bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trait‐mediated indirect interactions in a marine intertidal system as quantified by functional responses
Authors: Alexander Mhairi E. , Dick Jaimie T. A. , O’Connor Nessa E. 
Published: May 2013

Studies of trait‐mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) typically focus on effects higher predators have on per capita consumption by intermediate consumers of a third, basal prey resource. TMIIs are usually evidenced by changes in feeding rates of intermediate consumers and/or differences in densities of this third species. However, understanding and predicting effects of TMIIs on population stability of such basal species requires examination of the type and magnitude of the functional responses exhibited towards them. Here, in a marine intertidal system consisting of a higher‐order fish predator, the shanny Lipophrys pholis, an intermediate predator, the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus, and a basal prey resource, the isopod Jaera nordmanni, we detected TMIIs, demonstrating the importance of habitat complexity in such interactions, by deriving functional responses and exploring consequences for prey population stability. Echinogammarus marinus reacted to fish predator diet cues by reducing activity, a typical anti‐predator response, but did not alter habitat use. Basal prey, Jaera nordmanni, did not respond to fish diet cues with respect to activity, distribution or aggregation behaviour. Echinogammarus marinus exhibited type II functional responses towards J. nordmanni in simple habitat, but type III functional responses in complex habitat. However, while predator cue decreased the magnitude of the type II functional response in simple habitat, it increased the magnitude of the type III functional response in complex habitat. These findings indicate that, in simple habitats, TMIIs may drive down consumption rates within type II responses, however, this interaction may remain de‐stabilising for prey populations. Conversely, in complex habitats, TMIIs may strengthen regulatory influences of intermediate consumers on prey populations, whilst potentially maintaining prey population stability. We thus highlight that TMIIs can have unexpected and complex ramifications throughout communities, but can be unravelled by considering effects on intermediate predator functional response types and magnitudes.SynthesisHigher‐order predators and habitat complexity can influence behaviour of intermediate species, affecting their consumption of prey through trait‐mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs). However, it is not clear how these factors interact to determine prey population stability. Using functional responses (FRs), relating predator consumption to prey density, we detected TMIIs in a marine system. In simple habitats, TMIIs reduced consumption rates, but FRs remained de‐stabilising for prey populations. In complex habitats, TMIIs strengthened prey regulation with population stabilizing FRs. We thus demonstrate that FRs can assess interactions of environmental and biological cues that result in complex and unexpected outcomes for prey populations.
The impact of workplace relationships on engagement, well‐being, commitment and turnover for nurses in Australia and the USA
Authors: Brunetto Yvonne , Xerri Matthew , Shriberg Art , Farr‐Wharton Rod , Shacklock Kate , Newman Stefanie , Dienger Joy 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimsWe examined the impact of workplace relationships (perceived organizational support, supervisor–nurse relationships and teamwork) on the engagement, well‐being, organizational commitment and turnover intentions of nurses working in Australian and USA hospitals.BackgroundIn a global context of nurse shortages, knowledge about factors impacting nurse retention is urgently sought. We postulated, using the Social Exchange Theory, that nurses' turnover intentions would be affected by several factors and especially their relationships at work.DesignBased on the literature review, data were collected via a self‐report survey to test the hypotheses.MethodsA self‐report survey was used to gather data in 2010–2012 from 510 randomly chosen nurses from Australian hospitals and 718 nurses from US hospitals. A multi‐group structural equation modelling analysis identified significant paths and compared the impact between countries.ResultsThe findings indicate that this model was more effective in predicting the correlations between variables for nurses in Australia compared with the USA. Most paths predicted were confirmed for Australia, except for the impact of teamwork on organizational commitment and turnover, plus the impact of engagement on turnover. In contrast, none of the paths related to supervisor–subordinate relationships was significant for the USA; neither were the paths from teamwork to organizational commitment or turnover.ConclusionOur findings suggest that well‐being is a predictor of turnover intentions, meaning that healthcare managers need to consider nurses' well‐being in everyday decision‐making, especially in the cost‐cutting paradigm that pervades healthcare provision in nearly every country. This is important because nurses are in short supply and this situation will continue to worsen, because many countries have an ageing population.
Expression of phospho‐Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II in the pre‐Bötzinger complex of rats
Authors: Kang Jun‐Jun , Wei Xiao‐Yan , Liu Jin‐Ping , Wong‐Riley Margaret T. T. , Ju Gong , Liu Ying‐Ying 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC) in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata is a presumed kernel of respiratory rhythmogenesis. Ca2+‐activated non‐selective cationic current is an essential cellular mechanism for shaping inspiratory drive potentials. Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an ideal ‘interpreter’ of diverse Ca2+ signals, is highly expressed in neurons in mediating various physiological processes. Yet, less is known about CaMKII activity in the pre‐BötC. Using neurokinin‐1 receptor as a marker of the pre‐BötC, we examined phospho (P)‐CaMKII subcellular distribution, and found that P‐CaMKII was extensively expressed in the region. P‐CaMKII‐ir neurons were usually oval, fusiform, or pyramidal in shape. P‐CaMKII immunoreactivity was distributed within somas and dendrites, and specifically in association with the post‐synaptic density. In dendrites, most synapses (93.1%) examined with P‐CaMKII expression were of asymmetric type, occasionally with symmetric type (6.9%), whereas in somas, 38.1% were of symmetric type. P‐CaMKII asymmetric synaptic identification implicates that CaMKII may sense and monitor Ca2+ activity, and phosphorylate post‐synaptic proteins to modulate excitatory synaptic transmission, which may contribute to respiratory modulation and plasticity. In somas, CaMKII acts on both symmetric and asymmetric synapses, mediating excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. P‐CaMKII was also localized to the perisynaptic and extrasynaptic regions in the pre‐BötC.
Nursing Workforce Policy and the Economic Crisis: A Global Overview
Authors: Buchan James , O'May Fiona , Dussault Gilles 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeTo assess the impact of the global financial crisis on the nursing workforce and identify appropriate policy responses.Organizing Construct and MethodsThis article draws from international data sources (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development [OECD] and World Health Organization), from national data sources (nursing regulatory authorities), and the literature to provide a context in which to examine trends in labor market and health spending indicators, nurse employment, and nurse migration patterns.FindingsA variable impact of the crisis at the country level was shown by different changes in unemployment rates and funding of the health sector. Some evidence was obtained of reductions in nurse staffing in a small number of countries. A significant and variable change in the patterns of nurse migration also was observed.ConclusionsThe crisis has had a variable impact; nursing shortages are likely to reappear in some OECD countries. Policy responses will have to take account of the changed economic reality in many countries.Clinical RelevanceThis article highlights key trends and issues for the global nursing workforce; it then identifies policy interventions appropriate to the new economic realities in many OECD countries.
Children's and parents’ perceptions of postoperative pain management: a mixed methods study
Authors: Twycross Alison , Finley G Allen 
Published: May 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore children's and parents' perceptions about the quality of postoperative pain management.BackgroundChildren continue to experience moderate to severe pain postoperatively. Unrelieved pain has short‐ and long‐term undesirable consequences. Thus, it is important to ensure pain is managed effectively. Little research has explored children's and parents' perceptions of pain management.DesignExploratory study.MethodsChildren (n = 8) were interviewed about their perceptions of pain care using the draw‐and‐write technique or a semi‐structured format and asked to rate the worst pain experienced postoperatively on a numerical scale. Parents (n = 10) were asked to complete the Information About Pain questionnaire. Data were collected in 2011.ResultsMost children experienced moderate to severe pain postoperatively. Children reported being asked about their pain, receiving pain medication and using nonpharmacological methods of pain relief. A lack of preoperative preparation was evident for some children. Most parents indicated they had received information on their child's pain management. Generally, participants were satisfied with care.ConclusionParticipants appeared satisfied with the care provided despite experiencing moderate to severe pain. This may be attributable to beliefs that nurses would do everything they could to relieve pain and that some pain is to be expected postsurgery.Relevance to clinical practiceChildren are still experiencing moderate to severe pain postoperatively. Given the possible short‐ and long‐term consequences of unrelieved pain, this is of concern. Knowledge translation models may support the use of evidence in practice, and setting a pain goal with parents and children may help improve care.
Perspectives of health personnel on how to preserve and promote the patients’ dignity in a rehabilitation context
Authors: Caspari Synnøve , Aasgaard Trygve , Lohne Vibeke , Slettebø Åshild , Nåden Dagfinn 
Published: May 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore how healthcare personnel comprehend the term dignity and what they do to attend to, preserve and promote the dignity of patients in the rehabilitation context.BackgroundLiterature reveals that knowledge exists concerning the nature of dignity. Literature is scant on how health personnel think the reasons may be when patients do not maintain their dignity or how caregivers might improve and strengthen their concern in preserving and promoting the patients' dignity in a rehabilitation context.DesignThe study was explorative and descriptive, with content analysis of gathered empirical data.MethodsQualitative focus group interviews with representatives from the staff at three different rehabilitation centres were carried out. Professionals within different occupations were represented at the meeting: nurses, ergonomists, physiotherapists, psychologists, medical doctors, social workers, auxiliary nurses and speech therapists.ResultsDignity is promoted when the patient himself becomes an active agent, when the patient's feelings and thoughts are respected, when the family of the patient is included and listened to, when the patient is free to make critical comment, when members of staff are able to cope with the patient's disabilities and when the aesthetic environment is attended to and enhanced. Dignity is not promoted when health personnel override or dominate patients, when health personnel focus merely on the patient's diagnosis and not the sick person and when health personnel and/or relatives try to impose their own values.ConclusionThe staff working in institutions to rehabilitate patients with head injuries and multiple sclerosis must be aware and sensitive to the importance of maintaining and supporting the patient's dignity and self‐respect.Relevance for clinical practiceThe results from this project confirm the importance of acknowledging the patient's self‐worth as a human being, unconditionally. This might be essential in promoting and preserving the patients' dignity.
Assessing patient capacity to consent to treatment: an integrative review of instruments and tools
Authors: Lamont Scott , Jeon Yun‐Hee , Chiarella Mary 
Published: May 2013

Aims and objectivesTo provide a narrative synthesis of research findings on instruments or tools designed to aid assessment of patient capacity to consent to treatment.BackgroundCapacity assessment is of significant priority within health care as a finding of incapacity is a vehicle for the removal of many of an individual's fundamental rights. Despite there being many instruments and tools available to aid health professionals in the assessment of patient capacity, there are no standardised guidelines from professional bodies that inform the assessment of mental capacity.DesignIntegrative review.MethodPrimary studies of instruments or tools concerning assessment of patient capacity to consent to treatment, published in English in peer‐reviewed journals betweenJanuary 2005–December 2010, were included in the review. Review papers of capacity assessment instruments were included for years including and prior to 2006.ResultsNineteen instruments were found which assess patient capacity to consent. Key themes were identified in terms of capacity domains assessed, psychometric properties, instrument implementation, patient populations studied and instrument versus clinician judgement.ConclusionDespite a plethora of capacity assessment instruments and tools available, only a small number of instruments were found to have demonstrated both reliability and validity. Further research is required to improve the validity of existing capacity assessment instruments.Relevance to clinical practiceIncreased attention to patient rights and autonomy arguably places a considerable burden on healthcare professionals to facilitate capacity assessments across a continuum of health care. Despite a plethora of capacity assessment instruments and tools being available to healthcare professionals, a comprehensive assessment requires time and is often difficult in the acute care setting. A strictly formulaic approach to the assessment of capacity is unlikely to capture specific individual nuances; therefore, capacity assessment instruments should support, but not replace, experienced clinical judgement.
The effect of local dry heat pack application on recovering the bruising associated with the subcutaneous injection of heparin
Authors: Balci Akpinar Reva 
Published: May 2013

Aims and objectivesTo determine the effect of the local dry heat pack application on recovering or alleviating the bruising associated with the subcutaneous injection of heparin.BackgroundIn studies conducted to prevent the bruising associated with the subcutaneous injection of heparin, it is observed that bruising cannot be prevented completely; however, there is a decrease in frequencies and sizes of bruising. There is no study aimed at accelerating the bruising recovery.DesignQuasi‐experimental.MethodsThirty‐three patients, who were treated for heparin and had bruising in the injection site, were included in the study. One of their upper arms with bruising was considered as the experimental arm, and the other upper arm with bruising was considered as the control arm. ‘Local dry heat pack’ application was performed on the bruising area in the experimental arm 72 hours after the heparin injection. As the bruising areas in the other upper arm were considered as the control arm, no application was performed. The sizes of bruising areas were drawn on the transparent film and determined as square centimetre.ResultsThe size of bruising areas was 3·21 ± 3·78 cm² in the experimental arm and 5·22 ± 4·45 cm² in the control arm 120 hours after the injections. The difference between the bruising sizes of the experimental and control arms was statistically significant.ConclusionsIt was observed that ‘local dry heat pack’ application had a positive effect on the recovery of bruising, associated with the subcutaneous injection of heparin.Relevance to clinical practiceThe acceleration of bruising recovery will enable decreasing patients' anxieties, improving their body image and increasing their adherence to therapy.
Factors associated with numbers of remaining teeth among type 2 diabetes: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Huang Jui‐Chu , Peng Yun‐Shing , Fan Jun‐Yu , Jane Sui‐Whi , Tu Liang‐Tse , Chang Chang‐Cheng , Chen Mei‐Yen 
Published: May 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore the factors associated with the numbers of remaining teeth among type 2 diabetes community residents.BackgroundPromoting oral health is an important nursing role for patients with diabetes, especially in disadvantaged areas. However, limited research has been carried out on the relationship between numbers of remaining teeth, diabetes‐related biomarkers and personal oral hygiene among diabetic rural residents.DesignA cross‐sectional, descriptive design with a simple random sample was used.MethodsThis study was part of a longitudinal cohort study of health promotion for preventing diabetic foot among rural community diabetic residents. It was carried out in 18 western coastal and inland districts of Chiayi County in central Taiwan. In total, 703 participants were enrolled in this study.ResultsThe findings indicated that a high percentage of the participants (26%) had no remaining natural teeth. Nearly three quarters (74%) had fewer than 20 natural teeth. After controlling for the potential confounding factors, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the factors determining numbers of remaining teeth were age (p < 0·001), education (p < 0·001), using dental floss (p = 0·003), ankle brachial pressure index (p = 0·028), waist circumference (p = 0·024) and HbA1C (p = 0·033).ConclusionsExcept for some unmodifiable factors, the factors most significantly associated with numbers of remaining teeth were less tooth‐brushing with dental floss, abnormal ankle brachial pressure and poor glycemic control.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study highlights the importance of nursing intervention in oral hygiene for patients with type 2 diabetes. It is necessary to initiate oral health promotion activities when diabetes is first diagnosed, especially for older diabetic residents of rural or coastal areas who are poorly educated.
Fatigue related to radiotherapy for breast and/or gynaecological cancer: a systematic review
Authors: de M Alcântara‐Silva Tereza Raquel , Freitas‐Junior Ruffo , Freitas Nilceana MA , Machado Graziela DP 
Published: May 2013

Aims and objectivesTo assess the profile, evaluation criteria and fatigue treatment.BackgroundFatigue, characterised by tiredness, weakness or lack of energy, involves physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Its aetiology is not well defined and the prevalence ranges from 30–70% in women with breast cancer, reaching up to 80% when they are undergoing radiotherapy. This is one of the most frequent side effects of radiotherapy, and it may interfere with self‐esteem, social activities and quality of life.DesignLiterature systematic review.MethodsA search for studies published from 2000–2010 was carried out in Pubmed, Scielo and Bireme databases, using the descriptors fatigue and radiotherapy and their correlates in Portuguese.ResultsWe selected 12 articles of 1085 found. The number of studies involving breast cancer was higher than those related to gynaecological cancer. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Fatigue was the most used scale specifically for the evaluation of fatigue. Pretreatment fatigue level may be an important risk factor to aggravate it during radiotherapy and decrease the quality of life. Five studies proposed interventions, all of them involving nonpharmacological therapies: cognitive‐behavioural therapy associated with hypnosis, moderate‐intensity physical exercises, stretching programmes, yoga and polarity therapy. The studies showed good results in relation to fatigue, physical and psychological aspects, and quality of life.ConclusionEarly detection of fatigue, using appropriate scales, is relevant to propose suitable treatments and achieve better clinical conditions, adherence and continuity of radiotherapy treatment, aiming to ensure more effective responses.Relevance to clinical practiceFatigue is a frequent symptom in patients undergoing radiotherapy. It may become a factor that limits or prevents the continuity of radiotherapy and therefore should be diagnosed in the initial appointments, so that it can be properly treated.
Applicability ofAFLPFingerprinting Markers to Molecular Discrimination of the Three Main Fungal Species Associated with Grapevine Decline in Spain
Authors: Martín Laura , Sáenz de Miera Luis E. , Martín Maria Teresa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDiplodia seriata,Phaeomoniella chlamydosporaandPhaeoacremonium aleophilumare the three main species associated with grapevine decline in Spain.AFLPmarkers were developed to discriminate Spanish populations of these species. The markers were used to genotype isolates ofD. seriata,P. chlamydosporaandP. aleophilum.AFLPmarkers were valuable in performing population genetic studies as genetic variability (Kx) ranged from 0.07 in theP. chlamydosporapopulation to 0.28 in theD. seriatapopulation. Species‐specific markers obtained using only twoAFLPcombinations clearly discriminateD. seriata,P. chlamydosporaandP. aleophilumand are a useful tool in simultaneous identification tests.
Hepatitis B virus‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma: functional roles of MICA variants
Authors: Tong H. V. , Toan N. L. , Song L. H. , Bock C.‐T. , Kremsner P. G. , Velavan T. P. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryHepatitis B virus infection is a high‐risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The human major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related gene A (MICA) is a ligand of the NKG2D receptor that modulates the NK and T‐cell‐mediated immune responses and is associated with several diseases. This study determined the effects of MICA polymorphisms during HBV infection and HBV‐induced HCC. We conducted a case–controlled study in a Vietnamese cohort and genotyped ten functional MICA polymorphisms including the microsatellite motif in 552 clinically classified hepatitis B virus patients and 418 healthy controls. The serum soluble MICA levels (sMICA) were correlated with MICA variants and liver enzyme levels. We demonstrated a significant contribution of MICA rs2596542G/A promoter variant and nonsynonymous substitutions MICA‐129Met/Val, MICA‐251Gln/Arg, MICA‐175Gly/Ser, triplet repeat polymorphism and respective haplotypes with HBV‐induced HCC and HBV persistence. The circulating sMICA levels in HBV patient groups were elevated significantly compared with healthy controls. A significant contribution of studied MICA variants to sMICA levels was also observed. The liver enzymes alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were positively correlated with sMICA levels suggesting sMICA as a biomarker for liver injury. We conclude that MICA polymorphisms play a crucial role in modulating innate immune responses, tumour surveillance and regulate disease susceptibility during HBV infection.