bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engagement, Alienation, and Anthropology's New Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Moskowitz Nona 
Published: June 2015

SummaryRecent calls for increased engagement are befitting the moral humanitarianism of anthropological purpose. However, various forms of engagement pose particular challenges to the field. In stepping outside the academic realm, anthropologists confront differential stances on and expectations for the production of knowledge. These different positions strike at the heart of anthropological self‐definitions and pose certain dilemmas for the discipline. In particular, resolving the disjuncture between academic and engaged goals for anthropological activity potentially entails maintaining contradictory, and at times hypocritical, stances or it entails redefining the form of anthropological knowledge content. In this paper, I consider these dilemmas as moral dilemmas because of the way they intersect with disciplinary understandings of the field's own sense of purpose.
Neonatal outcome of singleton term breech deliveries in Norway from 1991 to 2011
Authors: Vistad Ingvild , Klungsøyr Kari , Albrechtsen Susanne , Skjeldestad Finn E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to examine the association between planned mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes in breech deliveries.Material and methodsIn this retrospective cohort study we studied singleton term breech deliveries in Norway from 1991 to 2011 (n = 30 861) using the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We compared planned vaginal delivery with planned cesarean delivery across two time periods: from 1 January 1991 to 31 October 2000 (first period) and from 1 November 2000 to 31 December 2011 (second period). Intrapartum and neonatal deaths were validated against source data in medical records, autopsy reports, and other relevant documents. The main outcome measures were intrapartum and neonatal mortality within the first 28 days of life, 5‐min Apgar‐scores <7 and <4, neonatal intensive care unit stays ≥4 days, respiratory morbidity, and intracranial bleeding disorders.ResultsRate of planned cesarean delivery increased from 34.4 to 51.3% over the period. Simultaneously, early neonatal mortality rate (0–6 days) declined (from 0.10% to 0.04%, p = 0.04). During the second period, 30.7% of term breech presentations were delivered vaginally. Eight deaths in the planned vaginal vs. four in the planned cesarean groups were observed (OR 2.11 95% CI 0.64–7.01). Neonatal morbidity outcomes were significantly worse in planned vaginal deliveries compared with planned cesarean deliveries in both periods.ConclusionOverall intrapartum and neonatal mortality decreased during the entire period. Higher mortality in planned vaginal delivery relative to planned cesarean delivery in the second period was not statistically significant. However, neonatal morbidity was significantly higher in planned vaginal than planned cesarean deliveries in both periods. This warrants continuous surveillance of breech deliveries.
Connecting the Latent Multinomial
Authors: Schofield Matthew R. , Bonner Simon J. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Link et al. (2010, Biometrics 66, 178–185) define a general framework for analyzing capture–recapture data with potential misidentifications. In this framework, the observed vector of counts, , is considered as a linear function of a vector of latent counts, , such that , with assumed to follow a multinomial distribution conditional on the model parameters, . Bayesian methods are then applied by sampling from the joint posterior distribution of both and . In particular, Link et al. (2010) propose a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to sample from the full conditional distribution of , where new proposals are generated by sequentially adding elements from a basis of the null space (kernel) of . We consider this algorithm and show that using elements from a simple basis for the kernel of may not produce an irreducible Markov chain. Instead, we require a Markov basis, as defined by Diaconis and Sturmfels (1998, The Annals of Statistics 26, 363–397). We illustrate the importance of Markov bases with three capture–recapture examples. We prove that a specific lattice basis is a Markov basis for a class of models including the original model considered by Link et al. (2010) and confirm that the specific basis used in their example with two sampling occasions is a Markov basis. The constructive nature of our proof provides an immediate method to obtain a Markov basis for any model in this class.
Controversial fluorescence in situ hybridization cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: new insights from a large cohort
Authors: Davids Matthew S. , Vartanov Alexander , Werner Lillian , Neuberg Donna , Dal Cin Paola , Brown Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe significance of rarer cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) remains controversial. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) prior to initial therapy on 618 CLL patients seen at our centre between 2005 and 2012. With a median follow‐up of 5·6 years, we found that 55 patients harbouring 14q32 rearrangements without t(14;18) had a shorter time to first treatment (TTFT) (median 26 months, P = 0·03) than patients with t(14;18) (median not reached). Patients with mono‐ or bi‐allelic del(13q) as a sole abnormality had a similarly long TTFT (median not reached). Those patients who harboured 3 or more FISH abnormalities without del(17p) had a short TTFT (4·6 months), comparable to patients with del(17p) (8 months); however, the overall survival for patients with 3 or more FISH abnormalities was longer than for patients with del(17p) with 0 or 1 additional abnormalities (median not reached vs. 54 months). FISH cytogenetics remains a useful genetic tool in the clinic, even in the era of next generation sequencing and, as such, our data provide valuable new insights for counselling patients.
Making literature reviews more reliable through application of lessons from systematic reviews
Authors: Haddaway N.R. , Woodcock P. , Macura B. , Collins A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractReview articles can provide valuable summaries of the ever‐increasing volume of primary research in conservation biology. Where findings may influence important resource‐allocation decisions in policy or practice, there is a need for a high degree of reliability when reviewing evidence. However, traditional literature reviews are susceptible to a number of biases during the identification, selection, and synthesis of included studies (e.g., publication bias, selection bias, and vote counting). Systematic reviews, pioneered in medicine and translated into conservation in 2006, address these issues through a strict methodology that aims to maximize transparency, objectivity, and repeatability. Systematic reviews will always be the gold standard for reliable synthesis of evidence. However, traditional literature reviews remain popular and will continue to be valuable where systematic reviews are not feasible. Where traditional reviews are used, lessons can be taken from systematic reviews and applied to traditional reviews in order to increase their reliability. Certain key aspects of systematic review methods that can be used in a context‐specific manner in traditional reviews include focusing on mitigating bias; increasing transparency, consistency, and objectivity, and critically appraising the evidence and avoiding vote counting. In situations where conducting a full systematic review is not feasible, the proposed approach to reviewing evidence in a more systematic way can substantially improve the reliability of review findings, providing a time‐ and resource‐efficient means of maximizing the value of traditional reviews. These methods are aimed particularly at those conducting literature reviews where systematic review is not feasible, for example, for graduate students, single reviewers, or small organizations.
Low bone mineral density and fat‐free mass in younger patients with a femoral neck fracture
Authors: Al‐Ani Amer N. , Cederholm Tommy , Sääf Maria , Neander Gustaf , Blomfeldt Richard , Ekström Wilhelmina , Hedström Margareta 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundReduced bone mineral density (BMD) together with muscle wasting and dysfunction, that is sarcopenia, emerges as a risk factor for hip fracture. The aim of this study was to examine body composition and BMD and their relationship with trauma mechanisms in young and middle‐aged patients with femoral neck fracture.Materials and methodsAltogether, 185 patients with femoral neck fracture aged 20–69 were included. BMD, body composition and fat‐free mass index (FFMI) were determined by dual‐X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), and trauma mechanisms were registered.ResultsNinety per cent of the whole study population had a femoral neck BMD below the mean for age. In the young patients (< 50 years), 27% had a Z‐score of BMD ≤ −2 SD. More than half of the middle‐aged patients (50–69 years) had osteopenia, that is T‐score −1 to −2·5, and 35% had osteoporosis, that is T‐score < −2·5, at the femoral neck. Patients with low‐energy trauma, sport injury or high‐energy trauma had a median standardised BMD of 0·702, 0·740 vs. 0·803 g/cm2 (P = 0·03), and a median FFMI of 15·9, 17·7 vs. 17·5 kg/m2 (P < 0·001), respectively. FFMI < 10th percentile of an age‐ and gender‐matched reference population was observed in one‐third.ConclusionsA majority had low BMD at the femoral neck, and one‐third had reduced FFMI (i.e. sarcopenia). Patients with fracture following low‐energy trauma had significantly lower femoral neck BMD and FFMI than patients with other trauma mechanisms. DXA examination of both BMD and body composition could be of value especially in those with low‐energy trauma.
Cocaine self‐administration disrupts mesolimbic dopamine circuit function and attenuates dopaminergic responsiveness to cocaine
Authors: Siciliano Cody A. , Ferris Mark J. , Jones Sara R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDopaminergic projections from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have long been implicated in encoding associations between reward availability and environmental stimuli. As such, this circuit is instrumental in guiding behaviors towards obtaining maximal rewards based on previous experience. Cocaine acts on the dopamine system to exert its reinforcing effects and it is thought that cocaine‐induced dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission contributes to the difficulty that cocaine addicts exhibit in selecting environmentally appropriate behaviors. Here we used cocaine self‐administration combined with in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry in anesthetised rats to examine the function of the ventral tegmental area to NAc projection neurons. Over 5 days of cocaine self‐administration (fixed‐ratio 1; 1.5 mg/kg/injection; 40 injections/day), animals increased their rate of intake. Following cocaine self‐administration, there was a marked reduction in ventral tegmental area‐stimulated NAc dopamine release. Additionally, there was a decreased augmentation of stimulated dopamine overflow in response to a cocaine challenge. These findings demonstrate that cocaine induces a hypodopaminergic state, which may contribute to the inflexible drug‐taking and drug‐seeking behaviors observed in cocaine abusers. Additionally, tolerance to the ability of cocaine to elevate dopamine may lead to increased cocaine intake in order to overcome decreased effects, another hallmark of cocaine abuse.
Intransitive competition is widespread in plant communities and maintains their species richness
Authors: Soliveres Santiago , Maestre Fernando T. , Ulrich Werner , Manning Peter , Boch Steffen , Bowker Matthew A. , Prati Daniel , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Quero José L. , Schöning Ingo , Gallardo Antonio , Weisser Wolfgang , Müller Jörg , Socher Stephanie A. , García‐Gómez Miguel , Ochoa Victoria , Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Fischer Markus , Allan Eric 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntransitive competition networks, those in which there is no single best competitor, may ensure species coexistence. However, their frequency and importance in maintaining diversity in real‐world ecosystems remain unclear. We used two large data sets from drylands and agricultural grasslands to assess: (1) the generality of intransitive competition, (2) intransitivity–richness relationships and (3) effects of two major drivers of biodiversity loss (aridity and land‐use intensification) on intransitivity and species richness. Intransitive competition occurred in > 65% of sites and was associated with higher species richness. Intransitivity increased with aridity, partly buffering its negative effects on diversity, but was decreased by intensive land use, enhancing its negative effects on diversity. These contrasting responses likely arise because intransitivity is promoted by temporal heterogeneity, which is enhanced by aridity but may decline with land‐use intensity. We show that intransitivity is widespread in nature and increases diversity, but it can be lost with environmental homogenisation.
The introduced signal crayfish and native noble crayfish have different effects on sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in boreal lakes
Authors: Ercoli Fabio , Ruokonen Timo J. , Koistinen Sofia , Jones Roger I. , Hämäläinen Heikki 
Published: June 2015

Summary

We investigated differences in the abundance, community composition and taxon richness of sublittoral macroinvertebrates in boreal lakes containing introduced invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) or native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). We hypothesised that sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in lakes containing noble crayfish, which reportedly prefer the shallow littoral, would differ little from those in lakes without crayfish, in contrast to assemblages in lakes containing signal crayfish, which reportedly forage at greater depths.

In a set of 24 small and medium‐sized Finnish lakes, eight lakes contained signal crayfish, eight had noble crayfish and eight control lakes had no crayfish. At three sites per lake, we sampled macroinvertebrates quantitatively from soft sediment in the sublittoral.

The sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblage in lakes with noble crayfish and control lakes was similar. In contrast, lakes with signal crayfish had a lower density of Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, as well as a lower density and species richness of Chironomidae, and a lower overall benthic density and taxon richness.

In contrast to some previous reports from other habitats, we infer that introduced signal crayfish have stronger negative effects than native noble crayfish on sublittoral macroinvertebrates. Hence, the ecological equivalence or differences of crayfish species cannot be generalised across habitats.
Glacial refuges for three‐spined stickleback in theIberianPeninsula: mitochondrialDNAphylogeography
Authors: Sanz Nuria , Araguas Rosa M. , Vidal Oriol , Viñas Jordi 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAnalyses of the mtDNAof 183 three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), from freshwater Iberian populations, were performed to reconstruct the phylogeography of this species and to inform conservation recommendations on the basis of genetic diversity and the geographical distribution of variation.A high degree of population structure, with high overall genetic diversity but very low intrapopulation variation, was observed. Haplotypes were distributed according to a geographical pattern with most samples fixed by a unique haplotype.Phylogenetic analyses supported two independent lineages in the Mediterranean region, highly divergent from Atlantic (Portuguese) haplotypes. Analyses of the historical demography confirmed that the Iberian Mediterranean three‐spined stickleback diverged prior to the last glaciation.Phylogeographic reconstruction, together with 114 representative sequences of the European three‐spined stickleback, revealed eight mtDNAlineages and related our Iberian Mediterranean haplotypes to those previously described in the lower Rhône (southern France). Multiple ancient Pleistocene lineages were described through the Adriatic, Black Sea and Mediterranean regions. The highly structured network fits well with a freshwater habit of the three‐spined stickleback in the ancient colonisation of southern Europe.Results suggested a Middle Adriatic and Black Sea origin of the European post‐glacial three‐spined stickleback, but additional colonisation from the northern Adriatic and even from Atlantic marine refuges cannot be discarded. Mediterranean three‐spined sticklebacks probably did not contribute to this post‐glacial colonisation.Conservation priorities should be established in the Iberian Mediterranean, where the three‐spined stickleback has many endemic genotypes whose habitats are threatened. On the basis of the genetic data, we recommend that each river system is considered as an independent conservation unit.
US Guidelines for immune tolerance induction in patients with haemophilia a and inhibitors
Authors: Valentino L. A. , Kempton C. L. , Kruse‐Jarres R. , Mathew P. , Meeks S. L. , Reiss U. M. ,   the International Immune Tolerance Induction Study Investigators
Published: June 2015

IntroductionThe development of anti‐factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies (inhibitors) is the most serious treatment‐related complication in patients with hemophilia A, rendering standard replacement therapy ineffective, heightening the risk for uncontrollable bleeding and morbidity, decreasing quality of life, and increasing healthcare costs.AimFormulate evidence‐based guidelines for optimizing immune tolerance induction (ITI) in patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors.MethodsResults from the International ITI study and other available evidence were used to develop guidelines for ITI.ResultsPredictors of ITI success were identified and recommendations made for ITI with regard to candidates, timing, product, regimen, monitoring, defining success, concurrent immunomodulation, duration of treatment, and bleed management before and during ITI.ConclusionEvidence‐based recommendations to guide treatment decisions may increase the likelihood of successful inhibitor eradication and the induction of FVIII tolerance in patients with hemophilia A who develop inhibitory antibodies.
Søren Kierkegaard and Karl Barth: Reflections on a Relation and a Proposal for Future Investigation
Authors: Bender Kimlyn J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractKarl Barth's relationship to Kierkegaard is one that is complex but often solely understood by means of Barth's own explicit reflections on Kierkegaard near the end of his life. This article revisits this history not only to cast light on the reasons for Barth's explicit distancing of himself from Kierkegaard's work, but also to provide evidence that Kierkegaard's influence upon Barth's thinking may have ranged further and in more subtle ways than is often acknowledged. This is particularly seen when Kierkegaard's understanding of Christology and the objectivity, rather than subjectivity, of faith is taken into account. Such an examination may provide warrant for a reappraisal of the relation between these two figures.
On Original Sin
Authors: Crisp Oliver D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article sets out a constructive account of original sin that attempts to take seriously the Christian tradition (particularly, the Reformed tradition), and that avoids the serious theological drawback of the doctrine of original guilt. I dub this account the moderate Reformed doctrine of original sin. I also argue that an adequate understanding of original sin must be open‐textured enough to accommodate some version of the story of evolutionary human development. Although I do not offer an account of how original sin is consistent with evolutionary human development, the doctrine set out here is commensurate with several live options on this controversial theological topic, which I take to be a strength, rather than a weakness, of the view.
A cluster randomized trial on improving nurses’ detection and management of elder abuse and neglect (I‐NEED): study protocol
Authors: Loh Debbie Ann , Choo Wan Yuen , Hairi Noran Naqiah , Othman Sajaratulnisah , Mohd Hairi Farizah , Mohd Mydin Fadzilah Hanum , Jaafar Siti Nur Illiani , Tan Maw Pin , Mohd Ali Zainudin , Abdul Aziz Suriyati , Ramli Rohaya , Mohamad Rosmala , Lal Mohammad Zaiton , Hassan Norlela , Brownell Patricia , Bulgiba Awang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to describe a trial protocol of an educational intervention for nurses to improve their awareness and practice in detecting and managing elder abuse and neglect.BackgroundKnowledgeable and skilful nurses are crucial amidst the growing numbers of maltreated older patients.DesignThis trial is a multi‐site, three‐armed, community‐based cluster randomized controlled trial with 6‐months follow‐up.MethodsThis study will involve 390 community and registered nurses from government health clinics in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia (protocol approved in October 2013). This three‐phased study, premised on the Precede–Proceed Model, comprises baseline focus group discussion and survey (Phase 1), development of training module (Phase 2) and implementation and evaluation of the training (Phase 3). Eligible participants will be randomized to the control group (continuous nursing education), intervention group A (face‐to‐face intensive training programme) or group B (face‐to‐face intensive training programme and an educational video). Outcome measures include improvement in knowledge and awareness on elder abuse and neglect and the number of cases identified and managed during follow‐up. Data will be collected at baseline, immediate postintervention, 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.ConclusionFindings from this study will provide empirical support for the development of a training module for nurses on the detection and management of elder abuse and neglect, towards improving healthcare delivery and the well‐being of vulnerable older adults. This study is funded by the University of Malaya Research Grant (RP001C‐13HTM), (FL002‐13SBS) and University of Malaya Grand Challenge (PEACE) Grant (GC001C‐14HTM) awarded in May 2013, July 2013 and September 2014.