bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt intrusion at a submarine spring in a fringing reef lagoon
Authors: Parra Sabrina M. , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Mariño‐Tapia Ismael , Enriquez Cecilia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVariations in discharge and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were studied at a point‐source submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), within a fringing reef lagoon, from quadrature (neap) to syzygy (spring) tides. The principal factors affecting discharge and TKE variations were tides and waves. Field data indicated discharge, and TKE varied with high and low tides, and with quadrature and syzygy. Maximum discharge and TKE values were observed during low tides when the hydrostatic pressure over the jet was minimal, while the lowest discharge and TKE values were found at high tides. Syzygy tides produced consistent saltwater intrusion during high tides, while quadrature tides produced the greatest TKE values. In general, as the discharge intensified during low tides, jet temperatures decreased suggesting that waters originated further within the aquifer. At the same time jet salinities increased, suggesting a mixing of aquifer and seawater. To reconcile these two seemingly opposing views, it is proposed that the jet conduit is connected to a stratified chamber with seawater below brackish water. The greatest subtidal discharge occurred during quadrature tides. Syzygy produced low subtidal discharge driven by flow reversals (flow into the aquifer) observed throughout syzygy high tides in conjunction with the peak wave setup (>5 cm) observed during a storm. While tides were the primary driving force of the discharge, waves played a nonnegligible role. Wave effects on the discharge were most evident during syzygy high tides combined with a storm, when the subtidal spring discharge was weakest and salt intrusion developed.
Role of inertial instability in the West African monsoon jump
Authors: Cook Kerry H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe West African monsoon jump is a sudden shift in the latitude of the West African precipitation maximum from the Guinean coast near 4°N into Sahel near 12°N in late June or early July. An examination of reanalyses and observations indicates that the Sahel rainy season develops smoothly and the monsoon jump occurs because of an abrupt decrease in Guinean coast rainfall. We show that this abrupt end of the coastal rainy season occurs when inertial instability develops over the region, 1 month later than it develops in the vicinity of the marine Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone. The reason for this delay is the presence of the African easterly jet, which places strong negative meridional zonal wind gradients over the coast to preserve the inertially stable environment. When the African easterly jet moves farther north due to the seasonal solar forcing, these gradients weaken and then reverse to satisfy the threshold condition for inertial instability; the rapid end of the Guinean coast rainy season follows. The northward movement and intensity of the African easterly jet are controlled by the seasonal development of strong meridional land surface temperature gradients and are independent of the formation of the Atlantic cold tongue. This explanation for the West African monsoon jump relates the phenomenon to the shape and location of the African continent, including the low‐latitude position of the Guinean coast and the large expanse of the continent to the north.
Climate radiative feedbacks and adjustments at the Earth's surface
Authors: Colman R. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractClimate radiative feedbacks are traditionally defined at top of atmosphere (TOA); however, strong radiative feedbacks also occur at the surface, with profound effect on the surface heat budget and hydrological cycle. “Rapid responses” to radiative forcing also occur and may also be expected to affect the surface. This study evaluates surface radiation changes, using a combined Partial Radiative Perturbation‐Gregory approach, under abrupt increases in CO2 in a climate model. We find significant surface rapid radiative response from changes in clouds, relative humidity, and latent heat flux. As surface temperature increases, strong water vapor feedback exceeds net cooling from atmospheric and surface temperature changes, resulting in increased surface evaporation. Feedbacks from clouds are smaller, with complex horizontal and vertical structures. Surface longwave feedback structures differ widely from those of the TOA and are dominated by lower troposphere changes. Lapse rate, cloud, and albedo feedbacks are small equatorward of around 50° of latitude but stronger at high latitudes. The approach here allows precise evaluation of the rich structure of surface radiative feedbacks.
Validation of finite water‐content vadose zone dynamics method using column experiments with a moving water table and applied surface flux
Authors: Ogden Fred L. , Lai Wencong , Steinke Robert C. , Zhu Jianting 
Published: March 2015

AbstractData from laboratory experiments on a 143 cm tall and 14.5 cm diameter column, packed with Wedron sand with varied constant upper boundary fluxes and water table velocities for both falling and rising water tables are used to validate a finite water‐content vadose zone simulation methodology. The one‐dimensional finite water‐content Talbot and Ogden (2008) (T‐O) infiltration and redistribution method was improved to simulate groundwater table dynamic effects and compared against the numerical solution of the Richards equation using Hydrus‐1D. Both numerical solutions agreed satisfactorily with time series measurements of water content. Results showed similar performance for both methods, with the T‐O method on average having higher Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies and smaller absolute biases. Hydrus‐1D was more accurate in predicting deponding times in the case of a falling water table, while Hydrus‐1D and the T‐O method had similar errors in predicted ponding times in the case of a rising water table in six of nine tests. The improved T‐O method was able to predict general features of vadose zone moisture dynamics with moving water table and surface infiltration using an explicit, mass‐conservative formulation. The advantage of an explicit formulation is that it is numerically simple, using forward Euler solution methodology, and is guaranteed to converge and to conserve mass. These properties make the improved T‐O method presented in this paper a robust and computationally efficient alternative to the numerical solution of the Richards equation in hydrological modeling applications involving groundwater table dynamic effects on vadose zone soil moistures.
The impact of resolution on the representation of southeast Greenland barrier winds and katabatic flows
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Renfrew I. A. , Harden B. E. , Mernild S. H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSouthern Greenland is characterized by a number of low‐level high wind speed weather systems that are the result of topographic flow distortion. These systems include barrier winds and katabatic flow that occur along its southeast coast. Global atmospheric reanalyses have proven to be important tools in furthering our understanding of these orographic winds and their role in the climate system. However, there is evidence that the mesoscale characteristics of these systems may be missed in these global products. Here we show that the Arctic System Reanalysis, a higher‐resolution regional reanalysis, is able to capture mesoscale features of barrier winds and katabatic flow that are missed or underrepresented in ERA‐I, a leading modern global reanalysis. This suggests that our understanding of the impact of these wind systems on the coupled‐climate system can be enhanced through the use of higher‐resolution regional reanalyses or model data.
Predictability of Atlantic tropical cyclones in the GFDL HiRAM model
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Zhang Gan , Peng Melinda S. , Chen Jan‐Huey , Lin Shian‐Jiann 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe hindcasts of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High‐Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM), which skillfully predicted the interannual variability of Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) frequency, were analyzed to investigate what key circulation systems a model must capture in order to skillfully predict TCs. The HiRAM reproduced the leading empirical orthogonal function mode (M1) of the interannual variability of the Atlantic Hadley circulation and its impacts on environmental conditions. M1 represents the variability of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) intensity and width, and the predictability of Atlantic TCs can be explained by the lag correlation between M1 and SST in preceding months. Although the ITCZ displacement was not well predicted by the HiRAM hindcasts, it does not affect the prediction of the basin‐wide hurricane count. The analyses suggest that the leading mode of the variability of the regional Hadley circulation can serve as a useful metric to evaluate the performance of global models in TC seasonal prediction.
Magnetic field fluctuation features at Swarm's altitude: A fractal approach
Authors: De Michelis Paola , Consolini Giuseppe , Tozzi Roberta 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe European Space Agency's Swarm mission provides a qualitatively new level of observational geomagnetic data, which allows us to study the spatial features of magnetic field fluctuations, capturing their essential characteristics and at the same time establishing a correlation with the dynamics of the systems responsible for the fluctuations. Our study aims to characterize changes in the scaling properties of the geomagnetic field's spatial fluctuations by evaluating the local Hurst exponent and to construct maps of this index at the Swarm's altitude (∼460 km). Since a signal with a larger Hurst exponent is more regular and less erratic than a signal with a smaller one, the maps permit us to localize spatial structures characterized by different scaling properties. This study is an example of the potential of Swarm data to give new insights into ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling; at the same time, it develops new applications where changes in statistical parameters can be used as a local indicator of overall magnetospheric‐ionospheric coupling conditions.
Deep recycling of oceanic asthenosphere material during subduction
Authors: Liu Lijun , Zhou Quan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUncertainties in the origin and composition of oceanic asthenosphere lead to different views on its temporal evolution upon subduction. We investigate the evolution of asthenosphere material during subduction using high‐resolution geodynamic models. In contrast to some earlier models suggesting that limited amount of asthenosphere material can be entrained during subduction, we find that much of the subslab mantle (>100 km thick) could recycle into the deep mantle following the slab, even if this mantle layer remains buoyant and less viscous during entrainment. Our results support the hypothesis that observed trench‐parallel subslab seismic anisotropy is a downward continuation of the anisotropic asthenosphere. The entrainment of sometimes buoyant asthenosphere material provides a new mechanism for reducing slab dip angle which is consistent the shallower Pacific slab underneath Japan than that farther south. Episodic release of entrained buoyant materials during subduction can also explain enigmatic intraplate volcanism, such as the Changbaishan volcano in Northeast China.
On the dynamical mechanisms explaining the western Pacific subsurface temperature buildup leading to ENSO events
Authors: Ballester Joan , Bordoni Simona , Petrova Desislava , Rodó Xavier 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDespite steady progress in the understanding of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the past decades, questions remain on the exact mechanisms explaining the heat buildup leading to the onset of El Niño (EN) events. Here we use an ensemble of ocean and atmosphere assimilation products to identify mechanisms that are consistently identified by all the data sets and that contribute to the heat buildup in the western Pacific 18 to 24 months before the onset of EN events. Meridional and eastward heat advection due to equatorward subsurface mass convergence and transport along the equatorial undercurrent are found to contribute to the subsurface warming at 170°E–150°W. In the warm pool, instead, surface horizontal convergence and downwelling motion have a leading role in subsurface warming. The picture emerging from our results highlights a sharp dynamical transition at 170°E near the level of the thermocline.
The Chemistry of Gold–
NHC
Carbene Complexes
Authors: Zhang Jun , Gu Peng , Chen Kai , Shi Min 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Au‐NHC chemistry has received much attention in the last 10 years, mainly due to straightforward synthetic routes to Au(I)‐NHC complexes and their catalytic interest. Now Au‐NHC complexes have been employed, not only as highly selective catalysts in directed organic synthetic strategies, but also as dynamic intermediates to promote constructive chemical steps at the metal active center. Some very recent examples have described the stabilization imparted by NHC which allows to isolate otherwise “unstable” intermediates, such as vinylgold derivatives. Another important property shown by Au‐NHC complexes is their luminescence. The lower energy excitation and emission bands in some Au‐NHCs are of suitable wavelengths for cellular distribution studies allowing to investigate the uptake and distribution in cancer cells using fluorescence confocal microscopy. The strong Au–carbene bonds also permit stable Au‐NHC complexes immune to biologically important thiol groups, and thus Au‐NHCs have also been found to have potential in medicinal and biochemical applications.
Mass Spectrometry of Organogold Compounds
Authors: O'Hair Richard A. J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The use of mass spectrometry (MS) based methods in organogold chemistry is reviewed. The focus is on both fundamental gas‐phase ion chemistry studies in which the mass spectrometer is used as a “gas‐phase reactor” and the analytical applications of mass spectrometry. For the former, the topics covered include: thermochemical measurements (bond energies from reactions of Au
+
with substrates and Au
+
and R
3
PAu
+
affinities); photoelectron, IR and UV‐Vis spectroscopy; ion‐molecule reactions of bare Au
+
, ligated Au(L)
n
+
, Au
−
and gold clusters with substrates; formation and reactions of organogold ions. The latter includes a discussion on: the use of different ionization methods (electron ionization, fast‐atom bombardment, electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) in the analysis of gold compounds; the use of MS in the bioinorganic chemistry of gold; MS‐based studies of relevance to catalysis.
Americanization
Authors: Riegel Viviane 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAmericanization can be defined as the propagation ofUSideas, customs, social patterns, industry, and capital around the world. Many critics of globalization focus on the perspective of the Americanization of world culture and the perils of the dominance ofUSculture throughout the world. Perspectives from the margins of Americanization and globalization point to the limitations of a simple binary between the local (authentic, diverse, free) and the global (artificial, standardized, imposed). In contemporary society, what takes place is the homogenization of consumption through globalization. The growth dynamic of globalization, according to George Ritzer, follows three other processes: capitalism, Americanization, andMcDonaldization.
Arcades
Authors: Kunzmann Klaus R. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Arcades are covered passageways with shops, stalls, cafés, or restaurants, usually in the front of private and public buildings in high‐density inner‐city quarters of European and some Asian cities. They protect shop owners and their goods, customers, residents, and
flâneurs
from sun and rain. The name stems from the architectural term “arcade,” which describes a series of columns or pillars forming a gallery or a colonnade. In Roman times the architectural form of the arcade was also used in more functional buildings, such as aqueducts or city gates.
Barthes, Roland
Authors: Lim Ming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRoland Barthes (1915–80) is a familiar name to readers of cultural and literary theory, but he remains, for many, a somewhat enigmatic figure. As a cultural critic and a semiologist, his method of analysis can appear, as the translator of the 1957 edition ofMythologies, Annette Lavers, puts it, “highly poetic and idiosyncratic.” This entry aims to clarify his early work, specifically his arguments relating to myth and the uses of semiology in cultural analysis.
Benjamin, Walter
Authors: Dassopoulos Andrea 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWalter Benjamin (1892–1940) was a Frankfurt School philosopher and a Marxist, who helped develop critical theory and whose intellectual influence spans the humanities and social sciences. Most of his work has only been published relatively recently, and has largely remained fragmented and unfinished. He covered a breadth of topics in history, modernity, religiosity, art, literature, and technology.
Carnivals/Carnivalesque
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) noted how laws and norms require transgression to be affirmed, how a society of saints requires sinners to affirm moral boundaries, and how this is often done through public spectacles of punishment or an encapsulated realm of transgression. For Victor Turner, a social structure necessarily creates an “anti‐structure,” with alternative values and practices which are generally kept apart from mainstream society. But, on occasion, often celebratory festivals, there is toleration for, if not acceptance of, what is generally considered deviant, transgressive, and indeed prohibited. Public celebrations of the transgressive have been part of Western society since the highly expressive, orgiastic Dionysian festivals of ancient Greece provided frenzied homage to the god who gave humanity wine and whose rituals included hearty drinking, singing, dancing, and a lot of cavorting.
Character Licensing
Authors: Maurer Cynthia 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Character licensing is the use of fictional characters to sell merchandise through one or more manufacturers, whereby companies purchase the license for the character to produce various products. Licensed characters often come from popular culture and appeal to a wide consumer audience. In traditional character licensing, companies seek licenses after the success of the character in a comic, movie, or television show, while the “Shortcake Strategy” indicates the reverse – character creation followed by success.
Class
Authors: Thomas Jacob , Gruys Kjerstin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Social class is an essential focus of analysis for scholars in multiple academic fields, including sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, and history. The term “class” refers to a mode of social stratification by which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories. The word stems from the sixteenth‐century Latin word
classis
, used by census takers to categorize Roman citizens by wealth. Groups of people have been categorized along many different lines throughout history and across cultures, such as by culture, caste, politics, nobility, or land ownership. However, by the late eighteenth century, the term “class” had largely replaced other classifications as the primary means of organizing society into hierarchical divisions.
Commodification
Authors: Smith Alexandra Nutter 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Commodification refers to the assignment of economic worth to goods and services that were previously valued for their usefulness. Through commodification, entities like human labor, natural resources, and even cultural expression become commodities. The result of this logic of commodification is a society in which commodities seem to be more important than workers or conditions of production, although this conclusion is the subject of continual negotiation. With origins in Marxist political economy, commodification has become an important concept in various scholarly applications of critical theory (including areas of inquiry such as sociology, feminist theory, environmental studies, and media studies).
Commodity Fetishism
Authors: McAllister Matthew P. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Commodity fetishism refers to the Marxian concept of the decontextualization and mystification of the social relations of production in the process of commodification. In consumer culture, the concept often emphasizes characteristics of advertising and brand discourse that ignore the production of commodities – including the social and environmental costs of large‐scale production – and instead construct additional meanings and symbolic agency around brands. The concept has influenced consumer culture scholars and key works, and has arguably become more relevant in the era of integrated marketing, licensing, and digital media.
Conspicuous Consumption
Authors: Schor Juliet B. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

The term “conspicuous consumption” entered the sociological lexicon via Thorstein Veblen's biting analysis of the spending patterns of the rich and nouveau riches in the late nineteenth century.
The Theory of the Leisure Class
(1899) is an account of how these groups spent enormous energy and money constructing an ostentatious style of life. They built and decorated ornate homes, adorned their persons with clothing and jewelry, designed elaborate carriages, and employed large numbers of servants dressed in expensive uniforms. Throughout, the principles of waste, luxury, and ornamentation ruled the choices they made. The motive that animated their efforts was the desire for social esteem, which itself was dependent on the possession of wealth. But having money was not enough: it must be put “in evidence,” or become conspicuous.
Consumer Resistance Movements
Authors: Carducci Vince 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Consumer resistance movements are collective efforts, both formal and informal, that use the power of the marketplace either as a means of expression or to bring about some kind of change. Consumer resistance can take the form of a refusal to participate in the market (termed
exit
), or more active participation to effect change (termed
voice
). Producers tend to view consumer resistance as reactive, something to be overcome. Consumers often view resistance as a form of agency, the exercise of sovereignty in the marketplace. Forms of consumer resistance include boycotts and their opposite, buycotts; media interventions known as culture jams and their attendant Buy Nothing Day; and new social movements such as voluntary simplicity and do‐it‐yourself. Most recently, theories of the new category
prosumption
(a combination of the words “production” and “consumption”) are re‐examining consumer resistance in the digital age.
Consumption in China
Authors: Desjeux Dominique 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConsumption in China has basically followed the same trend as the United States in the 1920s and Europe during theTrente Glorieuses, the years of reconstruction and consumer development that followed World WarII, just before the 1973 oil crisis. This has led to strategic government intervention to ensure the best conditions for consumer development in China, the growth of a middle class that drives this consumption, and the establishment of seven major consumer markets between 1980 and 2013: mobility, energy, luxury goods, body care, home furnishings, and products for children and for senior citizens. The market for senior citizens is expanding rapidly because of the aging of the Chinese population: those aged over 65 will increase from 27 percent of the population in 2015 to 37 percent in 2040, and this growth will be accompanied by a services market to cater for their needs.