bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FgSKN7 and FgATF1 have overlapping functions in ascosporogenesis, pathogenesis and stress responses in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Jiang Cong , Zhang Shijie , Zhang Qiang , Tao Yin , Wang Chenfang , Xu Jin‐Rong 
Published: July 2014

SummaryFusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat and barley. Deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by the pathogen is an important mycotoxins and virulence factor. Because oxidative burst is a common defense response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces DON production, in this study, we characterized functional relationships of three stress‐related transcription factor genes FgAP1, FgATF1 and FgSKN7. Although all of them played a role in tolerance to oxidative stress, deletion of FgAP1 or FgATF1 had no significant effect on DON production. In contrast, Fgskn7 mutants were reduced in DON production and defective in H2O2‐induced TRI gene expression. The Fgap1 mutant had no detectable phenotype other than increased sensitivity to H2O2 and Fgap1 Fgatf1 and Fgap1 Fgskn7 mutants lacked additional or more severe phenotypes than the single mutants. The Fgatf1, but not Fgskn7, mutant was significantly reduced in virulence and delayed in ascospore release. The Fgskn7 Fgatf1 double mutant had more severe defects in growth, conidiation and virulence than the Fgatf1 or Fgskn7 mutant. Instead of producing four‐celled ascospores, it formed eight small, single‐celled ascospores in each ascus. Therefore, FgSKN7 and FgATF1 must have overlapping functions in intracellular ROS signalling for growth, development and pathogenesis in F. graminearum.
Oil Wealth, Ethno‐Religious‐Linguistic Fractionalization and Civil Wars in Africa: Cross‐Country Evidence
Authors: Anyanwu John C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe empirically examine the effect of oil wealth and ethno‐religious‐linguistic fractionalization on civil war prevalence in Africa, by using three different estimation strategies and alternative measures of societal diversity. We show that oil wealth and the three distributional measures of ethnic fractionalization, religious fractionalization and linguistic fractionalization are significant correlates of civil war in Africa. These effects persist as we use an alternative measure of the prevalence of civil war. Thus, while oil wealthy, ethnically and linguistically fractionalized countries are more likely to experience civil violence, religiously fractionalized ones are less likely to experience significant civil violence in the Continent. We also find that countries with large population size, rough (mountainous) terrain and coup‐prone are at greater risk for civil war than those that are more democratic with high per capita income and economic growth.
Effects of Penicillium roqueforti and whey cheese on gross composition, microbiology and proteolysis of mould‐ripened Civil cheese during ripening
Authors: Cakmakci Songul , Hayaloglu Ali A , Dagdemir Elif , Cetin Bulent , Gurses Mustafa , Tahmas‐Kahyaoglu Deren 
Published: July 2014

Four different types of mould‐ripened Civil cheese were manufactured. A defined (nontoxigenic) strain of a Penicillium roqueforti (SC 509) was used as the secondary starter with and without addition of the whey cheese (Lor); in parallel, secondary starter‐free counterparts were manufactured. Chemical composition, microbiology and proteolysis were studied during the ripening. The incorporation of whey cheese in the manufacture of mould‐ripened Civil cheese altered the gross composition and adversely affected proteolysis in the cheeses. The inoculated P. roqueforti moulds appeared to grow slowly on those cheeses, and little proteolysis was evident in all cheese treatments during the first 90 days of ripening. However, sharp increases in the soluble nitrogen fractions were observed in all cheeses after 90 days. Microbiological analysis showed that the microbial counts in the cheeses were at high levels at the beginning of ripening, while their counts decreased approximately 1–2 log cfu/g towards the end of ripening.
Does preoperative urodynamics improve outcomes for women undergoing surgery for stress urinary incontinence? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rachaneni S , Latthe P 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundUrodynamics is widely used in the investigation of urinary incontinence. The existing evidence questions its add‐on value in improving the outcome of surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI).ObjectivesTo compare the surgical outcomes in women with SUI or stress‐predominant mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) based on urodynamic diagnoses compared with diagnoses based on office evaluation without urodynamics.Search strategyWe searched Cochrane, MedLine, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) and Google Scholar databases from inception until March 2013.Selection criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical outcomes in women investigated by urodynamics and women who had office evaluation only.Data collection and analysisTwo independent reviewers (S.R. and P.L.) extracted the data and analysed it using review manager (revman) 5.2 software.Main resultsOf the 388 articles identified, only four RCTs met our criteria. The data from one study are as yet unpublished. In the other three RCTs, the women with SUI or stress‐predominant MUI were randomised either to office evaluation and urodynamics (n = 388) or to office evaluation only (n = 387). There was no statistical difference in the risk ratio (RR) of subjective cure in the two groups (RR 1.02, 95%CI 0.90–1.15, P = 0.79, I2 = 45%), objective cure (RR 1.01, 95%CI 0.93–1.11, P = 0.28, I2 = 20%) or complications such as voiding dysfunction (RR 1.54, 95%CI 0.61–3.89, P = 0.27, I2 = 18%) or urinary urgency (RR 0.80, 95%CI 0.28–2.3, P = 0.19, I2 = 40%).Authors' conclusionsIn women undergoing primary surgery for SUI or stress‐predominant MUI without voiding difficulties, urodynamics does not improve outcomes – as long as the women undergo careful office evaluation.
Cost Savings from Palliative Care Teams and Guidance for a Financially Viable Palliative Care Program
Authors: McCarthy Ian M. , Robinson Chessie , Huq Sakib , Philastre Martha , Fine Robert L. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo quantify the cost savings of palliative care (PC) and identify differences in savings according to team structure, patient diagnosis, and timing of consult.Data SourcesHospital administrative records on all inpatient stays at five hospital campuses from January 2009 through June 2012.Study DesignThe analysis matched PC patients to non‐PC patients (separately by discharge status) using propensity score methods. Weighted generalized linear model regressions of hospital costs were estimated for the matched groups.Data CollectionData were restricted to patients at least 18 years old with inpatient stays of between 7 and 30 days. Variables available included patient demographics, primary and secondary diagnoses, hospital costs incurred for the inpatient stay, and when/if the patient had a PC consult.Principal FindingsWe found overall cost savings from PC of $3,426 per patient for those dying in the hospital. No significant cost savings were found for patients discharged alive; however, significant cost savings for patients discharged alive could be achieved for certain diagnoses, PC team structures, or if consults occurred within 10 days of admission.ConclusionsAppropriately selected and timed PC consults with physician and RN involvement can help ensure a financially viable PC program via cost savings to the hospital.
Efficacy of dipeptidyl‐peptidase‐4 inhibitors and impact on β‐cell function in Asian and Caucasian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A meta‐analysis在亚洲人和白种人的2型糖尿病患者中DPP‐4抑制剂的疗效及对β细胞功能的影响：一项meta分析
Authors: Cai Xiaoling , Han Xueyao , Luo Yingying , Ji Linong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis work aimed to compare the efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐4) inhibitors and their impact on β‐cell function in Asian and Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsDatabases were systematically searched and qualifying studies that compared DPP‐4 inhibitors with other antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes were included.ResultsA total of 68 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Comparison of DPP‐4 inhibitors with placebo in Asian patients showed a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) favoring DPP‐4 inhibitors (weighted mean difference [WMD], −0.81%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.95% to −0.68%; P < 0.001). Comparison of HbA1c changes between Asian and Caucasian patients showed a significant between‐group difference of −0.18% (95% CI, −0.32% to −0.04%; P = 0.011) when compared with placebo. In Asian patients, the homeostatic model assessment for β‐cell function (HOMA‐β) was increased with DPP‐4 inhibitors compared with placebo (WMD, 7.90; 95% CI, 4.29 to 11.51; P < 0.001), although to a lesser extent in Caucasian patients. Comparisons between Asian and Caucasian patients showed a significant between‐group difference of −4.97 (95% CI, −9.86 to −0.09; P = 0.046) compared with placebo. Body weight increase with DPP‐4 inhibitors compared with placebo was comparable in Asian and Caucasian studies (WMD, 0.37 kg and 0.45 kg and 95% CI, 0.04–0.69 and 0.27–0.62, respectively).ConclusionsThe glucose‐lowering efficacy of DPP‐4 inhibitors was greater in Asian patients than in Caucasian patients, although the effect on β‐cell function was inferior in Asian patients. The effect of DPP‐4 inhibitors on insulin resistance and body weight in Asian patients was comparable with that observed in Caucasian patients.
Weight loss effect of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 mimetics on obese/overweight adults without diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials胰高血糖素样肽‐1类似物对非糖尿病肥胖/超重成人的减重作用：一篇对随机对照试验进行的系统评价及meta分析
Authors: Zhang Fang , Tong Yuzhen , Su Na , Li Yi , Tang Lizhi , Huang Li , Tong Nanwei 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) benefit weight maintenance for diabetic patients. We performed a systematic review to evaluate its weight loss effect on obese/overweight patients without diabetes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsLiterature updated to May 5, 2014 from Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and reference lists from relevant articles were identified. RCTs with GLP‐1 mimetics treating obese/overweight adults without diabetes for at least 12 weeks were assessed. Studies lacking primary measurements were excluded. Three authors extracted data independently. Either fixed‐effect or random‐effect models were used to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs), combined relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in meta‐analyses. Intertrial heterogeneity across studies was examined by I2 and Q statistics.ResultsA total of 1345 individuals retrieved from eight studies were involved and all included trials were of mild‐to‐moderate bias risks. Participants in GLP‐1RA groups achieved a larger weight loss than those in control groups (−2.85 kg, 95%CI −3.55 to −2.14), and liraglutide may work in a dose‐dependent fashion. GLP‐1RAs also reduced body mass index (BMI) and waist circumferences (WC) and benefited systolic blood pressure and triglyceride regulation. But GLP‐1RAs were associated with increased nausea and vomiting events.ConclusionsGLP‐1 mimetics induce a weight loss in addition to BMI and WC reduction in obese/overweight adults without diabetes. Further long‐term randomized trials and basic studies are required to investigate the mechanisms.
Cocaine's fall and marijuana's rise: questions and insights based on new estimates of consumption and expenditures in US drug markets
Authors: Caulkins Jonathan P. , Kilmer Beau , Reuter Peter H. , Midgette Greg 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimsDrug policy strategies and discussions often use prevalence of drug use as a primary performance indicator. However, three other indicators are at least as relevant: the number of heavy users, total expenditures and total amount consumed. This paper stems from our efforts to develop annual estimates of these three measures for cocaine (including crack), heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine in the United States.MethodsThe estimates exploit complementary strengths of a general population survey (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) and both survey and urinalysis test result data for arrestees (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program), supplemented by many other data sources.ResultsThroughout the 2000s US drug users spent in the order of $100 billion annually on these drugs, although the spending distribution and use patterns changed dramatically. From 2006 to 2010, the amount of marijuana consumed in the United States probably increased by more than 30%, while the amount of cocaine consumed in the United States fell by approximately 50%. These figures are consistent with supply‐side indicators, such as seizures and production estimates. For all the drugs, total consumption and expenditures are driven by the minority of users who consume on 21 or more days each month.ConclusionsEven for established drugs, consumption can change rapidly. The halving of the cocaine market in five years and the parallel (but independent) large rise in daily/near‐daily marijuana use are major events that were not anticipated by the expert community and raise important theoretical, research, and policy issues.
Relationship between primary colorectal tumour and location of colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Pathak Samir , Palkhi Ebrahim , Dave Rajiv , White Alan , Pandanaboyana Sanjay , Prasad K. Raj , Lodge J. Peter A. , Toogood Giles J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is conflicting evidence regarding whether streamlining of blood flow within the portal vein influences the anatomical distribution of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). This study assesses the relationship between primary tumour location and metastases location.MethodsPatients were identified using a prospectively maintained database, and those with known site of primary colorectal tumour and hemiliver involvement were included. Site of metastases and segments affected were confirmed via review of the radiology reports. The location of primary colonic tumour was confirmed via review of clinical correspondence letters.ResultsA total of 2364 metastases were identified in 891 patients. Of these, 379 metastases were in the right lobe and 156 in the left lobe, with 356 having bilobar disease. There was no significant relationship between the distribution of CRLM and the site of primary disease (left colon versus right colon) (P = 0.819). However, when the segmental location of the metastases was considered, there is a statistically significant difference between the number of right‐sided CRLM compared with left‐sided CRLM (P < 0.001).ConclusionsRight‐sided CRLM is more likely regardless of the primary location. Portal streaming may have an effect, although the natural anatomical ‘angulation’, particularly of the left portal vein branch is more likely to play a role.
System review and meta‐analysis on photodynamic therapy in central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Ma Jinlan , Meng Nana , Xu Xiaoyi , Zhou Fang , Qu Yi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) compared with laser therapy and intravitreal injection of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) drugs, and to find the maximum treatment effect with minimal dose and fluence of PDT.MethodsA systematic electronic search was conducted in Feb 2013 in PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge and the Cochrane library. The main outcome factors were compared in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) and resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF). Meta‐analysis was performed when it is appropriate. The comparisons were designed into four groups: group 1, PDT versus laser photocoagulation; group 2, PDT versus intravitreal injection of anti‐VEGF drugs; group 3, half‐dose verteporfin PDT versus placebo; group 4, half‐fluence PDT versus full‐fluence PDT.ResultsWe retrieved nine reports of studies including a total of 319 patients. In group 1, the summary result indicated that PDT was superior in resolution of SRF (p = 0.005) than laser photocoagulation. In group 2, PDT could resolute SRF (p = 0.007) and decrease CMT (p = 0.002) more rapidly than intravitreal injection of anti‐VEGF drugs. In group 3, half‐dose PDT was effective in improving BCVA (p < 0.00001), decreasing CMT (p = 0.001) and resolving SRF (p < 0.001). In group 4, half‐fluence PDT was effective and could significantly decrease the hypoxic damage which was caused by PDT (p < 0.001).ConclusionPDT is a promising therapy for CSC patients and the parameters of PDT can be adjusted to obtain the maximum treatment effect with minimal adverse effects.
Orthodontic widening of the palate may provide a cure for selected children with therapy‐resistant enuresis
Authors: Nevéus Tryggve , Leissner Lena , Rudblad Stig , Bazargani Farhan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimAccording to a number of small case series, orthodontic treatment may have anti‐enuretic effects. Thus, we evaluated whether widening of the palate can alleviate enuresis and whether prognostic information can be gained from examining children's nocturnal respiration and nasal airway dimensions.MethodsChildren with therapy‐resistant enuresis underwent polysomnography, focusing on nocturnal respiration, and had their nasal airways examined. Rapid maxillary expansion was performed, widening the maxilla by approximately 0.5 cm. The dental appliance was removed after 6 months. Enuresis frequency was evaluated four times: at baseline, with the orthodontic apparatus in situ, after completed maxillary expansion and 1 year post‐treatment.ResultsOf the 34 children recruited, one dropped out due to oral discomfort. The numbers of wet nights per week on the four assessment occasions were 5.48 ± 1.48, 5.12 ± 1.73, 3.09 ± 2.49 and 2.63 ± 2.81; p < 0.001. The proportions of responders, intermediate responders and non‐responders during treatment were 21.2%, 27.3% and 51.5%, respectively. Responders were found to have a lower enuresis frequency at baseline (p = 0.001) and to have larger nasal airway dimensions (p = 0.01).ConclusionOrthodontic widening of the palate may be curative in a subgroup of children with therapy‐resistant enuresis.
Determination of the binding mode for the cyclopentapeptide CXCR4 antagonist FC131 using a dual approach of ligand modifications and receptor mutagenesis
Authors: Thiele S , Mungalpara J , Steen A , Rosenkilde M M , Våbenø J 
Published: July 2014

Background and PurposeThe cyclopentapeptide FC131 (cyclo(‐L‐Arg1‐L‐Arg2‐L‐2‐Nal3‐Gly4‐D‐Tyr5‐)) is an antagonist at the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4, which plays a role in human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer and stem cell recruitment. Binding modes for FC131 in CXCR4 have previously been suggested based on molecular docking guided by structure–activity relationship (SAR) data; however, none of these have been verified by in vitro experiments.Experimental ApproachHeterologous 125I‐12G5‐competition binding and functional assays (inhibition of CXCL12‐mediated activation) of FC131 and three analogues were performed on wild‐type CXCR4 and 25 receptor mutants. Computational modelling was used to rationalize the experimental data.Key ResultsThe Arg2 and 2‐Nal3 side chains of FC131 interact with residues in TM‐3 (His113, Asp171) and TM‐5 (hydrophobic pocket) respectively. Arg1 forms charge‐charge interactions with Asp187 in ECL‐2, while D‐Tyr5 points to the extracellular side of CXCR4. Furthermore, the backbone of FC131 interacts with the chemokine receptor‐conserved Glu288 via two water molecules. Intriguingly, Tyr116 and Glu288 form a H‐bond in CXCR4 crystal structures and mutation of either residue to Ala abolishes CXCR4 activity.Conclusions and ImplicationsLigand modification, receptor mutagenesis and computational modelling approaches were used to identify the binding mode of FC131 in CXCR4, which was in agreement with binding modes suggested from previous SAR studies. Furthermore, insights into the mechanism for CXCR4 activation by CXCL12 were gained. The combined findings will facilitate future design of novel CXCR4 antagonists.
Fluvial deposition during transition from flexural to dynamic subsidence in the Cordilleran foreland basin: Ericson Formation, Western Wyoming, USA
Authors: Leary Ryan , DeCelles Peter , Gehrels George , Morriss Matthew 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Ericson Formation was deposited in the distal foredeep of the Cordilleran foreland basin during Campanian time. Isopach data show that it records early dynamic subsidence and the onset of basin partitioning by Laramide uplifts. The Ericson Formation is well exposed around the Rock Springs uplift, a Laramide structural dome in southwestern Wyoming; the formation is thin, regionally extensive, and does not display the wedge‐shaped geometry typical of foredeep deposits. Sedimentation in this area was controlled both by activity in the thrust belt and by intraforeland tectonics. The Ericson Formation is ideally situated both spatially and temporally to study the transition from Sevier to Laramide (thin‐ to thick‐skinned) deformation which corresponded to the shift from flexural to dynamic subsidence and the demise of the Cretaceous foreland basin system. We establish the depositional age of the Ericson Formation as ca. 74 Ma through detrital zircon U–Pb analysis. Palaeocurrent data show a generally southeastward transport direction, but northward indicators near Flaming Gorge Reservoir suggest that the intraforeland Uinta uplift was rising and shedding sediment northward by late Campanian time. Petrographic data and detrital zircon U–Pb ages indicate that Ericson sediment was derived from erosion of Proterozoic quartzites and Palaeozoic and Mesozoic quartzose sandstones in the Sevier thrust belt to the west. The new data place temporal and geographic constraints on attempts to produce geodynamic models linking flat‐slab subduction of the oceanic Farallon plate to the onset of the Laramide orogenic event.
“I Know You Don't Know I Know…” Children Use Second‐Order False‐Belief Reasoning for Peer Coordination
Authors: Grueneisen Sebastian , Wyman Emily , Tomasello Michael 
Published: July 2014

Numerous studies have investigated children's abilities to attribute mental states, but few have examined their ability to recruit these abilities in social interactions. Here, 6‐year‐olds (N = 104) were tested on whether they can use first‐ and second‐order false‐belief understanding to coordinate with peers. Children adjusted their decisions in a coordination game in response to either their partner's erroneous belief or their partner's erroneous belief about their own belief—a result that contrasts with previous findings on the use of higher order “theory of mind” (TOM) reasoning at this age. Six‐year‐olds are thus able to use their higher order TOM capacities for peer coordination, which marks an important achievement in becoming competent social collaborators.