bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The codegree isomorphism problem for finite simple groups
Authors: Hung Nguyen N , Moretó Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We study the codegree isomorphism problem for finite simple groups. In particular, we show that such a group is determined by the codegrees (counting multiplicity) of its irreducible characters. The proof is uniform for all simple groups and only depends on the classification by means of Artin–Tits’ simple order theorem.
D2 dopamine receptor expression, reactivity to rewards, and reinforcement learning in a complex value-based decision-making task
Authors: Banuelos Cristina , Creswell Kasey , Walsh Catherine , Manuck Stephen B , Gianaros Peter J , Verstynen Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Different dopamine (DA) subtypes have opposing dynamics at postsynaptic receptors, with the ratio of D1 to D2 receptors determining the relative sensitivity to gains and losses, respectively, during value-based learning. This effective sensitivity to different reward feedback interacts with phasic DA levels to determine the effectiveness of learning, particularly in dynamic feedback situations where the frequency and magnitude of rewards need to be integrated over time to make optimal decisions. We modeled this effect in simulations of the underlying basal ganglia pathways and then tested the predictions in individuals with a variant of the human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2; −141C Ins/Del and Del/Del) gene that associates with lower levels of D2 receptor expression (N = 119) and compared their performance in the Iowa Gambling Task to noncarrier controls (N = 319). Ventral striatal (VS) reactivity to rewards was measured in the Cards task with fMRI. DRD2 variant carriers made less effective decisions than noncarriers, but this effect was not moderated by VS reward reactivity as is hypothesized by our model. These results suggest that the interaction between DA receptor subtypes and reactivity to rewards during learning may be more complex than originally thought.
The importance of neighborhood offending networks for gun violence and firearm availability
Authors: Papachristos Andrew V , Murphy James P , Braga Anthony , Turchan Brandon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The salience of neighborhoods in shaping crime patterns is one of sociology’s most robust areas of research. One way through which neighborhoods shape outcomes is through the creation and maintenance of social networks, patterns of interactions and relationships among neighborhood residents, organizations, groups, and institutions. This paper explores the relationship between network structures generated through acts of co-offending—when two or more individuals engage in an alleged crime together—and patterns of neighborhood gun violence and gun availability. Using arrest data from New York City, we create co-arrest networks between individuals arrested in the city between 2010 and 2015. We analyze these network patterns to, first, understand the overall structure of co-offending networks and, then, assess how they impact neighborhood levels of gun violence and gun availability. Results show that local and extra-local networks play a central role in predicting neighborhood levels of shootings: neighborhoods with a greater density of local ties have higher shootings rates, and neighborhoods that share social ties have similar rates of violence. In contrast, the network dynamics involved in gun recoveries are almost entirely local: co-offending patterns within neighborhoods are strongly associated with the level of gun recoveries, especially the clustering of co-offending networks indicative of groups. Contrary to previous research, spatial autocorrelation failed to predict either shootings or gun recoveries when demographic features were considered. Social-demographic characteristics seem to explain much of the observed spatial autocorrelation and the precise measurement of network properties might provide better measurements of the neighborhood dynamics involved in urban gun violence.
Diethyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate disrupt sirtuins expression in the HepG2 cells
Authors: Gutiérrez-García Ana K , Torres-García Daniel A , De Leon-Rodriguez Antonio 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Phthalates are additives used as plasticizers among other uses, classified as endocrine disruptors and may contribute to some metabolic disorders. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of the exposure of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the regulation of sirloins in HepG2 cells.

Methods
HepG2 cells were exposed to DEP or DBP at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, and after 48 or 72 h the gene and protein expression of sirtuins was quantified by qRT-PCR and Western-Blot, respectively.

Results
Results showed that even at a low concentration of 0.1 μg/mL DEP affected the expression of Sirt3 and Sirt4, whereas DBP at 0.1 μg/mL affected Sirt3 and Sirt5 gene expression. Protein analysis showed a reduction in Sirt1 levels at a DEP concentration of 1 μg/mL and higher, while DBP at higher dose (100 μg/mL) decreased Sirt3 protein levels. Cell viability decreased by 20% only at higher dose (100 μg/mL) and ROS production increased at 10 and 100 μg/mL for both phthalates.

Conclusion
These findings indicate that exposure to low concentrations (0.1 μg/mL) of DEP or DBP can negatively influence the expression of some sirtuins.
Sleep Disturbance in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and the Relationship to the Neurodevelopmental Profile
Authors: O'Rourke Claudia , Horne Rosemary S.C. , Nixon Gillian M. , Harris Katrina R. , Connelly Annette , Crichton Alison 
Published: July 2024

Abstract:

Objective:
Sleep disturbance is an important feature of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). We sought to describe sleep patterns in school-aged children with FASD, in comparison with a typically developing community group, and investigate the relationship between sleep and neurodevelopmental profiles.

Method:
The FASD cohort (N = 36) was recruited from a tertiary Australian FASD diagnostic center, and the typically developing group (N = 36) was previously recruited as a control cohort for a separate study. Sleep disturbance was assessed with the caregiver-completed Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) questionnaire. Neurodevelopmental assessment results for the 10 domains impaired in FASD were used for correlations with sleep disturbance.

Results:
In the FASD group, 80% of children scored above the SDSC cutoff, compared with 22% of the control group (p < 0.001). Statistically significant group differences were seen for all 6 subscales of the SDSC (p < 0.05). The most frequently affected domains in the FASD group related to difficulties with initiating and maintaining sleep (58%), sleep-wake transition disorders (44%), and disorders of arousal (42%). A statistically significant relationship was not found between sleep and the severity of neurodevelopmental impairment or impairment of a particular domain, acknowledging the limitations of our small sample size. Half of the FASD sample (52%) were taking a pharmaceutical agent to support sleep, which was not associated with lower SDSC scores.

Conclusion:
In this small study, sleep disturbances were frequently reported by carers of children with FASD, independent of the severity of their neurodevelopmental impairments. Persistent sleep disturbance despite the use of sleep medications highlights the need for prospective studies exploring sleep interventions in this population. Integration of behavioral sleep medicine into management is recommended for all children with FASD.
Proposal for a Mechanistic Disease Conceptualization in Clinical Neurosciences: The Neural Network Components (NNC) Model
Authors: Nassan Malik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Clinical neurosciences, and psychiatry specifically, have been challenged by the lack of a comprehensive and practical framework that explains the core mechanistic processes of variable psychiatric presentations. Current conceptualization and classification of psychiatric presentations are primarily centered on a non-biologically based clinical descriptive approach. Despite various attempts, advances in neuroscience research have not led to an improved conceptualization or mechanistic classification of psychiatric disorders. This perspective article proposes a new—work-in-progress—framework for conceptualizing psychiatric presentations based on neural network components (NNC). This framework could guide the development of mechanistic disease classification, improve understanding of underpinning pathology, and provide specific intervention targets. This model also has the potential to dissolve artificial barriers between the fields of psychiatry and neurology.
Why Do Veterans Not Respond as Well as Civilians to Trauma-Focused Therapies for PTSD?
Authors: Kitaj Max , Goff Donald C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This column first reviews evidence that veterans have poorer response to trauma-focused therapies for PTSD compared to civilians. We then consider several explanations for this trend, starting with gender as a possible confounding variable. We also examine other hypotheses, including the effects of the military acculturation process, the unique influences of military traumas, such as combat and military sexual traumas, and the roles of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and moral injury. Future research, we conclude, must determine whether gender explains the differences in trauma-focused therapy response. If so, then the underlying reasons must be further explored. If not, then we must determine the unique characteristics of the veteran population that make it more resistant to treatment. Mining these elements will help us adapt our trauma-focused therapies to better help this population and close the response-rate gap.
How are agitated patients dealt with in internal medicine departments?
Authors: Ferraz-Gonçalves José António , Silva Ana Sofia , Reis Joana Silva , Assis José Guilherme , Matos Maria Inês , Matias Paula , Alves Sérgio 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
Studies on agitation in internal medicine departments are scarce, especially regarding how doctors and nurses act in these situations. The objective of this study was to clarify how agitation is dealt with in these departments.

Methods:
This prospective observational study was performed in the internal medicine departments of four Portuguese hospitals. The researchers at each hospital contacted the nursing team that identifies patients who were agitated in the previous shifts. The researcher reviewed these patients' files, recording the research protocol's parameters.

Results:
During the study period, 331 patients were observed; 177 (54%) were female, and the median age was 80 years (19–99). Episodes of agitation occurred in 69 patients (21%); of them, 44 (64%) were female, and the median age was 84 years (31–98). In the first episode of agitation, the doctor on duty was called in 49 times (71%). These doctors prescribed a new medication for the crisis in 30 cases (43%). After the crisis, the assistant doctor recorded the episode in the patient file in 41 cases (59%). According to the medical notes, after the acute phase, in only 21 patients (30%), there was an attempt to clarify the cause of agitation. The prescription after the crisis was regular medication in 32 cases (46%), rescue medication in 27 (39%), and physical restraint in 9 (13%), isolated or in various combinations.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that there is room to improve how agitated patients are managed in internal medicine departments.
Age of First Exposure to Contact Sports Is Not Associated With Worse Later-In-Life Brain Health in a Cohort of Community-Dwelling Older Men
Authors: Jo Jacob , Wong Gunther , Williams Kristen L. , Davis Philip J. , Rigney Grant H. , Zuckerman Scott L. , Terry Douglas P. 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
To evaluate whether early age of first exposure to contact sports (AFE-CS) is associated with worse long-term brain health outcomes.

Design:
A cross-sectional, survey study of older men with a history of contact sport participation was completed.

Setting:
Tertiary care facility.

Participants:
A cohort of community-dwelling older men dichotomized by using AFE-CS (<12 years vs ≥12 years).

Interventions:
Independent variables included a dichotomized group of AFE-CS (<12 years vs ≥12 years).

Main Outcome Measures:
Brain health outcomes measured by depression, anxiety, cognitive difficulties, and neurobehavioral symptoms. Endorsements of general health problems, motor symptoms, and psychiatric history were also collected. Age of first exposure groups was compared using t tests, χ2 tests, and multivariable linear regressions, which included the following covariates: age, number of prior concussions, and total years of contact sport.

Results:
Of 69 men aged 70.5 ± 8.0 years, approximately one-third of the sample (34.8%) reported AFE-CS before age 12 years. That group had more years of contact sports (10.8 ± 9.2 years) compared with those with AFE-CS ≥12 (5.6 ± 4.5 years; P = 0.02). No differences were found after univariate testing between AFE-CS groups on all outcomes (P-values >0.05). Multivariable models suggest that AFE-CS is not a predictor of depression or anxiety. Those in the AFE-CS <12 group had fewer cognitive difficulties (P = 0.03) and fewer neurobehavioral symptoms (P = 0.03).

Conclusions:
Those with AFE-CS <12 to contact sports did not have worse long-term brain health outcomes compared with those with AFE-CS ≥12. Individuals with AFE-CS <12 had significantly lower British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory and Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory scores compared with those with AFE-CS ≥12.

Clinical Relevance:
The benefits of earlier AFE-CS may outweigh the risks of head strikes and result in comparable long-term brain health outcomes.
Nurse-Sensitive Indicators as Predictors of Trauma Patient Discharge Disposition
Authors: Silverstein Lily A. , Moser Debra K. , Rayens Mary Kay 
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:
About 3.5 million trauma patients are hospitalized every year, but 35%–40% require further care after discharge. Nurses’ ability to affect discharge disposition by minimizing the occurrence of nurse-sensitive indicators (catheter-associated urinary tract infection [CAUTI], central line-associated bloodstream infection [CLABSI], and hospital-acquired pressure injury [HAPI]) is unknown. These indicators may serve as surrogate measures of quality nursing care.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether nursing care, as represented by three nurse-sensitive indicators (CAUTI, CLABSI, and HAPI), predicts discharge disposition in trauma patients.

METHODS:
This study was a secondary analysis of the 2021 National Trauma Data Bank. We performed logistic regression analyses to determine the predictive effects of CAUTI, CLABSI, and HAPI on discharge disposition, controlling for participant characteristics.

RESULTS:
A total of n = 29,642 patients were included, of which n = 21,469 (72%) were male, n = 16,404 (64%) were White, with a mean (SD) age of 44 (14.5) and mean (SD) Injury Severity Score of 23.2 (12.5). We created four models to test nurse-sensitive indicators, both individually and compositely, as predictors. While CAUTI and HAPI increased the odds of discharge to further care by 1.4–1.5 and 2.1 times, respectively, CLABSI was not a statistically significant predictor.

CONCLUSIONS:
Both CAUTI and HAPI are statistically significant predictors of discharge to further care for patients after traumatic injury. High-quality nursing care to prevent iatrogenic complications can improve trauma patients’ long-term outcomes.
Applications of artificial intelligence in computed tomography imaging for phenotyping pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Sharkey Michael J. , Checkley Elliot W. , Swift Andrew J. 
Published: July 2024

Purpose of review
Pulmonary hypertension is a heterogeneous condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Computer tomography (CT) plays a central role in determining the phenotype of pulmonary hypertension, informing treatment strategies. Many artificial intelligence tools have been developed in this modality for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension. This article reviews the latest CT artificial intelligence applications in pulmonary hypertension and related diseases.

Recent findings
Multistructure segmentation tools have been developed in both pulmonary hypertension and nonpulmonary hypertension cohorts using state-of-the-art UNet architecture. These segmentations correspond well with those of trained radiologists, giving clinically valuable metrics in significantly less time. Artificial intelligence lung parenchymal assessment accurately identifies and quantifies lung disease patterns by integrating multiple radiomic techniques such as texture analysis and classification. This gives valuable information on disease burden and prognosis. There are many accurate artificial intelligence tools to detect acute pulmonary embolism. Detection of chronic pulmonary embolism proves more challenging with further research required.

Summary
There are numerous artificial intelligence tools being developed to identify and quantify many clinically relevant parameters in both pulmonary hypertension and related disease cohorts. These potentially provide accurate and efficient clinical information, impacting clinical decision-making.
Missed Opportunities for HIV Confirmatory Testing Using an Institutional Testing Algorithm Without Reflex to HIV Nucleic Acid Testing
Authors: Caster Lauryn , Paetz Olivia R. , Sayles Harlan , Fey Paul D. , Bares Sara H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At our medical center, HIV nucleic acid tests are recommended when the HIV antigen-antibody screening immunoassay and antibody differentiation tests are discordant, but not done reflexively. A retrospective chart review found that 35% of discordant test results did not have HIV nucleic acid test completed as recommended.
The impact of vision loss on attitudes toward autonomous vehicles: A vision-centric analysis
Authors: Kuborn Abigail M. , Hassan Shirin E. 
Published: July 2024

SIGNIFICANCE
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the promise to be an alternative transportation solution for those with vision loss. However, the impact of vision loss on the perceptions and concerns of AVs is unknown. This study therefore examined whether AVs are perceived differently by blind, visually impaired (VI), and normally sighted people.

PURPOSE
This study compared the perceptions of AVs among the blind, VI, and normally sighted.

METHODS
Participants' opinions on four perception measures (general opinion, trust, impact on quality of life, and intention to use AVs) and nine concerns regarding AVs were measured. The survey was administered to 51 normally sighted, 68 VI, and 65 blind participants. Analyses of covariance assessed whether the four perception measures and nine concerns varied by vision status (normal vision, VI, blind) and driving status (driver, nondriver). Univariate correlations and multiple regression analyses identified associations and predictors of AV perceptions and concerns from demographic, mood, cognition, travel behavior, and vision measures, which included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field.

RESULTS
The blind (p<0.001), VI (p<0.001), and nondrivers (p<0.001) showed a greater intention to use AVs compared with those with normal vision and drivers. Similar findings were found for the other perception measures. As visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field extent declined, positivity toward AVs increased (p<0.001). Visual field extent best predicted general opinion and trust in AVs, whereas driving measures were the best predictors of impact on quality of life and intention to use AVs. Concerns about AVs showed no differences based on vision (p=0.94) or driving (p=0.63) status.

CONCLUSIONS
Individuals with vision loss expressed more acceptance of AVs despite their concerns. How positive someone is toward AVs appears to be dependent on their visual field extent and driving status.
The effect of illumination on the visibility of steps and ramps for people with low vision
Authors: Lei Quan , Gage Rachel , Kersten Daniel , Legge Gordon E. 
Published: July 2024

SIGNIFICANCE
Poor visibility of indoor features such as steps and ramps can pose mobility hazards for people with low vision. For purposes of architectural design, it is important to understand how design parameters such as the illumination level of an indoor space affect the visibility of steps and ramps.

PURPOSE
This study was aimed to examine the effect of typical variation in photopic illumination level in an indoor space on the visibility of steps and ramps for individuals with low vision.

METHODS
Steps and ramps were constructed in a large windowless room illuminated by overhead lights. Subjects with low vision completed a 5-alternative forced choice task to recognize the targets at three levels of photopic illumination, i.e., 800, 80, and 8 lux, and gave confidence ratings about their judgments on a 5-point scale. Acuities and contrast sensitivities of the subjects were also measured at each illumination level. For comparison, a group of normally sighted subjects with simulated acuity reduction also completed the step-and-ramp recognition task.

RESULTS
For both groups of subjects, recognition accuracy was not affected by illumination level. For subjects with low vision, however, there was a significant effect of illumination level on confidence rating: subjects became more confident about their judgments with increasing illumination. There was also a weak effect of illumination level on acuity and contrast sensitivity, both worsening with decreasing illumination. Recognition performance was best predicted by contrast sensitivity, whereas confidence was best predicted by visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS
Illumination variation over a typical photopic range in an indoor space had minimal effect on the objective visibility of steps and ramps for people with low vision. However, illumination level affected subjects' confidence in hazard recognition. Design decisions on parameters such as illumination should consider the consequences on both the objective and the subjective accessibility of a space.