bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutualism fails when climate response differs between interacting species
Authors: Warren Robert J. , Bradford Mark A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSuccessful species interactions require that both partners share a similar cue. For many species, spring warming acts as a shared signal to synchronize mutualist behaviors. Spring flowering plants and the ants that disperse their seeds respond to warming temperatures so that ants forage when plants drop seeds. However, where warm‐adapted ants replace cold‐adapted ants, changes in this timing might leave early seeds stranded without a disperser. We investigate plant seed dispersal south and north of a distinct boundary between warm‐ and cold‐adapted ants to determine if changes in the ant species influence local plant dispersal. The warm‐adapted ants forage much later than the cold‐adapted ants, and so we first assess natural populations of early and late blooming plants. We then transplant these plants south and north of the ant boundary to test whether distinct ant climate requirements disrupt the ant–plant mutualism. Whereas the early blooming plant's inability to synchronize with the warm‐adapted ant leaves its populations clumped and patchy and its seedlings clustered around the parents in natural populations, when transplanted into the range of the cold‐adapted ant, effective seed dispersal recovers. In contrast, the mutualism persists for the later blooming plant regardless of location because it sets seed later in spring when both warm‐ and cold‐adapted ant species forage, resulting in effective seed dispersal. These results indicate that the climate response of species interactions, not just the species themselves, is integral in understanding ecological responses to a changing climate. Data linking phenological synchrony and dispersal are rare, and these results suggest a viable mechanism by which a species' range is limited more by biotic than abiotic interactions – despite the general assumption that biotic influences are buried within larger climate drivers. These results show that biotic partner can be as fundamental a niche requirement as abiotic resources.
The spectrum of factor XI deficiency in Italy
Authors: Castaman G. , Giacomelli S. H. , Caccia S. , Riccardi F. , Rossetti G. , Dragani A. , Giuffrida A. C. , Biasoli C. , Duga S. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryFactor XI (FXI) deficiency is a rare inherited bleeding disorder invariably caused by mutations in the FXI gene. The disorder is rather frequent in Ashkenazi Jews, in whom around 98% of the abnormal alleles is represented by Glu117X and Phe283Leu mutations. A wide heterogeneity of causative mutations has been previously reported in a few FXI deficient patients from Italy. In this article, we enlarge the knowledge on the genetic background of FXI deficiency in Italy. Over 4 years, 22 index cases, eight with severe deficiency and 14 with partial deficiency, have been evaluated. A total of 21 different mutations in 30 disease‐associated alleles were identified, 10 of which were novel. Among them, a novel Asp556Gly dysfunctional mutation was also identified. Glu117X was also detected, as previously reported from other patients in Italy, while again Phe283Leu was not identified. A total of 34 heterozygous relatives were also identified. Bleeding tendency was present in very few cases, being inconsistently related to the severity of FXI deficiency in plasma. In conclusion, at variance with other populations, no single major founder effect is present in Italian patients with FXI deficiency.
Prison for Beginners? The Strengths, Limitations and Potential Applications of Prisoner Handbooks
Authors: Yardley Elizabeth , Wilson David 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWithin this article we conduct a critical analysis of three prisoner handbooks: HM Prison Service: A Survival Guide (Cattermole 2011); The Little Book of Prison (Owens 2012); and Prisoners Information Book for Male Prisoners and Young Offenders (Prison Reform Trust and HM Prison Service 2008). We conclude that whilst currently falling short of meeting the needs of a diverse prison population, with further development, prisoner handbooks constitute a valuable potential tool in adaptation to prison life which can benefit not only prisoners but all those with a stake in the criminal justice system.
Sinterability of Forsterite Prepared via Solid‐State Reaction
Authors: Tan Chou Yong , Singh Ramesh , Teh Yee Ching , Tan Yoke Meng , Yap Boon Kar 
Published: October 2013

In this work, the sinterability of forsterite powder synthesized via solid‐state reaction was investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate that the synthesized powder possessed peaks that correspond to stoichiometric forsterite. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the powders were formed agglomerates, which were made up of loosely packed fine particles. Subsequently, the forsterite powders were cold isostatically pressed into a disk shape under 200 MPa and sintered in air at temperature ranging from 1200°C to 1500°C (interval of 50°C) with ramp rate of 10°C/min and dwelling time of 2 h. The sinterability of each sintered samples was examined in terms of phase stability, relative density, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, and microstructural examination. XRD examination on all the sintered samples exhibited pure forsterite, in which the generated peaks were found to be in a good agreement with JCPDS card no. 34‐0189. The densification of forsterite progressed to reach a maximum relative density of ~91% at 1500°C. This study also revealed that high‐strength forsterite ceramic can be synthesized via solid‐state reaction as forsterite attained favorable mechanical properties, having fracture toughness of 4.88 MPam1/2 and hardness of 7.11 GPa at 1400°C.
The effect of abaxial retraction on pelvic geometry after pelvic symphysiotomy
Authors: Schlicksup Michael D. , Holt David E. , Mai Wilfried , Holmes Elaine S. , Agnello Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the effect abaxial retraction after pelvic symphysiotomy has on the geometry of the sacroiliac joints (SIs) in dogs.Study DesignExperimental study.Sample PopulationCanine cadavers (n = 9).MethodsCanine cadavers free of sacroiliac disease had pelvic symphysiotomy and retraction to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of transverse sacral width, followed by axial reduction of the symphysis. Before symphysiotomy, after each abaxial retraction value, and after reduction of the symphysis each SI joint had a computed tomographic scan to evaluate the effect on the SI joints.ResultsThere was no luxation at 25% abaxial retraction, unilateral SI luxation in three cadavers after 50% abaxial retraction and in all cadavers after 75% abaxial retraction. Axial reduction of the symphysis resolved all luxations.ConclusionsPelvic symphysiotomy and abaxial retraction between 50% and 75% of transverse sacral width leads to unilateral SI luxation, which is resolved by axial reduction. While not likely requiring ancillary stabilization, SI joint luxation may be a cause for additional postoperative pain, reluctance to ambulate, and prolonged hospitalization/recovery.
Where am I and why? Synthesizing range biology and the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of dispersal
Authors: Kubisch Alexander , Holt Robert D. , Poethke Hans‐Joachim , Fronhofer Emanuel A. 
Published: October 2013

Although generations of researchers have studied the factors that limit the distributions of species, we still do not seem to understand this phenomenon comprehensively. Traditionally, species’ ranges have been seen as the consequence of abiotic conditions and local adaptation to the environment. However, during the last years it has become more and more evident that biotic factors – such as intra‐ and interspecific interactions or the dispersal capacity of species – and even rapidly occurring evolutionary processes can strongly influence the range of a species and its potential to spread to new habitats. Relevant eco‐evolutionary forces can be found at all hierarchical levels: from landscapes to communities via populations, individuals and genes.We here use the metapopulation concept to develop a framework that allows us to synthesize this broad spectrum of different factors. Since species’ ranges are the result of a dynamic equilibrium of colonization and local extinction events, the importance of dispersal is immediately clear. We highlight the complex interrelations and feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary forces that shape dispersal and result in non‐trivial and partially counter‐intuitive range dynamics. Our concept synthesizes current knowledge on range biology and the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of dispersal.SynthesisWhat factors are responsible for the dynamics of species' ranges? Answering this question has never been more important than today, in the light of rapid environmental changes.Surprisingly, the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of dispersal – which represent the driving forces behind range formation – have rarely been considered in this context. We here present a framework that closes this gap.Dispersal evolution may be responsible for highly complex and non‐trivial range dynamics. In order to understand these, and possibly provide projections of future range positions, it is crucial to take the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of dispersal into account.
Controlling FIB‐SBEM slice thickness by monitoring the transmitted ion beam
Authors: BOERGENS K. M. , DENK W. 
Published: October 2013

SummarySerial block‐face electron microscopy with focused ion beam cutting suffers from cutting artefacts caused by changes in the relative position of beam and sample, which are, for example, inevitable when reconditioning the ion gun. The latter has to be done periodically, which limits the continuous stack‐acquisition time to several days. Here, we describe a method for controlling the ion‐beam position that is based on detecting that part of the ion beam that passes the sample (transmitted beam). We find that the transmitted‐beam current decreases monotonically as the beam approaches the sample and can be used to determine the relative position of beam and sample to an accuracy of around one nanometre. By controlling the beam approach using this current as the feedback parameter, it is possible to ion‐mill consecutive 5 nm slices without detectable variations in thickness even in the presence of substantial temperature fluctuations and to restart the acquisition of a stack seamlessly. In addition, the use of a silicon junction detector instead of the in‐column detector is explored.
An international survey of speciality training in oral and maxillofacial pathology
Authors: Hunter Keith , Speight Paul , Wright John , van Heerden Willie , Rich Alison , Franklin Christopher 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundSpeciality training in oral and maxillofacial pathology (OMFP) across the world would be aided by guidance on a generic curriculum and training programme that all countries could use as a template. In order to facilitate this, we require an understanding of the various forms which OMFP training takes across the world.MethodsWe sent a questionnaire to OMF pathologists in the 42 countries represented in the IAOP membership, via their Regional Councillor. The questionnaire included detailed demographics, entry requirements, specialty training program and facilities/resources.ResultsReplies were received from 22/42 countries (52%). OMFP is a dental/dental and medical speciality in 72%, and in 92% of those, this is recognised by a licensing board. Training was undertaken in an academic environment in 85% (with many offering a further academic qualification) and the median length of training was 4 years. General/anatomical pathology training is mandated in 85% of programs and a common core of general sub‐specialities was identified. An end of training assessment was conducted in 80% of programs with most including written, practical and oral elements. Training program directors and educational supervisors were in place in 12/16 programs and, in most, Quality Assurance of training was externally monitored. In only one country was the number of trainees linked to workforce planning.ConclusionsTraining in OMFP varies across the world. However, we feel there is sufficient commonality for the development of an agreed indicative framework on education and training in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, perhaps under the auspices of the IAOP.
Second‐Best Taxation of Incomes and Non‐Labor Inputs in a Model with Endogenous Wages
Authors: GAHVARI FIROUZ 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper considers a Mirrleesian optimal income tax model wherein labor inputs are not perfect substitutes and their wages are determined endogenously. It shows: (i) If skilled and unskilled workers are Edgeworth complements, skilled workers will necessarily face a marginal subsidy and unskilled workers a marginal tax on their incomes (these may not be the case if skilled and unskilled workers are Edgeworth substitutes); and (ii) redistributive concerns call for taxation of those inputs whose elasticity of complementarity with skilled labor is larger than with unskilled labor, and subsidization of those whose elasticity of complementarity is smaller.
The Effectiveness of Telemedicine for Weight Management in the MOVE! Program
Authors: Ahrendt April D. , Kattelmann Kendra K. , Rector Thomas S. , Maddox David A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPurposeTo examine the effectiveness of videoconferencing technology for delivering comprehensive weight management treatment.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted by extraction of data from medical records for the years 2008‐2010. The treatment included a series of 12 weekly MOVE!® classes delivered using videoconferencing. Data were extracted from the time of baseline weight to 1 year after baseline weight for the MOVE! participants (n = 60) and from a concurrent control group (n = 60) that did not participate in MOVE! treatment.FindingsResults indicated that the MOVE! group lost weight while the control group gained weight, resulting in a mean difference between the groups of −5.5 ± 2.7 kg (95% CI = −8.0 to −3.0; P < .0001).ConclusionsThese results indicate that videoconferencing is an effective method to provide the MOVE! Weight Management Program to veterans. Weight loss was maintained for one year after baseline in the MOVE! group. This is very promising as weight re‐gain is a common issue and these results support using videoconferencing for a long‐term weight management treatment option.
Evolution in subdivided plant populations: concepts, recent advances and future directions
Authors: Pannell John R. , Fields Peter D. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryResearch into the evolution of subdivided plant populations has long involved the study of phenotypic variation across plant geographic ranges and the genetic details underlying that variation. Genetic polymorphism at different marker loci has also allowed us to infer the long‐ and short‐term histories of gene flow within and among populations, including range expansions and colonization–extinction dynamics. However, the advent of affordable genome‐wide sequences for large numbers of individuals is opening up new possibilities for the study of subdivided populations. In this review, we consider what the new tools and technologies may allow us to do. In particular, we encourage researchers to look beyond the description of variation and to use genomic tools to address new hypotheses, or old ones afresh. Because subdivided plant populations are complex structures, we caution researchers away from adopting simplistic interpretations of their data, and to consider the patterns they observe in terms of the population genetic processes that have given rise to them; here, the genealogical framework of the coalescent will continue to be conceptually and analytically useful.

Contents

Summary
417

I.
Introduction
417

II.
Effective population sizes, genetic drift and migration
418

III.
Population differentiation, and how best to measure it
420

IV.
FST as a basis of inferring local adaptation: neutral genes vs phenotypes
421

V.
Inferring local adaptation: neutral vs selected genes
422

VI.
Effects of subdivision on inbreeding and inbreeding depression
424

VII.
Current technologies – from genome sequencing to RAD‐tags
425

VIII.
Whither now – new wine in old skins?
427

IX.
Conclusions
428

Acknowledgements
429

References
429
Ammonium tolerance in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and the role of the psbA multigene family
Authors: DAI GUO‐ZHENG , QIU BAO‐SHENG , FORCHHAMMER KARL 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAmmonium is one of the major nutrients for plants, and a ubiquitous intermediate in plant metabolism, but it is also known to be toxic to many organisms, in particular to plants and oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms. Although previous studies revealed a link between ammonium toxicity and photodamage in cyanobacteria under in vivo conditions, ammonium‐induced photodamage of photosystem II (PSII) has not yet been investigated with isolated thylakoid membranes. We show here that ammonium directly accelerated photodamage of PSII in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803, rather than affecting the repair of photodamaged PSII. Using isolated thylakoid membranes, it could be demonstrated that ammonium‐induced photodamage of PSII primarily occurred at the oxygen evolution complex, which has a known binding site for ammonium. Wild‐type Synechocystis PCC6803 cells can tolerate relatively high concentrations of ammonium because of efficient PSII repair. Ammonium tolerance requires all three psbA genes since mutants of any of the three single psbA genes are more sensitive to ammonium than wild‐type cells. Even the poorly expressed psbA1 gene, whose expression was studied in some detail, plays a detectable role in ammonium tolerance.
Arachidic Acid in Extender Improves Post‐thaw Parameters of Cryopreserved Nili‐Ravi Buffalo Bull Semen
Authors: Ejaz R , Ansari MS , Rakha BA , Ullah N , Husna AU , Iqbal R , Akhter S 
Published: October 2013

ContentsCryopreservation process reduces lipids and phospholipids from buffalo bull spermatozoa. It was therefore hypothesized that supplementation of fatty acid to extender may improve the post‐thaw quality of buffalo semen. The objective was to evaluate the effect of arachidic acid supplementation in extender on post‐thaw quality of buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa. Semen was collected from three adult Nili‐Ravi buffalo bulls of similar age group with artificial vagina (42°C) for 3 weeks (replicate). Qualified semen ejaculates (n = 18) were split into four aliquots and diluted in tris–citric acid extender containing 0.0 (control), 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng/ml at 37°C having approximately 50 × 106spermatozoa/ml. Diluted semen was cooled to 4°C in 2 h and equilibrated for 4 h at 4°C. Cooled semen was filled in 0.5‐ml straws at 4°C, kept on liquid nitrogen vapours for 10 min and plunged in liquid nitrogen for storage. Thawing of frozen semen was performed after 24 h at 37°C for 30 s. Sperm progressive motility (%) was improved in a dose‐dependent manner by supplementing arachidic acid at 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng/ml compared with control. Structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane (%), number of acrosome‐intact live sperm (%) and sperm chromatin integrity (%) were better (p < 0.05) in extender having 5.0 ng/ml of arachidic acid compared with control. At 10.0 ng/ml, these values did not vary (p > 0.05) from those at 5.0 ng/ml. Further improvement in structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane, number of acrosome‐intact live sperm and chromatin integrity was observed at 20.0 ng/ml of arachidic acid in extender. In conclusion, arachidic acid supplementation in extender improved the post‐thaw quality parameters of cryopreserved Nili‐Ravi buffalo bull spermatozoa. Among the arachidic acid concentrations studied, maximum improvement in post‐thaw semen quality parameters was observed at 20.0 ng/ml.
Readiness for and predictors of evidence‐based practice of acute‐care nurses: a cross‐sectional postal survey
Authors: Thorsteinsson Hrund S. , Sveinsdóttir Herdís 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundNurses’ adoption of evidence‐based practice (EBP) remains limited although most nurses are familiar with EBP and belief in its value for patient care. Efforts to accelerate nurses’ EBP activities have met with limited success. Knowledge of predictors of nurses’ EBP activities is lacking.AimsTo describe nurses’ readiness for EBP as measured by their information needs, skills in using electronic bibliographical databases (EBDs) and awareness of available EBP‐needed resources; EBP beliefs and frequency of EBP activities, and identify predictors of EBP activities and beliefs.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional survey, distributed to a homogeneous, consecutive sample of 546 acute‐care nurses. Response rate was 64.3%; responses from direct‐care nurses (n = 298) and administrators (n = 45) were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe readiness for EBP, frequency of certain EBP activities and EBP beliefs. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of EBP activities and multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of EBP beliefs.ResultsThe nurses generally seldom participated in the EBP activities studied, in spite of familiarity with and positive beliefs towards EBP. Evidence‐based practice beliefs predicted all three activities studied. Skills in using EBDs predicted information‐seeking and evaluating research. Awareness of available EBP‐needed resources predicted information‐seeking, role predicted evaluating research, while familiarity with EBP predicted using research in practice. Six predictors explained nearly 40% of the variance in EBP beliefs.ConclusionsNurses’ EBP activities must be facilitated and accelerated. The findings provide empirical support to the primacy of EBP beliefs in nurses’ engagement in EBP and of the complexity of EBP. While the identified predictors of EBP activities and beliefs are susceptible to change, diverse strategies are needed to influence each one. Strategies should focus on influencing EBP beliefs, that is, by increasing skills in using EBDs, discussion about EBP in the clinical environment and familiarity with EBP.
Catheter‐related Infection and Septicemia: Impact of Seasonality and Modifiable Practices from the DOPPS
Authors: Lok Charmaine E. , Thumma Jyothi R. , McCullough Keith P. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Fluck Richard J. , Marshall Mark R. , Kawanishi Hideki , Robinson Bruce M. , Pisoni Ronald L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHemodialysis (HD) catheter‐related infection (CRI) and septicemia contribute to adverse outcomes. The impact of seasonality and prophylactic dialysis practices during high‐risk periods remain unexplored. This multicenter study analyzed DOPPS data from 12,122 HD patients (from 442 facilities) to determine the association between seasonally related climatic variables and CRI and septicemia. Climatic variables were determined by linkage to National Climatic Data Center of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. Catheter care protocols were examined to determine if they could mitigate infection risk during high‐risk seasons. Survival models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of septicemia by season and by facility catheter dressing protocol. The overall catheter‐related septicemia rate was 0.47 per 1000 catheter days. It varied by season, with an AHR for summer of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.19–1.80) compared with winter. Septicemia was associated with temperature (AHR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02–1.13; p < 0.001). Dressing protocols using chlorhexidine (AHR of septicemia = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.39–0.78) were associated with fewest episodes of CRI or septicemia. Higher catheter‐related septicemia in summer may be due to seasonal conditions (e.g., heat, perspiration) that facilitate bacterial growth and compromise protective measures. Extra vigilance and use of chlorhexidine‐based dressing protocols may provide prophylaxis against CRI and septicemia.