bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finnish guidelines for the treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia and pertussis in children
Authors: Tapiainen Terhi , Aittoniemi Janne , Immonen Johanna , Jylkkä Heli , Meinander Tuula , Nuolivirta Kirsi , Peltola Ville , Salo Eeva , Seuri Raija , Walle Satu‐Maaria , Korppi Matti 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvidence‐based guidelines are needed to harmonise and improve the diagnostics and treatment of children's lower respiratory tract infections. Following a professional literature search, an interdisciplinary working group evaluated and graded the available evidence and constructed guidelines for the treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia and pertussis.ConclusionThe clinical guidelines state that chest radiography is not needed if the child is diagnosed with pneumonia and treated at home. Complications should be considered if there is no improvement after antimicrobial therapy and a paroxysmal cough can indicate pertussis, which is life‐threatening in unvaccinated infants and can lead to respiratory failure.
Natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism with TSH ≤10 mIU/l: a prospective study
Authors: Rosário Pedro W. S. , Carvalho Marina , Calsolari Maria Regina 
Published: September 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe risk of progression of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) to clinical dysfunction is one of the factors considered in the decision to treat this condition. This study evaluated the natural history of SCH in women with TSH ≤10 mIU/l.DesignThis is a prospective study.PatientsTwo hundred and fifty‐two women with SCH and TSH levels ranging from 4·5 to 10 mIU/l were followed up for a period of 5 years.ResultsAmong the 241 patients followed up until the completion of the study, 46 (19%) required levothyroxine (L‐T4) therapy, 55 (22·8%) had spontaneous normalization of serum TSH, and 140 (58·1%) continued to meet the criteria for mild SCH. In multivariate analysis, only initial TSH >8 mIU/l was a predictor of the need for L‐T4. In contrast, initial TSH ≤8 mIU/l and the absence of thyroiditis [negative antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and ultrasonography (US)] were predictors of TSH normalization. Of note, the natural history was similar in TPOAb‐positive patients and patients with negative TPOAb but with positive US.ConclusionsMost women with mild elevation of serum TSH, ranging from 4·5 to 10 mIU/l, do not progress to overt hypothyroidism and even normalize their TSH. However, initial TSH seems to be a more important predictor of progression than the presence of antibodies or ultrasonographic appearance.
Iron therapy for the treatment of preoperative anaemia in patients with colorectal carcinoma: a systematic review
Authors: Borstlap W. A. A. , Stellingwerf M. E. , Moolla Z. , Musters G. D. , Buskens C. J. , Tanis P. J. , Bemelman W. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimPreoperative anaemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative iron supplementation in the treatment of anaemia, and its effect on the postoperative recovery of patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma.MethodThis systematic review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library to assess current evidence on the role of iron supplementation in the treatment of preoperative anaemia. Our main outcomes were absolute increase in haemoglobin, blood transfusion rate and postoperative morbidity. Main inclusion criteria were: preoperative iron supplementation, presence of colorectal carcinoma and elective surgery. The Downs–Black questionnaire was used for quality assessment of the included studies.ResultsOf the 605 studies analysed, seven, three randomized controlled trials and four cohort studies, were included. Despite iron supplementation, the three randomized controlled trials showed a decrease in haemoglobin level. This was contrary to the four cohort studies which all showed a significant increase. All studies showed a decreased blood transfusion rate following iron supplementation. None of the included studies assessed postoperative morbidity. Due to heterogeneity in study design, duration of treatment, dosages and variation in iron substrates, we were unable to perform a meta‐analysis.ConclusionIn anaemic patients who require surgery for colorectal carcinoma, current evidence is of inadequate quality to draw a definitive conclusion on the efficacy of the various measures to treat preoperative anaemia.
Spatiotemporal profiles of arginine vasopressin transcription in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Yoshikawa Tomoko , Nakajima Yoshihiro , Yamada Yoshiko , Enoki Ryosuke , Watanabe Kazuto , Yamazaki Maya , Sakimura Kenji , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractArginine vasopressin (AVP), a major neuropeptide in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is postulated to mediate the output of the circadian oscillation. Mice carrying a reporter gene of AVP transcription (AVPELuc) were produced by knocking‐in a cDNA of Emerald‐luciferase (ELuc) in the translational initiation site. Homozygous mice did not survive beyond postnatal day 7. Using the heterozygous (AVPELuc/+) mice, a bioluminescence reporter system was developed that enabled to monitor AVP transcription through AVP‐ELuc measurement in real time for more than 10 cycles in the cultured brain slice. AVPELuc/+ mice showed circadian behaviour rhythms and light responsiveness indistinguishable from those of the wild‐type. Robust circadian rhythms in AVP‐ELuc were detected in the cultured SCN slice at a single cell as well as tissue levels. The circadian rhythm of the whole SCN slice was stable, with the peak at the mid‐light phase of a light–dark cycle, while that of a single cell was more variable. By comparison, rhythmicity in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus was unstable and damped rapidly. Spatiotemporal profiles of AVP expression at the pixel level revealed significant circadian rhythms in the entire area of AVP‐positive cells in the SCN, and at least two clusters that showed different circadian oscillations. Contour analysis of bioluminescence intensity in a cell‐like region demonstrated the radiation area was almost identical to the cell size. This newly developed reporter system for AVP gene expression is a useful tool for the study of circadian rhythms.
Induction of hypertension blunts baroreflex inhibition of vasopressin neurons in the rat
Authors: Han Su Young , Bouwer Gregory T. , Seymour Alexander J. , Korpal Aaron K. , Schwenke Daryl O. , Brown Colin H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractVasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland is determined by action potential discharge of hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Vasopressin is a potent vasoconstrictor, but vasopressin levels are paradoxically elevated in some patients with established hypertension. To determine whether vasopressin neurons are excited in hypertension, extracellular single‐unit recordings of vasopressin neurons from urethane‐anaesthetized Cyp1a1‐Ren2 rats with inducible angiotensin‐dependent hypertension were made. The basal firing rate of vasopressin neurons was higher in hypertensive Cyp1a1‐Ren2 rats than in non‐hypertensive Cyp1a1‐Ren2 rats. The increase in firing rate was specific to vasopressin neurons because oxytocin neuron firing rate was unaffected by the induction of hypertension. Intravenous injection of the α1‐adrenoreceptor agonist, phenylephrine (2.5 μg/kg), transiently increased mean arterial blood pressure to cause a baroreflex‐induced inhibition of heart rate and vasopressin neuron firing rate (by 52 ± 9%) in non‐hypertensive rats. By contrast, intravenous phenylephrine did not inhibit vasopressin neurons in hypertensive rats, despite a similar increase in mean arterial blood pressure and inhibition of heart rate. Circulating angiotensin II can excite vasopressin neurons via activation of afferent inputs from the subfornical organ. However, the increase in vasopressin neuron firing rate and the loss of inhibition by intravenous phenylephrine were not blocked by intra‐subfornical organ infusion of the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan. It can be concluded that increased vasopressin neuron activity at the onset of hypertension is driven, at least in part, by reduced baroreflex inhibition of vasopressin neurons and that this might exacerbate the increase in blood pressure at the onset of hypertension.
Decoding sequential finger movements from preparatory activity in higher‐order motor regions: a functional magnetic resonance imaging multi‐voxel pattern analysis
Authors: Nambu Isao , Hagura Nobuhiro , Hirose Satoshi , Wada Yasuhiro , Kawato Mitsuo , Naito Eiichi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPerforming a complex sequential finger movement requires the temporally well‐ordered organization of individual finger movements. Previous behavioural studies have suggested that the brain prepares a whole sequence of movements as a single set, rather than the movements of individual fingers. However, direct neuroimaging support for this hypothesis is lacking and, assuming it to be true, it remains unclear which brain regions represent the information of a prepared sequence. Here, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while 14 right‐handed healthy participants performed two types of well‐learned sequential finger movements with their right hands. Using multi‐voxel pattern analysis, we examined whether the types of the forthcoming sequence could be predicted from the preparatory activities of nine regions of interest, which included the motor, somatosensory and posterior parietal regions in each hemisphere, bilateral visual cortices, cerebellum and basal ganglia. We found that, during preparation, the activity of the contralateral motor regions could predict which of the two sequences would be executed. Further detailed analysis revealed that the contralateral dorsal premotor cortex and supplementary motor area were the key areas that contributed to the prediction consistently across participants. These contrasted with results from execution‐related brain activity where a performed sequence was successfully predicted from the activities in the broad cortical sensory‐motor network, including the bilateral motor, parietal and ipsilateral somatosensory cortices. Our study supports the hypothesis that temporary well‐organized sequences of movements are represented as a set in the brain, and that preparatory activity in higher‐order motor regions represents information about upcoming motor actions.
A review on cost allocation methods in collaborative transportation
Authors: Guajardo Mario , Rönnqvist Mikael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCollaboration in transportation between two or more agents is becoming an important approach to find efficient solutions or plans. Efficiency can be measured in, for example, lower cost or more flexibility. An important aspect of the collaboration is to decide on how to share the benefits—for example, cost, profit, or resources. There are many sharing mechanisms or cost allocations proposed in the literature. Some are based on simple proportional rules and others are based on theoretical concepts found in game theory. We provide a survey on cost allocation methods found in the literature on collaborative transportation, including problems on planning, vehicle routing, traveling salesman, distribution, and inventory. A total of 55 scientific articles compose the main part of the survey, most of them published between 2010 and 2015. We identify more than 40 cost allocation methods used in this stream of literature. We describe the theoretical basis for the main methods as well as the cases where they are used. We also report savings from the collaborations when they are based on industrial data. Some directions for future research are discussed.
4‐n‐butylresorcinol dissolving microneedle patch for skin depigmentation: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Kim Suyong , Yang Huisuk , Kim Miroo , Baek Ji Hwoon , Kim So Jeong , An Sang Mi , Koh Jae Sook , Seo Ransug , Jung Hyungil 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundFor effective skin depigmentation, the skin depigmentation agent must be delivered to melanocytes, where melanin is synthesized. Although dissolving microneedle (DMN) is one of the best transdermal drug delivery systems to deliver the active compound, no clinical trial has been conducted in terms of safety and efficacy.ObjectivesTo assess the clinical efficacy and safety of a DMN patch that contained 4‐n‐butylresorcinol, a skin depigmentation agent.MethodsIn the safety assessment, 31 subjects were selected for primary skin irritation test using Frosch & Kligman's method and 50 women for the cumulative irritation test and sensitization potential test using a modification of the Shelanski–Shelanski method. In the efficacy assessment, the 4‐n‐butylresorcinol DMN patch was compared with a control (DMN without 4‐n‐butylresorcinol) in our double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study with 45 subjects by measuring two parameters, the melanin index and individual typology angle value, during 8 weeks of administration.ResultsThe 4‐n‐butylresorcinol DMN patch was shown to be safe based on the results of the safety assessment and was more than two times effective than the control patch.ConclusionThe 4‐n‐butylresorcinol DMN patch was effective and safe for skin depigmentation through targeting melanocytes and could be a useful functional cosmetic product.
Germline determinants of clinical outcome of cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Vogelsang Matjaz , Wilson Melissa , Kirchhoff Tomas 
Published: September 2015

SummaryCutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Despite the constant increase in melanoma incidence, which is in part due to incremental advances in early diagnostic modalities, mortality rates have not improved over the last decade and for advanced stages remain steadily high. While conventional prognostic biomarkers currently in use find significant utility for predicting overall general survival probabilities, they are not sensitive enough for a more personalized clinical assessment on an individual level. In recent years, the advent of genomic technologies has brought the promise of identification of germline DNA alterations that may associate with CM outcomes and hence represent novel biomarkers for clinical utilization. This review attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge of germline genetic factors studied for their impact on melanoma clinical outcomes. We also discuss ongoing problems and hurdles in validating such surrogates, and we also project future directions in discovery of more powerful germline genetic factors with clinical utility in melanoma prognostication.
Combined liver and kidney transplantation and kidney after liver transplantation in children: Indication, postoperative outcome, and long‐term results
Authors: Büscher Rainer , Büscher Anja K. , Cetiner Metin , Treckmann Jürgen W. , Paul Andreas , Vester Udo , Hoyer Peter F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCLKT and sequential KALT are decided on a case‐by‐case basis in children for special indications such as ARPKD or PH1. We report on 21 children who underwent CLKT or KALT at our hospital between 1998 and 2013. Eleven children were diagnosed with PH1 and six with ARPKD. Other diagnosis were Joubert syndrome (n = 1), nephronophthisis (n = 1), CF (n = 1), and hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1). Children (12 males, nine females) were aged 7.8 ± 6.2 yr (range, 10 months to 18 yr) at time of transplantation. Average wait time was 1.9 ± 0.9 yr (range, four months to 2.3 yr). Fifteen patients received dialysis prior to transplantation. In PH1 patients, four children received CLKT, five received KALT, and two infants have received only an LTx, whereas all six patients with ARPKD received CLKT. In patients with other indications, CLKT was performed in three cases and KALT in one girl. Cumulative 10‐yr survival of all 21 patients was 78.4%. At the time of transfer into adult care, 13 patients retained stable liver and kidney function. Regardless the underlying diagnosis, CLKT and KALT can be performed in children with good surgical outcomes and long‐term survival.
Preparation of SnO2–TiO2/Fly Ash Cenospheres and its Application in Phenol Degradation
Authors: Liu Shaomin , Zhu Jinglin , Yang Qing , Xu Pengpeng , Ge Jianhua , Guo Xuetao 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSnO2–TiO2/fly ash cenospheres (FAC) were prepared via hydrothermal method and used as an active photocatalyst in a photocatalytic system. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements were used to determine the structure and optical property of SnO2–TiO2/FAC. Phenol was selected as the model substance for photocatalytic reactions to evaluate catalytic ability. Results showed that the degradation efficiency of phenol by SnO2–TiO2/FAC was 90.7% higher than that decomposed by TiO2/FAC. Increased efficiency could be due to the enhanced synergistic effect of semiconductors and FAC could provide more adsorption sites for the pollutant in the photocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, SnO2–TiO2/FAC composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic stability in four reuse cycles. Radical‐trapping experiments further revealed the dominating functions of holes in the photocatalytic reaction.
Patterns of Endemism and Habitat Selection in Coalbed Microbial Communities
Authors: Lawson Christopher E. , Strachan Cameron R. , Williams Dominique D. , Koziel Susan , Hallam Steven J. , Budwill Karen 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Microbially produced methane, a versatile, cleaner-burning alternative energy resource to fossil fuels, is sourced from a variety of natural and engineered ecosystems, including marine sediments, anaerobic digesters, shales, and coalbeds. There is a prevailing interest in developing environmental biotechnologies to enhance methane production. Here, we use small-subunit rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics to better describe the interplay between coalbed methane (CBM) well conditions and microbial communities in the Alberta Basin. Our results show that CBM microbial community structures display patterns of endemism and habitat selection across the Alberta Basin, consistent with observations from other geographical locations. While some phylum-level taxonomic patterns were observed, relative abundances of specific taxonomic groups were localized to discrete wells, likely shaped by local environmental conditions, such as coal rank and depth-dependent physicochemical conditions. To better resolve functional potential within the CBM milieu, a metagenome from a deep volatile-bituminous coal sample was generated. This sample was dominated by
Rhodobacteraceae
genotypes, resolving a near-complete population genome bin related to
Celeribacter
sp. that encoded metabolic pathways for the degradation of a wide range of aromatic compounds and the production of methanogenic substrates via acidogenic fermentation. Genomic comparisons between the
Celeribacter
sp. population genome and related organisms isolated from different environments reflected habitat-specific selection pressures that included nitrogen availability and the ability to utilize diverse carbon substrates. Taken together, our observations reveal that both endemism and metabolic specialization should be considered in the development of biostimulation strategies for nonproductive wells or for those with declining productivity.
Mercury Reduction and Methyl Mercury Degradation by the Soil Bacterium Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2
Authors: Petrus Amanda K. , Rutner Colin , Liu Songnian , Wang Yingjiao , Wiatrowski Heather A. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Two previously uncharacterized potential broad-spectrum mercury (Hg) resistance operons (
mer
) are present on the chromosome of the soil
Alphaproteobacteria
Xanthobacter autotrophicus
Py2. These operons,
mer1
and
mer2
, contain two features which are commonly found in
mer
operons in the genomes of soil and marine
Alphaproteobacteria
, but are not present in previously characterized
mer
operons: a gene for the mercuric reductase (MerA) that encodes an alkylmercury lyase domain typical of those found on the MerB protein, and the presence of an additional gene, which we are calling
merK
, with homology to glutathione reductase. Here, we demonstrate that Py2 is resistant to 0.2 μM inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] and 0.05 μM methylmercury (MeHg). Py2 is capable of converting MeHg and Hg(II) to elemental mercury [Hg(0)], and reduction of Hg(II) is induced by incubation in sub toxic concentrations of Hg(II). Transcription of the
merA
genes increased with Hg(II) treatment, and in both operons
merK
resides on the same polycistronic mRNA as
merA
. We propose the use of Py2 as a model system for studying the contribution of
mer
to Hg mobility in soil and marine ecosystems.
Bacillus thermoamylovorans Spores with Very-High-Level Heat Resistance Germinate Poorly in Rich Medium despite the Presence of
ger
Clusters but Efficiently upon Exposure to Calcium-Dipicolinic Acid
Authors: Berendsen Erwin M. , Krawczyk Antonina O. , Klaus Verena , de Jong Anne , Boekhorst Jos , Eijlander Robyn T. , Kuipers Oscar P. , Wells-Bennik Marjon H. J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

High-level heat resistance of spores of
Bacillus thermoamylovorans
poses challenges to the food industry, as industrial sterilization processes may not inactivate such spores, resulting in food spoilage upon germination and outgrowth. In this study, the germination and heat resistance properties of spores of four food-spoiling isolates were determined. Flow cytometry counts of spores were much higher than their counts on rich medium (maximum, 5%). Microscopic analysis revealed inefficient nutrient-induced germination of spores of all four isolates despite the presence of most known germination-related genes, including two operons encoding nutrient germinant receptors (GRs), in their genomes. In contrast, exposure to nonnutrient germinant calcium-dipicolinic acid (Ca-DPA) resulted in efficient (50 to 98%) spore germination. All four strains harbored
cwlJ
and
gerQ
genes, which are known to be essential for Ca-DPA-induced germination in
Bacillus subtilis
. When determining spore survival upon heating, low viable counts can be due to spore inactivation and an inability to germinate. To dissect these two phenomena, the recoveries of spores upon heat treatment were determined on plates with and without preexposure to Ca-DPA. The high-level heat resistance of spores as observed in this study (
D
120°C
, 1.9 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.1 min;
z
value, 12.2 ± 1.8°C) is in line with survival of sterilization processes in the food industry. The recovery of
B. thermoamylovorans
spores can be improved via nonnutrient germination, thereby avoiding gross underestimation of their levels in food ingredients.