bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Fungicides and Antagonists as Potential Treatments for Ganoderma lucidum-Associated Basal Stem Rot in Mandarin Trees
Authors: Ingle Y. V. , Lengare K A. , Damre P. R. , Lahariya K. T. 
Published: June 2024

Ganoderma lucidum causes basal stem rot disease in mandarin trees, resulting in a variety of symptoms including dieback, foliage discoloration, an unhealthy appearance and eventual tree declines or death. Prior to field application, it is imperative to assess the efficacy of newer molecules and possible potential antagonists through In vitro testing. In this study, ten chemical fungicides and four antagonists were evaluated for their effectiveness against G. lucidum using the poison food method and dual culture technique, respectively. Among the chemical fungicides tested, Copper oxychloride 50% WP (@3g/l), Fluxapyroxad 167 G/L + Pyraclostrobin 333 G/L SC (@0.6 g/l), and Metiram 55% + Pyroclostribin 5% WG (@1g/l) demonstrated the highest effectiveness, entirely suppressing (100%) pathogen growth. In the dual culture technique, the fungal antagonists Trichoderma harzianum (79.63%) and Trichoderma asperellum (77.57%) exhibited superior effectiveness compared to Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis against G. lucidum. These findings highlight the efficacy of chemical fungicides and antagonists in treating G. lucidum-induced basal stem rot in mandarin trees.
Occupational Health Hazards in Paddy Cultivation Practices in the Coastal Region of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Chaithanya Leela Krishna , P Prathibha Joshi. , Barua Sukanya , V Sangeetha. , Satyapriya  
Published: June 2024

India is one of the largest producers of rice and ranks second in the world in production. All the cultivation practices in paddy are done manually by the farm labour due to various reasons such as lack of money, small land holding size, lack of awareness on improved tools, high operational cost of machinery, etc. Cultivation practices involved so much drudgery which results in the various work-related health hazards, and ultimately reducing the efficiency and productivity of work. So, address the above issue the present study was planned in the East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. 60 females and 60 males constitute the study based on the specific practices done by the males and females. Two blocks were selected from each district in which 30 samples (15 males and 15 females) were taken from each by using simple random sampling method which constitutes 120 sample size from four blocks. The study followed ex post facto research design. Pregnant women, lactating mothers, old age people, people with hyper tenson, diabetes, heart diseases were excluded in the study. The study included the farmers who are in age group 20-40 years, physically fit for doing farming, and at least 3 years farming experience. A structured interview schedule has been prepared with the consent and construct the validity with the experts to assess the work-related health hazards and assigned mean ranks by using SPSS Software. Results found that in land preparation pain in the body (2.87), in irrigation tingling/ numbness in hand got the highest weighted mean (2.17), in manure and fertilizer application pain in the body (2.58), in pesticidal spray irritation in eyes/blurred vision (2.82), in threshing pain in the body (2.77), in load carrying pain in the body (2.82) has got the highest weighted mean which were the male- specific activities. Whereas in uprooting (2.83), transplanting (2.97), weeding (2.97), harvesting (3.00), and winnowing (2.37) tingling/numbness in hand have got highest weighted mean which were the female-specific activities. If they continue to work manually, they may face serious health problems which finally affect various factors such as the efficiency of work, productivity of work, the standard of living, healthy life, etc…So, it was suggested that they could go for the improved tools that are easily available and can reduce the drudgery to some extent.
Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Buchholz Bruce A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRadiocarbon dating can be used to determine the age of objects that contain components that were once alive. In the case of human remains, a radiocarbon date can distinguish between a crime scene and an archaeological site. Documents, museum artifacts, and art objects can be dated to determine if their age is correct for the historical context. A radiocarbon date does not confirm authenticity, but it can help identify a forgery.
Manganese: The Oxygen‐Evolving Complex and ModelsUpdate based on the original article by G. Charles Dismukes & Rogier T. van Willigen, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Second Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Yano Junko , Kern Jan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

In this chapter, we give an overview of nature's singular biological process for producing dioxygen by the oxidation of water in photosynthetic organisms. The harnessing of light to accomplish the splitting of water was arguably nature's most successful experiment in biological innovation. It enabled global proliferation of oxygenic photosynthesis and created the biogeochemical cycles of oxygen and carbon on earth. We review the atomic structure of the metalloenzyme, the photosystem II water oxidation complex (PSII‐WOC), as revealed by X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. We describe (i) the electronic and geometric structure of its inorganic core, Mn
4
CaO
5
, based upon spectroscopic and diffraction measurements; (ii) the organization of the protein subunits as revealed by X‐ray diffraction and the role of select amino acid residues by site‐directed mutagenesis; and (iii) the kinetics of the formation of light‐induced intermediates, the exchange rates between substrate and free water molecules, the stoichiometry of electron and proton release, and the activation energies to discuss possible mechanisms for photosynthetic water splitting. The chemistry of photosynthetic water splitting is energetically demanding and mechanistically complex. The lessons learned from nature have guided chemists seeking to incorporate these design principles within catalysts suitable for abiotic water splitting. We end with a description of the few synthetic manganese complexes that have been found to produce oxygen from water and discuss the chemical mechanisms by which they appear to function.
Nitrogenase Assembly and CatalysisUpdate based on the original article by Yilin Hu, Benedikt Schmid & Markus W. Ribbe,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Lee Chi Chung , Wiig Jared A. , Ribbe Markus W. , Hu Yilin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNitrogenases catalyze the reduction of N2to NH3as well as the reduction of alternative substrates such as H+, C2H2, and CO. The best characterized molybdenum nitrogenase (Mo‐nitrogenase) comprises two components: the Fe protein, which contains a [Fe4S4] cluster; and the MoFe protein, which contains two pairs of P‐cluster ([Fe8S7]) and FeMoco ([MoFe7S9C‐homocitrate]). The second best characterized nitrogenase is vanadium nitrogenase (V‐nitrogenase), which is highly homologous to Mo‐nitrogenase in structure and function, but far superior in reducing CO – an alternative substrate – to hydrocarbons.The assembly of Mo‐nitrogenase requires the participation of a number ofnitrogen‐fixing (nif) genes. The MoFe protein, the catalytic component of Mo‐nitrogenase, is synthesized through the ex situ assembly of FeMoco, the in situ assembly of P‐cluster, and the stepwise maturation of the two αβ‐halves of the MoFe protein. The catalysis of Mo‐nitrogenase involves the binding of MgATP to the reduced Fe protein, the complex formation of Fe protein with MoFe protein, and the interprotein electron transfer from the former to the latter concomitant with the hydrolysis of ATP. Once a sufficient amount of electrons is accumulated on the MoFe protein, substrate reduction takes place at its FeMoco site.
Hemozoin: Crystal Engineering Survivability
Authors: Sandlin Rebecca D. , Carrell Holly M. , Wright David W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDuring the intraerythrocytic stages of malaria infection, the parasite consumes host hemoglobin as a nutrient source, resulting in the liberation of free heme. In order to survive, the malaria parasite utilizes a unique detoxification pathway in which this toxic free heme is converted to the nontoxic biomineral hemozoin. Structurally, hemozoin consists of reciprocal head‐to‐tail dimeric units of heme bound through propionate O‐Fe(III). The propionic acid groups of the heme dimer then hydrogen‐bond with other dimers to form the extended crystal. Disruption of this crystallization process results in parasite death, and therefore serves as an important strategy for drug design. Hemozoin formation does not occur spontaneously at a physiologically relevant rate, and identification of the biological mediator of this crystal remained elusive for many years. Although hemozoin has been studied since the 18th century, scientists have only begun to obtain a detailed understanding of the structure and formation of this biomineral in the last 25 years. Current studies strongly support the hypothesis that neutral lipid bodies present within the parasite are the biological template for hemozoin crystallization. When synthetic neutral lipid bodies (SNLDs) were replicatedin vitro, it was found that Fe(III)PPIX rapidly accumulates within these SNLDs. Furthermore, the SNLDs have been shown to serve as a kinetically competent site for β‐hematin formation (synthetic hemozoin). This new paradigm for hemozoin formation was rapidly translated into an improved high‐throughput screening assay that effectively recapitulated the physiological environment and will allow for improved hit to lead development of new antimalarial drugs.
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with a High Open Circuit Voltage of 1 Volt
Authors: Yuan Jianyu , Zhai Zhichun , Dong Huilong , Li Jing , Jiang Zuoquan , Li Youyong , Ma Wanli 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA series of polymers containing benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and N‐alkylthieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione are designed. By incorporating different alkylthienyl side chains, the fill factor (FF) and open circuit voltage (Voc) of the copolymers are further improved. The experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the size and topology of the side chains can influence the polymer solubility, energy levels, and intermolecular packing by altering the molecular coplanarity. As a result of improved morphology and fine‐tuned energy levels, an increased FF and a high Voc of 1.00 V are achieved, as well as a power conversion efficiency of 6.17%, which is the highest efficiency ever reported for polymer solar cells with a Voc over 1 V.
Highly Efficient Warm White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Triplet Exciton Conversion
Authors: Chang Yi‐Lu , Song Yin , Wang Zhibin , Helander Michael G. , Qiu Jacky , Chai Lily , Liu Zhiwei , Scholes Gregory D. , Lu Zhenghong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWhite organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are currently under intensive research and development worldwide as a new generation light source to replace problematic incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes. One of the major challenges facing WOLEDs has been to achieve high energy efficiency and high color rendering index simultaneously to make the technology competitive against other alternative technologies such as inorganic LEDs. Here, an all‐phosphor, four‐color WOLEDs is presented, employing a novel device design principle utilizing molecular energy transfer or, specifically, triplet exciton conversion within common organic layers in a cascaded emissive zone configuration to achieve exceptional performance: an 24.5% external quantum efficiency (EQE) at 1000 cd/m2 with a color rendering index (CRI) of 81, and an EQE at 5000 cd/m2 of 20.4% with a CRI of 85, using standard phosphors. The EQEs achieved are the highest reported to date among WOLEDs of single or multiple emitters possessing such high CRI, which represents a significant step towards the realization of WOLEDs in solid‐state lighting.
Heterogeneous growth patterns in carriers of chromosome 7p12.2 imbalances affecting GRB10
Authors: Eggermann Thomas , Begemann Matthias , Gogiel Magdalena , Palomares María , Vallespín Elena , Fernández Luis , Cazorla Rosario , Spengler Sabrina , García‐Miñaúr Sixto 
Published: September 2012

AbstractChromosomal duplications and deletions in 7p12.2 have been described in patients with growth disturbance phenotypes, that is, Silver–Russell and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (SRS, BWS). The region harbors the imprinted GRB10/Grb10 gene which has been postulated to belong to a major fetal growth pathway. Based on its genomic localization, its physiological function and its imprinting status, GRB10/Grb10 was considered as a candidate for growth disturbance disorders. However, based on case reports with imbalances of the GRB10 locus it has been suggested that the altered GRB10 copy number should be responsible for the aberrant growth phenotype rather than an altered imprinting status of the gene. We now report on a patient with an increased height and weight in his first years of life carrying a de‐novo duplication (5.1 Mb) of paternal 7p12.2 material. The increased growth in this patient again contradicts the hypothesis that a gain of GRB10 copies leads to growth restriction. Indeed, it is necessary to compare the regions of imbalances in 7p12 and the affected genes in the different patients as other genes than GRB10 in 7p12 might cause these aberrant growth phenotypes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology of polypropylene/silica nano‐ and microcomposites
Authors: Pustak Anđela , Pucić Irina , Denac Matjaž , Švab Iztok , Pohleven Janez , Musil Vojko , Šmit Ivan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of different silica grades on the structure and morphology of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/silica composites to better understand their structure–property relationships. Isotactic polypropylene composites with 2, 4, 6, 8 vol % of added silica fillers differing in particle size (micro‐ vs. nanosilica) and surface modification (untreated vs. treated surface) were prepared by nonisothermal compression molding and characterized by different methods. The addition of all silica fillers grades to the iPP matrix significantly influenced the spherulitic morphology, while phase characteristics of the iPP matrix seemed to be unaffected. Surface modification of silica fillers exhibited stronger effects on spherulite size than size of silica particles. Nonpolar silica particles, more miscible or compatible with iPP chains than polar silica particles, enabled better spherulitic growth. The spherulite sizes tended to reach equal values at 8 vol % of added silicas showing that spherulite size became independent of filler concentration and surface modification above optimum filler concentration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Highly porous catalytic materials with Pd and ionic liquid supported on chitosan
Authors: Jouannin Claire , Vincent Chloë , Dez Isabelle , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Vincent Thierry , Guibal Eric 
Published: September 2012

AbstractChitosan was used to immobilize phosphonium‐based ionic liquids, combined with silica particles, to prepare catalytic materials in the form of highly porous monoliths. These catalytic materials were studied for the hydrogenation of 4‐nitroaniline into p‐phenylenediamine in the presence of formic acid as hydrogen donor in a column reactor. Experimental conditions for the elaboration of the materials were evaluated by their impact on palladium sorption, on the structure of the materials, and on their catalytic efficiency. The concentration of chitosan in the initial solution and the size and concentration of silica particles had to be carefully chosen to elaborate homogeneous materials, with good mechanical resistance and stability in water. The chitosan characteristics and the type of ionic liquid immobilized in the material did not significantly affect the structure of the materials but proved to be crucial for their catalytic efficiency. Higher catalytic performances were obtained using materials prepared from chitosan of high‐deacetylation degree and with Cyphos IL‐101. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Hydrolysis of poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) nanoparticles
Authors: Leimann Fernanda Vitória , Biz Maiara Heloisa , Musyanovych Anna , Sayer Claudia , Landfester Katharina , Hermes de Araújo Pedro Henrique 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPoly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a natural polyester known for its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The hydrolysis of PHBV nanoparticles (90–150 nm) and microparticles (33–58 µm) was investigated. Particles were formulated from preformed polymer(s) by miniemulsification/solvent evaporation technique to obtain nanoparticles or by emulsification/solvent evaporation technique to obtain microparticles. The morphology of the nanoparticles was studied by Field Emission Gun‐Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG‐SEM). The kinetics of PHBV degradation was followed by gel permeation chromatography. After storage of PHBV nanoparticles for 25 days at 37 °C, the Mn and Mw of PHBV was reduced up to 85 and 80%, respectively. PHBV nanoparticles stored at 4 °C presented a much lower molecular weight reduction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Freezing/thawing effects on the exfoliation of montmorillonite in gelatin‐based bionanocomposite
Authors: Mu Changdao , Li Xinying , Zhao Yige , Zhang Hanguang , Wang Liangjie , Li Defu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFreezing/thawing is used as a new method to elaborate exfoliated gelatin‐Montmorillonite (MMT) bionanocomposites. The data of X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate that freezing/thawing is an effective approach to exfoliate the clay for concentrations higher than 5 mass% in gelatin matrix. In addition, after freezing/thawing process to introduce, the crystallinity (triple‐helix content) of gelatin‐MMT bionanocomposites is improved, revealing that freezing/thawing method has the advantages for gelatin molecules to renature into triple‐helix. Specially, the data of Fourier transform infrared indicate that freezing/thawing may be induce more hydrogen bond interactions in gelatin‐MMT bionanocomposites due to the better dispersion of MMT. The mechanical measurements and thermogravimetric analysis show that gelatin‐MMT bionanocomposites prepared by freezing/thawing display enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability in comparison with the ones prepared by conventional blending at the same clay content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
H∞Control Synthesis for Lurie Networked Control Systems with Multiple Delays Based on the Non‐Uniform Characteristic
Authors: Li Peiran , Bao Zhejing , Yang Qiang , Yan Wenjun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates theH∞control synthesis problem forLurie networked control systems (NCSs) with multiple time‐varying delays. With the consideration of both network‐induced delays and data packet dropout,LurieNCSsdiscussed in this work can effectively be transformed into Lurie control systems with multiple time‐varying delays. In addition, with the non‐uniform distribution characteristics of network delays, based on the delay probability distribution, the stable controller design, andH∞synthesis, approaches are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, a set of numerical examples are studied, and the results demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the suggested approaches.
Selective and sensitive fluorescent turn‐off chemosensors for Fe3+
Authors: Fu Li , Mei Jie , Zhang Ji‐Tao , Liu Yi , Jiang Feng‐Lei 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTTwo novel chemosensors (2a and 2b) were synthesized by facile condensation of the binding unit (l‐histidine) and the fluorophores (anthracene and dansyl groups). Both of them displayed high selectivity and sensitivity towards Fe3+ over other metal ions in aqueous solution. The sensing mechanism was based on the paramagnetic property of Fe3+ that would lead to fluorescence quenching of the fluorophores when Fe3+ was bound to the recognition units. The results showed that l‐histidine was a good coordination motif for Fe3+ and both the anthracene and dansyl groups can sensitively report the sensing information. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of the analgesic drug, nalbuphine in pharmaceutical and biological fluids
Authors: El‐Didamony Akram M. , Ali Ismail I. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTWe describe the first studies of a simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of nalbuphine (NLB) in dosage form and biological fluids. The spectrofluorimetric method was based on the oxidation of NLB with Ce(IV) to produce Ce(III) and its fluorescence was monitored at 352 nm after excitation at 250 nm. The spectrophotometric method involves addition of a known excess of Ce(IV) to NLB in acid medium, followed by determination of residual Ce(IV) by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange and measuring absorbance at 510 nm. In both methods, the amount of Ce(IV) reacted corresponds to the amount of NLB and measured fluorescence or absorbance were found to increase linearly with the concentration of NLB, which are corroborated by correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9999 for spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Different variables affecting the reaction conditions such as concentrations of Ce(IV), type and concentration of acid medium, reaction time, temperature, and diluting solvents were carefully studied and optimized. The accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated on intra‐day and inter‐day basis. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of NLB in pharmaceutical formulation and biological samples with good recoveries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overexpression of cyclic GMP‐dependent protein kinase reduces MeCP2 and HDAC2 expression
Authors: Deschatrettes Elodie , Jouvert Peggy , Zwiller Jean 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) and the C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) exert their action via stimulation of the cyclic GMP (cGMP)‐signaling pathway, which includes the activation of cGMP‐dependent protein kinases (PKG). The present report shows that the activation of PKG by local application of 8‐bromo‐cGMP in the caudate–putamen reduced the expression of the epigenetic markers, methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), in dopaminergic projection areas of cocaine‐treated rats. An effect of lesser amplitude was observed when rats were not injected with cocaine. We also studied the effect of PKG overexpression by injecting a plasmid vector containing the human PKG‐Iα cDNA in either the caudate–putamen or the ventral tegmental area. Injection in the caudate–putamen reduced the epigenetic parameters with higher amplitude than the cGMP analog. The effect was abolished by the injection of a selective PKG inhibitor, confirming that it was due to PKG‐dependent phosphorylation. As MeCP2 and HDAC2 modulate dynamic functions in the adult brain such as memory formation and synaptic plasticity, the downregulation of expression by PKG suggests that the cGMP pathway affects cognitive processes through a mechanism that comprises the MeCP2/HDAC2 complex and the subsequent control of gene silencing.