bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management Team Incentive: Dispersion and Firm Performance
Authors: Bushman Robert M. , Dai Zhonglan , Zhang Weining 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Recent theory suggests that firms incorporate synergistic interrelationships among executives into optimal incentive design (Edmans, Goldstein, and Zhu 2013). We focus on Pay Performance Sensitivities (PPS) and use dispersion in PPS across top executives as a proxy for the incentive design component shaped by an executive team's synergy profile. We model optimal PPS dispersion and use residuals from this model to measure deviations from optimal. We find that firm performance is increasing (decreasing) in the residual when PPS dispersion is too low (too high). We conjecture that deviations from optimal are sustained by adjustment costs, finding that firms only close around 60 percent of the gap between target and actual PPS dispersion over the subsequent year. Viewing a team's equity grants as a vector, we provide evidence that firms use subsequent equity grants to actively manage PPS dispersion toward optimality. Cross-sectional analysis reveals that the deleterious effect of deviations from optimal is decreasing in the duration of a team's tenure together, and increasing in the importance of effort coordination across team members for firm performance.
JEL Classifications: M41.
Do Clients Avoid “Contaminated” Offices? The Economic Consequences of Low-Quality Audits
Authors: Swanquist Quinn T. , Whited Robert L. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
This study investigates whether the market for audit clients penalizes auditors following association with low-quality audits. Specifically, we examine whether audit offices experience a loss in local market share following client restatements. We document that the frequency of restatement announcements within an office-year (“contamination”) is inversely related to subsequent year-over-year change in local market share. Further analysis indicates that restatements impair the office's ability to both attract and retain audit clients. We find that this effect is strongest in high competition markets and diminished in low competition markets. We also examine auditor retention decisions at the client level and find that the likelihood of auditor dismissal increases with contamination, even for non-restating clients. We also find that, on average, clients dismissing their auditor select less contaminated audit offices. Taken together, our results suggest that market forces penalize auditors for association with audit failures, thereby providing an incentive to maintain high-quality audits and protect reputational capital.
Earnings Announcements, Information Asymmetry, and Timing of Debt Offerings
Authors: Kerr Jon N. , Ozel N. Bugra 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
We empirically examine the joint predictions of the pecking order theory and the theory of time-varying asymmetric information regarding the timing of security offerings around information disclosures. We analyze loan originations and bond offerings around earnings announcements and compare them against equity offerings. In support of the theories' predictions, we find a positive association between the information sensitivity of securities and the likelihood of their issuance after earnings announcements. In particular, we find that clustering after earnings announcements is weakest in loan originations, stronger in bond offerings, and strongest in equity offerings. Also consistent with the theories, we find that the size of news in earnings announcements matters in the timing decision. We find weak evidence regarding the theories' implication that the direction of news in the announcement plays a role in the timing decision. We test and find that this latter result is partly attributable to potential costs associated with the omission of material negative information, such as litigation risk.
JEL Classifications: D82; G14; G39; M41.
Using CSR Disclosure Quality to Develop Social Resilience to Exogenous Shocks: A Test of Investor Perceptions
Authors: Zahller Kimberly A. , Arnold Vicky , Roberts Robin W. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Our overarching purpose is to propose and test a theory of social resilience to exogenous shocks. The theory posits that high-quality corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure promotes the perception of organizational legitimacy, creating social resilience to exogenous shocks (external events outside management control). Using a path model and data from 100 experienced, nonprofessional investors, we examine whether the quality of a corporation's voluntary CSR disclosure increases its perceived organizational legitimacy and if increases in perceived legitimacy help insulate that organization from negative investor reactions following an exogenous shock. The results provide strong support for the model and show that when CSR disclosures are higher quality, investors perceive organizational legitimacy to be higher, inferring that organizations should emphasize quantifiable, consistent, and comparable reporting. Further, the results indicate that higher levels of perceived organizational legitimacy are associated with greater levels of organizational resilience to an intra-industry exogenous shock.
Auditor Fees and Going-Concern Reporting Decisions on Bankrupt Companies: Additional Evidence
Authors: Read William J. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARY
The recent growth in non-audit services (NAS) at the major audit firms has the attention of auditing regulators. On several occasions recently, board members of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) have indicated that the rise in NAS may place auditor independence at risk (Harris 2014; Tysiac 2014). Impaired independence can result in audit failure, which includes situations when auditors fail to issue going-concern (GC) audit opinions to soon-to-be bankrupt companies. In this paper, I examine the association between the propensity of auditors to issue GC opinions and NAS fees (and audit fees) to 203 bankrupt companies during 2002–2013. In analysis, I find no significant relation between GC decisions and NAS fees and audit fees. My results may interest U.S. regulators, who recently expressed concerns about the threat to auditor independence from the spike in NAS at the major firms.
Data Availability: Publicly available from sources identified in the paper.
Small Firm Audit Partner Hiring Crisis: A Role Play for Critical Thinking and Negotiation Skills
Authors: Aldhizer George R. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
This role play requires students to consider the complexities of a small CPA firm urgently attempting to replace the unique industry knowledge and experience possessed by a terminally ill audit partner. In this role play, students assume the position of either an existing partner or a former partner who is considering rejoining the firm. This role play includes two sections. First, in the planning stage, students brainstorm mutually equivalent options that satisfy their critical financial and nonfinancial interests to address the problem of replacing the terminally ill partner in their respective existing partner and former partner teams. Second, students engage in a “table” negotiation with their assigned counterpart to reach an amicable agreement to this firm crisis and participate in a debriefing session and prepare a debriefing document. The small firm context provides a unique opportunity to make contributions to the existing accounting and auditing literature related to enhancing students' critical thinking and negotiation skills. Distinctive small firm role play elements that should enhance critical thinking and negotiation skills include considering contingent agreements that dovetail differences in future legal liability forecasts, and dovetailing differences to take advantage of complementary skill sets to mitigate industry-specific auditor detection risks and related business risks.1 Critical thinking skills also should be strengthened through negotiating a package of interests and related options including the impact of various tradeoffs that are not fully known until the table negotiation commences so that the final agreement does not exceed the firm's non-negotiable budgetary constraints.
Managing Processes in the REA Framework
Authors: Hunka Frantisek 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
The resources, events, agents (REA) ontology provides rules and guidelines for business process modeling utilizing the value-modeling approach. The core element of this approach is an REA model at the business process level. The REA model is usually governed by an information entity, such as a contract or a schedule. Although the REA model provides all necessary entities and relationships for value modeling, its support for information entity value creation, and its flow to the related process that it will govern, deserves deeper elaboration. The aim of this paper is to examine and propose a solution to information entity value creation within the REA model and its transfer to a related business process in compliance with the REA value chain concept. In order to distinguish standard REA business processes from those in which the information entities are created, these processes are called managing processes.
Some Clarification to the Evolution of the Electronic Spreadsheet
Authors: Galassi Giuseppe , Mattessich Richard V. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
As early as 1961 Mattessich suggested (in an article in The Accounting Review) to use budget simulation in form of a computerized spreadsheet. This was followed up by him in a mathematical model, outlined in his book Accounting and Analytical Methods (Mattessich 1964a) with a corresponding computer program (in FORTRAN IV on mainframe computers), including illustrations in a companion volume (Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program, Mattessich 1964b). Five years later (in 1969) Rene Pardo and Remy Landau co-presented “LANPAR” (LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random) at Random Corporation. This electronic spreadsheet type was also used on mainframe computers for budgeting at Bell Canada, AT&T, Bell operating companies, and General Motors. In 1978, Dan Bricklin and Robert Frankston introduced VisiCalc, the first commercialized spreadsheet program for personal desktop (Apple) computers. This program became the trailblazer for future developments of electronic spreadsheets.
Effect of dantrolene premedication on various cardiovascular and biochemical variables and the recovery in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Di Concetto Stefano , Payton Mark E. , Mandsager Ronald E. , Arko Matevz 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of dantrolene premedication on various cardiovascular and biochemical variables and recovery in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.
ANIMALS 6 healthy horses.
PROCEDURES Each horse was anesthetized twice with a 21- to 28-day washout period between anesthetic sessions. Food was not withheld from horses before either session. During each session, dantrolene (6 mg/kg in 2 L of water) or water (2 L) was administered via a nasogastric tube 1 hour before anesthesia was induced. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane for 90 minutes, during which blood gas analyses and lithium-dilution cardiac output (CO) measurements were obtained every 10 minutes. Serum creatine kinase activity was measured before and at 4, 8, and 12 hours after anesthesia.
RESULTS When horses were premedicated with dantrolene, CO at 25, 35, and 45 minutes after induction of anesthesia was significantly lower than that when horses were premedicated with water after which time difficulty in obtaining valid measurements suggested a continued decrease in CO; plasma potassium concentration progressively increased during anesthesia, whereas serum creatine kinase activity remained fairly stable and within reference limits through 12 hours after anesthesia; and 2 of 6 horses developed cardiac arrhythmias that required medical intervention. The quality of anesthetic recovery was slightly better when horses were premedicated with dantrolene versus water, although the time required for recovery did not differ significantly between treatments.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that dantrolene premedication prevented muscle damage without affecting anesthetic recovery but impaired CO and precipitated hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized horses.
Weather Impact on Nursery Diseases of Mango Saplings in Bangladesh
Authors: Khan M. A. H. , Hossain I. , Chowdhury M. S. M. , Ahmad M. U. 
Published: March 2015

The study was carried out during the period of July 2010 to April 2012 to find out the effect of weather prevalence of seedling diseases ofmango in different areas of Bangladesh. The locations were Mymensingh Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Khagrachari. Altogether 12 nurseries in fourdistricts of Bangladesh were surveyed and mango seedling diseases were recorded. Incidence and severity of important seedling diseases ofhas been studied under different geographical locations (viz. Mymensingh, Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Khagrachari) of Bangladesh. The effects oftemperature, rainfall, and relative humidity on the incidence and severity of noted diseases were observed the aforesaid locations of Bangladesh.The studied diseases were anthracnose, leaf spot, red rust, powdery mildew, scab, bacterial leaf blight and malformation of mango seedlings.The graphs of weather parameters and incidence and severity of diseases were performed to determine the relationship between differentcomponents of climatic factor and seedling diseases of mango.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11846 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 42-49
Effect of Planting Dates on the Yield and Quality of True Seeds of Onion
Authors: Mollah M. R. A. , Ali M. A. , Ahmad M. , Hassan M. K. , Alam M. J. 
Published: March 2015

The present study was stimulated by the problem of onion seed production where seed production is possibly only winter period after whichrapid increase in temperature as well as early shower adversely affect the quality of seed. To overcome this situation a field experiment wasundertaken to find out the optimum planting time for maximizing quality true seeds of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomizedcomplete block design with four replications. The treatments were five planting dates viz. 1 October, 15 October, 30 October, 15 Novemberand 30 November to achieve the objective. The research work was done at On-Farm Research Division, BARI, Bogra during September, 2010to June, 2011. The results revealed that the growth parameters, seed yield components, health and quality of harvested seeds were significantlyinfluenced by the different treatments. Results showed that among different planting dates, 15th November was the best for seed and quality.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11847 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 67-72
Influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens as Biofertilizer in Secondary Hardening of Tissue Cultured Banana Var. Poovan
Authors: Ramesh Y. , Ramassamy V. 
Published: March 2015

The present study brings out the effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens in secondary hardening of tissue cultured banana var.Poovan. Two concentrations (1% & 2%) of liquid medium grown Pseudomonas fluorescens (3×109 cells/ml) were used in borewell water and the growth performance of the banana plantlets was assessed. Seven different growth parameters were studiedviz. shoot weight, height and girth, leaf length, leaf width, no. of leaves and chlorophyll content. Best results were obtained in1%Pseudomonas fluorescens (T2) treatment with average of 10.79gm for weight, 10.25cm for height, 5.3 for no. of leaves, 1.3mmfor girth, 14.96cm for leaf length and 36.6 spad units of chlorophyll content per plantlet compared to treatment (T3) with 2%liquid Pseudomonas fluorescens.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11878 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 38-41
Screening of Rice Varieties against Brown Leaf Spot Disease at Jyotinagar, Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Magar P. B. 
Published: March 2015

A field experiment was conducted on fourteen rice varieties to determine the level of resistance against brown leaf spot (Bipolaris oryzae)disease at Karma Research and Development Center, Jyotinagar, Chitwan during summer in 2013. Design used was randomized completeblock design with three replications. Disease severity, total AUDPC value, thousand grain weight and grain yield were highly significant amongthe rice varieties. Disease severity and total AUDPC value ranged from 21.73% to 58.07% and 614.8 to 1827 respectively. None of thesevarieties were found either resistant or highly resistant to disease. Only HJ-G1 and HJ-G2 were moderately resistant with grain yield of 5.10t/ha and 4.25 t/ha respectively. HJ-G1 variety had the highest grain yield 5.10 t/ha and lowest disease severity (21.73%) as well as total AUDPCvalue (6148). From this experiment, it can be concluded that HJ-G1 variety can be used for higher grain yield purpose under similar fieldcondition because it has highest yield and also tolerant to disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12014 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 56-60
Some Socio-Religious Flora of Rupandehi District, Western Nepal
Authors: Thapa Chandra Bahadur 
Published: March 2015

The present study was carried out to document the indigenous knowledge of local people regarding the use of plant species on socio-religiousactivities during the year of 2012-2013. The indigenous knowledge was documented by using semi-structured interview, focus group discussionand informal discussion with the local people, religious persons and aged people. Altogether 32 plant species belonging to 23 family and 30genera have been documented in Rupandehi district. Among them, 13 species were herbs, 5 species shrubs, 13 species trees and 1 speciesclimber. Use of these plant species in socio-religious activities has helped people to conserve the faith of deities as well as to conservebiodiversity in the area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12217 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 123-126
Effect of Drought Stress in Various Enzymes of Pennisetum glaucum
Authors: Choudhary Minakshi , Manjhi Jayanand , Sinha Anvesha 
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is an important cereal of traditional farming systems that has the natural ability to withstandvarious abiotic stresses such as drought, which is one of the most important manifestations of abiotic stress in plants. These plants havehowever evolved mechanisms that allow them to adapt and survive prolonged periods of water deficit at some level or form of plant structure,if not at the whole plant level. The hostile conditions augment the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during physiological stresses inplants which are combated by various enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. The present study aims at examining the role of fourimportant enzymes namely Ascorbic peroxidase (APX), Peroxidase (POX), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) expressed duringdrought stress in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Method: 12 and 22 days old seedlings of Pennisetum cultivar HHB-68 were subjectedto drought stress by treatment of 30% Polyethylene glycol for different time periods 30min (T1), 2hr (T2), 4hr (T3), 8hr (T4), 16hr (T5), 24hr(T6) and 48hr (T7) respectively, monitored by examining RWC of seedlings. The treatment seedlings were then used for investigating thelevels of enzymes activity in response to prolonged dehydration periods of 22 days. The enzyme activity of POX, APX, CAT and SOD wereassayed. Result: Enzymes expression was assayed for each treatment sets at both time intervals. Drought stress was observed to causeremarkable increase in POX, APX and SOD activity while incidence of CAT enzyme decreased with the increasing period of water deficit.Conclusion: Prolonged periods of water deficiency causes significant variations in expression of various enzymes in Pennisetum glaucum,known to be involved in ROS scavenging and drought stress management. The study provides a sturdy validation of the role of these enzymesas potent mechanisms undertaken by drought resistant plants for successful management of drought stress, which can be used for thedevelopment of more efficient and economic drought resistant cultivars.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12278 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 134-138
Zeolite Catalyzed Aldol Condensation Reactions
Authors: Inegbenebor Adedayo I. , Mordi Raphael C. , Ogunwole Oluwakayode M. 
Published: March 2015

The review is based on the description of zeolite structure, uses, synthesis, and catalytic aldol reaction in aldol condensation. An internal aldolcondensation reaction has been achieved over ZSM-5 zeolite with high silica-alumina ratio at 350oC. It therefore follows that zeolite canfunction as a catalyst in aldol type condensation reactions and that weak acid sites as well as a small number of active sites favor the aldolcondensation reaction of carbonyl compounds. However, the mixed condensation product was found to be favored at temperatures above 300oCand the self-condensation of ethanal to crotonaldehyde was favored at temperatures below 300oC. It has also been suggested that both Brønstedand Lewis acids are involved in aldol reactions with Lewis acid sites the most probable catalytic sites. The zeolite group of minerals has founduse in many chemical and allied industries.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12291 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 1-8
Les réfugiés syriens au Liban : l’émergence progressive d’un discours de neutralité ?
Authors: Pesquet Jean-Baptiste , Dot-Pouillard Nicolas 
Published: March 2015

Les réfugiés syriens au Liban sont souvent assignés, par les partisans du régime syrien comme par ses opposants, à prendre parti. Cet article s’intéressera au contraire à l’émergence d’un discours de neutralité, entre le régime syrien et l’opposition, exprimé par certains réfugiés syriens au Liban. Ce discours de neutralité est un produit du temps long du conflit : des réfugiés ne se retrouvent plus dans l’offre politique à l’œuvre en Syrie, entre le régime et les oppositions armées. Ils parlent désormais plus de « guerre civile » que de « révolution ». Au Liban, leur précarité sociale leur fait parfois regretter l’état passé, antérieur à la révolution. Le discours de neutralité est enfin un produit de la situation intérieure libanaise elle-même : certains réfugiés syriens, se méfiant des affidés libanais du régime syrien, se retrouvent parfois aussi rejetés par les opposants libanais à ce même régime.
Crise du logement et fin du contrôle des loyers à Beyrouth : la poursuite d’une production urbaine exclusive
Authors: Marot Bruno 
Published: March 2015

Le Parlement libanais a voté le 1er avril 2014 la suppression du contrôle des loyers. Mis en place en 1939 et renouvelé en 1992 à la sortie de la guerre civile, ce système de régulation du marché immobilier constituait l’un des principaux filets de protection sociale pour les ménages à revenu modeste face à une crise structurelle du logement, et assurait une mixité sociale, relative mais réelle, dans de nombreux quartiers de Beyrouth. Cet article analyse le contexte, les mécanismes, et les conséquences potentielles de cette réforme socialement exclusive, tout en éclairant le rôle des pouvoirs publics dans la fabrique urbaine et la domination des intérêts de l’industrie bancaire et immobilière, dans la période de l’après-guerre au Liban.