bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new approach for evaluating the water resistance of sunscreens on consumers: tap water vs. salt water vs. chlorine water
Authors: Puccetti G. , Fares H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisObjectiveAn efficient sunscreen product needs to offer broad spectrum photostable UV protection during consumer use. Water resistance has become an additional criterion requested by consumers spending time near water or outdoors. Polymers generally provide water resistance to formulations and are critical to the formation and stability of a sunscreen film on skin when exposed to water. The present work introduces a new in vivo screening approach to measure water resistance using UVA‐induced fluorescence imaging.MethodsThe approach has been applied to several formulations containing different polymers and compared to commercial products, for the three main water types: tap, salt and chlorinated water. All testing has been performed on the forearms of 10 subjects using UVA imaging. In addition, the skin whitening has been measured for all formulations on five subjects when exposed to water by visible light imaging.ResultsOur approach showed clear differences in water resistance values among the formulations tested, reflecting the importance of the formulation and the polymers used. The method proved capable of discriminating not only sunscreen performances with different water proofing ingredients but also water specific sunscreens such as a beach dedicated product showing a 20% higher resistance to salt water vs. tap and chlorine waters.ConclusionThe use of UVA‐induced fluorescence imaging on skin proved a useful in vivo approach for measuring the water resistance performances for various sunscreen lotions with a wide range of skin whitening effects in water. Our method showed how high water resistance can be combined in a Wet skin® sunscreen with superior non whitening effect on the skin.
An overview of only child family mental health in China
Authors: KUO‐TAITAO  
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis author reviewed most of the recent literature and research including three major studies in Shanghai, Changsha and Beijing as well as the authors' studies, including the 4 and 6 year follow‐up studies in Nanjing. Most of the research undertaken in the USA and other Western countries and in China challenges the negative view of the only child described as ‘selfish', ‘lonely’ or ‘maladjusted'. The results showed no significant differences between the only child and the child with siblings, in terms of the prevalence of behavior problems except that certain items needed attention. In 4 and 6 year follow‐up studies the developmental impact of being an only child or being a child without sibling was found to be different. However, the difference was not at a clinical level, but in behavior patterns or traits which clearly revealed many variables that were ‘functional’ in nature and related to child rearing. The data from these studies reflected only the comparison between groups of only children versus children with siblings. As individuals, behavior problems dominated in only a few children without siblings.
Clinical characteristics of hyperglycemic crises in patients without a history of diabetes
Authors: Chou Willy , Chung Min‐Hsien , Wang Hsien‐Yi , Chen Jiann‐Hwa , Chen Wei‐Lung , Guo How‐Ran , Lin Hung‐Jung , Su Shih‐Bin , Huang Chien‐Cheng , Hsu Chien‐Chin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionHyperglycemic crises without a history of diabetes have not been well studied. We compared the clinical characteristics of patients with and without a history of diabetes, and evaluated the glycated hemoglobin levels.Materials and MethodsConsecutive adult patients (aged >18 years) visiting the emergency department (ED) between January 2004 and December 2010 were enrolled if they met the criteria for a hyperglycemic crisis. Patients were separated into those without and those with a history of diabetes. The 30‐day mortality was the primary end‐point.ResultsWe enrolled 295 patients who made 330 visits to the ED. Patients without a history of diabetes made up 24.5% (81/330) of the hyperglycemic crises. Patients without a history of diabetes were more prone than patients with a history of diabetes to be younger and male, and to have better consciousness and renal function, more significant diabetic signs and symptoms (e.g., thirst, polydipsia, polyuria and bodyweight loss), higher blood sugar, and less opportunity of infection and mortality. Most of the patients (93.8%, 76/81) had glycated hemoglobin of ≥6.5%.ConclusionsThe present study delineates the clinical characteristics of patients with hyperglycemic crises, but without a history of diabetes. Most patients had glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, which raises the argument of using this biomarker for routine screening of diabetes.
When Women Support the Patriarchal Family: The Dynamics of Marriage in a Gécamines Mining Camp (Katanga Province, DR Congo)
Authors: Rubbers Benjamin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBased on ethnographic research among the ex‐Gécamines workers of Panda (Likasi, DR Congo), this article studies the dynamics of the spousal relationship in a post‐industrial context that has been long characterized by paternalism. The results of this research suggest that, though men and women living in this mining community talk about their spousal relationships by invoking the ideal of Christian marriage promoted during the colonial period, in practice such relationships faced important changes following Congolese independence in 1960. The nationalization and subsequent dramatic decline of Gécamines caused changes which directly affected three central dimensions of the colonial family model, namely monogamy, the ideal of domesticity, and male authority. If men and women continue to reference this model, it is because, in times of growing poverty, it allows spouses to remind one another of their respective duties as docile housewives and responsible husbands, and to command respect as virtuous Christian families in the local community.
Importance of HCV genotype 1 subtypes for drug resistance and response to therapy
Authors: Wyles D. L. , Gutierrez J. A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe treatment for patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 has undergone major changes with the availability of direct‐acting antivirals. Triple therapy, containing telaprevir or boceprevir, first‐wave NS3 protease inhibitors, in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin, improved rates of sustained virologic response compared with peginterferon and ribavirin alone in patients with HCV genotype 1. However, the development of drug‐resistant variants is a concern. In patients treated with telaprevir or boceprevir, different patterns of resistance are observed for the two major HCV genotype 1 subtypes, 1a and 1b. Genotype 1b is associated with a lower rate of resistant variant selection and better response to triple therapy compared with genotype 1a. Similar subtype‐specific patterns have been observed for investigational direct‐acting antivirals, including second‐wave NS3 protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors and non‐nucleoside NS5B inhibitors. This review explores resistance to approved and investigational direct‐acting antivirals for the treatment of HCV, focusing on the differences between genotype 1a and genotype 1b. Finally, given the importance of HCV genotype 1 subtype on resistance and treatment outcomes, clinicians must also be aware of the tests currently available for genotype subtyping and their limitations.
A Retrospective Study of Propranolol Therapy in 635 Infants with Infantile Hemangioma
Authors: Luo Yongqi , Zeng Yinghong , Zhou Bin , Tang Jianping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSix hundred thirty‐five patients underwent oral propranolol treatment for infantile hemangioma. The efficacy rate was 91.2% and 162 of the patients recovered completely. No significant adverse effects were observed and the overall incidence of adverse effects was 2.1%.
Effects of pre‐ and post‐treatment with ethephon on gum formation of peach gummosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Authors: Li Z. , Zhu W. , Fan Y.‐C. , Ye J.‐L. , Li G.‐H. 
Published: March 2014

Peach gummosis, caused by Botryosphaeria spp. fungi, is the process of gum accumulation and exudation in plants. Ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid) has profound effects on plants, including enhanced production of secondary metabolites and regulation of plant diseases. This study investigates the effects of application of ethephon before and after inoculation with Lasiodiplodia theobromae on gum formation. Gum formation was promoted by ethephon treatment prior to pathogen inoculation, but inhibited by ethephon applied after the pathogen. The inhibitory effect was counteracted by 1‐methylcyclopropane, which is an ethylene signal inhibitor. 1‐methylcyclopropane also promoted gum formation. Exposure of three isolates of Botryosphaeria to ethephon inhibited mycelial growth. Both treatment methods increased the sugar content at 12 and 24 h post‐inoculation (hpi). However, the sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were significantly higher in shoots with ethephon post‐treatment (application of ethephon after the pathogen inoculation) than those in shoots with ethephon pre‐treatment (application of ethephon prior to pathogen inoculation) at 48 and 72 hpi. The expression of two putative senescence‐related genes, SEN2 and SEN4, were significantly enhanced in pre‐ and post‐treated shoots with ethephon at 24, 48 and 72 hpi. Ethephon application also up‐regulated expression of the pathogenesis‐related protein PR4 while down‐regulating PR1a and PR10. The results show that ethephon has a dual function in regulating gum formation by affecting both the peach shoots and the pathogen.
Seasonal Variations in Seminal Plasma Proteins of Buffalo
Authors: Sharma L , Pandey V , Nigam R , Singh P , Saxena A , Swain DK 
Published: March 2014

ContentsThe study was designed to evaluate the influence of season on semen characteristics and seminal plasma protein profile of buffalo bull semen. Thirty‐six ejaculates were collected in three seasons (winter, summer and rainy) from six adult Bhadawari bulls, and semen characteristics were evaluated immediately after collection. The seminal plasma was harvested by centrifugation and protein profiling, and percentage protein fractions were analysed by SDS‐PAGE. The significant effect of season was observed on ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, percentage live spermatozoa, hypo‐osmotic swelling test (HOST) and acrosomal integrity. The electrophoretogram of seminal plasma proteins revealed 20 protein bands in winter, 23 bands in rainy and 25 bands in summer seasons, illustrating the significant effect of seasons on seminal plasma proteins. Among these protein bands, 18 bands were observed common in semen samples of all three seasons while protein bands of 46, 55, 58, 144 and 160 kDa were found in rainy and summer seasons. The protein bands of 48 and 60 kDa were observed only in winter season, whereas 184 and 200 kDa were reported in summer season only. The protein fractions (protein%) of common protein bands observed in three seasons revealed a significant effect of season on protein bands of 24.5, 66, 70, 72, 84 and 86 kDa. From the study, it was pertinent that bull seminal plasma contains specific proteins in particular season, which may be associated with some of the semen characteristics, and these proteins could be used as markers of the semen quality of buffalo bulls.
Lumped-Parameter Modeling of an Automotive Air Conditioning System for Energy Optimization and Management
Authors: Zhang Quansheng , Canova Marcello 
Published: March 2014

The air conditioning (A/C) system is the largest ancillary load in passenger cars, with significant impact on fuel economy. In order to reduce the energy consumption of A/C systems, model-based optimization and optimal control design tools can be effectively applied to design of a supervisory energy management strategy. Significant challenges however lie in the design of a system model that is accurate enough to represent the nonlinear behavior of the system, yet sufficiently simple to enable the use of model-based control design methods.
This paper presents a low-order, energy-based model of an automotive A/C system that is able to predict the dynamics of the evaporator and condenser pressures and the compressor power consumption during typical thermostatic (on/off) operations. A characterization of the mass and energy transport in the heat exchangers is obtained using a lumped-parameter approximation, leading to a model with reasonable accuracy but greatly reduced complexity, hence for supervisory control design. The model was validated against experimental data obtained on a test vehicle, allowing one to evaluate the accuracy in predicting the pressure states and the power consumption.
Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Ships Based on Slender-Body Theory (SBT)
Authors: Tascon Oscar D. , Mora Jaime D. , Algarin Roberto J. 
Published: March 2014

One of the aims of the Colombian Ministry of Defense in the field of science and technology is to develop and build in-house simulators for training. An important prerequisite in the development of these types of simulators is to have accurate knowledge about the forces that act on the particular type of ship being considered. In the pursuit of this objective, the Science & Technology Corporation for the Development of the Shipbuilding Industry in Colombia — COTECMAR has established a research program for the development of physics-based models to predict the generalized forces acting on maneuvering ships.
The following article proposes a mathematical model capable of providing the simulator with calculations for the hydrodynamic forces acting on three types of ships: displacement ships, submarines and planning hulls. Derived from slender-body theory (SBT), the mathematical model presented minimizes computational time and eliminates the need for experimental data, making it possible to use the calculation of hydrodynamics forces at the initial stages of design when the geometry of the ship is constantly revised and the effect of those changes in the dynamic performance of the ship needs to be assessed.
The article explains the mathematical model proposed and its modular nature, compares existing numerical and experimental data with results obtained from this study for the three case studies selected: displacement ships, submarines and planing hulls.
Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in Healthy Children and Pneumonia Patients
Authors: Sakwinska Olga , Bastic Schmid Viktoria , Berger Bernard , Bruttin Anne , Keitel Kristina , Lepage Mélissa , Moine Deborah , Ngom Bru Catherine , Brüssow Harald , Gervaix Alain 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Our study is the first to compare the nasopharyngeal microbiota of pediatric pneumonia patients and control children by 454 pyrosequencing. A distinct microbiota was associated with different pneumonia etiologies. Viral pneumonia was associated with a high abundance of the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) corresponding to
Moraxella lacunata
. Patients with nonviral pneumonia showed high abundances of OTUs of three typical bacterial pathogens,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
complex,
Haemophilus influenzae
complex, and
Moraxella catarrhalis
. Patients classified as having no definitive etiology harbored microbiota particularly enriched in the
H. influenzae
complex. We did not observe a commensal taxon specifically associated with health. The microbiota of the healthy nasopharynx was more diverse and contained a wider range of less abundant taxa.
Subgroup analyses with special reference to the effect of antiplatelet agents in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Aronson Doron 
Published: March 2014

SummaryControlled trials estimate treatment effects averaged over the reference population of subjects. However, physicians are interested in whether the treatment effect varies across subgroups (effect heterogeneity) in order to target specific subgroups to maximise the benefit of treatment and minimise harm. Therefore, large clinical trials of antiplatelet agents include subgroup analyses that examine whether treatment effects differ between subgroups of subjects identified by baseline characteristics. Reporting subgroup is pervasive and often accompanied by claims of difference of treatment effects between subgroups with potential important implications for clinical practice. However, subgroup-specific analyses of clinical trial data have inherent limitations that reduce their reliability. These include reduced statistical power, failure to specify the subgroups of interest a priori, failure to account for examining large numbers of subgroups, lack of strong rationale for biological response modification, and performing analyses based on variables measured post randomisation or in trials showing no overall difference between treatments. Rules for interpretation of subgroup findings in subgroups have been suggested but are frequently not applied. In this article we draw attention to the pitfalls of subgroup analyses in the context of recent trials of antiplatelet agents.
Notes on the biology of the deep-sea crab Paramola cuvieri (Risso, 1816) (Decapoda, Homolidae) in the Canary Islands (central-east Atlantic)
Authors: Castro J. J. , Hernández-García V. , Santana-Ortega A. T. , Martí-Trujillo J. A. , Pérez-González Y. , Santana-Artiles G. 
Published: March 2014

The box crab (Paramola cuvieri) was relatively frequent in trap catches from 288 to 906 m depth off the Canary Islands (central-east Atlantic), the greatest abundance being recorded between 400 and 700 m. From winter to the beginning of summer, a displacement of adult crabs from deeper waters (800 m) to areas of intermediate depths (600 m) was noted, probably due to reproductive requirements. Although no significant difference was observed in the depth distribution by sexes, larger females were generally caught at shallower depths and ovigerous specimens were mainly caught in the 350-400 m depth interval. Males were heavier, larger, and broader than females, but they were less abundant.
Laboratory evaluation of a prospective remediation method for PCB-contaminated paint
Authors: H Saitta Erin K , Gittings Michael J , Clausen Christian , Quinn Jacqueline , Yestrebsky Cherie L 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Paint laden with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) often acts as a point source for environmental contamination. It is advantageous to address contaminated paint before the PCBs transport to surrounding media; however, current disposal methods of painted material introduce a variety of complications. Previous work demonstrates that PCBs can be broken down at ambient temperatures and pressures through a degradation process involving magnesium metal and acidified ethanol. This report is an extension of that work by describing the development of a delivery system for said reaction in preparation for a field test. Two treatment options including the Activated Metal Treatment System (AMTS) and the Non-Metal Treatment System (NMTS) remove and degrade PCBs from painted surfaces.

Findings
AMTS decreased the Aroclor® concentration of a solution by more than 97% within 120 minutes and the Aroclor® concentration of industrial paint chips by up to 98% over three weeks. After removing up to 76% of PCBs on a painted surface after seven days, NMTS also removed trace amounts of PCBs in the paint’s concrete substrate. The evaporation rate of the solvent (ethanol) from the treatment system was reduced when the application area was increased. The solvent system’s ability to remove more than 90% of PCBs was maintained after losing 36% of its mass to solvent evaporation.

Conclusions
The delivery systems, AMTS and NMTS, are able to support the hydrodechlorination reaction necessary for PCB degradation and are therefore attractive options for further studies regarding the remediation of contaminated painted surfaces.
Preface
Authors: Mosha Donnati M. S. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The 9th International Chemistry Conference in Africa (ICCA-9), Africa's continent-wide premier conferencing event in the chemical sciences, was this year hosted in Tanzania. Organized under the umbrella of the continent's African Association of Pure and Applied Chemistry (AAPAC), the event takes place every third year on a rotating basis, in a country so designated at the preceding meeting, with the national affiliate as hosts. This year's event was held for the first time since AAPAC instituted the series in 1990, in the scenic tourist setting of Arusha in northern Tanzania from 2-7 August 2004. That event, hailed as among the continent's most successful, was by coincidence, befittingly held at this panoramic location which has been designated as the exact Cape-to-Cairo midpoint and has as its backdrop, Mt. Kilimanjaro, the highest point on the continent. The event brought together participants from over 60 countries from the five continents, and the scientific sessions included a total of over 100 lectures, presentations, and posters. The social program was structured to afford participants the opportunity to sample nature's unique and spectacular wildlife heritage in the proximity, including the world famous game parks of the Serengeti and the Ngorongoro Crater, which have no parallel elsewhere.
The scientific coverage included topics in analytical, physical, organic, environmental, industrial, and natural products chemistry. Delegates heard from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), who sponsored the event; the Royal Society of Chemistry, from whom generous conferencing input was sourced; and the American Chemical Society, who sent representatives to grace the event; plus the local partners of the Tanzania Chemical Society (TCS), the national affiliate to IUPAC and AAPAC. The official theme of the conference, "Chemistry towards disease and poverty eradication", was more than adequately targeted by the scientific conference content, which did it justice by exploring, evaluating, and demonstrating how advances in the chemical sciences and technology form vital partnerships toward those goals across the continent. This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry features a small selection of papers arising from the main lecture program, and serves to exemplify important features of the conference theme.
After a general assembly to elect new AAPAC office bearers for the coming triennium, the conference wound up business amidst unprecedented optimism that the road to success is always under construction, and that through this gathering we had cast off doubt, demonstrating and providing solid evidence that this activity is alive and well in all corners of the continent. With that upbeat note, delegates bade farewell to each other and to Arusha 2004, promising to gather again in three years time in Botswana for the 10th International Chemistry Conference in Africa.

Donnati M. S. Mosha

Conference Editor