bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields
Authors: Adey W. Ross 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLife on earth has evolved in a sea of natural electromagnetic (EM) fields. Over the past century, this natural environment has sharply changed with introduction of a vast and growing spectrum of man‐made EM fields. From models based on equilibrium thermodynamics and thermal effects, these fields were initially considered too weak to interact with biomolecular systems, and thus incapable of influencing physiological functions. Laboratory studies have tested a spectrum of EM fields for bioeffects at cell and molecular levels, focusing on exposures at athermal levels. A clear emergent conclusion is that many observed interactions are not based on tissue heating. Modulation of cell surface chemical events by weak EM fields indicates a major amplification of initial weak triggers associated with binding of hormones, antibodies, and neurotransmitters to their specific binding sites. Calcium ions play a key role in this amplification. These studies support new concepts of communication between cells across the barriers of cell membranes; and point with increasing certainty to an essential physical organization in living matter, at a far finer level than the structural and functional image defined in the chemistry of molecules. New collaborations between physical and biological scientists define common goals, seeking solutions to the physical nature of matter through a strong focus on biological matter. The evidence indicates mediation by highly nonlinear, nonequilibrium processes at critical steps in signal coupling across cell membranes. There is increasing evidence that these events relate to quantum states and resonant responses in biomolecular systems, and not to equilibrium thermodynamics associated with thermal energy exchanges and tissue heating.
Diffuse angiomatosis of the breast—Sonographic appearance
Authors: Ciurea Anca , Dudea Sorin M. , Lebovici Andrei , Fodor Lucian , Crisan Doinita 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAngiomatosis or diffuse hemangioma is a very rare benign vascular tumor, consisting of blood and lymphatic channels growing diffusely in the breast parenchyma. We report a case of diffuse breast angiomatosis in a 34‐year‐old woman with pubertal anisomastia. Ultrasound raised the suspicion of vascular tumor, by showing large cystic spaces separated by septae with moderate blood flow, similar to those found in cystic lymphangioma. We discuss the imaging (mammography, ultrasound, and MRI) and pathologic findings, with a brief review of the literature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:498–501, 2014
Tips and tricks of surgical technique for pancreatic cancer: portal vein resection and reconstruction (with videos)
Authors: Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Kato Atsushi , Shimizu Hiroaki , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Furukawa Katsunori , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Kuboki Satoshi , Takano Shigetsugu , Okamura Daiki , Suzuki Daisuke , Sakai Nozomu , Kagawa Shingo , Miyazaki Masaru 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSurgical resection is the only hope for cure in patients with pancreatic cancer. To improve the resectability and achieve better prognosis of this lethal disease, extended resection for pancreatic cancer has been applied. We have performed portal vein resection aggressively for pancreatic cancer with portal vein invasion. We also established a method of portal vein reconstruction using the left renal vein graft for tumors widely extended to the portal vein. Our data show similar survival between patients with portal vein obstruction and those without invasion. We also show that portal vein reconstruction using the left renal vein graft can be performed safely without severe liver damage. With video, we introduce our surgical technique for portal vein resection and reconstruction, especially focusing on the usage of the left renal vein graft, providing several tips for a safe and successful procedure.
Evaluation of weather research and forecasting model for the assessment of wind resource over Gharo, Pakistan
Authors: Amjad Muhammad , Zafar Qudsia , Khan Firdos , Sheikh Muhammad Munir 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWeather research and forecasting (WRF) model is the state‐of‐the‐art mesoscale model that could be used as a guideline to effectively assess the wind resource of Gharo wind station lying in the coastal belt of Pakistan. The anemometer heights of 10 and 30 m for the year 2005 have been used to study the wind profile of the region for summer (June, July, August, September) and winter (December, January, February, March). The study uses an innovative approach for model comparisons, i.e. an eta‐half level is added in the model on 60 m height and is interpolated to 30 m height by using well known power law. This is done by studying the diurnal variation of wind shear for the whole year of 2005 in order to reduce maximum possible interpolation error. For both seasons, the error measures of mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 30 m interpolated data were found lower than 10 m height data with increased correlation (r). A bias correction methodology (best easy systematic estimator) was further applied over the model output showing a significant improvement toward MBE, MAE and RMSE reduction, i.e. up to 99%, 73% and 68% on 10 m height and 99%, 51% and 46% on 30 m height. Errors were reduced more for summer than winter. The selected bias correction methodology was thus found to be highly applicable for both model heights. The wind energy assessment of Gharo wind station from the corrected model simulation showed summer having more potential for wind energy than winter with an estimated energy of up to 1000 MWh.
Characterizing image quality of autostereoscopic displays by using the maximum luminance at each viewing position
Authors: Horikoshi Tsutomu , Kimura Shinji 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA metric of the 3D image quality of autostereoscopic displays based on optical measurements is proposed. This metric uses each view's luminance contrast, which is defined as the ratio of maximum luminance at each viewing position to total luminance at that position. Conventional metrics of the autostereoscopic display based on crosstalk, which uses “wanted” and “unwanted” lights. However, in case of the multiple‐views‐type autostereoscopic displays, it is difficult to distinguish exactly which lights are wanted lights and which are unwanted lights. This paper assumes that the wanted light has a maximum luminance at the good stereoscopic viewing position, and the unwanted light also has a maximum luminance at the worst pseudo‐stereoscopic viewing position. By using the maximum luminance that is indexed by view number of the autostereoscopic display, the proposed method enables characterizing stereoscopic viewing conditions without using wanted/unwanted light. A 3D image quality metric called “stereo luminance contrast,” the average of both eyes' contrast, is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed metric is confirmed by the results of optical measurement analyses of different types of autostereoscopic displays, such as the two‐view, scan‐backlight, multi‐view, and integral.
The role of surgeons in building a personalized medicine program
Authors: Boland Genevieve M. , Meric‐Bernstam Funda 
Published: June 2014

AbstractChanges in technology, with decreases in the cost of molecular profiling, has expanded the interest in creating institution‐wide personalized medicine platforms to allow selective assessment of a given patient's tumor in real time, with the ability to utilize that information for patient‐care decisions. In order for this approach to function adequately, a multidisciplinary team must be created in an environment with dedicated support at an institutional level. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:3–8. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast separation of warfarin and 7‐hydroxywarfarin enantiomers by cyclodextrin‐assisted capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Nowak Paweł , Garnysz Magdalena , Woźniakiewicz Michał , Kościelniak Paweł 
Published: June 2014

The enantioseparation of warfarin and its main metabolite has been achieved using several cyclodextrin types and buffers at different pH, including conditions that have not been attempted so far. Methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, highly sulfated‐β‐cyclodextrin and highly sulfated‐γ‐cyclodextrin were the most efficient chiral selectors. The pH range, within which particular cyclodextrins support chiral separation, has been approximately determined for the first time. By shortening the effective capillary length to 10 cm, the time of analysis has been vastly reduced <2 min. Hence, baseline separations of warfarin and 7‐hydroxywarfarin enantiomers have been achieved in times unreported for those species until now. The established conditions are promising for the further development of new highly selective and fast methods involving warfarin, its derivatives, as well as the same cyclodextrin types.
Reactions of Substituted Phenylnitromethane Carbanions with Aromatic Nitro Compounds in Methanol: Carbanion Reactivity, Kinetic, and Equilibrium Studies
Authors: ASGHAR BASIM H. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe feasibility of carrying out nucleophilic addition from electron‐deficient heteroaromatics has been addressed through a detailed investigation of the interaction of a two 7‐substituted‐nitrobenzofurazan (R = OMe 2a; R = Cl 2b) with a series of substituted‐nitroaryl anions (X = 4‐NO2 1a; X = 3‐NO2 1b; X = 4‐CN 1c; X = 4‐Br 1d), all reactions first lead to the quantitative formation of the σ‐adducts 3a–d and 4a–d arising from covalent addition of the nucleophile to the C‐5 carbon. The rate and equilibrium constants for the formation of σ‐adducts 3a–d and 4a–d (k5, K5) together with the rate constants for their decomposition (k−5) have been determined in methanol at 25°C, allowing a determination of intrinsic rate constants, k0 = 0.03, the lower k0 value reflects the very strong salvation by methanol of the negative charge on the nitro group. The discovery of a linear correlation between the E and pKaMeOH parameters allows a calibration of the electrophilicity power of 2a and 2b, E = −11.67 and −10.29, respectively. Applying the general approach to nucleophilicity/electrophilicity recently developed by Mayr et al. through the relationship log k = s(E + N), a successful ranking of our nitroaryl anions 1a–d on the general nucleophilicity scale (N) has been carried out. The N values of 1a–d are found to cover a range from 15.78 to 16.69. The results are compared with previously reported data in water and DMSO.
The association between laryngeal cleft and tracheoesophageal fistula: Myth or reality?
Authors: Fraga Jose C. , Adil Eelam A. , Kacprowicz Amy , Skinner Margaret L. , Jennings Russell , Lillehei Craig , Rahbar Reza 
Published: June 2014

Objectives/HypothesisLaryngeal cleft (LC) associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with or without esophageal atresia (EA) has rarely been described. The purpose of this study is to review our experience, clinical features, management, delay in diagnosis, and complications in children with these anomalies.Study DesignRetrospective chart review at pediatric tertiary referral center.MethodsPatients diagnosed with LC alone or LC and TEF over a 10‐year period were included. Data including demographics, type of TEF and LC, comorbidities, symptoms, management, complications and swallowing outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThere were 161 pediatric patients diagnosed with LC alone and 22 with LC and TEF. In patients with LC and TEF, aspiration was the most common presenting symptom (n = 11, 50%). Seventeen patients (77%, mean age 4 years 7 months) underwent endoscopic repair and five patients (23%) with type I clefts did not require surgery. Two patients required revision surgery. For patients with LC alone, the mean age at repair was 3.70 years (4 months–19.9 years) compared to 4.69 years (8 months–17.83 years) for patients with LC and TEF (P = 0.0187). The postoperative swallowing studies from 15 patients showed no aspiration. Mean follow‐up was 4 years and 6 months.ConclusionThe diagnosis and management of LC in patients with TEF is often delayed. If a child presents with persistent aspiration after TEF repair, a complete airway endoscopy should be performed to evaluate for vocal fold mobility and cleft. Endoscopic repair is the recommended approach for those patients requiring surgical intervention.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:469–474, 2015
Nasal bone length: prenasal thickness ratio: a strong 2D ultrasound marker for Down syndrome
Authors: Szabó Andrea , Szili Károly , Szabó János Tamás , Sikovanyecz János , Isaszegi Dóra , Horváth Emese , Szabó János 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility of incorporating two‐dimensional ultrasound measurements of nasal bone length (NBL) and prenasal thickness (PT) into the second‐trimester anomaly scan and to determine whether the NBL : PT ratio could help in differentiating euploid and Down syndrome fetuses.MethodTwo‐dimensional measurements of NBL and PT were obtained from the midsagittal plane of the fetal head at 14–28 weeks of gestation in a Caucasian population at risk for aneuploidy. The screening performances of NBL, PT, and the ratios NBL : PT and PT : NBL were analyzed in euploid (n = 1330) and Down syndrome (n = 33) fetuses.ResultsNasal bone length and PT alone showed strong correlations with Down syndrome (sensitivity: 76% at 1.88% and 2.35% false positive rate, respectively). However, the NBL : PT ratio showed an even stronger correlation with Down syndrome (false positive rate: 0.9%, sensitivity: 97%). The mean NBL : PT ratio showed a gradual increase from 1.48 to 1.79 (a 21.2% increase) between 14 and 28 weeks of gestation.ConclusionTwo‐dimensional ultrasound measurements of NBL and PT, particularly the NBL : PT ratio, are highly sensitive markers for Down syndrome fetuses. © 2014 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Hmim][HSO4], a Green and Recyclable Acidic Ionic Liqiud Medium for the One‐Pot Nitration of TADB to HNIW
Authors: Bayat Yadollah , Ahari‐Mostafavi Mohammad Mahdi , Hasani Narges 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn efficient and mild procedure for the one‐pot preparation of CL‐20 from TADB in the presence of the Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Hmim][HSO4] as catalyst was developed. The ionic liquid was stable during the reaction process and could also be reused several times with steady activity. In order to optimize the process parameters to obtain higher yield and purity, a study was carried out with variation of the ionic liquids and some parameters like temperature, mole ratio of [Hmim][HSO4] and nitric acid. This procedure may be a practical alternative to the existing procedures to meet the nees of academics as well as industry.
Identification of site‐specific heterogeneity in peptide drugs using intact mass spectrometry with electron transfer dissociation
Authors: Gucinski Ashley C. , Boyne Michael T. 
Published: June 2014

RATIONALEProtamine sulfate is a peptide drug product consisting of multiple basic peptides. As traditional high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation methods may not resolve these peptides, as well as any possible peptide‐related impurities, a method utilizing top‐down mass spectrometry was developed for the characterization of complex peptide drug products, including any low‐level impurities, which is described in this study.METHODSHerring protamine sulfate was used as a model system to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Direct infusion mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a high‐resolution, mass accurate instrument with electron transfer dissociation (ETD) were used to identify all the species present in the herring protamine sulfate sample. Identifications were made based on mass accuracy analysis as well as MS/MS fragmentation patterns.RESULTSComplete sequence coverage of the three abundant herring protamine peptides was obtained using the top‐down ETD‐MS/MS method, which also identified a discrepancy with the published herring protamine peptide sequences. Additionally, three low‐abundance related peptide species were also identified and fully characterized. These three peptides had not previously been reported as herring protamine peptides, but could be related to the published sequences through amino acid additions and/or substitutions.CONCLUSIONSA method for the characterization of protamine, a complex peptide drug product, was developed that can be extended to other complex peptide or protein drug products. The selectivity and sensitivity of this method improves a regulator's ability to identify peptide impurities not previously observed using the established methods and presents an opportunity to better understand the composition of complex peptide drug products. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Passage Number is a Major Contributor to Genomic Structural Variations in Mouse iPSCs
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Kaplan Anna , Yuan Bo , Hanna Jacob H. , Lupski James R. , Reiner Orly 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Emergence of genomic instability is a practical issue in preparing neural stem cells (NSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, it is still not fully understood what the origins and mechanisms for formation are for the genomic alternations observed. Here, we studied the extent of genomic variation on the scale of individual cells originating from the same animal. We used mouse NSCs grown from embryonic cells and iPSCs generated from embryonic brain cells, B cells or fibroblasts, and performed comparative analysis with cultures of fibroblasts from the same mouse. In the first passage of these cell lines, aneuploidies were only observed for chromosomes 6, 11, 12, 19, and Y, which is overall at a rate lower than previously reported; de novo copy number variations (CNVs) were observed in 4.3% of neural iPSCs, 29% of B cell iPSCs, 10% of fibroblast iPSCs, and 1.3% of neurospheres. In contrast, propagation of these first passage cells to a later passage induced additional aneuploidies and CNVs. Breakpoint sequencing analysis suggested that the majority of the detected CNVs arose by replicative mechanisms. Interestingly, we detected identical de novo CNVs in different single cell colonies that appeared to have arisen independently from each other, which suggests a novel CNV formation mechanism in these cells. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms of CNV formation during reprogramming and suggest that replicative mechanisms for CNV formation accompany mitotic divisions. Stem Cells 2014;32:2657–2667
Anxiety and cognition
Authors: Maloney Erin A. , Sattizahn Jason R. , Beilock Sian L. 
Published: June 2014

In this review we discuss the interplay between anxiety and cognition, illustrating how anxiety can compromise performance on cognitively‐demanding tasks and lead people to perform below their ability. Using math anxiety and test anxiety as examples, we highlight key findings from psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience, to show that how one approaches an anxiety‐inducing situation can have a large impact on how that person ultimately performs. We end by discussing who is most susceptible to anxiety‐induced poor performance and suggest promising techniques which may help to reduce the negative impact of anxiety on performance. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:403–411. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1299This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Cultural context of cognitive development
Authors: Saxe Geoffrey B. , de Kirby Kenton 
Published: June 2014

The cognitive problems that children formulate and solve in their daily lives necessarily take form in a cultural context. We review and illustrate two dominant approaches to study relations between cultural context and cognitive development, and we point to the limitations and affordances of each. Using adichotomous approach, scholars employ a methodology that sharply differentiates cognition from cultural context, treating elements of cultural context as independent variables and elements of cognition as dependent variables. The approach often leads to propositions about transcultural features of context that influence the cognitive development of individuals. In contrast, using anintrinsic relationsapproach, researchers create units of analysis that capture relations between cognition and cultural context, investigating their mutual grounding in daily activities. We also review a small but important body of research that extends these approaches to diachronic analysis. This research seeks to understand shifting relations between cultural context and cognitive development over historical time.WIREs Cogn Sci2014, 5:447‐461. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1300This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and AgingPsychology > Theory and Methods
Floating offshore turbines
Authors: Tande John Olav Giæver , Merz Karl , Paulsen Uwe Schmidt , Svendsen Harald G. 
Published: June 2014

Floating wind turbines enable harvesting the offshore wind resources over deep sea. About 20 concepts are under development, at varying stages of maturity. Two concepts are demonstrated in full scale; these are HyWind and WindFloat. Both employ a standard on‐shore wind turbine with only minor modifications, but on a spar and a semi‐submersible floater, respectively. Other concepts suggest new types of turbines, e.g., the DeepWind concept consisting of a vertical axis turbine and a subsea generator. The three concepts represent different approaches: HyWind and WindFloat are already in a demonstration phase applying (mostly) well‐known technology, albeit in a new setting. DeepWind is a European research project based mostly on new technology. The concepts are described in some detail with emphasis on control and operation. Prospects are discussed including technical challenges and a performance metric of energy production per unit steel mass. Floating offshore wind turbines represent a promising technology. The successful operation of HyWind and WindFloat in full scale demonstrates a well advanced technology readiness level, where further development will go into refining the concepts, cost reductions, and series production for installation of wind farms. DeepWind is in an early phase and not proven, but with promising perspectives. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:213–228. doi: 10.1002/wene.130This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Science and Materials