bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-magnesium andesites: the example of the Papuan Volcanic Arc
Authors: Smith Ian E. M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The late Cenozoic arc-type volcanic arc in southeastern Papua New Guinea developed in an environment of complex tectonic processes including obduction, subduction, rifting and sea floor spreading. The volcanic arc extends from the Papuan Peninsula south-eastward through the D'Entrecasteaux Islands into the Louisiade Archipelago. Lithologies are predominantly basaltic andesite and andesite, but include basalt, dacite and rhyolite. The rocks have typical arc-type geochemical features but include a group ranging from basalt to dacite which, although comparable in most other aspects of their compositions, are higher in MgO, Cr and Ni. These high-Mg rocks are less porphyritic and have simple olivine- or clinopyroxene- dominated phenocryst assemblages compared with the associated low-Mg rocks. The low-Mg rocks are plagioclase-phyric and contain augite and hypersthene with or without olivine, hornblende and biotite phenocrysts. Boninites are spatially associated with, but genetically unrelated to the arc-type rocks in Papua. The high-Mg rocks represent magmas derived by partial melting of subduction-modified mantle which rose rapidly from their source. In contrast, the low-Mg lavas represent magmas which were modified by shallow processes. The unusual abundance of high-Mg lavas in southeastern Papua is related to extensional tectonics which allowed deep sourced magmas to rise without significant modification.

Supplementary material:

Major and trace element analyses of lavas from the Papuan volcanic arc are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18644
Pulling apart the Mid to Late Cenozoic magmatic record of the Gulf of California: is there a Comondú Arc?
Authors: Bryan S. E. , Orozco-Esquivel T. , Ferrari L. , López-Martínez M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

The composition of the lithosphere can be fundamentally altered by long-lived subduction processes such that subduction-modified lithosphere can survive for hundreds of millions of years. Incorrect petrotectonic interpretations result when spatial–temporal–compositional trends of, and source contributions to, magmatism are not properly considered. Western Mexico has had protracted Cenozoic magmatism developed mostly in-board of active oceanic plate subduction beneath western North America. A broad range of igneous compositions from basalt to high-silica rhyolite were erupted with intermediate to silicic compositions in particular, showing calc-alkaline and other typical subduction-related geochemical signatures. A major Oligocene rhyolitic ignimbrite ‘flare-up’ (>300 000 km
3
) switched to a bimodal volcanic phase in the Early Miocene (
c.
100 000 km
3
), associated with distributed extension and opening of numerous graben. Extension became more focused
c.
18 Ma resulting in localized volcanic activity along the future site of the Gulf of California. This localized volcanism (known as the Comondú ‘arc’) was dominantly effusive and andesite–dacite in composition. Past tectonic interpretations of Comondú-age volcanism may have been incorrect as these regional temporal–compositional changes are alternatively interpreted as a result of increased mixing of mantle-derived basaltic and crust-derived rhyolitic magmas in an active rift environment rather than fluid flux melting of the mantle wedge above the subducting Guadalupe Plate.

Supplementary material:

References from which whole-rock geochemical and radiometric age data have been compiled in this paper are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18645
Secular Trends in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Risk Factors in Japanese
Authors: Hata Jun , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Hirakawa Yoichiro , Nagata Masaharu , Mukai Naoko , Gotoh Seiji , Fukuhara Masayo , Ikeda Fumie , Shikata Kentaro , Yoshida Daigo , Yonemoto Koji , Kamouchi Masahiro , Kitazono Takanari , Kiyohara Yutaka 
Published: August 2013

Background—
Changes in lifestyle and advances in medical technology during the past half century are likely to have affected the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease and the prevalence of its risk factors in Japan.

Methods and Results—
We established 5 cohorts consisting of residents aged ≥40 years in a Japanese community, in 1961 (n=1618), 1974 (n=2038), 1983 (n=2459), 1993 (n=1983), and 2002 (n=3108), and followed up each cohort for 7 years. The age-adjusted incidence of stroke decreased greatly, by 51% in men and by 43% in women, from the 1960s to the 1970s, but this decreasing trend slowed from the 1970s to the 2000s. Among the stroke subtypes, ischemic stroke in both sexes and intracerebral hemorrhage in men showed a similar pattern. Stroke mortality decreased as a result of the decline in incidence and a significant improvement in survival rate. Although the incidence of acute myocardial infarction did not change in either sex, disease mortality declined slightly in women. From the 1960s to the 2000s, blood pressure control among hypertensive individuals improved significantly and the smoking rate decreased, but the prevalence of glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity increased steeply.

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that in Japanese, the decreasing trends in the incidence of ischemic stroke have recently slowed down, and there has been no clear change in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction, probably because the benefits of hypertension control and smoking cessation have been negated by increasing metabolic risk factors.
Low-Level ZDR Signatures in Supercell Forward Flanks: The Role of Size Sorting and Melting of Hail
Authors: Dawson Daniel T. , Mansell Edward R. , Jung Youngsun , Wicker Louis J. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Xue Ming 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The low levels of supercell forward flanks commonly exhibit distinct differential reflectivity (ZDR) signatures, including the low-ZDR hail signature and the high-ZDR “arc.” The ZDR arc has been previously associated with size sorting of raindrops in the presence of vertical wind shear; here this model is extended to include size sorting of hail. Idealized simulations of a supercell storm observed by the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), polarimetric radar on 1 June 2008 are performed using a multimoment bulk microphysics scheme, in which size sorting is allowed or disallowed for hydrometeor species. Several velocity–diameter relationships for the hail fall speed are considered, as well as fixed or variable bulk densities that span the graupel-to-hail spectrum. A T-matrix-based emulator is used to derive polarimetric fields from the hydrometeor state variables.
Size sorting of hail is found to have a dominant impact on ZDR and can result in a ZDR arc from melting hail even when size sorting is disallowed in the rain field. The low-ZDR hail core only appears when size sorting is allowed for hail. The mean storm-relative wind in a deep layer is found to align closely with the gradient in mean mass diameter of both rain and hail, with a slight shift toward the storm-relative mean wind below the melting level in the case of rain. The best comparison with the observed 1 June 2008 supercell is obtained when both rain and hail are allowed to sort, and the bulk density and associated fall-speed curve for hail are predicted by the model microphysics.
Comparison of Short-Term and Long-Term Radiative Feedbacks and Variability in Twentieth-Century Global Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Dalton Meghan M. , Shell Karen M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The climate sensitivity uncertainty of global climate models (GCMs) is partly due to the spread of individual feedbacks. One approach to constrain long-term climate sensitivity is to use the relatively short observational record, assuming there exists some relationship in feedbacks between short and long records. The present work tests this assumption by regressing short-term feedback metrics, characterized by the 20-yr feedback as well as interannual and intra-annual metrics, against long-term longwave water vapor, longwave atmospheric temperature, and shortwave surface albedo feedbacks calculated from 13 twentieth-century GCM simulations. Estimates of long-term feedbacks derived from reanalysis observations and statistically significant regressions are consistent with but no more constrained than earlier estimates.
For the interannual metric, natural variability contributes to the feedback uncertainty, reducing the ability to estimate the interannual behavior from one 20-yr time slice. For both the interannual and intra-annual metrics, uncertainty in the intermodel relationships between 20-yr metrics and 100-yr feedbacks also contributes to the feedback uncertainty. Because of differences in time scales of feedback processes, relationships between the 20-yr interannual metric and 100-yr water vapor and atmospheric temperature feedbacks are significant for only one feedback calculation method. The intra-annual and surface albedo relationships show more complex behavior, though positive correspondence between Northern Hemisphere surface albedo intra-annual metrics and 100-yr feedbacks is consistent with previous studies. Many relationships between 20-yr metrics and 100-yr feedbacks are sensitive to the specific GCMs included, highlighting that care should be taken when inferring long-term feedbacks from short-term observations.
Trend Analysis with a New Global Record of Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Kossin James P. , Olander Timothy L. , Knapp Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The historical global “best track” records of tropical cyclones extend back to the mid-nineteenth century in some regions, but formal analysis of these records is encumbered by temporal heterogeneities in the data. This is particularly problematic when attempting to detect trends in tropical cyclone metrics that may be attributable to climate change. Here the authors apply a state-of-the-art automated algorithm to a globally homogenized satellite data record to create a more temporally consistent record of tropical cyclone intensity within the period 1982–2009, and utilize this record to investigate the robustness of trends found in the best-track data. In particular, the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) achieved by each reported storm is calculated and the frequency distribution of LMI is tested for changes over this period.
To address the unique issues in regions around the Indian Ocean, which result from a discontinuity introduced into the satellite data in 1998, a direct homogenization procedure is applied in which post-1998 data are degraded to pre-1998 standards. This additional homogenization step is found to measurably reduce LMI trends, but the global trends in the LMI of the strongest storms remain positive, with amplitudes of around +1 m s−1 decade−1 and p value = 0.1. Regional trends, in m s−1 decade−1, vary from −2 (p = 0.03) in the western North Pacific, +1.7 (p = 0.06) in the south Indian Ocean, +2.5 (p = 0.09) in the South Pacific, to +8 (p &lt; 0.001) in the North Atlantic.
Electrical acupoint stimulation of the affected arm in acute stroke: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial
Authors: Au-Yeung Stephanie SY , Hui-Chan Christina WY 
Published: August 2013

Objectives: To determine whether adding electrical stimulation of upper limb acupoints to conventional rehabilitation during acute stroke could produce greater and longer lasting motor improvements of the arm. Design: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Acute stroke wards, followed by rehabilitation hospitals and subjects’ residences. Participants: Seventy-three patients ≤ 46 hours post stroke onset with moderate to severe weakness in the arm contralateral to the side of stroke. Intervention: All subjects received conventional rehabilitation. Twenty-nine received additional electrical stimulation, 21 received additional placebo-electrical stimulation and 23 received conventional rehabilitation only, as control. Electrical stimulation or placebo-electrical stimulation was applied to acupoints GB20, LI15, LI11, LI10 and LI4, 60 minutes a day, five days a week, for four weeks. Measurements: Primary outcome measures were hand grip and pinch strength, with Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) as secondary outcome measure. These were assessed on the affected arm at recruitment, then 4 (W4), 12 (W12) and 24 weeks (W24) afterwards. Results: Post-hoc analysis showed that the electrical stimulation group had greater improvements than the control group in hand grip ( P = 0.015) and pinch strength ( P = 0.007) at W4, with the gains maintained at W12 and W24. In contrast, the placebo-electrical stimulation group did not differ from either the control or the electrical stimulation group. Between-group improvements in ARAT scores from baseline to W24 (by 16.8 in control, 27.6 in placebo-electrical stimulation group and 26.3 in electrical stimulation group) were not significant. Conclusions: Adding four weeks of electrical stimulation during acute stroke appears to produce greater and longer lasting hand grip and pinch strength improvements than administering conventional rehabilitation alone.
The role of mineralocorticoid receptor function in treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Juruena Mario F , Pariante Carmine M , Papadopoulos Andrew S , Poon Lucia , Lightman Stafford , Cleare Anthony J 
Published: August 2013

Background: Treatment-resistant depression patients show both reduced glucocorticoid receptor function and a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, few studies have examined the role of the mineralocorticoid receptor. This study aimed to evaluate the functional activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor system in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in well-defined treatment-resistant depression patients. Material and method: We recruited 24 subjects divided into: (a) treatment-resistant depression; (b) healthy controls. We evaluated: (a) the effect of combined glucocorticoid receptor/mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation with prednisolone; (b) the effect of prednisolone with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone; and (c) the effect of spironolactone alone. The response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was measured using salivary cortisol and plasma levels of drugs were also measured. Results: Treatment-resistant depression patients had higher cortisol compared with controls after all challenges. In controls, spironolactone increased cortisol compared to placebo. The co-administration of spironolactone with prednisolone in controls decreases the suppressive effects of prednisolone. In contrast, in treatment-resistant depression, spironolactone did not increase cortisol compared to placebo and spironolactone with prednisolone had no effect on the suppressive effects of prednisolone. Patients with treatment-resistant depression had a reduction in the conversation of spironolactone to the active metabolite canrenone. Conclusion: Our data confirmed that treatment-resistant depression is associated with hypercortisolism and these patients no longer show an hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to the administration of a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, suggesting that there is a mineralocorticoid receptor malfunctioning, such as a down regulation, however, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in these subjects could also have had an effect on the lack of mineralocorticoid receptor response.
Endovascular embolization strategy for renal arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Murata Satoru , Onozawa Shiro , Nakazawa Ken , Akiba Ayako , Mine Takahiko , Ueda Tatsuo , Yasui Daisuke , Sugihara Fumie , Kondoh Yukihiro , Kumita Shin-ichiro 
Published: August 2013

Background Renal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare vascular malformations that cause hematuria. Treatment for renal AVMs has evolved from open nephrectomy to transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). Purpose To retrospectively evaluate efficacy and adverse events of TAE for renal AVMs. Material and Methods We examined 12 patients (three men, nine women; mean age, 56 years) with renal AVM with gross hematuria, who underwent 14 sessions of treatment, using various embolization materials (liquid embolization agents, gelatin sponge, and coils). Among the 12 patients, 10 had cirsoid AVMs, eight of which were high-flow lesions. The remaining two patients had aneurismal AVMs. We assessed technical and clinical success, and also complications. All patients were followed for 7–92 months (mean, 48 months). Results Technical success was obtained in all patients. Primary clinical success was obtained in all patients; however, recurrence was observed in two patients who were treated with coils alone. A second session of TAE led to the sustained relief of symptoms. Clinical success rate was significant better ( P = 0.045) when coils combined with other agents or liquid agents were used, than when only coils were used. No major complications occurred in any of patients; post-embolization syndrome and deterioration of renal function were not observed. Conclusion TAE treatment was safe, effective, and provided a good outcome, except when only coils were used as the embolization agent.
Outcome and predictive factors of successful transarterial embolization for the treatment of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Authors: Hongsakul Keerati , Pakdeejit Songklod , Tanutit Pramot 
Published: August 2013

Background Transarterial embolization (TAE) is an effective procedure for the treatment of acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). Factors associated with clinical success have not been well delineated. Purpose To evaluate the technical and clinical successes of TAE for acute GIB in order to identify factors influencing clinical success and in-hospital mortality. Material and Methods This was a retrospective study of 70 consecutive patients with GIB who underwent angiography and embolization between January 2004 and December 2011. The technical success rate, clinical success rate, and in-hospital mortality were calculated by percentage. Clinical parameters, angiographic, and embolization data were assessed for factors influencing clinical success and in-hospital survival using univariate and multivariate analysis. Statistical significance was set at P value <0.05. Results The technical success rate was 98.6%. The primary clinical success rate was 71.4% and the secondary clinical success rate after repeat embolization was 78.6%. Bowel infarction was the most serious complication of three (4.3%) patients. Failure to achieve 30-day hemostasis can be predicted in patients who have one or more of the following factors: hemoglobin concentration <8 g/dL ( P = 0.004), coagulopathy ( P = 0.005), upper GIB ( P = 0.02), contrast extravasation ( P = 0.012), and more than one embolized vessel ( P = 0.005). In-hospital survival is affected by the amount of transfused packed red blood cells before embolization ( P = 0.008) and post-embolization bowel infarction ( P = 0.005). Conclusion TAE is a feasible and effective management of acute GIB with high technical and clinical success rates. The factors influencing clinical success include hemoglobin concentration, coagulopathy, upper GIB, contrast extravasation, and more than one embolized vessel. The number of units of transfused packed red blood cells and post-embolization bowel infarction are important factors associated with in-hospital mortality.
Detection of circulating tumour cells in gastric and hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Gao Ping , Jiao Shun-Chang , Bai Li , Wang Huan , Jing Fang-Fang , Yang Jun-Lan 
Published: August 2013

Objective This systematic review was conducted to summarize the use of circulating tumour cell (CTC) detection as a prognostic indicator in gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Databases (MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched to identify studies that reported the detection of CTCs in patients with gastric cancer or HCC. Results Fifteen studies in patients with gastric cancer and 10 studies in patients with HCC, with a total of 793 and 577 patients, respectively, met the specific inclusion criteria for further analysis. Heterogeneity and potential bias among the studies prevented any statistical analysis. Conclusion Several methodological techniques have allowed the detection of CTCs in patients with gastric cancer or HCC, but the studies identified in this report generally reported on small cohorts and there was heterogeneity and potential bias in the studies. This highlights the need for large systematic multicentre clinical trials to confirm the potential prognostic benefit of detecting CTCs in patients with cancer.
Contemporary Meaning of European Landscape
Authors: Milani Raffaele 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLandscape is analyzed here principally in terms of its aesthetic value and function. As an expression of a sentimental response it is concerned not only with natural beauty but also the world of human beings, since it has always been integral to the creativity of our visionary sensibility. In it we find ethical truth since we celebrate not only the wildness of nature but also the life-space that unifies human beings and the site of the contingent and the possible, that which Aristotle referred to as endekhomenon. Modern history serves as a starting point for an examination of the present significance of the landscape in Europe. The image of its countless particulars and nature’s “spiritual physiognomy” seem to respond to the full spectrum of our most intimate emotions; we are convinced that something that transcends the vast panorama of discrete elements must exist, namely the landscape. It is more than the sum of the parts, the individual fragments of our perception scattered along the continuum of our sensibility or the attraction of mental processes. It is the spirit of an infinite and magical connectedness of forms. The notion of landscape and beautiful landscape develops both in history and in individuals, bound up with the rhythm of lines and surfaces that human beings invent almost instinctively. It is the outcome of the art of culture, the poesis of individuals and communities.
Divergence of NHS choice policy in the UK: what difference has patient choice policy in England made?
Authors: Sanderson Marie , Allen Pauline , Peckham Stephen , Hughes David , Brown Menna , Kelly Grace , Baldie Debbie , Mays Nicholas , Linyard Alison , Duguid Anne 
Published: August 2013

Objectives To examine the types of choices available to patients in the English NHS when being referred for acute hospital care in the light of the divergence of patient choice policy in the four countries of the UK. Methods Case studies of eight local health economies in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales (two in each country); 125 semi-structured interviews with staff in acute services providers, purchasers and general practitioners (GPs). Results GPs and providers in England both had a clear understanding of the choice of provider policy and the right of patients to choose a provider. Other referral choices potentially available to patients in all four countries were date and time of appointment, site and specialist. In practice, the availability of these choices differed between and within countries and was shaped by factors beyond choice policy, such as the number of providers in an area. There were similarities between the four countries in the way choices were offered to patients, namely lack of clarity about the options available, limited discussion of choices between referrers and patients, and tension between offering choice and managing waiting lists. Conclusions There are challenges in implementing pro-choice policy in health care systems where it has not traditionally existed. Differences between England and the other countries of the UK were limited in the way choice was offered to patients. A cultural shift is needed to ensure that patients are fully informed by GPs of the choices available to them.