bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of time awake for predicting pilots' fatigue on short‐haul flights: implications for flight duty time regulations
Authors: Vejvoda Martin , Elmenhorst Eva‐Maria , Pennig Sibylle , Plath Gernot , Maass Hartmut , Tritschler Kristjof , Basner Mathias , Aeschbach Daniel 
Published: July 2014

SummaryEuropean regulations restrict the duration of the maximum daily flight duty period for pilots as a function of the duty start time and the number of scheduled flights. However, late duty end times that may include long times awake are not specifically regulated. In this study, fatigue levels in pilots finishing their duty late at night (00:00–01:59 hour) were analysed and compared with pilots starting their duty early (05:00–06:59 hour). Fatigue levels of 40 commercial short‐haul pilots were studied during a total of 188 flight duty periods, of which 87 started early and 22 finished late. Pilots used a small handheld computer to maintain a duty and sleep log, and to indicate fatigue levels immediately after each flight. Sleep logs were checked with actigraphy. Pilots on late‐finishing flight duty periods were more fatigued at the end of their duty than pilots on early‐starting flight duty periods, despite the fact that preceding sleep duration was longer by 1.1 h. Linear mixed‐model regression identified time awake as a preeminent factor predicting fatigue. Workload had a minor effect. Pilots on late‐finishing flight duty periods were awake longer by an average of 5.5 h (6.6 versus 1.1 h) before commencing their duty than pilots who started early in the morning. Late‐finishing flights were associated with long times awake at a time when the circadian system stops promoting alertness, and an increased, previously underestimated fatigue risk. Based on these findings, flight duty limitations should consider not only duty start time, but also the time of the final landing.
Methylation of suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 gene promoter is associated with acute‐on‐chronic hepatitis B liver failure
Authors: Zhang J.‐J. , Fan Y.‐C. , Zhang Z.‐H. , Han J. , Wang L.‐Y. , Li T. , Zhang F. , Yin Y.‐P. , Hu L.‐H. , Yang Y. , Sun F.‐K. , Wang K. 
Published: July 2014

SummarySuppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) was demonstrated to play an important negative role in fulminant hepatitis and might be involved in acute‐on‐chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF). This study was therefore to identify the potential role of SOCS1 and its promoter methylation pattern in ACHBLF patients. Sixty ACHBLF patients, 60 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 30 healthy controls were investigated in this study. We found that expression of SOCS1 mRNA in CHB and ACHBLF patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. The serum level of IL‐6, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α was significantly higher in ACHBLF than CHB. Increased serum level of IL‐6, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α was correlated with total bilirubin, ALT, PTA and MELD scores in ACHBLF. The degree of methylation of the SOCS1 in ACHBLF patients (35.0%, 21/60) was significantly higher than that in CHB patients (16.7%, 10/60). Furthermore, methylated group showed lower level of SOCS1, and higher MELD scores and mortality rate when compared with unmethylated group of ACHBLF. These results suggested that SOCS1 might contribute to immune‐related liver damage in ACHBLF, and its aberrant methylation may be a key event for the prognosis of ACHBLF.
Birds of a feather get misidentified together: High entitativity decreases recognition accuracy for groups of other‐race faces
Authors: McGuire Mollie , Pezdek Kathy 
Published: July 2014

PurposeThe cross‐race effect can be exaggerated when faces are presented in groups, leading to less accurate eyewitness identifications (Pezdek, O'Brien, & Wasson,,Law Hum. Behav.,36, 488). Our current study examined the effect of entitativity, the degree to which members of a group are perceived as a coherent unit (Campbell,,Behav. Sci.,3, 14), on recognition accuracy for same‐ and cross‐race faces presented in groups.MethodsWhite participants viewed 16 slides of 3‐face groups (eight White groups, eight Black groups). Prior to viewing the faces they were told that the entitativity of each 3‐face group was high (‘friends who do things together’) or low (‘people in line at the bank’). They were then tested on 32 individually presented faces (16 old and 16 new).ResultsWhen cross‐race faces were presented in high rather than low entitativity groups, less accurate face recognition memory resulted. Increasing group entitativity decreased recognition accuracy for cross‐race faces but increased recognition accuracy for same‐race faces.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the perception of a group negatively impacts eyewitness memory. Contextual factors such as entitativity need to be considered along with other estimator variables when assessing eyewitness identification accuracy.
Entrepreneurial Judgment, Decision Procedure and the Inevitable Emergence of the Non‐optimizing Firm in a Capitalist Economy
Authors: Furubotn Eirik G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt has been argued that understanding of entrepreneurship and firm behavior can be advanced by generalizing the static theory of the neoclassical firm so that it can deal with conditions in a dynamic economy. The paper rejects generalization and explains why such a shift causes the nature of the allocation process to change from the neoclassical pattern. Under generalization, critical information becomes prohibitively costly to obtain and entrepreneurial judgment rather than the Pareto rules decides allocation. Thus, the non‐optimizing firm becomes dominant.
Human cytomegalovirus and primary intracranial tumours: frequency of tumour infection and lack of correlation with systemic immune anti‐viral responses
Authors: Bianchi E. , Roncarati P. , Hougrand O. , Guérin‐El Khourouj V. , Boreux R. , Kroonen J. , Martin D. , Robe P. , Rogister B. , Delvenne P. , Deprez M. 
Published: July 2014

AimsHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta human herpesvirus able to influence infected cell survival and proliferation and to modulate the host immune response. As there is accumulating evidence that HCMV is detected in primary intracranial astrocytic tumours, in this study we looked for the presence of HCMV in intracranial tumours and tried to correlate this eventual presence with the anti‐HCMV systemic immunoreactivity and with the detection of HCMV in peripheral blood.MethodsIn this study, we analysed 43 glioblastomas (GBM), 14 oligodendrogliomas (OL) and 20 meningiomas (MG) by immunofluorescence (IF) targeting HCMV immediate early antigen (IE1) and by nested PCR (nPCR) amplifying HCMV glycoprotein B (gB).ResultsDetection of IE1 by IF showed the presence of HCMV in 70% of GBM, 57% of OL and 85% of MG, in contrast to gB nPCR, which detected HCMV in only 50% of GBM, 38% of OL and 46% of MG. Unexpectedly, HCMV DNA and antigens were detected within GBM, OL and MG of patients that exhibit negative viral serology. More surprisingly, PCR on the peripheral blood did not detect HCMV in patients with a HCMV‐positive tumour.ConclusionsOur results are in agreement with previous observations demonstrating HCMV in glial tumours and highlight the presence of HCMV in meningiomas. We also showed that anti‐HCMV specific systemic immunoreactivity and detection of HCMV in peripheral blood are not predictive of HCMV presence in primary intracranial tumours.
Low CO2 results in a rearrangement of carbon metabolism to support C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Thalassiosira pseudonana
Authors: Kustka Adam B. , Milligan Allen J. , Zheng Haiyan , New Ashley M. , Gates Colin , Bidle Kay D. , Reinfelder John R. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

The mechanisms of carbon concentration in marine diatoms are controversial. At low CO2, decreases in O2 evolution after inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs), and increases in PEPC transcript abundances, have been interpreted as evidence for a C4 mechanism in Thalassiosira pseudonana, but the ascertainment of which proteins are responsible for the subsequent decarboxylation and PEP regeneration steps has been elusive.

We evaluated the responses of T. pseudonana to steady‐state differences in CO2 availability, as well as to transient shifts to low CO2, by integrated measurements of photosynthetic parameters, transcript abundances and quantitative proteomics.

On shifts to low CO2, two PEPC transcript abundances increased and then declined on timescales consistent with recoveries of Fv/Fm, non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and maximum chlorophyll a‐specific carbon fixation (Pmax), but transcripts for archetypical decarboxylation enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malic enzyme (ME) did not change. Of 3688 protein abundances measured, 39 were up‐regulated under low CO2, including both PEPCs and pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), whereas ME abundance did not change and PEPCK abundance declined.

We propose a closed‐loop biochemical model, whereby T. pseudonana produces and subsequently decarboxylates a C4 acid via PEPC2 and PYC, respectively, regenerates phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from pyruvate in a pyruvate phosphate dikinase‐independent (but glycine decarboxylase (GDC)‐dependent) manner, and recuperates photorespiratory CO2 as oxaloacetate (OAA).
Designing and implementing a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood: the ToyBox‐study
Authors: Manios Y. , Androutsos O. , Katsarou C. , Iotova V. , Socha P. , Geyer C. , Moreno L. , Koletzko B. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe development of the ToyBox‐intervention was based on the outcomes of the preliminary phase of the ToyBox‐study, aiming to identify young children's key behaviours and their determinants related to early childhood obesity. The ToyBox‐intervention is a multi‐component, kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention with a cluster‐randomized design, focusing on the promotion of water consumption, healthy snacking, physical activity and the reduction/ breaking up of sedentary time in preschool children and their families. The intervention was implemented during the academic year 2012–2013 in six European countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain. Standardized protocols, methods, tools and material were used in all countries for the implementation of the intervention, as well as for the process, impact, outcome evaluation and the assessment of its cost‐effectiveness. A total sample of 7,056 preschool children and their parents/caregivers, stratified by socioeconomic level, provided data during baseline measurements and participated in the intervention. The results of the ToyBox‐study are expected to provide a better insight on behaviours associated with early childhood obesity and their determinants and identify effective strategies for its prevention. The aim of the current paper is to describe the design of the ToyBox‐intervention and present the characteristics of the study sample as assessed at baseline, prior to the implementation of the intervention.
Developing the intervention material to increase physical activity levels of European preschool children: the ToyBox‐study
Authors: Duvinage K. , Ibrügger S. , Kreichauf S. , Wildgruber A. , De Craemer M. , De Decker E. , Androutsos O. , Lateva M. , Iotova V. , Socha P. , Zych K. , Mouratidou T. , Mesana Graffe M. I. , Manios Y. , Koletzko B. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryEarly childhood is an important period for adopting positive health‐related behaviours. More than 95% of European preschool children attend kindergartens, making these settings ideal for the implementation of health promotion interventions. The ToyBox‐intervention addressed preschool children, their parents/caregivers and teachers. The aim of the intervention was to improve four energy balance‐related behaviours (i.e. healthy snacking, water consumption, physical activity and sedentary behaviour) by implementing a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain). The intervention material was developed following the intervention mapping protocol, taking into account local and cultural differences among the intervention countries. The present paper focuses on the development of the physical activity component of the intervention. Parental involvement was addressed by providing parents/caregivers with two newsletters, two tip cards and a poster. Teachers received a handbook with guidance on environmental changes in the classroom, 26 physical education sessions and suggestions for fun, interactive classroom activities aiming at total class participation to increase preschoolers' physical activity levels. The ToyBox‐intervention material was distributed according to a standard time frame. Teachers received their material prior to the start of the intervention and parents/caregivers received their material during the intervention when each energy balance‐related behaviour was implemented.
Concepts and strategies on how to train and motivate teachers to implement a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox‐study
Authors: Payr A. , Birnbaum J. , Wildgruber A. , Kreichauf S. , Androutsos O. , Lateva M. , De Decker E. , De Craemer M. , Iotova V. , Manios Y. , Koletzko B. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe key person for the implementation of kindergarten‐based behavioural interventions is the kindergarten teacher. When conducting intervention studies in kindergartens, training sessions are needed to train and motivate kindergarten teachers for programme implementation. This paper presents the systematic development of the teachers' trainings executed in the ToyBox‐intervention – a kindergarten‐based and family‐involved obesity prevention programme for children aged 4–6. Based on concepts for the education of kindergarten teachers, on general strategies for successful programme implementation and on the ToyBox programme‐specific requirements, the aims of the teachers' trainings were defined and an overall concept was deduced. Regarding the concept for the ToyBox teachers' training sessions, it is concluded that the training modules should focus on presenting information on the practical implementation of the intervention. Furthermore, these modules should also include self‐efficacy enhancing components and should give kindergarten teachers opportunities to share experiences. Regarding the didactic methods applied in the ToyBox teachers' training sessions, constructivist learning approaches that facilitate active participation, reflective thinking and personal involvement were implemented. Emphasis was put not only on the content but especially on the didactic methods of teachers' trainings in order to enhance devotion to, and quality and sustainability of the ToyBox‐intervention.
Establishing a method to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. TheToyBox‐study
Authors: Pil L. , Putman K. , Cardon G. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Manios Y. , Androutsos O. , Lateva M. , Iotova V. , Zych K. , Góźdź M. , González‐Gil E. M. , De Miguel‐Etayo P. , Geyer C. , Birnbaum J. , Annemans L. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryOverweight and obesity in children are recognized as a major health problem. TheToyBox‐intervention was developed with the aim of preventing obesity in pre‐schoolers. Because it is increasingly important to inform policy makers not only on the effects of prevention interventions, but also on their costs and cost‐effectiveness, our purpose was to establish a method to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of theToyBox‐intervention. In order to estimate the long‐term impact of theToyBox‐intervention on health and societal costs, extrapolations of the intervention effect will be conducted to predict children's weight status (based on the body mass index) at adult age. Effects of the adult weight status on the prevalence of obesity‐related complications will be modelled through aMarkov model, with a total time horizon of 70 years and a cycle length of 1 year. The model will be conducted in sixEuropean countries participating in theToyBox‐intervention, based on country‐specific economic and epidemiological data. This study describes the methodological rationale and implementation of an analytic model to examine the cost‐effectiveness of theToyBox‐intervention for sixEuropean countries, in order to inform decision‐makers on the value for money of this intervention in the prevention of obesity in pre‐schoolers.
Reliability of anthropometric measurements inEuropean preschool children: theToyBox‐study
Authors: De Miguel‐Etayo P. , Mesana M. I. , Cardon G. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Góźdź M. , Socha P. , Lateva M. , Iotova V. , Koletzko B. V. , Duvinage K. , Androutsos O. , Manios Y. , Moreno L. A. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryTheToyBox‐study aims to develop and test an innovative and evidence‐based obesity prevention programme for preschoolers in sixEuropean countries:Belgium,Bulgaria,Germany,Greece,Poland andSpain. In multicentre studies, anthropometric measurements using standardized procedures that minimize errors in the data collection are essential to maximize reliability of measurements. The aim of this paper is to describe the standardization process and reliability (intra‐ and inter‐observer) of height, weight and waist circumference (WC) measurements in preschoolers. All technical procedures and devices were standardized and centralized training was given to the fieldworkers. At least seven children per country participated in the intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability testing. Intra‐observer technical error ranged from 0.00 to 0.03 kg for weight and from 0.07 to 0.20 cm for height, with the overall reliability being above 99%. A second training was organized forWCdue to low reliability observed in the first training. Intra‐observer technical error forWCranged from 0.12 to 0.71 cm during the first training and from 0.05 to 1.11 cm during the second training, and reliability above 92% was achieved. Epidemiological surveys need standardized procedures and training of researchers to reduce measurement error. In theToyBox‐study, very good intra‐ and‐inter‐observer agreement was achieved for all anthropometric measurements performed.
Designing and implementing teachers' training sessions in a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox‐study
Authors: Androutsos O. , Katsarou C. , Payr A. , Birnbaum J. , Geyer C. , Wildgruber A. , Kreichauf S. , Lateva M. , De Decker E. , De Craemer M. , Socha P. , Moreno L. , Iotova V. , Koletzko B. V. , Manios Y. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummarySince school‐based interventions are mainly delivered by the school staff, they need to be well‐trained and familiarized with the programme's aims, procedures and tools. Therefore, the institute, research group, governmental or non‐governmental body in charge of the coordination and implementation of the programme needs to devote time and resources to train the school staff before programme's implementation. This is particularly crucial in multi‐centre studies where more than one research teams are involved. Both research teams and school staff need to be trained, using standard protocols and procedures, to ensure that the intervention will be delivered in a standardized manner throughout the intervention centres. The ToyBox‐intervention, a multi‐component, kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention, focusing on water consumption, snacking, physical activity and sedentary behaviours in preschool children, was implemented over the academic year 2012–2013 in six European countries. As part of this intervention, three teachers' training sessions were delivered to motivate and train teachers in implementing the intervention. The local researchers were trained centrally before delivering the training sessions for the teachers and followed a common protocol using standardized presentations and procedures. The aim of the current paper is to describe the protocol and methodological issues related to the teachers' training sessions conducted within the ToyBox‐intervention.
Tools, harmonization and standardization procedures of the impact and outcome evaluation indices obtained during a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood: the ToyBox‐study
Authors: Mouratidou T. , Miguel M. L. , Androutsos O. , Manios Y. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Cardon G. , Kulaga Z. , Socha P. , Galcheva S. , Iotova V. , Payr A. , Koletzko B. , Moreno L. A. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe ToyBox‐intervention is a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention targeting multiple lifestyle behaviours in preschool children, their teachers and their families. This intervention was conducted in six European countries, namely Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain. The aim of this paper is to provide a descriptive overview of the harmonization and standardization procedures of the baseline and follow‐up evaluation of the study (and substudies). Steps related to the study's operational, standardization and harmonization procedures as well as the impact and outcome evaluation assessment tools used are presented. Experiences from the project highlight the importance of safeguarding the measurement process to minimize data heterogeneity derived from potential measurement error and country‐by‐country differences. In addition, it was made clear that continuing quality control and support is an important component of such studies. For this reason, well‐supported communication channels, such as regular email updates and teleconferences, and regular internal and external meetings to ensure smooth and accurate implementation were in place during the study. The ToyBox‐intervention and its harmonized and standardized procedures can serve as a successful case study for future studies evaluating the efficacy of similar interventions.
Process evaluation design and tools used in a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox‐study
Authors: Androutsos O. , Apostolidou E. , Iotova V. , Socha P. , Birnbaum J. , Moreno L. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Koletzko B. , Manios Y. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

SummaryProcess evaluation (PE) is used for the in‐depth evaluation of the implementation process of health promotion programmes. The aim of the current paper was to present the PE design and tools used in the ToyBox‐intervention. The PE design was based on a three‐step approach, including the identification of ToyBox‐specific PE elements (step 1), the development of PE tools and harmonization of procedures (step 2), and the implementation of PE using standardized protocol and tools across the intervention countries (step 3). Specifically, to evaluate the implementation of the intervention, teachers' monthly logbooks were recorded (dose delivered, fidelity, dose received); post‐intervention questionnaires were completed by parents/caregivers and teachers (dose received); participation and attrition rates were recorded (recruitment, reach); and audit questionnaires and retrospective information on weather conditions were collected (physical and social environment within which the intervention was implemented). Regarding the teachers' training sessions, the researchers who performed the trainings completed evaluation forms and documented teachers' attendance after each training (dose delivered, fidelity, dose received) and teachers completed evaluation forms after each training (dose received). The PE performed in the ToyBox‐intervention may contribute in the evaluation of its effectiveness, guide the revision of the intervention material and provide insights for future health promotion programmes and public health policy.