bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post cesarean section analgesia
Authors: Gami Rupesh Kumar , Jahan Kumar , Jha Chandra Bhushan 
Published: October 2015

Background: Government of Nepal has been conducting Cesarean section under “Safe Motherhood” program all over country. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post cesarean analgesia under spinal anesthesia. Methods: A total of 300 parturients posted for Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were divided into two groups of 150 each in this prospective randomized case-control study. Morphine group received 0.15 mg of intrathecal morphine mixed in 12 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine heavy while control group received 12 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine heavy alone, after proper preparation of spinal anesthesia. The parturients were assessed for first request of analgesic as per Visual Analog Scale, frequency of analgesics required within 24 hr, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation and respiratory depression.Results: Postoperative analgesia was significantly greater in morphine group as compare to control group (12.1 ± 7.6 vs 3.7 ± 2.9 hr). Frequency of analgesics requirements was also significantly lower in morphine group (1.7 ± 2.0 vs 3.4 ± 8.1). Visual Analog Scale was below 4 at most of time in morphine group. The incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus were more in morphine group as compare to control group but without any respiratory depression. There was no significant difference in APGAR score among fetus. Conclusion: Mixing low dose of intrathecal morphine in standard dose of spinal anesthesia effectively prolongs the duration of post cesarean analgesia and decreases the frequency of analgesics requirement without any major complication in parturients or fetus.Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists 2014 1(1): 13-17
Experience of mass casualty management - the Rana Plaza tragedy: An anesthesiologist’s perspectives at a peripheral military hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Murshed Hasan , Sultana Rokshana 
Published: October 2015

Background: The worst factory disaster in the history of Bangladesh occurred when a nine-storied commercial building “Rana Plaza” collapsed outskirts of the capital city. In our hospital there were no documented guidelines for dealing with mass casualty incident. Our aim was to share the experience of managing mass casualty.Methods: Outcome of working experience based on four principles issues (assessment of available resources, ensuring critical but limited care, stocking up medicine and equipment for patient surge, tough rationing of decision) was assessed retrospectively. Clinical records of 155 patients were investigated. The discharge diagnosis, x-ray or computerized tomography was used for verification of injuries.Results: Among 431 patients reported to emergency and casualty department, 407 (94.431%) were admitted to hospital. Among them, 155 (35.9%) required anesthesia and/or intensive care. Most of the injuries were blunt trauma and soft tissue trauma. Other injuries included fractures, head and crush injuries. Majority of surgical procedure were wound debridment, fascitomy, amputation and external fixation. Most of the surgical procedures (85%) were performed under ketamine, 22 (15%) patients received different regional techniques and only one patient received general anesthesia. Injuries requiring definitive surgery were referred to different tertiary level hospital. One patient died of lethal injuries and all the others survived. Fifty one patients survived with disability.Conclusions: Anesthesiologists can improve patient care and hospital efficiency by optimizing facility utilization, surgical/anesthesia logistics, man power management, institutional communication, and leadership. Considering setup with limited workforce and equipment, management of mass casualty based on four simple principal issues might help others in managing such events. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2015; 2(1): 8-12
Identification of the SLAM Adapter Molecule EAT-2 as a Lupus-Susceptibility Gene That Acts through Impaired Negative Regulation of Dendritic Cell Signaling
Authors: Talaei Nafiseh , Yu Tao , Manion Kieran , Bremner Rod , Wither Joan E. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
We showed previously that C57BL/6 congenic mice with an introgressed homozygous 70 cM (125.6 Mb) to 100 cM (179.8 Mb) interval on c1 from the lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse develop high titers of antinuclear Abs and severe glomerulonephritis. Using subcongenic mice, we found that a genetic locus in the 88–96 cM region was associated with altered dendritic cell (DC) function and synergized with T cell functional defects to promote expansion of pathogenic proinflammatory T cell subsets. In this article, we show that the promoter region of the NZB gene encoding the SLAM signaling pathway adapter molecule EWS-activated transcript 2 (EAT-2) is polymorphic, which results in an ∼70% reduction in EAT-2 in DC. Silencing of the EAT-2 gene in DC that lacked this polymorphism led to increased production of IL-12 and enhanced differentiation of T cells to a Th1 phenotype in T cell–DC cocultures, reproducing the phenotype observed for DC from congenic mice with the NZB c1 70–100 cM interval. SLAM signaling was shown to inhibit production of IL-12 by CD40L-activated DCs. Consistent with a role for EAT-2 in this inhibition, knockdown of EAT-2 resulted in increased production of IL-12 by CD40-stimulated DC. Assessment of downstream signaling following CD40 cross-linking in the presence or absence of SLAM cross-linking revealed that SLAM coengagement blocked activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways in DC, which was reversed in DC with the NZB EAT-2 allele. We conclude that EAT-2 negatively regulates cytokine production in DC downstream of SLAM engagement and that a genetic polymorphism that disturbs this process promotes the development of lupus.
Preferential Destruction of Interstitial Macrophages over Alveolar Macrophages as a Cause of Pulmonary Disease in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Cai Yanhui , Sugimoto Chie , Arainga Mariluz , Midkiff Cecily C. , Liu David Xianhong , Alvarez Xavier , Lackner Andrew A. , Kim Woong-Ki , Didier Elizabeth S. , Kuroda Marcelo J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that the AIDS virus differentially impacts two distinct subsets of lung macrophages. The predominant macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), alveolar macrophages (AMs), are routinely used in studies on human lung macrophages, are long-lived cells, and exhibit low turnover. Interstitial macrophages (IMs) inhabit the lung tissue, are not recovered with BAL, are shorter-lived, and exhibit higher baseline turnover rates distinct from AMs. We examined the effects of SIV infection on AMs in BAL fluid and IMs in lung tissue of rhesus macaques. SIV infection produced massive cell death of IMs that contributed to lung tissue damage. Conversely, SIV infection induced minimal cell death of AMs, and these cells maintained the lower turnover rate throughout the duration of infection. This indicates that SIV produces lung tissue damage through destruction of IMs, whereas the longer-lived AMs may serve as a virus reservoir to facilitate HIV persistence.
Management of Incidental Findings in Clinical Genomic Sequencing
Authors: Krier Joel B. , Green Robert C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGenomic sequencing is becoming accurate, fast, and increasingly inexpensive, and is rapidly being incorporated into clinical practice. Incidental or secondary findings, which can occur in large numbers from genomic sequencing, are a potential barrier to the utility of this new technology due to their relatively high prevalence and the lack of evidence or guidelines available to guide their clinical interpretation. This unit reviews the definition, classification, and management of incidental findings from genomic sequencing. The unit focuses on the clinical aspects of handling incidental findings, with an emphasis on the key role of clinical context in defining incidental findings and determining their clinical relevance and utility. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joint assimilation of Aquarius‐derived sea surface salinity and AVHRR‐derived sea surface temperature in an ocean general circulation model using SEEK filter: Implication for mixed layer depth and barrier layer thickness
Authors: Chakraborty Abhisek , Sharma Rashmi , Kumar Raj , Basu Sujit 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSea surface salinity (SSS) from Aquarius mission and sea surface temperature (SST) from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for the years 2012–2014 are assimilated into the global Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITGCM). Investigation of the impact of assimilation of these two data sets on simulated mixed layer depth (MLD) and barrier layer thickness (BLT) forms the core of our study. The method of assimilation is the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman (SEEK) filter. Several assimilation runs are performed. Single‐parameter assimilation, as well as joint assimilation, is conducted. To begin with, the model simulated SST and SSS are compared with independent Argo observations of these two parameters. Use of latitudinally varying error variances, which is a novel feature of our study, gives rise to the significant improvement in the simulation of SSS and SST. The best result occurs when joint assimilation is performed. Afterward, simulated MLD and BLT are compared with the same parameters derived from Argo observations forming an independent validation data set. Comparisons are performed both in temporal and spatial domains. Significant positive impact of assimilation is found in all the cases studied, and joint assimilation is found to outperform single‐parameter assimilation in each of the cases considered. It is found that simulations of MLD and BLT improve up to 24% and 29%, respectively, when a joint assimilation of SSS and SST is carried out.
Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal rivers
Authors: Krishna M. S. , Prasad V. R. , Sarma V. V. S. S. , Reddy N. P. C. , Hemalatha K. P. J. , Rao Y. V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) were measured in 27 major and medium monsoonal estuaries along the Indian coast during southwest monsoon in order to understand the spatial variability in their concentrations and fluxes to the northern Indian Ocean. A strong spatial variability (~20‐fold) in DOC and DON was observed in the Indian monsoonal estuaries due to variable characteristics of the catchment area and volume of discharge. It is estimated that the Indian monsoonal estuaries transport ~2.37 ± 0.47 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) of DOC and ~0.41 ± 0.08 Tg of DON during wet period to the northern Indian Ocean. The Bay of Bengal receives 3 times higher DOC and DON (1.82 and 0.30 Tg, respectively) than the Arabian Sea (0.55 and 0.11 Tg). Catchment area normalized fluxes of DOC and DON were found to be higher in the estuaries located in the southwestern than the estuaries from other regions of India. It was attributed to relatively higher soil organic carbon, biomass carbon, and heavy rainfall in catchment areas of the rivers from the former region. It has been noticed that neither catchment area nor discharge volume of the river controls the fluxes of DOC and DON to the northern Indian Ocean. Since the total load of DOC and DON is strongly linked to the volume of discharge, alterations in the freshwater discharge due to natural or anthropogenic activities may have significant influence on organic matter fluxes to the Indian coastal waters and its impact on microbial food web dynamics needs further evaluation.
Accelerating SNARE‐Mediated Membrane Fusion by DNA–Lipid Tethers
Authors: Xu Weiming , Wang Jing , Rothman James E. , Pincet Frédéric 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSNARE proteins are the core machinery to drive fusion of a vesicle with its target membrane. Inspired by the tethering proteins that bridge the membranes and thus prepare SNAREs for docking and fusion, we developed a lipid‐conjugated ssDNA mimic that is capable of regulating SNARE function, in situ. The DNA–lipid tethers consist of a 21 base pairs binding segment at the membrane distal end that can bridge two liposomes via specific base‐pair hybridization. A linker at the membrane proximal end is used to control the separation distance between the liposomes. In the presence of these artificial tethers, SNARE‐mediated lipid mixing is significantly accelerated, and the maximum fusion rate is obtained with the linker shorter than 40 nucleotides. As a programmable tool orthogonal to any native proteins, the DNA–lipid tethers can be further applied to regulate other biological processes where capturing and bridging of two membranes are the prerequisites for the subsequent protein function.
Highly Selective Artificial Cholesteryl Crown Ether K+‐Channels
Authors: Sun Zhanhu , Barboiu Mihail , Legrand Yves‐Marie , Petit Eddy , Rotaru Alexandru 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe bacterial KcsA channel conducts K+ cations at high rates while excluding Na+ cations. Herein, we report an artificial ion‐channel formed by H‐bonded stacks of crown‐ethers, where K+ cation conduction is highly preferred to Na+ cations. The macrocycles aligned along the central pore surround the K+ cations in a similar manner to the water around the hydrated cation, compensating for the energetic cost of their dehydration. In contrast, the Na+ cation does not fit the macrocyclic binding sites, so its dehydration is not completely compensated. The present highly K+‐selective macrocyclic channel may be regarded as a biomimetic of the KcsA channel.
Whole‐exome sequencing of breast cancer, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and neurofibroma from a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: McPherson John Richard , Ong Choon‐Kiat , Ng Cedric Chuan‐Young , Rajasegaran Vikneswari , Heng Hong‐Lee , Yu Willie Shun‐Shing , Tan Benita Kiat‐Tee , Madhukumar Preetha , Teo Melissa Ching‐Ching , Ngeow Joanne , Thike Aye‐Aye , Rozen Steven George , Tan Puay‐Hoon , Lee Ann Siew‐Gek , Teh Bin‐Tean , Yap Yoon‐Sim 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple neurofibromas, cafe‐au‐lait spots, and Lisch nodules. Individuals with NF1 are at increased risk of developing various tumors, such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), pheochromocytoma, leukemia, glioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and breast cancer. Here, we describe the exome sequencing of breast cancer, MPNST, and neurofibroma from a patient with NF1. We identified a germline mutation in the NF1 gene which resulted in conversion of leucine to proline at amino acid position 847. In addition, we showed independent somatic NF1 mutations in all the three tumors (frameshift insertion in breast cancer (p.A985fs), missense mutation in MPNST (p.G23R), and inframe deletion in dermal neurofibroma (p.L1876del‐Inf)), indicating that a second hit in NF1 resulting in the loss of function could be important for tumor formation. Each tumor had a distinct genomic profile with mutually exclusive mutations in different genes. Copy number analysis revealed multiple copy number alterations in the breast cancer and the MPNST, but not the benign neurofibroma. Germline loss of chromosome 6q22.33, which harbors two potential tumor suppressor genes, PTPRK and LAMA2, was also identified; this may increase tumor predisposition further. In the background of NF1 syndrome, although second‐hit NF1 mutation is critical in tumorigenesis, different additional mutations are required to drive the formation of different tumors.
Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on lymphocyte homeostasis in patients diagnosed with extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Bhargava Arpit , Khare Naveen Kumar , Bunkar Neha , Lenka Rajesh Kumar , Mishra Pradyumna Kumar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractExtra‐pulmonary tuberculosis is often an underrated illness. Recent clinical studies have pointed out that lymphocyte homeostasis is dramatically disturbed as revealed through a series of signs and symptoms. Lymphocytes, the known effector cells of our immune system, play an important role in providing immunologic resistance against Mycobacterium infection. It is important to have quantitative insights into the lifespan of these cells; therefore, we aimed to study the precise effect of gastrointestinal tuberculosis infection on peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and function. Our results indicated that gastrointestinal tuberculosis could increase mitochondrial oxidative stress, lower mitochondrial DNA copy number, promote nuclear DNA damage and repair response, decrease mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, and upregulate Bcl‐2 and caspase‐3 gene expression in lymphocytes. We further revealed that Mycobacterium infection induces autophagy for selective sequestration and subsequent degradation of the dysfunctional mitochondrion before activating cellular apoptosis in the peripheral lymphocyte pool. Together, these observations uncover a new role of mitochondrial–nuclear crosstalk that apparently contributes to lymphocyte homeostasis in gastrointestinal tuberculosis infection.
Stereospecific Pd‐Catalyzed Intermolecular C(sp3)–C(sp) Cross‐Coupling of Diarylmethyl Carbonates and Terminal Alkynes Under Base‐Free Conditions
Authors: Tabuchi Sho , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular decarboxylative C(sp3)–C(sp) coupling of diarylmethyl carbonates and terminal alkynes has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly under external base‐free conditions to deliver the corresponding alkynylated diarylmethanes with the liberation of CO2 and MeOH as the sole byproducts. Moreover, enantioenriched diarylmethyl carbonates are stereospecifically converted to optically active cross‐coupling products with inversion of configuration. Thus, the stereospecific palladium catalysis can provide new and unique access to the alkynylated chiral tertiary stereocenters, which are relatively difficult to construct by conventional methods.
High‐Precision Measurements of Lower Atmospheric Temperature Based on Pure Rotational Raman Lidar
Authors: Ya‐Juan LI , Sha‐Lei SONG , Fa‐Quan LI , Xue‐Wu CHENG , Zhen‐Wei CHEN , Lin‐Mei LIU , Yong YANG , Shun‐Sheng GONG 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA pure rotational Raman (PRR) lidar system was built for high precision temperature measurements in the atmosphere from 10 km to 40 km height over Wuhan, China (30.5°N, 114.4°E). State of the art interference filters for light splitting and filtering were designed to extract the required PRR signals and suppress elastically backscattered light. Observational results reveal that the maximum deviation of temperatures measured by the PRR lidar and the local radiosonde below 30 km is about 3.0 K, showing good consistency and reliability of the lidar. Obvious deviations may occur because of the balloon drifts, regional differences and special phenomena like the thermal inversion layer. Temperature profiles at different temporal scales are conductive to analysis of the wave properties and microstructures. For the 30 min integrated lidar temperature profile, the statistical error is about 0.3 K for altitudes of 10∼20 km with 300 m spatial resolution; ∼0.8 K for 20∼30 km with 600 m resolution; and 3.0 K for 30∼40 km with 900 m resolution, respectively. Besides, one‐night temperature profiles are given for the long‐term observation of the atmospheric thermal structure. Temperature measurement up to 40 km by the PRR lidar shows great potential for the further combination with the Rayleigh lidar of 30∼80 km detection capacity, which provides an effective means for the study of the lower atmosphere to the upper stratosphere.
Effect of Controlled Deposition of ZnS Shell on the Photostability of CdTe Quantum Dots as Studied by Conventional Fluorescence and FCS Techniques
Authors: Patra Satyajit , Seth Sudipta , Samanta Anunay 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe effect of one and two monolayers of ZnS shells on the photostability of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) in aqueous and nonaqueous media has been studied by monitoring the fluorescence behavior of the QDs under ensemble and single‐molecule conditions. ZnS capping of the CdTe QDs leads to significant enhancement of the fluorescence brightness of these QDs. Considerable enhancement of the photostability of the shell‐protected QDs, including the suppression of photoactivation, is also observed. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements reveal an increase in the number of particles undergoing reversible fluorescent on–off transitions in the volume under observation with increasing excitation power; this effect is found to be more pronounced in the case of core‐only QDs than for core–shell QDs.
Kinetic Passivation Effect of Localized Differential Aeration on Brass
Authors: Kuznetsov Volodymyr , Estrada‐Vargas Arturo , Maljusch Artjom , Berkes Balázs B. , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Souto Ricardo M. , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe formation of a localized differential aeration cell on metals, susceptible to both anodic and cathodic corrosion, is a serious threat because of multiple degradation processes commencing with the passivation layer destruction. By using local electrochemical and X‐ray dispersive techniques, it has been demonstrated that the differential aeration cell formed on high brass (α‐brass, Cu65‐Zn35) in the presence of 1H‐benzotriazole or 5‐methyl‐1H‐benzotriazole plays both corrosion‐inhibiting and accelerating roles, depending on the inhibitor exposure time. Alternating‐current scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to image local electrochemical activity, whereas energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy provided evidence for the mechanism of the observed phenomena. Short‐term exposure to the inhibitor (5 min) promotes the formation of a passivation layer in the waterline region. In contrast, after prolonged exposure (45 min), a deficient passivation layer develops for both inhibitors. An excess of zinc(II)–inhibitor complexes in the passivation layer is accountable for the corrosion resistance of the region with high differential aeration. Rapid dezincification and local alkalinization facilitate the initial rapid formation of a passivation layer in the area under differential aeration to preserve its composition upon further modification.