bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Molecular Weight Fraction of Commercial Human Serum Albumin Induces Morphologic and Transcriptional Changes of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Bar-Or David , Thomas Gregory W. , Rael Leonard T. , Gersch Elizabeth D. , Rubinstein Pablo , Brody Edward 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of the joint; however, the therapeutic options for severe OA are limited. The low molecular weight fraction of commercial 5% human serum albumin (LMWF5A) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties that are mediated, in part, by a diketopiperazine that is present in the albumin preparation and that was demonstrated to be safe and effective in reducing pain and improving function when administered intra-articularly in a phase III clinical trial. In the present study, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) exposed to LMWF5A exhibited an elongated phenotype with diffuse intracellular F-actin, pronounced migratory leading edges, and filopodia-like projections. In addition, LMWF5A promoted chondrogenic condensation in “micromass” culture, concurrent with the upregulation of collagen 2α1 mRNA. Furthermore, the transcription of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis was significantly regulated in a manner conducive to migration and homing. Several transcription factors involved in stem cell differentiation were also found to bind oligonucleotide response element probes following exposure to LMWF5A. Finally, a rapid increase in PRAS40 phosphorylation was observed following treatment, potentially resulting in the activation mTORC1. Proteomic analysis of synovial fluid taken from a preliminary set of patients indicated that at 12 weeks following administration of LMWF5A, a microenvironment exists in the knee conducive to stem cell infiltration, self-renewal, and differentiation, in addition to indications of remodeling with a reduction in inflammation. Taken together, these findings imply that LMWF5A treatment may prime stem cells for both mobilization and chondrogenic differentiation, potentially explaining some of the beneficial effects achieved in clinical trials.

Significance
This study describes the effect of a biologic currently under development for the treatment of osteoarthritis to induce both cytoskeletal and transcriptional changes in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. These changes may have implications for the regenerative potential of low molecular weight fraction of commercial 5% human serum albumin and could help explain some of the clinical findings in the clinical trials conducted using this drug.
Synthesis of DNA Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Site‐Specific 1,3‐Butadiene‐ Deoxyadenosine Lesions
Authors: Wickramaratne Susith , Seiler Christopher L. , Tretyakova Natalia Y. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPost‐oligomerization synthesis is a useful technique for preparing site‐specifically modified DNA oligomers. This approach involves site‐specific incorporation of inherently reactive halogenated nucleobases into DNA strands using standard solid‐phase synthesis, followed by post‐oligomerization nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions with carcinogen‐derived synthons. In these reactions, the inherent reactivities of DNA and carcinogen‐derived species are reversed: the modified DNA nucleobase acts as an electrophile, while the carcinogen‐derived species acts as a nucleophile. In the present protocol, we describe the use of the post‐oligomerization approach to prepare DNA strands containing site‐ and stereospecific N6
‐adenine and N1,N6
‐adenine adducts induced by epoxide metabolites of the known human and animal carcinogen 1,3‐butadiene (BD). The resulting oligomers containing site‐specific, structurally defined DNA adducts can be used in structural and biological studies to reveal the roles of specific BD adducts in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling geomagnetic cutoffs for space weather applications
Authors: Kress B. T. , Hudson M. K. , Selesnick R. S. , Mertens C. J. , Engel M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAccess of solar and galactic cosmic rays to the Earth's magnetosphere is quantified in terms of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity. Numerically computed grids of cutoff rigidities are used to model cosmic ray flux in Earth's atmosphere and in low Earth orbit. In recent years, the development of more accurate dynamic geomagnetic field models and an increase in computer power have made a real‐time data‐driven geomagnetic cutoff computation extending over the inner magnetosphere possible. For computational efficiency, numerically computed cutoffs may be scaled to different altitudes and directions of arrival using the known analytic variation of cutoff in a pure dipole magnetic field. This paper is a presentation of numerical techniques developed to compute effective cutoff rigidities for space weather applications. Numerical tests to determine the error associated with scaling vertical cutoff rigidities with altitude in a realistic geomagnetic field model are included. The tests were performed to guide the development of spatial grids for modeling cosmic ray access to the inner magnetosphere and to gain a better understanding of the accuracy of numerically modeled cutoffs.
Simultaneous influences of thermodynamics and aerosols on deep convection and lightning in the tropics
Authors: Stolz Douglas C. , Rutledge Steven A. , Pierce Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractConvective features (CFs) observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite between 2004 and 2011 are analyzed to determine the relative roles of thermodynamics and aerosols as they modulate radar reflectivity and lightning. We studied the simultaneous impacts of normalized convective available potential energy (NCAPE) and warm cloud depth (WCD) as well as cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (D ≥ 40 nm; N40) on total lightning density (TLD), average height of 30 dBZ echoes (AVGHT30), and vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRR) within individual CFs. The results show that TLD increases by up to 600% and AVGHT30 increases by up to 2–3 km with increasing NCAPE and N40 for fixed WCD. The partial sensitivities of TLD/AVGHT30 to NCAPE and N40 separately were comparable in magnitude but account for a fraction of the total range of variability (i.e., when the influences of NCAPE and N40 are considered simultaneously). Both TLD and AVGHT30 vary inversely with WCD such that maxima of TLD and AVGHT30 are found for the combination of high NCAPE, high N40, and shallower WCD. The relationship between lightning and radar reflectivity was shown to vary as a function of N40 for a fixed thermodynamic environment. Analysis of VPRRs shows that reflectivity in the mixed phase region is up to 5.0–5.6 dB greater for CFs in polluted environments compared to CFs in pristine environments (holding thermodynamics fixed). This analysis favors a merged hypothesis for the simultaneous roles of thermodynamics and aerosols as they influence deep convective clouds in the Tropics.
Differences in hydrophyte life forms induce spatial heterogeneity of CH4 production and its carbon isotopic signature in a temperate bog peatland
Authors: Itoh Masayuki , Shimamura Tetsuya , Ohte Nobuhito , Takemon Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTo clarify the effect of differences in hydrophyte life forms on methane (CH4) production and its carbon stable isotopic signature (δ13C‐CH4), we analyzed CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, their stable carbon isotope values, and chemical constituents dissolved in pore water in a small floating peat bog in Japan. Because eutrophication has modified the surrounding water quality, the bog vegetation on the mat has been, in part, replaced by fen‐type vegetation. We hypothesized that differences in hydrophyte habitats affect redox conditions, including dissolved oxygen (DO) in water and therefore the amounts and carbon isotopic values of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in pore water. Between the habitats of two Sphagnum species, DO was considerably higher, and CH4 concentrations were significantly lower in Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. habitats in hollow (DO: 0.62 ± 0.20 mg/L (standard error (SE)) and CH4: 0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/L) than in Sphagnum palustre L. habitats in hummock (DO: 0.29 ± 0.08 and CH4: 0.82 ± 0.06) in pore water (10 cm depth). Both DO and CH4 concentrations in three vascular plant habitats (Rhynchospora fauriei Franch., Phragmites australis [reed], and Menyanthes trifoliata L.) in pore water (10 cm depth) were intermediate relative to the two Sphagnum species. However, CH4 flux in M. trifoliata site was significantly higher than that at both Sphagnum sites, suggesting that the type of gas transport (diffusive or convective via root and stem) affected the depth profile of CH4 concentrations and its flux. δ13C‐CH4 values in pore water also varied among the vegetation types, even within Sphagnum species (e.g., at 10 cm depth, δ13C‐CH4: R. fauriei, −55.3 ± 1.8‰ (SE); P. australis, −57.5 ± 1.6‰; M. trifoliata, −56.7 ± 1.5‰; S. cuspidatum, −71.2 ± 1.4‰; and S. palustre, −60.4 ± 0.6‰). Our results suggest that significant differences arise in CH4 concentration and δ13C‐CH4 values among the hydrophyte habitats even within a small peat bog and that change in vegetation relative to trophic conditions can affect CH4 emissions and associated δ13C‐CH4 values.
Fluctuations of refractivity as a systematic error source in radio occultations
Authors: Gorbunov Michael E. , Vorob'ev Valery V. , Lauritsen Kent B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe fact that fluctuations of refractivity may result in a systematic negative shift of the phase of waves propagating in a random medium is known for a long time. Tatarskii was the first to reveal it, and von Eshleman put this into the context of the radio occultation sounding of planetary atmospheres. In this paper, we show that this effect may also be one of the causes of the negative bias of refractivity retrieved for radio occultation observations of the Earth's atmosphere. We perform theoretical estimates of this effect based on the Rytov approximation. These estimates, however, do not consider the regular refraction, which may significantly change the magnitude of this effect. We perform numerical simulations of radio occultations, based on the Kolmogorov‐von Kármán isotropic spectrum of refractivity fluctuations, with the internal and external scales and magnitude tuned so as to reproduce the realistic level of the variance of retrieved refractivity and the amplitude fluctuations of the modeled signals. The model of the regular atmosphere is based on analyses of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. We show that it is possible to set up a vertical profile of the structural constant of the fluctuation spectrum such that it will result in a systematic shift and variances of the retrieved refractivity consistent with those observed for COSMIC measurements.
Pore water geochemistry at two seismogenic areas in the Sea of Marmara
Authors: Ruffine Livio , Germain Yoan , Polonia Alina , de Prunelé Alexis , Croguennec Claire , Donval Jean‐Pierre , Pitel‐Roudaut Mathilde , Ponzevera Emmanuel , Caprais Jean‐Claude , Brandily Christophe , Grall Céline , Bollinger Claire , Géli Louis , Gasperini Luca 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWithin the Sea of Marmara, the highly active North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is responsible for major earthquakes (Mw ≥ 7), and acts as a pathway for fluid migration from deep sources to the seafloor. This work reports on pore water geochemistry from three sediment cores collected in the Gulfs of Izmit and Gemlik, along the Northern and the Middle strands of the NAF, respectively. The resulting data set shows that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the major process responsible for sulfate depletion in the shallow sediment. In the Gulf of Gemlik, depth concentration profiles of both sulfate and alkalinity exhibit a kink‐type profile. The Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is located at moderate depth in the area. In the Gulf of Izmit, the low concentrations observed near the seawater‐sediment interface for sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium result from rapid geochemical processes, AOM, and carbonate precipitation, occurring in the uppermost part of the sedimentary column and sustained by free methane accumulation. Barite dissolution and carbonate recrystallization have also been identified at deeper depth at the easternmost basin of the Gulf of Izmit. This is supported by the profile of the strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) as a function of depth which exhibits negative anomalies compared to the modern seawater value. The strontium isotopic signature also shows that these carbonates had precipitated during the reconnection of the Sea of Marmara with the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, a first attempt to interpret the sulfate profiles observed in the light of the seismic activity at both sites is presented. We propose the hypothesis that seismic activity in the areas is responsible for the transient sulfate profile, and that the very shallow SMTZ depths observed in the Gulf of Izmit is likely due to episodic release of significant amount of methane.
Imaging evidence for Hubbard Glacier advances and retreats since the last glacial maximum in Yakutat and Disenchantment Bays, Alaska
Authors: Zurbuchen Julie M. , Gulick Sean P. S. , Walton Maureen A. L. , Goff John A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHigh‐resolution 2‐D multichannel seismic data, collected during the 2012 UTIG‐USGS National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program survey of Disenchantment and Yakutat Bays in southeast Alaska, provide insight into their glacial history. These data show evidence of two unconformities, appearing in the form of channels, and are interpreted to be advance pathways for Hubbard Glacier. The youngest observable channel, thought to have culminated near the main phase of the Little Ice Age (LIA), is imaged in Disenchantment Bay and ends at a terminal moraine near Blizhni Point. An older channel, thought to be from an advance that culminated in the early phase of the LIA, extends from Disenchantment Bay into the northeastern edge of Yakutat Bay, turning southward at Knight Island and terminating on the southeastern edge of Yakutat Bay. Our interpretation is that Hubbard Glacier has repeatedly advanced around the east side of Yakutat Bay in Knight Island Channel, possibly due to the presence of Malaspina Glacier cutting off access to central Yakutat Bay during times of mutual advance. We observe two distinct erosional surfaces and retreat sequences of Hubbard Glacier in Yakutat Bay, supporting the hypothesis that minor glacial advances in fjords do not erode all prior sediment accumulations. Interpretation of chaotic seismic facies between these two unconformities suggests that Hubbard Glacier exhibits rapid retreats and that Disenchantment Bay is subject to numerous episodes of outburst flooding and morainal bank collapse. These findings also suggest that tidewater glaciers preferentially reoccupy the same channels in bay and marine settings during advances.
Time scales and ratios of climate forcing due to thermal versus carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels
Authors: Zhang Xiaochun , Caldeira Ken 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Earth warms both when fossil fuel carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and when greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide inhibits longwave radiation from escaping to space. Various important time scales and ratios comparing these two climate forcings have not previously been quantified. For example, the global and time‐integrated radiative forcing from burning a fossil fuel exceeds the heat released upon combustion within 2 months. Over the long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere, the cumulative CO2‐radiative forcing exceeds the amount of energy released upon combustion by a factor >100,000. For a new power plant, the radiative forcing from the accumulation of released CO2 exceeds the direct thermal emissions in less than half a year. Furthermore, we show that the energy released from the combustion of fossil fuels is now about 1.71% of the radiative forcing from CO2 that has accumulated in the atmosphere as a consequence of historical fossil fuel combustion.
Faulting and hydration of the upper crust of the SW Okinawa Trough during continental rifting: Evidence from seafloor compliance inversion
Authors: Kuo Ban‐Yuan , Crawford Wayne C. , Webb Spahr C. , Lin Ching‐Ren , Yu Tai‐Chieh , Chen Liwen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe elastic response of seafloor to ocean gravity wave loading, or seafloor compliance, provides a constraint on the elastic properties of the crust. We measured seafloor compliance at three ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) sites around Taiwan—two in the southwestern (SW) Okinawa Trough and one on the Ryukyu arc—and performed inversion for crustal structures beneath them. Models best fitting the data demonstrate a decrease in upper crustal shear velocity and an increase in the compressional/shear velocity ratio from the arc site to the trough sites with increasing amount of back‐arc extension. This variation suggests that the upper continental crust is highly faulted and hydrated during rifting of the Eurasian lithosphere.
Earthquake magnitude calculation without saturation from the scaling of peak ground displacement
Authors: Melgar Diego , Crowell Brendan W. , Geng Jianghui , Allen Richard M. , Bock Yehuda , Riquelme Sebastian , Hill Emma M. , Protti Marino , Ganas Athanassios 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGPS instruments are noninertial and directly measure displacements with respect to a global reference frame, while inertial sensors are affected by systematic offsets—primarily tilting—that adversely impact integration to displacement. We study the magnitude scaling properties of peak ground displacement (PGD) from high‐rate GPS networks at near‐source to regional distances (~10–1000 km), from earthquakes between Mw6 and 9. We conclude that real‐time GPS seismic waveforms can be used to rapidly determine magnitude, typically within the first minute of rupture initiation and in many cases before the rupture is complete. While slower than earthquake early warning methods that rely on the first few seconds of P wave arrival, our approach does not suffer from the saturation effects experienced with seismic sensors at large magnitudes. Rapid magnitude estimation is useful for generating rapid earthquake source models, tsunami prediction, and ground motion studies that require accurate information on long‐period displacements.
Barrier‐induced supershear ruptures on a slip‐weakening fault
Authors: Weng Huihui , Huang Jinshui , Yang Hongfeng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHere we investigate the effects of a patch with elevated effective normal stress (barrier) on two‐dimensional in‐plane supershear rupture propagation on a planar fault from numerical experiments. Our results confirm that the barrier may slow down or stop coseismic ruptures but may also induce supershear ruptures. We demonstrate that the supershear rupture may emerge in a region that is delineated by two approximate linear boundaries. If the barrier size is below the lower boundary, ruptures can overcome the barrier and propagate at subshear speeds. If the barrier size is larger than the upper boundary, ruptures are always stopped by the barrier. Furthermore, we find that the barrier‐induced supershear ruptures may eventually slow down into subshear speed, depending on the size and the location of the barrier. The duration of supershear ruptures increases as the barrier sizes grow from the lower to the upper boundary, which are proportional to the reduction in rupture speeds caused by the barrier. These results indicate that a barrier on the fault may not stop coseismic ruptures. Rather, the barrier may induce ruptures propagating at supershear speeds that play important roles in near‐field ground shaking and damage.
Isolated cases of remote dynamic triggering in Canada detected using cataloged earthquakes combined with a matched‐filter approach
Authors: Wang Bei , Harrington Rebecca M. , Liu Yajing , Yu Hongyu , Carey Alex , van der Elst Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHere we search for dynamically triggered earthquakes in Canada following global main shocks between 2004 and 2014 with MS > 6, depth < 100 km, and estimated peak ground velocity > 0.2 cm/s. We use the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) earthquake catalog to calculate β statistical values in 1° × 1° bins in 10 day windows before and after the main shocks. The statistical analysis suggests that triggering may occur near Vancouver Island, along the border of the Yukon and Northwest Territories, in western Alberta, western Ontario, and the Charlevoix seismic zone. We also search for triggering in Alberta where denser seismic station coverage renders regional earthquake catalogs with lower completeness thresholds. We find remote triggering in Alberta associated with three main shocks using a matched‐filter approach on continuous waveform data. The increased number of local earthquakes following the passage of main shock surface waves suggests local faults may be in a critically stressed state.
Stability and compressibility of a new iron‐nitride β‐Fe7N3 to core pressures
Authors: Minobe Sayuri , Nakajima Yoichi , Hirose Kei , Ohishi Yasuo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe have examined the phase relations in the iron‐rich portion of the Fe‐N binary system up to 150 GPa and 2720 K in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed the formation of a new phase (β‐Fe7N3) above 41 GPa and ~1000 K. The β phase is structurally identical or very close to Fe7C3 and the most iron‐rich Fe‐N intermediate compound at its stability field. We also measured the volume of β‐Fe7N3 to 132 GPa and found its elastic property very similar to that of Fe7C3. Recently, it has been proposed that the density and sound velocities, in particular, shear wave velocity, in the Earth's inner core are reconciled with Fe7C3, but such properties could be explained by β‐Fe7N3 equally well. It is therefore possible that the inner core consists of Fe7(C,N)3, which is found as diamond inclusions and likely stable under inner core conditions.
Response of ionospheric electric fields at mid‐low latitudes during sudden commencements
Authors: Takahashi N. , Kasaba Y. , Shinbori A. , Nishimura Y. , Kikuchi T. , Ebihara Y. , Nagatsuma T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUsing in situ observations from the Republic of China Satellite‐1 spacecraft, we investigated the time response and local time dependence of the ionospheric electric field at mid‐low latitudes associated with geomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs) that occurred from 1999 to 2004. We found that the ionospheric electric field variation associated with SCs instantaneously responds to the preliminary impulse (PI) signature on the ground regardless of spacecraft local time. Our statistical analysis also supports the global instant transmission of electric field from the polar region. In contrast, the peak time detected in the ionospheric electric field is earlier than that of the equatorial geomagnetic field (~20 s before in the PI phase). Based on the ground‐ionosphere waveguide model, this time lag can be attributed to the latitudinal difference of ionospheric conductivity. However, the local time distribution of the initial excursion of ionospheric electric field shows that dusk‐to‐dawn ionospheric electric fields develop during the PI phase. Moreover, the westward electric field in the ionosphere, which produces the preliminary reverse impulse of the geomagnetic field on the dayside feature, appears at 18–22 h LT where the ionospheric conductivity beyond the duskside terminator (18 h LT) is lower than on the dayside. The result of a magnetohydrodynamic simulation for an ideal SC shows that the electric potential distribution is asymmetric with respect to the noon‐midnight meridian. This produces the local time distribution of ionospheric electric fields similar to the observed result, which can be explained by the divergence of the Hall current under nonuniform ionospheric conductivity.