bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topografía digital y nuevas perspectivas en el oratorio bizantino de la catacumba de Santa Lucía de Siracusa
Authors: Galizia Mariateresa , Santagati Cettina , Sgarlata Mariarita 
Published: October 2015

The study conducted Oratory Byzantine catacombs of Saint Lucia in Syracuse comes from the observation of the precarious condition of the underground funerary complex from the point of view of the static structures, which have undergone several alterations over the centuries due to landslides, blockages, collapses and subsequent excavations, conservation of the frescoes found that as a result of survey campaigns that have occurred intermittently on the monument. These difficulties have conditioned the public opening of only a part of the catacombs -la region A and the Oratory of the Forty Martiri- leaving hidden the community many significant spaces including the Oratory. The research will then, through the survey instrument with laser scanner, acquire a geometric-formal documentation of this important area through a 3D model on which to investigate aspects of a static nature, geological, material, historical, archaeological, necessary for a proper design of future interventions for the protection and consolidation of the catacomb. In fact, the 3D model obtained is a virtual copy of the recorded space through which it is possible to speculate on some design and physical environmental conditions of the sites, such as lighting and ventilation, and on some solutions distribution-functional, providing also a possible model for 3D navigation allows the virtual tour of the places underground. The location of the site, the distribution of the planimetric and static environmental conditions represented in research critical issues to be addressed in the survey phase of underground sites, providing for the research group of the fixed points on which to structure a possible protocol operating acquisition, integration, management and processing of the acquired data subject to change.
The Dars: South Asian Muslim American Women Negotiate Identity
Authors: Khan Fariha 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The predominant discourse surrounding Islam on the national landscape conceals the diversity of experiences for Muslim Americans. A close examination of the local landscape of a women’s dars, or Quranic study group, contradicts gendered stereotypes. The dars gathering is a space of shared narratives, agency, and socialization. The nuanced reading of the discourse reveals a negotiation of religious and ethnic identity. Within their local communities, these groups of immigrant women are actively shaping their lives as distinctly South Asian Muslim American.
L’invention de la créativité
Authors: Michelot Christian 
Published: October 2015

Cet article présente deux approches visant à susciter la créativité nécessaire à la
résolution de problèmes : le brainstorming d’Osborn et la synectique de Gordon. Mettant en
perspective ces deux stratégies de déconnection, nous tentons d’apprécier les contributions
et les limites des méthodes de créativité à la résolution des problèmes
pratiques.
Critical Appraisal of Evidence for Improving Gait Speed in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Plummer Prudence 
Published: October 2015

Background: Research has not yet compared the treatment effects of dalfampridine with traditional rehabilitation of gait impairments in multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this review was to critically appraise the evidence for dalfampridine and gait training for increasing gait speed in people with MS.
Methods: A systematic search of the research literature was conducted. Consideration was given to only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. For selection of gait training studies, only studies involving task-specific gait training interventions and measuring treatment effects on gait speed were considered.
Results: Treatment effects on gait speed were extracted from four studies examining the efficacy of dalfampridine and six gait training RCTs. Overall mean increase in gait speed with dalfampridine was 0.07 m/s (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04–0.09 m/s) compared to 0.06 m/s (95% CI, 0.02–0.10 m/s) for gait training. Among dalfampridine responders (38% of participants in RCTs), the mean increase in gait speed was 0.16 m/s (95% CI, 0.13–0.18 m/s). Mean increases for individual gait training interventions ranged from 0.01 to 0.39 m/s; however, CIs were wide due to small sample sizes.
Conclusions: Current evidence is insufficient to conclude whether dalfampridine or gait training is superior for improving gait speed in people with MS. These findings should be viewed cautiously due to differences in study populations and small sample sizes in gait training studies. Both treatment approaches provide only short-lived improvements. Head-to-head comparison trials and studies combining both treatment modalities are needed.
Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment at an Early Osteoarthritis Stage Protects Rabbit Cartilage From Damage via the Integrin/Focal Adhesion Kinase/Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway
Authors: Xia Peng , Shen Shihao , Lin Qiang , Cheng Kai , Ren Shasha , Gao Mingxia , Li Xueping 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate whether low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) has different protective effects on early and late rabbit osteoarthritis cartilage via the integrin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.MethodsThirty‐six New Zealand White rabbits were divided into early control, early osteoarthritis, early treatment, late control, late osteoarthritis, and late treatment groups. The early and late osteoarthritis and treatment groups underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection. The remaining groups underwent sham operations with knee joint exposure. The early and late treatment groups were exposed to low‐intensity pulsed US 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. After 6 weeks of US exposure, pathologic changes on the articular surface of the femoral condyle were assessed by modified Mankin scores. Expression of type II collagen, matrix metalloproteinase, integrin β1, phosphorylated FAK, and MAPKs (including extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2, MAPK 38, and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase) was assessed by Western blot analysis.ResultsCartilage damage was less severe in the early treatment group than the early osteoarthritis group. The Mankin score was significantly lower in the early treatment group than the early osteoarthritis group (P < .05). There was no significant difference in cartilage damage or Mankin score between the late treatment and late osteoarthritis groups. There was a significant increase in type II collagen expression but a significant decrease in matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in the early treatment group compared to the early osteoarthritis group, whereas no significant difference was found between the late treatment and late osteoarthritis groups. Integrin β1 and phosphorylated FAK expression was significantly higher, and phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphorylated MAPK 38 expression was significantly lower in the early treatment group than the early osteoarthritis group.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that low‐intensity pulsed US protects cartilage from damage in early‐stage osteoarthritis via the integrin/FAK/MAPK pathway.
Effects of Needle and Catheter Size on Commercially Available Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Authors: Eisenbrey John R. , Daecher Annemarie , Kramer Michael R. , Forsberg Flemming 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate effects of needle and catheter size on in vitro ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) enhancement and concentrations using 4 commercially available UCAs.MethodsDefinity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA), Optison (GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ), SonoVue (Bracco SA, Geneva, Switzerland), and Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) were investigated. The UCA was injected via a 1‐mL syringe (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) into a 3‐way stopcock (Smith Medical, Dublin, OH) and flushed with 10 mL of saline through an 18‐cm infusion extension tube connected to either a 16‐, 18‐, 20‐, 22‐, or 24‐gauge catheter (BD) or an 18‐, 20‐, 21‐, or 25‐gauge needle (BD). In vitro enhancement was determined in a flow phantom (ATS Laboratories, Bridgeport, CT), and microbubble concentrations were determined using an LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).ResultsSignificant decreases in enhancement and microbubble concentrations were observed for all 4 UCAs (P < .001) when administration was performed through a 25‐gauge needle. No statistically significant differences in enhancement or concentrations were observed between all catheter sizes and 18‐ to 21‐gauge needles for SonoVue and Sonazoid. Definity and Optison administration through a 24‐gauge catheter resulted in a significant loss of enhancement (P < .02), although these differences were not significant on flow cytometry.ConclusionsAdministration of commercial UCAs in a clinical scenario is possible with catheters or needles smaller than 20 gauge, although the minimal allowable size appears to be UCA specific.
Reliability of Doppler Assessment of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Near and Far Fields in Healthy and Anemic Fetuses
Authors: Salvi Silvia , Badade Anirudh , Khatal Kalpesh , Bhide Amar 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (PI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) at the proximal portions of the near‐ and far‐field vessel sites in healthy and anemic fetuses.MethodsThe middle cerebral artery PSV and PI were prospectively assessed in 50 normal singleton pregnancies. The Doppler waveforms for the middle cerebral artery PI and the PSV were recorded independently by 2 operators at the most proximal portions of the near‐ and far‐field sites. Data for the PSV and PI at the proximal portions of both the near‐ and the far‐field sites were also retrospectively collected in 7 anemic fetuses.ResultsNo significant difference between the operators was detected for the middle cerebral artery PSV (P = .60) and PI (P = .88) measured in the conventionally used near‐field proximal site in the 50 healthy fetuses. No significant difference between the proximal portions of the near‐ and far‐field sites was detected for the PSV (P = .53) and PI (P = .23) in healthy or anemic fetuses.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that the use of the far‐field vessel is an acceptable alternative for measurement of the middle cerebral artery PI and PSV when investigation of the near‐field vessel is technically difficult.
Central Venous Catheterization
Authors: Adhikari Srikar , Theodoro Daniel , Raio Christopher , Nelson Mathew , Lyon Matthew , Leech Stephen , Akhtar Saadia , Stolz Uwe 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo assess the self‐reported frequency of use of ultrasound guidance for central venous catheterization by emergency medicine (EM) residents, describe residents' perceptions regarding the use of ultrasound guidance, and identify barriers to the use of ultrasound guidance.MethodsA longitudinal cross‐sectional study was conducted at 5 academic institutions. A questionnaire on the use of ultrasound guidance for central venous catheterization was initially administered to EM residents in 2007. The same questionnaire was distributed again in the 5 EM residency programs in 2013.ResultsIn 2007 and 2013, 147 and 131 residents completed questionnaires, respectively. A significant increase in the use of ultrasound guidance for central venous catheterization was reported in 2013 compared to 2007 (P< .001). In 2007, 53% (95% confidence interval, 44%–61%) of residents reported that they were initially trained in central venous catheterization using ultrasound guidance compared to 96% (95% confidence interval, 92%–99%) in 2013 (P < .0001). In 2007, more residents thought that faculty were insufficiently adopting ultrasound (42% versus 9%), and there was a lack of ultrasound teaching during residency training (14% versus 5%) compared to 2013.ConclusionsThe use of self‐reported ultrasound guidance for central venous catheterization significantly increased from 2007 to 2013 at academic institutions. Most residents were aware of the benefits of using ultrasound guidance. Although faculty adoption of ultrasound for central venous catheterization remains a barrier, it has decreased.
Influence of wave normal angles on hiss‐electron interaction in Earth's slot region
Authors: Gao Yuzhu , Xiao Fuliang , Yan Qi , Yang Chang , Liu Si , He Yihua , Zhou Qinghua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWave‐particle interaction which occurs in the radiation belts is generally determined by variations in wave normal angles. Using the Gaussian wave normal angle (
) distribution, we study the influence of peak wave normal angle (
) on gyroresonance between plasmaspheric hiss waves and energetic electrons in the slot regions L = 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5. The bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients are calculated for different Xm = 0,1,3,5, and then the phase space density (PSD) evolutions of energetic electrons driven by hiss waves are simulated over a continuous energy range 0.2–5 MeV. As Xm increases, diffusion coefficients basically decrease mainly from the medium to a critical pitch angle αc for Ek≤1.0 MeV but increase at lower pitch angles for Ek>1.0 MeV. Differences of diffusion coefficients between Xm = 0 and 1 are close but become substantial as Xm≥3. Hiss can cause substantial drops in electron PSDs for Ek≤0.5 MeV and Xm≤1 from the loss cone αL to αc. For Ek≥1.0 MeV, such PSD drops become much smaller and confined in the lower pitch angles close to αL for each Xm. In contrast, electron PSD increases for Ek≤1.0 MeV above αc at L = 2.5 and 3.0, probably because momentum diffusion coefficients increase steeply above αc. The current results demonstrate that gyroresonance between plasmaspheric hiss and energetic electrons in the slot region is strongly associated with variations of peak wave normal angles, which should be integrated into future global modeling of radiation belt dynamics.
Experimental evidence of statistical ensemble behavior in bed load sediment transport
Authors: Fathel Siobhan L. , Furbish David Jon , Schmeeckle Mark W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA high‐resolution data set obtained from high‐speed imaging of coarse sand particles transported as bed load allows us to confidently describe the forms and qualities of the ensemble distributions of particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and traveltimes. Autocorrelation functions of frame‐averaged values (and the decay of these functions) support the idea that the forms of these distributions become time invariant within the 5 s imaging interval. Distributions of streamwise and cross‐stream particle velocities are exponential, consistent with previous experiments and theory. Importantly, streamwise particle velocities possess a “light” tail, where the largest velocities are limited by near‐bed fluid velocities. Distributions of streamwise and cross‐stream particle accelerations are Laplace in form and are centered on zero, consistent with equilibrium transport conditions. The majority of particle hops, measured start to stop, involve short displacements, and streamwise hop distances possess a Weibull distribution. In contrast to previous work, the distribution of traveltimes is exponential, consistent with a fixed temporal disentrainment rate. The Weibull distribution of hop distances is consistent with a decreasing spatial disentrainment rate and is related to the exponential distribution of traveltimes. By taking into account the effects of experimental censorship associated with a finite sampling window, the relationship between streamwise hop distances and traveltimes,
, likely involves an exponent of α ∼ 2. These experimental results—an exponential distribution of traveltimes Tp and a Weibull distribution of hop distances Lx with shape parameter k < 1—are consistent with a nonlinear relationship between these quantities with α > 1.
A Shameless Pitch for Quantitative Marketing
Authors: Richards Dr. Timothy J. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTAt least half of the food sold in the United States is sold through some form of retail outlet. Understanding retail demand, therefore, is critical to understanding some of the most important issues facing U.S. agribusinesses today. Retail demand models, however, are fundamentally different from the commodity demand models used extensively in the agribusiness literature. In this letter, I outline the features of retailing, and their implications for modeling the retail demand for food.
Void‐Assisted Ion‐Paired Proton Transfer at Water–Ionic Liquid Interfaces
Authors: de Eulate Eva Alvarez , Silvester Debbie S. , Arrigan Damien W. M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAt the water–trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([P14,6,6,6][FAP]) ionic liquid interface, the unusual electrochemical transfer behavior of protons (H+) and deuterium ions (D+) was identified. Alkali metal cations (such as Li+, Na+, K+) did not undergo this transfer. H+/D+ transfers were assisted by the hydrophobic counter anion of the ionic liquid, [FAP]−, resulting in the formation of a mixed capacitive layer from the filling of the latent voids within the anisotropic ionic liquid structure. This phenomenon could impact areas such as proton‐coupled electron transfers, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage where ionic liquids are used as aprotic solvents.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirocyclohexadienones by NHC‐Catalyzed Formal [3+3] Annulation Reaction of Enals
Authors: Yetra Santhivardhana Reddy , Mondal Santigopal , Mukherjee Subrata , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Biju Akkattu T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of pyrazolone‐fused spirocyclohexadienones was demonstrated by the reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with α‐arylidene pyrazolinones under oxidative N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)catalysis. This atom‐economic and formal [3+3] annulation reaction proceeds through a vinylogous Michael addition/spiroannulation/dehydrogenation cascade to afford spirocyclic compounds with an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter in moderate to good yields and excellent ee values. Key to the success of the reaction is the cooperative NHC‐catalyzed generation of chiral α,β‐unsaturated acyl azoliums from enals, and base‐mediated tandem generation of dienolate/enolate intermediates from pyrazolinones.
Supramolecular Porphyrin Copolymer Assembled through Host–Guest Interactions and Metal–Ligand Coordination
Authors: Kinjo Kanashi , Hirao Takehiro , Kihara Shin‐ichi , Katsumoto Yukiteru , Haino Takeharu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBisporphyrin cleft molecule 1 Zn possessing a guest moiety assembled to form supramolecular polymers through host–guest interactions. Bispyridine cross‐linkers created interchain connections among the supramolecular polymers to form networked polymers in solution. Solution viscometry confirmed that the cross‐linked supramolecular polymers were highly entangled. Frequency‐dependent linear viscoelastic spectroscopy revealed that the supramolecular polymers generated well‐entangled solutions with associating and networking polymers, whereas the solid‐like aggregates moved individually without breaking and reforming structures below the transition temperature of 9.6 °C. Morphological transition of the supramolecular polymers was evidenced by AFM images; the non‐cross‐linked polymer resulted in wide‐spread thin networks, while the cross‐linked networks produced thicker worm‐like nanostructures. The supramolecular networks gelled in 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane, and an elastic free‐standing film was fabricated with a Young’s modulus of 1 GPa.
De Novo Fragment Design for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology
Authors: Rodrigues Tiago , Reker Daniel , Welin Martin , Caldera Michael , Brunner Cyrill , Gabernet Gisela , Schneider Petra , Walse Björn , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAutomated molecular de novo design led to the discovery of an innovative inhibitor of death‐associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3). An unprecedented crystal structure of the inactive DAPK3 homodimer shows the fragment‐like hit bound to the ATP pocket. Target prediction software based on machine learning models correctly identified additional macromolecular targets of the computationally designed compound and the structurally related marketed drug azosemide. The study validates computational de novo design as a prime method for generating chemical probes and starting points for drug discovery.
Enantioselective Trichloromethylation of MBH‐Fluorides with Chloroform Based on Silicon‐assisted C−F Activation and Carbanion Exchange Induced by a Ruppert–Prakash Reagent
Authors: Nishimine Takayuki , Taira Hiromi , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shiro Motoo , Shibata Norio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEnantioselective trichloromethylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH)‐type allylic fluorides with chloroform (HCCl3) under organocatalysis was achieved with high to excellent enantioselectivities. Silicon‐assisted C−F bond activation by a Ruppert–Prakash reagent and direct activation of HCCl3 by a carbanion exchange process with trifluoromethyl (CF3) carbanion generated in situ from the Ruppert‐Prakash reagent realized the direct asymmetric trichloromethylation at a stereogenic allylic positon, without any help from transition metal catalysis, and under very mild conditions. Pre‐activation of HCCl3 was not required. This method was extended to the direct enantioselective introduction of other C−H compounds such as alkyne, arene, indene, and FBSM without any pre‐activation under a metal‐free system.
Surface and bulk properties improvement of HDPE by a batch plasma treatment
Authors: Meemusaw Mintra , Magaraphan Rathanawan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTHigh‐density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets were modified via atmospheric plasma treatment using nitrogen flushing. The new application of plasma treatment was introduced in this work, namely a batch treatment on plastic pellets just prior to its feeding to the extrusion process in comparison with the conventional surface treatment of the plastic sheet. The effect of treatment time (15–120 s) on wettability, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the modified HDPE were investigated and compared with the typical surface‐treated HDPE and untreated HDPE. The pellet treatment distributed well the hydrophilicity groups so that both surface and bulk properties were improved. It showed an enhancement of wettability similar to surface treatment at short treatment time (15 s). Attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of new chemical groups (nitrogen and oxygen up to 5 and 42 at %, respectively). In addition, crosslinked structure was also disclosed by solvent extraction (gel content of 3.5–5.5 wt % increased with treatment time) and significantly affected to decrease the crystallinity from 76% in the untreated sample to 63%. The decomposition process of the pellet treatment samples was delayed. Lastly, pellet treatment yielded advantages in remaining hydrophilicity during aging and improving mechanical properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43011.