bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's speech and language difficulties
Authors: Clegg Judy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSpeech and language difficulties have a significant impact on the lives of children and their families. This chapter will give an overview of the types of speech and language difficulties children present with and how these are generally classified and diagnosed. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and speech and language difficulties associated with child psychiatric disorder, specifically disorders of attention and selective mutism will be a focus. The life course of children with speech and language impairments will be described through childhood, adolescence, and adult life. Current management approaches will be presented and evaluated and strategies for effective communication considered.
The child as witness
Authors: Thompson Anne E. , Pearce John B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the last 20 years, many societies have paid greater attention to children's rights and the importance of protecting children from abuse. As perpetrators of abuse have been tried in court, so more children have been called as witnesses. From being described as ‘the most dangerous of all witnesses’, children have become recognized to be able to provide valuable and credible testimony in the correct circumstances. Many jurisdictions are now making allowances for children so that their testimony can be delivered in court as fully and accurately as possible. It is no longer tenable to dismiss the capacity of a child to be a witness in court simply because of their age. Children may be less reliable, as reliable, or more reliable than adult witnesses, depending on a variety of developmental and environmental factors.
Counselling and psychotherapy for children
Authors: Pearce John B. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
There is a remarkable lack of high quality research to support an evidence base for counselling and psychotherapy for children. And the words ‘psychotherapy’ and ‘counselling’ are so non-specific that they should always be clarified in more detail. Nevertheless, these approaches are used frequently in child mental health. While most psychotherapeutic approaches are based on work with adults it is important to note that there are marked differences between children and adults. In spite of these obvious differences, psychotherapy for children is usually based on techniques used for adults. However, psychotherapy that may work perfectly well for adults has to be modified to accord with the developmental level of each child.
Caregiver-mediated interventions for children and families
Authors: Fisher Philip A. , Stormshak Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter summarizes interventions that have been developed to address child and adolescent behaviour problems and externalizing disorders within the therapeutic milieu of the family. Although it has long been recognized that caregiver-mediated treatments can be employed to address children's problems, research with families in the past two decades has resulted in numerous systematic, theory-driven approaches that have been subjected to rigorous scientific evaluation and have been found to be effective at improving outcomes. Although no intervention is certain to work for every child and it is not possible to engage every family in the intervention process, caregiver-mediated interventions are among the most promising approaches currently available to practitioners. In recent years, progress in the field of caregiver-mediated interventions has included an expansion of the evidence base supporting specific intervention practices for use with the general population, with high-risk segments of the population (e.g. children in foster care and children in Head Start settings), and with underserved populations (e.g. girls and racial/ethnic minorities). In addition, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the dissemination of proven interventions on large-scale bases within community settings in North America, Europe, and Australia. Evidence is currently being gathered to evaluate the impact of many of these large-scale dissemination efforts. The chapter that follows contains background information on the theoretical underpinnings of caregiver-mediated interventions to address child behaviour problems. Specific interventions that have been developed for children in specific age groups—prenatal through early childhood, the school-age period, and adolescence—are then described. Finally, we discuss adaptations that have been made to address issues of gender and cultural diversity within this field.
Medication for children and adolescents: current issues
Authors: Santosh Paramala J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Problems of mental health and behaviour in children are multidisciplinary in nature and optimal treatment is often multimodal. This article focuses on aspects of psychopharmacology that has special relevance in children and adolescents, especially the recent controversies. In general, this article provides information about classes of medication and not detailed information about specific medicines. Treatment recommendations of the specific disorders have been dealt within the appropriate chapters. The use of psychotropic medication in children is higher in the United States than in many other countries, and polypharmacy is common. About 1 per cent of overall medical consultations visits by children and adolescents in 2003–2004 in the US resulted in a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) prescription. The majority of the visits involving antipsychotics were by Caucasian boys aged over nine years, visiting specialists, without private insurance, with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, psychosis, depression, disruptive disorder, or anxiety. &gt;Pre-school (2 to 4 year olds) psychotropic medication use, between 1995 and 2001 increased across the US for stimulants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, while the use of anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics and anticonvulsants remained stable across these years, suggesting non-psychiatric medical usage. Ethnicity may influence differential prescription rates; for example, as compared to Caucasian youths, African-American youths are less likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications especially methylphenidate.
The management of child and adolescent psychiatric emergencies
Authors: Forrest Gillian C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a practical approach to the management of psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents. Such emergencies are challenging for a number of reasons. The professional resources available are usually very limited, and there is often confusion or even disagreement between professionals over what constitutes a psychiatric, as opposed to a social emergency. The parents or carers play a key role in the situation and need to be engaged and involved appropriately in the assessment and management; and issues of confidentiality and consent need to be taken into account. In addition, the psychiatrist may find himself or herself working in a variety of settings—the child's home, a hospital emergency department (A and E), a police station, a children's home, or residential school—where the facilities for assessing an angry, disturbed, or upset child may be far from ideal. Most emergencies occurring in community settings involve externalizing behaviours: aggression, violence; deliberate self-harm, or threats of harm to self or others; or extreme emotional outbursts. Some will involve bizarre behaviour which could be an indication of serious mental illness or intoxication by drugs or alcohol, or a combination of both. The emergency situation often arises in the context of acute family conflict or distress. Frequently other agencies are involved before the psychiatrist is called in (for example, emergency room staff, social workers, or the police). The on-call psychiatrist needs to be familiar with or able to obtain immediate advice about his or her local child and adolescent psychiatric services, the local child protection and child care procedures, and with the relevant mental health and child care legislation. Vignette 1:
The child psychiatrist as consultant to schools and colleges
Authors: Gowers Simon G. , Thomas Sian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
As participation in education is almost universally compulsory for children, schools are in a unique position to offer prevention and identification of child mental health problems. Effective practice requires good liaison with CAMHS. There are a number of obstacles to effective working but recent times have seen a number of examples of good practice and policies to support these.
Psychiatric and behaviour disorders among children and adolescents with intellectual disability
Authors: Tonge Bruce J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Children with ID often suffer the added handicap of emotional and behavioural disorder which seriously compromises their adjustment and causes significant extra burden and cost for their parents and the community. A comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment of the child and family provides the context for understanding psychopathological symptoms and the basis for a best practice management plan incorporating psychological, educational, family, and perhaps pharmacological interventions.
Cognitive disorders, epilepsy, ADHD, and offending
Authors: Nedopil Norbert 
Published: January 2013

Abstract‘Cognitive disorders’ is a broad and heterogeneous diagnostic category, which includes different disorders, each with a distinct aetiology. They affect individuals in different ways depending on the age in which they occur. The term may be applied to a child, who has experienced perinatal trauma as well as to an older person with a beginning dementia of the Alzheimer type. The scientific literature on offenders with cognitive disorders is sparse. Most authors in forensic psychiatry do not systematically differentiate between the diagnostic subcategories and tend to use broad terms, such as organic disorder, organic psychosis, organic brain syndrome, neuropsychological deficit, dementia, mental handicap, mental retardation to include a number of different disorders in their studies. The number of patients with any kind of brain disorder in forensic hospitals and institutions is comparatively small and ranges from 1 to 10 per cent of all forensic inpatients. The same numbers apply for individuals assessed for criminal responsibility or risk of reoffending. Compared to major mental disorders like schizophrenia or affective disorders or to personality disorders, patients with cognitive disorders account for only a small proportion of individuals seen by forensic psychiatrists. Subdividing this group any further would be statistically irrelevant. The way forensic psychiatry and the law deals with offenders suffering from organic brain disorders is rather derived from case reports and convention than from empirical knowledge.
Mental disorders among offenders in correctional settings
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIncontrovertible evidence now exists to show that the prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners far exceeds that found in the general community. A surprising concordance is emerging from several large international studies to show that, in western developed societies at least, the rates of major mental disorders in prisons are quite consistent. This chapter will provide an overview of relevant research examining rates of mental illness in prisons with those found in the community. Some observations regarding trends and implications for prisons also will be provided. At the outset it is useful to reflect on the scope of illnesses which have been subsumed under the ‘mental disorder’ umbrella as it has been applied to the prison research. Most of the research that exists has focussed serious mental illnesses within the Axis I disorders—namely psychotic illnesses, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. Considerable attention has been paid regarding the prevalence of personality disorders within prisons. Over the past 20 years much of that work has investigated antisocial or dissocial personality disorder and psychopathy. By comparison, relatively little attention has been paid to other personality disorders. A growing area of importance concerns substance abuse and dependence disorders and, of course, co-occurring substance use and mental illness disorders. Considerable research also exists exploring the prevalence of mental retardation or intellectual disabilities in prison. Thereafter, fragments of research exist exploring any number of mental syndromes and conditions. The focus of this chapter will be on the major mental disorders which fall into Axis I. Some mention will be made of substance use disorders and personality disorders. In addition, with the growing number of women in prisons, information will be provided regarding this important group.
Homicide offenders including mass murder and infanticide
Authors: Swinson Nicola , Shaw Jennifer 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a widespread public perception of the mentally ill as violent. Until the early 1980s there was a consensus view that patients with severe mental illness were no more likely to be violent than the general population. Emerging evidence from various countries over the past two decades, however, has established a small, yet significant, association between mental illness and violence. There are 500–600 homicides annually in England and Wales. Perpetrators and victims are predominantly young males, especially when the victim is unknown to the perpetrator. In such ‘stranger homicides’ perpetrators are less likely to have a lifetime history of mental illness, symptoms of mental illness at the time of the offence, or contact with mental health services. Despite an increasing rate of homicides in the general population, convictions for infanticide and the rate of infant homicide has remained relatively constant, at around 4.5 per 100 000 live births. Infanticide has become a generic term for killing of infants, even though the criminal charge in England applies to a crime for which only a woman can be indicted. Multiple homicides, in particular serial homicides, have generated a great deal of public and media interest over recent decades yet this phenomenon is rare in the UK. The rarity of these events means that there is a lack of empirical evidence about the characteristics of perpetrators and victims in the UK, with most evidence emanating from the United States. Even then, however, there is an absence of systematic, robust evidence, with many studies being limited by small sample size. Around 1 in 10 perpetrators of homicide in England and Wales are female, which is consistent with data from other countries. Stranger homicide by females is rare. In one-quarter of cases the victims are the perpetrators’ own children and a current or former partner in over a third. Homicides perpetrated by the elderly are exceptionally rare. There is a well documented increased risk of violence in those with schizophrenia. The aim of the National Confidential Inquiry is to collect detailed clinical information on people convicted of homicide, focusing on those with a history of contact with mental health services. Nearly one in three Inquiry cases were seen during the week before the homicide, a similar proportion within 1–4 weeks and the remainder between 1–12 months. A substantial proportion had mental state abnormalities at final contact, often distress, depressive symptoms, hostility, or increased use of alcohol or drugs. Despite this immediate risk was judged to be low or absent in 88 per cent cases at the last contact.
Fraud, deception, and thieves
Authors: James David V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDishonesty and deception are mundane and ubiquitous elements of human behaviour. Various forms are also categorized as criminal offences in the codes or statutes of all organized societies. In criminological terms, fraud, deception, and theft are forms of stealing, in other words dishonestly depriving others of goods or services. However, deception and fraudulent misrepresentation play a much wider role in human behaviour and interactions. This chapter will first consider briefly the broader picture, before considering in detail psychiatric aspects of stealing.
Arson (fire-raising)
Authors: Prins Herschel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNot only is arson (fire-raising) a very worrying offence for the reasons given, but it has shown an increase in recent years. Moreover, the ‘profile’ of those convicted of arson has shifted over the years with an increased proportion of female offenders. And, in a very important recent study, Soothill et al. showed at 20 year follow-up that the proportion of those reconvicted for arson had more than doubled. The authors conclude with the sobering observation that ‘the situation in relation to arson has deteriorated significantly over the past 40 years’. The causes of fire-raising are complex and attempts at classification have not been entirely successful. Viewing fire-raising as a ‘symptom’ appears to offer the best hope for more successful diagnosis and management. The brief survey in this chapter has merely touched upon the topic. The suggestions for further reading and the references should assist those who wish to pursue the topic in further depth.
Domestic violence
Authors: Mezey Gillian C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Over the last decade, the issue of domestic violence has been transformed from a position of ‘selective inattention’ to becoming a high-priority social and public health issue. Although it is now recognized that experiences of domestic violence are associated with adverse mental as well as physical health outcomes for the victim, this has not always been the case. After a brief historical overview, this chapter looks at the definition, epidemiology, and aetiological factors surrounding domestic violence, before discussing the mental health effects of domestic violence, risk assessment, confidentiality and domestic violence, and the perpetrators of domestic violence.
The impact of criminal victimization
Authors: Mezey Gillian C. , Robbins Ian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe impact of crime on the individual victim is profound but is frequently underestimated by mental health professionals. Wide-ranging personal, social, and economic consequences could be prevented if a range of appropriate interventions were available. Most post traumatic stress treatment programmes in the United Kingdom have developed in response to specific disasters, which may not be relevant to or as effective with crime victims. In order to provide appropriate treatment to crime victims, mental health professionals need to recognize the importance of active interagency liaison with the police, the courts and with voluntary organizations such as victim support schemes. Crime victims tend to be relatively invisible and disempowered; they are less likely to be supported by active campaigning groups than survivors of major disasters and, because of associated feelings of shame and stigmatization, they may be reluctant to claim their entitlement to proper care and treatment. The fact that their plight is often used as a political football is likely to reinforce feelings of helplessness and insecurity. Given its prevalence, crime represents both an ordinary and an extraordinary event; it is likely to affect everyone at some point in their lives and the fact that most crime victims recover from the experience should not deprive those who need it, to proper care.
The expert witness in the Criminal Court: assessment, reports, and testimony
Authors: O’Grady John 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
As an expert witness in the Criminal Court, the psychiatrist ceases to be simply a doctor as a psychiatrist's report and testimony addresses issues on the boundary between law and psychiatry. The law is not primarily concerned with the welfare of the defendant. Criminal law is concerned with justice, fact finding, and the attribution of guilt whilst psychiatry concerns itself with the welfare of the individual, their mental disorder, and its treatment. This chapter will explore the legal framework for expert reports and testimony, standards for such work, the particular ethical dilemmas of this work and provide practical guidance on preparation of reports and testimony. This chapter draws upon previously published work by the author. Expert evidence cannot be understood except in reference to a particular legal jurisdiction. For this chapter the legal system in the United Kingdom is chosen but the general principles will apply to all jurisdictions. Issues specific to Civil and Family courts will not be discussed.
Managing offenders with psychiatric disorders in general psychiatric services
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
It has been shown that the prevalence of mental illness among those in the criminal justice system is significantly greater than that found in the general community. As presented in Chapter 11.4, for example, the per capita rate of psychotic illness in prisons is approximately 10 times greater than that found in the general community. Tragically, relatively few services exist that provide continuity of mental health care between gaols and the community. This produces a situation where individuals whose mental illness may have been identified and treated in gaol find themselves without services in the community. Typically, only when in crisis do they find their way into general psychiatric services either in community settings or in hospital. This situation has produced considerable stress on already taxed mental health services. Given the prevalence of offence histories among psychiatric patients, it is important for mental health professionals to be aware of the unique issues—and myths—that accompany patients with offence histories. At the outset it is important to emphasize that the duty of mental health services is to address mental health issues. That ought to be the focus of mental health services. As this chapter makes clear, though, for some patients, there is a relationship between the mental illness and offending and by addressing the mental illness, the risk of re-offending might well be reduced. Moreover, many of the ancillary issues that lead to relapse and destability in psychiatric patients also may lead to offending. Addressing these issues will both help provide long-term stability for patients and will help reduce their risk of offending. As a result, there is a need for general mental health services to acquire expertize to identify and manage patients with offending histories. This chapter will provide information about the relative risk of offending among psychiatric patients and the relationship (or lack thereof) of inpatient aggression and community-based violence and offending. A framework will be provided for assessing and treating patients with offending histories and issues using a typology of mentally ill offenders. The role of forensic mental health services in bolstering general psychiatric services, and in sometimes providing primary care for mentally ill offenders, will also be discussed.
Social Work and Palliative Care—The Early History
Authors: Saunders Dame Cicely 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter, covering the early history of social work and palliative care, originally appeared as Saunders, D.C. (2001). Social work and palliative care: the early history. The British Journal of Social Work. pp. 791-799. Reprinted by permission. It is written by Dame Cicely Saunders (1918-2005), who founded the modern hospice movement.
Navigating in Swampy Lowlands: A Relational Approach to Practice-Based Learning in Palliative Care
Authors: Browning David M. , Gerbino Susan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following: