bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity and population structure of Marine Group A bacteria in the Northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean
Authors: Allers Elke , Wright Jody J , Konwar Kishori M , Howes Charles G , Beneze Erica , Hallam Steven J , Sullivan Matthew B 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Marine Group A (MGA) is a candidate phylum of Bacteria that is ubiquitous and abundant in the ocean. Despite being prevalent, the structural and functional properties of MGA populations remain poorly constrained. Here, we quantified MGA diversity and population structure in relation to nutrients and O2 concentrations in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean using a combination of catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) and 16S small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing (clone libraries and 454-pyrotags). Estimates of MGA abundance as a proportion of total bacteria were similar across all three methods although estimates based on CARD-FISH were consistently lower in the OMZ (5.6%±1.9%) than estimates based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (11.0%±3.9%) or pyrotags (9.9%±1.8%). Five previously defined MGA subgroups were recovered in 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and five novel subgroups were defined (HF770D10, P262000D03, P41300E03, P262000N21 and A714018). Rarefaction analysis of pyrotag data indicated that the ultimate richness of MGA was very nearly sampled. Spearman’s rank analysis of MGA abundances by CARD-FISH and O2 concentrations resulted in significant correlation. Analyzed in more detail by 16S rRNA pyrotag sequencing, MGA operational taxonomic units affiliated with subgroups Arctic95A-2 and A714018 comprised 0.3–2.4% of total bacterial sequences and displayed strong correlations with decreasing O2 concentration. This study is the first comprehensive description of MGA diversity using complementary techniques. These results provide a phylogenetic framework for interpreting future studies on ecotype selection among MGA subgroups, and suggest a potentially important role for MGA in the ecology and biogeochemistry of OMZs.
Mediterranean diet- and exercise-induced improvement in age-dependent vascular activity
Authors: Klonizakis Markos , Alkhatib Ahmad , Middleton Geoff , Smith Mark F. 
Published: November 2012

The aging effect on microvascular integrity, marked by endothelial dysfunction and reduction in exercise tolerance, is a major cause of CVD (cardiovascular disease). Improved dietary habits, known to reduce morbidity and mortality, are also known to attenuate those aging effects. The present study investigated the effects of combined MD (Mediterranean diet) and exercise intervention on lower- and upper-limb cutaneous microvascular functions in an older healthy population. A total of 22 sedentary healthy participants (age, 55±4 years) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance test, and were assessed for their upper- and lower-limb vascular endothelial CVC (cutaneous vascular conductance) using LDF (laser Doppler fluximetry) with endothelium-dependent [ACh (acetylcholine chloride)] and -independent [SNP (sodium nitroprusside)] vasodilation. Participants were then randomized into two groups: MD and non-MD, and followed an 8-week intervention programme, which included discontinuous treadmill running based on each individual's exertion, twice per week. Exercise training improved CVC in both groups (e.g. 0.42±0.19 compared with 1.50±1.05 and 0.47±0.26 compared with 1.15±0.59 at 1000 μCb for MD and non-MD respectively; P&lt;0.001). This was also combined by improvement in the exercise tolerance indicated by increased VT (ventilatory threshold) in both groups [12.2±2.8 compared with 14.8±2.8 ml·(kg of body weight)−1·min−1 and 11.7±2.7 compared with 14.6±3.2 ml·(kg of body weight)−1·min−1 for MD and non-MD groups respectively; P&lt;0.05]. However, the MD group showed greater improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation than non-MD [ANCOVA (analyses of co-variance), P=0.02]. The results of the present study suggest that compliance with MD, combined with regular moderate exercise, improves age-provoked microcirculatory endothelial dysfunction and increases exercise tolerance, both responsible for reducing cardiovascular risk in this age group.
The digital read-out system CM—1: an instrument for rational measuring on radiographic headplates and dental models
Authors: Bondevik Olav , Røsler Marek , Slagsvold Olav 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The design and mode of operation of a digital read-out system for rational measuring of radiographic headplates and dental models is described and the advantages and disadvantages of the instrument are discussed. The instrument allows direct reading of linear and angular measurements and of coordinates in a freely chosen coordinate system to a resolution of 0.1 mm and 0.1 degree. The instrument is connected to a teletype writer that can reproduce the results as hard copy print-outs and as punched paper tapes. Data can be transferred directly from the paper tapes to a computer for storage or calculation. Additionally the teletype can serve as a computer terminal with optional connection on-line with a computer.
In the conventional method of compiling data from radiographic headplates error can arise from landmark identification, tracing, measuring and recording. In the transfer of data to a computer the punching is another possible source of error. With the instrument described in this report, provided that it is in order and correctly operated, there is only one source of error, namely landmark identification.
The instrument is time-saving and simple to use. For clinical purposes direct measurement of linear and angular dimensions is the most rational approach but, in research, coordinate registration offers considerable advantages in that all parameters regularly used in roentgencephalometrics can be calculated by a computer on the basis of the coordinates of a relatively limited number of landmarks.
LEVER'S OBJECTIVES IN COLLECTING OLD FURNITURE
Authors: WOOD LUCY 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Lever began acquiring old furniture in the 1870s and 1880s, first of all buying early English oak and then eighteenth-century French furntture. During the 1890s he turned to the Engltsh etghteenth century, and by 1900 was committed to forming an historically representatice collection ofEnglish furniture - the material equivalent of the various published histories that began to appear in the 1890s and 1900s. Several of the stylistic 'chapters 'were presented in period rooms, both in his houses and in the Lady Lerer Art Gallery. The major influence on Lever's career as a collector was the artist, dealer, collector and champion of British art, James Orrock , who saw furniture as an integral part of the British artistic achievement. Lever took this approach even further, seeking out mastetpieces of English cabinet-making that could vie with French furniture as works of art. At the same time he borrowed the moral clothing of the Vernacular Revival, paying lip-service to its cult of the ordinary object to endorse his deep-seated belief that art was good for people. It was this conviction, combined with his conrersion to Orrock's cause that led in 1913 to the foundation of the Lady Lever Art Gallery: the English furniture collection, selected by Lever from his own much larger holdings, remains one of the most important in public hands, and the late eighteenth-century marquetry is unrivalled.
Regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase by metabolites
Authors: Servaites Jerome C. , Geiger Donald R. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and other enzymes and their common metabolites form a system regulated by feedforward and feedback mechanisms that is directly involved in assimilation of carbon. The interaction of these components in the chloroplast gives rise to properties, which can not be predicted from the study of isolated components alone. Experiments were conducted to explain how the observed pattern of system level regulation is consistent with the individual characteristics of Rubisco measured in vitro. In vitro Rubisco is responsive to a wide range of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and phosphoglycerate concentrations, similar to those found in leaves under field conditions. Metabolite regulation of carbon assimilation in vivo involves several processes. Among these are negative co-operativity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate binding by Rubisco, competitive inhibition of Rubisco by phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate, a high Rubisco active site concentration in the chloroplast, and maintenance of a constant phosphate concentration in the chloroplast resulting in reciprocal changes in the concentrations of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate. High-light-grown plants exhibited higher assimilation rates than those growing under moderate light levels, but had similar Rubisco concentrations. Larger ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate/phosphoglycerate ratios in plants grown outdoors are responsible for the higher Rubisco activities and greater rates of carbon fixation observed under these conditions.
Integration of cytosolic and plastidic carbon metabolism by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
Authors: Kruger Nicholas J. , Scott Peter 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The aim of this report is to assess the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) in integration of metabolism between the cytosol and chloroplast during photosynthesis. Transgenic plants expressing modified copies of the rat liver bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase were used to obtain lines differing specifically in their Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations. Such plants differed in the quantum requirement for photosynthesis, rate of oxygen evolution, and the extent of fluorescence quenching at the onset of illumination. Increasing Fru-2,6-P2 resulted in a progressive increase in the period and number of oscillations in oxygen evolution and fluorescence following dark-light transition in saturating carbon dioxide. At the beginning of the photoperiod, transgenic lines with increased amounts of Fru-2,6-P2 showed greater starch accumulation and reduced fluxes to soluble sugars, organic acids and amino acids. In contrast, transgenic lines with reduced Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations accumulated sucrose more rapidly than untransformed plants, while the rate of starch synthesis was lower. The flux response coefficients for Fru-2,6-P2 on sucrose and starch synthesis were — 0.43 and 0.33, respectively. These results are interpreted as evidence that Fru-2,6-P2 makes a significant contribution to the potential limitation of photosynthesis by sucrose production in the cytosol.
Black hole mergers: do gas discs lead to spin alignment?
Authors: Lodato Giuseppe , Gerosa Davide 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this Letter, we revisit arguments suggesting that the Bardeen–Petterson effect can coalign the spins of a central supermassive black hole binary accreting from a circumbinary (or circumnuclear) gas disc. We improve on previous estimates by adding the dependence on system parameters and noting that the non-linear nature of warp propagation in a thin viscous disc affects alignment. This reduces the disc's ability to communicate the warp, and can severely reduce the effectiveness of disc-assisted spin alignment. We test our predictions with a Monte Carlo realization of random misalignments and accretion rates, and we find that the outcome depends strongly on the spin magnitude. We estimate a generous upper limit to the probability of alignment by making assumptions which favour it throughout. Even with these assumptions, about 40 per cent of black holes with a ≳ 0.5 do not have time to align with the disc. If the residual misalignment is not small and it is maintained down to the final coalescence phase, this can give a powerful recoil velocity to the merged hole. Highly spinning black holes are thus more likely being subject to strong recoils, the occurrence of which is currently debated.
The Complexity of Aristotle's Study of Animals
Authors: Lennox James G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAristotle is the first person in the history of science to see the study of nature as an articulated complex of interrelated, yet somewhat autonomous, investigations. Understanding why goes to the heart of what is philosophically distinctive about him. Why does Aristotle present the investigation of “the common cause of animal motion” (as Aristotle characterizes the subject of De motu animalium) as distinct and independent from a study of the causes of the different forms of animal locomotion, the announced project of De incessu animalium? This article examines the puzzling complexity of Aristotle's investigations of animals, which can offer insights into his metaphysics and epistemology. It first briefly considers the range of Aristotle's writings related to animals, including Historia animalium, Dissections, De partibus animalium, De motu animalium, De incessu animalium, De Anima, and Meteorologica IV. The article then looks at his views on the limits of teleology in biology.
Secretory production of an FAD cofactor‐containing cytosolic enzyme (sorbitol–xylitol oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor) using the twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) pathway of Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Scheele Sandra , Oertel Dan , Bongaerts Johannes , Evers Stefan , Hellmuth Hendrik , Maurer Karl‐Heinz , Bott Michael , Freudl Roland 
Published: November 2012

SummaryCarbohydrate oxidases are biotechnologically interesting enzymes that require a tightly or covalently bound cofactor for activity. Using the industrial workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum as the expression host, successful secretion of a normally cytosolic FAD cofactor‐containing sorbitol–xylitol oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor was achieved by using the twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) protein export machinery for protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. Our results demonstrate for the first time that, also for cofactor‐containing proteins, a secretory production strategy is a feasible and promising alternative to conventional intracellular expression strategies.
Nutritional factors and gender influence age‐related DNA methylation in the human rectal mucosa
Authors: Tapp Henri S. , Commane Daniel M. , Bradburn D. Michael , Arasaradnam Ramesh , Mathers John C. , Johnson Ian T. , Belshaw Nigel J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAberrant methylation of CpG islands (CGI) occurs in many genes expressed in colonic epithelial cells, and may contribute to the dysregulation of signalling pathways associated with carcinogenesis. This cross‐sectional study assessed the relative importance of age, nutritional exposures and other environmental factors in the development of CGI methylation. Rectal biopsies were obtained from 185 individuals (84 male, 101 female) shown to be free of colorectal disease, and for whom measurements of age, body size, nutritional status and blood cell counts were available. We used quantitative DNA methylation analysis combined with multivariate modelling to investigate the relationships between nutritional, anthropometric and metabolic factors and the CGI methylation of 11 genes, together with LINE‐1 as an index of global DNA methylation. Age was a consistent predictor of CGI methylation for 9/11 genes but significant positive associations with folate status and negative associations with vitamin D and selenium status were also identified for several genes. There was evidence for positive associations with blood monocyte levels and anthropometric factors for some genes. In general, CGI methylation was higher in males than in females and differential effects of age and other factors on methylation in males and females were identified. In conclusion, levels of age‐related CGI methylation in the healthy human rectal mucosa are influenced by gender, the availability of folate, vitamin D and selenium, and perhaps by factors related to systemic inflammation.
Does the Current Definition of Contrast‐induced Acute Kidney Injury Reflect a True Clinical Entity?
Authors: Sinert Richard , Brandler Ethan , Subramanian Ramanand Arun , Miller Andrew C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectivesContrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) is defined as either a 25% increase in or an absolute elevation in serum creatinine (SCr) of 0.5 mg/dL, 48 to 72 hours after parenteral contrast exposure. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence and complications of AKI between patients exposed and those unexposed to intravenous (IV) contrast.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical record of adult patients (>18 years) with and without contrast‐enhanced abdominal or chest computed tomography (CT) between May 2008 and April 2009. Inclusion criteria were emergency department (ED) patients with normal renal function who received either a contrast‐enhanced abdominal or a contrast‐enhanced chest CT, compared to those unexposed to IV contrast, with a repeat SCr within 48 to 72 hours. Exclusion criteria were contrast exposure within 7 days before the index visit. CI‐AKI in the contrast‐exposed group and AKI in the contrast‐unexposed group were defined by the same changes in SCr 48 to 72 hours after contrast or ED admission. Data were described by proportions or medians with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or interquartile ranges (IQR; 25% to 75%). Group comparisons were by Mann‐Whitney U or Fisher's exact test (α = 0.05, two tails).ResultsThe contrast‐exposed (n = 773) and contrast‐unexposed (n = 2,956) patients were evenly matched for initial demographic, renal, and metabolic parameters. The incidence of CI‐AKI/AKI was significantly higher for the patients unexposed versus exposed to contrast (8.96% vs. 5.69%, p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in mortality rates between contrast‐exposed and unexposed patients (9.09% vs. 6.79%, p = 0.533).ConclusionsThe definition of CI‐AKI for ED patients with normal renal function may not represent a true clinical entity and the definition warrants revision.
Stressful conditions experienced by endangeredEgyptian vultures onAfrican wintering areas
Authors: Carrete M. , Bortolotti G. R. , Sánchez‐Zapata J. A. , Delgado A. , Cortés‐Avizanda A. , Grande J. M. , Donázar J. A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAmongEuropean breeding birds, those wintering in theSahel region have undergone a sustained and severe decline. Long‐term data show that variation in primary production of theSahelian staging area significantly affects survival of many species, a relationship probably mediated by trophic resource availability. However, the physiological, hormonal and behavioural responses underlying this relationship remain unexplored. We present a potential explanation for the importance of prevailing conditions during winter to understand the population ecology and current trends of migratory species. We measured corticosterone levels in feathers ofEgyptian vulturesNeophron percnopterusgrown inAfrica andEurope, showing how conditions faced by birds during wintering periods result in the release of more corticosterone over time than when those individuals were on their summering grounds. This pattern was concordant with home‐range size differences (c.33 times larger inAfrica than inEurope). We suggest that as wintering habitat ofEgyptian vultures in theSahel region has degraded during recent times, food availability has also been reduced. An increase in corticosterone during winter with a consequent increase in locomotor activity, for example, food searching behaviour, may normally be adaptive. However, enlarging home ranges could be futile if conditions are not better in the dispersal area, and costs of the higher corticosterone level, including energy expenditure from enhanced activity, may pose a significant trade‐off. These physiological responses may be characteristic of otherEuropean trans‐Saharan migrant birds that have undergone significant population declines.
The Anti‐HIV Microbicide Candidate RC‐101 Inhibits Pathogenic Vaginal Bacteria Without Harming Endogenous Flora or Mucosa
Authors: Eade Colleen R. , Cole Amy L. , Diaz Camila , Rohan Lisa C. , Parniak Michael A. , Marx Preston , Tarwater Patrick M. , Gupta Phalguni , Cole Alexander M. 
Published: November 2012

ProblemVaginal microbicides represent a promising approach for preventing heterosexual HIV transmission. However, preclinical evaluation should be conducted to ensure that microbicides will be safe for human cells and healthy microflora of the female reproductive tract. One microbicide candidate, RC‐101, has been effective and well tolerated in preliminary cell culture and macaque models. However, the effect of RC‐101 on primary vaginal tissues and resident vaginal microflora requires further evaluation.Method of studyWe treated primary vaginal tissues and vaginal bacteria, both pathogenic and commensal, with RC‐101 to investigate effects of this microbicide.ResultsRC‐101 was well tolerated by host tissues, and also by commensal vaginal bacteria. Simultaneously, pathogenic vaginal bacteria, which are known to increase susceptibility to HIV acquisition, were inhibited by RC‐101.ConclusionsBy establishing vaginal microflora, the specific antibacterial activity of RC‐101 may provide a dual mechanism of HIV protection. These findings support advancement of RC‐101 to clinical trials.
Thrombolysis on Ischemic Stroke Patients with Decreased Level of Consciousness within 4.5 h
Authors: Chen Cong , Ye Min , Chen Bei‐Lei , Chen Guo‐Fang , Gao Zhi‐Qiang , Zhou Jun‐Shan , Cheng Qian‐Tao , Wu Ming‐Hua , Zhang Mei‐Juan , Qian Lai , Xu Yun 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackground and purposeFew reports concerned on recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) treatment in stroke patients with decreased consciousness. This study assesses the efficacy and safety of intravenous rt‐PA administration within 4.5 h in stroke patients with decreased consciousness.MethodsA total of 136 stroke patients with decreased consciousness, who received or not rt‐PA intravenously within 4.5 h after stroke onset from Jiangsu province of China from 2009 to 2012, were reviewed retrospectively. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), intracranial hemorrhage rate, and mortality were used to determine patient outcome when discharged. A 3‐month outcome was calculated by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) with score 0 to 1 considered favorable outcome.ResultsBaseline characteristics of two groups were similar. When discharged, no significant differences were observed regarding NIHSS score (P = 0.994) or GCS score (P = 0.591) between groups. After 3 months, 22.8% patients in rt‐PA group had favorable outcome as compared with 7.5% patients in control group (P = 0.014). Treatment with rt‐PA did not significantly increase incidence of hemorrhage (P = 0.494) or mortality (P = 0.169).ConclusionsIntravenous rt‐PA administration within 4.5 h after onset of symptoms benefited stroke patients with abnormal consciousness.