bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Perspectives of Psychiatry: The Public Health Approach
Authors: Mchugh Paul R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCurrent efforts to improve the mental and behavioral well-being of the public confront an awkward but conspicuous problem. Although contemporary psychiatric epidemiologic research indicates that some kind of mental disorder afflicts more than 50% of the American people at some time in their lives, it fails to suggest any pathways for either preventing or remedying these matters. The reason why is because the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) functions as a field guide in which psychiatric diagnoses are made based on the clinical presentations rather than on any aspects of the generative nature of the disorders. The situation is ripe for change and this chapter demonstrates how the field of clinical psychiatry is ready to effect that change. It describes four perspectives that together represent a heuristic approach, which those at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health have suggested as a response to the current psychiatric nosology.
Global Mental Health Issues: Culture and Psychopathology
Authors: Bass Judith K. , Eaton William W. , Abramowitz Sharon , Sartorius Norman 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter begins with a definition of culture that is useful in exploring the issue of global mental health, followed by a delineation of approaches to clarify the interrelationship of culture and mental health. The chapter then examines current knowledge of mental disorders in low-resource contexts using approaches from anthropology (the culture-bound approach) and epidemiology (the cross-cultural or transnational approach). This is followed by discussion of both social behaviors and functionality, issues associated with mental health that are affected by the culture in which a person lives. What follows is an exploration of risk and resiliency factors, including an examination of the difficulty inherent in differentiating between culture-specific vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities associated more generally with the effects of poverty in a low-resource environment. Finally, the chapter delineates how culture and context can influence the selection and adaptation of behavioral interventions and treatments.
American Mental Health Services: Perspective Through Care Patterns for 100 Adults, with Aggregate Facility, Service, and Cost Estimates
Authors: Manderscheid Ronald W. , Alexandre Pierre , Everett Anita , Leaf Philip , Zablotsky Benjamin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter describes the mental health epidemiology and service delivery picture for 100 adults drawn at random from the American population. It also presents a description of the characteristics of mental health facilities, their services, available human resources, and aggregate revenues and costs. Unlike many other nations around the globe, America has no single mental health “system.” Rather, after years of starts and stops, US mental health care still consists of parallel activities operated by public and private entities across four care sectors. As a result, many individuals who need care do not receive it, and many who do receive care do not achieve the outcomes they are seeking.
6 Social Justice and Quotas in Government Jobs for Other Backward Classes
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter reconstructs arguments for and against the extension of employment quotas to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in the 1990 Mandal debate, focusing on the concept of social justice. It shows that in the discourse of the Janata Dal, the older nationalist ideal of equality was redefined, in terms of the formulation of the legitimating vocabulary, by linking equality closely to democracy, and distancing it from national unity. This strengthened the case for quotas. In normative terms, arguments for OBC quotas were substantially social justice claims, relying largely on egalitarian liberal norms of fair equality of opportunity rather than identity. The shift in the normative basis of group preference inaugurated by India’s constitution-makers, towards ameliorating disadvantage rather than maintaining distinctness, survived. As a result, a distinctive ideological space was fashioned for lower caste politics in the 1990 Mandal debate.
Land
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The core procedures described in Chapter 23 were designed to enforce landholding customs that derived from the Anglo-Norman period. Those customs gave considerable strength to the position of the holder of a free tenement, particularly to those whom charters describe as holding ‘in fee and inheritance’ or ‘in fee farm’. The Angevin procedures changed the legal nature of the tenant's position by establishing rights routinely protected in the royal courts. Linked to these developments came increasing technicality and abstraction, greater definition and precision. These processes often reinforced customary norms but also created situations in which legal rules were distanced from social expectations. This chapter begins with a discussion of the Cockfield case. It then covers landholding and lordship, types of lay free tenure, security of tenure, inheritance, alienability, leases, villeinage tenure, ecclesiastical landholding, and alms tenure; and seisin and right, possession and property.
Movables
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses ownership, succession, bailment, and sale and grant. By the late twelfth century the distinction between movables and immovables, familiar in later English law, is clear. The Dialogue of the Exchequer says of the fugitive convicted ‘through the set law of the assize’ that ‘all his movables [mobilia] fall to the treasury, but immovables to his lords’. The movables here are the chattels [catalla] of the Pipe Rolls, as the Dialogue itself indicates. The distinction between movables and immovables was made partly under the influence of the learned laws, and Glanvill distinguishes res mobiles and res immobiles in his treatment of debt, where his language shows particular Roman influence. In the thirteenth century, chattels came to include other rights such as leases for terms of years, wardships, and control of marriages, what would come to be known as ‘chattels real’. This change leaves some marks on Bracton but not, it seems, on Glanvill.
Marriage and Family
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Across western Christendom, the second half of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth saw important legal developments regarding the family, most notably the clarification of canon law regarding marriage. In England, the legal significance of family arrangements is clear from their extensive treatment in Glanvill, especially Book VI concerning dower and Book VII concerning marriage-portions, inheritance, and legitimacy. Likewise, litigation on kinship matters is very prominent in the plea rolls. A variety of evidence shows the value that lords placed on rights of marriage, wardship, and relief. The exercise of such rights, especially by the king and his officials, became hotly contested, culminating in the provisions of Magna Carta.
Procedural Regimes
Authors: Ambos Kai , Bock Stefanie 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
At every stage of the proceedings, the procedural law determines the Prosecutor's scope of action and is therefore of utmost importance for his competence and powers. To assess the Prosecutor's role properly it is necessary to provide an overview of the procedural regimes of the various tribunals. This chapter thus serves as an introduction to the following chapters, where the main procedural aspects and problems are discussed in more detail. It shows that each tribunal has developed its own, more or less unique, procedural code and that, accordingly, the mission and competences of the Prosecutors differ from tribunal to tribunal.
Appeal
Authors: Re David 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role and position of international prosecutors in the appeal phase. It notes that today's international prosecutors have considerable discretion in relation to appeals, so much so that the very essence of their role on appeal lies in exercising this discretion by deciding which cases and points to appeal and how to respond to defence appeals. It describes how modern international prosecutors have exercised their discretion to appeal in cases finalized to 2011, and the outcomes of these appeals.
Memory before and after H.M.: an impressionistic historical perspective
Authors: Moscovitch Morris 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The papers published by Milner, Scoville, and Penfield on the effects of bilateral temporal lobectomy have had a profound influence on the neuroscience of memory. This chapter addresses the following questions: Why did those papers have the impact they did, where their precursors did not? What were the major findings? What were the effects of excisions of structures other than those in the temporal lobes? How do the initial findings hold up over the years? It concludes by noting that the influence of these papers is still being felt, and that some of their findings and conjectures, which did not receive much attention at the time of publication, now provide relevant insights on the nature of hippocampal-neocortical interactions and their effects on a variety of memory phenomena and their theoretical significance.
Interictal memory disturbance: a comparative phenomenology and epidemiology of memory impairment in epilepsies
Authors: Jokeit Hennric , Bosshardt Simone , Reed Victoria 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter highlights common and divergent pathways of memory impairment by comparing symptoms of memory deficits and underlying pathology in a representative selection of neurological and psychiatric disorders: idiopathic generalized (IGE) and focal epilepsies (mesial-temporal epilepsy, MTLE; frontal lobe epilepsy, FLE), normal ageing, ADHD, schizophrenia, major depression, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia, and Huntington's disease. The analysis reveals that impairments in memory encoding and memory retrieval are a common feature in all selected disorders, as well as in normal ageing. This implies that the majority of memory failures in those patients may arise from transient or chronic prefrontal dysfunction. Retention, in contrast, seems to be almost exclusively affected in Alzheimer's dementia and MTLE, as it depends on the functional integrity of the hippocampal formation and anterior diencephalic structures.
Electrophysiological studies of memory in epilepsy
Authors: Grunwald Thomas , Vannucci Manila 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Invasive recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) from depth electrodes within the human hippocampal formation have identified novelty detection as an important subprocess that contributes to encoding for verbal memory. N400 potentials associated with this process correlate with neuronal density of the hippocampal CA1-region and can be selectively reduced by the NMDA-receptor blocker ketamine. Together with the finding that NMDA-receptor dependent long-term potentiation can readily be induced only in slices of non-sclerotic but not of sclerotic human hippocampi these results suggest that successful encoding for verbal memory is mediated by NMDA-receptor dependent novelty detection within the human hippocampal system and that hippocampal sclerosis interferes with this process. Moreover, hippocampal ERP recordings indicate that temporal lobe epilepsy can interfere with the hippocampal differentiation between pictures of real and nonsense objects thus suggesting that impaired encoding of visual-semantic attributes of objects may contribute to visual memory deficits.
Growing Pains
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Chapter Four falls into two parts. The first part investigates Agrippa’s treatment by Augustus on receiving the toga of manhood. Agrippa received none of the prizes offered to his elder brothers. Gaius and Lucius Caesar were both named Prince of the Youth and furnished with special privileges, and had been, more importantly, designated consuls at the age of fourteen. It is argued that Agrippa’s treatment depended upon the influence of Tiberius. The second part of the chapter treats Agrippa’s abdicatio in ad 6. A new interpretation of abdicatio is offered. It was a form of punishment that did not involve emancipation of the child, but was more akin to being grounded without pocket money. Augustus chose abdicatio because it left Agrippa under his control (patria potestas).
Augustus’ Final Arrangements
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter offers a new interpretation for Agrippa’s exile and incarceration on the island of Planasia in ad 7. It is proposed that, once Agrippa had been abdicated and sent to Surrentum in ad 6, his personality became part of a violent political programme that challenged the regime, and threatened Tiberius’ position. In the wake of Paullus’ defeat, those opposed to Tiberius began to think seriously about Agrippa. Agrippa was therefore incarcerated on an island because he was now a potential threat. He was, however, guilty of no crime. This chapter also offers a new explanation for a violent election season in ad 7. It is argued that voters were angry with changes recently made to the voting system. A new interpretation of Augustus’ electoral reforms is put forward.
Novus Principatus: An Imperial Co-operative
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter covers the years ad 11 to 13, and describes the atmosphere that surrounded the end of Augustus’ political life and the beginning of Tiberius’ domination. Evidence is presented to show that the public was increasingly concerned by Augustus’ health. Those opposed to Tiberius began to panic. The regime thwarted an attempt to free Agrippa and his mother from their places of exile. Malcontents turned to destabilising Tiberius’ relationship with Germanicus, who, it was said, was preferred; the regime countered by arming Tiberius for sole leadership and diminishing the role of the senate. The argument rests on a new interpretation of a passage in Dio hitherto overlooked. The chapter therefore sets up the context of discussion of Tiberius’ famous reluctance to accept supreme power in ad 14.
The Hesitation of Tiberius
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Chapter nine investigates Tiberius’ famous reluctance to accept supreme power. Evidence is presented to show that, when Augustus died, Tiberius was in control and his position as ruler beyond question. Reluctance was not, therefore, due to a lack of legal power/s. The chapter points out that Tiberius did not accept the supreme power, as is often supposed, at the senate meeting of September 17 ad 14, but rather, ceased to deny his right. No positive statement was however forthcoming: the question was left up in the air. The prevailing modern views do not provide adequate answers. Tiberius was not sincere, nor did he feign reluctance for decency’s sake. As Suetonius wrote, Tiberius was distressed by the unfolding of real political events: Agrippa’s death, legions in mutiny, and Drusus Libo.
Germanicus: Successor to Tiberius or Augustus?
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Modern scholars reject the ancient belief that Tiberius’ hesitation was related to mutiny in the Northern provinces and the offer, by some in the legions, to support Germanicus against Tiberius. They argue that news of mutiny reached Rome only after Tiberius had accepted supreme power, and that, had Tiberius known, he would certainly not have hesitated. The present chapter refutes these theories, and re-assembles the evidence to show that news of the mutiny, and the offer to Germanicus, may well have been known in Rome before the meeting of 17 September. It is proposed that Tiberius ceased denying his position only once the question of Germanicus was settled. He did not, however, formally acknowledge his position. That declaration depended on Drusus Libo, whose role is explored in the next chapter.
The United Kingdom: The Triumph of Fiscal Realism?
Authors: Gamble Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The financial crash of 2008 ended a long period of growth in the British economy. Measures taken to prevent the crash turning into a slump transformed the banking crisis into a fiscal crisis, with the result that how to handle the resulting deficits dominated UK politics before the 2010 election. Debate focused on how quickly the deficit should be reduced, whether this was a structural or cyclical deficit, and what policies were needed to maintain the confidence of the financial markets. After the election, the Coalition Government announced plans to eliminate the deficit within five years. This marked a return to fiscal conservatism and a politics of austerity, but the plans aroused skepticism because of the optimistic assumptions they made about future economic growth, the pace of recovery, and the ability to expand exports, which made it unlikely that the targets could be met. The political will of the Coalition to carry through the cuts was also uncertain.
Financial Regionalism after the Global Financial Crisis: Regionalist Impulses and National Strategies
Authors: Grimes William W. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Global Financial Crisis has severely weakened the legitimacy of the US-led global financial system. This has not only led to efforts to remake the global system through the G20 and related process but has also aroused interest in regional alternatives to the global architecture. Considerable attention has understandably been focused on Europe, but the global crisis also has profound implications for East Asia. Clichés about the ‘rise of East Asia’ obscure the very real contest now being fought over the shape of regional financial cooperation in East Asia, particularly through the ASEAN + 3. This chapter investigates the impact of two variables that theories predict will be of particular importance going forward: (a) the increasing desire of East Asian neighbors to contain Chinese influence in the region and (b) the increased number of ASEAN + 3 participants that have also become official participants in the global-level discussions due to the formation of the G20. The chapter concludes that these changes are likely to increase the tensions inside ASEAN + 3, even as the demand for regionalist solutions increases.
Social Solidarity in Scandinavia after the Fall of Finance Capitalism
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The global meltdown prompted minimal challenges to the welfare state and governmental controls in Scandinavia, even while spurring a resurgence of enthusiasm for the touchstones of neoliberal thought within Liberal countries. This chapter suggests that nations’ differential responses to the crisis reflect, in part, the varying societal capacities of countries to develop and to enact new solutions to economic malaise. Organized social partners — acting in conjunction with state leaders — have differing collective capacities for policymaking; for example, Scandinavian employers participate much more strongly in policymaking forums concerning human capital investment and industrial relations. While one might expect the institutions of managed capitalism to be most threatened by the crisis, strong state‐society relations have persisted and the social partners have jointly struggled to articulate nonzero-sum solutions that secure greater social solidarity. The case highlights the importance of processes of collective political engagement in shaping policy responses to seismic economic transformations.
French Responses to the Global Economic Crisis: The Political Economy of “Post-Dirigisme” and New State Activism
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyzes French responses to the financial crisis, arguing that a ‘post-dirigiste’ interpretation predicated on an expansive notion of the state as actor in and enactor of markets best captures the qualitative shift in French state/market relations. Post-dirigisme incorporates how influential institutional and ideational legacies of the French dirigiste tradition continue to influence outcomes by generating anticipation of state action to shape the market. These distinctive traits leave footprints on French institutions and market structures, and the evolutionary trajectory of French capitalism. In analyzing the French political economy in the wake of the financial crisis in terms of ‘new state activism’, this chapter explores the French state as a ‘midwife’ of change in banking and the automobile industry. It uses post-dirigisme to explain French state responses to the financial crisis, noting how state actors, in concert with the elites, actively facilitated dominant market positions of French international champions.
CAN JUST WAR THEORY JUSTIFY TARGETED KILLING? THREE POSSIBLE MODELS
Authors: Statman Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the morality of targeted killing (TK). Section II, against most common wisdom in the field, suggests that the notion of TK should be released from its association with the war (or wars) against terror. Section III presents three interpretations of just war theory that will serve as the basis for the moral analysis of TK. Section IV turns to this analysis and shows how each of the three interpretations supports the practice of TK.
DEFENDING DEFENSIVE TARGETED KILLINGS
Authors: Montague Phillip 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The moral status of targeted killings is problematic for analogous reasons. Ordinary moral principles permit homicide only when necessary to prevent the loss of life or comparably serious harms. This restriction does seem to be relaxed in various ways for killings within wars. In particular, combatants on opposing sides can be morally permitted to kill each other even when, in doing so, they are not responding to imminent threats of serious harm. However, this relaxation of ordinary morality's prohibition against homicide would seem to require the existence of a special set of moral norms that — like the laws of war — apply only to wars strictly so-called; that is, these moral norms of war would apply only to conflicts between the military forces of political communities. Accordingly, a ‘morality of war’ would not apply to the targeted killing of terrorists, and would provide no better basis than ordinary morality for establishing the permissibility of these killings. This chapter argues, however, that this explanation of the moral status of targeted killing is mistaken because of what it assumes about the implications of ordinary morality. Specifically, it argues that targeted killings can be morally permissible according to ordinary moral principles of self-defence.
TARGETED KILLING AND THE STRATEGIC USE OF SELF-DEFENSE
Authors: Katz Leo 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Although governments that engage in targeted killing will usually invoke self-defence as a primary justification, they often seem on thin ice in doing so. We frequently have the sense that there is something very strategic and dishonest in the way self-defence is utilized in such cases. The most obvious example is the case in which the government uses an agent provocateur to induce a potential terrorist to take actions for which it then proceeds to kill him — in ‘self-defence’. This chapter examines a series of such strategic situations and suggests that, appearances notwithstanding, there is in fact nothing illegitimate about using self-defence in such strategic ways. That is not to say that our persistent unease about what governments are doing in such cases is without significance. But its significance turns out to lie mostly in what it teaches us about certain counterintuitive features of legal and moral rules, which is another that is explore here.