bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Methodology Based on NMR Spectroscopy for the Forensic Analysis of Condoms
Authors: Lee GSH , Brinch KM , Kannangara K , Dawson M , Wilson MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Both solution and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques have been used to determine differences in commercially available condoms. Whilst solid state NMR is useful for determining the polymer backbone, it is not useful for forensic analysis due to the commonality of the latex condom. However solution NMR spectra obtained following a simple extraction procedure using hexane, provides a fingerprint of the additives in the lubricants. Following the development of a flow chart, basing decisions on the presence of particular peaks present in the solution spectra, 33 of 38 condoms could be individualized. Samples were also analyzed after having the lubricant manually removed and soaking the condom in water for 3 to 24 h. These experiments were performed to simulate a case of the sample having been used and disposed of by flushing down the toilet, as may be experienced in a case of a sexual assault. The results indicated that the only significant water soluble component was polyethylene glycol. The overall results suggest that the method developed may be a quick and useful technique in characterizing condoms. The information obtained can be used to provide associative evidence between suspect and crime, and so be useful in sexual assault cases.
Machine Washing or Brushing of Clothing and Its Influence on Shooting Distance Estimation
Authors: Vinokurov A , Zeichner A , Glattstein B , Koffman A , Levin N , Rosengarten A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of machine washing or brushing of clothing items on Gunshot Residue (GSR) patterns (gunpowder residues, lead, and copper deposits) around bullet entrance holes. Results show that those treatments decrease considerably the amount and density of GSR. However, for close shooting distances not all of the GSR deposits are removed. Remaining patterns may be visualized by specific color reactions and used for shooting distance estimation.
Digital Enhancement of Sub-Quality Bitemark Photographs
Authors: Karazalus CP , Palmbach TT , Lee HC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Digital enhancement software was used to enhance bitemark photographs. This enhancement technique improved the resolution of the bitemark images. Lucis was the software program utilized in this study and case applications. First, this technique was applied on known bitemark images to evaluate the potential effectiveness of this digital enhancement method. Subsequently, Lucis was utilized on two separate unsolved cases involving enhancement of bitemark evidence. One case involved a severely beaten infant with a bitemark on the upper thigh. The second case involves a bitemark observed on the breast of a female sexual assault strangulation victim. In both cases, bitemark images were significantly improved after digital enhancement.
Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints: 1,2-Indanedione Has Come of Age
Authors: Wiesner S , Springer E , Sasson Y , Almog J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The performance of 1,2-indanedione as a latent fingerprint reagent on some types of paper was found to exceed that of DFO, the leading fluorogenic fingerprint reagent. It even exceeds the performance of the sequence, DFO, followed by ninhydrin. No new prints could be observed when ninhydrin was applied after indanedione. On a large number of actual exhibits (used checks) indanedione developed 46% more identifiable prints than the sequence DFO-ninhydrin.
A standard procedure for fingerprint development by indanedione is proposed. Best results are obtained with a 0.2% indanedione solution in HFE7100 solvent containing 7% ethyl acetate, but no acetic acid. It can be recommended to start using 1,2-indanedione, which is already commercially available, in actual fingerprint casework.
Systematic Analysis of Bulk Blue Ballpoint Pen Ink by FTIR Spectrometry
Authors: Wang J , Luo G , Sun S , Wang Z , Wang Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A classifying method on bulk blue ballpoint pen ink has been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By using this method, a total of 108 blue ink samples have been divided into two groups depending on their main component. Spectral characteristics of these inks such as frequency and absorbance are described by way of artificial intelligence of pattern recognition, and 35 subgroups from the 108 inks are distinguished by their correlation coefficient (λ). Under heat or exposure to ultraviolet light a mode of change in the age of the inks has been obtained. This approach has provided a reliable and nondestructive method for the characterization of bulk ballpoint writing ink, and more importantly, it might be a basis for dating of the blue ballpoint pen ink.
Extraction of Human DNA for PCR from Chewed Residues of Betel Quid Using a Novel “PVP/CTAB” Method
Authors: Chiou FS , Pai CY , Hsu YPP , Tsai CW , Yang CH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Residues of chewed betel quid (BQ) are often found on crime scenes in Taiwan and possibly some of the Southeast Asian countries. Although these residues are important biological evidences relating to the suspects, the forensic analysis of BQ evidence has been hindered by failures in extraction of human DNA for PCR analysis. Therefore, it is a prerequisite for relevant forensic casework to establish a reliable method for extracting DNA from chewed BQ residues.
Three conventional methods (salt/chloroform, 5% Chelex-100 resin, and QIAamp) were first tested for extraction of human DNA from 33 mock BQ samples, which had been stored for less than two months, and 50 four-year-old forensic BQ samples. PCR amplifications from the HLA-DQA1&PM and the STR loci were then used to test the quality of the extracted DNA. For the mock samples, three observations were made. First, PCR amplification of DNA extracted by using these conventional methods had low success rate. Second, the addition of extra Taq DNA polymerase could compensate the lost enzyme activities due to putative inhibitors and, thus, increase the yield. Third, using the Centricon™-100 column to remove putative inhibitors substantially improved the efficiency of PCR. However, for the four-year-old forensic BQ samples, none of the attempts for PCR were successful.
In order to solve the problem in PCR analysis of DNA from old BQ samples, we developed a DNA extraction method based on the use of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which bind to two common classes of PCR inhibitors in plants, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, respectively. The result showed that this “PVP/CTAB” method is completely successful for the mock BQ samples, and 92% (46 out of 50) successful for the four-year-old forensic BQ samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a reliable method for the extraction of human DNA for PCR from chewed BQ residues. This method should provide a useful means for forensic identification in countries where betel chewing is common.
Glycine Toxicity and Unexpected Intra-Operative Death
Authors: Byard RW , Harrison R , Wells R , Gilbert JD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rare complication of the use of glycine irrigation fluid during prostatic surgery in a 69-year-old man is described. Following cystolithopexy and transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatomegaly, abdominal distension developed with increasing ventilatory pressures. Despite retroperitoneal fluid evacuation at subsequent urgent laparotomy, cardiac arrest occurred that was not amenable to resuscitation. At autopsy a traumatic defect in the posterior bladder wall filled with calculus debris was confirmed that did not communicate with the peritoneal cavity. Hyponatremia with markedly elevated levels of blood, urine, and body fluid glycine were demonstrated. Death was, therefore, attributed to glycine toxicity following tracking of glycine through a surgical defect in the posterior bladder wall. Careful dissection of surgical sites is required in such cases to demonstrate any additional trauma that may be associated with the fatal episode. Analysis of body fluids for glycine and electrolytes is also necessary to assist in the determination of possible mechanisms of death.
Review of: Principles and Practice of Criminalistics
Authors: Houck MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An old parable says that the Zen Master Fa-Yen, was once asked by an initiate, “What is the First Principle?” Fa-Yen replied, “If I should tell you, it would become the Second Principle.” This terse rejoinder describes how most forensic scientists approach the philosophic basis of their discipline: If I should tell you, it would no longer be what it is. Many in the field are of the opinion that we have been applying our methods for too long without sufficient consideration for the underlying principles of what we do. What are “class characteristics”? What is an “association”? We assume we know what these mean but in an open discussion between forensic scientists about our individual assumptions, disagreement would invariably ensue.
Review of: Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science, Seventh Edition
Authors: Harris HA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The first edition of this book was published in 1977, which means it has been in continuous production for about 24 years. There has to be a reason for such success and I believe that reason is that it fulfills a need for a simple readable text for college and training courses in forensic science. A part of this success is also due to ability to bridge the gap between the science oriented “doer” and the law enforcement “user” of forensic science. This is no small problem and it imposes limitations on the book for both applications. This is the strength of the book in its market place and the weakness of the book for those who wish to use it in one of those two arenas.
Review of: Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law
Authors: Melson KE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Professor Kiely, who established the Center for Law and Science at DePaul University, presents the reader with a review of the uses of forensic science in criminal cases. The book is not intended as an instructional guide on the forensic sciences, but rather as a compendium of illustrations highlighting the investigative uses of forensic science and the judicial responses to its use as evidence.
Artificial Radiocarbon as an Indicator of Recent Origin of Organic Remains in Forensic Cases
Authors: Ubelaker DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
From 1950 to 1963 atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices produced elevated levels of artificial carbon-14 in the atmosphere. Terrestrial organic material from that time period displays carbon-14 activity nearly twice the pre-1950 levels. Measurement of the carbon-14 activity within organic specimens from forensic cases can reveal if the material dates before or after about 1955. Such information can prove important in some cases in determining if the material is sufficiently recent to be of forensic concern. Application of this technique to an unidentified human skeleton from the American southwest is discussed.
Quantitative Analysis of Sharp-Force Trauma: An Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Bartelink EJ , Wiersema JM , Demaree RS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has occasionally been used by anthropologists and forensic scientists to look at morphological characteristics that certain implements leave on bone. However, few studies have addressed techniques or protocols for assessing quantitative differences between tool marks on bone made by different bladed implements. In this study, the statistical variation in cut mark width was examined between control and test samples on bone using a scalpel blade, paring knife, and kitchen utility knife. Statistically significant differences (p &lt; .0005) were found between cut marks made by the same knife under control and test conditions for all three knife types used in the study. When the control sample and test samples were examined individually for differences in mean variation between knife types, significant differences were also found (p &lt; .0005). While significant differences in cut mark width were found, caution should be used in trying to classify individual cut marks as being inflicted by a particular implement, due to the overlap in cut mark width that exists between different knife types. When combined, both quantitative and qualitative analyses of cut marks should prove to be more useful in trying to identify a suspect weapon. Furthermore, the application of SEM can be particularly useful for assessing many of these features.
Forensic Dental Identifications in the Greater Houston Area
Authors: Delattre VF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In order to confirm the identity of the deceased, 1.7% of the deaths (162 cases) evaluated at the Harris County Medical Examiner's Office during the time period of this study required a forensic dental evaluation. Data were collected and analyzed. The manner of death was ranked in order as follows: 30% homicide; 20% accident of various types other than motor vehicle accidents; 18% motor vehicle accidents; 16% remain undetermined; 9% natural causes; and 7% suicide. The cause of death was: 24% asphyxia, smoke inhalation, or thermal burn injuries; 23% blunt-force trauma; 18% miscellaneous causes of death; 15% undetermined; 13% gun shot wounds; and 7% asphyxia. The condition of the remains were: 38% charred or incinerated; 31% decomposing; 18% skeletal remains; 6% “fresh” or recently deceased; 4% fragmented; and 3% severely beaten or mangled with displacement of the maxillomandibular region, complicating the dental identification procedure. The gender was: 62% male; 34% female; and 4% undetermined. The race was: 55% Caucasian; 19% Hispanic; 14% black; 1% Asian; and 11% undetermined. The age was: 2% from 0 to 10 years of age; 9% from 11 to 20; 21% from 21 to 30; 18% from 31 to 40; 13% from 41 to 50; 8% from 51 to 60; 5% from 61 to 70; 4% from 71 to 80; 1% from 81 to 90; and 19% undetermined. Further evaluation of these and future dental identification cases will provide valuable data to help prepare the forensic dentist for the wide variety of cases that must be evaluated in the course of their careers.
Stability and Detectability of Lachrymators and Their Degradation Products in Evidence Samples
Authors: Kataoka M , Seto Y , Tsuge K , Noami M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The detectability and stability of lachrymators [2-chloroacetophenone (CN), o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and synthetic capsaicin (nonivamide)] were investigated using dichloromethane extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ultrasonication at 40°C slightly improved the extraction yields of nonivamide to almost quantitative yield, compared to low yields (30 to 40%) of CN and CS. In terms of the stability of low spiked concentrations (6 to 7 _g), from the surface of glass and stainless steel (60 to 100 cm square), CN rapidly disappeared, CS disappeared gradually, and nonivamide was almost quantitatively recovered. The three lachrymators in absorbent cotton (0.3 g) gradually disappeared. From water (20 mL), nonivamide gradually disappeared and was undetectable after eleven days. CN decreased gradually, and instead, acetophenone appeared. CS disappeared rapidly, and o-chlorobenzaldehyde, o-chlorobenzyl alcohol, and ochlorobenzoic acid were produced. The stability of high spiked concentrations of CN and CS in water (0.5 to 0.6 mg per 20 mL) was also investigated using liquid chromatography. CN was quantitatively recovered. The concentrations of CS decreased to about an8 % recovery level within 2 h. Concomitantly, o-chlorobenzaldehyde appeared at a concentration of about 80% recovery.
Constructing Universal Multiplex Pcr Systems for Comparative Genotyping
Authors: Wallin JM , Holt CL , Lazaruk KD , Nguyen TH , Walsh PS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Analysis of length polymorphisms at STR loci in the human genome has become a standard approach for comparative genotyping in many areas including disease research and diagnostics, parentage assessment, investigations of human diversity, and forensic science. The simultaneous analysis of multiple STR loci through multiplex PCR and multicolor fluorescence detection offers sample conservation, high throughput, and automated genetic analysis. Careful design and optimization of tetranucleotide STR multiplexes has led to reliable, standardized systems that powerfully differentiate and distinguish individual human DNA profiles. The development of these multiplex systems involved a rigorous experimental strategy that included careful selection of PCR primer sequences (for yield, specificity, and multiplex compatability), along with optimization of PCR component concentrations, thermal cycling parameters, and fluorescence detection conditions. This developmental approach rendered well-characterized DNA typing systems that are high performing (sensitive, specific, and balanced), optimized to universal parameters (same reaction conditions), resilient to fluctuations in reaction conditions, and simple to implement and use routinely.
Twgdam Validation of Ampf_str•: PCR Amplification Kits for Forensic DNA Casework
Authors: Holt CL , Buoncristiani M , Wallin JM , Nguyen T , Lazaruk KD , Walsh PS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Laboratory procedures used in short tandem repeat (STR) analysis were subjected to various scenarios that assessed reliability and identified potential limitations. These validation studies were designed as recommended by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) and the DNA Advisory Board (DAB) (17,18). Various DNA samples were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using AmpF_STR• PCR Amplification Kits (i.e., AmpF_STR Green I, Profiler•, Profiler Plus•, and COfiler• kits), detected with ABI Prism instrumentation, and analyzed using GeneScan and Genotyper software. Data acquired in these studies reinforced an existing body of knowledge and expertise regarding application and interpretation of STR typing in the forensic science community. Consistent STR genotypes were detected in various body tissues and fluids. Inter-laboratory comparisons produced concordant genotype results. Quantitative interpretational aids for DNA mixtures were characterized. Ability of the typing systems to type potentially compromised samples reliably was evaluated. Nonprobative case evidentiary DNA was successfully amplified, genotyped, and interpreted. Potential limitations or cautionary factors in the interpretation of minimal fluorescence intensity were demonstrated. Differential amplification between loci was observed when PCR was inhibited; preferential amplification typically was not. Single AmpF_STR locus amplification did not offer consistent benefit over AmpF_STR multiplexing, even in cases of DNA degradation or PCR inhibition. During rigorous evaluation, AmpF_STR PCR Amplification Kits reproducibly yielded sensitive and locusspecific results, as required in routine forensic analyses.
The Efficiency of an X-Ray Screening System at a Mass Disaster
Authors: Goodman NR , Edelson LB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a study to determine the efficiency and efficacy of using an X-ray security screening system to locate both dental fragments and other foreign objects that might be commingled with fragmented remains in a mass disaster.
A controlled study by the Pennsylvania Dental Identification Team (PADIT) revealed that a manual examination of simulated body bags containing commingled dental parts and foreign objects by a team of trained forensic odontologists was very effective in locating dental fragments and in finding foreign objects.
Although this was effective, it was not efficient, because it was very time consuming. With the use of an X-ray security screening system, the time factor could be reduced. This study also revealed that even though this sophisticated equipment could reduce the time factor in locating commingled dental and foreign objects, a forensic odontologist should be utilized to be most effective.
Suicide by Drowning: A 20-Year Review
Authors: Wirthwein DP , Barnard JJ , Prahlow JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Drowning as a method of suicide is known to occur, but has primarily been described in environments with readily available access to water, such as coastal regions. In this study, we describe and analyze a series of suicidal drownings occurring in a noncoastal area of Texas. Between 1977 and 1996, 52 cases of suicidal drowning were investigated at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences in Dallas, Texas. Such deaths accounted for only 0.85% of all suicides and 4% of all drowning deaths. In contrast, suicidal drownings reportedly account for 2.8 to 8.9% of all suicides in regions with easy access to water. As with other studies of suicidal drowning, the victims are usually sober white males over the age of 40 years. Our results also confirm that certain individuals who commit suicide by drowning use weights to facilitate the process. A detailed analysis of the cases is provided, as is a synopsis of several questions that may aid in determining the manner of death in suicidal drowning cases.
Stalking: Developing an Empirical Typology to Classify Stalkers
Authors: Ben KD , Fremouw W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Stalking has received a great deal of attention from the media and its harmful effects on victims have been well documented. Stalking is also more common than previously thought, leading researchers to classify stalkers into groups in an attempt to predict future behavior. Previous research has grouped stalkers based on theoretical models rather than trying to empirically examine stalking behaviors along with other factors such as motivation, type of relationship, and attachment style in determining a typology of stalkers. Female college students (N_108) who had experienced stalking behaviors responded to questions regarding their perceptions of those behaviors. First, these victim perceptions were factor analyzed. Then, cluster analysis grouped those factors to produce a four-cluster typology of stalkers. Cluster 1 (Harmless) appeared to reflect a more casual, less jealous pattern of behavior. Cluster 2 (Low Threat) appeared the least likely to become physically violent or threatening, or to engage in illegal behaviors. Cluster 3 (Violent Criminal) appeared to be the most likely to engage in physically threatening and illegal behaviors. Cluster 4 (High Threat) was characterized by a more serious type of relationship and may attempt to be more restrictive of their partner when first meeting them.
A Gradient Reversed Phase HPLC Procedure for Smokeless Powder Comparison
Authors: Wissinger CE , McCord BR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Smokeless powder comparisons are commonly carried out by extracting additives and stabilizer degradation products from the powder using methylene chloride, and analyzing the results by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Some of these components are thermally unstable, making comparison of similar powders or of powders originating from different manufacturing lots difficult when GC is used. Isocratic HPLC analysis using C-18 stationary columns can be unsatisfactory due to a wide range of polarities of the additives and stabilizer degradation products and the presence of geometrical isomers. In this paper, a gradient procedure using a C-8 column is described for the analysis of smokeless powders. The procedure provides separation of a wide range of components present in smokeless powders. In this work, analytical figures of merit are provided, UV spectra of each of the components are presented, and the procedure is evaluated by comparing four different lots of smokeless powder from the same manufacturer.