bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Vibrational, Excitation in the Formation of 4‐Center Transition States
Authors: Lifshitz A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe experimental results describing the kinetics of the interaction between hydrogen and deuterium obtained by Farkas and Farkas are discussed in the light of the recently derived rate constants of the reactions: H2 + M → H + H + M and H + D2 → HD + D. It is suggested that in the early study of this exchange reaction, the dissociation of hydrogen occurred under heterogeneous conditions, so that the conclusions regarding the relative rates of the various steps in the exchange scheme are not entirely correct. A technique which provides purely homogeneous conditions at high temperatures is briefly described, and recent experimental results obtained in various exchange studies are presented. It is shown that under homogeneous conditions, at the temperature range over which exchange readily occurs, dissociation processes are slow, and the free radicals are present in too small concentrations for a free radical mechanism to contribute to the observed rate of exchange. The experimental results suggest that exchange occurs via a 4‐center intermediate, but not as a result of a hard collision between the exchanging molecules. A reaction may occur only if one of the molecules is excited to a critical vibrational state before colliding with its exchange partner. In a few diatomic molecules where the efficiency of translation → vibration energy exchange is not very high, the rate of vibrational excitation determines the rate of exchange. For one typical study, an evaluation of the rate of vibrational excitation from available data on translation → vibration transition probabilities is described. The agreement between the calculated and the experimental rates is excellent.
Luminescent Characteristics of Silicate Glasses Doped with Rare Earths Under Monochromatic Excitation
Authors: Reisfeld R. , Honigbaum A. , Michaeli G. , Harel L. , Ish‐Shalom M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMeasurements of emission spectra and decay times of Eu3+, Sm3+ Tb3+, Dy3+ and Gd3+ and their concentration dependence were taken in silicate glasses, in the concentration range 0.05–1.00 weight percent, under monochromatic excitation. The results are compared with those obtained in borate glasses. The lower intensities of the main emission lines for all the five R. E., the longer decay times for Tb3+ and Sm3+ and the shift to shorter wavelengths for Eu3+ and Sm3+ are explained in terms of the lower field strength seen by the R. E. in silicate glasses and smaller energy transfer probabilities.
Metalation Reaction. IV. The Metalation of 1, 5‐Diphenylpentadienes
Authors: Brenner S. , Klein J. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract1,5‐Diphenyl‐1,3‐ and 1,4‐pentadienes were prepared and their geometrical isomers separated and characterized. The metalation of any of these compounds gave a single pentadienyl anion, to which an all trans conformation was assigned. The protonation of this anion yielded 1, 5‐diphenyl‐1,3‐pentadiene.
Fulvenes and Thermochromic Ethylenes. Part 55 The Mass Spectra of Some Fulvalenes and Related Compounds
Authors: Rabinovitz M. , Agranat I. , Shapiro D. , Bergmann E. D. , Lifshitz Chava 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fragmentation pathways of tetrabenzoheptafulvalene and tetrabenzopentaheptafulvalene are discussed and compared with the fragmentation of tetrabenzofulvalene. In the corresponding systems in which the central bond is saturated (“dihydrofulvalenes”), electron impact causes fission of this bond. Some related compounds have also been investigated.
SIMULATING WATER FLOW AND SALT LEACHING UNDER SEQUENTIAL FLOODING BETWEEN SUBSURFACE DRAINS
Authors: Mirjat M. S. , Mughal A. Q. , Chandio A. S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStreamline behaviour and solute transport were investigated under sequential flooding situations using a HYDRUS‐2D/3D model. HYDRUS‐simulated solute breakthrough curves exhibit a similar shape as measured curves but breakthrough is slightly delayed. This might be caused by slightly different properties (particularly particle size distribution) of silica sand used to determine solute transport and van Genuchten parameters.The breakthrough curves for comparable flooding scenarios under both lower and upper drains suggest that uniform leaching is evident through sequential increase from ¼, ½, ¾, and complete flooding. This suggests that higher leaching efficiency under sequential flooding strategy is possible when compared to complete flooding.Visual and quantitative comparison of model simulations shows a very close match to Hele‐Shaw cell experiments. Based on simulation results of this study, it is evident that the HYDRUS 2D/3D model is a powerful tool for efficient use of scarce water resources and could successfully be used for leaching excess salts in arid and semi‐arid regions. Results by Skaggs et al. (2004) supported the use of HYDRUS‐2D and they recommended it as a tool for designing and management of drip irrigation systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of microalgae oil extraction under ultrasound and microwave irradiation
Authors: Bermúdez Menéndez José Miguel , Arenillas Ana , Menéndez Díaz Jose Ángel , Boffa Luisa , Mantegna Stefano , Binello Arianna , Cravotto Giancarlo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicroalgae are one of the most promising biofuel sources that the world has to offer; nevertheless the conversion process is hampered by technical and economic problems that are mainly related to de‐watering and extraction. The efficiency of the process can be dramatically improved by means of non‐conventional techniques such as ultrasound (US) and microwaves (MW). Scaling‐up feasibility is strictly linked to reactor efficiency, energy consumption, environmental impact and overall cost. In the present work, the optimization of lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis gaditana microalga is investigated.RESULTSA series of selected solvent mixtures and procedures have been tested and compared. Conventional extraction procedures with chloroform/methanol mixtures and fast US‐ and MW‐assisted extractions with methanol gave comparable fatty acid (FA) w/w% from dried microalgae. The highest extraction yield and lowest energy consumption was found to occur under MW irradiation, especially at high temperatures and under pressure.CONCLUSIONThis study highlights the advantages of US‐ and MW‐assisted lipid extraction from microalgae, both in terms of efficiency and operational costs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Shedding Light On Policy Coherence for Development: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Sianes Antonio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPolicy Coherence has undoubtedly been one of the catchwords in the international debate on development aid since the 1990s but, as many authors have stated, no generally accepted agreement has been reached on defining the concept. This paper performs a systematic review to date of the literature on Policy Coherence for Development, drawing a conceptual map aimed to put Policy Coherence for Development in its rightful place within the development aid system. Within this framework, some of the main debates on the topic will be outlined in order to contribute to the enhancement of Policy Coherence for Development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking HIV/Aids Programme Evaluation: Lessons from Malaysia and the Philippines
Authors: Chong Susan , Lin Vivian , Barraclough Simon 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFunds to developing countries for HIV/AIDS programmes have noticeably increased. For civil society organisations (CSOs), one challenge of project implementation is the difficulty in assessing their interventions. A qualitative study was conducted in Malaysia and the Philippines with CSOs to identify the obstacles to HIV project evaluation. Twenty‐five bodies—CSOs, donors, governments and the United Nations—in both countries were interviewed. The findings show that despite contrasting political and socio‐economic contexts, both countries' CSOs share similar impediments to evaluation, including the lack of evaluation expertise, inadequate resources, onerous reporting obligations and constraints in evaluating interventions with marginalised groups. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stroboscopic microscopy—direct imaging of structure development and phase separation during spin‐coating
Authors: Toolan Daniel T. W. , Hodgkinson Richard , Howse Jonathan R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSpin‐coated polymer blends possess a rich variety of accessible non‐equilibrium morphologies, formed through a process of phase separation and self‐assembly, the complexities of which remain incompletely understood. The technique of stroboscopic microscopy has now been developed to allow direct observations of microscopic and mesoscopic morphological development during spin‐coating and has afforded unequivocal information regarding morphological development. The technique so far has three modes of operation providing information on topographical, compositional, and crystal development. In this review, we look at the technique's development, its applications and comment on the future potential for this technique. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 17–25
LOCALLY FINITE GROUPS WHOSE SUBGROUPS HAVE FINITE NORMAL OSCILLATION
Authors: DE GIOVANNI F. , MARTUSCIELLO M. , RAINONE C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIf $X$ is a subgroup of a group $G$, the cardinal number $\min \{ \vert X: X_{G}\vert , \vert {X}^{G} : X\vert \} $ is called the normal oscillation of $X$ in $G$. It is proved that if all subgroups of a locally finite group $G$ have finite normal oscillation, then $G$ contains a nilpotent subgroup of finite index.
HISTORY TO UNDERSTAND, AND HISTORY TO REFORM, ENGLISH PUBLIC LAW
Authors: Allison J. W. F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article considers the contentious invocations of history that have become prominent in debates about English public law. It presents them as uses of history not simply to understand English public law but to reform it, through the reconstruction of historic authorities or reappraisal of historical sources. This article addresses the criticism they have attracted by distinguishing different kinds of orthodox and unorthodox reformist history. It advocates their transparent use and thoroughly deliberative history for reformist purposes in public law. It does so in three distinctive ways: first, by suggesting implications of Coke's dictum on causal understanding for whig historical approaches in the common law; secondly, by reassessing Maitland's dichotomy between the lawyer's logic of authority and the historian's logic of evidence; and, thirdly, by arguing that much can be learnt from the methodological caution, deliberation and rigour promoted by comparativists in their developed literature on legal transplants and law reform.
MEDICAL AUXILIARIES AND THE NEGOTIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN COLONIAL NORTH-WESTERN TANZANIA
Authors: Webel Mari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the development and employment of African medical auxiliaries during the German campaign against sleeping sickness in colonial north-western Tanzania. A case study from the kingdom of Kiziba demonstrates how widespread illness and colonial public health interventions intersected with broader political and social change in the early twentieth century. Ziba auxiliaries known as gland-feelers operated within overlapping social and occupational contexts as colonial intermediaries, royal emissaries, and familiar local men. The changing fortunes of the campaign and its auxiliaries illustrate how new public health interventions became a means for the kingdom's population to engage with or avoid both royal and colonial power.
On tamely ramified pro-p-extensions over -extensions of
Authors: ITOH TSUYOSHI , MIZUSAWA YASUSHI 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFor an odd prime numberpand a finite setSof prime numbers congruent to 1 modulop, we consider the Galois group of the maximal pro-p-extension unramified outsideSover the${\mathbb Z}_p$-extension of the rational number field. In this paper, we classify allSsuch that the Galois group is a metacyclic pro-pgroup.
Prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight in Western Australian school-aged children; 2008 compared with 2003
Authors: Martin Karen , Rosenberg Michael , Pratt Iain Stephen , Miller Margaret , McCormack Gavin , Giles-Corti Billie , Magarey Anthea , Bull Fiona , Devine Amanda 
Published: November 2013

AbstractObjectiveDue to rising rates of obesity globally, the present study aimed to examine differences in overweight and underweight prevalence in Western Australian schoolchildren in 2008 compared with 2003.DesignCross-sectional study at two time points; using two-stage stratified sampling, primary and secondary schools in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan Western Australia; sample selected was representative of the State's population figures.SettingsSeventeen primary and thirteen secondary (2008) and nineteen primary and seventeen secondary (2003) schools. Government and non-government funded schools in metropolitan and non-metropolitan (regional/rural) Western Australia were recruited.SubjectsHeight and weight were measured for 1708 (961 primary and 747 secondary) students in 2008 and 1694 (876 primary and 817 secondary) students in 2003.ResultsOverweight and obesity prevalence in primary students was similar in 2008 (22·9 %) to 2003 (23·2 %; P > 0·05). In secondary girls overweight and obesity prevalence dropped from 23·1 % (2003) to 15·9 % (2008; P = 0·002). Secondary boys showed a slight decrease in overweight and obesity prevalence; however, this was not statistically significant (P = 0·102). Higher proportions of underweight in primary girls were observed in 2008 (9·9 %) compared with 2003 (4·2 %; P < 0·001) and in secondary girls in 2008 (9·4 %) compared with 2003 (5·5 %; P < 0·001).ConclusionsPrevalence of overweight and obesity in Western Australian primary students was stable; however, it declined in secondary students. Both primary and secondary girls showed an increase in underweight prevalence. Public health interventions are needed for the high percentage of youth still overweight, whereas the observed increase in underweight girls warrants attention and further investigation.
Structures and interface mapping of the TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules involved in interferon signaling
Authors: Enokizono Yoshiaki , Kumeta Hiroyuki , Funami Kenji , Horiuchi Masataka , Sarmiento Joy , Yamashita Kazuo , Standley Daron M. , Matsumoto Misako , Seya Tsukasa , Inagaki Fuyuhiko 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) homology domains mediate the downstream signaling of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), but the molecular mechanism of the signal transduction is elusive on the structural basis. Here, we determined the structures of TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule (TICAM) 1 and TICAM-2 TIR domains and demonstrated their homotypic and heterotypic interaction surfaces. Both TICAM-1 and TICAM-2 TIR domains form a BB-loop–mediated homodimer. The dimerization of TICAM-2 TIR presents an interaction surface for TICAM-1 TIR. The present result is consistent with the notion that the BB-loop mutant is dominant negative and that dimerization of upstream TIRs is crucial for recruiting downstream TIRs.
Interaction between human Ctf4 and the Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) replicative helicase
Authors: Kang Young-Hoon , Farina Andrea , Bermudez Vladimir P. , Tappin Inger , Du Fang , Galal Wiebke Chemnitz , Hurwitz Jerard 
Published: November 2013

Significance
We describe interaction between the cell division cycle 45 (Cdc45)/minichromosome maintenance 2-7 (Mcm2-7)/Go, Ichi, Nii, and San (GINS) (the CMG complex) and chromosome transmission fidelity 4 (Ctf4). The CMG complex catalyzes parental duplex DNA separation during eukaryotic replication. Ctf4 was reported previously to bind yeast DNA polymerase α (Pol α) and be essential for human DNA replication. Here, we show that human Ctf4 (hCtf4) interacts with human CMG (hCMG) complex to form the dimeric hCtf4–monomeric hCMG complex, which, like hCMG, contains DNA helicase activity. Complex formation involves interactions of hCtf4 with multiple hCMG components. We propose that Ctf4 links the replicative Pol α–primase complex to the replicative helicase, coordinating DNA unwinding and polymerase activities.
The System of Rice Intensification and its Impacts on Household Income and Child Schooling: Evidence from Rural Indonesia
Authors: Takahashi Kazushi , Barrett Christopher B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe yield potential of a set of improved rice management practices, known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), has attracted much attention. Yet we know surprisingly little about SRI's socio‐economic impact. Using data from Indonesia in 2009, this study assesses the impact of SRI on household incomes and child schooling. We find that SRI generates significant estimated yield gains. However, because SRI induces a reallocation of family labor from non‐farm to farm, SRI users enjoy no household income gains. Despite the increased labor demand for farming, we find no evidence that SRI has a child labor effect.
Molecular recognition by the KIX domain and its role in gene regulation
Authors: Thakur Jitendra K. , Yadav Archana , Yadav Gitanjali 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe kinase-inducible domain interacting (KIX) domain is a highly conserved independently folding three-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for transcription factors, whereupon promoter activation and target specificity are achieved during gene regulation. This docking event is a harbinger of an intricate multi-protein assembly at the transcriptional apparatus and is regulated in a highly precise manner in view of the critical role it plays in multiple cellular processes. KIX domains have been characterized in transcriptional coactivators such as p300/CREB-binding protein and mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 15, and even recQ protein-like 5 helicases in various organisms. Their targets are often intrinsically disordered regions within the transactivation domains of transcription factors that attain stable secondary structure only upon complexation with KIX. In this article, we review the KIX domain in terms of its sequence and structure and present the various implications of its ability to act as a transcriptional switch, the mechanistic basis of molecular recognition by KIX, its binding specificity, target promiscuity, combinatorial potential and unique mode of regulation via allostery. We also discuss the possible roles of KIX domains in plants and hope that this review will accelerate scientific interest in KIX and pave the way for novel avenues of research on this critical domain.
Circadian Phase Determines Effects of Repeated Ethanol Vapor Exposure and Withdrawal on Body Temperature and Activity Rhythms of Male Mice
Authors: Damaggio Amanda S. , Gorman Michael R. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundPhysiological responses to acute ethanol (EtOH) injection depend critically on the timing of their administration. Whether daily timing modulates effects of longer intoxication intervals characteristic of alcohol‐dependent humans remains unknown. The present work examines time‐of‐day effects during EtOH exposure and withdrawal measured by locomotor activity (ActLoc) and body temperature (Tb) across multiple rounds of EtOH exposure/withdrawal.MethodsTwo groups of C57BL/6J mice (n = 8 per group), implanted with radio‐telemeters, were entrained to opposite light–dark periods (14:10 LD cycle) so that their rest/activity cycles were 12 hours apart. Under a 2‐hour skeleton photoperiod animals were simultaneously exposed to 3 daily cycles of EtOH vapor inhalation (14 hours EtOH on) and withdrawal (10 hours EtOH off). During this time, air‐only control groups (n = 4 per group) matched for entrainment were handled in a comparable manner. After the third cycle of EtOH vapor, the animals were left undisturbed for 11 days to recover. The 14‐day protocol was repeated 3 additional times.ResultsDuring intoxication, mice exposed to EtOH in the subjective night exhibited greater hypothermia and more overall disruptions in the Tb and ActLoc rhythms. Acute withdrawal induced hypothermia during the subjective night and hyperthermia during the subjective day. Animals in both phases demonstrated significant disruptions in ActLoc during withdrawal. ActLoc had little effect on Tb during EtOH exposure, but it significantly influenced Tb during acute withdrawal.ConclusionsThe physiological responses of both EtOH exposure and withdrawal differ as a function of time of day. These findings suggest that controlling for the circadian phase of exposure and/or withdrawal may mitigate the severity of symptomatic withdrawal.
Development and evaluation of the REACH (Recognise End of life And Care Holistically) out in Dementia toolkit
Authors: Potter Jan M , Fernando Ramesh , Humpel Nancy 
Published: November 2013

AimTo identify evidence based signs and symptoms indicative of end stage dementia, and develop the REACH toolkit as an aid for staff to consider a palliative approach.MethodA systematic literature review was conducted of policy, position documents, guidelines and publications from 1988 to 2011. Inclusion criteria were any report or article identifying the signs and symptoms of end stage dementia which were associated with increased mortality and morbidity.ResultsEight signs and symptoms associated with worsening function and increased mortality were identified. These were incorporated into a toolkit. Experienced clinicians reviewed the toolkit. It was then trialled in six aged care facilities (ACFs) and as a result of the trial 182 residents with dementia were identified as being at the end stage.ConclusionsUse of the toolkit improved the recognition of end stage dementia among staff in ACFs.
OUTPUT–EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP ACROSS SECTORS: A LONG‐ VERSUS SHORT‐RUN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Şahin Afşin , Tansel Aysit , Berument M. Hakan 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the nature of the output–employment relationship by using the Turkish quarterly data for the period 1988–2008. Even if we fail to find a long‐run relationship between aggregate output and total employment, there are long‐run relationships for the aggregate output with non‐agricultural employment and sectoral employment levels for seven of nine sectors that we consider. However, a further investigation for the output and employment relationship within a short‐run perspective does not reveal statistically significant relationships for either total employment or non‐agriculture employment, or eight of the nine sectors that we consider. Although there are various long‐run relationships between output and employment, the short‐run links between demand and employment are weak. The various implications of this for the economy and the labour market are discussed. As a result, maintaining high levels of output in the long‐run creating demand is essential for employment generation.