bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical tritanopia
Authors: Alpern M. , Kitahara K. , Krantz D. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. A subject who has suffered from central serous chorio‐retinopathy in his left eye noticed differences in the colour of a given light as perceived by each eye alone. Standard screening tests (colour order and colour matching) indicated a tritan defect in the left eye; the right eye was normal on these tests.2. The subject was dichromatic in his left eye, trichromatic in his right. The left‐eye distimulus colour‐matching functions, spectral luminosity, and wave‐length discrimination functions were indistinguishable from corresponding data for congenital tritanopia. Comparable right‐eye data were normal.3. Spectral dichromatic colour matches were invariant under changes of intensity and under addition of a common light to both halves of the field. (Grassmann's laws of linearity are satisfied.)4. Increment threshold versus intensity (t.v.i.) curves for a blue (481·9 nm) test on a yellow background yielded the normal three branches (for Π4(μ), Π1(μ) and Π3(μ) respectively) in the trichromatic eye. In the dichromatic eye a single mechanism was found. It had the field sensitivity of Π4(μ) whether measured with the blue, or with a violet (429·5 nm) test. No trace of Π3(μ) or Π1(μ) was ever discovered in the tritanopic eye. Both are normal in the trichromatic eye.5. The field sensitivities of Π4, Π5 and Π3 of the normal eye are well fitted by linear combinations of the spectral colour‐matching functions of the trichromatic eye. Π4 and Π5 of the dichromatic eye are well fitted by linear combinations of the tritanopic matching functions.6. Colour matches made by the trichromatic eye do not match when viewed by the tritanopic eye, almost certainly because the ocular media of the two eyes have wave‐length‐dependent differences in absorption. For the largest difference (430 nm) the trichromatic eye transmits about 2·2 times more light than its fellow. When allowance is made for these differences, the field sensitivities of Π4 and Π5 of the two eyes do not differ. The field sensitivities of Π4 and Π5 of the normal eye, on the other hand, differ significantly from those of the average spectra obtained on four normal trichromats by Stiles, in a way that cannot be attributed to differences in transmittance of ocular media.7. It is concluded that classical (or acquired) tritanopia is not distinguishable in its manifestations from congenital tritanopia; furthermore, tritanopia can be regarded as a reduced form of normal trichromacy, once allowances are made for absorption of the ocular media and for variations among normal trichromats.8. Despite extensive search no evidence could be uncovered which might exclude the hypothesis that the colour vision in tritanopia depends exclusively upon absorption in only two foveal cone pigments, one long‐wave‐absorbing and one medium‐wave‐absorbing.
A role for an indoleamine other than 5‐hydroxytryptamine in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory pathways of the rat
Authors: Cox B. , Davis A. , Juxon Valerie , Lee T. F. , Martin Deborah 
Published: December 2014

1. Intrahypothalamic injection of either 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) (20 μg) or tryptamine (1 μg) caused hypothermia and hyperthermia respectively in lightly restrained rats maintained at an ambient temperature of 20 ± 1 °C.2. Both the 5‐HT‐ and the tryptamine‐sensitive sites were located within the same region of the preoptic area.3. When rats were tested at different ambient temperatures (4, 20 and 29 °C), intrahypothalamic injection of 5‐HT caused a marked fall in core temperature (‐1·3 °C) in rats maintained at 4 °C, but smaller responses were obtained at 20 and 29 °C (‐0·9 and ‐0·5 °C respectively). Tryptamine caused a significant hyperthermia in rats kept at 20 °C, but had no significant effect in rats maintained at either 4 or 29 °C.4. The hypothermic effect of 5‐HT was selectively antagonized by systemic pre‐treatment with cyproheptadine (2·5 mg/kg), but not by methergoline (0·625 mg/kg) and methysergide (0·2 mg/kg). In contrast, the hyperthermic effect of tryptamine was blocked by methergoline and methysergide, but not by cyproheptadine.5. Cyproheptadine (2·5 mg/kg) reduced the ability of rats to cope with a heat load but had no effect on the response to cold. In contrast, methergoline (0·625 mg/kg) and methysergide (0·2 mg/kg) reduced the ability to cope with cold but the rats' ability to cope with a heat load remained intact.6. These results suggest the existence of two indoleamine pathways within the preoptic anterior hypothalamus involved in the control of body temperature: a serotonergic pathway mediating heat loss and a non‐serotonergic pathway mediating heat gain. The non‐serotonergic system may exert its effects by modulating the activity of a central serotonergic system.
The calcium dependence of spontaneous and evoked quantal release at the frog neuromuscular junction
Authors: Barton S. B. , Cohen I. S. , van der Kloot W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The quantal output from stimulated nerve terminals in the frog sciatic nerve—sartorius muscle preparation in low‐Ca2+ Ringer solution was measured by the coefficient of variation and the failures methods. Adding sucrose to the Ringer to increase the tonicity or adding ethanol increased miniature end‐plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency and also the end‐plate potential (e.p.p.) amplitude. Earlier reports suggested that increases in tonicity did not increase evoked quantal release.2. Concanavalin A has been reported to block the increase in m.e.p.p. frequency caused by increasing the tonicity of the Ringer (Gorio & Mauro, 1979). This effect was confirmed. The lectin‐treated preparations also failed to show an increase in evoked quantal release when the tonicity was increased.3. A model in which both spontaneous and evoked quantal releases depend on some power of the intracellular [Ca2+] is presented. The model predicts that rises in m.e.p.p. frequency will be accompanied by increased quantal output from stimulated nerve terminals. The maximum slope of the relationship between log (evoked quantal output) and log ([Ca2+]out) will be less than the true power. A theoretical analysis shows that, as the true power approaches infinity, the maximum slope will be slightly above 4. The value for the slope usually found experimentally at the frog neuromuscular junction is also about 4.4. The model does not fit the experimental data. The observed increases in evoked quantal release are higher than those predicted for the observed increases in spontaneous release. There are several possible explanations for the discrepancy. Treatments that increase m.e.p.p. frequency may also increase Ca2+ influx into the stimulated terminal. However, we prefer the explanation that there is a fraction of spontaneous release that is independent of the [Ca2+] in the terminal; if this is true the model might account for the data.5. The model can account for a variety of puzzling experimental observations, including: (a) the effect of hypertonic solutions and of diamine in decreasing the slope in the relation between log (evoked quantal output) and log ([Ca2+]out); (b) the slope of near 1 observed at the crustacean neuromuscular junction; (c) the decrease in the slope produced by treatment with botulinum toxin.
Aldosterone on sodium transport of rat distal colon in long‐term adrenalectomy during acute and chronic substitution
Authors: Horster Michael , Lückhoff Andreas 
Published: December 2014

1. The influence of aldosterone upon water and sodium transport properties of the distal colon was studied in long‐term adrenalectomy (11‐29 days).2. Six groups of rats were used: I, normal (control); II, adrenalectomized; III, adrenalectomized, acutely substituted with aldosterone (200 μg/kg 4 h); IV, adrenalectomized rats receiving aldosterone simultaneously with the specific inhibitor spironolactone (40 mg/kg within 4 h); V, adrenalectomized, substituted chronically with aldosterone (2 × 75 μg/kg day); VI, adrenalectomized, substituted chronically with dexamethasone (120 μg/kg day).3. Distal colon segments were perfused in vivo with isotonic Ringer solution. In addition, a hypotonic electrolyte solution (Na+ 111 mM) was used in groups I and II.4. In adrenalectomy (group II), net water absorption (Jv) was significantly decreased from (normal) 54·4 μl/h cm2±10·5 (n = 9) to 41·2 μl/h cm2±7·3 (n = 4), and net Na+ absorption (JNa) was decreased from 13·6 μmol/h cm2+3·5 to 8·5 μmol/h cm2±0·9 (isotonic perfusate). Similarly, Jv was decreased from 54·0 μl/h cm2±8·3 (n = 4) to 37·3 μl/h cm2±4·2 (n = 7), and JNa from 8·6 μmol/h cm2±2·1 to 4·2 μmol/h cm2±2·1 (hypotonic perfusate).5. Acute aldosterone substitution in adrenalectomy (III) had no effect upon Jv (37·1 μl/h cm2±10·3; n = 5) but increased JNa to 10·3 μmol/h cm2±0·3.6. The luminal Na+ steady‐state concentration was higher in group II (11·2 mmol l−1±3·6; n = 6) than in group I (3·3 mmol l−1±1·4; n = 29). Acute aldosterone substitution restored this value to normal (3·0 mmol l−1±1·2; n = 4). The aldosterone effect was partly blocked by spironolactone: the Na+ steady‐state concentration was 6·4 mmol/l±0·6 (n = 3) in group IV.7. At the steady‐state luminal Na+ concentration, the osmotically driven net water fluxes were not different in groups I and II, indicating that the hydraulic permeability coefficient is not altered in adrenalectomy.8. In group V, Jv (54·9 μl/h cm2±10·9; n = 7) and JNa (11·9 μmol/h cm2±1·7; n = 6) were not significantly different from normal.9. In group VI, Jv (37·3 μl/h cm2±6·0; n = 5) and JNa (8·0 μmol/h cm2±1·4) were not significantly different from group II.10. The mineralocorticoid effects of aldosterone in long‐term adrenalectomy appear to represent the principal determining factors of colonic Jv and JNa.
Modeling and Analysis of a CNG Residential Refueling System
Authors: Bang Hyo Joon , Stockar Stephanie , Muratori Matteo , Rizzoni Giorgio 
Published: December 2014

Natural gas has recently been proposed as an alternative fuel for transportation in the United States. Refueling infrastructure is the major technological barrier to the market penetration of passenger compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. Currently, there is about one natural gas refueling station every 150 gasoline pumps. Nevertheless, natural gas is widely available in American houses, and thus distributed residential refueling is seen as a viable solution.
Generally, residential CNG refueling systems use compressors driven by electric motors. With a potential increase in the number of residential natural gas refueling systems over the next few years, the additional load that this system will introduce on the electric power infrastructure can be significant. In this paper, a system dynamic model of a residential refueling system has been developed and validated against data available in the literature. Ultimately, the model will allow for exploring the impact of residential refueling of CNG vehicles on the electric power infrastructure.
Monitoring ABC‐assisted deep inspiration breath hold for left‐sided breast radiotherapy with an optical tracking system
Authors: Mittauer Kathryn E. , Deraniyagala Rohan , Li Jonathan G. , Lu Bo , Liu Chihray , Samant Sanjiv S. , Lightsey Judith L. , Yan Guanghua 
Published: December 2014

Purpose:Recent knowledge on the effects of cardiac toxicity warrants greater precision for left‐sided breast radiotherapy. Different breath‐hold (BH) maneuvers (abdominal vs thoracic breathing) can lead to chest wall positional variations, even though the patient's tidal volume remains consistent. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using optical tracking for real‐time quality control of active breathing coordinator (ABC)‐assisted deep inspiration BH (DIBH).Methods:An in‐house optical tracking system (OTS) was used to monitor ABC‐assisted DIBH. The stability and localization accuracy of the OTS were assessed with a ball‐bearing phantom. Seven patients with left‐sided breast cancer were included. A free‐breathing (FB) computed tomography (CT) scan and an ABC‐assisted BH CT scan were acquired for each patient. The OTS tracked an infrared (IR) marker affixed over the patient's xiphoid process to measure the positional variation of each individual BH. Using the BH within which the CT scan was performed as the reference, the authors quantified intra‐ and interfraction BH variations for each patient. To estimate the dosimetric impact of BH variations, the authors studied the positional correlation between the marker and the left breast using the FB CT and BH CT scans. The positional variations of 860 BHs as measured by the OTS were retrospectively incorporated into the original treatment plans to evaluate their dosimetric impact on breast and cardiac organs [heart and left anterior descending (LAD) artery].Results:The stability and localization accuracy of the OTS was within 0.2 mm along each direction. The mean intrafraction variation among treatment BHs was less than 2.8 mm in all directions. Up to 12.6 mm anteroposterior undershoot, where the patient's chest wall displacement of a BH is less than that of a reference BH, was observed with averages of 4.4, 3.6, and 0.1 mm in the anteroposterior, craniocaudal, and mediolateral directions, respectively. A high positional correlation between the marker and the breast was found in the anteroposterior and craniocaudal directions with respective Pearson correlation values of 0.95 and 0.93, but no mediolateral correlation was found. Dosimetric impact of BH variations on breast coverage was negligible. However, the mean heart dose, mean LAD dose, and max LAD dose were estimated to increase from 1.4/7.4/18.6 Gy (planned) to 2.1/15.7/31.0 Gy (delivered), respectively.Conclusions:In ABC‐assisted DIBH, large positional variation can occur in some patients, due to their different BH maneuvers. The authors’ study has shown that OTS can be a valuable tool for real‐time quality control of ABC‐assisted DIBH.
Complete Genome Sequence for the Shellfish Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus RE98 Isolated from a Shellfish Hatchery
Authors: Richards Gary P. , Bono James L. , Watson Michael A. , Needleman David S. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Vibrio coralliilyticus
is a pathogen of corals and larval shellfish. Publications on strain RE98 list it as a
Vibrio tubiashii
; however, whole genome sequencing confirms RE98 as
V. coralliilyticus
containing a total of 6,037,824 bp consisting of two chromosomes (3,420,228 and 1,917,482 bp) and two megaplasmids (380,714 and 319,400 bp).
Draft Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Is-34, Which Is Incompatible with
Rj4
Genotype Soybeans
Authors: Tsurumaru Hirohito , Kanesaki Yu , Hashimoto Syougo , Okizaki Kouhei , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Yamakawa Takeo 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Is-34, which is incompatible with
Rj4
genotype soybeans. A candidate gene involved in this incompatibility was found to be present in this genome.
Complete Genome Sequence of Vibrio coralliilyticus Strain OCN014, Isolated from a Diseased Coral at Palmyra Atoll
Authors: Ushijima Blake , Videau Patrick , Poscablo Donna , Vine Veronica , Salcedo May , Aeby Greta , Callahan Sean M. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Vibrio coralliilyticus
is a marine gammaproteobacterium that has been implicated as an etiological agent of disease for multiple coral genera on reefs worldwide. We report the complete genome of
V. coralliilyticus
strain OCN014, isolated from a diseased
Acropora cytherea
colony off the western reef terrace of Palmyra Atoll.
Complete Genome Sequence of Cedecea neteri Strain SSMD04, a Bacterium Isolated from Pickled Mackerel Sashimi
Authors: Chan Kok-Gan , Tan Kian-Hin , Yin Wai-Fong , Tan Jia-Yi 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

We report here the complete genome sequence of
C. neteri
SSMD04, a strain isolated from pickled mackerel sashimi, sequenced by third-generation sequencing technology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation that reports the complete genome of
Cedecea neteri
.
Discontinuation of infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn's disease in sustained complete remission (the STOP IT study): protocol for a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
Authors: Buhl Sine Schnoor , Steenholdt Casper , Brynskov Jørn , Thomsen Ole Østergaard , Bendtzen Klaus , Ainsworth Mark Andrew 
Published: December 2014

IntroductionInfliximab (IFX), a monoclonal chimeric antibody against tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α, is effective for induction and maintenance of remission in moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Discontinuation of IFX maintenance therapy in patients in remission should be considered in order to reduce the potential long-term side effects and lower costs.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of patients with luminal Crohn’s disease who have been treated with IFX for at least 1 year and are in sustained complete clinical, biochemical and endoscopic remission (ie, Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score <150, complete mucosal healing and biochemical markers of inflammation within the normal range). These patients are randomised to receive placebo infusions or continue IFX maintenance therapy. The primary end point is the proportion of patients in maintained remission after 48 weeks (def. CDAI <150).Ethics and disseminationIt is estimated that the knowledge gained about how to optimally handle patients with Crohn’s disease in complete long-term sustained remission on IFX is proportionate to the risks and inconveniences related to participation in this study. Prolonged exposure to IFX may cause severe side effects and increased risk of malignancies. Conversely, IFX discontinuation should not unnecessarily create a high risk of relapse. Thus, empirical evidence is needed concerning the safety of discontinuing IFX once a patient exhibits sustained remission. Study results will be published in an English language scientific medical journal. The study is approved by the Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT-number: 2012-002702-51) and the Regional Ethics Committee of Region Hovedstaden Denmark (Approval-number: H-4-2012-099). The project is reported to the Danish Data Protection Agency (ID-number: 2007-58-0015/HEH.750.89-27), registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, and monitored by independent GCP units for the University of Copenhagen, Odense and Aarhus. The current approved protocol is V.3.2, dated 1 June 2014.Trial registration numberhttp://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01817426.
Risk factors for acute exacerbations of COPD in a primary care population: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Müllerová Hana , Shukla Amit , Hawkins Adam , Quint Jennifer 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate risk factors associated with exacerbation frequency in primary care. Information on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has mainly been generated by secondary care-based clinical cohorts.DesignRetrospective observational cohort study.SettingElectronic medical records database (England and Wales).Participants58 589 patients with COPD aged ≥40 years with COPD diagnosis recorded between 1 April 2009 and 30 September 2012, and with at least 365 days of follow-up before and after the COPD diagnosis, were identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Mean age: 69 years; 47% female; mean forced expiratory volume in 1s 60% predicted.Outcome measuresData on moderate or severe exacerbation episodes defined by diagnosis and/or medication codes 12 months following cohort entry were retrieved, together with demographic and clinical characteristics. Associations between patient characteristics and odds of having none versus one, none versus frequent (≥2) and one versus frequent exacerbations over 12 months follow-up were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsDuring follow-up, 23% of patients had evidence of frequent moderate-to-severe COPD exacerbations (24% one; 53% none). Independent predictors of increased odds of having exacerbations during the follow-up, either frequent episodes or one episode, included prior exacerbations, increasing dyspnoea score, increasing grade of airflow limitation, females and prior or current history of several comorbidities (eg, asthma, depression, anxiety, heart failure and cancer).ConclusionsPrimary care-managed patients with COPD at the highest risk of exacerbations can be identified by exploring medical history for the presence of prior exacerbations, greater COPD disease severity and co-occurrence of other medical conditions.
Circulating Tumor Cell Analysis in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancers
Authors: Magbanua Mark Jesus M. , Carey Lisa A. , DeLuca Amy , Hwang Jimmy , Scott Janet H. , Rimawi Mothaffar F. , Mayer Erica L. , Marcom P. Kelly , Liu Minetta C. , Esteva Francisco J. , Park John W. , Rugo Hope S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Purpose: Recent developments in rare-cell technology have led to improved blood-based assays that allow for the reliable detection, enumeration, and more recently, genomic profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTC). We evaluated two different approaches for enumeration of CTCs in a prospective therapeutic study of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
Experimental Design: The CellSearch system, a commercially available and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–cleared assay for CTC enumeration, and IE/FC, an alternative method using EPCAM-based immunomagnetic enrichment and flow cytometry that maintains cell viability, were used to enumerate CTCs in the blood of patients with metastatic TNBC. CTC numbers were assessed at baseline and 7 to 14 days after initiation of therapy with cetuximab ± carboplatin in a phase II multicenter clinical trial (TBCRC 001).
Results: CTC numbers from two methods were significantly correlated at baseline (r = 0.62) and at 7 to 14 days (r = 0.53). Baseline CTCs showed no association with time-to-progression (TTP), whereas CTCs at 7 to 14 days were significantly correlated with TTP (CellSearch P = 0.02; IE/FC P = 0.03). CTCs at both time points were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) [CellSearch: baseline (P = 0.0001) and 7 to 14 days (P &lt; 0.0001); IE/FC: baseline (P = 0.0009) and 7 to 14 days (P = 0.0086)].
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that CTC enumeration by two different assays was highly concordant. In addition, results of both assays were significantly correlated with TTP and OS in patients with TNBC. The IE/FC method is also easily adapted to isolation of pure populations of CTCs for genomic profiling. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 1098–105. ©2014 AACR.