bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological transition during large strain deformation of melting and crystallizing metapelites
Authors: Misra Santanu , Burg Jean‐Pierre , Vigneresse Jean‐Louis , Mainprice David 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTorsion experiments ( =3 × 10−4 s−1) were performed to investigate the large strain (γmax = 15) rheology on quartz‐muscovite aggregate as analogue to pelitic rocks undergoing melting and crystallization during deformation at 300 MPa confining pressure and 750°C temperature. Microstructures reveal four distinct but gradational stages of crystal‐melt interactions during deformation—(a) solid state deformation, (b) initiation and domination of partial melting, (c) simultaneous partial melting and crystallization, and (d) domination of crystallization. The microstructural stages are linked to the rheology of the deforming samples. Partial melting starts at relatively low finite shear strains (γ = 1–3) showing approximately 60% strain softening. At γ = 4–10 the partially molten bulk material shows a steady state flow at low stress. Further crystallization of new crystals at the expense of melt between γ = 10 and 15 causes weak strain hardening until the material fails by developing brittle fractures. The stress exponent (n), calculated at γ = 1, 5, and 10, increases from ∼ 3 to ∼ 43, indicating a transition from power to power law breakdown or exponential flow of the bulk system. Hydrostatic experiments for equivalent times and conditions of the torsion experiments were also conducted to evaluate the reaction kinetics and microstructures under static conditions. The new experimental data establish that partially molten rock does not flow according to a constant strain rate‐dependent power law (steady state) rheology. The rheological transition from strain rate sensitive to strain rate insensitive flow is interpreted as a function of melt‐crystal ratio, their mutual interactions, and the evolution of microstructures in the partially molten rock.
Modeling shear wave splitting due to stress‐induced anisotropy, with an application to Mount Asama Volcano, Japan
Authors: Shelley Adrian , Savage Martha , Williams Charles , Aoki Yosuke , Gurevich Boris 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe use numerical modeling to investigate the proposed stress‐based origin for changing anisotropy at Mount Asama Volcano, Japan. Stress‐induced anisotropy occurs when deviatoric stress conditions are applied to rocks which are permeated by microcracks and compliant pore space, leading to an anisotropic distribution of open crack features. Changes to the local stress field around volcanoes can thus affect the anisotropy of the region. The 2004 eruption of Mount Asama Volcano coincided with time‐varying shear wave splitting measurements, revealing changes in anisotropy that were attributed to stress changes associated with the eruption. To test this assertion, we create a model that incorporates knowledge of the volcanic stress, ray tracing, and estimation of the anisotropy to produce synthetic shear wave splitting results using a dyke stress model. Anisotropy is calculated in two ways, by considering a basic case of having uniform crack density and a case where the strength of anisotropy is related to dry crack closure from deviatoric stress. Our results show that this approach is sensitive to crack density, crack compliance, and the regional stress field, all of which are poorly constrained parameters. In the case of dry crack closure, results show that modeled stress conditions produce a much smaller degree of anisotropy than indicated by measurements. We propose that the source of anisotropy changes at Asama is tied to more complex processes that may precipitate from stress changes or other volcanic processes, such as the movement of pore fluid.
Three‐dimensional variations in Love and Rayleigh wave azimuthal anisotropy for the upper 800 km of the mantle
Authors: Yuan Kaiqing , Beghein Caroline 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present a new mantle model (YB14SHani) of azimuthal anisotropy for horizontally polarized shear waves (SH) in parallel with our previously published vertically polarized shear wave (SV) anisotropy model (YB13SVani). YB14SHani was obtained from higher mode Love wave phase velocity maps with sensitivity to anisotropy down to ~1200 km depth. SH anisotropy is present down to the mantle transition zone (MTZ) with an average amplitude of ~2% in the upper 250 km and ~1% in the MTZ, consistent with YB13SVani. Changes in SV and SH anisotropy were found at the top of the MTZ where olivine transforms into wadsleyite, which might indicate that MTZ anisotropy is due to the lattice‐preferred orientation of anisotropic material. Beneath oceanic plates, SV fast axes become subparallel to the absolute plate motion (APM) at a depth that marks the location of a thermally controlled lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). In contrast, SH anisotropy does not systematically depend on ocean age. Moreover, while upper mantle SV anisotropy is anomalously high in the middle of the Pacific, as seen in radial anisotropy models, SH anisotropy amplitude remains close to the average for other oceans. Based on the depth at which SV fast axes and the APM direction begin to align, we also found that the average thickness of cratonic roots is ~ 250 km, consistent with Yuan and Romanowicz (2010) for North America. Here we add new constraints on the nature of the cratonic LAB and show that it is characterized by changes in both SV and SH anisotropy.
Response of the Bering Sea to 11‐year solar irradiance cycles during the Bølling‐Allerød
Authors: Katsuki Kota , Itaki Takuya , Khim Boo‐Keun , Uchida Masao , Tada Ryuji 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPrevious studies find decadal climate variability possibly related to solar activity, although the details regarding the feedback with the ocean environment and ecosystem remain unknown. Here, we explore the feedback system of solar irradiance change during the Bølling‐Allerød period, based on laminated sediments in the northern Bering Sea. During this period, well‐ventilated water was restricted to the upper intermediate layer, and oxygen‐poor lower intermediate water preserved the laminated sediment. An 11‐year cycle of diatom and radiolarian flux peaks was identified from the laminated interval. Increased fresh meltwater input and early sea‐ice retreat in spring under the solar irradiance maximum follow the positive phase of Arctic Oscillation which impacted the primary production and volume of upper intermediate water production in the following winter. Strength of this 11 year solar irradiance effect might be further regulated by the pressure patterns of Pacific decadal oscillation and/or El Niño‐Southern Oscillation variability.
Impact of increased water vapor on precipitation efficiency over northern Eurasia
Authors: Ye Hengchun , Fetzer Eric J. , Wong Sun , Behrangi Ali , Olsen Edward T. , Cohen Judah , Lambrigtsen Bjorn H. , Chen Luke 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the relationships among water vapor, precipitation efficiency, precipitation amount, and air temperature anomalies on monthly time scales over northern Eurasia for winter and summer 2003–2010. Daily precipitation and temperature records at 505 historical stations, and atmospheric total precipitable water vapor and relative humidity data from Atmospheric Infrared Sounders, are used for analysis. Results show that higher atmospheric precipitable water associated with warmer temperature directly contributes to winter precipitation amount but has little impact on winter precipitation efficiency. However, accelerated decreasing relative humidity associated with higher temperature is the primary factor in the reduction of precipitation efficiency and precipitation amount regardless of higher precipitable water in summer. This study suggests that there are evident seasonal differences in precipitation trend associated with air temperature changes over the study region. Air temperature modifies a key atmospheric water variable that directly controls precipitation for that particular season.
Seismic monitoring of an Alpine mountain river
Authors: Díaz J. , Ruíz M. , Crescentini L. , Amoruso A. , Gallart J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe Canfranc underground laboratory (LSC), excavated under the Central Pyrenees, is mainly devoted to the study of phenomena which needs “cosmic silence.” It also hosts a geodynamical facility, named Geodyn, which holds an accelerometer, a broadband seismometer, and two high‐resolution laser strainmeters. During the routine processing of the seismic data, we detected an unusual spectral signature in the 2–10 Hz frequency band, which does not correspond to the typical sources of seismic noise and which can also be recognized in the strain records. After checking against meteorological and hydrological data, we can relate those signals to variations in the discharge by the Aragon River, an Alpine‐style river in the southern Pyrenees, located about 400 m from the LSC Geodyn facility. Four main episodes have been identified since early 2011, each lasting 1–2 to 6–8 days. Additionally, a limited number of shorter episodes have also been detected. Three types of river‐generated seismic events have been identified, related respectively to moderate rainfall, snowmelt, and flooding events associated to severe storms. Each of those types has distinctive characteristics which allow monitoring the hydrological events from the analysis of seismic and deformation data. A few previous studies have already described the seismic noise close to rivers with larger discharge or in small‐scale experimental settings, and we are showing here that the so‐called “fluvial seismology” can be useful to study the hydrological evolution of Alpine style streams and may have a potential interest for the civil authorities in charge of the management of hydrological basins.
Synthesis of Fused Cyclopentenones through Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 2‐Iodoaryl Allenols
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Alonso José M. , Fernández Israel , Khodabakhshi Saeed 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA versatile strategy for the synthesis of fused cyclopentenones, key structural motifs in biologically relevant compounds such as indenones and indole alkaloids, has been established successfully through regioselective palladium‐catalyzed cyclization of 2‐iodoaryl allenols.magnified image
Ein neuartiges Konzept zur Synthese mehrfach dotierter Goldcluster [(M@AunM′m)Lk]q+
Authors: Puls Arik , Jerabek Paul , Kurashige Wataru , Förster Moritz , Molon Mariusz , Bollermann Timo , Winter Manuela , Gemel Christian , Negishi Yuichi , Frenking Gernot , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHeterometalldotierte Goldcluster sind durch nasschemische Synthese schwer zugänglich, und mit Hauptgruppenmetallen oder frühen Übergangsmetallen dotierte Cluster sind rar. Die Verbindungen [M(AuPMe3)11(AuCl)]3+ (M=Pt, Pd, Ni) (1–3), [Ni(AuPPh3)(8–2n)(AuCl)3(AlCp*)n] (n=1, 2) (4, 5) und [Mo(AuPMe3)8(GaCl2)3(GaCl)]+ (6) wurden selektiv durch Transmetallierung von [M(M′Cp*)n] (M=Mo, E=Ga, n=6; M=Pt, Pd, Ni, M′=Ga, Al; n=4) mit [ClAuPR3] (R=Me, Ph) hergestellt und mit Einkristallröntgenbeugung sowie ESI‐MS charakterisiert. Mithilfe von DFT‐Rechnungen wurden die Bindungsverhältnisse analysiert. Die Transmetallierung ist eine wirkungsvolle Syntheseroute hin zu heterometalldotierten Goldclustern, deren Aufbau der 18‐Valenzelektronenregel für das Zentralmetallatom gehorcht und die mit dem Superatomkonzept auf Grundlage des Jellium‐Modells übereinstimmen.
Reversible Re‐programing of Cell–Cell Interactions
Authors: Gabrielse Kari , Gangar Amit , Kumar Nigam , Lee Jae Chul , Fegan Adrian , Shen Jing Jing , Li Qing , Vallera Daniel , Wagner Carston R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ability to engineer and re‐program the surfaces of cells would provide an enabling synthetic biological method for the design of cell‐ and tissue‐based therapies. A new cell surface‐engineering strategy is described that uses lipid‐chemically self‐assembled nanorings (lipid‐CSANs) that can be used for the stable and reversible modification of any cell surface with a molecular reporter or targeting ligand. In the presence of a non‐toxic FDA‐approved drug, the nanorings were quickly disassembled and the cell–cell interactions reversed. Similar to T‐cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARS), when activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were functionalized with the anti‐EpCAM‐lipid‐CSANs, they were shown to selectively kill antigen‐positive cancer cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that lipid‐CSANs have the potential to be a rapid, stable, and general method for the reversible engineering of cell surfaces and cell–cell interactions.
Engineering Multifunctional Capsules through the Assembly of Metal–Phenolic Networks
Authors: Guo Junling , Ping Yuan , Ejima Hirotaka , Alt Karen , Meissner Mirko , Richardson Joseph J. , Yan Yan , Peter Karlheinz , von Elverfeldt Dominik , Hagemeyer Christoph E. , Caruso Frank 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMetal–organic coordination materials are of widespread interest because of the coupled benefits of inorganic and organic building blocks. These materials can be assembled into hollow capsules with a range of properties, which include selective permeability, enhanced mechanical/thermal stability, and stimuli‐responsiveness. Previous studies have primarily focused on the assembly aspects of metal‐coordination capsules; however, the engineering of metal‐specific functionality for capsule design has not been explored. A library of functional metal–phenolic network (MPN) capsules prepared from a phenolic ligand (tannic acid) and a range of metals is reported. The properties of the MPN capsules are determined by the coordinated metals, allowing for control over film thickness, disassembly characteristics, and fluorescence behavior. Furthermore, the functional properties of the MPN capsules were tailored for drug delivery, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and catalysis. The ability to incorporate multiple metals into MPN capsules demonstrates that a diverse range of functional materials can be generated.
A Facile Synthesis of Dynamic, Shape‐Changing Polymer Particles
Authors: Klinger Daniel , Wang Cynthia X. , Connal Luke A. , Audus Debra J. , Jang Se Gyu , Kraemer Stephan , Killops Kato L. , Fredrickson Glenn H. , Kramer Edward J. , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe herein report a new facile strategy to ellipsoidal block copolymer nanoparticles that exhibit a pH‐triggered anistropic swelling profile. In a first step, elongated particles with an axially stacked lamellae structure are selectively prepared by utilizing functional surfactants to control the phase separation of symmetric polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) in dispersed droplets. In a second step, the dynamic shape change is realized by cross‐linking the P2VP domains, thereby connecting glassy PS discs with pH‐sensitive hydrogel actuators.
Goldnanopartikel‐gefüllte Polymer‐Nanoreaktoren für Teebeutel‐ ähnliche Katalysatoren
Authors: Mitschang Fabian , Schmalz Holger , Agarwal Seema , Greiner Andreas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPolymer‐Nanoröhrchen mit eingeschlossenen Goldnanopartikeln wurden über den “Tubes by Fiber Templates”(TUFT)‐Prozess hergestellt und als Teebeutel‐ähnliches Katalysatorsystem verwendet. Dazu wurden zunächst Poly(L‐lactid)‐stabilisierte Goldnanopartikel synthetisiert und mit freiem Poly(L‐lactid) zu Komposit‐Nanofasern elektrogesponnen. Anschließend wurde das Faservlies aus der Gasphase mit Poly(p‐xylylen) beschichtet, und die inneren Templatfasern wurden durch Pyrolyse entfernt. Die so hergestellten Polymer‐Röhrchen enthielten immobilisierte Goldnanopartikel und zeigten eine hohe katalytische Aktivität bezüglich der hydrolytischen Oxidation von Dimethylphenylsilan sowie der entsprechenden Alkoholyse mit n‐Butanol. Das makroskopische Röhrchenvlies konnte zur Katalyse analog zu einem Teebeutel verwendet werden und zeigte eine hervorragende Wiederverwendbarkeit.
Modular Construction of Dynamic Nucleodendrimers
Authors: Abet Valentina , Evans Robert , Guibbal Florian , Caldarelli Stefano , Rodriguez Raphaël 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIsoguanosine‐containing dendritic small molecules self‐assemble into decameric nucleodendrimers as observed by 1D NMR spectroscopy, 2D DOSY, and mass spectrometry. In particular, apolar building blocks readily form pentameric structures in acetonitrile while the presence of alkali metals promotes the formation of stable decameric assemblies with a preference for cesium ions. Remarkably, co‐incubation of guanosine and isoguanosine‐containing nucleodendrons results in the formation of decameric structures in absence of added salts. Further analysis of the mixture indicated that guanosine derivatives facilitate the formation, but are not involved in decameric structures; a process reminiscent of molecular crowding. This molecular system provides a powerful canvas for the rapid and modular assembly of polyfunctional dendritic macromolecules.
Scalable Synthesis of Interconnected Porous Silicon/Carbon Composites by the Rochow Reaction as High‐Performance Anodes of Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Zailei , Wang Yanhong , Ren Wenfeng , Tan Qiangqiang , Chen Yunfa , Li Hong , Zhong Ziyi , Su Fabing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite the promising application of porous Si‐based anodes in future Li ion batteries, the large‐scale synthesis of these materials is still a great challenge. A scalable synthesis of porous Si materials is presented by the Rochow reaction, which is commonly used to produce organosilane monomers for synthesizing organosilane products in chemical industry. Commercial Si microparticles reacted with gas CH3Cl over various Cu‐based catalyst particles to substantially create macropores within the unreacted Si accompanying with carbon deposition to generate porous Si/C composites. Taking advantage of the interconnected porous structure and conductive carbon‐coated layer after simple post treatment, these composites as anodes exhibit high reversible capacity and long cycle life. It is expected that by integrating the organosilane synthesis process and controlling reaction conditions, the manufacture of porous Si‐based anodes on an industrial scale is highly possible.
Designing p‐Type Semiconductor–Metal Hybrid Structures for Improved Photocatalysis
Authors: Wang Lili , Ge Jing , Wang Ailun , Deng Mingsen , Wang Xijun , Bai Song , Li Rui , Jiang Jun , Zhang Qun , Luo Yi , Xiong Yujie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA practical strategy is proposed to facilitate the migration of holes in semiconductor (the low rate of which limits photocatalytic efficiency) by taking advantage of the Schottky barrier between p‐type semiconductor and metal. A high work function is found to serve as an important selection rule for building such desirable Schottky junction between semiconductor surface facets and metal. The intrinsic charge spatial distribution has to be taken into account when selecting the facets, as it results in accumulation of photoexcited electrons and holes on certain semiconductor facets. Importantly, the facets have a high work function, the same characteristic required for the formation of Schottky junction in a p‐type semiconductor–metal hybrid structure. As a result, the semiconductor crystals in the hybrid design may be better enclosed by single facets with high work function, so as to synergize the two effects: Schottky barrier versus charge spatial separation.
Cyclic CO2 capture of carbide slag modified by pyroligneous acid in calcium looping cycles
Authors: Liu Changtian , Li Yingjie , Sun Rongyue , Wu Shuimu 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCarbide slag is a kind of industrial waste obtained in the production of acetylene that is the raw material of polyvinyl chloride in chlor‐alkali plants. The carbide slag modified by pyroligneous acid was proposed as a CO2 sorbent at high temperature. The CO2 capture capacity of the carbide slag modified by pyroligneous acid in the calcium looping cycles was investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer and a dual fixed‐bed reactor. The modified carbide slag exhibits better CO2 capture capacity than the carbide slag. The modified carbide slag releases the organic substances whose combustion leads to a drop in CO2 capture capacity. The pre‐calcination treatment of the modified carbide slag at 400 °C before the first calcination was employed to avoid the combustion of the organic substances. The pre‐calcined modified carbide slag exhibits higher carbonation conversions, compared with the modified carbide slag without pre‐calcination treatment. The pre‐calcined modified carbide slag achieves higher carbonation conversions at 950 °C and shows larger surface area and pore volume than the modified carbide slag in the cycles. It indicates that combining the modification by pyroligneous acid with the pre‐calcination treatment apparently improves cyclic CO2 capture capacity of the carbide slag in the multiple cycles. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic of lactic acid production from sugarcane juice using Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2912
Authors: Sikder Jaya , Chakraborty Sudip , Sharma Vedant , Drioli Enrico 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTKinetics of batch fermentation of sugarcane juice for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2912 under anaerobic conditions has been analyzed. Lactic acid fermentation with this bacterium is found to be homolactic. Kinetics of cell growth and multiplication fits reasonably into Monod's kinetic model, and the Luedeking–Piret equation has been found to reliably predict kinetics of lactic acid production. The kinetic parameters have been determined on the basis of experimental data using a program developed in Microsoft Excel and matlab. The value of the key kinetic constants estimated is the maximum specific growth rate (μmax), 0.92/h; substrate limitation constant (Ks), 44.1 g/L; growth‐associated constant (α), 10.08 g/g; and nongrowth‐associated constant (β), 0.92 g/g h for lactic acid production. Maximum lactic acid concentration and productivity were found to be 89.5 g/L and 1.243 g/L h, respectively. Kinetic analysis thus revealed that lactic acid production is predominantly growth associated. Effect of substrate inhibition has been observed to be relatively small. Stoichiometric parameters have been estimated to be the maximum product yield coefficient YPS, 0.83 g, lactic acid/g sucrose and average cell mass yield coefficient Yxs, 0.47. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of antifungal and antibacterial effects of fabric padded with highly stable selenium nanoparticles
Authors: Yip Joanne , Liu Liwei , Wong Ka‐Hing , Leung Polly H. M. , Yuen Chun‐Wah Marcus , Cheung Mei‐Chun 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, highly stable selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were padded onto fabric to obtain, for the first time, antifungal and antibacterial fabric. SeNPs are prepared from a simple food‐grade redox system by using polysaccharide–protein complexes (PSPs) isolated from the mushroom sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber‐regium (tiger milk mushroom) as a modifier or stabilizer. The novel PSP–SeNPs are highly stable, size‐controllable, and water‐dispersible. Different amounts of PSP–SeNPs were applied onto fabric by using the pad–dry–cure method. It was found that the fabric treated with PSP–SeNPs can inhibit more than 99.7% of Trichophyton rubrum growth over a testing period of 7 days. The inhibition of Staphylococcus is effective in the first 12 h. The fabric treated with PSP–SeNPs is a promising material that can potentially be used inside shoes as insoles or shoe material to reduce the possibility of tinea pedis infection usually caused by the T. rubrum fungus. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40728.