bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate‐related variation in mortality and recruitment determine regional forest‐type distributions
Authors: Vanderwel Mark C. , Lyutsarev Vassily S. , Purves Drew W. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimThe geographic distributions of different forest types are expected to shift in the future under altered climatic conditions. At present, the nature, magnitude and timing of these shifts are uncertain because we lack a quantitative understanding of how forest distributions emerge from climate‐ and competition‐related variation in underlying demographic processes. Forest dynamics result primarily from the manner in which the physical environment and competition for limiting resources affect tree growth, mortality and recruitment. We sought to uncover the relative importance of these processes in controlling the geographic limits of different forest types.LocationEastern USA.MethodsWe parameterized a climate‐dependent forest dynamics model with extensive observations of tree growth, mortality and recruitment from forest inventory data. We then implemented the resulting demographic models in simulations of joint population dynamics for seven plant functional types (PFTs) across the region. By removing various climate effects in a series of simulation experiments, we assessed the importance of climate‐dependent demography and competition in limiting forest distributions.ResultsDistributions that emerged from simulated population dynamics approximated the current distributions for all seven PFTs well and captured several known patterns of succession. Temperature‐related increases in mortality determined the southern boundaries of three out of four boreal and northern temperate PFTs, whereas temperature‐related decreases in recruitment controlled the northern limit of all three southern temperate PFTs. Changes in growth rates and competitor performance had only minor effects on the distribution limits of most PFTs.Main conclusionsOur results imply that dynamic global vegetation models, which are widely used to predict future vegetation distributions under climate change, should seek to more appropriately capture the observed climate sensitivity of mortality and recruitment. Understanding the mechanisms controlling forest distributions will enable better predictions of their future responses to climate change.
Disordering network theory: an introduction
Authors: MARSHALL JONATHAN PAUL , GOODMAN JAMES 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWhereas theories of the information society/network society tend to regard networks as generally resilient and adaptable, the articles in this special issue treat disorder as inherently important in social theory and in the analysis of networks. By taking disorder seriously, the contributors recognize that it is something more than a correctable failure or a symptom of decay. This introduction makes five main claims about disorder. First, ordering networks can contain and generate their oppositions and produce what some of those within those networks call disorder. Second, networks of commodification, survival and the making of culture come into conflict. Third, information is necessarily distorted, or blocked, in information capitalism. Fourth, networks are sometimes functional precisely because they are unstable and ambiguous. And, fifth, disorder can be creative and indeed may offer hope of an escape from fatal ordering, but perhaps not into a new order.
The tangled hydra: developments in transglobal peer‐to‐peer culture
Authors: DA RIMINI FRANCESCA 
Published: June 2013

AbstractInternet‐enabled file sharing via peer‐to‐peer (P2P) systems is a transglobal activity involving millions of people circulating vast amounts of information. ‘Anonymous peers’ exchange data via autonomous networks that are simultaneously external to, and embedded within, market structures. A transnational alliance of technology and media industries and governments employs technological barriers, legal instruments and, belatedly, commercial alternatives to constrain the phenomenon. Such ‘digital enclosures’ trigger productive rebellious acts by programmers, intellectual property activists and file sharers inhabiting overlapping informal networks. Escalating cycles of retaliation and resistance spawn further disorder in the informational domain. The period 2009–12 has been a watershed for technological trends, landmark legal battles and supranational treaties. However, scant attention is paid to how ‘digital piracy’ disturbs the logic of capital by instituting material practices that tolerate contradictory positions on free culture and electronic freedom, creating new contexts for social experimentation and recomposition.
‘Disorderly conduct’: on the unruly rules of public communication in social network sites
Authors: WAGNER ELKE , STEMPFHUBER MARTIN 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article, we examine typical styles and practices of public communication on social network sites (SNSs) in order to confront the traditional concept of publics as machines for creating order. Through an ethnographic case study of the SNS Facebook, we show how indeterminacy, ambiguity and constant irritation, rather than arguments or reason, produce the communicative order. A decidedly disorderly style of communication and connectivity emerges. Indeterminacy, from our point of view, is a solution to the problem of speaking privately in public and to an indefinite audience. We use these findings to problematize the insights of network theory and Niklas Luhmann's systems theory that only out of noise can we generate order – we can also generate it through noise. Since order undermines itself through the creation of ambiguous communicative possibilities, a new kind of public sphere is created.
Laser in caries treatment – patients' experiences and opinions
Authors: Sarmadi R , Hedman E , Gabre P 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to obtain a deeper understanding of patient's experiences and perspectives after dental caries treatment with Er:YAG laser technology.MethodsTwelve patients aged 15–30 years who had undergone at least one laser caries excavation agreed to participate in an interview study. All the interviews were tape recorded and transcribed by a transcription agency. The transcribed texts were analysed using manifest and latent qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe categories in this study were identified as choosing laser, understanding laser, encouraging dental care and my oral health. The motivation for laser treatment was described as dental fear in general, specific fear of needles or discomfort with the drill. The informants described the dentist's role as initiators of treatment and willing or unwilling facilitators. Laser treatment was described as safer and more carefully considered treatment. They felt generally safe with laser and were able to relax during the treatment. All interviewers described a positive impression of the laser, and words like ‘up to date’ and ‘future‐oriented’ were used to describe laser. Laser treatment was considered less painful.ConclusionsThe results indicate that patients find laser a feasible and convenient treatment option.
A new indicator of the oral hygiene habits of disabled persons: relevance of the carer's personal appearance and interest in oral health
Authors: Limeres J , Martínez F , Feijoo JF , Ramos I , Liñares A , Diz P 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether there is a relationship between the oral hygiene habits of individuals with severe disability the carer's personal appearance and interest in oral health.Patients and methodsThe study group was formed of 60 disabled persons and their respective carers who came for the first time to consultation in the Special‐Needs Dentistry Unit of the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. All the carers answered a standardised questionnaire of 28 questions divided into four sections: disabled individual's demographic data, disabled individual's general medical details, social aspects of the carer (personal appearance of the carer and interest in oral health), and disabled individual's oral hygiene habits. The personal appearance of the carers and their interest in the disabled individual's oral health were evaluated using independent scales designed specifically for the study, with five binary items in each scale.ResultsThe carer's personal appearance and interest in the disabled individual's oral health showed a statistically significant relationship with the individual's oral hygiene habits, particularly with respect to the frequency and duration of toothbrushing, need for physical restraint during toothbrushing, use of a manual toothbrush and use of toothpaste.ConclusionsThe carer's personal appearance and interest in the disabled individual's oral health are good indicators of the oral hygiene habits of an individual with severe disability. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of these aspects as a complementary element of the dental record.
House dust mite and cat allergen in different indoor environments
Authors: CUSTOVIC A. , TAGGART S. C. O. , WOODCOCK A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryAllergy to house dust mites (HDM) and domestic pets is a major cause of asthma. People in developed countries spend more than 90% of their time indoors. We have measured levels of HDM allergen Der p I and cat allergen Fel d I in public buildings and public transport. Dust samples were collected by vacuuming a 1 m2 area for 2 min from five schools, six hotels, four cinemas, six pubs, three buses, two trains and 12 domestic households without a cat. Der p I and Fel d I were assayed with monoclonal antibodies in a two‐site immunometric ELISA. Der p I concentration was significantly higher in the private homes than in comparable sites in public places except for cinema seats (where high values were found) compared with domestic sofas. Der p I >2000 ng/g of fine dust was found in 30% of the upholstered seats, 9% having a concentration > 10000 ng/g. Fel d I levels were significantly higher in the dust from upholstered seats (geometric mean 14±88 μg/g) than in carpeted floors (geometric mean 0±73 μg/g), and in public places than in private homes. Fel d I >8 μg/g was found in 79% of the upholstered seats or furniture sampled in public buildings or public transport. In conclusion, upholstered seats from public buildings and public transport constitute an allergen reservoir for continuous contamination of the indoor environment which could compromise the effects of allergen avoidance employed at home.
Corporate Governance, Affirmative Action and Firm Value in Post‐apartheid South Africa: A Simultaneous Equation Approach
Authors: Ntim Collins G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe post‐apartheid South African corporate governance (CG) model is a unique hybridization of the traditional Anglo‐American and Continental European‐Asian CG models, distinctively requiring firms to explicitly comply with a number of affirmative action and stakeholder CG provisions, such as black economic empowerment, employment equity, environment, HIV/Aids, and health and safety. This paper examines the association between a composite CG index and firm value in this distinct corporate setting within a simultaneous equation framework. Using a sample of post‐apartheid South African listed corporations, and controlling for potential interdependencies among block ownership, board size, leverage, institutional ownership, firm value and a broad CG index, we find a significant positive association between a composite CG index and firm value. Further, our two‐stage least squares results show that there is also a reverse association between our broad CG index and firm value, emphasizing the need for future research to adequately control for potential interrelationships between possible alternative CG mechanisms and firm value. Distinct from prior studies, we find that compliance with affirmative action CG provisions impacts positively on firm value. Our results are consistent with agency, legitimacy, political cost, and resource dependent theoretical predictions. Our findings are robust across a number of econometric models that adequately control for different types of endogeneity problems, and alternative accounting, and market‐based firm valuation proxies.
Making a difference: ethical consumption and the everyday
Authors: Adams Matthew , Raisborough Jayne 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOur everyday shopping practices are increasingly marketed as opportunities to ‘make a difference’ via our ethical consumption choices. In response to a growing body of work detailing the ways in which specific alignments of ‘ethics’ and ‘consumption’ are mediated, we explore how ‘ethical’ opportunities such as the consumption of Fairtrade products are recognized, experienced and taken‐up in the everyday. The ‘everyday’ is approached here via a specially commissioned Mass Observation directive, a volunteer panel of correspondents in the UK. Our on‐going thematic analysis of their autobiographical accounts aims to explore a complex unevenness in the ways ‘ordinary’ people experience and negotiate calls to enact their ethical agency through consumption. Situating ethical consumption, moral obligation and choice in the everyday is, we argue, important if we are to avoid both over‐exaggerating the reflexive and self‐conscious sensibilities involved in ethical consumption, and, adhering to a reductive understanding of ethical self‐expression.
Neutrophil phagocytosis in AIDS patients with azole resistant candidiasis
Authors: Dios P Diz , Iglesias I , Valcarcel JP , Ocampo A , Vazquez E , Castro M 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTS: This study aimed to evaluate phagocytosis of C. albicans by neutrophils in 10 AIDS patients and 50 control subjects. Five of the AIDS patients were colonised with azole‐resistant C. albicans isolates and five with azole‐sensitive isolates.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Percentage phagocytosis was within normal limits for seven of the 10 AIDS patients and was reduced in the remaining three patients. Phagocytosis was unaffected by the carriage of azole resistant C. albicans, and the patients' own strains were phagocytosed as readily as a standard strain of C. albicans. This study suggests that azole resistance is not related to impaired phagocytosis in AIDS patients.
The deep mycoses in HIV infection
Authors: Scully C , de Almeida OP , Sposto MR 
Published: June 2013

The deep mycoses are uncommon infections, usually acquired from the inhalation or ingestion of fungal spores, sometimes from the soil in areas of endemicity, such as in the Americas and south‐east Asia, or from decaying vegetable matter. They are also seen in immunocompromised persons and, increasingly, in HIV‐infected persons.Respiratory involvement is frequent, with granuloma formation, and mucocutaneous involvement may be seen. Oral lesions of the deep mycoses are typically chronic but non‐specific, though nodular or ulcerative appearances are common. Person‐to‐person transmission is rare. In HIV disease, the most common orofacial involvement of deep mycoses has been in histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis and zygomycosis. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by lesional biopsy although culture may also be valuable. Treatment is with amphotericin or an azole.
HIV‐associated oral lesions: Prevalence in Zambia
Authors: Hodgson TA 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of HIV‐associated oral lesions in known HIV* subjects in Zambia and assess the predictive value of these lesions to identify individuals with CD4 cell counts less than 200 times 106 L−1.SETTING: St Francis Hospital, situated in the rural Katete District, Eastern Province, Zambia. SUBJECTS: 107 newly diagnosed heterosexual HIV positive individuals included 42% males and 58% females (mean age 34.5, range 16–62).METHODS: Following a medical history and detailed oral examination, blood and whole saliva were collected in each subject.RESULTS: A total of 47.7% from this sample had an AIDS diagnosis. The mean CD4 count was 252.2 cells mm−3(s.d. ± 160.5, range 44–810); 40.2% of the study group demonstrated oral lesions associated with HIV seropositivity. Candidiasis was most commonly seen (25% prevalence). In this population erythematous candidiasis was the only oral lesion significantly associated with CD4 counts of less than 200 times 106L−1 (P < 0.05, Two‐tailed Fisher's Exact Test).CONCLUSION: In resource poor countries a thorough oral examination may suggest HIV infection and predict disease progression. Health care professional education regarding the orofacial manifestations of HIV infection needs urgent reinforcement in these areas.
Orofacial manifestations and seroprevalence of HIV infection in Namibian dental patients
Authors: Itula PFB , Mackenzie SBP , Lewis K , Mortimer PP 
Published: June 2013

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In an anonymous study of HIV‐1 sero‐reactivity in dental patients in a Government clinic in Namibia, 29 (7%) out of 405 patients (10 female and 19 male) were confirmed as HIV‐infected. HIV‐anti‐body testing was done cheaply and conveniently by collecting and storing finger‐prick blood on absorbent paper, and eluting the samples 7 weeks later. Testing was done by GACPAT, a simple, inexpensive temperature independent assay which requires no specialised equipment.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Six patients had orofacial lesions, including Kaposi's sarcoma, leukoplakia (bilateral on buccal mucosa), cervical lymphadenopathy, hairy leukoplakia, circum‐oral herpes simplex, HIV‐gingivitis and necrotising ulcerative gingivitis. This sampling and testing system is well suited for use in epidemiological surveys in developing countries.
The social, economic and political impact of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic
Authors: Kleinman DV 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews the themes emerging from reports of the many social, economic and political effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on individuals, nations and the world. The impact of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic has been felt in every facet of society.APPROACH: The impact of the epidemic is described in five areas: (1) challenges and changes to traditional public health approaches to infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases; (2) adjustments to ‘standard’ clinical research and drug regulatory practices; (3) emphasis on the importance of personal behaviors and behavioral approaches in controlling the epidemic; (4) revealing the complexity of and recognizing the need to monitor the impacts of HIV/AIDS; and (5) highlighting the difficulties of, and need for, the international responsiveness to address HIV/AIDS. The oral health community's response to the epidemic is briefly described.CONCLUSIONS: Although in its second decade, the epidemic is still in its early stages of evolution. The challenges lie in the development and perpetual evolution of strategies to respond to the epidemic locally while thinking and acting globally. The international oral health community is one of many that has played and must continue to play an active role in a multi‐disciplinary effort needed to curb this epidemic.
Timing of motor milestones achievement and development of overweight in childhood: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Schmidt Morgen C. , Andersen A.‐M. N. , Due P. , Neelon S. B. , Gamborg M. , Sørensen T. I. A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
The risk of childhood obesity is influenced by a number of pre‐ and post‐natal factors.
The risk of childhood obesity is correlated with body weight during infancy, which might be related to the psychomotor development of the child.
The previous literature on motor milestones and childhood overweight is limited and results are inconsistent.
What this study adds
Weight status in early life and timing of achievement of gross motor milestones (the ability to sit and walk) are largely independent of each other.
Timing of achievement of motor milestones in early life does not predict overweight or increased BMI later in childhood.
BackgroundOverweight may hinder achievement of gross motor milestones and delayed achievement of milestones may increase the risk of later overweight for reasons involving physical activity and the building of lean body mass.ObjectiveTo investigate whether increased birth weight and body mass index (BMI) at 5 months is associated with the achievement of the ability to sit up and walk and whether delayed achievement of these milestones is associated with overweight at age 7 years.MethodsWe used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort on 25 148 children born between 1998 and 2003. Follow‐up took place from 2003 to 2010. Mean age at follow‐up was 7.04 years. We used logistic and linear regression analyses.ResultsBirth weight and BMI at 5 months were marginally associated with earlier achievement of the ability to sit up and walk (regression coefficients between −0.027 months; [CI −0.042; −0.013] and −0.092 months [CI −0.118; −0.066]). Age in months of sitting and walking were not associated with overweight at age 7 years (ORs between 0.97 [CI 0.95–1.00] and 1.00 [CI 0.96–1.04]). Later achievement of sitting and walking predicted lower BMI at age 7 years (ln‐BMI –z‐scores between −0.023 [CI −0.029; −0.017] and −0.005 [CI −0.015; 0.005)).ConclusionsAll observed associations were of negligible magnitude and we conclude that birth weight or BMI at age 5 months and motor milestones appear largely independent of each other and that timing of achievement of motor milestones seems not to be associated with later overweight or increased BMI.
Is It Possible to Shorten Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring?
Authors: Wolak Talya , Wilk Lior , Paran Esther , Wolak Arik , Gutmacher Bella , Shleyfer Elena , Friger Michael 
Published: June 2013

The aim of this investigation was to find a time segment in which average blood pressure (BP) has the best correlation with 24‐hour BP control. A total of 240 patients with full ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) were included; 120 had controlled BP (systolic BP [SBP] ≤135 mm Hg and diastolic BP [DBP] ≤85 mm Hg) and 120 had uncontrolled BP (SBP >135 mm Hg and/or DBP >85 mm Hg). Each ABPM was divided into 6‐ and 8‐hour segments. Evaluation for correlation between mean BP for each time segment and 24‐hour BP control was performed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and Youden's index for threshold with the best sensitivity and specificity. The mean BP in the following segments showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) compared with average controlled 24‐hour BP: SBP 2 am to 8 am (AUC, 0.918; threshold value of 133.5 mm Hg, sensitivity−0.752 and specificity−0.904); SBP 2 pm to 10 pm (AUC, 0.911; threshold value of 138.5 mm Hg, sensitivity−0.803 and specificity−0.878); and SBP 6 am to 2 pm (AUC, 0.903; threshold value of 140.5 mm Hg, sensitivity−0.778 and specificity−0.888). The time segment 2 pm to 10 pm was shown to have good correlation with 24‐hour BP control (AUC >0.9; sensitivity and specificity >80%). This time segment might replace full ABPM as a screening measure for BP control or as abbreviated ABPM for patients with difficulty in performing full ABPM.