bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lived experiences of children living on the streets of Hillbrow
Authors: Myburgh Chris , Moolla Aneesa , Poggenpoel Marie 
Published: May 2015

Background: The effects of daily abuse and hardship on the streets lead to poor mental health in children living on the streets, resulting in them choosing ineffective and self-destructive coping strategies that impact their physical health and overall sense of wellbeing. The facilitation of the mental health of children living on the streets who are subjected to daily threats to their survival is thus crucial.Objectives: The aim of this research was to explore and describe the lived experiences of children living on the streets of Hillbrow, Johannesburg.Method: The research design was qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual. A purposive sample was selected through a temporary shelter in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa and consisted of 14 male children living on the streets. Data were collected using drawings, in-depth phenomenological interviews and field notes. The central interview opening statement was: ‘Tell me about your life on the street’.Results: The results obtained indicated that children living on the streets are threatened, exploited and exposed to physical, sexual and emotional abuse on a daily basis by the community, the authorities and other street dwellers. This leads to feelings of sadness, fear, anxiety, misery, despair, hopelessness, helplessness and suicide ideation, which in turn lead to drug abuse and criminal activities. In contrast, positive feelings of sympathy for other children living on the streets emerged and these children also displayed perseverance, resilience and a striving for autonomy.Conclusion: Street life exposes children to a variety of experiences, both positive and negative. A striving after autonomy is clearly depicted by these children, who are able to tap into a range of responses, both on- and off-street.
Giant Cell Angiofibroma Scalp: A Rare Neoplasm
Authors: Jain Anshu , Qadri Shagufta , Afroz Nishat , Shamim Nida 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Giant cell angiofibroma (GCA) is a rare benign pathologic entity that shows a predilection for the mesenchymal tissue of the orbit and head and neck region. It is a highly vascular, wellcircumscribed benign soft-tissue neoplasm that may simulate a malignant or aggressive process. GCA usually presents as a painful mass that grows slowly or remains stable in size over many years. The incidence of extraorbital GCA is very rare, with only two cases of GCA of scalp reported in the literature. The GCA is characterized by a patternless spindle cell proliferation containing pseudovascular spaces, floret-like multinucleated giant cells and a richly vascularized stroma showing hyalinization or myxoid change. CD34 immunoreactivity remains an important immunohistochemical finding of potential diagnostic value. Surgical excision is often curative. We report a case of a 42 years old male with the primary complaint of a painful solitary nodule arising on the occipital region of the scalp. Complete tumor removal through surgical resection was achieved, and diagnosis of Giant cell angiofibroma was rendered on the histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. The postoperative period was uneventful.

How to cite this article
Qadri S, Afroz N, Jain A, Shamim N. Giant Cell Angiofibroma Scalp: A Rare Neoplasm. Int J Head Neck Surg 2015;6(1):10-13.
Fourth Branchial Fistula: Revisited
Authors: Bose Anandabrata , Sengupta Arup , Sherpa Tshering Dorjee , Paul Nomi 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThird or fourth branchial pouch anomaly is rare. It usually presents as an acute inflammatory swelling of the lower neck and frequently involves the thyroid gland. Surgical treatment is essential to prevent recurrence. USG, CT scan and barium esophagography help in the diagnosis. Complete excision of tract after proper identification is necessary to prevent recurrence.How to cite this articleBose A, Sengupta A, Sherpa TD, Paul N. Fourth Branchial Fistula: Revisited. Int J Head Neck Surg 2015;6(1):26-28.
Effects of Baseplates of Orthodontic Appliances with in situ generated Silver Nanoparticles on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Randomized, Doubleblind Cross-over Clinical Trial
Authors: Ghorbanzadeh Roghayeh , Pourakbari Babak , Bahador Abbas 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTAimPolymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used primarily for baseplates of orthodontic appliances (BOA). The activities of cariogenic bacteria in biofilm on these surfaces may contribute to dental caries, gingival inflammation and periodontal disease. The PMMA incorporated with nanoparticles of silver (NanoAg-I-PMMA) and NanoAgin situin PMMA (NanoAg-IS-PMMA) have been shown to control the growth of cariogenic bacteria, but clinical trial of anti-cariogenic application of these novel materials in orthodontics has not been evaluated. The main aim of the study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of using NanoAg-IS-PMMA and NanoAg-I-PMMA for construction of new BOA in inhibiting the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of the cariogenic bacteria.Materials and methodsTwenty four patients with a median age of 12.6 years (7-15) harboringStreptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus acidophilusas well as Lactobacillus casei participated in the randomized, doubleblind, cross-over study. The experimental BOA, NanoAg-ISBOA and NanoAg-I-BOA, contained 0.5% w/w NanoAg while the control BOA was standard PMMA. Antibacterial effect of NanoAg-IS-BOA and NanoAg-I-BOA was assessed against test cariogenic bacteria by planktonic and biofilm bacterial cells growth inhibition.ResultsThe average levels of test cariogenic bacteria in saliva decreased about 2 to 70 fold (30.9-98.4%) compared to baseline depending on the microorganism type and test BOA. Biofilm inhibition analysis demonstrated that NanoAg-I-BOA and NanoAg-IS-BOA inhibited the biofilm of all test bacteria by 20.1 to 79.9% compared to BOA. NanoAg-IS-BOA had a strong anti-biofilm effect againstS. mutans, S. sobrinusandL. casei. However, NanoAg-I-BOA showed only slight antibiofilm effects on test bacteria. Most notably, at all period of the clinical trial, NanoAg-IS-BOA showed a higher antibacterial activity than NanoAg-I-BOA.ConclusionBased on the novel data that presented here, the NanoAg-IS-BOA had strong antimicrobial activity in the planktonic phase and subsequent biofilm formation of the cariogenic bacteria.Clinical significanceWearing of NanoAg-IS-BOA has the potential to minimize dental plaque formation and caries during orthodontic treatment.How to cite this articleGhorbanzadeh R, Pourakbari B, Bahador A. Effects of Baseplates of Orthodontic Appliances within situgenerated Silver Nanoparticles on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Randomized, Double-blind Cross-over Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4):291-298.
Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Mohammadi Zahed , Shalavi Sousan , Bandi Shilpa 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Successful root canal treatment depends on having comprehensive information regarding the root(s)/canal(s) anatomy. Dentists may have some complication in treatment of third molars because the difficulty in their access, their aberrant occlusal anatomy and different patterns of eruption. The aim of this review was to review and address the number of roots and root canals in third molars, prevalence of confluent canals in third molars, C-shaped canals, dilaceration and fusion in third molars, autotransplantation of third molars and endodontic treatment strategies for third molars.

How to cite this article
Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Bandi S, Patil SG. Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4): 310-313.
Advances in Soft Denture Liners: An Update
Authors: Hussein Farouk Ahmed 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTSoft denture liners are used in complete and partial removable dentures to distribute functional loads homogeneously on the denture-bearing tissues. These materials are recommended in cases of irregular bone resorption, bony undercuts, thin atrophic mucosa, immediate prosthesis, healing after implant placement, and for patients with bruxism and xerostomia. The resilient lining materials can be categorized as plasticized acrylic resins or silicone elastomers. The plasticized acrylic resin comprises of acrylic polymers and copolymers, a liquid containing an acrylic monomer and plasticisers, such as ethyl alcohol and/or ethyl acetate responsible for preserving the material softness. The silicone elastomers, consisting of dimethylsiloxane polymers, with a chemical composition similar to that of the silicone impression materials devoid of leachable plasticisers, retain their elastic properties for prolonged periods. Most of the currently available materials have several disadvantages, including color stability, long-term resiliency, abrasion resistance, bond strength and porosity. Several modifications have been done recently to overcome of these disadvantages of the soft liners. The current review summarizes the recent developments in soft liners.How to cite this articleHashem MI. Advances in Soft Denture Liners: An Update. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4):314-318.
Puerta Nueva: atrio de la Alhambra
Authors: Domingo Santos Juan 
Published: May 2015

Aspectos generales de la intervención. Valores históricos del área de intervención. Preexistencias y elementos de interés. Terraza mirador sobre la Alhambra. Movilidad, programas y usos. El hall del Atrio Plaza de la Alhambra. El material. Jardineria, arbolado y pavimentos
The Atrium is a space ready to welcome visitors upon arrival at La Alhambra under appropriate conditions in such important heritage. The aim is to meet the needs of a broad spectrum of visitors of different characteristics and resolve the current precarious situation experienced by the visitor who keeps lining up outdoors -under cold, heat or rain- and reorder toursim’s mobility flows in a very unstructured and chaotic area.
The architectural intervention is integrated with the topography and environment, inspired by the Generalife terraced platforms and by the closed volumes of the Alhambra. An architecture made from identity values of the Alhambra. Local materials and elements are used for its construction: pergolas with vegetation, cobbled pavements and floors of compacted earth and brick, courtyards with pools of water, native trees, concrete walls and overhead lighting.
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Compounds That Increase Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Expression in Neural Stem Cells Differentiated From Fragile X Syndrome Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Kumari Daman , Swaroop Manju , Southall Noel , Huang Wenwei , Zheng Wei , Usdin Karen 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited cognitive disability, is caused by a deficiency of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). In most patients, the absence of FMRP is due to an aberrant transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. FXS has no cure, and the available treatments only provide symptomatic relief. Given that FMR1 gene silencing in FXS patient cells can be partially reversed by treatment with compounds that target repressive epigenetic marks, restoring FMRP expression could be one approach for the treatment of FXS. We describe a homogeneous and highly sensitive time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay for FMRP detection in a 1,536-well plate format. Using neural stem cells differentiated from an FXS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line that does not express any FMRP, we screened a collection of approximately 5,000 known tool compounds and approved drugs using this FMRP assay and identified 6 compounds that modestly increase FMR1 gene expression in FXS patient cells. Although none of these compounds resulted in clinically relevant levels of FMR1 mRNA, our data provide proof of principle that this assay combined with FXS patient-derived neural stem cells can be used in a high-throughput format to identify better lead compounds for FXS drug development.

Significance
In this study, a specific and sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay for fragile X mental retardation protein detection was developed and optimized for high-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries using fragile X syndrome (FXS) patient-derived neural stem cells. The data suggest that this HTS format will be useful for the identification of better lead compounds for developing new therapeutics for FXS. This assay can also be adapted for FMRP detection in clinical and research settings.
VALORIZAÇÃO DE PERSONAGENS NEGROS COMO CONTEÚDO CURRICULAR NO LIVRO DIDÁTICO DE HISTÓRIA
Authors: Roza Luciano Magela 
Published: May 2015

<p>O artigo busca discutir alguns aspectos da incorporação e da apropriação da valorização de personagens negros como conteúdo curricular presente em livros didáticos de história editados no contexto pós-lei 10.639/03. Algumas das coleções didáticas, aprovadas e reeditadas no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) nos anos 2008 e 2011, são privilegiadas como material empírico, em especial, os conteúdos explícitos e as atividades sugeridas para o ensino-aprendizagem da história afro-brasileira no pós-abolição presentes livro do aluno. </p>
A practical guide to tapering opioids
Authors: Kral Lee A. , Jackson Kenneth , Uritsky Tanya J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Tapering opioids is one of the most daunting dilemmas in clinical practice today. The decision to taper opioids is based on many factors, including a lack of efficacy, unacceptable risk, perioperative management, noncompliance, or patient preference. Tapering in the perioperative setting is quite common, though more complex in patients previously taking chronic opioid therapy. Outside of a medical emergency, opioid tapers are best managed in an outpatient setting, allowing for adjustments and more long-term nonopioid pain management, if necessary. No single strategy can be applied to all patients, and very few published guidelines are available for reference. Dose reductions and schedules are highly variable across available guidelines and literature. Dose reductions range from 10% to 50%, with a frequency ranging from daily reductions to every 2 weeks. Most guidelines address the concern of preventing physical withdrawal symptoms; however, few address the psychological ramifications of tapering. Individualized regimens and a willingness to adjust schedules and doses allows for improved patient comfort. The goal is to complete tapering without any symptoms of withdrawal; however, this is not always possible. Several available agents may help ameliorate these symptoms, including antihypertensives, antihistamines, antiemetics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics. Opioid tapering is rarely easy but should be a manageable process.
Review of antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain
Authors: Baltenberger Elizabeth P. , Buterbaugh Whitney M. , Martin B. Shane , Thomas Christopher J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Neuropathy is a pathological pain disorder characterized by burning, stabbing, and cramping sensations. There are multiple etiologies for this pain such as diabetes, vascular disorders, and chemotherapy treatment. Neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, are thought to play a part in the modulation of this pain. The objective of this review is to summarize the current literature to support the efficacy and impact of adverse events of the various classes of antidepressants utilized in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Methods
A Medline/Pubmed search was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials within the last 12 years examining the efficacy and safety of antidepressants for the treatment of neuropathy. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were also included.

Results
Antidepressants are commonly used in the treatment of neuropathy, with meta-analyses supporting the use of tricyclic antidepressants and selective norepinephrine serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Trials indicate that venlafaxine, duloxetine, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have comparable efficacy, but TCAs have a higher incidence of adverse effects. Other antidepressants, such as citalopram, paroxetine, and bupropion have limited evidence supporting their use in neuropathy.

Discussion
Based on the evidence reviewed, venlafaxine and duloxetine should be used as first-line agents. TCAs should be used as second-line agents, due to higher incidence of adverse effects. Other treatment options include citalopram, paroxetine, and bupropion, but data supporting their efficacy is limited.
Pediatric migraine sufferers and alternative therapies
Authors: Huh Jina , Butz Jami L. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Migraine is a common pediatric disorder, which results in chronic pain. Because of the limited effectiveness of conventional drug regimens, an increased number of pediatric patients look for an alternative medication regimen to prevent and treat migraines.

Method
Search terms “pediatric, headache, migraine, treatment, alternative treatment” were used. Butterbur and riboflavin are suggested as alternative remedies for migraine prophylaxis, and a combination of feverfew and ginger for acute treatment. In addition to previous search terms, “butterbur, riboflavin, feverfew, ginger” were used to review their effectiveness.

Result
Butterbur or riboflavin may be an appropriate alternative regimen to prevent migraine, and a combination of feverfew and ginger may be an option for acute episode.

Conclusion
Study results are promising, but not yet conclusive. Study samples are relatively small. These alternative regimens may benefit pediatric migraine sufferers, but they should be carefully monitored to evaluate individual efficacy when in use.
First report of sporadic K layers and comparison with sporadic Na layers at Beijing, China (40.6°N, 116.2°E)
Authors: Jiao Jing , Yang Guotao , Wang Jihong , Cheng Xuewu , Li Faquan , Yang Yong , Gong Wei , Wang Zelong , Du Lifang , Yan Chunxiao , Gong Shunsheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA double‐laser beam lidar was successfully developed to simultaneously measure K and Na layers at Beijing (40.6°N, 116.2°E) in 2010. Statistical analysis of the parameters of sporadic K (Ks) and sporadic Na (Nas) layers was performed over 2 years of lidar data, and different characteristics of them were found. The average Ks occurrence (2.9%) was lower than that of Nas (5.9%); the Nas occurrence had a maximum (19.3%) in May–June months and a minimum (1.6%) in January–February months, while the Ks occurrence had a maximum (4.9%) in January–February months and a minimum (1.0%) in September–October months; most Ks peaks tended to occur around 93 km, which was ~2 km lower than that of Nas (~95 km); the Ks peak density was often at least 1 order of magnitude lower than that of Nas; notably, two Ks with high peak densities (>1000 cm−3) were observed, which were much higher than K density (15–300 cm−3) reported before. The ascending time of Ks was often longer than its descending time, but an opposite trend occurred for Nas. During the 152 cases of joint observation for the K and Na layers, 21% (32/152) were cases in which Ks and Nas events simultaneously occurred, while 79% (120/152) were cases in which only one layer (K or Na) exhibited a strong Ks or Nas.
Formation of self‐organized shear structures in thin current sheets
Authors: Malova H. V. , Mingalev O. V. , Grigorenko E. E. , Mingalev I. V. , Melnik M. N. , Popov V. Yu. , Delcourt D. C. , Petrukovich A. A. , Shen C. , Rong Z. J. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSelf‐consistent kinetic (particle‐in‐cell) model of magnetotail thin current sheet (TCS) is used to understand the formation of self‐consistent sheared magnetic structures. It is shown that shear configurations appear in TCS as a result of self‐consistent evolution of some initial magnetic perturbation at the current sheet center. Two general shapes of shear TCS components are found as a function of the transverse coordinate: symmetric and antisymmetric. We show that TCS formation goes together with the emergence of field‐aligned currents in the center of the current sheet, as a result of north‐south asymmetry of quasi‐adiabatic ion motions. Ion drift currents can also contribute to the magnetic shear evolution, but their role is much less significant, their contribution depending upon the normal component Bz and the amplitude of the initial perturbation in TCS. Parametric maps illustrating different types of TCS equilibria are presented that show a higher probability of formation of symmetric shear TCS configuration at lower values of the normal magnetic component.
Relativistic Nucleus–Nucleus Collisions
Authors: Blume Christoph 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe basic phenomenology of heavy‐ion physics at high energies is reviewed. We discuss the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter, the properties of the different phases, and the dynamical evolution of a heavy‐ion collision. Several observables have been suggested as a signature for a new state of matter, the quark–gluon plasma. These include strangeness enhancement, jet quenching, and suppression. The main results of these measurements are summarized. In addition, global aspects of heavy‐ion collisions, such as centrality determination, particle production, and collective flow are addressed. The current experimental results suggest that indeed a new state of matter is formed in heavy‐ion collisions, which has the properties of an ideal liquid. Finally, an outlook on the future developments in this field is given.
Generation
IV
Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Schulenberg Thomas 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Generation
IV
nuclear reactors are a class of innovative nuclear reactors using technologies beyond pressurized water reactors or boiling water reactors, the basis of the current commercial nuclear power. Six different concepts have been selected by an international forum to be studied, developed, and eventually built in international collaboration. Among these are advanced water‐cooled reactors, which are intended to be more economical high‐temperature reactors providing process heat in addition to electric power production, fast reactors to recycle spent fuel to fissile material and to reduce the radioactive inventory of the spent fuel repository, and molten salt reactors with highest flexibility for future fissile materials. While some of these reactor technologies have already been built and operated, in principle, since several decades, others are entirely new. Actual concepts, technologies, and future challenges are discussed in the chapter.