bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of safety and ventilation aspects of emergency stations in very long railway tunnels / Sicherheits‐ und lüftungstechnische Gegenüberstellung von Nothaltestellen sehr langer Eisenbahntunnel
Authors: Rudin Christoph , Eckmann Bruno 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn very long rail tunnels (> 20 km), emergency stations (NHS) are provided for trains to stop in case of an incident. Emergency stations are constructionally detailed and equipped so that the passengers can be evacuated quickly and safely in case of an incident such as a fire in a train. Such emergency stations are provided in the existing Lötschberg Base Tunnel (CH, opened 2007) and similar tunnels that are currently under construction, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (CH), Brenner Base Tunnel (A), new Semmering Base Tunnel (A) and Koralm Tunnel (A). The present article compares and explains in detail the ventilation and safety aspects of emergency stations and the construction detailing, ventilation and safety equipment, which have to be considered in the design of an emergency station.In sehr langen Eisenbahntunneln (> 20 km) werden sogenannte Nothaltestellen (NHS) für den störungsbedingten Halt eines Zugs vorgesehen. Die NHS sind baulich und technisch so ausgestattet, dass im Störungsfall, z.B. bei Zugbrand, eine rasche und sichere Evakuation von Fahrgästen ermöglicht wird. Im bestehenden Lötschberg Basistunnel (CH, Inbetriebnahme 2007) sowie den sich im Bau befindlichen Gotthard Basistunnel (CH), Brenner Basistunnel (A), Semmering Basistunnel neu (A) und Koralmtunnel (A) sind solche NHS vorgesehen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag erfolgt eine Gegenüberstellung der baulichen und lüftungs‐ bzw. sicherheitstechnischen Ausgestaltung der NHS. Die projektspezifischen Randbedingungen und Vorgaben, die bei der Planung der NHS berücksichtigt werden mussten, werden im Detail erläutert.
Current challenges for scaling of tunnel drainage systems – Modelling approaches, monitoring tools and prevention strategies / Aktuelle Herausforderungen bei der Versinterung von Tunneldränagen – Modellierungsansätze, Monitoringwerkzeuge und Präventionsstrategien
Authors: Dietzel Martin , Purgstaller Bettina , Leis Albrecht , Reichl Peter , Stadler Hermann , Niedermayr Andrea , Rinder Thomas , Wagner Hanns 
Published: December 2013

AbstractScaling of tunnel drainage systems comprises complex reaction mechanisms, which are essentially caused by the interaction of water with cement‐based materials and the atmosphere. The resulting precipitation of CaCO3 in the drainage is an economically highly challenging task for tunnel operators with respect to maintenance and cleaning action. Hydrochemical modelling is used to decipher reaction mechanisms and thus to provide quantifications, which are required to develop monitoring tools, like in‐situ alert systems, and prevention strategies, like application of low‐eluting shotcrete and inhibitors.Die Versinterung von Tunneldrainagen umfasst komplexe Reaktionsvorgänge, die sich im Wesentlichen auf die Wechselwirkung von Wässern mit zementgebundenen Materialien und der Atmosphäre beziehen. Die hieraus resultierende Abscheidung von CaCO3 in den Dränagen stellt aufgrund von Instandhaltungs‐ und Reinigungsarbeiten eine große ökonomische Herausforderung für den Tunnelbetreiber dar. Hydrochemische Modellierungen ermöglichen es, Reaktionsabläufe zu erkennen und Bilanzierungen durchzuführen, welche die Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von Monitoring‐Werkzeugen, wie In‐situ‐Sinter‐Wächtern, und von Präventionsstrategien, wie die Anwendung von eluatarmen Spritzbetonsorten und geeigneten Inhibitoren, darstellen.
The Baltic‐Adriatic corridor and the measures of the ÖBB to upgrade the Südbahn line / Die baltisch‐adriatische Achse und die Maßnahmen der ÖBB im Rahmen der neuen Südbahn
Authors: Gschnitzer Heinz 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Baltic‐Adriatic Corridor, one of the most important north‐south routes in Europe and the easternmost crossing of the Alps, connects the Baltic with the Adriatic. 455 km of the Baltic‐Adriatic Corridor runs through Austria. Currently it only meets the requirements of an efficient international long distance transport connection in a few stretches. This is due above all to topography: in Austria, the corridor crosses the Alps. In addition, large sections of the line date from the era of the Austro‐Hungarian Empire and only a few sections have been updated since then. Three bottlenecks on Austrian territory in particular massively limit the efficiency of the corridor: the Vienna hub, the crossing of the Semmering and the Neumarkter Sattel, a mountain pass where the railway line bypasses the Graz region in a big loop. To eliminate these bottlenecks in the corridor, Austria is currently pushing ahead with three key projects as well as a number of other construction plans: the Vienna Central Railway Station as a through station, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Koralmbahn line. But further projects on the Baltic‐Adriatic Corridor are also of great importance for Austria: the Terminal Inzersdorf, the upgrading of the Pottendorfer line, the repair of the line from Mürzzuschlag to Bruck/Mur and the improvement from Bruck/Mur to Graz.Als eine der wichtigsten Nord‐Süd‐Transversalen Europas und östlichster Alpenübergang verbindet der baltisch‐adriatische Korridor die Ostsee mit der Adria. Davon verlaufen 455 km des baltisch‐adriatischen Korridors in Österreich. Sein heutiger Ausbauzustand entspricht nur abschnittsweise den Anforderungen an eine leistungsfähige internationale Fernverkehrsverbindung. Dies ist vor allem auf die topografische Gegebenheit zurückzuführen: Der Korridor durchquert in Österreich die Alpen. Darüber hinaus stammen große Teile der Trassenführung aus der Zeit der österreichisch‐ungarischen Monarchie und wurden seither nur abschnittsweise auf den neuesten Stand gebracht. Insbesondere schränken drei Engpässe auf österreichischem Staatsgebiet die Leistungsfähigkeit des Korridors massiv ein: der Knoten Wien, die Semmering‐Querung und der Neumarkter Sattel, über den die Strecke überdies den Raum Graz großräumig umfährt. Um diese Engpässe im Korridor zu beheben, forciert Österreich aktuell drei Schlüsselprojekte: den Hauptbahnhof Wien, den Semmering‐Basistunnel und die Koralmbahn. Aber auch weitere Projekte sind im Verlauf der baltisch‐adriatischen Achse von wesentlicher Bedeutung für Österreich: der Terminal Inzersdorf, der Ausbau der Pottendorfer Linie, die Bestandssanierung Mürzzuschlag–Bruck/Mur und die Linienverbesserung Bruck/Mur–Graz.
Studying Effect of Typical Nonplanar Cyclic Alcohols (n = 5‐7) on Micellization of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) in Aqueous Solution and Locating Their Solubilization Site in SDS Micelles
Authors: Wang Tianlin , Zhang Qian , Luo Liqiang , Yang Mengqi , Chen Xu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCyclic alcohols (n = 5‐7) are compounds of distinctive nonplanar structure. Effect of the alcohols on micellization of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solution are examined by determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) by conductometry and the micelle aggregation numbers (Nagg) by fluorometry, respectively. In general, the CMC of SDS decreases with increase in volume of a cyclic alcohol in water and increases further after attaining a minimum value. The Nagg of SDS varies little with small addition of a cyclic alcohol, but decreases when added in sufficient volume. Both the changes of the CMC and Nagg with carbon number in the ring of the alcohols occur irregularly due to their steric reasons and nonplanar nature. The irregularity makes a difference between the cyclic alcohols and their chain counterparts. Based on 1H NMR chemical shift measurements, the cyclic alcohols are found to be solubilized in the palisade layer in SDS micelles.
Fully automatic lesion segmentation in breast MRI using mean‐shift and graph‐cuts on a region adjacency graph
Authors: McClymont Darryl , Mehnert Andrew , Trakic Adnan , Kennedy Dominic , Crozier Stuart 
Published: December 2013

PurposeTo present and evaluate a fully automatic method for segmentation (i.e., detection and delineation) of suspicious tissue in breast MRI.Materials and MethodsThe method, based on mean‐shift clustering and graph‐cuts on a region adjacency graph, was developed and its parameters tuned using multimodal (T1, T2, DCE‐MRI) clinical breast MRI data from 35 subjects (training data). It was then tested using two data sets. Test set 1 comprises data for 85 subjects (93 lesions) acquired using the same protocol and scanner system used to acquire the training data. Test set 2 comprises data for eight subjects (nine lesions) acquired using a similar protocol but a different vendor's scanner system. Each lesion was manually delineated in three‐dimensions by an experienced breast radiographer to establish segmentation ground truth. The regions of interest identified by the method were compared with the ground truth and the detection and delineation accuracies quantitatively evaluated.ResultsOne hundred percent of the lesions were detected with a mean of 4.5 ± 1.2 false positives per subject. This false‐positive rate is nearly 50% better than previously reported for a fully automatic breast lesion detection system. The median Dice coefficient for Test set 1 was 0.76 (interquartile range, 0.17), and 0.75 (interquartile range, 0.16) for Test set 2.ConclusionThe results demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of the proposed method as well as its potential for direct application across different MRI systems. It is (to the authors' knowledge) the first fully automatic method for breast lesion detection and delineation in breast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:795–804. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced root water uptake after drying and rewetting
Authors: Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Carminati Andrea 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe ability of plants to extract water from soil is controlled by the water‐potential gradient between root and soil, by the hydraulic conductivity of roots, and, as the soil dries, by that of the soil near the roots (rhizosphere). Recent experiments showed that the rhizosphere turned hydrophobic after drying and it remained temporarily dry after rewetting. Our objective was to investigate whether rhizosphere hydrophobicity is associated with a reduction in root water uptake after drying and rewetting. We used neutron radiography to trace the transport of deuterated water (D2O) in the roots of lupines growing in a sandy soil. The plants were grown in aluminum containers (28 × 28 × 1 cm3) filled with a sandy soil. The soil was initially partitioned into different compartments using a 1‐cm layer of coarse sand (three vertical × three horizontal compartments). We grew plants in relatively moist conditions (0.1 < θ < 0.2). Three weeks after planting, we let the upper left compartment of soil to dry for 2–3 d while we irrigated the rest of the soil. Then, we injected D2O in this compartment and in the upper right compartment that was kept wet. We monitored D2O transport in soil and roots with time‐series neutron radiography. From the changes of D2O concentration inside roots, we estimated the root water uptake. We found that root water uptake in the soil region that was let dry and rewetted was 4–8 times smaller than that in the region that was kept moist. The reduced uptake persisted for > 1–0.5 h. We conclude that a reduction in hydraulic conductivity occurred during drying and persisted after rewetting. This reduction in conductivity could have occurred in roots, in the rhizosphere, or more likely in both of them.
Role of surgical resection in complete responders on FDG‐PET after chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jeong Yuri , Kim Jong Hoon , Kim Sung‐Bae , Yoon Dok Hyun , Park Seung Il , Kim Yong Hee , Kim Hyeong Ryul , Jung Hwoon Yong , Lee Gin Hyug , Ryu Jin‐Sook 
Published: December 2013

Background and ObjectivesTo determine the role of surgery in complete responders on FDG‐PET after CRT and the prognostic significance of metabolic response in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 154 patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer with increased uptake on FDG‐PET. Eighty‐one patients received definitive CRT and 73 received trimodality therapy. We defined metabolic complete remission (PET‐CR) when FDG uptake of the primary tumor and lymph nodes were decreased and was indistinguishable from surrounding normal tissue. Oncologic outcomes were compared between trimodality group, definitive CRT group, and PET‐CR subgroup of definitive CRT.ResultsThirty‐one (38.3%) of the definitive CRT patients and 39 (53.4%) of the trimodality therapy patients achieved PET‐CR after CRT. The 2‐year OS of the trimodality group was higher than that of the definitive CRT group, but equivalent to that of the PET‐CR subgroup of definitive CRT. The 2‐year LRFS and DFS of the trimodality group were higher than that of the PET‐CR subgroup or the entire of definitive CRT group.ConclusionThe addition of surgery showed higher DFS and LRFS rates than those of the PET‐CR subgroup of definitive CRT. Despite achieving PET‐CR, surgery still seems to improve local tumor control. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:472–477. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The language of diabetes
Authors: Hughes Eugene 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe worldwide epidemic of diabetes shows no sign of abating. It is an international condition, with China set to become the diabetes capital of the world within the next decade. However, even within the UK, all the agencies involved with people with diabetes struggle to speak the same language. Health care professionals from all disciplines fail to communicate effectively with their target audience. The language used in the consultation can have a lasting impact on the direction of care. And at an organisational level, communication between professionals in primary care and secondary care is often poor and even divisive. Above all, the policies shaped by successive governments are couched in a language which suggests commitment and coherence, but which ultimately suffers from the confusion of Babel.This presentation highlights the translational difficulties that exist between the different diabetes tribes, and urges a dialogue that transcends personal, professional and political barriers to effective and therapeutic communication, which will improve the lives and the care of people living with diabetes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.This paper was presented as the 2013 Mary MacKinnon lecture at the 2013 Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference held in Manchester
Carbohydrate counting and insulin dose adjustment group sessions for type 1 diabetes: a pilot of their effectiveness at a primary care diabetes centre
Authors: Taplin Julie , Allen Nicola 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIt is recommended that a structured group education programme such as DAFNE (Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating) is offered to all adults with type 1 diabetes. Such programmes teach the skills of carbohydrate counting and insulin dose adjustment with the aim of improving glycaemic control (HbA1c) without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia.South West Essex Community Services adult diabetes service was finding that individuals were not accessing the DAFNE programme for various reasons. A diabetes specialist dietitian and nurse decided to pilot the delivery of two 3‐hour group sessions to teach some of the basic carbohydrate counting and insulin dose adjustment skills.Changes in HbA1c pre‐ and post‐intervention were reported for 68 subjects. The four different intervention arms compared were: those who attended just the carbohydrate counting session (n=14), those who attended both sessions (n=24), those who had attended one or both sessions and then went on to attend DAFNE (n=10), and those who had received no carbohydrate counting education (n=20).Those who had attended one or both of the 3‐hour sessions had a mean and absolute reduction in HbA1c compared with the group that had not received any education, although this was not statistically significant. The group that had attended one or both of the 3‐hour sessions and DAFNE did achieve a statistically significant reduction in HbA1c compared with the group that had not received any education.Despite several identified limitations to the pilot, it was felt that the delivery of the two 3‐hour carbohydrate counting and insulin dose adjustment sessions demonstrated some clinically (if not statistically) significant improvement in HbA1c. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Innovative mobile technology alcohol education for young people with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Pulman Andy , Hill Jai , Taylor Jacqui , Galvin Kathleen , Masding Mike G 
Published: December 2013

AbstractViews of young people with type 1 diabetes are vital in developing quality services and improving health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), yet research on their lifestyle and use of web and mobile technology to support their condition and in non‐health related areas is sparse. The aim of this research was to develop an insight into young people's current use of web and mobile technology and its potential impact on HRQoL by constructing an in‐depth picture of their day‐to‐day experiences, exploring how they made use of technology in their lives and in relation to their condition and treatment – then, building something to help them. Data were collected by semi‐structured, in‐depth qualitative interviews (n=9) of young people with type 1 diabetes and aged 18–21 years. Interviews were transcribed and loaded onto NVivo for theme identification. Data analysis was also undertaken during initial interviews (n=4) to locate potential ideas for technical development. Latter interviews (n=5) assisted in the iterative sociotechnical design process. Three suggestions for improvement were taken forward for prototyping with one – an alcohol education guide – being developed into a clinically approved app.This article documents the procedures and sociotechnical design principles involved in the creation of a patient‐centric app. It provides an innovative example of how education with the aim of improving HRQoL can be designed in a way which meets the needs of a particular group and values and encourages their input to assist in the creative process, while at the same time conforming to clinical guidelines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Synthesis of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐Hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane Using Melaminium‐tris(hydrogensulfate) by a Simple One‐Pot Nitration Procedure
Authors: Bayat Yadollah , Zolfigol Mohammad A. , Khazaei Ardeshir , Mokhlesi Mohamad , Daraei Masoume , Heydari Nezhad Tehrani Amin , Chehardoli Golamabbas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) in the presence of melaminium‐tris(hydrogen sulfate) as a solid acid is described.
Theoretical Prediction of Pressure and Temperature of an Aluminized High Explosive in Underwater Explosion
Authors: Rao Vedula Dharma , Kumar Adapaka Srinivas , Rao Kadiyam Venkateswara , Prasad Veerapaneni S. R. Krishna , Rao Vepakomma Bhujanga 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe blast wave propagation in underwater explosion was studied. The shock propagation in water medium was different from that in air. The blast effect in water lasted longer and offered resistance to the expansion of hot gases and release of energy. A theoretical analysis of the expansion of blast wave in water was carried out and numerical results for pressures and temperatures were obtained as functions of distance and time by analytically solving the governing equations. The initial peak pressures of blast waves, which were required for theoretical analysis were calculated using the blast wave theory. Underwater blasts with different weights (0.045, 0.5, and 1.0 kg) of the aluminized high explosive HBX‐3 were conducted to record pressure as a function of distance and time from the blast point. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data and empirical data for HBX‐3 from literature. Since the measurement of pressure and temperature at close proximity of point of detonation is difficult, theoretical modeling of underwater blast is of significant importance.
JP‐900 Hydroperoxidation and Decomposition
Authors: Türker Lemi , Variş Serhat 
Published: December 2013

AbstractJP‐900 (C10H18) is a bicyclic, high‐energy‐density fuel being employed in aircrafts. In recent years, inspection of fuels refined by different processes has showed that noticeably higher peroxide concentrations exist in fuels, which have been severely hydrotreated. Hydroperoxide concentration was considered to be a parameter in fuel instability. Presently, Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the mechanisms of oxidation of JP‐900 through hydroperoxidation. The total electronic energies of JP‐900, and certain radicals and hydroperoxides originated from JP‐900 were calculated. Their thermodynamic stabilities were discussed. The most feasible “carbon center” of JP‐900 that would be oxidized through hydroperoxidation was assigned. It has been found that the hydroperoxides may decompose to different products having greater stability (possessing more negative total electronic energies). A variety of mechanisms including carboxylic acid (ester)‐alkane, alcohol‐aldehyde and ketone‐alcohol decomposition mechanism were questioned. The probable decomposition products were determined and confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.
Fibre‐reinforced concrete in fib Model Code 2010: principles, models and test validation
Authors: di Prisco Marco , Colombo Matteo , Dozio Daniele 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, fibre‐reinforced concrete (FRC) is recognized as a new material for structures. This introduction will favour forthcoming structural applications because the need of adopting new design concepts and the lack of international building codes have significantly limited its use up to now. In the code, considerable effort has been devoted to introducing a material classification to standardize performance‐based production and stimulate an open market for every kind of fibre, favouring the rise of a new technological player: the composite producer.Starting from standard classification, the simple constitutive models introduced allow the designer to identify effective constitutive laws for design, trying to take into account the major contribution in terms of performance and providing good orientation for structural uses. Basic new concepts such as structural characteristic length and new factors related to fibre distribution and structural redistribution benefits are taken into account. A few examples of structural design starting from the constitutive laws identified are briefly shown.FRC can be regarded as a special concrete characterized by a certain toughness after cracking. For this reason, the most important constitutive law introduced is the stress‐crack opening response in uniaxial tension. A wide discussion of the constitutive models introduced to describe this behaviour, which controls all the main contributions of fibres for a prevailing mode I crack propagation, is proposed. The validity of the models is discussed with reference to ordinary cross‐sections as well as thin‐walled elements by adopting plane section or finite element models.