bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontale Hirnvolumenminderung durch Antipsychotika?
Authors: Aderhold V. , Weinmann S. , Hägele C. , Heinz A. 
Published: May 2014

ZusammenfassungIn dieser Übersicht werden die Ergebnisse longitudinaler Studien zur frontalen Hirnvolumenminderung bei Menschen mit einer Erkrankung aus dem Spektrum schizophrener Psychosen dargestellt und zur Behandlung mit Antipsychotika in Beziehung gesetzt. Nach einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden alle Studien ausgewertet, in denen an einer größeren Population Ergebnisse bildgebender Diagnostik zur Veränderung der Hirnstruktur im Langzeitverlauf mit Daten zur antipsychotischen Behandlung und zur Schwere der Erkrankung korreliert wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es eine Evidenz für eine Volumenminderung grauer und weißer Substanz des Frontalhirns gibt, die sich nicht alleine durch die Erkrankung selbst und ihre Krankheitsschwere erklären lässt, sondern mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch Ausdruck einer langfristigen Antipsychotikawirkung auf das Gehirn ist. Ob sog. „Second-generation“-Antipsychotika hier einen mittel- bis längerfristigen Vorteil gegenüber „First-generation“-Antipsychotika besitzen, ist derzeit unklar. Angesichts des Beitrags von Antipsychotika zu den hirnstrukturellen Veränderungen, die offenbar kumulativ dosisabhängig sind und negative Auswirkungen für die Neurokognition, die Positiv- und Negativsymptomatik und das soziale Anpassungsniveau mit sich bringen können, sollten die Empfehlungen zur antipsychotischen Langzeitbehandlung neu überdacht werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der neurobiologischen Befunde empfehlen wir und andere, möglichst niedrige antipsychotische Dosierungen zur Symptomkontrolle einzusetzen. Bei psychiatrischen Störungen außerhalb des Schizophreniespektrums sollten Antipsychotika ebenfalls nur mit Vorsicht und nach sorgfältiger Abwägung von Risiken und Nutzen angewandt werden. In diesem Kontext werden zunehmend auch Behandlungsansätze relevant, welche die antipsychotische Medikation minimieren oder sogar einen nur selektiven Einsatz erlauben.
Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality Patterns of Typhoid Ileal Perforation as Seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria: An 8‐year Review
Authors: Agu Kenneth , Nzegwu Martin , Obi Emmanuel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundSome recent studies have reported a decrease in mortality from typhoid ileal perforation. The present report aims to determine the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of this disease in patients mostly drawn from a rural area.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 50 patients treated between January 1999 and December 2007 at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. The variables studied included patient demographics, clinical features, intraoperative findings, complications, and mortality. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 13.ResultsOf the 50 patients included in the study, 22 were males with the highest rate in patients aged 20 years and younger. Fever was the commonest symptom and at initial presentation, the mean pulse and respiratory rates were significantly higher in the patients who subsequently died than in those who survived (P < 0.05). All the perforations occurred in the ileum; 62 % of the patients had solitary perforations, 28 % had double perforations, and 10 % had three or more. Fifty‐eight perforations were treated by simple closure in two layers, 4 patients had ileal resection and anastomosis, and 2 underwent right hemicolectomy. The mean interval between operation and death was 1.7 days. The overall mortality rate was 30 %, but among those with three or more perforations, mortality was 100 %.ConclusionsTyphoid ileal perforation still carries a high mortality especially in rural areas. Those with tachycardia and tachypnea at presentation and those with three or more perforations are at a higher risk of dying from the disease.
Roman Politics in the 70sb.c.: a Story of Realignments?
Authors: Santangelo Federico 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper revisits the political history of the Roman Republic in the third decade of the first centuryb.c.Its central contention is that the dominant feature of the period was neither a reshuffle of alliances within the ‘Sullan’ senatorial nobility nor the swift demise of Sulla's legacy. Attention should be focused instead on some crucial policy issues which attracted debate and controversy in that period: the powers of the tribunes, the corn supply of Rome, the rôle of the Senate, the revival of the census, and the full inclusion of the Allies into the citizen body. The political strategy of M. Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 78b.c.) and its medium-term repercussions also deserve close scrutiny in this connection.
LEY DE ZIPF Y DE GIBRAT PARA COLOMBIA Y SUS REGIONES: 1835-2005
Authors: Pérez Valbuena Gerson Javier , Meisel Roca Adolfo 
Published: May 2014

RESUMENEn este documento se analiza la jerarquía urbana de Colombia y sus regiones utilizando información censal de entre 1835 y 2005. Se estudian tres aspectos: 1) la distribución del tamaño poblacional a través de las regularidades empíricas de Zipf y de Gibrat; 2) el cambio en el modelo de crecimiento poblacional, y 3) la validación empírica sobre la coincidencia de la dinámica poblacional para un país y sus regiones. Haciendo uso de la relación rango-tamaño y de técnicas no paramétricas, se encuentra coincidencia nacional y regional desde 1964 del cumplimiento de la ley de Zipf y parcialmente de la ley de Gibrat, lo cual evidencia un cambio en el modelo de crecimiento poblacional desde mediados del siglo XX en los ámbitos nacional y regional.
A ‘most imperial’ contribution: New Zealand and the old age pensions debate in Britain, 1898–1912
Authors: Rogers Edmund 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe extent of imperial influences upon nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British life, including in the development of social policy, has attracted significant scholarly interest in the past decade. The bearing of New Zealand's 1898 Old-Age Pensions Act upon the British debate over elderly poverty exemplifies the contested transfer of social policy ideas from settler colony to ‘Mother Country’. Reformers in Britain hailed a model non-contributory pension system with an imperial pedigree. However, the widely acknowledged distinction between ‘old’ countries such as Britain, and ‘new’ countries of English-speaking settlement, characterized the New Zealand example's reception. While progressives identified the colony as a ‘clean slate’ lacking the obstructive historical inheritance of the Poor Law, critics of state-funded pensions warned against drawing policy-making lessons from New Zealand. Yet when a reformist Liberal government introduced an Old Age Pensions Bill in 1908, it used Britain's age to justify the legislation's relative conservatism.
The economics of social reform across borders: Fukuda's welfare economic studies in international perspective
Authors: Nishizawa Tamotsu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article examines how, in the course of modernization, Japan learned from Germany and Britain about ideas and institutions concerning social reform, and attempted to implement and develop them at home. It focuses on Fukuda Tokuzo, a pioneering liberal economist and social reformer, who studied under the German historical economist Lujo Brentano, and who was also inspired by the British scholars Alfred Marshall, A. C. Pigou, and J. A. Hobson. By examining how Fukuda's ideas and work were developed and assimilated in Japan, this article shows how Japanese social reformers navigated the two key strands of economic thinking that witnessed a process of globalization during this period: neoclassical welfare economics, on the one hand, and an ethical-historical style of economics, on the other. It shows how the latter was stronger in a latecomer country to modernization such as Japan.
PHF8 and REST/NRSF co-occupy gene promoters to regulate proximal gene expression
Authors: Wang Juan , Lin Xueqiu , Wang Su , Wang Chenfei , Wang Qixuan , Duan Xikun , Lu Peng , Wang Qian , Wang Chengyang , Liu X. Shirley , Huang Jinyan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractChromatin regulators play an important role in the development of human diseases. In this study, we focused on Plant Homeo Domain Finger protein 8 (PHF8), a chromatin regulator that has attracted special concern recently. PHF8 is a histone lysine demethylase ubiquitously expressed in nuclei. Mutations of PHF8 are associated with X-linked mental retardation. It usually functions as a transcriptional co-activator by associating with H3K4me3 and RNA polymerase II. We found that PHF8 may associate with another regulator, REST/NRSF, predominately at promoter regions via studying several published PHF8 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) datasets. Our analysis suggested that PHF8 not only activates but may also repress gene expression.
The Hubble expansion is isotropic in the epoch of dark energy
Authors: Darling Jeremy 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The isotropy of the universal Hubble expansion is a fundamental tenet of physical cosmology, but it has not been precisely tested during the current epoch, when dark energy is dominant. Anisotropic expansion will produce a shearing velocity field, causing objects to stream towards directions of faster expansion and away from directions of slower expansion. This work tests the basic cosmological assumption of isotropic expansion and thus the isotropy of dark energy. The simplest anisotropy will manifest as a quadrupolar curl-free proper motion vector field. We derive this theoretical signature using a triaxial expanding metric with a flat geometry (Bianchi I model), generalizing and correcting previous work. We then employ the best current data, the Titov & Lambert proper motion catalogue of 429 objects, to measure the isotropy of universal expansion. We demonstrate that the Hubble expansion is isotropic to 7 per cent (1σ), corresponding to streaming motions of 1 μas yr−1, in the best-constrained directions (−19 and +17 per cent in the least-constrained directions) and does not significantly deviate from isotropy in any direction. The Gaia mission, which is expected to obtain proper motions for 500 000 quasars, will likely constrain the anisotropy below 1 per cent.
The robustness of seismic moment and magnitudes estimated using spectral analysis
Authors: Stork A.L. , Verdon J.P. , Kendall J.‐M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWe present an assessment of how microseismic moment magnitude, , estimates vary with the method and parameters used to calculate seismic moment. This is an important topic for operators and regulators who require good magnitude estimates when monitoring induced seismicity. It is therefore imperative that these parties know and understand what errors exist in given magnitude values, something that is poorly reported. This study concentrates on spectral analysis techniques and compares computed in the time and frequency domains. Using recordings of events at Cotton Valley, east Texas, the maximum discrepancy between estimated using the different methods is 0.6 units, a significant variation. By adjusting parameters in the calculation we find that the radiation pattern correction term can have the most significant effect on , generally up to 0.8 units. Following this investigation we make a series of recommendations for estimating microseismic using spectral methods. Noise should be estimated and removed from recordings and an attenuation correction should be applied. The spectral level can be measured by spectral fitting or taken from the low frequency level. Significant factors in obtaining reliable microseismic estimates include using at least four receivers recording at ⩾1000 Hz and making radiation pattern corrections based on focal mechanism solutions, not average values.
Drill‐bit seismic monitoring while drilling by downhole wired‐pipe telemetry
Authors: Poletto Flavio , Miranda Francesco , Corubolo Piero , Schleifer Andrea , Comelli Paolo 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTDrill‐bit seismic while drilling provides reverse vertical seismic profiles with large configurations of surface seismic sensors. This seismic while drilling technique makes it possible to predict the formation changes ahead of the bit and to image 2D and 3D structures without interfering with the drilling activity. The method is based on the recording of reference (pilot) signals which enable us to recognize and process the signal of the downhole drill‐bit source, thus obtaining impulsive seismograms after the crosscorrelation and deconvolution of the pilot signals and the seismic data recorded by surface or crosswell geophones. One issue in the application of this methodology can be the loss of the transmitted energy for the reference signal propagated from the bit to the surface through the drill string, when the pilot signals are recorded at the surface, at the top of the drill string. It is well known that with polycrystalline diamond compact bits, the pilot signal recorded at the surface may be weak and consequently the seismic while drilling results are poor. This may also happen during drilling in the sliding mode without pipe rotation, and in highly deviated or horizontal wells. A solution to improve the drill‐bit seismic while drilling method in these conditions is to record the reference signal in the proximity of the bit source, using downhole near‐bit tools to get good‐quality measurements of the pilot signal. We present drill‐bit seismic while drilling results obtained in a drilling test using wired pipes for high‐rate communication from bottom hole to the surface. The results demonstrate the applicability of this integrated approach as a standard procedure. The advantage of this is to provide real‐time synchronized reverse vertical seismic profiles, as well as high‐resolution and good‐quality data in terms of S/N and high‐frequency content. The method improves the use of the working drill bit as a downhole seismic source with different types of bit and drilling conditions.
‘Supernatural Charity’: Astell, Shaftesbury and the Problem of Enthusiasm
Authors: MYERS JOANNE E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn Bart'lemy Fair, Mary Astell identifies a significant instability in Shaftesburian sociability when she argues that his Letter concerning Enthusiasm risks pathologising all social intercourse. Rehabilitating enthusiasm as a source of ‘charity’, Astell argues that sociability must be grounded in reason as well as sentiment. Astell's criticisms help us notice that Shaftesbury's attempts elsewhere to integrate a detoxified enthusiasm into his polite sociability falter when he must balance others’ claims with individual autonomy. By questioning politeness's ethical adequacy, Astell's critique provides evidence of contemporary scepticism about the costs of secularising and sentimentalising social ties.
Large‐scale analysis reveals a functional single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′‐flanking region of PRDM16 gene associated with lean body mass
Authors: Urano Tomohiko , Shiraki Masataka , Sasaki Noriko , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Inoue Satoshi 
Published: May 2014

SummaryGenetic factors are important for the development of sarcopenia, a geriatric disorder characterized by low lean body mass. The aim of this study was to search for novel genes that regulate lean body mass in humans. We performed a large‐scale search for 250K single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with bone mineral density (BMD) using SNP arrays in 1081 Japanese postmenopausal women. We focused on an SNP (rs12409277) located in the 5′‐flanking region of the PRDM16 (PRD1‐BF‐1‐RIZ1 homologous domain containing protein 16) gene that showed a significant P value in our screening. We demonstrated that PRDM16 gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with total body BMD in 1081 postmenopausal Japanese women. The rs12409277 SNP affected the transcriptional activity of PRDM16. The subjects with one or two minor allele(s) had a higher lean body mass than the subjects with two major alleles. Genetic analyses uncovered the importance of the PRDM16 gene in the regulation of lean body mass.
A genomics approach identifies senescence‐specific gene expression regulation
Authors: Lackner Daniel H. , Hayashi Makoto T. , Cesare Anthony J. , Karlseder Jan 
Published: May 2014

SummaryReplicative senescence is a fundamental tumor‐suppressive mechanism triggered by telomere erosion that results in a permanent cell cycle arrest. To understand the impact of telomere shortening on gene expression, we analyzed the transcriptome of diploid human fibroblasts as they progressed toward and entered into senescence. We distinguished novel transcription regulation due to replicative senescence by comparing senescence‐specific expression profiles to profiles from cells arrested by DNA damage or serum starvation. Only a small specific subset of genes was identified that was truly senescence‐regulated and changes in gene expression were exacerbated from presenescent to senescent cells. The majority of gene expression regulation in replicative senescence was shown to occur due to telomere shortening, as exogenous telomerase activity reverted most of these changes.
Complications after resection of colorectal cancer in a public hospital and a private hospital
Authors: Bokey Les , Chapuis Pierre H. , Keshava Anil , Rickard Matthew J. F. X. , Stewart Peter , Dent Owen F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo our knowledge, immediate post‐operative complication rates after resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been compared between public and private hospitals in the Australian health care system. We compared the frequency of surgical and medical complications between a public tertiary referral hospital and a private hospital.MethodsData were drawn from a prospective registry of all patients having a resection for CRC between 2000 and 2010 performed by members of the Concord Hospital colorectal surgical unit, either at this hospital or at a single private hospital with which they were affiliated. Complication rates were compared after adjustment for preoperative and perioperative features by logistic regression.ResultsAmong the 16 surgical complications, the only significant difference after adjustment for other features was a higher rate of septicaemia in the public hospital (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.6). Among the seven medical complications, the only significant differences were a higher risk of cardiac complications in patients with cardiac co‐morbidity (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0) and of respiratory complications in patients without respiratory co‐morbidity (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.2–5.9) in the public hospital.ConclusionIn this study, where the same group of surgeons performed all reported CRC resections in the two hospitals, no independent effect of the type of hospital was found on 15 of 16 surgical complications and 5 of 7 medical complications. Type of hospital had no impact on rates of specific complications apart from septicaemia and cardiorespiratory complications, which were higher in the public hospital.
Maternal smoking in pregnancy and risk for congenital malformations: results of a Danish register‐based cohort study
Authors: Leite Mimmi , Albieri Vanna , Kjaer Susanne. K. , Jensen Allan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk for congenital malformations.DesignPopulation‐based prospective cohort study.SettingDenmark.PopulationA total of 838 265 singleton liveborn babies delivered in Denmark between 1997 and 2010 and registered in the Danish Medical Birth Register containing detailed information on smoking during pregnancy and congenital malformations.MethodsAssociations [odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI] between maternal smoking and risk for various groups of congenital malformations, investigated using the generalized estimating equation for binary outcomes, with adjustment for potential confounders.Main outcome measuresGroups of congenital malformations.ResultsEver smoking during pregnancy did not increase the overall risk for congenital malformations, but increased risks were observed for multiple malformations (i.e. when two or more malformations are diagnosed in a child) (odds ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.10) and various main groups of congenital malformations including the cardiovascular system (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.19), the respiratory system (odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.11–1.41), the digestive system (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.24) and oral clefts (odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.14–1.46), as well as for some specific congenital malformations including cardiac septal defects, malformations of the pulmonary and tricuspid valves, malformations of the great arteries, pyloric stenosis and clubfoot. Infants of women who quit smoking during the first two trimesters had no increased risk for most groups of congenital malformations.ConclusionsMaternal smoking increases the risk for a number of congenital malformations. Future smoking cessation programs should focus on this adverse health aspect in order to encourage more women to quit smoking before or in early pregnancy.
Speaker verification inspired by the physiology of hearing using spiking self‐organising map
Authors: Tashan Tariq , Allen Tony , Nolle Lars 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper, a speaker verification algorithm, which is inspired by the physiology of hearing in the human auditory system, is proposed. The algorithm uses a modified self‐organising map composed of spiking neurons. The architecture of the algorithm imitates the biomechanical mechanism of the human auditory system, which converts the speech signal from sound vibration waves into electrical spikes inside the cochlea. The paper also suggests a spike‐based rank order coding input feature vector, which is designed to be representative of the real biological spike trains found within the human auditory nerve. During the training phase, the winner neuron in the proposed Spiking Self‐Organising Map is updated only when its activity exceeds a specified threshold. The algorithm is evaluated using 50 speakers from the Centre for Spoken Language Understanding (CSLU2002) speaker verification database and shows a speaker verification performance of 90.1%. This compares favourably with previous non‐spiking self‐organising map that used Discrete Fourier Transform‐based input feature vector with the same dataset.
Contextual reliability discounting in welding process diagnostic based on DSmT
Authors: Jamrozik Wojciech 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe monitoring and diagnosing of the welding process is an important task in assuring the quality of welded joints. Observation of such a dynamic process is often performed by measuring various signals of different modality. The main problem is how to use several of the possible signals simultaneously. Many techniques that can deal with this kind of task were elaborated and introduced in practical application. One of these is decision fusion, with a group of methods based on belief function theories: Dempster–Shafer and Dezert–Smarandache (DSmT). In this paper, extended fusion scheme for assessment of welding process condition, with contextual discounting of evidence sources reliability in DSmT framework, is presented. Discounting operation was used to distinguish the objective ability of each evidence source, to give a correct assessment of process condition. To validate this method, several series of welded joints representing different process conditions that result in various joint quality were made. On the basis of performed research, it was proven that contextual reliability discounting leads to increase of the condition recognition accuracy.