bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide and Inhaled Epoprostenol in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Preston Ioana R. , Sagliani Kristen D. , Roberts Kari E. , Shah Archan M. , DeSouza Shilpa A. , Howard William , Brennan John , Hill Nicholas S. 
Published: January 2014

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is used for acute vasoreactivity testing in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. Inhaled epoprostenol (iPGI2) has pulmonary selectivity and is less costly. We sought to compare acute hemodynamic effects of iNO (20 ppm) and iPGI2 (50 ng/kg/min) and determine whether their combination has additive effects. We conducted a prospective, single center, randomized, cross‐over study in 12 patients with PAH and seven with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In PAH patients, iNO lowered mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) by 9 ± 12% and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) by 14 ± 32% (mean ± SD). iPGI2 decreased mPAP by 10 ± 12% and PVR by 12 ± 36%. Responses to iNO and iPGI2 in mPAP and PVR were directly correlated (r2 = 0.68, 0.70, respectively, P > 0.001). In HFpEF patients, mPAP dropped by 4 ± 7% with each agent, and PVR dropped by 33 ± 23% with iNO, and by 25 ± 29% with iPGI2 (P = NS). Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) increased significantly with iPGI2 versus baseline (20 ± 3 vs. 17 ± 2 mmHg, P = 0.02) and trended toward an increase with iNO and the combination (20 ± 2, 19± 4 mmHg, respectively). There were no additive effects in either group. In PAH patients, the vasodilator effects of iNO and iPGI2 correlated at the doses used, making iPGI2 a possible alternative for testing acute vasoreactivity, but their combination lacks additive effect. Exposure of HFpEF patients to inhaled vasodilators worsens the PAWP without hemodynamic benefit.
Identification of major welfare issues for captive elephant husbandry by stakeholders
Authors: Gurusamy V , Tribe A , Phillips CJC 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAccurate identification of key welfare issues for captive elephants could improve standards and help in the development of a welfare index. In the absence of adequate scientific information on the relative importance of key issues, the views of a range of stakeholders were sought using adaptive conjoint analysis. Fifteen key welfare issues were identified by experts, and three to six Levels of each, representing common husbandry practices. In order of declining importance, 224 stakeholders rated the issues as enclosure substrate > group size > healthcare > enrichment > chaining > enclosure type > exercise provision > enclosure size > interaction with keeper > enclosure environment > keeper knowledge/experience > diet > contact method with keeper > display duration > enclosure security. Enclosure size was considered more important by scientists and keepers than zoo directors/managers and animal welfare organisation representatives. Animal welfare organisation representatives rated enclosure security higher than scientists. Keeper husbandry methods and ability of elephants to be active were two principal components in responses. Three principal groups of respondents were identified: scientists/veterinarians focusing more on conditions for the elephants and less on interaction with the public; keepers, focusing on keeper contact method, feeding and knowledge of elephants; and a group with mainly animal welfare organisation representatives/zoo directors focusing on enclosure security. It is concluded that there are some differences between stakeholders in their recognition of the most important welfare issues for elephants in zoos. However, recognising that a diversity of informed opinion is necessary to adequately devise welfare standards, an index of elephant welfare in zoos is proposed, based on the relative merits of different husbandry practices and the importance of the different issues.
The welfare of long-line tethered and free-ranging horses kept on public grazing land in South Wales
Authors: Mullan S , Szmaragd C , Hotchkiss J , Whay HR 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA welfare assessment was conducted during 475 observations of 75 long-line tethered horses and 587 observations of 112 freerange horses kept on public grazing land in South Wales over a six-month period from March to August 2010. The observations included quantitative and qualitative behavioural assessments, assessments of physical welfare and assessments of the environment of the horse. Multi-level modelling was used to identify the significant factors affecting each measure. Tethered horses had similar behavioural repertoires to free-range horses but there were differences related to tethering, such as fewer observations of walking, trotting and cantering, increased vocalisations occurring during the observation and poorer qualitative ‘mood’ scores. There were few observations of severe physical welfare problems in either tethered or free-range horses, however tethered horses were observed more often to have eye abnormalities, hoof cracks, lameness and signs of limb pain but less often with mane and tail tangles, as thin or as dirty. Shelter from wind, rain or sun was available to almost all free-range horses (99.8% of observations) but was only found during 16.5% or fewer observations of tethered horses, giving them a greater risk of poor welfare during inclement weather. Similarly, tethered horses were infrequently observed to have access to clean water, and their willingness to drink when offered water, suggests the provision of water was inadequate and tethered horses may have been thirsty. There were significant confounding effects of the observer or climatic factors for some behavioural and physical measures that should be considered when conducting future studies.
Implementing Welfare Quality® in UK assurance schemes: evaluating the challenges
Authors: Heath CAE , Lin Y , Mullan S , Browne WJ , Main DCJ 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper presents an account of a Welfare Quality® assessment of 92 dairy farms carried out by seven experienced assessors. The aim was to evaluate the potential of the Welfare Quality® assessment protocol with respect to its uptake by UK farm assurance schemes. Data collection, and measure aggregation were performed according to the Welfare Quality® protocol for dairy cows. This study examined the data itself, by the testing of how hypothetical interventions might be reflected in changes in the aggregated scores, and also investigated human-related aspects, through inter-assessor standardisation sessions to evaluate reliability, and an assessor focus group to collect feedback. Overall, three main ‘challenges’ were identified. The first challenge related to the large amount of missing data. Unexpectedly, this was such that it was only possible to calculate an overall classification for 7% of farms. The second challenge concerned the way in which aggregated scores did not always reflect hypothetical interventions. The final challenge was inter-assessor reliability, where not all assessors were found to achieve acceptable levels of agreement on a number of outcome measures by the third training session. Suggestions for managing these challenges included, follow-up to assessor training, the use of multiple imputation methods to fill in missing data, and, where applicable, not aggregating the scores. The conclusion of the study was that the protocol provided useful information from which to make an informed selection of measures, but that the challenges, combined with the lengthy assessment time, were too great for its use as a certification tool.
Sound velocity of iron up to 152 GPa by picosecond acoustics in diamond anvil cell
Authors: Decremps F. , Antonangeli D. , Gauthier M. , Ayrinhac S. , Morand M. , Marchand G. Le , Bergame F. , Philippe J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHigh‐pressure method combining diamond anvil cell with picosecond ultrasonics technique is demonstrated to be a very suitable tool to measure the acoustic properties of iron up to 152 GPa. Such innovative approach allows to measure directly the longitudinal sound velocity under pressure of hundreds of GPa in laboratory, overcoming most of the drawbacks of traditional techniques. The very high accuracy, comparable to piezoacoustics technique, allows to observe the kink in elastic properties at the body‐centered cubic–hexagonal close packed transition and to show with a good confidence that the Birch's law still stands up to 1.5 Mbar and ambient temperature. The linear extrapolation of the measured sound velocities versus densities of hcp iron is out of the preliminary reference Earth model, arguing for alloying effects or anharmonic high‐temperature effects. A comparison between our measurements and shock wave experiments allowed us to quantify temperature corrections at constant pressure in ~−0.35 and ~−0.30 m s−1/K at 100 and 150 GPa, respectively. More in general, the here‐presented technique allows detailed elastic and viscoelastic studies under extreme thermodynamic conditions on a wide variety of systems as liquids, crystalline, or polycrystalline solids, metallic or not, with very broad applications in Earth and planetary science.
Relationship between plasma bubbles and density enhancements: Observations and interpretation
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , Le G. , de La Beaujardiere O. , Roddy P. A. , Hunton D. E. , Pfaff R. F. , Hairston M. R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPlasma bubbles are regions of depleted plasma density in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere. Plasma enhancements, also referred as plasma blobs, are regions where the plasma density is increased. It has not been well understood whether and how plasma enhancements are related to plasma bubbles. In this paper, we present the observations of plasma bubbles and enhancements by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during 2008 and 2009. In some cases, C/NOFS first detected plasma bubbles near the magnetic equator and then plasma enhancements at the same longitudes but at higher latitudes during subsequent orbits. In other cases, C/NOFS first detected plasma enhancements at off‐equatorial locations and then plasma bubbles near the magnetic equator at the same longitudes. It is also found that plasma enhancements existed just above plasma depletions. We propose a unified scenario to describe the evolution of plasma bubbles and the formation of plasma enhancements. In the proposed scenario, plasma enhancements can occur at different latitudes and altitudes during the early, intermediate, and late stages of the bubble evolution. This scenario provides a reasonable explanation of the observations.
A simple turbulence model for stably stratified wall‐bounded flows
Authors: Karimpour F. , Venayagamoorthy S. K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this study, we present a simple zero‐equation (algebraic) turbulence closure scheme as well as the standard k‐ϵ model for stably stratified wall‐bounded flows. We do this by proposing a parameterization for the turbulent Prandtl number (Prt) for stably stratified flows under the influence of a smooth solid wall. The turbulent Prandtl number is the linking bridge between the turbulent momentum and scalar fluxes in the context of Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) simulations. Therefore, it is important to use appropriate parameterizations for Prt in order to define the right level of momentum and scalar mixing in stably stratified flows. To date, most of the widely used parameterizations for Prt in stably stratified flows are based on data obtained from homogeneous shear flows experiments and/or direct numerical simulations (i.e., statistics are invariant under translations) and are usually formulated as functions of the gradient Richardson number (Rig). The effect of the wall boundary is completely neglected. We introduce a modified parameterization for Prt that takes into account the inhomogeneity caused by the wall coupled with the effects of density stratification. We evaluate the performance of the modified Prt by using a zero‐equation turbulence model for the turbulent viscosity that was proposed by Munk and Anderson (1948) as well as the standard k‐ϵ model to simulate a one‐dimensional stably stratified channel flow. Comparison of the one‐dimensional simulation results with direct numerical simulation (DNS) of stably stratified channel flow results show remarkable agreement.
Simulated magnetopause losses and Van Allen Probe flux dropouts
Authors: Hudson M. K. , Baker D. N. , Goldstein J. , Kress B. T. , Paral J. , Toffoletto F. R. , Wiltberger M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThree radiation belt flux dropout events seen by the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope soon after launch of the Van Allen Probes in 2012 (Baker et al., 2013a) have been simulated using the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry MHD code coupled to the Rice Convection Model, driven by measured upstream solar wind parameters. MHD results show inward motion of the magnetopause for each event, along with enhanced ULF wave power affecting radial transport. Test particle simulations of electron response on 8 October, prior to the strong flux enhancement on 9 October, provide evidence for loss due to magnetopause shadowing, both in energy and pitch angle dependence. Severe plasmapause erosion occurred during ~ 14 h of strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz beginning 8 October coincident with the inner boundary of outer zone depletion.
Micro Calorimetric Measurements of Stabilized and Unstabilized Polypropylene Under Wet and Dry Conditions
Authors: Liland Knut Brede , Hvidsten Sverre , Øysæd Harry 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIsothermal microcalorimetry (MC) was used to study the oxidation stability of isotactic polypropylene (PP) including different concentrations of stabilizer in the temperature range of 110°C–130°C. A microcalorimeter provides in this context a fast method for the investigation of oxidation and thermal stability at various conditions opposite to more classical time‐ and labor‐consuming methods. The measurements were performed in both wet and dry environments in sealed stainless steel vials for new and preaged materials. The preaged materials were aged in advance at 110°C and 100% relative humidity to observe the effect of the ageing for the MC measurements. Different material sizes (ground, unground) were also investigated. The results from the MC measurements on preaged material show that stabilized PP produce less heat flow than unstabilized PP in dry atmosphere, and no significant difference between the various levels of stabilized materials are observed as long as the stabilizer is present. This indicates that when stabilizer is present above a certain but so far unknown concentration (50–100 ppm), the oxidation and the following heat flow of the material becomes much weaker compared with the unstabilized materials. Comparison between wet and dry calorimeter measurements in air indicates that the autoxidation of the unstabilized material is more powerful in a wet atmosphere. No significant differences are observed for the stabilized materials. In the material particle size investigation, the heat flow and total energy output seem to be higher for the ground unstabilized materials; no difference is observed for the stabilized material.
If not Angelman, what is it? a review of Angelman‐like syndromes
Authors: Tan Wen‐Hann , Bird Lynne M. , Thibert Ronald L. , Williams Charles A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAngelman syndrome (AS) is caused by a lack of expression of the maternally inherited UBE3A gene in the brain. However, about 10% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AS do not have an identifiable molecular defect. It is likely that most of those individuals have an AS‐like syndrome that is clinically and molecularly distinct from AS. These AS‐like syndromes can be broadly classified into chromosomal microdeletion and microduplication syndromes, and single‐gene disorders. The microdeletion/microduplication syndromes are now easily identified by chromosomal microarray analysis and include Phelan–McDermid syndrome (chromosome 22q13.3 deletion), MBD5 haploinsufficiency syndrome (chromosome 2q23.1 deletion), and KANSL1 haploinsufficiency syndrome (chromosome 17q21.31 deletion). The single‐gene disorders include Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (TCF4), Christianson syndrome (SLC9A6), Mowat–Wilson syndrome (ZEB2), Kleefstra syndrome (EHMT1), and Rett (MECP2) syndrome. They also include disorders due to mutations in HERC2, adenylosuccinase lyase (ADSL), CDKL5, FOXG1, MECP2 (duplications), MEF2C, and ATRX. Although many of these single‐gene disorders can be caused by chromosomal microdeletions resulting in haploinsufficiency of the critical gene, the individual disorders are often caused by intragenic mutations that cannot be detected by chromosomal microarray analysis. We provide an overview of the clinical features of these syndromes, comparing and contrasting them with AS, in the hope that it will help guide clinicians in the diagnostic work‐up of individuals with AS‐like syndromes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA: Evidence of primary and secondary central nervous system involvement
Authors: Borlot Felippe , Arantes Paula Ricci , Quaio Caio Robledo , Franco José Francisco da Silva , Lourenço Charles Marques , Gomy Israel , Bertola Debora Romeo , Kim Chong Ae 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis type IVA is a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of N‐acetylgalactosamine 6‐sulfatase. Studies usually focus on skeletal abnormalities and their consequences. This study explores the neurological manifestations in a cohort of mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA patients, with a detailed focus on brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. We performed a cross‐sectional study involving nine patients with a biochemical confirmation of mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA. The protocol consists of a comprehensive clinical examination and brain and spinal cord MRI analysis for all subjects. The mean age was 16.4 years (±5.7) and the mean onset of symptoms was 11.5 months (±6.3). Overall, cognition was spared in all but one patient and motor weakness was a constant finding in all patients. Deep sensation impairment was found in six patients. The brain MRIs showed non‐specific white matter changes in two patients. Other abnormalities such as clival hypoplasia, basilar invagination, and arachnoid cists appeared in seven of the nine patients. Eight patients presented spinal cord compression, and in three of them, two spinal levels were compromised. Odontoid hypoplasia and degenerative features in the neuroaxis were present in all patients. Our experience with mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA patients supports the evidence of central nervous system involvement. We emphasize the importance of regular clinical assessments with complete MRI studies, as an attempt to detect the early signs of spinal cord compression. This evaluation may be especially important before surgical interventions, as occult lesions may become symptomatic and promote postoperative unfavorable outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diethylzinc‐Promoted Synthesis of Trifluromethyl‐Containing Tryptamine Analogues from Indoles and 2‐Trifluromethyl‐N‐(4‐Toluenesulfonyl)‐Aziridine
Authors: Hirotaki Kensuke , Yamada Yasunori , Hanamoto Takeshi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIncorporation of fluorine atoms into biologically active organic molecules often causes enhancement of activity, stability, and solubility, as well as reduction of toxicity. Tryptamine derivatives are known for important medicines concerning our mental health. Therefore, fluorinated tryptamine derivatives could be promising medicinal candidates for pharmaceutical chemistry. We have already reported the regioselective ring‐opening reaction of 2‐CF3‐N‐Ts‐aziridine (Ts=4‐toluenesulfonyl) with some nucleophiles. If this ring‐opening reaction proceeds smoothly at the C3 position of indoles, it could provide a solution for the synthesis of CF3‐containing tryptamine analogues. We examined the diethylzinc‐promoted direct C3 alkylation of indoles with 2‐CF3‐N‐Ts‐aziridine under basic conditions. We have developed the synthesis of CF3‐tryptamine from 2‐CF3‐N‐Ts‐aziridines and indoles by using diethylzinc as a base with excellent yields and complete regioselectivity.
Analysis of non‐traumatic truncal back pain in patients who visited an emergency room
Authors: Nagayama Masataka , Yanagawa Youichi , Aihara Koichiro , Watanabe Shin , Takemoto Masaaki , Nakazato Tomoko , Hashimoto Takashi , Takayama Toshio , Takazawa Yuuji , Iba Toshiaki , Kaneko Kazuo , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: January 2014

AimTo investigate epidemiology of acute non‐traumatic back pain using modern diagnostic methods in patients who visited an emergency room.MethodsThe medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for all patients with back pain who were treated in our hospital. In addition, the patients were divided into two groups based on whether they were treated at the hospital or as outpatients.ResultsThere were 95 patients with non‐traumatic acute back pain. Leading cause of back pain was ureterolithiasis (53 cases), followed by pyelonephritis (10), orthopedic disease including two cases of purulent spondylitis (24), aortic disease (3), pancreatitis (1), renal bleeding (1), adrenal bleeding (1), psoas abscess (1), and torsion of an ovarian tumor (1). All cases of pyelonephritis, aortic disease, purulent spondylitis, renal bleeding, adrenal bleeding, psoas abscess, and torsion of an ovarian tumor were treated in admission. Using a multiple logistic regression analysis, blood pressure, age, and body temperature were the only factors that were independently associated with whether the patient was admitted or treated as an outpatient.ConclusionThis study showed that urological diseases are the most common cause of back pain in patients who visit the emergency room, followed by orthopedic disease. Older age, low blood pressure, and high body temperature were independently associated with the decision to admit the patient who might have lethal disease.
Leistungsstarkes Fluoralkoxy‐Molybdän(V)‐Reagens für die selektive oxidative Arenkupplung
Authors: Schubert Moritz , Leppin Jana , Wehming Kathrin , Schollmeyer Dieter , Heinze Katja , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWir stellen ein neues Fluoralkoxy‐Molybdän(V)‐Reagens 1, mit im Vergleich zu MoCl5 oder MoCl5/TiCl4 höherer Reaktivität und Selektivität in der oxidativen Kupplung von Arenen vor. Häufige Nebenreaktionen wie Chlorierung und/oder Oligomerenbildung werden erheblich reduziert, sodass ein leistungsstarkes und nützliches Reagens für die oxidative Kupplung erhalten wird. Theoretische Untersuchungen der Wechselwirkung des Reagens mit 1,2‐Dimethoxybenzol‐artigen Substraten deuten auf einen Innensphären‐Elektronentransfer gefolgt von einem radikalkationischen Reaktionspfad für den oxidativen Kupplungsprozess hin. ESR‐spektroskopische und elektrochemische Untersuchungen, Röntgenkristallstrukturanalysen, computerchemische Studien sowie vergleichende Substratuntersuchungen ergeben ein hoch konsistentes Bild. Die Substitution von Chlorido‐ durch Hexafluorisopropoxido‐Liganden scheint sowohl die Reaktivität als auch die Selektivität des Metallzentrums zu erhöhen, weswegen diese Strategie auf andere Metallzentren übertragbar sein sollte.
Metal‐Free Aminosulfonylation of Aryldiazonium Tetrafluoroborates with DABCO⋅(SO2)2 and Hydrazines
Authors: Zheng Danqing , An Yuanyuan , Li Zhenhua , Wu Jie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe coupling of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, DABCO⋅(SO2)2, and hydrazines under metal‐free conditions leads to the formation of aryl N‐aminosulfonamides. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature and shows broad functional‐group tolerance. A radical process is proposed for this transformation.