bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Land and Urban Space in Colonial Accra
Authors: Sackeyfio Naaborko 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:This article connects the colonial land ordinances and laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century with the changing meanings of property, to show both their impact, and how these developments resonated for the Ga-inhabitants of Accra and the Gold Coast Colony. The laws and African responses to them illustrate the ways in which property took on new meaning for a variety of groups. It also presents the framework for understanding why litigation, and the production of land claims became a central feature of land affairs in Accra with the continued development of the town. This analysis contributes to the existing literature on property rights in colonial Gold Coast by carefully considering the intricacies and nuances of land disputes in the colonial capital, and their intersection with larger transformations in land affairs.
History in Novels and Memoirs: Alfons Vermeulen on Rural Congo (1899–1904)
Authors: Vansina Jan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:Alfons Vermeulen published a novel about his life in a Congo town as a trader in 1933 and also left drafts about the same subject for his memoirs when he died in 1965. This essay systematically compares both documents using the rules of evidence and concludes that although it does not appear to be so on the surface the novel distorts the evidence he adduces considerably more than the memoirs. At the same time though both documents are equally deeply affected by the spirit of the time of their composition. Hence the combined evidence of both documents together is not only richer but also more reliable than their separate use.
Demystifying “Islamic Slavery”: Using Legal Practices to Reconstruct the End of Slavery in Fes, Morocco
Authors: Goodman R. David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:This article uses Muslim court records from Fes, Morocco, to challenge the concept of “Islamic slavery.” Analysis of legal actions containing references to domestic slaves for nearly six decades (1913-1971) uncovers an era of emancipation without public historical watersheds but rather with a subtle, gradual accumulation of changes in social processes. After discussing the background on slavery in Morocco and the limitations of “Islamic slavery,” notarized family court records are examined to demonstrate that slavery did not end as a consequence of official changes to laws (French or Moroccan), nor through masters granting their slaves legal manumissions. Rather, it is argued that domestic slavery ended at a staggered pace amid social, familial and personal changes more observable through attention to the dynamics across households and generations than to administrative policies or external legal forces.
Ongoing Transitions – Editors' Introduction
Authors: Doortmont Michel R. , Hanson John H. , Jansen Jan , van den Bersselaar Dmitri 
Published: February 2013

When taking over the editorship of History in Africa, the current editors foresaw several lines of development for the journal. The first one was to re-examine the inheritance of David Henige and build on this to keep the journal contemporary with new developments and trends in methodology and method, emerging technologies and the growing and changing availability of sources. Secondly, the editors felt that to comply with ever more stringent demands of academic quality control a full peer review system needed to be introduced, as well as action undertaken to make the journal visible in ranking systems. Thirdly, the editors decided that the journal was in need of a larger input from African scholars in Africa, to reflect developments in the continent better. Fourthly, it was decided that the paper version of the journal was in need of a more modern and professional look and format, enhancing readability, and falling into line with comparable journals, most specifically the sister journal African Studies Review.The production of this third post-Henige issue has proven transition to be an ongoing process. All four points of development have been instituted, some with immediate results, others as a work in progress. Volume 37 (2010) saw the extension of the Editorial Board with several African members working in Africa, the consolidation of Henige's work with the publication of numerous articles inherited from him, and an agenda for further development. At the Annual General Meeting of the African Studies Association in San Francisco in 2010, two panels were organized to honor Henige and his work. Many of the contributions to these panels were included in volume 38 (2011), making it a Festschrift, definitively concluding the Henige era. The current issue of History in Africa is therefore the first regular issue under the regime of the new editorial team.
Two Previously Unknown Letters from Hastings Kamuzu Banda, Written from Edinburgh, 1938, Archived at the University of Cape Town
Authors: Morrow Seàn , McCracken John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:This article introduces, reproduces, and contextualizes two letters written in 1938 from Edinburgh by Hastings Kamuzu Banda to Samuel C. Banda (Chief Mwase of Kasungu) and Ernest C. Matako. At the time Banda was studying in Edinburgh. The letters, from a period when sources on Banda are scarce, illuminate his political and educational thinking and his personal life and attitudes at the time. The article also discusses the archival context of the letters, which were found in the papers of Godfrey Wilson, the Director of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute from 1938 to 1941. The copies were found in the course of research into the lives of the anthropologists Monica Wilson, née Hunter, and Godfrey Wilson.
Reconstructing the Life Histories of Liberated Africans: Sierra Leone in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Schwarz Suzanne 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:This article draws attention to the scope and significance of the Registers of Liberated Africans, which were recently retraced in the Public Archives of Sierra Leone after a period of neglect. These registers, spanning the period between 1808 and 1819, provide details of the names and physical characteristics of the first groups of “recaptives” released at Freetown by royal naval patrols in the immediate aftermath of British abolition of the slave trade. This evidence, when combined with other categories of records generated by colonial administrators, offers a rare opportunity to reconstruct biographical information about enslaved Africans after their release from slaving vessels. The methodology discussed in this article demonstrates how nominal linkage across diverse categories of records surviving in Sierra Leone and Britain makes it possible to trace aspects of the subsequent movements of individuals after their cases had been adjudicated by the Vice Admiralty Court at Freetown.
“Just a First Sketchy Makeshift”: German Travellers and Their Cartographic Encounters in Africa, 1850-1914
Authors: Jones Adam , Voigt Isabel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:The maps of Africa produced in Europe on the eve of colonial partition and in the early decades of colonial rule purported to represent in a scientific manner what European explorers had “discovered.” Yet in reality they derived to a significant extent – albeit indirectly – from the spatial knowledge of Africans whom these explorers encountered. Whilst we do not possess many sources produced by the Africans themselves, it is possible to read the European accounts as potential depositories of African spatial knowledge and to consider how this knowledge may have been filtered in the process of cartographic production. Taking the German travellers and the important work of August Petermann in Gotha (in the period 1854-1878) as an illustration, the article analyses the difficulties a European faced when attempting to grasp Africa in spatial terms, the motivations and importance of African “informants,” and the transformation of “cartographic encounters” into maps. It also examines how some Africans responded to the growing market for geographical knowledge.
The Jeremy Newman Papers: A New Historical Source for Colonial Kenya and the Kamba
Authors: Osborne Myles 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:The Jeremy Newman Papers are a new source for the study of colonial Kenya. The collection includes a variety of assorted documents, but most importantly, the transcripts of thirty-one interviews carried out by Newman in Machakos District in Kenya's Eastern Province in 1973 and 1974. Newman interviewed thirty members of the Kamba ethnic group – and one European setder – all of whom were born between approximately 1895 and 1920. The interviews range widely, touching on topics such as education, European settlement, politics, trade, the First and Second World Wars, Mau Mau, and especially the destocking episode of 1938.
Enslaved Population and Indian Owners Along the East African Coast: Exploring the Rigby Manumission List, 1860–1861
Authors: Suzuki Hideaki 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:The main purpose of this article is to explore the potential of the “List of Slaves unlawfully held in slavery by British Indian Subjects at Zanzibar & its Dependencies, who have been emancipated at the Consulate” for historical slavery studies. This list, a result of the first British-led manumission campaign against slave ownership along the east coast of Africa, is the most comprehensive list detailing slave ownership and slaves for the pre-colonial coastal society of East Africa. Despite of the importance and uniqueness, both this list and the campaign have not been yet fully analyzed. This article challenges to extract the data as much as possible from the list, not only sex ratio and ethnic origin of enslaved individuals, but also their identity and emotional status. Moreover, this article shows an aspect of slave ownership by British Indian subjects from the list.
Canonical Conventions in Rwanda: Four Myths of Recent Historiography in Central Africa
Authors: Newbury David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract:At a time of significant change in the in the practice of African history, this article is an appeal for a renewed respect for conventional historiography – referring both to careful acquaintance with earlier work and to the practice of historical analysis. Focusing on Rwanda, the argument is presented at four levels. First, it identifies four myths evident in recent presentations on Rwandan history. Second it assesses a work that avoids such assumptions by drawing on broader empirical sources than is the norm. It then examines a work that, while highlighting an important theme, neglects much of the historical work done on Rwanda over the past forty years. It concludes by proposing a way out of such “dead-end discourses.”
Evidence of a Strong Association Between Frequency of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Participants
Authors: Miller Kellee M. , Beck Roy W. , Bergenstal Richard M. , Goland Robin S. , Haller Michael J. , McGill Janet B. , Rodriguez Henry , Simmons Jill H. , Hirsch Irl B. ,   for the T1D Exchange Clinic Network
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE
Despite substantial evidence of the benefit of frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in type 1 diabetes, certain insurers limit the number of test strips that they will provide. The large database of the T1D Exchange clinic registry provided an opportunity to evaluate the relationship between the number of SMBG measurements per day and HbA1c levels across a wide age range of children and adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The analysis included 20,555 participants in the T1D Exchange clinic registry with type 1 diabetes ≥1 year and not using a continuous glucose monitor (11,641 younger than age 18 years and 8,914 18 years old or older). General linear models were used to assess the association between the number of SMBG measurements and HbA1c levels after adjusting for potential confounding variables.

RESULTS
A higher number of SMBG measurements per day were associated with non-Hispanic white race, insurance coverage, higher household income, and use of an insulin pump for insulin delivery (P &lt; 0.001 for each factor). After adjusting for these factors, a higher number of SMBG measurements per day was strongly associated with a lower HbA1c level (adjusted P &lt; 0.001), with the association being present in all age-groups and in both insulin pump and injection users.

CONCLUSIONS
There is a strong association between higher SMBG frequency and lower HbA1c levels. It is important for insurers to consider that reducing restrictions on the number of test strips provided per month may lead to improved glycemic control for some patients with type 1 diabetes.
Phenotypes of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis—Macroscopic Appearance, Histologic Findings, and Outcome
Authors: Latus Joerg , Ulmer Christoph , Fritz Peter , Rettenmaier Bianka , Biegger Dagmar , Lang Thomas , Ott German , Kimmel Martin , Steurer Wolfgang , Alscher M. Dominik , Segerer Stephan , Braun Niko 
Published: February 2013

Background Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but devastating complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), with clinical signs of abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, and weight loss in late stages. Methods We retrospectively analyzed all patients who were diagnosed with EPS between March 1998 and October 2011 in our department of nephrology. We focused on the 24 EPS patients who underwent surgery because of symptomatic late-stage EPS. We identified 3 different macroscopic phenotypes of EPS that we categorized as types I – III. We correlated histologic findings with those macroscopic phenotypes of EPS. The postoperative and long-term outcomes were evaluated by macroscopic phenotype. Results Duration of PD was longer in type III than in types I and II EPS ( p = 0.05). We observed no other statistically significant differences between the groups in baseline characteristics, except for operation time, which was longer in the type I than in the type III group ( p = 0.02). Furthermore, we observed no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to the onset of complaints before surgery (7.8 ± 5.9 months vs 7.0 ± 7.0 months vs 6.5 ± 5.3 months). Concerning patient outcomes, there was no evidence that any of the macroscopic EPS types was associated with more major or minor complications after surgery. For all study patients, follow-up was at least 3 years, with 19 patients still being alive, and 16 having no or very mild complaints. The typical histologic findings of EPS were present in all macroscopic types; only fibrin deposits were more prominent in type II than in type III. Conclusions We describe 3 subtypes of EPS based on macroscopic findings. Postoperative treatment should probably not be influenced by the macroscopic EPS phenotype. Whether the different phenotypes represent different pathophysiologic processes remains unclear and has to be further evaluated.
Shrinking Lung Syndrome as a Manifestation of Pleuritis: A New Model Based on Pulmonary Physiological Studies
Authors: HENDERSON LAUREN A. , LORING STEPHEN H. , GILL RITU R. , LIAO KATHERINE P. , ISHIZAWAR RUMEY , KIM SUSAN , PERLMUTTER-GOLDENSON ROBIN , ROTHMAN DEBORAH , SON MARY BETH F. , STOLL MATTHEW L. , ZEMEL LAWRENCE S. , SANDBORG CHRISTY , DELLARIPA PAUL F. , NIGROVIC PETER A. 
Published: February 2013

Objective.The pathophysiology of shrinking lung syndrome (SLS) is poorly understood. We sought to define the structural basis for this condition through the study of pulmonary mechanics in affected patients.Methods.Since 2007, most patients evaluated for SLS at our institutions have undergone standardized respiratory testing including esophageal manometry. We analyzed these studies to define the physiological abnormalities driving respiratory restriction. Chest computed tomography data were post-processed to quantify lung volume and parenchymal density.Results.Six cases met criteria for SLS. All presented with dyspnea as well as pleurisy and/or transient pleural effusions. Chest imaging results were free of parenchymal disease and corrected diffusing capacities were normal. Total lung capacities were 39%–50% of predicted. Maximal inspiratory pressures were impaired at high lung volumes, but not low lung volumes, in 5 patients. Lung compliance was strikingly reduced in all patients, accompanied by increased parenchymal density.Conclusion.Patients with SLS exhibited symptomatic and/or radiographic pleuritis associated with 2 characteristic physiological abnormalities: (1) impaired respiratory force at high but not low lung volumes; and (2) markedly decreased pulmonary compliance in the absence of identifiable interstitial lung disease. These findings suggest a model in which pleural inflammation chronically impairs deep inspiration, for example through neural reflexes, leading to parenchymal reorganization that impairs lung compliance, a known complication of persistently low lung volumes. Together these processes could account for the association of SLS with pleuritis as well as the gradual symptomatic and functional progression that is a hallmark of this syndrome.
Le fait inégalitaire, des origines à l'aube du XXIe siècle
Authors: Besançon Yves 
Published: February 2013

D’après les travaux les plus récents des anthropologues, les inégalités économiques et sociales auraient commencé à se développer significativement à partir des débuts du néolithique, soit assez tardivement à l’échelle de l’histoire de l’humanité. En dépit des révolutions politiques de la fin du XVIII e siècle instaurant l’égalité en droit comme principe juridique fondamental de l’organisation des sociétés humaines, les inégalités de fait n’ont cessé de caractériser les organisations sociales démocratiques, en connaissant une histoire mouvementée, faite de progrès, avec une tendance à leur réduction, notamment au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec l’affirmation d’un État-providence, mais aussi de régression, avec la violence de leur renouveau dans le cadre de la nouvelle phase de la mondialisation néolibérale de la fin du XX e siècle. La société française, tout en limitant les « dégâts » par comparaison au modèle anglo-saxon, n’a pas échappé à cette dynamique contemporaine des inégalités où leur aggravation se conjugue avec paupérisation et exclusion sociale d’une frange croissante de la population.
Un tissu productif plus concentré qu'il ne semblait
Authors: Béguin Jean-Marc , Hecquet Vincent , Lemasson Julien 
Published: February 2013

Pour compléter notre dossier consacré aux entreprises, nous vous proposons cet article récent de l’Insee. Celui-ci nous rappelle la nouvelle définition économique de l’entreprise adoptée en 2008 dans le cadre de la loi de modernisation de l’économie et il nous fournit un riche panorama du système productif français.
Le prix du livre lycéen de SES, une affaire qui dure !
Authors: Martinache Igor 
Published: February 2013

Alors que les jurés en herbe s’apprêtent à repartir dans la longue procédure de lectures et de débats qui aboutiront à l’attribution du prix du Livre lycéen, retour sur la célébration des 10 ans de l’initiative, qui attire d’années en années toujours plus d’établissements. Pourquoi pas le vôtre 1 ?
B1a Cells Enhance Susceptibility to Infection with VirulentFrancisella tularensisvia Modulation of NK/NKT Cell Responses
Authors: Crane Deborah D. , Griffin Amanda J. , Wehrly Tara D. , Bosio Catharine M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractB1a cells are an important source of natural Abs, Abs directed against T-independent Ags, and are a primary source of IL-10. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (btk) is a cytoplasmic kinase that is essential for mediating signals from the BCR and is critical for development of B1a cells. Consequentially, animals lacking btk have few B1a cells, minimal Ab responses, and can preferentially generate Th1-type immune responses following infection. B1a cells have been shown to aid in protection against infection with attenuated Francisella tularensis, but their role in infection mediated by fully virulent F. tularensis is not known. Therefore, we used mice with defective btk (CBA/CaHN-BtkXID/J [XID mice]) to determine the contribution of B1a cells in defense against the virulent F. tularensis ssp. tularensis strain SchuS4. Surprisingly, XID mice displayed increased resistance to pulmonary infection with F. tularensis. Specifically, XID mice had enhanced clearance of bacteria from the lung and spleen and significantly greater survival of infection compared with wild-type controls. We revealed that resistance to infection in XID mice was associated with decreased numbers of IL-10–producing B1a cells and concomitant increased numbers of IL-12–producing macrophages and IFN-γ–producing NK/NKT cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type B1a cells into XID mice reversed the control of bacterial replication. Similarly, depletion of NK/NKT cells also increased bacterial burdens in XID mice. Together, our data suggest B cell–NK/NKT cell cross-talk is a critical pivot controlling survival of infection with virulent F. tularensis.
Techniques in the removal of impacted mandibular third molar: A comparative study
Authors: Singh Vibha , Alex Khonsao , Pradhan R. , Mohammad Shadab , Singh Nimisha 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Objective: Surgical removal of impacted third molar is one of the common surgical procedures carried out in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery set up. This study aimed at clinically assessing the three different surgical techniques (lingual split, using chisel and mallet, buccal approach techniques, using rotary instruments used in the removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: The present clinical study comprised of 150 impacted mandibular wisdom teeth. Patients were divided in three groups and bone covering the third molar was removed by the Lingual split technique using chisel and mallet, Buccal approach technique using chisel and mallet, and Buccal approach technique using rotary instruments. Results: Surgical time was significantly increased in bur technique. Trismus was significantly increased in lingual split technique and bur technique from buccal approach technique using chisel and mallet. Post-operative nerve injury was significantly higher in lingual split technique. Dry socket was more in patients of bur technique. Conclusion: In this study we found that lingual split technique using chisel and mallet is found to be better among all three techniques used followed by buccal approach using chisel and mallet and the buccal approach technique using rotary instruments.
Evaluation of stability of immediately placed implants in infected sockets
Authors: Pal Uma Shankar , Singh Nimisha , Singh R. K. , Mohammad Shadab , Malkunje Laxman R. , Loan Parveen Akhtar 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Purpose: To describe a protocol for the immediate placement of implant into the infected alveolar socket. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total number of 40 implants were placed immediately into the extraction sockets. Each case had a different periapical condition (acute, endodontic and periodontal infection). Great care had been taken in debridement of the socket, extraction of tooth/teeth and guided bone regeneration along with the use of pre-operative and post-operative anti-microbial agent. Results: All except three implants were osseo-integrated within 6 months to 1 year. The complications were due to the extraction procedure and bone regeneration process. Conclusion: Predisposing factors for failures are incomplete debridement of the socket, poor oral hygiene, incomplete closure of the wound, and systemic factors like hormones. From this study, we may conclude that immediate implants are a viable treatment option for patients with periapical infections.