bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catastrophe-Concept-Based Cumulus Parameterization: Correction of Systematic Errors in the Precipitation Diurnal Cycle over Land in a GCM
Authors: Chao Winston C. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The onset of cumulus convection in a grid column is a catastrophe, also known as a subcritical instability. Accordingly, in designing a cumulus parameterization scheme the onset of cumulus convection requires that a parameter crosses a critical value and the termination of cumulus convection requires that the same or a different parameter crosses a different critical value. Once begun, cumulus convection continues to exist, regardless of whether the onset criterion is still met, until the termination criterion is met. Also, the intensity of cumulus precipitation is related to how far the state is from the termination, not the onset, criterion.
The cumulus parameterization schemes currently in use in GCMs, however, treat the onset of cumulus convection as a supercritical instability; namely, convection is turned on when a parameter exceeds a critical value and is turned off when the same parameter falls below the same critical value. Also, the intensity of cumulus precipitation is related to how far this critical value has been exceeded. Among the adverse consequences of the supercritical-instability-concept-based cumulus parameterization schemes are that over relatively flat land the precipitation peak occurs around noon—4–6 h too soon—and that the amplitude of the precipitation diurnal cycle is too weak.
Based on the above-mentioned concept, a new cumulus parameterization scheme was designed by taking advantage of the existing infrastructure of the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert scheme (RAS), but replacing RAS's guiding principle with the catastrophe concept. Test results using NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System GCM, version 5 (GEOS-5), show dramatic improvement in the phase and amplitude of the precipitation diurnal cycle over relatively flat land.
Sensitivity of the Position and Variability of the Eddy-Driven Jet to Different SST Profiles in an Aquaplanet General Circulation Model
Authors: Michel Clio , Rivière Gwendal 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The response of the storm track and eddy-driven jet to various steady sea surface temperature (SST) forcings is analyzed using the aquaplanet configuration of the atmospheric general circulation model Action de Recherche Petite Échelle Grande Échelle Climat (ARPEGE-Climat). The SST profiles are zonally homogeneous and piecewise-linear functions of the latitude. It allows for modifying the tropical component that controls the intensity of the subtropical jet without changing the midlatitude SST front and vice versa. Sensitivities to the position, width, and intensity of the midlatitude SST front as well as to the tropical SSTs are investigated. The baroclinicity and the storm-track eddy activity both intensify for a stronger, a wider, or a more equatorward SST front. The eddy-driven jet always lies on the poleward side of the SST front and its relative distance to the front is interpreted in terms of upper-tropospheric Rossby wave breakings.
A focus is then made on the eddy-driven jet variability. The leading EOF of the vertical-average zonal-mean zonal wind is in most cases characterized by latitudinal shifting of the eddy-driven jet. For a more equatorward-shifted front, there is a more efficient positive eddy feedback. The mode has a greater persistence and explains a larger percentage of variance than for a more poleward-shifted front. However, the former case presents smaller latitudinal fluctuations than the latter because of the vicinity of the storm track to the subtropical jet. In the absence of positive eddy feedback, the pulsing of the eddy-driven jet intensity can dominate the variability such as for a high-latitude front having relatively small SSTs in the presence of an intense subtropical jet.
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle: Climate Relations in Eight CMIP5 Earth System Models
Authors: Shao Pu , Zeng Xubin , Sakaguchi Koichi , Monson Russell K. , Zeng Xiaodong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEight Earth System Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are evaluated, focusing on both the net carbon dioxide flux and its components and their relation with climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture) in the historical (1850–2005) and representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5; 2006–2100) simulations. While model results differ, their median globally averaged production and respiration terms from 1976 to 2005 agree reasonably with available observation-based products. Disturbances such as land use change are roughly represented but crucial in determining whether the land is a carbon source or sink over many regions in both simulations. While carbon fluxes vary with latitude and between the two simulations, the ratio of net to gross primary production, representing the ecosystem carbon use efficiency, is less dependent on latitude and does not differ significantly in the historical and RCP4.5 simulations. The linear trend of increased land carbon fluxes (except net ecosystem production) is accelerated in the twenty-first century. The cumulative net ecosystem production by 2100 is positive (i.e., carbon sink) in all models and the tropical and boreal latitudes become major carbon sinks in most models. The temporal correlations between annual-mean carbon cycle and climate variables vary substantially (including the change of sign) among the eight models in both the historical and twenty-first-century simulations. The ranges of correlations of carbon cycle variables with precipitation and soil moisture are also quite different, reflecting the important impact of the model treatment of the hydrological cycle on the carbon cycle.
Striping in the Suomi NPP VIIRS Thermal Bands through Anisotropic Surface Reflection
Authors: Liu Quanhua , Cao Changyong , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) thermal emissive band (TEB) M12 images centered at 3.7 μm were analyzed and unexpected striping was found. The striping was seen from ascending orbit (daytime) over uniform oceans and has a magnitude of ±0.5 K aligned with the VIIRS 16 detectors in a track direction of 12 km. From the ocean surface, reflected solar radiation can significantly increase the M12 radiance under certain geometric conditions in which bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) becomes important. Using the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), developed at the U.S. Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA), M12 band image striping over a uniform ocean was found that was caused by the difference of sensor azimuthal angles among detectors and the contamination of solar radiation. By analyzing the VIIRS M10 and M11 bands, which are two reflective bands, similar striping images over the uniform oceans were found. The M10 and M11 radiance/reflectance can be used to determine the BRDF effect on the thermal emissive band M12, and eventually be used to remove the solar radiation contamination from the M12 band. This study demonstrated that the M12 image striping is a real instrument artifact. Whether to remove the striping or to utilize the striping information fully depends on the application.
Model of the Correlation between Lidar Systems and Wind Turbines for Lidar-Assisted Control
Authors: Schlipf David , Cheng Po Wen , Mann Jakob 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Investigations of lidar-assisted control to optimize the energy yield and to reduce loads of wind turbines have increased significantly in recent years. For this kind of control, it is crucial to know the correlation between the rotor effective wind speed and the wind preview provided by a nacelle- or spinner-based lidar system. If on the one hand, the assumed correlation is overestimated, then the uncorrelated frequencies of the preview will cause unnecessary control action, inducing undesired loads. On the other hand, the benefits of the lidar-assisted controller will not be fully exhausted, if correlated frequencies are filtered out. To avoid these miscalculations, this work presents a method to model the correlation between lidar systems and wind turbines using Kaimal wind spectra. The derived model accounts for different measurement configurations and spatial averaging of the lidar system, different rotor sizes, and wind evolution. The method is compared to real measurement data with promising results. In addition, examples depict how this model can be used to design an optimal controller and how the configuration of a lidar system is optimized for a given turbine to improve the correlation.
Somali Piracy and the Monsoon
Authors: Cook Duncan , Garrett Sally 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Analysis of the weather and ocean conditions during recent pirate attacks in the Indian Ocean region suggests that the transition of the summer monsoon limits maritime piracy. A comparison of all known pirate attacks in the region in 2010–11 with surface observations from Socotra and the Somali jet index during the same period indicates that pirates attacking from skiffs are thwarted when winds blow in excess of 9 m s−1. The wind speeds and sea states encountered by pirates during individual attacks were reconstructed using satellite altimetry data for 2010–11. Mean daily wind speeds of up to 20 m s−1 during the two boreal summers resulted in consistently rough seas across the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. Surface wind speeds during pirate attacks were generally low (less than 8 m s−1), and once wind speeds exceeded 9 m s−1 no successful attacks occurred. The majority (94%) of pirate attacks took place in waves of sea state 4 or less (wave heights below 2.5 m), with pirates rarely attacking after the rough seas of the summer monsoon evolved. Wind speeds and wave heights during the winter monsoon, premonsoon [March–May (MAM)], and postmonsoon [September–November (SON)] seasons were not a deterrent for pirates operating in the Indian Ocean region.
Executive functioning: A scoping review of the occupational therapy literature / Les fonctions exécutives : une analyse de la portée de la littérature en ergothérapie
Authors: Cramm Heidi A. , Krupa Terry M. , Missiuna Cheryl A. , Lysaght Rosemary M. , Parker Kevin H. 
Published: July 2013

Background. Increasingly recognized as an important factor in the performance of complex, goal-directed tasks, executive functioning is understood in different ways across disciplines. Purpose. The aim was to explore the ways in which executive functioning is conceptualized, discussed, described, and implied in the occupational therapy literature. Method. A scoping review of the occupational therapy literature was conducted following Levac, Colquhoun, and O’Brien’s (2010) recommended methodology. Results. Executive functioning is described both as a set of performance component skills or processes and as the executive occupational performance inherent in complex occupations. Executive functioning is implicit in occupational performance and engagement, and some health conditions seem to be commonly associated with impaired executive functioning. Assessing executive functioning requires dynamic occupation- and performance-based assessment. Interventions targeting executive functioning are grounded in metacognitive approaches. Conclusion. Executive functioning is a complex construct that is conceptualized with considerable variance within the occupational therapy literature, creating barriers to effective service delivery.
Challenges in assessing depressive symptoms in Fiji: A psychometric evaluation of the CES-D
Authors: Opoliner April , Blacker Deborah , Fitzmaurice Garrett , Becker Anne 
Published: July 2013

Background and Aim: The CES-D is a commonly used self-report assessment for depressive symptomatology. However, its psychometric properties have not been evaluated in Fiji. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of English language and Fijian vernacular versions in ethnic Fijian adolescent schoolgirls. Methods: As part of the HEALTHY Fiji study, ethnic Fijian female adolescents ( N = 523) completed the CES-D. Participants selected to respond in English or the local vernacular. Reliability (internal consistency, item-total score correlation, and test-retest estimates), validity (associations with other proxies for depression) and factor structure were assessed. Evaluations considered differences between language versions. Results: In this sample, the CES-D had a Cronbach’s α of 0.81 and item-total score correlation coefficients ranged between 0.2 and 0.63. One week test-retest reliability (ICC(2)) was 0.57. CES-D scores were higher among individuals who endorsed feelings of depression and suicidality compared to those who did not. ROC analyses of the CES-D versus binary depression and suicidality variables produced AUCs around 0.70 and did not support a discrete cut-off for significant disturbance. Findings were similar across the two language groups. Conclusions: The CES-D has acceptable reliability and validity among ethnic Fijian female adolescents in English and in the Fijian vernacular language. Findings support its utility as a dimensional measure for depressive symptomatology in this study population. Further examination of its clinical utility for case finding for depression in Fijian school-based and community populations is warranted.
More equal societies have less mental illness: What should therapists do on Monday morning?
Authors: Wright Duncan 
Published: July 2013

Background: Therapists seeing poor clients may ask if countries with greater income equality have less mental illness. If so, how should therapists respond? Material: A review of epidemiological studies, theories of inequality and democratic reform movements in psychiatry and psychology leads to four arguments. Discussion: (1) Increasing income equality improves the health of societies. (2) An elite opposes greater equality, partly by persuading the majority to consent to the existing order. (3) Therapists may inadvertently help in this persuasive effort. (4) However, therapists in democratic traditions create systems of care that support movements for greater income equality.
Health service utilization by patients with common mental disorder identified by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire in a primary care setting in Zomba, Malawi: A descriptive study
Authors: Udedi Michael , Swartz Leslie , Stewart Robert C , Kauye Felix 
Published: July 2013

Background: There has been no study carried out to assess health service utilization by people with common mental disorder (CMD) in Malawi. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate health service utilization patterns of patients with CMD in primary health care (PHC) clinics. Methods: The study was conducted in two PHC clinics in one of the 28 districts in Malawi. Face-to-face interviews with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were conducted in a sample of 323 PHC attendees aged 18 years and older who attended the PHC clinics for any reason. Results: The prevalence of probable CMD in the sample was 20.1%. People with probable CMD had a higher mean number of health facility visits in the previous three months compared to those without probable CMD (1.6 vs 1.19, p = .02). Conclusion: The study reveals high utilization of health services for people with CMD in the PHC setting. There is a need for PHC workers to improve skills in diagnosing patients with CMD to make PHC services more effective by reducing re-attendance and improving patient outcomes.
Can the FIFA World Cup Football (Soccer) Tournament Be Associated with an Increase in Domestic Abuse?
Authors: Kirby Stuart , Francis Brian , O’Flaherty Rosalie 
Published: July 2013

Objectives: This study aims to establish whether empirical evidence exists to support the anecdotal view that the Fédération Internationale de Football Association world cup football (soccer) tournament can be associated with a rise in reported domestic abuse incidents, when viewed remotely via television. Method: A quantitative analysis, using Poisson and negative binomial regression models looked at monthly and daily domestic abuse incidents reported to a police force in the North West of England across three separate tournaments (2002, 2006, and 2010). Results: The study found two statistically significant trends. First, a match day trend showed the risk of domestic abuse rose by 26 percent when the English national team won or drew, and a 38 percent increase when the national team lost. Second, a tournament trend was apparent, as reported domestic abuse incidents increased in frequency with each new tournament. Conclusion: Although this is a relatively small study, it has significant ramifications due to the global nature of televised football (soccer) tournaments. If replicated, it presents significant opportunities to identify and reduce incidents of domestic abuse associated with televised soccer games.
Proximal Adolescent Outcomes of Gang Membership in England and Wales
Authors: Ariza Juan José Medina , Cebulla Andreas , Aldridge Judith , Shute Jon , Ross Andy 
Published: July 2013

Objectives: This article aims to apply a “turning points” framework for understanding the developmental impacts of gang membership in a British sample of young people. The study explores the proximal impact of gang membership on offending, victimization, and a number of attitudinal and experiential outcomes that have been theorized to mediate the relationship between gang membership and offending. Method: The authors used data from the Offending Crime and Justice Survey, a rotating panel representative of young people in England and Wales that measured gang membership using the Eurogang definition. The effects of gang membership onset were tested using a propensity score analysis approach. Results: As previously reported with American data, gang onset has an impact on offending, antisocial behavior, drug use, commitment to deviant peers, and neutralization techniques. In addition, gang membership increases the probability of unwanted police contact, even adjusting for offending through a “double robust” procedure. Conclusion: Despite differences in social context, history of gangs and level of violence, we encounter more similarities than differences regarding consequences of gang membership. The impact on unwanted police contact deserves further research and policy attention.
Exploring reuse of industrial wastewater from exhaust dyebaths by solar-based photo-Fenton treatment
Authors: Sanz JF , Monllor P , Vicente R , Amat AM , Arques A , Bonet M 
Published: July 2013

The aim of the research under discussion in the present paper is to study the decolorization and mineralization of textile industrial wastewaters from exhaust dyebaths by means of a solar photo-Fenton treatment. The exhaust dyebaths were grouped according to the fibers and dyeing recipes used, so as to verify the effectiveness of the photo-Fenton treatment on each dyeing process separately. Next, the results previously achieved were compared to those obtained by mixing all the exhaust baths together, as is common practice when treating the industrial textile effluents from dyeing and finishing procedures. After their neutralization and filtration, photo-Fenton-treated exhaust dyebaths and mixtures were reused to prepare laboratory dyeing samples. These techniques on the reuse of wastewaters were tested on several fibers by using the same dyeing procedure that was originally applied, as well as in different dyeing processes and for most fiber types. The results achieved showed that the reutilization of the aforementioned effluents, either in new exhaust dyebaths or in some other textile industrial operations, was of some considerable importance. Water consumption would be significantly reduced as well as the wastewater levies for the firms. Furthermore, the contaminating effect of the industrial effluents to be dealt with would be also diminished, reaping environmental and economic benefits.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging combined with T2-weighted images in the detection of small breast cancer: a single-center multi-observer study
Authors: Wu Lian-Ming , Chen Jie , Hu Jiani , Gu Hai-Yan , Xu Jian-Rong , Hua Jia 
Published: July 2013

Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. However, it remains a difficult diagnosis problem to differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions, especially in small early breast lesions. Purpose To assess the diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) combined with T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) for small breast cancer characterization. Material and Methods Fifty-eight patients (65 lesions) with a lesion <2 cm in diameter underwent 3.0 Tesla breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including DWI and histological analysis. Three observers with varying experience levels reviewed MRI. The probability of breast cancer in each lesion on MR images was recorded with a 5-point scale. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were compared by using the Z test; sensitivity and specificity were determined with the Z test after adjusting for data clustering. Results AUC of T2WI and DWI (Observer 1, 0.95; Observer 2, 0.91; Observer 3, 0.83) was greater than that of T2WI (Observer 1, 0.80; Observer 2, 0.74; Observer 3, 0.70) for all observers ( P < 0.0001 in all comparisons). Sensitivity of T2WI and DWI (Observer 1, 90%; Observer 2, 93%; and Observer 3, 86%) was greater than that of T2WI alone (Observer 1, 76%; Observer 2, 83%; Observer 3, 79%) for all observers ( P < 0.0001 in all comparisons). Specificity of T2WI and DWI was greater than that of T2WI alone for observer 1 (89% vs. 72%, P < 0.01) and observer 2 (94% vs. 78%, P < 0.001). Conclusion DWI combined with T2WI can improve the diagnostic performance of MRI in small breast cancer characterization. It should be considered selectively in the preoperative evaluation of patients with small lesions of the breast.