bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies between net particulate carbon production and 13C‐labelled bicarbonate uptake by Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae): grazing controls the balance between autotrophic and non autotrophic carbon acquisition1
Authors: Collos Yves , Jauzein Cécile , Laabir Mohamed , Vaquer André 
Published: January 2013

Inorganic carbon uptake by Alexandrium catenella estimated from incorporation of 13C labelled bicarbonate (an estimate of carbon gain by autotrophy) was compared to increases in particulate carbon (PC) that integrate all processes leading to carbon gain by cells (autotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy). During blooms of A. catenella in the field, the 13C tracer technique could account for only 47% (range 29%–59%) of the increase in PC in conventional 24 h incubations. From dilution experiments, the ratio of PC increases to bicarbonate uptake was related significantly and positively to the grazing rate, indicating that dissolved organic carbon contributes to growth as a direct function of grazing activity. In addition, as grazing rate increases, the contribution of dissolved inorganic carbon uptake to carbon‐based growth decreases in a linear way (from 56% to 33% of total C acquisition) and the contribution of non autotrophic processes increases (from 54% to 67%). Thus, grazing appears to closely control the balance between autotrophic and non autotrophic processes leading to carbon acquisition by natural populations of A. catenella.
Periodontal disease and gene‐expression levels of metalloendopeptidases in human buccal mucosal epithelium
Authors: Kinoshita N. , Awano S. , Yoshida A. , Soh I. , Ansai T. 
Published: January 2013

Background and ObjectiveEndopeptidases, such as neutral endopeptidase (NEP), endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1 (ECE‐1) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), are believed to have various important roles in oral mucosal and epidermal tissue for the regulation of defensive biological responses in the oral cavity, and their expression and activity are influenced by various factors, including oral diseases. However, knowledge concerning these endopeptidases in the oral cavity has been minimal until now. This study focused on three metalloendopeptidases – NEP, ECE‐1 and ADAM17 – in the oral buccal mucosal epithelium of patients with periodontal diseases and investigated the relationship between their gene‐expression levels and periodontal disease.Material and MethodsThe levels of expression of NEP, ECE‐1 and ADAM17 mRNAs in tissue samples collected from the oral buccal mucosal epithelium of 61 patients were investigated by relative quantification using real‐time RT‐PCR analysis. information on oral and systemic health was obtained from the clinical record of each patient.ResultsAmong the three groups, classified based on the diagnosis of periodontal diseases (healthy/gingivitis, early periodontitis and moderate/advanced periodontitis), the relative expression level of NEP mRNA was significantly increased in the early periodontitis group and in the moderate/advanced periodontitis group compared with that in the healthy/gingivitis group. Moreover, the relative expression levels of ECE1 and ADAM17 mRNAs were significantly increased in the moderate/advanced periodontitis group compared with those in the healthy/gingivitis group. The correlation coefficients between the mean relative expression levels of NEP and ECE1 mRNAs, NEP and ADAM17 mRNAs, and ECE1 and ADAM17 mRNAs were r = 0.758, r = 0.707 and r = 0.934, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, among the oral‐related factors, there was a significant correlation between the number of sites with probing pocket depths of more than 4 mm and of more than 6 mm and the relative expression levels of NEP, ECE1 and ADAM17 mRNAs. In stepwise logistic regression models, high relative expression levels of ECE1 and ADAM17 mRNAs were significantly associated with moderate/advanced periodontitis.ConclusionThe present study suggests that the severity of periodontal disease may be associated with the expression of metalloendopeptidase genes, including NEP, ECE1 and ADAM17, in the buccal mucosal epithelium.
Emergence and Reduction
Authors: Le Boutillier Shaun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe question of the ontological status of social wholes has been formative to the development of key positions and debates within modern social theory. Intrinsic to this is the contested meaning of the concept of emergence and the idea that the collective whole is in some way more than the sum of its parts. This claim, in its contemporary form, gives exaggerated importance to a simple truism of re‐description that concerns all wholes. In this paper I argue that a better way to test the ontological status of wholes is to ask whether their causal properties can be reduced to the qualities of their parts. If reduction is possible the ontological status of emergent wholes is diminished. A close analysis of William Wimsatt's definition, conceptualisation, and characterisation of emergent phenomena provides an understanding of the relationship between wholes and their parts and suggests, also, that the properties of collective phenomena of a social kind reduce to the activities of people. Social wholes and their parts reside in the same mode (or level) of organisation. This paper concludes by employing Jaegwon Kim's method of ‘functional reduction’ to demonstrate how to reduce the qualities of wholes to those of their parts.
Impact of climate changes from Middle Miocene onwards on evolutionary diversification in Eurasia: Insights from the mesobuthid scorpions
Authors: Shi Cheng‐Min , Ji Ya‐Jie , Liu Lin , Wang Lei , Zhang De‐Xing 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe aridification from Middle Miocene onwards has transformed the Asian interior into an arid environment, and the Pleistocene glacial–interglacial oscillations exerted further ecological impact. Therefore, both aridification and glaciation would have considerably influenced the evolution of many mid‐latitude species in temperate Asia. Here, we tested this perspective by a phylogeographic study of the mesobuthid scorpions across temperate Asia using one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. Concordant mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees were obtained, which are consistent with species tree inferred using a Bayesian approach. The age of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all the studied scorpions was estimated to be 12.49 Ma (late Middle Miocene); Mesobuthus eupeus diverged from the clade composing Mesobuthus caucasicus and Mesobuthus martensii in early Late Miocene (10.21 Ma); M. martensii diverged from M. caucasicus at 5.53 Ma in Late Miocene. The estimated MRCA ages of M. martensii and the Chinese lineage of M. eupeus were 2.37 and 0.68 Ma, respectively. Central Asia was identified as the ancestral area for the lineage leading to M. martensii and M. caucasicus and the Chinese lineage of M. eupeus. The ancestral habitat of the genus Mesobuthus is likely to have been characterized by an arid environment; a shift towards more humid habitat occurred in the MRCA of M. martensii and a lineage of M. caucasicus, finally leading to the adaptation of M. martensii to humid environment. Our data strongly support the idea that the stepwise intensified aridifications from Mid‐Miocene onwards drove the diversification of mesobuthid scorpions, and suggest that M. martensii and M. eupeus observed today in China originated from an ancestral lineage distributed in Central Asia. Both the colonization and the ensuing evolution of these species in East Asia appear to have been further moulded by Quaternary glaciations.
Demographic and population‐genetic tests provide mixed support for the abundant centre hypothesis in the endemic plant Leavenworthia stylosa
Authors: Dixon Andrea L. , Herlihy Christopher R. , Busch Jeremiah W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe abundant centre hypothesis (ACH) assumes that population abundance, population size, density and per‐capita reproductive output should peak at the centre of a species' geographic range and decline towards the periphery. Increased isolation among and decreased reproductive output within edge populations should reduce within‐population genetic diversity and increase genetic differentiation among edge relative to central populations. The ACH also predicts asymmetrical gene flow, with net movement of migrants from the centre to edges. We evaluated these ecological assumptions and population‐genetic predictions in the endemic flowering plant Leavenworthia stylosa. Although populations were more spatially isolated near range edges, the geographic centre was surrounded by and not coincident with areas of peak population abundance, and plant density increased towards range edges. Per‐capita seed number was not associated with distance to the range centre, but seed number/m2 increased near range edges. In support of ACH predictions, allelic diversity at 12 microsatellite loci declined with distance from the range centre, and pairwise FST values were higher between edge populations than between central populations. Coalescent analyses confirmed that gene flow was most infrequent between edge populations, but there was not an asymmetric pattern of gene flow predicted by the ACH. This study shows that among‐population demographic variability largely did not support the ACH, while patterns of genetic diversity, differentiation and gene flow were generally consistent with its predictions. Such mixed support has frequently been observed in tests of the ACH and raises concerns regarding the generality of this hypothesis for species range limits.
Repairing Trust to Preserve Balance: A Balance‐Theoretic Approach to Trust Breach and Repair in Groups
Authors: Brodt Susan E. , Neville Lukas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe draw on balance theory (Heider, 1958) to better understand trust breach in its social context. By focusing on the motive to preserve balanced relationships within groups, we present a novel view on how and when trust repair is likely to occur in teams and workgroups. We also argue why such balanced states are likely to be more than just transitory, and why people attempt to rebalance systems rendered imbalanced by a breach. In addition, by examining the balance motive in trust relations, we conjecture about when trust judgments and behavior are likely to converge (or diverge) among the members of teams and work groups. Our approach contributes to an emerging stream of literature on the role of third parties and social groups on conflict and trust in teams and workgroups. Throughout our analysis, we offer propositions to guide subsequent empirical research.
Are ectomycorrhizal fungi alleviating or aggravating nitrogen limitation of tree growth in boreal forests?
Authors: Näsholm Torgny , Högberg Peter , Franklin Oskar , Metcalfe Daniel , Keel Sonja G. , Campbell Catherine , Hurry Vaughan , Linder Sune , Högberg Mona N. 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Symbioses between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi are thought to enhance plant uptake of nutrients through a favourable exchange for photosynthates. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are considered to play this vital role for trees in nitrogen (N)‐limited boreal forests.

We followed symbiotic carbon (C)–N exchange in a large‐scale boreal pine forest experiment by tracing 13CO2 absorbed through tree photosynthesis and 15N injected into a soil layer in which ectomycorrhizal fungi dominate the microbial community.

We detected little 15N in tree canopies, but high levels in soil microbes and in mycorrhizal root tips, illustrating effective soil N immobilization, especially in late summer, when tree belowground C allocation was high. Additions of N fertilizer to the soil before labelling shifted the incorporation of 15N from soil microbes and root tips to tree foliage.

These results were tested in a model for C–N exchange between trees and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that ectomycorrhizal fungi transfer small fractions of absorbed N to trees under N‐limited conditions, but larger fractions if more N is available. We suggest that greater allocation of C from trees to ectomycorrhizal fungi increases N retention in soil mycelium, driving boreal forests towards more severe N limitation at low N supply.
Can elevatedCO2and ozone shift the genetic composition of aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands?
Authors: Moran Emily V. , Kubiske Mark E. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe world's forests are currently exposed to increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3). Both pollutants can potentially exert a selective effect on plant populations. This, in turn, may lead to changes in ecosystem properties, such as carbon sequestration. Here, we report how elevatedCO2andO3affect the genetic composition of a woody plant population via altered survival.Using data from the Aspen free‐air CO2enrichment (FACE) experiment (in which aspen clones were grown in factorial combinations ofCO2andO3), we develop a hierarchical Bayesian model of survival. We also examine how survival differences between clones could affect pollutant responses in the next generation.Our model predicts that the relative abundance of the tested clones, given equal initial abundance, would shift under either elevatedCO2orO3as a result of changing survival rates. Survival was strongly affected by between‐clone differences in growth responses. Selection could noticeably decreaseO3sensitivity in the next generation, depending on the heritability of growth responses and the distribution of seed production. The response to selection byCO2, however, is likely to be small.Our results suggest that the changing atmospheric composition could shift the genotypic composition and average pollutant responses of tree populations over moderate timescales.
Variability in UVB Radiation in Beijing, China
Authors: Bo Hu , Xinghua Zhang , Yuesi Wang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe variation characteristics of Ultraviolet‐B (UVB; 280–315 nm) radiation over Beijing were explored using measured data that were collected in Beijing from November 2010 to October 2011. Seasonal variations in UVB radiation and influence of ozone and clearness index on the ratio of UVB to broadband solar radiation (G) were investigated. The annual value of UVB radiation in Beijing is 6.37 MJ m−2, and monthly average value ranges from 4.96 to 28.37 kJ m−2 d−1. The maximum daily total UVB radiation ranges from 6.55 kJ m−2 d−1 in November to 54.22 kJ m−2 d−1 in July. The monthly minimum of daily total UVB radiation varies from 0.5 kJ m−2 d−1 in February to 11.52 kJ m−2 d−1 in July. The monthly average of the ratio of UVB radiation to G ranges from 0.007 to 0.017%, with an annual average value of 0.012%. The variation in slant ozone column causes annual cycle of the ratio UVB radiation to G, with maximum value in summer. In addition, clouds have a greater effect on G than UVB radiation. Thus, the ratio increases by more than 17% when the atmospheric conditions change from clear to cloudy.
Photophysical Properties and Electronic Structure of Bacteriochlorin–Chalcones with Extended Near‐Infrared Absorption
Authors: Yang Eunkyung , Ruzié Christian , Krayer Michael , Diers James R. , Niedzwiedzki Dariusz M. , Kirmaier Christine , Lindsey Jonathan S. , Bocian David F. , Holten Dewey 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSynthetic bacteriochlorins enable systematic tailoring of substituents about the bacteriochlorin chromophore and thereby provide insights concerning the native bacteriochlorophylls of bacterial photosynthesis. Nine free‐base bacteriochlorins (eight prepared previously and one prepared here) have been examined that bear diverse substituents at the 13‐ or 3,13‐positions. The substituents include chalcone (3‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐onyl) derivatives with groups attached to the phenyl moiety, a “reverse chalcone” (3‐phenyl‐3‐oxo‐1‐enyl), and extended chalcones (5‐phenylpenta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐onyl, retinylidenonyl). The spectral and photophysical properties (τs, Φf, Φic, Φisc, τT, kf, kic, kisc) of the bacteriochlorins have been characterized. The bacteriochlorins absorb strongly in the 780–800 nm region and have fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) in the range 0.05–0.11 in toluene and dimethylsulfoxide. Light‐induced electron promotions between orbitals with predominantly substituent or macrocycle character or both may give rise to some net macrocycle ↔ substituent charge‐transfer character in the lowest and higher singlet excited states as indicated by density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT calculations. Such calculations indicated significant participation of molecular orbitals beyond those (HOMO − 1 to LUMO + 1) in the Gouterman four‐orbital model. Taken together, the studies provide insight into the fundamental properties of bacteriochlorins and illustrate designs for tuning the spectral and photophysical features of these near‐infrared‐absorbing tetrapyrrole chromophores.
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. fragariae: what's in a name?
Authors: Vandroemme J. , Cottyn B. , Pothier J. F. , Pflüger V. , Duffy B. , Maes M. 
Published: January 2013

Polyphasic analysis exposed important heterogeneity between bacterial strains catalogued as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. fragariae (Xaf) from different culture collections. Two draft whole‐genome sequences revealed pathogenicity related genes of the type‐three secretion system in strain LMG 19146, whereas none were found in the Xaf pathotype strain LMG 19145. Also, considerable sequence divergence was observed in the phylogenetic marker genes gyrB, rpoD, dnaK and fyuA. Further study of 16 Xaf culture‐collection strains showed that co‐classification is not justified. Partial 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequencing demonstrated that 12 strains belonged to X. arboricola, but that they did not form one homogeneous group within the species. The four remaining strains were identified as Xanthomonas fragariae and Xanthomonas sp. All sequence‐based identifications were confirmed by MALDI‐TOF MS fingerprinting. Also, the pathogenicity genes hrcQ and avrBs2 were detected in only three of the 12 analysed X. arboricola strains. The X. arboricola and Xanthomonas sp. strains showed pectolytic activity, and upon inoculation in strawberry none of the strains reproduced the leaf blight symptoms reported for Xaf. This study demonstrates that (i) no clear criteria exist for the identification of strains as Xaf, (ii) the name Xaf is currently used for a genetically diverse assortment of strains, and (iii) the species X. arboricola holds many undetermined plant‐associated bacteria besides the described pathovars.
Accuracy of patient self‐report as a measure of inhaled asthma medication use
Authors: Patel Mitesh , Perrin Kyle , Pritchard Alison , Williams Mathew , Wijesinghe Meme , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveMeasuring adherence to inhaled asthma treatment is a key priority for asthma care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self‐report and actual medication use as measured by electronic monitoring for single and combination inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) metered‐dose inhaler therapy.MethodsIn this retrospective analysis from a previously completed prospective 24‐week randomized, controlled trial of single or combination ICS/LABA therapy, medication use in the week prior to study visits determined by self‐report questionnaire and electronic monitoring was compared. One hundred eleven participants received 125 µg fluticasone dipropionate and 25 µg salmeterol, two actuations twice daily, by either separate or combination ICS/LABA inhalers. Paired data for self‐report and electronic monitoring were analysed. Measurement of agreement was by Bland–Altman‐like plots by visit with calculation of limits of agreement.ResultsFor single and combination ICS/LABA therapy, self‐report consistently overestimated actual inhaler use assessed by electronic monitoring by a mean of 2.2–8.4 inhalations over a 1‐week period, with limits of agreement ranging from ±15.8 to 25.6 inhalations. Participants who underused their inhalers tended to overreport their use, while those who overused tended to underreport their medication use. The greater the degree of underuse, the greater the magnitude of overreport, and likewise, the greater the degree of overuse, the greater the magnitude of underreport.ConclusionsSelf‐report is inaccurate in measuring actual use of inhaled asthma treatment with patients who underuse their maintenance therapy overreporting their use and those who overuse their therapy underreporting their use.
Relationship between bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung function in children age 5 and 6 with and without asthma
Authors: Takami Satoru , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Muramatsu Reiko , Hagiwara Satomi , Arakawa Hirokazu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveIt is unknown whether wheezy children have bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) or which lung function parameters are correlated with BHR in children. We evaluated the relationship between BHR parameters and the lung functions by minimizing the effects of age and height in asthmatic, non‐asthmatic wheezers and healthy children.MethodsThe subjects comprised of 154 children aged 5 and 6 years (78 males, 76 females), who were divided into three groups: asthmatics, non‐asthmatic wheezers and healthy controls. Spirometry and a methacholine inhalation challenge by the oscillation method were performed.ResultsThe age of the study cohort was 5.9 ± 0.2 years (mean ± standard deviation), and the height was 114.4 ± 5.3 cm. No significant differences in height, weight, body mass index or lung function were observed in the three groups. The minimal dose of methacholine to start bronchoconstriction, a parameter of bronchial sensitivity, was lower in asthmatics and non‐asthmatic wheezers than that in controls. The speed of bronchoconstriction in response to methacholine, a parameter of bronchial reactivity, was strongly correlated with baseline respiratory resistance (Rrs cont) in all three groups.ConclusionsOur data suggest that it not possible to distinguish preschool children with asthma from non‐asthmatic wheezers based on their bronchial sensitivity and that the baseline Rrs has a strong effect on the bronchial reactivity in children.
Intra and inter‐user reliability of central corneal thickness measurements obtained in healthy feline eyes using a portable spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography device
Authors: Alario Anthony F. , Pirie Christopher G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the intra and inter‐user reliability of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained using a portable spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) device in healthy feline eyes.AnimalsTwenty clinically normal cats.ProceduresGentle manual restraint was utilized for proper animal positioning. Central corneal thickness measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal three times by two operators in succession. A 6 mm, corneal pachymetry protocol was performed using the Optovue®iVueSD‐OCTsystem. TheCCTwas automatically calculated using the pachymetry software generated from eight radial scans, 6 mm in length. TheCCTwas recorded for each operator and compared statistically for both intra and inter‐user reliability.ResultsTwenty cats (11 CM, 9SF) with a mean age of 4.7 years were examined. The meanCCTfor all eyes examined was 629.08 ± 47.05 μm. No significant difference inCCTwas found based on the eye examined (ODvs.OS) or age of the animal. However, theCCTof spayed females was significantly higher (42.64 ± 18.0 μm) as compared to castrated males (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference inCCTmeasurements between replicates performed by the same operator or between operators. The mean difference inCCTbetween operators was 0.38 μm. The coefficient of variation for each user and between users was very low (range 0.68–1.5%). The intra‐class correlation coefficient comparing operators was 0.975.ConclusionsThe Optovue®iVueSD‐OCTdevice is capable of obtainingCCTmeasurements with excellent intra and interoperator reliability in healthy feline eyes.