bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Human Intravenous Immune Globulin on Diarrhea Caused by Shiga‐Like Toxin I and Shiga‐Like Toxin II in Infant Rabbits
Authors: Havens Peter L. , Dunne W. Michael , Burd Eileen M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractShiga toxin and the related Shiga‐like toxins (SLT), produced by Escherichia coli, can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Human intravenous immune globulin (HIVIg) blocks the cytotoxicity of some SLTs in vitro. To examine the ability of HIVIg to modify disease caused by Shiga‐like toxin I or Shiga‐like toxin II (SLT‐I or SLT‐II), we injected 3‐day‐old rabbits intraperitoneally with SLT‐containing cell‐free supernatants from Escherichia coli O157: H7. A subset of rabbits was treated with subcutaneous HIVIg. All rabbits given 104 CD50 of SLT‐1 developed severe diarrhea, and 5 died. When HIVIg 500 mg/kg was given in addition to SLT‐I, only 6 of 18 rabbits (33.3%) developed diarrhea (P < 0.0001), and 1 died. HIVIg 500 mg/kg or 1,000 mg/kg protected against diarrhea when given one hour prior to toxin. HIVIg 1,000 mg/kg was protective when administered one hour after toxin, but not at 6 or 24 hr. Seventeen of 18 rabbits given 106 CD50 of SLT‐II developed severe diarrhea, and 4 died. In contrast to SLT‐I‐associated disease, HIVIg had no effect on diarrhea in rabbits given SLT‐II. We conclude that HIVIg protects infant rabbits from diarrhea and death caused by by intrapertoneally administered SLT‐I, but does not affect the course of SLT‐II‐associated illness.
Characterization of an Amorphous and Soluble Hemagglutinin from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Sheng Yao Jian , Otsuki Koichi , Sanekata Takeshi , Tsubokura Misao , Koga Tetsuro , Tsuji Hideaki , Oka Tatsuzo , Takumi Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractYersinia pseudotuberculosis which were screened out depending on auto‐agglutination and Ca2+ dependency, were examined for their production of hemagglutinin (HA), and its purification and characterization were performed. The HA with a broad reactivity with various mammalian erythrocytes was recovered from the culture supernatant of these strains grown at 37 C but not 25 C. HAs from two strains, R148R and T1040, were purified by salt precipitation, gel filtration and anion‐exchange chromatography by HPLC. Both purified HAs were cysteine‐deficient acidic protein with an apparent molecular weight in the range of 15,000 to 16,000. N‐terminal amino acid sequences of the first 25 residues were found to share 12% identity with that of afimbrial adhesin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 2230. Immunoelectron microscopy and immunodiffusion test with polyclonal antiserum raised against the purified R148RHA demonstrated that the HA was associated with the amorphous aggregates which were detached from bacteria. These results suggest that the HA of Y. pseudotuberculosis belongs to a third type of HA produced by the yersinial species.
Detection of Herpes Simplex and Varicella‐Zoster Virus DNA by Field‐Inversion Gel Electrophoresis from Clinical Materials
Authors: Arao Yujiro , Yoshida Mariko , Sata Tetsutaro , Nakatsukasa Akihiko , Miyoshi Kaoru , Yamada Masao , Uno Fumio , Kurata Takeshi , Nii Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simple method using field‐inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) was applied to detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) genomes in clinical specimens. The whole genomes of these viruses could be detected in small vesicle tissues by the FIGE method regardless of their clinical stages of skin lesions. And the sensitivity of the FIGE method was equivalent to that of an immunofluorescent (IF) method. These data indicated usefulness of the FIGE method to detect the whole genomes of HSV and VZV in clinical specimens.
Suppression of Cell‐Mediated Immunity by Street Rabies Virus Infection
Authors: Hirai Kazuhiro , Kawano Hiroshi , Mifune Kumato , Fujii Hiroyuki , Nishizono Akira , Shichijo Akehisa , Mannen Kazuaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn attempt to define a severe suppression of cell‐mediated immunity by street rabies virus infection was undertaken by using the mice lethally and peripherally infected with a street rabies virus (1088 strain). The cell‐mediated cytotoxic (CMC) activity of the spleen cells from those mice once slightly increased until day 4 after infection but declined rapidly thereafter until their death on days 10 to 12 after infection. In parallel with a decrease of CMC response of the spleen cells from 1088‐infected mice, proliferative response to Con A, IL‐2 activity in the culture supernatants of Con A‐induced proliferation, responsiveness to exogenously added IL‐2 and to Con A to express IL‐2R, of those cells became suppressed, and the marked decrease of the total number of spleen cells was observed. Selective depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the spleens, abnormalities of IL‐1 and E‐type prostaglandins (PGE2) production or production of inhibitory component able to block IL‐2 activity by spleen cells were not observed and these factors did not appear to be associated with the suppression of proliferative response to Con A. However, an apparent association of CD8+ cells in the suppression of differentiation of pre‐cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) into CTL was demonstrated in the co‐culture experiments of the spleen cells from 1088‐infected mice with spleen cells of mice infected with an attenuated rabies virus (ERA strain) which can induce higher levels of CMC response. There was no evidence of the productive replication of rabies virus in thymus and spleen of 1088‐infected mice. The relationship of these observations to current theories on virus‐induced immunosuppression was discussed.
Establishment of Stable Cell Lines Producing Anti‐Pseudomonas aeruginosa Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Protective Effects for the Infection in Mice
Authors: O'Oka Hisayoshi , Chonan Eiko , Mizutani Kazunori , Fukuda Tamotsu , Kuroiwa Yasuyuki , Ono Yasushi , Shigeta Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman‐human hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for five major serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were developed by fusing P. aeruginosa primed and Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed cells with human myeloma P109 cells using polyethyleneglycol. The MoAbs which were produced by the hybridomas were protective against lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge of P. aeruginosa (10 LD50) in mice. The 50% effective dose (ED50) values of MoAbs ranged from 0.5 to 10.2 μg/mouse and were 26 to 240 times more protective than a commercial human IgG preparation. MoAb administration to mice promoted bacterial clearance in peritoneal cavity, and prevented bacterial invasion into blood in the way of increasing both the number of bacteria trapped by a macrophage and the ratio of macrophages that trapped bacteria. MoAbs also showed protective effects against lethal infection of P. aeruginosa in the mice which were decreased in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) by cyclophosphamide (CY). All MoAbs showed serotype‐specific binding to the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa as well as to the immunized strains. The hybridoma cell lines maintained their capacity to produce MoAb continuously for more than 12 months and produced 10 to 60 μg MoAbs per 106 cells in 24 hr. It is practicable to use these cell lines for large‐scale production of anti‐P. aeruginosa MoAbs and such MoAbs must be useful for the therapeutics of patients with P. aeruginosa infection.
Priming Effect of Pseudomonal Leukocidin on Chemiluminescence Response of Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Nishiya Hajime , Kunii Otohiko , Noda Masatoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo clarify effects of pseudomonal leukocidin (42.5 kd) on chemiluminescence (CL) production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), rabbit PMNs were stimulated by zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) after pretreatment with the leukocidin, which by itself stimulated little chemiluminescence response. The extent of CL responses stimulated by zymosan or PMA was respectively 5.3‐ or 3.5‐fold greater in leukocidin (1.5 μg/ml)‐pretreated PMNs than in non‐pretreated ones. The priming effect of the leukocidin was greater than that of G‐CSF and related to some steps before NADPH oxidase activation. The increased CL productions might be related to tissue damages caused by pseudomonal infections in vivo.
Isolation of rfb Gene Clusters Directing the Synthesis of O Polysaccharides Consisting of Mannose Homopolymers and Serological Analysis of Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Saeki Atsushi , Kido Nobuo , Sugiyama Tsuyoshi , Ohta Michio , Iwashita Toshihide , Uchiya Keiichi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour serotypes of two genera, Escherichia coli O8 and O9 and Klebsiella O3 and O5, produce the O polysaccharides consisting of mannose homopolymers. Previously we reported the isolation and expression of E. coli O9 rfb in E. coli K‐12 strains (Kido et al, J. Bacteriol., 171: 3629–3633, 1989). In this study, R' plasmids carrying his‐rfb region of the other three strains were isolated and expressed in E. coli K‐12 strain. Serological study of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) synthesized in E. coli K‐12 strain was carried out. His‐linked rfb genes from E. coli O9 and Klebsiella O3 directed the synthesis of O polysaccharides with the same antigenicity as those of the parental strains in E. coli K‐12 strain. On the other hand, rfb genes from E. coli O8 and Klebsiella O5 directed the synthesis of O polysaccharides which were antigenically not identical but partially common to those of the parental strains. A rough strain derived from E. coli O8 synthesized LPS which showed the identical antigenicity as the wild strain when the his‐rfb region of E. coli O8 was introduced. The results suggest that some genes located distantly from his are additionally required to complete the synthesis of O polysaccharides of E. coli O8 and Klebsiella O5.
Functional and Phenotypical Analysis of Subsets of Rat CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Nagai Yumiko , Inobe Manabu , Kikuchi Kokichi , Uede Toshimitsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRat CD4+ T cells were divided into two distinct subsets by a monoclonal antibody RTH‐1 recognizing a unique epitope on rat CD45R. Cellular distribution of OX‐22‐ and RTH‐1‐defined antigens was the same. However, OX‐22 and RTH‐1 recognized different epitopes that exist on rat CD45R. The expression of IL‐4 gene was detected only in RTH‐1low CD4+ T cell subset upon various stimulations. In contrast, the expression of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ gene varied depending upon the nature of stimuli. The increased cell surface expression of CD44 was detected in RTH‐1high CD4+ T cell subset. Conversely the increased expression of CD2 was detected in RTH‐1low CD4+ T cell subset. The expression of CD3 and LFA‐1 was not significantly different between RTH‐1high and RTH‐1low subsets.
Radioresistance of Intermediate TCR Cells and Their Localization in the Body of Mice Revealed by Irradiation
Authors: Kimura Motohiko , Watanabe Hisami , Ohtsuka Kazuo , Iiai Tsuneo , Tsuchida Masanori , Sato Shotaro , Abo Toru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExtrathymic generation of T cells in the liver and in the intestine was recently demonstrated. We investigated herein whether such T cells, especially those in the liver, are present in other organs of mice. This investigation is possible employing our recently introduced method with which even a minor proportion of extrathymic, intermediate TCR cells in organs other than the liver can be identified. Intermediate TCR cells expressed higher levels of IL‐2Rβ and LFA‐1 than bright TCR cells (i.e., T cells of thymic origin) as revealed by two‐color staining. Although intermediate TCR cells were present at a small proportion in the spleen and thymus, they predominated in these organs after irradiation (9 Gy) and bone marrow reconstitution, or after low dose irradiation (6 Gy). This was due to that intermediate TCR cells were relatively radioresistant, whereas bright TCR cells were radiosensitive. Microscopic observation and immunochemical staining showed that intermediate TCR cells in the spleen localized in the red pulp and those in the thymus localized in the medulla. These intermediate TCR cells displayed a large light scatter, similar to such cells in the liver. The present results suggest that intermediate TCR cells may proliferate at multiple sites in the body.
Host‐Specific Hemagglutination of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus
Authors: Morishita Takayuki , Kobayashi Shinichi , Miyake Takashi , Ishihara Yuichi , Nakajima Setsuko , Nakajima Katsuhisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractH1N1 strains of influenza A virus isolated during the influenza season of 1991–92 were divided into two groups according to the property of host‐specific hemagglutination. Group 1 viruses agglutinated human and chicken red blood cells. Group 2 viruses agglutinated human but not chicken red blood cells. The viruses of both groups, however, showed the same antigenic structure determined with ferret antisera. The virus clones which were plaque‐purified twice from a group 2 virus retained the characteristic of host‐specific hemagglutination after five successive passages in MDCK cells, indicating that this phenomenon is genetically determined. However, the amino acid, sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptides deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the HA gene of the two groups did not show any differences between them. This suggests a difference in amino acids in some other polypeptide(s), which affects the host‐specific hemagglutination.
Antigenic Heterogeneity of Qa‐2 Antigens in C57BL/6
Authors: Park Eunkyue , Shinohara Nobukata , Arn J. Scott , Sharrow Susan O. , Waneck Gerry L. , Sacks David H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Qa‐2 antigens are class I‐like molecules encoded by genes mapped telomeric to the H‐2D region on chromosome 17 in the mouse. A panel of 8 new monoclonal anti‐Qa‐2 antibodies derived from a C3H.KBR anti‐C3H. SW immunization was studied. Immunoprecipitation of125I‐labeled C57BL/6 splenocyte antigens showed that all of these antibodies precipitated 40 kDa molecules which could be completely precleared by the monoclonal antibody 20‐8‐4, which had previously been shown to crossreact with Qa‐2. One of the monoclonal antibodies (1‐12‐1), however, was found not to completely preclear Qa‐2 antigens precipitable by the other 7 antibodies or by 20‐8‐4, suggesting the existence of at least two different species of Qa‐2 molecules. Cell lines transfected with Q7 or Q9 genes were reactive with all 9 antibodies and the Qa‐2 antigens expressed on surface membranes of these cells were completely precleared by both 20‐8‐4 and 1‐12‐1. Therefore, the observed heterogeneity of these molecules cannot be explained by an antigenic difference between the Q7 and Q9 gene products. 2D gel analyses showed identical pI spectra between Qa‐2 molecules precipitated with 20‐8‐4 and 1‐12‐1. In addition, all of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with labeled antigen preparations following treatment with Endo F or neuraminidase, indicating that carbohydrate moieties are probably not responsible for the antigenic difference between the two species of Qa‐2 antigen.
Binding of Streptavidin to Bacteria or Fungi and Its Applications in Detecting These Microbes
Authors: Matsuhisa Akio , Saito Yoshihiro , Ueyama Hiroshi , Yamamoto Makiko , Ohono Tsuneya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have investigated the characteristics and utilities of streptavidin‐binding to gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria and Candida spp. The pre‐treatment of these microbes with chemical reagents such as CHCl3, NaOH, and Tween 20 have allowed colorimetric visualization under light microscopy or quantitation on nitrocellulose membranes, using streptavidin/biotinylated alkaline phosphatase conjugates. Analysis of this binding was confirmed by western blot. These binding reactions were due to the specific interaction of streptavidin with biotinylated proteins present in the microbes. Competition assays with free biotin or inhibition by an antibiotin antibody confirmed binding to these proteins. With knowledge of these strongly specific interactions, we attempted to reveal the biotinylated proteins within these microbes using clinical specimens. Using phagocyte‐smears from blood, urine, and ascites, these intracellular microbes were easily detected by light microscopy. One of the septic blood samples stained by our technique revealed semi‐digested microbial signals despite the absence of a signal with routine staining. This detection system, which combines streptavidin as a probe and biotinylated proteins as a microbial marker, is useful in staining for intracellular bacteria or fungi (e.g., microbial infections in phagocyte‐smears).
Granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Infection
Authors: Hober Didier , Ajana Faïza , Petit Marie‐Cécile , Sartiaux Claudine , Boniface Michel , Caillaux Michèle , Mouton Yves , Wattre Pierre , Maniez‐Montreuil Michèle 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVariations in cytokine production in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could be involved in the physiopathology and in the progression of the disease. Therefore we studied the level of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) produced in patients with HIV infection at stage II (asymptomatic seropositives) and stage IV (AIDS) of the CDC classification, by using an enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay. We measured the level of GM‐CSF and TNFα in supernatant of phytohemagglutinin‐activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and healthy individuals. In one out of 10 stage II patients and 4 out of 14 stage IV patients, we obtained higher levels of GM‐CSF than the mean + 2 S.D. of controls, but in 3 stage IV patients with very low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (< 50/mm–3) compared to other patients, the GM‐CSF values were very low. High levels of TNFα were detected in 3 out of 10 stage II and 6 out of 11 stage IV patients. The high values of TNFα were associated with high values of GM‐CSF in stage II and in most of AIDS patients except those with very low CD4+ T cell counts, who produced low levels of GM‐CSF. Plasma levels of cytokines were evaluated in 10 stage II, 22 stage IV patients and 20 controls. Increased levels of GM‐CSF (more than 9 pg/ml) were observed in the plasma from 8 out of 10 stage II patients and 17 out of 22 stage IV patients. The tendency that increased levels of GM‐CSF were associated with increased levels of TNFα was observed in plasma from stage IV patients. We report a disarray of GM‐CSF production in patients with HIV infection that could be involved in clinical manifestations and progression of the disease.
Augmentation and Suppression of TNF Release from Macrophages by Inflammatory Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Yui Satoru , Sasaki Toshinori , Yamazaki Masatoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt is known that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) emerge first in local inflammatory sites, and then they are followed and scavenged by macrophages. We focused on the effect of PMN on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release activity of macrophages, which is viewed as a possible indicator of the status of macrophage activation. One day after macrophages were cultured with fresh, intact murine PMNs which were induced with sodium casein, the release of TNF triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was augmented by low concentrations of PMNs, but suppressed by their high concentrations. When the PMN samples were fractionated into soluble and insoluble fractions, the augmenting and suppressing activity was partitioned; the relatively high concentrations of soluble fraction showed the suppressive effect whereas the insoluble fraction in lower concentrations showed augmentation. The suppressive activity was stable at 100 C, but the filtrates of the soluble fraction with membranes having cut‐offs of 5,000 or 10,000 were not suppressive at all, suggesting the suppression is not due to low molecular compounds. It was also suggested that the suppressive effect for TNF release was not due to contaminating LPS or transforming growth factor‐β. Inflammatory processes may thus be positively and negatively controlled by a quantitative factor of initial PMN populations by regulating the TNF release activity of the subsequent macrophages.
Purification of Bacillus subtilis Spore Coat Protein by Electrophoretic Elution Procedure and Determination of NH2‐Terminal Amino Acid Sequences
Authors: Abe Akiko , Ogawa Setsuko , Kohno Takeyuki , Watabe Kazuhito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSpore coat protein of Bacillus subtilis was purified by electrophoretic elution procedure. Solubilized coat protein components were separated on SDS‐PAGE and the desired protein was recovered from the gel pieces under the optimal condition examined. Two purified polypeptides with molecular weights of about 40 kDa were obtained; each of them was in very closed size on SDS‐PAGE, both retaining antigenic activity against anti‐spore coat protein serum on immunoblot analysis. The N‐terminal 23 and 30 amino acid sequences of them were determined, and they were not identical to each other and also not homologous in the sequences of coat proteins previously reported.
Murine Endothelial Cell Line Cells, F‐2: Interaction with Leukocytes and Cytokines Production
Authors: Maruyama Hidenori , Toda Ken‐ichi , Uno Kazuko , Miyake Kensuke , Matsushima Koji , Yamamoto Kazuo , Mori Kazuhiro J. , Masuda Tohru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFlowcytometry demonstrated that murine endothelial cell line F‐2 expresses MHC class I antigen, FcR II, Mac‐1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), but not intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and class II antigen. However, co‐culturing with TNF‐α for 24 hr resulted in the increased expression of ICAM‐1, and the decreased expression of VCAM‐1. IL‐1α and IFN‐γ exerted this regulatory effect on VCAM‐1 but not on ICAM‐1. T (Con A blast) and B (LPS blast) cells adhered to F‐2 cells at almost equal levels, and the adhesion was enhanced 20 to 50% when the cells were precultured with TNF‐α for 24 hr. The inhibition assay using either (anti‐ICAM‐1 + anti‐LFA‐1, lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1) or (anti‐VCAM‐1 + anti‐VLA‐4, very late antigen‐4) mAbs demonstrated that the ICAM‐1 system was utilized more preferentially by T than B blasts when F‐2 cells were stimulated with TNF‐α, and the VCAM‐1 system was vice versa under the unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Granulocytes also adhered to F‐2 cells, but no mAbs could inhibit the adhesion. Although F‐2 cells produced a considerable amount of IL‐6, GM‐CSF and neutrophil chemotactic activity, a 24 hr incubation with TNF‐α resulted in an increase of 12 fold in IL‐6 and 3 fold in neutrophil chemotactic activity production.
Preliminary Observations on Ultrastructure of Borreliae in Tissues of Ixodes persulcatus
Authors: Yano Yasuhiro , Ishiguro Fubito , Takada Nobuhiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe observed Lyme borrelia by electron microscopy in the tissues of the ticks, Ixodes persulcatus, which were indicated positive for borreliae by BSK cultures of their internal organs. Borreliae (0.25 μm in diameter) were found only in the lumen of the midgut. They were closely associated with the microvilli on the midgut epithelium but never penetrated into the epithelial cells. Ultrastructural features common to Lyme borreliae., i.e., the three‐layered membranes surrounding the cytoplasm and orientation of the flagella insertions, were obviously confirmed. The present results are useful to understand tick tissue‐borrelia interface.