bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WEATHERING AND CHEMICAL DISPERSION OF OIL AT SEA
Authors: Lewis Alun , Daling Per S. , Strøm-Kristiansen Tove , Nordvik Atle B. , Fiocco Robert J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Small-scale laboratory methods were used to simulate the weathering processes that occur when crude oil is spilled at sea. Changes caused by evaporation and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsification were studied separately. W/o emulsions were assessed for chemical dispersibility using the Institut Français du Petrole (IFP) and Mackay-Nadeau-Steel-man (MNS) methods.
Larger scale experiments were performed in a meso-scale flume. Crude oil was weathered for three days and then sprayed with dispersant. The results show that emulsion breaking is an important part of the mechanism of chemical dispersion. IFP, MNS, and Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) tests, conducted on w/o emulsions recovered from the flume, produced much lower levels of dispersion than did treatment in the flume. The standard test procedures do not permit emulsion breaking to proceed to the extent observed in the flume.
A sea trial also was conducted. Preliminary evaluation of the results shows that dispersant application partially broke the w/o emulsion that had rapidly formed. Dispersion proceeded at a slow rate but the treated slick was removed from the surface more rapidly than the control slick. The degree of dispersion was difficult to quantify by visual observation due to the weather conditions. A combination of remote sensing, surface sampling, and subsurface fluorometry provided a more reliable estimate.
TESTING AND USE OF SHORELINE CLEANING AGENTS DURING THE MORRIS J. BERMAN OIL SPILL
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Benggio Bradford L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
No. 6 fuel oil from the Morris J. Berman spill in January 1994 coated natural beach rock and man-made structures in areas of high visibility and recreational use in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Chemical shoreline cleaning agents were tested to determine if they increased the amount of oil removed from these hard substrates to the degree needed for such high-use areas. Using laboratory effectiveness screening results, two products were selected for testing: Corexit 9580 and PES-51. Also, Corexit 7664 was tested as an after-cleaning flushing agent. Field tests were conducted on both beach rock and riprap, comparing the chemical products with high-pressure, hot-water washing. The objective was to determine the temperature and pressure needed to remove the oil. On beach rock, water alone was not effective below 175° F and 1,000 psi, the pressure at which friable rock began to chip. On riprap, water up to 1,200 psi and 175° F was effective on smooth surfaces but not on rougher pieces. Both chemical products were more effective than water alone. The Corexit 9580 plots appeared to be cleaner, but the differences were not large. There was no dispersion of the oil treated with PES-51, whereas water flushed from the Corexit 9580 plots contained muddy, brown water, indicating some dispersion at the high water pressures used. The Corexit 7664 flush provided no added oil removal. The regional response team approved the use of Corexit 9580 based on relative effectiveness and toxicity.
CHEMICAL TREATING AGENTS: RESPONSE NICHES AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Kucklick Janet H. , Michel Jacqueline , Scholz Debra K. , Reilly Timothy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical oil spill treating agents—here meant to exclude chemical oil spill dispersants, burning agents, and bioremediation agents—are one type of countermeasure used to control the release and/or spread of spilled oil. They are infrequently used in the United States, in part because they have been inadequately tested and demonstrated for efficacy and environmental effects. A study planned and sponsored by the Marine Spill Response Corporation examined the potential utility of chemical treating agents during marine oil spills. Through an extensive literature search and market survey process, this study defined specific product classes and evaluated these classes in terms of operational use, efficacy, and environmental fate and effects. Individual products within each class were also evaluated in terms of these study parameters, and a resultant compendium of available products worldwide was produced. Based on the evaluation, as well as results from a workshop held in conjunction with this project, specific response niches (for example, the application for which the countermeasure is best suited) for chemical treating agent classes were proposed. The niches were determined partially by evaluating the classes’ relative effectiveness according to oil type and degree of weathering. The study also recommended research and development needs.
LIABILITY INCENTIVES FOR REDUCING THE COSTS OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Lively-Diebold Bobbie , Ameer Paul , Yoshioka Gary , Anand Justin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper briefly reviews the economics of liability law related to oil pollution and analyzes selected federal statutes and court cases to assess how liability law has evolved over time in terms of creating incentives for potential spillers to reduce the societal cost of oil spills. Based on a review of statutes and judge-made law, it appears that prior to the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), the liability provisions of statutes and judge-made law may have failed to provide spillers with sufficient incentives to invest in spill prevention and minimize the societal cost of spills. The OPA liability provisions and judge-made law related to federal government natural resource damage assessment procedures have strengthened the incentive structure by making potential spillers liable for the range of costs of oil spills. However, a sufficient body of judge-made law is not yet available to draw any definitive conclusions about the extent to which the new liability regime created in part by OPA 90 will lead to significantly different outcomes and therefore compel industry to adjust behavior accordingly.
TANKER ROUTING, A PRIVATE COMPANY'S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Reiter Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses the concerns that led a private company to consider voluntary tanker routing, and the reasoning that encouraged them to approach the Coast Guard with their suggestions for that agency's consideration and action. It includes a description of the alternatives studied by the company prior to their proposal to the Coast Guard, and will summarize the events that followed. The paper concludes with the author's concerns regarding future endeavors by industry to try to resolve these types of problems independently.
WORLD-CLASS OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE FOR THE ALASKAN: TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM TANKER TRADE
Authors: Hillman Sharon O. , McHale James E. , Hood Steve D. , Long Richard C. , Klepper John C. , Bader Gary P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Ship Escort Response Vessel System (SERVS) is the primary response action contractor for Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) laden tankers within Prince William Sound and an oil spill removal organization for the Gulf of Alaska. During the past five years, SERVS has implemented a world-class spill prevention and response organization for this region.
The activities of the SERVS prevention and response organization include escort prevention service, spill prevention activities, response equipment, contingency planning, nearshore response, community involvement, fishing vessels program, citizen oversight, and training. Plans have been made for dispersant use, in-situ burning, waste management, coastal resource and sensitive environment inventory, wildlife protection and rehabilitation, and other response strategies. Response equipment and strategy updates are closely coordinated with ship operators/charters (planholders), agencies, and the public, including the Prince William Sound Regional Citizen Advisory Council.
USING INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING PROGRAMS TO HELP PREVENT SPILL INCIDENTS
Authors: Davidson David A. , Wills Thomas L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Texaco, Inc. has been performing environmental audits since 1980. Early audits focused on such major facilities as refineries and chemical plants, which often include waterfront transfer facilities. Prior to the Exxon Valdez accident, Texaco realized the importance of a strong internal environmental auditing program. Groundwork was laid and, in the summer of 1989, a full-fledged corporate environmental compliance auditing program was in place. Audits are now performed, on a cyclical basis, of all Texaco-owned and/or -operated facilities worldwide.
Texaco's environmental auditing procedures are based on an Environmental Auditing Protocol, which includes a document review, describes the audit process, and provides for quality assurance and auditor training. Emphasis is placed on pollution prevention and pollution response, and on how the auditing program can help make the company better prepared both to prevent and to respond to a spill. An important element in this is having a full corporate commitment to the environmental auditing program, from senior level management on down.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR THE MARITIME INDUSTRY: THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT CODE
Authors: Moore William H. , Roberts Karlene H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It is widely accepted that more than 80 percent of all high-consequence marine disasters have been the result of human error (for example, the Exxon Valdez, Amoco Cadiz, and Braer incidents). In the wake of such accidents, it has become apparent that many of these human errors are the result of problems rooted in organizational errors. Though historically it has been a requirement that ship crews be properly certificated before going to sea, owners and operators have not been subject to regulatory requirements that certify their ability to safely manage the operations of their ships. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed and recently adopted the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (the International Safety Management Code, or ISM Code), as a mandatory requirement under Chapter IX of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS). The ISM Code is the result of the IMO's commitment to addressing the human element in all aspects of the maritime industry. This paper discusses the safety management system concept behind the ISM Code and what it will mean for the marine industry. The safety management concept includes a number of new and challenging roles and responsibilities for owners, operators, regulators, insurance underwriters, and ship classification societies.
PROTECTING THE GREAT BARRIER REEF FROM AN OIL SPILL
Authors: Craik Wendy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
If a large oil spill occurred in the Great Barrier Reef there would be significant environmental damage to an asset worth over $1 billion each year to the Australian economy. Preventing an oil spill from occurring is the best protection for the Great Barrier Reef To this end the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has been working closely with other agencies to reduce the risk of a spill. Measures taken to date include development of an oil spill contingency plan for the Great Barrier Reef, having the Reef declared the world's first Particularly Sensitive Area, introducing compulsory pilotage in parts of the reef, undertaking education and awareness campaigns and widely promoting the view that an emphasis on prevention is preferable to cleanup.
COMPUTER MODELS FOR DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: ESTIMATES OF USE AND RESULTS1
Authors: Bennett James F. , Peacock Bruce E. , Goodspeed Timothy R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Through the process of natural resource damage assessment (NRDA), certain public agencies have the authority to recover monetary damages from parties responsible for injury to natural resources from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. Computer simulation models have been developed as simplified procedures for these natural resource trustees to use in calculating damages without undertaking extensive field studies. The revised Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environments (NRDAM/CME) and the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for the Great Lakes Environments (NRDAM/GLE) are being developed to serve an expanding user community of public natural resource trustees. These tools may enable natural resource managers to expedite settlements and execute environmental restoration.
To estimate the potential use of the NRDA models for oil spills, the authors have developed a set of candidate spill occurrences based on the historical record. Representing an estimated 337 applicable spill events in the subject year, 121 model runs generated damage figures ranging from zero to more than half a million dollars.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: MULTIPLE ROLES FACING NATURAL RESOURCE TRUSTEE AGENCIES1
Authors: duVair Pierre H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the continually evolving subjects of emergency response and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) from the perspective of a state natural resource trustee agency. Following the Exxon Valdez and American Trader spills, California enacted a law that gave the Department of Fish and Game primary responsibility for management of oil spills in marine waters of the state. There are considerable advantages to placing the lead responsibility for spill response and damage assessment on a single trustee agency which must carry out prespill planning and training, and participate in drills. Trustee agencies potentially face numerous roles in significant spill events; methods have been developed to facilitate the conduct of these activities. In particular, the unified command structure, incident command system, and the trustee NRDA team concept are useful.
THE GREAT LAKES SPILL PROTECTION INITIATIVE: A PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Trumbull William J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Great Lakes Spill Protection Initiative (GLSPI) was launched in 1992 by eight Great Lakes governors and the chief executive officers of six oil companies. The major objectives of the initiative are to foster a harmonious regulatory framework to promote spill protection efforts, to assure effective response capacity, and to develop cooperative approaches to spill prevention. The initiative undertook a review of existing state regulations, compiled a database of regional response contractors, and facilitated a dialogue between state agencies and industry representatives. The results of these efforts led to recommendations for reviewing and revising state reporting requirements for consistency with federal requirements, streamlining the notification process by establishing a common number for reporting spills, enacting legislation to exempt responders from spill liability in states that have not already done so, coordinating response exercises among industry and governmental agencies, improving spill data collection for the Great Lakes basin, establishing guiding principles for developing state regulations, developing economic incentives to encourage industry prevention efforts, implementing outreach programs to raise awareness of spill protection principles, and continuing the dialogue between government and industry representatives. The GLSPI demonstrates the benefits of a public/private spill protection partnership that may be applicable to other regions.
A SCREENING-LEVEL EVALUATION OF IMPACTS TO A MONTANA LOTIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY FROM A FUEL OIL SPILL
Authors: Van Derveer William D. , Nadeau Royal J. , Case Georgia L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A pipeline rupture during the winter of 1993 released an undetermined amount of refined fuel into a small stream on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana. A screening-level bioassessment was performed in conjunction with supporting sediment and water analytical chemistry, to provide a preliminary evaluation of the effects of the spill and subsequent remedial response actions on the benthic community.
A variety of community-level metrics were compared to the habitat scores to evaluate the biological condition of each station sampled relative to the reference, thereby isolating effects related to contaminant release from those due to background habitat conditions. A comparison of taxa richness and Ephemeroptera: Plecoptera: Tricoptera (EPT) Index values from March 1993 to March 1994 indicated partial recovery at the rupture point after intensive soil cleanup and remediation activities. Approximately one year following the spill, the rupture point exhibited 60 and 75 percent recovery respectively in taxa richness and EPT Index. At farther downstream stations, ≤15 and &lt;10 percent recovery in taxa richness and EPT Index respectively were observed.
AN OIL SPILL IN AN ILLINOIS LAKE: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Sauer Ted , Neff Jerry , Reitsema Lawrence 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 27, 1985, an oil pipeline ruptured, releasing 10,775 barrels (452,550 gallons) of a Southern Louisiana crude oil into Newton Lake, a 1,750-acre electric power plant cooling lake in Jasper County, Illinois. The oil, which flowed into the northern part of the 6-mile eastern arm of the V-shaped lake, was restricted by booms to the upper third of the lake. A long-term environmental assessment program was immediately initiated and continued until October 1991.
Shortly after the accident, offshore (benthic) lake sediments nearest the release site contained up to 5,000 µg/g [ppm] total hydrocarbons. A steep gradient of decreasing hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments occurred with distance from the point where the oil entered the lake. By 1989, concentrations of total hydrocarbons in offshore sediments were less than 50 μg/g in all areas (zones) except in an area of the lake within 1 mile of the release where isolated total hydrocarbons concentrations ranged from &lt;50 μg/g to 430 μg/g. Fingerprinting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) assemblages six years after the spill revealed that traces of the spilled oil (&lt;400 ng/g total PAHs) remained only in this uppermost part of the lake. PAH assemblages from other sources than the spilled oil were identified in offshore lake sediments as the major contributing PAHs. Low concentrations of residual oil were found in subsurface sediments in the upper 0.4 mile of the lake. Diagenetic perylene was particularly abundant in sediments (up to 2,400 ng/g) especially in the depositional (deepest) areas of the lake. Only trace amounts of a few PAHs (&lt;50 ng/g total PAHs), most from sources other than the released oil, were found in shoreline sediments in any part of the lake. Tissues of fish collected in 1985 shortly after the spill and again in 1991 did not contain detectable levels (&lt;10 ng/g dw) of released oil PAHs.
AN OIL SPILL IN AN ILLINOIS LAKE: ECOLOGICAL AND HUMAN HEALTH ASSESSMENT
Authors: Neff Jerry , Sauer Ted , Osborn Lewis , Tazik Pamela , Reitsema Lawrence 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Long-term ecological studies were initiated shortly after an April 1985 release of 452,550 gallons of a Southern Louisiana crude oil into a 1750-acre electric power plant cooling lake. Aquatic plants (macrophytes) in the most heavily oiled region of the lake were coated with oil and most had died by late summer 1986. Macrophytes from lightly oiled areas of the lake had nearly recovered by late summer 1986. Macrophytes in other parts of the lake were completely unaffected by the release of oil. A year after the release, diversity and abundance of bottom-living animals decreased in the most heavily oiled parts of the lake and previously dominant insect larvae were replaced by opportunistic oligochaetes. Complete recovery of the most severely affected benthic communities required four years in the deep parts of the lake and five years in shallow areas. There was a small kill of fish ($$200 fish) immediately after the release and a small decrease in the abundance of preferred recreational fish species (largemouth bass and white crappie) during the summer after the release. However, between 1986 and 1991, abundance of recreational fish in the lake was comparable to that before the accident. Fish did not accumulate sufficient PAH in edible tissues to pose a health risk to human consumers.
EVALUATION AND LIMITS OF PROTECTIVE BOOM PLANS FOR HIGH TIDAL RANGE AND STRONG CURRENT AREAS
Authors: Fauvre Daniel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The French organization of onshore oil spill response is defined by specific intervention plans (Polmar plans), established for every coastal department. One of the main elements of these plans consists of detailed plans for deploying booms to protect sensitive areas.
The Ministry of the Sea, with assistance from CEDRE, carries out exercises every year in different coastal locations to test the feasibility and efficiency of the boom deployment plans and also to train local personnel in handling antipollution equipment. Lessons learned from these exercises enable the improvement of deployment plans and help define new research areas. Within this framework, CEDRE has undertaken a feasibility study for the installation of booms in high tidal range and strong current areas.
This experimental study involved a 15-day period, during the autumn of 1993, of on-site observations on the behavior of booms installed in one of the most difficult sites on the Atlantic shoreline. The main parameters observed were resistance, containment efficiency, and mechanical behavior of booms during the tide cycle, particularly when booms are stranded at low tide. In spite of successful boom installation, the experiment encountered difficulties due to meteorological and instrumentation problems.
Nevertheless, important lessons have been learned.Static boom protection seems to be difficult for such sites, which leads us to question the validity of numerous Polmar plans. We should test alternative response techniques such as dynamic recovery systems set up at the openings to sensitive areas, which will necessitate good coordination between at-sea and on-shore response authorities.Mooring systems design and installation are jobs for specialists and should be prepared in advance.Various local means, such as fishing vessels or oyster farm barges, can be used for deploying protective booms.