bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ankle Fistula as the Last Resort for Vascular Access: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Goh Mingzheng A. , Ali Jason M. , Lagaac Regin , Pettigrew Gavin J. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose For the majority of patients with end-stage renal failure, renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis offers the only means of life prolongation. Survival times on haemodialysis have improved, and consequently, patent vascular access is required for an increasing period of time. Upper extremity options for arteriovenous placement are increasingly being exhausted, leading to creation of fistulae in the lower extremities. Methods We describe the management of a patient with superior vena cava obstruction requiring haemodialysis in whom venous access options were becoming very limited. An ankle fistula was formed by anastomosing great saphenous vein (GSV) to dorsalis pedis. Conclusion The long-term patency of lower limb fistulae remains unclear. An ankle fistula preserves precious venous capital in patients who have no remaining options in the upper extremities for haemodialysis access. Furthermore, it allows for proximal revision if necessary. This serves to prolong the time spent dialysing through native fistulae, with their reduced complications and greater cost-effectiveness.
Donor Artery Aneurysm Formation following the Ligation of Haemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula: A Systematic Review and Case Reports
Authors: Kordzadeh Ali , Barbara Raquel M. D'Espiney , Ahmad Ali S. , Hanif Muhammad A. , Panayiotopoulos Yiannis P. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis, presentation and diagnosis of donor artery aneurysm formation following arteriovenous fistula (AVF) ligation and reach a consensus on their management. Methods A systematic review of literature in Ovid, MedLine, Embase, Scopus and CINHAL in the English language from 1951 to 2014 was performed. This was accompanied by two case reports. A total of 12 articles with 23 case reports were identified. Variables including patient's demographics, signs, symptoms, fistula type, duration of fistula use, time to aneurysm formation, renal transplantation, diagnostic modality, aneurysm type and size, type of surgery and outcome were reviewed. Results The data demonstrate a male predominance (5:1) and a median age of 47 years (range, 27-75 years). The median duration of access was 54 months (range, 6-300 months). The median time from ligation to aneurysm was 120 months (range, 6-280 months). The commonest aneurysm was of the brachial artery (BA, n = 21, 84%). The commonest type of AVF was radiocephalic (n = 15, 60%) followed by brachiocephalic AVF (n = 9, 36%). The management of choice was aneurysmectomy followed by interposition vein grafting (n = 12, 50%) with a median reported patency of 12 months (range, 1-38 months). This was followed by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafting (n = 6, 25%) with a median reported patency of 6 months (range, 1-48 months). Conclusions The pathogenesis of donor artery aneurysms remains contentious. This review suggests that duplex is the investigative modality of choice and aneurysmectomy with interposition grafting is preferred over bypass.
Hemodialysis Vascular access Construction in the Upper Extremity: A Review
Authors: Lew Susie Q. , Nguyen Bao-Ngoc , Ing Todd S. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose This article reviews the conventional vascular access types in the upper extremities for hemodialysis. Methods We performed a literature search for autogenous arteriovenous fistula in the upper extremities. Results The upper extremities have four potential sites: radio-cephalic or radio-basilic transposition in the forearm, and brachio-cephalic or brachio-basilic transposition in the upper arm. A pre-operative Duplex ultrasound provides valuable information regarding arterial inflow and venous outflow. The surgical approach to fistula formation and final product depends on vein diameter and length as well as proximal vein patency. The discussion focuses on access outcomes and management of common complications. Conclusions The upper extremity arteriovenous fistula is the preferred access for hemodialysis. A number of arteriovenous fistulas can be created in the upper extremities. The Duplex ultrasound identifies suitable arteries and veins for successful arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula creation. Arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula has the best long-term patency outcomes and the lowest associated morbidity and mortality. Early detection and intervention can save the fistula when complications occur.
A comparison of Infections and Complications in Central Venous Catheters in Adults with Solid Tumours
Authors: Coady Karin , Ali Mohammed , Sidloff David , Kenningham Richard R. , Ahmed Samreen 
Published: September 2014

Aim The aim of this study is to compare the complication rates of three vascular access devices in patients with solid tumours having infusion chemotherapy. Materials and Methods An observational study of 58 central venous catheter (CVC) lines inserted in 55 patients with solid tumours requiring infusional chemotherapy was performed. The study was conducted between January 2011 and August 2013, looking at complication and infection rates as primary outcomes. Data were recorded from patients with 19 tunnelled cuffed silicone catheters, nine with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and 30 central venous ports. Results The two CVC groups (ports and non-ports) matched equally in terms of tumour site; all patients with solid tumours were included, haematology patients were excluded and chemotherapy regimens were comparable. Thirteen out of 28 non- ports had complications compared with one out of 30 central venous ports. Ten out of 19 tunnelled catheters had complications including three displacements and seven were removed due to infection. There were no reports of line-related sepsis in the PICC or ports. Three out of nine PICC lines had complications including two displacements and one PICC blocked permanently requiring removal. In addition, one port out of 30 was removed due to erosion through the skin. There were no episodes of thrombosis or fibrin sheath formation related to any of the devices. Conclusions In our study, we demonstrated that central venous ports and PICC lines in patients undergoing infusional chemotherapy had lower line infection rates than tunnelled catheters, and only ports have been shown to be almost complication-free. In addition, we found infection rates higher in CVCs s cared for by patient/carers rather than hospital only care, and higher in colorectal patients with stomas. Therefore, we recommend that central venous ports are a safe, acceptable CVC option for infusional chemotherapy for adults with solid tumours.
Chronic Hemodialysis Access-Induced Distal Ischemia (HAIDI): Distinctive form of a Major Complication
Authors: Modaghegh Mohammad-Hadi Saeed , Kazemzadeh Gholamhossein , Rad Masoud Pezeshki , Ravari Hassan , Hafezi Shahab , El-Husheimi Alaa , Barzanouni Amir 
Published: September 2014

Purpose Hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia (HAIDI) is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication. HAIDI is classified as acute, subacute and chronic based upon the time of onset. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity, patients’ characteristics and the underlying etiologic mechanism of chronic HAIDI using color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS). Methods Between June and August 2010, 676 hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous access (AVA) were evaluated for clinical evidence of chronic HAIDI. In the case–control part of the study, CDUS findings were compared between ischemic patients and asymptomatic matched controls. Also, patients with chronic HAIDI were followed up until February 2014, access ligation, kidney transplantation or death. Results Eighteen chronic HAIDI patients were diagnosed (2.66%). Cold hand and cold sensation were the most common signs and symptoms of hand ischemia, respectively. Fifteen patients were classified in stage 1. Patients with proximal autogenous arteriovenous fistula, younger age, more previous AVAs and less access age were more likely to develop chronic HAIDI. Excessive fistula flow was found in the majority of ischemic patients (83.3%). The mean fistula flow was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (p=0.001). Eleven patients with chronic HAIDI were successfully treated by conservative measures alone until the end of follow-up ( n=3), kidney trans-plantation ( n=4) or death ( n=4). Conclusions CDUS is a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool to determine the etiology of chronic HAIDI. Conservative measures combined with close follow-up can be used as the first step in the management of chronic HAIDI patients with mild symptoms.
Predicting Outcomes in Native AV Forearm Radio-cephalic Fistulae; the CAVeA2T2 Scoring System
Authors: Bosanquet David C. , Rubasingham Jeffrey , Imam Mariam , Woolgar Justin D. , Davies Christopher G. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose The aim of this study was to identify significant factors relating to fistula survival and create an easy-to-use scoring system for predicting fistula patency rates. Methods A total of 276 consecutive radio-cephalic forearm fistulae created in a single tertiary vascular unit were identified retrospectively. Numerous patient- and fistula-related demographics were noted. Cox regression analysis was used to identify significant factors predictive of reduced fistula patency rates, and significant variables weighted according to their hazard ratio. Results Five significant factors were identified: ipsilateral Central venous access, Age >73 years, anastomosed Vein <2.2 mm, previous lower limb Angioplasty and absent intraoperative Thrill (1 point for first three variables, 2 points for the latter two). The CAVeA2T2 score (maximum 7 points) significantly predicted for reduced fistula patency (p = 0.001) and a reduced rate of successful dialysis (p = 0.001). Fistulae with CAVeA2T2 scores ≥2 had 6 week and 1 year patency rates significantly below pooled published rates. Without scoring for thrill, that is in the pre-operative setting, the scoring system remained significant at all stages. Conclusion The CAVeA2T2, scoring system is a potential scoring system for predicting fistula patency rates and the likelihood of dialysing through a fistula. Further studies and/or external validation is required in the context of methodological limitations. How to manage patients with a high CAVeA2T2 score is unknown.
Percutaneous Retrieval of PICC Fractures via the Femoral Vein in Six Cancer Patients
Authors: Wang Qi , Xiong Bin , Zheng ChuanSheng , Feng GanSheng , Liang Ming , Liang HuiMin 
Published: September 2014

Purpose To investigate the feasibility and safety of the interventional technique of retrieving the fractured peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) segments within the vessels via the femoral vein. Methods From July 2007 to January 2012, we performed percutaneous retrieval of PICC fractures in six cancer patients who accepted chemotherapy via PICC. The fractures occurred during the traction of the catheter and were diagnosed with chest plain film radiography and/or computed tomography. The patients included four cases of ovarian cancer, one case of breast cancer and one case of cervical cancer. The fractures were retained in the vessels of the patients for 1 to 10 days. According to the location of the ends of the PICC fractures, three methods were employed using the most commonly used interventional devices in the digital subtraction angiography suite. Results The PICC fractures were located in the subclavian vein, superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle or pulmonary arteries. During the procedures, a goose neck snare, pigtail catheter and stone basket catheter were used individually or in combination. The PICC fractures were removed successfully in all six patients via unilateral or bilateral femoral vein access. No major complications occurred during the operation or the follow-up period of 7 to 10 days. Conclusions Via femoral vein access, PICC fractures could be removed with common interventional instruments such as a goose snare, basket catheter and pigtail catheter. The interventional retrieval is a safe, convenient and minimally invasive method for the removal of PICC fractures.
Silodosin versus Tamsulosin as Medical Expulsive Therapy for Distal Ureteral Stones: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Dell'Atti Lucio 
Published: September 2014

Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of silodosin (8 mg) versus tamsulosin (0.4 mg) as a medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral stones. Methods 136 patients (aged 18 years or older) had presented with renal colic, were diagnosed to have a single, unilateral, radiopaque, proximal ureteral stone (range 4–10 mm in size), and agreed to undergo conservative management. For a 3-week period, 68 patients per group were assigned to the following treatments: Group A (gA) received tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily, and Group B (gB) received silodosin 8 mg once daily. The time to expulsion, analgesic use, follow-up, endoscopic treatment and adverse effects of drugs were noted. Results Considering all the patients enrolled (136), one patient in gA and two patients in gB were unable to continue the study because of orthostatic hypotension within a week from commencing the treatment. A total of 133 patients (gA: 67; gB: 66) were included in this study. A stone expulsion rate of 61.2% (41 out of 67 patients) was observed in gA, and 80.3% (53 out of 66) was observed in gB. gB showed a statistically relevant advantage in terms of stone expulsion rate (p: 0.003), as well as in terms of expulsion time (weeks) (p: 0.002). No severe complications were recorded in both groups. Four patients (10.2%; 4/39) in gA and ten patients (22.7%; 10/44) in gB experienced retrograde ejaculation (<0.002). Conclusion The patients treated with silodosin showed a significant increase in expulsion rate and a decrease in expulsion time of lower ureteral stones in our study.
Male infertility: non-surgical therapy
Authors: Gulino Gaetano , Stefanucci Marco , Antonucci Michele , Racioppi Marco , Sacco Emilio , Pinto Francesco , Bassi Pier Francesco 
Published: September 2014

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse and affects 15% of couples with male component of 50%. The failure of spermatogenesis can result from hypothalamic, pituitary or testicular disorders although in the majority of cases it remains idiopathic. The diagnostic process includes medical history, semen analysis, hormonal studies, genetic studies and radiological evaluation. Targeted hormonal therapies are available for patients whose infertility is caused by altered levels of androgens, prolactin, or TSH. Main treatments aim to restore normal sexual function by administering testosterone and to increase spermatogenesis with pulsatile GnRH. Fertility in men suffering from hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism can be restored through hormone therapy using GnRH or with the use of gonadotropins when there is hypothalamic failure. In the past, treatment options for the factors of idiopathic male infertility were mainly based on the use of anti-estrogens that cause an increased secretion of FSH and LH and therefore of testosterone. Oxytocin promotes the progression of the sperm and increases the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. The aromatase's inhibitors decrease the conversion of androgens to estrogens, increasing serum levels of androgens, resulting in an increased release of gonadotropins. Two areas showed interesting future perspectives for the treatment of infertility: gene therapy and transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells.
Communicating about microbicides with women in mind: tailoring messages for specific audiences
Authors: Sidibe Sekou , Pack Allison P , Tolley Elizabeth E , Ryan Elizabeth , Mackenzie Caroline , Bockh Emily , Githuka George 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionCurrent HIV prevention options are unrealistic for most women; however, HIV prevention research has made important strides, including on‐going development of antiretroviral‐based vaginal microbicide gels. Nevertheless, social‐behavioural research suggests that women's ability to access and use new HIV prevention technologies will be strongly influenced by a range of socio‐cultural, gender and structural factors which should be addressed by communications and marketing strategies, so that these products can be positioned in ways that women can use them.MethodsBased on an extensive literature review and in‐country policy consultation, consisting of approximately 43 stakeholders, we describe barriers and facilitators to HIV prevention, including potential microbicide use, for four priority audiences of Kenyan women (female sex workers [FSWs], women in stable and discordant relationships, and sexually active single young women). We then describe how messages that position microbicides might be tailored for each audience of women.ResultsWe reviewed 103 peer‐reviewed articles and reports. In Kenya, structural factors and gender inequality greatly influence HIV prevention for women. HIV risk perception and the ability to consistently use condoms and other prevention products often vary by partner type. Women in stable relationships find condom use challenging because they connote a lack of trust. However, women in other contexts are often able to negotiate condom use, though they may face challenges with consistent use. These women include FSWs who regularly use condoms with their casual clients, young women in the initial stages of a sexual relationship and discordant couples. Thus, we consider two approaches to framing messages aimed at increasing general awareness of microbicides – messages that focus strictly on HIV prevention and ones that focus on other benefits of microbicides such as increased pleasure, intimacy or sexual empowerment, in addition to HIV prevention.ConclusionsIf carefully tailored, microbicide communication materials may facilitate product use by women who do not currently use any HIV prevention method. Conversely, message tailoring for women with high‐risk perception will help ensure that microbicides are used as additional protection, together with condoms.
The importance of choice in the rollout of ARV‐based prevention to user groups in Kenya and South Africa: a qualitative study
Authors: Mack Natasha , Evens Emily M , Tolley Elizabeth E , Brelsford Kate , Mackenzie Caroline , Milford Cecilia , Smit Jennifer A , Kimani Joshua 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionStakeholders continue to discuss the appropriateness of antiretroviral‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among sub‐Saharan African and other women. In particular, women need formulations they can adhere to given that effectiveness has been found to correlate with adherence. Evidence from family planning shows that contraceptive use, continuation and adherence may be increased by expanding choices. To explore the potential role of choice in women's use of HIV prevention methods, we conducted a secondary analysis of research with female sex workers (FSWs) and men and women in serodiscordant couples (SDCs) in Kenya, and adolescent and young women in South Africa. Our objective here is to present their interest in and preferences for PrEP formulations – pills, gel and injectable.MethodsIn this qualitative study, in Kenya we conducted three focus groups with FSWs, and three with SDCs. In South Africa, we conducted two focus groups with adolescent girls, and two with young women. All focus groups were audio‐recorded, transcribed and translated into English as needed. We structurally and thematically coded transcripts using a codebook and QSR NVivo 9.0; generated code reports; and conducted inductive thematic analysis to identify major trends and themes.ResultsAll groups expressed strong interest in PrEP products. In Kenya, FSWs said the products might help them earn more money, because they would feel safer accepting more clients or having sex without condoms for a higher price. SDCs said the products might replace condoms and reanimate couples’ sex lives. Most sex workers and SDCs preferred an injectable because it would last longer, required little intervention and was private. In South Africa, adolescent girls believed it would be possible to obtain the products more privately than condoms. Young women were excited about PrEP but concerned about interactions with alcohol and drug use, which often precede sex. Adolescents did not prefer a particular formulation but noted benefits and limitations of each; young women's preferences also varied.ConclusionsThe circumstances and preferences of sub‐Saharan African women are likely to vary within and across groups and to change over time, highlighting the importance of choice in HIV prevention methods.
Engaging male partners in women's microbicide use: evidence from clinical trials and implications for future research and microbicide introduction
Authors: Lanham Michele , Wilcher Rose , Montgomery Elizabeth T , Pool Robert , Schuler Sidney , Lenzi Rachel , Friedland Barbara 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionConstructively engaging male partners in women‐centred health programs such as family planning and prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission has resulted in both improved health outcomes and stronger relationships. Concerted efforts to engage men in microbicide use could make it easier for women to access and use microbicides in the future. This paper synthesizes findings from studies that investigated men's role in their partners’ microbicide use during clinical trials to inform recommendations for male engagement in women's microbicide use.MethodsWe conducted primary and secondary analyses of data from six qualitative studies implemented in conjunction with microbicide clinical trials in South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania. The analyses included data from 535 interviews and 107 focus groups with trial participants, male partners, and community members to answer research questions on partner communication about microbicides, men's role in women's microbicide use, and potential strategies for engaging men in future microbicide introduction. We synthesized the findings across the studies and developed recommendations.ResultsThe majority of women in steady partnerships wanted agreement from their partners to use microbicides. Women used various strategies to obtain their agreement, including using the product for a while before telling their partners, giving men information gradually, and continuing to bring up microbicides until resistant partners acquiesced. Among men who were aware their partners were participating in a trial and using microbicides, involvement ranged from opposition to agreement/non‐interference to active support. Both men and women expressed a desire for men to have access to information about microbicides and to be able to talk with a healthcare provider about microbicides.ConclusionsWe recommend counselling women on whether and how to involve their partners including strategies for gaining partner approval; providing couples’ counselling on microbicides so men have the opportunity to talk with providers; and targeting men with community education and mass media to increase their awareness and acceptance of microbicides. These strategies should be tested in microbicide trials, open‐label studies, and demonstration projects to identify effective male engagement approaches to include in eventual microbicide introduction. Efforts to engage men must take care not to diminish women's agency to decide whether to use the product and inform their partners.