bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reported trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among primary care patients
Authors: MCQUAID J. R. , PEDRELLI P. , MCCAHILL M. E. , STEIN M. B. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Trauma is a necessary diagnostic criterion for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature of traumas experienced (e.g. assaultive versus non-assaultive) may influence whether any mental disorder will arise. Traumatic experiences may also be associated with other mental disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD). This report examines the relationship of trauma history to the likelihood of full or partial PTSD and MDD. In addition, the study examines the frequency with which assaultive and non-assaultive traumas are reported by patients with full or partial PTSD and MDD.Methods. Three hundred eighty-six primary care patients completed psychiatric symptom measures during their clinic visit. A subset of 132 participants completed a diagnostic interview within 2 weeks following the screening.Results. Most patients reporting traumas did not meet criteria for a mental disorder. Patients reporting traumas were more likely to experience current MDD (27·8%) than current full or partial PTSD (20·0%) although a high percentage of patients with traumas (41·1%) had experienced full or partial PTSD diagnosis in their lifetime. Respondents reporting assaultive events as their most severe trauma, when compared with those whose most severe trauma was non-assaultive, were more likely to have met criteria for either full or partial PTSD in their lifetime, and were more likely to have current MDD.Conclusions. These findings suggest that trauma history is often not associated with psychopathology, and when it is, trauma is often associated with major depression rather than PTSD. The likelihood of psychopathology is increased for individuals reporting assaultive traumas.
Pre-morbid psychometric profile of subjects at high familial
risk for affective disorder
Authors: LAUER C. J. , BRONISCH T. , KAINZ M. , SCHREIBER W. , HOLSBOER F. , KRIEG J.-C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Recent observations indicate that a
certain pre-morbid personality profile (‘autonomic
lability’, i.e. elevated neuroticism, frequent somatic
complaints and increased inter-personal sensitivity) appears to be a
valid antecedent of major depression. However, most of these
prospective studies used samples drawn from the general population,
which limits the power of any observed differences between subjects
who developed a depressive disorder during the follow-up period and
those who did not.Methods. We investigated the psychometric profile of 54
high-risk probands (aged between 18 years and 45 years) without a
current or lifetime diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder, but who had
first-degree relatives with an affective disorder according to
DSM-III-R criteria. Twenty-two control probands, matched for age and
gender and without any personal or family history of psychiatric
disorders, served as the reference group.Results. As a group, the high-risk probands scored higher
than the controls on scales that assessed neuroticism, rigidity,
depressive cognitions, vegetative lability and stress. With an
individual-orientated approach (cluster analysis), 30 high-risk
probands were identified as conspicuous, characterized by elevated
rigidity and increased ‘autonomic lability’. The remaining
24 high-risk probands showed a psychometric profile very similar to
that of the controls.Conclusions. The present findings in 54 probands at high
risk for affective disorders not only strongly underline the
assumption that the personality trait ‘autonomic lability’
is a valid antecedent of at least major depression, but also add the
personality trait ‘rigidity’ as a further and potential
candidate for a true vulnerability marker for affective
disorders.
The assessment of parenting using the Parental Bonding
Instrument: two or three factors?
Authors: MURPHY E. , BREWIN C. R. , SILKA L. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is
a widely used measure of parenting, and is usually used to measure two
parenting dimensions, care and over-protection. However, there is
disagreement in the research literature about whether the PBI is best
used as a two-factor or a three-factor measure.Method. PBI scores from 583 US and 236 UK students were
factor analysed to assess whether a three-factor solution was more
satisfactory than a two-factor solution.Results. A three-factor (care, denial of psychological
autonomy and encouragement of behavioural freedom) solution was found
to be more satisfactory than a two-factor solution. Using the
three-factor solution, group differences that were not apparent with
the two-factor solution were identified and it was found that the
parenting behaviours associated with depression could be more
accurately identified.Conclusion. The authors suggest that with modifications,
the PBI could be used to measure three parenting variables (care,
denial of psychological autonomy and encouragement of behavioural
freedom), which would allow greater accuracy of prediction and a
greater understanding of underlying processes.
A conceptual framework for mental health services: the matrix model
Authors: TANSELLA MICHELE , THORNICROFT GRAHAM 
Published: July 2002

Background. The reform of mental health services needs
to be
guided by an overall conceptual
framework. Such a framework is important to avoid many risks, including
extrapolating from a
specific service site to other services, without taking into account local

and regional variables.Methods. A conceptual framework, the ‘matrix model’,

is proposed. This model has been developed
using the most relevant information that is necessary for describing and

interpreting mental health services data as well as patient-based information.Results. The ‘matrix model’ has two dimensions:

the geographical, which refers to three levels
(country, local and patient) and the temporal, which refers to three
phases (inputs, processes and
outcomes). Using these two dimensions a nine-cell matrix is constructed

to bring into focus critical
issues for mental health services. The relevance of each level and each
phase
is briefly presented.Conclusions. The matrix is intended to assist clinicians, planners

and researchers to deal with clinical
phenomena, organizational issues, and research questions that share a degree
of complexity that
render inadequate analyses and the interventions made only at one
level. The matrix model applies
particularly to mental health systems of care that are provided with a

public health framework, and
is less useful for contexts that consist of clinicians offering only one-to-one

treatments, within fragmented programmes of care.
The Leicester 500 Project. Social support and the

development of postnatal depressive symptoms,

a prospective cohort survey
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , SHARP H. M. , COOPER S.-A. , WEISENDER C. , BRITTO D. , SHINKWIN R. , SHERRIF T. , KIRWAN P. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A prospective epidemiology study evaluated the

role of specific social and psychological

variables in the prediction of depressive symptomatology and

disorders following childbirth in a

community sample. Measures of social support used previously in

clinically depressed populations facilitated further comparison.Methods. Nulliparous pregnant women (N=507)

were interviewed during pregnancy with the

Interview Measure of Social Relationships (IMSR) and a contextual

assessment of pregnancy-related support and adversity and 427 were

followed up at 3 months postpartum with the 30-item

GHQ, including six depression items. To establish the clinical

representativeness of the GHQ, high

GHQ scorers and a random subsample of low scorers were interviewed

using the SCAN. Regression

models were developed using the GHQ Depression scale (GHQ-D), the

IMSR and other risk factor data.Results. GHQ-D after childbirth was predicted by lack of

perceived support from members of the

woman's primary group and lack of support in relation to the

event becoming pregnant; this held

even after controlling for antenatal depression, neuroticism, family

and personal psychiatric history

and adversity. Informant-rated deficits in provision of social

support also predicted later depression.

The size of the primary social network group previously found to

be related to depression in women,

did not predict depressive symptom development.Conclusion. Predictors of depressive symptom development

differ from predictors of recovery from

clinical depression in women. Interventions should be designed to

reduce specific deficits in social

support observed in particular study populations.
How does light regulate chloroplast enzymes? Structure–function studies of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system
Authors: Dai Shaodong , Schwendtmayer Cristina , Johansson Kenth , Ramaswamy S. , Schürmann Peter , Eklund Hans 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 682. Ferredoxin reduction by photosystem I 723. Ferredoxins 734. Ferredoxin[ratio ]thioredoxin reductase 734.1 Spectroscopic investigations of FTR 764.2 The three-dimensional structure of FTR from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 774.2.1 The variable subunit 774.2.2 The catalytic subunit 814.2.3 The iron–sulfur center and active site disulfide bridge 824.2.4 The dimer 844.3 Thioredoxin f and m 854.4 Ferredoxin and thioredoxin interactions 864.5 Mechanism of action 884.6 Comparison with other chloroplast FTRs 925. Target enzymes 955.1 NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase 955.1.1 Regulatory role of the N-terminal extension 975.1.2 Regulatory role of the C-terminal extension 995.1.3 Thioredoxin interactions 1015.2 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1015.3 Redox regulation of chloroplast target enzymes 1036. Conclusion 1037. Acknowledgements 1048. References 104A pre-requisite for life on earth is the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy by
photosynthetic organisms. Plants and photosynthetic oxygenic microorganisms trap the
energy from sunlight with their photosynthetic machinery and use it to produce reducing
equivalents, NADPH, and ATP, both necessary for the reduction of carbon dioxide to
carbohydrates, which are then further used in the cellular metabolism as building blocks and
energy source. Thus, plants can satisfy their energy needs directly via the light reactions of
photosynthesis during light periods. The situation is quite different in the dark, when these
organisms must use normal catabolic processes like non-photosynthetic organisms to obtain
the necessary energy by degrading carbohydrates, like starch, accumulated in the chloroplasts
during daylight. The chloroplast stroma contains both assimilatory enzymes of the Calvin
cycle and dissimilatory enzymes of the pentose phosphate cycle and glycolysis. This
necessitates a strict, light-sensitive control that switches between assimilatory and
dissimilatory pathways to avoid futile cycling (Buchanan, 1980, 1991; Buchanan et al. 1994;
Jacquot et al. 1997; Schürmann & Buchanan, 2000).
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWELVE February to April 1999
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: July 2002

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
BRITAIN AND THE UNION, 1797–1801
Authors: Jupp Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSTUDENTS of the Union and the Irish and British contexts in which it was shaped owe G.C. Bolton and his study of the subject,The Passing of the Irish Act of Union, a considerable debt. By 1966, the year of its publication, J.C. Beckett, E.M. Johnston and R.B. McDowell had laid the foundations for a re-evaluation of Irish politics and British–Irish relations in the later eighteenth century, but for many aspects of those subjects, including the Union, Lecky's near-eighty-year-old history still remained the principal source. Bolton's was therefore a pioneering book and not only in the sense that it was the first to be based on an exhaustive study of the available evidence: it also broke new ground in its attempt to measure Irish elite and popular opinion on the issue and in the techniques that were used to do so. For these and other reasons, Bolton's study has had a strong influence on more than a generation of undergraduates at Queen's, some of whom have become major historians of the period; his study is, and will remain, an essential guide to the subject.
Acquisition of variable rules: a study of (-t, d) deletion

in preschool children
Authors: ROBERTS JULIE 
Published: July 2002

The present study examined the pattern of deletion of final /t/

and /d/

in word final consonant clusters in sixteen three- and four-year-old

children and their degree of mastery of phonological and grammatical

constraints to answer the following questions: how and when is this

variable rule acquired, and how does its acquisition relate to the learning

of the categorical rule of past tense formation? Sixteen children were

tape recorded in their South Philadelphia day care centre. In addition,

eight of their mothers were interviewed in their homes for purposes of

comparison.Results of the study revealed that children as young as three had, for

the most part, mastered the phonological constraints on (-t, d) deletion.

They matched the adult pattern including the constraint of following

pause disfavouring deletion, the only one that has been shown to vary

according to geographical dialect. The children also made a consistent

and adult-like distinction between the grammatical forms of monomorpheme

and weak past tense. Their high rate of deletion in semi-weak

verbs, which differs from adult patterns, suggests that the children are

demonstrating rule acquisition based on an analysis of verbal inflection.
Lattices in a split solvable Lie group
Authors: MOSAK RICHARD , MOSKOWITZ MARTIN 
Published: July 2002

Given a Lie group, it is often useful to have a
parametrization of the set of its
lattices. In Euclidean space ℝn, for
example, each lattice corresponds to a basis, and
any lattice is equivalent to the standard integer lattice under an automorphism
in
GL(n, ℝ). In the nilpotent case, the lattices of the
Heisenberg groups are classified,
up to automorphisms, by certain sequences of positive integers with divisibility
conditions (see [1]). In this paper we will study the
set of lattices in a class of simply
connected, solvable, but not nilpotent groups G.
The construction of G depends on
a diagonal n×n matrix Δ
with distinct non-zero eigenvalues, of trace 0; we will writeformula here
Human Factors in Vector Map
Design: The Importance of Task-Display Dependence
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. 
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following 5 papers, were first presented at a Symposium on ‘Advanced
Moving-Map Displays’ held on the 3rd and 4th of August 1999 at the US Naval Research
Laboratory Detachment at the NASA Stennis Space Centre, Mississippi and are reproduced
in modified form with the kind permission of the NRL Commanding Officer, Captain
Douglas H. Rau USN.The role of human factors in map design is to serve as a mediator between the technology
availed by electronic digital maps (particularly vector maps) on the one hand, and the many
tasks performed by the user on the other. Simply put, no one map is best suited for all tasks.
The appropriate mapping of map to task is, in turn, mediated by a series of information
processing principles, articulated by the engineering psychologist. The field is on the
threshold of being able to provide computational models, based on these principles, that will
provide guidance to the map designer as to the circumstances that make one map format
better than another for a particular application. This paper describes these principles as
applied to two domains of vector map design: the domain of three-dimensional maps, and
the domain of database overlay.
Claw retraction and protraction in the Carnivora: the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) as an atypical felid
Authors: Russell Anthony P. , Bryant Harold N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe cheetah Acinonyx jubatus is the most cursorial felid and has been described as somewhat dog‐like in both the shape and the diminished degree of retraction of the claws. In this study we evaluate and investigate the osteological correlates associated with claw retraction in the cheetah through a comparison of the morphology of its middle phalanges with those of other felids and of the wolf Canis lupus. Compared to other felids, the middle phalanges of the cheetah have better‐developed grooving of the distal articulatory facets in both the manus and pes, reduced to absent angulation to the distal articulatory facets in the inner and outer digits, less marked asymmetry of the shaft, and a mid‐shaft cross‐section that is less triangular and more circular. In all of these features, the morphology of the cheetah is intermediate between that of other felids and that of the wolf. The cheetah's distinctive morphology is autapomorphic within Felidae and similarities between the cheetah and the wolf are the result of convergence. Study of an ontogenetic series of specimens of the domestic cat suggests that the morphology of the cheetah can be explained, at least in part, as a product of heterochrony in which the development of the middle phalanx is truncated at an earlier stage than is typical of the adults of other felids. Some of the morphological differences in the middle phalanges of the cheetah can be associated with its distinctive hunting behaviour. The reduced manipulative capabilities of the forelimb associated with the evolution of cursorial adaptations seem to have limited the roles of the forepaws in both the subduing of prey and feeding.
Acoustic identification of insectivorous bats (order Chiroptera) of Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Rydell J. , Arita H. T. , Santos M. , Granados J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe echolocation calls of insectivorous bats of the northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, with the exception of the phyllostomids and molossids, are presented. The aim is to provide a catalogue of bat sounds that can be used for acoustic inventories of insectivorous bats using the Pettersson heterodyne and time‐expansion bat detectors. The acoustic method can be used alone or in combination with inventories based on mist‐netting, a method more suitable for the low‐intensity echolocators (mainly the phyllostomids), which are difficult to monitor acoustically. The insectivorous species of the Yucatan are generally easy to identify by their echolocation calls, particularly when combined with visual observations of foraging bats at dusk.
Some Inequalities for the Largest Eigenvalue of a Graph
Authors: NIKIFOROV V. 
Published: July 2002

Let λ(G) be the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a graph G: We show that if
G is Kp+1-free thenThis inequality was first conjectured by Edwards and Elphick in 1983 and supersedes a
series of previous results on upper bounds of λ(G).Let Ti denote the number of all i-cliques of G,
λ = λ(G) and p = cl(G): We showLet δ be the minimal degree of G. We showThis inequality supersedes inequalities of Stanley and Hong. It is sharp for regular graphs
and for a class of graphs which are in some sense maximally irregular.
The Construction of Arabidopsis Expressed Sequence Tag Assemblies (A New Resource to Facilitate Gene Identification)
Authors: Rounsley S. D. , Glodek A. , Sutton G. , Adams M. D. , Somerville C. R. , Venter J. C. , Kerlavage A. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The generation of large numbers of partial cDNA sequences, or expressed sequence tags (ESTs), has provided a method with which to sample a large number of genes from an organism. More than 25,000 Arabidopsis thaliana ESTs have been deposited in public databases, producing the largest collection of ESTs for any plant species. We describe here the application of a method of reducing redundancy and increasing information content in this collection by grouping overlapping ESTs representing the same gene into a “contig” or assembly. The increased information content of these assemblies allows more putative identifications to be assigned based on the results of similarity searches with nucleotide and protein data-bases. The results of this analysis indicate that sequence information is available for approximately 12,600 nonoverlapping ESTs from Arabidopsis. Comparison of the assemblies with 953 Arabidopsis coding sequences indicates that up to 57% of all Arabidopsis genes are represented by an EST. Clustering analysis of these sequences suggests that between 300 and 700 gene families are represented by between 700 and 2000 sequences in the EST database. A database of the assembled sequences, their putative identifications, and cellular roles is available through the World Wide Web.
DNA Mismatch Repair in Plants (An Arabidopsis thaliana Gene That Predicts a Protein Belonging to the MSH2 Subfamily of Eukaryotic MutS Homologs)
Authors: Culligan K. M. , Hays J. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Sets of degenerate oligomers corresponding to highly conserved domains of MutS-homolog (MSH) mismatch-repair proteins primed polymerase chain reaction amplification of two Arabidopsis thaliana DNA fragments that are homologous to eukaryotic MSH-like genes. Phylogenetic analysis places one complete gene, designated atMSH2, in the evolutionarily distinct MSH2 subfamily.
Magnesium-Chelatase from Developing Pea Leaves1
Authors: Guo Ribo , Luo Meizhong , Weinstein Jon D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Mg-chelatase catalyzes the ATP-dependent insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin-IX to form Mg-protoporphyrin-IX. This is the first step unique to chlorophyll synthesis, and it lies at the branch point for porphyrin utilization; the other branch leads to heme. Using the stromal fraction of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Spring) chloroplasts, we have prepared Mg-chelatase in a highly active (1000 pmol 30 min−1 mg−1) and stable form. The reaction had a lag in the time course, which was overcome by preincubation with ATP. The concentration curves for ATP and Mg2+ were sigmoidal, with apparentKm values for Mg2+ and ATP of 14.3 and 0.35 mm, respectively. TheKm for deuteroporphyrin was 8 nm. This Km is 300 times lower than the published porphyrin Km for ferrochelatase. The soluble extract was separated into three fractions by chromatography on blue agarose, followed by size-selective centrifugal ultrafiltration of the column flow-through. All three fractions were required for activity, clearly demonstrating that the plant Mg-chelatase requires at least three protein components. Additionally, only two of the components were required for activation; both were contained in the flow-through from the blue-agarose column.