bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cataluminescence‐based sensors: principle, instrument and application
Authors: Tang Fei , Guo Cheng'an , Chen Jin , Zhang Xinrong , Zhang Sichun , Wang Xiaohao 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe cataluminescence (CTL)‐based sensor is a new promising type of chemical transducer, and has attracted much attention of researchers for its potential versatile applications in public safety, emission control and environmental protection. In this review, we briefly introduce the development history of CTL‐based sensors and summarize existing explanations of the CTL reaction mechanism as well as three research strategies for mechanism the CTL mechanism. In the following, all the function units of a typical CTL‐based sensor system are described and the investigation of the sensor materials. CTL‐based sensor arrays, are discussed in detail. We classify the recent novel hyphenated techniques based on CTL coupled to other analysis techniques into the preconcentration‐CTL hyphenated technique, nebulization‐CTL hyphenated technique, plasma‐assisted CTL technique and tandem CTL technique according to the type of analysis combined with CTL and provide a detailed account of novel hyphenated techniques. Owing to the appearance of these novel techniques, the application range of CTL has been expanded as well as the sensitivity and selectivity of CTL system has been greatly improved. Finally, the applications of CTL‐based sensor and sensor arrays in the last several years are classified and summarized. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivative emission spectrofluorimetry for the simultaneous determination of guaifenesin and phenylephrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablets
Authors: Maher Hadir M. , Alshehri Mona M. , Al‐taweel Shorog M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRapid, simple and sensitive derivative emission spectrofluorimetric methods have been developed for the simultaneous analysis of binary mixtures of guaifenesin (GUA) and phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE). The methods are based upon measurement of the native fluorescence intensity of the two drugs at λex = 275 nm in methanolic solutions, followed by differentiation using first (D1) and second (D2) derivative techniques. The derivative fluorescence intensity–concentration plots were rectilinear over a range of 0.1–2 µg/mL for both GUA and PHE. The limits of detection were 0.027 (D1, GUA), 0.025 (D2, GUA), 0.031 (D1, PHE) and 0.033 (D2, PHE) µg/mL and limits of quantitation were 0.089 (D1, GUA), 0.083 (D2, GUA), 0.095 (D1, PHE) and 0.097 (D2, PHE) µg/mL. The proposed derivative emission spectrofluorimetric methods (D1 and D2) were successfully applied for the determination of the two compounds in binary mixtures and tablets with high precision and accuracy. The proposed methods were fully validated as per ICH guidelines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and sensitive turn‐on fluorescence probe for detection of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in aqueous samples
Authors: Tai Deyan , Liu Jinshui 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe interaction of acid (PTCA) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence of PTCA can be greatly enhanced by the addition of CTAB, due to the formation a fluorescent supramolecular compound. Under optimum conditions, the enhancement intensity of fluorescence was proportional to the concentration of CTAB over a range of 0–4.5 µmol L−1. Its detection limit was 0.057 µmol L−1, which was lower than reported previously. Compared with other methods that have been reported to determine CTAB, this method has high sensitivity, stability and wide linear range and it can be used satisfactorily for the determination of CTAB in aqueous samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling of Calcium Carbonate on the Exterior of Heated Surfaces in a Flow‐Through Setup
Authors: Nergaard Margrethe , Beck Ralf , Seiersten Marion , Andreassen Jens‐Petter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCalcium carbonate scale formation on the external surface of a heated tube was studied in a flow‐through setup. This setup was effective in isolating the effect of supersaturation from that of temperature and allowed nondestructive examination of the scale morphology. The initial scale layer consisted of a polymorphic mixture, and the scale thickness increased with time and supersaturation. Varying the heating medium temperature changed the polymorphic distribution from a calcite/aragonite mixture to pure aragonite. Linear scale growth rates were determined for two inlet supersaturations. For the highest level of supersaturation, the growth rate decreased with time as a result of slower growth front kinetics due to the lower skin temperature resulting from increased scale thickness.
Corrosion of Ceramic Materials for Allothermal Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasification
Authors: Schaafhausen Sarah , Müller Michael 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie aggressive, wasserdampf‐ und alkalireiche Prozessumgebung einer allothermen Wirbelschicht‐Vergasung bedingt die Korrosion diverser keramischer Anlagenkomponenten. Deswegen ist es von enormer Wichtigkeit, für den zuverlässigen Einsatz in einem Vergaser geeignete Materialien, insbesondere für keramische Auskleidungssteine und Filterkerzen, zu finden. Hier wurde deshalb die Korrosionsbeständigkeit verschiedener Auskleidungssteine charakterisiert sowie die Realisierbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit eines keramischen Heißgasfiltersystems untersucht.
Model Study of the Photochemical Rearrangement Pathways of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole
Authors: Su Ming‐Der 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe mechanisms of photochemical isomerization reactions are investigated theoretically by using a model system of 1,2,4‐ oxadiazole with the CAS(14,9)/6‐311G(d) and MP2‐CAS‐(14,9)/ 6‐311++G(3df,3pd)//CAS(14,9)/6‐311G(d) methods. Three reaction pathways are examined, including 1) the direct mechanism, 2) the ring contraction–ring expansion mechanism, and 3) the internal cyclization–isomerization mechanism, which lead to two types of photoisomers. The theoretical findings suggest that conical intersections play a crucial role in the photorearrangement of 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles. These model investigations also indicate that the preferred reaction route for 1,2,4‐oxadiazole, which leads to phototransposition products, is as follows: reactant → Franck‐Condon region → conical intersection → photoproduct. In other words, the direct mechanism is a one‐step process that has no barrier. These theoretical results agree with the available experimental observations.
Distance Measurement Method Effective from 0 m Using Phase Interference of Audible Sound
Authors: Nakasako Noboru , Shinohara Toshihiro , Kawanishi Keiji , Uebo Tetsuji 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYIn many engineering fields, distance to target is very important information. Typical distance measurement methods use the time delay between transmitted and reflected waves, but it is difficult to estimate short distances. A method for measuring short distances using a standing wave generated by phase interference of transmitted and reflected waves is known in the field of microwave radar. This method is given in a very simple form in which the distance between the microphone and target is estimated as the peak value of the range spectrum, which can be obtained from the Fourier transform of the power spectrum of the observed wave. However, since the minimum measurable distance depends on the bandwidth of the transmitted wave, measurement of shorter distances requires greater bandwidth of the transmitted wave. This paper describes a new distance estimation method that is effective from 0 m based on the phase interference of transmitted and reflected audible sound. Specifically, we introduce an analytic signal instead of the power spectrum and examine the validity and effectiveness of our method by applying it to an actual sound field.
(Trifluoromethyl)thiolation of 2‐Alkynylbenzoates: An Efficient Route to 4‐[(Trifluoromethyl)thio]‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐ones
Authors: Li Yuewen , Li Guangming , Ding Qiuping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe incorporation of the (trifluoromethyl)thio group into the isocoumarin scaffold through a Lewis‐acid‐mediated electrophilic cyclization reaction of 2‐(2‐alkynyl)benzoates with trifluoromethanesulfanylamide is reported. The transformation proceeds well in the presence of BiCl3 and BF3·Et2O under mild conditions to give 4‐[(trifluoromethyl)thio]‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐ones regioselectively and in good yields.
Nutritional and antioxidant dispositions of sorghum/millet‐based beverages indigenous to Nigeria
Authors: Ajiboye Taofeek O. , Iliasu Ganiyat A. , Adeleye Abdulwasiu O. , Abdussalam Folakemi A. , Akinpelu Shakirat A. , Ogunbode Simiat M. , Jimoh Simiat O. , Oloyede Oyelola B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSorghum/millet‐based beverages, Obiolor and Pito, were evaluated for their nutritional and antioxidant dispositions. Analyzed Obiolor and Pito contained 96% and 97% moisture; 7.8% and 3.7% crude protein; 8.9% and 5.6% available carbohydrate; 0.39% and 0.31% crude fat; 0.3% and 0.2% crude fiber; 2.4% and 1.5% ash; and 459.3 and 164 kJ/g energy value, respectively. Obiolor and Pito (1.0 mL) scavenged 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl by 87% and 81%; superoxide ion by 65% and 59%; hydrogen peroxide by 79% and 76%; and hydroxyl radical by 82% and 85%, respectively. The beverages significantly reduced ferric ion. Aflatoxin B1‐mediated increase in lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, and malondialdehydes) and protein carbonyl in the microsomes were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by the beverages. The data obtained from this study show that the sorghum‐based beverages (Obiolor and Pito) can serve as functional foods, as evident from their antioxidant capabilities in addition to their gross energy content.
Recent Advances in Solid‐State White Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Su Hai‐Ching , Cheng Chia‐Yu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCompared to organic light‐emitting diodes, solid‐state light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) exhibit advantages of simple device structures, low operation voltages, and compatibility with air‐stable metal electrodes. Since the first demonstration of white LECs in 1997, the cells have been studied extensively, due to their potential applications in solid‐state lighting. This article reviews the development of white LECs based on conjugated polymers and cationic transition metal complexes. Important achievements of each work on white LECs are highlighted. Finally, the outlook for future development of white LECs is discussed.
Charge Transport in Amorphous Organic Semiconductors: Effects of Disorder, Carrier Density, Traps, and Scatters
Authors: Li Haoyuan , Li Chen , Duan Lian , Qiu Yong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn real devices, organic semiconductors are largely amorphous. Because accurate molecular packing in them cannot be obtained, the relationship between the molecular structure and the material properties can be difficult to understand. Nevertheless, knowing the charge transport processes is essential to material and device engineering. In amorphous organic semiconductors, charge transport is often apprehended as a hopping process that can be described using the Marcus or MillerAbrahams equations. The intrinsic disorder and frequently present traps have a great influence on the charge mobility. Carrier density, which would affect the effective density of states and create spacecharge perturbations, is also one important factor in the charge transport process. Herein, recent advances in the charge transport mechanism in amorphous organic semiconductors are summarized. The influences of disorder, carrier density, traps, and scatters are discussed in detail.
Physical Performance and Radiographic and Clinical Vertebral Fractures in Older Men
Authors: Cawthon Peggy M , Blackwell Terri L , Marshall Lynn M , Fink Howard A , Kado Deborah M , Ensrud Kristine E , Cauley Jane A , Black Dennis , Orwoll Eric S , Cummings Steven R , Schousboe John T ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

In men, the association between poor physical performance and likelihood of incident vertebral fractures is unknown. Using data from the MrOS study (N = 5958), we describe the association between baseline physical performance (walking speed, grip strength, leg power, repeat chair stands, narrow walk [dynamic balance]) and incidence of radiographic and clinical vertebral fractures. At baseline and follow-up an average of 4.6 years later, radiographic vertebral fractures were assessed using semiquantitative (SQ) scoring on lateral thoracic and lumbar radiographs. Logistic regression modeled the association between physical performance and incident radiographic vertebral fractures (change in SQ grade ≥1 from baseline to follow-up). Every 4 months after baseline, participants self-reported fractures; clinical vertebral fractures were confirmed by centralized radiologist review of the baseline study radiograph and community-acquired spine images. Proportional hazards regression modeled the association between physical performance with incident clinical vertebral fractures. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, bone mineral density (BMD, by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]), clinical center, race, smoking, height, weight, history of falls, activity level, and comorbid medical conditions; physical performance was analyzed as quartiles. Of 4332 men with baseline and repeat radiographs, 192 (4.4%) had an incident radiographic vertebral fracture. With the exception of walking speed, poorer performance on repeat chair stands, leg power, narrow walk, and grip strength were each associated in a graded manner with an increased risk of incident radiographic vertebral fracture (p for trend across quartiles &lt;0.001). In addition, men with performance in the worst quartile on three or more exams had an increased risk of radiographic fracture (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33–2.45) compared with men with better performance on all exams. Clinical vertebral fracture (n =149 of 5813, 2.6%) was not consistently associated with physical performance. We conclude that poorer physical performance is associated with an increased risk of incident radiographic (but not clinical) vertebral fracture in older men. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Microdebrider complications in laryngologic and airway surgery
Authors: Howell Rebecca J. , Solowski Nancy L. , Belafsky Peter C. , Courey Mark C. , Merati Albert L. , Rosen Clark A. , Weinberger Paul M. , Postma Gregory N. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThere is a paucity of experience in the published literature documenting complications of powered surgical instruments in laryngologic surgery. Our objective was to ascertain the nature of these complications from expert opinion and review of the literature, and to recommend strategies to decrease major complications.Study DesignReview of the literature and an e‐mail survey.MethodsA literature review of microdebrider complications in laryngologic surgery was conducted using PubMed and Ovid (1985 to 2013), along with an analysis of a confidential e‐mail survey of various surgeons in selected high‐volume laryngologic centers.ResultsPowered instrumentation is frequently used in the operating room for larynx and airway surgery. The microdebrider can improve efficiency, lower costs, and shorten operative times. However, use of the microdebrider has the potential for serious complications in the larynx and airway. Great care must be taken when utilizing the microdebrider in laryngologic surgery. Significant complications including major vocal fold scar, airway compromise, severe hemorrhage, and unintentional tissue loss have occurred.ConclusionsThe microdebrider is a popular and valuable tool for the otolaryngologist. A thorough knowledge of the instrument and its potential complications will improve surgical outcomes and may prevent complications. Awareness of the risks and surgeon experience with use of the microdebrider will allow the surgeon to successfully utilize this device in a safe and effective manner.Level of Evidence5 Laryngoscope, 124:2579–2582, 2014
A Deviant Art: Tattoo‐Related Stigma in an Era of Commodification
Authors: Larsen Gretchen , Patterson Maurice , Markham Lucy 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn Western society, tattoos have historically signified deviance and those who were tattooed were often stigmatized as a result. Extant research examines the nature of stigma and identifies a number of stigma management strategies adopted by people with tattoos. However, this research was conducted at a time when tattoo art was largely confined to particular groups and members of society. In recent years tattooing has transformed dramatically, such that the practice has become commodified and embedded in everyday production and consumption practices. Consequently, our study examines the changing nature of tattoo‐related stigma, and the subsequent impact this has had on the strategies employed by consumers to manage this stigma. Emerging stigma management strategies are identified and discussed within the context of an emergent stigma, the “stigma of the commodity.”
Performance of a new low‐cost laser disdrometer with rainfall intensity correction in heavy rainfall
Authors: Minda Haruya , Makino Tomoya , Tsuda Norio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecently, a new low‐cost disposable laser disdrometer with the capacity for hydrometeor imaging was proposed by the authors. The laser disdrometer has the drawback of detecting false raindrops, which are splashed droplets and pooled water drops on the housing. Actual raindrops can be sorted from false raindrops by their different fall speeds, but the large size and slow falling speed of false raindrops induce significant observational dead time, affecting the raindrop capture rate and the number density of the raindrops. The ratio between the actual number of raindrops and the total number of drops including the false raindrops provides a reasonable rain intensity correction. This report describes the performance of a laser disdrometer with rain intensity correction in heavy rainfall. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oxidative stress modulation by Rosmarinus officinalis in creosote‐induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: El‐Demerdash Fatma M. , Abbady Ehab A. , Baghdadi Hoda H. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTCoal tar is a significant product generated from coal pyrolysis. Coal tar can be utilized as raw materials for various industries. It is also a type of raw material from which phenols, naphthalenes, and anthracene can be extracted. The present study was designed to investigate the possibility of coal tar creosote to induce oxidative stress and biochemical perturbations in rat liver and the role of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in ameliorating its toxic effects. Male Wister Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven each, group I served as control; group II treated with rosemary (10 mL of water extract/kg BW for 21 days), group III received coal tar creosote (200 mg/4 mL olive oil/kg BW for 3 days), and group IV treated with both rosemary and coal tar creosote. The administration of coal tar creosote significantly caused elevation in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduction in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST). A significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content was also observed. Liver aminotransferases aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)] and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) were significantly decreased while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased. Rosemary pretreatment to coal tar creosote‐treated rats decreased LPO level and normalized GPx, GR, SOD, CAT, and GST activities, while GSH content was increased. Also, liver AST, ALT, AlP, and LDH were maintained near normal level due to rosemary treatment. In conclusion, rosemary has beneficial effects and could be able to antagonize coal tar creosote toxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 85–92, 2016.
A 2000-yr reconstruction of air temperature in the Great Basin of the United States with specific reference to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly
Authors: Reinemann Scott A. , Porinchu David F. , MacDonald Glen M. , Mark Bryan G. , DeGrand James Q. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA sediment core representing the past two millennia was recovered from Stella Lake in the Snake Range of the central Great Basin in Nevada. The core was analyzed for sub-fossil chironomids and sediment organic content. A quantitative reconstruction of mean July air temperature (MJAT) was developed using a regional training set and a chironomid-based WA-PLS inference model (r2jack= 0.55, RMSEP = 0.9°C). The chironomid-based MJAT reconstruction suggests that the interval between AD 900 and AD 1300, corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), was characterized by MJAT elevated 1.0°C above the subsequent Little Ice Age (LIA), but likely not as warm as recent conditions. Comparison of the Stella Lake temperature reconstruction to previously published paleoclimate records from this region indicates that the temperature fluctuations inferred to have occurred at Stella Lake between AD 900 and AD 1300 correspond to regional records documenting hydroclimate variability during the MCA interval. The Stella Lake record provides evidence that elevated summer temperature contributed to the increased aridity that characterized the western United States during the MCA.
Gemcitabine/5-flourouracil/leucovorin for the treatment of advanced pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Malayeri Reza , Ghassemboland Mehrdad , Ranjpoor Faraz , Maadi Abdolreza 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The response rate and median survival with gemcitabine monotherapy, al-though considered the standard treatment for inoperable and metastatic pancreatic cancer, is relatively poor. We tested the efficacy and toxicity of a chemotherapy protocol consisting of gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin in patients with inoperable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, which was shown to improve median survival in a small phase II trial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
patients older than 18 years of age with histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and bidimensionally measurable disease, and who were chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-naive, were treated with a chemotherapy protocol consisting of gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 on day 1, 5-FU 450 mg/m2 and leucovorin 1 00 mg/m2 on days 1 -3. The treatment was repeated every 2 weeks.

RESULTS:
In an-intention-to-treat analysis, of 37 patients with pancreatic cancer (27 males, 10 females) (67.6% stage IVb) there were 7 (18.9%) objective partial responses (95% confidence interval, 8.33% to 29), 14 (37.8%) patients had stable disease and 16 (43.2%) had progressive disease. The median response time was 3 months (range, 1.5 to 7.0 months). Median overall survival time was 6.5 months (range, 1.0 to 15.5 months). The response to chemotherapy was not different between males and females (P=.971). No grade III/IV toxicities were seen.

CONCLUSION:
Despite our poor survival data, the combination of gemcitabine with 5-FU and leucovorin is an active and well-tolerated regimen in patients with pancreatic cancer that merits further evaluation in prospective randomized studies. This combination may be considered a valuable alternative to gemcitabine alone.