bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON SOME ACTIVITIES IN PREVENTING SEA POLLUTION PERFORMED IN THE MERCHANT MARINE OF THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Nunuparov Sergei M. , Khalimonov Oleg N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To implement the comprehensive program of preventing sea pollution from shipping, about 400 floating environmental craft for 60 ports and 17 shore reception facilities have been built in the U.S.S.R., which has prevented the spilling of more than 350,000 tons of oil annually into the sea.
The program foresees a maximum unification of technologies and equipment. In the field of combating oil spills and cleaning port areas, tests of the oil recovery ship Svetlomor have been performed. The ship is a reconstructed tanker of 10,000 deadweight tons, which has a maximum effectiveness of oil recovery of 72.4 percent. The weir-type intake system has been positively demonstrated. On the basis of model experiments and tests of the Soviet standard port oil and debris skimmer in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ?HMSETT facility, a number of units have been improved, which will substantially increase the effectiveness of oil skimming in rough seas. The experience of combating a spill of about 17,000 tons of oil from the tanker Globe Asimi in the port of Klaipeda has suggested ways to improve personnel training and to increase the availability of technical means. As a result of investigations and experiments performed in the U.S.S.R., the principal interactions between continuous oil slicks and waves have been worked out. The results showed there is a considerable damping of short wavelength waves, especially in shallow waters.
Model tests have proven the theoretical possibility of oil collection at a speed of 3-to-4 knots with the use of a weir-type intake. Within the framework of prevention of marine pollution by oil, the U.S.S.R. has built and put into operation 22 shore-based traffic guidance systems (TGS). Centralized systems now are being created for zones of heavy traffic. In compliance with MARPOL 73/78, the existing fleet is being refitted on the base of unified plans. In particular, methods of updating ships’ drainage and sludge collection systems have been developed, resulting in a 2-to-3 times decrease of the required volume of the collecting tank. A simple, automatic division of the ballast pumped ashore from tankers into high and low oil-content water has enabled an increase in the capacity of the existing facilities without increasing their area. The use of a complex system of water and heat consumption, and treatment of discharges from ship repair yards has prevented the discharge into the sea of noxious substances, and improved the economy of water and fuel. The extensive dredging work performed in the ports of the U.S.S.R. has been put under scientific and legal control due to the danger of pollution of the coastal zones. Standards have been developed for the protection of the marine environment.
REVIEW OF UNITED KINGDOM CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND RESOURCE CAPABILITY
Authors: Stacey R. Adm. Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews United Kingdom counter-pollution thinking over the past two years and with reference to the recently published Royal Commission Report on Environmental Pollution in respect of long and short-term environmental effects of oil pollution. It includes an update on present national plans, as well as the recent enhancement of the United Kingdom Marine Pollution Control Unit, and balance of resources between the use of dispersants and mechanical recovery. It assesses the complementary nature of tugboats and aircraft dispersant sprayers in the U.K. mix of government-maintained resources and describes the deployment of mechanical recovery devices. U. K. air spraying capabilities include a number of different types of aircraft, considerations of their alert availability and choices of main and secondary airfields, the provision of dispersants and logistic backup organisations, and maintenance programs for the aircraft and flying fitness assurance programs for pilots. Possible future developments, including airborne remote sensing, also are described.
SPECIALIZED TRAINING PROGRAMS—OIL SPILL SIMULATION EXERCISES AND A TANK TRUCK ROLLOVER TRAINING COURSE
Authors: Strong Clyde B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper assesses the general needs for training oil spill response teams and training in the safe handling of tank truck rollovers. Texas A&M University's new oil spill simulation exercise and tank truck rollover training course provide examples of such training programs. Background information, curriculum design and development, course objectives and goals, and training techniques and equipment are reviewed. The steps in preparing an oil spill simulation exercise, examples of a general spill scenario and information cards, and the basic simulation format and ground rules are described. For the Tank Truck Rollover Training Course, special modifications were made to an MC-306 tank truck, and the hands-on training exercise emphasizes safety considerations and offloading procedures for handling rollover. Discussions of specialized equipment and training techniques for handling rollovers are enhanced by photographs. Adjustments to and adaptations of each program are discussed and future growth and expansion projected.
AN ACOUSTICAL METHOD OF BURNING AND COLLECTING OIL SPILLS ON COLD OPEN WATER SURFACES
Authors: Koblanski John N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A completely new method of controlled oil burning with a minimum environmental impact has been developed.
Three macrosonic phenomena are combined in one device which is driven into an oil slick. These phenomena are: herding (moving the oil along the surface), levitating and collecting the oil, and atomizing and burning in situ. These functions are so combined as to assist each other.
Briefly, two vessels tow a boom through the oil slick. Distributed along the boom are herding transducers which direct the oil away from the arms of the boom to the central line and also prevent the oil from down-draining at the apex in fast current situations. Atomizing and burning transducers as well as a collecting means also are located at the apex. The oil being atomized is ignited easily by a combination of propane torch and high voltage discharge. The unburned but heated oil is suctioned off from the collection area fed by oil levitation transducers. Thus extremely thin and patchy oil may be removed in virtually any environment.
The burning may be carried on in populated areas as it is relatively non-polluting. This is due to the combined effect of primary atomization caused by the acoustic energy and secondary atomization caused by the micro-explosions of atomized water.
Another advantage of this method is the prevention of the sludge formation which results when prevalent standard methods are used. In these in situ methods, the lighter and more volatile materials burn first, leaving a heavy sludge which is difficult or impossible to disperse. The method outlined here burns the volatile and non-volatile portions nonselectively. As a result, no residual sludge is formed.
Another advantage of this method is that the prime motivating force applied to the oil is a lightweight transducer having such a low inertia that fast wave situations do not interfere, but serve to increase the burning rate.
STUDY OF WIND AND CURRENT DATASETS FOR IXTOC OIL SPILL HINDCAST
Authors: Anderson Eric L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study of the sensitivity of a modeled surface trajectory prediction to several wind and current input datasets was carried out. The Ixtoc I oil spill was hindcast, using the University of Rhode Island oil spill model.7 The general inadequacy of these datasets for accurate predictions of long-term trajectory estimates was demonstrated, and some observations made on the methods of generation of each of the datasets.
FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OIL SPILL MODEL
Authors: Psaraftis Harilaos N. , Nyhart J. D. , Betts David A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has completed the first phase of development of a computer-assisted model for analyzing complex decisions and policies regarding oil spill cleanup. The model is the product of an ongoing MIT Sea Grant project sponsored by a consortium of government and industry organizations. The model can be used, among other things, in “strategic” planning for the long-term oil spill response needs of a region, in assisting on-scene coordinators in responding to a specific spill (“tactical/operational” setting), in evaluating the environmental and economic damages of a spill versus the cost of cleanup, in simulation and training, and in the analysis of various policy and regulatory issues such as delays, use of dispersants, and liability and compensation. The model is described in detail, with a focus on its potential uses. Some illustrative applications in the New England region are presented and applications of the model for the solution of Petro-Canada's dispersant logistics problem are discussed briefly.
AIR CURTAIN INCINERATOR TESTS
Authors: Kruk Keith F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of an curtain incinerator to dispose of materials recovered from an oil spill was investigated for the Alaskan Beaufort Sea Oilspill Response Body (ABSORB). A series of combustion experiments was conducted in a prototype incinerator 10 feet wide by 10 feet long by 14 feet high. Combustion rates, emissions, and temperatures were monitored during the experiments. Operating variables investigated included air flow rate, direction of air into the combustion chamber, waste feed rate, water spray over the combustion zone, and the slant of the combustion chamber's front wall. Some of the major results were:Optimum air flow rate into the incinerator is 7,000 cubic feet per minute.The system performed satisfactorily at combustion rates exceeding 600 barrels per day.At 600 bbl/day, most emulsions burned with emissions less than 1 Ringelmann.Oil with 20-to-30 percent water burned most efficiently.Oil-saturated straw was consistently burned in the incinerator at measured emission levels of less than 1 Ringelmann.Combustion temperatures in the incinerator will exceed 2,000°F with an 18,500-Btu-per-pound oil.
Included in this paper are details of the test system, results of combustion tests, and recommended design criteria for an arctic system.
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD PROGRESS IN OIL SPILL SURVEILLANCE1
Authors: White James R. , Schmidt Richard E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard is developing an airborne, real-time, all-weather, day/night remote sensing system that will detect oil slicks at sea and identify violating vessels. The system, designated “Aireye”, will be installed on six of the 41 new Falcon 20G jet aircraft (military designation HU-25A) which the Coast Guard has purchased to replace the aging HU-16E Grumman Albatross as its medium-range surveillance aircraft.
The sensor system will include a side-looking airborne radar, three-channel infrared/ultraviolet line scanner, aerial reconnaissance camera, airborne data annotation system, and a control, display and record console. To identify polluting vessels at night, an active gated television (AGTV) also has been developed for the Aireye system. The AGTV uses a low power, pulsed, gallium arsenide laser illuminator and is capable of recording vessel names at night from a slant range of 500 meters. In addition to an active and passive mode, the AGTV is capable of both computer and manual target acquisition and tracking.
Each of the sensors will produce annotated, hard-copy imagery suitable for prosecution of polluting vessels. The first Aireye system is scheduled to undergo flight testing in 1983 and to become operational in early 1984.
SECOND GENERATION OIL SPILL AND MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS NOW OPERATIONAL IN SWEDEN
Authors: Backlund Lars , Holmström Lars 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new multisensor, integrated oil spill and maritime surveillance system now is in operational use by the Swedish Coast Guard. The system, developed by the Swedish Space Corporation, is based on experience with prototype side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), infrared/ultraviolet (IR/UV), and camera systems which were tested and operated between 1978 and 1981. The new system comprises second-generation, integrated SLAR, IR/UV, and camera systems together with supporting equipment for quick-look documentation and data recording. Sensor imagery is presented in real time on a television display. The system has been designed and optimized exclusively for maritime surveillance. The result is high performance at a very competitive price. Low weight and power consumption permit installation in a wide range of aircraft. System components such as an imagery link, a microwave radiometer and a TV-camera system are under development and will be added in the near future.
A REEXAMINATION OF OCCURRENCE RATES FOR ACCIDENTAL OIL SPILLS ON THE U.S. OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
Authors: Lanfear Kenneth J. , Amstutz David E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Department of the Interior is required to evaluate the risks of oil spills from outer continental shelf (OCS) oil leasing and must compare these risks to those of other oil sources, such as importing oil. Past practice has been to treat spill occurrence as a Poisson process, with a rate proportional to the amount of oil produced or transported. U.S. oil production and accident data and worldwide tanker data were used. Criticism of this approach has centered on the validity of using oil volume as an exposure variable, and the applicability of existing accident data to frontier OCS areas.
To examine these questions, the Interior Department recently sponsored several studies on OCS oil spill occurrence rates. One study compiled an extensive listing of all known oil spills of recent years and is believed to be the most complete database on oil spills available to the public. Another study looked at trends in oil spills from U.S. OCS platforms and discovered a statistically significant decrease in the spill rate since 1974. Other studies examined oil spill data for Cook Inlet and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and found that spill rates for these areas could not be shown to be significantly different from the U.S. OCS platform spill rate based on trend analysis.
Studies are continuing to ensure that oil spill rates used by the Interior Department reflect the latest data and analyses.
AN EFFECTIVE LOW-COST FIREPROOF BOOM
Authors: Meikle K. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The design objectives for a fireproof floating oil-containment barrier were developed, and a boom was designed, produced, and tested. At a cost comparable to that of conventional equipment of similar size, the boom is equally effective at retaining oil in a current, withstands exposure to burning oil, and can easily be restored for reuse if damaged by severe wave action or rough handling.
THE BIOS PROJECT—AN UPDATE
Authors: Blackall Peter J. , Sergy Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project, formally begun in March 1980, now is entering the fourth and final year of the planned field work. The primary objectives of this internationally funded project are to: (1) determine if the use of chemical dispersants in the arctic nearshore will reduce or increase the environmental effects of spilled oil, (2) assess the fate of oil, and (3) compare the relative effectiveness of other shoreline protection and cleanup techniques.
This paper provides an overview of studies sponsored by the BIOS Project during the first three field seasons. Highlighted are the major oil releases which involved a total of 40 cubic meters of medium gravity crude oil.
In addition, the preliminary results of the pre- and post-spill physical, chemical, and biological studies are presented. The physical program studies predicted the proper time and location for the oil releases and monitored the subsequent physical fate and behavior of the oil. The chemical program studies monitored the pre- and post-spill hydrocarbon levels in the water, sediments, and tissue of selected macrobenthic species, and also the environmental chemistry of the study area. The biological program studies to date have characterized the macrobenthic flora and fauna, the microorganisms, and the shorter-term effects of the oil releases on the subtidal biota.
The potential ramifications of the BIOS Project's results on future oil spill countermeasure strategies are discussed.
LONG-TERM FATE OF DISPERSED AND UNDISPERSED CRUDE OIL IN TWO NEARSHORE TEST SPILLS
Authors: Page David S. , Foster J. C. , Hotham J. R. , Pendergast E. , Hebert S. , Gonzalez L. , Gilfillan Edward S. , Hanson S. A. , Gerber R. P. , Vallas D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The fate and effects of two nearshore discharges of Murban crude oil at Long Cove, Searsport, Maine in August 1981 were studied following a one-year, pre-spill baseline study of the test areas. An upper and a lower intertidal sampling area within a 60 × 100 meter test plot were exposed to dispersed oil in water resulting from the discharge of 250 gallons of oil pre-mixed with 25 gallons of Corexit 9527 dispersant. Release of treated oil was around high-water slack tide on the surface of the water, with added mixing energy provided by mixing gates deployed by small boats. The maximum water depth over the test areas was 3.5 meters. Untreated crude oil (250 gallons) was released on an ebbing tide within a separate, boomed-off 60 × 100 meter test plot. A third test plot served as an oil-free reference plot.
Water samples taken near the surface and near the bottom during and after discharge showed that chemically dispersed oil loses lower boiling hydrocarbons in both the aliphatic and aromatic fractions below n-C17as the droplets diffuse downward. Data are given for sediment samples taken from the test plots 11 months pre-spill and 10 months post-spill. Hydrocarbon analyses of the sediment samples show little incorporation of dispersed oil into the sediments of the treated oil plot relative to the sediments exposed to undispersed oil.
THE USE OF FLOW-THROUGH FLUOROMETRY FOR TRACKING DISPERSED OIL
Authors: Green David , Humphrey Blair , Fowler Brian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At the Baffin Island Oil Spill experimental site in the Canadian Arctic, four flow-through fluorometers were used to monitor a dispersed oil cloud over several days, providing real-time and continuous data on oil concentrations. The measurements so obtained were verified by a variety of laboratory analyses of check samples. The movements of the dispersed oil cloud were deducted, and exposures of the benthos to oil in the experimental area were calculated.
A SPILL OF LIGHT FUEL OIL IN THE BALTIC SEA
Authors: Linden Olof , Mattsson Jan , Notini Mats 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The impact of a spill of about 375 tons of light fuel oil in the southern Baltic Sea has been studied for one year. The spill originated from the tanker Sefir which sank to a 50 meter depth about six nautical miles east of the island of Öland. The study showed that the oil formed droplets which were taken up by zooplankton. Up to 50 percent of the zooplankton died during the acute phase of the spill. The oil droplets were well dispersed and sedimented over large areas. In six weeks during the acute phase of the spill, about 20,500 kilograms of oil sedimented over a 10 square kilometer area around the wreck. This corresponds to about 5.5 percent of the total amount of lost oil. Bivalves showed some uptake of oil. The littoral fauna was reduced drastically over a 10 km stretch of the coast. Only 2 percent of the fauna survived. The biomass and number of species also dropped considerably. One year after the spill, a slight recovery could be observed. The severe impact in the littoral zone was caused by a combination of the high toxicity of the oil and the low water exchange in the shallow water. In addition, the low water temperature preserved the toxic properties of the oil.
METHOD FOR CONDUCTING OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURANCE SURVEY
Authors: Breslin Michael K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil pollution liability insurance surveys of oil handling installations are undertaken by insurance companies to qualitatively assess the chances that an oil spill will occur and the damage it could cause. By thus examining a facility, a basis is established on which to determine the premium for insurance coverage. In conducting such an oil spill risk assessment survey, many facets of oil handling and storage are considered, such as oil accounting, housekeeping, oil handling equipment, maintenance, outside contractor access and use, oil spill response equipment, and relationships with government agencies. Each facet must be addressed, and affects the final evaluation of the facility. Some of the procedures used for surface oil spills also can be applied to assess the risk of underground oil spills.
THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND
Authors: Ganten Reinhard H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund) is an inter-governmental organisation paying additional compensation to member states for oil pollution from laden tankers to the extent that this is not covered by tanker owner liability. Total claims amount to about 80 million U.S. dollars.1 The IOPC Fund's claim settlement procedure normally allows quick settlement of pollution claims.
THE LAW AND PRACTICE OF ASSESSING DAMAGES TO NATURAL RESOURCES1
Authors: Mattson James S. , van Emmerik Allen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For oil spills, the basis for natural resource damage claims in federal law is section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA). These rarely used provisions will be strengthened by regulations mandated by Congress in the 1980 “Superfund” law. This paper describes the development of federal natural resource law as it applies to compensation of states and the federal government for injuries to natural resources, and the changes to the common law brought about the FWPCA and Superfund provisions and by the recent federal appellate court decision in Puerto Rico v. S.S. Zoe Colocotroni. Finally, the authors present their views on how to make such claims.
DISPERSION OF CHEMICALLY TREATED CRUDE OIL IN NORWEGIAN OFFSHORE WATERS
Authors: Lichtenthaler Rainer G. , Daling Per S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In May and July 1982, two series of dispersant research oil spills were carried out off the Norwegian coast. The May series comprised three discharges of 2,000 liters of Statfjord topped crude oil (initial boiling point 150 °C). Two of the slicks were treated with dispersants (A and B) from a boat while the third untreated slick served as control. The July series comprised four discharges of 2,000 liters of Statfjord crude oil, with the application of three dispersants (A, B, and C), and one untreated slick as control. Water samples were collected from under the slicks and analyzed for total petroleum using a gas chromatographic technique.
Chemical analyses showed six percent dispersion of the oil for dispersant A, and 17 percent for dispersant ? in the May series. Effectiveness of dispersants in the July series was found to be 19 percent for dispersant A and 22 percent and two percent for dispersants ? and C, respectively. Gas chromatographic analyses showed in several cases the presence of dispersants (up to two ppm) in water samples without the presence of petroleum at all. The highest oil contents found in water samples were 10 ppm at a one meter depth. The variations in the effectiveness of the three dispersants tested in the field were later confirmed in laboratory tests.