bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Churning power losses of ordinary gears: a new approach based on the internal fluid dynamics simulations
Authors: Concli Franco , Gorla Carlo , Della Torre Augusto , Montenegro Gianluca 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe increasing need of more and more efficient gearboxes implies the need of predictive models in order to compare, during the design stage, different design solutions. The models provided by literature are mostly experimentally derived and not accurate on real applications. A new trend suggests the adoption of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the calculation of the no‐load losses of gear transmissions. In this sense, literature provides some works, but most of them involve only one single phase. In this paper, the real operating condition in which the gears are immersed in an oil lubricant mixture is studied. Adopting an open‐source code, OpenFOAM®, the influence of some operating and geometrical parameters on the churning losses has been investigated. The aims are both to provide data that can be effectively used by engineers in the design practice and to prove, once again, CFD to be an effective approach for this kind of investigations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Enzyme Cooperatively Catalyzed Tandem Polymerization for the Synthesis of Polyester Containing Chiral (R)‐ or (S)‐Ibuprofen Pendants
Authors: Qian Xueqi , Wang Jianfeng , Li Yanyan , Lin Xianfu , Wu Qi 
Published: September 2014

An interesting cooperation between Candida antarctica Lipase B (CAL‐B) and alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis (BSP) in the copolymerization of bulky ibuprofen‐containing hydroxyacid methyl ester (HAEP) and ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) is observed. This cooperation improved the of the polymers from 3130 (CAL‐B) to 9200 g mol–1 (CAL‐B/BSP). Experimental results clearly indicate that CAL‐B mainly catalyzes the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐CL under the initiation of HAEP to form the homopolymer of ε‐CL, while BSP catalyzes the subsequent polycondensation of the ROP product to yield the copolymer with increased molecular weight. Furthermore, using suitable chemo‐enzymatic methods, valuable polyesters with chiral (R)‐ or (S)‐ibuprofen pendants can be tailor‐made.
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Sensory ganglionopathy with livedoid vasculopathy controlled by immunotherapy
Authors: Alix James J.P. , Hadjivassiliou Marios , Ali Rokiahmah , Slater David , Messenger Andrew G. , Rao D. Ganesh 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Livedoid vasculopathy is a rare dermatological condition characterized by painful ulceration, atrophic scarring, and persistent livedo reticularis. The pathogenesis is unclear. Methods: We report a patient with biopsy‐proven livedoid vasculopathy who developed a progressive sensory ganglionopathy with profound sensory ataxia. Serial nerve conduction assessments were undertaken. Results: Combined treatment with prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil failed to control the ganglionopathy. After addition of rituximab, both symptoms and nerve conduction studies showed stabilization. Conclusions: Sensory ganglionopathies associated with autoimmune and inflammatory conditions may be characterized by a sub‐population of “sick” dorsal root ganglia that can be rescued with aggressive immunotherapy. Muscle Nerve 51: 296–301, 2015
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) presenting as the first infection in a child with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Colin Andrew , Basora Elisa , Yousef Shatha 
Published: September 2014

SummaryNontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been increasingly recognized in recent years as contributors to clinically significant lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Reports of prevalence vary from 6 to 22% around the world. Prevalence estimates in childhood CF is challenging since sputum producers are rare, bronchoalveolar lavage is an invasive procedure and may not be feasible, and mounting evidence deeming throat cultures to be unsuccessful in detecting NTM. We report a case of an overall healthy 13 year old young adolescent female with CF, who presented with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) as her first documented lung infection, and while only presenting with minor cough proved to have severe purulent bronchial infection. Contrary to common paradigms, NTM can be the first infection in a non‐previously infected airway, and, this first infection can be of a serious nature unlike the more subtle anticipated pattern. The causes of the high and probably increasing overall incidence of NTM and specifically in CF elude explanation and mandate further study. Continuing efforts should be invested into the study of all aspects of this ominous infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:E5–E7. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical vibrational optical activity of chiral carbon nanoparticles: Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Nagy Péter R. , Biró László , Koltai János , Surján Péter R. , Szabados Ágnes , Kürti Jenő 
Published: September 2014

A theoretical study of the first‐order resonance Raman optical activity (ROA) of a single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is presented for the first time. Tight‐binding (TB) Raman and ROA scattering tensors are combined with precise first principles harmonic vibrational modes to obtain scattering intensities. This computational protocol for Raman and ROA spectra has been tested previously for chiral fullerenes, such as C [Nagy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 044112 (2014)]. In the present study, this methodology is validated against density functional theory for the alternative case of C. TB spectral shapes are found to be reliable to determine the absolute configuration of these cage like carbon structures with relatively small curvature. Utilizing the same method, Raman optical activity (ROA) intensities of the (6,5) SWCNT are calculated for three vibrational modes, radial breathing mode (RBM), G, and G. This tube exhibits approximately 5 orders of magnitude stronger ROA intensity compared to typical chiral molecules.
A design of disturbance observer in standard H∞ control framework
Authors: Su J. , Wang L. , Yun J. N. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe disturbance observer (DOB)‐based controller is widely used to estimate and suppress disturbance in motion control system. Because the low‐pass filter (Q‐filter) in DOB decides the performances of disturbance suppression, noise rejection, and robust stability against system uncertainties, design of Q‐filter is the principal task in DOB construction. This paper presents a systematic scheme for Q‐filter design based on H∞ norm optimization. Cost function for optimization is proposed by considering performance and relative order condition of the Q‐filter. The norm minimization problem is then transformed to a standard H∞ control problem. Furthermore, the relationship between performance and frequency weighting functions is investigated based on which selection of weighting functions is presented. Simulation results validate the global optimality and systematicness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To Reflex or Not: Additional BRCA1/2 Testing in Ashkenazi Jewish Individuals Without Founder Mutations
Authors: Petrucelli Nancie , Mange Sarah , Fulbright Jennifer L. , Dohany Lindsay , Zakalik Dana , Duquette Debra 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study determined the prevalence of non‐Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1/2 mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish population in the state of Michigan, current provider testing practices, and the use of mutation probability models in determining which Ashkenazi Jewish individuals should be offered further analysis following negative BRCA1/2 founder testing. Testing patterns, mutation probabilities, and testing results were assessed for 327 Ashkenazi Jewish individuals seen for BRCA1/2 counseling in the state of Michigan who underwent testing for the Ashkenazi Jewish founder mutations. Only one (0.6 %) Ashkenazi Jewish individual with sequencing after negative founder analysis was found to have a non‐founder mutation; no rearrangements were identified. Testing patterns varied by clinic, with the proportion of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals undergoing additional sequencing ranging from 22.2 to 92.9 %. In Ashkenazi Jewish individuals with a pre‐test BRCAPRO risk calculation, the mean risk was significantly higher in those with follow‐up sequencing compared to those who did not pursue additional testing. The low prevalence of non‐founder BRCA1/2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals does not warrant automatically reflexing to full analysis after negative mutation testing. Increased use of mutation probability models may aid in determining which cases warrant additional testing.
High Dietary Cholesterol Masks Type 2 Diabetes‐Induced Osteopenia and Changes in Bone Microstructure in Rats
Authors: Lapmanee Sarawut , Charoenphandhu Narattaphol , Aeimlapa Ratchaneevan , Suntornsaratoon Panan , Wongdee Kannikar , Tiyasatkulkovit Wacharaporn , Kengkoom Kanchana , Chaimongkolnukul Khuanjit , Seriwatanachai Dutmanee , Krishnamra Nateetip 
Published: September 2014

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occurs concurrently with high blood cholesterol or dyslipidemia. Although T2DM has been hypothesized to impair bone microstructure, several investigations showed that, when compared to age‐matched healthy individuals, T2DM patients had normal or relatively high bone mineral density (BMD). Since cholesterol and lipids profoundly affect the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, it might be cholesterol that obscured the changes in BMD and bone microstructure in T2DM. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine bone elongation, epiphyseal histology, and bone microstructure in non‐obese T2DM Goto‐Kakizaki rats treated with normal (GK‐ND) and high cholesterol diet. We found that volumetric BMD was lower in GK‐ND rats than the age‐matched wild‐type controls. In histomorphometric study of tibial metaphysis, T2DM evidently suppressed osteoblast function as indicated by decreases in osteoblast surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate in GK‐ND rats. Meanwhile, the osteoclast surface and eroded surface were increased in GK‐ND rats, thus suggesting an activation of bone resorption. T2DM also impaired bone elongation, presumably by retaining the chondrogenic precursor cells in the epiphyseal resting zone. Interestingly, several bone changes in GK rats (e.g., increased osteoclast surface) disappeared after high cholesterol treatment as compared to wild‐type rats fed high cholesterol diet. In conclusion, high cholesterol diet was capable of masking the T2DM‐induced osteopenia and changes in several histomorphometric parameters that indicated bone microstructural defect. Cholesterol thus explained, in part, why a decrease in BMD was not observed in T2DM, and hence delayed diagnosis of the T2DM‐associated bone disease.
Debt Maturity Structure and Credit Quality
Authors: Gopalan Radhakrishnan , Song Fenghua , Yerramilli Vijay 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe examine whether a firm’s debt maturity structure affects its credit quality. Consistent with theory, we find that firms with greater exposure to rollover risk (measured by the amount of long-term debt payable within a year relative to assets) have lower credit quality; long-term bonds issued by those firms trade at higher yield spreads, indicating that bond market investors are cognizant of rollover risk arising from a firm’s debt maturity structure. These effects are stronger among firms with a speculative-grade rating and declining profitability, and during recessions.
Effect of self-focused rippled laser beam on the excitation of ion acoustic wave in relativistic ponderomotive regime
Authors: Gauniyal Rakhi , Chauhan Prashant , Rawat Priyanka , Purohit Gunjan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of self-focusing of intense Gaussian rippled laser beam in collisionless plasma by including the nonlinearity associated with the relativistic mass and the ponderomotive force and its effects on the excitation of ion acoustic wave. The growth of ripple, riding on an intense Gaussian laser beam in plasma and its coupling with ion acoustic wave has also been studied. Modified coupled equations for main laser beam, growth of laser ripple in plasma, rippled laser beam, beam width, and density perturbation associated with ion acoustic wave are derived using Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin and paraxial ray approximation. These coupled equations are solved analytically and numerically to study the laser intensity in plasma and the variation of amplitude of the ion acoustic wave for various established laser and plasma parameters. From numerical computation, it is observed that both nonlinearities significantly affected the dynamics of the growth of laser ripple in plasma, propagation of rippled laser beam as well as ion acoustic wave in plasma at high laser power flux. The growth of laser ripple increase with increase in the intensity of laser beam and due to the contribution of growth rate, intensity profile of rippled laser beam and ion acoustic wave modified accordingly.
Seed storage proteins in cultivars and subspecies of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Krochko Joan E. , Derek Bewley J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSeed storage proteins were analysed in 27 varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.); these included five subspecies (glomerata, caerulea, falcata, hemicycla, praefalcata), seven of the nine sources of Medicago germplasm introduced into North America and a sample of additional cultivars. The protein patterns were remarkably consistent for all of these taxa. One-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed only minor differences in polypeptide composition within each of the three major classes of storage protein (7S globulin, 11S globulin, 2S albumin). The slight variations that were found provided no information on either parentage or evolutionary relationships amongst these particular taxa. Nonetheless, persistent and reproducible heterogeneity of some minor polypeptides of 11S globulin (medicagin) may be useful under other circumstances for cultivar identification in alfalfa. Both subfamilies (I and II) of the 11S globulin were strongly expressed in all of the cultivars and subspecies examined. It was concluded that this structural divergence within the 11S storage protein family predated the evolution of the M. sativa L. species complex. Most of the variability in storage proteins was quantitative. However, even this variability was reduced when data were standardized with respect to seed dry weights. The consistent similarities in qualitative and quantitative expression of seed storage proteins amongst all of these taxa suggest a high degree of uniformity in both seed physiology and genetics within the alfalfa species complex.
Prehospital Care and In-hospital Mortality of Trauma Patients in Iran
Authors: Paravar Mohammad , Hosseinpour Mehrdad , Mohammadzadeh Mahdi , Mirzadeh Azade Sadat 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of prehospital time and advanced trauma life support interventions for trauma patients transported to an Iranian Trauma Center.MethodsThis study was a retrospective study of trauma victims presenting to a trauma center in central Iran by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and hospitalized more than 24 hours. Demographic and injury characteristics were obtained, including accident location, damaged organs, injury mechanism, injury severity score, prehospital times (response, scene, and transport), interventions and in-hospital outcome.ResultsTwo thousand patients were studied with an average age of 36.3 (SD = 20.8) years; 83.1% were male. One hundred twenty patients (6.1%) died during hospitalization. The mean response time, at scene time and transport time were 6.6 (SD = 3), 11.1 (SD = 5.2) and 12.8 (SD = 9.4), respectively. There was a significant association of longer transport time to worse outcome (P = .02). There was a trend for patients with transport times >10 minutes to die (OR: 0.8; 95% CI, 0.1-6.59). Advanced Life Support (ALS) interventions were applied for patients with severe injuries (Revised Trauma Score ⩽7) and ALS intervention was associated with more time on scene. There was a positive association of survival with ALS interventions applied in suburban areas (P = .001).ConclusionIn-hospital trauma mortality was more common for patients with severe injuries and long prehospital transport times. While more severely injured patients received ALS interventions and died, these interventions were associated with positive survival trends when conducted in suburban and out-of-city road locations with long transport times.HosseinpourM, ParavarM, MohammadzadehM, MirzadehAS. Prehospital care and in-hospital mortality of trauma patients in Iran. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-5.
High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM): A Tool for Visualizing Skin Biopsies
Authors: Geyer Stefan H. , Nöhammer Maria M. , Mathä Markus , Reissig Lukas , Tinhofer Ines E. , Weninger Wolfgang J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe evaluate the usefulness of digital volume data produced with the high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) method for visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of components of human skin, and present protocols designed for processing skin biopsies for HREM data generation. A total of 328 biopsies collected from normally appearing skin and from a melanocytic nevus were processed. Cuboidal data volumes with side lengths of ~2×3×6 mm3 and voxel sizes of 1.07×1.07×1.5 µm3 were produced. HREM data fit ideally for visualizing the epidermis at large, and for producing highly detailed volume and surface-rendered 3D representations of the dermal and hypodermal components at a structural level. The architecture of the collagen fiber bundles and the spatial distribution of nevus cells can be easily visualized with volume-rendering algorithms. We conclude that HREM has great potential to serve as a routine tool for researching and diagnosing skin pathologies.
High‐performance stacked‐coil transformers with thick metal layers
Authors: Kim Cheol Ho , Park Bonghyuk 
Published: September 2014

Miniaturised stacked‐coil radio‐frequency (RF) transformers were fabricated with thick metal layers using the low‐cost anodised aluminium substrate process. The transformer consists of a 34 μm‐thick substrate‐buried copper lower coil and a 30 μm‐thick copper/gold upper coil with a 3 μm‐thick benzocyclobutene (BCB) interlayer between the coils. Owing to extremely low losses and tight coupling, the fabricated transformers achieved very low insertion losses as low as 0.28 dB and high maximum available gains of up to 0.96 at GHz frequencies. The results verify that the stacked‐coil transformer with thick metal layers can be a promising component for high‐performance miniaturised RF circuits.
A 12b‐control ultra‐low‐power low‐noise SC‐VGA for medical ultrasound probes
Authors: Wang Peng , Halvorsrød Thomas M. , Ytterdal Trond 
Published: September 2014

This Letter presents a 12b‐control ultra‐low‐power low‐noise two‐stage single‐ended to differential switched‐capacitor variable gain amplifier (SC‐VGA) for 2–6‐MHz second harmonic cardiac imaging ultrasound probes in 0.18 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor. The proposed SC‐VGA consists of inverters and capacitor (CAP) arrays. By adopting inverters instead of operational trans‐conductance amplifiers (OTAs) in traditional SC‐amplifiers, both the power and noise are significantly improved. Each stage has a 6b binary‐weighted CAP array, and in total the 12b CAP arrays achieve the dB‐in‐linear gain range from − 21 to 21 dB. The CAP array is divided between the upper 3b and lower 3b by a CAP to decrease the capacitance spread. The total power consumption is 150 μA at 1 V supply voltage, and the input referred noise is 6.5 nV/√HZ at 4 MHz. The second harmonic distortion (HD2) has the mean value − 77 dB at the 460 mV peak‐to‐peak output swing for 50 samples of Monte Carlo mismatch simulation with a 30 MHz sampling frequency.
Wideband active quasi‐circulator with tunable isolation enhancement
Authors: Mung S.W.Y. , Chan W.S. 
Published: September 2014

An active quasi‐circulator comprises three single‐stage distributed amplifiers (DAs), in which two are for wideband transmission while the remaining one is for wideband signal cancellation. This quasi‐circulator has wideband frequency operation and by optimising the bias current, tunable isolation enhancement between port 1 and port 3 is achieved. The experimental results show that this quasi‐circulator has insertion losses of around 0 dB, return losses better than 10 dB at each port, minimum non‐tunable isolation of around 15 dB from 0.8 to 2.2 GHz and tunable isolation of more than 40 dB between port 1 and port 3 from 0.8 to 2.2 GHz.
Fast reconstruction of an unmanned engineering vehicle and its application to carrying rocket
Authors: Qian Jun , Zhu Huabing , Wang Shuwang , Zeng Yishan 
Published: September 2014

Engineering vehicle is widely used as a huge moving platform for transporting heavy goods. However, traditional human operations have a great influence on the steady movement of the vehicle. In this Letter, a fast reconstruction process of an unmanned engineering vehicle is carried out. By adding a higher‐level controller and two two‐dimensional laser scanners on the moving platform, the vehicle could perceive the surrounding environment and locate its pose according to extended Kalman filter. Then, a closed‐loop control system is formed by communicating with the on‐board lower‐level controller. To verify the performance of automatic control system, the unmanned vehicle is automatically navigated when carrying a rocket towards a launcher in a launch site. The experimental results show that the vehicle could align with the launcher smoothly and safely within a small lateral deviation of 1 cm. This fast reconstruction presents an efficient way of rebuilding low‐cost unmanned special vehicles and other automatic moving platforms.
MPD model for radar echo signal of hypersonic targets
Authors: Xuefei Xu , Guisheng Liao 
Published: September 2014

The stop‐and‐go (SAG) model is typically used for echo signal received by the radar using linear frequency modulation pulse compression. In this study, the authors demonstrate that this model is not applicable to hypersonic targets. Instead of SAG model, they present a more realistic echo signal model (moving‐in‐pulse duration (MPD)) for hypersonic targets. Following that, they evaluate the performances of pulse compression under the SAG and MPD models by theoretical analysis and simulations. They found that the pulse compression gain has an increase of 3 dB by using the MPD model compared with the SAG model in typical cases.
Doubling‐resolution analog‐to‐digital conversion based on PIC18F45K80
Authors: Yuan Yueyang , Yang Chongchang 
Published: September 2014

Aiming at the analog signal being converted into the digital with a higher precision, a method to improve the analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) resolution is proposed and described. Based on the microcomputer PIC18F45K80 in which the internal ADC modules are embedded, a circuit is designed for doubling the resolution of ADC. According to the circuit diagram, the mathematical formula for calculating this resolution is derived. The corresponding software and print circuit board assembly is also prepared. With the experiment, a 13 bit ADC is achieved based on the 12 bit ADC module predesigned in the PIC18F45K80.