bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate of Low Vitamin D Levels in a Low‐Risk Obstetric Population
Authors: Kaloczi Lisa D. , Deneris Angela 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionThe objectives of this study were to determine vitamin D levels at the first prenatal visit in women who had no obstetric risk factors and, if determined to have a low vitamin D level, to evaluate how high‐dose treatment affected the vitamin D level by the end of the second trimester.MethodsThis study was a descriptive, retrospective chart review. Women were identified through electronic database query based on prenatal care initiation. One hundred and four women had a 25‐hydroxy (OH) vitamin D (25[OH]D) serum level drawn at the first prenatal visit. Supplementation was recommended with either 2000 or 4000 units of vitamin D3 for women who had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Twenty women who were treated had repeat vitamin D levels drawn at 28 weeks’ gestation to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation.ResultsDescriptive analysis of demographic data of 104 women who had 25(OH)D levels drawn determined there were no significant differences between women who were vitamin D deficient or insufficient and those whose serum levels were in the sufficient range. Vitamin D serum levels revealed that 32 (30.8%) were sufficient (>30 ng/mL), 49 (47.1%) were insufficient (20‐29 ng/mL), and 23 (22.1%) were deficient (<20 ng/mL). Twenty women had a repeat measure of 25(OH)D after supplementation, and there was a significant rise in vitamin D level (P < .001) with vitamin D3 supplementation. However, women who took 4000 units had a higher mean rise (13.17 ng/mL) in 25(OH)D than those taking 2000 units (8.79 ng/mL). Twelve of the women (60%) were still insufficient after supplementation with 2000 units of vitamin D3.DiscussionThis small sample of women demonstrates a significant degree of insufficiency and deficiency in this desert community where sunshine is plentiful. A larger study should be completed to determine ideal supplementation during pregnancy.
Examining Antenatal Health Literacy in Ghana
Authors: Lori Jody R. , Dahlem Chin Hwa Y. , Ackah Jacqueline V. , Adanu Richard M.K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeTo explore Ghanaian pregnant women's understanding and recognition of danger signs in pregnancy, birth preparedness and complication readiness, and their understanding of newborn care.DesignAn exploratory, qualitative study design was used.MethodsData were gathered through six focus group discussions with 68 pregnant women attending antenatal care at a busy urban hospital in Ghana. Qualitative and descriptive data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Health literacy was used as the guiding framework to analyze the qualitative data. Data were analyzed in the content domains of (a) understanding and recognition of danger signs in pregnancy, (b) preparedness for childbirth, (c) understanding and recognition of danger signs in the newborn, and (d) appropriate and timely referral.FindingsWomen in this study identified danger signs of pregnancy and in the newborn, but had difficulty interpreting and operationalizing information they received during antenatal care visits, indicating that health education did not translate to appropriate health behaviors. Cultural beliefs in alternative medicine, lack of understanding, and prior negative encounters with healthcare professionals may have led to underutilization of professional midwives for delivery and health services.ConclusionsWomen in this study exhibited low health literacy by incorrectly interpreting and operationalizing health education received during antenatal care. With limited health literacy, pregnant women cannot fully comprehend the scope of services that a health system can provide for them and their families.Clinical RelevanceAchieving the greatest impact with limited time in antenatal care is a challenge. Since antenatal care is widely available to pregnant women in Ghana, it is vital to reexamine the way antenatal education is delivered. Pregnant women must receive health information that is accurate and easy to understand in order to make informed health choices that will improve maternal and child health.
Functional anatomy and feeding biomechanics of a giant Upper Jurassic pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Weymouth Bay, Dorset, UK
Authors: Foffa Davide , Cuff Andrew R. , Sassoon Judyth , Rayfield Emily J. , Mavrogordato Mark N. , Benton Michael J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPliosaurs were among the largest predators in Mesozoic seas, and yet their functional anatomy and feeding biomechanics are poorly understood. A new, well‐preserved pliosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Weymouth Bay (UK) revealed cranial adaptations related to feeding. Digital modelling of computed tomography scans allowed reconstruction of missing, distorted regions of the skull and of the adductor musculature, which indicated high bite forces. Size‐corrected beam theory modelling showed that the snout was poorly optimised against bending and torsional stresses compared with other aquatic and terrestrial predators, suggesting that pliosaurs did not twist or shake their prey during feeding and that seizing was better performed with post‐symphyseal bites. Finite element analysis identified biting‐induced stress patterns in both the rostrum and lower jaws, highlighting weak areas in the rostral maxillary‐premaxillary contact and the caudal mandibular symphysis. A comparatively weak skull coupled with musculature that was able to produce high forces, is explained as a trade‐off between agility, hydrodynamics and strength. In the Kimmeridgian ecosystem, we conclude that Late Jurassic pliosaurs were generalist predators at the top of the food chain, able to prey on reptiles and fishes up to half their own length.
Analysis of joint force and torque for the human and non‐human ape foot during bipedal walking with implications for the evolution of the foot
Authors: Wang Weijie , Abboud Rami J. , Günther Michael M. , Crompton Robin H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe feet of apes have a different morphology from those of humans. Until now, it has merely been assumed that the morphology seen in humans must be adaptive for habitual bipedal walking, as the habitual use of bipedal walking is generally regarded as one of the most clear‐cut differences between humans and apes. This study asks simply whether human skeletal proportions do actually enhance foot performance during human‐like bipedalism, by examining the influence of foot proportions on force, torque and work in the foot joints during simulated bipedal walking. Skeletons of the common chimpanzee, orangutan, gorilla and human were represented by multi‐rigid‐body models, where the components of the foot make external contact via finite element surfaces. The models were driven by identical joint motion functions collected from experiments on human walking. Simulated contact forces between the ground and the foot were found to be reasonably comparable with measurements made during human walking using pressure‐ and force‐platforms. Joint force, torque and work in the foot were then predicted. Within the limitations of our model, the results show that during simulated human‐like bipedal walking, (1) the human and non‐human ape (NHA) feet carry similar joint forces, although the distributions of the forces differ; (2) the NHA foot incurs larger joint torques than does the human foot, although the human foot has higher values in the first tarso‐metatarsal and metatarso‐phalangeal joints, whereas the NHA foot incurs higher values in the lateral digits; and (3) total work in the metatarso‐phalangeal joints is lower in the human foot than in the NHA foot. The results indicate that human foot proportions are indeed well suited to performance in normal human walking.
Work–family interference, psychological distress, and workplace injuries
Authors: Turner Nick , Hershcovis M. Sandy , Reich Tara C. , Totterdell Peter 
Published: June 2014

We draw on conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll,) to investigate in two studies the relationship between work–family interference (i.e., work–family conflict and family–work conflict) and workplace injuries as mediated by psychological distress. InStudy 1, we use split survey data from a sample ofUKhealth care workers (N = 645) to first establish the model, and then cross‐validate it, finding that work–family conflict (but not family–work conflict) was partially related to workplace injuries via psychological distress. InStudy 2, we extend the model with a separate two‐wave sample of manufacturing and service employees (Study 2;N = 128). We found that psychological distress fully mediated the relationship between work–family conflict and workplace injuries incurred 6 months later, controlling for prior levels of workplace injuries. The implications of making workplaces safer by enabling employees to better manage competing work and home demands are discussed.Practitioner pointsThis research illustrates how the stress from managing work and family is related to more frequent workplace injuries.Reducing psychological distress – particularly from the conflict between balancing work and home domains – may be a way of keeping workers physically safe.
The Development of Math–Race Stereotypes: “They Say Chinese People Are the Best at Math”
Authors: Cvencek Dario , Nasir Na'ilah S. , O'Connor Kathleen , Wischnia Sarah , Meltzoff Andrew N. 
Published: June 2014

Sixty elementary‐school children (9–10 years old) and 82 adolescents (12–13 years old) completed explicit and implicit measures of racial stereotypes about math. 60 Asian, 42 Latino, 21 White, 15 Black, and four multiracial students participated (42% boys). On the explicit measure, children as early as fifth grade reported being aware of the stereotype that Asians = math, but only adolescents personally endorsed this stereotype. On the implicit measure, there was significant evidence for racial stereotypes about math among adolescents. Across both ages, individual students’ explicit awareness of the stereotype was significantly correlated with their implicit stereotypes. Early adolescence is a key developmental window for discussing stereotypes before they become endorsed as personal beliefs.
Leptin and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents
Authors: Gonzaga Nathalia C , Medeiros Carla CM , de Carvalho Danielle F , Alves João GB 
Published: June 2014

AimTo verify the relationship between leptin and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents.MethodsA cross‐sectional study evaluated 200 children and adolescents treated in Campina Grande, Brazil, from April 2009 to March 2010. Leptin, fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and triglycerides were determined. The t‐test was used to compare leptin means of two groups and analysis of variance to compare means of three groups. Multiple comparisons of pairs of group means were performed with Tukey's test. In all tests, a significance level of 0.05 was adopted.ResultsThe leptin sample mean was 22.7 ± 10.0 μg/L (95% confidence interval: 21.3 μg/L to 24.1 μg/L). Leptin was significantly higher in the following groups: female, teenager, increased waist circumference, high systolic blood pressure, elevated triglycerides hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Most cardiometabolic risk factors had higher means in the last quartile of leptin, except total‐cholesterol, LDL‐C and triglycerides levels. HDL‐C was reduced in the last quartile of leptin. Simple linear regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between leptin and HDL‐C and a positive correlation between leptin and triglycerides, insulin, HOMA‐IR, body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Multiple linear regression models showed an independent association between leptin and HDL‐C, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA‐IR, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, after age and gender control.ConclusionLeptin may be a useful marker of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in obese adolescents.
Frequency of coeliac disease in children with breath‐holding spells
Authors: Işikay Sedat , Hızlı Şamil 
Published: June 2014

AimIron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which is reported very commonly among patients with breath holding spells (BHS), is the most common presentation of coeliac disease (CD). In that aspect, IDA may be a common pathway linking these two diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of CD in patients with BHS.MethodsWe studied 348 children with BHS, and 470 age‐ and sex‐matched controls with no known disease. Serological screening for CD was performed in all patients by searching for serum tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A.ResultsThe first group consisted of 348 children with BHS (231 males, 117 females; mean age 2.23 ± 1.84 years), and the second group consisted of 470 healthy children (284 males, 186 females; mean age 2.11 ± 1.98 years). A total of 300 (86.2%) patients had cyanotic type of BHS only, 27 (7.8%) had pallid type of BHS only and 21 (6%) had mixed type of BHS. The prevalence of IDA was statistically significantly higher in BHS patients compared with controls. Tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A was not detected as positive in any patients in either group; therefore, endoscopic and histopathological examinations were not performed.ConclusionsOur report is the first to describe the frequency of tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A positivity in patients with BHS. There was no evidence of a relationship between CD and BHS, but IDA seems to be an important risk factor in the development of BHS. Therefore, serological screening for CD in patients with BHS does not seem to be necessary.
Childhood tuberculosis: A roadmap towards zero deaths
Authors: Marais Ben J , Graham Stephen M 
Published: June 2014

Abstract‘Every day, more than 200 children under the age of 15 die needlessly from tuberculosis (TB) – a disease that is preventable and curable. The World Health Organization estimates that as many as 1 in 10 TB cases globally (6–10% of all TB cases) are among this age group, but the number could be even higher because many children are simply undiagnosed.’ Childhood TB is emerging from the shadows. This quote comes from the recently launched international roadmap towards zero TB deaths in children. We provide a brief update of new developments and remaining challenges related to childhood TB, with particular emphasis on the new roadmap.
Post‐implementation review of pulse oximetry screening of well newborns in an Australian tertiary maternity hospital
Authors: Bhola Kavita , Kluckow Martin , Evans Nick 
Published: June 2014

AimDespite there being evidence that pulse oximetry screening is better than clinical examination alone in early detection of CHD, implementation has been slow. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the practice after its implementation into routine care at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in 2008.MethodsA single pulse oximetry measurement was incorporated in the routine discharge newborn examination or, with early discharge, as a part of the Midwife Discharge Support Programme. An oxygen saturation level greater than or equal to 95% was considered normal, and a level less than 95%, confirmed on a repeat measure, triggered a review and examination by a consultant neonatal paediatrician. The saturation levels were recorded in the hospital database. Ascertainment of major CHD requiring surgery in the first 12 months was performed by searching the cardiac surgery database of the Heart Centre for Children.ResultsA total of 18 801 babies were screened over a 42‐month period. Of these, four babies with major CHD were diagnosed prior to discharge with the main clinical alert resulting from routine pulse oximetry screening (true positive). Of the 11 cases with saturation <95% but no CHD (false positive cases), six had respiratory pathology. One baby with normal saturation level needed surgery in the first year for a large ventricular septal defect (false negative). The false positive rate of pulse oximetry screening for CHD was 0.13% with sensitivity 80%, specificity of 99.8%, a positive predictive value of 13.3% and a negative predictive value of 99.9%. Nine additional echocardiogram were required over 42 months.ConclusionsThese post‐implementation data confirm that pulse oximetry screening increases early diagnosis of major CHD as well as other important pathology with a very low false positive rate and minimal requirement for extra echocardiograms. Pulse oximetry screening of apparently well newborns should become a standard of care.
Effects of dietary substitution of zinc‐methionine for inorganic zinc sources on growth performance, tissue zinc accumulation and some blood parameters in broiler chicks
Authors: Jahanian R. , Rasouli E. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of zinc‐methionine (ZnMet) as a replacement for conventional inorganic zinc sources on performance, tissue zinc accumulation and some plasma indices in broiler chicks. A total of 450‐day‐old Ross male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five pen replicates of nine experimental diets. Dietary treatments consisted of two basal diets supplemented with 40 mg/kg added Zn as feed‐grade Zn sulphate or Zn oxide in which, Zn was replaced with that supplied from ZnMet complex by 25, 50, 75 or 100%. At 42 days of age, three randomly selected birds from each pen were bled to measure plasma metabolites; then, the chicks were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics. Results showed that dietary treatments affected (p < 0.05) feed intake during the starter period, and chicks on Zn oxide diets consumed more feed than sulphate counterparts. Furthermore, dietary substitution of inorganic Zn sources by ZnMet caused improvements (p < 0.01) in body weight gain during all experimental periods. Dietary supplementation of ZnMet improved feed conversion efficiency during 1–21 and 1–42, but not in 21–42 days of age. Complete replacement of inorganic Zn by that supplied from ZnMet caused an increase (p < 0.05) in relative liver weight. Similarly, dietary inclusion of ZnMet increased breast meat and carcass yields and reduced abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Incremental levels of ZnMet increased (p < 0.05) zinc concentrations in liver and thymus, and the highest zinc accumulations were seen in 100% ZnMet‐supplemented birds. Interestingly, introduction of ZnMet into the diets partially in place of inorganic sources resulted in decreases (p < 0.01) in plasma uric acid and triglycerides concentrations. The present findings indicated that dietary ZnMet inclusion in replacement of inorganic sources in addition to improving growth performance, reduced plasma uric acid and triglycerides concentrations, consequently decreased abdominal fat pad and increased carcass meat yield.
Evaluation of biologically mediated changes in oil sands naphthenic acid composition by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using negative‐ion electrospray orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Goff Kira L. , Peru Kerry , Wilson Kenneth E. , Headley John V. 
Published: June 2014

Industrial activity associated with oil‐sands extraction in Canada's Athabasca region produces a variety of contaminants of concern, including naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). NAFCs are a complex mixture of organic compounds that are poorly understood both in terms of their chemical composition and effects on the environment. NAFC toxicity in the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A.Dangeard was correlated with the presence of the algal cell wall. It was suggested that the toxicity of NAFCs in C. reinhardtii was due to surfactant effects. Surfactant‐cell wall interactions are specific and governed by the compound class and structure, and by the nature of the biological material. Here, we investigate the effects of wildtype (WT) C. reinhardtii and two cell‐wall mutants on specific classes of NAFCs when growing cultures were treated with a 100 mg · L−1 solution of NAFCs. Changes in the NAFC composition in the media were examined using high resolution mass spectrometry over a period of 4 d. Algal mediated changes in the NAFCs were limited to specific classes of NAFCs. In particular, the removal of large, classical naphthenic acids, with a double bond equivalent of 8, was observed in WT C. reinhardtii cultures. The observed algal mediated changes in NAFC composition would have been masked by low resolution mass spectrometry and highlight the importance of this tool in examining bioremediation of complex mixtures of NAFCs.
Detecting molecular signatures of natural selection in Morus alba populations from trans‐Himalaya
Authors: BAJPAI Prabodh K. , WARGHAT Ashish R. , KANT Anil , SRIVASTAVA Ravi B. , STOBDAN Tsering 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGenome scan was done with 439 dominant marker loci to identify outlier loci in three populations of Morus alba from the trans‐Himalayan region. Employing finite and hierarchical island population genetic models, we detected 30 (6.85%) loci under selection, of which 3.64% were under directional selection and 3.19% under balancing selection. The hierarchical island model was efficient in detecting signatures of natural selection with low occurrence of false positives. Data showed significant spatial genetic structure (SGS), especially in population from Nubra valley with significantly high SGS. Bayesian approach revealed high genetic differentiation and inbreeding in Nubra population. Indus and Suru valleys populations showed comparatively low SGS, genetic differentiation, and inbreeding. The study showed that M. alba falls in the range of mixed mating and outcrossing species. However, the population of Nubra valley showed selfing with high SGS. Significant SGS strengthens the presence of natural selection in M. alba natural populations.
Researching literacy in context: using video analysis to explore school literacies
Authors: Blikstad‐Balas Marte , Sørvik Gard Ove 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article addresses how methodological approaches relying on video can be included in literacy research to capture changing literacies. In addition to arguing why literacy is best studied in context, we provide empirical examples of how small, head‐mounted video cameras have been used in two different research projects that share a common aim: understanding the complex ways in which literacy is a part of school practices. The complexity of literacy practices taking place in classrooms, where students draw on a number of texts for a variety of purposes and different literacy discourses co‐exist in the same setting, poses a serious challenge for those who wish to study literacy in educational settings. The methodology presented in this article is our attempt to meet this challenge. Our approach relies on using video equipment in innovative ways to capture multiple perspectives, involving research participants in the data collection process and the early stages of analysis, and analysing video data with digital coding software. These methods are combined to obtain a more systematic and detailed insight into the contexts in which literacy takes place.