bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating climate change in conservation planning for freshwater fishes
Authors: Bond Nick R. , Thomson James R. , Reich Paul 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo assess how the inclusion of predicted climate‐change‐related range shifts alters the spatial prioritization of habitats and predicted biodiversity benefits from systematic conservation planning under alternative realized climates.LocationVictoria, Australia.MethodsWe combined predicted distribution patterns of freshwater fish under multiple climate scenarios with marginal benefit conservation planning algorithms to compare conservation outcomes from multiple planning scenarios based on predicted present and future range‐shifted distributions. For each of these planning options, we examined the outcomes under a range of possible realized climates.ResultsExpected conservation outcomes under future climate scenarios were always better when potential range shifts were incorporated into the planning process, irrespective of which climate scenario was realized. However, the differences in conservation outcomes between planning strategies were often small, and expected conservation outcomes always were worse under altered climate scenarios than under a stable baseline climate scenario. River segments with variable rankings across planning scenarios reflected areas where risks of maladaptive prioritization are potentially high.Main conclusionsThis study highlights that greatest conservation gains will come from ongoing efforts to limit the degree of global warming. Nevertheless, within the constraints imposed by a changing climate, the inclusion of future range shifts in conservation plans can help insure against ineffective and potentially maladaptive prioritization decisions. The acknowledged caveats around statistical predictions of species distributions and range shifts also need to be considered when acting on the outputs from modelled predictions such as these.
Increased RBP4 in a human model of activated anti‐atherosclerotic and antiremodelling defences
Authors: Calò Lorenzo A. , Maiolino Giuseppe , Pagnin Elisa , Vertolli Ugo , Davis Paul A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundBoth increased and decreased levels of the adipokine retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) have been reported in cardiovascular disease, and levels of RBP4 have been related to diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Recently, clear in vitro and ex vivo vasodilatory and inhibitory of platelet activation effects of RBP4 has been shown and a reduced RBP4 level was found in high cardiovascular risk patients, suggesting a potential cardiovascular protective role for increased levels of RBP4.Patients and methodsPlasma level of RBP4 (ELISA) was determined in a cohort of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndrome (BS/GS) patients, a human model of endogenous Ang II signalling antagonism and activation of anti‐atherosclerotic and antiremodelling defenses, the opposite of cardiovascular risk patients, and in healthy normotensive subjects. Haem Oxygenase (OH)‐1 protein level (sandwich immunoassay) as a potential mediator of RBP4 stimulation of PI3K/Akt pathway and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) as a measure of endothelium (NO)‐dependent response have also been measured.ResultsRBP4 in BS/GS patients (40·59 ± 15·32 μg/mL vs. 25·05 ± 5·56, P = 0·011) along with HO‐1 protein levels (9·44 ± 3·09 ng/mL vs. 5·49 ± 1·04, P = 0·003) and FMD (10·52% ± 2·22 vs. 7·99 ± 1·13 P = 0·006) were significantly increased compared with healthy normotensive subjects.ConclusionsThe increase of RBP4 in BS/GS, a human model of endogenous Ang II signalling antagonism and activation of anti‐atherosclerotic and antiremodelling defenses, the opposite of cardiovascular risk patient, found in concert with an increased NO‐mediated vasodilation and HO‐1 levels supports a protective role for this adipokine in vascular protection/cardiovascular risk.
Discharges from an early intervention in psychosis service: where do patients stand after 3 years?
Authors: Ahmed Shiraz , Khan Rashid , Pursglove Danny , O'Donoghue Jo , Chakraborty Nandini 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimContinuity of care is an important therapeutic factor in psychiatric services. This study aimed to look at the continuity of care for patients following discharge from an early intervention in psychosis service.MethodContinuity of care was assessed by looking at whether a patient was still with the same service after 3 years or more following discharge from an early intervention in psychosis service. If not, records were checked to see where their care had moved. Discharges from 2006 to 2009 were included in the study.ResultsDescriptive statistics were worked out to calculate the proportion of service users who remained with the same service and those who had moved to other services. About 8% of patients had moved to another service during the identified study period. Only 4% of patients had moved from a less intensive to a more intensive service within this time.ConclusionsThe findings from this study showed that only a very small proportion of patients discharged from an early intervention in psychosis service move to another service in the 3 years following their discharge. Movement of patients to a more intensive service after discharge from the early intervention in psychosis team was even lower. Most patients thereby have a stable continuity of care following discharge from an early intervention team.
Modulation of alpha and gamma oscillations related to retrospectively orienting attention within working memory
Authors: Poch Claudia , Campo Pablo , Barnes Gareth R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSelective attention mechanisms allow us to focus on information that is relevant to the current behavior and, equally important, ignore irrelevant information. An influential model proposes that oscillatory neural activity in the alpha band serves as an active functional inhibitory mechanism. Recent studies have shown that, in the same way that attention can be selectively oriented to bias sensory processing in favor of relevant stimuli in perceptual tasks, it is also possible to retrospectively orient attention to internal representations held in working memory. However, these studies have not explored the associated oscillatory phenomena. In the current study, we analysed the patterns of neural oscillatory activity recorded with magnetoencephalography while participants performed a change detection task, in which a spatial retro‐cue was presented during the maintenance period, indicating which item or items were relevant for subsequent retrieval. Participants benefited from retro‐cues in terms of accuracy and reaction time. Retro‐cues also modulated oscillatory activity in the alpha and gamma frequency bands. We observed greater alpha activity in a ventral visual region ipsilateral to the attended hemifield, thus supporting its suppressive role, i.e. a functional disengagement of task‐irrelevant regions. Accompanying this modulation, we found an increase in gamma activity contralateral to the attended hemifield, which could reflect attentional orienting and selective processing. These findings suggest that the oscillatory mechanisms underlying attentional orienting to representations held in working memory are similar to those engaged when attention is oriented in the perceptual space.
Activation of α2A‐containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediates nicotine‐induced motor output in embryonic zebrafish
Authors: Menelaou Evdokia , Udvadia Ava J. , Tanguay Robert L. , Svoboda Kurt R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIt is well established that cholinergic signaling has critical roles during central nervous system development. In physiological and behavioral studies, activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been implicated in mediating cholinergic signaling. In developing spinal cord, cholinergic transmission is associated with neural circuits responsible for producing locomotor behaviors. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of the α2A nAChR subunit as previous evidence suggested it could be expressed by spinal neurons. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that the α2A nAChR subunits are expressed in spinal Rohon–Beard (RB) neurons and olfactory sensory neurons in young embryos. To examine the functional role of the α2A nAChR subunit during embryogenesis, we blocked its expression using antisense modified oligonucleotides. Blocking the expression of α2A nAChR subunits had no effect on spontaneous motor activity. However, it did alter the embryonic nicotine‐induced motor output. This reduction in motor activity was not accompanied by defects in neuronal and muscle elements associated with the motor output. Moreover, the anatomy and functionality of RB neurons was normal even in the absence of the α2A nAChR subunit. Thus, we propose that α2A‐containing nAChRs are dispensable for normal RB development. However, in the context of nicotine‐induced motor output, α2A‐containing nAChRs on RB neurons provide the substrate that nicotine acts upon to induce the motor output. These findings also indicate that functional neuronal nAChRs are present within spinal cord at the time when locomotor output in zebrafish first begins to manifest itself.
ANTIQUARIANISM AS GENEALOGY: ARNALDO MOMIGLIANO'S METHOD
Authors: GOULD REBECCA 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis essay uses Arnaldo Momigliano's genealogy of antiquarianism and historiography to propose a new method for engaging the past. Momigliano traced antiquarianism from its advent in ancient Greece and later growth in Rome to its early modern efflorescence, its usurpation by history, and its transformation into anthropology and sociology in late modernity. Antiquarianism performed for Momigliano the work of excavating past archives while infusing historiographical inquiry with a much‐needed dose of contingency. This essay aims to advance our understanding of the mutual imbrications of antiquarian methods with modern conceptions of history, while also suggesting how antiquarianism can generate alternatives to historical inquiry.
Antibacterial action of Chlorhexidine/thymol containing varnishes in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jentsch HFR , Eckert F‐R , Eschrich K , Stratul S‐I , Kneist S 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe antibacterial activity of two different formulations of a chlorhexidine/thymol varnish should be elucidated in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe agar diffusion assay with Cervitec® and CervitecPlus® and three reference strains each of streptococci, lactobacilli, actinomyces and periodontal pathogens was performed. In a split‐mouth study, 40 volunteers applied the test (CervitecPlus®, solvent water and ethanol) and control (Cervitec®, solvent ethyl acetate) varnish at buccal recessions of premolar teeth at baseline as well as after two, four and seven days. Supra‐ and subgingival plaques were collected 2 weeks before baseline and at the screening appointments. Supragingival plaque was analysed for mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and subgingival samples for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas intermedia. Friedman/Wilcoxon tests and U‐test were used for statistical analysis (P < 0.05).ResultsMost reference strains were susceptible with inhibition zones (mm) as follows: Cervitec®/CervitecPlus® streptococci 27 ± 1.7/21.3 ± 2.5, lactobacilli 26 ± 9.2/23.7 ± 4.9, actinomyces 36.3 ± 6.6/27.3 ± 1.5, periodontal pathogens 18.7 ± 7.6/18 ± 1.7. Both varnishes reduced significantly the counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the patients. However, no significant differences were found between test and control sides at any time. The total counts of periodontal pathogens were low. A tendency to higher counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans at the control side could be shown; the test side did not harbour significantly higher counts.ConclusionBoth varnishes may influence the plaque formation and reduce mutans streptococci in supragingival plaque.
Theory‐based approach to factors affecting ethical consumption
Authors: Oh Jong‐Chul , Yoon Sung‐Joon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to introduce and validate a new model of ethical consumption intention with the aim of identifying salient factors that influence consumer's attitude and purchase intention towards ethical products. For this purpose, this study introduces an extended model of the theory of reasoned action, which embraces the emotional component (positive anticipated affection) and socially oriented value component (altruism), as predictors of ethical consumption attitude and intention.Using a questionnaire‐based survey, the data were collected from 343 respondents who had previously purchased ethical products. The result showed that ethical obligation, self‐identity and altruism were positively related to consumer attitude towards ethical consumption. Also, ethical obligation and altruism were found to positively influence ethical consumption intention. Further, attitude and positive‐anticipated affection positively affected ethical consumption intention.
Analysis of the promotion of cigarettes at the point of sale and its attractiveness to children
Authors: Pereira Inês , Veludo‐de‐Oliveira Tânia M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSmoking habit seriously affects public health in a number of direct and indirect ways. The study reported here took place in Brazil and examined the promotional activities of the tobacco industry at the point of sale, with particular reference to their impact on children. Tobacco control policies are generally in place in developed countries, and smokers typically develop the habit while still young. Trained researchers visited a stratified sample of 429 retail outlets in the city of São Paulo, comprising the local equivalents of bars, snack bars, luncheonettes and pubs. Data for analysis were collected by direct observation at the point of sale and interviews with the person deemed to be in charge of the outlet visited. The results indicate that the tobacco industry is displaying its products within full view of children and making use of the sales' incentives offered to the retailer. The findings contribute significantly to the study of the effect of promotion at the point of sale on young smokers and can inform the policy debate on the increasing regulation of tobacco marketing promotional methods.
Exploring the social value of organic food: a qualitative study in France
Authors: Costa Sandrine , Zepeda Lydia , Sirieix Lucie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether organic foods are used to signal social identity, class or status, i.e. if they have social value. Our analysis is based on two sociological approaches: Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction and symbolic interactionism. This paper analyses three research questions: (1) does organic food have social symbolism?; (2) does the social value of organic food depend on the venue where it is obtained?; (3) are other symbols associated with the social value of organic food? To answer these questions, we gather qualitative data from organic food shoppers' perceptions of the social value of organic food, using a qualitative study, with four group interviews in Montpellier (France) with a total of 20 participants. Results indicate that organic food has a social value for the participants in our group interviews. This social value depends on the venue (community‐supported agriculture, market or supermarket) where organic foods are purchased and also on whether consumers or producers exhibit additional green behaviours to validate their commitment to sustainability. Our results imply that a quantitative study on social value of organic food would be useful to investigate these findings in a larger sample since these findings have several marketing and advertising implications.
Skin dimples
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Kanojia Rajesh K. , Saili Arvind 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSkin dimples are a common occurrence in children. Besides being of cosmetic significance, they may give an important clue to an underlying genetic or metabolic problem. A simplified location‐based algorithmic approach to diagnose the underlying cause of skin dimples is presented. Clinical significance of medically important dimples, especially sacral dimples, its association with occult spinal dysraphism, and a cost‐effective diagnostic strategy for its imaging is discussed.
Assessment of quality of life in patients with psoriasis: a study from Serbia
Authors: Milčić Danijela , Janković Slavenka , Vesić Sonja , Milinković Mirjana , Janković Janko 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to assess the impact of the clinical severity of psoriasis on patients' quality of life and to determine the effects of psoriasis‐related stress on patients' everyday life.MethodsThe cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Institute of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade. The study included 201 patients (124 men and 77 women), aged 18–70 with a diagnosis of psoriasis, hospitalized or treated as outpatients during 2009. For the assessment of patients' quality of life, the psoriasis disability index (PDI) was used. The stress related to psoriasis was measured with the psoriasis life stress inventory (PLSI) and disease severity with the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI).ResultsWe found moderate correlation between PLSI and all PDI subscales and overall score (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.334 to 0.521). The correlation between PASI and PDI subscales was weak, while we failed to find any significant correlation between PASI and the PLSI. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that stress, more severe disease, and lower educational level are significant determining factors of a poorer quality of life in patients with psoriasis.ConclusionOur results support the importance of assessing the quality of life in psoriasis and effects of stress in patients' adjustment to their condition and may have important implications for a psychological stress management approach in the clinical management of psoriasis.
Comparative study of the effect of narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy plus methotrexate vs. narrowband ultraviolet B alone and methotrexate alone in the treatment of plaque‐type psoriasis
Authors: Al‐Hamamy Hayder R. , Al‐Mashhadani Sabeeh A. , Mustafa Ihsan N. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundWidespread psoriasis has great effects on life. Effective and rapid response in the treatment is needed. So this study was done to compare the efficacy of combined narrowband ultraviolet‐B (NBUVB) plus methotrexate (MTX) versus each one alone in the treatment of psoriasis.MethodsA total of 120 patients with widespread plaque‐type psoriasis were enrolled, but only 113 patients completed the study. They were divided into three groups randomly, group MN (38) received NBUVB plus MTX, group N (38) received NBUVB alone, and group M (37) received MTX only. End point of treatment (clearance) was 90% reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) Score or up to six months, whichever was earlier; follow‐up was done for one year.ResultsThe mean number of weeks required for achieving clearance was 6.11 ± 1.28 weeks in group MN, 11.42 ± 2.36 weeks in group N, and 20.87 ± 4.21 weeks in group M (P < 0.0001). The mean number of phototherapy sessions was 17.86 ± 3.74 sessions in group MN, and 33.51 ± 6.9 sessions in group N (P < 0.0001). The mean total cumulative dose of NBUVB for achieving clearance was 12.13 ± 4.02 J/cm2 in group MN, compared with 34.48 ± 13.13 J/cm2 in group N (P < 0.0001), while the mean total cumulative dose of MTX was 116.04 ± 20.47 mg in group MN compared with 298.63 ± 60.26 mg in group M (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsCombination of NBUVB plus MTX provided rapid improvement with less cumulative doses of both therapies compared with each one alone in the treatment of psoriasis.
Cost‐efficacy of biologic therapies for moderate to severe psoriasis from the perspective of the Taiwanese healthcare system
Authors: Wang Shu‐Hui , Chi Ching‐Chi , Hu Sindy 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundBiologic therapies are more effective than conventional therapies in the treatment of psoriasis, but they are also more costly.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the cost‐efficacy of etanercept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab therapies in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis in a Taiwanese setting.MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis of randomized, placebo‐controlled trials to calculate the incremental efficacy of etanercept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab, respectively, in affecting a reduction of ≥75% in score on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75). The base, best case, and worst case incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for one subject to achieve PASI 75 were calculated for the purposes of economic analysis.ResultsOne‐year ICERs per PASI 75 responder were US$ 39,709 (best scenario US$ 36,400; worst scenario US$ 43,680), US$ 23,711 (best scenario US$ 22,633; worst scenario US$ 25,319), and US$ 26,329 (best scenario US$ 24,780; worst scenario US$ 27,623) for etanercept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab, respectively. Two year ICERs per PASI 75 responder were US$ 71,973 (best scenario US$ 65,975; worst scenario US$ 79,170), US$ 62,665 (best scenario US$ 59,817; worst scenario US$ 66,914), and US$ 52,657 (best scenario US$ 49,560; worst scenario US$ 55,427) for etanercept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab, respectively.ConclusionsIn a Taiwanese setting, adalimumab and ustekinumab had lower 1‐year costs per PASI 75 responder than etanercept, and ustekinumab had the lowest 2‐year cost per PASI 75 responder.
The spectrum of skin diseases in a black population in Durban, KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Dlova Ncoza C. , Mankahla Avumile , Madala Nomandla , Grobler Anneke , Tsoka‐Gwegweni Joyce , Hift Richard J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrecise knowledge of the prevalence and spectrum of skin diseases in a population allows for effective planning for provision of dermatology services and distribution of resources. There are no published data on the epidemiology of skin disorders in Durban, KwaZulu‐Natal.ObjectiveWe investigated the prevalence of skin diseases in black African patients attending a predominantly black private healthcare facility and profiled the patients.MethodsClinical charts of all black African patients seen between January 2003 and December 2010 in a private practice in Durban were reviewed. The diseases seen were described and the prevalence calculated.ResultsA total of 6664 patient charts were reviewed. The five most common conditions were acne, eczemas, dyschromias, infections, and hair disorders. These data agree with reports from other parts of the world.LimitationsSelection bias was presented by a single private practice, thus data may not be fully representative of our population.ConclusionAcne, eczemas, dyschromias, infections, and hair disorders are, in that order, the five most common disorders encountered.
How do labour laws affect unemployment and the labour share of national income? The experience of six OECD countries, 1970–2010
Authors: DEAKIN Simon , MALMBERG Jonas , SARKAR Prabirjit 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUsing longitudinal data on labour law in France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States over the period 1970–2010, the authors estimate the impact of labour regulation on unemployment and the labour share of national income. Their dynamic panel data analysis distinguishes between the short‐run and long‐run effects of regulatory change. They find that worker‐protective labour laws in general have no consistent relationship to unemployment but are positively correlated with labour's share of national income. Laws specifically relating to working time and employee representation are found to have beneficial effects on both efficiency and distribution thus proxied.