bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is China up to the Test? A Review of Theories and Priorities for Education Investment for a Modern China
Authors: Glazebrook Kate , Song Ligang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper reviews the key theories relating to the role of education in economic development and social change and how education, as a critical component of total factor productivity, contributes to sustained economic growth. It examines how China's education policy reflects the country's unique dual economy. Focusing on the post‐reform period, the paper contends that while progress has been made, there are risks to China's future growth prospects from failing to reap the benefits of sound education policy. It argues that if the Chinese education system is to continue to be a driver of rather than a drain on economic growth, and if China is to successfully manage its transition towards more inclusive, sustainable and equitable growth, reforms will be needed to improve the quality of education at all levels and to create an environment in which China's extensive human capital is duly recognized and respected. Crucially, the education system should be transformed to ensure it promotes a comprehensive range of human capabilities, including those that go beyond the part humans play in augmenting production possibilities.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Automated Telephone Intervention to Improve Blood Pressure Control
Authors: Harrison Teresa N. , Ho Timothy S. , Handler Joel , Kanter Michael H. , Goldberg Ruthie A. , Reynolds Kristi 
Published: July 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a telephonic outreach program to improve blood pressure (BP) control among patients with hypertension. The authors identified adults 18 years and older with uncontrolled BP within the previous 12 months. Patients received either an automated telephone call advising them to have a walk‐in BP check (n=31,619) or usual care (n=33,154). The primary outcome was BP control at 4 weeks. Significantly more patients who received the intervention achieved BP control compared with the usual care group (32.5% vs 23.7%; P<.0001). Patients in the intervention arm with cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, or diabetes mellitus achieved better BP control. Older age, female sex, and having a household income above the median were associated with BP control. When designing quality‐improvement interventions to increase BP control rates, health care organizations should consider utilizing an automated telephone outreach campaign.
Hierarchical Modeling of Patient and Physician Determinants of Blood Pressure Outcomes in Adherent vs Nonadherent Hypertensive Patients: Pooled Analysis of 6 Studies With 14,646 Evaluable Patients
Authors: Abraham Ivo , Van Camp Yoleen , Villa Lorenzo , Denhaerynck Kris , Sun Diana , Vancayzeele Stefaan , Brié Heidi , Aerts Ann , Hermans Christine , MacDonald Karen 
Published: July 2013

The authors used pooled data from 6 valsartan‐related studies including 3983 adherent and 10,663 nonadherent patients to evaluate blood pressure (BP) outcomes in both groups after 90 days of treatment, applying hierarchical linear and logistic regression to identify determinants of BP outcomes. The principal findings were that: (1) BP outcomes were consistently better in adherent patients; (2) approximately a quarter of the variance in 90‐day BP values was attributable to a physician class effect; (3) common and unique patient‐ and physician‐related variables were associated with BP outcomes in both groups; (4) physician vigilance was associated with better outcomes, especially in adherent patients; and (5) adherent patients were more likely to exhibit target organ damage and associated events while being prescribed more complex medication regimens. Adherence to antihypertensive medication may be a function of prior line treatment failure, severity of illness, and sequelae, and the ensuing patient resolution to change medication behavior.
Cross‐talk between EGF and BMP9 signalling pathways regulates the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Liu Xing , Qin Jiaqiang , Luo Qing , Bi Yang , Zhu Gaohui , Jiang Wei , Kim Stephanie H. , Li Mi , Su Yuxi , Nan Guoxin , Cui Jing , Zhang Wenwen , Li Ruidong , Chen Xiang , Kong Yuhan , Zhang Jiye , Wang Jinhua , Rogers Mary Rose , Zhang Hongyu , Shui Wei , Zhao Chen , Wang Ning , Liang Xi , Wu Ningning , He Yunfeng , Luu Hue H. , Haydon Rex C. , Shi Lewis L. , Li Tingyu , He Tong‐Chuan , Li Ming 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors, which give rise to several lineages, including bone, cartilage and fat. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the cell surface and stimulating the intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity of its receptor, which initiates a signal transduction cascade causing a variety of biochemical changes within the cell and regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. We have identified BMP9 as one of the most osteogenic BMPs in MSCs. In this study, we investigate if EGF signalling cross‐talks with BMP9 and regulates BMP9‐induced osteogenic differentiation. We find that EGF potentiates BMP9‐induced early and late osteogenic markers of MSCs in vitro, which can be effectively blunted by EGFR inhibitors Gefitinib and Erlotinib or receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors AG‐1478 and AG‐494 in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Furthermore, EGF significantly augments BMP9‐induced bone formation in the cultured mouse foetal limb explants. In vivo stem cell implantation experiment reveals that exogenous expression of EGF in MSCs can effectively potentiate BMP9‐induced ectopic bone formation, yielding larger and more mature bone masses. Interestingly, we find that, while EGF can induce BMP9 expression in MSCs, EGFR expression is directly up‐regulated by BMP9 through Smad1/5/8 signalling pathway. Thus, the cross‐talk between EGF and BMP9 signalling pathways in MSCs may underline their important roles in regulating osteogenic differentiation. Harnessing the synergy between BMP9 and EGF should be beneficial for enhancing osteogenesis in regenerative medicine.
Correlation of thalamic blood flow redistribution with persistent complex regional pain syndrome in a stroke patient with poor diabetic control
Authors: Hsu Kao‐Chih , Chang Shin‐Tsu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present a right‐hemispheric stroke patient with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Symptoms of CRPS developed in conjunction with a corresponding elevation of the contralateral thalamic flow when the glycosylated hemoglobin values were high (16.1% and 13.4%), twice observed as migration from the bottom to the top location of the thalamus. CRPS improved after the glycosylated hemoglobin level reduced to 10.6% and 8.3%. Poor blood sugar control might cause redistribution of thalamic regional blood flow and be associated with the persistence of CRPS in this case.
Managing the Peri‐implant Mucosa: A Clinically Reliable Method for Optimizing Soft Tissue Contours and Emergence Profile
Authors: Parpaiola Andrea , Sbricoli Luca , Guazzo Riccardo , Bressan Eriberto , Lops Diego 
Published: July 2013

AbstractState of the ProblemThe proper representation of soft tissue contours for a natural aspect of the peri‐implant mucosa and its mimesis with the adjacent teeth is a crucial aspect of the esthetic area restoration.PurposeThis paper describes a method for the easy transfer of the peri‐implant tissue morphology onto impression material with a view to achieving an accurate, custom implant restoration. The procedure described is suitable both for single and multi‐unit implant‐supported prostheses.Clinical ProceduresOnce the peri‐implant mucosa is sculpted by the provisional restoration, the emergence profile is duplicated. The implant analog is embedded into laboratory stone or plaster in a mixing cup and allowed to set. The provisional restoration is removed from the oral cavity and screwed to the implant analog; then, a polyether material is placed in the mixing cup so that the provisional restoration is put into impression material at the level of the prosthetic emergence profile. After the polyether polymerizing, the provisional prosthesis is unscrewed and replaced with the stock hexed transfer for the final impression. Next, cold self‐curing resin is poured into this gap and left to set. A custom transfer for this single implant site is thus obtained. This modified transfer is then removed and screwed onto the implant in the oral cavity for the definitive impression.ConclusionsThe technique described enables a faithful reproduction of the peri‐implant soft tissues and emergence profile.Clinical SignificanceAn emergence profile that mimics the natural tooth should be obtained by successful esthetic implant restoration. Moreover, it allows proper hygiene, which is fundamental for implant maintenance. The best way to achieve the correct emergence profile is to sculpture the peri‐implant mucosa by means of a provisional prosthesis. Prefabricated provisional crowns cannot mimic the complexity and the variations of human soft tissue. Therefore, only a chair‐side modification of the provisional restoration can accomplish the optimal result. Such a requirement can be satisfied by the clinical method described in the present report.
Expectations and experiences of open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair patients: a mixed methods study
Authors: Tocher Jennifer M 
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectivesTo establish what patients' expectations of postoperative pain were when undergoing open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. A review of the relevant literature highlighted the fact that there had been no such studies conducted within a similar such homogenous group. Therefore, this study aimed to explore pain expectations prospectively and then compare these with the patients' actual experiences.BackgroundIt has long been established that high levels of satisfaction with pain management are very often reported in patients despite suffering from severe to moderate levels of pain. The reasons for these high satisfaction levels are not always as clear, although it is suggested that patients have an expectation of postoperative pain.DesignThe study set out to establish what expectations of pain patients had and the factors that might influence them within the abdominal aortic aneurysm subject group. A mixed methods approach was used.MethodPain expectations were gathered preoperatively using a Likert scale of pain scoring. These were then compared with the recorded postoperative pain scores. This was followed by a semi‐structured interview.ResultsThe study illustrated that patients expected to have postoperative pain as a natural consequence of their operations. Patients appeared to draw upon their previous experiences. Pain expectation levels were statistically significant, 60% of patients expected to have pain postoperatively.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that patients expect to have postoperative pain. Such expectations might influence the individual's relationship and experience of their postoperative management.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study highlights the need for nurses to evaluate the preoperative information given to patients and to listen to expectations they voice. Patient expectations of pain are sometimes that they expect to have pain, and it is the management of this pain that makes a difference to them.
American Sociology: History and Racially Gendered Classed Knowledge Reproduction
Authors: Padilla Wyse Jennifer 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore how racially gendered classed power‐relations structure history, knowledge andAmericanSociology's historical memory and disciplinary knowledge production. In order to do so, this paper will 1) utilizeCabral's (1970) theory of history to center humanity as historically developed into a racially gendered classed capitalist world‐system, 2) employ intersectionality as a heuristic device to see how knowledge is manipulated to normalize dehumanization as well as to perpetuate exploitation and privilege by denying “Othered' ” knowledges, and lastly 3) sociologically imagine this racially gendered classed process in the “institutional‐structure” of American Sociology by exploring the ancestry of the concept of “intersectionality.” In all this paper argues 1) American Sociology under theorizes history, a central aspect of the sociological imagination and production of new sociological knowledge, 2) American Sociology reproduces a dehumanized theory of history perMarx's “historical materialism” and 3) the structure of American Sociology's knowledge is racially gendered classed, as illustrated in the collective memory of the concept of “intersectionality.”
Breast cancer as a systemic disease: a view of metastasis
Authors: Redig A. J. , McAllister S. S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBreast cancer is now the most frequently diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Strategies targeting the primary tumour have markedly improved, but systemic treatments to prevent metastasis are less effective; metastatic disease remains the underlying cause of death in the majority of patients with breast cancer who succumb to their disease. The long latency period between initial treatment and eventual recurrence in some patients suggests that a tumour may both alter and respond to the host systemic environment to facilitate and sustain disease progression. Results from studies in animal models suggest that specific subtypes of breast cancer may direct metastasis through recruitment and activation of haematopoietic cells. In this review, we focus on data implicating breast cancer as a systemic disease.
Evaluation of palatability of 10 commercial amlodipine orally disintegrating tablets by gustatory sensation testing, OD-mate as a new disintegration apparatus and the artificial taste sensor
Authors: Uchida Takahiro , Yoshida Miyako , Hazekawa Mai , Haraguchi Tamami , Furuno Hiroyuki , Teraoka Makoto , Ikezaki Hidekazu 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the palatability of 10 formulations (the original manufacturer's formulation and nine generics) of amlodipine orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) by means of human gustatory sensation testing, disintegration/dissolution testing and the evaluation of bitterness intensity using a taste sensor.

Methods
Initially, the palatability, dissolution and bitterness intensity of the ODTs were evaluated in gustatory sensation tests. Second, the disintegration times of the ODTs were measured using the OD-mate, a newly developed apparatus for measuring the disintegration of ODTs, and lastly, the bitterness intensities were evaluated using an artificial taste sensor.

Key findings
Using factor analysis, the factors most affecting the palatability of amlodipine ODTs were found to be disintegration and taste. There was high correlation between the disintegration times of the 10 amlodipine ODTs estimated in human gustatory testing and those found using the OD-mate. The bitterness intensities of amlodipine ODTs 10, 20 and 30 s after starting the conventional brief dissolution test and the values determined by the taste sensor were highly correlated with the bitterness intensities determined in gustatory sensation testing.

Conclusions
The OD-mate and the taste sensor may be useful for predicting the disintegration and bitterness intensity of amlodipine ODTs in the mouth.
CAG Repeat Testing of Androgen Receptor Polymorphism: Is This Necessary for the Best Clinical Management of Hypogonadism?
Authors: Francomano Davide , Greco Emanuela A. , Lenzi Andrea , Aversa Antonio 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It is controversial whether or not testing the length of the androgen receptor polymorphism in clinical practice is useful for correct diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism.

Aim
To describe the molecular and clinical implications of testing the length of the androgen receptor polymorphism for treatment of hypogonadism in both male and female subjects.

Methods
A systematic Medline search was conducted using several terms related to and including the terms “androgen receptor,” “CAG-repeat polymorphism,” “male hypogonadism,” “female hypogonadism,” and “neurodegenerative disease.”

Main Outcome Measures
Clinical evidence that demonstrates the importance of CAG repeat number investigation in male and female hypogonadism.

Results
A thorough review of the clinical utility of CAG repeat polymorphism investigation in men and women with hypogonadism is presented.

Conclusions
The role of AR CAG repeat number investigation in hypogonadism (male and female) is not yet established in the clinical practice. In both sexes, a role during clinical management of hormonal replacement therapies may be hypothesized, but the CAG repeat number's relationship with the presence or absence of hypogonadal symptoms remains unclear. Pharmacogenomic investigations of the AR polymorphism may be a future option to tailor testosterone titration individually and to better identify subjects as potentially more or less responsive to treatments; also, investigation may be important to individually predict beneficial and side effects in special subpopulations, specifically, obese men and postmenopausal women.
Calling Democracies and Dictatorships: The Effect of Political Regime on International Long‐Distance Rates
Authors: Holkeboer Christian Bachelder , Vreeland James Raymond 
Published: July 2013

SummaryDo political regimes systematically impact the price of international long‐distance phone calls? We argue that, compared to autocracies, democratic governments have stronger incentives to regulate the provision of telephone service efficiently. In contrast, autocracies have incentives to limit communication between their citizens and the rest of the world. We thus expect the price of international long‐distance to vary with political regime. Controlling for other factors that may impact long‐distance pricing – such as level of economic development – we test this hypothesis using a cross‐section of 190 countries and find evidence of a democracy‐discount. It costs less to call democracies by about 25 percent.
Impact of trematodes on the population structure and shell shape of the estuarine mud snail Hydrobia ulvae from a Southern European estuary
Authors: Bordalo Maria D. , Ferreira Susana M. F. , Jensen Kurt T. , Pardal Miguel A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe occurrence of trematodes within the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae was studied in two areas (a Zostera noltii bed and a eutrophic area) in the Mondego Estuary, Portugal. The aim was to assess trematode infections across snail age classes, as well as to investigate any influence of parasitism on the shell shape and size of these gastropods. In the Z. noltii bed, infection occurred in snails with shell height of 1.5–6 mm, but a higher prevalence was seen in intermediate size classes (3–5 mm). Infected individuals were never found among the elder gastropods. In the eutrophic area, infection was commonly observed within small individuals (1.6–2.5 mm), as large individuals were rarely found. The warm temperate climate in this coastal system may cause infected specimens to die before they can grow to larger dimensions, in contrast to Northern European populations. The frequency of snails with thin, distorted and corroded shells was higher among infected than non‐infected snails. Infected individuals were frequently colonized by epibionts that may have additional detrimental effects and probably promote shell erosion. Infection with trematodes and their influence on snail size needs consideration in the evaluation of parameters related to population dynamics and population structure. If the implications of parasite infection are ignored, inadequate decisions about ecosystem management may be taken, resulting mainly from erroneous assessment of population structure, age composition and ecological longevity. The role of parasites is especially important to consider for systems under environmental stress.
Distribution of iron on Vesta
Authors: Yamashita N. , Prettyman T. H. , Mittlefehldt D. W. , Toplis M. J. , McCoy T. J. , Beck A. W. , Reedy R. C. , Feldman W. C. , Lawrence D. J. , Peplowski P. N. , Forni O. , Mizzon H. , Raymond C. A. , Russell C. T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe have completed a mapping study of 7.6 MeV gamma rays produced by neutron capture by Fe at the surface of the main belt asteroid 4 Vesta as measured by the bismuth germanate scintillator of the Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND) on the Dawn spacecraft. The procedures used to determine Fe counting rates are presented, along with a global map, constituting the necessary initial step to quantify Fe abundances. While the final calibration of orbital data to absolute concentrations has not been determined, the range of fully corrected Fe counting rates is compared with that of Fe in howardites. We find that the global distribution of corrected Fe counting rates is generally consistent with mineralogy and composition determined independently by other instruments on the Dawn spacecraft, including measurements of pyroxene absorption bands by the Visible and Infrared Spectrometer and Framing Camera, and an index of diogenitic materials provided by neutron absorption measurements by GRaND. In addition, there is a distinctive low Fe region in the western hemisphere that was not reported by reflectance or optical observations, possibly indicating the presence of a cumulate eucrite component in Vesta's regolith.
Evidence for a recent horizontal transmission and spatial spread ofWolbachiafrom endemicRhagoletis cerasi(Diptera:Tephritidae) to invasiveRhagoletis cingulatainEurope
Authors: Schuler Hannes , Bertheau Coralie , Egan Scott P. , Feder Jeffrey L. , Riegler Markus , Schlick‐Steiner Birgit C. , Steiner Florian M. , Johannesen Jes , Kern Peter , Tuba Katalin , Lakatos Ferenc , Köppler Kirsten , Arthofer Wolfgang , Stauffer Christian 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe widespread occurrence ofWolbachiain arthropods and nematodes suggests that this intracellular, maternally inherited endosymbiont has the ability to cross species boundaries. However, direct evidence for such a horizontal transmission ofWolbachiain nature is scarce. Here, we compare the well‐characterizedWolbachiainfection of theEuropean cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis cerasi, with that of theNorthAmerican eastern cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis cingulata, recently introduced toEurope. Molecular genetic analysis ofWolbachiabased on multilocus sequence typing and theWolbachiasurface proteinwspshowed that allR. cingulataindividuals are infected withwCin2 identical towCer2 inR. cerasi. In contrast,wCin1, a strain identical towCer1 inR. cerasi, was present in severalEuropean populations ofR. cingulata, but not in any individual from theUnitedStates. Surveys ofR. cingulatafromGermany andHungary indicated that in some populations, the frequency ofwCin1 increased significantly in just a few years with at least two independent horizontal transmission events. This is corroborated by the analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene that showed association ofwCin1 with two distinct haplotypes inGermany, one of which is also infected withwCin1 inHungary. In summary, our study provides strong evidence for a very recent inter‐specificWolbachiatransmission with a subsequent spatial spread in field populations.