bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditory hemispheric asymmetry for actions and objects
Authors: Robert Paul , Zatorre Robert , Gupta Akanksha , Sein Julien , Anton Jean-Luc , Belin Pascal , Thoret Etienne , Morillon Benjamin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
What is the function of auditory hemispheric asymmetry? We propose that the identification of sound sources relies on the asymmetric processing of two complementary and perceptually relevant acoustic invariants: actions and objects. In a large dataset of environmental sounds, we observed that temporal and spectral modulations display only weak covariation. We then synthesized auditory stimuli by simulating various actions (frictions) occurring on different objects (solid surfaces). Behaviorally, discrimination of actions relies on temporal modulations, while discrimination of objects relies on spectral modulations. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data showed that actions and objects are decoded in the left and right hemispheres, respectively, in bilateral superior temporal and left inferior frontal regions. This asymmetry reflects a generic differential processing—through differential neural sensitivity to temporal and spectral modulations present in environmental sounds—that supports the efficient categorization of actions and objects. These results support an ecologically valid framework of the functional role of auditory brain asymmetry.
Assessing right atrial size in patients with tricuspid regurgitation: importance of the right ventricular-focused view
Authors: Gavazzoni Mara , Badano Luigi P , Pugliesi Giordano Maria , Penso Marco , Hădăreanu Diana-Ruxandra , Ciampi Pellegrino , Fisicaro Samantha , Oliverio Giorgio , Heilbron Francesca , Tomaselli Michele , Muraru Denisa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Aims
To assess the accuracy of measuring the right atrial volume (RAV) using two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) in a right ventricular focused (RVF) view compared to the conventional apical four-chamber (4Ch) view in patients with secondary tricuspid regurgitation (STR). We also compared the clinical correlates of the measures obtained using different methods.

Methods and results
The accuracy of RAV measurements obtained between 2DE-4Ch and RVF views in 384 patients with STR were compared using three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) as a reference. We used the analysis of variance to test the differences among RAVs obtained from the different 2DE and 3DE acquisitions and the receiving operating characteristics (ROC) curves to evaluate the association with the composite endpoint of hospitalization for heart failure or death. Compared to 3DE, RAV was significantly more underestimated when measurements were obtained from 4Ch rather than RVF (−24 vs. −14%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001 for both). RAV underestimation in 4Ch and RVF view was relatively larger in lower grades of STR (−28 vs. −17% in mild, −23 vs. −14% in moderate, and −19 vs. −11% in severe STR, P = 0.001), and in the atrial compared to ventricular (−28 vs. −22%; P = 0.002) STR. RAV measured by 3DE and RVF showed the highest area under the curve (AUC = 0.67 for 3DE vs. 0.64 for RVF, P = 0.05), while 4Ch was significantly less related to the outcomes (AUC: 0.61, P = 0.021 vs. 3DE RAV).

Conclusion
In patients with STR, the use of RVF view improved the accuracy of 2DE RAV measurement as compared to the conventional 4Ch-derived measurements.
Advances in vaccine development for Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Poston Taylor B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. Antibiotic treatment is highly effective, but infection is often asymptomatic resulting in most individuals going undetected and untreated. This untreated infection can ascend to the upper female genital tract to cause pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia screening and treatment programs have failed to control this epidemic and demonstrate the need for an efficacious vaccine to prevent transmission and disease. Animal models and human epidemiological data reveal that natural immunity can provide partial or short-lived sterilizing immunity. These data further demonstrate the importance of eliciting interferon gamma (IFNγ)-producing cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells (Th1 and Th1/17 cells) that can likely synergize with antibody-mediated opsonophagocytosis to provide optimal protection. These studies have guided preclinical rational vaccine design for decades and the first Phase 1 clinical trials have recently been completed. Recent advances have led to improvements in vaccine platforms and clinically safe adjuvants that help provide a path forward. This review describes vaccine models, correlates of immunity, antigen and adjuvant selection, and future clinical testing for Chlamydia vaccine development.
Appendix
Authors: Lowenfeld Lea 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Appendicitis is the most common abdominal pathology in the world. The diagnosis of appendicitis is based on a history of abdominal pain migrating to the right lower quadrant, fevers, and anorexia, a physical examination confirming right lower quadrant tenderness to palpation, leukocytosis, and a computed tomography (CT) scan showing a dilated appendix with surrounding inflammation. Standard treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis includes appendectomy, but antibiotic therapy may be considered as an acceptable alternative in select patients. Patients who present with complicated, perforated appendicitis and are unstable or have peritonitis require emergent surgery. Patients with perforated appendicitis who are stable can be treated with antibiotics and drainage of any peri-appendiceal abscesses. For patients treated with non-operative management, interval appendectomy should be considered due to the risk of recurrence, risk of malignancy, and low risk of the operation.
Appendix
Authors: Obeid Lama , Juprasert Jackly , Yeo Heather 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses tumours of the appendix, which are very rare. Despite their rarity, appendiceal neoplasms have a wide variety of histologic subtypes, each with its own implications on treatment, prognosis, and survival. The two major classifications of appendiceal cancers are neuroendocrine tumours (NET) (previously known as carcinoid tumours) and epithelial tumours, each further divided into various histologic subtypes. Appendiceal tumours are a highly variable group of cancers with widely varying histology and tumour characteristics, which due to their rarity, lends itself to a very difficult diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment evaluation. In addition, over time the classification has changed, as a result management is complex. As more information emerges, both the classification and the treatment pathways illustrated in this chapter are likely to evolve.
The workup of colorectal cancer
Authors: Lu Pamela W. , Fields Adam C. , Melnitchouk Nelya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common disease that all practitioners should have some familiarity with. Despite available guidelines, a proportion of patients do not undergo recommended colorectal cancer screening and can present with complaint of symptoms. Patients with colorectal cancer often have vague or non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, or rectal bleeding. Workup should begin with a thorough history and physical exam, including a rectal examination. Workup should then be followed up with appropriate diagnostic imaging or procedures if appropriate. Maintaining an index of suspicion when evaluating patients is critical as the epidemiology of colorectal cancer is changing, with rising incidence in patients aged less than 50—prior to the initiation of routine screening.
Ischaemic colitis
Authors: Beresneva Olga , Donohue Kristen , Kleiman David A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ischaemic colitis is the most common form of intestinal ischaemia. It occurs most often at watershed areas of the colon due to a low-flow state. The gold-standard imaging modality for diagnosis of ischaemic colitis is computerized tomography (CT), along with endoscopy to confirm the radiographic findings. Most patients recover with non-operative management with fluid resuscitation, bowel rest, and antibiotics. Surgical intervention is reserved for progression to full-thickness ischaemia, gangrene, perforation, or failure to improve with non-operative management. Overall mortality is around 13% and significantly higher in those who require surgery. Recurrence also occurs relatively often, in up to 10% of patients. The most common long-term sequelae of ischaemic colitis that may ultimately require surgical correction is the development of a colonic stricture.
Management of colonic volvulus
Authors: Deen Kemal , Ratnatunge Kesara , Deen Raeed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Colonic volvulus occurs in segments of colon with a mesentery. Rarely, volvulus may occur in a malrotated caecum. The sigmoid colon is the most frequent site and occurs when the colon rotates upon its axis. Axial rotation greater than 180degrees risks colonic ischaemia and gangrene. Painless gaseous distention of the abdomen is the most common presentation; tenderness is an ominous sign of ischaemia, while computerized tomography is the investigation of choice. Mostly, volvulus affects populations of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia more than in the West. In the former, volvulus is a condition of young people compared with the elderly in the West. Definitive treatment for colonic volvulus is resection and anastomosis while fixation is a temporizing option for those at high surgical risk. Endoscopic decompression of volvulus must be undertaken by an experienced operator and helps reduce ischaemia time but bears the risk of bacteraemia and colonic perforation.
Crohn’s disease
Authors: Mascarenhas Christopher , Kiran Ravi Pokala 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that involves the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. The location, pattern, and severity of disease varies between patients. Management is usually medical, with a variety of medications available. Currently a top-down approach to medical management to ensure mucosal healing is considered essential for adequate control and to prevent complications. Despite medical management, a proportion of patients end up needing surgery. When surgery is needed the goals of surgery include conservation of adequate length of small bowel disease over the long-term while adequately controlling disease and managing complications.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS), and transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME)
Authors: Sali Priyanka A. , Nandakumar Govind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter serves as an overview of the recent advances in endoscopic rectal surgery. Various nuances of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS), transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) are discussed. The indications, equipment, technique, complications, functional outcomes, and comparison with other techniques will be dealt with in detail. There are now multiple surgical approaches available as treatment options for rectal cancer, each with specific benefits and drawbacks. The transanal approaches are important tools and appropriate use of these techniques requires training and experience. Transanal approaches are extremely useful in male patients with a narrow pelvis and a low tumour. Each patient and rectal tumour is different and the approach should be individualized to the specific scenario.
Endoluminal surgery in the future
Authors: Nakajima Kiyokazu , Momose Kota 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the differences between flexible gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and laparoscopic surgery are mostly responsible for the failure of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and current technical difficulties of endoluminal interventions. A set of new tools will bridge gaps between endoscopy and laparoscopy, and may foster their positive integration towards the next generation endoscopic interventions. The future of GI endoluminal surgery will evolve more rapidly and surely, by developing necessary flexible tools and new systems to bridge the gaps between flexible endoscopy and laparoscopy. Intensive R&D efforts are necessary to accomplish positive integration of ‘two endoscopies’ towards next-generation endoscopic interventions.
SBAs for the MRCOG Part 1
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
MRCOG Part 1: 500 SBA’s, contains fresh content to help candidates prepare for this competitive examination. The questions have been carefully written to reflect fundamental areas of the curriculum along with explanations and key references to encourage the candidate to read further. With specific reference to the clinically orientated questions, the answers provide considerations for day-to-day clinical practice; helping the candidate to understand the wider context of their learning. Along with the individual curriculum areas, there are also two sample question papers at the end of the book to help guide further preparation. This is an important resource for anyone preparing for the MRCOG part 1 examination.
Embryology
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on basic embryology that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. Embryology is an important part of the obstetrics and gynaecology curriculum. A good understanding of the basic concepts surrounding fertilisation is important for fetal medicine conditions, as well as early pregnancy considerations including molar pregnancy. Embryology can best be learned by watching videos on the respective processes as well as reading a well written textbook. You should always think about the clinical implications that can result from abnormal embryological development.
Biochemistry
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on basic biochemistry that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. A good understanding of the principles involved in biochemistry will help you to understand various aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology. Examples of applied biochemistry relate to the biochemistry of parturition, signalling pathways in the myometrium and contractility of the myometrium. An understanding of acid-base balance is helpful when understanding physiological changes in labour. Applied biochemistry is often tested when interpreting common investigations within the specialty.
Pathology
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on the pathology that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. An understanding of the basic principles that underpin pathology is important for the practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. An important area where applied pathology is important is within the subspecialty of gynaecological oncology in terms of pre-cancerous lesions, as well as cancer itself. Within the context of obstetrics, the pathological basis of disease must not be underestimated, and the impact should be considered for both the pregnancy individual and her unborn baby. An understanding of normal physiology and anatomy will help to understand pathology further.
Microorganisms and Antibiotics
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A summary of essential infectious disease concepts for the surgical resident. It starts with principles of, and definitions within, infection control. Then it reviews classes of microorganisms pertinent to the surgical patient—bacterial, viral, mycobacterial, and fungal. It closes with the mechanisms and targets of commonly utilized antivirals, antibacterials, and antifungals.
Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A review of clinically relevant hematologic principles for the care of surgical patients. It starts with the coagulation cascade, including the different laboratory measures of coagulative function. Then it covers features of blood product transfusion, transfusion reactions, and medical measures to augment hemostasis. Clinically relevant antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and thrombolytics are described, and commonly tested hypercoagulable states and bleeding disorders are reviewed. The chapter closes with high yield facts on dyshemoglobinemias.
Stomach
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A review of the stomach as an organ for capacitance, mixing, and transit, the chapter starts with anatomy and physiology. Important points about esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and gastrostomy tubes are presented before proceeding to disorders of gastric motility and mucosal inflammation. The diagnosis and management of ulcerative disease includes all classic surgical options and their specific indications. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma is detailed. Commonly tested post-gastrectomy complications and bariatric surgical procedures are highlighted. The chapter closes with summaries of the less common gastric pathologies, both benign and malignant, that are known to appear on board examinations.
Parathyroid
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The anatomy and physiology of parathyroid function is the foundation for this chapter. The clinical approach to hypercalcemia is reviewed. Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism are detailed, including the differential diagnosis, workup, medical management, and surgical management. High-yield facts regarding operative conduct and complications when pursuing parathyroid pathology are outlined. The chapter closes with parathyroid cancer and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes.
Trauma
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The presenting principles of traumatic injury and emergency department maneuvers for the moribund patient are presented first. The chapter then reviews the most commonly utilized diagnostic modalities for trauma patients and the indications for emergent and urgent laparotomy. The concepts of damage control surgery and abdominal compartment syndrome are also discussed. The majority of the chapter outlines commonly tested injuries by organ-system, from the brain and spinal cord down through cardiopulmonary, vascular, enteric, hepatosplenic, and urologic. Pelvic, torso soft tissue envelope, and musculoskeletal limb injuries are described last. The chapter closes with a discussion of hypothermia, radiation, and pregnancy.
Neurosurgery and Orthopedics
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter is intended to be a high-yield summary of neurosurgery and orthopedics for the general surgery residency board examination. It also serves to familiarize the reader with the terminology and principles of these two fields, to help guide clinical decision-making. Cranial anatomy and physiology is followed by a description of different brain masses, cortical injuries, and spinal cord syndromes and vertebral column trauma. Peripheral nerve pathology ends the section on neurosurgery. For orthopedics, the review starts with bone architecture and principles of fractures. Cervical spine stenosis is followed by brief outlines of upper extremity bony and joint pathology, lumbar spine diseases, and finally bony pelvis and lower extremity musculoskeletal problems. The chapter closes with diabetic extremity gangrene and commonly tested bone tumors.
Neurological complications of myeloid malignancies
Authors: Siegal Tali , Benouaich-Amiel Alexandra , Bairey Osnat 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematopoietic disorders, which include chronic disorders such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute disorders such as acute myeloid leukaemias. Accordingly, their neurological manifestations are manifold. Common neurological complications are thrombotic and haemorrhagic events that occur in both acute leukaemias and the more indolent entities. Direct involvement of the nervous system is typically related to acute leukaemias and includes invasion of the central nervous system (parenchymal and leptomeningeal dissemination, myeloid sarcoma, neuroleukaemiosis). Indirect neurological complications derive from cerebrovascular events related to either thrombosis in JAK-2-positive neoplasms or hyperviscosity, or haemorrhage once thrombocythemia or coagulopathy is present. Many neurological complications are iatrogenic and include diverse categories such as lumbar puncture and intrathecal or systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiotherapy, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most neurological manifestations require urgent treatment and confer a poor prognosis. This chapter describes the neurological complications of myeloid malignancies in the era of contemporary treatment. Those manifestations require expert consideration of their source, as they are being identified with increasing frequency, while patients survive longer.
Neurological complications of medical therapies in haematological malignancies
Authors: Baehring Joachim M. , Soussain Carole 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Medical therapies, including conventional chemotherapies and newer targeted and immunotherapies, used in haematological malignancies can give rise to a large spectrum of neurological complications either by direct neurotoxicity of the agents or by resulting from intricate effects on cell metabolism, coagulation, the innate and adaptive immune systems, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. Multiple drugs used for haematological malignancies can cause central neurotoxicity, manifested by acute or subacute global encephalopathy (busulfan, ifosfamide, intravenous methotrexate, fludarabine), chronic encephalopathy (intravenous methotrexate), a cerebellar syndrome (cytarabine), and aseptic meningitis (intrathecal methotrexate). Peripheral neuropathies are common with vinca alkaloids, proteasome inhibitors, platinum compounds, thalidomide and its analogues, and brentuximab vedotin. Tumour lysis syndrome can manifest with seizures and neuromuscular symptoms. Dural sinus thrombosis is a major risk specific to patients receiving asparaginase. An increasing number of agents have been associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Neuroimmunological complications, initially encountered mainly in the form of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and central nervous system involvement by graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, are occurring more frequently with the use of immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific monoclonal antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. The intrinsic risk of opportunistic infections encountered in haematological malignancies is further increased by specific therapeutic interventions, especially haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Disorders of CSF circulation may occur in patients receiving all-trans retinoic acid. While many of the mechanisms underlying treatment-related neurotoxicities are unknown, haematologists must be aware of these disorders and be able to distinguish them from neurological involvement by the haematological disease itself. Prompt recognition enables the treating multidisciplinary medical team to interrupt the responsible treatment, initiate therapy, and reduce morbidity.