bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soret and dufour effects on MHD mixed convection heat and mass transfer in a micropolar fluid
Authors: Srinivasacharya Darbhasayanam , Upendar Mendu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper analyzes the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of the mixed convection on a vertical plate in a micropolar fluid in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects. A uniform magnetic field of magnitude is applied normal to the plate. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then solved numerically using the Keller-box method. The numerical results are compared and found to be in good agreement with previously published results as special cases of the present investigation. The rate of heat and mass transfer at the plate are presented graphically for various values of coupling number, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, Dufour and Soret numbers. In addition, the skin-friction coefficient, the wall couple stress are shown in a tabular form.
High temperature air oxidation resistance of TiAlCr-Y coated Ti45Al8Nb between 750 °C – 950 °C
Authors: Dudziak Tomasz , Datta Prasanta , Du Hailiang , Ross Ian 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis study is concerned with air oxidation of TiAlCr-Y coated Ti45Al-8Nb (at%) alloy between 750 °C–950 °C for 500 hours. It was shown in these tests that at 750 °C, 850 °C and 950 °C, the oxidation degradation increased with temperature: at 750 °C the oxide scale consisted of TiO2/Al2O3/Cr2O3 phases, whilst at 850 °C the oxide scale consisted of TiO2/Al2O3 phases with a small amount of Cr2O3, and larger number of voids. The material exposed at 950 °C showed a significant formation of TiO2 with a small amount of Al2O3 and high number of voids; the formation of Cr2O3 at 950 °C was inhibited mainly due to the formation of volatile CrO3 or CrO2(OH)2 phase.
New Urbanization of the Steppe. Astana: A Capital Called the Capital
Authors: Gawęcki Marek 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Relocating the capital of Kazakhstan from Almaty to Akmola (then renamed Astana) in 1997 has been the subject of an intense debate, particularly within media. The process of creating the new capital of Kazakhstan should consider the broader perspective of historical, political and ideological, social, climatic and geographical factors, and finally to put the matter in terms of architecture and urban planning. The author considers this very broad perspective, finally expressing the hope that the project of “the city of the future” analyzed in the article, will become a permanent part of the Kazakh reality.
Housing Demand in the Polish Peoples’ Republic
Authors: Jarmuż Michał , Jarosz Dariusz 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Although historians and social scientists devoted considerable attention to issues related to housing in the Polish Peoples’ Republic era, many problems still need further research. The crucial problem of the paper is to find an answer to the question: what did Poles have to do in the period between 1944/45 and 1989 in order to obtain housing? The answer given is the effect of several years of primary source research which encompassed archival material of assorted types and origins
Assessment of soil structure of Luvisols developed from loess classified in various complexes of agricultural suitability
Authors: Paluszek Jan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The objective of the study was the estimation of the aggregate size distribution and water stability of aggregates in Luvisols developed from loess, classified in three agricultural suitability complexes of soils used in Poland: very good wheat (1), good wheat (2) and deficient wheat complex (3). Soils classified in the very good wheat complex had a significantly higher content of air-dry aggregates with sizes in the range of 0.25.10 mm than those classified in the good wheat and deficient wheat complexes. The aggregate size distribution of Ap horizons of soils classified in the very good wheat complex was assessed as highly favourable, and the composition of Ap horizons of soil from the good wheat and deficient wheat complexes as favourable. The aggregate size distribution of the subsoil in the depth of 25.75 cm was assessed as favourable, while in the depth of 75.100 cm as medium favourable. The soils classified in the very good wheat and good wheat complexes were characterised by significantly higher contents of stable aggregates with sizes of 0.25.10 mm and 1.10 mm compared to the soils of the deficient wheat complex. Water stability of aggregates in the Ap horizons of soils classified in the very good wheat and good wheat complexes was estimated as good, and in the Ap horizons of soils of the deficient wheat complex as medium. Whereas, the water stability of aggregates in the Et, Bt, BC and C horizons was assessed as very poor. The reason of the deterioration of aggregate-size distribution and decrease of water-stable aggregate content with sizes of 0,25.10 mm, especially in Luvisols classified in the deficient wheat complexes was accelerated soil erosion.
Extracellular membrane vesicles from umbilical cord blood‐derived MSC protect against ischemic acute kidney injury, a feature that is lost after inflammatory conditioning
Authors: Kilpinen Lotta , Impola Ulla , Sankkila Lotta , Ritamo Ilja , Aatonen Maria , Kilpinen Sami , Tuimala Jarno , Valmu Leena , Levijoki Jouko , Finckenberg Piet , Siljander Pia , Kankuri Esko , Mervaala Eero , Laitinen Saara 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundMesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are shown to have a great therapeutic potential in many immunological disorders. Currently the therapeutic effect of MSCs is considered to be mediated via paracrine interactions with immune cells. Umbilical cord blood is an attractive but still less studied source of MSCs. We investigated the production of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) from human umbilical cord blood derived MSCs (hUCBMSC) in the presence (MVstim) or absence (MVctrl) of inflammatory stimulus.MethodshUCBMSCs were cultured in serum free media with or without IFN‐γ and MVs were collected from conditioned media by ultracentrifugation. The protein content of MVs were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Hypoxia induced acute kidney injury rat model was used to analyze the in vivo therapeutic potential of MVs and T‐cell proliferation and induction of regulatory T cells were analyzed by co‐culture assays.ResultsBoth MVstim and MVctrl showed similar T‐cell modulation activity in vitro, but only MVctrls were able to protect rat kidneys from reperfusion injury in vivo. To clarify this difference in functionality we made a comparative mass spectrometric analysis of the MV protein contents. The IFN‐γ stimulation induced dramatic changes in the protein content of the MVs. Complement factors (C3, C4A, C5) and lipid binding proteins (i.e apolipoproteins) were only found in the MVctrls, whereas the MVstim contained tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81) and more complete proteasome complex accompanied with MHCI. We further discovered that differently produced MV pools contained specific Rab proteins suggesting that same cells, depending on external signals, produce vesicles originating from different intracellular locations.ConclusionsWe demonstrate by both in vitro and in vivo models accompanied with a detailed analysis of molecular characteristics that inflammatory conditioning of MSCs influence on the protein content and functional properties of MVs revealing the complexity of the MSC paracrine regulation.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Suppressing the JAK/STAT Pathway in Multiple Models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Liu Yudong , Holdbrooks Andrew T. , De Sarno Patrizia , Rowse Amber L. , Yanagisawa Lora L. , McFarland Braden C. , Harrington Laurie E. , Raman Chander , Sabbaj Steffanie , Benveniste Etty N. , Qin Hongwei 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Pathogenic Th cells and myeloid cells are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The JAK/STAT pathway is used by numerous cytokines for signaling and is critical for development, regulation, and termination of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway has pathological implications in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Many of the cytokines involved in MS/EAE, including IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, use the JAK/STAT pathway to induce biological responses. Thus, targeting JAKs has implications for treating autoimmune inflammation of the brain. We have used AZD1480, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, to investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway in models of EAE. AZD1480 treatment inhibits disease severity in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced classical and atypical EAE models by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain, suppressing differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells, deactivating myeloid cells, inhibiting STAT activation in the brain, and reducing expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment of SJL/J mice with AZD1480 delays disease onset of PLP-induced relapsing-remitting disease, reduces relapses and diminishes clinical severity. AZD1480 treatment was also effective in reducing ongoing paralysis induced by adoptive transfer of either pathogenic Th1 or Th17 cells. In vivo AZD1480 treatment impairs both the priming and expansion of T cells and attenuates Ag presentation functions of myeloid cells. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway has clinical efficacy in multiple preclinical models of MS, suggesting the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
Demethylation of the Human Eotaxin-3 Gene Promoter Leads to the Elevated Expression of Eotaxin-3
Authors: Lim Eunjin , Rothenberg Marc E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
DNA demethylation has been primarily studied in the context of development biology, cell fate, and cancer, with less attention on inflammation. In this article, we investigate the association between DNA methylation and production of the chemoattractant cytokine eotaxin-3 in the tissue of patients with allergic disease. Regions of the human eotaxin-3 promoter were found to be hypomethylated in primary epithelial cells obtained from allergic tissue compared with normal control tissue. The demethylation of a specific CpG site (designated CpG 2), which is juxtaposed to a key cAMP-responsive element site, was significantly demethylated in patient-derived compared with normal control tissue–derived epithelial cells. Levels of methylation at CpG 2 inversely correlated with basal and IL-13–induced eotaxin-3 gene expression. Conversely, global inhibition of methylation with 5-azacytidine promoted eotaxin-3 production in association with decreasing CpG 2 methylation. In addition, the basal and IL-13–induced eotaxin-3 transcriptional activity was suppressed by promoter methylation using a methylation-free in vitro system. Furthermore, EMSAs demonstrated that the attachment of CREB binding protein and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) to the cAMP-responsive element site was methylation dependent. Taken together, these data identify a contributory role for DNA methylation in regulating eotaxin-3 production in human allergic inflammation.
Analyse didactique des gestes professionnels d’étudiants stagiaires en éducation physique et sportive
Authors: Brière-Guenoun Fabienne , Musard Mathilde 
Published: December 2013

Cet article présente une analyse didactique des gestes professionnels de quatre étudiants stagiaires de troisième année de licence en éducation physique. La recherche prend appui sur la théorie de l’action conjointe et l’approche anthropologique du didactique selon une perspective comparatiste. La méthodologie met en relation des données filmées et issues d’entretien. Les résultats révèlent que les gestes des étudiants se caractérisent par : 1) une centration sur les savoirs spécifiques ; 2) l’actualisation de tensions entre apprentissages, sécurité, dévolution et gestion de la classe ; 3) l’articulation de techniques didactiques variées. La discussion envisage l’influence des enjeux de savoirs sur ces gestes, leur ancrage dans des dilemmes variés ainsi que leurs traits spécifiques et génériques.
Le passage d’une pédagogie centrée sur l’élève vers une pédagogie centrée sur l’enseignant : une étude de cas comparative
Authors: Brito Olivier 
Published: December 2013

Nous étudions la transition entre une école primaire et un collège (premier cycle du secondaire). Nous comparons, d’un côté, les élèves issus d’une école primaire proposant une pédagogie centrée sur l’élève ; de l’autre, les élèves issus d’une école proposant une pédagogie centrée sur l’enseignant. Nous comparons leurs performances scolaires et certaines dimensions psychologiques mesurées à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Sur le plan scolaire, aucune différence n’est constatée. Sur le plan psychologique, les élèves issus d’une pédagogie centrée sur l’élève font preuve d’une grande habileté sociale et relationnelle sans qu’il soit pour autant possible d’évoquer de plus grandes capacités d’adaptation.
Antler casting in relation to parturition in semi-domesticated female reindeer
Authors: Reimers Eigil , Nieminen Mauri , Tsegaye Diress 
Published: December 2013

We investigated the timing of the right and left antler casting in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in relation to parturition using 139 antlered adult individually marked females in 2008-09 between May 5 and June 2; a period when all calves were born and all females cast their antlers. We analysed time of casting of right and left antler in relation to pregnancy, female age and body weight, weight and sex of the calf, and birth date. Seven of the females were non-pregnant (barren) and cast their antlers during the second week of May and at the same time as some of the females that gave birth initiated antler casting. Postpartum retention of antlers varied from 0 to 15 days. We found no difference between left and right antler casting schedule and within two days apart, 91% of the females had cast both antlers. The maximum number of antler castings per day occurred on the seventh day after parturition. Of the 132 females that gave birth, 7 females (5.3%) cast both antlers 5 – 23 days before calving, three females cast right antler 6 – 10 days before and the left antler 2 – 5 days after calving and one female that bore only a left antler casted a day before calving. Antler casting among lactating females was related only to female age, indicating that older females cast antlers earlier than younger females (i.e. 3 days earlier than the pooled mean of 7.6 days). Apart from calving date being two days later among the 7 females that alternated their casting schedule, female body weights, calf sex and calf birth weight among them did not differ between the two years. We conclude that it is a small but consistent antler casting overlap between barren and pregnant/lactating females, indicating that the control mechanism for casting of antlers is not “fool proof” and that antler status prior to parturition does not accurately predict pregnancy status in this domestic reindeer group.
Coordinated SuperDARN THEMIS ASI observations of mesoscale flow bursts associated with auroral streamers
Authors: Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. , Zou S. , Angelopoulos V. , Donovan E. , McWilliams K. A. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Nishitani N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNightside auroral zone localized flow channels, typically associated with auroral poleward boundary intensifications and streamers, are an important component of high‐latitude ionospheric plasma dynamics. We investigate the structure of these flow channels using two‐dimensional line‐of‐sight flow observations from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars and auroral images from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) ground‐based all‐sky imager (ASI) array. Radar echoes captured <~500 km horizontal distance from the radars were mainly used to detect small‐scale flow structures that would otherwise be missed or poorly resolved in long‐range radar echoes. After identifying 135 auroral streamers in the ASI images at close‐radar capture locations, we examined the associated ionospheric flow data in the radar echoes. Flow bursts and streamers are invariably correlated in all events. The flow bursts are often directed equatorward and appear simultaneously with the streamers. Equatorward flows are located just to the east of the streamers. Less frequently (~10% of the time), a poleward flow enhancement was detected even when a streamer propagated equatorward, the poleward flow enhancement being located to the west of the auroral streamer, or to the east of the equatorward flow enhancement, consistently with the spatial relationship between flow shear and upward field‐aligned currents in plasma sheet flow bursts. The azimuthal width of the flow channel is, on average, ~75 km, and the azimuthal offset of the equatorward flow channel relative to the auroral streamer is ~57 km eastward. This study demonstrates the capability of radar‐imager pairs for identifying the 2‐D structure of localized flows associated with plasma sheet flow bursts.
Longitudinal variation in Global Navigation Satellite Systems TEC and topside ion density over South American sector associated with the four‐peaked wave structures
Authors: Nogueira P. A. B. , Abdu M. A. , Souza J. R. , Bailey G. J. , Batista I. S. , Shume E. B. , Denardini C.M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRecent observations of the low‐latitude ionospheric electron density revealed a four‐peaked longitudinal structure in the equatorial ionization anomaly when plotted at a constant‐local‐time frame. It was proposed that neutral wind‐driven E region dynamo electric fields due to nonmigrating tidal modes are responsible for this pattern. We examine the four‐peaked structure in the observed topside ion density and its manifestation as longitudinal structures in total electron content (TEC) over South America. The strong longitudinal variation in TEC characterized by larger value over Brazilian eastern longitude sector as compared to that over the Peruvian western longitude is modeled using the Sheffield University plasmasphere‐ionosphere model (SUPIM) aiming to identify the control factors responsible for the longitude variation. We found that the SUPIM runs using as input the existing standard models of vertical drift, and thermospheric winds do not explain the TEC longitudinal structure. Realistic values of these control parameters were generated based on the strong vertical drift longitudinal variation as determined from magnetometer and Digisonde data and appropriately adjusted winds (horizontal wind model). These realistic vertical drifts together with the modified thermospheric wind, when used as input to the SUPIM, are found to satisfactorily explain the longitudinal differences in the TEC and topside ion density (Ni) over South America. The study shows that the TEC in the whole latitude distribution is larger over the east coast than over the west coast of South America and that the vertical drift and thermospheirc winds control the longitudinal four wave structure in the TEC and Ni.
Measurements of equatorial plasma depletion velocity using 630 nm airglow imaging over a low‐latitude Indian station
Authors: Taori A. , Sindhya A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe report the east‐west velocity measurements of the equatorial plasma depletion (EPD) from Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, dip latitude 6.5°N) estimated using the airglow imaging of O(1D) 630 nm airglow emission during the years 2012–2013. Our measured EPD velocity values are significantly smaller than earlier reported values from low‐latitude stations in India. The measured nocturnal EPD velocity variations are compared with recent empirical model given by England and Immel (2012). We note that during March–April months, our measurements agree very well with the empirical model while minor differences are noted in other months. We also note the differences between our measurements and horizontal wind model. We believe that these differences suggest the deviation of electrodynamics associated with EPD from the one occurring in the background thermospheric altitudes.
Application of spectral analysis techniques in the intercomparison of aerosol data: Part III. Using combined PCA to compare spatiotemporal variability of MODIS, MISR, and OMI aerosol optical depth
Authors: Li Jing , Carlson Barbara E. , Lacis Andrew A. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSatellite measurements of global aerosol properties are very useful in constraining aerosol parameterization in climate models. The reliability of different data sets in representing global and regional aerosol variability becomes an essential question. In this study, we present the results of a comparison using combined principal component analysis (CPCA), applied to monthly mean, mapped (Level 3) aerosol optical depth (AOD) product from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). This technique effectively finds the common space‐time variability in the multiple data sets by decomposing the combined AOD field. The results suggest that all of the sensors capture the globally important aerosol regimes, including dust, biomass burning, pollution, and mixed aerosol types. Nonetheless, differences are also noted. Specifically, compared with MISR and OMI, MODIS variability is significantly higher over South America, India, and the Sahel. MODIS deep blue AOD has a lower seasonal variability in North Africa, accompanied by a decreasing trend that is not found in either MISR or OMI AOD data. The narrow swath of MISR results in an underestimation of dust variability over the Taklamakan Desert. The MISR AOD data also exhibit overall lower variability in South America and the Sahel. OMI does not capture the Russian wild fire in 2010 nor the phase shift in biomass burning over East South America compared to Central South America, likely due to cloud contamination and the OMI row anomaly. OMI also indicates a much stronger (boreal) winter peak in South Africa compared with MODIS and MISR.