bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corruption in Sport
Authors: Nassif Nadim 
Published: August 2014

Corruption in sport may have different forms: bribes to International Olympic Committee officials, gambling scandals in football games, doping… But these scourges are not only related to bribery in winning a bid to organize an international sport event or to an athlete cheating, they are also very present in the policy of the government in this field. In fact, the economic, social and political growth of sport in the end of the 20th century has put this sector on the national agendas. Today, sport policy is subject to a structure mechanism and a financing system defined and implemented by the government. Therefore, if a country has a public sector tainted with corruption, it is very likely to affect the whole government apparatus, including the sport sector. When it comes to the public sector, corruption is mainly found in the bribery of officials, kickbacks in procurement and embezzlement of funds.
This article examines corruption in the Lebanese sport system. It argues that the latter is highly influenced by the state’s multiconfessional political system. This system, which is officially based on a communitarian balance that is difficult to reach, is transformed in reality into a struggle for overrepresentation, even in the field of sport. As the main goal for the different religious groups is to lead the political scene, this often implies corruptive and nepotistic behavior.
Tropical Cyclone Simulation and Response to CO2 Doubling in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Seog , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Knutson Thomas R. , Anderson Whit G. , Delworth Thomas L. , Rosati Anthony , Zeng Fanrong , Zhao Ming 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Global tropical cyclone (TC) activity is simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Climate Model, version 2.5 (CM2.5), which is a fully coupled global climate model with a horizontal resolution of about 50 km for the atmosphere and 25 km for the ocean. The present climate simulation shows a fairly realistic global TC frequency, seasonal cycle, and geographical distribution. The model has some notable biases in regional TC activity, including simulating too few TCs in the North Atlantic. The regional biases in TC activity are associated with simulation biases in the large-scale environment such as sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, and vertical velocity. Despite these biases, the model simulates the large-scale variations of TC activity induced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation fairly realistically. The response of TC activity in the model to global warming is investigated by comparing the present climate with a CO2 doubling experiment. Globally, TC frequency decreases (−19%) while the intensity increases (+2.7%) in response to CO2 doubling, consistent with previous studies. The average TC lifetime decreases by −4.6%, while the TC size and rainfall increase by about 3% and 12%, respectively. These changes are generally reproduced across the different basins in terms of the sign of the change, although the percent changes vary from basin to basin and within individual basins. For the Atlantic basin, although there is an overall reduction in frequency from CO2 doubling, the warmed climate exhibits increased interannual hurricane frequency variability so that the simulated Atlantic TC activity is enhanced more during unusually warm years in the CO2-warmed climate relative to that in unusually warm years in the control climate.
Thrombocytopenia in malaria: its usefulness in a clinical setting. A study from Western Rajasthan, India
Authors: Singh Anurag , Goyal Manish , Sharma Deepak 
Published: August 2014

Objective To assess the occurrence of thrombocytopaenia in hospitalised patients of malaria and to correlate its severity with the type of malaria in Western Rajasthan. Methods A total of 100 patients with proven malaria were included in this study. Haematological parameters were determined by using an automated analyser. Fifty malaria-free patients were taken as controls. Results In the study group of 100 patients; 45 patients had P. vivax malaria, 38 had P. Falciparum malaria and mixed malaria was detected in 17 patients. Out of 100 patients, 89 patients had thrombocytopaenia while out of 50 controls only eight (16%) patients had thrombocytopaenia ( P < 0.001). Ninety-one percent of patients with thrombocytopaenia also had anaemia. Thrombocytopaenia was more commonly associated with complicated malaria compared to uncomplicated malaria ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Any patient in a malaria endemic zone presenting with acute febrile illness and having thrombocytopaenia and anaemia should be alerted to the possibility of malarial infection.
Reducing the Preoperative Ecological Footprint in Otolaryngology
Authors: Lui Justin T. , Rudmik Luke , Randall Derrick R. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo (1) evaluate the potential for recycling uncontaminated preoperative waste and (2) identify recycling differences within otolaryngology–head and neck surgery subspecialties.Study DesignProspective study.SettingThree university‐affiliated tertiary level hospitals.SubjectsOtolaryngology–head and neck surgery operative procedures.MethodsA total of 97 operative procedures were evaluated. Preoperative waste products were sorted into recyclable and nonrecyclable materials; intraoperative waste was weighed for volume but not sorted. The preoperative period was defined as the opening of the surgical supply cart for operating room preparation until procedure initiation. Mass and volume of each type of waste were recorded upon the conclusion of the case.ResultsApproximately 23.1% of total operative waste mass (36.7% by volume) was derived from the preoperative set‐up, of which 89.7% was recyclable. Pediatric procedures produced the least recyclable material per operation as a proportion of total waste, which was statistically different than the 2 highest recyclable subspecialties, general and rhinology (P =. 006); the remaining subspecialties did not statistically differ in proportion of recyclable material produced.ConclusionThis study identified a source of clean recyclable materials that could eliminate 21% of operating room waste mass.
Can a “Psychosocial Model” Help Explain Violence Perpetrated by Female Batterers?
Authors: Ferreira Regardt J. , Buttell Frederick P. 
Published: August 2014

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the psychosocial predictors of propensity for abusiveness among a large sample of women ordered into a 26-week batterer intervention program (BIP). Method: The study employed a nonequivalent, control group design (comparing program completers to dropouts) in a secondary analysis of 485 women. Results: Analysis indicated that (1) there were no significant differences between program completers and dropouts on their propensity for abusiveness. (2) There are specific family of origin indicators associated with higher levels of propensity for abusiveness among women batterers. (3) Family of origin indicators leading to increased propensity for abusiveness were significantly different among racial groups. Conclusion: These findings reveal characteristics of women batterers, as they relate to the propensity for abusiveness and provide preliminary evidence suggesting exposure to various forms of violence in family of origin helps explain the use of violence by adult women against their intimate partners.
Graft Shape Affects Midfoot Correction and Forefoot Loading Mechanics in Lateral Column Lengthening Osteotomies
Authors: Baxter Josh R. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A. , Prado Marcelo Pires , Gilbert Susannah L. , Tharmviboonsri Theerawoot , Deland Jonathan T. 
Published: August 2014

Background: Adult acquired flatfoot deformity is characterized by midfoot abduction and collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. Lateral column lengthening osteotomies primarily correct the abduction deformity, but the effects of graft shape on deformity correction and forefoot loading are unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of graft shape and taper on deformity correction and forefoot loading mechanics in a cadaveric flatfoot model. Methods: Flatfoot deformity was simulated in 18 cadaveric specimens. A lateral column lengthening osteotomy was performed using a triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular graft for each specimen. During each testing condition, talonavicular joint angles and forefoot plantar pressures were measured. Results: Each graft shape corrected abduction and dorsiflexion deformity at the talonavicular joint. Coronal plane correction was affected by graft shape, and the less tapered trapezoidal and rectangular grafts overloaded the lateral forefoot compared to the intact condition. The more tapered triangular graft did not cause a lateral shift in forefoot pressures. Forefoot plantar pressures were strongly correlated with talonavicular abduction correction ( R2 = .473, P < .001). Conclusion: Graft shape had no effect on the correction of talonavicular abduction or dorsiflexion but did influence coronal plane motion and forefoot loading mechanics. Also, overcorrecting the abduction deformity was predictive of increased lateral plantar pressures. Clinical Relevance: Although overcorrection of the abduction deformity at the midfoot remains the primary determinant of lateral forefoot overload, utilizing a graft with a larger taper may lower the incidence of lateralized forefoot pressure following correction.
Identifying gaps in knowledge: A map of the qualitative literature concerning life with a neurological condition
Authors: Audulv Åsa , Packer Tanya , Versnel Joan 
Published: August 2014

Objectives To describe patterns in the qualitative literature regarding the everyday experience of living with a neurological condition; to identify areas of depth as well as gaps in the existing knowledge base. Methods An extensive search of the literature yielded 474 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Data extraction, based on scrutiny of both abstract and full text article included country of origin, diagnosis, stated aim, methodological framework/design, participants, and data collection method(s). Studies were categorized into 27 topics within four broad foci. Results Four broad foci describe the field: impact and management, daily activities and occupations, impact on family, and the healthcare experience. Overall the research is unevenly distributed by diagnosis; some are well represented while others are the subject of little research. Even diagnoses well represented in quantity can be limited in breadth. Discussion Possible explanations for the patterns of emphasis include: a focus on issues and problems, highlighted points of contact between patients and healthcare providers, and ability of participants to voice their views. The literature is also characterized by limited across diagnoses research or that comparing the experience of people with different diagnoses. There is a need for more research in particular diagnoses; more varied data collection methods and acknowledgement of ethnicity, gender, discrimination, and social inequalities.
Detection of asymptomatic renal Leptospira infection in abattoir slaughtered cattle in southeastern Georgia, United States
Authors: Rajeev Sreekumari , Ilha Marcia , Woldemeskel Moges , Berghaus Roy D , Pence Mel E 
Published: August 2014

Objectives: Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic infectious diseases affecting humans and animals. Several animal species, including cattle, can act as potential asymptomatic carriers facilitating zoonotic transmission of Leptospira. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of asymptomatic renal Leptospira carriers among cattle slaughtered in southeastern Georgia, United States. Methods: A battery of diagnostic tests, including dark field microscopy, direct fluorescent antibody staining, polymerase chain reaction, and culture, were performed on a set of bovine kidneys (n = 37) collected from an abattoir in southeastern Georgia, United States. Virulence of a field isolate obtained from this study was tested in a hamster experimental model. Results: Motile spirochete-like structures were observed by dark field microscopy in 23 (59%) out of 37 kidney samples tested. In all, 29 samples (78%) were positive by direct fluorescent antibody staining. Only 11 (29.7%) samples by polymerase chain reaction and 3 (8.1%) by culture were positive for Leptospira sp. The isolates obtained by culture were confirmed as Leptospira borgpetersenii. Hamsters experimentally infected with one of the Leptospira field isolates obtained from this study did not show clinical signs but developed renal infection with interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis. Conclusions: This study confirms that asymptomatic Leptospira renal infection is present among cattle in the region. Our findings underscore the need for future studies to assess the potential environmental contamination and transmission to humans in contact with infected cattle.
Depression and heart rate variability in firefighters
Authors: Liao Li-Mei , Al-Zaiti Salah S , Carey Mary G 
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Depression has been found to increase the risk of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease through a mechanism of changing cardiac autonomic tone which is reflected by alteration of heart rate variability indices. This study investigated whether such mechanism existed in firefighters who were at high risk of depression and sudden cardiac death. Methods and results: In total, 107 firefighters were recruited. All completed Beck Depression Inventory and underwent 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. The root-mean-square of successive differences, standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals index, and the percentage of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals >50 ms were significantly lower in depressed than in non-depressed firefighters after controlling for hypertension, age, and body mass index (40.1 ± 18.8 vs 62.5 ± 77.4, p < 0.01; 63.0 ± 19.2 vs 72.1 ± 34.8, p < 0.01; 8.4 ± 7.2 vs 12.7 ± 10.9, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Decreased vagal tone is a possible mechanism linking depression and sudden cardiac death in firefighters.
Downregulation of Prdm16 mRNA is a specific antileukemic mechanism during HOXB4-mediated HSC expansion in vivo
Authors: Yu Hui , Neale Geoffrey , Zhang Hui , Lee Han M. , Ma Zhijun , Zhou Sheng , Forget Bernard G. , Sorrentino Brian P. 
Published: August 2014

Key PointsHOXB4 induces stable gene expression changes in transplanted HSCs that drive balanced self-renewal and differentiation divisions. Marked downregulation of Prdm16 occurs concurrently with HOXB4-mediated HSC expansion and functions to prevent leukemia in vivo.
Platelets release mitochondria serving as substrate for bactericidal group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 to promote inflammation
Authors: Boudreau Luc H. , Duchez Anne-Claire , Cloutier Nathalie , Soulet Denis , Martin Nicolas , Bollinger James , Paré Alexandre , Rousseau Matthieu , Naika Gajendra S. , Lévesque Tania , Laflamme Cynthia , Marcoux Geneviève , Lambeau Gérard , Farndale Richard W. , Pouliot Marc , Hamzeh-Cognasse Hind , Cognasse Fabrice , Garraud Olivier , Nigrovic Peter A. , Guderley Helga , Lacroix Steve , Thibault Louis , Semple John W. , Gelb Michael H. , Boilard Eric 
Published: August 2014

Key PointsWhen activated and in platelet storage bags, platelets release respiratory-competent mitochondria, a recognized damage-associated molecular pattern. Mitochondria, descendant of Rickettsia prowazekii, serve as substrate for bactericidal sPLA2-IIA to promote inflammation.
Perspectives of South American physicians hosting foreign rotators in emergency medicine
Authors: O’Donnell Steve , Adler David H , Inboriboon Pholaphat Charles , Alvarado Hermenegildo , Acosta Raul , Godoy-Monzon Daniel 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background
Emergency Medicine (EM) is increasingly becoming an international field. The number of fellowships in International EM in the USA is growing along with opportunities to complete international health electives (IHEs) during residency training. The impact on host institutions, however, has not been adequately investigated. The objective of this study is to assess the experience of several South American hospitals hosting foreign EM residents completing IHEs.

Methods
Anonymous, semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with physicians working in Emergency Departments in three hospitals in Lima, Peru and one hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. All participants reported previously working with EM foreign rotators. Interviews were analyzed qualitatively and coded for common themes.

Results
Three department chairs, six residents, and 15 attending physicians were interviewed (total = 24). After qualitative analysis of interviews, two broad theme categories emerged: Benefits and Challenges. Most commonly reported benefits were knowledge sharing about emergency medical systems (78%), medical knowledge transfer (58%), and long-term relationship formation (42%). Top challenges included rotator Spanish language proficiency (70%) lack of reciprocity (58%), and level of training and rotation length (25%). Spanish proficiency related directly to how involved rotators became in patient care (e.g., taking a history, participating in rounds) but was not completely prohibitive, as a majority of physicians interviewed felt comfortable speaking in English. Lack of reciprocity refers to the difficulty of sending host physicians abroad as well as failed attempts at building long-lasting relationships with foreign institutions. Lastly, 25% preferred rotators to stay for at least 1 month and rotate in the last year of EM residency. This latter preference increased knowledge transfer from rotator to host.

Conclusions
Our research identified benefits and challenges of IHEs in Emergency Medicine from the perspective of physician hosts in several hospitals in South America. Our results suggest that IHEs function best when EM residents rotate later in residency training and when relationships are maintained and deepened among those involved including host physicians, rotators, and institutions. This leads to future rotators, project collaboration, research, and publications which not only benefit individuals involved but also the wider field of Emergency Medicine.
Experimental investigation of copper-grooved micro heat pipes (MHPs)
Authors: Wang Xiao-Dong , Zou Liang-Liang , Liu Ji-Guang , Luo Yi , Liu Gang , Yu Bei-Ke 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
With the excellent thermal conductivity and the compatibility to micro electromechanical systems technology, silicon is widely used in micro heat pipes (MHPs). Copper shows higher heat transfer capability and capillary traction than silicon. Copper microgrooves were fabricated on the silicon wafer using electroforming technique in this paper. Water contact angle measurements and thermal behavior tests demonstrated that copper-grooved MHPs showed better performance than silicon ones. Under the input power of 5.99 W, the equivalent thermal conductivities of copper-grooved and silicon-grooved MHPs were 228.98 W/K · m and 196.26 W/K · m. This work showed the feasibility of copper grooved silicon based MHPs in heat transfer for high-power light emitting diode (HP LED).
A river runs through it: how autophagy, senescence, and phagocytosis could be linked to phospholipase D by Wnt signaling
Authors: Gomez-Cambronero Julian , Kantonen Samuel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTNeutrophils and macrophages are professional phagocytic cells, extremely efficient at the process of engulfing and killing bacteria. Autophagy is a similar process, by which phagosomes recycle internal cell structures during nutrient shortages. Some pathogens are able to subvert the autophagy process, funneling nutrients for their own use and for the host's detriment. Additionally, a failure to mount an efficient autophagy is a deviation on the cell's part from normal cellular function into cell senescence and cessation of the cell cycle. In spite of these reasons, the mechanism of autophagy and senescence in leukocytes has been under studied. We advance here the concept of a common thread underlying both autophagy and senescence, which implicates PLD. Such a PLD-based autophagy mechanism would involve two positive inputs: the generation of PA to help the initiation of the autophagosome and a protein–protein interaction between PLD and PKC that leads to enhanced PA. One negative input is also involved in this process: down-regulation of PLD gene expression by mTOR. Additionally, a dual positive/negative input plays a role in PLD-mediated autophagy, β-catenin increase of autophagy through PLD up-regulation, and a subsequent feedback termination by Dvl degradation in case of excessive autophagy. An abnormal PLD-mTOR-PKC-β-catenin/Wnt network function could lead to faulty autophagy and a means for opportunistic pathogens to survive inside of the cell.
Living with uncertainty: antidepressants and pregnancy
Authors: Jones Ian , McDonald Liz 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThere have been a large number of studies in recent years reporting on the reproductive safety of antidepressant medication. Some studies, but not all, have reported an association of antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and the subsequent development of autism spectrum disorders. It remains difficult to know whether the modest increase in risk is due to the medication, to the mood disorder itself, or to other confounding factors. For any individual woman the decision to commence or continue antidepressant medication in pregnancy must be made after a full consideration of the potential risks and benefits of all options, including non-pharmacological treatments. In making these difficult decisions it is important to recognise that episodes of severe psychiatric illness may have very serious negative consequences for the woman, her baby and her family, and these must be weighed against what is known about the risks of taking medication.
Do Relationships Matter? Evidence from Loan Officer Turnover
Authors: Drexler Alejandro , Schoar Antoinette 
Published: August 2014

We show that the cost of employee turnover in firms that rely on decentralized knowledge and personal relationships depends on the firms' planning horizons and the departing employees' incentives to transfer information. Using exogenous shocks to the relationship between borrowers and loan officers, we document that borrowers whose loan officers are on leave are less likely to receive new loans from the bank, are more likely to apply for credit from other banks, and are more likely to miss payments or go into default. These costs are smaller when turnover is expected, as in the case of maternity leave, or when loan officers have incentives to transfer information, as in the case of voluntary resignations. This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.