bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding in England: time trends 2005–2006 to 2012–2013 and inequalities by area profile
Authors: Oakley Laura L. , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Renfrew Mary J. , Quigley Maria A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBreastfeeding rates in England have risen steadily since the 1970s, but rates remain low and little is known about area‐based trends. We report an ecological analysis of time trends in area breastfeeding rates in England using annual data on breastfeeding initiation (2005–2006 to 2012–2013) and any breastfeeding at 6–8 weeks (2008–2009 to 2012–2013) for 151 primary care trusts (PCTs). Overall, breastfeeding initiation rose from 65.5% in 2005–2006 to 72.4% in 2012–2013 (average annual absolute increase 0.9%). There was a statistically significantly higher (interaction P < 0.001) annual increase in initiation in PCTs in the most deprived (1.2%) compared with the least deprived tertile (0.7%), and in PCTs with low baseline breastfeeding initiation (2005–2006; 1.4%) compared with high baseline initiation (0.6%). Similar trends were observed when PCTs were stratified by the proportion of teenage mothers and maternal smoking, but not when stratified by ethnicity. Although breastfeeding prevalence at 6–8 weeks also increased significantly over the observed time period (41.2% in 2008–2009, 43.7% in 2012–2013; annual increase 0.7%), there was no difference in the average increase by deprivation profile, ethnicity, teenage mothers and maternal smoking. However, PCTs with low baseline prevalence in 2008–2009 saw a significantly larger annual increase (0.8%) compared with PCTs with high baseline prevalence (0.07%). In conclusion, breastfeeding initiation and prevalence have seen higher increases in areas with low initial breastfeeding, and for initiation, more disadvantaged areas. Although these results suggest that inequalities in breastfeeding have narrowed, rates have plateaued since 2010–2011. Sustained efforts are needed to address breastfeeding inequalities.
In‐home fortification with 2.5 mg iron as NaFeEDTA does not reduce anaemia but increases weight gain: a randomised controlled trial in Kenyan infants
Authors: Barth‐Jaeggi Tanja , Moretti Diego , Kvalsvig Jane , Holding Penny A. , Njenga Jane , Mwangi Alice , Chhagan Meera K. , Lacroix Christophe , Zimmermann Michael B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn‐home fortification of infants with micronutrient powders (MNPs) containing 12.5 mg iron may increase morbidity from infections; therefore, an efficacious low‐dose iron‐containing MNP might be advantageous. Effects of iron‐containing MNPs on infant growth are unclear. We assessed the efficacy of a low‐iron MNP on iron status and growth and monitored safety in a randomised, controlled, double‐blind 1‐year trial in 6‐month‐old infants (n = 287) consuming daily a maize porridge fortified with either a MNP including 2.5 mg iron as NaFeEDTA (MNP + Fe) or the same MNP without iron (MNP − Fe). At baseline, after 6 and 12 months, we determined haemoglobin (Hb), iron status [serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)], inflammation [C‐reactive protein (CRP)] and anthropometrics. We investigated safety using weekly morbidity questionnaires asking for diarrhoea, cough, flu, bloody or mucus‐containing stool and dyspnoea, and recorded any other illness. Furthermore, feeding history and compliance were assessed weekly. At baseline, 71% of the infants were anaemic and 22% iron deficient; prevalence of inflammation was high (31% had an elevated CRP). Over the 1 year, Hb increased and SF decreased in both groups, without significant treatment effects of the iron fortification. At end point, the weight of infants consuming MNP + Fe was greater than in the MNP − Fe group (9.9 vs. 9.5 kg, P = 0.038). Mothers of infants in the MNP + Fe group reported more infant days spent with cough (P = 0.003) and dyspnoea (P = 0.0002); there were no significant differences on any other of the weekly morbidity measures. In this study, low‐dose iron‐containing MNP did not improve infant's iron status or reduce anaemia prevalence, likely because absorption was inadequate due to the high prevalence of infections and the low‐iron dose.
Characteristics of successful alien plants
Authors: van Kleunen M. , Dawson W. , Maurel N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHerbert Baker arguably initiated the search for species characteristics determining alien plant invasion success, with his formulation of the ‘ideal weed’. Today, a profusion of studies has tested a myriad of traits for their importance in explaining success of alien plants, but the multiple, not always appropriate, approaches used have led to some confusion and criticism. We argue that a greater understanding of the characteristics explaining alien plant success requires a refined approach that respects the multistage, multiscale nature of the invasion process. We present a schema of questions we can ask regarding the success of alien species, with the answering of one question in the schema being conditional on the answer of preceding questions (thus acknowledging the nested nature of invasion stages). For each question, we identify traits and attributes of species we believe are likely to be most important in explaining species success, and we make predictions as to how we expect successful aliens to differ from natives and from unsuccessful aliens in their characteristics. We organize the findings of empirical studies according to the questions in our schema that they have addressed, to assess the extent to which they support our predictions. We believe that research on plant traits of alien species has already told us a lot about why some alien species become successful after introduction. However, if we ask the right questions at the appropriate scale and use appropriate comparators, research on traits may tell us whether they are really important or not, and if so under which conditions.
Hypoxia‐induced localization of chemotaxis‐related signaling proteins in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Hiremath Geetha , Hyakutake Akihiro , Yamamoto Kentaro , Ebisawa Tatsuaki , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Nishiyama So‐ichiro , Homma Michio , Kawagishi Ikuro 
Published: November 2014

SummaryVibrio cholerae has three sets of chemotaxis‐related signaling proteins, of which only System II has been shown to be involved in chemotaxis. Here, we examined localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐fused components of System I. The histidine kinase (CheA1) and the adaptor (CheW0) of System I localized to polar and lateral membrane regions with standing incubation (microaerobic conditions), but their localization was lost after shaking (aerobic conditions). A transmembrane receptor of System I also showed polar and lateral localization with standing incubation. By contrast, GFP‐fused components of System II localized constitutively to the flagellated pole. Nitrogen gas, sodium azide or carbonylcyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone induced localization of CheA1‐GFP even with shaking incubation, suggesting that the localization is controlled in response to changes in energy metabolism. Fluorescently labeled tetracysteine‐tagged CheA1 also showed azide‐induced localization, arguing against artifactual effects of GFP fusions. These results suggest that System I components are assembled into the supramolecular signaling complex in response to reduced cellular energy states, raising the possibility that the System I complex plays a role in sensing and signaling under microaerobic environments, such as in the host intestine.
Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis in Cuba. A minireview
Authors: Illnait‐Zaragozi María T. , Martínez‐Machín Gerardo F. , Fernández‐Andreu Carlos M. , Perurena‐Lancha Mayda R. , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCryptococcosis has emerged as an important public health problem in Africa, Asia and the Americas due to the increasing numbers of persons at risk of this infection and the adaptation of its aetiological agents to new environments. The proper management requires early recognition ofCryptococcus neoformans/C. gattiispecies complex infection, familiarity with the use and limitations of diagnostic tests and knowledge of the available treatment options. This review will address these issues with the goal of providing sufficient information to suspect, diagnose and treat patients with cryptococcosis based on Cuban data and review of the literature.
Extensive grey matter pathology in the cerebellum in multiple sclerosis is linked to inflammation in the subarachnoid space
Authors: Howell Owain W. , Schulz‐Trieglaff Elena Katharina , Carassiti Daniele , Gentleman Steven M. , Nicholas Richard , Roncaroli Federico , Reynolds Richard 
Published: November 2014

AimsMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory neurological disease affecting myelin, neurons and glia. Demyelination and neurodegeneration of cortical grey matter contribute to a more severe disease, and inflammation of the forebrain meninges associates with pathology of the underlying neocortical grey matter, particularly in deep sulci. We assessed the extent of meningeal inflammation of the cerebellum, another structure with a deeply folded anatomy, to better understand the association between subarachnoid inflammation and grey matter pathology in progressive MS.MethodsWe examined demyelinating and neuronal pathology in the context of meningeal inflammation in cerebellar tissue blocks from a cohort of 27 progressive MS cases previously characterized on the basis of the absence/presence of lymphoid‐like aggregates in the forebrain meninges, in comparison with 11 non‐neurological controls.ResultsDemyelination and meningeal inflammation of the cerebellum was greatest in those cases previously characterized as harbouring lymphoid‐like structures in the forebrain regions. Meningeal inflammation was mild to moderate in cerebellar tissue blocks, and no lymphoid‐like structures were seen. Quantification of meningeal macrophages, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells and plasma cells revealed that the density of meningeal macrophages associated with microglial activation in the grey matter, and the extent of grey matter demyelination correlated with the density of macrophages and plasma cells in the overlying meninges, and activated microglia of the parenchyma.ConclusionsThese data suggest that chronic inflammation is widespread throughout the subarachnoid space and contributes to a more severe subpial demyelinating pathology in the cerebellum.
Effect of Diaper Cream and Wet Wipes on Skin Barrier Properties in Infants: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Garcia Bartels Natalie , Lünnemann Lena , Stroux Andrea , Kottner Jan , Serrano José , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe effect of different diaper care procedures on skin barrier function in infants has been minimally investigated and may be assessed using objective methods. In a single‐center, prospective trial, 89 healthy 9‐month‐old infants (±8 wks) were randomly assigned to three diaper care regimens: group I used water‐moistened washcloths at diaper changes (n = 30), group II additionally applied diaper cream twice daily (n = 28), and group III used wet wipes and diaper cream twice daily (n = 31). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration (SCH), skin pH, interleukin 1α (IL‐1α) levels, and microbiologic colonization were measured in diapered skin (upper outer quadrant of the buttocks), nondiapered skin (upper leg), and if diaper dermatitis (DD) occurred, using the most affected skin area at day 1 and weeks 4 and 8. Skin condition was assessed utilizing a neonatal skin condition score and diaper rash grade. On diapered skin, SCH decreased in groups II and III, whereas TEWL values were reduced in group II only. Skin pH increased in groups II and III. In general, SCH, skin pH, and IL‐1α levels were higher in healthy diapered skin than in nondiapered skin. The incidence and course of DD was comparable in all groups. Areas with DD had greater TEWL and skin pH than unaffected skin areas. Infants who received diaper cream had lower SCH and TEWL and higher pH levels in the diapered area than on nondiapered skin. No correlation with the occurrence of DD was found.
Coexistence of Aplasia Cutis and Nevus Psiloliparus—Report of a Novel Case
Authors: Tekin Burak , Yücelten Ayşe Deniz , Akpınar İhsan Nuri , Ekinci Gazanfer 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNevus psiloliparus is a type of mesodermal nevus of the scalp classically seen with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. The close association between nevus psiloliparus and aplasia cutis congenita is called didymosis aplasticopsilolipara. Although typically associated with neurologic, ocular, and skeletal findings, didymosis aplasticopsilolipara can be seen without the context of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis.
Ulcerated Infantile Hemangioma: Novel Treatment with Topical Brimonidine‐Timolol
Authors: Beal Brandon T. , Chu Melinda B. , Siegfried Elaine C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe report a 2‐month‐old boy with a painful ulcerated hemangioma on the lower mucosal lip extending to the vermillion border that caused feeding difficulty. It was successfully treated with topical brimonidine 0.2% and timolol 0.5%, a combination selective α2‐adrenergic agonist and nonselective β‐blocker. After 6 weeks of treatment, the lesion reepithelialized and the patient's symptoms and functional complications resolved. Brimonidine 0.2% timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution is an emerging alternative treatment for hemangiomas, offering the potential to target hemangioma growth through two synergistic mechanisms (β‐inhibition and α2‐agonism) that may be especially effective for ulcerated lesions, the most common complication of infantile hemangiomas.
Utility of the “Magnet Sign” in the Differential Diagnosis of a Firm Papule in the Skin
Authors: Krakowski Andrew C. , Bennett Lauren , Kaifi Samar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA symptomatic retained foreign body can be frustrating to physicians and patients alike. Herein we present a case of a retained metal ball bearing from an air gun injury. This brief communication highlights an innovative “bedside” technique that helped to confirm the diagnosis and allow for immediate and definitive management.
Rituximab Induced Psoriasis in an Infant
Authors: Fiorillo Loretta , Wang Charles , Hemmati Imam 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen present on the surface of mature B cells. It has been widely used in the treatment of many dermatologic and rheumatologic conditions. The onset of psoriasis after rituximab therapy has not been reported in children. We report the first case of psoriasis after rituximab therapy in a 16‐month‐old boy with no other risk factors for developing psoriasis.
Purpuric Eruption in a Transfused Neonate Receiving Phototherapy
Authors: By Charya C. , Owens Alexandra , Wesson Stanton K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe describe the clinical and biochemical findings in a neonate requiring multiple blood transfusions and phototherapy for alloimmune hemolytic anemia and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, respectively. In this newborn, a severe photosensitivity reaction developed and laboratory testing revealed elevated serum and urine porphyrins at the time of the eruption. The cause of the transient porphyrinemia was likely multifactorial. Possible mechanisms include poor hepatic metabolism and reticulocyte hemolysis. However, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear at this time.
Novel Nickel Contact Dermatitis in a Patient Taking Isotretinoin
Authors: Conely John , Polcari Ingrid 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere are many reports about contact dermatitis to nickel and side effects of isotretinoin, but the development of contact dermatitis to a previously tolerated allergen while taking isotretinoin is not well described. We report the case of a 19‐year‐old man who developed a new nickel allergy during isotretinoin treatment. We theorize that thinning of the stratum corneum by this medication allows for greater antigen presentation and thus sensitization to contact allergens.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Associated Mucocutaneous Disease in Children: Dilemmas in Classification
Authors: Prindaville Brea , Newell Brandon D. , Nopper Amy J. , Horii Kimberly A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is controversy regarding precise definitions for Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and erythema multiforme (EM) major because of overlap in clinical presentations. SJS and EM major associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been reported to occur in children, but Mycoplasma is more commonly reported with SJS. We sought to further characterize Mycoplasma‐associated mucocutaneous disease. Through retrospective chart review over 10 years, six children hospitalized with a diagnosis of SJS who also tested positive for Mycoplasma infection were reviewed. Using documented physical examinations and photographs, diagnoses of SJS or EM major were retrospectively made based upon cutaneous lesional morphology employing the classification system proposed by Bastuji‐Garin et al. The majority of patients were boys, with limited acral cutaneous lesions. All patients required prolonged hospitalization because of mucosal involvement and had good short‐term outcomes. When the classification system was retrospectively applied, five of the six patients were reclassified with a diagnosis of EM major instead of SJS. Children with Mycoplasma‐associated EM major and SJS in our small retrospective series appeared to have significant mucosal involvement but more limited cutaneous involvement with lesional morphology, which is more characteristic of EM major.
The quest for indigenous aquafeed ingredients: a review
Authors: Teves Jonni Fay C. , Ragaza Janice A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe growing demand for fish food products worldwide heightens the pressure on the current availability of feed ingredients, especially marine resources such as fishmeal and fish oil, for aquaculture feed production. To address this concern, the potential of novel ingredients for use in feed formulations needs to be tapped. This paper highlights recent researches undertaken concerning the dietary inclusion of various indigenous ingredients classified as seaweeds, leaf meals, oilseed meals, vegetable oils and medicinal herbs, and their effects on growth performance, feed intake, feed utilization efficiency, nutrient retention, disease resistance and other physiological activities among consumer species. Moreover, this paper presents information regarding their nutritive values, optimum inclusion levels and recommended protocols that can improve their potential as feed additives or fishmeal replacements.
‘Academic Mobility for Development’ as A Contested Notion: An Analysis of the Reach of the Chinese State in Regulating the Transnational Brains
Authors: Leung Maggi W.H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper gauges the reach of the state in regulating the flows of academics and harnessing them for development in China. Drawing upon a review of policy documents, secondary data and fieldwork findings from a research project that studies the developmental impact of academic mobility among Chinese scholars active in the Chinese‐German academic space, this paper challenges the ‘talents sans frontières’ notion on the one hand, and illustrates the limits of the state on the other. Mobile scholars are conceptualised as active agents who are nested in, and hence being regulated by and at the same time shaping the Chinese state and its policies. Mobile scholars (and their local(ised) colleagues) are engaged in multiple relationships (ranging from collaborative, contradictory to conflictual ones) with the state, sometimes reinforcing and at other times toppling its notions of development. These relationalities call for new interpretations of the dynamic, contextualised and complex mobility‐development nexus.
Career Strategies and Spatial Mobility among Skilled Migrants in Germany: The Role of Gender in the Work‐Family Interaction
Authors: Shinozaki Kyoko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper aims to unravel the gendered career strategies of skilled migrants in Germany's financial and academic sectors. Such careers are being developed not only in tandem, but also often in negotiation, with gender relations in the family. Much of the existing literature in skilled migration studies has concentrated on the principal migrant and work‐related context, treating the family as a rather secondary terrain. Drawing on participant observation and interviews, this paper shows that these two terrains, work and family, are closely interrelated in building skilled migrant workers' career pathways. My analysis of the experiences of migrant, dual‐career couples shows that their transnational career strategies have a strong bearing on the fine balancing act and negotiation of intra‐family gender relations, which are neither pre‐given nor fixed. Key to understanding their strategies are migrants' transnationalising cultural capital, access to childcare provision, a life‐stage perspective, and the role of dual‐career policies.
Modernising Dutch Heritage Conservation: Current Progress and Ongoing Challenges for Heritage‐Based Planning and Management
Authors: Janssen Joks 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOver the last decades, Dutch heritage conservation shifted from a preservationist and object‐focused to an area‐based and development‐oriented activity. Today's heritage management looks not only at the monument itself, but at its spatial context. The Belvedere Memorandum in 1999 has played a key role in getting the heritage onto the spatial planning agenda. Linking heritage to the spatial challenges of cities and regions was also the primary goal of the ‘Modernisation of Monuments Care’ in 2009, resulting in a revision of the heritage preservation act. However, now that heritage values will be accounted for at the planning stage, spatial planning finds itself in disarray. Area and property development are at a standstill, there is less money, and more and more empty buildings. The heritage community will therefore need all its creativity to maintain the quality of heritage preservation and renewal.
Construction of 3D Volumetric Objects for a 3D Cadastral System
Authors: Ying Shen , Guo Renzhong , Li Lin , Van Oosterom Peter , Stoter Jantien 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article presents a new method to illustrate the feasibility of 3D topology creation. We base the 3D construction process on testing real cases of implementation of 3D parcels construction in a 3D cadastral system. With the utilization and development of dense urban space, true 3D geometric volume primitives are needed to represent 3D parcels with the adjacency and incidence relationship. We present an effective straightforward approach to identifying and constructing the valid volumetric cadastral object from the given faces, and build the topological relationships among 3D cadastral objects on‐the‐fly, based on input consisting of loose boundary 3D faces made by surveyors. This is drastically different from most existing methods, which focus on the validation of single volumetric objects after the assumption of the object's creation. Existing methods do not support the needed types of geometry/topology (e.g. non 2‐manifold, singularities) and how to create and maintain valid 3D parcels is still a challenge in practice. We will show that the method does not change the faces themselves and faces in a given input are independently specified. Various volumetric objects, including non‐manifold 3D cadastral objects (legal spaces), can be constructed correctly by this method, as will be shown from the results.