bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the contribution of multiple land covers to fire‐mediated carbon emissions in Amazonia during the 2010 drought
Authors: Anderson Liana Oighenstein , Aragão Luiz E. O. C. , Gloor Manuel , Arai Egídio , Adami Marcos , Saatchi Sassan S. , Malhi Yadvinder , Shimabukuro Yosio E. , Barlow Jos , Berenguer Erika , Duarte Valdete 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn less than 15 years, the Amazon region experienced three major droughts. Links between droughts and fires have been demonstrated for the 1997/1998, 2005, and 2010 droughts. In 2010, emissions of 510 ± 120 Tg C were associated to fire alone in Amazonia. Existing approaches have, however, not yet disentangled the proportional contribution of multiple land cover sources to this total. We develop a novel integration of multisensor and multitemporal satellite‐derived data on land cover, active fires, and burned area and an empirical model of fire‐induced biomass loss to quantify the extent of burned areas and resulting biomass loss for multiple land covers in Mato Grosso (MT) state, southern Amazonia—the 2010 drought most impacted region. We show that 10.77% (96,855 km2) of MT burned. We estimated a gross carbon emission of 56.21 ± 22.5 Tg C from direct combustion of biomass, with an additional 29.4 ± 10 Tg C committed to be emitted in the following years due to dead wood decay. It is estimated that old‐growth forest fires in the whole Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA) have contributed to 14.81 Tg of C (11.75 Tg C to 17.87 Tg C) emissions to the atmosphere during the 2010 fire season, with an affected area of 27,555 km2. Total C loss from the 2010 fires in MT state and old‐growth forest fires in the BLA represent, respectively, 77% (47% to 107%) and 86% (68.2% to 103%) of Brazil's National Plan on Climate Change annual target for Amazonia C emission reductions from deforestation.
The basalts of Mare Frigoris
Authors: Kramer G. Y. , Jaiswal B. , Hawke B. R. , Öhman T. , Giguere T. A. , Johnson K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper discusses the methodology and results of a detailed investigation of Mare Frigoris using remote sensing data from Clementine, Lunar Prospector, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, with the objective of mapping and characterizing the compositions and eruptive history of its volcanic units. With the exception of two units in the west, Mare Frigoris and Lacus Mortis are filled with basalts having low‐TiO2 to very low TiO2, low‐FeO, and high‐Al2O3 abundances. These compositions indicate that most of the basalts in Frigoris are high‐Al basalts—a potentially undersampled, yet important group in the lunar sample collection for its clues about the heterogeneity of the lunar mantle. Thorium abundances of most of the mare basalts in Frigoris are also low, although much of the mare surface appears elevated due to contamination from impact gardening with the surrounding high‐Th Imbrium ejecta. There are, however, a few regional thorium anomalies that are coincident with cryptomare units in the east, the two youngest mare basalt units, and some of the scattered pyroclastic deposits and volcanic constructs. In addition, Mare Frigoris lies directly over the northern extent of the major conduit for a magma plumbing system that fed many of the basalts that filled Oceanus Procellarum, as interpreted by Andrews‐Hanna et al. (2014) using data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission. The relationship between this deep‐reaching magma conduit and the largest extent of high‐Al basalts on the Moon makes Mare Frigoris an intriguing location for further investigation of the lunar mantle.
A novel data assimilation technique for the plasmasphere
Authors: Nikoukar Romina , Bust Gary , Murr David 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present a novel technique for imaging and data assimilation of the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere. The methodology is based upon the three‐dimensional variational technique (3DVAR), where an empirical background model is utilized. However, to prevent nonphysical vertical variation in density estimates, we devise statistical methods to enforce a roughness penalty in the traditional 3DVAR optimization. The upward looking total electron content (TEC) observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver on board Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites are utilized in the assimilation algorithm. The estimation results show reasonable agreement with in situ density measurements of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites and Van Allen Probes derived densities during geomagnetically quiet and severe storm time conditions, respectively. These preliminary results demonstrate great potential for the use of GPS TEC measurements from low‐Earth orbit satellites in monitoring and studying the morphology and dynamics of large‐scale structures of the electron density in the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere.
Daily precipitation in Northern Iberia: Understanding the recent changes after the circulation variability in the North Atlantic sector
Authors: Sáez de Cámara E. , Gangoiti G. , Alonso L. , Iza J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTrends in the characteristics of daily precipitation over Northern Iberia (NIB) are analyzed after 14 daily records covering the last 40 years plus seven century‐length time series. Results reveal an evolution to drier conditions with subregional variations: in western and central subregions, the decrease in both the occurrence and the intensity of wet days results in a statistically significant decline of total precipitation. Contrary to other regions in the Iberian Peninsula, the lack of correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the observed rainfall anomalies within NIB suggests that the dominance of a positive NAO mode from the late 1970s to 2002 cannot explain the trends. The land‐sea and mountain distribution creates sharp rainfall transitions depending on the pathways of the moisture‐laden winds. Consequently, NIB and other mountainous regions in the margins of the European continental water divide are sensitive to small changes in the NAO pressure centers and can exhibit both positive and negative rainfall anomalies for each NAO mode. A novel methodology for identifying changes in the NAO modes, consistent with the observed pressure/precipitation anomalies at both continental and regional scales, is presented. After the disaggregation of each dominant NAO wet season into two categories, the main rainfall changes in the NIB region can be explained in the context of the NAO variability during the last decades. The reported (sub)regional rainfall differences stress the need of caution when using NAO reconstructions, based in site specific rainfall anomalies, for the interpretation of the past climate precipitation variability in areas of complex terrain.
Parental Employment in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Parcel Toby L. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The massive movement of mothers into the labor force has prompted questions regarding how parental employment affects family life, particularly children. Parental earnings, work hours, and the complexity of their jobs are all consequential. Both paternal and maternal working conditions have implications for family life, with some positive as well as negative effects. While families have increased parental time at work, they have also increased their time with their children. Maternal work when children are young typically is not harmful. Some parental characteristics operate both to promote paid employment and to assist in childrearing.
Filial Responsibility
Authors: Marks Nadine F. , Kang Sunwoo 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Filial responsibility – the sense of obligation experienced by adult children to meet their older parents' physical and emotional needs – remains an important public interest in increasingly aging societies where the dependency and caregiving needs of elders are a growing concern. Endorsement of filial responsibility norms continues to be strong in contemporary societies, yet variations by age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other structural and situational factors have been noted. Filial responsibility is associated with providing emotional and instrumental care to parents, but it is not the only motivator and predictor of caregiving, nor does it necessarily buffer the negative impact of filial care. Although adult children's behaviors tend to reflect ongoing acceptance of filial responsibility globally, there have been some recent efforts to further explore legally prescribing and enforcing filial responsibility.
Food Security
Authors: Hernandez Daphne C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFood insecurity is the lack of availability or access to healthy food because of insufficient money and other resources. Approximately 20 percent of US children reside in households that experience food insecurity each year. A number of demographic characteristics are associated with the high food insecurity prevalence rates. This entry describes the negative consequences of experiencing food insecurity at each stage of child development, as well as adulthood. Policy recommendations to assist the health and well‐being of families at risk for food insecurity are provided.
War and Families
Authors: Myers‐Walls Judith A. , Myers‐Bowman Karen S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWar and armed conflict impact individuals and families in all countries, groups, and areas. The abilities of families to perform their expected functions can be negatively affected by war and political violence. Families can experience wars by being in a war zone, by being in countries that deploy military personnel to a war zone, by suffering from the consequences of military expenses and economic warfare, or by experiencing war and terrorism from a distance through media and suffering from indoctrination and the building of enemy images.
Validity of self‐reported vitamin D deficiency among midlife Arab women living in Qatar
Authors: Gerber Linda M. , Giambrone Ashley E. , Al‐Ali Hala M. , Verjee Mohamud A. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesThis study evaluates the level of agreement between self‐reported vitamin D deficiency and serum vitamin D measured within the previous calendar year.MethodsIn a study in which serum 25(OH)D levels were retrieved from electronic health records, 523 women were asked whether they considered themselves to have vitamin D deficiency. Serum vitamin D levels were categorized as vitamin D deficiency if serum 25(OH)D was <20 ng/ml and as insufficiency if <30 ng/ml. The kappa statistic was computed to assess the level of agreement between serum 25(OH)D level and self‐report responses.ResultsAgreement between self‐reported and measured 25(OH)D levels was poor. The kappa statistic was −0.041 when using a cutpoint of <20 ng/ml and −0.008 using the cutpoint of <30 ng/ml. Among women with levels ≥20 ng/ml, 82.4% believed that they were vitamin D deficient, while 13.3% who were below <20 ng/ml did not self‐report deficiency. Among women who did not report vitamin D deficiency, 46.3% (37/80) had levels <20 ng/ml while 82.5% (66/80) had levels <30 ng/ml.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that, although the prevalence of 25(OH)D <20 and <30 ng/ml was quite high (53.2% and 84.7%, respectively), there was little agreement between measured levels and self‐report of vitamin D deficiency. This may be due to belief in this region that low levels of serum vitamin D is widespread. Better communication is needed between healthcare providers and patients regarding transmission of laboratory results. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:181–185, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic variation in nasal cavity form among three human groups from the Japanese Archipelago: Ecogeographic and functional implications
Authors: Fukase Hitoshi , Ito Tsuyoshi , Ishida Hajime 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesGeographic variation in human nasal form has often been interpreted as a climatic adaptation, owing to the nasal air‐conditioning function. The aim of this study was to further address morphofunctional issues of the nasal cavity, using three human groups from subarctic, temperate, and subtropical regions of the Japanese Archipelago: prehistoric Okhotsk, early‐modern Honshu and Okinawa groups.MethodsUsing three‐dimensional coordinates of craniometric landmarks surrounding the nasal cavity, we compared linear measurements regarding nasal cavity form among the three groups and also conducted 3D geometric morphometrics.ResultsBoth linear measurements and morphometric analyses corroborate the previously reported covariation pattern of nasal cavity shape with climate, where humans from a cold/dry climate tend to possess a relatively tall, narrow, and deep nasal cavity compared with those from a warm/humid environment. The northern Okhotsk group had overall larger cranial airways, which may be attributable to their large facial skeleton. However, the ratio of nasal/bimaxillary breadth was significantly lower in the Okhotsk group, indicating that maxillary size does not necessarily constrain the nasal breadth. In addition, despite the presence of obvious geographic clines in anterior nasal shape, posterior choanal shape lacked the north‐south geographic cline. This suggests a certain level of morphofunctional independence between the anterior and posterior nasal openings.ConclusionsThe observed geographic variations must, however, be partly considered as a reflection of different ancestral traits and population histories of the three groups. Nevertheless, the results indicate that intergroup variations in nasal cavity morphology can be largely explained by climatic conditions. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:343–351, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analogue of the quantum Hall conductivity for a magnetic quadrupole moment
Authors: Fonseca Itallo Costa , Bakke Knut 
Published: September 2015

The quantum dynamics of a moving particle with a magnetic quadrupole moment that interacts with electric and magnetic fields is introduced. Then, it is discussed which conditions the external fields must satisfy so that an analogue of the Landau quantization can be obtained. Finally, by dealing with the lowest Landau level associated with the magnetic quadrupole system, an analogue of the quantum Hall conductivity is obtained.
image
Chemical Synthesis of the 20 kDa Heme Protein Nitrophorin 4 by α‐Ketoacid‐Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligation
Authors: He Chunmao , Kulkarni Sameer S. , Thuaud Frédéric , Bode Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe chemical synthesis of the 184‐residue ferric heme‐binding protein nitrophorin 4 was accomplished by sequential couplings of five unprotected peptide segments using α‐ketoacid‐hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation reactions. The fully assembled protein was folded to its native structure and coordinated to the ferric heme b cofactor. The synthetic holoprotein, despite four homoserine residues at the ligation sites, showed identical properties to the wild‐type protein in nitric oxide binding and nitrite dismutase reactivity. This work establishes the KAHA ligation as a valuable and viable approach for the chemical synthesis of proteins up to 20 kDa and demonstrates that it is well‐suited for the preparation of hydrophobic protein targets.
Structural Properties and Stereochemically Distinct Folding Preferences of 4,5‐cis and trans‐Methano‐L‐Proline Oligomers: The Shortest Crystalline PPII‐Type Helical Proline‐Derived Tetramer
Authors: Berger Gilles , Vilchis‐Reyes Miguel , Hanessian Stephen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe synthesis, structural properties, and folding patterns of a series of L‐proline methanologues represented by cis‐ and trans‐4,5‐methano‐L‐proline amides and their oligomers are reported as revealed by X‐ray crystallography, circular dichroism measurements, and DFT calculations. We disclose the first example of a crystalline tetrameric proline congener to exhibit a polyproline II helical conformation. Experimental evidence of PPII‐type helical arrangement (both in solution and in the solid state) of cis‐4,5‐methano‐L‐proline oligomers is supported by theoretical calculations reflecting the extent of n→π* stabilization of the trans‐amide conformation.
Resolution of Stepwise Cooperativities of Copper Binding by the Homotetrameric Copper‐Sensitive Operon Repressor (CsoR): Impact on Structure and Stability
Authors: Jacobs Alexander D. , Chang Feng‐Ming James , Morrison Lindsay , Dilger Jonathan M. , Wysocki Vicki H. , Clemmer David E. , Giedroc David P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe cooperativity of ligand binding is central to biological regulation and new approaches are needed to quantify these allosteric relationships. Herein, we exploit a suite of mass spectrometry (MS) experiments to provide novel insights into homotropic Cu‐binding cooperativity, gas‐phase stabilities and conformational ensembles of the D2‐symmetric, homotetrameric copper‐sensitive operon repressor (CsoR) as a function of CuI ligation state. CuI binding is overall positively cooperative, but is characterized by distinct ligation state‐specific cooperativities. Structural transitions occur upon binding the first and fourth CuI, with the latter occurring with significantly higher cooperativity than previous steps; this results in the formation of a holo‐tetramer that is markedly more resistant than apo‐, and partially ligated CsoR tetramers toward surface‐induced dissociation (SID).
Nanoscale Surface Modification of Lithium‐Rich Layered‐Oxide Composite Cathodes for Suppressing Voltage Fade
Authors: Zheng Fenghua , Yang Chenghao , Xiong Xunhui , Xiong Jiawen , Hu Renzong , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLithium‐rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and exhibit a high reversible capacity exceeding 250 mAh g−1. However, voltage fade is the major problem that needs to be overcome before they can find practical applications. Here, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (LLMO) oxides are subjected to nanoscale LiFePO4 (LFP) surface modification. The resulting materials combine the advantages of both bulk doping and surface coating as the LLMO crystal structure is stabilized through cationic doping, and the LLMO cathode materials are protected from corrosion induced by organic electrolytes. An LLMO cathode modified with 5 wt % LFP (LLMO–LFP5) demonstrated suppressed voltage fade and a discharge capacity of 282.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with a capacity retention of 98.1 % after 120 cycles. Moreover, the nanoscale LFP layers incorporated into the LLMO surfaces can effectively maintain the lithium‐ion and charge transport channels, and the LLMO–LFP5 cathode demonstrated an excellent rate capacity.
Rapid, On‐Command Debonding of Stimuli‐Responsive Cross‐Linked Adhesives by Continuous, Sequential Quinone Methide Elimination Reactions
Authors: Kim Hyungwoo , Mohapatra Hemakesh , Phillips Scott T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAdhesives that selectively debond from a surface by stimuli‐induced head‐to‐tail continuous depolymerization of poly(benzyl ether) macro‐cross‐linkers within a poly(norbornene) matrix are described. Continuous head‐to‐tail depolymerization provides faster rates of response than can be achieved using a small‐molecule cross‐linker, as well as responses to lower stimulus concentrations. Shear‐stress values for glass held together by the adhesive reach 0.51±0.10 MPa, whereas signal‐induced depolymerization via quinone methide intermediates reduces the shear stress values to 0.05±0.02 MPa. Changing the length of the macro‐cross‐linkers alters the time required for debonding, and thus enables the programmed sequential release of specific layers in a glass composite material.
Synthesis and Thermal Behavior of a Fused, Tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐Tetrazine Ring System
Authors: Chavez David E. , Bottaro Jeffery C. , Petrie Mark , Parrish Damon A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study presents the synthesis and characterization of a fused, tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐tetrazine ring system. The molecule is synthesized in a three‐step process from 5,5′‐dinitro‐bis,1,2,4‐triazole via a di‐N‐amino compound. Oxidation to form the azo‐coupled fused tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐tetrazine is achieved using tert‐butyl hypochlorite as the oxidant. The di‐N‐amino compound and the desired fused tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐triazine display interesting thermal behavior and are predicted to be high‐performance energetic materials.
Isomerization of Secondary Phosphirane into Terminal Phosphinidene Complexes: An Analogy between Monovalent Phosphorus and Transition Metals
Authors: Wong Jonathan , Li Yongxin , Hao Yanwei , Tian Rongqiang , Mathey François 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSecondary phosphirane complexes isomerize above 100 °C to give the corresponding terminal phosphinidene complexes, which can be trapped by alkenes and alkynes. This reaction is a rare instance of the isomerization of a PIII derivative into a PI derivative. It appears to mimic the reductive elimination of alkanes from transition‐alkylmetal hydrides.
Multicolor Caged dSTORM Resolves the Ultrastructure of Synaptic Vesicles in the Brain
Authors: Lehmann Martin , Gottschalk Benjamin , Puchkov Dmytro , Schmieder Peter , Schwagerus Sergej , Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Haucke Volker , Schmoranzer Jan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe precision of single‐molecule localization‐based super‐resolution microscopy, including dSTORM, critically depends on the number of detected photons per localization. Recently, reductive caging of fluorescent dyes followed by UV‐induced recovery in oxidative buffer systems was used to increase the photon yield and thereby the localization precision in single‐color dSTORM. By screening 39 dyes for their fluorescence caging and recovery kinetics, we identify novel dyes that are suitable for multicolor caged dSTORM. Using a dye pair suited for registration error‐free multicolor dSTORM based on spectral demixing (SD), a multicolor localization precision below 15 nm was achieved. Caged SD‐dSTORM can resolve the ultrastructure of single 40 nm synaptic vesicles in brain sections similar to images obtained by immuno‐electron microscopy, yet with much improved label density in two independent channels.
Matrix effect of mixed‐matrix membrane containing CO2‐selective MOFs
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Choi Jiyoung , Soo Kang Yong , Won Jongok 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTFacilitated mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) containing Cu‐metal organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) with high CO2 selectivity on an asymmetric polysulfone support were fabricated and examined the effect of gas separation performance using different matrices. An amorphous poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POZ) and semicrystalline poly(amide‐6‐b‐ethylene oxide) (PEBAX®MH 1657) block copolymer were chosen as the polymeric matrix and the effect of the matrix on CO2 separation for MMMs containing Cu‐MOFs was investigated. The interaction of CO2 in different matrix was investigated theoretically using the density functional theory method, and it was found that the amide segment in PEBAX would contribute more to the CO2 solubility than ether segment. The morphological changes were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, field emission scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffractometer. The ideal selectivity of CO2/N2 was enhanced significantly with the addition of a Cu‐MOF, and the values are higher in the Cu‐MOF/PEBAX MMM compared with that in a POZ based asymmetric MMM. Improvement in the CO2/N2 selectivity of a Cu‐MOF/PEBAX MMM was achieved via facilitated transport by the CO2‐selective Cu‐MOFs due to both their high adsorption selectivity of CO2 over N2 and the decreased crystallinity of PEBAX due to the presence of the Cu‐MOFs, which would provide a synergic effect on the CO2 separation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42853.