bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters: Part I. Experimental
Authors: Dhaniyala Suresh , Liu Benajamin 
Published: April 2015

This article is the first of a two-part series. The second article titled "Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters, Part II. Theoretical" will appear in the upcoming March/April 1998 issue of the Journal of the IEST.
The performance of high-efficiency filters is evaluated using a semiautomated test system. This system is used for accurate measurements of submicron particle penetrations and pressure drops of filters. The system is designed to minimize errors and uncertainties associated with filter testing procedures. New commercial filter media, rated from ASHRAE-grade to ULPA, are tested using this system. The particle penetration characteristics of these media are obtained at different face velocities, ranging from 2 to 20 cm/s (0.79 to 7.9 in/s), and the particle diameter is varied from 0.05 to 0.05μm. The efficiencies of these media range from 15 percent to 99.9999 percent. The particle penetration characteristics of the media are consistent with the theories of collection by diffusion and interception in the range of operating conditions studies. The presence of the most penetrating particle size is observed, varying from 0.1 to 0.3μm for the different media. The most penetrating particle size is shown to shift toward the smaller particle size for increasing face velocity.
Predicting Maximum Surface Voltages on Inhabited Cleanroom Garments in Practical Use
Authors: Chubb John , Holdstock Paul , Dyer Mick 
Published: April 2015

The paper describes how the maximum surface voltages on cleanroom garments in practical use can be predicted from measurements on local areas of garment fabric.
The surface voltage arising when materials are rubbed depends upon the speed and pressure of the rubbing action and on two features of fabric performance: the time for charge dissipation and the capacitance experienced by surface charge. These two features can be easily measured on sample areas of garment fabrics using corona charging with measurement of the quantity of the transferred charge. The paper describes how these measurements are made and the results of studies carried out to establish the relationship between the performance of inhabited garments and measurements on fabrics.
Control of Time-Dependent Contamination during Bonding of Semiconductor and Optical Substrates
Authors: Bansal Iqbal (Izzy) 
Published: April 2015

Microcontamination control is a key parameter for enhancing yield in terms of density of voids within the interface of a bonded wafer. One important cause of void density is time-dependent haze (TDH) or surface-particulate defect density. TDH on silicon surfaces is generated by the interaction of organic volatiles with moisture on the silicon surfaces. Sub-micrometer particle defect density, or haze level, is mainly affected by contamination arising from five factors: people, process, equipment, environment, and processing chemicals and gases.
Direct wafer bonding (DWB) is a three-step sequence consisting of ultra-clean surface preparation, contacting, and thermal annealing. Contacting is an operation of ultrafine alignment and face-to-face joining of two substrates. Prior to joining, each contacting substrate is chemically cleaned in order to minimize surface haze and particulate contamination. Both sub-micrometer particle density and surface haze can be greatly reduced by point-of-use (POU) microfiltration and purification of deionized (DI) water as well as application of ultra-dilute concentration of ultra-pure chemicals containing extremely low levels of liquid particle counts. Ultra-pure DI water is filtered with a high-efficiency membrane filter that removes particles down to 0.02 micrometer (μm), thus reducing metal ions to sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. As a result, surface haze and sub-micrometer light-point defects density on a contacting surface are minimized to reduce the density of voided or disbonded regions. A 1-μm particle, for instance, can cause a void as large as 1 centimeter (cm) in diameter during the bonding operation. Data is presented in terms of fractional areas of the voided regions for direct silicon wafer-bonded substrates.
In addition to semiconductor wafer substrates, surface contamination is discussed for optical substrates such as fused silica. Minimizing microcontamination and TDH on the surface of optical substrates is important in maximizing ultraviolet (UV) transmission rates at wavelengths between 190 and 250 nanometers (nm). Methods and techniques are recommended for minimizing trace levels of surface contamination to improve UV transmission rates. No data for bonding of optical components is included in this study.
Effective Data Validation Methodology for Pyrotechnic Shock Testing
Authors: Wright Charles 
Published: April 2015

Valid test data from explosively or ordnance-initiated pyrotechnic shock tests are difficult to acquire. Measurement of these frequency-rich acceleration time histories, a prerequisite to calculation of a valid shock response spectrum, drives the measurement system to its performance limits. Successful acquisition of demonstrably valid acceleration time histories requires a series of performance compromises that must be made with a depth of measurements expertise. Such expertise may not be available from vendors of the various data acquisition systems sold for these tests. All measurement system performance characteristics (transducer mount dynamics, gain, frequency response, phase response, linearity, lead wire effects, sampling rate, etc.) require compromise. It takes professional-level knowledge and experience to make the proper compromises to assure data validity for the measured wave shape. These measurements should never be taken for granted, as often and unfortunately happens.
Data validation methods should be used by a test organization to prove the validity of the experimental shock wave shapes and subsequent shock response spectra (SRS). Recent events in the explosively driven, pyrotechnic shock test community show that methods for effective data validation are not in general use. This situation can lead to the problem of invalid shock test acceleration time histories causing invalid shock response spectra with both entering the design verification cycle.
This paper defines the requirements for the measurement of valid shock wave shapes. It then defines an ordered series of validity tests that will both identify and quantify a number of detrimental effects in the acquisition of these frequency rich time histories, and resultant shock response spectra. Use of this set of validity checking methods assures the objective identification of invalid shock data to customers of pyrotechnic shock tests.
Clinical evaluation of three different materials used as pit and fissure sealant
Authors: Pardi Vanessa , Pereira Antonio Carlos , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro 
Published: April 2015

To evaluate the retention and caries experience effects of three different materials used as fissure sealants after 24 months of clinical application: a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (A), a flowable resin composite (B) and a compomer (C). One hundred and seventeen (117) teeth were sealed with material A, 119 teeth with material B and 120 teeth with material C. Children were randomly assigned. Each one received only one of the materials studied. Plaque index, dmft score and socioeconomic level were scored at baseline. The clinical exams were conducted 6,12 and 24 months after application of the sealant. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis) revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the retention rates of groups A and B and between groups B and C after 2 years, with material B showing better results. After 2 years, 3.1% of the teeth of group A, 4.3% of group B and 6.7% of group C were Carious+Filled. There was no evidence of association between caries presence after 2 years and plaque index, dmft score and socioeconomic level. These results suggest that flowable resin composite had a satisfactory retention after this period of evaluation and all three materials were effective on occlusal caries prevention.
J Clin Pediatr Dent 29(2): 133-138,2005
Panoramic radiographs
Authors: Abu Alhaija Elham S.J. 
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of panoramic radiographs to measure mandibular inclination and steepness. Standardized panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for 95 subjects (46 females, mean age 12.4 ± 1.2 years; 49 males, mean age 12.1 ± 1.3 years). Mandibular inclination from panoramic radiograph was measured using gonial angle formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle.
A correlation test was performed to check for similarity between the measurements. The mean values for the gonial angle were 127.3 ± 6.2 and 125.7 ± 6.5 degrees measured from the panoramic and cephalometric radiographs respectively. A high correlation between the measurements taken from both radiographs was found (r=0.83, P&lt;0.001). Panoramic radiographs are a useful tool for the measurement of gonial angle, which is an indicator of manibular steepness and subsequently mandibular growth direction. The ability to determine growth direction from the orthopantomogram will be useful because majority of dentists request an OPG for patients during routine dental examination. This will enable the dental professional to spot vertical growth problems using a readily available tool.
J Clin Pediatr Dent 29(2): 165-166,2005
Indirect Pulp Capping in the Primary Dentition: a 4 Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Marchi Juliana , de Araujo Fernando , Fröner Andréa , Straffon Lloyd , Nör Jacques 
Published: April 2015

Purpose :Evaluate clinical and radiographic changes in primary teeth submitted to indirect pulp capping (IPC) over a 48-month-period.Methods: Twenty seven primary molars with deep caries, but without preoperative signs of irreversible pulpits, were treated with IPC. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups, according to the material used for protection of the dentin-pulp complex: (1) a calcium hydroxide liner(Dycal®) and (2) glass ionomer cement (Vitremer®).Results: After 48 months, Group-1 showed a success rate of 88.8% and Group-2 of 93%. No statistical significant difference between the groups was observed(P = 0.62).CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study suggested that indirect pulp capping in primary teeth arrests the progression of the underlying caries, regardless of the material used as a liner.
The Effectiveness of Vitamin "E" in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Children Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: El–Housseiny Azza , Saleh Susan , El–Masry Ashraf , Allam Amany 
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to study the effect of vitamin "E" in the treatment of oral mucositis. 80 patients with oral mucositis were randomly distributed into 2 groups: group A, topically applied vitamin "E" and group B, vitamin "E" was given systemically. The 2 groups were evaluated for 5 days. Results showed that in group A grades of oral mucositis improved significantly, while in group B no significant improvement was noticed.
It is concluded that topical application of 100 mg vitamin "E" twice daily is an effective measure for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
Effectiveness of a Basic Training Presentation on Infant Oral Health Care for Pediatric Medicine Residents
Authors: Kebriaei Amy , Rothe Vincent , Pitner Sheryl , Balluff Mary , Salama Fouad 
Published: April 2015

Objective: We hypothesize that viewing educational presentation with video will provide pediatric medicine residents with instructive information on infant oral health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate an infant oral health education program targeting University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) pediatric medicine residents.Methods: Assessment of 32 pediatric medicine residents in the form of a questionnaire was completed immediately before and after a 60 minute educational intervention. The intervention was in the form of a PowerPoint presentation and video of infant oral health for health care providers. The 16-questions(True/false/don't know or multiple choice) questionnaire was based on the information presented in the lecture and video. Results: There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores (p-value&lt;0.001). The mean score on the pre-test was 10.09 out of 16 (63%) and the mean score on the post-test was 13.3 out of 16 (83%). There was no significant correlation between age, gender, or year of residency training with pre or post-test scores. Twenty-five (78.1%) reported themselves "very likely" to use the information.Conclusions: A one hour Power Point and video educational intervention was effective in teaching pediatric medicine residents basic information on infant oral health.
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome; Oro-Dental Manifestations and Management
Authors: Roberts T , Stephen LXG , Fieggen K , Beighton P 
Published: April 2015

The major manifestations of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome are developmental delay, short stature, mental impairment and epilepsy. Clefts of the lip and palate are sometimes present. Dental problems which are overshadowed by the major syndromic manifestations warrant appropriate management.
We have documented an affected South African boy, discussed his dental management and reviewed the oro-dental implications of the disorder.
Interpretation of Pressure Decline for Minifrac Treatments Initiated at the Interface of Two Formations
Authors: Moschovidis Z. A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
The pressure decline analysis of minifrac treatments in uniform formations, using the type curves presented by Nolte1, yields information on leak-off which is necessary for fracture treatment design. A similar analysis for minifracs initiated near or at the interface of two formations of different leak-off characteristics and penetrating both formations is presented in this paper. It is concluded that the type curves given by Nolte can be used for this case with appropriate definitions of an effective (or average) leak-off coefficient and an equivalent fracture radius. The effective leak-off coefficient is the weighted average of the individual leak-off coefficients of each formation, relative to the minifrac areas in the two formations. Similarly the equivalent fracture radius is the radius of a circle of an area equal to the sum of the areas of the minifrac in the two formations. An estimate of the individual leak-off coefficients of each formation may be obtained by a trial and error comparison of simulated values of the P* pressure (as defined by Nolte), using a three dimensional fracturing simulator6,7, with the one obtained directly by minifrac pressure decline type curve analysis. Four examples of application of the new theory to North Sea oil wells are presented.
Porous Media Momentum Equation for Highly Accelerated Flow
Authors: Blick E. F. , Civan F. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
A new Porous Media Momentum (PMM) equation has been developed to account for unsteady flow through porous media. The equation contains not only the familiar permeability and non-Darcy factor terms but includes acceleration terms as well. For one-dimensional flow in the x-direction the equation takes the form
− ∂ p ∂ x = μ v k + β ρ v 2 + ρ φ 2 v ∂ v ∂ x + ρ φ ∂ v ∂ t
For gases this equation was put in dimensionless form by considering the ideal gas equation of state and neglecting the Klinkenberg effect. The PMM equation was solved for an instantaneous pressure step change at one end of a porous core (1-D flow). The PMM solutions were compared with the Forchheimer equation and the Darcy equation. At very small time (high accelerations) the PMM solutions correlated much better with experimental data than either the Forchheimer or Darcy equations. At large time (low accelerations) there was little difference between the PMM and Forchheimer solutions and experimental data. A bonus of this work is that the model develops an expression for the non-Darcy factor.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Transient Two-Phase Flow in Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Duruewuru A. U. , Tiab D. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new method of analyzing the performance of a flowing well. The method employs a thermodynamic property known as the Availability Function. The advantage of the availability function method of analysis is that it allows for the calculation of the thermodynamic efficiency of all processes, including not only those that are large work producers or consumers but also those that do not have work production or consumption as their goal. The efficiency of a process indicates how close the process is to its ultimate possible performance. It can be used as a way of comparing various processes and to make a sound decision as to where improvements are possible.
In order to simulate the fluid flow behavior, a transient, two-phase flow model was developed in both the reservoir and the wellbore. A one-dimensional flow was assumed for the wellbore model while a radial flow was assumed for the reservoir system. The equations governing the fluid flow behavior in both systems are: (1) mass, (2) momentum, (3) energy, and (4) entropy balance equations. The wellbore model includes heat transfer in the wellbore and heat conduction in the formation.
Finite difference approximation was used in solving the fluid flow equations. The model developed in this study is capable of handling a single component, single phase (oil or gas) or two-phase (oil and gas) flow. The fluid flow equations provide the thermodynamic properties – energy, enthalpy, entropy, and the fluid velocity for use in the calculations of the maximum reversible (theoretical possible) work, the useful energy utilized in the lifting of the hydrocarbon fluid from the bottom of the well to the surface and the energy lost due to irreversibilities. The thermodynamic efficiency of production is obtained from the ratio of the actual work obtainable to the reversible maximum work that could have been obtained in the absence of irreversibilities.
The thermodynamic derivatives and phase properties were predicted by using the multiparameter equation of state which was a modification of the BWR equation of state of Lee and Kesler.
Results obtained from this study show that:
Thermodynamic efficiency of hydrocarbon fluid production increases as production rate increases. A considerable fraction of the fluid energy is lost due to irreversibilities, especially at the early stages of production. The thermodynamic efficiency of fluid production would be greatly improved by minimizing wellbore heat loss. Irreversibilities associated with frictional losses between the fluid and the interior pipe wall do not affect the thermodynamic efficiency of production. A transient model is essential in analyzing the fluid flow behavior, especially at the early stages of production.
Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution-Gas-Drive Reservoirs
Authors: Camacho R. G. , Raghavan R. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
In this theoretical study, a numerical model was used to examine the influence of pressure level and skin factor on the Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) of wells producing solution gas drive systems. Examination of the synthetic deliverability curves suggests that the exponent of the deliverability curve is a function of time, and that the exponent is usually greater than unity. The implication of this observation to field data is discussed. The accuracy of procedures given in the literature to predict oil–well deliverabilities is also examined. It is shown that the methods given in the literature can be used to predict future performance provided that the exponent of the deliverability curve is known and extrapolations over large time ranges are avoided. If single point tests are used to predict future performance (such tests assume that the exponent of the deliverability curve is constant), then errors in predictions will be minimized if test conditions correspond closely to actual producing conditions. Under these circumstances errors in rate predictions will be directly influenced by the magnitude of the error that results in assuming that the exponent of the deliverability curve is known. Although, relative permeability and fluid property data are required, the Muskat materials balance equation and the assumption that gas–oil ratio is independent of distance can be used to predict future production rates. This method avoids problems associated with other methods in the literature and always yields reliable results.
New methods to modify the IPR curve to incorporate changes in skin factor are presented. A new definition of flow efficiency that is based on the structure of the deliverability equations for solution gas drive reservoirs is proposed. This definition avoids problems that result when the presently available methods are applied to heavily stimulated wells.
Surface Equipment Cleanup Utilizing In-Situ Heat
Authors: Collesi J. B. , Scott T. A. , McSpadden H. W. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
A chemical system which is capable of generating heat in situ has been used to remove hydrocarbon deposits, mainly paraffin, from surface equipment and flow lines in the Gulf Coast. The treatments resulted in increased production throughout the structures. The chemical system, treatment design, case histories and results will he discussed.
Formation Damage Related to Hot Oiling
Authors: Barker K. M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Hot oiling as a paraffin removal process and general maintenance technique has been used for years in petroleum production. It is still one of the first tried methods of restoring low or lost production whether due to paraffin or mechanical problems. Hot oiling is so readily accepted that formation damage that develops over years may not be associated with the hot oiling process. The chances of hot oiling causing formation damage are related to the characteristics of the oil used (cloud point, API gravity, chain length of paraffin, percent of paraffin and volatility), the source of the oil, the downhole temperature of the formation and the hot oil process itself. Each of these areas of possible problems will be reviewed and suggestions will be made to minimize or eliminate them. Laboratory tests will be presented for determining if a crude could cause formation damage when used for hot oiling. Field results will be presented for successful cleanup of hot oiling produced formation damage.
Characterization and Control of Formation Damage During Waterflooding of a High-Clay-Content Reservoir
Authors: Leone J. A. , Scott E. M. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Permeability damage was suspected as a factor contributing to post-completion production declines observed during waterflooding of a friable to unconsolidated sandstone. A loss in water injectivity also indicated that near-wellbore damage may be occurring. This paper summarizes the laboratory studies undertaken to evaluate and understand permeability damage in this formation. The experimental program consisted primarily of coreflooding experiments to evaluate the influence of injection fluid composition, temperature, mineralogy, and flow velocity on permeability damage. The significance of damage during brine injection was observed to be a strong function of mineralogy. Permeability losses of greater than 60% were observed in cores from some sand intervals, while little or no damage was apparent in cores from another zone in the same well. In the sands that were susceptible to brine damage, a critical velocity below which permeability damage did not occur was repeatedly established. The occurrence of a critical velocity, along with other observations, indicate that the primary damage mechanism is fines migration.