bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instandsetzung von Schallquellen und Schall schützenden Teilen im Bau / Overhaul of Sound Sources and Noise Protecting Parts in Buildings
Authors: Mantel J. 
Published: November 2014

Keywords
In the context of sound propagation in buildings, we must differentiate between building parts which produce noise actively (water conducting parts, facilities with electrical motors and other equipment) and building parts which do not cause any noise but have a sound protecting function, such as e.g. ceilings or walls. We recognise that certain building parts do not change their sound protection function for long decades, while other parts are getting sound proof leaky due to amortisation (e.g. carpets, water spouts, window gaskets) or due to slow deformation in buildings (plaster dwellings, window and door surrounds). Moreover, various building parts are insufficiently dimensioned concerning their noise protection or have been carried out in a wrong way. This inevitably leads to an overhaul as mentioned above.
Das Sägeschnittverfahren als Horizontalabdichtung gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit - Sanierungsbeispiel Schulhaus Heinrich Bosshard / Horizontal Saw Cut Method for Preventing Rising Damp in Masonry - School Building Heinrich Bosshard, a Restoration Example
Authors: Rechsteiner A. , Wolfseher R. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
One of the most common reasons to restore an old (historical) building is the damage of the masonry and the external rendering due to moisture. For the analysis of the damage mechanism and the restoration of the building, experience and specific knowledge are needed. The first step to realize a successful restoration is the determination of the actual condition of a building by appropriate analysis and the deduction of the damage of the damage mechanisms. If rising damp is a causing mechanism, different restoration concepts can be considered. The choice of the final concept is mainly influenced by the cost, aspects of preservation of monuments and the future usage of the building. For the restoration of the School Building Heinrich Bosshard at Zurich-Schwammendingen, the rising damp was stopped by making a horizontal saw cut into the rubble masonry.
Berechnung der Feuchte im geneigten Dach - Ansatz des 'wahren' sd-Wertes von Unterspannbahnen / Determination of Moisture Content in Pitched Roofs - Application of the 'Real' sd-value of Understating Sheets
Authors: Leimer H.-P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Lately, diffusion open underslating sheets (USS) have been inserted to pitched roofs increasingly. These sheets allow moisture to escape from the construction while they remain waterproof The conventional procedures to determine the water vapour diffusion resistance of the USS result in high deviations of the test results depending on the test methods and the boundary conditions. For this reason, an ordinary, non-ventilated roof-system with insulated rafters was tested in consideration of the different sd-values. The characteristic sd-values of underslating sheets based on experiments according to DIN 52165 were assumed to be constant and dependent on the humidity. The calculations prove that a serious danger to the roof-systems (almost by a factor of 10) is possible considering the chosen sd- value of an USS. Thereupon recommendations for an experimental laboratory method of the 'real' sd-value were made in order to be able to judge the roof-system in a realistic way.
Bestimmung des Transportkoeffizienten für die Weiterverteilung aus einfachen Trocknungsversuchen und rechnerischer Anpassung / Approximate Determination of the Transport Coefficients for Moisture Redistribution from a simple Drying Experiment and Numerical Adaptation.
Authors: Holm A. , Krus M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
To reach a broad application of computation methods for the calculation of the moisture balance in building components, simplified methods for the determination of the necessary hygric material properties are required. Such an approximate method has already been developed for the determination of the transport coefficients for liquid capillary absorption. The drying process mostly shows significantly smaller liquid transport coefficients. A new method is presented to determine approximately these coefficients from results of a simple drying experiment. A comparison of calculated results using this approximation and exactly determined coefficients shows only moderate and acceptable deviations from reality.
Untersuchungen von Salztransportprozessen und deren Visualisierung mit Hilfe der Röntgenanalytik / Examination of salt transport processes and their visualisation using X-ray analysis
Authors: Franke L. , Pinsler F. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
With the help of X-ray for visualisation of salt transport in porous building materials it is now for the first time possible to check both, the description of salt transport processes as well as the mathematical transport models used. The tests were carried out with sandstone, however the results are transferable to other building materials having a comparable pore system.
Zur Bestimmung der löslichen Bestandteile aus präkambrischen Grauwacken bei ihrer Verwendung als Zuschlag im Beton / Determination of soluble constituents from precambrian greywacke used as concrete aggregate
Authors: Hünger K.-J. , Wollgarn H. , Pillep G. , Frey R. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Precambrian greywacke used as concrete aggregate can lead to damage of concrete structures under certain conditions (high humidity, certain concrete composition, high alkali content). The chemical analysis of the soluble constituents of a concrete damaged in such a way always shows that the composition of the hardened cementious material of the concrete is unusual. It is possible to determine the part of the oxydic constituents which are soluble from the greywacke in the concrete by using of a specific analytical method. This method is based on two analytical steps e. g. the first step is the total analysis of the concrete and the second step is the analysis of the concrete after sorting out the greywacke grains. By this the material which is available for mineral forming reactions can be determined. The investigations of the soluble constituents determined by this method show that opal containing sandstone releases SiO2 (silica) only, greywacke aggregates release SiO2 too but also Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and K2O in larger amounts. The accuracy of this method is demonstrated by analysing a normal concrete containing gravel aggregates.
Instandsetzung von einschaligen Dächern mit feuchter Wärmedämmung / Restoration of single-leaf roofs with humid heat insulation
Authors: Arndt H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The heat insulation layer in old single-leaf roofs often is humid because of the roof This increased humidity is to be considered in the context of restoration measures of the roof and if the yearly moisture fluctuation has to be estimated. Knowledge based on practical experience over decades confirms that effective drying can be achieved by appropriate restoration. Quantitative prediction of the time-dependence of the drying process, however, is not possible up to now. For this reason, the success of restoration of humid old roof systems remains uncertain. In this contribution, test results and a method to calculate moisture processes will be presented. In order to describe the drying process an approach based on diffusion is supplemented by specific border conditions of roofs. Statistical climatic data and temperature as well as vapour pressure, both depending on the chosen structure, range among these parameters. By means of this calculation method, time-dependent drying can be checked and a successful restoration procedure can be suggested. Most important values entering the planning of a restoration measure will be discussed.
Chemische Stabilität von Natriummonofluorphosphat in der Porenlösung des Betons / Chemical stability of sodium monofluorophosphate in the pore solution of concrete
Authors: Gerdes A. , Wittmann F. H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
For non-destructive rehabilitation in case of corroding reinforcement the application of sodium monofluorophosphate has been proposed. In practice an aqueous solution of sodium monofluorophosphate is sprayed on the concrete surface.
By capillary suction the inhibitor is supposed to he transported into zones surrounding the corroding reinforcement in order to inhibit further corrosion. Hut the results presented here show that monofluorophosphate decomposes in the alkaline concrete pore solution forming slightly soluble calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride. Calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride are not known to work as corrosion inhibitors. The penetration depth in concrete depends on the properties of the microstructure and the rate of decomposition of sodium inonofluorophosphate. These mechanisms strongly limit the possible concentration near the reinforcement bars and, as a consequence, it is very unlikely to reach the level necessary to maintain the inhibition of corrosion in reinforced concrete.
Ermittlung eines optimierten Paraffins zur Sanierung feuchtegeschädigter Bausubstanz / Identification of an Appropriate Paraffin for the Retrofitting of Moisture Damaged Buildings
Authors: Dreyer J. , Hecht C. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The filling of the pores with paraffin is a known and effective method to establish a subsequent moisture barrier in walls. Paraffin is compatible with the building material and the environment. Is the material warm enough before, or while, the treatment takes place, the liquid paraffin fills the pores completely. The distribution of the paraffin in the building material will be controlled with the temperature around the penetration area. Experiments with different building materials take place in order to find the connection between the receptivity of different paraffins at different temperatures. The aim is, to find a appropriate paraffin for building up horizontal moisture barriers inside walls cross section.The absorption coefficient will be shown for different Paraffin's at different temperatures for brick and lime - sandstone. By the using a special paraffin it is possible to building up moisture barriers with higher effectiveness and security.
Kombinierte experimentelle und numerische Studie zur schwindinduzierten Rissbildung zementgebundener Werkstoffe / Combined Experimental and Numerical Study to assess Shrinkage Cracking of Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Martinola G. , Sadouki H. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this contribution, a combined experimental and numerical study to assess the cracking resistance of cement-based materials subjected to desiccation is outlined. Experimentally, the tendency to hygral cracking is determined by means of mortar ring specimens exposed to drying atmosphere. A numerical model based on the nonlinear theory of diffusion and nonlinear fracture mechanics is developed. The relevant hygral and mechanical parameters and laws needed for the model have been determined by means of adequate experiments analyzed by inverse analyses. The hygro-mechanical behaviour of two different types of mortar is studied. Numerical results have been compared to experimental findings. Furthermore, a parametric study has been carried out with the aim to characterize the relevant material parameters influencing shrinkage cracking. It can be concluded that a combination of experimental and numerical methods can play a decisive role in optimizing mortars or concretes with respect to predefined and required material properties. In this way, the durability of concrete structures can be significantly enhanced.
The Tower of Beiern Exterior Conservation Project / Das Konservierungsprojekt für die Gebäudehülle des Turmes von Beiern
Authors: Charola Α. Ε. , Henriques F. Μ. Α. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , Aires- Barros L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Tower of Beiern is one of the most important monuments of Portugal. The exterior conservation of this structure was carried out in two phases: the first one serving to document the condition of the monument and assess the conservation needed and the second one to complete the actual work. The project was carried out through a three team approach: management, technical support and conservation. The fluid interaction of the three teams was the basis for the successful completion of the project. The minimum intervention principle guided the decisions that had to be taken regarding particular problems.
Stone Deterioration on the Tower of Belem / Zerstörung des Natursteins am Turm vom Beiern
Authors: Aires-Barros L. , Basto M.J. , Graça R.C. , Dionisio A. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , Henriques F.M.A. , Charola A.E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Tower of Belem was constructed using the local Lioz limestone. The stone, in its "typical" variety is very compact and durable. However, different levels in the quarry produce varieties of poorer quality which can vary substantially from it. The presence of iron oxides gives rise to coloured varieties of this stone. The stone may contain many large fossils and also clay-bearing stylolites. The presence of clays in the stone makes it more susceptible to deterioration and, according to their distribution, results in different deterioration patterns. This paper describes the various deterioration patterns found on this structure and their origin. Even the most severe deterioration observed, powdering and flaking, affects mainly the immediate surface, while the stone underneath maintains its compactness.
Cleaning of the Tower of Belem / Reinigen des Turmes von Belem
Authors: Aires-Barros L. , Basto M.J. , Graça R.C. , Dionisio A. , Henriques F.M.A. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , Charola A.E. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The cleaning of the exterior masonry of the Tower of Beiern proceeded according to schedule. It was carried out by application of water nebulization, light brushing and final rinsing by nebulized water. Areas that had more resistant stains, received extra brushing while wet and for harder crusts, such as found under corbels or recessed areas, microabrasion was used in conjunction with careful scalpel scraping where necessary. Grey areas resulting from endolithic biocolonization became evident as the cleaning progressed and given the scheduling constraints for the completion of the project, these areas received a lime-wash to give this monument visual homogeneity.
Die Erhaltung von Bauwerken der Bundesfernstraßen in Deutschland / Maintenance of structures belonging to the national road network in Germany
Authors: Standfuß F. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
First it is shown that maintenance of structures belonging to the national road network in Germany is neglected in an alarming way. It is obivous that the state of the road surface, of bridges and other structures is deteriorating in the old Länder in particular. In spite of that, politicians have not yet recognized the importance of this fact for the economy of an industrialized country. There exists a lack of medium range financial planing and provision of means. The elaboration of a management system for existing structures has only been started in 1997.
Untersuchungen zu den Schäden und zum Konservierungskonzept der Yungang-Grotten / Studies to the Detereoration and Conception of Restauration of the Yungang Grottoes
Authors: Strübel G. , Dai S. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The detereoration and current situation of the Yungang Grottoes near Datong, P.R. China, which are among the most important Chinese historical cultural sites, is due to complicated processes caused by natural and anthropogen factors. Based on results of scientific research carried out in the frame work of the German-Chinese cooperation project some suggestions for the restauration are formulated.
Osmose - Theorie der Bildung von Blasen unter Beschichtungen / Osmosis - Theory of blister-formation under Coatings
Authors: Littmann K. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The formation of blisters is a well-known phenomenon in coating of concrete and other mineral substrates. Especially, when dealing with wet or humid substrate, osmosis may occur. A semipermeable membrane is formed between a concrete coating and the concrete surface, followed by water transport, which results in fluid-filled blisters. In this report, the conditions necessary to promote osmosis are explained in detail. The type of concrete, the condition of its surface, the presence of osmosis-promoters and the type of coating are important factors which influencethe formation of blister. Evaluation of the literature and test results lead to a set of recommendations on how to avoid the formation of osmosis-caused blisters.
Identifizierung der Zementart in hydratisierten Betonen und Mörteln / Identification of the Type of Cement in Hardened Concretes and Mortars
Authors: Splittgerber F. , Müller A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Subject of this paper is the development of a method for the identification of the type of cement present in a hardened concrete or mortar. The method is based on the dehydration of the cement paste and the identification of the phases present after the dehydration. Considering clinker phases and real cements, the following possibilities for the identification of cements were worked out:
• differentiation between Portland cements and cements containing additions by the identification of the mineral phases which are typical for the type of the addition
• differentiation between ordinary and sulphate resistant Portland cements by the identification of the Ye'elimite phase after a dehydration at a temperature of 1100° C
• determination of the characteristic compressive strength of Portland cements by the evaluation of the Alite-content.
For an identification at least two dehydration temperatures have to be considered. The first temperature range is at about 1100 to 1200°C. It is important for the identification of the aluminates and ferrites. Temperatures from about 1400 to 1450°C are needed for the dehydration of the silicates. Because of the appearence of melting phases at temperatures above 1200°C, the Alite-content will be determined indirectly by the determination of the Belite-content and the content of free lime after a dehydration at 1100°C. At this temperature the free lime is considered to represent the difference in calcium oxide between the Alite and the Belite.
Korrosion rostfreier Stähle in chloridhaltigem und karbonatisiertem Beton / Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steels in Chloride Contaminated and Carbonated Concrete
Authors: Bertolini L. , Gastaldi M. , Pastore Τ. , Pedeferri M.P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The paper deals with the corrosion resistance of different stainless steels in chloride contaminated and carbonated concrete. Stainless steel reinforcement has a higher corrosion resistance as compared to the normal carbon steel reinforcement; stainless steels can, however, be subject to localized corrosion if the chloride content in the concrete exceeds a certain critical value. This critical value depends on the pH value of the concrete (i.e. carbonated or alkaline concrete), the temperature, the corrosion potential (function of environmental conditions), and the composition and microstructure of the stainless steel. Furthermore, in the rehabilitation of corroding reinforced concrete structures, stainless steel is often used in structures reinforced with normal carbon steel and galvanic coupling can occur. The results of measurements of free corrosion potential, corrosion rate and macrocouple current in reinforced concrete specimens are reported as a function of chloride concentration and humidity. The consequence of coupling with carbon steel reinforcement is also considered.
Non-isothermal Moisture Transport calculations with DIM 3.1 / Nicht-isotherme Berechnungen des Feuchtigkeitstransportes mit Hilfe des Porgrammes DIM 3.1
Authors: Grunewald J. , Plagge R. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The application of a general thermodynamical mass and energy transport model to the coupled heat and moisture transfer in porous materials results in a balance equation system and the related constitutive equations of the considered quantities. The constitutive equations describe moisture transport in a phase-separated manner leading into phase-divided hygric transport coefficients (liquid water permeability, water vapour diffusivity). A conceptual model is presented in the paper in order to circumvent the difficulties resulting from non-isothermal overlaying moisture transport processes. Since phase-divided hygric transport coefficients are not directly measurable, but moisture transport coefficients in distinct hygric ranges, moisture conductivities and a phase dividing function are introduced. The moisture conductivities include liquid water and water vapour transport. For a known phase dividing function, the phase-divided hygric transport coefficients of the balance equation system can be calculated from the measurable moisture conductivities. The influence of a variation of the introduced phase-dividing function on non-isothermal moisture transport processes is investigated by means of computer simulations.
lonentransport und Beständigkeit zementgebundener Werkstoffe im Kontakt mit Wasser / Ion transport and durability of cement-based materials in contact with water
Authors: Wittmann F.H. , Sadouki H. , Gerdes A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Cement-based materials undergo a complex interaction whenever they are exposed to water or aqueous solutions. Differences of ion concentrations are the driving force for ion migration into or out of the material. In this contribution hydrolysis is dealt with as an example for the interaction of cement-based materials with water. It is shown that among other processes Ca2+-ions diffuse out of the porous structure of the material. As soon as the total amount of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved locally CSH-phases are attacked. The second part deals with Na+ and K+ ion diffusion out of water saturated concrete. It is shown that a two-step model describes this process adequately. The effective diffusion coefficient of ion transport is a sensitive indicator of the durability of cement-based materials.
Einfluss der elektrochemischen Doppelschicht auf die Sorption und den Transport von Chlorionen im Zementstein / Influence of the electrochemical double layer on sorption and transport of chlorides in hardened cement paste
Authors: Wowra O. , Setzer M.J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Besides the formation of Friedel salt the transport and binding of chlorides in concrete is mainly defined by the electrochemical double layer at the interface between cement matrix and pore solution. Due to the alkaline pore solution the surface of hardened cement paste is negatively charged which may change to positive values by the potential regulating calcium ions. Inverting of the surface charge leads to an attraction of anions and therefore, to an adsorption of chloride ions in the diffuse part of the electrochemical double layer. Influence from outside like sulphates and carbon dioxide may lead to a decomposition of Friedel salt. Apart from these effect temperature, pH-value and certain environmental conditions affects the electrochemical double layer as well. The chloride equilibrium is mainly controlled by adsorbed ions in the electrochemical double layer. The model presented here is relevant for the assessment of ion transport processes in mineral building materials. Continuing investigations may lead to optimize transport models and a better evaluation of the critical chloride threshold value in reinforced concrete.