bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noncovalently‐bonded 2D‐3D Metal‐organic Frameworks via Assembly of Zn(Ac)2 with 3, 5‐Dimethylpyrazole and Carboxylate Ligands
Authors: Pan Jianming , Ju Jingxi , Wei Qing , Liu Bin , Jin Shouwen , Lin Zhanghui , Wang Daqi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFour zinc(II) complexes, namely, Zn(Hdmpz)2(L1)2 (1) (Hdmpz = 3, 5‐dimethylpyrazole, HL1 = trichloroacetic acid), Zn(Hdmpz)2(L2)2 (2) (HL2 = 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), [Zn2(μ‐dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2(L3)2] (3) (HL3 = 1‐naphthylacetic acid), and [Zn(Hdmpz)2(L4)2]·H2O (4) (HL4 = indole‐3‐acetic acid) were prepared and structurally characterized by different techniques including elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The complexes display 2D to 3D structures with tetrahedral to pentagonal coordination around the central zinc atom. The X‐ray studies suggested that 1, 2, and 4 are mononuclear complexes, whereas 3 is a centrosymmetric dinuclear complex. The pyrazole ligand is coordinated in both terminal as well as a bridging fashion in the dinuclear moiety but the pyrazole ligand in the mononuclear complexes is coordinated only in monodentate terminal fashion with its neutral N group. The carboxylate groups behave as monodentate ligands in 1–3, whereas the carboxylate in 4 functioned as both monodentate and chelating bidentate ligand. On the basis of X‐ray crystallographic study the rich intra‐ and intermolecular weak interactions such as classical hydrogen bonds, C–H···O, CH3···O, CH–Cl, Cl–Cl, C–H···π, CH2–π, CH3–π, O–π, and π–π are analyzed. All these noncovalent interactions help to assemble the discrete complexes into high‐dimensional ordered superamolecular structures.
Stinging hairs on the Japanese nettleUrtica thunbergianahave a defensive function against mammalian but not insect herbivores
Authors: Iwamoto Misaki , Horikawa Chika , Shikata Megumi , Wasaka Naoko , Kato Teiko , Sato Hiroaki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThorns and hairs of plants can serve as defenses against herbivores, although they may not have evolved under selection by herbivory. Japanese nettles,Urtica thunbergiana, in Nara Park, Nara Prefecture, Japan, where sika deer have been protected for 1200 years, bear many more stinging hairs than those in areas with few or no deer. Previous studies suggested that such hairy nettles evolved under natural selection imposed by intense deer browsing, because stinging hairs deterred deer browsing and because among‐population variation in hair density was associated with deer abundance. To confirm this hypothesis, we examined (1) whether stinging hairs affected oviposition and feeding preferences of herbivorous insects and (2) the degree to which they deterred deer via laboratory and field experiments with hairy nettles from Nara Park and with almost‐hairless nettles from another area. A specialist butterfly, Indian red admiral, showed no oviposition or larval feeding preferences for either hairy or hairless nettles. Insect damage levels did not significantly differ between the two variants. In contrast, deer browsed hairless nettles more heavily than hairy ones. In hairy nettles, however, the level of deer browsing was not proportional to stinging‐hair density, presumably because the hairy nettle population had reached a plateau for resistance as a result of long‐term strong directional selection for stinging hairs. These results corroborate the hypothesis that hairy nettles in Nara Park evolved through natural selection under intense deer browsing.
Psychiatric morbidity in Egyptian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and their care providers
Authors: Khalifa Ahmed S , Bishry Zeinab , Tantawy Azza AG , Ghanem Mohammed H , Effat Safia M , Shahawy Heba El , Ebeid Fatma SE 
Published: March 2014

AIM OF THE STUDY:
To evaluate the psychological morbidity of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on children and their parents at different stages of illness and to assess the crucial contribution of the psychologist in the pediatric oncology team.

METHODS:
We recruited 103 children with ALL and their 96 parents, and divided them into five groups according to disease phase: diagnosis, initial remission, active treatment, survival and relapsing. We compared these to 22 healthy controls and their parents. Patients and controls were subjected to clinical assessments, the symptoms checklist of the International Classification of Disease ICD (ICD-10), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children The parents of patients and controls underwent a general health questionnaire, the ICD-10 symptoms checklist, rating scales for anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment scale, and the physical cognitive affective social economic ego problems (PCASEE) questionnaire for quality of life (QOL) rating.

RESULTS:
Psychiatric morbidity was evident in nearly 60% of leukemic children and their parents and was significantly increased in comparison to controls. Children mostly suffered from adjustment and oppositional defiant disorders. The most common discriminators between patient groups were conduct and attention problems being lowest in newly diagnosed patients, and social aggression being lowest in patients in remission. The three parameters were highest in relapsed patients whose parents mostly had adjustment and depressive disorders. Risk factors for child psychopathology were older age, female gender, and parental psychopathology. Mothers and parents with lower education and professional level were found to be vulnerable. Performance and total intelligence quotient (IQ) were significantly lower in leukemic children, and these were most pronounced in the survivor group. Risk factors for cognitive dysfunction were younger age, longer chemotherapy duration, and lower parental education level.

CONCLUSION:
Most patients and their caregivers suffered from significant psychiatric morbidity, highlighting the need for routine screening to improve psychological outcomes in such cases.
Large-amplitude acoustic streaming
Authors: Chini G. P. , Malecha Z. , Dreeben T. D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA mechanism is proposed for the generation of large-amplitude acoustically-driven streaming flows in which time-mean flow speeds are comparable to the instantaneous speed of fluid particles in a high-frequency sound-wave field. Motivated by streaming observed in high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, two-dimensional flow of a density-stratified ideal gas in a channel geometry is analysed in the asymptotic limit of high-frequency acoustic-wave forcing. Predictions of streaming flow magnitudes based on classical arguments invoking Reynolds stress divergences originating in viscous boundary layers are orders of magnitude too small to account for the observed mean flows. Moreover, classical ‘Rayleigh streaming’ theory cannot account for the direction of the cellular mean flows often observed in HID lamps. In contrast, the mechanism proposed here, which invokes fluctuating baroclinic torques away from viscous boundary layers and thus is largely independent of viscous effects, can account both for the magnitude and the orientation of the observed streaming flows.
Satellite formation during bubble transition through an interface between immiscible liquids
Authors: Li E. Q. , Al-Otaibi S. A. , Vakarelski I. U. , Thoroddsen S. T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhen a bubble rises to an interface between two immiscible liquids, it can pass through the interface, if this is energetically favourable, i.e. the bubble preferring the side of the interface with the lower air–liquid surface tension. Once the intermediate film between the bubble and the interface has drained sufficiently, the bubble makes contact with the interface, forming a triple-line and producing strong capillary waves which travel around the bubble and can pinch off a satellite on the opposite side, akin to the dynamics in the coalescence cascade. We identify the critical Ohnesorge numbers where such satellites are produced and characterize their sizes. The total transition time scales with the bubble size and differential surface tension, while the satellite pinch-off time scales with the capillary-inertial time of the pool liquid, which originally surrounds the bubble. We also use high-speed video imaging to study the motion of the neck of the contact. For low viscosity we show that it grows in time with a power-law exponent between 0.44 and 0.50, with a prefactor modified by the net sum of the three interfacial tensions. Increasing the viscosity of the receiving liquid drop drastically slows down the motion of the triple-line, when the Ohnesorge number exceeds ${\sim }$0.08. This differs qualitatively from the coalescence of two miscible drops of different viscosities, where the lower viscosity sets the coalescence speed. We thereby propose a strong resistance from the triple-line.
‘Most rare workmen’: optical practitioners in early seventeenth-century Delft
Authors: ZUIDERVAART HUIB J. , RIJKS MARLISE 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA special interest in optics among various seventeenth-century painters living in the Dutch city of Delft has intrigued historians, including art historians, for a long time. Equally, the impressive career of the Delft microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek has been studied by many historians of science. However, it has never been investigated who, at that time, had access to the mathematical and optical knowledge necessary for the impressive achievements of these Delft practitioners. We have tried to gain insight into Delft as a ‘node’ of optical knowledge by following the careers of three minor local figures in early seventeenth-century Delft. We argue that through their work, products, discussions in the vernacular and exchange of skills, rather than via learned publications, these practitioners constituted a foundation on which the later scientific and artistic achievements of other Delft citizens were built. Our Delft case demonstrates that these practitioners were not simple and isolated craftsmen; rather they were crucial components in a network of scholars, savants, painters and rich virtuosi. Decades before Vermeer made his masterworks, or Van Leeuwenhoek started his famous microscopic investigations, the intellectual atmosphere and artisanal knowledge in this city centred on optical topics.
Neurophysiological correlates of autobiographical memory deficits in currently and formerly depressed subjects
Authors: Young K. D. , Bellgowan P. S. F. , Bodurka J. , Drevets W. C. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIndividuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) tested in either the depressed (dMDD) or remitted phase (rMDD) recall fewer specific and more categorical autobiographical memories (AMs) compared to healthy controls (HCs). The current study aimed to replicate findings of AM overgenerality in dMDD or rMDD, and to elucidate differences in neurophysiological correlates of AM recall between these MDD samples and HCs.MethodUnmedicated participants who met criteria for the dMDD, rMDD or HC groups (n = 16/group) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while recalling AMs in response to emotionally valenced cue words. Control tasks involved generating examples from an assigned semantic category and counting the number of risers in a letter string.ResultsThe results showed fewer specific and more categorical AMs in both MDD samples versus HCs; dMDDs and rMDDs performed similarly on these measures. The neuroimaging results showed differences between groups in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior insula, inferior temporal gyrus and parahippocampus/hippocampus during specific AM recall versus example generation. During specific AM recall cued by positively valenced words, group differences were evident in the DMPFC, middle temporal gyrus, parahippocampus/hippocampus and occipital gyrus, whereas differences during specific AM recall cued by negatively valenced words were evident in the DMPFC, superior temporal gyrus and hippocampus.ConclusionsAM deficits exist in rMDDs, suggesting that these impairments constitute trait-like abnormalities in MDD. We also found distinct patterns of hemodynamic activity for each group as they recalled specific AMs, raising the possibility that each group used a partly unique strategy for self-referential focus during successful retrieval of specific memories.
METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN EVALUATING THE VALUE OF REGISTERS
Authors: Taylor Jayne , Patrick Hannah , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Campbell Bruce 
Published: March 2014

Objectives:Procedures and new medical devices are typically introduced into healthcare systems with limited evidence, when they might be ineffective or unsafe. Systematic data collection (“registers”) can provide valuable “real world” evidence, but difficulties in funding registers are a major obstacle. A good economic case for the value of registers would therefore be useful.Methods:(i) Literature search on specific purposes of registers. (ii) Surveys (a) of senior clinicians involved with registers, seeking examples of beneficial outcomes, and (b) of administrators, regarding costs of running registers. (iii) A scoping exercise for possible methods to value (financially) the outputs of registers.Results:Four main categories of beneficial outcomes from registers were identified. These were—safety and quality assurance; training and quality improvement; complementing trial evidence and reducing uncertainty; and supporting trial research. Explicit examples of all these are presented, together with information about the costs of registers. Combining these with the scoping exercise we present suggestions for a methodology of assessing the value of registers across each of the categories.Conclusions:This study is unique in addressing methods for determining the financial value of registers, based on the amount they cost versus the financial benefits which may result from the evidence generated. Developing the suggested methods could support the case for funding new registers, by showing that their use can benefit healthcare systems through more efficient use of resources, so justifying their costs.
The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology
Authors: O'Donnell Kieran J. , Glover Vivette , Barker Edward D. , O'Connor Thomas G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDevelopmental or fetal programming has emerged as a major model for understanding the early and persisting effects of prenatal exposures on the health and development of the child and adult. We leverage the power of a 14-year prospective study to examine the persisting effects of prenatal anxiety, a key candidate in the developmental programming model, on symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems across five occasions of measurement from age 4 to 13 years. The study is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a prospective, longitudinal study of a large community sample in the west of England (n= 7,944). Potential confounders included psychosocial and obstetric risk, postnatal maternal mood, paternal pre- and postnatal mood, and parenting. Results indicated that maternal prenatal anxiety predicted persistently higher behavioral and emotional symptoms across childhood with no diminishment of effect into adolescence. Elevated prenatal anxiety (top 15%) was associated with a twofold increase in risk of a probable child mental disorder, 12.31% compared with 6.83%, after allowing for confounders. Results were similar with prenatal depression. These analyses provide some of the strongest evidence to date that prenatal maternal mood has a direct and persisting effect on her child's psychiatric symptoms and support an in utero programming hypothesis.
Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism, perceived social support, and psychological symptoms in maltreated adolescents
Authors: Hostinar Camelia E. , Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite the detrimental consequences of child maltreatment on developmental processes, some individuals show remarkable resilience, with few signs of psychopathology, while others succumb to dysfunction. Given that oxytocin has been shown to be involved in social affiliation, attachment, social support, trust, empathy, and other social or reproductive behaviors, we chose to examine the possible moderation of maltreatment effects on perceived social support and on psychological symptoms by a common single nucleotide polymorphism (rs53576) in the oxytocin receptor gene. We studied adolescents (N= 425) aged approximately 13–15, including participants with objectively documented maltreatment histories (N= 263) and a nonmaltreated comparison group from a comparable low socioeconomic status background (N= 162). There was a significant genotype by maltreatment interaction, such that maltreated adolescents with the G/G genotype perceived significantly lower social support compared to maltreated A-carriers, with no effect of genotype in the comparison group. Maltreated G/Gs also reported higher levels of internalizing symptoms than did A-carriers, even though they did not differ from them on objective measures of maltreatment (type, duration, or severity). G/G homozygotes may be more attuned to negative social experiences, such as family maltreatment, while maltreated A-carriers were indistinguishable from nonmaltreated adolescents in levels of mental health symptoms.
Prenatal cocaine exposure and trajectories of externalizing behavior problems in early childhood: Examining the role of maternal negative affect
Authors: Molnar Danielle S. , Levitt Ash , Eiden Rina Das , Schuetze Pamela 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study examined the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior problems from 18 to 54 months of child age. A hypothesized indirect association between PCE and externalizing trajectories via maternal negative affect was also examined. Caregiving environmental risk and child sex were evaluated as moderators. This study consisted of 196 mother–child dyads recruited at delivery from local area hospitals (107 PCE, 89 non-PCE) and assessed at seven time points across the toddler to preschool periods. Results revealed no direct associations between PCE and externalizing behavior problem trajectories. However, results did indicate that PCE shared a significant indirect relationship with externalizing behavior problem trajectories via higher levels of maternal negative affect. The association between PCE and externalizing problem trajectories was also moderated by caregiving environmental risk such that PCE children in high-risk caregiving environments did not experience the well-documented normative decline in externalizing behavior problems beginning at around 3 years of age. This study suggests potential pathways to externalizing behavior problems among high-risk children.
Mothers with borderline personality and their young children: Adult Attachment Interviews, mother–child interactions, and children's narrative representations
Authors: Macfie Jenny , Swan Scott A. , Fitzpatrick Katie L. , Watkins Christopher D. , Rivas Elaine M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBorderline personality disorder (BPD) involves disruptions in attachment, self, and self-regulation, domains conceptually similar to developmental tasks of early childhood. Because offspring of mothers with BPD are at elevated risk of developing BPD themselves (White, Gunderson, Zanarini, & Hudson, 2003), studying them may inform precursors to BPD. We sampled 31 children age 4–7 whose mothers have BPD and 31 normative comparisons. We examined relationships between mothers' Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) representations (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1984), mothers' observed parenting, and children's narrative representations. Replicating previous studies, mothers with BPD were more likely to be classified as preoccupied and unresolved on the AAI. In a larger sample, which included the current one, we also replicated two underlying AAI dimensions found in normative samples (Roisman, Fraley, & Belsky, 2007; Whipple, Bernier, & Mageau, 2011). Controlling for current mood, anxiety, and other personality disorders, mothers with BPD were significantly higher than were comparisons on the preoccupied/unresolved, but not the dismissive, dimension. Children's narrative representations relevant to disruptions in attachment (fear of abandonment and role reversal), self (incongruent child and self/fantasy confusion), and self-regulation (destruction of objects) were significantly correlated with the preoccupied/unresolved, but not the dismissive, dimension. Furthermore, mothers' parenting significantly mediated the relationship between the preoccupied/unresolved dimension and their children's narrative representations of fear of abandonment.
An intervention for improving the lifestyle habits of kindergarten children in Israel: a cluster-randomised controlled trial investigation
Authors: Lerner-Geva Liat , Bar-Zvi Elinor , Levitan Gila , Boyko Valentina , Reichman Brian , Pinhas-Hamiel Orit 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of an intervention programme to improve kindergarten children's eating and leisure habits in Israel.DesignA cluster-randomised controlled trial.SettingSix full-day kindergartens in Israel were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received the full intervention programme, which included lessons on good eating habits and daily physical exercise. Group B received a partial intervention of lessons only. Group C, the reference group, did not receive any intervention.SubjectsChildren aged 4–6 years (n 204) were recruited for the study.MethodsObjective data for weight and height were collected to calculate BMI Z-scores. Activity, sedentary time, sleeping hours and daily energy intake were assessed via a parental questionnaire. Nutritional knowledge was assessed by a single dietitian using a questionnaire addressed to the children. Assessments were done at baseline and at the end of the intervention.ResultsAfter adjustment for baseline levels we observed a significant reduction in daily energy intake for the full intervention group A (P = 0·03). A positive intervention effect was demonstrated on nutritional knowledge in the partial intervention group B (P = 0·03), although no significant change was demonstrated for BMI Z-score.ConclusionsThe study supports the incorporation of education on healthy lifestyle habits and physical activity into the curricula of kindergartens.