bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemplating the future: Acting now on long‐term monitoring to answer 2050's questions
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Burns Emma L. , Tennant Philip , Dickman Chris R. , Green Peter T. , Keith David A. , Metcalfe Daniel J. , Russell‐Smith Jeremy , Wardle Glenda M. , Williams Dick , Bossard Karl , deLacey Claire , Hanigan Ivan , Bull C. Michael , Gillespie Graeme , Hobbs Richard J. , Krebs Charles J. , Likens Gene E. , Porter John , Vardon Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn 2050, which aspects of ecosystem change will we regret not having measured? Long‐term monitoring plays a crucial part in managing Australia's natural environment because time is a key factor underpinning changes in ecosystems. It is critical to start measuring key attributes of ecosystems – and the human and natural process affecting them – now, so that we can track the trajectory of change over time. This will facilitate informed choices about how to manage ecological changes (including interventions where they are required) and promote better understanding by 2050 of how particular ecosystems have been shaped over time. There will be considerable value in building on existing long‐term monitoring programmes because this can add significantly to the temporal depth of information. The economic and social processes driving change in ecosystems are not identical in all ecosystems, so much of what is monitored (and the means by which it is monitored) will most likely target specific ecosystems or groups of ecosystems. To best understand the effects of ecosystem‐specific threats and drivers, monitoring also will need to address the economic and social factors underpinning ecosystem‐specific change. Therefore, robust assessments of the state of Australia's environment will be best achieved by reporting on the ecological performance of a representative sample of ecosystems over time. Political, policy and financial support to implement appropriate ecosystem‐specific monitoring is a perennial problem. We suggest that the value of ecological monitoring will be demonstrable, when plot‐based monitoring data make a unique and crucial contribution to Australia's ability to produce environmental accounts, environmental reports (e.g. the State of the Environment, State of the Forests) and to fulfilling reporting obligations under international agreements, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper suggests what must be done to meet Australia's ecological information needs by 2050.
Tidal flats of the Yellow Sea: A review of ecosystem status and anthropogenic threats
Authors: Murray Nicholas J. , Ma Zhijun , Fuller Richard A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTidal flats provide ecosystem services to billions of people worldwide, yet their changing status is largely unknown. In the Yellow Sea region of East Asia, tidal flats are the principal coastal ecosystem fringing more than 4000 km of the coastlines of China, North Korea and South Korea. However, widespread loss of areal extent, increasing frequency of algal blooms, hypoxic dead zones and jellyfish blooms, and declines of commercial fisheries and migratory bird populations suggest that this ecosystem is degraded and declining. Here, we apply the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Ecosystems criteria to the Yellow Sea tidal flat ecosystem and determine that its status is endangered. Comparison of standardized remotely sensed habitat data and historic topographic map data indicated that in the last 50 years, a decline of more than 50% but less than 80% of tidal flat extent has occurred (criterion A1). Although restricted to a narrow band along the coastline, Yellow Sea tidal flats are sufficiently broadly distributed to be classified as least concern under criterion B. However, widespread pollution, algal blooms and declines of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna across the region result in a classification of endangered (C1, D1). Owing to the lack of long‐term monitoring data and the unknown impacts of severe biotic and abiotic change, the ecosystem was scored as data deficient for Criterion E and several subcriteria. Our assessment demonstrates an urgent need to arrest the decline of the Yellow Sea tidal flat ecosystem, which could be achieved by (i) improved coastal planning and management at regional and national levels, (ii) expansion of the coastal protected area network, and (iii) improved managed of existing protected areas to reduce illegal land reclamation and coastal exploitation.
Effects of blood flow restriction duration on muscle activation and microvascular oxygenation during low‐volume isometric exercise
Authors: Cayot Trent E. , Lauver Jakob D. , Silette Christopher R. , Scheuermann Barry W. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe purpose of the investigation was to observe how varying occlusion durations affected neuromuscular activation and microvascular oxygenation during low‐volume isometric knee extension exercise. Healthy, recreationally active males performed isometric knee extension at a variety of submaximal intensities under different blood flow restriction (BFR) occlusion durations. The occlusion pressure (130% SBP) was applied either 5 min prior to exercise (PO), immediately prior to exercise (IO) or not during exercise (CON). Surface electromyography (sEMG) and near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to record the neuromuscular activation and microvascular oxygenation of the knee extensors during exercise. No difference in sEMG was observed in the vastus lateralis or vastus medialis during any exercise condition or any submaximal intensity. PO elicited greater microvascular deoxygenation (deoxy‐[Hb + Mb]) compared to CON (P≤0·05) at all submaximal intensities and also compared to IO at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). IO resulted in a greater deoxy‐[Hb + Mb] response during low‐intensity exercise (20% and 40% MVC) compared to CON (P≤0·05). These findings suggest that applying BFR 5 min before exercise can enhance the exercise‐induced metabolic stress (i.e. deoxy‐[Hb + Mb]), measured via NIRS, during low‐intensity exercise (20% MVC) compared to applying BFR immediately prior to exercise. Furthermore, the increased metabolic stress observed during IO is attenuated during high‐intensity (60% MVC, 80% MVC) exercise when compared to CON conditions. Knowledge of the changes in exercise‐induced metabolic stress between the various occlusion durations may assist in developing efficient BFR exercise programmes.
Oil shocks, policy uncertainty and stock returns in China
Authors: Kang Wensheng , Ratti Ronald A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the interdependence of China's policy uncertainty, the global oil market and stock market returns in China. A structural VAR model is estimated that shows that a positive shock to economic policy uncertainty in China has a delayed negative effect on global oil production, real oil prices and real stock market returns. Shocks to oil market‐specific demand significantly raise China's economic policy uncertainty and reduce the real stock market returns. As measured by a spillover index, the interdependence between these variables has been rising since 2003 as China's influence in the oil market has increased. An equivalent spillover index calculated for the US is smaller and has been largely flat over time.
Role of IL‐10 and TGF‐β in melanoma
Authors: Wiguna Arlina P. , Walden Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIL‐10 and TGF‐β are immunosuppressive cytokines expressed in tumors including melanoma and, therefore, deemed major cause for failing antitumor immune responses. Re‐evaluating their role, we compared their expression by quantitative RT‐PCR in melanoma and skin of healthy individuals, tested their induction in dendritic cells and T cells co‐cultured with tumor cells, and their effects on the immune cells. Both cytokines as well as their receptors were expressed in melanoma at significantly lower levels than in healthy skin. Consequently, the expressions of IL‐10‐responsive SOCS‐3 and TGF‐β‐responsive Smad‐7 were low in tumors but high in healthy skin. T cells co‐cultured with tumor cells developed an anergic state without increased IL‐10 or TGF‐β expression. In vitro tumor‐induced immature dendritic cells produced high IL‐10 levels and less efficiently induced T‐cell proliferation. Nonetheless, they could be induced to mature, and blocking IL‐10 did not alter the capacity of the resulting mature dendritic cells to stimulate T cells. Mature dendritic cells co‐cultured with tumor cells produced increased IL‐10 but decreased TGF‐β and more efficiently induced T‐cell proliferation. The lack of correlation of IL‐10 and TGF‐β with immune deficits in situ and in vitro suggests re‐evaluating their roles in cancer.
Making sense of change: patients’ views of diabetes and GP‐led integrated diabetes care
Authors: Burridge Letitia H. , Foster Michele M. , Donald Maria , Zhang Jianzhen , Russell Anthony W. , Jackson Claire L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundHealth system reform is directed towards better management of diabetes. However, change can be difficult, and patients’ perspectives are a key aspect of implementing change.ObjectiveThis study investigated patients’ perceptions and experiences of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), self‐care and engagement with GP‐led integrated diabetes care.DesignQualitative interviews were conducted with purposively selected patients with T2DM following their initial medical appointment in the new model of care. Normalization process theory was used to orientate the thematic analysis, to explain the work of implementing change.SettingTwo specialist GP‐based complex diabetes services in primary care in Brisbane, Australia.ParticipantsIntervention group patients (n = 30) in a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a model of GP‐led integrated care for complex T2DM.Main outcome measuresParticipants’ experiences and perceptions of diabetes management and a GP‐led model of care.ResultsThree themes were identified: sensibility of change, ‘diabetic life’ and diabetes care alliance. The imperative of change made sense, but some participants experienced dissonance between this rational view and their lived reality. Diabetes invaded life, revealing incongruities between participants’ values and living with diabetes. They appreciated a flexible and personalized approach to care.DiscussionParticipants responded to advice in ways that seemed rational within the complexities of their life context. Their diabetes partnerships with health professionals coupled providers’ biomedical expertise with patients’ contextual expertise.ConclusionsLearning to manage relationships with various health professionals adds to patients’ diabetes‐related work. Providers need to adopt a flexible, interactive approach and foster trust, to enable better diabetes care.
The role of eating frequency on relative weight in urban school‐age children
Authors: Evans E. W. , Jacques P. F. , Dallal G. E. , Sacheck J. , Must A. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe role of eating frequency on relative weight in childhood is not well understood.ObjectiveTo clarify this relationship by assessing the cross‐sectional and prospective relationships of weekday eating frequency with BMI z‐score (BMIz) and change in BMIz in a sample of schoolchildren.MethodsEating frequency, the average number of reported daily eating occasions, was assessed using two weekday 24‐h diet recalls. BMIz was measured at baseline, 6 months and 1 year in 155 urban schoolchildren, ages 9–15 years. Multiple linear regression models were used.ResultsCross‐sectional analyses at baseline suggest that BMIz was 0.23 units lower for each additional reported eating occasion (regression coefficient = −0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.44, −0.07). From baseline to 6 months, BMIz increased by 0.03 units for each additional reported eating occasion (regression coefficient = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05). This relationship was no longer statistically significant at 1 year (regression coefficient = 0.01; 95% CI: −0.01, 0.03).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the relationship of eating frequency with BMIz differs from that of change in BMIz. This difference may be due to methodological deficiencies of cross‐sectional studies, challenges of dietary assessment or differences in eating patterns among normal and overweight youth. Controlled trials are needed to further clarify this relationship.
School Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions of Role as Opinion Leader, and Professional Practice Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for Youth
Authors: Rosen Brittany L. , Goodson Patricia , Thompson Bruce , Wilson Kelly L. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBecause human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine rates remain low, we evaluated US school nurses' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of their role as opinion leaders, and professional practice regarding HPV vaccine, and assessed whether knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of being an opinion leader influenced their professional practice regarding the HPV vaccine.METHODSWe used a cross‐sectional design by recruiting members from the National Association of School Nurses. All participants (N = 505) were e‐mailed a survey designed for this study. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested direct and indirect effects.RESULTSOverall, school nurses had knowledge about HPV and the vaccine, and positive attitudes toward the vaccine. They had less‐than‐enthusiastic perceptions of their role as opinion leaders regarding the vaccine and implemented few activities related to providing vaccine information. The model revealed a good fit (χ2 = 20.238 [df = 8, p < .01]), with knowledge directly related to attitudes, attitudes directly related to perceptions and practice, and perceptions directly affecting practice. In our model, perceptions functioned as a partial mediator.CONCLUSIONSTo enhance school nurses' practice regarding the HPV vaccine, focus should be on increasing positive attitudes toward the vaccine and strengthening perceptions of their role as opinion leaders.
Impact of nitrate enrichment on wetland and dryland seed germination and early seedling development
Authors: Boudell Jere A. , Stromberg Juliet C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractQuestionsAtmospheric and agricultural inputs of nitrogen have increased significantly. Because riparian zones act as buffers for nutrient transfer and treated municipal effluent and untreated agricultural run‐off are released into streams, and because desert riparian ecosystems contain a wide range of functional groups with respect to water relations, we asked if wetland and dryland species respond differently to increasing levels of soil nitrate. Specifically, we asked if seed germination rate, total percentage germination and seedling development varied by species and functional group in response to increasing nitrate levels.LocationSouthwestern US.MethodsWe subjected seeds of common wetland and dryland species to distilled water (control), 0.025 M (low), 0.05 M (intermediate) and 0.075 M (high) KNO3 treatments for 30 days. We determined seed germination rates, total percentage germination and seedling development for each species. Generalized linear mixed models tested for differences between treatments.ResultsSeeds of wetland species germinated rapidly and in high percentages, and developed into seedlings regardless of nitrate treatments. Dryland species had unique responses to nitrate treatments, with some species exhibiting high germination rates in control treatments and others showing strong germination responses at low to intermediate nitrate levels. A larger number of dryland germinants developed into seedlings under control to low nitrate treatments.ConclusionsRiparian plant community dynamics arising from germination responses could change under increased nitrogen inputs, as some species are seemingly unaffected and others significantly impacted. Based on our limited species pool and treatment conditions, the functional group ‘wetland species’ produces a consistent germination and early seedling response regardless of nitrate concentration, while ‘dryland species’ responses are variable and species‐specific. Species known to be nitrophiles can be inhibited by high nitrogen concentration as germinants, highlighting the importance of investigating plant community response to changing conditions at a variety of life stages.
Cosmic‐ray exposure ages of pallasites
Authors: Herzog G. F. , Cook D. L. , Cosarinsky M. , Huber L. , Leya I. , Park J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe analyzed cosmogenic nuclides in metal and/or silicate (primarily olivine) separated from the main‐group pallasites Admire, Ahumada, Albin, Brahin, Brenham, Esquel, Finmarken, Glorieta Mountain, Huckitta, Imilac, Krasnojarsk, Marjalahti, Molong, Seymchan, South Bend, Springwater, and Thiel Mountains and from Eagle Station. The metal separates contained an olivine fraction which although small, <1 wt% in most cases, nonetheless contributes significantly to the budgets of some nuclides (e.g., up to 35% for 21Ne and 26Al). A correction for olivine is therefore essential and was made using model calculations and/or empirical relations for the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in iron meteoroids and/or measured elemental concentrations. Cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) ages for the metal phases of the main‐group pallasites range from 7 to 180 Ma, but many of the ages cluster around a central peak near 100 Ma. These CRE ages suggest that the parent body of the main‐group pallasites underwent a major break‐up that produced most of the meteorites analyzed. The CRE age distribution for the pallasites overlaps only a small fraction of the distribution for the IIIAB iron meteorites. Most pallasites and IIIAB irons originated in different collisions, probably on different parent bodies; a few IIIABs and pallasites may have come out of the same collision but a firm conclusion requires further study. CRE ages calculated from noble gas and radionuclide data of the metal fraction are higher on average than the 21Ne exposure ages obtained for the olivine samples. As the metal and olivine fractions were taken in most cases from different specimens, the depth‐dependency of the production rate ratio 10Be/21Ne in metal, not accounted for in our calculations, may explain the difference.
Flood adaptive traits and processes: an overview
Authors: Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J. , Bailey‐Serres Julia 
Published: January 2015

SummaryUnanticipated flooding challenges plant growth and fitness in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we describe mechanisms of developmental plasticity and metabolic modulation that underpin adaptive traits and acclimation responses to waterlogging of root systems and submergence of aerial tissues. This includes insights into processes that enhance ventilation of submerged organs. At the intersection between metabolism and growth, submergence survival strategies have evolved involving an ethylene‐driven and gibberellin‐enhanced module that regulates growth of submerged organs. Opposing regulation of this pathway is facilitated by a subgroup of ethylene‐response transcription factors (ERFs), which include members that require low O2 or low nitric oxide (NO) conditions for their stabilization. These transcription factors control genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism as well as proteins that fine‐tune their function in transcription and turnover. Other mechanisms that control metabolism and growth at seed, seedling and mature stages under flooding conditions are reviewed, as well as findings demonstrating that true endurance of submergence includes an ability to restore growth following the deluge. Finally, we highlight molecular insights obtained from natural variation of domesticated and wild species that occupy different hydrological niches, emphasizing the value of understanding natural flooding survival strategies in efforts to stabilize crop yields in flood‐prone environments.

Contents

Summary
57

I.
Introduction
58

II.
Root acclimations that promote root aeration
60

III.
Regulating reaeration by active emergence in Rumex palustris and Oryza sativa
62

IV.
Limiting O2 starvation with gas films and underwater photosynthesis
64

V.
Key metabolic acclimations to flooding and low‐O2 stress and their control
65

VI.
Managing quiescence in growth during submergence
67

VII.
After the deluge
68

VIII.
Perspective
69

Acknowledgements
69

References
69
Phytohormones as integrators of environmental signals in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses
Authors: Pozo María J. , López‐Ráez Juan A. , Azcón‐Aguilar Concepción , García‐Garrido José M. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryFor survival, plants have to efficiently adjust their phenotype to environmental challenges, finely coordinating their responses to balance growth and defence. Such phenotypic plasticity can be modulated by their associated microbiota. The widespread mycorrhizal symbioses modify plant responses to external stimuli, generally improving the resilience of the symbiotic system to environmental stresses. Phytohormones, central regulators of plant development and immunity, are instrumental in orchestrating plant responses to the fluctuating environment, but also in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. Exciting advances in the molecular regulation of phytohormone signalling are providing mechanistic insights into how plants coordinate their responses to environmental cues and mycorrhizal functioning. Here, we summarize how these mechanisms permit the fine‐tuning of the symbiosis according to the ever‐changing environment.

Contents

Summary
1431

I.
Introduction
1431

II.
Hormonal balance regulates plant growth and defence
1432

III.
Phytohormones control the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
1433

IV.
Environmental conditions have an impact on the partner's interactions
1434

V.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis alters hormone homeostasis in the host and its response to environmental challenges
1435

VI.
Conclusions and outlook
1435

Acknowledgements
1435

References
1435
Emergent Research in Social Vision: An Integrated Approach to the Determinants and Consequences of Social Categorization
Authors: Johnson Kerri L. , Lick David J. , Carpinella Colleen M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSocial categorization research has historically focused either on understanding how observers utilize visual cues in the face and body to make judgments of others or on understanding the downstream consequences that occur following social categorizations, but rarely both. Recently, however, research has evidenced a marked shift toward an integrated approach. Here, we provide a snapshot of social vision's contributions to the study of social categorization with a goal of illuminating the new and exciting directions afforded by an integrative approach. From this perspective, social categorizations are characterized not only as being informed by visual cues but also as being malleable, probabilistic, and contextualized. Moreover, the process of categorization itself can affect evaluative outcomes directly, independent of categorization. By exploring empirical evidence for this integrated approach to the determinants and consequences of social categorization, we show how the emerging field of social vision has revealed new insights into the nature of social categorization and by extension its implications for evaluations.