bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid domains control myelin basic protein adsorption and membrane interactions between model myelin lipid bilayers
Authors: Lee Dong Woog , Banquy Xavier , Kristiansen Kai , Kaufman Yair , Boggs Joan M. , Israelachvili Jacob N. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The proper functioning of multilayer membrane systems, such as myelin, requires the multilamellar membranes to be tightly wrapped around the axon fibers, thereby allowing efficient electric signal transmission. Slight changes in lipid composition in myelin membranes will alter their domain sizes and distributions, and the intermembrane adhesive properties. Using the surface forces apparatus and atomic force microscope, we studied the adsorption of myelin basic protein (MBP) to model myelin lipid bilayer membranes of varying compositions, and their effects on the structure, equilibrium spacing (swelling), and adhesion force between them. We find that MBP preferentially adsorbs to “disordered” submicron domains, affecting regular spacing and adhesion. These findings provide insights into lipid–protein interactions and membrane-associated (e.g., demyelinating) diseases.
SurvMicro: assessment of miRNA-based prognostic signatures for cancer clinical outcomes by multivariate survival analysis
Authors: Aguirre-Gamboa Raul , Trevino Victor 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Summary: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA levels. Their function in cancer has been studied by high-throughput methods generating valuable sources of public information. Thus, miRNA signatures predicting cancer clinical outcomes are emerging. An important step to propose miRNA-based biomarkers before clinical validation is their evaluation in independent cohorts. Although it can be carried out using public data, such task is time-consuming and requires a specialized analysis. Therefore, to aid and simplify the evaluation of prognostic miRNA signatures in cancer, we developed SurvMicro, a free and easy-to-use web tool that assesses miRNA signatures from publicly available miRNA profiles using multivariate survival analysis. SurvMicro is composed of a wide and updated database of &gt;40 cohorts in different tissues and a web tool where survival analysis can be done in minutes. We presented evaluations to portray the straightforward functionality of SurvMicro in liver and lung cancer. To our knowledge, SurvMicro is the only bioinformatic tool that aids the evaluation of multivariate prognostic miRNA signatures in cancer.
Availability and implementation: SurvMicro and its tutorial are freely available at http://bioinformatica.mty.itesm.mx/SurvMicro.
Contact: vtrevino@itesm.mx or victor.trevino@gmail.com
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
New Light on Candles on the Seventeenth-Century French Stage
Authors: Hawcroft Michael 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Modern accounts of the seventeenth-century French stage have repeatedly asserted that plays were divided into short acts of some twenty to thirty minutes in performance because the candles that lit the theatres had to be snuffed at frequent intervals. This article claims that there is no evidence for this assertion and aims to evoke the technological constraints of candle usage at the time so as to suggest that candles could be managed in such a way that they did not actually dictate dramaturgical practice. The article considers seventeenth-century theoretical discussion of the division of plays into acts: such discussion never alludes to candles, but refers to historical precedent and spectator attention spans as perceived explanations for the phenomenon of act division. It aims to adduce compelling evidence against the traditional view and concludes that the snuffing of candles took advantage of the opportunity offered by act division, but was never its cause.
The contribution of quota to the discards problem: a case study on the complexity of common megrim Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis discarding in the northern North Sea
Authors: Macdonald P. , Cleasby I. R. , Angus C. H. , Marshall C. T. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The common megrim Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis is a commercially important, high-value flatfish species. From the early 2000s, discarding of common megrim in the northern North Sea has been widespread. In this study, we investigated temporal variation in megrim discarding in the mixed demersal fishery in the northern North Sea before, and following recent quota increases. Furthermore, logistic regression models were applied to investigate the effects of a range of explanatory factors on the probability of individual fish being discarded. Results indicate that discarding on the vessels sampled has declined from an average of 54% of the total common megrim catch in 2009 to 20% in 2012. The decrease in total discards was primarily a result of a decrease in the proportions of discards categorized by the crew as small within the catches from 0.39 (±0.02 s.e.) in 2009 to 0.10 (±0.01 s.e.) in 2012. Model outputs also suggest that the likelihood of a fish being discarded decreases significantly (p < 0.001) with increasing quota. The current megrim total allowable catch serves only to regulate landings and does little to regulate fishing mortality. Additionally, the proposed reform of the CFP, including the move towards a discards ban and the implementation of maximum sustainable yield, raises a number of concerns that need to be addressed if the northern North Sea mixed demersal fishery is to be managed sustainably and remain economically viable in the future.
The Many Faces of Parkinsonism
Authors: Schneider Susanne A. , Klein Christine 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), and more so ‘parkinsonian syndromes’, have many faces. In recent years numerous genetic causes of parkinsonism have been identified in addition to idiopathic PD and secondary form. In this chapter we review the genetic causes of parkinsonism, with particular focus on mimics of idiopathic PD. These include disorders assigned a PARK locus that present with either classic parkinsonism or with parkinsonism with additional atypical features, causes of classic parkinsonism associated with mutations in a non-PARK or ‘other than-PARK’ gene (e.g. in a DYT or SCA gene) where parkinsonism is a well-recognized concomitant or even isolated feature, and disorders of atypical parkinsonism as a rare presentation of a genetic disorder which is usually characterized by features other than parkinsonism. We will summarize clinical characteristics, results of investigations (e.g. imaging, electrophysiology, or pathological data), and main genetic findings in order to provide a useful overview for clinicians and scientists who may be puzzled by this evolving area.
Primary Dementia Syndromes and Parkinsonism
Authors: Lemstra A.W. , Seelaar H. , van Swieten J.C. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This chapter addresses neurodegenerative diseases that are primarily dementia syndromes but are frequently or by definition accompanied by parkinsonism. In many neurodegenerative diseases cognitive dysfunction and extrapyramidal signs occur during the course of the disease. This chapter is limited to those diseases in which dementia is a core feature and parkinsonism is mostly present early in the disease. We will discuss dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), syndromes which present with parkinsonism. DLB is part of the spectrum of Parkinson’s disease, and is clinically challenging from the diagnostic and management perspective. Recent advances in genetic and molecular research have greatly improved insight into disease mechanisms in FTLD, with mutations in two MAPT and GRN genes on chromosome 17. We will discuss the clinical and pathological overlap between FTDP-17 and other parkinsonian syndromes. The combination of cognitive dysfunction and extrapyramidal symptoms in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy may overlap with FTLD, but these diseases are not considered to be primary dementia syndromes.
Other Dystonias
Authors: Phukan Julie , Warner Thomas 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Primary forms of dystonia represent around 70 per cent of all cases and are described in Chapter 18. The remainder comprise those cases where dystonia is part of a more complex movement disorder or neurological syndrome. These can be divided into four broad categories: dystonia-plus syndromes, heredodegenerative disorders, secondary (or symptomatic dystonia), and dystonia that is a feature of another neurological condition. The key difference from primary dystonia is the presence of other neurological features in addition to dystonia. Many have underlying neurodegeneration, often genetic in origin.
Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Barker Roger A. , Priller Josef 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition that commonly presents in mid life with a combination of a movement disorder and psychiatric and cognitive problems. The identification of the gene underlying HD in 1993 has led to many major breakthroughs in our understanding of this disease, but it remains incurable and fatal to the present time. Our better understanding of the range of clinical features seen in this complex neuropsychiatric disorder and our ability to detect those earliest changes is leading to a new era of drugs trials for HD with the prospect of identifying disease-modifying agents. There is also a new impetus to look at drugs to better treat the symptoms and signs of HD as well as better support patients and their families in the community. In this chapter we outline some of these therapies, and provide clinical tips on how best to assess the HD patient.
Non-degenerative Choreas
Authors: Cardoso Francisco 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Non-genetic choreas can have a myriad of causes which fit into the following categories: autoimmune, vascular, drug-induced, infectious, metabolic and toxic encephalopathy, and miscellaneous. Sydenham’s chorea, an autoimmune condition related to streptococcal infection, is the most common cause of chorea in children worldwide. In contrast, vascular disease, particularly in association with diabetes mellitus type 2, accounts for the majority of non-genetic choreas in adults. HIV infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, drugs, paraneoplastic syndromes, hyperthyroidism, brain neoplasms, etc. are also causes of chorea. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of acquired causes of chorea.
Wilson Disease
Authors: Bandmann Oliver 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessively inherited monogenic copper storage disease. At least 50% of all patients with WD first present with neurological or psychiatric problems. If treated early, patients can make a full recovery and then lead a near-normal life, but failure to make the diagnosis can result in severe irreversible brain damage and untimely death.
Tic Disorders and Stereotypies
Authors: Augustine Erika F. , Mink Jonathan W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Tics and stereotypies are common childhood movement disorders, each characterized by repetitive stereotyped movements. Older age at onset, a fluctuating and evolving course, and the presence of a premonitory urge are all helpful features that help to differentiate tics from stereotypies. Tics are frequently associated with comorbid disorders, including attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, mood disorders, and behavioural difficulties. These co-occurring neuropsychiatric disorders may be the main source of functional impairment. When tics result in functional impairment, α2-adrenergic agonists and dopamine receptor antagonists are the mainstay of therapy. Stereotypies are commonly found in healthy, typically developing children. Yet, they are also prominent in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Stereotypies typically do not require treatment. When part of a more complex neurodevelopmental disorder, behavioural strategies can be beneficial. For both types of involuntary movement, assessment of phenomenology and review of social, emotional, neurobehavioural, and cognitive factors are key to diagnosis as well as further evaluation and treatment.
Tics and stereotypies are among the most common movement disorders in childhood. These early-onset involuntary movements are stereotyped in nature, but differ in phenomenology, age at onset, and comorbid conditions. This chapter will outline the key identifying features, natural history, and treatment of each.
Hereditary and Acquired Cerebellar Ataxias
Authors: Koutsis George , Wood Nicholas W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract‘Cerebellar ataxia’ refers to a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the cerebellum and its connections and characterized by lack of coordination most evident in gait, use of the extremities, speech, and ocular movement. Although individual ataxic disorders are relatively rare, the ataxias as a whole represent a common clinical problem. Acquired ataxias are the most frequent, but heredoataxias also contribute a substantial proportion of cases. Over the past two decades, neuroimaging and molecular genetics have revolutionized the field, shedding light on the aetiology of these diverse disorders.The differential diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia is complex and consists of an extensive list of acquired and an ever-expanding list of recognized hereditary causes. Acquired causes include viral cerebellitis, space-occupying lesions, multiple sclerosis, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, drug toxicity, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, superficial siderosis, multiple system atrophy, and idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia. Hereditary causes include inborn errors of metabolism, episodic ataxias, autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (also known as spinocerebellar ataxias), X-linked ataxias, and mitochondrial ataxias. A systematic approach based on relatively straightforward clinical rules can be a useful guide to the diagnostic process. Determining the age of onset can limit the differential to congenital, early-onset (&lt;25 years) and late-onset (&gt; 25 years) causes. Clarifying the mode of onset can further narrow down the list to acute-onset, subacute-onset, and insidious-onset causes. The presence of a non-progressive, intermittent, or progressive course can focus the diagnosis further. Deciding whether an acquired or hereditary cause should be sought reduces the differential to a manageable list. Finally, specific information gathered from the history, the examination (including extracerebellar and extraneural findings), and routine or directed investigations allows the correct diagnosis to be made in most cases.
Systemic Disease and Movement Disorders
Authors: Cloud Leslie J. , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Systemic illness is often complicated by the development of movement disorders, and the spectrum of movement disorders occurring in systemic diseases is as diverse as the spectrum of diseases eliciting them. While movement disorders often develop in patients with a known systemic illness, they can sometimes be the presenting feature of a systemic disease (1). Although pregnancy is not considered an “illness” there are many movement disorders associated with this condition(2). Recognition and treatment of the underlying condition or a systemic disorder is essential for the optimal management of associated abnormal movements. Therefore, when evaluating patients with movement disorders, clinicians should carefully consider all medical historical details, associated symptoms and signs, and risk factors for systemic diseases as these may provide important clues to the underlying aetiology of both the systemic and the associated movement disorders. The information presented in this chapter should serve as a guide not only to movement disorder clinicians but also to general and primary care physicians. Recognizing the movement disorder phenomenology is the first step that eventually leads to the aetiologic diagnosis.
This chapter reviews movement disorders occurring in conjunction with several broad categories of systemic disease, including paraneoplastic, autoimmune, endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, and infectious diseases.
Special problems for psychiatric classification
Authors: Cooper John E. , Sartorius Norman 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this chapter there are comments upon a number of problems that are of particular importance in psychiatric classifications. There has been some agreement that social problems should be kept conceptually separate from mental and physical disease, but a satisfactory short definition of mental disease has proved elusive. In the background of this debate is the question of what is the basic responsibility of a modern scientifically trained doctor. Is it to just detect and treat physical illness, or does it include the relief of the whole illness experience of the patient and family? Kraupl Taylor and Fulford have argued strongly ‘for the latter. Compilers of modern classifications of mental disorders have avoided the debate about definitions of disease by using the conveniently imprecise concept of ‘disorder’. The definitions of this in ICD-10 and DSM-IV are similar, but there is an important difference that is easily overlooked, concerning the inclusion of interference with social functions.
Psychiatric classification in a wider perspective
Authors: Cooper John E. , Sartorius Norman 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The generation of numerous proposals for classifications of psychiatric disorders began in the late decades of the 19th Century and continued without interruptions until the second half of the 20th Century. These classifications were based on different principles such as presumed etiology, clinical syndromes, and course and outcome of illness; Stengel’s review for the WHO showed that their diversity made it impossible to compare results of research or develop universally valid recommendations concerning the management of mental disorders. The programme which the World Health Organization started in the 1960s had the aim of developing a classification that would be generally accepted internationally, and would serve as a common language in the field of mental health. Together with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual produced by the American Psychiatric Association, it has had an international influence, leading to a significant reduction of the numbers of proposals for national and regional classifications. The current versions of the ICD-10 Chapter V and the DSM-IV of the APA’s lassification are largely similar, and continuing cooperation between those preparing the next versions should ensure that this similarity is not lost. Whether any additional sections are needed to describe ‘culture-specific’ disorders which only occur in particular cultures is not yet known. Special sections are present in both the WHO classification and in DSM-IV to encourage research into this possibility.
Development of the trauma intensive care unit within trauma systems
Authors: Mohan Deepika 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The modern trauma intensive care unit (ICU) reflects the confluence of twotrends: the development of inclusive trauma systems and the rise of subspecialtyintensive care units. This chapter will review key historical events that influencedthe development of the trauma ICU within trauma systems, as well assome of the literature on the current role of the trauma ICU in the managementof trauma patients.
Massive transfusions and coagulopathy
Authors: Neal Matthew D. , McDaniel Lauren M. , Forsythe Raquel M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Numerous definitions of massivetransfusion (MT) exist, but it is most commonly defined as the administrationof ≥ 10 units of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) to a patient in a single 24-hourperiod. The need for MT in the ICU arises most commonly in the setting oftraumatic injury because 3%–5% of all civilian trauma patients go on to require MT. Postoperative hemorrhage, postpartum complications, complex electivevascular and transplantation surgery, and acute gastrointestinal bleeding arealso frequent triggers for massive transfusion. This chapter will discussthe approach to MT for the patient presenting with hemorrhagic shock, with afocus on the evidence-based approach to hemostatic resuscitation as well as theimportant consequences and complications that must be closely monitored bythe ICU clinician.
Ventilator management of trauma patients
Authors: Benns Matthew , Sarani Babak , Corcos Alain C. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The indications for mechanical ventilation in the trauma patient falls into three, broad categories: shock resulting in metabolic acidosis, insult to the respiratorysystem resulting in impaired gas exchange, and depressed mental status leadingto decreased ability to protect the airway. Once mechanical ventilation has beeninitiated, the clinician must be cognizant of the possibility of ventilator-inducedlung injury. It is critical to recall that oxygen exchange isdirectly proportional to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and mean airwaypressure, while CO 2 exchange is directly proportional to the minute ventilation.
Endocrinology in the critically injured patient
Authors: Patel Nimitt , Sperry Jason 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Although significant advances in the care of the injured patient have occurredover the last decade, those who survive their initial injury continue to be plaguedwith the development of multiple organ failure, sepsis, and their attributablemorbid effects. In these critically injured patients there are many stressors inaddition to their injuries, such as infectious complications, various therapeuticinterventions, and operative procedures. An injured patient–s ability to cope with these factors comprisesa complex multi-factorial response in which the endocrine system–s involvement, integrity, and flexibility are integral components for survival. The neuroendocrineresponse is a key factor in maintaining homeostasis and enablingthe injured patient to recover.
Hypothermia and trauma
Authors: Tisherman Samuel A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Spontaneous, uncontrolled hypothermia occurs in up to half of the victims ofmajor trauma. Trauma patients are unable to maintain normal temperaturehomeostasis because of the effects of shock, alcohol and drug intoxication, sedation, and anesthesia. Anesthesia alone may decrease heat production by 20%. Inaddition, the administration of room-temperature fluids and exposure for evaluationand operative interventions can increase heat loss. The more severe theinjury, the greater the risk of hypothermia.
Toxicology
Authors: Katz Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Poisonings, intoxications, and withdrawal states are frequently encounteredin the trauma patient. Consequently, the clinician must be familiar with the generalapproach to diagnosis and treatment of common toxicological entities.Furthermore, the initial traumatic injury, treatment, or diagnostic studies may maskor delay recognition of an underlying overdose, which can easily impact outcome.The initial approach to the poisoned patient focuses primarily on history, physicalexamination, and targeted diagnostics.Particular attention should bepaid to the patient presenting with clinical findings incongruous with the history, physical examination, or diagnostic studies.Routine diagnostic studies for the toxicology patient are often intertwined with those for the trauma patient, but, more specific laboratory testing should be guided by clinical presentation and suspicion.