bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of primary outcome changes in clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ramagopalan Sreeram V. , Skingsley Andrew P. , Handunnetthi Lahiru , Klingel Michelle , Magnus Daniel , Pakpoor Julia , Goldacre Ben 
Published: June 2014

Background: An important principle in the good conduct of clinical trials is that a summary of the trial protocol, with a pre-defined primary outcome, should be freely available before the study commences. The clinical trials registry ClinicalTrials.gov provides one method of doing this, and once the trial is registered, any changes made to the primary outcome are documented. The objectives of this study were: to assess the proportion of registered trials on ClinicalTrials.gov that had the primary outcome changed; to assess when the primary outcome was changed in relation to the listed study start and end dates and to assess whether the primary outcome change had any relation to the study sponsor.Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of all interventional clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of 25 October 2012 was performed. The main outcome was any change made to the initially listed primary outcome and the time of the change in relation to the trial start and end date.Findings: Our analysis showed that 28229 of 89204 (31.7%) registered studies had their primary outcome changed. Industry funding was associated with all primary outcome changes, odds ratio (OR)= 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31-1.41, p<0.001; with primary outcome changes after study start date OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.32-1.42, p<0.001; with primary outcome changes after primary completion date OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.75-1.94, p<0.001 and with primary outcome changes after study completion date OR=1.82, 95% CI=1.73-1.91, p<0.001. Conclusions A significant proportion of interventional trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov have their primary outcomes altered after the listed study start and completion dates. These changes are associated with funding source.
Vitellogenin family gene expression does not increase Drosophila lifespan or fecundity
Authors: Ren Yingxue , Hughes Kimberly A. 
Published: June 2014

One of the most striking patterns in comparative biology is the negative correlation between lifespan and fecundity observed in comparisons among species. This pattern is consistent with the idea that organisms need to allocate a fixed energy budget among competing demands of growth, development, reproduction and somatic maintenance. However, exceptions to this pattern have been observed in many social insects, including ants, bees, and termites. In honey bees (Apismellifera),Vitellogenin(Vg), a yolk protein precursor, has been implicated in mediating the long lifespan and high fecundity of queen bees. To determine ifVg-like proteins can regulate lifespan in insects generally, we examined the effects of expression ofApisVgandDrosophila CG31150(aVg-like gene recently identified ascv-d) onDrosophilamelanogasterlifespan and fecundity using the RU486-inducible GeneSwitch system. For all genotypes tested, overexpression ofVgandCG31150decreasedDrosophilalifespan and did not affect total or age-specific fecundity. We also detected an apparent effect of the GeneSwitch system itself, wherein RU486 exposure (or the GAL4 expression it induces) led to a significant increase in longevity and decrease in fecundity in our fly strains. This result is consistent with the pattern reported in a recent meta-analysis ofDrosophilaaging studies, where transgenic constructs of the UAS/GAL4 expression system that should have no effect (e.g. an uninduced GeneSwitch) significantly extended lifespan in some genetic backgrounds. Our results suggest thatVg-family genes are not major regulators ofDrosophilalife history traits, and highlight the importance of using appropriate controls in aging studies.
Factors that contribute to social media influence within an Internal Medicine Twitter learning community
Authors: Desai Tejas , Patwardhan Manish , Coore Hunter 
Published: June 2014

Medical societies, faculty, and trainees use Twitter to learn from and educate other social media users. These social media communities bring together individuals with various levels of experience. It is not known if experienced individuals are also the most influential members. We hypothesize that participants with the greatest experience would be the most influential members of a Twitter community.We analyzed the 2013 Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine Twitter community. We measured the number of tweets authored by each participant and the number of amplified tweets (re-tweets). We developed a multivariate linear regression model to identify any relationship to social media influence, measured by the PageRank.Faculty (from academic institutions) comprised 19% of the 132 participants in the learning community (p < 0.0001). Faculty authored 49% of all 867 tweets (p < 0.0001). Their tweets were the most likely to be amplified (52%, p < 0.01). Faculty had the greatest influence amongst all participants (mean 1.99, p < 0.0001). Being a faculty member had no predictive effect on influence (β = 0.068, p = 0.6). The only factors that predicted influence (higher PageRank) were the number of tweets authored (p < 0.0001) and number of tweets amplified (p < 0.0001)The status of “faculty member” did not confer a greater influence. Any participant who was able to author the greatest number of tweets or have more of his/her tweets amplified could wield a greater influence on the participants, regardless of his/her authority.
The Generalized Consistent Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Kovacs Attila A. , Golden Bruce L. , Hartl Richard F. , Parragh Sophie N. 
Published: June 2014

The consistent vehicle routing problem (ConVRP) takes customer satisfaction into account by assigning one driver to a customer and by bounding the variation in the arrival times over a given planning horizon. These requirements may be too restrictive in some applications. In the generalized ConVRP (GenConVRP), each customer is visited by a limited number of drivers and the variation in the arrival times is penalized in the objective function. The vehicle departure times may be adjusted to obtain stable arrival times. Additionally, customers are associated with AM/PM time windows. In contrast to previous work on the ConVRP, we do not use the template concept to generate routing plans. Our approach is based on a flexible large neighborhood search that is applied to the entire solution. Several destroy and repair heuristics have been designed to remove customers from the routes and to reinsert them at better positions. Arrival time consistency is improved by a simple 2-opt operator that reverses parts of particular routes. A computational study is performed on ConVRP benchmark instances and on new instances generated for the generalized problem. The proposed algorithm performs well on different variants of the ConVRP. It outperforms template-based approaches in terms of travel cost and time consistency. For the GenConVRP, we experiment with different input parameters and examine the trade-off between travel cost and customer satisfaction. Remarkable cost savings can be obtained by allowing more than one driver per customer.
Importance of the Medicaid Medical Directors’ Multi-State Collaborative for
Improving Care in Medicaid
Authors: Zerzan Judy , Griffith Katherine , Trudnak Tara , Fairbrother Gerry 
Published: June 2014

Introduction: There are many benefits of multistate collaboratives or networks to
states, but at the center is that they allow for the opportunity to learn from other
states and experts about the practices and policies states have implemented without the
significant time lag of published research. This commentary examines these benefits and
illustrates the importance of quality improvement collaborations to decision-making in
state Medicaid programs.Background: In 2007, the Medicaid Medical Directors Learning
Network (MMDLN) began conducting quality improvement studies using their own state-level
administrative data to better understand the major clinical issues facing the Medicaid
populations and to work together on policies to improve outcomes.Rationale and Results:
The three issues selected by MMDs for quality improvement monitoring to date involved an
important national problem – including both morbidity and cost – and were amenable to
policy solutions. The studies examined the use of antipsychotic medication in children,
hospital admissions and readmissions, and early elective deliveries (i.e., elective
deliveries occurring before 39 weeks).Importance and Utility: The multistate clinical
quality projects conducted offer a key mechanism for achieving the goal of helping the
Medicaid program deliver value-driven, high-quality, cost-effective health care in an
efficient manner. These projects also provide the participating states with data to
inform policies internally.Conclusions: In order for the quality of health care to
improve, the system needs to be structured as a learning health care system; one that is
always accessing evidence, implementing a variation of it (i.e., with new data sources
or tools such as electronic clinical data), assessing effectiveness, and sharing results
for others to repeat the cycle.
Anerkennung und Abhängigkeit
Authors: Herrmann Steffen K. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Recently, a number of critical social theorists have argued that the analysis of social relations of unfreedom should take into account the phenomenon of self-subordination. In my article, I draw on Hegel’s theory of recognition to elucidate this phenomenon and show that recognition can be not only a means of self-realization, but also of subjugation. I develop my argument in three steps: As a first step, I reconstruct the idea of social pathologies in the tradition of Critical Theory. In the course of this reconstruction, it becomes clear that the analysis of social pathologies should focus on the binding force of recognition. As a second step, I reinterpret Hegel and show that a close reading of the relationship of lordship and bondage can help us to understand how a subject can become bound by recognition. As a third step, I make an attempt at reactualizing Hegel’s idea. Following Sartre’s analysis of anti-Semitism, I outline three stages of how subjects can gradually come to subordinate themselves and become entrapped in social relations of unfreedom such as race, class or gender.
Modulation of cell behaviors by electrochemically active polyelectrolyte multilayers
Authors: Chang Guo-xun , Ren Ke-feng , Zhao Yi-xiu , Sun Yi-xin , Ji Jian 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn addition to the topographical features and chemical properties of substrates, the mechanical properties are known as a vital regulator of cellular processes such as adhesion, proliferation, and migration, and have received considerable attention in recent years. In this work, electrochemical redox multilayers made of ferrocene-modified poly(ethylenimine) (PEI-Fc) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with controlled stiffness were used to investigate the effects of the mechanical properties of multilayers on fibroblast cell (NIH/3T3) behaviors. Redox PEI-Fc plays an essential role in inducing swelling in multilayers under an electrochemical stimulus, resulting in distinct changes in the stiffness of the multilayers. The Young’s modulus varied from 2.05 to 1.07 MPa for the (PEI-Fc/DNA) multilayers by changing the oxidation time of the electrochemical treatment. We demonstrated that the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of fibroblast cells depended on the multilayers’ stiffness. These results indicate that cell behaviors can be precisely controlled by electrochemical treatment, which provides a new way to prepare thin films with tunable mechanical properties with potential biomedical applications.
A facile synthesis of 7,12-dihydro-1,3,6,7,12-pentaazapleiadenes by domino reaction
Authors: Basetti Vishnu , Pallepati Rangarao , Thadi Emima , Hosahalli Subramanya , Potluri Vijay 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
A tandem strategy for the synthesis of 7,12-dihydro-1,3,6,7,12-pentaazapleiadenes and 4-(2-aminophenoxy)pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5(6H)-ones from readily available starting materials has been developed.
Network swelling of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose
Authors: Maloney Thad C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
This study examines the swelling of TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFCTEMPO, shortly NFC) on both the particle and interparticle levels. The sum of the intraparticle and interparticle swelling is referred to as the network swelling. A centrifugal method, based on a modification of the water retention value test, was used to measure the network swelling of NFC, a pigment, and some pulp fibers. It was found that the network swelling of NFC is highly dependent on its concentration within a fiber matrix. The particle swelling of NFC and pulp fibers was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solute exclusion. The counterion for the NFC varied among the Na+, H+, and Ca2+ forms. The counterion has a very large effect on the particle and network swelling of NFC, with Ca2+ giving the lowest swelling and Na+ the highest swelling. An industrially feasible method for changing the counterion of NFC from the nominal Na+ to the Ca2+ form, and thus improving dewatering properties, is given.
Degradation of chemically modified Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with Fenton reagent
Authors: Xie Yanjun , Xiao Zefang , Mai Carsten 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Fenton reaction is supposed to play a key role in the initial wood degradation by brown rot fungi. Wood was modified with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and glutaraldehyde (GA) to various weight percentage gains in order to study if these types of modifications are able to reduce wood degradation by Fenton reagent. Veneers modified with higher concentrations (1.2 and 2.0 mol l-1) of both chemicals exhibited minor losses in mass and tensile strength during treatment with Fenton reagent, which shows restrained oxidative degradation by hydroxyl radicals. The decomposition rate of H2 O2 was lower in the Fenton solutions containing modified veneers than in those containing unmodified controls. More CO2 evolved in systems containing unmodified veneers than in systems with modified veneers, indicating that modification protected wood from mineralisation. The reason for the enhanced resistance of modified wood to the Fenton reaction is attributed to impeded diffusion of the reagent into the cell wall rather than to inhibition of the Fenton reaction itself. The results show that wood modification with DMDHEU and GA is able to restrain the degradation of wood by the Fenton reaction and can explain why modified wood is more resistant to brown rot decay.
Does recent sexual intercourse during pregnancy affect the results of the fetal fibronectin rapid test? A comparative prospective study
Authors: Faron Gilles , Buyl Ronald , Foulon Walter 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Objective: We conducted a prospective comparative cohort study to determinate the influence of coitus on quantitative fetal fibronectin test results under normal pregnancy conditions. We also compared values obtained in cervical and vaginal secretions.

Methods: In a population of women with normal singleton pregnancies between 22 and 28 weeks gestation, we have performed (cervical and vaginal) quantitative fetal fibronectin tests in two separate groups classified according to timing after coitus (one group of women had intercourse within 24 h before sampling and the control group had intercourse >24 h before sampling). The main outcome measures were the proportion of positive tests in both groups and the correlation between cervical and vaginal values through the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results: Both groups were similar in terms of general characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. The proportions of positive results in the vaginal secretions were 7.5% and 25.0% (P=0.007) in the control and coitus group, respectively. In the cervical secretions, the proportions of positive tests were greater, but not statistically different (39.7% and 40.0%, respectively). The Pearson correlation coefficients were very low (<0.3) indicating poor correlation between both sampling locations. Even if the cervical values were generally greater than the vaginal values, they were lower in 26% of the women.

Conclusions: Coitus definitely interferes with vaginal fetal fibronectin test results. In cervical secretions, the positive rate was so high that coitus had no influence, but cervical sampling in this location should be avoided.
Spatio-temporal patterns in the distribution of the multi-mammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis, in rice crop and fallow land habitats in Tanzania
Authors: Mulungu Loth S. , Sixbert Valency , Ngowo Victoria , Mdangi Mashaka , Katakweba Abdul S. , Tesha Protas , Mrosso Furaha P. , Mchomvu Margaret , Kilonzo Bukheti S. , Belmain Steven R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn understanding of the dispersion patterns of a pest is an important pre-requisite for developing an effective management programme for the pest. In this study, rodents were trapped in two rice fields and two fallow fields for three consecutive nights each month from June 2010 to May 2012.
The Economic System of China
Authors: Cheung Steven N. S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
“The Economic System of China” by Steven Cheung was originally presented as the lead paper at the 2008 Chicago Conference on China’s Market Transformation, organized by Professor Coase. While the paper, with a Chinese translation, has been available in China since 2009, it has not received the attention it deserves outside China. In this new version, Professor Cheung added a postscript to the original paper, which Professor Coase praised as “powerful” and is kept intact.
Chemical speciation in fresh, saline and hyper-saline waters
Authors: Tepavitcharova Stefka , Rabadjieva Diana , Todorov Tihomir , Kovacheva Antonina , Dassenakis Manos , Paraskevopoulou Vasiliki 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA thermodynamic model is proposed, which combines the ion association and the ion interaction models using the extended database pit2010.dat for a more precise modeling of the chemical species of micro components in natural waters of varying ionic strength (fresh, saline and hyper-saline). Compared to the ion association model, the proposed combined model more adequately describes the complex character of the ionic interactions. The performance of the combined ion association/ion interaction model compared to that of the ion association model is illustrated in case studies of several Bulgarian natural water systems of different ionic strength and type of pollution. The results are interpreted in terms of the chemical behavior of the metals and of their chemical species in the water systems, which is defined by the redox potential, pH, cationic and anionic organic and inorganic composition of the water systems and by the ability of the metals to preferentially coordinate with some anions, as well as by the stability of the corresponding species. The affinity of the transition metals towards the ligands is explained by the “hardness-softness” factor and the crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE).
Characteristics analysis and mold design for ultrasonic-assisted injection molding
Authors: Yang Yi-Jen , Huang Chung-Ching , Lin Shih-Kai , Tao Jie 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This study investigated the use of ultrasonic technology in assisted injection molding (AIM) and mold design. An ultrasonic device installed in a mold was employed to vibrate a melt, thereby converting kinetic energy into thermal energy. This method enabled maintaining the desired temperature in the melt flow, preventing a high level of shear and the formation of a thick frozen layer surrounding the skin layer; thus, the injection molding efficiency was enhanced and the residual stress inside the injection-molded component was reduced. In this study, a flat sample (75 mm×47 mm×1 mm) of an ultrasonic-assisted injection mold was developed. An ultrasonic oscillation device 45 mm in diameter was placed in the center of the cavity and used to vibrate a polycarbonate melt at a frequency of 20 KHz. In addition, cavity pressure sensors were positioned at the front and rear of the vibration region to analyze the melt flow behavior under ultrasonic-AIM (UAIM) conditions. The results showed that ultrasonic oscillations can reduce the amount of melt pressure lost through the cavity. The pressure loss of the flat sample used in UAIM was approximately 29% lower than that of the sample used in conventional injection molding (CIM; nonultrasonic-assisted injection); the power of UAIM did not yield substantial effects. Direct ultrasonic oscillations destroyed the melt flow and thermal stresses, therefore, the region exhibited a low stress distribution. Compared with using CIM, using UAIM reduced the average residual stress by 27%. Ultrasonic oscillation affected the surface roughness during melt solidification. When the ultrasonic power was <70%, no substantial increase in surface roughness was observed; however, when the ultrasonic power >70%, the surface roughness was 10 times higher compared with that observed using CIM.
Influence of humic acid on plutonium sorption to gibbsite: Determination of Pu-humic acid complexation constants and ternary sorption studies
Authors: Zimmerman Trevor , Zavarin Mavrik , Powell Brian A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this work stability constants describing Pu(IV), Th(IV), and Np(V)
binding to Leonardite humic acid (HA) were determined using a discrete
pK
a
model. A hybrid ultra-filtration/equilibrium dialysis, ligand
exchange technique was used to generate the partitioning
data. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as a reference
ligand to allow the aqueous chemistry of the Pu(IV)-HA system to be
examined over a range of pH values, while minimizing the possibility
of precipitation of Pu(IV). The conditional stability constant for
Pu(IV) complexation with HA determined as part of this work is
log β
112 = 6.76 ± 0.14 based on the equation:
Pu4+ + HL3 + 2H2O ↔ Pu(OH)2L3+ + 3H+
where HA is represented by HL3 (a binding site on the HA with a pK
a

value of 7). This value is three orders of magnitude higher than the
Th(IV)-HA constant and between six and eight orders of magnitude
higher than the Np(V)-HA complex. The magnitude of the stability
constants and the general trend of increasing complexation strength
with increasing pH is consistent with previous observations.
The Pu(IV)-HA stability constants were used to model sorption of
Pu(IV) to gibbsite in the presence of HA. Assuming only aqueous Pu-HA
complexes and AlOH-Pu surface complexes, the model was unable to
predict the observed data which exhibited greater sorption at pH 4
relative to pH 6; a phenomenon which does not occur in the absence of
HA. Therefore, this study demonstrates that ternary Pu-HA-gibbsite
complexes may form under low pH conditions and exhibit greater
sorption than that observed in the absence of HA. Although the
presence of HA may increase the solubility/aqueous concentrations of
Pu in the absence of a solid phase, formation of ternary complexes may
indeed retard the subsurface migration of Pu. The corollary to this
finding is that increased mobility may occur if the ternary surface
complex forms on a mobile colloid rather than part of the subsurface
matrix