bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deployment of Down Hole Gauges in Sucker Rod Pump applications - New step in Optimization
Authors: Quttainah R , Mehmood F , Dange A , Sierra T 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Sucker Rod Pump (SRP), one of the most common and mature artificial lift techniques is usually known to be designed with minimum available data. With the flexibility of the operational characteristics it is possible to find a combination of pumping unit, pump and rods to draw the fluid out of the well. A SRP system potentially could draw the bottom-hole pressures down to near-zero condition. However the need for accurate data for optimized design and operations is equally important in order to meet production targets and achieve reasonable run life.
This paper summarizes a case study for one of the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) fields in Kuwait where down hole gauges were employed first time in SRP wells to receive the pump intake pressure (PIP) and pump discharge pressure (PDP) in real time, a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to transfer the down hole and surface data to a real time optimization software. The initial designing of two wells were done with a very limited knowledge about the reservoir Productivity index (PI). Data limitations caused a conservative design approach which led to oversizing of the equipment. As the operations started, with real-time optimization system, the productivity index of the well was determined with a high degree of certainty. This information along with surface real time data helped Optimize and scale down the pumping unit size for the future nearby wells,Balance the units in real timeFine tune the production in real time with the changes in reservoir inflowEnsure the system integrity
The Importance of Data Integration to Optimize a Steamflood Project in South Oman: Case Study
Authors: Al Rabaani A. O. , Shibli A. , Tromp J. , Zhen C. , Duggan T. J. , Al-hinai S. M. , Belghache A. , Sheibani H. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The "A" West field is located on the Eastern Flank of the South Oman Salt Basin. The field is at Haima level and is a classic high relief ‘turtle-back’ fault-bounded, anticline approximately 4kmsx2kms oriented North-South. It is a dome shaped structure with large oil columns of 200+m. The thickness of the oil column and the reservoir quality make the reservoir a good candidate for steam flooding with high thermal efficiencies. The field received FID for thermal development based on a vertical well 10-acre 7-spot pattern in 2009.
The "A" West steam-flood pilot started in 2008 as an inverted 10 acre-7 spot pattern comprising a vertical steam injector surrounded by six vertical oil producers located 125 m from the injector and three observation wells. Five years after the start of injection in the "1P" pilot area, a temporary increase in hot oil production has been observed in one producer of the "1P" pattern. The temperature and net oil increase started in February 2010, some 14 months of injection and continued till January 2011, when the injector well was abandoned and replaced with new injector as part of the facilities "urban development" plan. The switch of the wells was accompanied with the change in the perforation interval to the lower half of the oil column in an attempt to improve the steam conformance within the pattern.
The in-depth analysis of existing and newly acquired well and production data with the integration of the formation pressure tests, seismic, pressure and temperature data with detailed simulation models provided new insights that together helped in explaining the performance of the thermal EOR process. This has also helped in optimizing the pattern size and improve steam conformance to maximize the sweep efficiency.
Impact of Baffles and Shales on Reservoir Performance under Cyclic Steam Stimulation and Steamflooding
Authors: Jain Anil Kumar , Ferdous Hasan , Ahmad Khalid , Choudhary Pradeep , Al-Khamees Waleed 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steamflood performances are strongly influenced by shaly barriers and cemented baffles in the heavy oil reservoir. Marine shales do act as a permanent barrier in most conditions, while non-marine shales and diagenetically altered cemented siltstone baffles may not act as barrier under different operating and reservoir settings. In this paper an investigation was made to understand the impact of barriers and baffles on performance of a reservoir operating under CSS and steamflooding.
Out of several hundred wells drilled, seven isolated wells were selected for CSS on a trial basis. Two of them were completed in the Upper-A layer and three in the Upper-B layer. Marine cap shale as barrier exists on top of Upper-A while a cemented sandy siltstone baffle separates Upper-A and Upper-B layers. Wells completed in Upper-A performed better than those completed in Upper-B in the first cycle though sand thickness of Upper-A is much less than that of Upper-B.
Production performance of the CSS wells was analysed considering the geological nature of baffles and shale barrier, and from results obtained during steamflood experiments conducted on plugs from baffles, and it was concluded that the main reason for the better performance of Upper-A layer compared to Upper-B layer was the presence of impregnable cap shale barrier. Cap shale does not allow the steam to migrate upward, thus forcing it to remain in Upper-A layer while when injecting steam in the Upper-B layer, some of the steam passes through the baffle above it, resulting in poor production performance and higher steam oil ratio. This analysis suggests that the aspect of competent shale being barrier to steam and baffle not so effective barrier should be given due consideration during commercial application of the CSS and steamflooding processes in the field.
The Temperature Control Technology of Fire Flooding Assisted with Gravity Drainage in Liaohe Oilfield
Authors: Long Hua 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Fire Flooding Assisted with Gravity Drainage Oil-recovery Technology is one of the effective replacement of Cyclic Steam Stimulation Technology, and the Temperature Control Technology is one of the key measures to guarantee the forward moving of Fire-flooding front and the normal production of wells. Based on the oil production mechanism of Fire Flooding Assisted with Gravity Drainage Process, this paper is to set up the produced-fluid temperature field model of horizontal production well as well as the temperature-control model, and to predict the bottom hole temperature with the wellhead fluid temperature reaching to the inflection point temperature, and then determine the required steam injection rate for the viscosity reduction in the early stage of Fire Flooding to maintain the normal lifting. In the process of Fire Flooding, in order to prevent the damage of the well completion string and ground equipments caused by the high temperature of bottom hole, the injection speed of the cooling water should be calculated to ensure the safety of the well bore, and so by taking the effective measures of temperature control, the Fire Flooding Test could be carried out smoothly. Now, the Temperature Control Technology is successfully applied in the Shu 1-7-5-H8 Pilot Test Well Group of Liaohe Oilfield, and the bottom-hole temperature corresponding to the well-head inflection point temperature, the tracing-heat steam injection rate at the different drainage intervals and the cold water injection rate to ensure the wellhead fluid temperature below 150°C, all of these critical parameters have been predicted effectively to guide and ensure the normal production of the well group.
A Comprehensive Investigation of WASP Application in Heavy Oil Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Am Suranto , Bae Wisup , Permadi AK , Park Yunsun , Lasahido M. R. , Migas SKK , Dang Son T. , Naser M. A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Steamflood has been performed successfully since the 1950's in several fields worldwide. Although being considered successful, it still has problems associated with its mechanism. Due to gravitational effects, steam tends to move towards the upper portion of the reservoir causing the lower section to be poorly drained. In order to overcome this effect, water alternating steam process (WASP) might be a good solution which helps inhibiting the steam from moving upwards while keeping breakthrough-time from increasing. Previous literature study about WASP is scarce, even though this process is complex and sensitive to operating condition. By investigating WASP using response surface methodology, factors governing the steamflooding operations can be evaluated.
This paper presents the investigation regarding WASP applications in heavy oil. The reservoir model is ran with several operating conditions to achieve the most realistic interpretation. The operating variables include WASP start, WASP cycle, steam and hot water injection rate, and steam quality. Afterwards, a statistical model is fitted to examine the most important parameters influencing the 8-year net present value (NPV).
Simulation results indicate that the injection rate and WASP cycle are very sensitive to the NPV. The optimum case is that in which the WASP is started after 3.57 years, the cycle of steam-hot water injection is 4.65 months, the steam quality is 0.58, and the steam and hot water rate are 108 m3/day. The maximum NPV is 29.80 MMUSD.
Addressing Challenges of Water Flooding in Heavy oil Reservoirs Using Numerical Simulation: Case Study
Authors: Aboelhassan M. Gamil , Noureldien Darhim M. , Mahmoud Sobhy F. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
GUPCO (Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company) is the pioneer in Egypt and Middle East in applying conventional waterflooding projects fas a secondary recovery method, Starting from Morgan field, Ramadan, October and July field by injecting into different reservoirs such as Lower Rudies, Upper Rudies and Cretaceous. These successful examples have been done and still running to recover greater amount of oil utilizing more advanced techniques like BrightWater and LoSal.
The Heavy oil block in July field which is located in the Gulf of Suez (GoS) was discovered in Jan. 1986 by appraisal well J53. Many tests were performed to get the extension, characteristics of the reservoir and the hydrocarbons as well. It was found that the API gravity of oil is 19 degree. Using Numerical Simulation, we could define different scenarios of depletion plans to maximize the recoverable oil, and hence a decision was taken to start and implement the optimum scenario.
This paper will discuss different scenarios and the selected optimum depletion plan, and comparing between the forecast from the model versus the actual achievement addressing production performance, reservoir rock characteristics, Data gathered and surveillance plan for the reservoir since May 1996 followed by water injection using dual string completion in December 1996.
The paper is a good example as a case study for the value of using the technology of 3D modeling to maximize the recovery from challenging reservoir like heavy oil reservoirs in addition to proving that waterflooding has successfully improved the recovery of 19 API degree oil in July field.
Viscosity Predictions of Viscous Oil from a Kuwait Oil Field by Low-field NMR
Authors: Ahmed Khalid , Sandor Magdalena , Chen Songhua , Li Lilong , Hassan Faisal , Mishra Prasanta Kumar , Al-Khamees Waleed , Shao Wei , Al-Jabari Naim 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In-situ viscous oil viscosity estimation is critical for identifying sweet spots, selecting depths to collect samples, designing well completion and recovery strategies, and production predictions. NMR logging is the only technique that allows an indirect yet continuous assessment of viscosity. Accuracy of NMR based viscosity prediction largely depends on the robustness of the correlation. The existing empirical NMR viscosity correlations are either based on light and medium viscose crude oils, synthetic oils or extremely viscous oils or tar.
The Kuwait viscous oil has viscosity ranging from tens to few thousands of cP. The present study was focused on developing an NMR T2-viscosity correlation through low-field NMR experiments applicable to data acquired by different logging instruments, which operate at different frequencies and have different data acquisition parameters.
In order to limit number of unknowns, a viscosity correlation was developed that implemented the relationship between T2 geometrical mean (T2GM) at 5 inter-echo spacings (TE) to account for the signal loss related to the faster relaxing components of the crude oil. Compared to previously published T2GM or apparent hydrogen index based viscosity correlations, which uses a single TE measurement, the inclusion of multiple TE data reduces the sensitivity of variations due to noise or inversion of the fast decaying components. This allows the correlation to be easily applied to the analysis of logging data, which may be acquired from various logging service providers at different TEs.
The robustness of the viscosity correlation derived from this data was subsequently tested on select unconsolidated viscous oil core plugs. In-situ viscosity determination using the derived correlation was demonstrated by comparing NMR log measurements and oil data at reservoir temperature for different service provider data. Better agreement between the NMR predicted and the rheological viscosities are obtained in comparison to using the known correlations.
Recent Statistics On Diabetes
Authors: Marks Herbert H 
Published: December 2014

The section on Diabetes Statistics is carried over from Diabetes Abstracts, in which it appeared regularly beginning with the tenth issue of that journal (Volume 3, Number 2) for April 1944. The section was started on the suggestion of Herbert H. Marks to Dr. William Muhlberg, then Treasurer of the American Diabetes Association and Chairman ofits Committee on Statistical Investigation and Corporate Membership.
The original proposal was for a regular page on current statistics of the disease, with particular emphasis on mortality statistics. Gradually, other types of statistical data on diabetes and on the characteristics of the diabetic population were added. For a period of several years, the section consisted merely of a series of statistic cal tables. It was proposed in 1946 to enhance the value of this section by adding a short interpretive text with regard to the statistics contained in the tables, and this was done beginning with the first issue of Volume 6 of Diabetes Abstracts.
The Reaction of Rabbit Anti-beef Insulin Serum with Heterologous and Homologous Insulin Preparations
Authors: Narahara H T , Williams Robert H 
Published: December 2014

A method for assaying antibodies to insulin that is based on the protection of insulin-I-131 from degradation by a liver extract is described. Moderately potent antibodies to insulin were obtained in rabbits by the injection of crystalline beef insulin, and a high degree of insulin resistance was demonstrable in some of the animals. The immunized animals did not become diabetic.
The biological activity of various insulin preparations was detected by their ability to lower the blood sugar of rabbits or through the stimulation of glucose uptake by the rat hemidiaphragm. Crystalline beef insulin and crude extracts of beef pancreas were effectively neutralized under the conditions of the tests whereas corresponding pork insulin preparations were incompletely neutralized in the rat hemidiaphragm assay. The insulin activity of sera from beef, pork, sheep and human sources was neutralized by the rabbit antisera.
The insulin activity of rabbit pancreas extracts and rabbit sera exhibited significant individual differences in the extent of neutralization. These observations on rabbit insulin preparations support the concept of Moloney and Coval that insulin of a given animal species can exist either in a “native” form that is not readily neutralized by antiserum produced in the same species, or an “altered” form that can be neutralized.
On the Mechanism of Insulin Hypersensitivity in Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Authors: Wajchenberg Bernardo Léo , Pereira Virgílio Goncalves , Pupo Armando Aguiar , Shnaider José , de Ulhoa Cintra Antonio Barros , Mattar Emilio , Paulo Sāo 
Published: December 2014

A study of the sensitivity to a test dose of exogenous insulin was undertaken in eight patients with primary and five with secondary (Sheehan's syndrome) adrenal insufficiency. The great majority showed hypersensitivity to insulin and hypoglycemia-unresponsiveness was present in all.
The hypersensitivity was primarily the result of excessive peripheral insulin action as shown by the increased disappearance rate (k) of an intravenous glucose load, in the well nourished patient.
A possible failure in glycogenesis and consequent reduced glucose release by the liver, which might explain the hypoglycemia-unresponsiveness, was not confirmed by the glucagon test, suggesting that if there is liver impairment it is in its rate of glucose release independent of the amount of glycogen present and related to the glucocorticoid influence on the threshold of blood glucose regulation by the liver.
Separation of Human Insulin, Glucagon and Other Pancreatic Proteins
Authors: Lochner J de V , Esterhuizen A C , Unger R H 
Published: December 2014

Purified human insulin and beef-pork glucagon were subjected to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. Insulin was found to migrate rapidly towards the anode as a single band, while glucagon migrated slowly towards the anode in two distinct fractions. Virtually complete separation of the two hormones was achieved.
Electrophoresis of acid alcohol extracts of human pancreas revealed eight positively migrating bands. By means of densitometric, radioisotopic, and radioimmunochemical technics, fraction 2 was identified as the insulin-bearing fraction, and the area of fractions 7 and 8 as the glucagonbearing region. By gel filtration substantial quantities of the unidentified extraneous proteins, which make up the bulk of the pancreatic extract, were removed, thereby providing purer samples for electrophoresis.
The technic makes possible the rapid preparation of relatively pure samples of glucagon-free insulin and insulinfree glucagon from the pancreas of man and other species in quantities sufficient for laboratory studies. In addition, the characterization of the electrophoretic mobility of these hormones provides a new means by which they may be identified in unknown samples.
Blood Ketone Response to Norepinephrine-induced Free Fatty Acid Elevation in Diabetes
Authors: Blackard William G , Omori Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2014

1. During ninety-minute norepinephrine infusions, blood free fatty acid and ketone responses of Japanese nondiabetic and diabetic subjects were determined. Nonobese diabetic subjects with and without fasting hyperglycemia demonstrated significantly greater blood ketone elevations than nondiabetics.
2. An inverse correlation between obesity and blood ketone response to norepinephrine was observed in diabetics. This correlation could not be attributed to varying degrees of fasting hyperglycemia or free fatty acid elevation.
3. Nonobese diabetics with mild fasting hyperglycemia (90 to 150 mg. per 100 ml.) exhibited an unexpected greater increase in blood ketones than nonobese diabetics with moderate fasting hyperglycemia (150 to 250 mg. per 100 ml.). Differences in free fatty acid elevations were not responsible for this apparent paradox.
4. The magnitude of the hyperketonemic response, though dependent on free fatty acid elevation, seemed more sensitive to the degree of obesity and the fasting blood glucose level. Fractional ketone body measurements indicated that the blood ketone elevations were predominantly due to fihydroxybutyric acid increases.
Further Studies of an Inhibitor of the Two Antibody Immunoassay System
Authors: Morgan Carl Robert , Sorenson Robert L , Lazarow Arnold 
Published: December 2014

Previous studies with the two antibody immunoassay method have demonstrated the presence of an “inhibitor” in fresh plasma which interferes with the precipitating step of the two antibody system.
Immunoelectrophoretic studies described here demonstrated no cross-reactivity of rat or human gamma globulin with anti-guinea pig plasma (rabbit source), which had been suggested by other workers.
Concomitant inactivation of complement and “inhibitor” by heat, antigen-antibody complex, EDTA, or ammonia indicates that complement is the inhibitor of the two antibody immunoassay system.
EDTA (0.01 M) inactivates the plasma “inhibitor,” permitting assay of undiluted plasma by the two antibody method.
Insulin-like Activity of Dilute Human Serum Assayed by an Isolated Adipose Cell Method
Authors: Gliemann Jørgen 
Published: December 2014

A method for insulin assay using isolated adipose cells is described. Fat cells incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing glucose (0.1 mg. per ml.) and albumin (5 per cent) converted glucose-l-14-C to Co2. Addition of insulin caused a maximal stimulation of about eight- to sixteen-fold of the Co2 production. The dose-response relationship exhibited a typical sigmoid shaped curve. The minimum detectable insulin concentration was about 2-5 μU. per ml.; the maximum response was obtained with insulin concentrations of about 300 to 600 μU. per ml. In the optimal range (about 20 to 160 μU. per ml.) the insulin concentrations were determined with a precision of about ±10 per cent (four replications).
This method was applied to human serum. It appeared that dilute (1 per cent), dialyzed, fasting serum contained large amounts of “insulin-like” activity (about 20 to 70 μU. per ml.). The dose response relationship of dialyzed serum in a concentration less than about 2 per cent paralleled that of insulin. The increment in Co2 production with greater serum concentrations was less than the increment with greater insulin concentrations. The insulin-like activity of 1 per cent serum did not change after an intravenous glucose load; it was not suppressed by addition of insulin antibodies. Fractionation of serum by starch block electrophoresis located all of the activity in a broad peak in the (β-γ globulin region. Insulin added to serum was quantitatively recovered in a separate peak located in the slower moving component of the albumin fraction. When serum was subjected to gel nitration on Sephadex G 75 the “insulin-like” activity emerged with the total excluded fraction whereas insulin added to serum was retarded on the column. These properties were similar to those of the previously described “atypical” insulin. Its nature remained undefined.
Serum Insulin-like Activity in Hypophysectomized and Depancreatized (Houssay) Dogs
Authors: Schoeffling Karl , Ditschuneit Hans , Petzoldt Rudiger , Beyer Jurgen , Pfeiffer Ernst F , Sirek Anna , Geerling Herbert , Sirek Otakar V 
Published: December 2014

Serum insulin-like activity was measured serially by the epididymal fat pad method in twelve dogs over several weeks. The animals were first hypophysectomized and subsequently pancreatectomized; no insulin was administered at any stage of the experiment. Hypophysectomy resulted in a reduction of serum ILA of some 50 per cent from an average normal fasting value of 420 μU. per ml.
Subsequent pancreatectomy caused no further appreciable reduction in serum ILA over the entire observation period of five weeks. In a selected number of serum samples residual ILA was detectable also by the rat hemidiaphragin procedure. None of the Houssay dogs had measurable amounts of insulin in blood by immunoassay. It was considered unlikely that activities measured by the two bio-assays represented insulin.