bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon application enhances resistance to xanthomonas wilt disease in banana
Authors: Mburu K. , Oduor R. , Mgutu A. , Tripathi L. 
Published: October 2015

Silicon (Si) has been reported to be a beneficial element and shown to enhance disease resistance in many crops, although it is not regarded to be critical for plant growth and development. In this study, the potential effect of Si supplementation on resistance to banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW) disease was evaluated using various banana cultivars. Si application at a concentration of 200 mg per plant per week was found to be optimal in enhancing resistance toBXWwithout any detrimental effects on plant growth. The effect of varying the duration of Si application showed continuous supply of Si before and after pathogen inoculation led to a significantly higher level of resistance toBXWin all the banana cultivars tested in comparison to non‐Si‐treated inoculated plants. Banana plants treated with Si before pathogen inoculation only, also exhibited high protection againstBXWsimilar to plants treated continuously with Si. The total Si content in leaves increased significantly in Si‐treated plants in comparison to non‐Si‐treated control plants. The amount of Si accumulation was directly correlated to the duration of application; plants treated with Si continuously showed significantly higher amounts of Si accumulation in leaves than plants where Si application was terminated following bacterial inoculation or when Si application started immediately after pathogen inoculation. The Si‐treated plants also showed higher activity of the peroxidase enzyme in comparison to non‐Si‐treated control plants. This study confirms that application of Si enhances resistance toBXWand may provide an alternative disease management strategy.
Genericity as a Unitary Psychological Phenomenon: An Argument from Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Collins John 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSo‐called ‘generics’ are members of a diverse class of constructions that express generalisations that do not directly involve any precise cardinality of individuals, but rather the kinds or ‘typical’ or ‘normal’ members of the kinds contributed by arguments of the predicate. The paper argues that genericity as a unitary phenomenon of human thought has a psychological, rather than linguistic, basis. This claim is argued for by way of a survey of the linguistic diversity of the forms of genericity, and the presentation of a psychological model from recent experimental work done by Prasada and Dillingham that promises to confer unity on the genericity phenomena while explaining how the linguistic diversity relates to a single cognitive representation of a form of generality.
QR Out of a Tensed Clause: Evidence from Antecedent‐Contained Deletion
Authors: Syrett Kristen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper presents an argument based on evidence from experiments featuring Antecedent‐Contained Deletion (ACD) sentences situated in carefully‐manipulated discourse contexts, that covert movement is not grammatically constrained by tense. ACD is a form of Verb Phrase Ellipsis in which ellipsis is embedded in its antecedent. Under an account appealing to Quantifier Raising, the quantificational phrase containing the ellipsis site raises to a VP‐external position, allowing the VP to become the antecedent. When ACD is embedded in a non‐finite clause, such sentences are ambiguous, since multiple VPs can serve as an antecedent. However, when ACD is embedded in a finite clause, the range of interpretations has been claimed to be restricted, because of an independent ‘clause‐bounded’ movement constraint on Quantifier Raising. However, there are exceptions to this generalization. I present evidence from an experimental investigation of finite‐clause‐embedded ACD sentences, relying on Cecchetto (2004), to demonstrate that under the right discourse conditions, the supposedly unavailable Matrix reading surfaces robustly, at a percentage that is surprising if the constraint were rooted in the grammar. I argue that these results call into question the source of this locality restriction, and propose that it has nothing to do with an arbitrary grammatical constraint on movement.
Linguistic Experiments and Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Hansen Nat , Chemla Emmanuel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractJ.L. Austin is regarded as having an especially acute ear for fine distinctions of meaning overlooked by other philosophers. Austin employs an informal experimental approach to gathering evidence in support of these fine distinctions in meaning, an approach that has become a standard technique for investigating meaning in both philosophy and linguistics. In this paper, we subject Austin's methods to formal experimental investigation. His methods produce mixed results: We find support for his most famous distinction, drawn on the basis of his ‘donkey stories’, that ‘mistake’ and ‘accident’ apply to different cases, but not for some of his other attempts to distinguish the meaning of philosophically significant terms (such as ‘intentionally’ and ‘deliberately’). We critically examine the methodology of informal experiments employed in ordinary language philosophy and much of contemporary philosophy of language and linguistics, and discuss the role that experimenter bias can play in influencing judgments about informal and formal linguistic experiments.
Pragmatics and Processing
Authors: Geurts Bart , Rubio‐Fernández Paula 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGricean pragmatics has often been criticised for being implausible from a psychological point of view. This line of criticism is never backed up by empirical evidence, but more importantly, it ignores the fact thatGrice never meant to advance a processing theory, in the first place. Taking our lead fromMarr (1982), we distinguish between two levels of explanation: at theW‐level, we are concerned with what agents do and why; at theH‐level, we ask how agents do whatever it is they do. Whereas pragmatics is pitched at theW‐level, processing theories are at theH‐level. This is not to say that pragmatics has no implications for psychology at all, but it is to say that its implications are less direct than is often supposed.
Genericity is Easy? Formal and Experimental Perspectives
Authors: Lazaridou‐Chatzigoga Dimitra , Katsos Napoleon , Stockall Linnaea 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we compare the formal semantics approach to genericity, within which genericity is viewed as a species of quantification, and a growing body of experimental and developmental work on the topic, mainly by psychologists rather than linguists, proposing that genericity is categorically different from (and significantly simpler than) quantification. We argue that this generics‐as‐default hypothesis is much less well supported by evidence than its supporters contend, and that a research program combining theoretical and experimental research methods and considerations in the same studies is required to make progress.
Behind and Beyond the (Head Count) Employment Rate
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Viviano Eliana 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe paper argues that we need more general statistical indices for the analysis of the European labour markets. First, the paper discusses some normative aspects that are implicit in the current definition of the employment rate, which is a fundamental policy target in the new strategy Europe 2020. Second, it proposes a class of generalized indices based on work intensity, as approximated by the total annual hours of work relative to a benchmark value. Third, it derives, in a consistent framework, household level employment indices. These indices provide a more nuanced picture of the European labour markets, which better reflects the diversity in the use of part-time and fixed term jobs as well as other factors affecting the allocation of work between and within households.
From ‘needing to know’ to ‘needing not to know more’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of couples' experiences with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wawrziczny Emilie , Pasquier Florence , Ducharme Francine , Kergoat Marie‐Jeanne , Antoine Pascal 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo explore the experiences and adjustment modes of couples during the period between the initial signs of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the years following diagnosis, particularly in the case of early‐onset AD.DesignA dyadic interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted with married couples in which one member of each couple received a diagnosis of probable early‐onset AD (before 65 years of age).ParticipantsSixteen young couples, followed by the National Reference Centre for Young Persons with AD, agreed to participate. For seven of the couples, the caregiver was a woman. The mean age was 57.4 (SD = 4.2) for the caregivers and 57.3 (SD = 4.1) for the persons with AD.MethodsThe semi‐structured interviews were conducted in the couples' homes. Each interview was conducted with both spouses to capture their interactions in the context of individual and shared experiences.ResultsTwo higher‐order themes emerged from the analyses: the ‘need to know’ and, after the diagnosis, the ‘need not to know more’. Indeed, the first signs mark the beginning of a period of doubt and a search for understanding. This pursuit of knowledge progresses to the recognition of more intense and severe signs that encourage couples to seek medical attention. Both reassuring and destabilising, the diagnosis is a breaking point that modifies how the changes and painful effects associated with disease are experienced. Couples employ strategies to minimise their suffering and consequently their knowledge about the disease.ConclusionsThese results show that the couples oscillate between the need to know and the fear of knowing. To protect themselves, they use strategies to reduce their suffering and to distance the disease. The use of these avoidance strategies indicates that certain times in the course of disease management are less appropriate for couples to accept the assistance offered by formal caregivers.
Application of iodinated starch powder using an atomizer spray gun – a new and effective tool to evaluate hypohidrosis
Authors: Lim J. H.‐L. , Choo W. , Chang J. H. , Tey H. L. , Chong W.‐S. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundHypohidrosis is defined as diminished sweating in response to an appropriate thermal or sympathetic stimulus. When encountered in a clinical setting, it necessitates an accurate documentation of its pattern and extent to prognosticate the risk of associated heat‐related illnesses. This can be achieved by thermoregulatory sweat testing which includes a starch–iodine sweat test that can be administered via various methods.ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel method of using an atomizer spray gun in administering the starch–iodine test.MethodsWe describe the administration of the starch–iodine test via an atomizer spray gun (Series 700 Lab Model; Mitsuba Systems, Mumbai, India). The method was utilized for the evaluation of 30 individuals who presented with symptoms of hypohidrosis.ResultsApplication of iodinated starch powder prepared in‐house with the atomizer spray gun achieved a lightweight and homogeneous coat on our patients' skin which allowed for clear visualization of the sweating pattern in areas of anhidrosis. The sharp demarcation of the pathological regions enabled the precise calculation of the affected body surface area of impaired sweating. Unlike the starch–iodine tests using the Minor and Wada methods, neither staining of the skin nor irritation was detected in this method.ConclusionWe report a novel method of using an atomizer spray gun to perform the starch–iodine test in a rapid, reproducible, effective, and safe manner suitable for use in the clinical evaluation of hypohidrosis.
Time Zones Matter: The Impact of Distance and Time Zones on Services Trade
Authors: Christen Elisabeth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGiven the need for proximity in the provision of many services, factors such as geographical distance place a higher cost burden on the delivery of services in foreign markets as compared to goods trade. In addition, differences in time zones add significantly to the costs of service transactions. Decomposing the impact of distance into a longitudinal and latitudinal component and accounting for differences in time zones, it is possible to identify in detail the factors driving the impact of increasing coordination costs on the delivery of services through foreign affiliates. Working with a bilateral US data set on foreign affiliate sales in services this paper examines the impact of time zone differences and east–west and north–south distance on US outward affiliate sales, by employing a Hausman–Taylor model for services trade by foreign affiliates. Both distance components as well as time zone differences have a significant positive effect on foreign affiliate sales. By decomposing the effect of distance the results show that increasing east–west or north–south distance by 100 km raises affiliates sales by 2 per cent. Regarding time zone differences, the findings suggest that affiliate sales increase as hourly time zone differences get larger.
A statistical assessment of the biological relationship between simultaneous canine mammary tumours
Authors: Gunnes G. , Borge K. S. , Lingaas F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSimultaneous canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are frequently reported in the literature, but few studies have addressed their biological relationship in detail or performed statistical assessments. In this study, 269 canine mammary gland tumours from 216 dogs were categorized using an extended histopathological classification, where semiquantitative and binomial scales enumerated morphological parameters of the tumours. The classification facilitated a statistical study of the biological relationship between simultaneous within‐dog tumours. Seventy‐seven percent of the dogs had single tumours and 23% had simultaneous tumours. Sixty‐one percent of the neoplasias were benign, with complex adenoma as the most frequent diagnosis and 39% were malignant, with complex carcinoma as the most common malignancy. Simultaneous tumours within dogs more often had equal diagnoses and neoplastic level (benign or malignant) than would be expected by chance alone, as compared with random pairs of single tumours from different dogs. This statistically supported finding indicated the presence of a biological relationship between simultaneous tumours.
The use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography for the detection of active renal hemorrhage in a dog with spontaneous kidney rupture resulting in hemoperitoneum
Authors: Gerboni Gian Marco , Capra Giulia , Ferro Silvia , Bellino Claudio , Perego Manuela , Zanet Stefania , D'Angelo Antonio , Gianella Paola 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for the detection of active renal hemorrhage in a dog with spontaneous kidney rupture resulting in hemoperitoneum.Case summaryA 9‐month‐old, sexually intact male Boxer dog presented for acute collapse, abdominal pain, and tachycardia. Physical examination findings were consistent with hypovolemia and acute abdomen. B‐mode ultrasonography revealed peritoneal effusion and a right kidney mass. Subsequently, a CEUS study was performed on the right kidney, which demonstrated active hemorrhage from that kidney resulting in both hemoretroperitoneum and hemoperitoneum. At exploratory surgery, ultrasonographic findings were confirmed and a right nephrectomy was performed. Histopathology demonstrated severe parenchymal alterations along with the presence of nematode larvae. Fecal and urine testing for the presence of parasitic ova were negative. Identification of the larvae was inconclusive. At 30 days postoperatively, repeat B‐mode ultrasound and clinicopathologic testing was unremarkable. The dog was alive at 1 year postsurgery with no ill effects.New or Unique Information ProvidedTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of CEUS for the detection of active hemorrhage from a kidney resulting in hemoretroperitoneum and hemoperitoneum in a dog. Although rare, the finding of nematode larvae within the renal parenchyma may have been the cause of kidney rupture. Importantly, surgical removal of the kidney was curative. Benign processes causing kidney rupture such as parasitic infestation should be considered in the working diagnosis as related to geographical location.
Adaptive genetic changes related to haemoglobin concentration in native high‐altitude Tibetans
Authors: Simonson T. S. , Huff C. D. , Witherspoon D. J. , Prchal J. T. , Jorde L. B. 
Published: October 2015

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
Tibetans have genetic adaptations that are hypothesized to underlie the distinct set of traits they exhibit at altitude.
What advances does it highlight?
Several adaptive signatures in the same genomic regions have been identified among Tibetan populations resident throughout the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Many highland Tibetans exhibit a haemoglobin concentration within the range expected at sea level, and this trait is associated with putatively adaptive regions harbouring the hypoxia‐inducible factor pathway genes EGLN1, EPAS1 and PPARA. Precise functional variants at adaptive loci and relationships to physiological traits, beyond haemoglobin concentration, are currently being examined in this population.
Some native Tibetan, Andean and Ethiopian populations have lived at altitudes ranging from 3000 to >4000 m above sea level for hundreds of generations and exhibit distinct combinations of traits at altitude. It was long hypothesized that genetic factors contribute to adaptive differences in these populations, and recent advances in genomics provide evidence that some of the strongest signatures of positive selection in humans are those identified in Tibetans. Many of the top adaptive genomic regions highlighted thus far harbour genes related to hypoxia sensing and response. Putatively adaptive copies of three hypoxia‐inducible factor pathway genes, EPAS1, EGLN1 and PPARA, are associated with sea‐level range, rather than elevated, haemoglobin concentration observed in many Tibetans at high altitude, and recent studies provide insight into some of the precise adaptive variants, timing of adaptive events and functional roles. While several studies in highland Tibetans have converged on a few hypoxia‐inducible factor pathway genes, additional candidates have been reported in independent studies of Tibetans located throughout the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Various aspects of adaptive significance have yet to be identified, integrated, and fully explored. Given the rapid technological advances and interdisciplinary efforts in genomics, physiology and molecular biology, careful examination of Tibetans and comparisons with other distinctively adapted highland populations will provide valuable insight into evolutionary processes and models for both basic and clinical research.
Sea‐level haemoglobin concentration is associated with greater exercise capacity in Tibetan males at 4200 m
Authors: Wagner P. D. , Simonson T. S. , Wei G. , Wagner H. E. , Wuren T. , Qin G. , Yan M. , Ge R. L. 
Published: October 2015

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
Recent developments link relatively lower hemoglobin concentration in Tibetans at high altitude to exercise capacity and components of oxygen transport.
What advances does it highlight?
Haemoglobin concentration (ranging from 15.2 to 22.9 g dl−1) in Tibetan males was negatively associated with peak oxygen (O2) uptake per kilogram, cardiac output and muscle O2 diffusion conductance. Most variance in the peak O2 uptake per kilogram of Tibetan males was attributed to cardiac output, muscle diffusional conductance and arterial partial pressure of CO2. The mechanisms underlying these differences in oxygen transport in Tibetans require additional analyses.
Despite residence at >4000 m above sea level, many Tibetan highlanders, unlike Andean counterparts and lowlanders at altitude, exhibit haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) within the typical sea‐level range. Genetic adaptations in Tibetans are associated with this relatively low [Hb], yet the functional relevance of the lower [Hb] remains unknown. To address this, we examined each major step of the oxygen transport cascade [ventilation (VE), cardiac output (QT) and diffusional conductance in lung (DL) and muscle (DM)] in Tibetan males at maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Ranging from 15.2 to 22.9 g dl−1, [Hb] was negatively associated with peak O2 uptake per kilogram (r = −0.45, P < 0.05) and both cardiac output (QT/kg: r = −0.54, P < 0.02) and muscle O2 diffusion conductance (DM/kg: r = −0.44, P < 0.05) but not ventilation, arterial partial pressure of O2 or pulmonary diffusing capacity. Most variance in peak O2 uptake per kilogram was attributed to QT, DM and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (r2 = 0.90). In summary, lack of polycythaemia in Tibetans is associated with increased exercise capacity, which is explained by elevated cardiac, muscle and, to a small extent, ventilatory responses rather than pulmonary gas exchange. Whether lower [Hb] is the cause or result of these changes in O2 transport or is causally unrelated will require additional study.
Impact of extreme exercise at high altitude on oxidative stress in humans
Authors: Quindry John , Dumke Charles , Slivka Dustin , Ruby Brent 
Published: October 2015

AbstractExercise and oxidative stress research continues to grow as a physiological subdiscipline. The influence of high altitude on exercise and oxidative stress is among the recent topics of intense study in this area. Early findings indicate that exercise at high altitude has an independent influence on free radical generation and the resultant oxidative stress. This review provides a detailed summary of oxidative stress biochemistry as gleaned mainly from studies of humans exercising at high altitude. Understanding of the human response to exercise at altitude is largely derived from field‐based research at altitudes above 3000 m in addition to laboratory studies which employ normobaric hypoxia. The implications of oxidative stress incurred during high altitude exercise appear to be a transient increase in oxidative damage followed by redox‐sensitive adaptations in multiple tissues. These outcomes are consistent for lowland natives, high altitude acclimated sojourners and highland natives, although the latter group exhibits a more robust adaptive response. To date there is no evidence that altitude‐induced oxidative stress is deleterious to normal training or recovery scenarios. Limited evidence suggests that deleterious outcomes related to oxidative stress are limited to instances where individuals are exposed to extreme elevations for extended durations. However, confirmation of this tentative conclusion requires further investigation. More applicably, altitude‐induced hypoxia may have an independent influence on redox‐sensitive adaptive responses to exercise and exercise recovery. If correct, these findings may hold important implications for athletes, mountaineers, and soldiers working at high altitude. These points are raised within the confines of published research on the topic of oxidative stress during exercise at altitude.
image