bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Prostaglandin Levels in Rats with Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Axelrod Lloyd , Levine Lawrence 
Published: September 2013

We studied by radioimmunoassay the plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin (PG)E2 (the stable metabolite of PGE2), 6-keto-PGFUt[the stable breakdown product of prostacyclin (PGI2)], and thromboxane (TX) B2 (the stable breakdown product of TXA2) in normal rats and rats with nonketotic diabetes mellitus (DM) or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
The plasma levels of the PGE2, PGI2, and TXA2 derivatives were markedly elevated in rats with DKA. The level of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (0.298 ± 0.056 ng/ml, N = 34) was sixfold higher, the level of 6-keto-PGF1α (0.378 ± 0.049 ng/ml, n = 33) was twofold higher, and that of TXB2 (0.346 ± 0.046 ng/ml, n = 34) was 50% higher in rats with DKA than in normal rats.
The plasma level of the PGI2 derivative was also elevated in rats with DM. The level of 6-keto-PGF1α (0.310 ± 0.050 ng/ml) was nearly as high in animals with DM as in those with DKA. The level of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 was not elevated and that of TXB2 was reduced in animals with DM.
In response to insulin and to 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, two potent antilipolytic agents, the levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α, decreased significantly in rats with DKA.
Adipocytes produce large quantities of PGE2 and PGI2 during norepinephrine-induced lipolysis. DKA is a situation par excellence of high catecholamine and low insulin levels, just the circumstances required for accelerated lipolysis and maximal production of PGE2 and PGI2 by the adipocyte. The adipocyte may be an important source of the high plasma levels of the PGE2 and PGI2 derivatives present in rats with DKA and of the elevated levels of the PGI2 derivative present in animals with DM. The ability of both insulin and 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid to decrease the levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α supports this view.
The high plasma levels of the PGE2, PGI2, and TXA2 derivatives in DKA and of the PGI2 derivative in DM raise the possibility that high levels of all three parent compounds may circulate in DKA and high levels of PGI2 may circulate in DM. The suppression of the elevated levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in DKA by two structurally unrelated antilipolytic agents suggests that the adipocyte may be a major source of the high plasma levels of both derivatives in this disorder.
Phenotype, inheritance characteristics, and risk factors for idiopathic epilepsy in Finnish Spitz dogs
Authors: Viitmaa Ranno , Cizinauskas Sigitas , Orro Toomas , Niilo-Rämä Meri , Gordin Emilia , Lohi Hannes , Seppälä Eija H. , Bragge Hanna , Snellman Marjatta 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the phenotype, inheritance characteristics, and risk factors for idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Finnish Spitz dogs (FSDs).
Design—Prospective epidemiological study.
Animals—2,141 FSDs.
Procedures—From 2003 to 2004, questionnaires (n = 5,960) were sent to all owners of 1-to 10-year-old FSDs in Finland. Phone interviews were performed 1 to 2 years later.
Results—Estimated prevalence of IE was 5.36% (111/2,069 of FSDs that were still alive). Males were predisposed to IE. The median age of onset was 3 years (range, 0.6 to 10 years). The median seizure frequency was 2 seizures/y (range, 0.5 to 48 seizures/y), and the median duration of the seizure episode was 11.75 minutes (range, 1.5 to 90 minutes). The majority (85%) of the seizures had a focal onset, and 54% were characterized as generalized secondary. A generalized seizure phase was determined to be a risk factor for development of progressive disease. Factors associated with the occurrence of a generalized phase were the age of onset, duration of the seizure, number of feeding times per day, and whether the dog was used for hunting. The seizures were not progressing in 678% of the dogs and were easily controlled by antiepileptic treatment in 78.9% of the dogs. The heritability estimate of IE in FSDs was 0.22; IE was best explained as a polygenic trait.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the present study conducted in Finland, complex focal seizures were the most common seizure type for FSDs with IE, and a generalized seizure phase was a risk factor for progression of the disease. Results suggested a benign course of epilepsy in FSDs.
Internet-based survey of the nature and perceived causes of injury to dogs participating in agility training and competition events
Authors: Cullen Kimberley L. , Dickey James P. , Bent Leah R. , Thomason Jeffrey J. , Moëns Noel M. M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To characterize injuries (on the basis of type and severity of injury and affected region of the body) among dogs participating in agility training and competition events and examine associations between injury characteristics and perceived causes of injury.
Design—Internet-based, retrospective, cross-sectional survey.
Animals—3,801 privately owned dogs participating in agility training or trials.
Procedures—A retrospective electronic survey was developed to investigate demographic factors for dogs and handlers, frequency of participation in agility training and competition, and perceived causes and characteristics of injuries acquired by dogs during agility-related activities. Respondents were handlers recruited through member lists of large canine agility associations in Canada and the United Kingdom and through promotion on an agility blog site. Associations between cause and anatomic site or type of injury and between injury severity (mild vs severe) and setting (competition vs practice) were investigated.
Results—Surveys were received from 1,669 handlers of 3,801 agility dogs internationally. Handler-reported data indicated 1,209 of 3,801 (32%) dogs had ≥ 1 injury; of 1,523 analyzed injuries, the shoulder (349 injuries), back (282), and neck (189) regions and phalanges (202) were predominantly affected. Soft tissue injuries (eg, strain [muscle or tendon injury; 807], sprain [ligament injury; 312], and contusion [200]) were common. Injuries were most commonly incurred during interactions with bar jumps, A-frames, and dog walk obstacles (260, 235, and 177 of 1,602 injuries, respectively). Anatomic site and type of injury were significantly associated with perceived cause of injury.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings provided a basis for further experimental studies to identify specific mechanisms of various types of injury in dogs that participate in agility activities.
Survey-based analysis of risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility training and competition events
Authors: Cullen Kimberley L. , Dickey James P. , Bent Leah R. , Thomason Jeffrey J. , Moëns Noel M. M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To identify potential risk factors for agility-related injuries among dogs.
Design—Internet-based, retrospective, cross-sectional survey.
Animals—3,801 privately owned dogs participating in agility training or trials.
Procedures—A retrospective electronic survey was used to investigate potential risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility-related activities. Respondents were handlers recruited through member lists of large canine agility associations in Canada and the United Kingdom and through promotion on an agility blog site. Variables evaluated included demographic information for handlers and dogs, exposure variables (eg, frequency of agility practice and competition in the past year), and use of preventive measures intended to keep dogs fit for agility (warmup, cooldown, or conditioning exercises; alternative therapeutic treatments [eg, acupuncture, massage, or chiropractic care]; or dietary supplement products).
Results—Data were collected from 1,669 handlers of 3,801 agility dogs internationally; 1,209 (32%) dogs incurred ≥ 1 injury. Previous injury (OR, 100.5), ≤ 4 years of agility experience for dogs (OR, 1.5), use of alternative therapeutic treatments (OR, 1.5), and Border Collie breed (OR, 1.7) were associated with increased odds of injury. Handlers having 5 to 10 or > 10 years of experience (OR, 0.8 and 0.6, respectively) and dogs having > 4 years of experience in the sport (OR, 0.6) were associated with decreased odds of injury.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Specific factors were associated with agility-related injuries in dogs. Educational prevention strategies should target at-risk populations in an effort to reduce potential injuries. Future research should focus on the biomechanical factors associated with agility-related injuries.
Association of hematologic variables and castration status at the time of arrival at a research facility with the risk of bovine respiratory disease in beef calves
Authors: Richeson John T. , Pinedo Pablo J. , Kegley Elizabeth B. , Powell Jeremy G. , Gadberry M. Shane , Beck Paul A. , Falkenberg Shollie M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the association of CBC variables and castration status at the time of arrival at a research facility with the risk of development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD).
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—1,179 crossbred beef bull (n = 588) and steer (591) calves included in 4 experiments at 2 University of Arkansas research facilities.
Procedures—Calves underwent processing and treatments in accordance with the experiment in which they were enrolled. Castration status and values of CBC variables were determined at the time of arrival at the facilities. Calves were monitored to detect signs of BRD during a 42-day period.
Results—The areas under the receiving operator characteristic curves for CBC variables with significant contrast test results ranged from 0.51 (neutrophil count) to 0.67 (eosinophil count), indicating they were limited predictors of BRD in calves. The only CBC variables that had significant associations with BRD in calves as determined via multivariable logistic regression analysis were eosinophil and RBC counts. The odds of BRD for bulls were 3.32 times the odds of BRD for steers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated that low eosinophil and high RBC counts in blood samples may be useful for identification of calves with a high risk for development of BRD. Further research may be warranted to validate these variables for prediction of BRD in calves. Calves that were bulls at the time of arrival had a higher risk of BRD, versus calves that were steers at that time.
The Effectiveness of Catching Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinae) (= Agrotinae) in Pheromone Traps and Light Traps, for Short-Term Forecasting
Authors: Jakubowska Magdalena , Bocianowski Jan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In recent years, a local, growing population of cutworm in agricultural fields with various plants such as vegetables, horticultural, and ornamental plants has been observed. The scope of our research covered the observation of two species of cutworms: Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) and A. exclamationis (L.), which are the most dominant species in Poland. Cutworms were monitored in the 2005-2009 season with the use of Delta type pheromone traps with synthetic sexual pheromone and self-catch traps with a light source. The purpose of the research was to determine the dependence between the dynamics of the catches and the location of the traps, in fields with sugar beet, winter barley, and winter wheat in two municipalities: Winna Góra and Więcławice for the two studied cutworm species. Moreover, we used light traps in our analysis of the two studied cutworm species’, flight dynamics in Poznań, Winna Góra, and Więcławice in the 2003-2006 time period. The overall results can be used for adjusting the currently used monitoring methods for short-term and long-term forecasting of cutworm flights, and for optimizing chemical control of the cutworm
Social control over men’s and women’s sexual relationships among early medieval Germanic peoples
Authors: Tyszka Przemysław 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYThis study is an analysis of the early medieval sources which contain information on sexual relations between men and women. The research subject is the authority executed by a community (e.g. a kin, or a tribe) over sexual life of the women and men, and especially the legal rules and customs regulating this sphere of life. Female and male sexual behaviors in the early Middle Ages are investigated from the point of view of the social expectations towards persons of both sexes. The basis of the studies on such a topic are two kinds of source materials - the laws of Germanic peoples (so called leges barbarorum), and narrative texts. Two main problems covered in the laws concerning sexual interactions are premarital and extramarital (i.e. fornication and adultery) relations initiated by women and men. A lawgivers’ belief that women’s sexual initiative should be controlled by men is clearly seen in the Germanic leges. Breaking the law in this domain by a woman often resulted in far more serious consequences than in the case of a man. A similar tendency could be seen in Historiae by Gregory from Tours. The lack of woman’s independent position, which contrasts with the decisive role that men took, both her partner and her relatives, is striking in his stories on sexual relations.
Le serment du discours Sur la couronne (Dém., XVIII, 208) dans la critique littéraire et rhétorique de l'Antiquité
Authors: Pernot Laurent 
Published: September 2013

The oath sworn by the fighters of Persian Wars (μὰ τοὺς Μαραθῶνι προκινδυνεύσαντας τῶν προγόνων κτλ.) is one of the most famous passages of Demosthenes' On the Crown speech (§ 208). It was often quoted and commentated upon in Antiquity ; however twentieth century scholars have been inclined to neglect the ancient celebrity of this text. The purpose of the present paper is to go back to the matter and to conduct a fresh examination of the available evidence.
Testimonies include forty-five quotations, allusions, or critical studies, in Greek and Latin, that happen to be instructive in several respects, (i) They offer some pieces of information — neglected by editors — about the history of Demosthenes' text (ancient uariae lectiones attested by the indirect tradition), (ii) They illustrate the methods of rhetorical analysis, because ancient rhetores on this passage are particularly expansive and revealing, (iii) They provide us with landmarks in the long history of Demosthenes' « reception », as they show how the problems raised by the text were subject to various interpretations according to changing historical contexts and gave occasion, during the imperial period, to some reflections on the relationship between Greeks and Romans and pagans and Christians.
IL-12–Based Vaccination Therapy Reverses Liver-Induced Systemic Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Hepatitis B Virus Carrier
Authors: Zeng Zhutian , Kong Xiaohui , Li Fenglei , Wei Haiming , Sun Rui , Tian Zhigang 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Liver-induced systemic immune tolerance that occurs during chronic hepadnavirus infection is the biggest obstacle for effective viral clearance. Immunotherapeutic reversal of this tolerance is a promising strategy in the clinic but remains to be explored. In this study, using a hepatitis B virus (HBV)-carrier mouse model, we report that IL-12–based vaccination therapy can efficiently reverse systemic tolerance toward HBV. HBV-carrier mice lost responsiveness to hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) vaccination, and IL-12 alone could not reverse this liver-induced immune tolerance. However, after IL-12–based vaccination therapy, the majority of treated mice became HBsAg− in serum; hepatitis B core Ag was also undetectable in hepatocytes. HBV clearance was dependent on HBsAg vaccine-induced anti-HBV immunity. Further results showed that IL-12–based vaccination therapy strongly enhanced hepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, including proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Systemic HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also restored in HBV-carrier mice, leading to the arousal of HBsAg-specific follicular Th–germinal center B cell responses and anti–hepatitis B surface Ag Ab production. Recovery of HBsAg-specific responses also correlated with both reduced CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell frequency and an enhanced capacity of effector T cells to overcome inhibition by regulatory T cells. In conclusion, IL-12–based vaccination therapy may reverse liver-induced immune tolerance toward HBV by restoring systemic HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, eliciting robust hepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and facilitating the generation of HBsAg-specific humoral immunity; thus, this therapy may become a viable approach to treating patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Hodge Theory of Cyclic Covers Branched
over a Union of Hyperplanes
Authors: Arapura Donu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSuppose that Y is a cyclic cover of projective space branched over a hyperplane arrangement D and that U is the complement of the ramification locus in Y. The first theorem in this paper implies that the Beilinson-Hodge conjecture holds for U if certain multiplicities of D are coprime to the degree of the cover. For instance, this applies when D is reduced with normal crossings. The second theorem shows that when D has normal crossings and the degree of the cover is a prime number, the generalized Hodge conjecture holds for any toroidal resolution of Y. The last section contains some partial extensions to more general nonabelian covers.
Conductive Adhesives
Authors: Lu Daniel , Sun Yangyang , Wong C. P. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractElectrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) provide a lead‐free alternative to soldering in the semiconductor and microelectronic packaging technologies. In general, ECAs consist of a polymer blend and a conductive filler. This article overviews the two classes of ECAs: anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) and isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs). For each class of conductive adhesives, representative applications as well as material‐processing‐properties relationships of the adhesive matrix and conductive fillers are discussed.
Near‐infrared Spectroscopy, In Vivo Tissue Analysis by
Authors: Sowa Michael G. , Friesen Jeri R. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Applications of in vivo near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have emerged in various segments of clinical medicine and medical research. Developments in photonics, wireless connectivity, and smart devices that have been spurred on by the communication revolution have set the stage for even more rapid advancement of noninvasive or minimally invasive medical applications of NIR spectroscopy. The goal of this article is to review the current capabilities and limitations of in vivo NIR spectroscopy and highlight the impact of these capabilities and limitations in selected areas where NIR spectroscopy is being used to address clinical problems. The optical properties of tissues are briefly reviewed as these properties largely dictate the feasibility of an in vivo spectroscopic diagnostic approach and constrain the scope of problems that can be tackled using NIR spectroscopy. Some of the more successful applications of NIR spectroscopy in medicine are described. The number and magnitude of confounding factors that confuse in vivo spectroscopy can be daunting to the experimentalist and may represent the largest barrier in transforming in vivo spectroscopic measurements into clinically meaningful and reliable information. In vivo NIR spectroscopy abounds with opportunity and challenge.
Absolute Quantification of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shuford Christopher M. , Muddiman David C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS) provides unambiguous molecular specificity relative to all other analytical and immunological techniques and, consequently, has great potential to provide unambiguous estimates of absolute protein quantities within complex biological systems. Here, we provide a critical review and discussion of the predominantMS‐based technology used for absolute protein quantification, referred to as protein cleavage‐isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC‐IDMS). This technique requires proteolytic conversion of the analyte protein into its quantitative surrogate peptide, which is subsequently quantified using a stable isotope‐labeled (SIL) peptide analog as an internal standard (IS). All phases of thePC‐IDMSworkflow, from theSILpeptide production platforms to data analysis, are described and characterized in detail. An emphasis is placed on the practical quantitative aspects for each step of the workflow and their implication on quantitative accuracy.
Apoptosis (Programed Cell Death) Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Quiroz Michelle M. , Khanal Grishma , Pappas Dimitri 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Several analytical methods, many of which rely on fluorescence processes, have been developed to study apoptosis (programmed cell death). Apoptosis is a highly regulated biological event and is a vital process that helps regulate tissue growth, normal cell turnover, immune response, and tissue development. However, diseases such as cancer and heart disease are associated with malfunctions in the apoptosis machinery. There is therefore a need to elucidate the processes of apoptosis induction and inhibition. Fluorescence assays continue to play a major role in apoptosis assays, and developments in probe and fluorescent methods for assaying apoptosis are ongoing. There are several standard techniques, such as flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, for apoptosis study in cells. In addition, new techniques such as superresolution microscopy, multiphoton excitation, and single‐cell−single‐molecule spectroscopy are quickly emerging. This article explores several fluorescence approaches used in apoptosis studies as well as describes the mechanisms and hallmarks of the apoptotic cascade. As apoptosis plays a very important role in both healthy and diseased organism functions, the need to develop and apply sensitive analytical methods continues to be of the utmost importance.
Structure and Physiological Role of Ion Channels Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Corry Ben , Cranfield Charles G. , Martinac Boris 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFluorescence spectroscopy has, over the last two decades, been frequently used for studies of biological cells and their molecular components. In combination with molecular biological methods that allow introduction of fluorescent labelingin vivoandin vitro, fluorescence spectroscopy methods, such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), have made membrane proteins accessible to studies of their molecular structure and dynamics. In this article, we describe a variety of fluorescence spectroscopy techniques and focus on their use in the studies of the physiological role ion channels play, and the conformational rearrangements involved in the gating of ion channels, whose function as gated membrane pores underlies numerous cellular processes essential for the survival of living cells and organisms.