bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of core–shell particles structure on the morphology and brittle‐ductile transition of PBT/ABS‐g‐GMA blends
Authors: Fu Yan , Song Haihe , Zhou Chao , Sun Shulin , Zhang Huixuan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe performance of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) functionalized acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene core–shell impact modifiers (R‐ABS) with varied GMA content, crosslinking degree of rubber phase, core–shell ratio, and initiator type in toughening of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was investigated. Results show that 1 wt% GMA is sufficient to induce a pronounced improvement of the impact strength of PBT and too much GMA induces the crosslinking of R‐ABS. Divinylbenzene improves the crosslinking degree of polybutadiene and decreases its cavitation ability. The brittle‐ductile transition shifts to higher R‐ABS content. When the core–shell ratio of R‐ABS is beyond 70/30, compatibilization reaction is not sufficient to retard the agglomeration of core–shell particles. R‐ABS particles with the core–shell ratio between 50/50 and 60/40 are suitable. Initiator type can influence the internal structure of R‐ABS. For R‐ABS prepared with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator, big subinclusion structure decreases its toughening ability. R‐ABS prepared with redox initiator shows better toughening behavior. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Photovoltaic module calibration value versus optical air mass: the air mass function
Authors: Osterwald C.R. , Emery K.A. , Muller M. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTSo‐called “air mass functions” of photovoltaic modules are used to approximate the effects of spectral responsivity and to correct short‐circuit current to or from a reference condition. These empirical functions are determined from outdoor measurements with test modules mounted on two‐axis solar trackers and then calculated from plots of normalized calibration value (short‐circuit current divided by total irradiance) versus optical air mass. Because they are incorporated into a number of photovoltaic system modeling and sizing software programs, the accuracy of the functions has direct implications for system costs. We discuss the assumptions associated with these functions that are generally not considered or ignored, and study their variability with respect to atmospheric constituents. The variability study included a 6‐month outdoor measurement on a crystalline‐Si module and a software simulation of the same module using a solar spectral irradiance model. We conclude that air mass functions depend on the measurement location and time, and therefore are not unique to a particular device. Also, using these functions introduces two distinct errors, the magnitudes of which are unknown without knowledge of spectral irradiance conditions. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Improvement of the cell performance in the ZnS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells by the sputter deposition of a bilayer ZnO : Al film
Authors: Shin Dong Hyeop , Kim Ji Hye , Shin Young Min , Yoon Kyung Hoon , Al‐Ammar Essam A. , Ahn Byung Tae 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTZnS is a candidate to replace CdS as the buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells for Cd‐free commercial product. However, the resistance of ZnS is too large, and the photoconductivity is too small. Therefore, the thickness of the ZnS should be as thin as possible. However, a CIGS solar cell with a very thin ZnS buffer layer is vulnerable to the sputtering power of the ZnO : Al window layer deposition because of plasma damage. To improve the efficiency of CIGS solar cells with a chemical‐bath‐deposited ZnS buffer layer, the effect of the plasma damage by the sputter deposition of the ZnO : Al window layer should be understood. We have found that the efficiency of a CIGS solar cell consistently decreases with an increase in the sputtering power for the ZnO : Al window layer deposition onto the ZnS buffer layer because of plasma damage. To protect the ZnS/CIGS interface, a bilayer ZnO : Al film was developed. It consists of a 50‐nm‐thick ZnO : Al plasma protection layer deposited at a sputtering power of 50 W and a 100‐nm‐thick ZnO : Al conducting layer deposited at a sputtering power of 200 W. The introduction of a 50‐nm‐thick ZnO : Al layer deposited at 50 W prevented plasma damage by sputtering, resulting in a high open‐circuit voltage, a large fill factor, and shunt resistance. The ZnS/CIGS solar cell with the bilayer ZnO : Al film yielded a cell efficiency of 14.68%. Therefore, the application of bilayer ZnO : Al film to the window layer is suitable for CIGS solar cells with a ZnS buffer layer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lateral modulation doping of two‐dimensional electron or hole gas
Authors: Dmitriev A. , Shur M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe show that the two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) injected from the region with a higher concentration into the region with a lower concentration decays very slowly. In contrast to the three‐dimensional case, where the concentration is an exponential function of distance from the injecting contact, the 2D concentration is inversely proportional to this distance. Moreover, using passivation with a high dielectric constant or a floating metal gate placed close to the 2DEG (with separation smaller than the Bohr radius) could dramatically enhance the 2DEG concentration decay length. This effect enables lateral remote electron transfer in 2DEG, similar to remote doping in heterostructures, and can be used to optimize the electric field and/or electron concentration profile.
High color rendering index and chromatic stability of top‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diodes capped with a supplementary green color conversion layer
Authors: Li Jiaheng , Zhu Wenqing , Xiong Linghao , Sun Wenbing , Wu Xiaoliang , Cao Jin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe have demonstrated high color rendering index (CRI) and chromatic stability of top‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diodes (TEWOLEDs) by capping a supplementary green color conversion layer (CCL) on the cathode of single blue emitter based TEWOLEDs. By employing CCLs, blue photon energy is absorbed and converted to green emission efficiently, resulting in an improvement of CRI from 72 to 86. We attribute the increased high CRI to the broadening of the out‐coupled spectrum and an appropriate intensity match among the three primary colors. Meanwhile, the TEWOLEDs show extremely high chromatic stability. The results indicate that this method provides a new avenue to improve the CRI of TEWOLEDs.magnified image(© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selection by rank in K‐dimensional binary search trees
Authors: Duch Amalia , Jiménez Rosa M. , Martínez Conrado 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn this work we show how to augment general purpose multidimensional data structures, such as K‐d trees, to efficiently support search by rank (that is, to locate the i‐th smallest element along the j‐th coordinate, for given i and j) and to find the rank of a given item along a given coordinate. To do so, we introduce two simple, practical and very flexible algorithms – Select‐by‐Rank and Find‐Rank – with very little overhead. Both algorithms can be easily implemented and adapted to several spatial indexes, although their analysis is far from trivial. We are able to show that for random K‐d trees of size n the expected number of nodes visited by Find‐Rank is for or , and for (with ), where depends on the dimension K and the variant of K‐d tree under consideration. We also show that Select‐by‐Rank visits nodes on average, where is the given rank and the exponent α is as above. We give the explicit form of the functions and , both are bounded in [0, 1] and they depend on K, on the variant of K‐d tree under consideration, and, eventually, on the specific coordinate j for which we execute our algorithms. As a byproduct of the analysis of our algorithms, but no less important, we give the average‐case analysis of a partial match search in random K‐d trees when the query is not random. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 14–37, 2014
Relationship between Hair Cortisol and Perceived Chronic Stress in a Diverse Sample
Authors: O'Brien K. M. , Tronick E. Z. , Moore C. L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHair cortisol (CORT) is a biomarker of chronic stress via long‐term alterations in hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. Relationships to perceived stress measures, however, have rarely been specifically investigated. A diverse sample of 135 adults participated in a study assessing relationships between chronic stress indicator CORT to perceived stress and health indicators. CORT was not correlated to single perceived domain indices but with a global stress composite. Differences in objective and subjective measures were found for sociodemographics: racial/ethnic identity, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Race by SES interactions predicted both CORT and perceived stress, but produced a complex and partially unanticipated pattern of results. For minorities, low and high SES showed the highest CORT, with mid‐SES showing the lowest CORT; there was little change in perceived stress at all levels of SES. For non‐minorities, mid‐SES showed the highest CORT, with decreases in both CORT and perceived stress in high SES. The unanticipated findings of deleterious outcomes for high SES minorities highlight the importance of investigating potential stressors and moderators, including perceived discrimination and social identity. Moreover, these results suggest that CORT may not always correlate with single stress indices but may provide a global assessment of chronic stress, with implications for the allostatic load literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpersonal Aggression and Burnout: The Mediating Role of Psychological Climate
Authors: Bedi Akanksha , Courcy Francois , Paquet Maxime , Harvey Steve 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUsing the theoretical perspectives offered by stressor–stress–strain framework and fairness theory, the authors propose that psychological climate will mediate the positive relationship between interpersonal aggression and employee burnout. Data from a survey of 1893 hospital employees suggested that psychological climate partially mediated the relationship between interpersonal aggression and two of the three dimensions of burnout, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of developmental processes: insights from mass spectrometry‐based proteomics
Authors: Veraksa Alexey 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics has become an indispensable tool for protein identification and quantification. In this paper, common MS workflows are described, with an emphasis on applications of MS‐based proteomics in developmental biology. Progress has been made in the analysis of proteome changes during tissue differentiation and in various genetic perturbations. MS‐based proteomics has been particularly useful for identifying novel protein interactions by affinity purification‐mass spectrometry (AP‐MS), many of which have been subsequently functionally validated and led to the discovery of previously unknown modes of developmental regulation. Quantitative proteomics approaches can be used to study posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins such as phosphorylation, to reveal the dynamics of intracellular signal transduction. Integrative approaches combine quantitative MS‐based proteomics with other high‐throughput methods, with the promise of a systems level understanding of developmental regulation. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:723–734. doi: 10.1002/wdev.102This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes
Technologies > Analysis of Proteins
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy: is it worthwhile? A meta‐analysis of laparoscopic pancreatectomy
Authors: Nakamura Masafumi , Nakashima Hiroshi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground/purposeThis study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) and laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) compared with the open method using meta‐analysis.MethodsA literature search was performed to identify comparative studies of laparoscopic versus open pancreatectomy. Perioperative outcomes were evaluated by meta‐analysis using a fixed effect model and random effects model.ResultsTwenty‐four studies of LDP and three studies of LPD matched the selection criteria, including 2,904 patients of DP and 109 patients of PD. Compared with ODP, LDP showed statistically significant differences with respect to less blood loss, lower transfusion rates, lower wound infection rates, lower morbidity rates, and shorter hospital stays. LPD showed significantly longer operative times compared with OPD. There was no significant difference in oncological outcomes between laparoscopic pancreatectomy and the open technique.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis included the largest number of patients and number of articles comparing LDP and ODP, and LDP showed significantly better perioperative outcomes. This meta‐analysis suggests that LDP is a reasonable operative method for benign tumors and some ductal carcinomas in the pancreas.
Spatial variation in population dynamics of the sand‐burrowing amphipodHaustorioides japonicus
Authors: Suzuki Yuya , Yamahira Kazunori , Kajihara Naoto , Takada Yoshitake 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDensities of sandy beach organisms along coastlines often vary considerably even within small local scales. In order to understand the demographic basis of density variations in shore animals, we examined the population dynamics of the amphipodHaustorioides japonicusKamihira, which is an ideal subject because it lacks a planktonic dispersal stage in its life history. Quantitative sampling at three adjacent sandy beaches along the Sea of Japan coast revealed that the spring density, i.e., the density of overwintered individuals, was similar among the three beaches. However, the amount of recruitment of newly hatched juveniles from late spring to summer greatly differed among the beaches, resulting in large spatial variations in the summer density. Cohort analyses revealed that at all beaches, young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) individuals reproduced and then died, and that individuals which recruited in late summer overwintered. Moreover, growth, fecundity, and survival schedules of overwintered and YOY individuals were very similar among beaches. These observations suggest that the difference in recruitment success, i.e., the survival of newly hatched juveniles, is the primary cause of the inter‐population variation in the summer density. It is likely that variations in salinity and sandy sediment affect the recruitment success of newly hatched individuals. This study indicates that biological productivity may differ substantially even among adjacent sandy beaches, with important implications for beach management.
Orbital subperiosteal hematoma associated with frontal & subfrontal extradural hematoma – A case report
Authors: Mallik Jeevesh , Kumar Anil , Sahay C.B. , Minj T.J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAn orbital subperiosteal hematoma following a head injury is relatively uncommon. An interesting case of a patient who sustained head injury with a cricket ball where the injury resulted in a frontal extradural hematoma with an associated orbital subperiosteal hematoma is reported here. The literature related to this unusual case is reviewed here.
“Appropriate and Just in the Circumstances”: Public Policy and the Enforcement of Rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Manfredi Christopher P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe political value of rights depends on the availability of effective instruments for remedying violations of those rights. Recognizing this, the authors of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provided courts with three remedial alternatives for enforcing its provisions. Focusing on section 24(1) of the Charter, which permits courts to impose any remedy they consider “appropriate and just in the circumstances, ” this article assesses how Canadian courts have dealt with the remedial dilemmas inherent in Charter litigation. This assessment unfolds in three stages. First, it sets out a framework for analyzing remedial decision-making. Next, it summarizes the cases in which section 24(1) has been explicitly invoked to enforce Charter rights. Finally, the article examines the remedial implications of judicial enforcement of minority- language educational rights.
The Mediated Horserace: Campaign Polls and Poll Reporting
Authors: Matthews J. Scott , Pickup Mark , Cutler Fred 
Published: December 2012

Abstract.Although “horserace journalism” is thought to be central to contemporary election news coverage and has generated a great deal of criticism, there is no general model of the nature and dynamics of horserace journalism or “poll reporting.” This paper proposes and empirically evaluates such a model. The model builds on and extends John Zaller's “theory of media politics” to consider specifically what citizens demand from polls and what journalists supply. Aside from the generic motivations of politicians, citizens and journalists, the model emphasizes the unique features of polls as objects of news coverage. The paper finds considerable support for the model in an analysis of newspaper coverage of horserace polls (that is, vote intention polls) in the Canadian general election of 2006. Our findings from this one case have potentially broad implications for our understanding of the relationship between polls and electoral democracy both empirically and normatively.Résumé.Même si le journalisme de course (“horserace journalism”) est vu comme étant une composante centrale de la couverture électorale et qu'il a généré sa part de critiques, il n'existe pas de modèle général de la nature et de la dynamique de ce type de journalisme. Cet article propose, et évalue empiriquement, un tel modèle. Prenant comme point de départ la « Theory of Media Politics » de John Zaller, ce modèle considère plus spécifiquement ce que les citoyens demandent des sondages et ce que les journalistes leurs procurent. Au-delà des motivations génériques des politiciens, citoyens et journalistes, le modèle met l'accent sur les caractéristiques uniques des sondages en tant qu'objet de couverture journalistique. L'article présente des résultats supportant considérablement le modèle à travers une analyse de la couverture des sondages par les journaux (c'est-à-dire des sondages sur les intentions de vote) durant l'élection générale canadienne de 2006. Nos résultats émanant de ce cas ont potentiellement des implications beaucoup plus grandes pour notre compréhension de la relation entre les sondages et la démocratie électorale, à la fois sur le plan empirique et sur le plan normatif.
Rescuing the New Natural Law Theory: From Absolute Values to a Theory of Autonomy
Authors: Goldstein Joshua D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The new natural theory developed by Germain Grisez, John Finnis, Robert George and other new natural lawyers is presented by both its friends and its liberal critics as more concerned with absolute values than theorizing human freedom. This concern is seemingly borne out by the new natural lawyers' narrow and exclusionary sexual ethic. However, this article suggests that the new natural law theory might be rescued from both these groups and shown to contain a robust and attractive account of freedom. Through a reconstruction of the new natural law theory's unique mode of arriving at moral action, this article suggests the new natural law theory integrates three distinct dimensions of autonomy which are often kept separate: a Kantian moral autonomy, a Rawlsian personal autonomy and a Hegelian ethical autonomy. The result is a new natural law theory—and a sexual ethic—more liberating than either the friends or critics of the new natural law theory would seem to allow.Résumé. La nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle, développée par Germain Grisez, John Finnis, Robert George et plusieurs autres défenseurs de la nouvelle loi naturelle, est présentée par ses défenseurs et critiques libéraux comme étant plus concernée par les valeurs absolues que par la théorisation de la liberté humaine. Cette préoccupation semble être née de la conception étroite et exclusive que font les théoriciens de la nouvelle loi naturelle de l'éthique sexuelle. Par contre, cet article suggère que la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle peut être secourue de ces deux groupes et démontre que la nouvelle loi naturelle contient une description robuste et intéressante du concept de liberté. À travers une reconstruction du mode d'arrivée à l'action morale unique à la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle, cet article suggère que la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle intègre trois dimensions distinctes de l'autonomie qui sont souvent gardées séparer: l'autonomie morale kantienne, l'autonomie personnelle rawlsienne et l'autonomie éthique hégélienne. Le résultat est une nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle, et une éthique sexuelle, plus libérée que ce que les défenseurs et critiques de la nouvelle théorie de la loi naturelle semblent permettre.
The determination of calcium and magnesium in milk and milk diffusate
Authors: Davies D. T. , White J. C. D. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryClassical methods and methods based on the use of disodium ethylene-diaminetetra-acetate (EDTA) for the semi-micro determination of calcium and magnesium in milk and milk diffusate are described. With both types of method satisfactory accuracy and precision are attainable. The use of the EDTA methods leads to greater speed and convenience but practice in recognizing the correct titration end-points is necessary.
FRENCH CROSSINGS: III. THE SMILE OF THE TIGER
Authors: Jones Colin 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper continues the theme of ‘French Crossings’ explored in other Presidential Addresses by focusing on the border zone between the human and the animal. The focus is on the allegedly tiger-like character attributed to Maximilien Robespierre, particularly after his fall from power and his execution in 1794. This theme is explored in terms of Thermidorian propaganda, French Revolutionary historiography and the ancient discipline of physiognomy, which was reactivated by Johann-Caspar Lavater in the late eighteenth century and was still influential through much of the nineteenth. Robespierre's animal rather than human status was also held to emerge in his inability to smile or laugh, a significant point also in that the meaning of the smile was changing in the same period.
NEGOTIATING THE MEDIEVAL IN THE MODERN: EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND STATECRAFT
Authors: Coleman Janet 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTWhat, if anything, do historians and theorists of international relations owe to the theories and practices of the Middle Ages? This paper traces a number of themes that were intensely debated by theologians during the fourteenth century, tracking especially two different approaches to ‘the political’ on the part of neo-Augustinian voluntarists on the one hand and neo-Aristotelian intellectualists on the other. In the scholastic attempts to answer the question: ‘What are we presumed to be? And, in consequence, what is the scope of politics?’, their different views concerning the consequences of what Christians call ‘Original Sin’ and ‘the Fall’ are highlighted. Especially, the position of the voluntarists is shown to have been taken up not least bytheMaster of the Modern: Hobbes. The neo-Augustinian voluntarists can thereafter be seen to have provided some of the same arguments that have recently been rehearsed by contemporary ‘realist’ critics of modern liberalism who, it is argued, are negotiating the medieval in the modern.