bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successes and Challenges from Formation to Implementation of Eleven Broad‐Extent Conservation Programs
Authors: BEEVER ERIK A. , MATTSSON BRADY J. , GERMINO MATTHEW J. , BURG MAX POST VAN DER , BRADFORD JOHN B. , BRUNSON MARK W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntegration of conservation partnerships across geographic, biological, and administrative boundaries is increasingly relevant because drivers of change, such as climate shifts, transcend these boundaries. We explored successes and challenges of established conservation programs that span multiple watersheds and consider both social and ecological concerns. We asked representatives from a diverse set of 11 broad‐extent conservation partnerships in 29 countries 17 questions that pertained to launching and maintaining partnerships for broad‐extent conservation, specifying ultimate management objectives, and implementation and learning. Partnerships invested more funds in implementing conservation actions than any other aspect of conservation, and a program's context (geographic extent, United States vs. other countries, developed vs. developing nation) appeared to substantially affect program approach. Despite early successes of these organizations and benefits of broad‐extent conservation, specific challenges related to uncertainties in scaling up information and to coordination in the face of diverse partner governance structures, conflicting objectives, and vast uncertainties regarding future system dynamics hindered long‐term success, as demonstrated by the focal organizations. Engaging stakeholders, developing conservation measures, and implementing adaptive management were dominant challenges. To inform future research on broad‐extent conservation, we considered several challenges when we developed detailed questions, such as what qualities of broad‐extent partnerships ensure they complement, integrate, and strengthen, rather than replace, local conservation efforts and which adaptive management processes yield actionable conservation strategies that account explicitly for dynamics and uncertainties regarding multiscale governance, environmental conditions, and knowledge of the system?Éxitos y Retos de la Formación a la Implementación de Once Programas de Conservación de Amplio Alcance
Staging accuracy of ampullary tumors by endoscopic ultrasound: Meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Trikudanathan Guru , Njei Basile , Attam Rajeev , Arain Mustafa , Shaukat Aasma 
Published: February 2014

Background and AimAccurate preoperative staging of ampullary neoplasms is of paramount importance in predicting prognosis and determining the most appropriate therapeutic approach. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in predicting depth of ampullary tumor invasion (T‐stage) and regional lymph node status (N‐stage) by carrying out a meta‐analysis of all relevant studies.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Medline and Scopus databases for all studies published between January 1980 and December 2012. Only EUS studies involving ≥10 patients with ampullary neoplasms, confirmed by surgical histopathology, with data available for construction of a 2 × 2 table were included.ResultsMeta‐analysis of 14 studies involving 422 patients using the Mantel–Haenszel method was performed. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of EUS to diagnose T1‐stage tumor were 77% (95% CI: 69–83) and 78% (95% CI: 72–84), respectively. Pooled sensitivity for T4 tumors was 84% (95% CI: 73–92) and specificity was 74% (95% CI: 63–83). Combined sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio for diagnosing nodal status were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62–0.77), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.67–0.0.80), 2.49 (95% CI: 1.91–3.24), 0.46 (95% CI: 0.36–0.59) and 6.53 (95% CI: 3.81–11.19), respectively.ConclusionBased on our pooled estimates, EUS had a moderate strength of agreement with histopathology in preoperative staging of ampullary neoplasms in predicting tumor invasion and lymph node involvement. Additional refinement in EUS technologies and diagnostic criteria may be required to enhance staging accuracy.
Integrated postural analysis in children with haemophilia
Authors: Boccalandro E. , Pasta G. , Mannucci P. M. , Santagostino E. , Peyvandi F. , Seuser A. , Mancuso M. E. , Solimeno L. P. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe maintenance of a correct posture in haemophilic boys might contribute to prevent joint bleeds, chronic pain and dysfunction. This single‐centre study was aimed at evaluating whether or not postural alterations are more common in haemophilic than in non‐haemophilic boys and whether they are related to the orthopaedic status. Posture and balance were investigated in boys with severe/moderate haemophilia (cases) and in age‐matched non‐haemophilic peers (controls). Thirty‐five cases (89% with haemophilia A: 74% with severe disease) were included in the study and compared with 57 controls. Posture was evaluated on digital pictures of anterior, lateral and posterior views of the habitual standing position. Balance was examined with a portable force platform with eyes open and closed. The trajectory of the total body centre of force (CoF) displacement over the platform was computed by multiple planes obtaining different measures: sway area, velocity, acceleration and body loads. The joint status of cases was assessed with the Haemophilia Joint Health Score. Cases were more disharmonic than controls (52% vs. 26% in controls; P = 0.04), swayed significantly less and more slowly than controls (P < 0.05 for several parameters of CoF displacement) revealing stiffness of the musculoskeletal system. However, they were able to maintain their stance within a similar sway area. Haemophilic boys have more postural disharmonies than non‐haemophilic peers, hence a global evaluation of the orthopaedic status should include also balance and posture examination to identify early dysfunction and establish a tailored physical or rehabilitation programme.
Signal intensity of small hepatocellular carcinoma on apparent diffusion coefficient mapping and outcome after radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Mori Yoshiyuki , Tamai Hideyuki , Shingaki Naoki , Moribata Kosaku , Deguchi Hisanobu , Ueda Kazuki , Inoue Izumi , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kato Jun , Terada Masaki , Ichinose Masao 
Published: February 2014

AimIt has been reported that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with their histological grade. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the signal intensity of small hypervascular HCC on the ADC map is related to the treatment outcome of radiofrequency ablation (RFA).MethodsBetween February 2008 and August 2012, 136 consecutive patients with initial small hypervascular HCC (≤3 tumors and ≤3 cm in diameter) were examined by diffusion‐weighted MRI before RFA. The signal intensities of HCC on the ADC map were visually compared with the surrounding liver and categorized as hypointense and non‐hypointense. Critical recurrence was defined as more than three intrahepatic recurrences, recurrence with vascular invasion, seeding, dissemination and/or extrahepatic metastasis.ResultsThe median follow up was 619 days. The cumulative 2‐year recurrence rates of the hypointense and non‐hypointense on the ADC map groups were 79% and 50% (P < 0.001), respectively, with cumulative 2‐year local recurrence rates of 18% and 7% (P = 0.014) and cumulative 2‐year critical recurrence rates of 38% and 13% (P = 0.005), respectively. The cumulative 3‐year survival rates were 60% and 82% (P = 0.007), respectively. On multivariate analysis, hypointensity on the ADC map was the strongest independent factor related to recurrence and survival after RFA.ConclusionThe signal intensity of HCC on the ADC map was strongly associated with outcome after RFA. These results suggest that treatment strategy should be determined carefully even for small HCC when they appear hypointense on the ADC map.
Structural modelling and molecular characterization of omega‐class glutathione S‐transferase 2 from Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kim K. , Yim J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGlutathione S‐transferase omega (GSTO) is a recently identified Glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and it has several known functions and variable distribution patterns in many organisms. In Drosophila, GstO2 exists as two isoforms, GstO2A and GstO2B. Despite the high sequence homology between the two GstO2 isoforms, they have different physiological functions. In the present study, we characterized the structural and molecular properties of Drosophila melanogaster GstO2 isoforms. Homology modelling of GstO2s using I‐TASSER servers for protein structure and function prediction revealed that the two GstO2s have different electropotential surface distributions and different shapes of the substrate‐binding sites. The recombinant GstO2s have native molecular weights of ∼60 kDa. GstO2s have similar optimum conditions for enzymatic reactions at pH 8.0 and 40 °C. The kinetic parameters of the reduction of dehydroascorbate by these two GstO2s were determined. Collectively, our results provide structural insights into the different substrate profiles of the GstO2 isoforms.
An education booklet to aid cardiac patients' recovery at home
Authors: Wang W. , Thompson D.R. , Chow A. , Kowitlawakul Y. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundHospital and home‐based cardiac rehabilitation programmes improve the health outcomes of cardiac patients. Both types of programmes include patient education as a core component. However, many patients do not attend cardiac rehabilitation programmes for a variety of reasons. In Singapore, where cardiac rehabilitation is comparatively uncommon, patient education is usually delivered face‐to‐face by healthcare professionals because educational materials designed specifically for cardiac patients recovering at home are not available.AimThis paper describes the development of a patient education booklet designed to aid recovery at home after a myocardial infarction in Singapore.MethodsThe conception and development of this evidence‐based Heart Recovery Education Booklet was based on patient need and current clinical guidelines pertaining to cardiac rehabilitation and planned in consultation with specialists such as cardiologists, psychiatrists and physiotherapists.ResultsThe booklet is a patient resource to aid recovery at home after an myocardial infarction. It is interactive, based on identified need and aims to guide and assist the patient in performing their usual activities of daily living and adhering to treatment regimens, including exercise.ConclusionThis booklet is a resource for patients with myocardial infarction and healthcare professionals and its effectiveness in improving health‐related quality of life, psychological status and coronary risk profile is to be tested in a randomized controlled trial.Implications for nursing and health policyPolicy makers in health and nursing must find ways of developing and implementing cardiac rehabilitation programmes that aid recovery from myocardial infarction. This education booklet offers one way to do this.
Critical Citizenship Education and Community Interaction: A Reflection on Practice
Authors: Costandius Elmarie , Rosochacki Sophia , le Roux Adrie 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe social transformation required in a democratic South Africa can only be achieved through the transformation of perceptions and attitudes. This article argues that community interaction can play an important role not only in raising the level of societal awareness of students, but also in the development of a symbiotic relationship between an academic institution and its surrounding society. Although this process has become a common feature in many universities, evidence suggests that engagement which leads to true social transformation, including a change in deep‐seated attitudes, is rare. Consequently, community engagement risks remaining unprogressive, and has the potential to reinforce the very discriminatory attitudes and practices which it aims to overcome, while serving as a superficial response to institutional social responsibility imperatives. Through an analysis of a case study from the Visual Arts Department at Stellenbosch University, the article engages with the problems that emerge as barriers to social transformation in the relationship between the academic institution and the community, and argues that, in order that its emancipatory potential be realised, the politics surrounding community engagement, particularly its relation to social transformation, need to be identified and challenged.
Hunting for Monsters: Visual Arts Curriculum as Agonistic Inquiry
Authors: Kalin Nadine M. , Barney Daniel T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article explores the possibilities of placing curriculum design in close proximity with participatory contemporary art projects that potentially activate our capacities and willingness to re‐vision the future of art education. In this curricular questing we have been drawn toward art that encompasses participatory forms – chiefly relational art and relational antagonism in art – en route to modes of lived‐curriculum as agonistic inquiry. We start with an account of the historical present as engulfed in past curricular tensions with curriculum design experiencing an arrested development in its reliance on outdated, causal models of learning in order to assume greater certainty over learning. This produces an illusion of efficiency and comes with particular costs. The interaction between the distinct perspectives of curriculum‐as‐plan and curriculum‐as‐lived offers a number of theoretical opportunities for art educators to re‐engage with curricula. Next, we explore the notion of an uncertain curriculum, drawing upon relational aesthetics and bricolage to highlight curriculum as a negotiated space, while offering a student art project example that illustrates a non‐deterministic and participatory form. The authors suggest that while relational aesthetics and bricolage are helpful in the space between curriculum‐as‐plan and curriculum‐as‐lived, these are also limited. Further, we share examples and possibilities for reconsidering curriculum as inquiry, inspired by relational antagonism in contemporary art. Finally, we end with a plea for the necessity of monstrous curricular excesses and conflicts in perforating both our students' and our own current and historical borders of a field yet to come.
Creatives Teaching Creativity
Authors: Gustina Charles , Sweet Rebecca 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCreativity is very much in the forefront of current international economic news. As developing countries successfully vie with established economies for manufacturing and less‐skilled jobs, the pressure is on the developed world to move on to the next economic break‐through. Innovation and the creativity that drive it are seen as crucial to this process. Ultimately, education is viewed as the place to inculcate creativity in upcoming generations, to prepare them for the challenges (economic and otherwise) nations will face in coming years. The current global interest in the development of creative thinking for all areas of education requires teachers at all levels to construct learning experiences that generate not only creative products but also creative processes. These processes could ideally be applied across various disciplines requiring complex problem solving, engendering creative outcomes in multiple domains. While the authors assumed that teachers in the creative disciplines of art and design should take a leading role in this development of creative processes, it is not clear that this is happening. This article examines the background of the current calls for creativity, and reviews challenges to the leadership of creative teachers in teaching in non‐creative disciplines.
‘The answer is brought about from within you’: A Student‐Centred Perspective on Pedagogy in Art and Design
Authors: Orr Susan , Yorke Mantz , Blair Bernadette 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article reports on the ways that a group of third‐year undergraduate art and design students conceptualise the pedagogy they experience on their course. This study is part of broader research funded by the Group for Learning in Art and Design (GLAD) and the Higher Education Academy (HEA) that employs qualitative interviewing approaches to explore the ways that a small sample of art and design students studying in two English post‐1992 universities interpret and understand the questions in the National Student Survey (this is a questionnaire that UK students complete during the final year of their undergraduate studies). The analysis suggests that the students' conceptions of art and design pedagogy might be best understood as a form of ‘reverse transmission’ that places the students as active co‐producers of their learning.The study reflects on the centrality of project centred learning in art and design and explores the challenges concerning the nature and scope of the art and design lecturers' role, particularly in the context of the UK's increased student fee regime.
Melatonin protects rat cerebellar granule cells against electromagnetic field‐induced increases in Na+ currents through intracellular Ca2+ release
Authors: Liu Dong‐Dong , Ren Zhen , Yang Guang , Zhao Qian‐Ru , Mei Yan‐Ai 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlthough melatonin (MT) has been reported to protect cells against oxidative damage induced by electromagnetic radiation, few reports have addressed whether there are other protective mechanisms. Here, we investigated the effects of MT on extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic field (ELF‐EMF)‐induced Nav activity in rat cerebellar granule cells (GCs). Exposing cerebellar GCs to ELF‐EMF for 60 min. significantly increased the Nav current (INa) densities by 62.5%. MT (5 μM) inhibited the ELF‐EMF‐induced INa increase. This inhibitory effect of MT is mimicked by an MT2 receptor agonist and was eliminated by an MT2 receptor antagonist. The Nav channel steady‐state activation curve was significantly shifted towards hyperpolarization by ELF‐EMF stimulation but remained unchanged by MT in cerebellar GC that were either exposed or not exposed to ELF‐EMF. ELF‐EMF exposure significantly increased the intracellular levels of phosphorylated PKA in cerebellar GCs, and both MT and IIK‐7 did not reduce the ELF‐EMF‐induced increase in phosphorylated PKA. The inhibitory effects of MT on ELF‐EMF‐induced Nav activity was greatly reduced by the calmodulin inhibitor KN93. Calcium imaging showed that MT did not increase the basal intracellular Ca2+ level, but it significantly elevated the intracellular Ca2+ level evoked by the high K+ stimulation in cerebellar GC that were either exposed or not exposed to ELF‐EMF. In the presence of ruthenium red, a ryanodine‐sensitive receptor blocker, the MT‐induced increase in intracellular calcium levels was reduced. Our data show for the first time that MT protects against neuronal INa that result from ELF‐EMF exposure through Ca2+ influx‐induced Ca2+ release.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide and/or Flavobacterium psychrophilum on the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Henriksen M M M , Kania P W , Buchmann K , Dalsgaard I 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe immune response and morphological changes in the gills of rainbow trout fry after immersion in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Flavobacterium psychrophilum or combined exposure were examined. The gills were sampled 4, 48, 125 and 192 h after exposure, and the regulation of expression of the following genes was investigated using qPCR: IgT, IgM, CD8, CD4, MHC I, MHC II, IL‐4/13A, TcR‐β, IL‐10, IL‐1β, IL‐17, SAA and FoxP3. Bacteria were not observed in haematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained gill tissue, but the presence of F. psychrophilum 16S rRNA was detected using qPCR. The 16S rRNA levels were correlated with gene expression. Although pretreatment with H2O2 before immersion in F. psychrophilum did not significantly alter the amount of bacteria found in the gill, the immune response was influenced: exposure to F. psychrophilum resulted in a negative correlation with expression of IL‐17c1, MHC I and MHC II, while pretreatment with H2O2 resulted in a positive correlation with IL‐4/13A and IgM. Exposure to either H2O2 or F. psychrophilum influenced the regulation of gene expression and damaged tissue. Exposure to both combined altered the immune response to infection and postponed healing of gill tissue.
A Regional Comparison of Distribution Strategies and Women's Awareness, Receipt, and Use of Misoprostol to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage in Rural Amhara and Oromiya Regions of Ethiopia
Authors: Sibley Lynn M. , Spangler Sydney A. , Barry Danika , Tesfaye Solomon , Desta Binyam Fekadu , Gobezayehu Abebe Gebremariam 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionIn Ethiopia, postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal death. The Maternal Health in Ethiopia Partnership (MaNHEP) project developed a community‐based model of maternal and newborn health focusing on birth and early postpartum care. Implemented in the Amhara and Oromiya regions, the model included misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. This article describes regional trends in women's use of misoprostol; their awareness, receipt, and use of misoprostol at project's endline; and factors associated with its use.MethodsThe authors assessed trends in use of misoprostol using monthly data from MaNHEP's quality improvement database; and awareness, receipt, use, and correct use of misoprostol using data from MaNHEP's endline survey of 1019 randomly sampled women who gave birth during the year prior to the survey.ResultsMisoprostol use increased rapidly and was relatively stable over 20 months, but regional differences were stark. At endline, significantly more women in Oromiya were aware of misoprostol compared with women who resided in Amhara (94% vs 59%); significantly more had received misoprostol (80% vs 35%); significantly more had received it during pregnancy (93% vs 48%); and significantly more had received it through varied sources. Most women who received misoprostol used it (> 95%) irrespective of age, parity, or education. Factors associated with use were Oromiya residence (odds ratio [OR] 9.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.78–13.24), attending 2 or more Community Maternal and Newborn Health (CMNH) family meetings (OR 2.62; 95% CI, 1.89–3.63), receiving antenatal care (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.08–2.58) and being attended at birth by a skilled provider or trained health extension worker, community health development agent, or traditional birth attendant versus an untrained caregiver or no one. Correct use was associated with having attended 2 or more CMNH family meetings (OR 2.02; 95% CI, 1.35–3.03).DiscussionMultiple distribution channels increase women's access to misoprostol. Most women who have access to misoprostol use it. Early distribution to pregnant women who are educated to use misoprostol appears to be safe and unrelated to choice of birthplace.