bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability of the calcifying larval stage of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri to near‐future ocean acidification and warming
Authors: Byrne Maria , Ho Melanie A. , Koleits Lucas , Price Casandra , King Catherine K. , Virtue Patti , Tilbrook Bronte , Lamare Miles 
Published: March 2013

AbstractStenothermal polar benthic marine invertebrates are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations but little is known about potential synergistic effects of concurrent ocean warming and acidification on development of their embryos and larvae. We examined the effects of these stressors on development to the calcifying larval stage in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri in embryos reared in present and future (2100+) ocean conditions from fertilization. Embryos were reared in 2 temperature (ambient: −1.0 °C, + 2 °C : 1.0 °C) and 3 pH (ambient: pH 8.0, −0.2–0.4 pH units: 7.8,7.6) levels. Principle coordinates analysis on five larval metrics showed a significant effect of temperature and pH on the pattern of growth. Within each temperature, larvae were separated by pH treatment, a pattern primarily influenced by larval arm and body length. Growth was accelerated by temperature with a 20–28% increase in postoral (PO) length at +2 °C across all pH levels. Growth was strongly depressed by reduced pH with a 8–19% decrease in PO length at pH 7.6–7.8 at both temperatures. The boost in growth caused by warming resulted in larvae that were larger than would be observed if acidification was examined in the absence of warming. However, there was no significant interaction between these stressors. The increase in left‐right asymmetry and altered body allometry indicated that decreased pH disrupted developmental patterning and acted as a teratogen (agent causing developmental malformation). Decreased developmental success with just a 2 °C warming indicates that development in S. neumayeri is particularly sensitive to increased temperature. Increased temperature also altered larval allometry. Altered body shape impairs swimming and feeding in echinoplutei. In the absence of adaptation, it appears that the larval phase may be a bottleneck for survivorship of S. neumayeri in a changing ocean in a location where poleward migration to escape inhospitable conditions is not possible.
Comparing the performance of different stomatal conductance models using modelled and measured plant carbon isotope ratios (δ13C): implications for assessing physiological forcing
Authors: Bodin Per E. , Gagen Mary , McCarroll Danny , Loader Neil J. , Jalkanen Risto , Robertson Iain , R Switsur Vincent , Waterhouse John S. , Woodley Ewan J. , Young Giles H. F. , Alton Paul B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAccurate modelling of long‐term changes in plant stomatal functioning is vital to global climate change studies because changes in evapotranspiration influence temperature via physiological forcing of the climate. Various stomatal models are included in land surface schemes, but their robustness over longer timescales is difficult to validate. We compare the performance of three stomatal models, varying in their degree of complexity, and coupled to a land surface model. This is carried out by simulating the carbon isotope ratio of tree leaves (δ13Cleaf) over a period of 53 years, and comparing the results with carbon isotope ratios obtained from tree rings (δ13Cstem) measured at six sites in northern Europe. All three stomatal models fail to capture the observed interannual variability in the measured δ13Cstem time series. However, the Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere (SPA) model performs significantly better than the Ball‐Berry (BB) or COX models when tested for goodness‐of‐fit against measured δ13Cstem. The δ13Cleaf time series simulated using the SPA model are significantly positively correlated (P < 0.05) with measured results over the full time period tested, at all six sites. The SPA model underestimates interannual variability measured in δ13Cstem, but is no worse than the BB model and significantly better than the COX model. The inability of current models to adequately replicate changes in stomatal response to rising levels of CO2 concentrations, and thus to quantify the associated physiological forcing, warrants further investigation.
Can biochar reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions from aMiscanthus bioenergy crop?
Authors: Case Sean D. C. , McNamara Niall P. , Reay David S. , Whitaker Jeanette 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEnergy production from bioenergy crops may significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through substitution of fossil fuels. Biochar amendment to soil may further decrease the net climate forcing of bioenergy crop production, however, this has not yet been assessed under field conditions. Significant suppression of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following biochar amendment has been demonstrated in short‐term laboratory incubations by a number of authors, yet evidence from long‐term field trials has been contradictory. This study investigated whether biochar amendment could suppress soilGHGemissions under field and controlled conditions in aMiscanthus × Giganteuscrop and whether suppression would be sustained during the first 2 years following amendment. In the field, biochar amendment suppressed soilCO2emissions by 33% and annual net soilCO2equivalent (eq.) emissions (CO2,N2Oand methane,CH4) by 37% over 2 years. In the laboratory, under controlled temperature and equalised gravimetric water content, biochar amendment suppressed soilCO2emissions by 53% and net soilCO2eq. emissions by 55%. SoilN2Oemissions were not significantly suppressed with biochar amendment, although they were generally low. SoilCH4fluxes were below minimum detectable limits in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that biochar amendment has the potential to suppress net soilCO2eq. emissions in bioenergy crop systems for up to 2 years after addition, primarily through reducedCO2emissions. Suppression of soilCO2emissions may be due to a combined effect of reduced enzymatic activity, the increased carbon‐use efficiency from the co‐location of soil microbes, soil organic matter and nutrients and the precipitation ofCO2onto the biochar surface. We conclude that hardwood biochar has the potential to improve theGHGbalance of bioenergy crops through reductions in net soilCO2eq. emissions.
Chemoembolization‐induced arterial damage: Evaluation of three different chemotherapeutic protocols using epirubicin and miriplatin
Authors: Iwazawa Jin , Hashimoto Naoko , Ohue Shoichi , Muramoto Osamu , Mitani Takashi 
Published: March 2013

AimWe aimed to evaluate hepatic vascular changes following lipiodol‐based transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma using epirubicin (EPI), miriplatin (MPT) and miriplatin plus low‐dose epirubicin (MPT+EPI).MethodsA total of 185 arteries in 118 patients who underwent chemoembolization using EPI (67 arteries in 48 patients), MPT (64 arteries in 37 patients) and MPT+EPI (54 arteries in 33 patients) were retrospectively examined. The maximum dose limit of MPT was 140 mg and that of EPI was 50 and 20 mg for the EPI and MPT+EPI groups, respectively. Vascular changes and local recurrence were evaluated by subsequent angiography. Factors affecting arterial damage were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsMore severe arterial damage was observed in the EPI group (88.1%) than in the MPT+EPI (72.2%) and the MPT (18.7%) groups (P = 0.044 and P < 0.001, respectively). EPI usage (hazard ratio [HR] = 12.8, P < 0.001), selective chemoembolization (HR = 5.4, P < 0.001) and MPT usage (HR = 0.28, P = 0.020) were significant predictors for arterial damage induction. The local recurrence rate was lower for the lesions exhibiting arterial occlusion after chemoembolization (39.4%) than for the lesions exhibiting no vascular attenuation (73.9%) or wall irregularity (75.8%) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively).ConclusionHigh‐dose EPI, MPT, and low‐dose EPI plus MPT usage in chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma induced the greatest, the least, and intermediate vascular damages, respectively. Therapeutic occlusion of tumor feeder vessels is associated with lower local recurrence.
Religious Life and Observant Reform in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Mixson James D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAcross Europe after 1400, calls for reform echoed through the ranks of nearly every major religious order. They emerged and took root independently in ways as diverse as the late‐medieval religious and political landscape itself, yet also shared a range of common aims and characteristics. Collectively known as the Observant Movement, these efforts at reform produced some of the most important religious figures of the middle ages (Catherine of Siena and Savonarola, Bernardino of Siena and John of Capistrano, Jiménez de Cisneros, Thomas of Kempen, even the young Observant friar Martin Luther). They also reflected and inspired much that became central to late medieval religion and culture. Our textbooks, surveys and scholarly overviews long neglected the Observant story. But the last few decades of research have begun to remedy that neglect, bringing Observant reform to the center of a range of current scholarly concerns. This article surveys the emergence of that recent work, and some of its major themes: the connections between religious life and the histories of women and the laity; Observant preaching and teaching and their connection with humanism, as well as with the persecution of witches, Jews and others; the links between Observant reform and the later histories of the Reformation and the Atlantic world. It concludes with a consideration of the challenges and opportunities for future scholarship.
Fostering internationalization: an American–Danish semester‐long undergraduate nursing student exchange program
Authors: Baernholdt M. , Drake E. , Maron F. , Neymark K. 
Published: March 2013

AimThis paper describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a semester‐long exchange program between two Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs in the USA and Denmark.BackgroundNurses globally need to provide culturally sensitive care for an ethnically diverse population. Competencies on how to do so should start in basic nursing programs. A useful strategy is through immersion into another culture through an exchange program. Little is known about successful strategies for two‐way or 360° exchange programs between schools from different countries. Guided by experiential learning theory, we developed an exchange program with the objective of enhancing nursing students' cultural competence through knowledge building, attitudes and behaviour development. Lessons learned and implications for educational institutions and policy are discussed.ConclusionIn internationalization of nursing education, an awareness of underlying cultural values regarding nursing competence and taking appropriate action are important for success. Other areas for a successful exchange program include matching of courses or content across schools, clear objectives and evaluation plans. Finally, flexibility and open communication are key components when setting up a 360° exchange program.
Neural correlates of settlement in veliger larvae of the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata
Authors: Penniman Jacob R. , Doll Margaret K. , Pires Anthony 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSettlement behavior of molluscan veliger larvae prior to metamorphosis requires cessation of swimming, accomplished by arrest of prototrochal cilia on the margin of the velum (the larval swimming organ). Ciliary arrest in larvae of gastropods is mediated by an action potential that occurs synchronously across the velum as a consequence of electrical coupling between the prototrochal ciliated cells. We developed a preparation for extracellular recording of such ciliary arrest spikes from intact swimming and crawling veliger larvae of the caenogastropod Crepidula fornicata, using a fine wire electrode. Ciliary arrest spike rates during bouts of substrate crawling were significantly higher than those recorded during preceding swimming periods in larvae that were competent for metamorphosis, but not in precompetent larvae. Spike rates were similar on clean polystyrene substrates, and on substrates that had been coated with a natural cue for metamorphosis (mucus from conspecific adults). We used immunohistochemical methods to localize neuromodulators that might regulate the function of velar cilia. Labeled terminals for serotonin, FMRFamide, and tyrosine hydroxylase (an enzyme for catecholamine synthesis) were located in positions consistent with modulatory effects on the prototrochal ciliated cells. Prototrochal ciliary arrest spike rates and beat frequencies were measured in isolated velar lobes from competent larvae, which were exposed to serotonin, FMRFamide, and dopamine (10−5 mol L−1). Serotonin abolished arrest spiking and increased beat frequency; dopamine also increased beat frequency, and FMRFamide depressed it. Competent larvae tested in a small static water column swam to the top of the column when exposed to serotonin, but occupied lower positions than controls when in the presence of dopamine and FMRFamide. The larval nervous system appears to regulate velar functions that are critical for settlement behavior, and is likely to do so by integrating different sensory modalities in an age‐dependent manner.
Risk of repeat biopsy and prostate cancer detection after an initial extended negative biopsy: longitudinal follow‐up from a prospective trial
Authors: Ploussard Guillaume , Nicolaiew Nathalie , Marchand Charles , Terry Stéphane , Allory Yves , Vacherot Francis , Abbou Claude‐Clément , Salomon Laurent , de la Taille Alexandre 
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Even after a negative set of prostate biopsies, the risk of undetected prostate cancer remains clinically significant. Predictive markers of such a risk are undefined.
In addition to PSA and PSAD, low prostate volume and %fPSA are interesting time‐varying risk factors and are relevant in biopsy decision‐making.
Objective
To assess prospectively the time‐varying risk of rebiopsy and of prostate cancer (PCa) detection after an initial negative biopsy protocol.
Patients and Methods
Over a period of 10 years, 1995 consecutive patients with initially negative biopsies were followed.
Rebiopsies were performed in patients who had a persistent suspicion of PCa.
Predictive factors for rebiopsy and for PCa detection were tested using univariate, multivariate and time‐dependent models.
Results
A total of 617 men (31%) underwent at least one rebiopsy after a mean follow‐up of 19 months.
PCa detection rates during second, third, and fourth sets of biopsies were 16.7, 16.9 and 12.5%, respectively. The overall rate of detected PCa was 7.0%.
The 5‐year rebiopsy‐free and PCa‐free survival rates were 65.9 and 92.5%, respectively.
Indications for rebiopsy were more frequently reported in patients having a high prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level (P = 0.006) or a high PSA density (PSAD; P < 0.001) and in younger patients (P = 0.008). The risk of PCa on rebiopsies was not correlated with age, but significantly increased more than twofold in cases of PSA >6 ng/mL, PSAD >0.15 ng/mL/g, free‐to‐total PSA ratio (%fPSA) <15, and/or prostate volume <50 mL. Time‐dependent analyses were in line with these findings.
The main study limitation was the lack of control of the absence of PCa and PSA kinetics in men not rebiopsied.
Conclusions
The overall risk of detected PCa after an initial negative biopsy was low.
In addition to PSA and PSAD, which are well‐used in rebiopsy indications, low prostate volume and %fPSA are interesting time‐varying risk factors for PCa on rebiopsy and could be relevant in biopsy decision‐making.
Is there a difference between women with or without detrusor overactivity complaining of symptoms of overactive bladder?
Authors: Giarenis Ilias , Mastoroudes Heleni , Srikrishna Sushma , Robinson Dudley , Cardozo Linda 
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a highly prevalent medical condition, which is linked to the urodynamic observation of detrusor overactivity (DO). Urodynamics detect DO in about half of female patients with OAB.
Our study detects significant differences between female patients with OAB with and without DO. DO could be considered as a more severe form in the wide OAB spectrum and the two terms should not be used interchangeably. The detected differences should be taken into account in the design of studies for the assessment of new selective or combination treatments of OAB and in the provision of treatment in everyday clinical practice.
Objective
To determine if there are differences between female patients complaining of symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) with and without detrusor overactivity (DO).
Patients and Methods
The present study was a cross‐sectional study of consecutive women attending a one‐stop urodynamic assessment clinic with OAB symptoms.
The King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and a 3‐day bladder diary incorporating the Patient's Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale (PPIUS) were used to assess symptoms and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).
The participants underwent multichannel urodynamics (UDS) according to the International Continence Society (ICS) recommendations.
Patients whose symptom of urgency was not reproduced during the laboratory test underwent a 4‐h ambulatory UDS test.
Results
Of the 556 patients who were included in the study, 43% were diagnosed with DO by either laboratory (227/556) or ambulatory UDS (11/39).
There was no difference between the groups in age, body mass index (BMI), menopausal status or the presence of prolapse.
Patients with DO had a smaller functional bladder capacity (P < 0.001), higher urgency episode frequency (P < 0.001) and larger maximum and mean urge ratings (P < 0.001).
No significant differences were found in daytime or nocturnal micturitions between the groups.
The presence of DO had a more negative impact on the quality of life, with a statistically significant difference between the groups in six of the domains of the KHQ.
Conclusions
The present study detects objective and subjective differences between female patients with OAB with and without DO.
Women with DO experience more significant impairment to their quality of life and have a greater degree of bladder dysfunction.
Soil erosion and phosphorus losses under variable land use as simulated by the INCA‐P model
Authors: Farkas C. , Beldring S. , Bechmann M. , Deelstra J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe describe the calibration and application of the Integrated Catchment Phosphorus model (INCA‐P) to determine the key factors controlling run‐off, sediment and phosphorus (P) losses from a small catchment in southeast Norway. The INCA‐P model was parameterized for five land use categories: forest, grassland, urban areas and agricultural areas with and without autumn tillage. Monitoring data from the Norwegian Agricultural Environmental Monitoring Program were used for model calibration at the outlet of the catchment (Skuterud). Available measurements and local expert knowledge were used as reference data on sediment and P loss specific to land uses. We successfully applied the INCA‐P model to Nordic conditions: the Nash–Sutcliffe (N‐S) statistic, calculated for the calibration period, was 0.82, 0.71 and 0.67 for run‐off, sediment and P losses, respectively. For the validation period, the sediment and P losses were slightly overestimated. Scatter plots of observed versus modelled values of run‐off, sediment and total P losses indicated that in some cases, the INCA‐P model did not adequately represent extreme situations. It is likely that the modelled system behaves in a different way under moderate and large rainfall events, and the model does not represent these. We applied the model to five land use change scenarios to evaluate the possibilities for reducing particle‐bound P loads at the catchment outlet. Our results indicate that land use change can lead to more significant reduction in particle and P losses than changes in agricultural practices. The most favourable scenario for freshwater ecosystems would be afforestation: changing half of the agricultural areas to forest would reduce sediment and P losses by 44 and 40%, respectively. Changes in agricultural practice could also improve the situation, especially by reducing areas with autumn tillage to a minimum.
Critical evaluation of models used to study agricultural phosphorus and water quality
Authors: Vadas P. A. , Bolster C. H. , Good L. W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThere is an increasing demand to evaluate all agricultural systems where nonpoint source phosphorus (P) pollution is a priority. Because experiments cannot evaluate all possible interactions between management and natural processes that impact P in the environment, computer models are necessary. This article uses research examples to discuss issues related to integrating experimental and model development research. Model development often follows an evolution from a perceptual model of qualitative understanding to a conceptual model of equations to a procedural model of computer code. Integrating experiments and models is an efficient way to show if conceptual models are incorrect and design hypothesis‐driven experiments to develop alternative models. A model can be perceptually correct but conceptually incorrect, such as some P Indexes in the US. Translation of conceptual equations into procedural model equations can vary between models, such as how the same soil P model varies in EPIC, SWAT and AnnAGNPS. Commonly used P models often do not reflect current science, such as in simulating soil total P and inorganic P sorption and desorption, surface‐applied manure and fertilizer and direct P loss in run‐off, grazing cattle dung dynamics and contributions to P in run‐off, and subsurface P leaching and transport. Thus, models may be applied in situations for which their algorithms are inadequate. Validating models using more than one output parameter, over multiple years and with diverse scenarios can help identify model weaknesses. Ultimately, a framework of integrated experimentation and model development can advance agricultural P science and environmental protection beyond the point that either can achieve alone.