bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): a validation study
Authors: Hockerts Kai 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to develop and validate measures of four constructs that have often been identified as antecedents of social entrepreneurial behavior: empathy with marginalized people, a feeling of moral obligation to help these, a high level of self-efficacy concerning the ability to effect social change and perceived availability of social support. Nomological validity is demonstrated by showing that, as specified by Mair and Noboa (2006), empathy and moral obligation are positively associated with perceived desirability and self-efficacy and social support with perceived feasibility of starting a social venture. The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS) provides a basis for future research into the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship education, allowing us to study how different educational interventions impact the four SEAS constructs.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper draws on data from two surveys of business school students. Data analysis used both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used on a first sample to establish the number of factors best representing the data, as well as to identify possibly issues with cross-loadings. Next confirmatory factor analysis was used on the second sample to verify the goodness of fit for the model. Finally, nomological validity was confirmed.

Findings
– First, this article develops and refines measures of empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy and perceived social support within the context of social entrepreneurship. Second, the article tests the dimensionality of the constructs and shows that they are distinctive.

Originality/value
– The resulting SEAS instrument adapts constructs such as empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy and perceived social support to the context of social entrepreneurship and thus provides the basis for future research into the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship education.
Evidence for arrested succession in a liana‐infested Amazonian forest
Authors: Tymen Blaise , Réjou‐Méchain Maxime , Dalling James W. , Fauset Sophie , Feldpausch Ted R. , Norden Natalia , Phillips Oliver L. , Turner Benjamin L. , Viers Jérôme , Chave Jérôme 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Empirical evidence and modelling both suggest that global changes may lead to an increased dominance of lianas and thus to an increased prevalence of liana‐infested forest formations in tropical forests. The implications for tropical forest structure and the carbon cycle remain poorly understood.

We studied the ecological processes underpinning the structure and dynamics of a liana‐infested forest in French Guiana, using a combination of long‐term surveys (tree, liana, seedling and litterfall), soil chemical analyses and remote‐sensing approaches (LiDAR and Landsat).

At stand scale and for adult trees, the liana‐infested forest had higher growth, recruitment and mortality rates than the neighbouring high‐canopy forest. Both total seedling density and tree seedling recruitment were lower in the liana‐infested forest. Stand scale above‐ground biomass of the liana‐infested forest was 58% lower than in the high‐canopy forest.

Above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was comparable in the liana‐infested and high‐canopy forests. However, due to more abundant leaf production, the relative contribution of fast turnover carbon pools to ANPP was larger in the liana‐infested forest and the carbon residence time was half that of the high‐canopy forest.

Although soils of the liana‐infested forest were richer in nutrients, soil elemental ratios suggest that liana‐infested forest and high‐canopy forest soils both derive from the same geological substrate. The higher nutrient concentration in the liana‐infested forest may therefore be the result of a release of nutrients from vegetation after a forest blowdown.

Using small‐footprint LiDAR campaigns, we show that the overall extent of the liana‐infested forest has remained stable from 2007 to 2012 but about 10% of the forest area changed in forest cover type. Landsat optical imagery confirms the liana‐infested forest presence in the landscape for at least 25 years.

Synthesis. Because persistently high rates of liana infestation are maintained by the fast dynamics of the liana‐infested forest, liana‐infested forests here appear to be the result of an arrested tropical forest succession. If the prevalence of such arrested succession forests were to increase in the future, this would have important implications for the carbon sink potential of Amazonian forests.
Curcumin alleviates glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis by protecting osteoblasts from apoptosis in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Chen Zhiguang , Xue Jinqi , Shen Tao , Ba Gen , Yu Dongdong , Fu Qin 
Published: October 2015

SummaryCurcumin, an active component of the rhizomes of Curcumin longa L., possesses broad anti‐inflammation and anti‐cancer properties. Curcumin was previously reported to be capable of protecting ovariectomized rats against osteoporosis. However, the effect of curcumin on glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) is not yet clear. The present study investigated the effects of curcumin on dexamethasone (Dex)‐induced osteoporosis in vivo and Dex‐induced osteoblast apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The GIO rat model was induced by subcutaneous injection of Dex for 60 days and verified to be successful as evidenced by the significantly decreased bone mineral density (BMD) determined using dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Subsequently, curcumin administration (100 mg/kg) for 60 days obviously increased BMD and bone‐alkaline phosphatase, decreased carboxy‐terminal collagen cross links, enhanced bone mechanical strength, and improved trabecular microstructure, thereby alleviating Dex‐induced osteoporosis. Mechanically, curcumin remarkably reversed Dex‐induced femoral osteoblast apoptosis in vivo. In cultured primary osteoblasts, pretreatment with curcumin concentration‐dependently decreased the number of Dex‐induced apoptotic osteoblasts by down‐regulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 as well as the levels of cleaved caspase‐3 and cleaved poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP). Moreover, curcumin pretreatment activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in Dex‐induced osteoblasts by up‐regulating the expression level of p‐ERK1/2. Taken together, our study demonstrated that curcumin could ameliorate GIO by protecting osteoblasts from apoptosis, which was possibly related to the activation of the ERK pathway. The results suggest that curcumin may be a promising drug for prevention and treatment of GIO.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: consensus statement for anaesthesia practice
Authors: Feldheiser A. , Aziz O. , Baldini G. , Cox B. P. B. W. , Fearon K. C. H. , Feldman L. S. , Gan T. J. , Kennedy R. H. , Ljungqvist O. , Lobo D. N. , Miller T. , Radtke F. F. , Ruiz Garces T. , Schricker T. , Scott M. J. , Thacker J. K. , Ytrebø L. M. , Carli F. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundThe present interdisciplinary consensus review proposes clinical considerations and recommendations for anaesthetic practice in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery with an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programme.MethodsStudies were selected with particular attention being paid to meta‐analyses, randomized controlled trials and large prospective cohort studies. For each item of the perioperative treatment pathway, available English‐language literature was examined and reviewed. The group reached a consensus recommendation after critical appraisal of the literature.ResultsThis consensus statement demonstrates that anaesthesiologists control several preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative ERAS elements. Further research is needed to verify the strength of these recommendations.ConclusionsBased on the evidence available for each element of perioperative care pathways, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society presents a comprehensive consensus review, clinical considerations and recommendations for anaesthesia care in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery within an ERAS programme. This unified protocol facilitates involvement of anaesthesiologists in the implementation of the ERAS programmes and allows for comparison between centres and it eventually might facilitate the design of multi‐institutional prospective and adequately powered randomized trials.
Self‐Assembled Infrapatellar Fat‐Pad Progenitor Cells on a Poly‐ε‐Caprolactone Film For Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Prabhakar Alisha , Lynch Amy P. , Ahearne Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCartilage defects resulting from osteoarthritis (OA) or physical injury can severely reduce the quality of life for sufferers. Current treatment options are costly and not always effective in producing stable hyaline cartilage. Here we investigated a new treatment option that could potentially repair and regenerate damaged cartilage tissue. This novel approach involves the application of infrapatellar fat‐pad derived chondroprogenitor cells onto a mechanically stable biodegradable polymer film that can be easily implanted into a defect site. Poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) films were fabricated via solvent casting in either acetone or chloroform. The hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and surface morphology of the films were examined. Progenitor cells from infrapatellar fat‐pad were isolated, expanded, and then seeded onto the films. The cells were allowed to self‐assemble on films, and these were then cultured in a chemically defined chondrogenic media for 28 days. The self‐assembled tissue was characterized via histological staining, gene expression analysis, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis. Chondrogenic differentiation was induced to generate a cartilaginous matrix upon the films. Despite differences between in the appearance, surface morphology, and mechanical properties of the films cast in chloroform or acetone, both methods produced tissues rich in sulfated glycosaminoglycan and collagen, although the extracellular matrix produced on chloroform‐cast films appeared to contain more collagen type II and less collagen type I than acetone‐cast films. These self‐assembled constructs have the potential to be implanted into defect sites as a potential treatment for cartilage defect regeneration.
Systematic review: predicting and optimising response to anti‐TNF therapy in Crohn's disease – algorithm for practical management
Authors: Ding N. S. , Hart A. , De Cruz P. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundNonresponse and loss of response to anti‐TNF therapies in Crohn's disease represent significant clinical problems for which clear management guidelines are lacking.AimTo review the incidence, mechanisms and predictors of primary nonresponse and secondary loss of response to formulate practical clinical algorithms to guide management.MethodsThrough a systematic literature review, 503 articles were identified which fit the inclusion criteria.ResultsPrimary nonresponse to anti‐TNF treatment affects 13–40% of patients. Secondary loss of response to anti‐TNF occurs in 23–46% of patients when determined according to dose intensification, and 5–13% of patients when gauged by drug discontinuation rates. Recent evidence suggests that the mechanisms underlying primary nonresponse and secondary loss of response are multifactorial and include disease characteristics (phenotype, location, severity); drug (pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or immunogenicity) and treatment strategy (dosing regimen) related factors. Clinical algorithms that employ therapeutic drug monitoring (using anti‐TNF tough levels and anti‐drug antibody levels) may be used to determine the underlying cause of primary nonresponse and secondary loss of response respectively and guide clinicians as to which patients are most likely to respond to anti‐TNF therapy and help optimise drug therapy for those who are losing response to anti‐TNF therapy.ConclusionsNonresponse or loss of response to anti‐TNF occurs commonly in Crohn's disease. Clinical algorithms utilising therapeutic drug monitoring may establish the mechanisms for treatment failure and help guide the subsequent therapeutic approach.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: direct comparisons of biomarkers for the diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C and B
Authors: Houot M. , Ngo Y. , Munteanu M. , Marque S. , Poynard T. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundBlood tests and transient elastography (TE), proposed as alternatives to biopsy for identifying advanced fibrosis (METAVIR‐stage‐F2 or greater) or cirrhosis, have never been compared using an intention to diagnose approach, with direct comparisons only, and Bayesian approach.AimTo permit more appropriate comparisons.MethodsFrom an overview of articles (2002–2014), we selected studies that directly compared the diagnostic accuracy of FibroTest, aspartate aminotransferase–platelet ratio index (APRI), FIB4 or TE, with biopsy as a reference, in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) or B (CHB). Investigators abstracted and checked study details and quality by using pre‐defined criteria. Bayesian method in intention to diagnose was the primary outcome.ResultsOf 1321 articles identified, 71 studies including 77 groups according to aetiology (All‐CB) were eligible: 37 Only‐C, 28 Only‐B and 12 Mixed‐C‐B. There were 185 direct comparisons between the area under the ROC curves (AUROCs), 99 for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and 86 for cirrhosis. In All‐CB, Bayesian analyses revealed significant AUROCs differences in identifying advanced fibrosis in favour of FibroTest vs. TE [credibility interval: 0.06(0.02–0.09)], FibroTest vs. APRI [0.05 (0.03–0.07)] and for identifying cirrhosis TE vs. APRI [0.07 (0.02–0.13)] and FIB4 vs. APRI [0.04(0.02–0.05)]. No differences were observed between TE and FibroTest, for identifying cirrhosis in All‐CB, and in sub‐groups (Only‐C, Only‐B, Mixed‐CB) for both cirrhosis and fibrosis.ConclusionsIn CHC and CHB, APRI had lower performances than FIB‐4, TE and FibroTest. TE had lower performance than FibroTest for identifying advanced fibrosis in All‐CB, without significant difference for identifying cirrhosis in all groups.
Antibodies to glycoconjugates in autoimmune neuropathies
Authors: Kaida Kenichi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn glycoconjugates, the most likely targets for autoantibodies in such autoimmune neuropathies are glycolipids, especially N‐acetylneuraminic acid‐bearing glycosphingolipids termed gangliosides. Antiganglioside antibodies are often associated with clinical phenotypes. This association depends on the diverse distribution of gangliosides in the peripheral nervous system. Complement activation is the main mechanism of antiganglioside antibody‐mediated nerve injury in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Complement‐independent mechanism, including dysfunction of ion channels, alteration of the integrity of lipid rafts and activating Fc gamma receptor‐mediated inflammation, is likely to play a role in the development of antiganglioside antibody‐mediated neuropathy. The pathogenic actions of antiganglioside antibodies are governed by their avidity, which are influenced by binding specificity of antibodies, specific localization of gangliosides in the peripheral nervous system, glycolipid environment and internalization of antibodies on nerve membranes. The discovery of antibodies to ganglioside complexes improves the detection rate of antibodies in Guillain–Barré syndrome, as well as providing a new concept in antibody–antigen interactions through clustered carbohydrate epitopes. Antibodies to glycoconjugates are infrequent in chronic inflammatory demyelinating patients, and their pathogenic roles are unclear. In multifocal motor neuropathy, Immunoglobulin M antibodies to GM1 or GM1/galactocerebroside complex are useful diagnostic markers, and are likely to induce nerve damage through complement activation. Antibodies to neutral glycolipids, such as lacytosylceramide and galactosylceramide, might play a role in the development of encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy, a disorder involving central and peripheral nerve tissues.
How the Size of Our Social Network Influences Our Semantic Skills
Authors: Lev‐Ari Shiri 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPeople differ in the size of their social network, and thus in the properties of the linguistic input they receive. This article examines whether differences in social network size influence individuals’ linguistic skills in their native language, focusing on global comprehension of evaluative language. Study 1 exploits the natural variation in social network size and shows that individuals with larger social networks are better at understanding the valence of restaurant reviews. Study 2 manipulated social network size by randomly assigning participants to learn novel evaluative words as used by two (small network) versus eight (large network) speakers. It replicated the finding from Study 1, showing that those exposed to a larger social network were better at comprehending the valence of product reviews containing the novel words that were written by novel speakers. Together, these studies show that the size of one's social network can influence success at language comprehension. They thus open the door to research on how individuals’ lifestyle and the nature of their social interactions can influence linguistic skills.
Ethnic disparities in risk of cardiovascular disease, end‐stage renal disease and all‐cause mortality: a prospective study among Asian people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Liu J. J. , Lim S. C. , Yeoh L. Y. , Su C. , Tai B. C. , Low S. , Fun S. , Tavintharan S. , Chia K. S. , Tai E. S. , Sum C. F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo study prospectively the ethnic‐specific risks of cardiovascular disease, end‐stage renal disease and all‐cause mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus among native Asian subpopulations.MethodsA total of 2337 subjects with Type 2 diabetes (70% Chinese, 17% Malay and 13% Asian Indian) were followed for a median of 4.0 years. Time‐to‐event analysis was used to study the association of ethnicity with adverse outcomes.ResultsAge‐ and gender‐adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease in ethnic Malay and Asian Indian subjects were 2.01 (1.40–2.88; P<0.0001) and 1.60 (1.07–2.41; P=0.022) as compared with Chinese subjects. Adjustment for conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors, including HbA1c, blood pressure and lipid profile, slightly attenuated the hazards in Malay (1.82, 1.23–2.71; P=0.003) and Asian Indian subjects (1.47, 0.95–2.30; P=0.086); However, further adjustment for baseline renal function (estimated GFR) and albuminuria weakened the cardiovascular disease risks in Malay (1.48, 0.98–2.26; P=0.065) but strengthened that in Asian Indian subjects (1.81, 1.14–2.87; P=0.012). Competing‐risk regression showed that the age‐ and gender‐adjusted sub‐distribution hazard ratio for end‐stage renal disease was 1.87 (1.27–2.73; P=0.001) in Malay and 0.39 (0.18–0.83; P=0.015) in Asian Indian subjects. Notably, the difference in end‐stage renal disease risk among the three ethnic groups was abolished after further adjustment for baseline estimated GFR and albuminuria. There was no significant difference in risk of all‐cause mortality among the three ethnic groups.ConclusionsRisks of cardiovascular and end‐stage renal diseases in native Asian subjects with Type 2 diabetes vary substantially among different ethnic groups. Differences in prevalence of diabetic kidney disease may partially explain the ethnic disparities.
Strain Analysis by Tissue Doppler Imaging: Comparison of Conventional Manual Measurement with a Semiautomated Approach
Authors: Schmid Johannes , Kaufmann Reinhard , Grübler Martin R. , Verheyen Nicolas , Weidemann Frank , Binder Josepha S. 
Published: October 2015

PurposeMyocardial strain and strain rate (SR) can be derived from either tissue Doppler (TDI) information or two‐dimensional speckle tracking. As conventional TDI analysis (TDI‐manual) is time‐consuming with poor reproducibility, we developed a faster semiautomated approach (TDI‐ST). We aimed to study the comparability of TDI‐ST with TDI‐manual, an established method for measuring strain and SR.MethodsForty healthy subjects (mean age 38.3 ± 12.8 years) and 16 patients with FHL‐1 cardiomyopathy (CMP) (36.8 ± 14.2 years) were analyzed with TDI‐manual and TDI‐ST. TDI‐ST was performed with commercial software, using speckle tracking for myocardial tracking and TDI information to derive longitudinal strain and SR from high frame rate TDI recordings. Measurements of longitudinal systolic strain (S) and global S (GLS) made with the two methods were compared with Bland–Altman plots and Deming regression. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to compare discrimination between healthy individuals and patients.ResultsMean S was −20.11 ± 4.85% (healthy) and −16.12 ± 4.44% (CMP) with TDI‐ST and −21.15 ± 5.68% (healthy) and −16.27 ± 6.44 (CMP) with TDI‐manual. Using all measured segments, the mean bias was 0.78% strain toward less negative S with TDI‐ST; the Deming regression slope was 0.7 for S and 0.9 for GLS. Intra‐ and inter‐observer CVs were 5.4% and 7.0%, respectively. ROC curves showed no significant differences between the methods.ConclusionThe described S and SR measurements with TDI‐ST are comparable to conventional manual analysis. Thus, using TDI‐ST, it is possible to quickly and easily extract high‐resolution deformation data.
Antibacterial effect of N‐acetylcysteine and taurolidine on planktonic and biofilm forms of Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Ulusoy Ayca Tuba , Kalyoncuoğlu Elif , Reis Ahu , Cehreli Zafer C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThis study investigated the antimicrobial activity of taurolidine and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on planktonic and biofilm Enterococcus faecalis phenotypes.Materials and methodsThe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of NAC and taurolidine were determined using broth microdilution, utilizing calcium hydroxide (CH), sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine for comparisons. Thereafter, the ability of dentin powder to neutralize the antibacterial activity of NAC and taurolidine was studied. The efficacy of both antimicrobial agents on E. faecalis biofilms was examined quantitatively by exposure of 21‐day‐old E. faecalis biofilms on dentin disks. The cytotoxicity of human dental pulp fibroblast cells in contact with the extracts was evaluated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.ResultsThe MIC and MBC of NAC, taurolidine, and CH were not affected by pre‐incubation in dentin powder. As verified by qualitative assay of E. faecalis biofilms, CH was the strongest bactericidal agent at all test dilutions, regardless of the presence of dentin powder. The antibacterial effect of NAC and taurolidine was significantly lower than that of CH at all test dilutions. At 48 h, all test agents showed similar, but high levels of cytotoxicity.ConclusionNAC and taurolidine were effective against E. faecalis in planktonic state, at the expense of demonstrating cytotoxic effects. For both planktonic and biofilm forms of E. faecalis, neither NAC nor taurolidine offered any advantage over CH.