bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recruiting community health centers into pragmatic research: Findings from STOP CRC
Authors: Coronado Gloria D , Retecki Sally , Schneider Jennifer , Taplin Stephen H , Burdick Tim , Green Beverly B 
Published: September 2015

Background: Challenges of recruiting participants into pragmatic trials, particularly at the level of the health system, remain largely unexplored. As part of Strategies and Opportunities to STOP Colon Cancer in Priority Populations (STOP CRC), we recruited eight separate community health centers (consisting of 26 individual safety net clinics) into a large comparative effectiveness pragmatic study to evaluate methods of raising the rates of colorectal cancer screening. Methods: In partnership with STOP CRC’s advisory board, we defined criteria to identify eligible health centers and applied these criteria to a list of health centers in Washington, Oregon, and California affiliated with Oregon Community Health Information Network, a 16-state practice-based research network of federally sponsored health centers. Project staff contacted centers that met eligibility criteria and arranged in-person meetings of key study investigators with health center leadership teams. We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to thematically analyze the content of discussions during these meetings to identify major facilitators of and barriers to health center participation. Results: From an initial list of 41 health centers, 11 met the initial inclusion criteria. Of these, leaders at three centers declined and at eight centers (26 clinic sites) agreed to participate (73%). Participating and nonparticipating health centers were similar with respect to clinic size, percent Hispanic patients, and percent uninsured patients. Participating health centers had higher proportions of Medicaid patients and higher baseline colorectal cancer screening rates. Common facilitators of participation were perception by center leadership that the project was an opportunity to increase colorectal cancer screening rates and to use electronic health record tools for population management. Barriers to participation were concerns of center leaders about ability to provide fecal testing to and assure follow-up of uninsured patients, limited clinic capacity to prepare mailings required by the study protocol, discomfort with randomization, and concerns about delaying program implementation at some clinics due to the research requirements. Conclusion: Our findings address an important research gap and may inform future efforts to recruit community health centers into pragmatic research.
Predictors of unstable distal radius fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Walenkamp M. M. J. , Aydin S. , Mulders M. A. M. , Goslings J. C. , Schep N. W. L. 
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review in order to identify predictors of secondary displacement in distal radius fractures. We performed a systematic review and identified all studies that reported secondary displacement following distal radius fractures. Where possible, we pooled the odds ratios of predictors. The initial search yielded 3178 studies of which 27 were included. Multiple studies found that age, shortening, volar comminution, loss of radial inclination, the presence of a volar hook, AO type 3 fractures (A3, B3, C3) and the Older classification were significant predictors of secondary displacement. Pooling revealed a significantly increased risk of secondary displacement in fractures with dorsal comminution, in women and in patients aged >60 years. An associated ulna fracture or intra-articular involvement does not result in an increased risk of secondary displacement. The overview provided in this study can help surgeons to inform patients of the chances of success of closed treatment regarding the radiological outcome and facilitate shared decision making. Level of evidence: II
The enigma of ‘harmful’ alcohol consumption: evidence from a mixed methods study involving female drinkers in Scotland
Authors: Gill Jan S , Rush Robert , Black Heather , O’May Fiona P , Chick Jonathan , Rees Cheryl , McPake Barbara 
Published: September 2015

Background/aims: An appreciation of the drinking patterns of population subgroups may usefully inform tailored interventions. For this purpose, research has highlighted a need to better describe the drinking behaviour of UK women. This study aims to characterise the purchasing and consumption behaviour of female heavy, harmed, drinkers in contact with Scottish health services in two cities and to explore the factors that influence the link to harm. Methods: Mixed methods study involving cross-sectional survey questionnaires and one-to-one interviews (5). The questionnaires documented (1) demographic data (including derived deprivation score), last week’s (or ‘typical’ weekly) consumption (type, brand, volume, price, place of purchase), self-reported illnesses, and (2) Alcohol-Related Problem Questionnaire score. A total of 181 patients with serious health problems linked to alcohol were recruited within National Health Service (NHS) hospital clinics (in- and outpatient settings), in two Scottish cities during 2012. Results: Median consumption was 157.6 UK units for the recorded week, with almost exclusive purchase from ‘off-sale’ retail outlets. Preferred drinks were white cider, vodka and white wine. Increasing problems was positively associated with drinking more in the week, being younger and belonging to Glasgow. Conclusion: For Scottish women, the current definition of ‘harmful’ consumption likely captures a fourfold variation in alcohol intake, with gender differences less apparent. While current alcohol-related harm is positively associated with dose and being younger, there is clear evidence of an influence of the less tangible ‘Glasgow effect’. Future harm concerns are warranted by data relating to pattern, alcohol dose and cigarette use.
Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology
Authors: Fedak Kristen M. , Bernal Autumn , Capshaw Zachary A. , Gross Sherilyn 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill published nine “viewpoints” to help determine if observed epidemiologic associations are causal. Since then, the “Bradford Hill Criteria” have become the most frequently cited framework for causal inference in epidemiologic studies. However, when Hill published his causal guidelines—just 12 years after the double-helix model for DNA was first suggested and 25 years before the Human Genome Project began—disease causation was understood on a more elementary level than it is today. Advancements in genetics, molecular biology, toxicology, exposure science, and statistics have increased our analytical capabilities for exploring potential cause-and-effect relationships, and have resulted in a greater understanding of the complexity behind human disease onset and progression. These additional tools for causal inference necessitate a re-evaluation of how each Bradford Hill criterion should be interpreted when considering a variety of data types beyond classic epidemiology studies. Herein, we explore the implications of data integration on the interpretation and application of the criteria. Using examples of recently discovered exposure–response associations in human disease, we discuss novel ways by which researchers can apply and interpret the Bradford Hill criteria when considering data gathered using modern molecular techniques, such as epigenetics, biomarkers, mechanistic toxicology, and genotoxicology.
Six-month quality-of-life and functional status of acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors compared to patients at risk: a population-based study
Authors: Biehl Michelle , Kashyap Rahul , Ahmed Adil H. , Reriani Martin K. , Ofoma Uchenna R. , Wilson Gregory A. , Li Guangxi , Malinchoc Michael , Sloan Jeff A. , Gajic Ognjen 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The long-term attributable burden related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not fully investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) and functional status at 6 months after hospitalization in patients at risk for ARDS who did and did not develop the syndrome.

Method
This is a population-based prospective cohort study of adult patients from Olmsted County, Minnesota, with or at risk for ARDS hospitalized from October 2008 to July 2011. The primary outcomes were changes in QOL and functional status, measured through 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) and Barthel Index (BI) respectively, from baseline to 6 months, compared between survivors who did and did not develop ARDS.

Results
Of 410 patients with or at risk for ARDS, 98 had baseline surveys collected and 67 responded to a 6-month survey (26 ARDS, 41 non-ARDS). Both ARDS and non-ARDS groups had lower physical component of SF-12 at baseline compared to general population (P < 0.001 for both). ARDS patients had poorer baseline functional status compared to non-ARDS (mean BI 80 ± 25 vs. 88 ± 22, P = 0.03). No significant differences were observed for the change between 6 months and baseline BI (delta 2.3 for ARDS vs. 2.0 for non-ARDS, P = 0.5), or mental (delta 2.7 vs. 2.4, P = 0.9) or physical (delta –3 vs. –3.3, P = 0.9) component of SF-12 between survivors with and without ARDS.

Conclusion
In this population-based study, decreased QOL and functional status 6 months after hospitalization were largely explained by baseline condition, with similar recovery in survivors who did and did not develop ARDS.
Epigenetic changes during sepsis: on your marks!
Authors: Bataille Aurélien , Galichon Pierre , Ziliotis Marie-Julia , Sadia Iman , Hertig Alexandre 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEpigenetics is the study of how cells, organs, and even individuals utilize their genes over specific periods of time, and under specific environmental constraints. Very importantly, epigenetics is now expanding into the field of medicine and hence should provide new information for the development of drugs. Bomsztyk and colleagues have detected major epigenetic changes occurring in several organs as early as 6 h after the onset of a mouse model of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by Staphylococcus aureus lung injury. Decrease in mRNA of key genes involved in endothelial function was found to be associated with (and potentially explained by) a decrease in permissive histone marks, while repressive marks were unchanged. We discuss here the limitations of a whole-organ as opposed to a cell-specific approach, the nature of the controls that were chosen, and the pitfalls of histone modifications as a cause of the eventual phenotype. While the use of ‘epidrugs’ is definitely welcome in the clinic, how and when they will be used in sepsis-related multiple organ dysfunction will require further experimental studies.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate: diabolical hormone or epiphenomenon in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Authors: Murthy Santosh B. , Naval Neeraj S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInflammation is purported to play an important role in the clinical course of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The current study by Höllig et al. entails using dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, a hormone that inhibits key inflammatory pathways, as a predictor of functional outcome in these patients.
Effect of end-stage renal disease on long-term survival after a first-ever mechanical ventilation: a population-based study
Authors: Chen Chin-Ming , Lai Chih-Cheng , Cheng Kuo-Chen , Weng Shih-Feng , Liu Wei-Lun , Shen Hsiu-Nien 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRDPos) usually have multiple comorbidities and are predisposed to acute organ failure and in-hospital mortality. We assessed the effect of ESRD on the poorly understood long-term mortality risk after a first-ever mechanical ventilation (1-MV) for acute respiratory failure.

Methods
The data source was Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database. All patients given a 1-MV between 1999 and 2008 from one million randomly selected NHI beneficiaries were identified (n = 38,659). Patients with or without ESRD (ESRDNeg) after a 1-MV between 1999 and 2008 were retrospectively compared and followed from the index admission date to death or the end of 2011. ESRDPos patients (n = 1185; mean age: 65.9 years; men: 51.5 %) were individually matched to ESRDNeg patients (ratio: 1:8) using a propensity score method. The primary outcome was death after a 1-MV. The effect of ESRD on the risk of death after MV was assessed. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess how ESRD affected the mortality risk after a 1-MV.

Results
The baseline characteristics of the two cohorts were balanced, but the incidence of mortality was higher in ESRDPos patients than in ESRDNeg patients (342.30 versus 179.67 per 1000 person-years; P <0.001; covariate-adjusted hazard ratio: 1.43; 95 % confidence interval: 1.31–1.51). For patients who survived until discharge, ESRD was not associated with long-term (>4 years) mortality.

Conclusions
ESRD increased the mortality risk after a 1-MV, but long-term survival seemed similar.
Catalytic Effects of Water Clusters on the Hydrolysis of Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate: A DFT Study
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Cao Jiping , Liu Yali , Shi Aijuan , Zhang Qing , Lin Xiaoxiong , Wang Mingliang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The reaction mechanism between 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene (2,4-TDI) and water clusters was carried out using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The reaction can occur via two pathways. In path a, the 2,4-TDI reacts with water molecules by the attack across the N=C bond to form carbamic acid further decomposed into carbon dioxide and amine. In path b, the hydrolysis proceeds with the attack across C=O bond followed by a 1,3-hydrogen shift to produce carbamic acid. The calculations indicated that the additions across N=C and C=O bonds with water trimer are energetically preferred to the reaction with water dimer and monomer with the free energy barrier of 22.9 and 27.0 kcal mol−1 respectively, which is consistent with the experimental results that the pseudo-first-order rate constants of the reaction are dependent on [H2O]3. In addition, the 1,3-hydrogen shift following an attack across C=O bond is a fast process with water dimer serving as an efficient proton transporter resulting in the free energy barrier of 5.4 kcal mol−1. In the final decomposition of carbamic acid, water trimer or water tetramer shows an important role with the free energy barrier of 16.4 and 15.3 kcal mol−1 respectively. The results show that the 4-position isocyanate group of 2,4-TDI is more active than that of 2-position.
Colonoscopy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: self-reported experience, understanding, anxieties and tolerance of the procedure
Authors: Morgan Samantha , Alexakis Christopher , Medcalf Lucy , Chhaya Vivek , Neild Penny , Poullis Andrew , Pollok Richard 
Published: September 2015

Objective: To address Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients’ attitudes, understanding and tolerance of colonoscopy and assess whether there are specific factors that influence these parameters.Design: structured questionnaire-based survey. Tolerance of various aspects of colonoscopy procedure graded on a scale 1-5, 5 representing most intolerance/burden (worries/concerns about the procedure/risks, bowel preparation, disruption to life, procedural discomfort and travel concerns).Setting: London teaching hospital - St Georges HospitalPatients: Consecutive patients with established IBD attending the specialist IBD clinicResults: 98 patients responded (46% male). Mean age was 43.2 years. 33 had Ulcerative Colitis (UC), 50 had Crohn’s Disease (CD), and 11 were unsure of diagnosis. Mean number of colonoscopies was 3.7. Females were more worried about the procedure than males (3.0 vs 2.1, p<0.05), were less tolerant of bowel preparation (3.5 vs 2.3, p<0.05), experienced more disruption to their lives (2.9 vs 1.9, p<0.05) and were more troubled by travel concerns (2.0 vs 1.4, p<0.05). Patients with the disease for ≥ 5 years experienced significantly more discomfort than patients with the disease for a shorter duration (3.2 vs 2.7 p<0.05). Patients aged ≥55 years are significantly less worried about the procedure (2.7 vs 2.0, p = <0.05) and tolerate the bowel preparation better (3.1 vs 2.4, p = <0.05). The majority of the patients felt colonoscopy was ‘bearable’ (53%) with only 13% describing it as ‘very unpleasant’. 55% would have the procedure ‘as frequently as required’ if their physician felt it appropriate.Conclusions: Our research highlights a significant difference in the perception of colonoscopy by gender and age. Overall our findings reveal a preparedness to undergo colonoscopy as required despite an increasing requirement for this test. The differences highlighted should prompt endoscopy units to accommodate and make allowances for these different perceived tolerance in routine clinical activity.
Predictors of psychiatric rehospitalization among elderly patients
Authors: Wong Chun Yin Terry 
Published: September 2015

The population of Hong Kong and the proportion of elderly people have been increasing rapidly. The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to determine predictive factors for psychiatric rehospitalization within 2 years among elderly patients who were discharged from psychiatric wards, in attempt to reduce their rehospitalization rate and to reintegrate them into the community. Patients aged 65 and over, who were discharged from psychiatric wards of Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital from 1 March 2010 to 29 February 2012, were identified. Rehospitalization within 2 years after discharge was the primary outcome measure, and the time to rehospitalization was measured as the secondary outcome. Patients were subgrouped into readmitted and non-readmitted groups. Logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were applied to the potential predictive factors with odds ratios and hazard ratios obtained, respectively, for the significant findings. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for graphical representation of the study results in survival analysis. 368 individuals satisfying the study criteria were identified. The same four factors were shown to be significantly associated with rehospitalization in both multiple logistic regression and Cox regression survival analysis. Referral to other psychiatric disciplines upon discharge (p< 0.001, OR=0.325, HR=0.405) was associated with a lower rehospitalization risk and correlated to a longer time to rehospitalization. History of suicidal behaviors (p< 0.001, OR=4.906, HR=3.161), history of violent behaviors (p< 0.001, OR=5.443, HR=3.935) and greater number of previous psychiatric admissions (p< 0.001, OR=1.250, HR=1.121) were associated with a higher rehospitalization risk and predicted earlier rehospitalization. The rehospitalization rate of elderly patients was 5.2% at 1 month, 9.5% at 3 months, 15.0% at 6 months, 17.1% at 1 year, 18.8% at 1.5 year and 20.9% at 2 years.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Smith Jackie 
Published: September 2015

The editorial in BJN 24(15) written by BJN Editor in Chief, Ian Peate, challenged the Nursing and Midwifery Council's (NMC) Chief Executive and Registrar's assertion that the progress her organisation has achieved over the past 12 months is something to be ‘delighted’ about. The NMC responded and their letter is below. If you would like to comment on the issue email us: bjn@markallengroup.com
The impact of nurse prescribing on the clinical setting
Authors: Creedon Rena , Byrne Stephen , Kennedy Julia , McCarthy Suzanne 
Published: September 2015

Aim:To investigate the impact nurse prescribing has on the organisation, patient and health professional, and to identify factors associated with the growth of nurse prescribing.Methods:Systematic search and narrative review. Data obtained through CINAHL, PubMed, Science direct, Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC), databases/websites, and hand searching. English peer-reviewed quantitative, qualitative and mixed-method articles published from September 2009 through to August 2014 exploring nurse prescribing from the perspective of the organisation, health professional and patient were included. Following a systematic selection process, studies identified were also assessed for quality by applying Cardwell's framework.Results:From the initial 443 citations 37 studies were included in the review. Most studies were descriptive in nature. Commonalities addressed were stakeholders' views, prescribing in practice, jurisdiction, education and benefits/barriers.Conclusions:Prescriptive authority for nurses continues to be a positive addition to clinical practice. However, concerns have emerged regarding appropriate support, relationships and jurisdictional issues. A more comprehensive understanding of nurse and midwife prescribing workloads is required to capture the true impact and cost-effectiveness of the initiative.
Peer review – issues, limitations, and future development
Authors: Velterop Jan 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Peer review is almost universally seen as the crux of scientific journal publishing. The role of peer reviewers is (1) to help avoid unnecessary errors in the published article, and (2) to judge publication-worthiness (in the journal that arranges for the review). This happens. Sometimes. But the notion of peer review is rather vague, and since most of it is anonymous, it is very difficult – arguably impossible – for researchers to know if the articles they read have been reliably peer reviewed and which criteria have been used to come to the decision to accept for publication. On top of that, peer review is very expensive. Not the peer review itself, as it is mostly done by researchers without being paid for it, but the process as arranged by publishers. This has several underlying causes, but it is clear that the actual cost of technically publishing an article is but a fraction of the average APC (Article Processing Charge) income or per-article subscription revenues publishers routinely realize. Some (e.g. Richard Smith, ex-Editor of the British Medical Journal) advocate abolishing peer review altogether. This is certainly not without merit, but even without abolishing it, there are ways to make peer review more reliable and transparent, and much cheaper to the scientific community.