bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspective: Communications with the Food and Drug Administration on the Development Pathway for a Cell-Based Therapy: Why, What, When, and How?
Authors: Feigal Ellen G. , Tsokas Katherine , Zhang Jiwen , Cromer Marc V. , Whittlesey Kevin J. , Werner Michael J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Effective interaction between key stakeholders and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is central to successfully navigating the regulatory process and advancing new therapies into clinical trials. This is especially true when developing cell-based therapies, which pose unique challenges to demonstrating safety and effectiveness. There are numerous opportunities for developers of a new cell therapy to interact with the regulatory agency, through both formal and informal processes. It is important to understand how to maximize the productivity of dialogue with the FDA and develop an effective regulatory strategy. This article provides an overview of the types of interactions with the FDA that are available throughout the regulatory process. This article also notes some common pitfalls to avoid and directs readers to additional references and resources to help inform cell therapy researchers and product developers and enable successful regulatory interactions.
Spécificité de l’institutionnalisme pragmatiste de John Rodgers Commons
Authors: Hallée 1 Yves 
Published: October 2012

Cet article poursuit les efforts de réhabilitation de l’institutionnalisme pragmatiste de John Rodgers Commons et tente de montrer que le cadre commonsien est encore largement d’actualité dans l’analyse et la recherche en relations industrielles. Après avoir discuté de l’institutionnalisme comme fondement de la discipline, l’auteur présente le cadre commonsien comme une théorie de l’action en discutant notamment de l’importance de l’action collective en « contrôle » de l’action individuelle. Il poursuit sur l’explication des principaux concepts d’institution, de groupe actif (going concern), de transactions et sur le bien-fondé de la conception commonsienne de la négociation. Il termine en discutant de la possibilité de considérer la théorisation commonsienne comme une théorie générale des relations industrielles, en raison de son caractère transdisciplinaire, de son pragmatisme et de sa spécificité au regard de la théorisation usuelle, notamment sur le plan de la méthode et de la capacité d’analyse.
Catalytic Polymerization of Acrylonitrile by Khulays Bentonite
Authors: Al-Esaimi Matar M. 
Published: October 2012

The aqueous polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) catalyzed with exchanged Khulays bentonite . The influence of various polymerization parameters ( e.g., concentrations of Potassium Persulfate (K2S2O8) and monomer , various of organic solvents, and different temperature has been investigated. It was found that the rate of polymerization of AN was found to be dependent on monomer concentration, initiator and temperature. The activation energy of polymerization was calculated .Thermal properties of the polymer were studied by TGA and DSC techniques. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Advances in Nanocatalysis Research for Carbon Nanotubes Formation and Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol
Authors: Mohamed Abdul Rahman , Tasbihi Minoo , Chai Siang-Piao 
Published: October 2012

Catalysis can play two principal roles in nanoscience, including (1) catalysts can be involved in some methods for preparing nanomaterials such as nanotubes; (2) some nanostructures themselves can serve as catalysts for additional chemical reactions. Both nanocatalysis aspects are highlighted in this paper, covering the topics of the use of nanocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of phenol and methane decomposition into carbon nanotubes (CNTs). © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Catalyst in Basic Oleochemicals
Authors: Suyenty Eva , Sentosa Herlina , Agustine Mariani , Anwar Sandy , Lie Abun , Sutanto Erwin 
Published: October 2012

Currently Indonesia is the world largest palm oil producer with production volume reaching 16 million tones per annum. The high crude oil and ethylene prices in the last 3 – 4 years contribute to the healthy demand growth for basic oleochemicals: fatty acids and fatty alcohols. Oleochemicals are starting to replace crude oil derived products in various applications. As widely practiced in petrochemical industry, catalyst plays a very important role in the production of basic oleochemicals. Catalytic reactions are abound in the production of oleochemicals: Nickel based catalysts are used in the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids; sodium methylate catalyst in the transesterification of triglycerides; sulfonic based polystyrene resin catalyst in esterification of fatty acids; and copper chromite/copper zinc catalyst in the high pressure hydrogenation of methyl esters or fatty acids to produce fatty alcohols. To maintain long catalyst life, it is crucial to ensure the absence of catalyst poisons and inhibitors in the feed. The preparation methods of nickel and copper chromite catalysts are as follows: precipitation, filtration, drying, and calcinations. Sodium methylate is derived from direct reaction of sodium metal and methanol under inert gas. The sulfonic based polystyrene resin is derived from sulfonation of polystyrene crosslinked with di-vinyl-benzene. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Highly Active W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Direct Conversion of Methane into Aromatic
Authors: Kusmiyati Kusmiyati , Amin N. A. S. , Siswanto W. A. 
Published: October 2012

Dehydroaromatization of methane (DHAM) under non oxidative condition was studied over tungsten loaded HZSM-5 catalysts to produce aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method using different conditions : in neutral and acidified solution. The activity of W/HZSM-5 prepared by neutral solution and W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 prepared in acidified condition were compared. The results showed that the optimum activity of W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst exceeded that of W/HZSM-5 catalyst. The effect of Si/Al ratio of W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst was also studied. The W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst with Si/Al ratio = 0 was found to be the most promising for the DHAM reaction. The remarkable activity of the catalyst is attributed to the presence of dual effects: suitable content of octahedral polymeric and tetrahedral monomeric tungstate species accompanied by proper amount and strength of acid sites in the catalyst. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Catalytic-Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactor For Methane and Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: Istadi Istadi , Amin N. A. S. 
Published: October 2012

A catalytic - DBD plasma reactor was designed and developed for co-generation of synthesis gas and C2+ hydrocarbons from methane. A hybrid Artificial Neural Network - Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) was developed to model, simulate and optimize the reactor. Effects of CH4/CO2 feed ratio, total feed flow rate, discharge voltage and reactor wall temperature on the performance of catalytic DBD plasma reactor was explored. The Pareto optimal solutions and corresponding optimal operating parameters ranges based on multi-objectives can be suggested for catalytic DBD plasma reactor owing to two cases, i.e. simultaneous maximization of CH4 conversion and C2+ selectivity, and H2 selectivity and H2/CO ratio. It can be concluded that the hybrid catalytic DBD plasma reactor is potential for co-generation of synthesis gas and higher hydrocarbons from methane and carbon dioxide and showed better than the conventional fixed bed reactor with respect to CH4 conversion, C2+ yield and H2 selectivity for CO2 OCM process. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Sanders Robert E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

AbstractAluminum is a silver‐white metallic element in group III of the periodic table. Aluminum exhibits a valence of 3+ in all compounds except for a few high temperature gaseous species in which the aluminum may be monovalent or divalent. Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element on the surface of the earth and moon, comprising 8.8% by weight of the earth's crust. It is rarely found free in nature.Because of its many desirable physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties, aluminum is the most widely used ferrous metal. The utility of the metal is enhanced by the formation of a stable adherent oxide surface that resists corrosion. Because of its high electrical conductivity and lightness, aluminum is used extensively on electrical transmission lines. Aluminum is obtained by electrolysis of purified Bauxite. Fluoride transmissions from aluminum smelting cells are a concern. Important binary alloys are Al–Fe, Al–Cu, Al–Mg, and Al–Li. Almost all commercial alloys are ternary or of higher complexity. Aluminum is used in transportation, packaging, building, electrical applications and consumer durables.
Cement
Authors: Kosmatka Steven ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The term cement is used to designate many different kinds of substances that are used as binders or adhesives. The cement produced in the greatest volume and most widely used for construction is portland cement. Masonry and oil well cements are produced for special purposes. Calcium aluminate cements are used extensively for refractory concretes. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement, ie, it sets, hardens, and does not disintegrate in water. Hence, it is suitable for construction of underground, marine, and hydraulic structures where as gypsum plasters and lime mortars are not. Organic materials, such as latexes and water‐soluble polymerizable monomers are added to impart special properties. Inorganic hydraulic cements are discussed in this article. The essential feature of these cements is their ability to form on hydration with water relatively insoluble bonded aggregations of considerable strength and dimensional stability.
Environmental issues arise from the production of the intermediate product, clinker. Clinker manufacture produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide. This issue is discussed as is the search for “green cement.”
Noble‐Gas Compounds
Authors: Schrobilgen Gary J. , Brock David S. , Mercier Hélène P.A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNoble‐gas reactivity was discovered on March 23, 1962 when Neil Bartlett (1932–2008) showed that xenon gas was oxidized by PtF6. The product obtained by Bartlett was initially formulated as XePtF6. Pursuant to his discovery, numerous xenon and krypton compounds were synthesized in macroscopic quantities. Among the noble‐gas elements, xenon has the most extensive chemistry, and it can possess formal oxidation states of 0, +2, +4, +6, and +8 in its compounds by forming fluorides, oxides, and oxide fluorides, as well as derivatives in which xenon is bonded to polyatomic groups through oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. In addition, compounds containing Xe–Au, Xe–Xe, Xe–Cl, and Hg–Xe bonds are known. Other xenon‐element bonds are known in the gas phase or in low‐temperature matrices, which are exemplified by Xe–H, Xe–Si, Xe–S, Xe–X (X=Cl, Br, I), and Xe–U bonds. Krypton chemistry is more limited. Only compounds with krypton in the +2 oxidation state are known, namely, KrF2, salts of the KrF+and Kr2F3+cations, by analogy with xenon, the Kr–O bonded compound, Kr(OTeF5)2, and several species containing Kr–N bonds. Several gas‐phase and matrix‐isolated species in which krypton is bonded to carbon, hydrogen, and halides other than fluorine are also known. Radon is believed to form RnF2and RnF+by analogy with krypton and xenon. The only argon species that are known are the ArF+cation, which has been observed in the gas phase, and HArF, which has been stabilized in a low‐temperature argon matrix. To date, no argon, neon, or helium compounds have been isolated in macroscopic amounts. Noble‐gas compounds have been used as oxidizers and as oxidative fluorinating agents in chemical syntheses.
Titanium Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Jones Tony , Egerton Terry A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProperties and applications of technologically important inorganic compounds of titanium are surveyed. The most important compound is titanium dioxide which, because of its high refractive index, is manufactured as a white pigment at a scale of ca 5 million tpa. Raw materials and pigment production processes are reviewed. Mixed oxides, eg, barium titanate, are important raw materials for electroceramics.Titanium hydrides provide a convenient method of hydrogen storage. Titanium boride, titanium carbide, and titanium nitride are used as components of hard materials, eg, for cutting tools. They are electrically conducting.The chlorides are the most important halides. Titanium trichloride is the basis of widely used polymerization catalysts. Titanium tetrachloride is an intermediate in the production of both titanium metal and (via the chloride process) titanium dioxide pigment. Titanium dioxide pigment is also made (in the sulfate process) by precipitation from solutions of titanium in sulfuric acid. Titanium sulfides may be used as cathodes in high efficiency batteries. The properties of some titanium compounds with silicon and phosphorus are reviewed. Analytical methods and environmental, health and safety aspects are summarized.
Mica
Authors: Tanner James T. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Mica is a generic term that applies to a wide range of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals characterized by sheet or plant‐like structure, and possessing, to varying degrees depending on the composition and weathering, flexibility, elasticity, hardness, and the ability to be split into thin sheets. Mica exists in nature in varying compositions. Muscovite and phlogopite are the only natural micas of commercial importance. Large deposits of mica‐bearing rocks are known to exist in Brazil, India and Madagascar. Flake mica is mined by open‐pit methods; sheet mica is mined both by underground and open‐pit mining. The general equipment used in grinding flake mica or mica concentrate into mica products are various mills for wet grinding. All mills are used in conjunction with sieves. The leading use of ground mica is for joint compound in the building industry. Many of its other uses are discussed. Sheet mica is used for many industrial applications, particularly in electrical and electronic industries, built‐up mica is used primarily as an electrical insulation material.
Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Authors: Goodwin Frank E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

AbstractZinc is a relatively active metal and its compounds are stable. It is found in all natural waters and soils as well as the atmosphere and is an important trace element in plant and animal life. Zinc ores are widely distributed throughout the world: 55 minerals are known. Zinc is a lustrous blue‐white metal and cam be formed into virtually any shape by the common metal‐forming techniques, such as rolling, drawing, and extruding. The most significant chemical property of zinc is its high reduction potential. Zinc, which is above iron in the electromotive series, displaces iron ions from solution and prevents dissolution of the iron. For this reason, zinc is used extensively in coating steel, eg, by galvanizing and in zinc dust paints, and as a sacrificial anode in protecting pipelines, ship hulls. Zinc ores are too low in zinc content for direct reduction and must be concentrated before processing. Details on the concentration, roasting, and reduction processing steps are given.Zinc is an essential element and can exist in both deficient or toxic states in plants. Steps for addressing these states are discussed.Zinc's forms are in metallic coatings,die‐casting alloys, foundry alloys,rolled zinc, dusts, and powders. Zinc's major use is in galvanizing, mainly for the automotive industry. Preparation of alloys and bronzes and brass are other important uses.
Zero Waste City
Authors: Lehmann Steffen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article explores the notion of theZero Waste City, which takes the concept of sustainable cities further to optimize all urban material flows toward 100% resource recovery and reuse of building components and materials. The construction sector uses a huge amount of raw materials and has high inefficiencies, eg, material and energy inefficiencies. Implementing material efficiency in the construction sector requires a change in how materials are approached throughout the supply chain. What is required is transformative change at a systemic level toward sustainable consumption, shifting people from being merely consumers to responsible citizens. Therefore, this article argues that influencing values and behavior is an important, but often neglected, part of a low carbon urban future. This includes starting a transition phase of reduced, decoupled consumption, eg, using products and buildings for longer, producing more durable products that take advantage of prefabrication, modularity, adaptability, and durability. Cities need to be reengineered with material flows in mind to become more sustainable and resilient.
Fault Detection and Just‐in‐Time Maintenance in Adjustable‐Speed Drives
Authors: Krishnamurthy Mahesh , DA Yao 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWith growing electrification in transportation systems and widespread adoption of renewable energy systems, there is a growing need for the development of high‐efficiency motor/generator drives that can perform well under a wide range of operating conditions with a high degree of robustness and fault tolerance. In this article, different components of the drive have been explored and some of the potential causes of failure have been identified. Furthermore, some configurations that can be used for increasing fault tolerance of the drive have been presented and some common approaches used for this purpose have been discussed.
DNA‐Based Sensors
Authors: Evtugyn Gennady A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDNA sensors belong to biosensors using native DNA and oligonucleotides as biorecognition elements. In this article, the design of DNA sensors is considered and illustrated by particular examples of their application in accordance with target analytes and measurement mode. Most attention is paid to electrochemical DNA sensors, but some examples of other techniques including fluorescence probes and quartz crystal microbalances are given.
Crystal Oscillators
Authors: Poddar Ajay K. , Rohde Ulrich L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAs a result of highQ‐factor and temperature‐stable properties, quartz crystal oscillators have been important clock sources in consumer, commercial, industrial, and military products for many years. This contribution is devoted to crystal oscillator theory for reference frequency signal source applications. This article discusses the behavior of crystal over temperature and aging, selection of modes, start‐up dynamics, and noise‐minimization techniques for the applications in current and later generation communication systems. Several practical examples are demonstrated and validated with simulated and measured results for the benefit of readers.
Role of Chemical Biology in Understanding and Treating Disease
Authors: Selwood David 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Current genome wide association studies, pointing to either outright genetic causes for disease or associations, which, when combined with environmental factors, can lead to disease. This knowledge combined with the advent of a new type of therapeutic agent small molecule “correctors” of protein function may yield the biggest gains in the understanding of diseases and the search for new molecularly targeted medicines. Small molecules such as the Vertex treatments for cystic fibrosis offer a precisely tailored genetic medicine, correcting aberrant protein function at the level of the gene product.
Clinical Pastoral Education
Authors: Gillman John 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Clinical pastoral education (CPE) is a form of professional education for lay people, seminarians, and religious leaders that involves theological reflection on human experience, particularly on the pastoral encounter in the clinical setting. Insights from the behavior sciences are also incorporated into the learning perspective. Through the action‐reflection, learning‐by‐doing model utilized in a supervised peer group, students develop pastoral identity, achieve competence in pastoral functioning, and learn how to collaborate with peers and other professionals. The primary instructors of this “hands on experience” of ministry are “living human documents,” understood both as the persons receiving care and as the care providers (Boisen 1936: 185). Three associations in the United States that offer CPE in accredited programs are the National Association of Catholic Chaplains (NACC), founded in 1965, the Association of Clinical Pastoral Education (ACPE), established in 1967, and the College of Pastoral Supervision and Psychotherapy (CPSP), started in 1990. All three of these associations have developed Standards, objectives and outcomes for the education of chaplains and CPE supervisors. The CPSP also includes programs in Pastoral Psychotherapy and Pastoral Counseling.
Adaptive critic design with graph Laplacian for online learning control of nonlinear systems
Authors: Lian Chuanqiang , Xu Xin , Zuo Lei , Huang Zhenhua 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYIn recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) and approximate dynamic programming (ADP) have been widely studied in the community of artificial intelligence and machine learning. As an important class of RL and ADP methods, adaptive critic designs (ACDs) with function approximation have been studied to realize online learning control of nonlinear dynamical systems. However, how to construct efficient feature representations for approximating value functions or policies is still a difficult problem. In this paper, ACDs with graph Laplacian (GL) are proposed by integrating manifold learning methods into feature representations of ACDs. An online learning control algorithm called graph Laplacian dual heuristic programming (GL‐DHP) is presented, and its performance is analyzed both theoretically and empirically. Because of the nonlinear approximation ability of feature representation with GL, the GL‐DHP method has much better performance than previous DHP methods with manually designed neural networks. Simulation results on learning control of a ball and plate system, which is a typical nonlinear dynamical system with continuous state and action spaces, demonstrate the effectiveness of the GL‐DHP method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Cell Wall Microstructure and Damage Behavior of Alloyed Aluminum Foam via Synchrotron‐Based Microtomography
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Toda Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Masakazu , Uesugi Kentaro , Suzuki Yoshio 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe internal microstructure of the high strength Al–Zn–Mg foam was characterized via the synchrotron‐based X‐ray microtomography. Using three‐dimensional (3D) quantitative image analysis of the tomographic dataset, the microstructural features, such as content, size distribution, shape, and spatial distribution of micropores inside the cell wall, were determined. Together with a dual energy imaging technique, the 3D distribution of Zn in the alloyed foam was assessed by the subtraction of two images acquired above and below the Zn K‐absorption edge. The damage behavior of the alloyed foam was also clarified by this element sensitive imaging technique.