bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Think Tanks, Funding, and the Politics of Policy Knowledge in Canada
Authors: McLevey John 
Published: January 2014

Les relations entre les centres de recherche ou groupes de réflexion et leurs bailleurs de fonds sont importantes dans les théories et les discours publics abordant la question de l'orientation politique de la recherche sur les politiques publiques. Pourtant, très peu d'études examinent systématiquement ces relations à travers un ensemble de cas. Cet article, avec des méthodes comparatives et relationnelles, teste les théories élitiste, pluraliste et de terrain, en analysant des données portant sur le financement et l'orientation politique de 30 groupes de réflexion de 2000 à 2011. Les résultats démontrent que les dons provenant de l'étranger contribuent à soutenir certains groupes de réflexions conservateurs, mais ce financement demeure tout de même marginal dans l'ensemble. Au niveau national, les groupes de réflexion sont financés de manière contrastée: les groupes conservateurs sont financés principalement par des donateurs privés, alors que les groupes de réflexion centristes sont financés principalement par l'état. Depuis 2005, les liens entre l'ensemble des groupes de réflexion conservateurs, financés par des donateurs privés, sont devenus plus serrés. En revanche, les liens entre l'ensemble des groupes de réflexion centristes se sont relâchés et leur financement dépend de plus en plus de leurs propres revenus et des intérêts de leurs investissements. Ces résultats laissent planer un certain doute sur les prédictions qui découlent des théories élitiste et pluraliste et confirment en partie les suppositions de la théorie de terrain.The relationships between think tanks and their funders are central to theory and public discourse about the politics of policy knowledge, yet very little research systematically examines these relationships across cases. This article evaluates elite, pluralist, and field theories by analyzing original data on funding and politics for 30 think tanks from 2000 to 2011 with comparative and relational methods. I find that foreign donations help support some conservative think tanks, but that it is a small amount of money relative to other funding sources. Domestically, think tank funding is structured by an opposition between donor‐funded conservatives and state‐funded centrists. Since 2005, the cluster of conservative think tanks funded by private donors has become tighter, while the cluster of think tanks supported by the state has become looser and more reliant on self‐generated revenue and interest and investments. These findings cast doubt on predictions derived from elite and pluralist theories, and offer some support for field theory.
Technical Note: Using Latent Class Analysis versus K‐means or Hierarchical Clustering to Understand Museum Visitors
Authors: Schreiber James B. , Pekarik Andrew J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the benefits of using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) versus K‐means Cluster Analysis or Hierarchical Clustering as a way to understand differences among visitors in museums, and is part of a larger research program directed toward improving the museum‐visit experience. For our comparison of LCA and K‐means Clustering, we use data collected from 190 visitors leaving the exhibition Against All Odds; Rescue at the Chilean Mine in the National Museum of Natural History in January 2012. For the comparison of LCA and Hierarchical Clustering, we use data from 312 visitors leaving the exhibition Elvis at 21 in the National Portrait Gallery in January 2011.
Why Were There No Great Chinese Paintings in American Museums before the Twentieth Century?
Authors: Ju Jane C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo understand the major shift in Americans' attitudes about Chinese art between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it is essential to know not only what the American collectors thought, but also the social history of these collectors and their agents. Since the advent of the field of material culture studies, scholars have begun to look at museum objects, whether as art or not, from the perspective of different lives—that of their makers and users. It seems that the lack of “great” Chinese paintings in American museums before the twentieth century may be due to the fact that the nineteenth century American collectors and their Chinese agents differed from their twentieth century counterparts in what they regarded as “great,” what they thought was “Chinese,” and what they defined as “paintings.”
Positioning Informal Learning Research in Museums within Activity Theory: From Theory to Practice and Back Again
Authors: Ash Doris 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the theory I have come to rely on most consistently to collect and analyze data, interpret interactions at exhibits, and understand power dynamics within museums at many levels of analysis. Activity Theory has, for me, demonstrated the greatest versatility in informing, supporting, and reciprocally intertwining practice and theory. I describe my own evolutionary process here in the context of Activity Theory in order to demonstrate how I have come to see the theory reflected in my research design and analysis.
Mesopotamian Megacity Re‐imagined in Berlin
Authors: Thavapalan Shiyanthi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe curators of the exhibition Uruk: 5000 Years of the Megacity claim that Uruk is the earliest known city in the world, the birthplace of writing, bureaucracy, monumental art, and architecture. Their reconstruction of this ancient metropolis in present‐day Berlin suggests to visitors that modernity and Mesopotamia are perhaps not worlds apart after all. The sumptuous new exhibition—organized by the Vorderasiatisches Museum/Staatliche Museum Berlin, the Reiss‐Engelhorn Museum Mannheim, and the Curt Engelhorn Foundation in collaboration with the German Archeological Institute and the German Oriental Society (DOG)—commemorates the centennial of the first German excavations at the site of Warka in southern Iraq.
Density‐dependent territory size and individual growth rate in juvenileAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Lindeman Amanda A. , Grant James W. A. , Desjardins Cyndy M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhether territoriality regulates population size depends on the flexibility of territory size, but few studies have quantified territory size over a broad range of densities. While juvenile salmonids in streams exhibit density‐dependent mortality and emigration, consistent with space limitation, there has been relatively little study of how territory size and individual growth rate change over a broad range of densities, particularly in field experiments. Consequently, we manipulated the density (range = 0.25–8 m−2) of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in mesh enclosures erected in a natural stream to test whether (i) territory size is fixed, decreases continuously or decreases towards an asymptotic minimum size as density increases; and (ii) individual growth rate decreases as a negative power curve with density as in observational field studies. Territory size decreased with increasing density, consistent with an asymptotic minimum size of about 0.13 m2for a 5‐cm fish. Individual growth rate also decreased with density, although the magnitude of decrease was steeper than in observational studies. Our results suggest a limit to how small territories can be compressed, which will set the upper limit to the local density in a habitat. The density‐dependent changes in territory size and individual growth rate will both play a role in the regulation of stream salmonid populations.
Competitive interactions among multiple non‐native salmonids and two populations of Atlantic salmon
Authors: Houde Aimee Lee S. , Wilson Chris C. , Neff Bryan D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCompetitive interactions with non‐native species can have negative impacts on the conservation of native species, resulting in chronic stress and reduced survival. Here, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from two allopatric populations (Sebago and LaHave) that are being used for reintroduction into Lake Ontario were placed into semi‐natural stream tanks with four non‐native salmonid competitors that are established in Ontario streams: brown trout (S. trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Brown trout and rainbow trout reduced the survival and fitness‐related traits of Atlantic salmon, whereas Chinook salmon and coho salmon had no impact on these traits. These data support theories on ecological niche overlap and link differences in observed aggression levels with competitive outcomes. Measurements of circulating hormones indicated that the Atlantic salmon were not chronically stressed nor had a change in social status at the 10‐month time point in the semi‐natural stream tanks. Additionally, the Sebago population was better able to coexist with the non‐native salmonids than the LaHave population. Certain populations of Atlantic salmon may thus be more suitable for some environments of the juvenile stream phase for the reintroduction into Lake Ontario.
Role of Go/i subgroup of G proteins in olfactory signaling of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ignatious Raja Jennifer S. , Katanayeva Natalya , Katanaev Vladimir L. , Galizia C. Giovanni 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntracellular signaling in insect olfactory receptor neurons remains unclear, with both metabotropic and ionotropic components being discussed. Here, we investigated the role of heterotrimeric Go and Gi proteins using a combined behavioral, in vivo and in vitro approach. Specifically, we show that inhibiting Go in sensory neurons by pertussis toxin leads to behavioral deficits. We heterologously expressed the olfactory receptor dOr22a in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). Stimulation with an odor led to calcium influx, which was amplified via calcium release from intracellular stores. Subsequent experiments indicated that the signaling was mediated by the Gβγ subunits of the heterotrimeric Go/i proteins. Finally, using in vivo calcium imaging, we show that Go and Gi contribute to odor responses both for the fast (phasic) as for the slow (tonic) response component. We propose a transduction cascade model involving several parallel processes, in which the metabotropic component is activated by Go and Gi, and uses Gβγ.
Determination of enzymatic activities using a miniaturized system as a rapid method to assess soil quality
Authors: Boluda R. , Roca‐Pérez L. , Iranzo M. , Gil C. , Mormeneo S. 
Published: January 2014

SummarySoil quality determination requires the analysis of a number of soil attributes using different approaches. In recent years, one of the most promising approaches has been the determination of enzymatic activities. Generally, only a few enzymes have been analysed and related to other soil properties such as total carbon, nitrogen content or microbial biomass carbon. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible use of the API ZYM strip, a semi‐quantitative miniaturized system that determines 19 enzymatic activities, to study soil quality. To this end, we tested the system in different soil types, including albic Arenosols, mollic Leptosols, rendzic Leptosols, haplic Leptosols and calcaric Regosols. Fresh samples were sieved through a 2‐mm sieve in the field and soil extracts were prepared by mixing 2–20 g (depending on the soil horizon characteristics) from each sample with 2–20 ml of sterile water. Next, 65‐µl aliquots of the supernatant extract were placed into each API ZYM microtube and were incubated at 37°C for 16 hours. Our results show important qualitative and quantitative differences among the different soil types studied, with soil characteristics and biological properties correlating with biochemical information. The results provide useful information not only to determine soil quality, but also to assess changes in the soil environment. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of the API ZYM system could prove most useful in soil environmental studies. Finally, some suggestions are presented, including modifications to the system that could improve its application in this field.
Mitochondrial DNA copy number – but not a mitochondrial tandem CC to TT transition – is increased in sun‐exposed skin
Authors: Gebhard Daniel , Mahler Bettina , Matt Katja , Burger Katharina , Bergemann Jörg 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are causatively associated with photo‐ageing and are used as biomarkers of UV exposure. The most prominent mitochondrial mutation is the common deletion (CD), which is induced in many tissues by oxidative stress. More photo‐specific mutations might be CC to TT tandem transitions which arise from UV‐induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. As nucleotide excision repair is absent in mitochondria, this DNA damage can presumably not be repaired resulting in high mitochondrial mutation levels. Here, we analysed levels of the CD, a mitochondrial and a chromosomal tandem transition in epidermis and dermis from exposed and less UV‐exposed skin. We also analysed mtDNA copy number, for which changes as a result of oxidative stress have been described in different experimental settings. Whereas mitochondrial tandem transition levels were surprisingly low with no discernible correlation with UV exposure, mtDNA copy number and CD were significantly increased in UV‐exposed samples.
Forecasting changes in water quality in rivers associated with growing biofuels in the Arkansas‐White‐Red river drainage, USA
Authors: Jager Henriette I. , Baskaran Latha M. , Schweizer Peter E. , Turhollow Anthony F. , Brandt Craig C. , Srinivasan Raghavan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractExcess nutrients from agriculture in the Mississippi River drainage, USA have degraded water quality in freshwaters and contributed to anoxic conditions in downstream estuaries. Consequently, water quality is a significant concern associated with conversion of lands to bioenergy production. This study focused on the Arkansas‐White‐Red river basin (AWR), one of five major river basins draining to the Mississippi River. The AWR has a strong precipitation gradient from east to west, and advanced cellulosic feedstocks are projected to become economically feasible within normal‐to‐wet areas of the region. In this study, we used large‐scale watershed modeling to identify areas along this precipitation gradient with potential for improving water quality. We compared simulated water quality in rivers draining projected future landscapes with and without cellulosic bioenergy for two future years, 2022 and 2030 with an assumed farmgate price of $50 per dry ton. Changes in simulated water quantity and quality under future bioenergy scenarios varied among subbasins and years. Median water yield, nutrient loadings, and sediment yield decreased by 2030. Median concentrations of nutrients also decreased, but suspended sediment, which is influenced by decreased flow and in‐stream processes, increased. Spatially, decreased loadings prevailed in the transitional ecotone between 97° and 100° longitude, where switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., is projected to compete against alternative crops and land uses at $50 per dry ton. We conclude that this region contains areas that hold promise for sustainable bioenergy production in terms of both economic feasibility and water quality protection.
Assessing the cultivation potential of the energy crop Miscanthus × giganteus for Germany
Authors: Schorling Markus , Enders Christopher , Voigt Christian A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe European Union in general and Germany in particular want to lead the way to substantially expand renewable energies for power production. Considering the extremely ambitious objectives of the German Federal Government, a strong, nationwide increase in cultivating energy crops can be anticipated. However, the expansion of biomass production, which is already in progress, has led to several environmental and ecological objections. Aside from competing for land, for food and feed production, the expansion of monocultures for biomass and biofuel production with a concentration on maize (Zea mays) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) can be problematic for biodiversity conservation. To face these challenges, the provision and cultivation of additional crop species and cultivars for biomass production would help to avoid these problems. The designated energy crop Miscanthus × giganteus represents an alternative species for extended biomass production. This giant grass is characterized by a broad range of possible applications and a high potential in producing and providing biomass in a sustainable way. In our study, we conducted a Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based analysis of the cultivation potential of M. giganteus in Germany. As a result, we generated digital maps that display preferential regions for the cultivation of M. giganteus where a high productivity and quality of biomass is expected. Combining different climate‐ and soil‐dependent scenarios, a total acreage potential of 4 million ha is predicted for Germany.
The elderly as a market – challenges to evidence
Authors: Ellwood Roger P. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo review the role of the oral care industry in the oral health of elders and opportunities for partnership with other key stakeholders.BackgroundThe elder population is growing at a faster rate than any other segment of the population. This is coupled with a greater probability of maintaining the dentition into later life and an increase in complex restorative work. If an elder's situation changes, they are highly vulnerable to a rapid onset of oral disease that can be devastating and extremely difficult to address.Materials and methodsThis manuscript reviews the role of the oral care industry in understanding this population as a market and the different approaches that might be used in promoting health.ResultsTwo key market segments were identified, the vulnerable elders with high levels of chronic oral disease, systemic complications, medications and often inability to maintain good standards of oral hygiene and a wealthier, health and beauty conscious group with a keen interest in maintaining a healthy, aesthetically pleasing and functional dentition throughout their lives.ConclusionsIt is likely that within current healthcare models, the oral care of elders will be unsustainable, with a smaller working population funding ever‐increasing health care needs. ‘Home care’ combined with effective professional preventive and effective therapeutic options are essential. Partnerships between the oral care industry and oral care providers, to deliver education and engagement of care workers, medical practitioners, pharmacists and social services, are essential over the next few decades.
Developing pathways for oral care in elders: challenges in care for the dentate the subject?
Authors: Walls Angus 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveThis paper reviews potential age‐associated risk factors for satisfactory oral function and oral disease to inform the development of care pathways for the older person.BackgroundAlterations in dental status or both physical and biological change associated with age can impact on oral disease and oral function.Materials and MethodsOlder people tend to have fewer teeth and some are edentulous. Physical and biological changes in bodily function with age can also affect oral health care either directly or indirectly.ResultsReductions in chewing ability impact on the foods people choose to eat because of perceived difficulty with chewing, with a potentially deleterious affect on dietary quality. This is worse in people with xerostomia where chewing and swallowing are impaired anyway. Change in the cell‐mediated inflammatory response impacts on gingival and periodontal disease manifestation and progression. Sarcopenia makes the physical act of toothbrushing more challenging. Caries remains a clinical problem that affects both the crowns and the roots of teeth. Coronal lesions tend to be around existing restorations where there is no evidence base about care/prevention.ConclusionThe physical and clinical changes that occur with ageing require an altered pattern of care for older people which is adjusted to their disease risk and encourage diversity of foods consumption.
Load Characteristics of Lead‐Free Ceramic Multilayer Actuators Based on Bismuth–Sodium–Titanate
Authors: Reichmann Klaus , Deluca Marco , Schütz Denis , Supancic Peter 
Published: January 2014

The electromechanical behavior of a lead‐free ceramic multilayer actuator is described. The actuator is made of an Nd‐doped [Bi0.500Na0.335K0.125Li0.040]TiO3 ceramic with inner electrodes of an Ag/Pd‐alloy. For electromechanical characterization, the actuator is under constant mechanical stress, and the strain over the applied electric field is recorded. The mechanical stress ranges from 0.1 to 80 MPa. The maximum applied electric field is 8 kV/mm. Starting with 0.1 MPa mechanical stress, the actuator exhibits a maximum strain of <0.1%. With increasing stress, the strain increases up to 0.17% at 5 MPa. With higher stress, the strain decreases and reaches 0.125% at 80 MPa. Reducing the mechanical stress leads to a steady increase in strain, which results in a doubling of the strain at 0.1 MPa compared with the initial value. The strain characteristic contains an electrostrictive part, a linear piezoelectric regime, and some creep behavior.
Method for Identifying and Mapping Flaw Size Distributions on Glass Surfaces for Predicting Mechanical Response
Authors: Wereszczak Andrew A. , Ferber Mattison K. , Musselwhite Wayne 
Published: January 2014

The statistical and critical tensile stresses associated with crack initiation on glass surfaces are dependent on the size and location of pre‐existing flaws. The introduction, sizes, concentrations, and distribution of those pre‐existing flaws at any moment of time are a direct and cumulative consequence of any glass's manufacturing, packaging, handling, and service histories. A new, nondestructive “High Resolution Flaw Classification System” is under development that rapidly identifies, measures, and maps surface‐located flaws on glass. Flaws smaller than 8 × 8 μm are detectable and many square centimeters per second can be scanned. The potential mechanical response of that glass, with that quantified surface‐flaw state at that moment of time, can then be predicted using the classical Griffith criterion.
Antiglycation capacity and antioxidant activities of different pigmented Thai rice
Authors: Daiponmak Wipavadee , Senakun Chadapon , Siriamornpun Sirithon 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis study investigated the antiglycation capacity and antioxidant activities of fifteen Thai rice varieties. Purple variety, Kum Rai showed the highest value of total phenolic content (245.06 ± 7.87 mg GAE/gram extract dry weight), DPPH radical scavenging activity (92.33 ± 0.49 mg Trolox/gram extract dry weight), ABTS radical scavenging activity (221.01 ± 0.25 mg Trolox/gram extract dry weight) and percentage inhibition of AGEs formation (82.03 ± 0.19%). We found that, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH assay) in rice varieties were highly correlated (P < 0.05) with their antiglycation capacity. These results indicated that the total phenolic content was responsible for antioxidant and antiglycation capacities of rice samples. This study is the first report on a correlation between anti‐AGEs capacity and antioxidant activities of Thai rice varieties. Our data have provided useful information for selection of rice varieties for the bioactive compounds that may improve the health of the aged and diabetic complications.