bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradability of extruded polyethylene/chitosan blends compatibilized with polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride under natural weathering
Authors: Rodríguez‐Félix Dora Evelia , Quiroz‐Castillo Jesús Manuel , Grijalva‐Monteverde Heriberto , del Castillo‐Castro Teresa , Burruel‐Ibarra Silvia Elena , Rodríguez‐Félix Francisco , Madera‐Santana Tomás , Cabanillas Rafael Enrique , Herrera‐Franco Pedro Jesús 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe impact of chitosan on the natural weathering behavior of two blends obtained by mixing either polyethylene (PE) with chitosan or PE, chitosan and polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PEgMA) as a compatibilizer is analyzed. In order to follow the weathering behavior of both the uncompatibilized and compatibilized systems, the blend films are exposed to outdoor conditions for 6 months. The weathering behavior of the films is monitored by mechanical tests, spectroscopic Fourier transform infrared, and morphological analyses at different weathering periods of time. The presence of chitosan in the blends accelerates significantly the degradation of the films. Apparently, PEgMA also accelerates the photo‐oxidation rate of the films. This behavior appears to be related to the photo‐oxidative instability of maleic anhydride, and also to the better dispersion of chitosan in the PE matrix, which is due to the interactions in the PE/chitosan interface caused by the addition of the compatibilizer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41045.
Crosslinking effect on polydimethylsiloxane elastic modulus measured by custom‐built compression instrument
Authors: Wang Zhixin , Volinsky Alex A. , Gallant Nathan D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA macroscopic compression test utilizing a simple custom‐built instrument was employed to measure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic modulus. PDMS samples with varying crosslinking density were prepared with the elastomer base to the curing agent ratio ranging from 5 : 1 to 33 : 1. The PDMS network elastic modulus varied linearly with the amount of crosslinker, ranging from 0.57 MPa to 3.7 MPa for the samples tested. PDMS elastic modulus in MPa can be expressed as 20 MPa/PDMS base to curing agent ratio. This article describes a simple method for measuring elastic properties of soft polymeric materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41050.
The Lawless Sea? Policy Options for Voluntary Compliance Regimes in Offshore Resource Zones in the Pacific
Authors: D'Arcy Paul 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPacific open ocean fisheries are classic examples of the tragedy of the commons where a lack of defined ownership results in competitive overexploitation by multiple parties. Such circumstances exist over most Pacific seas beyond site of land due to scarce monitoring resources. Voluntary conservation regimes are not working, as fisheries decline substantially. The Pacific has diverse management regimes and approaches, gaps between recommended principles of management and certain practices, and a need for more comprehensive data on assumptions underlying management regimes, especially marine protected areas. Compliance regimes can be enhanced through greater consultation and incorporation of stakeholders in policy‐making and enforcement, devoting more resources to monitoring and enforcement, and integrating sustainable management regimes with national economic development needs. The focus of ocean policy primarily on fisheries issues needs to be broadened to include consideration of the compatible use of seabed minerals and biota with medicinal benefit.
Quantifying spatial dependencies, trade‐offs and uncertainty in bioenergy costs: an Australian case study (2) – National supply curves
Authors: Brinsmead Thomas S. , Herr Alexander , O'Connell Deborah A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA biophysically constrained economic analysis of several alternative biofuel production pathways develops upper and lower bounds on national supply cost curves, taking into account implicit spatial dependencies and trade‐offs. As well as land (and sea) transport suitable biofuels, we also consider electricity and aviation biofuels. One feedstock (crop residues from grains) and five bioenergy pathways illustrate this approach for Australia. The methods are, however, applicable to any feedstock, bioenergy technology, region, or scale. Biofuel production costs, dependent on the spatial concentration of available feedstock, are derived in a companion paper by selecting a cost minimizing production scale. Lower concentrations imply smaller processing plants and greater collection areas and costs. Any candidate production plant location can have a collection area that approximates the least cost for its average spatial concentration, because feedstock concentration varies only modestly within cost minimizing area scales. A set of plant locations, scales, and near to least‐cost collection areas, is found that collectively service all the available residue feedstock using Australian data. This generates upper and lower bounds on nationally aggregated supply cost curves. The sizing of biofuel facilities will be also affected by investment scale commercial considerations, including the reliability of feedstock and investor appetite for risk: these are discussed qualitatively. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Creation of catalytically active particles from enzymes crosslinked with a natural bifunctional agent—homocysteine thiolactone
Authors: Stroylova Yulia Y. , Semenyuk Pavel I. , Asriyantz Regina A. , Gaillard Cedric , Haertlé Thomas , Muronetz Vladimir I. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe current study describes an approach to creation of catalytically active particles with increased stability from enzymes by N‐homocysteinylation, a naturally presented protein modification. Enzymatic activities and properties of two globular tetrameric enzymes glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied before and after N‐homocysteinylation. Modification of these proteins concerns the accessible lysine residues and introduces an average of 2–2,5 homocysteine residues per protein monomer. Formation of a range of aggregates was observed for both enzymes, which assemble via formation of intermolecular noncovalent bonds and by disulfide bonds. It was demonstrated that both studied enzymes retain their catalytic activities on modification and the subsequent formation of oligomeric forms. At low concentrations of homocysteine thiolactone, modification of GAPDH leads not only to prevention of spontaneous inactivation but also increases thermal stability of this enzyme on heating to 80°C. A moderate reduction of the activity of GAPDH observed in case of its crosslinking with 50‐fold excess of homocysteine thiolactone per lysine is probably caused by hindered substrate diffusion. Spherical particles of 100 nm and larger diameters were observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope techniques after modification of GAPDH with different homocysteine thiolactone concentrations. In case of LDH, branched fibril‐like aggregates were observed under the same conditions. Interestingly, crosslinked samples of both proteins were found to have reversible thermal denaturation profiles, indicating that modification with homocysteine thiolactone stabilizes the spatial structure of these enzymes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 975–984, 2014.
Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing combined compression and anticoagulation with either modality alone for prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery
Authors: Zareba P , Wu C , Agzarian J , Rodriguez D , Kearon C 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality, there is still no consensus on the optimal strategy for VTE prevention after major surgery. The objective of this review was to determine the benefits and risks of thromboprophylaxis with both compression and anticoagulation, compared with either modality alone.

Methods
A systematic review of MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Embase databases was performed to identify eligible randomized trials. The literature search and data extraction were carried out independently by two reviewers. Outcomes of interest were deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, bleeding, limb injury and mortality.

Results
Twenty-five studies were eligible for inclusion. Adding compression to anticoagulation decreased the risk of DVT by 49 per cent (risk ratio (RR) 0·51, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·36 to 0·73). The corresponding funnel plot suggested publication bias and, overall, the evidence for this comparison was judged to be of low quality. Adding anticoagulation to compression decreased the risk of DVT by 44 per cent (RR 0·56, 0·45 to 0·69) while increasing the risk of bleeding (RR 1·74, 1·29 to 2·34). There was no suggestion of publication bias and the evidence for this comparison was judged to be of moderate quality.

Conclusion
Combined compression and anticoagulation is more effective at preventing postoperative DVT than either modality alone. However, adding anticoagulation to compression increases the risk of bleeding, and the evidence that adding compression to anticoagulation reduces VTE risk is of low quality.
Depolymerization of Cellulose and Synthesis of Hexitols from Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Rout Prasant Kumar , Nannaware Ashween Deepak , Prakash Om , Rajasekharan Ram 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSustainable, economic, and industrial growth of any nation is based on an integrative approach in utilizing renewable biomass feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass has come up as the most important candidate for the production of different valuable biochemicals and biofuels. Cellulose isolated from lignocellulosic biomass is exploited for the production of glucose and high‐value hexitols. Innovative catalyst design holds the key to fundamental advances in the transformation of cellulose to high‐value sugars and biochemicals. In this review paper, several heterogeneous catalytic approaches for depolymerization of cellulose and synthesis of hexitols from cellulose have been summarized. In addition, HMF (5‐hydroxymethylfurfural) and LA (levulinic acid) are important biochemicals derived from cellulose. The industrial importance of biochemicals derived from HMF and LA are also highlighted in this article. Therefore, this review is an attempt to provide a brief glimpse of the lignocellulosic biomass refinery‐related efforts, which are currently taking place around the world.
Comorbidities predict worse prognosis in patients with primary myelofibrosis
Authors: Newberry Kate J. , Naqvi Kiran , Nguyen Khanh T. , Cardenas‐Turanzas Marylou , Florencia Tanaka Maria , Pierce Sherry , Verstovsek Srdan 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUNDComorbidities have been shown to play an important role in the prognostic assessment of several hematologic conditions; however, the role of comorbidities in primary myelofibrosis has not been studied. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence and impact of comorbidities in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation‐27 (ACE‐27).METHODSIn this retrospective observational cohort study, a total of 349 consecutive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PMF who presented to the study institution from 2000 to 2008 were evaluated. The authors evaluated the frequency and severity of comorbidities in these patients and assessed their impact on survival in a bivariable model that included the ACE‐27 and Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System scores as covariates.RESULTSApproximately 64% of patients had at least 1 comorbid condition, and diseases of the cardiovascular system (63%) were most common. Comorbidities had a significant negative impact on survival (P < .001). Patients with severe comorbidities had twice the risk of death as those with no comorbidities. When stratified by demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities were found to be significantly associated with worse survival in patients aged < 65 years (P < .001) and those with an ECOG performance status < 1 (P < .001). In a multivariable model that included the ACE‐27 and Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System scores, comorbidities retained a significant association with shorter survival (P ≤ .001).CONCLUSIONSThe assessment of comorbid conditions in patients with PMF, particularly those who are younger and with a good performance status, has important implications for overall prognosis and treatment planning. Cancer 2014;120:2996–3002. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A study on the application of an artificial neural algorithm in the color matching of Taiwanese cultural and creative commodities
Authors: Hsiao Shih‐Wen , Wang Ming‐Feng , Lee Dai‐Jung , Chen Chien‐Wei 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn the recent years, great importance has been shown toward the cultural creativity in Taiwan. Cultural identification and determining how best to apply it to commercial products require investigating and compiling a vast amount of cultural information, along with the individual ideas of designers, to develop new cultural products. During the product development and design process, the color scheme is the final and most important element. It not only represents the first image of the product but also elicits the important first‐sight impression of consumers. Consequently, color ranks first in cultural commodity development. By understanding the Taiwanese culture, as well as assessing, verifying, and internalizing it into the materials that can be used by the designers, this study uses an artificial neural network system and simplifies the collected pictures that are representative of the Taiwanese culture into groups of different matching colors to assist designers in developing cultural commodities with different features and according to different cultural styles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 341–351, 2015
Timing matters: species‐specific interactions between spawning time, substrate quality, and recruitment success in three salmonid species
Authors: Sternecker Katharina , Denic Marco , Geist Juergen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSubstratum quality and oxygen supply to the interstitial zone are crucial for the reproductive success of salmonid fishes. At present, degradation of spawning grounds due to fine sediment deposition and colmation are recognized as main factors for reproductive failure. In addition, changes in water temperatures due to climate change, damming, and cooling water inlets are predicted to reduce hatching success. We tested the hypothesis that the biological effects of habitat degradation depend strongly on the species‐specific spawning seasons and life‐history strategies (e.g., fall‐ vs. spring‐spawners, migratory vs. resident species) and assessed temperature as an important species‐specific factor for hatching success within river substratum. We studied the species‐specific differences in their responses to such disturbances using egg‐to‐fry survival of Danube Salmon (Hucho hucho), resident brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), and migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta lacustris) as biological endpoint. The egg incubation and hatching success of the salmonids and their dependence on temperature and stream substratum quality were compared. Hatching rates of Danube salmon were lower than of brown trout, probably due to higher oxygen demands and increased interstitial respiration in spring. Increases in maximum water temperature reduced hatching rates of resident and migratory brown trout (both fall‐spawners) but were positively correlated with hatching rates of Danube salmon (a spring‐spawner). Significantly longer incubation periods of resident and migratory brown trout coincided with relatively low stream substratum quality at the end of the egg incubation. Danube salmon seem to avoid low oxygen concentrations in the hyporheic zone by faster egg development favored by higher water temperatures. Consequently, the prediction of effects of temperature changes and altered stream substratum properties on gravel‐spawning fishes and biological communities should consider the observed species‐specific variances in life‐history strategies to increase conservation success.
Experimental Study of Transformer Residual Flux and the Method of Restraining Inrush Current
Authors: Hase Yoshihide , Kamesawa Tomoyuki , Inoue Shinji , Yamamura Shunichiro 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYWhenever a power transformer in a no‐load condition is manually tripped, a residual flux appears in the transformer core, which causes an inrush current when the transformer is later re‐energized. However, the true nature of residual fluxes has not yet been experimentally elucidated. The authors interpreted the residual flux as representing the ending states of transient phenomena after tripping, and tested this interpretation experimentally. In the authors' interpretation, a three‐phase balanced transient phenomenon of the voltage, current, and core flux occurs immediately after the transformer is tripped at the time top0, and it continues until time top1. The true nature of the residual flux is the core fluxes , , at top1. Furthermore, these residual fluxes as well as the voltages and currents during the transient interval are practically three‐phase balanced, so that they can be expressed as three‐phase balanced equilateral triangular phasors. The core flux values and waveforms cannot be directly measured but they can be digitally generated as the integrals of the voltage waveform. Thus a test of the residual flux under the above interpretation can be performed indirectly by preparing (1) measured voltage waveforms just after transformer tripping, (2) flux waveforms mathematically generated by voltage integration just after tripping, and (3) measured transient inrush current , , , occurring immediately after the transformer is re‐energized at time θcl, and then comparing these three data as characteristics in the 3‐D coordinates of and of .Verification tests were performed utilizing a simulation test circuit in which large numbers of on–off switching tests of a transformer were conducted. The test results clearly indicated that the inrush current reaches its maximum whenever θcl is in antiphase with θop1 (instead of θop0), and reaches its minimum whenever θcl is in phase with θop1. These test results confirmed the authors' interpretation of the true nature of the transient phenomena and the residual flux after tripping. The test results suggest essential algorithms for inrush current restraining control in order to appropriately restrain inrush current phenomena. Field test results at a 66‐kV wind power station where commercial equipment based on the above described theory and method were in service are also presented.
Oxidative Trifluoromethylthiolation of Terminal Alkynes with AgSCF3: A Convenient Approach to Alkynyl Trifluoromethyl Sulfides
Authors: Zhu Sheng‐Qing , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new method for the efficient synthesis of alkynyl trifluoromethyl sulfides was developed. By combining AgSCF3 and NCS in N,N‐dimethylacetamide, an electrophilic active intermediate was produced, which was then treated with a variety of terminal alkynes to afford the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfenylated products in moderate to excellent yields.
Assessment of the minimum value of photovoltaic electricity in Italy
Authors: Pagliaro Mario , Meneguzzo Francesco , Zabini Federica , Ciriminna Rosaria 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe investigate the value of solar photovoltaic (PV) power in the Italian wholesale electricity market (IPEX). A model is developed and applied to simulate and predict the monthly average electricity prices in peak hours, as well as to simulate scenarios without PV generation. The computed merit‐order effect of the PV generation in Italy, around −2.9 €/MWh per each additional GWh of PV production, as well as the greater −4.5 €/MWh absolute value evaluated under the hypothesis of stationary electricity demand, are in line with the upper values found in related studies of near mature renewable energy markets. A strong relationship of the value of PV electricity in the IPEX with the electricity demand is clearly evident, leading to important policy implications in terms of possible actions on the granted subsidies, electrification of energy end use, and promotion of specific PV technologies. The anomalous temporal behavior of the IPEX, shown by high off‐peak electricity prices that followed the installation of Italy's large PV park, partly offsets the beneficial effect of PV generation.
Cytochrome P450 induction properties of food and herbal‐derived compounds using a novel multiplex RT‐qPCR in vitro assay, a drug–food interaction prediction tool
Authors: Koe Xue Fen , Tengku Muhammad Tengku Sifzizul , Chong Alexander Shu‐Chien , Wahab Habibah Abdul , Tan Mei Lan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA multiplex RT‐qPCR was developed to examine CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 induction properties of compounds from food and herbal sources. The induction of drug metabolizing enzymes is an important pharmacokinetic interaction with unique features in comparison with inhibition of metabolizing enzymes. Cytochrome induction can lead to serious drug–drug or drug–food interactions, especially if the coadministered drug plasma level is critical as it can reduce therapeutic effects and cause complications. Using this optimized multiplex RT‐qPCR, cytochrome induction properties of andrographolide, curcumin, lycopene, bergamottin, and resveratrol were determined. Andrographolide, curcumin, and lycopene produced no significant induction effects on CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. However, bergamottin appeared to be a significant in vitro CYP1A2 inducer starting from 5 to 50 μmol/L with induction ranging from 60 to 100‐fold changes. On the other hand, resveratrol is a weak in vitro CYP1A2 inducer. Examining the cytochrome induction properties of food and herbal compounds help complement CYP inhibition studies and provide labeling and safety caution for such products.
Osseointegration of acellular and cellularized osteoconductive scaffolds: Is tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells necessary for implant fixation?
Authors: García‐Gareta Elena , Hua Jia , Blunn Gordon W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe main issue associated with revision total hip replacements (rTHRs) is how to generate new bone adjacent to implants and achieve fixation of the revision implant. In its simplest form, bone tissue engineering (BTE) combines cells and scaffolds in vitro to replace damaged or lost bone in vivo. Our aim was to develop BTE porous TiAl6V4 constructs with a calcium–phosphate coating without or with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded throughout the entire porous structure to enhance new bone formation and which could be used for rTHRs. Porous titanium scaffolds made by selective laser sintering were seeded throughout with autologous bone marrow MSCs and cultured in a perfusion bioreactor. Constructs were implanted in the medial femoral condyle of 20 skeletally mature mule sheep with and without a gap of 2.5 mm between the construct and the host bone. After 6 weeks, the addition of MSCs to the scaffolds did not significantly increase osseointegration or implant–bone fixation strength. However, in the defects with a gap, the cellularized constructs showed higher implant–bone contact area and implant–bone fixation strength. BTE can be applied to develop acellular or cellularized constructs with clinical application in rTHRs where a lack of bone stock is problematic. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1067–1076, 2015.