bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrer et vivre dans la « petite prospérité » à Niamey
Authors: Nallet Clélie 
Published: February 2013

Résumé Les résultats d’enquêtes menées à Niamey auprès d’une quarantaine de ménages susceptibles de constituer une « classe moyenne locale » permettent d’identifier des trajectoires personnelles singulières. Mais, derrière l’hétérogénéité des profils, trois groupes sociaux se distinguent : les « jeunes stratèges », les « commerçants plaise à Dieu » et les « femmes au revenu argent de poche ». Ces groupes, qui manifestent une grande capacité d’adaptation, peuvent jouer un rôle dans la résilience sociale face à la grande pauvreté et à l’incapacité de l’État à établir des « sécurités ».
Entre wahhabisme et marche forcée vers la modernité
Authors: Sader Karim 
Published: February 2013

Encore peu connu du grand public jusqu’à récemment, l’émirat du Qatar aura su s’imposer comme un partenaire incontournable au Moyen-Orient, tant sur le plan diplomatique, grâce à son rôle de médiateur dans les grandes crises qui secouent la région, que sur le plan économique, en vertu de ses immenses richesses énergétiques. De la création de la chaîne satellitaire Al-Jazeera qui a révolutionné le paysage médiatique arabe, à l’organisation de la coupe du monde football en 2022, le petit émirat de 11.437 km 2 , territoire désertique à peine plus vaste que la Corse, aura connu une fulgurante ascension sur la scène internationale et ce, en à peine deux décennies.
Les acteurs du management des compétences dans les organisations par projets
Authors: Loufrani-Fedida Sabrina 
Published: February 2013

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence les acteurs impliqués dans l’articulation entre management des compétences et organisation par projets. Notre recherche repose sur une démarche qualitative, centrée sur une étude de cas multiples, conduite au sein de quatre entreprises organisées par projets et évoluant dans des secteurs d’activité différents : IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Arkopharma et Temex. Nous proposons une classification des acteurs en trois catégories : les « stratèges », les « organisateurs » et les « destinataires ». Aussi, au regard des données recueillies et de leur analyse, nous concluons que les acteurs « organisateurs » jouent un rôle majeur dans la dynamique conjointe des compétences et des projets.
Antigen Choice Determines Vaccine-Induced Generation of Immunogenic versus Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells That Are Marked by Differential Expression of Pancreatic Enzymes
Authors: Farkas Adam M. , Marvel Douglas M. , Finn Olivera J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) elicit immunity to pathogens and tumors while simultaneously preserving tolerance to self. Efficacious cancer vaccines have been a challenge because they are based on tumor Ags, some of which are self-Ags and thus subject to self-tolerance. One such Ag is the tumor-associated mucin MUC1. Preclinical testing of MUC1 vaccines revealed existence of peripheral tolerance to MUC1 that compromises their efficacy. To identify mechanisms that act early postvaccination and might predict vaccine outcome, we immunized human MUC1 transgenic mice (MUC1.Tg) i.v. with a MUC1 peptide vaccine against which they generate weak immunity and wild-type (WT) mice that respond strongly to the same peptide. We analyzed differences in splenic DC phenotype and function between the two mouse strains at 24 and 72 h postvaccination and also performed unbiased total gene expression analysis of the spleen. Compared to WT, MUC1.Tg spleens had significantly fewer DC, and they exhibited significantly lower expression of costimulatory molecules, decreased motility, and preferential priming of Ag-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. This tolerogenic DC phenotype and function was marked by a new putative biomarker revealed by the microarray: a cohort of pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase, and others) not previously reported in DC. These enzymes were strongly upregulated in the splenic DC from vaccinated WT mice and suppressed in the splenic DC of vaccinated MUC1.Tg mice. Suppression of the enzymes was dependent on regulatory T cells and on signaling through the IL-10R and correlated with global downregulation of DC immunostimulatory phenotype and function.
Phytoplankton Diversity in Offshore, Port and Ballast Water of a Foreign Vessel in Negros Occidental, Philippines
Authors: Sarinas Brian Gil S. , Gellada Lorna D. , Teruňez Marlon R. , Flores June Raymund Peter V. , Hisanan Aaron C. , Garzon Jomar Rey B. , Tiangao Erviwynn M. , Morato Kier Nicole , Envidiado Dennis Albert 
Published: February 2013

Introduction of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in our ocean is one of the greatest threats according to the IMO (International Maritime Organization). Alien or invasive species travel from one ocean to the other through ballast water from the international shipping industry which is very inevitable. In the Philippines, few existing studies were established on phytoplankton composition in ballast tanks of a foreign vessel; thus this study is conducted. This study aimed to identify the phytoplankton diversity of offshore, port and ballast water from a foreign vessel docking in Negros Occidental, Philippines. Furthermore, this study aimed to determine the cell density, generic diversity and evenness and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, temperature and salinity. A total of 39 liters were taken from the middle column of the offshore, port and ballast tanks through sounding pipe and siphon technique. Temperature, pH and salinity were measured, in situ. All water samples were preserved with Lugol’s solution and transported in the Phycology laboratory at Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center-AQD. This study provides baseline information on phytoplankton diversity present in offshore, port and ballast water from a foreign-going vessel in the Philippines. Keywords - ecology and conservation, ballast water, phytoplankton, generic diversity, ballast water sampling, generic evenness, Negros Occidental, Philippines
Understanding the Reduced Efficiencies of Organic Solar Cells Employing Fullerene Multiadducts as Acceptors
Authors: Faist Mark A. , Shoaee Safa , Tuladhar Sachetan , Dibb George F. A. , Foster Samuel , Gong Wei , Kirchartz Thomas , Bradley Donal D. C. , Durrant James R. , Nelson Jenny 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe use of fullerenes with two or more adducts as acceptors has been recently shown to enhance the performance of bulk‐heterojunction solar cells using poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor. The enhancement is caused by a substantial increase in the open‐circuit voltage due to a rise in the fullerene lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level when going from monoadducts to multiadducts. While the increase in the open‐circuit voltage is obtained with many different polymers, most polymers other than P3HT show a substantially reduced photocurrent when blended with fullerene multiadducts like bis‐PCBM (bis adduct of Phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) or the indene C60 bis‐adduct ICBA. Here we investigate the reasons for this decrease in photocurrent. We find that it can be attributed partly to a loss in charge generation efficiency that may be related to the LUMO‐LUMO and HOMO‐HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) offsets at the donor‐acceptor heterojunction, and partly to reduced charge carrier collection efficiencies. We show that the P3HT exhibits efficient collection due to high hole and electron mobilities with mono‐ and multiadduct fullerenes. In contrast the less crystalline polymer Poly[[9‐(1‐octylnonyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐2,7‐diyl]‐2,5‐thiophenediyl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole‐4,7‐diyl‐2,5‐thiophenediyl (PCDTBT) shows inefficient charge carrier collection, assigned to low hole mobility in the polymer and low electron mobility when blended with multiadduct fullerenes.
Von Ein‐ zu Zwei‐Photonen‐Sonden: photoaktivierbare Reagentien, Aktuatoren und Photoschalter
Authors: Bort Guillaume , Gallavardin Thibault , Ogden David , Dalko Peter I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMolekulare Systeme, die mit Licht “ferngesteuert” werden können, sind von wachsender Bedeutung in der Zellbiologie, der Physiologie und den Neurowissenschaften. Der entscheidende Aspekt hierbei ist die hohe räumliche und zeitliche Präzision, die mit Methoden der Lasermikroskopie erreicht werden kann. Das Verfahren der Zwei‐Photonen‐Anregung hat signifikante Vorzüge bei der Visualisierung biologischer Gewebe, allerdings ist der gezielte Entwurf intelligenter Sonden, die mit der Zellphysiologie kompatibel sind, nicht trivial. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die “chemischen” Herausforderungen bei der Entwicklung von Zwei‐Photonen‐Sonden.
Grafting polymerization of polylactic acid on the surface of nano‐SiO2 and properties of PLA/PLA‐grafted‐SiO2 nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Feng , Lan Xiaorong , Ji Deyun , Liu Zhengying , Yang Wei , Yang Mingbo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) chains are directly grafted onto a silicon surface by in situ amidation and PLA/PLA‐grafted SiO2 nanocomposites are compounded using a Haake torque rheometer. To have a better understanding of the interaction between grafted polymer chains and PLA matrix, thermal, and rheological properties of PLA/PLA‐grafted SiO2 nanocomposites are explored. DSC analysis shows that PLA‐grafted‐SiO2 can accelerate the cold crystallization rate and increase the degree of crystallinity of PLA. Shear rheology testing indicates that PLA/PLA‐grafted‐SiO2 nanocomposites still exhibits the typical homopolymer‐like terminal behavior at low frequency range even at a content of PLA‐grafted‐SiO2 of 5 wt %, compared to PLA/SiO2, it is also found that the nanocomposites show stronger shear‐thinning behaviors in the high frequency region after grafting. In addition, elongation viscosity testing shows the entanglement between grafted chains and matrix that is needed to improve the melt strength of PLA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Plastic waste minimization: Compatibilization of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends by polyalkenyl‐poly‐maleic‐anhydride‐based agents
Authors: Miskolczi Norbert , Kucharczyk Pavel , Sedlarik Vladimir , Szakacs Hajnalka 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe present article discloses the properties improvement in PP/PA 6 blends by new type experimental coupling additives. By the experimental agents especially the tensile properties could be improved. For example, the tensile strength and the elongation were 16.5 MPa and 4.4% without additive, which increased to 25.5, 20.1, 46.8 MPa and 8.1, 6.4, 8.6% in specimens containing polyalkenyl‐poly‐maleic‐anhydride‐amide, polyalkenyl‐poly‐maleic‐anhydride‐ester, and MA‐grafted‐low‐polymer additives, respectively. DSC curves shows that compatibilizers influenced thermal properties of the polymer blends and reveal affecting of crystalline phase formation process in the blends due to the compatibilization step. Additives A and B rather leads to influencing of PA crystallinities. According to the SEM and FTIR analysis well separated polypropylene and polyamide phases was observed in case of specimens absence of additives but only one well distributed phase by the applying of the synthetized coupling agents. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Configurational effects on the crystalline morphology and amorphous phase behavior in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends with tactic poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Ni'mah Hikmatun , Woo Eamor M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPoly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) blends with two tactic poly(methyl methacrylate)s [PMMAs; isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (iPMMA) and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (sPMMA)], being chiral/tactic polymer pairs, were investigated with regard to their crystalline spherulite patterns, optical birefringence, and amorphous phase behavior with polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The PHB/sPMMA and PHB/iPMMA blends exhibited upper critical solution temperatures of about 225 and 240°C, respectively, on the basis of the results of thermal analysis and phase morphology. The interactions of two constituents in the blends (PHB/iPMMA or PHB/sPMMA) were measured to be insignificantly different for the PHB/sPMMA and PHB/iPMMA blends. However, syndiotacticity in PMMA exerted a prominent effect on the alteration of the PHB spherulite morphology, whereas, by contrast, isotacticity in PMMA had almost no effect at all. At high sPMMA contents (e.g., 30 wt %) in the PHB/sPMMA blend, the spherulites were all negatively birefringent and ringless when they were crystallized at any crystallization temperature between 50 and 90°C. That is, not only was the original ring‐banded pattern in the neat PHB spherulites completely disrupted, but the optical sign was also reverted completely from positively to negatively birefringent in the sPMMA/PHB blend; this was not observed in the iPMMA/PHB one. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Practical and Efficient Organocatalytic Enantioselective α‐Hydroxyamination Reactions of β‐Ketoamides
Authors: Mailhol Damien , Castillo Juan‐Carlos , Mohanan Kishor , Abonia Rodrigo , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe first organocatalytic general, efficient and highly enantioselective α‐hydroxyamination reactions of β‐ketoamides with nitrosobenzene are described using a thiourea/tertiary amine bifunctional catalyst. Significantly, the products were obtained in high enantiomeric purity using a low catalyst loading, and in the context of sustainable development, the full reaction mixture, including solvent, catalyst and excess substrate, can be recycled without significant erosion in the efficiency and enantioselectivity of the reaction. The described catalytic transformations secure a practical synthetic access to stereodefined and conformationally constrained α‐amino acid derivatives exhibiting a quaternary chiral center at the α position.
Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carbohydrates: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Liebeck Miriam , Pfeifer Christian , Drochner Alfons , Vogel G. Herbert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDie hydrothermale Carbonisierung (HTC) ist in Hinblick auf die energetische Verwertung von Biomasse eine vielversprechende Methode. Trotz der langen Historie dieses Verfahrens sind Mechanismus und Kinetik nur unzureichend verstanden. In den hier vorgestellten Experimenten wurde mithilfe der Kombination von Analysenmethoden die Umsetzung von Kohlenhydraten mit sauren und basischen Zusätzen untersucht. Dabei konnte vor allem der Einfluss von Säure auf die Hydrolyse von Cellulose beobachtet werden. Die HTC von Glucose hingegen bleibt weitestgehend von den Zusätzen wie Säure oder Base unbeeinflusst. Durch Veränderung der Reaktionsbedingungen wie der Heizrate können die Biokohle‐Eigenschaften wie z. B. die Acidität der Kohle variiert werden.
Structural and Bonding Analyses on a Homologous Metal–Metal Bond Guest–Host Series M2@C50X10(M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = CH, N, B)
Authors: Liu Yan‐Chun , Wu Shui‐Xing , Kan Yu‐He , Zhang Hou‐Yu , Su Zhong‐Min 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA systematic density functional study was performed on the structures and bonding features in a homologous metal–metal (M–M) host–guest series M2@C50X10(M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = CH, N, B). Calculations indicated thatD5dconformers are energy minima for Zn2@C50X10(X = CH, N) and Cd2@C50X10(X = CH, N, B), whereas Zn2@C50B10has no imaginary frequency with the loweredC2hsymmetry. Among these hybrid fullerene–metal complexes, those with dizinc and dicadmium guests adopt η5/η5coordination, except for an η2/η2case inC2h‐Zn2@C50B10, to meet appropriate interactions between the metal atom and cage; and the η1/η1coordination mode can only be satisfied in just one (Hg2@C50N10) of the complexes with Hg–Hg guests, regardless of the enforced coordination surroundings. The nature of metal–cage interactions between M22+and C50X102–moieties and M–M bonds have been analyzed by means of the topological properties of electron densities and energy‐partitioning methods, and results suggest that the two types of interactions are almost similar to those in their M2(C5H5)2counterparts.
A Novel Method for Corrosion Reaction Analysis by Fourier Transform Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: Corrosion of 9Cr‐1 Mo Ferritic Steel in 0.050 M H2SO4
Authors: Ko Younghoon , Singh Indra B. , Park Su‐Moon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe hereby report a novel method of analyzing corrosion reactions by real‐time Fourier transform electrochemical impedance (FTEIS) spectroscopy and applied it to the corrosion study of 9Cr‐1 Mo ferritic steel in 0.050 M sulfuric acid. The real‐time monitoring was achieved by running small signal staircase linear sweep voltammetric experiments, in which each voltage step and the chronoamperometric current obtained thereupon were converted to impedance data by first converting them into frequency domain employing Fourier transformation followed by acquisition of impedance spectra. The technique provided real‐time potentiodynamic impedance data in real time while the potential was being swept. A large body of impedance data thus obtained as a function of swept potential allowed not only corrosion potentials and currents but also a full set of kinetic parameters of reactions involved in corrosion to be evaluated. The quantitative data obtained for corrosion also help better elucidate the corrosion mechanism at the steel electrode/electrolyte interface.
Natural gas—Legal issues: Federal court: Fracking disputes are not a force majeure
Authors: Sabino Anthony Michael , Abatemarco Michael J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA federal court sitting in New York's “natural gas patch” recently answered the question of whether the Empire State's pending moratorium against “fracking” constituted a force majeure event that would forestall the expiration of drillers' leasehold rights. While deciding that the current ban against fracking was not such an event and thus did not extend the drillers' rights, the decision provides a crucial lesson in the workings of this ancient legal doctrine, as it collides with a more modern controversy that we have recently dealt with in these pages.
Natural gas & electricity pricing: Price impacts of regulating the worldwide fracking frenzy
Authors: Bodell Tanya 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOn August 8, 2005, at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, President George W. Bush signed into law the Energy Policy Act of 2005.1 The act included an exemption that prohibited regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act of any hydraulic fracturing used for the purpose of oil, natural gas, and geothermal production.2 This regulatory relief, combined with technological advances in shale extraction, led to significant increases in shale gas production and dramatic reductions in natural gas prices.
Complex Adaptable Systems based on Self‐Assembling Dendrimers and Dendrons: Toward Dynamic Materials
Authors: Roche Cécile , Percec Virgil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSelf‐assembling dendrons are biologically inspired complex systems that can form self‐organized periodic arrays in the bulk state. Here we adopt the point of view of Constitutional Dynamic Chemistry (CDC) to discuss the design and properties of self‐assembling dendrimers and dendronized structures. Among other objectives, CDC seeks to generate chemical diversity through constitutional dynamics, and to improve the design of dynamic materials using adaptive systems. Can we address these issues with dendrimer chemistry? We will show that generational and co‐assembly approaches in the synthesis of self‐assembling dendritic systems lead to a remarkable collection of periodic lattices and quasi‐periodic arrays. Moreover, in some cases the morphological properties of the resulting supramolecular structures can be tuned by external signals. These dendron‐based adaptive systems find applications in various fields such as nano‐machines and switches or porous protein mimics.
Protein‐specific force field derived from the fragment molecular orbital method can improve protein–ligand binding interactions
Authors: Chang Le , Ishikawa Takeshi , Kuwata Kazuo , Takada Shoji 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAccurate computational estimate of the protein–ligand binding affinity is of central importance in rational drug design. To improve accuracy of the molecular mechanics (MM) force field (FF) for protein–ligand simulations, we use a protein‐specific FF derived by the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method and by the restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) method. Applying this FMO‐RESP method to two proteins, dodecin, and lysozyme, we found that protein‐specific partial charges tend to differ more significantly from the standard AMBER charges for isolated charged atoms. We did not see the dependence of partial charges on the secondary structure. Computing the binding affinities of dodecin with five ligands by MM PBSA protocol with the FMO‐RESP charge set as well as with the standard AMBER charges, we found that the former gives better correlation with experimental affinities than the latter. While, for lysozyme with five ligands, both charge sets gave similar and relatively accurate estimates of binding affinities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Mentoring on the Development of Leadership Self‐Efficacy and Political Skill
Authors: Chopin Suzzette M. , Danish Steven J. , Seers Anson , Hook Joshua N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study of 260 business graduate students considered the relationship between mentoring and leadership self‐efficacy, and mentoring and political skill. Comparisons between nonmentored and mentored individuals showed that having a mentor was associated with increased political skill but not with increased leadership self‐efficacy. Among mentees, higher quality mentoring relationships were associated with significantly higher leadership self‐efficacy but not with significantly higher political skill. Results suggest that the presence of a mentor affects protégé development of political skill, but the quality of the relationship is important for protégé development of leadership self‐efficacy.
Shape‐Memory Natural Rubber: An Exceptional Material for Strain and Energy Storage
Authors: Heuwers Benjamin , Beckel Anna , Krieger Andreas , Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractShape‐memory polymers (SMPs) are smart, responsive materials with numerous potential applications. Based on previously introduced shape‐memory natural rubber (SMNR), which shows exceptional properties such as strain storage of 1000%, cold storage, cold programmability, and mechanical and thermal triggers tunable both during and after programming, different SMNRs regarding their shape‐memory parameters are investigated. Furthermore, their energy‐storage capability and their mechanical properties are explored. SMNRs show fixity ratios of up to 94% and excellent recovery ratios of up to 100% whereas strains even above 1000% can be stored. Energies of up to 4.88 J g−1 can be stored with efficiencies of up to 53.30%. Further, the Young's modulus of SMNR can be switched by two orders of magnitude upon triggering or programming.magnified image