bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and luminescence properties of Li2BaSiO4:Eu3+ phosphors
Authors: Xie Mubiao , Luo Caiyan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNovel red phosphors Li2–xBa1–xEux SiO4 were synthesized using a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction, and their UV‐Vis luminescence properties as well as decay curves were investigated. The excitation spectra indicate that the Li2–xBa1–xEux SiO4 phosphors can be effectively excited by near‐ultraviolet (∼393 nm) light, dovetailed nicely with the UV light‐emitting diodes (LED) chip. The optimum luminance phosphor Li1.88Ba0.88Eu0.12SiO4 shows red luminescence with a dominant 5D0 → 7F2 emission at about 615 nm and suitable chromaticity coordinates (0.639, 0.359), indicating that the phosphor may be a potential candidate for near‐UV InGaN‐based w‐LEDs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation on the dissolution of Mn ions from LiMn2O4 cathode in the application of lithium ion batteries: First principle molecular orbital method
Authors: Kim Yongseon , Lim Jaehyuk , Kang Shinhoo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe dissolution phenomenon of Mn ions in LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) was investigated by a first principle calculation using the discrete variational Xα molecular orbital method. It was found that the oxidation number of Mn ions easily increases at high temperatures due to the empty levels of Mn 3d orbitals located in the vicinity of the Fermi energy level of LMO crystal. The changes of density of states (DOS) and Mn‐O bonding properties with doping were examined. Analysis of DOS showed that the substitution of elements with a smaller oxidation number than Mn was found effective in keeping Mn ions at higher oxidation states. From the calculation of bonding properties, the dissolution of Mn was found to be strongly correlated with the covalent nature of Mn‐O bond. Based on the results, we concluded that increasing the covalent character of Mn‐O bond is effective to minimize the dissolution of Mn ions, along with suppressing the formation of Jahn‐Teller‐active Mn3+ by inducing Mn ions at high oxidation state with proper selection of doping elements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On two‐way Bayesian agglomerative clustering of gene expression data
Authors: Fowler Anna , Heard Nicholas A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article introduces an agglomerative Bayesian model‐based clustering algorithm which outputs a nested sequence of two‐way cluster configurations for an input matrix of data. Each two‐way cluster configuration in the output hierarchy is specified by a row configuration and a column configuration whose Cartesian product partitions the data matrix. Variable selection is incorporated into the algorithm by identifying row clusters which form distinct groups defined by the column clusters, through the use of a mixture model. A primitive similarity measure between the two clusters is the multiplicative change in model posterior probability implied by their merger, and the hierarchy is formed by iteratively merging the cluster pair which maximize some fixed monotonic function of this quantity. A naive implementation of the algorithm would be to choose this function to be the identity function. However, when applying this naive algorithm to gene expression data where the number of genes being studied typically far exceeds the number of experimental samples available, this imbalanced dimensionality of the data results in an algorithmic bias toward merging samples. To counteract this bias, alternative functions of the similarity measure are considered which prevent degenerative behavior of the algorithm. The resulting improvements in the output cluster configurations are demonstrated on simulated data and the method is then applied to real gene expression data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
Investigating the Effect of Slag on Decarburization in an AOD Converter Using a Fundamental Model
Authors: Andersson Nils Å. I. , Tilliander Anders , Jonsson Lage T. I. , Jönsson Pär G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA high‐temperature thermodynamics model has been coupled with a fundamental mathematical model describing the fluid flow, where boundary conditions were chosen based on data for an industrial AOD converter. Using this model, the effect of both slag phases (a liquid part and a solid part) on the decarburization was studied. More specifically, the separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag as well as the effect of the amount of rigid top slag (solid)on the decarburization was investigated. The liquid slag was considered with respect to the uptake of chromium oxide, while the rigid top slag was only considered with respect to the increase of the metallostatic pressure in the steel melt. The results suggest that separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag results in a decreased decarburization rate. The same conclusion can be drawn with respect to the amount of solid top slag.
Ultra Fast Cooling of a Hot Steel Plate by Using High Mass Flux Air Atomized Spray
Authors: Mohapatra Soumya S. , Ravikumar Satya V. , Pal Surjya K. , Chakraborty Sudipto 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the current research, the ultra fast cooling (UFC) of a hot stationary AISI‐304 steel plate has been investigated by using air atomized spray at different air and water flow rates. The initial temperature of the plate, before the cooling starts, is kept at 900°C or above. The spray was produced from a full cone internal mixing air atomized spray nozzle at a fixed nozzle to plate distance; and the average spray mass flux was varied from 130 to 370 kg m−2 s by selecting different combinations of air and water flow rates. The surface heat flux and surface temperature calculations have been performed by using INTEMP software and the calculated results have been validated by comparing with the measured thermocouple data. The heat transfer analysis indicates that the cooling occurs in the transition boiling regime up to surface temperature of 500°C and thereafter it changes to nucleate boiling regime. The superposed flow of air on the hot plate enhances the cooling in the temperature range of 900–500°C by sweeping the partially evaporated droplets from the hot surface. However, due to the high percentage of fine water droplets in the resultant spray produced at higher air flow rates, the maximum cooling rate is achieved at the medium air flow rate of 30 N m3 h−1. The cooling rate (182°C s−1) produced by an air atomized spray is found to be in the UFC regime of a 6 mm thick steel plate. The findings of this research can be considered as the basis for the fabrication of cooling system in the run‐out table of a hot strip mill.
New algorithms for preserving edges in low‐bit‐rate wavelet‐based image compression
Authors: Du Ke , Peng Lin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWith the growing importance of low‐bandwidth applications such as wireless access to the Internet, images are often sent or received at low bit rates. At these bit rates, images suffer from significant distortion and artifacts, making it difficult for those viewing the images to understand them. In this paper, we present two progressive compression algorithms that focus on preserving the clarity of important image features, such as edges, at compression ratios of 100:1 and higher. The first algorithm transmits a standard SPIHT bit stream and then detects the location of edges in the compressed image. The decoder applies a linear edge‐enhancement procedure to improve the clarity of the encoded edges. The second algorithm extracts the locations of straight‐line edges in the image at the encoder, and the decoder applies edge extraction, combination, and a linear edge‐enhancement procedure to improve the clarity of the edges. With both algorithms, features in the images that may be important for recognition are well preserved, even at very low bit rates. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Backbone construction with relay node placement for energy‐efficient wireless sensor networks
Authors: Guo Hui , Hu Rose Qingyang , Lu Kejie , Qian Yi 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we address the energy‐efficient connectivity problem of a wireless sensor network (WSN) that consists of (1) static sensor nodes that have a short communication range and limited energy level, and (2) relay nodes that have a long communication range and unlimited power supply, and that can be added or relocated arbitrarily. For such a WSN, existing studies have been focused on the design of efficient approximation algorithms to minimize the number of relay nodes. By contrast, we propose a unified backbone construction framework that can be performed in a centralized manner with two objectives: (1) to minimize the number of nodes in the backbone and (2) to maximize the lifetime of the network. To solve such a challenging problem, we formulate three subproblems: (1) partial dominating set with energy threshold (PDSET); (2) partial dominating set with largest residual energy (PDSLE); and (3) minimum relay node placement (MRNP). For these three subproblems, we develop polynomial‐time algorithms. We also prove that our algorithm for PDSLE is optimal, and our algorithm for the PDSET and MRNP problems have small approximation ratios. Numerical results show that the proposed framework can significantly improve energy efficiency and reduce backbone size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lorentz-violating vs. ghost gravitons: the example of Weyl gravity
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Sasaki Misao , Sendouda Yuuiti , Youssef Ahmed 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe show that the ghost degrees of freedom of Einstein gravity with a Weyl term can be tamed by a simple mechanism that invokes local Lorentz symmetry breaking. We demonstrate how the mechanism works in a cosmological setting. The presence of the Weyl term forces a redefinition of the quantum vacuum state of the tensor perturbations. As a consequence the amplitude of their spectrum blows up when the Lorentz-violating scale becomes comparable to the Hubble radius. Such a behaviour is in sharp contrast to what happens in standard Weyl gravity where the gravitational ghosts smoothly damp out the spectrum of primordial gravitational waves.
Examining a Common Disease with Unknown Etiology: Trends in Epidemiology and Surgical Management of Appendicitis in California, 1995–2009
Authors: Anderson Jamie E. , Bickler Stephen W. , Chang David C. , Talamini Mark A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe study was designed to examine the epidemiology of appendicitis and risk factors of perforation and appendectomy.MethodsRetrospective analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Data was performed from 1995 to 2009. Patients with appendicitis were identified by ICD‐9 diagnosis code. Population statistics from the RAND Corporation were used to calculate incidence rates. Risk factors of perforation and appendectomy were also calculated.ResultsA total of 608,116 patients with appendicitis (70 % non‐perforated) were included. The incidence increased at an average rate of 0.5 cases/100,000 population/year (p < 0.001), with annual incidence peaking during the third quarter. Children age 10–14 had the highest rates of appendicitis (169.6 cases/100,000). The lifetime cumulative incidence rate is 9.0 %. Appendicitis is most common in whites and Hispanics and less common in African Americans and Asians. Risks of perforation include Hispanic or Asian race, young or old age, and non‐private insurance. The adjusted odds of appendectomy increased since 1995 in patients with non‐perforated appendicitis (OR 1.5, 95 % CI (1.3–1.7); p < 0.001), but it decreased in patients with perforated appendicitis (OR 0.4, 95 % CI (0.4–0.5); p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis is the largest epidemiological study of appendicitis to our knowledge in recent years. Incidence has increased over time and is higher in the summer months. Whites and Hispanics have higher rates of appendicitis, but Hispanics and Asians and patients with non‐private insurance, have higher odds of perforation. Surgical management of perforated appendicitis has decreased over time. It is unknown why the incidence has increased, displays seasonality, and varies by race.
Low Perioperative Serum Prealbumin Predicts Early Recurrence after Curative Pulmonary Resection for Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kawai Hideki , Ota Hideki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundEarly recurrence after surgery for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is often observed in spite of pathologically proven early‐stage disease. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers that might be useful in predicting postoperative early recurrence of lung cancer. In this study we evaluated the perioperative nutritional status of the patients by measuring the serum level of prealbumin and analyzed the correlation between this factor and early recurrence.MethodsForty‐four patients with NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Serum level of prealbumin was measured 5 days before and 7 days after surgery, respectively.ResultsFor the patients who developed early recurrence, the perioperative serum prealbumin level was statistically significantly lower than those of the patients who did not develop recurrence (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the patients with low prealbumin level showed statistically significantly poorer outcomes compared with the patients with higher prealbumin level (p < 0.001). On the other hand, there was no correlation between the pathological stage and the serum prealbumin level. Multivariate analysis revealed that low perioperative serum prealbumin level could be an independent prognostic factor of poor outcome (hazard ratio, 10.1; 95 % confidence interval, 2.8–35.5; p = 0.0003).ConclusionsLow serum prealbumin level in the perioperative period is associated with a poorer prognosis in NSCLC patients and could serve as a marker for identifying patients at high risk, even at an early clinical stage.
Changes in soil macrofaunal community composition under selective afforestation in shifting sand lands in Horqin of Inner Mongolia, northern China
Authors: Liu Ren Tao , Zhao Ha Lin , Zhao Xue Yong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLarge‐scale afforestation programs have had some beneficial effects on reducing severity of dust storms and controlling desertification in arid and semi‐arid regions. However, the influences of selective afforestation on soil arthropod community are largely unknown in desertified ecosystems. Soil macrofaunal communities, soil physico‐chemical properties, and herb vegetation were investigated in afforested shrublands and woodlands (both approximately 30 years old post‐afforestation), which were compared to shifting sand lands in Horqin, northern China. In the shrublands, environmental parameters (soil and vegetation properties) indicated a significant improvement of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and herbaceous density and cover, in comparison to the woodlands and shifting sand lands. The improved shrubland habitat maintained significantly higher soil macrofaunal abundance and group richness together with higher diversity compared with the woodlands and shifting sand lands. There were no significant differences in soil macrofaunal diversity between the woodlands and shifting sand lands. The results suggest that shrubs can facilitate macrofaunal assemblies and improve soil and vegetation properties when planted in shifting sand lands. Shrub afforestation is beneficial for the restoration of shifting sand lands, and is recommended for management of artificial plantations in these sandy ecosystems.
Incidence of Metacarpal Fractures in the US Population
Authors: Nakashian Michael N. , Pointer Lauren , Owens Brett D. , Wolf Jennifer Moriatis 
Published: September 2012

Background There are scarce data regarding the epidemiology of metacarpal fractures within the US population. The purpose of this study is to report the epidemiology of metacarpal fractures in the USA using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database (NEISS). Methods The NEISS database represents a national probability sample of approximately 100 hospitals in the USA and its territories. The database was queried for metacarpal fractures during the time period 2002–2006. US census data were used to calculate incidence rate (IR) for various demographic criteria. Results A total of 4,718 metacarpal fractures were identified, representing approximately 160,790 metacarpal fractures. The calculated IR was 13.6 (95 % CI, 13.6–13.67) per 100,000 person-years. The highest IR occurred in the 10–19 age group (IR 38.8; 95 % CI, 38.6–38.9) followed by those 20–29 years of age (IR 28.4; 95 % CI, 28.3–28.5). Metacarpal fractures were found more commonly in males (IR 23; 95 % CI, 22.9–23.1) than females (IR 4.5; 95 % CI, 4.5–4.5), with an incidence rate ratio of 5.08. The most common mechanisms of injury were contact with a wall or door, and falls. The most common setting was in the home, followed by recreational locations. Conclusions The estimated incidence of metacarpal fractures presenting for acute hospital care in the USA is 13.6 per 100,000 person-years. Males in the second and third decades of life sustain this injury most commonly. Metacarpal fractures occur frequently in the home or recreational setting, with contact force as the primary mechanism of injury.
In‐Vitro Toxicological and Proteomic Analysis of Furan Fatty Acids Which are Oxidative Metabolites of Conjugated Linoleic Acids
Authors: Lengler Imme , Buhrke Thorsten , Scharmach Eileen , Lampen Alfonso 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFuran fatty acids (furan‐FA) are oxidative products of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and may therefore be ingested when CLA‐containing food or food‐additives are consumed. Due to the presence of a furan ring structure the question arises whether furan‐FA may have toxic properties on enterocytes and liver cells. Here we show that furan‐FA neither have toxic effects in human colon cancer cell line Caco‐2 nor in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 at concentrations that could be relevant for humans. At concentrations up to 100 μM, all tested furan‐FA isomers showed no pronounced cytotoxicity and did not affect cellular proliferation or apoptosis up to concentrations of 500 μM. In addition, furan‐FA was neither genotoxic in the micronucleus test using Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) nor in the Ames test independent of the presence or absence of rat liver homogenate for enzymatic activation of the furan ring structure. A proteomic approach revealed that 48 proteins were differentially expressed when Caco‐2 cells were incubated with up to 1 mM of 10,13‐epoxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid (10,12‐furan‐FA). Three of the 30 proteins that could be identified by MALDI‐TOF analysis were upregulated and were associated with lipid droplet biogenesis. The remaining 27 proteins were downregulated and were considered to be associated with general cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription, protein biosynthesis and protein processing, lipid and energy metabolism. From the proteomic data we conclude that furan‐FA is predominantly stored in lipid droplets thereby downregulating cellular metabolic activity and driving the cells into a state of rest.
On-the-fly extraction of hierarchical object graphs
Authors: de Brito Hugo , Marques-Neto Humberto Torres , Terra Ricardo , Rocha Henrique , Valente Marco Tulio 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Reverse engineering techniques are usually applied to extract concrete architecture models. However, these techniques usually extract models that just reveal static architectures, such as class diagrams. On the other hand, the extraction of dynamic architecture models is particularly useful for an initial understanding on how a system works or to evaluate the impact of possible maintenance tasks. This paper describes an approach to extract hierarchical object graphs (OGs) from running systems. The proposed graphs have the following distinguishing features: (a) they support the summarization of objects in domains, (b) they support the complete spectrum of relations and entities that are common in object-oriented systems, (c) they support multithreading systems, and (d) they include a language to alert about expected (or unexpected) relations between the extracted objects. We also describe the design and implementation of a tool for visualizing the proposed OGs. Finally, we provide two case studies. The first study shows how our approach can contribute to understand the running architecture of two systems (myAppointments and JHotDraw). The second study illustrates how OGs can help to locate defective software components in the JHotDraw system.
Micrometer and Nanometer Scale Photopatterning of Proteins on Glass Surfaces by Photo-degradation of Films Formed from Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Terminated Silanes
Authors: Tizazu Getachew , el Zubir Osama , Patole Samson , McLaren Anna , Vasilev Cvetelin , Mothersole David J. , Adawi Ali , Hunter C. Neil , Lidzey David G. , Lopez Gabriel P. , Leggett Graham J. 
Published: September 2012

Exposure of films formed by the adsorption of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) functionalized trichlorosilanes on glass to UV light from a frequency-doubled argon ion laser (244 nm) causes photodegradation of the OEG chain. Although the rate of degradation is substantially slower than for monolayers of OEG terminated thiolates on gold, it is nevertheless possible to form micrometer-scale patterns by elective adsorption of streptavidin to exposed regions. A low density of aldehyde functional groups is produced, and this enables derivatization with nitrilotriacetic acid via an amine linker. Complexation with nickel enables the site-specific immobilization of histidine-tagged yellow and green fluorescent proteins. Nanometer-scale patterns may be fabricated using a Lloyd’s mirror interferometer, with a sample and mirror set at right angles to each other. At low exposures, partial degradation of the OEG chains does not remove the protein-resistance of the surface, even though friction force microscopy reveals the formation of patterns. At an exposure of ca. 18 J cm−2, the modified regions became adhesive to proteins in a narrow region ca. 30 nm (λ/8) wide. As the exposure is increased further the lines quickly broaden to ca. 90 nm. Adjustment of the angle between the sample and mirror enables the fabrication of lines of His-tagged green fluorescent protein at a period of 340 nm that could be resolved using a confocal microscope.
Cooling and freshening at 8.2 ka on the NW Iceland Shelf recorded in paired δ18O and Mg/Ca measurements of the benthic foraminifer Cibicides lobatulus
Authors: Quillmann Ursula , Marchitto Thomas M. , Jennings Anne E. , Andrews John T. , Friestad Birgitte F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA shallow marine sediment core from NW Iceland provides evidence for a brief cooling and freshening at ~ 8200 cal yr BP, consistent with the hypothesis that the catastrophic outburst flood of the proglacial lakes Oijbway and Agassiz caused the 8.2 ka event. This is the first high-resolution record reconstructing near-surface temperatures and δ18Osw by paired measurements of Mg/Ca and δ18Ocalcite of a benthic foraminifer. We developed a new Mg/Ca temperature calibration for Cibicides lobatulus. Our down-core Mg/Ca derived temperature reconstruction dates the 8.2 ka cooling event between ~ 8300 cal yr BP and ~ 8100 cal yr BP, which is similar to the timing and 160-yr duration recorded in the Greenland ice cores. The near-surface temperature drop of ~ 3 to 5°C during the 8.2 ka event was accompanied by lighter δ18Osw values. Synchronously to the changes in the geochemical proxies, the percentages of two Arctic benthic foraminifers increased and the percent calcium carbonate decreased. Our record, combined with several others from the region, suggests that the freshwater outburst spread far from the source into the high-latitude North Atlantic. This freshwater input could have directly caused substantial high-latitude cooling, with reduced North Atlantic Deep Water formation amplifying the climatic impact.