bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physician Emergency Preparedness: A National Poll of Physicians
Authors: SteelFisher Gillian K. , Blendon Robert J. , Brulé Amanda S. , Lubell Keri M. , Jackson Brown Loretta , Batts Dahna , Ben-Porath Eran 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo provide a more comprehensive view than previously available of US physician preparedness for public health emergencies, this study examined physicians’ assessments of their preparedness, training, participation in institutional activities, information practices, and experiences with patient education. Four kinds of public health emergencies were considered: natural disasters, major airborne infections, major foodborne illness outbreaks, and chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosives (CBRNE) incidents.MethodsBetween October 19, 2011, and January 11, 2012, researchers conducted a national poll among 1603 practicing physicians in a range of specialties in hospital and nonhospital settings.ResultsMore than one-half of physicians felt prepared to handle a natural disaster, a major outbreak of an airborne infection, or a major foodborne illness outbreak, whereas one-third (34%) felt prepared to handle a CBRNE incident. About one-half of physicians (55%) had participated in training or a conference related to emergencies in the past 2 years. Sizable fractions of physicians were unaware of emergency response tools in their care setting. For example, nearly one-half in hospitals (44%) did not know whether their care setting had an emergency response plan, and less than one-quarter had participated in a drill using such a plan in the past 2 years. Less than one-third (31%) of physicians had signed up to receive alerts in the case of future emergencies. One in 10 reported sharing emergency information with patients at least “sometimes.”ConclusionsSignificant gaps remain in physician preparedness for public health emergencies, as well as in related training and participation in institutional activities. New efforts, with a focus on possible collaborations between public health institutions and health system leaders combined with effective use of online resources, are needed to bring more physicians on board and to develop relevant and useful key tools. New approaches, including those that rely on different types of care providers, may be needed to enhance patient education regarding emergency preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:666–680)
Sex difference in liver-related mortality and transplantation associated with dietary cholesterol in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Yu Lei , Morishima Chihiro , Ioannou George N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDietary cholesterol induces hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in animals. We aimed to determine whether dietary cholesterol affects liver-related mortality in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study using extended follow-up data from the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment Against Cirrhosis Trial. The study included HCV patients with advanced fibrosis and compensated cirrhosis. The analysis included 657 patients who completed two FFQ. We assessed whether cholesterol intake, measured in mg/4184 kJ (mg/1000 kcal) of energy intake, was associated with liver-related death or transplantation. In 4·7 (sd1·6) years, the incidence of liver-related death (n46) or transplantation (n52) was 31·8/1000 person-years. The relationship between cholesterol intake and liver-related death or transplantation was significantly different between men and women (test for interaction,Pvalue=0·01). Each higher quartile of cholesterol intake was associated with an increased risk for liver-related death or transplantation in women (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1·83; 95 % CI 1·12, 2·99;Ptrend=0·02), but not in men (AHR 0·96; 95 % CI 0·76, 1·22;Ptrend=0·73). Compared with women whose cholesterol intake was within the recommended guidelines (300 mg/d with a 8368 kJ (2000 kcal) diet), women who consumed more cholesterol had significantly increased risk for liver-related death or transplantation (AHR 4·04; 95 % CI 1·42, 11·5). High dietary cholesterol was associated with an increased risk for liver-related death and transplantation in HCV-infected women with advanced fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis. Future studies should assess whether reducing cholesterol intake, among women who consume an excessive amount, can decrease HCV-related mortality.
Bombogor Inscription: Tombstone of a TurkicQunčuy(“Princess”)
Authors: ŞIRIN HATICE 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTurkic Runic inscriptions, discovered in Mongolia during the second half of the 20th century and especially in the last decade, are remarkable. The Bombogor, consisting of five-lines, is one of them. This article is an attempt to re-read the mentioned inscription which was first published by Ts. Battulga. According to my proposed reading, the text was written on a tombstone which was erected in honour of a Turkishqunčuy(“princess”) who might have been married into the Karluk tribe.
The effect of short-chain fatty acids on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Authors: Nastasi Claudia , Candela Marco , Bonefeld Charlotte Menné , Geisler Carsten , Hansen Morten , Krejsgaard Thorbjørn , Biagi Elena , Andersen Mads Hald , Brigidi Patrizia , Ødum Niels , Litman Thomas , Woetmann Anders 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe gut microbiota is essential for human health and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as acetate, butyrate and propionate, are end-products of microbial fermentation of macronutrients that distribute systemically via the blood. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional response of immature and LPS-matured human monocyte-derived DC to SCFA. Our data revealed distinct effects exerted by each individual SCFA on gene expression in human monocyte-derived DC, especially in the mature ones. Acetate only exerted negligible effects, while both butyrate and propionate strongly modulated gene expression in both immature and mature human monocyte-derived DC. An Ingenuity pathway analysis based on the differentially expressed genes suggested that propionate and butyrate modulate leukocyte trafficking, as SCFA strongly reduced the release of several pro-inflammatory chemokines including CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. Additionally, butyrate and propionate inhibited the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-12p40 showing a strong anti-inflammatory effect. This work illustrates that bacterial metabolites far from the site of their production can differentially modulate the inflammatory response and generally provides new insights into host-microbiome interactions.
Simultaneous effective carbon and nitrogen removals and phosphorus recovery in an intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor integrated system
Authors: Wang Yun-Kun , Pan Xin-Rong , Geng Yi-Kun , Sheng Guo-Ping 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRecovering nutrients, especially phosphate resource, from wastewater have attracted increasing interest recently. Herein, an intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a mesh filter was developed for simultaneous chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorous removal, followed by phosphorus recovery from the phosphorus-rich sludge. This integrated system showed enhanced performances in nitrification and denitrification and phosphorous removal without excess sludge discharged. The removal of COD, TN and total phosphorus (TP) in a modified MBR were averaged at 94.4 ± 2.5%, 94.2 ± 5.7% and 53.3 ± 29.7%, respectively. The removed TP was stored in biomass and 68.7% of the stored phosphorous in the sludge could be recovered as concentrated phosphate solution with a concentration of phosphate above 350 mg/L. The sludge after phosphorus release could be returned back to the MBR for phosphorus uptake and 83.8% of its capacity could be recovered.
Characterization of the surface morphology of electroless NiP deposited on conductive Cu film
Authors: Huh Seok-Hwan , Choi Sung-Ho , Shin An-Seob , Jeong Gi-Ho , Ham Suk-Jin , Kim Keun-Soo 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to elucidate the reaction mechanism of electroless NiP deposits on conductive but non-catalytic Cu films on the basis of their nucleation and growth without Pd catalyst and to measure the deposition rate and activation energy of electroless NiP deposits on the non-catalytic Cu film at various deposition times (60, 120, 240 and 480 s) and temperatures (70, 80 and 90°C) at pH 4.6.

Design/methodology/approach
– Specimens with and without Pd catalyst on Cu film were prepared as follows: the Pd catalyst was deposited on half of the Cu film using a deposition protector, and the specimen containing the Pd catalyst deposited on half of its area was immersed in electroless NiP solution. The growth of NiP on the Cu films with and without the Pd catalyst was observed.

Findings
– The number of Pd nanoparticles increased with Pd activation time; the nucleation of Pd dominated over growth at 60 s. Lattice images show that the d-spacing of Ni nanoparticles doped with less than 10 at% P increased to 2.050 Å. Nucleation of NiP deposits occurred simultaneously in the specimens with and without the Pd catalyst, because electrons could be transferred via the conductive Cu. Therefore, the reaction mechanism of the electroless NiP deposited on Cu film appears to be electrochemical. The activation energies for NiP deposits (15 s Pd with catalytic Pd, 15 s Pd without catalytic Pd, 60 s Pd with catalytic Pd and 60 s Pd without catalytic Pd) on the Cu film are 65.8, 64.0, 64.3 and 58.1 kJ/mol, respectively. This demonstrates that, regardless of the volume and the presence of catalytic Pd, the activation energy of electroless NiP has a consistent value.

Research limitations/implications
– It is necessary to study the relationship between the volume of Pd nanoparticles and the nucleation rate of NiP at an initial stage, as there are limited data regarding the effect of Pd volume on the nucleation rate of NiP.

Originality/value
– The reaction mechanism of the electroless NiP deposited on conductive but non-catalytic Cu film involves electrochemical reactions because the nucleation of NiP deposits occurs on conductive Cu film regardless of the presence of the Pd catalyst.
Job expectations of Chinese college students: re-examining gender differences
Authors: Chullen Cody Logan , Adeyemi-Bello Tope , Xi Xiao-Yu 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine current gender differences in job expectations among Chinese college students, how current job expectations across gender differ from an earlier study, and how they might impact organizational practices such as recruitment and retention.Design/methodology/approach– Using Manhardt’s 25-item measure of job expectations, this study asked Chinese college students to rate the importance of various job characteristics on a five-point Likert scale (5=very important to 1=very unimportant). Male and female responses were compared for 430 college students.Findings– Results of the current study found that males and females differed in their ratings on 23 of 25 items, with females rating all 23 of these items to be of higher importance. These findings differ significantly from an earlier study so they are compared and discussed.Research limitations/implications– This paper is limited in that it focusses solely on college students and only examines gender as a basis for comparison. Future studies should examine employees and consider other factors such as Chinese ethnicity as a basis for comparison.Practical implications– Organizations may choose to change/improve aspects of certain jobs to more closely align with job candidates’ interests and/or choose to differently implement tools such as realistic job previews in order to improve retention.Social implications– This paper provides an updated status on gender differences in job expectations of China’s soon-to-be emerging workforce. Findings provide organizations with insight on how to develop human resource tools to hold on to talent.Originality/value– This paper advances on previous work by drawing on a much larger sample and by utilizing a structured forward-translation, back-translation process for its survey.
Social repair and structural inequity: implications for disaster recovery practice
Authors: Aijazi Omer 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– This paper introduces a model of social repair to the language of disaster recovery that potentially provides a new way of conceptualizing reconstruction and recovery processes by drawing attention to the dismantling of structural inequities that inhibit post-disaster recovery.Design/methodology/approach– The paper first engages with the current discourse of vulnerability reduction and resilience building as embedded within a distinct politics of post-disaster recovery. The concept of social repair is then explored as found within post-conflict and reconciliation literature. For application within the context of natural disasters, the concept of social repair is modified to have evaluative and effectiveness significance for disaster recovery. A short case example is presented from post-flood Pakistan to deepen our understanding of the potential application and usage of a social repair orientation to disaster recovery.Findings– The paper recommends that the evaluative goals of post-disaster recovery projects should be framed in the language of social repair. This means that social relationships (broadly defined) must be restored and transformed as a result of any disaster recovery intervention, and relationship mapping exercises should be conducted with affected communities prior to planning recovery interventions.Originality/value– Current discourses of disaster recovery are rooted within the conceptual framings of reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. While both theoretical constructs have made important contributions to the disaster recovery enterprise, they have been unable to draw sufficient attention to pre-existing structural inequities. As disaster recovery and reconstruction projects influence the ways communities negotiate and manage future risk, it is important that interventions do not lead to worsened states of inequity.
Eyewitness identification for prudent police
Authors: McGuire M. Dyan , Kenny Tamara , Grabic Arijana 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– Both anecdotal and empirical evidence indicates that even well-intentioned eyewitnesses can make inaccurate identifications resulting in erroneous prosecutions and wrongful convictions. The risk of erroneous identification increases when witnesses are asked to identify people belonging to other races. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the policies which enhance the likelihood of obtaining accurate identifications from eyewitnesses. Legal implications especially relevant to police administrators in the USA including constitutional considerations and risks of civil liability are integrated with the empirical record and used to make policy recommendations likely to decrease legal and public relations entanglements for police.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper integrates an empirical literature review with legal research and analysis in order to advocate for prudent policy reforms.

Findings
– Both the empirical record and current US law indicate that police administrators would be well-advised to require serial, double-blind identification procedures where witnesses are routinely warned about the perpetrator’s potential absence and required to give immediate certainty statements. Officers should be prohibited from using the same suspect with the same witness more than once and should be provided with training on the inherent dangers of inaccuracy associated with cross-racial identifications.

Originality/value
– While a significant amount of material concerning eyewitness identification exists, most of the existing work does not integrate legal realities, especially those concerning civil liability, within the framework of the eyewitness identification literature. Nor does past work contextualize the need for reform with the emerging racially charged atmosphere in which US police must currently work.
The prevalence and content of police discipline matrices
Authors: Harris Christopher J. , Chierus Kristen , Edson Timothy C. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to determine the prevalence of the use of discipline matrices across large US police departments, as well as to compare the structure and content of such matrices.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study employs a two phase approach. Phase I consisted of a brief online survey of a stratified, random sample of police departments with 100 or more sworn police officers and asked about whether or not the agency employed a discipline matrix. Phase II consisted of requesting a copy of the matrix and corresponding materials from all agencies who indicated they employed a matrix, and analyzing the content of those matrices.

Findings
– In total, 37 percent of responding agencies said they are using or are planning a discipline matrix, and the authors obtained a matrix from 32 police departments. The structure of the matrices and recommended discipline varied widely across these departments, indicating a lack of consensus on the development of this relatively new accountability tool.

Research limitations/implications
– The survey focussed on large police departments and the response rate was somewhat lower than other past national surveys.

Practical implications
– Discipline matrices are employed to a greater extent than is implied by the current research literature. The lack of consensus and variability in policies around matrices indicates a need for more research which could contribute toward the formation of a model policy in this regard.

Originality/value
– To date the prevalence of discipline matrices across US police departments was unknown, and very little was known about how they were structured or what comprised their content.
Energetic constraint of non‐monotonic mass change during offspring growth: a general hypothesis and application of a new tool
Authors: Arnold Jennifer M. , Nisbet Ian C. T. , Oswald Stephen A. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryPost‐natal growth is an important life‐history trait and can be a sensitive indicator of ecological stress. For over 50 years, monotonic (never‐decreasing) growth has been viewed as the predominant trajectory of post‐natal mass change in most animal species, notably among birds. However, prevailing analytical approaches and energetic constraints may limit detection of non‐monotonic (or multiphasic), determinate growth patterns, such as mass recession in birds (weight loss prior to fledging, preceded by overshooting adult mass), which is currently believed to be restricted to few taxa.Energetic surplus and shortfall are widespread conditions that can directly influence the degree of mass overshooting and recession. Thus, we hypothesize that in many species, prevailing energetic constraints force mass change away from a fundamental non‐monotonic trajectory to instead follow a monotonic curve.We observed highly non‐monotonic, mass change trajectories (overshooting adult mass by up to almost 20%) among common ternSterna hirundochicks, a well‐studied species long‐established as growing monotonically. We quantified the prevalence and magnitude of non‐monotonic mass change prior to fledging for 313 common tern chicks that successfully fledged from two discrete populations in multiple years. We used a new approach for analysing non‐monotonic curves to examine differences in mass change trajectories between populations under contrasting abiotic (freshwater vs. saltwater) and biotic stresses (low rates of food provisioning).Some degree of mass recession occurred in 73% of all study chicks. Overshooting adult mass followed by extensive mass recession was most prevalent at our freshwater colony, being detected among 34–38% of chicks annually. Non‐monotonic trajectories were less marked in populations experiencing ecological stress and among lower quality individuals. Chicks that were provisioned at higher rates were more likely to both overshoot adult mass and experience subsequent mass recession.Our results in common terns provide strong support for the hypothesis that non‐monotonic trajectories are the fundamental pattern of mass change but are constrained to be monotonic under energetic shortfall. This justifies future tests of the generality of this hypothesis across a broad range of taxa. We also demonstrate a recent analytical tool that prevents routine fitting of monotonic curves without prior investigation of non‐monotonic trends.
Survey of rheumatologists on the use of the Philippine Guidelines on the Screening for Tuberculosis prior to use of Biologic Agents
Authors: Aquino‐Villamin Melissa , Tankeh‐Torres Sandra , Lichauco Juan Javier 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe use of biologic agents has become an important option in treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, these drugs have been associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. Local guidelines for TB screening prior to the use of biologic agents were developed to address this issue.AimThis study is a survey describing the compliance of Filipino rheumatologists to these guidelines.MethodEighty‐seven rheumatologists in the Philippines were given the questionnaire and responses from 61 rheumatologists were included in the analysis.ResultsAll respondents agree that patients should be screened prior to giving the biologic agents. Local guidelines recommend screening with tuberculin skin test (TST) and chest radiograph. However, cut‐off values considered for a positive TST and timing of initiation of biologic agents after starting TB prophylaxis and treatment varied among respondents. In addition, screening of close household contacts were only performed by 41 (69.5%) respondents. There were 11 respondents who reported 16 patients developing TB during or after receiving biologic agents, despite adherence to the guidelines.ConclusionThis survey describes the compliance rate of Filipino rheumatologists in applying current local recommendations for TB screening prior to initiating biologic agents. The incidence of new TB cases despite the current guidelines emphasizes the importance of compliance and the need to revise the guidelines based on updated existing literature.