bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing root and leaf growth and yield in Mg‐deficient faba beans (Vicia faba) by MgSO4 foliar fertilization
Authors: Neuhaus Christina , Geilfus Christoph‐Martin , Mühling Karl‐Hermann 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMagnesium (Mg) deficiency reduces yield and quality of crops as Mg is involved in carbohydrate and protein anabolism. Foliar application of MgSO4 represents a means of ameliorating the nutritional status of crops growing under conditions of deficiency. Foliar Mg application has been demonstrated to increase the chlorophyll concentration and vegetative yield of plants. However, in crop plants used for seed production, the limited number of available studies provides only conflicting results in terms of the efficiency of Mg leaf application on yield and quality. We have examined the effect of increasing Mg foliar application rates on differentially developed leaves and leaf stages with regards to Mg concentration, chlorophyll concentration and biomass formation. Our data reveal that in order to obtain significant effects MgSO4 concentrations in the spraying solution should be higher than 50 mM, as lower concentrations did not lead to significant changes in the vegetative or generative material. Positive effects of the foliar application on chlorophyll concentration and leaf area were only measured in leaves treated with 200 mM foliar MgSO4. The application of Mg did not affect the parameters chlorophyll, ion concentration and leaf area in the newly developing leaves, but it had an important influence with regard to yield traits, especially on the formation of pods. The quality of the seeds with regard to the protein concentration was reduced in response to the magnesium deficiency treatment, but the application of foliar magnesium prevented a significant loss of protein.
Quantifying moisture and roughness with Support Vector Machines improves spectroscopic soil organic carbon prediction
Authors: Römer Christoph , Rodionov Andrei , Behmann Jan , Pätzold Stefan , Welp Gerhard , Plümer Lutz 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe challenges of Vis‐NIR spectroscopy are permanent soil surface variations of moisture and roughness. Both disturbance factors reduce the prediction accuracy of soil organic carbon (SOC) significantly. For improved SOC prediction, both disturbance effects have to be determined from Vis‐NIR spectra, which is especially challenging for roughness. Thus, an approach for roughness quantification under varying moisture and its impact on SOC assessment using Support Vector Machines is presented here.
A novel design of microstrip antenna with reconfigurable band rejection for cognitive radio applications
Authors: Ojaroudi N. , Ghadimi N. , Ojaroudi Y. , Ojaroudi S. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the use of compact ultrawideband (UWB) microstrip monopole antenna with reconfigurable band rejection in cognitive radio. Frequency characteristics of the antenna can be reconfigured electronically to have a variable single band‐notched function to block interfering signals from 5 to 6 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), 5.79–6.40 GHz intelligent transport system (ITS) and 8.02–8.4 GHz international telecommunication union (ITU). Using pairs of C‐shaped and L‐shaped parasitic structures in the ground plane, additional resonances are excited and hence much wider impedance bandwidth can be produced. Using these modified structures, the usable upper frequency of the antenna is extended from 10.4 to 14.5 GHz which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 135%. To generate a reconfigurable band‐stop performance, we use three PIN diodes within the embedded structures in the ground plane. By changing the ON/OFF conditions of the PIN diodes, the antenna can be operated as UWB, and is reconfigurable in terms of the ability to selectively have band stops in the WLAN/ITS/ITU bands. The proposed monopole antenna has compact size with simple structure. Good VSWR and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency band of interest. Experimental results show that the proposed antenna could be a good candidate for ultrawideband cognitive radio application. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2998–3003, 2014
Synthesis and characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid)/poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) thermosensitive semi‐hollow latex particles and their application to drug carriers
Authors: Lee Chia‐Fen , Hsu Mei‐Ling , Chu Chun‐Hsun , Wu Tsung‐Yuan 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, the poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid)/poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) thermosensitive composite semi‐hollow latex particles was synthesized by three processes. The first process was to synthesize the poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) (poly (MMA‐MAA)) copolymer latex particles by the method of soapless emulsion polymerization. The second process was to polymerize methacrylic acid (MAA), N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), and crosslinking agent, N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, in the presence of poly(MMA‐MAA) latex particles to form the linear poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid)/crosslinking poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (poly(MMA‐MAA)/poly(MAA‐NIPAAm)) core–shell latex particles with solid structure. In the third process, part of the linear poly(MMA‐MAA) core of core–shell latex particles was dissolved by ammonia to form the poly(MMA‐MAA)/poly(MAA‐NIPAAm) thermosensitive semi‐hollow latex particles. The morphologies of the semi‐hollow latex particles show that there is a hollow zone between the linear poly(MMA‐MAA) core and the crosslinked poly(MAA‐NIPAAm) shell. The crosslinking agent and shell composition significantly influenced the lower critical solution temperature of poly(MMA‐MAA)/poly(MAA‐NIPAAm) semi‐hollow latex particles. Besides, the poly(MMA‐MAA)/poly(MAA‐NIPAAm) thermosensitive semi‐hollow latex particles were used as carriers to load with the model drug, caffeine. The processes of caffeine loaded into the semi‐hollow latex particles appeared four situations, which was different from that of solid latex particles. In addition, the phenomenon of caffeine released from the semi‐hollow latex particles was obviously different from that of solid latex particles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3441–3451
Stability Conditions and Interior Ballistics of Recoilless Projected Water Disruptor
Authors: Radomski Marek 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe results of an analysis concerning the recoil effect as well as a mathematical model describing the internal ballistics of a two‐chambered projected water disruptor launcher are presented herein. Conditions for stability of the disruptor are formulated. The considerations are illustrated with example calculation results.
Sequence and conformational preferences at termini of α‐helices in membrane proteins: Role of the helix environment
Authors: Shelar Ashish , Bansal Manju 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTα‐helices are amongst the most common secondary structural elements seen in membrane proteins and are packed in the form of helix bundles. These α‐helices encounter varying external environments (hydrophobic, hydrophilic) that may influence the sequence preferences at their N and C‐termini. The role of the external environment in stabilization of the helix termini in membrane proteins is still unknown. Here we analyze α‐helices in a high‐resolution dataset of integral α‐helical membrane proteins and establish that their sequence and conformational preferences differ from those in globular proteins. We specifically examine these preferences at the N and C‐termini in helices initiating/terminating inside the membrane core as well as in linkers connecting these transmembrane helices. We find that the sequence preferences and structural motifs at capping (Ncap and Ccap) and near‐helical (N' and C') positions are influenced by a combination of features including the membrane environment and the innate helix initiation and termination property of residues forming structural motifs. We also find that a large number of helix termini which do not form any particular capping motif are stabilized by formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions contributed from the neighboring helices in the membrane protein. We further validate the sequence preferences obtained from our analysis with data from an ultradeep sequencing study that identifies evolutionarily conserved amino acids in the rat neurotensin receptor. The results from our analysis provide insights for the secondary structure prediction, modeling and design of membrane proteins. Proteins 2014; 82:3420–3436. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The algebraic diagrammatic construction scheme for the polarization propagator for the calculation of excited states
Authors: Dreuw Andreas , Wormit Michael 
Published: September 2014

The algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) scheme for the polarization propagator provides a series of ab initio methods for the calculation of excited states based on perturbation theory. In recent years, the second‐order ADC(2) scheme has attracted attention in the computational chemistry community because of its reliable accuracy and reasonable computational effort in the calculation of predominantly singly excited states. Owing to their size‐consistency, ADC methods are suited for the investigation of large molecules. In addition, their Hermitian structure and the availability of the intermediate state representation (ISR) allow for straightforward computation of excited‐state properties. Recently, an efficient implementation of ADC(3) has been reported, and its high accuracy for typical valence excited states of organic chromophores has been demonstrated. In this review, the origin of ADC‐based excited‐state methods in propagator theory is described, and an intuitive route for the derivation of algebraic expressions via the ISR is outlined and comparison to other excited‐state methods is made. Existing computer codes and implemented ADC variants are reviewed, but most importantly the accuracy and limits of different ADC schemes are critically examined. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:82–95. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1206This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Effects of messenger RNA structure and other translational control mechanisms on major histocompatibility complex‐I mediated antigen presentation
Authors: Murat Pierre , Tellam Judy 
Published: September 2014

Effective T‐cell surveillance of antigen‐presenting cells is dependent on the expression of an array of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC‐I) or class II (MHC‐II) molecules. Pathogens co‐evolving with their hosts exploit crucial translational regulatory mechanisms in order to evade host immune recognition and thereby sustain their infection. Evasion strategies that downregulate viral protein synthesis and thereby restrict antigen presentation to cytotoxic T‐cells through the endogenous MHC‐I pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral‐associated malignancies. An understanding of the mechanisms by which messenger RNA (mRNA) structure modulates both viral mRNA translation and the antigen processing machinery to escape immune surveillance, will stimulate the development of alternative therapeutic strategies focused on RNA‐directed drugs designed to enhance immune responses against infected cells. In this review, we discuss regulatory aspects of the MHC‐I pathway and summarize current knowledge of the role attributed by mRNA structure and other translational regulatory mechanisms in immune evasion. In particular we highlight the impact of recently identified G‐quadruplex structures within virally encoded transcripts as unique regulatory signals for translational control and antigen presentation. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:157–171. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1262This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems
Translation > Translation Regulation
Energetic Complexes of 5‐(4‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐on‐5‐yl)­tetrazole and Ionic Derivatives of its 2N‐Oxide
Authors: Joas M. , Kießling S. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Schmid P. C. , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: September 2014

Abstract5‐(4‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐on‐5‐yl)tetrazole (HATT) was used as a ligand for the two complexes [Cu(ATT)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (5) and [Co(HATT)2(H2O)2](ClO4)3·4H2O (6). Both were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Following the recent trend in energetic materials research of synthesis of heterocyclic 2N‐oxides the corresponding 5‐(4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐on‐5‐yl)tetrazole‐2‐oxide (HATT2O) was synthesized for the first time. Two ionic energetic derivatives (ammonium, hydroxylammonium) were prepared and an intensive characterization of their energetic properties and sensitivities is given. In addition heats of formation were computed and several detonation parameters calculated using the EXPLO5 6.01 computer code.
Overexpression, purification and characterisation of homologous α-l-arabinofuranosidase and endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase in Aspergillus vadensis
Authors: Culleton Helena , McKie Vincent A , de Vries Ronald P 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the recent past, much research has been applied to the development of Aspergillus, most notably A. niger and A. oryzae, as hosts for recombinant protein production. In this study, the potential of another species, Aspergillus vadensis, was examined. The full length gDNA encoding two plant biomass degrading enzymes, i.e. α-l-arabinofuranosidase (abfB) (GH54) and endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase (eglA) (GH12) from A. vadensis were successfully expressed using the gpdA promoter from A. vadensis. Both enzymes were produced extracellularly in A. vadensis as soluble proteins and successfully purified by affinity chromatography. The effect of culture conditions on the expression of abfB in A. vadensis was examined and optimised to give a yield of 30 mg/L when grown on a complex carbon source such as wheat bran. Characterization of the purified α-l-arabinofuranosidase from A. vadensis showed an optimum pH and temperature of pH 3.5 and 60 °C which concur with those previously reported for A. niger AbfB. Comparative analysis to A. niger AbfA demonstrated interesting differences in temperate optima, pH stability and substrate specificities. The endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase from A. vadensis exhibited a pH and temperature optimum of pH 4.5 and 50 °C, respectively. Comparative biochemical analysis to the orthologous EglA from A. niger presented similar pH and substrate specificity profiles. However, significant differences in temperature optima and stability were noted.
Phase Diagrams: The Beginning of Wisdom
Authors: Schmid-Fetzer Rainer 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This work presents a primer on “How to Read and Apply Phase Diagrams” in the current environment of powerful thermodynamic software packages. Advanced aspects in that context are also covered. It is a brief guide into using this cornerstone of knowledge in materials science and engineering and offers assistance in the proper interpretation of results obtained from state-of-the-art Calphad-type thermodynamic calculations. Starting from the very basics it explains the reading of unary, binary and ternary phase diagrams, including liquidus projections, isothermal and vertical phase diagram sections. Application examples are directly derived from these phase diagrams of Fe, Cu-Ni, Mg-Al, and Mg-Al-Zn. The use of stable and metastable phase diagrams and appropriate choices of state variables are explained for the relevant Fe-C and Fe-C-Si systems. The most useful concept of zero-phase fraction lines in phase diagram sections of multicomponent systems is made clear by coming back to the Cu-Ni and Mg-Al-Zn systems. Thermodynamic solidification simulation using the Scheil approximation in comparison to the equilibrium case is covered in context of multicomponent multiphase solidification and exemplified for Mg-Al-Zn alloys. The generic approach is directly applicable for all inorganic materials, but exemplified in this concise work for a small selection of metallic systems to highlight the interdependences among the phase diagrams. The embedded application examples for real material systems and various materials processes also emphasize the use of phase diagrams for the path from initial off-equilibrium state towards equilibrium.
Evaluation of defibrillation safety and shock reduction in implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator patients with increased time to detection: A randomized SANKS study
Authors: Noro Mahito , Zhu Xin , Takagi Takahito , Sahara Naohiko , Narabayashi Yuriko , Hashimoto Hikari , Ito Naoshi , Enomoto Yoshinari , Kujime Shingo , Sakai Tuyoshi , Sakata Takao , Matushita Noriko , Fukamizu Seiji , Okano Yoshifumi , Anami Yoshiaki , Tejima Tomoyuki , Kuroiwa Kouji , Ikeda Takanori , Sakurada Harumizu , Sugi Kaoru 
Published: September 2014

Abstract1BackgroundThe need for ways to minimize the number of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) shocks is increasing owing to the risk of its adverse effects on life expectancy. Studies have shown that a longer detection time for ventricular tachyarrhythmia reduces the safety of therapies, in terms of syncope and mortality, but not substantially in terms of the success rate. We aimed to evaluate the effects of increased number of intervals to detect (NID) VF on the safety of ICD shock therapy and on the reduction of inappropriate shocks.MethodsThe present study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, crossover study. Randomized VF induction testing with NID 18/24 or 30/40 was performed to compare the success rate of defibrillation with a 25‐J shock and the time to detection. Inappropriate shock episodes were simulated retrospectively to evaluate a possibility of episodes avoidable at NID 24/32 and 30/40.ResultsThirty‐one consecutive patients implanted with an ICD or cardiac resynchronization therapy‐defibrillator (CRT‐D) were enrolled in this study. The success rate of defibrillation was 100% in both NID groups at the first shock. The time from VF induction to detection showed a significant increase in the NID 30/40 group (6.16±1.29 s vs. 9.00±1.31 s, p<0.001). Among the 120 patients implanted with an ICD or CRT‐D, 10 experienced 32 inappropriate shock episodes. The inappropriate shock reduction rate was 53.1% and 62.5% with NID 24/32 and 30/40, respectively.ConclusionsThe findings of this SANKS study suggest that VF NID 30/40 does not compromise the safety of ICD shock therapy, while decreasing the number of inappropriate shocks.
Salmonellosis impacts the proportions of faecal microbial populations in domestic cats fed 1–3-d-old chicks
Authors: Kerr K. R. , Dowd S. E. , Swanson K. S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThere has been a recent increase in the feeding of unconventional diets, including whole-prey diets, to domestic pet cats. Our objective was to characterise faecal microbial populations of domestic cats fed whole and ground (6·35 mm grind) raw 1–3-d-old chicks (Rodent Pro). Faecal samples were collected from neutered male domestic cats (mean age = 5·7 years) fed these diet items in a crossover design. Bacterial DNA was isolated from faecal samples and amplicons of the 16S rRNA V4–V6 region were generated and analysed by 454 pyrosequencing. Faecal microbial populations of cats fed whole v. ground chicks did not differ. During the study, three cats presented with symptoms of infection (anorexia or diarrhoea) and tested clinically positive for Salmonella using a standard PCR method. The remaining cats tested negative. Data were analysed post hoc to test for differences in microbial populations due to clinical status. The predominant genera were Clostridium (9–30 %), unidentified Lachnospiraceae (10–28 %), Blautia (4–19 %), Peptococcus (2–19 %) and Fusobacterium (2–14 %). Faeces of cats testing clinically positive for Salmonella had higher (P ≤ 0·05) proportions of the genera Coprococcus (5·6 v. 0·4 %) and Escherichia (subgenera Shigella; 1·1 v. 0·3 %). Salmonella was not detected in faecal samples utilising the pyrosequencing method; however, there was a shift in microbial populations due to clinical status. The clinical symptoms reported herein may be not only due to the Salmonella itself, but also shifts in other gut microbial populations.
Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods
Authors: Bosch Guido , Zhang Sheng , Oonincx Dennis G. A. B. , Hendriks Wouter H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInsects have been proposed as a high-quality, efficient and sustainable dietary protein source. The present study evaluated the protein quality of a selection of insect species. Insect substrates were housefly pupae, adult house cricket, yellow mealworm larvae, lesser mealworm larvae, Morio worm larvae, black soldier fly larvae and pupae, six spot roach, death's head cockroach and Argentinean cockroach. Reference substrates were poultry meat meal, fish meal and soyabean meal. Substrates were analysed for DM, N, crude fat, ash and amino acid (AA) contents and for in vitro digestibility of organic matter (OM) and N. The nutrient composition, AA scores as well as in vitro OM and N digestibility varied considerably between insect substrates. For the AA score, the first limiting AA for most substrates was the combined requirement for Met and Cys. The pupae of the housefly and black soldier fly were high in protein and had high AA scores but were less digestible than other insect substrates. The protein content and AA score of house crickets were high and similar to that of fish meal; however, in vitro N digestibility was higher. The cockroaches were relatively high in protein but the indispensable AA contents, AA scores and the in vitro digestibility values were relatively low. In addition to the indices of protein quality, other aspects such as efficiency of conversion of organic side streams, feasibility of mass-production, product safety and pet owner perception are important for future dog and cat food application of insects as alternative protein source.