bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of localised antibiotic infusions applied to the teat-canal and teat sinus at drying-off on mastitis in the dry-period and at calving
Authors: WOOLFORD MURRAY W. , WILLIAMSON JOHN H. , DAY TONY M. , LACY-HULBERT S. JANE , HENDERSON HAROLD V. 
Published: July 2002

An experiment using three New Zealand herds and a total of 632 cows, examined the effect of localised prophylactic treatments with antibiotic at drying-off on the incidence of new intramammary infection during the dry period and at calving. Antibiotic was infused either into the teat canal (0·22 g of dry-cow formulation) or the teat sinus (3·1 g of lactating-cow formulation) of uninfected quarters to eliminate any bacteria present in these locations at the last milking of lactation. These treatments were compared with a negative control (nil treatment) and a positive antibiotic control (infusion of 3·6 g of dry-cow formulation). All antibiotic formulations used the same active ingredient, sodium cloxacillin. No significant reduction in new dry period clinical mastitis was observed for the two localised treatments whereas the positive control treatment achieved 100% reduction in new clinical mastitis compared with untreated control quarters. A 41% reduction (P<0·05) in new Streptococcus uberis infections at calving was associated with the teat canal antibiotic treatment, compared with an 82% reduction (P<0·001) for the positive antibiotic control. Both localised treatments showed a reduced incidence of new intramammary infection (P<0·001) when pooled across periods and pathogens. Teats receiving either the teat canal antibiotic treatment or a full infusion of long acting dry-cow antibiotic had a lower incidence of open teat canals (P<0·05) at 3 weeks after drying-off.
Wake formation around islands in oscillatory laminar shallow-water flows. Part 1. Experimental investigation
Authors: LLOYD PETER M. , STANSBY PETER K. , CHEN DAOYI 
Published: July 2002

An experimental investigation of oscillatory shallow-water flow around islands has
been undertaken to determine the dependence of wake formation on Keulegan–Carpenter
number, KC = UoT/D,
and stability parameter, S = cfD/h, where
Uo is amplitude of velocity oscillation, T is oscillation period,
D is a representative island diameter, cf
is friction coefficient and h is water depth. Two geometries are
investigated: a vertical cylinder and a conical island with a small side slope of 8°.
Existing experimental results for current flow around the same geometries have shown
the influence of the stability parameter. Predominantly laminar flows are investigated
and the flows are subcritical.Four modes of wake formation have been identified for both geometries: one with
symmetric attached counter-rotating vortices only forming in each half-cycle, one with
vortex pairs forming symmetrically in addition in each half-cycle, one with vortex
pairs forming with some asymmetry and one with complex vortex shedding. The last
results from one of the attached vortices crossing to the opposite side of the body
during flow reversal; in the other cases the attached vortices are convected back
on the same sides. For convenience these formations are called: symmetric without
pairing, symmetric with pairing, sinuous with pairing and vortex shedding. They are
shown on KC/S planes for both geometries. Numerical modelling of the flows for
the conical island, based on the three-dimensional shallow-water equations with the
hydrostatic pressure assumption, is undertaken in Part 2 (Stansby & Lloyd 2001).
Slow waves of boiling under hot water depressurization
Authors: IVASHNYOV OLEG E. , IVASHNEVA MARINA N. , SMIRNOV NICKOLAI N. 
Published: July 2002

Experimental studies of hot water depressurization show that the pressure in a vessel,
just after it is opened, drops much lower than the pressure of saturation but the
liquid does not boil uniformly throughout the vessel. Essentially, liquid boiling begins
only on the arrival of a ‘slow wave’ of rarefaction which moves at a low speed of
approximately 10 m s−1 from the open end deep into the vessel.To explain this phenomenon we suggest a model that takes into account the
difference in phase velocities. Although this difference in bubble flows is only about
1 m s−1 it proves to be sufficient to cause bubble breakup. Using this model we
obtained the ‘slow wave of boiling’ in a numerical experiment that was in good
agreement with the physical experiment.
Currents induced by long waves propagating towards a beach over a wavy bed
Authors: KYOTOH H. , FUJII S. , TO D. V. 
Published: July 2002

For the understanding of longshore currents along a natural beach, the effects of
bottom unevenness are considered to be important, especially for the flow in the
swash zone. Currents in the swash zone are strongly influenced by the bed slope
because the effect of gravity overwhelms the effect of the depth change. In the present
paper, we investigate these effects and focus on waves propagating from offshore over
a flat ocean basin of constant depth to a beach with a sloping wavy bottom. The waves
are incident at a small angle to the beach normal, and the bed slope in the alongshore
direction is varied slowly. To simplify the problem, only cnoidal waves and solitary
waves are considered and the bed level is varied sinusoidally in the longshore direction.A perturbation method is applied to the two-dimensional nonlinear shallow water
equation (two-dimensional NLSWE) for the wave motion in order to generate a
more simplified model of wave dynamics consisting of a one-dimensional NLSWE
for the direction normal to the beach and an equation for the alongshore direction.
The first equation, the one-dimensional NLSWE, is solved by Carrier & Greenspan's
transformation. The solution of the second one is found by extending Brocchini
& Peregrine's solution for a flat beach. Two methods for the solution of the one-
dimensional NLSWE are introduced in order to get a solution applicable to large-amplitude swash motions, where the amplitude is comparable to the beach length.
One is the Maclaurin expansion of the solution around the moving shoreline, and
the other is Riemann's representation of the solution, which exactly satisfies the one-dimensional NLSWE and the boundary conditions. After doing a consistency check
by confirming that Riemann's method, a numerical solution, agrees with the exact
solution for an infinitely long, sloping beach, we assumed that the Maclaurin series
solution can also describe wave motion in the swash zone properly not only for this
model but also for our ‘wavy’, finite beach model.The solution obtained from the Maclaurin series is then plugged into the equation
for the alongshore direction to calculate the shore currents induced by wave run-up
and back-wash motions, where a ‘weakly two-dimensional solution’ is derived from
geometrical considerations. The results show that since the water depth near the
shoreline is comparable to the bed level fluctuations, the flow is strongly affected
by the bed unevenness, leading to recognizable changes in shoreline movement and
the time-averaged velocity and the mass flux of the flow in the swash zone. More
specifically, the inhomogeneity of the alongshore mass flux generates offshore currents
because of the continuity condition for the fluid mass.
Direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional temporal mixing
layer with
particle dispersion
Authors: LING WEI , CHUNG J. N. , TROUTT T. R. , CROWE C. T. 
Published: July 2002

The three-dimensional mixing layer is characterized by both two-dimensional
and
streamwise large-scale structures. Understanding the effects of those large-scale
structures
on the dispersion of particles is very important. Using a pseudospectral
method,
the large-scale structures of a three-dimensional temporally developing
mixing layer
and the associated dispersion patterns of particles were simulated. The
Fourier expansion
was used for spatial derivatives due to the periodic boundary conditions

in the streamwise and the spanwise directions and the free-slip boundary
condition
in the transverse direction. A second-order Adam–Bashforth scheme
was used in
the time integration. Both a two-dimensional perturbation, which was based
on the
unstable wavenumbers of the streamwise direction, and a three-dimensional
perturbation,
derived from an isotropic energy spectrum, were imposed initially. Particles
with
different Stokes numbers were traced by the Lagrangian approach based on
one-way
coupling between the continuous and the dispersed phases.The time scale and length scale for the pairing were found to be twice
those for the
rollup. The streamwise large-scale structures develop from the initial
perturbation and
the most unstable wavelength in the spanwise direction was found to be
about two
thirds of that in the streamwise direction. The pairing of the spanwise
vortices was also
found to have a suppressing effect on the development of the three-dimensionality.

Particles with Stokes number of the order of unity were found to have the
largest
concentration on the circumference of the two-dimensional large-scale structures.

The presence of the streamwise large-scale structures causes the variation
of the
particle concentrations along the spanwise and the transverse directions.
The extent
of variation also increases with the development of the three-dimensionality,
which
results in the ‘mushroom’ shape of the particle distribution.
Plasma-turbulence suppression and transport-barrier formation by externally driven radiofrequency waves in spherical tokamaks
Authors: KOMOSHVILI K. , CUPERMAN S. , BRUMA C. 
Published: July 2002

Turbulent transport of heat and particles is the principle obstacle confronting
controlled fusion today. We investigate quantitatively the suppression of
turbulence and formation of transport barriers in spherical tokamaks by sheared
electric fields generated by externally driven radiofrequency (RF) waves, in the
frequency range ωA ∼ ω < ωci
(where ωA and ωci are the Alfvén and ion cyclotron
frequencies).This investigation consists of the solution of the full-wave equation for a spherical
tokamak in the presence of externally driven fast waves and the evaluation
of the power dissipation by the mode-converted Alfvén waves. This in turn provides
a radial flow shear responsible for the suppression of plasma turbulence. Thus
a strongly nonlinear equation for the radial sheared electric field is solved, and
the turbulent transport suppression rate is evaluated and compared with the ion
temperature gradient (ITG) instability increment.
The comparison of latent variable models of non-psychotic

psychiatric morbidity in four culturally diverse populations
Authors: JACOB K. S. , EVERITT B. S. , PATEL V. , WEICH S. , ARAYA R. , LEWIS G. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Factor analysis has been employed to identify

latent variables that are unifying

constructs and that parsimoniously describe correlations among a

related group of variables.

Confirmatory factor analysis is used to test hypothesized factor

structures for a set of variables; it

can also, as in this paper be used to model data from two or more

groups simultaneously to

determine whether they have the same factor structure.Method. Non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity, elicited by

the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule

(CIS-R), from four culturally diverse populations was compared.

Confirmatory factor analysis was

employed to compare the factor structures of CIS-R data sets from

Santiago, Harare, Rotherhithe

and Ealing. These structures were compared with hypothetical one

and two factor (depression–anxiety) models.Results. The models fitted well with the different data

sets. The depression–anxiety model was

marginally superior to the one factor model as judged by various

statistical measures of fit. The two

factors in depression–anxiety model were, however,

highly correlated.Conclusions. The findings suggest that symptoms of

emotional distress seem to have the same factor

structure across cultures.
Infection rate of Leptospira interrogans in the field rodent,

Apodemus agrarius, in Korea
Authors: CHO M. K. , KEE S. H. , SONG H. J. , KIM K. H. , SONG K. J. , BAEK L. J. , KIM H. H. , OH H. B. , KIM Y. W. , CHANG W. H. 
Published: July 2002

Leptospirosis has significantly decreased in Korea since 1988,
following the leptospiral
vaccination programme initiated in 1988. Whether this wholly explains the
decreased incidence
is uncertain. As an initial step to answer this question, infection
rates of Leptospira interrogans
in field rodents, Apodemis agrarius, were examined and compared
with previous data.Two hundred and twenty-two A. agrarius were captured during
October–December 1996.
Spirochaetes were isolated from 22 (9·9%) and leptospiral DNA was
detected in an additional
6 rodents (12·6%). Subsequent microscopic agglutination tests (MAT)
classified all these
isolates as L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar
lai. The above data did not
significantly differ from previous surveys in 1984–7. There was no
significant change of L.
interrogans infection in field rodents following the introduction
of the vaccination programme
in Korea. Further studies are needed to determine the role of human vaccination
in reducing
incidence.
Laboratory investigation and comparison of Salmonella
Brandenburg cases in New Zealand
Authors: WRIGHT J. M. , BRETT M. , BENNETT J. 
Published: July 2002

An apparent increase in the incidence of S. Brandenburg

in New Zealand, coupled with the
possibility that the virulence of the organism may also be changing, prompted
this study.Three typing methods: macro-restriction fragment length polymorphism
(MRFLP) profiling
using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid
profiling and antimicrobial susceptibility
profiling were used to determine strain diversity amongst 115 recent and
historical isolates of
S. Brandenburg from both human cases and non-human sources.Antimicrobial resistance was noted only in three isolates.
Plasmids of varying sizes were found
in 31 isolates. MRFLP analysis resulted in 13 different patterns. Combining
the three sets of
typing data yielded 24 composite types. Comparison of composite type, isolation
date and
geographical location of case allowed the retrospective recognition of
seven potential clusters
during the 5-year study period. Composite types of 24 (80%) of the non-human
isolates tested
were indistinguishable from human isolates, suggesting that human infection
may be via a
number of vehicles.Although not cost-effective for routine use on all salmonella isolates,
the methods used in
this study are an important adjunct to serotyping for discrimination within
an emerging
serotype.
Why are group‐living badgers (Meles meles) sexually dimorphic?
Authors: Johnson Dominic D. P. , Macdonald David W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOne of the hypotheses proposed to account for why badgers Meles meles are highly social in the U.K., the resource dispersion hypothesis, is that patchy resources are unpredictably dispersed in the environment and therefore must be shared, but that these patches are rich enough, when available, to support several badgers at any one time. Previous empiricists in our study site at Wytham Woods calculated that single patches could be rich enough to support 30 badgers in a night. The sustained increase in population density in Wytham Woods suggests that food was not limiting and territories were below capacity, and therefore that feeding competition was relatively low. Low feeding competition would predict an absence of dimorphism in trophic apparatus between the sexes. Contrary to this, significant sexual dimorphism was found, after removing effects resulting from body size allometry, in canine cross‐section length, width (both P < 0.0001) and skull breadth (P < 0.001). The differences in canine dimensions were still significant when allometry of both body length and skull breadth are accounted for statistically (P < 0.0001). It is therefore suggested that feeding competition may not necessarily be low, which would have implications for understanding the costs of social behaviour. Alternative explanations involving sexual selection and phylogenetic inertia are discussed.
A new atlantasellid isopod (Asellota: Aselloidea) from the flooded coastal karst of the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola): evidence for an exopod on a thoracic limb and biogeographical implications
Authors: Jaume Damià 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new representative of the thus far monotypic, Bermudan aselloid family Atlantasellidae is described from the freshwater layers of two coastal sinkholes on the south‐west Dominican Republic, Hispaniola. Atlantasellus dominicanus sp. nov. is extraordinary among isopods in retaining a remnant of the exopod on one of its pereiopods; no other isopod is known to express a schizopodous condition of thoracic limbs. The locomotory behaviour, body volvation habits, and apparent specificity of the new taxon for life on submerged decaying wood in cave waters are described. Analysis of palaeogeographic and ecological evidence supports the interpretation of the Atlantasellidae as a thalassoid lineage, contrary to previous phylogenetically supported assumptions considering them to be an ancient, freshwater lineage.
Mortality patterns of otters (Lutra lutra) from eastern Germany
Authors: Hauer Silke , Ansorge Hermann , Zinke Olaf 
Published: July 2002

AbstractData obtained from the dissection of 1067 otters Lutra lutra were used to compare the causes of mortality in relation to age composition, time trends, and regions. Age determination was based on the analysis of incremental cementum lines in teeth. Major causes of mortality of otters were traffic accidents (69.9%), followed by natural deaths (6.6%), deaths in fish‐traps (6%), hunting (4.1%), and other violent events (4.4%). No significant differences in mortality structure between the sexes were found. Resulting from a log‐linear and a contrast analysis, significant differences in frequencies of mortality causes in relation to different time periods, regions and age classes of otters were observed. The frequency of otters dying from hunting or diseases was highest in youngest (AC I) and oldest (AC V) otters. Generally, the greatest differences between age classes resulted from comparison of frequencies of traffic‐mortality, hunting, and fish‐traps. Concerning time trends, the greatest differences were found in the periods before and after 1990. In addition to the increase of traffic‐mortality, hunting and deaths in fish‐traps influenced the distribution of mortality in different time periods. In eastern Germany, there is a clear difference in mortality between northern and southern regions. This results mainly from commercial fish‐trapping being more common at the northern coast and lakes. However, in all different subsamples of time, region or age‐class, traffic‐killed otters amounted to >50% of all otters found dead.
Older people in A&E: Literature review and implications for British policy and practice
Authors: Bridges Jackie , Spilsbury Karen , Meyer Julienne , Crouch Robert 
Published: July 2002

As the proportion of older people in the population rises, health services must continue to develop to meet their special needs. This includes accident and emergency (A&E) services which work at the interface between primary and secondary health care for individuals of all ages. This literature review aimed to answer the following questions:1) What are the characteristics and special needs of older people in A&E?2) Which of the current literature describes, evaluates or advocates service initiatives aimed at meeting the needs of older people in A&E?3) What are the policy implications of the literature reviewed for British A&E services?
A Note on Vertex List Colouring
Authors: HAXELL P. E. 
Published: July 2002

Let k be a positive integer and let G be a graph. Suppose a list S(v)
of positive integers is assigned to each vertex v, such that(1) [mid ]S(v)[mid ] = 2k for each vertex v of G, and(2) for each vertex v, and each c ∈ S(v), the
number of neighbours w of v for which c ∈ S(w) is at most k.Then we prove that there exists a proper vertex colouring f of G such that
f(v) ∈ S(v) for each v ∈ V(G).
This proves a weak version of a conjecture of Reed.
Optimal soil depletion with output and price uncertainty
Authors: GREPPERUD SVERRE 
Published: July 2002

This paper studies soil depletion incentives in a dynamic economic model under two different sources of revenue uncertainty (output and price risk). The focus is on the long-term effects of risk-averse preferences when farming decisions have implications for both expected short-run production and natural topsoil fertility. The analysis shows that the risk properties of the stock variable are crucial for the results arrived. The presence of risk preferences is found to improve soil conservation incentives in a low-input farming system, independent of the source of revenue risk considered. The only case for which soil conservation incentives are weakened is for high-input farming systems under price uncertainty.JEL classification: Q12, Q20, D81
SNP Profile within the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Reveals an Extreme and Interrupted Level of Nucleotide Diversity
Authors: Gaudieri Silvana , Dawkins Roger L. , Habara Kaori , Kulski Jerzy K. , Gojobori Takashi 
Published: July 2002

The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is characterized by polymorphic multicopy gene families, such as HLA and MIC (PERB11); duplications; insertions and deletions (indels); and uneven rates of recombination. Polymorphisms at the antigen recognition sites of the HLA class I and II genes and at associated neutral sites have been attributed to balancing selection and a hitchhiking effect, respectively. We, and others, have previously shown that nucleotide diversity between MHC haplotypes at non-HLA sites is unusually high (>10%) and up to several times greater than elsewhere in the genome (0.08%–0.2%). We report here the most extensive analysis of nucleotide diversity within a continuous sequence in the genome. We constructed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profile that reveals a pattern of extreme but interrupted levels of nucleotide diversity by comparing a continuous sequence within haplotypes in three genomic subregions of the MHC. A comparison of several haplotypes within one of the genomic subregions containing the HLA-B and -C loci suggests that positive selection is operating over the whole subgenomic region, including HLA and non-HLA genes.[The sequence data for the multiple haplotype comparisons within the class I region have been submitted to DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession nos. AF029061, AF029062, and AB031005–AB031010. Additional sequence data have been submitted to the DDBJ data library under accession nos.AB031005–AB03101 and AF029061–AF029062.]