bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 3‐Selenylindoles under Eco­friendly Conditions
Authors: Ferreira Natasha L. , Azeredo Juliano B. , Fiorentin Breno L. , Braga Antonio L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe preparation of biologically relevant 3‐selenylindoles by a greener protocol by using a catalytic amount of K2CO3 and ethanol as a biosolvent in a system open to air was explored. Through this easy approach, 3‐selenylindoles with different functionalities were obtained in good yields by a radical pathway.
Synthesis of Pyrimidine‐Fused Benzazepines from 5‐Allyl‐4,6‐dichloropyrimidines
Authors: Acosta‐Quintero Lina M. , Jurado Jorge , Nogueras Manuel , Palma Alirio , Cobo Justo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA detailed examination of the synthesis of functionalized 6,11‐dihydro‐5H‐benzo[b]pyrimido[5,4‐f]azepines 4 is described. Base‐promoted aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 5‐allyl‐4,6‐dichloropyrimidines 1a–c with different N‐substituted anilines and indoline gave the corresponding aminolysis products 3a–p, which on acid‐promoted intramolecular Friedel–Crafts cyclization produced the target polysubstituted 6,11‐dihydro‐5H‐benzo[b]pyrimido[5,4‐f]azepines 4a–p in moderate to very high yields.
Amperometric Lactate Biosensor Based on Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Benzo[c]cinnoline and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Çelik Ali Cihan , Öztürk Funda , Erden Pınar Esra , Kaçar Ceren , Kılıç Esma 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAmperometric lactate biosensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with benzo[c]cinnoline and multiwalled carbon nanotubes is reported. Incorporation of benzo[c]cinnoline acting as a mediator and multiwalled carbon nanotubes providing a conduction pathway to accelerate electron transfer due to their excellent conductivity into carbon paste matrix resulted in a high performance lactate biosensor. The resulting biosensor exhibited a fast response, high selectivity, good repeatability and storage stability. Under the optimal conditions, the enzyme electrode showed the detection limit of 7.0×10−8 M with a linear range of 2.0×10−7 M–1.1×10−4 M. The usefulness of the biosensor was demonstrated in serum samples.
Analysis of the sesquiterpene fraction of citrus essential oils by using the off‐line combination of high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography‐based methods: a comparative study
Authors: Zoccali Mariosimone , Bonaccorsi Ivana L. , Tranchida Peter Q. , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi , Dugo Giovanni 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe present investigation is based on the off‐line combination of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with different high‐resolution gas chromatography (GC) methods (LC//GC), for the analysis of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (SH) fraction of various Citrus essential oils. Attention was directed to such constituents because the SH profile is often highly specific and can vary considerably between different Citrus oil‐types. The (normal phase) HPLC step was exploited for the separation of the hydrocarbons, from the oxygenated compounds, hence generating a simplified sub‐sample. After, the hydrocarbon fraction was concentrated and subjected to analysis, using conventional GC‐quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) and GC‐flame ionization detection (FID), comprehensive two‐dimensional GC‐qMS and comprehensive two‐dimensional GC‐FID, and cold‐injection GC‐qMS. The latter approach was exploited to avoid and evaluate solute rearrangements occurring under hot‐injection conditions. The data derived from each approach were compared, to evaluate each analytical approach. Apart from the comparative scopes, an overall highly‐detailed view (both qualitative and quantitative) was attained on the SH fraction of each essential oil, with many constituents reported here for the first time. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomechanics and Kinematic Responses of the Upper Extremity during Isotonic and Isokinetic Wrench‐Turning Tasks
Authors: Wiyor Hanniebey , Akyeampong Joseph , Jiang Zongliang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using a wrench under isotonic (constant torque) and isokinetic (constant speed) task modes (TM) at three work surface inclinations (WSI) (0°, 45°, and 90°) on the biomechanical (muscle activity) and kinematic (joint posture) responses of the upper extremity. The muscle activity of seven muscles (trapezius posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid, triceps, biceps, brachioradialis, and flexor digitorium) and posture of four body segments (shoulder adduction/abduction, elbow flexion/extension, forearm supination/pronation and wrist flexion/extension) were obtained using surface electromyography and motion tracking, respectively. WSI showed a statistically significant effect on the muscle activity of the posterior deltoid (p = .038), triceps (p = .016), and biceps (p = .021). The least muscle activity was recorded at the 0° WSI in the isotonic TM. WSI had a significant impact on the supination (p = .017) and pronation (p = .011) of the forearm. The 45° WSI had the least impact on forearm postures. Wrenches are widely used in industries, including automobile service and maintenance, manufacturing, carpentry, and general repair work. Their usage poses risks for the development of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremity. In spite of this, knowledge of their physical demands and associated impact on the upper extremity has not been well documented. This study provides empirical evidence on the biomechanical and kinematic responses of selected upper extremity muscles and limb segments and highlights task performance and workstation design factors that elicit undue levels of these responses. The results of this work can provide guidance for ergonomic interventions such as optimized task design and/or improved workstation design when it comes to wrench‐turning tasks.
Antibody promiscuity: Understanding the paradigm shift in antigen recognition
Authors: Kaur Harmeet , Salunke Dinakar M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAffinity maturation is associated with reduced malleability of the paratope that optimizes an antibody to bind to the bonafide antigen with high specificity and affinity. However, it has been illustrated that mature antibodies tend to exhibit promiscuity despite acquisition of a relatively rigid binding pocket. Such an attribute is contrary to the established paradigm of specificity in antigen recognition. In this review, an explicit dissection of the underlying mechanisms fostering such versatility in mature antibodies has been done. Polyspecificity is essentially achieved by undergoing minimal structural rearrangement at the paratope complemented with plasticity in interaction with antigen. Besides, the structural invariance of the antigen across species could modulate mature antibody specificity. Polyreactivity has been well documented for germline antibodies as broad spectrum antibody repertoire amplification is primarily governed by recombination event of the genetic machinery, which is further expanded at the structural and functional level of interaction. Degenerate specificity in antigen recognition obviates the need to produce distinct antibody for every incoming epitope © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(7):498–505, 2015
Post‐translational modifications in regulation of pathogen surveillance and signaling in plants: The inside‐ (and perturbations from) outside story
Authors: Bhattacharjee Saikat , Noor Jewel Jameeta , Gohain Bornali , Gulabani Hitika , Dnyaneshwar Ingole Kishor , Singla Ankit 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn its lifetime a plant is exposed to pathogens of diverse types. Although methods of surveillance are broadly pathogen‐individualized, immune signaling ultimately connect to common core networks maintained by key protein hubs. Defense elicitations modulate these hubs to re‐allocate energy from central metabolic pathway into processes that execute immunity. Because unregulated defenses severely decrease growth and productivity of the host, signaling regulators within the networks function to achieve cellular equilibrium once the threat is minimized. Protein modifications by post‐translational processes regulate the molecular switches and crosstalks between interconnected pathways spatially and temporally. Covalent modification of host targets connected to hubs are strategies used by most virulent effectors and result in re‐routing signals to suppress host defenses. Resistance is a result of activation of specialized classes of receptors that short‐circuit effector activities by co‐localizing via post‐translational modifications (PTMs) with effector targets. Despite advancement in proteome methodologies, our understanding of how PTMs regulate plant defenses remains elusive. This review presents protein‐modifications as forefront regulators of plant innate immunity. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(7):524–532, 2015
Exponent of Cross‐Sectional Dependence: Estimation and Inference
Authors: Bailey Natalia , Kapetanios George , Pesaran M. Hashem 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThis paper provides a characterisation of the degree of cross‐sectional dependence in a two dimensional array, {xit,i = 1,2,...N;t = 1,2,...,T} in terms of the rate at which the variance of the cross‐sectional average of the observed data varies with N. Under certain conditions this is equivalent to the rate at which the largest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of xt=(x1t,x2t,...,xNt)′ rises with N. We represent the degree of cross‐sectional dependence by α, which we refer to as the ‘exponent of cross‐sectional dependence’, and define it by the standard deviation,
, where
is a simple cross‐sectional average of xit. We propose bias corrected estimators, derive their asymptotic properties for α > 1/2 and consider a number of extensions. We include a detailed Monte Carlo simulation study supporting the theoretical results. We also provide a number of empirical applications investigating the degree of inter‐linkages of real and financial variables in the global economy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of piragliatin, a glucokinase activator, on fasting and postprandial plasma glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhi Jianguo , Zhai Suoping 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of piragliatin, a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, multiple‐ascending‐doses study was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Fifty‐nine T2D patients were given piragliatin or placebo in a dose‐escalation design as a single dose on day 1 followed by multiple doses on days 3 through 8 at doses of 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg twice a day (BID) as well as 200 mg every day (QD). Blood and urine samples were collected for PK analysis. PD assessments included plasma glucose, insulin, C‐peptide, glucagon, and GLP‐1. Piragliatin exposure was dose proportional without appreciable accumulation or food effect. Piragliatin treatment at steady state yielded dose‐dependent reductions up to 32.5% and 35.5% for the highest dose in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose. Piragliatin was well tolerated. Mild or moderate hypoglycemia with rapid recovery after sugar‐containing drinks or scheduled meals was the only dose‐limiting adverse event. It is concluded that multiple doses of piragliatin consistently showed rapid, dose‐dependent glucose reduction of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose in T2D patients.
A phase‐1, open‐label, single‐dose study of the pharmacokinetics of buparlisib in subjects with mild to severe hepatic impairment
Authors: Csonka Denes , Hazell Katharine , Waldron Edward , Lorenzo Sebastien , Duval Vincent , Trandafir Lucia , Kobalava Zhanna D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of single‐dose buparlisib (30 mg) were assessed in subjects with mild to severe hepatic impairment (n = 6 each) relative to healthy controls (n = 13). Blood samples were collected until 336 hours postdose and evaluated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. PK parameters (including area under the curve [AUC∞] and Cmax) were derived using noncompartmental analysis. Buparlisib was rapidly absorbed in all groups (median Tmax 1.0–1.3 h). Buparlisib exposure (AUC∞) was moderately increased in subjects with mild (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 1.16; 90%CI 0.81, 1.65), moderate (GMR 1.14; 90%CI 0.80, 1.63), or severe (GMR 1.20; 90%CI 0.84, 1.72) hepatic impairment, relative to healthy controls. Apparent oral clearance was similar across groups. Due to a higher unbound fraction in the severe group (0.21) than all other groups (0.17), subjects with severe hepatic impairment had greater exposure to unbound buparlisib (GMR relative to healthy controls: AUC∞ 1.52; 90%CI 1.09, 2.13; Cmax 1.83; 90%CI 1.42, 2.36). The results indicate that a buparlisib dose adjustment may not be necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The safety and therapeutic indices should be considered before determining if a dose adjustment is appropriate for patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Salting‐out effect of potassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7) on the separation of biobutanol from an aqueous solution
Authors: Xie Shaoqu , Yi Conghua , Qiu Xueqing 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecovering biobutanol is expensive because of the large amount of water in the fermentation broth. In this work, potassium pyrophosphate trihydrate (K4P2O7·3H2O), saturated K4P2O7 solution at 298.15 K, and saturated K4P2O7 solution at 333.15 K were used to separate acetone, 1‐butanol, and ethanol (ABE) from an aqueous solution. The salting‐out of ABE resulted in the formation of an organic solvent‐rich phase and an aqueous phase.RESULTSThe aqueous solution consisted of 26 wt% 1‐butanol, 10 wt% acetone, 4 wt% ethanol, and 60 wt% water. The water content of the organic phase was heavily dependent on the salt concentration and it was 5.21 wt% under K4P2O7‐saturated condition at 298.15 K. More than 99.5% ABE from the aqueous solution was recovered at the salting‐out factor (volume ratio of a K4P2O7 solution to the aqueous solution) of 1.0.CONCLUSIONThe water content of the organic phase could be predicted by the initial K4P2O7 concentration. The water content of the organic phase and the mass fraction of K4P2O7 in the aqueous phase were correlated satisfactorily by a new linear equation. More than 96% of the water from the aqueous solution was removed by the salting‐out method. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Quartic Graphs with Every Edge in a Triangle
Authors: Pfender Florian , Royle Gordon F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe characterize the quartic (i.e., 4‐regular) multigraphs with the property that every edge lies in a triangle. The main result is that such graphs are either squares of cycles, line multigraphs of cubic multigraphs, or are obtained from these by a number of simple subgraph‐replacement operations. A corollary of this is that a simple quartic graph with every edge in a triangle is either the square of a cycle, the line graph of a cubic graph or a graph obtained from the line multigraph of a cubic multigraph by replacing triangles with copies of K1, 1, 3.
Effects of lubricant and autologous bone marrow stromal cell augmentation on immobilized flexor tendon repairs
Authors: Zhao Chunfeng , Ozasa Yasuhiro , Shimura Haruhiko , Reisdorf Ramona L. , Thoreson Andrew R. , Jay Gregory , Moran Steven L. , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to test a novel treatment that carbodiimide‐derivatized‐hyaluronic acid‐lubricin (cd‐HA‐lubricin) combined cell‐based therapy in an immobilized flexor tendon repair in a canine model. Seventy‐eight flexor tendons from 39 dogs were transected. One tendon was treated with cd‐HA‐lubricin plus an interpositional graft of 8 × 105 BMSCs and GDF‐5. The other tendon was repaired without treatment. After 21 day of immobilization, 19 dogs were sacrificed; the remaining 20 dogs underwent a 21‐day rehabilitation protocol before euthanasia. The work of flexion, tendon gliding resistance, and adhesion score in treated tendons were significantly less than the untreated tendons (p < 0.05). The failure strength of the untreated tendons was higher than the treated tendons at 21 and 42 days (p < 0.05). However, there is no significant difference in stiffness between two groups at day 42. Histologic analysis of treated tendons showed a smooth surface and viable transplanted cells 42 days after the repair, whereas untreated tendons showed severe adhesion formation around the repair site. The combination of lubricant and cell treatment resulted in significantly improved digit function, reduced adhesion formation. This novel treatment can address the unmet needs of patients who are unable to commence an early mobilization protocol after flexor tendon repair. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:154–160, 2016.
Geometric solution strategy of Laplace problems with free boundary
Authors: Poutala Arto , Tarhasaari Timo , Kettunen Lauri 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThis paper introduces a geometric solution strategy for Laplace problems. Our main interest and emphasis is on efficient solution of the inverse problem with a boundary with Cauchy condition and with a free boundary. This type of problem is known to be sensitive to small errors. We start from the standard Laplace problem and establish the geometric solution strategy on the idea of deforming equipotential layers continuously along the field lines from one layer to another. This results in exploiting ordinary differential equations to solve any boundary value problem that belongs to the class of Laplace's problem. Interpretation in terms of a geometric flow will provide us with stability considerations. The approach is demonstrated with several examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Accuracy of Migration Distance Measures
Authors: Niedomysl Thomas , Ernstson Ulf , Fransson Urban 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe spatial dimension in the definition of internal migration usually refers to the distance someone has to move to be regarded as a migrant. Lack of precise data on migration distances, however, has obliged migration researchers to use aggregate distance measures whose accuracy is largely unknown, raising potentially serious validity concerns for research. The aim of this paper is to examine the accuracy of standard aggregate measures of migration distance and to seek practical means for improving their validity. Employing uniquely detailed data where individual migration distances for an entire country's population have been measured with considerable accuracy, the paper compares variants of aggregate distance measures with the actual distance travelled by individual migrants. For the first time, the results shed empirical light on some of the weaknesses of aggregate migration distance measures and, more importantly, also point to their usefulness. The findings show that there is a significant potential to improve the accuracy of migration distance measures; practical suggestions for overcoming the difficulties of using aggregate distance measures are provided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt(III) Complexes of D‐Galactosylamine
Authors: Lindner Leonie , Klüfers Peter 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe β‐pyranose isomer of D‐galactosylamine (1) formed complexes with three different cobalt(III) fragments. Crystals containing the dication [Co(tren)(β‐D‐Galp1N2H–1‐κ2N1,O2)]2+ (3) showed coordination through the anomeric amino group (N1) and the deprotonated hydroxy group (O2) of the 4C1 β‐pyranose form, which is also the major isomer of free galactosylamine. The cationic complexes [Co(fac‐dien)(β‐D‐Galp1N2H–1‐κ2N1,O2)]2+ (4) and [Co(phen)2(β‐D‐Galp1N2H–1‐κ2N1,O2)]2+ (5) were analysed by NMR spectroscopy and showed the same coordination mode as 3. In terms of available ligand isomers it was shown that 1 exhibits an anomeric equilibrium in solution of both pyranose and both furanose forms as is typical for the parent glycose, galactose.
Promoting faculty professionalism: a case-based approach
Authors: Dieter Patricia M. , Hudak Nicholas M. , Robinson Peggy R. 
Published: July 2015

Introduction Professionalism is a key attribute for health professionals. Yet, it is unknown how much faculty development is directed toward skills and behaviours of faculty professionalism. Faculty professionalism includes boundaries in teacher-student relationships, self-reflection, assuring one’s own fitness for duty, and maintaining confidentiality when appropriate.
Methods For five years, we have incorporated faculty professionalism as a routine agenda item for the monthly Physician Assistant Programme faculty meetings, allowing faculty members to introduce issues they are comfortable sharing or have questions about. We also have case discussions of faculty professionalism within faculty meetings every three months.
Results Faculty professionalism is important in the daily work lives of faculty members and including this as part of routine agendas verifies its importance. A faculty survey showed that a majority look forward to the quarterly faculty professionalism case discussions. These have included attempted influence in the admissions process, student/faculty social boundaries, civic professionalism, students requesting medical advice, and self-disclosure.
Conclusion A preventive approach works better than a reactionary approach to faculty missteps in professionalism. Routine discussion of faculty professionalism normalizes the topic and is helpful to both new and experienced faculty members. We recommend incorporation of faculty professionalism as a regular agenda item in faculty meetings.
FISH is not Suitable as a Standalone Test for Detecting Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities
Authors: Lall Meena , Mahajan Surbhi , Saviour Pushpa , Paliwal Preeti , Joshi Anju , Setia Nitika , Verma Ishwar C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractKaryotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detect fetal chromosome abnormalities. The choice between karyotyping and FISH is still debatable. In a developing country, parents face an emotional and economic constraint of a prenatal test. Therefore, the results of karyotyping and FISH were analyzed to determine the percentage of clinically abnormal fetuses which would be missed by using standalone FISH. Amniotic fluid samples from 9033 high-risk pregnancies were subjected to karyotyping and FISH for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y. Karyotype and FISH were normal in 8680 (96.1 %) of these samples and 353 (3.9 %) had abnormal karyotypes: 285 (3.2 %) were aneuploidies, also detected by FISH and 68 (0.7 %) were structural chromosomal aberrations not detected by FISH. Out of these 68 structural aberrations, 40 (0.4 %) were balanced rearrangements with no apparent clinical significance and 28 (0.3 %) were unbalanced rearrangements with potential clinical significance. By standalone FISH, 0.3 % clinically-significant samples would have been missed. A 0.2 % risk of procedure-related abortion may be acceptable but a 0.3 % risk of having an abnormal child may not be acceptable to the parents. FISH may be offered as a first test, followed by karyotyping. Although, karyotyping increases the cost, it is preferable to carry this out once an invasive procedure has been opted for, with its accompanying risk of miscarriage.