bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Rectal/Pelvic Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Recommendations
Authors: Nygren J. , Thacker J. , Carli F. , Fearon K. C. H. , Norderval S. , Lobo D. N. , Ljungqvist O. , Soop M. , Ramirez J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis review aims to present a consensus for optimal perioperative care in rectal/pelvic surgery, and to provide graded recommendations for items for an evidenced‐based enhanced recovery protocol.MethodsStudies were selected with particular attention paid to meta‐analyses, randomized controlled trials and large prospective cohorts. For each item of the perioperative treatment pathway, available English‐language literature was examined, reviewed and graded. A consensus recommendation was reached after critical appraisal of the literature by the group.ResultsFor most of the protocol items, recommendations are based on good‐quality trials or meta‐analyses of good‐quality trials (evidence grade: high or moderate).ConclusionsBased on the evidence available for each item of the multimodal perioperative care pathway, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition (IASMEN) present a comprehensive evidence‐based consensus review of perioperative care for rectal surgery.
The Principal Principle
Authors: Das Sanjiv R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractI analyze optimal loan modification schemes in a stochastic home price and stochastic interest-rate environment. Lenders maximize loan values by managing the borrower’s option to default on the loan and prepayment option. Given negative equity, controlling for the borrower’s ability to pay, rate reductions and maturity extensions result in a higher probability of redefault by homeowners even after modification of their loans. In contrast, loan write-downs (the Principal Principle), not a favored recipe, are value maximizing for the lender. A shared-appreciation mortgage enhances the ability to pay, mitigates adverse selection, and reduces the present value of expected deadweight foreclosure costs.
Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of deep Baffin Bay glaciomarine sediments from high‐resolution paleomagnetic data
Authors: Simon Quentin , St‐Onge Guillaume , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude 
Published: October 2012

The late Quaternary Baffin Bay sediments provide exclusive records of Greenland, Innuitian and Laurentide ice sheet margin activities, as well as information about the Arctic and northern Atlantic ocean linkages through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Because of specific oceanographic conditions, foraminiferal δ18O‐stratigraphies and radiocarbon ages fail to provide reliable chronologies. Here we propose an original chronostratigraphy spanning the last glacial cycle based on high‐resolution paleomagnetic investigations on a 741‐cm long core (HU2008‐029‐016PC) raised from the deep central Baffin Bay, near ODP site 645. Two major difficulties were encountered: (1) the high‐frequency occurrence of rapidly deposited layers related to short ice sheet margin events (e.g., ice surges), and (2) the magnetic grain size variability. Physical and magnetic mineralogical properties were used to screen out unreliable magnetic sediment layers. The obtained relative paleointensity (RPI) proxy matches reference paleomagnetic stacks and regional records. Moreover, the resulting record depicts two major excursions which were assigned to the Laschamp and the Norwegian‐Greenland‐Sea events. It has thus been possible to derive a robust 115 ka chronology for the cored sequence. We concluded that even under such a dynamic sedimentary regime, magnetic properties of the sediments can provide a reliable chronostratigraphy, together with information on sedimentary processes.
Cytogenetic characterization reveals differences in nuclear organization of cystic cells among Brazilian species of Triatoma (Heteroptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Bardella Vanessa Bellini , de Souza Rosana Silistino , San Martin Juca Abramo Barrera , Andrade Célia Guadalupe Tardeli de Jesus , Vanzela André Luís Laforga , de Azeredo‐Oliveira Maria Tercília Vilela 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCytogenetic studies in triatomines have described the occurrence of holokinetic chromosomes, heterochromatin distribution and the location of rDNA (ribosomal DNA) sites, but few aspects of nuclear organization in this group have been discussed. We have focused on ultrastructural and cytogenetic features and differences in cystic cells of seminiferous tubules between five species of Triatoma. Cystic cells showed evidence of polyploidy events and heterochromatic blocks appeared predominantly in the central region of the nuclei. Cytogenetic analyses showed that there was variation in chromocenter number between species, and that the central regions were AT‐rich [DAPI+ (4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole+)], whereas the periphery was CG‐rich (CMA+). Another characteristic was the distribution of 45S rDNA, which differed according to the chromosomal location of this sequence. In all we have compared aspects of nuclear organization, polyploidy, heterochromatin, rDNA site distribution and methylation levels, as well as the relationships between five species of Triatoma from a cystic cell perspective.
Estimating the costs of climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector.
Authors: Wreford A. , Renwick A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
With the increasing recognition of the importance of adaptation in addressing climate change, an understanding of the costs and benefits of potential adaptations is necessary. To date, few detailed studies provide comprehensive economic estimates of adaptation, given the uncertainties and complexities involved. Those that consider adaptation can be loosely grouped into top-down global estimates and bottom-up estimates. The different approaches provide estimates that are useful for different purposes. In this paper, we introduce the concept of adaptation and the role it can play in reducing climate change damage, before reviewing the available literature on both approaches in the agricultural sector and highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of both. We then discuss possible reasons for the dearth of estimates and suggest ways forward.
The positive contribution of invertebrates to sustainable agriculture and food security.
Authors: Cock M. J. W. , Biesmeijer J. C. , Cannon R. J. C. , Gerard P. J. , Gillespie D. , Jiménez J. J. , Lavelle P. M. , Raina S. K. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This study focuses on three main groups of organisms: soil invertebrates, biological control agents (BCAs) and pollinators. These groups play key roles in agricultural systems, and have the potential to be used, moved or manipulated for the benefit of agriculture. Soil invertebrates are a key component of agricultural landscapes. They participate in essential soil processes that maintain healthy productive soils in the face of changing environmental conditions. Reducing the diversity of a community of soil invertebrates reduces its beneficial functions and services, with drastic ecological effects such as long-term deterioration of soil fertility and agricultural productive capacity. The introduction of a keystone species may have detrimental or beneficial effects depending on the context. The interaction between soil invertebrates and soil micro-organisms is critical: the activities of soil invertebrates regulate microbial activity in soils, and micro-organisms enter into intimate relationships with soil invertebrates to help them degrade highly complex compounds such as cellulose. Different groups of invertebrates provide biological control of crop pests. In many situations, they form the basis of, and tools for, the integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Given that the losses caused by pre- and post-harvest pests can be very substantial, the potential benefits of using invertebrates as BCAs are vast, but as yet only partially tapped. The potential for soil invertebrates to assist in this function is still largely unknown. Pollination services by animals, especially by insects, are among the most widespread and important processes that structure ecological communities in both natural and agricultural landscapes. An estimated 60-90% of the world's flowering plants - including a range of economically important species - depend on insects for pollination. Crop pollination used to be (and often still is) provided by wild pollinators spilling over from natural and semi-natural habitats close to crop fields. This service has generally been free and therefore has received little attention in agricultural management. If wild pollinators are lacking or additional pollination is required, as is the case in many intensive agricultural production systems, farmers in some developed countries can buy or rent managed honeybees or sometimes other species (e.g. bumblebees, alfalfa leafcutter bees and alkali bees). Both options - i.e. use of wild species and managed bees - have recently come under pressure, a development that is sometimes referred to as the 'pollination crisis'. Of the interactions and overlaps between these key groups, that between soil invertebrates and BCAs is the most important, and further research is needed to evaluate the scope and impact of manipulation of the soil ecosystem to conserve or encourage beneficial BCAs.
Major bacterial diseases in aquaculture and their vaccine development.
Authors: Pridgeon J. W. , Klesius P. H. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Aquaculture is emerging as the fastest growing food-producing industry in the world because of the increasing demand for food fish consumption. However, the intensive culture of food fish has led to outbreaks of various bacterial diseases, resulting in annual economic losses to the aquaculture industry estimated at billions of dollars worldwide. Feeding infected fish with antibiotic-medicated food is a general practice but has led to antibiotic resistance development in bacterial pathogen, resulting in a higher dose requirement for effective control, a matter of increasing public concern. Therefore, alternatives to antibiotics that give similar or enhanced protection to aquatic animals are urgently needed. Various vaccines have been developed recently to combat bacterial diseases in aquaculture. The purpose of this review is to summarize the major bacterial pathogens in aquaculture and the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics to protect aquatic animals from these bacterial diseases.
NOT QUITE ‘SUI GENERIS’ ENOUGH
Authors: Diez Thomas 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT
The debate about the role of the EU in international politics is dominated by the characterisation of the EU as a normative power. In this article, I argue that there are fundamental tensions between the core values that the EU is supposed to embody and articulate in this context. In a first step, I introduce democracy and justice as two exemplary values associated with European integration and introduce the argument about the tensions between these values, which I largely take from the so-called English School of International Relations. This then serves as a basis for exploring these tensions in relation to two illustrative cases: EU-Turkey relations and the control of the external EU (or, to be more precise, Schengen) border. I conclude that the EU's often-invoked character as a ‘post-modern’ political system may well apply to its internal configuration, but much less so to its external relations. It thus cannot escape the normative tensions inherent to a territorially configured international society.
A Clinical History of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Is a Poor Predictor of Preoperative Colonization Status and Postoperative Infections
Authors: Strymish Judith , Branch-Elliman Westyn , Itani Kamal M. F. , Williams Sandra , Gupta Kalpana 
Published: October 2012

Objective.In the absence of established methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening programs, many centers use a history of a positive culture or a nasal screen as a surrogate for preoperative MRSA colonization status. We aimed to evaluate the test characteristics of these surrogates.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Participants.Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System surgical patients with a preoperative nasal MRSA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screen.Methods.We assessed the performance of a history of a MRSA-positive culture or a positive nasal MRSA PCR screen during the year prior to surgery for predicting the preoperative nasal PCR screen result. The associations between MRSA history and postoperative outcomes, including MRSA cultures and infections, were also evaluated.Results.Among 4,238 patients, a positive MRSA culture history had a sensitivity of 19.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.4%–24.8%) and positive predictive value of 57.3% for the preoperative nasal MRSA status. The specificity of MRSA culture history was 99% (95% CI, 98.5%–99.2%). Prior-year nasal MRSA screen results had similar test characteristics. A history of a MRSA-positive culture was associated with an increased risk of postoperative MRSA-positive cultures (risk ratio [RR], 3.54 [95% CI, 1.70–7.37], P< .001) but not of infections (RR, 1.71 [95% CI, 0.58–5.01]), after adjustment for preoperative nasal MRSA status, vancomycin surgical prophylaxis, surgical scrub, and age.Conclusions.A history of a MRSA-positive culture and a positive nasal PCR screen are poor surrogate markers of preoperative colonization status, missing at least 70% of MRSA-colonized patients. Prior-year history is also not independently associated with MRSA-related postoperative infections. Strong consideration should be given to preoperative MRSA screening in patients at high risk for surgical complications.
Equal Efficacy of Glucoprotamin and an Aldehyde Product for Environmental Disinfection in a Hematologic Transplant Unit: A Prospective Crossover Trial
Authors: Meinke Ruth , Meyer Bernhard , Frei Reno , Passweg Jakob , Widmer Andreas F. 
Published: October 2012

Background.The inanimate hospital environment has emerged as an important reservoir of nosocomial pathogens. In particular, multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species, and Clostridium difficile, play a major role in the transmission of hospital-acquired infections. In Europe, aldehydes, chlorine, and quaternary ammonium compounds have been commonly used for environmental disinfection. Glucoprotamin, a newer active compound for disinfectants, has been clinically tested for disinfection of instruments but not for environmental disinfection.Objective.This study evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness of a glucoprotamin-containing product (Incidin) compared with that of an aldehyde-containing product (Deconex), the current standard at our institution.Methods.This prospective crossover study was conducted in our access-restricted hematologic transplant unit. A total of 3,086 samples from the environment were processed and examined for overall bacterial burden as well as selectively for S. aureus, C. difficile, and gram-negative bacteria.Results.There was no significant difference in residual bacteria after disinfection between the 2 products in terms of overall burden and selected pathogens. Enterococci were the predominant pathogens recovered from surfaces, but no vancomycin-resistant enterococci were recovered. Similarly, C. difficile could not be found in the patients' environment, even in rooms, despite the use of selective media.Conclusion.The aldehyde-containing product (Deconex) and the glucoprotamin-containing product (Incidin) demonstrated similar efficacy against environmental contamination in a hematologic transplant unit with the application of selective media for C. difficile, S. aureus, and gram-negative bacteria in addition to standard medium.
Intraoperative Cardiac Arrests in Adults Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Goswami Sumeet , Brady Joanne E. , Jordan Desmond A. , Li Guohua 
Published: October 2012

Background
Intraoperative cardiac arrest (ICA) is a rare but potentially catastrophic event. There is a paucity of recent epidemiological data on the incidence and risk factors for ICA. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, and survival outcome of ICAs in adults undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Methods
The authors analyzed prospectively collected data for all noncardiac cases in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from the years 2005 to 2007 (n = 362,767).

Results
The incidence of ICA was 7.22 per 10,000 surgeries. After adjustment for American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status and other covariates, the odds of ICA increased progressively with the amount of transfusion (adjusted odds ratios = 2.51, 7.59, 11.40, and 29.68 for those receiving 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, and ≥ 10 units of erythrocytes, respectively). Other significant risk factors for ICA were emergency surgery (adjusted odds ratio = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.45-2.86) and being functionally dependent presurgery (adjusted odds ratio = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.69-3.22). Of the 262 patients with ICA, 116 (44.3%) died within 24 h, and 164 (62.6%) died within 30 days.

Conclusions
Intraoperative blood loss as indicated by the amount of transfusion was the most important predictor of ICA. The urgency of surgery and the preoperative composite indicators of health such as American Society of Anesthesiologists status and functional status were other important risk factors. The high case fatality suggests that primary prevention might be the key to reducing mortality from ICA.
Comparison between Respiratory Variations in Pulse Oximetry Plethysmographic Waveform Amplitude and Arterial Pulse Pressure during Major Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Hengy Baptiste , Gazon Mathieu , Schmitt Zoe , Benyoub Karima , Bonnet Aurélie , Viale Jean Paul , Aubrun Frederic 
Published: October 2012

Background
To assess preload dependence, the variation of the plethysmographic waveform of pulse oximetry (ΔPOP) has been proposed as a surrogate of the pulse pressure variation (ΔPP). The aim of the study was to assess the ability of the pulse oximeter-derived plethysmographic analysis to accurately trend ΔPP in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery by using standard monitors.

Methods
A continuous recording of arterial and plethysmographic waveform was performed in 43 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. ΔPP and ΔPOP were calculated on validated respiratory cycles.

Results
For analysis, 92,467 respiratory cycles were kept (73.5% of cycles recorded in 40 patients). The mean of intrapatient coefficients of correlation was low (r = 0.22). The Bland and Altman analysis showed a systematic bias of 5.21; the ΔPOP being greater than the ΔPP, this bias increased with the mean value of the two indices and the limits of agreement were wide (upper 21.7% and lower -11.3%). Considering a ΔPP threshold at 12% to classify respiratory cycles as responders and nonresponders, the corresponding best cutoff value of ΔPOP was 13.6 ± 4.3%. Using these threshold values, the observed classification agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50 ± 0.09).

Conclusions
The wide limits of agreement between ΔPP and ΔPOP and the weak correlation between both values cast doubt regarding the ability of ΔPOP to substitute ΔPP to follow trend in preload dependence and classify respiratory cycles as responders or nonresponders using standard monitor during anesthesia for major abdominal surgery.
Hypnotic Hypersensitivity to Volatile Anesthetics and Dexmedetomidine in Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Knockout Mice
Authors: Hu Frances Y. , Hanna George M. , Han Wei , Mardini Feras , Thomas Steven A. , Wyner Abraham J. , Kelz Max B. 
Published: October 2012

Background
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the adrenergic system can modulate sensitivity to anesthetic-induced immobility and anesthetic-induced hypnosis as well. However, several considerations prevent the conclusion that the endogenous adrenergic ligands norepinephrine and epinephrine alter anesthetic sensitivity.

Methods
Using dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh) mice genetically engineered to lack the adrenergic ligands and their siblings with normal adrenergic levels, we test the contribution of the adrenergic ligands upon volatile anesthetic induction and emergence. Moreover, we investigate the effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine in adrenergic-deficient mice and their siblings using both righting reflex and processed electroencephalographic measures of anesthetic hypnosis.

Results
We demonstrate that the loss of norepinephrine and epinephrine and not other neuromodulators co-packaged in adrenergic neurons is sufficient to cause hypersensitivity to induction of volatile anesthesia. However, the most profound effect of adrenergic deficiency is retarding emergence from anesthesia, which takes two to three times as long in Dbh mice for sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. Having shown that Dbh mice are hypersensitive to volatile anesthetics, we further demonstrate that their hypnotic hypersensitivity persists at multiple doses of dexmedetomidine. Dbh mice exhibit up to 67% shorter latencies to loss of righting reflex and up to 545% longer durations of dexmedetomidine-induced general anesthesia. Central rescue of adrenergic signaling restores control-like dexmedetomidine sensitivity. A novel continuous electroencephalographic analysis illustrates that the longer duration of dexmedetomidine-induced hypnosis is not due to a motor confound, but occurs because of impaired anesthetic emergence.

Conclusions
Adrenergic signaling is essential for normal emergence from general anesthesia. Dexmedetomidine-induced general anesthesia does not depend on inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission.
Disruption of Abscisic Acid Signaling Constitutively Activates Arabidopsis Resistance to the Necrotrophic FungusPlectosphaerella cucumerina
Authors: Sánchez-Vallet Andrea , López Gemma , Ramos Brisa , Delgado-Cerezo Magdalena , Riviere Marie-Pierre , Llorente Francisco , Fernández Paula Virginia , Miedes Eva , Estevez José Manuel , Grant Murray , Molina Antonio 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPlant resistance to necrotrophic fungi is regulated by a complex set of signaling pathways that includes those mediated by the hormones salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA). The role of ABA in plant resistance remains controversial, as positive and negative regulatory functions have been described depending on the plant-pathogen interaction analyzed. Here, we show that ABA signaling negatively regulates Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Arabidopsis plants impaired in ABA biosynthesis, such as the aba1-6 mutant, or in ABA signaling, like the quadruple pyr/pyl mutant (pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4), were more resistant to P. cucumerina than wild-type plants. In contrast, the hab1-1abi1-2abi2-2 mutant impaired in three phosphatases that negatively regulate ABA signaling displayed an enhanced susceptibility phenotype to this fungus. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed that the ABA pathway negatively regulates defense genes, many of which are controlled by the SA, JA, or ET pathway. In line with these data, we found that aba1-6 resistance to P. cucumerina was partially compromised when the SA, JA, or ET pathway was disrupted in this mutant. Additionally, in the aba1-6 plants, some genes encoding cell wall-related proteins were misregulated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and biochemical analyses of cell walls from aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed significant differences in their Fourier transform infrared spectratypes and uronic acid and cellulose contents. All these data suggest that ABA signaling has a complex function in Arabidopsis basal resistance, negatively regulating SA/JA/ET-mediated resistance to necrotrophic fungi.