bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El Primado romano en la Península Ibérica hasta el siglo X: Un análisis historiográfico
Authors: Rodamilans Ramos Fernando 
Published: December 2014

La historiografía sobre la acción del Primado romano en la Península Ibérica antes del siglo X presenta notables divergencias interpretativas partiendo de un conjunto de fuentes relativamente escaso. En este trabajo se analizan los principales temas historiográfícos desarrollados en relación con esta materia, con el objeto de ofrecer el estado actual de las investigaciones.Based on a relatively small set of sources there are manifold divergent interpretations in the scholarship of the Roman Papal Primate’s activity in the Iberian Peninsula prior to the tenth century. This study analyzes the main historiographical issues with the purpose of establishing the current status of research.
Runx1t1 Regulates the Neuronal Differentiation of Radial Glial Cells From the Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Linqing Zou , Guohua Jin , Haoming Li , Xuelei Tao , Jianbing Qin , Meiling Tian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The brain has the highest Runx1t1 level relative to the levels in other organs. Runx1t1 might have a regulatory function as a transcriptional corepressor in the differentiation/development of the nervous system. Neurogenesis requires factors that regulate the proliferation of progenitors and activate the neuronal differentiation process. However, the precise role of Runx1t1 in hippocampal neurogenesis is unclear. We knocked down Runx1t1 in hippocampal radial glial cells (RGCs) with Runx1t1-RNA interference using lentiviral vectors. We also used LV-Runx1t1 to induce Runx1t1 overexpression in vitro. We have provided experimental evidence that decreased Runx1t1 expression reduced the neuronal differentiation of RGCs, and increased Runx1t1 expression caused a greater number of RGCs to differentiate into neurons. We have concluded that Runx1t1 could be involved in the process through which RGCs differentiate into neurons.
Comparison of upper tropospheric carbon monoxide from MOPITT, ACE‐FTS, and HIPPO‐QCLS
Authors: Martínez‐Alonso Sara , Deeter Merritt N. , Worden Helen M. , Gille John C. , Emmons Louisa K. , Pan Laura L. , Park Mijeong , Manney Gloria L. , Bernath Peter F. , Boone Chris D. , Walker Kaley A. , Kolonjari Felicia , Wofsy Steven C. , Pittman Jasna , Daube Bruce C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractProducts from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument are regularly validated using in situ airborne measurements. However, few of these measurements reach into the upper troposphere, thus hindering MOPITT validation in that region. Here we evaluate upper tropospheric (~500 hPa to the tropopause) MOPITT CO profiles by comparing them to satellite Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) retrievals and to measurements from the High‐performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole to Pole Observations (HIPPO) Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer (QCLS). Direct comparison of colocated v5 MOPITT thermal infrared‐only retrievals, v3.0 ACE‐FTS retrievals, and HIPPO‐QCLS measurements shows a slight positive MOPITT CO bias within its 10% accuracy requirement with respect to the other two data sets. Direct comparison of colocated ACE‐FTS and HIPPO‐QCLS measurements results in a small number of samples due to the large disparity in sampling pattern and density of these data sets. Thus, two additional indirect techniques for comparison of noncoincident data sets have been applied: tracer‐tracer (CO‐O3) correlation analysis and analysis of profiles in tropopause coordinates. These techniques suggest a negative bias of ACE‐FTS with respect to HIPPO‐QCLS; this could be caused by differences in resolution (horizontal, vertical) or by deficiencies in the ACE‐FTS CO retrievals below ~20 km of altitude, among others. We also investigate the temporal stability of MOPITT and ACE‐FTS data, which provide unique global CO records and are thus important in climate analysis. Our results indicate that the relative bias between the two data sets has remained generally stable during the 2004–2010 period.
Impacts of subgrid‐scale orography parameterization on simulated surface layer wind and monsoonal precipitation in the high‐resolution WRF model
Authors: Lee Junhong , Shin Hyeyum Hailey , Hong Song‐You , Jiménez Pedro A. , Dudhia Jimy , Hong Jinkyu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper reports on the first attempt to investigate whether excessive precipitation over mountainous areas, which is a common problem in model simulations, could be remedied by the implementation of a more realistic surface wind field in the high‐resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A series of 48 h short‐range forecasts was conducted for the month of July 2006 within the triple‐nested WRF configuration, for which the highest resolution of 3 km was focused on areas with complex orography over East Asian monsoonal regions. For accurate surface wind simulations, the subgrid‐scale (SGS) orography parameterization scheme was employed. It was found that the simulated surface wind showed negative (positive) bias over mountainous (flat) regions when the SGS orography parameterization was excluded. After inclusion of the SGS orography parameterization, wind speed over mountainous (flat) regions increased (decreased), implying that the bias was mitigated. Moisture divergence (convergence) over the mountains (on the leeward side of the mountains) was induced, and surface latent heat flux increased along the mountain ranges following the improvement in the representation of the surface wind by the inclusion of the SGS orography parameterization. Eventually, excessive precipitation simulated over mountainous areas of East Asia, which is a feature commonly observed in numerical model studies, was alleviated because of the moisture divergence and increased surface latent heat flux.
The promise and perils of HDAC inhibitors in neurodegeneration
Authors: Didonna Alessandro , Opal Puneet 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHistone deacetylases (HDACs) represent emerging therapeutic targets in the context of neurodegeneration. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition of HDACs activity in the nervous system has shown beneficial effects in several preclinical models of neurological disorders. However, the translation of such therapeutic approach to clinics has been only marginally successful, mainly due to our still limited knowledge about HDACs physiological role particularly in neurons. Here, we review the potential benefits along with the risks of targeting HDACs in light of what we currently know about HDAC activity in the brain.
Homogeneous synthesis of linoleic acid‐grafted chitosan oligosaccharide in ionic liquid and its self‐assembly performance in aqueous solution
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Huang Yan , Boamah Peter‐Osei , Cao Li , Zhang Qi , Lu Zhengrong , Li Huaming 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTA water‐soluble amphiphilic derivative of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) modified with linoleic acid (LA)‐grafted COS (LCOS) has been synthesized in the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM]Ac). The effects of the ionic liquid on the degree of substitution (DS), surface activity, and self‐assembly behavior of LCOS have been investigated. The results showed that the ionic liquid homogeneous system led to a relatively higher DS compared with the product synthesized in a traditional organic solvent. Furthermore, the LCOS synthesized in the ionic liquid had better surface activity (cmc = 1.1 × 10−4 g·mL−1), and could also self‐assemble into nanomicelles with better‐defined spherical shape and a narrower particle size distribution (30–40 nm) in aqueous solution. These results suggest that an effective and environmentally friendly synthesis method for COS derivatives has been established and, moreover, the obtained LCOS micelles meet the basic requirements for use as an improved drug transduction vector. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41727.
The guinea‐pig expresses functional CYP2C and P‐glycoprotein: further validation of its usefulness in drug biotransformation/transport studies
Authors: Hasibu Ibrahim , Patoine Dany , Pilote Sylvie , Drolet Benoit , Simard Chantale 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground: The guinea‐pig is an excellent animal model for studying cardiopulmonary physiology/pharmacology. Interestingly, it also possesses a number of drug‐metabolizing enzymes found in humans, such as CYP1A, CYP2D and CYP3A. Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that the guinea‐pig also expresses a functional CYP2C drug‐metabolizing enzyme and the P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) drug transporter in various tissues. Methods: cDNAs encoding CYP2C and P‐gp were obtained from guinea‐pig liver or small intestine and sequenced. Western blotting was performed to confirm the expression of CYP2C and P‐gp. The functional enzymatic activity of guinea‐pig CYP2C was evaluated with microsomal preparations using diclofenac and tolbutamide as specific drug substrates in HPLC analyses. To further study both P‐gp and CYP2C functional activities, the guinea‐pig ABCB1/MDR1 and CYP2C genes were cloned. The recombinant plasmids were then transfected in HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells and either calcein‐acetoxymethyl ester (AM) accumulation assays or 14,15‐EET/DHET formation experiments were performed to evaluate either P‐gp transport activity or CYP2C epoxygenase activity, respectively. The guinea‐pig tissue distribution of P‐gp was studied by Western blotting. Results: Functional expression of CYP2C was demonstrated in guinea‐pig liver microsomal preparations. CYP2C‐mediated biotransformation of diclofenac and tolbutamide were shown. Expression of P‐gp protein was detected in guinea‐pig liver and small intestine. Functional activity of guinea‐pig P‐gp was demonstrated in ABCB1/MDR1‐transfected cells. GP‐CYP2C‐transfected cells also showed functional epoxygenase activity. Conclusion: The guinea‐pig expresses functional CYP2C and P‐gp, thus suggesting its usefulness for further validating data obtained with other animal models in drug biotransformation/transport studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leitgefäße in Pflanzen – Zellen zwischen scheintot und halbtot
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPflanzen transportieren die Produkte der Photosynthese von den Blättern in den Leitbahnen des Phloems und versorgen so ihre Gewebe mit Energie. Dabei fließt der wässrige Strom anders als bei unseren Blutgefäßen durch spezialisierte Zellen. Diese leben, enthalten aber keinen Zellkern und werden von Begleitzellen versorgt. Eine noch weitgehend unverstandene Kaskade von Signalproteinen steuert den Abbau des Zellkerns und schafft die besonders enge Verbindung zwischen den beiden Zelltypen. Jetzt werden die ersten regulatorischen Steuerungen identifiziert, die von einem übergeordneten Transkriptionsfaktor bis zu den Nukleasen führen, die die DNA im Zellkern abbauen.
Studienbedingungen und Berufseinstieg in der Biologie
Authors: Plasa Tim Niels 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSeit 2007 werden im Kooperationsprojekt Absolventenstudien (KOAB) jährliche Befragungen von ehemaligen Studierenden durchgeführt. Dabei kooperieren ca. 70 Hochschulen mit dem International Centre of Higher Education Research (INCHER) an der Universität Kassel. Hierdurch konnten auch zahlreiche Erfahrungen und Bewertungen von Biologen gesammelt werden. Eine zusammenfassende Auswahl einiger Ergebnisse aus den letzten beiden Jahren wird nun präsentiert.
August Weismann (1834–1914) und das unsterbliche Leben
Authors: Kutschera Ulrich 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDer Freiburger Zoologe und Evolutionstheoretiker August Weismann war einer der einflussreichsten Biologen seiner Zeit. Seine allgemeinen Schlussfolgerungen zur biologischen Evolution (Neodarwin'sche Theorie), der Vererbung (Keimplasma‐Konzept, Keimbahn‐Soma‐Differenzierung) sowie zu Altern und Tod (Zellteilungs‐Limit) fanden weltweite Anerkennung. Weismann zählt neben Charles Darwin und Alfred R. Wallace zu den Pionieren der Biowissenschaften; seine Theorien, insbesondere zur potenziell unsterblichen Keimbahn, leben noch 100 Jahre nach seinem Tod fort.
Facile Synthesis of High Surface Area Yolk–Shell Ni@Ni Embedded SiO2 via Ni Phyllosilicate with Enhanced Performance for CO2 Reforming of CH4
Authors: Li Ziwei , Kathiraser Yasotha , Kawi Sibudjing 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNi@Ni embedded SiO2 yolk–shell nanocomposites with controllable specific surface area are synthesized by using a facile self‐templating method via the transformation of Ni phyllosilicate (NiPhy). NiPhy is found to form initially at the interface of Ni and SiO2, stretching its branches within the whole SiO2 shell and outward onto the SiO2 surface. Upon calcination and reduction, NiPhy decomposes to smaller Ni nanoparticles within the SiO2 shell to form a Ni@Ni embedded SiO2 yolk–shell nanocomposite with high surface area, high Ni dispersion, and strong interaction between Ni and SiO2. The nanocomposite with a treatment time of 12 h exhibits stable and high CO2 and CH4 conversions of 82 and 74 %, respectively, for the CO2 reforming reaction of CH4 at 700 °C within the testing period of 50 h. This interfacial transformation method is promising for the synthesis of other Ni@NiM (M=Cu, Zn, and Mg) phyllosilicate yolk–shell nanocomposites for application as adsorbents and catalysts of other processes.
Photocatalysis from UV/Vis to Near‐Infrared Light: Towards Full Solar‐Light Spectrum Activity
Authors: Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Umar Ahmad 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOwing to extensive industrial revolutions, the harvesting of sunlight for environmental remediation has attracted extensive attention and a number of potential photocatalysts have been reported. These photocatalysts were prepared according to their effectiveness under various light irradiations, that is, from UV/Vis to near‐infrared (NIR) regions and finally to full solar light spectrum. This review briefly summarizes recent progress in the enhancement of photocatalytic activities of prepared photocatalysts under various light irradiations. To understand the photocatalytic process, photocatalytic mechanisms and band‐structure engineering are discussed in detail in this review. Moreover, various effective photocatalysts are taken as examples of the photocatalytic process under various light irradiations. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of photocatalysis under different lights irradiations are presented.
Voltammetry of Layered Black Phosphorus: Electrochemistry of Multilayer Phosphorene
Authors: Wang Lu , Sofer Zdenek , Pumera Martin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLayered black phosphorus crystals were prepared by the chemical vapor transport method. It is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Black phosphorus exhibits inherent electrochemistry in the sense that it is oxidizable ∼560 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). This study is a first step in the utilization of black phosphorus, in modern days named as stacked phosphorene, in electrochemical applications.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Zinc Phosphate with 28‐Ring Channels
Authors: Wang Chih‐Min , Lee Li‐Wei , Chang Tsung‐Yuan , Chen Yen‐Chieh , Lin Hsiu‐Mei , Lu Kuang‐Lieh , Lii Kwang‐Hwa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAn organic–inorganic hybrid zinc phosphate with 28‐ring channels was synthesized by use of an organic ligand instead of organic amine template under a hydro(solvo)thermal condition. This crystalline zinc phosphate contains large channels constructed from 28 zinc and phosphate tetrahedral units. The walls of the channels consist of two types of zincophosphate chains, in which the Zn atoms are coordinated by 2,4,5‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐imidazole ligands as pendent groups. This compound exhibits yellow emission and interesting properties of removing cobalt, cadmium, and mercury cations from aqueous solution. A new two‐dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid zincophosphate was also obtained by changing the solvent mixture ratios in the synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Selective Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanocrystals Using Different Sulfur Precursors.
Authors: Li Zhenggang , Lui Alvic Lim Kar , Lam Kwan Hang , Xi Lifei , Lam Yeng Ming 
Published: December 2014

AbstractKesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles, wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles, as well as Cu2ZnSnS4 particles with a mixture of both structures are prepared by hot injection of the sulfur source into an oleylamine (OA) solution of Cu(OAc)2, ZnCl2, and SnCl4 using elemental sulfur, 1‐dodecanethiol, and thioacetamide in OA as sulfur source, respectively (235 °C, 1 h).
Seasonal flooding regime and ecological traits influence genetic structure of two small rodents
Authors: Rocha Rita Gomes , Ferreira Eduardo , Fonseca Carlos , Justino Juliana , Leite Yuri Luiz Reis , Costa Leonora Pires 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlthough codistributed species are affected by the same abiotic factors, such as rivers and seasonal flooding regimes, ecological traits, such as locomotion habits and habitat preferences, may also influence differences in levels of genetic diversity and differentiation. We examined population genetic structure and diversity of Hylaeamys megacephalus and Oecomys aff. roberti, two cricetid rodent species from the mid‐Araguaia River in central Brazil, using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Specifically, we aim to test whether the Araguaia River acts as a barrier to the gene flow of these two species and to assess how ecological traits, such as locomotion habits and habitat preferences, may influence differences in levels of genetic diversity and differentiation. As both species occur in flooded forests, neither showed genetic differences related to river banks. Oecomys aff. roberti showed stronger population structure that appears to be associated with isolation by distance. This arboreal species maintained stable populations in the Araguaia River, while the terrestrial H. megacephalus was more affected by seasonal floods, resulting in a genetic signature of population expansion. Our initial predictions were largely supported by our results given that locomotion habits and habitat preferences of each species appears to have played a role on the genetic structure of these two sympatric rodent species.
European Chemicals Agency dossier submissions as an experimental data source: Refinement of a fish toxicity model for predicting acute LC50 values
Authors: Austin Thomas , Denoyelle Marieva , Chaudry Amjad , Stradling Sam , Eadsforth Charles 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

As a result of the stringent data requirements of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, a vast amount of ecotoxicological data has become available through the dissemination portal of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). As of April 2014, the database contained 12 439 unique substances from 47 909 dossiers. This vast database could be used to refine existing, or to create new, non-testing methods, such as quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs). Acute fish toxicity data were mined from the ECHA database using the eChemPortal; after filtering for single organic substances, 1159 experimental data points remained, representing 564 compounds. To evaluate the quality and accessibility of this data, the authors used the data to refine and improve an existing QSAR. The reliability of the data submitted to the ECHA database, as well as the effectiveness of the Klimisch scoring system, were assessed by comparing the refined QSAR with established QSAR benchmarks. The model developed meets all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development principles, has strong internal (leave-one-out internally cross-validated correlation coefficient [Q2LOO] = 0.91) and external (external coefficient of determination (predicted vs experimental [test set])) validation statistics, and can provide reliable fish median lethal concentration (LC50) predictions for non-polar narcotics. Although some issues with dossier misinformation were discovered, it was found that the ECHA dissemination portal is a valuable and reliable data source. When queried using the eChemPortal, chemical dossiers containing reliable data could be found quickly. The ECHA dissemination portal holds great potential for future QSAR development and improvement, such as updating QSARs within the Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) program. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–10. © 2014 SETAC
Treosulfan based reduced toxicity conditioning followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelofibrosis
Authors: Claudiani Simone , Marktel Sarah , Piemontese Simona , Assanelli Andrea , Lupo‐Stanghellini Maria Teresa , Carrabba Matteo , Guggiari Elena , Giglio Fabio , De Freitas Tiago , Marcatti Magda , Bernardi Massimo , Corti Consuelo , Peccatori Jacopo , Lunghi Francesca , Ciceri Fabio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAllogeneic transplantation is the only potentially curative strategy for myelofibrosis, even in the era of new drugs that so far only mitigate symptoms. The choice to proceed to allogeneic transplantation is based on several variables including age, disease phase, degree of splenomegaly, donor availability, comorbidities and iron overload. These factors, along with conditioning regimen and time to transplantation, may influence the outcome of ASCT. We report 14 patients affected by myelofibrosis with a median age of 57 years (range, 41–76) receiving a treosulfan‐fludarabine based reduced toxicity conditioning. Patients (pts) received a stem cell transplantation from an HLA identical (n = 10) or matched unrelated donor (n = 4). All pts had a complete myeloablation followed by engraftment and in 12 out of 13 evaluated pts donor chimerism was 100% at 1 month. In most cases a reduction of splenomegaly and a reduction (or resolution) of bone marrow fibrosis was observed. After a median follow‐up of 39 months (range, 3–106), the 3‐year probability of overall survival and disease free survival was 54 +/− 14% and 46 +/− 14%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of non‐relapse mortality at 2 years was 39 +/− 15%. Causes of non‐relapse mortality were: infection (n = 2), GvHD (n = 2) and haemorrhage (n = 1).We can conclude that a treosulfan and fludarabine based conditioning has a potent myeloablative and anti‐disease activity although non‐relapse mortality remains high in this challenging clinical setting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Automation of Canal Structures
Authors: Shahverdi Kazem , Monem Mohammad Javad 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAutomation is a main option for improving the flexibility of irrigation canals. Control systems are required for this task. The main element of the control systems is a control algorithm. There are different control algorithms which have been developed. Investigation of the developed algorithms showed they have some limitations in terms of accuracy and time. These limitations make the researchers develop and introduce new and better control algorithms. Reinforcement learning (RL), which is a branch of artificial intelligence systems, is a powerful control algorithm successfully applied in robot control and in industry. In this research, a mathematical model of the RL algorithm was developed to control water depth upstream of check structures. RL learns the map of water depth‐check structures adjustment by maximizing a reward function. To test the RL algorithm, a mathematical model of a flume was used. Different scenarios of inflow increase and decrease were simulated. System response time (SRT), maximum absolute error (MAE), and integral of absolute magnitude of error (IAE) indicators were used to evaluate RL. Results were obtained and analysed. Low depth variations and performance indicators were shown. The maximum values of SRT, MAE and IAE were obtained as 252 s, 3.07% and 0.152%, respectively. Results showed the RL algorithm is a beneficial control system and can be applied in irrigation canals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.