bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intranasal delivery of FSD‐C10, a novel Rho kinase inhibitor, exhibits therapeutic potential in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Li Yan‐Hua , Yu Jie‐Zhong , Liu Chun‐Yun , Zhang Hui , Zhang Hai‐Fei , Yang Wan‐Fang , Li Jun‐Lian , Feng Qian‐Jin , Feng Ling , Zhang Guang‐Xian , Xiao Bao‐Guo , Ma Cun‐Gen 
Published: April 2014

SummaryViewing multiple sclerosis (MS) as both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration has major implications for therapy, with neuroprotection and neurorepair needed in addition to controlling neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). While Fasudil, an inhibitor of Rho kinase (ROCK), is known to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, it relies on multiple, short‐term injections, with a narrow safety window. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effect of a novel ROCK inhibitor FSD‐C10, a Fasudil derivative, on EAE. An important advantage of this derivative is that it can be used via non‐injection routes; intranasal delivery is the preferred route because of its efficient CNS delivery and the much lower dose compared with oral delivery. Our results showed that intranasal delivery of FSD‐C10 effectively ameliorated the clinical severity of EAE and CNS inflammatory infiltration and promoted neuroprotection. FSD‐C10 effectively induced CNS production of the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin‐10 and boosted expression of nerve growth factor and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor proteins, while inhibiting activation of p‐nuclear factor‐κB/p65 on astrocytes and production of multiple pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In addition, FSD‐C10 treatment effectively induced CD4+ CD25+, CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Together, our results demonstrate that intranasal delivery of the novel ROCK inhibitor FSD‐C10 has therapeutic potential in EAE, through mechanisms that possibly involve both inhibiting CNS inflammation and promoting neuroprotection.
Direct intrawound administration of dimethylsulphoxide relieves acute pain in rats
Authors: Gautam Mayank , Prasoon Pranav , Kumar Rahul , Singh Anurag , Shrimal Prawal , Ray Subrata B 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWounds associated with injuries such as burns can produce moderate to severe pain. Besides causing distress to the patient, unrelieved pain could delay healing owing to stress‐related problems. Thus, pain needs to be treated as early as possible after injury. It was hypothesised that local treatment of wounds with appropriate analgesic drugs could attenuate pain. HOE 140, a bradykinin receptor antagonist, reduced acute inflammatory pain in rats after intrawound administration. In this study, the analgesic effect of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was investigated in a similar hind‐paw incision model in rats. An extremely small quantity (10 µl) of 100% DMSO was administered into the incision site just before closure of the wound. It persistently attenuated guarding behaviour in rats over a period of 3 days without affecting thermal hyperalgesia or allodynia. Accumulated evidence indicates that guarding is equivalent to pain at rest in humans. The possible mechanisms of the analgesic effect could be inhibition of C group of peripheral nerve fibres or even free radical scavenging. Healing of the wound was found to be normal at the end of the study period. In conclusion, DMSO could be useful in the treatment of acute pain resulting from tissue injuries such as burns.
Managing Diversity in Postneoliberal Ecuador
Authors: Novo Carmen Martínez 
Published: April 2014

ResumenEste artículo examina los derechos indígenas durante el gobierno de Rafael Correa, (2007 hasta el presente) en Ecuador. Dicho trabajo sostiene que este gobierno está llevando a cabo un proceso de reforma del estado que conlleva una centralización en la toma de decisiones y un énfasis en la extracción de recursos naturales con la finalidad de financiar un estado más fuerte. Dicho proceso está reduciendo la autonomía de los movimientos indígenas y ha ocasionado choques con sus organizaciones debido a que importantes recursos naturales, están localizados en los territorios en los que habitan. Los académicos que han estudiado los regímenes post‐neoliberales en sus primeros años, sostuvieron que la ciudadanía post‐multicultural se caracterizaba por combinar lo ganado en el periodo neo‐liberal ‐el reconocimiento y la participación‐, con un mayor énfasis en la redistribución. Trabajos más recientes, han señalado las exclusiones derivadas de formas particulares de entender la etnicidad, así como de la falta de autonomía de la sociedad civil en estos regímenes centralizados. En el caso de Ecuador, la ciudadanía post‐neoliberal ha dado lugar al retorno de un tipo de indigenismo que construye a los indígenas como receptores pasivos de las políticas gubernamentales.
Haile Selassie and the Gospel of Development: Hegemony and Faith‐Based Development in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
Authors: Alvaré Bretton 
Published: April 2014

ResumenEn este artículo exploro el proceso por el cual organizaciones no gubernamentales basadas en la fe (FBOs) se incorporan, reproducen, y cuestionan construcciones hegemónicas de desarollo en su intento de llevar los frutos del desarollo a sus comunidades locales. Centro mi análisis en la Organización Nacional Rastafari (NRO) de Trinidad y Tobago‐ una pequeña FBO de base cuyos dirigentes diseñaron e implementaron un programa de desarollo para sus comunidad local que, a pesar de ser pensado de acuerdo a los principios contenidos en el “evangelio del desarrollo” de Haile Selassie, tiene más en común con el programa nacional de desarollo neoliberal promovido por el gobierno de Trinidad que con los programas de desarollo típicos de otras organizaciones Rastafari en la region Caribe. El NRO no mantuvo el sentido de todos los temas, lógicas o prácticas recomendadas en dicho “evangelio del desarollo”. Por el contrario, su conexión con el nivel hegemónico les llevó a adoptar aspectos en circulación en aquel momento que resonaban con los discursos oficiales del estado de desarollo participativo neoliberal.
“We Are Daughters of the Sea”: Strategies, Gender, and Empowerment in a Mexican Women's Cooperative
Authors: Peterson Nicole D. 
Published: April 2014

ResumenEste artículo traza el desarrollo de una cooperativa de mujeres en un área rural de Baja California Sur, México, y describe cómo estas mujeres han usado estrategias locales para crear un negocio relativamente exitoso. Sus estrategias incluyen la creación de una cooperativa con una carpeta de proyectos diversificados, e integración de redes sociales que les permiten adquirir recursos externos, mientras que mantienen control sobre sus proyectos. El éxito de la cooperativa se basa en la flexibilidad de su estructura cooperativa y el interés de organizaciones externas en apoyar cooperativas dirigidas por mujeres. Sin embargo, algunas de las actividades en las que estas mujeres participan están en conflicto con las normas locales de género, creando tensiones dentro de su comunidad y hogares. Este caso engrana ideas sobre género y trabajo para sugerir que grupos como este crean nuevas posibilidades de empoderamiento y cambio económico en sus movimientos a través de lindes domésticos, regionales y nacionales, a la vez que negocian normas de comportamiento para los géneros en la comunidad.
Beyond Remittances: Contesting El Salvador's Developmentalist Migration Politics
Authors: Wiltberger Joseph 
Published: April 2014

ResumenEn una coyuntura de condiciones cambiantes de migración y reformulaciones políticas, la estrategia política de migración de El Salvador, motivada por las remesas, ha visto nuevas contestaciones. Desde los finales de la guerra civil, el estado neoliberal ha promovido la migración y las remesas a favor de un imaginario desarrollista y particular de “progreso” y bienestar “transnacional.” Sin embargo, últimamente, los salvadoreños enfrentan nuevos desafíos mientras las condiciones de migración han cambiado y ha crecido la dependencia de El Salvador en la migración y las remesas. Con un enfoque en las demandas de activistas transnacionales de comunidades de migrantes presentadas en eventos alrededor del cambio del gobierno hacia la izquierda, este artículo examina las maneras en que políticas, discursos, y lógicas desarrollistas de la migración transnacional han sido contestados y reimaginados. La articulación colectiva de estas demandas construyen nuevos imaginarios políticos de formaciones transnacionales del estado, migración, y desarrollo.
National Divisions, Transnational Ties: Constructing Social and Civic Identities in Postwar El Salvador
Authors: Dyrness Andrea 
Published: April 2014

ResumenEste artículo examina los procesos implícitos y no formales de la formación de identidad en dos escuelas de San Salvador que representan lados opuestos de la división socioeconómica y política de El Salvador. A través de un estudio etnográfico detallado, demuestro cómo las dos escuelas reprodujeron divisiones nacionales al socializar a sus alumnos hacia distintas identidades políticas y sociales. Al mismo tiempo, muestro que la participación de los alumnos en redes transnacionales interrumpe la reproducción de identidades dominantes basadas en clase social, y ofrece un momento de reflexión crítica con el potencial de contrarrestar las relaciones de poder local. Sugiero que el conocimiento y la experiencia de los alumnos con la diáspora salvadoreña ofrece a los educadores locales una oportunidad única para la educación cívica que puede reparar algunas de las divisiones sociales de El Salvador.
Enteric GFAP expression and phosphorylation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Clairembault Thomas , Kamphuis Willem , Leclair‐Visonneau Laurène , Rolli‐Derkinderen Malvyne , Coron Emmanuel , Neunlist Michel , Hol Elly M. , Derkinderen Pascal 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEnteric glial cells (EGCs) are in many respects similar to astrocytes of the central nervous system and express similar proteins including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Changes in GFAP expression and/or phosphorylation have been reported during brain damage or central nervous system degeneration. As in Parkinson's disease (PD) the enteric neurons accumulate α‐synuclein, and thus are showing PD‐specific pathological features, we undertook the present survey to study whether the enteric glia in PD become reactive by assessing the expression and phosphorylation levels of GFAP in colonic biopsies. Twenty‐four PD, six progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), six multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 21 age‐matched healthy controls were included. The expression levels and the phosphorylation state of GFAP were analyzed in colonic biopsies by western blot. Additional experiments were performed using real‐time PCR for a more precise analysis of the GFAP isoforms expressed by EGCs. We showed that GFAPκ was the main isoform expressed in EGCs. As compared to control subjects, patients with PD, but not PSP and MSA, had significant higher GFAP expression levels in their colonic biopsies. The phosphorylation level of GFAP at serine 13 was significantly lower in PD patients compared to control subjects. By contrast, no change in GFAP phosphorylation was observed between PSP, MSA and controls. Our findings provide evidence that enteric glial reaction occurs in PD and further reinforce the role of the enteric nervous system in the initiation and/or the progression of the disease.
image
We showed that GFAP is over‐expressed and hypophosphorylated in the enteric glial cells (EGCs) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients as compared to healthy subjects and patients with atypical parkinsonism (MSA, multiple system atrophy and PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy). Our findings provide evidence that enteric glial reaction occurs in PD but not in PSP and MSA and further reinforce the role of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of PD.
Anterior placentation as a risk factor for massive hemorrhage during cesarean section in patients with placenta previa
Authors: Baba Yosuke , Matsubara Shigeki , Ohkuchi Akihide , Usui Rie , Kuwata Tomoyuki , Suzuki Hirotada , Takahashi Hironori , Suzuki Mitsuaki 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimIn placenta previa (PP), anterior placentation, compared with posterior placentation, is reported to more frequently cause massive hemorrhage during cesarean section (CS). Whether this is due to the high incidence of placenta accreta, previous CS, or a transplacental approach in anterior placenta is unclear. We attempted to clarify this issue.Material and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the relation between the bleeding amount during CS for PP and various factors that may cause massive hemorrhage (>2400 mL) (n = 205) in a tertiary center. If the preoperatively ultrasound‐measured distance from the internal cervical ostium to the placental edge was longer in the uterine anterior wall than in the posterior wall, we defined it as anterior previa, and vice versa.ResultsPatients with accreta, previous CS, total previa, and anterior placentation bled significantly more than their counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that accreta (odds ratio [OR] 12.6), previous CS (OR 4.7), total previa (OR 4.1), and anterior placentation (OR 3.5) were independent risk factors of massive hemorrhage.ConclusionsAnterior placentation, namely, the placenta with a longer os‐placental edge distance in the anterior wall than in the posterior wall, was a risk of massive hemorrhage during CS for PP.
Comparison of two modalities: A novel technique, ‘chromohysteroscopy’, and blind endometrial sampling for the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Alay Asli , Usta Taner A. , Ozay Pinar , Karadugan Ozgur , Ates Ugur 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimThe objective of this study was to compare classical blind endometrial tissue sampling with hysteroscopic biopsy sampling following methylene blue dyeing in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.Material and MethodsA prospective case–control study was carried out in the Office Hysteroscopy Unit. Fifty‐four patients with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding were evaluated. Data of 38 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Three groups were compared by examining samples obtained through hysteroscopic biopsy before and after methylene blue dyeing, and classical blind endometrial tissue sampling. First, uterine cavity was evaluated with office hysteroscopy. Methylene blue dye was administered through the hysteroscopic inlet. Tissue samples were obtained from stained and non‐stained areas. Blind endometrial sampling was performed in the same patients immediately after the hysteroscopy procedure. The results of hysteroscopic biopsy from methylene blue stained and non‐stained areas and blind biopsy were compared.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were determined in the comparison of biopsy samples obtained from methylene‐blue stained, non‐stained areas and blind biopsy (P > 0.05).ConclusionsWe suggest that chromohysteroscopy is not superior to endometrial sampling in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding. Further studies with greater sample sizes should be performed to assess the validity of routine use of endometrial dyeing.
Social oocyte freezing: A survey among Singaporean female medical students
Authors: Tan Shu Qi , Tan Andy Wei Keat , Lau Matthew Sie Kuei , Tan Heng Hao , Nadarajah Sadhana 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimSocial oocyte freezing has gained increasing interest worldwide. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey on 129 female medical students in Singapore to assess their mindset and attitudes toward fertility and social oocyte freezing.MethodsAn anonymous online survey was conducted among female medical students in Singapore. The desired sample size was 100 participants. Their awareness of the existence of social oocyte freezing was first assessed. An information leaflet was provided subsequently, followed by a more detailed questionnaire. The questions focused on their awareness of age‐related fertility decline and their intentions for social oocyte freezing if made available.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐nine female students participated in the electronic survey, of whom 36.4% had heard of social oocyte freezing. Of these, 70% had personally considered taking up this option. However, after reading the information leaflet, only 48.9% would still consider this option. Of the total, 89.9% considered themselves too old for pregnancy after the age of 35 years, 37.2% would delay family planning for their career, 45.7% would consider social oocyte freezing to postpone family planning for their career, 46.5% would consider oocyte freezing if they had no suitable partners yet, 50.4% may consider freezing their eggs after the age of 30 years and 71.3% may be more amenable to oocyte freezing if government subsidy is available.ConclusionWe hypothesize that social oocyte freezing may be a viable option for single young women who wish to delay child‐bearing for ‘reproductive insurance’, so long as this is done with appropriate informed consent with non‐directive counseling.
Safety and efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation for high‐risk pregnant women: Experience of a large university hospital in Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Yamashita Takahiro , Tsuno Nelson Hirokazu , Nagamatsu Takeshi , Okochi Naoko , Hyodo Hironobu , Ikeda Toshiyuki , Kawabata Michiru , Kamei Yoshimasa , Nagura Yutaka , Sone Shinji , Fujii Tomoyuki , Takahashi Koki , Kozuma Shiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimPreoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) has the advantages over allogeneic blood transfusion of theoretically no risk of viral infection and alloimmunization. However, there are some concerns regarding PAD in pregnant women, as they sometimes become anemic and adverse effects such as low blood pressure could be harmful to fetuses. In our hospital, the PAD program was implemented in 2006 and has been used in pregnant women at high risk of massive hemorrhage. In this study, the safety of PAD in pregnant women and its efficacy for avoiding allogeneic blood transfusion were investigated.MethodsThe hospital records of pregnant women who delivered at our hospital from January 2009 to June 2012 were reviewed and those who were enrolled in the PAD program for predicted massive hemorrhage were analyzed.ResultsAmong the total of 3095 deliveries, 69 cases enrolled in the PAD program were analyzed. Blood donation was performed 189 times for the 69 cases. The median donated blood volume was 1200 mL (range, 400–2000). The mean blood loss during delivery was 1976 ± 1654 mL. Autologous blood was transfused in 64 cases. Allogeneic blood transfusion was required in five cases of massive blood loss exceeding 5000 mL. In the other 64 cases, no additional allogeneic blood transfusion was required. No adverse events were observed in either the pregnant women or fetuses.ConclusionFor pregnant women at a high risk of massive hemorrhage, our PAD program was safe and effective for avoiding allogeneic blood transfusion.
Genital infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analyses
Authors: Asano Hiroshi , Kaneuchi Masanori , Furuta Itsuko , Yamaya Yukie , Hatanaka Kanako C. , Takeda Mahito , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Sakuragi Noriaki 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEntamoeba histolytica is estimated to infect approximately 1% of the global population. In Japan, the prevalence of amebic dysentery has been increasing, with more than 800 patients newly diagnosed annually. However, genital infection with E. histolytica is uncommon even in endemic areas. We present a case of vaginitis caused by E. histolytica. A 50‐year‐old Japanese woman without history of overseas travel presented to a nearby clinic with increased vaginal discharge. She had hemorrhagic erosion at the uterine cervix with yellowish vaginal discharge, and was referred to our hospital for exclusion of malignancy. Cervical cytology revealed periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive protozoa not aggregating around squamous cells, and thus amebic vaginitis was suspected. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses and identified E. histolytica. The vaginitis was treated with metronidazole, and the disappearance of amebic protozoa was confirmed by cytology and PCR. Therefore, it may be important to obtain early diagnosis by cervical cytology and PCR.
Local injection of vasopressin reduces the blood loss during cesarean section in placenta previa
Authors: Kato Sosuke , Tanabe Akiko , Kanki Kazuyoshi , Suzuki Yusuke , Sano Takumi , Tanaka Kentaro , Fujita Daisuke , Terai Yoshito , Kamegai Hideki , Ohmichi Masahide 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of local injection of vasopressin on blood loss and secondary impact on complications during cesarean section in patients with placenta previa.Material and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with placenta previa admitted to our hospital. Two consecutive periods were compared. During period B, 59 patients underwent the local injection of a vasopressin solution (4 U in 20 mL of saline) into the placental implantation site after placental delivery. During period A, 50 patients underwent cesarean section without vasopressin injection, and were analyzed as a control group. The estimated blood loss was recorded, as were the complications during surgery. In addition, the expression of the vasopressin V1α receptor in uterine smooth muscle was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe mean estimated blood loss was significantly lower in the vasopressin group than in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences with surgical complications. The vasopressin V1α receptor was highly expressed in smooth muscle cells in the lower segment of the uterine body, whereas the immunoreactivity for the oxytocin receptor was faint in the lower segment.ConclusionThe local injection of vasopressin into the placental implantation site significantly reduced the blood loss without increasing the morbidity.
The Influence of Interimplant Divergence on the Retention Characteristics of Locator Attachments, a Laboratory Study
Authors: Stephens Guy J. , di Vitale Nicola , O'Sullivan Eoin , McDonald Ailbhe 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the study was to assess the influence of interimplant divergence on retention of two Locator attachments before and after in vitro simulation of 3 to 5 years of use.Materials and MethodsA hydraulic universal testing machine was used to measure the retention of two blue Locator attachments during 5500 seating and unseating cycles. Ten pairs of Locators were tested with interimplant divergences of 0°, 10°, and 20°. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine surface changes of the components. The results were tested with ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc correction when normally distributed. Results that were not normally distributed were tested with Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way ANOVA by ranks.ResultsAt the start of the experiment the 10° group showed significantly more retention than the 0° group, but no significant difference was found between the 0° and 20° groups or the 10° and 20° groups. After 5500 cycles, there was no significant difference in retention between any of the groups. The SEM images showed an approximately equal amount of wear in the nylon patrix inserts from all the groups.ConclusionsThe retention of Locator pairs was not impaired by interimplant divergence of up to 20°. Retention after 5500 removal cycles was less than the initial retention in all groups. The nylon Locator patrices showed wear defects of similar location, type, and magnitude in the SEM images, regardless of interimplant angulation.