bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis for a Finite Thickness Cylinder in a Hypersonic Flow
Authors: Peetala Ravi K. , Das Dipankar , Kulkarni Vinayak , Sahoo Niranjan 
Published: September 2014

Prediction of surface heating rates is of prime importance for the hypersonic flow regime. Experimental and conventional computational efforts overlook the heat transfer phenomenon in the solid due to the rigid assumptions involved in the solution methodologies. In order to address this fact, conjugate heat transfer (CHT) studies are carried out using various coupling techniques to examine their implementation abilities. Three types of solution methodologies are adopted, namely, decoupled, strongly coupled, and loosely coupled analysis. This study is also focused on looking into the effect of a hypersonic flow field on wall heat flux for a finite thickness insulating cylinder at moderately large time scales. Increase in wall temperature and decrease in surface heat flux have been noticed using strong and loose coupling techniques with an increase in simulation time. Decoupled fluid and solid domain analysis is found to be useful for typical shock tunnel test durations (∼1 ms) while investigations with loose coupling techniques are advisable for time scales corresponding to flight testing (∼1 s). Efforts are also made to reason the discrimination in prediction of stagnation point heat flux using conventional computational and experimental analysis.
Nanopillar, Nanowall, and Nanowire Devices for Fast Separation of Biomolecules
Authors: Yasui Takao , Rahong Sakon , Kaji Noritada , Baba Yoshinobu 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNanostructures based on nanotechnologies have opened up a novel research field for the fast analysis of biomolecules with ultrahigh resolution, including the analysis of single biomolecules. Nanostructures for electrophoretic separation, especially, are an exciting topic among researchers in many areas, and their designs are widely expected to contribute to the goal of developing a single separation tool for a wide range of biomolecules. In this review, nanopillar, nanowall, and nanowire devices are introduced for fast separation of DNA molecules and protein samples, and the numerous advantages of these devices are described. This review also outlines the fabrication processes for nanostructures, including “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” nanofabrication approaches. Besides describing the fast separation of biomolecules, the electroosmotic flow (EOF) suppression effect, and its related online concentration technique in nanopillar devices, is reviewed. The nanowall devices have the unique feature that longer DNA molecules migrate faster than shorter ones, and that is completely different from the separation behavior of DNA molecules based on nanopillar devices. The feasibility is shown for self‐assembly of the nanowire structure embedded in a microchannel on a fused silica substrate, as a means to separate DNA molecules. Applications of a newly‐fabricated 3D network structure with spatial density control for the fast separation of a wide range of DNA molecules are also given.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXAMINEES WHO LEAVE QUESTIONS UNANSWERED ON THE GRE GENERAL TEST UNDER RIGHTS‐ONLY SCORING
Authors: Grandy Jerilee 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to determine why some examinees taking the GRE General Test leave items blank when they have been told that they will not be penalized for guessing and have been instructed to guess on questions they cannot answer.Data from the October 1984 test administration were analyzed to establish whether nonguessers were different in any way from those who completed, or nearly completed, each test section. Nonguessers were defined as examinees who left large numbers of items blank, whether by omitting or by not finishing a test section. The analyses in this study did not separate these two ways of leaving items blank. A sample of non‐guessers was also surveyed by mail to determine whether they understood the instructions and why they omitted items.The tendency to leave items blank was most evident among the following groups of examinees:
women
non‐Whites, particularly Blacks
resident aliens or foreign non‐citizens
members of families with less than average formal education
older examinees
examinees who were out of school or already in graduate school
examinees who had taken the GRE previously, under old instructions
examinees planning to study humanities or social sciences
examinees with lower than average undergraduate grades
examinees with lower than average GRE scores, even when the scores were corrected for not guessing
In regression analyses, GRE scores provided the best estimate of number of items left unanswered. For the verbal section, ethnicity was the second best predictor. Age, sex, and GPA made small but significant contributions to the equation. For the quantitative section, age was the second best predictor after test score, with sex and ethnicity each contributing a small amount. The analytical score was also predicted best by test score and second by age. Ethnicity and GPA provided small but significant weights.Survey results suggested that many nonguessers did not fully understand guessing strategies and may have been confused by the new instructions because they conflicted with what the examinees had learned earlier. Their questionnaire responses were often inconsistent, and many claimed to have read and heard instructions not to guess.
REMOTE SCORING OF ESSAYS
Authors: Breland Hunter M. , Jones Robert J. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTEssays written by college freshmen on two different topics were scored first by readers working in a conference setting and second by another set of readers working in their own homes or offices. The conference readers were trained in the standard manner on the specific topics to be scored and were monitored by table leaders, as is done in standard scoring procedures. The remote readers received only written instructions in the mail and there was no monitoring of their scoring. Analyses of the reliability and validity of the two scoring methods were then conducted.Reliability comparisons favored the conference method over the remote method (.75 for conference scoring versus an average of .62 for remote scoring of two essays by three readers). Validity was assessed through multiple correlations with two criteria: (1) a four‐essay criterion, with each essay scored by three readers different from those who scored the essays being examined, and (2) freshman English course grade. The conference scores yielded a slightly higher average multiple correlation with the four‐essay criterion than did the remote scores (.67 versus .63), but for the English course grade criterion the average multiple correlation was the same for both types of scoring (.50). Average incremental validity (the contribution of essay score over and beyond the multiple correlation using multiple‐choice scores—TSWE and ECT) was .06 for the conference scoring and .05 for the remote scoring when the four‐essay criterion was used.The remote scores were also statistically calibrated by adjusting scores for reader tendencies. These calibrations were effective in reducing score discrepancies, and reliabilities and validities were increased slightly as a result of the calibrations.The comparisons conducted suggest some promise for remote scoring, especially if more sophisticated calibration procedures can be developed and if improved reader monitoring can be implemented, but with current procedures remote scoring is not as effective as conference scoring. Under certain circumstances, however, where cost or convenience may be relatively more important than reliability and validity, remote scoring may be preferable to conference scoring.
STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ITEM DIFFICULTY
Authors: Olson John F. , Scheuneman Janice , Grima Angela 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTTraditionally, item difficulty has been defined in terms of the performance of examinees. For test development purposes, a more useful concept would be some kind of intrinsic item difficulty, defined in terms of the item's content, context, or characteristics and the task demands set by the item. To the extent that we can come to understand more fully the intrinsic difficulty of items, we can also begin to understand better the functioning of test items and to bring that functioning increasingly under control. An important step in developing the knowledge base required to acquire an understanding of those item properties that affect difficulty is appropriate analyses of existing test data. In this investigation, the measurement literature was surveyed for statistical approaches which might be fruitfully applied to the study of item difficulty. Two broad methodological approaches were identified: exploratory and confirmatory approaches. Exploratory methods were those that attempt to categorize or cluster items that appear to measure similar abilities and that function in a similar manner in order to determine their common characteristics as well as those that differentiate them from other items not in the cluster. Confirmatory methods would be applied to test hypotheses developed from exploratory results or from psychological theory. Described in the final section of the paper are the results of analyses using real test data that assessed the usefulness of two of the exploratory methods.
Effect of low temperature on flavonoids, oxygen radical absorbance capacity values and major components of winter sweet spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Authors: Watanabe Mitsuru , Ayugase Jun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDWinter sweet treatment (WST) has been established for cultivating high‐quality leafy vegetables during the winter. Although it is known that chilling stress during cold acclimation induces oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species in plant tissues, knowledge about changes in antioxidant activity and compounds during WST in spinach is superficial. We investigated changes in flavonoids, total ascorbic acid, carotenoids and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H‐ORAC) along with components in three spinach varieties during low‐temperature treatment by exposure to cold air in winter.RESULTSThe H‐ORAC values increased substantially together with total flavonoids and total ascorbic acid concentration. In addition, WST increased mono‐ and diglucosylated flavonoid derivatives with an ortho‐dihydroxy (catechol) structure of lower molecular weight in spinach. These results suggest that WST contributes to the prevention of low‐temperature‐induced oxidative damage by increasing the level of antioxidant compounds, thereby improving antioxidant activity. Although sucrose concentrations were increased by WST, nitrate and oxalate concentrations did not increase in any variety.CONCLUSIONWST can contribute to the increase in antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and ascorbic acids, antioxidant activity and sucrose without increasing in nitrate and oxalate of spinach. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of the reflected image by the cylindrical concave surface of the mobile display
Authors: Hong Hyungki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractReflection from the display surface affects the user's viewing experience. Cylindrical concave displays had been reported to be used for TV and mobile smart phone. The position and magnification of reflection at the curved mobile display were determined by the user's position and the focal distance of the cylindrical concave surface of the curved display. If the focal position of the curved surface was smaller or nearer to the user position, the enlarged reflection of the user would block the lights from the surrounding, and the curved display would be effective to reduce the inconvenience due to reflection. As the curvature of the cylindrical surface was different for the vertical and horizontal directions, the reflected image was not located at one distance. Hence, the refractive power of the eye of the user would be difficult to adjust to the position of the reflected image, and the reflected image would look defocused or hazed even for the display surface of the specular reflection.
Towards a Pan‐European Assessment of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion
Authors: Borrelli Pasquale , Panagos Panos , Ballabio Cristiano , Lugato Emanuale , Weynants Melanie , Montanarella Luca 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTUnderstanding spatial and temporal patterns in land susceptibility to wind erosion is essential to design effective management strategies to control land degradation. The knowledge about the land surface susceptible to wind erosion in European contexts shows significant gaps. The lack of researches, particularly at the landscape to regional scales, prevents national and European institutions from taking actions aimed at an effective mitigating of land degradation. This study provides a preliminary pan‐European assessment that delineates the spatial patterns of land susceptibility to wind erosion and lays the groundwork for future modelling activities. An Index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE) was created by combining spatiotemporal variations of the most influential wind erosion factors (i.e. climatic erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetation cover and landscape roughness). The sensitivity of each input factor was ranked according to fuzzy logic techniques. State‐of‐the‐art findings within the literature on soil erodibility and land susceptibility were used to evaluate the outcomes of the proposed modelling activity. Results show that the approach is suitable for integrating wind erosion information and environmental factors. Within the 34 European countries under investigation, moderate and high levels of land susceptibility to wind erosion were predicted, ranging from 25·8 to 13·0 M ha, respectively (corresponding to 5·3 and 2·9% of total area). New insights into the geography of wind erosion susceptibility in Europe were obtained and provide a solid basis for further investigations into the spatial variability and susceptibility of land to wind erosion across Europe. © 2014 The Authors. Land Degradation and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality evaluation of LC‐MS/MS‐based E. coli H antigen typing (MS‐H) through label‐free quantitative data analysis in a clinical sample setup
Authors: Cheng Keding , Sloan Angela , McCorrister Stuart , Peterson Lorea , Chui Huixia , Drebot Mike , Nadon Celine , Knox J. David , Wang Gehua 
Published: September 2014

PurposeThe need for rapid and accurate H typing is evident during Escherichia coli outbreak situations. This study explores the transition of MS‐H, a method originally developed for rapid H antigen typing of E. coli using LC‐MS/MS of flagella digest of reference strains and some clinical strains, to E. coli isolates in clinical scenario through quantitative analysis and method validation.Experimental designMotile and nonmotile strains were examined in batches to simulate clinical sample scenario. Various LC‐MS/MS batch run procedures and MS‐H typing rules were compared and summarized through quantitative analysis of MS‐H data output for a standard method development.ResultsLabel‐free quantitative data analysis of MS‐H typing was proven very useful for examining the quality of MS‐H result and the effects of some sample carryovers from motile E. coli isolates. Based on this, a refined procedure and protein identification rule specific for clinical MS‐H typing was established and validated.Conclusions and clinical relevanceWith LC‐MS/MS batch run procedure and database search parameter unique for E. coli MS‐H typing, the standard procedure maintained high accuracy and specificity in clinical situations, and its potential to be used in a clinical setting was clearly established.
Global molecular changes in rat livers treated with RXR agonists: a comparison using transcriptomics and proteomics
Authors: Vedell Peter T. , Townsend Reid R. , You Ming , Malone James P. , Grubbs Clinton J. , Bland Kirby I. , Muccio Donald D. , Atigadda Venkatram R. , Chen Yang , Vignola Katie , Lubet Ronald A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe ability of the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) specific agonists (targretin [TRG] and UAB30) to alter rat liver gene and protein expression was determined using Affymetrix Exon arrays and high‐performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). TRG profoundly increases triglycerides levels while UAB30 does not. The expression patterns of transcripts or proteins from rat liver treated with TRG or UAB‐30 were different from controls and each other. There were six times more gene transcripts identified than proteins. Differentially expressed RNAs or proteins were mapped into known gene ontology (GO) categories and GeneGo Metacore (KEGG) pathway maps. The GO categories which were highly overrepresented with differentially expressed RNAs (P < 10−16) were also overrepresented at the protein level. This high concordance of GO Terms was achieved despite the fact that typically ≤1/3 of the elements identified by gene expression were identified by proteomics. Within these GO categories, the magnitude of alterations induced by RXR agonists at the transcript and protein levels were correlated. When GO categories with moderate overrepresentation (10−5 < P < 10−9) were examined, there was greater discordance between the transcript and protein data. Examination of KEGG pathway maps with highly significant changes at both the protein and the RNA levels showed that the individual proteins/genes altered were often the same and changes were of similar magnitude; while KEGG pathways showed limited statistical significance and exhibited minimal overlap. Finally, metabolomics analysis of liver and serum identified altered expression of metabolites related to fatty acid oxidation and bile acid metabolism that were consistent with transcript/protein changes. We observed significant concordance between genomics and proteomics implying either can identify pathways modulated and can indirectly predict resulting physiologic effects.
Effect of anagrelide on cardiac repolarization in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐ and positive‐controlled, thorough QT study
Authors: Troy Steven , Parks Virginia , Purkayastha Jaideep , Gossart Sophie , Goodman Daniel B. , Achenbach Heinrich , Armstrong Martin , Martin Patrick T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of low and high therapeutic doses of anagrelide (0.5 and 2.5 mg) on cardiac repolarization, measured by the QTcNi (individual correction) and QTcF (Fridericia's correction), compared with placebo and moxifloxacin 400 mg (positive control) in healthy subjects. In this randomized, double‐blind, crossover trial, 60 healthy volunteers were enrolled and randomized. Anagrelide 0.5 and 2.5 mg rapidly increased mean heart rate (HR) by 7.8 and 29.1 bpm respectively. For anagrelide 2.5 mg, the maximum time‐matched change (one‐sided 95% upper confidence bound) in mean QTcNi and QTcF was 13.0 msec (15.7 msec) and 10.0 msec (12.7 msec), respectively, at 1 h post dose. However, time‐matched changes in QTcNi and QTcF quickly decreased to <6 msec by 2 h post dose, despite high stable HR and high plasma concentrations of anagrelide and its active metabolite at these times. For anagrelide 0.5 mg, the maximum time‐matched change in mean QTcNi and QTcF was 7.0 msec (9.8 msec) and 5.0 msec (8.0 msec) respectively. No new safety concerns were reported. The increase in QTc interval met the definition for a positive thorough QT/QTc study only when HR was increasing rapidly, suggesting that the increased QTc may be related to the rapidly increasing HR rather than a direct effect of anagrelide plasma concentrations. However, the direct causal relationship of anagrelide on cardiac repolarization cannot be completely excluded, and caution is advised when treating patients with known risk factors for QT interval prolongation.
Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Glycolipids in Wheat Endosperm: A New Tool for Breeders to Rank and Select Early Seed Generations
Authors: Wetzel David L. , Boatwright Mark D. , Fritz Allan K. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWheat breeding for end‐use quality is enhanced by development and application of a selective and sensitive method for ranking early generation cultivars as part of the effort of generating desirable wheat lipids. A desirable wheat lipid, the increased concentration of which in hard wheat flour correlates positively with bread loaf volume, is digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG). A mass spectrometric test for DGDG was applied to 100‐mg samples of flour isolated from the F6 generation of hard winter wheats. The test enables prediction of desirable lipids in early generations so that decisions about the F6 progeny improve wheat breeding efficiency. Previous attempts to screen wheat cultivars for desirable glycolipids were constrained by sample size, lipid extraction and purification, and time. Here, we present flour glycolipid data obtained from individual wheat plants grown in short rows in two nurseries. The endosperm (100 mg) representing several kernels was exhaustively extracted with a total lipid solvent. Following isolation of the lipids and addition of an internal standard, the lipids were subjected to tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS). The concentration of DGDG in the flour from five to seven kernels was found to vary by a factor of two within single nurseries. Thus, early generation lipid screening enables informed selection for this hard wheat quality indicator.
Robot‐Assisted Gait Training in a Patient With Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Authors: Seo Han Gil , Oh Byung‐Mo , Kim Keewon 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRobot‐assisted gait training has been investigated for restoring walking through activity‐dependent neuroplasticity in persons with various neurologic disorders. This case report presents the outcome of robot‐assisted gait training combined with physiotherapy in a 28‐year‐old man with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. The patient participated in 25 training sessions over 6 weeks. Improvements were noted in his walking speed and balance after the training, but gait kinematics and kinetics showed no remarkable changes before and after the training. Robot‐assisted gait training may be useful for providing intensive gait training in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia because the patient's walking speed and balance improved after the training.
THE BOND OF EDUCATION: GENDER, THE VALUE OF CHILDREN, AND THE MAKING OF UMLAZI TOWNSHIP IN 1960s SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Hunter Mark 
Published: September 2014

Abstract‘High apartheid’ in the 1960s was marked by intensified efforts to redraw urban areas along racial lines and quash black South Africans' schooling and employment ambitions. The 1953 Bantu Education Act became infamous for limiting African educational opportunities. Yet this article shows how women in Umlazi Township, outside of Durban, schooled their children – despite and indeed because of apartheid's oppressive educational and urban policies. Drawing on oral histories and archival records, it explores the ‘bond of education’, the gendered material-emotional family connections that enabled schooling and resulted from schooling. In the face of increasingly insecure intimate relations, a booming economy, and expanded basic education, mothers' attention to their children's and grandchildren's education grew in importance and scale: education required sacrifices but promised children's eventual support.