bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice Volume and Subglacial Topography for Western Canadian Glaciers from Mass Balance Fields, Thinning Rates, and a Bed Stress Model
Authors: Clarke Garry K. C. , Anslow Faron S. , Jarosch Alexander H. , Radić Valentina , Menounos Brian , Bolch Tobias , Berthier Etienne 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A method is described to estimate the thickness of glacier ice using information derived from the measured ice extent, surface topography, surface mass balance, and rate of thinning or thickening of the ice column. Shear stress beneath an ice column is assumed to be simply related to ice thickness and surface slope, as for an inclined slab, but this calculation is cast as a linear optimization problem so that a smoothness regularization can be applied. Assignment of bed stress is based on the flow law for ice and a mass balance calculation but must be preceded by delineation of the ice flow drainage basin. Validation of the method is accomplished by comparing thickness estimates to the known thickness generated by a numerical ice dynamics model. Once validated, the method is used to estimate the subglacial topography for all glaciers in western Canada that lie south of 60°N. Adding the present ice volume of each glacier gives the estimated total volume as 2320 km3, equivalent to 5.8 mm of sea level rise. Taking the glaciated area as 26 590 km2 gives the average glacier thickness as 87.2 m. A detailed error analysis indicates that systematic errors are likely to increase the estimated sea level rise and when random errors are included the combined result is 6.3 ± 0.6 mm or, expressed as ice volume, 2530 ± 220 km3.
The Uneven Response of Different Snow Measures to Human-Induced Climate Warming
Authors: Pierce David W. , Cayan Daniel R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The effect of human-induced climate warming on different snow measures in the western United States is compared by calculating the time required to achieve a statistically significant linear trend in the different measures, using time series derived from regionally downscaled global climate models. The measures examined include the water content of the spring snowpack, total cold-season snowfall, fraction of winter precipitation that falls as snow, length of the snow season, and fraction of cold-season precipitation retained in the spring snowpack, as well as temperature and precipitation. Various stakeholders may be interested in different sets of these variables. It is found that temperature and the fraction of winter precipitation that falls as snow exhibit significant trends first, followed in 5–10 years by the fraction of cold-season precipitation retained in the spring snowpack, and later still by the water content of the spring snowpack. Change in total cold-season snowfall is least detectable of all the measures, since it is strongly linked to precipitation, which has large natural variability and only a weak anthropogenic trend in the western United States. Averaging over increasingly wider areas monotonically increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the 1950–2025 linear trend from 0.15 to 0.37, depending on the snow measure.
Near-Inertial Waves in Strongly Baroclinic Currents
Authors: Whitt Daniel B. , Thomas Leif N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
An analysis and physical interpretation of near-inertial waves (NIWs) propagating perpendicular to a steady, two-dimensional, strongly baroclinic, geostrophic current are presented. The analysis is appropriate for geostrophic currents with order-one Richardson numbers such as those associated with fronts experiencing strong, wintertime atmospheric forcing. This work highlights the underlying physics behind the properties of the NIWs using parcel arguments and the principles of conservation of density and absolute momentum. Baroclinicity introduces lateral gradients in density and vertical gradients in absolute momentum that significantly modify the dispersion and polarization relations and propagation of NIWs relative to classical internal wave theory. In particular, oscillations at the minimum frequency are not horizontal but, instead, are slanted along isopycnals. Furthermore, the polarization of the horizontal velocity is not necessarily circular at the minimum frequency and the spiraling of the wave’s velocity vector with time and depth can be in the opposite direction from that predicted by classical theory. Ray tracing and numerical solutions illustrate the trapping and amplification of NIWs in regions of strong baroclinicity where the wave frequency is lower than the effective Coriolis frequency. The largest amplification is found at slantwise critical layers that align with the tilted isopycnals of the current. Such slantwise critical layers are seen in wintertime observations of the Gulf Stream and, consistent with the theory, coincide with regions of intensified ageostrophic shear characterized by a banded structure that is spatially coherent along isopycnals.
Islands of Prestige, Gated Ghettos, and Nonurban Lifestyles in Puerto Rico
Authors: Dinzey-Flores Zaire 
Published: December 2012

Gates have become ubiquitous in Latin America in commercial locales, residential buildings, government buildings, schools, prisons, gas stations, parking lots, and churches. Residential gates, specifically, have created a new type of physical imagery that rearranges relations between communities and forces city navigators to recalculate their socio-spatial orientations. The gated communities of the rich and the poor in modern Puerto Rico signal an extreme segregation of lifestyles that has robbed city life of the spontaneous and diverse contacts that it once provided. Gated housing means exclusion and division, concretizing and formalizing inequality. La rejas son ubicuas en la América Latina en los locales comerciales y residenciales, edificios, sedes gubernamentales, escuelas, reclusorios, gasolineras, estacionamientos, e iglesias. Específicamente, los accesos controlados residenciales han creado una nueva imagen física que cambia las relaciones entre comunidades y obliga a los navegantes urbanos a recalcular sus orientaciones socio-espaciales. Las comunidades cerradas de los ricos y los pobres en el Puerto Rico moderno señalan una segregación extrema de modos de vivir que le ha quitado a la ciudad los contactos espontáneos y diversos que antes se brindaban. La vivienda cerrada quiere decir exclusión y división, concretizando y formalizando la desigualdad.
The Urbanization of the Countryside
Authors: Wilson Japhy 
Published: December 2012

The Plan Puebla Panamá (PPP) is a development program for the modernization of southern Mexico and Central America through the construction of transnational urban networks. The implementation of the PPP in Chiapas provides a significant example of the relationship between depoliticization and planned urbanization in the context of contemporary neoliberal governance. The production of space embodied in the PPP advances the consolidation of capitalist social relations and the extension of state power while representing this process as a pragmatic response to economic necessity in the interest of the common good. This project, however, is undermined by the constitutive antagonisms of neoliberal urbanization, as demonstrated by multiple place-based resistances and the ongoing development of the Zapatista autonomous territories. El Plan Puebla Panamá (PPP) es un programa de desarrollo para la modernización de la región sureña de México y Centro América por medio de la construcción de redes urbanas trasnacionales. La implementación del PPP en Chiapas proporciona un ejemplo significante en la relación entre la despolitización y planificación urbana en el contexto de la gobernabilidad neoliberal contemporánea. La producción del espacio personificado en la PPP avanza la consolidación de relaciones sociales capitalistas y la extensión del poder del estado, mientras se representa este proceso como respuesta pragmática a la necesidad económica y el interés del bien común. Sin embargo, este proyecto se socava por los antagonismos constitutivos de la urbanización neoliberal, demostrado por la resistencia localizada y el desarrollo actual de territorios autónomos zapatistas.
Soybean oil: a potentially new intravascular perfusate
Authors: Armbruster M , Grimley E , Rodriguez J , Nacionales D , Efron P , Moldawer L , Papadopoulos K , Ungaro R , Cuenca A , Simpkins C 
Published: December 2012

Background: Given that micelles of lipids are colloids, the hypothesis was generated that the rapid administration of large volumes of soybean oil micelles would be an effective perfusion fluid. We also hypothesized that oxygen loading would be enhanced due to the greater solubility of oxygen in lipids compared to water. Methods: A 100% lethal mouse model of blood loss was used to compare the ability of soybean oil micelles to that of Ringer’s lactate, blood and other fluids, with respect to raising and maintaining the blood pressure for one hour. Oxygen on- and off-loading of various concentrations of soybean oil micelles was determined using mass spectroscopy. Nitric oxide uptake by micelles was also determined in a similar fashion. Results: A 20% soybean oil emulsion was superior to Ringer’s lactate in raising and maintaining blood pressure. A 20% soybean oil emulsion with 5% albumin added was superior to shed blood as well as solutions comprised of 5% albumin added to either normal saline or Ringer’s lactate. There was a linear relationship between oxygen content and micelle concentration between 10% and 30%. Off-loading of oxygen from the micelles was nearly as fast as off-loading from water. Nitric oxide also loaded preferentially onto soybean oil micelles. Conclusions: (1) Soybean oil emulsions were superior to other fluids in restoring and maintaining the blood pressure; (2) oxygen-carrying ability of soybean oil micelles exceeds that of water and follows Henry’s law between 10% and 30% w/v oil content; (3) nitric oxide was carried by the micelles; (4) animals receiving soybean oil micelles did not exhibit fat embolization; (5) colloids comprised of soybean oil-containing micelles may be used to replace blood loss and may be used to deliver oxygen and other potentially therapeutic gases such as nitric oxide to tissues.
Is patient satisfaction and perceived service quality with musculoskeletal rehabilitation determined by patient experiences?
Authors: Medina-Mirapeix Francesc , Jimeno-Serrano Francisco J , Escolar-Reina Pilar , Del Baño-Aledo M Elena 
Published: December 2012

Objective: To assess the relationships between patient experiences and two overall evaluations – satisfaction and service quality – in outpatient rehabilitation settings. Design: A cross-sectional, self-reported survey carried out in the year 2009. Setting: Three outpatient rehabilitation units belonging to Spanish hospitals located in Barcelona, Madrid and Seville. Subjects: Four hundred and sixty-five outpatients (response rate 90%) mean age 39.4 (SD = 11.9) years. Main measures: Self-reported experiences on aspects of care, participants’ perception of service quality, satisfaction with care, socio-demographic and health characteristics. Results: Satisfaction and service quality were highly correlated (rho = 0.72, P< 0.001). Two multivariate logistic regression models using satisfaction and service quality (with adjusted R2 31.5% and 37.1%, respectively) indicated that patients’ experiences and global rating of health improvement have more effect on those evaluations than socio-demographic characteristics. Mean satisfaction was 8.9 (SD = 1.2), and 88% of respondents described high service quality. However, nearly 25% of the respondents who reported high-quality evaluations also indicated a problem score of more than 50% in almost all aspects of care studied. Conclusions: Satisfaction and service quality provide a poor indicator of patients’ experiences. Both are two proxies but distinct constructs in rehabilitation care. Besides, not all problems encountered by patients are equally important to them.
Follow-up home visits with registered dietitians have a positive effect on the functional and nutritional status of geriatric medical patients after discharge: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Beck Anne Marie , Kjær Stine , Hansen Birthe Stenbæk , Storm Rikke Lunau , Thal-Jantzen Kirsten , Bitz Christian 
Published: December 2012

Objective: To assess the additional benefits of individualized nutritional counselling by a registered dietitian in geriatric patients’ home after discharge from hospital, in relation to risk of re-admissions, functional status, nutritional status, use of social services and mortality. Design: Twelve-week single-blind randomized controlled study. Setting and subjects: Geriatric medical patients (65+ years) at nutritional risk. Interventions: Participants were randomly allocated to receive a visit in their homes, either three individualized nutritional counselling by a registered dietitian complemented with three follow-up visits by general practitioners or three follow-up visits by general practitioners alone. Main measures: Primary outcome was risk of re-admissions. Secondary outcomes were functional status (hand grip strength, chair stand, mobility, disability and tiredness in daily activities, rehabilitation capacity), nutritional status (weight, BMI, energy and protein intake), need of social services (home care, home nursing, meals-on-wheels) and mortality. Results: One hundred and fifty-two patients were included; 132 (87%) completed the first and 124 (82%) the second data collection after 12 weeks. Ten per cent of the participants had three contacts with their general practitioner, while compliance with the dietetic intervention was almost 100%. Odds ratio for re-admission and mortality after 26 weeks was 1.62 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 3.10) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.17 to 2.13). The intervention had a positive effect on functional status (i.e. mobility, P = 0.029), and nutritional status (i.e. weight, P = 0.035; energy intake, P < 0.001; protein intake, P = 0.001) and the use of meals-on wheels was reduced ( P = 0.084). Conclusion: Follow-up home visits with registered dietitians have a positive effect on the functional and nutritional status of geriatric medical patients after discharge.
Nebivolol treatment improves resistant arterial function and reduces ventricular hypertrophy and angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertension rats
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Ming Sheng , Liu Yu 
Published: December 2012

Objective: The objective of this article is to assess the effects of nebivolol on resistant vascular reactivity, ventricular hypertrophy and the renin–angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertension rats (SHR). Methods: Rats were divided into: SHR treated with nebivolol (8 mg/kg, i.g.)/atenolol(80 mg/kg, i.g.); SHR control group; normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control group. Vascular responses to KCl, noradrenaline (NA), endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (Ang II), acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were tested on the femoral and renal artery. Left ventricle weight/body weight ratio (LVW/BW) was measured. Ang II and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in plasma and the left ventricle were determined. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was quantified. Results: Systolic blood pressure was decreased after nebivolol treatment in SHR. Compared with WKY, the contractions to KCl, NA, Ang II and ET-1 were increased in SHR while the relaxation to ACh was impaired. LVW/BW was higher in SHR. Levels of Ang II and ACE activity in plasma and the left ventricle were increased in SHR, but PRA was similar in these groups. Compared with atenolol, nebivolol markedly improved resistant vascular reactivity and decreased LVW/BW and Ang II. But nebivolol had no influence on ACE activity and PRA in SHR. Conclusion: Nebivolol treatment improved resistant arterial reactivity and reduced left ventricular hypertrophy and Ang II in SHR.
Sustainable healthcare waste management: a qualitative investigation of its feasibility within a county in the south west of England
Authors: Nichols Andrew , Grose Jane , Bennallick Maria , Richardson Janet 
Published: December 2012

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of safely and lawfully employing a sustainable reduce, reuse, recycle philosophy in the management of waste within healthcare settings. Climate change presents significant threats to our wellbeing on a global scale and provides a new challenge for healthcare organisations. As the United Kingdom’s biggest public sector employer, the National Health Service has enormous power to mitigate the impact of climate change by implementing sustainable practices. One area in which sustainable practices could be employed is within healthcare waste management. The investigation used a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with 20 participants responsible for the safe management of healthcare waste in an English county. Interviews indicated that topics such as knowledge, the environment, finance and legislation influence attitudes and behaviour in healthcare waste management. Participants were clear that from financial and environmental perspectives an aim to reduce, reuse and recycle waste in health care was desirable. Attempts to implement sustainable healthcare waste management practices, informed by a sustainable waste management philosophy are desirable both financially and environmentally. Research is needed to explore behaviour, attitudes, learning, knowledge and the role of the environment in healthcare waste management.
Retrospective Analysis of the Survivability of Absorbable Versus Nonabsorbable Subtalar Joint Arthroereisis Implants
Authors: Baker Jeffrey R. , Klein Erin E. , Weil Lowell , Weil Lowell Scott , Knight Jessica M. 
Published: December 2012

Subtalar joint arthroereisis is a surgical modality that has been shown to be an effective procedure for flexible flatfoot in both pediatric and adult populations. Despite advances in understanding its mechanics and function, complication and implant removal rates remain as high as 30% to 40%. Analysis was performed to determine the survivability of 2 subtalar joint arthroereisis implants, absorbable and nonabsorbable, used alone and in combination with other procedures in both the adult and pediatric populations. The 95 total arthroereisis procedures were analyzed in several major categories: absorbable implants versus nonabsorbable implants and adult versus pediatric patients. Each major group was then further subdivided to create further subgroups: absorbable isolated procedures, absorbable combined procedures, nonabsorbable isolated procedures, and nonabsorbable combined procedures. The overall survival rates were 83% for absorbable implants and 81% for nonabsorbable implants. A total of 11 (17%) absorbable implants and 6 (19%) nonabsorbable implants were removed, respectively, at an average of 9 months and 23 months postoperatively. When used alone and in combination with other procedures, 36% and 13% of absorbable implants and 18% and 19% of nonabsorbable implants, respectively, were removed. When comparing adult versus pediatric populations, the overall survival rates of the absorbable and nonabsorbable implants were 81% for absorbable implants and 79% for nonabsorbable implants in the adult population and 85% for absorbable implants and 100% for nonabsorbable implants in the pediatric population. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level III; Retrospective comparative series
Correcting Pediatric Flatfoot With Subtalar Arthroereisis and Gastrocnemius Recession
Authors: Jay Richard M. , Din Nadia 
Published: December 2012

Background. Flatfoot deformities are common in children and are treated using many conservative and surgical approaches. Subtalar extra-articular arthroereisis, in particular, limits talar motion, spares the subtalar joint, and prevents excessive subtalar joint pronation. Addressing the underlying equinus deformity with gastrocnemius recession is an important factor in optimizing outcomes in patients with flatfoot deformity. Methods. This study included 20 children, 4 to 17 years old. The patients presented 34 cases of functional flexible flatfoot, and each was treated with gastrocnemius recession and a subtalar implant insertion of either a resorbable arthroereisis plug constructed of poly-L lactic acid or a threaded titanium alloy plug. Clinical evaluation was based on the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale as well as subjective assessments of pain, function, shoe wear, and overall preoperative and postoperative satisfaction. Results. The average AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale reading improved by 21.3 points (standard deviation = 8.1; 95% confidence interval = 17.5-25.1), from an average preoperative reading of 67.7 points to an average postoperative reading of 89 points (P < .0001). Subjectively, patients experienced reduced pain and improved function, cosmesis, and shoe wear. Conclusions. Treating equinus deformity with gastrocnemius recession significantly improved patient outcomes when treating flatfoot deformity. Reconstructive flatfoot surgery that combined subtalar arthroereisis with a resorbable arthroereisis plug and gastrocnemius recession resulted in favorable clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Symptom improvement and preservation of the subtalar joint were seen with these procedures, which are reasonable and useful options in treating children with symptomatic flexible flatfoot. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV, Retrospective case series
Intramuscular Hemangiomas
Authors: Wierzbicki Joseph M. , Henderson Jeffrey H. , Scarborough Mark T. , Bush Charles H. , Reith John D. , Clugston James R. 
Published: December 2012

Context: Intramuscular hemangiomas are common in the general population and often present at medical and surgical clinics. Unfortunately, unfamiliarity with these lesions has led to a high percentage of misdiagnoses, inappropriate workup, and unnecessary referrals. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search was performed using Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane. The relevant articles and referenced sources were reviewed for additional articles that discussed the epidemiology, pathophysiology, investigation, and management of intramuscular hemangiomas. Clinical experience from experts in orthopaedics, musculoskeletal pathology, and musculoskeletal radiology was compared. The selected case studies are shared cases of the authors. Results and Conclusion: The pathophysiology of these lesions is not completely understood, but much can be implied from their underlying vascular nature. Isolated lesions are benign tumors that never metastasize but tend to enlarge and then involute over time. Magnetic resonance imaging is the imaging modality of choice. If a systemic disorder or malignancy is not suspected or has been ruled out, conservative management is the treatment of choice for most intramuscular hemangiomas.
Race and ethnicity in decisions about unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donation
Authors: Switzer Galen E. , Bruce Jessica G. , Myaskovsky Larissa , DiMartini Andrea , Shellmer Diana , Confer Dennis L. , Abress Linda K. , King Roberta J. , Harnaha Allyson G. , Ohngemach Sibylle , Dew Mary Amanda 
Published: December 2012

Key PointsAcross racial/ethnic groups, ambivalence is strongly associated with HSC donation decisions.
PBX3 is an important cofactor of HOXA9 in leukemogenesis
Authors: Li Zejuan , Zhang Zhiyu , Li Yuanyuan , Arnovitz Stephen , Chen Ping , Huang Hao , Jiang Xi , Hong Gia-Ming , Kunjamma Rejani B. , Ren Haomin , He Chunjiang , Wang Chong-Zhi , Elkahloun Abdel G. , Valk Peter J. M. , Döhner Konstanze , Neilly Mary Beth , Bullinger Lars , Delwel Ruud , Löwenberg Bob , Liu Paul P. , Morgan Richard , Rowley Janet D. , Yuan Chun-Su , Chen Jianjun 
Published: December 2012

Key Points
PBX3 is a critical co-factor of HOXA9 in AMLs, particularly those carrying MLL rearrangements. Targeting HOXA9/PBX3 interaction holds a therapeutic potential to treat leukemia.