bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Authors: Dostal Robert 
Published: September 2015

Hans-Georg Gadamer (b. 1900–d. 2002) is known primarily for establishing philosophical hermeneutics as an important movement in contemporary philosophy. What is remarkable about Gadamer’s very large body of work is the paucity of published books. As was required for an academic career, Gadamer published his habilitation, Plato’s Dialectical Ethics, in 1931 (see Gadamer 1985a, cited under Gadamer’s Collected Works in German). He did not publish another book until 1960, when his main work, Truth and Method (Gadamer 1989b, cited under Gadamer’s Principal Works in English Translation), appeared. Almost all of Gadamer’s published work before and after 1960 is “occasional,” i.e., based on lectures and addresses. Some of these lectures and addresses were expanded into short monographs that were published in book form—among them, The Relevance of the Beautiful (Gadamer 1986b), and The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (Gadamer 1986a), both cited under Gadamer’s Principal Works in English Translation). Between 1986 and 1995, Gadamer put together his Collected Works (Gesammelte Werke) in ten volumes that contain most but not all of his published work prior to 1995 (see Gadamer’s Collected Works in German). Gadamer made himself available for numerous interviews that provide insight into his work and into a century of German intellectual history.
Paul Oskar Kristeller
Authors: Rubini Rocco 
Published: September 2015

Paul Oskar Kristeller (b. 1905–d. 1999) was a German-Jewish historian of philosophy and one of the most influential Renaissance scholars of the 20th century. Together with a short list of colleagues, Kristeller redefined Renaissance studies after the Second World War, at a time when the so-called problem of the Renaissance and its viability as historiographical category and autonomy as historical period, was acutely felt within what was then a much narrower field of specialists. He is best known for his attempts to dignify and distinguish historical “humanism.” He formally accepted the critiques of the medievalists who denied an enlightened break in the 15th and 16th centuries, and he proceeded to formulate and publish in 1946 a theory that was controversial at the time: that “humanism” was not the dawn of the new philosophy of man but a mostly academic and scholarly movement formally tied to the medieval traditions of ars dictandi and ars arengandi. Taken together, the studia humanitatis (whose focus was on grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and, to an extent, moral philosophy) amounted to an educational reform and, thus, to a reorientation of the medieval subdivision of the liberal arts into the Trivium and Quadrivium. Kristeller’s interpretation of humanism, which strongly emphasized a distinction between rhetoric and philosophy, was influenced by his intellectual formation in Germany and, later, Italy. Kristeller’s notably hard-nosed approach to scholarship was first honed at the Mommsen-Gymnasium in Berlin, were he met Ernst Hoffmann (his teacher of Greek), whom he followed to Heidelberg for his university career. Here he studied with Heinrich Rickert, a prominent neo-Kantian whose methodology in historiographical research Kristeller embraced, and Karl Jaspers, who introduced him to existentialism. Both influences are at play in Kristeller’s dissertation on Plotinus, published in 1929. Having received what he perceived as a less-than- excellent assessment of his dissertation, Kristeller moved to Berlin and trained to become a schoolteacher of Greek and Latin (with no less than Werner Jaeger, Eduard Norden, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, and Richard Walzer). He subsequently returned his attention to philosophy and chose Marsilio Ficino as the topic of a Habilitationschrift advised by Martin Heidegger, whom he had met during a short stint in Marburg in 1926. Because of anti-Semitic laws enacted in Germany, Kristeller moved to Italy in 1934 and became the protégé of Giovanni Gentile, securing positions as lecturer of German at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and at the University of Pisa. In 1939, Kristeller was again forced to emigrate, this time to the United States, where he found a home at Columbia University in New York.
From Impairment to Empowerment: A Longitudinal Medical School Curriculum on Disabilities
Authors: Sarmiento Cristina , Miller Sonya R. , Chang Eleanor , Zazove Philip , Kumagai Arno K. 
Published: September 2015

Problem
All physicians will care for individuals with disabilities; however, education about disabilities is lacking at most medical schools. Most of the schools that do include such education exclusively teach the medical model, in which disability is viewed as an impairment to be overcome. Disability advocates contest this approach because it overlooks the social and societal contexts of disability. A collaboration between individuals with disabilities, educators, and physicians to design a medical school curriculum on disabilities could overcome these differences.

Approach
A curriculum on disabilities for first- and second-year medical students was developed during the 2013–2014 academic year and involved a major collaboration between a medical student, medical educators, disability advocates, and academic disability specialists. The guiding principle of the project was the Disability Rights Movement motto, “Nothing about us without us.” Two small-group sessions were created, one for each medical school class. They included discussions about different models of disability, video and in-person narratives of individuals with disabilities, and explorations of concepts central to social perceptions of disability, such as power relationships, naming and stigmatization, and disability as identity.

Outcomes
According to evaluations conducted after each session, students reported positive feedback about both sessions.

Next Steps
Through this curriculum, first- and second-year medical students learned about the obstacles faced by individuals with disabilities and became better equipped to understand and address the concerns, hopes, and societal challenges of their future patients. This inclusive approach may be used to design additional curricula about disabilities for the clinical and postgraduate years.
A Randomized Feasibility Trial of a New Lifestyle Referral Assessment Versus Usual Assessment in an Acute Cardiology Setting
Authors: Hill Kate , Walwyn Rebecca , Camidge Diana , Murray Jenni , Meads David , Reynolds Greg , Farrin Amanda , House Allan 
Published: September 2015

Background:
A healthy diet, taking exercise, and not smoking or consuming alcohol in excess are important to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease either alone or in combination with statin medication. Health education, including providing information to patients on healthy living and guidance on how to achieve it, is a key nursing function.

Objectives:
This study aims first to assess the feasibility of conducting a full-scale trial of lifestyle referral assessment as shown by recruitment rate, data collection, and follow-up and second to assess proof of concept and explore possible mechanisms of change.

Methods:
This was a single-center, randomized, 2-arm, parallel-group, unblinded feasibility trial conducted in an acute teaching hospital trust. Participants were followed up at 3 and 6 months after randomization.

Results:
Eight hundred eighty-seven patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 132 (15%) were randomized into the trial. Of the patients allocated to the individualized assessment, 27% accepted referral or self-referred by 3 months in comparison to 5% allocated to the usual assessment.

Conclusions:
We demonstrated that a full-scale trial is feasible and that an individualized approach increased the number of patients accepting referral to a formal program and initiating lifestyle change. However, we should consider the aim of the assessment and ways in which the process of change can be optimized in order to produce long-term benefit for patients.
Trial registration: current controlled trials ISRCTN41781196.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis Is Not Associated With Sequence Variants in Antioxidant Response Genes in Premature Infants
Authors: Sampath Venkatesh , Helbling Daniel , Menden Heather , Dimmock David , Mulrooney Neil P. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Dagle John M. , Garland Jeffery S. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTReactive oxygen species mediate intestinal injury in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and yet the contribution of antioxidant response (ARE) gene polymorphisms to NEC risk remains unknown. Premature infants recruited in a multicenter study were genotyped for 6 ARE variants. Among 637 infants, 52 had NEC, and 22 developed surgical NEC. Gestational age <28 weeks (P < 0.02) and African American race (P = 0.03) were associated with NEC. The NFE2L2 (rs6721961), SOD2 (rs4880), GSTP1 (rs1695), NQO1 (rs1800566), GCLC (rs17883901), and HMOX1 (rs2071747) variants were not associated with medical or surgical NEC. This study does not support a role for common deleterious ARE variants in NEC.
Automated discovery of relationships, models and principles in ecology
Authors: Cardoso Pedro , Borges Paulo A. V. , Carvalho José C. , Rigal François , Gabriel Rosalina , Cascalho José , Correia Luís 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTEcological systems are the quintessential complex systems, involving numerous high-order interactions and non-linear relationships. The most commonly used statistical modelling techniques can hardly reflect the complexity of ecological patterns and processes. Finding hidden relationships in complex data is now possible through the use of massive computational power, particularly by means of Artificial Intelligence methods, such as evolutionary computation.Here we use symbolic regression (SR), which searches for both the formal structure of equations and the fitting parameters simultaneously, hence providing the required flexibility to characterize complex ecological systems.First, we demonstrate how SR can deal with complex datasets for: 1) modelling species richness; and 2) modelling species spatial distributions. Second, we illustrate how SR can be used to find general models in ecology, by using it to: 3) develop species richness estimators; and 4) develop the species-area relationship and the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography.All the examples suggest that evolving free-form equations purely from data, often without prior human inference or hypotheses, may represent a very powerful tool for ecologists and biogeographers to become aware of hidden relationships and suggest general theoretical models and principles.
Agent-based risk management – a regulatory approach to financial markets
Authors: Theobald Thomas 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide market risk calculation for an equity-based trading portfolio. Instead of relying on the purely stochastic internal model method which banks currently apply in line with the Basel regulatory requirements, the author also propose including alternative price mechanisms from the financial literature in the regulatory framework.

Design/methodology/approach
– For this purpose, a financial market model with heterogeneous agents is developed, capturing the realistic feature that parts of the investors do not follow the assumption of no arbitrage, but are motivated by behavioral heuristics instead.

Findings
– Although both the standard stochastic and the behavioral model are restricted to a calibration including the last 250 trading days, the latter is able to capitalize possible turbulence on financial markets and likewise the well-known phenomenon of excess volatility – even if the last 250 days reflect a non-turbulent market.

Practical implications
– Thus, including agent-based models in the regulatory framework could create better capital requirements with respect to their level and counter-cyclicality.

Originality/value
– This in turn could reduce the extent to which bubbles arise, since market participants would have to anticipate comprehensively the costs of such bubbles bursting. Furthermore, a key ratio is deduced from the agent-based construction to lower the influence of speculative derivatives.
Understanding the reverse time migration backscattering: noise or signal?
Authors: Díaz Esteban , Sava Paul 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTReverse time migration backscattered events are produced by the cross‐correlation between waves reflected from sharp interfaces (e.g., salt bodies). These events, along with head waves and diving waves, produce the so‐called reverse time migration artefacts, which are visible as low wavenumber energy on migrated images. Commonly, these events are seen as a drawback for the reverse time migration method because they obstruct the image of the geologic structure, which is the real objective for the process. In this paper, we perform numeric and theoretical analysis to understand the reverse time migration backscattering energy in conventional and extended images. We show that the reverse time migration backscattering contains a measure of the synchronization and focusing information between the source and receiver wavefields. We show that this synchronization and focusing information is sensitive to velocity errors; this implies that a correct velocity model produces reverse time migration backscattering with maximum energy. Therefore, before filtering the reverse time migration backscattered energy, we should try to obtain a model that maximizes it.
Environmental roles of microbial amino acid racemases
Authors: Hernández Sara B. , Cava Felipe 
Published: September 2015

SummaryEnzymes catalysing the stereo‐chemical inter‐conversion of amino acids are known as amino acid racemases. In bacteria, these enzymes are fundamental to synthesize the D‐Ala and D‐Glu that are critical components of the peptidoglycan. In addition to this structural function in cell wall assembly, D‐amino acids produced by microbial amino acid racemases have been described as relevant constituents in other prokaryotic structures (e.g. capsule, non‐ribosomal peptides) and have been associated to growth fitness and to processes such as biofilm development, spore germination and signalling. The recent discovery of broad spectrum racemases able to produce and release several D‐amino acids to the environment suggests that these enzymes might have a great impact in microbial ecology. Consequently, new data on the biochemistry and regulation of racemases is key to understand the biological significance of D‐enantiomers in nature, in particular their effect on microbial social networks. This review summarizes current knowledge on the environmental roles of bacterial racemases with an emphasis on the potential roles of the new broad spectrum enzymes in natural environments.
Femoral nerve blocks for fractured neck of femur patients: A ‘feel good solution’ but a ‘short‐term fix'?
Authors: Clothier Vanessa , Morphet Julia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveFemoral nerve blocks (FNBs) are commonly administered to patients with a fractured neck of femur (NOF). FNBs reduce complications associated with opioids and are effective for up to 24 h. However, the recognised ‘gold standard’ time to definitive treatment (surgery) in the patient with a fractured NOF is within 48 h. This leaves a significant period of time in which the patient has no effective analgesia, and might require opioids to alleviate pain. The present study explored the number of NOF patients who received a FNB: their wait for definitive treatment (surgery) and how much opioid analgesia was administered in the preoperative phase.MethodsA retrospective review of electronic patient records was conducted over a 6 month period in 2012. Patients who presented to the ED with a fractured NOF, received a FNB and were transferred to surgery in the same hospital were included in the sample.ResultsThe median time from FNBs to surgery was 37.5 h. When patients waited more than 20 h for surgery, the volume of opioid received increased significantly (P ≤ 0.001).ConclusionEven when patients' time to surgery was within the ‘gold standard’, patients received increasing doses of opioids 20 h after the administration of the FNB. While patients continue to wait extended periods for surgery, the practice of administering a single injection FNB needs to be challenged. ED clinicians might consider FNB infusions rather than single injection FNBs for patients with a fractured NOF.
Myocardial SPECT Images in Incident Hemodialysis Patients Without Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Koyama‐Nakamura Mari , Mizobuchi Masahide , Kaneko Kyoichi , Watanabe Makoto , Ogata Hiroaki , Koiwa Fumihiko , Akizawa Tadao , Akutsu Yasushi , Shibata Takanori 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in dialysis patients and is significantly associated with poor survival in incident dialysis patients. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in these populations. 123I‐15‐(p‐iodophenyl)‐3(R,S)‐ methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) imaging is useful for detection of ischemic heart disease. We examined imaging characteristics to identify potential pathologies of cardiac disease, other than ischemic heart disease. The subjects were 42 incident dialysis patients without histories of ischemic heart disease such as acute coronary syndrome. All the patients underwent BMIPP imaging in addition to a screening examination. Patients with positive findings in BMIPP imaging underwent myocardial perfusion imaging within 2 weeks after BMIPP imaging to evaluate the possibility of ischemic heart disease. Twenty‐two patients were BMIPP‐positive and 10 of these patients had negative findings on perfusion imaging and were defined as mismatch cases. Compared with patients who were BMIPP‐ and perfusion‐positive, the mismatch cases had higher parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum albumin, and alkaline phosphatase levels. The mismatch cases also formed the largest proportion in the highest PTH tertile. A histologic examination of a mismatch case with no stenotic lesions in the coronary artery revealed the presence of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. These findings suggest that a perfusion‐metabolism mismatch may be present in incident dialysis patients without a history of ischemic heart disease. This mismatch is associated with PTH, which suggests potential involvement of uremic cardiomyopathy in the pathology of cardiac disease in these patients.
Occurrence, activity and contribution of anammox in some freshwater extreme environments
Authors: Zhu Guibing , Xia Chao , Shanyun Wang , Zhou Leiliu , Liu Lu , Zhao Siyan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) widely occurs in marine ecosystems, and it plays an important role in the global nitrogen cycle. But in freshwater ecosystems its occurrence, distribution and contribution, especially in extreme environments, are still not well known. In this study, anammox process was investigated in some extreme environments of freshwater ecosystems, such as those with high (above 75°C) and low (below −35°C) temperature, high (pH > 8) and low (pH < 4) pH and eutrophy (the concentration of NH4+‐N > 300 mg kg−1). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening results showed that anammox bacteria were widespread in the examined sediments from freshwater extreme environments. Quantitative PCR showed that the abundance of anammox bacteria ranged from 6.94 × 104 to 8.05 × 106 hydrazine synthase (hzsB) gene copies g−1 dry soil. 15N‐labelled incubation experiments indicated the occurrence of anammox in all examined sediments and the potential anammox rates ranged from 0.02 to 6.24 nmol N g−1 h−1, with a contribution of 3.45–58.74% of the total N2 production. In summary, these results demonstrate the occurrence of anammox in these extreme environments, inferring that anammox may harbour a wide ecological niche in the freshwater ecosystems.
In Silico Prediction of the Effects of Mutations in the Human Mevalonate Kinase Gene: Towards a Predictive Framework for Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Authors: Browne Claire , Timson David J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryMevalonate kinase (MVK) catalyses the phosphorylation of mevalonate. Deficiency of MVK is associated with two rare periodic fever syndromes, mevalonic aciduria (MA), a severe form and hyper‐immunoglobulin‐D syndrome (HIDS), a milder form. An in silico approach was used to analyse the physicochemical and structural effects of 47 disease‐associated variants of MVK. A further 20 variants, which are present in human genome databases, were also analysed. Variants associated with MA are clustered into a “hotspot” consisting of residues 8–35 and 234–338 and tended to result in a prediction of severely reduced protein stability. Four of the uncharacterised variants, p.H24P, p.G198R, p. R253W, and p.G335S, were likely to be associated with MA. This method could be used as the basis for initial predictions of severity when new MVK variants are discovered.
Estimation of Recent and Ancient Inbreeding in a Small Endogamous Tunisian Community Through Genomic Runs of Homozygosity
Authors: Ben Halim Nizar , Nagara Majdi , Regnault Béatrice , Hsouna Sana , Lasram Khaled , Kefi Rym , Azaiez Hela , Khemira Laroussi , Saidane Rachid , Ammar Slim Ben , Besbes Ghazi , Weil Dominique , Petit Christine , Abdelhak Sonia , Romdhane Lilia 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRuns of homozygosity (ROHs) are extended genomic regions of homozygous genotypes that record populations’ mating patterns in the past. We performed microarray genotyping on 15 individuals from a small isolated Tunisian community. We estimated the individual and population genome‐wide level of homozygosity from data on ROH above 0.5 Mb in length. We found a high average number of ROH per individual (48.2). The smallest ROH category (0.5–1.49 Mb) represents 0.93% of the whole genome, while medium‐size (1.5‐4.99 Mb) and long‐size ROH (≥5 Mb) cover 1.18% and 0.95%, respectively. We found that genealogical individual inbreeding coefficients (Fped) based on three‐ to four‐generation pedigrees are not reliable indicators of the current proportion of genome‐wide homozygosity inferred from ROH (FROH) either for 0.5 or 1.5 Mb ROH length thresholds, while identity‐by‐descent sharing is a function of shared coancestry. This study emphasizes the effect of reproductive isolation and a prolonged practice of consanguinity that limits the genetic heterogeneity. It also provides evidence of both recent and ancient parental relatedness contribution to the current level of genome‐wide homozygosity in the studied population. These findings may be useful for evaluation of long‐term effects of inbreeding on human health and for future applications of ROHs in identifying recessive susceptibility genes.