bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association of adiposity with kidney function decline among HIV‐infected adults: findings from the Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Changes in HIV Infection (FRAM) study
Authors: Malkina A , Scherzer R , Shlipak MG , Bacchetti P , Tien PC , Grunfeld C , Kosmiski L , Peralta CA 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the association of adiposity with longitudinal kidney function change in 544 HIV‐infected persons in the Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV infection (FRAM) cohort over 5 years of follow‐up.MethodsThe regional distribution of muscle and adipose tissue was quantified by whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and total adiponectin and leptin levels were measured in serum. Kidney function was assessed using the estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum cystatin C (eGFRCys), obtained at baseline and follow‐up. Rapid kidney function decline was defined as annual loss of eGFRCys ≥ 3 mL/min/1.73 m2, and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as eGFRCys < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multivariate regression analysis was adjusted for age, race, gender, glucose, antihypertensive use, serum albumin, baseline and change in HIV viral load.ResultsAt baseline, mean age was 43 years, mean eGFRCys was 86 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 21% of patients had albuminuria. The mean (± standard deviation) eGFRCys decline was −0.11 ± 4.87 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year; 23% of participants had rapid kidney function decline, and 10% developed incident CKD. The lowest tertile of visceral adipose tissue and the highest tertile of adiponectin were both marginally associated with annual kidney function decline of −0.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 each, but these associations were not statistically significant after adjustment. We found no statistically significant associations of MRI‐measured regional adiposity or serum adipokines with rapid kidney function decline or incident CKD (all P‐values > 0.1 in adjusted models).ConclusionsContrary to findings in the general population, adiposity did not have a substantial association with longitudinal change in kidney function among HIV‐infected persons.
Hodgkin lymphoma is as common as non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV‐positive patients with sustained viral suppression and limited immune deficiency: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hoffmann C , Hentrich M , Gillor D , Behrens G , Jensen B , Stoehr A , Esser S , van Lunzen J , Krznaric I , Müller M , Oette M , Hensel M , Thoden J , Fätkenheuer G , Wyen C 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesThe incidence of HIV‐related non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but not that of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has been declining. The aim of the study was to compare HIV‐infected patients with NHL and HL with respect to antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure at the time of lymphoma diagnosis.MethodsHIV‐infected patients with NHL and HL included in a prospective multicentre cohort study since January 2005 were compared with respect to ART exposure and viral load at the time of lymphoma diagnosis.ResultsAs of 31 December 2012, data for 329 patients with NHL and 86 patients with HL from 31 participating centres were available. Patients with HL were more likely to be on ART (73.5% vs. 39.1%, respectively; P < 0.001) and more frequently had a viral load below the detection limit (57.3% vs. 27.9%, respectively; P < 0.001) than patients with NHL. The proportion of patients with HL was 8.0% in ART‐naïve patients, 34.8% in patients with current HIV RNA < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, and 50.0% in patients with both HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL for > 12 months and a CD4 cell count of > 200 cells/μL. Of note, 45.8% of all patients with NHL were not currently on ART and had a CD4 count of < 350 cells/μL.ConclusionsThis prospective cohort study shows that HL was as common as NHL in patients with sustained viral suppression and limited immune deficiency. In contrast to NHL, the majority of patients with HL were on effective ART, suggesting that ART provides insufficient protection from developing HL. The high proportion of untreated patients with NHL suggests missed opportunities for earlier initiation of ART.
Impact of root fillings and posts on the diagnostic ability of three intra‐oral digital radiographic systems in detecting vertical root fractures
Authors: Nascimento H. A. R. , Neves F. S. , de‐Azevedo‐Vaz S. L. , Duque T. M. , Ambrosano G. M. B. , Freitas D. Q. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate (i) the accuracy of three intra‐oral digital systems in detecting vertical root fractures (VRFs); and (ii) the influence of different intracanal conditions (without filling, filled with Gutta‐percha and metal or fibreglass post).MethodologyForty single‐rooted human teeth were decoronated and the root canals prepared. VRFs were induced using a universal testing machine on 20 teeth. Radiographic images were obtained using the paralleling technique with three different horizontal angulations on conventional E/F film, two storage phosphor plates (Digora Optime and VistaScan) and one sensor system (SnapShot). All teeth were radiographed with all intracanal conditions tested. All images were evaluated by five examiners. After 30 days, 25% of the images were reviewed. Areas under ROC curves, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive and negative predictive values were compared by anova.ResultsThe weighted kappa values for intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility were 0.48–0.74 and 0.57–0.66, respectively. The sensitivity revealed a significant difference between imaging modalities, with higher values for SnapShot (0.53) and VistaScan (0.46), followed by the film (0.41) and Digora (0.38). The area under the ROC curve for SnapShot (0.82) was greater than for the other systems in the teeth with a fibreglass post (VistaScan: 0.70; Digora: 0.64; film: 0.60).ConclusionAll systems gave a similar performance for detecting VRFs; all gave a good performance in the absence of intracanal materials, but performed less well in the presence of a metal post or Gutta‐percha. In teeth with a fibreglass post, digital systems with higher resolution should be used.
Simple organ failure count versus CANONIC grading system for predicting mortality in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Agrawal Swastik , Duseja Ajay , Gupta Tarana , Dhiman Radha K , Chawla Yogesh 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground and AimThis study assessed the utility of a simple organ failure count (SOFC) in predicting the in‐hospital mortality in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) compared with Chronic Liver Failure Acute‐on‐Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis (CANONIC) ACLF grading system.MethodsConsecutive patients of ACLF were included prospectively from 2012 to 2013. The diagnosis was based on Asian‐Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) criteria except for the inclusion of non‐hepatic insults as acute events. Organ failures were defined as per the Chronic Liver Failure–Sequential Organ Failure Assessment system. SOFC was calculated as the simple number of organ failures from 0 to 6. In‐hospital mortality was recorded.ResultsMajority (92[87%]) of the 106 patients included were males, had alcohol (76[72%]) as the etiology of cirrhosis, and alcoholic hepatitis (58[55%]) as the acute precipitating event. Overall, 51(48%) patients died in‐hospital. In‐hospital mortality in patients with SOFC of 0 (n = 9), 1 (n = 39), 2 (n = 24), 3 (n = 24), 4 (n = 7), and 5 (n = 3) was 0%, 26%, 58%, 71%, 100%, and 100% respectively (P < 0.001), whereas it was 10%, 30%, 58%, and 79% in patients with no‐ACLF (n = 21), grades 1 (n = 27), 2 (n = 24), and 3 ACLF (n = 34) respectively (P < 0.001). Patients with no‐ACLF (n = 21) had higher mortality than SOFC 0 as they included 9 patients with SOFC 0 (0% mortality) and 12 patients with SOFC 1 (17% mortality). Mortality was similar between 12 no‐ACLF and 27 grade 1 ACLF patients (P = 0.462) that comprised SOFC 1.ConclusionSOFC is a simpler and better method than the CANONIC grading system for predicting the in‐hospital mortality in patients with ACLF defined as per APASL criteria.
Noninvasive assessments of liver fibrosis with transient elastography and Hui index predict survival in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Wong Grace Lai‐Hung , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Yu Zhuo , Wong Catherine Ka‐Yan , Leung Calvin , Ho Patricia Po‐Lai , Chan Candace Yim , Chung Vivian Chi‐Yee , Chan Zhan Cham‐Yan , Tse Yee‐Kit , Chim Angel Mei‐Ling , Lau Tina Kit‐Ting , Chan Hoi‐Yun , Tse Chi‐Hang , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsThe prognostic role of noninvasive assessments of liver fibrosis has been evolving. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic value of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with transient elastography and serum‐based Hui index to predict hepatic events and deaths in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.MethodsThe main prospective cohort included 1555 consecutive CHB patients referred for transient elastography examination; a subgroup of 980 patients underwent follow‐up assessments at least 3 years later formed the serial cohort. Cox proportional hazard model was performed to determine the relationship of LSM, Hui index and other clinical variables with hepatic events and deaths.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up of 69 ± 9 months, 119 patients (7.6%) developed hepatic events or deaths. Hepatic event‐free survival was significantly decreased with increasing stages of LSM and Hui index. The 5‐year cumulative probability of hepatic event‐free survival of patients of Stage 1–7 of LSM were 99.3%, 98.8%, 95.7%, 90.9%, 89.6%, 74.6%, and 50.0%, respectively; that of Stage 1 to 3 of Hui index were 98.2%, 93.1%, and 77.5%, respectively. Independent predictors of hepatic event‐free survival were age, baseline LSM, and follow‐up Hui index. Serum ALT and body mass index affected the accuracy of prediction by LSM. Patients remained early stages of LSM or Hui index at follow‐up visit had better survival compared to those remained at late stages.ConclusionBaseline and change in noninvasive parameters of liver fibrosis, LSM and Hui index, are accurate to predict hepatic event‐free survival in CHB patients.
Clinical significance of presence and extent of extrapancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Rana Surinder S , Sharma Vishal , Sharma Ravi K , Chhabra Puneet , Gupta Rajesh , Bhasin Deepak K 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground and AimExtrapancreatic necrosis (EPN) alone represents a subgroup of pancreatitis with better outcome than patients with pancreatic parenchymal necrosis (PN). However, data on clinical significance of EPN is limited, and significance of the extent of EPN is not known.MethodsTwo hundred thirteen patients (136 [63.8%] males; mean age: 39.8 ± 13.2 years) with acute pancreatitis were prospectively enrolled and followed up till recovery or death. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography of each patient was retrospectively evaluated for presence of PN and EPN, pleural effusion and ascites. EPN was termed extensive if it extended to paracolic gutters or pelvis.ResultsTwenty‐one (9.9%) patients had interstitial pancreatitis, seven (3.3%) patients had PN alone, 48 (22.5%) patients had EPN alone, and 137 (64.3%) patients had combined PN and EPN. Patients with EPN alone had significantly higher frequency of organ failure than patients with interstitial pancreatitis. Compared with patients with EPN alone, the patients with combined necrosis had significantly higher frequency of pleural effusion (88.2% vs 75%), ascites (41% vs 20.8%), and need for intervention (32.6% vs 14.6%). Patients with extensive EPN (n = 57) had significantly higher frequency of pleural effusion, ascites, and multi‐organ failure than those with limited EPN.ConclusionEPN alone should be considered as a separate category of acute pancreatitis as it has less severe course than PN but has more severe course than interstitial pancreatitis. Patients with extensive EPN in spite of having increased frequency of ascites, pleural effusion, and multi‐organ failure had similar outcome as compared to patients with limited EPN.
A Comparative Study of Transulnar and Transradial Artery Access for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: LIU JUN , FU XIANG‐HUA , XUE LING , WU WEI‐LI , GU XIN‐SHUN , LI SHI‐QIANG 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectivesTransradial access has become commonly used for elective evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease, but it has some disadvantages and has had limited use in the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Because the diameter of the ulnar artery is usually larger than that of the radial artery, we hypothesized that the ulnar artery could be used as an access for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The present study compares the feasibility, safety, and outcome of transulnar artery and transradial artery access for PCI in patients with ACS.MethodsWe reviewed 636 patients who had PCI for ACS from May 2006 to May 2009. The patients were randomly assigned to transulnar intervention (TUI; 317) or transradial intervention (TRI; 319).ResultsSeveral outcomes were similar in the TUI and TRI groups: success rate of first puncture, duration of guiding catheter engagement, puncture‐to‐balloon inflation time, final thrombolysis in myocardial grade 3 flow, complications at the vascular access site, and postprocedure complications. The incidence of severe arterial spasm and forearm hematoma in the TUI groups was significantly less than that in the TRI group. At 1‐year follow‐up, the level of blood oxygen saturation at the middle finger and Doppler ultrasonographic characteristics of the ulnar artery did not significantly change from pre‐PCI values for these criteria in either group.ConclusionThe TUI approach has results and access complications similar to the TRI approach and is a safe and feasible alternative for ACS patients. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:525–530)
Molecular characterization and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of 80 clinical isolates of mucormycetes in Delhi, India
Authors: Chowdhary Anuradha , Kathuria Shallu , Singh Pradeep Kumar , Sharma Brijesh , Dolatabadi Somayeh , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryMucormycosis is a highly aggressive disease which is usually fatal in immunocompromised patients. The species of mucormycetes show significant differences in susceptibility to amphotericin B, azoles and terbinafine. The precise species level identification for this fungal group could be achieved by internal transcribed‐spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Herein, we present the largest series of antifungal susceptibility data of molecularly characterised isolates of mucormycetes reported so far from India. Eighty isolates originating from 71 patients comprised 50 (62.5%) from pulmonary cases, 15 (19%) from rhino‐orbital‐cerebral, 13 (16.2%) from cutaneous and 2 (2.5%) from disseminated mucormycosis. ITS and D1/D2 regions sequencing of the isolates identified, Rhizopus arrhizus var. delemar (n = 25), R. arrhizus var. arrhizus (n = 15), R. microsporus (n = 17), R. stolonifer (n = 3), Syncephalastrum racemosum (n = 11), Apophysomyces elegans (n = 2), A. variabilis (n = 2), Lichtheimia ramosa (n = 3) and Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicus (n = 2). Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was done to genotype Rhizopus isolates and revealed 5 clusters of R. arrhizus, which were well separated from R. microsporus. Amphotericin B was the most potent antifungal followed by posaconazole, itraconazole and isavuconazole. Etest and CLSI MICs of amphotericin B showed 87% agreement. Overall, the commonest underlying condition was uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Records of 54 patients revealed fatalities in 28 cases.
Associations of sugar‐sweetened and artificially sweetened soda with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Thongprayoon Charat , O'Corragain Oisin A. , Edmonds Peter J. , Kittanamongkolchai Wonngarm , Erickson Stephen B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients who regularly drink soda is controversial. The objective of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the associations between consumption of sugar‐sweetened and artificially sweetened soda and CKD.MethodsA literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception until 30 June 2014. Studies that reported odds ratios or hazard ratios comparing the risk of CKD in patients consuming significant amounts of either sugar‐sweetened or artificially sweetened soda versus those who did not consume soda were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random‐effects, generic inverse variance method.ResultsFive studies were included in our analysis of the association between consumption of sugar‐sweetened soda and CKD. The pooled RR of CKD in patients consuming sugar‐sweetened soda was 1.58 (95% CI 1.00–2.49). Four studies were selected to assess the association between consumption of artificially sweetened soda and CKD. The pooled RR of CKD in patients consuming artificially sweetened soda was 1.33 (95% CI 0.82–2.15).ConclusionsOur study demonstrates statistically significant increased risks of CKD in patients consuming sugar‐sweetened soda, but not in patients consuming artificially sweetened soda. This finding suggests that sugar‐sweetened soda consumption is associated with CKD and may impact clinical management and primary prevention of CKD in high‐risk patients.
PRAGMATIC INTERVENTIONS INTO ENACTIVE AND EXTENDED CONCEPTIONS OF COGNITION
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractClear statements of both extended and enactive conceptions of cognition can be found in John Dewey and other pragmatists. In this paper I'll argue that we can find resources in the pragmatists to address two ongoing debates: (1) in contrast to recent disagreements between proponents of extended vs enactive cognition, pragmatism supports a more integrative view—an enactive conception of extended cognition, and (2) pragmatist views suggest ways to answer the main objections raised against extended and enactive conceptions—specifically objections focused on constitution versus causal factors, and the mark of the mental.
CAN GROUPS HAVE CONCEPTS? SEMANTICS FOR COLLECTIVE INTENTIONS
Authors: O'Madagain Cathal 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA substantial literature supports the attribution of intentional states such as beliefs and desires to groups. But within this literature, there is no substantial account of group concepts. Since on many views, one cannot have an intentional state without having concepts, such a gap undermines the cogency of accounts of group intentionality. In this paper I aim to provide an account of group concepts. First I argue that to fix the semantics of the sentences groups use to make their decisions or express their beliefs, we need to appeal to a conventional semantics like that of Lewis. I then argue that the same reasons we have for taking group intentional states to be irreducible to the intentional states of their members apply also to the terms fixed by a conventional semantics. It follows that the meanings of terms in the sentences expressing a group's intentional states are also fixed by facts about the group, not its members. And recognizing this, I argue, amounts to attributing concepts to groups. Finally, I discuss a real‐life example of a group concept—the meaning of ‘meter’ as fixed by the International Bureau of Weights and Measurements—and I discuss the upshot of these considerations for the question of social externalism about concepts.
MINDS AND MORALS
Authors: Sawyer Sarah 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that an externalist theory of thought content provides the means to resolve two debates in moral philosophy. The first—that between judgement internalism and judgement externalism—concerns the question of whether there is a conceptual connection between moral judgement and motivation. The second—that between reasons internalism and reasons externalism—concerns the relationship between moral reasons and an agent's subjective motivational set. The resolutions essentially stem from the externalist claim that concepts can be grasped partially, and a new moral theory, which I call ‘moral externalism’, emerges.
DEWEY ON EXTENDED COGNITION AND EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: Vaesen Krist 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThere is a surge of attempts to draw out the epistemological consequences of views according to which cognition is deeply embedded, embodied and/or extended (e‐cog). The principal machinery used for doing so is that of analytic epistemology. Here I argue that Dewey's pragmatic epistemology may be better fit to the task. I start by pointing out the profound similarities between Dewey's view on cognition and that emerging from literature of more recent date. Crucially, the benefit of looking at Dewey is that Dewey, unlike contemporary writers, also devises a corresponding epistemology. I then identify two senses in which contemporary analytic epistemology conflicts with e‐cog—concluding from that the superiority of the Deweyian framework, at least as it concerns accommodating e‐cog.
Ceratocystis fimbriata‐induced changes in the antioxidative system of mango cultivars
Authors: Bispo W. M. S. , Araújo L. , Bermúdez‐Cardona M. B. , Cacique I. S. , DaMatta F. M. , Rodrigues F. A. 
Published: September 2014

Mango wilt is one of the most important diseases affecting mango production, yet the physiological mechanisms underlying host responses to this fungal infection are poorly known. The disease attenuation displayed by some mango cultivars might be related to higher antioxidant capacities in leaves. To test this hypothesis, the activities of a range of enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase) and metabolites (e.g. ascorbate and glutathione) involved in the antioxidant system, as well as some markers for oxidative stress (e.g. hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde equivalents), were evaluated for 30 days after the inoculation of mango plants withCeratocystis fimbriata. Tommy Atkins plants displayed higher values for the upward, downward and radial fungal colonization of the stem tissues than Ubá plants. In contrast to the working hypothesis, Tommy Atkins plants exhibited more prominent increases in enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations related to oxidative stress responses. These increases were minimal, if any, in Ubá plants. These results suggest that Tommy Atkins plants are less effective at restraining fungal spread through vascular tissues and thus trigger leaf antioxidant defences to cope with the developing stress.