bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conducting Retrospective Ontological Clinical Trials in ICD-9-CM in the Age of ICD-10-CM
Authors: Venepalli Neeta K. , Shergill Ardaman , Dorestani Parvaneh , Boyd Andrew D. 
Published: November 2014

Objective To quantify the impact of International Classification of Disease 10th Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) transition in cancer clinical trials by comparing coding accuracy and data discontinuity in backward ICD-10-CM to ICD-9-CM mapping via two tools, and to develop a standard ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM bridging methodology for retrospective analyses. Background While the transition to ICD-10-CM has been delayed until October 2015, its impact on cancer-related studies utilizing ICD-9-CM diagnoses has been inadequately explored. Materials and Methods Three high impact journals with broad national and international readerships were reviewed for cancer-related studies utilizing ICD-9-CM diagnoses codes in study design, methods, or results. Forward ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM mapping was performing using a translational methodology with the Motif web portal ICD-9-CM conversion tool. Backward mapping from ICD-10-CM to ICD-9-CM was performed using both Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) general equivalence mappings (GEMs) files and the Motif web portal tool. Generated ICD-9-CM codes were compared with the original ICD-9-CM codes to assess data accuracy and discontinuity. Results While both methods yielded additional ICD-9-CM codes, the CMS GEMs method provided incomplete coverage with 16 of the original ICD-9-CM codes missing, whereas the Motif web portal method provided complete coverage. Of these 16 codes, 12 ICD-9-CM codes were present in 2010 Illinois Medicaid data, and accounted for 0.52% of patient encounters and 0.35% of total Medicaid reimbursements. Extraneous ICD-9-CM codes from both methods (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services general equivalent mapping [CMS GEMs, n = 161; Motif web portal, n = 246]) in excess of original ICD-9-CM codes accounted for 2.1% and 2.3% of total patient encounters and 3.4% and 4.1% of total Medicaid reimbursements from the 2010 Illinois Medicare database. Discussion Longitudinal data analyses post-ICD-10-CM transition will require backward ICD-10-CM to ICD-9-CM coding, and data comparison for accuracy. Researchers must be aware that all methods for backward coding are not comparable in yielding original ICD-9-CM codes. Conclusions The mandated delay is an opportunity for organizations to better understand areas of financial risk with regards to data management via backward coding. Our methodology is relevant for all healthcare-related coding data, and can be replicated by organizations as a strategy to mitigate financial risk.
Familial risk of dyslexia in Polish first grade pupils based on the ARHQ-PL Questionnaire
Authors: Krasowicz-Kupis Grażyna , Bogdanowicz Katarzyna M. , Wiejak Katarzyna 
Published: November 2014

<b>Background</b><br />
From the perspective of dyslexia, familial risk is the issue most researched worldwide. The familial risk has never been studied in Poland. Results of many studies conducted in Europe, the U.S. and Australia show that children who have a close family member with dyslexia are at greater risk of this disorder than children in the control groups. This conclusion is backed up by the results of research on the genetic aetiology of learning disorders. In the presented study on Polish 1st grade students, the Adult Reading History Questionnaire by Lefly and Pennington (2000) in the Polish adaptation (ARHQ-PL) was used. The connections between the familial risk and the level of reading, spelling, phonological abilities and other cognitive functions were analysed.<br />
<br />
<b>Participants and procedure</b><br />
The study covered 513 children, including their parents, from randomly selected primary schools in the Mazowieckie province. According to the ARHQ-PL assumptions, the children’s parents were divided into groups taking into account the familial risk level. Children were individually assessed for reading, spelling, phonological abilities, naming speed, phonological memory, vocabulary level and selective attention.<br />
Inter-group comparisons were performed based on the analysed variables for the groups of children whose parents had critical results in the ARHQ. The comparisons identified high risk (or lack of risk), as per sex, age, education level and SES (socio-economical status).<br />
<br />
<b>Results</b><br />
The results show that there is a significant connection between risk group membership and the level of reading and of the majority of assessed phonological abilities. More significant relationships were determined for the familial risk of dyslexia observed for mothers.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusions</b><br />
The study confirms the diagnostic accuracy of the familial dyslexia risk ratio determined using the ARHQ-PL questionnaire for reading and for the majority of the phonological abilities closely connected with reading. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the prognostic accuracy of diagnosing developmental dyslexia.
Pharmacological therapy of osteoporosis with bisphosphonates – for whom, what kind, and for how long?
Authors: Marcinowska-Suchowierska Ewa , Walicka Magdalena 
Published: November 2014

Bisfosfoniany (BS) od wielu lat odgrywają istotną rolę w leczeniu osteoporozy pomenopauzalnej. W ostatnim czasie faktem stały się również wskazania do ich stosowania u mężczyzn oraz w osteoporozie indukowanej podawaniem glikokortykosteroidów i w niektórych innych osteoporozach wtórnych. Opracowanie doustnych preparatów BS podawanych raz na tydzień lub raz w miesiącu pozwoliło zmniejszyć częstość objawów niepożądanych ze strony przewodu pokarmowego. Dostępność preparatów dożylnych BS umożliwiła wyeliminowanie objawów niepożądanych dotyczących przewodu pokarmowego, jednak kosztem częstszych reakcji ostrej fazy. Obserwacje z ostatnich lat wskazały na związek pomiędzy stosowaniem bisfosfonianów a występowaniem takich powikłań, jak martwica żuchwy czy złamania podkrętarzowe, co wywołało zainteresowanie bezpieczeństwem ich powszechnego i długoterminowego stosowania. W artykule podsumowano aktualny stan wiedzy o znaczeniu BS w leczeniu osteoporozy oraz działaniach niepożądanych w czasie ich wieloletniego stosowania, co ułatwi optymalizację czasu leczenia BS oraz podjęcie decyzji o ewentualnej przerwie w ich podaży u danego pacjenta.
Certolizumab pegol in the treatment of spondyloarthritis
Authors: Korkosz Mariusz 
Published: November 2014

Spondyloartropatie (SpA) stanowią drugą co do częstości występowania, po układowych chorobach tkanki łącznej, grupę zapalnych chorób reumatycznych i częstą przyczynę niepełnosprawności narządu ruchu. Kluczową rolę w inicjowaniu i podtrzymywaniu przewlekłego zapalenia w SpA odgrywa czynnik martwicy nowotworów α <br /> (tumor necrosis factor α – TNF-α), dlatego w przypadku utrzymującej się wysokiej aktywności SpA, pomimo leczenia standardowego niesteroidowymi lekami przeciwzapalnymi i/lub syntetycznymi lekami modyfikującymi przebieg choroby, skuteczne jest leczenie inhibitorami TNF. Certolizumab pegol jest jednym z inhibitorów TNF, który okazał się skuteczny w leczeniu aktywnych postaci SpA. W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe dane o tym leku oraz wyniki badań będących podstawą rejestracji certolizumabu w SpA.
The Paxton Boys and the Moravians: Terror and Faith in the Pennsylvania Backcountry
Authors: Gordon Scott Paul 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
The diaries and letters written by Moravian ministers as the Paxton Boys bloodied Lancaster County in late 1763 challenge recent accounts of these events that have become an obligatory stop for historians studying the changing relations between Indians and whites in colonial America. These sources complicate the standard chronology in which physical violence turns to political pressure (on which, many historians suggest, the Paxton Boys were focused all along); they reveal that the killings were meant as a challenge to Edward Shippen and Lancaster’s elite, not provincial elites in Philadelphia; and they reveal that, while racial prejudice influenced the groups that the Paxton Boys considered enemies, their category of enemy itself was not limited by race. The Paxton Boys targeted whites, English Quakers and German Moravians, when they believed that these groups jeopardized the security of the backcountry. As riders cursing “God damn you, Moravians” passed through the village of Lititz, many feared that the German Moravians might be the next group to disappear from Pennsylvania’s landscape.
Has coarse ocean resolution biased simulations of transient climate sensitivity?
Authors: Winton Michael , Anderson Whit G. , Delworth Thomas L. , Griffies Stephen M. , Hurlin William J. , Rosati Anthony 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigate the influence of ocean component resolution on simulation of climate sensitivity using variants of the GFDL CM2.5 climate model incorporating eddy‐resolving (1/10°) and eddy‐parameterizing (1°) ocean resolutions. Two parameterization configurations of the coarse‐resolution model are used yielding a three‐model suite with significant variation in the transient climate response (TCR). The variation of TCR in this suite and in an enhanced group of 10 GFDL models is found to be strongly associated with the control climate Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) magnitude and its decline under forcing. We find that it is the AMOC behavior rather than resolution per se that accounts for most of the TCR differences. A smaller difference in TCR stems from the eddy‐resolving model having more Southern Ocean surface warming than the coarse models.
Sensitivity of hurricane forecasts to cumulus parameterizations in the HWRF model
Authors: Biswas Mrinal K. , Bernardet Ligia , Dudhia Jimy 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Developmental Testbed Center used the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system to test the sensitivity of tropical cyclone track and intensity forecasts to different convective schemes. A control configuration that employed the HWRF Simplified Arakawa Scheme (SAS) was compared with the Kain‐Fritsch and Tiedtke schemes, as well as with a newer implementation of the SAS. A comprehensive test for Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific storms shows that the SAS scheme produces the best track forecasts. Even though the convective parameterization was absent in the inner 3 km nest, the intensity forecasts are sensitive to the choice of cumulus scheme on the outer grids. The impact of convective‐scale heating on the environmental flow accumulates in time since the hurricane vortex is cycled in the HWRF model initialization. This study shows that, for a given forecast, the sensitivity to cumulus parameterization combines the influence of physics and initial conditions.
Possible observational evidence of contact discontinuities
Authors: Hsieh W.‐C. , Shue J.‐H. , Chao J.‐K. , Tsai T.‐C. , Nemecek Z. , Safrankova J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractContact discontinuities (CDs) are discontinuities that have the continuous magnetic fields linked between two sides but no plasma flow across their surfaces. Due to a lack of the CDs evidence in observations, their stable existence is still under debate. CDs are not expected to be observed because of rapid plasma diffusion along the magnetic fields across their surfaces. In this study, we propose a feasible procedure with single‐satellite data for selecting CD based on MHD jump conditions. We find two CD events, one in the solar wind and another in magnetosphere. The electron temperature is smaller than the ion temperature, and the magnetic pressure is larger than the thermal pressure in both CD events. The widths of the transition in the CD events are estimated to be 4.3 and 11.7 ion gyroradii. These two events might be CDs. Multiple spacecraft analyses are needed for further advancement in this topic.
Comparative perspectives on human gender development and evolution
Authors: Meredith Stephanie L. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTHuman behavioral sex differences are ubiquitous, but the degree to which these sex differences are evolved or culturally invented is hotly contested across disciplines. A review of the human research yields strong evidence that somatic and social causes are both important in human behavioral sex differentiation, but researchers in this area struggle to agree on the relative importance of each. Understanding the social and somatic determinants of nonhuman primate sex‐typed development may shed light on the relative responsibility of social and somatic causes of human behavioral sex differentiation. A review of this research (and related research on the proximate drivers of nonhuman primate behavioral development more generally) indicates that primate behavioral sex differentiation is rooted in somatic causes, but that these are situated in and cannot be extricated from social influences. Overt gender socialization and phenomena such as gender performance seem to be uniquely human. Primate research using a dynamic systems theoretical approach to behavioral development has the greatest potential to further clarify the workings of human behavioral sex differentiation, and further primate research is indispensable for understanding the evolution of human sex‐typed behavior. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:72–97, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
The “Skinny” on brown fat, obesity, and bone
Authors: Devlin Maureen J. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe discovery that metabolically active brown fat is present in humans throughout ontogeny raises new questions about the interactions between thermoregulatory, metabolic, and skeletal homeostasis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) for its ability to burn, rather than store, energy. BAT uniquely expresses uncoupling protein‐1 (abbreviated as UCP1), which diverts the energy produced by cellular respiration to generate heat. While BAT is found in small mammals, hibernators, and newborns, this depot was thought to regress in humans during early postnatal life. Recent studies revealed that human BAT remains metabolically active throughout childhood and even in adulthood, particularly in response to cold exposure. In addition to the constitutive BAT depots present at birth, BAT cells can be induced within WAT depots under specific metabolic and climatic conditions. These cells, called inducible brown fat, “brite,” or beige fat, are currently the focus of intense investigation as a possible treatment for obesity. Inducible brown fat is associated with higher bone mineral density, suggesting that brown fat interacts with bone growth in previously unrecognized ways. Finally, BAT may have contributed to climatic adaptation in hominins. Here, I review current findings on the role of BAT in thermoregulation, bone growth, and metabolism, describe the potential role of BAT in moderating the obesity epidemic, and outline possible functions of BAT across hominin evolutionary history. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:98–115, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Additional postcranial elements of Teilhardina belgica: The oldest European primate
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Smith Richard , Dagosto Marian , Smith Thierry 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTeilhardina belgica is one of the earliest fossil primates ever recovered and the oldest fossil primate from Europe. As such, this taxon has often been hypothesized as a basal tarsiiform on the basis of its primitive dental formula with four premolars and a simplified molar cusp pattern. Until recently [see Rose et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 146 (2011) 281–305; Gebo et al.: J Hum Evol 63 (2012) 205–218], little was known concerning its postcranial anatomy with the exception of its well‐known tarsals. In this article, we describe additional postcranial elements for T. belgica and compare these with other tarsiiforms and with primitive adapiforms. The forelimb of T. belgica indicates an arboreal primate with prominent forearm musculature, good elbow rotational mobility, and a horizontal, rather than a vertical body posture. The lateral hand positions imply grasps adaptive for relatively large diameter supports given its small body size. The hand is long with very long fingers, especially the middle phalanges. The hindlimb indicates foot inversion capabilities, frequent leaping, arboreal quadrupedalism, climbing, and grasping. The long and well‐muscled hallux can be coupled with long lateral phalanges to reconstruct a foot with long grasping digits. Our phyletic analysis indicates that we can identify several postcranial characteristics shared in common for stem primates as well as note several derived postcranial characters for Tarsiiformes. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:388–406, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supervised exercise improves cutaneous reinnervation capacity in metabolic syndrome patients
Authors: Singleton J. Robinson , Marcus Robin L. , Lessard Margaret K. , Jackson Justin E. , Smith A. Gordon 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveUnmyelinated cutaneous axons are vulnerable to physical and metabolic injury, but also capable of rapid regeneration. This balance may help determine risk for peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Capsaicin application for 48 hours induces cutaneous fibers to die back into the dermis. Regrowth can be monitored by serial skin biopsies to determine intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). We used this capsaicin axotomy technique to examine the effects of exercise on cutaneous regenerative capacity in the setting of metabolic syndrome.MethodsBaseline ankle IENFD and 30‐day cutaneous regeneration after thigh capsaicin axotomy were compared for participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 35) or metabolic syndrome (n = 32) without symptoms or examination evidence of neuropathy. Thirty‐six participants (17 with metabolic syndrome) then joined twice weekly observed exercise and lifestyle counseling. Axotomy regeneration was repeated in month 4 during this intervention.ResultsBaseline distal leg IENFD was significantly reduced for both metabolic syndrome and diabetic groups. With exercise, participants significantly improved exercise capacity and lower extremity power. Following exercise, 30‐day reinnervation rate improved (0.051 ± 0.027 fibers/mm/day before vs 0.072 ± 0.030 after exercise, p = 0.002). Those who achieved improvement in more metabolic syndrome features experienced a greater degree of 30‐day reinnervation (p < 0.012).InterpretationMetabolic syndrome was associated with reduced baseline IENFD and cutaneous regeneration capacity comparable to that seen in diabetes. Exercise‐induced improvement in metabolic syndrome features increased cutaneous regenerative capacity. The results underscore the potential benefit to peripheral nerve function of a behavioral modification approach to metabolic improvement. ANN NEUROL 2015;77:146–153
Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Spheres with Extra‐Large Pores through Assembly of Diblock Copolymer Micelles
Authors: Tang Jing , Liu Jian , Li Cuiling , Li Yunqi , Tade Moses O. , Dai Sheng , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of highly nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon spheres (NMCS) is reported. The large pores of the NMCS were obtained through self‐polymerization of dopamine (DA) and spontaneous co‐assembly of diblock copolymer micelles. The resultant narrowly dispersed NMCS possess large mesopores (ca. 16 nm) and small particle sizes (ca. 200 nm). The large pores and small dimensions of the N‐heteroatom‐doped carbon spheres contribute to the mass transportation by reducing and smoothing the diffusion pathways, leading to high electrocatalytic activity.
Sequential Control over Thiol Click Chemistry by a Reversibly Photoactivated Thiol Mechanism of Spirothiopyran
Authors: Liu Zhenzhen , Liu Tao , Lin Qiuning , Bao Chunyan , Zhu Linyong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA novel photocontrolled thiol click chemistry based on spirothiopyran and maleimide is reported. Upon irradiation with λ=365 nm light, the spirothiopyran can isomerize to the open merocyanine form, a thiophenolate group, which can rapidly react with maleimide. The unreacted MC will readily isomerize back to the starting spirothiopyran, which can be repeatedly photoactivated as needed. Thus, this reversible photoactivated thiol confers spatiotemporal sequential control on the thiol–maleimide reaction using only one type of photochemical reaction. Polymer post‐functionalization and hydrogel building with subsequent multipatterning using different maleimide molecules in a temporal sequential manner indicate that this photocontrolled Michael addition reaction can modulate the specific chemical events in a sequence.
AgF‐Mediated Fluorinative Cross‐Coupling of Two Olefins: Facile Access to α‐CF3 Alkenes and β‐CF3 Ketones
Authors: Gao Bing , Zhao Yanchuan , Hu Jinbo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA AgF‐mediated fluorination with a concomitant cross‐coupling between a gem‐difluoroolefin and a non‐fluorinated olefin is reported. This highly efficient method provides facile access to both α‐CF3 alkenes and β‐CF3 ketones, which otherwise remain challenging to be directly prepared. The application of this method is further demonstrated by the synthesis of bioactive isoxazoline derivatives. This approach represents a conceptually novel route to trifluoromethylated compounds that combines the in situ generation of the CF3 moiety and a CH functionalization in a single reaction system.
Programmed Photodegradation of Polymeric/Oligomeric Materials Derived from Renewable Bioresources
Authors: Rajendran Saravanakumar , Raghunathan Ramya , Hevus Ivan , Krishnan Retheesh , Ugrinov Angel , Sibi Mukund P. , Webster Dean C. , Sivaguru Jayaraman 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRenewable polymeric materials derived from biomass with built‐in phototriggers were synthesized and evaluated for degradation under irradiation of UV light. Complete decomposition of the polymeric materials was observed with recovery of the monomer that was used to resynthesize the polymers.
Total Synthesis, Stereochemical Reassignment, and Biological Evaluation of (−)‐Lyngbyaloside B
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko , Okuaki Yuta , Yamagata Naoya , Sasaki Makoto 
Published: November 2014

Abstract(−)‐Lyngbyaloside B is a 14‐membered macrolide glycoside isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. as a cytotoxic substance by Moore and co‐workers. The first total synthesis of (−)‐lyngbyaloside B and the reassignment of its stereostructure is described. The synthesis features an Abiko–Masamune aldol reaction, a vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction, and a macrocyclization involving an acyl ketene intermediate for the construction of the macrocyclic backbone, which contains an acylated tertiary alcohol. The antiproliferative activity of selected compounds against a small panel of human cancer cell lines is also reported.
Highly Enantioselective Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition: A Route to Piperidino‐Pyrrolizidines
Authors: Vidadala Srinivasa Rao , Golz Christopher , Strohmann Carsten , Daniliuc Constantin‐G. , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnantioselective catalytic intermolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions are powerful methods for the synthesis of heterocycles. In contrast, intramolecular enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions are virtually unexplored. A highly enantioselective synthesis of natural‐product‐inspired pyrrolidino‐piperidines by means of an intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with azomethine ylides is now reported. The method has a wide scope and yields the desired cycloadducts with four tertiary stereogenic centers with up to 99 % ee. Combining the enantioselective catalytic intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with a subsequent diastereoselective intermolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition yielded complex piperidino‐pyrrolizidines with very high stereoselectivity in a one‐pot tandem reaction.