bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality in hospitalized chronic kidney disease patients starting unplanned urgent haemodialysis
Authors: Panocchia Nicola , Tazza Luigi , Di Stasio Enrico , Liberatori Massimo , Vulpio Carlo , Giungi Stefania , Lucani Giovanna , Antocicco Manuela , Bossola Maurizio 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimData on the outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who are hospitalized and start unplanned urgent haemodialysis (HD) are lacking. This prospective, longitudinal, observational study aimed to define the hospital mortality rate and associated factors in CKD patients who start unplanned urgent HD.MethodsBetween January 2003 and December 2009, all patients with CKD who were hospitalized, diagnosed with ESRD and started unplanned urgent haemodialysis at Haemodialysis Service of the Catholic University of Rome, Italy were recruited. Exclusion criteria were: acute renal failure, prior history of dialysis, multiple organ failure, coma, and dementia. Hospital mortality rate was the primary outcome.ResultsThree and hundred sixteen patients were studied: 99 died after 19.5 ± 27.3 days and 217 survived until discharge. Of these, 154 were prescribed chronic HD and 63 restored renal function. Patients who died were significantly older and had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score. The mortality rates were 51.1% in patients with 81–90 years, 37.8% with 71–80 years, 34.1% with 61–70 years and 13.9% with age ≤60 years. Logistic regression analysis showed that age only was an independent risk factor for all‐cause mortality.ConclusionsIn CKD patients who need hospitalization and start unplanned urgent haemodialysis the mortality is very high and significantly related to age.
Back to the beginning: Perceptions of older Singaporean couples living alone
Authors: Soon Guo Yu (Samuel) , Tan Khoon Kiat , Wang Wenru , Lopez Violeta 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSingapore has an aging population that is projected to increase by 32% in 2100. The majority of older couples live alone. “Aging in Place” is an initiative that is widely promoted by the government, in which older people are supported to live in their own homes. In this qualitative study, we explored the perceptions of older people living with their spouse in Singapore. Fifteen community‐dwelling older participants were interviewed. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis: (i) maintaining health and mobility; (2) maintaining relationships with spouse; (iii) maintaining relationship with others; and (iv) living the last leg of the race. The older people living on their own were generally content about maintaining their interdependence and complementary roles. Insights gathered from this study have relevance to implementation of the Aging‐in‐Place policy to ensure that older people receive the support they need to maintain their physical and psychosocial well‐being while living on their own.
The Accuracy and Rationality of Imprecise Credences
Authors: Schoenfield Miriam 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIt has been claimed that, in response to certain kinds of evidence (“incomplete” or “non‐specific” evidence), agents ought to adopt imprecise credences: doxastic states that are represented by sets of credence functions rather than single ones. In this paper I argue that, given some plausible constraints on accuracy measures, accuracy‐centered epistemologists must reject the requirement to adopt imprecise credences. I then show that even the claim that imprecise credences are permitted is problematic for accuracy‐centered epistemology. It follows that if imprecise credal states are permitted or required in the cases that their defenders appeal to, then the requirements of rationality can outstrip what would be warranted by an interest in accuracy.
Comparative genomics, proteomics and transcriptomics give new insight into the exoproteome of the basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum and its involvement in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Doré Jeanne , Perraud Marie , Dieryckx Cindy , Kohler Annegret , Morin Emmanuelle , Henrissat Bernard , Lindquist Erika , Zimmermann Sabine D. , Girard Vincent , Kuo Alan , Grigoriev Igor V. , Martin Francis , Marmeisse Roland , Gay Gilles 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Extracellular proteins play crucial roles in the interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and their environment. Computational prediction and experimental detection allowed identification of 869 proteins constituting the exoproteome of Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Small secreted proteins (SSPs) and carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZymes) were the two major classes of extracellular proteins.

Twenty‐eight per cent of the SSPs were secreted by free‐living mycelia and five of the 10 most abundant extracellular proteins were SSPs. By contrast, 63–75% of enzymes involved in nutrient acquisition were secreted.

A total of 150 extracellular protein‐coding genes were differentially expressed between mycorrhizas and free‐living mycelia. SSPs were the most affected. External environmental conditions also affected expression of 199 exoproteome genes in mycorrhizas. SSPs displayed different patterns of regulation in response to presence of a host plant or other environmental signals. Several of the genes most overexpressed in the presence of organic matter encoded oxidoreductases.

Hebeloma cylindrosporum has not fully lost its ancestral saprotrophic capacities but rather adapted them not to harm its hosts and to use soil organic nitrogen. The complex and divergent patterns of regulation of SSPs in response to a symbiotic partner and/or organic matter suggest various roles in the biology of mycorrhizal fungi.
Lines of Landscape Organization: Skovbjerg Moraine (Denmark) in the First Millennium BC
Authors: Løvschal Mette 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a comparative landscape perspective on the Late Bronze Age landscape boundaries in southern Britain, obtained from Skovbjerg Moraine, Denmark. Using Delaunay triangulation as well as classic distribution analyses, it demonstrates that some forms of landscape division articulated already established use‐patterns, while others intercepted the central lines of movement and conflicted with previous ways of organizing the landscape. This pattern is interpreted as a new form of large‐scale landholding in which livestock played a dominant role and boundaries were used to confiscate land in the zones bordering suitable pastures. This situation shows obvious parallels with southern Britain centuries earlier. The paper discusses how the study of these physical boundaries provides new insights into the organization of pre‐Roman landscapes, not only demonstrating a continuing engagement with landscape lines, but also pointing to new concurrent and potentially competing social and economic strategies.
The Roman City as Articulated through Terra Sigillata
Authors: Van Oyen Astrid 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDebates on the nature of the Roman city and its relation to the countryside have recently moved towards questioning the validity of the very category of ‘the city’, both analytically and in terms of past reality. While archaeology has long been mobilized within these debates, this paper argues for the unexplored potential of a range of specialist pockets of qualitative knowledge about specific artefact classes. Terra sigillata, the red‐gloss imperial tableware, is a case in point. By adopting a bird's eye view of sigillata production, distribution and consumption across a geographical and chronological range, this paper develops a new metaphor for the role of Roman cities: as switching devices in the building of networks. By describing the role of cities in structural rather than categorical terms, this metaphor allows for contingency and for the integration of different analytical and interpretive scales.
Serotype b of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans increases osteoclast and memory T‐lymphocyte activation
Authors: Melgar‐Rodríguez S. , Díaz‐Zúñiga J. , Alvarez C. , Rojas L. , Monasterio G. , Carvajal P. , Escobar A. , Sanz M. , Vernal R. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDuring periodontitis, alveolar bone resorption is associated with activation of T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) ‐induced osteoclasts. We previously reported that serotype b of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has a higher capacity to trigger Th17‐type differentiation and function in activated T lymphocytes and its lipopolysaccharide is a more potent immunogen compared with the other serotypes. This study aimed to investigate whether serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans induces higher Th17‐associated RANKL production, RANKL‐induced osteoclast activation, and antigen‐specific memory T lymphocyte proliferation. On naive CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated with autologous dendritic cells primed with different A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, RANKL production, T‐bet, GATA‐3, RORC2 and Foxp3 expression, RORC2/RANKL intracellular double‐expression, TRAP+ osteoclast activation, and bone resorption were quantified. The frequency of proliferating memory T lymphocytes in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes was determined in periodontitis and healthy subjects. Naive CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated by serotype b‐primed dendritic cells elicited higher levels of RANKL, RORC2, TRAP+ osteoclasts, and bone resorption than the same cells stimulated with the other serotypes. RANKL positively correlated and co‐expressed with RORC2. Memory T lymphocytes responding to serotype b were more frequently detected in periodontitis patients than healthy subjects. These results indicate that serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans is associated with higher production of RANKL and these increased levels are associated with Th17 lymphocyte induction, osteoclast activation, and bone resorption.
Pathogenic potential of Tannerella forsythia enolase
Authors: Lee J‐Y. , Jung Y‐J. , Jun H‐K. , Choi B‐K. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAlthough enolases are cytosolic enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway, they can also be secreted or expressed on the surface of a variety of eukaryotic cells and bacteria. Surface‐exposed enolases of eukaryotes and bacteria can function as plasminogen receptors. Furthermore, antibodies raised against bacterial enolases can react with host enolases, suggesting molecular mimicry between bacterial and host enzymes. In this study, we analyzed an enolase of the major periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia, which is either secreted or present on the cell surface, via matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence, respectively. The T. forsythia enolase retained the enzymatic activity converting 2‐phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and showed plasminogen binding and activating ability, which resulted in the degradation of fibronectin secreted from human gingival fibroblasts. In addition, it induced proinflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐a) in the human THP‐1 monocytic cell line. Taken together, our results demonstrate that T. forsythia enolase plays a role in pathogenesis in the host by plasminogen activation and proinflammatory cytokine induction, which has the potential to exaggerate inflammation in periodontitis.
Activation of inflammasomes in dendritic cells and macrophages by Mycoplasma salivarium
Authors: Sugiyama M. , Saeki A. , Hasebe A. , Kamesaki R. , Yoshida Y. , Kitagawa Y. , Suzuki T. , Shibata K. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryInterleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. It is produced after the processing of pro‐IL‐1β by caspase‐1, which is activated by the inflammasome‐a multiprotein complex comprising nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat‐containing receptor (NLR), the adaptor protein apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase‐recruitment domain (ASC), and procaspase‐1. Mycoplasma salivarium preferentially inhabits the gingival sulcus and the incidence and number of organisms in the oral cavity increase significantly with the progression of periodontal disease. To initially clarify the association of this organism with periodontal diseases, this study determined whether it induces IL‐1β production by innate immune cells such as dendritic cells or macrophages by using Mycoplasma pneumoniae as a positive control. Both live and heat‐killed M. salivarium and M. pneumoniae cells induced IL‐1β production by XS106 murine dendritic cells as well as pyroptosis. The activities were significantly downregulated by silencing of caspase‐1. Bone‐marrow‐derived macrophage (BMMs) from wild‐type and NLR‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3)‐, ASC‐, and caspase‐1‐deficient mice were examined for IL‐1β production in response to these mycoplasmas. Live M. salivarium and M. pneumoniae cells almost completely lost the ability to induce IL‐1β production by BMMs from ASC‐ and caspase‐1–deficient mice. Their activities toward BMMs from NLRP3‐deficient mice were significantly but not completely attenuated. These results suggest that live M. salivarium and M. pneumoniae cells can activate several types of inflammasomes including the NLRP3 inflammasome. Both M. salivarium and M. pneumoniae cells can activate THP‐1 human monocytic cells to induce IL‐1β production. Hence, the present finding that M. salivarium induces IL‐1β production by dendritic cells and macrophages may suggest the association of this organism with periodontal diseases.
Clinical Outcomes of Cardiac Resynchronization with Epicardial Left Ventricular Lead
Authors: CHEN LU , FU HAIXIA , PRETORIUS VICTOR G. , YANG DACHUN , WISTE HEATHER J. , YUAN HONGTAO , FELD GREGORY K. , CHA YONG‐MEI , BIRGERSDOTTER‐GREEN ULRIKA M. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundLeft ventricular (LV) pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can be achieved via a transvenous or epicardial route. A surgically implanted epicardial LV (eLV) lead is used after a standard transvenous LV (tLV) lead implantation has failed. However, studies of clinical outcomes in patients with eLV leads and comparisons of outcome between tLV and eLV‐CRT are sparse. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare clinical response between tLV‐CRT and eLV‐CRT, as well as to understand the differences within the eLV‐CRT population.MethodsForty‐four patients received eLV‐CRT following unsuccessful attempts of tLV‐CRT implantation between 2002 and 2013 at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Mayo Clinics. These patients were matched for age, gender, and etiology of cardiomyopathy in a 1:2 ratio with a cohort of patients who received tLV‐CRT during the same time period.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up of 57 months, similar clinical outcomes and survival rate were noted between tLV and eLV‐CRT patients (all P > 0.05). Within the eLV‐CRT group, dilated cardiomyopathy patients had significant improvement in New York Heart Association class and ejection fraction (both P < 0.05), while ischemic cardiomyopathy patients did not (both P > 0.05). eLV‐CRT patients with nonanterior lead location had significantly improved survival (P < 0.001). There was also a trend for improved survival in those with nonapical lead location (P = 0.09).ConclusionIn this case‐matched two‐centered study, comparable improvements were noted in patients with tLV‐CRT and eLV‐CRT. Operators should target nonanterior and nonapical locations during eLV‐CRT implantation. Use of eLV‐CRT should be considered a viable alternative for CRT candidates.
Long‐Term Effects of Atrial Ganglionated Plexi Ablation on Function and Structure of Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node in Canine
Authors: ZHANG MING , WANG XIMIN , XIE XINXING , WANG ZHONGSU , LIU XIAOYAN , GUAN JUAN , WANG WEIZONG , LI ZHAN , WANG JIANGRONG , GAO MEI , HOU YINGLONG 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundLong‐term effects of ganglionated plexi (GP) ablation on sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) remain unclear. This study is to investigate the long‐term effects of ablation of cardiac anterior right GP (ARGP) and inferior right GP (IRGP) on function and structure of SAN and AVN in canine.MethodsThirty‐two dogs were randomly divided into an operated group (n = 24) and sham‐operated group (n = 8). ARGP and IRGP were ablated in operated group which was randomly divided into three subgroups according to the period of evaluation after operation (1 month, 6 months, 12 months). The functional and histological characteristics of SAN and AVN, as well as the expression of connexin (Cx) 43 and Cx 45 in SAN and AVN, were evaluated before and after ablation.ResultsResting heart rate was increased and AVN effective refractory period was prolonged and sinus node recovery time (SNRT) and corrected SNRT were shortened immediately after ablation. These changes were reverted to preablation level after 1 month. At 1 month, ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation was slowed, atria‐His intervals were prolonged, and Cx43 and Cx45 expression in SAN and AVN were downregulated. At 6 months, all changes were reverted to preablation level. The histological characteristics of SAN and AVN did not change.ConclusionAblation of ARGP and IRGP has short‐term effects on function and structure of SAN and AVN rather than long‐term effects, which suggests that ablation of ARGP and IRGP is safe. Atrioventricular conduction dysfunction after ablation may be related to downregulated Cx43 and Cx45 expression in AVN.
Can Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Predict Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure?
Authors: XU ZHOUTAO , ZHANG HANG , PAN CHANG , ZHANG JUAN , HU ZUOYING 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTo evaluate if pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) calculated by echocardiography can be a novel criterion to predict the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).MethodsForty‐five patients with heart failure who underwent CRT were retrospectively analyzed. Based on CRT response, which was defined by a decrease of left ventricular end‐systolic volume by at least 15% after 6 months, the patients were assigned to the responder or nonresponder groups. The peak tricuspid regurgitant velocity (TRV) and time velocity integral of the right ventricular outflow tract (TVIRVOT) were obtained. The relation between TRV, PVR, and CRT response were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients (60%) were responders and 18 patients (40%) were nonresponders to CRT. At baseline, responders had lower PVR (3.57±1.65 vs 2.32 ± 1.28 wood; P = 0.01), or lower PVR1 (3.26 ± 1.32 vs 1.83 ± 0.79 wood; P = 0.01) compared with nonresponders. Multivariate analysis has shown that PVR and PVR1 were independent factors for CRT response. The optimal cutoff point of PVR to predict nonresponse to CRT was 2.39 wood, with a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.4–88.2). The optimal cutoff point of PVR1 calculated by the other model was 3.55 wood, determined at a sensitivity of 0.72 and a specificity of 0.82 (95%CI: 56.7–90.7). In nonresponders, patients demonstrated higher PVR, TVIA, and TVIRVOT, and decreased TRV.ConclusionsPVR could be used to predict response to CRT after 6 months as a novel criterion, and higher PVR may indicate nonresponse.
Number of Beats in the Transition Zone With Fixed SA Interval during Right Ventricular Overdrive Pacing Determines Accessory Pathway Location in Orthodromic Reentrant Tachycardia
Authors: AKERSTRÖM FINN , PACHÓN MARTA , GARCÍA‐FERNÁNDEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER , SALVADOR‐MONTAÑÉS ÓSCAR , JENSEN‐URSTAD MATS , PUCHOL ALBERTO , PEINADO RAFAEL , SALGADO RICARDO , INSULANDER PER , RODRÍGUEZ‐PADIAL LUIS , ARIAS MIGUEL A. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundVentricular overdrive pacing (VOP) produces reset during the transition zone (TZ) of QRS fusion in orthodromic reentrant tachycardia (ORT) and after the TZ in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and this represents a simple diagnostic maneuver to differentiate the two tachycardia mechanisms.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the number of beats with reset in the TZ predicts accessory pathway (AP) location in ORT.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 57 patients with ORT (21 left‐sided AP, 20 septal AP, and 16 right‐sided AP) and 20 patients with AVNRT (19 typical AVNRT and one atypical AVNRT) who underwent VOP from the right ventricular apex. We analyzed the number of beats with reset during or after the TZ, demonstrated by fixed ventricular stimulus‐atrial (SA) interval during VOP.ResultsThe overall mean tachycardia cycle length [CL] minus VOP CL was 22.6 ± 7.5 ms with no statistical difference between the groups (P = 0.480). The mean number of beats in the TZ with fixed SA interval was 2.5 ± 1.4 for the whole ORT group, 1.1 ± 0.4 for left‐sided AP (range 1–2), 2.8 ± 0.9 for septal AP (range 1–5), and 4.0 ± 0.9 for right‐sided AP (range 3–6) (P < 0.001). Using a cutoff >2 beats distinguished right‐ versus left‐sided AP in all cases.ConclusionAssessing the number of beats in the TZ with fixed SA interval during VOP helps to determine AP location in ORT and adds valuable information to an established simple diagnostic pacing maneuver, especially when a two‐catheter simplified approach is employed.
Endoskeletal structure inCheirolepis(Osteichthyes,Actinopterygii), An early ray‐finned fish
Authors: Giles Sam , Coates Michael I. , Garwood Russell J. , Brazeau Martin D. , Atwood Robert , Johanson Zerina , Friedman Matt 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAs the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, theMiddle toLateDevonian (Eifelian–Frasnian)Cheirolepisoccupies a pivotal position in vertebrate phylogeny. Although the dermal skeleton of this taxon has been exhaustively described, very little of its endoskeleton is known, leaving questions of neurocranial and fin evolution in early ray‐finned fishes unresolved. The model for early actinopterygian anatomy has instead been based largely on theLateDevonian (Frasnian)Mimipiscis, preserved in stunning detail from theGogoFormation ofAustralia. Here, we present re‐examinations of existing museum specimens through the use of high‐resolution laboratory‐ and synchrotron‐based computed tomography scanning, revealing new details of the neuro‐cranium, hyomandibula and pectoral fin endoskeleton for theEifelianCheirolepis trailli. These new data highlight traits considered uncharacteristic of early actinopterygians, including an uninvested dorsal aorta and imperforate propterygium, and corroborate the early divergence ofCheirolepiswithin actinopterygian phylogeny. These traits represent conspicuous differences between the endoskeletal structure ofCheirolepisandMimipiscis. Additionally, we describe new aspects of the parasphenoid, vomer and scales, most notably that the scales display peg‐and‐socket articulation and a distinct neck. Collectively, these new data help clarify primitive conditions within ray‐finned fishes, which in turn have important implications for understanding features likely present in the last common ancestor of living osteichthyans.
Truthmaking and Fundamentality
Authors: Fisher A. R. J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractI apply the notion of truthmaking to the topic of fundamentality by articulating a truthmaker theory of fundamentality according to which some truths are truth‐grounded in certain entities while the ones that don't stand in a metaphysical‐semantic relation to the truths that do. I motivate this view by critically discussing two problems with Ross Cameron's truthmaker theory of fundamentality. I then defend this view against Theodore Sider's objection that the truthmaking approach to fundamentality violates thepurity constraint. Truthmaker theorists can have a trouble‐free theory of fundamentality.