bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cesarean Section Surgical Site Infections in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Multi‐Country Study from Medecins Sans Frontieres
Authors: Chu Kathryn , Maine Rebecca , Trelles Miguel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundSurgical site infections (SSI) are a significant cause of post‐surgical morbidity and mortality and can be an indicator of surgical quality. The objectives of this study were to measure post‐operative SSI after cesarean section (CS) at four sites in three sub‐Saharan African countries and to describe the associated risk factors in order to improved quality of care in low and middle income surgical programs.MethodsThis study included data from four emergency obstetric programs supported by Medecins sans Frontieres, from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Sierra Leone. Women undergoing from August 1 2010 to January 31 2011 were included. CS post‐operative SSI data were prospectively collected. Logistic regression was used to model SSI risk factors.FindingsIn total, 1,276 women underwent CS. The incidence of SSI was 7.3 % (range 1.7–10.4 %). 93 % of SSI were superficial. The median length of stay of women without SSI was 7 days (range 3–63 days) compared to 21 days (range 5–51 days) in those with SSI (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, younger age, premature rupture of the membranes, and neonatal death were associated with an increased risk of SSI, while antenatal hemorrhage and the Lubutu, DRC project site were associated with a lower risk of developing an SSI.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that surgery can be performed with a low incidence of SSI, a proxy for surgical safety, in sub‐Saharan Africa. Protocols such as perioperative antibiotics and basic infrastructure such as clean water and sterilization can be achieved. Simple data collection tools will assist policymakers with monitoring and evaluation as well as quality control assurance of surgical programs in low and middle income countries.
The Molecular Reinscription of Race: A Comment on “Genetic Bio-Ancestry and Social Construction of Racial Classification in Social Surveys in the Contemporary United States”
Authors: Frank Reanne 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In an article in the February 2014 issue of Demography, Guo et al. claimed that their research “establishes geographic genetic bio-ancestry as a component of racial classification” (p. 141). In doing so, they argued that their work has “a larger theoretical significance on identity studies” (p. 169) by providing racial classification categories with a concrete, “measurable,” and “logical” basis against which social construction should be analyzed. Instead, I argue that their main accomplishment is the “molecular reinscription of race” (Duster 2011:104). In this article, I review the existing critiques of this type of work.
An information theory account of preference prediction accuracy
Authors: Pollmann Monique M.H. , Scheibehenne Benjamin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKnowledge about other people's preferences is essential for successful social interactions, but what exactly are the driving factors that determine how well we can predict the likes and dislikes of people around us? To investigate the accuracy of couples' preference predictions we outline and empirically test three hypotheses: The positive valence hypothesis predicts that predictions for likes are more accurate than for dislikes. The negative valence hypothesis predicts the opposite, namely that dislikes are predicted more accurately than dislikes. The base rate hypothesis predicts that preference knowledge critically depends on the base rates of likes and dislikes within a given domain. In a series of studies we show that predicting likes over dislikes has relatively little effect compared with base rates. That is, accuracy is greater for relatively rare events regardless of whether they are liked or disliked. Our findings further suggest that when predicting preferences, people seem to rely on a combination of general, stereotypical knowledge of common preferences on the one hand and specific, idiosyncratic knowledge of rare preferences on the other.
Is the Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Distractor a Safe Measure for Bone Lengthening? A Systematic Review
Authors: Nageeb Mahmoud Ahmed , Mohamed Amgad , Abdelmohsen Muhammad T. , Yasser Nagy Ahmed , Mohamed Abuelhadid , Aref Ahmed I. , Abdulrahim Ahmed F. , Al Abdullah Mubarak A. , Khaled Emara 
Published: October 2014

Background The intramedullary skeletal kinetic distractor (ISKD) is one of the relatively recent methods developed to overcome the complications of conventional bone lengthening methods, such as external fixators. These complications include pain, muscle transfixation, pin-tract infection, reduced joint motion, and prolonged fixation time. However, ISKD-specific complications such as uncontrollable lengthening and hardware failure make the outcomes of ISKD lengthening questionable. In this article, we review published literature on the efficacy and complications of the ISKD device. Methods A database search was conducted in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Ovid Full Text, Springer link, EBSCO Medline, Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar. We included English articles with extractable data about the study population and outcomes, reporting ISKD implantation in the femur or tibia of skeletally mature patients. The included studies were too heterogeneous for a metaanalysis to be performed. Results Fifteen of 89 potentially relevant citations were found to match the inclusion criteria. The most common causes of limb-length discrepancy indicating an ISKD implantation were traumatic and congenital. The average lengthening achieved, average patient discharge period, mean follow-up time, average consolidation time and index, average distraction time and index, and number of patients requiring additional operations as well as other outcome measures are discussed in this article. The most common complications were runaway nail, difficulty in achieving lengthening, and poor bone regenerate formation. Conclusion Even though the classic complications of external lengthening are virtually diminished, alterations to the current design of the ISKD are needed to avoid the distraction- related complications. Risk of unplanned surgery could be minimized through proper patient selection and proper surgical techniques.
Power Resources and the Canadian Welfare State: Unions, Partisanship and Interprovincial Differences in Inequality and Poverty Reduction
Authors: Haddow Rodney 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article seeks to measure and explain interprovincial differences in inequality and poverty reduction since the 1980s for non-elderly Canadian families. These variations are compared with dissimilarities among the advanced capitalist welfare states, where they are large. Interprovincial discrepancies are shown to be ample by this international standard. The article also finds that power resources theory, which draws attention to the role of union strength and partisan incumbency in explaining welfare state variations, accounts for an important part of these interprovincial differences. These findings suggest that sub-national jurisdictions can be more consequential for welfare state outcomes than comparative research has acknowledged, and that power resources accounts deserve more attention in Canadian social policy scholarship.
A role for intracellular zinc in glioma alteration of neuronal chloride equilibrium
Authors: Di Angelantonio S , Murana E , Cocco S , Scala F , Bertollini C , Molinari M G , Lauro C , Bregestovski P , Limatola C , Ragozzino D 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlioma patients commonly suffer from epileptic seizures. However, the mechanisms of glioma-associated epilepsy are far to be completely understood. Using glioma-neurons co-cultures, we found that tumor cells are able to deeply influence neuronal chloride homeostasis, by depolarizing the reversal potential ofγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-evoked currents (EGABA). EGABAdepolarizing shift is due to zinc-dependent reduction of neuronal KCC2 activity and requires glutamate release from glioma cells. Consistently, intracellular zinc loading rapidly depolarizes EGABAin mouse hippocampal neurons, through the Src/Trk pathway and this effect is promptly reverted upon zinc chelation. This study provides a possible molecular mechanism linking glioma invasion to excitation/inhibition imbalance and epileptic seizures, through the zinc–mediated disruption of neuronal chloride homeostasis.
Triggering necroptosis in cisplatin and IAP antagonist-resistant ovarian carcinoma
Authors: McCabe K E , Bacos K , Lu D , Delaney J R , Axelrod J , Potter M D , Vamos M , Wong V , Cosford N D P , Xiang R , Stupack D G 
Published: October 2014

AbstractOvarian cancer patients are typically treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel, but suffer a high rate of relapse with recalcitrant disease. This challenge has fostered the development of novel approaches to treatment, including antagonists of the ‘inhibitor of apoptosis proteins’ (IAPs), also called SMAC mimetics, as apoptosis-inducing agents whose action is opposed by caspase inhibitors. Surprisingly, IAP antagonist plus caspase inhibitor (IZ) treatment selectively induced a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-dependent death among several apoptosis-resistant cell lines and patient xenografts. The induction of necroptosis was common in ovarian cancer, with expression of catalytically active receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) necessary for death, and in fact sufficient to compromise survival of RIPK3-negative, necroptosis-resistant ovarian cancer cells. The formation of a necrosome-like complex with a second critical effector, receptor-interacting serine–threonine kinase-1 (RIPK1), was observed. RIPK1, RIPK3 and TNFα were required for the induction of death, as agents that inhibit the function of any of these targets prevented cell death. Abundant RIPK3 transcript is common in serous ovarian cancers, suggesting that further evaluation and targeting of this RIPK3-dependent pathway may be of clinical benefit.
TLX activates MMP-2, promotes self-renewal of tumor spheres in neuroblastoma and correlates with poor patient survival
Authors: Chavali P L , Saini R K R , Zhai Q , Vizlin-Hodzic D , Venkatabalasubramanian S , Hayashi A , Johansson E , Zeng Z-j , Mohlin S , Påhlman S , Hansford L , Kaplan D R , Funa K 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNuclear orphan receptor TLX (Drosophilatailless homolog) is essential for the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cell self-renewal, but its role in neuroblastoma (NB) is not well understood. Here, we show that TLX is essential for the formation of tumor spheres in three different NB cell lines, when grown in neural stem cell media. We demonstrate that the knock down of TLX in IMR-32 cells diminishes its tumor sphere-forming capacity. In tumor spheres, TLX is coexpressed with the neural progenitor markers Nestin, CD133 and Oct-4. In addition, TLX is coexpressed with the migratory neural progenitor markers CD15 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in xenografts of primary NB cells from patients. Subsequently, we show the effect of TLX on the proliferative, invasive and migratory properties of IMR-32 cells. We attribute this to the recruitment of TLX to both MMP-2 and Oct-4 gene promoters, which resulted in the respective gene activation. In support of our findings, we found that TLX expression was high in NB patient tissues when compared with normal peripheral nervous system tissues. Further, the Kaplan–Meier estimator indicated a negative correlation between TLX expression and survival in 88 NB patients. Therefore, our results point at TLX being a crucial player in progression of NB, by promoting self-renewal of NB tumor-initiating cells and altering their migratory and invasive properties.
Caspase-9 mediates Puma activation in UCN-01-induced apoptosis
Authors: Nie C , Luo Y , Zhao X , Luo N , Tong A , Liu X , Yuan Z , Wang C , Wei Y 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe protein kinase inhibitor 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) is one of the most potent and frequently used proapoptotic stimuli. The BH3-only molecule of Bcl-2 family proteins has been reported to contribute to UCN-01-induced apoptosis. Here we have found that UCN-01 triggers Puma-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Our data confirmed that Akt-FoxO3a pathway mediated Puma activation. Importantly, we elucidate the detailed mechanisms of Puma-induced apoptosis. Our data have also demonstrated that caspase-9 is a decisive molecule of Puma induction after UCN-01 treatment. Caspase-9 mediates apoptosis through two kinds of feedback loops. On the one hand, caspase-9 enhances Puma activation by cleaving Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL independent of caspase-3. On the other hand, caspase-9 directly activated caspase-3 in the presence of caspase-3. Caspase-3 could cleave XIAP in an another positive feedback loop to further sensitize cancer cells to UCN-01-induced apoptosis. Therefore, caspase-9 mediates Puma activation to determine the threshold for overcoming chemoresistance in cancer cells.
Passive appendages generate drift through symmetry breaking
Authors: Lācis U. , Brosse N. , Ingremeau F. , Mazzino A. , Lundell F. , Kellay H. , Bagheri S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPlants and animals use plumes, barbs, tails, feathers, hairs and fins to aid locomotion. Many of these appendages are not actively controlled, instead they have to interact passively with the surrounding fluid to generate motion. Here, we use theory, experiments and numerical simulations to show that an object with a protrusion in a separated flow drifts sideways by exploiting a symmetry-breaking instability similar to the instability of an inverted pendulum. Our model explains why the straight position of an appendage in a fluid flow is unstable and how it stabilizes either to the left or right of the incoming flow direction. It is plausible that organisms with appendages in a separated flow use this newly discovered mechanism for locomotion; examples include the drift of plumed seeds without wind and the passive reorientation of motile animals.
Quantitative multiplexing with nano-self-assemblies in SERS
Authors: Kasera Setu , Herrmann Lars O. , Barrio Jesús del , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Scherman Oren A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMultiplexed or simultaneous detection of multiple analytes is a valuable tool in many analytical applications. However, complications caused by the presence of interfering compounds in a sample form a major drawback in existing molecular sensor technologies, particularly in multi-analyte systems. Although separating analytes through extraction or chromatography can partially address the problem of interferents, there remains a need for developing direct observational tools capable of multiplexing that can be applied in situ. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is an optical molecular finger-printing technique that has the ability to resolve analytes from within mixtures. SERS has attracted much attention for its potential in multiplexed sensing but it has been limited in its quantitative abilities. Here, we report a facile supramolecular SERS-based method for quantitative multiplex analysis of small organic molecules in aqueous environments such as human urine.
Comparative Bioenergetics Modeling of Two Lake Trout Morphotypes
Authors: Kepler Megan V. , Wagner Tyler , Sweka John A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEfforts to restore Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been hampered for decades by several factors, including overfishing and invasive species (e.g., parasitism by Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus and reproductive deficiencies associated with consumption of Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus). Restoration efforts are complicated by the presence of multiple body forms (i.e., morphotypes) of Lake Trout that differ in habitat utilization, prey consumption, lipid storage, and spawning preferences. Bioenergetics models constitute one tool that is used to help inform management and restoration decisions; however, bioenergetic differences among morphotypes have not been evaluated. The goal of this research was to investigate bioenergetic differences between two actively stocked morphotypes: lean and humper Lake Trout. We measured consumption and respiration rates across a wide range of temperatures (4–22°C) and size‐classes (5–100 g) to develop bioenergetics models for juvenile Lake Trout. Bayesian estimation was used so that uncertainty could be propagated through final growth predictions. Differences between morphotypes were minimal, but when present, the differences were temperature and weight dependent. Basal respiration did not differ between morphotypes at any temperature or size‐class. When growth and consumption differed between morphotypes, the differences were not consistent across the size ranges tested. Management scenarios utilizing the temperatures presently found in the Great Lakes (e.g., predicted growth at an average temperature of 11.7°C and 14.4°C during a 30‐d period) demonstrated no difference in growth between the two morphotypes. Due to a lack of consistent differences between lean and humper Lake Trout, we developed a model that combined data from both morphotypes. The combined model yielded results similar to those of the morphotype‐specific models, suggesting that accounting for morphotype differences may not be necessary in bioenergetics modeling of lean and humper Lake Trout.Received January 6, 2014; accepted August 5, 2014
A Different Voice, A Different Song
Authors: Bithell Caroline 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This book explores the history and significance of the natural voice movement and its culture of open-access community choirs, weekend workshops, and summer camps. Founded on the premise that “everyone can sing”, the movement is distinguished from other choral movements by its emphasis on oral transmission and its eclectic repertoire of songs from across the globe. First, the book reveals how and why songs from non-Western and folk traditions inform the movement’s ideological, methodological, and ethical principles and contribute to the rewards—social, psychological, and existential, as well as musical—reported by participants. Second, it argues that the UK-based Natural Voice Practitioners’ Network, built on the pioneering work of English folksinger Frankie Armstrong, has become a major player in the democratisation of singing and represents a powerful force for community building and for facilitating intercultural understanding. Third, it suggests that the natural voice phenomenon poses a significant challenge to assumptions about musical competency and training that underpin music education in Britain and other Western societies. Among the book’s most striking revelations is the extent to which amateur and aspiring singers who are not musically literate, and who may belong to socially marginalised groups, become competent participants in a vibrant musical community and, in the process, find their voice metaphorically as well as literally. These trends are theorised in terms of the politics of participation, the transformative potential of performance, building social capital, the global village, and reclaiming the arts of celebration and conviviality.
Semiclassical Mechanics with Molecular Applications
Authors: Child M. S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Semiclassical mechanics, which stems from the old quantum theory, has seen a remarkable revival in recent years as a physically intuitive and computationally accurate scheme for the interpretation of modern experiments. The main text concentrates less on the mathematical foundations than on the global influence of the classical phase space structures on the quantum mechanical observables. Further mathematical detail is contained in the appendices. Worked problem sets are included as an aid to the student. One important thread concerns the sharp separation between quantum interference in the classically accessible phase space and exponential decay into the inaccessible shadow regions. Another is the use of catastrophe theory to eliminate singularities at the classical boundaries between the two types of region. The theory goes on to show how different parts of the wavefunction may be stitched together to obtain accurate quantization formulae for a wide variety of tunnelling and curve-crossing problems. A careful account of classical angle–action transformations is extended to include the evaluation of matrix elements. A variety of extensions of the familiar spectroscopic RKR inversion procedure are given. It is also shown how bifurcations in the phase space structure signal changes in the quantum eigenvalue spectrum from, for example, normal mode to local mode behaviour. Other quantization techniques are shown to extend even to weakly chaotic systems. A chapter on Gaussian wavepacket propagation leads up to the currently popular Herman–Kluk technique. The book concludes with chapters on semiclassical aspects of elastic, inelastic and reactive scattering.
Introduction
Authors: Child M. S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces the influence of classical boundaries between quantum interference and exponential decay, and to the use of catastrophe theory to eliminate semiclassical singularities at the boundary. Modern developments are set in a historical perspective by particular reference to Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization, curve-crossing theory, rainbow scattering, RKR inversion, the classical S matrix and the use of Poincaré sections to analyse the motions of coupled bound states. The final section outlines the scope and organization of the text.
Angle–action variables
Authors: Child M. S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Although there is no rigorous unitary transformation from Cartesian (p,q) to angle–action (I,α) variables, the actions are related to the quantum numbers by the Bohr correspondence, I = (n+δ)ℏ, while the angles determine approximate semiclassical wavefunctions of the form φn(α)=(2π)−1/2exp(inα) for all systems. The necessary transformations between (p,q) and (I,α) are derived for harmonic and morse oscillators, angular momentum and the hydrogen atom, in forms consistent with quantum mechanical phase conventions. Implications are drawn for the quantization of asymmetric tops and for the rich pattern of rotational level splittings of semi-rigid octahedral tops. The chapter concludes with the surprising recent finding that there can be no global angle–action system in the presence of an isolated fixed point of the Hamiltonian. The influence of the resulting ‘quantum monodromy’ on the characteristic level structure of quasi-linear molecules is described.
What Is It Like to Be an Emerging Adult?
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter presents profiles of four diverse emerging adults, age 21–27. Two are male and two are female, two are White and two are members of ethnic minorities, two are college graduates and two are not, and the four of them grew up in several different parts of the United States. Although the persons in the profiles are diverse, they were not chosen to be representative of all persons in the original study, much less all persons in their twenties. Rather, the persons in the profiles were chosen because they exemplify the five features that define emerging adulthood as a distinct life stage: identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and a sense of possibilities. The profiles presented in this chapter will serve to illustrate the essential characteristics of emerging adulthood described in Chapter 1, by connecting them to the real lives of emerging adults.