bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic cannabinoid identification in cases associated with blue lotus and valerian root vaping products
Authors: Seither Joshua Z , Karschner Erin L , Jackson Kimberly R , Deakin Anna , Roper Sara H , Walterscheid Jeffrey P 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids emerged in the early 21st century and have continued to evolve and flourish to present day. Like other novel psychoactive substances (NPS), synthetic cannabinoids have been sold under the guise of legitimate products. Some examples include “potpourri,” “incense,” and herbal material. Between May 2020 and December 2023, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Drug Chemistry Division (USACIL) received 29 seized drug cases mentioning “blue lotus” or “valerian root.” In 90% of these cases, at least one exhibit contained one or more synthetic cannabinoids. During the same timeframe, the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Division of Forensic Toxicology received 65 toxicology cases that contained synthetic cannabinoids and/or their corresponding metabolites where case history mentioned “blue lotus.” The most frequently observed synthetic cannabinoids between laboratories were 5F-MDMB-PICA, ADB-BUTINACA, and MDMB-4en-PINACA. Innocuous branding and marketing may deceive law enforcement, investigators, and healthcare providers into believing that the adverse effects of erratic behavior, sedation, slurred speech, and hallucinations are a result of toxicity from botanical extracts (e.g. apomorphine and nuciferine in blue lotus). Due to the dangerous nature of these NPS, synthetic cannabinoid screening is recommended for all cases where there is suspected use of vaping products suggested to contain “blue lotus” or “valerian root” as vendors continue to conceal the presence of these compounds.
Assessment of Δ9-THC and Δ9-THCCOOH bias, precision, and ionization suppression/enhancement between solid tissue homogenate and supernatant by LC–MS-MS
Authors: Fagiola Michael , Phipps Rebecca 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) assays are frequently utilized for screening and confirmatory purposes in the forensic toxicology laboratory. While these techniques are excellent for the targeted identification and quantitation of a wide variety of drug classes, validation and determining fit-for-purpose is a significant requirement for each method. In the USA, the American National Standards Institute and Academy Standards Board first edition of Standard 036 currently serves as a primary resource in forensic toxicology method validation and mandates that laboratories evaluate critical performance characteristics to help ensure the production of forensically defensible results. Due to the variability of specimen quality frequently encountered in the discipline of postmortem toxicology, the State of Maryland Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Forensic Toxicology Laboratory routinely analyzes solid tissue specimens as part of the medicolegal death investigation process and evaluates liver as a representative solid tissue matrix during method validation. Authentic postmortem specimens (e.g. liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and spleen) were used to investigate the effects of analyzing solid tissue homogenate versus solid tissue supernatant on bias, precision, and ionization suppression/enhancement of Δ9-THC and Δ9-THCCOOH. Bias was &lt;20% for Δ9-THC and Δ9-THCCOOH in liver homogenate and supernatant with a single exception of the low QC concentration for Δ9-THC in liver homogenate (–29%). Within-run and between-run CV was &lt;20% for Δ9-THC and Δ9-THCCOOH in liver homogenate and supernatant. Δ9-THC and Δ9-THC-d3 exhibited significant ion suppression in both liver homogenate and supernatant, while Δ9-THCCOOH and Δ9-THCCOOH-d3 showed both ion suppression and enhancement in these matrices. Noticeable quantitative differences were observed in authentic postmortem solid tissue homogenate and supernatant specimens despite evaluating identical tissue samplings. A brief discussion of the results is presented using a validated LC–MS-MS method for the confirmation and quantitation of Δ9-THC and Δ9-THCCOOH in postmortem casework.
The emergence of bromazolam in Jefferson County, AL: a case series
Authors: Green Kesley D , Bianco Lisa M , McCleskey Brandi C , Scott Karen S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Postmortem toxicology is an ever-changing landscape presenting challenges for toxicologists and medical examiners. Trends can vary for certain benzodiazepines. While diazepam use tends to remain constant, alprazolam and clonazepam ebb and flow depending on prescription trends and street popularity. Novel benzodiazepines like etizolam vary in casework depending on legal restrictions and black market availability. In May 2022, the first case of the designer benzodiazepine, bromazolam, was detected in Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner’s Office casework. Between then and December 2023, an additional nine cases have been observed. Bromazolam is the brominated analog of the low-dose benzodiazepine, alprazolam, and is likely similar in potency. As bromazolam is a potent benzodiazepine, low concentrations of this novel drug are likely to contribute to central nervous system depression in opioid overdose cases. We present 10 cases in which bromazolam was detected in postmortem samples at the University of Alabama at Birmingham toxicology laboratory. The decedents ranged in age from 20 to 41 years. Most of the decedents were White (n = 8; 80%) and male (n = 7; 70%). Bromazolam concentrations ranged from 21 to 3220 ng/mL (mean 401 ng/mL). All but one case were polydrug, and all deaths were related to drug toxicity. Fentanyl was detected in 8 of the 10 decedents, with concentrations ranging from &lt;2.5 to 97 ng/mL (mean 30 ng/mL). Additional drugs detected were methamphetamine, ethanol, oxycodone, methadone, cocaine, amphetamine, morphine, and diphenhydramine. While all manners of death were ruled as accidental, bromazolam was included in the cause of death statements in 9 of the 10 cases. Capturing important emerging drug trends in the death certificate is critical to help inform public health and medical colleagues for preventive measures and treatment in the continued drug epidemic.
Unlocking secrets: lipid metabolism and lipid droplet crucial roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune response
Authors: Soares Vinicius Cardoso , Dias Suelen Silva Gomes , Santos Julia Cunha , Bozza Patrícia T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are crucial for maintaining lipid and energy homeostasis within cells. LDs are highly dynamic organelles that present a phospholipid monolayer rich in neutral lipids. Additionally, LDs are associated with structural and nonstructural proteins, rapidly mobilizing lipids for various biological processes. Lipids play a pivotal role during viral infection, participating during viral membrane fusion, viral replication, and assembly, endocytosis, and exocytosis. SARS-CoV-2 infection often induces LD accumulation, which is used as a source of energy for the replicative process. These findings suggest that LDs are a hallmark of viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, LDs participate in the inflammatory process and cell signaling, activating pathways related to innate immunity and cell death. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that LD induction by SARS-CoV-2 is a highly coordinated process, aiding replication and evading the immune system, and may contribute to the different cell death process observed in various studies. Nevertheless, recent research in the field of LDs suggests these organelles according to the pathogen and infection conditions may also play roles in immune and inflammatory responses, protecting the host against viral infection. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 influences LD biogenesis is crucial for developing novel drugs or repurposing existing ones. By targeting host lipid metabolic pathways exploited by the virus, it is possible to impact viral replication and inflammatory responses. This review seeks to discuss and analyze the role of LDs during SARS-CoV-2 infection, specifically emphasizing their involvement in viral replication and the inflammatory response.
Factors Associated With Nonprescription of Oseltamivir for Infant Influenza Over 9 Seasons
Authors: Zaheer Haniah A , Moehling Geffel Krissy , Chamseddine Sarah , Liu Hui , Williams John V , Martin Judith M , Rick Anne-Marie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends oseltamivir phosphate for children &lt;2 years old with confirmed or suspected influenza as they are at high risk for complications. We analyzed infant characteristics associated with nonprescription of oseltamivir over 9 years.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective electronic health record (EHR) review of infants &lt;12 months old born between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2019 within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center health system in Southwestern Pennsylvania who had &gt;2 well-child visits during their first year. Infants with a confirmed positive test for influenza were included in the analysis. Factors associated with infant oseltamivir nonprescription were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Of 457 infants with confirmed influenza, 86% were prescribed oseltamivir. The proportion of infants prescribed oseltamivir increased from an average of 64.6% during the 2012–2016 influenza seasons to 90.4% during the 2016–2020 influenza seasons. Infants were more likely to not be prescribed oseltamivir if they experienced &gt;2 days of influenza symptoms (odds ratio (OR): 9.4, 95% CI: 4.8, 18.7, P &lt; .001), were diagnosed during the 2012–2016 influenza seasons (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.8, 9.5, P &lt; .001), tested positive for influenza via a multiplex/reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test (OR: 6.7, 95% CI: 2.7, 16.3, P &lt; .001; OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.1; P = .04), or did not have a fever at point-of-care (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.6, P = .01).

Conclusion
Adherence to CDC influenza antiviral treatment guidelines for infants is high and improved over time. However, the provision of targeted education to providers may further improve oseltamivir prescribing practices for high-risk children &lt;12 months of age.
Self-interest, Slavery, and the Exploitation of Elderly Slaves in the American South
Authors: Doddington David S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this article, I show how the self-serving economic worldview of enslavers—and their belief that aging was a process of inexorable physical loss—motivated them to sell or abandon enslaved people as they grew older. It seeks to diversify our understanding of the exploitative character of American slavery by moving away from considering the vast profits gained by individual slavers, the systems of control or production on large plantations, and the economic value of slavery writ large, and to instead show how self-interest led antebellum slavers of low-to-middling means to offload the aged enslaved, and their stated need to avoid the obligations associated with paternalism on account of their own reduced circumstances. Rather than focus on the economic “efficiency” of slavers, or accede to their self-image as “masters”—whether of enslaved people or of the market—I emphasize their sense of insecurity and weakness when looking to rid themselves of elderly slaves. In doing so, I undermine their claims to mastery, underline how slavery was a system of exploitation enmeshed in wider social, economic, and political concerns, and provide direct evidence of the self-interest that shaped the actions of southern enslavers and the harm this caused enslaved people.
Identification of a novel gene, Bryophyte Co-retained Gene 1, that has a positive role in desiccation tolerance in the moss Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Chen Zexi , Li Ping , He Jianfang , Wang Wenbo , Pu Xiaojun , Chen Silin , Gao Bei , Wang Xuewen , Zhu Rui-Liang , Yuan Wenya , Liu Li 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The moss Physcomitrium patens is a model system for the evolutionary study of land plants, and as such, it may contain as yet unannotated genes with functions related to the adaptation to water deficiency that was required during the water-to-land transition. In this study, we identified a novel gene, Bryophyte Co-retained Gene 1 (BCG1), in P. patens that is responsive to dehydration and rehydration. Under de- and rehydration treatments, BCG1 was significantly co-expressed with DHNA, which encodes a dehydrin (DHN). Examination of previous microarray data revealed that BCG1 is highly expressed in spores, archegonia (female reproductive organ), and mature sporophytes. In addition, the bcg1 mutant showed reduced dehydration tolerance, and this was accompanied by a relatively low level of chlorophyll content during recovery. Comprehensive transcriptomics uncovered a detailed set of regulatory processes that were affected by the disruption to BCG1. Experimental evidence showed that BCG1 might function in antioxidant activity, the abscisic acid pathway, and in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis to resist desiccation. Overall, our results provide insights into the role of a bryophyte co-retained gene in desiccation tolerance.
Temporal duration-based probabilistic argumentation frameworks
Authors: Bistarelli Stefano , David Victor , Santini Francesco , Taticchi Carlo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study of Dung-style Argumentation Frameworks in recent years has focused on incorporating time. For example, availability intervals have been added to arguments and relations, resulting in different outputs of Dung semantics over time. This paper examines the probability distribution of arguments over time intervals. Using this temporal probabilistic model, the study explores how these frameworks can be transformed into a probabilistic argumentation according to the constellation approach and how they can be interpreted within the epistemic approach. The epistemic approach relies on the notion of defeat to select significant conflicts based on probability distributions. The study also introduces the temporal acceptability of arguments based on the concept of defence, allowing for more precise results over time. Finally, the models (constellation and epistemic) are extended to account for events that have a duration, i.e. that can occur for several consecutive instants of time.
Revisiting Compositional Accuracy of Carbides Using a Decreased Detector Efficiency in a LEAP 6000 XR Atom Probe Instrument
Authors: Jakob Severin , Thuvander Mattias 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The accuracy of carbon composition measurement of carbide precipitates in steel or other alloys is limited by the evaporation characteristics of carbon and the performance of current detector systems. Carbon evaporates in a higher fraction as clustered ions leading to detector pile-up during so-called multiple hits. To achieve higher accuracy, a grid was positioned behind the local electrode, reducing the detection efficiency from 52 to 7% and thereby reducing the fraction of multi-hit events. This work confirms the preferential loss of carbon due to detector pile-up. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the newer generation of commercial atom probe instruments displays somewhat higher discrepancy of carbon composition than previous generations. The reason for this might be different laser–matter interaction leading to less metal ions in multi-hit events.
Enhancing Treatment Benefits with Exercise - TG
Authors: Smits Jasper A. J. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Enhancing Treatment Benefits with Exercise: Therapist Guide is an indispensable resource, expanding the therapeutic range to include exercise-based interventions. The guide, which serves as a complement to the accompanying client workbook, argues that exercise has powerful effects on mental health. The introductory chapters provide general guidance on strategies for initiating and maintaining exercise programs. Other chapters cover the role of exercise in improving mood and anxiety disorders, enhancing cognition, and promoting general resilience. The therapist guide also covers the relapse-prevention phase of treatment and provides motivational strategies to help clients start, continue, and succeed with exercise programs. It also discusses the benefits of exercise for specific conditions.
The Exercise Prescription
Authors: Smits Jasper A. J. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the exercise prescription. It explains how the therapist can work together with the client to develop and fine-tune an exercise program that can help manage depressed mood or anxiety while also improving cognition, habit control, or resilience. Exercise experiences vary tremendously across and within clients, and these experiences can affect clients’ expectations for their new exercise programs. The chapter then details the parameters of the exercise prescription, such as intensity, duration, and frequency.
Exercise to Enhance Cognition
Authors: Smits Jasper A. J. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on exercise programs to enhance cognition. Framing information aims to help with discussions with the client about the mechanism and strength of trial data supporting exercise as a strategy for cognitive enhancement. The current state of research offers a strong rationale for providing exercise prescriptions to clients with current cognitive difficulties or longer-term prevention programs for older adults at risk for cognitive decline. For the longer-term exercise programs used in intervention and prevention efforts, motivational strategies are important to maintain exercise adherence. The chapter also covers the use of exercise to enhance cognitive rehabilitation for adults with schizophrenia.
Exercise to Aid Smoking Cessation
Authors: Smits Jasper A. J. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how exercise can assist clients who are trying to stop smoking. The use of exercise to aid with smoking cessation serves as an apt example of how exercise can help clients who are attempting to change other habits. Exercise prescription on intermediary targets for smoking cessation is relevant to clients and their smoking cessation goals. The chapter elaborates on the interplay between anxiety, depression, withdrawal, craving, and anxiety sensitivity in line with a framework for a personalized exercise prescription. Targeting the exercise program to specific symptom domains may require additional client assessments, which may then help with case formulation.
Enhancing Treatment Benefits with Exercise - WB
Authors: Smits Jasper A. J. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Enhancing Treatment Benefits with Exercise: Workbook provides an overview of motivational strategies for exercise that aim to improve an individual’s lifestyle and mental health. The strategies offer a fresh way to approach exercise as well. Ample evidence proves that exercise can be used to treat depression, anxiety, and panic while also improving cognition and reducing stress. Moreover, exercise-based treatment can also improve mood and smoking cessation and achieve a general sense of psychological resilience. The workbook can be used as a stand-alone treatment as an addition to another ongoing treatment or as a strategy to extend gains or prevent relapse from a previous treatment.
Maintaining Your Exercise Program
Authors: Otto Michael W. , Smits Jasper A. J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how to maintain an exercise program. The key to maintaining a successful exercise program over time is to plan for variation and to consider things that can make the exercise easier. Moreover, the exercise program must be fine-tuned to the individual’s needs. Thus, planning must take into account the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise to better achieve mood and fitness goals. The chapter then suggests how to manage low-motivation moments and subsequently bounce back from missed exercise sessions. A worksheet is provided that covers how to modify the exercise program in line with the person’s current progress and interests.
Exercise for Cognition
Authors: Otto Michael W. , Smits Jasper A. J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers how exercise can improve memory, attention, and general cognition. It starts with an overview of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) before considering how it could be affected by exercise. Exercising before a therapy session may make it easier to face fears and retain learning of safety from the session. Maintaining a longer-term program of exercise will require a focus on finding joy in workouts and being open to changing up the exercise enough to keep it interesting. The chapter suggests that the client reviews the worksheet on selecting members for the support team in an effort to achieve mood and cognitive benefits.
CHIMPS2: 13CO J = 3→2 emission in the central molecular zone
Authors: King S M , Moore T J T , Henshaw J D , Longmore S N , Eden D J , Rigby A J , Rosolowsky E , Tahani K , Su Y , Yiping A , Tang X , Ragan S , Liu T , Kuan Y -J , Rani R 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We present the initial data for the $(J = 3 \rightarrow 2)$ transition of $^{13}\text{CO}$ obtained from the central molecular zone (CMZ) of the Milky Way as part of the CO Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey 2 (CHIMPS2). Covering $359^{\circ } \le l \le 1^{\circ }$ and $|b| \le 0.5^{\circ }$ with an angular resolution of 19 arcsec, velocity resolution of 1 km s$^{-1}$, and rms $\Delta {T_{\rm A}^{*}} = 0.59\, \mathrm{K}$ at these resolutions, our observations unveil the complex structure of the CMZ molecular gas in improved detail. Complemented by the $\rm {^{12}CO}$ CHIMPS2 data, we estimate a median optical depth of $\tau _{13} = 0.087$. The preliminary analysis yields a median $^{13}\text{CO}$ column-density range equal to $N(^{13}{\rm CO}) = 2{\!-\!}5 \times 10^{18}\, \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$, median H$_{2}$ column density equal to $N(\mathrm{H_{2}}) = 4 \times 10^{22}\, \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ to $1 \times 10^{23}\, \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$. We derive $N({\rm H_{2}})$-based total mass estimates of $M({\rm H}_{2}) = 2{\!-\!}6 \times 10^{7}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, in agreement with previous studies. We analyse the relationship between the integrated intensity of $^{13}\text{CO}$ and the surface density of compact sources identified by Herschel Hi-GAL, and find that younger Hi-GAL sources detected at 500 $\rm{\mu m}$ but not at 70 $\rm{\mu m}$ follow the dense gas of the CMZ more closely than those that are bright at 70 $\rm{\mu m}$. The latter, actively star-forming sources appear to be more associated with material in the foreground spiral arms.