bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine suppresses regulatory T cells mediated by TGF‐β in murine chronic allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Tamaka Kyoko , Seike Masahiro , Hagiwara Tamio , Sato Atsushi , Ohtsu Hiroshi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress effector T cells and ameliorate contact hypersensitivity (CH); however, the role of Tregs in chronic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD) has not been assessed. Repeated elicitation of CH has been used to produce CACD models in mice. We previously showed that the presence of histamine facilitates the creation of eczematous lesions in this model using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) (−/−) mice. Therefore, the effects of histamine on Tregs in the CACD model were investigated in this study. CACD was developed by repeated epicutaneous application of 2, 4, 6‐trinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene (TNCB) on HDC (+/+) and HDC (−/−) murine skin to assess the effects of histamine in CACD. Histamine aggravated CACD in the murine model and suppressed the number of Tregs in the skin. Histamine also suppressed the level of TGF‐β1 in this model. Recombinant TGF‐β1 or anti‐TGF‐β1 antibody was injected into the dorsal dermis of HDC (+/+) mice daily just before TNCB challenge to determine the effects of histamine‐regulated TGF‐β on the Treg population in CACD. Recombinant TGF‐β1 injection promoted the infiltration of Tregs in the skin and the production of IL‐10; however, anti‐TGF‐β1 antibody injection suppressed the number of Tregs in the skin and the production of IL‐10. Histamine suppresses the number of Tregs in CACD, and this effect is mediated by TGF‐β.
Readthrough of stop codons by use of aminoglycosides in cells from xeroderma pigmentosum group C patients
Authors: Kuschal Christiane , Khan Sikandar G. , Enk Benedikt , DiGiovanna John J. , Kraemer Kenneth H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractReadthrough of premature termination (stop) codons (PTC) is a new approach to treatment of genetic diseases. We recently reported that readthrough of PTC in cells from some xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XP‐C) patients could be achieved with the aminoglycosides geneticin or gentamicin. We found that the response depended on several factors including the PTC sequence, its location within the gene and the aminoglycoside used. Here, we extended these studies to investigate the effects of other aminoglycosides that are already on the market. We reasoned that topical treatment could deliver much higher concentrations of drug to the skin, the therapeutic target, and thus increase the therapeutic effect while reducing renal or ototoxicity in comparison with systemic treatment. Our prior clinical studies indicated that only a few percent of normal XPC expression was associated with mild clinical disease. We found minimal cell toxicity in the XP‐C cells with several aminoglycosides. We found increased XPC mRNA expression in PTC‐containing XP‐C cells with G418, paromomycin, neomycin and kanamycin and increased XPC protein expression with G418. We conclude that in selected patients with XP, topical PTC therapy can be investigated as a method of personalized medicine to alleviate their cutaneous symptoms.
The NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant attenuates NK1 agonist‐induced scratching behaviour in the gerbil after intra‐dermal, topical or oral administration
Authors: Costantini Vivian J. A. , Corsi Mauro , Dünstl Georg , Bettelini Letizia , Zonzini Laura , Gerrard Philip 
Published: February 2015

AbstractExperiments were conducted to develop a model to study the effect of oral and topical administration of the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant, on scratching behaviour in gerbils. The gerbil was selected due to its relevance for human NK1 receptor pharmacology. Intradermal injection of a specific NK1 receptor agonist GR73632 (100 nmol/100 µl) at the rostral back of gerbils produced scratching of the injection site. This could be attenuated by intradermal co‐administration of a selective NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant (30–100–300 nmol), demonstrating the role of dermal NK1 receptor in elicitation of scratching behaviour. Likewise, scratching was attenuated by oral (0.3–3–30 mg/kg) or topical application (0.01–0.1–1% w/v) of aprepitant and pharmacokinetic analysis of aprepitant levels in brain, blood and skin supported that efficacy of topically applied aprepitant was due to dermal rather than central target engagement. In conclusion, we showed that NK1 agonist‐induced scratching in the gerbil can be reversed by systemic and topical administration of aprepitant. This test system may provide a useful model for the in vivo assessment of putative antipruritic agents.
Biodegradable behaviour and fatigue life of ZEK100 magnesium alloy in simulated physiological environment
Authors: Zhao J. , Gao L.‐L. , Gao H. , Yuan X. , Chen X. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe fatigue life of ZEK100 magnesium alloy in the phosphate buffered solution for various immersion intervals was investigated by experiments and theoretical predictions. The biodegradable behaviours of ZEK100 magnesium alloy were also studied. Microstructure observation showed that the corrosion behaviours were characterized by pitting corrosion. The corrosion rate decreased a lot in the initial 7 d and then almost stayed unchanged. After 28 d immersion, the elastic modulus almost kept stable, while the yield strength and the ultimate strength decreased a lot, which indicated that corrosion had important effects on the tensile mechanical properties. It showed that the fatigue life of the samples under the same stress conditions decreased with increasing immersion time under the asymmetric stress‐controlled cyclic loading. Considering the effect of corrosion on the material failure, a modified fatigue life model was proposed for magnesium alloy under corrosion.
Renal involvement in mushroom poisoning: The case of Orellanus syndrome
Authors: Esposito Pasquale , La Porta Edoardo , Calatroni Marta , Bianzina Stefania , Libetta Carmelo , Gregorini Marilena , Rampino Teresa , Dal Canton Antonio 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlthough mushroom poisoning is a rare cause of acute renal injury, in some cases it may lead to the development of a severe and irreversible renal failure. Orellanus syndrome is the most important example of organic renal damage related to mushroom consumption. It is caused by the ingestion of orellanine, the main toxin of different types of Cortinarius mushrooms (Cortinarius speciosissimus, C. orellanus, C. orellanoides, etc.), and it is characterized by progressive clinical phases with a predominant kidney involvement, finally requiring renal replacement therapy in about 10% of cases. Renal damage is often late and associated with a histological picture of interstitial nephritis. Diagnosis is essentially clinical and no specific therapy has been shown to be effective in preventing and treating renal damage. Here, we describe the case of a patient with mixed wild mushroom poisoning, presenting the typical clinical signs and course of the Orellanus syndrome. This case offers us the opportunity to review the main clinical features of this severe and little‐known intoxication.
Identification of Viable Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Water Supplies by Cultural and Molecular Techniques
Authors: Santiago Paula , Moreno Yolanda , Ferrús M. Antonía 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of chronic bacterial infection in humans, directly related to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. It has been suggested that H. pylori can be acquired through different transmission routes, including water. In this study, culture and qPCR were used to detect and identify the presence of H. pylori in drinking water. Furthermore, the combined techniques PMA‐qPCR and DVC‐FISH were applied for detection of viable cells of H. pylori.ResultsAmong 24 drinking water samples, 16 samples were positive for the presence of H. pylori, but viable cells were only detected in six samples. Characteristic colonies, covered by a mass of bacterial unspecific growth, were observed on selective agar plates from an only sample, after enrichment. The mixed culture was submitted to DVC‐FISH and qPCR analysis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons. Molecular techniques confirmed the growth of H. pylori on the agar plate.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate for the first time that H. pylori can survive and be potentially infective in drinking water, showing that water distribution systems could be a potential route for H. pylori transmission.
Intestinal metaplasia of the bladder with dysplasia: a risk factor for carcinoma?
Authors: Gordetsky Jennifer , Epstein Jonathan I 
Published: February 2015

AimsIntestinal metaplasia (IM) of the bladder is a benign glandular proliferation, where the urothelium becomes lined by intestinal‐type epithelium. There is no association between IM and an increased risk for the development of adenocarcinoma. However, in rare cases IM shows dysplasia, similar to that of the gastrointestinal tract. We evaluated the significance of urothelial IM with dysplasia.Methods and resultsConsultation cases were searched for IM of the bladder with dysplasia. We identified 20 cases, including 17 males and females, aged 31–85 years (mean 60 years). Twelve (60%) patients had low‐grade dysplasia and eight (40%) patients had high‐grade dysplasia. Focal dysplasia was found in eight (40%) patients and non‐focal dysplasia in 12 (60%) patients. IM with dysplasia was found with concurrent adenocarcinoma in eight (40%) cases. Five of these patients (63%) had disease recurrence and three (38%) patients died from their disease. IM with dysplasia was found with concurrent urothelial carcinoma in one case. Eleven patients had IM with dysplasia without evidence of malignancy. Of these, one went on to develop non‐invasive, high‐grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.ConclusionsClinical follow‐up is recommended in cases of IM with dysplasia, as a significant number of these cases are associated with concurrent carcinoma.
Comparison of immunoreactive score, HER2/neu score and H score for the immunohistochemical evaluation of somatostatin receptors in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms
Authors: Specht Elisa , Kaemmerer Daniel , Sänger Jörg , Wirtz Ralph M , Schulz Stefan , Lupp Amelie 
Published: February 2015

AimsDue to the growing number of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) targeting analogues and radiopeptides used for the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), the assessment of SSTR subtype status has increasingly gained predictive value. In pathology, the SSTR protein levels are detected routinely by immunohistochemistry (IHC); however, a lack of a standardized evaluation system persists. Thus, in the present investigation, three well‐established semi‐quantitative scoring systems [immunoreactive score (IRS), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu score, H score] used commonly for SSTR‐IHC evaluation in NEN were compared.Methods and resultsA total of 240 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumour samples from 90 patients with bronchopulmonary NEN were examined by IHC and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) for SSTR1, 2A, 3, 4 and 5 expression. Using both methods, SSTR1, 2A and 5 were the most frequently expressed subtypes. For all SSTR subtypes, all three scores correlated well with each other and with qRT–PCR data. However, the IRS was the most meaningful score with the best correlation to mRNA levels.ConclusionsBecause a unified IHC scoring system for SSTR analysis is needed urgently to optimize the theranostics of NEN, among the scores tested, the IRS seems to be the most suitable according to our results. It provides sufficient accuracy combined with high practicability.
Tumour border configuration in colorectal cancer: proposal for an alternative scoring system based on the percentage of infiltrating margin
Authors: Karamitopoulou Eva , Zlobec Inti , Koelzer Viktor Hendrik , Langer Rupert , Dawson Heather , Lugli Alessandro 
Published: February 2015

AimsInformation on tumour border configuration (TBC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently not included in most pathology reports, owing to lack of reproducibility and/or established evaluation systems. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an alternative scoring system based on the percentage of the infiltrating component may represent a reliable method for assessing TBC.Methods and resultsTwo hundred and fifteen CRCs with complete clinicopathological data were evaluated by two independent observers, both ‘traditionally’ by assigning the tumours into pushing/infiltrating/mixed categories, and alternatively by scoring the percentage of infiltrating margin. With the pushing/infiltrating/mixed pattern method, interobserver agreement (IOA) was moderate (κ = 0.58), whereas with the percentage of infiltrating margins method, IOA was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.86). A higher percentage of infiltrating margin correlated with adverse features such as higher grade (P = 0.0025), higher pT (P = 0.0007), pN (P = 0.0001) and pM classification (P = 0.0063), high‐grade tumour budding (P < 0.0001), lymphatic invasion (P < 0.0001), vascular invasion (P = 0.0032), and shorter survival (P = 0.0008), and was significantly associated with an increased probability of lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001).ConclusionsInformation on TBC gives additional prognostic value to pathology reports on CRC. The novel proposed scoring system, by using the percentage of infiltrating margin, outperforms the ‘traditional’ way of reporting TBC. Additionally, it is reproducible and simple to apply, and can therefore be easily integrated into daily diagnostic practice.
HISTORY AS PHILOSOPHY
Authors: CRACRAFT JAMES 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTHistorians have taken a beating in recent times from an array of critics troubled by our persistent unwillingness to properly theorize our work. This essay contends that their criticisms have generally failed to make headway among mainstream historians owing to a little noticed cognitive byproduct of our work that I call history as philosophy. In so doing I offer a novel defense of professional history as it has been understood and practiced in the Anglophone world over the last half‐century or so while suggesting, in conclusion, that historians could not do other than they do without serious psychic and societal loss.
WHAT OBJECT IS FEAR?
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis article reviews two edited volumes on fear, important contributions to the newly developing field of the history of emotions. The question at the center of Jan Plamper and Benjamin Lazier's volume is how fear is constituted as an object; this question is investigated in an interdisciplinary dialogue. Focusing on the twentieth century, the editors bring together psychologists, historians of science and of emotions, and specialists in literature studies, politics, and film. Taking the dialogue beyond the social sciences is certainly an exciting and necessary exercise, but it also raises the question whether both sides are really talking about the same object.Michael Laffan and Max Weiss place fear in a global history perspective. They cover a wide scope, from early modernity to the present, and geographically including the Americas and Indonesia. Taken together, both volumes not only give an impressive overview of the field of fear studies, and add to it through a number of case studies, but also raise the question “what object is fear?” in a new way. If this object is as fluid as appears from the two volumes—not only with respect to the different events that trigger fear, the different uses it was put to, and the politics it allowed, but as a felt emotion—this calls for further investigation notably into the words and concepts used to make sense of the experience.
UNDERDOGS IN DIALOGUE
Authors: Osterhammel Jürgen 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe study of cultural interactions between Asia and Europe in modern times has moved beyond a mere description of mutual “images” and a ritualized assertion of fundamental incompatibility in the dichotomous tradition going back to the critique of Orientalism. Using “entanglement” as his guiding concept, the author unfolds a rich panorama of Indian and Germanic (including Austrian and Swiss) intellectuals in personal contact and distant dialogue from the 1880s to 1945. Their shared framework of meaning was the resistance to “empire.” The book ambitiously advances a broader vision of global intellectual history. This raises a number of theoretical issues requiring further debate.
Microwave vs. convection heating of bovine Gluteus Medius muscle: impact on selected physical properties of final product and cooking yield
Authors: Półtorak A. , Wyrwisz J. , Moczkowska M. , Marcinkowska‐Lesiak M. , Stelmasiak A. , Rafalska U. , Wierzbicka A. , Sun Da‐Wen 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of two convection–microwave heating (M100 and M30) on texture and colour properties, cooking yield and thermal shrinkage of bovine product (gluteus medius muscle) as compared with conventional roasting at constant temperature (P180 and P80) and roasting with ΔT program (Δ80 and Δ40). The product processed by the M100 method was characterised by high shear force (WBSF) and high compression force (TPA). The reduction of microwave intensity to 30% (roasting M30) could improve the tenderness of final product. In addition, microwave heating at the intensity of 30% shortened the roasting time, and the produced sample exhibited comparable process loss and heat shrinkage extent compared to those treated by the high‐temperature conventional roasting method (P180). The study indicated that combining of convection and low‐intensity microwave heating could be successfully used in catering business for beef roasting due to the shorter cooking time, reduced cooking loss and higher tenderness of meat.
Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease in Australia: current scientific and clinical status
Authors: Poortvliet P. C. , Silburn P. A. , Coyne T. J. , Chenery H. J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThere is currently no cure for Parkinson disease (PD). Disease management is directed primarily at motor symptom relief, but the impact of non‐motor symptoms associated with PD should not be underestimated. Medical and surgical treatment options aim to increase functional independence and quality of life. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be a safe, effective and cost‐efficient surgical treatment option. In 2009, the Australian referral guidelines, developed to provide a synopsis of DBS therapy for PD, were introduced, and since then novel findings have been reported regarding the timing of intervention, target selection and symptom management. Our aim is to provide an update of DBS for PD in Australia. Intervention at earlier stages of the disease can potentially improve quality of life over a longer period with greater possibilities for meaningful social and professional contributions. For less responsive motor symptoms (e.g. freezing of gait, postural instability), the pedunculopontine nucleus has emerged as a promising new surgical target. Traditional PD treatment is focused on improvement of motor symptoms, but the disorder is also characterised by non‐motor symptoms, often undiagnosed or undisclosed, that have the potential to impact quality of life to a greater extent than motor symptoms. It is essential to identify and routinely monitor for non‐motor symptoms as they can emerge at all stages of the disease or can result from treatment. Many of these current advances require long‐term monitoring of treatment outcomes to improve future clinical practice, refine patient selection and ensure best patient outcomes.
No payments, copayments and faux payments: are medical practitioners adequately equipped to manage Medicare claiming and compliance?
Authors: Faux M. A. , Wardle J. L. , Adams J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe complexity of Medicare claiming means it is often beyond the comprehension of many, including medical practitioners who are required to interpret and apply Medicare every day. A single Medicare service can be the subject of 30 different payment rates, multiple claiming methods and a myriad of rules, with severe penalties for non‐compliance, yet the administrative infrastructure and specialised human resourcing of Medicare may have decreased over time. As a result, medical practitioners experience difficulties accessing reliable information and support concerning their claiming and compliance obligations. Some commentators overlook the complexity of Medicare and suggest that deliberate misuse of the system by medical practitioners is a significant contributor to rising healthcare costs, although there is currently no empirical evidence to support this view. Quantifying the precise amount of leakage caused by inappropriate claiming has proven an impossible task, although current estimates are $1–3 billion annually. The current government's proposed copayment plan may cause increases in non‐compliance and incorrect Medicare claiming, and a causal link has been demonstrated between medical practitioner access to Medicare education and significant costs savings. Medicare claiming is a component of almost every medical interaction in Australia, yet most education in this area currently occurs on an ad hoc basis. Research examining medical practitioner experiences and understanding regarding Medicare claiming and compliance is urgently required to adapt Medicare responsibly to our rapidly changing healthcare environment.
Tadalafil therapy and severe chronic foot wound resolution
Authors: Davenport Claire , Dubin Andrew 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe report an unanticipated medication effect resulting in near‐complete wound healing in a patient after beginning tadalafil therapy of 20 mg thrice daily. This patient was treated for 50 years with state‐of‐the art acute and then chronic wound interventions after a traumatic farm machinery accident which resulted in a devascularised foot wound. This infection was both life‐ and limb‐threatening. The patient had undergone multiple vascular and plastic surgeries and antimicrobial therapies in addition to hospitalisations for sepsis. Limb amputation was being considered, when his urologist placed him on daily phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor therapy, prior to unrelated urologic surgery. Remarkably, his foot wound underwent near‐complete resolution and has been stable for 2 years.
Combined use of fenestrated‐type artificial dermis and topical negative pressure wound therapy for the venous leg ulcer of a rheumatoid arthritis patient
Authors: Morimoto Naoki , Kuro Atsuyuki , Yamauchi Takashi , Horiuchi Ai , Kakudo Natsuko , Sakamoto Michiharu , Suzuki Kenji , Kusumoto Kenji 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe report a case of circumferential venous leg ulcer in a rheumatoid arthritis patient. Mesh skin grafting was performed in another hospital, but the graft failed and the patient was referred to our hospital. This ulcer was treated by the combination therapy of a fenestrated‐type artificial dermis with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and secondary mesh grafting using our ‘grip tape technique’. NPWT was started at −100 mmHg and continued until the formation of dermis‐like tissue. A section stained using haematoxylin and eosin and an anti‐αSMA (α smooth muscle actin) immunohistological section of the biopsy from dermis‐like tissue showed an abundant infiltration of fibroblasts and capillary formation beneath the fenestration of the silicone sheet. Threefold mesh skin grafting was subsequently performed and it was taken up completely. The fenestrated‐type artificial dermis in combination with NPWT produced good results without infection in the treatment of complex wounds. In addition, our ‘grip tape technique’ was useful to apply polyurethane foam to the entire surface of the lower leg.