bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The addition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid to INRA 96 extender for stallion semen cooling
Authors: Dean C. J. , Hobgood A. M. , Blodgett G. P. , Love C. C. , Blanchard T. L. , Varner D. D. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyA commonly used commercial extender (i.e. INRA 96) contains antimicrobials that may have limited effectiveness. Therefore, addition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid to this extender is a widespread procedure in the equine breeding industry in the United States. However, such practice has not been critically evaluated.ObjectivesTo evaluate the addition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid to INRA 96 and different extender and antimicrobial storage conditions on sperm function and antimicrobial effectiveness.MethodsGel‐free semen (42 ejaculates from 14 mature Quarter Horse stallions) was extended with INRA 96 and stored for 24 h in an Equitainer II. The effects of added ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid and different extender storage procedures on sperm motion characteristics (by computer‐assisted analysis), sperm membrane integrity (by fluorescence‐based measurement) and suppression of bacterial growth (by aerobic and anaerobic culture methods) were evaluated using analysis‐of‐variance and Chi‐square statistical methods. The P value for significance was set at <0.05.ResultsFreezing and thawing of modified or unmodified extender prior to use for stallion semen resulted in reduced sperm quality post cooling for 24 h, as evidenced by a significant reduction in sperm motility (i.e. total and progressive) and sperm membrane integrity. Addition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid to extender resulted in higher sperm velocity when the reconstituted antimicrobial was subjected to cooled storage, as compared with frozen storage, prior to use. Only 28 of 42 ejaculates (67%) yielded presence of bacteria in neat semen but addition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid to INRA 96 was not different than INRA 96 alone for inhibiting growth of bacteria (98 vs. 94%, respectively).ConclusionsAddition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid (1 mg/ml) to INRA 96 did not adversely affect sperm quality in extended semen after cooled storage. Extender freezing and thawing prior to use had detrimental effects on sperm quality.Potential relevanceThese data suggest that INRA 96 should not be frozen and thawed prior to use. Addition of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid to INRA 96 did not impair sperm quality. All extender treatments effectively controlled the bacterial growth compared with neat semen.
Identification of periparturient mare and foal associated predictors of post parturient immunoglobulin A concentrations in Thoroughbred foals
Authors: Jenvey C. , Caraguel C. , Howarth G. B. , Riley C. B. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing the studyPrior to the start of endogenous production of immunoglobulins (Igs), absorption of maternal Igs is important to protect against pathogens in the early neonatal period. It is possible that mare‐ or foal‐associated factors may influence neonatal IgA concentrations.ObjectivesThe temporal relationships among serum and milk IgA concentrations in Thoroughbred mare–foal pairs were explored to determine if periparturient mare‐ and foal‐associated factors contribute to the prediction of foal serum IgA concentrations.MethodsBlood and milk samples as well as complete veterinary records, were collected for 84 Thoroughbred mare–foal pairs from one month before to 2 months after parturition. Samples were tested using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for concentrations of IgA. Pairwise correlation coefficients were estimated (P<0.01) and simple linear regression used to investigate unconditional associations between mare IgA levels, mare and foal risk factors and foal serum IgA concentration at 12 h. Backwards, stepwise elimination of nonsignificant factors was used to create a final model.ResultsThere were significant temporal relationships among mare serum IgA and among colostrum and milk IgA concentrations within mares (P<0.01). Mare serum IgA concentrations up to one month before parturition were associated with foal serum IgA concentrations at all time points and with colostrum and milk IgA concentrations. Mare serum IgA at ‐28 days and parity were associated with foal serum IgA concentration at 12 h (P<0.001).ConclusionsMare serum IgA concentrations up to 28 days before parturition, together with mare parity, are indicative of neonatal foal serum IgA concentrations.Potential relevanceMare serum and colostrum IgA concentrations may be useful peripartum predictors of neonatal mucosal immune status, enabling earlier intervention to prevent the consequences of mucosal infections.
Dose titration of the clinical efficacy of intravenously administered flunixin meglumine in a reversible model of equine foot lameness
Authors: Foreman J. H. , Bergstrom B. E. , Golden K. S. , Roark J. J. , Coren D. S. , Foreman C. R. , Schumacher S. A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyThere are no refereed controlled documentations of the skeletal analgesic efficacy of different dosages of flunixin meglumine (FM).ObjectivesThe objective of this experiment was to compare the efficacy of various dosages ofFMwith a negative control. The hypothesis was that higher doses would result in improved efficacy in a dose‐dependent manner when tested in a reversible model of foot lameness.MethodsTen horses shod with adjustable heart bar shoes had weekly modifiedAAEP grade 4.0/5.0lameness induced by tightening a set screw against the heart bar. Heart rate (HR)and lameness score (LS) were monitored by one double‐blinded investigator at rest; every 20 min after lameness induction for 5 h and hourly for another 8 h. One hour after lameness induction, treatments were administered i.v. in a randomised order: negative control (isotonic saline:SAL) orFMat 0.55 (half‐dose), 1.1 (single‐dose) or 2.2 (double‐dose) mg/kg bwt. Results were compared usingRM ANOVAand Student–Newman–Keul's test with the level of significance set atP<0.05.ResultsCompared toSAL, half‐doseFMreducedHRat 2.33, 2.67, 4.0–8.0, and 10.0 h andLSat 1.33–12.0 h (P<0.05). Single‐ and double‐doseFMreducedHRfrom 0.67 to 12.0 h andLSfrom 1.0 to 12.0 h post administration (P<0.05). Compared with half‐doseFM, single‐ and double‐doseLSwere further decreased from 1.67 to 12.0 h post administration (P<0.05). Mean peak and decaying plasmaFMconcentrations were different between dosages in a dose‐dependent manner through 6 h post administration (P<0.05).ConclusionsFlunixin meglumine administration affected dependent variables in a dose‐dependent manner with half‐doseFMclinically effective for a shorter period. Higher dosages did not perform differently from one another.Potential relevancePractitioners must be aware that half‐doses ofFMare less efficacious than single doses but double doses are not more efficacious and yet are potentially more toxic.
Equine piroplasmosis treatment protocols: Specific effect on orocaecal transit time as measured by the lactose13C‐ureide breath test
Authors: Kutscha J. , Sutton D. G. M. , Preston T. , Guthrie A. J. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyImidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for equine piroplasmosis but its administration causes severe colic and diarrhoea. An imidocarb protocol that reduces these effects is needed.Objectives1) Quantification of the effects of imidocarb dipropionate on equine orocaecal transit time (OCTT), with and without atropine or glycopyrrolate premedication and 2) investigation of an improved pretreatment regimen for imidocarb administration.HypothesisTreatment with imidocarb dipropionate will result in colic and reducedOCTTas demonstrated by the lactose13C‐ureide breath test which will be ameliorated by premedication with either atropine or glycopyrrolate.MethodsThe effects of 3 drug therapies onOCTTwere compared in 6 healthy horses in a randomised double‐blind study vs. a saline control: 1) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4 mg/kg bwt administered intramuscularly (i.m.) with saline administered intravenously (i.v.; imidocarb/saline); 2) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4 mg/kg bwt administered i.m. with atropine 0.035 mg/kg bwt administered i.v. (imidocarb/atropine) and 3) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4 mg/kg bwt administered i.m. with glycopyrrolate 0.0025 mg/kg bwt administered i.v. (imidocarb/glycopyrrolate). The lactose13C‐ureide breath test was used to measureOCTTin each case and significance of treatment effect determined by a linear model analysis of variance.ResultsImidocarb/atropine treatment caused an increase inOCTT(P<0.05) whereas imidocarb/saline produced a nonsignificant decrease inOCTT. Imidocarb/saline caused colic and diarrhoea in 4 of 6 horses, which were not seen in any of the horses treated with imidocarb/atropine or imidocarb/glycopyrrolate or administered the saline control. Intestinal borborygmi were increased in imidocarb/saline and decreased in imidocarb/atropine treated horses, respectively.ConclusionsImidocarb/saline treatment induced colic signs and a potential reduction inOCTTwhile imidocarb/atropine treatment increasedOCTTsignificantly when compared with imidocarb/saline. Both atropine and glycopyrrolate premedication ameliorated the clinical gastrointestinal effects of imidocarb but atropine produced significant inhibition of gastric and/or small intestinal motility not detected with glycopyrrolate. Premedication with glycopyrrolate is recommended when using imidocarb for treatment of equine piroplasmosis.
Visual outcome after corneal transplantation for corneal perforation and iris prolapse in 37 horses: 1998–2010
Authors: de Linde Henriksen M. , Plummer C. E. , Mangan B. , Ben‐Shlomo G. , Tsujita H. , Greenberg S. , Toft N. , Brooks D. E. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyWe wanted to investigate the visual outcome of horses presented with iris prolapse and treated with corneal transplantation.ObjectiveTo evaluate the visual outcome of horses with iris prolapse treated with penetrating keratoplasty alone and penetrating keratoplasty in combination with overlying conjunctival or amniotic membrane grafting.MethodsA retrospective medical records study of horses presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center for iris prolapse and treated with penetrating keratoplasty in the period of 1998‐2010. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, clinical descriptions of ocular lesions, treatments, and therapeutic outcome.ResultsIris prolapses in this study were caused by corneal ulcers with keratomalacia (n = 37). All horses were treated medically for infection, hyperproteinase activity and iridocyclitis, and then surgically treated with either penetrating keratoplasty alone (n = 9) or penetrating keratoplasty with either a conjunctival pedicle flap (n = 22), amniotic membrane transplant (n = 5) or amnion membrane and conjunctival pedicle flap (n = 1). The eyes were visual postoperatively in a majority of the cases (n = 24; 64.9%). Limited vision was noted in 6 eyes (16.2%), 3 eyes became phthisical (8.1%) and 4 globes were enucleated (10.8%). Graft rejection manifested as some degree of donor corneal graft opacification in all cases. Anterior synechiae were present in 48.6% of the eyes. Wound dehiscence and aqueous humour leakage were also common as post operative problems.ConclusionPenetrating keratoplasty alone or in combination with an overlying graft of conjunctiva or amniotic membrane can achieve a successful visual outcome in a high percentage of horses with iris prolapse.
The clinical and pathological features of gastric impaction in twelve horses
Authors: Bird A. R. , Knowles E. J. , Sherlock C. E. , Pearson G. R. , Mair T. S. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyGastric impaction in the horse is poorly described in the veterinary literature.ObjectivesTo review the clinical and pathological features of gastric impaction.MethodsThe clinical details of horses presenting with colic over a 7‐year period and cases in which gastric impaction was considered to determine the outcome were reviewed. Clinical and clinicopathological data were recorded.ResultsTwelve cases of gastric impaction were recorded (1.4% of 857 horses hospitalised for colic). Diagnosis was achieved by ultrasonographic examination, gastroscopy, exploratory celiotomy and/or post mortem examination. Five out of 12 horses were successfully treated, 5/12 were subjected to euthanasia (3 at celiotomy and 2 due to recurrence of impaction) and 2/12 died. Three out of 12 horses had spontaneous gastric rupture despite attempted treatment (one was subjected to euthanasia at celiotomy and 2 died). Post mortem examination (7 horses) revealed gross muscular thickening of the stomach wall in 6/7 horses. Histological examination revealed focal fibrosis of the stomach wall in 4/6 and focal myositis in 1/6 horses.Conclusions and practical significanceGastric impaction is a rare cause of colic and affected horses can present with acute, chronic or recurrent colic in the presence or absence of other gastrointestinal disease. Spontaneous gastric rupture may occur. A proportion of affected horses have gross thickening of the muscular layers of the stomach wall.
Magnetic resonance and radiographic diagnosis of osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx in the horse
Authors: Young A. C. , Dimock A. N. , Puchalski S. M. , Murphy B. , Spriet M. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyOsseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx of the horse has been identified previously using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging; however, little is known about the prevalence and characteristics of this lesion.ObjectivesTo establish the MR prevalence of resorptive lesions in the flexor surface of the distal phalanx and identify concurrent lesions associated with this finding and associations between the MR and radiographic findings.MethodsHorses with distal extremity MR and radiographs performed within 2 weeks of each other were included in the study. The flexor surface of the distal phalanx was graded independently on both modalities for the presence of osseous resorption. The sensitivity and specificity of radiography for identifying osseous resorption was calculated using MR as the gold standard.ResultsEighty‐two MR studies met the inclusion criteria, 8 of which included osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx. Concurrent injury to the deep digital flexor tendon and the navicular bone was a common finding. An association between MR and radiographic grades was identified. Radiography had a high specificity (0.96) but lower sensitivity (0.45–0.55) for detecting osseous resorption.ConclusionsOsseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx can be observed both on MR and radiographic examinations of horses with lameness localised to the foot. This lesion is most often associated with other pathological changes in the podotrochlear apparatus.Potential relevanceFocal radiolucency of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx is a newly recognised radiographic sign associated with pathological changes of the podotrochlear apparatus.
Hindlimb kinematics before and after laser fibrotomy in horses with fibrotic myopathy
Authors: Janicek J. , Lopes M. A. F. , Wilson D. A. , Reed S. , Keegan K. G. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyFibrotic myopathy can cause incapacitating gait abnormalities. Transection of the fibrotic mass followed by early post operative exercise is the best treatment for fibrotic myopathy. A laser may be used to transect the fibrotic mass. Assessment of the effectiveness of therapies for fibrotic myopathy has been limited to subjective evaluation.ObjectivesTo objectively assess gait abnormalities associated with fibrotic myopathy before and after laser fibrotomy followed by early post operative exercise.MethodsKinematic evaluation of horses with fibrotic myopathy walking and trotting on a treadmill was used to investigate hindfeet trajectories (n = 8) and lameness (n = 5) before and after laser fibrotomy. Hoof flight trajectory length (HFTL), relative protraction length (%PL), maximum hoof height during swing (MXHH), hoof height at end of protraction (HHpro) and retraction (HHret) were measured and differences between fibrotic myopathy affected and nonaffected limbs were calculated. Lameness was quantified by measuring maximum and minimum pelvic height differences between right and left halves of the stride.ResultsBefore surgery the foot of the fibrotic myopathy affected limb had abnormal trajectories characterised as increasedHFTL,MXHHandHHproand decreased %PLandHHretand the 5 horses objectively evaluated for lameness were lame in the fibrotic myopathy affected limb. Immediately after surgery the difference between affected and nonaffected limbs decreased forHFTL, %PLandHHpro. Six to 11 weeks after surgery, theHFTLdifference increased but was still smaller than before surgery, which was interpreted as partial recurrence of the gait abnormality; all horses objectively evaluated for lameness were either improved (n = 1) or not lame (n = 4) in the previously affected, operated limb.ConclusionsFibrotic myopathy affects the foot flight and leads to asymmetric vertical excursion of the pelvis. Laser fibrotomy followed by early post operative exercise can minimise these abnormalities.Potential relevanceLaser fibrotomy combined with early post operative exercise is a viable therapy for fibrotic myopathy.
Malnutrition in Austrian hospital patients. Prevalence, risk factors, nursing interventions, and quality indicators: a descriptive multicentre study
Authors: Tannen Antje , Lohrmann Christa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsThis study reports the prevalence of malnutrition (according to body mass index and malnutrition universal screening tool) and the prevalence of health problems that may influence the development of malnutrition in Austrian hospitals. Screening routines and nutrition‐related interventions on patient level and quality indicators on ward and facility levels were also investigated.BackgroundMalnutrition is an undesirable condition of care‐dependent patients and can increase morbidity and mortality of those affected; it is therefore required to screen every patient to detect people at risk and treat them early. Only little data are available on the prevalence of the underlying causes and on the extent of nutrition‐related interventions.DesignA cross‐sectional multicentre study in 11 Austrian hospitals (n = 2,283) in 2009.MethodsEvery patient was assessed by two trained nurses. Data were collected using a standardized validated questionnaire.Results/findingsThe prevalence of malnutrition according to the malnutrition universal screening tool was 15·7% (high risk) and 8·3% (middle risk). A body mass index <20·0 kg/m² was found in 12·0% (6% <18·5 kg/m²). Main problems were loss of appetite (56·6%), acute disease (38·6%), and nausea (22·3%). About 70% of the patients were screened on admission. Patients at risk were referred to a nutritional expert (7–28·7%), received protein‐energy‐enriched diets (2·5–15·1%) or snacks (5·1–17·4%). A dietician was available in all hospitals; 8/11 hospitals had fixed criteria for assessing malnutrition; guideline policy varied among the facilities.ConclusionThe majority of wards acted in compliance with clinical guidelines; nevertheless, there are still some facilities that do not screen and weigh their patients in a standardized manner and do not treat high‐risk patients adequately.
Chilled but not frosty: understanding the role of climate in the hybridization between the Mediterranean Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl and the temperate Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) ash trees
Authors: Gérard Pierre R. , Temunović Martina , Sannier Julie , Bertolino Paola , Dufour Jean , Frascaria‐Lacoste Nathalie , Fernández‐Manjarrés Juan F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimTo examine mechanisms related to the formation of hybrid zones between the Mediterranean narrow‐leaved ash tree Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl and the common ash Fraxinus excelsior L., a mostly temperate tree species, at the continental scale.LocationTemperate and Mediterranean Europe and the western part of the Black Sea basin.MethodsWe used species distribution models to determine the potential zones of sympatry between the two species, which remain largely unknown. In addition, we analysed 58 populations and 456 samples of ash tree that spanned most of the distribution of the two species across Europe, and included both parental species and selected hybrid populations. Levels of hybridization in the 58 populations were estimated using 19 nuclear microsatellite loci, including six anonymous nuclear single sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 13 recently developed single sequence repeats from expressed RNA sequence tags (EST‐SSRs).ResultsBayesian assignment supported the notion of two separate gene pools regardless of the type of marker used, which suggest an ancient population structure. Populations located within the predicted overlap zones had intermediate levels of admixture with a tendency for hybrid populations to occur towards temperate areas. Selection analyses indicated that six of the EST‐SSRs had been subjected to stabilizing selection whereas two others had been subjected to directional selection. Results of spatial filtering on the allele frequencies of the loci under directional selection suggest that the number of days of frost and summer temperatures are both ecological factors that can limit the extent of the hybrid zone. Moreover, areas associated with known or predicted hybrid zones showed abrupt changes in allele frequencies compared with the periphery of the distributions.Main conclusionsOur analyses suggest that the hybrid structure in these closely related ash species is ancient and asymmetric and that climate‐driven selection, in particular cold weather, can potentially limit the extent of hybrid populations.
Niche differentiation and spatial partitioning in the evolution of two Australian monsoon tropical tree species
Authors: Edwards Robert D. , Crisp Michael D. , Cook Lyn G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimGeographical and climatic barriers to organismal dispersal and distribution play a major role in speciation. We use a sister‐pair of widespread savanna trees (Melaleuca argentea and M. fluviatilis) to test the influence of putative barriers on divergence within and between species across an otherwise continuous landscape.LocationThe Australian monsoon tropics (AMT).MethodsChloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences were used to estimate variation between and within species. Hypotheses invoking vicariance and ecological speciation as the mechanisms of divergence between species were explicitly tested using ecological niche modelling.ResultsWe found little evidence for divergence across the Carpentaria Basin, although some chloroplast DNA haplotypes were restricted to regions to the east or west. Pilbara populations were distinct from those to the east across the Great Sandy Desert, including those from the Kimberley. There was a complex pattern of genetic divergence and niche differentiation among M. argentea and M. fluviatilis within a region of secondary range overlap coincident with currently recognized species boundaries across the Great Dividing Range.Main conclusionsThe two morphospecies are ecologically and genetically distinct, and maintain those differences in sympatry. Speciation might have occurred in allopatry in separate drainage basins that later came into contact. The Pilbara population appears to be distinct but requires further investigation.