bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Combined Cycles With Black Liquor Gasification
Authors: Ihrén C. Niclas , Svedberg Gunnar 
Published: February 2015

Black liquor, a residual of the chemical pulp industry, is a biofuel with great potential for increasing power generation. This may be accomplished by replacing the conventional recovery process using a Tomlinson recovery boiler with black liquor gasification. In addition, there are other considerable advantages.
The gasification of black liquor gives new degrees of freedom since the combustible gas may be used in a multitude of ways. For a full scale plant, a combined cycle may be an efficient way to produce process heat and power. Comparison is made with conventional CHP using a Tomlinson boiler and a steam cycle. It is shown that the generated power could be up to twice that of the conventional plant with an electrical efficiency of 30% and a total efficiency of 77% (HHV). However, the characteristics of a combined cycle in this kind of process integrated application will be quite different than those of a stand-alone powerplant. This is clearly shown when competed with conventional natural gas fired combined cycles.
This paper includes thorough analysis of some of the most important parameters of the combined cycle. It is shown that the gas turbine characteristics are the critical factors for providing a high electric efficiency. The effects of supplementary firing we also investigated. Hereby, an optimum for the steam cycle data is established.
Modelling Particle Deposition in Gas Turbines Employed in Advanced Coal-Fired Systems
Authors: Fackrell John E. , Brown Kevin , Young John B. 
Published: February 2015

In many advanced coal-fired plant the gases being passed to the gas turbine will contain low levels of small particles. These particles may deposit on, or cause erosion of, the turbine blades, affecting the economic and technical viability of such systems. Modelling work has been undertaken to assess the effects of particulate contamination in coal-fired systems.
A number of different models for the particle behaviour have been developed and used, depending on the particular application involved. The behaviour of particles of a few microns in size and upwards is dominated by inertial effects and has been modelled by performing particle trajectory calculations in the turbine flow field, this having been first calculated with a turbine flow code.
Smaller particles tend to be deposited by a process of diffusion through the turbine blade boundary layers. Two modelling approaches have been undertaken for diffusive deposition. The simpler approach is based on a heat transfer analogy combined with extra prescriptions for thermophoresis and eddy impaction effects. The more complicated approach involves a numerical solution of the particle diffusion equation within the boundary layer, including the effects of thermophoresis and using a stopping distance model for eddy impaction effects.
Predictions from the models have been compared with experimental results at realistic conditions obtained in a PFBC rig at Grimethorpe and with laboratory results at ambient conditions.
Vibration Characteristics of Large Frame Combustion Turbines
Authors: Coslow Bill J. , Bertsch Oran L. 
Published: February 2015

This paper examines the vibration characteristics of large frame land-based combustion turbines including response of the entire rotor train. The typical rotor train consists of the combustion turbine with integral axial compressor, a rigidly coupled generator, and a starting and auxiliary turning gear package connected through a flexible coupling.
Vibration characteristics during both transient and steady state conditions are considered. Analytical methods for predicting synchronous and asynchronous vibration response are examined. Actual shop and field test results am discussed including vibration components at frequencies other than running speed.
Industry standards on vibration limits are discussed with respect to current Westinghouse vibration control setting specifications.
Aerodynamic Design and 3D Navier-Stokes Analysis of a High Specific Flow Fan
Authors: Falchetti F. , Quiniou H. , Verdier L. 
Published: February 2015

Advanced research is currently being conducted at Snecma to design a swept wide chord fan blade with a very high specific flow value of 230 kg/s/m2 at the aero design point instead of 212 kg/s/m2 on current turbofan engines.
This concept has the potential benefit of higher thrust than conventional engines for a given value of the fan diameter. This induces potential advantages in terms of performance (reduced nacelle drag) and installation under the wings.
These advantages are subject to the condition that we retain high fan bypass efficiency with axial Mach number close to 0.8. The intensive use of 3D Euler and 3D Navier-Stokes blade to blade computations in the aero design makes it possible to overcome this difficulty.
This paper describes the aero optimization of a swept fan blade with a specific flow of 230 kg/s/m2, a corrected tip speed of 350 m/s and a bypass pressure ratio of 1.45. Applications of the most recent numerical methods are presented, including 3D Navier-Stokes blade to blade computations.
Construction of Combined Cycle Power Generation Plants for Kawagoe Power Station by Chubu Electric Power
Authors: Mita T. , Ohara H. , Hoizumi S. , Ando N. 
Published: February 2015

In response to the recent rapid increase in power demand, Chubu Electric Power is now constructing two 1,650-megawatt power plants, each consisting of seven single-shaft combined-cycle units. These will be plant Nos. 3 and 4 of the Kawagoe Power Station.
As one unit of plants, these power plants not only will be among the most powerful (in output) in the world, but will also offer the following features:
1) The main equipment of these plants, a gas turbine, will be a GE-Hitachi Model F7FA, the state-of-the-art 60 Hz model, for large equipment capacity and high efficiency. The heat recovery steam generator of each plant will use serrated fin tubes for high efficiency and compactness.
2) Plant efficiency will be at least 48.5% by means of optimizing the combined-cycle system and using the single-shaft triple-pressure reheat cycle.
3) As middle-load thermal plants, these plants are designed to use the advantages of a single-shaft combined cycle, thus offering operational convenience.
4) For global environmental preservation, which is nowadays an important concern of the local community, these plants are designed to reduce NOx emissions, warm discharge water, and noise.
5) To save labor for operation, and to improve its man-machine interface, these plant will utilize a large screen and CRT operation.
Selection of these units and systems has entailed various feasibility studies and simulations for optimization, as well as new developments and reliability verifications.
This paper takes the example of plant No. 3 to describe how the method of system selection and to present the design outline.
One of the World’s Biggest Desalination Plants in Dubai: Jebel Ali Gas Turbine and MSF Desalination Station “G”
Authors: Gilli Paul , Stroiβnig Gerhard , Povoden Rudolf 
Published: February 2015

Near the city of Dubai a gas turbine and desalination station is presently being commissioned and has already partly been taken over by the client.
This project has been carried out within 34 months from the award of the order to the acceptance by the client by an international consortium.
Upon its completion the plant will produce 60 million gallons of drinking water per day and will have an electric capacity of 457 MW.
The paper presents the technical concept of steam generators of relatively big capacity and very low steam pressures for the production of saturated steam for two designs, i.e. an oil and gas fired self-supporting steam generator and a waste heat recovery boiler behind a gas turbine including a very powerful supplementary firing system.
Effervescent Atomizers for Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Li Jibao , Lefebvre Arthur H. , Rollbuhler James R. 
Published: February 2015

An experimental investigation is conducted into the potential of effervescent atomizers as fuel injectors for gas turbine engines. The designs studied include three different configurations of multihole effervescent atomizers and an effervescent/airblast hybrid atomizer. In all tests the liquid employed is water. The spray characteristics investigated include drop size distributions and liquid flux distributions within the spray. The results obtained show that multi hole effervesent atomizers combine good atomization with uniform liquid flux distribution. This makes them especially suitable for application to annular combustors because they allow appreciable reductions to be made 1n the number of fuel injectors needed to achieve uniform circumferential fuel distribution. The hybrid atomizer also combines good atomization with the capability of wide cone angles.
The only drawback exhibited by these atomizers is the need for a separate supply of atomizing air. This drawback could restrict their applications to non-aeronautical gas turbine engines.
Computer aided detection of surgical retained foreign object for prevention
Authors: Hadjiiski Lubomir , Marentis Theodore C. , Chaudhury Amrita R. , Rondon Lucas , Chronis Nikolaos , Chan Heang‐Ping 
Published: February 2015

Purpose:Surgical retained foreign objects (RFOs) have significant morbidity and mortality. They are associated with approximately $1.5 × 109annually in preventable medical costs. The detection accuracy of radiographs for RFOs is a mediocre 59%. The authors address the RFO problem with two complementary technologies: a three‐dimensional (3D) gossypiboma micro tag, theμTag that improves the visibility of RFOs on radiographs, and a computer aided detection (CAD) system that detects theμTag. It is desirable for the CAD system to operate in a high specificity mode in the operating room (OR) and function as a first reader for the surgeon. This allows for fast point of care results and seamless workflow integration. The CAD system can also operate in a high sensitivity mode as a second reader for the radiologist to ensure the highest possible detection accuracy.Methods:The 3D geometry of theμTag produces a similar two dimensional (2D) depiction on radiographs regardless of its orientation in the human body and ensures accurate detection by a radiologist and the CAD. The authors created a data set of 1800 cadaver images with the 3DμTag and other common man‐made surgical objects positioned randomly. A total of 1061 cadaver images contained a singleμTag and the remaining 739 were withoutμTag. A radiologist marked the location of theμTag using an in‐house developed graphical user interface. The data set was partitioned into three independent subsets: a training set, a validation set, and a test set, consisting of 540, 560, and 700 images, respectively. A CAD system with modules that included preprocessingμTag enhancement, labeling, segmentation, feature analysis, classification, and detection was developed. The CAD system was developed using the training and the validation sets.Results:On the training set, the CAD achieved 81.5% sensitivity with 0.014 false positives (FPs) per image in a high specificity mode for the surgeons in the OR and 96.1% sensitivity with 0.81 FPs per image in a high sensitivity mode for the radiologists. On the independent test set, the CAD achieved 79.5% sensitivity with 0.003 FPs per image in a high specificity mode for the surgeons and 90.2% sensitivity with 0.23 FPs per image in a high sensitivity mode for the radiologists.Conclusions:To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a 3DμTag is used to produce a recognizable, substantially similar 2D projection on radiographs regardless of orientation in space. It is the first time a CAD system is used to search for man‐made objects over anatomic background. The CAD system for theμTags achieved reasonable performance in both the high specificity and the high sensitivity modes.
Peptidyl Aldehyde NK-1.8k Suppresses Enterovirus 71 and Enterovirus 68 Infection by Targeting Protease 3C
Authors: Wang Yaxin , Yang Ben , Zhai Yangyang , Yin Zheng , Sun Yuna , Rao Zihe 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Enterovirus (EV) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in the Pacific-Asia region. In particular, EV71 causes severe central nervous system infections, and the fatality rates from EV71 infection are high. Moreover, an outbreak of respiratory illnesses caused by an emerging EV, EV68, recently occurred among over 1,000 young children in the United States and was also associated with neurological infections. Although enterovirus has emerged as a considerable global public health threat, no antiviral drug for clinical use is available. In the present work, we screened our compound library for agents targeting viral protease and identified a peptidyl aldehyde, NK-1.8k, that inhibits the proliferation of different EV71 strains and one EV68 strain and that had a 50% effective concentration of 90 nM. Low cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration, >200 μM) indicated a high selective index of over 2,000. We further characterized a single amino acid substitution inside protease 3C (3C
pro
), N69S, which conferred EV71 resistance to NK-1.8k, possibly by increasing the flexibility of the substrate binding pocket of 3C
pro
. The combination of NK-1.8k and an EV71 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor or entry inhibitor exhibited a strong synergistic anti-EV71 effect. Our findings suggest that NK-1.8k could potentially be developed for anti-EV therapy.
Antibiotic-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli High-Risk Clones and an IncFII
k
Mosaic Plasmid Hosting Tn
1
(
bla
TEM-4
) in Isolates from 1990 to 2004
Authors: Rodríguez Irene , Novais Ângela , Lira Felipe , Valverde Aránzazu , Curião Tânia , Martínez José Luis , Baquero Fernando , Cantón Rafael , Coque Teresa M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

We describe the genetic background of
bla
TEM-4
and the complete sequence of pRYC11::
bla
TEM-4
, a mosaic plasmid that is highly similar to pKpQIL-like variants, predominant among TEM-4 producers in a Spanish hospital (1990 to 2004), which belong to
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Escherichia coli
high-risk clones responsible for the current spread of different antibiotic resistance genes. Predominant populations of plasmids and host adapted clonal lineages seem to have greatly contributed to the spread of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.
Effects of Raltegravir or Elvitegravir Resistance Signature Mutations on the Barrier to Dolutegravir Resistance
In Vitro
Authors: Seki Takahiro , Suyama-Kagitani Akemi , Kawauchi-Miki Shinobu , Miki Shigeru , Wakasa-Morimoto Chiaki , Akihisa Erika , Nakahara Koichiro , Kobayashi Masanori , Underwood Mark R. , Sato Akihiko , Fujiwara Tamio , Yoshinaga Tomokazu 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

The recently approved HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir (DTG) (S/GSK1349572) has overall advantageous activity when tested
in vitro
against HIV-1 with raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) resistance signature mutations. We conducted an
in vitro
resistance selection study using wild-type HIV-1 and mutants with the E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, Q148H, Q148K, Q148R, and N155H substitutions to assess the DTG
in vitro
barrier to resistance. No viral replication was observed at concentrations of ≥32 nM DTG, whereas viral replication was observed at 160 nM RAL or EVG in the mutants. In the Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R mutants, G140S/Q148H, E138K/Q148K, E138K/Q148R, and G140S/Q148R secondary mutations were identified with each INSTI and showed high resistance to RAL or EVG but limited resistance to DTG. E138K and G140S, as secondary substitutions to Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R, were associated with partial recovery in viral infectivity and/or INSTI resistance. In the E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, and N155H mutants, no secondary substitutions were associated with DTG. These
in vitro
results suggest that DTG has a high barrier to the development of resistance in the presence of RAL or EVG signature mutations other than Q148. One explanation for this high barrier to resistance is that no additional secondary substitution of E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, or N155H simultaneously increased the fold change in 50% effective concentration (EC
50
) to DTG and infectivity. Although increased DTG resistance via the Q148 pathway and secondary substitutions occurs at low concentrations, a higher starting concentration may reduce or eliminate the development of DTG resistance in this pathway
in vitro
.
Activity of Debio1452, a FabI Inhibitor with Potent Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus spp., Including Multidrug-Resistant Strains
Authors: Flamm Robert K. , Rhomberg Paul R. , Kaplan Nachum , Jones Ronald N. , Farrell David J. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusand coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are responsible for a wide variety of human infections. The investigational antibacterial Debio1450 (previously AFN-1720), a prodrug of Debio1452 (previously AFN-1252), specifically targets staphylococci without significant activity against other Gram-positive or Gram-negative species. Debio1452 inhibits FabI, an enzyme critical to fatty acid biosynthesis in staphylococci. The activity of Debio1452 against CoNS, methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA), and methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA), including significant clones, was determined. A globally diverse collection of 574 patient isolates from 35 countries was tested that included CoNS (6 species, 103 strains), MSSA (154 strains), MRSA (163 strains), and molecularly characterized strains (includingspa-typed MRSA clones; 154 strains). The isolates were tested for susceptibility by CLSI broth microdilution methods against Debio1452 and 10 comparators. The susceptibility rates for the comparators were determined using CLSI and EUCAST breakpoint criteria. AllS. aureusand CoNS strains were inhibited by Debio1452 concentrations of ≤0.12 and ≤0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC50s for MSSA, MRSA, and molecularly characterized MRSA strains were 0.004 μg/ml, and the MIC90s ranged from 0.008 to 0.03 μg/ml. The MICs were higher for the CoNS isolates (MIC50/90, 0.015/0.12 μg/ml). AmongS. aureusstrains, resistance was common for erythromycin (61.6%), levofloxacin (49.0%), clindamycin (27.6%), tetracycline (15.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7.0%). Debio1452 demonstrated potent activity against MSSA, MRSA, and CoNS. Debio1452 showed significantly greater activity overall (MIC50, 0.004 μg/ml) than the other agents tested against these staphylococcal species, which included dominant MRSA clones and strains resistant to currently utilized antimicrobial agents.
Proteomic-Based Approach To Gain Insight into Reprogramming of THP-1 Cells Exposed to Leishmania donovani over an Early Temporal Window
Authors: Singh Alok Kumar , Pandey Rajeev Kumar , Siqueira-Neto Jair Lage , Kwon Yong-Jun , Freitas-Junior Lucio H. , Shaha Chandrima , Madhubala Rentala 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTLeishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. It lives and multiplies within the harsh environment of macrophages. In order to investigate how intracellular parasite manipulate the host cell environment, we undertook a quantitative proteomic study of human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1) following infection withL. donovani. We used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to compare expression profiles of noninfected andL. donovani-infected THP-1 cells. We detected modifications of protein expression in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, suggesting a global reprogramming of cell metabolism by the parasite. An increased abundance of proteins involved in gene transcription, RNA splicing (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins [hnRNPs]), histones, and DNA repair and replication was observed at 24 h postinfection. Proteins involved in cell survival and signal transduction were more abundant at 24 h postinfection. Several of the differentially expressed proteins had not been previously implicated in response to the parasite, while the others support the previously identified proteins. Selected proteomics results were validated by real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses. Similar changes were observed inL. donovani-infected human monocyte-derived primary macrophages. The effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene knockdown of proteins validated the relevance of the host quantitative proteomic screen. Our findings indicate that the host cell proteome is modulated afterL. donovaniinfection, provide evidence for global reprogramming of cell metabolism, and demonstrate the complex relations between the host and parasite at the molecular level.
Analysis of the Activity and Regulon of the Two-Component Regulatory System Composed by Cjj81176_1484 and Cjj81176_1483 of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Luethy Paul M. , Huynh Steven , Parker Craig T. , Hendrixson David R. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTCampylobacter jejuniis a leading cause of bacterial diarrheal disease and a frequent commensal of the intestinal tract in poultry and other animals. For optimal growth and colonization of hosts,C. jejuniemploys two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) to monitor environmental conditions and promote proper expression of specific genes. We analyzed the potential ofC. jejuniCjj81176_1484(Cjj1484) andCjj81176_1483(Cjj1483) to encode proteins of a cognate TCS that influences expression of genes possibly important forC. jejunigrowth and colonization. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the regulons of the Cjj81176_1484 (Cjj1484) histidine kinase and the Cjj81176_1483 (Cjj1483) response regulator contain many common genes, suggesting that these proteins likely form a cognate TCS. We found that this TCS generally functions to repress expression of specific proteins with roles in metabolism, iron/heme acquisition, and respiration. Furthermore, the TCS repressed expression ofCjj81176_0438andCjj81176_0439, which had previously been found to encode a gluconate dehydrogenase complex required for commensal colonization of the chick intestinal tract. However, the TCS and other specific genes whose expression is repressed by the TCS were not required for colonization of chicks. We observed that the Cjj1483 response regulator binds target promoters in both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms and influences expression of some specific genes independently of the Cjj1484 histidine kinase. This work further expands the signaling mechanisms ofC. jejuniand provides additional insights regarding the complex and multifactorial regulation of many genes involved in basic metabolism, respiration, and nutrient acquisition that the bacterium requires for optimal growth in different environments.IMPORTANCEBacterial two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) link environmental cues to expression of specific genes that enable optimal bacterial growth or colonization of hosts. We found that theCampylobacter jejuniCjj1484 histidine kinase and Cjj1483 response regulator function as a cognate TCS to largely repress expression of target genes encoding a gluconate dehydrogenase complex required for commensal colonization of the chick intestinal tract, as well as other genes encoding proteins for heme or iron acquisition, metabolism, and respiration. We also discovered different modes by which Cjj1483 may mediate repression with and without Cjj1484. This work provides insight into the signal transduction mechanisms of a leading cause of bacterial diarrheal disease and emphasizes the multifactorial and complex regulation of specific biological processes inC. jejuni.