bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Diagnostic Tool for Magnesium Nutrition in Maize Based on Image Analysis of Different Leaf Sections
Authors: de Fátima da Silva Fernanda , Luz Pedro Henrique Cerqueira , Romualdo Liliane Maria , Marin Mário Antônio , Zúñiga Alvaro Manuel Gómez , Herling Valdo Rodrigues , Bruno Odemir Martinez 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe nutritional status of maize (Zea mays L.) can be diagnosed by chemical analysis of leaves, which is very slow, or by visual diagnosis of deficiency symptoms, which is dependent on observer experience. The artificial visual system (AVS) is a technology to identify nutritional deficiencies in maize, allowing correction for nutrient supply at earlier development stages in maize. Our objective was to propose methods of artificial vision and pattern recognition to identify the concentration of magnesium (Mg) in maize plants grown in the greenhouse. Magnesium concentrations were 0.0, 0.65, 1.3, and 2.0 mM Mg, with four replications. Leaf scans were collected at V4 (four leaves fully developed), V6 (six leaves fully developed), and V8 (eight leaves fully developed) stages, and these leaves were samples for chemical assays. Such images were processed using AVS methods. Volumetric fractal dimension (VFD), Gabor wavelet (GW), and VFD with canonical analysis (VFDCA) were techniques used by the AVS to extract deficiency characteristics in the leaf images. The increase of Mg in the nutrient solution caused an increase in the Mg concentration in leaves, resulting in typical visual symptoms. The AVS method was able to identify all levels of deficiency, scoring 75.5% of rights in images of the middle section of leaves in the VFDCA method, in color scans of V4 leaves. The AVS was efficient at diagnosing Mg concentrations in leaves of maize during the V4 stage.
Predictive Relationships between Plant Morphological Traits and Biomass Yield in Switchgrass
Authors: Price David L. , Casler Michael D. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTCommercial viability of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a biofuel will require further improvements of biomass yield to improve sustainability. Direct selection for biomass yield in switchgrass has proven difficult due to the many factors influencing biomass yield. The identification of morphological traits associated with biomass yield could increase the efficiency of breeding efforts if these traits can be used as indirect selection criteria. By allowing increased screening and greater intensity of selection for biomass yield within spaced‐plant nurseries, these results may impact how phenotypic selection is used for switchgrass cultivar development. The objective of this research was to identify morphological traits in parental plants that are predictive of biomass yield in progeny swards. Results of this research demonstrate the challenges of selecting for increased biomass yield in switchgrass within spaced‐plant nurseries. Limited predictive ability was observed using individual and combinations of plant morphological traits. Comparisons of models with varying subsets of traits revealed common traits among the best predictive models including plant height, single‐plant dry biomass, and second leaf width. Predictions of single‐plant biomass, using the same set of morphological traits, revealed a large effect for tillering related traits. The observation that different traits affect biomass yield differently in the two planting types may indicate an effect of plant competition on the relationship of these traits with biomass yield. While these traits can help guide selections for a preferred plant ideotype, additional efforts to improve selection schemes for increasing biomass yield will be necessary for sustained genetic gain in switchgrass.
Genetic Study and QTL Mapping of Seed Glucosinolate Content in Brassica rapa L.
Authors: Rahman Habibur , Kebede Berisso , Zimmerli Céline , Yang Rong‐Cai 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSelf‐incompatibility in Brassica rapa L. is a major impediment to experimental studies on the genetic control of quantitative traits such as seed glucosinolate (GSL) content. In this paper, we report quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of total seed GSL content using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from two self‐compatible high‐ and low‐GSL B. rapa grown under different environmental conditions. Furthermore, quantitative genetic analysis using the parents and their F1, F2, B1 (F1 backcrossed to high‐parent P1), B2 (F1 backcrossed to low‐parent P2), and self‐pollinated progenies of B1 generation populations are also reported. Quantitative genetic analysis showed that additive genetic variance was consistently significant under different environments, while the dominance effect was significant under one growth condition. However, a simple additive‐dominance model was inadequate to explain the segregation variation among the generation means. Nonallelic interaction effects were important in the genetic control of GSL content in early generations where the levels of heterozygosity remained high. QTL mapping detected three loci at the linkage groups A2, A7, and A9 involved in the control of this trait. These QTL individually explained 5 to 22% of total phenotypic variation. The QTL on A9 was detected in all environments and explained 22%, the greatest amount of phenotypic variation. No additive × additive gene interaction was detected based on QTL analysis, and this also largely agreed with quantitative genetic analysis. Similarly, the number of loci detected based on QTL mapping also agree with the results obtained from quantitative genetic analysis.
Age-Adjusted Diabetes Mortality Rates Vary in Local Communities in a Metropolitan Area: Racial and Spatial Disparities and Correlates
Authors: Hunt Bijou R. , Whitman Steven , Henry Candice A. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes has held steady as the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. since 2006. While aggregated data provide insights into how the country as a whole, or even as states, is faring with respect to diabetes mortality, disaggregation provides data that may facilitate targeted interventions and community engagement.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed deaths from diabetes for residents of Chicago to calculate age-adjusted diabetes mortality rates (AADMRs). We calculated AADMRs for Chicago by race/ethnicity and community area. We also examined the correlation between AADMR and 1) racial/ethnic composition of a community area and 2) median household income.

RESULTS
The AADMR for Chicago (27.5 per 100,000 population) was significantly higher than the national rate (22.5). Within both the U.S. and Chicago, the highest AADMRs were found among non-Hispanic blacks, followed by Hispanics, and then non-Hispanic whites. Within Chicago, Puerto Ricans displayed the highest AADMR at 45.7, compared with 35.0 at the national level. There was a strong positive correlation between the proportion of black residents in a community area and the AADMR (0.64). There was a strong negative relationship between household income and the AADMR for the entire city (−0.63) and for the predominantly black community areas (−0.52).

CONCLUSIONS
These data provide insight into where the worst diabetes mortality problems reside in Chicago. Our hope is that these data can be used to work toward the development of solutions to the very high diabetes mortality rates observed in several communities in Chicago and in similar communities throughout the U.S.
Racial Disparity of Eye Examinations Among the U.S. Working-Age Population With Diabetes: 2002–2009
Authors: Shi Qian , Zhao Yingnan , Fonseca Vivian , Krousel-Wood Marie , Shi Lizheng 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes care differs across racial and ethnic groups. This study aimed to assess the racial disparity of eye examinations among U.S. adults with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Working-age adults (age 18–64 years) with diabetes were studied using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component (2002–2009) including the Diabetes Care Survey. Racial and ethnic groups were classified as non-Hispanic whites and minorities. People reporting one or more dilated eye examination were considered to have received an eye examination in a particular year. Eye examination rates were compared between racial/ethnic groups for each year, and were weighted to national estimates. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs for racial/ethnic difference were assessed annually using logistic regression models. Other influencing factors associated with eye examination were also explored.

RESULTS
Whites had consistently higher unadjusted eye examination rates than minority populations across all 8 years. The unadjusted rates increased from 56% in 2002 to 59% in 2009 among whites, while the rates in minorities decreased from 56% in 2002 to 49% in 2009. The largest significant racial gap of 15% was observed in 2008, followed by 11%, 10%, and 7% in 2006, 2009, and 2005, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Minorities were less likely to receive eye examination (2006: aOR 0.75 [95% CI 0.57–0.99]; 2008: 0.61 [0.45–0.84]).

CONCLUSIONS
The racial/ethnic differences in eye examinations for patients with diabetes have persisted over the last decade. National programs to improve screening and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy are needed to target minority populations.
Adiponectin and Bariatric Surgery: Associations With Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in the Swedish Obese Subjects Study
Authors: Herder Christian , Peltonen Markku , Svensson Per-Arne , Carstensen Maren , Jacobson Peter , Roden Michael , Sjöström Lars , Carlsson Lena 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
Adiponectin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but its role for incident diabetes, myocardial infarction, or stroke in obesity is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between systemic levels of adiponectin and the aforementioned outcomes in a population with severe obesity at high risk of diabetes and cardiovascular events.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We measured serum concentrations of total adiponectin in 3,299 participants of the prospective controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Study (bariatric surgery group, n = 1,570; control group given usual care, n = 1,729). Median follow-up periods ranged between 10 and 13 years for different outcomes.

RESULTS
In models containing both baseline adiponectin and 2-year changes in adiponectin, high baseline adiponectin and 2-year increases in adiponectin were associated with decreased risk of diabetes and myocardial infarction among controls. In the surgery group, the 2-year weight loss was paralleled by substantial increase in circulating adiponectin (1,807–1,958 ng/mL per 10-kg weight loss). However, neither baseline adiponectin nor 2-year increases in adiponectin were associated with risk of diabetes or myocardial infarction in the fully adjusted models in the surgery group. No associations were found for stroke in either group.

CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, baseline adiponectin and 2-year changes were associated with incident diabetes and myocardial infarction in the control group but not in the surgery group. Baseline adiponectin did not predict treatment benefit of bariatric surgery.
Second-Line Agents for Glycemic Control for Type 2 Diabetes: Are Newer Agents Better?
Authors: Zhang Yuanhui , McCoy Rozalina G. , Mason Jennifer E. , Smith Steven A. , Shah Nilay D. , Denton Brian T. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
While metformin is generally accepted as the first-line agent in treatment of type 2 diabetes, there are insufficient evidence and extensive debate about the best second-line agent. We aimed to assess the benefits and harms of four commonly used antihyperglycemia treatment regimens considering clinical effectiveness, quality of life, and cost.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We developed and validated a new population-based glycemic control Markov model that simulates natural variation in HbA1c progression. The model was calibrated using a U.S. data set of privately insured individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. We compared treatment intensification of metformin monotherapy with sulfonylurea, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, or insulin. Outcome measures included life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), mean time to insulin dependence, and expected medication cost per QALY from diagnosis to first diabetes complication (ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, blindness, renal failure, amputation) or death.

RESULTS
According to our model, all regimens resulted in similar LYs and QALYs regardless of glycemic control goal, but the regimen with sulfonylurea incurred significantly lower cost per QALY and resulted in the longest time to insulin dependence. An HbA1c goal of 7% (53 mmol/mol) produced higher QALYs compared with a goal of 8% (64 mmol/mol) for all regimens.

CONCLUSIONS
Use of sulfonylurea as second-line therapy for type 2 diabetes generated glycemic control and QALYs comparable with those associated with other agents but at lower cost. A model that incorporates HbA1c and diabetes complications can serve as a useful clinical decision tool for selection of treatment options.
Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Subjects With Prediabetes and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Identified by HbA1c According to American Diabetes Association Criteria
Authors: Di Pino Antonino , Scicali Roberto , Calanna Salvatore , Urbano Francesca , Mantegna Concetta , Rabuazzo Agata Maria , Purrello Francesco , Piro Salvatore 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
We investigated the cardiovascular risk profile in subjects with prediabetes and new-onset type 2 diabetes identified by glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) according to the new American Diabetes Association criteria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Arterial stiffness, intima-media thickness (IMT), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGEs), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were evaluated in 274 subjects without a previous history of diabetes. The subjects were stratified into three groups according to the HbA1c levels.

RESULTS
The subjects with prediabetes (n = 117, HbA1c 5.7–6.4% [39–46 mmol/mol]) showed a higher augmentation (Aug), augmentation index (AugI), and IMT compared with those with lower HbA1c; however, these values were similar to those of subjects with HbA1c &gt;6.5% (48 mmol/mol). When we further analyzed the subjects with prediabetes but included only subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NT) in the analysis, AugI and IMT still remained significantly higher than their levels in control subjects with HbA1c &lt;5.7% (39 mmol/mol). After multiple regression analyses including several cardiovascular risk factors, only HbA1c, age, and sRAGE were significantly correlated with the IMT, whereas age and 1-h postload glucose were the major determinants of AugI.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data show that subjects with prediabetes according to HbA1c, but with both NT according to the OGTT and normal fasting glycemia, have an altered IMT and AugI. These data suggest that a simple, reproducible, and less expensive marker such as HbA1c may be better able to identify prediabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk compared with fasting glycemia or OGTT alone.
USER REQUIREMENTS SUPPORTING THE SAFE NAVIGATION IN KOREAN COAST
Authors: Jeong Jung Sik , Jeong Jaeyong , Kim Hye-Jin , Kim Sun-Young 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
This research aims at investigating the user requirements at the service level for safe navigation system, following e-navigation strategy implementation plan. The user requirements is surveyed to collect real-time navigational information and then to find out services through the presentation of the collected information. To provide the information on user needs for the system developer, a questionnaire survey has been made. Based on this surveys, this research investigated which navigational information is with higher priority for the safe navigation during ship operation by bridge team in harbour and in coastal and confined.
MARITIME TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS IN WATERWAY WITH TIME VARIANT CPA
Authors: Jeong Jung Sik , Park Gyei-Kark , Kim Kwang-Il 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper aims at evaluating the collision risk between the encountering vessels under time- -variant CPA situations and then assessing the maritime traffic characteristics. Radar and AIS data are collected from Mokpo VTS in Korea. All crossing vessels that are navigating within CPA 1 miles of Mokpo-Gu waterway are analyzed. The maritime traffic characteristics is analyzed by surveying the distribution of CPA as a function of TCPA. To make it clear, the traffic operating rate in the Mokpo waterway is also computed. The averages of CPA and TCPA were observed until the encountered vessels pass safety each other after they come in a certain ship domain. As a consequence, the distribution of CPA as a function of TCPA gives a useful information to evaluate the maritime traffic safety.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS VS. A PILOT’S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
Authors: Kozuba Jarosław 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
This article describes the impact of a pilot’s situational awareness (SA) on the quality of decisions that are made by him or her. Situational awareness has been defined as a state and as a process. The article also refers to how the situational awareness and the decision-making process interact. The decision-making process and its components have been defined. Based on author’s own research as well as conclusions drawn from the subject’s literature, the importance of an acceptable SA level for the correct progress of a pilot’s decision-making process (and the likelihood of making a good decision) has been pointed out.
THE APPLICATION OF METHODS OF ROBUST M-ESTIMATION IN ESTABLISHING SHIP POSITION IN MARINE TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS BASED ON RADAR OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Świerczyński Sławomir , Czaplewski Krzysztof 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
In the last years considerable emphasis has been placed on safety at sea. There is the maritime security and surveillance system whose main aim is to execute tasks in the interests of maritime safety and to react in case of emergency. They are monitored by networks of radar stations. On such areas we obtain a lot of navigation data which could be used to improve ship’s parameters (position), using know in geodesy modern M-estimation methods. Simultaneous acquisition of navigational information from many independent radar stations will render it possible to obtain a more accurate ship position in marine traffic surveillance systems in relation to the calculated position. A position expected in an adjustment calculus is received from a watch officer. It is burdened with a fallacy of navigation systems and the quality of marking ship’s route on a map. In the case of navigational-parameter measurements used for depicting ship position, one can obtain incorrect results due to a disturbance in the measurement process. In extreme cases, such erroneous data could significantly differ from the anticipated results. Deviating observations could significantly influence the values of measurement results. In order to eliminate the determination of erroneous measurements, one could use resistant estimation methods with suitably selected attenuation functions. The accuracy of a determined position will not be better than the capabilities of the device used. Adjustment gives the possibility of eliminating or minimizing human errors as well as the errors in the indications of navigational devices. This paper presents the latest robust estimation methods using Danish attenuation function for adjustment of navigational observation, using radar observation.
NAVIGATION DECISION SUPPORTING SYSTEM (NAVDEC) — TESTING ON FULL MISSION SIMULATOR
Authors: Wołejsza Piotr , Magaj Janusz , Gralak Rafał 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The known navigational systems in use and methods of navigational decision support perform information functions and as such are helpful in the process of safe conduct of a vessel. However, none of these known systems provides a navigator with ready solutions of collision situations taking account of all the vessels in the proximity of own ship, where the Collision Regulations apply. Another shortcoming of these systems is that they do not explain the assessment of a navigational situation and proposed manoeuvre parameters. Results of testing in simulation condition of NAVDEC - new Navigational Decision Supporting System developed by research team of prof. Pietrzykowski [Pietrzykowski et al., 2012a], [Pietrzykowski et al., 2012b] - were presented in this paper.
Comparison of Several Methods for Calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration
Authors: Rácz Csaba , Nagy János , Dobos Attila Csaba 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The knowledge of the evapotranspiration of natural ecosystems and plant populations is of fundamental importance in several branches of science, research and practical uses. Nevertheless, the harmonisation of the large number of methods and user needs often causes problems. The objective of the analyses was to explore the output range and sensitivity of models of different physical approaches under local conditions. We performed descriptive statistical and sensitivity analysis of 10 commonly used estimation models - one of them with two variants. Correlation between modelled and measured evapotranspiration data series was assessed. The magnitude of the model outputs, their variability and responses to the changes of selected atmospheric parameters were evaluated. Priestley-Taylor, Penman-Monteith-FAO-56, Shuttleworth-Wallace (parameterized with alternative radiation balance), Szász and Makkink proved to be the most sensitive methods. As regards the systematic error, Makkink and Shuttleworth-Wallace showed the best agreement with pan evaporation, while Shuttleworth-Wallace, Blaney-Criddle and Makkink models were found to be the closest to the Penman-Monteith-FAO-56 method as a reference value.
Distribution and Host Preference of Poroid Basidiomycetes in Hungary I. – Ganoderma
Authors: Papp Viktor , Szabó Ilona 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
From the economical point of view, the genus Ganoderma is one of the most important groups of Basidiomycetes due to their medicinal effects and also because they cause decay in a very wide range of tree species all over the world. In this study new data of the Hungarian Ganoderma species are published and the specimens in accessible Hungarian herbarium collections are processed and revised. The article includes the nomenclatural status, the morphological characters, the host preference, frequencies and the details of the fungarium samples of six Ganoderma species (Ganoderma adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. cupreolaccatum, G. lucidum, G. resinaceum) as well. In total 215 Ganoderma specimens are examined and 10 hosts of the six native Ganoderma species new for Hungary are presented. The Hungarian locality and time of the collection of the only Ganoderma carnosum (IZ3122) specimen and two new localities of this rare species is published here for the first time.
The EU’s neighborhood policy towards the Southern Caucasus: searching for commonality in a patchy scenario
Authors: Alexeiciuc Sanda-Daniela , Babichenko Kirill N. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The paper explains the difficulties that have been emerging for the Southern Caucasus regarding these countries’ relationship with and towards the EU. Through the deconstruction of the area’s particularities and specificities, and its framing in the EU’s policy to the region, this paper aims at analyzing the implications of the transition efforts and stability in the area for Europe in general, along with the different roles each of these pieces - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - play in the complex strategic Caucasian puzzle.