bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silence Dogood and the Leather-Apron Men
Authors: Kulikoff Allan 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
This article plumbs the origin and meaning of Benjamin Franklin's use of the phrase “leather apron man” in his first “Silence Dogood” essay, written in 1722 as a youth of sixteen. Wearing leather aprons had long been a marker of plebeian craft labor and class hostility: shoemakers and carpenters, as Shakespeare knew, wore leather aprons; gentlemen did not. From a genteel perspective, calling someone a “leather-apron man” constituted an insult. In his Silence Dogood essay, Franklin transformed the meaning of the phrase “leather apron,” turning it into a proud badge of honor, marking the virtuous labor of handycraftsmen. Although Franklin supported the aspirations of “leather apron men” his entire life, his working-class identity did not endure; nor did he ever use the phrase again in his known writing.
Pennsylvania Historical Association Oral History Project
Authors: Frantz John B. , Guenther Karen 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The Pennsylvania Historical Association has recently undertaken an oral history project, with the goal of interviewing and recording the stories of key leaders in the field of Pennsylvania history. Fittingly, our first interview features Dr. John B. Frantz, one of the association's most dedicated members. It was conducted by Dr. Karen Guenther, a former student of Dr. Frantz and also a dedicated member of the PHA, on November 20, 2013.
Rheology of magnesite
Authors: Holyoke Caleb W. , Kronenberg Andreas K. , Newman Julie , Ulrich Christopher 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe deformed two natural magnesite aggregates (grain sizes of 1 versus 100 µm) over a wide range of temperatures (400–1000°C) and strain rates (10−7–10−4/s) in order to determine the deformation mechanisms of magnesite and their respective flow laws. Experiments using fine‐grained magnesite were performed in a Heard gas confining medium rock deformation apparatus at a constant effective pressure (= confining pressure − CO2 pressure) of 300 MPa. Experiments using coarse‐grained magnesite were performed in a Griggs piston‐cylinder rock deformation apparatus at a constant effective pressure of 900 MPa. At low temperatures (T < 600°C, strain rate = 10−5/s) both magnesite aggregates deform by crystal plastic mechanisms predominated by dislocation glide. At higher temperatures the coarse‐grained magnesite deforms by dislocation creep and the fine‐grained magnesite deforms by diffusion creep. The strain rate and temperature dependence of the strength of magnesite deforming by low‐temperature plasticity, dislocation creep, and diffusion creep can be described by power law flow laws with stress exponents (n) of 19.7, 3.0, and 1.1 and activation enthalpies of 229, 410, and 209 kJ/mol, respectively. The strength of the low‐temperature plasticity data can also be described using an exponential flow law with α = 0.022 MPa−1 with an activation enthalpy of 233 kJ/mol. Extrapolation of the flow laws to natural conditions indicates that magnesite is generally stronger than calcite and dolomite assuming similar grain sizes. However, its strength is orders of magnitude lower than olivine at all conditions in the Earth's mantle and may promote deep‐focus earthquakes through ductile instabilities.
The evolution of methane vents that pierce the hydrate stability zone in the world's oceans
Authors: Smith Andrew J. , Flemings Peter B. , Liu Xiaoli , Darnell Kristopher 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a one‐dimensional model that couples the thermodynamics of hydrate solidification with multiphase flow to illuminate how gas vents pierce the hydrate stability zone in the world's oceans. During the propagation phase, a free‐gas/hydrate reaction front propagates toward the seafloor, elevating salinity and temperature to three‐phase (gas, liquid, and hydrate) equilibrium. After the reaction front breaches the seafloor, the temperature gradient in the gas chimney dissipates to background values, and salinity increases to maintain three‐phase equilibrium. Ultimately, a steady state is reached in which hydrate formation occurs just below the seabed at a rate necessary to replace salt loss. We show that at the Ursa vent in the Gulf of Mexico, the observed salinity and temperature gradients can be simulated as a steady state system with an upward flow of water equal to 9.5 mm yr−1 and a gas flux no less than 1.3 kg m−2 yr−1. Many of the world's gas vents may record this steady state behavior, which is characterized by elevated temperatures and high salinities near the seafloor.
Thermal and dynamical changes of the zonal mean state of the thermosphere during the 2009 SSW: GAIA simulations
Authors: Liu Huixin , Miyoshi Yasunobu , Miyahara Saburo , Jin Hidekatsu , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Shinagawa Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractChanges of the zonal mean state of the thermosphere during the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) have been investigated using the Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA) model. Both the zonal mean thermal and dynamical structure of the thermosphere exhibit pronounced changes during the SSW in terms of zonal mean temperature and winds. First, the zonal mean temperature above 100 km altitude drops at all latitudes except for in a narrow band around 60°N. Such temperature perturbations are found to be dominantly caused by changes in direct heating/cooling processes related to solar radiation and thermal heat conduction at high latitudes, but by dynamical processes in tropical regions. Second, the zonal mean zonal wind experiences a strong westward perturbation in the tropical thermosphere, along with distinct change in the meridional circulation. This change consists of two parts. One is a global scale north‐to‐south flow accompanied with upwelling/downwelling in the northern/southern polar region, the other is a fountain‐like flow in tropical lower thermosphere. The large enhancement of semidiurnal tides is suggested to be the primary cause for the fountain‐like flow.
Multimedia Learning in a Second Language: A Cognitive Load Perspective
Authors: Mayer Richard E. , Lee Hyunjeong , Peebles Alanna 
Published: July 2014

SummaryWhat can be done to help college students who are not native speakers of English learn from computer‐based lessons that are presented in English? To help students access the meaning of spoken words in a slow‐paced 16‐minute narration about wildlife in Antarctica, a representational video was added that showed the scenes and animals being described in the narration (Experiment 1). Adding video resulted in improved performance of non‐native English speakers on a comprehension test (d = 0.63), perhaps because the video improved access to word meaning without creating extraneous cognitive load. To help students perceive the spoken words in a fast‐paced 9‐minute narrated video about chemical reactions, concurrent on‐screen captions were added (Experiment 2). Adding on‐screen captions did not improve performance by non‐native English speakers on comprehension tests, perhaps because learners did not have available capacity to take advantage of the captions. Implications for cognitive load theory are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin‐like growth factor receptor–1 signaling in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Phase Ib and randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine, erlotinib, and cixutumumab versus gemcitabine plus erlotinib (SWOG S0727)
Authors: Philip Philip A. , Goldman Bryan , Ramanathan Ramesh K. , Lenz Heinz‐Josef , Lowy Andrew M. , Whitehead Robert P. , Wakatsuki Takeru , Iqbal Syma , Gaur Rakesh , Benedetti Jacqueline K. , Blanke Charles D. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDTargeting a single pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) is unlikely to affect its natural history. We tested the hypothesis that simulataneous targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin‐like growth factor receptor–1 (IGF‐1R) pathways would significantly improve progression‐free survival (PFS) by abrogating reciprocal signaling that promote drug resistanceMETHODSThis was a phase Ib/II study testing cixutumumab, combined with erlotinib and gemcitabine (G) in patients with untreated metastatic PC. The control arm was erlotinib plus G. The primary end point was PFS. Eligibility included performance status 0/1 and normal fasting blood glucose. Polymorphisms in genes involved in G metabolism and in the EGFR pathway were also studiedRESULTSThe phase I results (n = 10) established the safety of cixutumumab 6 mg/kg/week intravenously, erlotinib 100 mg/day orally, and G 1000 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28‐day cycle. In the RP2 portion (116 eligible patients; median age, 63), the median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.6 and 7.0 months, respectively, on the cixutumumab arm, and 3.6 and 6.7 months, respecively, on the control arm. Major grades 3 and 4 toxicities with cixutumumab and control were elevation of transaminases, 12% and 6%, respectively; fatigue, 16% and 12%, respectively; gastrointestinal, 35% and 28%, respectively; neutropenia, 21% and 10%, respectively; and thrombocytopenia, 16% and 7%, respecively. Grade 3/4 hyperglycemia was seen in 16% of patients on cixutumumab. Grade 3 or 4 skin toxicity was similar in both arms of the study (< 5%). No significant differences in PFS by genotype were seen for any of the polymorphisms.CONCLUSIONSAdding the IGF‐1R inhibitor cixutumumab to erlotinib and G did not lead to longer PFS or OS in metastatic PC. Cancer 2014;120:2980–2985. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Transcription factor Sp4 regulates expression of nervous wreck 2 to control NMDAR1 levels and dendrite patterning
Authors: Sun Xinxin , Pinacho Raquel , Saia Gregory , Punko Diana , Meana J. Javier , Ramos Belén , Gill Grace 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTGlutamatergic signaling through N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is important for neuronal development and plasticity and is often dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. Mice mutant for the transcription factor Sp4 have reduced levels of NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1) protein, but not mRNA, and exhibit behavioral and memory deficits (Zhou et al., [2010] Human Molecular Genetics 19: 3797–3805). In developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), Sp4 controls dendrite patterning (Ramos et al., [2007] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9882–9887). Sp4 target genes that regulate dendrite pruning or NR1 levels are not known. Here we report that Sp4 activates transcription of Nervous Wreck 2 (Nwk2; also known as Fchsd1) and, further, that Nwk2, an F‐BAR domain‐containing protein, mediates Sp4‐dependent regulation of dendrite patterning and cell surface expression of NR1. Knockdown of Nwk2 in CGNs increased primary dendrite number, phenocopying Sp4 knockdown, and exogenous expression of Nwk2 in Sp4‐depleted neurons rescued dendrite number. We observed that acute Sp4 depletion reduced levels of surface, but not total, NR1, and this was rescued by Nwk2 expression. Furthermore, expression of Nr1 suppressed the increase in dendrite number in Sp4‐ or Nwk2‐ depleted neurons. We previously reported that Sp4 protein levels were reduced in cerebellum of subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) (Pinacho et al., [2011] Bipolar Disorders 13: 474–485). Here we report that Nwk2 mRNA and NR1 protein levels were also reduced in postmortem cerebellum of BD subjects. Our data suggest a role for Sp4‐regulated Nwk2 in NMDAR trafficking and identify a Sp4‐Nwk2‐NMDAR1 pathway that regulates neuronal morphogenesis during development and may be disrupted in bipolar disorder. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 93–108, 2015
Gold Decorated Graphene by Laser Ablation for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol
Authors: Kumar V. Lakshman , Siddhardha R. S. Sai , Kaniyoor Adarsh , Podila Ramakrishna , Molli Muralikrishna , Kumar Sai Muthu , Venkataramaniah K. , Ramaprabhu S. , Rao A. M. , Ramamurthy Sai Sathish 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA well‐known limitation in the fabrication of metal‐graphene composite has been the use of surfactants that strongly adsorb on the surface and reduce the performance of the catalyst. We demonstrate here a novel one‐pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles by laser ablation of gold strip and in‐situ decoration on graphene substrate. Not only the impregnation of nanoparticles was linker free, but also the synthesis by itself was surfactant‐free. The composite materials were well characterized morphologically and functionally using electron microscopy, X‐ray and electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta potential, electrochemical measurements and UV‐Visible spectroscopic techniques. This linker‐free gold‐graphene based composite has been employed for catalytic applications pertaining to electrooxidation. We have explored the use of this composite as a binder‐free electrode in electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and ethanol in alkaline medium. Additionally, the onset potential for ethanol oxidation was found to be more negative, −100 mV, an indication of its promising application in direct ethanol fuel cells.
Modeling soil erosion using a spatially distributed model in a karst catchment of northwest Guangxi, China
Authors: Feng Teng , Chen Hongsong , Wang Kelin , Zhang Wei , Qi Xiangkun 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTReliable assessment of the spatial distribution of soil erosion is important for making land management decisions, but it has not been thoroughly evaluated in karst geo‐environments. The objective of this study was to modify a physically based, spatially distributed erosion model, the revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney (RMMF) model, to estimate the superficial (as opposed to subsurface creep) soil erosion rates and their spatial patterns in a 1022 ha karst catchment in northwest Guangxi, China. Model parameters were calculated using local data in a raster geographic information system (GIS) framework. The cumulative runoff on each grid cell, as an input to the RMMF model for erosion computations, was computed using a combined flow algorithm that allowed for flow into multiple cells with a transfer grid considering infiltration and runoff seepage to the subsurface. The predicted spatial distributions of soil erosion rates were analyzed relative to land uses and slope zones. Results showed that the simulated effective runoff and annual soil erosion rates of hillslopes agreed well with the field observations and previous quantified redistribution rates with caesium‐137 (137Cs). The estimated average effective runoff and annual erosion rate on hillslopes of the study catchment were 18 mm and 0.27 Mg ha−1 yr−1 during 2006–2007. Human disturbances played an important role in accelerating soil erosion rates with the average values ranged from 0.1 to 3.02 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for different land uses. The study indicated that the modified model was effective to predict superficial soil erosion rates in karst regions and the spatial distribution results could provide useful information for developing local soil and water conservation plans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of pesticide exposure and the amphibian chytrid fungus on gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) metamorphosis
Authors: Gaietto Kristina M. , Rumschlag Samantha L. , Boone Michelle D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Pesticides are detectable in most aquatic habitats and have the potential to alter host-pathogen interactions. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with amphibian declines around the world. However, Bd-associated declines are more prominent in some areas, despite nearly global distribution of Bd, suggesting other factors contribute to disease outbreaks. In a laboratory study, the authors examined the effects of 6 different isolates of Bd in the presence or absence of a pesticide (the insecticide carbaryl or the fungicide copper sulfate) to recently hatched Cope's gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) tadpoles reared through metamorphosis. The authors found the presence or absence of pesticides differentially altered the mass at metamorphosis of tadpoles exposed to different Bd isolates, suggesting that isolate could influence metamorphosis but not in ways expected based on origin of the isolate. Pesticide exposure had the strongest impact on metamorphosis of all treatment combinations. Whereas copper sulfate exposure reduced the length of the larval period, carbaryl exposure had apparent positive effects by increasing mass at metamorphosis and lengthening larval period, which adds to evidence that carbaryl can stimulate development in counterintuitive ways. The present study provides limited support to the hypothesis that pesticides can alter the response of tadpoles to isolates of Bd and that the insecticide carbaryl can alter developmental decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2358–2362. © 2014 SETAC
Droughts of Indian summer monsoon associated with El Niño and Non‐El Niño years
Authors: Varikoden H. , Revadekar J. V. , Choudhary Y. , Preethi B. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the conditions of droughts are imperative for many purposes especially in planning and agricultural fields. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse rainfall distribution during droughts associated with El Niño and non‐El Niño events using India Meteorological Department (IMD) daily rainfall data set having a spatial resolution of 0.25° latitude × 0.25° longitude grid. Patterns of rainfall during drought years which are not associated with El Niño have below normal rainfall over most places of Indian subcontinent, except peninsular India and eastern region. Most of the drought conditions of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall are associated with El Niño (13 of the 18 years) indicating that about 72% of the drought years are associated with the influence of Pacific Ocean. North India and most of the central Indian regions are under below normal rainfall especially over west coastal stations there the severity of drought is strong. The drought that are associated with El Nino are much intense in most parts of the subcontinent, it severely affected the entire west coastal belts, monsoon zone and eastern regions than the droughts associated with non‐El Nino years. The spatial patterns of rainfall during flood years associated with La Niña events and drought years associated with El Niño reveal that the spatial structure of rainfall is highly non‐linear. These results are also verified using APHRODITE rainfall data. Over central India and Western Ghats (WGs), the drought associated with El Niño gives clear indication of droughts from the early June onward, however, in the case of non‐El Niño‐related droughts, the indication of drought can be seen only after the first week of July. The study suggests that droughts associated with El Niño events bring severe drought conditions over WG region. However, over central India, there is no considerable difference in cumulative rainfall associated with the two types of droughts. The intraseasonal properties of rainfall are prominently different from non‐El Niño to El Niño droughts. During El Niño droughts, the variance of rainfall in both the central Indian and WG regions is weaker than the droughts that are not associated with El Niño.
Evaluation of heat‐shock protein A2 (HSPA2) in male rats before and after varicocele induction
Authors: Afiyani Afsoon Atrian , Deemeh Mohammad Reza , Tavalaee Marziyeh , Razi Mazdak , Bahadorani Mehrnoosh , Shokrollahi Borhan , Nasr‐Esfahani Mohammad Hossein 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYVaricocele is a major cause of infertility and may impair spermatogenesis. This study evaluated the molecular consequences of varicocele on the induction of heat‐shock proteins, intracellular chaperones involved in stress responses, and of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, which is participates in the removal of defective sperm in the testis and epididymis. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: surgically induced left varicocele, sham‐operated, and untreated controls. Two months after surgery, we observed significantly reduced sperm parameters, DNA integrity, and protamine content in the sperm retrieved from the left epididymis compared to the right epididymis in the varicocele group, as well as compared to sperm retrieved from the left epididymis of the sham and control groups. According to Western blot analysis, we observed significantly higher HSPA2 expression in testicular tissue from the left testis compared to the right testis in the varicocele group or the left testis of the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that expression of HSPA2 was higher in the round spermatid and sperm from the left varicocele compared to the control group. There was normally less HSPA2 expressed in the caput and corpus compared to the cauda of the epididymis in the control group, but this pattern was altered in the caput epididymis of the varicocele group. Levels of ubiquitination were also remarkably lower in the left testis of the varicocele group. Therefore, varicocele impacts expression of HSPA2 and ubiquitination. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 766–776, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathogenic role of the eight probably/possibly carcinogenic HPV types 26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82 in cervical cancer
Authors: Halec Gordana , Alemany Laia , Lloveras Belen , Schmitt Markus , Alejo Maria , Bosch Franz X , Tous Sara , Klaustermeier Jo Ellen , Guimerà Nuria , Grabe Niels , Lahrmann Bernd , Gissmann Lutz , Quint Wim , Bosch Francesc X , de Sanjose Silvia , Pawlita Michael ,   on behalf of the Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study Group
Published: July 2014

AbstractEight HPV types (HPV26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82) that are phylogenetically closely related to 12 WHO‐defined high‐risk (HR) HPV have been rarely but consistently identified as single HPV infections in about 3% of cervical cancer (CxCa) tissues. Due to lack of biological data, these types are referred to as probable/possible (p) HR‐HPV. To analyse their biological activity in direct comparison to HR‐HPV types, we selected 55 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) CxCa tissues harbouring single pHR‐HPV infections (2–13 cases per type) and 266 tissues harbouring single HR‐HPV (7–40 cases per type) from a worldwide, retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Single HPV infection was verified by two genotyping methods. Presence of type‐specific spliced E6*I mRNA transcripts and expression of cellular proteins indicative of HPV transformation were assessed in all cases. In 55 CxCa tissues with pHR‐HPV, E6*I mRNA expression was 100%; high p16INK4a, 98%; low pRb, 96%; low CyD1, 93%; and low p53, 84%. Compared to HPV16 tissues as a reference, individual frequencies of these five markers did not differ significantly, either for any of the eight pHR‐HPV and the 11 other HR types individually or for the groups of pHR and HR types without HPV16. We conclude that the eight pHR‐HPV types, when present as a single infection in CxCa, are biologically active and affect the same cellular pathways as any of the fully recognized carcinogenic HR‐HPV types. Therefore we have provided molecular evidence of carcinogenicity for types currently classified as probably/possibly carcinogenic. Although this evidence is crucial for HPV‐type carcinogenicity classification, per se it is not sufficient for inclusion of these HPV types into population‐wide primary and secondary prevention programmes. Such decisions have to include careful estimation of effectiveness and cost–benefit analyses. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd