bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD39 and CD161 Modulate Th17 Responses in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Bai Aiping , Moss Alan , Kokkotou Efi , Usheva Anny , Sun Xiaofeng , Cheifetz Adam , Zheng Yi , Longhi Maria Serena , Gao Wenda , Wu Yan , Robson Simon C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
CD39 (ENTPD1) is expressed by subsets of pathogenic human CD4+ T cells, such as Th17 cells. These Th17 cells are considered important in intestinal inflammation, such as seen in Crohn’s disease (CD). Recently, CD161 (NKR-P1A) was shown to be a phenotypic marker of human Th17 cells. In this study, we report that coexpression of CD161 and CD39 not only identifies these cells but also promotes Th17 generation. We note that human CD4+CD39+CD161+ T cells can be induced under stimulatory conditions that promote Th17 in vitro. Furthermore, CD4+CD39+CD161+ cells purified from blood and intestinal tissues, from both healthy controls and patients with CD, are of the Th17 phenotype and exhibit proinflammatory functions. CD39 is coexpressed with CD161, and this association augments acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity upon stimulation of CD4+ T cells. These pathways regulate mammalian target of rapamycin and STAT3 signaling to drive the Th17 phenotype. Inhibition of ASM activity by pharmacological blockers or knockdown of ASM abrogates STAT3 signaling, thereby limiting IL-17 production in CD4+ T cells obtained from both controls and patients with active CD. Increased levels of CD39+CD161+ CD4+ T cells in blood or lamina propria are noted in patients with CD, and levels directly correlate with clinical disease activity. Hence, coexpression of CD39 and CD161 by CD4+ T cells might serve as a biomarker to monitor Th17 responsiveness. Collectively, CD39 and CD161 modulate human Th17 responses in CD through alterations in purinergic nucleotide–mediated responses and ASM catalytic bioactivity, respectively.
IL-21 Is a Central Memory T Cell–Associated Cytokine That Inhibits the Generation of Pathogenic Th1/17 Effector Cells
Authors: Kastirr Ilko , Maglie Stefano , Paroni Moira , Alfen Johanna Sophie , Nizzoli Giulia , Sugliano Elisa , Crosti Maria-Cristina , Moro Monica , Steckel Bodo , Steinfelder Svenja , Stölzel Katharina , Romagnani Chiara , Botti Fiorenzo , Caprioli Flavio , Pagani Massimilliano , Abrignani Sergio , Geginat Jens 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
IL-21 promotes Th17 differentiation, and Th17 cells that upregulate T-bet, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF drive experimental autoimmune diseases in mice. Anti–IL-21 treatment of autoimmune patients is therefore a therapeutic option, but the role of IL-21 in human T cell differentiation is incompletely understood. IL-21 was produced at high levels by human CD4+ central memory T cells, suggesting that it is associated with early T cell differentiation. Consistently, it was inhibited by forced expression of T-bet or RORC2, the lineage-defining transcription factors of Th1 and Th17 effector cells, respectively. Although IL-21 was efficiently induced by IL-12 in naive CD4+ T cells, it inhibited the generation of Th1 effector cells in a negative feedback loop. IL-21 was also induced by IL-6 and promoted Th17 differentiation, but it was not absolutely required. Importantly, however, IL-21 promoted IL-10 secretion but inhibited IFN-γ and GM-CSF production in developing Th17 cells, and consequently prevented the generation of polyfunctional Th1/17 effector cells. Moreover, in Th17 memory cells, IL-21 selectively inhibited T-bet upregulation and GM-CSF production. In summary, IL-21 is a central memory T cell–associated cytokine that promotes Th17 differentiation and IL-10 production, but inhibits the generation of potentially pathogenic Th1/17 effector cells. These findings shed new light on the role of IL-21 in T cell differentiation, and have relevant implications for anti–IL-21 therapy of autoimmune diseases.
Transcriptional Characterization of the T Cell Population within the Salmonid Interbranchial Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Aas Ida Bergva , Austbø Lars , König Melanie , Syed Mohasina , Falk Knut , Hordvik Ivar , Koppang Erling O. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Previously, our group has shown that the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) is a distinct structure largely consisting of T cells embedded in a meshwork of epithelial cells, with no direct resemblance to previously described lymphoid tissues. In this study, we aim to focus on the T cell population and the possibility of the ILT being a thymus analog. By characterizing structural responsiveness to Ag challenge, the presence of recombination activating genes, and different T cell–related transcripts, we attempt to further approach the immunological function of the ILT in salmonid gills. In addition to eight healthy individuals, a group of eight infectious salmon anemia virus–challenged fish were included to observe T cell responses related to infection. The results showed reduced size of ILT in the infected group, no expression of RAG-1 and -2, and a high degree of T cell diversity within the ILT. Taking into account that the ILT can be regarded as a strategically located T cell reservoir and possibly an evolutionary forerunner of mammalian MALTs right at the border to the external environment, the alteration in transcription observed may likely represent a shift in the T cell population to optimize local gill defense mechanisms.
The more you know, is it better? School and sexual and reproductive health
Authors: Seidmann Susana , Di Iorio Jorgelina , Azzollini Susana , Rolando Silvana 
Published: September 2014

The ratification of the Law 26.150 in Argentina, in the year 2006, established the National Program of Integral Sexual Education, by which all children at school “have the right to receive integral sexual education at public schools, in state or private institutions, in national, province, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and city´ s territories”. Sexual education appears as a “new” content in a scholar structure that has to suit its teaching practices to demands perceived as external and imposed. In the frame of a research about social representations of teaching practices, there appeared some difficulties and tensions at schools related to the teaching of the contents of sexual integral education. 21 depth interviews with teachers were accomplished in the City of Buenos Aires´, Argentina, high schools. The main thematic axes were the teaching practices related to sexual integral education, the obstacles and opportunities of sexual integral education. Through emergent categories, the material was analyzed through the comparative constant method. The teaching practices are organized as a complex and heterogeneous interaction field, in which teachers´ everyday life develops, which permits to define school as a place of meaning negotiation. It is important to think about teaching practice because it permits to clear up ideas and assumptions which work as an efficacy condition of the scholar device.
Ciências da Religião e o Ensino Religioso na Amazônia
Authors: Seibt Cezar Luís 
Published: September 2014

O presente estudo, de orientação bibliográfica, pesquisa teses, dissertações, artigos, legislações e documentos oficiais com a intenção de apresentar alguns aspectos que traduzem a organização pedagógica do Ensino Religioso na Amazônia brasileira, a partir da nova concepção dada à disciplina com a alteração do art. 33, da LDBEN/1996, por meio da Lei n. 9.475/1997. Para isso, recorre-se à visita em websites das secretarias estaduais e municipais de Educação, dos CEEs e CMEs, assim como das instituições e grupos de pesquisas envolvidos com a disciplina para localizar parte dessas produções e documentos. Diante dos dados e das informações encontrados podemos perceber que o Ensino Religioso possui certo status como área de conhecimento, organizado a partir dos sistemas de ensino e de sua área própria, as Ciências da Religião,assumida como referencial para a formação de professores e modelo para a prática pedagógica, presente nas propostas curriculares localizadas e nos editais dos concursos públicos na Região Norte.
Spiritual learning communities: historical, systematic and practical observations1
Authors: Roebben Bert 
Published: September 2014

Children and young people have the inalienable right to be part of a learning community. Nobody can learn on his/her own. Education is always a communal enterprise. In this paper the concept of the ‘spiritual learning community’ is developed as a contemporary answer to the socio-educational issues raised by Martin Buber and John Dewey in the 1930s. Cultural and religious diversity today stimulate education and schooling more than ever before to reconsider the narrative-communicative and spiritual dimension of every learning process. The spiritual dimension of the learning community relates to a specifichabitus, namely of de-centration from the self and dedication to the other, and to a specific focus, namely on existential questions such as content of the learning process. Insightsfrom philosophy of education and from European religious education theory and concrete experiences of teacher education at the universities of Dortmund (Germany) and Wien(Austria) form the horizon for this reflection.
Mistagogia: um diálogo fecundo [T] entre mística e pedagogia
Authors: Da Costa Rosemary Fernandes 
Published: September 2014

As ações evangelizadoras em suas experiências de iniciação, formação e orientação vem sendo matéria-prima de estudos, reflexão e avaliação. Mais do que buscar novas metodologias que dialoguem com o nosso tempo, a mistagogia nos fala de uma fundamentação antropológica e teológica que resgata sua essência e aponta caminhos pastorais. A experiência mistagógica vivida nos séculos III e IV, especialmente com Cirilo de Jerusalém, torna-se fontal e orientadora de categorias que dialogam com as comunidades contemporâneas. A crise da fé nos reclama um novo caminho místico, uma espiritualidade integradora. Pede-nos urgência de uma revisão profunda dos processos de orientação religiosa, da vitalidade das comunidades e do modo concreto de viver a relação religião-mundo e fé-cultura. A partir do processo de elaboração entre a teologia sistemática e o resgate dessa experiência fontal, apresentamos algumas contribuições que podem se tornar mais do que memória viva para nosso presente, mas sementes fecundas nos processos de evangelização atuais.
Anterior Megalophthalmos Phacoemulsification and IOL Implantation
Authors: Murthy Somasheila , Srirampur Arjun 
Published: August 2014

Aim:
To demonstrate two techniques of achieving stable Intraocular lens fixation in patients with anterior megalophthalmos

Methods:
Video-based description of two cases of anterior megalophthalmos in which phacoemulsification was performed and a PCIOL was implanted, highlighting the difficulties in cataract surgery in these cases.

Results:
In the first case with advanced megalophthalmos, the patient underwent phacoemulsification and the PCIOL was scleral-fixated. The second case had optic capture of the IOL within the anterior capsulorrhexis resulting in stable IOL.

Conclusions:
Phacoemulsification in anterior megalophthalmos requires careful planning to overcome hyper-deep anterior chamber, loose lens-zonular complex. In-the-bag insertion of standard posterior chamber IOL is unsatisfactory as it is likely to decenter and scleral fixation of IOL and optic capture of the IOL within the anterior capsulorrhexis are technically simple procedures which results in a stable IOL postoperatively.
On the temporal memory of coastal upwelling off NW Africa
Authors: Benazzouz Aïssa , Pelegrí Josep L. , Demarcq Herve , Machín Francisco , Mason Evan , Orbi Abdellatif , Peña‐Izquierdo Jesus , Soumia Mordane 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe use a combination of satellite, in situ, and numerical data to provide a comprehensive view of the seasonal coastal upwelling cycle off NW Africa in terms of both wind forcing and sea surface temperature (SST) response. Wind forcing is expressed in terms of both instantaneous (local) and time‐integrated (nonlocal) indices, and the ocean response is expressed as the SST difference between coastal and offshore waters. The classical local index, the cross‐shore Ekman transport, reproduces reasonably well the time‐latitude distribution of SST differences but with significant time lags at latitudes higher than Cape Blanc. Two nonlocal indices are examined. One of them, a cumulative index calculated as the backward averaged Ekman transport that provides the highest correlation with SST differences, reproduces well the timing of the SST differences at all latitudes (except near Cape Blanc). The corresponding time lags are close to zero south of Cape Blanc and range between 2 and 4 months at latitudes between Cape Blanc and the southern Gulf of Cadiz. The results are interpreted based on calculations of spatial and temporal auto and cross correlations for wind forcing and SST differences. At temporal scales of 2–3 weeks, the alongshore advection of alongshore momentum compensates for interfacial friction, allowing the upwelling jet and associated frontal system to remain active. We conclude that the coastal jet plays a key role in maintaining the structure of coastal upwelling, even at times of relaxed winds, by introducing a seasonal memory to the system in accordance with the atmospheric‐forcing annual cycle.
Joint numerical microscale simulations of multiphase flow and NMR relaxation behavior in porous media using Lattice Boltzmann methods
Authors: Mohnke O. , Stiebler M. , Klitzsch N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry is a useful tool to estimate transport and storage properties of rocks and soils. However, as there is no unique relation between the NMR signal and these properties in rocks, a variety of empirical models on deriving hydraulic properties from NMR relaxometry data have been published. Complementary to laboratory measurements, this paper introduces a numerical framework to jointly simulate NMR relaxometry experiments and two‐phase flow on the micrometer scale. Herein, the NMR diffusion equations were tied to an established Lattice Boltzmann algorithm used in computational fluid dynamics. The numerically simulated NMR data were validated for both surface‐limited and diffusion‐limited relaxation regimes using analytical solutions available for fully and partially water‐saturated simple pore geometries. Subsequently, simulations were compiled using a complex pore space derived from three‐dimensional computer tomography (CT) data of an unconsolidated sand and the results were compared to respective NMR T1 relaxometry data. The NMR transients simulated for different water saturations matched the measured data regarding initial amplitudes (i.e., porosity and saturation) and relaxation behavior (i.e., distribution of water‐saturated pores). Thus, we provide a simulation tool that enables study of the influences of structural and physicochemical properties, such as pore connectivity and pore coupling, surface relaxivity, or diffusivity, on partially saturated porous media, e.g, rocks or soils, with NMR T1 relaxometry data.
Hydrometric transit times along transects on a steep hillslope
Authors: Kim Sanghyun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractField monitoring of isotopes and isotope analyses have been used to approximate water travel time at hillslope scales. This paper introduces an alternate method for estimating a point‐scaled transit time in a soil layer, namely hydrometric transit time (HTT). HTT uses hydrometric measurements to address both matrix flow and bypass flow. Soil matrix flux is approximated through integration of continuous soil moisture profiles and soil water computations. Free surface film modeling of unsaturated flow is used to estimate bypass flow. This flux and storage estimation scheme is applied to a steep hillslope using hydrometric measurements that were estimated over an 8 month period using a continuous daily approximation of soil moisture profiles. Transit times at several designated points are also evaluated using isotope analyses. Results show that rainfall strongly controls temporal fluctuations. This work highlights the potential role of HTT in revealing the spatial and seasonal variations in the transit time probability density function (PDF) along transects. Mean transit time does not sufficiently characterize transit time variations on a hillslope scale. Accumulated flux distributions identify distinct hydrologic contributions and efficient redistribution of soil water in the downslope area of the hillside.
Estimating porosity and solid dielectric permittivity in the Miami Limestone using high‐frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements at the laboratory scale
Authors: Mount Gregory J. , Comas Xavier 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSubsurface water flow in South Florida is largely controlled by the heterogeneous nature of the karst limestone in the Biscayne aquifer and its upper formation, the Miami Limestone. These heterogeneities are amplified by dissolution structures that induce changes in the aquifer's material and physical properties (i.e., porosity and dielectric permittivity) and create preferential flow paths. Understanding such patterns are critical for the development of realistic groundwater flow models, particularly in the Everglades, where restoration of hydrological conditions is intended. In this work, we used noninvasive ground penetrating radar (GPR) to estimate the spatial variability in porosity and the dielectric permittivity of the solid phase of the limestone at centimeter‐scale resolution to evaluate the potential for field‐based GPR studies. A laboratory setup that included high‐frequency GPR measurements under completely unsaturated and saturated conditions was used to estimate changes in electromagnetic wave velocity through Miami Limestone samples. The Complex Refractive Index Model was used to derive estimates of porosity and dielectric permittivity of the solid phase of the limestone. Porosity estimates of the samples ranged between 45.2 and 66.0% and showed good correspondence with estimates of porosity using analytical and digital image techniques. Solid dielectric permittivity values ranged between 7.0 and 13.0. This study shows the ability of GPR to image the spatial variability of porosity and dielectric permittivity in the Miami Limestone and shows potential for expanding these results to larger scales and other karst aquifers.
Inferring the global cosmic dust influx to the Earth's atmosphere from lidar observations of the vertical flux of mesospheric Na
Authors: Gardner Chester S. , Liu Alan Z. , Marsh D. R. , Feng Wuhu , Plane J. M. C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEstimates of the global influx of cosmic dust are highly uncertain, ranging from 0.4–110 t/d. All meteoric debris that enters the Earth's atmosphere is eventually transported to the surface. The downward fluxes of meteoric metals like mesospheric Na and Fe, in the region below where they are vaporized and where the majority of these species are still in atomic form, are equal to their meteoric ablation influxes, which in turn, are proportional to the total cosmic dust influx. Doppler lidar measurements of mesospheric Na fluxes made throughout the year at the Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico, (35°N) are combined with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model predictions of the relative geographic variations of the key wave‐induced vertical transport processes to infer the global influxes of Na vapor and cosmic dust. The global mean Na influx is estimated to be 16,100 ± 3200 atoms/cm2/s, which corresponds to 278 ± 54 kg/d for the global input of Na vapor and 60 ± 16 t/d for the global influx of cosmic dust.
Polar Front around the Kerguelen Islands: An up‐to‐date determination and associated circulation of surface/subsurface waters
Authors: Park Young‐Hyang , Durand Isabelle , Kestenare Elodie , Rougier Gilles , Zhou Meng , d'Ovidio Francesco , Cotté Cédric , Lee Jae‐Hak 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe circulation of iron‐rich shelf waters around the Kerguelen Islands plays a crucial role for a climatically important, annually recurrent phytoplankton spring bloom over the sluggish shelf region and its downstream plume area along the Antarctic circumpolar flow. However, there is a long‐standing confusion about the Polar Front (PF) in the Kerguelen region due to diverse suggestions in the literature for its geographical location with an extreme difference over 10° of latitude. Based on abundant historical hydrographic data, the in situ hydrographic and current measurements during the 2011 KEOPS2 cruise, satellite chlorophyll images, and altimetry‐derived surface velocity fields, we determine and validate an up‐to‐date location of the PF around the Kerguelen Islands. Artificial Lagrangian particle trajectories computed from altimetric velocity time series are analyzed for the possible pathways and sources of different surface/subsurface waters advected into the chlorophyll bloom area east off the islands studied during the KEOPS2 cruise. The PF location determined as the northernmost boundary of the Winter Water colder than 2°C, which is also associated with a band of strong currents, appears to be primarily controlled by topography. The PF rounds the Kerguelen Islands from the south to deflect northward along the eastern escarpment up to the northeastern corner of the Kerguelen Plateau before making its southward retroflection. It is shown that the major surface/subsurface waters found within the deep basin east of the Kerguelen Islands originate from the shelf around the Heard Island, rather than from the shallow shelf north of the Kerguelen Islands.
Stratospheric sudden warmings in an idealized GCM
Authors: Jucker M. , Fueglistaler S. , Vallis G. K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn idealized general circulation model (GCM) with an analytically described Newtonian cooling term is employed to study the occurrence rate of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) over a wide range of parameters. In particular, the sensitivity of the SSW occurrence rates to orographic forcing and both relaxation temperature and damping rate is evaluated. The stronger the orographic forcing and the weaker the radiative forcing (in both temperature and damping rate), the higher the SSW frequency. The separate effects of the damping rates at low and high latitudes are somewhat more complex. Generally, lower damping rates result in higher SSW frequency. However, if the low‐ and high‐latitude damping rates are not the same, SSW frequency tends to be most sensitive to a fractional change in the lower of the two damping rates. In addition, the effect of the damping rates on the stratospheric residual circulation is investigated. It is found that higher high‐latitude damping rate results in deeper but narrower circulation, whereas higher low‐latitude damping rates cause strengthening of the stream function in the tropical midstratosphere to upper stratosphere. Finally, the relation between easily measured and compared climatological fields and the SSW occurrence rate is determined. The average stratospheric polar zonal mean zonal wind shows a strong anticorrelation with the SSW frequency. In the troposphere, there is a high correlation between the meridional temperature gradient and SSW frequency, suggesting that the strength of synoptic activity in the troposphere may be an important influence on SSW occurrence.