bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of Methods Used in Estimation of Natural Gas Reserves
Authors: Gruy Henry J. , Crichton Jack A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses methods used in the estimation of natural gas reservesand the general conditions under which the various methods are applicable. Thefactors used in estimating natural gas reserves are reviewed. Errors which havebeen found to occur frequently are listed.

Introduction
The estimation of natural gas reserves has become of paramount interestbecause of the increasing importance of gas in the nation's economy. Gas is amost desirable fuel, a fact substantiated by the continued rise in the marketdemand. In addition, new uses for gas are being developed by the chemical, plastic, and associated industries, and plants are being built to make gasolinefrom natural gas. These are a few of the factors contributing to the importanceof the nation's natural gas reserves.
With the increased importance of gas there is an increase in the need forreliable estimates of the magnitude and availability of natural gas reserves.These estimates are being used currently:to determine which fields containsufficient available reserves to justify the construction of pipe-line outletsto serve particular markets;to design pipe lines necessary to serve thosefields adequately;to determine the location of industrial and chemicalplants;to finance the development of gas properties, and theconstruction of gas pipe lines;to determine fair and adequate depletion allowances anddepreciation rates;to justify applications for gas pipe lines beforevarious regulatory bodies;to determine the number of wells required toexploit the reserves most economically;to aid in establishing values forthe purchase or sale of gas properties, and for purposes of inheritance taxes;to determine equities under unitized operations;to provide a basisfor calculating the economics of gas-cycling operations.

History of Estimation of Natural Gas Reserves
The natural gas industry in the United States had its beginning during 1826when natural gas was used for lighting the city of Fredonia, N.Y. The firstnatural gas pipe line was a 25-mile wooden line constructed from hollowed logs, connecting West Bloomfield and Rochester, N.Y. There is no record of an attemptto estimate the gas reserve at West Bloomfield but an attempt was made todetermine the capacity of the well by measuring the time required to fill alarge balloon.
One of the earlier publications concerning estimation of natural gasreserves is the "Manual for the Oil and Gas Industry," published by theTreasury Department, United States Internal Revenue, in 1919.
T.P. 2402
Revaporization of Butane and Pentane from Sand
Authors: Weinaug C.F. , Cordell J.C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A study of the behavior of retrograde condensation from gas mixtures wasmade in the presence and absence of sand in order to determine if the condensedliquid would revaporize in the presence of sand. Methane-butane andmethane-pentane mixtures that would form liquids by retrograde condensationwhen produced from a constant volume cell were used.
The methane-butane mixtures of similar composition were produced by threedifferent methods. The first two were charged into an empty cell and wereproduced in one case within a period of 9 hr and in the other within a periodof 3 days. The third mixture was charged to a sand-packed cell and producedwithin a period of 9 hr. The curves relating composition of the produced gas topressure obtained from these experiments show that equilibrium was maintainedas long as liquid was condensing. However, during the portion of the pressuredecline where the condensed liquid should be revaporizing, equilibrium wasmaintained only when the mixture was produced from the sand-packed cell.
The methane-pentane mixture is produced only in the presence of sand. Thedata obtained for this system also show that equilibrium is maintained at alltimes during the pressure decline.
These results indicate that revaporization is aided rather than prevented bythe fact that the condensate" wets the sand."

Introduction
The significance to the petroleum industry of the behavior of hydrocarbonsin the retrograde region is becoming increasingly important because a largepercentage of reservoirs being discovered today are of the gas-condensate type.The important characteristic of a gas-condensate reservoir is the retrogradecondensation of a liquid phase throughout the reservoir if the pressure isallowed to decline. In order to prevent the loss of this retrograde liquid insome of these reservoirs, they are "cycled"; that is, the materialproduced from the reservoir is processed to remove the heavier hydrocarbons andthe light fractions are returned to the reservoir to maintain the reservoirpressure. Another method of producing these reservoirs is pressure depletion.There are other methods but they are not in general use.
Although a large number of factors are involved in determining the optimummethod of producing a reservoir, only the problem of whether the retrogradecondensate resulting from pressure depletion will revaporize from sand atequilibrium conditions is considered in this paper. Also the data are limitedto the methane-n-butane and the methane-n-pentane systems at 100'F and one typeof sand.
Three types of tests were run in order to compare the revaporization ofretrograde liquid formed in a cell with that formed in a sand-packed cell, andto establish the effect of time.
T.P. 2467
Effect of Permeability Stratification in Cycling Operations
Authors: Muskat Morris 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A general theory has been developed for the effect of permeabilitystratification on the efficiency of the gas-injection phase of cyclingoperations. It has been applied to three special types of permeabilityvariation; namely, exponential, probability, and linear. In the case of theexponential permeability distribution the effect of areal pattern sweepefficiency was also taken into account.
The exponential permeability distribution can be characterized by the ratioof the maximum to minimum permeability, which has been termed thestratification constant. Curves were calculated for the variation in total wetgas recovery and total gas throughflow, to give that recovery to variousabandonment limits of the wet gas content in the produced gas, as a function ofthe stratification constant. The cumulative wet gas recovery decreasesmonotonically as the stratification constant increases and is generally higherat the lower values of the wet gas content abandonment limits. The total gasthroughflow first rises to a maximum as the stratification increases, and thenultimately declines. The effect of the areal sweep pattern efficiency isrelatively minor as compared to that of the stratification constant, except inthe region of low values of the latter where the formation is substantiallyuniform.
The probability distribution can be characterized by a "variation"parameter varying from O to I as the formation changes from strict uniformityto extreme variability. The curves of total wet gas recovery and total gasthroughflow to different abandonment limits of wet gas content versus thevariation parameter have the same general characteristics as for theexponential permeability distribution.
In the linear permeability distribution the ratio of maximum to minimumpermeability also serves as a stratification constant index defining thedistribution. The curves of total wet gas recovery and gas throughflow to fixedabandonment limits versus the stratification constant are similar to those forthe exponential permeability distribution. However, for the higher values ofthe stratification constant the recoveries and throughflows do notasymptotically fall to 0 as in the latter, but approach constant valuesdetermined by the abandonment limit of wet gas content in the produced gas.

Introduction
It is becoming generally recognized that one of the most important factorsdetermining the economic feasibility of cycling operations is the arealcontinuity and permeability distribution of the producing formation. While theeffects of areal variations in permeability, porosity, thickness, and wellpattern on the sweep efficiency can be evaluated by electrical model studies, those due to permeability stratification require separate treatment: Severalstudies have been reported on the influence of permeability variations on thewet gas recovery by cycling. In these, however, discontinuous permeabilityvariations either have been assumed explicitly, or the analysis has beencarried through as if they were discontinuous.
T.P. 2494
A Viewpoint on Petroleum Engineering Education
Authors: Kaveler H.H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Education is for the purpose of developing citizenship, and, if it ispursued for the additional purpose of preparing for a professional career, suchas engineering, it is also directed to developing a knowledge of essentialscience, aptitude for the application of science to practical situations, and aknowledge of the industrial art in which the engineer will be engaged. Theprocess of education required for engineering must of necessity extend beyondthe classroom into industry. For that reason, the education of engineers shouldbe divided as between the university and industry. Specialization inengineering should logically come as a result of experience in an industry. Thestudent cannot take the time in a university, and, the university cannot teachthe skills required to develop a specialist without sacrifice to the moreessential broad purposes of formal education.
In addition to talent in science, aptitude in the application of scientificfact, and knowledge of the industrial art, the engineer should possess certainpersonal qualities which are helpful in the pursuit of a professional career.Those personal qualities are: the ability to work as a partner in anenterprise, the ability to do jobs in a way whereby job performance is a meansof gaining experience and increased responsibility, the capacity to write andspeak in an understandable manner, and, a proper regard for the"significance of answers." These personal qualities may be of almostequal importance to academic accomplishments in the field of science.Development of such personal qualities are an essential part of the student'straining in the university and in industry. They can be developed effectivelythrough the leadership of instructors.

Compulsory Education
Nature played a mean trick on the human race when the evolutionary processfailed to develop in the individual a capacity to inherit knowledge. Wereknowledge transmissible in a cumulative manner from generation to generation, mankind would be by inheritance wise beyond measure within a few generations.Then there would be little if any need for a "system of education." Asmatters stand, however, all must suffer the burden of starting life at the"zero" level of learning from which station each rises depending uponindividual capacity to assimilate knowledge left of record by our predecessorsand the individual effort exerted to compensate for Nature's failure to endowthe offspring with intelligence.
In the United States some degree of education is generally regarded asessential and necessary. Therefore, all citizens are subjected by law to aneducational process covering the primary school age from six to sixteen years.Beyond the schooling required by law, many attend secondary schools, and beyondthat, schools of higher learning. Our standard of living is at a level thatpermits an increasingly large fraction of the population the opportunity to gothrough all of the formal educational process. As a result, education in thecolleges and universities has almost reached a mass production level.
T.P. 2382
Stuck Pipe Prediction and Avoidance: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach
Authors: Siruvuri C. , Nagarakanti S. , Samuel R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Refining advanced technologies for successful completion of wells is paramount in high-risk, high-cost environments such as ultra-deep water. Challenges are still very much associated with extreme depths, high temperatures, and with the small differences between formation pore pressure and pressures that will unintentionally frac a formation. Drilling mud pressures outside this narrow range can readily lead to additional problems such as stuck pipe and wellbore instability.
Comparatively little research has been done to predict stuck pipe, and there are few references for quantifying estimates of force needed to free stuck pipe. Traditionally, stuck pipe problems are solved by using available standard methods and by post-sticking, ad hoc techniques. However, the real key to savings and success is in avoiding the risks leading to stuck pipe occurrences. If these risks are identified in advance, procedures can be set up to reduce the possibility of stuck pipe and, therefore, to reduce the costs associated with freeing stuck pipe.
This paper presents an application of neural network methods for understanding the causes of differentially stuck pipe. The method is proposed as a more effective prognostic tool than are currently available procedures. The methodology enables drilling industry personnel to estimate the risk of occurrence of stuck pipe not only during well planning procedure but also during drilling. A three layer feed-forward network with full connection topology between layers is used. Sigmoid type non-linear activation functions and an error, back propagation learning rule are used. The convolutional analysis of the model is based on the constraints of different drilling variables. The trained neural net is shown to be able to automatically detect variables of concern.
Extensive simulations have been carried out. The paper also includes three case studies of stuck pipe incidents from Gulf of Mexico where the neural network methodology successfully predicted pipe sticking and also suggested the procedure and forces necessary to free the pipe.
Genetic Parameters of First Lactation Milk Yield and Fertility Traits in Brown Swiss Cattle
Authors: Şahin Aziz , Ulutaş Zafer , Yýlmaz Adkinson Asiye , W. Adkinson Robert 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This research was carried out to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for first lactation milk yield (lactation milk yield, 305-day milk yield, lactation length, and dry period) and some fertility traits (calving interval, gestation length and number of services per conception) of Brown swiss cattle reared at konuklar state farm located in konya province, turkey. data were collected on milk yield traits of 3, 769 first lactation Brown Swiss cattle during the period from 1990 to 2008. Variance components, genetic parameters, breeding values, and genetic correlations were estimated using multiple trait derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (mtdfreml) fitting an animal model. Heritability estimates were 0.26, 0.25, 0.10, 0.06, 0.07, 0.06 and 0.03 for lactation milk yield (lmy), 305-day milk yield (305 dmy), lactation length (ll), dry period (dp), calving interval (ci), gestation length (Gl), and number of services per conception (nsc), respectively. Genetic correlations between milk yield and fertility traits ranged from 0.31 to 0.95 and phenotypic correlations ranged from –0.026 to 0.75. Breeding values were estimated and used to characterize genetic trends across the time period investigated. The results showed that the first lactation milk yield traits can be used as selection criteria for development of effective genetic improvement programme in turkish Brown swiss cattle. in addition, the results indicate the essential for scheming an effective schedule for growth of genetic variability to improve the milk yield traits of Brown swiss cattle in this farm by way of selection.
A New Species of Cleistes (Vanilloideae, Orchidaceae) from Colombia
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Kolanowska Marta 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A new species of Cleistes Lindl., C. lehmannii is described and illustrated based on Colombian material. The taxonomic affinities of the new entity are briefly discussed. The species is placed within a key to identification of the national representatives of the genus.
Two New Species of the Genus Govenia (Orchidaceae, Vandoideae) from Colombia
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Kolanowska Marta 
Published: June 2014

Abstract Two new species of Govenia Lindl. from Colombia are described and illustrated: G. plowmanii and G. renilabia. Their taxonomic affinities are briefly discussed, and information on the ecology and distribution of the new entities is provided. Both new species are placed within a key for identification of Colombian Govenia species.
Pregnancy in long QT syndrome with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kutkiene˙ Sandra , Gumbiene Lina , Aganauskiene Juratę , Steponenienea Rima , Marinskisa Germanas , Aidietis Audrius 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Implantable cardioverters-defibrillators have decreasedmorbidity and mortality as well as improved quality of life in patients with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and allowed an increasing number of young women to reach their reproductive years. New questions and tasks arise for medical professionals as to organize appropriate management of these patients, because little is known regarding the risk and outcomes of such pregnancies. The aim of this report is to describe our centre’s first experience of pregnancy and delivery management in patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator as primary prevention of ventricular arrhythmias in congenital long QT syndrome.
La traducción como exégesis implícita: observaciones sobre la traducción al francés de los almanaques de Julio Cortázar
Authors: Ţăranu Ilinca 
Published: June 2014

Resumen
La obra de Julio Cortázar conoció un enorme éxito en Francia, y su recepción tan excepcional se debe en gran parte a la calidad de las traducciones al francés de sus obras. La traductora Laure Guille-Bataillon se encargó de la mayoría de las versiones francesas de los libros escritos por Cortázar, de modo que el nombre del autor argentino está prácticamente inseparable en Francia del nombre de su gran traductora. Nuestras observaciones en este artículo se refieren a un tipo de exégesis implícita que realiza Laure Guille-Bataillon a la hora de seleccionar los textos de Cortázar incluidos en sus libros-collage La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos (1967) y Último Round (1969) para realizar la versión francesa de un nuevo libro, Le tour du jour en quatre-vingt mondes (1980).
Essai de méthodologie pour le traitement lexicographique français – macédonien du nom propre employé figurativement
Authors: Aleksoska-Chkatroska Mirjana 
Published: June 2014

Résumé
Les recherches entreprises jusqu’à maintenant sur le nom propre en français nous permettent de mettre à profit les résultats auxquels ont abouti les rhétoriciens, les grammairiens et les linguistes pour un traitement lexicographique bilingue des unités lexicales et phraséologiques contenant des noms propres employés figurativement en français et macédonien. Dans cet article, nous essayons de distinguer l’ensemble des critères pertinents permettant au lexicographe de sélectionner et recenser ces unités, de proposer des solutions sur leur traitement et d’identifier les problèmes et les spécificités du nom propre.
A Manly Art: Plowing, Plowing Matches, and Rural Masculinity in Ontario, 1800–1930
Authors: Wilson Catharine Anne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract: This article draws on recent studies of masculinity, labour and recreation to consider rural men. More Canadian men worked in farming than any other single occupation and yet we know little about their sense of masculine identity. This article examines the processes of fashioning, practising and performing masculinity associated with the archetypal farming skill passed down from father to son – plowing. In the early 1800s improving farmers created the plowing match, an educational and sporting event. The author analyzes media representations of the match, reporters' rhetoric, visual images and interviews with plowmen and spectators. She argues that their depictions and discussions of plowing at home and at the match shed light on their masculine ideals, ideals that were challenged with the introduction of the tractor. Rural men continued to value a rugged individualism and mastery over nature, but the value of being a skilled horseman, stoic toiler, and muscled man gave way to new masculine ideals based on speed, comfort, and expertise with machines. In the process farmers helped reposition the countryside in the shifting cultural hierarchy and moved in parallel with other Canadian men who were refashioning concepts of manliness, skill, fatherhood and recreation in the new industrial age.
Neophytenbekämpfung an Gewässern im Spannungsfeld gesetzlicher Zielkonflikte (Essay)
Authors: Kräuchi Norbert 
Published: June 2014

Control of non-native plant species along streams: an area of conflict caused by legal trade-offs (essay)
Driven by global trade and supported by climate change, we increasingly encounter new species in our ecosystems. Certain of these species, for example Asian Knotweeds (Reynoutria japonica, R. sachalinensis, R. × bohemica), exhibit immense growth rates and thereby suppress existing vegetation in revitalized reaches and biotopes deserving particular protection. The ecological damage accompanying the loss of biodiversity can only be contained by effective and efficient control measures. Contradictory legal guidelines at Federal level lead in practice to a conflict of aims, making goal-oriented control impossible. On the one hand the Chemical Risk Reduction Ordinance prohibits the use of pesticides in a 3-m strip along water stretches. On the other hand, numerous laws – such as the Federal Act on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage, the Water Protection Law and the Ordinance on the Handling of Organisms in the Environment infer that it is a responsibility to protect riparian zones and river banks as ecologically valuable habitats, and to take measures against invasive neophytes. As long-term investigations in the Canton of Aargau have shown, chemical control sustainably weakens the Asian Knotweed. Further, a fluorescent tracer experiment demonstrated that with careful implementation, the use of pesticides along a 3-m strip along riverbanks poses no threat to the stretch of water. Therefore the Canton of Aargau hopes that these findings contribute to the fastest possible resolution of this conflict of aims, so that investments made over the past years towards restoring stretches of water may be protected promptly from the threat of Asian Knotweed.
Invasive Gehölzinsekten: Bedrohung für den Schweizer Wald?
Authors: Wermelinger Beat 
Published: June 2014

Invasive tree insects: a menace to the Swiss forests?
The rate of introduction of non-native insects and other arthropods to Europe has been exponentially increasing in recent decades, amounting to 20 species per year in the past ten years. By 2008, a total of 1590 species had been introduced since the discovery of America. The main causes are the intensification and globalization of international trade. The most important pathways are trade in ornamental plants and import of goods in infested wooden crates. Most often new species first establish in residential areas, where the normally mild climate favors the survival of exotic species. Three species recently introduced from East Asia to Switzerland are particularly relevant to forests: the box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) has infested box tree stands near Basel, the chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) now covers almost all of southern Switzerland, with single infestations also on the Swiss Central Plateau, and two infestation spots of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) have been identified. Potential future species of invasive insects are discussed. The largescale introduction of foreign tree species in forests needs to be critically examined, as they may be hosts of current and future non-native insects.