bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Complexity of Genetic Redundancy
Authors: Krakauer David C 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGenetic redundancy is often associated with the duplication of an open reading frame within a genome or a multiplicity of regulatory elements sharing a target. Genetic redundancy is inferred when the modification or deletion of a portion of functional genetic material results in minimal changes to a trait or organismal phenotype – robustness – and when this genetic information is surplus to a reference, non‐robust, genome. Robustness has been attributed to buffering mechanisms promoted by duplicates and to compensatory pathways that can be independent of duplication. Most redundant duplicates are rapidly lost from genomes by mutation and drift. The preservation of redundancy requires some form of epistasis or pleiotropy, typically evolving through subfunctionalization of gene products. The term redundancy is too coarse to capture the full range of phenomena that it is used to describe and new concepts are required for dealing with multi‐locus and context‐dependent robustness.Key Concepts:Redundancy arises through mechanisms that compensate for the loss of functional genetic information.Redundancy can be achieved through a duplication of a structural or regulatory gene.Redundancy arises neutrally through partial or whole‐genome duplication and can persist without selection for short periods of time.The long‐term preservation of redundancy requires specific genetic mechanisms, epistastis or pleiotropy, and on‐going selection pressures.Redundancy is most common in species found in small populations with large genomes for whom neutral processes, dominated by drift, play a significant role.Genetic or structural similarity among perturbed (knockout or knockdown) duplicates, to imply functional interchangeability, is empirically the strongest predictor of genetic redundancy.Alternative, functionally equivalent pathways, that do not share genetic duplicates, can provide mechanisms of redundancy.Redundancy is context‐dependent and often involves numerous factors to include epigenetic modification, environmental compensation, not just genetic loci.Recent studies showing a very high incidence of loss‐function variants in human genomes provide strong support for the prevalence of mechanisms of redundancy.New concepts are required to capture the robustness of genomes that go beyond mechanisms of redundancy. These new concepts will need to deal effectively with the contribution of numerous loci and factors – collective robustness.
Effects of Gestures on Older Adults' Learning from Video‐based Models
Authors: Ouwehand Kim , van Gog Tamara , Paas Fred 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis study investigated whether the positive effects of gestures on learning by decreasing working memory load, found in children and young adults, also apply to older adults, who might especially benefit from gestures given memory deficits associated with aging. Participants learned a problem‐solving skill by observing a video‐based modeling example, with the human model using gesture cues, with a symbolic cue, or without cues. It was expected that gesture compared with symbolic or no cues (i) improves learning and transfer performance, (ii) more in complex than simple problems, and (iii) especially in older adults. Although older adults' learning outcomes were lower overall than that of children and young adults, the results only revealed a time‐on‐task advantage of gesture over no cues in the learning phase for the older adults. In conclusion, the present study did not provide strong support for the effectiveness of gestures on learning from video‐based modeling example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐Frequency, Multi‐Technique Pulsed EPR Investigation of the Copper Binding Site of Murine Amyloid β Peptide
Authors: Kim Donghun , Bang Jeong Kyu , Kim Sun Hee 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCopper‐amyloid peptides are proposed to be the cause of Alzheimer’s disease, presumably by oxidative stress. However, mice do not produce amyloid plaques and thus do not suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. Although much effort has been focused on the structural characterization of the copper‐ human amyloid peptides, little is known regarding the copper‐binding mode in murine amyloid peptides. Thus, we investigated the structure of copper‐murine amyloid peptides through multi‐frequency, multi‐technique pulsed EPR spectroscopy in conjunction with specific isotope labeling. Based on our pulsed EPR results, we found that Ala2, Glu3, His6, and His14 are directly coordinated with the copper ion in murine amyloid β peptides at pH 8.5. This is the first detailed structural characterization of the copper‐binding mode in murine amyloid β peptides. This work may advance the knowledge required for developing inhibitors of Alzheimer’s disease.
Type II Intramolecular [5+2] Cycloaddition: Facile Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Bridged Ring Systems
Authors: Mei Guangjian , Liu Xin , Qiao Chuang , Chen Wei , Li Chuang‐chuang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA type II intramolecular oxidopyrylium‐mediated [5+2] cycloaddition reaction allows the efficient and diastereoselective formation of various highly functionalized and synthetically challenging bridged seven‐membered ring systems (such as bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane, bicyclo[4.3.1]decane, bicyclo[5.4.1]dodecane, and bicyclo[6.4.1]]tridecane). This simple, thermal, direct transformation has a broad substrate scope and is high yielding, with high functional‐group tolerance and unique endo selectivity. The highly strained tricyclic cores of ingenol mebutate (picato) and cyclocitrinol are synthesized efficiently and diastereoselectively using this methodology.
Metal‐Free, Room‐Temperature, Radical Alkoxycarbonylation of Aryldiazonium Salts through Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Guo Wei , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Wang Yue , Wang Ya‐Ni , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe first radical alkoxycarboxylation of aryldiazonium salts using CO gas through visible‐light‐induced photoredox catalysis (16 W blue LEDs) has been developed. This reaction is entirely metal‐free, is carried out at room temperature with a low loading of an organic dye as a photocatalyst (0.5 mol %), and provides a wide range of arylcarboxylic acid esters in high yields. Importantly, this photocatalytic system can be successfully extended to other carboxylation reactions.
An analytical study of the acoustic force implication on the settling velocity of non‐spherical particles in the incompressible Newtonian fluid
Authors: Noorpoor A. R. , Nazari S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the effect of the acoustic radiation force on the acceleration motion of a vertically falling non‐spherical particle in the incompressible Newtonian fluid is investigated. The using of the acoustic radiation force for increasing the falling velocity of particles (especially non‐spherical particles) has the most important implication on increasing the efficiency of particulate control devices such as gravity settling chambers. In this study, the motion of the non‐spherical particles in the fluids such as water can be described by the force balance equation (Basset–Boussinesq–Ossen equation) plus the acoustic radiation force term. The main difficulty in the solution of this equation lies in the nonlinear term due to the nonlinearity nature of the drag coefficient. The settling velocity was calculated by using the differential transformation method, which is an analytical solution technique. The effect of some parameters such as the particle's sphericity (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7), the amplitude of the acoustic pressure wave (200, 400, and 600 KPa), the distance from the acoustic pressure node (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m), and the acoustic source frequency (20, 40, and 60 KHz) on the settling velocity as a function of time was fully studied in this paper. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of unsteady expansion/contraction of Wang's cylinder problem with suction near a stagnation point
Authors: Javed Tariq , Mustafa Irfan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe unsteady viscous incompressible stagnation point flow over an expanding/contracting cylinder with heat and mass transfer is studied in this article. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a couple nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation. These obtained nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using spectral method. There exist unique, dual, and triple solutions in the presence of unsteadiness parameter S for different values of velocity ratio parameter. The ranges for which the unique, dual, and triple solutions exist are shown through graphs and in tabular form. It is observed that the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness decrease by increasing the absolute values of S in expanding cylinder case. However, this behavior is opposite in contracting cylinder case. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oil‐spill cleanup: The influence of acetylated curaua fibers on the oil‐removal capability of magnetic composites
Authors: Elias Eldho , Costa Raphael , Marques Fernanda , Oliveira Geiza , Guo Qipeng , Thomas Sabu , Souza Jr Fernando G. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTA magnetic resin based on cardanol, furfural, and curaua fibers was prepared and characterized. The material could be used in oil‐spill cleanup processes, because of its aromatic/aliphatic balance. The resin was prepared through bulk polycondensation of cardanol and furfural in the presence of curaua fibers and maghemite nanoparticles. Hydrophobicity of the curaua fibers was improved by acetylation, increasing the oil‐absorbing capability of the composites. The obtained magnetic composites were studied by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Degree of cure, magnetic force, and oil‐removal capability tests were also performed. The results show that the composites possess an elevated cure degree in addition to a considerable magnetic force. The materials exhibit a good oil removal capability in the presence of a magnetic field, which is improved by the use of acetylated curaua. In the best case, the composite filled with maghemite and curaua can remove 12 parts of oil from water. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41732.
Polypropylene random copolymer/MWCNT nanocomposites: Isothermal crystallization kinetics, structural, and morphological interpretations
Authors: Verma Pawan , Choudhary Veena 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThis article describes the crystallization process of polypropylene random copolymer (PPCP) under isothermal conditions in presence of varying amounts of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) ranging from 0.5 to 4.0% w/w. Increase in the crystallization temperature under dynamic conditions confirmed the nucleating behavior of MWCNTs, which was also corroborated by crystallization studies under isothermal conditions. The crystallization kinetics was analyzed using Avrami equation and the parameters such as Avrami exponent, the equilibrium melting temperature and fold surface energy for the crystallization of PPCP chains in nanocomposites were obtained from the calorimetric data in order to determine the effect of MWCNTs on these parameters. Spherulitic growth of PPCP crystals was also investigated as a function of time and MWCNT content using hot stage polarizing microscope. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41734.
Epoxidized linolenic acid salts as multifunctional additives for the thermal stability of plasticized PVC
Authors: Mohammed Fiaz S. , Conley Mark , Saunders Steven R. , Switzer Jackson , Jha Rani , Cogen Jeffrey M. , Chaudhary Bharat I. , Pollet Pamela , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTCalcium and zinc salts of epoxidized linolenic acid were synthesized and used as multifunctional additives, to minimize or prevent the reaction of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with liberated hydrochloric acid (HCl) during the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in particular. These metal epoxy salts were incorporated as thermal stabilizers for both diisodecyl phthalate and ESO–plasticized PVC blends that underwent thermal degradation studies at 170°C. The overall performance of these metal epoxy salts was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis and visual color retention of the PVC blends. The weight loss profiles of the metal salt stabilized PVC were comparable to those of blends containing metal stearates. There were, however, vast improvements in color retention of the plasticized PVC using these novel additives. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41736.
Encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde into nanostructured chitosan films
Authors: Rieger Katrina A. , Eagan Nathaniel M. , Schiffman Jessica D. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTRecently, bioactive chitosan films featuring naturally derived essential oils have attracted much attention due to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties and applicability to a broad range of applications. Previously, the ability to form thick (t > 100 µm), chitosan‐essential oil films via solution casting has been demonstrated. However, the fabrication of well characterized ultrathin films (t < 200 nm) that contain essential oils remain unreported. Here, we systematically investigate increasing the incorporation of an essential oil, cinnamaldehyde (CIN) into ultrathin chitosan films. Films with and without the surfactant Span®80 were spin‐coated. Qualitatively, films exhibited well‐defined structural color, which quantitatively ranged from 145 to 345 nm thick. Release studies confirmed that a 6× higher release of CIN was enabled by Span®80 versus the chitosan control films, 30 µg versus 5 µg, respectively. These results suggest that nanostructured chitosan‐CIN coatings hold potential to delay bacterial colonization on a range of surfaces, from indwelling medical device to food processing surfaces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41739.
Electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of hybrid carbon/polymer composites
Authors: Motaghi Atieh , Hrymak Andrew , Motlagh Ghodratollah Hashemi 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of single and hybrid carbon filled composites are experimentally investigated. Polystyrene, carbon fiber (CF) and carbon black (CB) at three CF/CB ratios of 1.67, 3.33, 6.67 were compounded in a twin screw extruder micro‐compounder and compression molded into sheets. The through‐plane and in‐plane electrical conductivity of the composites are measured by 2 and 4 probe techniques. The percolation threshold of the single filler and hybrid composites are determined from the experimental results using a percolation model. The hybrid composites have a higher value of electrical conductivity and lower percolation threshold than the single CF filler composite except for the CF/CB ratio of 6.67. The percolation threshold for the cases of single filler and hybrid composites are modeled. The hard core / soft shell model is used and it is assumed that the percolation in a particle filled system depends on the ratio of tunneling distance to particle diameter. This ratio is determined by modeling single filler composites using the experimental data and kept constant in the modeling of the hybrid system. Finite size scaling is used to determine the percolation threshold for the infinite size hybrid system containing (nanosize) particles and micron size fibers for three CF/CB ratios. The simulation results show that the percolations of hybrid composites have the same trends observed in the experimental results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41744.
Catch‐Up Growth During Tocilizumab Therapy for Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Results From a Phase III Trial
Authors: De Benedetti Fabrizio , Brunner Hermine , Ruperto Nicolino , Schneider Rayfel , Xavier Ricardo , Allen Roger , Brown Diane E. , Chaitow Jeffrey , Pardeo Manuela , Espada Graciela , Gerloni Valeria , Myones Barry L. , Frane James W. , Wang Jianmei , Lipman Terri H. , Bharucha Kamal N. , Martini Alberto , Lovell Daniel ,   for the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation and the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of tocilizumab treatment on growth and growth‐related laboratory parameters in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) enrolled in a phase III clinical trial.MethodsPatients with systemic JIA ages 2–17 years (n = 112) received tocilizumab in a 12‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled period and a long‐term open‐label extension. Height velocity and standard deviation (SD) score; levels of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), osteocalcin (OC), and C‐telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX‐I); and Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score in 71 joints (JADAS‐71) were measured in a post hoc analysis of 83 patients who never received growth hormone and did not reach Tanner stage 5 by the end of the first year of treatment.ResultsPatients had stunted growth at baseline (mean height SD score −2.2). During tocilizumab treatment, males (73%) and females (83%) experienced above‐normal mean height velocities of 6.6 cm/year (P < 0.0001 versus World Health Organization norms). Mean height SD score increases during year 1 (0.29) and year 2 (0.31) were significant (both P < 0.0001). The mean SD score for IGF‐1 levels increased significantly (−0.2 for year 1 and −0.1 for year 2 versus −1.0 at baseline; both P < 0.0001). Mean OC and CTX‐I levels (both P < 0.0001) and the OC:CTX‐I ratio (P = 0.014) significantly increased from baseline to year 2. In multiple regression analysis, first‐year height velocity had a significant inverse relationship to JADAS‐71 at year 1, age, mean glucocorticoid dosage during the year, and height SD score at baseline.ConclusionOur findings indicate that during treatment with tocilizumab, patients with systemic JIA experience significant catch‐up growth, normalization of IGF‐1 levels, and bone balance improvement favoring bone formation.
Required Role of Apoptotic Myogenic Precursors and Toll‐like Receptor Stimulation for the Establishment of Autoimmune Myositis in Experimental Murine Models
Authors: Sciorati Clara , Monno Antonella , Ascherman Dana P. , Seletti Elena , Manfredi Angelo A. , Rovere‐Querini Patrizia 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveMuscle regeneration is a hallmark of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), a group of autoimmune disorders that are characterized by leukocyte infiltration and dysfunction of the skeletal muscle. Despite detailed studies describing the clinical and histopathologic features of IIMs, the immunopathogenesis of these disorders remains undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathologic processes of autoimmune myositis in experimental murine models.MethodsExpression of the autoantigen histidyl–transfer RNA synthetase (HisRS) was analyzed in mice with acutely injured or dystrophic muscles, in inflammatory leukocytes, and in purified satellite cells. Anti‐HisRS antibodies and myositis induction were assessed in mice after muscle injury and immunization with apoptotic satellite cells or C2C12 myoblasts, in the presence or absence of the Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR‐7) agonist R848.ResultsMuscle necrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and myofiber regeneration induced by toxic agents (cardiotoxin or glycerol) or promoted by genetic disruption of the α‐sarcoglycan/dystrophin complex in mice were uniformly associated with up‐regulated expression of HisRS. Although regenerating myofibers and purified satellite cells are known to show increased expression of HisRS in these settings, anti‐HisRS antibodies were not detectable. However, intramuscular immunization with ultraviolet B–irradiated, HisRS‐expressing apoptotic myoblasts in the presence of R848 triggered the production of anti‐HisRS IgG antibodies as well as persistent lymphocyte infiltration and prolonged/delayed muscle regeneration. Conversely, intramuscular administration of R848 alone or in combination with living or postapoptotic/necrotic myoblasts failed to generate this myositis phenotype.ConclusionIn the presence of TLR/adjuvant signals and underlying muscle injury, apoptotic myogenic precursors expressing high levels of autoantigen can provoke autoantibody formation and lymphocytic infiltration of muscle tissue, effectively replicating the features of IIM.
Insulin Resistance in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease‐Related Indicators and Associations With the Presence and Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Authors: Giles Jon T. , Danielides Stamatina , Szklo Moyses , Post Wendy S. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Petri Michelle , Schreiner Pamela J. , Budoff Matthew , Detrano Robert , Bathon Joan M. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveSystemic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) are linked, yet the determinants of IR and its impact on atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of IR in RA and non‐RA populations and investigate whether the associations of IR with measures of atherosclerosis differ between these groups.MethodsIR was quantified using the homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA‐IR), and was compared between RA patients and demographically matched non‐RA controls. Differences in the associations between the HOMA‐IR index and the Agatston coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, ultrasound‐determined intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), and focal plaque in the ICA/carotid bulb were compared according to RA status.ResultsAmong the 195 RA patients and 198 controls studied, average HOMA‐IR levels were higher in the RA group by 31%, and were consistently higher in the RA group regardless of stratification by demographic or cardiometabolic risk factors. While the HOMA‐IR index was strongly and significantly associated with C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels in the control group, the association was weaker in the RA group. Among RA patients, higher HOMA‐IR levels were associated with rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity in men and women, and prednisone use in women only. Before adjustment, higher HOMA‐IR levels were associated with all assessed measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in the control group only; associations were diminished and lost statistical significance after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Among the RA patients, neither baseline nor average HOMA‐IR levels were significantly associated with change in any of the atherosclerosis measures over an average of 3.2 years of followup.ConclusionAlthough IR was higher in RA patients than in non‐RA controls, higher levels may not independently impart additional risk of atherosclerosis.