bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La pneumopathie atypique à coronavirus de l'homme
Authors: Manuguerra Jean-Claude , Fleury Marianne , Rathat Christian , An Kim 
Published: October 2014

Ayant participé lui-même à la mission française envoyée à Hanoï pour soutenir l’équipe médicale de l’Hôpital français et étudier l’épidémie de Syndrome Respiratoire Aigu Sévère (SRAS), l’auteur décrit la chronologie des événements, les aspects épidémiologiques locaux (en les comparant à ceux des autres points chauds de l’épidémie, Hong Kong, Chine, Singapour, Toronto) et la modélisation de l’épidémie en fonction des scénarios théoriques des mesures de prévention.
Il décrit ensuite la démarche qui a conduit les chercheurs à éliminer certaines hypothèses étiologiques pour aboutir à établir le rôle d’un coronavirus nouveau. Passant ensuite en revue les connaissances sur le coronavirus responsable du SRAS, il expose l’état des méthodes de diagnostic, de la recherche des anticorps, la résistance du virus et souligne les nombreux points qui restent à tirer au clair.
Les dernières informations concernant l’épidémie permettent un certain optimisme à court terme, mais certaines caractéristiques de l’épidémie, notamment l’existence probable de porteurs sains de virus sur une longue période et la possibilité de réservoirs animaux de virus, font craindre l’éventualité d’un redémarrage hivernal.
Avenir du statut des professions libérales réglementées en Europe : A travers l'analyse de Monsieur Étienne Lampert, vice président de l'Ordre des experts comptables et animateur du CLIO Français
Authors: Rondeau Christian 
Published: October 2014

Although the function and organisation of professions are not contested by the French authorities, their special status has been challenged recently by the European Union, in an attempt to reduce the current level of regulations, based on the principle of the free circulation of workers and competition law. The author reports recent facts which have alerted these regulated professions.
The professional organisations responded to these attacks by declaring that regulations are designed to guarantee the safety of European users and consumers. The author describes the guarantees protecting the interests of both the professionals and their clients or patients : guarantees of competence, probity, independence, personal liability, confidentiality and professional secrecy. To ensure that these professional rules are correctly implemented, parapublic or private regulatory organisations must be set-up, with legal and financial power suited to the nature of their prerogatives, i. e. power to monitor the activity and to take disciplinary measures, elaboration of rules of professional conduct or of a code of deontology.
The European desire to improve the free circulation of services for all regulated professions will eventually lead to a reduction in regulatory constraints. These professions will therefore have to watch these changes and modify their own rules accordingly as appropriate. The veterinary profession took a novel step by creating within the European Veterinary Federation a new section responsible for the accreditation to practice within the countries of the European Union. The assignments of this structure are briefly described.
Exploration de la fonction visuelle sensorielle chez l'animal : Deuxième partie : ERG chez l'animal
Authors: Rosolen Serge Georges , Rigaudière Florence 
Published: October 2014

L’électrorétinogramme (ERG) représente la réponse électrophysiologique de la rétine à une stimulation lumineuse brève (flash) ou à des variations brèves de l’organisation spatiale de la luminance (pattern, multifocal). La réponse obtenue est proportionnelle au nombre de photorécepteurs mis en activité ainsi qu’à la surface rétinienne fonctionnelle. L’ERG peut traduire préférentiellement la réponse du système des cônes ou celle du système des bâtonnets selon la composition (facteurs temporel, énergétique, spatial et spectral) de la stimulation utilisée, l’ambiance dans laquelle est effectué l’examen, l’état d’adaptation de la rétine au moment de l’examen et les caractéristiques anatomo-physiologiques de l’espèce étudiée. Chez l’animal, les stimulations binoculaires de type plein champ sont effectuées sous anesthésie générale. Le signal recueilli (de l’ordre du microvolt) doit être amplifié et filtré.
L’ERG est constitué par une succession d’ondes caractérisées par leur morphologie, leur amplitude et leur temps de culmination. L’ERG flash est obtenu en utilisant une stimulation (blanche ou colorée) de niveau lumineux variable (scotopique ou photopique), délivrée à basse fréquence temporelle (0.1Hz-4Hz). La première déflection négative (onde a) reflète la cinétique de l’hyperpolarisation des photorécepteurs. Elle est suivie d’une première déflexion positive (onde b) traduisant l’activité du complexe cellules bipolaires/cellules de Müller et d’une seconde déflexion positive (onde i) traduisant l’activité des cellules ganglionnaires et/ou du nerf optique. L’ERG flicker est obtenu en utilisant le même type de stimulation à haute fréquence temporelle (10Hz-30Hz). L’ERG pattern et l’ERG multifocal permettent d’effectuer des stimulations rétiniennes localisées. Elles sont utilisées, chez l’homme, pour étudier la fonction maculaire.
Chez l’animal, l’ERG apporte des renseignements sur le fonctionnement rétinien lorsque le fond d’oeil n’est pas visible (kératites pigmentaires, cataractes, hyalites), lors d’atteintes rétiniennes hérédo-dégénératives (dystrophies, dysplasies des photorécepteurs, etc.) et lors de troubles du comportement impliquant la fonction visuelle. C’est un examen objectif et complémentaire qui doit être replacé dans son contexte clinique. Il permet également de quantifier les effets secondaires des xénobiotiques dans les études pharmacologiques et toxicologiques.
Données actuelles sur l'infection à Histomonas meleagridis chez les volailles
Authors: Zenner Lionel 
Published: October 2014

L’histomonose est une maladie parasitaire affectant les galliformes. Provoquée par un flagellé,
Histomonas meleagridis à cycle très particulier, cette typhlo-hépatite s’était faite quelque peu oublier. En effet, les dindes recevaient en prévention une supplémentation systématique de Dimétridazole ou Nifursol, mais depuis le 31 mars 2003 où le Nifursol a été interdit, il n’existe plus aucune molécule disponible dans la Communauté Européenne. Une telle décision a de graves conséquences et l’histomonose est devenue une pathologie très préoccupante pour toute la filière. Les données actuelles sur cette pathologie sont exposées dans cette revue.
La fièvre catarrhale ovine (ou «bluetongue») dans le nord de l'Europe
Authors: Bréard Emmanuel , Sailleau Corinne , Gorna Kamila , Bounaadja Lotfi , Bahuon Céline , Zientara Stéphan 
Published: October 2014

La fièvre catarrhale ovine, aussi appelée «bluetongue » , est une arbovirose transmise par un moucheron hématophage du genre Culicoïdes. Elle se manifeste cliniquement principalement chez les moutons et se traduit par une infection généralisée et grave. Depuis sa réapparition en Europe en 1998, cinq sérotypes (1, 2, 4, 9 et 16) sur les 24 existants ont été recensés dans de nombreux pays du pourtour méditerranéen. En France, seulement la région Corse a subi quatre épizooties impliquant les sérotypes 2, 4 et 16. En 2006, de façon inattendue, la bluetongue (sérotype 8) a émergé en Belgique, Allemagne, Pays bas, France et au Luxembourg. La symptomatologie associée à cette épizootie a de quoi surprendre, puisque les bovins présentent des signes cliniques de gravité variable, alors que classiquement, le virus de la bluetongue ne provoque que très rarement des manifestations cliniques dans cette espèce. Les caractéristiques de cette épizootie, les méthodes de diagnostic et les moyens prophylactiques seront présentés dans cet article.
RÉSUMÉ
La leptospirose : Les défis actuels d'une ancienne maladie
Authors: Ristow Paula 
Published: October 2014

Leptospirosis : current challenges of an old disease

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease which affects man and animals, and is considered as the most common zoonosis worldwide. Every year, it is responsible for serious epidemics in tropical and developing countries. The pathogen is Leptospira interrogans, an extremely mobile and helicoidal spirochete. The clinical presentation of leptospirosis varies due to the diversity within the genus Leptospira
and its complex epidemiology. Several mammal species may develop leptospirosis, mainly in its chronic form, and thus act as reservoirs for the disease. Human leptospirosis, or Weil’s disease, has a high mortality rate and is caused by Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. The vaccination of man and animals has limited effects because vaccines are specific to the serovar and induce only a short-term immunity. The microagglutination test (MAT) used for the diagnosis of leptospirosis also has limitations, such as the inability to identify the early stage of the disease. However, progress is expected in diagnostic procedures, as the recently sequenced genome of Leptospira and the development of specific genetic tools mark the beginning of the post-genomic era in research on spirochetes. Our efforts are currently turned towards the understanding of leptospiral virulence mechanisms, as well as the development of more effective vaccines and diagnostic tests. The Spirochetes’ Biology Unit at Institut Pasteur, Paris, has just identified the first leptospiral virulence factor, Loa22, a protein of the OmpA family exposed on the cell surface of the bacteria. Loa22 is a candidate for the development of a vaccine.
Actualités sur les zoonose émergentes et résurgentes
Authors: Brugère-Picoux Jeanne , Kodjo Angeli 
Published: October 2014

News on emerging and resurging zoonoses

Emerging and resurging zoonoses, with their sometimes dramatic medical and/or economic consequences, are becoming an increasing problem due to the intensification of human and animal movements, environmental changes, and the risk of bioterrorism. Veterinary surgeons play a key role in our improving understanding of these diseases, as over 70% of human infectious diseases have an animal reservoir. The origin of theses zoonoses may be food, e. g. infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli or Cryptosporidium parvum, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Others have emerged in immunocompromised patients. Some zoonoses are more frequent among people working in animal husbandry (leptospirosis, brucellosis, avian chlamydophilosis, porcine streptococcal infection, Nipah and Hendra virus infections, hantavirus infection). The emergence or extension of tick-borne viral and bacterial infections (with vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes) is remarkable : West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Rift valley fever, bartonelloses, ehrlichiosis… It is important to identify the animal reservoir of these emerging zoonoses : production animals (avian influenza due to the highly pathogenic virus of subtype H5N1, hepatitis E…), pets (methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus, leishmaniasis…), exotic animals (salmonellosis, tularemia, hantavirosis), or wild animals (especially bats and rodents). Finally, some animal diseases may potentially become zoonoses (Borna disease, paratuberculosis, encephalomyocarditis…). A close collaboration between veterinary and human medicines is essential to update regularly the priorities of the control programmes for these zoonosis.
Les prescriptions religieuses de l'islam et la consommation des chairs animales : portée hygiénique et sanitaire
Authors: Benelmouffok Ahmed 
Published: October 2014

Les prescriptions religieuses de l’Islam, relatives à la consommation des chairs animales, sont tirées essentiellement de deux sourates du Coran (Les bestiaux et La table servie) et de la Sira ou Hadith. Les chairs licites et illicites édictées par ces prescriptions sont exposées. Les chairs licites sont obtenues après abattage rituel ou Debh. Celui-ci est comparé aux techniques occidentales d’abattage et à l’abattage rituel juif ou Shehita. L’abattage du dromadaire (Nahr) est spécifique ; ce procédé d’abattage est décrit en incluant la variante particulière au sud algérien. L’étude de la portée hygiénique et sanitaire des prescriptions de l’Islam, révélées il y a plus de treize siècles, montre que ces prescriptions édictées (excepté la chair de porc et le sang) gardent encore toute leur validité de nos jours. Sous leur apparence rigide, ces prescriptions ne sont pas absolues et des tolérances sont prévues dans le texte sacré :
-hormis ce qui est interdit, les mets préparés par les adeptes des gens du livre (juifs et chrétiens) sont licites pour les musulmans (en cas de nécessité ou Dharora) ;
-en cas de famine, la chair des porcs et des ânes domestiques peuvent être consommées.
Résultats de la surveillance de maladies animales réputées contagieuses (MARC) dans la faune sauvage en France
Authors: Hars Jean , Rossi Sophie 
Published: October 2014

Results of the surveillance of regulated contagious diseases in the french wildlife.
The FrenchMinistry of Agriculture, the National Hunting andWildlife Agency (ONCFS) and the hunters’ associations are increasingly concerned with the impact of wildlife diseases on livestock and human health. The demographic growth of some wild species is further increasing this risk. In France, wildlife diseases aremonitored passively through the SAGIR network, whose objective is to diagnose the causes of wildlife mortality, and actively by targeting certain species and diseases with a major economic or public health impact. This surveillance programhas shown for instance that wild boars act as a reservoir for Brucella suis biovar 2 and the Aujeszky’s disease virus, and that they are responsible for the contamination of open-air pig farms, as well as for the persistence for over fifteen years of the virus of classical swine fever in the North-East of France and in other parts of Europe. Oral vaccination of wild boars had been thus implemented since 2004 in order to control the enzooty. Since 2001, cases of bovine tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis have been identified in red deer and wild boar in several areas of France, which threaten disease-free livestock. Likewise, the question of a possible role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of Bluetongue disease is being raised. Finally, wild birds constitute uncontrollable reservoirs for influenza and West Nile viruses, among others, and may threaten domestic poultry, humans or horses. The sanitary status of wild species is thus increasingly taken into account in the management and control of livestock diseases.
Empreinte génomique parentale
Authors: Guénet Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2014

Parental genomic imprinting.
In placental mammals, certain genes are expressed dependent on whether they arematernally or paternally inherited. This functional asymmetry, leading to monoallelic expression, is not due to a change in the primary structure of the encoding DNA but, on the contrary, is caused by reversible epigenetic changes in chromatin structure influencing the transcription. Genomic imprinting concerns only a small proportion of genes but it plays a major role during embryonic development and its dysregulation can lead to serious diseases. Its purpose is not yet fully established and is still the subject of speculation.
L'électroporation dans le traitement des cancers: l'électrochimiothérapie antitumorale
Authors: Mir Lluis M. 
Published: October 2014

Electroporation in cancer treatment : the antitumor electrochemotherapy.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel anticancer therapy, combining the delivery of electric impulses, which increase cellmembrane permeability, with that of cytotoxic drugs that normally penetrate poorly into cells, and whose activity is thus potentiated. After several years of development of the concept, instrumentation and operational procedures, ECT is now being used increasingly in human medicine. Veterinary clinical studies have shown the efficacy of this approach in the treatment of solid tumours in cats, dogs and horses. As it is effective, easy to use, has no side effects and is inexpensive, the use of ECT is expected to expand in veterinary clinical practice as well. ECT concept, bases, and outcomes in canidae, felidae and equidae are reported in this communication.
Regard actuel sur la biologie et la nature des agents responsables des encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles
Authors: Laude Hubert 
Published: October 2014

Inhibition of dna double-strand breaks repair : a target in radiotherapy and chemotherapy in oncology ?
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are caused by prions. Since their discovery, these atypical agents have raised many questions. Like conventional infectious agents such as viruses, they are characterised by strain variations, species specificity and tissue tropism, all relevant properties in terms of public health. This communication provides a brief overview of advances in biology of prions and of the progresses toward a formal validation of the concept whereby these agents lack a genome, and use of a host-encoded protein as their active component.
L’innovation dans le domaine de la biologie: de Louis Pasteur aux réseaux sociaux sur internet
Authors: Derégnaucourt J. 
Published: October 2014

Innovation in biology : from louis pasteur to internet social networks
Throughout his scientific career, Louis Pasteur developed numerous applications for his research, thus providing many examples of the innovation process. The context of his innovations remained relatively stable until the ‘ 60s and ‘ 70s, but major changes have occurred since then, involving aspects such as regulations, ethics, social acceptance, precautionary principle, etc. The emergence of social networks on the Internet also led to new practices, such as cloud computing and collective intelligence.
Women and Sufism: Religious Expression and the Political Sphere in Contemporary Morocco
Authors: El Haitami Meriem 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
The sociopolitical changes in postmodern Morocco have reshuffled the dynamics of women's in/visibility within the Sufi tradition and redefined parameters of religious authority, especially after the 2003 Casablanca terrorist attacks that prompted the Moroccan government to promote Sufism as a tolerant expression of Islam to counteract religious extremism. This article explores gender dynamics within Morocco's Sufi tradition and women's complex relationship with the public sphere, and traces women's different styles of participation and leadership. This article also addresses the extent to which Morocco's official Islam provides a broader role for women than other forms of Islam and increases their presence and visibility in the religious sphere.
A Review of Preanalytical Factors Affecting Molecular, Protein, and Morphological Analysis of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissue: How Well Do You Know Your FFPE Specimen?
Authors: Bass B. Paige , Engel Kelly B. , Greytak Sarah R. , Moore Helen M. 
Published: October 2014

ContextFormalin fixation and paraffin embedding is a timeless, cost-efficient, and widely adopted method of preserving human tissue biospecimens that has resulted in a substantial reservoir of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks that represent both the pathology and preanalytical handling of the biospecimen. This reservoir of specimens is increasingly being used for DNA, RNA, and proteomic analyses.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of preanalytical factors associated with the formalin fixation and paraffin embedding process on downstream morphological and molecular endpoints.Data SourcesWe surveyed the existing literature using the National Cancer Institute's Biospecimen Research Database for published reports investigating the potential influence of preanalytical factors associated with the formalin fixation and paraffin embedding process on DNA, RNA, protein, and morphological endpoints.ConclusionsBased on the literature evidence, the molecular, proteomic, and morphological endpoints can be altered in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens by suboptimal processing conditions. While the direction and magnitude of effects associated with a given preanalytical factor were dependent on the analyte (DNA, RNA, protein, and morphology) and analytical platform, acceptable conditions are highlighted, and a summary of conditions that could preclude analysis is provided.
Validation of a Next-Generation–Sequencing Cancer Panel for Use in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Simen Birgitte B. , Yin Lina , Goswami Chirayu P. , Davis Kathleen O. , Bajaj Renu , Gong Jerald Z. , Peiper Stephen C. , Johnson Erica S. , Wang Zi-Xuan 
Published: October 2014

Context
Next-generation sequencing allows for high-throughput processing and sensitive variant detection in multiple genes from small samples. For many diseases, including cancer, a comprehensive mutational profile of a targeted list of genes can be used to simultaneously inform patient care, establish eligibility for ongoing clinical trials, and further research.

Objective
To validate a pan-cancer, next-generation–sequencing assay for use in the clinical laboratory.

Design
DNA was extracted from 68 clinical specimens (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded; fine-needle aspirates; peripheral blood; or bone marrow) and 5 normal controls. Sixty-four DNA samples (94%; 64 of 68) were successfully processed with the TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel (Illumina Inc, San Diego, California) and sequenced in 4 sequencing runs. The data were analyzed at 4 different filter settings for sequencing coverage and variant frequency cutoff.

Results
Libraries created from 40 specimens could be successfully sequenced in a single run and still yield sufficient coverage for robust data analysis of individual samples. Sensitivity for mutation detection down to 5% was demonstrated using dilutions of clinical specimens and control samples. The test was highly repeatable and reproducible and showed 100% concordance with clinically validated Sanger sequencing results. Comparison to an alternate next-generation sequencing technology was performed by also processing 9 of the specimens with the AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel (version 2; Life Technologies, Grand Island, New York). Thirty of the 31 (97%) TruSeq-detected variants covered by the designs of both panels were confirmed.

Conclusion
A sensitive, high-throughput, pan-cancer mutation panel for sequencing of cancer hot-spot mutations in 42 genes was validated for routine use in clinical testing.
Advanced Feeder-Free Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Directly From Blood Cells
Authors: Trokovic Ras , Weltner Jere , Nishimura Ken , Ohtaka Manami , Nakanishi Mahito , Salomaa Veikko , Jalanko Anu , Otonkoski Timo , Kyttälä Aija 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Generation of validated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for biobanking is essential for exploring the full potential of iPSCs in disease modeling and drug discovery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are attractive targets for reprogramming, because blood is collected by a routine clinical procedure and is a commonly stored material in biobanks. Generation of iPSCs from blood cells has previously been reported using integrative retroviruses, episomal Sendai viruses, and DNA plasmids. However, most of the published protocols require expansion and/or activation of a specific cell population from PBMCs. We have recently collected a PBMC cohort from the Finnish population containing more than 2,000 subjects. Here we report efficient generation of iPSCs directly from PBMCs in feeder-free conditions in approximately 2 weeks. The produced iPSC clones are pluripotent and transgene-free. Together, these properties make this novel method a powerful tool for large-scale reprogramming of PBMCs and for iPSC biobanking.