bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Composite Particle Representation Theory: (I) The Composite Particle Representation Transformation
Authors: Wu Cheng-li , Hsuan Fang Da 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A generalization of the quantum mechanical representation transformation is presented, in this paper. It is shown that, as an important example, the Boson-expansion method, commonly employed in nuclear physics, corresponds to such a generalized transformation. Using this generalization, we were able to construct a special representation called the “Composite Particle Representation”. In the composite, particle representation, the composite particle degrees of freedom are included, as well as the original particle degrees of freedom. The former is introduced in order that the motion of certain particle clusters can be described as separate entities in a many-body system. This representation is shown to be exactly equivalent to the usual quantum mechanical representation which includes only the original particle degrees of freedom. Many applications of this theory are expected, in particular in the study of hadrons from the quark point of view and the Interacting Boson Model in nuclei.
Scale Invariance and Minimum Extension of the SU(2) × U(1) Model
Authors: Xin M.d. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this note, we discuss a minimum extension of the SU(2) × U(1) model to include both gauge invariance and scale invariance by introducing a complex phase transformation and related complex gauge field, in which the imaginary part corresponds to the Weyl’s vector field.
Balance Equations for Quantum Tunneling1
Authors: Cai J. , Lei X.l. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We have established a set of balance equations to demonstrate the hot electron effect in the quantum tunneling processes by using the well-known effective tunneling Hamiltonian model. The high field effects both in reservoirs and in barrier region are discussed in detail. We also find a new field-dependent characteristic time due to nonequilibrium of reservoirs (the left- and right-sides of the barrier region) in the double-barrier structure.
A Field Theory Model for Closed Bosonic Strings
Authors: wei Chen , Han-ying Guo , Hong-liang Hu , Ke Wu , Yue Yu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Based on the BRST approach to the first quantization of closed bosonic strings, we propose a gauge covariant field theory model for both free and interacting closed bosonic strings. The action is of the Chern–Simons type and coincides with the cohomology of the BRST operators.
Tracing the Origins of Success: Implications for Successful Aging
Authors: Peterson Nora M. , Martin Peter 
Published: July 2014

Purpose of the Study:This paper addresses the debate about the use of the term “successful aging” from a humanistic, rather than behavioral, perspective. It attempts to uncover what success, a term frequently associated with aging, is: how can it be defined and when did it first come into use? In this paper, we draw from a number of humanistic perspectives, including the historical and linguistic, in order to explore the evolution of the term “success.” We believe that words and concepts have deep implications for how concepts (such as aging) are culturally and historically perceived.Design and Methods:We take a comparative approach, turning to the etymological roots of this term in British, French, and German literature. According to the earliest entries of the term in the Oxford English Dictionary, events can have good or bad success. Another definition marks success as outcome oriented.Results:Often used in the context of war, religion, and medicine, the neutral, but often negative, use of “success” in literature of the Renaissance demonstrates the tensions that surround the word, and suggests that success is something to be approached carefully.Implications:Ignoring the ambiguous origins of success erases the fact that aging in earlier centuries echoes much of the same ambivalence with which many people discuss it today. Attending to the origins of success can help gerontologists understand the humanistic tradition behind their inquiry into what successful aging means today.
Convergent Evolution During Local Adaptation to Patchy Landscapes
Authors: Ralph Peter L. , Coop Graham 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSpecies often encounter, and adapt to, many patches of locally similar environmental conditions across their range. Such adaptation can occur through convergent evolution if different alleles arise and spread in different patches, or through the spread of shared alleles by migration acting to synchronize adaptation across the species. The tension between the two reflects the degree of constraint imposed on evolution by the underlying genetic architecture versus how effectively selection and geographic isolation act to inhibit the geographic spread of locally adapted alleles. This paper studies a model of the balance between these two routes to adaptation in continuous environments with patchy selection pressures. We address the following questions: How long does it take for a novel, locally adapted allele to appear in a patch of habitat where it is favored through mutation? Or, through migration from another, already adapted patch? Which is more likely to occur, as a function of distance between the patches? How can we tell which has occurred, i.e., what population genetic signal is left by the spread of migrant alleles? To answer these questions we examine the family structure underlying migration–selection equilibrium surrounding an already adapted patch, in particular treating those rare families that reach new patches as spatial branching processes. This provides a way to understand the role of geographic separation between patches in promoting convergent adaptation and the genomic signals it leaves behind. We illustrate these ideas using the convergent evolution of cryptic coloration in the rock pocket mouse,Chaetodipus intermedius, as an empirical example.Author SummaryOften, a large species range will include patches where the species differs because it has adapted to locally differing conditions. For instance, rock pocket mice are often found with a coat color that matches the rocks they live in, these color differences are controlled genetically, and mice that don’t match the local rock color are more likely to be eaten by predators. Sometimes, similar genetic changes have occurred independently in different patches, suggesting that there were few accessible ways to evolve the locally adaptive form. However, the genetic basis could also be shared if migrants carry the locally beneficial genotypes between nearby patches, despite being at a disadvantage between the patches. We use a mathematical model of random migration to determine how quickly adaptation is expected to occur through new mutation and through migration from other patches, and study in more detail what we would expect successful migrations between patches to look like. The results are useful for determining whether similar adaptations in different locations are likely to have the same genetic basis or not, and more generally in understanding how species adapt to patchy, heterogeneous landscapes.
Organisational development, appreciative inquiry and the development of Psychologically Informed Environments (PIEs). Part I: a positive psychology approach
Authors: Quinney Suzanne , Richardson Leo 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– Appreciative Inquiry (AI) has its roots in the world of Organisational Development (OD), however, as a strength-based approach which is intrinsically creative and generative, it has been found to work well in many other fields. The purpose of this paper, Part 1 of 2, is to provide an introduction to AI and suggests its potential in homeless work. Part 2 reports a pilot study of implementation and evaluation.Design/methodology/approach– This is a conceptual paper suggesting a new approach to the development of a Psychologically Informed Environment (PIE). The background of the approach (AI) is given, the pilot project described, and the way it contributes to a PIE is discussed. The beneficial and practical link with Positive Psychology is also explored. Part 2 will describe the outcomes of the implementation of AI in pilot at a homelessness hostel in Westminster.Findings– AI has its roots in the world of OD, however, it has been found to work well in many other fields. The paper highlights some of the aspects of AI and Positive Psychology which could be meaningful to hostel residents, and give it robustness and psychological sophistication when used by staff and residents. The paper also considers the benefits of using AI with staff as a tool for organisational learning, there by making it an ideal approach for hostels which want to become a PIE.Originality/value– AI is well-established as an OD process and less well known as a personal development approach and has not previously been articulated as a tool for working with hostel residents or for developing PIEs. The openness of PIEs to alternative psychological approaches is indicated. AI is a strength-based approach, and a well-structured alternative to some of the problem-based psychological approaches that have been used. In addition, AI supports defining features of a PIE such as reflective awareness.
A tale of two images: the quest to create a story-based image indexing system
Authors: Rafferty Pauline , Albinfalah Fawaz 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this conceptual paper is to consider the possibility of designing a story-based image indexing system based on users’ descriptions of images. It reports a pilot study which uses users’ descriptions of two images.

Design/methodology/approach
– Eight interviews were undertaken to investigate storytelling in user interpretations of the images. Following this, storytelling was explored as an indexing input method. In all, 26 research subjects were asked to create stories about the images, which were then considered in relation to conventional story elements and in relation to Hidderley and Rafferty's (2005) image modality model.

Findings
– The results of the semi-structured interviews revealed that the majority of interpretations incorporated story elements related to setting, character, plot, literary devices, and themes. The 52 image stories included story elements identified in the first part of the project, and suggested that the image modality model is robust enough to deal with the “writerly” images used in this study. In addition, using storytelling as an input method encourages the use of verbs and connotative level responses.

Originality/value
– User indexing is generally based on paradigmatic approaches to concept analysis and interpretation in the form of tagging; the novelty of the current study is its exploration of syntagmatic approaches to user indexing in the form of storytelling. It is a pilot, proof of concept study, but it is hoped that it might stimulate further interest in syntagmatic approaches to user indexing.
A case study for understanding the nature of redundant entities in bibliographic digital libraries
Authors: On Byung-Won , Sang Choi Gyu , Jung Soo-Mok 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to collect and understand the nature of real cases of author name variants that have often appeared in bibliographic digital libraries (DLs) as a case study of the name authority control problem in DLs.

Design/methodology/approach
– To find a sample of name variants across DLs (e.g. DBLP and ACM) and in a single DL (e.g. ACM), the approach is based on two bipartite matching algorithms: Maximum Weighted Bipartite Matching and Maximum Cardinality Bipartite Matching.

Findings
– First, the authors validated the effectiveness and efficiency of the bipartite matching algorithms. The authors also studied the nature of real cases of author name variants that had been found across DLs (e.g. ACM, CiteSeer and DBLP) and in a single DL.

Originality/value
– To the best of the authors knowledge, there is less research effort to understand the nature of author name variants shown in DLs. A thorough analysis can help focus research effort on real problems that arise when the authors perform duplicate detection methods.
Ethnic Variations in Cervical Cytokine Concentrations and Vaginal Flora During Pregnancy
Authors: Dutt Riana , Raker Christina , Anderson Brenna L. 
Published: July 2014

ProblemPregnancy‐mediated changes in immunity may influence risk of HIV‐1 acquisition. This risk appears greatest among non‐Caucasian women.Method of studyPregnant women with low risk of immune disruption were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort. Study visits occurred each trimester and postpartum. Semi‐quantitative vaginal cultures and concentrations of cervical cytokines were compared between Caucasian and non‐Caucasian women.ResultsIn the second trimester, non‐Caucasian women were more likely to be colonized with Gardnerella vaginalis (62% versus 25%, P = 0.02) and non‐pigmented anaerobic gram‐negative rods (43% versus 8%, P = 0.01). Mycoplasma hominis was more frequently isolated in non‐Caucasian women throughout the second (29% versus 4%, P = 0.03) and third trimesters (35% versus 6%, P = 0.04). Non‐Caucasian women had higher median interleukin (IL)‐10 concentrations throughout the second (128 pg/mL versus 7 pg/mL, P = 0.05) and third trimesters (224 pg/mL versus 7 pg/mL, P = 0.05).ConclusionNon‐Caucasian women experienced a greater diversity of microorganisms and increased IL‐10 in the second and third trimesters.
Celastrol protects ischaemic myocardium through a heat shock response with up‐regulation of haeme oxygenase‐1
Authors: Der Sarkissian S , Cailhier J‐F , Borie M , Stevens L‐M , Gaboury L , Mansour S , Hamet P , Noiseux N 
Published: July 2014

Background and PurposeCelastrol, a triterpene from plants, has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat various diseases. Here, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of celastrol against ischaemia.Experimental ApproachProtective pathways induced by celastrol were investigated in hypoxic cultures of H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts and in a rat model of myocardial infarction, assessed with echocardiographic and histological analysis.Key ResultsIn H9c2 cells, celastrol triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation within minutes, induced nuclear translocation of the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) resulting in a heat shock response (HSR) leading to increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). ROS scavenger N‐acetylcysteine reduced expression of HSP70 and HSP32 (haeme oxygenase‐1, HO‐1). Celastrol improved H9c2 survival under hypoxic stress, and functional analysis revealed HSF1 and HO‐1 as key effectors of the HSR, induced by celastrol, in promoting cytoprotection. In the rat ischaemic myocardium, celastrol treatment improved cardiac function and reduced adverse left ventricular remodelling at 14 days. Celastrol triggered expression of cardioprotective HO‐1 and inhibited fibrosis and infarct size. In the peri‐infarct area, celastrol reduced myofibroblast and macrophage infiltration, while attenuating up‐regulation of TGF‐β and collagen genes.Conclusions and ImplicationsCelastrol treatment induced an HSR through activation of HSF1 with up‐regulation of HO‐1 as the key effector, promoting cardiomyocyte survival, reduction of injury and adverse remodelling with preservation of cardiac function. Celastrol may represent a novel potent pharmacological cardioprotective agent mimicking ischaemic conditioning that could have a valuable impact in the treatment of myocardial infarction.
Endocannabinoid modulation by FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase within the analgesic circuitry of the periaqueductal grey
Authors: Lau Benjamin K , Drew Geoffrey M , Mitchell Vanessa A , Vaughan Christopher W 
Published: July 2014

Background and PurposeEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) play a vital role in mediating stress‐induced analgesia. This analgesic effect of endocannabinoids is enhanced by pharmacological inhibition of their degradative enzymes. However, the specific effects of endocannabinoids and the inhibitors of their degradation are largely unknown within this pain‐modulating region.Experimental ApproachIn vitro electrophysiological recordings were conducted from PAG neurons in rat midbrain slices. The effects of the major endocannabinoids and their degradation inhibitors on inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission were examined.Key ResultsExogenous application of the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), but not 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), produced a reduction in inhibitory GABAergic transmission in PAG neurons. This AEA‐induced suppression of inhibition was enhanced by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, whereas a 2‐AG‐induced suppression of inhibition was unmasked by the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) inhibitor, JZL184. In addition, application of the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251, facilitated the basal GABAergic transmission in the presence of URB597 and JZL184, which was further enhanced by the dual FAAH/MGL inhibitor, JZL195.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur results indicate that AEA and 2‐AG act via disinhibition within the PAG, a cellular action consistent with analgesia. These actions of AEA and 2‐AG are tightly regulated by their respective degradative enzymes, FAAH and MGL. Furthermore, individual or combined inhibition of FAAH and/or MGL enhanced tonic disinhibition within the PAG. Therefore, the current findings support the therapeutic potential of FAAH and MGL inhibitors as a novel pharmacotherapy for pain.
Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity
Authors: Dias Murilo S. , Oberdorff Thierry , Hugueny Bernard , Leprieur Fabien , Jézéquel Céline , Cornu Jean‐François , Brosse Sébastien , Grenouillet Gael , Tedesco Pablo A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe relative importance of contemporary and historical processes is central for understanding biodiversity patterns. While several studies show that past conditions can partly explain the current biodiversity patterns, the role of history remains elusive. We reconstructed palaeo‐drainage basins under lower sea level conditions (Last Glacial Maximum) to test whether the historical connectivity between basins left an imprint on the global patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity. After controlling for contemporary and past environmental conditions, we found that palaeo‐connected basins displayed greater species richness but lower levels of endemism and beta diversity than did palaeo‐disconnected basins. Palaeo‐connected basins exhibited shallower distance decay of compositional similarity, suggesting that palaeo‐river connections favoured the exchange of fish species. Finally, we found that a longer period of palaeo‐connection resulted in lower levels of beta diversity. These findings reveal the first unambiguous results of the role played by history in explaining the global contemporary patterns of biodiversity.
Epigenetic control of skin and hair regeneration after wounding
Authors: Plikus Maksim V. , Guerrero‐Juarez Christian Fernando , Treffeisen Elsa , Gay Denise L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSkin wound healing is a complex regenerative phenomenon that can result in hair follicle neogenesis. Skin regeneration requires significant contribution from the immune system and involves substantial remodelling of both epidermal and dermal compartments. In this viewpoint, we consider epigenetic regulation of reepithelialization, dermal restructuring and hair neogenesis. Because little is known about the epigenetic control of these events, we have drawn upon recent epigenetic mapping and functional studies of homeostatic skin maintenance, epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer, and new works on regenerative dermal cell lineages and the epigenetic events that may shape their conversion into myofibroblasts. Finally, we speculate on how these various healing components might converge for wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis.
Microwave, Spark Plasma and Conventional Sintering to Obtain Controlled Thermal Expansion β‐Eucryptite Materials
Authors: Benavente Rut , Salvador María D. , García‐Moreno Olga , Peñaranda‐Foix Felipe L. , Catalá‐Civera Jose M. , Borrell Amparo 
Published: July 2014

Lithium aluminosilicate was fabricated by conventional and nonconventional sintering: microwave and spark plasma sintering, from 1200 to 1300°C. A considerable difference in densification, microstructure, coefficient of thermal expansion behavior and hardness and Young's modulus was observed. Microwave technology made possible to obtain fully dense glass‐free lithium aluminosilicate bulk material (>99%) with near‐zero and controlled coefficient of thermal expansion and relatively high mechanical properties (7.1 GPa of hardness and 110 GPa of Young's modulus) compared with the other two processes. It is believed that the heating mode and effective particle packing by microwave sintering are responsible to improve these properties.
Polyandrous females found fitter populations
Authors: Power D. J. , Holman L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMultiple mating by females (polyandry) requires an evolutionary explanation, because it carries fitness costs in many species. When mated females disperse alone to a new habitat, their offspring may have no option but to mate with their siblings and incur inbreeding depression. However, some of the offspring of polyandrous females may only be half siblings, reducing inbreeding depression when isolated groups of siblings only have each other as mates. We investigated this putative benefit of polyandry over monandry by initiating multiple genetically isolated populations of Callosobruchus maculatus beetles, each founded by a single female, who received a complete ejaculate from either one or two males. The early generations had comparable fitness, but the F4 and F5 descendants of doubly inseminated females were more numerous and had higher egg‐to‐adult survival than the descendants of singly inseminated females. This fitness benefit was of similar magnitude whether beetles were reared on their standard food plant, or on a less favourable food source. Our results suggest that polyandrous females produce fitter descendants in inbred founder populations and therefore that polyandry may affect movement ecology and invasion biology.
Effect of tongue position on masseter and temporalis electromyographic activity during swallowing and maximal voluntary clenching: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Valdés C. , Astaburuaga F. , Falace D. , Ramirez V. , Manns A. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to measure and compare the tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity of the temporalis and masseter muscles following placement of the tongue either on the palate or in the floor of the mouth during swallowing and maximal voluntary clenching (MVC). Thirty healthy dental students with natural dentition and bilateral molar support, between the ages of 18 and 22, with no prior history of oro‐facial injury, or current or past pain in the jaw, mouth or tongue participated in the study. Tonic masseter and temporalis EMG activities were recorded using surface electrodes. Subjects were instructed to passively place the tongue either on the anterior hard palate or in the floor of the mouth during swallowing and MVC. At each tongue position, the resulting EMG was recorded. During swallowing, no significant difference in EMG activity was found either for the masseter (P‐value = 0·1592) or the temporalis (P‐value = 0·0546) muscles, regardless of the tongue position. During MVC, there was a statistically significant difference for both the masseter (P‐value = 0·0016) and the temporalis (P‐value = 0·0277) muscles with lower levels recorded with the tongue in the floor of the mouth. This study found that in normal, pain‐free subjects, placing the tongue in the floor of the mouth significantly reduces masticatory muscle activity during MVC. Thus, it may be considered as a possible therapeutic option to decrease masticatory muscle activity; however, further research is needed in patients with oro‐facial pain.