bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditor–Client Interactions in the ChangedUKRegulatory Environment – A Revised Grounded Theory Model
Authors: Beattie Vivien , Fearnley Stella , Hines Tony 
Published: November 2014

Audit and financial reporting quality are under intense scrutiny nationally and globally. The outcome of high‐level auditor‐auditee discussion and negotiation issues (auditor–client interactions) is central to this debate. Beattieet al. developed a grounded theory model of these interactions in the 1997UKsetting. This paper reports on a field study of 45 interactions in nine case companies in the radically changed post‐SOXregulatory environment. Crucially, interviewees in each case company extend the chief financial officer–audit partner dyad to include the audit committee chair. Fundamental revisions to the model emerge. The strongest influence on interactions has become the national enforcement regime, overlaid upon the international standard‐setting regime. The outcome in both the eyes of the participants and in our evaluation is full compliance (contrary to the findings from the 1997 setting), regardless of the perceived quality of the standards and the integrity of the outcome. Personal and company characteristics, which were of most importance in 1997, have become peripheral. The audit committee chair is shown to fulfil a gatekeeping role in relation to the full audit committee.
Adoptive transfer of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells decreases inhibitory and regulatory T‐cell differentiation and improves survival in murine polymicrobial sepsis
Authors: Wang Hong‐Wei , Yang Wen , Gao Lei , Kang Jia‐Rui , Qin Jia‐Jian , Liu Yue‐Ping , Lu Jiang‐Yang 
Published: November 2014

SummaryA decrease in the number of dendritic cells (DCs) is a major cause of post‐sepsis immunosuppression and opportunistic infection and is closely associated with poor prognosis. Increasing the number of DCs to replenish their numbers post sepsis can improve the condition. This therapeutic approach could improve recovery after sepsis. Eighty C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham or caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Mice were divided into four groups: (i) Sham + vehicle, (ii) Sham + DC, (iii) CLP + vehicle, and (iv) CLP + DC. Bone‐marrow‐derived DCs (BMDCs) were administered at 6, 12 and 24 hr after surgery. After 3 days, we assessed serum indices of organ function (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, amylase and lipase), organ tissue histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin staining), cytokine [interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐12p70 (IL‐12p70), IL‐6 and IL‐10] levels in the serum, programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) expression on T cells, regulatory T‐cell differentiation in the spleen, and the survival rate (monitored for 7 days). BMDC transfer resulted in the following changes: a significant reduction in damage to the liver, kidney and pancreas in the CLP‐septic mice as well as in the pathological changes seen in the liver, lung, small intestine and pancreas; significantly elevated levels of the T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines IFN‐γ and IL‐12p70 in the serum; decreased levels of the Th2 cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐10 in the serum; reduced expression of PD‐1 molecules on CD4+ T cells; reduced the proliferation and differentiation of splenic suppressor T cells and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and a significant increase in the survival rate of the septic animals. These results show that administration of BMDCs may have modulated the differentiation and immune function of T cells and contributed to alleviate immunosuppression, hence reducing organ damage and mortality post sepsis. Hence, the immunoregulatory effect of BMDC treatment has potential for the treatment of sepsis.
PLANNING FOR BETTER STANDARDS IN THE CARE OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE OF TRAUMA
Authors: Selecki B. R. , Simpson D. A. , Vanderfield G. K. 
Published: November 2014

Injuries of the nervous system are common, and cause many deaths and much permanent disability. They inflict an enormous financial burden on the national economy; in Australia, adequate data are at present lacking, but a simple extrapolation from Canadian statistics suggests an estimate of more than $500,000,000 annually for the injuries resulting from road traffic accidents alone; if other causes of injury are included, the figure may reach one billion dollars.The neurosurgeon is specifically trained to undertake the management of all forms of neurological trauma; however, in Australia, and in many other countries, only a small minority of such injuries receive neurosurgical care. This is chiefly because the number of neurosurgeons at present available is small in relation to the tasks. Many cases must therefore be in the care of general or orthopaedic surgeons, especially in country centres, and it is important that these surgeons should have some basic neurosurgical training. The Neurosurgical Society of Australasia wishes to formulate a programme to ensure that opportunities for such training are available throughout Australia. This programme should also embody a national plan for research into the treatment and prevention of neurological trauma.
THE EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING BILIARY PRESSURE*
Authors: McGlynn Michael , Jefferies Susan , Rose Margaret , Ham John 
Published: November 2014

A variety of different methods have been used for the measurement of pressures during operations on the biliary tract. However, there are few data on the experimental evaluation of the methods, and there has been no controlled comparative evaluation of the most commonly used techniques.In these eperiments, we have compared the manometric technique of Caroli, the syringe barrel method of Daniel and White et alii, and the constant infusion apparatus of Cushieri. The experiments were performed in pigs because of the similarity of their biliary tract to that of man. Resting and opening pressures were recorded, and flow into the duodenum via the ampulla was measured simultaneously.The manometric and syringe barrel techniques gave highly reproducible measurements of resting and opening pressure, and valid measurements of opening pressure. The constant infusion apparatus gave reproducible measurements of resting pressure, but did not measure opening pressure. The manometric technique was shown to measure changes in the resistance of the choledochoduodenal junction in response to morphine and atropine.
RU 486 (MIFEPRISTONE): CLINICAL TRIALS IN CHINA
Authors: Shu‐Rong Zheng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFour multicentre clinical trials on interruption of early pregnancy (≤ 49 days of amenorrhea) using RU 486 have been conducted in China, including 2321 subjects. The data from trials 1, 2 and 4 are presented here. RU 486 (600 mg as a single dose) was given to 299 women. A further 422 women were given RU 486 (600 mg) plus a vaginal suppository containing the Chinese domestic prostaglandin PGO5 (1 mg) 36–60 hours later. Complete abortion was achieved in 63.5% of patients receiving RU 486 alone and in 94.1% of patients receiving RU 486 plus PG (p < 0.001). RU 486 given alone showed decreasing efficacy as the duration of amenorrhea increased. However, RU 486 combined with PG was equally effective at all time points studied (≤ 35 days of amenorrhea: 98.1%, 36–42 days: 92%, 42–49 days: 87.4%). When compared with RU 486 alone Ru 486 + PG also produced a shorter bleeding time and a lower volume of blood loss (n = 21, 52 ml vs n = 13, 117 ml). Two patients from the RU 486 + PG group and 4 given RU 486 alone suffered heavy bleeding, necessitating emergency curettage. No transfusions were required. The time elapsed between RU 486 intake and expulsion of the conceptus was significantly shorter in the RU 486 + PG group (n = 97, 3.1 days) than that in the RU 486 alone group (n = 95, 4.4 days). Main side effects, nausea/vomiting and headache/dizziness, were mainly due to RU 486. PG increased the incidence of diarrhea and uterine cramp. Side effects in both treatment groups were mild or moderate in character in all except four cases. Two out of four pregnancies had to be terminated with vacuum aspiration on day 6 or day 7. No serious complication was encountered in any trial. Therefore, RU 486 (600 mg in single dose) followed 36–60 hours later by vaginal administration of 1 mg PG, appears an acceptable medical alternative to vacuum aspiration for interruption of early pregnancies up to 49 days of amenorrhea (preferably below 42 days) provided that there is adequate medical follow‐up in order to monitor uterine bleeding.
Is it possible to strengthen psychiatric nursing staff's clinical supervision? RCT of a meta‐supervision intervention
Authors: Gonge Henrik , Buus Niels 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimTo test the effects of a meta‐supervision intervention in terms of participation, effectiveness and benefits of clinical supervision of psychiatric nursing staff.BackgroundClinical supervision is regarded as a central component in developing mental health nursing practices, but the evidence supporting positive outcomes of clinical supervision in psychiatric nursing is not convincing.DesignThe study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. All permanently employed nursing staff members at three general psychiatric wards at a Danish university hospital (n = 83) were allocated to either an intervention group (n = 40) receiving the meta‐supervision in addition to attending usual supervision or to a control group (n = 43) attending usual supervision.MethodsSelf‐reported questionnaire measures of clinical supervision effectiveness and benefits were collected at base line in January 2012 and at follow‐up completed in February 2013. In addition, a prospective registration of clinical supervision participation was carried out over 3 months subsequent to the intervention.ResultsThe main result was that it was possible to motivate staff in the intervention group to participate significantly more frequently in sessions of the ongoing supervision compared with the control group. However, more frequent participation was not reflected in the experienced effectiveness of the clinical supervision or in the general formative or restorative benefits.ConclusionsThe intervention had a positive effect on individuals or wards already actively engaged in clinical supervision, which suggested that individuals and wards without well‐established supervision practices may require more comprehensive interventions targeting individual and organizational barriers to clinical supervision.
The Clinical, Forensic and Treatment Outcome Factors of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder Treated in a Forensic Intellectual Disability Service
Authors: Esan Fola , Chester Verity , Gunaratna Ignatius J. , Hoare Sudeep , Alexander Regi T. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundTo describe the characteristics of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) treated within a forensic intellectual disability hospital and to compare them with those without ASD.MethodService evaluation of a cohort of 138 patients treated over a 6‐year period.ResultsOf the 138, 42 had an ASD. Personality disorders and harmful use or dependence on drugs were significantly lower in the ASD group. The ASD group was less likely to be subject to criminal sections or restriction orders. Self‐harm was significantly higher in the ASD group. There were no differences in the length of stay and direction of care pathway.ConclusionsAlthough the ASD and non‐ASD groups differ on clinical and forensic characteristics, their treatment outcomes appear similar. This suggests that the diagnostic category of ASD alone may be inadequate in predicting the treatment outcome. There is a case to identify distinct typologies within the ASD group.
Immunological changes after ASIT in AD allergen‐specific immunotherapy and their potential correlation with clinical response in patients with atopic dermatitis patients sensitized to house dust mite
Authors: Zhong H. , Deng X. , Song Z. , Darsow U. , Chen W. , Chen S. , Luo N. , Hao F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAllergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the main treatment for inducing long‐term immunological and clinical tolerance in patients with IgE‐mediated allergic diseases. Recent open‐label and controlled studies on the efficacy of ASIT in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have provided promising results. However, data about possible relationship between the improvement of clinical symptoms and changes of serum cytokines are limited.MethodsSeventy‐nine patients with moderate to severe AD sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) were enrolled. Fifty‐eight patients were treated with ASIT and 11 controls received only symptomatic treatment. The disease activity in AD patients was evaluated by using the patient‐oriented eczema measure (POEM) system. Serum interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐10, interferon (IFN)‐γ, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, total IgE, HDM‐specific IgE (s‐IgE) and HDM‐specific IgG4 (s‐IgG4) were measured before and after 2 years of therapy.ResultsThe mean patient‐oriented eczema measure system (POEM) score of AD patients with ASIT significantly decreased after 2 years of treatment, compared to that in patients without ASIT. After ASIT, the serum levels of IL‐10, TGF‐β1, IFN‐γ and s‐IgG4 increased, while the level of IL‐4 decreased. The change in the POEM score was negatively correlated with changes of serum concentration of TGF‐β1, s‐IgG4 and IFN‐γ. Furthermore, s‐IgG4 levels were positively correlated with changes in the IL‐10 levels. No correlation between POEM score and serum IL‐10 or IL‐4 was observed.ConclusionClinical symptoms and the quality of life of AD with HDM sensitization could be improved after 2 years of ASIT. Changes in serum IL‐10, TGF‐β1, s‐IgG4 and IFN‐γ might be considered as biomarkers to assist clinical evaluation of the therapeutic effects of ASIT in patients with AD.
Are We Testing Appropriately for Low Testosterone?: Characterization of Tested Men and Compliance with Current Guidelines
Authors: Malik Rena D. , Lapin Brittany , Wang Chihsiung E. , Lakeman Justin C. , Helfand Brian T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Direct-to-consumer ads for testosterone replacement therapies have significantly increased over the past several years. Subsequently, testing for low serum testosterone has correspondingly increased.

Aims
We sought to determine the testing behaviors of practitioners as well as the characteristics of men who are undergoing testing for low testosterone.

Methods
Men aged 18–85 years were queried from the institutional electronic data warehouse from 2009 to 2012. Men were considered “tested” if their serum total testosterone level had been measured for any purpose. Tested men (TM) were compared with those not tested (NT).

Main Outcome Measures
The frequency and timing of testing for low testosterone as well as patient demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between TM and NT using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results
Of the 321,674 total men, 10,133 (3.2%) underwent testing with a serum total testosterone (mean age of 55.2 ± 14.1 years). The frequency of testing increased from 2.5% to 3.6% during the study period (P &lt; 0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that TM were significantly (P &lt; 0.001) more likely to be Caucasian and have increased body mass index. In addition, TM were significantly more likely to have comorbid conditions including decreased libido (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 10.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.5, 11.7), infertility (aOR 4.8, 95% CI 3.6, 6.6), erectile dysfunction (aOR 3.6, 95% CI 3.4, 3.8), osteoporosis (aOR 3.3, 95% CI 2.8, 3.8), depression (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.6, 1.8), prostate cancer (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5, 1.8), hypertension (aOR 1.3. 95% CI 1.2, 1.4), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.4), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.2). Among TM, only 889 (9%) men underwent testing between 7 am and 12 pm.

Conclusions
The rate of testosterone testing is increasing with most testing practices directed toward a subset of men with comorbidities that are associated with hypogonadism. Compliance of physicians obtaining early morning serum testosterone levels is low. Further education of practitioners is required to appropriately test patients for hypogonadism.
The Association of Statin Use and Gonado-Sexual Function in Women: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Ali Sayed K. , Reveles Kelly R. , Davis Richard , Mortensen Eric M. , Frei Christopher R. , Mansi Ishak 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It has been hypothesized that statins reduce sex hormone biosynthesis through hepatic inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, which is a precursor of androstenedione and estradiol. Such a reduction has been associated with menstrual irregularities, menopausal disorders, infertility, and low libido, but studies are conflicting. Few studies have evaluated the clinical effects of statins on gonadal-sexual function in women.

Aim
To compare the risk of gonado-sexual dysfunction in statin users vs. nonusers.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of all female, adult patients (30–85 years) enrolled in the Tricare Prime/Plus San Antonio catchment area. Using 79 baseline characteristics, we created a propensity score-matched cohort of statin users and nonusers. The study duration was divided into a baseline period (October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2005) to describe patient baseline characteristics and a follow-up period (October 1, 2005 to March 1, 2012) to determine patient outcomes. Statin users were defined as those prescribed a statin for ≥3 months between October 1, 2004 and September 30, 2005. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of statin use with patient outcomes.

Main Outcome Measures
Outcomes included menstrual disorders, menopausal disorders, infertility, and ovarian/sexual dysfunction during the follow-up period. Outcomes were identified using inpatient or outpatient International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes as defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Clinical Classifications Software.

Results
Of 22,706 women who met study criteria, we propensity score-matched 2,890 statin users with 2,890 nonusers; mean age 58 ± 12 years. Statin use was not significantly associated with menstrual disorders (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.81–1.16), menopausal disorders (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.83–1.02), infertility (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.36–1.73), or ovarian/sexual dysfunction (OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.83–1.70).

Conclusions
Statin use was not associated with higher risk of gonado-sexual dysfunction in women.
Oral glucose solution to alleviate pain induced by intramuscular injections in preterm infants
Authors: Uzelli Derya , Yapucu Güneş Ülkü 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose was to assess the effectiveness of 5% oral glucose solution in reducing pain in preterm infants during intramuscular injection.Design and MethodsWe conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, unblinded trial to investigate the effect of glucose solution on the pain of intramuscular injection in preterm infants (N = 80).ResultsInfants who received oral glucose had significantly lower pain scores (p < .001), less crying time (p < .001), higher oxygen saturation (p < .001), and lower heart rate after compared with during the procedure (p = .02).Practice ImplicationsOur results suggest that oral glucose, even if used in the lowest dose, may have a pain‐relieving effect in preterm infants if administered pre‐procedure.
Thermal stress and predation risk trigger distinct transcriptomic responses in the intertidal snail Nucella lapillus
Authors: Chu Nathaniel D. , Miller Luke P. , Kaluziak Stefan T. , Trussell Geoffrey C. , Vollmer Steven V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThermal stress and predation risk have profound effects on rocky shore organisms, triggering changes in their feeding behaviour, morphology and metabolism. Studies of thermal stress have shown that underpinning such changes in several intertidal species are specific shifts in gene and protein expression (e.g. upregulation of heat‐shock proteins). But relatively few studies have examined genetic responses to predation risk. Here, we use next‐generation RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) to examine the transcriptomic (mRNA) response of the snail Nucella lapillus to thermal stress and predation risk. We found that like other intertidal species, N. lapillus displays a pronounced genetic response to thermal stress by upregulating many heat‐shock proteins and other molecular chaperones. In contrast, the presence of a crab predator (Carcinus maenas) triggered few significant changes in gene expression in our experiment, and this response showed no significant overlap with the snail's response to thermal stress. These different gene expression profiles suggest that thermal stress and predation risk could pose distinct and potentially additive challenges for N. lapillus and that genetic responses to biotic stresses such as predation risk might be more complex and less uniform across species than genetic responses to abiotic stresses such as thermal stress.
Increased detection of mild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: A pilot study
Authors: Mori Yukiko , Futamura Akinori , Murakami Hidetomo , Kohashi Kyoko , Hirano Tsutomu , Kawamura Mitsuru 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundStudies show that diabetes mellitus is the greatest lifestyle risk factor for dementia. Appropriate management and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus could prevent the onset and progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia.AimDetection of mild cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsMild cognitive impairment was assessed using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The study population was 33 non‐demented inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving diabetes management training. The Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the animal naming test and the digit‐symbol coding subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were administrated in one‐to‐one interviews.ResultsThe prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in diabetic patients was 72%. The background characteristics of mild cognitive impairment in diabetic patients included fewer schooling years and higher glycated hemoglobin levels in comparison to subjects without mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychological testing showed that diabetic patients with mild cognitive impairment scored lower on the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (total score, P < 0.0001), frontal lobe function (P < 0.001) and delayed recall (P < 0.05). The number of correct answers on the digit‐symbol coding subtest was also significantly lower in diabetic patients with mild cognitive impairment (P < 0.05).ConclusionMild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence. Our study suggests that mild cognitive impairment in diabetic patients can be classified into three groups: predominantly frontal lobe dysfunction, predominantly delayed recall impairment and a mixed‐type group.