bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The intonational phonology of Mongolian
Authors: Karlsson Anastasia M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter describes tonal features of Halh Mongolian. Mongolian belongs to edge-prominence languages: Halh speakers either use available boundary tones or insert a tonal boundary for different pragmatic meanings. Most tonal variation occurs utterance finally, while phrasing and focusing are signaled phrase initially at the left edge of prosodic units.
Prosodic structure and focus realization in West Greenlandic
Authors: Arnhold Anja 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces the prosody of West Greenlandic, a language without lexical tones, stress, or pitch accents. Based on different types of data, the chapter discusses the prosodic structure, focusing on the mora, phonological word, and intonation phrase. It also outlines prosodic effects of information structure.
The intonation of Lebanese and Egyptian Arabic
Authors: Chahal Dana , Hellmuth Sam 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter describes aspects of the prosody of Lebanese and Egyptian Arabic, based on the findings of two independent studies (Chahal 2001, Hellmuth 2006b) carried out within the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) framework. Although comparison of the results of the two studies shows similarities between the two varieties (for example, in the inventory and occurrence of phrase accent/boundary tone combinations), the study also reveals significant variation, in respect to size of pitch accent inventory (large vs. small), distribution of pitch accents (relatively more or less sparse), and the realization of focus (availability or not of post-focal de-accentuation). The study thus highlights key areas of potential crosslinguistic variation, whilst also demonstrating crossdialectal variation amongst spoken Arabic dialects.
Typology of intonational phrasing in Japanese dialects
Authors: Igarashi Yosuke 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter forms a typology of intonational phrasing in Japanese dialects. The dialects are classified into four categories by means of two binary parameters: one distinguishes dialects with and without lexical tonal specification, the other distinguishes dialects with and without the Accentual Phrase that can contain more than one word.
Borrowed Words
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This book traces the history of loanwords in English from earliest times to the present day. The first two chapters outline the research methodology and framework, and introduce several key datasets that are referred to throughout the book: the full wordlist of the Oxford English Dictionary; the 1,000 most frequent words in a corpus of contemporary English; and the English words that provide the closest fit with a large list of basic meanings. The next three chapters look at the historical and cultural background up to the Norman Conquest, the methodology of comparative linguistics and the identification of families of related languages, the ways in which loanwords from the remote past are identified, and, finally, why there are relatively few English loanwords from the Celtic languages of the British Isles. The following three groups of chapters form the heart of the historical discussion in the book, looking in detail at loanwords from Latin found in Old English; loanwords resulting from Scandinavian contact and settlement; and loanwords that reflect multilingual contacts between French, Latin, and English in later medieval England. The final part of the book looks in detail at loanwords from Latin and French from 1500 to the present, including the role of loanwords in the history of written English and in the formation of specialist technical and scientific vocabularies; the contribution from other major donor languages, both within Europe and beyond (including Arabic, Hebrew, languages of South Asia, Malay, Chinese, Maori, and Japanese); and, finally, it assesses the deep transformations in all layers of the vocabulary of English that have resulted from the integration of loanwords from different sources.
Historical and cultural background to c.1150
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Studying loanwords is impossible without paying some attention to external, non-linguistic history as well as to purely internal linguistic factors. This chapter highlights some of the most important historical factors relevant to the early history of loanwords in English. The pre-history of the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain is considered, with an examination of contacts between the Germani and other peoples, including the Romans and Celts, in continental Europe. The social, cultural, and linguistic situation in Celtic and Roman Britain is considered, as well as the likely impacts of the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The conversion to Christianity is considered, as well as the successive impacts of Scandinavian raids and settlement. Finally, the changes brought about by the Norman Conquest are assessed.
Old English in contact with Celtic
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A survey is given of the (small) number of generally accepted Celtic loanwords in Old English. The evidence for distinct inputs from different Celtic languages is considered briefly. The evidence for Celtic input in Old English personal names and in English place names is also summarized. In order to provide further context for the limited number of loanwords found in Old English, the Celtic loanwords found in French are compared and contrasted. The so-called Celtic hypothesis, that there may have been considerable substratal structural influence from Celtic on English, is summarized, and the reasons why this is not necessarily incompatible with a small number of loanwords are investigated. Finally, a brief survey is given of loanwords from Celtic languages in the later history of English.
An overview of Latin loanwords in Old English
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Estimates of the number of Latin loanwords found in Old English are reviewed and the main difficulties in reaching a definitive total are explained. The timespan of Latin loanwords in Old English is outlined, as are the difficulties that surround attempts to date particular borrowings. Various schemes of periodization are reviewed. An annotated list is provided of early borrowings, as well as a selection of the most significant later borrowings, subdivided into semantic categories. This set of words serves as the basis for further discussion in chapters 7 and 8.
Interrogating the data from chapter 6
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Cases of difficult or uncertain etymologies are briefly reviewed. Words that may show either direct borrowing or derivation from other borrowings within English are discussed and exemplified. The influence of loanwords on the lexicon of Old English is investigated from a number of perspectives. Firstly, the question of survival into modern English is examined, especially for the light it casts on the degree of integration of words into the Old English lexicon. Secondly, questions of word frequency and distribution in different surviving texts are investigated. Thirdly, the extent to which loanwords can realize basic meanings in Old English is assessed. Finally, the relatively few borrowed verbs are looked at in some detail.
Example passages from English and multilingual texts
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A series of extracts from Middle English texts of different dates and types is presented, with commentary on all of the loanwords (from French, Latin, or early Scandinavian) found in each passage. The extracts are drawn from the Final Continuation of the Peterborough Chronicle; the Ormulum; the Ancrene Wisse; John Trevisa’s translation of Ranulf Higden’s Polychronicon; and Caxton’s Prologue to The Boke of Eneydos. This is complemented by a more discursive consideration of some passages from multilingual texts and texts not in English, drawing attention to the questions they raise about some of the likely mechanisms by which words entered English, as well about how far individuals distinguished between the vocabularies of each language in a situation of functional language switching. The chapter is followed by a brief summary of the main conclusions from chapters 11, 12, and 13.
Borrowing from Latin and French after 1500
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The background to lexical borrowing in English from Latin and French after 1500 is established in a survey of some of the key developments in language use and in the development of English as a written language. The expanding functions of English are examined, as are changes in relationships between writing in English, Latin, and French, and stylistic developments in the written English. In this context, the data on numbers of borrowings from each language given in chapter 1 is looked at afresh. The effect that changing attitudes towards loanwords in this period had on patterns of borrowing is also assessed. Differentiation in form between French and Latinate strata in the lexicon is examined, as shown by morphological differentiation between Latin and French borrowings, and respelling or remodelling of earlier borrowings. The role of affixes of Latin and French origin in English word formation is assessed. The development of some French and Latin loanwords within English over a long historical period is evaluated, by looking at continuing semantic borrowing, and increasing word frequency in English. Finally, the particular patterns of formation using Latin and Greek elements that developed in scientific and technical language are assessed.
General conclusions and pointers for further investigation
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This short concluding chapter summarizes the main narrative and conclusions of the book. It looks at the core methodologies introduced in chapter 1 and how they have been applied in subsequent chapters, and summarizes the differing contributions from each of the major donor languages, and the relevant linguistic, social, and cultural factors. It also looks at ways in which research can be carried further forward and points towards a companion website giving some suggestions for individual readers wanting to investigate topics discussed in this book further by close engagement with empirical data.
Space groups
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Space groups in one, two and three dimensions are studied, with copious illustrations, including stereoscopic views. Limiting conditions on X-ray reflection from crystals are introduced first geometrical considerations. Examples of plane groups and space groups in all crystal systems are examined. The representation of symmetry operations by matrices is extended to space groups, and black-white and colour symmetry are introduced with examples and practical illustrations. The International Tables for Crystallography are indicated as definitive works on crystal symmetry.
Disrupting Diaspora: Policing Terrorist Organizations
Authors: Sentas Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores how laws banning non-state armed actors as ‘terrorist organisations’ produce diaspora communities as suspect populations. Terrorist designation has serious consequences for many diasporas who fled conflicts yet remain connected to them. Understanding proscription as a police power, explains its effects on Kurdish and Tamil diasporas. Security police rely on new offences to manage assertions of collective identity and are significant forces in neutralizing political claims. The chapter explains how diasporas' identity claims to conflicts over territory are racialised as familial and made suspect through the spectre of ‘fronts’ hidden within multiculturalism. The counter-terrorism offences arising from this regime pay particular attention to diverse forms of diasporic affiliation and affect. Both open-ended legal categories and discretionary police agency practices criminalise ethno-political agency by recognising and targeting heterogeneity. Both the intention and effect is to flatten and depoliticise ethnic identity as a precondition of liberal multicultural inclusion.
Shariʿa and Social Engineering
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This book presents a richly-textured critical examination of the day-to-day workings of one of the contemporary world’s most complex experiments with the state implementation of Islamic law in the context of massive post-disaster/post-conflict projects for social reconstruction. It argues for new attention to be paid to the ways in which contemporary projects for the implementation of Islamic law are future-oriented, and thus argues for revising widely-held views that characterize contemporary calls for the Shariʿa as either utopian attempts to return to a past ‘golden age’ of Islam, or as manifestations of identity politics in an age of globalization. Drawing on archival materials and ethnographic data, it examines the ways in which Muslim academics and Indonesian state officials in Aceh have conceived of state implementation of Islamic law as a project of social engineering. The emphasis is on the ways in which the ideals and institutions of advocates of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh are configured in relation to a range of non-Muslim modernist projects to employ law as a tool of social engineering. In doing so, this work demonstrates the links between a local project for the formal implementation of Islamic law and broader configurations of law, moral authority, and state power in the modern global order.
Reconfigurations of Religious Education and Authority
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which understandings of Islam central to the development of Aceh’s contemporary Shariʿa system were developed and transmitted through Islamic educational institutions in Aceh. After tracing the outlines of major developments in both Traditionalist and Modernist-style schools in twentieth-century Aceh, it focuses on the pivotal role of the Banda Aceh campus of the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) in the contemporary Islamic legal system. Particular attention is devoted here to educational institutions in Aceh and their role in the development and dissemination of specific models for thinking about Islam, law and society in Aceh in ways that highlight conjunctures of institutional and ideological innovations that inform both the substantive content and the institutional architecture of the contemporary Islamic legal system.
Institutionalizing the Ulama
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes by which Aceh’s ulama have been organized by the Indonesian state both as a means of social control in a politically troubled region, and as an instrument for the promotion of particular governmental policies of ‘development’. It also addresses the extent to which the ulama have attempted to use this institutional foundation and its resources to advance their own agendas for social change. These discussions begin by tracing the evolving dynamics of Islamic leadership in Aceh during the mid twentieth-century ‘Darul Islam’ insurrection, and subsequent attempts by the Indonesian central government to engage with local Islamic scholars at various times to support the integration of Aceh into the Indonesian state. It then examines the current work of Aceh’s official Ulama Council with a particular focus on the role it has played in public debates over the perceived threat posed by ‘deviant teachings’ (I. ajaran sesat).
State-directed Daʿwa and the Shariʿa Bureaucracy
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the establishment of a new governmental body created at the turn of the twenty-first century and tasked with the job of coordinating the work of the other state institutions involved with the implementation of Islamic law in Aceh. After an overview of the structure and operations of the State Shariʿa Agency (Dinas Syariat Islam/DSI), it presents a critical examination of the underlying vision of Islamic law that animates the enterprise. The discussion of the ways in which these ideals are promoted by the DSI highlights the further shift toward instrumentalist visions of Islamic law and its deployment for state-directed projects of social engineering as a coordinated effort at public education supported by the various institutions of the contemporary Islamic legal system.
Sanctions and Socialization
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter treats the mechanisms for the monitoring and enforcement of Shariʿa norms in contemporary Aceh with a focus on the institution known locally as the ‘Shariʿa Police’ (Wilayatul Hisbah/WH). This examination of the work and the experience of WH officers calls particular attention to the fundamental importance of conceptions of public pedagogy at work in this new institution for the enforcement of Islamic law, and its intended contribution to the project of social engineering. Based upon interviews with male and female WH officers, this chapter engages narratives of their own motivations in the job and experiences of their work in the field, as well as their relations to other government bodies and vigilante groups. These rarely heard perspectives serve to set the stage for the concluding section of the chapter, which presents a window into the heated public debates over the WH and its work in contemporary Aceh.
Shariʿa and Social Engineering
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This final chapter builds on the empirical data presented in the chapters that precede it to develop a more sustained discussion of the idea of Shariʿa as a tool of social engineering in contemporary Aceh. In doing so it traces the various lines of influence that have shaped this forward-oriented, instrumentalist vision of Islamic law in society — including strains of twentieth-century American sociological jurisprudence, daʿwa-inspired Islamic activism, Indonesian state developmentalist ideology, and the international reconstruction and development rhetoric of ‘building back better’. These and other diverse elements have come together in unexpected and powerful ways to shape the discourse and practice of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh in the post-disaster/post-conflict period.
Loyalty in the EU Treaties
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the origins of Union loyalty since the European Coal and Steel Community. It deals with specifications of loyalty in the Treaties that provide a ‘taste’ of its various functions in EU law, such as being the basis for mutual recognition. It explains how loyalty is relevant in all constellations under Union law, most commonly binding the Member States, but also applying in the reverse vertical relationship such as with preliminary rulings, horizontally between the Member States, and between the Union institutions in the shape of institutional balance. The Chapter discusses whether loyalty can also apply in areas of Member State competences, and to what extent it affects purely political matters and the cooperation of the Member States outside the framework of Union law or the Union institutions. This Chapter also deals with the relation between loyalty and the duty to respect national identities.
A Primer on the Structure of Union Law
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 4 deals with the question of the unity of the Union legal order and the Member State legal orders on the one hand, and with the unity of Union law on the other. It firstly discusses the effects of Union law within national law, showing that monism and dualism remain the ubiquitous legal theories for conceptualizing this relationship, which underpin also more recent and seemingly distinct concepts proposed in the literature. The usefulness of such alternative concepts is questioned by exploring the anticipatory effects of Union directives before the expiry of the transposition deadline. This Chapter moreover discusses whether Union loyalty has the same effect in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, building on the discussion in Chapter 2 on the predominance of solidarity in this policy area.
Supremacy, Pre-emption, and the Union Interest
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses abstention duties for Member States that result from the adoption of a legislative act by the Union, or that flow from Union acts that have not become a formal act of secondary law or have not yet led to the conclusion of an international agreement. The nature of substantive supremacy and procedural supremacy and their limitations in providing the rationale for these duties, such as the ERTA effect and the ILO principle, are explored. The Chapter probes whether pre-emption should be considered a distinct legal concept of EU law in this context, and whether the Union interest does not provide a better rationale for such duties.
Effectiveness, Judicial Protection, and Loyalty
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 6 starts by discussing the role of the principle of effectiveness as a means to ensure the effective judicial protection of Union citizens in exercising rights provided in Union law instruments such as directives. It is shown that, similar to supremacy, effectiveness can lead either to the disapplication of national (procedural) law (exclusionary effect), or to the introduction of new rules to the realm of national law (creationist effect). This Chapter also explores the shared ancestry of the principle of state liability with the case law on the binding force of national decisions. Against this background, more recent case law is analysed, which is increasingly blurring the border between supremacy, direct effect, and indirect effect, both with regard to secondary law as well as international agreements concluded by the Union.
Jus Post Bellum as a Partly Independent Legal Framework
Authors: Fleck Dieter 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines jus post bellum as a legal discipline focusing on civilian and military assistance in performing regime change, robust law enforcement operations post-conflict, and international territorial administration. Reviewing differences that exist between jus post bellum and other branches of international law, as to their contents, purpose, and enforcement, the chapter explores in which branch similar, albeit different, rules have been created, in what sense jus post bellum rules might surpass the boundaries of other legal branches, and whether its rules may be influenced by those of other branches including jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Requirements for further regulation of jus post bellum are explored with this background. Finally, it is discussed in what sense jus post bellum rules are temporary in nature or lasting parts of a new legal order, and to what extent they inform the domestic law of the state concerned.
Contrasting the Normative and Historical Foundations of Transitional Justice and Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Iverson Jens 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter contrasts Transitional Justice and jus post bellum in order to create a clearer definition and understanding of each. The terms are evaluated not as essentialist truths but as terms that have evolved and will continue to change. The chapter begins with a review of Hersch Lauterpacht’s concept of the Grotian Tradition, and how it relates to Transitional Justice and jus post bellum. Jus post bellum and Transitional Justice are then contrasted and analyzed with respect to their varied legal or political emphases, their content, their geographical scope, their contrasting historical foundations, and their current usage. The chapter seeks to clarify where the extensive literature and experience regarding Transitional Justice is more or less likely to be helpful to those interested in jus post bellum. Additionally, the author hopes that the concept of jus post bellum may help those interested in Transitional Justice to refocus and strengthen their field.