bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation based on weighted channel variance for HTRCI‐MIMO/OFDM with QRM‐MLD and channel ranking under fast fading Channel
Authors: Ida Yuta , Yofune Masanori , Ahn Chang‐Jun , Matsumoto Takahiro , Matsufuji Shinya 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo achieve more high‐speed communication systems, multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO/OFDM) is adopted in several standardisations. On the other hand, the conventional MIMO/OFDM requires many pilot signals to estimate the channel state information (CSI). To achieve an accurate CSI with the small number of pilot signals, high time resolution carrier interferometry (HTRCI) for MIMO/OFDM has been proposed. Moreover, QR decomposition with M‐algorithm maximum likelihood detection (QRM‐MLD) and channel ranking has been proposed to achieve both the reducing complexity and the improving system performance. However, the conventional HTRCI‐MIMO/OFDM with the QRM‐MLD and channel ranking did not consider the problem of the fast fading channel. In the fast fading environment, many errors are caused in the last part of the packet. To overcome this problem, the decision‐direct method has been proposed. However, it requires large complexity because of the iterative processing. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the non‐linear prediction method for an HTRCI‐MIMO/OFDM with the QRM‐MLD and channel ranking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Value of Region of Origin, Producer and Protected Designation of Origin Label for Visitors and Locals: The Case of Fontina Cheese in Italy
Authors: Marcoz Elena Maria , Melewar T.C. , Dennis Charles 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurpose: Food and tourism have a very close relation and food can be considered an essential tourism resource. This research is focused on the analysis of consumers' and tourists' food buying behaviours. The aim of this paper is to understand the value that can be generated by linking a typical food product to the region of origin/producer/certification. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that these elements (region of origin, producer and certification) have a different weight for consumers living in different places. Moreover, the research aims at segmenting typical food product consumers, to enable producers and tourism operators to achieve communication goals effectively. Methodology: The paper is based on an empirical survey of locals and visitors that considers the case of Fontina cheese, a typical Italian cheese. Findings: The research reveals that the origin of the product is, generally, more valued than protected designation of origin (PDO) certification. The perceived value of these attributes is then found to vary according to the distance between the region of origin of the product and consumers' residence. In particular, the importance of PDO certification for consumers increases with increasing distance from the region of origin of Fontina cheese. PDO is thus valued more by tourists than by locals. Originality/value: The analysis supports and builds on previous studies on the importance of PDO certification (Bruwer and Johnson 2010; Dimara and Skuras 2005). Importantly, this work contributes by eliciting consumers' preferences for PDO according to territorial differences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring Sensitivity to Land Degradation and Desertification with the Environmentally Sensitive Area Index: The Case of Lesvos Island
Authors: Symeonakis Elias , Karathanasis Nikolaos , Koukoulas Sotirios , Panagopoulos George 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn Europe, the most susceptible areas to land degradation and desertification (LDD) are found in the Mediterranean region. The present study focuses on the island of Lesvos (Greece) and maps the environmental sensitivity of the island to LDD between the years 1990 and 2000. Sensitivity is estimated with a modification of the MEDALUS Environmentally Sensitive Area Index (ESAI) approach, employing 21 quantitative parameters divided in five main quality indices: climate, vegetation, soils, groundwater and socio‐economic quality. Parameterisation of these indices is achieved via remote sensing and ancillary data in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Results show that ~85% of the island is fragile or critically sensitive in both epochs. Fragile areas are on the increase, covering an estimated 72% of the island in 1990 and 77% in 2000, whereas critically sensitive areas decrease from 214 to 113 km2. By modifying the ESAI to include 10 additional parameters related to soil erosion, groundwater quality, demographic and grazing pressure, and by applying the modified ESAI in two—rather than one—periods, this study was able to identify that, contrary to previous belief, critically sensitive areas are also found in the eastern side of the island mainly due to human‐related factors. It is concluded that the proposed methodology is a useful tool for regional scale trend analyses of environmental sensitivity and the identification of LDD hot spots in Mediterranean environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous Copper‐Mediated Living Radical Polymerisation of N‐Acryloylmorpholine, SET‐LRP in Water
Authors: Anastasaki Athina , Haddleton Alice J. , Zhang Qiang , Simula Alexandre , Droesbeke Martijn , Wilson Paul , Haddleton David M. 
Published: March 2014

The polymerisation of N‐acryloylmorpholine in water is reported utilising Cu(0)‐mediated living radical polymerisation (SET‐LRP). The inherent instability of [CuI(Me6‐Tren)Br] in aqueous solution is exploited via rapid disproportionation to prepare Cu(0) particles and [CuII(Me6‐Tren)Br2] in situ prior to addition of monomer and initiator. Quantitative conversion is attained within 30 min for various degrees of polymerisation (DPn = 20–640) with SEC showing symmetrical narrow molecular weight distributions (Đ < 1.18) in all cases. Optimised conditions are subsequently applied for the preparation of a diblock copolymer poly(NIPAm)‐b‐(N‐acryloylmorpholine), illustrating the versatility of this approach.
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Settlement analysis of rectangular piles in nonhomogeneous soil using a Winkler model approach
Authors: Hirai Hiroyoshi 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYAn analytical approach using a Winkler model is investigated to provide analytical　solutions of settlement of a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. For a vertically loaded pile with a rectangular cross section, the settlement influence factor of a normal pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from Mindlin's solution for elastic continuum analysis. For short piles with rectangular and circular cross sections, the modified forms of settlement influence factors of normal piles are produced taking into account the load transfer parameter proposed by Randolph for short circular piles. The modulus of subgrade reaction along a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the settlement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade‐reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of settlement of soils surrounding a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils is proposed by taking into account Mindlin's solution and both the equivalent thickness and the equivalent elastic modulus for layers in the equivalent elastic method. The difference of settlement between square and circular piles is insignificant, and the settlement of a rectangular pile decreases as the aspect ratio of the rectangular pile cross section increases. The comparison of results calculated by the present method for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the analytical methods and the finite element method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closed‐form matrix exponential and its application in finite‐strain plasticity
Authors: Korelc Jože , Stupkiewicz Stanisław 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYA new method to compute numerically efficient closed‐form representation of matrix exponential and its derivative is developed for 3 × 3 matrices with real eigenvalues. The matrix exponential is obtained by automatic differentiation of an appropriate scalar generating function in a general case, and highly accurate asymptotic expansions are derived for special cases in which the general formulation exhibits ill‐conditioning, for instance, for almost equal eigenvalues. Accuracy and numerical efficiency of the closed‐form matrix exponential as compared with the truncated series approximation are studied. The application of the closed‐form matrix exponential in the finite‐strain elastoplasticity is also presented. To this end, several time‐discrete evolution laws employing the exponential map are discussed for J2 plasticity with isotropic hardening and nonlinear kinematic hardening of Armstrong–Frederick type. The discussion is restricted to the case of elastic isotropy and implicit time integration schemes. In this part, the focus is on a general automatic differentiation‐based formulation of finite‐strain plasticity models. Numerical efficiency of the corresponding incremental schemes is studied in the context of the FEM. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of static mesoscale background‐error covariances estimated by three different ensemble data assimilation techniques
Authors: Bölöni Gergely , Berre Loïk , Adamcsek Edit 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThree ensemble‐based analysis‐error representation techniques are applied and compared with the aim of simulating background errors of the mesoscale limited‐area model (LAM) Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) and thus computing appropriate mesoscale static background‐error covariances for its three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system. Real data assimilation experiments are performed for the simulation of the background errors, where uncertainties of the initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions are represented, while model errors are not accounted for. The three analysis error‐simulation techniques compared are as follows: (i) the downscaling of the analysis error represented by the stochastic ensemble data assimilation (EDA) system of a global model (DSC EDA); (ii) the representation of the analysis error by a LAM stochastic ensemble data assimilation (LAM EDA) system; and (iii) the representation of the analysis error by a LAM ensemble transform Kalman filter (LAM ETKF) system. Spectral diagnostics have been developed in the study, allowing an examination of the simulated background errors at different spatial scales. It is shown that LAM EDA provides more realistic simulated background errors than DSC EDA, particularly at mesoscales. This is also partly the case for LAM ETKF at mesoscales (although to a lesser extent than for LAM EDA). The error variance is underestimated by LAM ETKF, which suggests that the applied inflation technique could be improved. Analysis and forecast impact studies using background‐error covariance matrices based on the DSC EDA and LAM EDA error samples confirm the superiority of the latter simulation technique.
Improved sample preparation for intact cell mass spectrometry (biotyping) of mycelium samples taken from a batch fermentation process of Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: Helmel Michaela , Marchetti‐Deschmann Martina , Allmaier Günter 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEPenicillium chrysogenum is an important species in biotechnology and an improved production rate for penicillin drug variants is of utmost interest. Intact cell mass spectrometry (ICMS) or biotyping can be a novel and time‐saving tool to monitor a fermentation process of Penicillium strains for fast intervention during penicillin production.METHODSFermentation broth was collected directly from a fermenter at specific time points known to show significantly different penicillin production rates. The mycelium was purified by washing multiple times with water and recovered by centrifugation. The mycelium was further mixed with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS matrix and immediately spotted on different types of targets. ICMS spectra were obtained by MALDI time‐of‐flight (TOF) MS in the positive ion linear mode in the m/z range 3000 to 16 000.RESULTSAn ICMS method for culture broth samples of P. chrysogenum was developed. It was shown that ferulic acid mixed with sinapinic acid (2.5 mg and 22.5 mg/mL) is the most appropriate matrix combination. The matrices were dissolved in acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (70/30, v/v) and spotted together with the sample on various target types. Sample preparation was thoroughly studied for homogeneity and reproducibility.CONCLUSIONSCulture broth directly collected from a bioreactor could be analyzed applying the optimized approach. The ideal choice of matrix, the adequate preparation technique and the type of target were the focus of this work showing that samples collected at different times during fermentation exhibit a characteristic pattern using the developed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paper spray ionization for ambient inorganic analysis
Authors: Cody Robert B. , Dane A. John 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEThe feasibility of using paper spray ionization as an ambient ionization method for inorganic analysis was investigated.METHODSAqueous solutions were spotted onto paper triangles and high voltage was applied to induce electrospray. In‐source collision‐induced dissociation assisted in breaking up clusters to produce mass spectra dominated by atomic ions and their corresponding oxides and hydroxides and high‐resolution exact mass measurements were used to identify atomic ions in the presence of organic interferences.RESULTSA feasibility test with a standard inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) test mixture demonstrated detection of 21 of 23 elements as M+• or [M + OH]+. The two undetected elements (boron and lithium) were below the minimum detectable m/z setting for the time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer used for these experiments. Untreated filter paper showed residual contamination from group I and group II elements. Excellent linearity was observed over the concentration range 0.1–1000 ppm for nickel(II) nitrate solutions containing 10 ppm cobalt(II) nitrate as internal standard. The method was applied to the analysis of lead‐free solder, a bismuth subsalicylate tablet, permanent magnet materials and lead chromate pigment in a three‐cent US postage stamp issued in 1948.CONCLUSIONSPaper spray ionization was successfully applied to qualitative inorganic analysis. Quantitative analysis was shown to be possible with the use of internal standards. Initial detection limits were much higher than for comparable inductively coupled plasma and glow discharge methods, ranging from the high parts‐per‐billion range to the low parts‐per‐million range. The detection limits for some elements were limited at low levels by the presence of interferences that were not separated by the resolving power of the mass spectrometer. Despite these limitations, the simplicity and potential portability of paper spray may find some applications for elemental analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the detection limits of a new argon gas cluster ion beam secondary ion mass spectrometry apparatus using lipid compound samples
Authors: Fujii Makiko , Nakagawa Shunichirou , Matsuda Kazuhiro , Man Naoki , Seki Toshio , Aoki Takaaki , Matsuo Jiro 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEAr gas cluster ion beam secondary ion mass spectrometry (Ar‐GCIB SIMS) has been developed as one of the most powerful tools used for analyzing complex biological materials because of its distinctively high secondary ion yield of large organic molecules. However, for the practical analysis of minor components in complex biological materials, the sensitivity of the technique is still insufficient.METHODSThe detection limits of our original Ar‐GCIB SIMS apparatus were investigated by measuring lipid compound samples in positive ion mode. The samples were mixtures of 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (C44H88NO8P, DSPC) and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (C40H80NO8P, DPPC). The primary ions were accelerated with 10 keV and the mean cluster size was 1500. The secondary [M+H]+ ions emitted from the sample were analyzed using an orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (oa‐TOF‐MS). In addition, the isotope abundance ratio and the ratio of the [M+H]+ ion signal to the fragment ion signal acquired with Ar‐GCIB SIMS were compared with those obtained with conventional Bi cluster SIMS.RESULTSSecondary [M+H]+ ions and some characteristic fragment ions were clearly observed with high quantitative accuracy in the mass spectra acquired with Ar‐GCIB SIMS. The results were clearly better than those obtained with conventional Bi cluster SIMS.CONCLUSIONSThe detection limit of Ar‐GCIB SIMS was found to be below 0.1% and was much lower than that of conventional Bi cluster SIMS because of the high [M+H]+ ion yield and the low background. The results suggested that the new Ar‐GCIB SIMS apparatus has the capability to acquire valuable information on complex biological materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary dynamics in finite populations with zealots
Authors: Nakajima Yohei , Masuda Naoki 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We investigate evolutionary dynamics of two-strategy matrix games with zealots in finite populations. Zealots are assumed to take either strategy regardless of the fitness. When the strategy selected by the zealots is the same, the fixation of the strategy selected by the zealots is a trivial outcome. We study fixation time in this scenario. We show that the fixation time is divided into three main regimes, in one of which the fixation time is short, and in the other two the fixation time is exponentially long in terms of the population size. Different from the case without zealots, there is a threshold selection intensity below which the fixation is fast for an arbitrary payoff matrix. We illustrate our results with examples of various social dilemma games.
Scarf Osteotomy in Treating Hallux Valgus: Clinical and Radiographical Outcome and Technical Notes
Authors: Kin-Wing Law , Alwin Li Hok-Yin , Pang-Hei Li , Jid-Lee Qunn , Yuk-Leung Wai 
Published: March 2014

Introduction Scarf osteotomy can be a technically demanding procedure and early reports have shown high complication rates. Proponents, however, suggest that this type of osteotomy is versatile and allows for both translation and angulation correction of the hallux valgus (HV) deformity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of the scarf osteotomy procedure performed in our hospital. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed 31 feet in 25 patients with an average follow-up duration of 16 months (range: 6–30 months). Results On the latest follow up, 77% of the patients were satisfied with the result, with an average postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score of 88. The average improvement of HV angle was from 37.9° to 10.0°. The intermetatarsal angle improved from 16.0° to 8.0°. The average first metatarsal shortening was 0.3 mm. Neither delayed union nor osteonecrosis was observed. Conclusion Scarf osteotomy is a reliable procedure to achieve correction of HV deformity with good patient satisfaction.
Sialyl Tn‐expressing bladder cancer cells induce a tolerogenic phenotype in innate and adaptive immune cells
Authors: Carrascal Mylène A. , Severino Paulo F. , Cabral M. Guadalupe , Silva Mariana , Ferreira José Alexandre , Calais Fernando , Quinto Hermínia , Pen Cláudia , Ligeiro Dário , Santos Lúcio Lara , Dall'Olio Fabio , Videira Paula A. 
Published: March 2014

Despite the wide acceptance that glycans are centrally implicated in immunity, exactly how they contribute to the tilt immune response remains poorly defined. In this study, we sought to evaluate the impact of the malignant phenotype‐associated glycan, sialyl‐Tn (STn) in the function of the key orchestrators of the immune response, the dendritic cells (DCs). In high grade bladder cancer tissue, the STn antigen is significantly overexpressed and correlated with the increased expression of ST6GALNAC1 sialyltransferase. Bladder cancer tissue presenting elevated expression of ST6GALNAC1 showed a correlation with increased expression of CD1a, a marker for bladder immature DCs and showed concomitant low levels of Th1‐inducing cytokines IL‐12 and TNF‐α. In vitro, human DCs co‐incubated with STn+ bladder cancer cells, had an immature phenotype (MHC‐IIlow, CD80low and CD86low) and were unresponsive to further maturation stimuli. When contacting with STn+ cancer cells, DCs expressed significantly less IL‐12 and TNF‐α. Consistent with a tolerogenic DC profile, T cells that were primed by DCs pulsed with antigens derived from STn+ cancer cells were not activated and showed a FoxP3high IFN‐γlow phenotype. Blockade of STn antigens and of STn+ glycoprotein, CD44 and MUC1, in STn+ cancer cells was able to lower the induction of tolerance and DCs become more mature.Overall, our data suggest that STn‐expressing cancer cells impair DC maturation and endow DCs with a tolerogenic function, limiting their capacity to trigger protective anti‐tumour T cell responses. STn antigens and, in particular, STn+ glycoproteins are potential targets for circumventing tumour‐induced tolerogenic mechanisms.
PRESUMED RESULTING TRUSTS, INTENTION AND DECLARATION
Authors: Mee John 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRejecting the competing positions of Swadling and Chambers, this article argues that the law of presumed resulting trusts reflects a very old rule that, upon a voluntary transfer, the fate of the beneficial interest in the property depends on the intention of the transferor. The case law shows that the presumption is of an intention to create a trust for the transferor or provider of the purchase money. It makes no difference if, reflecting the historically important concept of “retention”, this is phrased in negative terms as a presumption that the intention of the transferor was not to pass the beneficial interest to the transferee.