bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) induces apoptosis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Authors: Singh V , Prajeeth C K , Gudi V , Bénardais K , Voss E V , Stangel M 
Published: March 2013

Summary2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine, CdA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is licensed to treat hairy cell leukaemia, and has been shown recently to have beneficial effects in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The therapeutic effects of CdA have been suggested to be mediated partly through its potent toxicity towards lymphocytes. However, the effects of CdA on other immune cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CdA on the induction of apoptosis in human monocytes, monocyte-derived immature (ImDC) and mature (mDC) dendritic cells. Treatment of monocytes with CdA strongly induced apoptosis after 24 h, while apoptosis induction in DC was evident after 72 h. Furthermore, CdA treatment strongly induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 in monocytes, whereas activation of caspases was undetected in DC. The mitochondrial membrane potential in DC was reduced significantly after CdA treatment. DNA hypodiploid assessment showed fragmented nuclei in DC after CdA treatment together with activation of p53 protein. These results revealed that CdA induces caspase-independent apoptosis in DC and suggest cell type specific effects of CdA. This mechanism may contribute to the effect of CdA in autoimmune diseases.
Adaptive behavior and later school achievement in children with early‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Berg Anne T , Caplan Rochelle , Baca Christine B , Vickrey Barbara G 
Published: March 2013

AimTo determine whether early measures of adaptive behavior are predictive of later school difficulties and achievement in otherwise neurotypical (unimpaired) children with onset of epilepsy during the preschool years.MethodIn a prospective cohort study, parents completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) for children who were aged 5 years or less at epilepsy diagnosis. Eight to 9 years later, the children were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC), the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Associations of VABS scores with later WRAT and CBCL scores were tested.ResultsA total of 108 neurotypical children (64 males, 44 females; mean age at testing 11y 11mo, SD 2y) were studied. After adjustment for IQ and other factors, there was an increase of 0.15 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.27 points; p=0.03) and 0.14 points (95% CI 0.0–0.28 points; p=0.05) in WRAT reading and spelling scores for each 1‐point increment in the VABS communication score. Corresponding numbers for the VABS socialization score were 0.20 (95% CI 0.08–0.32; p=0.005) and 0.17 (95% CI 0.05–0.29; p=0.005).ConclusionIn neurotypical preschool children with epilepsy, early social and communication scores predict later school performance. These findings raise questions about opportunities for early identification and intervention for children at greatest risk.
Compromised quality of life in patients with both Type 1 diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease
Authors: Bakker S. F. , Pouwer F. , Tushuizen M. E. , Hoogma R. P. , Mulder C. J. , Simsek S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsType 1 diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease are two chronic illnesses associated with each other. Both diseases and their treatments can seriously impair quality of life. The objective of the present study was to investigate health‐related quality of life in adult patients diagnosed with both Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease and compare this with healthy control subjects and control subjects who have Type 1 diabetes only.MethodsA generic measure of health‐related quality of life (RAND‐36) and a measure of diabetes‐specific quality of life (DQOL) questionnaires were sent to patients diagnosed with both Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. The control group consisted of patients with Type 1 diabetes without coeliac disease matched for age, gender and socio‐economic status. Generic quality of life scores were compared with data from healthy Dutch control subjects.ResultsFifty‐seven patients with Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease were included and no associations between clinical characteristics and quality of life were observed. Women reported a lower quality of life in social functioning, vitality and mental health than men (all P < 0.05). A lower diabetes‐specific quality of life was observed regarding diabetes‐related worries and social worries in patients with Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease compared with patients with Type 1 diabetes. Compared with healthy control subjects, quality of life in patients with Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease was significantly lower, particularly social functioning (Cohen's d = 0.76) and general health perception (Cohen's d = 0.86).ConclusionsThe additional diagnosis of coeliac disease and treatment by gluten‐free diet in adult patients with Type 1 diabetes has a considerable, negative impact on quality of life and diabetes‐specific quality of life. Women are particularly affected and social functioning and general health perception is compromised.
Consideration of influence factors between small‐scale specimens and large components on the fatigue strength of thin‐plated block joints in shipbuilding
Authors: Fricke W. , Feltz O. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTShipbuilding in blocks, as being usual on all larger shipyards, requires that the blocks will finally be welded together manually or semi‐automatically, that is, with butt‐welds in transverse direction that have to withstand relatively high dynamical loads. Modern shipbuilding aims at lightweight construction with thin plates that may have a plate thickness down to 4 mm. Previous investigations showed that manually produced butt‐welds in such thin structures did not reach the calculated fatigue life as required in the rules. Up to the present, this problem has not yet been solved, and it is questioned if all influence factors on the fatigue behaviour of real structures are correctly considered as no damage cases at butt joints that are known yet. In the investigation described here, results from small‐scale specimens tested with cyclic loads will be transferred to large components, considering the effects of recorded pre‐deformations induced by welding as well as measured differences in residual stresses between small‐scale specimens and large components, thus clarifying how far for instance a detrimental stress ratio should be taken into account by the rules for thin plates.
Niche conservatism and the potential for the crayfishProcambarus clarkiito invadeSouthAmerica
Authors: Palaoro Alexandre V. , Dalosto Marcelo M. , Costa Gabriel C. , Santos Sandro 
Published: March 2013

SummaryInvasive species are one of the most severe threats to biodiversity, and an ability to predict the extent of potential invasions can help conservation strategies. Species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to project the potential range of invasive species. These models assume that species retain their niche properties during invasion (niche conservatism), although this assumption is seldom verified.We gathered occurrence records for the crayfishProcambarus clarkiifrom theU.S.A.and Mexico (native + invasive ranges) and from the IberianPeninsula (invasive) to test for niche conservatism across continents using niche overlap metrics (Schoener'sD). To test for differences in the climate space occupied by the species on the different continents, we performed two principal component analyses (PCAs) on the environmental data extracted from occurrence records: first, separately for each occurrence data set (i.e. each continent) and secondly, using the pooled data. Subsequently, we projected the model to South America, where this species has the potential to become invasive.Schoener'sDshowed high overlap (0.68) between the two regions (theAmericas andIberia), and there was no difference between the regions in bothPCAs. The crayfish has conserved its niche across continents, and therefore, our model projection to South America may accurately demonstrate where invasion is most likely to occur.Large parts of South America are apparently suitable, mainlyArgentina,Chile,Paraguay,Uruguay and southernBrazil. This result is of great concern since this invasive species can spread quickly in suitable areas. Stronger laws and regulations should be made to protect native biodiversity and agricultural land. Our approach could be replicated for the study of invasions by other species where extensive data on the potentially invaded areas are available.
Timing of the diet shift from zooplankton to macroinvertebrates and size at maturity determine whether normally piscivorous fish can persist in otherwise fishless lakes
Authors: Huss Magnus , Persson Lennart , Borcherding Jost , Heermann Lisa 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Using a size‐structured population model, life‐history information and records of piscivores in systems without prey fish, we analysed the role of the timing of shifting from small‐to‐large invertebrate prey types in regulating piscivore performance, especially under conditions of low availability of prey fish.
Large invertebrate prey are generally absent or at low densities in pelagic habitats; consequently, pelagic piscivorous fish species with a poor ability to exploit zooplankton depend on prey fish in order to persist. In contrast, our model shows that abundant large invertebrate prey in the littoral habitat may allow littoral piscivores to persist in the absence of prey fish if they can shift diet from zooplankton to macroinvertebrates early in life.
However, if the diet shift from zooplankton to macroinvertebrates is delayed, or density dependence reduces growth rate, the persistence of even littoral piscivorous fish species in the absence of other prey fish is severely constrained.
Our results suggest that undergoing an early diet shift from zooplankton to macroinvertebrates may be necessary to reach sizes large enough to enable successful exploitation of the piscivorous niche. These insights can help to understand the persistence of piscivorous fish species, or their absence, in otherwise fishless lakes.
Reciprocity and Giving in a Consecutive Three-Person Dictator Game with Social Interaction
Authors: Bahr Gunter , Requate Till 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe study pure indirect reciprocity by setting up a modified dictator game with three players A, B, and C acting sequentially. Subject A takes a share of a pie and passes the rest to subject B, while B divides the rest between herself and C. We find that this consecutive three-person dictator game increases generosity compared with the traditional two-person dictator game. We analyze the influence of social interaction and uncertainty. In treatments with certainty we observe pure indirect reciprocity: B indirectly reciprocates for A’s behavior in the decision on how generous to be to C.
Effects of hospitalist‐directed interdisciplinary medicine floor service on hospital outcomes for seniors with acute medical illness
Authors: Yoo Ji Won , Seol Haesun , Kim Sun Jung , Yang Janet Miyoung , Ryu Woo Sang , Min Too Dae , Choi Jong Bum , Kwon Minkyung , Kim Sulgi 
Published: March 2013

AimTo examine whether a hospitalist‐directed interdisciplinary (ITD) team in an internal medicine residency program enhances the hospital and clinical outcomes for seniors with acute medical illness.MethodsSeniors admitted to a USA teaching hospital medical floor‐teaching services were allocated to the ITD (n = 379) and usual care teams (n = 383). Compared with the usual care team, the ITD team physicians carried out daily “geriatric” assessment and management, and led ITD team meetings.ResultsThe mean probability of functional decline on hospital discharge in the ITD team (25%; 95% CI 19–30%) was significantly lower than that in the usual care team (36%; 95% CI 30–43%; OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.10–0.92; P < 0.001). The mean probability of delirium in the ITD team (26%; 95% CI 20–32%) was significantly lower than that in the usual care team (34%; 95% CI 28–41%; OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.16–0.97; P = 0.03). The mean probability of transition to an institution in the ITD team (18%; 95% CI 13–23%) was significantly lower than that in the usual care team (26%; 95% CI 19–32%; OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.14–0.95; P = 0.01).ConclusionsHospitalist‐directed ITD team care is associated with reductions of functional decline, delirium and transition to an institution for seniors with acute medical illness. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 71–77.
Frailty assessment in the geriatric outpatient clinic
Authors: Kim Hidong , Higgins Patricia A , Canaday David H , Burant Chris J , Hornick Thomas R 
Published: March 2013

AimFrailty is a common phenomenon in geriatric patients. In the present translational research study, we assessed two frailty instruments (Fried 2001; Gill 2002), comparing the usefulness and scoring classifications for frailty screening in an academically affiliated geriatrics clinic.MethodsAssessment was completed on 162 male veterans (mean age 83.7 years, 57% African American) enrolled in a geriatric clinic. The instruments' component criteria, which are well known to gerontological clinicians, were administered in a standard order and scoring was identical to original instruments.ResultsThe five‐item Fried frailty instrument required 15–20 min to complete; the two‐item Gill frailty instrument required less than 2 min. Of the 162 participants assessed, 72 were determined to be frail by at least one of the instruments, but just 33 were frail by both instruments. Correlations between the instruments were Spearman = 0.55 (P < 0.001) and kappa = 0.25, (P < 0.001). There were no differences in frailty scores based on race, and there were equivocal results based on age, even though this was an older sample, with almost 17% ≥90 years. A total of 63% (103/162) of the sample met the criterion for weak grip strength, and decreasing grip strength correlated with increasing age (r = −0.238, P = 0.002).ConclusionExpedient identification of the frailty syndrome remains an unmet necessity for clinical practice. The different results by the Fried and Gill frailty instruments are likely due to differences in component domains and testing methods. The present results support previous findings that showed that grip strength might be an important indicator of increasing frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 78–83.
Stroke in centenarians
Authors: Olsen Tom Skyhøj , Andersen Klaus Kaae 
Published: March 2013

AimReports on centenarians with stroke have thus far been casuistic. We present clinical characteristics and 1‐month mortality in 39 centenarians admitted to Danish hospitals with acute stroke within 2000–2010.MethodsA Danish stroke registry (2000–2010) contains information about 61 935 acute stroke patients among which 39 patients were centenarians. Data included age, sex, civil and housing status, stroke severity (Scandinavian Stroke Scale [SSS], 0 worst to 58 best), computed tomography scan, cardiovascular risk factors and death within 1 month after stroke. Data in centenarians were compared with similar data in stroke patients aged 40–69 years (n = 25 023), 70–79 years (n = 16 048), 80–89 years (n = 16 274) and 90–99 years (n = 3379).ResultsOf the 39 centenarians, 87% were women, 82% were living alone and 64% were living in their own home before the stroke. In general, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was lower in centenarians, particularly with regard to previous myocardial infarction, previous stroke and diabetes mellitus. Strokes were significantly more severe (SSS 25.4), and 1‐month mortality (38.5%) was significantly higher in centenarians when compared with other age groups.ConclusionCentenarians with stroke are from a cardiovascular standpoint healthier than their younger counterparts. Yet, strokes in centenarians are more severe and associated with very high mortality. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 84–88.
Dose‐finding trial of tolvaptan in liver cirrhosis patients with hepatic edema: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Okita Kiwamu , Kawazoe Seiji , Hasebe Chitomi , Kajimura Kozo , Kaneko Akira , Okada Mitsuru , Sakaida Isao ,   ASCITES Dose‐Finding Trial Group
Published: March 2013

AimLiver cirrhosis represents the end stage of any chronic liver disease, and it is associated with hepatic edema such as ascites. Many patients with ascites do not respond to diuretic therapy or require administration of diuretics at high doses that can cause adverse events. This 7‐day, multicenter, double‐blind trial of tolvaptan was designed to determine the optimal dose of tolvaptan for producing the intended pharmacological effect in hepatic edema.MethodsLiver cirrhosis patients with inadequate diuretic response despite having received a conventional diuretic therapy were enrolled in the trial. Participants were stratified randomly to four groups receiving tolvaptan at 7.5, 15 or 30 mg/day, or placebo as an add‐on to conventional diuretics once daily for 7 days. Changes in bodyweight and abdominal circumference were analyzed. Serum sodium concentrations were measured. Safety assessment was performed.ResultsTolvaptan at 7.5–30 mg/day reduced bodyweight and abdominal circumference compared with placebo. Serum sodium concentrations remained within the normal range in all tolvaptan groups. Serious adverse events were not observed, and most common adverse event was thirst. Tolvaptan at 7.5 mg/day showed the maximum change in bodyweight and abdominal circumference together with preferable tolerability.ConclusionTolvaptan at 7.5 mg/day was considered the optimal dose in liver cirrhosis patients with hepatic edema who showed inadequate response to conventional diuretics.
Measuring labour absorption problems in developing countries: Limitations of the concept of unemployment
Authors: SYLLA Ndongo Samba 
Published: March 2013

Abstract.The “standard” unemployment rate is often criticized for omitting large numbers of people who are classified as employed or as not economically inactive, when in fact their situation amounts to unemployment. The author discusses the limitations of this standard definition for developing countries. After reviewing the methodological and statistical problems posed by the standard rate, he looks at the reality behind the words in contexts where the labour market is highly segmented. He shows that the standard unemployment rate underestimates excess labour supply and is a poor indicator of the Decent Work deficit, and considers its limitations in guiding economic policy.
Sex segregation in India's formal manufacturing sector
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY Molly , CHAKRABORTY Sonali , ANKER Richard 
Published: March 2013

Abstract.Using an index of dissimilarity based on data from the Annual Survey of Industries for 1989/90 and 2000/01, the authors find that sex segregation across India's so‐called factory sector decreased over this period. Most of the apparent improvement, however, was due to changes in the industrial structure of employment, not desegregation per se. The index is also sensitive to the number of industries in the underlying classifications. At the national and state levels, formal job opportunities for women are effectively very limited: they are highly concentrated in a small number of traditional “women's” manufacturing industries, such as food, tobacco, apparel, weaving and spinning.
Who will give effect to the ILO's Maritime Labour Convention, 2006?
Authors: PINIELLA Francisco , SILOS José María , BERNAL Francisca 
Published: March 2013

Abstract.The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, which takes effect on 20 August 2013, consolidates dozens of ILO standards adopted since the 1920s. It has been described as the “fourth pillar” of the international maritime regulatory regime, alongside three major IMO Conventions on safety at sea and marine pollution control. The challenge, the authors argue, will be to enforce it within the existing inspection frameworks of flag State implementation and “port State control”. Technically, the responsibility rests on the former, but the proliferation of flags of convenience suggests that the latter will have a crucial part to play too, as will, in either case, inspector training.
Prosecuting Pirates: The Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, Governance and International Law
Authors: Guilfoyle Douglas 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSince 2008 the response to Somali piracy has been highly decentralised. Criticisms have been made of the seemingly low rate of piracy prosecutions and centralised solutions, such as an international piracy court, proposed. This article explores the role of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia’s Working Group 2 (WG2) as a mechanism involved in coordinating piracy prosecutions. It reviews the applicable international law and available options. It suggests that WG2 has had a discernible influence in promoting the decentralised use of national courts over the creation of a stand‐alone international piracy court. It then reflects on WG2 as an example of a ‘new governance’ coordination mechanism.
Orchestrating the Response: Somali Piracy and Ontological Complexity
Authors: Bueger Christian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractContemporary piracy is a complex and intricate problem. This article discusses different sources of complexity of the problem and suggests paying attention to ontological complexity. To unravel ontological complexity one has to ask the very fundamental question: Why is piracy actually considered to be problematic? Addressing this question leads to a set of different paradigms of piracy which underpin counter‐piracy policy. Each of these paradigms works with different presumptions, foregrounds different dimensions and suggests other types of measures. Five paradigms of counter‐piracy are outlined: Firstly, a security paradigm, which stresses that piracy is a threat; secondly, a legal paradigm, within which piracy is a crime; thirdly, an economic paradigm within which piracy is a business model; fourthly, a development paradigm that interprets piracy as a problem of structural root causes; and fifthly a humanitarian paradigm in which piracy is the source of suffering for individuals. These paradigms produce a range of tensions between each other. The article concludes in stressing the importance of paying attention to this complexity to increase reflexivity in drafting counter‐piracy policies.Policy Implications

Contemporary piracy is not only one problem, but different ones. There are competing paradigms of piracy.

At least five paradigms of piracy exist: piracy as threat, as a crime, as a business model, as a problem of root causes, or as a humanitarian problem leads to contradicting policy objectives.

Paradigms produce tensions and contradictions which are not easily reconciled.

Complexity should not be reduced. Policy responses should be orchestrated, that is not streamlining according to a single logic, but playing with several logics, introducing breaks and silences as well using contradictions and tensions productively.