bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the use of transformation group priors and the method of maximum relative entropy for Bayesian glaciological inversions
Authors: Arthern Robert J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIce-sheet models can be used to forecast ice losses from Antarctica and Greenland, but to fully quantify the risks associated with sea-level rise, probabilistic forecasts are needed. These require estimates of the probability density function (PDF) for various model parameters (e.g. the basal drag coefficient and ice viscosity). To infer such parameters from satellite observations it is common to use inverse methods. Two related approaches are in use: (1) minimization of a cost function that describes the misfit to the observations, often accompanied by explicit or implicit regularization, or (2) use of Bayes’ theorem to update prior assumptions about the probability of parameters. Both approaches have much in common and questions of regularization often map onto implicit choices of prior probabilities that are made explicit in the Bayesian framework. In both approaches questions can arise that seem to demand subjective input. One way to specify prior PDFs more objectively is by deriving transformation group priors that are invariant to symmetries of the problem, and then maximizing relative entropy, subject to any additional constraints. Here we investigate the application of these methods to the derivation of priors for a Bayesian approach to an idealized glaciological inverse problem.
Variability associated with assessing changes in position of a canine uncemented femoral stem prosthesis
Authors: Korani H. M. , Marcellin-Little D. J. , Roe S. C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryObjective: Evaluate variability associated with assessing changes in the position of uncemented femoral stems.Methods: Stem level, canal fill, stem angle, and version angle were measured on craniocaudal horizontal beam (CCHB) and open leg lateral (OLL) radiographic projections of the femur of 20 dogs that had uncemented total hip replacement. Intraobserver and inter -observer repeatability were determined on immediate postoperative (PO) images. Differences in position were calculated between the first (3 months – R1) and second (6 months – R2) re-evaluation (R1-R2) time points, and between PO and R1.Results: The measurement process was very repeatable. For R1-R2, the stem appeared to subside 0.8 ± 1.4 mm for measurements based on the greater trochanter on the CCHB images, but there was a wide range (-3.9 to 2 mm; positive values indicate proximad movement). Measurements based on the inter-trochanteric crest on the OLL images had the same mean, and also a wide range (-4.4 to 2.1 mm; negative values indicate proximad movement). For PO-R1, the stem appeared to subside 1.8 ± 2.0 mm (CCHB, based on the greater trochanter, range -7.7 to 2.2 mm), 1.6 ± 1.5 mm (CCHB, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -0.7 to 4.3 mm); and 2.1 ± 2.1 mm (OLL, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -1.6 to 6.8 mm).Conclusion: The position of a stable stem can appear different on subsequent re-evaluations, but this may be due to variability associated with inconsistency of positioning of the patient and limb.Clinical significance: Documenting subsidence in individual patients should not rely on calculations based on a single measurement.
Herbarium records are reliable sources of phenological change driven by climate and provide novel insights into species' phenological cueing mechanisms
Authors: Davis Charles C. , Willis Charles G. , Connolly Bryan , Kelly Courtland , Ellison Aaron M. 
Published: October 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Climate change has resulted in major changes in the phenology of some species but not others. Long‐term field observational records provide the best assessment of these changes, but geographic and taxonomic biases limit their utility. Plant specimens in herbaria have been hypothesized to provide a wealth of additional data for studying phenological responses to climatic change. However, no study to our knowledge has comprehensively addressed whether herbarium data are accurate measures of phenological response and thus applicable to addressing such questions.METHODS:We compared flowering phenology determined from field observations (years 1852–1858, 1875, 1878–1908, 2003–2006, 2011–2013) and herbarium records (1852–2013) of 20 species from New England, United States.KEY RESULTS:Earliest flowering date estimated from herbarium records faithfully reflected field observations of first flowering date and substantially increased the sampling range across climatic conditions. Additionally, although most species demonstrated a response to interannual temperature variation, long‐term temporal changes in phenological response were not detectable.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings support the use of herbarium records for understanding plant phenological responses to changes in temperature, and also importantly establish a new use of herbarium collections: inferring primary phenological cueing mechanisms of individual species (e.g., temperature, winter chilling, photoperiod). These latter data are lacking from most investigations of phenological change, but are vital for understanding differential responses of individual species to ongoing climate change.
Reanalyzing Definiteness in Bangla
Authors: Biswas Priyanka 
Published: October 2015

<p>Definite descriptions in Bangla are expressed via two morpho-syntactic patterns, namely the bare classifier and the bare noun, discussed in detail in Simpson et al. 2011. The bare classifier form consists of a noun phrase and a classifier without a numeral, syntactically derived by NP-movement across the classifier (“NP-raising”). In the bare noun form, there is no classifier or a numeral accompanying the NP. In this paper, I argue that two factors, “anaphoricity” and “uniqueness”, play important roles in the selection of the pattern of the definite expression in Bangla. The NP-raising structure is used exclusively in anaphoric contexts, and shows similar properties to “strong article” definites cross-linguistically (cf. Schwarz 2009). Uniqueness-based definites are expressed by bare nouns, which are otherwise similar in distribution to the “weak article” definites (Schwarz 2009). This paper contributes to our overall understanding of definiteness in Bangla, and of the cross-linguistic expression of anaphoricity and uniqueness aspects of definiteness.</p>
Multiple Relative Marking in 19th Century West Rumelian Turkish
Authors: Dombrowski Andrew 
Published: October 2015

<p>West Rumelian Turkish (WRT) refers to the dialects of Turkish spoken in the western Balkans. It is now spoken primarily in Macedonia and Kosovo, but was previously spoken more broadly in Bosnia, Greece, Albania, and Serbia. They differ from other dialects of Turkish in that they have been heavily affected by neighboring Indo-European languages like Serbian, Albanian, Aromanian, Romani, and Greek, and have undergone many of the changes characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund (Friedman 2003). In this paper, I present a pattern of multiply-marked relative clauses in Pulevski’s Turkish that has not been attested elsewhere in Turkic, in which relative clauses can be marked with one of six different combinations of overt participial morphology. I argue that this variation is caused by two factors: first, the fusion of the constructions {<em>ći</em> + finite verb} and {participle} into a new construction {<em>ći</em> + participle} and second, the introduction of relative marking using the interrogative ‘which’ based on models in surrounding Indo-European languages.</p>
Opacity in Crimean Tatar: The Interaction of Vowel Harmony and Syncope
Authors: Kavitskaya Darya 
Published: October 2015

<p>The sociolinguistic history of CT is complex and tragic, and the dialectological research is rather difficult. In 1944, all Crimean Tatars were deported from Crimea by the Soviet government, mainly to Uzbekistan, but also to other places in the former Soviet Union, including Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and several locations in Russia (Fisher 1978). During the exile, the speakers of CT did not generally live in communities corresponding to their dialects and were surrounded by other Turkic languages, e.g., Uzbek, as well as non-Turkic languages, e.g., Russian. Crimean Tatars were only allowed to return to Crimea at the beginning of the 90s. Former inhabitants of certain areas of Crimea attempted to resettle in their native villages, but they encountered great difficulties in doing so and were forced to settle far from their original homes. All these factors contributed to the dialect mixture. The dialectological distinctions are clear only in the speech of those consultants who were born and preferably reached their teens before the time of the deportation. The data collected from these older speakers of CT form the basis for the investigation presented in this paper.</p>
Code Switching and Mixed Language Genesis in Tiwi
Authors: Spence Justin 
Published: October 2015

<p>Data from the transcript of a public meeting are used to examine patterns of code switching in Tiwi, a head-marking polysynthetic language of northern Australia where an N-V mixed language has emerged among younger speakers (Lee 1987, McConvell 2008). McConvell’s theory predicts that code switching behavior should reflect the same center of gravity principles as found in the resulting mixed language. In particular, a head-marking language like Tiwi should most commonly provide the verbal part of code-switched utterances. Although the corpus used here is too small to draw definitive conclusions, the data do not support the supposed connections between morphological typology, code switching, and mixed language genesis. Reasonable interpretations of the data show no preference for code switching that retains Tiwi’s verbal subsystem, as predicted by McConvell’s center of gravity model.</p>
Cross-linguistic Analysis of Metaphorical Conceptions of душа/dusza/duša (ʻsoulʼ) in Slavic Languages (Russian, Polish, and Croatian)
Authors: Despot Kristina Štrakalj , Skrynnikova Inna , Ostanina Olszewska Julia 
Published: October 2015

<p>The concept of soul serves as a cue to revealing and understanding existential representation of human immaterial nature in different cultures, thus being one of the basic elements which forms the linguistic picture of the world fixed in national mentality. A great body of research is based on the idea that the concept of soul concerns several key issues in human life: the source of life, cognition and emotion, personality traits, social relationships, and human destiny. The concept of soul has been actively studied from mythological, religious, philosophic, cognitive, sociological and psychological perspectives. A number of authors have analyzed the concept of soul from the point of view of its linguistic representation in different languages: Wierzbicka (1989; 1992); Shmelev (1997); Mikheev (1999); Vardanyan (2007); Kolesnikova (2011); Tszin (2010); Uryson (1999); etc. Our research differs from the previous ones in the sense that it is cross-linguistic, corpus-based and cognitive in nature. This paper is an attempt to carry out a cross-linguistic, corpus-based and cognitive analysis of the concept in question in three Slavic languages: Russian (East Slavic), Polish (West Slavic), and Croatian (South Slavic).</p>
Three stitch hernioplasty: A novel technique for beginners
Authors: Patchayappan Manikandan , Narayanasamy Sangara Narayanan , Duraisamy Nagarajan 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Objective: To analyze mesh fixation with minimum sutures and postoperative complications. Study Design: Prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Thanjavur Medical College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, from July 2010 to June 2012. Materials and Methods: All inguinal hernia patients, who fulfilled the sample selection criteria, were admitted and planned for surgery. The prolene mesh is fashioned as in Lichtenstein's repair, placed and fixed only by three prolene stitches. The first stitch is made in the periosteum of pubic tubercle. The second stitch is taken in the inguinal ligament (1.5 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle) and the third stitch is from the medial most part of the conjoint tendon, that is, the mesh is fixed in the medial aspect alone. Results: Majority of the patients fall between the age group of 40 and 60 (72%) years and all are male patients. Of the total cases, 50% were right sided, 25% were left sided, and 25% were bilateral. Of the postoperative complications, 12% had seroma, 4% had hematoma, 2% developed surgical site infection, 2% developed chronic groin pain, 1% presented with recurrence, and none developed foreign body sinus. Conclusion: The incidence of long-term complications of three stitch hernioplasty are comparable to that of the other standard, tension-free open hernia repair as well as other laparoscopic procedures. Moreover, the three stitch hernioplasty method is a simple method, easy for the beginners to adopt, has less foreign body reaction, less time consuming, causes less tissue trauma, and lesser chance for vascular injury.
L’impact pluviométrique des divers types de régimes perturbés le long du couloir Saône-Rhône (France)
Authors: Blanchet Guy , Suchel Jean-Bernard 
Published: October 2015

Les auteurs s’intéressent à l’impact pluviométrique des divers types de régimes météorologiques perturbés qui affectent le Couloir Saône-Rhône. Ceux-ci sont définis classiquement par le champ de pression et la direction des flux en surface et en altitude, ainsi que par la position des systèmes perturbés et leur trajectoire. A partir des précipitations journalières de la décennie 1991-2000, pour neuf stations échelonnées de Dijon à Marignane, l’étude porte sur la part des précipitations en % dans la pluviométrie totale pour les différents types de régimes, puis analyse, dans l’optique des excès climatiques, l’« efficacité pluviométrique », à savoir l’apport moyen de chaque type en mm/jour et le pourcentage de jours pluvieux recueillant au moins 20 mm.
L’article fait ressortir le rôle considérable des régimes de SW selon ces différents critères, avec des nuances sensibles du nord au sud. Les régimes d’W, qui sont les plus fréquents, ont un impact beaucoup moins important. Quant aux régimes de S, leur influence grandit au fur et à mesure qu’on se rapproche de la Méditerranée.
L’extension en latitude et l’inégale importance des reliefs encadrants créent des spécificités régionales :Au N de Lyon, la contribution prépondérante des régimes de SW laisse néanmoins une place appréciable à celle des régimes d’W et NW.De Lyon à Montélimar, à la faveur du resserrement du relief, le rôle des régimes de SW et S s’affirme vigoureusement.A l’approche de la Méditerranée, les apports d’W et NW comptent peu, ceux de SW reflètent la régression de la pluviométrie générale, tandis que se renforce la part des précipitations de S.
Inversions thermiques et concentrations de polluants atmosphériques dans la basse troposphère de Tunis
Authors: El Melki Taoufik 
Published: October 2015

Tunis est la plus grande concentration urbaine de la Tunisie. Elle connaît une très forte pollution atmosphérique due à des activités variées : industries, moyens de transports très divers (un aéroport international, deux ports de commerce, une activité ferroviaire intense et la moitié du parc automobile national). De surcroît, Tunis se niche dans un amphithéâtre topographique formé de collines assez élevées l’entourant en croissant. Dans ces conditions, les inversions thermiques, favorisant la concentration des polluants atmosphériques, représentent des situations atmosphériques à grands risques pour la santé publique. L’analyse des radiosondages de la station météo de Tunis Carthage (1996-2000) confirme que les inversions thermiques représentent un phénomène très fréquent dans la basse troposphère de la ville, à toutes les échelles temporelles. Tous les types confondus, les inversions thermiques (de rayonnement ou de subsidence, de surface ou d’altitude) représentent une fréquence relative très proche de 50% des jours de la période étudiée.
Des mesures de la pollution atmosphérique effectuées par la station de la qualité de l’air de Ben Arous, banlieue sud de la ville de Tunis, ont montré une grande influence des caractères thermodynamiques des masses d’air sur les concentrations des polluants atmosphériques. Les inversions thermiques, qui déterminent la majorité des pics de pollution de la zone d’étude, représentent un exemple de ces situations de stabilité verticale affirmée de la basse troposphère tunisoise. L’ozone (O3), polluant secondaire dépendant dans sa formation et son évolution aussi bien de l’état de la pollution primaire initiale de l’atmosphère que des conditions météorologiques ambiantes, représente le meilleur exemple permettant l’illustration de ces interactions. L’étude d’un exemple précis a montré, par le biais des régressions linéaires multiples, l’influence des conditions météorologiques ambiantes sur les niveaux de concentration de l’ozone.
Utilisation de MétéoSat et de méthodes statistiques pour le contrôle des données de rayonnement global
Authors: Huard F. 
Published: October 2015

Le contrôle des mesures de rayonnement global est une opération délicate en raison de la structure des différents réseaux en France (maillages irréguliers, faible nombre de points d’observation au sol…), et de la forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l’irradiation solaire. Il n’existe pas de procédures de contrôle, de validation ou de correction satisfaisantes qui puissent être utilisées en routine au pas de temps quotidien. L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une approche méthodologique permettant l’analyse de la variabilité spatio-temporelle du rayonnement global et la mise au point de procédures de contrôle en “temps réel” des mesures issues du réseau agro-météorologique de l’INRA.
L’extrapolation spatiale du rayonnement, largement utilisée dans le cadre de la gestion de réseaux, ne semble pas en effet, au vu des résultats dans trois régions testées en France (Sud-Est, Sud-Ouest et Bretagne), être une méthode satisfaisante compte tenu de la distance inter-postes moyenne relativement importante (observation d’ailleurs valable pour l’ensemble de la France). L’utilisation directe des données quotidiennes d’irradiation issues du satellite MétéoSat et à partir de la méthode Heliosat 2 peut être un moyen efficace de contrôle des données au sol sous certaines conditions. En effet, si la précision moyenne est de l’ordre 17%, les résultats varient selon les régions et les saisons (7% l’été dans le Sud-Est contre 25% l’hiver dans le Sud-Ouest par exemple). Le krigeage, permet par contre d’améliorer la précision des reconstitutions, elle est de 14% en moyenne mais le gain peut atteindre 8% dans le Sud-Ouest en moyenne l’hiver. L’utilisation du krigeage en routine est par contre freinée par sa lourdeur.
Enfin, l’hypothèse selon laquelle la structure spatiale des champs de rayonnement issus de MétéoSat pourrait être utilisée en la combinant à un point de mesure pour estimer une valeur en n’importe quel site a été testée mais n’a pas abouti à des résultats satisfaisants.
Le bilan de cette étude a permis d’estimer les distances inter-postes critiques au delà desquelles les différentes méthodes de reconstitution trouvent leurs limites. Ainsi, il semble que pour toute estimation pour un point distant de plus d’une vingtaine de kilomètre d’un site de mesure, l’estimation utilisant les données de MétéoSat est préférable à toute autre méthode en dehors de l’interpolation par krigeage.
Impact potentiel du changement climatique sur les sécheresses pédologiques en bretagne au 21ème siècle
Authors: Lamy Chloé , Dubreuil Vincent 
Published: October 2015

La Bretagne a connu par le passé des sécheresses majeures. Celles-ci ont eu des conséquences dommageables sur des activités importantes pour l’économie de la région, telles que l’agriculture. Dans un contexte de changement climatique, il apparait donc important de cerner les évolutions possibles du risque de sécheresse à l’échelle du territoire. Ces évolutions ont été étudiées à partir de simulations climatiques du modèle Arpège-Climat pour trois scénarios du GIEC : A1B, A2 et B1. Pour suivre les sécheresses pédologiques impactant l’agriculture, un bilan hydrique a été calculé de façon à obtenir un indice de sécheresse : le déficit d’évaporation. Les résultats prévoient une augmentation de l’intensité des sécheresses au cours du 21ème siècle, principalement pour la moitié est du territoire. Le littoral sud serait le secteur le plus sensible à une augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des sécheresses. En termes d’intensité, on dépasserait, dans ce secteur, les valeurs relevées lors de la sécheresse de 1976, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Ce risque de voir des sécheresses exceptionnelles par le passé devenir communes à moyen terme, impacterait fortement l’agriculture, ainsi que le cycle de l’eau, sur une grande partie de l’année. Cela pourrait entrainer une diminution des écoulements de surface alimentant les quelques nappes phréatiques bretonnes et les zones humides.
Directors’ Disqualification in the Netherlands
Authors: Reker Tom 
Published: October 2015

Directors’ Disqualification in the Netherlands: An International Comparative Re-Evaluation of an Amended Disqualification Proposal
In response to the effects of the global financial crisis on bankruptcy tendencies and the role of fraudulent company directors within that context, the Dutch government has introduced a proposal for a civil law directors’ disqualification instrument. This proposal aims to prevent both fraudulent conduct (by barring directors) and financial harm to corporate stakeholders, as well as to safeguard competitiveness and the trust which is necessary for effective trade. The fact that Dutch criminal law already allows for disqualification of directors in certain circumstances, which are partly similar to those in the proposal, raises doubts about the necessity of a civil law equivalent. This article concludes that the current proposal seems to have lost value vis-à-vis an earlier draft due to alterations to the disqualification and exculpation criteria, which may result in an overlap of the civil law and criminal law instruments. Consequently, there is a more pressing need for demarcation and reallocation of certain aspects of the proposal. By comparing the proposal with foreign (UK, US, Australian and German) counterparts, several suggestions are formulated to both counteract the overlap which the proposal may cause in Dutch law and to contribute to a model of effective disqualification instruments in general.