bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Colonization with Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Protect against Nosocomial Acquisition of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus?
Authors: Landelle Caroline , Iten Anne , Uçkay Ilker , Sax Hugo , Camus Véronique , Cohen Gilles , Renzi Gesuele , Schrenzel Jacques , Pittet Didier , Perrier Arnaud , Harbarth Stephan 
Published: March 2014

Objective.To test the hypothesis that methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriage may protect against nosocomial methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) acquisition by competing for colonization of the anterior nares.Design.Prospective cohort and nested case-control study.Setting.Swiss university hospital.Patients.All adult patients admitted to 14 wards of the general medicine division between April 1 and October 31, 2007.Methods.Patients were screened for MRSA and MSSA carriage at admission to and discharge from the division. Associations between nosocomial MRSA acquisition and MSSA colonization at admission and other confounders were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analysis.Results.Of 898 patients included, 183 (20%) were treated with antibiotics. Nosocomial MRSA acquisition occurred in 70 (8%) of the patients (case patients); 828 (92%) of the patients (control subjects) were free of MRSA colonization at discharge. MSSA carriage at admission was 20% and 21% for case patients and control subjects, respectively. After adjustment by multivariate logistic regression, no association was observed between MSSA colonization at admission and nosocomial MRSA acquisition (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.6–2.3]). By contrast, 4 independent predictors of nosocomial MRSA acquisition were identified: older age (aOR per 1-year increment, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.02–1.08]); increased length of stay (aOR per 1-day increment, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.02–1.09]); increased nursing workload index (aOR per 1-point increment, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01–1.04]); and previous treatment with macrolides (aOR, 5.6 [95% CI, 1.8–17.7]).Conclusions.Endogenous MSSA colonization does not appear to protect against nosocomial MRSA acquisition in a population of medical patients without frequent antibiotic exposure.
Impact of Adenosine Triphosphate Detection and Feedback on Hospital Room Cleaning
Authors: Smith Philip W. , Beam Elizabeth , Sayles Harlan , Rupp Mark E. , Cavalieri R. Jennifer , Gibbs Shawn , Hewlett Angela 
Published: March 2014

Objective.To assess the effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) device measurement of hospital room cleaning and feedback of pooled results to environmental service workers (EVS) to improve cleaning efficacy.Design.Nonrandomized controlled trial conducted over 20 months.Setting.Three hospitals of varying size.Participants.EVS workers, randomly selected on the basis of convenience sample of rooms.Interventions.Environmental cleanliness composite scores were combined with layered educational interventions and used to provide feedback to EVS workers on specific hospital units. Trends in cleaning efficacy were observed after the interventions.Results.Cleaning efficacy improved significantly with each intervention (P < .01) and decreased during the washout period.Conclusions.The ATP detection device combined with educational feedback for EVS workers resulted in significant improvement in cleaning efficacy of the hospital room environment.
Analysis of an industrial production suspension ofBacillus lentussubtilisin crystals by powder diffraction: a powerful quality-control tool
Authors: Frankaer Christian G. , Moroz Olga V. , Turkenburg Johan P. , Aspmo Stein I. , Thymark Majbritt , Friis Esben P. , Stahl Kenny , Nielsen Jens E. , Wilson Keith S. , Harris Pernille 
Published: March 2014

A microcrystalline suspension ofBacillus lentussubtilisin (Savinase) produced during industrial large-scale production was analysed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray single-crystal diffraction (MX). XRPD established that the bulk microcrystal sample representative of the entire production suspension corresponded to space groupP212121, with unit-cell parametersa= 47.65,b= 62.43,c= 75.74 Å, equivalent to those for a known orthorhombic crystal form (PDB entry 1ndq). MX using synchrotron beamlines at the Diamond Light Source with beam dimensions of 20 × 20 µm was subsequently used to study the largest crystals present in the suspension, with diffraction data being collected from two single crystals (∼20 × 20 × 60 µm) to resolutions of 1.40 and 1.57 Å, respectively. Both structures also belonged to space groupP212121, but were quite distinct from the dominant form identified by XRPD, with unit-cell parametersa= 53.04,b = 57.55,c= 71.37 Å anda= 52.72,b= 57.13,c= 65.86 Å, respectively, and refined toR= 10.8% andRfree= 15.5% and toR= 14.1% andRfree= 18.0%, respectively. They are also different from any of the forms previously reported in the PDB. A controlled crystallization experiment with a highly purified Savinase sample allowed the growth of single crystals of the form identified by XRPD; their structure was solved and refined to a resolution of 1.17 Å with anRof 9.2% and anRfreeof 11.8%. Thus, there are at least three polymorphs present in the production suspension, albeit with the 1ndq-like microcrystals predominating. It is shown how the two techniques can provide invaluable and complementary information for such a production suspension and it is proposed that XRPD provides an excellent quality-control tool for such suspensions.
Pyrosequencing reveals regional differences in fruit‐associated fungal communities
Authors: Taylor Michael W. , Tsai Peter , Anfang Nicole , Ross Howard A. , Goddard Matthew R. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryWe know relatively little of the distribution of microbial communities generally. Significant work has examined a range of bacterial communities, but the distribution of microbial eukaryotes is less well characterized. Humans have an ancient association with grape vines (Vitis vinifera) and have been making wine since the dawn of civilization, and fungi drive this natural process. While the molecular biology of certain fungi naturally associated with vines and wines is well characterized, complementary investigations into the ecology of fungi associated with fruiting plants is largely lacking. DNA sequencing technologies allow the direct estimation of microbial diversity from a given sample, avoiding culture‐based biases. Here, we use deep community pyrosequencing approaches, targeted at the 26S rRNA gene, to examine the richness and composition of fungal communities associated with grapevines and test for geographical community structure among four major regions in New Zealand (NZ). We find over 200 taxa using this approach, which is 10‐fold more than previously recovered using culture‐based methods. Our analyses allow us to reject the null hypothesis of homogeneity in fungal species richness and community composition across NZ and reveal significant differences between major areas.
Rhizosphere ecology and phytoprotection in soils naturally suppressive to Thielaviopsis black root rot of tobacco
Authors: Almario Juliana , Muller Daniel , Défago Geneviève , Moënne‐Loccoz Yvan 
Published: March 2014

SummarySoil suppressiveness to disease is an intriguing emerging property in agroecosystems, with important implications because it enables significant protection of susceptible plants from soil‐borne pathogens. Unlike many soils where disease suppressiveness requires crop monoculture to establish, certain soils are naturally suppressive to disease, and this type of specific disease suppressiveness is maintained despite crop rotation. Soils naturally suppressive to Thielaviopsis basicola‐mediated black root rot of tobacco and other crops occur in Morens region (Switzerland) and have been studied for over 30 years. In Morens, vermiculite‐rich suppressive soils formed on morainic deposits while illite‐rich conducive soils developed on sandstone, but suppressiveness is of microbial origin. Antagonistic pseudomonads play a role in black root rot suppressiveness, including Pseudomonas protegens (formerly P. fluorescens) CHA0, a major model strain for research. However, other types of rhizobacterial taxa may differ in prevalence between suppressive and conducive soils, suggesting that the microbial basis of black root rot suppressiveness could be far more complex than solely a Pseudomonas property. This first review on black root rot suppressive soils covers early findings on these soils, the significance of recent results, and compares them with other types of suppressive soils in terms of rhizosphere ecology and plant protection mechanisms.
Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act and American Leadership in the Campaign against International Tax Evasion: Revolution or False Dawn?
Authors: Eccleston Richard , Gray Felicity 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPromoting tax transparency to address international tax evasion is a central issue on the global policy agenda with G8 leaders recently declaring that ‘tax authorities across the world should automatically share information to fight the scourge of tax evasion’. This growing commitment to addressing international tax evasion has a long provenance. Recently, the little‐known US Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), enacted in 2010, has played a key role in this effort/the international effort. The rapid evolution and diffusion of FATCA has the potential to make significant inroads into international tax evasion and has been lauded by proponents of improved offshore tax compliance. Yet FATCA is based on a ‘unilateral’ model, imposed by Washington on financial institutions operating in the US, which critics argue undermines its prospects of providing an effective basis for international tax cooperation and governance. This article provides an empirical account of the origins and evolution of FATCA, arguing that while FATCA is likely to increase the capacity of the US government to tax offshore holdings of its citizens, its ‘unilateral’ origins and design may limit reciprocity within the international tax regime. The article concludes with an assessment of the likely consequences of FATCA in terms of its impact on both international tax evasion and on global governance more broadly.
Tor‐Sch9 deficiency activates catabolism of the ketone body‐like acetic acid to promote trehalose accumulation and longevity
Authors: Hu Jia , Wei Min , Mirzaei Hamed , Madia Federica , Mirisola Mario , Amparo Camille , Chagoury Shawna , Kennedy Brian , Longo Valter D. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIn mammals, extended periods of fasting leads to the accumulation of blood ketone bodies including acetoacetate. Here we show that similar to the conversion of leucine to acetoacetate in fasting mammals, starvation conditions induced ketone body‐like acetic acid generation from leucine in S. cerevisiae. Whereas wild‐type and ras2Δ cells accumulated acetic acid, long‐lived tor1Δ and sch9Δ mutants rapidly depleted it through a mitochondrial acetate CoA transferase‐dependent mechanism, which was essential for lifespan extension. The sch9Δ‐dependent utilization of acetic acid also required coenzyme Q biosynthetic genes and promoted the accumulation of intracellular trehalose. These results indicate that Tor‐Sch9 deficiency extends longevity by switching cells to an alternative metabolic mode, in which acetic acid can be utilized for the storage of stress resistance carbon sources. These effects are reminiscent of those described for ketone bodies in fasting mammals and raise the possibility that the lifespan extension caused by Tor‐S6K inhibition may also involve analogous metabolic changes in higher eukaryotes.
The face, the future, and dental practice: how research in craniofacial biology will influence patient care
Authors: Townsend GC , Brook AH 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIt has been a privilege to assemble a group of Australian and international researchers to produce a special issue of the Australian Dental Journal that reflects the cutting edge of research in different aspects of craniofacial biology, and also considers how these advances will influence future education and practice within dentistry.The aim of this special issue is to provide a collection of concept papers and critical reviews on key topics that cover both fundamental and applied research in craniofacial biology and to consider the clinical implications.To do this, four questions have been addressed that lead to the four sections of this issue. These are:

How have we come to the present exciting position in craniofacial biology with breakthroughs over the past 50 years?
What are current fundamental research topics that are helping us to understand more about craniofacial and general development, possibly leading to future clinical developments?
What are the current applied research topics that will influence future clinical practice?
Looking forward, what new developments in craniofacial biology may come about that will change the face of dental education and practice?
The refereed papers in this special issue are grouped into the four sections that seek to respond to these demanding questions.
Global classification and coding of hypersensitivity diseases – An EAACI – WAO survey, strategic paper and review
Authors: Demoly P. , Tanno L. K. , Akdis C. A. , Lau S. , Calderon M. A. , Santos A. F. , Sanchez‐Borges M. , Rosenwasser L. J. , Pawankar R. , Papadopoulos N. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHypersensitivity diseases are not adequately coded in the International Coding of Diseases (ICD)‐10 resulting in misclassification, leading to low visibility of these conditions and general accuracy of official statistics. To call attention to the inadequacy of the ICD‐10 in relation to allergic and hypersensitivity diseases and to contribute to improvements to be made in the forthcoming revision of ICD, a web‐based global survey of healthcare professionals' attitudes toward allergic disorders classification was proposed to the members of European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) (individuals) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) (representative responding on behalf of the national society), launched via internet and circulated for 6 week. As a result, we had 612 members of 144 countries from all six World Health Organization (WHO) global regions who answered the survey. ICD‐10 is the most used classification worldwide, but it was not considered appropriate in clinical practice by the majority of participants. The majority indicated the EAACI–WAO classification as being easier and more accurate in the daily practice. They saw the need for a diagnostic system useful for nonallergists and endorsed the possibility of a global, cross‐culturally applicable classification system of allergic disorders. This first and most broadly international survey ever conducted of health professionals' attitudes toward allergic disorders classification supports the need to update the current classifications of allergic diseases and can be useful to the WHO in improving the clinical utility of the classification and its global acceptability for the revised ICD‐11.
Structuring Corporate Boards for Wealth Protection and/or Wealth Creation: The Effects of National Institutional Characteristics
Authors: Kim Young Un , Ozdemir Salih Zeki 
Published: March 2014

Manuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Questions/IssueThis study examines variation among firms in different countries in terms of how corporate boards are structured for effective governance. We discuss the fiduciary role of boards along two dimensions: (1) boards as wealth protectors and (2) boards as wealth creators. We explore how external governance mechanisms affect the emphasis placed on these two board role dimensions.Research Findings/InsightsUsing data from 23 countries and 19 industries, we show that board structure choices depend upon national institutional characteristics. Specifically,InvestorProtection,Rule ofLaw, andOpenMarkets institution act as complements or substitutes to how a board is structured to emphasize two different aspects of corporate governance. The results hold while controlling for firm, industry, and other country level effects.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe offer a more nuanced understanding of the linkages between internal/firm and external/institution level governance mechanisms by studying them in tandem. Our results imply that external governance mechanisms within a nation alter the costs and benefits of designing boards for a certain fiduciary role. This finding contributes to the governance bundles literature by articulating how governance mechanisms from both firm and nation levels configure together to form national governance bundles.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationAs opportunities and constraints differ by country due to distinct institutional characteristics, firms varyingly structure their boards in accordance with the environment. They emphasize stronger wealth protection and/or wealth creation, or neither. This paper contributes to public policy by presenting how corporate laws and de/regulating markets may affect board structure choices.
Heavy drinking occasions in Australia: Do context and beverage choice differ from low‐risk drinking occasions?
Authors: Callinan Sarah , Livingston Michael , Dietze Paul , Room Robin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe aim of the current study is to look for differences in drink choice and drinking location between a recent heavy drinking occasion (RHDO) and usual low‐risk occasions among those that recently had both types of drinking occasion.Design and MethodsSeven hundred and seventy‐four respondents to a population‐based survey reported having a RHDO [8 + Australian standard drinks (ASD) for females, 11 + ASD for males] in the past six months also reported that their usual drinking occasion in at least one location involved less than five ASD. Drink choice and drinking locations for the RHDO and usual low‐risk occasions were compared using confidence intervals.ResultsThe RHDO was more likely than usual low‐risk occasions to occur away from licensed premises (59%), despite a higher percentage of respondents reporting drinking at a pub, bar or nightclub on a RHDO (28%) than on a usual low‐risk night (12%). A higher percentage of respondents nominated bottled spirits (33%) as their main drink for their RHDO, with 11% primarily drinking bottled spirits on a usual low‐risk occasion; the converse was true for bottled wine (20% and 33%, respectively).Discussion and ConclusionsWhile the high proportion of RHDOs that occurred at least in part at pubs or nightclubs was not surprising, a high proportion also occur in private homes. Previously found links between heavy drinking and beer may be a reflection of the usual drink choice of heavier drinkers, rather a choice specific to a particularly heavy occasion. [Callinan S, Livingston M, Dietze P, Room R. Heavy drinking occasions in Australia: Do context and beverage choice differ from low‐risk drinking occasions? Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:354–357]
Use of specific immunotherapy – a survey of 15 164 employed persons in Germany
Authors: Weberschock Tobias , Schaefer Ines , Heigel Hagen , Valesky Eva , Augustin Matthias , Schmitt Jochen 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe high prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) leads to high morbidity and costs. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a potentially curative therapy for AR. The ­decision whether or not to employ SIT is often not totally clear.Patients and methodsIn 2012/13, as part of company skin cancer screening ­programs, employed persons between the ages of 16–70 were asked about use of allergy‐related medications and atopic conditions, as well as the use of SIT or possible reasons preventing its use.ResultsOf the 15,164 persons surveyed, 26.2% (n = 3,966) reported they had allergies that might benefit from SIT therapy. Of these, only 31.7% (n = 1,470) had undergone SIT therapy, with 63.3% (n = 931) describing the treatment as successful. The main reasons given for not undergoing SIT were relatively minor symptoms (51.2%; n = 1,278), little confidence in the success of therapy, and lack of time (12%; n = 300). Only 5.2%, n = 129) stated that avoiding allergens was sufficient or that they could not undergo SIT because of other health problems. Another 5.2% (n = 130) said they had either not heard of SIT, or had not found a place to undergo treatment.ConclusionsAlthough about one‐quarter of respondents reported allergies that might benefit from SIT, less than one‐third had undergone treatment. The main ­reason was having mild symptoms; guideline or healthcare‐related issues were ­responsible only to a limited extent.
Submicroscopic genomic rearrangements change gene expression in T‐cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
Authors: Iżykowska Katarzyna , Zawada Mariola , Nowicka Karina , Grabarczyk Piotr , Kuss Andreas W. , Weissmann Robert , Busemann Christoph , Ludwig Wolf‐Dieter , Schmidt Christian A. , Przybylski Grzegorz K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo better understand the molecular pathogenesis of T‐cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T‐LGL), we decided to search for those genetic alterations in T‐LGL patients and MOTN‐1 cell line (established from T‐LGL patient) that have an impact on gene expression and as a result can influence cell biology.MethodsMulticolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) analysis of the MOTN‐1 cell line was performed as well as paired‐end next‐generation sequencing (NGS; Illumina HiSeq2000) of this cell line and one T‐LGL patient. In addition, chosen 6q region was characterized in three T‐LGL patients using high‐resolution comparative genomic hybridization (FT‐CGH) and LM‐PCR. Gene expression was studied by RNA sequencing (RNAseq; SOLID5500).ResultsRearrangements were detected within 1p and 2q in MOTN‐1 affecting expression of FGR, ZEB2, and CASP8, and within 6q in MOTN‐1 and one T‐LGL patient affecting MAP3K5 and IFNGR1. Nineteen genes, among them FOXN3, RIN3, AKT1, PPP2R5C, were overexpressed as a result of an amplification in 14q in one T‐LGL patient. Two novel fusion transcripts were identified: CASP8‐ERBB4 in MOTN‐1 and SBF1‐PKHD1L1 in T‐LGL patient.ConclusionsThis study showed that submicroscopic genomic rearrangements change gene expression in T‐LGL. Several genes involved in rearrangements were previously linked to cancer and survival pattern that characterizes T‐LGL cells.