bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Man's use of birch—past and present
Authors: Lines Roger 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisMan has found a diversity of uses for birch at least since Mesolithic times. In the mediaeval period, it was used for all kinds of domestic and agricultural purposes and it is remarkable how early its beneficial effects in silviculture were appreciated. Similarly, its amenity value has been appreciated for centuries in the rural scene and today it is employed in urban improvement too. Its importance for fuel and charcoal goes back into the distant past. Its bark is unique, with a range of end products from trinket boxes in northern Europe to large canoes in Canada. The trade in birch products is very large in eastern North America, while in Finland the plywood industry is also important. Birch will continue to play a significant role in British Forestry, both as a nurse species and as the main amenity species for poor and exposed sites.
The seaweed potential of Orkney waters
Authors: Johnston C. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisMarine resources, including seaweeds, have always played an important role in the history of the Orkney Islands, particularly over the period of the ‘kelp’ industry between 1719 and the 1930s. Recent studies confirm the presence of major sub-tidal seaweed forests dominated by the brown seaweed Laminaria hyperborea.In this paper, consideration is given to the possible revitalisation of the seaweed industry in Orkney, involving major developments of both harvesting and processing technology. This is seen as a logical component of an integrated inshore marine resource management strategy for the Islands.
Development of mass blooms of photosynthetic bacteria on sheltered beaches in Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands
Authors: Herbert R. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisMass blooms of purple sulphur bacteria belonging to the generaThiocapsaandChromatium(> 108viable cells/g dry wt sediment) develop in localised areas at the sand/air interface on a number of sheltered beaches in Scapa Flow each summer. These anaerobic bacteria grow phototrophically using H2S as e−donor and develop in association with other groups of phototrophic and heterotrophic bacteria. Oxygen consumption by the heterotrophs is greater than O2production by the algae and diffusion from the surface and this rapidly leads to anaerobic conditions in the sub-surface sediments (0–10 mm depth). Under these conditions, significant populations of sulphate reducing bacteria develop (circa 105viable cells/g dry wt sediment) and reduce SO2−/4 to S2−during the anaerobic oxidation of low molecular weight organic substrates. Sulphide generated in this process is used as the e−donor in photosynthesis by the purple sulphur bacteria and in turn is re-oxidised to SO2−/4. Sulphate reduction is dependent upon the availability of oxidisable low molecular organic substrates which are produced, as metabolic end-products, during the microbial decomposition of algal detritus. Blooms ofThiocapsaandChromatiumspp. were most pronounced on beaches such as Scapa, Waulkmill and Swanbister, which in localised areas, have high total organic carbon contents (5–12% w/w). The factors regulating the development of these localised mass developments of anaerobic phototrophic bacteria in apparently aerobic environments are discussed.
Seals in Orkney
Authors: McConnell Bernie 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisGrey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and common seals (Phoca vitulina) both occur in Orcadian waters. In previous centuries they formed an important resource for both domestic use and export.Annual grey seal pup production has more than doubled since 1964. Productivity on individual islands is influenced by human activity. Total population size is estimated to have risen from around 10,000 in 1964 to around 20,000 in 1982 despite a management policy of culling originally intended to stop population growth. Grey seals tagged in Orkney have been recovered around most parts of the North Sea, Norway, the Faeroes and south to Ireland.Considerably less is known about the biology of common seals in Orkney. A boat survey in 1979 counted 2653 adults and 420 pups.
Marine pollution in Orkney
Authors: Davies I. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper briefly reviews the legal framework of pollution control in Orkney, and discusses the occurrence of the main categories of contaminants there.There is no indication of elevated concentrations of organohalogen compounds in Orkney shellfish. The main potential source of hydrocarbon contamination is thoroughly monitored, and no major adverse effect has been noted.High concentrations (up to 62 μg/g wet wt) of cadmium occur in edible crab hepatopancreas from Orkney, Shetland and surrounding areas. A consideration of cadmium concentrations in a range of species suggests a regional geochemical anomaly for cadmium, affecting biota perhaps through solid phases.
The contribution of the Scottish Central Institutions to food studies
Authors: Richardson G. A. , Anderton A. , Chalmers R. J. , Cochran S. , Letton P. , Macritchie C. A. , Pepper A. W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper looks at the contribution made by the Central Institutions sector in general, and The Queen's College, Glasgow in particular, to the teaching of food studies and the development of related research in Scotland. It traces briefly the developments in food studies over the last 100 years in home economics, dietetics and catering and discusses current concepts in food studies in these disciplines.The food studies teaching that now forms an integral part of the work of students on higher diploma, degree and postgraduate courses continues to develop due to the growth of staff research investigations and student project work. An important research tradition is being established in the Central Institutions and of particular note is the impressive number of research projects related to food studies.Course syllabuses are constantly being reviewed and updated in the light of recent developments and changes in society, industry, technology and research. The work at The Queen's College, Glasgow is an example of the developments in food studies at other Central Institutions and illustrates the commitment to the continued development of vocational courses by this sector of education.
Fish processing
Authors: Hardy R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper gives a brief description of the United Kingdom's fish processing industry and possible future trends. Although the consumption offish in the United Kingdom is relatively modest, about 100 species are used to satisfy this demand. Processing such a diverse resource is difficult and this is exacerbated by uncertainties of supply, seasonal quality fluctuations and the rapid spoilage changes that occur when fish are kept at ambient temperatures.The food market is highly competitive, which means that processors must make the best possible use of the resource to reduce costs and yet stimulate demand by improving the end product. This is often difficult to do using traditional practices, and so the industry has had to develop novel processing methods to make both conventional products and new ones that will stimulate demand. In the past the specialist retailer, the fishmonger, could be depended upon not only to encourage the purchase of fish but also to provide the finishing touches and to give some instruction on how to cook it. Stimulation of interest and assistance cannot be given so readily in retailing through supermarkets, and so the processor has had to give more attention to presentation, packaging and ensuring that the product can be cooked with little further preparation.
Geology of the Hebridean margin of the Rockall Trough
Authors: Jones E. J. W. , Perry R. G. , Wild J. L. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe geological structure and history of the Rockall Trough margin to the west of the Outer Hebrides (57°N-59°N) has been inferred from the analysis of bottom samples, seismic, sonar, magnetic, satellite altimeter and surface-ship gravity observations. Much of the continental shelf consists of a shallow platform of Precambrian Lewisian basement, covered by a thin (<300m) blanket of Cenozoic sediments. Apart from areas near the shelf break and immediately west of Lewis, the basement has not undergone the large-scale subsidence typical of many regions adjacent to the Rockall Trough. Beneath the outer shelf, the Lewisian dips steeply towards the deeper water and is covered by a westwardthickening succession (>3km) of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments.The eastern margin of the Rockall Trough appears to have been well established as a site of deposition by the end of the Triassic. Further subsidence occurred during the late Jurassic and continued into the Cretaceous when the axial province of the Rockall Trough off the Hebrides was invaded by basic volcanic material. Subsequently, the region was profoundly affected by early Cenozoic igneous activity. The long-term buoyancy of the Lewisian basement under the Outer Hebridean platform and early-formed structural discontinuities within it have influenced the overall pattern of sediment accumulation and the distribution of volcanic activity along the margin. During the later stages of deposition, sedimentation was closely controlled by the presence of early Cenozoic volcanics, by bottom currents and by glacial processes.
Distribution of morphogroups of Recent agglutinating Foraminifera in the Rockall Trough—a synopsis
Authors: Jones R. W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe basic premise that foraminiferal test morphology is related to function, in this case life position and feeding strategy, and thus indirectly to habitat, is detailed in Jones & Charnock (in press). The following account is based on that work but is in the form of a summary since a detailed description will be published elsewhere. The information used in this paper is from Pearce (1980) who examined Foraminifera in semi-quantitative multiple cores collected in a series of transects running approximately perpendicular to the axis of the Rockall Trough. The Foraminifera were from the surface sections, 0-2 cm, of the cores.
A review of the ecology of the deep-water pelagic fauna of the Rockall Trough
Authors: Mauchline J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisA brief historical account of the early faunal investigations is given. Modern studies concentrate on qualitative and quantitative description and interpretation of the processes taking place within the Rockall Trough. Demographic analyses are feasible on a variety of species allowing estimation of growth and production rates. The pelagic fauna impinges on the benthopelagic environments of the slope regions of the Trough. There it is predated by populations of demersal fish. Advection of fauna takes place to the north and northeast, probably primarily in the slope current.
Some aspects of the sediment chemistry of Sullom Voe, Shetland
Authors: Stanley S. O. , Grantham B. E. , Leftley J. W. , Robertson N. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisDeterminations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the water overlying the sediments, of sedimentation rates, and of redox values, acidity, dissolved sulphide, carbon, nitrogen and cellulose values at different levels in the sediments themselves have been carried out in various parts of Sullom Voe. The effects of oxygen depletion following intermittent stagnation of the bottom water in the inner basin on carbon cycling in the sediments are discussed and contrasted with the chemistry of oxygen-rich sediments elsewhere in the voe.
Some observations on the distribution of heavy metals in Sullom Voe
Authors: Coackley P. , Bache D. H. , Smith P. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisData is presented to provide a baseline for assessing heavy metal pollution in Sullom Voe.Procedures are described for the measurement of concentrations of zinc, chromium, copper, lead, cadmium and nickel in sediment samples and in specimens of Modiolus modiolus (L.).Analysis showed that the concentration values in Modiolus were similar to those measured in specimens obtained from the Irish Sea.In the sediment samples, it appeared that the distribution of metals was independent of the concentration and type of metal. The distribution of the metals which were analysed also showed significant dependence on the sediment composition.
Problems in ecological monitoring in Port Valdez, Alaska
Authors: Cowell E. B. , Monk D. C. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe technical and scientific problems of ecological monitoring at Port Valdez, Alaska are discussed. Particular attention is given to the problems created by lack of understanding of the processes of the Alaskan Rocky Shore ecosystem and the paucity of data on the natural stresses controlling temporal and spatial variation in populations. In addition, taxonomic difficulties, particularly in the littoral macroalgae, further compound survey problems.The paper suggests some possible approaches that could be applied and is illustrated by data taken on baseline surveys made in 1977. Particular attention is given to unexpected age size distributions in the limpet Collisella pelta.
Mutations, apical cells, and vegetative reproduction
Authors: Klekowski Edward J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe fixation or loss of somatic mutations is considered in terms of apical initials and apical meristem organisation. Two general kinds of apical meristems are mathematically modelled: structured and stochastic. Structured apices have permanent apical initials whereas stochastic apices are more dynamic systems with apical initials randomly selected from an apical cell pool. With regard to neutral or completely recessive mutations, the probabilities of fixation or loss of mutations are identical for both structured and stochastic apices. For mutations which have a disadvantageous effect in heterozygous cells, diplontic selection occurs. In such cases, stochastic apices are purged of mutations more effectively than structured apices.The majority of ferns have highly structured apices based upon single apical cells. Since such apices are the least able to be purged of disadvantages mutations, mutational load may be a significant aspect of the biology of these plants. Ferns that exhibit primarily asexual reproduction (either apogamy or vegetative reproduction) may also exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium between loci due to mutation.
Towards an appreciation of fern edaphic niche requirements
Authors: Petersen Raymond L. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis assessment of selected literature on pteridophyte edaphic adaptation is presented in three parts: (1) pH and general soil nutrient background, (2) growth responses to specific inorganic ions and frond mineral content, and (3) collected works onPteridium aquilinumedaphic adaptations. In this report, a case is made for the overriding effect of both soil pH and inorganic ion content in determining pteridophyte occurrence. Recommendations are made for more field and laboratory co-ordinated studies, especially as they pertain to the determination of species-specific amplitudes of adaptation, and for the initiation of physiological and metabolic investigations into the basis of these edaphic adaptations.
Advances in Chinese research on Azolla
Authors: Lumpkin Thomas A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe aquatic fern Azolla has a symbiotic relationship with an N2-fixing cyanobacterium. Fanners in China and Vietnam have used Azolla for centuries as a green manure for rice and as fodder for pigs, ducks and fish. Chinese researchers have been studying Azolla since the early 1950's but many of their achievements are unknown outside China because of language and other communication problems. This article reviews current Chinese Azolla research and focuses on the impact of newly introduced Azolla species in the areas of field application, use of spores, and isolation of the N2-fixing symbiont.
Solar-powered N2fixation in ferns: theAzolla-Anabaenasymbioses
Authors: Peters G. A. , Kaplan D. , Calvert H. E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe heterosporous aquatic ferns in the genusAzollacontain a heterocystous cyanobacterium,Anabaena azollae, as a symbiont. TheAnabaenaoccupies cavities formed in the aerial dorsal leaf lobes of the ferns and can provide the symbiotic associations with their total N requirement via the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The photosynthetic pigments of the fern and cyanobacterium are complementary. Photosynthesis is of course the source of energy for growth and the ultimate source of the ATP and reductant required for N2fixation in the light or dark. However, nitrogen fixation is maximal in the light and the phycobili-proteins of theAnabaenaare as effective as its chlorophyll in driving this photosystem I-linked process.The partners exhibit a coordinated pattern of development with theAzollaexerting a control over theAnabaena, affecting both its metabolism and differentiation.Anabaenafilaments associated with the fern apices lack heterocysts. As cavities are formed and occupied by theAnabaena, it differentiates a high proportion of heterocysts and exhibits nitrogenase activity. In mature cavities, theAnabaenareceives fixed carbon from theAzollaand releases fixed N2as ammonium. The ammonium is assimilated and/or transported by theAzollatoward its stem apices. Special epidermal cavity trichomes, which are intimately associated with theAnabaenaat all stages in the ontogeny of the association, may facilitate metabolite exchange between the fern and cyanobacterium.
Speciation in relation to edaphic factors in theAsplenium adiantum-nigrumgroup
Authors: Sleep Anne 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAn unusual form ofAsplenium adiantum-nigrumfrom Scottish and European serpentine sites has been grown for several years under uniform conditions of culture alongsideA. adiantum-nigrumof nonserpentine origin, and has been found to retain its characteristic features. The morphological distinctiveness of both types, apparent in juvenile as well as adult plants, has been maintained through successive generations.Transplant experiments were carried out in order to determine whether serpentine and non-serpentine plants differed also in their physiological response to soil factors. The results suggest that serpentine soils are unfavourable to the growth of non-serpentine A.adiantum-nigrum, particularly at germination and during the early development of the sporophyte. Soil analysis data are presented and briefly discussed.The experimental evidence presented here, combined with the constancy of the diagnostic differences leading to ease of recognition of the serpentine forms at all ages, suggests that evolution leading to the establishment of ecologically adapted divergent strains is actively in progress.
Factors limiting the contribution of pteridophytes to a local flora
Authors: Grime J. P. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisA vegetation survey comprising all major habitats has been used to examine the ecological range of pteridophytes in an area of varied geology, climate and land-use in northern England.Pteridophytes occur most commonly in coniferous plantations, scrub, cliffs and acidic woodlands and are also frequent in broadleaved plantations, in unshaded mire and on walls and river banks. In marked contrast to the herbaceous angiosperms of the region, pteridophytes have failed to exploit habitats subject to high intensities of disturbance (e.g. arable fields, spoiled land, paths) and are relatively unsuccessful in herbaceous vegetation experiencing moderate intensities of orderly disturbance (pastures, meadows, road verges).Strategy concepts have been applied to compare the range of ecological specialisation displayed by the pteridophytes with that of the herbaceous angiosperms within the area of study. It is concluded that the contribution of pteridophytes is restricted by the absence of ephemeral and vernal life-forms, the scarcity of shoot systems resilient under defoliation, the low relative-growth rates of many species and the susceptibility of gametophytes, and young sporophytes to competition from herbaceous angiosperms and to submergence by leaf litter from deciduous trees. Whilst some of these features are of recent importance in that increasingly they limit the capacity to survive current changes in land-use, others appear to have restricted the ecological amplitude of the Pteridophyta throughout their history.
Epilogue—pteridophyte biology: the biology of the amphibians of the plant world
Authors: Page C. N. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisIt is proposed that the Pteridophyta are in many ways the plant kingdom's equivalent of the Amphibia. The biology of these two groups is compared from points which have arisen in this Symposium on the Biology of Pteridophytes. Some areas of possible future development in pteridophyte biology are then suggested.
Composition and formation of flame cell caps: A substratum for the attachment of micro-organisms to sea horse epidermis
Authors: Bereiter-Hahn J. , Richards K. S. , Elsner L. , Voth M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe epidermis of the sea horseHippocampus kudais characterised by flame cone cells, each of which protrudes 20-40 μm above the surface and is covered by a prominent mucous cap. Unlike normal surface cells, the mucoid caps can support epiphytic microbial growth.Histochemically the mucous cap is a neutral mucopolysaccharide-protein complex possessing 1,2 glycol groups and SH-groups; acid mucopolysaccharides are absent. The acid mucopolysaccharide glycocalyx of unmodified surface cells is absent from the mucous cap surface.Ultrastructurally two types of vesicle can be distinguished in flame cells. Type I is oval (0·3 × 0·6 um) with contents of medium electron density and occurs principally in mature flame cells. Type II, seen only in developing cells, is spherical (0·4 μm) and contains rod-like subunits characteristic of the cap mucous. Secretion is mediated by channels formed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Unmodified surface cells also secrete their vesicular contents, which resemble the Type I vesicles of flame cells and are similar to the goblet mucous vesicles of other fish, through similar channels.Flame cell mucous caps, by virtue of their histochemistry, possible provide a suitable substratum for the adhesion and growth of epiphytes which in turn may afford protection against cnidarian nematocysts.
Mouthparts of ectoparasites and host damage
Authors: Smith H. V. , Titchener R. N. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisPhotographs were displayed of the mouthparts of some important arthropod parasites of British livestock as viewed with a scanning electron microscope. Ectoparasites included in the demonstration were Damalinia ovis, the body louse of sheep; Haematopinus eurysternus, the short-nosed cattle louse; Ceratophyllus gallinae, the hen flea; Melophagus ovinus, the sheep ked and Ixodes ricinus, the sheep tick. Photographs of livestock infested with these parasites were also displayed.