bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Caddo Oil- and Gas-Field, Louisiana
Authors: Hopper Walter E. 
Published: June 2014

Location Extent
The Caddo oil-field, shown in Fig. 1, is located in Caddo parish, northwestern Louisiana. The known producing territory of oil is covered bytownships 19 N, 20 N, 21 N, 22 N, and ranges 15 and 16 W., shown in Fig. 2. Thecenter of the field may be taken as Oil City, 24 miles north of Shreveport, onthe Kansas City Southern railway. Shreveport is the second largest city in theState, and is the connecting point of five railroad-lines. Drilling at thepresent time, however, is going on all over northern Louisiana, especially inCaddo and the neigh-boring parishes. During the winter of 1908–09 I spent'four months in the Caddo field, under the direction of the LouisianaGeological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey.

History and Development
Natural gas escaping at the surface is found at numerous places innorthwestern Louisiana. At Shreveport, the plant of the Shreveport Ice & Refrigerating Co. has been lighted by natural gas for 20 years. The well wasdrilled for water, but was abandoned on account of the gas. A test well, putdown in 1905 near the western limits of Shreveport, was driven to 1,650 ft., and encountered indications of gas and oil at various depths, but did notsucceed in finding enough to be profitable. Attention was first attracted tothe Caddo field in 1895 by indications in water-wells from 40 to 60 ft. deep, in which the pressure of natural gas was noticeable. This indication of gas ina shallow well led to the drilling of the first well in the Caddo field, theold Savage Brothers &Morricell, or the Caddo Lake Oil and Pipe Line No. 1.The rig for this well was erected in May, 1904, and drilling began in June,1904. The well was bailed Mar. 23, 1905, with a small amount of oil. It wasdeepened July, 1905, and converted into a "gasser" Jan. 3, 1906. It wasabandoned January, 1907.
In consequence of the finding of oil in the Savage well, drilling operationswere pushed with energy; and in April, 1905, four wells mere drilling. Greattrouble was experienced with gas blow-outs and several of the rigs were shutdown. Difficulty in obtaining wood for fuel during bad weather led to theabandoning, so far as oil was concerned, of the Producers' No. 1 which was thenused to supply fuel gas to the various drilling-rigs in the field.
AIME 042–35
Water Intrusion and Methods of Prevention in California Oil Fields
Authors: Oatman Franklyn W. 
Published: June 2014

In order that the conditions which obtain in an oil well may be readilyunderstood, a brief description of a typical California well and a number ofthe phenomena accompanying same will be given. That the necessity for theexclusion of water be realized, the effects of water intrusion, a descriptionof methods of prevention, and a discussion of causes of failure will bepresented, followed by a summary and recommendations.
Fig. 1 shows a section of a typical well which illustrates the relation of oilsands to overlying strata. It indicates a deep water sand separated from theoil sand by shale, and the proper place for the final shutting off of water. Inthis well a comparatively thick stratum of compact shale protected the oil fromoverlying water so that the operation of landing the water string was a simplematter. In some wells the protecting stratum maybe only from 3 to 5 ft. thickand very careful operation is necessary in order to land the water string ofcasing properly and not puncture through to the oil sand. The cases just citedare common, but occasionally, after excluding overlying water, productive oilsands are drilled through in the expectation of finding more productiveunderlying sand, and a water-bearing stratum is tapped. In this case theproblem is the reverse of the normal; water must be prevented from ascendingrather than descending.
A discussion of well-drilling methods is not within the scope of this paper, except such operations as pertain to shutting off of water. A brief outline ofthe several conditions which may accompany drilling follows. Some or all may bepresent in any particular case. The direct relation of these to prevention ofintrusion will be discussed in detail further on.
In drilling, the hole becomes more or less irregular in shape, and rough, andas the casing follows the bit into the well it does not fit snugly against thewalls. As a result, water may descend between the casing and walls of the well.If a circulation pump is not used during drilling, the hole is simply punchedthrough and the pulverized material removed from the well by means of a bailer.If circulation is maintained there is a continual flow of water down inside thecasing and up around the outside between the pipe and the walls of hole. Thiskeeps an open space around the pipe.
AIME 048–49
The Killing of the Burning Gas Well in the Caddo Oil Field, Louisiana
Authors: Keen C.D. 
Published: June 2014

In the latter part of the summer of 1913 the Conservation Com- mission ofthe State of Louisiana, under presidency of M: L. Alexander, decided to stopthe waste of natural gas going on at the "burning gas- well," Locatedabout 2 mile southeast of Oil City, La. On several occasions, both innewspapers and in reports, comment had been made on the condition of this well, its harmful effect on the Caddo gas field, and the considerable loss, estimatedat several thousand dollars each month, caused by the escape of the valuablefuel., But nothing had been done to bring the well under control and preventfurther waste of gas until the State Conservation Commission took the matter inhand.
The gas fields of Louisiana are among the greatest in the country. So far mostof the gas has been found in the Caddo field proper, although considerabledevelopment has been done in and around the city of Shreveport and near thetown of Mansfield in DeSoto parish. To ex- tend the life of the gas fields andto prevent the quick exhaustion of the supply of the natural fuel are mattersof vital importance for this section of the country.
Four gas companies have entered the Caddo field and supply the surroundingtowns and cities with gas. The Arkansas Natural Gas Co. has pipe lines toLittle Rock, Ark., and supplies gas to the following cities and towns in thatState: Texarkana, Hope, Garland, Emmet, Prescott, Boughton, Beirne, Gurdon, Arkadelphia, Gum Springs, Malvern, Donaldson, Gifford, Perla, Beaton, Beauxite, Mabelvale, Bryant, Sheridan, Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Argenta, Pulaski Heights, and Hot Springs. The Southwestern Gas &Electric Co. transports gas toMooringsport, Blanchard, Caddo, Rodessa, Oil City, Vivian, Bloomburg, Hosston, Ida, Dixie, Belcher, and Shreveport. The Marshall Gas Co. supplies gas to thetown of Marshall, Texas. The Louisiana Co. has a line to Shreveport.
In the oil field the gas is used for drilling purposes, and the operatorseither have their own gas system or buy from the gas companies.
AIME 048–51
Chlorides in Oil-Field Waters
Authors: Washburne C.W. 
Published: June 2014

The waters of many oil fields have been regarded as buried sea water whichhas been retained in the sediments since the time of their deposition. Thepreservation of connate water through geological time has seemed improbable toonly a few geologists, but there is room for doubt that buried sea water couldremain in the strata during their periods of deformation and during the manysubsequent epochs of the circulation of meteoric ground-water. Some have evensuggested that the calcium chloride water in the deep mines of the LakeSuperior region is ancient sea water buried in the Algonkian lavas, but it ishard to understand how such water could be derived from the highly sodic andsulphatic water of the sea. It would seem more plausible to connect the calciumchloride with the highly calcic magmas of the greenstones in which it isfound.
Chemical analyses of waters associated, with oil differ widely from thecomposition of sea water, requiring extensive alteration of the latter, if theformer is truly its derivative. The first notable difference is the generalabsence of sulphates from oil-field waters, but this has been explainedsatisfactorily through reduction by hydrocarbons and organic matter. Oilreduces sulphates with the production of hydrogen sulphide (or sulphur), water, and carbonates (or carbon dioxide).
The second striking difference is in the high ratio of chlorine to sodium. Anexamination of the analyses of chloride waters from oil fields shows that theycontain a large relative excess of chlorine over that in sea water. Moreover, there is difficulty in finding chemical reactions that are probable in nature, by which sea water could be converted into anything like the chloride waters ofoil fields. In the latter a large part of the chlorine occurs as calcium andmagnesium chloride. This condition might be produced by the removal of sodiumcarbonate, which, however, cannot be precipitated in the presence of muchcalcium or magnesium.
AIME 048–52
Methods of Valuing Oil Lands
Authors: Requa M.L. 
Published: June 2014

This paper is abstracted from the report of the ‘Appraisement Committee ofthe Independent Oil Producers’ Agency, of which the writer was Chairman. Theother members of the committee were M. V. McQuigg and R. S. Haseltine. ToThomas Cox, engineer in charge of the investigation, and to his efficient staffof assistants, is due the credit for the detail work necessary in carrying outthe plan of the Committee. It treats only of the valuation of the lands, wells, and piping, without going into details of equipment and other features.
It was recognized, early in the operation, that the value of oil lands was thevalue of oil to be extracted and marketed, less the costs attendant thereon.Referring this back to the costs in cents per barrel, it became obvious thatsurface improvements, absolutely necessary in the production of oil, from wellsthen drilled, had no separate and independent value aside from the value of theland, but that any excess equipment, not necessary for the production of oilfrom present wells, such as drilling tools, well casing, etc., should be givena present condition value.
In valuing the properties of the Independent Oil Producers' Agency, theCommittee has considered the following facts:That from each property there will ultimately be produced a certain totalquantity of oil.That in the production of that oil a certain total quantity of money will beexpended.That a certain total amount of money will be received from the oil.That the total net receipts will be the total gross receipts less the costof development and production.That the present value of the net receipts must be such an amount that wheninvested by a purchaser it will be returned with 8 per cent. interestadditional during the life of the property.
The initial procedure consisted in making a general reconnaissance of theentire district in which the property was located and determining thelithological and structural conditions underlying the area.
AIME 059–49
A Concrete Example of the Use of Well Logs
Authors: Bates Mowry 
Published: June 2014

The following example of the practical application of engineering geology isof interest in that it demonstrates the advantage of keeping accurate recordsof all wells, whether drilled by one's self or by others, together with theadvantage gained by gathering such data during the process of development. Thefault described was found in the autumn of 1915, during the hurried developmentcaused by the discovery of the famous Gusher Bend pool in Red River Parish, Louisiana. The writer was at the time employed by one of the operatingcompanies as geologist, and the example is a portion of the routine work.

Location
The oil fields of northern Louisiana and east Texas are located in Caddo, Bossier, De Soto and Red River Parishes, Louisiana, and Marion County, Texas. Avery narrow strip of the eastern portion of the latter is productive. Theproducing oil pools are known as the Caddo Field, in the northern part, and theDe Soto-Red River Field, in the southern. The two fields are 60 miles apart.There are several gas fields between them, but no important supply of oil hasbeen found, though there are several producing wells in the Anona chalk, locally called the Chalk Rock, in the Elm Grove gas field in Township 16 North, Range 11 West (see Plate 1).

General Geologic and Structural Features
The general geology of northern Louisiana has been excellently described byA.C. Veatch in Professional Paper No. 46, U.S. Geological Survey; by G.D.Harris, Bulletin No. 429, U.S. Geological Survey; and later by George C. Matsonand Oliver B. Hopkins in Bulletins No. 619 and 661C, U.S. GeologicalSurvey.
AIME 061–52
Staggering Locations for Oil Wells
Authors: Johnson Roswell H. 
Published: June 2014

The prevailing system of locating wells on a rectangular basis, as shown inFig. 1-A, has developed because of the exigencies of offsetting at boundarylines. When, however, a very large tract is being drilled, it is often possibleto abandon this inferior method for the superior arrangement known as"staggering," which is illustrated in Fig. 1, Band C. The advantages ofthe triangular over the rectangular method are evident from Fig. 2, computed onthe basis of one well to 10 acres (4 ha.). With the triangular system, no landis more than 409.4 ft. (124.8 m.) from a well, while with the rectangularsystem, 14,400 sq. ft. (0.33 acre or 0.13 ha.) lies more than that distancefrom a well.
The purpose of this contribution is to assist the producer in planning thestaggering arrangement of wells. Some companies, in staggering wells, haveretained the same distance between the rows as between the wells in the row(Fig. 1-B), but to get equal distances between any two adjacent wells, which isdesirable in order to yield maximum drainage, the triangles must beequilateral, which necessitates the shortening of the distance between the rows(Fig. 1-C), making the quincunx arrangement, as customary in arranging tankfarms.
The formulas for computing the distance between wells thus arranged werederived from Fig. 3, representing a well surrounded by the six nearest wells;the dot-dash line midway between the central and the surrounding wellsoutlines, the hexagon drained by this well. This hexagon consists of 12 righttriangles, each of the triangles having as its altitude one-half the distancebetween the wells (r), and as its base one-third the distance between the rows(y). The hexagonal area drained by each well therefore reduces to ry.
AIME 061–54
Petroleum Resources of Great Britain
Authors: Veatch A.C. 
Published: June 2014

The Midlands of England contain large areas of important oil lands, which, however, will not become of commercial importance for at least 5 years, becausethe ownership of the oil has become a political issue. In Great Britain, exceptin certain special areas, all minerals, except for gold and silver, belong tothe surface owner. The leasing of minerals on the large estates is a verycomplicated business, as the family solicitors have many forms and formalitiesthat must be observed. In the case of one of the large estates, the principalrevenues of which for several hundred years have been from coal leases, theaverage time between the agreement on terms for a coal lease and the signing ofthe same has been 8 years. In 1916, one coal lease on this estate had beenpending for 15 years, and was still unsigned, although the important terms hadbeen agreed upon 15 years previously.
Under war conditions, and considering the extreme importance that theproduction of petroleum in England would have had, such delays could not betolerated. Most of the British landlords, relying on the almost universalopinion of their own countrymen that there were no commercial deposits ofpetroleum in Great Britain, were prepared to give all their oil rights to thegovernment, but they feared that such action might establish a precedent withrespect to coal. For years the Labor Party and extreme radicals have protestedagainst the payment of royalties to landlords on coal. The government, therefore, introduced a bill taking over all the oil rights and providing forthe payment of a small royalty to the landlords, to safeguard the principle ofcompensation in case the coal mines should ever be nationalized. The provisionof this bill, with respect to the payment of royalty to landlords, was defeatedby a vote of 44 to 35 in a night session of the House of Commons on Oct. 25,1917, when most of the members were absent, but when a group of labor membersand extreme radicals were present.
AIME 065–05
Petroleum in the Argentine Republic
Authors: Herold Stanley C. 
Published: June 2014

At the present time five localities in the Argentine Republic are known tobear direct evidences of the presence of petroleum. The segregation of theselocalities is more or less arbitrary inasmuch as minor indications may be foundto extend from one locality to the other at no regular distance apart, especially in the northern and western part of the republic. These localitiesare listed as follows: North Argentine-Bolivian region, Salta-Jujuy district, provinces of Mendoza and Neuquen, Comodoro Rivadavia, and the Gallegos-PuntaArenas region.
Economic conditions attract us to the possibilities of developing these andother regions of countries in the southern hemisphere. Development work will, naturally, be undertaken first in such localities as present directmanifestations of the presence of petroleum; "hidden fields" may exist, but, unless discovered by accident, their development will be left to thelast.
The problems to be solved in the development of the petroleum resources of theArgentine republic are mainly of stratigraphy, structure, and transportation.We are not here concerned with the unfavorable climate of the countries to thenorth in the tropics where, for us of the "far north," life hangs by athread ready to be severed by a mosquito, gnat, or tropical germ.

North Argentine-Bolivian Region
The North Argentine-Bolivian region has already been described by the author.Geographically and geologically this is admittedly one field extending fromArgentine into Bolivia. It is not necessary to repeat here the variousconditions pertaining to this field, though the summary may be quoted asfollows:
Extending from northern Argentine northward into central Bolivia is a belt ofpetroleum seepages. On account of the remoteness of the district it has, heretofore, been little considered by oil operators. The regional geology iscomparatively well understood but the local features have not been carefullydetailed.
Development work in the past has been done on an unscientific basis and has ledto failures.
AIME 065–08
Rise and Decline in Production of Petroleum in Ohio and Indiana
Authors: Bownocker J.A. 
Published: June 2014

The existence of petroleum in the rocks of Ohio and Indiana seems to havebeen first shown by wells dug for salt. The fuel, however, was objectionableowing to its odor and inflammability. Not until the Drake well was drilled in1859 did the people appreciate the value of rock oil, and then they at oncebegan plans to secure the coveted fuel. The first successful well in these twostates was near Macksburg, in southeast Ohio, where at a depth of 59 ft. (17m.) oil was found in commercial quantity (1860). A year later this fuel wassecured on Cow Run, in the same county, and at about the same time in Noble, Morgan and perhaps other counties in that part of Ohio.
The second great step in the production of oil in Ohio and Indiana was taken in1884 when the reservoir of natural gas in the Trenton limestone of northwestOhio was tapped, and where a year later oil was secured in the same formation.Petroleum in this limestone was obtained in Indiana in 1889.
The third step in the production of oil in Ohio and Indiana is associated withthe Clinton sand of Ohio. Natural gas in large volume was discovered in thatrock at Lancaster, in 1887, and the area has been extended until it has becomethe largest individual producer in the world. The presence of natural gas insuch great volume all but demonstrated to the driller that oil lay hidden nearby. Soon the search for it was started but not until 1899 was petroleum incommercial quantity found in the Clinton sand, and a large pool was not locatedin it until 1907.
The fourth step in the development of the industry was taken in 1913, when thepool in Sullivan County, in western Indiana, was opened. The producing rock isthe Huron sandstone, which is the topmost member of the Mississippiansystem.
AIME 065–15
Genetic Problems Affecting Search for New Oil Regions
Authors: White David 
Published: June 2014

In these days, when detailed investigations of stratigraphy, structure, andsand conditions so frequently result in the discovery of new oil fields, andapplause from oil companies and the public, geologists do well to walk humbly, and punctiliously to admit that the geologic principles controlling thedistribution of oil and gas have as yet been discovered only in part, and thatwhat remains yet to be learned is probably vastly more than what is alreadyknown. The few experiments already attempted have been fragmentary, andsomewhat desultory, and however positive each of us may be with respect tocertain theoretical conclusions, many of the fundamental questions as to theorigin and mode of occurrence of petroleum are subject to radical disagreement.Of the chemical changes attending the generation of petroleum from organicmatter, little is actually known. Most of the postulated formulas are liable tobe misleading, through ignorance of essential factors. Open-mindedness istherefore a prime essential at the present stage of our science. Nevertheless, adopting the hypothesis that oil originates in some manner fundamentallyconnected with the organic theory, and in possible departure from suchopen-mindedness, the writer will pay no attention to the so-called inorganictheory, since every attempt to apply this theory to the study of old oilfields, or to the discovery of new ones, affords cumulative evidence of itsinadequacy.
In this paper, some of the factors affecting the occurrence of petroleum thatthe writer believes worthy of consideration by the prospector for oil in anynew region will be discussed. Some of these, which are less generallyunderstood, will be considered somewhat in detail. Other points, thesignificance of which cannot now be determined, require more field study, andfor that reason are here brought to the attention of the field geologist. Onthe other hand, certain theoretical points which do not bear especially on theoil possibilities of a new region will be given little or no attention. Themain topics that will be discussed are:sufficiency of carbonaceousdetritus and residues in the oil-forming rocks;stage of carbonization ofthe organic matter in the oil-bearing formations;folding of the strata;thickness of sedimentary formations;conditions of deposition.
AIME 065–21