bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literature review of visual representation of the results of benefit–risk assessments of medicinal products
Authors: Hallgreen Christine E. , Mt‐Isa Shahrul , Lieftucht Alfons , Phillips Lawrence D. , Hughes Diana , Talbot Susan , Asiimwe Alex , Downey Gerald , Genov Georgy , Hermann Richard , Noel Rebecca , Peters Ruth , Micaleff Alain , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Ashby Deborah ,   On behalf of PROTECT Benefit–Risk group
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe PROTECT Benefit–Risk group is dedicated to research in methods for continuous benefit–risk monitoring of medicines, including the presentation of the results, with a particular emphasis on graphical methods.MethodsA comprehensive review was performed to identify visuals used for medical risk and benefit–risk communication. The identified visual displays were grouped into visual types, and each visual type was appraised based on five criteria: intended audience, intended message, knowledge required to understand the visual, unintentional messages that may be derived from the visual and missing information that may be needed to understand the visual.ResultsSixty‐six examples of visual formats were identified from the literature and classified into 14 visual types. We found that there is not one single visual format that is consistently superior to others for the communication of benefit–risk information. In addition, we found that most of the drawbacks found in the visual formats could be considered general to visual communication, although some appear more relevant to specific formats and should be considered when creating visuals for different audiences depending on the exact message to be communicated.ConclusionWe have arrived at recommendations for the use of visual displays for benefit–risk communication. The recommendation refers to the creation of visuals. We outline four criteria to determine audience–visual compatibility and consider these to be a key task in creating any visual. Next we propose specific visual formats of interest, to be explored further for their ability to address nine different types of benefit–risk analysis information. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Statins on the Incidence of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Valve Surgery
Authors: Bolesta Scott , Kong Fanhui 
Published: November 2015

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of preoperative statin use on the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing isolated cardiac valve surgery.DesignSingle‐center retrospective cohort study.SettingMixed medical‐surgical intensive care unit in a community hospital.PatientsA total of 244 adults who underwent isolated cardiac valve surgery between April 2007 and July 2012; of these patients, 102 received preoperative statins (defined as receiving at least one dose of a statin within 24 hours prior to surgery), and 142 did not receive preoperative statins (control group).Measurements and Main ResultsThe primary outcome was the occurrence of POAF. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between preoperative statin use and occurrence of POAF. A propensity score–matched (PSM) analysis was also performed. Patients in the statin group were older, had a higher body mass index, frequency of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and preoperative β‐blocker use. POAF occurred in 35 patients (34.3%) in the statin group and 39 patients (27.5%) in the control group. Univariate analysis demonstrated no association between statin use and the occurrence of POAF (odds ratio [OR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.796–2.39). Multivariable analysis also showed no association between POAF and preoperative statin use (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.566–2.09). Repeating the analysis in 128 PSM patients demonstrated no association (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.507–2.29).ConclusionPreoperative statin use was not associated with a decreased incidence of POAF in patients undergoing isolated cardiac valve surgery. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the pharmacodynamics of statins in patients undergoing cardiac surgery because statins have demonstrated a decrease in the risk of POAF in other cardiac surgery populations.
Wie viel Experiment braucht die Physik?
Authors: Beisbart Claus 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn der Physik gilt das Experiment als Prüfstein, an dem sich Hypothesen bewähren müssen. Doch wo Experimente technisch unmöglich sind oder zu aufwendig werden, sind Alternativen gefragt. Gedankenexperimente und Computersimulationen versprechen einen Ersatz. Aber was ist unter diesen beiden Methoden zu verstehen und welchen Realitätsbezug haben sie? Eine wissenschaftsphilosophische Klärung zeigt, dass Gedankenexperimente und Computersimulationen eng verwandt sind. Beide imitieren echte Experimente; dabei stellen sich ihre Resultate aber bloß aufgrund theoretischer Annahmen oder Einsichten ein. Daher stellen Computersimulationen keinen eigenständigen dritten Zweig der Physik dar, sondern gehören wie Gedankenexperimente zu den Methoden der Theorie.
Endspiel für den lokalen Realismus
Authors: Kofler Johannes 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIm Weltbild der Physik vor Entdeckung der Quantenmechanik sind die Eigenschaften physikalischer Objekte stets wohlbestimmt und existieren unabhängig von ihrer Messung. Dies wird als Realismus bezeichnet. Zudem können aufgrund des Prinzips der Lokalität physikalische Einflüsse höchstens mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit übertragen werden. Dieser lokale Realismus steht jedoch im Widerspruch zu den Vorhersagen der Quantenphysik. Dies zeigt sich durch die experimentelle Verletzung der Bellschen Ungleichung durch quantenmechanisch verschränkte Zustände. Neueste Experimente stehen direkt vor der Realisierung eines definitiven Bell‐Tests, der alle wichtigen Schlupflöcher gleichzeitig schließt.
Was ist ein Photon?
Authors: Rempe Gerhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractKlassische Detektoren für Photonen basieren auf Energieaustausch. Sie absorbieren das einfallende Licht. Neue quantenmechanische Detektoren beruhen auf Informationsaustausch. Sie vernichten keine Photonen. Mit dem zerstörungsfreien Photonennachweis werfen sie ein neues Licht auf die alte Frage nach dem Wesen des Photons. Solch ein quantenmechanischer Detektor besteht in seiner einfachsten Form aus einem Atom zwischen zwei perfekten Spiegeln, die das Photon hin und her reflektieren können. Mit dieser Anordnung lassen sich Quantengatter, Quantenspeicher und Quantenrepeater für ein zukünftiges Quanteninternet realisieren.
Rhapsody in Blue
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPhysikalisch gesehen sind Klarinetten einseitig geschlossene Pfeifen, da der Spalt im Mundstück sehr schmal ist. Daher entspricht die Wellenlänge des Grundtons der vierfachen Pfeifenlänge. Die Frequenz des ersten Obertons ist dagegen um den Faktor drei höher als der Grundton. Damit erreicht die Klarinette einen Tonumfang von vier Oktaven und schlägt Saxophone und Flöten um etwa eine Oktave.
Visualisierung der Polarität chemischer Bindungen
Authors: Repp Jascha , Albrecht Florian , Fleischmann Martin , Scheer Manfred 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDie Verteilung von Ladungen innerhalb eines Moleküls ist für dessen Eigenschaften wie den Bindungscharakter (von rein kovalent bis polar) maßgeblich. Auch zum Verständnis der fundamentalen Vorgänge in der organischen Elektronik und in organischen Solarzellen ist die Kenntnis der Verteilung der freien Ladungen im Molekül sehr wichtig. Kürzlich ist es uns mit rasterkraftmikroskopischen Messungen gelungen, Ladungsunterschiede zwischen benachbarten Atomen in einzelnen Molekülen aufzulösen.
Elektrisch betriebene Nano‐Antenne erzeugt Licht
Authors: Kullock René , Hecht Bert , Kern Johannes 
Published: November 2015

AbstractKleine, elektrisch betriebene Lichtemitter spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Datenkommunikation, wo über Lichtwellenleiter große Datenmengen sehr schnell mit Hilfe von elektrisch erzeugten Lichtpulsen übertragen werden. Es ist nun gelungen, mit Hilfe von Nano‐Antennen eine der kleinsten elektrisch betriebenen Lichtquellen herzustellen. Solche Lichtquellen eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten zur Miniaturisierung elektrooptischer Systeme.
Graphen auf dem Weg zur Anwendung
Authors: Banszerus Luca , Schmitz Hans Michael , Beschoten Bernd , Stampfer Christoph 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGraphen zeichnet sich durch eine Vielzahl von einzigartigen elektronischen, optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften aus und wird daher zum Beispiel Magnetfeld‐Hall‐Sensoren oder Anwendungen in der Hochfrequenztechnik und Optoelektronik deutlich verbessern. Unsere Kollaboration des Forschungszentrums Jülich und der RWTH Aachen hat ein neues Verfahren entwickelt, um synthetisch gewachsenes, hochqualitatives Graphen herzustellen. Dies ist ein wichtiger Schritt, um graphenbasierte Anwendungen zur Marktreife zu bringen.
Röntgenstrahlen für die Strukturanalyse von Kristallen
Authors: Jacobi Manfred 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDer Physik‐Nobelpreis für das Jahr 1915 ging zu gleichen Teilen an Sir William Henry Bragg und dessen Sohn William Lawrence Bragg für “ihre Verdienste in der Analyse der Kristallstruktur mittels Röntgenstrahlen”. William Lawrence Bragg war mit 25 Jahren der jüngste Physik‐Nobelpreisträger der Geschichte.
Krach‐bumm‐peng – Böller und Tischfeuerwerke
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: November 2015

AbstractZu Silvester wird es wieder krachen und knallen, draußen oder drinnen. Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Videos von Chinakrachern offenbaren deren dynamische Explosionsphase. Auch die weniger spektakulären Tischfeuerwerke zeigen noch so manches interessante Detail.
Viral infection causes a shift in the self peptide repertoire presented by human MHC class I molecules
Authors: Spencer Charles T. , Bezbradica Jelena S. , Ramos Mireya G. , Arico Chenoa D. , Conant Stephanie B. , Gilchuk Pavlo , Gray Jennifer J. , Zheng Mu , Niu Xinnan , Hildebrand William , Link Andrew J. , Joyce Sebastian 
Published: November 2015

PurposeMHC class I presentation of peptides allows T cells to survey the cytoplasmic protein milieu of host cells. During infection, presentation of self peptides is, in part, replaced by presentation of microbial peptides. However, little is known about the self peptides presented during infection, despite the fact that microbial infections alter host cell gene expression patterns and protein metabolism.Experimental designThe self peptide repertoire presented by HLA‐A*01;01, HLA‐A*02;01, HLA‐B*07;02, HLA‐B*35;01, and HLA‐B*45;01 (where HLA is human leukocyte antigen) was determined by tandem MS before and after vaccinia virus infection.ResultsWe observed a profound alteration in the self peptide repertoire with hundreds of self peptides uniquely presented after infection for which we have coined the term “self peptidome shift.” The fraction of novel self peptides presented following infection varied for different HLA class I molecules. A large part (approximately 40%) of the self peptidome shift arose from peptides derived from type I interferon‐inducible genes, consistent with cellular responses to viral infection. Interestingly, approximately 12% of self peptides presented after infection showed allelic variation when searched against approximately 300 human genomes.Conclusion and clinical relevanceSelf peptidome shift in a clinical transplant setting could result in alloreactivity by presenting new self peptides in the context of infection‐induced inflammation.
Defining “Normophilic” and “Paraphilic” Sexual Fantasies in a Population-Based Sample: On the Importance of Considering Subgroups
Authors: Joyal Christian C. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), a sexual fantasy (SF) is paraphilic if it concerns activities outside the realm of “genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners” (normophilic). Intensity of the paraphilic SF is also “greater than or equal to normophilic interests.” Surprisingly, however, very few data are available to corroborate that definition of a paraphilic SF. Although the relatively high prevalence of paraphilic SF in the general population is well known, the magnitude of difference between intensity of “normophilic” and “paraphilic” SF remains to be assessed.

Aim
The main goal of this study was to analyze the SF of adults recruited in the general population to obtain person profiles based on the nature and intensity of their SF.

Methods
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) were used with data collected from 1,501 adults recruited in the general population to generate subgroups of participants based on the nature and intensity of their SF.

Main outcome measures
The main outcome measures used was a revised version of the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire.

Results
When all participants are considered as a unique group, the mean intensity of the most intense “normophilic” SF (oral sex) is significantly higher than the mean intensity of the most intense “paraphilic” SF (being sexually dominated for women and watching two women having sex for men), as expected from the DSM-5. When clusters of participants are considered separately, however, conclusions are nuanced. Four significant clusters of participants (two predominantly female and two predominantly male) reported at least one paraphilic SF with intensity as high as that of their most intense “normophilic” SF. In fact, 57% of this sample met the criteria of paraphilia.

Conclusion
These results suggest that the current criteria for paraphilia are too inclusive. Suggestions are given to improve the definition of pathological sexual interests, and the crucial difference between SF and sexual interest is underlined.
Corporate governance antecedents to shareholder activism: A zero‐inflated process
Authors: Goranova Maria , Abouk Rahi , Nystrom Paul C. , Soofi Ehsan S. 
Published: November 2015

Research summary: Shareholder activism has become more widespread, yet the role of corporate governance as antecedent to shareholder activism remains equivocal. We propose a new conceptual model that characterizes the stochastic of observable shareholder activism as a compound product of two latent components representing (1) shareholder activists' propensity to target a company and (2) executives' propensity to settle activists' demands privately. Our model explicitly decouples corporate governance expectations for the two latent components embedded in activism process, and thus allows us to relax assumptions of homogenous shareholder interests and constrained managerial discretion where corporate managers are expected to negotiate privately and settle only value‐creating activist demands. Bayesian analysis of zero‐inflated Poisson regression reveals that corporate governance relationships with activism vary across shareholder demands and private settlements.Managerial summary: Increasing shareholder activism has generated debates as to whether activism promotes managerial accountability and responsibility or instead encourages managerial short‐termism. Our research model allows for heterogeneous interests among a company's shareholders. We theorize and empirically investigate a broader role of corporate governance: governance mechanisms need to ensure that executives are not (1) ignoring activists' value‐increasing demands or (2) accommodating activists' value‐decreasing demands in a private, opaque manner that disenfranchises other shareholders. Our results indicate that corporate governance implications differ for visible shareholder demands in contrast with private activism. A plausible application of our model is that it provides estimates of the probability of the numbers of shareholder demands to be received by a firm and the probability of privately settling a demand. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alleviating managerial dilemmas in human‐capital‐intensive firms through incentives: Evidence from M&A legal advisors
Authors: Chatain Olivier , Meyer‐Doyle Philipp 
Published: November 2015

Research summary: We examine how human‐capital‐intensive firms deploy their human assets and how firm‐specific human capital interacts with incentives to influence this deployment. Our empirical context is the UK M&A legal market, where micro‐data enable us to observe the allocation of lawyers to M&A mandates under different incentive regimes. We find that law firms actively equalize the workload among their lawyers to seek efficiency gains, while “stretching” lawyers with high firm‐specific capital to a greater extent. However, lawyers with high firm‐specific capital also appear to influence the staffing process in their favor, leading to unbalanced allocations and less sharing of projects and clients. Paradoxically, law firms may adopt a seniority‐based rent‐sharing system that weakens individual incentives to mitigate the impact of incentive conflicts on resource deployment.Managerial summary: The study highlights the dilemmas when professional service firms allocate their key individuals to incoming projects, and the role that monetary incentives play in aggravating or alleviating these dilemmas. In the context of UK M&A law firms, we find that partners have a tendency to be attached to too many projects and not to share enough work, which is exacerbated when individual monetary incentives are stronger. Firms adopting a seniority based incentive system (lockstep system) are able to alleviate this effect. This implies that there is a trade‐off between rewarding personal performance versus balancing workloads and fostering collaboration among professionals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined Overexpression of JARID2, PRDM14, ESRRB, and SALL4A Dramatically Improves Efficiency and Kinetics of Reprogramming to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Iseki Hiroyoshi , Nakachi Yutaka , Hishida Tomoaki , Yamashita-Sugahara Yzumi , Hirasaki Masataka , Ueda Atsushi , Tanimoto Yoko , Iijima Saori , Sugiyama Fumihiro , Yagami Ken-Ichi , Takahashi Satoru , Okuda Akihiko , Okazaki Yasushi 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Identification of a gene set capable of driving rapid and proper reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is an important issue. Here we show that the efficiency and kinetics of iPSC reprogramming are dramatically improved by the combined expression of Jarid2 and genes encoding its associated proteins. We demonstrate that forced expression of JARID2 promotes iPSC reprogramming by suppressing the expression of Arf, a known reprogramming barrier, and that the N-terminal half of JARID2 is sufficient for such promotion. Moreover, JARID2 accelerated silencing of the retroviral Klf4 transgene and demethylation of the Nanog promoter, underpinning the potentiating activity of JARID2 in iPSC reprogramming. We further show that JARID2 physically interacts with ESRRB, SALL4A, and PRDM14, and that these JARID2-associated proteins synergistically and robustly facilitate iPSC reprogramming in a JARID2-dependent manner. Our findings provide an insight into the important roles of JARID2 during reprogramming and suggest that the JARID2-associated protein network contributes to overcoming reprogramming barriers.
Sino‐Indian water disputes: the coming water wars?
Authors: Zhang Hongzhou 
Published: November 2015

As water scarcity in both China and India worsens, the competition over shared water resources in their transboundary rivers, particularly the Brahmaputra River, is set to intensify. Without an effective working mechanism between the two countries, water conflicts could potentially become a serious challenge to Sino‐Indian relations. Nonetheless, the water wars narrative, which is gaining steam in India, is being overstated. This article argues that the major supporting arguments of the water wars narrative are very weak. To begin with, China has no plan to divert waters from Brahmaputra River. Second, even if China could successfully divert water from the Brahmaputra River, its impacts on the downstream countries will be rather limited. Third, China is not a water hegemon. Rather, it is becoming more willing to cooperate with neighboring countries regarding transboundary rivers. WIREs Water 2016, 3:155–166. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1123This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water
Valuing the manufacturing externalities of wind energy: assessing the environmental profit and loss of wind turbines in Northern Europe
Authors: Sovacool Benjamin K. , Munoz Perea Mario Alberto , Matamoros Alfredo Villa , Enevoldsen Peter 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study draws from a concept from green accounting, lifecycle assessment, and industrial ecology known as 'environmental profit and loss” (EP&L) to determine the extent of externalities across the manufacturing lifecycle of wind energy. So far, no EP&Ls have involved energy companies and none have involved wind energy or wind turbines. We perform an EP&L for three types of wind turbines sited and built in Northern Europe (Denmark and Norway) by a major manufacturer: a 3.2 MW onshore turbine with a mixed concrete steel foundation, a 3.0 MW offshore turbine with a steel foundation, and a 3.0 MW offshore turbine with a concrete foundation. For each of these three turbine types, we identify and monetize externalities related to carbon dioxide emissions, air pollution, and waste. We find that total environmental losses range from €1.1 million for the offshore turbine with concrete foundation to €740,000 for onshore turbines and about €500,000 for an offshore turbine with steel foundation—equivalent to almost one‐fifth of construction cost in some instances. We conclude that carbon dioxide emissions dominate the amount of environmental damages and that turbines need to work for 2.5 to 5.5 years to payback their carbon debts. Even though turbines are installed in Europe, China and South Korea accounted for about 80% of damages across each type of turbine. Lastly, two components, foundations and towers, account for about 90% of all damages. We conclude with six implications for wind energy analysts, suppliers, manufacturers, and planners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trypanosome RNA editing: the complexity of getting U in and taking U out
Authors: Read Laurie K. , Lukeš Julius , Hashimi Hassan 
Published: November 2015

RNA editing, which adds sequence information to RNAs post‐transcriptionally, is a widespread phenomenon throughout eukaryotes. The most complex form of this process is the uridine (U) insertion/deletion editing that occurs in the mitochondria of kinetoplastid protists. RNA editing in these flagellates is specified by trans‐acting guide RNAs and entails the insertion of hundreds and deletion of dozens of U residues from mitochondrial RNAs to produce mature, translatable mRNAs. An emerging model indicates that the machinery required for trypanosome RNA editing is much more complicated than previously appreciated. A family of RNA editing core complexes (RECCs), which contain the required enzymes and several structural proteins, catalyze cycles of U insertion and deletion. A second, dynamic multiprotein complex, the Mitochondrial RNA Binding 1 (MRB1) complex, has recently come to light as another essential component of the trypanosome RNA editing machinery. MRB1 likely serves as the platform for kinetoplastid RNA editing, and plays critical roles in RNA utilization and editing processivity. MRB1 also appears to act as a hub for coordination of RNA editing with additional mitochondrial RNA processing events. This review highlights the current knowledge regarding the complex molecular machinery involved in trypanosome RNA editing. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:33–51. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1313This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification