bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and inter-annual lipid dynamics of spiny cheek grouper (Epinephelus diacanthus) in the southern coast of India
Authors: Chakraborty Kajal , Joseph Deepu , Chakkalakal Selsa Jose 
Published: June 2014

The muscle lipid, fatty acids and total cholesterol profiles of the spiny cheek grouper,Epinephelus diacanthus, collected from south-west (Arabian Sea) and south-east coasts (Bay of Bengal) of India were evaluated over four years (2008–2011) with regard to three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). Fatty acids were correlated with chlorophyll-aconcentration and sea surface temperature. Lipid content, total polyunsaturated, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids of the samples from the south-west coast showed positive correlation with chlorophyll-aconcentration during the monsoon (r2 = 0.93, 0.97, 0.97 and 0.99, respectively). Higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio (>1.0) and low atherogenic (<1.2), thrombogenicity (≤0.6) indices make the groupers collected from the coast of the Arabian Sea a valued candidate species for human nutrition. High levels ofn-3 fatty acids (>19% during post-monsoon), important in the human diet for their platelet anti-aggregating and blood pressure-reducing properties, for groupers collected from the south-west coast, with highern-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio (>5.1) proved this species from the coast of the Arabian Sea to be a desirable item in the human diet.
What is a reindeer? Indigenous perspectives from northeast Siberia
Authors: Vitebsky Piers , Alekseyev Anatoly 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is the mainstay of most of the indigenous cultures and economies of the Eurasian north. Yet much of the literature ignores indigenous perspectives in favour of ecological perspectives based on a resource-oriented model. While acknowledging the role of scientific writing on reindeer, here we explore the meaning of reindeer economies that are also reindeer cultures. We show how reindeer can be endowed with a personhood which parallels that of humans, leading to a working partnership which encompasses both ecological and spiritual dimensions. Even when reindeer herders qualify in veterinary science, this does not wipe out their indigenous understanding of the nature of the reindeer. We relate this to the physical, social and moral demands of life in the taiga.
Christian Political Economics, Richard Whately and Irish Poor Law Theory
Authors: MCGAURAN JOHN-PAUL , OFFER JOHN 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Irish poor law debate of the 1830s has largely been overlooked, but is a substantial source in understanding the impact of social theory concerning ‘virtue’ on social policy making in the early nineteenth century and on into the present time. The Chair of the Royal Commission for Inquiring into the Condition of the Poorer Classes in Ireland (1833–36) was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, Richard Whately, a leading figure in intellectual endeavour in the first half of the nineteenth century. Although his contributions to theology, economics and education have been reassessed, his central role in poor law thought is not well understood. This article examines the key tenets of his social theory and reassesses their impact on the Irish poor law debate. Whately was an Oxford Noetic (Greek for ‘reasoners’) committed to merging the study of natural theology and political economy in order to encourage ever greater levels of virtue on individual and societal levels. He believed that individual and social lives were designed to advance through the reciprocal exchange of labour, goods and ideas in a free and open market economy. Ireland in the 1830s presented the ideal opportunity for Whately to express his theory of moral growth and social advance in terms of poor law policy, directed towards modifying circumstances to make possible the development of individual abilities while avoiding measures which would encourage vice or discourage virtue.
The cultural evolution of emergent group-level traits
Authors: Smaldino Paul E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMany of the most important properties of human groups – including properties that may give one group an evolutionary advantage over another – are properly defined only at the level of group organization. Yet at present, most work on the evolution of culture has focused solely on the transmission of individual-level traits. I propose a conceptual extension of the theory of cultural evolution, particularly related to the evolutionary competition between cultural groups. The key concept in this extension is the emergent group-level trait. This type of trait is characterized by the structured organization of differentiated individuals and constitutes a unit of selection that is qualitatively different from selection on groups as defined by traditional multilevel selection (MLS) theory. As a corollary, I argue that the traditional focus on cooperation as the defining feature of human societies has missed an essential feature of cooperative groups. Traditional models of cooperation assume that interacting with one cooperator is equivalent to interacting with any other. However, human groups involve differential roles, meaning that receiving aid from one individual is often preferred to receiving aid from another. In this target article, I discuss the emergence and evolution of group-level traits and the implications for the theory of cultural evolution, including ramifications for the evolution of human cooperation, technology, and cultural institutions, and for the equivalency of multilevel selection and inclusive fitness approaches.
The negativity bias: Conceptualization, quantification, and individual differences
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Cacioppo Stephanie , Gollan Jackie K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThere is an extensive literature on the negativity bias, including its conceptualization, measurement, temporal stability (individual differences), and neural and genetic associations. Hibbing et al. posit that the difference across individuals in the negativity bias is a key factor in determining political predisposition. The measures and paradigms developed in this literature provide a means of testing this hypothesis.
Conservatives, liberals, and “the negative”
Authors: Charney Evan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe authors connect conservatism with aversion to negativity via the tendentious use of the language of threats to characterize conservatism, but not liberalism. Their reliance upon an objective conception of the negative ignores the fact that much of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives is over whether or not one and the same state of affairs is negative or positive.
Context, engagement, and the (multiple) functions of negativity bias
Authors: Federico Christopher M. , Johnston Christopher D. , Lavine Howard G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHibbing and colleagues argue that political attitudes may be rooted in individual differences in negativity bias. Here, we highlight the complex, conditional nature of the relationship between negativity bias and ideology by arguing that the political impact of negativity bias should vary as a function of (1) issue domain and (2) political engagement.
Is it impolite to discuss cognitive differences between liberals and conservatives?
Authors: Hodson Gordon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHibbing and colleagues argue convincingly that liberals and conservatives differ in reactivity to (negative) stimuli. Yet their analysis sidesteps evidence that cognitive ability differs as a function of ideology. Cognitive abilities, like cognitive preferences (e.g., structure needs), shape whether stimuli are psychologically threatening (prompting avoidance) or offer opportunity (prompting approach). Incorporation of these findings is critical despite any socially “delicate” implications.
Negativity bias, emotion targets, and emotion systems
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHibbing et al.'s article isolates a plausible psychological factor contributing to differences in political orientation. However, there are two potential difficulties. Both the nature of negativity and the liberal–conservative opposition are ambiguous. A possible way of treating these problems enhances the theoretical framework through fuller reference to emotion systems and categories of triggers for those systems.
The “chicken-and-egg” problem in political neuroscience
Authors: Jost John T. , Noorbaloochi Sharareh , Van Bavel Jay J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA comprehensive review by Hibbing et al. establishes close links between physiological and psychological responses and ideological preferences. However, existing research cannot resolve the “chicken-and-egg problem” in political neuroscience: Which is cause and which is effect? We consider the possibility, which they reject, that general ideological postures, if consistently adopted, could shape psychological and physiological functioning.
How encompassing is the effect of negativity bias on political conservatism?
Authors: Malka Ariel , Soto Christopher J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe argue that the political effects of negativity bias are narrower than Hibbing et al. suggest. Negativity bias reliably predicts social, but not economic, conservatism, and its political effects often vary across levels of political engagement. Thus the role of negativity bias in broad ideological conflict depends on the strategic packaging of economic and social attitudes by political elites.
The importance of adult life-span perspective in explaining variations in political ideology
Authors: Sedek Grzegorz , Kossowska Malgorzata , Rydzewska Klara 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAs a comment on Hibbing et al.'s paper, we discuss the evolution of political and social views from more liberal to more conservative over the span of adulthood. We show that Hibbing et al.'s theoretical model creates a false prediction from this developmental perspective, as increased conservatism in the adult life-span trajectory is accompanied by the avoidance of negative bias.
Confounding valence and arousal: What really underlies political orientation?
Authors: Tritt Shona M. , Inzlicht Michael , Peterson Jordan B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe negative valence model of political orientation proposed by Hibbing et al. is comprehensive and thought-provoking. We agree that there is compelling research linking threat to conservative political beliefs. However, we propose that further research is needed before it can be concluded that negative valence, rather than arousal more generally, underlies the psychological motivations to endorse conservative political belief.
Facial expression judgments support a socio-relational model, rather than a negativity bias model of political psychology
Authors: Vigil Jacob M. , Strenth Chance 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSelf-reported opinions and judgments may be more rooted in expressive biases than in cognitive processing biases, and ultimately operate within a broader behavioral style for advertising the capacity – versus the trustworthiness – dimension of human reciprocity potential. Our analyses of facial expression judgments of likely voters are consistent with this thesis, and directly contradict one major prediction from the authors' “negativity-bias” model.
Maintenance of cultural diversity: Social roles, social networks, and cognitive networks
Authors: Abrams Marshall 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSmaldino suggests that patterns that give rise to group-level cultural traits can also increase individual-level cultural diversity. I distinguish social roles and related social network structures and discuss ways in which each might maintain diversity. I suggest that cognitive analogs of “cohesion,” a property of networks that helps maintenance of diversity, might mediate the effects of social roles on diversity.
Feedback, group-level processes, and systems approaches in human evolution
Authors: Fuentes Agustin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn explicit role for emergent group-level traits, social role diversification, and coordination makes good sense when thinking about human evolution. To most effectively understand these and other facets, we need to move toward an integrative model that assumes niche construction and encompasses positive feedback systems at individual, subgroup and larger group levels, demographic processes, and local ecologies.
What is a group? Conceptual clarity can help integrate evolutionary and social scientific research on cooperation
Authors: Gerkey Drew , Cronk Lee 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSmaldino argues that evolutionary theories of social behavior do not adequately explain the emergence of group-level traits, including differentiation of roles and organized interactions among individuals. We find Smaldino's account to be commendable but incomplete. Our commentary focuses on a simple question that has not been adequately addressed: What is a group?
Reinventing the wheel on structuring groups, with an inadequate psychology
Authors: MacDonald Kevin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe idea that structured organization of differentiated individuals influences group behavior is not new to evolutionary approaches. An adequate theory of groups needs to incorporate explicit processing, which is central to means-end reasoning involved in leadership and to the construction of ideologies that rationalize group structure. Explicit processing is also central to knowledge of others' reputations, thus enabling altruistic cooperation.
Interdisciplinary benefits of a theory of cultural evolution centered at the group-level: The emergence of macro-neuroeconomics and social evolutionary game theory
Authors: Mattei Tobias A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe theoretical concepts developed in the target article, in which the author proposes a new paradigm of cultural evolution based not on the individuals' characteristics, but rather on more global collective properties described as “group-traits” (which emerge when a group of individuals exhibit both differentiation and organization), may have a broader scientific impact that transcend the boundaries of social and evolutionary psychology, paving the way for the emergence of macro-neuroeconomics and social evolutionary game theory.
Explaining group-level traits requires distinguishing process from product
Authors: Panchanathan Karthik , Mathew Sarah , Perreault Charles 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSmaldino is right to argue that we need a richer theory of group-level traits. He is wrong, however, in limiting group-level traits to units of cultural selection, which require explanations based on group selection. Traits are best understood when explanations focus on both process (i.e., selection) and product (i.e., adaptation). This approach can distinguish group-level traits that arise through within-group processes from those that arise through between-group processes.
Group-level traits are not units of selection
Authors: Santana Carlos , Weisberg Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe argue that Smaldino has not established that group-level traits constitute a unit of selection distinct from selection on individuals, as group-level traits are neither replicators nor interactors. Moreover, we argue that Wimsatt's analysis of emergence and aggregativity supports an understanding of group-level and other emergent traits as explanatorily reducible to the individual level.
Language as an emergent group-level trait
Authors: Shuai Lan , Gong Tao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFollowing Smaldino's definition, we claim that language is also an emergent group-level trait, and propose two facets (human groups tend to organize in a way to efficiently trigger language and linguistic interactions can render formation of certain social organization) to verify this statement, both of which also provide a general framework to address the future work about group-level traits.
Groups as units of functional analysis, individuals as proximate mechanisms
Authors: Wilson David Sloan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhenever selection operates at a given level of a multitier hierarchy, units at that level should become the object of functional analysis, and units at lower levels should be studied as proximate mechanisms. This intuition already exists for the study of genes in individuals, when individuals are the unit of selection. It is only beginning to be applied for the study of individuals in groups, when groups are the unit of selection. Smaldino's target article is an important step in this direction with an emphasis on human cultural evolution, but the same algorithm applies to all multilevel evolutionary processes.
Pneumatically powered robotic exercise device to induce a specific force profile in target lower extremity muscles
Authors: Henderson Gregory C. , Ueda Jun 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYThe goal of this research is to establish a methodology to actively control a pneumatically driven robotic device that can induce specific muscle force patterns in target muscles during a subject's voluntary movement. In this paper, the generation of constant forces in the rectus femoris muscle throughout the knee extension, i.e., isotonic contractions, was studied. Due to a highly nonlinear nature of mapping the joint torque to muscle force, a simple application of constant torques to the knee joint would not realize isotonic contractions. The proposed robotic exercise accounted for nonlinear moment arms of muscles as functions of joint angles and nonlinear coordination of multiple muscles in the neuromuscular system to accomplish individual muscle control. A pneumatically powered one degree-of-freedom device that can impose active force feedback control has been designed and built. An exercise-planning algorithm has been developed that involved a musculoskeletal model of the lower body, and the dynamics of a pneumatic actuator. Five constant force profiles were tested for 20 healthy volunteers and electromyographic signals were collected while the device was applying calculated force profiles.
Sensitive periods for the effect of peer victimization on self-cognition: Moderation by age and gender
Authors: Roeder Kathryn M. , Cole David A. , Sinclair Keneisha R. , Dukewich Tammy L. , Preacher Kristopher J. , Felton Julia W. , Jacky Amy , Tilghman-Osborne Carlos 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe link between the experience of peer victimization (PV) and future psychological maladjustment has been consistently documented; however, little is known about intermediary cognitive processes that underlie this relation or how these processes vary across childhood. The present study examined the prospective relations between physical and relational PV and the development of negative and positive automatic thoughts and self-cognitions. Self-reports of cognitions and peer nomination measures of victimization were obtained from 1,242 children and young adolescents (Grades 3 through 6) in a two-wave longitudinal study. The results revealed that PV predicted significant increases in negative views of the self, world, and future and decreases in self-perceived competence for girls under 11 years of age, with the effect being stronger for younger girls. PV was not significantly associated with changes in positive or negative self-cognitions for older girls or for boys of any age. These findings support the hypothesis that PV may be linked to future psychopathology through its influence on self-cognitions, but only for girls.
Understanding consumer choices for Ontario produce
Authors: Dukeshire Steven , Masakure Oliver , Mendoza Julio , Holmes Bev , Murray Nathan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractResearch has demonstrated growing public interest in local food and that this interest is driven by a number of factors including supporting local farmers, reducing the distance food travels, sustaining the environment, and food safety and quality. However, there has been very little research relating factors to actual purchase behavior. This study begins to fill that gap by relating consumer beliefs and values toward local foods with activities that support local foods as well as the actual purchase behavior for 22 fresh produce items. Data were collected through an Ontario-wide, web-based survey that is part of a longitudinal panel regarding food issues. Results from 1879 completed surveys indicated consumers had positive perceptions of local food and felt responsible for buying local, but also experienced barriers when trying to do so. Positive perceptions toward local food and a greater sense of personal responsibility to buy local were positively associated and higher barriers negatively associated with the likelihood of engaging in activities related to supporting local food as well as buying fresh produce items that were produced in Ontario. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context that consumers seem to have an overall orientation or schema to buying local in general, rather than a highly specific schema directed to one or a few particular products.
InAs‐based heterostructure field‐effect transistor using AlAs0.16Sb0.84 double barriers
Authors: Lin Yue‐Min , Lin Kun‐Ping , Lee Ting‐Chi , Li Meng‐Ying , Lee Chien‐Ping 
Published: June 2014

An InAs‐channel heterostructure field‐effect transistor on GaAs substrates is presented. The conduction channel was formed by the InAs/AlAs0.16Sb0.84/AlSb quantum well. With the addition of the AlAs0.16Sb0.84 layer, holes that are generated by impact ionisation at high voltages are effectively confined in the InAs channel because of the large ΔEv in this type‐I heterostructure. By suppressing the hole injection into and accumulation in the buffer layer, the feedback through the back gate is eliminated and excellent output characteristics were obtained. The fabricated devices had a threshold voltage of about −0.6 V with a channel mobility of 18 100 cm2/V‐s and a sheet carrier density of 1.2 × 1012 cm−2.
Major mouse placental compartments revealed by diffusion-weighted MRI, contrast-enhanced MRI, and fluorescence imaging
Authors: Solomon Eddy , Avni Reut , Hadas Ron , Raz Tal , Garbow Joel Richard , Bendel Peter , Frydman Lucio , Neeman Michal 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Fluid motion measurements can provide valuable insight regarding the structure and function of developing placentas. This study presents to our knowledge the first MRI characterization of multicompartmental diffusion and incoherent flow in pregnant mice at different gestation stages, made possible by methods herein introduced for the single-scan acquisition of diffusion-encoded images in the challenging environment associated with in vivo embryonic studies. These methods were combined with a customized contrast agent to reveal a freely diffusive maternal blood pool, a strongly perfused fetal blood flow, and an intermediate behavior for the trophoblastic labyrinth cell layer. Structural features associated with these dynamics were corroborated with ex vivo fluorescence microscopy and are discussed within the context of the anatomical structure of developing mouse placentas.
Duration of urination does not change with body size
Authors: Yang Patricia J. , Pham Jonathan , Choo Jerome , Hu David L. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Animals eject fluids for waste elimination, communication, and defense from predators. These diverse systems all rely on the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics, which we use to predict urination duration across a wide range of mammals. In this study, we report a mathematical model that clarifies misconceptions in urology and unifies the results from 41 independent urological and anatomical studies. The theoretical framework presented may be extended to study fluid ejection from animals, a universal phenomenon that has received little attention.