bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Significance
Authors: Follette William C. , Callaghan Glenn M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFor decades health and social sciences have relied on statistical significance to identify important research findings. There is a growing recognition that statistical significance may be a necessary but not sufficient criterion for reporting clinical outcome results. This entry describes how defining and adding clinical significance to research reports may aid consumers of research in understanding how large an effect is in terms of its practical impact on the quality of peoples' lives. One approach that reports the proportion of participants who return to normal functioning has garnered attention since it was first described. Alternatives are also presented. An important impediment to more fully implementing this method of reporting results is the lack of agreed criteria for what constitutes normal functioning. The medical or disease model might consider this to be the absence of disease symptoms, but in the behavioral sciences such a definition may be inadequate.
S
chneider,
K
urt (1887–1967)
Authors: Jablensky Assen 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Kurt Schneider (1887–1967) was a prominent German psychiatrist of the Heidelberg school who elaborated and systematically applied the phenomenological method to the detailed and communicable elicitation of the patients' subjective experiences. He is widely known for his description of “first‐rank” symptoms of psychosis, which, years later, influenced the formulation of diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in

ICD
‐10

and

DSM‐IV

. He is also known for his contributions to the typology of depressive states and personality disorder.
Shakow,David (1901–81)
Authors: Cautin Robin L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDavid Shakow (1901–81) made significant scientific and professional contributions to the field of clinical psychology. As part of an interdisciplinary team of researchers at Worcester State Hospital and later at the National Institute of Mental Health, Shakow applied experimental methods to the study of the psychological nature of the schizophrenic condition, his work culminating in a cognitive theory of schizophrenia, known as segmental set theory. His work helped to establish new standards for experimental rigor in the field. Shakow also played a critical role in the development of the scientist–practitioner model in clinical psychology.
Behavior Genetics
Authors: McGue Matt , Gottesman Irving I. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Behavioral genetics' roots were planted by Francis Galton in the late nineteenth century, but its early efforts were discredited by its association with the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century. Twin, adoption, and family studies helped reestablish the credibility and importance of behavioral genetic research and have supported three general conclusions: (a) Genetic influences on individual differences in behavior are pervasive, (b) the relevant environmental influences are predominantly of the nonshared rather than the shared variety, and (c) the importance of genetic factors appears to increase with age. With the heritability of behavioral phenotypes well established, the field has moved to trying to identify the specific genetic variants that underlie these heritable effects and exploring how these variants interact with environmental factors. Initial efforts in these areas have, however, been hampered by the typically small sample sizes of the relevant research in psychology. The establishment of large‐scale consortia and the use of meta‐analytic methods are now beginning to reveal the complex genetic architecture of behavioral phenotypes.
Adaptation
Authors: Fastoso Fernando 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In international marketing, adaptation (or localization) refers to the practice of adapting marketing strategies and tactics to the needs of specific countries. Adaptation is seen as one end of a continuum ranging to standardization. The practice is seen as better than standardization at delivering value to customers around the world – thus contributing to higher company performance – and as necessary on the basis of persisting differences between countries in terms of consumer perceptions and market conditions.
Behavioral Pricing
Authors: Zielke Stephan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Microeconomic pricing models assume that customers are rational and completely informed decision‐makers, maximizing their utility. Behavioral pricing models, in contrast, explain deviations from rational decision‐making by psychological processes. In particular, behavioral pricing focuses on customers' price information search, price processing (especially perception and evaluation), and price knowledge to explain their price responses. Streams in behavioral pricing research focus on the role of reference prices in price evaluations, on the dual role of price as a monetary sacrifice and an informational cue, and on the customers' price information search and price knowledge. The latter stream is directly related to research on price images. Recently, price‐related emotions gained importance in behavioral pricing research.
Below the Line
Authors: Prete Irene 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Below the line indicates all forms of marketing activities that employ non‐traditional or unconventional advertising or communication, such as PR, sales promotions, direct and event marketing, in contrast with above the line practices which use traditional mass media outlets such as print, radio, and broadcast television. The increasing significance of below the line communication results from the emergence of new developments in the marketing environment, and, in particular, the appearance of interactive and multifunctional media which goes hand in hand with a decline in the power of traditional communication vehicles. Owing to these changes, a variety of newfound and original forms of communication are incorporated in this category: PR and viral marketing, material tools, relational tools, one shot, customer relationship management, and other unconventional tools such as guerrilla marketing, low‐cost atypical means relying on energy, time, and imagination. Below the line communication offers the advantages to be an efficient vehicle in comparison with highpriced mass media channels, allowing companies to moderate marketing costs, and to be clearly measurable, so providing precious information on their return‐on‐investment. Additionally, recent literature has pointed out the role of below the web tools to enhance brand awareness and to create a distinctive brand image.
Brand Communities
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Biraghi Silvia , Giovanardi Mattia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Brand communities can be defined as social platforms where consumer–brand encounter takes place. Brand communities can be both the manifestation of a particular brand management philosophy and the expression of the spontaneous gathering of a group of brand fans. In both cases, brand communities may be seen as the virtual arena where value is cocreated through social interactions.
Bundling
Authors: Grundström Christina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Bundling is a term that refers to several products (goods or services) marketed and sold together; yet, each of the products should be able to sell to a market segment of their own. Bundling usually involves price bundling. The products in a bundle are often chosen such that the customer's needs are satisfied better or to provide better value to the customer. Bundling in the form of introducing a new product together with an established one is found to particularly facilitate the adoption of radically new products. It can also be used when disposing of lasting stock of a product that is to be taken off the market. Such bundling must be done with care so that the customer can make an informed choice. Whenever bundling, marketers must avoid creating bundles that may be seen as obstructing competition.
Consumer Resistance
Authors: Hennigs Nadine , Seegebarth Barbara 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Consumer resistance derives from the Latin term “resistere,” meaning to resist, stand back, withstand, take a stand, and stand firm. From a managerial perspective, consumer resistance refers to a consumer who opposes a certain brand, an organization, or marketing images, norms, and devices that are considered to represent a system of domination.
Consumer–Brand Engagement
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Graffigna Guendalina , Biraghi Silvia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Consumer–brand engagement can be defined as a multidimensional construct that encompasses other marketing constructs. Moreover, consumer–brand engagement can be regarded as a meta‐organizer of the dynamic and process‐based relationship between a brand and its consumers.
In this essay, first we draw a definition of the concept, then we present a short review of academic and professional literature on consumer–brand engagement, and finally, we point out the basic differences between consumer–brand engagement and other apparently overlapping marketing constructs (involvement, commitment, emotional attachment, and brand experience).
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Grinstein Amir , Blekher Maria 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The concept of
CSR
was developed in the 1960s in the USA with the idea that corporate responsibilities are more than its legal obligations. These days,
CSR
is a widely adopted idea that consists of firms' obligations to protect and improve the welfare of the society and its organization now as well as in future, through its various business and social actions and ensures that it generates equitable and sustainable benefits for the various stakeholders.
CSR
is a component of corporate policy that involves participating in social welfare beyond the company's direct economic, technical, and legal interests. Examples of
CSR
include providing child care for employees, donating to charity, and pursuing environmentally friendly practices.
Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Alexander Nicholas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Cosmopolitanism is a view of the world that is associated with openness toward different cultures. Generally it suggests an individual who is well traveled and lives a lifestyle associated with socioeconomic elites; however, in marketing, cosmopolitan behavior is associated with individuals who have a positive disposition toward other cultures although they may not have traveled outside their home culture. The cosmopolitan scale (
COS
) measures the degree to which individuals engage with, and immerse themselves in, other cultures. In marketing, it is the individual's learnt disposition toward other cultures that is most important not background as expressed through social status.
Counterfeiting
Authors: Penz Elfriede 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Two types of counterfeiting, deceptive and nondeceptive, are distinguished. The various forms of counterfeits include vanity counterfeits, overruns, condoned copies, and self copies. Counterfeiting is detrimental for various industries. Companies deal with the problems that arise in different ways depending on whether they have been a victim of counterfeiting. The level of demand depends on product characteristics and consumer characteristics. Two streams of the literature have emerged with respect to counterfeiting: the first examines consumers' motivations and behaviors; and the second focuses on specific industries, product categories, and brands.
Customer Compliance/Customer Control
Authors: Kasabov Edward 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
“Customer compliance” refers to interactions between customers and providers with clear norms and processes of interaction being predefined by providers and enforced by them in an inflexible manner, in the process of doing so normalizing customer behavior. Compliance is a type of control over customers that does not rest on open, visible, and brute force but on more subtle efforts on the part of providers to channel customers' behaviors, especially of customers who are perceived as “difficult” and economically unprofitable. Compliance, or governing customer behavior through restriction, affects all stages of service provision but is particularly prominent in service recovery and complaint management when customer compliance businesses do not invest considerable resources and effort to satisfy dissatisfied customers and especially difficult and serial complainers. Customer compliance‐practicing companies sometimes publicize their compliance procedures in order to “inform” and “educate” customers about these procedures, but also so that to “train” customers to behave in a manner acceptable to these companies. The concept of customer compliance challenges philosophical and ideological marketing claims of liberated and empowered consumers as well as the service dominant logic, by emphasizing not the liberating but the constricting properties of interactions and service provision.
Customer Engagement
Authors: Alversia Yeshika , Michaelidou Nina , Moraes Caroline 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Customer engagement (
CE
) is an emerging area of scholarly enquiry focusing on the nontransactional relationship between customers and organizations. The concept has been captured by researchers as reflecting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions, which underpin the customers' relationship with a firm, a particular product category or a brand.
CE
is a key concept in consumer research as it informs how customers establish relationships with products and brands and how this practice enables marketing strategy.
Customer Service
Authors: Meyer Jeffrey , Gremler Dwayne D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
While customer service shares many features with services, it differs in two key ways. First, customer service is offered in support of the core product and is not marketed separately. Second, customer service is typically offered for free and is not a revenue‐generating activity. Customer service, most often performed by the seller's frontline employees, occurs in the delivering and exchanging of offerings from seller to buyer. However, sellers are increasingly calling upon technology to help assist and serve customers who have demanded greater availability, accessibility, and accountability. Thus, both frontline employees and technology are crucial to the seller's customer service and its success in the marketplace.
Emotion
Authors: Penz Elfriede 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Basic emotion theory identifies 6–10 basic emotions, which are also referred to as a family of closely related emotions (e.g., the basic emotion “family sadness” includes distress and anguish) and are distinguished from self‐conscious emotions. Emotions provide information to the person experiencing it, and may motivate approach or avoidance behavior, exercise control/regulation of responses, and be social or relational in nature.
Emotional Contagion
Authors: Liao Mei‐Na 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

People's emotional experiences and facial expressions tend to reflect rudimentary features of the changes in emotional expression of those they observe; such a process forms an important part of social interaction that allows people to understand and share the feelings of others. This facial mimicry is called emotional contagion (EC). Schoenewolf defines emotional contagion as the flow of emotions from one person to another, with the receiver “catching” the emotions that the sender displays. Management studies tend to focus on the related but more cognitive, sophisticated, and socially beneficial process of empathy and sympathy and examine the influence of EC in organizational setting, in particular, between service providers and customers. Researchers in services marketing investigate the reciprocal relationship between service employees and customers in the services encounters through the understanding of EC and the concept of emotional labor. Hatfield
et al
. proposed that individuals have different levels of susceptibility to EC and ability to transmit their emotions onto others. Subsequent researches established unidimensional as well as multifaceted emotional contagion scales to measure the susceptibility of EC.
Employer Branding
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Biraghi Silvia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Employer branding can be defined as the system of corporate values, policies, and behaviors that distinguish an organization as a brand in the labor marketplace. It encompasses the adoption of a twofold perspective: outside the organization, employer branding aims at attracting talents as potential candidates for recruitment; inside the organization, it works as a human resource management strategy to motivate and retain employees.
Ethnocentrism
Authors: Alexander Nicholas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ethnocentrism is a view of the world that is closed to contributions from other cultures. Originally a term used within sociology, in marketing ethnocentric behavior, it is associated with individuals who value the products and services of the home market over and above those produced in or associated with other markets. The consumer ethnocentric (CET) scale measures consumer ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is a learnt disposition and is influenced by cultural factors.
Exchange Models
Authors: Liao Mei‐Na 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The concept of exchange forms the foundation of marketing theories. Marketing scholars debated the two exchange models: economic exchange and social exchange, in defining the scope of marketing. Traditionally, marketing is defined within economic exchange model, which specifically contains marketing management within the contractually oriented market transactions. However, viewing marketing from a social exchange perspective provides theoretical underpinning for the application of marketing techniques in non‐business settings, such as social, political, religious and other personal causes. Under economic exchange, firms are regarded as profit maximizers, while individuals are thought to be utility maximizers. In marketing, marketers aim at satisfying customers' needs and wants by selling them the “right” goods and services at a “right” price. In return the firm obtains a profit and hence create a satisfactory transactional exchange for both parties. This idea forms the definitions of marketing in the earlier stage. Social exchange is defined as a univocal and reciprocal relationship among at least three actors in the exchange situation, where the actors do not benefit from each other directly or immediately. As such social solidarity is enhanced through generic social exchange. This type of exchange can be seen in case of charity donations and in social marketing.
Fashion Marketing
Authors: Amatulli Cesare 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Fashion marketing is the application of traditional marketing theories and techniques to the fashion business (i.e., companies that produce clothing and apparel accessories). It is characterized by peculiar features (e.g., the primary importance of aesthetic factors), which derive from the distinctive nature of fashion products. Fashion marketing strategies combine the creativity of designers and the need for rationality by managers. In fashion marketing, consumption is particularly characterized by symbolic and hedonic rather than concrete and utilitarian consumption of products. Thus, consumer behaviors tend to be emotional and aspirational rather than rational and functional. In particular, the symbolic value assumes an even more marked connotation for fashion luxury goods. In fact, in the sphere of consumption of luxury fashion products, the purchasing determinants can be linked to personal motivations (i.e., individual style) or interpersonal motivations (i.e., status).
Ambient Marketing (Guerrilla/Street)
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Giovanardi Mattia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ambient/street/guerrilla marketing is an articulated form of corporate communication that makes use of elements of the physical environment to deliver brand messages that engage consumers walking and gathering in streets and squares. This entry offers a conceptual definition of ambient marketing and its evolutionary features. It also provides a comprehensive classification of basic categories. It finally represents a first attempt to deal in a unified way with a variety of heterogeneous out‐of‐home communication tools.
Historical Analysis: Marketing
Authors: Shaw Eric H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Historical analysis involves the study of past developments in marketing to inform current academic research and business practice. Historical investigations are typically categorized into the history of marketing thought or the history of marketing practice. The former focuses on the evolution of marketing concepts and theories, such as the product life cycle (PLC), the Consumer Goods Classification System, or the Theory of Retail Gravitation. In contrast, the history of marketing practice involves business developments in marketing, such as the evolution of Macy's merchandising strategies or Ford's automobile pricing strategy. Often developments in marketing thought and practice are iterative –successful ideas influence practice and vice versa. Historical analysis reveals that great marketing insights are frequently, and sometimes unknowingly, recycled through history. For example, two of the world's most renowned technological innovators, Henry Ford and Steve Jobs, bookmarking the beginning and end of the twentieth century, developed their business philosophies with a similar customer oriented marketing strategy. These lessons from the past often offer profound insights for the future. Such is the value added by historical analysis in marketing.
International Retail
Authors: Alexander Nicholas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
International retail is the operation of retail outlets in more than one country. The internationalization of retailing activity has two dimensions: the firm (direct internationalization) and the market (indirect internationalization). The internationalization of retailing formats and operational systems is not dependent on international retail firms. Indirect internationalization occurs when domestic retailers adopt international practices. When firm's engage in direct internationalization it is a market serving activity, it is not a resource seeking activity. International retailer activity is hosted by most global markets. Entry methods most commonly used are acquisition, organic growth, joint‐venture, and franchising. Since the 1980s, international retail activity has been characterized by the international expansion of firms that have retailing as their primary function. Earlier forms of international retail activity were often associated with other organizational characteristics where retailing was not the primary activity in the domestic market.
Loyalty (Brand Loyalty)
Authors: Russell‐Bennett Rebekah , Parkinson Joy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLoyalty is a desired marketing outcome for products ranging from fast‐moving consumer goods, services, durables, and ideas products such as political parties and social behaviors. Evidence has shown that a base of loyal customers is advantageous for an organization as it reduces the marketing cost of doing business and improves profitability. The approaches to loyalty have varied over the decades with various schools of thoughts toward definitions, conceptualizations, and measurement. The need for understanding the nature of the product and consumer's behavior to determine the appropriate approach to loyalty is emphasized in this article. In this article, we outline the historical development of brand loyalty, the major approaches to the construct (attitudinal and behavioral) and new approaches that deconstruct attitudinal loyalty into its subcomponent parts.