bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flushing of distal hillslopes as an alternative source of stream dissolved organic carbon in a headwater catchment
Authors: Gannon John P. , Bailey Scott W. , McGuire Kevin J. , Shanley James B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe investigated potential source areas of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in headwater streams by examining DOC concentrations in lysimeter, shallow well, and stream water samples from a reference catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. These observations were then compared to high‐frequency temporal variations in fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) at the catchment outlet and the predicted spatial extent of shallow groundwater in soils throughout the catchment. While near‐stream soils are generally considered a DOC source in forested catchments, DOC concentrations in near‐stream groundwater were low (mean = 2.4 mg/L, standard error = 0.6 mg/L), less than hillslope groundwater farther from the channel (mean = 5.7 mg/L, standard error = 0.4 mg/L). Furthermore, water tables in near‐stream soils did not rise into the carbon‐rich upper B or O horizons even during events. In contrast, soils below bedrock outcrops near channel heads where lateral soil formation processes dominate had much higher DOC concentrations. Soils immediately downslope of bedrock areas had thick eluvial horizons indicative of leaching of organic materials, Fe, and Al and had similarly high DOC concentrations in groundwater (mean = 14.5 mg/L, standard error = 0.8 mg/L). Flow from bedrock outcrops partially covered by organic soil horizons produced the highest groundwater DOC concentrations (mean = 20.0 mg/L, standard error = 4.6 mg/L) measured in the catchment. Correspondingly, stream water in channel heads sourced in part by shallow soils and bedrock outcrops had the highest stream DOC concentrations measured in the catchment. Variation in FDOM concentrations at the catchment outlet followed water table fluctuations in shallow to bedrock soils near channel heads. We show that shallow hillslope soils receiving runoff from organic matter‐covered bedrock outcrops may be a major source of DOC in headwater catchments in forested mountainous regions where catchments have exposed or shallow bedrock near channel heads.
Migration behavior of supercritical and liquid CO2 in a stratified system: Experiments and numerical simulations
Authors: Oh Junho , Kim Kue‐Young , Han Weon Shik , Park Eungyu , Kim Jeong‐Chan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMultiple scenarios of upward CO2 migration driven by both injection‐induced pressure and buoyancy force were investigated in a horizontally and vertically stratified core utilizing a core‐flooding system with a 2‐D X‐ray scanner. Two reservoir‐type scenarios were considered: (1) the terrestrial reservoir scenario (10 MPa and 50°C), where CO2 exists in a supercritical state and (2) the deep‐sea sediment reservoir scenario (28 MPa and 25°C), where CO2 is stored in the liquid phase. The core‐flooding experiments showed a 36% increase in migration rate in the vertical core setting compared with the horizontal setting, indicating the significance of the buoyancy force under the terrestrial reservoir scenario. Under both reservoir conditions, the injected CO2 tended to find a preferential flow path (low capillary entry pressure and high‐permeability (high‐k) path) and bypass the unfavorable pathways, leaving low CO2 saturation in the low‐permeability (low‐k) layers. No distinctive fingering was observed as the CO2 moved upward, and the CO2 movement was primarily controlled by media heterogeneity. The CO2 saturation in the low‐k layers exhibited a more sensitive response to injection rates, implying that the increase in CO2 injection rates could be more effective in terms of storage capacity in the low‐k layers in a stratified reservoir. Under the deep‐sea sediment condition, the storage potential of liquid CO2 was more than twice as high as that of supercritical CO2 under the terrestrial reservoir scenario. In the end, multiphase transport simulations were conducted to assess the effects of heterogeneity on the spatial variation of pressure buildup, CO2 saturation, and CO2 flux. Finally, we showed that a high gravity number (
) tended to be more influenced by the heterogeneity of the porous media.
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
Authors: Chow Shein‐Chung 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBioavailability is referred to as the rate and extent to which the active drug ingredient or active moiety from the drug product is absorbed and becomes available at the site of drug action. The relative bioavailability in terms of the rate and extent of drug absorption is considered predictive of clinical outcomes. In 1984, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was authorized to approve generic drug products under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act based on evidence of average bioequivalence in drug absorption through the conduct of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. This entry provides an overview of definition of bioavailability and bioequivalence, Fundamental Bioequivalence Assumption, regulatory requirements, and process for bioequivalence assessment of generic drug products. Basic considerations including criteria, study design, power analysis for sample size determination, and the conduct of bioequivalence trial, and statistical methods are provided. Practical issues such as scaled average criteria for assessment of highly variable drug products and sample size calculation for higher‐order crossover designs are also discussed.
Bayes Linear Analysis
Authors: Goldstein Michael 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Bayes linear approach is concerned with problems in which we want to combine prior judgments of uncertainty with observational data, and we use expected value rather than probability as the primitive for expressing these judgments. This distinction is of particular relevance in problems with too many sources of information for us to be comfortable in making a meaningful full joint prior probability specification of the type required for Bayesian inference. For such problems, the Bayes linear approach is similar in spirit to a full Bayesian analysis but offers a practical methodology for analyzing partially specified beliefs for large problems. We describe the adjustment of prior means and variances given data and explain the various interpretations that we may attribute to such adjustments. We describe the interpretive and diagnostic cycle for the analysis: (i) we interpret the expected effects of the adjustment, a priori; (ii) given observations, we interpret the outcome of the actual adjustment; (iii) we make diagnostic comparisons between observed and expected beliefs. The approach to modeling and analysis through the second‐order exchangeability representation theorem is described, and various real world applications are discussed.
Probit Models,
B
ayesian Analysis of
Authors: Albert James H. , Chib Siddhartha 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article reviews the Albert and Chib (1993) data augmentation approach in the implementation of a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for regression with a binary response variable. The article provides a review of the extensions in the original Albert and Chib paper and the wide range of applications and extensions in the literature using this approach.
Surrogate Markers
Authors: Molenberghs Geert 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe rationale of using surrogate endpoints in clinical studies is discussed, along with the need for proper evaluation of candidate surrogates. After sketching the single‐trial framework, and the issues surrounding it, a meta‐analytic framework is presented. This is done first for continuous outcomes, where after various outcome types are discussed. Special attention is given to longitudinal outcomes. The need for unification across a variety of surrogacy evaluation measures is discussed, and a unified framework is presented. Connections amon the meta‐analytic, association‐based framework, and its causal counterpart are sketched. Implications for the design of clinical trials are put forward.
Nonstandard Multivariate Tests
Authors: Follmann Dean 
Published: September 2015

AbstractStandard approaches for testing whether a multivariate normal mean vector is zero are agnostic regarding alternative hypothesis. In some settings, subject‐matter considerations will imply structure on the alternative of the mean vector, for example, that each element of the mean vector is positive, or that the elements are monotonically increasing. Nonstandard multivariate tests incorporate this knowledge about the alternative hypothesis to derive more powerful tests. This article provides a brief overview of selected nonstandard multivariate tests.
Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Johnson Richard A. , Wichern Dean 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMultivariate analysis is the body of statistical methodology used to analyze simultaneous measurements on several variables. We provide an overview of important methods for making inferences about mean vectors, analyzing covariance structure, and classifying and grouping items. In addition, there is a brief introduction to procedures for creating lower‐dimensional representations of items and/or variables. References and a list of sources for further reading are provided.
Quality Concept for Official Statistics
Authors: Elvers Eva , Lindén Håkan 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The quality concept that is defined refers to the statistical output. The view taken is that quality of statistics refers to all aspects of how well statistics meet users' needs and expectations of statistical information. Hence, the quality concept should list all aspects that are implicit in this broad definition of quality of statistics. This means that the producer of the statistics should provide neutral descriptive information about the quality components – even if it is an inherent challenge to obtain quantitative measures for some of them. The assessment of the quality of the statistics should be left to the users for their particular uses. The quality concept is useful in communication with users about needs and priorities, and naturally also for design, planning, and evaluation of statistical production processes. Even if the quality concept focuses on official statistics, the concept may be used more broadly. This article presents the quality concept, the challenges faced, and new lines of enquiry.
Risk Analysis, Extremes in
Authors: Teugels Jozef L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe continue a previous contribution of extremal thinking with special emphasis to risk analysis. After dealing with recent advances in probabilistic and statistical aspects of extreme value theory (EVT), we deal with extreme value problems within the context of stochastic processes. We finish by focusing on a couple of specific questions and a number of applications. A comprehensive list of references is included.
Under‐ and Overdispersion
Authors: Xekalaki Evdokia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA synopsis of probability models for over‐ and underdispersion is provided, looking at their origins, motivation, first main contributions, important milestones, and applications. As the field of accident studies has received much attention, and various theories have been developed for the interpretation of factors underlying an accident situation, most of the models will be presented in accident or actuarial contexts. Of course, with appropriate parameter interpretations, the results are adaptable in a great variety of other situations in fields ranging from economics, inventory control, and insurance through to demometry, biometry, psychometry, and web access modeling.
Capture‐Recapture for Human Populations
Authors: Chao Anne 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCapture–recapture methods, originally developed for estimating demographic parameters of animal populations, have been applied to human populations. In epidemiology and health sciences, most surveillance studies and prevalence surveys based on multiple records of incomplete lists are likely to miss some cases, and thus the number of ascertained cases in the final merged list tends to undercount the true size of the target population. Capture–recapture methods can be applied for these types of studies/surveys to provide useful estimators for the size of the target population and adjust for underascertainment. This article describes the history of the method and focuses on population size estimation based on the sample‐coverage approach, which also provides measures to quantify the extent of overlapping information and assess the dependences among samples. The R packageCARE1(CApture–REcapture, part 1) is applied to two real examples for illustration. Other models are briefly discussed.
Bayesian Methods in Clinical Trials
Authors: Ashby Deborah 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA clinical trial is an experiment carried out to gain knowledge about the relative benefits of two or more treatments. Typically, this is part of a gradual accrual of knowledge. The concept of updating of beliefs or evidence is the essence of Bayesian statistics. This article explains the essential concepts through a simple example, and then discusses some of the issues raised, namely, the legitimate sources of previous beliefs or evidence, including the question of subjectivity, and implications for the design of trials and Bayesian reporting of clinical trials. A particular area of application is data monitoring. Most of the discussion is in the context of two‐group parallel trials with straightforward analyses, but the framework is completely general, and applies to more complex designs and analyses. For the combination of results of several trials, possibly with other evidence, Bayesian meta‐analysis is outlined. Clinical trials are often used as part of wider decision‐making processes. Bayesian statistics is sometimes set in the context of decision making, and the implications of this are discussed.
Growth and Development
Authors: Cole T. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGrowth and development is the process through which the fetus changes in size, shape, composition, and function to become a reproductively mature adult. Growth is generally defined as the change (or rate of change) in one or more continuous measures of size, shape, or composition, usually assessed byanthropometry(seeAnthropometry). Indeed, the termgrowthis often used as a shorthand for child anthropometry. Development reflects maturation as measured by ordinal markers of function; some markers are inherently discontinuous, while others have an underlying continuum. Menarche, the onset of menstruation, is a marker of development, while height gain is a measure of growth.The statistical issues that arise in growth and development fall broadly into two categories: methods for cross‐sectional data, notably the construction of growth references, and methods for longitudinal data, particularly growth curve analysis.
Tolerance Interval
Authors: Vangel Mark G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTolerance intervals cover at least a specified proportion of a population, either on average or else with a stated level of confidence. The theory is described in relation to simple random samples and regression models. Topics discussed include mixed‐model tolerance intervals, random effects tolerance intervals, simultaneous tolerance intervals, and applications to calibration. Methods are illustrated by an example on serum glucose measurements.
Data Monitoring Committees Including Operational Issues
Authors: Ellenberg Susan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractData Monitoring Committees, also known asData and Safety Monitoring Boards, are often established as a component of clinical trial oversight to review interim data of the ongoing trial so that safety concerns or problematic operational issues can be identified rapidly and corrective measures can be undertaken. Such committees may be independent of the trial sponsor and investigator to ensure recommendations are as objective as possible and unaffected by conflicts of interest. Federal funding and regulatory agencies have issued policy documents concerning the establishment and operation of Data Monitoring Committees, but substantial variation exists in committee processes.
Crashing Memory 2.0: False Memories in Adults for an Upsetting Childhood Event
Authors: Patihis Lawrence , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPrevious crashing memory studies have shown that adults can be led to believe they witnessed video footage of news events for which no video footage actually exists. The current study is the first to investigate adults' tendency to report memories of viewing footage that took place when they were children: the plane crash in Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001. We found that in a computer questionnaire, 33% indicated a false memory with at least one false detail. In a more detailed face‐to‐face interview, only 13% of the group described a detailed false memory. Familiarity with the news story, fantasy proneness, alcohol use, and frequency of negative emotions after 9/11 were all associated with a Persistent False Memory. Participants who had received prior suggestion were more likely to later report false memories in the subsequent interview. We discuss our novel results and the importance of the paradigm.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing the Misinformation Effect Through Initial Testing: Take Two Tests and Recall Me in the Morning?
Authors: Huff Mark J. , Weinsheimer Camille C. , Bodner Glen E. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryInitial retrieval of an event can reduce people's susceptibility to misinformation. We explored whether protective effects of initial testing could be obtained on final free recall and source‐monitoring tests. After studying six household scenes (e.g., a bathroom), participants attempted to recall items from the scenes zero, one, or two times. Immediately or after a 48‐hour delay, non‐presented items (e.g., soap and toothbrush) were exposed zero, one, or four times through a social contagion manipulation in which participants reviewed sets of recall tests ostensibly provided by other participants. A protective effect of testing emerged on a final free recall test following the delay and on a final source‐memory test regardless of delay. Taking two initial tests did not increase these protective effects. Determining whether initial testing will have protective (versus harmful) effects on memory has important practical implications for interviewing eyewitnesses. © 2015 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotactic rac‐Lactide Polymerization with Copper Complexes: The Influence of Complex Nuclearity
Authors: Fortun Solène , Daneshmand Pargol , Schaper Frank 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDiiminopyrrolide copper alkoxide complexes, LCuOR (OR1=N,N‐dimethylamino ethoxide, OR2=2‐pyridyl methoxide), are active for the polymerization of rac‐lactide at ambient temperature in benzene to yield polymers with Mw/Mn=1.0–1.2. X‐ray diffraction studies showed bridged dinuclear complexes in the solid state for both complexes. While LCuOR1 provided only atactic polylactide, LCuOR2 produced partially isotactic polylactide (Pm=0.7). The difference in stereocontrol is attributed to a dinuclear active species for LCuOR2 in contrast to a mononuclear species for LCuOR1.
X‐ray Crystallography in Open‐Framework Materials
Authors: Bloch Witold M. , Champness Neil R. , Doonan Christian J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOpen‐framework materials, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and coordination polymers have been widely investigated for their gas adsorption and separation properties. However, recent studies have demonstrated that their highly crystalline structures can be used to periodically organize guest molecules and non‐structural metal compounds either within their pore voids or by anchoring to their framework architecture. Accordingly, the open framework can act as a matrix for isolating and elucidating the structures of these moieties by X‐ray diffraction. This concept has broad scope for development as an analytical tool where obtaining single crystals of a target molecule presents a significant challenge and it additionally offers potential for obtaining insights into chemically reactive species that can be stabilized within the pore network. However, the technique does have limitations and as yet a general experimental method has not been realized. Herein we focus on recent examples in which framework materials have been utilized as a scaffold for ordering molecules for analysis by diffraction methods and canvass areas for future exploration.
Structural, Biochemical, and Computational Studies Reveal the Mechanism of Selective Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 Inhibition by Cytotoxic Duocarmycin Analogues
Authors: Koch Maximilian F. , Harteis Sabrina , Blank Iris D. , Pestel Galina , Tietze Lutz F. , Ochsenfeld Christian , Schneider Sabine , Sieber Stephan A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAnalogues of the natural product duocarmycin bearing an indole moiety were shown to bind aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) in addition to DNA, while derivatives without the indole solely addressed the ALDH1A1 protein. The molecular mechanism of selective ALDH1A1 inhibition by duocarmycin analogues was unraveled through cocrystallization, mutational studies, and molecular dynamics simulations. The structure of the complex shows the compound embedded in a hydrophobic pocket, where it is stabilized by several crucial π‐stacking and van der Waals interactions. This binding mode positions the cyclopropyl electrophile for nucleophilic attack by the noncatalytic residue Cys302, thereby resulting in covalent attachment, steric occlusion of the active site, and inhibition of catalysis. The selectivity of duocarmycin analogues for ALDH1A1 is unique, since only minor alterations in the sequence of closely related protein isoforms restrict compound accessibility.
Chemically Locked Bicelles with High Thermal and Kinetic Stability
Authors: Matsui Ryoichi , Ohtani Masataka , Yamada Kuniyo , Hikima Takaaki , Takata Masaki , Nakamura Takashi , Koshino Hiroyuki , Ishida Yasuhiro , Aida Takuzo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn situ polymerization of a bicellar mixture composed of a phospholipid and polymerizable surfactants afforded unprecedented stable bicelles. The polymerized composite showed an aligned phase over a wide thermal range (25 to >90 °C) with excellent 2H quadrupole splitting of the solvent signal, thus implying versatility as an alignment medium for NMR studies. Crosslinking of the surfactants also brought favorable effects on the kinetic stability and alignment morphology of the bicelles. This system could thus offer a new class of scaffolds for biomembrane models.
ForceSpinning of polyacrylonitrile for mass production of lithium‐ion battery separators
Authors: Agubra Victor A. , De la Garza David , Gallegos Luis , Alcoutlabi Mataz 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe present results on the Forcespinning® (FS) of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) for mass production of polymer nanofiber membranes as separators for Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Our results presented here show that uniform, highly fibrous mats from PAN produced using Forcespinning®, exhibit improved electrochemical properties such as electrolyte uptake, low interfacial resistance, high oxidation limit, high ionic conductivity, and good cycling performance when used in lithium ion batteries compared to commercial PP separator materials. This article introduces ForceSpinning®, a cost effective technique capable of mass producing high quality fibrous mats, which is completely different technology than the commonly used in‐house centrifugal method. This Forcespinning® technology is thus the beginning of the nano/micro fiber revolution in large scale production for battery separator application. This is the first time to report results on the cycle performance of LIB‐based polymer nanofiber separators made by Forcespinning® technology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42847.