bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical and optoelectronic properties of Ce3+ doped Mg3Y2(Ge,Si)3O12 inverse garnet
Authors: Shimizu Takayuki , Ueda Jumpei , Tanabe Setsuhisa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractOptical and optoelectronic properties of Ce3+ doped Mg3Y2Ge3‐xSixO12 (Ce:MYGSG) (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) inverse garnet phosphors were investigated. Since inverse garnets have various Ce3+ sites with different crystal field strength, the Ce:MYGSG shows inhomogeneous broadening in PL spectra. Quantum efficiency is at most 20%, which is much lower than that of Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 (Ce:YAG). Temperature dependence of PL intensity revealed that thermal relaxation via the cross point of the 5d1 and 4f levels is one of the quenching process in the Ce:MYGSG. By the photoconductivity measurements, thermal ionization and photoionization occur more easily in the Ge4+ rich sample. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The 5L Instructional Design For Exploring Legacies Through Biography
Authors: Boulware Beverly J. , Monroe Eula E. , Wilcox Bradley Ray 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPeople who have impacted generations have left legacies we can explore today through biographies. The 5L instructional design introduced in this article includes five components: Listen, Learn, Locate, Link, and Legacy. In the “Listen” section, teachers use storytelling and read‐alouds to introduce individuals who shaped history. During the “Learn” component, each student selects a historical figure and, using print and online sources, examines his or her life. In the “Locate” portion of the design, students use graphic organizers to locate and record important events in the person's life alongside related world events or cultural opportunities of the period. In the “Link” component, students connect with someone else to share their work and receive feedback and questions. The final section, “Legacy,” encourages students to consider the financial, intellectual, social, or other kind of legacy left by the historical figure as well as the legacies they themselves want to leave the world.
RNAP‐II transcribes two small RNAs at the promoter and terminator regions of the RNAP‐I gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mayán Maria D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThree RNA polymerases coexist in the ribosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNAP‐I transcribes the 35S rRNA, RNAP‐III transcribes the 5S rRNA and RNAP‐II is found in both intergenic non‐coding regions. Previously, we demonstrated that RNAP‐II molecules bound to the intergenic non‐coding regions (IGS) of the ribosomal locus are mainly found in a stalled conformation, and the stalled polymerase mediates chromatin interactions, which isolate RNAP‐I from the RNAP‐III transcriptional domain. Besides, RNAP‐II transcribes both IGS regions at low levels, using different cryptic promoters. This report demonstrates that RNAP‐II also transcribes two sequences located in the 5′‐ and 3′‐ends of the 35S rRNA gene that overlap with the sequences of the 35S rRNA precursor transcribed by RNAP‐I. The sequence located at the promoter region of RNAP‐I, called the p‐RNA transcript, binds to the transcription termination‐related protein, Reb1p, while the T‐RNA sequence, located in the termination sites of RNAP‐I gene, contains the stem–loop recognized by Rtn1p, which is necessary for proper termination of RNAP‐I. Because of their location, these small RNAs may play a key role in the initiation and termination of RNAP‐I transcription. To correctly synthesize proteins, eukaryotic cells may retain a mechanism that connects the three main polymerases. This report suggests that cryptic transcription by RNAP‐II may be required for normal transcription by RNAP‐I in the ribosomal locus of S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health services for black and minority ethnic elders in the United Kingdom: a systematic review of innovative practice with service provision and policy implications
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sarmishtha , Benbow Susan Mary 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTBackground: The proportion of older people from black and minority ethnic (BME) groups in the United Kingdom (UK) is increasing steadily as the population ages. The numbers with dementia, depression, and other mental health problems are predicted to increase. Government policy documents have highlighted gaps in services for BME elders and/or the need to develop culturally appropriate services, in order to prevent people from BME communities from becoming socially excluded and finding services hard to access. This paper reviews published examples of innovative services and key learning points from them.Method: A search was carried out on Pubmed, Medline, and Google Scholar for service developments aimed at BME elders in the UK. Sixteen relevant papers and reports were identified and were analysed to identify learning points and implications for clinical practice and policy.Results: Commissioning issues included were forward planning for continuing funding and mainstreaming versus specialist services. Provider management issues included were employing staff from the communities of interest, partnership, and removing language barriers. Provider service issues included were education for service provider staff on the needs of BME elders, making available information in relevant languages, building on carers’ and users’ experiences, and addressing the needs of both groups.Conclusion: A model for structuring understanding of the underutilisation of services by BME elders is suggested. The main emphasis in future should be to ensure that learning is shared, disseminated, and applied to the benefit of all communities across the whole of the UK and elsewhere. Person-centred care is beneficial to all service users.
Emotional Expression and Socially Modulated Emotive Communication in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dennis Maureen , Agostino Alba , Taylor H.Gerry , Bigler Erin D. , Rubin Kenneth , Vannatta Kathryn , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Stancin Terry , Yeates Keith Owen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFacial emotion expresses feelings, but is also a vehicle for social communication. Using five basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and anger) in a comprehension paradigm, we studied how facial expression reflects inner feelings (emotional expression) but may be socially modulated to communicate a different emotion from the inner feeling (emotive communication, a form of affective theory of mind). Participants were 8- to 12-year-old children with TBI (n = 78) and peers with orthopedic injuries (n = 56). Children with mild–moderate or severe TBI performed more poorly than the OI group, and chose less cognitively sophisticated strategies for emotive communication. Compared to the OI and mild–moderate TBI groups, children with severe TBI had more deficits in anger, fear, and sadness; neutralized emotions less often; produced socially inappropriate responses; and failed to differentiate the core emotional dimension of arousal. Children with TBI have difficulty understanding the dual role of facial emotions in expressing feelings and communicating socially relevant but deceptive emotions, and these difficulties likely contribute to their social problems. (JINS, 2013, 18, 1–10)
Second international comparative study of mortality tables for pension fund retirees ‐ Abstract of the London discussion
Authors: Verrall Richard 
Published: November 2012

This abstract relates to the following paper:SitholeT.Z., HabermanS. and VerrallR.J.Second International comparative study of mortality tables for pension fund retirees. British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321712000207
Atom probe tomography of ion-irradiated ultra-thin Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers with sub-nm spatial resolution
Authors: Gnaser H , Schiller R , Wahl M , Reuscher B , Zeuner A , Kopnarski M , Neb R , Hillebrands B 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Ion-bombardment effects in a magnetic trilayer Fe (10 nm)/Cr (0.7 nm)/Fe (10 nm) system have been studied by 3D atom probe tomography (APT). The films were bombarded by 30 keV Ga+ ions at low fluences. From APT, the positions of individual Cr and Fe atoms could be located with sub-nm spatial resolution, both before and after ion bombardment. In the pristine specimen the presence of the 0.7 nm Cr layer was verified and individual lattice planes with a spacing of ∼0.15 nm were identified which would correspond to the monolayer spacing of the Fe lattice, in agreement with the growth process. Upon irradiation, the Cr layer is broadened to ∼1.2 nm at a fluence of 3 × 1014 Ga+ cm−2 and to ∼3.4 nm at 3 × 1015 Ga+ cm−2. Computer simulations indicate that, at a fluence of 3 × 1014 Ga+ cm−2, each Cr atom in the intermediate layer is displaced on average once in the collision processes.
Changing Meat Demand Structure in the United States: Evidence from a Price Flexibility Analysis
Authors: Dahlgran Roger A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA flexibility system for beef, pork, and chicken is estimated in accordance with a theoretical, income‐constrained utility maximization model of consumer behavior subject to fixed quantities. The cumulative sum of squares technique is generalized for equation systems and used to detect structural change in retail meat demands. The findings suggest, (1) red meat demands have become more variable, and (2) cross‐price flexibilities for beef, pork and chicken have increased in absolute value which supports the hypothesis that chicken has become a closer substitute for beef and pork in the post‐1973 period.
Impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on a Cross Section of U.S. Dairies
Authors: McGuckin Tom , Welsh Gail , Glinsmann Rodney J. , Bruner Gary 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper analyzes the impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) on the economic, feasibility of dairies for owner/operators and for general partnerships. The analysis examines the present value of total capital investment using the Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA) and TRA tax rules for different sized dairy units located throughout the U.S. using a twenty‐year dynamic simulation model of a dairy farm.
Economic Losses from Pseudorabies Infection in a Swine Farrowing Herd
Authors: Kliebenstein James , Patterson Dennis , Moore Kevin , Thawley David 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDisease causes losses in many forms for livestock producers. This study evaluates swine farrowing losses resulting from a pseudo rabies outbreak. Losses are estimated through a case study of detailed records available from a swine production firm that operates numerous farrowing facilities. Pig production loss levels were estimated through use of regression techniques. For the firm a pseudorabies outbreak resulted in a 5.28 percentage point reduction in pigs weaned over a 17 week period. This resulted in an economic loss of $16.21 per sow farrowed over the outbreak period.
Measuring Allocative Efficiency in Experimental Markets: An Alterntive Approach
Authors: Rhodus W. Timothy , Henderson Dennis R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn alternative approach to measuring allocative efficiency within experimental markets is proposed. This approach incorporates the traditional efficiency measure, the deadweight loss of economic surplus, and an additional measure that captures income (value) redistribution between buyers and sellers resulting from individual transactions at prices that deviate from equilibrium. An extension is made to construct an additional measure to further discriminate between markets that appear similar in terms of pricing efficiency, which reflects the rate at which prices converge toward equilibrium. Previous conclusions regarding the relative pricing efficiency of different experimental markets need to be reexamined using the more comprehensive measures.
Measurement of Importance of Risk on Supply Response of Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Nieuwoudt W.L. , Womack Abner W. , Johnson Stanley R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRisk response was included at the aggregate level in positive supply models for corn and soybeans. The welfare cost of risk was measured, allowing for interactions between product demand and supply functions as well as in the risk specification. Impacts of risk response are simulated within a simultaneous equation modeling system. Findings indicate that consumers gain but producers lose from reduction in risk. The social cost of risk as a percentage of the value of the crop was estimated for corn and soybeans at 0.36 percent and 0.35 percent, respectively.
Crop Insurance's Role in Risk Management on Hog‐Crop Farms
Authors: Patrick George F. , Rao Ananth S. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMultiple peril crop insurance's (MPCI) impact on Central Indiana hog‐crop farms was analyzed under scenarios of alternative debt/asset ratios, government deficiency payment programs, and levels of off‐farm income and yield variability. MPCI reduced the probability of survival of high‐debt farms when yield variability was equal to county average yields. More positive effects result from use of MPCI under assumptions of greater available financial resources or higher levels of yield variability. MPCI is likely to have a more important role in risk management for the medium‐debt farm or the high‐debt farm with off‐farm income than for the other scenarios analyzed.
Managerial Performance and Income Variability for a Sample of Illinois Cash Grain Producers
Authors: Sonka Steven T. , Hornbaker Robert H. , Hudson Michael A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractManagerial ability generally is considered a key determinant of success in farming. This analysis evaluates managerial performance over the period 1976–1983 for a sample of 179 Illinois cash grain producers. Characteristics of the superior and inferior performing groups are presented and the variability of performance is assessed.
Impact of Bovine Somatotropin on U.S. Dairy Markets under Alternative Policy Options
Authors: Kaiser Harry M. , Tauer Loren W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe annual market impacts of bovine Somatotropin on the U.S. dairy sector are simulated under four dairy policy scenarios for 1988–2000. The scenarios include freezing the support price at its predicted 1990 level ($10.60) for 1990–2000, adjusting the support price annually to keep annual government purchases of dairy products between 2.5 and 5 billion pounds, using annual cow removals to maintain support program purchases under 5 billion pounds, and using a combination of support price changes and annual cow removals. Annual equilibrium values for supply, demand and prices are generated for the farm sector and fluid and manufactured dairy product retail markets. Estimates of government purchases of dairy products and government costs for each year are reported. The results suggest that a combination of support price changes and cow removals is the most attractive policy in terms of government costs and producer profits.
DSSP: A Model of Production and Marketing Decisions on a Midwestern Crop Farm
Authors: Kaiser Harry M. , Apland Jeffrey 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDiscrete stochastic sequential programming (DSSP) is a mathematical programming technique that allows for random coefficients in the objective function and constraint set, and a multi‐stage decision process. Despite its intuitive appeal, DSSP is often overlooked in empirical research because 1) the size of the programming matrix becomes large as the number of states of nature and stages increases, and 2) the data requirements associated with these models are formidable. The purpose of this article is to document the construction and use of a DSSP model of a Midwestern corn‐soybean farm. The model is general in the decision variables and the sources of risk it includes. The costs of using DSSP are decreasing, and such models should be considered seriously for a wide variety of empirical problems.
Analysis of Feeder Pig Auction Price Differentials
Authors: Schroeder Ted C. , Jones John M. , Nichols David A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeveral physical characteristics are important in pricing feeder pigs. This study identifies and estimates the discounts associated with various characteristics. Weight, lot size, health and lot uniformity were important physical traits affecting feeder pig price differentials. In addition, time of sale, changes in expected finished hog prices and fluctuations in expected feeder costs of finishing the pigs had significant impacts on feeder pig prices over time.
A Model of Farm‐Level Demand for Extension Information
Authors: Bagi F.S. , Bagi S.K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSince our sample includes both types of farmers who have and who have not contacted extension agents during the year, a Tobit model has been used to estimate the demand for extension service. The results show that the demand for extension service is directly related to the level of farm assets, farming experience, and level of education. The demand for extension service is significantly higher for white farmers as compared to black farmers, ceteris paribus.
The Simple Analytics of Technology Adoption: Bovine Growth Hormone and the Dairy Industry
Authors: Larson Bruce A. , Kuchler Fred 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEconomic simulation studies of the effects of bovine growth hormone (bGH) on the dairy industry usually assume that producers will have the incentive to adopt bGH and that aggregate milk supply will increase. Based on the description of per‐cow milk yield response to bovine growth hormone (bGH), a short‐run model of milk production is developed to analyze the farm‐level incentives to adopt bGH. This analysis emphasizes that the incentives to adopt a new technology greatly depend on how it alters the existing production environment. Because higher levels of energy are needed in the cow to attain greater levels of production made possible with bGH, those farmers who can most easily and inexpensively expand energy levels in the cow will be most likely to adopt. The model identifies: (1) why farmers may not have the incentive to adopt the new technology; and (2) if farmers adopt bGH, they may not have the economic incentive to produce at the levels obtained in test studies.
Basis Expectations and Soybean Hedging Effectiveness
Authors: Hauser Robert J. , Garcia Philip , Tumblin Alan D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThere are two issues which form the central focus of the paper: a) the role of basis expectations in measuring hedging effectiveness (HE), and b) the behavior of HE over time and space. An HE conceptual model is developed which emphasizes the explicit specification of the hedger's basis expectation. Alternative soybean basis expectation (forecast) models are then evaluated. One of two models—both of which are simple and practical—perform best, depending on contract expiration. An analysis of HE during 1966 to 1983 indicates that there was an increase in the risk‐shifting opportunity associated with the soybean futures market, and that the possibility of nonstationary (over time) and nonconstant (over space) hedging effectiveness needs to be considered when analyzing direct and cross hedges.
A Multi‐Sectoral Analysis of Feed Grain Exports in the Cornbelt Economy
Authors: Smith Thomas R. , Baldwin E. Dean , Larson Donald W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLarge feed grain export variations adversely impact the agricultural sector and the Cornbelt economy. A multi‐sectoral input‐output linear programming model is developed to measure the cross industry effects of a 10 percent increase in feed grain exports. Base model, elastic labor supply, and full employment labor supply results are presented.
The Influence of Distributional Assumptions on the Calculation of Crop Insurance Premia
Authors: Nelson Carl H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCrop insurance premia are shown to be sensitive to the distributional assumptions used in their calculation. Premia calculations based on normal distributions and beta distributions are compared. The normal distribution overstates the probability of loss relative to the beta distribution, and causes premia to be higher. It is argued that use of the normal distribution in crop insurance premia calculation cannot be justified by appealing to a Central Limit Theorem because crop insurance loss events are not independent, and that distributions with flexible representation of skewness would be more appropriate for crop insurance premia calculation.
A Regional Analysis of Milk Supply Response in the United States
Authors: Chavas Jean-Paul , Kraus Alan Francis , Jesse Edward V. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA regional model of U.S. milk supply response is specified and estimated. The results suggest that, while being very inelastic in the short run, milk supply tends to be elastic in the longer‐run. Also, the effects of milk price or feed price on milk production are found to vary across regions. This indicates that dairy pricing policy and feed grain policy do affect the regional evolution of U.S. dairy production.
Testing Perfect Spatial Market Integration: An Application to Regional U.S. Cattle Markets
Authors: Goodwin Barry K. , Schroeder Ted C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA rational expectations model is used to test spatial integration in regional slaughter steer markets. Market integration is examined using the concept of the law of one price across spatially separated markets. The approach and methodology used in this study overcomes three problems associated with standard approaches to testing market integration: simultaneity biases, an ignorance or misrepresentation of serial correlation, and a neglect of price expectations. Results indicate limited integration and suggest a shift in spatial price linkages between regional cattle markets between 1980 and 1987.
Sources, Uses, and Adequacy of Marketing Information for Commercial Midwestern Cash Grain Farmers
Authors: Batte Marvin T. , Schnitkey Gary D. , Jones Eugene 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe objective of this research is to better understand the use of marketing information by cash grain farmers. In particular, factors which influence farmers' perceptions of the “adequacy” of their marketing information supply are examined. Statistical analyses of a random sample of Ohio cash grain farmers were employed in these evaluations. Radio broadcasts and general farm magazines were the two marketing information sources most frequently cited as useful. Highly formalized and marketing specific sources such as marketing consultants, commercial advisory newsletters and computerized information sources were cited relatively infrequently. Radio and television broadcasts were more frequently cited as the ‘most useful’ source of marketing information by older farmers and operators of small farms than by their counterparts. Marketing professionals were cited as ‘most useful’ more frequently by operators of larger farms and operators with at least some college education. A multivariate logit analysis was used to examine the joint effect of operator, farm and information source characteristics on information adequacy evaluations. The probability of an “adequate” evaluation was positively influenced by total farm information expenditure, the use of time‐diversified marketing of grain from storage facilities, and the use of marketing consultants, brokers or commercial advisory newsletters as the primary source of marketing information.