bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RRAD Promotes EGFR-Mediated STAT3 Activation and Induces Temozolomide Resistance of Malignant Glioblastoma
Authors: Yeom Seon-Yong , Nam Do-Hyun , Park Chaehwa 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive brain cancer with a median survival of less than 2 years. GBM is characterized by abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinase and constitutively activated STAT3. Although EGFR phosphorylation and STAT3 activation are essential for the maintenance of GBM cancer stem cells, the molecular mechanism underlying endosome-mediated STAT3 activation is not fully understood. In the current study, we showed that GTP-binding protein RRAD (RAS associated with diabetes, RAD) physically associates with EGFR, and EEA1, enhancing the stability and endosome-associated nuclear translocation of EGFR. Functionally, RRAD contributes to the activation of STAT3 and expression of the stem cell factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2, thereby enhancing self-renewing ability, tumor sphere formation, EMT, and in vivo tumorigenesis. Most importantly, RRAD contributes to poor survival in patients with GBM. RRAD expression is correlated with temozolomide resistance, and, conversely, depletion of RRAD leads to sensitization of highly temozolomide-resistant GBM cells. Our data collectively support a novel function of RRAD in STAT3 activation and provide evidence that RRAD acts as a positive regulator in the EGFR signaling pathway. These results demonstrate a critical role for RRAD in GBM tumorigenesis and provide a rationale for the development of pharmacologic inhibitors of RRAD in GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(12); 3049–61. ©2014 AACR.
The Chemokine (CCL2–CCR2) Signaling Axis Mediates Perineural Invasion
Authors: He Shizhi , He Shuangba , Chen Chun-Hao , Deborde Sylvie , Bakst Richard L. , Chernichenko Natalya , McNamara William F. , Lee Sei Young , Barajas Fernando , Yu Zhenkun , Al-Ahmadie Hikmat A. , Wong Richard J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPerineural invasion is a form of cancer progression where cancer cells invade along nerves. This behavior is associated with poor clinical outcomes; therefore, it is critical to identify novel ligand–receptor interactions between nerves and cancer cells that support the process of perineural invasion. A proteomic profiler chemokine array was used to screen for nerve-derived factors secreted from tissue explants of dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and CCL2 was identified as a lead candidate. Prostate cancer cell line expression of CCR2, the receptor to CCL2, correlated closely with MAPK and Akt pathway activity and cell migration towards CCL2 and DRG. In vitro nerve and cancer coculture invasion assays of perineural invasion demonstrated that cancer cell CCR2 expression facilitates perineural invasion. Perineural invasion is significantly diminished in coculture assays when using DRG harvested from CCL2−/− knockout mice as compared with control CCL2+/+ mice, indicating that CCR2 is required for perineural invasion in this murine model of perineural invasion. Furthermore, 20 of 21 (95%) patient specimens of prostate adenocarcinoma with perineural invasion exhibited CCR2 expression by immunohistochemistry, while just 3 of 13 (23%) lacking perineural invasion expressed CCR2. In summary, nerve-released CCL2 supports prostate cancer migration and perineural invasion though CCR2-mediated signaling.Implications: These results reveal CCL2–CCR2 signaling as a key ligand–receptor mechanism that mediates cancer cell communication with nerves during perineural invasion and highlight a potential future therapeutic target. Mol Cancer Res; 13(2); 380–90. ©2014 AACR.
Normal Body Perception despite the Loss of Right Fusiform Gyrus
Authors: Susilo Tirta , Yang Hua , Potter Zachary , Robbins Rachel , Duchaine Bradley 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Human extrastriate cortex contains functional regions that are selective for particular categories such as faces, bodies, and places, but it is unclear whether these category-selective regions are necessary for normal perception of their preferred stimuli. One of these regions is the right fusiform body area (FBA), which is selectively involved in body perception. Do loss of the right fusiform gyrus and the absence of the right FBA necessarily lead to deficits in body perception? Here we report the performance of Galen, a brain-damaged patient who lost the right fusiform gyrus and has no right FBA, on eight tasks of body perception. Despite his lesion, Galen showed normal performance on all tasks. Galen's results demonstrate that damage to the right fusiform gyrus and the lack of the right FBA do not necessarily lead to persisting deficits in body perception.
Resistance of morphological and behavioral sexual traits of the palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide treatment
Authors: Cornuau Jérémie H. , Schmeller Dirk S. , Pigeault Romain , Loyau Adeline 
Published: October 2014

Infectious diseases are considered as a significant factor in the global decline of amphibians. In some vertebrates, the assessment of the individual sexual traits can be useful for assessment of their health status and immunocompetence due to trade-off between them and investment in the immune system. Our aim here was to determine whether the trade-off between the expression of sexual morphological and behavioral traits and investment in the immune system is present in an urodele, the Palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus). The groups of males were injected by solutions of proinflammatory agent, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli serotype O:55:B5, at dosages toxic to vertebrates (2 and 10 mg/kg of body mass) or by saline solution only (control groups). They were subsequently measured for variations in body condition and expression of both morphological (filament length, hind-foot-web, crest) and behavioral (courtship frequency) sexual traits. The injection of either LPS or saline solution did not cause any adverse effect on health in any male of all groups. No significant differences in any of the sexual traits were observed between two groups of males injected by LPS and control groups of males indicating the absence of a trade-off between immune response and expression of sexual traits. Our result suggests that measuring morphological or behavioral sexual traits may not be a useful method for monitoring emergence of infectious diseases in the palmate newt.
Updated distribution and biogeography of amphibians and reptiles of Europe
Authors: Sillero Neftali , Campos João , Bonardi Anna , Corti Claudia , Creemers Raymond , Crochet Pierre-Andre , Crnobrnja Isailović Jelka , Denoël Mathieu , Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Gonçalves João , Kuzmin Sergei , Lymberakis Petros , de Pous Philip , Rodríguez Ariel , Sindaco Roberto , Speybroeck Jeroen , Toxopeus Bert , Vieites David R. , Vences Miguel 
Published: October 2014

A precise knowledge of the spatial distribution of taxa is essential for decision-making processes in land management and biodiversity conservation, both for present and under future global change scenarios. This is a key base for several scientific disciplines (e.g. macro-ecology, biogeography, evolutionary biology, spatial planning, or environmental impact assessment) that rely on species distribution maps. An atlas summarizing the distribution of European amphibians and reptiles with 50 × 50 km resolution maps based on ca. 85 000 grid records was published by the Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH) in 1997. Since then, more detailed species distribution maps covering large parts of Europe became available, while taxonomic progress has led to a plethora of taxonomic changes including new species descriptions. To account for these progresses, we compiled information from different data sources: published in books and websites, ongoing national atlases, personal data kindly provided to the SEH, the 1997 European Atlas, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Databases were homogenised, deleting all information except species names and coordinates, projected to the same coordinate system (WGS84) and transformed into a 50 × 50 km grid. The newly compiled database comprises more than 384 000 grid and locality records distributed across 40 countries. We calculated species richness maps as well as maps of Corrected Weighted Endemism and defined species distribution types (i.e. groups of species with similar distribution patterns) by hierarchical cluster analysis using Jaccard’s index as association measure. Our analysis serves as a preliminary step towards an interactive, dynamic and online distributed database system (NA2RE system) of the current spatial distribution of European amphibians and reptiles. The NA2RE system will serve as well to monitor potential temporal changes in their distributions. Grid maps of all species are made available along with this paper as a tool for decision-making and conservation-related studies and actions. We also identify taxonomic and geographic gaps of knowledge that need to be filled, and we highlight the need to add temporal and altitudinal data for all records, to allow tracking potential species distribution changes as well as detailed modelling of the impacts of land use and climate change on European amphibians and reptiles.
Does religion make people moral?
Authors: Norenzayan Ara 
Published: October 2014

I address three common empirical questions about the connection between religion and morality: (1) Do religious beliefs and practices shape moral behavior? (2) Do all religions universally concern themselves with moral behavior? (3) Is religion necessary for morality? I draw on recent empirical research on religious prosociality to reach several conclusions. First, awareness of supernatural monitoring and other mechanisms found in religions encourage prosociality towards strangers, and in that regard, religions have come to influence moral behavior. Second, religion’s connection with morality is culturally variable; this link is weak or absent in small-scale groups, and solidifies as group size and societal complexity increase over time and across societies. Third, moral sentiments that encourage prosociality evolved independently of religion, and secular institutions can serve social monitoring functions; therefore religion is not necessary for morality. Supernatural monitoring and related cultural practices build social solidarity and extend moral concern to strangers as a result of a cultural evolutionary process.
“The Saints Go Marching”: Black Pentecostal Critical Consciousness and the Political Protest Activism of Pastors and Leaders in the Church of God in Christ in the Civil Rights Era
Authors: Chism Jonathan Langston 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Although black Pentecostal leaders are known for their emphasis on holiness and spiritual empowerment, they are not renowned for having led and spearheaded political protest struggles during the Civil Rights movement. In this paper I discuss black Pentecostals’ postures toward political protest struggles, and I analyze reasons why some black Pentecostals participated in the Civil Rights movement while others did not. My central argument is that critical consciousness formation played an integral role in motivating a minority of Church of God in Christ (COGIC) clergy and leaders to engage in Civil Rights protest struggles. That is to say, many black Pentecostals who took part in the movement reconciled their strivings for spiritual empowerment against evil with critical reflection upon complex social, political, and economic realities. They recognized the utility of opposing structures of oppression through direct, nonviolent means.
The Developmental Paradiplomacy of South African Provinces: Context, Scope and the Challenge of Coordination
Authors: Nganje Fritz 
Published: October 2014

Summary
Paradiplomacy, or the international relations of sub-national governments, has been a feature of South Africa’s international relations since 1995. However, despite a general recognition across all three spheres of government of the developmental value of the practice, aligning the paradiplomacy of most provincial and local governments to South Africa’s development and foreign policy priorities has remained an elusive goal.
This article provides a rare insight into the paradiplomacy of South African provinces and explains why successive efforts at both the national and provincial levels to coordinate and rationalize paradiplomacy have been met with minimal success. It argues that although publicly acknowledging the potential benefits of paradiplomacy, national officials continue to harbour an attitude of ambivalence towards the international agency of provincial and local governments, which explains the half-hearted nature of most of the unsuccessful efforts to align paradiplomacy with South Africa’s foreign policy and national priorities. At the provincial level, efforts to manage paradiplomacy have largely been stymied by structural constraints that are embedded in South Africa’s constitutional framework, as well as an adverse political culture in the provinces.
Separation of the Effects of Land and Climate Model Errors on Simulated Contemporary Land Carbon Cycle Trends in the MPI Earth System Model version 1*
Authors: Dalmonech Daniela , Zaehle Sönke , Schürmann Gregor J. , Brovkin Victor , Reick Christian , Schnur Reiner 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The capacity of earth system models (ESMs) to make reliable projections of future atmospheric CO2 and climate is strongly dependent on the ability of the land surface model to adequately simulate the land carbon (C) cycle. Defining “adequate” performance of the land model requires an understanding of the contributions of climate model and land model errors to the land C cycle. Here, a benchmarking framework is applied based on significant, observed characteristics of the land C cycle for the contemporary period, for which sufficient evaluation data are available, to test the ability of the JSBACH land surface component of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) to simulate land C trends. Particular attention is given to the role of potential effects caused by climate biases, and therefore investigation is made of the results of model configurations in which JSBACH is interactively “coupled” to atmosphere and ocean components and of an “uncoupled” configuration, where JSBACH is driven by reconstructed meteorology.
The ability of JSBACH to simulate the observed phase of phenology and seasonal C fluxes is not strongly affected by climate biases. Contrarily, noticeable differences in the simulated gross primary productivity and land C stocks emerge between coupled and uncoupled configurations, leading to significant differences in the decadal terrestrial C balance and its sensitivity to climate. These differences are strongly controlled by climate biases of the MPI-ESM, in particular those affecting soil moisture. To effectively characterize model performance, the potential effects of climate biases on the land C dynamics need to be considered during the development and calibration of land surface models.
On the Relationship between the North Pacific Climate Variability and the Central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Yeh Sang-Wook , Wang Xin , Wang Chunzai , Dewitte Boris 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This study examined connections between the North Pacific climate variability and occurrence of the central Pacific (CP) El Niño for the period from 1950 to 2012. A composite analysis indicated that the relationship between the North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST), along with its overlying atmospheric circulation, and the CP El Niño during the developing and mature phases was changed when the occurrence frequency of the CP El Niño significantly increased after 1990. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses of variability in the tropical Pacific and its relationship to the North Pacific show that the North Pacific anomalous SST and the atmospheric variability are more closely associated with the occurrence of the CP El Niño after 1990 than before 1990. There were noticeable differences in terms of the atmospheric variability conditions over the North Pacific, such as the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO)-like atmospheric variability during the spring and its associated SST anomalies during the following winter before 1990 and after 1990. In addition, combined EOF analysis also indicated that the NPO-like atmospheric circulation becomes more effective at playing a role in initiating El Niño after 1990. Consequently, such a change might have been associated with the frequent occurrence of the CP El Niño after 1990.
The Definition and Characteristics of Regional Rainfall Events Demonstrated by Warm Season Precipitation over the Beijing Plain
Authors: Yu Rucong , Chen Haoming , Sun Wei 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this study, a regional rainfall event (RRE) is defined by observed rainfall at multiple, well-distributed stations in a given area. Meanwhile, a regional rainfall coefficient (RRC), which could be used to classify local rain (LR) and regional rain (RR) in the given area, is defined to quantify the spatiotemporal variation of rainfall events. As a key parameter describing the spread of rainfall, RRC, together with duration and intensity, presents an effort to explore more complete spatiotemporal organization and evolution of RREs. Preliminary analyses of RREs over the Beijing plain reveal new, interesting characteristics of rainfall. The RRC of RRE increases with longer duration and stronger intensity. Most of the RREs with maximum peak rainfall intensity below 2 mm h−1 or duration shorter than 3 h have RRC less than 0.4, indicating that these events are not uniformly spread over the region. Thus, they are reasonably classified into LR. RREs with RRC above 0.5 could be classified into RR, which usually lasts longer than 4 h and has primary peak rainfall occurring from 1700 to 0600 LST. For most of the intense long-duration RR, evolutions of RRC and rainfall intensity are not consistent. The RRC reaches a maximum a few hours after the peak intensity was reached. The results of this study enrich the understanding of rainfall processes and provide new insight into understanding and quantifying the space–time characteristics of rainfall. These findings have great potential to further evaluate cloud and precipitation physics as well as their parameterizations in numerical models.
Increased functional connectivity strength of right inferior temporal gyrus in first-episode, drug-naive somatization disorder
Authors: Su Qinji , Yao Dapeng , Jiang Muliang , Liu Feng , Jiang Jiajing , Xu Chunxing , Dai Yi , Yu Miaoyu , Long Liling , Li Hongzheng , Liu Jianrong , Zhang Zhikun , Zhang Jian , Xiao Changqing , Guo Wenbin 
Published: October 2014

Background: Evidence of brain structural and functional alterations have been implicated in patients with somatization disorder (SD). However, little is known about brain functional connectivity in SD. In the present study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and graph theory were used to obtain a comprehensive view of whole-brain functional connectivity and to investigate the changes of voxel-wise functional networks in patients with SD. Methods: Twenty-five first-episode, medication-naive patients with SD and 28 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state fMRI. The graph theory approach was employed to analyze the data. Results: Compared to the HCs, patients with SD showed significantly increased functional connectivity strength in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). There is a significant positive correlation between the z-values of the cluster in the right ITG and Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there is a disruption of the functional connectivity pattern in the right ITG in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with SD, which bears clinical significance.
Effects of school-based point-of-testing counselling on health status variables among rural adolescents
Authors: Murimi Mary W , Chrisman Matthew S , Hughes Kelly , Taylor Chris , Kim Yeonsoo , McAllister Tiffany L 
Published: October 2014

Objective: Rural areas may suffer from a lack of access to health care and programmes to promote behaviours such as healthy eating and physical activity. Point-of-testing counselling is a method of promoting a healthy lifestyle during an individual’s most ‘teachable moment’. Design/Setting: This longitudinal study examined the effects of school-based nutrition education and point-of-testing counselling on nutrition knowledge, weight, blood lipid profile and blood pressure over a 3-year period (2005–2008) among junior high and high school students from a rural community in the Southern USA. Methods: Screening for health variables, followed by point-of-testing counselling sessions, was offered every 6 months, along with nutrition education once a week for 12 weeks. Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). T-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to analyse changes in health outcomes over the course of the study. Results: A total of 233 rural students participated in this longitudinal community-based study. Students who attended at least four sessions ( n = 52) were analysed for changes in health outcomes. High-density lipoprotein levels significantly increased between the second and fourth visits. Attending the intervention at least four times stabilised or improved blood values and anthropometric measurements. Significant nutrition knowledge increases were documented among 7th and 8th graders; 6th, 9th and 10th graders also showed modest improvements. Conclusion: Using point-of-testing counselling may be an effective strategy in delaying or preventing the onset of risk factors for obesity and related chronic diseases during adolescence.
Effect of yarn, machine and knitting process parameters on the dynamics of the circular knitting needle
Authors: Duru Sena Cimilli , Candan Cevza , Mugan Ata 
Published: October 2014

Stitch formation during the knitting process is dependent on the dynamic movements of needles. The movement of the needle is subjected to many different factors during loop formation, such as machine, yarn and knitting process parameters. In particular, machine speed, yarn tension and fiber type are the vital parameters of needle movement. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of these parameters on needle dynamics during one knitting cycle. High-speed camera technology was used for the first time to collect data regarding needle movement on a circular knitting machine of E 24 and 30” in diameter. The results showed that the needle displacement in both x and y coordination did tend to increase as the yarn tension increased. For all situations, the elastane yarn was an influential parameter on the needle displacement, although the change in its input tension was not a significant parameter. It was also found that during the production with 100% ring cotton, there was a tendency for the needle to follow the cam path when the machine speed was increased from 15 to 20 rpm. Finally, the data obtained for knitting with the textured polyester yarn showed that the needle movement was highly dependent on yarn input tension.