bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
J H J A Greyvenstein en A S Geyser se teologiese denke oor die volkskerkgedagte
Authors: Van Eck Ernest 
Published: January 2013

The theological thoughts of J H J A Greyvenstein and A S Geyser on the concept 'people's church'. This paper - in two parts - aims to participate in the current debate regarding the writing of a new church order for the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika, concentrating on Article III of the current church order. As a debate within the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, the first article tra"ces the thoughts of two previous professors in New Testament Studies, J H J A Greyvenstein and A S Geyser, on the concept 'people's church' ('volkskerk'). In the following article Greyvenstein and Geyser's understanding of the Hervormde Kerk as 'peoples church' ('volkskerk') will critically be evaluated by means of a social-scientific analysis of meals as ceremonies in Mark's gospel. Sonder om die tradisie van die vadere uitgesproke met goddelike gesag te beklee, redeneer die ideoloog graag dat die vaders tog nie verkeerd kon wees in hulle verstaan van die Woord nie en origens gee hy in die praktyk, so nie in beginsel nie, aan die tradisie in elk geval dieseifde geldigheid as aan die Woord. (Geyser 1960/1961b:304) Eintlik het die Kerk geen ander bestaansrede nie as om te getuig dat Jesus die Christus die openbaring van Gods liefde is nie....Want die Kerk het tot enige ell enigste taak om die Evangelie te verkondig tydig en ontydig, op aile plekke aan aile mense en instansies onder aile omstandigheide. As hy daaraan nie voldoen nie of nie kan voldoen nie, kom die Kerk as Kerk in gedrang.(Geyser 1951:9; 1960:18)
'Destined for the downfall and rise of many in Israel': Luke 2:34b in patristic (and modern) exegesis
Authors: Barkhuizen J. H. 
Published: January 2013

A close reading of both patristic and modem exegetes points towards the existence of two main schools of thought, and the aim of this short paper is to introduce the main proponents of each school, stating both the basic notion of each and the biblical evidence serving as the basis for their subsequent argumentation. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further discussion What did Simeon mean when he referred to the child Jesus in Luke 2:34b, as the downfall and rise of many in Israel? A close reading of both patristic and modem exegetes points towards the existence of two main schools of thought 1. The prophecy of Simeon 'has usually been interpreted as the fall of some and the rising of others, that is a process of self-judgement in which men determine the verdict to be passed on their lives, by tile response they make to the coming of the Messiah' (Caird 1979:64). One very typical commentary within this school of thought is for example the following by Fritz Rienecker (1977:69): Es zeugt von einem tiefen Blick des alten Simeon, dass er die Verheis-sung des Jesaja (Kap 8,13-15) in Christus sich erftillen sieht. Alle mussen in Israel an Ihm vorbei und keiner kann Ihn unbeachtet lassen. Israel ist 'Wie ein Strom, der sich an Christus, dem Felsen, brechen und zwiegeteilt weiterstromen wird. Dem einen zum Fall, dem andem zum Reil.
Does the historical Jesus matter?
Authors: Borg Marcus J. 
Published: January 2013

Perceptions of the relationship between the historical study of Jesus and Christian theology have swung like a pendulum between two extremes. In the nineteenth century, there was a widespread assumption that the historical Jesus mattered significantly; for much of the twentieth century, the dominant claim has been that the historical Jesus has little or no theological significance. In recent scholarship, there are tentative steps toward affirming a 'both-and' position: though Christian faith is to some extent independent of historical research, it is also true that images of Jesus do very much affect images of the Christian life.
Interpreting the Bible in the 'new' South Africa: Remarks on some problems and challenges
Authors: Human D. J. 
Published: January 2013

Interpreting the Bible in the 'new' South Africa DJ Human Department of Biblical Studies (Sec B) University of Pretoria The Bible plays an important role in South African society. The interpretation of this book within or outside the Christian community has become an increaslingly major source of debate. It has been used and misused in several spheres of society. This article does not intend providing an extensive and composite picture of the problems and character of biblical hermeneutics. Nor will it attempt to elaborate on or explain the origins, development and influences of all the different her-meneutical approaches. Rather, it poses to be an introduction to a few of the problem(s) encountered in the attempt to understand the Bible, especially in terms of the 'new' South Africa. Within the framework of this scope, remarks will be made regarding the challenges involved in interpreting the Bible, the role of the interpreter in the interpretation process, the varied forms of literature to be found in Scripture, and in the last instance, to take cognisance of a few methodological approaches to the text analysis of the Bible.
Die funksie van ruimte in die reisverhale in 1 Henog 12-36
Authors: Venter P. M. 
Published: January 2013

The function of space in the travel narratives of 1 Enoch 12-36. Using the theoies of Malbon and Van Eck on the functional use of space in narratives, a narrative analysis is presented of Enoch's account of three journeys in 1 Enoch 12-36. In the microsocial world of these narratives focal space is used as expression of the symbolic universe of the apocalyptic author(s). According to this view cosmological space is allocated by God as either a place of punishment for the disobedient or as a refuge for the faithful. In this knowledge the author(s) of the apocalypse found security when they experienced crises during the third and second century BCE. Preference for spatial rather than chronological data in apocalyptic thinking at this early stage of apocalypticism is described against the background of the influence of wisdom literature and the concept of holiness.
Africa, health and migration
Authors: Sawadogo Natéwindé 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMuch of the human migration literature refers to the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up long‐term or short‐term residence. Most forms of mobility are considered voluntary, when people have chosen to move, or involuntary in the case of forced migration. Migration occurring beyond a country's boundaries is defined here as international migration, as opposed to mobility, or internal migration. Health is defined as the ability of a person to meet the expectations, physically and mentally, of his or her network of relationships. The degree of achievement of social participation is socially constructed, implying that it is embedded within the culture of the person's networks of relationships. Studies of the relationships between human migration and health in Africa are typically replications of general migration theory. Migrants have been either pushed to move due to health problems at their place of origin or pulled by perceived desirable health conditions at destinations. In addition, one often sees migrants represented as carriers of diseases throughout their trajectory and potentially spreading disease wherever they go.
Africa, immigrant legislation and laws
Authors: Ayodele James Olabisi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOver the past 500 years, Africa, perhaps the most geopolitically strategic continent with rich natural resources, a warm climate, and an abundant labor supply, has been an important region of exploitation for European colonialists and a destination for immigrant settlers. Africa's vast and diverse mineral and natural deposits, enormous labor power, and warm climate are all attractions for immigrants. Historically, the continent has not had legislation (deliberate act of parliament and/or the results of such act in terms of laws) to control migration. Africa's porous and open borders have encouraged migration from the Europe, Arabia, and South Asia who first ventured into the continent for trade and commerce in goods and human slaves. In the contemporary period, demand for expatriates' skill has made immigration inevitable.
Africa, south of the Sahara, intra‐ and intercontinental population movements
Authors: Matlou Matlotleng P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay starts with an overview of migration across Africa, and then increasingly concentrates on Africa south of the Sahara, from ancient times until today. A historical context is necessary to locate the modern era in order to understand where we are today and what possibilities exist for the future. It covers both national and international migration, but concentrates more on the latter.
United States: African colonization, Manifest Destiny, and Indian Removal
Authors: Tomek Beverly C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThroughout US history migration has been closely linked to the idea of Manifest Destiny. In the traditional sense, this concept is linked to the westward movement of European Americans, but it also played a significant role in two other migrations – the displacement of Native Americans and the movement of African Americans to colonies throughout the world, most notably to Liberia.
African diasporas, theories, representations and definitions
Authors: Sakho Papa 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the early 21st century, populations of African origin are more and more visible in migration discourses, as much in receiving countries of the North as on the African continent, even though the former only represent a tiny proportion of individuals established outside their continent of origin. As cases in point, in the early 2000s the World Bank estimated their presence in the countries of the North at nearly one million in the USA (22 percent being of North African origin), and 282,600 in Canada; and in Europe at 4.7 million (1.7 million from sub‐Saharan Africa, 3 million from North Africa) (World Bank 2007). Yet, on the one hand these African populations attract attention from Northern countries, especially through their rapid growth, to the point of invoking an “invasion.” On the other hand, within the African continent they draw attention to themselves because of the importance of money transfers, which, in recent years, has often been referred to as a godsend.
African slave trade and maritime transportation
Authors: Ajala O. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe 15th‐century Portuguese exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bullDum Diversas, granting Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any “Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers” to hereditary slavery, which legitimized the slave trade under Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in hisRomanus Pontifexbull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonization of Africa.
Agriculture and migration
Authors: Akeju Olatomiwa David 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The agriculture–migration nexus is historically significant. The pre‐agricultural hunter‐gatherer society is known to have reduced its continuous and cyclical human migration with the discovery of agriculture. In other words, the discovery of the science of cultivating the land, producing crops, and raising livestock, limited human movement from one place to the other. However, with more scientific discovery and as agricultural practice became more significant for the advancement of human development, the push–pull notion of migration became intricately linked to agriculture.
Andes, migration, 1900 to present
Authors: Julca Alex 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Andean migration has rarely been a one‐step movement from the countryside to the city. In the Peruvian case, since the early 1900s when modernization was starting to become a new way of life, peasants who had lived on the land for centuries were first acquainted with it in the capitals of their provinces. The economic and social experiences accumulated in these nearby towns served to move further afield to places and cities where the boom in certain commodities (for example, rubber, lumber, mining) – often destined for foreign markets – lured them with the promise of jobs with higher pay and of social progress. These earlier migration processes were initially temporary, and sometimes required the “pull” of
enganchadores
, whose work was to go around towns recruiting workers. Economic security promised by the possibility of higher income was often enough to instigate the move. Under the
latifundio
system, whereby large land areas were owned by landlords who had servants to work the land, agriculture was premised on poor working and living conditions for peasants, without the possibility of social progress held out by modern urban life, including the perks of education, medicines, water, and sanitation.
Anomie, psychological disillusionment
Authors: Ayodele James Olabisi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Anomie, a concept popularized by a French sociologist, Emile Durkheim (1858–1917), depicts a breakdown in known norms or literally the suspension of existing norms in a given situation. It equally refers to the inevitable social confusion arising from the exposure of an individual or a people to too many norms with conflicting expectations. In the case of anomic circumstance resulting from the paucity of rules, peoples (in our present discourse, immigrants) would have no means of defining their situation.
Anticolonialism, decolonialism, neocolonialism
Authors: Herzog Ben 
Published: January 2013

Abstract“Anticolonialism,” “decolonialism,” and “neocolonialism” are terms related to the category of colonialism (as well to the term “postcolonialism”). These terms have multiple meanings; they simultaneously signify an ideology, a historical moment, and a collective action. Although anticolonialism, decolonialism, and neocolonialism are terms that are usually analyzed separately, these concepts are linked together and, over the last century, have had extensive influence on human migration. The breakup of the European and American colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America reoriented and intensified population movements across the globe. Large numbers of officials of the colonial administrations, natives, and settlers went back to their former “motherlands.” Indeed, neocolonialism shapes the cognitive framework of both refugees and migrants to this day.
Arab diaspora, United States
Authors: Abouyoub Younes 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEarly Arab migrants, from 1870 until World War I, were driven out of their homeland mainly, but not exclusively, by economic necessity. Not unlike their fellow Irish and Italian migrants, social transformation in the homeland, economic uncertainties, the improvement of transportation, and rumors of an “American El Dorado” were the driving factors behind the first wave of Arab migrants, who came mainly from among the peasantry. Between 1899 and 1932, 106,391 migrants came from Syria, of whom 69,514 were males and 36,877 females (International Migration Statistics n.d.)
Arctic migrations
Authors: Heleniak Timothy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe cold, remote, sparsely populated Arctic and northern regions of the world do not figure prominently in discussions of migration. However, there are considerable migration movements into and within the Arctic which have a considerable impact on the settlements and populations in the region. Arctic migration includes the earliest human expansions into North America. People have been moving into, within, and out of the Arctic for millennia for many of the same reasons they move elsewhere in the world and the laws that govern human migration elsewhere apply to population movements in the Arctic regions. However, two factors distinguish population movements in the Arctic from elsewhere. The first is the obvious cold climatic conditions which make travel and movement difficult. It was the development of modern modes of transportation, especially air travel, that allowed migration in the Arctic to increase significantly. The second is the remoteness between population settlements in the circumpolar North and more densely populated urban agglomerations outside the Arctic and the long distances between settlements within the Arctic. According to one definition of the Arctic, there are four million people living in this region, a combination of both indigenous people carrying on traditional livelihoods and migrant newcomers who come to exploit the natural resources of the region.
Armed conflict and refugees
Authors: Williams Nathalie E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractArmed conflict has been, and continues to be, a major problem around the world. In 2009 there were 36 ongoing armed conflicts; this is lower than in the 1990s but 24 percent higher than in the early 2000s (Harbom & Wallensteen 2010), suggesting no consistent upward or downward trend in conflict. Furthermore, there is no apparent regional trend in the outbreak of armed conflicts; in just the past 30 years, every region of the world, including Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, has experienced intense armed conflict. One serious consequence of armed conflict is migration, a phenomenon that scholars are still seeking to understand.
Arts, music, and migration
Authors: Gidley Ben 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe experience of human migration has been a major theme of artistic production for probably as long as movement has been a feature of human life. Storytelling and song, the visual arts, then literature and theater, and more recently cinema and television have all registered the importance of migration. Thus, some of the earliest surviving examples of the arts address themes of exile and travel. For example, the Bronze Age Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh, dating from as early as 2100BCE, records the journeys of the hero Gilgamesh, whilenostos(homecoming) is a major theme of ancient Greek literature. This includes Homer'sIliadandOdyssey, dating from the 8th centuryBCEor earlier, telling the story of the hero Odysseus (known to the later Romans as Ulysses), and his long journey home from battle. This has been a major influence on Western literature and arts ever since, and Odysseus' journey has frequently served as a metaphor for migration, exile, and return. Similarly, the Norse sagas, dating from the period around 1000CE, feature tales of voyages, including the migration from Denmark to Iceland.
Asia, development and migration
Authors: Skeldon Ronald 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAsia covers a vast area encompassing some 4.2 billion people, over 60 percent of the world's population. It includes some of the world's largest and most dynamic economies such as China, as well as weaker and poorer nations such as Laos and Tajikistan. Hence, given the marked difference in levels of development across the region, migration also varies greatly. Nevertheless, within all the variety, certain common patterns exist: an increased concentration of population in urban areas and a growing tendency for people to be involved in migration outside the region as well as to destinations within the region. These patterns are essentially the result of trends that fall under the rubric of “globalization” driven by the demand for resources required to sustain the economies of the more developed parts of the world. These resources include oil and other raw materials, but also labor. Hence, the transition to service economies in the developed world with the shift of manufacturing offshore to parts of the developing world has been an integral part of this transition, which has been associated with “development” in its broadest sense. The underlying linkages between migration and development are complex and lie beyond this brief essay, which focuses on describing current patterns, their origins and their prospects.
Asia, gender and migration
Authors: Kaur Amarjit 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWomen accounted for about 50 percent of the estimated 214 million international migrants in 2010, with 90 percent comprising economic migrants and their families (ILO 2011). This is consistent with the increasing trend in Asian women migrants’ participation rates that have ranged from about 45 to 50.1 percent during the period 1960 to 2000 (Zlotnik 2003). Yet these women's migration narratives and the power relations of gender, class, and ethnicity have increasingly been lost under the “feminization” of migration label in migration literature. Generally, migration has been perceived as a masculine or genderless activity and women's migration patterns and economic roles have also been underrated. Fortunately, in recent years women migration scholars have provided new theoretical frameworks for studying women's migration, investigating it through a gendered perspective and contributing to mainstreaming gender into migration (Chant 1992; Jolly 2005; Palmary et al. 2010).
Asia, migration and development nexus
Authors: Ganguly‐Scrase Ruchira 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn recent years research interest in examining the relationship between migration and development has been growing. This is in part due to the large volume of cross‐border population movements in Asia and corresponding policy concerns about how to manage them. Asis et al. note that in Asia, “the need for information for practical purposes such as policymaking and pro‐migrant (rights) advocacy provided a strong push to know and to understand migration and its ramifications” (2009: 84). But the intellectual dialogue about migration and development begins with a question of why people migrate (Zolberg 1989; Cohen 1996; Massey & Taylor 2004), and researchers use a number of approaches to explain the motivations and forces that propel migration. These include neoclassical economic theory (Harris & Todaro 1970), historical structuralist theory (Castles & Miller 2003), household strategy theory (Massey 1990), and network theory (Waldorf 1998).
Assimilation, integration, and incorporation
Authors: Powers Mary G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTheory and research on assimilation, integration, and incorporation all seek to explain how immigrants and their children become part of their host society. Assimilation theory as originally proposed by Park and Burgess (1921; Park 1930) was based on their analysis of the experiences and characteristics of 19th‐ and early 20th‐century European immigrants to the United States. Implicit in the theory were assumptions of (1) a single majority culture and (2) a one‐way process during which immigrants changed their language and cultural characteristics to become more like the dominant group in the host country.
Australasia, immigrant legislation and laws
Authors: Kraly Ellen Percy 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Australia and New Zealand constitute the Australasia region in Oceania, and over time have developed both distinct and complementary policies concerning immigration, labor mobility, and refugee resettlement globally as well as within the Asia–Pacific region. In these former British colonies, international migration from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth has been a significant force both in relationships with indigenous peoples and in nation building. The history of immigration policies in both Australia and New Zealand embodies both the legacies of harsh selectivity among migrants according to race and ethnicity, as well as the active promotion of migration through government policy. In the 21st century, both Australia and New Zealand have encouraged immigration and immigrants, both long‐ and shorter‐term, which will contribute to national economic progress. The two countries also formally recognize their special historical and geographic relationship through the Trans‐Tasman Travel Arrangement, which facilitates relatively free migration within Australasia.