bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Admiralty Brass in Aqueous Copper Sulfate
Authors: PINCHBACK T. R. , CLOUGH S. P. , HELDT L. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Admiralty brass (Cu-Zn-Sn) is shown to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in copper sulfate solutions. Fracture surfaces of the resultant transgranular cracks are characterized by cleavage like features. Surface analysis by scanning Auger microprobe revealed a high concentration of tin at the leading edge of the propagating stress corrosion crack. The fractographic features and the presence of tin suggest that hydrogen embrittlement may be involved in the cracking mechanism.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of High and Low Strength Carbon Steels in Nitrate Solutions
Authors: ASPHAHANI AZIZ , UHLIG H. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior in 60% Ca(NO3)2, 3% NH4NO3 solution boiling at 110 C is reported for relatively pure 1% Ni, 1% Cr, or 1% Ti steels as a function of carbon content. The steels were water-quenched, cold-rolled, or furnace-cooled. Commercial 4140 steel heat-treated to various hardness levels was similarly tested. It was also subjected to SCC in boiling 3% NaNO3 and boiling 3% NaCl. Critical potentials below which SCC does not occur were measured in 3% NaNO3 for the latter steel at 4 hardness levels. The results are interpreted in terms of stress-sorption cracking.
Accelerated Grain Boundary Corrosion of Dilute Zinc-Aluminum Alloys Under High Applied Cathodic Currents
Authors: DEVILLERS L. P. , NIESSEN P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Under relatively high applied cathodic current densities (⩾0.5 mA/cm2), hot rolled Zn-Al alloys in hot water suffer very rapid boundary attack and blistering which appear to be caused mainly by hydrogen accumulation within the corroding boundaries. This effect does not occur in pure zinc, but additions of 0.03% Al are sufficient for this attack. The grain boundary corrosion rates have an approximately logarithmic dependence on the current density and a linear dependence on temperature in the range 40 to 90 C. Grain boundary corrosion rates are much less dependent on the alloy purity than is the case for intergranular corrosion when no cathodic current is applied. Instead, the rates are in this case very dependent on the water composition and are particularly sensitive to the presence of carbonates.
A Quantum-chemical Study of the Corrosion Inhibition of Iron by Means of Aniline Derivatives in Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: VOSTA JAN , ELIASEK JAROSLAV , KNIZEK PETR 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
When various properties of organic compounds are to be expressed, it is necessary to explore the connection between their experiment and theory. To determine the mechanism of the inhibition process by organic materials, the electron structure of a set of organic compounds is studied and correlated with their electrochemical corrosion measurements. This paper discusses the inhibition of corrosion in 5% hydrochloric acid by means of p-substituted anilines with respect to quantum chemistry.
Localized Corrosion Resistance of Mn-Substituted Austenitic Stainless Steels: Effect of Molybdenum and Chromium
Authors: BRIGHAM R. J. , TOZER E. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of a number of Mn-substituted austenitic stainless steels has been determined quantitatively using temperature as a localized corrosion criterion. The go/no-go temperatures, the critical pitting temperature (CPT), and the crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) can be summarized by the equations and for Mn-substituted austenitic stainless steels over the composition range 0 to 5% Mo and 18 to 22% Cr. The resistance to localized corrosion of these Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo alloys is compared with that of Cr-Ni-Mo austenitic stainless steels.
Corrosion-Erosion Behavior of Materials in a Coal-Gasification Environment
Authors: NATESAN K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Materials considered for application in the high temperature gaseous environments that are present in various coal-gasification processes must be resistant to corrosive and erosive wear. Possible interactions between the materials and the gaseous environment that lead to oxidation, hot corrosion, sulfidation, carburization, and metal dusting are discussed. Existing formalisms for predicting erosive wear loss of materials are presented. The need for additional research on corrosion of materials in complex multicomponent gas environments and on erosion of materials in the relevant range of process conditions to develop suitable models for corrosion-erosion behavior of materials is discussed.
The Corrosion Resistance of Inconel Alloy 600 in High Temperature Phosphate Solutions
Authors: PESSALL N. , DUNLAP A. B. , FELDMAN D. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A test program is described in which the corrosion resistance of Inconel Alloy 600 and other alloys is evaluated in sodium phosphate solutions at temperatures between 275 and 325 C. For Inconel Alloy 600, a significant increase in corrosion resistance is associated with the increase in phosphate solubility which occurs when the Na/P ratio (r) is reduced from 3.0 to below 2.0. In solutions characterized by 2 &gt; r &gt; 1.35, the corrosion resistance of Inconel Alloy 600 exhibits a minimum value. Inconel Alloy 690 and Incoloy Alloy 800 exhibit similar corrosion behavior. Raman spectroscopic studies of sodium phosphate solutions indicate a conversion at 200 C of Na3PO4 → Na2HPO4, while both Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 are stable up to 320 C. The Raman spectra provide the basis for a good correlation between the corrosion resistance of Inconel Alloy 600 and the concentration of HPO4= or H2PO4− species in the high temperature phosphate environments.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steam Generator Tube Materials in Sodium Hydroxide Solutions
Authors: PATHANIA R. S. , CHITTY J. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were carried out on specimens of Monel 400, Inconel 600, and Sanicro 30 steam generator tubing in solutions containing 10 to 500 g NaOH/kg H2O at 300 C for times up to 600 days. Applied stress and sodium hydroxide concentration had a significant effect on the (SCC) resistance of the three materials.
“Horse Shoe” Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Flowing Sea Water: Mechanism, and Possibility of Cathodic Protection of Condenser Tubes in Power Stations
Authors: BIANCHI G. , FIORI G. , LONGHI P. , MAZZA F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The morphology of horse shoe corrosion of copper and copper alloys in sea water cooled condensers in power stations is presented, and the mechanism of nucleation and of development of this type of corrosion is discussed. Horse shoe corrosion is the result of the formation of an active-passive cell: the pH of the sea water is the determining factor, and development of the corrosion is strongly influenced by the local hydrodynamic conditions. The results allow the requirements for a reliable cathodic protection of the condenser tubes to be defined.
Stress Corrosion Cracking and Anodic Behavior of AISI 304 Stainless Steel, Inconel 600, and Incoloy 800 Straining in Boiling NaOH Solutions
Authors: PARK Y. S. , GALVELE J. R. , AGRAWAL A. K. , STAEHLE R. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The straining electrode technique was used to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of AISI 304 stainless steel in 20N NaOH solution, and of Inconel 600 Alloy and Incoloy 800 Alloy in boiling 17.5N NaOH solution. The crack propagation rate estimated from the straining experiments correlated well with failure time measurements from previous constant load experiments. It was found that the straining electrode technique is a useful method for estimating, through short term experiments, parameters like crack propagation rate, crack morphology, and repassivation rate, as a function of the electrode potential.
Comparison of Potentiodynamically Determined Pitting Rates with Actual Pitting Rates for Mild Steel and Admiralty Brass in Oxygen Bearing Waters
Authors: TAIT W. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Pitting rates of mild steel and admiralty brass, determined microscopically are compared with those obtained potentiodynamically for both laboratory and field tests. The comparisons clearly demonstrate that the potentiodynamic method is a viable means for measuring the pitting rates of the systems studied. Solution resistance effects for TDS levels below 452 ppm greatly overshadow the rates obtained potentiodynamically. Consequently, special electrode configurations need be utilized in order to obtain meaningful results for these lower TDS solutions.
Potential-pH Diagrams for Iron and Nickel in High Salinity Geothermal Brine Containing Low Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: MACDONALD DIGBY D. , SYRETT BARRY C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Potential-pH diagrams are reported for iron and nickel in sulfide containing high salinity geothermal brine at 25 and 250 C. Metal sulfides, as well as dissolved chloride complexes, were considered in deriving the diagrams, and the potential-pH relationships for those equilibria involving dissolved H2S or its anions are plotted for a constant total dissolved sulfide content of 10 ppm. The diagrams are used to analyze the general features of the thermodynamic behavior of iron and nickel in geothermal systems, and to identify processes that might be expected to occur in high temperature sulfide containing brines.
Corrosion in Molten Salts: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: JANZ GEORGE J. , TOMKINS REGINALD P. T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion and containment properties of molten salts are reported as an annotated bibliography, in tabular form. The tables are arranged by subject area and provide ready access to important research publications and review articles. Data on corrosion rates are given for some selected cases. Indexes to corrosion studies by molten salt and by metal, alloy, and compound. 29 Tables; 458 References.
The Effect of Ferrite Content on Stress Corrosion Cracking in Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Metals at Room Temperature
Authors: BAESLACK W. A. , DUQUETTE D. J. , SAVAGE W. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Constant extension rate tests have been conducted on Type 304 stainless steel base metal specimens and on stainless steel weld metal specimens with ferrite contents of Ferrite Number 1, 3, 6, 11, 16, and 24, at room temperature in deaerated, 1 N HCI. Stress corrosion cracking in wholly austenitic Type 304 base metal occurs transgranularly, while cracking in duplex weld metal occurs either by the combined action of stress assisted ferrite dissolution and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the austenite or entirely by stress assisted dissolution of the ferrite. Ferrite content and distribution are important in determining both the stress corrosion susceptibility and crack morphology of duplex weld metals. The most susceptible duplex weld metals are those which exhibit a continuous or nearly continuous vermicular ferrite structure.
Putrid Sea Water as a Corrosive Medium
Authors: EFIRD K. D. , LEE T. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Putrid sea water results from the diagenesis of natural sea water due to the decomposition of plant and animal macroorganisms. The result is a solution of low pH, high sulfide, and high total organic composition which can accelerate corrosion of copper base alloys, particularly when they are subsequently exposed to flowing, clean, aerated sea water.
Corrosion Inhibition of a Carbon Steel by 2-Ethylamino-Ethanol in Aerated 3% NaCI Solutions – Effect of pH
Authors: T M. DUPRA , BUI N. , DABOSI F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Colorimetric and electrochemical corrosion rate measurement techniques were used to evaluate the efficiency of 2-ethylamino-ethanol in corrosion inhibition of a carbon steel in aerated 3% NaCI solutions. It was shown that, for inhibitor concentrations above 310 ppm, the high pH value of the solutions is by itself responsible for a partial 40% efficiency in corrosion protection, as compared to an overall efficiency of about 90%. In order to differentiate the intrinsic inhibiting action of 2-ethylamino-ethanol, another efficiency definition is proposed as a differential efficiency, in which the influence of the pH is eliminated. The obtained differential values range from 70 to 80%. This high activity of the inhibitor may be interpreted both by its ability to stabilize the hydroxide surface film and by its adsorption onto bare sites of the metal.
Rate Controlling Steps of SCC of High Strength Steels
Authors: STELLWAG B. , KAESCHE H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Stress corrosion crack velocities have been measured for a high strength steel in 0.5N NaCI solution at room temperature without potentiostatic control. Changing the strength level of the steel alters the shape of the SCC velocity vs stress intensity curve distinctly. With increasing strength, the common plateau region (so called stage II) disappears, and SCC velocity becomes exponentially dependent on stress intensity. Additional experiments (acoustic emission studies, crack growth incubation measurements, load change tests, fractography) confirm the current understanding, that absorbed hydrogen is the damaging species. The results can be well interpreted by assuming that lattice decohesion of the metallic bonds by absorbed hydrogen is a fundamental feature of the cracking process. Conclusions can be drawn as to the rate controlling steps of crack growth.
The Possible Protective Role of Bone Marrow Transplantation against Alternations Induced by Gamma Radiations on Heart of Pregnant Albino Rats and Their Fetuses
Authors: Mansour Emam Nahed Mohamed , Rahman Ibrahim Mona Abel 
Published: February 2013

Aim of the work: It is well recognized that radiation can be carcinogenic. Bone marrow cells (BM) suppress immune cell responses and have beneficial effects in various inflammatory-related immune disorders. The present study is designed to evaluate the possible role of bone marrow to restore certain histopathological and histochemical changes in the cardiac tissues of pregnant rats which exposed to gamma rays. Material and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups: 1- Group of control pregnant rats. 2- Group I&II of pregnant rats irradiated with γ-rays on days 7 or 14 of gestation. 4- Group III& IV of pregnant rats irradiated with γ-rays on day 7 or 14 of gestation and treated with BM one hour post-exposure. All the previous groups were sacrificed on day 20 of gestation (1 day prior delivery). Results: Exposure of pregnant rats to γ-rays on day 7 or day 14 of gestation showed many pathological and histochemical changes in the cardiac tissues. These changes were more pronounced on day 14 of gestation. Bone marrow transplantation post-irradiation improved cardiac muscle architecture. On the other hand, fetal cardiac tissue was more sensitive to γ-rays than those of their mothers especially on day 14 of gestation. Bone marrow transplantation post-irradiation improved the tissue architecture which restored its normal histological and histochemical pictures. Conclusion: It can be concluded that bone marrow transplantation post-irradiation showed somewhat a considerable ability to overcome radiation injuries or damages from the histological and histochemical point of view on day 7 or 14 of gestation.
Thigh Muscle Cross‐Sectional Areas and Strength in Advanced Versus Early Painful Osteoarthritis: An Exploratory Between‐Knee, Within‐Person Comparison in Osteoarthritis Initiative Participants
Authors: Ruhdorfer Anja , Dannhauer Torben , Wirth Wolfgang , Hitzl Wolfgang , Kwoh C. Kent , Guermazi Ali , Hunter David J. , Benichou Olivier , Eckstein Felix ,   For The Osteoarthritis Initiative Investigators
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo compare cross‐sectional and longitudinal side differences in thigh muscle anatomic cross‐sectional areas (ACSAs), strength, and specific strength (strength/ACSA) between knees with early versus advanced painful radiographic osteoarthritis in the same person.MethodsForty‐four of 2,678 Osteoarthritis Initiative participants (31 women and 13 men) met the inclusion criteria of bilateral frequent knee pain, medial joint space narrowing (JSN) in 1 knee, and no medial (or lateral) JSN in the contralateral knee. Thigh muscle ACSAs of the quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, and individual quadriceps heads at consistent locations were determined using magnetic resonance imaging. Isometric muscle strength was determined in extension/flexion (Good Strength Chair). Baseline quadriceps ACSAs and strength were considered primary end points, and longitudinal changes of these factors were considered secondary end points (by paired t‐tests).ResultsNo significant side differences in quadriceps (or other thigh muscle) ACSAs, strength, or specific strength were observed between medial JSN knees versus knees without JSN, or between specific medial JSN knee strata and contralateral knees without JSN, either in men or women. Two‐year longitudinal changes in thigh muscle ACSAs and strength were small (≤5.2%) and did not differ significantly between medial JSN knees and knees without JSN.ConclusionIn the context of previous findings that side differences in pain are associated with side differences in quadriceps ACSAs, the current results suggest that quadriceps (and other thigh muscle) properties are not independently associated with radiographic disease status (JSN) once knees have reached frequent pain status. Further, our longitudinal findings indicate that a more advanced radiographic stage of knee osteoarthritis is not necessarily associated with a longitudinal decline in muscle function.
Association of Smoking With Cutaneous Manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Bourré‐Tessier Josiane , Peschken Christine A. , Bernatsky Sasha , Joseph Lawrence , Clarke Ann E. , Fortin Paul R. , Hitchon Carol , Mittoo Shikha , Smith C. Douglas , Zummer Michel , Pope Janet , Tucker Lori , Hudson Marie , Arbillaga Hector , Esdaile John , Silverman Earl , Chédeville Gaelle , Huber Adam M. , Belisle Patrick ,   The Canadian Network for Improved Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1000 Canadian Faces of Lupus Investigators, Pineau Christian A. 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo examine the association between smoking and cutaneous involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsWe analyzed data from a multicenter Canadian SLE cohort. Mucocutaneous involvement was recorded at the most recent visit using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 Update (rash, alopecia, and oral ulcers), Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Damage Index (alopecia, extensive scarring, and skin ulceration), and the ACR revised criteria for SLE (malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, and mucosal involvement). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the independent association between mucocutaneous involvement and cigarette smoking, age, sex, ethnicity, lupus duration, medications, and laboratory data.ResultsIn our cohort of 1,346 patients (91.0% women), the mean ± SD age was 47.1 ± 14.3 years and the mean ± SD disease duration was 13.2 ± 10.0 years. In total, 41.2% of patients were ever smokers, 14.0% current smokers, and 27.1% past smokers. Active mucocutaneous manifestations occurred in 28.4% of patients; cutaneous damage occurred in 15.4%. Regarding the ACR criteria, malar rash was noted in 59.5%, discoid rash in 16.9%, and photosensitivity in 55.7% of patients. In the multivariate analysis, current smoking was associated with active SLE rash (odds ratio [OR] 1.63 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.07, 2.48]). Having ever smoked was associated with ACR discoid rash (OR 2.36 [95% CI 1.69, 3.29]) and photosensitivity (OR 1.47 [95% CI 1.11, 1.95]), and with the ACR total cutaneous score (OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.22, 1.85]). We did not detect any associations between previous smoking and active cutaneous manifestations. No association was found between smoking and cutaneous damage or mucosal ulcers. No interaction was seen between smoking and antimalarials.ConclusionCurrent smoking is associated with active SLE rash, and ever smoking with the ACR total cutaneous score. This provides additional motivation for smoking cessation in SLE.
Does C‐Reactive Protein Predict the Long‐Term Progression of Interstitial Lung Disease and Survival in Patients With Early Systemic Sclerosis?
Authors: Liu Xiaochun , Mayes Maureen D. , Pedroza Claudia , Draeger Hilda T. , Gonzalez Emilio B. , Harper Brock E. , Reveille John D. , Assassi Shervin 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveThere are no identified clinical markers that reliably predict long‐term progression of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels have been reported in SSc patients. We examined the predictive significance of CRP level for long‐term ILD progression in a large early SSc cohort.MethodsFirst, the CRP levels were compared between baseline samples of 266 SSc patients enrolled in the Genetics Versus Environment in Scleroderma Outcome Study cohort and 97 unaffected matched controls. Subsequently, the correlation between CRP levels and concomitantly obtained markers of disease severity was assessed. Serially obtained % predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) was used to examine the long‐term ILD progression. The predictive significance of CRP level was investigated by a joint analysis of longitudinal measurements (serial FVCs up to 13 years) and survival data. This approach allowed inclusion of all 1,016 FVC measurements and accounted for survival dependency.ResultsWe confirmed that baseline CRP levels were higher in SSc patients than controls. CRP levels were associated with absence of anticentromere antibodies and correlated with the concomitant severity of lung, skin, and joint involvement. More importantly, higher baseline CRP levels were associated with shorter survival (P < 0.001) and predicted the long‐term decline in FVC independent of potential confounders (age at baseline, sex, ethnicity, disease type, current smoking, body mass index, topoisomerase status, and treatment with immunosuppressive agents) in the multivariable model (P = 0.006).ConclusionBaseline CRP levels are predictive of long‐term ILD progression. CRP level might aid clinicians in identifying patients that require more intensive monitoring and treatment.