bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest edge burning in the Brazilian Amazon promoted by escaping fires from managed pastures
Authors: Cano‐Crespo Ana , Oliveira Paulo J. C. , Boit Alice , Cardoso Manoel , Thonicke Kirsten 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUnderstanding to what extent different land uses influence fire occurrence in the Amazonian forest is particularly relevant for its conservation. We evaluate the relationship between forest fires and different anthropogenic activities linked to a variety of land uses in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia. We combine the new high‐resolution (30 m) TerraClass land use database with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer burned area data for 2008 and the extreme dry year of 2010. Excluding the non‐forest class, most of the burned area was found in pastures, primary and secondary forests, and agricultural lands across all three states, while only around 1% of the total was located in deforested areas. The trend in burned area did not follow the declining deforestation rates from 2001 to 2010, and the spatial overlap between deforested and burned areas was only 8% on average. This supports the claim of deforestation being disconnected from burning since 2005. Forest degradation showed an even lower correlation with burned area. We found that fires used in managing pastoral and agricultural lands that escape into the neighboring forests largely contribute to forest fires. Such escaping fires are responsible for up to 52% of the burned forest edges adjacent to burned pastures and up to 22% of the burned forest edges adjacent to burned agricultural fields, respectively. Our findings call for the development of control and monitoring plans to prevent fires from escaping from managed lands into forests to support effective land use and ecosystem management.
Total Synthesis of Mycalolides A and B through Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Kita Masaki , Oka Hirotaka , Usui Akihiro , Ishitsuka Tomoya , Mogi Yuzo , Watanabe Hidekazu , Tsunoda Masaki , Kigoshi Hideo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn asymmetric total synthesis of the trisoxazole marine macrolides mycalolides A and B is described. This synthesis involves the convergent assembly of highly functionalized C1–C19 trisoxazole and C20–C35 side‐chain segments through the use of olefin metathesis and esterification as well as Julia–Kocienski olefination and enamide formation as key steps.
Size and age are important factors for marine sanctuaries: evidence from a decade of systematic sampling in a subtropical marine park
Authors: Malcolm Hamish A. , Jordan Alan , Creese Robert G. , Knott Nathan A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Meta‐analyses of disparate studies suggest that size and age of a 'no‐take’ area (marine sanctuary) can influence its ecological response to protection. Few studies, however, have been designed explicitly to test how these factors influence the abundance trajectories of key species within sanctuaries.
Diver surveys on reef habitat were conducted within a subtropical marine park in eastern Australia, to test for differences in abundances of targeted fishes between sanctuaries differing in size and age and compared with fished zones. Four management zones were sampled: (i) small sanctuaries established 1991 (<15 ha of reef and <200 m wide); (ii) large sanctuaries established 2002 (>100 ha of reef and > 500 m wide); (iii) zones which allowed recreational fishing but not commercial fish trapping (>200 ha of reef); and (iv) zones which allowed both recreational fishing and commercial fish trapping (>200 ha of reef). Multiple sites in each management zone were sampled for selected taxa eight times during the austral winter from 2002 to 2012.
Many of the targeted taxa examined were more abundant in large sanctuary sites within a few years of the establishment of protection compared with the small sanctuary sites and the fished sites. Red morwong Cheilodactylus fuscus increased in large sanctuaries but were more abundant in the older smaller sanctuaries throughout the study. Similar increases were not observed in fished zones. There was considerable variability among years not associated with management type, including a peak in abundance for several species in 2005 and reduced abundance of many taxa following a destructive storm in 2009.
This study provides strong empirical evidence that size and age of ‘no take’ areas are important for fish, and indicates that larger sanctuaries can rapidly reach levels of fish abundance similar to smaller older sanctuaries.
© 2015 Commonwealth of Australia.
Nanocrystalline Mo2C as a Bifunctional Water Splitting Electrocatalyst
Authors: Regmi Yagya N. , Wan Cheng , Duffee Kyle D. , Leonard Brian M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMo2C is a well‐known low cost catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but the other water splitting half reaction, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), has not been previously reported. To investigate both reactions and the origin of the catalytic sites, four synthesis methods were employed to prepare hexagonal Fe2N type Mo2C. A comparison of the HER activities in acidic and alkaline electrolyte and OER activities in alkaline electrolyte revealed that changes in synthesis route leads to morphological and surface composition variations resulting in different catalytic activities. In general, the trend in HER and OER activities show remarkably similar trends across the carbides synthesized via different routes irrespective of either electrolyte employed or reaction probed for electrocatalytic activities. Mo2C templated on multiwalled carbon nanotubes demonstrated the highest bifunctional catalytic activities, as well as superior electrochemical stability for both HER and OER.
Operando Characterization of Catalysts through use of a Portable Microreactor
Authors: Zhao Shen , Li Yuanyuan , Stavitski Eli , Tappero Ryan , Crowley Stephen , Castaldi Marco J. , Zakharov Dmitri N. , Nuzzo Ralph G. , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Stach Eric A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn order to more deeply understand the mechanisms of catalytic reactions, improved methods are needed to monitor changes that occur in the electronic, structural, and chemical properties of catalytic systems under the conditions in which they work. We describe here a microreactor‐based approach that integrates the capabilities of advanced X‐ray, electron, optical, and gas‐phase compositional analysis techniques under operando conditions. For several exemplary catalytic systems, we demonstrate how this approach enables the characterization of three of the major factors that contribute to structure–property correlations in heterogeneous catalysis. Specifically, we describe how this approach can be used to better understand the atomic structure and elemental composition of nanocatalysts, the physiochemical properties of the support and catalyst/support interfaces, and the gas‐ and surface‐phase chemistry that occurs under operando conditions. We highlight the generality of the approach, as well as opportunities for future developments.
Stability Study on Ethylene Oxide Industrial Reaction from the Management of Critical Process Variables
Authors: Ribeiro Luciano Gonçalves , Taqueda Maria Elena Santos 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe performance of an ethylene oxide process is measured by the selectivity reaction. A production unit was studied in order to maximize selectivity by developing a strategy to manage key process variables. A statistical analysis of data indicated that four variables account for the influence over selectivity. Regression models were developed in order to represent the process selectivity as a function of these variables. The model proposed was statistically and phenomenologically validated, demonstrating consistency with the current data process. The model was deployed in subsets, representing possible operational conditions. Surface responses were evaluated for each model deployed and provided to identify the optimum operational conditions.
Charge Effects in PCP Pincer Complexes of NiII bearing Phosphinite and Imidazol(i)ophosphine Coordinating Jaws: From Synthesis to Catalysis through Bonding Analysis
Authors: Vabre Boris , Canac Yves , Lepetit Christine , Duhayon Carine , Chauvin Remi , Zargarian Davit 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis contribution reports on a new family of NiII pincer complexes featuring phosphinite and functional imidazolyl arms. The proligands RPIMCHOPR′ react at room temperature with NiII precursors to give the corresponding complexes [(RPIMCOPR′)NiBr], where RPIMCOPR=κP,κC,κP‐{2‐(R′2PO),6‐(R2PC3H2N2)C6H3}, R=iPr, R′=iPr (3 b, 84 %) or Ph (3 c, 45 %). Selective N‐methylation of the imidazole imine moiety in 3 b by MeOTf (OTf=OSO2CF3) gave the corresponding imidazoliophosphine [(iPrPIMIOCOPiPr)NiBr][OTf], 4 b, in 89 % yield (iPrPIMIOCOPiPr=κP,κC,κP‐{2‐(iPr2PO),6‐(iPr2PC4H5N2)C6H3}). Treating 4 b with NaOEt led to the NHC derivative [(NHCCOPiPr)NiBr], 5 b, in 47 % yield (NHCCOPiPr=κP,κC,κC‐{2‐(iPr2PO),6‐(C4H5N2)C6H3)}). The bromo derivatives 3–5 were then treated with AgOTf in acetonitrile to give the corresponding cationic species [(RPIMCOPR)Ni(MeCN)][OTf] [R=Ph, 6 a (89 %) or iPr, 6 b (90 %)], [(RPIMIOCOPR)Ni(MeCN)][OTf]2 [R=Ph, 7 a (79 %) or iPr, 7 b (88 %)], and [(NHCCOPR)Ni(MeCN)][OTf] [R=Ph, 8 a (85 %) or iPr, 8 b (84 %)]. All new complexes have been characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, whereas 3 b, 3 c, 5 b, 6 b, and 8 a were also subjected to X‐ray diffraction studies. The acetonitrile adducts 6–8 were further studied by using various theoretical analysis tools. In the presence of excess nitrile and amine, the cationic acetonitrile adducts 6–8 catalyze hydroamination of nitriles to give unsymmetrical amidines with catalytic turnover numbers of up to 95.
A Versatile AlIII‐Based Metal–Organic Framework with High Physicochemical Stability
Authors: Wang Zhuo‐Wei , Chen Min , Liu Chun‐Sen , Wang Xi , Zhao Hui , Du Miao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA unique AlIII‐based metal–organic framework (467‐MOF) with two types of square channels has been designed and synthesized by using a flexible tricarboxylate ligand under solvothermal conditions. 467‐MOF exhibits superior thermal and chemical stability and, moreover, shows high CO2 sorption selectivity over H2, with a selectivity, based on the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) of approximately 45 at 273 or 293 K. Furthermore, its solvent‐dependent photoluminescence makes it an applicable sensor in the detection of nitrobenzene explosives through fluorescence quenching.
Crystal Structures of a Molecule Designed Not To Pack Tightly
Authors: Kohl Bernd , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOrganic molecules of intrinsic microporosity (OMIMs) are structurally constructed to not pack tightly. Consequently, only weak interactions between OMIM molecules can occur, which is the reason that almost all OMIMs have been described and investigated in their amorphous states. For the same reason it is very difficult to grow single crystals of OMIMs for X‐ray structural analysis. Here we describe four different polymorphs of an OMIM that was before only described in the amorphous state.
Reconstruction of Covalent Organic Frameworks by Dynamic Equilibrium
Authors: Gao Qiang , Bai Linyi , Zeng Yongfei , Wang Peng , Zhang Xiaojing , Zou Ruqiang , Zhao Yanli 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are periodic two‐ or three‐dimensional polymeric networks with high surface areas, low density, and designed structures. Because COFs are normally prepared based on reversible formation of covalent bonds with relatively weak stability, their structures can be easily broken or damaged due to changes in the surrounding environment. Thus, developing strategies to realize the reconstruction of COFs in order to extend their usage lifetime is crucial for practical applications. In addition, exploring the kinetics of COF growth under varied reaction conditions is important for better understanding the nucleation and growth processes of COFs. In this work, the reformation mechanism of an imine‐based COF using an ex situ characterization method was investigated, disclosing an interesting COF reconstruction progress from disorder to order. The present study shows the regeneration ability of COFs, and the developed method could be generalized for broader use in the field.
The right heart in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and invasive haemodynamics
Authors: Aschauer Stefan , Kammerlander Andreas A. , Zotter‐Tufaro Caroline , Ristl Robin , Pfaffenberger Stefan , Bachmann Alina , Duca Franz , Marzluf Beatrice A. , Bonderman Diana , Mascherbauer Julia 
Published: October 2015

AimsRecent data indicate that right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a strong predictor of outcome in heart failure. However, the prognostic significance of RVSD by CMR in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unknown.Methods and resultsWe prospectively enrolled 171 HFpEF patients who underwent CMR in addition to invasive and non‐invasive testing. RVSD, defined as right ventricular (RV) EF <45% by CMR, was present in 33 (19.3 %) patients. Patients were followed for 573 ± 387 days, during which 41 had a cardiac event. Patients with RVSD presented with more frequent history of AF (P = 0.038), significantly higher resting heart rate (P = 0.009), shorter 6‐min walk distance (P = 0.036), and higher NT‐pro BNP serum levels (P < 0.001), and were more symptomatic (P < 0.001). With respect to haemodynamic parameters, RVSD was associated with respect to haemodynamic parameters, RVSD was associated with higher diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (P = 0.045), with higher pulmonary vascular resistance (P = 0.048), higher transpulmonary gradient (P = 0.042), and higher diastolic pulmonary vascular pressure gradient (P = 0.007). In the multivariable Cox analysis, RVSD (P < 0.001) remained significantly associated with cardiac events, in addition to diabetes (P = 0.011), 6‐min walk distance (P = 0.018), and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (P = 0.003).ConclusionsAlthough HFpEF is considered a disease of the left ventricle, respective imaging parameters are not related to outcome. In contrast, RVSD by CMR is independently associated with mortality and clinical status in these patients, and provides a useful tool for risk stratification.
To Vaccinate or to Procrastinate? That is the Prevention Question
Authors: Nuscheler Robert , Roeder Kerstin 
Published: October 2015

SummaryInvoking Yaari's dual theory, we develop a model of individual vaccination decisions that incorporates quasi‐hyperbolic discounting, risk aversion, and information. We test the resulting hypotheses for the flu season 2010/2011 using a representative German data set. We find a significant impact of time preferences on immunization decisions. The impact of the discount factor is significantly negative for exponential discounters. While present‐biased individuals' demand for vaccination is not statistically different from the one of exponential discounters, future‐biased individuals have a significantly higher probability to vaccinate. Stratification by gender reveals that these effects are entirely driven by men. That is, time preferences have no explanatory power for the vaccination decisions of women. This also applies to risk aversion, where more risk aversion implies a significantly higher probability to vaccinate for men but not women. All information measures turn out significant. Well‐informed individuals have a much higher propensity to vaccinate than poorly informed individuals. If policy makers aim at improving immunization rates, then our results suggest that public policy should concentrate on providing easily accessible and concise information on the flu and the flu shot. Our results on time preferences and risk preferences imply a rather inactive role for public policy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐free Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,1‐diacetates Catalyzed by Iron Zirconium Phosphate
Authors: Karimi Hirbod 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn the present study, a mild, rapid, and efficient method for the protection of aldehydes with acetic anhydride (AA) in the presence of iron zirconium phosphate (ZPFe), at room temperature is reported. Selective conversion of aldehydes was observed in the presence of ketones. Under these conditions, different aldehydes bearing electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating substituents were reacted with AA and the corresponding 1,1‐diacetates (acylals) were obtained in high to excellent yields. The steric and electronic properties of the different substrates had a significant influence on the reaction conditions. Also, the deprotection of 1,1‐diacetates has been achieved using this catalyst in water. The catalyst was characterized by several physico‐chemical techniques. It was recovered easily from the reaction mixture, regenerated, and reused at least 7 times without significant loss in catalytic activity. This protocol has the advantages of easy availability, stability, reusability of the eco‐friendly catalyst, chemoselectivity, simple experimental and work‐up procedure, solvent‐free conditions and only a stoichiometric amount of AA is needed.
Quantification of the oxygen uptake rate in a dissolved oxygen controlled oscillating jet‐driven microbioreactor
Authors: Kirk Timothy V , Marques Marco PC , Radhakrishnan Anand N Pallipurath , Szita Nicolas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicrobioreactors have emerged as a new tool for early bioprocess development. The technology has advanced rapidly in the last decade and obtaining real‐time quantitative data of process variables is nowadays state of the art. In addition, control over process variables has also been achieved. The aim of this study was to build a microbioreactor capable of controlling dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and to determine oxygen uptake rate in real time.RESULTSAn oscillating jet driven, membrane‐aerated microbioreactor was developed without comprising any moving parts. Mixing times of ∼7 s, and kLa values of ∼170 h−1 were achieved. DO control was achieved by varying the duty cycle of a solenoid microvalve, which changed the gas mixture in the reactor incubator chamber. The microbioreactor supported Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth over 30 h and cell densities of 6.7 gdcw L−1. Oxygen uptake rates of ∼34 mmol L−1 h−1 were achieved.CONCLUSIONThe results highlight the potential of DO‐controlled microbioreactors to obtain real‐time information on oxygen uptake rate, and by extension on cellular metabolism for a variety of cell types over a broad range of processing conditions. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Observed changes in precipitation extremes across 11 basins in China during 1961–2013
Authors: Wu Xushu , Wang Zhaoli , Zhou Xiaowen , Lai Chengguang , Lin Wenxin , Chen Xiaohong 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTExtremes of weather and climate can cause disasters such as floods and droughts. Further studies of precipitation extremes are crucial for enabling reliable projections of future changes. In this study, we used a high‐resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) gridded precipitation data set to analyse these events across the 11 basins in China between 1961 and 2013 mainly by the Mann–Kendall and generalized extreme value methods. Our results indicated a wetter trend in the Tarim River Basin (TRB) but drier conditions in the central Yangtze River Basin (YRB), western Pearl River Basin and eastern Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin. There was an increasing risk of flooding in the mid‐lower YRB and Minjiang River Basin (MRB), and an increasing risk of drought in the central Lantsang River Basin. The results revealed strengthened maximum 1‐day precipitation (RX1DAY) in the Liaohe River Basin (LB), YRB, MRB and TRB, together with strengthened maximum 5‐day precipitation (RX5DAY) in the Songhua River Basin, MRB and TRB during 1987–2013. RX1DAY and RX5DAY for return periods of 20 and 50 years gradually decreased from southeast to northwest. Along the south‐eastern coastline of the Mainland and on Hainan Island, the RX1DAY for the 20‐ and 50‐year return periods would exceed 165 and 195 mm, respectively, whereas the RX5DAY would exceed 270 and 320 mm for the same return periods. Furthermore, summer Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) positively impacted precipitation extremes in the Yellow River Basin and YRB, and autumn SOI negatively impacted the extremes of the next year in LB and YRB, while winter SOI negatively impacted the extremes of the next year in YRB. Additionally, the East Asia summer monsoon (EASM) and the South Asia summer monsoon (SASM) were both associated with precipitation extremes across China; however, EASM contributed more to these events than did the SASM.
The effect of self‐directed virtual reality simulation on dissection training performance in mastoidectomy
Authors: Andersen Steven Arild Wuyts , Foghsgaard Søren , Konge Lars , Cayé‐Thomasen Per , Sørensen Mads Sølvsten 
Published: October 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo establish the effect of self‐directed virtual reality (VR) simulation training on cadaveric dissection training performance in mastoidectomy and the transferability of skills acquired in VR simulation training to the cadaveric dissection training setting.Study DesignProspective study.MethodsTwo cohorts of 20 novice otorhinolaryngology residents received either self‐directed VR simulation training before cadaveric dissection training or vice versa. Cadaveric and VR simulation performances were assessed using final‐product analysis with three blinded expert raters.ResultsThe group receiving VR simulation training before cadaveric dissection had a mean final‐product score of 14.9 (95 % confidence interval [CI] [12.9–16.9]) compared with 9.8 (95% CI [8.4–11.1]) in the group not receiving VR simulation training before cadaveric dissection. This 52% increase in performance was statistically significantly (P < 0.0001). A single dissection mastoidectomy did not increase VR simulation performance (P = 0.22).ConclusionsTwo hours of self‐directed VR simulation training was effective in increasing cadaveric dissection mastoidectomy performance and suggests that mastoidectomy skills are transferable from VR simulation to the traditional dissection setting. Virtual reality simulation training can therefore be employed to optimize training, and can spare the use of donated material and instructional resources for more advanced training after basic competencies have been acquired in the VR simulation environment.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 126:1883–1888, 2016