bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin‐Like Receptors KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 Diversity and Identification of Ten Novel KIR2DL3 Alleles in the Chinese Han Population
Authors: He Y. , Tao S. , Ying Y. , He J. , Zhu F. , Lv H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractKIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 are important inhibitory receptors that recognize a subset of HLA‐C allelic products carrying Ser77 and Asn80. In this study, we have determined KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 diversity in the Chinese Han population by a PCR sequence‐based typing. Based on sequencing, the coding regions of 166 Chinese Han individuals, seven new polymorphic sites (238G>A, 405G>A, 476A>G, 550G>A, 608G>A, 789T>C, 947T>C) were found. KIR2DL2*00301, *00101, KIR2DL3*00101,*00201,*013, *015 and ten new KIR2DL3 variants (KIR2DL3*00105, 00106, 00107, 00108, 019, 020, 021, 022, 023 and 024) were identified, of which KIR2DL3*00101 was the most frequent allele. Compared with the sequences of KIR2DL3*00101, all sequences of 2DL3*00105, 2DL3*00106, 2DL3*00107 and 2DL3*00108 had one nucleotide substitution(789T>C, 261C>T, 489G>A and 405G>A),but none resulted in amino acid change. An A>G substitution was observed in nucleotide position 476 in 2DL3*019, 608 G>A in 2DL3*020, 824T>C in 2DL3*021 and 238 G>A in 2DL3*023. In addition, 2DL3*022 probably arose from 2DL3*00201 with a nucleotide substitution G>A at 550. There were more HLA‐C1 positive individuals than HLA‐C2. In conclusion, the data of allelic polymorphism for KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 were obtained in the Chinese Han population and ten novel KIR2DL3 alleles were identified.
Managerial Objectives: A Retrospective on Utility Maximization in Pro Team Sports
Authors: Fort Rodney 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis is an essay review of the literature on utility maximization as a managerial objective in pro team sports. It ends up that there is a heretofore‐unrecognized parallel development of the idea, in English football by Sloane [Scottish Journal of Political Economy (1971), 17, 121] and in North American pro sports by Quirk and El Hodiri, presented in that same year but not published as a conference proceeding until 1974. I review these works and place the rest of the extant literature chronologically, noting their level of generality along a couple of dimensions. I also observe a lack of a clear reference lineage in this literature and suggest one. Adopting it should aid future researchers who are trying to place their work in the context of this literature. [It would have helped me, for example.]
Revenue Sharing and Absolute League Quality; Talent Investment and Talent Allocation
Authors: Kesenne Stefan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBeside the competitive balance or the relative quality of teams in a sports league, also a league's absolute quality matters to attract spectators. If the absolute quality depends among other variables, on the total budget of the league, it can be shown that that revenue sharing enhances the absolute quality by improving the allocation of talent over the teams in both a profit‐ and a win‐maximisation league, even if it worsens the competitive balance.
Making Money Out of Football
Authors: Leach Stephanie , Szymanski Stefan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn the US, most economists argue that professional sports teams are profit‐maximising businesses, but it is a widely held view in Europe that professional football clubs are not run on a profit‐maximising basis. This belief has important implications for the impact of widely‐advocated policy measures, such as revenue sharing. This paper looks at the performance of 16 English football clubs that acquired a stock exchange listing in the mid‐1990s. If the European story is true, we should have observed a shift toward profit‐maximising behaviour at these clubs, under the assumption that investors were attracted to these football clubs to earn a positive return. This paper finds no evidence of any shift in the behaviour of these 16 clubs after flotation. This result is consistent with the view that football clubs in England have been much more oriented toward profit objectives than is normally assumed.
Systematizing Knowledge of User Influence – A Study of User Advisory Boards in Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Authors: Rosenberg David , Hillborg Helene 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhile there is a great deal of interest in, and literature describing user influence in mental health and substance abuse services at the individual level, there are fewer studies of collective user influence at the organizational level. This article presents the findings of a study of the development of user advisory councils in regional organizations providing substance abuse services, which were part of a national implementation project in Sweden. A survey of both users and professionals involved in the local projects, in addition to interviews with key actors at the national level, were completed and analyzed with reference to the results of a literature review. The overall aim of the study was to identify obstacles and success factors related to the development of collective user influence at the programme and system levels. The results indicated that there was an overwhelmingly positive attitude towards experience‐based knowledge and the potential for developing formal, collective user influence in these organizations. Users and professionals had common viewpoints regarding the obstacles and success factors, which included: addressing power relations, establishing legitimacy, assigning resources, investing in sustainability and planning for real participation. They were also substantially in agreement as to the strategies that would be needed in the future in order to move from ideology to action. These factors form the basis for a model that might be used to support the systematic implementation of this type of organized user influence.
Risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Hayden R.T. , Gu Z. , Liu W. , Lovins R. , Kasow K. , Woodard P. , Srivastava K. , Leung W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundHemorrhagic cystitis (HC) results in significant morbidity among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Several potential causes for HC have been postulated, including viral infection, but definitive evidence is lacking, particularly in pediatric HSCT patients.MethodsNinety pediatric HSCT recipients were prospectively tested on a weekly basis for adenovirus (ADV) and BK virus (BKV) by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction in blood and urine samples. Results were correlated with the occurrence of grade II–IV HC. The odds ratio (OR) of HC (95% confidence interval) for BKV ≥1 × 109 copies/mL of urine was 7.39 (1.52, 35.99), with a P‐value of 0.013. Those with acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) also had higher odds of developing HC, with an OR of 5.34. Given a 20% prevalence rate of HC, positive and negative predictive values of 29% and 95% were seen with a cutoff of 109 copies/mL.ResultsBK viremia did not reach significance as a risk factor for development of HC (P = 0.06). Only 8 patients showed ADV viruria and 7 showed ADV viremia; all had low viral loads and 4 had no evidence of HC.ConclusionHC in pediatric HSCT is correlated most strongly to elevated urinary viral load of BKV and to aGVHD, but less strongly to BK viremia.
Chlamydomonas as a model for biofuels and bio‐products production
Authors: Scranton Melissa A. , Ostrand Joseph T. , Fields Francis J. , Mayfield Stephen P. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryDeveloping renewable energy sources is critical to maintaining the economic growth of the planet while protecting the environment. First generation biofuels focused on food crops like corn and sugarcane for ethanol production, and soybean and palm for biodiesel production. Second generation biofuels based on cellulosic ethanol produced from terrestrial plants, has received extensive funding and recently pilot facilities have been commissioned, but to date output of fuels from these sources has fallen well short of what is needed. Recent research and pilot demonstrations have highlighted the potential of algae as one of the most promising sources of sustainable liquid transportation fuels. Algae have also been established as unique biofactories for industrial, therapeutic, and nutraceutical co‐products. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii's long established role in the field of basic research in green algae has paved the way for understanding algal metabolism and developing genetic engineering protocols. These tools are now being utilized in C. reinhardtii and in other algal species for the development of strains to maximize biofuels and bio‐products yields from the lab to the field.
Establishing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an industrial biotechnology host
Authors: Scaife Mark A. , Nguyen Ginnie T.D.T. , Rico Juan , Lambert Devinn , Helliwell Katherine E. , Smith Alison G. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryMicroalgae constitute a diverse group of eukaryotic unicellular organisms that are of interest for pure and applied research. Owing to their natural synthesis of value‐added natural products microalgae are emerging as a source of sustainable chemical compounds, proteins and metabolites, including but not limited to those that could replace compounds currently made from fossil fuels. For the model microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this has prompted a period of rapid development so that this organism is poised for exploitation as an industrial biotechnology platform. The question now is how best to achieve this? Highly advanced industrial biotechnology systems using bacteria and yeasts were established in a classical metabolic engineering manner over several decades. However, the advent of advanced molecular tools and the rise of synthetic biology provide an opportunity to expedite the development of C. reinhardtii as an industrial biotechnology platform, avoiding the process of incremental improvement. In this review we describe the current status of genetic manipulation of C. reinhardtii for metabolic engineering. We then introduce several concepts that underpin synthetic biology, and show how generic parts are identified and used in a standard manner to achieve predictable outputs. Based on this we suggest that the development of C. reinhardtii as an industrial biotechnology platform can be achieved more efficiently through adoption of a synthetic biology approach.
Transfusion practice and knowledge in Mozambique
Authors: Hartford Emily , Muanantatha Olegario , Valigy Valigy Ismael , Salimo Sara , Ziman Alyssa , DeUgarte Daniel A. 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDIn Mozambique, there is a limited supply of blood and elevated risks for transmission of infections. Prior studies have documented that many transfusions in Mozambique are potentially avoidable. Transfusion training workshops with a survey and exam were held for providers to understand their perceptions and to improve knowledge and clinical practice.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSHealth care providers completed a survey and a knowledge assessment. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was utilized to compare the relative importance of each factor in the survey, and pre‐ and posttraining exam scores were compared using Fisher's exact test.RESULTSA total of 216 health care providers participated; the majority worked in a referral hospital (74%) and reported transfusing blood at least once per week (56%). Most acknowledged the limited blood supply and transfusion risks. Providers rated low hemoglobin (Hb) levels and pallor as significantly important indications for transfusion (p < 0.001). They were more likely to transfuse with age under 5 years when compared to other ages (p < 0.01). The three most potentially influential factors for transfusion practice were increased reliability of the blood supply, education about transfusion indications, and assessment of perfusion. Before training, the majority of participants identified an incorrect Hb threshold for preoperative or critically ill patients. Overall exam scores improved from a mean of 58% to 74% (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSMozambican providers were knowledgeable about the risks of blood transfusions. Preoperative patients, the critically ill, and children appear to be at highest risk for receiving an avoidable blood transfusion. These results will help guide planning for future provider training.
Risk of developing multimorbidity across all ages in an historical cohort study: differences by sex and ethnicity
Authors: St Sauver Jennifer L , Boyd Cynthia M , Grossardt Brandon R , Bobo William V , Finney Rutten Lila J , Roger Véronique L , Ebbert Jon O , Therneau Terry M , Yawn Barbara P , Rocca Walter A 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo study the incidence of de novo multimorbidity across all ages in a geographically defined population with an emphasis on sex and ethnic differences.DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingAll persons residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA on 1 January 2000 who had granted permission for their records to be used for research (n=123 716).ParticipantsWe used the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records-linkage system to identify all of the county residents. We identified and removed from the cohort all persons who had developed multimorbidity before 1 January 2000 (baseline date), and we followed the cohort over 14 years (1 January 2000 through 31 December 2013).Main outcome measuresIncident multimorbidity was defined as the development of the second of 2 conditions (dyads) from among the 20 chronic conditions selected by the US Department of Health and Human Services. We also studied the incidence of the third of 3 conditions (triads) from among the 20 chronic conditions.ResultsThe incidence of multimorbidity increased steeply with older age; however, the number of people with incident multimorbidity was substantially greater in people younger than 65 years compared to people age 65 years or older (28 378 vs 6214). The overall risk was similar in men and women; however, the combinations of conditions (dyads and triads) differed extensively by age and by sex. Compared to Whites, the incidence of multimorbidity was higher in Blacks and lower in Asians.ConclusionsThe risk of developing de novo multimorbidity increases steeply with older age, varies by ethnicity and is similar in men and women overall. However, as expected, the combinations of conditions vary extensively by age and sex. These data represent an important first step toward identifying the causes and the consequences of multimorbidity.
Tonsillectomy among children with low baseline acute throat infection consultation rates in UK general practices: a cohort study
Authors: Koshy Elizabeth , Watt Hilary , Curcin Vasa , Bottle Alex , Sharland Mike , Saxena Sonia 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of tonsillectomy in reducing acute throat infection (ATI) consultation rates over 6 years’ follow-up among children with low baseline ATI consultation rates.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUK general practices from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.ParticipantsChildren aged 4–15 years with ≤3 ATI consultations during the 3 years prior to 2001 (baseline). 450 children who underwent tonsillectomy (tonsillectomy group) and 13 442 other children with an ATI consultation (comparison group) in 2001.Main outcome measuresMean differences in ATI consultation rates over the first 3 years’ and subsequent 3 years’ follow-up compared with 3 years prior to 2001 (baseline); odds of ≥3 ATI consultations at the same time points.ResultsAmong children in the tonsillectomy group, the 3-year mean ATI consultation rate decreased from 1.31 to 0.66 over the first 3 years’ follow-up and further declined to 0.60 over the subsequent 3 years’ follow-up period. Compared with children who had no operation, those who underwent tonsillectomy experienced a reduction in 3-year mean ATI consultations per child of 2.5 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.6, p<0.001) over the first 3 years’ follow-up, but only 1.2 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.4, p<0.001) over the subsequent 3 years’ follow-up compared with baseline, respectively. This equates to a mean reduction of 3.7 ATI consultations over a 6-year period and approximates to a mean annual reduction of 0.6 ATI consultations per child, per year, over 6 years’ follow-up. Children who underwent tonsillectomy were also much less likely to experience ≥3 ATI consultations during the first 3 years’ follow-up (adjusted OR=0.12, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.17) and the subsequent 3 years’ follow-up (adjusted OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.41).ConclusionsAmong children with low baseline ATI rates, there was a statistically significant reduction in ATI consultation rates over 6 years’ follow-up. However, the relatively modest clinical benefit needs to be weighed against the potential risks and complications associated with surgery.
Effectiveness of knowledge translation tools addressing multiple high-burden chronic diseases affecting older adults: protocol for a systematic review alongside a realist review
Authors: Kastner Monika , Perrier Laure , Hamid Jemila , Tricco Andrea C , Cardoso Roberta , Ivers Noah M , Liu Barbara , Marr Sharon , Holroyd-Leduc Jayna , Wong Geoff , Graves Lisa , Straus Sharon E 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionThe burden of chronic disease is a global phenomenon, particularly among people aged 65 years and older. More than half of older adults have more than one chronic disease and their care is not optimal. Chronic disease management (CDM) tools have the potential to meet this challenge but they are primarily focused on a single disease, which fails to address the growing number of seniors with multiple chronic conditions.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review alongside a realist review to identify effective CDM tools that integrate one or more high-burden chronic diseases affecting older adults and to better understand for whom, under what circumstances, how and why they produce their outcomes. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine and the Cochrane Library for experimental, quasi-experimental, observational and qualitative studies in any language investigating CDM tools that facilitate optimal disease management in one or more high-burden chronic diseases affecting adults aged ≥65 years. Study selection will involve calibration of reviewers to ensure reliability of screening and duplicate assessment of articles. Data abstraction and risk of bias assessment will also be performed independently. Analysis will include descriptive summaries of study and appraisal characteristics, effectiveness of each CDM tool (meta-analysis if appropriate); and a realist programme theory will be developed and refined to explain the outcome patterns within the included studies.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this study. We anticipate that our findings, pertaining to gaps in care across high-burden chronic diseases affecting seniors and highlighting specific areas that may require more research, will be of interest to a wide range of knowledge users and stakeholders. We will publish and present our findings widely, and also plan more active dissemination strategies such as workshops with our key stakeholders.Trial registration numberOur protocol is registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42014014489).
Lysine Demethylase LSD1 Coordinates Glycolytic and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Sakamoto Akihisa , Hino Shinjiro , Nagaoka Katsuya , Anan Kotaro , Takase Ryuta , Matsumori Haruka , Ojima Hidenori , Kanai Yae , Arita Kazunori , Nakao Mitsuyoshi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The hallmark of most cancer cells is the metabolic shift from mitochondrial to glycolytic metabolism for adapting to the surrounding environment. Although epigenetic modification is intimately linked to cancer, the molecular mechanism, by which epigenetic factors regulate cancer metabolism, is poorly understood. Here, we show that lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1, KDM1A) has an essential role in maintaining the metabolic shift in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Inhibition of LSD1 reduced glucose uptake and glycolytic activity, with a concurrent activation of mitochondrial respiration. These metabolic changes coexisted with the inactivation of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α, resulting in a decreased expression of GLUT1 and glycolytic enzymes. In contrast, during LSD1 inhibition, a set of mitochondrial metabolism genes was activated with the concomitant increase of methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 in the promoter regions. Consistently, both LSD1 and GLUT1 were significantly overexpressed in carcinoma tissues. These findings demonstrate the epigenetic plasticity of cancer cell metabolism, which involves an LSD1-mediated mechanism. Cancer Res; 75(7); 1445–56. ©2015 AACR.
Intracrine Androgens and AKR1C3 Activation Confer Resistance to Enzalutamide in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Liu Chengfei , Lou Wei , Zhu Yezi , Yang Joy C. , Nadiminty Nagalakshmi , Gaikwad Nilesh W. , Evans Christopher P. , Gao Allen C. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The introduction of enzalutamide and abiraterone has led to improvement in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, acquired resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone therapies frequently develops within a short period in many patients. In the present study, we developed enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells in an effort to understand the mechanisms of resistance. Global gene-expression analysis showed that the steroid biosynthesis pathway is activated in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. One of the crucial steroidogenic enzymes, AKR1C3, was significantly elevated in enzalutamide-resistant cells. In addition, AKR1C3 is highly expressed in metastatic and recurrent prostate cancer and in enzalutamide-resistant prostate xenograft tumors. LC/MS analysis of the steroid metabolites revealed that androgen precursors such as cholesterol, DHEA and progesterone, as well as androgens are highly upregulated in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells compared to the parental cells. Knockdown of AKR1C3 expression by shRNA or inhibition of AKR1C3 enzymatic activity by indomethacin resensitized enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide treatment both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of AKR1C3 confers resistance to enzalutamide. Furthermore, the combination of indomethacin and enzalutamide resulted in significant inhibition of enzalutamide-resistant tumor growth. These results suggest that AKR1C3 activation is a critical resistance mechanism associated with enzalutamide resistance; targeting intracrine androgens and AKR1C3 will overcome enzalutamide resistance and improve survival of advanced prostate cancer patients. Cancer Res; 75(7); 1413–22. ©2015 AACR.