bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐Heterocyclic carbenes for metal‐free polymerization catalysis: an update
Authors: Naumann Stefan , Dove Andrew P 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis mini‐review is intended to serve as a concise introduction to polymerizations that are catalysed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes. The content is structured according to accessible monomer functionalities and type of polymerization. Both major achievements as well as the latest developments in this rapidly evolving field are presented. A broad range of different types of monomers is covered in this way, including among others lactones, epoxides, anhydrides, acrylates, siloxanes and lactams. Special emphasis is put on mechanistic understanding and structure–activity relationships. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Extremely Stable Copper–Polymelamine Composite Material for Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing
Authors: Baskar Selvaraj , Chang Jen‐Lin , Zen Jyh‐Myng 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTFor the first time, electroactive poly(melamine) film has been prepared and evaluated to function as a matrix to immobilize “spherical” copper nanoclusters and also as a ligand to form a copper complex with enhanced electrocatalytic activity. This is a simple two‐step process that involves first polymerization of melamine on a screen‐printed carbon electrode followed by electrodeposition of copper without using harmful and environmentally toxic chemicals. It is remarkable that this electrode can electrocatalytically reduce H2O2 at approximately −0.2 V versus Ag/AgCl in pH 7 PBS and possesses superior stability in amperometric analysis of H2O2 under the continuous wall‐jet flow of 1 mM of H2O2 for more than 5 h. Most importantly, we have demonstrated that the as‐prepared copper‐poly(melamine)‐modified electrode can solve the setbacks of copper‐based H2O2 sensors reported so far. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1639–1646
Verification of the Explosive Quality of TH‐5
Authors: Bobić Nikola , Terzić Slavica , Dimić Mirjana , Simić Danica , Nikolić Jasmina , Drmanić Saša 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper reports the characteristics of the explosive TH‐5, recycled (recovered) trinitrotoluene (TNT) with max. 5 wt‐% of hexogen (RDX). The explosive TH‐5 was obtained by delaboration of warheads and melting of explosive charges based on TNT and RDX and by separation (extraction) of high explosive components. The thermal characteristics of pure (virgin) TNT and RDX, and recycled explosive TH‐5 are determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The possibility of processing TH‐5 by pressing and casting is also examined. The comparative analysis of sensitivity of TH‐5 and TNT to friction is determined, as well as compressibility of explosives, and the detonation velocity of pressed and cast charges. Based on the analysis of experimental results, the defense standard requirements for the quality of TH‐5 are defined and possibility of practical application of explosive TH‐5 was estimated.
Graphene nanofilm as pressure and force sensor: A mechanical analysis
Authors: Kam K. , Scarpa F. , Adhikari S. , Chowdhury R. 
Published: October 2015

The out‐of‐plane mechanical bending properties of single layer graphene sheets (SLGS) are modelled using a molecular mechanics approach based on an atomistic–finite element formulation. Force/displacement curves for different rectangular SLGS with different aspect ratios are obtained for distributed (uniform pressure) and concentrated central loadings. We show that membrane and bending deformations scale differently based on the type of load, as well as geometry of the graphene sensor films.
Methods of lipid‐normalization for multi‐tissue stable isotope analyses in tropical tuna
Authors: Sardenne Fany , Ménard Frédéric , Degroote Maxime , Fouché Edwin , Guillou Gaël , Lebreton Benoit , Hollanda Stephanie J. , Bodin Nathalie 
Published: October 2015

RationaleThe bias associated with lipid contents in fish tissues is a recalcitrant topic for trophic studies using stable isotopes. Lipids are depleted in the heavy carbon isotope (13C) and the lipid content varies considerably among species, tissues and in both time and space. We have applied and assessed different correction methods for tropical tuna tissues.MethodsWe tested two types of normalization methods to deal with variable lipid content in liver, gonads, and white and red muscles of yellowfin, bigeye and skipjack tuna: a chemical extraction using dichloromethane and a mathematical correction based on three modeling approaches (linear, non‐linear and mass balance models). We measured isotopic ratios of bulk and lipid‐free tissues and assessed the predictive ability of the correction models with the lipid‐free measurements. The parameters of the models were estimated from our dataset and from results from published studies on other species.ResultsComparison between bulk, lipid‐free and lipid‐corrected isotopic ratios demonstrated that (1) chemical extraction using dichloromethane did not affect δ15N values; (2) the change in δ13C values after extraction was tissue‐specific; (3) lipid‐normalization models using published parameter estimates failed to predict lipid‐corrected δ13C values; and (4) linear and non‐linear models using parameters estimated for each tissue from our dataset provided accurate δ13C predictions for all tissues, and mass balance model for white muscle only.ConclusionsModels using published estimates for parameters from other species cannot be used. Based on a range of lipid content that do not exceed 45%, we recommend the linear model to correct the bulk δ13C values in the investigated tissues but the parameters have to be estimated from a proportion of the original data for which chemical extraction is required and the isotopic values of bulk and lipid‐free tissues are measured. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using the partial least squares method to model the electrospray ionization response produced by small pharmaceutical molecules in positive mode
Authors: Mandra Varvara J. , Kouskoura Maria G. , Markopoulou Catherine K. 
Published: October 2015

RationaleThe signal intensity in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) positive mode is affected by parameters that are related to the physicochemical properties and structural features of a molecule. Accordingly, the combined interactions of an analyte and the mobile phase used is still an area that demands further clarifications since there is no general pattern regarding the nature of a molecule and the mechanism by which vapor‐phase ions are produced.MethodsA multivariate analysis method, such as Partial Least Squares (PLS), provides the opportunity to correlate the effect of a large number of parameters interpreting this complex procedure with the use of appropriate mathematical algorithms. This work involves the development of models containing up to 84 X variables which characterize the analytes studied (99) focusing on their positive or negative effect on the vapor‐phase ion formation process. These descriptors are correlated with the signal response of the positively charged analyte ions which corresponds to the Y variable.ResultsThe results showed that parameters referring or directly related to the ionization percentage of basic or acidic groups of an analyte can be used to determine the signal response on positive ESI‐MS mode. Structural characteristics, polar surface area, lipophilicity, the ability of analytes to acts as hydrogen bond donors or acceptors, water solubility, density of a solid, surface tension of the substance and the number of free rotatable bonds are descriptors which are of secondary importance, still they cannot be considered negligible.ConclusionsThe models derived are proved to be reliable for the investigation of such mechanisms, with a small number of components and good linearity (R2 >83%, Q2 >70%). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of dorsal spine age rings indicate temporal variation in the diet of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in waters around Cabo San Lucas, Mexico
Authors: Acosta‐Pachón Tatiana A. , Ortega‐García Sofia , Graham Brittany 
Published: October 2015

RationaleBillfishes, such as marlin, are top pelagic predators that play an important role in maintaining the stability of marine food webs. Notwithstanding the importance of these species, there remain gaps in our knowledge on their movements, foraging, and trophic status in the early stage of life.MethodsWe measured the δ13C and δ15N values in each annual growth band deposited in the dorsal spine from striped marlin caught off Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, to produce retrospective isotopic profiles that would enable us to detect any significant isotopic changes across development. The samples were analyzed using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer.ResultsThere was no relationship between the size of striped marlin and the δ15N values. Differences in δ15N mean values across different age classes were not significant and the variation in δ15N values through the marlins' life cycle was less than 2‰. However, the mean δ15N values between individuals varied by up to 6‰. The δ13C values increased as a function of age, and the mean δ13C values varied significantly between age classes.ConclusionsFin spines can be used to construct retrospective isotopic histories for the investigation of trophic dynamics and migratory histories in billfishes, for which population dynamics are often poorly known. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of Cyclic Ethers by Alkane‐Grown Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5
Authors: Lan Renny S. , Smith Christy A. , Hyman Michael R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this study we investigated the cometabolic oxidation of six cyclic ethers by alkane‐grown Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5. These ethers include, among others, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4‐dioxane (14D), 1,3‐dioxolane (13DO), and tetrahydropyran (THP). Cells grown on propane, n‐butane, n‐pentane, isobutane, or isopentane oxidized all six ethers. Ether‐degrading activity was inhibited by acetylene in alkane‐grown cells and was largely absent from cells grown on dextrose‐containing media. Propane competitively inhibited THF oxidation. γ‐Butyrolactone (γBL) accumulated and was also further oxidized during THF oxidation by propane‐grown cells. In contrast, no products were detected during 14D oxidation. Propane‐grown cells also rapidly oxidized 3‐hydroxytertrahydrofuran and exhibited strong hemiacetal‐oxidizing activity in an assay following methyl formate production from mixtures of methanol and formaldehyde. These observations suggest γBL is likely generated during THF oxidation through further oxidation of 2‐hydroxytetrahydrofuran. Limited growth of strain JOB5 was supported by several cyclic ethers and the corresponding lactones and diols potentially derived from these compounds. However, strain JOB5 grew more readily on 4‐hydroxybutyrate, the product of γBL hydrolysis. The ability of strain JOB5 to productively assimilate THF‐derived metabolites during growth on n‐alkanes was examined in carbon‐limited batch cultures. Relative to C‐limited growth on n‐pentane alone, culture growth increased up to twofold in the presence of THF while no stimulation of growth was observed in comparable experiments conducted with n‐pentane and 14D. Our results are discussed in terms of their significance to our understanding of cyclic ether cometabolism and their potential impact on approaches for cyclic ether biodegradation in the environment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Security in DVB‐RCS2
Authors: Bowyer Mark , Erup Lars , Lexow Hans Peter 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThis paper presents security features in the second generation digital video broadcasting with return channel via satellite standard (DVB‐RCS2). The up‐front consideration of security, and in particular transmission security (TRANSEC), started with the development of security requirements introduced in the DVB‐RCS Next Generation (NG) Commercial Requirements and Call for Technologies. It was apparent at an early stage that no single approach or implementation would satisfy the wide range of product and security requirements to span consumer, professional and government market sectors. This led to the introduction and development of two important concepts: TRANSEC profiles, a specialization of DVB‐RCS2 system level profiles concept; and TRANSEC ‘hooks’, extension points that allow TRANSEC functionality to be added as necessary, governed by profile security requirements. The bulk of this paper outlines and describes the three TRANSEC profiles presented in the DVB‐RCS2 Lower Layer Guidelines document. Finally, the various profiles are compared and contrasted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Reading Gets Ruff: Canine‐Assisted Reading Programs
Authors: Lane Holly B. , Zavada Shannon D.W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCanine‐assisted reading programs show promise as an innovative method for engaging reluctant readers and motivating them to practice. In such programs, specially trained dogs visit classrooms and libraries, and children read to them. Children who struggle with reading may be motivated to read more because they find dogs to be calming and non‐judgmental. This paper outlines the research that supports the use of canine‐assisted reading programs and provides examples of successful implementation in schools and public libraries. Steps for implementing a canine‐assisted reading program are provided, along with resources for teachers or others who are interested in starting their own program.
An all‐sputtering process and equipment for CIGS solar cells
Authors: Lindström Sven 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Swedish company Midsummer AB has developed an all‐sputtering process and equipment for CIGS solar cells. The company was founded in 2004 by people from the optical disc and flat panel display industry. Most CIGS solar cells are made on large glass substrates, another option is to make the solar cells with a roll‐to‐roll process on a flexible stainless steel substrate. Midsummer has chosen a third approach, by adopting the founders experience from the low cost optical disc industry. Instead of increasing the productivity by increasing the substrate size, they decided to design a machine and process that produces many small substrates with fast pace. Such a machine can be very compact and the productivity is achieved by using 25 small sputter chambers. Large scale production of solar cells can them be achieved by adding many small production systems, exactly as was in the case for optical discs, that eventually lead to an annual production capacity of 35 billion CDs and DVDs.
The macrophage and its role in inflammation and tissue repair: mathematical and systems biology approaches
Authors: Dunster Joanne L. 
Published: October 2015

Macrophages are central to the inflammatory response and its ability to resolve effectively. They are complex cells that adopt a range of subtypes depending on the tissue type and stimulus that they find themselves under. This flexibility allows them to play multiple, sometimes opposing, roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Their central role in the inflammatory process is reflected in macrophage dysfunction being implicated in chronic inflammation and poorly healing wounds. In this study, we discuss recent attempts to model mathematically and computationally the macrophage and how it partakes in the complex processes of inflammation and tissue repair. There are increasing data describing the variety of macrophage phenotypes and their underlying transcriptional programs. Dynamic mathematical and computational models are an ideal way to test biological hypotheses against experimental data and could aid in understanding this multi‐functional cell and its potential role as an attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory conditions and tissue repair.WIREs Syst Biol Med2016, 8:87–99. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1320This article is categorized under:Biological Mechanisms > Cell FatesModels of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular ModelsModels of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Vital Statistics: Estimating Injury Mortality in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Kim Woon Cho , Byiringiro Jean Claude , Ntakiyiruta Georges , Kyamanywa Patrick , Irakiza Jean Jacques , Mvukiyehe Jean Paul , Mutabazi Zeta , Vizir Jean Paul , de la Croix Allen Ingabire Jean , Nshuti Steven , Riviello Robert , Rogers Selwyn O. , Jayaraman Sudha P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, injury deaths largely occur in low‐ and middle‐income countries. No estimates of injury‐associated mortality exist in Rwanda. This study aimed to describe the patterns of injury‐related deaths in Kigali, Rwanda using existing data sources.MethodsWe created a database of all deaths reported by the main institutions providing emergency care in Kigali—four major hospitals, two divisions of the Rwanda National Police, and the National Emergency Medical Service—during 12 months (Jan–Dec 2012) and analyzed it for demographics, diagnoses, mechanism and type of injury, causes of death, and all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality rates.ResultsThere were 2682 deaths, 57 % in men, 67 % in adults >18 year, and 16 % in children <5 year. All‐cause mortality rate was 236/100,000; 35 % (927) were due to probable surgical causes. Injury‐related deaths occurred in 22 % (593/2682). The most common injury mechanism was road traffic crash (cause‐specific mortality rate of 20/100,000). Nearly half of all injury deaths occurred in the prehospital setting (47 %, n = 276) and 49 % of injury deaths at the university hospital occurred within 24 h of arrival. Being injured increased the odds of dying in the prehospital setting by 2.7 times (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsInjuries account for 22 % of deaths in Kigali with road traffic crashes being the most common cause. Injury deaths occurred largely in the prehospital setting and within the first 24 h of hospital arrival suggesting the need for investment in emergency infrastructure. Accurate documentation of the cause of death would help policy‐makers make data‐driven resource allocation decisions.
Adaptation of Continuous Intraoperative Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Monitoring of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve During Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
Authors: Tsang Raymond K. , Law Simon 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionEsophagectomy has risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Conventional nerve monitoring has been used to help identify and protect the RLN. A new concept of continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring (CIONM) by stimulation of the ipsilateral vagus nerve has been used in thyroidectomy. The current report describes adapting the CIONM method for use in video‐assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) esophagectomy.Materials and methodsThe nerve monitor employed is NIM 3.0 with automatic periodic stimulation (Medtronics Inc., USA). Patient is intubated with NIM contact‐reinforced EMG endotracheal tube (Medtronics Inc., USA). The operation starts with a left lower neck incision, and the stimulating electrode is secured around the left vagus nerve. The patient is then turned to the left lateral position for VATS esophagectomy. CIONM of the left RLN is achieved by regular stimulation of the left vagus nerve, and intact nerve conduction is detected by the electromyography (EMG) of the left vocalis muscle. The alarm is set to activate when EMG amplitude reduces by 50 % or latency prolongs by 10 %.ResultsInitial experience of ten cases showed that a mean time of 35 min was required to complete the electrode insertion in the neck. There was one event in which there was more than 50 % reduction of EMG amplitude that persisted but the patient had no vocal cord paralysis after operation. In another patient, the EMG reduced by 75 % and persisted. The patient had temporary vocal cord paralysis.ConclusionCIONM is feasible during VATS esophagectomy and can alert the surgeon of imminent injury to the RLNs, thereby preventing permanent injury.
The use of free online educational resources by Canadian emergency medicine residents and program directors
Authors: Purdy Eve , Thoma Brent , Bednarczyk Joseph , Migneault David , Sherbino Jonathan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntroductionOnline educational resources (OERs) are increasingly available for emergency medicine (EM) education. This study describes and compares the use of free OERs by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) EM residents and program directors (PDs) and investigates the relationship between the use of OERs and peer-reviewed literature.MethodsA bilingual, online survey was distributed to RCPSC-EM residents and PDs using a modified Dillman method. The chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the responses of residents and PDs.ResultsThe survey was completed by 214/350 (61%) residents and 11/14 (79%) PDs. Free OERs were used by residents most frequently for general EM education (99.5%), procedural skills training (96%), and learning to interpret diagnostic tests (92%). OER modalities used most frequently included wikis (95%), file-sharing websites (95%), e-textbooks (94%), and podcasts (91%). Residents used wikis, podcasts, vodcasts, and file-sharing websites significantly more frequently than PDs. Relative to PDs, residents found entertainment value to be more important for choosing OERs (p<0.01). Some residents (23%) did not feel that literature references were important, whereas all PDs did. Both groups reported that OERs increased the amount of peer-reviewed literature (75% and 60%, respectively) that they read.ConclusionsEM residents make extensive use of OERs and differ from their PDs in the importance that they place on their entertainment value and incorporation of peer-reviewed references. OERs may increase the use of peer-reviewed literature in both groups. Given the prevalence of OER use for core educational goals among RCPSC-EM trainees, future efforts to facilitate critical appraisal and appropriate resource selection are warranted.
Use of contraception among married women in New South Wales, Austrlia
Authors: Yusuf Farhat 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThis paper examines the current use of contraception among a sample of 6646 married women of reproductive age interviewed during 1972–73 in metropolitan and country areas of the state of New South Wales, Australia. The analysis shows that contraception is widely practised in all segments of the population, though to a lesser extent among the Catholic women and those born is southern Europe. In conjunction with now easily available induced abortion, this has resulted in a precipitous drop in the annual number of marital births.
From the Moral Limits of Markets to the Moral Limits of Welfare
Authors: CURCHIN KATHERINE 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe political philosopher Michael Sandel (2012) has recently argued compellingly for more attention to the moral limits of markets, arguing that market values can crowd out other values we should care about. Meanwhile, conservative advocates for welfare reform, such as the Australian Aboriginal leader Noel Pearson, have raised concerns about the impact of long-term welfare receipt on community values. Pearson's argument about welfare can be articulated in similar terms to Sandel's argument about markets. Pearson maintains that in heavily disadvantaged communities – such as the Aboriginal communities of Cape York Peninsula – the state's provision of non-contributory welfare can crowd out important values such as trust, respect, care for the weak and mutual help as well as self-reliance and hard work. Though Sandel's and Pearson's arguments find receptive audiences on different ends of the political spectrum, the parallels between their arguments are striking. The article seeks to promote greater scholarly engagement with Pearson's moral critique of welfare while expressing scepticism about one of the key correctives he proposes.