bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Miocene elevation in northern Tibet estimated by palaeobotanical evidence
Authors: Sun Bin , Wang Yu-Fei , Li Cheng-Sen , Yang Jian , Li Jin-Feng , Li Ye-Liang , Deng Tao , Wang Shi-Qi , Zhao Min , Spicer Robert A. , Ferguson David K. , Mehrotra Rakesh C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe area and elevation of the Tibetan Plateau over time has directly affected Asia’s topography, the characteristics of the Asian monsoon and modified global climate, but in ways that are poorly understood. Charting the uplift history is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that link elevation and climate irrespective of time and place. While some palaeoelevation data are available for southern and central Tibet, clues to the uplift history of northern Tibet remain sparse and largely circumstantial. Leaf fossils are extremely rare in Tibet but here we report a newly discovered early Miocene barberry (Berberis) from Wudaoliang in the Hoh-Xil Basin in northern Tibet, at a present altitude of 4611 ± 9 m. Considering the fossil and its nearest living species probably occupied a similar or identical environmental niche, the palaeoelevation of the fossil locality, corrected for Miocene global temperature difference, is estimated to have been between 1395 and 2931 m, which means this basin has been uplifted ~2–3 km in the last 17 million years. Our findings contradict hypotheses that suggest northern Tibet had reached or exceeded its present elevation prior to the Miocene.
Improved Markov models for terrestrial free‐space optical links
Authors: Wu Zifeng , Giggenbach Dirk , Lankl Berthold 
Published: May 2015

Finite‐state Markov chains are a useful tool for modelling communication channels with correlated fading and have recently also been applied with success to terrestrial free‐space optical communication channels. However, the issue of how such Markov models should be optimised in order to accurately approximate the original continuous fading channel has not been addressed in a systematic manner. In this study, the authors improve on previous proposals by optimising the state space partitioning of the considered models. In particular, they investigate the properties and approximation accuracy of Markov models which are optimised according to information‐theoretic considerations. They validate and evaluate their approach using a set of experimental measurements over a 12 km link distance. The obtained results confirm that optimised Markov models can provide better accuracy at lower state complexity, yet there remain shortcomings in capturing the autocovariance of the fading process.
The Occupancy of the Components in the Cervical Spine and Their Changes with Extension and Flexion
Authors: Sayıt Emrah , Aghdasi Bayan , Daubs Michael D. , Wang Jeffrey C. 
Published: May 2015

Study Design Retrospective case series. Objectives The kinematics of the cervical spine has been investigated by many researchers. However, the occupancy of the disk bulges, spinal cord, ligamentum flavum, and the rest of the canal as well as the changes of these structures with motion have not yet been investigated. The goal of this study is to investigate these dynamic changes. Methods The kinetic magnetic resonance images of 248 patients (124 men and 124 women) were evaluated, and the occupancy of each structure for each cervical level at neutral, flexion, and extension were calculated. Results Whole canal anteroposterior (AP) diameters showed significant differences between neutral-extension and flexion-extension at the C4–C5 and C5–C6 levels ( p < 0.05). The mean disk bulges showed significant differences between neutral-flexion and flexion-extension at the C4–C5, C5–C6, C6–C7, and C7–T1 levels ( p < 0.01). The mean spinal canal AP diameter showed significant differences between flexion-extension and neutral-extension at the C3–C4, C4–C5, C5–C6, and C6–C7 levels ( p < 0.05). There were significant differences between neutral-flexion at the C4–C5, C5–C6, and C6–C7 levels ( p < 0.05). The mean thickness of the ligamentum flavum showed significant differences between flexion-extension at the C3–C4, C4–C5, C5–C6, and C6–C7 levels ( p < 0.001). There were significant differences between neutral-extension at the C3–C4 and C5–C6 levels ( p < 0.05). There were significant differences between neutral-flexion at the C5–C6 and C6–C7 levels ( p < 0.05). The mean thickness of the spinal cord showed significant differences between neutral-flexion at the C2–C3 and C3–C4 levels ( p < 0.05). There were significant differences between flexion-extension at the C3–C4 and C4–C5 levels ( p < 0.01). The rest of the canal showed significant differences between neutral-extension and flexion-extension at the C3–C4, C4–C5, C5–C6, and C6–C7 levels ( p < 0.005). There were significant differences between neutral-flexion at the C5–C6 and C6–C7 levels ( p < 0.01). Conclusions The occupancy of each structure in the cervical spine for each level was revealed by this study. In addition, the dynamic changes in the cervical spine with flexion and extension were seen to have different characteristics for each level.
Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian cell differentiation, transdifferentiation and dedifferentiation.
Authors: Wongtawan T. , Aguilar-Sanchez C. , Wongtawan B. , Pennings S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Epigenetic and chromatin modifications have important roles in governing gene activity and nuclear architecture. They are also necessary for normal embryonic development and cell differentiation. Early epigenetic programming events during mouse embryogenesis are believed to be essential for normal growth and development. Aberrant epigenetic profiles are associated with the conversion of normal cell phenotypes into cancer cells. Because epigenetic alterations are potentially reversible, experimental progress in this area may offer great promise for new cancer therapy. Nuclear epigenetic profiles can be manipulated using techniques such as somatic cell reprogramming, genetic engineering and small molecules, which can reprogramme the cell towards dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation. Advances into the mechanisms will improve the potential for regenerative medicine. In this review, we describe the principles of epigenetics and its relation to cell reprogramming, differentiation, dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation.
A novel gene, optrA, that confers transferable resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols and its presence in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of human and animal origin
Authors: Wang Yang , Lv Yuan , Cai Jiachang , Schwarz Stefan , Cui Lanqing , Hu Zhidong , Zhang Rong , Li Jun , Zhao Qin , He Tao , Wang Dacheng , Wang Zheng , Shen Yingbo , Li Yun , Feßler Andrea T. , Wu Congming , Yu Hao , Deng Xuming , Xia Xi , Shen Jianzhong 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The oxazolidinone-resistant Enterococcus faecalis E349 from a human patient tested negative for the cfr gene and 23S rRNA mutations. Here we report the identification of a novel oxazolidinone resistance gene, optrA, and a first investigation of the extent to which this gene was present in E. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans and food-producing animals.

Methods
The resistance gene optrA was identified by whole-plasmid sequencing and subsequent cloning and expression in a susceptible Enterococcus host. Transformation and conjugation assays served to investigate the transferability of optrA. All optrA-positive E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates of human and animal origin were analysed for their MICs and their genotype, as well as the location of optrA.

Results
The novel plasmid-borne ABC transporter gene optrA from E. faecalis E349 conferred combined resistance or elevated MICs (when no clinical breakpoints were available) to oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid) and phenicols (chloramphenicol and florfenicol). The corresponding conjugative plasmid pE349, on which optrA was located, had a size of 36 331 bp and also carried the phenicol exporter gene fexA. The optrA gene was functionally expressed in E. faecalis, E. faecium and Staphylococcus aureus. It was detected more frequently in E. faecalis and E. faecium from food-producing animals (20.3% and 5.7%, respectively) than from humans (4.2% and 0.6%, respectively).

Conclusions
Enterococci with elevated MICs of linezolid and tedizolid should be tested not only for 23S rRNA mutations and the gene cfr, but also for the novel resistance gene optrA.
The gendered realities and talent management imperatives of women physicians
Authors: Hoff Timothy , Scott Sarah 
Published: May 2015

Introduction:
U.S. medicine is increasingly a gender-balanced profession with half of all medical school graduates now female. Despite this reality and the potentially transformative nature of a large female physician cohort in U.S. health care, there is less examination of their workplace realities and the key talent management strategies for health care organizations employing women physicians.

Purpose:
First, we identify current knowledge about U.S. women physician satisfaction, role challenges, and work tradeoffs. Gender theory is used to help interpret these workplace realities. Second, we use this information to identify talent management strategies health care organizations might consider to mitigate the realities and provide greater support for women physicians.

Methods:
To facilitate our analysis, we conducted a narrative review of published research that includes analysis focused on U.S. women physicians for the time period 2006–2014. Applying ideas from gender theory, we extrapolated key findings from that research related to three issues: satisfaction, role challenges, and tradeoffs. Then we synthesized the findings to identify general talent management strategies that could address these dynamics proactively while enhancing recruitment and retention with respect to women physicians.

Findings:
U.S. women physicians express strong levels of satisfaction, particularly with their careers, at the same time they continue to experience gender-based inequities, role challenges, and lack of work–life balance in their chosen specialty fields. Lack of suitable role models and appropriate mentoring for women physicians, in addition to barriers to career advancement, are also prevalent across different medical specialties.

Conclusion:
Similar to other occupations and industries, gender-based inequities and role strains are very real issues for women physicians. Health care organizations must acknowledge these issues and employ effective talent management strategies aimed at women doctors if they are to be viewed as an employer of choice by this increasingly important occupational cohort.
Food away from home and obesity in Brazil
Authors: Finocchio Caroline Pauletto Spanhol , Dewes Homero 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to characterize food consumption outside the home and verify the existence of relationships between income, expenditure and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult individuals in Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach
– Food expenditure data were used as well as those on the prevalence of overweight and obesity available in the reports from Family Budgets Research carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in the years 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. In addition, the authors used the Kruskall-Wallis test to verify whether there were significant differences between the classes of income with respect to the average expenditure on food outside the home.

Findings
– It was observed that the higher the income of the individual, the greater the expenditure on food outside the home. It was also found that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher in individuals who have higher income, particularly among men. Thus, it is suggested that the higher the income of the individual, the larger the expenditure on food outside the home and the greater the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

Research limitations/implications
– This study used spending on food away from home (FAFH), but the authors know that is need to use other variables like frequency of FAFH and quantities but this data were not available.

Practical implications
– The study points to the importance of restaurants in the prevention of obesity, since they can offer in their menus foods with fewer calories, and they can also increase the variety and availability of fruits and vegetables.

Originality/value
– The study discusses the public health problem, obesity, at the same time as it presents the importance of agribusiness in providing a balanced diet for individuals.
Interview with Dr Bor-Shiuan Cheng: a mindful leader with persistence (part I)
Authors: Ke Jie 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper reports the first part of a recent interview with Dr Bor-Shiuan Cheng on his values, beliefs or thoughts on how to lead a fulfilling life as a person and a researcher.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper is based on a recent interview with Dr Bor-Shiuan Cheng.

Findings
– Life is a journey of discovering our purpose and fulfilling our own destiny. Once Dr Cheng decided his career direction after trying out different alternatives, he sticks to it and makes the best out of it. His choice of majoring in psychology became a basis for the contributions to Chinese management research.

Research limitations/implications
– Dr Cheng’s life and career paths showcased a successful scholar who keeps doing one thing in his life, being himself, being focused and persistent. His experience may inspire and encourage junior scholars for career development.

Originality/value
– The interview presents the life and career paths of Dr Cheng, who has chosen to take a road less traveled and enjoyed different views along the road.
Exploring the relationships between HPWS, organizational ambidexterity and firm performance in Chinese professional service firms
Authors: Fu Na , Ma Qinhai , Bosak Janine , Flood Patrick 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to better understand the indirect link between high-performance work systems (HPWSs) and firm performance in Chinese professional service firms (PSFs) by investigating the mediating role of organizational ambidexterity, i.e. a firm’s capability to simultaneously explore new ideas and exploit existing resources.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected from 120 Chinese accounting firms. The authors used hierarchical and polynomial regression analyses to test their hypotheses.Findings– The proposed positive link between the HPWS and organizational ambidexterity was found. Further, the results showed a non-linear relationship between organizational ambidexterity and organizational performance.Research limitations/implications– The present study is limited in terms of small sample size, single industry and self-report data.Practical implications– Firms which reported a higher level of HPWS demonstrated better performance due to their organizational capability to explore new ideas and exploit existing resources. In the Chinese context, firms that had high levels of exploration (exploring new resources) and exploitation (exploiting existing resources) or that had a high level of exploration experienced higher performance. The authors can conclude from these findings that without exploration, organizational success is difficult to achieve for PSFs.Originality/value– This is the first study examining the underlying mechanism of organizational ambidexterity in the indirect relationship between HPWS and firm performance in Chinese PSFs. It advances the authors understanding of HPWS and firm performance relationship in an Eastern country and an emerging context of PSFs. This is also the first study to use polynomial regression to operationalize organizational ambidexterity.
Distinguishing competencies of effective physician leaders
Authors: Hopkins Margaret M. , O'Neil Deborah A. , Stoller James K 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to determine the particular competencies demonstrated by effective physician leaders. Changing organizational and environmental dynamics present unique challenges to leaders in the field of healthcare. An accelerated emphasis on increasing the quality of health care delivery, containing costs, and restructuring the delivery of health care itself are redefining the very nature of healthcare and the roles of physicians as leaders. Given this context, the authors propose to identify the essential competencies for twenty-first century physician leadership.Design/methodology/approach– In all, 53 critical incident interviews from 28 physicians identified as emerging leaders at the Cleveland Clinic, a top-rated US academic healthcare institution, were examined in two ways: an existing leadership competency model was applied to each critical incident and inductively derived themes were identified through thematic analysis of the incidents.Findings– The predominant distinguishing leadership competencies demonstrated by the physician leaders included: Empathy, Initiative, Emotional Self-Awareness and Organizational Awareness. Communicating deliberately, getting buy-in from colleagues, focussing on the mission of the organization and showing respect for others were also discovered through thematic analysis to be essential practices of these effective physician leaders. Over 90 percent of the critical incident stories dealt with colleague-to-colleague interactions.Research limitations/implications– The research was conducted in one academic healthcare organization, thus limiting the generalizability of the results. Additional research testing these results in a variety of healthcare institutions is warranted.Originality/value– This study identified specific competencies that distinguish effective physician leaders. These leaders actively sought to work with colleagues to obtain their input and consensus in order to enact organizational change and improve health care delivery in their institution. Importantly, their intentions were neither self-focussed nor self-promoting but strongly mission driven. The identification of physician leader competencies will assist incumbent and emerging physician leaders in their ability to be effective leaders, as well as inform the design of training and development programs for physicians.
The advantages of a transorganisational approach for developing senior executives
Authors: O'Neill Alan Burnell , Bent Ritchie 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– Developing capable and competent executives remains a critical and ongoing challenge for many organisations due to the ever changing landscape of the global business environment. Traditional executive development methods in artificial, once removed “classroom” type environments do not prepare executives sufficiently with the experience and insights needed to handle the complexities and uncertainties that befall them in the current volatile business environment. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of senior executives in a more real-world and authentic manner, that a leading Asia-based conglomerate has developed a senior executive “peer-to-peer” learning approach that brings together chief executives and senior managers from a number of businesses so they can share and learn from each other.Design/methodology/approach– This paper presents by way of a narrative description an alternative approach to classroom-based executive development. The paper looks at some of the limitations of more traditional executive development methods by contrasting these with a peer-to-peer learning framework that has been used successfully over the last 12 years. It outlines the why, what and how to implement a peer-to-peer learning practice based on transorganisational development (TD) practices to facilitate individual and organisational change.Findings– Getting senior executives out of the “classroom” and in front of executives from other businesses and organisations in a real-world peer-to-peer learning environment, exposes “participants” to a more credible, grounded and authentic development opportunity, that is difficult to replicate with more traditional methods. The diversity of delegates and companies that engage in this approach enable “participants” to explore new ideas and to confront, in very direct ways, their predispositions to repeat well-learned institutional responses which may have helped them succeed in the past.Originality/value– Although much of the literature on TD focuses predominately on the initiation, planning and implementation of system or organisation wide change, little has been written to emphasise how TD makes a viable contribution to the understanding of the processes of change at an individual level. By highlighting this the authors intend to make the relationship more explicit, thereby opening up prospects for TD’s wider use in the field senior executive development.
The relationship between proactive goal generation and innovative behaviour at work
Authors: Odoardi Carlo 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose and verify a motivational aspect of goal-based innovation that accounts for the effect of goal-directed self-regulation processes on innovative behavior. Its purpose is to extend present knowledge of the motivational antecedents to innovation at work. Additionally, the study assesses the extent to which the positive effect of the proactive generation of goals may increase as a result of role breadth self-efficacy (RBSE) (defined as individuals’ perceived capacities to exercise proactive, interpersonal, and integrative activities above and beyond the formal requirements of their job descriptions (Parker, 1998; Parkeret al., 2006).Design/methodology/approach– A survey was conducted with a sample of 395 male and female administrative employees in two institutions in central Italy (city hall).Findings– The results confirmed the two hypotheses: proactive goal generation was a strong predictor of individual work innovative behavior and the RBSE as a psychological state, is directly related to proactive and innovative behavior and it is also moderator in the relationship between proactive goal generation and innovative behavior.Research limitations/implications– The data were collected using one-time, self-report measures and with the cross-sectional research design.Practical implications– The results of this study imply that pro-innovation organizational strategies and practices should stimulate among workers an anticipatory, self-directed approach toward professional action in the workplace. It is management’s task to encourage a proactive environment of change-oriented goals and the corresponding strategies with which they may be realized. Creating such an environment would provide a motivational stimulus that could effectively guide workers’ proactive and innovative conduct.Social implications– The results of this study contribute to change human resources management practices in public administrations where administrative employees have been assigned goals that they were required to meet by performing well-defined tasks. Recently, public administrations have been encouraged to innovate and answer with efficiency to new public policies and customers’ demands. Thus, human resources management needs to find new solutions to address these changing demands and employees’ changing attitudes and behaviors.Originality/value– Furthermore, the results of this study contribute to broadening understanding of the psychological factors that can boost the positive effect of self-regulatory efforts on creativity and individual innovation.