bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control
Authors: Mueller Dennis C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by reviewing some stylized facts. These facts pose some puzzling questions that must be answered, if we are to understand the role mergers play in capitalist systems. It then turns to the evidence of their effects on profitability, efficiency, and shareholder wealth. This evidence is used to resolve some of the questions raised by the stylized facts about mergers.
Dispersed Ownership: The Theories, the Evidence, and the Enduring Tension between “Lumpers” and “Splitters”
Authors: Coffee John C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that dispersed ownership resulted less from inexorable forces and more from private ordering. Neither legal nor political conditions mandated or prevented the appearance of dispersed ownership. Rather, entrepreneurs, investment bankers, and investors—all seeking to maximize value—sometimes saw reasons why selling control into the public market would maximize value for them. But when and why? That is the article's focus. It argues that law played less of a role than specialized intermediaries—investment banks, securities exchanges, and other agents—who found it to be in their self-interest to foster dispersed ownership and who compensated for weak legal protections. Initially, relying on reputational capital, self-regulatory institutions, and contractual mechanisms, entrepreneurs found ways to assure investors that they would not be exploited if they invested in their companies as minority shareholders. This resulted in a localized dispersion of ownership with control remaining with the founder/entrepreneur.
A Competition Law Analysis of Private Equity “Club Deals”
Authors: Barrachdi Faysal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explains how syndicate relationships in certain market structures have implications for competition policy. It studies the legal position of private equity club deals and shows how they should be treated under the current European Competition Law framework. It first describes private equity and club deals and then studies the elements and structure of club deals within modern European Union law framework.
The Real Effects of Private Equity Buyouts
Authors: Tåg Joacim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the real effects of private equity buyouts. It defines private equity buyouts as gains of established companies accepted by private equity firms. Private equity buyouts are also referred to as leveraged buyouts, management buyouts, and bootstrap acquisitions. The first section explains why buyouts have real economic effects, while the second section presents a survey of empirical literature on the relation between buyouts and employment, productivity, long-run investments, and bankruptcy. The final section of the article discusses further research and summarizes the findings.
Listed Private Equity and the Case of Exits
Authors: Müller Götz , Vasconcelos Manuel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article studies the return effects seen on listed private equity funds, which are the result of exit events of portfolio companies. It shows that private equity as an asset class has long been connected to sophisticated investors, including high-net-worth institutions or individuals. It then hypothesizes that exit announcements cause significantly positive share price reactions and provides data that was gathered from all exit announcements made by firms. This article determines that the hypothesis is true, and that it is due to the fact that a better price may be achieved in an IPO.
Venture Capital and the Financial Crisis: An Empirical Study across Industries and Countries
Authors: Block Joern , De Vries Geertjan , Sandner Philipp 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the effect of the 2007–2009 financial crisis on the venture capital market. It shows that the crisis is associated with a decrease in the number of initial funding rounds as well as with a decrease in the amount of funds raised in later funding rounds. The effects of the crisis differed across industries and were stronger in the United States than in other countries. The article suggests that the crisis has led to a severe “funding gap” in the financing of technological development and innovation.
Corporate Venture Capital: From Venturing to Partnering
Authors: McCahery Joseph A. , Vermeulen Erik P.M. , Banks Andrew M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the importance of the rise of corporate venture capital and considers the role of government venture capital. It also studies the emergence of international industry clusters relative to regional clusters. Corporate venturing is on the resurgence as large corporations increasingly look to young entrepreneurial businesses for innovation. Corporations should pursue a strategic alliance approach when making corporate venturing decisions. For instance, allying directly with start-up companies or, indirectly, with traditional venture capitalists could lead to a win-win situation, provided that the incentives of the parties are aligned. Governments should co-invest in venture capital funds with one or more corporate investors. By doing so, governments pursue two main goals: co-investment signals the trustworthiness of venture capital initiatives and promotes the emergence of a sector-specific venture capital market.
The Role of Geographic Proximity in Venture Capital
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Dai Na 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn practice, venture capital (VC) is not about the people you know, but rather where you are. Some VCs even make their investment decisions based on the “twenty-minute rule,” which is that if a start-up company seeking venture capital is not within a twenty-minute drive of VCs' offices, it will not be funded. Generally speaking, both theoretical work and empirical evidence is consistent with these recent observations in the popular press. However, prior evidence on local bias in venture capital markets has not fully investigated how local bias depends on VCs' characteristics. Further, whether and how local bias differs for VC markets versus other forms of financial intermediation has not been fully considered. As well, there is no or little empirical evidence on the performance implications of local bias, which should be important for the diversification and specialization issue in VC fund management. This article aims to fill this gap. First, it discusses relevant theory and develops empirically testable predictions, and then describes the sample and data employed in this study. It develops measures of local bias in VC investments and examines whether there is local bias in VC investments. Next it analyzes the factors that contribute to local bias and links the geographic distance to VC investment performance. The last section summarizes the main findings.
Well-Being, Aging, and Immunity
Authors: Friedman Elliot 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAging is associated with progressive declines in multiple aspects of immune function and with corresponding increases in vulnerability to immune-related disease. At the same time, older adults consistently report that they are happier and more satisfied with their lives than adults in middle or early adulthood. There is also growing evidence that well-being is not merely the absence of stress and depression, and that it makes unique contributions to health and longevity, particularly in later life. This chapter examines the intersection of these age-related phenomena. With a particular emphasis on two different aspects of well-being—hedonic and eudaimonic—we consider the extent to which greater well-being is associated with healthier profiles of integrated immune responses, functions of specific immune cell types, and molecular aspects of immune regulation. Physiological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie these associations, as well as the potential to improve well-being in later life, are also considered.
Stress and Immune System Aging
Authors: Effros Rita B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAging of the immune system is responsible for increased severity of infections, reduced vaccine responsiveness, and higher cancer incidence in the elderly. These outcomes can be attributed to several types of stress, including latent viral infections, oxidative stress and psychological stress. The major infectious stressors are herpes viruses, which are usually acquired early in life, persist for many decades and drive certain T cells to replicative senescence, a terminal state characterized by reduced immune function, shortened telomeres, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic psychological and oxidative stress are also associated with shortened telomeres and reduced immune function. Given the wide range of deleterious effects associated with telomere shortening and the resultant immune dysfunction and inflammation, research aimed at retarding the process of replicative senescence—for example, by enhancing telomerase in T cells or by life-style and stress-reduction techniques—are promising approaches for enhancing healthspan in older persons.
Physiological Correlates of Self-Conscious Emotions
Authors: Dickerson Sally S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSelf-conscious emotions, such as shame and embarrassment, are painful and intense emotions, yet they have been understudied within psychoneuroimmunology. However, several studies have examined the biological correlates of self-conscious emotions, and far more have demonstrated that the social-evaluative stressors, which can induce these emotions, are potent elicitors of physiological reactivity. Self-conscious emotions—and the social contexts that elicit them—can be associated with immunological changes, including increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. These conditions can also lead to increases in cortisol and sympathetic nervous system activity, which have implications for immunological functioning. The self-conscious emotional and physiological changes can occur in concert under social-evaluative threat, leading to correlations between the affective and physiological responses. Future research should continue to examine the specificity of the associations between self-conscious emotions and physiological outcomes, the role of the social context in eliciting these changes, and the health implications of these effects.
Positive Emotions and Immunity
Authors: Pressman Sarah D. , Black Lora L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this section, we examine the evidence tying positive emotions to immune function. Studies reviewed here focus on the short-term alterations in immune function that occur as a result of experimentally induced emotions as well as naturally occurring emotional states. We begin by discussing the larger theoretical concerns in this field, such as measurement of positive emotions, independence from related constructs, and the pathways by which positive feelings might lead to alterations in immune outcomes. We follow with a brief review of the literature showing ties between manipulations of positive emotions and immune outcomes, as well as studies tying short term, naturally occurring states to immunity. We conclude that this literature is suggestive in that many studies show immune enhancing benefits of positive emotions. However, a number of studies have methodological concerns making it difficult to determine the true effect sizes and active components of these associations and we, therefore, make a call for further work in this area.
Social Support and Immunity
Authors: Uchino Bert N. , Vaughn Allison A. , Carlisle McKenzie , Birmingham Wendy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial support has been reliably related to lower rates of morbidity and mortality across a number of diseases. However, little is known about the more specific pathways and mechanisms responsible for such links. In this chapter, we argue that part of the link between social support and health is explained by immune-system alternations that, in turn, influence broad-based disease outcomes. Recent studies suggest that social support is related to lower IL-6 and better immune function in biologically relevant contexts (e.g., vaccinations, cancer patients). The implications of these findings are discussed in light of a broad model hypothesizing that social support may influence health outcomes via behavioral (e.g., health behaviors), psychological (e.g., stress appraisals), and neuroendocrine-immune mechanisms. Important future research areas are also emphasized, especially the need to uncover the psychological pathways by which social support may be health-promoting.
Socioeconomic Status, Inflammation, and Immune Function
Authors: Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocioeconomic status (SES) is a major determinant of health and well-being in childhood, adult life, and old age, with people of lower SES, as defined by education, occupation, income, and neighborhood deprivation being at higher risk for a range of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Psychoneuroimmunological processes may contribute to links between SES and health outcomes. There is extensive population evidence that SES is inversely associated with chronic inflammation indexed by markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen. Both childhood and adult SES contribute to this pattern. Evidence for SES differences in acquired immunity is more sparse, but it also implicates lower SES in the dysregulation of immune responses. There is limited experimental data from humans showing that lower SES is associated with heightened inflammation following acute stress. There is an inverse correlation between SES and seropositivity for common infections acquired early in the life course that may in turn contribute to low-grade inflammation in adult life. SES differences in immunity and inflammation are also mediated in part by variations in health-related behaviors such as smoking and energy balance, and by direct stress-related processes. Research linking SES, psychosocial adversity, immune function, and health outcomes longitudinally is needed, together with intervention studies that explore the impact of modifying links in the causal chain.
Seasonal Rhythms in Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Weil Zachary M. , Nelson Randy J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAnimals experience substantial and generally predictable, annual changes in environmental conditions. The changing seasons each present different challenges for animals to address. Mechanisms have evolved in many small mammals to confine breeding to the relatively mild conditions of spring and early summer. In addition to adjustments in reproductive function, other physiological systems including many aspects of immune function and stress responses also vary across the year. The goals of this chapter are to review the current state of our knowledge regarding how psychoneuroimmunological processes vary across the year in small mammals. In the second half of the chapter, we will address what is known about seasonal fluctuations in immune function in humans and the consequences of these rhythms for psychiatric, inflammatory, and infectious diseases.
Methods, Variance, and Error in Psychoneuroimmunology Research: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Segerstrom Suzanne C. , Smith Gregory T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEvery researcher deals with error at some level. In psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) research, there may be error due to substantive fluctuations in immune parameters (e.g., as related to stress, time of day, or activity). This error is significant for some parameters, but it can and should be minimized by taking multiple measurements or converted into “good,” substantive variance by measuring variables that can predict the fluctuations. Type I and Type II “bad” errors are of more concern; many PNI studies have far too few subjects for the number of effects they test. Of studies included in a recent meta-analysis of stress and human immunity, several studies actually had fewer subjects than they had statistical tests. Finally, variance due to assay or supply variability contributes to “ugly” error, and it should be addressed by analysis of covariance or partial variance. However, too often, important variance due to factors such as age is designated as “ugly” rather than incorporated into the model. We suggest solutions for addressing “good,” “bad,” and “ugly” error and look into the future of physiometrics.
Prevention and Counseling Psychology
Authors: Vera Elizabeth M. , Polanin Megan K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract In the introductory chapter of this handbook, core aspects of prevention science and practice will be presented. Included in this presentation are definitions of prevention; how prevention has been conceptualized within the field of psychology; why prevention is necessary; why counseling psychologists are particularly well suited to engage in prevention activities; the benefits of including mental health prevention as part of a larger wellness agenda; and how prevention is part of a commitment to social justice and cultural relevance. It is hoped that presenting these ideas will help orient the reader to what is to come in the remaining chapters as well as ground the volume in a common language and philosophical base.
Ethical Principles for the Practice of Prevention
Authors: Schwartz Jonathan , Hage Sally M. , González Dianna Marisol 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract The role of prevention in the field of psychology, due to increasing evidence of the utility of prevention, has grown significantly in recent years. Unfortunately, although there has been increasing attention to training competent prevention practitioners, there has been less attention to explicating meaningful guidelines for ethical issues raised in prevention. In this chapter we will discuss the importance of prevention, identify unique ethical issues in prevention, highlight previous guidance provided for addressing these issues, and suggest ideas for starting a new ethical code for prevention practice.
Understanding and Preventing Adolescent Bullying, Sexual Violence, and Dating Violence
Authors: Espelage Dorothy , Low Sabina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract In this chapter, the social ecological framework was used to identify unique and shared risk and protective factors of bullying experiences (victimization, perpetration), sexual violence, and dating violence perpetration in adolescents. Individual predictors included sex, race, anger, empathy, callousness, and impulsivity. Family violence, parenting style, and parental monitoring are discussed as risk factors. Attitudes and behaviors of friendship also contribute to the onset and continuation of these outcomes. Teacher’s attitudes and school climate play a very important role in exacerbating bullying and sexual violence, but can also serve as protective agents. When prevention programs are designed or selected from the many marketed programs, it is important for consumers to consider the extent to which the programs include many of the risk and protective factors.
Keeping the Dragons at Bay
Authors: Priester Paul E. , Jones Janice E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse (ATODA) is a critical public health issue. Research suggests that there are some principles that can guide effective prevention activities. This chapter explores not only what content should be included in such prevention activities, but also what processes and which contexts are best suited for optimal results. In general, research supports the use of developmentally appropriate activities that decrease risk factors and increase protective factors. Certain skills such as relationship skills and drug refusal skills are shown to be effective components of prevention work. Components that have not been successful include: affective skills training and the didactic imparting of drug information to elementary school students. Specific culturally responsive techniques are required for students of color, as the drug use profiles and risk/protective factors differ by ethnic/racial groups. A discussion of the political and fiscal contextual variables that impact the delivery of prevention activities is also presented.
Dropout Prevention
Authors: Shin Richard Q. , Kendall Mone’t A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract Despite the intense focus on school dropout over the past 40 years, this pervasive social injustice continues to plague the United States. This chapter will provide a review of the extant literature on school dropout risk factors as well as the research on effective intervention and prevention programs. The chapter will begin with a rationale for focusing specifically on schools that serve students and families of color who reside in high poverty communities. The authors will critique the deficit-oriented framework that has been pervasive in school dropout literature. We hope to interrupt the dominant discourses that position poor students of color as inherently “at risk” for school dropout. The authors will present a case for counseling psychologists to develop social justice dropout prevention programs that focus primarily on institutional and structural changes. The chapter will also include a discussion of future directions for the field of counseling psychology.
Integrative Approaches to the Prevention of Eating Disorders and Obesity in Youth
Authors: Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Gow Rachel W. , Bulik Cynthia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract Both eating disorders and obesity are serious public health concerns. Given the chronic course of these conditions, there is a major emphasis on their prevention. However, many concerns have been raised about the optimal approach to the prevention of both eating disorders and obesity. This chapter reviews controversies in the prevention of eating disorders and obesity, including potential iatrogenic effects of prevention, and whether programming should be implemented at the level of public policy. Next, we review the debate regarding the integration of prevention efforts for these conditions, including the feasibility and acceptability of these integrated approaches. The chapter continues with a brief review of some of the best practices for the integrated prevention of both obesity and eating disorders identified in previous research. Finally, we discuss newer perspectives in this research, including broadening targets of prevention, integrating technology, and enhancing the cultural sensitivity of eating disorder and obesity prevention.
Toward the Prevention of Risky Sexual Behavior Among Latina Youth
Authors: Edwards Lisa M. , Stubbs Lucia J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract Sexual risk-taking among Latina youth has been noted as a critical health concern within the United States. In this chapter, the importance of prevention of risky sexual behavior among Latina youth will be discussed. Current prevalence rates and consequences associated with sexual behavior among Latino/as will be reviewed, along with factors that are relevant to understanding the prevention of sexual activity. Finally, programs that have been developed to prevent risky sexual behavior among Latinas will be reviewed and suggestions for prevention efforts will be presented.