bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic and epidemiological impact of early antiretroviral therapy initiation in India
Authors: Maddali Manoj V , Dowdy David W , Gupta Amita , Shah Maunank 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionRecent WHO guidance advocates for early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation at higher CD4 counts to improve survival and reduce HIV transmission. We sought to quantify how the cost‐effectiveness and epidemiological impact of early ART strategies in India are affected by attrition throughout the HIV care continuum.MethodsWe constructed a dynamic compartmental model replicating HIV transmission, disease progression and health system engagement among Indian adults. Our model of the Indian HIV epidemic compared implementation of early ART initiation (i.e. initiation above CD4 ≥350 cells/mm3) with delayed initiation at CD4 ≤350 cells/mm3; primary outcomes were incident cases, deaths, quality‐adjusted‐life‐years (QALYs) and costs over 20 years. We assessed how costs and effects of early ART initiation were impacted by suboptimal engagement at each stage in the HIV care continuum.ResultsAssuming “idealistic” engagement in HIV care, early ART initiation is highly cost‐effective ($442/QALY‐gained) compared to delayed initiation at CD4 ≤350 cells/mm3 and could reduce new HIV infections to <15,000 per year within 20 years. However, when accounting for realistic gaps in care, early ART initiation loses nearly half of potential epidemiological benefits and is less cost‐effective ($530/QALY‐gained). We project 1,285,000 new HIV infections and 973,000 AIDS‐related deaths with deferred ART initiation with current levels of care‐engagement in India. Early ART initiation in this continuum resulted in 1,050,000 new HIV infections and 883,000 AIDS‐related deaths, or 18% and 9% reductions (respectively), compared to current guidelines. Strengthening HIV screening increases benefits of earlier treatment modestly (1,001,000 new infections; 22% reduction), while improving retention in care has a larger modulatory impact (676,000 new infections; 47% reduction).ConclusionsEarly ART initiation is highly cost‐effective in India but only has modest epidemiological benefits at current levels of care‐engagement. Improved retention in care is needed to realize the full potential of earlier treatment.
Oklahoma physician needs
Authors: Lapolla Michael , Phillips Steven , Mitchell Linda 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
State policy makers, healthcare professionals, and advocates have been asking various iterations of the question, Do we have too many or too few physicians? In order to address this question, a relative-needs analysis ~as conducted for the state of Oklahoma. Six projection-needs studies were used for comparison with Oklahoma's supply of practicing physicians. This analysis found that Oklahoma did not have a surplus of primary care physicians. While the national average for primary care physicians per 100,000 was 79, Oklahoma's ratio was 68. This analysis also compares not only the number of physicians in Oklahoma per 100,000 population, it also discusses the proportion of primary care physicians in the physician workforce. Primary care physicians were found to be neither oversupplied nor undersupplied in Oklahoma. Oklahoma was found to be closer to national planning model goals than most states in the United States. Because this study combines both allopathic and osteopathic physicians and includes only those physicians in active practice, it is unique in comparison to many other studies concerning physician workforce needs.
Skin manifestations of food allergies
Authors: Martin Bryan L 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The role of dietary factors in chronic skin diseases has been a subject of controversy, but several investigators have shown the effectiveness of elimination diets in the management of some patients with atopic dermatitis. Chronic skin diseases are common, complex, and often difficult to treat; therefore, the physician should consider all possible causes. More people consider themselves to have food allergies than can actually be documented to have an immunologic reaction to foods. Six foods--egg, peanut, cow's milk, soy, fish, and wheat-account for most skin reactions to food in children, with egg, peanut, and cow's milk being most common. Elimination of the offending food can be an effective form of treatment, but it must be done with caution, and while ensuring that the patient maintains adequate nutrition.
Carbon isotope ratios suggest no additional methane from boreal wetlands during the rapid Greenland Interstadial 21.2
Authors: Sperlich Peter , Schaefer Hinrich , Mikaloff Fletcher Sara E. , Guillevic Myriam , Lassey Keith , Sapart Célia J. , Röckmann Thomas , Blunier Thomas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSamples from two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and NGRIP) have been measured for methane carbon isotope ratios (δ13C‐CH4) to investigate the CH4 mixing ratio anomaly during Greenland Interstadial (GI) 21.2 (85,000 years before present). This extraordinarily rapid event occurred within 150 years, comprising a CH4 mixing ratio pulse of 150 ppb (∼25%). Our new measurements disclose a concomitant shift in δ13C‐CH4 of 1‰. Keeling plot analyses reveal the δ13C of the additional CH4 source constituting the CH4 anomaly as −56.8 ± 2.8‰, which we confirm by means of a previously published box model. We propose tropical wetlands as the most probable additional CH4 source during GI‐21.2 and present independent evidence that suggests that tropical wetlands in South America and Asia have played a key role. We find no evidence that boreal CH4 sources, such as permafrost degradation, contributed significantly to the atmospheric CH4 increase, despite the pronounced warming in the Northern Hemisphere during GI‐21.2.
Anisotropic upper crust above the aftershock zone of the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake from the shear wave splitting analysis
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhang Haijiang , Zhang Xin , Pei Shunping , An Meijian , Dong Shuwen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have conducted a systematic shear wave splitting analysis using 1000 selected aftershocks with M > 2 from the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake along the Longmenshan fault system in southwest China. Polarization directions of fast shear waves show a bimodal distribution with one dominant direction approximately parallel to the fault strike and the other close to the regional maximum horizontal compressive stress direction. This indicates that in this area mechanisms causing crustal seismic anisotropy are both stress induced and fault zone structure controlled. Delay times between fast and slow shear waves do not show a clear trend of increase for deeper events, suggesting the anisotropic zone is mostly above the aftershocks, which are generally located below 8 km. We further applied a shear wave splitting tomography method to measured delay times to characterize the spatial distribution of seismic anisotropy. The three‐dimensional anisotropic percentage model shows strong anisotropy above 8 km but low anisotropy below it. The mainshock slip zone and its aftershocks are associated with very low or negligible anisotropy and high velocity, indicating that the zones with high anisotropy and low velocity above 8 km are mechanically weak and it is difficult for stress to accumulate there. The main and back reverse fault zones are associated with high anisotropic anomalies above ∼8 km, likely caused by shear fabric or microfractures aligned parallel to the fault zone.
Analysis of plasmaspheric hiss wave amplitudes inferred from low‐altitude POES electron data: Validation with conjunctive Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: de Soria‐Santacruz M. , Li W. , Thorne R. M. , Ma Q. , Bortnik J. , Ni B. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss plays an important role in controlling the overall structure and dynamics of the Earth's radiation belts. The interaction of plasmaspheric hiss with radiation belt electrons is commonly evaluated using diffusion codes, which rely on statistical models of wave observations that may not accurately reproduce the instantaneous global wave distribution or the limited in situ satellite wave measurements. This paper evaluates the performance and limitations of a novel technique capable of inferring wave amplitudes from low‐altitude electron flux observations from the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES), which provide extensive coverage in shell and magnetic local time (MLT). We found that, within its limitations, this technique could potentially be used to build a dynamic global model of the plasmaspheric hiss wave intensity. The technique is validated by analyzing the conjunctions between the POES spacecraft and the Van Allen Probes from September 2012 to June 2014. The technique performs well for moderate‐to‐strong hiss activity (≥30 pT) with sufficiently high electron fluxes. The main source of these limitations is the number of counts of energetic electrons measured by the POES spacecraft capable of resonating with hiss waves. For moderate‐to‐strong hiss events, the results show that the wave amplitudes from the EMFISIS instruments on board the Van Allen Probes are well reproduced by the POES technique, which provides more consistent estimates than the parameterized statistical hiss wave model based on CRRES data.
Dual radar investigation of E region plasma waves in the southern polar cap
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Makarevich Roman A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOrigins and characteristics of small‐scale plasma irregularities in the polar ionosphere are investigated using a dual radar setup in which the E region is probed from opposite directions by two Super Dual Auroral Radar Network facilities at the McMurdo and Dome Concordia Antarctic stations. In certain time intervals, velocity agreement is observed when velocities are compared at the same physical location in the horizontal plane. Such an agreement is widely expected if velocity at a given location is largely controlled by the convection electric field. In other cases, however, velocity agreement is unexpectedly observed when measurements are considered at the same slant range (distance along the radar beam) for both radars. This implies that it is not the electric field at a given location that is a controlling factor. Raytracing results show that the same range agreement may be explained for certain E region density conditions when echo altitude increases with radar range. Backscatter observations under generally unfavorable conditions for irregularity generation and the critical role of propagation conditions in the polar cap are discussed. The observed E region velocity in the polar cap is demonstrated to depend indirectly on the plasma density distribution, which is important for establishing the fundamental dependence on the convection electric field.
Effects of the interannual variability in chlorophyll concentrations on sea surface temperatures in the east tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Ma Jinfeng , Liu Hailong , Lin Pengfei , Zhan Haigang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe effects of interannual variability in chlorophyll concentrations on sea surface temperatures in the east tropical Indian Ocean (ETIO) during two positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events (in the boreal fall of 1997 and 2006) are investigated; this is done through two ocean model experiments, one with and one without the interannual variability of chlorophyll concentrations. A comparison of the two chlorophyll perturbation experiments reveals that, in contrast to the cooling effects at the seasonal time scale, increased chlorophyll concentrations during positive IOD events lead to an increase in the sea surface temperatures within the ETIO. Although upward velocity is enhanced (with a cooling effect), this does not counterbalance the increase in solar heating caused by the increased chlorophyll concentrations. This interannual variability of chlorophyll concentrations in the ETIO could reduce the amplitude of the IOD by about 6%.
Interobserver agreement for neonatal seizure detection using multichannel EEG
Authors: Stevenson Nathan J. , Clancy Robert R. , Vanhatalo Sampsa , Rosén Ingmar , Rennie Janet M. , Boylan Geraldine B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the interobserver agreement (IOA) of neonatal seizure detection using the gold standard of conventional, multichannel EEG.MethodsA cohort of full‐term neonates at risk of acute encephalopathy was included in this prospective study. The EEG recordings of these neonates were independently reviewed for seizures by three international experts. The IOA was estimated using statistical measures including Fleiss' kappa and percentage agreement assessed over seizure events (event basis) and seizure duration (temporal basis).ResultsA total of 4066 h of EEG recordings from 70 neonates were reviewed with an average of 2555 seizures detected. The IOA was high with temporal assessment resulting in a kappa of 0.827 (95% CI: 0.769–0.865; n = 70). The median agreement was 83.0% (interquartile range [IQR]: 76.6–89.5%; n = 33) for seizure and 99.7% (IQR: 98.9–99.8%; n = 70) for nonseizure EEG. Analysis of events showed a median agreement of 83.0% (IQR: 72.9–86.6%; n = 33) for seizures with 0.018 disagreements per hour (IQR: 0.000–0.090 per hour; n = 70). Observers were more likely to disagree when a seizure was less than 30 sec. Overall, 33 neonates were diagnosed with seizures and 28 neonates were not, by all three observers. Of the remaining nine neonates with contradictory EEG detections, seven presented with low total seizure burden.InterpretationThe IOA is high among experts for the detection of neonatal seizures using conventional, multichannel EEG. Agreement is reduced when seizures are rare or have short duration. These findings support EEG‐based decision making in the neonatal intensive care unit, inform EEG interpretation guidelines, and provide benchmarks for seizure detection algorithms.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of the Novel Dye of Branched Chain Polymeric Metal Complexes with Cyclopentadithiophene Derivatives as a Donor
Authors: Liu Ye , Xie Qiufang , Hu Jiaomei , Peng Dahai , Liao Yanlong , Zhu Chunxiao , Zhong Chaofan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTFour novel donor‐π‐acceptor dyes (P1–P4) based on branched chain polymeric metal complexes were designed and synthesized, which use cyclopentadithiophene or fluorene derivatives as an electron donor (D), phenanthroline metal complex as an electron acceptor (A), and thiophene as a π‐bridge (π). The photovoltaic performances of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on the four polymers were investigated. The results show that they all have good thermal stability (Td,P1 313°C, P2 320°C, P3 306°C, P4 340°C), and the dyes with cyclopentadithiophene derivatives as a donor (P1 and P2) show higher power conversion efficiency (P1 2.41%, P2 2.31%) than that with fluorene derivatives (P3 1.65%, P4 1.52%) under standard illumination due to their broader absorptions in the UV–visible region and lower band gaps. It indicates a new way to design stable and highly efficient DSSCs with novel conjugated organic polymers as dyes.
A General Strategy for Synthesis of Heterocyclic Hemiketal‐Containing α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones from Ynediones
Authors: Zhang Zeguang , Dai Zhihong , Jiang Xuefeng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA general strategy for synthesis of heterocyclic hemiketal‐containing α,β‐unsaturated ketones has been established. Using the environmentally sound and readily available reagents water and thiourea applied to ynediones, a series of sensitive hemiketals of 3(2 H)‐furanones and 3(2 H)‐thienones were constructed under mild conditions. Both of the reaction conditions are compatible with a diverse range of functional groups. Isotopic labeling, tautomerism, and GC‐MS tracking methods were used to reveal the mechanisms.
Polymeres graphitisches Kohlenstoffnitrid für die nachhaltige Photoredoxkatalyse
Authors: Zheng Yun , Lin Lihua , Wang Bo , Wang Xinchen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGraphitisches Kohlenstoffnitrid (g‐C3N4) ist ein vielversprechendes zweidimensionales konjugiertes Polymer, das als kostengünstiger, robuster, metallfreier und im sichtbaren Spektralbereich aktiver Photokatalysator für die Umwandlung von Sonnenenergie verwendet wird. Hauptthema dieses Aufsatzes sind die neuesten Entwicklungen bei g‐C3N4‐Photokatalysatoren für die Wasserspaltung. Anwendungen für CO2‐Umwandlung, organische Synthese und Schadstoffabbau werden ebenfalls diskutiert. Außerdem werden Methoden zur Anpassung der elektronischen Struktur, Nanostruktur, Kristallstruktur und Heterostruktur von g‐C3N4 sowie die entsprechenden Korrelationen zwischen Struktur und Leistung vorgestellt. Es erfolgt ein Ausblick auf die Herausforderungen und Chancen bei der künftigen Erforschung von g‐C3N4‐Photokatalysatoren. Dieser Aufsatz ist als eine Werbung für die Nutzung von g‐C3N4‐Materialien auf den Gebieten der Photokatalyse, der Energieumwandlung, des Schadstoffabbaus und für Sensoren gedacht.
Die Diarylprolinolsilylether: zehn Jahre später
Authors: Donslund Bjarke S. , Johansen Tore Kiilerich , Poulsen Pernille H. , Halskov Kim Søholm , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDie asymmetrische Organokatalyse hat seit Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts eine unglaubliche Entwicklung erlebt, die zu einer Vielzahl leistungsfähiger Katalysatortypen führte. Darunter sind die 2005 eingeführten Diarylprolinolsilylether eine der in der Aminokatalyse am häufigsten verwendeten Gruppen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz – zehn Jahre nach Einführung der Diarylprolinolsilylether – wollen wir einen Rückblick wagen. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf den Möglichkeiten der verschiedenen Aktivierungsmodi, die dieses katalytische System zugänglich macht. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Aminokatalyse gehen wir auf die Eigenschaften ein, die Diarylprolinolsilylether zu häufig gewählten Katalysatoren gemacht haben. Des Weiteren werden die Hauptrichtungen der Aktivierung sowie die im Hinblick auf Reaktionsmuster entwickelten Reaktionskonzepte und Kombinationen mit anderen Aktivierungskonzepten beschrieben.
Ein neutrales frustriertes Silicium/Phosphor‐Lewis‐Paar
Authors: Waerder Benedikt , Pieper Martin , Körte Leif A. , Kinder Timo A. , Mix Andreas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFrustrierte Lewis‐Paare (FLPs) zeigen großes Potenzial für die Aktivierung kleiner Moleküle. Die meisten bekannten FLP‐Systeme basieren auf Bor‐ oder Aluminiumatomen als saure Funktionen, wenige auf Zink und nur zwei auf zum Bor isoelektronischen Silicenium‐Kation‐Systemen. Hier stellen wir das erste FLP‐System vor, das auf einem neutralen Silan aufbaut, (C2F5)3SiCH2P(tBu)2 (1). Es wurde aus (C2F5)3SiCl mit stark elektronegativen C2F5‐Gruppen durch Umsetzung mit LiCH2P(tBu)2 hergestellt. H/D‐Austauschreaktionen an H2/D2‐Gemischen belegen, dass 1 in der Lage ist, Wasserstoff zu spalten; es kann auch CO2 sowie SO2 addieren. Die Strukturen von 1, seinen CO2‐ und SO2‐Addukten sowie die eines Zersetzungsproduktes mit CO2 wurden durch Röntgenbeugung am Kristall aufgeklärt.
Einzelmolekül‐Spinschalter auf Basis spannungsinduzierter Verzerrung der Koordinationssphäre
Authors: Harzmann Gero D. , Frisenda Riccardo , van der Zant Herre S. J. , Mayor Marcel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWir berichten hier über ein neuartiges Einzelmolekül‐Schaltkonzept, das auf dem Koordinationssphären‐abhängigen Spinzustand von FeII‐Komplexen beruht. Die lotrechte Anordnung zweier Terpyridin(tpy)‐Liganden eines heteroleptischen Komplexes wird durch das angelegte elektrische Feld verzerrt. Während der eine Ligand den Komplex zwischen beiden Elektroden fixiert, erfühlt der zweite Ligand durch ein intrinsisches Dipolmoment das angelegte elektrische Feld, was zur Verzerrung der Koordinationssphäre und dadurch zum Spinübergang führt. Eine Serie von Komplexen mit unterschiedlichen Dipolmomenten wurde hergestellt und auf ihre Transporteigenschaften in mechanisch kontrollierten Bruchkontakten untersucht. Die statistische Auswertung stützt die Hypothese des Schaltmechanismus, bei dem mit zunehmender Stärke des Dipolmomentes des Eisenkomplexes die Anzahl der Einzelmolekülkontakte mit spannungsabhängigen Bistabilitäten zunimmt. Ein konstanter Schwellwert der E‐Feldstärke, die zum Schalten eines Kontaktes erforderlich ist, spricht ebenfalls für den postulierten Schaltmechanismus.
Rapid Determination of the Specificity Constant of Irreversible Inhibitors (kinact/KI) by Means of an Endpoint Competition Assay
Authors: Miyahisa Ikuo , Sameshima Tomoya , Hixon Mark S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOwing to their covalent target occupancy, irreversible inhibitors require low exposures and offer long duration, and their use thus represents a powerful strategy for achieving pharmacological efficacy. Importantly, the potency metric of irreversible inhibitors is kinact/KI not IC50. A simple approach to measuring kinact/KI was developed that makes use of an irreversible probe for competitive assays run to completion against test compounds. In this system, the kinact/KI value of the test compound is equal to (kinact/KI)probe×[probe]/IC50. The advantages of this method include simplicity, high throughput, and application to all target classes, and it only requires an in‐depth kinetic evaluation of the probe.
Remote Control of the Planar Chirality in Peptide‐Bound Metallomacrocycles and Dynamic‐to‐Static Planar Chirality Control Triggered by Solvent‐Induced 310‐to‐α‐Helix Transitions
Authors: Mamiya Fumihiko , Ousaka Naoki , Yashima Eiji 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe dynamic planar chirality in a peptide‐bound NiII‐salphen‐based macrocycle can be remotely controlled. First, a right‐handed (P)‐310‐helix is induced in the dynamic helical oligopeptides by a chiral amino acid residue far from the macrocyclic framework. The induced planar chirality remains dynamic in chloroform and acetonitrile, but is almost completely locked in fluoroalcohols as a result of the solvent‐induced transition of the peptide chains from a 310‐helix to a wider α‐helix, which freezes the rotation of the pendant peptide units around the macrocycle.