bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Right to Health in an African Cultural Context: The Role of Ubuntu in the Realization of the Right to Health with Special Reference to South Africa
Authors: Himonga Chuma 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe article examines the realization of the right to health through the African concept of ubuntu. It attempts to show that ubuntu plays or ought to play a significant role in the realization of the right to health. This argument is advanced by identifying the attributes of ubuntu relevant to the implementation of the right to health and then applying these attributes to practical scenarios to operationalize the right to health. South Africa is used as a special point of reference because of the jurisprudence on ubuntu that has emerged there since 1994.
Plasmons carrying orbital angular momentum in quantum plasmas
Authors: KHAN SHABBIR A. , ALI S. , MENDONCA J. T. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe existence of plasmons with orbital angular momentum due to the Laguerre–Gaussian-type density and potential perturbations is studied in an unmagnetized quantum plasma. Starting from appropriate hydrodynamic equations for the electrostatic electron dynamics, a dispersion equation is derived in paraxial approximation. The Laguerre–Gaussian beam solutions are obtained and the properties of electric field components, energy flux, and corresponding angular momentum density of plasmons are investigated. The electric field lines are found to form helical structures with a dominant axial component. The results are analyzed numerically and the influence of radial and angular mode numbers on potential and electric field components is illustrated.
Benthic diversity and assemblage structure of a north Patagonian rocky shore: a monitoring legacy of the NaGISA project
Authors: Rechimont M.E. , Galván D.E. , Sueiro M.C. , Casas G. , Piriz M.L. , Diez M.E. , Primost M. , Zabala M.S. , Márquez F. , Brogger M. , Alfaya J.E.F. , Bigatti G. 
Published: August 2013

The rocky shore of Punta Este, Golfo Nuevo (Patagonia, Argentina), was sampled by means of the standardized NaGISA (CoML) protocol, that was aimed to generate biodiversity baseline data in six levels, from high intertidal to 10 m depth. Based on the generated data, we analysed the benthic assemblage structure, species richness, mean abundance and the distribution pattern of invertebrate functional groups, typifying species in each intertidal and subtidal level. The intertidal sampled is exposed to extreme physical conditions higher than any other rocky shore system studied, with air temperature variation of 40°C during the year, maximum winds of 90 km/h and semidiurnal tides of 5 m amplitude; on the other hand subtidal presents less thermal variation (ΔT 10°C throughout the year) and more homogeneous physical conditions. We identified 64 taxa represented by six animal phyla: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida (Polychaeta), Echinodermata, Cnidaria and Nemertea; and three algal phyla: Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Heterokontophyta (class: Phaeophyceae). Ordination non-metric multidimensional scaling plots showed three different assemblages in terms of species composition (intertidal, subtidal 1 m level and subtidal 5–10 m levels). The intertidal was represented by suspension feeders, mainly Mollusca. The tiny mussels Brachidontes rodriguezii and Brachidontes purpuratus, and the algae Corallina officinalis dominated the intertidal and promote positive interaction (amelioration), preventing other species from the extreme physical stress. The subtidal was mainly represented by grazers. Our results showed a tendency of suspension feeders to decrease and grazers and predators to increase from high intertidal to subtidal, probably driven by decreasing physical stress. The gastropod Tegula patagonica, the sea urchins Arbacia dufresnii and Pseudechinus magellanicus and the invasive algae Undaria pinnatifida were the most abundant species in 1 m–10 m levels. Based on previous work performed in the region, we hypothesize that the differences registered between intertidal and subtidal levels could be explained in part by an increase in physical stress at the intertidal, with low predation pressure that promotes positive interactions, while in the subtidal the increase in consumers and decrease of physical stress could lead to associational defences. Our results could be useful as baseline data to develop a sustainable network for long-term monitoring of benthic community changes due to anthropogenic activities.
Finding the Arctic pole of inaccessibility
Authors: Rees Gareth , Headland Robert , Scambos Ted , Haran Terry 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe Arctic pole of inaccessibility (API), defined as the point on the Arctic Ocean that is farthest from any land, is commonly asserted to lie at 84° 03′ N, 174° 51′ W. We show that the true position is 85° 48′ N, 176° 09′ E, over 200 km from the traditional location. The reason for this error is unknown.
Clarifying the causal relationship in women between childhood sexual abuse and lifetime major depression
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Aggen S. H. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) is strongly associated with risk for major depression (MD) but the degree to which this association is causal remains uncertain.MethodWe applied structural equation modeling using the Mplus program to 1493 longitudinally assessed female twins from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.ResultsOur model included (i) retrospective self- and co-twin reports on CSA, (ii) major potentially confounding covariates, (iii) assessment of lifetime history of MD at two separate interviews, and (iv) mood-congruent recall (implemented by allowing current depressive symptoms to predict reporting of CSA). In a model with only measurement error, CSA explained 9.6% of MD. Including four key covariates reduced the variance explained to 5.3%, with the largest effects found for parental loss and low parental warmth. Adding the effect of mood-congruent recall to a final well-fitting model reduced the percentage of variance explained in lifetime MD (LTMD) by CSA to 4.4%. In this model, current depressive symptoms significantly predicted recall of CSA.ConclusionsIn a model correcting for measurement error, confounding and the impact of mood-congruent recall, CSA remains substantially associated with the risk for LTMD in women. These findings strongly suggest, but do not prove, that this association is causal, and are consistent with previous results in this sample using a co-twin control design, but also indicate that more than half of the uncorrected CSA–MD association is probably not causal. Traumatic life experiences contribute substantially to the risk for LTMD.
Language and mathematical problems as precursors of psychotic-like experiences and juvenile mania symptoms
Authors: Cederlöf M. , Östberg P. , Pettersson E. , Anckarsäter H. , Gumpert C. , Lundström S. , Lichtenstein P. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPsychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and juvenile mania in adolescence index risk for severe psychopathology in adulthood. The importance of childhood problems with communication, reading, speech and mathematics for the development of PLEs and juvenile mania is not well understood.MethodThrough the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, we identified 5812 children. The parents were interviewed about their children's development at age 9 or 12 years. At age 15 or 18 years, children and parents completed questionnaires targeting current PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms. Logistic regressions were used to assess associations between problems with communication, reading, speech and mathematics and PLEs/juvenile mania symptoms. To evaluate the relative importance of genes and environment in these associations, we used bivariate twin analyses based on structural equation models.ResultsChildren with parent-endorsed childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics had an increased risk of developing auditory hallucinations and parental-reported juvenile mania symptoms in adolescence. The most consistent finding was that children with childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics had an increased risk of developing auditory hallucinations [for example, the risk for self-reported auditory hallucinations at age 15 was increased by 96% for children with communication problems: OR (odds ratio) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–2.88]. The twin analyses showed that genetic effects accounted for the increased risk of PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms among children with communication problems.ConclusionsChildhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics predict PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms in adolescence. Similar to the case for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, PLEs and juvenile mania may share genetic aetiological factors.
Perspective écologique sur les déterminants de la vitalité cognitive des aînés
Authors: Belley Anne-Marie , Parisien Manon , Nour Kareen , Bier Nathalie , Ferland Guylaine , Guay Danielle , Popov Petre , Laforest Sophie 
Published: August 2013

RésuméLe vieillissement cognitif demeure une réalité très hétérogène chez la population aînée. Des études ont récemment identifié certains facteurs pouvant contribuer à maintenir la santé cognitive des aînés. À ce jour, ces recherches ont principalement porté sur des déterminants individuels, notamment : les conditions de santé et les habitudes de vie. Une recension des écrits a été réalisée afin d’explorer les facteurs socio-environnementaux qui peuvent influencer la vitalité cognitive des aînés. Cette recension montre que les études qui ont examiné ce lien potentiel sont très rares. Seuls le type et le niveau socio-économique du quartier de résidence, ainsi que la taille du réseau social ont été identifiés comme facteurs d’influence. Par contre, des études ont montré que l’environnement pouvait moduler certaines habitudes de vie qui, à leur tour, peuvent influencer la cognition. Le présent article s’inspire d’une approche écologique afin d’illustrer des cibles individuelles et socio-environnementales de la promotion de la santé cognitive des aînés.
Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Aging: A Thematic Review
Authors: Roger Kerstin Stieber , Mignone Javier , Kirkland Susan 
Published: August 2013

RÉSUMÉIl manque de recherche spécifique qui décrit les aspects sociaux du vieillissement avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine/syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise (VIH/SIDA) au Canada, malgré une augmentation globale de la population viellissante et l’augmentation du nombre de ceux qui vieillissent avec le VIH/SIDA. Une revue systématique de la littérature été menée en se focalisant sélectivement sur les aspects sociaux aux personnes âgées vivant avec le VIH/SIDA. Les thèmes principaux qui se dégagent dans la littérature sont l’âgisme et la stigmatisation, le sexe, la santé mentale et les soutiens sociales. On présente des recommandations sur la recherche à l’avenir, les modèles théoriques, et le programmatisation.
Revisiting transmission and diffusion: An agent-based model of vowel chain shifts across large communities
Authors: Stanford James N. , Kenny Laurence A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this study, we present the first agent-based simulation of vowel chain shifts across large communities, providing a parsimonious reinterpretation of Labov's (2007) notions of transmission, diffusion, and incrementation. Labov determined that parent-to-child transmission faithfully reproduces structural patterns such as the Northern Cities Shift (NCS), but adult-to-adult diffusion does not. NCS is transmitted faithfully to new generations of U.S. Inland North children. But St. Louis speakers, depending only on adult-adult contact, only attain an incomplete, unsystematic version. Labov (2007) attributed the difference to children's superior language-learning ability; transmission and diffusion are categorically different processes in that approach. By contrast, our multiagent simulation suggests that such transmission/diffusion effects can be derived by simple density of interactions and simple exemplar learning; we also find that incrementation is a natural outcome of this model. Unlike Labov (2007), this model does not require a dichotomy between transmission and diffusion. While dichotomous assumptions about child versus adult learning may be necessary in other contexts, our results suggest that the NCS effects in Labov (2007) may be explained economically in terms of simple density of interactions between speakers. Our results also provide an agent-based perspective supporting and explicating the notion of speech community.
Null subjects in Old English
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe possibility of referential null subjects in Old English has been the subject of conflicting assertions. Hulk and van Kemenade (1995:245) stated that “the phenomenon of referentialpro-drop does not exist in Old English,” but van Gelderen (2000:137) claimed that “Old English has pro-drop.” This paper presents a systematic quantitative investigation of referential null subjects in Old English, drawing on the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE; Taylor, Warner, Pintzuk, & Beths, 2003) and the York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Poetry (YCOEP; Pintzuk & Plug, 2001). The results indicate substantial variation between texts. In those texts that systematically exhibit null subjects, these are much rarer in subordinate clauses, with first- and second-person null subjects also being rare. I argue that the theory of identification of null subjects by rich verbal agreement is not sufficient to explain the Old English phenomenon, and instead I develop an account based on Holmberg's (2010) analysis of partial null subject languages.
Transatlantic variation in English adverb placement
Authors: Waters Cathleen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study examines the placement of an adverb with respect to a modal or perfect auxiliary in English (e.g.,It might potentially escape/It potentially might escape). The data are drawn from two large, socially stratified corpora of vernacular English (Toronto, Canada, and York, England) and thus allow a cross-dialect perspective on linguistic and social correlates. Using quantitative sociolinguistic methods, I demonstrate similarity in the varieties, with the postauxiliary position generally strongly favored. Of particular importance is the structure of the auxiliary phrase; when a modal is followed by the perfect auxiliary (e.g.,It might have escaped), the rates of preauxiliary adverb placement are considerably higher. As the variation is chiefly correlated with linguistic, rather than social factors, I apply recent proposals from Generative syntax to further understand the grammar of the phenomenon. However, the evidence suggests that the variability seen here is a result of postsyntactic, rather than syntactic, processes.
The Place of Church History in the College Course of Study
Authors: MacCracken Henry Mitchell 
Published: August 2013

Church history is the story of the important events in the existence of a visible, organized body of persons professing faith in Christ as the divine Saviour. Which body, some would add, possesses a direct succession from the apostles under and through a continuous episcopate, or, as others would add, under and through the Roman Pontiffs.It is the story of how Christians have believed within themselves, which is theology, of how they have behaved before one another and the world, which is morality, how they have worshipped God, which constitutes religious rites and observances, how they have governed their brethren, which is ecclesiastical discipline, how they have multiplied their friends, which is missions, and how they have received benefit or injury as a body from the world outside, which constitutes the Church's secular relationship.
Christian Unity, or the Kingdom of Heaven
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: August 2013

No one can doubt that, if the Christian Church were one in spirit, and one in organization for work, she would fulfil her appointed mission better than she does. Indeed, since the establishment of brotherly love is a chief part of that mission, so long as that love is wanting, so long she fails in her mission. It may be safely said that no single cause so effectually obstructs Christianity within the Church, and none so prevents its acceptance outside, as the schisms and enmities whereby she is divided against herself. While she thus offers a ready text to her critics, detractors, and opponents, how can she hope to conquer the world for brotherly love?Whatever weighty reasons there may have been in days gone by for rending to pieces the Christian body; whatever advantages may have seemed likely to spring therefrom, that rending, being an absolute belying of the Christian spirit, was, in itself, an unmixed evil. The Church that had so far lost the spirit of Christian love, as not to be ready to bear all things, believe all things, hope all things, endure all things, rather than fall to pieces, was not the Church of Christ. No corruption or abuse, however glaring, could ever constitute a sufficient excuse for schism or revolt. Schism may be allowable in every other institution: in the Church of Christ it is forever forbidden; for the reason that her very essence is the unity of brotherly love, and where that fails, she fails. As St. Ignatius says: “If any one followeth one that maketh a schism, he doth not inherit the kingdom of God.” (Philad., iii.)
Dr. Schaff and the Episcopal Church
Authors: Tiffany C. C. 
Published: August 2013

Concerning the Episcopal Church Dr. Schaff writes as follows, in his “Paper on the Reunion of Christendom,” prepared for the Parliament of Religions and the National Conference of the Evangelical Alliance, held in Chicago September and October, 1893:“The Episcopal Church of England, the most churchly of the Reformed family, is a glorious Church, for she gave to the English-speaking world the best version of the Holy Scriptures and the best Prayer Book; she preserved the order and dignity of the ministry and public worship; she nursed the knowledge and love of antiquity, and enriched the treasury of Christian literature; and by the Anglo-Catholic Revival under the moral, intellectual, and poetic leadership of these shining lights of Oxford, Pusey, Newman, and Keble, she infused new life into her institutions and customs, and prepared the way for a better understanding between Anglicanism and Romanism.”
Judge Samuel Sewall (1652–1730), A Typical Massachusetts Puritan
Authors: Ewell John Lewis 
Published: August 2013

The publication of the Sewall diary and letters was begun by the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1878 and went on for ten years. The result is five goodly octavo volumes.These make a quarry that has been very largely drawn upon. Dr. Green, the librarian of the Society, told the writer last summer that no other of their publications had had such a sale, and that the demand for them still continues; but the material is so great and its character so rich that the writer would hope that there may still be room for his modest sketch. He has aimed to look at the Judge throughout as typical of the stock from which he sprung and of the province and age in which he lived.
Seeking diversification through efficient portfolio construction using cash-based and derivative instruments
Authors: Jones M. W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDiversification across asset classes has declined markedly in the last decade and concerns abound about the ability (or lack) of the financial system to weather another 2008-like event. There is a growing volume of academic literature seeking to derive measurement variables for detecting systemic risk. There is clearly a role for the actuarial profession within this discussion and we hope that this paper can engender further discussions and papers on this specific issue.Just as diversification across conventional asset classes has decreased there has been greater attention paid to the broader array of potential investment strategies that can be accessed via derivatives. The paper explores the prudent management of derivatives in pension funds and general asset portfolios to improve portfolio efficiency both in terms of implementing investment strategies and in broadening the range of investment opportunities for building an efficient investment portfolio from a risk-based perspective.
Serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia
Authors: Halberstadt Adam L. , Geyer Mark A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOne of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which act through the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. These compounds produce a ‘model psychosis’ in normal individuals that resembles at least some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on these similarities, and because evidence has emerged that the serotonergic system plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients, animal models relevant to schizophrenia have been developed based on hallucinogen effects. Here we review the behavioural effects of hallucinogens in four of those models, the receptor and neurochemical mechanisms for the effects and their translational relevance. Despite the difficulty of modelling hallucinogen effects in nonverbal species, animal models of schizophrenia based on hallucinogens have yielded important insights into the linkage between 5-HT and schizophrenia and have helped to identify receptor targets and interactions that could be exploited in the development of new therapeutic agents.
When Do Interest Groups Contact Bureaucrats Rather than Politicians? Evidence on Fire Alarms and Smoke Detectors from Japan
Authors: SCHEINER ETHAN , PEKKANEN ROBERT , MURAMATSU MICHIO , KRAUSS ELLIS 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhat determines whether interest groups choose to contact politicians or bureaucrats? Despite the importance of this question for policymaking, democracy, and some prominent principal-agent understandings of politics, it is relatively unexplored in the literature. We argue that government stability plays a major part in interest groups’ decisions. That is, central to interest groups’ decisions is their assessment of the likelihood that politicians currently in power will continue to be in the future. We deduce logical, but totally contrasting hypotheses, about how interest groups lobby under such conditions of uncertainty and then test these using a heteroskedastic probit model that we apply to a unique longitudinal survey of interest groups in Japan. We find that when it is unclear if the party controlling the government will maintain power in the future, interest groups are more likely to contact the bureaucracy. When it is believed that the party in power will retain control for a considerable period, interest groups are more inclined to contact politicians. In addition, during times of government uncertainty, interest groups that are supportive of the governing party (or parties) are more likely to contact politicians and those that are less supportive will be more likely to contact bureaucrats.
The New Generation of Conservative Politicians in Japan
Authors: BABB JAMES 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study examines the extent to which there has been a rise in ideologically based politics in Japan due to the decline in factionalism in the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The study is based on two cases studies. The first is based on the notion of ‘Koizumi's children’ recruited by former Prime Minister Koizumi and his allies, who were heavily discouraged from joining a faction. The second model is based on an analysis of a junior MP groups which have played a role in the internal management of the LDP independent of established party organizational structures.