bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Leisure-Time and Occupational Physical Activity on Total Mortality Risk in NHANES III According to Sex, Ethnicity, Central Obesity, and Age
Authors: Richard Aline , Martin Brian , Wanner Miriam , Eichholzer Monika , Rohrmann Sabine 
Published: April 2014

Background:Associations of physical activity with all-cause mortality seem to be quite strong, but little is known about potential effect modifiers as sex, race/ethnicity, age, and obesity.Methods:Data of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted 1988−1994 with mortality follow-up until 2006, were used to compare mortality risk between different levels of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and occupational physical activity (OPA). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results:LTPA (n = 15,307) was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64−0.88 for regular vs. no LTPA). There was a statistically significant interaction with age (P = .03), with participants over 60 years of age benefitting more from regular or irregular LTPA. OPA was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.85−1.84 for high vs. low OPA), particularly among Mexican-Americans (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.23−4.22); statistically significant interactions were observed for obesity and gender.Conclusions:LTPA clearly predicts all-cause mortality. However, associations between OPA and all-cause mortality are unclear and need further research with special regard to ethnic differences.
The Association Between Time Spent in Vigorous Physical Activity and Dietary Patterns in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Durksen Anita , Downs Shauna , Mollard Rebecca , Forbes Laura , Ball Geoff D.C. , McGavock Jon 
Published: April 2014

Background:Physical activity interventions targeting weight status have yielded mixed results. This variability may be attributed to compensatory changes in dietary patterns after increasing physical activity (PA) levels. Therefore, we sought to determine whether dietary patterns varied with time spent in vigorous-intensity PA in youth.Methods:Cross-sectional analysis of 330 youth enrolled in a school-based prospective cohort in central Alberta. Physical activity was assessed with waist mounted accelerometers (Actical) worn for 7 days. Main outcomes included consumption of unhealthy foods and the unhealthy food index obtained from a validated web-based 24-hour dietary recall instrument. Secondary outcomes included macronutrient intake, food group (Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating) intake, and diet quality.Results:Compared with youth participating in < 7 min/ day of vigorous physical activity, those achieving ≥ 7 min/day displayed no change in healthy or unhealthy food consumption. However, linear regression suggests a modest association between diet quality and vigorous-intensity PA.Conclusion:These data demonstrate that in this cohort of Canadian youth, time spent being physically active is associated with healthier dietary patterns and not with increased consumption of unhealthy foods.
Childhood Adversities and Socioeconomic Position as Predictors of Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in Early Adulthood
Authors: Kestilä Laura , Mäki-Opas Tomi , Kunst Anton E , Borodulin Katja , Rahkonen Ossi , Prättälä Ritva 
Published: April 2014

Background:Limited knowledge exists on how childhood social, health-related and economic circumstances predict adult physical inactivity. Our aim was a) to examine how various childhood adversities and living conditions predict leisure-time physical inactivity in early adulthood and b) to find out whether these associations are mediated through the respondent’s own education.Methods:Young adults aged 18−29 were used from the Health 2000 Study of the Finnish. The cross-sectional data were based on interviews and questionnaires including retrospective information on childhood circumstances. The analyses were carried out on 68% of the original sample (N = 1894). The outcome measure was leisure-time physical inactivity.Results:Only a few of the 11 childhood adversities were related with physical activity in early adulthood. Having been bullied at school was associated with physical inactivity independently of the other childhood circumstances and the respondent’s own education. Low parental education predicted leisure-time physical inactivity in men and the association was mediated by the respondent´s own education. Respondents with only primary or vocational education were more likely to be physically inactive during leisure-time compared with those with secondary or higher education.Conclusions:There is some evidence that few specific childhood adversities, especially bullying at school, have long-lasting effects on physical activity levels.
Physical Activity Counseling by Primary Care Physicians: Attitudes, Knowledge, Implementation, and Perceived Success
Authors: Diehl Katharina , Mayer Manfred , Mayer Frank , Görig Tatiana , Bock Christina , Herr Raphael M. , Schneider Sven 
Published: April 2014

Background:In physical activity (PA) counseling, primary care physicians (PCPs) play a key role because they are in regular contact with large sections of the population and are important contact people in all health-related issues. However, little is known about their attitudes, knowledge, and perceived success, as well as about factors associated with the implementation of PA counseling.Methods:We collected data from 4074 PCPs including information on physician and practice characteristics, attitudes toward cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, and measures used during routine practice to prevent CVD. Here, we followed widely the established 5 A’s strategy (Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, Arrange).Results:The majority (87.2%) of PCPs rated their own level of competence in PA counseling as ‘high,’ while 52.3% rated their own capability to motivate patients to increase PA as ‘not good.’ Nine of ten PCPs routinely provided at least 1 measure of the modified 5 A’s strategy, while 9.5% routinely used all 5 intervention strategies.Conclusions:The positive attitude toward PA counseling among PCPs should be supported by other stakeholders in the field of prevention and health promotion. An example would be the reimbursement of health counseling services by compulsory health insurance, which would enable PCPs to invest more time in individualized health promotion.
Active Transportation to and on Campus is Associated With Objectively Measured Fitness Outcomes Among College Students
Authors: Bopp Melissa , Bopp Christopher , Schuchert Megan 
Published: April 2014

Background:Active transportation (AT) has been associated with positive health outcomes, yet limited research has addressed this with college students, a population at-risk for inactivity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between AT behavior and objectively measured fitness outcomes.Methods:A volunteer, convenience sample (n = 299) of college students from a large northeastern university completed a survey about their AT habits to and on campus and psychosocial constructs related to AT and participated in a laboratory-based fitness assessment (cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, body composition).Off-campus students were dichotomized as nonactive (0−1 AT trips/day) or active travelers (> 1 AT trips/day) to campus; t-tests compared nonactive and active travelers for psychosocial and fitness variables.Results:Students were 56.3% male, 79.2% non-Hispanic White, and primarily living off-campus (87%). Most students (n = 177, 59.2%) reported active travel between classes. Off-campus students were primarily active travelers (76.1%). Active travelers to campus had greater cardiovascular fitness (P = .005), were more flexible (P = .006) and had lower systolic blood pressure (P = .05) compared with nonactive travelers.Conclusion:This study documents a relationship between AT behavior and objectively measured fitness among college students and provides a rationale for targeting this behavior as a method for improving health outcomes.
Affective Response to Exercise and Preferred Exercise Intensity Among Adolescents
Authors: Schneider Margaret , Schmalbach Priel 
Published: April 2014

Background:Little information exists as to the exercise intensity that adolescents enjoy and whether identifiable subgroups of adolescents will choose higher-intensity exercise.Methods:Healthy adolescents (N = 74; mean age = 11.09 years) completed a cardiorespiratory fitness test, a moderate-intensity exercise task, and an exercise task at an intensity that felt “good.” Heart rate (HR), work rate (WR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed every 3 minutes.Results:During the “feels good” task, adolescents exercised at a HR recognized as beneficial for cardiovascular health (mean HR = 66% to 72% of HR at VO2peak). Adolescents who experienced a positive affective shift during the moderate-intensity task engaged in higher-intensity exercise during the feels-good task as compared with those whose affective response to moderate-intensity exercise was neutral or negative (76% of peak HR vs. 70% of peak HR, P < .01).There was no difference between groups in RPE.Conclusions:Adolescents tend to select an exercise intensity associated with fitness benefits when afforded the opportunity to choose an intensity that feels good. An identified subgroup engaged in higher-intensity exercise without a commensurate perception of working harder. Encouraging adolescents to exercise at an intensity that feels good may increase future exercise without sacrificing fitness.
Human Antibody Responses to the Polyclonal Dryvax Vaccine for Smallpox Prevention Can Be Distinguished from Responses to the Monoclonal Replacement Vaccine ACAM2000
Authors: Pugh Christine , Keasey Sarah , Korman Lawrence , Pittman Phillip R. , Ulrich Robert G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Dryvax (Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Marietta, PA) is representative of the vaccinia virus preparations that were previously used for preventing smallpox. While Dryvax was highly effective, the national supply stocks were depleted, and there were manufacturing concerns regarding sterility and the clonal heterogeneity of the vaccine. ACAM2000 (Acambis, Inc./Sanofi-Pasteur Biologics Co., Cambridge, MA), a single-plaque-purified vaccinia virus derivative of Dryvax, recently replaced the polyclonal smallpox vaccine for use in the United States. A substantial amount of sequence heterogeneity exists within the polyclonal proteome of Dryvax, including proteins that are missing from ACAM2000. Reasoning that a detailed comparison of antibody responses to the polyclonal and monoclonal vaccines may be useful for identifying unique properties of each antibody response, we utilized a protein microarray comprised of approximately 94% of the vaccinia poxvirus proteome (245 proteins) to measure protein-specific antibody responses of 71 individuals receiving a single vaccination with ACAM2000 or Dryvax. We observed robust antibody responses to 21 poxvirus proteins in vaccinated individuals, including 11 proteins that distinguished Dryvax responses from ACAM2000. Analysis of protein sequences from Dryvax clones revealed amino acid level differences in these 11 antigenic proteins and suggested that sequence variation and clonal heterogeneity may contribute to the observed differences between Dryvax and ACAM2000 antibody responses.
Validation of a Microbead-Based Format for Spoligotyping of Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Gomgnimbou Michel Kiréopori , Ginevra Christophe , Peron-Cane Caroline , Versapuech Margaux , Refrégier Guislaine , Jacotin Nathalie , Sola Christophe , Jarraud Sophie 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

A 42-plex clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based typing technique (spoligotyping) was recently developed at the French National Reference Center for
Legionella
. It allows the subtyping of the
Legionella pneumophila
sequence type 1/Paris pulsotype. In this report, we present the transfer of the membrane-based spoligotyping technique to a microbead-based multiplexed format. This microbead-based high-throughput assay uses devices such as Luminex 200 or the recently launched Magpix system (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX). We designated this new technique LP-SPOL (for

L.

p

neumophila
spol
igotyping). We used two sets of samples previously subtyped by the membrane-based spoligotyping method to set up and validate the transfer on the two microbead-based systems. The first set of isolates (
n
= 56) represented the whole diversity of the CRISPR patterns known to date. These isolates were used for transfer setup (determination of spacer cutoffs for both devices). The second set of isolates (
n
= 245) was used to validate the transfer to the two microbead-based systems. The results obtained by the Luminex 200 system were 100% concordant with those obtained by the Magpix system for the 2 sets of isolates. In total, 10 discrepant results were observed when comparing the membrane-based method to the microbead-based method. These discrepancies were further resolved by repeating either the membrane-based or the microbead-based assay. This new assay is expected to play an emerging role for surveillance of
L. pneumophila
, starting with one of the most frequent genotypes, the sequence type 1/Paris pulsotype. However, the generalization of this typing method to all
L. pneumophila
strains is not feasible, since not all
L. pneumophila
strains contain CRISPRs.
Comparison of ESwab with Traditional Swabs for Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Two Different Walk-Away Commercial Real-Time PCR Methods
Authors: Silbert Suzane , Kubasek Carly , Uy Dominic , Widen Raymond 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The ESwab system (Copan Diagnostics) was evaluated as a nasopharyngeal specimen collection device to be used for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) detection by the GeneXpert and BD Max MRSA assays. Different MRSA strains and dilutions of each strain were tested in triplicate. ESwabs proved to be a suitable collection system for the two assays tested.
Molecular Test Based on Isothermal Helicase-Dependent Amplification for Detection of the Clostridium difficile Toxin A Gene
Authors: Eckert Catherine , Holscher Eleonore , Petit Amandine , Lalande Valérie , Barbut Frédéric 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The AmpliVue
Clostridium difficile
assay and a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-
illumi
gene algorithm were evaluated using 308 diarrheal stool specimens of patients suspected of having
C. difficile
infection. Compared to the enriched toxigenic culture method, the sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values of the AmpliVue
C. difficile
assay and the GDH-
illumi
gene-based algorithm were 91.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76.4 to 97.8), 100% (95% CI, 98.3 to 100), 100% (95% CI, 87 to 100), and 98.9% (95% CI, 96.6 to 99.7), respectively.
Bruker Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry System for Identification of Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Kocuria, Gordonia, Tsukamurella, and Listeria Species
Authors: Hsueh Po-Ren , Lee Tai-Fen , Du Shin-Hei , Teng Shih-Hua , Liao Chun-Hsing , Sheng Wang-Hui , Teng Lee-Jene 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

We evaluated whether the Bruker Biotyper matrix-associated laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system provides accurate species-level identifications of 147 isolates of aerobically growing Gram-positive rods (GPRs). The bacterial isolates included
Nocardia
(
n
= 74),
Listeria
(
n
= 39),
Kocuria
(
n
= 15),
Rhodococcus
(
n
= 10),
Gordonia
(
n
= 7), and
Tsukamurella
(
n
= 2) species, which had all been identified by conventional methods, molecular methods, or both. In total, 89.7% of
Listeria monocytogenes
, 80% of
Rhodococcus
species, 26.7% of
Kocuria
species, and 14.9% of
Nocardia
species (
n
= 11, all
N. nova
and
N. otitidiscaviarum
) were correctly identified to the species level (score values, ≥2.0). A clustering analysis of spectra generated by the Bruker Biotyper identified six clusters of
Nocardia
species, i.e., cluster 1 (
N. cyriacigeorgica
), cluster 2 (
N. brasiliensis
), cluster 3 (
N. farcinica
), cluster 4 (
N. puris
), cluster 5 (
N. asiatica
), and cluster 6 (
N. beijingensis
), based on the six peaks generated by ClinProTools with the genetic algorithm, i.e.,
m/z
2,774.477 (cluster 1),
m/z
5,389.792 (cluster 2),
m/z
6,505.720 (cluster 3),
m/z
5,428.795 (cluster 4),
m/z
6,525.326 (cluster 5), and
m/z
16,085.216 (cluster 6). Two clusters of
L. monocytogenes
spectra were also found according to the five peaks, i.e.,
m/z
5,594.85,
m/z
6,184.39, and
m/z
11,187.31, for cluster 1 (serotype 1/2a) and
m/z
5,601.21 and
m/z
11,199.33 for cluster 2 (serotypes 1/2b and 4b). The Bruker Biotyper system was unable to accurately identify
Nocardia
(except for
N. nova
and
N. otitidiscaviarum
),
Tsukamurella
, or
Gordonia
species. Continuous expansion of the MALDI-TOF MS databases to include more GPRs is necessary.
Determination of Disk Diffusion and MIC Quality Control Guidelines for GSK2140944, a Novel Bacterial Type II Topoisomerase Inhibitor Antimicrobial Agent
Authors: Ross James E. , Scangarella-Oman Nicole E. , Flamm Robert K. , Jones Ronald N. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

GSK2140944 is a novel bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitor in development for the treatment of conventional and biothreat pathogens, including Gram-positive pathogens and methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. This quality control study was performed to establish ranges for selected control strains:
S. aureus
ATCC 29213 and ATCC 25923,
Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922,
Haemophilus influenzae
ATCC 49247, and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
ATCC 49619. The control ranges will be crucial for the accurate evaluation of GSK2140944 potency as it progresses through clinical trial development.
Retrospective Study of Etiologic Agents Associated with Nonsuppurative Meningoencephalitis in Stranded Cetaceans in the Canary Islands
Authors: Sierra Eva , Sánchez Susan , Saliki Jeremiah T. , Blas-Machado Uriel , Arbelo Manuel , Zucca Daniele , Fernández Antonio 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Nineteen natural cases of etiologically undetermined encephalitides in free-ranging cetaceans were studied retrospectively. Histological examination of the brains revealed variable degrees of nonsuppurative encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, characterized predominantly by perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. A PCR assay was used on brain and other available tissues to detect the presence of morbillivirus, herpesvirus, West Nile virus,
Toxoplasma gondii
, and
Brucella
spp. In addition, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on selected tissues to determine the presence of morbilliviral antigens. Six animals (5 striped dolphins and 1 common dolphin) showed IHC and/or molecular evidence of morbilliviral antigens and/or genomes, mainly in brain tissue. Conventional nested PCR detected herpesviral DNA in brain tissue samples from two striped dolphins. There was no evidence of West Nile virus,
T. gondii
, or
Brucella
spp. in any of the brain tissue samples examined. The information presented here increases the number of confirmed morbillivirus-positive cases within the Canarian archipelago from two previously reported cases to eight. Furthermore, a new nested-PCR method for the detection of morbillivirus is described here. Regarding herpesvirus, the phylogenetic analysis performed in the current study provides valuable information about a possible pathogenic branch of cetacean alphaherpesviruses that might be responsible for some fatal cases worldwide.
Ezrin Is a Component of the HIV-1 Virological Presynapse and Contributes to the Inhibition of Cell-Cell Fusion
Authors: Roy Nathan H. , Lambelé Marie , Chan Jany , Symeonides Menelaos , Thali Markus 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

During cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1, viral and cellular proteins transiently accumulate at the contact zone between infected (producer) and uninfected (target) cells, forming the virological synapse. Rearrangements of the cytoskeleton in producer and target cells are required for proper targeting of viral and cellular components during synapse formation, yet little is known about how these processes are regulated, particularly within the producer cell. Since ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins connect F-actin with integral and peripheral membrane proteins, are incorporated into virions, and interact with cellular components of the virological presynapse, we hypothesized that they play roles during the late stage of HIV-1 replication. Here we document that phosphorylated (i.e., active) ezrin specifically accumulates at the HIV-1 presynapse in T cell lines and primary CD4
+
lymphocytes. To investigate whether ezrin supports virus transmission, we sought to ablate ezrin expression in producer cells. While cells did not tolerate a complete knockdown of ezrin, even a modest reduction of ezrin expression (∼50%) in HIV-1-producing cells led to the release of particles with impaired infectivity. Further, when cocultured with uninfected target cells, ezrin-knockdown producer cells displayed reduced accumulation of the tetraspanin CD81 at the synapse and fused more readily with target cells, thus forming syncytia. Such an outcome likely is not optimal for virus dissemination, as evidenced by the fact that,
in vivo
, only relatively few infected cells form syncytia. Thus, ezrin likely helps secure efficient virus spread not only by enhancing virion infectivity but also by preventing excessive membrane fusion at the virological synapse.

IMPORTANCE
While viruses, in principal, can propagate through successions of syncytia, HIV-1-infected cells in the majority of cases do not fuse with potential target cells during viral transmission. This mode of spread is coresponsible for key features of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including killing of bystander cells and establishment of latently infected T lymphocytes. Here we identify the ERM protein family member ezrin as a cellular factor that contributes to the inhibition of cell-cell fusion and thus to suppressing excessive syncytium formation. Our analyses further suggest that ezrin, which connects integral membrane proteins with actin, functions in concert with CD81, a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins. Additional evidence, documented here and elsewhere, suggests that ezrin and CD81 cooperate to prevent cytoskeleton rearrangements that need to take place during the fusion of cellular membranes.