bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoelectron Spectroscopy at the Graphene–Liquid Interface Reveals the Electronic Structure of an Electrodeposited Cobalt/Graphene Electrocatalyst
Authors: Velasco‐Velez Juan J. , Pfeifer Verena , Hävecker Michael , Weatherup Robert S. , Arrigo Rosa , Chuang Cheng‐Hao , Stotz Eugen , Weinberg Gisela , Salmeron Miquel , Schlögl Robert , Knop‐Gericke Axel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractElectrochemically grown cobalt on graphene exhibits exceptional performance as a catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and provides the possibility of controlling the morphology and the chemical properties during deposition. However, the detailed atomic structure of this hybrid material is not well understood. To elucidate the Co/graphene electronic structure, we have developed a flow cell closed by a graphene membrane that provides electronic and chemical information on the active surfaces under atmospheric pressure and in the presence of liquids by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We found that cobalt is anchored on graphene via carbonyl‐like species, namely Co(CO)x, promoting the reduction of Co3+ to Co2+, which is believed to be the active site of the catalyst.
Discounting by Probabilistic Waiting
Authors: Vanderveldt Ariana , Green Leonard , Rachlin Howard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn everyday life, many probabilistic situations may be characterized as probabilistic waiting. A gambler, for example, bets repeatedly at the racetrack, the casino, or the card table. The gambler may not win on the first try, but if a gamble is repeated enough times, a win is almost certain to occur eventually. If repeated gambles are structured as strings of losses ending in a win (probabilistic waiting) and the amount won is discounted by the delay caused by the series of losses, then strings with many losses will be discounted more than those with fewer losses, thereby causing subjective value of the series of gambles as a whole to increase. The current study used the opposite effect that amount has on the degree of delay and probability discounting as a marker to determine whether people evaluate situations involving probabilistic waiting as they evaluate situations involving delayed outcomes or as situations involving probabilistic outcomes. We find that the more likely a probabilistic waiting situation is to end in reward (e.g., a gamble is repeated indefinitely until reward is obtained), the more that situation conforms to delay discounting; the less likely a probabilistic waiting situation is to end in reward (e.g., a fixed, small number of gambles), the more that situation conforms to probability discounting. We argue that the former situation is applicable to pathological gambling, and that people with steep delay discount functions would therefore be more likely to have gambling problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapidly acquired multisensory association in the olfactory cortex
Authors: Karunanayaka Prasanna R. , Wilson Donald A. , Vasavada Megha , Wang Jianli , Martinez Brittany , Tobia Michael J. , Kong Lan , Eslinger Paul , Yang Qing X. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe formation of an odor percept in humans is strongly associated with visual information. However, much less is known about the roles of learning and memory in shaping the multisensory nature of odor representations in the brain.MethodThe dynamics of odor and visual association in olfaction was investigated using three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms. In two paradigms, a visual cue was paired with an odor. In the third, the same visual cue was never paired with an odor. In this experimental design, if the visual cue was not influenced by odor–visual pairing, then the blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal elicited by subsequent visual cues should be similar across all three paradigms. Additionally, intensity, a major dimension of odor perception, was used as a modulator of associative learning which was characterized in terms of the spatiotemporal behavior of the BOLD signal in olfactory structures.ResultsA single odor–visual pairing cue could subsequently induce primary olfactory cortex activity when only the visual cue was presented. This activity was intensity dependent and was also detected in secondary olfactory structures and hippocampus.ConclusionThis study provides evidence for a rapid learning response in the olfactory system by a visual cue following odor and visual cue pairing. The novel data and paradigms suggest new avenues to explore the dynamics of odor learning and multisensory representations that contribute to the construction of a unified odor percept in the human brain.
Magnetic resonance brain imaging in patients with visual vertigo
Authors: Pollak Lea , Osherov Michael , Berkovitz Nadav , Beckerman Inessa , Stryjer Rafael , Tal Sigal 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionPatients with visual vertigo (VV) report dizziness provoked by moving visual surroundings. It has been suggested that these subjects develop a compensation strategy for a vestibulo‐proprioceptive deficit and rely excessively on visual input. We have postulated that patients with VV might have brain abnormalities that interfere with appropriate processing of visual stimulation and performed a brain MRI study to verify this hypothesis.Materials and MethodsPatients with VV of more than 3 months duration were included. They were asked to complete the Situational Characteristic Questionnaire (SCQ) that scores for the symptoms of VV. Dizzy patients without VV served as controls. A brain MRI was performed with a Siemens 1.5 Tesla scanner in patients and controls.ResultsTwenty‐four patients with VV were included. Their mean SCQ score was 1.45 ± 0.9 (normal 0.16 ± 0.28). In 50% of patients, abnormalities in MRI imaging were found. Thirty‐three percent of 27 controls demonstrated an abnormal brain MRI. The two groups were similar in respect to the prevalence of a localized hemispheric or posterior fossa lesion (P = 0.13), but VV patients had more unspecific white matter brain changes than controls (P = 0.009). Patients and controls did not differ in age and gender distribution (P = 0.9) or the history of a neurotological event preceding their symptoms (P = 0.3).ConclusionsOur study suggests that multiple white matter lesions might contribute to occurrence of the phenomenon of VV. Future prospective large‐scale studies by specific MR techniques are indicated to validate our preliminary findings and elucidate the pathological mechanism of VV.
Generation of Oxygen Vacancy and OH Radicals: A Comparative Study of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6−x Nanoplates
Authors: Liu Yang , Wei Bo , Xu Lingling , Gao Hong , Zhang Mingyi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA comparative study of visible‐light‐responsive Bi2WO6 and oxygen‐deficient Bi2WO6−x nanoplates was conducted. The formation of oxygen vacancy resulted in the band gap narrowing of oxygen‐deficient Bi2WO6−x, through an elevation of both of the conduction and valence band positions. FTIR spectra revealed that much more surface hydroxyl groups have been detected after the etching process. The scavengers tests confirmed the generation of ⋅OH radicals during photochemical reaction for Bi2WO6−x, whereas no .OH radicals can be detected for pure Bi2WO6. The photocatalytic activities of optimized Bi2WO6−x on the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) was three times as high as that of pure Bi2WO6. The improvement of photocatalytic activity on degradation of RhB and phenol can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of oxygen deficiency‐induced band shifts, together with the large quantities of surface hydroxyl groups providing active sites for the generation of OH radicals (.OH).
Modeling of a Methanol Synthesis Reactor for Storage of Renewable Energy and Conversion of CO2 – Comparison of Two Kinetic Models
Authors: Meyer Johannes J. , Tan Pepe , Apfelbacher Andreas , Daschner Robert , Hornung Andreas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe storage of renewable energy over a long time period, via methanol synthesis, will become very important to reach a greenhouse gas‐free energy supply. A steady‐state methanol synthesis flowsheet, containing a 2D pseudo‐homogeneous reactor, flash, and recycle, is modeled in MATLAB. With the kinetic models of Graaf and Bussche & Froment, two frequently used kinetic models for conventional methanol synthesis are compared and evaluated for applicability regarding methanol synthesis from CO2/H2. The results are presented for different cases of synthesis gas compositions. Both kinetic models produce similar results when the system is limited by thermodynamic equilibrium. However, differences in reaction rates are observable from the reactor axial molar component profiles of the reaction products.
Natural Calcium‐Based Sorbents Doped with Sea Salt for Cyclic CO2 Capture
Authors: Xu Yongqing , Luo Cong , Zheng Ying , Ding Haoran , Zhou Dong , Zhang Liqi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe calcium‐looping process for post‐combustion carbon dioxide capture, an economically and technically feasible method suitable for large‐scale use, has recently gained much attention. However, the capture capacity of calcium‐based sorbents rapidly decreases after only a few cycles. Herein, calcium‐based sorbents with enhanced cyclic CO2‐capture capacity have been derived from cheap, natural raw materials by using a simple impregnation method. Limestone and shells were used as the calcium‐based raw materials, with sea salt as dopant. Modified limestone had the highest CO2‐capture capacity after multiple carbonation‐calcination cycles. Sea‐salt‐doped sorbent showed a relatively stable porous surface during cycles, which resulted in a higher CO2‐capture capacity.
Robust Electroreduction of CO2 at a Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)–Copper Electrode
Authors: Ponnurangam Sathish , Yun Chang Min , Chernyshova Irina V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe development of efficient and robust catalysts based on earth‐abundant and nontoxic materials is critical for the viability of the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals. Herein, we report a new class of electrocatalysts with incorporated mechanisms of their stabilization. A Cu electrode coated with a poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) film synthesizes formate at a faradaic efficiency of 40 % at an overpotential of −0.67 V, and its catalytic activity does not degrade after 30 h of operation. We attribute the outstanding catalytic properties of the new hybrid material to the formation of Cu–polymer complexes, as well as to new intrinsic mechanisms of the electrode stabilization offered by the N‐heteroaromatic polymer. This is the first report of CO2 electroreduction with copper–N‐heteroaromatic ligand complexes. More generally, our study offers a new simple strategy to design and prepare robust CO2 reduction electrocatalysts based on earth‐abundant metals.
Red/NIR G‐Quadruplex Sensing, Harvesting Blue Light by a Coumarin–Naphthalene Diimide Dyad
Authors: Zuffo Michela , Doria Filippo , Spalluto Vincenzo , Ladame Sylvain , Freccero Mauro 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA conceptually new light‐up nucleic acid fluorescent probe resulting from the conjugation of a coumarin to a naphthalene diimide exhibits a single wavelength emission at 498 nm when free in solution and an additional red/NIR emission when bound to G‐quadruplex DNA. The light‐up response centred at 666 nm is highly specific for quadruplex DNA when compared to duplex DNA or to RNA quadruplexes.
Enhanced Recyclability, Stability, and Selectivity of CdS/C@Fe3O4 Nanoreactors for Orientation Photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Lu Ziyang , Zhao Xiaoxu , Zhu Zhi , Yan Yongsheng , Shi Weidong , Dong Hongjun , Ma Zhongfei , Gao Nailing , Wang Youshan , Huang Hai 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA unique CdS/C@Fe3O4 nanoreactor was fabricated by the surface‐imprinting technique, which effectively enhances the recyclability, stability, and selectivity for orientation recognition and photodegradation of ciprofloxacin in the binary mixed solution under visible‐light irradiation. This work not only puts forward a novel design idea that develops the potential application value of CdS, but also provides a new approach for inhibiting its secondary pollution.
Solar‐Light‐Driven Pure Water Splitting with Ultrathin BiOCl Nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Ling , Han Zhongkang , Wang Wenzhong , Li Xiaoman , Su Yang , Jiang Dong , Lei Xiaoling , Sun Songmei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA suitable photocatalyst for overall water splitting has been produced by overcoming the disadvantage of the band structure in bulk BiOCl by reducing the thickness to the quantum scale. The ultrathin BiOCl nanosheets with surface/subsurface defects realized the solar‐driven pure water splitting in the absence of any co‐catalysts or sacrificial agent. These surface defects cannot only shift both the valence band and conduction band upwards for band‐gap narrowing but also promote charge‐carrier separation. The amount of defects in the outer layer surface of BiOCl results in an enhancement of carrier density and faster charge transport. First‐principles calculations provide clear evidence that the formation of surface oxygen vacancies is easier for the ultrathin BiOCl nanosheets than for its thicker counterpart. These defects can serve as active sites to effectively adsorb and dissociate H2O molecules, resulting in a significantly improved water‐splitting performance.
Enzymatic Dissolution of Biocomposite Solids Consisting of Phosphopeptides to Form Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Shi Junfeng , Yuan Dan , Haburcak Richard , Zhang Qiang , Zhao Chao , Zhang Xixiang , Xu Bing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEnzyme‐catalyzed dephosphorylation is essential for biomineralization and bone metabolism. Here we report the exploration of using enzymatic reaction to transform biocomposites of phosphopeptides and calcium (or strontium) ions to supramolecular hydrogels as a mimic of enzymatic dissolution of biominerals. 31P NMR shows that strong affinity between the phosphopeptides and alkaline metal ions (e.g., Ca2+ or Sr2+) induces the formation of biocomposites as precipitates. Electron microscopy reveals that the enzymatic reaction regulates the morphological transition from particles to nanofibers. Rheology confirms the formation of a rigid hydrogel. As the first example of enzyme‐instructed dissolution of a solid to form supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels, this work provides an approach to generate soft materials with desired properties, expands the application of supramolecular hydrogelators, and offers insights to control the demineralization of calcified soft tissues.
Methods of graph network reconstruction in personalized medicine
Authors: Danilov A. , Ivanov Yu. , Pryamonosov R. , Vassilevski Yu. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe paper addresses methods for generation of individualized computational domains on the basis of medical imaging dataset. The computational domains will be used in one‐dimensional (1D) and three‐dimensional (3D)–1D coupled hemodynamic models. A 1D hemodynamic model employs a 1D network of a patient‐specific vascular network with large number of vessels. The 1D network is the graph with nodes in the 3D space which bears additional geometric data such as length and radius of vessels. A 3D hemodynamic model requires a detailed 3D reconstruction of local parts of the vascular network. We propose algorithms which extend the automated segmentation of vascular and tubular structures, generation of centerlines, 1D network reconstruction, correction, and local adaptation. We consider two modes of centerline representation: (i) skeletal segments or sets of connected voxels and (ii) curved paths with corresponding radii. Individualized reconstruction of 1D networks depends on the mode of centerline representation. Efficiency of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated on several examples of 1D network reconstruction. The networks can be used in modeling of blood flows as well as other physiological processes in tubular structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anion Binding Inside a Bambus[6]uril Macrocycle in Chloroform
Authors: Havel Vaclav , Sindelar Vladimir 
Published: October 2015

AbstractInvited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Vladimir Sindelar from Masaryk University, Czech Republic. The cover picture shows the bambusuril macrocycle which binds various inorganic anions in the center of its cavity with high affinity and selectivity in chloroform. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201500345.
Population genetic structure ofBellamya aeruginosa(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in China: weak divergence across large geographic distances
Authors: Gu Qian H. , Husemann Martin , Ding Baoqing , Luo Zhi , Xiong Bang X. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBellamya aeruginosais a widely distributed Chinese freshwater snail that is heavily harvested, and its natural habitats are under severe threat due to fragmentation and loss. We were interested whether the large geographic distances between populations and habitat fragmentation have led to population differentiation and reduced genetic diversity in the species. To estimate the genetic diversity and population structure ofB. aeruginosa, 277 individuals from 12 populations throughout its distribution range across China were sampled: two populations were sampled from the Yellow River system, eight populations from the Yangtze River system, and two populations from isolated plateau lakes. We used seven microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences to estimate population genetic parameters and test for demographic fluctuations. Our results showed that (1) the genetic diversity ofB. aeruginosawas high for both markers in most of the studied populations and effective population sizes appear to be large, (2) only very low and mostly nonsignificant levels of genetic differentiation existed among the 12 populations, gene flow was generally high, and (3) relatively weak geographic structure was detected despite large geographic distances between populations. Further, no isolation by linear or stream distance was found among populations within the Yangtze River system and no signs of population bottlenecks were detected. Gene flow occurred even between far distant populations, possibly as a result of passive dispersal during flooding events, zoochoric dispersal, and/or anthropogenic translocations explaining the lack of stronger differentiation across large geographic distances. The high genetic diversity ofB. aeruginosaand the weak population differentiation are likely the results of strong gene flow facilitated by passive dispersal and large population sizes suggesting that the species currently is not of conservation concern.
A Multi‐electrochemical Competitive Immunosensor for Sensitive Cocaine Determination in Biological Samples
Authors: Vidal Juan C. , Bertolín Juan R. , Bonel Laura , Asturias Laura , Arcos‐Martínez M. Julia , Castillo Juan R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA multi‐electrochemical competitive immunosensor for the rapid determination of unmetabolized cocaine (COC) in urine, saliva and human serum matrices is reported. Anti‐cocaine polyclonal antibodies were immobilized in an oriented way onto protein‐G functionalized magnetic beads. The immunosensor is based on an array of eight carbon‐based screen‐printed electrodes for simultaneous electrochemical determinations. The treatments of the biological samples were simplified and optimized for avoiding matrix interferences. The immunosensor was sensitive (EC50≈2.92–3.88 ng mL−1 COC), required a very small volume of sample (200 µL), was reproducible (%RSD was lesser than about 18 %), and accurate (recovery percentages ranged 88–117 %).
Bioconjugation of peptides using advanced nanomaterials to examine their interactions in 3D printed flow‐through device
Authors: Michalek Petr , Richtera Lukas , Krejcova Ludmila , Nejdl Lukas , Kensova Renata , Zitka Jan , Kopel Pavel , Heger Zbynek , Adam Vojtech , Kizek Rene 
Published: October 2015

Peptide–peptide interactions are crucial in the living cell as they lead to the formation of the numerous types of complexes. In this study, synthetic peptides containing 11 of cysteines (α‐domain of metallothionein (MT)) and sialic acid binding region (130‐loop of hemagglutinin (HA)) were employed. The aim of the experiment was studying the interactions between MT and HA‐derived peptides. For this purpose, fragments were tagged with cysteines at C‐terminal part to serve as ligand sites for PbS and CuS quantum dots (QDs), and therefore these conjugates can be traced and quantified during wide spectrum of methods. As a platform for interaction, γ‐Fe2O3 paramagnetic particles modified with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (hydrodynamic diameter 30–40 nm) were utilized and MT/HA interactions were examined using multi‐instrumental approach including electrochemistry, electrophoretic methods, and MALDI‐TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. It was found that peptides enter mutual creation of complexes, which are based on some of nonbonded interactions. The higher willingness to interact was observed in MT‐derived peptides toward immobilized HA. Finally, we designed and manufactured flow‐through electrochemical 3D printed device (reservoir volume 150 μL) and utilized it for automated analysis of the HA/MT metal labels. Under the optimal conditions, (deposition time and flow rate 80 s and 1.6 mL/min for CuS and 120 s and 1.6 mL/min PbS, respectively), the results of peptide‐conjugated QDs were comparable with atomic absorption spectrometry.
Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells in a proliferation chamber with external stirred conditioning tank: Sequential optimization of growth factors
Authors: Khosrowshahi Younes Beygi , Khoshfetrat Ali Baradar , Shamsasenjan Karim 
Published: October 2015

The insufficient number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) extracted from various cell sources creates the need for the use of growth factors in the culture systems. Numerous types and concentrations of growth factors have been reported in the literature. In this study, we investigated the effect of three important hematopoietic growth factors thrombopoietin (TPO), stem cell factor (SCF), and Fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐3 ligand (Flt‐3) as well as cell‐seeding density on ex vivo expansion of human HSCs using a factorial design. Sequential optimization was then followed by methods of steepest ascent and central composite design. The optimum concentrations of growth factors were 50, 90, and 34 ng/mL for SCF, TPO, and Flt‐3, respectively, at an initial cell density of 2.5 × 105 cells/mL. Effective expansion factor value (EEF) of HSCs increased considerably and revealed almost similar results when the cells were cultured in a 24‐well plate (EEF = 4.54 ± 0.43) and a proliferation chamber with an external stirred conditioning tank (PC‐ESCT; EEF = 5.1 ± 0.35) at seeding density of 2.5 × 105 cells/mL after 7 days. The cells did not show considerable changes in proliferation when they were cultured in medium containing serum or in a commercial serum‐free medium at the optimum concentrations of the growth factors. The present study demonstrated the optimum condition of hematopoietic growth factors as well as the potential of PC‐ESCT for ex vivo expansion of HSCs.