bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in asymptomatic women with ultrasound‐detected ovarian masses: a prospective cohort study within the UK collaborative trial of ovarian cancer screening (UKCTOCS)
Authors: Sharma A. , Apostolidou S. , Burnell M. , Campbell S. , Habib M. , Gentry‐Maharaj A. , Amso N. , Seif M. W. , Fletcher G. , Singh N. , Benjamin E. , Brunell C. , Turner G. , Rangar R. , Godfrey K. , Oram D. , Herod J. , Williamson K. , Jenkins H. , Mould T. , Woolas R. , Murdoch J. , Dobbs S. , Leeson S. , Cruickshank D. , Fourkala E.‐O. , Ryan A. , Parmar M. , Jacobs I. , Menon U. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the risk of primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and slow growing borderline or Type I and aggressive Type II EOC in postmenopausal women with adnexal abnormalities on ultrasound.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study in the ultrasound group of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening of postmenopausal women with ultrasound‐detected abnormal adnexal (unilocular, multilocular, unilocular solid and multilocular solid, solid) morphology on their first scan. Women were followed up through the national cancer registries and by postal questionnaires. Absolute risks of EOC and borderline, Type I and Type II EOC within 3 years of initial scan were calculated.ResultsOf 48 053 women who underwent ultrasound examination and had complete scan data, 4367 (9.1% (95% CI, 8.8–9.3%)) had abnormal adnexal morphology. Median follow‐up was 7.09 (25th–75th centiles, 6.03–7.92) years. Forty‐seven (32 borderline or Type I, 15 Type II) were diagnosed with EOC. The overall absolute risk of EOC associated with abnormal adnexal morphology was 1.08% (95% CI, 0.79–1.43%); for borderline and Type I it was 0.73% (95% CI, 0.5–1.03%); and for Type II it was 0.34% (95% CI, 0.33–0.79%). In the subgroup (n = 741) with solid elements (unilocular solid, multilocular solid and solid) overall absolute risk was 4.45% (95% CI, 3.08–6.20%), for borderline and Type I it was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.9–4.6%) and for Type II it was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.6–2.4%). 11 982 women had both ovaries visualized and normal annual scans throughout the 3‐year follow‐up period. In this group, no borderline or Type I and eight Type II cancers were diagnosed.ConclusionAsymptomatic postmenopausal women with ultrasound‐detected adnexal abnormalities with solid elements have a 1 in 22 risk for EOC. Despite the higher prevalence of Type II EOC, the risk of borderline or Type I cancer in women with ultrasound abnormalities seems to be higher than does the risk of Type II cancer. This has important immediate implications for patients with incidental adnexal findings as well as for any future ultrasound‐based screening. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in cardiopulmonary function induced by nanoparticles
Authors: Mann Erin E. , Thompson Leslie C. , Shannahan Jonathan H. , Wingard Christopher J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNanoparticles (NP) are highly applicable in a variety of technological and biomedical fields because of their unique physicochemical properties. The increased development and utilization of NP has amplified human exposure and raised concerns regarding their potential to generate toxicity. The biological impacts of NP exposures have been shown to be dependent on aerodynamic size, chemical composition, and the route of exposure (oral, dermal, intravenous, and inhalation), while recent research has demonstrated the cardiovascular (CV) system as an important site of toxicity. Proposed mechanisms responsible for these effects include inflammation, oxidative stress, autonomic dysregulation, and direct interactions of NP with CV cells. Specifically, NP have been shown to impact vascular endothelial cell (EC) integrity, which may disrupt the dynamic endothelial regulation of vascular tone, possibly altering systemic vascular resistance and impairing the appropriate distribution of blood flow throughout the circulation. Cardiac consequences of NP‐induced toxicity include disruption of heart rate and electrical activity via catecholamine release, increased susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and modified baroreceptor control of cardiac function. These and other CV outcomes likely contribute to adverse health effects promoting myocardial infarction, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and thrombosis. This review will assess the current knowledge regarding the principle sites of CV toxicity following NP exposure. Furthermore, we will propose mechanisms contributing to altered CV function and hypothesize possible outcomes resulting in decrements in human health. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:691–702. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1194This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
CT and MRI lower extremity torsional profile studies: Measurement reproducibility
Authors: Muhamad Abd R. , Freitas Joana M. , Bomar James D. , Dwek Jerry , Hosalkar Harish S. 
Published: August 2012

Background Assessment of lower extremity (LE) torsional profile using computed tomography (CT) imaging is a well-recognized imaging method that supplements the clinical examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another advanced imaging modality that can be used as an alternative, since there are many growing concerns of radiation exposure with traditional CT studies, particularly in the skeletally immature population. Methods Sixty-two patients between the ages of 7 and 19 years were included. Thirty-four had CT and 28 had MRI for assessment of LE torsional profile. All patients had clinical evidence of torsional malalignment. CT and MR images were randomized and de-identified. Two observers measured femoral anteversion and tibial torsion based on previously published methodologies. This exercise was repeated 2 weeks later and the data were tabulated and statistical analysis was performed. Radiation exposure for the patients studied by CT was estimated. Results The mean age of the patients was 14.4 years (range 9.5–18.9 years) and 13.8 years (range 7.3–18.9 years) for the CT and MRI groups, respectively. Inter-observer reliability for both CT and MRI studies were excellent. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for femoral anteversion and tibial torsion studied by CT and MRI for both observers at both times were excellent. The radiation exposure for CT examination averaged 0.3–0.5 mSv, compared to none with the MRI method. Conclusions MRI provides a reproducible method for assessing the torsional profile in children and adolescents using similar anatomic landmarks for measurements as those used on CT torsional profile. In circumstances where MRI methods are readily available (and affordable), the CT torsional profile can be replaced with MRI methods, in the current era of growing concerns of radiation hazards and increasing awareness about radiation safety. Level of evidence Diagnostic Level III.
A reconfigurable component model with semantic type system for dynamic WSN applications
Authors: Thoelen Klaas , Hughes Danny , Matthys Nelson , Fang Lei , Dobson Simon , Qiang Yizhou , Bai Wei , Man Ka Lok , Guan Sheng-Uei , Preuveneers Davy , Michiels Sam , Huygens Christophe , Joosen Wouter 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Runtime reconfigurable component models provide several attractions with regard to the management of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications operating in dynamic environments and under evolving application requirements. One such attraction is the runtime discovery of suitable components for reuse in changing application compositions. Syntactic interface typing, provided by contemporary component models, however only supports exact interface matching. This causes limited reuse of components and complicates management of WSN applications. We argue that more flexibility is required to efficiently manage the complex, large-scale and dynamic WSN deployments of the future. In this paper, we describe the addition of semantic service descriptions to component interfaces to support compatibility and subtype testing. This allows rich discovery and reuse of third-party functionality and reasoning at the level of equivalent service types. We report on the incorporation of these semantic interface definitions in the Loosely Coupled Component Infrastructure (LooCI). Evaluation thereof shows that the scheme imposes minimal computational and memory overhead, while significantly reducing the complexity and cost of reconfiguration.
Advances in NORM management in Norway and the application of ICRP's 2007 Recommendations
Authors: Liland A. , Strand P. , Amundsen I. , Natvig H. , Nilsen M. , Lystad R. , Frogg K.E. 
Published: August 2012

In Norway, the largest reported quantities of radioactive discharges and radioactive waste containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) come from the oil and gas sector, and smaller quantities of other NORM waste are also produced by industrial or mining processes. The Gulen final repository for radioactive waste from the oil and gas industry from the Norwegian continental shelf was opened in 2008 and has a capacity of 6000 tonnes. As of 1 January 2011, a new regulation was enforced whereby radioactive waste and radioactive pollution was integrated in the Pollution Control Act from 1981. This means that radioactive waste and radioactive pollution are now regulated under the same legal framework as all other pollutants and hazardous wastes. The regulation establishes two sets of criteria defining radioactive waste: a lower value for when waste is considered to be radioactive waste, and a higher value, in most cases, for when this waste must be disposed of in a final waste repository. For example, waste containing ≥1 Bq/g of Ra-226 is defined as radioactive waste, while radioactive waste containing ≥10 Bq/g of Ra-226 must be disposed of in a final repository. Radioactive waste between 1 and 10 Bq/g can be handled and disposed of by waste companies who have a licence for handling hazardous waste according to the Pollution Control Act. Alternatively, they will need a separate licence for handling radioactive waste from the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The goal of the new regulation is that all radioactive waste should be handled and stored in a safe manner, and discharges should be controlled through a licensing regime in order to avoid/not pose unnecessary risk to humans or the environment. This paper will elaborate on the new regulation of radioactive waste and the principles of NORM management in Norway in view of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's 2007 Recommendations.
Atypical femoral fracture after long‐term alendronate treatment: Report of a case evidenced with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kao Chih‐Ming , Huang Peng‐Ju , Chen Chung‐Hwan , Chen Shu‐Jung , Cheng Yuh‐Min 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPostmenopausal osteoporosis is commonly treated with alendronate, one of the bisphosphonates used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures. However, the correlation between atypical femoral fractures and long‐term bisphosphonate therapy has not been clearly identified. We report here the case of a 69‐year‐old woman with postmenopausal osteoporosis who presented with an atypical femoral subtrochanteric fracture on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmation after having received alendronate therapy for about 3 years. The fracture united after refixation and after administration of alendronate was stopped. Several published reports were reviewed, and some clinical characteristics of this atraumatic fracture were revealed, including the clinical symptoms of thigh pain, stress reaction or stress fracture, and transverse fracture with unicortical beak in an area of cortical hypertrophy. In addition to a regular radiographic survey, MRI, which may provide early information, and bone biopsy for pathologic analysis may be used as tools for early detection and final diagnosis. Once an insufficiency fracture is suspected or proved to be related to bisphosphonate, the withholding of bisphosphonate should be highly recommended to enhance fracture healing. Prophylactic fixation should be considered if fracture healing is not good or if the patient cannot tolerate protection of weight‐bearing.
Pathways and consequences of unsafe abortion: A comparison among women with complications after induced and spontaneous abortions in Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Banerjee Sushanta K. , Andersen Kathryn L. , Warvadekar Janardan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study aimed to understand women's pathways of seeking care for postabortion complications in Madhya Pradesh, India. The study recruited 786 women between July and November 2007. Data were collected on service provision, abortion‐related complications, care‐seeking behavior, knowledge about abortion legality and availability, methods used, symptoms, referral source, and out‐of‐pocket costs. Women seeking care for complications from induced abortion followed more complex pathways to treatment than women with complications of spontaneous abortion. More complex pathways were associated with higher out‐of‐pocket costs. Improving community awareness on legal aspects, safe abortion methods, and trained providers are necessary to reduce morbidity associated with unsafe abortion.
Investigating social consequences of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion in Malawi: The role of stigma
Authors: Levandowski Brooke A. , Kalilani‐Phiri Linda , Kachale Fannie , Awah Paschal , Kangaude Godfrey , Mhango Chisale 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMalawian women in all sectors of society are suffering from social implications of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. Unwanted pregnancies occur among women who have limited access to family planning and safe abortion. A legally restrictive setting for safe abortion services leads many women to unsafe abortion, which has consequences for them and their families. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 485 Malawian stakeholders belonging to different political and social structures. Interviewees identified the impact of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion to be the greatest on young women. Premarital and extramarital pregnancies were highly stigmatized; stigma directly related to abortion was also found. Community‐level discussions need to focus on reduction of stigma.
Seismic wavespeed images across the Iapetus and Tornquist suture zones
Authors: Zhu Hejun , Bozdağ Ebru , Peter Daniel , Tromp Jeroen 
Published: August 2012

Closures of the Iapetus Ocean and the Tornquist Sea lead to the collision of the paleocontinents of Laurentia, Baltica and Eastern Avalonia during the Caledonian orogeny. It has been speculated that relicts of these two closures may be preserved within the crust or upper mantle. Over the past decades, numerous wide‐angle seismic profiles were gathered in northwestern Europe to search for related subsurface features. Although active source studies revealed detailed crustal structures across the Iapetus and Tornquist suture zones, there are relatively few clear three‐dimensional upper mantle images beneath this region. We use a new European crust and upper mantle model, EU30, determined based on continental scale, nonlinear adjoint tomography, to explore upper mantle structures across these two suture zones. Model EU30 reveals two fast anomalies within the upper mantle: one dips in a northwesterly direction down to approximately 400 km beneath the North Sea, and the other dips in a southwesterly direction down to nearly 250 km across the Tornquist Suture Zone. In addition, we observe a “gap” between the lithospheres of Laurentia and Eastern Avalonia across the Iapetus Suture Zone beneath the central British Isles. These seismic images suggest that heterogeneity related to the closures of the Iapetus Ocean and the Tornquist Sea have been preserved within the upper mantle over hundreds of millions of years.
Global S4 index variations observed using FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC GPS RO technique during a solar minimum year
Authors: Brahmanandam P. S. , Uma G. , Liu J. Y. , Chu Y. H. , Latha Devi N. S. M. P. , Kakinami Y. 
Published: August 2012

In this paper, presented for the first time the three‐dimensional global morphology and seasonal variations of scintillation index (S4 index) measured from the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) intensity fluctuations of L1 channel of GPS radio occultation (RO) signals using FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (in short, F3/C) satellites for a low solar activity year 2008. The S4 index, which confined around ±30° magnetic latitudes, is found to start around post‐sunset hours (1900 MLT, magnetic local time) and often persists till post‐midnight hours (0300 MLT) between 150 and 350 km altitudes during equinox and northern winter seasons while no activity is observed during southern winter season. However, high latitudes are characterized with no scintillation activity beyond 150 km during any season, which implying that in the solar minimum period the drives of instabilities in the auroral, cusp and polar cap regions, namely the gradient drift and velocity shear, are absent. The S4 index at F region altitudes during magnetically quiet times is more intense and extends to higher latitudes than that observed during disturbed time consistent with earlier studies. The equatorial S4 index appears below the peak of F2 layer (hmF2) during most of the seasons although the associated intensities and the time of maximum occurrences are relatively higher and earlier during vernal equinox followed by autumn equinox. This equinoctial asymmetry could be primarily attributed to the asymmetries in eastward drift velocities, thermospheric meridional winds and plasma densities. Further, the global maps of S4 index at E region altitudes (between 75 and 125 km) show strong seasonal variations with highest activity during northern and southern summer solstice in the middle latitudes while it appears on both sides of magnetic equator with less or no activity at and around the equator during equinox seasons. The absence of S4 index along the equator can be understood in terms of the vanishing vertical component of the magnetic field lines that can inhibit the vertical movement and layered deposition of ionized particles of thin irregular electron density layers such as Es‐layers. Keeping in view the importance of these valuable database, we would like to emphasize that the F3/C GPS RO technique can be used to study the ionospheric irregularities at GHz frequency globally directly from the high‐rate L1 data, which reiterating its importance as a powerful tool to explore the terrestrial ionosphere on a global scale.
Constraints from rocks in the Taiwan orogen on crustal stress levels and rheology
Authors: Kidder Steven , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Chan Yu‐Chang 
Published: August 2012

Taiwan's Hsüehshan range experienced penetrative coaxial deformation within and near the brittle‐plastic transition between ∼6.5 and 3 Ma. This recent and short‐lasting deformation in an active, well‐studied orogen makes it an ideal natural laboratory for studying crustal rheology. Recrystallized grain size piezometry in quartz and Ti‐in‐quartz thermobarometry yield peak differential stresses of ∼200 MPa at 250–300°C that taper off to ∼80 MPa at ∼350°C and ∼14 MPa at ∼400–500°C. Stress results do not vary with lithology: recrystallized quartz veins in slates and metasiltstones yield equivalent stresses as recrystallized grains in quartzites. A minimum strain rate of 2.9 × 10−15 s−1 associated with this deformation is calculated by dividing a strain measurement (axial strain ∼0.3) in a strongly deformed quartzite by the available 3.5 m.y. deformation interval. We estimate a maximum strain rate of 7.0 × 10−14 s−1by distributing the geodetic convergence rate throughout a region homogeneously deformed under horizontal compression. These stress, strain rate and temperature estimates are consistent with the predictions of widely applied dislocation creep flow laws for quartzite. The samples record stress levels at the brittle‐plastic transition, indicating a coefficient of friction (μ) of 0.37 in the upper crust consistent with results based on critical taper. Integrated crustal strength of the Hsüehshan range amounts to 1.7 × 1012 N/m based on our analysis, consistent with potential energy constraints based on topography. Other strength profiles are considered, however high crustal stresses (>300 MPa) conflict with our analysis. The study supports the use of the recrystallized grain size piezometer in quartz as a quick and inexpensive method for resolving stress histories in greenschist facies rocks. For consistency with the independent constraints presented here, we find it accurate to within +20%/−40%, significantly better than previously recognized.
Spin-orbit density wave induced hidden topological order in URu2Si2
Authors: Das Tanmoy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe conventional order parameters in quantum matters are often characterized by ‘spontaneous’ broken symmetries. However, sometimes the broken symmetries may blend with the invariant symmetries to lead to mysterious emergent phases. The heavy fermion metal URu2Si2 is one such example, where the order parameter responsible for a second-order phase transition at Th = 17.5 K has remained a long-standing mystery. Here we propose via ab-initio calculation and effective model that a novel spin-orbit density wave in the f-states is responsible for the hidden-order phase in URu2Si2. The staggered spin-orbit order spontaneously breaks rotational and translational symmetries while time-reversal symmetry remains intact. Thus it is immune to pressure, but can be destroyed by magnetic field even at T = 0 K, that means at a quantum critical point. We compute topological index of the order parameter to show that the hidden order is topologically invariant. Finally, some verifiable predictions are presented.
Scar/WAVE3 contributes to motility and plasticity of lamellipodial dynamics but not invasion in three dimensions
Authors: Spence Heather J. , Timpson Paul , Tang Hao Ran , Insall Robert H. , Machesky Laura M. 
Published: August 2012

The Scar (suppressor of cAMP receptor)/WAVE [WASP (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein) verprolin homologous] complex plays a major role in the motility of cells by activating the Arp2/3 complex, which initiates actin branching and drives protrusions. Mammals have three Scar/WAVE isoforms, which show some tissue-specific expression, but their functions have not been differentiated. In the present study we show that depletion of Scar/WAVE3 in the mammalian breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 results in larger and less dynamic lamellipodia. Scar/WAVE3-depleted cells move more slowly but more persistently on a two-dimensional matrix and they typically only show one lamellipod. However, Scar/WAVE3 appears to have no role in driving invasiveness in a three-dimensional Matrigel™ invasion assay or a three-dimensional collagen invasion assay, suggesting that lamellipodial persistence as seen in two-dimensions is not crucial in three-dimensional environments.