bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradoxes and strategies of social media consumption among adolescents
Authors: Hübner Barcelos Renato , Alberto Vargas Rossi Carlos 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study paradoxes and strategies of social media consumption among adolescents. Young people belonging to Generation Y have enthusiastically embraced social media as a means of achieving connectedness and managing social relationships. However, there is still a limited understanding of how adolescents actually differentiate between the media they use and of the effects of social media on their lives. This study differs from previous work by proceeding from the assumption that social media present a number of technological paradoxes and identifying what behavioral strategies they develop to derive the greatest possible benefit from, and cope with the ambivalent outcomes of, social media consumption.

Design/methodology/approach
– An exploratory study design was chosen, combining the use of focus groups and in-depth interviews with 50 Brazilian adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years. Topics of discussion were designed to cover a range of social media relevant to young people.

Findings
– The authors propose a conceptual model of social media consumption by young people and identify its positive and negative outcomes and the behavioral strategies of media selection and differentiation used to cope with them. These behaviors enable adolescents to derive maximum benefit from social media while minimizing the effort required to use them.

Originality/value
– This research contributes to marketing theory and practice by assessing the adolescent perspective of social media consumption and offering an integrated model of outcomes and behavioral strategies which they use. This model provides insights relevant to the planning of marketing communications directed towards young people.
A New Method for the Characterization of the Degree of Fire Damage to Gypsum Wallboard for Use in Fire Investigations
Authors: Gorbett Gregory E. , Morris Sarah M. , Meacham Brian J. , Wood Christopher B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA new method to characterize the degree of fire damage to gypsum wallboard is introduced, implemented, and tested to determine the efficacy of its application among novices. The method was evaluated by comparing degree of fire damage assessments of novices with and without the method. Thirty‐nine “novice” raters assessed damage to a gypsum wallboard surface, completing 66 ratings, first without the method, and then again using the method. The inter‐rater reliability was evaluated for ratings of damage without and with the method. For novice fire investigators rating degree of damage without the aid of the method, ICC(1,2) = 0.277 with 95% CI (0.211, 0.365), and with the method, ICC(2,1) = 0.593 with 95% CI (0.509, 0.684). Results indicate that the raters were more reliable in their analysis of the degree of fire damage when using the method, which support the use of standardized processes to decrease the variability in data collection and interpretation.
Phylogenomic evaluation of members above the species level within the phylum Firmicutes based on conserved proteins
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Lu Zhitang 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCurrently, numerous taxonomic units above species level of the phylum Firmicutes are ambiguously placed in the phylogeny determined by 16S rRNA gene. Here, we evaluated the use of 16S rRNA gene compared with 81 conserved proteins (CPs) or 41 ribosomal proteins (RPs) as phylogenetic markers and applied this to the analysis of the phylum Firmicutes. Results show that the phylogenetic trees constructed are in good agreement with each other; however, the protein‐based trees are able to resolve the relationships between several branches where so far only ambiguous classifications are possible. Thus, the phylogeny deduced based on concatenated proteins provides significant basis for re‐classifying members in this phylum. It indicates that the genera Coprothermobacter and Thermodesulfobium represent two new phyla; the families Paenibacillaceae and Alicyclobacillaceae should be elevated to order level; and the families Bacillaceae and Thermodesulfobiaceae should be separated to 2 and 3 families respectively. We also suggest that four novel families should be proposed in the orders Clostridiales and Bacillales, and 11 genera should be moved to other existing families different from the current classification status. Moreover, notably, RPs are a well‐suited subset of CPs that could be applied to Firmicutes phylogenetic analysis instead of the 16S rRNA gene.
A More‐Than‐Representational Understanding of Heritage? The ‘Past’ and the Politics of Affect
Authors: Waterton Emma 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis review examines debates situated at the intersection between heritage studies and geography, particularly those that revolve around more‐than‐representational theories. These theories, the review suggests, advance recent developments within the heritage field concerned with those senses of ‘the now’ so often left neglected by conventional understandings of heritage. The intellectual traditions underpinning this contribution draw primarily from the field of cultural geography, especially those that touch upon the tactile, experiential, aural, emotional and sonic. What this lends to the field of heritage studies is a vigorous and distinct way of conceptualising heritage in terms of the body, practice and performativity, together with an insistence that our engagements with it occur through a range of embodied dispositions and interactions. In other words, it insists that we, as heritage researchers, become more attentive to different possibilities for knowing and doing heritage: the ways in which it makes sense or answers back to a fuller range of people (after Thrift 2008).
Public Space in non‐Western Contexts: Practices of Publicness and the Socio‐spatial Entanglement
Authors: Qian Junxi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn Western traditions, conceptions of public space have been pivotal to ideas and imaginations of civic and political life. Public space is understood as a political forum where ideas and claims are expressed and as a civic arena where identities and differences are rendered visible and thereby acknowledged. Recently, studies on public space have made a timely theoretical move towards theorising the ways in which spatial practices are constitutive of social processes, and contribute to the relational construction of identities and subjectivities. This review focuses on the practices of public space and publicness in non‐Western contexts. It engages with the multifarious ways that contingent conceptions of publicness are construed, negotiated and contested in contexts without civic and political conceptualisations of public space conceived in the West. While building on the practice‐oriented approach towards public space, this review suggests that fluid and flexible perspectives and conceptualisations need to be rendered more intelligible and concrete by engaging with the richness of empirical processes taking place in non‐Western cities. In cases across the globe, public spaces, in putting together multiple meanings, views, actions and relations, are intrinsically productive of everyday politics and broader socio‐cultural transformations.
Investigation of Seepage Meter Measurements in Steady Flow and Wave Conditions
Authors: Russoniello Christopher J. , Michael Holly A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWater exchange between surface water and groundwater can modulate or generate ecologically important fluxes of solutes across the sediment‐water interface. Seepage meters can directly measure fluid flux, but mechanical resistance and surface water dynamics may lead to inaccurate measurements. Tank experiments were conducted to determine effects of mechanical resistance on measurement efficiency and occurrence of directional asymmetry that could lead to erroneous net flux measurements. Seepage meter efficiency was high (average of 93%) and consistent for inflow and outflow under steady flow conditions. Wave effects on seepage meter measurements were investigated in a wave flume. Seepage meter net flux measurements averaged 0.08 cm/h—greater than the expected net‐zero flux, but significantly less than theoretical wave‐driven unidirectional discharge or recharge. Calculations of unidirectional flux from pressure measurements (Darcy flux) and theory matched well for a ratio of wave length to water depth less than 5, but not when this ratio was greater. Both were higher than seepage meter measurements of unidirectional flux made with one‐way valves. Discharge averaged 23% greater than recharge in both seepage meter measurements and Darcy calculations of unidirectional flux. Removal of the collection bag reduced this net discharge. The presence of a seepage meter reduced the amplitude of pressure signals at the bed and resulted in a nearly uniform pressure distribution beneath the seepage meter. These results show that seepage meters may provide accurate measurements of both discharge and recharge under steady flow conditions and illustrate the potential measurement errors associated with dynamic wave environments.
Low‐ and high‐temperature alterations of volcanic rocks in the northwestern Philippine Sea, and association with volcanic settings
Authors: Haraguchi Satoru , Ishizuka Hideo , Ishii Teruaki , Fujioka Kantaro , Yuasa Makoto , Shibasaki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPetrological and geochemical characteristics of low‐ and high‐temperature alterations were investigated in volcanic rocks from the northern Philippine Sea. The assemblage of secondary minerals is divided into two groups based on microprobe and XRD analyses. The first group, comprising samples from the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge and Urdaneta Plateau, includes calcite, phillipsite, clay minerals and Fe‐oxyhydroxides, reflecting low‐temperature alteration. The content of secondary deposition is high in the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge, but low in the Urdaneta Plateau. The second group, consisting of samples from the Amami Plateau, includes secondary alkali feldspar, analcime, and chlorite, reflecting high‐temperature hydrothermal alteration. As groundmass alteration is dominant in the studied volcanic rocks, the alteration index, defined as the ratio of secondary minerals in voids to the total material count, is useful for estimating alteration degree when precise identification of secondary materials is difficult in highly vesicular rocks. Alteration indexes correlate with bulk H2O+ and loss on ignition (LOI) contents, and bulk major and trace element compositions of the studied volcanic rocks change with alteration. The difference of alteration types in three regions may depend on the tectonic setting of volcanism. That is: (i) the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge is covered with the last lava flow of rifting volcanism associated with spreading of the Shikoku Basin, and the volcanics reacted with circulating seawater under low temperatures and oxidative conditions; (ii) the Urdaneta Plateau was formed as a result of intra‐plate volcanism, and the volcanics were under seafloor weathering without seawater circulation associated with volcanic activity; and (iii) the Amami Plateau was produced by Cretaceous arc volcanism, which suffered high‐temperature alteration associated with intrusive activity of tonalite.
Diallyl trisulfide inhibits migration, invasion and angiogenesis of human colon cancer HT‐29 cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells, and suppresses murine xenograft tumour growth
Authors: Lai Kuang‐Chi , Hsu Shu‐Chun , Yang Jai‐Sing , Yu Chien‐Chih , Lein Jin‐Cherng , Chung Jing‐Gung 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAngiogenesis inhibitors are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of angiogenesis‐dependent diseases including cancer. We examined the cytotoxic, anti‐metastatic, anti‐cancer and anti‐angiogenic effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS). In HT29 cells, DATS inhibited migration and invasion through the inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 which was associated with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases‐2, ‐7 and ‐9 and VEGF. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), DATS inhibited the migration and angiogenesis through FAK, Src and Ras. DATS also inhibited the secretion of VEGF. The capillary‐like tube structure formation and migration by HUVEC was inhibited by DATS. The chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay indicated that DATS treatment inhibited ex‐vivo angiogenesis. We investigated the anti‐tumour effects of DATS against human colon cancer xenografts in BALB/cnu/nu mice and its anti‐angiogenic activity in vivo. In this in‐vivo study, DATS also inhibited the tumour growth, tumour weight and angiogenesis (decreased the levels of haemoglobin) in HT29 cells. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the inhibition of angiogenesis may be an important mechanism in colon cancer chemotherapy by DATS.
Recovery of Rice Bran Oil Using Solid‐Liquid Extraction Technique
Authors: Javed Farhan , Ahmad Syed Waqas , Rehman Abdul , Zafar Shahzad , Malik Shahid Raza 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRice bran oil was extracted using five different solvents, namely acetone, SL‐M1 (75% acetone and 25% ethanol), SL‐M2 (50% acetone and 50% ethanol), SL‐M3 (25% acetone and 75% ethanol) and ethanol. The effect of the solvent type on the percentage recovery of the oil has been graphically represented and discussed when the temperature, contact time, solvent‐bran ratio, stirring and pH were fixed at 50C, 30 min, 5:1, 90 rpm and 7.1, respectively. The results indicated that the percentage recovery of rice bran oil was at the maximum when SL‐M2 (50% ethanol and 50% acetone) was used as solvent. Further, the parametric effects on the extraction process were also investigated and critically discussed. The quality of the extracted rice bran oil was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, saponification and acid values.Practical ApplicationA significant amount of rice bran (contains 13–18% oil) is being wasted from rice mills of an agricultural country like Pakistan. Further, rice bran oil is an important intermediate raw material for food and pharmaceutical industries. So, the present experimental studies composed of the recovery of the oil from rice bran through an efficient and cost‐effective method. For this purpose, pure ethanol, pure acetone and three compositionally different mixtures of ethanol and acetone were used as solvents for the extraction process. Parametric effects were also investigated on the extraction process to collect the data for the economic process design.
Long‐term balanced fertilization increases the soil microbial functional diversity in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil
Authors: Su Jian‐Qiang , Ding Long‐Jun , Xue Kai , Yao Huai‐Ying , Quensen John , Bai Shi‐Jie , Wei Wen‐Xue , Wu Jin‐Shui , Zhou Jizhong , Tiedje James M. , Zhu Yong‐Guan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe influence of long‐term chemical fertilization on soil microbial communities has been one of the frontier topics of agricultural and environmental sciences and is critical for linking soil microbial flora with soil functions. In this study, 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and a functional gene array, geochip 4.0, were used to investigate the shifts in microbial composition and functional gene structure in paddy soils with different fertilization treatments over a 22‐year period. These included a control without fertilizers; chemical nitrogen fertilizer (N); N and phosphate (NP); N and potassium (NK); and N, P and K (NPK). Based on 16S rRNA gene data, both species evenness and key genera were affected by P fertilization. Functional gene array‐based analysis revealed that long‐term fertilization significantly changed the overall microbial functional structures. Chemical fertilization significantly increased the diversity and abundance of most genes involved in C, N, P and S cycling, especially for the treatments NK and NPK. Significant correlations were found among functional gene structure and abundance, related soil enzymatic activities and rice yield, suggesting that a fertilizer‐induced shift in the microbial community may accelerate the nutrient turnover in soil, which in turn influenced rice growth. The effect of N fertilization on soil microbial functional genes was mitigated by the addition of P fertilizer in this P‐limited paddy soil, suggesting that balanced chemical fertilization is beneficial to the soil microbial community and its functions.
An ent‐kaurene‐derived diterpenoid virulence factor from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
Authors: Lu Xuan , Hershey David M. , Wang Li , Bogdanove Adam J. , Peters Reuben J. 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Both plants and fungi produce ent‐kaurene as a precursor to the gibberellin plant hormones. A number of rhizobia contain functionally conserved, sequentially acting ent‐copalyl diphosphate and ent‐kaurene synthases (CPS and KS, respectively), which are found within a well‐conserved operon that may lead to the production of gibberellins.

Intriguingly, the rice bacterial leaf streak pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) contains a homologous operon. Here, we report biochemical characterization of the encoded CPS and KS, and the impact of insertional mutagenesis on virulence and the plant defense response for these genes, as well as that for one of the cytochromes P450 (CYP112) found in the operon.

Activity of the CPS and KS found in this phytopathogen was verified – that is, Xoc is capable of producing ent‐kaurene. Moreover, knocking out CPS, KS or CYP112 led to mutant Xoc that exhibited reduced virulence. Investigation of the effect on marker gene transcript levels suggests that the Xoc diterpenoid affects the plant defense response, most directly that mediated by jasmonic acid (JA).

Xoc produces an ent‐kaurene‐derived diterpenoid as a virulence factor, potentially a gibberellin phytohormone, which is antagonistic to JA, consistent with the recent recognition of opposing effects for these phytohormones on the microbial defense response.
Evolving Concepts of Neonatal Skin
Authors: Coughlin Carrie C. , Taïeb Alain 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSkin barrier function is crucial to health. Importantly, the skin operates as an air‐liquid, a liquid‐liquid, and an immunological barrier. The skin's physical and chemical structures, as well as its microbiome, function to create, maintain, and repair this complex barrier.
Multiple losses of photosynthesis in Nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Kamikawa Ryoma , Yubuki Naoji , Yoshida Masaki , Taira Misaka , Nakamura Noriaki , Ishida Ken‐ichiro , Leander Brian S. , Miyashita Hideaki , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Mayama Shigeki , Inagaki Yuji 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIn order to obtain insights into the evolution of colorless (apochlorotic) diatoms, we investigated newly established apochlorotic strains of Nitzschia spp. using light and electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Fluorescence microscopic observations demonstrated that the apochlorotic diatoms lack chlorophylls. Transmission electron microscopy of two apochlorotic strains also demonstrated that their plastids lacked thylakoids; instead, having four‐membrane‐bound organelles without thylakoids, similar to nonphotosynthetic plastid remnants. From the apochlorotic strains, we also found plastid small subunit rRNA genes that were unusually long branched in phylogenetic analyses, as observed in other nonphotosynthetic plastids. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the nucleus‐encoded large subunit rRNA genes showed eight distinct lineages for apochlorotic diatoms. The eight apochlorotic lineages were not monophyletic, suggesting that the loss of photosynthesis took place multiple times independently within Nitzschia. Several diatoms, including Nitzschia spp., are mixotrophic, which is an expected mode of nutrition that would help explain the evolutionary switch from a photosynthetic lifestyle to a heterotrophic lifestyle.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and detection of HEV RNA with a transcription‐mediated amplification assay in blood donors from Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Sauleda Sílvia , Ong Edgar , Bes Marta , Janssen Alanna , Cory Robin , Babizki Maria , Shin Tim , Lindquist Andre , Hoang Anh , Vang Lee , Piron Maria , Casamitjana Natàlia , Koppelman Marco , Danzig Lisa , Linnen Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging threat to the safety of blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to determine HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G and RNA prevalence in Catalan blood donors.Study Design and MethodsNearly 10,000 samples were collected from anonymized, unpaid donors at the Banc de Sang i Teixits (Barcelona, Spain) from June to December 2013. For the serology study, a subset of 1082 donations was tested in parallel for HEV IgG using Wantai and Mikrogen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests. Samples were tested individually (individual‐donation nucleic acid test [ID‐NAT]) for HEV RNA using the Procleix HEV assay (95% limit of detection 7.9 IU/mL). Procleix repeat‐reactive donations were confirmed by an in‐house real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.ResultsThe prevalences of IgG anti‐HEV in Catalan blood donors were 19.96% (Wantai assay) and 10.72% (Mikrogen assay). Screening of 9998 samples with the Procleix HEV assay yielded three real‐time PCR‐confirmed and IgM and IgG anti‐HEV–positive donations with viral loads of 250, 564, and 2755 IU/mL. The donation with highest viral load was genotype 3f. HEV RNA positivity rate was one per 3333 donations (0.03%; 95% confidence interval, 0.01%‐0.09%).ConclusionThe Procleix HEV ID‐NAT screening system has provided evidence of HEV RNA presence in Catalan blood donors. Further data are needed to assess the impact of HEV infection in at‐risk patients to design the best strategy to increase blood safety.
The Third Option for Meeting 316(b) Requirements
Authors: Bowman Charles F. 
Published: November 2014

Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires plants with intake flows of over 2 million gallons of water per day taken from the waters of the United States to implement the “best available” technology to reduce injury and death of fish and other aquatic life that may be impinged on or entrained in the intake. The two options commonly identified to address 316(b) are closed cycle cooling and fish screens. A third option that is often overlooked and may be less expansive is to implement changes in the plant, allowing it to operate with less condenser circulating water (CCW) flow.
Most CCW systems of power plants were originally designed to achieve an economic optimum balance between capital cost and the operating benefit of a lower main condenser (MC) pressure with the resulting increased electrical output. For those plants that are located on rivers, lakes, and oceans where CCW was abundant and free, economics often dictated high CCW flows impelled by low-head pumps and MC’s designed with minimal surface areas, as larger MC’s were not justified on the basis of economics. The passage of Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act suggests a new look at the existing CCW system design for many plants with the goal of reducing the required CCW flow rate. In some instances simply reducing the CCW flow rate may be sufficient to meet 316(b) requirements. In other cases, the reduction of CCW flow may significantly reduce the capital and operating cost of adding cooling towers and/or fish screens.
This paper investigates ways to reduce the required CCW flow to existing power plants by redesigning and modifying the existing CCW system based on current technology. The result could be a new, improved, MC and other turbine cycle equipment and perhaps new CCW pumps, resulting in the same or better plant performance. The paper presents case studies in which the CCW systems for two power plants are redesigned to reduce the CCW flow.