bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservatives Anticipate and Experience Stronger Emotional Reactions to Negative Outcomes
Authors: Joel Samantha , Burton Caitlin M. , Plaks Jason E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe present work examined whether conservatives and liberals differ in their anticipation of their own emotional reactions to negative events. In two studies, participants imagined experiencing positive or negative outcomes in domains that do not directly concern politics. In Study 1, 190 American participants recruited online (64 male, Mage = 32 years) anticipated their emotional responses to romantic relationship outcomes. In Study 2, 97 Canadian undergraduate students (26 male, Mage = 21 years) reported on their anticipated and experienced emotional responses to academic outcomes. In both studies, more conservative participants predicted they would feel stronger negative emotions following negative outcomes than did more liberal participants. Furthermore, a longitudinal follow‐up of Study 2 participants revealed that more conservative participants actually felt worse than more liberal participants after receiving a lower‐than‐desired exam grade. These effects remained even when controlling for the Big Five traits, prevention focus, and attachment style (Study 1), and optimism (Study 2). We discuss how the relationship between political orientation and anticipated affect likely contributes to differences between conservatives and liberals in styles of decision and policy choices.
Informational and Monetary Lobbying: Expert Politicians, Good Decisions?
Authors: FELGENHAUER MIKE 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper finds that the strategic interaction between opposing interest groups depends on the decision maker's expertise. If the costs to provide information are sufficiently low, then the decision quality is nonmonotonic in the politician's expertise. An expert may attract less informational lobbying and make worse decisions than a politician who is ex ante endowed with less information and therefore less predisposed to a particular policy.
A review of the population dynamics of mule deer and black‐tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus in North America
Authors: Forrester Tavis D. , Wittmer Heiko U. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Mule deer and black‐tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus have exhibited marked population fluctuations throughout their range over the past century. The relative contributions of predation, forage availability and weather to observed population changes remain unclear and controversial.

We reviewed 48 studies on Odocoileus hemionus survival and predation from the past 30 years and quantified age‐specific vital rates, population growth rates (λ) and causes of mortality. We also evaluated the effect of environmental variables on variation in vital rates and the contribution of age‐specific survival to population growth.

Age‐specific survival (ϕ) was the most frequently studied population parameter. Odocoileus hemionus have lower and more variable fawn survival than other ungulate species (ϕsummer = 0.44, CV = 0.42; ϕannual = 0.29, CV = 0.67). Adult female survival conversely appeared to be high and stable throughout the geographical range of the species (ϕannual = 0.84, CV = 0.06). Observed low fawn survival appears to be compensated for by high fecundity rates.

Predation was the primary proximate cause of mortality for all age classes, and was an important source of summer fawn mortality and of mortality in multi‐prey, multi‐predator systems. However, predator removal studies suggest that predation is compensatory, particularly at high deer densities, and that nutrition and weather shape population dynamics.

We propose three models to explain local population dynamics of Odocoileus hemionus: (i) populations are limited by forage availability and weather; (ii) adult females are limited by forage availability, fawns are limited by forage availability and predation, and population growth is constrained by fecundity and fawn predation; and (iii) large changes in the abundance of predators or alternative prey change predation risk and destabilize population dynamics.

Future research should be focused on: the effects of age‐specific survival on population growth; possible interactions between predation, forage availability and weather; and the importance of multiple predator and prey species in shaping the population dynamics of Odocoileus hemionus.
Expression patterns and organization of the hsp70 genes correlate with thermotolerance in two congener endemic amphipod species (Eulimnogammarus cyaneus and E. verrucosus) from Lake Baikal
Authors: Bedulina D. S. , Evgen'ev M. B. , Timofeyev M. A. , Protopopova M. V. , Garbuz D. G. , Pavlichenko V. V. , Luckenbach T. , Shatilina Z. M. , Axenov‐Gribanov D. V. , Gurkov A. N. , Sokolova I. M. , Zatsepina O. G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe studied various aspects of heat‐shock response with special emphasis on the expression of heat‐shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes at various levels in two congener species of littoral endemic amphipods (Eulimnogammarus cyaneus and E. verrucosus) from Lake Baikal which show striking differences in their vertical distribution and thermal tolerance. Although both the species studied demonstrate high constitutive levels of Hsp70, the thermotolerant E. cyaneus exhibited a 5‐fold higher basal level of Hsp70 proteins under normal physiological conditions (7 °C) and significantly lower induction of Hsp70 after temperature elevation compared with the more thermosensitive E. verrucosus. We isolated the hsp70 genes from both species and analysed their sequences. Two isoforms of the cytosolic Hsp70/Hsc70 proteins were detected in both species under normal physiological conditions and encoded by two distinct hsp/hsc70 family members. While both Hsp70 isoforms were synthesized without heat shock, only one of them was induced by temperature elevation. The observed differences in the Hsp70 expression patterns, including the dynamics of Hsp70 synthesis and threshold of induction, suggest that the increased thermotolerance in E. cyaneus (compared with E. verrucosus) is associated with a complex structural and functional rearrangement of the hsp70 gene family and favoured the involvement of Hsp70 in adaptation to fluctuating thermal conditions. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the thermal adaptation of Baikal amphipods and represents the first report describing the structure and function of the hsp70 genes of endemic Baikal species dwelling in thermally contrasting habitats.
Cycles of light and dark co‐ordinate reversible colony differentiation in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Tiensuu Teresa , Andersson Christopher , Rydén Patrik , Johansson Jörgen 
Published: January 2013

SummaryRecently, several light receptors have been identified in non‐phototrophic bacteria, but their physiological roles still remain rather elusive. Here we show that colonies of the saprophytic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes undergo synchronized multicellular behaviour on agar plates, in response to oscillating light/dark conditions, giving rise to alternating ring formation (opaque and translucent rings). On agar plates, bacteria from opaque rings survive increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as repeated cycles of light and dark, better than bacteria from translucent rings. The ring formation is strictly dependent on a blue‐light receptor, Lmo0799, acting through the stress‐sigma factor, σB. A transposon screening identified 48 mutants unable to form rings at alternating light conditions, with several of them showing a decreased σB activity/level. However, some of the tested mutants displayed a varied σB activity depending on which of the two stress conditions tested (light or H2O2 exposure). Intriguingly, the transcriptional regulator PrfA and the virulence factor ActA were shown to be required for ring formation by a mechanism involving activation of σB. All in all, this suggests a distinct pathway for Lmo0799 that converge into a common signalling pathway for σB activation. Our results show that night and day cycles co‐ordinate a reversible differentiation of a L. monocytogenes colony at room temperature, by a process synchronized by a blue‐light receptor and σB.
Spo0A regulates chromosome copy number during sporulation by directly binding to the origin of replication in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Boonstra Mirjam , de Jong Imke G. , Scholefield Graham , Murray Heath , Kuipers Oscar P. , Veening Jan‐Willem 
Published: January 2013

SummaryWhen starved, Bacillus subtilis cells can enter the developmental programme of endospore formation by activation of the master transcriptional regulator Spo0A. Correct chromosome copy number is crucial for the production of mature and fully resistant spores. The production and maintenance of one chromosome for the mother cell and one copy for the forespore requires accurate co‐ordination between DNA replication and initiation of sporulation. Here, we show that Spo0A regulates chromosome copy number by directly binding to a number of Spo0A binding sites that are present near the origin of replication (oriC). We demonstrate that cells lacking three specific Spo0A binding sites at oriC display increased chromosome copy numbers when sporulation is induced. Our data support the hypothesis that Spo0A directly controls DNA replication during sporulation by binding to oriC.
Staff perception of patient discharge from ICU to ward‐based care
Authors: James Stephen , Quirke Sara , McBride‐Henry Karen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe quality of information exchange between intensive care unit (ICU) and ward nurses, when patients are transferred out of intensive care, is important to the continuity of safe care.AimThis research aimed to explore nurses' experiences of the discharge process from ICU to the ward environment.DesignThe study was conducted in a New Zealand Metropolitan hospital, using an exploratory descriptive design we adapted a questionnaire based on Whittaker and Ball's research on ICU patient handover.MethodThe questionnaires were then analysed using a descriptive thematic approach.ResultsThe response rate of 48% included 45 ICU and 47 ward nurses. Key findings were that the written and verbal communication needs differ dependent upon setting and the timing of a discharge. Timing of handover also requires negotiation.ConclusionsBeing able to negotiate the timing and nature of handover is important for nurses. In addition, standardized approaches to communication are believed to enhance patient safety.Relevance to clinical practice: Standardized handover, with content and processes that are mutually negotiated, is crucial to providing the safest environment for patients.
Efficacy and safety of lorcaserin in obese adults: a meta‐analysis of 1‐year randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and narrative review on short‐termRCTs
Authors: Chan E. W. , He Y. , Chui C. S. L. , Wong A. Y. S. , Lau W. C. Y. , Wong I. C. K. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryLorcaserin is a new anti‐obesity drug recently approved byUSFood and Drug Administration. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the association of lorcaserin therapy with weight loss and adverse events in obese adults (18–65 years old). Weight loss of 3.23 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.70, 3.75) and body mass index reduction of 1.16 kg m−2(95%CI: 0.98, 1.34) was observed compared with placebo inRCTsof 1 year duration. The use of lorcaserin for 8 and 12 weeks reduced weight of 1.60 kg (95%CI: 0.34, 2.86) and 2.9 kg (95%CI: 2.2, 3.5), respectively. In comparison to placebo, lorcaserin decreased waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and triglycerides, however did not statistically affect heart rate or high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. Headache, nausea and dizziness were found to be significantly higher in the patients receiving lorcaserin than patients receiving placebo, whereas diarrhoea is no more likely than in patients receiving placebo. In conclusion, lorcaserin achieves modest weight loss and appears to be well tolerated. Clinical and pharmacovigilance studies with longer study duration are needed to inform of the long‐term efficacy and safety of lorcaserin.
Manure management practices applied to a seven‐course rotation on a sandy soil: effects on nitrate leaching
Authors: Shepherd M. , Newell‐Price P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis experiment tested whether it was possible to incorporate broiler litter (BL) or cattle farmyard manure (FYM) into a 7‐yr arable rotation on a sandy soil without causing an increase in nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) leaching. Four manure treatments (with adjusted fertilizer inputs), varying in frequency and timing of application, were imposed on the rotation and compared with a control that received inorganic fertilizer according to recommended rates. Over seven winters, the annual average NO3‐N leached from the inorganic fertilizer treatment (control) was 39 kg/ha in 183 mm drainage. Total manure N loadings over the period of the experiment ranged between 557 and 1719 kg/ha (80–246 kg/ha/yr) for the four treatments. Three of the four manure treatments significantly increased NO3‐N leaching over the rotation (P < 0.001). Annual applications of FYM (1719 kg/ha manure N or 246 kg/ha/yr) increased NO3‐N leaching by 39%. We hypothesize that this was due to increased mineralization of the organic N accumulating from repeated FYM applications. BL applied each year (1526 kg/ha manure N or 218 kg N/ha/yr) increased NO3‐N leaching by 52% above the control; BL applied 5 of 7 yr (972 kg/ha manure N or 139 kg N/ha/yr on average) and including inadvisable autumn applications increased leaching by 50%. BL applied in late winter or early spring every 2–3 yr (557 kg/ha manure N or 80 kg N/ha/yr on average) resulted in NO3‐N leaching similar to the control. This suggests that to avoid additional NO3‐N leaching from manure use in an arable rotation, manure should not be applied every year and autumn applications should be avoided; there are real challenges where manure is used on an annual basis.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DRB1 allele, DRB1*09:20, by sequence‐based typing in an unrelated bone marrow donor
Authors: Hommel‐Berrey G. A. , House K. D. , Backfish K. A. , Arnoff T. S. , Lobashevsky A. L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe novel allele HLA‐DRB1*09:20 differs from HLA‐DRB1*09:01:02 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 9 (AAG‐>CAG) and differs from HLA‐DRB1*09:07 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 13 (TAT‐>TTT).
Serial evaluation of neutrophil function in tumour‐bearing dogs undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: LeBlanc A. K. , LeBlanc C. J. , Rohrbach B. W. , Kania S. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe hypothesized that neutrophil function in tumour‐bearing dogs is negatively impacted by chemotherapy. Flow cytometric techniques were used to assess neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytic activities at baseline, 7 and 21 days after induction chemotherapy in 20 dogs with lymphoma. Dogs had a lower percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity after stimulation withEscherichia coli(day 7;P = 0.009) and phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) (days 7 and 21;P = 0.0003 andP = 0.01, respectively), compared with healthy controls. From day 0 to 7, the percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity decreased after stimulation withE. coli(P = 0.016) andPMA(P = 0.0006). Induction chemotherapy suppresses the percentage of neutrophils capable of oxidative burst in dogs with lymphoma, with improvement in phagocytic activity over time (P = 0.03). The impact of neutrophil dysfunction on incidence and severity of sepsis in dogs receiving chemotherapy should be investigated.
Intercomparison of Meteorological Forcing Data from Empirical and Mesoscale Model Sources in the North Fork American River Basin in Northern Sierra Nevada, California*
Authors: Wayand Nicholas E. , Hamlet Alan F. , Abel Mimi R. , Feld Shara I. , Lundquist Jessica D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe data required to drive distributed hydrological models are significantly limited within mountainous terrain because of a scarcity of observations. This study evaluated three common configurations of forcing data: 1) one low-elevation station, combined with empirical techniques; 2) gridded output from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF); and 3) a combination of the two. Each configuration was evaluated within the heavily instrumented North Fork American River basin in California during October–June 2000–10. Simulations of streamflow and snowpack using the Distributed Hydrology Soil and Vegetation Model (DHSVM) highlighted precipitation and radiation as variables whose sources resulted in significant differences. The best source of precipitation data varied between years. On average, the WRF performed as well as the single station distributed using the Parameter Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM). The average percent biases in simulated streamflow were 3% and 1%, for configurations 1 and 2, respectively, even though precipitation compared directly with gauge measurements was biased high by 6% and 17%, suggesting that gauge undercatch may explain part of the bias. Simulations of snowpack using empirically estimated longwave irradiance resulted in melt rates lower than those observed at high-elevation sites, while at lower elevations the same forcing caused significant midwinter melt that was not observed. These results highlight the complexity of how forcing data sources impact hydrology over different areas (high- versus low-elevation snow) and different time periods. Overall, results support the use of output from the WRF model over empirical techniques in regions with limited station data.
Global Calibration of the GEOS-5 L-Band Microwave Radiative Transfer Model over Nonfrozen Land Using SMOS Observations
Authors: De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Reichle Rolf H. , Pauwels Valentijn R. N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA zero-order (tau-omega) microwave radiative transfer model (RTM) is coupled to the Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5) catchment land surface model in preparation for the future assimilation of global brightness temperatures (Tb) from the L-band (1.4 GHz) Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions. Simulations using literature values for the RTM parameters result in Tb biases of 10–50 K against SMOS observations. Multiangular SMOS observations during nonfrozen conditions from 1 July 2011 to 1 July 2012 are used to calibrate parameters related to the microwave roughness h, vegetation opacity τ and/or scattering albedo ω separately for each observed 36-km land grid cell. A particle swarm optimization is used to minimize differences in the long-term (climatological) mean values and standard deviations between SMOS observations and simulations, without attempting to reduce the shorter-term (seasonal to daily) errors. After calibration, global Tb simulations for the validation year (1 July 2010 to 1 July 2011) are largely unbiased for multiple incidence angles and both H and V polarization [e.g., the global average absolute difference is 2.7 K for TbH(42.5°), i.e., at 42.5° incidence angle]. The calibrated parameter values depend to some extent on the specific land surface conditions simulated by the GEOS-5 system and on the scale of the SMOS observations, but they also show realistic spatial distributions. Aggregating the calibrated parameter values by vegetation class prior to using them in the RTM maintains low global biases but increases local biases [e.g., the global average absolute difference is 7.1 K for TbH(42.5°)].
Square Root and Perturbed Observation Ensemble Generation Techniques in Kalman and Quadratic Ensemble Filtering Algorithms
Authors: Hodyss Daniel , Campbell William F. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The main goal of this work is to present a new square root ensemble generation technique that is consistent with a recently developed extension of Kalman-based linear regression algorithms such that they may perform nonlinear polynomial regression (i.e., includes a quadratically nonlinear term in the mean update equation) and that is applicable to ensemble data assimilation in the geosciences. Along the way the authors present a unification of the theories of square root and perturbed observation (sometimes referred to as stochastic) ensemble generation in data assimilation algorithms configured to perform both linear (Kalman) regression as well as quadratic nonlinear regression. The performance of linear and nonlinear regression algorithms with both ensemble generation techniques is explored in the three-variable Lorenz model as well as in a nonlinear model configured to simulate shear layer instabilities.
Radar Data Assimilation with WRF 4D-Var. Part I: System Development and Preliminary Testing
Authors: Wang Hongli , Sun Juanzhen , Zhang Xin , Huang Xiang-Yu , Auligné Thomas 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The major goal of this two-part study is to assimilate radar data into the high-resolution Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF) for the improvement of short-term quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique. In Part I the development of a radar data assimilation scheme within the WRF 4D-Var system (WRF 4D-Var) and the preliminary testing of the scheme are described. In Part II the performance of the enhanced WRF 4D-Var system is examined by comparing it with the three-dimensional variational data assimilation system (WRF 3D-Var) for a convective system over the U.S. Great Plains. The WRF 4D-Var radar data assimilation system has been developed with the existing framework of an incremental formulation. The new development for radar data assimilation includes the tangent-linear and adjoint models of a Kessler warm-rain microphysics scheme and the new control variables of cloud water, rainwater, and vertical velocity and their error statistics. An ensemble forecast with 80 members is used to produce background error covariance. The preliminary testing presented in this paper includes single-observation experiments as well as real data assimilation experiments on a squall line with assimilation windows of 5, 15, and 30 min. The results indicate that the system is able to obtain anisotropic multivariate analyses at the convective scale and improve precipitation forecasts. The results also suggest that the incremental approach with successive basic-state updates works well at the convection-permitting scale for radar data assimilation with the selected assimilation windows.