bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase transitions and symmetry breaking
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the singular changes accompanying a phase transition requires the existence of macroscopic correlations. As a consequence, phase transitions mark a stark departure from the noninteracting and linear responding systems we have considered thus far. Understanding phase transi- tions requires that we study strongly interacting models, pushed far into regimes of nonlinear response. This complication renders detailed studies largely intractable analytically. However, some simplifications exist that allow for a general theory of phase transitions to be developed. These are the notions of universality that accompany phase transition phenomenology, and the ability to classify phase transi- tions simply using ideas of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The former allows us to postulate simple models bereft for molecular detail and yet still provide quantitative predictions for observable behavior. The latter allows us to predict what phases can exist, and understand why phase transitions occur.
Chemical kinetics and rare events
Authors: Limmer David T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Some dynamical processes happen very infrequently, yet when they occur qualitatively alter the subsequent properties of the system. Examples of such rare but important events are chemical reactions, where long lived reactants and products are interconverted through molecular rearrangements that are improbable. Other examples include the dynamics that accompany phase transitions, in which a metastable arrangement of particles is interconverted to a more stable arrangement through a unlikely fluctuation of the system. The perspective we will adopt to describe these processes and the accompanying theoretical formalism to predict the rates at which they occur will leverage the developments in the past chapters. Those historical developments are supplemented with contemporary ideas using path ensembles and dynamical reweighting. By identifying metastable states and the rates at which they interconvert, we also effectively deduce a reduced description of the system’s dynamics in the space of a lower dimensional set of discrete states.
Work at the Intersection of Employment, Education, Training, and Volunteering
Authors: Stewart Andrew , Owens Rosemary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the nature, prevalence, and regulation of three types of work arrangement: apprenticeships, internships (or traineeships), and voluntary work. It considers both the extent to which apprentices, interns, or volunteers can be categorized as employees, so as to be eligible for ‘standard’ labour rights and protections, and the arguments for treating them differently. Those issues raise important questions about whether the non-applicability of labour standards can be justified by a worker’s choice to be trained or to volunteer their labour; about the extent to which work arrangements should be classified according to their purpose; and about whether the type of organization for which work is performed should matter.
Fixed-Term and Zero-Hours Contracts
Authors: Rönnmar Mia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explore the regulation of fixed-term contracts and zero-hours contracts. Fixed-term and zero-hours contracts are contextualized through a discussion on perspectives of employment protection, flexible work and flexicurity, and fundamental rights. The chapter includes a case study of the European Union and an analysis of the evolution and content of EU labour law, and its interplay with national labour law, here represented by Swedish labour law and industrial relations. The analysis reflects scholarly and policy debates, indicates potential for legal innovation, and points to a complex set of ‘building blocks’ in the regulation of fixed-term contracts and zero-hours contracts at international, EU/European, and national level. The case study illustrates the often difficult situation of fixed-term and zero-hours workers, and the complexities of effectively addressing flexible work and precariousness and advancing legal protection for these workers in a multi-level labour law and industrial relations framework.
The Minimum Wage
Authors: Dimick Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The minimum wage remains a popular but controversial policy instrument. This chapter addresses two issues in the minimum wage debate. The first is about the value of the minimum wage. What should the minimum wage be for: does it enhance the efficiency of the labour market, redistribute income (at some cost to efficiency), or protect other social goods such as respect and dignity at work? This first issue also asks how efficacious the minimum wage is at achieving income redistribution, especially in light of alternatives such as income tax. The second issue examines the minimum wage in the larger environment for regulating employment standards. Strong unions, which set minimum wage standards through collective bargaining rather than legislation, fear that statutory minimum wages undermine union power. This attitude questions the wisdom of legislated minimum wages, which may have the unintended effect of making it harder for weak unions to rebuild themselves.
Regulating Health and Safety in Capitalist Workplaces
Authors: Tucker Eric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Occupational health and safety (OHS) regulation sits atop structures of risk creation integral to uneven processes of capitalist accumulation. It is largely shaped by the struggles of working people to limit the harms that otherwise would be inflicted upon them. This chapter examines OHS regulation in advanced capitalist countries, with a concentration on the English-speaking world. It outlines the broad lines of its historical development, beginning from the rise of industrial capitalism through to the first decades of the twenty-first century and the creation of new modes of regulation, often referred to as regulated self-regulation. It then reviews debates over the performance of this mode of regulation, including the relation between self-regulation and state enforcement, the practice of state enforcement, and the efficacy of worker participation rights. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of emerging OHS challenges to the regulatory regime, including precarious employment.
Detection and Enforcement of Work Law Violations
Authors: Hardy Tess 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Promoting and upholding compliance with work law presents a colossal challenge, especially in the context of fissured work arrangements and dwindling government funding. This chapter focuses on the regulatory function of detection, which is an essential, albeit overlooked, element of effective enforcement. Drawing on socio-legal research from across different domains, the chapter surveys the strengths and weaknesses of various detection modes and mechanisms, including individual complaints, proactive auditing, whistleblowing schemes, and mandatory and voluntary disclosure regimes. This analysis reveals that there are a range of practical and structural barriers impeding the ready identification of work law violations, such as a lack of inspectorate powers and resources, an absence of accurate and concrete data, and deficient anti-retaliation protections. These obstacles are heightened in sectors where precarious workers are most prevalent. The chapter also considers the way in which detection may be enhanced through a more holistic, layered, and collaborative approach.
Comparative Collective Bargaining Law
Authors: Doorey David J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines two dominant strands in comparative collective bargaining literature. First, comparative scholars study national legal systems to identify commonalities and differences in approach to regulating the collective bargaining process. Examining how nations approach similar labour relations problems can help break down deeply embedded assumptions and open up new possibilities for collective bargaining governance that might otherwise be overlooked. Second, scholars have long recognized the limits of comparative labour law. National collective bargaining models are a product of complex, cultural, political, and economic compromises made at formative points in the historical development of nations. The study of comparative collective bargaining law is complicated by the culturally contingent nature of these compromises. Therefore, this chapter concludes with a caution that the study of comparative collective bargaining requires cultural sensitivity to the complex geo-political histories that produce and shape national collective bargaining systems over time.
Postcolonialism and Labour Law
Authors: Routh Supriya 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
An enduring effect of colonization is the knowledge produced by institutions of colonial powers and forcibly imposed on colonized peoples and cultures as universal knowledge. This hegemony over knowledge, including legal knowledge, continues in postcolonial societies by their integration with international institutions largely controlled by formerly colonizing powers. One core legacy of colonization, consolidated through imperialist domination of the globalization process, is the universalization of institutions of capitalist modernization as a measure of progress. Labour law is an instrument that furthers the logic of capitalist modernization. Labour law’s normative goal and contractual legal structure operate within this hegemonic and essentialist logic. Both the goal and the structure have had exclusionary effect on working people in postcolonial societies. In view of labour law’s colonial heritage and continued exclusions, the postcolonial perspective helps to articulate a non-essentialist imagination of labour law by taking seriously contextual heterogeneity and cultural diversity of postcolonial workers.
Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives and the Law of Work
Authors: Diller Janelle M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) that focus on decent work deficits in global supply chains. It explains the combinations of actors with differing interests that collaborate to seek decent work outcomes and the types and methods of such MSIs with specific examples. The chapter then explores why such initiatives develop, what useful roles they can play, and whether they are—or could be—effective in fostering decent work in supply chains. A further section discusses the challenges that MSIs face as informal governance actors, including interaction with state-centred norms and institutions that regulate the law of work at domestic and international levels. The chapter concludes by proposing good governance practices for MSIs in response to such challenges and steps to advance empirical and theoretical knowledge for coherent models of MSI functioning and interactions that help understand and leverage MSI action in the governance of decent work in supply chains.
Labour in the Time of Covid
Authors: Moreira Gomes Ana Virginia , Verma Anil 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Our purpose for this chapter is to summarize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–22 on labour and to derive policy lessons for the future. We organize this experience under six themes. Section 1 summarizes increased demand for labour in some industries even as it fell in other industries where physical presence was essential. Section 2 deals with workplace disruptions, e.g., vaccine mandates, the availability of personal protective equipment, and provisions for sick leave. Section 3 discusses the indirect effect of remote work adoption. Section 4 focuses on the lack of social dialogue during the crisis leading to poor outcomes for workers. Section 5 draws lessons from the experience of some specific ‘essential’ services, e.g., healthcare and food-related industries. Section 6 examines an unfair burden falling on the world’s most marginalized workers: the informal, the poor, and the low-waged groups in low-paid occupations located in low-income economies.
The Law of Work in Post-Socialist European Countries
Authors: Kun Attila 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the common features of the post-socialist countries’ labour law. Section 1 describes the socialist past of labour law and its heritage. Section 2 explains the various waves as well as the labour law-related promises and perils of the transitions of the 1990s (with a focus on the major reform trends of labour laws). Section 3 examines the current state of play of the law of work in the region, based on selected, illustrative features and challenges (covering topics such as the idea and structure of labour law; basic features of both individual and collective labour law; enforcement). Section 4 attempts to formulate some general conclusions and to highlight future prospects. In sum, all big waves of reforms in the region seem to point in one main direction: increased flexibility, while social- and sustainability-related motives are rather suppressed. The chapter argues that a renewed orientation of labour law policy with a strong commitment from the state is essential in the region.
Intersectionality in Social Cognition
Authors: Remedios Jessica D. , Vinluan A. Chyei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
People’s cognitions about others frequently take the form of stereotypes associated with socially constructed categories. Although stereotype content is shared across social categories, most research has investigated stereotyping in relation to a single category. This chapter considers how intersectionality theory informs a psychological understanding of social categories and stereotypes as interlocking. It describes three perspectives on stereotyping across interlocking social categories: category dominance, integration, and compartmentalization. Additionally, it considers how research in this area may address the core tenets of intersectionality theory that have, to date, received less attention in this literature. First, the chapter suggests that research on social cognition can expound how categories and stereotypes give rise to, and are reinforced by, intersecting power structures and inequalities. Second, it suggests that research from the perspectives of people who hold multiple stigmatized identities will inform a literature on social cognition that better resonates with diverse lived experiences.
Thinking Socially About the Nonsocial World
Authors: Stroessner Steven J. , Koya Prianka D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Social cognition has historically focused exclusively on how individuals think about themselves, other people, and groups. More recently, research has explored the possibility that social cognitive processes are implicated in thinking about a broad set of nonhuman entities, ranging from basic perceptual stimuli to animals to robots. Emerging research on anthropomorphism, the tendency to attribute uniquely human characteristics to nonhuman animals and nonliving objects, is reviewed. Research on the central influence of social category associations (particularly gender associations) in anthropomorphism is discussed. The chapter concludes with a consideration of social cognitive phenomena in human–robotic interaction. This review shows that people regularly think socially about the nonsocial world, dramatically expanding the potential reach and influence of the discipline of social cognition.
The Cultural Psychology of Social Cognition
Authors: Kitayama Shinobu , Berg Martha K. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
How does culture influence social cognition? This chapter takes stock of the progress in this research field over the past two decades. The cumulative evidence suggests the cultural environment has two significant influences. First, this environment affects the frequency or saliency of various stimuli and representations which affects the fluency of processing such stimuli and representations. Second, the environment is also organized by cultural models, including independent or interdependent selves, which influence social cognition. The chapter next turns to the issue of cultural acquisition, proposing that the mechanism of cultural acquisition is an integral part of each person’s effort to establish an individual identity. This effort involves sampling select elements of culture and weaving them into a unified profile. Individual profiles may appear random when examined cross-sectionally, however it may show longitudinal stability. The chapter concludes by pointing to some critical directions for future research.
Abstract 13: Post-Thaw Clinic: Boosting Cord Utilisation by Supporting Clinical Teams
Authors: Groves Phoebe , Horton Roger , Simpson Claire , Macleod Sophie , Ross Alexandra , Cash Benjamin , Davies Kennedy , Evseeva Irina 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The Cord Support Programme (CSP) has been run for UK Transplant Centres (TCs) by Anthony Nolan (AN) and NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) for 5 years. CSP supports TCs in Cord Blood Unit (CBU) selection and quality assessment as well as providing training and on-site assistance. To maintain and grow utilisation, further development of CSP services was needed to support and improve TC experience and confidence with cord.

Objectives
To develop and implement a new service to help TCs with assessing complicated post-thaw data as an enhancement of CSP’s existing suite of offers.

Methods
The Post-Thaw Clinic (PTC) worked via a dedicated inbox manned by AN Registry operational staff; TCs submitted post-thaw data and quality queries to a panel of 5 experts from AN and NHSBT Cord Blood Banks (CBBs) for next-day holistic assessment of data to determine CBU suitability. The final decision remained with the Clinical Teams at the TCs. Customer feedback, national usage of CBUs and AN CBB utilisation rate were monitored.

Results
100 queries for 79 patients were received by the PTC panel between April 2022 and May 2024. In 89% of cases progressing to workup, TCs took onboard the panel’s advice proceeding with their initial CBU or an alternative graft.
CBU usage in the UK remained stable 2022-2024, providing an average of 9.8% of all stem cell products received.
AN CBB’s utilisation rate saw a 33% increase from 0.46% in April 2022 to 0.61% in May 2024. It's domestic market share increased from 11.3% in FY21/22 to 25.2% in FY23/24 (figure 1).

Discussion
The PTC has been well received by UK TCs. Through providing comprehensive support with CBU quality evaluation, banks make a difference by building confidence and relationships with domestic TCs. This collective effort between registry and banks has resulted in stable CBU usage in the UK despite international trends of decline, supported national bank utilisation and played a vital role in supporting increased interest alongside recently published striking data (Horgan et al, 2023).
In further development, “ask the expert transplanter” was launched in April 2024, facilitating TCs sending clinical queries to clinicians who transplant high volumes of CBUs.
Abstract 21: Feasibility of Harnessing Umbilical Cord Tissue for Alveolar Cleft Repair: A Collaboration between a Large Academic Institution and a Private Family Cord Blood Bank
Authors: Stanton Eloise , Stroh Eliza , Roohani Idean , Mammoudeh Jeffrey 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is the most common craniofacial birth defect, affecting 1 in 700 live births. Most patients with complete CLP also have an alveolar cleft, typically repaired using secondary alveolar bone grafting with autogenous iliac crest bone grafts. Umbilical cord (UC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (h-UCMSC) show promise for bone regeneration and offer advantages due to their non-invasive collection and lack of ethical issues.

Objectives
To create a pool of potential candidates by harvesting their UC tissue for future research in children born with CLP to aid in clinical application in alveolar cleft repair (ACR) and improvement in outcomes.

Methods
We analyzed the effectiveness of UC tissue in regenerating bone in a calvarial defects mouse model. UC tissue was collected, prepared, and implanted into the mouse model to assess the regenerative capabilities of h-UCMSC. Simultaneously, we began a program for prenatal UC tissue collection from patients diagnosed with CLP via ultrasound, in collaboration with Cord Blood Registry and the Newborn Possibilities Program (NPP). The collected UC tissue was cryopreserved, and its regenerative potential was evaluated through histological and radiographic analysis.

Results
The mouse model studies demonstrated complete bone fill in the calvarial defects of the h-UCMSC group compared to the controls, indicating the effective regenerative capabilities of h-UCMSC. Histological and radiographic analyses confirmed significant bone regeneration and tissue integration in the h-UCMSC mice. To date, 12 patients diagnosed with CLP via ultrasound have been successfully enrolled in NPP. Parents were offered free cryopreservation of their newborn's UC tissue for anticipated use in future ACR surgeries at age 7-8.

Discussion
The results highlight the promising regenerative potential of h-UCMSC in bone regeneration, evidenced by complete bone fill in the calvarial defects of the UC group compared to controls. This suggests that h-UCMSC stem cells could significantly improve outcomes in ACR for CLP patients. We continue to enroll and follow patients in NPP, aiming to refine the protocols for the optimal use of these stem cells in reconstructive surgeries.