bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence☆
Authors: Schinka Katherine C. , van Dulmen Manfred H.M. , Mata Andrea D. , Bossarte Robert , Swahn Monica 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUsing latent class growth analysis, we were interested in investigating how experiences of loneliness emerge in distinct developmental patterns over the course of middle childhood and adolescence (NICHD Study of Early Child Care, N = 832). Second, we examined the role of demographic, mental health, and behavioral variables in association with these discrete patterns of loneliness. Loneliness was measured at 3 time points: age 9, age 11, and age 15. Results indicated five discrete trajectories of loneliness from middle childhood to adolescence. Most children exhibited a stable and low level of loneliness over time. The remaining children were split among moderate increasing, high increasing, decreasing, and chronic loneliness groups. Ethnicity, income, age 7 social skills, age 7 depression, and age 7 aggression were associated with trajectory membership. In addition, the loneliness trajectories predicted self‐reports of social skills deficits, depression, aggression, and suicidal ideation at age 15.
Human chorionic gonadotropin as a measure of pregnancy duration
Authors: Larsen John , Buchanan Philip , Johnson Sarah , Godbert Sonya , Zinaman Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare gestational age (GA) estimates in early pregnancy, determined by last menstrual period (LMP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration, ultrasound crown–rump length (Hadlock formula), and ovulation day (luteinizing hormone surge plus 1 day).MethodsFemale volunteers seeking to conceive (at 5 US sites) collected daily early‐morning urine for up to 3 menstrual cycles. Pregnant women underwent ultrasound dating scans. Conception cycle urine was quantitatively assessed for luteinizing hormone and hCG. Summary statistics for GA using each reference method were determined (n = 131).ResultsCorrelation between GA determined by ultrasound and ovulation day was excellent (maximum difference 10 days); however, pregnancies dated by ultrasound were 3 days advanced. The difference between LMP estimates and estimates based on ovulation day or ultrasound was 9 and 12 days, respectively. A uniform rise in hCG on each day of pregnancy was seen using all reference methods. The accuracy of hCG measurement in determining the week since conception was more than 93%.ConclusionMethods for establishing pregnancy duration vary in their accuracy and their GA estimates. The rise in hCG concentration in early pregnancy is uniform and therefore hCG levels provide the most accurate, early estimation of GA in single, viable pregnancies.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01077583
Risk factors for intraoperative hemorrhage at evacuation of a cesarean scar pregnancy following uterine artery embolization
Authors: Wang Jian‐Hua , Qian Zhi‐Da , Zhuang Ya‐Ling , Du Yong‐Jiang , Zhu Lin‐Hua , Huang Li‐Li 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine risk factors associated with massive uterine bleeding during dilation and suction curettage (D&C) after uterine artery embolization (UAE) for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).MethodsData from 128 CSP patients treated with D&C after UAE were analyzed to assess risk factors associated with massive uterine bleeding (blood loss 500 mL or more) during D&C after UAE.ResultsIn total, 15 CSP patients had massive bleeding during D&C after UAE. Univariate analysis showed that a greater gestational age (GA), a larger CSP mass size, a thinner myometrium at the implantation site, a GA of 8 weeks or more, a CSP mass diameter of 6 cm or more, and evidence of fetal heartbeat were risk factors for massive bleeding (P < 0.05). In a binary logistic regression analysis, GA of 8 weeks or more and CSP mass diameter of 6 cm or more remained as the only significant risk factors for massive bleeding (OR 11.49 [95% CI 1.08–122.13] and OR 96.59 [95% CI 6.20–150.57], respectively; P < 0.05).ConclusionFor CSP masses with a GA of 8 weeks or more and a diameter of 6 cm or more, the outcome of surgical evacuation after UAE tends to be unsatisfactory.
The relationship between facility delivery and infant immunization in Ethiopia
Authors: Moyer Cheryl A. , Tadesse Lia , Fisseha Senait 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether facility delivery is related to compliance with recommended infant immunizations, particularly those that occur weeks or months after delivery.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis, multivariate logistic regression was used to assess data from the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) to determine the strongest correlates of facility delivery. These correlates were then used, along with facility delivery itself, to determine the relationship between facility delivery and infant immunization.ResultsIn total, 3334 women delivered a newborn 12–24 months before the 2011 EDHS: 90.2% (3007) delivered at home, and 9.8% (327) delivered in a facility. Education, wealth status, urban residence, and number of children under 5 years living in the household were the factors most strongly associated with facility delivery. When facility delivery and its strongest correlates were entered into multivariate logistic regression models with infant immunizations as the outcome, facility delivery was significantly associated with increased likelihood of DPT‐HepB‐Hib, polio, and measles vaccination, and increased likelihood of being fully immunized (all P < 0.01). Facility delivery was the strongest single factor associated with infants being immunized, doubling the odds of full immunization.ConclusionThe impact of facility delivery on health outcomes transcends the immediate delivery and postpartum period.
Statistical accuracy of scattered points filters and application to the dynamics of bubbles in gas-fluidized beds
Authors: Acosta-Iborra A. , Sánchez-Delgado S. , Scott S. A. , Müller C. R. , Dennis J. S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA novel analytical equation for the assessment of the accuracy of filters used for the interpolation and differentiation of scattered experimental data is presented. The equation takes into account the statistical nature of the filter output resulting from both the arbitrary positions of the data points and the randomness and noise present in the experimental data. Numerical estimation of the accuracy of the filter, using a Monte Carlo procedure, shows good agreement with the deduced analytical equation. This numerical procedure was also used to determine the accuracy of variance filters aimed at calculating the mean-square fluctuation of experimental data. The combination of the numerical results and analytical equations reveals the exact sources of inaccuracy arising in scattered point filters, namely: (i) the spectral inaccuracy of the weighting function; (ii) the noise or stochastic signal amplification; and (iii) the error arising from the random collocation of points within the filter window. The results also demonstrate that the use of the local mean in the calculation of the quadratic fluctuation leads to smaller estimation errors than the central mean. Finally, all these filters are used and critically evaluated in the framework of the stochastic position, diameter, and velocity of bubbles in a gas-fluidized bed. It is shown that the empirical coefficient of bubble coalescence in the two-dimensional bed tested, $\bar {\lambda } $, is in the range 2.0–2.4 when incorporating only the visible flow of bubbles. Here, the vertical distance over which a bubble survives without coalescing is $\bar {\lambda } {L}_{c} $, where ${L}_{c} $ is the characteristic separation between neighbouring bubbles in the horizontal direction prior to coalescence. It was also seen that the relative mean-square-root fluctuation of both bubble diameter and velocity is more than 50 % at the centre of the bed and remains nearly constant along the height of the bed.
The African Origins of the Amistad Rebellion, 1839
Authors: Rediker Marcus 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis essay explores the Amistad rebellion of 1839, in which fifty-three Africans seized a slave schooner, sailed it to Long Island, New York, made an alliance with American abolitionists, and won their freedom in a protracted legal battle. Asking how and why the rebels succeeded, it emphasizes the African background and experience, as well as the “fictive kinship” that grew out of many incarcerations, as sources of solidarity that made the uprising possible. The essay concludes by discussing the process of mutiny, suggesting a six-phase model for understanding the dynamics of shipboard revolt, and showing how such events can have powerful historical consequences.
International Radicalism, Local Solidarities: The 1797 British Naval Mutinies in Southern African Waters
Authors: Ulrich Nicole 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article details the 1797 mutinies in the British Royal Navy in southern African waters at Simon's Bay and Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Drawing attention to the intersections between international protest during the age of revolution and between local, African protest, it shows that the Cape mutinies were part of an empire-wide strike, and were rooted in the organizational traditions of naval sailors. Yet, these mutinies were also of local significance. They signalled the growing confidence, and radicalization, of the popular classes at the Cape, as sailors, KhoiSan labourers, and slaves all experimented with new strategies of rebellion. Realizing the fundamental class bias of custom and law during their struggles for improvements in wages and working conditions and for a more democratic workplace regime, naval sailors also contributed to a broader political dialogue at the Cape concerning the relationship between the imperial state, freedom, and rights.
Effect of medication-related factors on adherence in people with schizophrenia: A European multi-centre study
Authors: Meier Johanna , Becker Thomas , Patel Anita , Robson Debbie , Schene Aart , Kikkert Martijn , Barbui Corrado , Burti Lorenzo , Puschner Bernd 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYAim– To investigate the relation between medication-related factors and adherence in people with schizophrenia in outpatient treatment.Methods– The sample comprised 409 outpatients (ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia) with clinician-rated instability in four European cities (Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Verona, Italy; Leipzig, Germany; London, Great Britain). Adherence was assessed using theMedication Adherence Questionnaire(patient perspective), and theClinician Rating Scale(clinician perspective). Examined medication-related factors were type (atypical vs. typical), application (oral vs. depot), daily dose frequency of antipsychotic medication (Medication History Scale), number of side effects (Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale), and patient attitudes toward medication (Drug Attitude Inventory). Multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of adherence by medication-related factors.Results– Adherence, as rated by patient and clinician, was predicted by patient attitude towards medication, but was unrelated to type of drug, formulation or side effects of antipsychotic medication. A high daily dose frequency was associated with better adherence, but only when rated by the patient.Conclusions– In order to improve adherence there is a need to seriously consider and attempt to improve patient attitude toward medication. However, type of antipsychotic and other medication-related factors may not be as closely related to adherence as it has often been suggested.Declaration of Interest:The study was funded by a grant from the Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Program of the European Union (QLG4-CT-2001–01734). JM, AS, CB, MK, CB, LB, and BP declare that they have not received any form of financing including pharmaceutical company support or any honoraria for consultancies or interventions during the last two years. DR has received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag and Astra Zeneca for consultancy work, and Anita Patel has received research consultancy funding from Servier. TB reports research funding to the department from Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Affectis for clinical trials and investigator-initiated trials; the department has also received funds to a minor extent for symposia and in-house training from Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Janssen Cilag, Lilly Germany, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, and Wyeth. All authors declare that they have no other involvements that might be considered a conflict of interest in connection with this article.
Depletion of serotonin in the basolateral amygdala elevates glutamate receptors and facilitates fear-potentiated startle
Authors: Tran L , Lasher B K , Young K A , Keele N B 
Published: September 2013

AbstractOur previous experiments demonstrated that systemic depletion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), similar to levels reported in patients with emotional disorders, enhanced glutamateric activity in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) and potentiated fear behaviors. However, the effects of isolated depletion of 5-HT in the LA, and the molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced glutamatergic activity are unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that depletion of 5-HT in the LA induces increased fear behavior, and concomitantly enhances glutamate receptor (GluR) expression. Bilateral infusions of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (4 μg per side) into the LA produced a regional reduction of serotonergic fibers, resulting in decreased 5-HT concentrations. The induction of low 5-HT in the LA elevated fear-potentiated startle, with a parallel increase in GluR1 mRNA and GluR1 protein expression. These findings suggest that low 5-HT concentrations in the LA may facilitate fear behavior through enhanced GluR-mediated mechanisms. Moreover, our data support a relationship between 5-HT and glutamate in psychopathologies.
Preparation and antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoplates via sol–gel process
Authors: Luo Fan , Lu Junwen , Wang Wei , Tan Fantang , Qiao Xueliang 
Published: September 2013

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanopowders were synthesised by a sol–gel method with different amounts of ammonium hydroxide (NH3 ·H2O) and characterised by a combination of thermo gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the structure and morphology of MgO nanopowders can be regulated by the addition of NH3 ·H2O. When an appropriate amount of NH3 ·H2O was added into the reaction system, plate‐like nanoMgO was obtained. The antibacterial activity of MgO nanoplates was also investigated by the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) test and bactericidal efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922). The tested results revealed that the MgO nanoplates have great antibacterial effect with an MIC value of 600 mg/l and the bactericidal rate was about 99.8% at a concentration of 500 mg/l. Furthermore, the effect of NH3 ·H2O on the structure and morphology of MgO nanopowders and on the growth mechanism are briefly discussed. The hydroxide ion of NH3 ·H2O, in favour of Mg(OH)2 generation in the precursors, is essential for the formation of MgO nanoplates.
Letter counting
Authors: Ycart Bernard 
Published: September 2013

SummaryCounting letters in written texts is a very ancient practice. It has accompanied the development of cryptology, quantitative linguistics, and statistics. In cryptology, counting frequencies of the different characters in an encrypted message is the basis of the so called frequency analysis method. In quantitative linguistics, the proportion of vowels to consonants in different languages was studied long before authorship attribution. In statistics, the alternation vowel-consonants was the only example that Markov ever gave of his theory of chained events. A short history of letter counting is presented. The three domains, cryptology, quantitative linguistics, and statistics, are then examined, focusing on the interactions with the other two fields through letter counting. As a conclusion, the eclecticism of the scholars of past centuries, their background in humanities, and their familiarity with cryptograms, are identified as contributing factors to the mutual enrichment process which is described here.
Knowledge as a Mental Episode
Authors: Matilal Bimal Krishna 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Perception yields knowledge. More generally, perception, in the sense of ‘sensing’, is regarded as an important source of knowledge. Or, to put it in the Indian terminology, it is a primary ‘means’ of knowing. One cannot get a clear idea of perception in the Indian context unless one is sure as to what counts as knowledge or a knowing event in traditional Indian philosophy. This chapter tries to introduce the notion of a knowing event. This leads to discussion of many issues related to the notion of a mental event, for a knowing event is treated here as a species of mental event. The discussion looks at doubting, mental acts, mental episodes, intentionality, psychologism, and logical theories.
Imagination, Perception, and Language
Authors: Matilal Bimal Krishna 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The parable of the magician and the tiger's bone has been used in the Buddhist canons to show how proliferations of conceptual and linguistic snares capture man, who in fact is himself the creator of this labyrinth of concepts in the first place. Man objectifies the concepts only to be entangled by them. Language distorts reality by proliferating false concepts and images. This is a well-known pan-Buddhist theme, and it is often woven around such notions as prapānca, vikalpa, and kalpanā. The chapter first explains these notions, and leads to deeper problems of perception, language, and meaning. It considers perception, verbal proliferation, imagination, prelinguistic perception, immediate and mediate perception, construction, and conception-free awareness.
Universals
Authors: Matilal Bimal Krishna 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Discussion about the problem of universals usually starts with Plato's theory of forms along with Aristotle's critique of forms and his own doctrine of universals. ln the Indian context the starting-point has always been the early Vaisesika-sūtra discussion of ‘existent-ness’ and ‘generic properties’. The second and third sections of this chapter look briefly at Bharṭrhari's psychological nominalism or holism as well as Diṅnāga's apoha nominalism. Diṅnāga agreed with Bharṭrhari thesis; however, the major disagreement with Bharṭrhari probably lies in Diṅnāga's view that the naked object can be grasped or is grasped by purely sensory awareness, and the pure percept is therefore ineffable and self-cognized. The fourth section discusses mentalism and realism. The last section deals with the ontology and semantics of the discussion on universals and particulars.
An Inverse Demand System for New England Groundfish: Welfare Analysis of the Transition to Catch Share Management
Authors: Lee Min-Yang A. , Thunberg Eric M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe welfare effects of the 2010 transition from Days‐at‐Sea to catch share management in the Northeast U.S. groundfish fishery are examined by combining a model of groundfish demand with a simulation‐based model of supply. Counterfactual supply is constructed based on the Days‐at‐Sea system that was recalibrated to meet mandated conservation goals. Due to the decreases in catch that were required to meet those goals, the 2010 policy undoubtedly resulted in worse outcomes for both producers and consumers compared to 2009. However, the conservation‐equivalent Days‐at‐Sea system would have been far worse for both consumers and producers.
Topoisomerase IV is required for partitioning of circular chromosomes but not linear chromosomes in Streptomyces
Authors: Huang Tzu-Wen , Hsu Chin-Chen , Yang Han-Yu , Chen Carton W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Filamentous bacteria of the genus Streptomyces possess linear chromosomes and linear plasmids. Theoretically, linear replicons may not need a decatenase for post-replicational separation of daughter molecules. Yet, Streptomyces contain parC and parE that encode the subunits for the decatenase topoisomerase IV. The linear replicons of Streptomyces adopt a circular configuration in vivo through telomere–telomere interaction, which would require decatenation, if the circular configuration persists through replication. We investigated whether topoisomerase IV is required for separation of the linear replicons in Streptomyces. Deletion of parE from the Streptomyces coelicolor chromosome was achieved, when parE was provided on a plasmid. Subsequently, the plasmid was eliminated at high temperature, and ΔparE mutants were obtained. These results indicated that topoisomerase IV was not essential for Streptomyces. Presumably, the telomere–telomere association may be resolved during or after replication to separate the daughter chromosomes. Nevertheless, the mutants exhibited retarded growth, defective sporulation and temperature sensitivity. In the mutants, circular plasmids could not replicate, and spontaneous circularization of the chromosome was not observed, indicating that topoisomerase IV was required for decatenation of circular replicons. Moreover, site-specific integration of a plasmid is impaired in the mutants, suggesting the formation of DNA knots during integration, which must be resolved by topoisomerase IV.
Structure of the human telomere in Na+ solution: an antiparallel (2+2) G-quadruplex scaffold reveals additional diversity
Authors: Lim Kah Wai , Ng Veronica Chinn Min , Martín-Pintado Nerea , Heddi Brahim , Phan Anh Tuân 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Single-stranded DNA overhangs at the ends of human telomeric repeats are capable of adopting four-stranded G-quadruplex structures, which could serve as potential anticancer targets. Out of the five reported intramolecular human telomeric G-quadruplex structures, four were formed in the presence of K+ ions and only one in the presence of Na+ ions, leading often to a perception that this structural polymorphism occurs exclusively in the presence of K+ but not Na+. Here we present the structure of a new antiparallel (2+2) G-quadruplex formed by a derivative of a 27-nt human telomeric sequence in Na+ solution, which comprises a novel core arrangement distinct from the known topologies. This structure complements the previously elucidated basket-type human telomeric G-quadruplex to serve as reference structures in Na+-containing environment. These structures, together with the coexistence of other conformations in Na+ solution as observed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, establish the polymorphic nature of human telomeric repeats beyond the influence of K+ ions.