bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism in the Innate Immune Receptor SIRPα Controls CD47 Binding and Autoimmunity in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse
Authors: Wong Andrea Sut Ling , Mortin-Toth Steven , Sung Michael , Canty Angelo J. , Gulban Omid , Greaves David R. , Danska Jayne S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The signal regulatory protein (SIRP) locus encodes a family of paired receptors that mediate both activating and inhibitory signals and is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk. The NOD mouse model recapitulates multiple features of human T1D and enables mechanistic analysis of the impact of genetic variations on disease. In this study, we identify Sirpa encoding an inhibitory receptor on myeloid cells as a gene in the insulin-dependent diabetes locus 13.2 (Idd13.2) that drives islet inflammation and T1D. Compared to T1D-resistant strains, the NOD variant of SIRPα displayed greater binding to its ligand CD47, as well as enhanced T cell proliferation and diabetogenic potency. Myeloid cell–restricted expression of a Sirpa transgene accelerated disease in a dose-dependent manner and displayed genetic and functional interaction with the Idd5 locus to potentiate insulitis progression. Our study demonstrates that variations in both SIRPα sequence and expression level modulate T1D immunopathogenesis. Thus, we identify Sirpa as a T1D risk gene and provide insight into the complex mechanisms by which disease-associated variants act in concert to drive defined stages in disease progression.
Wetgevingsbeleid springlevend!
Authors: van Melis S.A.P.J. 
Published: October 2014

Wetgevingsbeleid springlevend!
De nota ‘Vertrouwen in wetgeving’ heeft gezorgd voor een koerswijziging in het wetgevingskwaliteitsbeleid. In de afgelopen tien jaren heeft dit veel concrete resultaten opgeleverd om de kwaliteit van wetgeving te verbeteren. Dit is in tegenspraak met de eerste stelling bij het proefschrift van M. Bokhorst, Bronnen van legitimiteit. Over de zoektocht van de wetgever naar zeggenschap en gezag, die stelt dat het wetgevingsbeleid anno 2014 op sterven na dood lijkt. Een terecht gebruik van het woord ‘lijkt’, want het wetgevingsbeleid is springlevend. Dit artikel beschrijft de koerswijziging in het wetgevingskwaliteitsbeleid en de bereikte resultaten. Met het oog op de toekomst worden enkele perspectieven voor het wetgevingsbeleid geschetst.
15 vraagpuntjes over wijzigingstechniek: wat niet in de Aanwijzingen staat
Authors: Borman T.C. 
Published: October 2014

15 vraagpuntjes over wijzigingstechniek: wat niet in de Aanwijzingen staat
Het merendeel van de regelingen die jaarlijks in het Staatsblad en de Staatscourant verschijnen, draagt het karakter van een wijzigingsregeling. Regelmatig doen zich vraagpuntjes voor over de formulering van wijzigingsinstructies. In deze bijdrage worden enkele van deze vraagpuntjes behandeld. Het gaat met name om kwesties waarover de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving weinig of geen uitsluitsel geven. Vaak blijkt dat wijzigingsteksten beknopter kunnen worden geformuleerd dan in de praktijk gebeurt.
Hoger beroep van deelgeschillen beperkt mogelijk via doorbrekingsjurisprudentie
Authors: Pans E. 
Published: October 2014

Hoger beroep van deelgeschillen beperkt mogelijk via doorbrekingsjurisprudentie
Al tijdens de parlementaire behandeling van de Wet deelgeschilprocedure werd duidelijk dat elke vraag die zich in een bodemprocedure kan voordoen in beginsel aan de deelgeschilrechter kan worden voorgelegd (mits de beslissing een vaststellingsovereenkomst over de gehele vordering naderbij kan brengen). Het is een gegeven dat ook complexe zaken of vorderingen met een groot belang aan de deelgeschilrechter kunnen worden voorgelegd en dat de deelgeschilrechter hierover ingrijpende uitspraken kan doen, zoals over de vestiging van aansprakelijkheid. Dit is in de rechtspraktijk ook al wel gebleken. Welke appèlmogelijkheden staan de in het ongelijk gestelde partij in dat geval tot haar beschikking, en zijn de in de rechtspraak ontwikkelde ‘doorbrekingsgronden’ van een wettelijk appèlverbod ook van toepassing op de deelgeschilprocedure? De Hoge Raad spreekt zich hierover uit in het hier besproken arrest van 18 april 2014 (ECLI:NL:HR:2014:943).
Dominance of goethite over hematite in iron oxides of mineral dust from Western Africa: Quantitative partitioning by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Formenti P. , Caquineau S. , Chevaillier S. , Klaver A. , Desboeufs K. , Rajot J. L. , Belin S. , Briois V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper reports on the X‐ray absorption analysis of samples of mineral dust emitted from or transported to Western Africa. We found that iron oxides account, by mass, for 38% to 72% of the total elemental iron. They are composed of minerals in the Fe(III) oxidation state: goethite (FeO·OH) and hematite (Fe2O3). The apparent fraction of iron oxide attributed to goethite is higher than hematite regardless of the source region from which the dust originated. The goethite percent content of iron oxides is in the range 52–78% (by mass), the highest values being measured for dust originating in the Sahel. The limited number of samples analyzed and the sample‐to‐sample variability prevent us from concluding firmly on the regional variability of the goethite‐to‐hematite ratio. Based on the experimental data on mineralogical composition and on concurrent measurements of the number size distribution, the optical properties of mineral dust have been calculated in a Mie approximation for homogeneous spherical particles. At 550 nm, the single‐scattering albedo ω0 ranges between 0.89 and 0.93, the asymmetry factor g ranges between 0.76 and 0.8 and the mass extinction efficiency kext varies between 0.5 and 1.1 m2 g−1; these values are all in the range of those from independent direct measurements. Neglecting the partitioning between hematite and goethite and the assimilation of iron oxides by hematite, as it is often done with models, lowers the single‐scattering albedo and increases the asymmetry factor in the UV‐visible spectral region below 550 nm. The mass extinction efficiency is insensitive to the nature of the iron oxides but rather responds to variations in the number size distribution. The mineralogy of iron oxides should therefore be taken into account when assessing the effect of mineral dust on climate and atmospheric chemistry, in particular via interactions involving photolysis.
Evaluation of the impact of moist convection on the development of asymmetric inner core instabilities in simulated tropical cyclones
Authors: Naylor Jason , Schecter David A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the nature and consequences of inner core instabilities in several intense tropical cyclones (TCs) simulated with a cloud‐resolving numerical model. The initial wave growth leading to polygonal eyewalls and mesovortices in each TC is shown to closely resemble that found in a dry nonconvective vortex with the same primary circulation. Such agreement is reasonable partly because the bulk of the cloudy eyewall updraft is outside the vorticity ring in which the instability occurs. An energetic analysis of the TC instability verifies that the symmetric secondary circulation contributes relatively little to the early growth of eddy kinetic energy. On a longer time scale, isentropic potential vorticity mixing triggered by the instability irreversibly reduces the maximum wind speed of the dry vortex. In the more realistically simulated TC, moist convection modulates the mixing and regenerates the broken vorticity ring. Eventually, the maximum wind speed of the TC and the local parameters that determine its theoretical magnitude return to within a few percent of their preinstability values. It is found that the time scale for wind speed restoration is sensitive to the surface drag coefficient. The long‐term effects of inner core instability on precipitation are briefly addressed.
Monitoring reservoir storage in South Asia from multisatellite remote sensing
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Gao Huilin , Naz Bibi S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractReservoir storage information is essential for accurate flood monitoring and prediction. South Asia, however, is dominated by international river basins where communications among neighboring countries about reservoir storage and management are extremely limited. A suite of satellite observations were combined to achieve high‐quality estimation of reservoir storage and storage variations in South Asia from 2000 to 2012. The approach used water surface area estimations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices product and the area‐elevation relationship to estimate reservoir storage. The surface elevation measurements were from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on board the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). In order to improve the accuracy of water surface area estimations for relatively small reservoirs, a novel classification algorithm was developed. In this study, storage information was retrieved for a total of 21 reservoirs, which represents 28% of the integrated reservoir capacity in South Asia. The satellite‐based reservoir elevation and storage were validated by gauge observations over five reservoirs. The storage estimates were highly correlated with observations (i.e., coefficients of determination larger than 0.9), with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) ranging from 9.51% to 25.20%. Uncertainty analysis was also conducted for the remotely sensed storage estimations. For the parameterization uncertainty associated with surface area retrieval, the storage mean relative error was 3.90%. With regard to the uncertainty introduced by ICESat/GLAS elevation measurements, the storage mean relative error was 0.67%.
The Poetics of the Island of Vessels
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSince 2000, Neil Spiller has been engaged on a ‘long project’: a series of hundreds of drawings that through a potent mix of cyborgian fantasy and Surrealism, imbued with poetry and biotechnology, evoke a psycho‐geographical island inhabited by an irascible alter ego, ‘The Professor’. Spiller seeks out in this work ‘an unusual and startling architecture’ that reveals a ‘loving, enigmatic and ragged beauty’.
Metabolomic and 13C‐metabolic flux analysis of a xylose‐consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing xylose isomerase
Authors: Wasylenko Thomas M. , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTOver the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the engineering of xylose‐consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for production of lignocellulosic biofuels. However, the ethanol productivities achieved on xylose are still significantly lower than those observed on glucose for reasons that are not well understood. We have undertaken an analysis of central carbon metabolite pool sizes and metabolic fluxes on glucose and on xylose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in a strain capable of rapid xylose assimilation via xylose isomerase in order to investigate factors that may limit the rate of xylose fermentation. We find that during xylose utilization the flux through the non‐oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is high but the flux through the oxidative PPP is low, highlighting an advantage of the strain employed in this study. Furthermore, xylose fails to elicit the full carbon catabolite repression response that is characteristic of glucose fermentation in S. cerevisiae. We present indirect evidence that the incomplete activation of the fermentation program on xylose results in a bottleneck in lower glycolysis, leading to inefficient re‐oxidation of NADH produced in glycolysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 470–483. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Removal and upgrading of lignocellulosic fermentation inhibitors by in situ biocatalysis and liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Tomek Kyle J. , Saldarriaga Carlos Rafael Castillo , Velasquez Fernando Peregrino Cordoba , Liu Tongjun , Hodge David B. , Whitehead Timothy A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTHydroxycinnamic acids are known to inhibit microbial growth during fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates, and the ability to diminish hydroxycinnamic acid toxicity would allow for more effective biological conversion of biomass to fuels and other value‐added products. In this work, we provide a proof‐of‐concept of an in situ approach to remove these fermentation inhibitors through constituent expression of a phenolic acid decarboxylase combined with liquid‐liquid extraction of the vinyl phenol products. As a first step, we confirmed using simulated fermentation conditions in two model organisms, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that the product 4‐vinyl guaiacol is more inhibitory to growth than ferulic acid. Partition coefficients of ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, 4‐vinyl guaiacol, and 4‐ethyl phenol were measured for long‐chain primary alcohols and alkanes, and tetradecane was identified as a co‐solvent that can preferentially extract vinyl phenols relative to the acid parent and additionally had no effect on microbial growth rates or ethanol yields. Finally, E. coli expressing an active phenolic acid decarboxylase retained near maximum anaerobic growth rates in the presence of ferulic acid if and only if tetradecane was added to the fermentation broth. This work confirms the feasibility of donating catabolic pathways into fermentative microorganisms in order to ameliorate the effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on growth rates, and suggests a general strategy of detoxification by simultaneous biological conversion and extraction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 627–632. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation of in‐vitro‐derived megakaryocytes and platelets using spinning‐membrane filtration
Authors: Schlinker Alaina C. , Radwanski Katherine , Wegener Christopher , Min Kyungyoon , Miller William M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn‐vitro‐derived platelets (PLTs) could potentially overcome problems associated with donated PLTs, including contamination and alloimmunization. Although several groups have produced functional PLTs from stem cells in vitro, the challenge of developing this technology to yield transfusable PLT units has yet to be addressed. The asynchronous nature of in vitro PLT generation makes a single harvest point infeasible for collecting PLTs as soon as they are formed. The current standard of performing manual centrifugations to separate PLTs from nucleated cells at multiple points during culture is labor‐intensive, imprecise, and difficult to standardize in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). In an effort to develop a more effective method, we adapted a commercially‐available, spinning‐membrane filtration device to separate in‐vitro‐derived PLTs from nucleated cells and recover immature megakaryocytes (MKs), the precursor cells to PLTs, for continued culture. Processing a mixture of in‐vitro‐derived MKs and PLTs on the adapted device yielded a pure PLT population and did not induce PLT pre‐activation. MKs recovered from the separation process were unaffected with respect to viability and ploidy, and were able to generate PLTs after reseeding in culture. Being able to efficiently harvest in‐vitro‐derived PLTs brings this technology one step closer to clinical relevance. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 788–800. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inconsistent selection and definition of local and regional endpoints in breast cancer research
Authors: Moossdorff M , van Roozendaal L M , Schipper R-J , Strobbe L J A , Voogd A C , Tjan-Heijnen V C G , Smidt M L 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background
Results in breast cancer research are reported using study endpoints. Most are composite endpoints (such as locoregional recurrence), consisting of several components (for example local recurrence) that are in turn composed of specific events (such as skin recurrence). Inconsistent endpoint selection and definition might lead to unjustified conclusions when comparing study outcomes. This study aimed to determine which locoregional endpoints are used in breast cancer studies, and how these endpoints and their components are defined.

Methods
PubMed was searched for breast cancer studies published in nine leading journals in 2011. Articles using endpoints with a local or regional component were included and definitions were compared.

Results
Twenty-three different endpoints with a local or regional component were extracted from 44 articles. Most frequently used were disease-free survival (25 articles), recurrence-free survival (7), local control (4), locoregional recurrence-free survival (3) and event-free survival (3). Different endpoints were used for similar outcomes. Of 23 endpoints, five were not defined and 18 were defined only partially. Of these, 16 contained a local and 13 a regional component. Included events were not specified in 33 of 57 (local) and 27 of 50 (regional) cases. Definitions of local components inconsistently included carcinoma in situ and skin and chest wall recurrences. Regional components inconsistently included specific nodal sites and skin and chest wall recurrences.

Conclusion
Breast cancer studies use many different endpoints with a locoregional component. Definitions of endpoints and events are either not provided or vary between trials. To improve transparency, facilitate trial comparison and avoid unjustified conclusions, authors should report detailed definitions of all endpoints.
The Medium Shapes the Message: McLuhan and Grice Revisited in Race Talk Online
Authors: August Caren , Liu James H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCompared with the wealth of research accumulated on face‐to‐face social interactions, relatively little research has examined race talk within anonymous Web 2.0 mediums. We investigated online threaded comments on YouTube video clips of two race‐related incidents involving New Zealand television presenter Paul Henry. Through thematic content analysis, thematic analysis, and discourse analysis, it was found that characteristics unique to Web 2.0 were associated with the appearance of old‐fashioned racism and high‐levels of obscenity (together with modern racism/symbolic racism). The hyper‐low context of communication led to interpretive ambiguity; conversation sequences failed to follow Gricean maxims for cooperative communication, with most comments attracting no replies and the modal sequence being two turns. There was almost never resolution to a disagreement online: rather there was points‐scoring against opposing opinions and a tangential style of dialogue influenced by the asynchronous and anonymous nature of communication. The YouTube medium shaped but did not determine the message, as obscenity and racist content in the target video from the eliciting public figure influenced the subsequent degree of obscenity and hostility in the responses. A third corpus that examined responses to our own research on race talk presented on a news website (stuff.co.nz) underlined this point by engendering a dramatically different response to the same subject, retaining the tangential style of communication, but with little to no obscenity. A framework to understand race talk as a function of both medium and context effects is proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbotrifluoromethylation of Alkynes for the Construction of Trifluoromethylated Heterocycles
Authors: Wang Yanan , Jiang Min , Liu Jin‐Tao 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA mild and efficient copper‐catalyzed intramolecular carbotrifluoromethylation of alkynes has been achieved in the presence of Togni reagent as trifluoromethylating reagent. The reaction tolerates a range of substrates to give a group of trifluoromethylated heterocycles with high selectivities. A plausible mechanism was proposed on the basis of experimental results.
Switchable Stereocontrolled Divergent Synthesis Induced by aza‐Michael Addition of Deactivated Primary Amines under Acid Catalysis
Authors: Amara Z. , Drège E. , Troufflard C. , Retailleau P. , Huu‐Dau M.‐E. Tran , Joseph D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSwitchable tandem intramolecular aza‐Michael/Michael and double aza‐Michael reactions allow the oriented synthesis of highly functionalised cyclic skeletons. Conjugate addition of deactivated anilines triggers chemo‐ and stereo‐divergent ring‐closure reaction pathways with a striking selectivity depending on reaction conditions.
Concise Synthesis of Multisubstituted Isoquinolines from Pyridines by Regioselective Diels–Alder Reactions of 2‐Silyl‐3,4‐pyridynes
Authors: Ikawa Takashi , Urata Hirohito , Fukumoto Yutaka , Sumii Yuta , Nishiyama Tsuyoshi , Akai Shuji 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA four‐step regioselective synthesis of multisubstituted isoquinoline derivatives from 3‐bromopyridines was developed by the Diels–Alder (DA) reactions of 2‐silyl‐3,4‐pyridynes with furans, followed by functional‐group transformations. In particular, the silyl group at the C2‐position of the 3,4‐pyridynes played two important roles: firstly, it functioned as the directing group for the DA reaction, and secondly, it served to introduce diverse substituents at the C1‐position of the isoquinolines by electrophilic ipso‐substitution.
Physics‐based spectral sharpening through filter‐chart calibration
Authors: Abdellatif Mohamed 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe spectral overlap of color‐sampling filters increases errors when using a diagonal matrix transform, for color correction and reduces color distinction. Spectral sharpening is a transformation of colors that was introduced to reduce color‐constancy errors when the colors are collected through spectrally overlapping filters. The earlier color‐constancy methods improved color precision when the illuminant color is changed, but they overlooked the color distinction. In this article, we introduce a new spectral sharpening technique that has a good compromise of color precision and distinction, based on real physical constraints. The spectral overlap is measured through observing a gray reference chart with a set of real and spectrally disjoint filters selected by the user. The new sharpening method enables to sharpen colors obtained by a sensor without knowing the camera response functions. Experiments with real images showed that the colors sharpened by the new method have good levels of color precision and distinction as well. The color‐constancy performance is compared with the data‐based sharpening method in terms of both precision and distinction. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 564–576, 2015
Variable operating conditions in distributed systems: modeling and evaluation
Authors: Longo Francesco , Bruneo Dario , Distefano Salvatore , Scarpa Marco 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPerformance and dependability evaluation plays a key role in the design of a broad range of systems, especially when strict requirements need to be met. This is particularly challenging in distributed contexts, where several components may interact among themselves by influencing each other. In this paper, we present an analytical method that allows the study of a class of systems where different operating conditions alternate by changing the stochastic behavior of the system components but still preserving the continuity of the performance and dependability quantities to investigate. The proposed solution technique, based on phase type distributions, Kronecker algebra, and ad‐hoc fitting algorithms, can be applied for the analytical evaluation of a wide class of distributed systems. Examples are provided to show the usefulness and the applicability of the methodology, characterizing and investigating different performance and dependability aspects of three distributed computing systems, that is, a connection‐oriented network, an Internet of Things application, and an Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service Cloud. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.