bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care center in South India: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Deb Amit Kumar , Murugan Aroul , Stephen Mary , Sangaraju Suneel , Sarkar Sandip , Jossy Ajax 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vision-threatening proliferative vitreoretinopathy affecting premature infants, characterized by abnormal retinal vascular at the boundary of the vascularized and avascular peripheral retina, and is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness worldwide. To identify the prevalence and the important risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Methods:
This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in the ROP clinic at the ophthalmology outpatient department and neonatal intensive care unit at a tertiary care center in South India. Data from ROP screening done from April 2020 to April 2022 were collected.

Results:
A total of 509 infants (1018 eyes) satisfied the inclusion criteria. The overall mean birth weight and mean gestational age were 1515.2 g (±432.9) and 32.2 weeks (±2.9), respectively. One hundred and ninety-six babies out of 509 presented with some form of ROP, accounting for a prevalence of 38.5%. Only 14 eyes (3.6%) among the 382 eyes with any stage ROP required treatment. A total of 10 risk factors were evaluated and analyzed. Bivariate analysis and multivariate forward step-wise logistic regression analysis for the relevant risk factors were performed, and low birth weight and low gestational age were found to be strong predictors of ROP. Oxygen supplementation, multiple births, and exchange transfusion had strong statistical and clinical correlations with the development of ROP. This study portrays the severity of the problem and the current trend of risk factors associated with ROP in the region to help refine the screening guidelines to be more relevant to low- and middle-income nations.

Conclusion:
Oxygen supplementation, multiple births, and exchange transfusion had strong statistical and clinical correlation with the development of ROP. This study portrays the severity of the problem and the current trend of risk factors associated with ROP in the region to help refine the screening guidelines to be more relevant to low- and middle-income nations.
Unveiling endothelial resilience: Comparative analysis of phacoemulsification and manual small-incision cataract surgery with 6-month postoperative surveillance
Authors: Madhivanan Nivean , Ramesh Prasanna Venkatesh , Nivean Pratheeba Devi , Sekaran Sangeetha , Lavanya S , Ray Prajnya , Devadas Aji Kunnath 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
The purpose is to find out changes in endothelial cell density (ECD) in eyes undergoing phacoemulsification (Phaco) versus manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) or small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) with 6-month postoperative follow-up.

Methods:
An observational prospective study of 200 eyes of 200 patients was conducted over 13 months (December 2016–December 2017). Patients with senile cataracts undergoing surgery by any of the two methods (SICS and Phaco) were included in this study. After preoperative examinations, patients underwent surgery by either Phaco or SICS according to patients’ preferences and affordability. All intra- and postoperative data were collected prospectively, and the minimum follow-up was 6 months. Data were entered into an Excel file format and subsequently analyzed with SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), unpaired t-test, paired test, ANOVA test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The mean ECD during the preoperative period in the SICS group was 2537.789 cells/mm2 (range = 2004.3–3564.7) and in the Phaco group 2592.878 cells/mm2 (range = 2020.0–3434.3). There was significantly more cell loss in SICS at 1 week than in Phaco (P = 0.0001). On 1-month and 3-month follow-up, gain and stabilization in ECD were noted in both the groups which was significantly more in the SICS group than in the Phaco group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). However, at 6 months, ECD loss was stabilized for both the groups, and there was statistically no significant difference between both groups (P = 0.108).

Conclusion:
While there is an initial difference in EC loss between MSICS and Phaco, there is a significant stabilization observed over the 6-month postoperative period, resulting in comparable EC loss between the two methods.
Topical pharmacotherapy for the management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia
Authors: Hariani Avani , Jain Parul , Gupta Isha , Reddy Gahan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) encompasses a spectrum of dysplastic and neoplastic conditions affecting the conjunctiva and cornea, ranging from intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Traditional management of OSSN has primarily involved surgical excision, often supplemented by cryotherapy. However, the emergence of topical pharmacotherapies has significantly transformed the treatment landscape, offering noninvasive alternatives that may reduce recurrence rates and preserve ocular surface integrity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current topical pharmacotherapeutic agents used in OSSN, including interferon alpha-2b, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin C. We evaluate the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, dosing regimens, and adverse effect profiles of these agents. In addition, the review discusses the selection criteria for topical versus surgical management, the role of adjuvant therapy, and the latest advancements in drug delivery systems. By synthesizing recent clinical trials and case studies, this article aims to guide clinicians in optimizing treatment strategies for OSSN, highlighting the potential of topical pharmacotherapy to improve patient outcomes while minimizing treatment-related morbidity.
Bilateral choroidal mass: Are we dealing with tuberculosis?
Authors: Mahapatra Santosh Kumar , Dhiman Shweta , Das Ayantika , Parhi Anjalika 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A 27 year old female was undergoing treatment for suspected viral meningitis in medicine department and referred for eye examination for decrease in vision in left eye. Fundus examination showed multiple bilateral choroidal mass with a normal anterior segment. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was confirmatory for bilateral choroidal granuloma and with a provisional diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis, High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) thorax and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) brain was done which revealed miliary mottling in both lungs with vertebral involvement and ring lesions with focal asymmetric enhancement respectively. A diagnosis of bilateral multifocal choroiditis with choroidal tubercular granuloma was established following a positive Mantoux report. Hence, unilateral or bilateral mass lesions should not be missed as a possibility of tubercular granuloma with or without systemic presentation in Indian subcontinent.
ДАВЛАТ ФИСКАЛ (БЮДЖЕТ-СОЛИҚ) СИЁСАТИНИНГ ИҚТИСОДИЙ ЎСИШ ВА БАНДЛИККА ТАЪСИРИНИ ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ
Authors: Асатуллаев Хуршид 
Published: August 2024

Дунёдаги зиддиятли ҳолатлар ва жаҳон хўжалигидаги таркибий ўзгаришларга учраётган бир даврда мамлакатда иқтисодий ўсиш ва аҳоли бандлигини таъминлашда давлатнинг оқилона иқтисодий сиёсатини ишлаб чиқишни тақозо этади. Жамият иқтисодий тараққиётига ва иқтисодий ўсишга ва аҳолининг самарали бандлигига эришишда замон зайлига мос равишда давлат фискал (бюджет-солиқ) сиёсатининг устувор йўналишларини тадқиқ этиш долзарб мавзулардан бири саналади. Замонавий фискал (бюджет-солиқ) сиёсати давлат молиявий ресурсларидан оқилона фойдаланиш орқали иқтисодий фаолликни оширишга ва иқтисодиётдаги нохуш ҳолатларни баратараф этишга қаратилган бўлади. Унинг асосий мақсади барқарор иқтисодий ўсишни ва аҳоли бандлигини таъминлашга қаратилган иқтисодий цикл тебранишларини ва инфляцияни жиловлаш ҳамда юқори бандлик даражасига эришиш ҳисобланади. Мақолада давлат фискал (бюджет-солиқ) сиёсатининг иқтисодий дастакларидан оқилона фойдаланиш орқали иқтисодий ўсишни таъминлашга қаратилган илмий амалий тахлилар ва хулосалар берилган.
Detection of Similar Melodies by Repurposing Algorithms for Sequence Alignment and String Searching
Authors: Krishnakumar Vihaan 
Published: August 2024

Music plagiarism is an important concern for the music industry. Current methods of using experts to detect plagiarism are subjective and error-prone. This paper compares the performance of both string-searching algorithms and algorithms traditionally used in bioinformatics, and in particular, Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) and Smith-Waterman, for the detection of melodic plagiarism. The input MIDI files are converted into an array after data processing and used as the basis for comparison. Across most thresholds, melodic plagiarism detection using KMP exhibits greater recall than, similar precision to, and faster runtimes than Smith-Waterman. We conclude that exact string searching algorithms like KMP can be more effective than local sequence alignment methods like Smith-Waterman.
Empress Theodora of Byzantium Through the Lens of Ancient Female Archetypes
Authors: Evans Phoebe 
Published: August 2024

This paper evaluates the historical reception of Byzantine Empress Theodora through the lens of her contemporaries and societal expectations. As Theodora was empress of the Eastern Roman empire during the spread of Christianity, she must be seen through the lens of biblical themes as well as through Roman literature. A prevalent Roman example for ideal femininity is found in Lucretia: a noblewoman who toppled the Etruscan kings with her honor. After she was violated, Lucretia chose to expose the perpetrator and end her life rather than live sullied. With such mythos surrounding a woman who chose her honor over her life, it is no wonder Theodora was received with shock. Theodora spent her early years as an actress, meaning she earned much of her living through sex work. Another strong Roman literary comparison comes in the form of Medea. Medea represented the antithesis to feminine ideals because she had murdered her kin. More than anything, familial duties rested upon a wife or mother in a Roman household, and a woman like Theodora who was, inaccurately, rumored to have orchestrated the death of an illegitimate child. Although the rumor is false, it represented a fracture between Theodora and the expectations her society had for her. Finally, in her Christian contemporary, Mary Magdalene, Theodora was viewed as redeemed. Just as Mary did in the Gospel of Luke, Theodora went from "sinful woman" to queen and a dedicated wife. She embodied the story of redemption that is so often told in Christianity.
The Effects of Light on Sleep Patterns and Circadian Rhythms
Authors: Venuturimilli Karthik , Patel Rahul , Hon Olivia 
Published: August 2024

Although humans spend an increasingly considerable amount of time in front of light emitting diode (LED)/digital screens, little research has been conducted focusing on the effects of artificial light on circadian rhythm and sleep. A current theory suggests that exposure to light, artificial or natural, outside of daytime hours has a detrimental effect on the neurobiology of an individual. Furthermore, artificial light from these screens or at a larger scale, light pollution, defined as excessive outdoor artificial light, can affect the circadian rhythms. The central pacemaker in the brain, known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls various essential biological processes. Current evidence suggests different wavelengths of light have contrasting impacts on SCN activity and subsequent circadian rhythms. Alterations to circadian rhythms can have a profound impact on sleep and mood. Therefore, understanding how artificial light impacts SCN function is critical for determining the psychological and biological consequences. This paper reviews the effects that artificial light has on the brain, and breaks down the biological and psychological processes that control sleep and mood.
Creative infestation
Authors: Zhu Xuanrui 
Published: August 2024

The fourteenth-century outbreak of Bubonic Plague, known as the Black Death, exerted a transformative impact upon Western Europe, facilitating the development of more empirical and observational forms of medicine and science, weakening the hold of the Catholic Church, and dealing a major blow to the feudalistic state organization and manorial economies. Western society after the Black Death would never look the same again. The Black Death should thus be viewed as laying the foundations of, and a major catalyst for, the emergence of modernity in Western Europe.
Simulating charged particles in electromagnetic fields
Authors: Cristian Adrien , Ripperda Bart 
Published: August 2024

Relativistic charged particles in electromagnetic fields follow paths that increase in complexity with an increasingly complex field. When traveling in these fields, the particles are acted upon by an electromagnetic force comprised of an electric component and a magnetic component. While solving for these paths in simple electromagnetic fields can be done analytically, the task becomes significantly more difficult when the fields get more complex. Thus, in these situations, numerical methods are required to find solutions. One of the most well-known such methods is the Boris method, which is explored in this paper. Before this method is applied to any complex situations, its accuracy must be ensured by testing on simple cases which are solvable by hand. These cases include a 1D electric field in the direction of the initial velocity of the particle, and a 1D magnetic field perpendicular to the particle's velocity. With the accuracy proven, the method was applied to the cases of a force-free field, a dipolar field, and a quadrupolar field. In the latter two cases the method produced very interesting results that could provide significant insight that would be very difficult to achieve analytically. In the case of the force-free field, however, the method shows some limitations, as a precise cancellation of the force produced by the electric and magnetic fields is required to produce a straight line and the Boris method has some difficulty achieving this, especially when using a large time step.
COVID-19 Exposure in Working Equines-A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Cheng Jennifer , Cheng Willoon 
Published: August 2024

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) is known to infect multiple animal species, including equines. The annual economic impact of the equine industry is significant – involving some $300 billion dollars and 1.6 million full-time jobs globally with a worth of $16 billion in Canada9. The ability of horses to carry the SARS-CoV-2 virus is therefore of economic and public health interest. In this longitudinal study, four equines in a competitive hunter barn were monitored over a period of three years for the presence of COVID-19 by oral swab. Despite exposure to large numbers of people and other equines, no animals tested positive for COVID-19. This study suggests that the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in a competitive hunter barn setting is low.
Effectiveness of the LVUSD Counseling Services in Supporting Students Related to College Admissions
Authors: Patel Jay 
Published: August 2024

With the highly competitive college admissions process that occurs every year in the United States, many high school students often feel anxious and worried about getting into their “dream schools.” In an attempt to aid with this relatively new increase in competition, to combat widespread feelings of anxiety, stress, and worry among high school students, many school districts have implemented college and wellness counselors to aid students in this sophisticated problem, such as Las Virgenes Unified School District (LVUSD). With the recent widespread implementation of these innovative resources, nonetheless, there have been very few up-to-date studies evaluating the effectiveness of these programs in assisting the mental health of high school students around the U.S.
Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap through a mixed-method survey that assessed the effectiveness of these services in LVUSD, and how they could be enhanced to better support students.
Results displayed that although the counseling services provided for the students in LVUSD are effective, they could be enhanced by adding additional counselors and increasing accessibility to these services in various ways to meet an increasing need for support. In addition, there were major differences as underclassmen tend to utilize and believe in the effectiveness of the wellness counseling services, compared to upperclassmen (specifically 12th graders), who believed in the efficacy and benefits of the college and career and academic counselors. By increasing awareness of the potential benefits and specific services provided by each counseling service, LVUSD high school students could be better supported.
Overview of Advanced Liquid Process System: Circulation of tritiated water in oceanic environment
Authors: Park Haewon , Ulus Yener 
Published: August 2024

The recent Japanese disposal of Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS)-treated water is controversial. ALPS does not filter tritium. The objectives of this paper are (a) to examine how anthropogenic tritium triggers biological health impacts and (b) to review the circulation of tritiated water into the oceanic territory of the Republic of Korea. I reviewed the possibility of the bioaccumulation of tritium in the oceanic environment and its overall health impact. To be of significant status, they require complex conditions. I also reviewed the simulation of the possible path that disposed pollutants will take from Fukushima. The simulation was then compared with the measured level of radionuclides around the Republic of Korea's oceanic territory by year. The data is divided into three parts (east, west, and south) and analyzed to check if the trends show any patterns in the level of tritium in the Republic of Korea. The levels checked in three areas showed a partial uniformity, which may be evidence that radionuclides entered the oceanic territory of the Republic of Korea. However, the level of tritium was extremely low compared to the regulations set by the World Health Organization and the Republic of Korea. Thus, the disposal of tritium will be less likely to affect the natural environment. Nevertheless, it is recommended to monitor disposed tritium by a third party, plan for compensation, and conduct intense research on the circulation of tritium to support the prevention of sudden failure of the emission system.
Thermoregulatory Responses To Lying Based on Age and Temperature
Authors: Hughes Matilda , Carlson Michelle 
Published: August 2024

The main goal that was trying to be achieved throughout the course of this project was to determine if a subject is lying, based on the body temperature of an individual. This can also be known as the thermoregulatory responses in the metopic suture and the apex region between male and females. When law enforcement tries to determine whether a subject is lying, they could be able to figure it out based on the subject’s facial temperature increasing or decreasing. The two points, forehead and nose, were chosen because there is a location in the brain called the insula, which is located deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain, which shows a difference in temperature when a lie is told. Insula activates brown adipose tissue to release heat, causing this phenomenon to occur. Ten subjects were used. Thirty questions were posed to each subject, and they were permitted to tell either the truth or a lie. After every question, the forehead and nose temperatures were taken. The results showed that when male and females lie, their temperature increases. The explanation for this is the area in the brain called the insula, which is more active in females and people over the ages of eighteen. For high insular activity to happen, it means the brain is trying hard to perform a complex task.
The Harmful Effects of Chronic Stress on the Development of Cancer and The Strategies That Can Be Used to mitigate it
Authors: Shankar Manasa , Parajuli Dr. Prahlad , Kethar Jothsna , Torremocha Virgil 
Published: August 2024

Stress, a state of worry caused by a difficult situation, is carried out by the parasympathetic nervous system and acute or short-term stress can benefit us in many ways. However, chronic or long-term stress can be extremely harmful and provide detrimental effects to the body by weakening it. Studies have shown a correlation between chronic stress and cancer. One of the mechanisms chronic stress can contribute to cancer is by weakening our immune system. This paper reviews published articles to find connections among the immune, endocrine and nervous systems and how they interact via release of certain cytokines and hormones in response to stressful situations. The impact of enhanced inflammatory processes and cancer progression are discussed. This paper also sheds light into certain mental health issues that cancer patients have faced before or during their cancer diagnosis and treatment. There are certain factors, such as gender, age, genetics, and country or region of residence, which impact stress responses with implications on disease outcome. Cancer patients also experience a lot of changes in the neuronal structure, increase in glucocorticoid signaling, CRH gene expression, and HPA axis as well as DNA damage and p53 protein suppression, when they experience chronic stress. There are also elevated cortisol levels and HPA axis dysregulation which can be combated through anti-inflammatory treatments. The paper concludes by discussing how certain activities, like yoga, tai-chi, and meditation can help alleviate chronic stress. The results are promising as there has been a decrease in self-reported depression and anxiety, and an increase in sleep, relaxation, and cognition.
Beyond The Tumor: A Review of Standard Procedures and Emerging Advancements in Treatments for Glioblastomas
Authors: Ramamoorthy Anargya , Parajuli Prahlad , Kethar Jothsna , Torremocha Virgel 
Published: August 2024

Glioblastomas are a type of brain tumor, which–according to the Glioblastoma Research Organization–affects more than 241,000 people across the globe. While the causes of glioblastomas are largely unknown, research has shown that some glioblastomas arise likely due to genetic factors such as mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene or a 9p/13q deletion. Glioblastomas are extremely hard to treat because they rapidly proliferate, and spread into nearby brain tissues. Surgery has long been used to remove glioblastomas, in order to minimize the intracranial pressure due to the growth of tumor and to reduce tumor bulk for other therapies. However, surgical removal has been tough, since it is very hard to remove all the cancerous cells, and there is a high chance of tumor recurrence. In 2005, the FDA approved the drug temozolomide to be used in glioblastoma treatment following surgical removal. However, temozolomide is minimally effective and causes adverse effects in many patients. As of now, there is no real cure for glioblastoma. Therefore, there is a need to explore new treatments in order to increase the lifespan of glioblastoma patients, as well as to reduce unwarranted effects due to treatment. Newer treatments such as tumor treating fields and nanobots have shown to be promising for glioblastoma treatments. These new advancements have shown to be more precise, which reduces the concern of toxicity to healthy tissues. By researching various treatments for glioblastomas, this paper’s main goal is to explore alternative ways to treat glioblastomas effectively.