bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soursop (Annona muricata L.) and sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.)
Authors: Moreno Luzia Débora Maria , Jorge Neuza 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the soursop and sugar apple seeds as to its composition, to evaluate the antioxidant potential of seeds extract and characterize the oil extracted from them, regarding the fatty acids profile and content of tocopherols.Design/methodology/approachTo obtain the extracts, dried and crushed seeds were extracted with ethanol for 30 minutes, at a ratio of 1:3 (m/m, seed: ethyl alcohol) under continuous stirring at room temperature. Then, the mixture was filtered and the supernatants subjected to rotoevaporator at 40°C aiming to determine, by direct weighing, the yields of dry extracts.FindingsAccording to the results, the soursop and sugar apple seeds constituted significant sources of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates and can therefore be used in food and feed, and offer relevant antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds. The oil seeds are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic acids and they have significant amounts of total tocopherol.Research limitations/implicationsImplications are the identification of bioactive compounds extracted from seeds of tropical and subtropical fruits, and to prevent certain types of diseases.Practical implicationsThe information presented might be directly used for developing of functional foods such as fruits.Originality/valueThe article tries to identify new source of compounds extracted from fruits.
The Mediterranean diet – a review of evidence relevant to the food and drink industry
Authors: Poole Simon , Blades Mabel 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to inform readers of the cultural and scientific basis of the Mediterranean diet.Design/methodology/approachThis review was compiled using peer reviewed articles and with the support of Oldways, the non‐profit organisation responsible for designing the Mediterranean diet pyramid in association with Harvard School of Public Health. It is designed to create a resource, which could be disseminated within the food industry to stimulate debate and an understanding of the commercial opportunities for products based on the Mediterranean diet.FindingsFrom the review of information on the subject there is compelling evidence of the benefits of a Mediterranean diet having a beneficial effect on health status with a reduction in conditions such as coronary heart disease and cancers.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a literature review based on large studies of the Mediterranean diet and is not an intervention study.Practical implicationsIt is hoped that the food industry can consider the scientific and market research evidence presented and, through innovation and new brand development, offer the possibility of products, which will promote choice and access to increasingly healthy foods.Social implicationsThe compilation of evidence citing the benefits of the Mediterranean diet supports an easily adapted and flavourful diet with numerous health benefits. For the food industry it provides an original concept designed to support the research and development of new initiatives to promote healthy food products.Originality/valueThe benefits of the Mediterranean diet are shown to have significant benefits on health and are easily implemented.
Antioxidant activity of ginger extract (zingiber officinale) in soybean oil under thermoxidation
Authors: Jorge Neuza , Andreo Denise 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ginger ethanol extract in soybean oil under thermoxidation.Design/methodology/approachA total of four treatments were used: soybean oil free of synthetic antioxidants, soybean oil containing 2,500 mg/kg of ginger extract, soybean oil containing 50 mg/kg of TBHQ, soybean oil containing the mixture of natural extract, and TBHQ in the before‐cited concentration. The treatments were discontinuously submitted to plates heated at 180°C, for 20 hours. Samples were removed in the times of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours of heating and they were analyzed as to their oxidative stability, total polar compounds, peroxide and conjugated diene values.FindingsThe results showed the efficiency of the ginger extract in protecting the oil against lipid oxidation. It could be concluded that ginger extract might be indicated as an additive that acts against lipid oxidation and, consequently, increases shelf life of food.Practical implicationsThese studies may prove to be beneficial to the exploitation of natural antioxidant sources for the preservation and/or extension of raw and processed food shelf life. Therefore, they could also be applied in the area of pharmaceuticals for the protection of human life.Originality/valueThis study offers information on the use of natural antioxidants as an alternative to the use of synthetic antioxidants, which might be considered toxic.
Nutritional evaluation of baby corn (zea mays)
Authors: Hooda Santosh , Kawatra Asha 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study nutritional composition of HM‐4 variety of baby corn.Design/methodology/approachBaby corn was analysed for proximate composition, available carbohydrates, dietary fiber constituents, in vitro digestibility, minerals, anti‐nutrients, vitamin and amino acids.FindingsBaby corn contained 90.03, 17.96, 2.13, 5.30 and 5.89 percent moisture, protein, fat, ash and crude fibre, respectively. Total soluble sugars content was 23.43 g/100 gm and reducing sugars was 1.96 g/100 g. It contained 8.10 g/100 g of cellulose and 5.41 g/100 g of lignin. In vitro starch and protein digestibility was 28.80 mg maltose released per gram and 72.18 percent, respectively. Baby corn contained 5.43 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid and 670 μg/100 g of β‐carotene. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of baby corn was 95.00, 345.00 and 898.62 mg/100 g, respectively, baby corn contained 0.05, 2.85 and 0.675μg/g of methionine, isoleucine and leucine, respectively.Originality/valueThe study indicated that baby corn is good source of various nutrients like protein, crude fibre, carbohydrates and dietary fibres and its nutritional quality is at par or even superior to many other commonly used vegetables.
Nutrition; effects of the Research Excellence Framework (REF)
Authors: Hartwell Heather , van Teijlingen Edwin , Parker Jonathon 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review one aspect, impact of the forthcoming assessment of research in UK universities, the Research Excellence Framework (REF) and to examine its meaning and potential for enhanced partnerships between practitioners and academia.Design/methodology/approachThis article debates the increasing requirement of practitioner and academic collaboration as well as outlining how we, as a contributing University, are grappling with the evidence needed to develop a framework that will demonstrate impact outside of formal academia.FindingsIt is difficult to establish the link between cause and effect and to assume that the potential changes in behaviour are the result of certain interventions; capturing learning or useful data which contributes to evidenced based policy is challenging. The problem is compounded by the diversity of funding sources, each with its own scrutinising requirements. The importance of REF for the integration of evidenced based practice is evident and demonstrates the major role that practitioners could play in the future.Originality/valueA considerable amount of UK research is publically funded, hence fuelling the Government's drive to determine impact on society. This paper debates for the first time that practitioners have a role to play in its creation and identification.
Physiological changes in Karanda (Carissa carandus L.) fruit during growth and ripening
Authors: Patel Prakash R. , Ramana Rao T.V. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeIncreased reliance on major food crops has caused shrinking of the food basket. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to introduce underutilised fruit of Karanda (Carissa carandus L.) for its commercial exploitation.Design/methodology/approachThe present study elucidates the physiological changes that prevail in the fruits of Karanda during its successive stages of growth and ripening. Changes in sugars, starch, proteins, phenols, amino acids, role of various enzymes and rate of ethylene and respiration has been used as parameters to access the physiological changes taking place.FindingsNotable change was observed in its colour from green to deep blue/black, accumulation of sugars and proteins, degradation of starch, phenols and free amino acids. Cell wall degrading enzymes (polygalactouronase and pectin methylesterase) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) showed their active role, while that of cell wall degrading enzyme cellulase and hydrolyzing enzymes (amylase and invertase) were not active during the growth and ripening of the fruit. Increased levels of respiration and ethylene production determined it to be a climacteric type of fruit.Research limitations/implicationsThe study does not provide information regarding the other nutritional parameters of the fruits like vitamins and minerals.Originality/valueThe physiological changes in relation to growth and ripening would be useful in determining the maturity indices for harvesting and utilization of this underutilised Karanda fruit.
Survival of Bb12 and La5 in synbiotic milk
Authors: Mohseni Maede , Reza Ehsani Mohamad , Mohamadi Sani Ali 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe aim of this study is to produce non‐fermented symbiotic milk with natural taste and to evaluate the effect of prebiotics including inulin, lactolose and galacto‐oligosaccharides (respectively in 0.6, 0.4 and 1.6% w/w) on probiotics count of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La‐5) and Bifidobacterium bifidus (lactis) (Bb‐12) in cooled pasteurized milk.Design/methodology/approachThe probiotic cultures (count: 109 CFU/mL, dosage: 0.01% w/v) and prebiotics were added to 2.5% fat milk in Pegah pasteurized milk factory. The chemical properties of milk and the survival of La5 and Bb12 were studied at 4°C during ten days.FindingsResults of sensory evaluation tests showed that none of the symbiotic samples were acceptable after ten days. So the minimum acceptance time of the samples was seven days except for the lactolose one. When compared to the control sample, at day 0, the viable counts for both L. acidophilus La‐5 and B. bifidus(lactis) Bb‐12 significantly increased in the symbiotic milk by addition of lactolose (P<0.05) due to possible probiotic effects of this source.Originality/valueNo research had been done to produce non‐fermented symbiotic milk in Iran. The minimum shelf life of the product was one week.
The microbiological profile of Jamaican Ackees (Blighia sapida)
Authors: Gordon André , Jackson José C. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to study the microbiological profile of the ackee fruit during maturation.Design/methodology/approachAckees at ripening stage five, mature but unopened, were allowed to ripen naturally on the trees or on ripening racks used in commercial processing. The microbiological profile of fruits from this stage to that where they had ripened to the point just prior to decay (stage ten) were assessed. Aerobic and anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic sporeformers and vegetative cells, total coliforms, E. coli, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds at each stage were determined using standard methods.FindingsThe number of microorganisms on the tree‐ripened fruits was higher than those ripened on racks. Mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic spore‐forming organisms were present in greater numbers than thermophiles at all stages of maturity. Coliforms, excluding E. coli, were found on the tree‐ripened ackees particularly in the latter stages of ripening. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and molds found on both tree and rack‐ripened fruit may be the predominant agents in the microbiological spoilage of ackees during ripening.Originality/valueThis study is the first to assess the microbiological profile of ackees during ripening. It indicated that the relatively low levels of microorganisms of economic or public health significance during both tree‐ and rack‐ripening processes would not affect the commercial sterility of the canned product, even with a moderate thermal process (Fo of 3). It also suggests that controlled rack‐ripening of ackee fruit during commercial processing could improve the microbial quality of the processed product.
Adaptive simulation of free surface flows with discrete least squares meshless (DLSM) method using a posteriori error estimator
Authors: Shobeyri G. , Afshar M.H. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose an adaptive refinement strategy based on a posteriori error estimate for the efficient simulation of free surface flows using discrete least squares meshless (DLSM) method.Design/methodology/approachA pressure projection method is employed to discretize the governing equations of mass and momentum conservation in a Lagrangian form. The semi‐discretized equations are then discretized in space using the DLSM method, in which the sum of squared residual of the governing equations and their boundary conditions are minimized with respect to the unknown nodal parameters.FindingsSince the position of the free surface is of great significant in free surface problems, a posteriori error estimator which automatically associates higher error to the nodes near the free surface is proposed and used along with a node moving refinement strategy to simulate the free surface problems more efficiently. To test the ability and efficiency of the proposed adaptive simulation method, two test problems, namely dam break and evolution of a water bubble, are solved and the results are presented and compared to those of analytical and experimental results.Originality/valueError estimate and adaptive refinement have been mostly used in confined and steady‐state flow. Here in this paper, a new attempt has been made to use these concepts in moving boundary problem.
Statistical mechanics as guidance for particle‐based computational methods
Authors: Tejada Ignacio G. , Jimenez Rafael 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show that there are some underlying principles of granular media that can be derived from statistical mechanics and that could be useful when considered in the context of computer simulations.Design/methodology/approachThe fundamentals of statistical mechanics are presented and they are revised in order to set up a suitable approach for jammed static granular media. After a conceptual discussion about the entropy of granular matter, some specific statistical mechanics approaches that have been used for granular media are reviewed. Finally, a numerical simulation, conducted using an open source molecular dynamics code, is included as an illustrative example.FindingsIt is shown qualitatively how statistical mechanics can be used to analytically compute the expected statistical distribution of some quantities in numerical simulations.Research limitations/implicationsThe computation of entropy from histograms and the establishment of the constraints of the ensembles in simulations are still open issues.Practical implicationsConsidering the entropy could set up new computational techniques. Initial arrangements could be analyzed in terms of their probability of occurrence and of their “distance” to the most probable state.Originality/valueThe paper includes the distribution of the mean force‐moment tensor component of a fast cyclic quasi isotropic compression process of a simple granular media. Results show how the system tends to an equilibrium state.
Approximate solution of couple stress fluid with expanding or contracting porous channel
Authors: Alam Khan Najeeb , Mahmood Amir , Ara Asmat 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the approximate solution of the couple stress fluid equations in a semi‐infinite rectangular channel with porous and uniformly expanding or contracting walls.Design/methodology/approachPerturbation method is a traditional method depending on a small parameter which is difficult to be found for real‐life nonlinear problems. The governing partial differential equations are transformed using a transformation into an ordinary differential equation that is solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM) and shooting technique.FindingsTo assess the accuracy of the solutions, the comparison of the obtained results reveals that both methods are tremendously effective. Analytical and numerical solutions comparison indicates an excellent agreement and this comparison is also presented. Graphs are portrayed for the effects of some values of parameters.Practical implicationsExpansion or contraction problems occur naturally in the transport of biological fluids, the air circulation in the respiratory system, expanding or contracting jets and the synchronous pulsating of porous diaphragms. This work provides a very useful source of information for researchers on this subject.Originality/valueIn the present study, the flow of couple stress fluids in expanding and contracting scenarios is investigated.
A methodology for constitutive relationships estimation for SWNT reinforced composites
Authors: Hussein Ahmed M. , Rashed Youssef F. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThis paper computationally estimates the constitutive relationships of composite materials reinforced by single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT).Design/methodology/approachA multiscale analysis is considered. At the nanoscale level, molecular dynamics (MD) are used to predict the stiffness for an equivalent beam. A BEM solver for the elasticity problems is extended to allow the presence of inclusions and hence is used to model a RVE for the composite matrix with the equivalent nanotube beams. A genetic algorithm (GA) is developed to generate an initial population of anisotropic materials based on FEM. The GA evolves the population of properties of anisotropic materials till a material is found whose mechanical response is the same as that of the nanocomposite.FindingsThe overall process is suitable for the constitutive relationships estimation according to the verification process outlined.Research limitations/implicationsThe present work is limited to 2D linear problems. However, extending it to 3D non‐linear applications is straight forward.Practical implicationsThe present technique could be used to estimate properties of NCT composites, hence practical applications such as aeroplane structures or turbine blades could be analysed using commercial finite element software. The present methodology could be used to estimate non‐mechanical properties such as the thermal and electric properties.Originality/valueThe present computational technique has never been presented in the literature.
TWT magnetic focusing structure optimization by parallel evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Coco Salvatore , Laudani Antonino , Pollicino Giuseppe , Pulcini Giuseppe , Riganti Fulginei Francesco , Salvini Alessandro 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the application of a novel hybrid algorithm, called MeTEO (Metric‐Topological‐Evolutionary‐Optimization), based on the combination of three heuristics inspired by artificial life to the solution of optimization problems of a real electronic vacuum device.Design/methodology/approachThe Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the Flock‐of‐Starlings Optimization (FSO) and the Bacterial Chemotaxis Algorithm (BCA) were adapted to implement a novel meta‐heuristic MeTEO the FSO has been powerfully employed for exploring the whole space of solutions, whereas the PSO is used to explore local regions where FSO had found solutions, and BCA to refine the solutions found by PSO, thanks its better performances in local search.FindingsThe optimization of the focusing magnetic field of a Travelling Wave Tubes (TWT) collector is presented in order to show the effectiveness of MeTEO, in combination with COLLGUN FE simulator and equivalent source representation. The optimization of the focusing magnetic structure is obtained by using a maximum of 100 steps for each heuristic.Practical implicationsThe paper describes the development of a novel efficient parallel method for the solution of electromagnetic device optimization problems.Originality/valueThe paper shows the capabilities of a novel combination of optimization methods inspired by “artificial life” which allows us to achieve effective solutions of multimodal optimization problems, typical of the electromagnetic device optimization, with an acceptable computational cost, thanks also to its natural parallel implementation.
Geometric formulation of edge and nodal finite element equations in electromagnetics
Authors: Demenko Andrzej , Sykulski Jan. K. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to emphasise the analogies between variational and network formulations using geometrical forms, with the purpose of developing alternative but otherwise equivalent derivations of the finite element (FE) method.Design/methodology/approachFE equations for electromagnetic fields are examined, in particular nodal elements using scalar potential formulation and edge elements for vector potential formulation.FindingsIt is shown how the equations usually obtained via variational approach may be more conveniently derived using integral methods, employing a geometrical description of the interpolating functions of edge and facet elements. Moreover, the resultant equations describe the equivalent multi‐branch circuit models.Originality/valueThe approach proposed in the paper explores the analogy of the FE formulation to loop or nodal magnetic or electric networks and has been shown to be very beneficial in teaching, especially to students well familiar with circuit methods. The presented methods are also helpful when formulating classical network models. Finally, for the first time, the geometrical forms of edge and facet element functions have been demonstrated.
Characteristics analysis of IPM motor applied by voltage source using 3‐D finite element method with prismatic elements
Authors: Katagiri Hirokatsu , Kawase Yoshihiro , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Kishida Kazuya , Morinaga Keiichi 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to clarify the usefulness of characteristics analysis of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor using the 3‐D finite element method (FEM) with prismatic elements from the view point of the accuracy and the calculation time.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analyzed characteristics of an IPM motor applied by the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source using the 3‐D FEM with prismatic elements and with tetrahedral elements; then compared the calculated results and the calculation time using prismatic elements with those using tetrahedral elements.FindingsIt was found that the calculated current and torque, and eddy current loss using prismatic elements are almost the same as those using tetrahedral elements. The calculation time using prismatic elements is shorter than that using tetrahedral elements.Originality/valueThis paper verifies the usefulness of the 3‐D FEM with prismatic elements through characteristics analysis of an IPM motor driven by the PWM voltage source.