bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A compact ion source combining electron-impact and thermal ionization for multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Yu Jiajun , Mollaebrahimi Ali , San Andrés Samuel Ayet , Dickel Timo , Plaß Wolfgang R. , Wilsenach Heinrich , Beck Sönke , Ge Zhuang , Geissel Hans , Hornung Christine , Jacobs Andrew , Kripko-Koncz Gabriella , Kwiatkowski Anna A. , Narang Meetika , Scheidenberger Christoph , Sequeira Jaden , Walls Coulter 
Published: August 2024

A compact ion source combining electron impact and thermal ionization has been developed and commissioned in two Multiple-Reflection Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-TOF-MS) setups at the Fragment Separator Ion Catcher at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany, and at TRIUMF’s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science at TRIUMF Canada’s particle accelerator center, Vancouver, Canada. The ion source is notable for its compact dimensions of 50 mm in height and 68 mm in diameter. The ion source is currently in daily operation at both facilities. Design, simulations, and results of combining ions from thermal and electron-impact ionization of different gases (perfluoropropane and sulfur hexafluoride) are presented in this work. The systematic effects of heating power on the thermal source were studied in detail. The source has demonstrated stable and long-term production of reference ions over a wide mass range for the MR-TOF-MS. This versatile ion source has also been used to optimize and investigate the transport of ions with different chemical reactivity and ionization potentials.
Learning L2 formulaic sequences from meaning-focused activities
Authors: Puimège Eva 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Formulaic language is becoming an increasingly popular topic of investigation in second language acquisition
research. As linguistic units that provide language users with many benefits in communication and language processing, formulaic
sequences have now taken up a central role in theoretical approaches to SLA theory and L2 pedagogy. This paper provides a review
of studies investigating how formulaic sequences are acquired from meaning-focused L2 activities. The article starts by defining
formulaic language and discussing the advantages of formulaic sequences for SLA. It then addresses key issues in L2 processing and
use of formulaic sequences, before reviewing research into L2 acquisition of formulaic sequences through meaning-focused
activities. Finally, the paper identifies some future directions for research on meaning-focused L2 learning of formulaic
language.
Bayesian inversion with Student’s t priors based on Gaussian scale mixtures
Authors: Senchukova Angelina , Uribe Felipe , Roininen Lassi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Many inverse problems focus on recovering a quantity of interest that is a priori known to exhibit either discontinuous or smooth behavior. Within the Bayesian approach to inverse problems, such structural information can be encoded using Markov random field priors. We propose a class of priors that combine Markov random field structure with Student’s t distribution. This approach offers flexibility in modeling diverse structural behaviors depending on available data. Flexibility is achieved by including the degrees of freedom parameter of Student’s t distribution in the formulation of the Bayesian inverse problem. To facilitate posterior computations, we employ Gaussian scale mixture representation for the Student’s t Markov random field prior, which allows expressing the prior as a conditionally Gaussian distribution depending on auxiliary hyperparameters. Adopting this representation, we can derive most of the posterior conditional distributions in a closed form and utilize the Gibbs sampler to explore the posterior. We illustrate the method with two numerical examples: signal deconvolution and image deblurring.
Characterization methods for mechanoluminescent materials
Authors: Deng Yuan , Peng Danni , Chang Shulong , Sun Junlu , He Jun , Shan Chong-Xin , Dong Lin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) is a unique luminescent phenomenon that converts mechanical energy into light energy. Recently, it has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its potential applications in visible stress sensing, wearable luminescent devices, self-powered electronic skin, and luminescent anti-counterfeiting. However, the absence of standardized testing methods and metrics for evaluating the performance of ML materials poses a hinderance to the development of ML. In this review, we focus on the ML testing methods, with an emphasis on the testing specimen, force application equipment and optical signal acquisition systems. Finally, we conclude with discussions on the future necessity and existing problems regarding the standardization of characterization methods for ML properties, aiming to provide a reference idea for the standardization of ML.
Investigation of the production routes of 81,82m,83,84
Rb isotopes through proton-induced nuclear reactions on 82,83,84,86
Kr
Authors: Indira G , Anbalagan G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Investigations using nuclear reaction models are significant and have considerable consequences in terms of understanding nuclear reaction processes and their nature. The nuclear data on radionuclides created by the cyclotron find application in nuclear diagnostics and therapeutic treatments. The excitation function of proton-induced nuclear reactions on 82,83,84,86
Kr for the generation of medically beneficial short-lived radioisotopes 81,82m,83,84
Rb from threshold energy to 50 MeV has been investigated using Koning–Delaroche optical model potential with nuclear level density (NLD) from both the phenomenological and microscopic nuclear models incorporated in TALYS1.96 code. The phenomenological constant temperature + Fermi gas model, back-shifted Fermi gas model, generalised superfluid model, and microscopic NLD from the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov, Gogny–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov, and temperature-dependent Gogny–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov NLD tables have been used to calculate the excitation function. The calculated excitation functions are compared with the experimental data from EXFOR and the TALYS evaluated nuclear data library (TENDL2023). An analysis is carried out by estimating the mean deviation D-value between the theoretical and experimental cross-sections, and the NLD model corresponding to the best result is used for the estimation of activity and production yield for each reaction channel.
Potential of Raman scattering in probing magnetic excitations and their coupling to lattice dynamics
Authors: Kumawat Reshma , Farswan Shubham , Kaur Simranjeet , Bhatia Smriti , Sen Kaushik 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Raman scattering is an excellent method for simultaneously determining the dynamics of lattice, spin, and charge degrees of freedom. Furthermore, polarization selection rules in Raman scattering enable momentum-resolved quasiparticle dynamics. In this review, we highlight the potential of Raman scattering in probing magnetic quasiparticles or excitations in various magnetic materials. We demonstrate how temperature-dependent Raman scattering data can confirm the existence of magnons in long-range ordered magnets and fractionalized excitations in Kitaev spin liquid candidates. To make this review easily understandable to novices, we provide background information on magnons and fractionalized excitations, and explain how they become visible in the Raman scattering process. We also show how to estimate magnetic exchange interactions from the data. For both types of magnetic materials, we discuss the impact of spin–phonon coupling on the lineshape of the phonon modes. In terms of materials, we present magnetic Raman scattering data of antiferromagnetic Sr2IrO4 and La2CuO4, ferromagnetic CrI3 monolayers, and Kitaev spin liquid candidates α-RuCl3 and β-Li2IrO3. Overall, our review demonstrates the versatility of the Raman scattering technique in probing quasiparticles in magnetic quantum materials. The review aims to inform young experimental researchers about the potential of Raman scattering, thereby motivating them to use this technique in their research.
A dosimetrically motivated pathfinding approach for non-isocentric dynamic trajectory radiotherapy
Authors: Guyer Gian , Bertholet Jenny , Mueller Silvan , Zhu Chengchen , Volken Werner , Aebersold Daniel M , Manser Peter , Fix Michael K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective. Non-isocentric dynamic trajectory radiotherapy (DTRT) involves dynamic table translations in synchrony with intensity modulation and dynamic gantry, table, and/or collimator rotation. This work aims to develop and evaluate a novel dosimetrically motivated path determination technique for non-isocentric DTRT. Approach. The path determination considers all available beam directions, given on a user-specified grid of gantry angle, table angle, and longitudinal, vertical, and lateral table position. Additionally, the source-to-target distance of all beam directions can be extended by moving the table away from the gantry along the central beam axis to increase the collision-free space. The path determination uses a column generation algorithm to iteratively add beam directions to paths until a user-defined total path length is reached. A subsequent direct aperture optimization of the intensity modulation along the paths creates deliverable plans. Non-isocentric DTRT plans using the path determination and using a manual path setup were created for a craniospinal and a spinal irradiation case. Furthermore, VMAT, isocentric DTRT, and non-isocentric DTRT plans are created for a breast, head and neck (H&N), and esophagus case. Additionally, a HyperArc plan is created for the H&N case. The plans are compared in terms of the dosimetric treatment plan quality and estimated delivery time. Main results. For the craniospinal and spinal irradiation case, using path determination results in dose distributions with improved conformity but a slightly worse target homogeneity compared to manual path setup. The non-isocentric DTRT plans maintained target coverage while reducing the mean dose to organs-at-risk on average by 1.7 Gy (breast), 1.0 Gy (H&N), and 1.6 Gy (esophagus) compared to the VMAT plans and by 0.8 Gy (breast), 0.6 Gy (H&N), and 0.8 Gy (esophagus) compared to the isocentric DTRT plans. Significance. A general dosimetrically motivated path determination applicable to non-isocentric DTRT plans is successfully developed, further advancing the treatment planning for non-isocentric DTRT.
A novel design of energy absorption branch for HVDC circuit breakers
Authors: Gao Guoqiang , You Bingyan , Ma Yaguang , Wang Aozheng , Peng Wei , Qian Pengyu , Xiang Yu , Yang Zefeng , Wei Wenfu , Wu Guangning 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Metal oxide varistors (MOV) used for energy absorption branch in DC circuit breakers are complex enough to meet the requirements for small volume, light weight, and reliability in future high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grids. Therefore, a new energy absorption branch circuit that combines MOV and a liquid metal alloy energy absorber (LMEA) is proposed. Based on the constructed equivalent mathematical model of LMEA, the working principle and energy absorption process of MOV and LMEA in DC breaking process are analysed in PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software. Results demonstrate that LMEA, in contrast to MOV alone, absorbs 2.12 MJ of energy, constituting 35.6% of the total energy. Moreover, LMEA enhances energy dissipation density while reducing volume. Experimental analysis reveals MOV’s energy absorption mechanism via achieving residual voltage with ZnO varistor’s non-linear properties, swiftly transitioning from high to low resistance states to absorb energy. Conversely, LMEA relies on pulse current amplitude to initiate internal arcing, sharply increasing internal resistance for effective energy absorption. Experimental findings validate LMEA’s contribution of one-third of total energy absorption when pulse current amplitude reaches critical arcing threshold, consistent with simulation results. The results provide theoretical support for the engineering application of the new liquid metal alloy energy absorption in DC circuit breakers.
Enhanced lightweight encryption algorithm based on chaotic systems
Authors: Abdelli Ali , El Hadj Youssef Wajih , Khriji Lazhar , Machhout Mohsen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In order to improve security and efficiency, this study presents a novel lightweight encryption technique that makes use of chaotic systems. Our method creatively combines the new chaotic KLEIN_64 algorithm with the Keccak-256 hash function, offering a solid basis for producing initial values essential for causing chaotic maps during the encryption process. After a deep validation with rigorous NIST testing, our chaotic pseudo random generator, LAC, exhibits excellent reliability and cryptographic robustness. Furthermore, the complexity of the cryptographic round function is improved by incorporating a second chaotic pseudo random generator that combines chaotic LFSR and Skew Tent Maps, thereby fortifying security measures.Designed with resource-limited applications in mind, our approach ensures that the cryptosystem remains both lightweight and efficient, meeting the stringent constraints typical of such environments. The practical feasibility and performance of our approach are extensively evaluated through FPGA implementation on the Zybo 7Z010 platform. Our implementation achieves a remarkable throughput of 2.820 Gbps while maintaining optimal resource utilization and efficiency. Extensive experimental results confirm the superior security of our cryptosystem, with correlation tests, entropy measurement, and histogram analysis showcasing robustness against statistical attacks. Moreover, the cryptosystem shows little fluctuation in the Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) and Non-Linear Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), confirming its resistance to differential attacks. Overall, our technique advances lightweight cryptography by providing a robust and efficient solution to modern cybersecurity challenges. In particular, our approach is well-suited for applications with limited resources, ensuring that security is maintained without compromising on performance or efficiency, thus fulfilling the needs of modern, constrained environments.
Influence of Ca-substituted K-induced cluster defects on the electronic structure and optical properties of KDP crystals
Authors: Zhao Longfeng , Hong Wei , Liu Tingyu , Hu Hao , Zhu Jiachen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Compensation mechanism following Ca substitution in K sites was computed using GULP. Utilizing density functional theory for three charge states, the impact of defect clusters CaK + VK/CaK + VH on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals in both phases was assessed. Corrections to the band edge and defect formation energies were made employing hybridization floods HSE06 and FNV. Neutral and −1 valence defect states emerged. Cluster defects induced pronounced lattice distortion in PE-KDP. Notably, PE-KDP exhibited an additional photoemission of 2.89 eV, signifying a substantial structural impact. Comparative stability analysis favored FE-KDP, offering theoretical guidance for KDP crystal utilization.
Proposal of molecules in Möbius nanobelt topology
Authors: Gomes L C , Navis C N , Moreira E , Azevedo D L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study of belt-shaped nanostructures is one of the areas of interest in the current computational physics scenario. Over the years, many topological structures have been synthesized using a diverse array of techniques. Due to their price and more affordable synthesis, carbon structures are of great interest to the technological industry. Since nanostructures can present different physical characteristics, this paper presents those differences using Möbius carbon nanobelt topology obtained in the appendix of the Nature paper: Synthesis of a Möbius carbon nanobelt Segawa Y, Watanabe T, Yamanoue K, Kuwayama M, Watanabe K, Pirillo J, Hijikata Y and Itami K (2022 Nature Synthesis
1 535–541). This investigation using density functional theory (DFT) calculations shows that boron nitride (BN[7,7]), and silicon carbide (SiC[7,7]) nanobelts possess structural stability and the possibility of synthesis. Möbius SiC[7,7] nanobelts behave as semiconductors and absorb in the visible region, while Möbius BN[7,7] nanobelts demonstrate promise as ultraviolet (UV) sensors. Both structures exhibited significant thermal stability during a quantum molecular dynamic simulation. They are capable of withstanding temperatures at least 1500K. It is speculated that the proposed nanobelt molecules could stimulate further experimental investigations into their synthesis and technological applications.
Precession, nutation, and dynamic trajectory of magnetic rod in axisymmetric magnetic field
Authors: Koh Martin Zhen Xuan , Ricardo Bernard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Precession and nutation in dynamical systems have been of long-standing research interest. Manifesting in systems as diverse as spinning tops to celestial bodies like planets, understanding these motions offers a window into the intricate dance of forces governing such systems. One example of a previously unexplored system exhibiting precession and nutation is that of a magnetic rod in an axisymmetric magnetic field. This project aims to study this system through qualitative, quantitative, and experimental means. A theoretical model was formulated using Newton's Second Law and the torque equation, accounting for energy dissipation. One unique aspect of this system compared to other systems exhibiting precession and nutation is the presence of the non-linear magnetic force and torque, which were modelled by considering both magnets as current-carrying cylinders. Experimentally, the dynamic trajectory and relevant degrees of freedom of the rod were measured using image binarization and ellipse fitting. This was used for a systematic investigation into how the nutation, precession and petaloid-like trajectories are affected by the number of magnets, initial angular velocity and other relevant parameters. Theoretical predictions and experimental results show a good agreement. This work has various engineering applications such as centrifuge design.
A secure dynamic quantum anonymous secret sharing protocol utilizing GHZ states
Authors: Wang Qing-le , Wang Ying-ying , Li Yuan-cheng , Li Guo-dong , Han Yun-guang , Cheng Long 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Quantum secret sharing enables participants to share secrets grounded in the principles of quantum mechanics, ensuring the secrets recovery solely through collaborative efforts within an authorized subset of participants. Quantum anonymous secret sharing fulfills the fundamental requirements of quantum secret sharing while also ensuring the anonymity of the secret receivers. In order to address the turnover of personnel in practical scenarios, this paper propose a secure dynamic quantum anonymous secret sharing protocol utilizing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. In our scheme, on the premise of not reveal the identities of participants, the dynamic update of the participants can be realized, and the shared secret will not be altered. Furthermore, an identity authentication mechanism using single particles is introduced in this protocol, ensuring that only authenticated participants can engage in the sharing process. The proposed protocol is secure and can resist both internal and external attacks. Experimental validation conducted on the IBM quantum computing platform demonstrates the feasibility of our scheme.
Lateral stress induced blistering of tungsten exposed to deuterium plasma
Authors: Jiang Zhenyu , Xia Tongjun , Han Wenjia , Shi Yongzhi , Zhang Wenjie , Zhu Kaigui 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Surface blistering on tungsten under deuterium plasma exposure has been well known and investigated intensively in the last decade. However, the mechanism of the blistering is still unclear. There have been mainly two different models proposed: the gas driven model and lateral stress model. In this work, we designed an experiment to address this issue. Tungsten disc samples were prepared using twin-jet electro-polishing. The specimens were under deuterium plasma exposure to study the thickness effect on the surface blistering. The results showed that blistering was rarely observed on the surface around the inner edge of the central perforation with thickness of ∼100–500 nm. The blisters started to appear on the surface when the thickness was about 10 μm. Both the number and size of the blisters increased further on the outer surface with further increase in thickness. This trend was not obvious as the thickness increased up to above 180 μm. The diffusion depth of D in this work was calculated to be 8.5 μm. These results affirmed the lateral stress model as the surface blistering mechanism.
Thickness dependence and crystallization properties of amorphous GeTe thin films on silicon dioxide
Authors: Zhou Zhengquan , Wu Weihua , Li Yu , Zhai Jiwei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Radio frequency magnetron sputtering was used to prepare the amorphous GeTe thin films on silicon dioxide and the thickness effects on the crystallization behavior were investigated. With the film thickness reducing, the crystallization temperature, crystallization activation energy, amorphous and crystalline resistance increase remarkably, indicating the great improvement in thermal stability and power consumption. Ozawa’s model was used to estimate the crystallization kinetics of GeTe thin films, it shows that nucleation and grain growth occur simultaneously, and grain growth dominates ultimately. XRD analysis demonstrated that the grain size can be reduced and the crystallization process of GeTe thin film can be inhibited with the film thickness decreasing. Furthermore, the thinner film has smaller resistance drift index and surface roughness, which are beneficial to improve the reliability of storage device. T-type phase change memory devices based on 25 nm GeTe thin film were fabricated by 0.13 μm CMOS technology, and the current–voltage and resistance-voltage characteristics demonstrate the excellent electrical performance, including the fast resistance switching between SET and RESET processes, low threshold current and voltage. All the results proved the strong dependency relationships between the crystallization properties and film thickness of GeTe thin film, which paves the way for developing high-density phase change memory in the fields of big data and artificial intelligence.
Complex electromagnetism and coupled gravitational-electromagnetic waves in the interstellar medium
Authors: Villarreal Fasanelli M R , Seo J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Gravito-electromagnetism is an approximation of general relativity that has significant analogies to electromagnetism. We show that the remained asymmetry in those two field equations and the equations of motion can be alleviated through appropriate scaling on the complex plane, thereby allowing gravity and electromagnetism to be combined into a single set of equations for analysis. This enables a more concise and intuitive interpretation of mixed-field interactions of the interstellar medium. The interstellar medium, composed of ionized gas, interacts with both gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and within this medium, gravitational and electromagnetic waves exist in a coupled form. We derive the dispersion relation of these coupled waves tied by the interstellar medium and discuss two branches of wave solutions. These two solutions correspond to the well-known pure gravitational and electromagnetic waves in the classical limit. Based on the characteristics of this coupled wave, we discuss the possible generation of gravitational waves in the interstellar medium and the abnormal behaviors in a medium composed of dark matter that may provide a new methodology for dark matter detection.