bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Unit Cost of Medical Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital in Government Set up in New Delhi
Authors: Gadpayle AK , Dangi HK , LNU Debopriya 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
The cost incurred on delivery of Medical Intensive Care Service to the patient varies from type of Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The present study was conducted to assess the cost of per patient per day in Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU).

Materials and methods
It was a prospective study which was carried out at tertiary care hospital, in Government setup, Delhi from 01st January 2014 to 31st January 2014. All the Adult patients admitted in Medical ICU were taken for study. Various costs like fixed, variable, Direct and Indirect were calculate for the study period by step down approach. The unit cost was calculated.

Results
Total 32 patients were admitted in Medical ICU during the study period. The average days of admissions calculated to 171 days. The average length of stay was estimated at 5.343. The salary component amounts to 42.44% of the total cost. The equipment cost amounts to 37.00% of the total cost. The total fixed cost amounts to 81.62% and variable cost amounts to 18.38%. Out of variable cost the investigation radiology amounts to 6.35% followed by medicine 4.81% and Investigation 3.83%. The unit cost calculated amounts to 20B9 1133.29.

Conclusion
The fixed cost is a major share of the total cost incurred in Medical ICU. Out of which equipment cost stands first. The unit cost amounts to 20B9 1133.29 which is relatively less than the other studies probably due to close type of ICU and patients admitted in Medical ICU are coming from outside.

How to cite this article
Gadpayle AK, Dangi HK, Debopriya. Study of Unit Cost of Medical Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital in Government Set up in New Delhi. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):10-14.
A Cost Analysis Study of Inpatient Care Services at a Large Tertiary Care Teaching Institute at New Delhi, India
Authors: Harsvardhan Rajesh , Singh IB , Sharma DK 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
A study was carried out at a large tertiary care teaching institute at Delhi to estimate the cost of medicines and surgical consumables to the hospital and the out of cost to in-patients, during the course of their stay at the hospital.
The study was conducted in the year 2007 and a total of 174 cases were included in the study fulfilling the selection criteria. The total length of stay of all the patients under study was 2235 days.
Total average cost incurred on patient care in the indoor unit under study thus calculated came out to be 20B9 1861.31 per bed per day.
The final average figure arrived at for cost to the hospital/ bed/day in this study is 20B9 834.74 and cost to the patient/day came to 20B9 1026.57 on account of the Medicines, Surgical consumables and Crystalloids.
The maximum total cost toward patient care came to 20B9 10958.84 for ICU. Whereas the lowest cost of 20B9 175.46 was for the psychiatry.
This study helped us to know that how much it costs in terms of cost per bed per day to treat in-patients in selected specialties and in a general ICU as well.

How to cite this article
Harsvardhan R, Arya SK, Singh IB, Sharma DK. A Cost Analysis Study of Inpatient Care Services at a Large Tertiary Care Teaching Institute at New Delhi, India. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):15-18.
3‐D Reconstruction of Neurons from Multichannel Confocal Laser Scanning Image Series
Authors: Wouterlood Floris G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) collects information from a thin, focal plane and ignores out‐of‐focus information. Scanning of a specimen, with stepwise axial (Z‐) movement of the stage in between each scan, produces Z‐series of confocal images of a tissue volume, which then can be used to 3‐D reconstruct structures of interest. The operator first configures separate channels (e.g., laser, filters, and detector settings) for each applied fluorochrome and then acquires Z‐series of confocal images: one series per channel. Channel signal separation is extremely important. Measures to avoid bleaching are vital. Post‐acquisition deconvolution of the image series is often performed to increase resolution before 3‐D reconstruction takes place. In the 3‐D reconstruction programs described in this unit, reconstructions can be inspected in real time from any viewing angle. By altering viewing angles and by switching channels off and on, the spatial relationships of 3‐D‐reconstructed structures with respect to structures visualized in other channels can be studied. Since each brand of CLSM, computer program, and 3‐D reconstruction package has its own proprietary set of procedures, a general approach is provided in this protocol wherever possible. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci 67:2.8.1‐2.8.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rodent Model of Activity‐Based Anorexia
Authors: Carrera Olaia , Fraga Ángela , Pellón Ricardo , Gutiérrez Emilio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractActivity‐based anorexia (ABA) consists of a procedure that involves the simultaneous exposure of animals to a restricted feeding schedule, while free access is allowed to an activity wheel. Under these conditions, animals show a progressive increase in wheel running, a reduced efficiency in food intake to compensate for their increased activity, and a severe progression of weight loss. Due to the parallelism with the clinical manifestations of anorexia nervosa including increased activity, reduced food intake and severe weight loss, the ABA procedure has been proposed as the best analog of human anorexia nervosa (AN). Thus, ABA research could both allow a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying AN and generate useful leads for treatment development in AN. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 67:9.47.1‐9.47.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The 3‐NP Model of Striatal Neurodegeneration
Authors: Brouillet Emmanuel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe mitochondrial toxin 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of respiratory chain complex II. Chronic systemic administration of 3‐NP to mice, rats, and non‐human primates leads to preferential degeneration of the striatum, and produces motor and cognitive symptoms that are highly reminiscent of Huntington's disease (HD). HD is caused by a dominant inherited expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntington gene. Thus, many aspects of HD cannot be mimicked by 3‐NP. However, recent research shows that mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress may play a key role in HD pathogenesis, further supporting the potential utility of the 3‐NP model of striatal degeneration. First, a basic protocol to produce acute striatal lesions in rats using repeated intraperitoneal injection of 3‐NP is described. Second, a more complex protocol that takes advantage of the use of osmotic minipumps to steadily release 3‐NP leading to consistent lesions and motor symptoms in Lewis rats is presented. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 67:9.48.1‐9.48.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aerosol properties and their influences on marine boundary layer cloud condensation nuclei at the ARM mobile facility over the Azores
Authors: Logan Timothy , Xi Baike , Dong Xiquan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA multiplatform data set from the Clouds, Aerosol, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) Graciosa, Azores, 2009–2010 field campaign was used to investigate how continental aerosols can influence MBL cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN). The seasonal variations of aerosol properties have shown that the winter and early spring months had the highest mean surface wind speed (> 5 m s−1) and greatest contribution of sea salt to aerosol optical depth (AOD), while continental fine mode aerosols were the main contributors to AOD during the warm season months (May–September). Five aerosol events consisting of mineral dust, pollution, biomass smoke, and volcanic ash particles were selected as case studies using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) mobile facility measurements. The aerosols in Case I were found to primarily consist of coarse mode, Saharan mineral dust. For Case II, the aerosols were also coarse mode but consisted of volcanic ash. Case III had fine mode biomass smoke and pollution aerosol influences while Cases IV and V consisted of mixtures of North American pollution and Saharan dust that was advected by an extratropical cyclone to the Azores. Cases I, IV, and V exhibited weak correlations between aerosol loading and NCCN due to mineral dust influences, while Cases II and III had a strong relationship with NCCN likely due to the sulfate content in the volcanic ash and pollution particles. The permanent Eastern North Atlantic ARM facility over the Azores will aid in a future long‐term study of aerosol effects on NCCN.
Rock uplift and exhumation of continental margins by the collision, accretion, and subduction of buoyant and topographically prominent oceanic crust
Authors: Spikings Richard , Simpson Guy 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the causes of rock and surface uplift is important because they control the location of mountain building, depocenters, and drainage characteristics and can influence climate. Here we combine previous thermochronological data with field observations to determine the amount of exhumation, rock, and surface uplift that occurs in the upper plate of Central and South American subduction zones during the collision, accretion, and subduction of oceanic plateaus and aseismic ridges. The collision of buoyant and topographically prominent oceanic plateaus and ridges can drive at least 5 km of rock uplift within 2 Ma. Uplift appears to be an immediate response to collision and is generally independent of the slab dip. The amount of rock uplift is controlled mainly by excess topography associated with the ridge (ultimately linked to buoyancy) and erosion, while it is also influenced by the strength of the subduction interface related to the presence of volcanic asperities and overpressured sediments in the subduction channel. The quantity of exhumation is strongly dependant on climate‐induced erosion and the lifespan over which the topography is uplifted and supported. Sediment draining into the trench may leave the elevated ridge axis sediment starved, increasing the shear stresses at the ridge subduction interface, leading to positive feedback between ridge subduction, rock uplift, and exhumation. Trench‐parallel variations in exhumation have a direct impact on exploration paradigms for porphyry‐related metalliferous deposits, and it is likely that porphyry systems are completely eroded by the impingement of plateaus and aseismic ridges within temperate and tropical climates.
Development of the Global Width Database for Large Rivers
Authors: Yamazaki Dai , O'Loughlin Fiachra , Trigg Mark A. , Miller Zachary F. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Bates Paul D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRiver width is a fundamental parameter of river hydrodynamic simulations, but no global‐scale river width database based on observed water bodies has yet been developed. Here we present a new algorithm that automatically calculates river width from satellite‐based water masks and flow direction maps. The Global Width Database for Large Rivers (GWD‐LR) is developed by applying the algorithm to the SRTM Water Body Database and the HydroSHEDS flow direction map. Both bank‐to‐bank river width and effective river width excluding islands are calculated for river channels between 60S and 60N. The effective river width of GWD‐LR is compared with existing river width databases for the Congo and Mississippi Rivers. The effective river width of the GWD‐LR is slightly narrower compared to the existing databases, but the relative difference is within ±20% for most river channels. As the river width of the GWD‐LR is calculated along the river channels of the HydroSHEDS flow direction map, it is relatively straightforward to apply the GWD‐LR to global and continental‐scale river modeling.
Effect of Price‐discount Distribution in Multi‐unit Price Promotions on Consumers’ Willingness to Pay, Sales Value, and Retailers’ Revenue
Authors: Akaichi Faical , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Gil José M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTUsing multi‐unit auctions, we examined the effect of different distributions of price discount across multiple units of a relatively new product on consumers' Willingness to Pay (WTP), sales value and retailers' revenue. We found that allowing the price discount to be increasing in the number of units increases willingness to pay, sales value and retailers' revenue and that a price discount that is uniformly distributed across units also has the potential to motivate consumers to buy more units of the product. However, multi‐unit price promotions that concentrate all the amount of price discount on the last unit only generate a weak positive effect on sales value. [EconLit Citations: C910, D120, M310].
Multichannel mixed‐conducting hollow fiber membranes for oxygen separation
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Dong Ziye , Liu Zhengkun , Zhang Kai , Zhang Guangru , Jin Wanqin 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceA multichannel mixed‐conducting hollow fiber (MMCHF) membrane, 0.5 wt % Nb2O5‐doped SrCo0.8 Fe0.2O3‐δ (SCFNb), has been successfully prepared by phase inversion and sintering technique. The crystalline structure, morphology, sintering behavior, breaking load, and oxygen permeability of the MMCHF membrane were studied systematically. The MMCHF membrane with porous‐dense asymmetrical microstructure was obtained with the outer diameter of 2.46 mm and inner tetra‐bore diameter of 0.80 mm. The breaking load of the MMCHF membrane was 3–6 times that of conventional single‐channel mixed‐conducting hollow fiber membrane. The MMCHF membrane showed a high oxygen flux which was about two times that of symmetric capillary membrane at similar conditions as well as a good long‐term stability under low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere. This work proposed a new configuration for the mixed‐conducting membranes, combining advantages of multichannel tubular membrane technology and conventional hollow fibers. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1969–1976, 2014
The Divergent Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles by Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Cycloadditions of 1‐Sulfonyl 1,2,3‐Triazoles with 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Shang Hai , Wang Yuanhao , Tian Yu , Feng Juan , Tang Yefeng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe first rhodium(II)‐catalyzed aza‐[4+3] cycloadditions of 1‐sulfonyl 1,2,3‐triazoles with 1,3‐dienes have been developed, and enable the efficient synthesis of highly functionalized 2,5‐dihydroazepines from readily available precursors. In some cases, the reaction pathway could divert to formal aza‐[3+2] cycloadditions, thus leading to 2,3‐dihydropyrroles. In this context, the titled reaction represents a capable tool for the divergent synthesis of two types of synthetically valuable aza‐heterocycles from common rhodium(II) iminocarbene intermediates.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition for Pyrrole Synthesis under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Xuan Jun , Xia Xu‐Dong , Zeng Ting‐Ting , Feng Zhu‐Jia , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA photocatalytic formal [3+2] cycloaddition of 2H‐azirines with alkynes has been achieved under irradiation by visible light in the presence of organic dye photocatalysts. This transformation provides efficient access to highly functionalized pyrroles in good yields and has been applied to the synthesis of drug analogues. A primary trial of photocascade catalysis merging energy transfer and redox neutral reactions was shown to be successful.
Highly Active Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles
Authors: Popczun Eric J. , Read Carlos G. , Roske Christopher W. , Lewis Nathan S. , Schaak Raymond E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNanoparticles of cobalt phosphide, CoP, have been prepared and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under strongly acidic conditions (0.50 M H2SO4, pH 0.3). Uniform, multi‐faceted CoP nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting Co nanoparticles with trioctylphosphine. Electrodes comprised of CoP nanoparticles on a Ti support (2 mg cm−2 mass loading) produced a cathodic current density of 20 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of −85 mV. The CoP/Ti electrodes were stable over 24 h of sustained hydrogen production in 0.50 M H2SO4. The activity was essentially unchanged after 400 cyclic voltammetric sweeps, suggesting long‐term viability under operating conditions. CoP is therefore amongst the most active, acid‐stable, earth‐abundant HER electrocatalysts reported to date.
Copper‐Catalyzed C‐2 Arylation or Vinylation of Indole Derivatives with Iodonium Salts
Authors: Liu Chuan , Zhang Wei , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed C‐2 arylation and vinylation of indole derivatives with iodonium salts have been realized. This method, featuring a simple operational procedure, mild reaction conditions, and a wide substrate scope, provided versatile indole derivatives with direct and selective functionalization at the C‐2 position of the indole core. In the presence of excess amounts of iodonium salts, cascade C‐2 arylation and dearomatization through the C‐3 arylation reaction also proceeded smoothly.
Thermally induced increase in energy transport capacity of silkworm silks
Authors: Liu Guoqing , Xu Shen , Cao Ting‐Ting , Lin Huan , Tang Xiaoduan , Zhang Yu‐Qing , Wang Xinwei 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis work reports on the first study of thermally induced effect on energy transport in single filaments of silkworm (Bombyx mori) fibroin degummed mild (type 1), moderate (type 2), to strong (type 3). After heat treatment from 140 to 220°C, the thermal diffusivity of silk fibroin type 1, 2, and 3 increases up to 37.9, 20.9, and 21.5%, respectively. Our detailed scanning electron microscopy study confirms that the sample diameter change is almost negligible before and after heat treatment. Raman analysis is performed on the original and heat‐treated (at 147°C) samples. After heat treatment at 147°C, the Raman peaks at 1081, 1230, and 1665 cm−1 become stronger and narrower, indicating structural transformation from amorphous to crystalline. A structure model composed of amorphous, crystalline, and laterally ordered regions is proposed to explain the structural change by heat treatment. Owing to the close packing of more adjacent laterally ordered regions, the number and size of the crystalline regions of Bombyx mori silk fibroin increase by heat treatment. This structure change gives the observed significant thermal diffusivity increase by heat treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1029–1037, 2014.
Proximal margin length with transhiatal gastrectomy for Siewert type II and III adenocarcinomas of the oesophagogastric junction (Br J Surg 2013; 100: 1050–1054)
Authors: Polkowski W P , van Lanschot J J B 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Mechanistic Aspects of Submol % Copper‐Catalyzed CN Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Larsson Per‐Fredrik , Wallentin Carl‐Johan , Norrby Per‐Ola 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCarbonnitrogen bond formation can be catalyzed by copper in very low concentrations (≈100 ppm), with mechanistic features that are distinct from those in the high‐concentration regime. The reaction was studied by initial rate kinetics, competitive Hammett studies, and DFT calculations. The deprotonation of the model nucleophile, pyrrole, is limited by mass transfer with the heterogeneous base. The positive reaction order in dimethylethylenediamine was explained by this reagent working not only as a ligand to Cu, but also as a facilitator for mass transfer. The selectivity‐determining step in the competitive Hammett study is oxidative addition. Alternative mechanisms for this step, such as single‐electron transfer, atom transfer, or σ‐bond metathesis, can be excluded based on the observed Hammett behavior and DFT calculations.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Production from Hydrosilanes and Water
Authors: Garcés Karin , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , Polo Víctor , Lalrempuia Ralte , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe iridium(III) complex [Ir(H)(CF3SO3)(NSiN)(coe)] (NSiN=fac‐coordinated bis(pyridine‐2‐yloxy)methylsilyl, coe=cyclooctene) has been proven to be an effective catalyst precursor for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of hydrosilanes at room temperature. The reaction performance depends both on the nature of the silane and the solvent. Interestingly, high turnover frequencies of around 105 h−1 were obtained by using Et2SiH2 or (Me2HSi)2O as hydrogen sources and THF as the solvent. Moreover a mechanistic insight into this Ir‐catalyzed hydrogen generation process, based on both theoretical calculations and NMR spectroscopy, is reported. The overall catalytic cycle can be viewed as a two‐stage process that involves water‐promoted SiH bond activation followed by water splitting by a proton transfer.
Hierarchically Porous Calcium‐containing Manganese Dioxide Nanorod Bundles with Superior Photoelectrochemical Activity
Authors: Lin Yan‐Gu , Chen Ying‐Chu , Miller Jeffrey T. , Chen Li‐Chyong , Chen Kuei‐Hsien , Hsu Yu‐Kuei 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBioinspired by the composition of the oxygen evolving complex and the fundamental role of calcium for catalysis, we have synthesized calcium–manganese oxides as promising photoelectrodes. We report the first demonstration of hierarchically porous Ca‐containing MnO2 nanorod (NR) bundles as visible‐light‐sensitive photofunctional nanoelectrodes to fundamentally improve the performance of MnO2 for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. A substantial amount of Ca (up to 7.8 atom %) can be in situ incorporated into the MnO2 lattice by a simple electroplating technique because of the exceptionally small feature sizes of several nanorods. The maximum photocurrent could be successfully achieved as high as 0.42 mA cm−2, which is the best value for a MnO2 photoanode to date. Significantly, Ca‐containing MnO2 photoanodes illustrated striking photoelectrochemical activity in response to visible light with a high incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of 7 % at a monochromatic wavelength of 450 nm. The improvement in photoactivity of photoelectrochemical response may be attributed to the enhanced visible‐light absorption, increased charge‐carrier densities, and large contact area with electrolyte owing to the synergistic effects of Ca incorporation and specific mesopore networks, thus contributing to photocatalysis. The new design of constructing highly photoactive Ca‐containing MnO2 nanorod bundles sheds light on developing high‐efficiency photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen generation.