bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics of Thoracolumbar Burst and Chance-Type Fractures during Fall from Height
Authors: Ivancic Paul C. 
Published: June 2014

Study Design In vitro biomechanical study. Objective To investigate the biomechanics of thoracolumbar burst and Chance-type fractures during fall from height. Methods Our model consisted of a three-vertebra human thoracolumbar specimen ( n = 4) stabilized with muscle force replication and mounted within an impact dummy. Each specimen was subjected to a single fall from an average height of 2.1 m with average velocity at impact of 6.4 m/s. Biomechanical responses were determined using impact load data combined with high-speed movie analyses. Injuries to the middle vertebra of each spinal segment were evaluated using imaging and dissection. Results Average peak compressive forces occurred within 10 milliseconds of impact and reached 40.3 kN at the ground, 7.1 kN at the lower vertebra, and 3.6 kN at the upper vertebra. Subsequently, average peak flexion (55.0 degrees) and tensile forces (0.7 kN upper vertebra, 0.3 kN lower vertebra) occurred between 43.0 and 60.0 milliseconds. The middle vertebra of all specimens sustained pedicle and endplate fractures with comminution, bursting, and reduced height of its vertebral body. Chance-type fractures were observed consisting of a horizontal split fracture through the laminae and pedicles extending anteriorly through the vertebral body. Conclusions We hypothesize that the compression fractures of the pedicles and vertebral body together with burst fracture occurred at the time of peak spinal compression, 10 milliseconds. Subsequently, the onset of Chance-type fracture occurred at 20 milliseconds through the already fractured and weakened pedicles and vertebral body due to flexion-distraction and a forward shifting spinal axis of rotation.
‘Sportmotorische Bestandesaufnahme’: Criterion‐ vs. norm‐based reference values of fitness tests for Swiss first grade children
Authors: Tomatis Laura , Krebs Andreas , Siegenthaler Jessica , Murer Kurt , de Bruin Eling D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHealth is closely linked to physical activity and fitness. It is therefore important to monitor fitness in children. Although many reports on physical tests have been published, data comparison between studies is an issue. This study reports Swiss first grade norm values of fitness tests and compares these with criterion reference data. A total of 10,565 boys (7.18 ± 0.42 years) and 10,204 girls (7.14 ± 0.41 years) were tested for standing long jump, plate tapping, 20‐m shuttle run, lateral jump and 20‐m sprint. Average values for six‐, seven‐ and eight‐year‐olds were analysed and reference curves for age were constructed. Z‐values were generated for comparisons with criterion references reported in the literature. Results were better for all disciplines in seven‐year‐old first grade children compared to six‐year‐old children (p < 0.01). Eight‐year‐old children did not perform better compared to seven‐year‐old children in the sprint run (p = 0.11), standing long jump (p > 0.99) and shuttle run (p = 0.43), whereas they were better in all other disciplines compared to their younger peers. The average performance of boys was better than girls except for tapping at the age of 8 (p = 0.06). Differences in performance due to testing protocol and setting must be considered when test values from a first grade setting are compared to criterion‐based benchmarks. In a classroom setting, younger children tended to have better results and older children tended to have worse outcomes when compared to their age group criterion reference values. Norm reference data are valid allowing comparison with other data generated by similar test protocols applied in a classroom setting.
Flood Terminology
Authors: Chen Y.S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the orthographic and semantic development of flood terminology in Sumerian and Akkadian. It is shown that the use of a‐ma‐ru and abūbu to convey the specialized meaning ‘the primeval flood catastrophe’ only started in the Old Babylonian period. The chapter further demonstrates that the usage of abūbu and the literary depictions of the primeval flood catastrophe in the Old Babylonian version of the Atra‐hasīs Epic grew out of the prevalent and persistent figurative and mythical usages of flood terminology in earlier Sumerian literary traditions, and in certain respects still retained some of the characteristics of the early traditions. But at the same time, the usage of abūbu in the Atra‐hasīs Epic also shows indications of divergence from the earlier traditions. In examining flood imagery, this chapter also offers an in‐depth and wider study of Mesopotamian figurative language, especially in Sumerian traditions.
Quantifying Predicates, Singular Term Predicates, Negative Terms
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMedieval logicians expanded Aristotle’s notation; some rules naturally come along with the expansions. Predicates are quantified, as in ‘No donkey is every animal’, and negations are sprinkled throughout sentences, so quantifier equipollences are introduced, such as ‘not some P’ is equivalent to ‘every P not’. One can now say that prefixing ‘not’ to any proposition produces its contradictory; this makes reductio proofs widely applicable. When singular terms occur, new rules are needed to let them permute with each other, with negations, and with denoting phrases. Conversion “by contraposition” is discussed; an example is converting ‘Every P is a Q’ to and from ‘Every non-Q is a non-P’; this is valid except for counterexamples involving empty terms. (‘Every chimera is an animal’ is false, but ‘Every non-animal is a non-chimera’ is true.) A set of rules of inference are given which are complete for the notation developed up to this point.
Training the Actors
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDrawing on the work of Ignatius of Loyola and Constantine Stanislavski, chapter 2 argues that Christian formation involves being shaped by the biblical narrative as it is interpreted communally, in ways that are profoundly embodied and performative. As a director, Stanislavski trained actors to cultivate a wide array of experiences, which would be distilled over time into strong emotional memories. Through bodily disciplines, these emotions could be recalled onstage to perform a variety of theatrical roles. Stanislavski’s terminology is useful in identifying the ways that the Ignatian Exercises—as well as church liturgy—cultivate a storehouse of affections grounded in the Christian narrative of redemption, which then can be accessed through a repertoire of bodily gestures. While Stanislavski’s exercises train the actor to play a multitude of characters, Christian worship forms the person to enact a character congruent with the Christian story, in relationship with Jesus Christ.
Efficient solution of the fuzzy eigenvalue problem in structural dynamics
Authors: Xia Yuying , Friswell M. 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– Many analysis and design problems in engineering and science involve uncertainty to varying degrees. This paper is concerned with the structural vibration problem involving uncertain material or geometric parameters, specified as fuzzy parameters. The requirement is to propagate the parameter uncertainty to the eigenvalues of the structure, specified as fuzzy eigenvalues. However, the usual approach is to transform the fuzzy problem into several interval eigenvalue problems by using the α-cuts method. Solving the interval problem as a generalized interval eigenvalue problem in interval mathematics will produce conservative bounds on the eigenvalues. The purpose of this paper is to investigate strategies to efficiently solve the fuzzy eigenvalue problem.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on the fundamental perturbation principle and vertex theory, an efficient perturbation method is proposed, that gives the exact extrema of the first-order deviation of the structural eigenvalue. The fuzzy eigenvalue approach has also been improved by reusing the interval analysis results from previous α-cuts.

Findings
– The proposed method was demonstrated on a simple cantilever beam with a pinned support, and produced very accurate fuzzy eigenvalues. The approach was also demonstrated on the model of a highway bridge with a large number of degrees of freedom.

Originality/value
– This proposed Vertex-Perturbation method is more efficient than the standard perturbation method, and more general than interval arithmetic methods requiring the non-negative decomposition of the mass and stiffness matrices. The new increment method produces highly accurate solutions, even when the membership function for the fuzzy eigenvalues is complex.
Implementing sustainability on a corporate and a functional level
Authors: Schneider Lena , Marcus Wallenburg Carl , Fabel Sebastian 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify contingencies that are inherently linked to sustainability and that influence its implementation in companies. Further, to identify which coordination mechanisms (organic or mechanistic) are most effective for the implementation on the corporate and on the functional level.Design/methodology/approach– Inductive case-study based upon a cross-industry sample of five cases that applies a contingency approach. The case companies differ with respect to the degree of sustainability implementation, the underlying internal coordination and structural factors like ownership, size, and industry.Findings– The data revealed six contingency factors inherent to the implementation of sustainability that influence the effectiveness of organic or mechanistic coordination mechanisms according to the specific implementation context. Further, the implementation of corporate sustainability requires more internal coordination than implementing sustainability on the functional level.Research limitations/implications– The identified contingencies relevant for the internal coordination to implement sustainability and insights into the relevance of such coordination provide a sound basis for future research. Further, various research avenues are identified to advance the discipline's understanding of this so far under-researched field.Practical implications– This paper shows that a one-size-fits-all approach to sustainability implementation is not effective. Rather, companies need to consider specific contingencies and adapt their internal coordination efforts accordingly.Originality/value– This paper is the first to address internal coordination for implementing sustainability on the corporate and functional level. By providing insights on the context-specific effectiveness of different types of internal coordination for the implementation of corporate sustainability, sustainable sourcing, and sustainable marketing it provides a contribution to both academia and industry practice.
Unified Theory of Information, hypertextuality and levels of reality
Authors: Gnoli Claudio , Ridi Riccardo 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The different senses of the term information in physical, biological and social interpretations, and the possibility of connections between them, are addressed. Special attention is paid to Hofkirchner's Unified Theory of Information (UTI), proposing an integrated view in which the notion of information gets additional properties as one moves from the physical to the biological and the social realms. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– UTI is compared to other views of information, especially to two theories complementing several ideas of it: the theory of the hypertextual documental universe (“docuverse”) and the theory of integrative levels of reality. Two alternative applications of the complex of these three theories are discussed: a pragmatical, hermeneutic one, and a more ambitious realist, ontological one. The latter can be extended until considering information (“bit”) together with matter-energy (“it”) as a fundamental element in the world. Problems and opportunities with each view are discussed.

Findings
– It is found that the common ground for all three theories is an evolutionary approach, paying attention to the phylogenetic connections between the different meanings of information.

Research limitations/implications
– Other theories of information, like Leontiev's, are not discussed as not especially related to the focus of the approach.

Originality/value
– The paper builds on previously unnoticed affinities between different families of information-related theories, showing how each of them can provide fruitful complements to the other ones in clarifying the nature of information.
Transverse vaginal septae: management and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Williams CE , Nakhal RS , Hall‐Craggs MA , Wood D , Cutner A , Pattison SH , Creighton SM 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the management and long‐term outcomes of transverse vaginal septae.DesignObservational study with cross‐sectional and retrospective arms.SettingTertiary referral centre specialising in Müllerian anomalies.PopulationForty‐six girls and women with a transverse vaginal septum.MethodsData from medical records of all cases (1998–2013) of transverse vaginal septae were collected and reviewed. Patients over 16 years of age also completed a questionnaire.Main outcome measuresPresentation, examination findings, investigations, surgery, and long‐term reproductive outcomes.ResultsThe septae in the study were described as follows: 61% (95% CI 0.46–0.74) were imperforate, and presented with obstructed menstruation; 39% (95% CI 0.26–0.54) were perforate, and presented with a variety of concerns; 72% (95% CI 0.57–0.83) were low, 22% (95% CI 0.12–0.36) were mid‐vaginal, and 6% (95% CI 0.02–0.18) were high; 33% were managed via an abdominoperineal approach, 59% were managed via a vaginal approach, and 6% had laparoscopic resection (one patient did not have surgery); 11% (95% CI 0.05–0.23) of patients presented with reobstruction, all following abdominoperineal vaginoplasty; 7% presented with vaginal stenosis, two following vaginal resection and one following the abdominoperineal approach; 61% of questionnaires were returned. These results showed that 22/23 patients were menstruating and one had a hysterectomy, 74% had been sexually active, 35% had dyspareunia, and 36% complained of dysmenorrhoea. There were seven pregnancies, with one termination and six live births, all following the vaginal excision of a transverse vaginal septum.ConclusionsTransverse vaginal septae resected vaginally or laparoscopically have low complication rates and good long‐term outcomes. Complex septae require more extensive surgery, with an increased risk of complications.
Multimedia's Effect on College Students’ Quantitative Mental Effort Scores and Qualitative Extraneous Cognitive Load Responses in a Food Science and Human Nutrition Course
Authors: Andrade Jeanette , David Huang Wen‐Hao , Bohn Dawn M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEffective use of multimedia (MM) in instructional design is critical for student learning, especially for large lecture introductory courses. This study used a mixed‐method approach to explore the effect of food science supporting course materials that utilized different MM formats, designed with Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) methods, on cognitive load as explained by perceived mental effort (PME) scores combined with students’ perceptions. College students (n = 182) were randomized into 1 of 3 MM groups: audio + text + graphics (Group 1‐ATG); text + graphics (Group 2‐TG); or video + audio + text + graphics (Group 3‐VATG). Participants answered a demographic survey and prior knowledge questionnaire before viewing 3 food science supporting course materials (that is, food laws, quality assurance, and sensory tests) and completed the PME instrument and open‐ended questions online in a noncontrolled setting. For quantitative data, PME scores were compared among MM groups and content types using analysis of variance (ANOVA). For qualitative data, content analysis was applied to identify extraneous cognitive load (ECL)‐related descriptors from students’ open‐ended question responses, which were used to explain quantitative survey findings. Overall, students in Group 2‐TG had lower PME scores than Groups 1‐ATG and 3‐VATG (P < 0.05) and participants in Group 2‐TG provided less ECL‐related comments than those in the other 2 groups. Across MM groups, students showed higher PME scores after reviewing the quality assurance course material (P < 0.05). Additionally, despite higher PME scores, students from Groups 1‐ATG and 3‐VATG would take another course with these MM formats.Practical ImplicationsThis study investigated the appropriate use of CTML methods when designing supporting course materials with various MM formats for asynchronous learning. The findings showed that instructors should consider different effects of MM formats when designing online course materials. In addition, instructors should apply mixed‐method approach to evaluate effects of MM design on students’ perceived cognitive load levels that cannot be fully understood with only quantitative survey data.
Student‐Centered and Dynamic Interfaces that Enrich Technical Learning for Online Science Learners: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Killian Susan A. , Beck Dennis E. , O'Bryan Corliss A. , Jarvis Nathan , Clausen Edgar C. , Crandall Philip G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCommunicating complex scientific and technical information presents a challenge for food science educators. The most efficient learning occurs when all senses are engaged, one reason that many educators believe that scientific principles are best taught with hands‐on laboratory experiences. Today there are many challenges to the continuation of these “wet labs” including the cost of building the labs as well as equipment, materials, and personnel to run them. Many current e‐learning technologies are based on 2‐dimensional delivery systems, and are often inadequate to provide a substitute for a laboratory exercise. However, recent advances in technology have evolved to more closely reflect the kinds of learning experiences that students typically have in a laboratory class. This review describes the role of these emerging technologies as teaching tools for educators, with the clear understanding that similar concepts can be utilized by management of technical teams in the work place.
The Pericyte: A Forgotten Cell Type with Important Implications for Alzheimer's Disease?
Authors: Winkler Ethan A. , Sagare Abhay P. , Zlokovic Berislav V. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPericytes are cells in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early neurovascular dysfunction, elevation of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ), tau pathology and neuronal loss, leading to progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Pericytes are uniquely positioned within the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells of brain capillaries, astrocytes and neurons. Recent studies have shown that pericytes regulate key neurovascular functions including BBB formation and maintenance, vascular stability and angioarchitecture, regulation of capillary blood flow, and clearance of toxic cellular by‐products necessary for normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we review the concept of the neurovascular unit and neurovascular functions of CNS pericytes. Next, we discuss vascular contributions to AD and review new roles of pericytes in the pathogenesis of AD such as vascular‐mediated Aβ‐independent neurodegeneration, regulation of Aβ clearance and contributions to tau pathology, neuronal loss and cognitive decline. We conclude that future studies should focus on molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying aberrant signal transduction between pericytes and its neighboring cells within the neurovascular unit, that is, endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons, which could represent potential therapeutic targets to control pericyte degeneration in AD and the resulting secondary vascular and neuronal degeneration.
Transcallosal connection patterns of opposite dorsal premotor regions support a lateralized specialization for action and perception
Authors: van der Hoorn Anouk , Potgieser Adriaan R. E. , de Jong Bauke M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLateralization of higher brain functions requires that a dominant hemisphere collects relevant information from both sides. The right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), particularly implicated in visuomotor transformations, was hypothesized to be optimally located to converge visuospatial information from both hemispheres for goal‐directed movement. This was assessed by probabilistic tractography and a novel analysis enabling group comparisons of whole‐brain connectivity distributions of the left and right PMd in standard space (16 human subjects). The resulting dominance of contralateral PMd connections was characterized by right PMd connections with left visual and parietal areas, indeed supporting a dominant role in visuomotor transformations, while the left PMd showed dominant contralateral connections with the frontal lobe. Ipsilateral right PMd connections were also stronger with posterior parietal regions, relative to the left PMd connections, while ipsilateral connections of the left PMd were stronger with, particularly, the anterior cingulate, the ventral premotor and anterior parietal cortex. The pattern of dominant right PMd connections thus points to a specific role in guiding perceptual information into the motor system, while the left PMd connections are consistent with action dominance based on a lead in motor intention and fine precision skills.
Rhodococcus equi (Prescottella equi)vaccines; the future of vaccine development
Authors: Giles C. , Vanniasinkam T. , Ndi S. , Barton M. D. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryFor decades researchers have been targeting prevention ofRhodococcus equi(Rhodococcus hoagui/Prescottella equi) by vaccination and the horse breeding industry has supported the ongoing efforts by researchers to develop a safe and cost effective vaccine to prevent disease in foals. Traditional vaccines including live, killed and attenuated (physical and chemical) vaccines have proved to be ineffective and more modern molecular‐based vaccines including theDNAplasmid, genetically attenuated and subunit vaccines have provided inadequate protection of foals. Newer, bacterial vector vaccines have recently shown promise forR. equiin the mouse model. This article describes the findings of key research inR. equivaccine development and looks at alternative methods that may potentially be utilised.
A fatigue crack growth model for interacting cracks in a plate of arbitrary thickness
Authors: Chang D. , Kotousov A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFatigue and fracture assessment of structures weakened by multiple site damage, such as two or more interacting cracks, represents a very challenging problem. A proper analysis of this problem often requires advanced modelling approaches. The objective of this paper is to develop a general theoretical approach and investigate the fatigue behaviour of two interacting cracks. The developed approach is based on the classical strip yield model and plasticity induced crack closure concept. It also utilises the 3D fundamental solution for an edge dislocation. The crack advance scheme adopts the cycle‐by‐cycle calculations of the effective stress intensity factors and crack increments. The modelling results were validated against experimental data available in the literature. Further, the nonlinear effects of the crack interaction and plate thickness on the crack opening stresses and crack growth rates were studied with the new approach for the problem geometry. It was demonstrated that the both effects could have a significant influence on fatigue life and cannot be disregarded in life and integrity assessments of structural components with multiple site damage.