bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐species functional complementation of cellulose synthase during the development of cellular slime molds
Authors: Kuwayama Hidekazu , Tohyama Takeru , Urushihara Hideko 
Published: September 2014

Cellulose is a major and important component of the extracellular matrix during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Upon starvation, solitary amoebae of D. discoideum gather and form fruiting bodies in which cells differentiate into stalk cells and spores. The stalk tubes and walls of spores and stalk cells are made of cellulose. In the genus Acytostelium, however, all cells are destined to become spores and the stalks comprise only a cellulose tube, suggesting species‐specific regulation of cellulose synthesis. In this study, we cloned a putative cellulose synthase gene (cesA) of Acytostelium subglobosum and performed comparative analyses with the D. discoideum cellulose synthase gene (dcsA). Although the deduced amino acid sequences were highly conserved between cesA and dcsA, the numbers of transmembrane spans preceding the catalytic domain were dissimilar; 2 and 3, respectively. Since ectopic expression of cesA in dcsA−null cells failed to restore the developmental defects of the mutant, we constructed a series of chimerical genes for complementation analyses and found that the catalytic domain of cesA was functional in D. discoideum cells if the preceding transmembrane region was swapped with dcsA. The non‐functional products that contained the cesA‐derived transmembrane region were localized to lysosomes. These results indicate that the transmembrane region of cellulose synthase is essential for proper accumulation of cellulose during the development of D. discoideum and that its differential localization in A. subglobosum may be related to the characteristic morphogenesis in this species.
The development of stocked eels (Anguilla anguilla) in previously eel‐free Austrian Alpine lakes
Authors: Essl Katharina , Gassner Hubert , Schabetsberger Robert , Jagsch Albert , Kaiser Roland 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOver a period of 34 years (1954–1987), a total of 11.9 million glass eels were stocked all over Austria to improve the yields of commercial fishermen and to make the lakes more attractive for anglers. Nearly half (48%) of the imported glass eels were introduced into natural, previously eel‐free Alpine lakes until stocking ceased in 1988. Twenty‐five years later, their occurrence could be verified in 56% (N = 22) of the Austrian Alpine lakes larger than 50 ha and mean body length had increased to 66 cm. Eels from seven selected Austrian Alpine lakes exhibited a yearly mean increase in length between 0.6 and 1.5 cm, indicating a comparatively poor growth compared with the majority of eel populations from within their natural distribution range. At the same time, high expectations in developing a flourishing eel fishery were not met. In all but one lake, the harvest remained below 3% of the total yearly catch and salmonids remained the dominant target species. During peak harvest in the 1980s, it exceeded 8% in mesotrophic Wallersee (2600 kg). Simulations of stock development indicated that the yield could have been improved, but contrary to earlier expectations eels never became important for local cuisine and catches remained too low for the development of a profitable export business. On the other hand, eels may have contributed to the loss of small‐bodied fish taxa.
Population ecology and seasonal demography of the endangered grotto sculpin (Cottus specus)
Authors: Day Julie , Gerken Joseph E. , Adams Ginny L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSubterranean fishes are understudied worldwide and often at risk before their populations are discovered and described. The nature of karst systems limits the applicability of ecological paradigms and hinders our ability to identify and preserve endemic fauna. Aquatic karst taxa in particular are subject to environmental threats that increase in severity over time. Once a population or species is recognised as distinct, it is imperative we gain understanding of its biology to inform effective resource management and mitigate risk factors. The grotto sculpin (Cottus specus) is endemic to Perry County, Missouri, U.S. caves and was formally described and listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2013. We used mark–recapture methods to quantify population densities and estimate population sizes in two caves and two corresponding spring branches. Size structure varied among habitats and seasons. Spring branches were dominated by juveniles year‐round with peak young‐of‐year (YOY) densities in May. Adult densities in both macrohabitats decreased in winter, possibly due to recruitment or seasonal stress, and were lower at spring branches compared to caves and declined further during late winter which may be indicative of cave spawning. YOY were captured variably underground with peak densities in summer. The ecology of grotto sculpin appears to be more complex than has been reported previously for subterranean fishes. Variable patterns of demography requiring multiple contiguous habitats are unique for cave species and support the recently substantiated suggestion that subterranean systems are not as simple or disconnected as once thought.
Rapid dopamine transmission within the nucleus accumbens: Dramatic difference between morphine and oxycodone delivery
Authors: Vander Weele Caitlin M. , Porter‐Stransky Kirsten A. , Mabrouk Omar S. , Lovic Vedran , Singer Bryan F. , Kennedy Robert T. , Aragona Brandon J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWhile most drugs of abuse increase dopamine neurotransmission, rapid neurochemical measurements show that different drugs evoke distinct dopamine release patterns within the nucleus accumbens. Rapid changes in dopamine concentration following psychostimulant administration have been well studied; however, such changes have never been examined following opioid delivery. Here, we provide novel measures of rapid dopamine release following intravenous infusion of two opioids, morphine and oxycodone, in drug‐naïve rats using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry and rapid (1 min) microdialysis coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography ‐ tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS). In addition to measuring rapid dopamine transmission, microdialysis HPLC‐MS measures changes in GABA, glutamate, monoamines, monoamine metabolites and several other neurotransmitters. Although both opioids increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, their patterns of drug‐evoked dopamine transmission differed dramatically. Oxycodone evoked a robust and stable increase in dopamine concentration and a robust increase in the frequency and amplitude of phasic dopamine release events. Conversely, morphine evoked a brief (~ 1 min) increase in dopamine that was coincident with a surge in GABA concentration and then both transmitters returned to baseline levels. Thus, by providing rapid measures of neurotransmission, this study reveals previously unknown differences in opioid‐induced neurotransmitter signaling. Investigating these differences may be essential for understanding how these two drugs of abuse could differentially usurp motivational circuitry and powerfully influence behavior.
History of silence affects auditory evoked fields regardless of intervening sounds: a magnetoencephalographic study
Authors: Okamoto Hidehiko , Kakigi Ryusuke 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe amplitudes of auditory evoked N1 m responses are known to depend on the length of the pre‐stimulus silent interval. However, it remains unknown whether pre‐penultimate silent intervals affect the auditory evoked responses elicited by test stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the N1 m responses elicited by a train of four successive tones with a silent interval of 1 s subsequent to that with a 0.25‐, 0.5‐, 2‐ or 4‐s silent interval using magnetoencephalography. The results obtained demonstrated that the N1 m source strength decreased as the pre‐penultimate silent interval became shorter. A history of silences had a significant impact on the N1 m source strength. Human brain activity that is modulated by silence history may play an important role in encoding a series of sound streams that include silences, such as speech and music.
Reach endpoint formation during the visuomotor planning of free arm pointing
Authors: Berret Bastien , Bisio Ambra , Jacono Marco , Pozzo Thierry 
Published: September 2014

AbstractVolitional motor control generally involves deciding ‘where to go’ and ‘how to go there’. Understanding how these two constituent pieces of motor decision coordinate is an important issue in neuroscience. Although the two processes could be intertwined, they are generally thought to occur in series, whereby visuomotor planning begins with the knowledge of a final hand position to attain. However, daily activities are often compatible with an infinity of final hand positions. The purpose of the present study was to test whether the reach endpoint (‘where’) is an input of arm motor planning (‘how’) in such ecological settings. To this end, we considered a free pointing task, namely arm pointing to a long horizontal line, and investigated the formation of the reach endpoint through eye–hand coordination. Although eye movement always preceded hand movement, our results showed that the saccade initiation was delayed by ~ 120 ms on average when the line was being pointed to as compared with a single target dot; the hand reaction time was identical in the two conditions. When the latency of saccade initiation was relatively brief, subjects often performed double, or even triple, saccades before hand movement onset. The number of saccades triggered was found to significantly increase as a function of the primary saccade latency and accuracy. These results suggest that knowledge about the reach endpoint built up gradually along with the arm motor planning process, and that the oculomotor system delayed the primary reach‐related saccade in order to gain more information about the final hand position.
Structural and energetic basis of isopropylmalate dehydrogenase enzyme catalysis
Authors: Palló Anna , Oláh Julianna , Gráczer Éva , Merli Angelo , Závodszky Péter , Weiss Manfred S. , Vas Mária 
Published: September 2014

The three‐dimensional structure of the enzyme 3‐isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from the bacterium Thermus thermophilus in complex with Mn2+, its substrate isopropylmalate and its co‐factor product NADH at 2.0 Å resolution features a fully closed conformation of the enzyme. Upon closure of the two domains, the substrate and the co‐factor are brought into precise relative orientation and close proximity, with a distance between the C2 atom of the substrate and the C4N atom of the pyridine ring of the co‐factor of approximately 3.0 Å. The structure further shows binding of a K+ ion close to the active site, and provides an explanation for its known activating effect. Hence, this structure is an excellent mimic for the enzymatically competent complex. Using high‐level QM/MM calculations, it may be demonstrated that, in the observed arrangement of the reactants, transfer of a hydride from the C2 atom of 3‐isopropylmalate to the C4N atom of the pyridine ring of NAD+ is easily possible, with an activation energy of approximately 15 kcal·mol−1. The activation energy increases by approximately 4–6 kcal·mol−1 when the K+ ion is omitted from the calculations. In the most plausible scenario, prior to hydride transfer the ε‐amino group of Lys185 acts as a general base in the reaction, aiding the deprotonation reaction of 3‐isopropylmalate prior to hydride transfer by employing a low‐barrier proton shuttle mechanism involving a water molecule.DatabaseStructural data have been submitted to the Protein Data Bank under accession number 4F7I.
Thermal ecology of subadult and adult muskellunge in a thermally enriched reservoir
Authors: Cole A. J. , Bettoli P. W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe movement of adult muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, has been investigated in a variety of systems, but temperature selection by muskellunge has not been examined where well‐oxygenated waters were available over a range of temperatures for much of the year. Thirty subadult and adult muskellunge tagged internally with temperature‐sensing radio tags were tracked from March 2010 to March 2011 in a Tennessee reservoir. Mean tag temperatures were 18.9 °C in spring (March to May), 22.1 °C in summer (June to August), 16.5 °C in autumn and 9.8 °C in winter (December to February). When the greatest range in water temperatures was available (7.1–33.3 °C; May to early August 2010), their realised thermal niche (mean ± 1 SD) was 22.3 °C ± 1.8; the realised thermal niche was affected by fish size (smaller fish selected slightly warmer temperatures) but not sex. An electric generating steam plant discharging warm water resumed operation in January 2011, and most (86%) tagged fish occupied the plume where temperatures were ≈10 °C warmer than ambient water temperatures. No mortalities were observed 15 days later when plant operations ceased. Their affinity for the heated plume prompted concerns that muskellunge will be too easily exploited when the plant operates during winter.
Disease and competition, not just predation, as drivers of impacts of the black rat (Rattus rattus) on island mammals
Authors: Smith Helen M. , Banks Peter B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHanna & Cardillo (2014) report an association between the presence of black rats (Rattus rattus) and extinctions of endemic mammals on Australian islands. Although we agree that introductions of the black rat are likely to have had a significant impact on island ecosystems, we suggest that there is little empirical support for their main conclusion, that predation (and thus mesopredator processes) is the causal mechanism driving the association between the presence of black rats and extinctions of native mammals on Australian islands. We present a brief literature review of evidence for two alternative mechanisms – introduction of novel diseases and competition – which suggest there are multiple explanations for how native mammal extinctions on Australian islands may have occurred. The potential impact of these processes interacting across different trophic levels is rarely considered, but is applicable across many different ecosystems world‐wide.
Resilience for Whom? Emerging Critical Geographies of Socio‐ecological Resilience
Authors: Cretney Raven 
Published: September 2014

AbstractResilience has fast become a popular catchphrase used by government, international finance organisations, NGOs, community groups and activists all over the globe. Despite its widespread use, there remains confusion over what resilience is and the purpose it serves. Resilience can, in some cases, speak to a desire to successfully respond and adapt to disruptions outside of the status quo. However, this conceptualisation of resilience is far from uncontested. Emerging research has shown a lack of consideration for power, agency and inequality in popular and academic use of these frameworks. Criticism has also been raised regarding the use of resilience to justify projects informed by neoliberal ideologies that aim to decrease state involvement, increase community self‐reliance and restructure social services. Despite this, resilience is being used by community and activist groups that aim to address local and global environmental and social issues. With this critical insight, the need has arisen to question what is being maintained, for whom and by whom, through these discourses of resilience. In this review, I trace the evolution of the concept in the literature. Building on this, I discuss three interpretations of the resilience paradigm in current academic, political and activist arenas. I conclude by discussing possible future directions for critical geographic perspectives of resilience.
Creative Industries from an Evolutionary Perspective: A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Berg Su‐Hyun , Hassink Robert 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough creative industries have been popular as a research topic among social scientists from various backgrounds, most studies lack an explicit evolutionary, history‐informed perspective. In this paper, we critically explore whether the notions of evolutionary economic geography can contribute to analyzing and explaining the spatial dynamics of creative industries, which has not been done yet in a systematic way. Although not all evolutionary concepts are useful, we conclude that co‐evolution in particular has important potential in helping to explain the spatial dynamics of creative industries in a comparative perspective.
Geographies of Production: The Institutional Foundations of a Design‐Intensive Manufacturing Strategy
Authors: Hatch Carolyn J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article critically reviews research on the national institutional influence on firm practice in economic geography, in particular the “varieties of capitalism” school (VoC) and national business systems, in order to promote a deeper examination of the role of corporate agency in contemporary institutionalist approaches. In order to do so, it invokes a growing segment of the contemporary economy – design‐intensive manufacturing – and draws on the knowledge base framework developed by Asheim and Gertler () to identify a core set of industrial practices that enable design‐intensive manufacturing firms to integrate diverse knowledge bases (synthetic and symbolic) in order to compete effectively in global markets. In integrating these knowledge bases, firms are pressured to both align with, yet also deviate from, the dominant national institutional environment in which they operate. In the case of the latter, they may be prompted to develop local and sectoral forms of economic governance that compensate for an apparent disjunction at the national scale in order to adapt to certain aspects of the sectorally specific terms of competition. The case of design‐intensive manufacturing emphasizes the importance of hybrid institutions and practices in the global knowledge economy and demonstrates that an agency‐centered perspective is critical to our understanding of a more nuanced theory of firm practice.
Cost‐related dental non‐attendance in older adulthood: evidence from eleven European countries and Israel
Authors: Listl Stefan 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundAlthough relevant for health policy, so far only little is known about the extent to which persons avoid dental attendance because of associated costs.ObjectivesTo examine the cost‐relatedness of dental non‐attendance in various older adulthood populations.Material and methodsSecondary analyses were conducted of data from wave 1 of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which includes unique information on recent dental non‐attendance and care foregone due to costs by persons aged 50+ from eleven European countries and Israel. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to detect differences in the extent to which dental non‐attendance is attributable to associated costs.ResultsThe study sample comprised 13 935 persons who did not access dental care within the past year. Levels of cost‐related non‐attendance differed between the twelve examined countries, ranging from 6.8% in Israel to 0.5% in Austria. Cost‐related non‐attendance was 47% less likely among persons with good as compared to compromised chewing ability (Odds Ratio: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.43–0.66). Cost‐related non‐attendance was 33% less likely among persons with tertiary as compared to (pre‐) primary educational attainment (Odds Ratio: 0.67; 95%CI: 0.47–0.96). Cost‐related dental non‐attendance was significantly more likely among persons with low levels of general health (Odds Ratio for lowest vs. highest level of general health: 3.05; 95%CI: 1.88–4.95).ConclusionsThe findings of the present study suggest that a relatively small proportion of dental non‐attendance in older adulthood is cost‐related. For specific population subgroups in various countries, however, dental care costs may still pose a relevant barrier to dental care.
Induced polyploidy in inter‐subspecific maize hybrids to reduce heterosis breakdown and restore reproductive fertility
Authors: Niazi I. A. K. , Rauf S. , Teixeira da Silva J. A. , Iqbal Z. , Munir H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to reduce the breakdown of hybrid vigour by crossing maize × teosinte subspecies through induced tetraploidy and to improve the biomass and reproductive fertility of the induced tetraploids. To achieve this, seeds of maize breeding lines selected from an open‐pollinated population ‘Sargodha‐2002’ and a maize × teosinte cross were germinated in colchicine solution (0·25, 0·5 or 1·0%) until they had a thick radical and protruded plumule. Colchicine at 0·5% induced the highest number of tetraploids with the lowest number of chimeric plants. The induced tetraploids of maize and maize × teosinte crosses showed a significant (P ≤ 0·05) increase in leaf area (5 and 14%), total soluble solids (20 and 18%), leaf oil percentage (42 and 12%) and leaf crude protein contents (10 and 14%) in leaves relative to the diploid subspecies. Moreover, induced tetraploidy also arrested hybrid vigour by slowing down the decay of heterosis in progenies (4x) for plant height, leaf biomass and leaf oil percentage. Induced maize × teosinte hybrid tetraploids selected for frequent bivalent chromosome pairing resulted in higher seed setting cob−1 (increased 58%), pollen fertility (increased 59%) and seed setting percentage (increased 100%) than the quadrivalent variant.
Dissolved Organic Carbon in Groundwater Overlain by Irrigated Sugarcane
Authors: Thayalakumaran Thabo , Lenahan Matthew J. , Bristow Keith L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractElevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been detected in groundwater beneath irrigated sugarcane on the Burdekin coastal plain of tropical northeast Australia. The maximum value of 82 mg/L is to our knowledge the highest DOC reported for groundwater beneath irrigated cropping systems. More than half of the groundwater sampled in January 2004 (n = 46) exhibited DOC concentrations greater than 30 mg/L. DOC was progressively lower in October 2004 and January 2005, with a total decrease greater than 90% indicating varying load(s) to the aquifer. It was hypothesized that the elevated DOC found in this groundwater system is sourced at or near the soil surface and supplied to the aquifer via vertical recharge following above average rainfall. Possible sources of DOC include organic‐rich sugar mill by‐products applied as fertilizer and/or sugarcane sap released during harvest. CFC‐12 vertical flow rates supported the hypothesis that elevated DOC (>40 mg/L) in the groundwater results from recharge events in which annual precipitation exceeds 1500 mm/year (average = 960 mm/year). Occurrence of elevated DOC concentrations, absence of electron acceptors (O2 and NO3–) and both Fe2+ and Mn2+ greater than 1 mg/L in shallow groundwater suggest that the DOC compounds are chemically labile. The consequence of high concentrations of labile DOC may be positive (e.g., denitrification) or negative (e.g., enhanced metal mobility and biofouling), and highlights the need to account for a wider range of water quality parameters when considering the impacts of land use on the ecology of receiving waters and/or suitability of groundwater for irrigated agriculture.