bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elder Abuse: Evaluating the Potentials and Problems of Diagnosis in the Archaeological Record
Authors: Gowland R. L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe elderly are the most neglected demographic in archaeology. In today's youth‐obsessed society, the elderly are consistently denigrated, particularly those perceived to be physically or mentally frail. A related and growing concern in contemporary populations is the physical abuse of the elderly, believed to be an escalating phenomenon. This study is the first to examine the risk factors, social context and patterns of trauma associated with elder abuse in the present, with the aim of providing diagnostic criteria to apply to past societies. The utility of skeletal evidence in the identification of violent trauma has been detailed in cases of child and intimate partner abuse, both modern and archaeological. Investigating the skeletal evidence for elder abuse is potentially more complex because of the confounding physiological effects of the ageing process, lack of clinical research and contemporary ageist attitudes towards older people. Within the clinical and bioarchaeological literature, there has been a tendency to dismiss injuries in older individuals as the product of accident or opportunistic violence. A proportion of elder members of past societies is likely to have been victims of abuse and family violence. While there are no pathognomonic skeletal features of elder abuse, multiple injuries to the bones of the following are indicative: cranium, maxilla‐facial region, dentition, cervical vertebrae, clavicles, ribs and spiral fractures to the humeri. Attention is also drawn to decubiti as indirect skeletal indicators of immobility and possibly neglect. Archaeological context is important to consider, including non‐normative burials or those indicating social marginalisation. Bioarchaeological evidence has the potential to provide a long‐term perspective on the care and treatment of past elders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life on the Edge of the Arctic: The Bioarchaeology of the Keldudalur Cemetery in Skagafjörður, Iceland
Authors: Zoëga G. , Murphy K. A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBurials were examined from the late Viking Age early medieval Christian cemetery at the farm of Keldudalur in the Skagafjörður region, Northern Iceland. The cemetery likely served a single household for about 100–120 years, from the beginning of the 11th century AD to the turn of the 12th century. Cemetery inhabitants represent a population that lived through the transitional period when Christianity was established in Iceland. The changes are visible in the mortuary record with the changeover from outlying pagan graves to enclosed Christian cemeteries situated on the farmsteads. Keldudalur is one of the numerous early Christian family cemeteries that littered the 11th century Skagafjörður landscape. The burials included 53 well‐preserved skeletons of 27 adults and 26 subadults. Various factors such as fluctuating climate and environmental conditions, and seasonal or periodical availability of resources have the potential for impacting human diet and health over time. To assess the health status of the burials, data were collected for a number of health status indicators such as stature estimation, developmental enamel defects, porotic hyperostosis, infectious disease, trauma, degenerative joint diseases, dental caries, calculus and tooth loss. Results suggest that inhabitants of Keldudalur experienced periodic stress and rigorous living conditions. Infant mortality was great, although if individuals survived childhood, the age expectancy was fairly high. There was no obvious evidence for interpersonal violence or endemic infectious disease. However, the common occurrence of growth disturbances, generalised periostitis, trauma and degenerative joint disease all point to a number of stressors in the lives of the people at Keldudalur, which is suggestive of a resilient people living and adapting to a harsh and periodically resource scarce subarctic environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylation‐induced loss of miR‐484 in microsatellite‐unstable colorectal cancer promotes both viability and IL‐8 production via CD137L
Authors: Mei Qian , Xue Geng , Li Xiang , Wu Zhiqiang , Li Xiaolei , Yan Hongli , Guo Mingzhou , Sun Shuhan , Han Weidong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) exhibiting MSI (microsatellite instability) represents a well‐defined subtype characterized by a deficient mismatch repair pathway and typical clinico‐pathological features. Our objective was to identify the entire miRNome and its molecular pathological roles in MSI CRCs. We profiled miRNA expression in MSI CRCs and compared it with MSS counterparts. Microarray and qRT‐PCR analysis identified eight miRNAs that could distinguish the MSI status of CRCs. MiR‐484 was the most significantly decreased miRNA in MSI CRCs, primarily mediated by the CpG island methylator phenotype. MiR‐484 functions as a tumour suppressor to inhibit MSI CRC cell viability in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR‐484 repressed CD137L expression and thereby attenuated IL‐8 production by MSI CRC cells. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the roles of dysregulated miRNAs in the distinct phenotypic features of MSI CRCs and indicate an option for early diagnosis and gene therapy for these patients. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feeding cancer's sweet tooth: specialized tumour vasculature shuttles glucose in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Dudley Andrew C , Bautch Victoria L 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal neoplasm characterized by a ‘fortress’ of thick collagen fibres, abundant myofibroblasts, and paradoxically reduced vascularization compared to normal pancreas. Despite these features, PDAC shows no reduction in the uptake of glucose that fuels tumour cell survival. In new work published in The Journal of Pathology, Saiyin and colleagues have identified a novel adaptation of PDAC tumour endothelium; namely, ‘hairy‐like’ basal microvilli that increase the total vascular surface area and correlate with regions of highest glucose uptake. Since basal microvilli are not present on normal pancreatic blood vessels, their presence may add diagnostic value and blocking their function is a potential new treatment strategy for PDAC. This novel finding of basal microvilli on PDAC endothelium is a striking example of how phenotypic plasticity in tumour blood vessels contributes to tumour growth and progression, independent of conventional modes of angiogenesis. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full loss analysis for a multicrystalline silicon wafer solar cell PV module at short‐circuit conditions
Authors: Peters Marius , Guo Siyu , Liu Zhe 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present an extended analysis to quantify losses in a module under short‐circuit conditions. The presented method includes an analysis of the area‐related losses in a full‐sized module and introduces the concept of “effective area coverage.” The effective area coverage accounts for the amount of light lost on a certain type of area and is different from the actual area coverage, if light trapping area occurs. An example for this effect is light reflected from the backsheet, trapped in the glass cover and reaching the solar cell. Based on our analysis, the effective solar cell area is increased by 5% absolute by this effect. Furthermore, we used an extension of Basore's model for modules in the loss analysis and used it to quantify losses in one exemplary, encapsulated multicrystalline silicon wafer solar cell. These losses are absorption in the rear reflector (corresponding to a loss of 3.5 mA/cm2 on the active solar cell area), collection losses (3.4 mA/cm2) and free carrier absorption (0.18 mA/cm2). Finally, the presented analysis allowed us to calculate a breakdown of all losses in a full‐sized module under short‐circuit conditions. A list of all considered losses sorted by the corresponding current is presented at the end. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano‐cones on micro‐pyramids: modulated surface textures for maximal spectral response and high‐efficiency solar cells
Authors: Ingenito Andrea , Isabella Olindo , Zeman Miro 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe front‐side reflection represents a significant optical loss in solar cells. One way to minimize this optical loss is to nano‐texture the front surface. Although nano‐textured surfaces have shown a broad‐band anti‐reflective effect, their light scattering and surface passivation properties are found to be generally worse than those of standard micro‐textured surfaces. To overcome these setbacks in crystalline silicon solar cells, advanced texturing and passivation approaches are here presented. In the first approach, we propose a modulated surface texture by superimposing nano‐cones on micro‐pyramidal surface texture. This advanced texture applied at the front side of crystalline silicon wafers completely suppresses the reflection in a broad wavelength range from 300 nm up to 1000 nm and efficiently scatters light up to 1200 nm. In the second approach, we show a method to minimize recombination at nano‐textured surfaces by using defect‐removal etching followed by dry thermal oxidation. These two approaches are applied here in an interdigitated back‐contacted crystalline silicon solar cell and result in decoupling of the interplay between the mechanisms behind short‐circuit current density and open‐circuit voltage. The device exhibits a conversion efficiency equal to 19.8%, record external quantum efficiency (78%) at short wavelengths (300 nm), and electrical performance equal to the performance of the reference interdigitated back‐contacted device based on front‐side micro‐pyramids. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource partitioning and dwarfism patterns between sympatric snakes in a micro‐insular Mediterranean environment
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Petrozzi Fabio , Mebert Konrad , Zuffi Marco A. L. , Amori Giovanni 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIslands provide an evolutionary window, where a simplified natural network combined with unusual environmental conditions promote selective processes that trigger rapid changes in biological constituents of a species. The Mediterranean island of Montecristo, Italy, provides such a situation with a reduced fauna and flora compared to the mainland. We measured body size (SVL) and recorded diet of the two snake species occurring on the island, the Asp Viper (Vipera aspis) and the Western Whip Snake (Hierophis viridiflavus), and compared these data with populations of conspecifics from the mainland. Compared to mainland populations, the three principal results are: (1) no obvious niche shift along the food or habitat axes between the two snake species; (2) significant body size shift (insular dwarfism) of the whip snake by 30 %, and ca. 10 % in the viper; and (3) arboreal ambushing in the viper to add an alternative diet (birds) compared to mainland populations (more mice) to compensate for the lack of suitable micro‐mammals on Montecristo Island.
Chemical Characterization and Physical Properties of Solvents Derived from Epoxidized Methyl Soyate
Authors: Riley Sean J. , Verkade John G. , Angelici Robert J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractReactions of epoxidized methyl soyate (EMS) with alcohols, carbon dioxide, and acetone yielded liquids with solvent properties that make them more suitable than methyl soyate for dissolving polar substances. The reactions of EMS in the presence of Amberlyst‐15 with alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, n‐butanol, and 2‐methoxyethanol, produced a series of solvents containing ether (–OR) and alcohol (–OH) groups. Reactions of EMS with carbon dioxide and acetone gave products with carbonate and ketonide functional groups, respectively. The complex mixture of compounds present in the product, EMS(MeOH), resulting from the reaction of EMS with MeOH, was characterized by MS and NMR investigations. In addition to products resulting from MeOH addition across the epoxide ring, were major amounts of cyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives that were derived from reactions of methyl linoleate (18:2) with MeOH. All of the solvents were characterized by high boiling points and low vapor pressures. Their viscosities were higher than that of methyl soyate. Especially notable were their very high Kauri‐butanol values, which ranged from 280 to 852, all of which are much higher than that (57) of methyl soyate. Such high KB values indicate that these solvents have very favorable solubilizing properties, which is illustrated by the ability of EMS(MeOH) to readily dissolve both polar (e.g., MeOH) and non‐polar (e.g., hexane) compounds.
EPA guidance on cultural competence training
Authors: Schouler-Ocak Meryam , Graef-Calliess Iris T. , Tarricone Ilaria , Qureshi Adil , Kastrup Marianne C. , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe stress of migration as well as social factors and changes related to the receiving society may lead to the manifestation of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals after migration. The diversity of cultures, ethnicities, races and reasons for migration poses a challenge for those seeking to understand how illness is experienced by immigrants whose backgrounds differ significantly from their clinicians. Cultural competence represents good clinical practice and can be defined as such that a clinician regards each patient in the context of the patient's own culture as well as from the perspective of the clinician's cultural values and prejudices. The EPA Guidance on cultural competence training outlines some of the key issues related to cultural competence and how to deal with these. It points out that cultural competence represents a comprehensive response to the mental health care needs of immigrant patients and requires knowledge, skills and attitudes which can improve the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment. To reach these aims, both individual and organizational competence are needed, as well as teaching competence in terms of educational leadership. The WPA Guidance on Mental Health and Mental Health Care for Migrants and the EPA Guidance on Mental Health Care for Migrants list a series of recommendations for policy makers, service providers and clinicians; these are aimed at improving mental health care for immigrants. The authors of this paper would like to underline these recommendations and, focusing on cultural competency and training, believe that they will be of positive value.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hod Moshe , Hadar Eran , Cabero‐Roura Luis 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe morbidity and mortality rates related to diabetes are constantly rising, as well as those for other noncommunicable diseases. The epidemic is spreading throughout the world, in both low‐ and high‐resource countries. Prevention is a key aspect in the battle against the disease and obstetricians play a critical role in the fight. Prevention starts in utero—for the diabetic mother, her infant, and future generations. The postpartum period should not be neglected because it provides another window of opportunity to address prevention. Data on the prevention of type 2 diabetes among women diagnosed with gestational diabetes are discussed.
Strengthening accountability to end preventable maternal deaths
Authors: Mathai Matthews , Dilip Thandassery R. , Jawad Issrah , Yoshida Sachiyo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe present paper describes the ongoing efforts to revitalize the accountability of national governments toward preventable maternal deaths. Maternal death reviews are included in the national health policies of the majority of countries contributing 95% of global maternal deaths. However in actual practice, the extent of implementation and follow‐up of recommended actions on lessons learnt from maternal death reviews is inadequate. This paper describes and discusses the role of the Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) system in strengthening accountability and ending preventable maternal deaths. MDSR provides a surveillance tool for timely information on where, when, and why maternal deaths occur, builds on maternal death reviews, and includes the missing “response” component for improving quality of care and preventing maternal deaths.
Are safety and operational effectiveness contradictory requirements: The roles of routines and relational coordination
Authors: Pagell Mark , Klassen Robert , Johnston David , Shevchenko Anton , Sharma Sharvani 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe relationship between managing a production system to be safe and managing it to be operationally effective is often described in conflicting terms, creating confusion for research and practice. Some view improving safety as separate and distinct from increasing operational effectiveness; they are contradictory requirements. Others emphasize that safety and effectiveness are complementary, and combine to enhance competitiveness. Recent research proposes that this confusion can be explained by examining the operational and safety routines used in production. Specifically, when an organization chooses to manage safety and operations in a coordinated fashion using a joint management system, safety and operational effectiveness are complementary. Yet, the contradiction between safety and operations can occur when the functions are managed as separate and unequal silos. This research tests this supposition using the theory of relational coordination. The results, based on a combination of survey and archival safety data from 198 manufacturing firms, show that safety and operational outcomes are indirectly related via routines and that plants that manage safety and operations using a joint management system make these priorities complementary and do not create trade‐offs between safety and operational performance.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats
Authors: Mukker Jatinder Kaur , Singh Ravi Shankar Prasad , Muir Alister D. , Krol Ed S. , Alcorn Jane 
Published: February 2015

Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed. Data on their bioavailability and hence pharmacokinetics (PK) are necessary to better understand their role in putative health benefits. In the present study, we conducted a comparative PK analysis of the principal lignan of flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), and its primary metabolites, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in rats. Purified lignans were intravenously or orally administered to each male Wistar rat. SDG and its primary metabolites SECO, ED and EL were administered orally at doses of 40, 40, 10 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, and intravenously at doses of 20, 20, 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 (pre-dose), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 min, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing, and serum samples were analysed. PK parameters and oral bioavailability of purified lignans were determined by non-compartmental methods. In general, administration of the flaxseed lignans SDG, SECO and ED demonstrated a high systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution and short half-lives, whereas administration of EL at the doses of 1 mg/kg (intravenously) and 10 mg/kg (orally administered) killed the rats within a few hours of dosing, precluding a PK analysis of this lignan. PK parameters of flaxseed lignans exhibited the following order: systemic clearance, SDG < SECO < ED; volume of distribution, SDG < SECO < ED; half-life, SDG < ED < SECO. The percentage of oral bioavailability was 0, 25 and < 1 % for SDG, SECO and ED, respectively.
Rumen development process in goats as affected by supplemental feeding v. grazing: age-related anatomic development, functional achievement and microbial colonisation
Authors: Jiao Jinzhen , Li Xiaopeng , Beauchemin Karen A. , Tan Zhiliang , Tang Shaoxun , Zhou Chuanshe 
Published: February 2015

The aim of the present study was to describe age-related changes in anatomic, functional and microbial variables during the rumen development process, as affected by the feeding system (supplemental feeding v. grazing), in goats. Goats were slaughtered at seven time points that were selected to reflect the non-rumination (0, 7 and 14 d), transition (28 and 42 d) and rumination (56 and 70 d) phases of rumen development. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration (P= 0·002), liquid-associated bacterial and archaeal copy numbers (P< 0·01) were greater for supplemental feeding v. grazing, while rumen pH (P< 0·001), acetate molar proportion (P= 0·003) and solid-associated microbial copy numbers (P< 0·05) were less. Rumen papillae length (P= 0·097) and extracellular (P= 0·093) and total (P= 0·073) protease activity potentials in supplemented goats tended to be greater than those in grazing goats. Furthermore, from 0 to 70 d, irrespective of the feeding system, rumen weight, rumen wall thickness, rumen papillae length and area, TVFA concentration, xylanase, carboxymethylcellulase activity potentials, and microbial copy numbers increased (P< 0·01) with age, while the greatest amylase and protease activity potentials occurred at 28 d. Most anatomic and functional variables evolved progressively from 14 to 42 d, while microbial colonisation was fastest from birth to 28 d. These outcomes suggest that the supplemental feeding system is more effective in promoting rumen development than the grazing system; in addition, for both the feeding systems, microbial colonisation in the rumen is achieved at 1 month, functional achievement at 2 months, and anatomic development after 2 months.
Hot Baths and Cold Minds
Authors: HARRIS JOHN , LAWRENCE DAVID R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract:The idea—the possibility—of reading the mind, from the outside or indeed even from the inside, has exercised humanity from the earliest times. If we could read other minds both prospectively, to discern intentions and plans, and retrospectively, to discover what had been “on” those minds when various events had occurred, the implications for morality and for law and social policy would be immense. Recent advances in neuroscience have offered some, probably remote, prospects of improved access to the mind, but a different branch of technology seems to offer the most promising and the most daunting prospect for both mind reading and mind misreading. You can’t have the possibility of the one without the possibility of the other. This article tells some of this story.
Get to the Point!
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA 
Published: February 2015

Abstract:This article argues that practicality is currently overemphasized in philosophical contributions to bioethics. The inclinations to aim at relevance, to ground normativity on common morality, and to involve many academic disciplines in ethical discussions is understandable, but they are all poorly founded. When answers to difficult questions are already known at the outset, these endeavors can help decisionmakers in gaining the acceptance of the general public. Wider theoretical analyses, in which philosophers could excel, however, tend to be lost in these practical enterprises.
Philosophical Feminist Bioethics
Authors: MARWAY HERJEET , WIDDOWS HEATHER 
Published: February 2015

Abstract:The end of the last century was a particularly vibrant period for feminist bioethics. Almost two decades on, we reflect on the legacy of the feminist critique of bioethics and investigate the extent to which it has been successful and what requires more attention yet. We do this by examining the past, present, and future: we draw out three feminist concerns that emerged in this period—abstraction, individualism, and power—and consider three feminist responses—relationality, particularity, and justice—and we finish with some thoughts about the future.