bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer Education Status in China (2013–2022)
Authors: Yitian Li 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe incidence and mortality rates of cancer in China have an increasing trend, with a remarkable rise in the number of new cases and deaths. Despite this, cancer profile and regional distribution remained relatively stable. China realized a series of initiatives and issued strategic documents to improve cancer education. These include the establishment of a three-tier cancer prevention program and the fulfillment of various guidelines and plans, including the Healthy China Action—Cancer control Implementation Plan (2019–2022). This comprehensive review describes the status of cancer education in China from 2013 to 2022 discussing the role of different cancer education places and that of educators. It also highlights the use of innovative educational methods and educational evaluations, which are effective in improving patient outcomes and satisfaction. Although the Chinese government has taken many measures to improve cancer education in China, several issues remain unresolved. Challenges such as the wide spectrum of tumors, the aging population, and the huge urban–rural disparities require further investment from Chinese government. In addition, cancer control in China started relatively late and lacks the support of specific legislation to control it. It is therefore necessary to increase the investment in cancer education, especially in rural areas and the legislation in areas related to cancer control should be improved to increase the accessibility and quality of education on tumor prevention and treatment.
The Gaps Between Institutional and Practical Disaster Risk Management Measures on Coastal Flood Risks in South Korea’s Coastal Communities
Authors: Park Hyejeong , Nam Kihun , Egawa Shinichi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractGlobal warming and climate change significantly increase the frequency of coastal floods caused by sea level rise (SLR) as a permanent factor and hydrometeorological hazards as tentative factors. The combined risks will affect coastal communities. South Korea is gradually facing SLR risks, mainly in its southern coastal regions; however, disaster risk reduction (DRR) in coastal regions remains fragmented. This study aimed to investigate the status of DRR for coastal communities in South Korea by looking at government practices and testimonies from residents. This study reviewed DRR-related regulations and documents and collected data from interviews with local government officials, field visits, and informal conversations with residents in six coastal communities. The findings show that the coastal communities were less resilient to coastal floods than to other hazards, such as typhoons and heavy rains, and the potential consequences could be expanded due to demographic challenges, fragmented institutional systems, and low risk awareness. Moreover, this study emphasized the necessity of an integrated approach to reducing the impact of coastal floods caused by both SLR and other factors. It also highlighted the importance of coastal community engagement in local DRR activities through increasing risk awareness and adapting to environmental change based on appropriate risk information disclosure by the government. The impacts of coastal floods triggered by SLR and other hazard factors can be reduced by aligning practical regulatory measures with adaptive strategies and enhancing the disaster resilience of coastal communities.
Perioperative Ventilation in Neurosurgical Patients: Considerations and Challenges
Authors: Iavarone Ida Giorgia , Rocco Patricia R.M. , Silva Pedro Leme , Taran Shaurya , Wahlster Sarah , Schultz Marcus J. , Patroniti Nicolo’ Antonino , Robba Chiara 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The aim of this narrative review is to summarize critical considerations for perioperative airway management and mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures.

Recent Findings
Given the significant influence that ventilation has on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral blood flow, ventilator settings need to be carefully managed. For example, high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can increase ICP, while hyperventilation can reduce it. Finding the optimal balance is the key. While evidence supporting lung-protective ventilation in neurosurgical patients is limited, preliminary data suggest that its use could be beneficial, similar to general surgical patients. This typically involves using lower tidal volumes and maintaining optimal oxygenation to prevent ventilator-associated lung injury. Airway management in neurosurgical patients must consider the risk of increased ICP during intubation and the potential for airway complications. Techniques like rapid sequence induction and the use of neuromuscular blockers may be employed to minimize these risks. The primary goal of ventilation in neurosurgical patients is to maintain adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal while minimizing harm to the lungs and brain. However, there may be exceptions where specific ventilatory adjustments are needed, such as in cases of compromised gas exchange or elevated ICP.

Summary
Patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures often require invasive ventilation due to the complexities of the operation and the need to manage the airway. This creates unique challenges because ventilator settings must balance the need to protect both the lungs and the brain. Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines and optimize ventilatory care in this population.
Renal Transplantation in Older Adults, an Updated Review
Authors: Black Matthew W. , Romine Margaret M. , Leeser David B. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The purpose of this paper will be to review the most recent literature regarding renal transplantation in an older population. We aim to bring the reader up to date on this topic, and see what challenges are posed by transplanting this ever increasing population.

Recent Findings
Renal transplantation in older adults is a continually evolving field. We review outcomes for older patients in remaining on dialysis, outcomes with living donors, outcomes vs younger patients, readmission, frailty, quality of life, immunosuppressant management, and our own centers experience.

Summary
We show, through various papers, that outcomes for older adults are better with receiving a kidney transplant than staying on dialysis. Outcomes for older recipients vs younger recipients are also acceptable, especially when one factors in death censored graft survival. Older patients also require special consideration to keep their readmission rate low, balance their immunosuppressant requirements, and correctly evaluate their frailty.
The maternal microbiome in normal pregnancy and at delivery by cesarean section and the early developmental phase of the neonatal microbiome—presentation of a longitudinal pilot study
Authors: Granser Sonja , Foessleitner Philipp 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Aim
In this study by Foessleitner et al., both the maternal microbiome in the third trimester of pregnancy and the factors that influence the development of the child’s microbiome after cesarean delivery were investigated.

Methods
Maternal vaginal and rectal swabs were collected at inclusion in the last trimester of pregnancy and on the day of the cesarean section. In addition, placental and intrauterine swabs as well as infant dermal, buccal, and meconium swabs were taken during the cesarean section immediately after birth and subsequently on the second/third day of life. All samples were analyzed for microbial composition using 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing.

Results
A total of 30 mothers and their newborns were included in the study, with microbiome samples available for all maternal, intrauterine cavity, and placenta samples, as well as for 18 out of the 30 newborns. The vaginal and rectal microbiome was stable over the course of the third trimester and showed no significant changes (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA]; p > 0.05). Both the intraoperative samples (placental, intrauterine) and the neonatal swabs at the time of birth were consistently sterile. However, rapid infant microbial colonization subsequently occurred, with neonatal buccal mucosa and stool samples showing significantly different microbial colonization from their mothers as early as the second/third day of life (PERMANOVA; p < 0.01).

Conclusion
The conclusion of the presented study was therefore that the vaginal and rectal microbiome of healthy pregnant women does not change in the last trimester, the infant and the placenta are not microbially colonized at the time of birth, and the development of the newborn’s microbiome after birth appears to be influenced mainly by environmental exposure.
An Enhanced Approach to Intelligent Computer-Assisted Localization of Liver Tumor on Computed Tomography Images
Authors: Arakeri Megha , Lakshmana  , Reddy Raghavendra , Ravishankar H. , Deepa K. R. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractComputed Tomography (CT) Imaging is frequently used to find liver cancer. CT imaging of the liver generates cross-sectional images of the abdominal region. The task of segmenting a liver tumor on CT images is tedious due to the anatomic complexity of the liver. Therefore, liver tumor detection has been performed manually or semi-automatically which is an exhaustive process. Further, a tumor may be present on only some slices of the CT scan and hence there is a need to automatically identify images that contain tumors from acquired CT images and then locate a region of the tumor on those images for further diagnosis. Automatic detection helps the radiologist to obtain fast, accurate, and effective results. Accordingly, in this paper, an enhanced approach is proposed based on deep learning, efficient fuzzy c-means (EFCM) clustering, and a region-based algorithm for the detection of a liver tumor. A deep learning model built on a convolutional neural network is used to identify whether the CT image contains a tumor. If it contains the tumor, then the proposed EFCM and region-based algorithms are applied to locate the tumor on the CT image. The EFCM algorithm is combined with a region-based technique to automatically determine the initial pixel and threshold values required to segment the liver tumor. The proposed method is applied to several CT abdominal images. The results of the tumor segmentation are validated by comparing them with the tumor regions detected by radiologists. The estimated results of the experiment show that the proposed technique successfully detects the liver tumor on the CT image with less than 2% relative error.
A Global Industry Survey on Post-Approval Change Management and Use of Reliance
Authors: Deavin Andrew , Hossain Aliyah , Colmagne-Poulard Isabelle , Wong Kum Cheun , Perea-Vélez Mónica , Cappellini Sonia , Ausborn Susanne , Meillerais Sylvie , Bourguignon Céline 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPost-approval changes (PACs) to the control and manufacturing processes of medicines and vaccines are routinely undertaken and critical to enable both innovation and secure sustained supply. In a world of global supply chains, the existence of divergent national PAC requirements (with additional countries introducing new requirements with potential differences) and other factors including document preparation and response timelines, can lead to long delays in approval (of up to 3–5 years) increasing the risk of disruption and shortages.We undertook an Industry survey in 2023 to assess implementation of ICH Q12, PAC procedures (change categorisation and review timelines) and use of reliance mechanisms across different countries (9 selected ICH Members and 19 Observers). Although this survey revealed limited implementation of Q12 in ICH Member countries, when comparing the data collected with those of a previous survey performed in 2020, we observed a broader adoption of risk-based approaches to variation categorisation (in all countries). This, however, was not reflected in improved timelines for approval.With regards to ICH Q12 adoption, the uptake of Post-Approval Change Management Protocols (PACMPs) was unchanged (with only one country reporting in-use) and implementation gaps were evident for Established Conditions (EC) and the Product Life Cycle Management document (PLCM). The survey found greater awareness of ICH Q12 and its tools compared to 2020, potentially illustrating the positive impact of training efforts. This illustrates the challenges being faced to broaden its implementation and use globally.In the same Industry survey, we also assessed PAC processes across different international countries. Long unpredictable timelines were the major concern across the countries surveyed together with limited capacity of the regulators. Four different CMC changes were selected and categorized by the respondents according to current knowledge of national classifications and timelines in the selected countries and compared with a reference classification and timeline from the European Medicines Agency and the World Health Organisation. This highlighted the lack of harmonisation of many countries with EU/WHO requirements, especially within the ICH Observer group.Last, this survey showed that some use of unilateral forms of reliance to Reference Authorities for PACs is starting. This is a mechanism all countries can employ, regardless of convergence of requirements and expertise, to enhance capacity building and reduce duplication of reviews, streamline variations approval, whilst accelerating patient access to innovation and securing supply.
Reimagining Earth in the Earth System
Authors: Bonan Gordon B. , Lucier Oliver , Coen Deborah R. , Foster Adrianna C. , Shuman Jacquelyn K. , Laguë Marysa M. , Swann Abigail L. S. , Lombardozzi Danica L. , Wieder William R. , Dahlin Kyla M. , Rocha Adrian V. , SanClements Michael D. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractTerrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems regulate climate at local to global scales through exchanges of energy and matter with the atmosphere and assist with climate change mitigation through nature‐based climate solutions. Climate science is no longer a study of the physics of the atmosphere and oceans, but also the ecology of the biosphere. This is the promise of Earth system science: to transcend academic disciplines to enable study of the interacting physics, chemistry, and biology of the planet. However, long‐standing tension in protecting, restoring, and managing forest ecosystems to purposely improve climate evidences the difficulties of interdisciplinary science. For four centuries, forest management for climate betterment was argued, legislated, and ultimately dismissed, when nineteenth century atmospheric scientists narrowly defined climate science to the exclusion of ecology. Today's Earth system science, with its roots in global models of climate, unfolds in similar ways to the past. With Earth system models, geoscientists are again defining the ecology of the Earth system. Here we reframe Earth system science so that the biosphere and its ecology are equally integrated with the fluid Earth to enable Earth system prediction for planetary stewardship. Central to this is the need to overcome an intellectual heritage to the models that elevates geoscience and marginalizes ecology and local land knowledge. The call for kilometer‐scale atmospheric and ocean models, without concomitant scientific and computational investment in the land and biosphere, perpetuates the geophysical view of Earth and will not fully provide the comprehensive actionable information needed for a changing climate.
Remote Sensing Large‐Wood Storage Downstream of Reservoirs During and After Dam Removal: Elwha River, Washington, USA
Authors: Buscombe D. , Warrick J. A. , Ritchie A. , East A. E. , McHenry M. , McCoy R. , Foxgrover A. , Wohl E. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLarge wood is an integral part of many rivers, often defining river‐corridor morphology and habitat, but its occurrence, magnitude, and evolution in a river system are much less well understood than the sedimentary and hydraulic components, and due to methodological limitations, have seldom previously been mapped in substantial detail. We present a new method for this, representing a substantial advance in automated deep‐learning‐based image segmentation. From these maps, we measured large wood and sediment deposits from high‐resolution orthoimages to explore the dynamics of large wood in two reaches of the Elwha River, Washington, USA, between 2012 and 2017 as it adjusted to upstream dam removals. The data set consists of a time series of orthoimages (12.5‐cm resolution) constructed using Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry on imagery from 14 aerial surveys. Model training was optimized to yield maximum accuracy for estimated wood areas, compared to manually digitized wood, therefore model development and intended application were coupled. These fully reproducible methods and model resulted in a maximum of 15% error between observed and estimated total wood areas and wood deposit size‐distributions over the full spatio‐temporal extent of the data. Areal extent of wood in the channel margin approximately doubled in the years following dam removal, with greatest increases in large wood in wider, lower‐gradient sections. Large‐wood deposition increased between the start of dam removal (2011) and winter 2013, then plateaued. Sediment bars continued to grow up until 2016/17, assisted by a partially static wood framework deposited predominantly during the period up to winter 2013.
To Identify the Forecast Skill Windows of MJO Based on the S2S Database
Authors: Liu Xiaolei , Peng Yihao , Su Jingzhi , Liu Xinli 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAs a practical reflection of the opportunity window of Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), there are intermittent periods of relatively high forecasting skills, namely the forecast skill windows. Robust forecast skill windows are identified based on the subseasonal‐seasonal reforecast database, during which the majority of models show high forecast skills. A total of 15 MJO forecast skill windows during 1993–2020 have been identified. Most of the forecast skill windows are closely associated with active MJO events with high amplitude. Whether a high‐skill forecast window appears significantly depends on the magnitude of MJO intensity during the same period. The maintenance of active strong MJO events is potentially related with the warmer surface sea temperature anomalies in the western Pacific. Further research into such processes may unveil the MJO development mechanism and improve the MJO forecast skill.
Ion‐Acoustic Waves Associated With Interplanetary Shocks
Authors: Boldú J. J. , Graham D. B. , Morooka M. , André M. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Dimmock A. , Píša D. , Souček J. , Maksimovic M. , Louarn P. , Fedorov A. , Nicolaou G. , Owen C. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIon‐acoustic waves (IAWs) commonly occur near interplanetary (IP) shocks. These waves are important because of their potential role in the dissipation required for collisionless shocks to exist. We study IAW occurrence statistically at different heliocentric distances using Solar Orbiter to identify the processes responsible for IAW generation near IP shocks. We show that close to IP shocks the occurrence rate of IAW increases and peaks at the ramp. In the upstream region, the IAW activity is highly variable among different shocks and increases with decreasing distance from the Sun. We show that the observed currents near IP shocks are insufficient to reach the threshold for the current‐driven instability. We argue that two‐stream proton distributions and suprathermal electrons are likely sources of the waves.
Direct In‐Situ Estimates of Energy and Force Balance Associated With Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Dahani Souhail , Lavraud Benoit , Génot Vincent , Toledo‐Redondo Sergio , Kieokaew Rungployphan , Fargette Naïs , Roberts Owen W. , Gershman Daniel , Saito Yoshifumi , Giles Barbara , Torbert Roy , Burch James 
Published: August 2024

AbstractFundamental processes in plasmas act to convert energies into different forms, for example, electromagnetic, kinetic and thermal. Direct derivation from the Vlasov‐Maxwell equation yields sets of equations that describe the temporal evolution of magnetic, kinetic and internal energies in either the monofluid or multifluid frameworks. In this work, we focus on the main terms affecting the changes in kinetic energy. These are pressure‐gradient‐related terms and electromagnetic terms. The former account for plasma acceleration/deceleration from a pressure gradient, while the latter from an electric field. Although limited spatial and temporal deviations are expected, a statistical balance between these terms is fundamental to ensure the overall conservation of energy and momentum. We use in‐situ observations from the Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission to study the relationship between these terms. We perform a statistical analysis of those parameters in the context of magnetic reconnection by focusing on small‐scale Electron Diffusion Regions and large‐scale Flux Transfer Events. The analysis reveals a correlation between the two terms in the monofluid force balance, and in the ion force and energy balance. However, the expected relationship cannot be verified from electron measurements. Generally, the pressure‐gradient‐related terms are smaller than their electromagnetic counterparts. We perform an error analysis to quantify the expected underestimation of gradient values as a function of the spacecraft separation compared to the gradient scale. Our findings highlight that MMS is capable of capturing energy and force balance for the ion fluid, but that care should be taken for energy conversion terms based on electron pressure gradients.
A Prototype of a 900 MHz Band Integrated Rectenna by Using a Planar Monopole Antenna With Feeder
Authors: Nakashima N. , Sumiyoshi T. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractA rectenna designed for wireless power transfer at 900 MHz focuses on conjugate impedance matching and image impedance matching for improved efficiency. To do them, a voltage doubler rectifier circuit (VD) and a planar monopole antenna (PMA) were engineered with the same pure resistance value and integrated into the rectenna. The input impedance of the VD with 30 Ω load resistance indicated a pure resistance of approximately 73 Ω. This value closely matches the input impedance of a dipole antenna operating as a pure resistor. Since the prototype rectifier circuit is unbalanced, the authors constructed a PMA, an unbalanced antenna similar to a dipole antenna, on a double‐sided circuit board. In this setup, a microstrip line was created by extending the radiating element, achieving the impedance matchings. Measurements indicated a voltage standing wave ratio of approximately 1.03. A rectenna efficiency of 37.4% was observed for a transmission distance of 50 cm. The rectification efficiency of the VD is nearly 0% when the input power is less than −20 dBm, and the received power of the PMA is less than −20 dBm when the transmission distance is 60 cm or more. It is predicted that the rectenna efficiency will be 0% when the transmission distance is 60 cm or more. However, the rectenna efficiency was 24.6% when the transmission distance was 60 cm. This over 20% improvement is due to the connection between the PMA and the VD using pure resistance.