bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Most women diagnosed with cervical cancer by a visual screening program in Tanzania completed treatment: evidence from a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Gard Andrew C , Soliman Amr S , Ngoma Twalib , Mwaiselage Julius , Kahesa Crispin , Chamberlain Robert M , Harlow Siobán D 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to identify and treat pre-cancerous lesions is effective for cervical cancer prevention. Screening programs also facilitate screening and diagnosis of invasive cancers that must be referred for radiation therapy or chemotherapy. This study compared characteristics of women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer by a VIA screening program who did and did not follow up for treatment and who did and did not complete treatment at the Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ORCI screening referrals from the period November 2002 to June 2011. Women referred for treatment of invasive disease (n = 980) were identified from an existing database of all women attending the screening clinic during this period (n = 20,131) and matched to a dataset of all cervical cancer patients attending ORCI in this period (n = 8,240). Treatment information was abstracted from patient records of women who followed up. Records of a random sample (n = 333) of unscreened patients were reviewed for disease stage.

Results
Of the 980 women referred women, 829 (84.6%) sought treatment. Most of those women (82.8%) completed their prescribed radiation. Lower disease stage, having a skilled occupation, residence in Dar es Salaam, and younger age were independently associated with loss to follow-up. Higher disease stage, residence in Dar es Salaam, older age, and later year of first treatment appointment were independently associated with incomplete treatment among those who followed up. Significantly more screened women had stage 1 disease (14.0%) than unscreened women (7.8%).

Conclusions
Most women referred from the screening clinic completed treatment for their cancer at ORCI. Some of those lost to follow-up may have sought treatment elsewhere. In most cases, the screening clinic appears to facilitate diagnosis and treatment, rather than screening, for women with invasive cervical cancer.
Prediction of trapezius muscle activity and shoulder, head, neck, and torso postures during computer use: results of a field study
Authors: Bruno Garza Jennifer L , Eijckelhof Belinda HW , Huysmans Maaike A , Johnson Peter W , van Dieen Jaap H , Catalano Paul J , Katz Jeffrey N , van der Beek Allard J , Dennerlein Jack T 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundDue to difficulties in performing direct measurements as an exposure assessment technique, evidence supporting an association between physical exposures such as neck and shoulder muscle activities and postures and musculoskeletal disorders during computer use is limited. Alternative exposure assessment techniques are needed.MethodsWe predicted the median and range of amplitude (90th-10thpercentiles) of trapezius muscle activity and the median and range of motion (90th-10thpercentiles) of shoulder, head, neck, and torso postures based on two sets of parameters: the distribution of keyboard/mouse/idle activities only (“task-based” predictions), and a comprehensive set of task, questionnaire, workstation, and anthropometric parameters (“expanded model” predictions). We compared the task-based and expanded model predictions based on R2values, root mean squared (RMS) errors, and relative RMS errors calculated compared to direct measurements.ResultsThe expanded model predictions of the median and range of amplitude of trapezius muscle activity had consistently better R2values (range 0.40-0.55 compared to 0.00-0.06), RMS errors (range 2-3%MVC compared to 3-4%MVC), and relative RMS errors (range 10-14%MVC compared to 16-19%MVC) than the task-based predictions. The expanded model predictions of the median and range of amplitude of postures also had consistently better R2values (range 0.22-0.58 compared to 0.00-0.35), RMS errors (range 2–14 degrees compared to 3–22 degrees), and relative RMS errors (range 9–21 degrees compared to 13–42 degrees) than the task-based predictions.ConclusionsThe variation in physical exposures across users performing the same task is large, especially in comparison to the variation across tasks. Thus, expanded model predictions of physical exposures during computer use should be used rather than task-based predictions to improve exposure assessment for future epidemiological studies. Clinically, this finding also indicates that computer users will have differences in their physical exposures even when performing the same tasks.
The effect of two novel amino acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles on survival in vascular endothelial cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and macrophages
Authors: Wu Qinghua , Meng Ning , Zhang Yanru , Han Lei , Su Le , Zhao Jing , Zhang Shangli , Zhang Yun , Zhao Baoxiang , Miao Junying 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been popularly used in many fields. Recently, many kinds of MNPs are modified as new absorbents, which have attracted considerable attention and are promising to be applied in waste water. In our previous study, we synthesized two novel MNPs surface-coated with glycine or lysine, which could efficiently remove many anionic and cationic dyes under severe conditions. It should be considered that MNP residues in water may exert some side effects on human health. In the present study, we evaluated the potential nanotoxicity of MNPs in human endothelial cells, macrophages, and rat bone marrow stromal cells. The results showed that the two kinds of nanoparticles were consistently absorbed into the cell cytoplasm. The concentration of MNPs@Gly that could distinctly decrease survival was 15 μg/ml in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and 10 μg/ml in macrophages. While the concentration of MNPs@Lys that obviously reduced viability was 15 μg/ml in HUVECs or macrophages and 50 μg/ml in BMSCs. Furthermore, cell nucleus staining and cell integrity assay indicated that the nanoparticles induced cell apoptosis, but not necrosis even at a high concentration. Altogether, these data suggest that the amino acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles exert relatively high cytotoxicity. By contrast, lysine-coated magnetic nanoparticles are more secure than glycine-coated magnetic nanoparticles.
Transmission mode switching for device-to-device communication aided by relay node
Authors: Ni Yiyang , Qiao Dan , Li Xiao , Jin Shi , Zhu Hongbo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the strategy of transmission mode switching for device-to-device (D2D) communication in both single-cell scenario and multi-cell scenarios, which selects the transmission mode to guarantee the maximum ergodic achievable sum-rate among three transmission modes. We first introduce the basic operation principles of three communication transmission modes which are named as traditional cellular communication mode, direct D2D communication mode and two-way decode-and-forward (DF)-relayed D2D communication mode. Then we derive the corresponding expressions for the ergodic achievable sum-rates of each transmission mode, and get the crossing points of different transmission modes to attain maximum ergodic achievable sum-rate of the system. From the analytical results, we can see that the proper operating region of each transmission mode is related to different interference level and distance of the D2D users. Based on the analytical results, we obtain a reliable communication transmission mode switching strategy which guarantees the system to choose the mode with the maximum ergodic achievable sum-rate so as to improve the performance of D2D communication. Numerical results demonstrate that by applying mode switching, the ergodic achievable sum-rate of the system achieves a remarkable enhancement.
Enzymatic and acid conversion of new starches from improved orphan crops: prospects for renewable materials uses in food and non-food industries
Authors: Doué Ginette , Bédikou Micaël , Koua Gisèle , Mégnanou Rose-Monde , Niamké Sébastien 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The enzymatic and acid hydrolysis have converted eight new starches into a range of chain lengths mainly including glucose, maltose, and maltodextrins as observed on TLC plates, irrespective to the starch variety and treatment. Results of the enzymatic hydrolysis have highlighted the possibility of the use of V4 and V64, which can be labelled as “dietary fibres”, to enhance the organoleptic qualities of foods and for fibre fortification of low-calorie products. Concerning V66 and V69, they have much relevant in food, textile and pharmaceutical applications. The acid hydrolysis showed that V73 is the best starch in the chemical industry for making environment-friendly products such as plastics. Because starch is a natural component that degrade quickly in normal composting condition, the whole studied starches could be advised for various utilizations in the food, textile, paper, biofuel, pharmaceutical and plastic industries for sustainable development.
Co-production of bioethanol and probiotic yeast biomass from agricultural feedstock: application of the rural biorefinery concept
Authors: Hull Claire M , Loveridge E Joel , Donnison Iain S , Kelly Diane E , Kelly Steven L 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Microbial biotechnology and biotransformations promise to diversify the scope of the biorefinery approach for the production of high-value products and biofuels from industrial, rural and municipal waste feedstocks. In addition to bio-based chemicals and metabolites, microbial biomass itself constitutes an obvious but overlooked by-product of existing biofermentation systems which warrants fuller attention. The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders and marketed as a human health supplement. Despite its relatedness to S. cerevisiae that is employed widely in biotechnology, food and biofuel industries, the alternative applications of S. boulardii are not well studied. Using a biorefinery approach, we compared the bioethanol and biomass yields attainable from agriculturally-sourced grass juice using probiotic S. boulardii (strain MYA-769) and a commercial S. cerevisiae brewing strain (Turbo yeast). Maximum product yields for MYA-769 (39.18 [±2.42] mg ethanol mL−1 and 4.96 [±0.15] g dry weight L−1) compared closely to those of Turbo (37.43 [±1.99] mg mL−1 and 4.78 [±0.10] g L−1, respectively). Co-production, marketing and/or on-site utilisation of probiotic yeast biomass as a direct-fed microbial to improve livestock health represents a novel and viable prospect for rural biorefineries. Given emergent evidence to suggest that dietary yeast supplementations might also mitigate ruminant enteric methane emissions, the administration of probiotic yeast biomass could also offer an economically feasible way of reducing atmospheric CH4.
Preventing contrast-induced nephropathy part 1: What is CIN?
Authors: O'Donovan Kate 
Published: September 2014

Contrast agents are widely used in cardiology as part of diagnostic and interventional procedures such as angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite their usefulness, these contrast agents are also known to be nephrotoxic, and damage to the kidneys can occur as a result of their use. Although the precise pathophysiology of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains unclear several risk factors have been identified that increase the likelihood of a patient developing it. This article, the first of two parts, outlines the general consensus on what puts a patient at risk of developing CIN.
Legal aspects of consent 9: when parents are overruled
Authors: Dimond Bridgit 
Published: September 2014

Case scenario David has been separated from his wife Julie for several years. Their 6-year-old son, Jonathan, is in hospital and doctors have advised that he needs a tonsillectomy. David has said that he is not prepared to give consent to such an operation because he had a similar operation when he was 8 years old and believed that it was carried out simply because tonsillectomies were fashionable at the time. Julie wants the operation to proceed and is prepared to sign the consent form. What is the law?
All nurses should be able to provide first aid
Authors: Castledine George 
Published: September 2014

The new Code of Professional Conduct of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) supports the argument that all nurses and midwives: ‘In an emergency, in or outside the work setting…have a professional duty to provide care. The care provided would be judged against what could reasonably be expected from someone with your knowledge, skills and abilities when placed in those particular circumstances’ (NMC, 2002: Clause 8.5).
An analysis of predictors of morbidity after stab wounds of the pancreas in 78 consecutive injuries
Authors: Krige JEJ , Kotze UK , Sayed R , Navsaria PH , Nicol AJ 
Published: September 2014

Introduction Penetrating injuries of the pancreas may result in serious complications. This study assessed the factors influencing morbidity after stab wounds of the pancreas. Methods A retrospective univariate cohort analysis was carried out of 78 patients (74 men) with a median age of 26 years (range: 16–62 years) with stab wounds of the pancreas between 1982 and 2011. Results The median revised trauma score (RTS) was 7.8 (range: 2.0–7.8). Injuries involved the body (n=36), tail (n=24), head/uncinate process (n=16) and neck (n=2) of the pancreas. All 78 patients underwent a laparotomy. Sixty-five patients had AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) grade I or II pancreatic injuries and thirteen had grade III, IV or V injuries. Eight patients (10.3%) had an initial damage control operation. Sixty-nine patients (84.6%) had drainage of the pancreas only, six had a distal pancreatectomy and one had a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Most pancreas related complications occurred in patients with AAST grade III injuries; eight patients (10.2%) developed a pancreatic fistula. Four patients (5.1%) died. Grade of pancreatic injury (AAST grade I–II vs grade III–V injuries, p<0.001), RTS (odds ratio [OR]: 5.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.46–17.19, p<0.007), presence of shock on admission (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.16–9.42, p=0.022), need for a blood transfusion (OR: 6.46, 95% CI: 2.40–17.40, p<0.001) and repeat laparotomy (p<0.001) had a significant influence on the development of general complications. Conclusions Although mortality was low after a pancreatic stab wound, morbidity was high. Increasing AAST grade of injury, high RTS, shock on admission to hospital, need for blood transfusion and repeat laparotomy were significant factors related to morbidity.
The incidence of postoperative urinary retention in patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Fernandez MA , Karthikeyan S , Wyse M , Foguet P 
Published: September 2014

Introduction Postoperative urinary retention requiring urethral catheterisation increases the risk of joint sepsis following arthroplasty. Spinal anaesthesia with opiate administration is used widely in lower limb arthroplasty. We sought to establish whether the choice of opiate agent had any effect on the incidence of postoperative retention and therefore the risk of joint sepsis. Methods A total of 445 consecutive patients who underwent primary elective lower limb arthroplasty were reviewed retrospectively. Patients had general anaesthesia and femoral nerve block (GA+FNB), spinal anaesthesia and intrathecal fentanyl (SA+ITF) or spinal anaesthesia and intrathecal morphine (SA+ITM). Results Urinary retention was observed in 14% of male and 2% of female patients with GA+FNB, 9% of male and 3% of female patients with SA+ITF, and 60% of male (p=0.0005) and 5% of female patients with SA+ITM. Men who experienced retention were older (68 vs 64 years, p=0.013) and had longer inpatient stays (6.7 vs 4.6 days, p=0.043). Fewer patients in the SA+ITM group required breakthrough analgesia (28% vs 58%, p=0.004). Concusions The use of ITM in men significantly increases the incidence of urinary retention requiring urethral catheterisation and subsequently increases the risk of deep joint sepsis. Its use should be rationalised against the intended benefits and alternatives sought where possible.
An automatic saccadic eye movement detection in an optokinetic nystagmus signal
Authors: Pander Tomasz , Czabański Robert , Przybyła Tomasz , Pojda-Wilczek Dorota 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA saccade is one of the characteristic types of eye movements. The accurate detection and location of saccades in the signal representing the movement activity of the eyes are essential in medical applications. The main purpose of this paper is to present a new, robust approach to the detection of saccadic eye movements. The procedure is based on a so-called detection function, which is the result of the electronystagmographic (ENG) myriad signal filtering, nonlinear operation, and fuzzy median clustering. Smooth peaks of the detection function waveform correspond to the location of saccades in the ENG signal. The median fuzzy clustering-based method allows for calculating the amplitude threshold of the detection function, which improves the accurate saccade recognition. Both of these robust methods provide a two-step protection against outliers. The proposed algorithm was tested using artificial as well as real optokinetic nystagmus signals under different noise conditions. The results show the usefulness of the procedure when the precise detection and location of saccades are necessary.
Study of a novel injectable hydrogel of human-like collagen and carboxymethylcellulose for soft tissue augmentation
Authors: Liu Bowen , Ma Xiaoxuan , Zhu Chenhui , Mi Yu , Fan Daidi , Li Xian , Chen Lan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract A novel injectable hydrogel was fabricated by human-like collagen (HLC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as cross-linkers. The morphology and structure of the hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the HLC and CMC were successfully cross-linked through amide bonds and HLC could enhance the pore size of the composite, whereas CMC could be a strong backbone in the hydrogel to keep its appearance. The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermostability of HLC/CMC was strengthened significantly as compared with that of CMC. The tests of the equilibrium swelling ratio and in vitro degradability indicated that the HLC/CMC hydrogel possesses good water absorbing ability and slow degradability in vitro. Finally, biocompatibility test provided the possibility that HLC/CMC hydrogels are suitable for biomedical applications such as soft tissue augmentation for their good biocompatibility.
Trans-illumination fluorescence imaging of deep-seated tumors in small animals
Authors: Kleshnin Mikhail , Shirmanova Marina , Fiks Ilya , Orlova Anna , Plekhanov Vladimir , Zagainova Elena , Lukyanov Sergey , Turchin Ilya 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground:Fluorescence diffuse tomography (FDT) is the most accurate technique for the imaging of labeled tumors in the small animal body. However, the procedure for reconstruction of the spatial distribution of the fluorophore requires a high signal-to-noise ratio due to the ill-condition of the inverse problem. Therefore, the FDT technique is ineffective for imaging tumors of small size or with dim fluorophores because of the low intensity of their fluorescence compared with the high level of tissue autofluorescence. In these cases, the size and position of a marked tumor in the animal body can be estimated from two-dimensional fluorescence images obtained using trans- or epi-illumination techniques.Material and methods:A versatile system for small animal fluorescence imaging which combines planar epi- and trans-illumination geometries of the light source and of the fluorescence receiver was created and tested. For epi-illumination imaging, light-emitting diode sources were used to provide homogeneous and stable illumination of the experimental animal, in combination with a cooled CCD camera which covers the entire illuminated area. For trans-illumination imaging, mechanical raster-scanning devices modulated at a low frequency were used for the laser source, together with a cooled photomultiplier tube, which provided outstanding sensitivity.Results:Monitoring the orthotopic tumor growth in animal bodies has demonstrated the efficacy of trans-illumination imaging in comparison with the epi-illumination technique. The results obtained also showed that the effective use of the trans-illumination technique requires Born normalization of the fluorescence signal and the exclusion of lateral illumination by surrounding the animal with additional light absorption material using light-absorption pads on both sides of the body.
Low rate of germline AIP mutations in patients with apparently sporadic pituitary adenomas before the age of 40: a single-centre adult cohort
Authors: Preda Veronica , Korbonits Márta , Cudlip Simon , Karavitaki Niki , Grossman Ashley B 
Published: September 2014

AimTo study the prevalence of germline mutations of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene in a large cohort of patients seen in the Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), UK, with apparently sporadic pituitary adenomas, who were either diagnosed or had relevant clinical manifestations by the age of 40 years.PatientsWe prospectively investigated all patients who were seen at Oxford University Hospital, OCDEM, and a tertiary referral centre, between 2012 and 2013, and presented with pituitary tumours under the age of 40 years and with no family history: a total of 127 patients were enrolled in the study.MethodsLeukocyte-origin genomic DNA underwent sequence analysis of exons 1–6 and the flanking intronic regions of theAIPgene (NM_003977.2), with dosage analysis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.ResultsAIPvariants were detected in 3% of the 127 patients, comprising four of 48 patients with acromegaly (8%), 0 of 43 with prolactinomas, 0 of the 20 patients with non-functioning adenomas, 0 of 15 with corticotroph adenomas and 0 of one with a thyrotroph adenomas. Definite pathogenetic mutations were seen in 2/4 variants, comprising 4.2% of patients with acromegaly.ConclusionsThis prospective cohort study suggests a relatively low prevalence ofAIPgene mutations in young patients with apparently sporadic pituitary adenomas presenting to a tertiary pituitary UK centre. Those with somatotroph macroadenomas have a higher rate ofAIPmutation. These findings should inform discussion of genetic testing guidelines.