bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography of targeted early‐stage atherosclerotic changes in ex vivo hyperlipidemic rabbit aortas
Authors: Kim Jongsik , Ahmad Adeel , Li Joanne , Marjanovic Marina , Chaney Eric J. , Suslick Kenneth S. , Boppart Stephen A. 
Published: February 2015

We report the development of an intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (IV‐MM‐OCT) system used with targeted protein microspheres to detect early‐stage atherosclerotic fatty streaks/plaques. Magnetic microspheres (MSs) were injected in vivo in rabbits, and after 30 minutes of in vivo circulation, excised ex vivo rabbit aorta samples specimens were then imaged ex vivo with our prototype IV‐MM‐OCT system. The alternating magnetic field gradient was provided by a unique pair of external custom‐built electromagnetic coils that modulated the targeted magnetic MSs. The results showed a statistically significant MM‐OCT signal from the aorta samples specimens injected with targeted MSs.
Representative magnetomotive signal (green) using targeted and non‐targeted magnetomotive microspheres in atherosclerotic diseased rabbit aortas.magnified imageRepresentative magnetomotive signal (green) using targeted and non‐targeted magnetomotive microspheres in atherosclerotic diseased rabbit aortas.
Biotherapy of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using somatostatin analogs
Authors: Igarashi Hisato , Hijioka Masayuki , Lee Lingaku , Ito Tetsuhide 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBasically, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) should be treated surgically; however, in unresectable cases, a treatment that aims to improve the prognosis by inhibiting the growth of the tumor and control the clinical symptoms becomes necessary. In the case of functional tumors, the quality of life of patients is decreased by not only the symptoms with tumor invasion and/or metastasis but also by the symptoms of hormone excess. The efficacy of somatostatin analogs against the latter has been previously reported, and their sustained release formulations have been developed. Somatostatin analogs are recommended to treat the endocrine symptoms of functional PNET; however, in case they can cause hypoglycemia in patients with insulinoma. On the other hand, results from the PROMID study demonstrated a tumor‐stabilizing effect when octreotide LAR (long acting repeatable) was used to treat patients with advanced midgut NET; however, there has been no consensus regarding its antitumor effect for PNET. Additionally, a recent result from the CLARINET study suggests that lanreotide autogel has an antitumor effect against nonfunctional NET including PNET. Further clinical study results are awaited.
MR evaluation of vessel size imaging of human gliomas: Validation by histopathology
Authors: Kellner Elias , Breyer Tobias , Gall Peter , Müller Klaus , Trippel Michael , Staszewski Ori , Stein Florian , Saborowski Olaf , Dyakova Olga , Urbach Horst , Kiselev Valerij G , Mader Irina 
Published: February 2015

PurposeTo compare the vessel size and the cerebral blood volume in human gliomas with histopathology. Vessel size imaging (VSI) is a dynamic susceptibility contrast method for the assessment of the vessel size in normal and pathological tissue. Previous publications in rodents showed a satisfactory conformity with the vessel size derived from histopathology. To assess the clinical value, further, the progression‐free interval was determined and correlated.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐five gliomas (WHO grade °II [n = 10], °III [n = 3], °IV [n = 12]) were prospectively included and received a stereotaxic biopsy after VSI. The vessel size and the cerebral blood volume (CBV) were calculated in regions of interest at the tumor edge and correlated with the vessel size measured by histopathology.ResultsBoth VSI and CBV showed a good correlation with the vessel size in histopathology (up to r = 0.84, P < 0.001, and r = 0.62, P < 0.001, respectively). Slope and offset of the linear regression (y = 0.77x + 0.36 μm) suggest that the size of normal capillaries is overestimated with VSI, while for grossly enlarged vessels an underestimation occurs. Both VSI and CBV were negatively correlated with the progression‐free interval (r = –0.57, P = 0.008, and r = –0.50, P = 0.025, respectively).ConclusionThe correlation between VSI and vessel size from histopathology is in good accordance with the animal studies. The overestimation of small capillary sizes is also known from the animal trials. Vessel size and CBV showed similar results, both for the correlation with the histopathological vessel size and the progression‐free interval. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1117–1125.
Influence of the November Arctic Oscillation on the subsequent tropical Pacific sea surface temperature
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Wu Renguang , Chen Wen , Yu Bin 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPrevious studies suggested that the variability of boreal spring Arctic Oscillation (AO) can exert a significant influence on the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Niño‐3.4 region during the following winter. This study further reveals that AO in November can have a pronounced influence on the tropical central‐eastern Pacific SST anomalies during the following spring and summer. When the November AO is in its positive (negative) phase, SST anomalies tend to be positive (negative) during the following spring and summer in the tropical central‐eastern Pacific. The influence of the AO is accomplished by atmospheric circulation anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific through an interaction between the synoptic‐scale eddy and the low‐frequency mean flow. In the positive November AO years, pronounced cyclonic circulation and atmospheric heating anomalies are observed over the subtropical North Pacific. The atmospheric heating anomalies sustain westerly wind anomalies over the tropical western North Pacific through a Gill‐like atmospheric response. The westerly wind anomalies extend eastward subsequently through positive air–sea feedback mechanism, and result in SST warming during the following spring and summer in the tropical central‐eastern Pacific. Results of this study imply that the November AO index can be used as an effective predictor of SST anomalies in the Niño‐3.4 region during the following spring and summer.
Research on the characteristics of urban rainstorm pattern in the humid area of Southern China: a case study of Guangzhou City
Authors: Chen Zhihe , Yin Lei , Chen Xiaohong , Wei Shuai , Zhu Zhihua 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTExtreme precipitation occurs frequently because of hydrological variability, resulting in humid cities facing serious waterlogging problems. Previous studies about rainstorms had emphasized on spatial–temporal distribution characteristics, but rarely on rainfall pattern (RP). With a typical humid city in southern China, such as Guangzhou City in Guangdong Province as the research object, hourly precipitation data from January 2009 to October 2014 are collected from five meteorological stations in Guangzhou. The data are counted and classified by fuzzy mode recognition method according to seven typical rainfall patterns (STRP) and the Huff rainfall pattern (Huff RP). Subsequently, the distributive characteristics of urban rainstorm pattern (RSP) are analyzed. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) annual rainstorm days have high positive correlation with rainfall days, and the annual amount of rainstorm contributes to 7.5–50.5% of the annual total rainfall in Guangzhou, (2) large‐scale rainfall is highly possible to occur in Guangzhou, (3) most rainstorms in Guangzhou are unimodal, of which the frontal peak is more than 70%, and (4) STRP are appropriate for RSP division in Guangzhou City.
Synthesis of Bottlebrush Polystyrenes with Uniform, Alternating, and Gradient Distributions of Brushes Via Living Anionic Polymerization and Hydrosilylation
Authors: Ma Hongwei , Wang Qiuyun , Sang Wei , Han Li , Liu Pibo , Chen Jun , Li Yang , Wang Yurong 
Published: February 2015

By combining living anionic polymerization and hydrosilylation, densely grafted bottlebrush polymers with controlled spacing of branch points are prepared. Dimethyl(4‐vinylphenyl)silane and dimethyl(4‐(1‐phenylvinyl)phenyl)silane are anionically (co)polymerized to synthesize uniform, alternating, and gradient in‐chain silyl–hydride (Si–H) functionalized backbones. The spacing of branch points is controlled effectively by regulating the distribution of Si–H groups along the backbones. Three backbones with a similar number of Si–H groups but variable distributions are used to synthesize corresponding bottlebrush polymers via hydrosilylation between the backbones and chain‐end vinyl functionalized polystyrene. The uniformly grafted bottlebrush exhibits the highest hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of 5.6 nm and the lowest Tg of 79 °C which may be attributed to its compact grafted structure. This methodology exhibits high efficiency and convenience for the construction of bottlebrushes with controlled distribution of brushes.
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Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer‐Tethered Nanoparticles: a New Approach to Nanoscale Design of Functional Materials
Authors: Liu Yi , Liu Yijing , Yin Jun‐Jie , Nie Zhihong 
Published: February 2015

Colloidal molecules constructed from polymers and nanoparticles (NPs) have recently emerged as a novel class of building blocks for assembling functional hybrid materials. Particularly, self‐assembly of amphiphilic block copolymer (BCP)‐tethered NPs (BNPs) has shown great promise in the nanoscale design of functional hybrid materials. On the one hand, structurally the BNPs can be considered as molecular equivalents that are capable of self‐assembly at multiple hierarchical levels. On the other hand, the assembly of BNPs shows significant differences from molecular assembly due to their large dimension, complex geometry, and multi‐scale interactions involved in the assembly process. The manipulation of BCPs localized near the surface of the NPs offers an effective tool for engineering the interactions between NPs and hence the complexity of NP assembly. In this Feature Article, recent progresses on the self‐assembly of BNPs into functional materials are summarized. First, major strategies for assembling amphiphilic BNPs are highlighted. Secondly, the application of hybrid nanostructures (e.g., vesicles) assembled from BNPs in the field of biomedical imaging and delivery is discussed. Finally, current challenges and perspectives at this frontier are outlined.
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Fatigue improvement of welded steel joints by high frequency mechanical impact treatment
Authors: Marquis G. B. , Yıldırım H. C. 
Published: February 2015

The International Institute of Welding (IIW) technical working units provide unique forums for knowledge exchange to experts and professionals from industry, research institutes and world‐leading universities. Developing science‐based and industrially‐relevant best practice guidelines is a key objective of these units.In the past decade, high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) has significantly developed as a reliable, effective and user‐friendly method for post‐weld fatigue strength improvement technique for welded steel structures. The development of a new guideline for the design of structures improved using high frequency mechanical impact is presented. The extra fatigue strength benefit for high frequency mechanical impact treated high strength steels is also presented. Important issues like high frequency mechanical impact equipment, proper treatment procedures, operator safety, training, quality control measures and documentation are briefly discussed. Aspects of this guideline and the unique international nature of the IIW which has made it possible are described.
Arterial spin labeled carotid MR angiography: A phantom study examining the impact of technical and hemodynamic factors
Authors: Koktzoglou Ioannis , Giri Shivraman , Piccini Davide , Grodzki David M. , Flanagan Oisin , Murphy Ian G. , Gupta NavYash , Collins Jeremy D. , Edelman Robert R. 
Published: February 2015

PurposeTo quantify the accuracy of three‐dimensional (3D) radial arterial spin labeled (ASL) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using vascular models of carotid stenosis.MethodsEight vascular models were imaged at 1.5 Tesla using pulsatile flow waveforms at rates found in the internal carotid arteries (100–400 mL/min). The impacts of the 3D ASL imaging readout (fast low angle shot (FLASH) versus balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP)), ultrashort echo time imaging using a pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA), and model stenosis severity on the accuracy of vascular model display at the location of stenosis were quantified. Accuracy was computed vis‐à‐vis a reference bSSFP volume acquired under no flow. Comparisons were made with standard‐of‐care contrast‐enhanced MRA (CEMRA) and Cartesian time‐of‐flight (TOF) MRA protocols.ResultsFor 50% and 70% stenoses, CEMRA was most accurate (respective accuracies of 81.7% and 78.6%), followed by ASL FLASH (75.7% and 71.8%), ASL PETRA (69.6% and 70.6%), 3D TOF (66.6% and 57.1%), ASL bSSFP (68.7% and 51.2%), and 2D TOF (65.1% and 50.6%).ConclusionFlow phantom imaging studies show that ASL MRA can improve the display of hemodynamically significant carotid arterial stenosis compared with TOF MRA, with FLASH and ultrashort echo time readouts being most accurate. Magn Reson Med 75:295–301, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adjustable versus non‐adjustable male sling for post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence: A prospective clinical trial comparing patient choice, clinical outcomes and satisfaction rate with a minimum follow up of 24 months
Authors: Chung Eric , Smith Philip , Malone Gregory , Cartmill Ross 
Published: February 2015

AimsTo review the patient choice, clinical outcomes and satisfaction rate between adjustable and non‐adjustable male sling (MS) with a minimum follow up of 24 months.MethodsA prospective review of clinical parameters in all male patients who underwent MS surgery between January 2009 and December 2011 was undertaken. Validated instruments were utilized in the follow‐up survey.ResultsA total of 44 MS were inserted with 25 men choosing adjustable Argus (Promedon, Cordoba, Argentina) and 19 men received non‐adjustable AdVance (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN) MS. The mean age and follow‐up for men in the Argus group were 65.4 years and 36.2 months, and in AdVance group were 63.8 years and 33.1 months. Revision surgery was performed in six Argus MS for recurrent urinary incontinence. Social continence (defined as 0 to 1 urinary pad use) was achieved in 23 patients (92%) with Argus MS and 16 patients (84%) with AdVance MS (P = 0.45). The overall satisfaction rate on a 5‐point scale was 4.5 in Argus and 4.3 in AdVance patients, and there was no significant difference in the PGI‐I score between the two groups (P = 0.36). Kaplan–Meier analysis of urinary continence and patient satisfaction rates were not statistically significant between Argus and AdVance slings (P = 0.76 and P = 0.38).ConclusionsGiven the choice between the two types of MS, more men chose adjustable Argus over non‐adjustable AdVance sling. There was no significant difference in the clinical outcome, social continence and overall patient satisfaction rates between the two types of MS in the short term. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:482–486, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal service‐capacity allocation in a loss system
Authors: Hassin Refael , Shaki Yair Y. , Yovel Uri 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe consider a loss system with a fixed budget for servers. The system owner's problem is choosing the price, and selecting the number and quality of the servers, in order to maximize profits, subject to a budget constraint. We solve the problem with identical and different service rates as well as with preemptive and nonpreemptive policies. In addition, when the policy is preemptive, we prove the following conservation law: the distribution of the total service time for a customer entering the slowest server is hyperexponential with expectation equal to the average service rate independent of the allocation of the capacity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 81–97, 2015
Sensors for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Quantum Cascade Lasers
Authors: Dröscher Susanne , Gonnert Manfred 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHigh‐precision laser power measurement plays a crucial role in many laser applications, be it in the lab or in industrial settings. Only if the power of a laser can be measured precisely, the laser can be used correctly. The precise measurement of infrared lasers, for example quantum cascade lasers, and terahertz radiation used to be challenging because of a lack of adequate measurement tools. A novel measurement solution developed by Thorlabs GmbH now closes this gap. In collaboration with greenTEG AG, an ETH Zurich spin‐off, Thorlabs developed a measurement head, which detects the power in the low μW‐range independently of the wavelength of the laser. A low rise time of less than a second guarantees fast measurement results.
What Bit Depth for my Camera?
Authors: Holst Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe live in an 8‐bit world. Printers and computer screens, and also the human eye, are set to eight bits, i.e., 256 shades of brightness. For many applications however, it is recommendable to work with a wider dynamic range in order to gain more information from an image. But sometimes people complain at camera manufacturers' fair stands because they are not used to processing image data with higher dynamic range. Quite often in such cases, there is no problem with image quality but rather with the necessary know how to use the image data correctly.
Optical 3D Surface Measuring Technology
Authors: Hamann Gernot 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFor surface inspections that are indispensable in many of today's industries, the trend is heading toward smaller and smaller structures that must be reproduced or resolved accurately at nanometer level. Optical measurement processes as contact‐free and destruction‐free analysis and test methods are chosen for many applications because they can be applied to almost all materials and are also suitable for sensitive samples. Highly precise, confocal reproduction principles can present the sample topography and roughness structures not only qualitatively, but also correspondingly quantitatively using matching tactile measurement methods that are described in many industry standards. Piezo‐based positioning systems are making considerable contributions in this field.
Molecular design strategies for voltage modulation in highly efficient polymer solar cells
Authors: Zhang Hao , Ye Long , Hou Jianhui 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOpen‐circuit voltage (Voc) is one of the key parameters in determining the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs). Although significant advances in materials and device physics of PSCs have been achieved in the past decade, the low Voc values still hamper the enhancement of power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of PSCs based on the widely known polymers like polythiophenes (PTs) and poly(benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐co‐thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene) (PBDTTT) polymers. In order to pursue high PCE, more efforts should be directed towards improving Voc through molecular design of conjugated polymers, i.e. to reduce the highest occupied molecular orbital levels without sacrificing optical absorption properties. In this mini‐review, some feasible and effective strategies, such as inserting conjugated side groups with various electron‐withdrawing effects, manipulating alkyl chains and introducing functional substituents, to improve Voc of PSCs based on some highly efficient photovoltaic polymers, especially PTs and PBDTTT polymers, are summarized and discussed. Owing to these strategies, PCEs of PSCs based on PTs and PBDTTT polymers can be further boosted to ca 7% and ca 10%, respectively. Apparently, these strategies offer opportunities for achieving new breakthroughs in other π‐conjugated photovoltaic materials. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Scaling of Lennard–Jones liquid elastic moduli, viscoelasticity and other properties along fluid–solid coexistence
Authors: Heyes D. M. , Dini D. , Brańka A. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractStatic and dynamical properties of the Lennard–Jones (LJ) fluid along the fluid–solid coexistence line are determined by molecular dynamics simulation. A number of properties, such as the radial distribution function, Einstein frequency, mean force, root mean square force, and normalised time correlation functions are shown to be essentially invariant or structurally isomorphic along this line when scaled by so‐called macroscopic variables (MRU). Other quantities subject to MRU such as the potential energy, pressure and infinite frequency compressional modulus are not constant along this line of states but can be reproduced using simple formulae of the form for Roskilde fluids. The elastic moduli fall within the domain of isomorphism theory. A generalised Cauchy relationship in which the infinite frequency longitudinal modulus is proportional to the longitudinal modulus of the fluid was found to be obeyed very well for the LJ fluid phase along this coexistence line.
New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid‐Permian gorgonopsian Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911
Authors: Kammerer Christian F. , Smith Roger M. H. , Day Michael O. , Rubidge Bruce S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNew specimens of the oldest gorgonopsian taxon Eriphostoma microdon from the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone (AZ) of South Africa significantly improve our understanding of the anatomy of this taxon. The new specimens consist of nearly complete skulls and lower jaws and allow for a more complete diagnosis of Eriphostoma than was possible based on the poorly preserved holotype. In addition to the characteristic palatal dentition and delta‐shaped palatine bosses previously recognized for Eriphostoma, this taxon can be diagnosed by the presence of three close‐packed upper postcanines occupying an indented margin of the maxilla, a large, tetragonal‐to‐rounded preparietal bone, and large, paired interorbital depressions expanding outwards in front of the pineal boss. The revised diagnosis permits Eoarctops vanderbyli, Galesuchus gracilis, and Scylacognathus parvus to be synonymized with Eriphostoma microdon, as previously suspected. Among gorgonopsians, Eriphostoma is most similar to Aelurosaurus and Gorgonops, although these similarities are likely plesiomorphic for Gorgonopsia. Eriphostoma ranges from the Tapinocephalus AZ (where it is the only valid gorgonopsian known from the Karoo Basin) through the Pristerognathus AZ (where it co‐occurs with Gorgonops).
Review of Value and Lean in Complex Product Development
Authors: Siyam Ghadir I. , Wynn David C. , Clarkson P. John 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTApproaches are being developed to improve complex product development from the perspective of value generation. However, the ideas and their relationships are still not fully articulated. We provide a structured literature review, with a primary but not exclusive focus on value ideas relating to lean in complex system product development. A framework organizes the concepts, methods, and their relationships. It clarifies the value delivery mechanism and could help to understand and thus improve value systems. Areas deserving further research attention are identified.