bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azo Monomers Exhibiting Low Layer Shrinkage at the SmA–SmC Transition and trans–cis Light‐Induced Isomerization
Authors: García Tonatiuh , Larios‐López Leticia , Rodríguez‐González Rosa Julia , Torres‐Lubián José Román , Navarro‐Rodríguez Dámaso 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMethacrylic monomers containing a (phenylene)azobenzene unit substituted with a lateral cyano group and alkyl chains of different length are synthesized and characterized by NMR techniques. Their liquid‐crystalline properties are studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. All monomers exhibit a mesomorphic behavior that extends over wide temperature ranges with nematic and orthogonal or tilted smectic‐type mesophases, depending on the length of the terminal chain. The smectic structures are determined to be single‐layered with a low layer shrinkage (<5 %) at the SmA–SmC transition. This atypical behavior is attributed to the combination of a high smectic order promoted by both π–π and bond dipole–bond dipole interactions between cyano‐substituted central cores, and a low correlation between neighboring layers arising from dispersive forces between the end groups (methacrylic group and alkyl chain) of the monomer. On the other hand, the trans–cis isomerization of monomers is induced in solution by irradiating with a UV lamp. High cis‐isomer contents (≥96 %) are obtained at the photostationary state, which is reached in a relatively short time (40 s).
Iron Complex with Ionic Tag‐Catalyzed Olefin Reduction under Oxidative Conditions—A Different Reaction for Iron
Authors: Santos Marcelo R. dos , Gomes Alexandre F. , Gozzo Fabio C. , Suarez Paulo A. Z. , Neto Brenno A. D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn iron(III) complex with ionic tags was applied to the reduction of alkenes in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) under oxidative conditions. The catalyst is very efficient to promote reactions of biomass derivatives. At least ten recycling reactions were performed without any loss of catalytic activity. Some important mechanistic insights for this new reaction are also provided based mostly on electrospray ionization quadrupole‐time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QTOF‐MS).
Growth of Indium Oxide and Zinc‐Doped Indium Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: Karn Ashish , Kumar Mukesh , Singh Vidyanand N. , Mehta Bodh R. , Aravindan Sivanantham , Singh Jitendra P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe growth of zinc‐doped indium oxide nanostructures, from mesocontainers to nanowires, by thermal vapor transport of an In2O3 + ZnO mixed precursor at a temperature of 960°C under a flow of argon gas mixed with ethanol vapors (reducing environment) and water vapors (oxidizing environment) is reported. The evolution of mesocontainers is systematically studied as a function of growth time by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and local energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Interestingly, the initial growth is found to be dominated by the formation of ZnO nanocrystallites, followed by the formation of ZnO beaded cable‐like structures, and finally nucleation of Zn‐doped indium oxide mesocontainer structures at the end of ZnO beaded cable‐like structures. These Zn‐doped IO mesocontainers appear to have regular crystalline facets with pyramidal holes. The growth and morphological evolution of such structures are discussed in terms of the competitive growth of Zn/In oxides through a bottom‐up vapor‐solid (VS) mechanism. Surprisingly, a mere change of growth environment from reducing to oxidizing (or inert) results in the growth of In2O3‐ZnO nanowires (or nanorods). This study gives an insight into the growth of In2O3‐ZnO ternary oxide nanostructures which may have potential application in next generation flexible optoelectronic devices.
Development and evolution of caste dimorphism in honeybees – a modeling approach
Authors: Leimar Olof , Hartfelder Klaus , Laubichler Manfred D. , Page Robert E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe difference in phenotypes of queens and workers is a hallmark of the highly eusocial insects. The caste dimorphism is often described as a switch‐controlled polyphenism, in which environmental conditions decide an individual's caste. Using theoretical modeling and empirical data from honeybees, we show that there is no discrete larval developmental switch. Instead, a combination of larval developmental plasticity and nurse worker feeding behavior make up a colony‐level social and physiological system that regulates development and produces the caste dimorphism. Discrete queen and worker phenotypes are the result of discrete feeding regimes imposed by nurses, whereas a range of experimental feeding regimes produces a continuous range of phenotypes. Worker ovariole numbers are reduced through feeding‐regime‐mediated reduction in juvenile hormone titers, involving reduced sugar in the larval food. Based on the mechanisms identified in our analysis, we propose a scenario of the evolutionary history of honeybee development and feeding regimes.
Analysis of the population structure ofMacrolophus pygmaeus(Rambur) (Hemiptera: Miridae) in the Palaearctic region using microsatellite markers
Authors: Sanchez Juan Antonio , Spina Michelangelo La , Perera Omaththage P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMacrolophus pygmaeus(Rambur) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is widely distributed throughout the Palaearctic region. The aim was to explain the current geographic distribution of the species by investigating its genetic population structure. Samples ofM. pygmaeuswere collected in 15 localities through its range of distribution. A sample from a commercial producer was also analyzed. A total of 367 M. pygmaeuswere genotyped for nine microsatellite loci. Isolation by distance was tested by Mantel's test. The molecular structure ofM. pygmaeuspopulations was inferred byUPGMA,AMOVA, Principal component and Bayesian analyses. The average number of alleles per locus per population was 5.5 (range: 3.1–7.8). Istanbul (Turkey) and Nimes (France) had the lowest (0.291) and the highest (0.626) expected heterozygosity (He), respectively. There was an increase inHefrom the Canary Islands to Nimes, and a progressive decrease thereafter. A significant negative correlation was found between allelic richness andHe, and the distance of each population to the easternmost locality (Canary Islands). Significant linkage disequilibrium was observed in the populations from Turkey.FST(0.004–0.334) indicated a high population differentiation, with isolation by distance supported by a high correlation. Bayesian analyses,PCA, andUPGMApointed to three main clusters: (1) Greece and Turkey, (2) Italy and France, and (3) southern Iberia and the Canary Islands. The recent evolutionary history ofM. pygmaeusis inferred from the data as follows: (1) the reduction in the geographic distribution of the species to the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas, and possibly southern France, during glaciations and re‐colonization of northern Europe from its southern refuges; (2) the maintenance of high diversity in Iberia and Italy (and possibly southern France) during contraction periods, and bottlenecks in the Balkans; (3) introgression of the Italian–French lineage in northern Spain, naturally or through trade.
Direct Preparation of Trifluoromethylindium Reagents from Trifluoromethyl Iodide: Effective Trifluoromethylation and Perfluoroalkylation Reagents
Authors: Fujiu Motohiro , Nakamura Yuzo , Serizawa Hiroki , Aikawa Kohsuke , Ito Shigekazu , Mikami Koichi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe direct synthesis of trifluoromethylindium reagents prepared from trifluoromethyl iodide by using just one equivalent each of indium, lithium chloride or sodium iodide, and ferrocene is reported. The weak In···F interaction is suitable to prepare stable but nucleophilic perfluoroalkyl reagents, which were successfully employed in the perfluoroalkylation of aldehydes. Notably, the nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of various aldehydes took place with trifluoromethyl iodide by utilizing just one equivalent each of indium, lithium chloride, and ferrocene.
Highly Efficient Construction of Trifluoromethylated Heterocycles; [3+2] Annulation of N,N′‐Cyclic or C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines with Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Electron‐Deficient Olefins
Authors: Wang De , Deng Hong‐Ping , Wei Yin , Xu Qin , Shi Min 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA highly regio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of pyrazolidine analogues by the use of N,N′‐cyclic or C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines with two different trifluoromethyl‐containing olefins has been developed. The method affords highly functionalized trifluoromethyl‐containing pyrazolidine analogues in excellent yields with high diastereoselectivities under mild conditions.
Automatically activated facets of ageism: Masked evaluative priming allows for a differentiation of age‐related prejudice
Authors: de Paula Couto Maria Clara Pinheiro , Wentura Dirk 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study investigated the automatic activation of ageism by using a go/no‐go version of the masked evaluative priming task. Pictures of younger persons, of older persons in everyday contexts, and of older persons depicting age‐related conditions of decline were used as masked primes that preceded positive and negative target adjectives conveying either other‐relevant valence (e.g., just and mean) or possessor‐relevant valence (e.g., serene and lonely). The evaluative priming effect (denoting relative negativity of old‐everyday primes in comparison with younger primes) was significant, as hypothesized, only for possessor‐relevant targets. It was not moderated by explicit ageism. A second priming index (denoting relative negativity of old‐decline primes in comparison with old‐everyday primes) predicted, however, explicit ageism. Again, this result was, as expected, constrained to the index based on possessor‐relevant targets. This study provides further evidence that prejudice in terms of automatic evaluations of social stimuli can be more fine grained beyond a mere one‐dimensional positive–negative differentiation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulatory T‐lymphocytes mediate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression and survival
Authors: Henkel Jenny S. , Beers David R. , Wen Shixiang , Rivera Andreana L. , Toennis Karen M. , Appel Joan E. , Zhao Weihua , Moore Dan H. , Powell Suzanne Z. , Appel Stanley H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice, regulatory T‐lymphocytes (Tregs) are neuroprotective, slowing disease progression. To address whether Tregs and FoxP3, a transcription factor required for Treg function, similarly influence progression rates of ALS patients, T‐lymphocytes from patients were assessed by flow cytometry. Both numbers of Tregs and their FoxP3 protein expressions were reduced in rapidly progressing ALS patients and inversely correlated with progression rates. The mRNA levels of FoxP3, TGF‐β, IL4 and Gata3, a Th2 transcription factor, were reduced in rapidly progressing patients and inversely correlated with progression rates. Both FoxP3 and Gata3 were accurate indicators of progression rates. No differences in IL10, Tbx21, a Th1 transcription factor or IFN‐γ expression were found between slow and rapidly progressing patients. A 3.5‐year prospective study with a second larger cohort revealed that early reduced FoxP3 levels were indicative of progression rates at collection and predictive of future rapid progression and attenuated survival. Collectively, these data suggest that Tregs and Th2 lymphocytes influence disease progression rates. Importantly, early reduced FoxP3 levels could be used to identify rapidly progressing patients.
Alignment of stone‐pavement clasts by unconcentrated overland flow – implications of numerical and physical modelling
Authors: Dietze Michael , Groth Juliane , Kleber Arno 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe crucial role of stone pavements in arid environments for aeolian or alluvial processes and as numerical dating tools is increasingly acknowledged. This role is based on the assumption that stone pavements are stable landforms, formed gradually over time and predominantly by vertical processes. However, this is challenged by evidence of stone‐pavement clast reworking or burial. Bimodal, mostly slope aspect‐symmetrical clast orientation is a frequent phenomenon in various study areas. It implies that stone pavements may be influenced by unidirectional lateral processes besides vertical ones.Here, the finding of lateral processes contributing to stone‐pavement evolution is supported by numerical modelling and physical experiments. These unequivocally show that unconcentrated overland flow can transport clasts to form a closely packed stone mosaic with characteristics similar to those of natural stone pavements. The commonly observed length‐axes orientation angle of 40 ± 14° for natural stone‐pavement clasts is consistently reproduced by angle‐dependent force equilibrium. Monte Carlo runs confirm the natural scatter and allow characterization of the control parameters of clast orientation. The model explains up to 70% of the natural variance. It is further validated by flume experiments, which confirm model predictions of single object orientation angles. Experiments with multiple objects yield artificial stone pavements with properties similar to those found in the field.The unidirectional lateral process acting on natural stone pavements requires the presence of a vesicular horizon. This underlines the tight genetic coupling of this common epipedon feature and the clast cover. The presented findings highlight the role of stone pavements as process and environment proxies. However, stone pavements represent information since the last surface disturbance only. This has to be considered when using them as age indicators. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Characteristics and Performance of Platinum Nanoparticles Supported by Vulcan/Polyaniline for Oxygen Reduction in PEMFC
Authors: Kakaei K. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe report a Pt/Vulcan carbon–polyaniline (VC–PANI) catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This electrocatalyst was prepared from Pt nanoparticles supported by a VC–PANI composite substrate. Electrochemical performance was measured using potentiostat/galvanostats technique and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) test station. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were characterized using linear sweep voltammetry, AC impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry. Electrochemical characterization by hydrogen adsorption/desorption cyclic voltammetry and CO stripping voltammetry indicates that the electrochemical active surface areas of the Pt/VC–PANI are comparable to the commercial catalyst. The performance of the Pt/VC–PANI and Pt/C(E‐TEK) + PANI electrocatalysts were found to be 1.82 and 1.33 times higher than of the Pt/C(E‐TEK) electrode. The surface morphologies of the electrodes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PANI has a fibrous structure and the improved performance was attributed to the PANI effect and synergistic effects between the carbon Vulcan and the PANI fiber. These results indicate that Pt/VC–PANI is a promising catalyst for the ORR in PEMFCs using an H2/O2 feed.
Origin of Space Charge in Grain Boundaries of Proton‐Conducting BaZrO3
Authors: Helgee E. E. , Lindman A. , Wahnström G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSegregation energies of oxygen vacancies and protons near three symmetric tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in BaZrO3 are determined using density functional theory. Two of the GBs have the [$ \overline 1 $10] direction as tilt axis with a (111) or (112) plane as GB plane, while the third has the [001] direction as tilt axis and a (210) plane as GB plane. Both defects are found to segregate to all three GBs, with vacancy segregation energies of –0.5 and –1.5 eV and proton segregation energies of about –0.8 eV. The effects of the calculated segregation energies on defect concentrations and electrostatic potential in the GB region are investigated using a thermodynamic space charge model. An increased concentration of defects is seen in all GBs, giving electrostatic potential barriers around 0.6 V at 400–600 K. Protons are found to give important contributions to the space charge in all three GBs.
Efficient Anchorage of Palladium Nanoparticles on the Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrocatalyst for the Hydrazine Electrooxidation in Strong Acidic Solutions
Authors: Liang Y. , Wu K. , Ge C. , Zhou Y. , Chen Y. , Tang Y. , Lu T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA facile homogeneous precipitation–reduction reaction method, which involves PdCl2 → PdO · H2O → Pd0 reaction path, is used to synthesize the multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) supported Pd nanoparticles (Pd/MWCNTs) catalysts. The particle size of Pd/MWCNTs catalysts can be easily tuned by controlling the hydrolysis temperature of PdCl2. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements show the particle size of Pd/MWCNTs catalysts increases with hydrolysis temperature of PdCl2, which is ascribed to the fact that the particle size of PdO · H2O nanoparticles increases with hydrolysis temperature of PdCl2. At the lower hydrolysis temperature, the as‐prepared Pd/MWCNTs catalyst possesses the higher dispersion and the smaller particle size. Consequently, the resultant Pd/MWCNTs catalyst exhibits the big electrochemical active surface area and the excellent electrocatalytic performance for hydrazine electrooxidation in strong acidic solutions. In addition, the electrochemical measurement indicate that particle size effect of Pd‐NPs occurs during the N2H4 electrooxidation. In brief, the mass activity and specific activity of the Pd/MWCNTs catalyst increases and decreases with decreasing the particle size of Pd‐NPs for the N2H4 electrooxidation, respectively.
Chromosome abnormalities in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas: analysis of 231 Chinese patients
Authors: Zhao Xiaoli , Fan Rong , Lin Guowei , Wang Xiaoqin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGenome instability is a hallmark of cancer. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with high levels of chromosomal aberrations. The purpose of this study was to characterize chromosomal aberrations in Chinese DLBCL patients and to compare chromosomal abnormalities between germinal centre B‐cell‐like (GCB) and non‐GCB subgroups. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, G‐band cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry were performed in 231 cases of de novo DLBCL. We demonstrated that the rate of abnormal and complex karyotypes was 89.1% (139/156) and 92.8% (129/139), respectively. We found a total of 490 structural chromosomal aberrations, including 96 frequent and recurring structural alterations. Most importantly, we identified several rare or novel chromosomal alterations: eight gains (5, 13, 14q, 17, 19p, 20, 21p, Y), one loss (21) and three recurrent translocations [t(7;15)(q22;q22), t(3;20)(p24;q13.1), t(2;3)(q21;q25)]. Moreover, the frequent recurrent genomic imbalance between GCB and non‐GCB subgroups was different. Finally, we discovered two cases of concurrent IGH‐BCL6 and MYC rearrangements. The rate of abnormal karyotypes in DLBCL patients of Chinese descent was similar to that of Western countries, but some common karyotypes were different, as were the abnormal karyotypes of GCB and non‐GCB subgroups. Our discovery of rare and novel abnormal karyotypes may represent unique chromosomal alterations in Chinese DLBCL patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered local and systemic immune profiles underlie lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients
Authors: Zuckerman Neta S. , Yu HongXiang , Simons Diana L. , Bhattacharya Nupur , Carcamo‐Cavazos Valeria , Yan Ning , Dirbas Frederick M. , Johnson Denise L. , Schwartz Erich J. , Lee Peter P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCancer‐mediated immune dysfunction contributes to tumor progression and correlates with patient outcome. Metastasis to tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) is an important step in breast cancer progression and is used to predict patient outcome and survival. Although lymph nodes are important immune organs, the role of immune cells in TDLNs has not been thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized that the host immune response in node negative (NN) patients is more intact and thereby can resist tumor invasion compared to node positive (NP) patients. As such, lymph node metastasis requires breakdown of the host immune response in addition to escape of cancer cells from the tumor. To investigate the immunological differences between NN and NP breast cancer patients, we purified and profiled immune cells from the three major compartments where cancer and immune cells interact: tumor, TDLNs and peripheral blood. Significant down‐regulation of genes associated with immune‐related pathways and up‐regulation of genes associated with tumor‐promoting pathways was consistently observed in NP patients' TDLNs compared to NN patients. Importantly, these signatures were seen even in NP patients' tumor‐free TDLNs, suggesting that such immune changes are not driven solely by local tumor invasion. Furthermore, similar patterns were also observed in NP patients' tumor and blood immune cells, suggesting that immunological differences between NN and NP patients are systemic. Together, these findings suggest that alterations in overall immune function may underlie risk for LN metastasis in breast cancer patients.
Sol–gel‐derived bioactive glass containing SiO2–MgO–CaO–P2O5 as an antibacterial scaffold
Authors: Imani Fooladi Abbas Ali , Hosseini Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh , Hafezi Forough , Hosseinnejad Fatemeh , Nourani Mohammad Reza 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBioactive glass (BG) composites with a base of SiO2–Na2O–CaO–P2O5 are biocompatible biomaterials. The assessment of their abilities for medical applications has interested researchers. We produced a BG‐containing SiO2–MgO–CaO–P2O5 by the sol–gel method. To determine the antibacterial effects, we analyzed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) properties of this product on three microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known causative agents for biofilm formation on implant surfaces. In addition, we performed the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to study the cytotoxic effects of our composite on animal cells. Our results demonstrated that our BG product inhibited the growth of bacteria in a concentration‐dependent manner without any cytotoxic effects. Therefore, our BG product can be utilized as an appropriate implant for treating bone and tooth defects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.