bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidecadal to Centennial Variability of the AMOC: HadCM3 and a Perturbed Physics Ensemble
Authors: Jackson Laura , Vellinga Michael 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMultidecadal to centennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is investigated in a multi-thousand-year simulation of the third version of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model (HadCM3) and in an ensemble of general circulation models (GCMs) based on HadCM3 with perturbed physics. Large changes in the AMOC in the standard HadCM3 are strongly related to salinity anomalies in the deep-water formation regions, with anomalies arriving via two pathways. The first is from a coupled feedback in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, described previously by Vellinga and Wu, and the second is from variability in the Arctic Ocean, possibly driven by stochastic sea level pressure. The low-frequency variability of the AMOC in HadCM3 is well predicted from salinity anomalies from these two pathways. The sensitivity of these processes to model physics is investigated using a small ensemble based on HadCM3 where parameters relating to physical processes are varied. The AMOC responds consistently to the salinity anomalies in the ensemble members. However, 1) the timing of the response depends on the background climate state and 2) some ensemble members have significantly larger AMOC and salinity variability than in standard HadCM3 simulations. In this small ensemble, the presence and strength of multidecadal to centennial AMOC variability is associated with the variability of salinity exported from the Arctic, with little multidecadal to centennial variability of either in the coldest members. This demonstrates how the background climate state can alter the frequency and strength of AMOC variability and is a first step toward understanding how AMOC variability differs within a multimodel context.
The Role of Oceans and Sea Ice in Abrupt Transitions between Multiple Climate States
Authors: Rose Brian E. J. , Ferreira David , Marshall John 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The coupled climate dynamics underlying large, rapid, and potentially irreversible changes in ice cover are studied. A global atmosphere–ocean–sea ice general circulation model with idealized aquaplanet geometry is forced by gradual multi-millennial variations in solar luminosity. The model traverses a hysteresis loop between warm ice-free conditions and cold glacial conditions in response to ±5 W m−2 variations in global, annual-mean insolation. Comparison of several model configurations confirms the importance of polar ocean processes in setting the sensitivity and time scales of the transitions. A “sawtooth” character is found with faster warming and slower cooling, reflecting the opposing effects of surface heating and cooling on upper-ocean buoyancy and, thus, effective heat capacity. The transition from a glacial to warm, equable climate occurs in about 200 years.
In contrast to the “freshwater hosing” scenario, transitions are driven by radiative forcing and sea ice feedbacks. The ocean circulation, and notably the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), does not drive the climate change. The MOC (and associated heat transport) collapses poleward of the advancing ice edge, but this is a purely passive response to cooling and ice expansion. The MOC does, however, play a key role in setting the time scales of the transition and contributes to the asymmetry between warming and cooling.
The Relationship between ITCZ Location and Cross-Equatorial Atmospheric Heat Transport: From the Seasonal Cycle to the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Donohoe Aaron , Marshall John , Ferreira David , Mcgee David 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The authors quantify the relationship between the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the atmospheric heat transport across the equator (AHTEQ) in climate models and in observations. The observed zonal mean ITCZ location varies from 5.3°S in the boreal winter to 7.2°N in the boreal summer with an annual mean position of 1.65°N while the AHTEQ varies from 2.1 PW northward in the boreal winter to 2.3 PW southward in the boreal summer with an annual mean of 0.1 PW southward. Seasonal variations in the ITCZ location and AHTEQ are highly anticorrelated in the observations and in a suite of state-of-the-art coupled climate models with regression coefficients of −2.7° and −2.4° PW−1 respectively. It is also found that seasonal variations in ITCZ location and AHTEQ are well correlated in a suite of slab ocean aquaplanet simulations with varying ocean mixed layer depths. However, the regression coefficient between ITCZ location and AHTEQ decreases with decreasing mixed layer depth as a consequence of the asymmetry that develops between the winter and summer Hadley cells as the ITCZ moves farther off the equator.
The authors go on to analyze the annual mean change in ITCZ location and AHTEQ in an ensemble of climate perturbation experiments including the response to CO2 doubling, simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum, and simulations of the mid-Holocene. The shift in the annual average ITCZ location is also strongly anticorrelated with the change in annual mean AHTEQ with a regression coefficient of −3.2° PW−1, similar to that found over the seasonal cycle.
Variational Estimation of Land–Atmosphere Heat Fluxes and Land Surface Parameters Using MODIS Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Meng Chunlei , Zhang Chaolin , Tang Ronglin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA variational data assimilation algorithm for assimilating the land surface temperature (LST) into the Common Land Model (CLM) was implemented using the land surface energy balance equation as the adjoint physical constraint. In this data assimilation algorithm, the evaporative fractions of the soil and canopy were adjusted according to the remotely sensed surface temperature observations. This paper developed a very simple analytical algorithm to characterize the errors’ weighting matrices in the cost function. The leaf area index (LAI) retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was also assimilated into CLM using the direct insertion method. The analysis results from the CLM with the LST assimilation algorithm compare well with MODIS and field observations for the Yucheng site, especially in daytime. On the basis of the histogram of the error of the LST, it can be concluded that after assimilation, the LST was greatly improved in comparison with the MODIS observations, especially in daytime. These results indicate that this surface temperature assimilation method is efficient and effective, even when only one time observational LST data point is available for each day, especially in daytime. The regional spatial patterns of evapotranspiration and soil surface moisture were also compared before assimilation on the basis of LAI data calculated using the empirical formula, before assimilation on the basis of MODIS LAI data, and after assimilation on the basis of MODIS LAI data.
Endoscopic spray cryotherapy for genitourinary malignancies: safety and efficacy in a porcine model
Authors: Power Nicholas E. , Silberstein Jonathan L. , Tarin Tatum , Au Joyce , Thorner Daniel , Ezell Paula , Monette Sébastien , Fong Yuman , Rusch Valerie , Finley David , Coleman Jonathan A. 
Published: November 2012

Objective: To examine the effects and safety of using endoscopic spray cryotherapy (ESC) on bladder, ureteral, and renal pelvis urothelium in a live porcine model. Subjects and methods: ESC treatments were systematically applied to urothelial sites in the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis of eight female Yorkshire swine in a prospective trial. Freeze–thaw cycles ranged from 5 to 60 s/cycle for one to six cycles using a 7 French cryotherapy catheter. Tissue was evaluated histologically for treatment-related effects. Acute physiologic effects were evaluated with pulse oximetry, Doppler sonography, and postmortem findings. Results: In bladder, treatment depth was inconsistent regardless of dose, demonstrating urothelial necrosis in one, muscularis propria depth necrosis in two, and full thickness necrosis in all remaining samples. In ureter, full thickness necrosis was seen in all samples, even with the shortest spray duration (5 s/cycle for six cycles or 30 s/cycle for one cycle). Treatment to the renal pelvis was complicated by adiabatic gas expansion of liquid nitrogen to its gaseous state, resulting in high intraluminal pressures requiring venting to avoid organ perforation, even at the lowest treatment settings. At a planned dose of 5 s/cycle for six cycles of the first renal pelvis animal, treatment was interrupted by sudden and unrecoverable cardiopulmonary failure after three cycles. Repeated studies replicated this event. Ultrasound and immediate necropsy confirmed the creation of a large gaseous embolism and reproducible cardiopulmonary effects. Conclusion: ESC in a porcine urothelial treatment model results in full-thickness tissue necrosis in bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis at a minimal treatment settings of 5 s/cycle for six cycles. Adiabatic gas expansion may result in fatal pyelovenous gas embolism and collateral organ injury, as seen in both animals receiving treatment to the renal pelvis in this study. These results raise safety concerns for use of ESC as a treatment modality in urothelial tissues with current device settings.
Fixed point theorems for a generalized almost "Equation missing"-contraction with respect to S in ordered metric spaces
Authors: Sintunavarat Wutiphol , Kim Jong Kyu , Kumam Poom 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper, the existence theorems of fixed points and common fixed points for two weakly increasing mappings satisfying a new condition in ordered metric spaces are proved. Our results extend, generalize and unify most of the fundamental metrical fixed point theorems in the literature.MSC:47H09, 47H10.
Multiple long-term, experimentally-evolved populations of Escherichia coliacquire dependence upon citrate as an iron chelator for optimal growth on glucose
Authors: Leiby Nicholas , Harcombe William R , Marx Christopher J 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
Specialization for ecological niches is a balance of evolutionary adaptation and its accompanying tradeoffs. Here we focus on the Lenski Long-Term Evolution Experiment, which has maintained cultures of Escherichia coli in the same defined seasonal environment for 50,000 generations. Over this time, much adaptation and specialization to the environment has occurred. The presence of citrate in the growth media selected one lineage to gain the novel ability to utilize citrate as a carbon source after 31,000 generations. Here we test whether other strains have specialized to rely on citrate after 50,000 generations.

Results
We show that in addition to the citrate-catabolizing strain, three other lineages evolving in parallel have acquired a dependence on citrate for optimal growth on glucose. None of these strains were stimulated indirectly by the sodium present in disodium citrate, nor exhibited even partial utilization of citrate as a carbon source. Instead, all three of these citrate-stimulated populations appear to rely on it as a chelator of iron.

Conclusions
The strains we examine here have evolved specialization to their environment through apparent loss of function. Our results are most consistent with the accumulation of mutations in iron transport genes that were obviated by abundant citrate. The results present another example where a subtle decision in the design of an evolution experiment led to unexpected evolutionary outcomes.
Intraoperative portable ultrasonography localization of clinically impalpable soft-tissue tumors
Authors: Jagadeesan Jagajeevan , Davies Jonathan A , Raurell Anna , Ashford Robert U 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
Most soft-tissue tumors are clinically palpable; however, some can be impalpable to clinical examination making it difficult to plan surgical management.

Methods
We present a simple method of perioperative tumor localization using a portable ultrasonography machine.

Results
We used the technique for seven cases, on each occasion identifying the tumor and facilitating the optimal surgical approach.

Conclusion
The technique is reproducible and readily available, and we recommend its use.
g-B3N3C: a novel two-dimensional graphite-like material
Authors: Li Jinyun , Gao Daqiang , Niu Xiaoning , Si Mingsu , Xue Desheng 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A novel crystalline structure of hybrid monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (BN) and graphene is predicted by means of the first-principles calculations. This material can be derived via boron or nitrogen atoms which are substituted by carbon atoms evenly in the graphitic BN with vacancies. The corresponding structure is constructed from a BN hexagonal ring linking an additional carbon atom. The unit cell is composed of seven atoms, three of which are boron atoms, three are nitrogen atoms, and one is a carbon atom. It shows a similar space structure as graphene, which is thus coined as g-B3N3C. Two stable topological types associated with the carbon bond formation, i.e., C-N or C-B bonds, are identified. Interestingly, distinct ground states of each type, depending on C-N or C-B bonds, and electronic bandgap as well as magnetic properties within this material have been studied systematically. Our work demonstrates a practical and efficient access to electronic properties of two-dimensional nanostructures, providing an approach to tackling open fundamental questions in bandgap-engineered devices and spintronics.
Modified ψ-contractive mappings in ordered metric spaces and applications
Authors: Nashine Hemant Kumar , Golubović Zoran , Kadelburg Zoran 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We set up two new variants of ψ-contractive mappings designed for two and three maps in metric spaces and originate common fixed point theorems for

T

-strictly weakly isotone increasing mappings and relatively weakly increasing mappings in complete ordered metric spaces. To demonstrate our results, we give some examples throughout the paper. At the same time, as applications of the presented theorems, we get hold of common fixed point results for generalized contractions of integral type and we prove an existence theorem for solutions of a system of integral equations.

MSC:47H10, 45F05.
Linear quantification of lymphoid infiltration of the tumor margin: a reproducible method, developed with colorectal cancer tissues, for assessing a highly variable prognostic factor
Authors: Allard Marc-Antoine , Bachet Jean Baptiste , Beauchet Alain , Julie Catherine , Malafosse Robert , Penna Christophe , Nordlinger Bernard , Emile Jean-François 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
Lymphoid infiltration is a prognostic marker in solid tumors, such as colorectal, breast and lung carcinomas. However, lymphoid infiltration is heterogeneous and the reproducibility of quantification based on single counts within a tumor is very low. We aimed to develop a reproducible method for evaluating lymphoid infiltration in tumors.

Methods
Virtual slides were obtained from tissue sections from the localized colorectal carcinomas of 117 patients, stained for CD3 and CD45R0. We assessed the variation of lymphoid cell density by automatic counts in 1 mm-wide, 5 μm-long segments of the invasive front, along an axis 4 mm in length running perpendicular to the invasive front of the tumor.

Results
We plotted curves of the variation of lymphocyte density across the tumor front. Three distinct patterns emerged from this linear quantification of lymphocyte (LQLI). In pattern 1, there was a high density of lymphocytes within the tumor. In pattern 2, lymphocyte density peaked close to the invasive margin. In pattern 3, lymphocytes were diffusely distributed, at low density. It was possible to classify all the tumors studied, and interobserver reproducibility was excellent (kappa =0.9). By contrast, single counts of CD3+ cells on tissue microarrays were highly variable for a given LQLI pattern, confirming the heterogeneity of lymphoid infiltration within individual tumors. In univariate analysis, all pathologic features (stage, metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR), vascular embolism, perineural invasion), CD3+ cell density, LQLI patterns for CD3+ and CD45R0+ cells) were found to have a significant effect on disease-free survival (DFS). In multivariate analysis, only the LQLI pattern for CD3+ cells (HR: 6.02; 95% CI: 2.74-13.18) and metastatic lymph node ratio (HR: 6.14; 95% CI: 2.32-16.2) were associated with DFS.

Conclusion
LQLI is an automated, reproducible method for the assessment of lymphoid infiltration. However, validation of its prognostic value in larger series is required before its introduction into routine practice for prognostic evaluation in patients with colorectal carcinomas.

Virtual slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9861460717895880
Video-assisted thoracoscopic left lower lobectomy in a patient with lung cancer and a right aortic arch
Authors: Wada Hideyuki , Hida Yasuhiro , Kaga Kichizo , Hase Ryunosuke , Ohtaka Kazuto , Muto Jun , Nakada-Kubota Reiko , Hirano Satoshi , Matsui Yoshiro 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A right aortic arch is a rare congenital anomaly, with a reported incidence of around 0.1%. A patient with a right aortic arch underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery left lower lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection for squamous cell carcinoma. There was no aortic arch or descending aorta in the left thoracic cavity, but the esophagus. There was no anomaly in the location or branching of the pulmonary vessels, the bronchi, and the lobulation of the lungs. The vagus nerve was found at the level of the left pulmonary artery. The arterial ligament was found between the left subclavian artery and the left pulmonary artery. The recurrent laryngeal nerve was recurrent around the left subclavian artery. A Kommerell diverticulum was found at the origin of the left subclavian artery. The patient experienced no complications. We conclude that video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy with mediastinal dissection is feasible for treating lung cancer with a right aortic arch.
Intra-medullary tuberculoma of the spinal cord presenting with typhoid and paraplegia: a case report
Authors: Bashir Sanaullah , Memon Akhtar Amin , Sanaullah Maryam , Hasan Yasmeen 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Introduction
Intra-medullary spinal tuberculoma is a rare form of tuberculosis, with an incidence of only two in 100,000 patients with tuberculosis. We present a case of intra-medullary tuberculoma from Pakistan, which was diagnosed by radiological findings and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid using polymerase chain reaction testing.

Case presentation
We present the case of a 28-year-old Sindhi male with intra-medullary tuberculoma of the spinal cord at the C3 level. Our patient was treated solely with anti-tubercular drug therapy with no surgical intervention.

Conclusions
We discuss the possible clinical management of such rare cases, considering both chemotherapeutic and surgical options. Additionally, diagnostic procedures and findings are discussed; we suggest cerebrospinal fluid analysis via polymerase chain reaction and gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid magnetic resonance imaging as important chemical and radiological tests to be performed in such cases.
Effect of different sizes of balls on crystalline size, strain, and atomic diffusion on Cu-Fe nanocrystals produced by mechanical alloying
Authors: Reza Vaezi Mohammad , Ghassemi Seyed Hesam Mir Shah , Shokuhfar Ali 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEffects of ball diameter on the crystalline size, induced strain, and atomic diffusion in Cu-50%Fe immiscible alloy system have been investigated. Milling parameters affect atomic diffusion in binary or ternary systems separately. The aim of this research work is to prove the fact that ball diameter is an important parameter. It is shown that different diameters can change milling power, and consequently, the final crystalline size and atomic diffusion can alter. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the effect of ball diameter. It is shown that the strain increases from 0.0025 to 0.0052, while the crystalline size decreases to 18 nm.
SEG 2010 Awards Citations
Authors: Beasley Craig , Lovell John , Burns Dan , Cheng Arthur , Lynn Walt , Larner Ken , Fleming Mary , Amundsen Lasse , Landrø Martin , Nemeth Tamas , Fokkema Jacob , Armstrong Judy , Bleistein Norm , Treitel Sven , Stolt Robert H. , Brown Frank , Corbin Robert , Larner Ken , Wegner Robert , Faria Eduardo , Cheng Arthur , Pangman Peter , Wapenaar Kees , Sava Paul 
Published: November 2012

Maurice Ewing Medal for Anthony R. Barringer Maurice Ewing Medal for M. Nafi Toksöz Honorary Membership for Michael S. Bahorich Honorary Membership for Walter S. Lynn Honorary Membership for Bjørn Ursin Virgil Kauffman Gold Medal to Gerard Thomas Schuster Virgil Kauffman Gold Medal to Kees Wapenaar Reginald Fessenden Award to Samuel Gray Reginald Fessenden Award to Arthur Benjamin Weglein Life Membership for Bradley A. Birkelo Life Membership for Steve Danbom Life Membership for Mary L. Fleming Life Membership for John R. Sumner Distinguished Achievement Award for The Brazilian Geophysical Society Distinguished Achievement Award for Amoco Research Center J. Clarence Karcher Award for Deyan Draganov J. Clarence Karcher Award for Jeffrey Shragge
A systems approach defining constraints of the genome architecture on lineage selection and evolvability during somatic cancer evolution
Authors: Rübben Albert , Nordhoff Ole 
Published: November 2012

Summary
Most clinically distinguishable malignant tumors are characterized by specific mutations, specific patterns of chromosomal rearrangements and a predominant mechanism of genetic instability but it remains unsolved whether modifications of cancer genomes can be explained solely by mutations and selection through the cancer microenvironment.
It has been suggested that internal dynamics of genomic modifications as opposed to the external evolutionary forces have a significant and complex impact on Darwinian species evolution. A similar situation can be expected for somatic cancer evolution as molecular key mechanisms encountered in species evolution also constitute prevalent mutation mechanisms in human cancers. This assumption is developed into a systems approach of carcinogenesis which focuses on possible inner constraints of the genome architecture on lineage selection during somatic cancer evolution. The proposed systems approach can be considered an analogy to the concept of evolvability in species evolution.
The principal hypothesis is that permissive or restrictive effects of the genome architecture on lineage selection during somatic cancer evolution exist and have a measurable impact. The systems approach postulates three classes of lineage selection effects of the genome architecture on somatic cancer evolution: i) effects mediated by changes of fitness of cells of cancer lineage, ii) effects mediated by changes of mutation probabilities and iii) effects mediated by changes of gene designation and physical and functional genome redundancy. Physical genome redundancy is the copy number of identical genetic sequences. Functional genome redundancy of a gene or a regulatory element is defined as the number of different genetic elements, regardless of copy number, coding for the same specific biological function within a cancer cell. Complex interactions of the genome architecture on lineage selection may be expected when modifications of the genome architecture have multiple and possibly opposed effects which manifest themselves at disparate times and progression stages.
Dissection of putative mechanisms mediating constraints exerted by the genome architecture on somatic cancer evolution may provide an algorithm for understanding and predicting as well as modifying somatic cancer evolution in individual patients.