bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromuscular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: underlying mechanisms and effect of resistance training
Authors: Orlando Giorgio , Balducci Stefano , Bazzucchi Ilenia , Pugliese Giuseppe , Sacchetti Massimo 
Published: May 2015

SummaryDiabetic patients are at higher risk of developing physical disabilities than non‐diabetic subjects. Physical disability appears to be related, at least in part, to muscle dysfunction. Several studies have reported reduced muscle strength and power under dynamic and static conditions in both the upper and lower limbs of patients with type 2 diabetes. Additional effects of diabetes include a reduction in muscle mass, quality, endurance and an alteration in muscle fibre composition, though the available data on these parameters are conflicting. The impact of diabetes on neuromuscular function has been related to the co‐existence of long‐term complications. Peripheral neuropathy has been shown to affect muscle by impairing motor nerve conduction. Also, vascular complications may contribute to the decline in muscle strength. However, muscle dysfunction occurs early in the course of diabetes and affects also the upper limbs, thus suggesting that it may develop independently of micro and macrovascular disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that hyperglycaemia may cause an alteration of the intrinsic properties of the muscle to generate force, via several mechanisms. Recently, resistance exercise has been shown to be an effective strategy to counteract the deterioration of muscular performance. High‐intensity exercise seems to provide greater benefits than moderate‐intensity training, whereas the effect of a power training is yet unknown. This article reviews the available literature on the impairment of muscle function induced by diabetes, the underlying mechanisms, and the effect of resistance training on this defect. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme heat changes post‐heat wave community reassembly
Authors: Seifert Linda I. , Weithoff Guntram , Vos Matthijs 
Published: May 2015

AbstractClimate forecasts project further increases in extremely high‐temperature events. These present threats to biodiversity, as they promote population declines and local species extinctions. This implies that ecological communities will need to rely more strongly on recovery processes, such as recolonization from a meta‐community context. It is poorly understood how differences in extreme event intensity change the outcome of subsequent community reassembly and if such extremes modify the biotic environment in ways that would prevent the successful re‐establishment of lost species. We studied replicated aquatic communities consisting of algae and herbivorous rotifers in a design that involved a control and two different heat wave intensity treatments (29°C and 39°C). Animal species that suffered heat‐induced extinction were subsequently re‐introduced at the same time and density, in each of the two treatments. The 39°C treatment led to community closure in all replicates, meaning that a previously successful herbivore species could not re‐establish itself in the postheat wave community. In contrast, such closure never occurred after a 29°C event. Heat wave intensity determined the number of herbivore extinctions and strongly affected algal relative abundances. Re‐introduced herbivore species were thus confronted with significantly different food environments. This ecological legacy generated by heat wave intensity led to differences in the failure or success of herbivore species re‐introductions. Reassembly was significantly more variable, and hence less predictable, after an extreme heat wave, and was more canalized after a moderate one. Our results pertain to relatively simple communities, but they suggest that ecological legacies introduced by extremely high‐temperature events may change subsequent ecological recovery and even prevent the successful re‐establishment of lost species. Knowing the processes promoting and preventing ecological recovery is crucial to the success of species re‐introduction programs and to our ability to restore ecosystems damaged by environmental extremes.
Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitch: Ultrafast Back Reaction Induced by Dihydronaphthalene Annulation
Authors: Broman Søren Lindbæk , Kushnir Oleg , Rosenberg Martin , Kadziola Anders , Daub Joerg , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe vinylheptafulvene (VHF) to dihydroazulene (DHA) electrocyclization is known to proceed from an s‐cis conformation of VHF and cannot occur from the more stable s‐trans conformation. Locking the VHF in the s‐cis conformation by the introduction of a dihydronaphthalene (DHN) unit has been found to greatly enhance the speed of this reaction. Thus, the half‐life was reduced by more than a factor of 150000 in cyclohexane and by a factor of approximately 950000 in ethanol. In addition, the characteristic absorption of the photoactive DHA isomer, now annulated to DHN, exhibited a desired redshift relative to the parent compound. Here, we present the synthesis and study of these DHN‐DHA/VHFs, including a protocol for the incorporation of a pseudo‐halide to enable the further functionalization of the molecule by metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. For proof‐of‐concept, two different sulfur end‐groups were incorporated as anchoring groups for potential molecular electronics applications.
SWOT analysis of program design and implementation: a case study on the reduction of maternal mortality in Afghanistan
Authors: Ahmadi Qudratullah , Danesh Homayoon , Makharashvili Vasil , Mishkin Kathryn , Mupfukura Lovemore , Teed Hillary , Huff‐Rousselle Maggie 
Published: May 2015

SUMMARYThis case study analyzes the design and implementation of the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) in Afghanistan by synthesizing the literature with a focus on maternal health services. The authors are a group of graduate students in the Brandeis University International Health Policy and Management Program and Sustainable International Development Program who used the experience in Afghanistan to analyze an example of successfully implementing policy; two of the authors are Afghan physicians with direct experience in implementing the BPHS. Data is drawn from a literature review, and a unique aspect of the case study is the application of the business‐oriented SWOT analysis to the design and implementation of the program that successfully targeted lowering maternal mortality in Afghanistan. It provides a useful example of how SWOT analysis can be used to consider the reasons for, or likelihood of, successful or unsuccessful design and implementation of a policy or program. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated frameworks for assessing and managing health risks in the context of managed aquifer recharge with river water
Authors: Assmuth Timo , Simola Antti , Pitkänen Tarja , Lyytimäki Jari , Huttula Timo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Integrated assessment and management of water resources for the supply of potable water is increasingly important in light of projected water scarcity in many parts of the world. This article develops frameworks for regional-level waterborne human health risk assessment of chemical and microbiological contamination to aid water management, incorporating economic aspects of health risks. Managed aquifer recharge with surface water from a river in Southern Finland is used as an illustrative case. With a starting point in watershed governance, stakeholder concerns, and value-at-risk concepts, we merge common methods for integrative health risk analysis of contaminants to describe risks and impacts dynamically and broadly. This involves structuring analyses along the risk chain: sources—releases—environmental transport and fate—exposures—health effects—socio-economic impacts—management responses. Risks attributed to contaminants are embedded in other risks, such as contaminants from other sources, and related to benefits from improved water quality. A set of models along this risk chain in the case is presented. Fundamental issues in the assessment are identified, including 1) framing of risks, scenarios, and choices; 2) interaction of models and empirical information; 3) time dimension; 4) distributions of risks and benefits; and 5) uncertainties about risks and controls. We find that all these combine objective and subjective aspects, and involve value judgments and policy choices. We conclude with proposals for overcoming conceptual and functional divides and lock-ins to improve modeling, assessment, and management of complex water supply schemes, especially by reflective solution-oriented interdisciplinary and multi-actor deliberation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:160–173. © 2015 SETAC
Key Points
Integrated frameworks need to be developed for the assessment and management of risks to human health from contamination of water resources by both chemicals and pathogens, to reduce knowledge-and action-related gaps in the governance of such risks. Relationships between various assessment areas and approaches, including risk-cost-benefit analyses of options, are identified and incorporated in a framework structured around chains and cycles of risk formation and management, specifically in artificial groundwater recharge with river water. The case of managed Aquifer Recharge with water from a major river basin exemplifies the need to consider improvements for health and subsequently for economy from such solutions, but also potential new risks such as those from emerging contaminants and unforeseen sudden events. Assessment approaches and models need to flexibly combine breadth with focus and detail with simplification, and facilitate reframing of the risks and impacts considered and the associated uncertainties and ambiguities, especially as assessment is closely linked with decisions and actions.
Fourth‐order hybrid implicit and explicit‐FDTD method
Authors: Dong Mian , Chen Juan , Zhang Anxue 
Published: May 2015

SummaryA fourth‐order hybrid implicit and explicit finite‐difference time‐domain Method has been presented in this paper. This new method investigates the use of a second‐order accurate in time and a fourth‐order accurate in space. The 2D formulation of the method is presented and the time stability condition of the method is certified. The maximum time step size in this method is only determined by one spatial discretization. The numerical dispersion is discussed. Numerical examples demonstrate that when this method is used to solve electromagnetic problems, higher computational efficiency and less dispersion error can be obtained by comparing with the traditional finite‐difference time‐domain algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) on tenderness, microstructure and chemical–physical index of duck breast meat
Authors: Wang Daoying , Deng Shaoying , Zhang Muhan , Geng Zhiming , Sun Chong , Bian Huan , Xu Weimin , Zhu Yongzhi , Liu Fang , Wu Haihong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) is often used in meat and poultry soups as a flavor enhancer (flavor modifier), or as food additives for specific nutritional purposes. Our previous research as well as evidence from others showed that actomyosin could be dissociated into myosin and actin by AMP in extracted muscle solution. However, there is no report available on the application of AMP to dissociate actomyosin and to improve meat tenderness. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of AMP on duck meat tenderness and other quality traits and to explore the mechanism of the action of AMP on meat tenderness.RESULTSDuck breast muscle was treated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mmol L−1 AMP at 5 °C for 10 h and examined for shear force, microstructure, actomyosin dissociation, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), pH, water content, cooking loss, CIE* color (L*, a*, b*), inosine monophosphate (IMP) and free amino acid (FAA) contents. Results showed that shear force, cooking loss, L* and b* of the muscles significantly decreased after AMP treatment (P < 0.05); actomyosin dissociation, MFI, pH, water content, fiber diameter, sarcomere length, IMP and ammonia significantly increased (P < 0.05); no significant change in a* or other FAA content was observed (P > 0.05), and muscle shrinkage in transverse and longitudinal directions were restrained after AMP treatment.CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that AMP could notably improve meat tenderness, and this effect was probably mainly through increasing muscle pH, promoting actomyosin dissociation and disrupting the Z‐line; meanwhile, the conversion of AMP to IMP may contribute to the flavor of meat. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of ZnSO4 or Zn‐EDTA fertilizer to a calcareous soil: Zn diffusion in soil and its uptake by wheat plants
Authors: Zhao Ai‐qing , Tian Xiao‐hong , Chen Yan‐long , Li Shuo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of two Zn sources and two application methods on (i) Zn diffusion from fertilized soil to unfertilized soil, (ii) grain Zn concentration and (iii) grain Zn bio‐accessibility to humans. In the laboratory experiment, 20 mg ZnSO4 or 4 mg Zn‐EDTA were applied to a 5 mm and 1 mm‐wide space in the soil in the half‐cell technique. In the greenhouse experiment, Zn‐ZnSO4 or Zn‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn‐EDTA) was mixed or banded with the soil at a rate of 20 or 4 mg Zn kg−1, respectively.RESULTSThe results from the diffusion experiment showed that both the extractability and the diffusion coefficient of Zn were higher when Zn fertilizer was applied to a 1 mm‐wide space than when it was applied to a 5 mm‐wide space. Zn‐EDTA had a greater diffusion distance than ZnSO4. The greenhouse experiment showed that the mixed ZnSO4 application and the Zn‐EDTA application (both mixed and banded) treatments significantly increased grain Zn concentration and bio‐accessibility. The positive effect of Zn‐EDTA on grain Zn concentrations and bio‐accessibility was greater than that of ZnSO4. The banded application reduced the effectiveness of ZnSO4 but not of Zn‐EDTA.CONCLUSIONIt was concluded that Zn‐EDTA was a better Zn source than ZnSO4 for increasing grain Zn content in a potentially Zn‐deficient calcareous soil. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Axisymmetric squeezing of a Phan‐Thien and Tanner lubricant film under imposed constant load in the presence of a poroelastic medium
Authors: Yousfi Mahdia , Bou‐Saïd Benyebka , Tichy John 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a modified Reynolds equation in polar coordinates using the Phan‐Thien and Tanner rheological model is combined with a modified Darcy law describing a poroelastic confining surface. The Phan‐Thien and Tanner model is commonly used to describe the viscoelastic behaviour of synovial fluid, while the poroelastic model can portray articular cartilage. Together, they may provide a simulation basis for lubrication of the tribology of the knee contact under squeezing. The results obtained for the axisymmetric case are analysed and compared for certain non‐Newtonian shear phenomena on the basis of works from the literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of acral persistent papular mucinosis using an Erbium‐YAG laser
Authors: Graves Michael S. , Lloyd Amanda A. , Ross Edward V. 
Published: May 2015

Background and ObjectivesAcral persistent papular mucinosis (APPM) is a rare condition with persistent flesh colored papules on the hands and extensor wrists. The authors aim to present a novel treatment option for this condition.Patients and MethodsA female with APPM was treated using a 2940 nm Erbium‐YAG laser with a 1 mm spotsize defocused to 2‐3 mm with settings of 200‐300 mJ until the lesion was flush with the surrounding skin.ResultsHealing of the wounds with resolution of the individually treated papules.ConclusionsErbium‐YAG lasers should be considered a treatment option for APPM. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:467–468, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interfacial RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization: Architectures from an Interface
Authors: Fuchs Adrian V. , Thurecht Kristofer J. 
Published: May 2015

Directing polymerization from a liquid–liquid interface is an emergent field delivering new insights into polymerization mechanisms, while creating interesting and novel poly­mer architectures. This review aims to explore how reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been utilized in miniemulsion to perform controlled polymerizations at the biphasic liquid–liquid interface. Highlighted herein are the initial investigations that led to a new class of interfacially active macro‐RAFT agents. These are capable of stabilizing emulsions, directing polymer growth from that interface, and subsequently producing capsule‐like architectures. A comprehensive description is provided concerning the various macro‐RAFT agents employed and the importance of performing this under miniemulsion conditions to obtain either nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and/or core–shell morphologies. Finally, a focus on exciting applications of such systems for the production of nanomaterials including delivery vehicles with stimuli‐responsive properties is presented.
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Synthesis of Cyclic Poly(methyl methacrylate) Directly from Dihalogenated Linear Precursors
Authors: Blackburn Scott C. , Tillman Eric S. 
Published: May 2015

Cyclic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is prepared by intramolecular radical trap‐assisted atom transfer radical coupling (RTA‐ATRC) of dihalogenated PMMA precursors. The inclusion of the radical trap nitrosobenzene (NBz) in the coupling sequence affords high yields of cyclic polymers, as observed by gel permeation chromatography and confirmed by 1H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectra, which show the presence of the aromatic group from the NBz incorporated into the cycle. Analogous coupling reactions in the absence of the radical trap do not lead to appreciable cyclization or even intermolecular elongation, consistent with chain‐end sterics preventing radical–radical coupling as the predominant termination pathway. Thermolysis of the cyclic PMMA, possible because of the labile CO bond in the alkoxyamine linkage contained in the macrocycle, causes a reversion back to the linear form and is consistent with the role of the radical trap in the coupling sequence. Differential scanning calorimetry is also used to compare cyclic PMMA with its linear analog, with a marked increase in glass transition temperatures found after cyclization.
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Identification and Aftermarket Personalization with Durable Goods
Authors: Donavan D. Todd , Janda Swinder , Maxham James G. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBlending elements of the heuristic–systematic model and social identity theory, the authors extend theory by exploring the role of intimacy as a key boundary condition for identification (ID). Specifically, this research illustrates how intimacy affects the relationship between brand characteristics (prestige and distinctiveness) and ID. Further, the authors explore the relationship between ID and aftermarket spending on accessories. In a consumer durables setting, the authors conducted a field study with 1,193 consumers and matched customer perceptions with their actual retail spending on aftermarket goods. The results suggest that an individual's intimacy with a brand may affect how prestige and distinctiveness shape their ID. In addition, results show that the relationship between ID and customer aftermarket spending is moderated by a customer's level of satisfaction. Managerial implications of the findings are also outlined.
Affective and Cognitive Components of Attitudes in High‐Stakes Decisions: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Hormone Replacement Therapy Use
Authors: Schaller Tracey King , Malhotra Naresh K. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTConsumers are increasingly encouraged to take charge of high‐stakes decisions such as those regarding medical treatments. However, the important inputs into overall evaluations of risky and important behaviors, such as undergoing medical therapy, are not well understood. The purpose of this research is to study the interplay of cognitive and affective factors in determining consumer attitudes and intentions toward high‐stakes decision behaviors. This is done in the context of consumer choices regarding medical treatments, and specifically, the decision to use (or not to use) hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Overall, both affective and cognitive responses are found to be independent significant predictors of attitude toward HRT use. Moreover, the results support an extended version of the theory of planned behavior model that is useful in predicting consumer's intentions to engage in high‐stakes decision behaviors, such as using HRT. These findings have implications for the design of decision support systems and behavioral change interventions.
Towards Better BBB Passage Prediction Using an Extensive and Curated Data Set
Authors: Brito‐Sánchez Yoan , Marrero‐Ponce Yovani , Barigye Stephen J. , Yaber‐Goenaga Iván , Morell Pérez Carlos , Le‐Thi‐Thu Huong , Cherkasov Artem 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the present report, the challenging task of drug delivery across the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is addressed via a computational approach. The BBB passage was modeled using classification and regression schemes on a novel extensive and curated data set (the largest to the best of our knowledge) in terms of log BB. Prior to the model development, steps of data analysis that comprise chemical data curation, structural, cutoff and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) were used to fit classification and correlation functions. The best LDA‐based model showed overall accuracies over 85 % and 83 % for the training and test sets, respectively. Also a MLR‐based model with acceptable explanation of more than 69 % of the variance in the experimental log BB was developed. A brief and general interpretation of proposed models allowed the estimation on how ‘near’ our computational approach is to the factors that determine the passage of molecules through the BBB. In a final effort some popular and powerful Machine Learning methods were considered. Comparable or similar performance was observed respect to the simpler linear techniques. Most of the compounds with anomalous behavior were put aside into a set denoted as controversial set and discussion regarding to these compounds is provided. Finally, our results were compared with methodologies previously reported in the literature showing comparable to better results. The results could represent useful tools available and reproducible by all scientific community in the early stages of neuropharmaceutical drug discovery/development projects.