bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosa and oxidative damage in saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontal diseases
Authors: Zamora‐Perez A. L. , Ortiz‐García Y. M. , Lazalde‐Ramos B. P. , Guerrero‐Velázquez C. , Gómez‐Meda B. C. , Ramírez‐Aguilar M. Á. , Zúñiga‐González G. M. 
Published: March 2014

Background and ObjectivePeriodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection characterized by connective tissue breakdown and alveolar bone destruction because of inflammatory and immune response caused by periodontopathogens and long‐term release of reactive oxygen species. A high number of reactive oxygen species result in periodontal tissue damage through multiple mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation and DNA damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA and oxidative damage in subjects with chronic or aggressive periodontitis and healthy controls.Material and MethodsBuccal mucosa cells and whole saliva were collected from 160 subjects, who were divided into three groups: subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) (n = 58), subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) (n = 42) and a control group (n = 60). DNA damage was determined by counting micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in exfoliated cells, including binucleated cells, cells with nuclear buds and karyolitic, karyorrhectic, condensed chromatin and pyknotic cells. The degree of oxidative stress was determined by quantifying 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) in whole saliva.ResultsSubjects with CP or AgP presented significantly more ( p < 0.05) MN and NAs and higher levels of 8‐OHdG ( p < 0.05) compared with the control group.ConclusionOur results indicate that subjects with periodontitis (CP or AgP) exhibited an increase in the frequency of MN, NAs and 8‐OHdG, which is directly related to DNA damage. In addition, a positive correlation exists between oxidative stress produced by periodontitis disease and MN.
Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications
Authors: Reiter R. J. , Rosales‐Corral S. A. , Liu X. Y. , Acuna‐Castroviejo D. , Escames G. , Tan D.‐X. 
Published: March 2014

Background and ObjectivesThe purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the function of melatonin in the oral cavity.Material and MethodsDatabases were searched for the relevant published literature to 30 November, 2013. The following search items were used in various combinations: melatonin, gingiva, periodontium, inflammation, herpes, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, dental implants, xerostomia, methacrylate, chlorhexidine, cancer. The literature uncovered is summarized herein.ResultsSalivary melatonin levels exhibit a circadian rhythm with highest values at night. Melatonin has both receptor‐mediated and receptor‐independent actions in cells of the oral cavity. Melatonin is released into the saliva by the acinar cells of the major salivary glands and via the gingival fluid. Functions of melatonin in the oral cavity are likely to relate primarily to its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These actions may suppress inflammation of the gingiva and periodontium, reduce alveolar bone loss, abrogate herpes lesions, enhance osteointegration of dental implants, limit oral cancer, and suppress disorders that have a free radical component. Sublingual melatonin tablets or oral melatonin sprays and topical melatonin‐containing gel, if used on a regular basis, may improve overall oral health and reduce mucosal lesions.ConclusionCollectively, the results indicate that endogenously‐produced and exogenously‐applied melatonin are beneficial to the oral cavity.
Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and intramuscular administration in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kelly K. R. , Pypendop B. H. , Christe K. L. 
Published: March 2014

This study reports the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in conscious rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Four healthy, opioid‐naïve, socially housed, adult male macaques were used. Buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) was administered intravenously as a bolus or intramuscularly on separate occasions. Blood samples were collected prior to, and up to 24 h, postadministration. Serum buprenorphine concentrations were analyzed with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with commercially available software. Mean residence time in the i.v. study as compared to the i.m. study was 177 (159–189) vs. 185 (174–214) min, respectively [median (range)]. In the i.v. study, concentration back‐extrapolated to time zero was found to be 33.0 (16.8–57.0) ng/mL [median (range)]. On the other hand, the maximum serum concentration found in the i.m. study was 11.8 (6.30–14.8) ng/mL [median (range)]. Rhesus macaques maintained concentrations >0.10 ng/mL for over 24 h in the i.v. study and over 12 h in the i.m. study. Bioavailability was found to be 68.1 (59.3–71.2)% [median (range)]. No significant adverse effects were observed in the monkeys at the 0.03 mg/kg dose of buprenorphine during either study.
Reliability of causality assessment for drug, herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity in the Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN)
Authors: Hayashi Paul H. , Barnhart Huiman X. , Fontana Robert J. , Chalasani Naga , Davern Timothy J. , Talwalkar Jayant A. , Reddy K. Rajender , Stolz Andrew A. , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Rockey Don C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsBecause of the lack of objective tests to diagnose drug‐induced liver injury (DILI), causality assessment is a matter of debate. Expert opinion is often used in research and industry, but its test–retest reliability is unknown. To determine the test–retest reliability of the expert opinion process used by the Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN).MethodsThree DILIN hepatologists adjudicate suspected hepatotoxicity cases to one of five categories representing levels of likelihood of DILI. Adjudication is based on retrospective assessment of gathered case data that include prospective follow‐up information. One hundred randomly selected DILIN cases were re‐assessed using the same processes for initial assessment but by three different reviewers in 92% of cases.ResultsThe median time between assessments was 938 days (range 140–2352). Thirty‐one cases involved >1 agent. Weighted kappa statistics for overall case and individual agent category agreement were 0.60 (95% CI: 0.50–0.71) and 0.60 (0.52–0.68) respectively. Overall case adjudications were within one category of each other 93% of the time, while 5% differed by two categories and 2% differed by three categories. Fourteen per cent crossed the 50% threshold of likelihood owing to competing diagnoses or atypical timing between drug exposure and injury.ConclusionsThe DILIN expert opinion causality assessment method has moderate interobserver reliability but very good agreement within one category. A small but important proportion of cases could not be reliably diagnosed as ≥50% likely to be DILI.
Island bat diets: does it matter more who you are or where you live?
Authors: Sedlock Jodi L. , Krüger Frauke , Clare Elizabeth L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDifferences in body size, echolocation call frequency and location may result in diet partitioning among bat species. Comparisons between island populations are one way to evaluate these competing hypotheses. We conducted a species‐level diet analysis of three Rhinolophus and one Hipposideros species on the Philippine islands of Cebu, Bohol and Siquijor. We identified 655 prey (MOTUs) in the guano from 77 individual bats. There was a high degree of overlap among species' diets despite differences in body size and call frequency. For example, the diet of the 3 g‐Hipposideros pygmaeus (mean CF = 102 kHz) exhibited a diet overlap higher than expected by chance with all three Rhinolophus species, even the 13 g‐Rhinolophus inops (mean CF = 54 kHz). We observed more convergence in diet between Rhinolophus species and H. pygmaeus than between Rhinolophus species themselves, which may be explained by the broad diet of H. pygmaeus. There was less dietary overlap between Rhinolophus virgo from two islands than between R. virgo and congeners from Cebu. These data suggest that location causes convergence in diet, but specific species characteristics may drive niche specialization. The complex interplay between location and the perceptual ability of each species leads to a situation where simple explanations, for example body size, do not translate into predictable prey partitioning. In particular, our observations raise interesting questions about the foraging strategy and adaptability of the tiny H. pygmaeus.
Generation and Preliminary Characterization of Immortalized Cell Line Derived from Rat Lymphatic Capillaries
Authors: G. Romanova Liudmila , A. Hansen Eric , Lam Cornelius H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveIsolation of rodent endothelial cells from lymphatic capillaries with yields that allow extensive functional studies remains challenging due to low cell numbers, variable purity, and limited growth potential. The purpose of this study was the generation and preliminary characterization of rat lymphatic cell line with extended replicative capacity. This cell line is intended for in vitro studies of cellular transport in lymphatic endothelium and for in vivo experiments in rat animal models.MethodsWe created a novel rat lymphatic immortalized cell line, SV40‐LEC, using retroviral gene transfer of SV40 large T antigen. We confirmed expression of characteristic markers and then examined its growth and transport properties.ResultsSV40‐LECs demonstrated improved proliferative capacity, but retained morphological characteristics of lymphatic cells and expression of established lymphatic markers. The cells form capillary‐like network in vitro. SV40‐LEC monolayer has similar permeability to that of the primary initial lymphatics. Paracellular transport in SV40‐LECs is limited for substances >70 kDa. Barrier properties of the SV40‐LECs can be modulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and histamine, which are known to affect microvascular permeability.ConclusionThe SV40‐LECs provide an excellent tool for in vitro studies of properties of lymphatic endothelium, and may be suitable for in vivo transplantation studies.
A Hybrid Pareto Frontier Generation Method for Trade‐Off Analysis in Transportation Asset Management
Authors: Bai Qiang , Ahmed Anwaar , Li Zongzhi , Labi Samuel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTrade‐off analysis, one of the key elements of transportation asset management (TAM), helps decision makers to not only quantify how different resource allocations affect system performance but also investigate the trade‐off relationships between cost and performance measures and between different performance measures. In the fast‐growing field of TAM, researchers are beginning to quantify the trade‐offs among the performance measures. A successful quantification of these trade‐offs is important for the practice because the highway agency decision makers responsible for project selection have long been stymied by a lack of knowledge of the extent to which different decisions lead to different performance trade‐offs. In a follow‐up to recent research efforts that have sought to address this issue, this article presents a further improved methodology to facilitate the analysis of trade‐offs in TAM. First, a general multiobjective optimization framework for TAM is established. Next, the developed hybrid method is presented, which is then shown to quicken the generation of Pareto frontiers for the purpose of conducting trade‐off analysis. Using a case study, the proposed hybrid method, which was implemented on a computer to generate Pareto frontiers, ultimately converged faster and generated better‐distributed Pareto frontiers compared to the NSGA II method of Pareto frontier generation in the TAM context. Using the generated Pareto frontiers, trade‐off analysis between cost and performance measures and between performance measures are demonstrated in this article.
Protection and pathology during parasite infection: IL‐10 strikes the balance
Authors: Redpath S. A. , Fonseca N. M. , Perona‐Wright G. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune‐mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co‐evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL‐10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL‐10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
The AAT1 locus is critical for the biosynthesis of esters contributing to ‘ripe apple’ flavour in ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples
Authors: Souleyre Edwige J. F. , Chagné David , Chen Xiuyin , Tomes Sumathi , Turner Rebecca M. , Wang Mindy Y. , Maddumage Ratnasiri , Hunt Martin B. , Winz Robert A. , Wiedow Claudia , Hamiaux Cyril , Gardiner Susan E. , Rowan Daryl D. , Atkinson Ross G. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe ‘fruity’ attributes of ripe apples (Malus × domestica) arise from our perception of a combination of volatile ester compounds. Phenotypic variability in ester production was investigated using a segregating population from a ‘Royal Gala’ (RG; high ester production) × ‘Granny Smith’ (GS; low ester production) cross, as well as in transgenic RG plants in which expression of the alcohol acyl transferase 1 (AAT1) gene was reduced. In the RG × GS population, 46 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the production of esters and alcohols were identified on 15 linkage groups (LGs). The major QTL for 35 individual compounds was positioned on LG2 and co‐located with AAT1. Multiple AAT1 gene variants were identified in RG and GS, but only two (AAT1‐RGa and AAT1‐GSa) were functional. AAT1‐RGa and AAT1‐GSa were both highly expressed in the cortex and skin of ripe fruit, but AAT1 protein was observed mainly in the skin. Transgenic RG specifically reduced in AAT1 expression showed reduced levels of most key esters in ripe fruit. Differences in the ripe fruit aroma could be perceived by sensory analysis. The transgenic lines also showed altered ratios of biosynthetic precursor alcohols and aldehydes, and expression of a number of ester biosynthetic genes increased, presumably in response to the increased substrate pool. These results indicate that the AAT1 locus is critical for the biosynthesis of esters contributing to a ‘ripe apple’ flavour.
The CHH motif in sugar beet satellite DNA: a modulator for cytosine methylation
Authors: Zakrzewski Falk , Schubert Veit , Viehoever Prisca , Minoche André E. , Dohm Juliane C. , Himmelbauer Heinz , Weisshaar Bernd , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMethylation of DNA is important for the epigenetic silencing of repetitive DNA in plant genomes. Knowledge about the cytosine methylation status of satellite DNAs, a major class of repetitive DNA, is scarce. One reason for this is that arrays of tandemly arranged sequences are usually collapsed in next‐generation sequencing assemblies. We applied strategies to overcome this limitation and quantified the level of cytosine methylation and its pattern in three satellite families of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) which differ in their abundance, chromosomal localization and monomer size. We visualized methylation levels along pachytene chromosomes with respect to small satellite loci at maximum resolution using chromosome‐wide fluorescent in situ hybridization complemented with immunostaining and super‐resolution microscopy. Only reduced methylation of many satellite arrays was obtained. To investigate methylation at the nucleotide level we performed bisulfite sequencing of 1569 satellite sequences. We found that the level of methylation of cytosine strongly depends on the sequence context: cytosines in the CHH motif show lower methylation (44–52%), while CG and CHG motifs are more strongly methylated. This affects the overall methylation of satellite sequences because CHH occurs frequently while CG and CHG are rare or even absent in the satellite arrays investigated. Evidently, CHH is the major target for modulation of the cytosine methylation level of adjacent monomers within individual arrays and contributes to their epigenetic function. This strongly indicates that asymmetric cytosine methylation plays a role in the epigenetic modification of satellite repeats in plant genomes.
Do Performance Measures of Donors' Aid Allocation Underperform?
Authors: Clist Paul 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIndices of donor performance abound. Their recent popularity has occurred within the context of pessimism over aid's impact and optimism over the effect of changes in donor behaviour. Rankings of donor allocative performance aim to change donor behaviour, either through direct pressure on governments or indirectly through public engagement. The indices themselves rely on descriptive measures, and typically claim methodological superiority over positive alternatives due to their simplicity. However, there are two problems. First, measures do not seem robust to simple variations in methodology. Second, correlation amongst competing indices is low, leading to a host of contradictory judgements. This offers neither clear technical guidance nor consistent political pressure. The advantages and disadvantages of the approach are discussed, building upon the more general critique of aggregate indices. I suggest a graphical solution that embraces the advantages of the descriptive approach (including ease of public communication) while avoiding some of its major weaknesses (which typically stem from aggregation).
Aloe vera: an in vitro study of effects on corneal wound closure and collagenase activity
Authors: Curto Elizabeth M. , Labelle Amber , Chandler Heather L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the in vitro effects of an aloe vera solution on (i) the viability and wound healing response of corneal cells and (ii) the ability to alter collagenase and gelatinase activities.MethodsPrimary cultures of corneal epithelial cells and fibroblasts were prepared from grossly normal enucleated canine globes and treated with an aloe solution (doses ranging from 0.0–2 mg/mL). Cellular viability was evaluated using a colorimetric assay. A corneal wound healing model was used to quantify cellular ingrowth across a defect made on the confluent surface. Anticollagenase and antigelatinase activities were evaluated by incubating a bacterial collagenase/gelatinase with aloe solution (doses ranging from 0.0–500 μg/mL) and comparing outcome measures to a general metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1, 10‐phenanthroline, and canine serum (doses ranging from 0.0–100%).ResultsNone of the concentrations of aloe solution tested significantly affected the viability of corneal epithelial cells or fibroblasts. Concentrations ≤175 μg/mL slightly accelerated corneal epithelial cell wound closure; this change was not significant. Concentrations ≥175 μg/mL significantly (P ≤ 0.001) slowed the rate of corneal fibroblast wound closure, while aloe concentrations <175 μg/mL did not significantly alter fibroblast wound closure. Aloe solution did not alter the ability for collagenase to degrade gelatin or collagen Type I but increased the ability for collagenase to degrade Type IV collagen.ConclusionsAlthough additional experiments are required, lower concentrations of aloe solution may be beneficial in healing of superficial corneal wounds to help decrease fibrosis and speed epithelialization. An increase in collagenase activity with aloe vera warrants further testing before considering in vivo studies.
It's a gut feeling: How the gut microbiota affects the state of mind
Authors: Farmer Adam D. , Randall Holly A. , Aziz Qasim 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCommon human experience shows that stress and anxiety may modulate gut function. Such observations have been combined with an increasing evidence base that has culminated in the concept of the brain–gut axis. Nevertheless, it has not been until recently that the gut and its attendant components have been considered to influence higher cerebral function and behaviour per se. Moreover, the proposal that the gut and the bacteria contained therein (collectively referred to as the microbiota) can modulate mood and behaviours, has an increasing body of supporting evidence, albeit largely derived from animal studies. The gut microbiota is a dynamic and diverse ecosystem and forms a symbiotic relationship with the host. Herein we describe the components of the gut microbiota and mechanisms by which it can influence neural development, complex behaviours and nociception. Furthermore, we propose the novel concept of a ‘state of gut’ rather than a state of mind, particularly in relation to functional bowel disorders. Finally, we address the exciting possibility that the gut microbiota may offer a novel area of therapeutic intervention across a diverse array of both affective and gastrointestinal disorders.
Physiological underpinnings of irritable bowel syndrome: neurohormonal mechanisms
Authors: Camilleri Michael 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract is a vast neuroendocrine organ with extensive extrinsic and intrinsic neural circuits that interact to control its function. Circulating and paracrine hormones (amine and peptide) provide further control of secretory, absorptive, barrier, motor and sensory mechanisms that are essential to the digestion and assimilation of nutrients, and the transport and excretion of waste products. Specialized elements of the mucosa (including enteroendocrine cells, enterocytes and immune cells) and the microbiome interact with other intraluminal contents derived from the diet, and with endogenous chemicals that alter the gut's functions. The totality of these control mechanisms is often summarized as the brain–gut axis. In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is the most common gastrointestinal disorder, there may be disturbances at one or more of these diverse control mechanisms. Patients present with abdominal pain in association with altered bowel function. This review documents advances in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in the brain–gut axis in patients with IBS. It is anticipated that identification of one or more disordered functions in clinical practice will usher in a renaissance in the management of IBS, leading to effective therapy tailored to the needs of the individual patient.