bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth
Authors: Fröberg Andreas , Alricsson Marie , Ahnesjö Jonas 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Aim: Physical conditioning of youth has always been a controversial topic as it raises ethical, physiological, and medical issues. Current recommendations and guidelines suggest that strength training is a relatively safe and worthwhile method in conditioning youth. This, however, requires well-informed coaches who follow age-appropriate strength training recommendations and guidelines, compiles well-designed strength training programs, and provides qualified supervision and instructions. The purpose of this study was to investigate coaches’ awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth.
Method: A total of 39 football (US: soccer) coaches (34 males and 5 females) training boys in age groups 8–12 years were included in this study. Data were collected using an attitude statement questionnaire, and the assertions were based upon current recommendations and guidelines.
Results: The results revealed significant differences among coaches in terms of knowledge of important aspects of strength training for youth.
Conclusions: The results suggested that coaches in the present study were not aware of the latest recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth.
Symbolic Computation on Soliton Solutions for Variable-coefficient Quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation in Magnetized Dense Plasmas
Authors: Awawdeh Fadi , Al-Shara' Safwan , Jaradat H.M. , Alomari A.K. , Alshorman Rafat 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The (3+1)-dimensional quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equations with variable coefficients have the applications to nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in dense magnetoplasmas. Via a simplified bilinear method and symbolic computation, we construct the multiple solitary wave solutions, analyze the elastic collisions with the constant and variable coefficients, and observe that solitons no longer keep rectilinear propagation and display different shapes because of the inhomogeneities of media. Then, a dense magnetoplasma consisting of electrons and singly charged ions is considered. The basic set of quantum hydrodynamic is reduced to the quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation by using the reductive perturbation technique. Parametric analysis is carried out in order to illustrate that the soliton amplitude, width and velocity are affected by the quantum diffraction and obliqueness effect. Furthermore, propagation characteristics and interaction behaviors of the solitons are also discussed through the graphical analysis and the characteristic-line method.
Back Translation vs. Collaborative Translation: A Comparative Study of Persian Subtitles in English Movies
Authors: Khosravani Yasaman , Dastjerdi Hossein Vahid 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBack translation is a common technique to assess the accuracy of translation, but its application in different contexts is often subject to controversy. The aim of the present paper is first to check the appropriateness of back translation for movie subtitling purposes on the one hand and on the other, to see which technique leads to a better translation, collaborative translation or back translation. To achieve this aim, 50 Persian sentences with problems in their translations were randomly selected from
Vertical Inequality, Land Reform, and Insurgency in Colombia
Authors: Flores Thomas Edward 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHow can we understand the origins and resilience of Colombia’s long-running insurgency? A leading theory emphasizes the feasibility of insurgency, identifying drug trafficking as the main culprit. I propose an alternative theory of civil violence that emphasizes how bargaining over property rights in the face of deep vertical inequality deepens the subordinate group’s social identity, heightens its sense of grievance, and facilitates collective violence. An examination of the history of land reform struggles in Colombia echoes this pattern. Struggles over land reforms in the 1920s and 1930s created new patterns of collective action that helped sustain campesino groups in the “independent republics” of the 1950s and 1960s and the creation of the FARC in 1964. This analysis suggests that the Colombian state’s lack of credibility on issues of land reform demands a significant third-party enforcement of any peace agreement and confidence-building measures between the FARC and the Colombian government.
Evaluation study on a macroporous silica-based isohexyl-BTP adsorbent for minor actinides separation from nitric acid medium
Authors: Liu Ruiqin , Wang Xinpeng , Wei Yuezhou , Shi Weiqun , Chai Zhifang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
To separate the long-lived minor actinides (MA = Am, Cm) from high level liquid waste (HLLW), we have been studying
a partitioning technology named “MAREC” (Minor Actinides Recovery from HLLW by Extraction Chromatography) process which consists of
two separation columns packed with silica-based adsorbents. In this work, we prepared the silica-based
2,6-bis(5,6-diisohexyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (isohexyl-BTP/SiO2-P) adsorbent used in the second
column (0.01 ∼ 0.1 mol dm
–3 HNO3) in the MAREC process for the separation of trivalent minor actinides (MA(III))
from trivalent rare earth elements (RE(III)) which are contained in HLLW. The content of extracting agent isohexyl-BTP in
isohexyl-BTP/SiO2-P was as high as 33.3% of the total mass of the adsorbent. The adsorbent exhibited high
affinity and selectivity for Am(III) over RE(III) not only in nitric acid solution but also in nitrate solution. Investigation showed
that only a small part of isohexyl-BTP molecules inside isohexyl-BTP/SiO2-P leaked into
0.01 mol dm
–3 HNO3 with or without γ-irradiation. The adsorption performance of
isohexyl-BTP/SiO2-P did not evidently change after 120 d of contact with 0.01 mol dm
–3 nitric
acid. Furthermore, after γ-irradiated in 0.01 mol dm
–3 HNO3 under the experimental conditions,
isohexyl-BTP/SiO2-P exhibited higher adsorption for RE(III) than before γ-irradiation.
Advances in computational actinide chemistry in China
Authors: Wang Dongqi , Su Jing , Wu Jingyi , Li Jun , Chai Zhifang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The advances in computational actinide chemistry made in
China are reviewed. Several areas relevant to chemistry of actinides in gas,
liquid, and solid phases have been explored. However, we limit the scope to
selected contributions in the chemistry of molecular actinide systems in gas
and liquid phases. These studies may be classified into two categories:
treatment of relativistic effects, which cover the development of two- and
four-component Hamiltonians and the optimization of relativistic
pseudopotentials, and the applications of theoretical methods in actinide
chemistry. The applications include (1) the electronic structures of
actinocene, noble gas complexes, An-C multiple bonding compounds, uranyl and
its isoelectronic species, fluorides and oxides, molecular systems with
metal-metal bonding in their isolated forms (U2, Pu2) and in
fullerene (U2@C60), and the excited states of actinide complexes;
(2) chemical reactions, including oxidation, hydrolysis of UF6, ligand
exchange, reactivities of thorium oxo and sulfido metallocenes,
CO2/CS2 functionalization promoted by trivalent uranium complex;
and (3) migration of actinides in the environment. A future outlook is
discussed.
Densification treatment and properties of carbon fiber reinforced contact strip
Authors: Yuan Hua , Wang Chengguo , Zhang Shan , Lin Xue , Yu Meijie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The high temperature caused by current-carrying wear could affect the thermal reliability of resin-based contact strip greatly. This study adopted liquid-phase impregnation-carbonization (IC) technique to improve the thermal stability and densification of carbon fiber reinforced contact strip (CFRCS). The influence of this method was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermal gravimetric analysis and energy-dispersive spectrometry; meanwhile, specimen composition and friction and mechanism properties were also analyzed. The results show that heat treatment is helpful in improving the material’s temperature tolerance. When specimens undergo IC treatment four times, resistivity and wear rate would reduce gradually under impregnating conditions of carbonization temperature (800°C), dipping liquid concentration (60%), and dipping temperature (60°C). IC treatment is effective in reducing material porosity and improving the impact resistance performance compared with only carbonized sample. Densification treatment can also improve the samples’ compressive strength and bending strength. The main wear mechanisms of CFRCS-25 and CFRCS-800 against copper with electrical current are similar; these are arc erosion wear and oxidation wear accompanied by adhesive wear. Adhesive wear and oxidative wear is more severe for CFRCS-25 than CFRCS-800.
A Distorted Circadian Clock Causes Early Flowering and Temperature-Dependent Variation in Spike Development in the Eps-3Am Mutant of Einkorn Wheat
Authors: Gawroński Piotr , Ariyadasa Ruvini , Himmelbach Axel , Poursarebani Naser , Kilian Benjamin , Stein Nils , Steuernagel Burkhard , Hensel Goetz , Kumlehn Jochen , Sehgal Sunish Kumar , Gill Bikram S , Gould Peter , Hall Anthony , Schnurbusch Thorsten 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Viable circadian clocks help organisms to synchronize their development with daily and seasonal changes, thereby providing both evolutionary fitness and advantage from an agricultural perspective. A high-resolution mapping approach combined with mutant analysis revealed a cereal ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana LUX ARRHYTHMO/PHYTOCLOCK 1 (LUX/PCL1) as a promising candidate for the earliness per se 3 (Eps-3Am) locus in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). Using delayed fluorescence measurements it was shown that Eps-3Am containing einkorn wheat accession KT3-5 had a distorted circadian clock. The hypothesis was subsequently confirmed by performing a time course study on central and output circadian clock genes, which showed arrhythmic transcript patterns in KT3-5 under constant ambient conditions, i.e., constant light and temperature. It was also demonstrated that variation in spikelet number between wild-type and mutants is sensitive to temperature, becoming negligible at 25°. These observations lead us to propose that the distorted clock is causative for both early flowering and variation in spike size and spikelet number, and that having a dysfunctional LUX could have neutral, or even positive, effects in warmer climates. To test the latter hypothesis we ascertained sequence variation of LUX in a range of wheat germplasm. We observed a higher variation in the LUX sequence among accessions coming from the warmer climate and a unique in-frame mutation in early-flowering Chinese T. turgidum cultivar ‘Tsing Hua no. 559.’ Our results emphasize the importance of the circadian clock in temperate cereals as a promising target for adaptation to new environments.
Mortality and Morbidity of VLBW Infants With Trisomy 13 or Trisomy 18
Authors: Boghossian Nansi S. , Hansen Nellie I. , Bell Edward F. , Stoll Barbara J. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Carey John C. , Adams-Chapman Ira , Shankaran Seetha , Walsh Michele C. , Laptook Abbot R. , Faix Roger G. , Newman Nancy S. , Hale Ellen C. , Das Abhik , Wilson Leslie D. , Hensman Angelita M. , Grisby Cathy , Collins Monica V. , Vasil Diana M. , Finkle Joanne , Maffett Deanna , Ball M. Bethany , Lacy Conra B. , Bara Rebecca , Higgins Rosemary D. 
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Little is known about how very low birth weight (VLBW) affects survival and morbidities among infants with trisomy 13 (T13) or trisomy 18 (T18). We examined the care plans for VLBW infants with T13 or T18 and compared their risks of mortality and neonatal morbidities with VLBW infants with trisomy 21 and VLBW infants without birth defects.

METHODS:
Infants with birth weight 401 to 1500 g born or cared for at a participating center of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network during the period 1994–2009 were studied. Poisson regression models were used to examine risk of death and neonatal morbidities among infants with T13 or T18.

RESULTS:
Of 52 262 VLBW infants, 38 (0.07%) had T13 and 128 (0.24%) had T18. Intensity of care in the delivery room varied depending on whether the trisomy was diagnosed before or after birth. The plan for subsequent care for the majority of the infants was to withdraw care or to provide comfort care. Eleven percent of infants with T13 and 9% of infants with T18 survived to hospital discharge. Survivors with T13 or T18 had significantly increased risk of patent ductus arteriosus and respiratory distress syndrome compared with infants without birth defects. No infant with T13 or T18 developed necrotizing enterocolitis.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this cohort of liveborn VLBW infants with T13 or T18, the timing of trisomy diagnosis affected the plan for care, survival was poor, and death usually occurred early.
Adult Onset Still’s Disease Presenting with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Dua Anisha B. , Manadan Augustine M. , Case John P. 
Published: January 2014

Introduction:
Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by rash, leukocytosis, fevers, and arthralgias. Pulmonary involvement has been reported rarely in AOSD, but acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is extremely rare and potentially fatal and must be recognized as potential manifestation of underlying AOSD.

Methods:
We present a case of AOSD manifested by ARDS and review the previously reported cases in Medline/Pub med.

Results:
Including this case, 19 cases of AOSD complicated with ARDS have been reported in the literature.

Conclusions:
It is important to recognize ARDS as a manifestation of AOSD so that proper diagnostic and therapeutic management can be initiated promptly.
Letter to the editor — inconsistency on frequencies of the human apolipoprotein E Gene expression
Authors: Sosa Ivan , Strenja-Linic Ines 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this letter, we share our concerns regarding fluctuations of homozygosity for ApoE/ɛ4 allele. It appeared that over time, expression of this gene raised the felled as reported by various researchers. Considering the diversity of phenotypic characteristics assigned to expression of ApoE/ɛ4, seems to be a potentially useful to direct practitioner on concrete figures related to the genetic propensity of many conditions, from circulatory to mental disorders.
Thermo-chemical properties of biomass from Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Plis Agnieszka , Lasek Janusz , Skawińska Agnieszka , Kopczyński Marcin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPosidonia oceanica (PO) is a marine plant endemic to the Mediterranean basin, forming extensive grasslands. Onshore residues represent a major environmental, economic, social and hygienic problem in all coastal zones of the Mediterranean basin due to the great disturbance they cause to bathers and beachfront populations. This work sought to evaluate the thermo-chemical properties of PO in pyrolysis and thermo-oxidative degradation processes. The investigations were carried out using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) and an infrared spectrometer (FTIR). In addition, proximate, ultimate, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and biodegradability analyses were carried out on PO. The biodegradability analysis confirmed that residues of PO were a biodegradable material. Accordingly, the application of PO as a feedstock for combustion/co-combustion or biorefining is recommended.
Al(III) and Cu(II) simultaneous foam separation: Physicochemical problems
Authors: Kawalec-Pietrenko Bożenna , Rybarczyk Piotr 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the paper, simultaneous removal of Al(III) and Cu(II) from dilute aqueous solutions by ion and precipitate flotation methods is investigated. Influence of the pH of the initial solution, the surface active collector concentration and the gas flow rate on the final removal ratio and the course of ion and precipitate flotations is presented. The results show that simultaneous flotations of Al(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 insoluble species occur allowing to achieve their almost complete removal in the pH range between 7 and 9. An increase of the surface active agent concentration causes a decrease of the final removal ratio as well as of the flotation rate constant. An increase of the gas flow rate results in an increase of ion and precipitate flotation rates.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of 6,8-dichloro-quinazoline derivatives containing a sulfide substructure
Authors: Wu Jian , Bai Song , Yue Min , Luo Li-Jun , Shi Qin-Cai , Ma Juan , Du Xian-Li , Kang Sheng-Hong , Hu Deyu , Yang Song 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA series of 6,8-dichloro-quinazoline derivatives bearing a sulfide group was synthesized and characterized via 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and elemental analyses. All the compounds were tested for their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella in vitro. The results indicate that the synthesized compounds possess good insecticidal activity. Among these compounds, Vc, Vi, Vj, Vk and Vm displayed 75 %, 85 %, 80 %, 70 % and 63 % activities, respectively. These may prove useful as insecticidal agents.
Breast feeding pattern in teaching districts of a health sciences university in eastern Nepal
Authors: Shrivastava MK , Singh RR , Shah GS 
Published: January 2014

Background: Adequate nutrition early in life has an important role in determining infants’ growth and development, and in preventing many adult diseases. Over 2/3rd of under-5 child deaths in the world is associated with inappropriate feeding practices and occurs during infancy. Yet, only 1/3rd of world’s infants are optimally fed. Objectives: To investigate breast feeding patterns and its relation to sociodemographic factors; and to identify factors associated with initiation, continuation, and maintenance of breast-feeding. Methods: Cross-sectional, semistructured questionnaire based study. 508 mothers of infants attending health center were interviewed about feeding patterns and socioeconomic variables. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: 55.9% infants were breastfed within first hour of life and 90% within the first day. Rapid decline in exclusive-breastfeeding was seen with infant’s age (78.6% at 1 month, 37.3% at 1-3 months, 35.4% at 3-6 months). Factors significantly associated with exclusive breast- feeding were maternal age and education, family income and type. 17.9% infants were given pre-lacteals where as 92.9% received Colostrum. Major factors associated with early initiation of breast-feeding were maternal age and education, family type and mode of delivery. Conclusion: The results show that national guidelines, public messages, and educational campaigns need to be strengthened to achieve desired goals regarding breast feeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9631 Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):191-197
Alcohol consumption among women in a district of eastern Nepal
Authors: Niraul SR , Jha N , Shyangwa PM 
Published: January 2014

Background: The World Health Assembly has declared alcohol related problems to be a major public health concern all over the world. It has a serious health effect on women. Objectives: To assess the strength, pattern and associated health problems among the female population in Sunsari district of Nepal. Methods: A representative sample of 2397 females aged 15 years and above were interviewed in Sunsari district in 2003. Results: Among the respondents, 16.6% of females were current alcohol users [95%CI=15.11 to 18.09] among which 14.7% in the reproductive age were consuming alcohol. About 23% of daily users, who were taking more than 524 ml of Homemade ‘Raksi’ were at high risk. Alcohol-users were more likely to use tobacco. About 15% of women were found be taking alcohol even during pregnancy. Exactly 42% of users and 27.5% of non-users reported to have health problems (P<0.0001). Self-reported illnesses among alcohol users were gynecological (40.1%), muskulo-skeletal (18.6%), headache (18.6%), cardiovascular (14.4%), and respiratory problem (9.0%). Conclusions: The prevalence of alcohol use among females was 16.6% in Sunsari district. ‘Local Raksi’ was the most common. Alcohol users were nearly two times to have health problem than the non-users [OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.4 to 2.0, P<0.001]. The adverse effect of alcohol on female is a serious issue for her health and also to her fetus. Health educational campaigns related to alcohol control should be directed at the community and emphasized them to go for the regular health check up. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9633 Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):205-212
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Budget Analysis of Carp Based Polyculture Ponds in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Gurung S. , Shrestha M.K. , Pandit N.P. 
Published: January 2014

An experiment was conducted in 12 earthen ponds of 200 m2 at Kathar VDC, Chitwan, Nepal for 270 days to analyze the productivity and nutrient budget in some carp based polyculture systems. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments in triplicate each: a) Carps only or control (7000 fish/ha) (T1); b) Carps (7000/ha) + tilapia (3000/ha) (T2); c) Carps (7000/ha) + tilapia (3000/ha) + sahar (500/ha) (T3); and d) Carps (7000/ha) + tilapia (3000/ha) + sahar (1000/ha) (T4). Silver carp (Hypophthalmich­thys molitrix), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cir­rhinus mrigala) of mean stocking size 3.0, 4.2, 10.0, 18.8, 10.5, 2.2 g, respectively were stocked in all ponds at the ratio of 4:2:1:1:1:1. The mean stocking size of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and sahar (Tor putitora) were 9.7 and 3.4 g, respectively. The ponds were fertilized weekly with urea and di-ammonium phosphate @ 4 g N and 1 g P/m2/day. Fish were fed with locally made pellet feed (20% CP) once in an alternate day at @ 2% body weight. At harvest, the extrapolated fish yield ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 t/ha/year in different treatments, without significant differences among treatments (P>0.05). Inclusion of sahar in Nile tilapia ponds decreased recruits by 63 to 72%. There were no significant differences in water quality parameters among treatments, except dissolved oxygen concentration, which was significantly lower in T1 and T3 than T2 and T4 (p<0.05). Both nitrogen and phosphorous were gained from fish species and lost from soil and water. There were no significant differences in nitrogen and phosphorous contents of all inputs and outputs among treatments. The unaccounted nitrogen and phosphorous loss ranged from 9.8-17.1% and 51.2-64.4%, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorous required for producing 1 kg fish ranged from 337.5-375.9 g and 130.3-150.9 g, without significant difference among treatments. The nitrogen and phosphorous discharged for producing 1 kg fish ranged from 1.59-4.35 g and 1.6-9.3 g, respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i2.9535 Our Nature 2013, 11(2): 116-125