bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: He Kuang , Lv YuanCai , Chen YuanCai 
Published: August 2014

A method based on ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography has been optimized for the determination of six polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners. The optimal condition relevant to the extraction was first investigated, more than 98.7 ± 0.7% recovery was achieved with dichloromethane as extractant, 5 min extraction time, and three cycles of ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction. Then multiple function was employed to optimize polybrominated diphenyl ether detection conditions with overall resolution and chromatography signal area as the responses. The condition chosen in this experiment was methanol/water 93:7 v/v, flow rate 0.80 mL/min, column temperature 30.0°C. The optimized technique revealed good linearity (R2 > 0.9962 over a concentration range of 1–100 μg/L) and repeatability (relative standard deviation < 6.3%). Furthermore, the detection limit (S/N = 3) of the method were ranged from 0.02 to 0.13 μg/L and the quantification limit (S/N = 10) ranged from 0.07 to 0.35 μg/L. Finally, the proposed method was applied to spiked samples and satisfactory results were achieved. These results indicate that ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was effective to identify and quantify the complex polybrominated diphenyl ethers in effluent samples.
Compatibilization of Protein Thermoplastics and Polybutylene Succinate Blends
Authors: Ku‐Marsilla K. I. , Verbeek C. J. R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractReactive extrusion was used to prepare blends of Novatein thermoplastic protein (NTP) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) compatibilized with poly‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (PEOX) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI). PEOX improved the dispersion of NTP in PBS and in conjunction with pMDI led to improved water resistance and a tensile strength exceeding that of NTP and PBS. The secant modulus, elongation as well as energy to break were also improved. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of compatibilized blends remained unchanged, however, the melting enthalpy and temperature decreased. This suggested that the crystalline structure of PBS has been disrupted by NTP as a result of compatibilization.
Dominant speed factors of active set methods for fast MPC
Authors: Herceg M. , Jones C. N. , Morari M. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe paper presents a review of active set (AS) algorithms that have been deployed for implementation of fast model predictive control (MPC). The main purpose of the survey is to identify the dominant features of the algorithms that contribute to fast execution of online MPC and to study their influence on the speed. The simulation study is conducted on two benchmark examples where the algorithms are analyzed in the number of iterations and in the workload per iteration. The obtained results suggest directions for potential improvement in the speed of existing AS algorithms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution‐based processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers for 11% efficiency solar cells via a metallic intermediate
Authors: Berner Ulrich , Widenmeyer Markus 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this work, a low cost solution‐based method for the deposition of uniform Cu‐In‐Ga layers compatible with roll‐to‐roll processing is described. As ink system we use metal carboxylates dissolved in a mixture of a nitrogen containing base and an alcohol. This solution can be coated homogeneously under inert atmosphere using a doctor blade technique. With this method and appropriate precursor concentrations, crack‐free metal layers with dry‐film thicknesses of more than 700 nm can be deposited in one fast step. For the controlled film formation during the drying of the solvents a flow channel has been used to improve the evaporative mass transport and the convective gas flows of any unwanted organic species. Due to the absence of organic binders with high molecular weight, this step allows the formation of virtually pure metal layers. Elementary analyses of the dried thin films reveal less than 5 wt% of carbon residues at 200°C. In situ X‐ray diffraction data of the drying step show the formation of Cu‐In‐Ga alloys. The subsequent processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 chalcopyrites with evaporated elemental selenium takes place in a separate tube oven under inert atmosphere. Photoelectric measurements of cells with CdS buffer and ZnO window layer reveal a short‐circuit current of 29 mA/cm2, an open‐circuit voltage of 533 mV, and a fill factor of 0.69 under standard conditions. Thus efficiencies of up to 11% on 0.5 cm2 area without antireflective coating have been achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Properties of Hydrogen‐Free Detonation Diamond
Authors: Batsanov Stepan S. , Osavchuk Alexander N. , Naumov Stepan P. , Efimov Alexander E. , Mendis Budhika G. , Apperley David C. , Batsanov Andrei S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDetonation‐prepared nanocrystalline diamond powders usually contain hydrogen. Herein, the synthesis of practically hydrogen‐free nanodiamond particles by detonation of benzotrifuroxan (BTF) and their comprehensive characterization by elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, DSC/TGA, and BTE specific‐surface determination is described. The effects of the porosity of BTF and of various neutral or carbonic admixtures to the explosive on the reaction thermodynamics as well as the yield and properties of the product were explored theoretically and experimentally. Hydrogen contamination of nanodiamond was investigated using solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and possible sources of hydrogen explored. Admixing hygroscopic solids to the explosive introduced 0.1 to 0.6 % of hydrogen, as did purification in acidic (rather than neutral) media.
Merger of African easterly waves and formation of Cape Verde storms
Authors: Hankes Isaac , Wang Zhuo , Zhang Gan , Fritz Cody 
Published: August 2014

There are two easterly wave tracks over West Africa, one to the south and the other to the north of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). A northern wave sometimes merges with a southern wave near the coast of West Africa. The dynamic and thermodynamic evolution of the waves during the merger and the impacts of the merger on subsequent storm development are examined in this study. Three groups of storms are identified: non‐merger developers, merger developers and merger non‐developers. Relative to non‐merger developers, merger developers have a weaker circulation near the surface prior to the merger, but the merger leads to a stronger and deeper wave pouch, which is more conducive to tropical cyclogenesis. The dryness of the northern disturbances does not seem to hinder the storm development. Composite analysis shows that merger developers are associated with a warmer and broader heat low over West Africa and a more extensive AEJ, which helps to maintain the northern waves over the East Atlantic.Merger developers and non‐developers resemble each other prior to the merger, but dry air intrusion west of the wave trough in the middle and upper troposphere contributes to the non‐development of some mergers. The dry air in non‐developers is related to a strong and broad upper‐tropospheric trough and the associated subsidence west of the low‐level wave pouch. The trough advects dry air from the extratropical Atlantic in the middle and upper troposphere and also induces a strong westerly vertical shear. Composites of aerosol optical depth suggest that the Saharan Air Layer has a limited contribution to the dryness in the vicinity of the non‐developers.
Assessing partially outsourced processes—lessons learned from TIPA assessments
Authors: Cortina Stéphane , Renault Alain , Picard Michel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents three process assessments that took place in Luxembourg in 2012. It depicts the TIPA® process assessment framework and reports on its usage in three different partially outsourced contexts: a telecommunication service provider, a European institution, and a bank. Finally, this paper presents the lessons learned from these experimentations and some improvement perspectives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical comparison of Alloy and Spin
Authors: Zave P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Because potential users have to choose a formal method before they can start using one, research on assessing the applicability of specific formal methods might be as effective in encouraging their use as work on the methods themselves. This comparison of Alloy and Spin is based on a demanding project that exploited the full capabilities of both languages and tools. The study exposed issues not apparent from more superficial studies, and resulted in some unexpected conclusions. The paper provides tentative recommendations for two different classes of network protocol, a research agenda for solidifying the recommendations, and a few general lessons learned about research on selection of formal methods.
Quantitation of Metals During the Extraction of Virgin Olive Oil from Olives Using ICP‐MS after Microwave‐assisted Acid Digestion
Authors: Llorent‐Martínez Eulogio J. , Fernández‐de Córdova María Luisa , Ortega‐Barrales Pilar , Ruiz‐Medina Antonio 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTrace metals such as Cu and Fe have negative effects on the oxidative stability of olive oils, and consequently, their concentrations are used as quality criterion. Also, maximum levels are established for heavy metals (As and Pb) in olive oils due to their high toxicity. Olive fruits can be contaminated with these metals from soil and air and from the use of pesticides or fertilizers, with the potential contamination of virgin olive oil (VOO) during its extraction from the fruits. This work presents two goals: (a) to optimize an analytical method for the determination of metals in raw olive fruits using an Abencor system; (b) to carry out a preliminary study of the fate of the metals during VOO extraction. The selected metals were quantified in raw olive fruits, and in the olive pomace and VOO obtained after their processing. The metal determination was performed by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry after microwave‐assisted acid digestion with HNO3/H2O2. The results showed that most of the metals (at least 90 %) present in the olive fruits were retained by the olive pomace, so obtaining high‐quality VOO from the point of view of its metal content.
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Liberated and Metabolised by Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) In Vitro
Authors: Mochalski Paweł , Theurl Markus , Sponring Andreas , Unterkofler Karl , Kirchmair Rudolf , Amann Anton 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection combined with head-space needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique was applied to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds released or metabolised by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Amongst the consumed species there were eight aldehydes (2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal,n-hexanal, benzaldehyde,n-octanal andn-nonanal) andn-butyl acetate. Further eight compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl butyrate, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-methyl-5-(methylthio)-furan and toluene) were found to be emitted by the cells under study. Possible metabolic pathways leading to the uptake and release of these compounds by HUVEC are proposed and discussed. The uptake of aldehydes by endothelial cells questions the reliability of species from this chemical class as breath or blood markers of disease processes in human organism. The analysis of volatiles released or emitted by cell lines is shown to have a potential for the identification and assessment of enzymes activities and expression.
Beyond Transmission: Intergenerational Patterns of Family Formation Among Middle-Class American Families
Authors: Fasang Anette Eva , Raab Marcel 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Research about parental effects on family behavior focuses on intergenerational transmission: that is, whether children show the same family behavior as their parents. This focus potentially overemphasizes similarity and obscures heterogeneity in parental effects on family behavior. In this study, we make two contributions. First, instead of focusing on isolated focal events, we conceptualize parents’ and their children’s family formation holistically as the process of union formation and childbearing between ages 15 and 40. We then discuss mechanisms likely to shape these intergenerational patterns. Second, beyond estimating average transmission effects, we innovatively apply multichannel sequence analysis to dyadic sequence data on middle-class American families from the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG; N = 461 parent-child dyads). The results show three salient intergenerational family formation patterns among this population: a strong transmission, a moderated transmission, and an intergenerational contrast pattern. We examine what determines parents’ and children’s likelihood to sort into a specific intergenerational pattern. For middle-class American families, educational upward mobility is a strong predictor of moderated intergenerational transmission, whereas close emotional bonds between parents and children foster strong intergenerational transmission. We conclude that intergenerational patterns of family formation are generated at the intersection of macro-structural change and family internal psychological dynamics.
Rural-to-Urban Migration and Sexual Debut in Thailand
Authors: Anglewicz Philip , VanLandingham Mark , Phuengsamran Dusita 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Migration from one’s parents’ home and sexual debut are common features of the transition to adulthood. Although many studies have described both of these features independently, few have examined the relationship between migration and sexual debut in a systematic manner. In this study, we explore this link for young adults in Thailand. With relatively high rates of internal migration, rapid modernization, a moderate HIV epidemic, and a declining average age of sexual debut, Thailand presents an instructive environment in which to examine migration and sexual debut. We use two waves of a longitudinal data set (2005 and 2007) that includes a subsample of young adults who migrated to urban areas during that period. We identify characteristics and behaviors associated with sexual debut and examine the role of migration on debut. Our approach reduces several common sources of bias that hamper existing work on both migration and sexual debut: (1) the longitudinal nature of the data enables us to examine the effects of characteristics that predate both behaviors of interest; (2) the survey on sexual behavior employed a technique that reduces response bias; and (3) we examine differences in debut by marital status. We find that migrants have a higher likelihood of sexual debut than nonmigrants.
Corpectomy with Adjacent-Level Kyphoplasty to Treat Metastatic Lung Cancer in Three Contiguous Cervical Vertebrae Causing Focal Neurologic Compromise
Authors: Bateman Antony H. , Way Adam C. 
Published: August 2014

Study Design Case report. Objectives Decompression of metastatic spinal cord compression has been shown to improve quality of life and prolong ambulation in patients undergoing palliative treatment. We report a case of metastatic cervical myelopathy treated with a combined approach using corpectomy and stabilization together with balloon kyphoplasty to allow adequate decompression and immediate stability in a patient with significant destruction of adjacent vertebral bodies. Methods The cervical spine was approached anteriorly and decompressed with a C7 corpectomy. Subsequent stability was achieved with insertion of a trabecular metal cage. Balloon kyphoplasty was used to treat lytic lesions within the posterior body of the adjacent vertebrae for pain relief and increased stability. Additional stability was achieved through the application of an anterior plate. Results Full limited decompression and stabilization were successfully achieved. The patient had no further neurologic deterioration and made modest improvements that allowed a return to independent ambulation. Conclusion This limited approach may be an option for patients with metastatic spinal cord compression, lytic destruction of adjacent vertebral bodies, and limited life expectancy.
The sole cysteine residue (Cys301) of tetrathionate hydrolase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans does not play a role in enzyme activity
Authors: Kanao Tadayoshi , Nakayama Hisayuki , Kato Mizuki , Kamimura Kazuo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Cysteine residues are absolutely indispensable for the reactions of almost all enzymes involved in the dissimilatory oxidation pathways of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Tetrathionate hydrolase from the acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Af-Tth) catalyzes tetrathionate hydrolysis to generate elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and sulfate. Af-Tth is a key enzyme in the dissimilatory sulfur oxidation pathway in this bacterium. Only one cysteine residue (Cys301) has been identified in the deduced amino acid sequence of the Af-Tth gene. In order to clarify the role of the sole cysteine residue, a site-specific mutant enzyme (C301A) was generated. No difference was observed in the retention volumes of the wild-type and mutant Af-Tth enzymes by gel-filtration column chromatography, and surprisingly the enzyme activities measured in the cysteine-deficient and wild-type enzymes were the same. These results suggest that the sole cysteine residue (Cys301) in Af-Tth is involved in neither the tetrathionate hydrolysis reaction nor the subunit assembly. Af-Tth may thus have a novel cysteine-independent reaction mechanism.
Inhibition by acrolein of light-induced stomatal opening through inhibition of inward-rectifying potassium channels in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Islam Md Moshiul , Ye Wenxiu , Matsushima Daiki , Khokon Md Atiqur Rahman , Munemasa Shintaro , Nakamura Yoshimasa , Murata Yoshiyuki 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Acrolein is a reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde derived from lipid peroxides, which are produced in plants under a variety of stress. We investigated effects of acrolein on light-induced stomatal opening using Arabidopsis thaliana. Acrolein inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in a dose-dependent manner. Acrolein at 100 μM inhibited plasma membrane inward-rectifying potassium (Kin) channels in guard cells. Acrolein at 100 μM inhibited Kin channel KAT1 expressed in a heterologous system using Xenopus leaves oocytes. These results suggest that acrolein inhibits light-induced stomatal opening through inhibition of Kin channels in guard cells.
Similarity and diversity in the evolution of Italo-Romance morphosyntax
Authors: Vincent Nigel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter sets the scene for the whole volume and lays out the historical, geographical, and social dimensions of dialects in Italy. The main focus is on the history of the verbal system, in particular the emergence of periphrases and complex predicates, and the way these interact with each other and with the inherited members of the paradigm. There is a special focus on constructions which express causativity, progressivity, and perfectivity, and the extent to which, from a semantic perspective, they can be considered to be compositional. Exemplification is drawn from northern and southern dialects, as well as from Rhæto-Romance and Sardinian. The chapter concludes with a survey of the remaining chapters in the volume and shows how they shed light on the themes of dialectal and diachronic divergence which characterise the volume as a whole.
Perfective auxiliation in Italo-Romance
Authors: Loporcaro Michele 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of the perfect auxiliaries ‘be’ and ‘have’ and their interaction in a range of Italo‐Romance dialects, and sets them in the broader context of the historical evolution of the Romance languages as a whole. It also reviews the literature on this construction from Perlmutter’s initial work on unaccusativity down to more recent times. It shows how the study of modern and medieval dialects may complement each other as sources of evidence and thus allow us to draw a single coherent picture. The historical data is drawn from old Florentine and old Romanesco while for modern varieties there is a particular focus on the dialects of Agnone (Molise) and Picerno (a Gallo‐Italic colony in Lucania). The chapter also underscores the degree of variation in auxiliary systems at earlier stages of development and explores the effects of syntactic standardization in the modern context.
Subject clitics and macroparameters
Authors: Roberts Ian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter looks at what the variation in subject-clitic systems in the Northern Italian Dialects (NIDs) can tell us about the nature of the parameters of Universal Grammar (UG). It seeks to reconcile the descriptive success of the micro-parametric approach with the explanatory goals which motivated the postulation of parameters of UG in the first place. The chapter begins by setting out the views on macro- vs micro-parametric variation and the null-subject parameter put forward in work by Holmberg and Roberts. It then goes on to propose two tentative generalizations: first, that certain kinds of micro-parametric variation involve simple PF realization, while macro-parametric variation concerns narrow syntax; and second, that subjects and objects behave differently in relation to agreement-related parameters because of the Phase Impenetrability Condition. For this reason subject clitics in NIDs are special, while their object clitics are not.
Sicilian 1st and 2nd person oblique tonic pronouns
Authors: Sornicola Rosanna 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBoth for modern and early varieties of Sicilian it is possible to recognize binary paradigms for the 1st and 2nd person singular tonic pronouns which contrast the outcomes of ego (1sg) and tu (2sg) used in subject function with oblique forms (from various sources), the distribution of which has changed radically over the course of time. A diachronic examination of the Sicilian forms highlights the strict interrelation of morphological, syntactic, and phonetic processes in the development of the Romance pronominal paradigms, offering a fertile test-bed for studying the polymorphic processes involved in diachronic change and for developing theories on the multiple causes involved in the formation of paradigms and the changes affecting them. This case study will show how polymorphism in the relevant Sicilian pronominal forms can offer some valuable evidence in reconstructing the developments affecting Romance 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns.