bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sudden Death by Inhalation of Cyclopropane
Authors: Krause JG , McCarthy WB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reports the case of a 22-year-old white male who was found dead in a storage room as a result of a fatal ingestion of cyclopropane. Cyclopropane is a sweet-smelling, irritating gas. Autopsy findings revealed congestion and hemorrhagic edema of the lungs, congestion of the trachea, and early autolysis. Cyclopropane was determined by headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the first reported fatality involving cyclopropane.
Phenol: Tissue Distribution in a Fatality
Authors: Dico CL , Caplan YH , Levine B , Smyth DF , Smialek JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case is reported where phenol, a disinfectant, was ingested and resulted in the death of a 40-year-old white female. Concentrations of phenol were determined in blood (130 mg/L), urine (47 mg/L), bile (187 mg/L), brain (486 mg/kg), kidney (331 mg/kg), muscle (204 mg/kg), liver (228 mg/kg), and stomach content (668 mg) and compared to other cases reported in the literature.
Hypersensitivity Myocarditis and Hepatitis Associated with Imipramine and Its Metabolite, Desipramine
Authors: Morrow PL , Hardin NJ , Bonadies J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We present two cases of myocarditis and hepatitis with histologic characteristics of hypersensitivity-mediated drug reactions associated with imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine. In one case, death was directly attributed to myocarditis; in the second case, the patient died of an acute myocardial infarct, but myocarditis may have played a contributory role. One patient was taking imipramine, and therapeutic concentrations of imipramine and desipramine were documented in postmortem blood. The other patient was receiving desipramine documented by in-patient hospital medication records. Both cases had liver lesions associated in the medical literature with adverse drug reaction to imipramine.
Although myocarditis has been previously associated with amitriptyline, these cases appear to be the first reported in association with imipramine/desipramine. The fact that one patient was taking only desipramine suggests that it may be the offending agent.
The Death and Mortal Remains of Francisco Pizarro
Authors: Maples WR , Gatliff BP , Ludeña H , Benfer R , Goza W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When Francisco Pizarro was assassinated in 1541, he was buried near the Cathedral of Lima, but was later moved into the crypt under the altar. In 1891 mummified remains were identified as those of Pizarro and placed in a sarcophagus on public exhibition. In 1977 bones were discovered in a walled over niche in the crypt. The skull was in a lead box engraved with Pizarro's name. Which remains—the bones, or the mummy—are those of Pizarro? This question and more can now be answered. This paper will give evidence of the exact wounds that Pizarro received in his final sword fight, as well as a facial sculpture of the skull now identified as that of the conqueror of Peru.
A Review of Road Users Behaviour: Theory and Research
Authors: Tate LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Road User Behavior: Theory and Research is a compilation in English of papers that were initially presented at the Second International Conference of Road Safety held in Groningen, the Netherlands, in August 1987. The book is divided into 15 sections covering topics that include accident analysis, risk models, driver stress, alcohol and drugs, and road safety in developing countries among other pertinent topic areas.
Computer-Aided Headspace Gas Chromatography Applied to Blood-Alcohol Analysis: Importance of Online Process Control
Authors: Jones AW , Schuberth J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the analysis of ethanol in blood specimens from suspect drunk drivers and the associated quality assurance procedures currently used in Sweden for legal purposes. Aliquots of whole blood from two separate Vacutainer® tubes are diluted with 1-propanol as internal standard before analysis by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) with three different stationary phases: Carbopak B, Carbopak C, and 15% Carbowax 20 M. The actual HS-GC analysis, the integration of chromatographic peaks, the collection and processing of results, as well as the quality control tests involve the use of computer-aided techniques. The standard deviation of analysis (y) increased with concentration of ethanol in the blood specimen (x), and above 0.50 mg/g the regression equation was y = 0.0033 + 0.0153x. The prosecution blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) is the mean of three separate determinations made by different laboratory technicians working independently with different sets of equipment. A deduction is made from the mean analytical result to compensate for random and systematic errors inherent in the method. At BACs of 0.5 and 1.5 mg/g, which are the statutory limits in Sweden, the allowances currently made are 0.06 and 0.09 mg/g, respectively. Accordingly, the reduced prosecution BAC is less than the actual BAC with a statistical confidence of 99.9%.
Fluorescence of Petroleum Products IV. Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots and Capillary Gas Chromatography of Midrange Petroleum Products
Authors: Siegel JA , Cheng N-Z 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Midrange petroleum products such as charcoal lighters and paint thinners represent a potential source of evidence in arson fires which have been little studied. The objective of this study is to characterize a series of 22 such products using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence spectroscopy.
It was found that 3-D fluorescence is well able to differentiate among products whose characteristics, including GC, are quite similar. It can also determine if two samples could be the same brand or not. When samples are evaporated or combusted, it is still possible to obtain 3-D fluoresence spectra and GCs. The GCs are even more nondescript, whereas evaporated 3-D spectra are reproducible and characteristic although they do not correlate well with those of neat samples. 3-D fluorescence spectra of combusted samples do not reproduce well because of the inability to properly control the conditions of combustion.
The Selection of Noncorrelated Thin-Layer Chromatographic (TLC) Solvent Systems for the Comparison of Dyes Extracted from Transferred Fibers
Authors: Golding GM , Kokot S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The potential of using a combination of normal and reverse phase thin-layer chromatography for the comparison of disperse, acid, and reactive dyes extracted from textile fibers of forensic science origin was examined. For disperse and acid dyes, the use of a normal silica gel and a reverse phase system was shown to provide a pair of systems of low correlation. In contrast, the use of two silica gel systems provided a pair of highly correlated systems that possibly offered little more additional information than a single system. A suitable reverse phase system for the separation of reactive dyes was not found. The various pairs of silica gel systems tested for reactive dyes were all shown to be highly correlated.
Determining the Relative Age of Ballpoint Ink Using a Single-Solvent Extraction, Mass-Independent Approach
Authors: Brunelle RL , Lee H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Brunelle et al. (Journal of Forensic Sciences. Nov. 1987) recently reported a single-solvent extraction technique for determining the relative age of ballpoint ink entries on questioned documents. This technique was mass dependent, which means equal amounts of ink had to be removed from the document for all samples compared. This paper describes a modification of the previous procedure that makes the age determination independent of the amount of ink sampled for testing. The modified procedure involves extracting the inks with solvents, spotting the ink extract onto a thin-layer chromatographic plate, and then separating the dye components in a solvent system of ethyl acetate: alcohol: water (70:35:30 parts, respectively). The relative concentrations of the dye components are measured using a densitometer. The calculated ratios of the relative concentrations are independent of the amount of ink taken for analysis. Aging curves were prepared for four different ballpoint inks and two non-ballpoint inks. The effect of different papers on ink aging was determined, and the mass independence theory was verified. The feasibility for determining the relative age of non-ballpoint inks was also established.
Development of Equipment for the Standardization of Skull Photographs in Personal Identifications by Photographic Superimposition
Authors: Brocklebank LM , Holmgren CJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The technique of photographic superimposition of postmortem specimens (dried skull or head) positioned identically to the orientation in an antemortem smiling photograph is now a recognized method for personal identification of human remains. Previous methods used to produce the postmortem photographs were problematic as orientation of the specimen could not be easily adjusted and positions were not reproducible. The objective of this paper is to describe the design and method of use of purpose-constructed equipment intended to alleviate these problems.
The equipment comprises a skull-holding jig based conceptually on the Royal Berkshire Hospital halo frame. This is mounted on a pan-and-tilt device, incorporating calibrated measurement scales, enabling independent movements in each of the Cartesian coordinates. A camera is attached to an adjustable mount running on twin parallel rails allowing the camera-to-specimen distance to be varied.
The equipment has proven to be straightforward in use and offers considerable advantages over previously described methods for producing postmortem photographs.
Impulsivity and Attention-Perception Features in Relation to Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Osuna E , Luna A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine how effective two nonverbal psychological tests are in providing an accurate criminological diagnosis: the Attention-Perception Test (Toulouse-Piéron's Test) and the Gibson Spiral Maze Test (Gibson's Test). We studied 144 subjects (95 male and 49 female) ranging in age from 12 to 21 years, all of whom were either from centers under the administration of the juvenile court or the provincial prison of Granada (Spain). A control group of 218 schoolchildren aged 11 to 18 years (101 male and 117 female) from 4 schools located in areas of different socioeconomic status was also studied.
Our results showed that impulsivity and attention-perception appear to be complementary traits which provide information useful for criminological prognosis.
Medical Malpractice in the Absence of a Doctor-Patient Relationship: The Potential Liability of Psychiatric Examiners in New York State
Authors: Goldstein RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In New York, psychiatrists (and all physicians) have a duty, in every circumstance with respect to such functions as they are required to undertake, to conduct themselves and all their examinations in a thorough and proper manner. Especially in a forensic setting, psychiatrists must bear in mind that they have a legal duty to perform a competent examination before they render an opinion. It is well established that malpractice liability does not require the preexistence of a doctor-patient relationship based on an undertaking for the purpose of treatment. The author discusses a long line of cases in New York State which holds that psychiatric examiners are potentially liable in malpractice for any breach of duty with respect to those functions that are undertaken. Failure to conduct a proper, careful, and competent examination may result in liability in a variety of areas: competency examinations, commitment proceedings, workers' compensation claims, and so on. Limitations on such malpractice liability are discussed. Unlike some jurisdictions, New York does not accord judicial immunity to psychiatric examiners.
Practical Measures to Reduce Medical Expert Witness Bias
Authors: Boyarsky S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To minimize bias by the testifying clinician, particularly in professional liability cases, six practical measures should be used:
(1) testify for both the plaintiff and the defense in different cases,
(2) assess the merits of the case separately from agreeing to testify,
(3) insist on reviewing all the records thoroughly,
(4) develop a solid medical posture for each case,
(5) review the case in a balanced, critical manner, and
(6) articulate carefully the standard of care in his words before expressing it in deposition or at trial.
The expert must stay within his role and duty as “expert witness” to remain effective.
Photographically Subtracting Interfering Images from ESDA Print
Authors: Hart LJ , Hart RP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Documents containing indentations from other written papers may also contain original written material on the reverse side of the page. When such a document is processed on an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA), both the subject indentations and the writing on the reverse of the paper are often recorded. It is usually very difficult to decipher the indented writing because of the overlapping images from the reverse of the paper. It is possible, however, to subtract these interfering images by making a positive transparency of the original writing on the reverse of the paper and sandwiching it with a negative of the ESDA. This method provides a clear and accurate record of the subject indentations alone.
Fatal Accidental Enflurane Intoxication
Authors: Jacob B , Heller C , Daldrup T , Bürrig KF , Barz J , Bonte W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Among reported cases of abuse of volatile anesthetics there is only one of enflurane intoxication. We report another fatal enflurance intoxication. A 21-year-old man found dead seemed to have experimented with enflurane. Three and one-half days after death high amounts of enflurane were detected in blood, brain, and subcutaneous fat. Gas chromatographic quantification revealed the following high enflurane concentrations: blood: 130 mg/l−1, brain: 350 mg/l−1, and subcutaneous fat: 100 mg/l−1. Histologic signs of drug-induced damage were lacking. No suicide intentions became known. It was concluded that the young man died of an accidental intoxication while abusing enflurane.
Carbofuran Poisoning of Pregnant Woman and Fetus Per Ingestion
Authors: Klys M , Kosuń J , Pach J , Kameńczak A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of carbamate pesticide poisoning of a pregnant woman by carbofuran ingestion is presented. The mother recovered from the poisoning in the hospital but necrosis of the fetus was found. Toxicological findings of the liver, brain, and kidney of the fetus revealed carbofuran in concentrations comparable with the mother's blood. Our findings in the case contribute to the research on permeation of the placental barrier by chemical substances.
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Baumgartner WA , Hill VA , Blahd WH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hair analysis for drugs of abuse by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is an effective means for identifying drug abusers. Hair can be collected under close supervision without embarrassment and is not subject to evasive maneuvers (false negatives) such as temporary abstention, excessive fluid intake, and substitution or adulteration of specimens. Hair analysis has a wide window of detection ranging from months to years and provides information concerning the severity and pattern of an individual's drug use. Hair analysis is also not subject to evidential false positives, such as those caused by poppy seed ingestion, spiking of drinks or food, and mix-up or contamination of specimens. In part, these problems can be avoided because hair analysis can always be repeated with a newly collected specimen. The results of animal experiments and of various clinical, forensic, and criminal justice applications are described.
A Review of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides
Authors: Peat M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a multiauthored collection of articles by various workers involved in cyanide toxicology. In their preface, the editors express the hope that this book can serve either as a reference source for specific aspects of cyanide toxicology or can be read in its entirety by those desiring an in-depth understanding of all aspects of cyanide exposure. They also express the hope that the book will be useful to a variety of disciplines including general pharmacologists and toxicologists and forensic pathologists and toxicologists. In general, the editors achieve their aims in that they, and the contributing authors, have put together a wealth of material on cyanide toxicology which should serve as a definitive reference source for forensic pathologists and toxicologists.
Analysis of Gunshot Residue Test Results in 112 Suicides
Authors: Reed GE , McGuire PJ , Boehm A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The results of gunshot residue (GSR) tests in 112 suicide cases investigated by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command over a ten-year period are described. Only suicide cases in which there was certainty that the victim fired a weapon were examined in an effort to reduce ambiguous results. Previous case work research by Rudzitis indicated that positive GSR test results were encountered in suicides 62% of the time using various combinations of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Threshold values of 0.2-μg antimony and 0.3-μg barium (0.2-μg antimony and 0.5-μg barium after 1985) used by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory resulted in positive GSR results in suicide cases 38% of the time. The effects of time, location of body, handling of the body, weapon type, caliber, and condition of the hands on GSR results are examined. Case studies involving suicides by unit armorers are discussed.
Time Since Death and Decomposition of the Human Body: Variables and Observations in Case and Experimental Field Studies
Authors: Mann RW , Bass WM , Meadows L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Much of the difficulty in determining the time since death stems from the lack of systematic observation and research on the decomposition rate of the human body. Continuing studies conducted at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, provide useful information on the impact of carrion insect activity, ambient temperature, rainfall, clothing, burial and depth, carnivores, bodily trauma, body weight, and the surface with which the body is in contact. This paper reports findings and observations accumulated during eight years of research and case studies that may clarify some of the questions concerning bodily decay.
Female Sex Offenders: Severe Victims and Victimizers
Authors: Travin S , Cullen K , Protter B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although there is an extensive body of literature concerning male sexual offenders, there is a marked lack of articles describing sexual offenses committed by females. The authors present a review of the existing literature on this topic and describe five cases of female sexual offenders and four cases of female sexual abusers. Implications for the effective assessment and treatment of this unique population are discussed.
The Use of 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) for the Fluorescent Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Paper. A Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Pounds AC , Grigg R , Mongkolaussavaratana T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of a new amino acid reagent 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), which produces a highly fluorescent species with latent fingerprints on paper, is described. Spectral characteristics of the fluorescent fingerprint show excitation (λex approximately 470 nm) and emission (λex approximately 570 nm) maxima in the visible part of the spectrum. Some printing inks fluoresce under these conditions and would therefore hinder fingerprint detection, but optical brighteners present in paper do not interfere. Fluorescent fingerprints visualized by DFO revealed more fingerprint detail than ninhydrin, the standard method for such surfaces.
An Improved Method for Complement Subcomponent C1R Typing
Authors: Kamboh MI , Ferrell RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An improved method has been developed for the reliable classification of different C1R genetic variant forms from human serum or plasma. The method combines the use of neuraminidase-digested samples followed by monodimensional isoelectric focusing in the pH range 5 to 8 followed by immunoblotting. The method yields a simple pattern, with one major band in homozygote and two major bands in heterozygote cases.
Fly Larvae: A New Toxicological Method of Investigation in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Kintz P , Godelar B , Tracqui A , Mangin P , Lugnier AA , Chaumont AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Toxicological analyses on a putrefied cadaver are sometimes difficult to achieve because of the absence of blood and urine. In this study, maggots, living material, are proposed as a new medium of investigation in forensic medicine. Five drugs (triazolam, oxazepam, phenobarbital, alimemazine, and clomipramine) were identified and assayed in some tissues of a putrefied cadaver and in the maggots found on and in the body.
A Review of Law and Medical Ethics, Second edition
Authors: Labowitz DI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors of this discourse on a subject which has spawned lengthy discussions for both physician and attorney characterize this work as a handbook on the subject. They do not elaborate by whom they intend it to be so used, and I am at a loss to conceive as to its use as such by anyone interested in the field. It is clearly aimed at an audience outside the United States, mostly in the United Kingdom and, therefore, has little use for physicians and interested parties in this country for other than an introductory text on the subject.
The Application of a Simple and Inexpensive Modified Carbon Wire Adsorption/Solvent Extraction Technique to the Analysis of Accelerants and Volatile Organic Compounds in Arson Debris
Authors: Tranthim-Fryer DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple, inexpensive carbon wire adsorption/solvent extraction (CWSE) technique that allows for sensitive and reproducible analysis of organic volatiles from arson debris is described. The technique requires a minimum of expensive equipment and is particularly suited to those laboratories without a thermal desorption unit or pyrolyzer. The technique combines static headspace sampling with solvent extraction and analysis by capillary column gas chromatography.
The Characterization of Plastic Automobile Bumper Bars Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (PGC), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis Combined with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX)
Authors: Parybyk AE , Kobus HJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A collection of 28 plastic automobile bumper bars has been examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). FTIR identified 8 polymer classes in the collection. Polypropylene-based (PP) plastics and polyurethane (PUR) plastics were the most common with approximately three quarters of the samples being of these types. PGC provided additional discrimination between the samples in the collection, particularly for the PUR samples, defining a total of 13 categories. SEM-EDX was the most discriminatory technique used and resulted in 17 categories being identified. However, the combination of the 3 techniques of FTIR, PGC, and SEM-EDX was recommended as the preferred approach as it provided a high degree of discrimination with 25 categories identified. Vehicle identification via analytical profiles of bumper bar materials was not possible, and consequently, the establishment of a database using such information for investigative purposes could not be recommended.