bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanics of Morality
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMoral philosophy has its version of physics’ search for a unified theory. Physicists have often thought it unseemly that the four fundamental forces governing how particles interact with each other cannot be reduced to one. Moral philosophers have often tried to unify the fundamental values governing how moral agents interact with each other. Bioethicists have mostly given up on complete unification and settled for drawing on multiple fundamental values. They see unification as a metatheoretical and unproductive project, too much the stuff of physics and not enough like engineering. Still, there's been a long‐running debate within bioethics about how many and which values to keep in the toolkit. Can autonomy, beneficence, and justice, fashioned into “principles,” do all of the essential work? Or are “dignity” and “solidarity,” for example, also sometimes necessary? The lead article in this issue of the Hastings Center Report argues for including solidarity in the kit.
Having Conversations about Organ Donation
Authors: Sadler Blair L. , Sadler Nicole Robins 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWhile 90 percent of participants in a 2005 Gallup poll indicated that they would donate an organ if asked, only 40 percent of Americans have registered to do so, according to 2012 data from Donate Life America; likely even fewer have shared their donation wishes with loved ones. Undoubtedly, the single biggest reason for the discrepancy between the number of potential transplants and the number actually performed is our failure to talk with loved ones about our wishes regarding organ donation. Although many resources already exist to hold these conversations, we can do more, and the emergence of social media provides an intriguing new opportunity. Two years ago, Organize.org set out to create the first nationwide organ donation registry in the United States.
An Introduction to Thinking about Trustworthy Research into the Genetics of Intelligence
Authors: Parens Erik , Appelbaum Paul S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe advent of new technologies has rekindled some hopes that it will be possible to identify genetic variants that will help to explain why individuals are different with respect to complex traits. At least one leader in the development of “whole genome sequencing”—the Chinese company BGI—has been quite public about its commitment to using the technique to investigate the genetics of intelligence in general and high intelligence in particular. Because one needs large samples to detect the small effects associated with small genetic differences in the sequence of those base pairs, to make headway with the new sequencing technologies, one also needs to enlist much larger numbers of study participants than geneticists have enrolled before. In an effort to increase the size of a sample, one team of researchers approached the Center for Talented Youth at Johns Hopkins University. They wanted to gain access to records concerning participants in CTY's ongoing Study of Exceptional Talent, and they wanted to approach those individuals to see if they would be willing to share samples of their DNA.We agreed that CTY's dilemma about whether to give the researchers access to those records raised larger questions about the ethics of research into the genetics of intelligence, and we decided to hold a workshop at The Hastings Center that could examine those questions. Our purpose was to create what, borrowing from Sarah Richardson, we came to call a “transformative conversation” about research into the genetics of general cognitive ability—a conversation that would take a wide and long view and would involve a diverse group of stakeholders, including both people who have been highly critical of the research and people who engage in it. This collection of essays, which grew out of that workshop, is intended to provide an introduction to and exploration of this complex and important area.
What Does Behavioral Genetics Offer for Improving Education?
Authors: Panofsky Aaron 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFor much of its history, behavioral genetics, or research into the influence genetics has on human behavior, has been associated with a pessimistic view of educational reforms’ potential to make much difference in improving educational outcomes or reducing inequality. Recently, however, some behavioral geneticists have begun to speak in more optimistic terms about the promise of genetically informed education to improve learning for all children, especially those who are socially or economically disadvantaged. This shift in emphasis should be welcome news for everyone interested in promoting educational improvement who worried that behavioral genetics offered support for the status quo. However, I think it amounts to little more than a shift in tone. Behavioral genetics, I will argue, does not advance educational reform: its proposed solutions are rooted in the limits, not the strength, of behavioral genetics knowledge; repeat the ideas of earlier U.S. educational reform efforts; and rely on a naive optimism about the power of choice and personalization.
Trustworthy Research Institutions: The Challenging Case of Studying theGenetics of Intelligence
Authors: Johnston Josephine , Banerjee Mohini P. , Geller Gail 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIt is simple enough to claim that academic research institutions ought to be trustworthy. Building the culture and taking the steps necessary to earn and preserve institutional trust are, however, complex processes. The experience motivating this special report—a request for the Center for Talented Youth at Johns Hopkins University to collaborate on research regarding the genetics of intelligence—illustrates how ensuring institutional trustworthiness can be in tension with a commitment to fostering research. In this essay, we explore the historical context for biomedical research institutions like Johns Hopkins that have worked to build local community trust. In so doing, we consider how the example under focus in this special report can lead to greater consideration of how research institutions balance fostering trust with their other commitments.
Obligations and Concerns of an Organization Like the Center for Talented Youth
Authors: Hansen Elaine Tuttle , Gluck Stuart , Shelton Amy L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is another set of entities that needs to be brought into the conversation about the ethical, legal, and social implications of scientific conduct. This widely varied group includes not‐for‐profit educational, academic, public‐service, and philanthropic organizations other than the type mentioned above as well as for‐profit businesses. Despite their major differences, these organizations may all be in a position to make decisions, directly or indirectly, about the conduct of scientific research. And those decisions may have a significant impact on the parties normally involved in thinking and talking about obligations and concerns—the researchers, the subjects, and the general public. Yet there are few if any conceptual frameworks to help organizations address the ethical, legal, and social issues related to conducting scientific research. There are also few resources to help organizations find and develop the expertise required to make responsible decisions or communicate those decisions in ways that could support and advance the ethical conduct of research.In what follows, we try to identify and explore the duties, rights, and interests of one such organization, the Center for Talented Youth at Johns Hopkins University, when asked to play a supporting role in research on the genetics of intelligence. As central agents in this case, we hope to demonstrate why organizations like CTY cannot be neglected in the broader effort to ensure trustworthy research into the genetics of intelligence.
Wear characteristics of an unconstrained lumbar total disc replacement under a range of in vitro test conditions
Authors: Hyde Philip J. , Fisher John , Hall Richard M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe effect of kinematics, loading and centre of rotation on the wear of an unconstrained total disc replacement have been investigated using the ISO 18192‐1 standard test as a baseline. Mean volumetric wear rate and surface morphological effects were reported. Changing the phasing of the flexions to create a low (but finite) amount of crossing path motion at the bearing surfaces resulted in a significant fall in wear volume. However, the rate of wear was still much larger than previously reported values under zero cross shear conditions. Reducing the load did not result in a significant change in wear rate. Moving the centre of rotation of the disc inferiorly did significantly increase wear rate. A phenomenon of debris re‐attachment on the UHMWPE surface was observed and hypothesised to be due to a relatively harsh tribological operating regime in which lubricant replenishment and particle migration out of the bearing contact zone were limited. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 46–52, 2017.
Renal Function Descriptors in Neonates: Which Creatinine‐Based Formula Best Describes Vancomycin Clearance?
Authors: Bhongsatiern Jiraganya , Stockmann Chris , Yu Tian , Constance Jonathan E. , Moorthy Ganesh , Spigarelli Michael G. , Desai Pankaj B. , Sherwin Catherine M. T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGrowth and maturational changes have been identified as significant covariates in describing variability in clearance of renally excreted drugs such as vancomycin. Because of immaturity of clearance mechanisms, quantification of renal function in neonates is of importance. Several serum creatinine (SCr)‐based renal function descriptors have been developed in adults and children, but none are selectively derived for neonates. This review summarizes development of the neonatal kidney and discusses assessment of the renal function regarding estimation of glomerular filtration rate using renal function descriptors. Furthermore, identification of the renal function descriptors that best describe the variability of vancomycin clearance was performed in a sample study of a septic neonatal cohort. Population pharmacokinetic models were developed applying a combination of age‐weight, renal function descriptors, or SCr alone. In addition to age and weight, SCr or renal function descriptors significantly reduced variability of vancomycin clearance. The population pharmacokinetic models with Léger and modified Schwartz formulas were selected as the optimal final models, although the other renal function descriptors and SCr provided reasonably good fit to the data, suggesting further evaluation of the final models using external data sets and cross validation. The present study supports incorporation of renal function descriptors in the estimation of vancomycin clearance in neonates.
Predator exclusion as a management option for increasing white‐tailed deer recruitment
Authors: Conner L. Mike , Cherry Michael J. , Rutledge Brandon T. , Killmaster Charles H. , Morris Gail , Smith Lora L. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTLethal control of coyotes (Canis latrans) is a mechanism for increasing white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) recruitment but can be difficult to implement and may be ineffective on small parcels of land because of coyote immigration. In 2003, we constructed 4 40‐ha mesopredator exclosures with the objective of quantifying the influence of mesopredators, including coyotes, on select wildlife populations and communities. Camera trapping indicated neonate/adult female white‐tailed deer ratios were approximately 2 times greater inside predator exclosures than in control plots. Hunter success data provided further evidence of increased recruitment associated with exclosures relative to the remainder of the study site. Because exclosures were located on the boundary of our study area and off‐site white‐tailed deer harvest records were not available, we used estimates of deer density, sex ratios, reproductive rates, relative use of exclosures, and neonate survival inside and outside of exclosures to parameterize a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the impact of our 4 exclosures on neonate recruitment into the start of the firearms hunting season on a 1,600‐ha area. After 1,000 iterations, we estimated that predator exclusion provided an additional 18 ± 0.13 ( ± SE; median = 15, interquartile range [IQR] = 9–24) recruits/year above that expected without exclusion. Simulated neonate/adult female ratio was 0.74 ± 0.03 (median = 0.72, IQR = 0.52–0.93) with exclosures and 0.41 ± 0.008 (median = 0.39, IQR = 0.21–0.58) without. Simulated exclosure impact on recruitment was most sensitive to white‐tailed deer relative use of exclosures and was least sensitive to neonate survival inside exclosures. We suggest that predator exclusion may be an effective mechanism for reducing neonate mortality and increasing white‐tailed deer recruitment in areas where neonate survival is affected by predation. Exclosures may be particularly valuable on small parcels of land where predator removal would be offset by immigration. Finally, exclosures provide refuge from predators throughout the year, and we hypothesize exclosures may also contribute to adult survival and reduce impacts of predation risk that may also affect white‐tailed deer population dynamics. Additional research incorporating variation in exclosure size and white‐tailed deer density is needed to better evaluate predator exclosures for creating neonate refugia and mitigating sub‐lethal impacts of predation. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
On‐axis shaping of second‐harmonic beams
Authors: Trajtenberg‐Mills Sivan , Juwiler Irit , Arie Ady 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe report complete spatial shaping (both phase and amplitude) of the second‐harmonic beam generated in a nonlinear photonic crystal. Using a collinear second‐order process in a nonlinear computer generated hologram imprinted on the crystal, the desired beam is generated on‐axis and in the near field. This enables compact and efficient one‐dimensional beam shaping in comparison to previously demonstrated off‐axis Fourier holograms. We experimentally demonstrate the second‐harmonic generation of high‐order Hermite–Gauss, top hats and arbitrary skyline‐shaped beams.
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Investigating hydroxyl chemical exchange using a variable saturation power chemical exchange saturation transfer (vCEST) method at 3 T
Authors: Clark Daniel James , Smith Alex K. , Dortch Richard D. , Knopp Michael V. , Smith Seth A. 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo develop a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) scheme sensitive to hydroxyl protons at 3 T. Clinical imaging of hydroxyl moieties can have an impact on osteoarthritis, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer.Theory: By varying saturation amplitude linearly with frequency offset, the direct water saturation component of the Z‐spectrum is flattened and can be subtracted to produce a magnetization transfer ratio difference spectrum (MTRdiff) that isolates solute resonances. Variable saturation power allows for near optimization of hydroxyl and amine/amide moieties in one Z‐spectrum.MethodsPhantom studies were used to test vCEST performance in two environments: (1) aqueous single‐solute (glycogen, glucose); (2) aqueous multiple solute (glycogen with bovine serum albumin). In vivo vCEST imaging of glycosaminoglycan content in patellar‐femoral cartilage was performed in a subject with history of cartilage transplant.ResultsIn solutions with overlapping resonances, vCEST resolves separate hydroxyl and amine/amide peaks. CEST hydroxyl signal in cartilage is negligible, but with vCEST, hydroxyl signal ranged from 2 to 5% ppm and showed distinct contrast between lesions and normal appearing cartilage.ConclusionIntroduced a variable saturation amplitude CEST (vCEST) scheme to improve sensitivity to exchangeable hydroxyl moieties at 3 T resulting in detection of hydroxyl in the presence of multiple solutes with overlapping resonances. Magn Reson Med 76:826–837, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemical procedure for constructing poly(phenylene sulfide) brushes on glassy carbon and stainless steel
Authors: Shimizu Kyoko , Helen Blaikie Frances , Kongsfelt Mikkel , Damgaard Schøler Sørensen Kristian , Uttrup Pedersen Steen , Daasbjerg Kim 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTA simple electrochemical approach based on potential sweeping has been developed for growing poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) brushes from 4,4’‐disulfanediyldibenzenediazonium salt on glassy carbon and stainless steel. First, the diazonium salt becomes reduced at the substrate on the initial part of the sweep carried out in a negative direction to form a covalently bonded diphenyl disulfide film. Once sufficiently extreme potentials are reached the disulfide bridges are reductively cleaved to form a thin layer of covalently attached thiophenolates. These are prone to be involved in fast coupling reactions with the diazonium salt to form PPS brushes in a repetitive growth process. In this manner linear PPS brushes with thicknesses up to 150 nm are easily formed. In addition, exact control on the brush length may be exerted through the switching potential selected or the number of sweeps applied. The films are characterized by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry which shows that the film growth is accompanied by an increase in the intensity ratio of S−/
in line with the proposed PPS structure. This structure was further supported by Raman spectra, exhibiting a high‐intensity C−S stretch band and no S−S stretch band. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 91–98
Organocatalytic synthesis of novel renewable non‐isocyanate polyhydroxyurethanes
Authors: Duval Charlotte , Kébir Nasreddine , Jauseau Raphaël , Burel Fabrice 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTNovel fully renewable AA‐BB type non‐isocyanate polyhydroxyurethanes were synthesized by the classical reaction between a diamine and a dicyclocarbonate. Sebacic acid was first reacted with an excess of glycerol carbonate, in presence of DCC and DMPA, leading to a renewable dicyclocarbonate monomer. Then, this monomer was reacted with several renewable diamines, in presence of 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), as organocatalyst, to afford linear and branched polymers. The obtained materials exhibited Tg values varied from −27 to −8 °C, Tm values varying from 100 to 165 °C, and thermal stabilities above 200 °C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 758–764
Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) films prepared using binary solvent mixtures
Authors: Gordon Madeleine P. , Lloyd Lawson T. , Boucher David S. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBinary solvent mixtures were routinely used to induce the hierarchical assembly of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in the liquid phase. This technique has garnered a lot of interest as a route to well‐organized films and composites, but, to date, the impact that the attributes of the liquid‐phase aggregates and solvent mixtures have on the organization of the films have only been partially scrutinized. The molecular weight and concentration dependence of P3HT assembly in three binary solvent mixtures containing chloroform and acetonitrile, n‐hexane, or dichloromethane were studied using ultraviolet/visible absorbance spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. Films drop cast under slow and rapid evaporation conditions were observed using optical and atomic force microscopy. In general, there is no evidence that the characteristics of the liquid phase P3HT aggregates impact the structures of the films, but films cast from these solvent mixtures under rapid evaporation conditions exhibit an array of disparate morphologies and mesoscale patterning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 624–638
Many‐body dispersion interactions for periodic systems based on maximally localized Wannier functions: Application to graphene/water systems
Authors: Partovi‐Azar Pouya , Kühne Thomas D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe extend the method of Silvestrelli [P. L. Silvestrelli, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 054106 (2013)] to approximate long‐range van der Waals interactions at the density functional level of theory to periodic systems. The eventual approach is based on a combination of maximally localized Wannier functions with the quantum harmonic oscillator‐model. Applying this scheme to study London dispersion forces between graphene and water layers, we find that collective many‐body effects beyond simple pair‐wise additive interactions are essential to accurately describe van der Waals forces.
Comparison of methods to determine triple oxygen isotope composition of N2O
Authors: Dyckmans Jens , Lewicka‐Szczebak Dominika , Szwec Lars , Langel Reinhard , Well Reinhard 
Published: September 2015

RationaleThe oxygen isotope anomaly, Δ17O, of N2O and nitrate is useful to elucidate nitrogen oxide dynamics. A comparison of different methods for Δ17O measurement was performed.MethodsFor Δ17O measurements, N2O was converted into O2 and N2 using microwave‐induced plasma in a quartz or corundum tube reactor, respectively, or conversion was carried out in a gold wire oven. In each case, isotope ratios were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry.ResultsAll the tested methods showed acceptable precision (coefficient of variation <2.4 % at 160 nmol N2O) with high sample size but the sample size dependence was lowest when using microwave‐induced plasma in a corundum tube reactor.ConclusionsThe use of microwave‐induced plasma in a corundum tube yields best results for Δ17O measurement on N2O gas samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.