bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The perspective of the nursing staff on terminal sedation in pediatric onco-hematology: A phenomenologic-hermeneutic study
Authors: Tringali Debora , Lauro-Grotto Rosapia , Papini Massimo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective:The study was designed to explore the subjective perspective on end-of-life practices in three different groups of pediatric onco-hematologic nurses.Method:In 2004–2005 each member of the nursing staff of the Pediatric Onco-Hematology Ward of the University of Padua, Italy, and the Oncology Ward and Home Assistance Module of the Giannetta Gaslini Hospital, Genoa, Italy was interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire with open questions on end-of-life procedures. The results were returned to the interviewees through group meetings. Here, we examine replies given regarding terminal sedation.Results:With regard to the nurses from Padua, common features came together in a consolidated practice. The amount of suffering and physical pain was considered an element in determining the use of sedation: “when there is atrocious suffering.” Another aspect was “painful awareness,” the difficulty in being able to bear the fact that the child is aware that death is imminent. The nurses from Genoa stated that the procedure was adopted mainly for three reasons: to sedate the pain, to calm the hunger for air, and to control the anguish caused by the realization that death was imminent or unavoidable. It was noted that the nursing staff of the Home Assistance Unit, Genoa found themselves in a privileged position regarding this procedure both because of the strong relationship established among child, parents, and nurse, and because of being able to take shared decisions after in-depth discussion.Significance of results:The results enlighten the critical role of the nursing staff with respect to this procedure, given the involvement with the families and their ability to understand the child's demands and intimate expectations.
Last moments of life: Can telemedicine play a role?
Authors: Low James A , Beins Gillian , Lee Kok Keng , Koh Ethel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground:We describe the experience of managing the dying moments of a nursing home patient via telemedicine.Case presentation:Ms. C was a 92-year-old frail woman with multiple medical problems, living in a nursing home. She spent her final days in the nursing home, choosing not to be transferred to an acute hospital should she turn ill. On the last day of her life, she complained of acute-onset breathlessness and agreed to a teleconsultation with the hospital physicians involved in acute care.Case management:During the telemedicine consultations (tele-consultation) process, Ms. C's condition deteriorated rapidly as she entered the dying phase of life. She died peacefully soon after, in the presence of the nurse, the pastoral care worker, and the physician who was conducting the tele-consultation session 30 km away. The family was not present at the patient's bedside when she died. They were, however, relieved to know and were appreciative of the fact that a physician had been “present” during the patient's death.Conclusions:Telemedicine could act as an effective communication tool in end-of-life care, between the patient and carers, up to the last moment of life.
Targeting perennial vegetation in agricultural landscapes for enhancing ecosystem services
Authors: Asbjornsen H. , Hernandez-Santana V. , Liebman M. , Bayala J. , Chen J. , Helmers M. , Ong C.K. , Schulte L.A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the past century, agricultural landscapes worldwide have increasingly been managed for the primary purpose of producing food, while other diverse ecosystem services potentially available from these landscapes have often been undervalued and diminished. The incorporation of relatively small amounts of perennial vegetation in strategic locations within agricultural landscapes dominated by annual crops—or perennialization—creates an opportunity for enhancing the provision of a wide range of goods and services to society, such as water purification, hydrologic regulation, pollination services, control of pest and pathogen populations, diverse food and fuel products, and greater resilience to climate change and extreme disturbances, while at the same time improving the sustainability of food production. This paper synthesizes the current scientific theory and evidence for the role of perennial plants in balancing conservation with agricultural production, focusing on the Midwestern USA as a model system, while also drawing comparisons with other climatically diverse regions of the world. Particular emphasis is given to identifying promising opportunities for advancement and critical gaps in our knowledge related to purposefully integrating perennial vegetation into agroecosystems as a management tool for maximizing multiple benefits to society.
Predictable bacterial composition and hydrocarbon degradation in Arctic soils following diesel and nutrient disturbance
Authors: Bell Terrence H , Yergeau Etienne , Maynard Christine , Juck David , Whyte Lyle G , Greer Charles W 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Increased exploration and exploitation of resources in the Arctic is leading to a higher risk of petroleum contamination. A number of Arctic microorganisms can use petroleum for growth-supporting carbon and energy, but traditional approaches for stimulating these microorganisms (for example, nutrient addition) have varied in effectiveness between sites. Consistent environmental controls on microbial community response to disturbance from petroleum contaminants and nutrient amendments across Arctic soils have not been identified, nor is it known whether specific taxa are universally associated with efficient bioremediation. In this study, we contaminated 18 Arctic soils with diesel and treated subsamples of each with monoammonium phosphate (MAP), which has successfully stimulated degradation in some contaminated Arctic soils. Bacterial community composition of uncontaminated, diesel-contaminated and diesel+MAP soils was assessed through multiplexed 16S (ribosomal RNA) rRNA gene sequencing on an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine, while hydrocarbon degradation was measured by gas chromatography analysis. Diversity of 16S rRNA gene sequences was reduced by diesel, and more so by the combination of diesel and MAP. Actinobacteria dominated uncontaminated soils with &lt;10% organic matter, while Proteobacteria dominated higher-organic matter soils, and this pattern was exaggerated following disturbance. Degradation with and without MAP was predictable by initial bacterial diversity and the abundance of specific assemblages of Betaproteobacteria, respectively. High Betaproteobacteria abundance was positively correlated with high diesel degradation in MAP-treated soils, suggesting this may be an important group to stimulate. The predictability with which bacterial communities respond to these disturbances suggests that costly and time-consuming contaminated site assessments may not be necessary in the future.
The Development of Food Additive Legislation in Europe
Authors: Jukes David 
Published: February 2013

Whilst it is possible to effectively use current EU legislation for food additives, a full appreciation and understanding of the system can only be achieved by considering it origins and some of the issues which were faced during the various stages of its development. This chapter takes a look at the different stages of the development of the controls and should provide answers to some of the ‘why?’ questions which might occur to the more inquisitive readers when using the current controls. The current system appears to provide a logical structured approach to the control of food additives – reaching this point has not been easy!
Viewed from an historical perspective, the development of EU food additive controls breaks down into 3 main stages and each of these will be described. However some more general fundamental issues will be mentioned first as these are relevant to all 3 stages.
Antioxidant treatment prevents the development of fructose-induced abdominal adipose tissue dysfunction
Authors: Fariña Juan Pablo , García María Elisa , Alzamendi Ana , Giovambattista Andrés , Marra Carlos Alberto , Spinedi Eduardo , Gagliardino Juan José 
Published: February 2013

In the present study, we tested the effect of OS (oxidative stress) inhibition in rats fed on an FRD [fructose-rich diet; 10% (w/v) in drinking water] for 3 weeks. Normal adult male rats received a standard CD (commercial diet) or an FRD without or with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, APO (apocynin; 5 mM in drinking water; CD-APO and FRD-APO). We thereafter measured plasma OS and metabolic-endocrine markers, AAT (abdominal adipose tissue) mass and cell size, FA (fatty acid) composition (content and release), OS status, LEP (leptin) and IRS (insulin receptor substrate)-1/IRS-2 mRNAs, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, NADPH oxidase activity and LEP release by isolated AAT adipocytes. FRD-fed rats had larger AAT mass without changes in body weight, and higher plasma levels of TAG (triacylglycerol), FAs, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) and LEP. Although no significant changes in glucose and insulin plasma levels were observed in these animals, their HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) values were significantly higher than those of CD. The AAT from FRD-fed rats had larger adipocytes, higher saturated FA content, higher NADPH oxidase activity, greater ROS production, a distorted FA content/release pattern, lower insulin sensitivity together with higher and lower mRNA content of LEP and IRS-1-/2 respectively, and released a larger amount of LEP. The development of all the clinical, OS, metabolic, endocrine and molecular changes induced by the FRD were significantly prevented by APO co-administration. The fact that APO treatment prevented both changes in NADPH oxidase activity and the development of all the FRD-induced AAT dysfunctions in normal rats strongly suggests that OS plays an important role in the FRD-induced MS (metabolic syndrome) phenotype.
Cultural value orientation and authoritarian parenting as parameters of bullying and victimization at school
Authors: Georgiou Stelios N. , Fousiani Kyriaki , Michaelides Michalis , Stavrinides Panayiotis 
Published: February 2013

The purpose of the present study was to examine the existing association between cultural value orientation, authoritarian parenting, and bullying and victimization at school. The participants (N = 231) were early adolescents, randomly selected from 11 different schools in urban and rural areas of Cyprus. Participants completed self reports measuring cultural value orientation, authoritarian parenting, bullying, and victimization. These instruments were the following: the Cultural Value Scale (CVS), the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and the Revised Bullying and Victimization Questionnaire (BVQ‐R). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine mediation effects. It was found that vertical individualism acted as a mediator between authoritarian parenting and bullying. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between authoritarian parenting and the vertical dimensions of both cultural value orientations (individualism and collectivism), but not with the horizontal dimensions of either cultural orientation. Further, authoritarian parenting was also positively associated with bullying and victimization at school. The main contribution of the present study is the finding that vertical individualism significantly mediates the relationship between authoritarian parental style and bullying propensity.
ELECANS—an integrated model development environment for multiscale cancer systems biology
Authors: Chaudhary Safee Ullah , Shin Sung-Young , Lee Daewon , Song Je-Hoon , Cho Kwang-Hyun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Computational multiscale models help cancer biologists to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of complex biological systems and to reveal the underlying mechanism of emergent properties. Results: To facilitate the construction of such models, we have developed a next generation modelling platform for cancer systems biology, termed ‘ELECANS’ (electronic cancer system). It is equipped with a graphical user interface-based development environment for multiscale modelling along with a software development kit such that hierarchically complex biological systems can be conveniently modelled and simulated by using the graphical user interface/software development kit combination. Associated software accessories can also help users to perform post-processing of the simulation data for visualization and further analysis. In summary, ELECANS is a new modelling platform for cancer systems biology and provides a convenient and flexible modelling and simulation environment that is particularly useful for those without an intensive programming background.
Availability and implementation: ELECANS, its associated software accessories, demo examples, documentation and issues database are freely available at http://sbie.kaist.ac.kr/sub_0204.php
Contact: ckh@kaist.ac.kr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Schizophrenia and the Fate of the Self
Authors: Lysaker Paul , Lysaker John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWith ever more detailed models of the neurobiological and social systems out of which schizophrenia is born, it is possible to overlook how suffering persons actually experience their symptoms.This resource examines the experiences of persons who suffer from schizophrenia, providing a highly readable and humane examination of this common condition.
Dialogical impairment and self-diminishment
Authors: Lysaker Paul H. , Lysaker John T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter has attempted to demonstrate that significantly compromised intra- and interpersonal dialogues can help explain the experience of self-diminishment that often accompanies the appearance of schizophrenia. Such an account is useful because it both clarifies and helps explain a neglected facet of schizophrenia, and in a manner that preserves the first-person dimensions of the illness. Moreover, it does so in a way that helps synthesize observations from diverse theoretical perspectives. Second, we have presented three models of dialogical compromise that lead to experiences of self-diminishment. These are gathered in Table 4.1.We consider these models useful additions to the literature because they refine our feel for what it is like to undergo schizophrenia, and they help us distinguish some markedly different ways in which someone’s sense of self can be undermined over the course of the illness.
Dialogical compromise and symptoms
Authors: Lysaker Paul H. , Lysaker John T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAt the outset of this chapter, we asked whether a dialogical account of schizophrenia could help us understand the emergence of symptoms, or whether, while preserving schizophrenia’s first-person dimensions, it led to another dualistic dead end. In reply, we have suggested that several characteristic symptoms (complex verbal hallucinations, systematized delusions, blunted affect, lack of volition, and poor insight) might exacerbate and be exacerbated by dialogical compromises. Our claim then is that while symptoms and self-experience may be distinct in schizophrenia, they may also mutually affect one another via the thread of dialogical disturbance. Symptoms may disrupt dialogue, which disrupts self-experience, and/or a disruption in dialogue may both compromise sense of self and exacerbate symptoms, all leading to potentially grave psychosocial trajectories. If this is the case, then addressing schizophrenia with resources provided by dialogical theory enables us to see how one’s experiences of the illness are part and parcel of its course and development, even if one believes, as we do, that neurological processes are also integral to the onset and course of the disease.
Dialogical compromise and psychosocial dysfunction
Authors: Lysaker Paul H. , Lysaker John T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAt the outset of this chapter, we asked whether compromises in dialogical capacities might play a role in psychosocial dysfunction. In reply, we suggested that social forces, which lead to dysfunction such as stigma and oppressive power relationships, may exacerbate and be exacerbated by dialogical compromises. We further argued that knowing and being known by another may animate more self-facets and positions than can be comfortably accommodated by one for whom intra- and interpersonal dialogue is a difficult task. As a result, intersubjectivity may be experienced as a threat and intimacy avoided, two effects that in turn seem to intensify dialogical breakdowns, which leads to a debilitating downward spiral that entrenches social dysfunction and deepens experiences of diminishment. Finally, when considering committed action within the community, we suggested that the dialogical demands of ongoing worldly interaction also bring disorder to the interanimating play of self-positions among people with schizophrenia, thereby leading them to avoid commitment and/or show a lack of perseverance over time. And while we didn’t take the time to argue this, it seems evident that repeated failures of this sort not only contracts one’s intra-and interpersonal dialogues, but also intensifies, with the help of stigma, experiences of diminishment.Looking at the last two chapters as a whole, we have also argued that a dialogical approach to schizophrenia not only attends to and preserves the first-person dimensions of the illness, but also give us reason to suppose that these dimensions interact with third-person events over the course of the illness. In the cases of positive and negative symptoms, as well as psychosocial dysfunction, we have witnessed some of the ways in which self-disclosures, in the form of interanimating plays among self-positions, might render one vulnerable to and intensify the effects of oppressive social relationships, cognitive deficits, abnormal cortical activity, and so forth. These two chapters thus provide some more evidence for the claim that how one undergoes schizophrenia is relevant to how it unfolds over the course of one’s life.
Values, psychiatric ethics and clinical judgement
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA toolkit for ethical reasoning in medicine and psychiatry?The further challenges of psychiatric ethicsThe multiplicity of factors in psychiatric clinical judgementJudgement and the broader framework of values-based practiceThe irreducibility of values to factsThe subjectivity of valuesThe uncodifiability of valuesOverview of the model of values that underpins values-based practiceThe role of judgement in the Four Principles approach to medical ethicsA closer look at the Four Principles approachAdding an account of the metaphysics of valuesIs particularism consistent with the Four Principles approach?Conclusions
Understanding psychopathology
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractJaspers on the role of understanding in psychiatryBiographical sketch of JaspersJaspers on phenomenological understandingJaspers on genetic understandingThe limits of understandingThe attempt to understand psychopathology in recent philosophy of psychiatryDelusions as rational responses to abnormal experiencesDelusions as expressions of philosophical confusionDelusions as framework propositionsThe two factor model of delusionDelusions seen from an engaged rather than estranged perspectiveConclusions
Theorising about meaning for mental health care
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCognitivism, the mind and inner statesA cognitivist account of thought insertionThe discursive turn, social constructionism and dementiaThe discursive turn and its contrast with cognitivismWittgenstein and constructionism about meaningA Wittgensteinian account of meaningBolton and Hill’s alternative use of WittgensteinObjections to Bolton and HillThe implications of the Wittgensteinian account for cognitivism and discursive psychologyConclusions
The validity of psychiatric classification
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFacts, values and psychiatric validityHempel’s contribution to the debate about psychiatric classificationValues and two underlying senses of validityTwo complications for psychiatric classificationKendell and Jablensky and the ‘disease entity’ assumptionThe World Psychiatric Association and the idea of comprehensive diagnosisLessons from the philosophy of scienceConstructive EmpiricismInference to the best explanationCartwright’s inference to the most probable causeThe natural ontological attitude: from what perspective can we assess scientific validity?The application of lessons from philosophy of science to psychiatric classificationConclusions
Responsibility and punishment
Authors: Callender John S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hart (1968, 1) opened his account of legal punishment with the statement, ‘Any morally tolerable account of this institution must exhibit it as a compromise between distinct and partly conflicting principles.’ There is no single rationale or theory of punishment that is without problems or would not result in unacceptable outcomes if applied to every offender and every offense. The impulse to punish has probably been around as long as humans have lived with each other in social groups. It is primarily motivated by feelings of anger and hurt, and emotions such as these underpin the retributive approach to punishment. However, the justification of punishment as intrinsically appropriate rests on too many insupportable assumptions about the nature of free will and must be considered untenable.
The system of legal punishment should have the principal aim of reducing the burdens and suffering caused by crime. This should involve something more than achieving social aims such as reduction in crime. Punishment should also aim to repair the damage caused to victims and communities by criminal acts and to promote positive changes in offenders. This may be best achieved by the kinds of restorative measures described above. The results of research on outcomes are promising and hold out the hope of bringing about some improvement in a social problem that has proved to be so intractable.
The fact that punishment of offenders in general rests on a multiplicity of justifications is of relevance when we come to consider how we should respond to offenders who suffer from psychiatric conditions such as personality disorders, brain damage, and posttraumatic stress disorders. Such conditions do not usually lead to legal excuse or exoneration but highlight the need for a more sophisticated approach to the punishment of crime.