bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Cost Arrivals for Airlines: Optimal Policies for Managing Runway Operations under Optimized Profile Descent
Authors: Chen Heng , Solak Senay 
Published: May 2014

Optimized profile descent (OPD) is an operating procedure being used by airlines to improve fuel and environmental efficiency during arrival operations at airports. In this study, we develop a stochastic dynamic programming framework to manage the sequencing and separation of flights during OPD operations. We find that simple calculation based measures can be used as optimal decision rules, and that the expected annual savings can be around $29 million if such implementations are adapted by major airports in the United States. Of these savings, $24 million are direct savings for airlines due to reduced fuel usage, corresponding to a potential savings of 10%–15% in fuel consumption over current practice. We also find that most of these savings will be due to the optimal spacing of OPD flights, as opposed to the optimal sequencing policies which contribute only 14% to the total savings. Hence, optimal spacing of OPD flights is much more important than optimal sequencing of these flights. We also conclude that there is not much difference between the environmental costs of fuel‐optimal and sustainably‐optimal spacing policies. Hence, an airline‐centric approach in improving OPD operations is likely to be not in conflict with objectives that might be prioritized by other stakeholders.
Reassessment of rust fungi on weeping willows in the Americas and description of Melampsora ferrinii sp. nov.
Authors: Toome M. , Aime M. C. 
Published: May 2014

Rust fungi in the genus Melampsora usually cause disease on hosts in the Salicaceae. Identification of Melampsora species is often complicated due to few differences in spore morphology and little publicly available comparative sequence data. Weeping willow trees (primarily Salix babylonica and its hybrids) have been reported to be infected by 11 Melampsora species; however, most of these records are based on morphological characterization. New collections of rust fungi on weeping willows from the central USA were analysed using a combination of morphology, ITS and LSU rDNA sequencing, and host data to determine that they represent an undescribed rust fungus, Melampsora ferrinii sp. nov. Additional studies of herbarium material revealed that M. ferrinii has occasionally been collected but identified as M. epitea. In addition to North America, M. ferrinii is also present in South America and has been infecting weeping willows there since at least the 1990s.
Factors affecting the development and control of black dot on potato tubers
Authors: Brierley J. L. , Hilton A. J. , Wale S. J. , Peters J. C. , Gladders P. , Bradshaw N. J. , Ritchie F. , MacKenzie K. , Lees A. K. 
Published: May 2014

Field trials were carried out over a 4 year period (2004–2007) to determine the effect of agronomic factors, specifically cultivar resistance, irrigation, crop duration and chemical control (in‐furrow application of azoxystrobin), on black dot development on potato tubers grown in fields where soilborne inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes was present. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, two field trials were performed each year and in 2007, 19 mini‐field trials were carried out across Scotland and England. Cultivar resistance was clearly demonstrated to be an effective method of reducing black dot disease severity on tubers (described here as the percentage of unmarketable tubers, i.e. those with symptoms covering a surface area of >10%). In the four field trials carried out in 2004 and 2005, in irrigated and fungicide‐untreated plots, 43·8% of tubers of cv. Maris Piper were unmarketable, compared with 17·0% of tubers of cv. Sante. Assessments of disease development on underground plant parts (stems, stolons and roots) revealed that cultivar resistance acted only at the tuber level, as disease symptoms on other parts were often high irrespective of published disease resistance ratings. Irrigation increased the severity of disease on tubers in two trials (England 2004 and 2006), but its effect was less significant when rainfall was high. Delaying harvest by 2 weeks increased disease severity in all six trials, whilst application of azoxystrobin consistently reduced black dot severity. There were significant interactions between factors. The results clearly show how black dot disease severity can be reduced through an integrated approach to disease management.
Stress‐induced cortisol secretion impairs detection performance in x‐ray baggage screening for hidden weapons by screening novices
Authors: Thomas Livia , Schwaninger Adrian , Heimgartner Nadja , Hedinger Patrik , Hofer Franziska , Ehlert Ulrike , Wirtz Petra H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAviation security strongly depends on screeners' performance in the detection of threat objects in x‐ray images of passenger bags. We examined for the first time the effects of stress and stress‐induced cortisol increases on detection performance of hidden weapons in an x‐ray baggage screening task. We randomly assigned 48 participants either to a stress or a nonstress group. The stress group was exposed to a standardized psychosocial stress test (TSST). Before and after stress/nonstress, participants had to detect threat objects in a computer‐based object recognition test (X‐ray ORT). We repeatedly measured salivary cortisol and X‐ray ORT performance before and after stress/nonstress. Cortisol increases in reaction to psychosocial stress induction but not to nonstress independently impaired x‐ray detection performance. Our results suggest that stress‐induced cortisol increases at peak reactivity impair x‐ray screening performance.
Agency's Role in Dehumanization: Non‐human Metaphors of Out‐groups
Authors: Tipler Caroline , Ruscher Janet B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDehumanization, the psychological process by which individuals or groups of individuals are denied human qualities or are believed to be less than human, has important negative consequences for intergroup relations: dehumanization reduces intergroup helping and excuses aggression towards members of other groups. Current models of dehumanization are unable to explain the variety of dehumanization that occurs in metaphorical thought. For example, they cannot account for the labeling of comatose individuals as “vegetables,” nor do they adequately distinguish between of humans as predators vs. metaphors of humans as prey. We argue that this results from the paucity of attention devoted to the role of agency in the dehumanization process. The ABC model of dehumanization proposed in this paper broadens the scope of dehumanization theory by describing three unique components of agency: affective, behavioral, and cognitive. This article then delineates how the differential attribution of agency components impacts emotional responses toward out‐groups in addition to the metaphors used to describe them. By incorporating both traditional types of dehumanization (extreme and overt negative evaluations) and ambivalent types of dehumanization (mixed positive and negative evaluations) into our model, we provide a more nuanced view of the dehumanization process that accounts for the variance in dehumanization by analogy.
Effect of phosphorus‐enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv.) grown in alkaline soil
Authors: Gunes A. , Inal A. , Taskin M. B. , Sahin O. , Kaya E. C. , Atakol A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe use of pyrolysis products of manures gives positive effects on soil fertility, crop productivity and soil carbon sequestration. However, effects depend on soil characteristics, plant species and the raw material from which the biochar is derived, and some negative effects of biochar have been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of poultry manure (PM)‐derived biochar on the growth, and P, N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentration of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant. The treatments as follows: control, 20 g/kg poultry manure (PM), 20 g/kg phosphorus‐enriched poultry manure (PM+P), 10 g/kg Biochar (B), 10 g/kg Biochar+P (B+P). Application of biochar and PM significantly increased lettuce growth, and P‐enriched forms of PM and biochar gave the higher growth. PM has no significant effect on the N concentrations but biochar and, P‐enriched PM and biochar treatments significantly increased N concentrations. Phosphorus concentration of the lettuce leaves significantly increased by PM and biochar treatments. Plant K concentrations were also increased by PM and biochar, and their P‐enriched forms. Leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were lower in Biochar and B+P treatments than that of PM and PM+P treatments. Compared to control and PM treatments, biochar applications reduced Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations of the lettuce plants. The results of this study indicated that application of biochar to alkaline soil is beneficial for crop growth and N, P and K nutrition, but it certainly reduced Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn nutrition of lettuce.
Evaluation of a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for measurements of soluble HLA‐G protein
Authors: Rasmussen M. , Dahl M. , Buus S. , Djurisic S. , Ohlsson J. , Hviid T. V. F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class Ib molecule, HLA‐G, has gained increased attention because of its assumed important role in immune regulation. The HLA‐G protein exists in several soluble isoforms. Most important are the actively secreted HLA‐G5 full‐length isoform generated by alternative splicing retaining intron 4 with a premature stop codon, and the cleavage of full‐length membrane‐bound HLA‐G1 from the cell surface, so‐called soluble HLA‐G1 (sHLA‐G1). A specific and sensitive immunoassay for measurements of soluble HLA‐G is mandatory for conceivable routine testing and research projects. We report a novel method, a competitive immunoassay, for measuring HLA‐G5/sHLA‐G1 in biological fluids. The sHLA‐G immunoassay is based upon a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle. It includes a recombinant sHLA‐G1 protein in complex with β2‐microglobulin and a peptide as a standard, biotinylated recombinant sHLA‐G1 as an indicator, and the MEM‐G/9 anti‐HLA‐G monoclonal antibody (mAb) as the capture antibody. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were evaluated. Testing with different recombinant HLA class I proteins and different anti‐HLA class I mAbs showed that the sHLA‐G immunoassay was highly specific. Optimal combinations of competitor sHLA‐G1 and capture mAb concentrations were determined. Two versions of the assay were tested. One with a relatively wide dynamic range from 3.1 to 100.0 ng/ml, and another more sensitive version ranging from 1.6 to 12.5 ng/ml. An intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 15.5% at 88 ng/ml and an inter‐assay CV of 23.1% at 39 ng/ml were determined. An assay based on the competitive sHLA‐G ELISA may be important for measurements of sHLA‐G proteins in several conditions: assisted reproduction, organ transplantation, cancer, and certain pregnancy complications, both in research studies and possibly in the future also for clinical routine use.
On Indirect Sense and Reference
Authors: Skiba Lukas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAccording to Frege, expressions shift their reference when they occur in indirect contexts: in “Anna believes that Plato is wise” the expression “Plato” no longer refers to Plato but to what is ordinarily its sense. Many philosophers, including Carnap, Davidson, Burge, Parsons, Kripke and Künne, believe that on Frege's view the iteration of indirect context creating operators gives rise to an infinite hierarchy of senses. While the former two take this to be problematic, the latter four welcome the hierarchy with open arms. In this paper I argue (against the quartet) that the hierarchy should be avoided and (against all of them) that it can be avoided.
The proteolysis adaptor, NblA, initiates protein pigment degradation by interacting with the cyanobacterial light‐harvesting complexes
Authors: Sendersky Eleonora , Kozer Noga , Levi Mali , Garini Yuval , Shav‐Tal Yaron , Schwarz Rakefet 
Published: May 2014

SummaryDegradation of the cyanobacterial protein pigment complexes, the phycobilisomes, is a central acclimation response that controls light energy capture. The small protein, NblA, is essential for proteolysis of these large complexes, which may reach a molecular mass of up to 4 MDa. Interactions of NblA in vitro supported the suggestion that NblA is a proteolysis adaptor that labels the pigment proteins for degradation. The mode of operation of NblA in situ, however, remained unresolved. Particularly, it was unclear whether NblA interacts with phycobilisome proteins while part of the large complex, or alternatively interaction with NblA, necessitates dissociation of pigment subunits from the assembly. Fluorescence intensity profiles demonstrated the preferential presence of NblA::GFP (green fluorescent protein) at the photosynthetic membranes, indicating co‐localization with phycobilisomes. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy provided in situ evidence for interaction of NblA with phycobilisome protein pigments. Additionally, we demonstrated the role of NblA in vivo as a proteolysis tag based on the rapid degradation of the fusion protein NblA::GFP compared with free GFP. Taken together, these observations demonstrated in vivo the role of NblA as a proteolysis adaptor. Additionally, the interaction of NblA with phycobilisomes indicates that the dissociation of protein pigment subunits from the large complex is not a prerequisite for interaction with this adaptor and, furthermore, implicates NblA in the disassembly of the protein pigment complex. Thus, we suggest that, in the case of proteolysis of the phycobilisome, the adaptor serves a dual function: undermining the complex stability and designating the dissociated pigments for degradation.
The effects of intravenous romifidine on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses and horses with incidental ophthalmic findings
Authors: Stine Jessica M. , Michau Tammy M. , Williams Megan K. , Kuebelbeck Karen Leann , Stengard Michele E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDesignOriginal study.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of sedation with romifidine hydrochloride 1% (Sedivet: Boehringer‐Ingelheim) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in the normal horse and horses with incidental ophthalmic findings as measured by applanation tonometry.AnimalsNineteen clinically normal horses (13 geldings, six mares) and eight horses (three geldings, five mares) with incidental ophthalmic findings were included in this study.ProceduresAll horses underwent complete ophthalmic examination with pharmacologic mydriasis a minimum of 2 weeks prior toIOPevaluation. Baseline intraocular pressure values were obtained following auriculopalpebral nerve block and topical anesthetic. Immediately thereafter, romifidine was administered intravenously (75 µg/kg) and theIOPrecorded at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min postsedation in both eyes. Five successive readings were obtained at each time point, the low and high value discarded, and three remaining readings averaged for a mean.ResultsThe changes with time were consistent between eyes andODandOSresults were pooled. The meanIOPat baseline was 26.35 ± 5.57 mmHg. MeanIOPvalues were significantly lower than baseline at 5 (P < 0.0001), 15 (P < 0.0001), 30 (P = 0.0003), 45 (P < 0.0001) and 60 (P = 0.0005) minutes. The largest change from baseline (16.7%) was noted att = 15 min.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAdministration of romifidine significantly decreased theIOPfrom baseline at all time points measured. The greatest decline inIOPwas noted at 15 min postsedation. Results are consistent with other studies noting a decline inIOPwith administration of α‐2 agonists.
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography imaging of spectacular ecdysis in the corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) and the California king snake (Lampropeltis getulus californiae)
Authors: Cazalot Guillaume , Rival Franck , Linsart Adeline , Isard Pierre‐François , Tissier Marion , Peiffer Robert Louis , Dulaurent Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeOne of the singularities of the eyes of snakes is the presence of the spectacle, a transparent and vascularized integument covering the cornea. The spectacle is completely renewed during ecdysis. Combined scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and conventional macrophotography were used to image this phenomenon.Material and MethodsA spectral OCT/SLO examination and macrophotography were performed in four healthy adult corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and one healthy adult California king snake (Lampropeltis getulus californiae) the day before the start of ecdysis and then daily during ecdysis.ResultsIn all animals, ecdysis lasted 5 days. The spectacle was hardly visible at baseline, but became obvious at day one, while the subspectacular space became larger and the superficial cornea presented a hyperechoic band. At day two, eye surface became translucent, and at the same time, vascularization of the spectacle was visible using SLO. At day 3, the vascularization was no longer visible, while the subspectacular space increased and the eye surface remained translucent. At day 4, the eye surface was transparent and the superficial hyperechoic band started to become less bright. At day 5, the old spectacle was shed and all the parameters returned to baseline.ConclusionWe hypothesize that the echogenicity modifications of the anterior cornea correspond to major metabolic activity associated with new spectacle formation. This increased metabolic activity may contribute to the neovascularization and play an important role in the accumulation of fluid in the subspectacular space, facilitating the shedding of the old spectacle.
Ophthalmic diagnostic tests in captive red‐footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in Salvador, northeast Brazil
Authors: Oriá Arianne P. , Monção Silva Renata M. , Pinna Melissa H. , Oliveira Alberto Vinícius D. , Ferreira Paulo Roberto B. , Martins Filho Emanoel F. , Meneses Iris Daniela S. , Requião Kátia G. , Ofri Ron 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in red‐footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria). A total of 52 animals, approximately 20–30 years old, were studied.MethodOphthalmic diagnostic tests included culturing of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora in summer and winter, evaluation of tear production using Schirmer tear test (STT) and endodontic absorbent paper point tear test in two different environmental temperatures (EAPPTT‐1 at 32 °C andEAPPTT‐2 at 18 °C), cytology of conjunctival cells, B‐mode ultrasonography, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), and applanation tonometry (in two different positions).ResultsIn both seasons, Gram‐positive bacteria were predominant. Median (±IQR/2)STTwas 12.0 ± 3.5 mm/min,EAPPTT‐1 was 15.9 ± 0.7 mm/15 s, andEAPPTT‐2 was 15.4 ± 0.4 mm/min (OD) and 17.8 ± 1.0 mm/min (OS). Anterior chamber depth was 1.0 ± 0.1 mm, lens axial length was 2.3 ± 0.1 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 4.3 ± 0.2 mm, and axial globe length was 7.7 ± 0.3 mm.PFLwas 11.7 ± 1.7 mm. Intraocular pressure was 11.5 ± 2.8 mmHg for males and 14.0 ± 3.5 mmHg for females (dorsoventral position) and 18.0 ± 3.2 mmHg for males and 24.1 ± 3.0 mmHg for females (ventrodorsal position with inclination of 45°). The ophthalmic parameters reported here can aid in the diagnosis of eye diseases in red‐footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria).
Concept for a Combustion System in Oxyfuel Gas Turbine Combined
Cycles
Authors: Sundkvist Sven Gunnar , Dahlquist Adrian , Janczewski Jacek , Sjödin Mats , Bysveen Marie , Ditaranto Mario , Langørgen Øyvind , Seljeskog Morten , Siljan Martin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A promising candidate for CO2 neutral power production is semiclosed oxyfuel combustion combined cycles (SCOC-CC). Two alternative SCOC-CCs have been investigated both with recirculation of the working fluid (WF) (CO2 and H2O) but with different H2O content due to different conditions for condensation of water from the working fluid. The alternative with low moisture content in the recirculated working fluid has shown the highest thermodynamic potential and has been selected for further study. The necessity to use recirculated exhaust gas as the working fluid will make the design of the gas turbine quite different from a conventional gas turbine. For a combined cycle using a steam Rankine cycle as a bottoming cycle, it is vital that the temperature of the exhaust gas from the Brayton cycle is well-suited for steam generation that fits steam turbine live steam conditions. For oxyfuel gas turbines with a combustor outlet temperature of the same magnitude as conventional gas turbines, a much higher pressure ratio is required (close to twice the ratio as for a conventional gas turbine) in order to achieve a turbine outlet temperature suitable for combined cycle. Based on input from the optimized cycle calculations, a conceptual combustion system has been developed, where three different combustor feed streams can be controlled independently: the natural gas fuel, the oxidizer consisting mainly of oxygen plus some impurities, and the recirculated working fluid. This gives more flexibility compared to air-based gas turbines, but also introduces some design challenges. A key issue is how to maintain high combustion efficiency over the entire load range using as little oxidizer as possible and with emissions (NOx, CO, unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC)) within given constraints. Other important challenges are related to combustion stability, heat transfer and cooling, and material integrity, all of which are much affected when going from air-based to oxygen-based gas turbine combustion. Matching with existing air-based burner and combustor designs has been done in order to use as much as possible of what is proven technology today. The selected stabilization concept, heat transfer evaluation, burner, and combustion chamber layout will be described. As a next step, the pilot burner will be tested both at atmospheric and high pressure conditions.
Physiological, Psychometric, and Performance Effects of the Christmas Break in Australian Football
Authors: Buchheit Martin , Morgan Will , Wallace Jarryd , Bode Matthew , Poulos Nick 
Published: May 2014

Purpose:The aim of the current study was to quantify the physiological, psychometric, and performance effects of a 2-wk Christmas break in a professional Australian Football League club.Methods:A series of physiological (eg, heart-rate [HR] response to a 5-min submaximal run and skinfold thicknesses), psychometric (rating-of-perceived-exertion [RPE] responses and wellness variables), and performance (running activity during standardized handball games, isometric midthigh pull [IMTP] peak force, and countermovement jump [CMJ]) measures were conducted in the weeks before and after the break.Results:There was a possible and small increase in the sum of 7 skinfolds, while body mass and fat-free mass remained possible and likely unchanged, respectively. Sleep and stress scores remained likely to almost certainly unchanged, but there were some small, possible to likely decreases in fatigue and soreness scores. HR and RPE responses to the 5-min submaximal run were likely slightly lower (ie, improved) after the break. High-intensity running and acceleration distance during a standard handball game were very likely slightly greater, while HR and RPE responses to the game were possibly to very likely unchanged. HR responses to a high-intensity training session remained very likely unchanged. There was also a likely small increase in IMTP peak force but likely to very likely no change in CMJ variables.Conclusions:The results show that players returned from a 2-wk break during preseason well recovered, with preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness, despite small increases in skinfold thickness.