bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave remote sensing of short‐term droughts during crop growing seasons
Authors: Yuan Xing , Ma Zhuguo , Pan Ming , Shi Chunxiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSevere short‐term (monthly to seasonal) droughts frequently occurred over China in recent years, with devastating impacts on crop production. This study assesses the capability of microwave remote sensing in detecting soil moisture (agricultural) droughts over China and in providing early warnings. The 22 year (1992–2013) European Space Agency satellite soil moisture retrievals are compared against the in situ observations at 312 stations in China, the global soil moisture reanalysis, and the observed rainfall deficit. Both the reanalysis and remote sensing products can only detect less than 60% of drought months at in situ station scale, but they capture the interannual variations of short‐term drought area at river basin scales quite well. As compared with reanalysis, the passive and merged microwave products have better drought detection over sparsely vegetated regions in northwestern China and the active microwave product with better vegetation penetration works the best in eastern China.
A physical explanation for the development of redox microzones in hyporheic flow
Authors: Briggs Martin A. , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Zarnetske Jay P. , Harvey Judson W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecent observations reveal a paradox of anaerobic respiration occurring in seemingly oxic‐saturated sediments. Here we demonstrate a residence time‐based explanation for this paradox. Specifically, we show how microzones favorable to anaerobic respiration processes (e.g., denitrification, metal reduction, and methanogenesis) can develop in the embedded less mobile porosity of bulk‐oxic hyporheic zones. Anoxic microzones develop when transport time from the streambed to the pore center exceeds a characteristic uptake time of oxygen. A two‐dimensional pore‐network model was used to quantify how anoxic microzones develop across a range of hyporheic flow and oxygen uptake conditions. Two types of microzones develop: flow invariant and flow dependent. The former is stable across variable hydrologic conditions, whereas the formation and extent of the latter are sensitive to flow rate and orientation. Therefore, pore‐scale residence time heterogeneity, which can now be evaluated in situ, offers a simple explanation for anaerobic signals occurring in oxic pore waters.
Cascadia subducting plate fluids channelled to fore‐arc mantle corner: ETS and silica deposition
Authors: Hyndman R. D. , McCrory P. A. , Wech A. , Kao H. , Ague J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this study we first summarize the constraints that on the Cascadia subduction thrust, there is a 70 km gap downdip between the megathrust seismogenic zone and the Episodic Tremor and Slip (ETS) that lies further landward; there is not a continuous transition from unstable to conditionally stable sliding. Seismic rupture occurs mainly offshore for this hot subduction zone. ETS lies onshore. We then suggest what does control the downdip position of ETS. We conclude that fluids from dehydration of the downgoing plate, focused to rise above the fore‐arc mantle corner, are responsible for ETS. There is a remarkable correspondence between the position of ETS and this corner along the whole margin. Hydrated mineral assemblages in the subducting oceanic crust and uppermost mantle are dehydrated with downdip increasing temperature, and seismic tomography data indicate that these fluids have strongly serpentinized the overlying fore‐arc mantle. Laboratory data show that such fore‐arc mantle serpentinite has low permeability and likely blocks vertical expulsion and restricts flow updip within the underlying permeable oceanic crust and subduction shear zone. At the fore‐arc mantle corner these fluids are released upward into the more permeable overlying fore‐arc crust. An indication of this fluid flux comes from low Poisson's Ratios (and Vp/Vs) found above the corner that may be explained by a concentration of quartz which has exceptionally low Poisson's Ratio. The rising fluids should be silica saturated and precipitate quartz with decreasing temperature and pressure as they rise above the corner.
Measuring and modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability
Authors: Prather Michael J. , Hsu Juno , DeLuca Nicole M. , Jackman Charles H. , Oman Luke D. , Douglass Anne R. , Fleming Eric L. , Strahan Susan E. , Steenrod Stephen D. , Søvde O. Amund , Isaksen Ivar S. A. , Froidevaux Lucien , Funke Bernd 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe lifetime of nitrous oxide, the third‐most‐important human‐emitted greenhouse gas, is based to date primarily on model studies or scaling to other gases. This work calculates a semiempirical lifetime based on Microwave Limb Sounder satellite measurements of stratospheric profiles of nitrous oxide, ozone, and temperature; laboratory cross‐section data for ozone and molecular oxygen plus kinetics for O(1D); the observed solar spectrum; and a simple radiative transfer model. The result is 116 ± 9 years. The observed monthly‐to‐biennial variations in lifetime and tropical abundance are well matched by four independent chemistry‐transport models driven by reanalysis meteorological fields for the period of observation (2005–2010), but all these models overestimate the lifetime due to lower abundances in the critical loss region near 32 km in the tropics. These models plus a chemistry‐climate model agree on the nitrous oxide feedback factor on its own lifetime of 0.94 ± 0.01, giving N2O perturbations an effective residence time of 109 years. Combining this new empirical lifetime with model estimates of residence time and preindustrial lifetime (123 years) adjusts our best estimates of the human‐natural balance of emissions today and improves the accuracy of projected nitrous oxide increases over this century.
Isotope‐based Fluvial Organic Carbon (ISOFLOC) Model: Model formulation, sensitivity, and evaluation
Authors: Ford William I. , Fox James F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWatershed‐scale carbon budgets remain poorly understood, in part due to inadequate simulation tools to assess in‐stream carbon fate and transport. A new numerical model termed ISOtope‐based FLuvial Organic Carbon (ISOFLOC) is formulated to simulate the fluvial organic carbon budget in watersheds where hydrologic, sediment transport, and biogeochemical processes are coupled to control benthic and transported carbon composition and flux. One ISOFLOC innovation is the formulation of new stable carbon isotope model subroutines that include isotope fractionation processes in order to estimate carbon isotope source, fate, and transport. A second innovation is the coupling of transfers between carbon pools, including algal particulate organic carbon, fine particulate and dissolved organic carbon, and particulate and dissolved inorganic carbon, to simulate the carbon cycle in a comprehensive manner beyond that of existing watershed water quality models. ISOFLOC was tested and verified in a low‐gradient, agriculturally impacted stream. Results of a global sensitivity analysis suggested the isotope response variable had unique sensitivity to the coupled interaction between fluvial shear resistance of algal biomass and the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon. Model calibration and validation suggested good agreement at event, seasonal, and annual timescales. Multiobjective uncertainty analysis suggested inclusion of the carbon stable isotope routine reduced uncertainty by 80% for algal particulate organic carbon flux estimates.
Lymphatic System
Authors: Washington Elizabeth A , Mahakapuge Thilini AN , Scheerlinck Jean‐Pierre Y , Kimpton Wayne G 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels lined with endothelial cells and interconnected lymph nodes, distributed throughout most of the body. It functions as a tissue drainage system, controlling the volume of blood and extracellular fluid and preventing tissue oedema. The lymphatic system collects tissue fluids and cells from most organs and tissues, transports it as lymph via a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic lymphatic pumps, ultimately returning these cells to blood. Dendritic cells patrol the tissues detecting danger signals and bringing foreign antigens back to the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatics where adaptive immune responses are induced. Thus, the lymphatic system integrates the immune system and widely dispersed organs and tissues, allowing for their protection from infections. It also plays a role in the turnover of macromolecules, which make up the extracellular matrix, fat absorption from the gut and immune function.

Key Concepts

The lymphatic system comprises a network of vessels lined by endothelial cells.

Lymphatic vessels drain nearly all tissues and organs in the body and interconnect lymph nodes.

Afferent lymphatics transport lymph from the tissues to lymph nodes, whereas efferent lymphatics transport lymph away from lymph nodes.

Lymphatics are essential for returning proteins, fluids and cells to blood, absorbing fat from the gut and are involved in the homeostasis of interstitial macromolecules.

The lymphatic system is a key regulator of extracellular fluid volume and is involved in preventing oedema.

The lymphatics play a central role in integrating the immune system, carrying lymphocytes, professional antigen‐presenting cells and antigens from the tissues to the lymph nodes.

Lymphatic endothelial cells function as professional antigen‐presenting cells, communicate directly with lymphocytes and antigen‐presenting cells to control cell traffic.
Influenza Epidemics
Authors: Neumann Gabriele , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Influenza viruses can cause epidemics or pandemics (worldwide epidemics), during which acute febrile respiratory disease spreads rapidly among all age groups, accompanied by excess hospitalisation and death. Here, we describe the recorded influenza virus pandemics, including the most recent pandemic that was caused in 2009 by a novel virus of the H1N1 subtype. Influenza virus replication and adaptation to new hosts account for much of the evolutionary success of these viruses. We review the viral proteins that are known to affect host range and pathogenicity (i.e. the haemagglutinin protein HA, the neuraminidase protein NA, the polymerase protein PB2, the nonstructural protein NS1 and the PB1‐F2 protein). We also discuss the clinical features of influenza virus infections, influenza virus immunology and influenza virus control, including antiviral treatment and vaccination.

Key Concepts

Influenza A viruses cause annual epidemics that result from point mutations in the surface glycoprotein(s) HA (and NA) (antigenic drift).

At random intervals, influenza pandemics are caused by viruses that introduce HA proteins into the human population against which most humans lack immunity.

Influenza A viruses evolve through reassortment and point mutations.

Aquatic birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses.

Influenza A viruses can be transmitted among species, despite host range restriction factors.

The HA protein is the major protective antigen and an important determinant of host range and pathogenicity.

The PB2, NS1 and PB1‐F2 proteins are also important determinants of pathogenicity.

Avian H5N1 and H7N9 viruses sporadically infect humans and cause severe respiratory infections with high case fatality rates; currently, these viruses do not transmit efficiently among humans.

For human influenza viruses, inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available.

Three classes of antiviral compounds (ion channel, neuraminidase and polymerase inhibitors) exist: resistance to ion channel inhibitors is now widespread among circulating H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses; most human influenza viruses, as well as most avian H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors, although viruses with resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors have been reported. Resistance to the recently approved polymerase inhibitor has not been reported yet.
Salmonella
Genomes in the Context of Lifestyle
Authors: Klemm Elizabeth J , Wong Vanessa K , Dougan Gordon 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

The
Enterobacteriaceae
encompass a large family of Gram‐negative gastrointestinal resident bacteria, including the
Salmonella enterica
species. Members of this family have persisted for millions of years, although there is diversity in terms of host range and disease phenotype. The core genome shared between all
Enterobacteriaceae
includes genes essential for colonising the host intestine, whereas the accessory genome that is specific to certain subspecies and serovars reflects the diversity in lifestyle. This is especially well illustrated in
S. enterica
, which has over 2,000 different serovars with a wide range of lifestyles, comprising generalists and host‐adapted serovars. Changes to the genome content drive this diversity and this frequently occurs via horizontal gene transfer, bacteriophage and transposon acquisition, plasmid movement and genome degradation. Many specific examples illustrate these evolutionary adaptations in
Salmonella
.

Key Concepts

Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics have revealed a conserved ‘core genome’ common to enteric bacteria.

Horizontal gene transfer, bacteriophages and plasmid acquisition generates a repertoire of ‘accessory genome’ features that provides diversification.

Presence of certain
Salmonella
Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) differentiates
Salmonella
from other
Enterobacteriaceae
and differentiates
S
.
bongori
from
S
.
enterica
: all
Salmonella
spp. have SPI‐1, implicated in host cell invasion, while only
S
.
enterica
has SPI‐2, which is required for survival within the host cell.

S
.
enterica
is an old and complex species with over 2000 serovars that differ in terms of host range and disease phenotype.

S
. Typhi is an example of a host‐adapted serovar that causes severe invasive disease and is restricted to humans.

Host adaptation in
S
. Typhi is driven by genome degradation, the loss of genes not required for the systemic lifestyle in human hosts and gene acquisition, including the genes encoding the Vi capsule and typhoid toxin.
Sudomotor innervation in transthyretin amyloid neuropathy: Pathology and functional correlates
Authors: Chao Chi‐Chao , Huang Cho‐Min , Chiang Hao‐Hua , Luo Kai‐Ren , Kan Hung‐Wei , Yang Naomi Chu‐Chiao , Chiang Hao , Lin Whei‐Min , Lai Shu‐Mei , Lee Ming‐Jen , Shun Chia‐Tung , Hsieh Sung‐Tsang 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveAutonomic neuropathy is a major component of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) due to mutated transthyretin, with sudomotor failure as a common manifestation. This study aimed to investigate the pathology and clinical significance of sudomotor denervation.MethodsSkin biopsies were performed on the distal leg of FAP patients with a follow‐up duration of 3.8 ± 1.6 years. Sudomotor innervation was stained with 2 markers: protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a sudomotor nerve functional marker, followed by quantitation according to sweat gland innervation index (SGII) for PGP 9.5 (SGIIPGP 9.5) and VIP (SGIIVIP).ResultsThere were 28 patients (25 men) with Ala97Ser transthyretin and late onset (59.9 ± 6.0 years) disabling neuropathy. Autonomic symptoms were present in 22 patients (78.6%) at the time of skin biopsy. The SGIIPGP 9.5 and SGIIVIP of FAP patients were significantly lower than those of age‐ and gender‐matched controls. The reduction of SGIIVIP was more severe than that of SGIIPGP 9.5 (p = 0.002). Patients with orthostatic hypotension or absent sympathetic skin response at palms were associated with lower SGIIPGP 9.5 (p = 0.019 and 0.002, respectively). SGIIPGP 9.5 was negatively correlated with the disability grade at the time of skin biopsy (p = 0.004), and was positively correlated with the interval from the time of skin biopsy to the time of wheelchair usage (p = 0.029).InterpretationThis study documented the pathological evidence of sudomotor denervation in FAP. SGIIPGP 9.5 was functionally correlated with autonomic symptoms, autonomic tests, ambulation status, and progression of disability. Ann Neurol 2015;78:272℃283
Effect of pioglitazone medication on the incidence of dementia
Authors: Heneka Michael T. , Fink Anne , Doblhammer Gabriele 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivePeroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ–activating drugs show various salutary effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative disease. The decade‐long clinical usage of these drugs as antidiabetics now allows for evaluation of patient‐oriented data sources.MethodsUsing observational data from 2004–2010, we analyzed the association of pioglitazone and incidence of dementia in a prospective cohort study of 145,928 subjects aged ≥60 years who, at baseline, were free of dementia and insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. We distinguished between nondiabetics, diabetics without pioglitazone, diabetics with prescriptions of <8 calendar quarters of pioglitazone, and diabetics with ≥8 quarters. Cox proportional hazard models explored the relative risk (RR) of dementia incidence dependent on pioglitazone use adjusted for sex, age, use of rosiglitazone or metformin, and cardiovascular comorbidities.ResultsLong‐term use of pioglitazone was associated with a lower dementia incidence. Relative to nondiabetics, the cumulative long‐term use of pioglitazone reduced the dementia risk by 47% (RR = 0.53, p = 0.029). If diabetes patients used pioglitazone <8 quarters, the dementia risk was comparable to those of nondiabetics (RR = 1.16, p = 0.317), and diabetes patients without a pioglitazone treatment had a 23% increase in dementia risk (RR = 1.23, p < 0.001). We did not find evidence for age effects, nor for selection into pioglitazone treatment due to obesity.InterpretationThese findings indicate that pioglitazone treatment is associated with a reduced dementia risk in initially non–insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Prospective clinical trials are needed to evaluate a possible neuroprotective effect in these patients in an ageing population. Ann Neurol 2015;78:284–294
Significance of Very‐High‐Frequency Oscillations (Over 1,000Hz) in Epilepsy
Authors: Usui Naotaka , Terada Kiyohito , Baba Koichi , Matsuda Kazumi , Usui Keiko , Tottori Takayasu , Mihara Tadahiro , Inoue Yushi 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveWe previously reported ictal very‐high‐frequency oscillations (VHFO) of 1,000 to 2,500Hz recorded by subdural macroelectrodes using a 10‐kHz sampling rate. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of ictal VHFO in neocortical epilepsy.MethodsThis study included 13 patients with neocortical epilepsy who underwent subdural electrode implantation and had at least 1 seizure recorded at a 10‐kHz sampling rate and were followed for more than 2 years postoperatively. Extent of resection was determined considering the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and irritative zone, structural lesion, and functional areas. Areas showing VHFO and those with HFO were not taken into consideration. The presence or absence of VHFO (>1,000Hz), HFO (200–1,000Hz) and SOZ, and completeness of resection of these areas were compared with postoperative seizure outcome.ResultsSeven patients had favorable (Engel class Ia) and 6 had unfavorable outcomes (other classes). VHFO was recorded in 6 of 7 patients with a favorable outcome. On the contrary, VHFO was recorded in only 1 of 6 patients with unfavorable outcome. The presence of VHFO was significantly associated with favorable outcome. VHFO was recorded on a limited number of electrodes, and VHFO‐generating areas were resected completely, whereas HFO‐generating areas and/or SOZ were not always resected completely in both favorable and unfavorable outcome groups.InterpretationThe presence of ictal VHFO may be predictive of favorable outcome. Ictal VHFO may be a more specific marker than ictal HFO or SOZ for identifying the core of epileptogenic zone. Ann Neurol 2015;78:295–302
Chemie frustrierter Lewis‐Paare: Entwicklung und Perspektiven
Authors: Stephan Douglas W. , Erker Gerhard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDer Begriff “frustrierte Lewis‐Paare” (FLPs) bezeichnet Kombinationen von Lewis‐Säuren und Lewis‐Basen in Lösung, die aufgrund sterischer oder elektronischer Faktoren an der Bildung eines stabilen Addukts gehindert werden. Die verbleibende Lewis‐Azidität und ‐Basizität ermöglicht den Zugang zu neuen kooperativen Reaktionen mit zugesetzten Substraten. Die Fixierung und Aktivierung von kleinen Molekülen durch FLPs führte zur Entdeckung einer Vielzahl von neuen Reaktionen und ungewöhnlichen Reaktionswegen. Die Aktivierung von Diwasserstoff und die anschließende Umsetzung in metallfreien katalytischen Hydrierungsreaktionen ist ein häufig beobachtetes Merkmal von FLPs. In diesem Aufsatz wird der aktuelle Stand dieses jungen Forschungsgebietes der Chemie beschrieben und die zukünftige Ausrichtung des sich rasch weiterentwickelnden Konzepts der frustrierten Lewis‐Paare betrachtet.
A review of experimental measurement and prediction models of crude oil fouling rate in crude refinery preheat trains
Authors: Wang Yong , Yuan Zongming , Liang Ying , Xie Ying , Chen Xingyi , Li Xiaoqing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a review of the experimental measurement and prediction models of crude oil fouling rate in crude refinery preheat trains. Test apparatus of crude oil fouling can be classified as the stirred vessel unit and the recirculation system. The detailed structures, comparison, and applications of fouling apparatus have been summarized firstly. Subjected to the fact that the experimental data cannot be simply extrapolated to the field, the prediction models should be proposed. By analyzing the basis of prediction models, this paper reviews its development secondly, as well as the applications and limitations. There are many problems to be solved for better understanding the fouling mechanism and improving the prediction models. The research status of crude oil fouling in China is overviewed briefly at last in this paper. This paper aims at calling more attention on the research of crude oil fouling mechanism and relative prediction models for serving domestic crude oil industries. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nano‐tio2 on the performance of high‐amylose starch based antibacterial films
Authors: Liu Chao , Xiong Hanguo , Chen Xing , Lin Shun , Tu Yanhua 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of nano‐tianium dioxide (nano‐TiO2) on the high‐amylose starch/polyvingl alcohol (PVA) blend films prepared by a solution casting method. The results show that at the concentration of 0.6% of nano‐TiO2, the film demonstrated the best tensile strength at 9.53 MPa, and the elongation at break was noted as 49.50%. The optical transmittance of the film was decreased and the water resistance was improved with further increase of the concentration of nano‐TiO2. Using the techniques of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the molecular and the crystal structures of the films were characterized. The results indicate that the miscibility and compatibility between high‐amylose starch and PVA were increased with the addition of nano‐TiO2 into the films due to the formation of hydrogen and COTi bonds. The antimicrobial activities of the blend films were also explored. The results show that there were inhibitory zones around the circular film disc, which is attributable to the addition of nano‐TiO2. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42339.