bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discontinued Orthodontic Treatment in the General Dental Service and Community Dental Service in England and Wales during the Summer of 1991
Authors: Eaton K. A. , Stephens C. D. , Heesterman R. A. 
Published: December 2014

This paper reports on two studies which investigated levels of discontinued orthodontic treatment amongst patients under IS years, who had been treated in the General Dental Service (GDS) and Community Dental Service (CDS) of the National Health Service during June and July 1991. These complement the study of discontinued Hospital Dented Service treatment already reported. The studies indicated that, at the time, the levels were 13·1 per cent in the GDS and 12·5 per cent in the CDS. The figure for the GDS was much lower than that of 20 per cent reported in the Sehansehieff Report. There was little difference in the levels of discontinued treatment between those working in the GDS with an orthodontic qualification (12·1 per cent) and those without (13·5 per cent). The results suggest that the levels for discontinued orthodontic treatment in those aged under 18 years of age may be lower than previously reported.
Alteration in Facial Shape in the Anencephalic Human Foetus
Authors: Trenouth M. J. 
Published: December 2014

Tracings were produced from frontal radiographs of 11 anencephalic foetuses. These were compared analytically with standards derived from 60 normal foetuses. The anencephalics showed a marked reduction in the relative size of the cranium with considerable flattening of the calvarium, which is characteristic of the condition. The orbits were more medially placed, being closer together and somewhat higher in position than the normal foetal outline. The right and left mandible were more elongated with an increase in the intermaxillary space. The condyles were more medially positioned and were closer to the orbits than in the normal outlines. In normal growth, expansion of the brain flattens the cranial base, displacing the nasomaxillary segment forwards In anencephally this does not happen so that the nasomaxillary segment rotates in an antero-inferior postero-superior direction along with the intermaxillary space and mandible. This produces a significant lengthening of the face accompanied by narrowing in the region of the cranial base relative to the normal outline.
The Assessment of Crowding without the Need to Record Arch Perimeter. Part I: Arches with Acceptable Alignment
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. 
Published: December 2014

A simplified, mathematically determined technique for calculating arch perimeter (the overlap method) is described and its validity in determining an accurate assessment of crowding is tested. Indices, expressed in millimeters of crowding or spacing, were computed for both, the whole arch and the labial segment alone. Study casts of 36 individuals with, clinically acceptable lower arches were used to validate the method. The degree of crowding or spacing calculated was compared with a ‘clinical’ assessment of each arch, in which the irregularity was measured directly using a steel ruler. Various calculation schemes were tested. Depending on exactly how the overlap was determined, the results varied slightly. Although the arches showed acceptable alignment, it was preferable to include a strategy for normalizing the positions of any rotated teeth before the overlaps were calculated. Repositioning any bucco-lingually displaced teeth into the line of the arch, however, was not useful. For the complete arch good agreement with the clinical assessment was reached on 31 occasions and for the labial segment, all but one appraisals were within 0·5 mm of each other. In the remaining instances (five complete arches and one labial segment), the degree of crowding or spacing was between 0–5 and 1 mm of the clinical assessment Considering that clinical measurement of minor degrees of crowding and spacing cannot be precise, these results were considered acceptable. The method was easy to use, relying only on the recording of mesio-distal tooth widths and was acceptably reproducible. The technique would therefore appear to provide a valid yet simple research tool with winch to record the degree of crowding. Its ability to cope with irregular and crowded arches will be the subject of a subsequent review.
An Analysis of Papers Published in the British and European Journals of Orthodontics
Authors: Harrison Jayne E. , Ashby Deborah , Lennon M.A. 
Published: December 2014

Objectives To identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and compare papers published in two orthodontic journals. Design A retrospective, observational study. Setting The British Journal of Orthodontics (BJO) and European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO). Data source Papers published between 1989 and 1993. Method A hand search of all papers was performed. The type, subject, setting and methods of each paper were classified and recorded. Results 200 papers were identified in BJO and 275 in EJO. Six RCTs were identified which represents 2·8 per cent of clinical research papers. Significant differences were found between the type (P < 0·001), subject (P < 0·001), setting (P < 0·01), and methods (P < 0·05) of papers published in the two Journals. More papers in BJO were case reports clinical opinions, and update articles, and reported on orthodontic materials or assessed methods of measuring the outcome of treatment. Ninety per cent of papers in EJO reported the results of research projects. More papers were related to animal studies; were laboratory based or epidemiological. Conclusion Despite the RCT being regarded as the ‘Gold Standard’ for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions and materials only six (5.1 per cent) of such studies used this method. Significant differences in the type, setting and subject of papers published in BJO and EJO between 1989 and 1993 were found.
A critical assessment of orthodontic standards in England and Wales (1990–1991) in relation to changes in prior approval
Authors: Turbill Elizabeth A , Richmond Stephen , Wright Jean L 
Published: December 2014

Targeting, use of appliances, and standards of outcome for General Dental Service orthodontic cases collected between 1990 and 1991 were compared with a sample of cases from an earlier study, collected between 1987 and 1988, using the PAR index and IQTN. Comparisons are made generally and in relation to the changes in prior approval regulations for cases started since October 1987. More tower-need cases were treated, but there were no more ‘unnecessary’ treatments and there has been a limited improvement in outcomes, as assessed by the indices, associated with increased use of fixed appliances since 1987. Prior approval appeared to give no tangible benefits in terms of levels of unnecessary treatment or quality of outcome.
Late Lower Arch Crowding in Relation to Skeletal and Dental Morphology and Growth Changes
Authors: Richardson Margaret E. 
Published: December 2014

Skeletal and dental morphology, and related growth changes during a 3-year period following second permanent molar eruption, were compared in a group of 21 subjects who had no increase in lower arch crowding, with another group of 21 subjects whose lower arch crowding had increased by 1.0 mm or more during the same period. The crowding group showed a significantly greater increase in M3 space, forward movement of the second permanent molar and increase in the inter-incisal angle than the non-crowding group. None of the other parameters examined differed significantly.
Adhesive Pre-coated Brackets, a Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Ash Simon , Hay Norman 
Published: December 2014

The adhesive pre-coated bracket system along with the application of light curing for orthodontic bracket placement were compared with a conventional adhesive system, in a prospective randomized study. Of 38 consecutive patients requiring fixed orthodontic appliances, half were treated with adhesive pre-coated brackets and half with a no-mix adhesive. The timings for the clinical stages involved in bracket placement, were recorded. This also included the time and reliability of bracket identification and orientation. The peri-bracket flash distribution, time taken for clean up at the subsequent visit, the site, and number of bracket failures at the time of bracket placement and during the first 3 months, were recorded. The study showed that althought the time taken to place and care the adhesive pre-coated system was longer than for the no-mix system, this difference was not statistically significant. However, this difference in time was compensated for in the time taken for bracket orientation in the control group and subsequent clean up at the second visit. Both the bracket failure rate and peri-bracket flash scores were reduced in the adhesive pre-coated group as compared with the control and these differences were statistically significantly. Other advantages of the adhesive pre-coated system are reported.
Continuing Orthodontic Education for the General Dental Practitioner
Authors: Broadway R. T. 
Published: December 2014

A short history of the development of postgraduate education for the General Practitioner is given, together with information regarding administration of postgraduate courses and the development of postgraduate centres at District General Hospitals. Following graduation, the practitioner should be imbued with the idea that continuing education is a necessity if he is to keep up to date in his professional work. Incentives such as seniority awards or compulsory attendance for continuing registration are discussed. Personal experience in the development and organization of Orthodontic Courses for the General Dental Practitioner are presented, together with findings in other Regions. Finally, future developments in organizing courses with particular emphasis on the part the Community Dental Surgeon may play are discussed.
Index for Measurement of Lower Labial Segment Crowding
Authors: Betteridge Margaret Ann 
Published: December 2014

A technique has been developed to measure crowding of the lower labial segment which involves measurement of photographic enlargements produced from models of the lower arch. The width of the individual six anterior teeth was measured following specific criteria and the space available in the labial segment was measured with a flexible ruler. The index was expressed as the ratio of the sum of the individual tooth widths to the space available. The index was found to be reproducible both within and between examiners with a standard deviation of 0·015 to 0·02 when the index was between 0·89 and 1·24. The index was also found to have a high degree of correlation when compared with subjective ranking.
Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Attachments to Teeth: The Relation of Adhesive Bond Strength to Gauze Mesh Size
Authors: Reynolds I. R. , von Fraunhofer J. A. 
Published: December 2014

Filled diacrylate resins have been found to satisfactorily bond metal gauze-backed orthodontic attachments directly to enamel. Polymeric materials do not bond to stainless steel and usually gauze is welded to brackets and other attachments to provide mechanical retention. Gauzes of various mesh sizes were welded to orthodontic buttons and the bond strength to etched human enamel determined. It was found that the mesh size of the gauze affects the bond strength between the orthodontic button and enamel.
Innovation in Skeletal II Treatment Including Effective Incisor Root Torque in a Prelimary Removable Appliance Phase
Authors: Bass Neville M. 
Published: December 2014

A new removable appliance design is presented which offers the possibility of significant palatal movement of the maxillary incisor roots and which is capable of producing marked changes in the position of the root apices. Heavy extra-oral forces may be applied through the appliance to the entire maxilla to orthopaedically change the facial growth pattern and ameliorate the Skeletal II problem, with the torquing movements being carried out concurrently. A second phase of Edgewise treatment, often with directly bonded transparent plastic brackets, is then carried out to complete the correction. This stage is much reduced in complexity and may be confined to alignments and detailing of the occlusion over a relatively short period of time.
An Electromyographic Investigation of the Perioral Musculature in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Authors: Simpson Mary McF. 
Published: December 2014

The changes in lip activity associated with retraction of the upper labial segment during treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion were investigated electromyographically. In the lip seal position muscle activity of the circumoral muscles was much reduced after treatment, but the amount of reduction appeared to be unrelated to the amount of incisor retraction. In some cases lips which were judged to be incompetent before treatment were competent after treatment. Activity in the suprahyoid muscle group associated with upper incisor inclination and overjet when the lips were sealed was eliminated during swallowing.
Problems of Accuracy and Reliability in Cephalometric Studies with Implants in Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Shaw W. C. 
Published: December 2014

A simulated trial was carried out to assess the accuracy of cephalometric radiography with the aid of implants in infants receiving cleft lip and palate orthopaedic treatment. The stability of the implants is also discussed. It was concluded that the technique is of limited value since the implants may be disturbed by the developing teeth and because slight inaccuracy in head positioning may lead to substantial errors of interpretation.
The Face Mask: A New Form of Reverse Head-gear
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wreakes Glyn 
Published: December 2014

Definite clinical situations arise for which reverse head-gear is the treatment of choice. The current techniques are reviewed and their shortcomings considered. A new form of reverse head-gear was devised (the ‘face mask’) and its use described. The advantages of the face mask are discussed.
The Effect of Presurgical Treatment on Palatal Tissue Area in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Subjects
Authors: Huddart A. G. , Crabb J. J. 
Published: December 2014

The investigation measures the area of palatal tissue at birth and at four months in three groups of subjects: (1) 30 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate cases who received presurgical maxillary orthopaedic treatment; (2) 15 similar cases who did not receive such treatment and were used as controls; (3) 30 normal children with intact palates. The changes occurring in the three groups of cases over the four month period are compared. In particular it was noted that presurgical treatment retarded the growth of palatal tissue. The significance of this in relation to the other findings and presurgical treatment generally is discussed.
‘Orthodontic’ Decalcification, the Ultrasonic Instrument, and the Premade Positioner. A New Orthodontic Triad
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wreakes Glyn 
Published: December 2014

A case of severe decalcification following fixed orthodontic therapy is used to illustrate how the Ultrasonic Instrument and the Premade Positioner may help treat the aesthetic problem. The use of the Orthodontic Positioner to concurrently close spaces and to treat both the gingival hypertrophy and decalcification is described in the same case. Some newer solutions to the decalcification problem are discussed.
The Transplantation of Canines using Direct Bonded Orthodontic Bracket Fixation: An Improved Technique
Authors: Wreakes Glyn , Cooke Michael S. 
Published: December 2014

A technique of transplanting canines using orthodontic bracket fixation is described. The extracted tooth has its root suspended in the patient's own blood whilst the dried isolated crown is freely accessible for the direct bonding of an edgewise bracket at a predetermined position. A special bottle with rubber and clamp in the lid is needed for this procedure and is described. Advantages of the technique include the following: Ideal positioning of the canine under direct vision; the possibility of forming a canine eminence and the easy assessment at intervals, of the firmness of the transplant. Therefore, the fixation may be removed, in many cases, before the usual 6 week period.
A Quantitative Study of General Dental Practitioner Orthodontic Care in Scottish Health Board Areas (1966–1975)
Authors: Haynes Sydney 
Published: December 2014

A quantitative assessment of the true dental practitioner contribution to orthodontic care in Scottish Health Board areas during the period 1966–1975, shows that the amount of orthodontic treatment given by general dental practitioners in Scotland has diminished in the 10 year period studied. A wide variation was observed in respect of the mean number of orthodontic treatments per year per practitioner, and there was also a lack of uniformity in the proportion of practitioners providing an orthodontic service relative to the different area health boards. The findings have also shown that between 1966–1975, a considerable reduction has occurred in the mean number of practitioner orthodontic treatments commenced each year in the Greater Glasgow and Lothian Health Board areas. The evidence of this study also suggests that orthodontics should become recognized as a postgraduate dental specialty and that it would be appropriate to introduce specialist registration as a means of improving the quality and quantity of orthodontic care within the National Health Service. This should also be accompanied by certain administrative changes, as the present anomalous situation whereby specialist practitioners are permitted to practise within the general dental service should be discontinued.
Asymmetry of the Cranio-facial Skeleton
Authors: Cook J. T. 
Published: December 2014

The normal cranio-facial skeleton may demonstrate varying degrees of asymmetry, ranging from sub-clinical asymmetry compatible with normal dental occlusion to gross asymmetry arising from traumatic, pathological or developmental causes. An intermediate group has clinical cranio-facial asymmetry associated with dental malocclusion but with no apparent pathological cause. There may be compensatory development of the dento-alveolar structures which reduces the effect of the skeletal asymmetry on the dental occlusion. Radiographic analysis of the location of the asymmetry is unsatisfactory but some individuals in the intermediate group show curvature or distortion of the skull base which can be demonstrated although not quantified on SMV x-rays. Skull deformation can arise in utero, during birth or in infancy. One form of skull and facial obliquity (plagiocephaly) can occur a few weeks after birth in infants who were symmetrical at birth. There may be associated asymmetry of the axial skeleton and plagiocephaly was a constant feature in one survey of infantile scoliosis. An association exists between facial asymmetry, skull base asymmetry, plagiocephaly and asymmetry of the axial skeleton.
Orthodontic Surveys—A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Foster T. D. 
Published: December 2014

Surveys of the occlusion in population groups usually include in their objectives the academic assessment of occlusal features, the planning of resources for public health treatment programmes, the comparison of differing populations and the screening of groups for orthodontic treatment. The requirements for these purpose differ. While occlusal features are readily measured by any trained observer, the need for treatment is a largely subjective judgement and the difficulty and practicability of treatment are aspects which can only realistically be assessed by clinical orthodontists. The use of an occlusal index, while standardizing the measurement of the occlusion, still retains the subjectivity of the assessment of treatment need, though this subjectivity is also standardized. No occlusal index at present includes any measure of the difficulty or practicability of treatment. Reports of orthodontic surveys on UK populations in the past 30 years reflect the difficulties of making comparable assessments without standardized criteria, as well as secular changes in judgment of treatment need. If surveys are to be of value either in resource planning, screening or comparison of populations there seems to be a need to develop a suitable index which would use measurements rather than classifications as far as possible.
A Comparison of the Frequency of General Practitioner Orthodontic Treatments in Scotland 1966 and 1975. Should the Present System be Reviewed?
Authors: Haynes Sydney 
Published: December 2014

In both 1966 and 1975, a relatively high proportion of general dental practitioners in Scotland failed to provide orthodontic treatment in the General Dental Service (35 and 38 per cent respectively), and the majority of those practitioners providing an orthodontic service commenced treatment for no more than ten patients in each of these years, i.e. 56 per cent (1966) and 61 per cent (1975). These findings indicate that an urgent review of the present system is required if the quantity and quality of orthodontic treatment provided by the British National Health Service is to be improved. The present system has remained virtually unchanged since 1947, and it can now be seen to be both inefficient and uneconomic. The anomaly of specialist orthodontists acting as ‘general dental practitioners’ in practices ‘limited to orthodontics’ in the General Dental Service is also discussed. It is suggested that those dental specialties requiring prolonged postgraduate training should receive formal specialist recognition and status in the United Kingdom, and that the most satisfactory method of providing a more comprehensive service is by the recognition of orthodontics as a true specialty and by the simultaneous expansion of the hospital service to play a more positive role in the provision of treatment.
Quantitative Assessment of the Occlusal Features
Authors: Kinaan B. K. , Burke P. H. 
Published: December 2014

There is no widely accepted quantitative method for assessing occlusion. The wide variation in epidemiological studies is due to the use of quantitative terms, which are subjective and allow a broad range of interpretation. A new, simple reproducible and valid quantitative method of assessing occlusion which is suitable for epidemiological and clinical use is described. Four instruments are used for direct measurement of occlusal traits. An overbite gauge has been devised and three other measuring instruments have been modified to measure overjet and crowding of the teeth. Each dental arch is divided into three segments, an incisal segment and two buccal segments. Each segment is assessed in terms of intra-arch alignment and inter-arch relationship (in occlusion). The method has been field tested and proved to be practical and valid.
Some Aspects of Orthodontic Specialist Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lewis H. G. 
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire sent to orthodontic specialist practitioners provided information about the nature of specialist practice, the training of specialist practitioners and the patterns of treatment within orthodontic practices. Specialists are now undergoing more extensive postgraduate training and the use of fixed appliances is increasing. General dental practitioners are referring larger numbers of patients to orthodontic specialist practitioners. Several factors will soon be operating to encourage a raising of treatment standards in British orthodontics, namely a falling birth rate, an increased interest in dentistry by the general public and the availability of an increased number of well-trained orthodontic specialist practitioners. Some form of official recognition for the specialist practitioner role is now desirable whilst the historical model for delivery of orthodontic care defined at the inception of the National Health Service is in urgent need of revision.