bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increases in physical activity is as important as smoking cessation for reduction in total mortality in elderly men: 12 years of follow-up of the Oslo II study
Authors: Holme I , Anderssen S A 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) at leisure by the elderly, and its relationship to cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV mortality, with and without competing risk, has been scarcely described. We determined the relationships between PA, smoking and 12-year CV, non-CV and all-cause mortality in elderly Oslo men screened for CV disease in 1972–1973 and 2000.MethodsAmong 14 846 men born during 1923–1932 and participating in 1972–1973, there were 5738 participants in 2000. During the 12 years follow-up 2154 died. Cox regression modelling of mortality endpoints, with and without competing risk, was applied analysing PA variables hours per week of light or vigorous PA intensity and degree of PA at leisure. Comparisons of predictive ability between PA and smoking were done by receiver operating characteristics.ResultsThirty minutes of PA per 6 days a week was associated with about 40% mortality risk reduction. There was a 5 years increased lifetime when comparing sedentary and moderate to vigorous physically active men. Associations to CV or non-CV mortality were slightly weakened, allowing competing risk. Conditional on the prevalence of smoking and PA, the degree of PA at leisure was almost as predictive as smoking with regard to the effects on mortality. Increase in PA was as beneficial as smoking cessation in reducing mortality.ConclusionsEven at the age of 73 years, PA is associated highly with mortality between groups of sedentary and active persons. Allowing for competing risk did not weaken these associations markedly. Public health strategies in elderly men should include efforts to increase PA in line with efforts to reduce smoking behaviour.
The influence of friends and siblings on the physical activity and screen viewing behaviours of children aged 5–6 years: a qualitative analysis of parent interviews
Authors: Edwards M J , Jago R , Sebire S J , Kesten J M , Pool L , Thompson J L 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThe present study uses qualitative data to explore parental perceptions of how their young child's screen viewing and physical activity behaviours are influenced by their child's friends and siblings.DesignTelephone interviews were conducted with parents of year 1 children (age 5–6 years). Interviews considered parental views on a variety of issues related to their child's screen viewing and physical activity behaviours, including the influence that their child's friends and siblings have over such behaviours. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using deductive content analysis. Data were organised using a categorisation matrix developed by the research team. Coding and theme generation was iterative and refined throughout. Data were entered into and coded within N-Vivo.SettingParents were recruited through 57 primary schools located in Bristol and the surrounding area that took part in the B-ProAct1v study.ParticipantsFifty-three parents of children aged 5–6 years.ResultsParents believe that their child's screen viewing and physical activity behaviours are influenced by their child's siblings and friends. Friends are considered to have a greater influence over the structured physical activities a child asks to participate in, whereas the influence of siblings is more strongly perceived over informal and spontaneous physical activities. In terms of screen viewing, parents suggest that their child's friends can heavily influence the content their child wishes to consume, however, siblings have a more direct and tangible influence over what a child watches.ConclusionsFriends and siblings influence young children's physical activity and screen viewing behaviours. Child-focused physical activity and screen viewing interventions should consider the important influence that siblings and friends have over these behaviours.
The prevalence, impact and cost of chronic non-cancer pain in Irish primary schoolchildren (PRIME-C): protocol for a longitudinal school-based survey
Authors: O'Higgins Siobhán , Doherty Edel , NicGabhainn Saoirse , Murphy Andrew , Hogan Michael , O'Neill Ciaran , McGuire Brian E 
Published: May 2015

IntroductionPrevious research has indicated that pain influences children's daily lives, resulting in absence from school, sleep problems, poor school performance and problems with social activities. Our study aims to characterise the nature, extent, impact and cost of chronic pain among Irish children.Methods and analysisUsing cluster-systematic random sampling, primary schools will be invited to participate and 6000 5–12-year-olds asked to complete questionnaires in school classrooms, at time points 1 year apart. Questionnaires will use internationally valid psychometric measures to assess a range of quality of life factors and chronic pain indicators among children, with corresponding parental/primary caregiver questions, which will be completed at home. Data will also be gathered on the cost of chronic pain. Space will be given for comments on how pain impacts on participants’ lives and possible coping mechanisms.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted by the Research Ethics Committee, National University of Ireland, Galway. Dissemination of results will be via journal articles and conference presentations on the various aspects of the study (ie, prevalence, impact and economic cost of chronic pain among 5–12-year-olds living in Ireland).
Pseudo-understanding: an analysis of the dilution of value in healthcare
Authors: Fredriksson Jens Jacob , Ebbevi David , Savage Carl 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundManagement concepts cycle through healthcare in trends lasting 3–5 years. This may hinder policy-makers, healthcare managers, researchers and clinicians from grasping the intricacies of a management concept and prevent organisations from realising the potential of these concepts. We, therefore, sought to characterise how the newest management concept, value-based healthcare (VBHC), is used and understood in the scientific literature.MethodsWe developed a novel five-step approach: (1) identification of a trend-starting article, (2) identification of key conceptual aspects in the trend-starting article, (3) collection of citing articles and identification of citing text, (4) categorisation of citing text to evaluate which aspects were used and (5) categorisation of citing text according to the structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy to evaluate understanding.ResultsWe identified four aspects in the trend-starting article, ‘What is value in healthcare’, of which value and outcomes were the most cited. More than one-quarter of the citing texts demonstrated no understanding of the aspect referred to; most demonstrated a superficial understanding. Level of understanding was inversely related to journal impact factor (IF), and did not change significantly over time. A deeper understanding was demonstrated in those articles that repeatedly cited the trend-starting article.ConclusionsNone of the four aspects were understood at a level required to develop the management concept of VBHC. VBHC may be undergoing a process of dilution rather than diffusion. To break the cycle of management trends, we encourage a deeper reflective process about the translation of management concepts in healthcare.
Laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP) following bariatric gastric bypass surgery: initial experience of a single UK centre
Authors: Paranandi Bharat , Joshi Deepak , Mohammadi Borzoueh , Jenkinson Andrew , Adamo Marco , Read Samantha , Johnson Gavin J , Chapman Michael H , Pereira Stephen P , Webster George J 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundBariatric gastric bypass surgery is being increasingly performed, but endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in these patients poses a unique challenge because of a lack of per-oral access to the stomach. Small series suggest a higher technical success rate using laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP) than with an enteroscopic approach via the Roux-en-Y anastomosis. We present initial experience of LA-ERCP in our unit.DesignRetrospective case series of consecutive patients undergoing LA-ERCP in our unit between September 2011 and July 2014. Data was retrieved from electronic, clinical and endoscopy records.ResultsSeven LA-ERCPs were performed. All seven patients were female, with median age 44 years (range 36–71). Indications included symptomatic bile duct stones (5/7), benign papillary fibrosis (1/7) and retained biliary stent (1/7). 5/7 (71%) patients had had a prior cholecystectomy. To facilitate LA-ERCP, laparoscopic gastrostomy ports were created in all patients. Duodenal access, biliary cannulation and completion of therapeutic aim were achieved in all patients. 6/7 (86%) patients required endoscopic sphincterotomy. The median duration of procedures was 94 min (range 70–135). Median postoperative length of stay was 2 days (range 1–9). One patient developed mild postprocedural acute pancreatitis, and another patient developed a mild port-site infection. Otherwise, no procedure-related complications were seen. All patients remained well on follow-up (median 14 months (range 1–35) from date of ERCP), with no evidence of further biliary symptoms.ConclusionsOur early experience of LA-ERCP is that it is safe and effective. The technique may require particular consideration, as bariatric surgery is increasingly performed, in a patient group at significant risk of bile duct stones.
Mothering alone: cross-national comparisons of later-life disability and health among women who were single mothers
Authors: Berkman Lisa F , Zheng Yuhui , Glymour M Maria , Avendano Mauricio , Börsch-Supan Axel , Sabbath Erika L 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundSingle motherhood is associated with poorer health, but whether this association varies between countries is not known. We examine associations between single motherhood and poor later-life health in the USA, England and 13 European countries.MethodsData came from 25 125 women aged 50+ who participated in the US Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We tested whether single motherhood at ages 16–49 was associated with increased risk of limitations with activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL and fair/poor self-rated health in later life.Results33% of American mothers had experienced single motherhood before age 50, versus 22% in England, 38% in Scandinavia, 22% in Western Europe and 10% in Southern Europe. Single mothers had higher risk of poorer health and disability in later life than married mothers, but associations varied between countries. For example, risk ratios for ADL limitations were 1.51 (95% CI 1.29 to 1.98) in England, 1.50 (1.10 to 2.05) in Scandinavia and 1.27 (1.17 to 1.40) in the USA, versus 1.09 (0.80 to 1.47) in Western Europe, 1.13 (0.80 to 1.60) in Southern Europe and 0.93 (0.66 to 1.31) in Eastern Europe. Women who were single mothers before age 20, for 8+ years, or resulting from divorce or non-marital childbearing, were at particular risk.ConclusionsSingle motherhood during early-adulthood or mid-adulthood is associated with poorer health in later life. Risks were greatest in England, the USA and Scandinavia. Selection and causation mechanisms might both explain between-country variation.
The H2 blocker famotidine suppresses progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in a mouse model
Authors: Maeda Yujiro , Yamamoto Kenichi , Yamakawa Akira , Aini Hailati , Takato Tsuyoshi , Chung Ung-il , Ohba Shinsuke 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundOssification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the spine is a common human myelopathy that leads to spinal cord compression. No disease-modifying drug for OPLL has been identified, whereas surgery and conservative management have been established.ObjectivesTo evaluate the therapeutic potential of the H2 blocker famotidine for ectopic ossification in the cervical spine in an OPLL mouse model.MethodsThe H2 blocker famotidine was orally administered toEnpp1ttw/ttwmice, a model of OPLL, at either 4 or 15 weeks of age. Radiological and survival rate analyses were performed to assess the effects of famotidine on OPLL-like lesions and mortality inEnpp1ttw/ttwmice.ResultsOral administration of famotidine suppressed the progression of OPLL-like ectopic ossification and reduced mortality inEnpp1ttw/ttwmice when administration began at 4 weeks of age, early in the development of ossification.ConclusionsThis study points to the use of famotidine as a disease-modifying drug for ectopic ossification of spinal soft tissue, including OPLL.
Mafic magma replenishment, unrest and eruption in a caldera setting: insights from the 2006 eruption of Rabaul (Papua New Guinea)
Authors: Bouvet de Maisonneuve C. , Costa F. , Patia H. , Huber C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Understanding the magmatic processes that drive unrest at silicic calderas remains a major goal in Volcanology. Rabaul in Papua New Guinea is an exceptional location because after two decades of unrest and a peak in seismicity and deformation in 1983–85, eruptive activity began in 1994 and is still ongoing. A particularly large sub-Plinian eruption occurred from Tavurvur in October 2006. Whole-rock compositions are andesitic and reflect mixing/mingling between basaltic and dacitic magmas from the same system. The magmas that fed the 2006 eruption were stored at about 930°C, with 1–3 wt% H
2
O, 25–520 ppm CO
2
, and 50–2500 ppm SO
2
in the melt. Melt inclusions hosted in pyroxene, and plagioclase phenocrysts record fractional crystallization at ≤200 MPa under relatively dry and poorly oxidizing conditions. Magma mixing/mingling is expressed as heterogeneous glass compositions, strongly zoned phenocrysts, and mafic crystal aggregates. A textural maturation from fine, acicular to large, blocky crystal clots implies different relative ages of formation. Modelling the chemical zoning of plagioclase shows that mafic–silicic interactions started a couple of decades prior to the 2006 eruption and continued until days to weeks prior to eruption. Basaltic replenishments have been driving unrest and eruption at the Rabaul caldera since the 1970s.

Supplementary material:

Tables and figures reporting the composition of the Tavurvur 2006, Kombiu and 1.4 ka BP caldera samples and showing thermodynamic modelling with MELTS are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18816
Resolving discordant U–Th–Ra ages: constraints on petrogenetic processes of recent effusive eruptions at Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan
Authors: Zellmer Georg F. , Rubin Kenneth H. , Miller Christian A. , Shellnutt J. Gregory , Belousov Alexander , Belousova Marina 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

U–Th–Ra isotope analyses of whole rocks and mineral separates were conducted in order to perform isochron dating of three morphologically young lavas from Tatun volcano, northern Taiwan (from Mt Cising, the Shamao dome and the Huangzuei volcano). The data do not yield tight U–Th isochrons, indicating open-system magmatic processes. However, crystallization ages of two samples can be constrained: namely, less than about 1370 years for the Shamao dome, based on
226
Ra–
230
Th disequilibrium in magnetite, and less than approximately 70 ka (but potentially Holocene) for a Huangzuei flow, based on
238
U–
230
Th disequilibrium in plagioclase. Discordant Ar–Ar,
238
U–
230
Th and
226
Ra–
230
Th ages are best explained by young lavas having inherited some crystals from older lithologies (crystal mushes or rocks), and indicate that the above ages represent maxima. Our study provides the first evidence of effusive volcanism at the Tatun Volcano Group in Late Holocene times. All separates from the Shamao dome and Huangzuei volcano are in
234
U–
238
U equilibrium. Minerals in the Mt Cising sample are in
234
U–
238
U disequilibrium, despite the
234
U–
238
U equilibrium of the whole rock. We interpret this as uptake of a hydrothermally altered, old crystal cargo into fresh melt prior to eruption. A different dating approach will thus be required to constrain the eruption age of Mt Cising.

Supplementary material:

Ar–Ar plateaus from Mt Cising and the Shamao dome, reproduced from Lee (1996), are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18817
Timescales of crustal magma reservoir processes: insights from U-series crystal ages
Authors: Cooper Kari M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The dynamic processes operating within crustal magma reservoirs control many aspects of the chemical composition of erupted magmas, and crystals in volcanic rocks provide a temporally constrained archive of these changing environments. In this review, I compile
238
U–
230
Th ages of accessory phases and
238
U–
230
Th–
226
Ra ages of bulk mineral separates of major phases. These data document that crystals in individual samples can have ages spanning most of the history of a volcanic centre. Age populations for accessory phases show protracted pre-eruptive crystal residence times but few crystals predate magmatic activity at a given centre. These data have been interpreted in the context of residence times of the host magmas or timescales of the storage of crystals within a largely crystalline portion of the reservoir system. In contrast, less than half of the bulk separate
238
U–
230
Th–
226
Ra ages for major phases are more than 10 kyr older than the eruption. Many of these apparently conflicting observations of ages of major and accessory phases can be reconciled within the context of a model where a crystal mush was remobilized during processes leading to eruption. Overall, the compiled data show that crystals contain rich archives of magmatic processes in crustal reservoirs, especially when combined with other crystal-scale geochemical data.

Supplementary material:

Compilation of U–Th–Pb ages of accessory phases and associated references are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18820
Monitoring and Debugging the Quality of Results in Approximate Programs
Authors: Ringenburg Michael , Sampson Adrian , Ackerman Isaac , Ceze Luis , Grossman Dan 
Published: May 2015

Energy efficiency is a key concern in the design of modern computer systems. One promising approach to energy-efficient computation, approximate computing, trades off output accuracy for significant gains in energy efficiency. However, debugging the actual cause of output quality problems in approximate programs is challenging. This paper presents dynamic techniques to debug and monitor the quality of approximate computations. We propose both offline debugging tools that instrument code to determine the key sources of output degradation and online approaches that monitor the quality of deployed applications.
We present two offline debugging techniques and three online monitoring mechanisms. The first offline tool identifies correlations between output quality and the execution of individual approximate operations. The second tracks approximate operations that flow into a particular value. Our online monitoring mechanisms are complementary approaches designed for detecting quality problems in deployed applications, while still maintaining the energy savings from approximation.
We present implementations of our techniques and describe their usage with seven applications. Our online monitors control output quality while still maintaining significant energy efficiency gains, and our offline tools provide new insights into the effects of approximation on output quality.
Beyond the PDP-11
Authors: Chisnall David , Rothwell Colin , Watson Robert N.M. , Woodruff Jonathan , Vadera Munraj , Moore Simon W. , Roe Michael , Davis Brooks , Neumann Peter G. 
Published: May 2015

We propose a new memory-safe interpretation of the C abstract machine that provides stronger protection to benefit security and debugging. Despite ambiguities in the specification intended to provide implementation flexibility, contemporary implementations of C have converged on a memory model similar to the PDP-11, the original target for C. This model lacks support for memory safety despite well-documented impacts on security and reliability.
Attempts to change this model are often hampered by assumptions embedded in a large body of existing C code, dating back to the memory model exposed by the original C compiler for the PDP-11. Our experience with attempting to implement a memory-safe variant of C on the CHERI experimental microprocessor led us to identify a number of problematic idioms. We describe these as well as their interaction with existing memory safety schemes and the assumptions that they make beyond the requirements of the C specification. Finally, we refine the CHERI ISA and abstract model for C, by combining elements of the CHERI capability model and fat pointers, and present a softcore CPU that implements a C abstract machine that can run legacy C code with strong memory protection guarantees.
Reduced Hardware NOrec
Authors: Matveev Alexander , Shavit Nir 
Published: May 2015

Because of hardware TM limitations, software fallbacks are the only way to make TM algorithms guarantee progress. Nevertheless, all known software fallbacks to date, from simple locks to sophisticated versions of the NOrec Hybrid TM algorithm, have either limited scalability or weakened semantics. We propose a novel reduced-hardware (RH) version of the NOrec HyTM algorithm. Instead of an all-software slow path, in our RH NOrec the slow-path is a "mix" of hardware and software: one short hardware transaction executes a maximal amount of initial reads in the hardware, and the second executes all of the writes. This novel combination of the RH approach and the NOrec algorithm delivers the first Hybrid TM that scales while fully preserving the hardware's original semantics of opacity and privatization.
Our GCC implementation of RH NOrec is promising in that it shows improved performance relative to all prior methods, at the concurrency levels we could test today.
miR-181a-5p Inhibits Cancer Cell Migration and Angiogenesis via Downregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-14
Authors: Li Yiyi , Kuscu Cem , Banach Anna , Zhang Qian , Pulkoski-Gross Ashleigh , Kim Deborah , Liu Jingxuan , Roth Eric , Li Ellen , Shroyer Kenneth R. , Denoya Paula I. , Zhu Xiaoxia , Chen Longhua , Cao Jian 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients, but it is unclear how MMP-14 becomes elevated in tumors. Here, we show that miR-181a-5p is downregulated in aggressive human breast and colon cancers where its levels correlate inversely with MMP-14 expression. In clinical specimens, enhanced expression of MMP-14 was observed in cancer cells located at the invasive front of tumors where miR-181a-5p was downregulated relative to adjacent normal cells. Bioinformatics analyses defined a potential miR-181a-5p response element within the 3′-untranslated region of MMP-14 that was validated in reporter gene experiments. Ectopic miR-181a-5p reduced MMP-14 expression, whereas miR-181a-5p attenuation elevated MMP-14 expression. In support of a critical relationship between these two genes, miR-181a-5p–mediated reduction of MMP-14 levels was sufficient to decrease cancer cell migration, invasion, and activation of pro-MMP-2. Furthermore, this reduction in MMP-14 levels was sufficient to reduce in vivo invasion and angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane assays. Taken together, our results establish the regulation of MMP-14 in cancers by miR-181a-5p through a posttranscriptional mechanism, and they further suggest strategies to elevate miR-181a-5p to prevent cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 75(13); 2674–85. ©2015 AACR.