bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A deep neural network for positioning and inter-crystal scatter identification in multiplexed PET detectors: a simulation study
Authors: Enríquez-Mier-y-Terán Francisco E , Zhou Luping , Meikle Steven R , Kyme Andre Z 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. High-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) relies on the accurate positioning of annihilation photons impinging the crystal array. However, conventional positioning algorithms in light-sharing PET detectors are often limited due to edge effects and/or the absence of additional information for identifying and correcting scattering within the crystal array (known as inter-crystal scattering). This study explores the feasibility of deep neural network (DNN) techniques for more precise event positioning in finely segmented and highly multiplexed PET detectors with light-sharing. Approach. Initially, a Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation was used to study the spatial and statistical properties of inter-crystal scatter (ICS) events in finely segmented LYSO PET detectors. Next, a DNN for crystal localisation was designed, trained and tested with light distributions of photoelectric (P) and Compton + photoelectric (CP) events simulated using optical GATE and an analytical method to speed up data generation. Using the statistical properties of ICS events, an energy-guided positioning algorithm was then built into the DNN. The positioning algorithm enables selection of the unique or first crystal of interaction in P and CP events, respectively. Performance of the DNN was compared with Anger logic using light distributions from simulated 511 keV point sources placed at different locations around a single PET detector module. Main results. The fraction of events forward and backward scattered in the LYSO detector was 0.54 and 0.46, respectively, whereas naïve application of the Klein–Nishina formulation predicts 70% forward scatter. Despite coarse photodetector data due to signal multiplexing, the DNN demonstrated a crystal classification accuracy of 90% for P events and 82% for CP events. For crystal positioning, the DNN outperformed Anger logic by at least 34% and 14% for P and CP events, respectively. Further improvement is somewhat constrained by the physics—specifically, the ratio of backward to forward scattering of gamma rays within the crystal array being close to 1. This prevents selecting the first crystal of interaction in CP events with a high degree of certainty. Significance. Light sharing and multiplexed PET detectors are common in high-resolution PET, yet their traditional positioning algorithms often underperform due to edge effects and/or the difficulty in correcting ICS events. Our study indicates that DNN-based event positioning has the potential to enhance 2D coincidence event positioning accuracy by nearly a factor of 3 compared to Anger logic. However, further improvements are difficult to foresee without additional information such as event timing.
Dynamically generated decoherence-free subspaces and subsystems on superconducting qubits
Authors: Quiroz Gregory , Pokharel Bibek , Boen Joseph , Tewala Lina , Tripathi Vinay , Williams Devon , Wu Lian-Ao , Titum Paraj , Schultz Kevin , Lidar Daniel 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDecoherence-free subspaces and subsystems (DFS) preserve quantum information by encoding it into symmetry-protected states unaffected by decoherence. An inherent DFS of a given experimental system may not exist; however, through the use of dynamical decoupling (DD), one can induce symmetries that support DFSs. Here, we provide the first experimental demonstration of DD-generated decoherence-free subsystem logical qubits. Utilizing IBM Quantum superconducting processors, we investigate two and three-qubit DFS codes comprising up to six and seven noninteracting logical qubits, respectively. Through a combination of DD and error detection, we show that DFS logical qubits can achieve up to a 23% improvement in state preservation fidelity over physical qubits subject to DD alone. This constitutes a beyond-breakeven fidelity improvement for DFS-encoded qubits. Our results showcase the potential utility of DFS codes as a pathway toward enhanced computational accuracy via logical encoding on quantum processors.
Anisotropic mechanical and sensing properties of carbon black-polylactic acid nanocomposites produced by fused filament fabrication
Authors: Musenich Ludovico , Berardengo Marta , Avalle Massimiliano , Haj-Ali Rami , Sharabi Mirit , Libonati Flavia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
3D-printable conductive polymers are gaining remarkable attention for diverse applications, including wearables, pressure sensors, interference shielding, flexible electronics, and damage identification. However, the relationship between the anisotropy of their mechanical and electrical properties remains rather unexplored. This study focuses on characterizing Polylactic Acid/Carbon Black nanocomposites manufactured through fused filament fabrication. It aims to investigate the effect of the orientation of 3D printing layers on the mechanical properties, failure mechanisms, and self-sensing capabilities of the 3D printed material. To this end, we use a coupled health monitoring system in which electrical resistance measurements are applied to diagnose the damage state of 3D-printed samples during tensile testing. The results provide novel insights into the strong dependence of the material behavior on 3D printing pattern orientation, suggesting avenues for optimizing mechanical and electrical anisotropy through a multi-objective approach. Additionally, they offer guidelines for designing self-sensing components for structural health monitoring applications and strain gauge sensors with superior performance.
Modelling co-evolution of resource feedback and social network dynamics in human-environmental systems
Authors: Saeedian Meghdad , Tu Chengyi , Menegazzo Fabio , D’Odorico Paolo , Azaele Sandro , Suweis Samir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Games with environmental feedback have become a crucial area of study across various scientific domains, modelling the dynamic interplay between human decisions and environmental changes, and highlighting the consequences of our choices on natural resources and biodiversity. In this work, we propose a co-evolutionary model for human-environment systems that incorporates the effects of knowledge feedback and social interaction on the sustainability of common pool resources (CPRs). The model represents consumers as agents who adjust their resource extraction based on the resource’s state. These agents are connected through social networks, where links symbolize either affinity or aversion among them. The interplay between social dynamics and resource dynamics is explored, with the system’s evolution analyzed across various network topologies and initial conditions. We find that knowledge feedback can independently sustain CPRs. However, the impact of social interactions on sustainability is dual-faceted: it can either support or impede sustainability, influenced by the network’s connectivity and heterogeneity. A notable finding is the identification of a critical network mean degree, beyond which a depletion/repletion transition parallels an absorbing/active state transition in social dynamics, i.e. individual agents and their connections are/are not prone to being frozen in their social states. Furthermore, the study examines the evolution of the social network, revealing the emergence of two polarized groups where agents within each community have the same affinity. Finally, we observe an inverse relationship between system complexity and sustainability. Comparative analyses using Monte–Carlo simulations and rate equations are employed, along with analytical arguments, to reinforce the study’s findings. The model successfully captures key aspects of the human-environment system, offering valuable insights to understand how both the spread of information and social dynamics may impact the sustainability of CPRs.
Investigation of the origin of structural colors in calliphoridae flies for bioinspiration
Authors: Nait Bihi Abdelilah , Rchida Lamiaa , Bahou Younouss , Rattal Mourad , Mouhsen Azeddine , Oualim El Mostafa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The article presents a study of the origin of iridescent structural coloration in the thorax of the Calliphoridae fly, intending to inspire in this fly optical and structural properties of interest for use in industry. We carried out SEM microscopic analyses and modeled optical properties using the transfer matrix. The results indicate that this coloration is due to the presence of a one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of two alternating layers of specific thickness. Microscopic analysis using a scanning electron microscope led to this conclusion. Based on these results, a model was proposed describing the structure as consisting of chitin and air. By modulating the optical properties of this structure at different angles of incidence, it was observed that the iridescent colors, notably green, blue, and violet, matched the predictions made by this modulation. These colors are the result of constructive interference. In addition, we observed the presence of a photonic band gap when exploring the influence of the periodicity of chitin and air multilayer in the fly on reflection intensity. Thus, a comparative study of the fly and that emerged in water with a different refractive index revealed consistency in our model. Finally, the results obtained improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this coloration and pave the way for the development of new materials inspired by nature, with potential applications in the fields of biomimetic engineering and optics.
Bottomonia in quark-antiquark confining potential
Authors: Garg Ritu , Vishwakarma K K , Upadhyay Alka 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper comprehensively explores bottomonia mass spectra and their decay properties by solving the non-relativistic Schrodinger wave equation numerically with an approximate quark-antiquark potential form. We also incorporate spin-dependent terms—spin-spin, spin-orbit, and tensor terms to remove mass degeneracy and to obtain excited states (nS, nP, nD, nF, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) mass spectra. Using the Van Royen—Weisskopf formula, we investigate leptonic decay constants, di-leptonic, di-gamma, tri-gamma, di-gluon decay widths and incorporate first-order radiative corrections. We also computed radiative transition widths, which provide better insight into the non-perturbative aspects of QCD. The states ϒ(10750), ϒ(10860), ϒ(11020) are analyzed as pure states 33
D
1, 53
S
1 and 43
D
1, respectively. The present mass spectroscopy and decay properties results align with available experimental values and other theoretical predictions. Our results may provide better insight into upcoming experimental information in the near future.
The extended Adomian decomposition method and its application to the rotating shallow water system for the numerical pulsrodon solutions
Authors: An Hongli , Hou Liying , Yuen Manwai 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The rotating shallow water system is an important physical model, which has been widely used in many scientific areas, such as fluids, hydrodynamics, geophysics, oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. In this paper, we extend the application of the Adomian decomposition method from the single equation to the coupled system to investigate the numerical solutions of the rotating shallow water system with an underlying circular paraboloidal basin. By introducing some special initial values, we obtain interesting approximate pulsrodon solutions corresponding to pulsating elliptic warm-core rings, which take the form of realistic series solutions. Numerical results reveal that the numerical pulsrodon solutions can quickly converge to the exact solutions derived by Rogers and An, which fully shows the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. Note that the method proposed can be effectively used to construct numerical solutions of many nonlinear mathematical physics equations. The results obtained provide some potential theoretical guidance for experts to study the related phenomena in geography, oceanic and atmospheric science.
Affinity-based drug delivery systems for the central nervous system: exploiting molecular interactions for local, precise targeting
Authors: Ramos Ferrer Pablo , Sakiyama-Elbert Shelly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective: The effective treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders remains a significant challenge, primarily due to its molecular and structural complexity. Clinical translation of promising therapeutic agents is limited by the lack of optimal drug delivery systems capable of targeted, localized release of drugs to the brain and spinal cord. Approach: This review provides an overview of the potential of affinity-based drug delivery systems, which leverage molecular interactions to enhance the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents within the CNS. Main results: Various approaches, including hydrogels, micro- and nanoparticles, and functionalized biomaterials, are examined for their ability to provide local, sustained release of proteins, growth factors and other drugs. Significance: Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of design considerations for developing effective affinity-based systems, incorporating insights from both existing literature and our group’s research. These considerations include the biochemical modification of delivery vehicles and the optimization of physical and chemical properties to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Large-deviations approach to thermalization: the case of harmonic chains with conservative noise
Authors: Lepri Stefano 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We investigate the possibility of characterizing the different thermalization pathways through a large-deviation approach. Specifically, we consider clean, disordered and quasi-periodic harmonic chains under energy and momentum-conserving noise. For their associated master equations, describing the dynamics of normal modes energies, we compute the fluctuations of activity and dynamical entropy in the corresponding biased ensembles. First-order dynamical phase transition are found that originates from different activity regions in action space. At the transitions, the steady-state in the biased ensembles changes from extended to localized, yielding a kind of condensation in normal-modes space. For the disordered and quasi-periodic models, we argue that the phase-diagram has a critical point at a finite value of the disorder or potential strength.
DENNIS: a design and analysis tool for dynamic material x-ray diffraction experiments
Authors: Brown Nathan P. , Ao Tommy , Dolan Daniel H. , Knudson Marcus D. , Lane J.Matthew D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We present DENNIS (Diffraction Experiment desigN and
aNalysiS): a graphical software tool useful for the design and
analysis of dynamic x-ray diffraction experiments, such as those
performed on the Z Pulsed Power Facility, Thor Pulsed Power
Generator, and Dynamic Compression Sector (DCS) of the Advanced
Photon Source. DENNIS provides rapid powder and single-crystal
diffraction pattern predictions and powder diffraction pattern image
integration in three-dimensional geometries. Additional features
include crystallographic information file reading, image processing,
and synthetic diffraction pattern image generation. We overview the
software's capabilities, detail the prediction and integration
methodologies, and provide example implementations on Z and DCS
experiments.
The micro-resistive groove detector: a new compact single amplification-stage MPGD
Authors: Tian Xiangqi , He Siqi , Zhou Yi , Shao Ming , Liu Jianbei , Zhang Zhiyong , Shang Lunlin , Wang Xu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a novel single
amplification-stage Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) that
incorporates a Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC)-based resistive electrode
at the bottom of micro-groove structures, the micro-Resistive Groove
(μRGroove) detector. The μRGroove shares a similar compact
stack geometry with the micro-Resistive WELL (μRWELL) detector,
but it distinguishes itself by employing a groove structure for
charge amplification instead of a well. The top metal layer of the
grooves naturally forms an array of strips. By incorporating
additional 1-dimensional (1D) readout strips beneath the DLC
electrode, a 2-dimensional (2D) strip-readout scheme can be easily
implemented. Two prototypes of the μRGroove
(10 cm× 10 cm) were manufactured in 2022 at CERN,
and their performance was evaluated through X-ray and beam
tests. The results indicate a gas gain > 104, an energy
resolution of ~ 25%, and negligible charging-up effects for
8 keV Cu X-rays. Additionally, the detection efficiency was found
to be ~ 95%, with a position resolution of ∼ 75 μm
for 150-GeV/c muons. The μRGroove boasts a compact design and
robustness against discharges. Furthermore, compared to the
μRWELL, it offers cost savings in detector fabrication and
yields significantly higher signal amplitude (approximately double)
at the same gas gain. These attributes position the μRGroove as
a promising candidate for large-area and low-material-budget
tracking applications.
Quantifying the relative contributions of three tropical oceans to the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone
Authors: Lu Zhiyuan , Dong Lu , Song Fengfei , Wu Bo , Wu Shuyan , Wang Chunzai 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC) often exists during the mature and decaying phases of El Niño, significantly affecting the East Asian summer monsoon. Previous studies have revealed the importance of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in generating and maintaining the WNPAC. However, a quantitative comparison of the contributions from these three oceans is still lacking. This study uses pacemaker experiments with a state-of-the-art model to quantify the relative contributions of the three tropical oceans to the interannual WNPAC variability. We find that the Pacific accounts for over 50% of the interannual variance in boreal winter and the following spring, while the roles of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans become more pronounced in the spring. In the summer, all three oceans contribute significantly and equally. The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature is influenced by remote forcing from the Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic Ocean operates more independently, with no evident effect from other oceans.
Choosing to protect: public support for flood defense over relocation in climate change adaptation
Authors: Freihardt Jan , Buntaine Mark T , Bernauer Thomas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Policy makers worldwide face tough choices over how to prioritize public funding for adaptation to climate change. One particularly difficult choice is whether to opt for policies that promote relocation away from flood risks or infrastructure investments that protect against flooding. Local communities commonly prefer protective infrastructure, but it is less obvious that the general public will support this approach due to the growing costs. We study public opinion on these adaptation approaches using a choice experiment with nationally representative samples in the United States and Germany (n = 2400 each). We asked participants to prioritize federal funding between two hypothetical, equally sized communities differing in their adaptation strategy, flood frequency, lives and economic assets at risk, economic vitality, geographic distance, and political orientation. In both countries, we find surprisingly strong support for protective infrastructure over relocation policies among the general public, even under conditions where relocation could be an attractive alternative for addressing the growing costs of protective infrastructure and rebuilding efforts.
New System
Authors: Kibita Nataliya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although formalized in 1920, the Ukrainian government was weak; the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine was fragmented; and the Ukrainian leadership had limited authority over the regions. In the period between 1921 and 1925, the Ukrainian leadership made a persistent effort to become the essential link between the Ukrainian regions and the All-Russian centre, and the authority that adjusted central policies to the context of Ukraine. In 1922, Chairman of the Ukrainian Government Christian Rakovsky attempted to obtain de facto autonomy for the Ukrainian commissariats for the purpose of securing revenue that would consolidate the authority of the government. But although Rakovsky had the initial backing of the First Secretary of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine, Dmytro Manuilsky, the latter doomed the autonomy proposal by withdrawing his support by the end of summer 1922. In 1922–1923, Stalin outmanoeuvred Rakovsky. While Rakovsky rushed to consolidate the Ukrainian government, Stalin consolidated the party. Stalin’s party-state reform led to Rakovsky losing the support of the Ukrainian Central Committee and the gubkoms. The success of Stalin’s party-state reform relegated the Ukrainian leadership to a mere transmission path for Moscow’s orders. However, this did not affect the institutional ambitions of the Ukrainian leadership to assert its authority within the republic.
Gravity Matters
Authors: Stuckey W M , Silberstein Michael , McDevitt Timothy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Sub-Chapter 9B we introduce general relativity and our approach to quantum gravity. We explain how we deal with the Big Bang and black hole singularities. The contextuality of mass in general relativity is attributed to NPRF + G. This is used to solve the missing mass problem and the mystery of dark energy without invoking non-baryonic dark matter or a cosmological constant.
Intersectionality and the making of gender history
Authors: Burton Antoinette 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter questions the grand narrative of progress that undergirds some accounts of gender history as a field, showing that far from displacing women’s history or being supplanted by intersectional, queer, and trans methods, gender history has exerted an ongoing influence at the confluence of these scholarly practices. It tracks the origins of US thinking about the simultaneity of gender and race through the work of the African American legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, who brought intersectionality into the US scholarly lexicon; the impact of multiracial scholarship on teaching in the United States; and the manifestation of these trends across histories in a variety of times and places.
The Authoritarian Nature of Common Good Constitutionalism
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How are we to evaluate the project of common good constitutionalism? This new movement, which dismisses positivism and liberalism, progressivism and originalism, aims to overturn the entire canon of modern political and constitutional theory. In its place, it aims to restore a classical tradition of natural law jurisprudence, which is said to have been lost over the last century of constitutional law and practice. In so doing it uses one of liberalism’s own juristic heroes, Ronald Dworkin, in order to free conservatism from the tethers of fidelity to constitutional text and the principle of popular sovereignty underwriting it. Common good constitutionalism’s intervention in the constitutional culture wars of the present is authoritarian not because of its opposition to liberalism, but because of its steadfast refusal of any link between constitutional authority and democracy.