bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Preparing Ni–P with Different Phases for Use as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials
Authors: Wang Dan , Kong Ling‐Bin , Liu Mao‐Cheng , Luo Yong‐Chun , Kang Long 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHerein, we describe a simple two‐step approach to prepare nickel phosphide with different phases, such as Ni2P and Ni5P4, to explain the influence of material microstructure and electrical conductivity on electrochemical performance. In this approach, we first prepared a Ni–P precursor through a ball milling process, then controlled the synthesis of either Ni2P or Ni5P4 by the annealing method. The as‐prepared Ni2P and Ni5P4 are investigated as supercapacitor electrode materials for potential energy storage applications. The Ni2P exhibits a high specific capacitance of 843.25 F g−1, whereas the specific capacitance of Ni5P4 is 801.5 F g−1. Ni2P possesses better cycle stability and rate capability than Ni5P4. In addition, the Fe2O3//Ni2P supercapacitor displays a high energy density of 35.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1 and long cycle stability with a specific capacitance retention rate of 96 % after 1000 cycles, whereas the Fe2O3//Ni5P4 supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 29.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1 and a specific capacitance retention rate of 86 % after 1000 cycles.
Cross‐linked Polymer‐Blend Gate Dielectrics through Thermal Click Chemistry
Authors: Li Shengxia , Tang Wei , Zhang Weimin , Guo Xiaojun , Zhang Qing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNew cross‐linking reagents were synthesized and mixed with polystyrene (PS) in solution to form a blend. Thin‐films were spin‐coated from the blend and then cross‐linked by thermal activation at relatively low temperature (100 °C) to form cross‐linked gate dielectrics. This new method is compatible with plastic substrates in flexible electronics. The azide and alkyne cross‐linking reagents are kinetically stable at room temperature, so any premature cross‐linking is avoided during processing. This method also significantly improved the dielectric performances of PS thin films. Solution‐processed top‐gate organic field‐effect transistor devices with indacenodithiophene–benzothiadiazole copolymer as semiconductor layer and the cross‐linked PS blend as dielectric layer showed improved performances with lower gate leakages and higher operation stabilities than devices with neat PS film as dielectric layer.
Conversion of waste‐soap and soap‐like materials into diesel and gasoline by catalytic pyrolysis using virgin soap as model
Authors: Hussain Zahid , Sulaiman Shaharin Anwar , Gul Humaira , Farooq Sana , Khan Khalid Mohammad , Gulab Hussain , Naz Muhammad Yasin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this work, soap was converted into a hydrocarbon‐rich product through catalytic pyrolysis using cement as a catalyst. The intention was to develop a new economical and effective method for preparing diesel and gasoline from soap waste in food processing. The optimum conditions for pyrolysis were investigated in a batch process under static conditions at different reactor temperatures, catalyst amounts, and reaction durations. The resulting oil product was analyzed using GC‐FID, GC‐MS, and FTIR. The best yield occurred at a reaction temperature of 400 °C for 60 min with 0.3 g/g (30 mass%) catalyst in soap waste, which resulted in 0.71 g/g (71 mass%) hydrocarbons with small fractions of pyran, ketone, and oxygenated compounds of mixed functional groups. The resulting liquid pyrolysate mainly consisted of diesel‐like oil with a small fraction of gasoline and some oils that had boiling‐point temperature ranges similar to kerosene.
Non‐Ideal Behaviour and Solution Interactions in Binary DMSO Solutions
Authors: Virk Amninder S. , Codling Dale J. , Stait‐Gardner Timothy , Price William S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe structure and dynamics of hydrogen‐bonded structures are of significant importance in understanding many binary mixtures. Since self‐diffusion is very sensitive to changes in the molecular weight and shape of the diffusing species, hydrogen‐bonded associated structures in dimethylsulfoxide–methanol (DMSO–MeOH) and DMSO–ethanol (DMSO–EtOH) mixtures are investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations over the entire composition range at 298 K. The self‐diffusion coefficients of DMSO–MeOH and DMSO–EtOH mixtures decrease by up to 15% and 10%, respectively, with DMSO concentration, indicating weaker association as compared to DMSO–water mixtures. The calculated heat of mixing and radial distribution functions reveal that the intermolecular structures of DMSO–MeOH and DMSO–EtOH mixtures do not change on mixing. DMSO–alcohol hydrogen‐bonded dimers are the dominant species in mixtures. Direct comparison of the simulated and experimental data afford greater insights into the structural properties of binary mixtures.
Predicting bird phenology from space: satellite‐derived vegetation green‐up signal uncovers spatial variation in phenological synchrony between birds and their environment
Authors: Cole Ella F. , Long Peter R. , Zelazowski Przemyslaw , Szulkin Marta , Sheldon Ben C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPopulation‐level studies of how tit species (Parus spp.) track the changing phenology of their caterpillar food source have provided a model system allowing inference into how populations can adjust to changing climates, but are often limited because they implicitly assume all individuals experience similar environments. Ecologists are increasingly using satellite‐derived data to quantify aspects of animals' environments, but so far studies examining phenology have generally done so at large spatial scales. Considering the scale at which individuals experience their environment is likely to be key if we are to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes acting on reproductive phenology within populations. Here, we use time series of satellite images, with a resolution of 240 m, to quantify spatial variation in vegetation green‐up for a 385‐ha mixed‐deciduous woodland. Using data spanning 13 years, we demonstrate that annual population‐level measures of the timing of peak abundance of winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata) and the timing of egg laying in great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) is related to satellite‐derived spring vegetation phenology. We go on to show that timing of local vegetation green‐up significantly explained individual differences in tit reproductive phenology within the population, and that the degree of synchrony between bird and vegetation phenology showed marked spatial variation across the woodland. Areas of high oak tree (Quercus robur) and hazel (Corylus avellana) density showed the strongest match between remote‐sensed vegetation phenology and reproductive phenology in both species. Marked within‐population variation in the extent to which phenology of different trophic levels match suggests that more attention should be given to small‐scale processes when exploring the causes and consequences of phenological matching. We discuss how use of remotely sensed data to study within‐population variation could broaden the scale and scope of studies exploring phenological synchrony between organisms and their environment.
An atypical reproductive cycle in a common viviparous Asia Agamid Phrynocephalus vlangalii
Authors: Wu Yayong , Fu Jinzhong , Yue Bisong , Qi Yin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractViviparous lizards living in cold climate of high altitude often exhibit atypical reproductive cycles, in which mating and fertilization occur synchronously and annually with parturition occurring at the end of the year. Nevertheless, detailed case studies on atypical reproductive cycles are few. Using anatomical data combined with behavioral observations, we examined the reproductive cycle of a common Asian agamid, Phrynocephalus vlangalii, from a high‐elevation area in Sichuan, China. Male spermiation of P. vlangalii occurred in May, and spermatogenesis began in June and reached a maximum in October. For females, ovulation and fertilization occurred in May, and females developed gestation and pregnancy in 3 months from June to August, without vitellogenesis during this period. Females gave birth synchronously in late August, then vitellogenesis began and lasted until May of the next year. All adult males and females were synchronized in the same reproductive condition each month. The synchronous and annual reproductive cycle of P. vlangalii clearly represents an atypical cycle. The male courtship and mating behaviors were concordant with gonadal cycle and mainly happened in May and June. Despite the short growth period for neonates, they had a high over‐winter survival rate of 84.4%, suggesting that autumn parturition did not generate high costs to this reproductive cycle. We propose that the high over‐winter survival rate of neonates is likely linked with female delayed sexual maturity, female asynchronous vitellogenesis and gestation, large relative clutch mass (RCM), and adult‐offspring burrow sharing behavior during hibernation.
Development of Control Method for Outer‐Rotor Spherical Actuator
Authors: TSUKANO MASAHITO , HIRATA KATSUHIRO , MAEDA SHUHEI , NIGUCHI NOBORU 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYConventional multi‐degree‐of‐freedom drive systems need many single‐degree‐of‐freedom actuators, but this makes the structure larger and heavier. The development of a spherical actuator should reduce the number of actuators, but the low torque and narrow rotation range are still problems. We developed a 2‐degree‐of‐freedom spherical actuator with an outer rotor that can produce a higher torque and wider rotation angle. In this paper, we propose a control method; we confirmed its usefulness by performing dynamic analysis using the three‐dimensional finite element method and by taking measurements with a prototype.
Design and Efficiency Evaluation of a High‐Efficiency Induction Motor for Railway Traction
Authors: KONDO MINORU , MIYABE MINORU , EBIZUKA RYUJI , HANAOKA KOJI 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYIn commuter trains, a large portion of the energy consumption is a result of losses from traction motors. Therefore, highly efficient traction motors would be very effective for saving energy. We developed an induction motor with a high efficiency of 95.5%. This paper presents the design and an efficiency evaluation of a prototype machine.
Structural and nonstructural performance of a seismically isolated building using stable unbonded fiber‐reinforced elastomeric isolators
Authors: Van Engelen Niel C. , Konstantinidis Dimitrios , Tait Michael J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryStable unbonded fiber‐reinforced elastomeric isolators (SU‐FREIs) exhibit a characteristic horizontal softening and stiffening response, similar to other adaptive devices such as the triple friction pendulum and sliding systems with variable curvature. The transition between the softening and stiffening occurs at a displacement corresponding to a unique deformation known as full rollover. In this paper, the full rollover displacement of SU‐FREIs is altered by using modified support geometry (MSG), a geometric modification of the upper and lower supports applied to tailor the hysteresis loops of the isolator. Experimental results are used to calibrate a numerical model of a base‐isolated structure. The model demonstrates that the stiffening regime provides minimal restraint against displacements during events that meet or exceed the maximum considered earthquake. A parametric study revealed that the level of stiffening required to restrain displacements during large events is significant. This increase in stiffness is reflected in an increase in the response of the structure and light nonstructural components. Full rollover and MSG is considered advantageous to maintain horizontal stability and provide control over the stiffening of SU‐FREIs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of grid precipitation data for Brazil: application in river discharge modelling of the Tocantins catchment
Authors: Monteiro José A. F. , Strauch Michael , Srinivasan Raghavan , Abbaspour Karim , Gücker Björn 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHere, we compared grid precipitation data — Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA‐Interim (WFDEI) data — with Brazilian Weather Bureau (INMET) and Brazilian Water Agency (ANA) rain gauge data (n = 2027) for the period 1980–2010 in order to evaluate which grid data set better represents precipitation, and is thus more suitable for hydrological modelling of Brazilian water resources. We found that WFDEI outperformed CFSR according to three statistical indicators. We then applied and interpolated a simple bias correction to further improve WFDEI data before we used these data to model river discharge of the Tocantins catchment with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Calibration (validation in parentheses; weighted averages of all gauges) had satisfactory statistical metrics: p‐factor = 0.52 (0.47); r‐factor = 0.84 (0.99); R2 = 0.78 (0.71); bR2 = 0.68 (0.47); NS = 0.70 (0.66); Pbias = −4.5 (4.0). Finally, the calibrated SWAT model was used to assess the spatial distribution of the catchment's water resources. Annual green water flow (evapotranspiration) increased from the south‐east (640–840 mm yr−1) to north‐west (1140–1440 mm) of the Tocantins catchment, while green water storage (soil water content) increased from south (330–1070 mm) to north (2180–3290 mm). Blue water (water yield) had a less clear pattern, with lower values in the south and the central borders of the catchment (20–560 mm) and higher values along the central axis and the north (920–1460 mm). Our analysis suggested that WFDEI was an accurate representation of Brazilian precipitation. For large catchments, we therefore recommend the use of WFDEI instead of sparse and often missing rain gauge data in modelling Brazilian water resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo evaluation of injectable calcium phosphate cement composed of Zn‐ and Si‐incorporated β‐tricalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate for a critical sized defect of the rabbit femoral condyle
Authors: Paul Kallyanashis , Lee Byung Yeol , Abueva Celine , Kim Boram , Choi Hwan Jun , Bae Sang Ho , Lee Byong Taek 
Published: October 2015

AbstractZinc (Zn) enhances bone formation with mineralization and is an essential element of osteoblastic proliferation. Silicon (Si) is important in apatite formation coupled with the promotion of osteogenesis. The primary focus of this work was the assessment of the bone healing capacity of calcium phosphate cements (CPC) composed of Zn‐ and Si‐incorporated β‐tri calcium phosphate (TCP) and mono calcium phosphate mono hydrate (MCPM). Zn‐ and Si‐incorporated β‐TCP was synthesized through a sol gel process with varying amounts of Zn: (3, 6, or 9% w/w) and 15% w/w Si. Fabricated CPC samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, setting time, injectability, compressive strength and initial pH change with time. Compositional analysis and the effects of Zn and Si on cellular interaction were evaluated by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, viability determination and F‐actin assay. The data were used to optimize the CPC formulation. The efficacy of bone healing was investigated via implantation into critical sized rabbit femoral condyle defects for 4 and 8 weeks. CPC cement with 6% (w/w) Zn content was the best candidate for faster bone healing (bone to tibial volume ratio in 8 weeks: 22.78% ± 0.02). Significantly faster degradation was also revealed. Bone healing was significantly delayed when CPC cement with 9% (w/w) Zn was used. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 260–271, 2017.
Biological and mechanical characterization of chitosan‐alginate scaffolds for growth factor delivery and chondrogenesis
Authors: Reed Stephanie , Wu Benjamin M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractChitosan‐alginate (Ch‐Al) natural polysaccharide blends have been used for wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery due to their ability to form pH‐dependent ionic chain‐chain interactions. Yet, the biomechanical properties and growth factor (GF) release kinetics of Ch‐Al, which are important in controlling the microenvironment during tissue regeneration, have not been fully explored. This study examines the compressive elastic modulus of many Ch‐Al scaffold formulations and crosslinking conditions, and also the strain recovery after compressive deformation of Ch‐Al scaffolds, both of which make Ch‐Al an attractive composite for reproducing articular cartilage's resistance to and resiliency under compression. Cell viability, proliferation, and in vitro cartilaginous matrix production (collagen type II, glycosaminoglycans, aggrecan) without supplemental GFs are also investigated, demonstrating the polymer blend's inherent chondrogenic properties. Additionally, this study explores the ability of Ch‐Al chain functional groups to control and extend GF delivery and minimize GF burst release, using model proteins BSA and histone at high loading dose and chondrogenic protein TGF‐β1 at low loading dose in complete media. Expedited cartilaginous matrix synthesis on Ch‐Al with low dose TGF‐β1 release is evaluated, with Ch‐Al supporting homogeneous matrix deposition and lacunae formation as early as 3 weeks due to Ch‐Al's maintenance of GF bioactivity and sustained GF delivery. These results illustrate the potential to focus the formulational range of Ch‐Al to provide enhanced mechanical performance and controlled, bioactive GF release to cooperatively promote cartilage regeneration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 272–282, 2017.
The long‐term risk of upper‐extremity lymphedema is two‐fold higher in breast cancer patients than in melanoma patients
Authors: Voss Rachel K. , Cromwell Kate D. , Chiang Yi‐Ju , Armer Jane M. , Ross Merrick I. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Stewart Bob R. , Shaitelman Simona F. , Cormier Janice N. 
Published: October 2015

Background and ObjectivesWe assessed the cumulative incidence, symptoms, and risk factors for upper‐extremity lymphedema in breast cancer and melanoma patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection.MethodsPatients were recruited preoperatively (time 0) and assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Limb volume change (LVC) was measured by perometry. Lymphedema was categorized as none, mild (LVC 5–9.9%), or moderate/severe (LVC≥10%). Symptoms were assessed with a validated lymphedema instrument. Longitudinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with moderate/severe lymphedema.ResultsAmong 205 breast cancer and 144 melanoma patients, the cumulative incidence of moderate/severe lymphedema at 18 months was 36.5% and 35.0%, respectively. However, in adjusted analyses, factors associated with moderate/severe lymphedema were breast cancer (OR 2.0, P = 0.03), body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (OR 1.6, P = 0.04), greater number of lymph nodes removed (OR 1.05, P < 0.01), and longer interval since surgery (OR 2.33 at 18 months, P < 0.01).ConclusionsLymphedema incidence increased over time in both cohorts. However, the adjusted risk of moderate/severe lymphedema was two‐fold higher in breast cancer patients. These results may be attributed to surgical treatment of the primary tumor in the breast and more frequent use of radiation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:834–840. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fractionation of Poly(butyl methacrylate) by Molecular Topology Using Multidetector Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation
Authors: Greyling Guilaume , Pasch Harald 
Published: October 2015

Thermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF) is an interesting alternative to column‐based fractionation being able to address different molecular parameters including size and composition. Until today it has not been shown to be able to fractionate polymers of similar molar masses and chemical compositions by molecular topology. The present study demonstrates that poly(butyl methacrylates) with identical molar masses can be fractionated by ThFFF according to the topology of the butyl group. The influence of the solvent polarity on the thermal diffusion behavior of these polymers is presented and it is shown to have a significant influence on the fractionation of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) and poly(t‐butyl methacrylate). Fractionation improves with increasing solvent polarity and solvent polarity may have a greater influence on fractionation than solvent viscosity. It is found that the thermal diffusion coefficient, DT, as well as the hydrodynamic diameter, Dh, exhibit increasing trends with increasing solvent polarity. The solvent quality has a significant influence on the fractionation. It is found that cyclohexane, being a theta solvent for poly(t‐butyl methacrylate) but not for poly(n‐butyl methacrylate), significantly improves the fractionation of the samples by decreasing the diffusion rate of the former but not the latter.
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Dielectric waveguides for ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bluemink Johanna J. , Raaijmakers Alexander J. E. , Koning Wouter , Andreychenko Anna , Rivera Debra S. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W. J. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. 
Published: October 2015

PurposeThe design of RF coils for MRI transmit becomes increasingly challenging at high frequencies required for MRI at 7T and above. Our goal is to show a proof of principle of a new type of transmit coil for higher field strengths.MethodWe demonstrate an alternative transmit coil design based on dielectric waveguide principles which transfers energy via evanescent wave coupling. The operating principles and conditions are explored by simulations. The waveguide is applied for in vivo imaging at 7T.ResultsThe waveguide can be an efficient transmit coil when four conditions are fulfilled: (1) the waveguide should be operated just above the cutoff frequency of the lowest order transverse electric mode, (2) the waveguide should not operate at a frequency where the wavelength fits an integer number of times in the waveguide length and standing wave patterns become very prominent, (3) for homogeneous excitation, the waveguide should be bent around the object, and (4) there should be an air gap between the waveguide and the object.ConclusionsBy choosing the dielectric and the dimensions adequately, the dielectric waveguide couples the magnetic field efficiently into the body. The waveguide can be redesigned for higher frequencies by simple adaptations and may be a promising transmit alternative. Magn Reson Med 76:1314–1324, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrasound findings of carpal tunnel syndrome in a hunter syndrome patient
Authors: Alkhachroum Ayham M. , Preston David C. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II) is a rare genetic disorder. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common finding in these patients. Methods: We report the ultrasound findings in a 40‐year‐old Hunter syndrome patient with severe CTS. Results: Marked abnormalities of the median nerve were present proximal to the carpal tunnel with an unusual area of increased echogenicity between enlarged fascicles separating the area of maximal enlargement and the normal median nerve proximally. Conclusions: This case demonstrated unique ultrasound findings in a Hunter syndrome with CTS. Ultrasound also localized the median nerve lesion in the setting of end‐stage median neuropathy and nonlocalizing electrophysiology. Muscle Nerve 53: 147–150, 2016