bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
h‐plots for displaying nonmetric dissimilarity matrices
Authors: Epifanio Irene 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNonmetric pairwise data with violations of symmetry, reflexivity, or triangle inequality appear in fields such as image matching, web mining, or cognitive psychology. When data are inherently nonmetric, we should not enforce metricity as real information could be lost. The multidimensional scaling problem is addressed from a new perspective. I propose a method based on the h‐plot, which naturally handles asymmetric proximity data. Pairwise proximities between the objects are defined, though I do not embed these objects, but rather the variables that give the proximity to or from each object. The method is very simple to implement. The representation goodness can be easily assessed. The methodology is illustrated through several small examples and applied to the analysis of digital images of human corneal endothelia. Comparisons with well‐known methods show its good behavior, especially with nonmetric pairwise data, which motivate my methodology. Other databases and methods are analyzed in the supporting information. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 6: 136–143, 2013
An empirical examination of the extent of software process improvement in software SMEs
Authors: Clarke Paul , O'Connor Rory V. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYAlthough earlier studies revealed much about software process improvement (SPI) in software small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), no earlier research set out to determine the full extent of SPI being implemented in software SMEs. Therefore, this study was designed from the outset to elicit all instances of SPI, which we term SPI events – no matter how small or informal. We make the important new discovery that SMEs initiate a considerable amount of SPI, albeit in varying quantities in different organisations. No earlier study reported that the practice of SPI was so widespread in software SMEs, and this is perhaps related to the extensive scope of the enquiry adopted in this study. Our study also finds that the significant majority of SPI in software SMEs is minor or moderate in nature, sometimes leveraging the human capital via improvements in tacit knowledge. Software development is an intrinsically human intensive activity, and it therefore follows that the maximisation of the human capital in an organisation is a source of competitive advantage. However, contemporary process maturity frameworks and quality management standards do not fully exploit the capacity of human capital and may therefore diminish rather than improve the competitive advantage of software SMEs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluss von Nutzeranforderungen auf die ökonomische Bewertung von Stahl als Konstruktionswerkstoff für nachhaltige Bürogebäude
Authors: Lingnau Volker , Kokot Katharina , Zink Klaus J. , Baudach Tino 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntegrale Planung mit Lebenszyklusperspektive für Büroneubauten ist eine Voraussetzung auf der Prozessebene, um Nachhaltigkeit im Gebäudesektor umzusetzen. Dabei werden Nutzungsänderungen, die im Zuge des Gebäudelebenszyklus auftreten können, bereits im Entwurf berücksichtigt. Auf diese Weise soll eine Grundlage für den Erhalt und die Weiterentwicklung von ökologischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Ressourcen geschaffen werden. In diesem Planungsprozess ist nicht nur die Bilanz für jede einzelne Dimension zu optimieren, sondern auch die Gesamtbilanz, in der die Wechselwirkungen der Dimensionen berücksichtigt werden. Der nachfolgende Beitrag veranschaulicht am Beispiel von Bürogebäuden, wie die soziale Dimension die ökonomische Dimension beeinflussen kann, und gibt damit einen Einblick in die Forschungsarbeit des Projekts “Nachhaltige Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäude in Stahl‐ und Stahlverbundbauweise“ (P 881). Über den soziotechnischen Systemansatz werden Bürogebäude als technisches Teilsystem identifiziert, das signifikante Auswirkungen auf das soziale Teilsystem – die Nutzer hat. Als Ergebnis der Analyse von Zukunftsstudien wird gezeigt, dass gegenwärtige und zukünftige Nutzeranforderungen Flexibilität als relevante Eigenschaft von Bürogebäuden der Zukunft begründen. Schließlich wird eine Methode aufgezeigt, mit der Aussagen über die ökonomische Vorteilhaftigkeit von flexiblen Gebäudestrukturen mit Stahl getroffen werden können.Impact of requirements of users on the economic valuation of steel as construction material for sustainable office buildings. The concept of integral design with life cycle perspective is one precondition to implement sustainability in the building sector. Applying this method means to already include possible changes of use during the life cycle in design processes. This approach helps to safeguard, sustain and develop environmental, economic and social resources. In design processes of this kind, not only every single dimension has to be optimized but also the interdependency between all three dimensions as a whole. With reference to office buildings, the following article shows how the social dimension can influence the economic one and provides with it an insight into the research project “Sustainable office and administration buildings in steel and steel‐composite construction” (P 881). Using the sociotechnical system approach, it becomes obvious that office buildings are technical subsystems which affect the social subsystem (user) – and vice versa – significantly. Studies about future work and buildings point out that flexibility is a key quality of office buildings to meet requirements of present and future users. Finally, this article presents a method which enables investors to document the profitability of flexible building structures made of steel constructions.
Mehrdimensional energieoptimierte Gebäudehüllen in Stahlleichtbauweise für den Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Kuhnhenne Markus , Brieden Matthias , Rexroth Susanne , Deininger Florian , Morana Romy , Görner Ramona , Hachul Helmut , Bach Janine , Rößling Heike , Ummenhofer Thomas , Krüger Helmut , Fauth Christian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNachhaltigkeit und Ressourcenschonung sind bei Errichtung und Betrieb von Industrie‐ und Gewerbebauten zu beachten. Im Vergleich zum Geschoss‐ und Wohnungsbau ist ihr Einfluss durchaus von Bedeutung, weshalb im Projekt “Mehrdimensional energieoptimierte Gebäudehüllen in Stahlleichtbauweise für den Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau“ (P 880) Potentiale und Entwicklungskorridore untersucht und erschlossen werden. Es sollen dabei nicht nur Möglichkeiten der Reduktion von Ressourcen‐ und Energieverbräuchen erforscht, sondern auch Chancen zur aktiven Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien auf Bauteilebene aufgezeigt werden. Die Optimierung von Gebäudehüllen wird in mehreren Dimensionen betrachtet. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden auszugsweise einige der bisher erzielten Ergebnisse vorgestellt und erläutert. Daneben wird das weitere Vorgehen kurz umrissen und auf Problemstellungen hingewiesen.Multidimensional energy‐optimized building envelopes in steel‐lightweight construction for industrial and commercial buildings. In the erecting and operating of industrial and commercial constructions sustainability and conversation of resources must be considered. Compared with multi‐story and residential buildings the influence is of matter. Within the research project P 880 “Mehrdimensional energieoptimierte Gebäudehüllen in Stahlleichtbauweise für den Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau“ referring to this potentials and development corridors should be investigated and made accessible. Not even the opportunities of reducing the resource and energy consumption will be explored, but also odds for the active use of regenerative energy on a building element level will be pointed out. Therefore, the way how to consider energy‐saving building‐skins is multi‐dimensional, or in other words, passive and active. The following article will present and explain some of the achieved results. Moreover the next steps will be defined and further problems will be outlined.
Potenziale und Chancen der Stahl(leicht)bauweise beim Bauen im Bestand
Authors: Floerke Paul , Stein Lara , Weiß Sonja , Ungermann Dieter , Preckwinkel Eva , Lübke Sebastian , Patschin Alena , Gralla Mike , Brandt Tim , Kubny Sabine , Ummenhofer Thomas , Zinke Tim , Herrmann Christoph , Dettmer Tina , Tichelmann Karsten , Ziegler Bastian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPotentials and prospects of the steel‐ and lightweight steel structures with existing buildings. To achieve a sustainable urban and spacial development the focus currently lies on the urban concentration, modernization and redevelopment of existing building stock. This especially opens up opportunities for (lightweight) steel construction, since steel has considerable advantages in comparison with other materials. The use of steel leads to lightweight building elements, high prefabrication, and good recyclability of the structure. Sustainable projects dealing with the building stock require a holistic view on all fields of building construction in consideration of functional, economic, ecologic and socio‐cultural aspects. Within the scope of the presented research project an interdisciplinary research group develops integral, sustainable solutions for the modernisation of the building stock with optimised (lightweight) steel structures for building extensions.
Measurement of fetal fat in utero in normal and diabetic pregnancies using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Anblagan D. , Deshpande R. , Jones N. W. , Costigan C. , Bugg G. , Raine‐Fenning N. , Gowland P. A. , Mansell P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo assess the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure fetal fat volume in utero, and to study fetal growth in women with and without diabetes in view of the increased prevalence of macrosomia in the former.MethodsWe studied 26 pregnant women, 14 with pre‐gestational diabetes and 12 non‐diabetic controls. Fetal assessment took place at 24 weeks' gestation and again at 34 weeks by standard ultrasound biometry followed by MRI at 1.5 T. Fetal fat volume was determined from T1‐weighted water‐suppressed images using a semi‐automated approach based on pixel intensity and taking into account partial volume effects. Fetal volume was also determined from the MRI images. Fetal weight was calculated using published fat and lean tissue densities.ResultsThere was little fetal fat at 24 weeks' gestation, but at 34 weeks the fetal fat content was considerably higher in the women with diabetes, with a mean fat content of 1090 ± 417 cm3 compared with 541 ± 348 cm3 in the controls (P = 0.006). Measurements of fetal fat volume showed low intra‐ and interobserver variability at 34 weeks, with intraclass correlation coefficients consistently above 0.99. Birth‐weight centile correlated with fetal fat volume (R2 = 0.496, P < 0.001), percentage of fetal fat (R2 = 0.362, P = 0.008) and calculated fetal weight (R2 = 0.492, P < 0.001) at 34 weeks.ConclusionsMRI appears to be a promising tool for the determination of fetal fat, body composition and weight in utero during the third trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Characteristics of optimum falls prevention exercise programmes for community-dwelling older adults using the FITT principle
Authors: Power Valerie , Clifford Amanda M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This review aims to identify the optimal exercise intervention characteristics for falls prevention among community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and over. Articles for inclusion were sourced by searching the Academic Search Premier, AMED, Biomedical Reference Collection: Expanded, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus databases with the key words ‘falls’, ‘prevention’, ‘exercise’ and ‘community’ and via reference lists of relevant articles. Only articles of level 1 or level 2 evidence (Howick et al. 2011) were included. Other inclusion criteria included recording falls incidence as an outcome measure, examining a community-dwelling population aged 60 years or over and implementing exercise as a single intervention in at least one group. Exercise programme characteristics from 31 articles were examined according to their frequency, intensity, time and type and their effects on falls incidence were reviewed. Exercising for a minimum of 1 h/week for at least 40 h over the course of an intervention is required to successfully reduce falls incidence. The optimal exercise frequency is three times per week, but the optimal duration per bout remains unclear. Specific balance training of sufficiently challenging intensity is a vital programme component, and strength training is most effective when combined with balance training. Flexibility and endurance training may also be included as part of a comprehensive programme. A combination of group and individual home exercise may be most effective for preventing falls and promoting exercise adherence.
Effects of milk and milk constituents on postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese men
Authors: van Meijl Leonie E. C. , Mensink Ronald P. 
Published: January 2013

Studies have suggested that two major milk constituents, casein and Ca, favourably affect postprandial responses. However, effects of milk on postprandial metabolism are unknown. We therefore investigated effects of using milk with a fat-containing meal on lipid and glucose responses in overweight men. To identify the constituent responsible for possible effects, we also studied responses to Ca and protein. A total of sixteen men (BMI >27 kg/m2) participated in four postprandial tests. They consumed a breakfast (44 g of fat) plus a drink: a control drink, low-fat milk or a protein and Ca drink (500 ml). Blood samples were taken before the meals and at regular time points during 6 h thereafter. Compared with control, the incremental AUC (iAUC) for serum TAG was increased by 44 % after the protein meal (P= 0·015). Although the iAUC were not different (P= 0·051), peak glucose concentrations were reduced by 24 % after protein intake, as compared with control (P= 0·021). The decrease of 18 % after milk intake did not reach statistical significance. Compared with the milk meal, the iAUC for insulin was 52 % lower after the control meal (P= 0·035) and 51 % after the protein meal (P= 0·005). The present results indicate that the intake of milk with a fat-containing meal enhances postprandial TAG and insulin responses and may blunt glucose increases. The protein fraction of milk seems to be the main determinant for the effects on TAG and glucose. Ca did not change any of the postprandial responses.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid reduces markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and improves recovery in resistance-trained men
Authors: Wilson Jacob M. , Lowery Ryan P. , Joy Jordan M. , Walters Joe A. , Baier Shawn M. , Fuller John C. , Stout Jeffrey R. , Norton Layne E. , Sikorski Eric M. , Wilson Stephanie M. C. , Duncan Nevine M. , Zanchi Nelo E. , Rathmacher John 
Published: January 2013

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of short-term supplementation with the free acid form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB-FA) on indices of muscle damage, protein breakdown, recovery and hormone status following a high-volume resistance training session in trained athletes. A total of twenty resistance-trained males were recruited to participate in a high-volume resistance training session centred on full squats, bench presses and dead lifts. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 3 g/d of HMB-FA or a placebo. Immediately before the exercise session and 48 h post-exercise, serum creatine kinase (CK), urinary 3-methylhistadine (3-MH), testosterone, cortisol and perceived recovery status (PRS) scale measurements were taken. The results showed that CK increased to a greater extent in the placebo (329 %) than in the HMB-FA group (104 %) (P= 0·004,d= 1·6). There was also a significant change for PRS, which decreased to a greater extent in the placebo (9·1 (sem0·4) to 4·6 (sem0·5)) than in the HMB-FA group (9·1 (sem0·3) to 6·3 (sem0·3)) (P= 0·005,d= − 0·48). Muscle protein breakdown, measured by 3-MH analysis, numerically decreased with HMB-FA supplementation and approached significance (P= 0·08,d= 0·12). There were no acute changes in plasma total or free testosterone, cortisol or C-reactive protein. In conclusion, these results suggest that an HMB-FA supplement given to trained athletes before exercise can blunt increases in muscle damage and prevent declines in perceived readiness to train following a high-volume, muscle-damaging resistance-training session.
Seroepidemiology of toxocariasis in a rural Tepehuanos population from Durango, Mexico
Authors: Alvarado-Esquivel C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe epidemiology of toxocariasis in humans in Mexico has been poorly explored. There is a lack of information about toxocariasis in Tepehuanos, an indigenous ethnic group in Durango State in northern Mexico. Therefore, the presence of anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies was determined in 126 rural Tepehuanos using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Socio-demographic, clinical and behavioural data of the participants were also obtained. Of the 126 Tepehuanos assessed (mean age 32.46 ± 17.36 years), 33 (26.2%) had anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies. Multivariate analysis showed that Toxocara seropositivity was associated with unemployment (students and housewives) (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–7.47). Other socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, including age, educational level, contact with animals or soil, consumption of unwashed raw fruits and vegetables or untreated water, were not associated with Toxocara seropositivity. Clinical data were similar in seropositive and seronegative Tepehuanos. These results indicate that Toxocara exposure is common among Tepehuanos but Toxocara does not appear to impact on the health of the population. This is the first report of toxocaral infection in Tepehuanos, and of an association of toxocariasis in adults with unemployment. Further research is needed to elucidate the routes of transmission of Toxocara in Tepehuanos, including the role of hygiene practices, canine and feline contacts, paratenic hosts and soil contamination with infective Toxocara eggs.
‘Are you a Billy, or a Dan, or an old tin can?’: street violence and relations between Catholics, Jews and Protestants in the Gorbals during the inter-war years
Authors: TAYLOR AVRAM 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT:This article makes use of memoirs, autobiographies and oral interviews in order to consider the relations between the Catholic, Jewish and Protestant communities in the Gorbals. While there was considerable variation in individual experience, there were also particular occasions where inter-ethnic relations were all too predictable, almost following a ‘calendar of conflict’. The article shows that, while there was a degree of anti-Semitism in the area, integration between the Jewish and non-Jewish residents of the district was facilitated by a number of factors. Ultimately, anti-Semitism was mediated through the sectarian rivalry, which was the dominant religious conflict in the city.
BMR in a Brazilian adult probability sample: the Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey
Authors: Anjos Luiz A , Wahrlich Vivian , Vasconcellos Mauricio TL 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo measure BMR in a probability sample of adults from an urban city of Brazil and to compare indirectly measured BMR (BMRi) with BMR predicted from different equations.DesignBMR data were obtained by indirect calorimetry and estimated by different predictive equations (Schofield; Harris and Benedict; Henry and Rees). Anthropometric and body composition measures were also obtained.SettingThe Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey (PNAFS), a household survey conducted in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.SubjectsRepresentative sample of 529 adults (aged ≥20 years; 339 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.ResultsMean BMRi values were 5839·7 (se 73·9) kJ/d and 4758·1 (se 39·5) kJ/d for men and women, respectively. Predicted BMR by all equations was significantly higher (difference between means and 95 % CI did not include zero) than BMRi in both men and women of all ages. Overall bias in BMR (predicted BMR minus BMRi) using the Schofield equations (overestimation of about 20 %) was higher than when using the Henry and Rees equations (13 % and 16 % overestimation for males and females, respectively). The percentage of individuals whose BMR predicted by the Schofield equations fell within 10 % of BMRi was very low (7·8 % and 14·1 % of males and females, respectively).ConclusionsCurrent available predictive equations of BMR are not adequate to estimate BMR in Brazilians living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
FIB Preparation of a NiO Wedge-Lamella and STEM X-Ray Microanalysis for the Determination of the Experimental k(O-Ni) Cliff-Lorimer Coefficient
Authors: Armigliato Aldo , Frabboni Stefano , Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA method for the fabrication of a wedge-shaped thin NiO lamella by focused ion beam is reported. The starting sample is an oxidized bulk single crystalline, ⟨100⟩ oriented, Ni commercial standard. The lamella is employed for the determination, by analytical electron microscopy at 200 kV of the experimental k(O-Ni) Cliff-Lorimer (G. Cliff & G.W. Lorimer, J Microsc103, 203–207, 1975) coefficient, according to the extrapolation method by Van Cappellen (E. Van Cappellen, Microsc Microstruct Microanal1, 1–22, 1990). The result thus obtained is compared to the theoretical k(O-Ni) values either implemented into the commercial software for X-ray microanalysis quantification of the scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry equipment or calculated by the Monte Carlo method. Significant differences among the three values are found. This confirms that for a reliable quantification of binary alloys containing light elements, the choice of the Cliff-Lorimer coefficients is crucial and experimental values are recommended.
DEMOCRACY IS NOT A TRUTH MACHINE
Authors: Wells Thomas 
Published: January 2013

In a democracy people are free to express their opinions and question those of others. This is an important personal freedom, and also essential to the very idea of government by discussion. But it has also been held to be instrumentally important because in open public debate true ideas will conquer false ones by their merit, and the people will see the truth for themselves. In other words, democracy has an epistemic function as a kind of truth machine. From this it follows that in a democracy there should be no dogma: no knowledge protected from public challenge and debate. Yet this whole argument is founded on embarrassing misconceptions of the nature of truth and of the working of democracy.