bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remarques sur le concept de culturème
Authors: Lungu-Badea Georgiana 
Published: June 2014

Résumé
L’objectif de cette étude est d’offrir un aperçu du concept de culturème, de le définir et d’établir son champ sémantique. Les acceptions du terme dans la théorie du culturème et du transfert linguistique, dans la sociologie de la culture et la sociolinguistique nous permettront de le délimiter semantiquement d’autres concepts apparentés et d’identifier son acception traductologique. L’étude des oppositions binaires : culturème-traductème, culturème-connotation, culturèmenéologisme, etc. nous a permis d’identifier ses traits : la monoculturalité, la relativité du statut de culturème et l’autonomie du culturème par rapport à la traduction. Afin de faciliter le choix du procédé de traduction convenable, nous esquissons une classification des culturèmes.
L’impact des déviances phonétiques et phonologiques sur la traduction orthographique des noms mundang
Authors: Mairama Rosalie 
Published: June 2014

Résumé
Le nom est une marque de l’identité culturelle à travers laquelle les individus sont repérés et localisés dans la société. Les racines du nom sont culturelles, anthropologiques et historiques. Les noms révèlent les traditions de chaque peuple. Ainsi, nous étudierons les noms chez les Mundang, qui, en plus d’être une source de l’histoire, sont porteurs de significations qui révèlent les réalités socioculturelles. Si l’onomastique étudie les noms propres, la sociolinguistique quant à elle permet d’appréhender le nom dans toutes ses dimensions (sociologique, anthropologique, ethnologique). Au XXe siècle, le contact des peuples influence fortement la culture mundang, qui a perdu son originalité. Une étude descriptive permet de mettre en évidence les déviances phonétiques et orthographiques dont ces noms font l’objet.
Invasive Neobiota im Wald: Konzepte und wissenschaftliche Grundlagen
Authors: Küffer Christoph , Bugmann Harald , Conedera Marco 
Published: June 2014

Invasive non-native species in forests: key concepts and scientific foundations
The article summarizes key concepts and the scientific foundations regarding invasive non-native species and their management, with a focus on forestry. In particular, the three management phases 1) prevention, 2) early detection and containment, and 3) control and long-term management of established species are discussed. In Switzerland, over 100 non-native species are considered invasive by experts; many of them occur in forests. Given the complexity of the challenge, successful management in general needs to be adapted to specific contexts such as the forestry sector, and should involve directly affected decision-makers and experts. Dealing with invasive species is therefore a permanent task of the forestry sector as a whole, which can not be delegated to just one institution or administrative level (cantonal, national or international).
Gebietsfremde Staudenknöteriche im Schweizer Wald – Auswirkungen und Massnahmen
Authors: Gerber Esther , Schaffner Urs 
Published: June 2014

Exotic knotweeds on Swiss forest sites: consequences and measures to take
Natural areas in Switzerland are home to an increasing number of non-native plant species, so-called neophytes. Some are highly prolific, causing damage to the environment and the economy. Especially some species originally imported as ornamental plants have been accidentally introduced into forest habitats, where their spread has become increasingly problematic. Using the example of exotic knotweeds (Reynoutria spp., Syn Fallopia spp.), which are among the most aggressive neophytes in Europe, we outline potential consequences of alien plant invasions in forests and give management recommendations to mitigate their negative effects on native ecosystems. Management options discussed include mechanical, chemical and biological methods of control. In regard to the latter, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) is of particular interest as there is an ongoing classical biological control project against this species in Great Britain.
Naissance et vie éditoriale du recueil de sonnets amoureux anglais (1557-1599): quelques enjeux génériques et socio-littéraires
Authors: Vuillemin Rémi 
Published: June 2014

Cécile Alduy’s and Daniel Maira’s recent works on the French canzoniere have prompted the writing of this article. Its aim is to tackle the issue of the materiality of the English sonnet sequences, exploring how they were shaped as books, and raising hypotheses about the significance of editorial forms. The sonnet sequence originated in Tottel’s Miscellany, a poetic collection first published in 1557. A lesser-known major event in the history of the sonnet sequence was the 1582 publication of Thomas Watson’s
Hekatompathia or a Divine Centurie of Love, in which the codes of the published sonnet sequence are established. The 1590 sonnet sequence is then characterized by a desire for unity, and by an increased visual dimension conveyed by the use of ornament. The book then becomes akin to a precious object. If there was any mannerism in the sonneteer’s writing, it was matched by the stationers’ desire for recognition as craftsmen.
Résonances de l’Essay on Man dans la poésie anti-jacobine
Authors: Peyroux Roblin Sarah 
Published: June 2014

Au milieu des années 1790, au moment où la peur de contagion révolutionnaire atteint des sommets en Grande-Bretagne, certains poètes n’hésitent pas à mettre leur art au service de la propagande politique. Or, pour ces chantres du conservatisme, comment ne pas reprendre le fameux «Whatever is, is right ! » d’Alexander Pope ? Cet article étudie en particulier les ballades contre-révolutionnaires de Hannah More, composées pour les Cheap Repository Tracts (1795-98), qui transforment l’Essay on Man (1733-34) en une démonstration prosaïque des bienfaits du status quo.
Quant aux satiristes de The Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner (1797-98), cachés derrière le masque d’un pseudo-auteur jacobin, ils raillent les prétentions philosophiques de leurs adversaires en caricaturant leur incapacité à écrire un «anti-Essay » .
Mineral-Scale Control in Subsea Completion
Authors: Kan Amy T. , Fu Gongmin , Tomson Mason B. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Deepwater production is characterized by large production rates from thousands of feet below the ocean floor. Multiple wells are linked to the flowlines on the ocean floor where the produced brines from different wells commingle. Such production system often increases the challenges of scale prevention and control. In this paper, a new thermodynamic Pitzer theory based computer software, ScaleSoftPitzerT?, will be discussed first. ScaleSoftPitzerT? is a MicrosoftT? ExcelTM based program to predict scale tendency, specifically written for the oil and gas production systems. Secondly, the effect of hydrate inhibitors on sulfate scale formation will be evaluated over a wide range of temperature and salinity typically encountered in the oil field. The hydrate inhibitors can reduce the solubility products of sulfate minerals by more than two orders of magnitude. A new speciation model is proposed to correct the hydrate inhibitor effects in terms of a ionnonelectrolyte mean activity coefficient.

Introduction
Formation of mineral scale from produced water in oil and gas wells and pipelines is a persistent problem facing the petroleum industry. Lost production, formation damage, and operational expenses due to scale deposits cost hundreds of millions of dollars a year.
Scale problems are usually associated with specific field condition and operation schemes. Some environmental factors and common practices of offshore production can potentially exacerbate the scale problems. For example, halite scale is mostly observed in the high TDS brine, due to supersaturation condition caused by a reduction in temperature of the fluid during flow through long pipelines and seawater cooling. The primary reasons for the formation of carbonate scales is usually due to supersaturation condition caused by the elevation of pH of the brine as a result of the escape of CO2 and /or H2S gases out of the brine solution at lower pressure. The common cause for sulfate scale is commingling of different sources of brines either due to breakthrough of injected seawater, incompatible brine or mixing of different brines from different zones of the reservoir formation from different wells. A decrease in temperature tends to cause barite to precipitate. In addition, pressure drops tend to cause all scale minerals to precipitate due to the pressure dependence of the solubility product.
In subsea gas wells, hydrate formation is often problematic due to the large temperature drop. Methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol are often added in large quantity to control hydrate formation. Such practice has significant adverse effect on scale formation. In the following, the magnitude of scaling problems caused by hydrate inhibitor will be discussed. A new computer program to predict scale tendency and inhibitor need will also be discussed.

Scale Prediction
The thermodynamic-based solubility of mineral salt is defined as the ion activity product at equilibrium.
Prediction of the Movement of an 0iI Spill on the Surface of the Water
Authors: Warner J.L. , Graham J.W. , Dean R.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A calculation procedure is described to represent the displacement of a surface oil spill under the action of time-varying surface wind stress components; predictions using this technique are carried out for the 1970 Arrow spill in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia.
The procedure presented is based on a convolution integral of the x- and y- components of a time-varying wind stress and is approximated in summation form for computer application. For an impulsive wind stress, it is demonstrated that the summation form is in agreement with an analytical solution by Fredholm.
The Arrow oil spill occurred on 4 February, 1970 and during the first week of March, oil was observed on the beaches of Sable Island some 120 miles Southeast of the spill location. Meteorological data in the form of reduced geostrophic winds have been published by Neu. These winds were utilized to predict the oil spill trajectory based on:a surface velocity equal to 3% of the wind speed and aligned with the wind direction, anda surface velocity determined from the convolution procedure presented in this paper.It was found that the convolution procedure predictions provided better agreement with the available information relating to the spill transport to Sable Island. The importance of an adequate description of prevailing surface currents and vertical eddy viscosity is illustrated.

Introduction
The ability to predict the displacement of an oil slick is essential to proper planning of petroleum terminal facilities and allocation of clean-up resources in the event of an oil spill. The primary factors governing the displacement of an oil slick are the prevailing water currents which may be seasonal in nature and the winds which can be highly variable.
Most of the previous efforts (1),(2) to calculate the displacement of oil slicks have considered the slick velocity to be aligned with the wind velocity with a magnitude of a few percent of that of the wind. It is well-known, however that the earth's rotation causes a surface velocity which, in the northern hemisphere, is directed to the right of the wind vector. Also, the underlying layers of water cause a "memory" effect, Le. if the wind stress vanishes, the water currents exhibit a damped "rotary" motion feature as friction causes the current magnitude to approach zero. The effect of the earth's rotation can be quite significant in predicting the displacement of an oil slick.
The surface velocity (magnitude and orientation) resulting from a given applied wind stress depends on the turbulence structure distribution throughout the depth. The turbulence level is represented (rather artificially) via a linearized vertical eddy viscosity.(Available In Full Paper)
For the general case in which s varies with depth, it is not possible to obtain an analytical solution for the surface velocity due to an applied wind stress. For an s value which is uniform over depth, the solutions for either a steady state wind or an impulsively applied wind stress are presented by V. W. Ekman (3).
Fiber Optic Installation at the Sand Face Enables Real-Time Flow Monitoring and Compaction mitigation in Openhole Applications
Authors: Earles Denise M. , Gill Cooper C. , Stoesz Carl W. , Surveyor Nilufer D. , Pearce Jeremy G. , deJongh Hans A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Subsurface stresses can cause formation faults, slippage, and reservoir compaction, which can damage or permanently shut in a well. Traditional means of detecting these failures are limited and usually require moving a costly rig onto locations, and then interrupting production to re-enter the well. This results in late detection of issues and allows limited counteractive options.
A new system has been developed to actively monitor strain and temperature of wells. The system consists of three key enabling technologies: A fiber optic support device deployed at the sand face, a cost effective high-flow liner system that protects the instrumentation in openhole applications, and two optical wet connects for up to 12 channels.
The fiber optic support device provides a means of holding a helically wrapped optic fiber rigidly in place at the sand face. This new technology can be installed over traditional sand screens in gravel pack or frac pack applications, with no negative impact on the sand control functionality of the screens, or the quality of the pack. The installed fiber optic provides the equivalent of a strain gauge positioned every centimeter along the length of the producing zone.
For openhole applications, a high-flow liner system was developed to protect the fiber optic support device, and the control lines. This system includes a special quick connect that simplifies the on-rig assembly and allows torque transmission in an openhole deployment.
The final key to this system is the two 6-channel optical wet connects, allowing a total of 12 connected channels. This game changing technology provides an information conduit between the fiber optic at the sand face and operators at the surface. The same wet connect can also be used to connect more traditional means of measurements such as pressure temperature gauges, or distributive temperature sensing (DTS).
The information relayed through this system allows the operator to infer flow and detect subsidence or compaction of the sand face before the well is compromised, allowing time to plan and execute mitigative actions. This paper will discuss the design, testing, and potential applications of this new system.

Introduction
The production of hydrocarbons can often cause a decrease in porosity of the rock formation containing them. This phenomenon is known as compaction. Wells can sustain significant damage as the formation layers shift or move along formation boundaries as a result of compaction. Fig. 1 illustrates this type of shift caused by compaction. The wellbore on the left of Fig. 1 illustrates the original location of the well, and the wellbore on the right illustrates the same well post compaction (Earles 2010).
Design and Model Testing of a Shallow Draft Buoy
Authors: Knudsen Borre , Grahl-Nielsen Mette , Ågedal Bjørn , Bruun Per Kristian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The FPSO is the most common of the floating platform solutions. The FPSO isgenerally ship shaped (as the Skarv FPSO installed in the Norwegian Sea) butcan alternatively be a buoy with an axisymmetric shape in the waterline (as theSevan Hummingbird operating in the southern North Sea).
For an FPSO with a ship shape operating in mild environment, weather vaning andheading control is not needed and a spread mooring system can be applied, whichoffers a cost effective concept as turret mooring is not required. An area withsevere weather requires the capability to weather vane and heading control ofthe ship shaped FPSO including a turret mooring system must be applied. For anFPSO with axisymmetric shape in the waterline operating in an area with eithermild or severe environment, there is no need for a turret mooring as the shapeof the buoy in the wave direction will be identical at all time.
The difference between the motions of an FPSO and an FSO, with similar storagerequirements, is limited. For an FSO the production topside would be replacedwith a topside shelter. Going from an FPSO to FSO would for the ship shaperesult in a somewhat reduction in length and breadth while for the axisymmetricshape a minor decrease in diameter would be the consequence. Hence, the FPSOand FSO can be considered as a similar concept with respect to motions.
In order to deliver more cost effective FSO and FPSO concepts Aker Solutionshas over several years investigated the possibility of applying an FPSO or FSOwith axisymmetric shape in the waterline. The first concept within AkerSolutions was the Big Buoy FPSO, which later evolved into the Tentech Buoyform. These concepts were based on the possibility of wet oil storage. With the newenvironmental standards set by the Operators and Governments a requirement fordry oil storage has been introduced which will make these concepts lessacceptable.
In order to revisit the potential cost benefit of applying an FSO with ashallow draft axisymmetric buoy shape (avoid turret mooring) having a dry oilstorage, Aker Solutions has designed a shallow draft buoy with a topsideshelter weight of 1500 tonnes and oil storage requirement of normal shuttlingtankers, as for the Skarv FPSO (for comparison of storage requirements). Asizing of the platform based on these assumptions has been done includinganalysis of the platform performance for moderate North Sea environment throughnumerical analysis. A model test has been performed for comparison purpose withthe motion analysis performed.

Introduction
Aker Solutions has extensive experience with FPSO design and has over a periodof 20 years delivered designs for various FPSO's, latest the Skarv FPSO for BP, see Figure 1. The FPSO was installed in 2011 in the Norwegian Sea, west ofSandnessjøen (Norway). All the delivered FPSO designs have been ship shapedincluding a turret mooring system.
Reliable Equipment Shelters for Remote BGV/RGV Stations along the Pipeline - a Key Factor for Arctic Pipelines Operation
Authors: Gropper Jean , Martello Paolo 
Published: June 2014

Introduction
One of the most serious problems in strategic pipeline projects is the needfor reliable power for unattended stations in the severe environments underwhich these pipelines must continuously operate (temperatures as low as -55°C(-67°F) in winter, roads to the stations inaccessible for long periods of timemaking the stations inaccessible for maintenance crews, etc).
The objectives for high reliability in BGV/RGV operation, telecommunications, cathodic protection and SCADA/RTU systems in strategicprojects have become staggering. In areas not serviced by commercial power, theproblems faced by the power systems designers are very stringent since thestations equipment must operate continuously on a 24 hour-per-day basis 365days-per-year.
A critical element in the Remote BGV/RGV Stations are the shelters that musthouse all telecommunication, SCADA/RTU, cathodic protection equipment, batteries, UPS, HVAC and fire protection equipment, etc., while maintainingtemperatures enabling correct operation of the installed equipment under thewhole range of ambient conditions, including high winds, strong earthquakes, high snow and rains.
Telecommunications, SCADA, cathodic protection facilities along oil and gaspipelines are mission-critical, carrying vital performance, telemetry andcontrol data without which the pipeline cannot operate.
The use of specially designed, corrosion-proof, weather-proof andwater-proof arctic type, equipment shelters has assisted in solving some of themost stringent problems of the pipeline operators: reliable operation withmaintenance requirements reduced to a visit only once in 6 months or more, andrequired temperature ranges in equipment shelters are maintained, assuringcorrect operation of the sensitive electronics for very long periods of timeexceeding 20 years. Ease and safety of transportation on difficult roads andease of installation in remote areas are paramount factors in the design andconstruction of the shelters.
This paper reviews the key criteria to consider in designing the equipmentshelters and selecting their construction for remote site applications andtheir performance is reviewed. The paper goes on to present case histories inpipeline applications, in Sakhalin and Siberia, which demonstrate their fieldreliability and performance.
Research Activities Planned for the Centre for Arctic Resource Development (CARD)
Authors: Murrin David , Taylor Rocky , Jordaan Ian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Hydrocarbon development in arctic regions presents formidable challenges tothe petroleum industry. The Centre for Arctic Resource Development (CARD)serves as focal point for planning, coordinating and conducting research tofill gaps in the knowledge, technology, methodology and training needed toovercome these barriers. CARD research programs have been organized into coreareas of Ice Mechanics, Ice Management and Station-Keeping in Ice, and arerelated through the common activities of Floating System Modelling andLarge-Scale Experiments.
A brief description of proposed research and development (R&D) plans inthe areas of Ice Mechanics, Ice Management, Large-Scale Experiments, FloatingSystem Modelling and Station-keeping in Ice is provided below. Three of theseare core areas, while the activities in Large-Scale Experiments and FloatingSystem Modelling will draw upon expertise from the core areas. Structures andvessels designed for arctic operations must have adequate structural strengthto allow for safe operations under the extreme ice loads expected during theiroperational lifetimes; research in this area is a strong focus of the plannedwork.
The initiatives described in this plan represent the major priorities andrange of activities that CARD will undertake with guidance from the CARDIndustry Advisory Committee (IAC) to overcome challenges associated with arctichydrocarbon development. It is expected that research programmes will befurther developed and refined as Principal Investigators are hired for each ofthe core research areas and they bring the full extent of their knowledge andexpertise into CARD.
The History of Artificial Islands for Oil Exploration and Development in the Alaskan Artic
Authors: Gadd Peter E. , Leidersdorf Craig  B. , Hearon Greg E. , McDougal William G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Eighteen artificial (man-made) islands have been constructed in the AlaskanBeaufort Sea to support oil exploration and production. The first islands, constructed in the late 1970s, were in shallow nearshore waters where wave andice conditions are relatively benign. By the early 1980s, island constructionhad ventured to more exposed sites with water depths approaching 15 m. Innovative slope protection systems and construction methods were developed toaddress the remote Arctic locations, short construction seasons, scarce localresources, and the challenging, yet poorly defined, offshore wave and iceclimate. This paper provides an overview of the history of island developmentin the Alaskan Arctic and discusses design evolution, construction, andperformance.