bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taboo and the different death? Perceptions of those bereaved by suicide or other traumatic death
Authors: Chapple Alison , Ziebland Sue , Hawton Keith 
Published: February 2015

AbstractViews differ on how far the subject of death has ever been taboo in Western Society. Walter (1991) criticised the way the ‘taboo thesis’ has been presented, arguing that it has often been ‘grossly overdrawn and lacking in subtlety’. Research suggests that suicide and other traumatic death may be particularly difficult for people to talk about or even acknowledge. We interviewed 80 people bereaved due to suicide, or other traumatic death and used interpretative thematic analysis to consider whether the ‘death taboo’ is evident in these bereavement narratives. People referred to suicide as a different, even stigmatised, death but we also found that those bereaved through other traumatic death felt that their reactions had to be contained and relatively silent. The exception was those bereaved through terrorism or train crash, who were encouraged to grieve openly and angrily: reactions to deaths which are seen as ‘private troubles’ differ from reactions to deaths which are seen as ‘public issues’. Using a symbolic interactionist approach we conclude that the shock and suddenness of the death is tied up both with the circumstances of the death (suicide, murder, accident, terrorism) and the attendant consequences for the social acceptance of public displays of mourning.
Contesting medicalisation, doubting the diagnosis: patients' ambivalence towards the diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Authors: Zarhin Dana 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhereas social scientific studies have investigated the emergence of the category Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), the most commonly diagnosed sleep disorder, no study has examined whether and how the ways in which OSA emerged affect patients' reception of the diagnosis. This article fills this gap by drawing upon in‐depth interviews with 65 Israelis who received a laboratory diagnosis of OSA. This study finds that many patients doubt the accuracy of their diagnosis, and argues that this scepticism derives from contested macro‐level medicalisation processes that preceed and surround the development of OSA as a diagnostic category. Specifically, past and present controversies over the definitions of OSA and its precursor the ‘Pickwickian syndrome’ created images of ‘OSA patients’ as sleepy and obese. Consequently, patients whose self‐perception conflicted with this image questioned their diagnosis. Other patients argued that one night of sleep at a laboratory could not reflect their quality of sleep at home, thereby implicitly criticising the ways in which OSA was medicalised. This study enhances our understanding of the underexplored dynamics between the macro and micro levels of medicalisation.
Socioeconomic inequalities in health trajectories in Switzerland: are trajectories diverging as people age?
Authors: Cullati Stéphane 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDo socioeconomic differences in health status increase as people age, reflecting cumulative advantage or disadvantage in health trajectories? Life course research hypothesises that cumulative advantage/disadvantage (CAD) is an important underlying social process that shape inequalities as people age. The objective of this study is to examine whether health trajectories are diverging as people age across socioeconomic positions (education, employment status and income). In a random sample of 3,665 respondents living in Switzerland (Swiss Household Panel 2004‐2011), trajectories of self‐rated health, body mass index, depression and medicated functioning were examined with multilevel regression models. The results showed that employment status and income were associated with diverging health trajectories among men; however, only a few associations supported the CAD hypothesis. Education was rarely associated with diverging health trajectories. In conclusion, little evidence was found to support the CAD model.
Detecting Submerged Bodies: Controlled Research Using Side‐Scan Sonar to Detect Submerged Proxy Cadavers
Authors: Healy Carrie A. , Schultz John J. , Parker Kenneth , Lowers Bim 
Published: February 2015

AbstractForensic investigators routinely deploy side‐scan sonar for submerged body searches. This study adds to the limited body of literature by undertaking a controlled project to understand how variables affect detection of submerged bodies using side‐scan sonar. Research consisted of two phases using small and medium‐sized pig (Sus scrofa) carcasses as proxies for human bodies to investigate the effects of terrain, body size, frequency, swath width, and state of decomposition. Results demonstrated that a clear, flat, sandy pond floor terrain was optimal for detection of the target as irregular terrain and/or vegetation are major limitations that can obscure the target. A higher frequency towfish was preferred for small bodies, and a 20 m swath width allowed greater visibility and easier maneuverability of the boat in this environment. Also, the medium‐sized carcasses were discernable throughout the 81‐day study period, indicating that it is possible to detect bodies undergoing decomposition with side‐scan sonar.
Is Fluorescence Under an Alternate Light Source Sufficient to Accurately Diagnose Subclinical Bruising?
Authors: Lombardi Maria , Canter Jennifer , Patrick Patricia A. , Altman Robin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis single‐blinded, randomized validation study was conducted to evaluate whether fluorescence under alternate light sources (ALS) is sufficient to diagnose subclinical bruising (bruising not visible under white light). Standardized trauma was induced on randomly selected ventral forearms. On days 1, 7, and 14 investigators independently examined case forearms under white light for perceived bruising and underALSfor fluorescence and compared body maps. 56 case and 62 control forearms (n = 118) were examined. Sensitivity ofALSon days 1, 7, and 14 was 76.8%, 69.6%, and 60.7%, respectively, compared to 69.6%, 60.0%, and 32.1% for white light. The specificity ofALSon days 1, 7, and 14 was 51.6%, 59.7%, and 53.2%, respectively, compared to 71.0%, 81.4%, and 86.9% for white light.ALShas increased sensitivity yet low specificity compared to white light in accurately detecting bruises. Fluorescence underALSis not sufficient to accurately or responsibly diagnose subclinical bruising.
The Eyeball Killer: Serial Killings with Postmortem Globe Enucleation
Authors: Coyle Julie , Ross Karen F. , Barnard Jeffrey J. , Peacock Elizabeth , Linch Charles A. , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlthough serial killings are relatively rare, they can be the cause of a great deal of anxiety while the killer remains at‐large. Despite the fact that the motivations for serial killings are typically quite complex, the psychological analysis of a serial killer can provide valuable insight into how and why certain individuals become serial killers. Such knowledge may be instrumental in preventing future serial killings or in solving ongoing cases. In certain serial killings, the various incidents have a variety of similar features. Identification of similarities between separate homicidal incidents is necessary to recognize that a serial killer may be actively killing. In this report, the authors present a group of serial killings involving three prostitutes who were shot to death over a 3‐month period. Scene and autopsy findings, including the unusual finding of postmortem enucleation of the eyes, led investigators to recognize the serial nature of the homicides.
Characterization of the Bombyx mori Cecropin A1 promoter regulated by IMD pathway
Authors: Hua Xiao‐Ting , Ma Xiao‐Juan , Xue Ren‐Ju , Cheng Ting‐Cai , Wang Fei , Xia Qing‐You 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCecropin A1 (CecA1) promoter from Bombyx mori was cloned and characterized to provide insight into the transcriptional control of this antimicrobial peptide gene upon immune challenges. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that both Escherichia coli and lipopolysaccharide could induce expression in BmE cells but B. bombyseptieus or peptidoglycan failed, and the induction pattern of the reporter gene was coincident with the endogenous CecA1. Analysis of deletion and mutation constructs revealed that the regulatory region was the κB motif located between ‐176 and ‐166, and no other predicted elements on CecA1 promoter affected its inducibility. Insertion of additional κB motifs increased the activity of CecA1 promoter. Furthermore, binding of Relish to κB motif was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These findings indicate the regulatory mechanism of CecA1 expression in IMD pathway and suggest an approach of engineering antimicrobial peptide promoter with enhanced activities that may lead to broad applications.
Comparative Effects of Ohmic, Induction Cooker, and Electric Stove Heating on Soymilk Trypsin Inhibitor Inactivation
Authors: Lu Lu , Zhao Luping , Zhang Caimeng , Kong Xiangzhen , Hua Yufei , Chen Yeming 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDuring thermal treatment of soymilk, a rapid incorporation of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) into protein aggregates by covalent (disulfide bond, SS) and/or noncovalent interactions with other proteins is responsible for its fast inactivation of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA). In contrast, the slow cleavage of a single Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) peptide bond is responsible for its slow inactivation of TIA and chymotrypsin inhibitor activity (CIA). In this study, the effects of Ohmic heating (220 V, 50 Hz) on soymilk TIA and CIA inactivation were examined and compared to induction cooker and electric stove heating with similar thermal histories. It was found that: (1) TIA and CIA inactivation was slower from 0 to 3 min, and faster after 3 min as compared to induction cooker and electric stove. (2) The thiol (SH) loss rate was slower from 0 to 3 min, and similar to induction cooker and electric stove after 3 min. (3) Ohmic heating slightly increased protein aggregate formation. (4) In addition to the cleavage of one BBI peptide bond, an additional reaction might occur to enhance BBI inactivation. (5) Ohmic heating was more energy‐efficient for TIA and CIA inactivation. (6) TIA and CIA inactivation was accelerated with increasing electric voltage (110, 165, and 220 V) of Ohmic heating. It is likely that the enhanced inactivation of TIA by Ohmic heating is due to its combined electrochemical and thermal effects.
Genomic Study of the Absorption Mechanism of p‐Coumaric Acid and Caffeic Acid of Extract of Ananas Comosus L. Leaves
Authors: Dang Yun‐jie , Zhu Chun‐yan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCardiac disease has emerged as the leading cause of death worldwide, and food rich in phenolic acids has drawn much attention as sources of active substances of hypolipidemic drug. Ananas comosus L. (pineapple) is one of the most popular tropical and subtropical fruits. Isolated from pineapple leaves, EAL(Extract of Ananas Comosus L. Leaves) is rich in phenolic acids, such as p‐coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and other phenolics, highly relevant to the putative cardiovascular‐protective effects, which suggests its potential to be a new plant medicine for treatment of cardiac disease, but little is known about absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of EAL in animals or human beings. In this study, we employed cDNA microarray, Caco‐2 cell lines, and rat intestinal model to explore the absorption behavior of p‐coumaric acid and caffeic acid in EAL. The permeation of 2 substances was concentration and time dependent. Results also indicated that monocarboxylic acid transporter was involved in the transepithelial transport of p‐coumaric acid and caffeic acid.
Relative Oxidative Stability of Diacylglycerol and Triacylglycerol Oils
Authors: Qi Jin F. , Wang Xiang Y. , Shin Jung‐Ah , Lee Young‐Hwa , Jang Young‐Seok , Lee Jeung Hee , Hong Soon‐Taek , Lee Ki‐Teak 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo compare the oxidative stability between diacylglycerol (DAG) oil and conventional triacylglycerol (TAG) oil (that is, soybean oil), the prepared stripped diacylglycerol oil (SDO) and soybean oil (SSBO) were stored at 60 °C in the dark for 144 h. During storage peroxide values (POVs), contents of aldehydes, unsaturated fatty acids were measured to evaluate the oxidative stabilities of the 2 oils. The results showed the content of C18:2, C18:3, and total unsaturated fatty acid decreased faster in DAG oil than in soybean oil, whereas the decreased rate of C18:1 was similar in 2 oils. Also, both rate constants (K1 and K2) obtained from POV (K1) and total aldehydes (K2) indicated that DAG oil (K1 = 3.22 mmol/mol FA h−1, K2 = 0.023 h−1) was oxidized more rapidly than soybean oil (K1 = 2.56 mmol/mol FA h−1, K2 = 0.021 h−1), which was mainly due to the difference of acylglycerol composition of the 2 oils along with higher C18:3 (9.6%) in SDO than SSBO (5.7%). It is concluded that DAG was more easily oxidized than soybean oil at 60 °C in the dark for 144 h.
Hfq regulates antibacterial antibiotic biosynthesis and extracellular lytic‐enzyme production in Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11
Authors: Xu Gaoge , Zhao Yuxin , Du Liangcheng , Qian Guoliang , Liu Fengquan 
Published: February 2015

SummaryLysobacter enzymogenes is an important biocontrol agent with the ability to produce a variety of lytic enzymes and novel antibiotics. Little is known about their regulatory mechanisms. Understanding these will be helpful for improving biocontrol of crop diseases and potential medical application. In the present study, we generated an hfq (encoding a putative ribonucleic acid chaperone) deletion mutant, and then utilized a new genomic marker‐free method to construct an hfq‐complemented strain. We showed for the first time that Hfq played a pleiotropic role in regulating the antibacterial antibiotic biosynthesis and extracellular lytic enzyme activity in L. enzymogenes. Mutation of hfq significantly increased the yield of WAP‐8294A2 (an antibacterial antibiotic) as well as the transcription of its key biosynthetic gene, waps1. However, inactivation of hfq almost abolished the extracellular chitinase activity and remarkably decreased the activity of both extracellular protease and cellulase in L. enzymogenes. We further showed that the regulation of hfq in extracellular chitinase production was in part through the impairment of the secretion of chitinase A. Collectively, our results reveal the regulatory roles of hfq in antibiotic metabolite and extracellular lytic enzymes in the underexplored genus of Lysobacter.
Integrated omics for the identification of key functionalities in biological wastewater treatment microbial communities
Authors: Narayanasamy Shaman , Muller Emilie E. L. , Sheik Abdul R. , Wilmes Paul 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBiological wastewater treatment plants harbour diverse and complex microbial communities which prominently serve as models for microbial ecology and mixed culture biotechnological processes. Integrated omic analyses (combined metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics) are currently gaining momentum towards providing enhanced understanding of community structure, function and dynamics in situ as well as offering the potential to discover novel biological functionalities within the framework of Eco‐Systems Biology. The integration of information from genome to metabolome allows the establishment of associations between genetic potential and final phenotype, a feature not realizable by only considering single ‘omes’. Therefore, in our opinion, integrated omics will become the future standard for large‐scale characterization of microbial consortia including those underpinning biological wastewater treatment processes. Systematically obtained time and space‐resolved omic datasets will allow deconvolution of structure–function relationships by identifying key members and functions. Such knowledge will form the foundation for discovering novel genes on a much larger scale compared with previous efforts. In general, these insights will allow us to optimize microbial biotechnological processes either through better control of mixed culture processes or by use of more efficient enzymes in bioengineering applications.
Genetic characterization of caffeine degradation by bacteria and its potential applications
Authors: Summers Ryan M. , Mohanty Sujit K. , Gopishetty Sridhar , Subramanian Mani 
Published: February 2015

SummaryThe ability of bacteria to grow on caffeine as sole carbon and nitrogen source has been known for over 40 years. Extensive research into this subject has revealed two distinct pathways, N‐demethylation and C‐8 oxidation, for bacterial caffeine degradation. However, the enzymological and genetic basis for bacterial caffeine degradation has only recently been discovered. This review article discusses the recent discoveries of the genes responsible for both N‐demethylation and C‐8 oxidation. All of the genes for the N‐demethylation pathway, encoding enzymes in the Rieske oxygenase family, reside on 13.2‐kb genomic DNA fragment found in Pseudomonas putida CBB5. A nearly identical DNA fragment, with homologous genes in similar orientation, is found in Pseudomonas sp. CES. Similarly, genes for C‐8 oxidation of caffeine have been located on a 25.2‐kb genomic DNA fragment of Pseudomonas sp. CBB1. The C‐8 oxidation genes encode enzymes similar to those found in the uric acid metabolic pathway of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Various biotechnological applications of these genes responsible for bacterial caffeine degradation, including bio‐decaffeination, remediation of caffeine‐contaminated environments, production of chemical and fuels and development of diagnostic tests have also been demonstrated.
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography in differentiated thyroid cancer management: Importance of clinical justification and value in predicting survival
Authors: Marcus Charles , Antoniou Alexander , Rahmim Arman , Ladenson Paul , Subramaniam Rathan M 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the added value of follow‐up fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) to clinical assessment and predicting survival outcome in patients with differentiated thyroid cancers.MethodsThis is an institutional review board approved, retrospective study of 202 biopsy‐proven thyroid cancer patients at a single tertiary centre. A total of 327 follow‐up or surveillance PET/CT scans done 6 or more months from initial treatment completion were included in this study. Median follow‐up from completion of primary treatment was 94 months (range, 6.17–534.1 months). Overall survival benefit was measured using Kaplan–Meier plots with a Mantel–Cox log‐rank test. Multivariate Cox regression model is provided with clinical covariates.ResultsOf the 327 PET/CT scans from 202 patients, 161 were positive and 166 as negative for recurrence or metastasis. A total of 23 patients died during the study period. Patients with a positive PET/CT scan had shorter overall survival than those who had a negative scan (P < 0.0001, hazard ratio 6.1 (3.0–14.3) ). In the context of clinical assessment, PET/CT identified recurrence in 50% (25/50) of scans without prior clinical suspicion and ruled out recurrence in 36.8% (102/277) of scans with prior clinical suspicion. In a multivariate Cox regression model, factors associated with overall survival were stage (P < 0.0001), time to scan (P = 0.0005) and PET/CT result (P < 0.0001).ConclusionFDG PET/CT performed in follow‐up more than 6 months from primary treatment completion adds value to clinical judgment and a prognostic marker of overall survival in thyroid cancer patients.
Seawater mesocosm experiments in the Arctic uncover differential transfer of marine bacteria to aerosols
Authors: Fahlgren Camilla , Gómez‐Consarnau Laura , Zábori Julia , Lindh Markus V. , Krejci Radovan , Mårtensson E. Monica , Nilsson Douglas , Pinhassi Jarone 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBiogenic aerosols critically control atmospheric processes. However, although bacteria constitute major portions of living matter in seawater, bacterial aerosolization from oceanic surface layers remains poorly understood. We analysed bacterial diversity in seawater and experimentally generated aerosols from three Kongsfjorden sites, Svalbard. Construction of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from paired seawater and aerosol samples resulted in 1294 sequences clustering into 149 bacterial and 34 phytoplankton operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bacterial communities in aerosols differed greatly from corresponding seawater communities in three out of four experiments. Dominant populations of both seawater and aerosols were Flavobacteriia, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Across the entire dataset, most OTUs from seawater could also be found in aerosols; in each experiment, however, several OTUs were either selectively enriched in aerosols or little aerosolized. Notably, a SAR11 clade OTU was consistently abundant in the seawater, but was recorded in significantly lower proportions in aerosols. A strikingly high proportion of colony‐forming bacteria were pigmented in aerosols compared with seawater, suggesting that selection during aerosolization contributes to explaining elevated proportions of pigmented bacteria frequently observed in atmospheric samples. Our findings imply that atmospheric processes could be considerably influenced by spatiotemporal variations in the aerosolization efficiency of different marine bacteria.
Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter and Anaerolineae populations are enriched on anodes of root exudate‐driven microbial fuel cells in rice field soil
Authors: Cabezas Angela , Pommerenke Bianca , Boon Nico , Friedrich Michael W. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryPlant‐based sediment microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) couple the oxidation of root exudates in living rice plants to current production. We analysed the composition of the microbial community on anodes from PMFC with natural rice field soil as substratum for rice by analysing 16S rRNA as an indicator of microbial activity and diversity. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis indicated that the active bacterial community on anodes from PMFCs differed strongly compared with controls. Moreover, clones related to Deltaproteobacteria and Chloroflexi were highly abundant (49% and 21%, respectively) on PMFCs anodes. Geobacter (19%), Anaeromyxobacter (15%) and Anaerolineae (17%) populations were predominant on anodes with natural rice field soil and differed strongly from those previously detected with potting soil. In open circuit (OC) control PMFCs, not allowing electron transfer, Deltaproteobacteria (33%), Betaproteobacteria (20%), Chloroflexi (12%), Alphaproteobacteria (10%) and Firmicutes (10%) were detected. The presence of an electron accepting anode also had a strong influence on methanogenic archaea. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens were more active on PMFC (21%) than on OC controls (10%), whereas acetoclastic Methanosaetaceae were more active on OC controls (31%) compared with PMFCs (9%). In conclusion, electron accepting anodes and rice root exudates selected for distinct potential anode‐reducing microbial populations in rice soil inoculated PMFC.