bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quantitative Determination of Insecticides in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. 2nd Report: The Determination of Carbamate Residues - Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Insektiziden in Tabak und Tabakrauch. II. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung von Carbamat-Insektiziden
Authors: Nesemann E. , Schröder R. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of carbamate residues on tobacco. The method's inferior limit of detection is 80 ng for Carbaryl and 200 ng for Undene. The coefficient of variation of the results is 5.3 % for Carbaryl and 7.7 % for Undene.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: V. Quantitative Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in Cigarette Tobacco and its Smoke
Authors: Hoffmann D. , Rathkamp G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in tobacco products. It is based on three consecutive distributions, followed by column chromatography on deactivated alumina. This procedure leads to a degree of enrichment which allows the direct assessment of the insecticides by gas chromatography. For the isolation and identification of the individual components the column chromatography endfractions are separated by gas chromatography and collected from the effluent of the column. These materials are used for mass spectrometric analyses. For the quantitative analyses DDT-C14 is used as internal standard and the amount of insecticides is determined with the aid of a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector. In 1.0 g cigarette tobacco were found 11.7 µg 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [DDD]; 4.8 µg 1,1-dichloro2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [o,p-DDD]; 1,1 µg 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene [DDM]; 7.8 µg 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [DDT] and 3.6 µg of an admixture of 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [o,p-DDT] and 1,1-dichloro-2-(m-chlorophenyl)2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [m,p-DDD]. The mainstream smoke of an 85 mm U.S. blended cigarette without filter tip contained 1.75 µg DDD, 0.45 µg o,p-DDD, 0.81 µg DDM, 0.77 µg DDT, 0.70 µg o,p-DDT plus m,p-DDD, 0.21 µg 1,1-dichloro-2-2bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and 1.52 µg trans-4,4'-dichlorostilbene. Endrin was detected neither in cigarette smoke nor in U.S. tobaccos of Winter 1967-68. The transfer rates for unchanged chlorinated insecticides from cigarette tobacco into mainstream smoke amounted to 18 % for DDD, 11.6 % for o,p-DDD and 12.4 % for DDT. The findings of this study are compared with earlier publications and are briefly discussed in respect to formation of some of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and the possible, though rather unlikely, contribution of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to experimental tobacco carcinogenesis.
The Determination of the Flow Rate by Measuring the Absorption of Beta Rays - Tabakflussmengenmessung mittels Beta-Strahlung
Authors: Marek J. , Hayn G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The experiments made reveal that the principle of determining the rate of flow by measuring the absorption of beta rays is suitable for industrial application in the field of tobacco processing. The advantages of the procedure are the free installation and the small dimensions of the device. The price of the apparatus is surprisingly low, its application is, therefore, expedient mainly as transducer for controlling the flow rate of additives. The precision of the procedure satisfies most purposes being constant over long periods of time and not depending on factors such as, for example, the formation of a layer sticking to the surface of the belt weigher. There is, furthermore, the possibility of measuring the rate of tobacco flow in pneumatic conveyors.
The Calculation of the Technical Efficacy of Production Machines - Die Berechnung des Leistungsgrades von Produktionsmaschinen
Authors: Smit H. , Arendzen H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Different definitions of time and production capacity at present employed by Turmac Tobacco Company are presented. The terms defined serve the purpose of calculating and evaluating the technical efficacy and productivity of production machines. They form, furthermore, the basis of the planning of production and the demand for personnel, of the calculation of the quantity of cigarettes produced as well as of a wage incentive scheme.
The Effect of Additives on the Combustion Temperature of Cigarettes
Authors: Miller Frank , Freeman Walter J. , Stedman R. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A large number of cigarette additives was tested for the effect on the combustion temperature, including free radical initiators and inhibitors, salts of organic acids, inorganic salts and other inorganic compounds, lead-borate glasses, oxidizing agents, petroleum refining and oxidative catalysts, flame retardants, fire-proofing salts and other compounds and mixtures. Most of the additives showed no dramatic increase or decrease of temperature even at high concentrations but some indications of small alterations were obtained in a few cases.
A Simple Method Designed for the Collection of Gaseous Tobacco Smoke Components and its Application for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke - Eine einfache Methode zur Gewinnung gasförmiger Tabakrauchbestandteile: Ihre Anwendung zur Bestimmung des Kohlenmonoxids im Rauch
Authors: Harke H.P. , Drews C.J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The present paper describes a simple device designed for the analytical smoking of single cigarettes and capable of collecting the gaseous constituents of tobacco smoke. The trap has been used to determine the carbon monoxide content of the smoke of cigarettes made from reconstituted tobacco by gas chromatography
Examination of the Gas-Vapour Phase of Cigarette Smoke. 2nd Report: The Determination of the Carbon Monoxide Content of the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke - Zur Untersuchung der Gas-Dampf-Phase des Cigarettenrauches: 2. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung des Stickstoffmonoxids (NO) aus der Gasphase des Cigarettenrauches
Authors: Barkemeyer H. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The NO content of the gas-vapour phase of cigarette smoke is determined by a simple colourimetric procedure: NO is absorbed by a solution of FeSO4 in diluted H2SO4 up to an equilibrium with the formation of the addition compound Fe•NO•SO4. The spectrophotometric investigation of the resulting solution shows two maxima (580 and 445 mµ). The maximum at 445 mµ is chosen for the colourimetric determination of NO. The formation of Fe•NO•SO4 takes place via a reversible stoichiometric reaction, the absorption of NO is proportional to the partial pressure of NO in the gas mixture. The concentration of NO in the mainstream smoke of commercial cigarettes with different tobacco types and blends has been shown to be in the range between 250-1500 ppm, i.e. 110-660 µg NO/ cigarette. Contrary to other methods, the new procedure enables the differentiated determination of NO besides NO2. In the fresh smoke from Straight Virginia cigarettes, i.e. 2-5 sec. after generation, no NO2 was detectable. Under the same conditions, blended cigarettes showed a content of about 5 µg NO2/cigarette. 60 seconds after smoke generation, about 200 µg NO2/cigarette have been determined. These results show that of the nitrogen oxides only NO is present in fresh cigarette smoke. The autoxidation to NO2 occurs to a considerable extent within 60 seconds
Determination of the Balance of Carbon-14 Activity Added to Cigarettes
Authors: Thornton R. E. , Valentine C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A simple method for the determination of the balance of carbon-14 activity added to cigarettes is described. The total recovery of activity is 80 % or greater, and the method can be used to obtain information on the transfer and pyrolysis reactions occurring when cigarettes are smoked.
Examinations with an Improved Densimeter for Measuring the Filling Capacity of Cut Tobacco and the Hardness of Cigarettes - Untersuchungen mit einem verbesserten Densimeter zum Prüfen der Füllfähigkeit von Schnittabak und der Härte von Cigaretten
Authors: Lorenz H. W. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Maintaining the approved principle of determining the filling capacity of tobacco and the hardness of cigarettes by measuring the change in volume under constant pressure within a constant time, the instruments "Densimeter" and "Kompressimeter" have been combined, automatisized and supplied with improved indicator devices. Moreover for measuring the hardness of cigarettes the shape of the loading platforms has been changed. The influence of different parameters on the filling power of tobacco and the hardness of cigarettes for several types of blends has been investigated with this combined set of apparatuses. The results hitherto obtained confirm the usefulness of the new instrument for measuring the hardness of cigarettes and of filter rods as well as for determining the filling capacity of cut tobacco for quality control, routine checks and basic investigations.
Determination of the Binding Heat of Water in Tobacco - Bestimmung der Bindungswärme des Wassers im Tabak
Authors: D.I. Zorbalas 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The evolution of the desorption curves of a Greek cigarette brand at temperatures of 15° to 30°C is presented by means of the formula established by Brunauer, Emmet and Teller, and used to determine the heat of binding of water at 40 % to 70 % relative humidity of air. The mechanical linkage force of water is shown to be confirmed by the calculated heat values.
Naturbanization and Urban – Rural Dynamics in Spain: Case Study of New Rural Landscapes in Andalusia and Catalonia
Authors: Pallarès-Blanch Marta , Prados Velasco Maria-José , Tulla Pujol Antoni Francesc 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The early 20th century saw the beginning of a process of urbanizing rural space (Berry, 1976a; 1976b), described as counter-urbanization (Champion, 1989). The creation of Protected Natural Areas (PNAs) has defined some rural spaces, relatively far from large urban metropolitan areas, where the ecological and scenic value is a magnet for urbanization (Prados, 2005). Thus, PNAs make rural areas more attractive to new economic and leisure activities and can promote a more positive type of development that has been called naturbanization (Prados, 2009). We address this topic in six sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Conceptual framework of naturbanization; (3) Methodology to analyse the process of naturbanization; (4) Processes of naturbanization in Andalusia and in Catalonia; (5) Comparative analysis of two case studies, and (6) Conclusions and Recommendations
An Index to Measure Rural Diversity in the Light of Rural Resilience and Rural Development Debate
Authors: Quaranta Giovanni , Salvia Rosanna 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Diversity has been extensively studied in ecological systems and its relationship with resilience has been well recognized. In social and ecological systems, in fact, diversity is considered key to determining resilience where resilience is defined as system’s capacity to learn and adapt in the face of internal or external perturbations. However, although human and ecological systems are dynamic, interacting and interdependent, little attention has been given to social systems diversity and its implications. The interest in diversity and resilience of social-ecological systems is increasingly growing, particularly in the rural contexts, due to its possible effects on social and economic development and livelihoods. In this paper we define an analytical tool, the Rural Diversity Index (RDI), to assess the role of natural, economic and social diversity in determining alternative rural socio-ecological developmental patterns. The application of the RDI in pilot areas of Southern Italy showed that, in specific socio-ecological systems, higher natural-socio-economic diversity leads to higher degree of rural development, as measured through standard socio-economic indicators.
Rural-Urban Multiplier and Policy Effects in Finish Rural Regions: an Inter-Regional Sam Analysis
Authors: Hyytiä Nina 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The paper studies rural policies in two Finnish regions, and whether the policy benefits would accumulate to the rural or urban areas. Rural-urban social accounting matrices were built and used as a base data for the SAM multiplier analysis. The output multiplier values demonstrate the important role of agriculture and food industry in both of the study regions. In the urban areas, however, services and construction were among the industries with the highest income generating potential. Whilst urban and rural industries had almost an equal potential for stimulating the whole economies, the results indicate that urban activities spill over welfare to the surrounding rural areas and thus can back up the development of the whole regions. Due to their different economic structures, South Ostrobothnia responded stronger to the agricultural policies while North Karelia was more responsive to the infrastructure and tourism policies.
Relativistic symmetries of Schioberg and general Manning-Rosen potentials and the effects of tensor coupling
Authors: Ikot A. N. , Maghsoodi E. , Isonguyo C. N. , Zarrinkamar S. , Hassanabadi H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper we solve the Dirac equation with Schioberg and general Manning- Rosen potentials including the Coulomb-like tensor interaction. The approximate analytical bound state solutions of the Dirac equation with the Schioberg and Manning-Rosen potential, energy equations and the corresponding unnormalized wave functions are obtained in a closed form using SUSYQM. We have also reported the numerical results to show the effect of the tensor interaction.
Structural and optical properties of europium doped Y2O3 nanoparticles prepared by self-propagation room temperature reaction method
Authors: Ćulubrk Sanja , Lojpur Vesna , Antić Željka , Dramićanin Miroslav D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Europium-doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles with different doping concentrations were prepared by self-propagation room temperature reaction method. This simple synthesis method provides particles in the range of 12nm to 50 nm, depending on the temperature of calcination. In all cases, the nanopowders showed intense red emission upon excitation with ultraviolet radiation. Structural and optical characterization showed that the nanoparticles obtained after calcination at 1100°C have smaller unit cell volume and microstrain and longer emission lifetimes compared to the nanoparticles obtained after calcination at 600°C and 800°C. The maximal emission intensity was found for the sample doped with 5at% of Eu3+.
Spectral characterization of hydrogen-like atoms confined by oscillating systems
Authors: Iacob Felix 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The spectral characterization of Coulomb systems confined by a homogeneous pseudo-Gaussian oscillator is investigated. This is done using the efficient computational method of generating functionals. Also, this method is used for the spectral characterization of homogeneous harmonic oscillator confinement, treated as a particular case of pseudo-Gaussian oscillator confinement. Finally, confinement by an impenetrable sphere of finite radius is considered by studying its conjugate effect along with a harmonic oscillator.
Identifying stakeholder opinion regarding access to “high-cost medicines”: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Wahlster Philip , Scahill Shane , Garg Sanjay , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective: To identify the viewpoints and perceptions of different stakeholders regarding high cost medicines (HCMs). Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify original research articles. Using predefined categories, data related to the viewpoints of different stakeholders was systematically extracted and analyzed. Results: Thirty seven original research articles matched the criteria. The main stakeholders identified include physicians, patients, public and health funding authorities. The influence of media and other economic and ethical issues were also identified in the literature. A large number of stakeholders were concerned about lack of access to HCMs. Physicians have difficulty balancing the the rational use of expensive drugs while at the same time acting as “patients’ advocate”. Patients would like to know about all treatment options, even if they may not be able to afford them. The process and criteria for reimbursement should be transparent and access has to be equitable across patient groups. Conclusion: Access to HCMs could be improved through transparency and involvement of all stakeholders, especially patients and the public. Moral issues and the “rule of rescue” could influence decision-making process significantly. At system level, objectivity is important to ensure that the system is equitable and transparent.
Severe renal vascular hypertension caused by upper left branch renal artery stenosis complicated with multiple thrombosis and cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Milošević Danko , Batinić Danica , Hodžić Sonja , Lemac Maja , Spajić Marija , Turudić Daniel , Potkonjak Ana-Meyra 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A severe hypertension was found in a 9 month old boy with signs and symptoms of severe arterial hypertension. An upper left branch renal artery stenosis complicated with multiple thrombosis and cardiac hypertrophy was diagnosed. Surgical heminephrectomy of the upper pole of the left kidney was successful in blood pressure normalization with significant improve of cardiac function and thrombosis recanalization.
Association of EGF and p53 gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in the Slovak population
Authors: Mahmood Silvia , Sivoňová Monika , Matáková Tatiana , Dobrota Dusan , Wsólová Ladislava , Dzian Anton , Mištuna Dusan 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
During the transformation process single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of key genes, such as p53 Arg72Pro or EGF A61G, may mediate various cellular processes. These variants may be associated with colorectal cancer risk (CRC), but conflicting findings have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of the SNPs in 5′ UTR of EGF A61G and p53 Arg72Pro and CRC in the Slovak population. The present case-control study was carried out in 173 confirmed CRC patients and 303 healthy subjects. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP methods. Significant association was observed between age and CRC risk (p=0.001). Lower CRC risk was seen in younger patients carrying genotype p53 Arg72Pro (0.14; 95% CI 0.02–0.99, p=0.049). Gender-stratified analysis showed a significant inverse association of the polymorphism EGF G61G with CRC risk (0.48; 95% CI 0.2–0.9, p=0.04) only in male patients. Tumour site genotype distribution revealed that female patients with localized colon cancer were significantly associated with p53 Pro72Pro genotype (4.0; 95% CI 1.27–12.7, p=0.04) whereas the cancer of rectosigmoid junction was associated with the EGF G61G genotype (4.5; 95% CI 1.2–16.97, p=0.02). Combination of p53 Arg72Pro or EGF A61G polymorphisms were not associated with CRC risk by using logistic regression.
A fetus with meckel-gruber syndrome associated with isomerism
Authors: Kitova Tanya , Kilova Kristina , Kitov Borislav , Masmoudi Aida , Milkov Denis , Gaigi Soumeya 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Abstract. Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive lethal malformation. As far as we know, the rate of incidence for the syndrome is 0.02 per 10,000 births. It is estimated that Meckel-Gruber syndrome accounts for 5% of all neural tube defects in Finland. Objective. The aim of this study is to present a case of a fetus with Meckel-Gruber syndrome associated with complete left isomerism. Method. The fetus was obtained after medical interruption of the pregnancy during the fifteenth gestational week. The mother was 36 years old and in a consanguineous marriage. The antenatal ultrasound examination revealed a polymalformative syndrome, leading to a postmortem examination. The fetopathological study of the fetus was conducted at the Centre for Maternity and Neonatology, Tunis, Tunisia, in 2008. Results. The female fetus had a significantly deformed ballooning abdomen, pes equinovarus, flexion of the wrist and a total posterior cleft palate. The central nervous system abnormalities were occipital encephalocele, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, agenesis of corpus callosum and hydrocephalus. The study of the internal organs found dextrocardia, irregular lobulation of the lungs, left isomerism, and polysplenia. The microscopic examination revealed bilateral cystic dilation of the kidneys, fibrous proliferation of the liver and ectasic dilatation of the billiary ducts, representing a ductal plate malformation of the liver. Conclusion. The case is diagnosed with Meckel-Gruber syndrome associated with complete left isomerism, cleft palate and possibly Dandy-Walker syndrome.
Cannabinoid receptor activation inhibits cell cycle progression by modulating 14-3-3β
Authors: Jung Hye-Won , Park Inae , Ghil Sungho 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCannabinoids display various pharmacological activities, including tumor regression, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids, we used a yeast two-hybrid system to screen a mouse brain cDNA library for proteins interacting with type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R). Using the intracellular loop 3 of CB1R as bait, we identified 14-3-3β as an interacting partner of CB1R and confirmed their interaction using affinity-binding assays. 14-3-3β has been reported to induce a cell cycle delay at the G2/M phase. We tested the effects of cannabinoids on cell cycle progression in HeLa cells synchronized using a double-thymidine block-and-release protocol and found an increase in the population of G2/M phase cells. We further found that CB1R activation augmented the interaction of 14-3-3β with Wee1 and Cdc25B, and promoted phosphorylation of Cdc2 at Tyr-15. These results suggest that cannabinoids induce cell cycle delay at the G2/M phase by activating 14-3-3β.
Application of positron emission tomography and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose for visualization and quantification of solute transport in plant tissues
Authors: Partelová Denisa , Uhrovčík Jozef , Lesný Juraj , Horník Miroslav , Rajec Pavol , Kováč Peter , Hostin Stanislav 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of the presented work was to evaluate the uptake and distribution of 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose spiked with 18F (2-[18F]FDG) in tissues of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by positron emission tomography and multivariate data analysis after the immersion of the petiole of excised leaf or root of a tobacco plant in a glucose solution. From individual experiments it was found that increasing glucose concentration (c glu) in the applied solution resulted in significantly higher 2-[18F]FDG diffusion and translocation within the leaf parenchyma. More than a four times increase of the 2-[18F]FDG translocation into the aboveground parts of the tobacco plant in case of the root immersion in solution with 100-times higher c glu in comparison with the control (c glu = 0.00762 mg cm−3) was determined. These facts were not confirmed only visually on basis of the obtained 3D images, but also by the increasing coincidence transfer factor (TFc) values defined by the ratio of the number of analyzed coincidences in the non-immersed parts of leaf or plant to coincidences in leaf petiole or root immersed in the solution. Cluster and principal component analysis suggest that the 2-[18F]FDG uptake by the petiole of excised leaf and root system was realized by different mechanisms; also, the 3D image quality is influenced by the initial radioactivity of the applied solution.