bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decomposition of Sources of Errors in Monthly to Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts in a Rainfall–Runoff Regime
Authors: Sinha Tushar , Sankarasubramanian A. , Mazrooei Amirhossein 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Despite considerable progress in developing real-time climate forecasts, most studies have evaluated the potential in seasonal streamflow forecasting based on ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) methods, utilizing only climatological forcings while ignoring general circulation model (GCM)-based climate forecasts. The primary limitation in using GCM forecasts is their coarse resolution, which requires spatiotemporal downscaling to implement land surface models. Consequently, multiple sources of errors are introduced in developing real-time streamflow forecasts utilizing GCM forecasts. A set of error decomposition metrics is provided to address the following questions: 1) How are errors in monthly streamflow forecasts attributed to various sources such as temporal disaggregation, spatial downscaling, imprecise initial hydrologic conditions (IHCs), climatological forcings, and imprecise forecasts? and 2) How do these errors propagate with lead time over different seasons? A calibrated Variable Infiltration Capacity model is used over the Apalachicola River at Chattahoochee in the southeastern United States. The model is forced with a combination of daily precipitation forcings (temporally disaggregated observed precipitation, spatially downscaled and temporally disaggregated observed precipitation, ESP, ECHAM4.5 forecasts, and observed) and IHCs [simulated and climatological ensemble reverse ESP (RESP)] but with observed air temperature and wind speed at ⅛° resolution. Then, errors in forecasting monthly streamflow at up to a 3-month lead time are decomposed by comparing the forecasted streamflow to simulated streamflow under observed forcings. Results indicate that the errors due to temporal disaggregation are much higher than the spatial downscaling errors. During winter and early spring, the increasing order of errors at a 1-month lead time is spatial downscaling, model, temporal disaggregation, RESP, large-scale precipitation forecasts, and ESP.
Sea State Determination from Ship-Based Geodetic GPS
Authors: Foster James , Li Ning , Cheung Kwok Fai 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOcean waves have a profound impact on navigation, offshore operations, recreation, safety, and the economic vitality of a nation’s maritime and coastal communities. This study demonstrates that ships equipped with geodetic GPS and a radar gauge can provide accurate estimates of sea state. The Research Vessel (R/V) Kilo Moana recorded 1-Hz data for the entire period of a 10-day cruise around the Hawaiian Islands. Solving for precise kinematic positions for the ship and combining these solutions with the ranges from the ship to the sea surface provided by the radar gauge, it was possible to retrieve 1-Hz estimates of the sea surface elevation along the cruise track. Converting these into estimates of significant wave height, strong agreement was found with wave buoy measurements and hindcast wave data. Comparison with buoy data indicates the estimates have errors on the order of 0.22 m, or less than 11% of the wave height. Using wave model predictions of the dominant directions, the data were processed further to correct for the Doppler shift and to estimate the dominant wave period. Although relatively noisy in locations where the predicted wave directions are expected to be poor, in general these estimates also show a good agreement with the wave buoy observations and hindcast wave estimates. A segment of the cruise that formed a circuit allowed for testing the consistency of the ship-based estimates and for determining a dominant wave direction, which was found to agree closely with model predictions.
An Impact Assessment of GPS Radio Occultation Data on Prediction of a Rapidly Developing Cyclone over the Southern Ocean*
Authors: Chen Shu-Ya , Wee Tae-Kwon , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Bromwich David H. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The impact of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data on an intense synoptic-scale storm that occurred over the Southern Ocean in December 2007 is evaluated, and a synoptic explanation of the assessed impact is offered. The impact is assessed by using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme (3DVAR) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model Data Assimilation system (WRFDA), and by comparing two experiments: one with and the other without assimilating the refractivity data from four different RO missions. Verifications indicate significant positive impacts of the RO data in various measures and parameters as well as in the track and intensity of the Antarctic cyclone. The analysis of the atmospheric processes underlying the impact shows that the assimilation of the RO data yields substantial improvements in the large-scale circulations that in turn control the development of the Antarctic storm. For instance, the RO data enhanced the strength of a 500-hPa trough over the Southern Ocean and prevented the katabatic flow near the coast of East Antarctica from an overintensification. This greatly influenced two low pressure systems of a comparable intensity, which later merged together and evolved into the major storm. The dominance of one low over the other in the merger dramatically changed the track, intensity, and structure of the merged storm. The assimilation of GPS RO data swapped the dominant low, leading to a remarkable improvement in the subsequent storm’s prediction.
Participant and caregiver experience of the Nintendo Wii SportsTM after stroke: qualitative study of the trial of WiiTM in stroke (TWIST)
Authors: Wingham Jenny , Adie Katja , Turner David , Schofield Christine , Pritchard Colin 
Published: August 2014

Objective: To understand stroke survivors and their caregivers’ experience and acceptability of using the Nintendo Wii SportsTM games (WiiTM) as a home-based arm rehabilitation tool. Design: A qualitative study within a randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of using the WiiTM for arm rehabilitation. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Settings: Participants and carers were interviewed in their homes. Subjects: Eleven male and seven female participants and 10 caregivers who were taking part in the randomized controlled trial within six months of stroke. Median age 65. Intervention: All participants were using the WiiTM for arm rehabilitation. Main Measures: Semi-structured interviews. Results: Five themes were identified: diligence of play, perceived effectiveness, acceptability, caregiver and social support, and the set-up and administration of the WiiTM. Participants appreciated the ability to maintain a social role and manage other comorbidities around the use of the WiiTM. A small number of participants found the Mii characters too childlike for adult rehabilitation. The most popular game to start the rehabilitation programme was bowling. As confidence grew, tennis was the most popular, with baseball and boxing being the least popular games. Caregivers provided some practical support and encouragement to play the WiiTM. Conclusions: The WiiTM may provide an engaging and flexible form of rehabilitation with relatively high reported usage rates in a home setting. The WiiTM was acceptable to this sample of patients and their caregivers in home-based rehabilitation of the arm following stroke.
Effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper-extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chen Yu-ping , Pope Stephanie , Tyler Dana , Warren Gordon L 
Published: August 2014

Objective: To systematically examine the research literature on the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy on improving arm function in children with cerebral palsy, and to assess the association between the study effect size and the characteristics of the patients and intervention protocol. Data sources: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane, CINAHL, Web of Science, and TRIP Database up to May 2014. Review methods: Studies employing randomized controlled trial design, children with cerebral palsy, comparing constraint-induced movement therapy with another intervention with a focus on arm function, and upper-extremity measures were included in this review. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence-based Database (PEDro) scale. Results: The literature search resulted in 27 randomized controlled trial studies with good methodological quality that compared constraint-induced movement therapy with other intervention therapy. Overall, constraint-induced movement therapy provided a medium beneficial effect ( d = 0.546; p < 0.001) when compared with conventional therapy. For the subgroup analyses, presence of a dose-equivalent comparison group, intervention location, and time of follow-up were significant factors. Studies examining constraint-induced movement therapy effect without a dose-equivalent comparison group showed a large effect in children with cerebral palsy, but studies with a dose-equivalent group only showed a small effect. Children who received home-based constraint-induced movement therapy had a better improvement in arm function than those who received constraint-induced movement therapy elsewhere. Conclusion: The research literature supports constraint-induced movement therapy as an effective intervention to improve arm function in children with cerebral palsy.
Reducible cationic PAA-g-PEI polymeric micelle/DNA complexes for enhanced gene delivery
Authors: Yuan Taiming , Wang Yaning , Cao Wanxu , Sun Yong , Liang Jie , Fan Yujiang , Zhang Xingdong 
Published: August 2014

The design of unique vectors to overcome the cytotoxicity and increase the efficiency of gene transfection has enormous challenges. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most effective polymer-based gene carriers. However, the transfection efficiency and toxicity of PEI correlate strongly to its molecular weight (MW). In this study, novel reduction-sensitive amphiphilic poly[phenethylamido- N,N-bis(acryloyl) cystine]- g-polyethylenimine (PAA- g-PEI) copolymers were synthesized by grafting low-MW PEIs onto reducible poly[phenethylamido-N,N-bis(acryloyl) cystine] (PAA). These copolymers self-assembled in aqueous solution into micelles with sizes <70 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PAA- g-PEI2000 micelles effectively condense with the plasmid DNA to form complex nanoparticles with diameters of ~100 nm at an N/P ratio of 4/1. The PAA- g-PEI2000 micelle/DNA complexes protected the DNA from degrading by nuclease and released DNA under reductive conditions by the cleavage of the disulfide bonds and the subsequent disassembly of the micelles. As determined by gene transfection experiments, the transfection efficiency of the PAA- g-PEI2000 micelle/DNA complexes was significantly greater than that of the PEI25K/DNA complexes, while the cytotoxicity of the copolymers was much lower than that for PEI25K.
Comparison of Nonlocking Plates and Locking Plates for Intraarticular Calcaneal Fracture
Authors: Chen Kangwu , Zhang Hongtao , Wang Genlin , Cheng Yu , Qian Zhonglai , Yang Huilin 
Published: August 2014

Background: The optimal treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures remains challenging. Currently, there is no uniform method to treat such fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare the radiographic and clinical outcome of nonlocking plates and locking plates in the treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was performed including 42 patients with intraarticular calcaneal fractures that were treated by nonlocking plate (n = 18) or locking plates (n = 24) between January 2010 and June 2012. Radiological and functional outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Results: At the final follow-up, all fractures were healed, and the patients with a locking plate had a significantly better Bohler’s angle and Gissane’s angle compared with the nonlocking plate group ( P < .05). No complications occurred for the patients in the locking plate group, and 3 patients in the nonlocking plate group had implant loosening that led to loss of reduction ( P < .05). The average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score in the locking plate group was significantly higher than that in the nonlocking plate group ( P < .05). No statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was found regarding SF-36 ( P > .05). Conclusion: This study supports the view that locking plates may provide better stability and functional recovery in the treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative case series.
Involvement of the Chemokine CCL3 and the Purinoceptor P2×7 in the Spinal Cord in Paclitaxel-Induced Mechanical Allodynia
Authors: Ochi-Ishi Ryutaro , Nagata Kenichiro , Inoue Tomoyuki , Tozaki-Saitoh Hidetoshi , Tsuda Makoto , Inoue Kazuhide 
Published: August 2014

Background: Paclitaxel is an effective chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of solid tumors. The major dose-limiting toxicity of paclitaxel is peripheral neuropathy. The mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy are still unclear, and there are no currently established effective treatments. Accumulating evidence in models of neuropathic pain in which peripheral nerves are lesioned has implicated spinal microglia and chemokines in pain hypersensitivity, but little is know about their roles in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. In the present study, we investigated the role of CC-chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) in the spinal cord in the development and maintenance of mechanical allodynia using a rat model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Findings: Repeated intravenous administration of paclitaxel induced a marked decrease in paw withdrawal threshold in response to mechanical stimulation (mechanical allodynia). In these rats, the number of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) was significantly increased. Paclitaxel-treated rats showed a significant increase in the expression of mRNAs for CCL3 and its receptor CCR5 in the SDH. Intrathecal administration of a CCL3-neutralizing antibody not only attenuated the development of paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia but also reversed its maintenance. Paclitaxel also upregulated expression of purinoceptor P2×7 receptors (P2×7Rs), which have been implicated in the release of CCL3 from microglia, in the SDH. The selective P2×7R antagonist A438079 had preventive and reversal effects on paclitaxel-induced allodynia. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a contribution of CCL3 and P2×7Rs in the SDH to paclitaxel-induced allodynia and may provide new therapeutic targets for paclitaxel-induced painful neuropathy.
Detailed structure of the upper mantle discontinuities around the Japan subduction zone imaged by receiver function analyses
Authors: Tonegawa Takashi , Hirahara Kazuro , Shibutani Takuo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
High-resolution receiver function (RF) images of the upper mantle structure beneath the Japan Islands are obtained by RF analysis of the P-wave coda portions of 389 teleseismic events observed at 138 high-density broadband stations. We construct RFs through frequency-domain division using a water level of 0.01 and Gaussian low-pass filters of 1.0, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 Hz, and produce depth-migrated RFs using the one-dimensional IASP91 velocity model. The RF images clearly resolve the subducting Pacific Plate to a depth of 200 km, and reveal a local 30 km elevation of the 410 km discontinuity within the subducting plate. The 660 km discontinuity is also found to exhibit a broad 50 km depression under the influence of the stagnating slab. From analysis of the frequency dependence of the RFs, the thickness of the 410 km discontinuity is inferred to vary on a relatively local scale, whereas the 660 km transition is sharp throughout the Japan Islands.
Long-period ground motion simulation in the Kinki area during the MJ 7.1 foreshock of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes
Authors: Yamada Nobuyuki , Iwata Tomotaka 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLong-period (5–20 s) ground motion simulations in the Kinki area during theMJ7.1 foreshock of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes are performed. We construct a three-dimensional underground structure model that includes the source region and Osaka basin area to confirm propagation-path effects of crustal structure on long-period ground motions. Finite difference (FD) simulations by our three-dimensional underground structure model agree well with long-period observed ground motions at several rock sites in the Kinki area. We found that a sedimentary wedge structure along the Nankai trough amplifies and elongates long-period ground motions from this event. We also examine the effect of source depth for this event by comparing the observed with synthetic waveforms. These results suggest that precise modeling of the shallower parts of the underground structure, such as the sedimentary wedge, are quite important for long-period ground motion simulation of the hypothetical Nankai and Tonankai earthquakes.
Long-period ground motions from a large offshore earthquake: The case of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquake, Japan
Authors: Miyake Hiroe , Koketsu Kazuki 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe 2004 off the Kii Peninsula earthquake excited long-period ground motions over a wide area of Honshu Island of Japan. This remarkable excitation was observed in the Osaka, Nobi, and Kanto basins as well as in the Omaezaki region. The record section indicates two types of developed long-period motions by the basin surface waves, either by the source or passage effect of the shallow and large offshore earthquake. Their combination resulted in the well-developed long-period ground motions observed within the distant basins as those during the 1985 Michoacan and 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquakes did. The distributions of pseudo-velocity response spectra confirmed this development at periods of 5–7 s in the Osaka and Nobi basins and of 7–10 s in the Kanto basin. The comparison of the distributions with the thicknesses of the sediments and the S-wave velocities of the surface layers shows that these characteristics of the long-period ground motions are closely related to the structures of the basins. The earthquake provided a timely warning of damaging long-period ground motions from future megathrust events in the Tonankai, Nankai, and Tokai regions.
Resistivity image of the Philippine Sea Plate around the 1944 Tonankai earthquake zone deduced by Marine and Land MT surveys
Authors: Kasaya Takafumi , Goto Tada-nori , Mikada Hitoshi , Baba Kiyoshi , Suyehiro Kiyoshi , Utada Hisashi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Nankai Trough is an active convergent region in southwest Japan and mega-thrust earthquakes have repeatedly occurred in some areas of its plate-boundary interface. Generation of mega-thrust earthquakes is inferred to be related to the existence of water. The resistivity structure is very sensitive to the existence of water. For that reason, it is important to obtain the resistivity image around the rupture area of mega-thrust earthquakes. We carried out land and marine magnetotelluric surveys in the Kii Peninsula and the offshore Kii Peninsula where the 1944 Tonankai earthquake occurred. We constructed a 2D resistivity model using an inversion technique. The modeled resistivity structure portrayed the Philippine Sea Plate as a resistive region. However, its resistivity becomes more conductive as the plate subducts, showing 10 Ω-m around the down-dip limit. These characteristics are considered to relate to the water. Therefore, we infer that water might control the generation of mega-thrust earthquakes.
Simultaneous ground- and satellite-based airglow observations of geomagnetic conjugate plasma bubbles in the equatorial anomaly
Authors: Ogawa Tadahiko , Sagawa Eiichi , Otsuka Yuichi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Immel Thomas I. , Mende Stephen B. , Wilkinson Phil 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We compare, for the first time, geomagnetically-conjugate plasma bubbles observed by ground-based OI 630.0-nm all-sky imagers at Shigaraki, Japan (34.8°N, 136.1°E; magnetic latitude 25.4°N) and Darwin, Australia (12.4°S, 131.0°E; magnetic latitude 22.0°S), with global-scale plasma structures (≈10,000 km in longitude) in the equatorial anomaly simultaneously detected with an OI 135.6-nm imager on the IMAGE satellite at ≈7 earth radii. As found previously, global-scale plasma structures in both hemisphere imaged by IMAGE consist of an array of geomagnetically-conjugate small- to medium-scale (a few hundreds to 1000 km in longitude) wavy structures that move to the east at ≈100 ms−1. We find the following: 1) plasma bubbles detected with the allsky imagers reach an apex altitude of ≈1800 km over the geomagnetic equator while moving to the east at ≈100 m s−1 with spacings of 200–250 km. 2) Bubbles observed with the all-sky imagers and IMAGE are embedded within the small- to medium-scale wavy structures, and some of them are located near the crest of an enhanced electron density region associated with the wavy structures. 3) The bubbles and wavy structures that are generated near sunset slant to the west with increasing latitude in both hemispheres, and tilts do not change with longitude (i.e., local time). The results suggest that the generation and evolution of plasma bubbles are closely related to those of the small- to medium-scale plasma structures.
Aftershock distribution and 3D seismic velocity structure in and around the focal area of the 2004 mid Niigata prefecture earthquake obtained by applying double-difference tomography to dense temporary seismic network data
Authors: Okada T. , Umino N. , Matsuzawa T. , Nakajima J. , Uchida N. , Nakayama T. , Hirahara S. , Sato T. , Hori S. , Kono T. , Yabe Y. , Ariyoshi K. , Gamage S. , Shimizu J. , Suganomata J. , Kita S. , Yui S. , Arao M. , Hondo S. , Mizukami T. , Tsushima H. , Yaginuma T. , Hasegawa A. , Asano Y. , Zhang H. , Thurber C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A destructive large earthquake (the 2004 mid Niigata prefecture earthquake) sequence occurred in the central part (Chuetsu district) of Niigata prefecture, central Japan on October 23, 2004. We have deployed a temporary seismic network composed of 54 stations for aftershock observation just above and around the focal area of the earthquake for about a month. Using travel time data from the temporary seismic network and surrounding routine stations, we obtained precise aftershock distribution and 3D seismic velocity structure in and around the fault planes of the earthquake and four major (M ≥ 6) aftershocks by double-difference tomography. The results clearly show three major aftershock alignments. Two of them are almost parallel and dipping toward the WNW. The shallow and deep aftershock alignments correspond to the fault plane of the mainshock and that of the largest aftershock (M6.4), respectively. The third alignment is almost perpendicular to the WNW-ward dipping planes and perhaps corresponds to the fault plane of the M6 aftershock on October 27. General feature of the obtained velocity structure is that the hanging wall (western part of the focal area) has lower velocity and the footwall (eastern part of the focal area) has higher velocity. Major velocity boundary seems to shift westward in comparison to in northern and southern parts at a location near the central part of the focal area, where the main shock rupture started. Some parts of the fault planes were imaged as low velocity zones. This complex crustal structure would be one of possible causes of the multi-fault rupture of the 2004 mid Niigata prefecture earthquake sequence.