bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two new species of free-living marine nematodes of Adoncholaimus Filipjev, 1918 (Oncholaimida: Oncholaimidae: Adoncholaiminae) from Hokkaido, northern Japan, with a key to species and discussion of the genus
Authors: Shimada Daisuke , Kajihara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2014

Two new species of free-living marine nematodes,Adoncholaimus daikokuensissp. nov. andA. pseudofervidussp. nov., from the coastal area of northern Japan, are described and illustrated.Adoncholaimus daikokuensissp. nov. is similar to five congeners,A. derjugini,A. punctatus,A. oxyuroides,A. squaluscomb. nov. andA. filicaudacomb. nov. in the absence of a gubernaculum, but differs in the absence of a ventral swelling on tail, spicule length and buccal cavity length.Adoncholaimus pseudofervidussp. nov. is similar toA. fervidusin having large body size, short tail, similar positions of the excretory pore and nerve ring, short spicules, arrangement of subventral setae in posterior region of body in males, and a single pair of terminal pores of the Demanian system surrounded by small gland cells in females.Adoncholaimus pseudofervidussp. nov. differs fromA. fervidusin having smaller, more anteriorly located amphids, longer buccal cavity, absence of gubernaculum in the male, and a different position of the terminal pores in the female. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I gene (309-337 bp) of the new species are provided for identification based on the DNA barcoding method.Metoncholaimoidesis proposed as a junior synonym ofAdoncholaimus. The new diagnosis ofAdoncholaimusand a key to species are provided.Adoncholaimus squaluscomb. nov.,Adoncholaimus filicaudacomb. nov., andAdmirandus papillatuscomb. nov. are proposed.
Oceanic Forcing of Antarctic Climate Change: A Study Using a Stretched-Grid Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Authors: Krinner Gerhard , Largeron Chloé , Ménégoz Martin , Agosta Cécile , Brutel-Vuilmet Claire 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A variable-resolution atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used for climate change projections over the Antarctic. The present-day simulation uses prescribed observed sea surface conditions, while a set of five simulations for the end of the twenty-first century (2070–99) under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario uses sea surface condition anomalies from selected coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models from phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). Analysis of the results shows that the prescribed sea surface condition anomalies have a very strong influence on the simulated climate change on the Antarctic continent, largely dominating the direct effect of the prescribed greenhouse gas concentration changes in the AGCM simulations. Complementary simulations with idealized forcings confirm these results. An analysis of circulation changes using self-organizing maps shows that the simulated climate change on regional scales is not principally caused by shifts of the frequencies of the dominant circulation patterns, except for precipitation changes in some coastal regions. The study illustrates that in some respects the use of bias-corrected sea surface boundary conditions in climate projections with a variable-resolution atmospheric general circulation model has some distinct advantages over the use of limited-area atmospheric circulation models directly forced by generally biased coupled climate model output.
Predictability and Prediction Skill of the MJO in Two Operational Forecasting Systems
Authors: Kim Hye-Mi , Webster Peter J. , Toma Violeta E. , Kim Daehyun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The authors examine the predictability and prediction skill of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) of two ocean–atmosphere coupled forecast systems of ECMWF [Variable Resolution Ensemble Prediction System (VarEPS)] and NCEP [Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2)]. The VarEPS hindcasts possess five ensemble members for the period 1993–2009 and the CFSv2 hindcasts possess three ensemble members for the period 2000–09. Predictability and prediction skill are estimated by the bivariate correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted Wheeler–Hendon real-time multivariate MJO index (RMM). MJO predictability is beyond 32 days lead time in both hindcasts, while the prediction skill is about 27 days in VarEPS and 21 days in CFSv2 as measured by the bivariate correlation exceeding 0.5. Both predictability and prediction skill of MJO are enhanced by averaging ensembles. Results show clearly that forecasts initialized with (or targeting) strong MJOs possess greater prediction skill compared to those initialized with (or targeting) weak or nonexistent MJOs. The predictability is insensitive to the initial MJO phase (or forecast target phase), although the prediction skill varies with MJO phases.
A few common model issues are identified. In both hindcasts, the MJO propagation speed is slower and the MJO amplitude is weaker than observed. Also, both ensemble forecast systems are underdispersive, meaning that the growth rate of ensemble error is greater than the growth rate of the ensemble spread by lead time.
Evaluation of the Warm-Season Diurnal Variability over East Asia in Recent Reanalyses JRA-55, ERA-Interim, NCEP CFSR, and NASA MERRA
Authors: Chen Guixing , Iwasaki Toshiki , Qin Huiling , Sha Weiming 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Four recent reanalyses—the 55-yr Japanese Reanalysis Project (JRA-55), Interim ECWMF Re-Analysis (ERA-I), NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA)—are assessed to clarify their quality in representing the diurnal cycle over East Asia. They are found to present similar patterns/structure and summer progress of the mean wind diurnal cycle, whereas they exhibit some differences in diurnal amplitude, particularly for the low-level meridional wind. An evaluation with intense soundings suggests that the amplitude difference mainly results from the diurnal variation of mean bias that differs among reanalyses. The root-mean-square (RMS) error is found to have a diurnal variation more evident in CFSR and MERRA than that in JRA-55 and ERA-I, which strongly affects the representation of the varying diurnal amplitude at the peak hours of RMS error.
Compared with satellite-derived rainfall, the four reanalyses are shown to reproduce well the rainfall diurnal cycle over East Asia in terms of large-scale terrain contrast, summer progress, and interannual variability. JRA-55 even presents a long-term increase of morning rainfall percentage over the east China plain over the past four decades, consistent with rain gauge observations. The four reanalyses exhibit some considerable discrepancies at regional scale; JRA-55 gives the best capture of the rainfall diurnal cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and the eastward propagation to the eastern lees. These results suggest that new reanalyses are potentially applicable for studying the large-scale diurnal variability over East Asia, whereas their different preferences, especially at regional scale, should be of concern in data application.
Vertical Structures and Physical Properties of the Cold-Season Stratus Clouds Downstream of the Tibetan Plateau: Differences between Daytime and Nighttime
Authors: Zhang Yi , Chen Haoming , Yu Rucong 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study compares the daytime–nighttime (DN) differences in the occurrence frequencies and macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative vertical structures of the single-layer stratus clouds downstream of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the boreal cold season (November–April) using four CloudSat products. The stratus cloudy profiles are selected and the midtopped stratus profiles are further classified into nimbostratus (NI) and altostratus (AS) according to the cloud-top height and column-integrated optical depth. It is found that the entire stratus and NI profiles tend to occur more frequently in the daytime, while the AS cloud occurs more frequently in the nighttime. Consistent with the DN differences in the occurrence frequencies, the AS tends to be much thicker with larger cloud fraction in the nighttime, while the NI becomes slightly thicker with larger cloud fraction in the daytime. An analysis of the ambient dynamic and thermodynamic fields associated with stratus formation suggests that it is the DN difference in the large-scale low-level lifting that leads to the corresponding differences of the occurrences and macrophysical properties. In contrast, the optical depths of the NI and AS clouds become larger and smaller from daytime to nighttime, respectively, which is attributed to the microphysical properties. The occurrence frequencies in small droplet particle sizes increase (NI) and decrease (AS) from daytime to nighttime, leading to the corresponding variations of the cloud radiative property.
A Fast Inverse Algorithm Based on the Multigrid Technique for Cloud Tomography
Authors: Zhou Jun , Lei Hengchi , Ji Lei , Hou Tuanjie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A fast inverse algorithm based on the half-V cycle scheme (HV) of the multigrid technique is developed for cloud tomography. Fourier analysis shows that the slow convergence problem caused by the smoothing property of the iterative algorithm can be effectively alleviated in HV by performing iterations from the coarsest to the finest grid. In this way, the resolvable scales of information contained in observations can be retrieved efficiently on the coarser grid level and the unresolvable scales are left as errors on the finer grid level. Numerical simulations indicate that, compared with the previous algorithm without HV (NHV), HV can significantly reduce the runtime by 89%–96.9% while retaining a similar level of retrieval accuracy. For the currently feasible two-level flight scheme for a 20-km-wide target area, convergence can be accelerated from 407 s in NHV to 13 s in HV. This reduction in time would be multiplied several times if the target area were much wider; but then segmental retrieval would be required to avoid exceeding the time limit of cloud tomography. This improvement represents an important saving in terms of computing resources and ensures the real-time application of cloud tomography in a much wider range of fields.
Determining Functional Relations in Multivariate Oceanographic Systems: Model II Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Richter Scott J. , Stavn Robert H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A method for estimating multivariate functional relationships between sets of measured oceanographic, meteorological, and other field data is presented. Model II regression is well known for describing functional relationships between two variables. However, there is little accessible guidance for the researcher wishing to apply model II methods to a multivariate system consisting of three or more variables. This paper describes a straightforward method to extend model II regression to the case of three or more variables.
The multiple model II procedure is applied to an analysis of the optical spectral scattering coefficient measured in the coastal ocean. The spectral scattering coefficient is regressed against both suspended mineral particle concentration and suspended organic particle concentration. The regression coefficients from this analysis provide adjusted estimates of the mineral particle scattering cross section and the organic particle scattering cross section. Greater accuracy and efficiency of the coefficients from this analysis, compared to semiempirical coefficients, is demonstrated. Examples of multivariate data are presented that have been analyzed by partitioning the variables into arbitrary bivariate models. However, in a true multivariate system with correlated predictors, such as a coupled biogeochemical cycle, these bivariate analyses yield incorrect coefficient estimates and may result in large unexplained variance. Employing instead a multivariate model II analysis can alleviate these problems and may be a better choice in these situations.
Finescale Orographic Precipitation Variability and Gap-Filling Radar Potential in Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
Authors: Campbell Leah S. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Finescale variations in orographic precipitation pose a major challenge for weather prediction, winter road maintenance, and avalanche forecasting and mitigation in mountainous regions. In this investigation, ground-based X-band radar observations collected during intensive observing period 6 (IOP6) of the Storm Chasing Utah Style Study (SCHUSS) are used to provide an example of these variations during a winter storm in the Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah. Emphasis is placed on precipitation features in and around Little Cottonwood Canyon (LCC), which cuts orthogonally eastward into the central Wasatch Mountains. Precipitation during the weakly stratified prefrontal storm stage featured a wavelike barrier-scale reflectivity maximum over the Wasatch Crest and upper LCC that extended weakly westward along the transverse ridges flanking LCC. This precipitation pattern appeared to reflect a veering wind profile, with southwesterly flow over the transverse ridges but cross-barrier westerly flow farther aloft. Sublimation within dry subcloud air further diminished low-level radar reflectivities over lower LCC. In contrast, the cold-frontal stage was associated with stronger reflectivities over lower LCC and the adjoining north- to northwest-facing canyon wall, consistent with shallow, northwesterly upslope flow. These results highlight the finescale precipitation variations that can occur during winter storms in complex terrain and demonstrate the potential for improved analysis and forecasting of precipitation in LCC using a gap-filling radar.
The role of mentoring in academic career progression: a cross-sectional survey of the Academy of Medical Sciences mentoring scheme
Authors: Iversen Amy C , Eady Nigel AJ , Wessely Simon C 
Published: April 2014

Summary Objectives To describe a successful mentoring scheme designed for mid-career clinician scientists and to examine factors associated with mentee report of positive career impact. Design Mixed methods study including in-depth interviews and cross-sectional data collection via an online survey. Setting Academy of Medical Sciences mentoring scheme set up in 2002 and evaluated in 2010. Participants One hundred and forty-seven of 227 mentees took part in the study (response rate of 65%). Ten mentees, three mentors and eight stakeholders/scheme staff were selected to participate in in-depth interviews. Main outcome measures Qualitative data: Interviews were transcribed, and free text was analysed to identify themes and subthemes in the narrative. Quantitative data: We examined the associations of reported positive career impact of mentoring by performing simple and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results Mentoring success was determined by a variety of factors including reasons for selection (e.g. presence of a personal recommendation), mentee characteristics (e.g. younger age), experience and skills of the mentor (e.g. ‘mentor helped me to find my own solutions’) and the quality of the relationship (e.g. ‘my mentor and I set out clear expectations early on’). Conclusions Our evaluation demonstrates that both mentor and mentee value mentoring and that careful planning of a scheme including preparation, training and ongoing support of both mentor and mentee addressing expectations, building rapport and logistics are likely to be helpful in ensuring success and benefit from the intervention.
‘Not an Idle Spectator’: Geoffrey Hill as Model Reviewer
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGeoffrey Hill's prose has prompted longstanding critical controversy, much of which turns on the perceived difficulty, intransigence and anachronism of his oeuvre as a whole. This paper proposes that new ways to navigate this controversy can be found in Hill's preoccupation with the exemplary dimensions of writing – that is, in his interest in the poet's capacity to offer examples (positive and negative) to a community of readers. The discussion pays particular attention to the connections Hill's reviews establish between style and ethical choice and between literary difficulty and democracy; connections which are intertwined with his ethics of exemplarity in fundamental ways. The paper also engages with those dimensions of literary exemple-use which emerge in new or unusual ways in his prose: his presentation of “models” or ideals for the organisation of civil society; his treatment of certain literary works as exemplars or embodiments of philosophical ideas; and his procedural tic of “sampling” regularly for the purpose of chastisement the “bad example” set by some of the works he criticises.
Forceps minor damage and co-occurrence of depression and fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gobbi C , Rocca MA , Pagani E , Riccitelli GC , Pravatà E , Radaelli M , Martinelli-Boneschi F , Falini A , Copetti M , Comi G , Filippi M 
Published: April 2014

Objective: Using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT MRI), we analyzed the architectural integrity of the brain white matter (WM) from a large cohort of MS patients to identify the structural substrates of the concomitant presence of depression and fatigue. Methods: Brain dual-echo, 3D T1-weighted and DT MRI scans were acquired from 147 MS patients and 90 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Patients were stratified by the presence of depression (92 depressed (D), 55 not depressed (nD)) and fatigue (81 fatigued (F), 66 not fatigued (nF)). Sixty-five patients had co-occurrence of depression and fatigue (DF). Whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons of WM DT MRI abnormalities were performed using tract-based-spatial-statistics (TBSS). Tract-specific analyses were run in brain WM tracts using standard-space templates. Results: Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis yielded no significant differences between patient subgroups. At tract-specific analysis, DF patients had reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) of the forceps minor. Reduced FA of the right anterior thalamic radiation and right uncinate fasciculus was found in F-MS vs not F-MS patients after correcting for depression. No significant differences were found between D vs not D-MS patients, after correcting for fatigue. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for partially overlapping damage to frontal and fronto-temporal pathways underlying depression and fatigue in MS.
Emodin attenuates systemic and liver inflammation in hyperlipidemic mice administrated with lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Jia Xuemei , Iwanowycz Stephen , Wang Junfeng , Saaoud Fatma , Yu Fang , Wang Yuzhen , Hu Jun , Chatterjee Saurabh , Wang Qian , Fan Daping 
Published: April 2014

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major epidemics of the modern societies and has an inflammatory component in the pathogenesis. However, approved anti-inflammatory therapies are not currently available for the prevention of the transition from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aimed to test if a Chinese herb-derived compound, emodin could halt the simple steatosis to NASH transition. LDLR−/− mice were fed a western-type diet for 10 weeks; and during the last four weeks, the mice were intra-peritoneally injected daily with LPS with or without emodin. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by measurement of serum levels of cytokines and chemokines and flow cytometric analysis of spleen leukocytes. Liver inflammation was determined by histology, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to examine the effects of emodin on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. Our data showed that emodin ameliorated systemic inflammation, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver, and attenuated liver function impairment. In vitro experiments showed emodin inhibited LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages through suppressing Erk1/2 and p38 signaling. In conclusion, emodin inhibited the transition from simple steatosis to NASH in hyperlipidemic mice challenged with LPS through suppressing systemic and macrophage inflammation. Emodin may be developed as a therapy for NAFLD by the virtue of its anti-inflammatory effects.
Prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease with upper gastrointestinal symptoms without heartburn and regurgitation
Authors: Vakil Nimish , Wernersson Börje , Ohlsson Lis , Dent John 
Published: April 2014

Background:Symptomatically ‘silent’ gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) may be underdiagnosed.Objective:To determine the prevalence of untreated GORD without heartburn and/or regurgitation in primary care.Methods:Patients were included if they had frequent upper gastrointestinal symptoms and had not taken a proton pump inhibitor in the previous 2 months (Diamond study: NCT00291746). GORD was diagnosed based on the presence of reflux oesophagitis, pathological oesophageal acid exposure, and/or a positive symptom–acid association probability. Patients completed the Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) and were interviewed by physicians using a prespecified symptom checklist.Results:GORD was diagnosed in 197 of 336 patients investigated. Heartburn and/or regurgitation were reported in 84.3% of patients with GORD during the physician interviews and in 93.4% of patients with GORD when using the RDQ. Of patients with heartburn and/or regurgitation not identified at physician interview, 58.1% (18/31) reported them at a ‘troublesome’ frequency and severity on the RDQ. Nine patients with GORD did not report heartburn or regurgitation either at interview or on the RDQ.Conclusions:Structured patient‐completed questionnaires may help to identify patients with GORD not identified during physician interview. In a small proportion of consulting patients, heartburn and regurgitation may not be present in those with GORD.
CD166 regulates human and murine hematopoietic stem cells and the hematopoietic niche
Authors: Chitteti Brahmananda Reddy , Kobayashi Michihiro , Cheng Yinghua , Zhang Huajia , Poteat Bradley A. , Broxmeyer Hal E. , Pelus Louis M. , Hanenberg Helmut , Zollman Amy , Kamocka Malgorzata M. , Carlesso Nadia , Cardoso Angelo A. , Kacena Melissa A. , Srour Edward F. 
Published: April 2014

Key Points
CD166 identifies human and murine long-term repopulating stem cells. CD166 is a functional marker of stem cells and the hematopoietic niche.