light
Authors: Samanta Subhas , Qureshi Harris I , Woolley G Andrew 
Published: December 2012

Background: Large conformational and functional changes of azobenzene-modified biomolecules require longer azobenzene derivatives that undergo large end-to-end distance changes upon photoisomerization. In addition, isomerization that occurs with visible rather than UV irradiation is preferred for biological applications.Results: We report the synthesis and characterization of a new crosslinker in which a central piperazine unit links two azobenzene chromophores. Molecular modeling indicates that this crosslinker can undergo a large change in end-to-end distance upon trans,trans to cis,cis isomerization. Photochemical characterization indicates that it does isomerize with visible light (violet to blue wavelengths). However, the thermal relaxation rate of this crosslinker is rather high (τ½ ~ 1 s in aqueous buffer at neutral pH) so that it is difficult to produce large fractions of the cis,cis-species without very bright light sources.Conclusion: While cis-lifetimes may be longer when the crosslinker is attached to a biomolecule, it appears the para-piperazine unit may be best suited for applications where rapid thermal relaxation is required.
Les usages politiques de la mémoire en Amérique Centrale (Nicaragua-El Salvador, 1992-2009)
Authors: Moallic Benjamin 
Published: December 2012

Résumé Comment comprendre la prolifération de musées, de lieux de mémoire, de témoignages et de commémorations des périodes de guerre ou des expériences révolutionnaires en Amérique centrale ? Fruit d’opportunités nouvelles, ce travail de mémoire a au départ été alimenté par les stratégies de reconversion des cadres des organisations politico-militaires. Se professionnalisant peu à peu, ce travail de mémoire donnait naissance à un personnel politique d’un type nouveau. Avec le retour des anciens révolutionnaires au pouvoir depuis 2006, « la mémoire » des expériences passées devenait un enjeu croissant des luttes entre factions de gauche.
Cancer Endometrium: An Update
Authors: Kumar Piyush , Goel Jai Kishan 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in developed countries and second most common in developing countries. Its incidence is increasing in postmenopausal women. Factors related to chronic estrogen exposure are associated with a higher incidence. Abnormal uterine bleeding is the cardinal symptom. All women with suspected endometrial cancer require transvaginal ultrasonography and most will undergo endometrial biopsy; more sophisticated radiological examinations are required for preoperative staging. The general approach for treatment of endometrial cancer is hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, abdominopelvic washings, lymph node evaluation and maximal surgical cytoreduction for those with advanced disease. Postoperative adjuvant therapy [vaginal brachytherapy, external beam radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy] may be recommended depending on the estimated risk of recurrence. Individual patient characteristics and surgical as well as pathologic staging are the main factors that are used for postsurgical risk stratification, which in turn, directs the selection of adjuvant treatment.

How to cite this article
Goel JK, Kumar P. Cancer Endometrium: An Update. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(2):75-84.
Prophylactic Intramyometrial Oxytocin before Placenta Delivery during Cesarean Section Prevents Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Prospective Randomized Study of 150 Women
Authors: Mangla Divya , Goel JK , Goel Ruchica 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To compare efficacy of intramyometrial oxytocin vs intravenous oxytocin infusion in reducing blood loss during cesarean section.

Materials and methods
A prospective randomized controlled trial of 150 women undergoing cesarean section was done. Women undergoing cesarean section were randomly divided into three groups according to method of administration of oxytocin. In group I (n = 50): 20 units of oxytocin in 500 cc of ringer lactate as continuous infusion I/V after separation of placenta was given. In group II (n = 50): 5 units of oxytocin is diluted in 10 cc of normal saline and 5 cc injected in each cornu of uterus after separation of placenta. In group III (n = 50): 5 units of oxytocin is diluted in 10 cc of normal Saline and 5 cc injected in each cornu of uterus before separation of placenta. Blood loss was calculated by number of mops soaked and amount of blood in suction jar.

Results
Average blood loss was found to be more in group I 606 cc, while in group II average blood loss was 460 ml which further decreased to 412 cc in group III. There was an additional observation that the 6% cases where I/V oxytocin infusion could not prevent uterine atony while immediate uterine contraction was achieved with intramyometrial oxytocin.

Conclusion
Intramyometrial injection of oxytocin when given before separation of placenta was found to be most effective method to increase uterine contraction, reducing incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and thus decreasing cesarean morbidity.

How to cite this article
Mangla D, Goel JK, Goel R. Prophylactic Intramyometrial Oxytocin before Placenta Delivery during Cesarean Section Prevents Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Prospective Randomized Study of 150 Women. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(2):93-96.
Knowledge of Emergency Contraception among Married Women of Reproductive Age in a Rural-based Teaching Hospital of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Joshi Sulbha , Kose Varsha 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
To assess the awareness and level of knowledge toward emergency contraception among married women in the reproductive age group.

Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted employing prestructured questionnaire, which included information about age, occupation, income, education, obstetric profile, knowledge and use of emergency contraception.

Results
The average age of women included in the study was 24.6 years. About 33% of women knew about emergency contraception. They mainly belonged to educated category, working class and with income group more than 5000 per month. There are about 5% of women who know about emergency contraception and have used it in the past.

Conclusion
There is a need to popularize emergency contraception in India for its better usages among women to avoid unwanted pregnancies and abortions.

How to cite this article
Kose V, Joshi S. Knowledge of Emergency Contraception among Married Women of Reproductive Age in a Rural-based Teaching Hospital of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(2):106-109.
Study of Puberty Menorrhagia in Adolescent Girl in a Rural Set-up
Authors: Shrivastava Deepti , Joshi Shikha , Chella Hariharan 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Puberty menorrhagia is a real trouble among adolescent girls mostly due to problem in hypothalamic-pituitaryovarian axis.

Aims and objectives
To understand the various causative factors in puberty menorrhagia and to evaluate the role of hormones estrogens, progesterones or combination of both in controlling the excessive menstrual bleeding.

Materials and methods
It is a study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, JNMC, Sawangi from January 2009 to December 2010. Study included a total of 50 adolescent girls presenting with complains of menorrhagia.

Results
About 78% patients had menorrhagia due to immaturity of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis; 14% had polycystic ovarian disease and 8% had hypothyroidism. Out of 50 patients who were treated with hormones, 26 patients (52%) responded by the end of third month follow-up.

Conclusion
Majority of the patients showed good response to combined oral contraceptive pills (78%).

How to cite this article
Joshi S, Chella H, Shrivastava D. Study of Puberty Menorrhagia in Adolescent Girl in a Rural Set-up. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(2):110-112.