bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Conflict Management Systems and Strategies in the Workplace: A Pilot Study
Authors: Katz Neil H. , Flynn Linda T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn today's business environment, workplace conflict is a significant issue. Research in the conflict management discipline says that conflict in the workplace is on the rise and will continue to go up; however, many leaders and managers are not fully aware of structures and processes available to manage it. This article presents the results of a pilot study conducted in Broward County, Florida, of workplace leaders' and managers' awareness, perception, and use of conflict management systems and strategies. The findings reflect the lack of a clear definition of the issue, the absence of integrated conflict management systems within most organizations, and dissatisfaction with antiquated grievance systems. There is substantial opportunity for additional research.
A Pedagogy of Social Justice Education: Social Identity Theory, Intersectionality, and Empowerment
Authors: Hahn Tapper Aaron J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article explores a theoretical and practical understanding of social justice education through an examination of a US‐based intergroup educational organization running conflict transformation programs since 2005. Based on in‐depth interviews conducted with and surveys completed by administrators, educators, and student participants of the organization's programs, this article analyzes a case example of social justice education that integrates Freirean thought, social identity theory, intersectionality, and experiential education, including empowerment and responsibility education. Offering different programs aimed at distinct constituencies yet all based in the same pedagogy, the organization's primary goal is to empower participants to engage in social justice activism.
A Reflexive Approach to Risk and Intervention for Third‐Party Intervenors
Authors: Fast Larissa 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn violent contexts, intervenors face dangers and are sometimes targets of violence themselves. Data and discussion about these risks and strategies to address them are missing from the peacebuilding literature. This article begins to address this gap. I argue that existing conflict analysis models provide a foundation for risk analysis, but they do not recognize the interplay between an organization's policies and intervention approaches and its security. I review two generations of conflict analysis frameworks and then present an approach that identifies various dimensions and types of risk and vulnerability for third‐party intervenors and integrates easily into existing analytical frameworks.
Whiter, Brighter, and More Stable Cellulose Paper Coated with TiO2/SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles using a Layer‐by‐Layer Approach
Authors: Cheng Fei , Lorch Mark , Sajedin Seyed Mani , Kelly Stephen M. , Kornherr Andreas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTo inhibit the photocatalytic degradation of organic material supports induced by small titania (TiO2) nanoparticles, four kinds of TiO2 nanoparticles, that is, commercial P25‐TiO2, commercial rutile phase TiO2, rutile TiO2 nanorods and rutile TiO2 spheres, prepared from TiCl4, were coated with a thin, but dense, coating of silica (SiO2) using a conventional sol–gel technique to form TiO2/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles. These core/shell particles were deposited and fixed as a very thin coating onto the surface of cellulose paper samples by a wet‐chemistry polyelectrolyte layer‐by‐layer approach. The TiO2/SiO2 nanocoated paper samples exhibit higher whiteness and brightness and greater stability to UV‐bleaching than comparable samples of blank paper. There are many potential applications for this green chemistry approach to protect cellulosic fibres from UV‐bleaching in sunlight and to improve their whiteness and brightness.
Global unique solvability for memristive circuit DAEs of Index 1
Authors: Jansen Lennart , Matthes Michael , Tischendorf Caren 
Published: July 2013

AbstractKnown solvability results for nonlinear index‐1 differential‐algebraic equations (DAEs) are in general local and rely on the Implicit Function Theorem. In this paper, we derive a global result which guarantees unique solvability on a given time interval for a certain class of index‐1 DAEs with certain monotonicity conditions. Based on this result, we show that memristive circuit DAEs arising from the modified nodal analysis are uniquely solvable if they fulfill certain passivity and network topological conditions.Furthermore we present an error estimation for the solution with respect to perturbations on the right‐hand side and in the initial value. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost reduction in bottom‐up hierarchical‐based VLSI floorplanning designs
Authors: Hoo Chyi‐Shiang , Jeevan Kanesan , Ramiah Harikrishnan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFrom the industrial perspective, floorplanning is a crucial step in the VLSI physical design process as its efficiency determines the quality and the time‐to‐market of the product. A new perturbation method, called Cull‐and‐Aggregate Bottom‐up Floorplanner (CABF), which consists of culling and aggregating stages, is developed to perform variable‐order automated floorplanning for VLSI. CABF will generate VLSI floorplan layout by calculating the modules' dimensions' differences (hard module floorplanning problems) and the modules' areas' differences (soft module floorplanning problems). Through mathematical derivation, the hard modules floorplanning area minimization cost function (two‐dimensional) during culling stage is proven that a dimensional reduction can be carried out to be the difference‐based cost function (one‐dimensional) which simplifies the computation. During the culling stage, CABF employs linear ordering method to select and determine the order of modules where this linear runtime complexity property allows CABF to cull the modules faster. The aggregating stage of CABF will reduce the subsequent search space of this floorplanner, and the variable order aggregation enables CABF to search for the best near‐optimal solution. Based on Gigascale Systems Research Center and Microelectronics Center of North Carolina circuit benchmarks, CABF gives better optimal solutions and faster runtimes for floorplanning problems involving 9 to 600 modules. This has established that CABF is performing well in respect of reliability and scalability. Besides, CABF shows its potential to be implemented in VLSI physical design as the runtime of CABF is faster with a near‐optimal outcome as compared to the other existing algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability of cannabis potency in the Venice area (Italy): A survey over the period 2010–2012
Authors: Zamengo Luca , Frison Giampietro , Bettin Chiara , Sciarrone Rocco 
Published: July 2013

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance globally, with an estimated annual prevalence in 2010 of 2.6–5.0% of the adult population. Concerns have been expressed about increases in the potency of cannabis products. A high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content can increase anxiety, depression, and psychotic symptoms, and can increase the risk of dependence and adverse effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in regular users. The aim of this study was to report statistical data about the potency of cannabis products seized in the north‐east of Italy, in a geographical area centred in Venice and extending for more than 10 000 km2 with a population of more than two million, by investigating the variability observed in THC levels of about 4000 samples of cannabis products analyzed over the period 2010–2012. Overall median THC content showed an increasing trend over the study period from about 6.0% to 8.1% (6.2–8.9% for cannabis resin, 5.1–7.6% for herbal cannabis). The variation in the THC content of individual samples was very large, ranging from 0.3% to 31% for cannabis resin and from 0.1 to 19% for herbal cannabis.Median CBN:THC ratios showed a slightly decreasing trend over the study period, from 0.09 (2010) to 0.03 (2012), suggesting an increasing freshness of submitted materials. Median CBD:THC ratios also showed a decreasing trend over the study from about 0.52 (2010) to 0.18 (2012), likely due to the increase in submissions of materials from indoor and domestic cultivation with improved breeding methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A PdII Complex Bearing a Benzimidazole‐Derived Ligand with Potentially “Mesoionic and Remote” Character and Its Catalytic Activity
Authors: Huynh Han Vinh , Ong Hong Lee , Bernhammer Jan C. , Frison Gilles 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe oxidative addition of palladium(0) to the C2‐protected 5‐bromo‐2‐methylbenzimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 3 affords the complex trans‐[PdBr(bimy)(PPh3)2]BF4 (4), which is the first complex of an unprecedented benzimidazole‐derived ligand (bimy) with a potentially “mesoionic and remote” character. DFT calculations revealed that the bimy ligand bridges the gap between the mesoionic pyrazolin‐4‐ylidene and the anionic phenyl ligand. A preliminary catalytic study revealed the promising activity of 4 in the Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides with phenylacetylene.
Diperoxo Pertechnetic Acid Characterized by Spectroscopic and Quantum Chemical Studies
Authors: Poineau Frederic , Weck Philippe F. , Burton‐Pye Benjamin P. , Kim Eunja , Francesconi Lynn C. , Sattelberger Alfred P. , German Konstantin E. , Czerwinski Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reaction of Tc(+7) with H2O2 has been studied in HNO3 and the speciation of technetium was performed by UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis. UV/Vis measurements show that for HNO3 concentrations of more than 7 M and H2O2 concentrations of 4.25 M, Tc(+7) reacts immediately and red solutions are obtained, whereas no reaction occurs at H2O2 concentrations of 0.1 M. The UV/Vis spectra of the red solutions exhibit a single band centered at 500 nm that is attributed to a Tc(+7) peroxo species. The nature of the Tc(+7) peroxo species was investigated by computational methods. The structures and electronic spectra of the putative species Tc(O2)4–, TcO(O2)3–, TcO3(O2)–, TcO(O2)2(H2O)(OH), and TcO2(O2)(H2O)2(OH) were studied by first principles methods. Calculations show these species to be stable; their calculated spectra were compared to the experimental spectrum and the results are consistent with the presence of diperoxo pertechnetic acid, i.e., TcO(O2)2(H2O)(OH).
Unveiling the Interaction of Vanadium Compounds with Human Serum Albumin by Using 1H STD NMR and Computational Docking Studies
Authors: Dias David M. , Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Domingues Neuza S. , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Castro M. Margarida C. A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe binding of the VV oxidation products of two vanadium(IV) compounds, [VO(dmpp)2] and [VO(maltolato)2], which have shown promising anti‐diabetic properties, to human serum albumin (HSA) in aqueous aerobic solution has been studied by 1H saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and computational docking studies. Group epitope mapping and docking simulations indicate a preference of HSA binding to the 1:1 [VO2(dmpp)(OH)(H2O)]– and 1:2 [VO2(maltol)2]– vanadium(V) species. By using known HSA binders, competition NMR experiments revealed that both complexes preferentially bind to drug site I. Docking simulations carried out with HADDOCK together with restraints derived from the STD results led to three‐dimensional models that are in agreement with the NMR spectroscopic data, providing useful information on molecular interaction modes. These results indicate that the combination of STD NMR and data‐driven docking is a good tool for elucidating the interactions in protein–vanadium compounds and thus for clarifying the mechanism of drug delivery as vanadium compounds have shown potential therapeutic properties.
Synthesis of 6,6′‐Bis(dimethylamino)‐ and 6,6′‐Dibromo‐Substituted 2,2′‐Diphosphanylbiphenyls and Their Palladium Complexes
Authors: Petzold Holm , Alrawashdeh Albara I. S. , Heider Silvio , Haufe Linda , Rüffer Tobias 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNew 6,6′‐dibromo‐ and 6,6′‐bis(dimethylamino)‐substituted 2,2′‐diphosphanylbiphenyl ligands 11–14 were prepared starting from 2,2′‐dibromo‐4,4′‐dimethyl‐6,6′‐dinitro‐1,1′‐biphenyl (4). Depending on the phosphane groups [diphenylphosphanyl (11, 13) or diisopropylphosphanyl (12, 14)] the palladium dichloride complexes show different coordination symmetry. Whereas the smaller diphenylphosphanyl groups lead to C2‐symmetric complexes, the respective bis(diisopropyl)phosphanes 12 and 14 form C1‐symmetric complexes that show fluxional behavior due to the restricted rotation of the isopropyl groups as well as the exchange of atom positions within the C1‐symmetric conformer. All complexes have been tested as precatalysts in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reaction of 2‐bromotoluene and phenylboronic acid. The activity of the catalytic system increases with the size of the diphosphanes and the donating ability of the ligand. In contrast to C2‐symmetric palladium complex 15, platinum complex 19 was found to be C1‐symmetric in the solid state despite the fact that both complexes have the small bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐substituted diphosphane ligand 11 in common. NiBr2 adduct 20 with a similar diphosphane 13 exists as a mixture of distorted square‐planar and tetrahedral coordination sphere geometries in equilibrium with each other.
Understanding the Ligand‐Directed Assembly of a Hexanuclear ThIV Molecular Cluster in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Hu Yung‐Jin , Knope Karah E. , Skanthakumar S. , Soderholm L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe electrochemical hydrolysis of thorium(IV) was monitored by a combination of high‐energy X‐ray scattering (HEXS) and NMR spectroscopy. Once formed, μ2‐dihydroxo‐bridged dimers remain stable in solutions of moderate pH until glycine is added, upon which the dimers rapidly condense to form hexanuclear clusters [Th6(μ3‐O)4(μ3‐OH)4]12+. In the absence of the dimers or glycine, the clusters do not form even if the solutions are stored over extended times.
Generating omega‐3 rich olive oil by cross breeding
Authors: Ozdemir Yasin , Aktepe Tangu Nesrin , Akcay Mehmet E. 
Published: July 2013

In this research, 14 hybrid table olive genotypes were used as material which were harvested from Olive Breeding Parcels in Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute (Yalova/TURKEY) and their maturation index, oil content, fatty acid composition and omega‐6:omega‐3 fatty acid ratio were evaluated. These genotypes were generated by crossing Gemlik, Manzanilla, Ascolana, Edinciksu, Uslu, and Tavşan yüreği olive cultivars during cross breeding studies of a national project. Oil was obtained from fruit of olive genotypes by cold pressing. Maturation index and oil content of genotypes were determined between 2.6–6.4 and 22.43–28.12 (%). Linolenic acid distributions in fatty acid composition of genotype's oil were detected between 0.5–1.33 (% in fatty acids). Some olive genotypes' oils had high linolenic characteristics that they have potential for supporting the necessary intake of omega‐3. Also, some of them have had the desired omega‐6/omega‐3 fatty acid ratio which were between 3.74 and 4.00.Practical applications: Olive oil is a traditional product of Mediterranean basin and commonly consumed all over the world. But there is a need to improve yield, quality and nutritional value of olive oil. For this reason, there breeding studies were conducted. One of them was carried out in Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute. Here domestic and foreign olive cultivars were crossed to generate new olive genotypes since 1990. This research aimed to determine the olive oil of these obtained olive genotypes which had higher oil and omega‐3 content and lower omega‐6:omega‐3 fatty acid ratio. Generating the high omega‐3 content olive oil by cross breeding is one of the cheapest, simplest and most natural ways of obtaining omega‐3 and delivering it to the consumer.
Formulation and storage stability of baicalein‐loaded oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Treesuwan Witcha , Ichikawa Sosaku , Wang Zheng , Neves Marcos A. , Uemura Kunihiko , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Kobayashi Isao 
Published: July 2013

Baicalein, a hydrophobic flavonoid, has been used in several traditional Chinese medicines. Baicalein is contained in the roots of Scutellariae radix and the fruits of Oroxylum indicum, called “phe kaa” in Thailand. Encapsulating baicalein in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions could overcome its insolubility in water and is expected to provide new opportunities for food applications. This work seeks to formulate and characterize O/W emulsions loaded with baicalein. We investigated the effect of high‐pressure homogenization pressure on the droplet size, droplet size distribution, physical stability, and baicalein retention of these O/W emulsions. A refined soybean oil solution containing 0.05 wt% baicalein was used as the dispersed phase and an aqueous solution containing 1 wt% Tween 20 as the continuous phase. O/W emulsions with a surface‐weighted mean diameter (d3,2) of about 300 nm and a span of nearly two were formulated by high‐pressure homogenization at 60–150 MPa. The O/W emulsion droplets loaded with baicalein were physically stable in terms of variations in d3,2 and span during 30 days of storage in the dark at 4°C. HPLC analysis demonstrated that 77–84% of initial baicalein was retained in the fresh O/W emulsions, but that declined to 36–49% during storage.Practical applications: O/W emulsions loaded with a functional flavonoid were produced by high‐pressure homogenization at different pressures. The findings obtained from this work may be of great interest for both scientific and industrial purposes, since formulation and stability were investigated. This food microstructuring technology could assist in the development of new food systems for nutrition therapy.
Synthesis of Thiol Esters Using Nano CuO/Ionic Liquid as an Eco‐Friendly Reductive System Under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Azeredo Juliano B. , Godoi Marcelo , Schwab Ricardo S. , Botteselle Giancarlo V. , Braga Antonio L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe report an efficient, fast, and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of a wide range of thiol esters using stable diorganoyl disulfides and acyl chlorides, using CuO nanoparticles and [pmim]Br as the reductive system. This method gave good to excellent isolated yields of the desired products after only three minutes of microwave irradiation. Furthermore, by using the same green approach, we were also able to synthesize thiocarbonates bearing interesting functionalities.
Diaryldistyrylpyrazines: Solvatochromic and Acidochromic Fluorophores
Authors: Schmitt Volker , Moschel Sebastian , Detert Heiner 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDiaryldimethylpyrazines are the starting materials for the synthesis ofC2‐symmetric donor‐ or acceptor‐substituted distyrylpyrazines. The optical properties of these cruciform‐shaped dyes are dominated by the distyrylpyrazine units; the photophysics is controlled by the styryl substitution, the diaryl substituents on the central pyrazine only having a small effect. Protonation occurs on the pyrazine and/or lateral amines or azines, thereby altering the absorption and emission properties. Hypso‐ and bathochromism as well as fluorescence quenching depend on the nature of the terminal substituent. This, and a significant positive solvatochromism of the fluorescence, allow optical sensing of the pH and polarity of the environment.
Regioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitriles to α,β‐Unsaturated Imines: Synthesis of Fluorinated Primary Enamines and 2‐Aminopyridine Derivatives
Authors: Fernández de Trocóniz Guillermo , Ochoa de Retana Ana M. , Pascual Sergio , Ezpeleta José M. , Palacios Francisco 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe regioselective Michael addition of the carbanion of 2‐phenylacetonitrile (R2 = Ph) and malononitrile (R2 = CN) to fluoroalkylated α,β‐unsaturated imines 1 is described. Fluorinated imines 1 were used as intermediates for the regioselective 1,4‐addition and synthesis of functionalized fluorinated primary enamines 5 and 7, fluorine‐containing trans‐3,4‐dihydro‐2‐aminopyridines 2, and fluorinated 2‐aminopyridines 4 and 8, which were obtained with total atom economy. Derivatives 2 and 8 were also prepared by an intramolecular cyclocondensation reaction of functionalized fluorinated primary enamines 5 and 7, respectively, in the presence of a base (NaH).
Selectfluor‐Mediated Fluorination and C–C Bond Cleavage of Cyclohexene‐Fused Isoxazoline N‐Oxides
Authors: R.R. Rajawinslin , Raihan Mustafa J. , Janreddy Donala , Kavala Veerababurao , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Chen Mei‐Ling , He Chiu‐Hui , Yao Ching‐Fa 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA rapid method for the synthesis of long‐chain fluorinated compounds using a C–C bond‐cleavage reaction was developed. Selectfluor was the most effective fluorinating agent of those tested in this study. Long‐chain fluoro dioxo nitriles were formed from isoxazoline N‐oxides via nitroso intermediates.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organodimetallic Reagents Leading to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis microreview describes our contributions to the development of palladium‐catalyzed annulations of organodimetallic reagents with organic dihalides, which serve as versatile synthetic methods for functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Presented first are palladium‐catalyzed double cross‐coupling reactions of 1,2‐diborylalkenes and ‐arenes with 2,2′‐dibromobiaryls and 1‐bromo‐2‐(2‐bromoethenyl)arenes, respectively. The next section describes palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions between 9‐stannafluorenes and 1,2‐dibromoarenes, in which the 9‐stannafluorenes act as equivalents of 1,4‐dimetal reagents. The last section covers palladium‐catalyzed double cross‐coupling reactions variously between 1,2‐diboryl reagents and 1‐bromo‐2‐(bromomethyl)arenes, between 1,1‐diborylalk‐1‐enes and 2,2′‐dibromobiaryls, and between 9‐stannafluorenes and 1,1‐dibromoalk‐1‐enes, to form systems containing five‐membered rings in one‐step fashion.
Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution and Racemization of 2‐(Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl)ethanols
Authors: Prechter Agnes , Heinrich Markus R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed transesterification of 2‐(tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl)ethanols provides acetates in useful yields with good to high enantiomeric excess values. By taking advantage of the persistent radical effect, the remaining alcohols can be cleanly racemized under mild conditions in the presence of TEMPO [2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxidanyl].
Selective Synthesis of 5,6‐Dihydroindolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines and 6,7‐Dihydroindolo[2,3‐c]quinolines by Orthogonal Copper and Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhao Fei , Zheng Mingyue , Zhai Yun , Wang Jiang , Liu Hong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn combination with the Ugi four‐component reaction, two important indole‐fused heterocycles have been prepared in two steps from readily accessible starting materials. From the same set of Ugi adducts 5, 5,6‐dihydroindolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines 6 were rapidly generated in excellent yields by a copper‐catalyzed N–H arylation pathway, whereas 6,7‐dihydroindolo[2,3‐c]quinolones 7 were obtained by palladium‐catalyzed C–H arylations in good yields without the protection of the indole N1 moiety. Microwave heating was used to accelerate these intramolecular C–N and C–C bond‐forming reactions performed under controlled reaction conditions.