bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain atrophy in natalizumab-treated patients: A 3-year follow-up
Authors: Sastre-Garriga J , Tur C , Pareto D , Vidal-Jordana A , Auger C , Río J , Huerga E , Tintoré M , Rovira A , Montalban X 
Published: November 2014

Background: A pseudoatrophy effect has been held responsible for the lack of net impact of natalizumab on brain volume outcomes in 2-year trials, but no data are available beyond 24 months. Objective: We aimed to investigate brain volume dynamics in natalizumab-treated patients in up to 3 years after therapy initiation with clinical correlations. Methods: Patients on natalizumab for at least 3 years were clinically assessed 3-monthly. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at baseline and yearly. Brain volume changes were obtained with SIENA. Multivariate models were used to investigate the association between baseline inflammation and changes in brain volume and disability. Results: Sixty-two patients with multiple sclerosis were analysed. Mean age and disease duration were 34.7 (SD: 8.3) and 10.4 (SD: 6.6) years. Presence of gadolinium enhancement at baseline was not associated with Expanded Disability Status Scale changes ( p=0.468), but was associated with larger brain volume decreases ( p=0.005) in the first ( p=0.024) and second year ( p=0.019) but not in the third year ( p=0.863). Brain volume changes at 12 and 36 months were marginally associated with disability status at month 12 ( p=0.094) and 36 ( p=0.084), respectively. Conclusions: Baseline inflammation affects brain volume measures up to 24 months after natalizumab initiation. A marginal association of brain volume changes with disability is present.
Comparison of screening tests with urine culture in urinary tract infection
Authors: K.L Shobha , Rao Amita , K Shilpa , L Ramachandra 
Published: November 2014

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important health care problem affecting millions every year. Evaluation of suspected UTI includes history, physical examination and laboratory investigations. Urine analysis for presence of pus cells, bacteria and culture are important in the adequate management of UTIs. Aim of the study was to analyze the screening tests with culture method in the diagnosis of UTI. Materials and methods: 100 turbid midstream urine specimens collected in a sterile wide mouthed container were included in the study. Mid-stream urine specimens collected from both inpatients and outpatients attending a tertiary care hospital were included in the study. Urine specimen was subjected to Gram’s staining and catalase tests and inoculated into culture medium. Semi-quantitative culture technique was followed. Organisms were identified for significant bacteriuria. Results: Samples collected from 40 years of age and from patients more than 40 years of age were 64% and 51% were male patients. Gram’s stain showed 59% of samples with organisms. Pus cells were seen in 54% of the smears and all the samples had significant growth in the medium Catalase positive was 53%, all the 53 strains had growth on culture plate. E. coli was the commonest organism isolated on the culture plate. Thus screening tests like Gram’s stain, pus cells detection and catalase test can be used as a rapid method to detect urinary tract infection and to start the antibiotic therapy though culture remains the gold standard method for detection of urinary tract infection. Keywords: Gram’s Staining, Pus Cells, Catalase Test, Culture Medium, Significant Bacteriuria.
Ganze Sätze. Davidson über Prädikation
Authors: Hrachovec Herbert 
Published: November 2014

ZusammenfassungDie Worte eines Satzes bilden eine komplexe Einheit. Donald Davidson greift die seit Plato und Aristoteles diskutierte Frage auf, wie diese Einheit zu verstehen sei. Er gibt Hinweise auf die Problemgeschichte und vertritt die Auffassung, die Schwierigkeit sei durch die Jahrhunderte ungelöst geblieben. Erst in einem Konstrukt Alfred Tarskis findet er eine befriedigende Antwort. Ich beginne mit allgemeinen Überlegungen zum Stichwort „komplexe Einheit“. Wie können Untersuchungen dieses Themas aussehen? Es folgt Davidsons Problemaufriss und sein Vorschlag zur Erledigung der Streitfrage. Zuletzt beziehe ich diese Antwort auf ein extra-platonisches Verständnis der Einheit von Sätzen in Anknüpfung an den späten Wittgenstein. Ernst Tugendhat hat Davidsons Anliegen in diesem Sinn diskutiert und geklärt. Aus dieser Perspektive ergibt sich auch ein zweiter Blick auf den Umgang mit zusammen- gesetzten Einheiten generell.
Morschers Anselm – Eine Rekonstruktion in Behandlung
Authors: Paasch Sebastian 
Published: November 2014

ZusammenfassungMorscher (2004) behauptet, einen Nachweis für die Fehlerhaftigkeit des Anselmschen Gottesbeweises zu liefern. Ich untersuche drei der zentralen Thesen seiner Arbeit. Vor dem Hintergrund einer Analyse von Kennzeichnungen und Lambdaprädikaten erweisen sich die Thesen als fragwürdig, wenn nicht gar als unhaltbar.
Ethik auf der Grundlage von Gefühl oder Vernunft? Zur Rolle moralischer Gefühle bei Hume und Kant
Authors: Fenner Dagmar 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis article pursues the question of the significance of moral emotions by exhibiting the similarities and differences of ethical approaches as diverse as Kant’s and Hume’s. What will be shown through this contrast are aspects often overlooked in these approaches. So, one must agree that on the one hand Kant’s idea of the force of moral law as being (necessarily) intertwined with the feeling of respect for others suffers from a lacking support by experience, whereas his ideas about the formation and cultivation of a ” moral sense“ undoubtedly have such a support. Hume’s theory on the other hand appeals to emotions in order to make explainable our having moral evaluations but falls short when it comes to account for the content of emotions said to be responsible for evaluative judgments. Both accounts therefore can be said to suffer from an unsatisfying explanation of the motivational aspect of moral norms that is due to an unsatisfying conceptualization of the difference between reason and emotions.
One Goal for All the Sciences?
Authors: Tietz Sarah 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn numerous writings Philip Kitcher argues against the thesis that understanding nature or searching for truth in general are goals that are shared by all the sciences. Neither do the sciences aim for common distinctive truths, such as natural laws. Thus, the question is: can the sciences be characterized as sciences by one of their goals? According to Kitcher this seems possible. The sciences, so he claims, aim for unification. In this paper I shall argue that unification should not be understood as an aim but rather as a method the sciences use depending on the specific problems they pursue. Therefore, it seems, there is not one goal for all the sciences.
“... goaded perhaps by Parmenides” – Preliminaries to a Platonic Problem
Authors: Hrachovec Herbert 
Published: November 2014

SummaryDonald Davidson, in his Truth and Predication, suggests that Plato’s concern with “gluing together” subject and predicate in assertive sentences might be traced back to Parmenides. Taking his lead this paper discusses the connection, proceeding in three steps. A short overview of the literature on Parmenides’ fragment B2 will be given and a Davidsonian move to reduce the complexity of the hermeneutical situation will be proposed. Secondly, given this reduction, a Parmenideian tableaux will be put forward and compared to our present understanding of elementary propositional and predicate logic. This will provide the basis for the concluding discussion of Plato’s characteristic transformation of Parmenides’ dictum into the bundle of arguments that give rise to the problem of the unity of propositions.
Calculating the number of solutions of a difference equation
Authors: Loshkarev Sergey D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe hash algorithms of the MDx family involve cyclic shifts, computation of primitive Boolean functions, and addition of constants. So far, very few works have been published in which the authors attempt to explain the impact that the choice of constants, shifts, and Boolean functions has on the cryptographic properties of the algorithms. G. A. Karpunin and H. T. Nguyen suggested a model in which the resistance against differential cryptanalysis may be quantitatively estimated in terms of the number of solutions of a special equation. In this work, in the framework of the aforementioned model, an equation for the MD5 hash function is derived. Examination of one Boolean function and one value of the cyclic shift through exhaustive search requires 2
Low-load diamond drill bits for subglacial bedrock sampling
Authors: Cao Pinlu , Yang Cheng , Zheng Zhichuan , Wang Rusheng , Zhang Nan , Liu Chunpeng , Hu Zhengyi , Talalay Pavel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractElectromechanical cable-suspended drilling technology is considered one of the most feasible methods for subglacial bedrock drilling. The outstanding feature of this technology is that the bit load produced by the drill weight is usually within the range 1.5–4 kN while the recommended load for diamond drilling is 10–30 kN or even more. Therefore, searching for the diamond bits that can drill in extremely hard formations with minimal load and acceptable rates of penetration and torque is the necessary step to prove the feasibility of electromechanical subglacial drilling technology. A special test stand has been designed and constructed to examine the impregnated, surface-set, toothed and specially manufactured bionic drill bits. The results of experiments with ten types of drill bits show that the toothed diamond drill bit has the highest penetration rate of 3.18 m h−1 in very hard and abrasive granite under a 3 kN load. The torque (28.7 Nm) and power consumption (1.5 kW) of toothed drill bits are acceptable for cable-suspended drilling. The penetration rates of bionic drill bits may also be considered suitable and fall within the range 1.0–1.69 m h−1 under the lowest tested load.
Le musée comme événement : le Getty Center et l'expérience des « Fridays off the 405 » (The museum as event : The Getty Center 's and the "Fridays off the 405" experience)
Authors: Fuentenebro Pablo 
Published: November 2014

As some cities have increasingly become huge entertainment centers, culture has turned into a key element fostering such a development. Art centers, concert halls and museums have mushroomed at an unprecedented rate, making use of a so-called "iconic architecture " in order to attract the largest possible number of visitors. Paradoxically, the competition to have the most spectacular building has not proved to be a sufficient enough stimulus, leading museums to put in place new strategies based on temporary events rather that on the materiality of their built environment.
Drawing from recent debates in the cultural economy and architecture, this paper examines the changing role of the museum over the past few decades. It looks, in particular, at the case of the Getty Center, in Los Angeles, and the Fridays off the 405 series, an event staged in the museum 's central court that turned the museum into a real social place.
How to use Big Data technologies to optimize operations in Upstream Petroleum Industry
Authors: Baaziz Abdelkader , Quoniam Luc 
Published: November 2014

“Big Data is the oil of the new economy” is the most famous citation during the three last years. It has even been adopted by the World Economic Forum in 2011. In fact, Big Data is like crude! It’s valuable, but if unrefined it cannot be used. It must be broken down, analyzed for it to have value. But what about Big Data generated by the Petroleum Industry and particularly its upstream segment? Upstream is no stranger to Big Data. Understanding and leveraging data in the upstream segment enables firms to remain competitive throughout planning, exploration, delineation, and field development.Oil Gas Companies conduct advanced geophysics modeling and simulation to support operations where 2D, 3D 4D Seismic generate significant data during exploration phases. They closely monitor the performance of their operational assets. To do this, they use tens of thousands of data-collecting sensors in subsurface wells and surface facilities to provide continuous and real-time monitoring of assets and environmental conditions. Unfortunately, this information comes in various and increasingly complex forms, making it a challenge to collect, interpret, and leverage the disparate data. As an example, Chevron’s internal IT traffic alone exceeds 1.5 terabytes a day.Big Data technologies integrate common and disparate data sets to deliver the right information at the appropriate time to the correct decision-maker. These capabilities help firms act on large volumes of data, transforming decision-making from reactive to proactive and optimizing all phases of exploration, development and production. Furthermore, Big Data offers multiple opportunities to ensure safer, more responsible operations. Another invaluable effect of that would be shared learning.The aim of this paper is to explain how to use Big Data technologies to optimize operations. How can Big Data help experts to decision-making leading the desired outcomes?Keywords:Big Data; Analytics; Upstream Petroleum Industry; Knowledge Management; KM; Business Intelligence; BI; Innovation; Decision-making under Uncertainty
Innovating Healthcare Processes for Speed and Effectiveness
Authors: Margueritte Maryline 
Published: November 2014

For several years, health networks have developed devices enabling coordinated care of patients in France, regarding both medical plans as well as medico-psycho-social and human care. Some have developed computerized health records for sharing useful information for the coordination and continuity of care. Since the 2009 hospital reform, cooperative operating modes between health system professionals and users are being installed. The implementation of a health information system permits, on one hand, to ensure the transversality of the business process with the patient and, on the other hand, to measure the results of the medical and economic evolution of a complex system of information. The possibilities offered by new technologies of information and communication enable the development of applications supporting increased "on line" participation for citizens. The "ambulatory approach" exports healthcare outside hospital walls. This is an innovative medicine allowing the patient to stay at his home. In France, this re-engineering is based on four areas: a medical record, a collective ownership by the medical and paramedical professions, empowerment of patients and networking in the health sector.Keywords: Health; Networks; Information System; Innovation; Medicine; Patients; Science.
Mixed and mixing layer depths in the ocean surface boundary layer under conditions of diurnal stratification
Authors: Sutherland G. , Reverdin G. , Marié L. , Ward B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA comparison between mixed (MLD) and mixing (XLD) layer depths is presented from the SubTRopical Atlantic Surface Salinity Experiment (STRASSE) cruise in the subtropical Atlantic. This study consists of 400 microstructure profiles during fairly calm and moderate conditions (2 < U10 < 10 m s−1) and strong solar heating O(1000 W m−2). The XLD is determined from a decrease in the turbulent dissipation rate to an assumed background level. Two different thresholds for the background dissipation level are tested, 10−8 and 10−9 m2 s−3, and these are compared with the MLD as calculated using a density threshold. The larger background threshold agrees with the MLD during restratification but only extends to half the MLD during nighttime convection, while the lesser threshold agrees well during convection but is deeper by a factor of 2 during restratification. Observations suggest the use of a larger density threshold to determine the MLD in a buoyancy driven regime.
Turbulent plasma transport across the Earth's low‐latitude boundary layer
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Daughton W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability is a key process for the transport of solar wind plasma into the Earth's magnetosphere when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is northward. Previous kinetic simulations for symmetric layers have demonstrated that the flow vortices compress the magnetopause current layer and induce magnetic reconnection, leading to the rapid streaming of solar wind plasma into the vortices along newly reconnected field lines. Using fully kinetic 3‐D simulations, we demonstrate that the inherent density asymmetry across the boundary layer leads to a spectrum of oblique interchange instabilities along the magnetospheric side of the vortices. These secondary instabilities give rise to turbulence, which transports the solar wind plasma originally stored within the flow vortices deep into the magnetosphere. Simple estimates suggest that this turbulent transport may contribute significantly to the formation of the Earth's low‐latitude boundary layer and the cold‐dense plasma sheet during prolonged periods of northward IMF.
Quantifying barotropic and baroclinic eddy feedbacks in the persistence of the Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Nie Yu , Zhang Yang , Chen Gang , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Burrows D. Alex 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the persistence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is important for the intraseasonal and decadal predictability of SAM. Using the ERA‐40 and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, this study introduces a new method to quantify the relative roles of barotropic and baroclinic eddy feedbacks in the SAM persistence. Through a hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian Finite Amplitude Wave Activity diagnostic, it is found that (i) transient wave activity is important in driving the SAM, but it provides a negative feedback to the SAM persistence. (ii) Irreversible potential vorticity mixing, through barotropic processes in the upper troposphere, plays an important role in driving and sustaining the SAM variability. Particularly, following the poleward shift of the eddy‐driven jet, the reduction/enhancement in effective diffusivity on the jet's poleward/equatorward flank can be understood by a stronger/weaker zonal jet acting as a robust/leaky mixing barrier. (iii) Baroclinic eddy generation and vertical wave propagation mainly act to sustain the SAM variability.
Event study combining magnetospheric and ionospheric perspectives of the substorm current wedge modeling
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Nikolaev A. V. , Kubyshkina M. V. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Singer H. J. , Rodriguez J. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R. , Milan S. E. , Coxon J. C. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUnprecedented spacecraft and instrumental coverage and the isolated nature and distinct step‐like development of a substorm on 17 March 2010 has allowed validation of the two‐loop substorm current wedge model (SCW2L). We find a close spatiotemporal relationship of the SCW with many other essential signatures of substorm activity in the magnetotail and demonstrate its azimuthally localized structure and stepwise expansion in the magnetotail. We confirm that ground SCW diagnostics makes it possible to reconstruct and organize the azimuthal spatiotemporal substorm development pattern with accuracy better than 1 h magnetic local time (MLT) in the case of medium‐scale substorm. The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE)‐based study of global field‐aligned current distribution indicates that (a) the SCW‐related field‐aligned current system consists of simultaneously activated R1‐ and R2‐type currents, (b) their net currents have a R1‐sense, and (c) locations of net current peaks are consistent with the SCW edge locations inferred from midlatitude variations. Thanks to good azimuthal coverage of four GOES and three Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft, we evaluated the intensities of the SCW R1‐ and R2‐like current loops (using the SCW2L model) obtained from combined magnetospheric and ground midlatitude magnetic observations and found the net currents consistent (within a factor of 2) with the AMPERE‐based estimate. We also ran an adaptive magnetospheric model and show that SCW2L model outperforms it in predicting the magnetic configuration changes during substorm dipolarizations.
Die atomare dreidimensionale Struktur von Amyloid‐β‐Fibrillen mit der Osaka‐Mutation
Authors: Schütz Anne K. , Vagt Toni , Huber Matthias , Ovchinnikova Oxana Y. , Cadalbert Riccardo , Wall Joseph , Güntert Peter , Böckmann Anja , Glockshuber Rudi , Meier Beat H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTrotz der zentralen Bedeutung für das Verständnis der molekularen Grundlage der Alzheimer‐Krankheit (AK), gibt es bisher wenig Wissen über die hochaufgelösten Strukturen von Fibrillen des Amyloid‐β(Aβ)‐Peptids. Wir präsentieren hier eine atomar aufgelöste Struktur von Fibrillen des Aβ1‐40‐Peptids mit der Osaka‐Mutation (E22Δ), die mit früh auftretender AK in Zusammenhang steht. Die Struktur, die sich grundlegend von allen bisher vorgestellten Aβ‐Modellen unterscheidet, basiert auf einer großen Anzahl eindeutiger intra‐ und intermolekularer Abstandsbeschränkungen (“distance restraints”).
Biocompatible Infinite‐Coordination‐Polymer Nanoparticle–Nucleic‐Acid Conjugates for Antisense Gene Regulation
Authors: Calabrese Colin M. , Merkel Timothy J. , Briley William E. , Randeria Pratik S. , Narayan Suguna P. , Rouge Jessica L. , Walker David A. , Scott Alexander W. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of DNA‐functionalized infinite‐coordination‐polymer (ICP) nanoparticles as biocompatible gene‐regulation agents. ICP nanoparticles were synthesized from ferric nitrate and a ditopic 3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridinone (HOPO) ligand bearing a pendant azide. Addition of FeIII to a solution of the ligand produced nanoparticles, which were colloidally unstable in the presence of salts. Conjugation of DNA to the FeIII–HOPO ICP particles by copper‐free click chemistry afforded colloidally stable nucleic‐acid nanoconstructs. The DNA–ICP particles, when cross‐linked through sequence‐specific hybridization, exhibited narrow, highly cooperative melting transitions consistent with dense DNA surface loading. The ability of the DNA–ICP particles to enter cells and alter protein expression was also evaluated. Our results indicate that these novel particles carry nucleic acids into mammalian cells without the need for transfection agents and are capable of efficient gene knockdown.
Atomic‐Resolution Three‐Dimensional Structure of Amyloid β Fibrils Bearing the Osaka Mutation
Authors: Schütz Anne K. , Vagt Toni , Huber Matthias , Ovchinnikova Oxana Y. , Cadalbert Riccardo , Wall Joseph , Güntert Peter , Böckmann Anja , Glockshuber Rudi , Meier Beat H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDespite its central importance for understanding the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), high‐resolution structural information on amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) fibrils, which are intimately linked with AD, is scarce. We report an atomic‐resolution fibril structure of the Aβ1‐40 peptide with the Osaka mutation (E22Δ), associated with early‐onset AD. The structure, which differs substantially from all previously proposed models, is based on a large number of unambiguous intra‐ and intermolecular solid‐state NMR distance restraints.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Enantioselective α‐Fluorination of Aliphatic Aldehydes and α‐Chloro Aldehydes: Synthesis of α‐Fluoro Esters, Amides, and Thioesters
Authors: Dong Xiuqin , Yang Wen , Hu Weimin , Sun Jianwei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe asymmetric fluorination of azolium enolates that are generated from readily available simple aliphatic aldehydes or α‐chloro aldehydes and N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) is described. The process significantly expands the synthetic utility of NHC‐catalyzed fluorination and provides facile access to a wide range of α‐fluoro esters, amides, and thioesters with excellent enantioselectivity. Pyrazole was identified as an excellent acyl transfer reagent for catalytic amide formation.