bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Hypoalbuminaemia and Albumin Metabolism in Paraplegic and Tetraplegic Patients
Authors: Ranløv P. , Rossing N. , Schwartz M. , Eskesen B. , Rasmussen G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma albumin concentration was decreased in thirty-five of eighty-six mobilized para- or tetra-plegic patients studied months or years after injury to the spinal cord causing a medullary cross-sectional syndrome. The colloid osmotic pressure was low in thirty-one of eighty-one patients in whom it was measured. Plasma volume was normal in thirty and slightly elevated in three of thirty-three patients in whom it was determined. None had oedema at the time of the investigation.
2. Albumin metabolism was studied in ten patients by means of 131I-labelled albumin. Six of these had a decreased plasma albumin concentration. This was probably caused by an increased fractional catabolic rate, although a statistically significant causal relationship could not be demonstrated.
3. in spite of the low plasma albumin concentration normal compensatory mechanisms such as an increase in rate of albumin synthesis and shift of albumin from the extravascular to the intravascular compartment were not found. On the contrary, for unexplained reasons, the average rate of synthesis and the ratio intravascular/total albumin mass were both decreased.
Sodium Conservation in Chronic Renal Failure: Studies Using Oral Diazoxide
Authors: Swales J. D. , Thurston H. , Pohl J. E. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The defect in sodium conservation shown by patients with advanced chronic renal failure has been studied during the administration of diazoxide.
2. All nine patients showed a reduction in urinary sodium concentration to levels substantially lower than those which can normally be produced in such patients even with prolonged sodium depletion. Seven patients produced a nearly sodium-free urine. In all patients this effect could be reversed by the administration of high doses of frusemide. The fall in urinary sodium concentration was associated with a sustained fall in creatinine clearance in only two cases.
3. One patient with salt-losing renal disease showed a more modest fall in sodium concentration on treatment with diazoxide.
4. It is concluded that since the defect in sodium conservation shown by patients with chronic renal failure can be corrected without diminishing the osmotic load, it cannot be solely due to the effect of the osmotic diuresis upon residual functioning nephrons. It is suggested that the distal tubular transport mechanism for sodium is saturated by the increased delivery of sodium from the proximal tubule.
Determination of Plasma Renin Activity by Radioimmunoassay of Angiotensin I
Authors: Fukuchi S. , Takeuchi T. , Torikai T. 
Published: August 2015

1. A simple, rapid radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I has been applied to the measurement of plasma renin activity.
2. Antibody to angiotensin I was raised in rabbits by injecting angiotensin I conjugated with rabbit serum albumin.
3. Angiotensin I was generated in plasma by 3 h incubation at 37°C and pH 5.5 after adding EDTA and di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP).
4. The simple procedure of boiling for 10 min was performed to eliminate the inhibitory effect of plasma protein on immunoassay. After centrifugation, the supernatant was incubated for 18 h with 131I-labelled angiotensin I and antiserum. Free fractions of 131I-labelled angiotensin I were separated using dextran-coated charcoal, and compared with the standard curve.
5. Mean recovery of renin through the method was 91.8%; mean recovery of angiotensin I was 87.0%.
6. Normal values for plasma renin activity (estimated as the rate of generation of angiotensin I) was 1.17±0.90 ng ml−1 h−1; n = 21. Plasma renin activity was normal in essential hypertension; high in chronic glomerulonephritis with oedema; often high in renovascular hypertension; and low in primary aldosteronism.
A New Method for Monitoring Deep Body Temperature from the Skin Surface
Authors: Fox R. H. , Solman A. J. , Isaacs R. , Fry A. J. , MacDonald I. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new technique for monitoring the deep body temperature is described. The technique depends on creating a zone of zero heat-flow across the body shell; this brings the deep body temperature to the skin surface where it is measured with a simple electronic thermometer.
2. The new device gives a temperature closely comparable with other methods for measuring the deep body temperature in the resting subject, and is simple to use and socially acceptable.
Lysine Infusion in Cystinuria: Theoretical Renal Thresholds for Lysine
Authors: Lester Frances T. , Cusworth D. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal handling of lysine was studied during the intravenous infusion of a lysine load given in such a way that the plasma lysine concentration was constantly increasing. Theoretical renal thresholds, and maximum rates of renal tubular reabsorption of lysine, have been determined in three normal adults, five homozygous cystinuric patients, and three persons, two ‘completely’ and the third ‘incompletely’ recessive, heterozygotes for cystinuria. All the cystinuric patients were found to have thresholds at less than 1 mg of lysine/100 ml of plasma; the thresholds of all three heterozygotes fell within the same range as those of the three normal persons, that is, at values only two to three times the fasting plasma lysine concentration.
2. Not only was the lysine load shown to greatly increase the excretion of cystine, arginine and ornithine in the normal and heterozygous persons, but it was also shown to increase the already high clearance of these three amino acids in three of the homozygous cystinuric patients.
3. It was shown that a water diuresis alone will not cause increased excretion of any amino acids except taurine.
The Point of Onset of ‘Airway Closure’ Measured with Argon and Nitrogen: A Comparison of Results Obtained by Two Methods
Authors: Farebrother M. J. B. , Martinez R. Paredes , Soejima R. , McHardy G. J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The point of onset of ‘airway closure’ has been determined by simultaneous analysis of expired argon and nitrogen in twenty-five subjects studied in the sitting and supine postures.
2. Estimates of ‘closing volume’ derived from nitrogen analysis were less than those derived from argon analysis, the difference being partly attributable to a less readily defined inflexion in the record of expired nitrogen.
3. The relationship between the two estimates of ‘closing volume’ was linear and was not influenced by the age or posture of the subjects.
4. It is valid to use nitrogen as the tracer gas for the measurement of ‘airway closure’, despite the difference in the formation of the inspired bolus, but results should be compared with normal values established separately for this gas.
Renal Control of Changes in the Compliance of the Interstitial Space: A Factor in the Aetiology of Renoprival Hypertension
Authors: Lucas J. , Floyer M. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Measurements of plasma volume, haematocrit, extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, venous pressure and interstitial tissue pressure were made in rats 4 days after unilateral nephrectomy. Measurements were repeated either 4 days after subsequent removal of the remaining kidney, or 4 days after anastomosis of the remaining ureter with the inferior vena cava. Extracellular fluid volume was expanded by giving 0.5% saline by mouth: in one series blood volume was expanded by injections of blood.
2. Plasma volume (PV) rose more after bilateral nephrectomy (BN), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) more after unilateral nephrectomy and ureterocaval anastomosis (UNUCA). The PV/ECFV ratio was significantly higher after BN.
3. Blood pressure and venous pressure rose after BN but not after UNUCA. Interstitial tissue pressure (TP) rose more after BN in spite of greater expansion of interstitial fluid volume (IFV = ECFV-PV) after UNUCA. The ratio ΔIFV/ΔTP was several times less after BN than after UNUCA.
4. Interstitial space compliance was estimated by measuring changes in IFV and TP 10 min after a saline infusion (compliance = ΔIFV/ΔTP). After UNUCA there was little change from values obtained after unilateral nephrectomy alone; following BN compliance fell severalfold.
5. It is suggested that changes in compliance of the interstitial space may be brought about by a substance secreted by the kidney and represent a hitherto undetected mechanism by which plasma volume is maintained constant under different conditions of hydration. Changes in interstitial space compliance may also play a part in the aetiology of renoprival hypertension by raising tissue pressure, and thus venous pressure and cardiac output.
Acute Alcoholic Fatty Liver in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Nair C. R. , Saha S. , Chakravarti R. N. , Chhuttani P. N. , Datta D. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of intravenous infusion of ethanol on the concentration of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) and on hepatic triglyceride content was studied in Rhesus monkeys.
2. A minor fall in the plasma FFA was observed after the infusion of ethanol, followed by a rise in FFA which was prevented by a beta-receptor blocking agent.
3. Ethanol administration increased the liver triglyceride level.
4. Prior treatment with a beta-receptor blocking agent which apparently blocked the adrenergic process did not prevent accumulation of triglycerides in the ethanol-treated animals.
Polycythaemia in a Selected Group of Patients with Chronic Airways Obstruction
Authors: Harrison B. D. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between hypoxaemia, as measured by arterial blood oxygen saturation, and red cell volume is reported in nineteen patients with chronic airways obstruction and raised peripheral venous haematocrit.
2. These patients showed an increase in red cell mass response to lowered oxygen saturations when compared with normal subjects living at high altitudes.
3. Comparison with previous studies suggests that such a significant linear relationship between arterial oxygen saturation and red cell mass only occurs in those patients suffering from chronic lung disease in whom the peripheral venous haematocrit is raised.
4. As arterial oxygen saturation is only one of six factors determining tissue oxygenation, the isolated relationship between red cell volume and oxygen saturation is likely to be an oversimplification.
Vasopressor-Induced Natriuresis and Altered Intrarenal Haemodynamics in Cirrhotic Man
Authors: Gutman R. A. , Forrey A. W. , Fleet W. P. , Cutler R. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of two intravenous vasopressors (angiotensin II and norepinephrine) on renal function and intrarenal blood flow distribution was studied in thirteen cirrhotic subjects and the results compared with those from eight non-cirrhotics.
2. Increased sodium excretion occurred in four of eight cirrhotics with ascites who received comparable pressor doses of angiotensin II and one of five similar subjects who received norepinephrine. In contrast, sodium excretion fell or remained the same in all eight non-cirrhotics.
3. Renal plasma flow fell and filtration fraction rose in nearly all subjects who did not respond to vasopressors with a natriuresis but changed little in those who did.
4. Vasopressor-induced changes of the multicompartmental 133xenon washout curve were qualitatively different in the group who responded with a natriuresis in comparison to the others. Whereas the distribution of flow to the fastest component fell in the non-responder, it remained the same or rose in those who developed a natriuresis.
5. We interpret these results as suggesting a state of relative renal vasopressor resistance allowing the induced systemic hypertension to reduce tubular sodium reabsorption in some cirrhotics by influencing peritubular ‘physical factors’.
Synthesis and Release of Parathyroid Hormone by a Renal Carcinoma in Cell Culture
Authors: Greenberg P. B. , Martin T. J. , Sutcliffe Helen S. 
Published: August 2015

1. A monolayer cell culture was established from a hypernephroma removed from a patient with the diagnosis of ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH) production.
2. Culture media contained immunoreactive peptides of a similar size to PTH and several of smaller size.
3. [14C]Leucine and 75Se-labelled methionine added to the media were incorporated into those peptides in the cells and medium which behaved as PTH immunologically and physicochemically.
4. A basic peptide resembling proPTH (the biosynthetic precursor of PTH) was synthesized.
5. Labelled immunoreactive fragments of PTH were found in cells after incubation with radioactive amino acids.
Blood Pressure and Ageing; Results of a 15–17 Year Follow-Up Study in South Wales
Authors: Miall W. E. , Chinn Susan 
Published: August 2015

1. Several recent studies of the relation between blood pressure and ageing have been re-examined, and it is concluded that none satisfactorily investigates the possibility of separate influences of age and attained pressure in determining the rate of change of pressure with time.
2. If the rate of increase of pressure is proportional to the attained pressure, pressure is an exponential function of age. An attempt has been made to determine the relation of blood pressure with age by fitting curves to individuals' measurements made over periods of 15 1/2 and 17 1/2 years in two epidemiological surveys in South Wales.
3. Three models were used: (1) a linear regression, (2) an exponential function, and (3) a model based on the hypothesis that an individual's pressure fluctuates about a constant mean until a variable age at which it increases at a constant rate. Neither model (2) nor model (3) was significantly better than model (1), but this may have been largely due to the small number of measurements (four) for each subject.
4. A positive slope to the linear regression of pressure on time was obtained for most adults. In middle-aged subjects the distributions of these regression coefficients appear unimodal. The rate of increase was higher in those with initially raised values but increased with age independently of the blood pressure level. In these populations some factor related to ageing appears to play a rôle in causing this increase in pressure in addition to any possible direct influence of the attained pressure.
Rapid Dehydration as a Measure of the Ability of the Kidney to Concentrate the Urine: Comparison with the Pitressin-Dehydration Test
Authors: Koutsaimanis K. G. , Tasker P. R. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new test for measuring the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine is described. The test is based on the administration of a diuretic followed by complete food and fluid deprivation for 16 h. Slow-release preparations of sodium and potassium are used to replace the loss due to the diuretic.
2. Values reached with the proposed test are not as high as those after the Pitressin-dehydration test, but the differences are small and not statistically significant.
3. The proposed test avoids the disadvantages of prolonged fluid deprivation or an injection of 5 units of Pitressin tannate in oil.
Peripheral Vascular and Sweat-Gland Reflexes in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Goadby H. K. , Downman C. B. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. In two groups of diabetic patients, one with and one without signs of peripheral neuropathy, reflex short vasoconstrictor responses to such stimuli as a cough, a sharp inspiration or sudden noise were recorded from a finger and both big toes by volume plethysmography. Simultaneous electrodermal responses to the same stimuli were recorded from a hand and a foot. Vasodilator responses to body warming were also recorded.
2. Significant impairment of these vasomotor reflexes in diabetic patients with neuropathy indicates that the sympathetic vasomotor system can be involved in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
3. Loss of the reflex electrodermal responses is also evidence of impairment of another sympathetic function in such patients.
4. Because stimuli vary in their effectiveness in causing responses in both groups of subjects, it is suggested that changes of central nervous conductivity also occur in diabetes.
Intestinal Transport of Two Dipeptides Containing the Same Two Neutral Amino Acids in Man
Authors: Silk D. B. A. , Perrett D. , Clark M. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. A double lumen perfusion technique has been used in man to study the absorption of the two neutral amino acids glycine and l-alanine from the two dipeptides, l-alanylglycine and glycyl-l-alanine and from an equivalent amino acid mixture.
2. Glycine was absorbed faster from the dipeptides than from the equivalent amino acid mixture, and the difference in absorption rates of glycine and alanine seen when the equimolar mixture of the amino acids was perfused, was abolished when either dipeptide was perfused. This suggests that dipeptides are taken up by the mucosal cell by a mechanism independent of the amino acid-transport system.
3. The presence of free amino acids in the lumen during perfusion of both dipeptides suggests that hydrolysis occurs at some stage in the uptake process. Intraluminal hydrolysis was insufficient to account for the concentration of the amino acids seen, and their presence is thought to be due to hydrolysis of the dipeptides at the brush border.
4. It is suggested that these results confirm that at least two modes of peptide absorption occur simultaneously, namely, direct peptide uptake, and peptide hydrolysis with subsequent absorption of the released amino acids by the amino acid transport system.
Interrelationships between Blood Pressure, Renin, Renin Substrate and Blood Volume in Terminal Renal Failure
Authors: Schalekamp M. A. D. H. , Schalekamp-Kuyken M. P. A. , de Moor-Fruytier M. , Meininger Th. , Vaandrager-Kranenburg D. J. , Birkenhäger W. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of haemodialysis on blood pressure was assessed in forty-six patients with end-stage kidney disease, in relation to measurements of plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma renin substrate (PRS) and blood volume. Parallel measurements of PRC and blood volume were carried out before and during the period of regular dialysis treatment. PRS was measured during this period only.
2. Both before and during regular dialysis PRC was higher in relation to blood volume in patients whose hypertension persisted after fluid withdrawal than in cases who became normotensive. PRS levels were similar in both groups.
3. The decrease of blood volume by regular dialysis led to a rise in plasma renin both in patients with controllable hypertension and in those with persistent hypertension. After at least 5 months of regular dialysis, the acute removal of 1.5 litres of body fluid caused a similar percentage rise in PRC in six patients with persistent hypertension and twelve patients with controllable hypertension. In three other patients with controllable hypertension and very low PRC, PRC was unresponsive both to the acute and the chronic volume depletion.
4. The pressor response to exogenous angiotensin in anephric patients, in whom no renin could be detected in the plasma, was decreased after ultrafiltration. This was caused by an increase in the threshold dose and not by a decrease in the slope of the dose-response relationship. This effect of ultrafiltration was due to fluid loss itself rather than to a rise in endogenous angiotensin.
5. The results indicate that the presence of hypertension in the face of fluid loss reflects a disturbance in renin release which is rather associated with the pathologic state of the kidney than with an excessive stimulus to the kidney. The decrease in sensitivity to angiotensin caused by fluid loss is presumably overridden by the effect of a high renin level.
The Effects of Pre-Existing Loads Upon Detection of Externally Applied Resistances to Breathing in Man
Authors: McCloskey D. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. It was confirmed that normal subjects can detect an increase in airways resistance of 1.2 cmH2O 1−1 s when this is presented during a sequence of otherwise unresisted breaths.
2. In contrast when such subjects meet the same resistance presented unexpectedly during a sequence of breaths against a larger resistance (2.5 cmH2O 1−1 s), they commonly fail to detect it, indicating that they believe no external resistance remains.
3. Subjects breathing continuously against a given external resistance frequently during the course of the study indicate that they believe that a decrease in resistance has been made.
Results of Medical versus Surgical Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Peart W. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. An analysis has been made of a series of hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis treated medically.
2. Patients presenting with features of vascular disease other than renal had a high morbidity and mortality despite treatment; nevertheless, in these, medical as opposed to surgical treatment is advised.
3. No particular drug emerges as better than any other in individual patients.
4. Patients over 40 years of age are in general more suitable for medical than surgical treatment.
Treatment of Hypertension with Large Doses of the β-Adrenergic Blocking Drug Oxprenolol, Alone, and in Combination with the Vasodilatator Dihydralazine
Authors: Tuckman J. , Messerli F. , Hodler J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The use of large doses of oxprenolol and a diuretic had a stronger antihypertensive action than the diuretic alone.
2. The combined use of oxprenolol and a diuretic had a strong antihypertensive effect in a majority of the mild, moderate and severe hypertensive patients studied.
3. Oxprenolol caused strikingly few side effects, and it especially did not cause cardiac insufficiency when used in combination with a diuretic.
4. When dihydralazine was added to oxprenolol, it did not cause a further significant fall in arterial pressure, except in a few impressive instances.
The Effect of Oral Diazoxide on Hypertension and Sodium Excretion in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Thurston H. , Pohl J. E. F. , Swales J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Oral diazoxide was administered to a group of ninety-seven patients with renal failure and severe hypertension which had proved resistant to conventional drug treatment.
2. Hypertension was satisfactorily controlled in every case, and resistance to therapy did not occur.
3. Creatinine clearance showed a minor fall in the first week of treatment; however, by 3 months a significant improvement in renal function had occurred. This improvement was maintained at 6 months in the patients with primary hypertension and chronic pyelonephritis. In the chronic glomerulonephritic hypertensive patients, however, creatinine clearance was slightly lower at this stage.
4. Sodium retention was a conspicuous feature and required large doses of diuretics.
5. We suggest that vasodilatation leads to imbalance between filling pressure and capacity, so that volume receptors are stimulated. In addition, the decreased arteriolar resistance will lead to increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed, and thus to increased fluid transudation.
Blood Pressure Over-Shoot Due to Acute Clonidine (Catapres) Withdrawal: Studies on Arterial and Urinary Catecholamines and Suggestions for Management of the Crisis
Authors: Hansson Lennart , Hunyor Stephen N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Clonidine was withdrawn acutely in five hypertensive patients with a documented blood pressure over-shoot after previous temporary cessation of treatment.
2. In all patients a severe rise of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was seen (average 67/58 mmHg). This was accompanied by a number of ‘withdrawal symptoms’, e.g. restlessness, tremor, headaches and nausea.
3. Catecholamines in urine rose from 32 μg/l to 112 μg/l (001 < P < 0.02) and in arterial blood from 0.52 μg/l to 1.0 μg/l (not significant).
4. The crisis could be reversed acutely by α- and β-adrenergic blockade.
5. Catecholamine depletion with reserpine before the withdrawal of clonidine seemed to reduce the blood pressure rise and the withdrawal symptoms.