bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenolic‐epoxy matrix curable by click chemistry—synthesis, curing, and syntactic foam composite properties
Authors: Sunitha Kayyurkarathi , Mathew Dona , Reghunadhan Nair Chethrappilly Padmanabhan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTAlkyne functional phenolic resin was cured by azide functional epoxy resins making use of alkyne‐azide click reaction. For this, propargylated novolac (PN) was reacted with bisphenol A bisazide (BABA) and azido hydroxy propyloxy novolac (AHPN) leading to triazole‐linked phenolic‐epoxy networks. The click cure reaction was initiated at 40–65°C in presence of Cu2I2. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured networks varied from 70°C to 75°C in the case of BABA‐PN and 75°C to 80°C in the case of AHPN‐PN. DSC and rheological studies revealed a single stage curing pattern for both the systems. The cured BABA‐PN and AHPN‐PN blends showed mass loss above 300°C because of decomposition of the triazole rings and the novolac backbone. Silica fiber‐reinforced syntactic foam composites derived from these resins possessed comparable mechanical properties and superior impact resistance vis‐a‐vis their phenolic resin analogues. The mechanical properties could be tuned by regulating the reactant stoichiometry. These low temperature addition curable resins are suited for light weight polymer composite for related applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41254.
Comonomer effects in copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐hexene with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts: New evidences from active center concentration and molecular weight distribution
Authors: Yang Hongrui , Zhang Letian , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, comonomer effects in copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐hexene with four MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts using either ethylene or 1‐hexene as the main monomer were investigated. It was found that no matter which monomer was used as the main monomer, the polymerization activity was significantly enhanced by introducing small amount of comonomer. In copolymerization with ethylene as the main monomer, the strength of comonomer effects was much stronger in active centers producing low‐molecular‐weight polymer than those producing high‐molecular‐weight polymer. In copolymerization with 1‐hexene as the main monomer, the number of active centers ([C*]/[Ti]) was determined, and the propagation rate constants (kp) were calculated. Deconvolution of the polymer molecular weight distribution into Flory components were made to study the active center distribution. Introduction of small amount of ethylene caused marked increase in the number of active centers and decrease in average chain propagation rate constant. Introducing internal electron donor in the catalyst enhanced not only the number of active centers but also the chain propagation rate constant. In copolymerization of 1‐hexene with small amount of ethylene, the internal donor weakened the comonomer effects to some extent and changed the distribution of comonomer effects among different types of active centers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41264.
The conservation status of decapod crustaceans in the Western Ghats of India: an exceptional region of freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Raghavan Rajeev , Dahanukar Neelesh , Philip Siby , Iyer Priyanka , Kumar Brawin , Daniel Bexel , Molur Sanjay 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Freshwater invertebrates receive relatively little publicity and conservation attention, in spite of their key role in aquatic food webs and ecosystem functioning.
Decapod crustaceans such as caridean shrimps and gecarcinucid freshwater crabs comprise some of the most poorly known aquatic taxa, even in exceptional regions of freshwater biodiversity and endemism, such as the Western Ghats mountains of peninsular India.
An analysis was carried out to understand distribution patterns and identify priority areas for decapod crustacean conservation in the Western Ghats region based on conservation status data retrieved from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
The Western Ghats region is home to 49 species and six sub‐species of caridean shrimps (69% endemism) in four genera and two families, and 39 species of gecarcinucid crabs (92% endemism) in 14 genera. This diversity is probably an underestimate given the lack of biotic surveys and taxonomic research carried out on these groups.
Three species (3%) of decapod crustaceans from the Western Ghats region are threatened with extinction, while more than half (51%; 48 species) are Data Deficient. The uncertainty regarding the true extinction risk of such a high number of Data Deficient species could hamper conservation efforts as well as policy development and implementation.
Forty sites in the Western Ghats region are priorities for the conservation of decapod crustaceans, of which only seven lie within the existing network of protected areas.
The specialized natural history and point endemic nature of many species of freshwater decapods, together with escalating human impacts on their aquatic ecosystems in the Western Ghats, makes conservation and management of these threatened and poorly‐known species an immediate and urgent challenge. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Myotilin During Chicken Development
Authors: Dube Dipak k. , Wang Jushuo , Pellenz Christopher , Fan Yingli , Dube Syamalima , Han Mingda , Linask Kersti , Sanger Jean M. , Sanger Joseph W. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral missense mutations in the Z‐band protein, myotilin, have been implicated in human muscle diseases such as myofibrillar myopathy, spheroid body myopathy, and distal myopathy. Recently, we have reported the cloning of chicken myotilin cDNA. In this study, we have investigated the expression of myotilin in cross‐striated muscles from developing chicken by qRT‐PCR and in situ hybridizations. In situ hybridization of embryonic stages shows myotilin gene expression in heart, somites, neural tissue, eyes and otocysts. RT‐PCR and qRT‐PCR data, together with in situ hybridization results point to a biphasic transcriptional pattern for MYOT gene during early heart development with maximum expression level in the adult. In skeletal muscle, the expression level starts decreasing after embryonic day 20 and declines in the adult skeletal muscles. Western blot assays of myotilin in adult skeletal muscle reveal a decrease in myotilin protein compared with levels in embryonic skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that MYOT gene may undergo transcriptional activation and repression that varies between tissues in developing chicken. We believe this is the first report of the developmental regulation on myotilin expression in non‐mammalian species. Anat Rec, 297:1596–1603, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin VI Localization and Expression in Striated Muscle Pathology
Authors: Karolczak Justyna , Weis Serge , Ehler Elisabeth , Kierdaszuk Biruta , Berdyński Mariusz , Żekanowski Cezary , Kamińska Anna M. , Rędowicz Maria Jolanta 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMyosin VI (MVI) is a unique unconventional myosin translocating, unlike other myosins, towards the minus end of actin filaments. It is involved in numerous cellular processes such as endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, cell migration, and transcription. In mammalian skeletal muscles it localizes mainly to sarcoplasmic reticulum and is also present within the muscle nuclei and at the neuromuscular junction (Karolczak et al. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 23:219‐228). We have also shown that in denervated rat hindlimb muscle the MVI expression level is significantly increased and its localization is changed, indicating an important role of MVI in striated muscle pathology. Here, we addressed this problem by examining the distribution and expression levels of myosin VI in biopsies of skeletal muscles from patients with different myopathies. We found that, particularly in myopathies associated with fiber atrophy, the amount of MVI was enhanced and its localization in affected fibers was changed. Also, since a mutation within the human MVI gene was shown to be associated with cardiomyopathy, we assessed MVI localization and expression level in cardiac muscle using wild type and MLP(−/−) mice, a dilated cardiomyopathy model. No significant difference in MVI expression level was observed for both types of animals. MVI was found at intercalated discs and also at the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the knockout mice, it was also present in ring‐like structures surrounding the nuclei. The data indicate that in striated muscle MVI could be engaged in sarcoplasmic reticulum maintenance and/or functioning, vesicular transport, signal transmission and possibly in gene transcription. Anat Rec, 297:1706–1713, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein Arginylation, a Global Biological Regulator that Targets Actin Cytoskeleton and the Muscle
Authors: Kashina Anna 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPosttranslational addition of Arg to proteins, mediated by arginyltransferase ATE1 has been first observed in 1963 and remained poorly understood for decades since its original discovery. Recent work demonstrated the global nature of arginylation and its essential role in multiple physiological pathways during embryogenesis and adulthood and identified over a hundred of proteins arginylated in vivo. Among these proteins, the prominent role belongs to the actin cytoskeleton and the muscle, and follow up studies strongly suggests that arginylation constitutes a novel biological regulator of contractility. This review presents an overview of the studies of protein arginylation that led to the discovery of its major role in the muscle. Anat Rec, 297:1630–1636, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smooth Muscle‐Protein Translocation and Tissue Function
Authors: Eddinger Thomas J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSmooth muscle (SM) tissue is a complex organization of multiple cell types and is regulated by numerous signaling molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, etc.). SM contractile function can be regulated via expression and distribution of the contractile and cytoskeletal proteins, and activation of any of the second messenger pathways that regulate them. Spatial‐temporal changes in the contractile, cytoskeletal or regulatory components of SM cells (SMCs) have been proposed to alter SM contractile activity. Ca2+ sensitization/desensitization can occur as a result of changes at any of these levels, and specific pathways have been identified at all of these levels. Understanding when and how proteins can translocate within the cytoplasm, or to‐and‐from the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm to alter contractile activity is critical. Numerous studies have reported translocation of proteins associated with the adherens junction and G protein‐coupled receptor activation pathways in isolated SMC systems. Specific examples of translocation of vinculin to and from the adherens junction and protein kinase C (PKC) and 17 kDa PKC‐potentiated inhibitor of myosin light chain phosphatase (CPI‐17) to and from the plasmalemma in isolated SMC systems but not in intact SM tissues are discussed. Using both isolated SMC systems and SM tissues in parallel to pursue these studies will advance our understanding of both the role and mechanism of these pathways as well as their possible significance for Ca2+ sensitization in intact SM tissues and organ systems. Anat Rec, 297:1734–1746, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microanatomy of the Medial Collateral Ligament Enthesis in the Bovine Knee
Authors: Thambyah Ashvin , Lei Zhao , Broom Neil 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis study applied transmission and differential interference contrast light microscopy imaging methodologies to revisit the microanatomy of the ligament‐bone junction of the medial collateral ligament, with the aim of providing new insights into the mechanostructural significance of the enthesis. The data show that the microscale structural features of the enthesis are more complex than the conventional description of “direct versus indirect,” or “fibrous versus nonfibrous” insertions. From a materials perspective the enthesis may be viewed as a specialised functionally graded structural continuum whose unique microlevel structural adaptation contributes to maintaining both the local tissue micromechanical environment and joint function at the macrolevel. Anat Rec, 297:2254–2261, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and Ontogeny of a Novel Hemodynamic Organ in Zebrafish
Authors: Binelli Erica A. , Luna Alejandra N. , LeClair Elizabeth E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe zebrafish maxillary barbel can protract and retract in response to stimuli, and appears connected to a prominent blood sinus on the lateral aspect of the maxillary bone. However, the mechanism of barbel movement is not described. Using whole‐mount phalloidin staining of the sinus region, we observed long filamentous actin cables, suggesting highly organized vascular smooth muscle cells, surrounding an endothelial chamber. Although the chamber is variably filled by erythrocytes in vivo, cardiac injection of fluorescent dextrans shows that it consistently contains plasma. Full‐thickness confocal imaging of dextran‐injected adults containing EGFP+ endothelial cells revealed a vascular complex with three compartments, here named the distal bulb, central chamber, and accessory chamber. The early ontogeny of all three compartments was confirmed in a whole‐mount series of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) juveniles. In wild type adults, the fine structure of each chamber was studied using paraffin‐ and plastic‐section histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The distal bulb and central chamber have smooth muscle coats with luminally‐elongated septa, forming semi‐detached blood‐filled lacunae. The central chamber walls and septa are extensively innervated by small, unmyelinated axons, as confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of acetylated tubulin, a component of axonal cytoplasm. The accessory chamber appears neither innervated nor muscularized, but is an endothelial cul‐de‐sac with a thickened elastic adventitia, suggesting an extensible fluid reservoir. We propose that we have identified a new organ in zebrafish, the maxillary barbel blood sinus, whose neurovascular specializations may contribute to zebrafish sensory biology and appendage control. Anat Rec, 297:2299–2317, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carboxylated Pillar[5]arene‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles with Chemical Stability and Enzyme‐like Activity
Authors: Park Chiyoung , Jeong Eun Sun , Lee Kyung Joo , Moon Hoi Ri , Kim Kyoung Taek 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA facile synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) covered with a multidentate macrocycle, carboxylated pillar[5]arene (CP), via a one‐pot hydrothermal process is reported. The resulting AuNPs are highly stable against salts and pH variations, while their traditional counterparts are not stable at the same conditions. For the stabilization, multiple carboxylate groups of CP might contribute to electrostatic or steric stabilization. In addition, we found that CP‐coated AuNPs exhibit greater peroxidase‐like activity than citrate‐stabilized AuNPs in the presence of silver cations. The system presented herein would provide a new scheme to fabricate unique sensory systems in combination with enzymes, which can bind to the pocket of CP.
The impact of genetic heterogeneity on biomarker development in kidney cancer assessed by multiregional sampling
Authors: Sankin Alexander , Hakimi Abraham A. , Mikkilineni Nina , Ostrovnaya Irina , Silk Mikhail T. , Liang Yupu , Mano Roy , Chevinsky Michael , Motzer Robert J. , Solomon Stephen B. , Cheng Emily H. , Durack Jeremy C. , Coleman Jonathan A. , Russo Paul , Hsieh James J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPrimary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) genetic heterogeneity may lead to an underestimation of the mutational burden detected from a single site evaluation. We sought to characterize the extent of clonal branching involving key tumor suppressor mutations in primary ccRCC and determine if genetic heterogeneity could limit the mutation profiling from a single region assessment. Ex vivo core needle biopsies were obtained from three to five different regions of resected renal tumors at a single institution from 2012 to 2013. DNA was extracted and targeted sequencing was performed on five genes associated with ccRCC (von‐Hippel Lindau [VHL], PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, and KDM5C). We constructed phylogenetic trees by inferring clonal evolution based on the mutations present within each core and estimated the predictive power of detecting a mutation for each successive tumor region sampled. We obtained 47 ex vivo biopsy cores from 14 primary ccRCC's (median tumor size 4.5 cm, IQR 4.0–5.9 cm). Branching patterns of various complexities were observed in tumors with three or more mutations. A VHL mutation was detected in nine tumors (64%), each time being present ubiquitously throughout the tumor. Other genes had various degrees of regional mutational variation. Based on the mutations' prevalence we estimated that three different tumor regions should be sampled to detect mutations in PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, and/or KDM5C with 90% certainty. The mutational burden of renal tumors varies by region sampled. Single site assessment of key tumor suppressor mutations in primary ccRCC may not adequately capture the genetic predictors of tumor behavior.
Poly (ADP) ribose polymerase enzyme inhibitor, veliparib, potentiates chemotherapy and radiation in vitro and in vivo in small cell lung cancer
Authors: Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Zhang Guojing , Deng Xingming , Rossi Michael R. , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Doho Gregory H. , Chen Zhengjia , Kim Sungjin , Strychor Sandy , Christner Susan M. , Beumer Jan , Li Chunyang , Yue Ping , Chen Alice , Sica Gabriel L. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Kowalski Jeanne , Khuri Fadlo R. , Sun Shi‐Yong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPoly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) plays a key role in DNA repair and is highly expressed in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We investigated the therapeutic impact of PARP inhibition in SCLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of veliparib, cisplatin, carboplatin, and etoposide singly and combined was determined by MTS in 9 SCLC cell lines (H69, H128, H146, H526, H187, H209, DMS53, DMS153, and DMS114). Subcutaneous xenografts in athymic nu/nu mice of H146 and H128 cells with relatively high and low platinum sensitivity, respectively, were employed for in vivo testing. Mechanisms of differential sensitivity of SCLC cell lines to PARP inhibition were investigated by comparing protein and gene expression profiles of the platinum sensitive and the less sensitive cell lines. Veliparib showed limited single‐agent cytotoxicity but selectively potentiated (≥50% reduction in IC50) cisplatin, carboplatin, and etoposide in vitro in five of nine SCLC cell lines. Veliparib with cisplatin or etoposide or with both cisplatin and etoposide showed greater delay in tumor growth than chemotherapy alone in H146 but not H128 xenografts. The potentiating effect of veliparib was associated with in vitro cell line sensitivity to cisplatin (CC = 0.672; P = 0.048) and DNA‐PKcs protein modulation. Gene expression profiling identified differential expression of a 5‐gene panel (GLS, UBEC2, HACL1, MSI2, and LOC100129585) in cell lines with relatively greater sensitivity to platinum and veliparib combination. Veliparib potentiates standard cytotoxic agents against SCLC in a cell‐specific manner. This potentiation correlates with platinum sensitivity, DNA‐PKcs expression and a 5‐gene expression profile.
Functional Chromatography Reveals Three Natural Products that Target the Same Protein with Distinct Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Kang Min Jin , Wu Tongde , Wijeratne E. M. Kithsiri , Lau Eric C. , Mason Damian J. , Mesa Celestina , Tillotson Joseph , Zhang Donna D. , Gunatilaka A. A. Leslie , La Clair James J. , Chapman Eli 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAccess to lead compounds with defined molecular targets continues to be a barrier to the translation of natural product resources. As a solution, we developed a system that uses discrete, recombinant proteins as the vehicles for natural product isolation. Here, we describe the use of this functional chromatographic method to identify natural products that bind to the AAA+ chaperone, p97, a promising cancer target. Application of this method to a panel of fungal and plant extracts identified rheoemodin, 1‐hydroxydehydroherbarin, and phomapyrrolidone A as distinct p97 modulators. Excitingly, each of these molecules displayed a unique mechanism of p97 modulation. This discovery provides strong support for the application of functional chromatography to the discovery of protein modulators that would likely escape traditional high‐throughput or phenotypic screening platforms.
High‐Performance Titanosilicate Catalyst Obtained through Combination of Liquid‐Phase and Solid‐Phase Transformation Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Jingui , Zhao Yanli , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Kondo Junko N. , Tatsumi Takashi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA novel strategy for the synthesis of microporous crystalline titanosilicate catalyst (TS‐1) was developed based on the combination of liquid‐phase and solid‐phase transformation mechanisms. The core concept of this strategy was to crystallize the mixed precursors composed of both liquid‐phase and solid‐phase precursors. The anionic polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid) was used as a unique gelating agent to prepare the solid/liquid mixture, which can partly convert the liquid‐phase precursor to the solid‐phase precursor. Active framework Ti was formed by in situ conversion of the Ti species from the solid‐phase precursor during the crystallization stage, as well as by the transfer of Ti species from the liquid‐phase precursor to the solid crystal after the crystallization. In this way, the content of active Ti in TS‐1 was significantly increased. The obtained product displayed high activity for the oxidation reaction ofn‐hexane and 1‐hexene.
Self‐Assembled Hybrid Molybdenum Phosphonate Porous Nanomaterials and Their Catalytic Activity for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles
Authors: Pramanik Malay , Bhaumik Asim 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA new porous organic–inorganic hybrid molybdenum phosphonate nanomaterial (HMoP‐1) was synthesized through the reaction of benzene‐1,3,5‐triphosphonic acid and molybdenum(V) chloride under hydrothermal conditions in the absence of any structure‐directing agent. The morphology of the hybrid material was found to be different at different synthesis temperatures. The material synthesized at 423 K (HMoP‐1‐LT) has spherical particle morphology, and the material synthesized at 453 K (HMoP‐1‐HT) has self‐assembled flakelike morphology. Powder XRD, field‐emission SEM, high‐resolution TEM, N2 sorption, solid‐state 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR and 31P magic‐angle spinning NMR analyses, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, NH3 temperature‐programmed adsorption, and FTIR spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize the samples and understand the morphological diversity. The orthorhombic crystal phase of the material was established through REFLEX and CELSIZ unit cell refinement programs. The calculated unit cell parameters of HMoP‐1‐HT are a=8.001(0.046) Å b=7.029 (0.039) Å, c=6.010 (0.036) Å; whereas HMoP‐1‐LT is amorphous in nature. HMoP‐1‐HT shows outstanding catalytic activity and high recycling efficiency for the green and efficient one‐pot condensation reaction for the synthesis of bioactive 2‐aryl benzimidazoles in excellent yields at room temperature.