bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Macrophage Activity in Granulomatous Lesions of Immune Mice Challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Ordway Diane , Harton Marisa , Henao-Tamayo Marcela , Montoya Rose , Orme Ian M. , Gonzalez-Juarrero Mercedes 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the cellular influx and cytokine environment in the lungs of mice made immune by prior vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin compared with control mice after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis to characterize composition of protective lesions in the lungs. Immune mice controlled the growth of the M. tuberculosis challenge more efficiently than control mice. In immune animals, granulomatous lesions were smaller and had a more lymphocytic core, less foamy cells, less parenchymal inflammation, and slower progression of lung pathology than in lungs of control mice. During the chronic stage of the infection, the bacterial load in the lungs of immune mice remained at a level 10 times lower than control mice, and this was associated with reduced numbers of CD4P+P and CD8P+P T cells, and the lower expression of protective (IL-12, IFN-γ), inflammatory (TNF-α), immunoregulatory (GM-CSF), and immunosuppressive (IL-10) cytokines. The immune mice had higher numbers of CD11b−CD11chighDEC-205low alveolar macrophages, but lower numbers of CD11b+CD11chighDEC-205high dendritic cells, with the latter expressing significantly lower levels of the antiapoptotic marker TNFR-associated factor-1. Moreover, during the early stage of chronic infection, lung dendritic cells from immune mice expressed higher levels of MHC class II and CD40 molecules than similar cells from control mice. These results indicate that while a chronic disease state is the eventual outcome in both control and immune mice infected with M. tuberculosis by aerosol exposure, immune mice develop a protective granulomatous lesion by increasing macrophage numbers and reduced expression of protective and inflammatory cytokines.
IFN-γ Primes RAW264 Macrophages and Human Monocytes for Enhanced Oxidant Production in Response to CpG DNA via Metabolic Signaling: Roles of TLR9 and Myeloperoxidase Trafficking
Authors: Adachi Yoshiyuki , Kindzelskii Andrei L. , Petty Aaron R. , Huang Ji-Biao , Maeda Nobuyo , Yotsumoto Satoshi , Aratani Yasuaki , Ohno Naohito , Petty Howard R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMacrophages and monocytes are activated by CpG DNA motifs to produce NO, which is enhanced dramatically by IFN-γ. We hypothesize that synergistic cellular responses to IFN-γ and CpG DNA are due to cross-talk between metabolic signaling pathways of leukocytes. Adherent RAW264.7 macrophages and human monocytes exhibited NAD(P)H autofluorescence oscillation periods of ∼20 s. IFN-γ increased the oscillatory amplitude, which was required for CpG DNA-mediated metabolic changes. These alterations in metabolic dynamics required the appropriate combinations of murine/human TLR9 and murine/human-specific CpG DNA. Other factors that also promoted an increase in metabolic oscillatory amplitude could substitute for IFN-γ. Because recent studies have shown that the metabolic frequency is coupled to the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the amplitude is coupled to the peroxidase cycle, we tested the hypothesis that myeloperoxidase (MPO) participates in IFN-γ priming for oxidant production. MPO inhibitors blocked cell responses to IFN-γ and CpG DNA. In the absence of IFN-γ exposure, the effects of CpG DNA could be duplicated by MPO addition to cell samples. Moreover, monocytes from MPO knockout mice were metabolically unresponsive to IFN-γ and CpG DNA. NAD(P)H frequency doubling responses due to CpG DNA were blocked by an inhibitor of the hexose monophosphate shunt. Because NAD(P)H participates in electron trafficking to NO and superoxide anions, we tested oxidant production. Although CpG DNA alone had no effect, IFN-γ plus CpG enhanced NO and reactive oxygen metabolite release compared with IFN-γ treatment alone. We suggest that amplitude and frequency modulation of cellular metabolic oscillations contribute to intracellular signaling synergy.
On a Sumset Conjecture of Erdős
Authors: Di Nasso Mauro , Goldbring Isaac , Jin Renling , Leth Steven , Lupini Martino , Mahlburg Karl 
Published: April 2014

AbstractErdős conjectured that for any set A ⊆ ℕ with positive lower asymptotic density, there are infinite sets B;C ⊆ ℕ such that B + C ⊆ A. We verify Erdős’ conjecture in the case where A has Banach density exceeding ½ . As a consequence, we prove that, for A ⊆ ℕ with positive Banach density (amuch weaker assumption than positive lower density), we can find infinite B;C ⊆ ℕ such that B+C is contained in the union of A and a translate of A. Both of the aforementioned results are generalized to arbitrary countable amenable groups. We also provide a positive solution to Erdős’ conjecture for subsets of the natural numbers that are pseudorandom.
Nitrogen isotopic response of prokaryotic and eukaryotic phytoplankton to nitrate availability in Sargasso Sea surface waters
Authors: Treibergs Lija A. , Fawcett Sarah E. , Lomas Michael W. , Sigman Daniel M. 
Published: April 2014

Taxon‐specific nitrogen (N) isotope data from the summertime Sargasso Sea have previously suggested reliance of prokaryotic phytoplankton on regenerated N but a greater importance of nitrate assimilation for eukaryotic phytoplankton. To investigate this further, particles collected in the summer from ∼ 100 m at the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site were incubated in particle‐free, unamended surface seawater (from 4 m and 30 m) with measured ambient nitrate and ammonium concentrations. Preincubation and postincubation particles were sorted using flow cytometry, and the δ15N of separated prokaryotic and eukaryotic phytoplankton was analyzed. In July 2009 and 2010, nitrate was undetectable throughout the euphotic zone (the upper ∼ 100 m). The δ15N of prokaryotic biomass was initially low and remained low upon incubation, with one exception out of six. Preincubation eukaryotic δ15N was higher than or similar to prokaryotic δ15N and decreased or remained low after incubation. These data confirm the expectation that, in nitrate‐deplete water, all phytoplankton shift toward a low δ15N characteristic of recycled N assimilation. In June 2010, the euphotic zone nitrate concentration was anomalously high (∼ 1 µmol L−1), and the δ15N of all populations varied as a function of depth, with highest δ15N in the surface where nitrate was lowest. After incubation in surface water, the δ15N of all sorted phytoplankton increased, suggesting nitrate assimilation by all groups, including Prochlorococcus, the nitrate assimilatory capabilities of which have been debated. This study supports the use of the δ15N of sorted phytoplankton as an indicator of the dominant N source fueling their growth.
Physiological modifications of seston in response to physicochemical gradients within Lake Superior
Authors: Bellinger Brent J. , Van Mooy Benjamin A. S. , Cotner James B. , Fredricks Helen F. , Benitez-Nelson Claudia R. , Thompson Jo , Cotter Anne , Knuth Michael L. , Godwin Casey M. 
Published: April 2014

In September 2011, we investigated the distribution and composition of dissolved and particulate phosphorus (P) pools throughout Lake Superior, a large P‐limited freshwater ecosystem. Average seston particulate P (PP) concentrations in the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM; 85 ± 28 nmol L−1) were significantly greater than in the epilimnion (63 ± 22 nmol L−1). In contrast, average particulate organic carbon (POC) : PP (mol : mol) ratios showed the opposite pattern (DCM = 303 : 1 vs. epilimnion = 455 : 1). Mean seston nucleic acid—P concentrations were invariant between the epilimnetic (23 ± 18 nmol L−1) and DCM (26 ± 18 nmol L−1) layers, but significantly greater concentrations of intact polar membrane—derived phospholipids were found in the DCM (6 ± 2 nmol L−1) relative to the epilimnion (4 ± 2 nmol L−1). Phospholipids were a minor proportion of PP (7–14%) and total membrane lipids (< 30%). Rather, our results suggest that microbial flora of Lake Superior substituted non‐phosphorus lipids for phospholipids. In the nitrogen (N)—rich waters, N‐based betaine lipids dominated (39–42%) the lipid pool, and concentrations were significantly greater in the P‐poor epilimnetic seston. Sulfolipids were also abundant and significantly greater in the epilimnion (7 ± 2 nmol L−1) than in the DCM (4 ± 2 nmol L−1), despite low sulfate concentrations relative to marine environments. Our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of plankton producing non‐phosphorus lipids for phospholipids as a strategy for reducing cellular P inventories in lacustrine regimes.
Structural Growth in Labor Costs: Evidence from the Employment Cost Index
Authors: Albrecht Gary R. , Krueger Kurt V. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Wage growth forecasting is a necessary part of forensic economics. In this paper, we present a time series methodology to test whether wage and compensation growth in the United States varies by industry and occupation. If growth varies, then the common use of “all-worker” net discount or wage growth rates would not be accurate for every forensic economic case. Using the Employment Cost Index, we find that total compensation, wage, and benefit growth in some, but not all, industries and occupations has been significantly different from that of the wage growth of all workers. That finding may concern the forensic economist who needs to construct a variety of net discount or wage growth rates. As an alternative to constructing multiple forecasts, this paper provides estimated industry and occupational specific differentials from the growth in all workers' wages.
Evolving Labor Market Transition Probabilities and Their Impact on Worklife Estimates
Authors: Cushing Matthew J. , Rosenbaum David I. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A panel of age-specific transition probabilities is developed for the three-decade period 1980 to 2010. Analysis shows that both male and female transition probabilities have evolved over the 30-year span. The transition probabilities are used to calculate both period and cohort worklives. The results differ starkly for men and women. For men, worklives are most affected for those with little education. For women, obtaining a college degree has the most impact on worklives. The results suggest that using historical period worklives may have mis-estimated worklives for these two groups relative to cohort estimates.
The Journal of Forensic Economics: Revisiting Its Perspective and Agenda for Research
Authors: Ward John O. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Forensic Economics (JFE) begins the 25th volume of that publication. As the first Editor of the JFE and the co-author of the first paper published in that journal, “Forensic Economics: A Perspective and an Agenda for Research” I have been asked to offer comments on the role that the JFE has had in the development of the field of Forensic Economics over the past 25 years. This paper examines the evolution of the journal in terms of the focus of papers published by field of investigation and presents the results of a survey of subscribers on their views on the quality of the JFE, its strengths and its shortcomings. Finally, a new agenda for the JFE is offered that will discuss the primary problems the journal will likely face in the next 25 years and the areas of research to be addressed.
Total Worklife Expectancy
Authors: Krueger Kurt V. , Slesnick Frank 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper appends the standard Markov increment-decrement worklife expectancy model used in forensic economics to measure the years that people perform the non-market work of taking care of their homes or families. We find that adding non-market working years to the worklife model nearly equalizes men and women's estimated lifetime total working years. The paper begins with the gender-related problems of solely using labor force worklife tables as a tort compensation determinant. We then present demographic characteristics of persons that perform full-time, non-market work. A Markov life table model that incorporates two work activities (market and non-market work) is specified—we name the sum of market and non-market working years “total worklife expectancy.” Ending the paper are examples of using total worklife expectancy as a tort compensation estimator.
Using TIPS to Discount to Present Value
Authors: Strangways Raymond , Rubin Bruce L. , Zugelder Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe practice of forensic economics has a long history of trying to identify the correct interest rate to use when valuing economic losses in personal injury and wrongful death cases. We trace the legal history as it relates to the appropriate interest rates and adjustments for inflation. We then discuss the use of Treasury Inflation Protected Securities, TIPS, and an analysis of the combined effect of realized inflation and taxes on the effective return. We come to the unexpected conclusion that the use of TIPS does not lend itself to a simple adjustment to the rate for taxes nor eliminate the need to consider expected inflation.
Differentiation of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Alveolar Epithelial Cells In Vitro for Use In Vivo
Authors: Zhou Qiliang , Ye Xulu , Sun Ruowen , Matsumoto Yoshifumi , Moriyama Masato , Asano Yoshiya , Ajioka Yoichi , Saijo Yasuo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent new opportunities in lung tissue engineering and cell therapy. In this study, we modified a two-step protocol for embryonic stem cells that resulted in a yield of ∼9% surfactant protein C (SPC)+ alveolar epithelial type II (AEC II) cells from mouse iPSCs in a 12-day period. The differentiated iPSCs showed morphological characteristics similar to those of AEC II cells. When differentiated iPSCs were seeded and cultured in a decellularized mouse lung scaffold, the cells reformed an alveolar structure and expressed SPC or T1α protein (markers of AEC II or AEC I cells, respectively). Finally, the differentiated iPSCs were instilled intratracheally into a bleomycin-induced mouse acute lung injury model. The transplanted cells integrated into the lung alveolar structure and expressed SPC and T1α. Significantly reduced lung inflammation and decreased collagen deposition were observed following differentiated iPSC transplantation. In conclusion, we report a simple and rapid protocol for in vitro differentiation of mouse iPSCs into AECs. Differentiated iPSCs show potential for regenerating three-dimensional alveolar lung structure and can be used to abrogate lung injury.
Paleoeskimo Occupation History of Foxe Basin, Arctic Canada: Implications for the Core Area Model and Dorset Origins
Authors: Savelle James M. , Dyke Arthur S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper presents the first detailed record of Paleoeskimo occupation history of Foxe Basin, Nunavut, Arctic Canada, the traditional Paleoeskimo “core area.” Rather than continuous, stable occupations from approximately 4000–1000 B.P. traditionally assumed for the core area, the region has undergone a series of demographic oscillations, including several instances of abandonment of key areas, most notably Igloolik. The Foxe Basin demographic trends are reminiscent of Paleoeskimo “boom and bust” cycles recognized elsewhere, but show no consistent chronological pattern either within Foxe Basin or inter-regionally. Equally important, our results bear on the critical question of the Pre-Dorset to Dorset transition. Rather than having been a gradual in situ process centered within the core area, the demographic patterns, including the abrupt and widespread appearance of semi-subterranean dwellings during earliest Dorset, are consistent with newly arrived populations from outside of Foxe Basin. While there is no obvious “parent” culture to Dorset within the Eastern Arctic, it is suggested that a Western Arctic origin, specifically Norton Culture, invoking to some extent Jorgen Meldgaard’s “smell of the forest”, may have played a significant role.
Shifting Communities: Demographic Profiles of Early Village Population Growth and Decline in the Central American Bottom
Authors: Barrier Casey R. , Horsley Timothy J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe growth and decline of large village communities is a topic of considerable interest for archaeologists studying the development of complex regional polities. In this article, demographic information is presented for the transitional Mississippian period Washausen mound center located in the American Bottom region of west-central Illinois. Population estimates are calculated based on data for residential architecture collected in 2011 during an extensive geophysical survey and excavations at the site. A magnetometer survey was conducted over 8 ha and produced a relatively complete site map revealing numerous household clusters organized around a central, earthen mound-and-plaza complex. Population estimates and site spatial information for Washausen are compared with similar data for earlier village communities located nearby, as well as other global village sequences, producing a demographic profile demonstrating a pattern of village growth and decline in the area after the onset of sedentism and agricultural intensification. Information from the region and elsewhere suggests that the development of larger communities through time resulted in part through frequent population movements as village segments fissioned and aggregated to form new communities. This research finding has the potential to inform models for the growth of much larger American Bottom centers such as Pulcher and Cahokia.
Using VAAST to Identify Disease‐Associated Variants in Next‐Generation Sequencing Data
Authors: Kennedy Brett , Kronenberg Zev , Hu Hao , Moore Barry , Flygare Steven , Reese Martin G. , Jorde Lynn B. , Yandell Mark , Huff Chad 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe VAAST pipeline is specifically designed to identify disease‐associated alleles in next‐generation sequencing data. In the protocols presented in this paper, we outline the best practices for variant prioritization using VAAST. Examples and test data are provided for case‐control, small pedigree, and large pedigree analyses. These protocols will teach users the fundamentals of VAAST, VAAST 2.0, and pVAAST analyses. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 81:6.14.1‐6.14.25. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Empirical orthogonal function analysis and modeling of the ionospheric peak height during the years 2002–2011
Authors: Lin Jian , Yue Xinan , Zeng Zhen , Lou Yidong , Shen Xuhui , Wu Yun , Schreiner William S. , Kuo Ying‐Hwa 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ionospheric peak electron density height (hm) is one of the most important ionospheric parameters characterizing high‐frequency radio wave propagation conditions. In this paper, a global hm model based on the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method is constructed by using Global Navigation Satellite Systems ionospheric radio occultation measurements from COSMIC and CHAMP as well as global ionosonde data during the years 2002–2011. The variability of hm can be well represented by the several EOF base functions Ek and the corresponding coefficients Pk. The rapid convergence of EOF decomposition makes it possible to use only the first four EOFs components, which express 99.133% of total variance in this study, to construct the empirical model. The variations of hm with respect to the magnetic latitude, local time, season, and solar cycle have been studied, and the EOF‐based hm model has been validated through comparisons with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model and other observation. The evaluations indicate that the EOF and IRI model give better hmF2 at middle and high latitudes than those at low latitudes. Since the limited data were used in the EOF model during high solar activity years, its accuracy degrades to some extent. During nighttime of spring, summer, and winter in the auroral zone, the hm derived from the EOF model may range from 90 to 150 km because of the reduction of hm, which is due to particle precipitation, whereas the IRI model does not include this reduction. During the periods of low solar activity, the F2 peak heights (hmF2) from the EOF model are in good agreement with the observed data, while the IRI model tends to overestimate the hmF2 in the middle and high latitudes.
Large tectonic earthquakes induce sharp temporary decreases in seismic velocity in Volcán de Colima, Mexico
Authors: Lesage Philippe , Reyes‐Dávila Gabriel , Arámbula‐Mendoza Raúl 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe used the ambient noise cross‐correlation and stretching methods to calculate variations in seismic velocities in the region of Volcán de Colima, Mexico. More than 15 years of continuous records were processed, producing long time series of velocity variations related to volcanic activity, meteorological effects, and earthquakes. Velocity variations associated with eruptive activity are tenuous, which probably reflects the open state of the volcano during the study period. Fifteen events among 26 regional tectonic earthquakes produced sharp, temporary decreases in seismic velocities, which then recovered progressively following a linear trend as a function of the logarithm of time. For the 15 events, the amplitude of the perturbation increased almost linearly with the logarithm of the amplitude of the seismic waves that shook the edifice. The most dramatic apparent velocity variation was a drop of up to 2.6% during the nearbyM7.4 Tecomán earthquake in 2003. In order to locate the perturbation in the horizontal plane we applied an inverse method based on the radiative transfer approximation. We also used an original approach based on the frequency dependence of velocity variations to estimate the depth of the perturbation. Our results show that the velocity variation was well localized in the shallow layers (< 800 m) of the volcano, with almost no variations occurring outside the edifice. We discuss several possible interpretations and conclude that the most plausible explanation for the velocity decreases is the nonlinear elastic behavior of the granular volcanic material and its mechanical softening induced by transient strains.
High‐resolution mapping of motor vehicle carbon dioxide emissions
Authors: McDonald Brian C. , McBride Zoe C. , Martin Elliot W. , Harley Robert A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA fuel‐based inventory for vehicle emissions is presented for carbon dioxide (CO2) and mapped at various spatial resolutions (10 km, 4 km, 1 km, and 500 m) using fuel sales and traffic count data. The mapping is done separately for gasoline‐powered vehicles and heavy‐duty diesel trucks. Emission estimates from this study are compared with the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and VULCAN. All three inventories agree at the national level within 5%. EDGAR uses road density as a surrogate to apportion vehicle emissions, which leads to 20–80% overestimates of on‐road CO2 emissions in the largest U.S. cities. High‐resolution emission maps are presented for Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco‐San Jose, Houston, and Dallas‐Fort Worth. Sharp emission gradients that exist near major highways are not apparent when emissions are mapped at 10 km resolution. High CO2 emission fluxes over highways become apparent at grid resolutions of 1 km and finer. Temporal variations in vehicle emissions are characterized using extensive day‐ and time‐specific traffic count data and are described over diurnal, day of week, and seasonal time scales. Clear differences are observed when comparing light‐ and heavy‐duty vehicle traffic patterns and comparing urban and rural areas. Decadal emission trends were analyzed from 2000 to 2007 when traffic volumes were increasing and a more recent period (2007–2010) when traffic volumes declined due to recession. We found large nonuniform changes in on‐road CO2 emissions over a period of ~5 years, highlighting the importance of timely updates to motor vehicle emission inventories.