bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of “Medical-Legal Investigation of Traffic Accidents”
Authors: Spitz WU 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The forensic pathologist can, no doubt, contribute immensely to the reconstruction of a fatal motor vehicle accident by carefully evaluating the victim's injuries. This aspect is commonly overlooked. In most cases, autopsy reports of highway fatalities fail to correlate injuries with known mechanisms and merely list the injuries and establish the cause of death.
The Foundation for Politization of the Police: Its Implications on the Watergate Scandal
Authors: Johnson TA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Every component of the criminal justice system except the law enforcement component is able to protect itself from the scandalous taint of the Watergate affair. This is not to infer that the other components of the criminal justice system would necessarily be free of potential scandalous involvement, but it is meant to infer that structurally all other components of the criminal justice system are organized in such a manner as to minimize their vulnerability to such scandalous involvement. Moreover, their visibility in the areas of processing participants of such scandals is more legitimized in terms of discretionary decision making that must necessarily occur in such cases, both prior to and after adjudication. The law enforcement component, on the other hand, is severely handicapped by low visibility political pressures to influence the decision either to arrest, charge, or investigate. Aggravating this problem is the intense political nature of the police organization, with its politically appointed adminstrators; its historical involvement in political activities; and its vulnerability to the use of discretionary decision making.
Extraction of Drugs from Biofluids and Tissues with XAD-2 Resin
Authors: Pranitis PAF , Milzoff JR , Stolman A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Good toxicological procedure necessitates the analysis of biological fluids and tissue for a wide range of drugs. The forensic toxicologist must also consider the analytical problems associated with the isolation and quantitation of drugs present in low concentrations. The usual approach is to use a solvent extraction procedure or one of its numerous modifications.
A Gas Chromatographic Method for Ethanol Determination in Vapors of Biological Fluids
Authors: Karnitis L , Porter LJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Rapid identification and quantitation of blood ethanol by gas chromatography (GC) has been especially useful to the clinical and forensic chemist, particularly as court evidence in prosecuting drunken drivers. Certain identification can be made and concentration determined rapidly by GC. A number of GC methods are available for ethanol determination in biological liquid samples. Currently, advances are being made in the area of vapor phase analysis [1–4]. Direct vapor injections overcome several disadvantages of liquid sample injection. Liquid samples containing sodium fluoride as a preservative tend to etch the syringe. Clotted samples are no longer a problem with vapor injections and frequent cleaning of the syringe is not required. With direct injection of blood or diluted blood samples, special inlets are necessary and must be changed periodically to remove protein and other nonvolatile deposits. In addition, the life of the columns is increased with vapor samples. According to Henry's law, at a given temperature there is a definite ratio between the concentration of ethanol in the blood phase and the air in direct equilibrium with it. Investigators have verified Henry's law [5–10] for both aqueous and blood ethanol solutions. The method described here consists of equilibrating blood with n-propanol as internal standard and injecting the vapors. Because of the internal standard, the volume of the injected sample is no longer a critical quantity.
Thermodynamic Modeling of Phase Behavior in Shale Media
Authors: Jin Zhehui , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: July 2015

Summary
In conventional permeable media, once pore volume (PV) is known, the amount of fluid-in-place can be estimated. This is because the fluid is locally homogeneous, pores are generally larger than 100 nm, and surface adsorption is negligible. In shale media, in addition to PV, knowledge of pore-size distribution, total organic content, and chemistry of the rock is required. Fluid molecules in shale media can be found in three different states: (1) free molecules in the pores, (2) adsorbed molecules on the pore surface, and (3) dissolved molecules in the organic matter. Of the three, the first two mechanisms are discussed in the literature. In this work, we compute for the first time the amount of dissolved molecules.
To compute the fluids in shale media, we divide the pores into sizes greater than 10 nm and sizes less than 10 nm. In pores greater than 10 nm, the interface curvature affects phase behavior, and fluid phases are homogeneous. Therefore, they can be described by conventional equations of state. Our calculations show that retrograde condensation increases in nanopores; the upper dewpoint increases, and the lower dewpoint decreases. These calculations are supported by experimental measurements. Gas solubility in water and liquid normal decane shows a modest increase with curvature.
In pores less than 10 nm, the fluids become inhomogeneous, and the direct use of conventional equations of state cannot be applied even with adjusted critical pressure and temperature. We suggest the use of molecular modeling. A model such as the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is merely a curve fitting of the data.
We use available data in shale media, which are mainly limited to excess sorption of methane and carbon dioxide, to compare to our thermodynamic model computations. This is the first attempt to compare measured data in shale and predictions that are based on the integration of molecular modeling and classical thermodynamic modeling.
Estimating deep temperatures in the Soultz‐sous‐Forêts geothermal area (France) from magnetotelluric data
Authors: Spichak V. , Geiermann J. , Zakharova O. , Calcagno P. , Genter A. , Schill E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAn indirect electromagnetic geothermometer is used for deep temperature estimations in the Soultz‐sous‐Forêts geothermal area (France) using magnetotelluric sounding data. Validation of temperature assessment carried out by comparison of the forecast temperature profile with temperature log from the deepest borehole has resulted in the relative extrapolation accuracy of less than 2%. It is found that the resistivity’s uncertainty caused by magnetotelluric inversion errors and by possible effects of external factors very weakly affects the resulting temperature, with the latter being influenced mainly by the ratio between the borehole length and the extrapolation depth. The temperature cross‐section constructed up to the depth 5000 m manifests local temperature maxima at large depths beneath the wells GPK2 and RT1/RT3. The analysis of the temperature profile in GPK2 location beneath 5000 m indicates that its behaviour continues to be of the conductive type (as in the depth range of 3700 m–5000 m) up to the depth 6000 m, while manifesting convective type below this depth. Finally, application of the indirect electromagnetic geothermometer for the deep temperature forecasting in the Rittershoffen site enabled us to constrain the location for future drilling.
Resistance to wheat midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in winter wheat and the origins of resistance in spring wheat (Poaceae)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. , Wise I.L. , McKenzie R.I.H. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNine winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Linnaeus) (Poaceae) were the source of the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat. All nine showed antibiosis characteristic of Sm1, as expected. They also showed oviposition deterrence and reduced hatch, which contributed to overall resistance. The overall level of resistance of the nine winter wheat cultivars was usually lower than that of resistant spring wheat lines in laboratory trials, but equally high in a field trial. Five of seven other North American winter wheat cultivars also showed resistance. Three of these were grown in the 1920s and earlier, before wheat varieties were officially registered. One of these, “Mediterranean”, came from Europe in the 1880s and may be the origin of Sm1 in North America. Two of 11 Chinese winter wheat lines showed resistance to wheat midge but at a lower level than that characteristic of Sm1. Widespread resistance in North American winter wheat cultivars was unexpected because wheat midge has not been a pest of winter wheat for many decades. North American winter wheat cultivars can provide sources of resistance to wheat midge, particularly high levels of oviposition deterrence as exhibited by “Goens” and “Rawhide”.
Estimation of Acacia melanoxylon unbleached Kraft pulp brightness by NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Santos António J.A. , Anjos Ofélia , Pereira Helena 
Published: July 2015

Aim of the study: The ability of NIR spectroscopy for predicting the ISO brightness was studied on unbleached Kraft pulps of Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.Area of study: Sites covering littoral north, mid interior north and centre interior of Portugal.Materials and methods: The samples were Kraft pulped in standard identical conditions targeted to a kappa number of 15. A Near Infrared (NIR) partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed for the ISO brightness prediction using 75 pulp samples with a variation range of 18.9 to 47.9 %.Main results: Very good correlations between NIR spectra and ISO brightness were obtained. Ten methods were used for PLS analysis (cross validation with 48 samples), and a test set validation was made with 27 samples. The 1stDer pre-processed spectra coupling two wavenumber ranges from 9404 to 7498 cm-1 and 4605 to 4243 cm-1 allowed the best model with a root mean square error of ISO brightness prediction of 0.5 % (RMSEP), a r2 of 99.5 % with a RPD of 14.7.Research highlights: According to AACC Method 39-00, the present model is sufficiently accurate to be used for process control (RPD ≥ 8).Key words: Acacia melanoxylon; unbleached Kraft pulps; ISO Brightness; NIR; RPD.
Efeito do tratamento térmico sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento da linha de cola em painéis OSB.
Authors: Santos Airton Mauro de Lára , Souza Frederico de , Costa Mirian de Almeida , Teles Ricardo Faustino , Pazetto Valéria Maria Figueiredo , Menezzi Cláudio Henrique Soares Del 
Published: July 2015

As pesquisas sobre o tratamento térmico em painéis OSB (oriented strandboard) vêm buscando reduzir a higroscopicidade dos painéis, bem como aliviar as tensões geradas durante o processo de prensagem. Entretanto, o tratamento térmico acima de 160ºC pode causar inativação da superfície da madeira, tornando-a mais lisa, diminuindo a penetração do adesivo e por conseqüência, reduzindo a qualidade da adesão. O lixamento da superfície de painéis OSB pode tornar a superfície mais rugosa aumentando a qualidade da adesão e a resistência na linha de cola. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência na linha de cola de painéis OSB tratados termicamente, assim como a influência do lixamento na qualidade da colagem dos painéis. Foram obtidos, aleatoriamente painéis comerciais de OSB que foram tratados termicamente em prensa laboratorial segundo dois níveis temperaturas (190 e 220ºC), três tempos de duração (12, 16 e 20 minutos). Foram cortados 84 corpos-de-prova (CP) sendo que a metade foi lixada. O ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento da linha de cola foi conduzido segundo ASTM D1037, sendo avaliado o adesivo resorcinol-formaldeído na gramatura de 360 g/m². Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento térmico teve influência na resistência, diminuindo-a levemente em comparação ao material não-tratado. Foi identificado efeito interativo entre a temperatura e o tempo de tratamento. Entretanto, com a operação de lixamento esse efeito foi removido e as diferenças com a testemunha foram diminuídas. Observou-se que os ganhos na resistência com o lixamento foram de até 15%. Sendo assim, o tratamento térmico apresentou pouca influência na resistência da linha de cola e o efeito do lixamento apresentou-se como um processo benéfico, melhorando a qualidade da adesão dos painéis OSB.
Engineering microbial cell factories: Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum with a focus on non‐natural products
Authors: Heider Sabine A. E. , Wendisch Volker F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCorynebacterium glutamicum is the workhorse of biotechnological amino acid production. For more than 50 years amino acid producing strains of this actinomycete have been improved by classical breeding, metabolic engineering and systems and synthetic biology approaches. This review focusses mainly on recent developments on C. glutamicum strain development for non‐natural products. Recently, metabolite sensors have accelerated classical strain breeding. Synthetic pathways for access to alternative carbon sources, such as pentoses, and to new products, such as α, ω‐amino acids, α, ω‐diamines, α‐keto acids, isobutanol, carotenoids and terpenes, have been embedded in the central metabolism of C. glutamicum. Furthermore, C. glutamicum is a chassis for new and improved production processes that has been improved in two ways: by rendering it biotin prototrophic and by curing it from its prophage DNA followed by further genome reduction. The first combinations of this chassis approach with production will be highlighted. Although their transfer to industrial scale processes will have to be evaluated, these recent achievements indicate how synthetic biology helps realizing proof‐of‐principles. Moreover, current and future synthetic biology technology developments hold the promise to explore the full potential of C. glutamicum as production host for value‐added chemicals.
Development of a smartphone application for eating disorder self‐monitoring
Authors: Tregarthen Jenna P. , Lock James , Darcy Alison M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis case report aims to (1) describe the development and refinement of a smartphone application for eating disorder self‐monitoring; (2) characterize its users in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics; and (3) explore its feasibility and utilization as a self‐monitoring tool.MethodWe developed a mobile phone application through which people with eating disorders can self‐monitor meals, emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. The application also included positive reinforcement, coping skill suggestions, social support, and feedback components. The app was made available on two Internet app stores. Data include number of downloads and subsequent usage statistics, consumer ratings on app‐stores are used as indicators of satisfaction, anonymous aggregate demographic data and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire scores from 57,940 individuals collected over a two‐year period.ResultsThe app demonstrated population‐level utilization with over 100,000 users over a two‐year period. Almost 50% percent of users stated that they are not currently receiving clinical treatment and 33% reported they had not told anyone about their eating disorder. A surprising number of people with severe problems are using the app.DiscussionSmartphone apps have the capacity to reach and engage traditionally underserved individuals with eating disorders at a large scale. Additional work is indicated for the evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of applications for specific user groups and in clinical treatment contexts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:972–982)
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Polyamidoamine (Pamam) Generation 4 Dendrimer as Stabilizing Agent for CT Scan Contrast Agent
Authors: Sutriyo  , Mutalib A. , Ristaniah  , Anwar E. , Radji M. , Pujiyanto A. , Purnamasari P. , Joshita D. , Adang H. G. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryGold nanoparticles have great potential in biomedical applications as both a therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Pamam dendrimers are spherical, highly branched macromolecules with a narrow polydispersity to encapsulate and stabilize metal nanoparticles. In the preparation of metal nanoparticles, stabilizers play an important role in controlling particle size. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and characterize of gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid using sodium borohydride with and without addition of pamam generation 4 dendrimer as stabilizing agent. Gold nanoparticles stabilized pamam generation 4 dendrimer were characterized by Uv‐Vis spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zetasizer. The result showed that UV–vis absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles without pamam G4 dendrimer at 530 nm while absorption spectra of gold–pamam G4 dendrimer at 280 nm. The absorbance peak at 280 nm related to individual of gold nanoparticle encapsulated pamam dendrimer. TEM analysis exhibits the occurrence aggregation of gold nanoparticles without pamam G4 dendrimer. DLS analysis exhibit gold nanoparticles has a particles size 88‐252 nm while gold‐pamam G4 dendrimer nanoparticles 2‐15 nm. The addition of pamam generation 4 dendrimer on preparation of gold nanoparticles could prevent aggregation of nanoparticles through entrapment in cavity or core molecules. Au‐PAMAM G4 nanoparticles 0.1 mg/ml has a greater Hounsfield unit (HU) value than iodine at the same concentration, so it has better contrast properties.
The Investigation of CuOx Anode Interlayer Effect in Working Performance and Charge Carrier Transport in Hybrid Solar Cells with Inverted Structure
Authors: Tulus  , Hidayat Rahmat 
Published: July 2015

SummaryA study on the use of CuOx, which is intended for replacing PEDOT:PSS as an anode interlayer in inverted hybrid solar cells, has been carried out. The fabricated solar cells have typical configuration structure of ITO/AZO/P3HT:PCBM/CuOx/Ag. AZO and CuOx thin layers were prepared by the sol gel method, while P3HT:PCBM layer was prepared by the spin‐coating method. The solar cell performances were found to be affected by the addition of CuOx interlayer. Solar cells with CuOx interlayer exhibit better working performance parameters (short‐circuited photocurrent density, filling factor and power conversion efficiency) in comparison to solar cells without using CuOx interlayer. These improvements are attributed to more efficient charge extraction due to reduction of trapping or recombination loss, which is in agreement with the observed photocurrent transient characteristics.
Hydroxyapatite Deposition on Modified Bacterial Cellulose Matrix
Authors: Nurlidar Farah , Budianto Emil , Darwis Darmawan , Sugiarto  
Published: July 2015

SummaryBacterial cellulose (BC), biosynthesized by bacteria, is an attractive biomaterial for bone regeneration due to its biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. However, BC is devoid of inorganic elements which are necessary for formation of chemical bonds with bone. Incorporation of inorganic phases such as hydroxyapatite (HA) into BC matrix may enhance bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop BC as a matrix for HA deposition. Absorption capacity is a key to incorporate calcium ion into BC and induces HA deposition. To enhance its absorption capacity, BC was modified using citric acid. The results showed that the incorporation of carboxylate groups into BC via reaction with citric acid improved its absorption capacity. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the modified BC after soaking treatments showed HA deposition with diffractions attributed to low crystalline HA at 2θ = 11.7 °; 26.2 °; 29.4 °; 32.0 °; 33.0 °; 34.2 °; and 46.6 °. Furthermore, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the average Ca/P ratio was 1.12.
Market orientation: an option for universities to adopt?
Authors: Tran Trang P. , Blankson Charles , Roswinanto Widyarso 
Published: July 2015

The primary objectives of this exploratory paper are to test the concept of market orientation adapted from related literature in the education context and to examine the effects of market orientation as a second‐order factor on university student satisfaction. The revised scale, validated through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, constitutes a good fit. Specifically, the new scale is statistically and positively related with student satisfaction, indicating that market orientation is an important factor that leads to higher student satisfaction. The findings show that the degree to which students are satisfied with their choice of university depends significantly on how market oriented the university is. In other words, the effective application of market orientation strategy relates to student satisfaction and to the decisions they make when selecting a university. To that end, market orientation is an option for universities to adopt. The empirical results add to the meager and emerging literature on marketing and branding of universities and will be of interest of university administrators and marketing and branding managers of universities. The paper concludes by discussing conclusions, implications, limitations, and future research.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expedient Synthesis of the Pentasaccharide Repeating Unit of the Polysaccharide O‐Antigen of Escherichia coli O11
Authors: Si Anshupriya , Misra Anup Kumar 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA convergent [3+2] block synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the cell wall O‐antigen of Escherichia coli O11 strain in excellent yield in a minimum number of steps. Several suitably functionalized thioglycoside derivatives were used as glycosyl donors during the synthesis of the target compound. A thioglycoside was the glycosyl donor used to couple with another thioglycoside derivative in a highly stereoselective manner exploiting the difference of their reactivity profile. A combination of Niodosuccinimide (NIS) and perchloric acid supported over silica gel (HClO4−SiO2) was used as a thiophilic glycosylation activator system in all stereoselective glycosylation reactions. HClO4−SiO2 acted as a user‐friendly solid acid catalyst. Yields were very good in all glycosylation steps with a high stereoselective outcome. The synthetic pentasaccharide could be coupled to an appropriate protein to furnish a glycoconjugate derivative for its use in immunochemical studies.
Violence at Constantinople in A.D. 341–2 and Themistius,Oration1
Authors: Skinner Alexander 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThis article argues thatOration1 by Themistius was prompted by violence at Constantinople in 341–2, and that the likeliest date for the speech is as early as March 342. Detailed arguments are presented in support of this correlation, which contrasts with the usual assignment of Themistius' speech to either 347/348 or 350/351. The wider significance of these arguments is also highlighted. In particular, there are implications for our understanding of the chronology and overall trajectory of Themistius' early career; and implications for the development of imperial ideology in the 340s.