bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Authors: Delorme Cécile , Salvador Alexandre , Valabrègue Romain , Roze Emmanuel , Palminteri Stefano , Vidailhet Marie , de Wit Sanne , Robbins Trevor , Hartmann Andreas , Worbe Yulia 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Tics are sometimes described as voluntary movements performed in an automatic or habitual way. Here, we addressed the question of balance between goal-directed and habitual behavioural control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and formally tested the hypothesis of enhanced habit formation in these patients. To this aim, we administered a three-stage instrumental learning paradigm to 17 unmedicated and 17 antipsychotic-medicated patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and matched controls. In the first stage of the task, participants learned stimulus-response-outcome associations. The subsequent outcome devaluation and ‘slip-of-action’ tests allowed evaluation of the participants’ capacity to flexibly adjust their behaviour to changes in action outcome value. In this task, unmedicated patients relied predominantly on habitual, outcome-insensitive behavioural control. Moreover, in these patients, the engagement in habitual responses correlated with more severe tics. Medicated patients performed at an intermediate level between unmedicated patients and controls. Using diffusion tensor imaging on a subset of patients, we also addressed whether the engagement in habitual responding was related to structural connectivity within cortico-striatal networks. We showed that engagement in habitual behaviour in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome correlated with greater structural connectivity within the right motor cortico-striatal network. In unmedicated patients, stronger structural connectivity of the supplementary motor cortex with the sensorimotor putamen predicted more severe tics. Overall, our results indicate enhanced habit formation in unmedicated patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Aberrant reinforcement signals to the sensorimotor striatum may be fundamental for the formation of stimulus-response associations and may contribute to the habitual behaviour and tics of this syndrome.
High pCO2 affects body size, but not gene expression in larvae of the California mussel (Mytilus californianus)
Authors: Kelly Morgan W. , Padilla-Gamiño Jacqueline L. , Hofmann Gretchen E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMany studies have reported reductions in body size and calcification rates for marine larvae exposed to ocean acidification conditions. However, the physiological mechanisms driving these effects, and mechanisms underlying body size variation in general, are poorly understood. Here, we combine transcriptome sequencing with bulked segregant analysis to assess the physiological response to acidification in larvae of the California mussel, Mytilus californianus, and to explore physiological basis of variation in larval size. We reared three families of M. californianus larvae under ambient (∼350 µatm, pHtotal 8.1) and high (∼1300 µatm, pHtotal 7.6) pCO2 conditions, then passed larvae through a mesh filter, separating each family × pCO2 treatment into fractions of larvae with large vs. small body sizes. We sequenced larval mRNA for each family × treatment × body size combination, and assembled a de novo transcriptome. We then mapped reads from each library to this assembly to identify effects of high pCO2 on gene expression, and to identify transcriptomic differences between small vs. large larvae of the same age class. Although larvae reared under elevated pCO2 were smaller, we observed no consistent effect of elevated pCO2 on gene expression. Nevertheless, 1225 transcripts, primarily related to metabolism, were differentially expressed between large vs. small larvae, regardless of CO2 treatment. We conclude that the observed reduction in larval body size under high CO2 may be driven by a direct effect of the environment on phenotype, unmediated by changes in gene expression. Because M. calfornianus has evolved in the context of seasonal upwelling, exposure to 1300 µatm, pCO2 may not produce the large stress-mediated effects on gene expression that might be expected for an organism exposed to conditions far outside those of its typical environment.
Guanosine and its modified derivatives are endogenous ligands for TLR7
Authors: Shibata Takuma , Ohto Umeharu , Nomura Shosaku , Kibata Kayoko , Motoi Yuji , Zhang Yan , Murakami Yusuke , Fukui Ryutaro , Ishimoto Tatsushi , Sano Shigetoshi , Ito Tomoki , Shimizu Toshiyuki , Miyake Kensuke 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7and 8 were considered to recognize single-strand RNA (ssRNA) from viruses. Although these receptors also respond to synthetic small chemical ligands, such as CL075 and R848, it remains to be determined whether these receptors sense natural small molecules or not. In the structure of human TLR8 (huTLR8) with ssRNA, there are two ligand-binding sites: one binds a uridine and the other binds an oligoribonucleotide (ORN). This finding demonstrates that huTLR8 recognizes degradation products of ssRNA, suggesting the presence of natural small ligands. We here show that TLR7 works as the sensor for guanosine (G)/2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) in the presence of ORN where ORN strengthens TLR7 interaction with G/dG. In addition, modified nucleosides such as 7-methylguanosine, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) activated TLR7 with ORNs. Importantly, 8-OHdG—a well-known oxidative DNA damage marker with unknown function—induced strong cytokine production comparable to G and dG both in mouse and human immune cells. Although 8-OHdG bound TLR7/ORN with lower affinity than dG did in isothermal titration calorimetry, administered 8-OHdG was metabolically more stable than dG in the serum, indicating that 8-OHdG acts on TLR7 as an endogenous ligand in vivo. To address a role of G analogs in the disease state, we also examined macrophages from Unc93b1D34A/D34A mice, which suffer from TLR7-dependent systemic inflammation, and found that Unc93b1D34A/D34A macrophages showed significantly enhanced response to G alone or 8-OHdG with ORN. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that G, dG, 8-OHG and 8-OHdG are novel endogenous ligands for TLR7.
Perioperative Mortality, 2010 to 2014
Authors: Whitlock Elizabeth L. , Feiner John R. , Chen Lee-lynn 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbstract
As might be expected, mortality rates were higher in patients with high American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, having emergency surgery, and in those younger than 1 yr or those older than 65 yr. Mortality was also increased, although, when surgery began after 4:00 pm—even after adjustment for other known confounding factors.

Background
The National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry collects demographic and outcome data from anesthesia cases, with the goal of improving safety and quality across the specialty. The authors present a preliminary analysis of the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry database focusing on the rates of and associations with perioperative mortality (within 48 h of anesthesia induction).

Methods
The authors retrospectively analyzed 2,948,842 cases performed between January 1, 2010, and May 31, 2014. Cases without procedure information and vaginal deliveries were excluded. Mortality and other outcomes were reported by the anesthesia provider. Hierarchical logistic regression was performed on cases with complete information for patient age group, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, emergency case status, time of day, and surgery type, controlling for random effects within anesthesia practices.

Results
The final analysis included 2,866,141 cases and 944 deaths (crude mortality rate, 33 per 100,000). Increasing American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, emergency case status, cases beginning between 4:00 pm and 6:59 am, and patient age less than 1 yr or greater than or equal to 65 yr were independently associated with higher perioperative mortality. A post hoc subgroup analysis of 279,154 patients limited to 22 elective case types, post hoc models incorporating either more granular estimate of surgical risk or work relative value units, and a post hoc propensity score–matched cohort confirmed the association with time of day.

Conclusions
Several factors were associated with increased perioperative mortality. A case start time after 4:00 pm was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.64 (95% CI, 1.22 to 2.21) for perioperative death, which suggests a potentially modifiable target for perioperative risk reduction. Limitations of this study include nonstandardized mortality reporting and limited ability to adjust for missing data.
Delay in the Diagnosis of Stable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Pooya , Iwinski Henry J. , Salava Jonathon , Oeffinger Donna 
Published: October 2015

Introduction:
Delays in the diagnosis of stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is common due to the vague symptomatology and the lack of awareness of this entity by healthcare providers. Delays in the diagnosis of this condition can lead to poor outcomes for the patients. This study was designed to identify factors that contributed to delays in the diagnosis or the treatment of patients with SCFE seen at our institution.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of patients with the diagnosis of a stable SCFE who had undergone screw stabilization between 1989 and 2010 at our hospital was performed. For each patient, demographic data, the date of initial onset of symptoms, the date of the first visit to the medical provider, the type of provider seen initially (orthopaedic surgeon or not), the date of diagnosis of SCFE, the type of physician who made the diagnosis (orthopaedic surgeon or not), and the date of surgery were recorded. For each patient, the presenting symptom was recorded as hip, thigh, or knee pain. The effect of demographic data, presenting symptoms, and the type of initial provider seen on the delay to diagnosis was studied using 2 Cox models.

Results:
A total of 149 patients with 196 stable SCFE were included. The average time from the first physician visit to diagnosis was 94 days in the group seen by a nonorthopaedic provider compared with an average of 2.9 days in the group seen by an orthopaedist (P<0.05). Diagnosis was made in 1 week only in 19% of the group seen by a nonorthopaedic provider versus 97% in the group seen by orthopaedic surgeons. It took significantly longer to be diagnosed with SCFE in patients who presented with initial knee pain (P=0.0097) compared with those who presented with hip pain at the initial visit.

Conclusions:
This study shows a significant delay in the diagnosis of SCFE in the United States, particularly in patients seen by nonorthopaedic providers initially.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—prognostic.
Long-term Outcome of Internal Tibial Derotation Osteotomies in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Er Mehmet S. , Abousamra Oussama , Rogers Kenneth J. , Bayhan Ilhan A. , Church Chris , Henley John , Niiler Tim , Miller Freeman 
Published: October 2015

Background:
External tibial torsion (ETT) is a common bony deformity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The current recommended treatment is tibial derotation osteotomy (TDO) to improve gait biomechanics. Satisfactory short-term results after TDO have been reported but long-term results have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome following TDO to correct ETT in ambulatory children with CP.

Methods:
Following IRB approval, gait kinematics and passive range of motion measurements were retrospectively evaluated in children with spastic CP who underwent TDO due to ETT comparing preoperative (E0), short-term postoperative (E1; 1 to 3 y post), and long-term postoperative (E2; >5 y post) results. Limbs were categorized as corrected, undercorrected, or overcorrected at both E1 and E2, by comparing mean tibial rotation (MTR) in gait to a group of typically developing children. Age at surgery, E0 MTR, E0 gait velocity, gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) score, and foot deformity were evaluated to determine their influence on long-term results.

Results:
The study sample consisted of 43 legs (with E0 and E2) and 22 legs (with E0, E1, and E2). The mean age at surgery was 10.3±3.4 years (range, 6 to 19.2 y). In the group MTR trended toward improvement moving from −26±17 degrees (E0, external negative) to −16±16 degrees (E1) and relapsed to −23±17 degrees at the long term (P=0.071, E0/E1; P=0.589, E0/E2). Improvement was also seen in the transmalleolar axis (P=0.074), mean ankle rotation, and mean foot orientation (P<0.05, E0/E2). At the long-term evaluation, 16 legs (37%) were found to be in the kinematic corrected group, 25 legs (58%) in the kinematic undercorrected group, and 2 legs (5%) in the kinematic overcorrected group. There were no significant differences between the corrected and undercorrected groups of children with respect to age at surgery, GMFCS, E0 MTR, gait velocity, or foot deformity.

Conclusions:
Although internal TDO improves ETT in the short term, recurrence is frequent with an apparent developmental trend toward external rotation of the tibia.

Levels of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic study.
Inferring the correlated fitness effects of nonsynonymous mutations at the same site using triallelic population genomics
Authors: Ragsdale Aaron P. , Coffman Alec J. , Hsieh PingHsun , Struck Travis J. , Gutenkunst Ryan N. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe distribution of mutation fitness effects is central to evolutionary genetics. Typical univariate distributions, however, cannot model the effects of multiple mutations at the same site, so we introduce a model in which mutations at the same site have correlated fitness effects. To infer the strength of that correlation, we developed a diffusion approximation to the triallelic frequency spectrum, which we applied to data from D. melanogaster. We found a moderate correlation between the fitness effects of nonsynonymous mutations at the same codon, suggesting that both mutation identity and location are important for determining fitness effects in proteins. We validated our approach by comparing with biochemical mutational scanning experiments, finding strong quantitative agreement, even between different organisms. We also found that the correlation of mutation fitness effects was not affected by protein solvent exposure or structural disorder. Together, our results suggest that the correlation of fitness effects at the same site is a previously overlooked yet fundamental property of protein evolution.
Reconciling information gaps in organic farm borrowers’ dealings with farm lenders
Authors: Jones Ghangela , Escalante Cesar , Rusiana Hofner 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– Organic outputs have been increasing at much lower rates than growth in consumer demand. Organic farmers’ debt aversion hinders them from obtaining business funds through borrowing. The purpose of this paper is to clarify that the farmers’ reluctance to use debt as a funding option can be more attributed to gaps in existing borrower-lender relationships, beyond sustainability principles.

Design/methodology/approach
– Empirical evidence collected from organic farmers and farm lenders establish differing expectations and perceptions that reinforce the organic farmers’ debt aversion. The farm lender survey data set was analyzed using the Heckman approach applied to two lenders’ decisions: their interest in lending to organic farm borrowers and loan amounts approved for successful loan applicants. The econometric results were reconciled with the compiled inputs provided by organic farmers interviewed.

Findings
– Results validate the farmers’ lower reliance on loans due to suspicions that lenders lack knowledge and consideration of organic farming conditions and principles. Farm lenders must depart from employing a uniform credit risk appraisal model and adopt borrower-specific versions of the model, but not necessarily delineating organic-conventional farming dichotomy that may not substantially affect credit risk measurement. Organic farms, on the other hand, need to better understand the credit risk appraisal principles and use their inherent business strengths to compete for loans with conventional farms without any special consideration.

Practical implications
– Borrower-lender relationships can improve if information gaps between lenders and borrowers can be minimized with more extensive outreach education efforts. Better relationships would increase organic farms’ credit access to effectively address an impending supply gap in an expanding industry.

Originality/value
– To the knowledge, a specific focus on organic farms in understanding farm borrower-lender relationships has never been explored in literature.
Predictability of sugar futures: evidence from the Indian commodity market
Authors: Misra Prabhati Kumari , Goswami Kishor 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The forecasting power of commodity futures is a matter of intensive research as evidenced by a number of related publications. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how advanced forecasting techniques improve the predictability of sugar futures in the Indian commodity market.

Design/methodology/approach
– The forward premium is estimated using ordinary least square regression technique. Different linear and nonlinear models are used to forecast the sugar future spot prices from the futures prices. The forecasting accuracy of each pair of models is then compared by estimating the corresponding Diebold-Mariano test statistics.

Findings
– From the estimated forward premiums, it is found that there is more volatility toward the date of maturity for a three-month horizon compared to six-month, and 12-month horizons. It is established that the futures prices of sugar, when used in a model, are able to generate better forecasts for the future spot prices. Moreover, the forecasting accuracy is found to be better for a shorter futures horizon.

Research limitations/implications
– The present study is restricted only to sugar. If sufficient data are available, the same study could be extended to other commodities as well. The findings imply that technical traders would benefit by using advanced forecasting techniques along with futures prices of sugar to determine the expected future spot prices.

Practical implications
– The findings in this paper suggest that though simple statistical models may be adopted to relate future spot prices to futures prices, more accurate prediction of the price behavior is possible with advanced forecasting methods like the artificial neural network.

Social implications
– The findings will help market participants such as traders to be better informed about the future spot prices and hence get a better deal.

Originality/value
– This is one of the first investigations to assess the predictability of commodity futures by employing advanced forecasting techniques.
Adoption of labor-enhancing technologies by specialty crop producers
Authors: Gallardo R. Karina , Brady Michael P. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is twofold, first: to define the profile of adopters of labor-enhancing technologies (e.g. platforms) identifying factors – such as operations size, mix of fruits grown, apple operation location, principal operators socio-demographics – and second: to estimate the efficiency threshold for platform adoption during apple harvesting to be financially feasible considering future increases in farm labor wages.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors conducted a mixed-mode survey in January-February 2010. Data were analyzed using a bivariate probit model, considering that the decision to adopt platforms was related with the orchard planting system. The authors conducted simulation scenarios to estimate the efficiencies – harvest – platforms must achieve in order to be economically feasible.

Findings
– In total, 11 percent of the 316 apple operations covered by the survey used platforms. Orchard operations most likely to invest in planar structures are relatively large, produce high-value varieties, use organic systems, and have relatively young and educated operators. Similarly, operations producing high-value fruit such as “Honeycrisp” and controlled or patented varieties and relatively large operations are more likely to invest in platforms. The results of the comparison of the cost of harvesting apples using platforms vs ladders under several production assumptions indicate that platforms must increase labor productivity by at least 13 percent in order to be adopted by the industry.

Research limitations/implications
– This study caveat is the lack of inclusion of production and marketing uncertainties in the estimation of future apple harvest costs. Further research to deeper analyze these issues is needed.

Practical implications
– The authors present information on the profile of mechanization adopters, so extension educators and engineers could concentrate efforts on them to increase adoption levels. In addition the authors provide a threshold of efficiencies for harvest platforms associated with cost savings compared to manual harvest.

Social implications
– Enabling the adoption of mechanization technologies by specialty crop industries would decrease the dependence on labor, decreasing labor uncertainties and facilitating the production of high quality produce to satisfy the needs of consumers. Second, it will end an era of importing poverty, given that the specialty crop industry has long benefited from seasonal migrant workers. It will improve rural American communities to shorten pools of farm workers, giving them access to permanent jobs with higher salaries.

Originality/value
– The contribution of this study is to improve understanding of the degree of mechanization, financial feasibility of current existing technologies, and barriers to greater mechanization by the Washington apple industry. Given the similar labor challenges faced, in general, by the US specialty crop agriculture, results could be applicable to the entire industry.