bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Governance Mechanisms: The Case of Compensation Consultants
Authors: Voulgaris Georgios 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article analyzes the effect of compensation consultants on executive pay practices. From a theoretical perspective, there are conflicting optimal contracting and managerial power related arguments on their role in the pay‐setting process. Moreover, empirical evidence also indicates an academic debate on their role within the firm's corporate governance system. Overall, research so far still has not given a clear answer on whether they are part of the agency problem or they act at the shareholders' interest and thus contribute towards optimal contracting.
Psychology and Business Ethics
Authors: Kluver Jesse R. , Frazier Rebecca S. , Haidt Jonathan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe review the contribution of psychological science to the field of business ethics by discussing three major shifts that have occurred in scholarly work in the area. The first shift occurred from the cognitive‐developmental perspective, at a time when moral reasoning was thought to be a rational mental process. The second shift advanced the role of emotional, intuitive, and largely automatic processes in moral decision making. And the third, complementary shift highlighted the role of small changes in one's environment that can encourage ethical behavior. We then propose a fourth shift, suggesting that the field of business ethics could benefit from an expanded definition of ethical behavior based on recent findings in moral psychology which support the notion that ethics play a critical role in binding groups together into functional social units.
Technology, Ethical Issues in
Authors: Martin Kirsten E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The words “innovative” and “innovation” are bantered about in the media, in business, and in our everyday lives. The words evoke a feeling of progress with technology moving us upward and forward while simultaneously pushing aside existing, soon to be outdated, technology. How does business “handle” this disruption? How can we think about the responsibility for the innovation and the associated wake of changed beliefs, behaviors, and relationships? Business has a special role within the technological life cycle. Firms are the mechanism through which technology is introduced to the market and are made useful.
Organizational Ethics
Authors: Nielsen Richard P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOrganizational ethics is the study of ethics issues, the causes of ethics problems, and the types of solutions to ethics problems that are caused by and/or associated with structural organizational phenomena found across business, nonprofit, and government types of organizations. From a social science perspective, ethical issues in business, nonprofit, and government organization are often much more similar than they are different. Similarly, the structural organizational causes of unethical behaviors in business, nonprofit, and government organizations are often more similar than they are different. This is why organizational scholars study organizational ethics phenomena and not solely business ethics, government ethics, or nonprofit organization ethics.
Meritocracy
Authors: Scully Maureen A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Is a social system in which merit or talent is the basis for sorting people into positions and distributing rewards, such that the positions of highest authority are occupied by those of greatest merit. Functional sociologists argue that meritocracy directs the most talented people into the most functionally important positions and thereby enhances a society's survival and efficiency. The idea of meritocracy enters into ethical discussion whether social systems can be evaluated for the extent to which they live up to meritocratic promises or the moral basis of meritocracy as a distributive system can be assessed.
Participatory Management
Authors: Maccoby Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe concept of participatory or participative management has been used in the context of traditional hierarchical industrial organizations or bureaucracies. It means that, to a greater or lesser extent, managers share their power with employees, managers, or non‐managers who are lower in the structure. The opposite of participative management is autocratic or dictatorial management. Within the traditional organizational framework, there are three degrees of participative management: consultation, value‐based influence, and formal power sharing. This article first describes the experience of participative management in traditional industrial organizations and then reports recent organizational initiatives that have redefined participative management in terms of empowerment and interactive management. It addresses (i) why management invites participation, (ii) limits to participation, and (iii) going beyond participative management (i.e., a new organizational model). Participatory management often implies that while managers may listen to or even share power with those lower in the hierarchy, they reserve the right to make the final decisions. Exceptions to this rule are those cases where through collective bargaining there is a contractual agreement with a union to share power – for example, in setting wages and evaluating working conditions. In some organizations there is a mixture of consultation, influence, and power sharing, depending on the type of decisions involved.
Copyright
Authors: Staton Roger D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The purpose of the Copyright Act is to protect authors and artists from the unauthorized exploitation of their creations, and to provide financial incentives to the copyright holders. Copyright protection is not absolute, and the law permits some limited unauthorized use through the Fair Use Doctrine. The Fair Use Doctrine is an attempt to permit certain users to ethically and legally assist the dissemination of copyrighted works while generally protecting the financial incentive of the creator.
Bankruptcy, Ethical Issues In
Authors: Fiorelli Paul E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The philosophy behind bankruptcy laws, preserving assets for creditors and giving debtors a new start, has evolved to its use as a business strategy to improve your bargaining position in restructuring debt. Ethical issues include relieving one's moral obligation to repay one's debt; fraudulent conveyance of assets at discounted values only to reclaim later at market values; and preferential transfers of assets at discounted values to gain favor with suppliers or other stakeholders.
Coercion
Authors: Wertheimer Alan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
There are two philosophical questions about coercion: (i) what counts as coercion? (ii) when are individuals or the state justified in using coercion? This article focuses on (i). What counts as coercion is important to understanding when people are responsible for their acts, when promises are binding, and when transactions are voluntary. One view maintains that coercion is essentially empirical, that A coerces B when A puts B under great psychic pressure or where B has no reasonable choice. A second view maintains that coercion is a moral notion, that A coerces B only when A proposes to violate B's rights.
Egoism, Psychological Egoism, and Ethical Egoism
Authors: Machan Tibor R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Egoism is mainly an ethical doctrine whereby one is implored to advance one's own well being first and foremost, though not exclusively. It differs from psychological egoism, from hedonism, etc. It goes back to Socrates' ethics that one should live to make the best of oneself.
Engineers and Business Ethics
Authors: Weil Vivian 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Business ethics must include attention to engineers' roles and responsibilities in business organizations because engineers are so integral to so many areas of business, and engineers are bound as professionals to the special standards, technical and ethical, of their engineering specialties. In the latter half of the 19th century, engineers began to organize as a profession, and by the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, this occupational group showed leading features of a profession. They organized professional societies, depended on an appropriate body of knowledge, and developed special standards,technical standards and codes of ethics. In contrast with lawyers and physicians, most engineers were employees of large business organizations. Nevertheless, in the social ferment of the mid 1970s, almost all the engineering societies revised their ethics codes to include as Canon One, “Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties.” Engineers' over‐arching ethical task is to bring their technical and ethical standards to bear in the complex social environments of large profit‐making organizations. In addition to technical expertise, they need the social and communication skills necessary for advocating, persuading, and negotiating to avoid ethics problems or to help resolve them.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Steidlmeier Paul 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) characterizes intellectual property as “creations of the mind,” which are treated as property. This article first clarifies the different principal forms of intellectual property, and then examines its ethical basis in light of four considerations: (i) what “creations of the mind” should count as private property; (ii) the means to acquire and protect it; (iii) monopoly power in terms of both the exclusion of others over time and pricing; and (iv) the rights of third parties. The article concludes with an overview of global policies and processes of managing intellectual property.
Invisible Hand, the
Authors: Hart David K. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe assumption is that society benefits most when individuals are allowed to define and pursue their own self‐interests, with minimal interference from governments or other authorities. However, this assumption also presumes there is some guiding natural force – seldom mentioned and almost never defined – that ensures a just equilibrium will result from such self‐interested behaviors. The concept of the invisible hand first emerges in the work of Adam Smith. Nowadays, the term has been captured by the economists, but, originally, it had more to do with Smith's moral philosophy than it did with merely his economic ideas. It is this larger moral conception that is of greatest interest for business ethics. The greatest contribution individuals can make to the collective good is the development and actualization of their own virtue.
Lobbyists
Authors: Beckenstein Alan R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Lobbyists are persons whose primary role is to influence the outcome of the public policy process. Negative connotations arise because of the combination of politics and money used for gifts, bribes or campaign funds to influence campaign agendas. Some argue that lobbying is the exercise of the right to free speech, essential in a democratic society. Laws have been passed to establish boundaries and limits. But complexities continue with lobbying expanding to include influence on or by the administration, state and local governments, regulatory agencies, and foreign governments.
Moral Muteness
Authors: Bird Frederick 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
What is moral muteness? People are morally mute if they fail forthrightly to voice moral concern regarding issues about which they possess moral convictions. Hypocrites act deceptively, claiming moral convictions that they do not in fact hold. People who are morally mute are deceptive as well, but in a quite different way, because they fail to disclose and communicate overtly moral convictions that they in fact hold.
Multinational Corporations
Authors: De George Richard T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article is a broad overview of ethical issues faced by multinational corporations. The issues fall into three classes: those concerning the proper norms to apply; those that arise from the differential in power between large multinationals and less developed countries, and those that result from the absence of adequate international institutions and law that restrain corporations in many national contexts. Nonetheless, companies of integrity can avoid the ethical pitfalls.
Organizational Moral Distress
Authors: Mills Ann E. , Werhane Patricia H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Moral distress has been identified at the individual level and defined as the anguish a person may experience faced with a situation in which the individual knows the right thing to do but is prevented from doing it by institutional constraints. In this article, we take a broader approach and apply the idea of moral distress to the organizational level. We call this concept organizational moral distress. Organizational moral distress is, in part, the distress one or more organization stakeholder groups experience because of a misalignment between the operational values of an organization and what an organization says it endorses.
Practical Reasoning
Authors: Walton Douglas N. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Practical reasoning is a species of goal‐directed reasoning based on knowledge of the circumstances of an individual case, and directing an agent to a specific course of action. Typically, the agent must decide between alternative courses of action that are possible, take into account possible side effects and conflicting goals, and decide either to act or to do nothing. Practical reasoning is a defeasible form of reasoning that is subject to critical questions depending on the circumstances. The agent will also need to take into account that there may be more than one means available.
Risk
Authors: Brinkmann Johannes , Hoffman W. Michael , Aarset Magne 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In everyday language, people perceive risks as possibilities of loss or harm. Rather than using such synonyms, it is more helpful to understand risk by key criteria and variables, often in contrast to different antonyms: measurability of risk, manageability of risk, insurability of risk, attributability of risk, voluntariness of risk, and justifiability of risk. These aspects are often interdependent. There is almost an inflation of business risk management checklists, and there are less and more complex lists and models. All lists seem to contain four basic steps for proper risk management procedure: risk identification, risk evaluation, risk control and financing, and taking a risk related decision. Risk ethics also represents a ubiquitous core of “holistic” risk governance, together with risk communication. Questions might focus on exposure to risk – and, importantly, if there is a duty to search for information or if there exists a right to be provided information. The ethical acceptability of risk taking and risk exposure depends on good answers to such questions.
Securities and Exchange Commission
Authors: Sack Robert J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Securities and Exchange Commission was established in response to the financial crises of the 1930s. Its two‐part mission is to police the securities markets in the United States and to encourage capital formation by maintaining public confidence in the market for stocks and bonds. That mission contains an obvious contradiction and requires a careful balance: an aggressive approach to its policing mission might well raise questions in the minds of market participants as to the fairness of the larger market; failure to police aggressively might well raise the same question. Some argue that an efficient market provides its own police mechanism, and the SEC's rules and regulations get in the way of capital formation. Nonetheless, the financial community – and the Congress – have concluded that the pressures of the market place will tempt some companies and managers to go beyond their personal ethics and that a legitimatized restraining authority serves the interests of all.
Welfare Economics
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Welfare economics is the study of decision‐making with the aim of enhancing
social
welfare, in contrast to an
individual's
happiness or a
firm's
profit. This subject should be of value to government (since government is meant to be an agency for promoting social welfare); to an individual who is not committed solely to enhancing his or her own happiness; or even to the “enlightened” firm or business corporation that seeks not only to increase its profit but also has some commitment to the general well‐being of society. Welfare economics has two main concerns: (i) the abstract problem of deciding what constitutes social welfare; and (ii) the more mundane one of deciding how to choose between projects, taxation schemes, industrial regulation, environmental policy, and so on, given some agreed‐upon notion of social welfare. The most influential position has been a utilitarian one – however, it has been criticized. This analysis looks at Vilfredo Pareto's Pareto Optimality and Arrow's impossibility theorem; and it recognizes the place of welfare economics in the economist's repertoire.
Sustainability
Authors: DesJardins Joseph 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As used in environmental and economic settings, the concept of sustainability is traced to the 1897 United Nations' Brundtland Report, “Our Common Future,” which focused on long‐term strategies that might help nations achieve economic development without causing excessive environmental damage. The Brundtland Report offered what has become the standard definition of sustainable development: “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Beginning with this report, the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development has guided much of the world's thinking about global economic growth and development.
Three dimensions of sustainability are implicit within this definition. First, there is an economic component that concerns allocating resources to meet human needs. Second, there is a systemic component that concerns the productive capacity, or functional integrity, of the productive system itself. Third, there is an equity component that is concerned with the distribution of resources across generations. These three dimensions of the definition of sustainability have given rise to three criteria by which economies, institutions, and social practices are evaluated as sustainable. Sustainable practices must (i) meet real human needs, (ii) not jeopardize the functional integrity of the biosphere, and (iii) not deny future generation an equal opportunity to meet their own needs.
U
nited
S
tates, Business Ethics in the
Authors: Hess David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the development of business ethics in the United States, including the cultural context, how regulation has pushed its development, and its current status as an academic field. This article also provides an overview of three major business ethics cases in the United States: Johnson and Johnson and the Tylenol Crisis, Enron, and Nike and Sweatshop Labor.
Alliances and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article considers entrepreneurial alliances, or collaborations undertaken to foster entrepreneurship. Comparisons are made between entrepreneurial alliances and other forms of collaborations, and key theoretical issues that must be deal it with for entrepreneurial alliances are highlighted. We consider the financial context of entrepreneurial alliances and how these collaborations might have long‐term implications for the growth and development of entrepreneurial ventures.
Disruptive Innovations
Authors: Ahuja Gautam , Toh Puay Khoon 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Disruptive innovations refer to technologies that introduce a different, and often initially inferior, performance package from the mainstream technology but manage to gain dominance over and displace the superior technology in the market. The key idea and the irony underlying this phenomenon is that the new technological trajectory, created by the disruptive technology that supersedes the old one, is actually initially poorer in terms of performance attributes valued by traditional customers.
Entrepreneurial Resourcefulness
Authors: Bradley Steven W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractResourcefulness is a term often used to describe entrepreneurs, but its dimensions and measurement as a research construct in the entrepreneurship literature are still in development. Drawing from related work in entrepreneurship, sociology, and psychology, resourcefulness in the entrepreneurship context is defined as learned behavioral, financial, and social repertoires for dealing with problems, especially those of novelty, in the pursuit of an opportunity. The construct is compared and contrasted to related constructs and areas for research and application are identified.
Entrepreneurship
Authors: Chrisman James J. , Holt Daniel T. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Entrepreneurship refers to acts of organizational creation, renewal, or innovation that occur within, or independent of, an existing organization where corporate entrepreneurship refers to the entrepreneurial activities occurring within the boundaries of an existing organization. As entrepreneurship is explained, we summarize the current debate that has centered on whether entrepreneurship is reserved for activities that involve innovations or should encompass all acts of organization creation, whether innovative or imitative. Further, we explain how the strategic decisions and subsequent actions involved in entrepreneurship differ from the strategic decisions and actions of mature, stable organizations.
Family – Power, Experience, and Culture (
F
‐
PEC
) Scale
Authors: Holt Daniel T. , Pearson Allison W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The family – power, experience, and culture (F‐PEC) scale, which was developed to measure family influence, is described. The three factors of family influence that are measured include (i) power, the influence the family has on governance and management of the firm; (ii) experience, the information knowledge, judgment, and intuition that come through successive generations; and (iii) culture, the alignment of the family's goals and with the firm's goals. Along with the scale's description, the theoretical debate regarding the definition of a family business is summarized along with the evidence that has accumulated regarding the F‐PEC's reliability and validity.
Internal Corporate Ventures
Authors: Garrett Robert P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInternal corporate ventures (ICVs), entrepreneurial initiatives that originate within a corporate structure and are intended from inception as new businesses for the corporation, are frequently used by established companies as a means to achieve competitive advantages or to overcome poor prospects in their core businesses. While independent units, ICVs nonetheless operate within a larger organization context, and so they face an environment much different from independent start‐ups. It is difficult to measure ICV performance using objective indicators because many financial indicators are inappropriate for measuring new ventures, and because the parent corporation may adopt accounting methods that make it difficult to understand the true costs and revenues of ICVs. Top management support coming from the corporate parent has been found to be a strong indicator of ICV performance, and venture autonomy and parent‐venture relatedness may also play important roles. Avenues for future exploration on the topic of internal corporate venturing are suggested.