bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne dispel blue ocean myths
Authors: Randall Robert M. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, professors of strategy at INSEAD and co-directors of the INSEAD Blue Ocean Strategy Institute, introduced and defined the theory and practice of blue ocean strategy – a unique methodology for creating commercially relevant new market space – in 2005. Despite the widespread interest in the concept, many managers still aren’t clear how blue ocean strategy differs from disruption theory, niche marketing, customer-focused innovation and other pioneering practices.

Design/methodology/approach
– To better understand how to use blue ocean strategy methodologies and tools, the interviewer asked the researchers to explain some of the underpinning concepts.

Findings
– Blue ocean strategy is about being first to get the customer offering right by linking innovation to value.

Practical implications
– A blue ocean strategist gains insights about reconstructing market boundaries not by looking at existing customers, but by exploring noncustomers.

Originality/value
– Managers will learn how to use blue ocean strategy to break the value-cost trade off, thereby opening up new market space.
The “need to know” and the lack of online transparency among political parties
Authors: Cuadrado-Ballesteros Beatriz , Vaquero-Cacho Luis Andrés 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyse the level of informative transparency among Spanish political parties and political foundations, according to general and descriptive information (e.g. contact, ideas and values, electoral programmes, members, etc.) and economic, governance and financial information.

Design/methodology/approach
– The situation of the parties in each year is represented by a biplot, which is a graphical representation of a multivariate sample. The data for this analysis were obtained from the reports published by Fundación Compromiso y Transparencia (Foundation for Integrity and Transparency) for 2011 and 2012.

Findings
– This paper evidences the existence of serious problems of opacity, especially in relation to financial information (balance sheet, income statement, annual accounts and audit report) and information on the fulfilment of goals and programmes (management report and compliance report).

Originality/value
– This is the first attempt to analyse statistically the level of transparency of political parties and foundations, showing the need for a robust control system and for mechanisms to penalise conduct that limits citizens’ access to public information.
Plant resistance reduces the strength of consumptive and non‐consumptive effects of predators on aphids
Authors: Kersch‐Becker Mônica F. , Thaler Jennifer S. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

The impact of predators on prey has traditionally been attributed to the act of consumption. Prey responses to the presence of the predator (non‐consumptive effects), however, can be as important as predation itself. While plant defences are known to influence predator–prey interactions, their relative effects on consumptive vs. non‐consumptive effects are not well understood.

We evaluated the consequences of plant resistance and predators (Hippodamia convergens) on the mass, number of nymphs, population growth, density and dispersal of aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). We tested for the effects of plant resistance on non‐consumptive and consumptive effects of predators on aphid performance and dispersal using a combination of path analysis and experimental manipulation of predation risk.

We manipulated plant resistance using genetically modified lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that vary incrementally in the expression of the jasmonate pathway, which mediates induced resistance to insects and manipulated aphid exposure to lethal and risk predators. Predation risk predators had mandibles impaired to prevent killing.

Plant resistance reduced predation rate (consumptive effect) on high resistance plants. As a consequence, predators had no impact on the number of nymphs, aphid density or population growth on high resistance plants, whereas on low resistance plants, predators reduced aphid density by 35% and population growth by 86%. Path analysis and direct manipulation of predation risk showed that predation risk rather than predation rate promoted aphid dispersal and varied with host plant resistance. Aphid dispersal in response to predation risk was greater on low compared to high resistance plants. The predation risk experiment also showed that the number of aphid nymphs increased in the presence of risk predators but did not translate into increased population growth.

In conclusion, the consumptive and non‐consumptive components of predators affect different aspects of prey demography, acting together to shape prey population dynamics. While predation risk accounts for most of the total effect of the predator on aphid dispersal and number of nymphs, the suppressive effect of predators on aphid population occurred largely through consumption. These effects are strongly influenced by plant resistance levels, suggesting that they are context dependent.
A post‐genomic surprise. The molecular reinscription of race in science, law and medicine
Authors: Duster Troy 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe completion of the first draft of the Human Genome Map in 2000 was widely heralded as the promise and future of genetics‐based medicines and therapies – so much so that pundits began referring to the new century as ‘The Century of Genetics’. Moreover, definitive assertions about the overwhelming similarities of all humans' DNA (99.9 per cent) by the leaders of the Human Genome Project were trumpeted as the end of racial thinking about racial taxonomies of human genetic differences. But the first decade of the new century brought unwelcomed surprises. First, gene therapies turned out to be far more complicated than any had anticipated – and instead the pharmaceutical industry turned to a focus on drugs that might be ‘related’ to population differences based upon genetic markers. While the language of ‘personalized medicine’ dominated this frame, research on racially and ethnically designated populations differential responsiveness to drugs dominated the empirical work in the field. Ancestry testing and ‘admixture research’ would play an important role in a new kind of molecular reification of racial categories. Moreover, the capacity of the super‐computer to map differences reverberated into personal identification that would affect both the criminal justice system and forensic science, and generate new levels of concern about personal privacy. Social scientists in general, and sociologists in particular, have been caught short by these developments – relying mainly on assertions that racial categories are socially constructed, regionally and historically contingent, and politically arbitrary. While these assertions are true, the imprimatur of scientific legitimacy has shifted the burden, since now ‘admixture research’ can claim that its results get at the ‘reality’ of human differentiation, not the admittedly flawed social constructions of racial categories. Yet what was missing from this framing of the problem: ‘admixture research’ is itself based upon socially constructed categories of race.
Taxes and Financial Constraints: Evidence from Linguistic Cues
Authors: LAW KELVIN K. F. , MILLS LILLIAN F. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTUsing a new measure of financial constraints based on firms’ qualitative disclosures, we find that financially constrained firms—firms that use more negative words in their annual reports—pursue more aggressive tax planning strategies as evidenced by: (1) higher current and future unrecognized tax benefits, (2) lower short‐ and long‐run current and future effective tax rates, (3) increase in tax haven usage for their material operations, and (4) higher proposed audit adjustments from the Internal Revenue Service. We exploit the unexpected closures of local banks as exogenous liquidity shocks to show that firms’ external financial constraints affect their tax avoidance strategies. Overall, the linguistic cues in firms’ qualitative disclosures provide incremental information beyond traditional accounting variables or commonly used effective tax rates to reveal and predict tax aggressiveness, both contemporaneously and in the future.
Population divergence of aggregation pheromone responses in Ips subelongatus in northeastern China
Authors: Chen Da‐Feng , Li Ye‐Jing , Zhang Qing‐He , Zhang Su‐Fang , Wang Hong‐Bin , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Li‐Lin , Kong Xiang‐Bo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Asian larch bark beetle, Ips subelongatus, is considered to be the major pest of larch within its natural range. We investigated the electrophysiological and behavioral characteristics as well as mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences of I. subelongatus from 13 geographic populations throughout northeastern China in order to explore population divergence of aggregation pheromone responses and the extent of potential genetic divergence. Electrophysiological analyses showed that antennae of I. subelongatus from all the six tested populations responded strongly to (S)‐(−)‐ipsenol (100% detection; 0.35–0.73 mV) in gas chromatography (GC)–electroantennographic detection (EAD) analyses, while its antipode, (R)‐(+)‐ipsenol was antennally inactive. I. subelongatus populations varied in their responses to (R)‐(−)‐ and (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol in GC‐EAD analyses. Behavioral bioassays demonstrated that (S)‐(−)‐ipsenol alone was significantly attractive at all the tested sites, supporting its status as a key pheromone component of I. subelongatus, whereas (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol was inactive alone. Adding (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol to (S)‐(−)‐ipsenol did not have any effect on the trap catches from some populations in Inner Mongolia. However, (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol showed a strong synergistic effect on (S)‐(−)‐ipsenol from several populations in Jilin and Liaoning Provinces, and a weak synergistic effect from some transition populations in Heilongjiang Province. Furthermore, 27 mitochondrial haplotypes were found among the 13 populations (intraspecific nucleotide divergence, 0.1%–1.1%). Analyses of molecular variance and haplotype networks indicated that different geographic populations have developed some genetic variation but did not form completely independent groups. From an applied point of view, a universal synthetic binary blend of racemic ipsenol and (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol might have a potential for monitoring or even mass‐trapping of I. subelongatus across northeastern China, even though some populations only use (S)‐(−)‐ipsenol alone as their active pheromone component.
Adaptation of the Sexual Adjustment and Body Image Scale in Turkish Breast Cancer Women
Authors: Erol Ursavaş Figen , Karayurt Özgül 
Published: March 2015

PurposeTo investigate the validity and reliability of the Sexual Adjustment and Body Image Scale in Turkish breast cancer women.MethodsThis is a methodological and cross‐sectional study, and included 161 breast cancer women.ResultsThe factor loadings in the exploratory factor analysis ranged from 0.83 to 0.90 for the sexual adjustment scales and ranged from 0.52 to 0.86 for the body image scale. The Cronbach's alpha values were 0.86, 0.83, and 0.89 for the subscales of sexual adjustment and 0.77 and 0.81 for the subscales of body image.ConclusionThe scale is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate sexual adjustment and body image in Turkish breast cancer women.
Part‐night lighting: implications for bat conservation
Authors: Day J. , Baker J. , Schofield H. , Mathews F. , Gaston K. J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractArtificial nighttime lighting has many effects on biodiversity. A proposed environmental management option, primarily to save energy, is to alter the duration of night lighting. Using the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum as an example of a photophobic species, we explored roadside behaviour patterns throughout the night to assess the potential impact of part‐night lighting. We found a large primary peak in activity 1 h after sunset, followed by a smaller secondary peak before sunrise. Simulated part‐night lighting scenarios reveal that to capture a large proportion of bat activity, streetlights should be switched off before midnight. Current proposed uses of part‐night lighting are unlikely to capture natural peaks in activity for nocturnal species.
Variational Inference for Heteroscedastic Semiparametric Regression
Authors: Menictas Marianne , Wand Matt P. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryWe develop fast mean field variational methodology for Bayesian heteroscedastic semiparametric regression, in which both the mean and variance are smooth, but otherwise arbitrary, functions of the predictors. Our resulting algorithms are purely algebraic, devoid of numerical integration and Monte Carlo sampling. The locality property of mean field variational Bayes implies that the methodology also applies to larger models possessing variance function components. Simulation studies indicate good to excellent accuracy, and considerable time savings compared with Markov chain Monte Carlo. We also provide some illustrations from applications.
Multisite Near Infrared Spectroscopy During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Ricci Zaccaria , Haiberger Roberta , Tofani Lorenzo , Romagnoli Stefano , Favia Isabella , Cogo Paola 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMultisite near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has not been extensively validated. Although it might be rational to explore regional tissue saturation at different body sites (namely brain, kidney, upper body, lower body), conflicting results are currently provided by experience in children. The aim of our study was to evaluate absolute values of multisite NIRS saturation during CPB in a cohort of infants undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery to describe average differences between cerebral, renal, upper body (arm), and lower body (thigh) regional saturation. Furthermore, the correlation between cerebral NIRS and cardiac index (CI) at CPB weaning was evaluated. Twenty‐five infants were enrolled: their median weight, age, and body surface area were 3.9 (3.3–6) kg, 111 (47–203) days, and 0.24 (0.22–0.33) m2, respectively. Median Aristotle score was 8 (6–10), and vasoactive inotropic score at CPB weaning was 16 (14–25). A total of 17 430 data points were recorded by each sensor: two‐way ANOVA showed that time (P < 0.0001) and site (P = 0.0001) significantly affected variations of NIRS values: however, if cerebral NIRS values are excluded, sensor site is no more significant (P = 0.184 in the no circulatory arrest [noCA] group and P = 0.42 in the circulatory arrest [CA] group). Analysis of NIRS saturation changes over time showed that, at all sites, average NIRS values increased after CPB start, even if the increase of cerebral saturation was less intense than other sites (P < 0.0001). Detailed analysis of interaction between site of NIRS measurement and time point showed that cerebral NIRS (ranging from 65 to 75%) was always significantly lower than that of other channels (P < 0.0001) that tended to be in the range of oversaturation (80–90%), especially during the CPB phase. Average cerebral NIRS values of patients who did not undergo circulatory arrest (CA) during CPB, 10 min after CPB weaning, were associated with average CI values with a significant correlation (r = 0.7, P = 0.003). In conclusion, during CPB, cerebral NIRS values are expected to remain constantly lower than somatic sensors, which instead tend to show similar elevated saturations, regardless of their position. Based on these results, positioning of noncerebral NIRS sensors during CPB without CA may be questioned.
Children and adolescents previously treated with glucocorticoids display lower verbal intellectual abilities
Authors: Holm Sara Krøis , Vestergaard Martin , Madsen Kathrine Skak , Baaré William F.C. , Hammer Trine Bjørg , Born Alfred Peter , Siebner Hartwig R. , Paulson Olaf B. , Uldall Peter V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimPerinatal exposure to glucocorticoids has been associated with adverse cerebral effects, but little is known about their effect on cognitive development and exposure later in childhood. This study examined intellectual abilities, memory and behavioural problems in children previously treated with glucocorticoids.MethodsWe evaluated 38 children aged from seven to 16 years, who had been treated with glucocorticoids for rheumatic disease or nephrotic syndrome, together with 42 healthy controls matched for age, gender and parental education. The median cumulative dose of prednisolone equivalents was 158 mg/kg (range 21–723) and the mean time that had elapsed since treatment was three‐and‐a‐half (standard deviation 2.2) years. Intellectual abilities were assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and memory performance and behavioural problems with a pattern recognition memory task and the Child Behaviour Check List.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups in pattern recognition memory, perceptual organisation index or behavioural problems, but patients had a significantly lower verbal comprehension index and this difference was present in both disease groups. There were no significant dose–response relationships regarding verbal intellectual abilities.ConclusionChildren and adolescents previously treated with glucocorticoids seemed to have lower intellectual verbal abilities than healthy controls.
Sleep and physical activity measured by accelerometry in Crohn's disease
Authors: van Langenberg D. R. , Papandony M. C. , Gibson P. R. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundSleep and physical activity are inherent to human living, yet appear affected by Crohn's disease (CD), resulting in fatigue and disability.AimTo objectively assess sleep quality and physical activity and their associations using accelerometers, comparing CD vs. matched healthy control (HC) subjects.MethodsExactly 49 CD and 30 HC subjects completed surveys encompassing self‐reported fatigue and sleep quality, pathology testing and wore an accelerometer for 7 days, measuring physical activity and sleep. In this cross‐sectional observational study, per‐group comparisons were performed and in CD, factors associated with reduced activity and/or sleep quality were assessed via multivariate analyses.ResultsRegarding physical activity, CD subjects overall performed less total accelerometer counts (median 1.3 × 106 vs. 2.0 × 106), were more sedentary (97.7% vs. 96.2%) and completed fewer bouts of moderate‐vigorous intensity exercise (1.0 vs. 5.0, each P < 0.01 (Mann–Whitney) than HC over 7 days. Factors associated with poor physical activity in CD included elevated serum CRP (OR = 22.6), lower vitamin D3 (OR = 13.1) and longer disease duration (OR = 1.2 per year, each P < 0.05). Regarding sleep, the CD group had similar total sleep time (median 458 vs. 447 min, P = 0.56), but more awakenings post‐sleep onset (22 vs. 11, P = 0.01). Factors associated with severe sleep dysfunction in CD included lower haemoglobin (OR = 6.7) concurrent anti‐TNF (OR = 6.5, each P < 0.05) and opioid therapy (OR = 6.6, P = 0.09).ConclusionUtilising objective measurement in a habitual context over 7 days, patients with Crohn's disease exhibited poorer sleep quality and less physical activity than well‐matched healthy controls.
Frequency of food group consumption and risk of allergic disease and sensitization in schoolchildren in urban and rural China
Authors: Yang Z. , Zheng W. , Yung E. , Zhong N. , Wong G. W. K. , Li J. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundDiet is a potential determinant of allergic diseases.ObjectiveTo examine in schoolchildren the association between food intake and allergic diseases and determine whether there is effect of environment – rural vs. urban.MethodsA questionnaire survey was performed in 11 473 children aged 7–12 years in 20 schools from urban Guangzhou and rural Shaoguan, China. A nested case–control group, 402 from Guangzhou and 349 from Shaoguan, was recruited. Food ingestion frequency data were collected. Serum‐specific IgE to 34 food and airborne allergens was determined. Associations between food ingestion frequency and clinical outcomes were sought by logistic analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of self‐reported asthma (6.6% vs. 2.5%), rhinitis (23.2% vs. 5.3%) and eczema (34.1% vs. 25.9%) was significantly higher in Guangzhou subjects compared to Shaoguan, whereas prevalence of food hypersensitivity (9.7% vs. 9.2%) and food allergy (4.0% vs. 3.5%) was not significantly different. In this case–control study, seafood and fruits were two major food groups causing food hypersensitivity. Urban children consumed more milk, egg, chocolate, fruits, vegetable and cereals compared to rural children. Significantly higher percentage of Guangzhou children was sensitized to egg and milk, whereas more Shaoguan children were sensitized to seafood, nuts and seeds, fruit, vegetables, legumes and cereals. High consumption of milk (OR 2.604, 95CI% 1.569–4.322, P < 0.001) and vegetables (OR 0.382, 95% CI 0.180–0.809, P = 0.012) were positively and reversely associated with asthma, respectively.ConclusionDifference in prevalence of asthma but not food allergy was observed. Diets of schoolchildren are affected by disease‐related modification and country's urbanization. High vegetable intake and low milk intake might protect against asthma.
Clinicopathological and virological characteristics of superficially invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma of the anus
Authors: Arana R. , Fléjou J.‐F. , Si‐Mohamed A. , Bauer P. , Etienney I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimThe clinicopathological and virological characteristics of anal superficially invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma (SISCCA) were determined.MethodSeventeen patients with a completely excised stage T1N0M0 anal squamous‐cell carcinoma (SCC) were included in the study. The tumours were divided into superficially invasive and invasive. Patients with anal high‐grade squamous intraepithelial dysplasia, which corresponded to anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) Grades 2 or 3, were used as a control group. Clinicopathological and virological characteristics were investigated. Overall survival and cancer recurrence‐free survival were also assessed.ResultsOf the 17 patients, 12 (70.5%) were men. Ten (58.8%) were human immunodeficiency virus positive. Seven (41%) patients met the same diagnostic criteria as those recently proposed for anal SISCCA. According to the results obtained using the polymerase chain reaction, human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 was the most commonly detected (94%) type of HPV. Twelve (70.6%) patients with an inadequate surgical margin around the tumour received adjuvant radiotherapy, including the two (11.7%) tumours that locally recurred, one of which was an anal SISCCA. Superficially invasive anal cancers differed from the other T1N0M0 anal carcinomas according to the clinical presentation and the absence of lymph‐vascular invasion (LVI). There were no differences in cancer recurrence‐free and overall survival rates between the superficially invasive and invasive groups.ConclusionAnal SISCCAs have a low index of clinical suspicion, are associated with an absence of LVI and are linked to high‐risk HPV. Prospective studies are needed to define the clinical behaviour of these anal tumours and to determine their best therapeutic strategy.