bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative metabolism of four limonoids in human liver microsomes using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution LTQ‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Ren Wei , Xin Shao‐Kun , Han Ling‐Yu , Zuo Ran , Li Yan , Gong Mu‐Xing , Wei Xiao‐Lu , Zhou Yan‐Yan , He Jing , Wang Hong‐Jie , Si Nan , Zhao Hai‐Yu , Yang Jian , Bian Bao‐Lin 
Published: September 2015

RationaleLimonoids, characterized by a triterpenoid skeleton with a furan ring, are unique secondary metabolites widely distributed in the families of Rutaceae, particularly in Citrus species and Meliaceae. Studies on health benefits have demonstrated that limonoids have a range of biological activities. Dietary intake of citrus limonoids may provide a protective effect against the onset of various cancers and other xenobiotic related diseases. However, few studies about the metabolic profiles of limonoids have been carried out.MethodsThe objectives of this study were to investigate the metabolic profiles of four limonoids (limonin, obacunone, nominin and gedunin) in human liver microsomes (HLMs) using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS) and to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in the formation of their metabolites by recombinant human CYP enzymes.ResultsBased on the accurate HR‐MS/MS spectra and the proposed MS/MS fragmentation pathways, four metabolites of limonin (M1‐1, M1‐2, M1‐3 and M1‐4), eight metabolites ofobacunone (M2‐1, M2‐2, M2‐3, M2‐4, M2‐5, M2‐6, M2‐7 and M2‐8), six metabolites of nominin (M3‐1, M3‐2, M3‐3, M3‐4, M3‐5 and M3‐6) and three metabolites of gedunin (M4‐1, M4‐2 and M4‐3) in HLMs were tentatively identified and the involved CYPs were investigated.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that reduction at C‐7 and C‐16, hydroxylation and reaction of glycine with reduction limonoids were the major metabolic pathways of limonoids in HLMs. Among them, glycination with reduction was the unique metabolic process of limonoids observed for the first time. CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 played an important role in the isomerization and glycination of limonoids in HLMs, whereas other CYP isoforms were considerably less active. The results might help to understand the metabolic process of limonoids in vitro such as the unidentified metabolites of limonin glucoside observed in the medium of microbes and the biotransformation of limonin in juices. Moreover, it would be beneficial for us to further study the pharmacokinetic behavior of limonoids in vivo systematically. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the non‐covalent interactions of ginsenosides and lysozyme using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Tang Jun , Fu Qiang , Cui Meng , Xing Junpeng , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shuying 
Published: September 2015

RationaleGinsenosides are an important class of natural products extracted from ginseng that possess various important biological activities. Studies of interactions of ginsenosides with proteins are essential for comprehensive understanding of the biological activities of ginsenosides. In this study, the interactions of ginsenosides with lysozyme were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS).MethodsBoth protopanaxadiol‐type and protopanaxatriol‐type ginsenosides were chosen to explore the interactions of ginsenosides towards lysozyme near the physiological conditions by direct ESI‐MS, respectively. Comparative experiments were conducted to confirm the interactions were specific. In addition, the dissociation constants of ginsenoside‐lysozyme complexes were determined by a ESI‐MS titration strategy.ResultsThe results showed ginsenosides bound to lysozyme at the stoichiometries of 1:1 and 2:1. The association constants of ginsenosides to lysozyme were in the order of Re>Rd>Rf>Rg2>Rg3. According to their structures, the binding affinities associated with the type of aglycone and the type and the number of sugar moieties linked on the aglycone.ConclusionsIt has been demonstrated that ESI‐MS is a powerful tool to probe the non‐covalent interactions between lysozyme and ginsenosides. These results provide insights into the interaction of ginsenosides with lysozyme at the molecular level. The developed strategy could be applied to determine the interactions of proteins with other natural products. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mutual Interaction of Plasma Electrons
Authors: Haseltine W. R. 
Published: September 2015

This paper considers some of the processes taking place in a simplified model of the plasma or positive column region of an electrical discharge through gas at low pressure. Particular attention is given the direct mutual interaction of the electrons, and the effect of this on the distribution of velocities.The first part deals with the question in a general way. To determine the velocity distribution function, two balance equations are set up. One expresses the conservation of energy, and the second the conservation of momentum parallel to the field. From these is derived one non‐linear integral equation.The geometry of the mutual scattering process is examined, and the necessary integrations are performed insofar as these depend only on this geometry. As an example the case of elastic sphere collisions is carried through to a point where integrations over the distribution function, f, become necessary.In the second part the cross section function σ is derived for electrone‐lectron
scattering. As an interaction potential, the shielded Coulomb
value was used.In the third part an attempt is made to find functions which are solutions
of the problem. Under the assumptions used, it is found that the
function
urn:x-wiley:00971421:media:sapm1939181174:sapm1939181174-math-0002
is a fairly good approximate solution.It is found that experimental conditions can exist for which the theory predicts a value of the parameter g nearly unity. This corresponds to a nearly maxwellian distribution.
Generalized Ferroelectric Model on a Square Lattice
Authors: Baxter R. J. 
Published: September 2015

A completely general square‐lattice ferroelectric model is considered, in which the configuration energies have arbitrary values at each vertex. It is found that the partition function can be evaluated by straightforward extensions of the method used for the regular ice, F‐ and KDP‐models, provided three sets of conditions are satisfied. These ensure that the two ordered F‐model states are degenerate (in the limit of a large lattice), so we conclude that the application of any staggered field which breaks this degeneracy also renders the problem insoluble by the present methods.The partition function for these ordered states is obtained explicitly and found to be given quite simply as a product of certain parameters associated with each vertex. Finally some conjectures are made concerning the spontaneous staggered polarization.
On Mean Convergence of Fourier‐Bessel Series of Negative Order
Authors: Benedek A. , Panzone R. 
Published: September 2015

The expansion of f ∈ Lp(0, 1) Fourier series of Bessel functions of order

converges to f in Lp whenever
urn:x-wiley:00222526:media:sapm1971503281:sapm1971503281-math-0001
Let

be the space of p‐integrable functions with respect to the measure t dt and
where {sn}, n = 1, 2, …, is the set of positive zeros of Jv. Then, the expansion of
in a Fourier series of functions ψn, −1 < ν < −½, converges to
in
whenever
urn:x-wiley:00222526:media:sapm1971503281:sapm1971503281-math-0002
Hyperspheric Integer Programming
Authors: Claus A. 
Published: September 2015

This paper develops an efficient method for finding the optimal solution to linear mathematical programs on 0–1 variables.It is shown that the lattice (0–1) points satisfying some linear constraint of dimension n can equally be represented by those lying in a hypersphere of the same dimension.The lattice points satisfying two linear constraints can be represented by a hypersphere which contains the intersection of the hyperspheres of the two constraints.The method for finding the optimal solution consists of enumerating lattice points which are close to the center of the hypersphere corresponding to the constraints. As soon as a better value of the objective function has been found, than some lower bound, we find a new hypersphere which contains the lattice points of the constraints at which the objective function remains higher than the best known value. We continue in this manner until we have at some stage enumerated all lattice points within a given hypersphere and found none which give a better value.
The Determinants of Matrices Whose Elements Decrease Geometrically in Diagonal Direction
Authors: Kato Yoshifumi 
Published: September 2015

In this article, by taking the famous two Roger—Ramanujan identities as an example, the author considered which type of functions admit an infinite production expression in the sense of q‐analogue theory. The key observation is that the series
urn:x-wiley:21905991:media:sapm1988783167:sapm1988783167-math-0001 can be expressed as the determinant of an infinite matrix whose elements decrease geometrically in diagonal direction. In cases a = 1 and a = q, they coincide with the two R‐R identities. As a result, it is shown that the series has already an infinite product expression. The proof is rather elementary. In fact, first, we decompose the given matrix A(a, q) as
urn:x-wiley:21905991:media:sapm1988783167:sapm1988783167-math-0002 P is an infinite matrix having a decreasing geometric sequence on the semidiagonal away from the main diagonal by one row under. Q is a similar matrix but above.Secondly, we interchange determinant and trace through exponential map. Then we need to calculate the trace of matrices which are products of P and Q. In short, we attribute the problem to calculate the sums of geometric sequences. The remaining question is to investigate I.T.[B1B2 ⋯ B2k] where Bi = P or Q in a calculable style. For the meaning of I.T., refer to the infinite product expression which the author obtained. The merit of this argument exists in the fact that the determinant of any matrix stated in the title is always expressible in an infinite product form. That is to say, a great many functions have an infinite product expression.
The Effect of Mean Flows on Enhanced Diffusivity in Transport by Incompressible Periodic Velocity Fields
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , McLaughlin Richard M. 
Published: September 2015

Avellaneda and one of the authors ([1], [3]) have recently established that an upper bound for the enhanced diffusivity in the large scale, long time advection‐diffusion with periodic steady incompressible velocity fields has the form where Pe is the Peclet number and is the reciprocal of the Prandtl number. In this paper, flow fields with maximal and minimal enhanced diffusion are studied. Maximal enhanced diffusion requires that in some directions the enhanced diffusion tensor also has the lower bound . For minimal enhanced diffusion, the effect of the velocity field is to boost the enhanced diffusivity by a negligible amount that is bounded by a fixed constant times the bare diffusivity regardless of Peclet number. Stieltjes measure formulas are used to develop a simple, necessary, and sufficient condition for maximal enhanced diffusion and also to characterize minimal enhanced diffusion.It is established here that constant mean flows can have a dramatic effect on maximal and minimal enhanced diffusion. In particular, for flows in two space dimensions, an explicit criterion is developed that guarantees the surprising fact that mean flows with rational ratios typically generate maximal enhanced diffusion through interaction with an arbitrary steady periodic incompressible flow with zero mean. In contrast, a simple criterion for flows without stagnation points is developed here that guarantees that the effect of mean flows with irrational ratios on advection‐diffusion in two dimensions creates minimal enhanced diffusion. The theory for the phenomena mentioned above is elementary yet mathematically rigorous. Examples are emphasized throughout this work including a discussion of enhanced diffusivity for a class of flows recently introduced by Childress and Soward [8]. The theory developed here is also supplemented by a series of numerical experiments that both verify the theoretical predictions and display interesting crossover phenomena at rather large but finite Peclet numbers.
Playing dirty or building capability? Corruption and HR training as competitive actions to threats from informal and foreign firm rivals
Authors: Iriyama Akie , Kishore Rajiv , Talukdar Debabrata 
Published: September 2015

Research summary: We examine why a firm takes specific competitive action in nonmarket and resource‐market spaces, particularly when it perceives threats from informal and foreign competitor groups, respectively. We address this question by combining insights from competitive rivalry, strategic groups, and nonmarket strategy literatures in an emerging economy context. Specifically, we theorize how threats from informal and foreign rival firms in an emerging market influence a firm's engagement in corruption activities and its investments in HR training, respectively. We also argue that the likelihoods of such focal firm actions against competitor group threats differ, contingent on the focal firm's market and resource profiles. Results from the empirical analyses, with survey data from the Indian IT industry, provide broad support to our hypotheses.Managerial summary: Based on a World Bank dataset on the Indian IT industry, this study finds that corruption and HR training are pursued by firms in emerging economies as mindful strategies against specific types of rivals—informal and foreign firm rivals, respectively, and are not pursued simply as culturally‐based practices. Multinational companies may need to understand that domestic firms in emerging countries will engage in corruption strategically to reduce their costs and time to market of their products/services. Therefore, multinational firms may need to devise suitable strategies other than corruption to reduce their costs and time to market if they wish to compete with firms in emerging economies for customers who don't care about ethical issues and will buy a cheaper product/service that is delivered quickly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical utility of postmortem microcomputed tomography of the fetal heart: diagnostic imaging vs macroscopic dissection
Authors: Hutchinson J. C. , Arthurs O. J. , Ashworth M. T. , Ramsey A. T. , Mifsud W. , Lombardi C. M. , Sebire N. J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesCongenital cardiac malformations are commonly identified at perinatal autopsy, which can be challenging in fetuses of early gestation and in macerated fetuses. Our objective was to examine fetal complex congenital heart disease by microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT), using standard autopsy as the gold standard.MethodsIn this ethically approved study, ex‐vivo isolated fetal heart and fetal heart‐lung blocks underwent iodine preparation prior to micro‐CT, and were fixed in formalin after the micro‐CT examination. Images were acquired using a microfocus‐CT scanner with individual specimen image optimization. Twenty‐one indices assessed normally at autopsy were evaluated for each dataset. Cardiac dissection was performed using a dissecting microscope within 24 h of the micro‐CT examination.ResultsWe examined six fetal hearts, comprising five with complex congenital cardiac malformations at a gestational age of 17–23 weeks and an anatomically normal heart of 23 weeks' gestation for reference. All specimens demonstrated excellent internal contrast at micro‐CT examination, and the correct overall diagnosis was made in all cases. There was agreement for 114/126 indices assessed on micro‐CT and at autopsy dissection (overall concordance of 95.8% (95% CI, 90.5–98.2%)). Micro‐CT was particularly useful in the assessment of ventricular morphology in macerated fetuses.ConclusionsMicro‐CT of small ex‐vivo fetal specimens can provide highly accurate three‐dimensional rendering of complex congenital fetal heart disease. This approach represents a significant advance in postmortem imaging and confirms the potential of this technology for non‐invasive examination of small fetuses and organs. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The complementarity and comparability of climate change adaptation and mitigation
Authors: Watkiss Paul , Benzie Magnus , Klein Richard J.T. 
Published: September 2015

Both mitigation and adaptation can reduce the risks of climate change. This study reviews the complementarity and comparability between the two, looking first at the global level and then at the national‐to‐local domain. At the global level, the review finds differing definitions and viewpoints exist in the literature. Much of the economic literature reports that global mitigation and adaptation are substitutes (in economic terms). In contrast, the scientific literature considers them to be complementary (in policy terms), as they address different risks that vary temporally and spatially. The degree of complementarity and comparability therefore depends on the perspective taken, although there is a policy space where the two can overlap. However, the governance, institutional, and policy‐based literature identifies that even if a global mitigation and adaptation mix could be defined, it would be highly contentious and extremely difficult to deliver in practice. The review then considers the complementarity and comparability of mitigation and adaptation at the national‐to‐local domain, in national policy and at sector level. The review finds there is greater potential for complementarity at this scale, although possible conflicts can also exist. However, the institutional, governance, and policy literature identifies a number of barriers to practical implementation, and as a result, complementary mitigation and adaptation action is unlikely to happen autonomously. Finally, the lessons from the review are drawn together to highlight policy relevant issues and identify research gaps. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:541–557. doi: 10.1002/wcc.368This article is categorized under:

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Methods of Integrated Assessment of Climate Change
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Benefits of Mitigation
Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well‐Being
Experimental and numerical investigation of tip vortex generation and evolution on horizontal axis wind turbines
Authors: Micallef Daniel , Ferreira Carlos Simão , Sant Tonio , Bussel Gerard van 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe tip vortex of a wind turbine rotor blade is the result of a distribution of aerodynamic loads and circulation over the blade tip. The current knowledge on the generation of the tip vorticity in a 3D rotating environment still lacks detailed experimental evidence, particularly for yawed flow. The aim of this paper is to investigate how circulation at the blade tip behaves and how vorticity is eventually released in the wake, for both axial and 30° yawed flow conditions through the combination of experimental and numerical simulations. Stereo particle image velocimetry is used to measure the flow field at the tip of a 2m diameter, two‐bladed rotor at the TU Delft Open Jet Facility, for both axial and yawed flow; numerical simulations of the experiments are performed using a 3D, unsteady potential flow free‐wake vortex model. The generation mechanisms of the tip vorticity are established. The spanwise circulation along the blade exhibits a similar variation in both axial and yaw cases. A comparison of the chordwise directed circulation variation along the chord between axial and yawed flow is also presented and shown to be different. The analysis is based on contour integration of the velocity field. The tip vortex trajectory for axial flow confirms previous observations on the MEXICO rotor. The experimental results for yawed conditions have clearly shown how vorticity is swept radially away from the blade under the influence of the in‐plane radial component of flow. Such phenomena were only partially captured by the numerical model. The results of this work have important implications on the modelling of blade tip corrections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective analysis of GERD after POEM on anterior myotomy
Authors: Shiwaku Hironari , Inoue Haruhiro , Sasaki Takamitsu , Yamashita Kanefumi , Ohmiya Toshihiro , Takeno Shinsuke , Nimura Satoshi , Yamashita Yuichi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPeroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an emerging, minimally invasive procedure capable of overcoming limitations of achalasia treatments, but gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after POEM is of concern and its risk factors have not been evaluated. This prospective study examined GERD and the association of POEM with reflux esophagitis.MethodsAchalasia patients were recruited from a single center. The pre- and postoperative assessments included Eckardt scores, manometry, endoscopy, and pH monitoring.ResultsBetween September 2011 and November 2014, 105 patients underwent POEM; 70 patients were followed up 3 months after POEM. Postoperatively, significant reductions were observed in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure [from 40.0 ± 22.8 to 20.7 ± 14.0 mmHg (P < 0.05)], LES residual pressure [from 22.1 ± 13.3 to 11.4 ± 6.6 mmHg (P < 0.05)], and Eckardt scores [from 5.7 ± 2.5 to 0.7 ± 0.8 (P < 0.05)]. Symptomatic GERD and moderate reflux esophagitis developed in 5 and 11 patients (grade B,n = 8; grade C,n = 3), respectively, and were well controlled with proton pump inhibitors. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed integrated relaxation pressure was a predictor of ≥grade B reflux esophagitis. No POEM factors were found to be associated with reflux esophagitis.ConclusionPOEM is effective and safe in treating achalasia, with no occurrence of clinically significant refractory GERD. Myotomy during POEM, especially of the gastric side, was not associated with ≥grade B (requiring medical intervention) reflux esophagitis. Extended gastric myotomy (2–3 cm) during POEM is recommended to improve outcomes.
Aggression Norms in the Classroom Social Network: Contexts of Aggressive Behavior and Social Preference in Middle Childhood
Authors: Jackson Daisy R. , Cappella Elise , Neal Jennifer Watling 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn a cross‐sectional sample of African‐American 2nd–4th grade students (N = 681), we examine the moderating effects of classroom overt and relational aggression norms on peers’ social acceptance of classmates who exhibit overt and relational aggression in urban schools. Extending theory and research on classroom norms, we integrate social network data to adjust aggression norms based on children’s direct and indirect connections in the classroom. Results of multilevel models indicate that network‐based classroom aggression norms moderated relations between children’s aggressive behavior and their social preference. Specifically, children benefited socially when their form of aggressive behavior fit with what was normative in the classroom social context. The moderating effect of classroom aggression norms was stronger for the association between overt aggression and social preference than relational aggression and social preference. Relationally aggressive youth were socially preferred by peers regardless of the classroom norm, although this positive association was magnified in classrooms with higher levels of relational aggression. Future research focused on aggression norms within classroom social networks are discussed and implications for school prevention efforts are considered.