bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic efficacy of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer tyrosine kinase agonists in collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: van den Brand B. T. , Abdollahi‐Roodsaz S. , Vermeij E. A. , Bennink M. B. , Arntz O. J. , Rothlin C. V. , van den Berg W. B. , van de Loo F. A. J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveHyperactivation of innate immunity by Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) can contribute to the development of autoinflammatory or autoimmune diseases. This study evaluated the activation of Tyro3, Axl, Mer (TAM) receptors, physiologic negative regulators of TLRs, by their agonists, growth arrest–specific protein 6 (GAS‐6) and protein S, in the prevention of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).MethodsAdenoviruses overexpressing GAS‐6 and protein S were injected intravenously or intraarticularly into mice during CIA. Splenic T helper cell subsets from intravenously injected mice were studied by flow cytometry, and the knee joints of mice injected intravenously and intraarticularly were assessed histologically. Synovium from mice injected intraarticularly was evaluated for cytokine and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) expression.ResultsProtein S significantly reduced ankle joint swelling when overexpressed systemically. Further analysis of knee joints revealed a moderate reduction in pathologic changes in the joint and a significant reduction in the number of splenic Th1 cells when protein S was overexpressed systemically. Local overexpression of GAS‐6 decreased joint inflammation and joint pathology. Protein S treatment showed a similar trend of protection. Consistently, GAS‐6 and protein S reduced cytokine production in the synovium. Moreover, levels of messenger RNA for interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and IL‐23 were reduced by GAS‐6 and protein S treatment, with a corresponding decrease in the production of interferon‐γ and IL‐17. TAM ligand overexpression was associated with an increase in SOCS‐3 levels, which likely contributed to the amelioration of arthritis.ConclusionThis study provides the first evidence that TAM receptor stimulation by GAS‐6 and protein S can be used to ameliorate arthritis when applied systemically or locally. TAM receptor stimulation limits proinflammatory signaling and adaptive immunity. This pathway provides a novel strategy by which to combat rheumatoid arthritis.
Füttern und gefüttert werden. Versorgungskreisläufe und Nahrungsregimes im Königlich Preußischen Institut für experimentelle Therapie, ca. 1900 bis 1910
Authors: Hüntelmann Axel C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFeeding and Being Fed. Supply Cycles and Nutrition Regimes at the Royal Prussian Institute for Experimental Therapy, 1900 to 1910.The article explores the everyday life and especially the feeding practices in the laboratories of the Institute for Experimental Therapy and the Georg Speyer House in Frankfurt, Germany, in the decade after 1900. The text focuses on the experimental animals and their entangled relationship to humans in the two institutes where life‐scientists tested the therapeutic effect of chemicals and dyestuffs on pathogens and tumors. For this purpose countless animal experiments were conducted in the fields of chemotherapy and cancer research. The article focuses on the importance of animal feeding and feeding practices in the experimental processes and serum testing procedures. The behaviour of the animals, their health status, their appetite and weight were constantly monitored and deemed fundamental to the outcome of the experiment. Animal feeding was therefore an important factor within the epistemological process of knowledge production. Animal feeding was both orientated towards the needs of the experiments and governed by economic needs. Within their economic (life) cycles, the ontological status of the animals changed: they became vectors of pathogens and information, economic resources, objects of exchange, living resources and life stock for ongoing experiments, patients, and sometimes even food for other animals. Overall, feeding experimental animals played an important role in the research process.
Wissens‐Hunger im Stall: Die Entstehung von Knochen‐Schafen als Versuchstiere in der Unfallchirurgie
Authors: Schlünder Martina 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEpistemic‐Hunger in the Stable: The Genesis of Bone‐Sheep as Experimental Animals in Orthopedic Surgery. The text explores the coming‐into‐being of bone‐sheep as experimental animals in the field of orthopedic surgery from the 1960s onwards. Sheep replaced dogs – mainly for emotional reasons – as test subjects for newly developed implants like plates and screws, which were used for fracture care in humans and in pet animals. Utilizing a praxeographic approach in the framework of material semiotics, the history of bone‐sheep is examined more closely in order to explore how different sheep ontologies (e.g. bone‐sheep and meat‐sheep) are intertwined. Ontologies are understood as specific modes of existence: a set of simultaneous multiple realities which are coproduced by animals and humans and which do not align into a single coherent reality. Materiality is not understood as pre‐given but rather as an effect of practices of relating, connecting and cutting – thus producing – heterogeneities like bone‐sheep. Those practices can be understood as a form of ’ontological politics', which describes the interactions between different ontological realities. By paying specific attention to the phenomenon of hunger and practices of feeding, the text examines the ontological politics of synchronization between the epistemic hunger – the data‐collection or scientific hunger of the researchers – and the ontological hunger of the sheep themselves, which can be seen as crucial in the materialization of bone‐sheep.
Cakes und Candies – Zur Geschichte der Ernährung von Versuchstieren
Authors: Schlünder Martina , Reiß Christian , Hüntelmann Axel C. , Bauer Susanne 
Published: November 2012

AbstractCakes and Candies: Historicizing the Feeding Practices of Experimental Animals. This special issue explores the history of experimental animals by studying the history of their feeding practices and nutritional regimes. Revisiting the literature of current historiographies of animals and drawing on new integrative approaches in the history of science, science and technology studies, and food history, we outline how historical ontologies and a praxeological approach in material semiotics can address the lack of research on experimental animals without reproducing the all too familiar nature/culture and subject/object binaries.
Kommentar: Verteilte Handlungsmacht im Experiment – Von der Epistemologie zu multiplen Ontologien
Authors: Bauer Susanne 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDistributed Agency in Experimental Practice: Moving from Epistemology to Multiple Ontologies (Commentary). Food and feeding practices are hybrids that cut across nature/culture divides. Approaches of material semiotics and multiple ontologies offer new tools to move beyond nature/culture binaries and to historicize everyday experimental practices. Exploring distributed agency in feeding practices of experimental animals brings to the fore the hybrid epistemologies, metabolic relations, and multiple synchronizations at work in everyday research practices.
Efficient BiVO4 Thin Film Photoanodes Modified with Cobalt Phosphate Catalyst and W‐doping
Authors: Abdi Fatwa F. , Firet Nienke , van de Krol Roel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBismuth vanadate (BiVO4) thin film photoanodes for light‐induced water oxidation are deposited by a low‐cost and scalable spray pyrolysis method. The resulting films are of high quality, as indicated by an internal quantum efficiency close to 100 % between 360 and 450 nm. However, its performance under AM1.5 illumination is limited by slow water oxidation kinetics. This can be addressed by using cobalt phosphate (Co‐Pi) as a water oxidation co‐catalyst. Electrodeposition of 30 nm Co‐Pi catalyst on the surface of BiVO4 increases the water oxidation efficiency from ≈30 % to more than 90 % at potentials higher than 1.2 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Once the surface catalysis limitation is removed, the performance of the photoanode is limited by low charge separation efficiency; more than 60 % of the electron‐hole pairs recombine before reaching the respective interfaces. Slow electron transport is shown to be the main cause of this low efficiency. We show that this can be remedied by introducing W as a donor type dopant in BiVO4, resulting in an AM1.5 photocurrent of ≈2.3 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE for 1 % W‐doped Co‐Pi‐catalyzed BiVO4.
Carbon‐Supported Gold Nanocatalysts: Shape Effect in the Selective Glycerol Oxidation
Authors: Wang Di , Villa Alberto , Su Dangsheng , Prati Laura , Schlögl Robert 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGold nanoparticles were supported on two types of carbon nanofibres with different degree of graphitisation. The investigation of these materials with an aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscope showed that the degree of the surface graphitisation strongly influences the structures of the supported gold particles. The more ordered graphitic layers of the carbon nanofibre surface led to Au particles more preferred to immobilise on their {1 1 1} plane, exhibiting more facet area. In contrast, disordered carbon nanofibre surfaces led to random orientation of supported particles. The different shape of similarly sized Au nanoparticles allowed determining the effect of support surface structures on the selectivity of the catalyst in the liquid‐phase oxidation of glycerol, highlighting the higher C3 product selectivity on the {1 1 1} surface. Based on these results, we could also gain new insight in the effect of Au nanoparticle size on the selectivity in the liquid‐phase oxidation of glycerol, that is, larger particles were more selective toward C3 products than the smaller ones.
Facile Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Ultralong Monodisperse ZnSe Quantum Wires with the Assistance of Ag2S
Authors: Huang Zhipeng , Pan Lei , Zhong Peng , Li Maoying , Tian Feng , Zhang Chi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA facile method for the low‐cost and large‐scale production of ultralong Ag2S (or Ag2Se)ZnSe quantum wires has been developed. ZnSe quantum wires (diameter≈4 nm) with high uniformity in their crystal structure and diameter can be synthesized by using a catalyst‐assisted growth approach with Ag2S nanoparticles as a catalyst. The influence of the growth temperature, time, and type of catalytic particle on the morphology of the ZnSe quantum wires was systematically explored. Besides Ag2S, Ag2Se nanoparticles can also be adopted as the catalyst for the growth of ZnSe wires. This method can also be applied to the fabrication of uniform CdSe nanorods. This method is convenient for the controllable fabrication of metal selenides and is of importance for exploring fundamental nanoscale semiconductor physics, as well as for affording technological devices with optimized characteristics.
Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrisation as a Tool for the Synthesis of Hodgkinsine and Hodgkinsine B
Authors: Snell Robert H. , Durbin Matthew J. , Woodward Robert L. , Willis Michael C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTwo palladium‐catalysed amination protocols are deployed in the desymmetrisation of the complex dimeric alkaloid meso‐chimonanthine. The power of these transformations is showcased in an efficient formal and total synthesis of the natural products hodgkinsine and hodgkinsine B, respectively.
Matrix Infrared Spectroscopy and Quantum‐Chemical Calculations for the Coinage‐Metal Fluorides: Comparisons of ArAuF, NeAuF, and Molecules MF2 and MF3
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester , Brosi Felix , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe reactions of laser‐ablated Au, Ag, and Cu atoms with F2 in excess argon and neon gave new absorptions in the MF stretching region of their IR spectra, which were assigned to metal‐fluoride species. For gold, a NgAuF bond was identified in mixed neon/argon samples. However, this bonding was much weaker with AgF and CuF. Molecules MF2 and MF3 (M=Au, Ag, Cu) were identified from the isotopic distribution of the Cu and Ag atoms, comparison of the frequencies for three metal fluorides, and theoretical frequency calculations. The AuF5 molecule was characterized by its strongest stretching mode and theoretical frequency calculations. Additional evidence was observed for the formation of the Au2F6 molecule.
Magnetic Helical Micromachines
Authors: Peyer Kathrin E. , Tottori Soichiro , Qiu Famin , Zhang Li , Nelson Bradley J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHelical microrobots have the potential to be used in a variety of application areas, such as in medical procedures, cell biology, or lab‐on‐a‐chip. They are powered and steered wirelessly using low‐strength rotating magnetic fields. The helical shape of the device allows propulsion through numerous types of materials and fluids, from tissue to different types of bodily fluids. Helical propulsion is suitable for pipe flow conditions or for 3D swimming in open fluidic environments.
A Highly Efficient, Clean‐Surface, Porous Platinum Electrocatalyst and the Inhibition Effect of Surfactants on Catalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Shaozhen , Kuai Long , Huang Yucheng , Yu Xue , Liu Yadong , Li Wenzheng , Chen Lu , Geng Baoyou 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHerein we report a gentle seedless and surfactant‐free method for the preparation of clean‐surface porous platinum nanoparticles. In terms of electrocatalytic CH3OH oxidation, the clean‐surface porous platinum exhibited better performance than platinum nanoparticles and a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The porous nanostructures exhibited 2.26‐fold higher mass activity and 2.8‐fold greater specific activity than the Pt/C catalyst. More importantly, three typical surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/chloride (CTAB/C), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and sodium dodecyl sulfate, were chosen to study the inhibition effect of surfactants on electrocatalytic performance. It was observed that the surfactants led to a clear selective decrease in electrocatalytic performance. CTAB/C inhibited the catalytic activity the most due to the stronger interaction between the OH‐enriched platinum surface and the positively charged molecules. Thus, this work indicates that these clean‐surface porous platinum nanoparticles may be used as efficient catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells and provides a greater understanding of the inhibition effects of surfactants on catalytic activity.
Study of gas–solids flow in a short CFB riser by statistical and chaotic deterministic analysis of optical fibre probe signals
Authors: de Castilho Guilherme José , Cremasco Marco Aurélio 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this work, a short CFB riser with a height of 2.42 m and an ID of 82 mm was operated under different dilute operating conditions to study the fluid dynamics of FCC catalyst particles (dp = 80 µm, ρp = 902 kg/m3) in air. The electrical signals from the optical fibre probe were sampled at a frequency of 1000 Hz for a period of 30 s and were obtained at different positions along the radius and height of the riser. Data were analysed using both statistical methods (time average, standard deviation and frequency distribution) and chaos methods (construction of attractors; correlation dimension, DML; and Kolmogorov entropy, KML). Some results on solids holdup deduced from the electrical signal are also presented for the developed zone of the riser. It was verified that for very dilute conditions, increasing gas velocity produces more complex and less predictable fluctuations in solids concentration, while increasing solids flux generally reduces complexity and increases predictability. However, results for the most dilute condition used shows that for the radial position where solids holdup is higher (near the wall), the increase in solids concentration does not affect the mean free path of the particles, resulting in higher values of DML than in the dilute region (core). © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
The Electrochemical Properties of Nanocomposite Films Obtained by Chemical In Situ Polymerization of Aniline and Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Plonska‐Brzezinska Marta E. , Breczko Joanna , Palys Barbara , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: November 2012

AbstractInteractions between the π bonds in the aromatic rings of polyaniline (PANI) with carbon nanostructures (CNs) facilitate charge transfer between the two components. Different types of phenyleneamine‐terminated CNs, including carbon nano‐onions (CNOs) and single‐walled and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs and MWNTs, respectively), were prepared as templates, and the CN/PANI nanocomposites were easily prepared with uniform core–shell structures. By varying the ratio of the aniline monomers relative to the CNs in the in situ chemical polymerization process, the thickness of the PANI layers was effectively controlled. The morphological and electrical properties of the nanocomposite were determined and compared. The thickness and structure of the PANI films on the CNs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy. TEM and SEM revealed that the composite films consisted of nanoporous networks of CNs coated with polymeric aniline. The electrochemical properties of the composites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These studies showed that the CN/PANI composite films had lower resistance than pure polymeric films of PANI, and the presence of CNs much improved the mechanical stability. The specific electrochemical capacitance of the CNO/PANI composite films was significantly larger than for pure PANI.
Progress in membrane gas–liquid reactors
Authors: Jia Zhiqian 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGas–liquid reactions are crucially important in chemical synthesis and industries. In recent years, membrane gas–liquid reactors have attracted great attentions due to their high selectivity, productivity and efficiency, and easy process control and scale‐up. Membrane gas–liquid reactors can be divided into three categories: dispersive membrane reactor, non‐dispersive membrane reactor and pore flowthrough reactor. The progress in membrane gas–liquid reactors, including features, applications, advantages and limits, is briefly reviewed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrodynamics of a packed bed biofilm reactor (PBBR) for the removal of Hg2+ ion – RTD experiments with biotic and characteristically similar abiotic films and axial dispersion model
Authors: De Riju , Chowdhury Ranjana 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDPacked bed biofilm reactors (PBBR) are gaining interest for the bioremediation of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. The study of both hydrodynamics and microbial growth kinetics are equally important for assessment of the overall bioremediation efficiency of a PBBR.RESULTSHydrodynamics of a Bacillus cereus (JUBT1) based biofilm reactor of diameter 45 mm and length 460 mm undergoing removal of Hg2+ ions up to a conversion efficiency of 90% have been determined using both actual and Ca‐alginate based artificial biofilms. The Peclet numbers obtained using biotic and abiotic biofilms have been determined to be 9.74 and 8.8, respectively. The micrographs of the biofilm with the variation of aging period suggest its stability up to 150 days of operation. A mathematical model has been developed and validated incorporating both the dispersion parameter and microbial growth kinetics.CONCLUSIONThis work demonstrates that in order to carry out hydrodynamic studies of a PBBR, the use of abiotic films rather than biotic films is much more beneficial and time efficient as it does not require strict biochemical precautions. Moreover, using lower inlet concentrations of Hg2+ ions, the exit conversion of the PBBR is found to be maximum. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Seasonal Changes and Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Testis of the Toad Rhinella arenarum
Authors: Regueira Eleonora , Sassone Alina Grisel , Scaia María Florencia , Volonteri María Clara , Ceballos Nora Raquel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeveral studies indicate that wild free‐living vertebrates seasonally regulate plasma glucocorticoids. However, not only glucocorticoids but also the amount of receptors is important in determining biological responses. In this context, seasonal regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is crucial to modulate the response to glucocorticoids. Rhinella arenarum is an anuran exhibiting seasonal variations in plasma glucocorticoids and also in the number of binding sites (Bmax) of the testicular cytosolic GR. In this work, we evaluated if the annual pattern of GR protein in the testis varies seasonally and, by an in vitro approach, the role of glucocorticoids, androgens, and melatonin in the regulation of the GR Bmax and protein level. For this purpose, testes were treated with two physiological concentrations of melatonin (40 and 200 pg/ml), with or without luzindole (melatonin‐receptor antagonist); with testosterone, cyanoketone (inhibitor of steroidogenesis) or casodex (androgen‐receptor antagonist); or with dexamethasone or RU486 (GR antagonist). After treatments, Bmax and protein level were determined by the binding of [3H]dexamethasone and Western blot, respectively. Results showed that GR protein decreases in the winter. The in vitro treatment with melatonin produced a biphasic effect on the Bmax with the lowest concentration decreasing this parameter by a receptor‐mediated mechanism. However, melatonin had no effect on the GR protein level. Conversely, a high concentration of dexamethasone up‐regulated the GR protein and androgens neither changed the Bmax nor the protein level. These findings suggest that seasonal changes in plasma melatonin and glucocorticoids modulate the effect of glucocorticoids in the testis of R. arenarum. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:39–52, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transient hypoxia improves matrix properties in tissue engineered cartilage
Authors: Yodmuang Supansa , Gadjanski Ivana , Chao Pen‐hsiu Grace , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAdult articular cartilage is a hypoxic tissue, with oxygen tension ranging from <10% at the cartilage surface to <1% in the deepest layers. In addition to spatial gradients, cartilage development is also associated with temporal changes in oxygen tension. However, a vast majority of cartilage tissue engineering protocols involves cultivation of chondrocytes or their progenitors under ambient oxygen concentration (21% O2), that is, significantly above physiological levels in either developing or adult cartilage. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that transient hypoxia followed by normoxic conditions results in improved quality of engineered cartilaginous ECM. To this end, we systematically compared the effects of normoxia (21% O2 for 28 days), hypoxia (5% O2 for 28 days) and transient hypoxia—reoxygenation (5% O2 for 7 days and 21% O2 for 21 days) on the matrix composition and expression of the chondrogenic genes in cartilage constructs engineered in vitro. We demonstrated that reoxygenation had the most effect on the expression of cartilaginous genes including COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9 and increased tissue concentrations of amounts of glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen. The equilibrium Young's moduli of tissues grown under transient hypoxia (510.01 ± 28.15 kPa) and under normoxic conditions (417.60 ± 68.46 kPa) were significantly higher than those measured under hypoxic conditions (279.61 ± 20.52 kPa). These data suggest that the cultivation protocols utilizing transient hypoxia with reoxygenation have high potential for efficient cartilage tissue engineering, but need further optimization in order to achieve higher mechanical functionality of engineered constructs. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 544–553, 2013