bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of utilization of local food by‐products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake, digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep
Authors: Yani Srita , Ishida Kyohei , Goda Shuzo , Azumai Shigeyoshi , Murakami Tomoyuki , Kitagawa Masayuki , Okano Kanji , Oishi Kazato , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Kumagai Hajime 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFour wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by‐products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by‐products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by‐products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by‐products can be most suitable for TMR silage.
The role of T and B cells in human atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis
Authors: Ammirati E , Moroni F , Magnoni M , Camici P G 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Far from being merely a passive cholesterol accumulation within the arterial wall, the development of atherosclerosis is currently known to imply both inflammation and immune effector mechanisms. Adaptive immunity has been implicated in the process of disease initiation and progression interwined with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Although the body of knowledge regarding the correlation between atherosclerosis and immunity in humans is growing rapidly, a relevant proportion of it derives from studies carried out in animal models of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, while the mouse is a well-suited model, the results obtained therein are not fully transferrable to the human setting due to intrinsic genomic and environmental differences. In the present review, we will discuss mainly human findings, obtained either by examination of post-mortem and surgical atherosclerotic material or through the analysis of the immunological profile of peripheral blood cells. In particular, we will discuss the findings supporting a pro-atherogenic role of T cell subsets, such as effector memory T cells or the potential protective function of regulatory T cells. Recent studies suggest that traditional T cell-driven B2 cell responses appear to be atherogenic, while innate B1 cells appear to exert a protective action through the secretion of naturally occurring antibodies. The insights into the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can provide new targets in the quest for novel therapeutic targets to abate CVD morbidity and mortality.
Mechanisms for Robust Cognition
Authors: Walsh Matthew M. , Gluck Kevin A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo function well in an unpredictable environment using unreliable components, a system must have a high degree of robustness. Robustness is fundamental to biological systems and is an objective in the design of engineered systems such as airplane engines and buildings. Cognitive systems, like biological and engineered systems, exist within variable environments. This raises the question, how do cognitive systems achieve similarly high degrees of robustness? The aim of this study was to identify a set of mechanisms that enhance robustness in cognitive systems. We identify three mechanisms that enhance robustness in biological and engineered systems:system control,redundancy, andadaptability. After surveying the psychological literature for evidence of these mechanisms, we provide simulations illustrating how each contributes to robust cognition in a different psychological domain: psychomotor vigilance, semantic memory, and strategy selection. These simulations highlight features of a mathematical approach for quantifying robustness, and they provide concrete examples of mechanisms for robust cognition.
Role of the anterior insular cortex in integrative causal signaling during multisensory auditory–visual attention
Authors: Chen Tianwen , Michels Lars , Supekar Kaustubh , Kochalka John , Ryali Srikanth , Menon Vinod 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCoordinated attention to information from multiple senses is fundamental to our ability to respond to salient environmental events, yet little is known about brain network mechanisms that guide integration of information from multiple senses. Here we investigate dynamic causal mechanisms underlying multisensory auditory–visual attention, focusing on a network of right‐hemisphere frontal–cingulate–parietal regions implicated in a wide range of tasks involving attention and cognitive control. Participants performed three ‘oddball’ attention tasks involving auditory, visual and multisensory auditory–visual stimuli during fMRI scanning. We found that the right anterior insula (rAI) demonstrated the most significant causal influences on all other frontal–cingulate–parietal regions, serving as a major causal control hub during multisensory attention. Crucially, we then tested two competing models of the role of the rAI in multisensory attention: an ‘integrated’ signaling model in which the rAI generates a common multisensory control signal associated with simultaneous attention to auditory and visual oddball stimuli versus a ‘segregated’ signaling model in which the rAI generates two segregated and independent signals in each sensory modality. We found strong support for the integrated, rather than the segregated, signaling model. Furthermore, the strength of the integrated control signal from the rAI was most pronounced on the dorsal anterior cingulate and posterior parietal cortices, two key nodes of saliency and central executive networks respectively. These results were preserved with the addition of a superior temporal sulcus region involved in multisensory processing. Our study provides new insights into the dynamic causal mechanisms by which the AI facilitates multisensory attention.
Acclimation of photosynthetic temperature optima of temperate and boreal tree species in response to experimental forest warming
Authors: Sendall Kerrie M. , Reich Peter B. , Zhao Changming , Jihua Hou , Wei Xiaorong , Stefanski Artur , Rice Karen , Rich Roy L. , Montgomery Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRising temperatures caused by climate change could negatively alter plant ecosystems if temperatures exceed optimal temperatures for carbon gain. Such changes may threaten temperature‐sensitive species, causing local extinctions and range migrations. This study examined the optimal temperature of net photosynthesis (Topt) of two boreal and four temperate deciduous tree species grown in the field in northern Minnesota, United States under two contrasting temperature regimes. We hypothesized that Topt would be higher in temperate than co‐occurring boreal species, with temperate species exhibiting greater plasticity in Topt, resulting in better acclimation to elevated temperatures. The chamberless experiment, located at two sites in both open and understory conditions, continuously warmed plants and soils during three growing seasons. Results show a modest, but significant shift in Topt of 1.1 ± 0.21 °C on average for plants subjected to a mean 2.9 ± 0.01 °C warming during midday hours in summer, and shifts with warming were unrelated to species native ranges. The 1.1 °C shift in Topt with 2.9 °C warming might be interpreted as suggesting limited capacity to shift temperature response functions to better match changes in temperature. However, Topt of warmed plants was as well‐matched with prior midday temperatures as Topt of plants in the ambient treatment, and Topt in both treatments was at a level where realized photosynthesis was within 90–95% of maximum. These results suggest that seedlings of all species were close to optimizing photosynthetic temperature responses, and equally so in both temperature treatments. Our study suggests that temperate and boreal species have considerable capacity to match their photosynthetic temperature response functions to prevailing growing season temperatures that occur today and to those that will likely occur in the coming decades under climate change.
Exploiting the potential of free software to evaluate root canal biomechanical preparation outcomes through micro‐CT images
Authors: Neves A. A. , Silva E. J. , Roter J. M. , Belladona F. G. , Alves H. D. , Lopes R. T. , Paciornik S. , De‐Deus G. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo propose an automated image processing routine based on free software to quantify root canal preparation outcomes in pairs of sound and instrumented roots after micro‐CT scanning procedures.MethodologySeven mesial roots of human mandibular molars with different canal configuration systems were studied: (i) Vertucci's type 1, (ii) Vertucci′s type 2, (iii) two individual canals, (iv) Vertucci′s type 6, canals (v) with and (vi) without debris, and (vii) canal with visible pulp calcification. All teeth were instrumented with the BioRaCe system and scanned in a Skyscan 1173 micro‐CT before and after canal preparation. After reconstruction, the instrumented stack of images (IS) was registered against the preoperative sound stack of images (SS). Image processing included contrast equalization and noise filtering. Sound canal volumes were obtained by a minimum threshold. For the IS, a fixed conservative threshold was chosen as the best compromise between instrumented canal and dentine whilst avoiding debris, resulting in instrumented canal plus empty spaces. Arithmetic and logical operations between sound and instrumented stacks were used to identify debris. Noninstrumented dentine was calculated using a minimum threshold in the IS and subtracting from the SS and total debris. Removed dentine volume was obtained by subtracting SS from IS.ResultsQuantitative data on total debris present in the root canal space after instrumentation, noninstrumented areas and removed dentine volume were obtained for each test case, as well as three‐dimensional volume renderings.ConclusionAfter standardization of acquisition, reconstruction and image processing micro‐CT images, a quantitative approach for calculation of root canal biomechanical outcomes was achieved using free software.
The Transesophageal Echo Probe May Contribute to Esophageal Injury After Catheter Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Under General Anesthesia: A Preliminary Observation
Authors: KUMAR SAURABH , BROWN GREGOR , SUTHERLAND FIONA , MORGAN JOHN , ANDREWS DAVID , LING LIANG‐HAN , McLELLAN ALEX J.A. , LEE GEOFFREY , ROBINSON TIMOTHY , HECK PATRICK , HALLORAN KAREN , MORTON JOSEPH , KISTLER PETER , KALMAN JONATHAN M. , SPARKS PAUL B. 
Published: October 2014

TEE Probe and Esophageal Injury After AF AblationIntroductionThe transesophageal echo probe (TEE) is commonly used before and during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation under general anesthesia (GA). We sought to determine the potential contribution of the TEE probe to esophageal injury after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone for paroxysmal AF.Methods and ResultsSeventy‐six patients undergoing PVI with TEE, PVI/TEE, 16 undergoing PVI without TEE (PVI/No TEE), and 27 undergoing TEE without any left atrial ablation (TEE/No LA ablation) under GA were included. Posterior wall ablation was power (20–25 W) and time limited (electrogram attenuation or ≤30 s). Esophageal capsule endoscopy (n = 206) was performed pre‐ and post‐procedure and at 2 weeks. Esophageal lesions were seen in 30% of PVI/TEE, 0% of patients in the PVI/No TEE (P = 0.009), and 22% of TEE/No LA ablation groups (P = 0.47 vs. PVI/TEE). There were no instances of esophageal bleeding, perforation, or need for gastrointestinal intervention. Self‐resolving dysphagia was the only reported symptom (5%). All lesions healed within 2 weeks. There was no significant difference in the location or morphological appearance of esophageal lesions seen in the PVI/TEE versus TEE/No LA ablation groups.ConclusionsEsophageal lesions were seen in 30% of patients undergoing PVI alone under GA with use of TEE and in a similar proportion (22%) of patients undergoing TEE in the absence of left atrial ablation. This study makes the preliminary observation that one must be cognizant of the TEE probe as a potential contributor to esophageal injury after AF ablation. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Poly (I:C) therapy decreases cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury via TLR3‐mediated prevention of Fas/FADD interaction
Authors: Zhang Xia , Ha Tuanzhu , Lu Chen , Lam Fred , Liu Li , Schweitzer John , Kalbfleisch John , Kao Race L. , Williams David L. , Li Chuanfu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractToll‐like receptor (TLR)‐mediated signalling plays a role in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Modulation of TLRs has been reported to protect against cerebral I/R injury. This study examined whether modulation of TLR3 with poly (I:C) will induce protection against cerebral I/R injury. Mice were treated with or without Poly (I:C) (n = 8/group) 1 hr prior to cerebral ischaemia (60 min.) followed by reperfusion (24 hrs). Poly (I:C) pre‐treatment significantly reduced the infarct volume by 57.2% compared with untreated I/R mice. Therapeutic administration of Poly (I:C), administered 30 min. after cerebral ischaemia, markedly decreased infarct volume by 34.9%. However, Poly (I:C)‐induced protection was lost in TLR3 knockout mice. In poly (I:C)‐treated mice, there was less neuronal damage in the hippocampus compared with untreated I/R mice. Poly (I:C) treatment induced IRF3 phosphorylation, but it inhibited NF‐κB activation in the brain. Poly (I:C) also decreased I/R‐induced apoptosis by attenuation of Fas/FasL‐mediated apoptotic signalling. In addition, Poly (I:C) treatment decreased microglial cell caspase‐3 activity. In vitro data showed that Poly (I:C) prevented hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)‐induced interaction between Fas and FADD as well as caspase‐3 and ‐8 activation in microglial cells. Importantly, Poly (I:C) treatment induced co‐association between TLR3 and Fas. Our data suggest that Poly (I:C) decreases in cerebral I/R injury via TLR3 which associates with Fas, thereby preventing the interaction of Fas and FADD, as well as microglial cell caspase‐3 and ‐8 activities. We conclude that TLR3 modulation by Poly (I:C) could be a potential approach for protection against ischaemic stroke.
Prevalence and incidence rates of cardiovascular, autoimmune, and other diseases in patients with psoriatic or psoriatic arthritis: a retrospective study using Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Edson‐Heredia E. , Zhu B. , Lefevre C. , Wang M. , Barrett A. , Bushe C.J. , Cox A. , Wu J.J. , Maeda‐Chubachi T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that patients with psoriasis have higher rates of comorbidities compared to the general population. Despite the clinical and economic burden of psoriatic disease, there have been few large‐scale observational studies focused on this condition.ObjectiveTo assess rates of cardiovascular, autoimmune, infectious and other conditions in patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis (PSA).MethodsThe data for this retrospective study were obtained from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CRPD). Cohorts of patients with psoriasis (n = 27 672; mild, n = 22 174, severe, n = 5498) and PSA (n = 1952) were generated based on the diagnosis made by general practitioner or specialist recorded in CPRD between 2006 and 2010. Frequencies of comorbidities at baseline and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of medical conditions occurring during follow‐up were calculated and compared between groups. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to compare hazard ratios (HR) of comorbidities across the same subpopulations previously described.ResultsSignificant differences in the unadjusted risk of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, skin cancer and autoimmune diseases were observed between patients with differing severity of psoriasis or between PSA and psoriasis patients. The adjusted HR analyses confirmed patients with severe psoriasis had significantly higher rates of several conditions including diabetes (1.23; 95% CI: 1.01–1.51) and rheumatoid arthritis (2.88; 95% CI: 2.25–3.67) compared to patients with mild psoriasis. Patients with PSA had significantly higher adjusted rates of hypertension (1.30; 95% CI: 1.01–1.68), rheumatoid arthritis (6.93; 95% CI: 5.45–8.80) and ankylosing spondylitis (6.98; 95% CI: 2.37–20.58) compared to those with severe psoriasis.ConclusionPatients with mild psoriasis are less affected by comorbid conditions than those with severe psoriasis, and patients with psoriasis are less affected by comorbidities than those with PSA. Given the differences observed across severities of psoriasis and between psoriasis and PSA, each patient subgroup should be taken into consideration in clinical practice and future research.
Efficacy of imiquimod 3.75% from Lmax according to the number of actinic keratosis lesions
Authors: Peris K. , Stockfleth E. , Gupta G. , Aractingi S. , Dakovic R. , Dirschka T. , Alomar A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundImiquimod 3.75% reduces 92.2% of all actinic keratosis (AK) lesions, assumed to include both subclinical and clinical lesions, across a large sun‐exposed field such as the full face or balding scalp.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of imiquimod 3.75% using the reduction in lesions from Lmax (the maximum lesion count during treatment) in subgroups of patients with low and high AK lesion counts.MethodsPatients from two 14‐week, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind studies were subgrouped according to whether they had ≤10 or >10 AK lesions at baseline. Treatment was applied to the full face or balding scalp during two 2‐week treatment cycles separated by a 2‐week treatment‐free interval.ResultsOverall, 167 patients had ≤10 lesions and 152 patients had >10 AK lesions at baseline. With imiquimod 3.75%, the median percentage reduction in AK lesions from Lmax to end of study was similar in patients with ≤10 and >10 baseline lesions (91.5% and 93.0% respectively). The median absolute reduction in AK lesions from Lmax to end of study was 24.0 for patients with >10 baseline lesions and 10.0 for those with ≤10 baseline lesions. The median percentage and absolute reductions in lesions from Lmax were significantly greater with imiquimod 3.75% vs. placebo (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsImiquimod 3.75% is effective regardless of disease severity as shown in this study by the reduction of over 90% of lesions from Lmax in patients with low or high AK lesion counts.
Multicultural Tourism, Demilitarization, and the Process of Peace Building in Panama
Authors: Guerrón Montero Carla 
Published: October 2014

ResumenEn este artículo, conecto la negación encubierta de derechos ciudadanos por parte del estado con el desarrollo del turismo con el fin de explicar por qué Panamá presenta la imagen de un estado libre de fuerza policial. Abordo dos conceptos principales: un análisis crítico de la gubernamentalidad en el turismo (Hollinshead 1999, 2003) y el concepto de turismo como una fuerza “creadora de mundos” (Hollinshead et al. 2009; Merrill 2009; Noy 2011; Reis and Shelton 2011). Aplico estos conceptos al desarrollo del turismo en el Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro con el fin de ilustrar cómo los procesos turísticos de gubernamentalidad y “creación de mundos” impuestos por las autoridades son experimentados por los afro‐panameños a nivel local. Un análisis de estos conceptos nos permite comprender la naturaleza de la industria del turismo, con su énfasis en la desmilitarización, pero con una presencia importante de mecanismos que limitan los derechos ciudadanos utilizados para mantener a los grupos menos privilegiados en su posición de subordinación en el contexto del desarrollo turístico y la prosperidad económica.
Structural Connectivity Changes Underlying Altered Working Memory Networks in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Three‐Way Image Fusion Analysis
Authors: Teipel Stefan , Ehlers Inga , Erbe Anna , Holzmann Carsten , Lau Esther , Hauenstein Karlheinz , Berger Christoph 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWorking memory impairment is among the earliest signs of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aimed to study the functional and structural substrate of working memory impairment in early AD dementia and MCI.METHODSWe studied a group of 12 MCI and AD subjects compared to 12 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy elderly controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a 2‐back versus 1‐back letter recognition task. We performed a three‐way image fusion analysis with joint independent component analysis of cortical activation during working memory, and DTI derived measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and the mode of anisotropy.RESULTSWe found significant hypoactivation in posterior brain areas and relative hyperactivation in anterior brain areas during working memory in AD/MCI subjects compared to controls. Corresponding independent components from DTI data revealed reduced FA and reduced mode of anisotropy in intracortical projecting fiber tracts with posterior predominance and increased FA and increased mode along the corticospinal tract in AD/MCI compared to controls.CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that impairments of structural fiber tract integrity accompany breakdown of posterior and relatively preserved anterior cortical activation during working memory performance in MCI/AD subjects.