bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE REVEREND JOHN WESLEYAS A PEDIATRICIAN
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: June 2013

John Wesley (1703-1791), the English theologian, evangelist, and founder of Methodism, did not confine his attention entirely to preaching; he also practiced medicine on his own authority. He did so because of the inadequate number of regular practitioners and the inability of the poor to afford medical treatment even if they could obtain it. To meet this real need Wesley published in 1747 an immensely popular and practical book entitled Primitive Physic on the practice of domestic medicine. No less than seven editions were published in America between 1764 and 1840. Wesley's therapeutic regimens for a few common pediatric conditions that many American parents of that period would have followed are given below.
Convulsions in Children. Scrape piony [sic] roots fresh digged. Apply what you have scraped off to the soles of the feet. It helps immediately.
Jaundice in Children. Take half an ounce of fine rhubarb, powdered, mix with it thoroughly, by long beating, two handsful of good well cleansed currants. Of this give a tea-spoonful every morning.
A Rupture in Children. Boil a spoonful of egg-shells dried in an oven, and powdered, in three quarts of a pint of milk. Feed the child constantly with bread boiled in this milk.
Thrush. Mix juice of calendine with honey to the thickness of cream. Infuse a little powdered saffon, let this simmer a while and scum it; apply it where needed with a feather.
Or, take an ounce of clarified honey, having scummed off all the dross from it, put in a drachm of roche-alum finely powedered, and stir them well together.
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS DESCRIBES HIS LIFE AT AN ENGLISH SCHOOL OF THE 1870s
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: June 2013

At the age of 9, in 1874, Yeats went with the family to England, where for two years his father took over his son's education, keeping him often in a state of terror for pedagogical purposes. His experiences with schooling were particularly distasteful; after suffering his father's insistent pedagogy for two years he went in his 11th year to the Godolphin School, Hammersmith, for his first formal instruction.1
Yeats wrote later of these years:
The only lessons I had ever learned were those my father taught me, for he terrified me by descriptions of my moral degradation and he humiliated me by my likeness to disagreeable people; but presently I was sent to school by Hammersmith. It was a Gothic building of yellow brick: a large hail full of desks, some small class-rooms and a separate house for boarders, all built perhaps in 1860 or 1870. I thought it an ancient building and that it had belonged to the founder of the school, Lord Godolphin, who was romantic to me because there was a novel about him. I never read the novel, but I thought only romantic people were put in books. On one side, there was a piano factory of yellow brick, upon two sides half-finished rows of little shops and villas all yellow brick, and on the fourth side, outside the wall of our playing field, a brick-field of cinders and piles of half-burned yellow bricks. All the names and faces of my schoolfellows have faded from me except one name without a face and the face and name of one friend, mainly no doubt because it was all so long ago, but partly because I only seem to remember things dramatic in themselves or that are somehow associated with unforgettable places.
NILS ROSÉN VON ROSENSTEIN ON THE WHOOPING COUGH OR CHINCOUGH (1776)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: June 2013

Nils Rosén von Rosenstein (1706-1773) of Sweden is usually called the founder of modern pediatrics. His textbook, which was published in 1764, was, according to Still, the most progressive which had yet been written.1
The description of the clinical course of whooping cough in Rosén von Rosenstein's book gives a lucid account of the clinical course of the disease, including the typical paroxysms.2
It comes on only by degrees, and is at first dry, but when it has continued ten or twelve days, it turns humid and the matter which is then coughed up looks ripe; nevertheless it increases more and more, leaving long intervals; the fits return at certain hours, but continue at each time with such violence and for so long a time, that the child grows blue in the face, its eyes look as if they were forced out, and they run besides, and a bleeding of the nose is sometimes brought on; it coughs till it is quite out of breath, that one is in apprehension of its being choaked [sic]; for if the patient now and then is capable of drawing some breath, it is with a sounding which very much indicates with what difficulty the lungs can admit the air. The coughing continues, and does not leave off for that time, till the child vomits up a quantity of slime. If at any time the coughing should intermit without the paroxysm being ended with a vomiting, it will immediately return again, and will not cease but after a vomiting.
ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: Evaluation of Management and Identification of Racial and Antigenic Factors
Authors: Peevy Keith J. , Wiseman Hollis J. 
Published: June 2013

Data from 16,320 deliveries from two time periods were examined to compare the incidence of positive direct Coombs' tests and the number of exchange transfusions performed, using different methods of screening and treatment in each time period. Early routine screening revealed an eightfold increase in the number of Coombs-positive infants, while the combined effect of instituting early screening and the change from white light to special blue light phototherapy greatly diminished the number of exchange transfusions.
In addition, data concerning racial and blood antigen factors in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are compared, showing an increase in incidence but no increase in severity for black infants and infants with blood type B.
Also, use of cord blood parameters in management of ABO HDN is discussed.
Deep Hypothermia in Infant Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Wagner Henry R. , Subramanian S. 
Published: June 2013

The value of infant cardiac surgery using deep hypothermia remains a debate. A steady number of cardiac centers have consented to this approach in spite of some filibuster. Physiologists are frightened, anesthetists may find it cumbersome, but surgeons using it enjoy the ease of correction in a bloodless and relaxed heart. The cardiologists may document acceptable results, but we also need the alert feedback from the provider of long-term health care-the pediatrician-to document possible flaws of this pristine modality.
This article is intended to familiarize the pediatrician with the method of deep hypothermia: its origin, application, and appeal for consumer protection.
Are we what we eat?
Authors: Berwick Donald M. 
Published: June 2013

This issue of Pediatrics has two articles on the effects of dietary constituents in childhood. Weidman et al. (p. 354) from the Mayo Clinic report no difference in the diets of children with widely different cholesterol levels. Pisacano et al. (p. 360) from the Long Beach Pediatric Group have instituted a "prudent diet" in a subgroup of their pediatric patients, finding a striking decrease in obesity in that subgroup compared with controls.
Among pediatricians, infant diet has ranked with religion and politics as an unsuitable subject for nondyspeptic dinner conversation. Feelings run high between the two poles of "leave well enough alone" and "it's high time we did something about it."
Unconvinced by CDP Evidence
Authors: Belenky David A. , Orr Rosemary J. , Woodrum David E. , Hodson W. Alan 
Published: June 2013

The commentary by Wung et al. (Pediatrics 58: 793, December 1976) on our controlled trial of continuous distending pressure (CDP) for hyaline membrane disease (Pediatrics 58:800, December 1976) raises some questions which merit further discussion.
The first question is the meaning of a negative result (no significant difference) in a controlled trial. Wung et al. suggest that any conclusion with regard to mortality is unjustified in our study because of an apparent trend toward lower mortality with CDP.
Some Risk in Varicella Vaccine Use
Authors: Takahashi Michiaki 
Published: June 2013

Dr. Izawa's group (Pediatrics 60:805, December 1977) used our live varicella vaccine in children with acute leukemia with suspension of anticancer therapy for two weeks, and they reported that rash appeared in two of 11 patients. They have vaccinated 30 leukemic children and rash has appeared in four of them.
Subsequently, a group of researchers at the Osaka University School of Medicine used the same vaccine without suspension of anticancer therapy (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide [Endoxan], 6-mercaptopurine) in eight acute leukemic children and one lymphosarcoma patient developed severe varicella symptoms (but completely recovered).
Middlebrow Culture in the Cold War: Books USA Advertisements, 1967
Authors: Travis Trysh 
Published: June 2013

IN THE DECADES FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II, AMERICANS WHO BELIEVED IN THE BOOK'S TRANSFORMATIVE POWER ENJOYED SHARING THEIR literary wealth with readers in the developing world. Through the Darien Book Aid Project (founded in 1949), The Freedom House Bookshelf (founded in 1958), Books USA (BUSA; founded in 1962), and other programs, they sent bundles of American paperbacks to would-be readers in countries where books were scarce and expensive. Such experiments in what international-relations scholars call people-to-people diplomacy aimed to harness the energies of America's growing middlebrow reading public to the nation's Cold War aims.Book-donation programs shared the realist aesthetic and humanist sensibility that hallmarked the Book-of-the-Month Club (BOMC). Disdaining avant-garde “difficulty,” their selections foregrounded transparent language, traditional mimesis, and strong themes. Fiction, biography, and popular history were the backbone of such programs, and even selections from sociology and political thought centered on unambiguous, three-dimensional characters—individuals who embodied the Enlightenment virtues of rational thought, hard work, and tolerance.
Kidney Research National Dialogue Overview and Commentary
Authors: Rys-Sikora Krystyna E. , Ketchum Christian J. , Star Robert A. 
Published: June 2013

Summary
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) asked the scientific community to formulate and prioritize research objectives to improve understanding of kidney function and disease. The Kidney Research National Dialogue welcomed all interested parties to submit, discuss, and prioritize ideas via an interactive website. More than 1600 participants posted approximately 300 ideas and assigned them to 12 topic areas (AKI, CKD, diabetic nephropathy, National Kidney Disease Education Program/translation, ESRD/dialysis, GN/inflammation, hypertension, normal biology/development/physiology, polycystic kidney disease, training, transplantation, other). This commentary provides an overview of the NIDDK’s first experience with web-based strategic planning and addresses the broader issues of open access and cloud-sourcing technologies to capture input from a large, heterogeneous group of contributors. Discussions and findings for each topic will be published as separate, forthcoming commentaries. A final commentary will present cross-cutting themes and concluding remarks. The hope is that this series of commentaries constitutes a cohesive, integrated vision of future research opportunities to be pursued by the kidney research community and supported by the NIDDK.
Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Breyer Matthew D. , Coffman Thomas M. , Flessner Michael F. , Fried Linda F. , Harris Raymond C. , Ketchum Christian J. , Kretzler Matthias , Nelson Robert G. , Sedor John R. , Susztak Katalin 
Published: June 2013

Summary
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-supported Kidney Research National Dialogue (KRND) asked the scientific community to formulate and prioritize research objectives that would improve our understanding of kidney function and disease. Several high-priority objectives for diabetic nephropathy were identified in data and sample collection, hypothesis generation, hypothesis testing, and translation promotion. The lack of readily available human samples linked to comprehensive phenotypic, clinical, and demographic data remains a significant obstacle. With data and biological samples in place, several possibilities exist for using new technologies to develop hypotheses. Testing novel disease mechanisms with state-of-the-art tools should continue to be the foundation of the investigative community. Research must be translated to improve diagnosis and treatment of people. The objectives identified by the KRND provide the research community with future opportunities for improving the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
Modelling and experimental validation of enantioseparation of racemic phenylalanine via a hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane
Authors: Prapasawat Tatchanok , Lothongkum Anchaleeporn , Pancharoen Ura 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper reports on the enantioseparation of racemic phenylalanine or D-phenylalanine and Lphenylalanine via a hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) and the results are compared with the mathematical model. The enantioseparation results, of 80 % and 73 %, showed the highest extraction and stripping of l-phenylalanine from the feed phase and the enantiomeric excess (% ee) of 60 % from 6 mmol L−1 of initial rac-phenylalanine in the feed solution. The optimum parameters were feed solution at pH 5, 6 mmol LL−1 of O,O′-dibenzoyl-(2S,3S)-tartaric acid ((+)-DBTA) as the extractant in octanol as the liquid membrane, and deionised water as the stripping solution. Equal flow-rates of feed and stripping solutions of 100 mL minL−1 were adjusted in a batch operation mode for 50 min at ambient temperature. From the calculation, the equilibrium constants of extraction (K ex) and mass transfer coefficients in the feed phase (k f) and in the liquid membrane phase (k m) were found to be 1.81 L mmol−2, 3.50 × 10−2 cm s−1, and 1.40 × 10−2 cm s−1, respectively. Finally, the change in concentrations of d,l-phenylalanine over time in the feed and stripping solutions by mathematical model were estimated and compared with the experimental results. The values thus calculated were in agreement with the experimental data with the average deviation of approximately 3 %.
Intraoperative optical imaging of intrinsic signals: a reliable method for visualizing stimulated functional brain areas during surgery
Authors: Sobottka Stephan B. , Meyer Tobias , Kirsch Matthias , Koch Edmund , Steinmeier Ralf , Morgenstern Ute , Schackert Gabriele 
Published: June 2013

Object
Intraoperative optical imaging (IOI) is an experimental technique used for visualizing functional brain areas after surgical exposure of the cerebral cortex. This technique identifies areas of local changes in blood volume and oxygenation caused by stimulation of specific brain functions. The authors describe a new IOI method, including innovative data analysis, that can facilitate intraoperative functional imaging on a routine basis. To evaluate the reliability and validity of this approach, they used the new IOI method to demonstrate visualization of the median nerve area of the somatosensory cortex.

Methods
In 41 patients with tumor lesions adjacent to the postcentral gyrus, lesions were surgically removed by using IOI during stimulation of the contralateral median nerve. Optical properties of the cortical tissue were measured with a sensitive camera system connected to a surgical microscope. Imaging was performed by using 9 cycles of alternating prolonged stimulation and rest periods of 30 seconds. Intraoperative optical imaging was based on blood volume changes detected by using a filter at an isosbestic wavelength (λ = 568 nm). A spectral analysis algorithm was used to improve computation of the activity maps. Movement artifacts were compensated for by an elastic registration algorithm. For validation, intraoperative conduction of the phase reversal over the central sulcus and postoperative evaluation of the craniotomy site were used.

Results
The new method and analysis enabled significant differentiation (p < 0.005) between functional and nonfunctional tissue. The identification and visualization of functionally intact somatosensory cortex was highly reliable; sensitivity was 94.4% and specificity was almost 100%. The surgeon was provided with a 2D high-resolution activity map within 12 minutes. No method-related side effects occurred in any of the 41 patients.

Conclusions
The authors' new approach makes IOI a contact-free and label-free optical technique that can be used safely in a routine clinical setup. Intraoperative optical imaging can be used as an alternative to other methods for the identification of sensory cortex areas and offers the added benefit of a high-resolution map of functional activity. It has great potential for visualizing and monitoring additional specific functional brain areas such as the visual, motor, and speech cortex. A prospective national multicenter clinical trial is currently being planned.
Acoustic neuroma observation associated with an increase in symptomatic tinnitus: results of the 2007–2008 Acoustic Neuroma Association survey
Authors: Van Gompel Jamie J. , Patel Jaymin , Danner Chris , Zhang A. Nanhua , Samy Youssef A. A. , van Loveren Harry R. , Agazzi Siviero 
Published: June 2013

Object
Tinnitus is a known presenting symptom of acoustic neuromas, but little is known about the impact of observation or treatment on tinnitus. Most patients experience improvement with treatment, while others may worsen. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the overall impact of observation and treatment on tinnitus outcome in patients with acoustic tumors.

Methods
Data from the 2007–2008 Acoustic Neuroma Association survey were used. Tinnitus severity was graded both at presentation and at last follow-up for all patients questioned. This data set was analyzed using the Student t-test and a linear regression model adjusted for possible confounders.

Results
Overall there were more patients receiving intervention (n = 1138) for their acoustic neuromas than observation (n = 289). Presenting tumor size positively correlated with tinnitus severity score. Regardless of treatment (microsurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery), tinnitus improved at last follow-up and worsened in those who were observed (p = 0.02). When comparing microsurgical options, retrosigmoid and translabyrinthine resection improved tinnitus symptoms (both p < 0.01). Stereotactic radiosurgery had a treatment effect similar to microsurgery.

Conclusions
Presenting tinnitus severity correlates strongly with tumor size. Furthermore, regardless of treatment, there appears to be an overall reduction in tinnitus severity for all forms of microsurgery and stereotactic radiosurgery. Importantly, observation leads to a worsening in symptomatic tinnitus and therefore should be weighed in the treatment recommendation.
Opening of the blood-brain barrier with an unfocused ultrasound device in rabbits
Authors: Beccaria Kevin , Canney Michael , Goldwirt Lauriane , Fernandez Christine , Adam Clovis , Piquet Julie , Autret Gwennhael , Clément Olivier , Lafon Cyril , Chapelon Jean-Yves , Carpentier Alexandre 
Published: June 2013

Object
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major impediment to the intracerebral diffusion of drugs used in the treatment of gliomas. Previous studies have demonstrated that pulsed focused ultrasound (US) in conjunction with a microbubble contrast agent can be used to open the BBB. To apply the US-induced opening of the BBB in clinical practice, the authors designed an innovative unfocused US device that can be implanted in the skull and used to transiently and repeatedly open the BBB during a standard chemotherapy protocol. The goal of this preliminary work was to study the opening of the BBB induced by the authors' small unfocused US transducer and to evaluate the effects of the sonications on brain parenchyma.

Methods
Craniectomy was performed in 16 healthy New Zealand White rabbits; epidural application of a single-element planar ultrasonic transducer operating at 1 MHz was then used with a pulse-repetition frequency of 1 Hz, pulse lengths of 10–35 msec, in situ acoustic pressure levels of 0.3–0.8 MPa, and sonication for 60–120 seconds. SonoVue was intravenously injected during the US applications, and opening of the BBB was determined by detecting extravasation of Evans blue dye (EBD) in brain tissues, quantitative measurement of EBD with UV-visible spectrophotometry, and contrast enhancement after Gd injection in 4.7-T MRI. A histological study was performed to determine adverse effects.

Results
An opening of the BBB was observed over a large extent of the US beam in the brain corresponding to in situ pressures of greater than 0.2 MPa. The BBB opening observed was highly significant for both EBD (p < 0.01) and MRI Gd enhancement (p < 0.0001). The BBB opening was associated with minor adverse effects that included perivascular red blood cell extravasations that were less than 150 μm in size and not visible on MR images. Moderate edema was visible on FLAIR sequences and limited to the extent of the sonication field.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate that the BBB can be opened in large areas of the brain in rabbits with lowpower, pulsed, and unfocused US with limited damage to healthy tissue.
Baseline neurocognitive scores in athletes with attention deficit–spectrum disorders and/or learning disability
Authors: Zuckerman Scott L. , Lee Young M. , Odom Mitchell J. , Solomon Gary S. , Sills Allen K. 
Published: June 2013

Object
Up to 16% of children in the US between the ages of 3 and 17 years have either attention deficit–spectrum disorder or a learning disability (LD). Sports-related concussions among youth athletes represent a significant public health concern, and neurocognitive testing is a method to evaluate the severity of cognitive impairment and recovery after a sports-related concussion. The goal of this study was to assess baseline neurocognitive differences between athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or LD versus those with neither disorder and to establish normative data for these special populations.

Methods
Between August 2007 and March 2012, 6636 young athletes underwent baseline neurocognitive testing performed using the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery. Of these participants, 90 had self-reported LD only, 262 had self-reported ADHD only, and 55 reported both. Those with ADHD and/or LD were matched with 407 participants with no history of ADHD or LD by age, sex, and number of prior concussions. The mean scores and SDs were calculated for each group to obtain normative values. A pairwise comparison between each diagnostic group was done to assess whether LD and/or ADHD diagnostic status predicted participants' baseline neurocognitive scores.

Results
Participants with ADHD had significantly lower verbal memory, visual memory, and visual motor processing speed scores, along with significantly higher reaction time, impulse control, and symptom scores compared with those without LD or ADHD. Participants with LD had similar results, with significantly lower verbal memory, visual memory, and visual motor processing speed scores, higher reaction time and symptom score, but did not differ in their impulse control score compared with those without LD or ADHD. Participants with both LD and ADHD had a significantly lower visual motor speed score and a significantly higher reaction time and symptom score than those without LD or ADHD, but did not differ with regard to the other composite scores.

Conclusions
Athletes with ADHD and/or LD have lower baseline ImPACT neurocognitive scores compared with athletes without ADHD and LD. Preliminary normative neurocognitive data for these special populations are provided.