bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does R&D offshoring lead to SME growth? Different governance modes and the mediating role of innovation
Authors: Rodríguez Alicia , Nieto María Jesús 
Published: June 2015

Research summary: In this article, we address the role of R&D offshoring strategies in the sales growth of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We propose that different governance modes of R&D offshoring—insourcing versus outsourcing—may lead to growth, but that they differ in their effects. In turn, we argue that innovation mediates the relation between international R&D sourcing strategies and sales growth. Based on a large database of SME manufacturing enterprises in Spain, we find that offshore outsourcing positively affects sales growth both directly and indirectly, while offshore insourcing only affects sales growth indirectly via innovation results. The analysis reveals different contributions of each governance mode to sales growth and the mediating role of innovation in the relation between R&D offshoring and firm growth.Managerial summary: We analyze how different governance modes of international R&D sourcing—offshore insourcing and outsourcing—may contribute to growth in SMEs. Modes of offshore R&D outsourcing positively affect the growth of sales in two ways. One effect is direct, produced by improved efficiency, flexibility, enhanced resources, and access to new markets. And the other effect is indirect as offshore R&D outsourcing favors the achievement of innovations, and this in turn, positively affects firm growth. For their part, captive modes only exert an indirect effect. Offshore R&D insourcing contributes to the achievement of innovations, and thus, ultimately to firm growth in so far as these innovations enable SMEs to increase sales. Therefore, innovation results perform a mediating role in the relation between R&D offshoring and sales growth. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ketogenic diets in patients with inherited metabolic disorders
Authors: Scholl‐Bürgi S. , Höller A. , Pichler K. , Michel M. , Haberlandt E. , Karall D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractKetogenic diets (KDs) are diets that bring on a metabolic condition comparable to fasting, usually without catabolism. Since the mid‐1990s such diets have been widely used in patients with seizures/epilepsies, mostly children. This review focuses on the use of KDs in patients with various inherited metabolic disorders (IMD). In glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1‐DS) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) deficiency, KDs are deemed the therapy of choice and directly target the underlying metabolic disorder. Moreover, in other IMD, mainly of intermediary metabolism such as glycogen storage diseases and disorders of mitochondrial energy supply, KDs may ameliorate clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters. KDs have also been used successfully to treat symptoms such as seizures/epilepsy in IMD, e.g. in urea cycle disorders and non‐ketotic hyperglycinemia. As a note of caution, catabolism may cause the condition of patients with IMD to deteriorate and should thus be avoided during KDs. For this reason, careful monitoring (clinical, laboratory and apparatus‐supported) is warranted. In some IMDs specific macronutrient supply is critical. Therefore, in cases of PDHc deficiency the carbohydrate intake tolerated without lactate increase and in urea cycle disorders the protein tolerance should be determined. Considering this, it is particularly important in patients with IMD that the use of KDs be individualized and well documented.
Long-term evolution of highly alkaline steel slag drainage waters
Authors: Riley Alex L. , Mayes William M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The disposal of slag generated by the steel industry can have negative consequences upon the surrounding aquatic environment by the generation of high pH waters, leaching of potentially problematic trace metals, and rapid rates of calcite precipitation which smother benthic habitats. A 36-year dataset was collated from the long-term ambient monitoring of physicochemical parameters and elemental concentrations of samples from two steel slag leachate-affected watercourses in northern England. Waters were typified by elevated pH (>10), high alkalinity, and were rich in dissolved metals (e.g. calcium (Ca), aluminium (Al), and zinc (Zn)). Long-term trend analysis was performed upon pH, alkalinity, and Ca concentration which, in addition to Ca flux calculations, were used to highlight the longevity of pollution arising as a result of the dumping and subsequent leaching of steel slags. Declines in calcium and alkalinity have been modest over the monitoring period and not accompanied by significant declines in water pH. If the monotonic trends of decline in alkalinity and calcium continue in the largest of the receiving streams, it will be in the region of 50–80 years before calcite precipitation would be expected to be close to baseline levels, where ecological impacts would be negligible.
Exceedance of critical loads and of critical limits impacts tree nutrition across Europe
Authors: Waldner Peter , Thimonier Anne , Graf Pannatier Elisabeth , Etzold Sophia , Schmitt Maria , Marchetto Aldo , Rautio Pasi , Derome Kirsti , Nieminen Tiina Maileena , Nevalainen Seppo , Lindroos Antti-Jussi , Merilä Päivi , Kindermann Georg , Neumann Markus , Cools Nathalie , de Vos Bruno , Roskams Peter , Verstraeten Arne , Hansen Karin , Pihl Karlsson Gunilla , Dietrich Hans-Peter , Raspe Stephan , Fischer Richard , Lorenz Martin , Iost Susanne , Granke Oliver , Sanders Tanja G. M. , Michel Alexa , Nagel Hans-Dieter , Scheuschner Thomas , Simončič Primož , von Wilpert Klaus , Meesenburg Henning , Fleck Stefan , Benham Sue , Vanguelova Elena , Clarke Nicholas , Ingerslev Morten , Vesterdal Lars , Gundersen Per , Stupak Inge , Jonard Mathieu , Potočić Nenad , Minaya Mayte 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Key message

Exceedance of critical limits in soil solution samples was more frequent in intensively monitored forest plots across Europe with critical loads for acidity and eutrophication exceeded compared to other plots from the same network. Elevated inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soil solution tended to be related to less favourable nutritional status.

Context

Forests have been exposed to elevated atmospheric deposition of acidifying and eutrophying sulphur and nitrogen compounds for decades. Critical loads have been identified, below which damage due to acidification and eutrophication are not expected to occur.

Aims

We explored the relationship between the exceedance of critical loads and inorganic nitrogen concentration, the base cation to aluminium ratio in soil solutions, as well as the nutritional status of trees.

Methods

We used recent data describing deposition, elemental concentrations in soil solution and foliage, as well as the level of damage to foliage recorded at forest plots of the ICP Forests intensive monitoring network across Europe.

Results

Critical loads for inorganic nitrogen deposition were exceeded on about a third to half of the forest plots. Elevated inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soil solution occurred more frequently among these plots. Indications of nutrient imbalances, such as low magnesium concentration in foliage or discolouration of needles and leaves, were seldom but appeared more frequently on plots where the critical limits for soil solution were exceeded.

Conclusion

The findings support the hypothesis that elevated nitrogen and sulphur deposition can lead to imbalances in tree nutrition.
Evaluation of a National Online Educational Program in Geriatric Psychiatry
Authors: Law Marcus , Rapoport Mark J. , Seitz Dallas , Davidson Marla , Madan Robert , Wiens Andrew 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Objective
This study provides evaluation results of an online study group (OSG) for geriatric psychiatry continuing professional development.

Methods
The OSG is an interactive, expert-facilitated, asynchronous educational experience for psychiatrists and residents in Canada. A retrospective web survey assessed self-efficacy, knowledge in geriatric psychiatry, comfort with online learning, and perceived effectiveness of the instructional methods. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and descriptive statistics were calculated.

Results
Twenty-nine (of 50) participants (58 %) completed the questionnaire. Although only 48 % of respondents reported improved perceived knowledge, 79 % reported improved efficacy beliefs, and 76 % reported improved comfort with online learning. Most (79 %) would consider taking OSG again, and 93 % would recommend it to others.

Conclusions
The OSG was well-received, with greater benefits for self-efficacy with the material and comfort with online learning than for perceived knowledge itself. Further research is needed to ascertain actual knowledge change in the context of online learning in medical education.
Hysteroscopic tubal electrocoagulation versus laparoscopic tubal ligation for patients with hydrosalpinges undergoing in vitro fertilization
Authors: El‐Mazny Akmal , Abou‐Salem Nermeen , Hammam Mohamed , Saber Walid 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the use and success rate of hysteroscopic tubal electrocoagulation for the treatment of hydrosalpinx‐related infertility among patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) who have laparoscopic contraindications.MethodsA prospective study was conducted among patients who had unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinges identified on hysterosalpingography and vaginal ultrasonography, and who were undergoing IVF at a center in Cairo, Egypt, between January 1, 2013, and October 30, 2014. All patients who had contraindications for laparoscopy were scheduled for hysteroscopic tubal electrocoagulation (group 1); the other patients underwent laparoscopic tubal ligation (group 2). For all patients, hysterosalpingography was performed 3 months after their procedure to evaluate proximal tubal occlusion.ResultsAmong 85 enrolled patients, 22 underwent hysteroscopic tubal electrocoagulation and 63 underwent laparoscopic tubal ligation. The procedure was successful in terms of tubal occlusion for 25 (93%) of 27 hydrosalpinges in group 1, and 78 (96%) of 81 hydrosalpinges in group 2 (P = 0.597). No intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported.ConclusionHysteroscopic tubal electrocoagulation was found to be a successful treatment for hydrosalpinges before IVF when laparoscopy is contraindicated.
Impact of a Two-step Emergency Department Triage Model with START, then CTAS, on Patient Flow During a Simulated Mass-casualty Incident
Authors: Lee James S. , Franc Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionA high influx of patients during a mass-casualty incident (MCI) may disrupt patient flow in an already overcrowded emergency department (ED) that is functioning beyond its operating capacity. This pilot study examined the impact of a two-step ED triage model using Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) for pre-triage, followed by triage with the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), on patient flow during a MCI simulation exercise.Hypothesis/ProblemIt was hypothesized that there would be no difference in time intervals nor patient volumes at each patient-flow milestone.MethodsPhysicians and nurses participated in a computer-based tabletop disaster simulation exercise. Physicians were randomized into the intervention group using START, then CTAS, or the control group using START alone. Patient-flow milestones including time intervals and patient volumes from ED arrival to triage, ED arrival to bed assignment, ED arrival to physician assessment, and ED arrival to disposition decision were compared. Triage accuracy was compared for secondary purposes.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the time interval from ED arrival to triage (mean difference 108 seconds; 95% CI, -353 to 596 seconds; P=1.0), ED arrival to bed assignment (mean difference 362 seconds; 95% CI, -1,269 to 545 seconds; P=1.0), ED arrival to physician assessment (mean difference 31 seconds; 95% CI, -1,104 to 348 seconds; P=0.92), and ED arrival to disposition decision (mean difference 175 seconds; 95% CI, -1,650 to 1,300 seconds; P=1.0) between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the volume of patients to be triaged (32% vs 34%; 95% CI for the difference -16% to 21%; P=1.0), assigned a bed (16% vs 21%; 95% CI for the difference -11% to 20%; P=1.0), assessed by a physician (20% vs 22%; 95% CI for the difference -14% to 19%; P=1.0), and with a disposition decision (20% vs 9%; 95% CI for the difference -25% to 4%; P=.34) between the two groups. The accuracy of triage was similar in both groups (57% vs 70%; 95% CI for the difference -15% to 41%; P=.46).ConclusionExperienced triage nurses were able to apply CTAS effectively during a MCI simulation exercise. A two-step ED triage model using START, then CTAS, had similar patient flow and triage accuracy when compared to START alone.LeeJS, FrancJM. Impact of a two-step emergency department triage model with START, then CTAS, on patient flow during a simulated mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(4):1–7.
Breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices in the first 6 months of life among Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi infants: the InnBaKost survey
Authors: Grewal Navnit Kaur , Andersen Lene Frost , Sellen Daniel , Mosdøl Annhild , Torheim Liv Elin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo examine breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices during the first 6 months of life among Norwegian infants of Somali and Iraqi family origin.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during March 2013–February 2014. Data were collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ adapted from the second Norwegian national dietary survey among infants in 2006–2007.SettingSomali-born and Iraqi-born mothers living in eastern Norway were invited to participate.SubjectsOne hundred and seven mothers/infants of Somali origin and eighty mothers/infants of Iraqi origin participated.ResultsBreast-feeding was almost universally initiated after birth. Only 7 % of Norwegian-Somali and 10 % of Norwegian-Iraqi infants were exclusively breast-fed at 4 months of age. By 1 month of age, water had been introduced to 30 % of Norwegian-Somali and 26 % of Norwegian-Iraqi infants, and infant formula to 44 % and 34 %, respectively. Fifty-four per cent of Norwegian-Somali and 68 % of Norwegian-Iraqi infants had been introduced to solid or semi-solid foods at 4 months of age. Breast-feeding at 6 months of age was more common among Norwegian-Somali infants (79 %) compared with Norwegian-Iraqi infants (58 %;P=0·001). Multivariate analyses indicated no significant factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding at 3·5 months of age. Factors positively associated with breast-feeding at 6 months were country of origin (Somalia) and parity (>2).ConclusionsBreast-feeding initiation was common among Iraqi-born and Somali-born mothers, but the exclusive breast-feeding period was shorter than recommended in both groups. The study suggests that there is a need for new culture-specific approaches to support exclusive breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices among foreign-born mothers living in Norway.
Orbital reconstruction in nonpolar tetravalent transition-metal oxide layers
Authors: Bogdanov Nikolay A. , Katukuri Vamshi M. , Romhányi Judit , Yushankhai Viktor , Kataev Vladislav , Büchner Bernd , van den Brink Jeroen , Hozoi Liviu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA promising route to tailoring the electronic properties of quantum materials and devices rests on the idea of orbital engineering in multilayered oxide heterostructures. Here we show that the interplay of interlayer charge imbalance and ligand distortions provides a knob for tuning the sequence of electronic levels even in intrinsically stacked oxides. We resolve in this regard the d-level structure of layered Sr2IrO4 by electron spin resonance. While canonical ligand-field theory predicts g||-factors less than 2 for positive tetragonal distortions as present in Sr2IrO4, the experiment indicates g|| is greater than 2. This implies that the iridium d levels are inverted with respect to their normal ordering. State-of-the-art electronic-structure calculations confirm the level switching in Sr2IrO4, whereas we find them in Ba2IrO4 to be instead normally ordered. Given the nonpolar character of the metal-oxygen layers, our findings highlight the tetravalent transition-metal 214 oxides as ideal platforms to explore d-orbital reconstruction in the context of oxide electronics.
Ultralow noise miniature external cavity semiconductor laser
Authors: Liang W. , Ilchenko V. S. , Eliyahu D. , Savchenkov A. A. , Matsko A. B. , Seidel D. , Maleki L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAdvanced applications in optical metrology demand improved lasers with high spectral purity, in form factors that are small and insensitive to environmental perturbations. While laboratory-scale lasers with extraordinarily high stability and low noise have been reported, all-integrated chip-scale devices with sub-100 Hz linewidth have not been previously demonstrated. Lasers integrated with optical microresonators as external cavities have the potential for substantial reduction of noise. However, stability and spectral purity improvements of these lasers have only been validated with rack-mounted support equipment, assembled with fibre lasers to marginally improve their noise performance. In this work we report on a realization of a heterogeneously integrated, chip-scale semiconductor laser featuring 30-Hz integral linewidth as well as sub-Hz instantaneous linewidth.
Disruption of p21-activated kinase 1 gene diminishes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
Authors: Singh Nikhlesh K. , Kotla Sivareddy , Dyukova Elena , Traylor James G. , Orr A. Wayne , Chernoff Jonathan , Marion Tony N. , Rao Gadiparthi N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPak1 plays an important role in various cellular processes, including cell motility, polarity, survival and proliferation. To date, its role in atherogenesis has not been explored. Here we report the effect of Pak1 on atherogenesis using atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice as a model. Disruption of Pak1 in ApoE−/− mice results in reduced plaque burden, significantly attenuates circulating IL-6 and MCP-1 levels, limits the expression of adhesion molecules and diminishes the macrophage content in the aortic root of ApoE−/− mice. We also observed reduced oxidized LDL uptake and increased cholesterol efflux by macrophages and smooth muscle cells of ApoE−/−:Pak1−/− mice as compared with ApoE−/− mice. In addition, we detect increased Pak1 phosphorylation in human atherosclerotic arteries, suggesting its role in human atherogenesis. Altogether, these results identify Pak1 as an important factor in the initiation and progression of atherogenesis.
The immunomodulating V and W proteins of Nipah virus determine disease course
Authors: Satterfield Benjamin A. , Cross Robert W. , Fenton Karla A. , Agans Krystle N. , Basler Christopher F. , Geisbert Thomas W. , Mire Chad E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe viral determinants that contribute to Nipah virus (NiV)-mediated disease are poorly understood compared with other paramyxoviruses. Here we use recombinant NiVs (rNiVs) to examine the contributions of the NiV V and W proteins to NiV pathogenesis in a ferret model. We show that a V-deficient rNiV is susceptible to the innate immune response in vitro and behaves as a replicating non-lethal virus in vivo. Remarkably, rNiV lacking W expression results in a delayed and altered disease course with decreased respiratory disease and increased terminal neurological disease associated with altered in vitro inflammatory cytokine production. This study confirms the V protein as the major determinant of pathogenesis, also being the first in vivo study to show that the W protein modulates the inflammatory host immune response in a manner that determines the disease course.
A genome-wide association study identifies multiple loci for variation in human ear morphology
Authors: Adhikari Kaustubh , Reales Guillermo , Smith Andrew J. P. , Konka Esra , Palmen Jutta , Quinto-Sanchez Mirsha , Acuña-Alonzo Victor , Jaramillo Claudia , Arias William , Fuentes Macarena , Pizarro María , Barquera Lozano Rodrigo , Macín Pérez Gastón , Gómez-Valdés Jorge , Villamil-Ramírez Hugo , Hunemeier Tábita , Ramallo Virginia , Silva de Cerqueira Caio C. , Hurtado Malena , Villegas Valeria , Granja Vanessa , Gallo Carla , Poletti Giovanni , Schuler-Faccini Lavinia , Salzano Francisco M. , Bortolini Maria- Cátira , Canizales-Quinteros Samuel , Rothhammer Francisco , Bedoya Gabriel , Calderón Rosario , Rosique Javier , Cheeseman Michael , Bhutta Mahmood F. , Humphries Steve E. , Gonzalez-José Rolando , Headon Denis , Balding David , Ruiz-Linares Andrés 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHere we report a genome-wide association study for non-pathological pinna morphology in over 5,000 Latin Americans. We find genome-wide significant association at seven genomic regions affecting: lobe size and attachment, folding of antihelix, helix rolling, ear protrusion and antitragus size (linear regressionPvalues 2 × 10−8to 3 × 10−14). Four traits are associated with a functional variant in the Ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) gene, a key regulator of embryonic skin appendage development. We confirm expression ofEdarin the developing mouse ear and thatEdar-deficient mice have an abnormally shaped pinna. Two traits are associated with SNPs in a region overlapping the T-Box Protein 15 (TBX15) gene, a major determinant of mouse skeletal development. Strongest association in this region is observed for SNP rs17023457 located in an evolutionarily conserved binding site for the transcription factor Cartilage paired-class homeoprotein 1 (CART1), and we confirm that rs17023457 altersin vitrobinding ofCART1.
Haploinsufficiency for BRCA1 leads to cell-type-specific genomic instability and premature senescence
Authors: Sedic Maja , Skibinski Adam , Brown Nelson , Gallardo Mercedes , Mulligan Peter , Martinez Paula , Keller Patricia J. , Glover Eugene , Richardson Andrea L. , Cowan Janet , Toland Amanda E. , Ravichandran Krithika , Riethman Harold , Naber Stephen P. , Näär Anders M. , Blasco Maria A. , Hinds Philip W. , Kuperwasser Charlotte 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAlthough BRCA1 function is essential for maintaining genomic integrity in all cell types, it is unclear why increased risk of cancer in individuals harbouring deleterious mutations in BRCA1 is restricted to only a select few tissues. Here we show that human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) from BRCA1-mutation carriers (BRCA1mut/+) exhibit increased genomic instability and rapid telomere erosion in the absence of tumour-suppressor loss. Furthermore, we uncover a novel form of haploinsufficiency-induced senescence (HIS) specific to epithelial cells, which is triggered by pRb pathway activation rather than p53 induction. HIS and telomere erosion in HMECs correlate with misregulation of SIRT1 leading to increased levels of acetylated pRb as well as acetylated H4K16 both globally and at telomeric regions. These results identify a novel form of cellular senescence and provide a potential molecular basis for the rapid cell- and tissue- specific predisposition of breast cancer development associated with BRCA1 haploinsufficiency.