bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Media education and Brazilian educational policies for the enhancement of learning
Authors: Bujokas-de-Siqueira Alexandra , Rothberg Danilo 
Published: April 2014

As media education concepts and practices have been disseminated and strengthened in European countries and Americas, the policies responsible for that expansion remain little known, particularly in countries where the achievements have been recently noted. That is the case for Brazil, where there have been new opportunities for media education, considered as a valuable resource to help accomplish goals of the educational system. This paper looks into the contribution of media education to the enhancement of teaching and learning in the context of innovations brought by recent policies of the Brazilian Ministry of Education. After educational reform programmes which brought the opportunity for emerging fields such as media education, we produced teaching material and conducted a series of workshops with students and teachers from state secondary schools. By reading and producing multimedia information about local public services available to young people, pupils learned about democracy, citizenship, civic engagement, media language, and identity. Lessons from our experiment are discussed against the backdrop of education policies being implemented to ameliorate harsh conditions resulting from the recent economic crisis. We suggest that media education can help by creating a learning environment in which the students become aware of the value of educational attainments.
Los conceptos y prácticas de educación en medios se han diseminado cada vez más en países europeos y americanos. Las políticas responsables de su expansión son aún poco conocidas, en particular en países donde sus realizaciones solo han sido percibidas recientemente. Así es el caso de Brasil, donde han surgido nuevas oportunidades de educación en medios. Este trabajo examina la contribución de la educación en medios para la mejora de la enseñanza y del aprendizaje en el marco de las innovaciones aportadas por las recientes políticas del Ministerio de Educación de Brasil. Tras los programas de reforma educativa, se tuvo la oportunidad de introducir campos emergentes como la alfabetización mediática, con la producción de materiales para la enseñanza y la realización de una serie de talleres con alumnos y profesores de las escuelas secundarias públicas. Mediante la lectura y producción de información multimedia, sobre los servicios públicos locales disponibles para los jóvenes, los estudiantes reflexionaron de forma sistemática sobre democracia, ciudadanía, participación cívica, comunicación e identidad. Estas innovaciones tienen cabida en el contexto de las políticas educativas que se están implementando para mejorar las duras condiciones establecidas en un pasado reciente por la crisis económica. En esta propuesta, abogamos por que la educación en medios ayude a la creación de ambientes de aprendizaje favorecedores para que los alumnos tomen conciencia del valor de los logros educativos.
eRubrics in cooperative assessment of learning at university
Authors: Cebrián-de-la-Serna Manuel , Serrano-Angulo José , Ruiz-Torres Mayerly 
Published: April 2014

Teamwork is one of the most widespread teaching methods used to achieve learning skills. Despite the difficulty of finding out the degree of individual learning taking place in each member of the group, these methods are having an increasingly greater importance in university teaching. The present article shows the results of an R+D+i1 project aimed at «analysing the impact of eRubrics ?electronic rubrics? on the assessment of university learning in various forms». Likewise, it aims to show the scope of eRubrics in improving cooperative skills, which are achieved through teamwork and cooperative assessment of tasks in the computer lab. The experiment takes place in three groups selected from a total of six groups of students from the First Year of Primary Education Teaching during the 2011-12 academic year. From the three groups, one acted as the control group and the other two as the experimental groups in which eRubrics were used. Differences were found in students’ results in a written test taken by all the groups, as the group using eRubrics achieved better results than the other two. Additionally, a qualitative analysis was conducted, by classifying the answers of students in the control group with regard to the evaluation criteria that they used, in order to check for coincidences with the eRubric criteria used by students in the experimental groups.
El trabajo cooperativo mediante tareas y proyectos en equipo es una de las metodologías más generalizadas en educación para lograr las competencias de aprendizaje. Estas metodologías están teniendo cada vez mayor aceptación en la enseñanza universitaria, a pesar de la dificultad de conocer los aprendizajes individuales producidos en cada uno de sus miembros. Este artículo muestra los resultados de un proyecto de I+D+i cuyo objetivo general consiste en «Analizar el impacto de las eRúbricas –rúbricas electrónicas- en la evaluación de los aprendizajes universitarios en sus diferentes modalidades», y pretende mostrar el alcance de esta herramienta para mejorar el aprendizaje de las competencias o habilidades cooperativas, producto del trabajo en equipo y la evaluación cooperativa de tareas en el laboratorio. La experiencia se desarrolla con tres grupos elegidos (205 estudiantes) de un total de seis grupos de estudiantes de 1º del grado de Primaria en el curso 2011/12. De los tres grupos, uno actúa como grupo de control y los otros dos como grupos experimentales en los que se ha utilizado eRúbricas. Se observan diferencias en las notas de una prueba escrita común a todos, con mejores resultados en los grupos con eRúbrica. Además, se realiza un análisis cualitativo categorizando las respuestas dadas por los estudiantes del grupo de control sobre los criterios de evaluación que éstos utilizan, para ver las coincidencias con los criterios de las eRúbricas usadas en los grupos experimentales.
Use of the Internet in educative informal contexts. Implication for formal education
Authors: Costa Sebastiano , Cuzzocrea Francesca , Nuzzaci Antonella 
Published: April 2014

Media use plays an important role in the social, emotional, and cognitive development of young individuals and accounts for a large portion of their time. For this reason it is important to understand the variables that contribute to improve the use of the Internet as a source of information and knowledge in formal and informal contexts. How is it possible to exploit the huge potential of this tool to help people learn? What are the cognitive and social characteristics that help individuals experience the Internet without being overwhelmed by its negative effects? What skills are needed to select and manage information and communication? What type of Internet use creates new relationships and ways of learning? A sample of 191 subjects was examined to determine certain characteristic differences between subjects with high and low levels of Internet use. The results show that individuals with high levels of Internet use have higher extroversion and openness scores. The research analyses the use of the Internet in informal contexts to determine the benefits that may result from Internet use in education which may include the development of the skill set necessary to evaluate information critically and analytically and build independent attitudes.
El uso de Internet ofrece un importante espacio para el desarrollo social, emocional y cognitivo de los jóvenes y ocupa gran parte de su tiempo libre. Por lo tanto, es muy importante observar algunas variables que contribuyen a mejorar su uso como fuente de información y conocimiento en contextos formales e informales. ¿Cómo, entonces, aprovechar el enorme potencial de esta herramienta para ayudar a las personas en su aprendizaje?, ¿cuáles son las características cognitivas y sociales que ayudan a utilizarla sin que les afecte negativamente?, ¿qué habilidades se necesitan para seleccionar y gestionar la información y la comunicación?, ¿qué tipos de usos de Internet suscitan aprendizaje y nuevas y diferentes relaciones? En una muestra de 191 sujetos se examinan las diferentes características entre los sujetos con alto y bajo nivel de uso. Los resultados muestran que los individuos con alto nivel de uso de Internet tienen una puntuación más alta en lo que se refiere a las características de extroversión y apertura. La investigación se basa en un marco teórico que parte del análisis del uso de en un contexto informal para llegar a una reflexión sobre las posibilidades y ventajas que pueden derivarse de su uso en la educación, y del conjunto de habilidades que es necesario desarrollar para utilizar y evaluar la información de manera crítica y analítica y para construir una mente abierta y una actitud independiente.
Perceived social support as a factor of rural women’s digital inclusion in online social networks
Authors: Rebollo-Catalán María-Ángelez , Vico-Bosch Alba 
Published: April 2014

This article presents the results of a study on the digital inclusion of rural women in social networks. Its main objective is to understand the social support perceived by these women within online social networks and its relation to digital inclusion, considering also whether there are differences in the degree of support depending on age, family status and employment status. To do this, we applied two scales measuring perceived social support and digital inclusion to 478 women from rural areas of Andalusia aged 18 to 65. The results showed a medium level of support, with significant differences found in the social support perceived by women depending on their age, family status and employment status. Women, who were young, students, single, with no children and who use Tuenti and Facebook perceived a higher level of social support in social networks. We also observed a strong relation between perceived social support and the digital inclusion of women in social networks, with similarities appearing in studies carried out in different contexts and social groups. The discussion looks at implications for the formation of an active and participatory citizenship of women in social networks.Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la inclusión digital de las mujeres rurales en las redes sociales. Su objetivo fundamental es conocer el apoyo social percibido por las mujeres dentro de las redes sociales online y su relación con la inclusión digital, considerando también si existen diferencias en el grado de apoyo en función de la edad y la situación familiar y laboral. Para ello, aplicamos sendas escalas de medida del apoyo social percibido y la inclusión digital a 478 mujeres de entornos rurales de Andalucía con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años. Los resultados muestran un grado de apoyo medio, encontrando diferencias significativas en el apoyo social percibido por las mujeres en función de su edad y situación familiar y laboral. Son las mujeres jóvenes, solteras, estudiantes, sin hijos que usan Tuenti y Facebook las que más apoyo social perciben en las redes sociales. Asimismo, se observa una fuerte relación entre el apoyo social percibido y la inclusión digital de las mujeres en las redes sociales, mostrando coincidencias con otras investigaciones realizadas en otros contextos y grupos sociales. La discusión de resultados presenta algunas implicaciones para la formación de una ciudadanía activa y participativa de las mujeres en las redes sociales.
Adolescent television consumers: Self-perceptions about their rights
Authors: Espinosa-Bayal María-Ángeles , Ochaíta-Alderete Esperanza , Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Héctor 
Published: April 2014

The paper analyses the perceptions of a representative sample of the Spanish population aged between 12 and 18 with respect to the protection of their rights by television channels. To this end, a survey was distributed with 59 questions designed specifically for much wider research to analyse the opinion of minors on the protection of their rights on television and the Internet. No question in the survey referred to specific channels or programmes identified by the researchers and the information on these arose from the adolescents’ own opinions. The results presented refer to data on television and, more specifically, the respect of the fundamental rights of television viewers in general and those of minors in particular. From these results, we can conclude that adolescents clearly perceive the infringement of the following rights: equality, dignity and privacy; objective, accurate and pluralistic information; free expression and opinion – particularly when this refers to children. Likewise, they demonstrate a critical position which rejects types of programmes that do not respect their rights. Researchers propose that this critical ability of younger viewers be utilised from a dual perspective: on the one hand to create a school of citizenship and, secondly, to encourage social change to bring about a more just and equitable society.
El artículo analiza la percepción que tiene una muestra representativa de la población española de entre 12 y 18 años sobre la protección de sus derechos en las cadenas de televisión. Para conseguir este objetivo, se aplicó un cuestionario de 59 preguntas diseñado para una investigación más amplia en la que se analizaba la opinión de los menores sobre la protección de sus derechos en la televisión y en Internet. Ninguna pregunta del cuestionario se refería a cadenas o programas concretos identificados por los investigadores y la información sobre estos partía de la propia opinión de los adolescentes. Los resultados que se presentan se refieren a los datos sobre televisión y, más concretamente, al respeto por los derechos fundamentales de los telespectadores en general, y de los de los menores en particular. De estos resultados se concluye que los adolescentes perciben claramente la vulneración de los derechos de igualdad, dignidad e intimidad, a la información objetiva veraz y plural y a la libre expresión y opinión –especialmente cuando ésta se refiere a los niños–. Igualmente muestran una postura crítica y de rechazo hacia los tipos de programas que no respetan sus derechos. Se propone utilizar esta capacidad crítica de los telespectadores desde una doble perspectiva: por una parte para crear escuela de ciudadanía y, por otra, para generar una sociedad más justa y equitativa.
Electrical characterization of bolus material as phantom for use in electrical impedance and computed tomography fusion imaging
Authors: Grewal Parvind K , Shokoufi Majid , Liu Jeff , Kalpagam Krishnan , Kohli Kirpal S 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Phantoms are widely used in medical imaging to predict image quality prior to clinical imaging. This paper discusses the possible use of bolus material, as a conductivity phantom, for validation and interpretation of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) images. Bolus is commonly used in radiation therapy to mimic tissue. When irradiated, it has radiological characteristics similar to tissue. With increased research interest in CT/EIT fusion imaging there is a need to find a material which has both the absorption coefficient and electrical conductivity similar to biological tissues. In the present study the electrical properties, specifically resistivity, of various commercially available bolus materials were characterized by comparing their frequency response with that of in-vivo connective adipose tissue. It was determined that the resistivity of Gelatin Bolus is similar to in-vivo tissue in the frequency range 10 kHz to 1MHz and therefore has potential to be used in EIT/CT fusion imaging studies.
Antimicrobial Surfaces
Authors: Gratzl Guenther , Paulik Christian , Lackner Maximilian 
Published: April 2014

Biofouling, the attachment of biological material onto surfaces, is a pervasive and costly problem affecting marine equipment, membrane‐based systems, medical devices, textiles, food packing, and other systems and devices. The attachment of biological material to surfaces is often attributed to an initial microbial settling and the subsequent formation of a microbial biofilm on a surface. Antimicrobial agents have been used to prevent or reduce biofilm formation and are effective if their concentration is sufficiently high; however, biocides are toxic substances that affect the surrounding environment.This article provides an overview of the most important antimicrobial agents, technologies, and recent developments aimed at preventing biofouling. It focuses on antimicrobial surfaces and their current and prospective use, proposed mechanisms of action, and applications.
Protective Clothing
Authors: Bickford Mickey 
Published: April 2014

Skin exposure to chemicals in the workplace is a significant health and safety issue. Protective clothing plays a major role in the prevention of chemicals causing damage to skin, and vital organs through blood. The first consideration is to determine if a workplace can be controlled by changes in the job flow, ventilation, etc. If not, then protective clothing must be considered. Hazard assessments of the workplace will determine what type of material for the clothing is necessary. Not all materials behave the same so individual tests must be done. Levels of protection according to the EPA are discussed. Types of clothing used are full ensembles, aprons, disposable protection, gloves, eye wear, boots, and respiratory gear. Many of the garments are made from polymers and natural rubber. ISO, ASTM, and NFPA standards are given.
Some improvements in protection such as respiratory equipment that allows only certain gases such as oxygen to pass through, one‐size fits all with adjustments for the individual, and the use of new materials that reduce heat stress.
High‐speed video and electromagnetic analysis of two natural bipolar cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes
Authors: Saraiva A. C. V. , Campos L. Z. S. , Williams E. R. , Zepka G. S. , Alves J. , Pinto O. , Heckman S. , Buzato T. S. , Bailey J. C. , Morales C. A. , Blakeslee R. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHigh‐speed video records of two bipolar cloud‐to‐ground flashes were analyzed in detail. They both began with a single positive return stroke that was followed by more than one subsequent weak negative stroke. Due to the elevated cloud base height of its parent thunderstorm, the preparatory processes of each subsequent negative stroke were documented optically below cloud base. In the first event (Case 1) it was observed that all four subsequent negative strokes were initiated by recoil leaders that retraced one horizontal channel segment previously ionized by the positive leader. Those recoil leaders connected to the original vertical channel segment and propagated toward ground, producing four subsequent strokes that had the same ground contact point as the original positive discharge. The second event (Case 2), in contrast, presented 15 subsequent strokes that were initiated by recoil leaders that did not reach the original channel of the positive stroke. They diverged vertically toward ground, making contact approximately 11 km away from the original positive strike point. These results constitute the first optical evidence that both single‐ and multiple‐channel bipolar flashes occur as a consequence of recoil leader activity in the branches of the initial positive return stroke. For both events their total channel length increased continuously at a rate of the order of 104 m s−1, comparable to speeds reported for typical positive leaders.
A spherical harmonic model of the lithospheric magnetic field of Mars
Authors: Morschhauser A. , Lesur V. , Grott M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present a model of the lithospheric magnetic field of Mars which is based on Mars Global Surveyor orbiting satellite data and represented by an expansion of spherical harmonic (SH) functions up to degree and order 110. Several techniques were applied in order to obtain a reliable and well‐resolved model of the Martian lithospheric magnetic field: A modified Huber‐Norm was used to properly treat data outliers, the mapping phase orbit data was weighted based on an a priori analysis of the data, and static external fields were treated by a joint inversion of external and internal fields. Further, temporal variabilities in the data which lead to unrealistically strong anomalies were considered as noise and handled by additionally minimizing a measure of the horizontal gradient of the vertically down internal field component at surface altitude. Here we use an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm to approach an absolute measure (L1 norm), allowing for a better representation of strong localized magnetic anomalies as compared to the conventional least squares measure (L2 norm). The resulting model reproduces all known characteristics of the Martian lithospheric field and shows a rich level of detail. It is characterized by a low level of noise and robust when downward continued to the surface. We show how these properties can help to improve the knowledge of the Martian past and present magnetic field by investigating magnetic signatures associated with impacts and volcanoes. Additionally, we present some previously undescribed isolated anomalies, which can be used to determine paleopole positions and magnetization strengths.
Insights into the physical processes controlling correlations between snow distribution and terrain properties
Authors: Anderson Brian T. , McNamara James P. , Marshall Hans‐Peter , Flores Alejandro N. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study investigates causes behind correlations between snow and terrain properties in a 27 km2 mountain watershed. Whereas terrain correlations reveal where snow resides, the physical processes responsible for correlations can be ambiguous. We conducted biweekly snow surveys at small transect scales to provide insight into late‐season correlations at the basin scale. The evolving parameters of transect variograms reveal the interplay between differential accumulation and differential ablation that is responsible for correlations between snow and terrain properties including elevation, aspect, and canopy density. Elevation‐induced differential accumulation imposes a persistent source of varariabity at the basin scale, but is not sufficient to explain the elevational distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) on the ground. Differential ablation, with earlier and more frequent ablation at lower elevations, steepens the SWE‐elevation gradient through the season. Correlations with aspect are primarily controlled by differences in solar loading. Aspect related redistribution of precipitation by wind, however, is important early in the season. Forested sites hold more snow than nonforested sites at the basin scale due to differences in ablation processes, while open areas within forested sites hold more snow than covered areas due to interception. However, as the season progresses energetic differences between open and covered areas within forested sites cause differences induced by interception to diminish. Results of this study can help determine which accumulation and ablation processes must be represented explicitly and which can be parameterized in models of snow dynamics.
Coordination Chemistry and Applications of Phenolic Calixarene–metal Complexes
Authors: Li Yuanzhou , Zhao Ke‐Qing , Redshaw Carl , Ortega Bernat A. Martínez , Nuñez Alane Y. , Hanna Tracy A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCalixarenes are a class of macrocyclic phenols that range in size from calix[4]arene, containing four linked phenols, to calix[20]arene. This chapter focuses on metallocalixarenes that fall into the category of metal phenolates, that is, metallocalixarenes in which the metal is bound directly to the phenolic moiety. The coordination chemistry of calixarene from 2001–2012 is reviewed, divided by groups in the periodic table;s‐block, transition, heavy main group (p‐block), and rare earth metallocalixarenes. Synthesis, structural chemistry, and applications are discussed.