bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 infection: Lessons for viral immunopathogenesis
Authors: Nyamweya Samuel , Hegedus Andrea , Jaye Assan , Rowland‐Jones Sarah , Flanagan Katie L. , Macallan Derek C. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYHIV‐1 and HIV‐2 share many similarities including their basic gene arrangement, modes of transmission, intracellular replication pathways and clinical consequences: both result in AIDS. However, HIV‐2 is characterised by lower transmissibility and reduced likelihood of progression to AIDS. The underlying mechanistic differences between these two infections illuminate broader issues of retroviral pathogenesis, which remain incompletely understood. Comparisons between these two infections from epidemiological, clinical, virologic and immunologic viewpoints provide a basis for hypothesis generation and testing in this ‘natural experiment’ in viral pathogenesis.In terms of epidemiology, HIV‐2 remains largely confined to West Africa, whereas HIV‐1 extends worldwide. Clinically, HIV‐2 infected individuals seem to dichotomise, most remaining long‐term non‐progressors, whereas most HIV‐1 infected individuals progress. When clinical progression occurs, both diseases demonstrate very similar pathological processes, although progression in HIV‐2 occurs at higher CD4 counts. Plasma viral loads are consistently lower in HIV‐2, as are average levels of immune activation. Significant differences exist between the two infections in all components of the immune system. For example, cellular responses to HIV‐2 tend to be more polyfunctional and produce more IL‐2; humoral responses appear broader with lower magnitude intratype neutralisation responses; innate responses appear more robust, possibly through differential effects of tripartite motif protein isoform 5 alpha. Overall, the immune response to HIV‐2 appears more protective against disease progression suggesting that pivotal immune factors limit viral pathology. If such immune responses could be replicated or induced in HIV‐1 infected patients, they might extend survival and reduce requirements for antiretroviral therapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycoprotein targeted therapeutics: a new era of anti‐herpes simplex virus‐1 therapeutics
Authors: Antoine Thessicar E. , Park Paul J. , Shukla Deepak 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYHerpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1) is among the most common human pathogens worldwide. Its entry into host cells is an intricate process that relies heavily on the ability of the viral glycoproteins to bind host cellular proteins and to efficiently mediate fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane. Acquisition of HSV‐1 results in a lifelong latent infection. Because of the cycles of reactivation from a latent state, much emphasis has been placed on the management of infection through the use of DNA synthesis inhibitors. However, new methods are needed to provide more effective treatment at earlier phases of the viral infection and to prevent the development of drug resistance by the virus. This review outlines the infection process and the common therapeutics currently used against the fundamental stages of HSV‐1 replication and fusion. The remainder of this article will focus on a new approach for HSV‐1 infection control and management, the concept of glycoprotein‐receptor targeting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SENSORLock: a lightweight key management scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kazienko Juliano F. , Ribeiro Igor G. , Moraes Igor M. , Albuquerque Célio Vinicius N. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTSecurity in wireless sensor networks demands an efficient key management scheme. As sensors typically operate unattended, it becomes quite important to ensure security to cryptographic keys stored in their memories. In this scenario, the development of lightweight encryption mechanisms is a challenge because of sensor‐constrained resources. In this work, we present a mechanism tailored to sensor networks calledSENSORLockapplying it to a specific case. Our main contribution is to propose, analyze, and demonstrate the feasibility ofSENSORLockfor secure symmetric key distribution solving the stored key exposure problem. Analytical results demonstrate that this approach increases the system's security against the tampering of sensor nodes. Additionally, the mechanism is evaluated using simulation and practical experiments, using the TinyOS platform. Simulation results reveal that this scheme introduces very low processing overhead, in the order of nanoseconds, and an estimated power consumption quite similar to existing approaches. Besides, practical experiments indicate that the scheme can be deployed by off‐the‐shelf sensors, such as MicaZ and TelosB. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A security key distribution scheme based on energy efficiency for hybrid wireless sensor networks
Authors: Huang Jie , Huang Bei 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), due to low cost, limited resource, and large scale, symmetric key‐based key pre‐distribution schemes are considered to be very suitable, but they cannot thoroughly solve authentication problem and resilience problem against physical capture. So, some researchers attempt to improve the traditional public‐key cryptography to meet security requirements of the WSNs. In this paper, at first, to create the hybrid network model, the number range of cluster heads is determined according to the change of the average path length with the probability that the nodes are selected as the cluster heads. Next, based on the characteristics of the hybrid WSNs, a novel security mechanism is proposed by making use of the advantages of the symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography. Our scheme can provide different security mechanism for the vital link and the ordinary link, respectively. In order to balance the energy consumption over all nodes, a selecting cluster head algorithm is proposed to rotate periodically cluster heads among all nodes and to compute the optimal number of times transmitting data per round. At last, our experiment shows that our scheme not only can provide sufficient security but also have the lowest energy overhead and the perfect connectivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image‐splicing forgery detection based on local binary patterns of DCT coefficients
Authors: Zhang Yujin , Zhao Chenglin , Pi Yiming , Li Shenghong , Wang Shilin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe wide use of high‐performance image acquisition devices and powerful image‐processing software has made it easy to tamper images for malicious purposes. Image splicing, which has constituted a menace to integrity and authenticity of images, is a very common and simple trick in image tampering. Therefore, image‐splicing detection is of great importance in digital forensics. In this paper, an effective framework for revealing image‐splicing forgery is proposed. First, the local binary pattern operator is used to model magnitude components of two‐dimensional arrays obtained by applying multisize block discrete cosine transform to test images. Then, all of bins of histograms computed from local binary pattern codes are served as discriminative features for image‐splicing detection. After that, kernel principal component analysis is utilized to reduce the dimensionality of the proposed features to avoid the high computational complexity, high mutual correlation among the constructed features and possible overfitting for support vector machine classifier. Finally, support vector machine classifier is employed to distinguish spliced images from authentic images by using the final dimensionality‐reduced feature set. The experiment results show that the proposed method can perform better than some state‐of‐the‐art methods in terms of the detection performance over the Columbia image‐splicing detection evaluation dataset. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of attacks collected from the deployment of Web service honeypot
Authors: Ghourabi Abdallah , Abbes Tarek , Bouhoula Adel 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTHoneypots play an important role in collecting relevant information about malicious activities that happen on the Internet. In this paper, we are particularly interested in attacks targeting Web services. We therefore propose a honeypot implementation for Web services, called WS Honeypot. However, the data collected by honeypots can become very large, which greatly complicates the analysis task performed by the human analyst. As a solution for this problem, we propose in this paper an automatic technique to analyze the data collected from our WS Honeypot. The proposed approach is based on four machine learning methods: support vector machines, support vector regression, spectral clustering, and k‐means clustering. Our main objectives are to analyze the collected data, automatically characterizing the captured attacks and detecting the denial‐of‐service and novel attacks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Performance Partially Aligned Semiconductive Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors Achieved with a Parallel Technique
Authors: Wang Yilei , Pillai Suresh Kumar Raman , Chan‐Park Mary B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are widely thought to be a strong contender for next‐generation printed electronic transistor materials. However, large‐scale solution‐based parallel assembly of SWNTs to obtain high‐performance transistor devices is challenging. SWNTs have anisotropic properties and, although partial alignment of the nanotubes has been theoretically predicted to achieve optimum transistor device performance, thus far no parallel solution‐based technique can achieve this. Herein a novel solution‐based technique, the immersion‐cum‐shake method, is reported to achieve partially aligned SWNT networks using semiconductive (99% enriched) SWNTs (s‐SWNTs). By immersing an aminosilane‐treated wafer into a solution of nanotubes placed on a rotary shaker, the repetitive flow of the nanotube solution over the wafer surface during the deposition process orients the nanotubes toward the fluid flow direction. By adjusting the nanotube concentration in the solution, the nanotube density of the partially aligned network can be controlled; linear densities ranging from 5 to 45 SWNTs/μm are observed. Through control of the linear SWNT density and channel length, the optimum SWNT‐based field‐effect transistor devices achieve outstanding performance metrics (with an on/off ratio of ~3.2 × 104 and mobility 46.5 cm2/Vs). Atomic force microscopy shows that the partial alignment is uniform over an area of 20 × 20 mm2 and confirms that the orientation of the nanotubes is mostly along the fluid flow direction, with a narrow orientation scatter characterized by a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of <15° for all but the densest film, which is 35°. This parallel process is large‐scale applicable and exploits the anisotropic properties of the SWNTs, presenting a viable path forward for industrial adoption of SWNTs in printed, flexible, and large‐area electronics.
From bytecode to JavaScript: the Js_of_ocaml compiler
Authors: Vouillon Jérôme , Balat Vincent 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYWe present the design and implementation of a compiler from OCaml bytecode to JavaScript. The compiler first translates the bytecode into a static single‐assignment intermediate representation on which optimizations are performed, before generating JavaScript. We believe that taking bytecode as an input instead of a high‐level language is a sensible choice. Virtual machines provide a very stable API. Such a compiler is thus easy to maintain. It is also convenient to use, and it can just be added to an existing installation of the development tools. Already‐compiled libraries can be used directly, with no need to reinstall anything. Finally, some virtual machines are the target of several languages. A bytecode to JavaScript compiler would make it possible to retarget all these languages to Web browsers at once. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal variation in end‐member chemistry and its influence on runoff mixing patterns in a forested, Piedmont catchment
Authors: Inamdar Shreeram , Dhillon Gurbir , Singh Shatrughan , Dutta Sudarshan , Levia Delphis , Scott Durelle , Mitchell Myron , Van Stan John , McHale Patrick 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
Eleven watershed sources and runoff for 42 storm events were studied.
End‐member chemistry varied with hydrologic and seasonal conditions.
End‐member chemistry and hydrologic connectivity shaped runoff mixing patterns.
Common envelope evolution: where we stand and how we can move forward
Authors: Ivanova N. , Justham S. , Chen X. , De Marco O. , Fryer C. L. , Gaburov E. , Ge H. , Glebbeek E. , Han Z. , Li X.-D. , Lu G. , Marsh T. , Podsiadlowski P. , Potter A. , Soker N. , Taam R. , Tauris T. M. , van den Heuvel E. P. J. , Webbink R. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This work aims to present our current best physical understanding of common-envelope evolution (CEE). We highlight areas of consensus and disagreement, and stress ideas which should point the way forward for progress in this important but long-standing and largely unconquered problem. Unusually for CEE-related work, we mostly try to avoid relying on results from population synthesis or observations, in order to avoid potentially being misled by previous misunderstandings. As far as possible we debate all the relevant issues starting from physics alone, all the way from the evolution of the binary system immediately before CEE begins to the processes which might occur just after the ejection of the envelope. In particular, we include extensive discussion about the energy sources and sinks operating in CEE, and hence examine the foundations of the standard energy formalism. Special attention is also given to comparing the results of hydrodynamic simulations from different groups and to discussing the potential effect of initial conditions on the differences in the outcomes. We compare current numerical techniques for the problem of CEE and also whether more appropriate tools could and should be produced (including new formulations of computational hydrodynamics, and attempts to include 3D processes within 1D codes). Finally we explore new ways to link CEE with observations. We compare previous simulations of CEE to the recent outburst from V1309 Sco, and discuss to what extent post-common-envelope binaries and nebulae can provide information, e.g. from binary eccentricities, which is not currently being fully exploited.
Protein Induced by Vitamin K Antagonist‐II (PIVKA‐II) Is a Reliable Prognostic Factor in Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kim Jong Man , Hyuck Choon , Kwon David , Joh Jae‐Won , Lee Joon Hyeok , Paik Seung Woon , Park Cheol Keun 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) <2 cm in diameter has a favorable prognosis. Therefore surgical resection of small HCC is associated with good outcomes. However, the predisposing factors of prognosis following resection of HCC remain ill‐defined. The aims of the present study were to identify the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of patients with small HCC and analyze the predisposing factors for tumor recurrence after surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 180 patients with small HCC who underwent hepatectomy between 2006 and 2010. Independent predictors of tumor recurrence were identified with Cox regression analysis.ResultsThe 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates and overall survival rates were 83.7, 68.0, 65.3, and 98.9, 96.5, 92.7 %, respectively. Multivariate analysis reported that protein induced by the vitamin K antagonist‐II (PIVKA‐II) ≥200 mAU/mL, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥80 IU/mL, and microvascular invasion were important predisposing factors for tumor recurrence. Elevated serum PIVKA‐II level was associated with microvascular invasion in small HCC, which was a powerful predisposing factor.ConclusionsAlthough small HCC is generally associated with a good prognosis, serum PIVKA‐II level ≥200 mAU/mL, ALP ≥ 80 IU/L, and microvascular invasion were predisposing factors for tumor recurrence. These factors can be used to stratify patients with respect to recurrence after resection. Elevated PIVKA‐II was closely associated with microvascular invasion in small HCC. These data emphasize the importance of PIVKA‐II in small HCC.
Yarrowia lipolytica: the novel and promising 2-phenylethanol producer
Authors: Celińska E , Kubiak P , Białas W , Dziadas M , Grajek W 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This is the first report on the ability of Yarrowia lipolytica strains to produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), which has not been identified for this species to date. 2-PE is a valuable aroma compound of rose-like odor. Its isolation from the other than microbial source—rose petals, is limited by the substrate availability. Thus, this chemical compound constitutes an attractive product for biotechnological conversions. To date, the ability to produce 2-PE has been described for such genera as Saccharomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., Geotrichum sp., and Pichia sp. This report provides evidence that Y. lipolytica is a novel 2-PE producer. Moreover, the titers of 2-PE obtained in Y. lipolytica NCYC3825 non-optimized cultures, nearly 2 g/l, are competitive to titers obtained by the other species.
Interactions of Linoleic and Alpha‐Linolenic Acids in the Development of Fatty Acid Alterations in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Katrangi Waddah , Lawrenz Joshua , Seegmiller Adam C. , Laposata Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit characteristic polyunsaturated fatty acid abnormalities, including low linoleic acid and high arachidonic acid levels that are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. Recent studies indicate that changes in fatty acid metabolism are responsible for these abnormalities. This study examines the role of fatty acid substrate concentrations in the development of these alterations in a cultured cell model of CF. By incubating cells with varying concentrations of exogenous fatty acids, it shows that increasing the concentration of substrates from the parallel n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid pathways (linoleic acid and alpha‐linolenic acid, respectively) not only increases formation of the products in that pathway, but also reduces metabolism in the parallel pathway. In particular, we demonstrate that high levels of linoleic acid and low levels of alpha‐linolenic acid are required to observe the typical fatty acid alterations of cystic fibrosis. These results shed light on the mechanisms of fatty acid metabolic abnormalities in cystic fibrosis. They also have implications for the nutritional therapy of CF, highlighting the importance of specific fatty acid content, and in understanding the anti‐inflammatory effects of n‐3 fatty acids.
Epidemiology of Brugada syndrome in Japan and rest of the world
Authors: Kamakura Shiro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBrugada syndrome is an inherited disease that causes sudden death because of ventricular fibrillation. Its prevalence is approximately 0.15% in adults and 0.005% in children in Asia, and less than 0.02% in the West. The reason for the higher prevalence in Asia is likely ethnic‐specific polymorphisms modulating the activity of the primary disease‐causing mutation. In Japan, the incidence of Brugada‐pattern electrocardiogram (ECG) is 14.2 per 100,000 person‐years. Data from multicenter registries indicate that its frequency in men with Brugada syndrome is higher in Japanese patients (94–96%) than in Caucasian patients (72–80%). Healthy individuals with Brugada‐type ECG have a favorable prognosis with an annual death rate of less than 0.5%.
Decentralized irrigation in China: An institutional analysis
Authors: Zhou Qian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Decentralized irrigation governance can improve irrigation, support water equity and reduce water conflicts. Decentralization, by changing actors’ incentives and encouraging farmers to engage in collective irrigation, can have positive outcomes. However, recent decentralization in developing countries has had mixed results including China. This paper examines empirical evidence from institutional analysis of two decentralized irrigation systems in central China, and finds that even following the same process of decentralization, access rights to water are not always equally distributed within the irrigation community and collective action does not always occur in every decentralized setting. Based on this, I argue that decentralization is not an end in itself. The assumption that local water users would automatically share decision-making rights, as long as these rights are transferred to localities, is wrong. It ignores the various considerations of physical conditions, interests of heterogeneity vs. homogeneity, and potential elite captures, which can influence or determine actors’ incentives and their behaviors.
Genetically obese mice do not show increased gut permeability or faecal bile acid hydrophobicity
Authors: Stenman Lotta K. , Holma Reetta , Gylling Helena , Korpela Riitta 
Published: February 2013

Gut barrier dysfunction may lead to metabolic endotoxaemia and low-grade inflammation. Recent publications have demonstrated gut barrier dysfunction in obesity induced by a diet high in fat, and a pathogenetic role for luminal bile acids has been proposed. We aimed to investigate whether genetically obese mice develop increased gut permeability and alterations in luminal bile acids on a diet with a regular fat content. We used seven obese maleob/obmice of C57BL/6J background and ten male wild-type (WT) mice of the same strain. Faeces were collected for bile acid analysis. Intestinal permeability was measured in an Ussing chamber upon euthanasia, using 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, as per mille (‰, 1/1000) of translocated dextran. We analysed the liver expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), as well as serum LBP (ELISA). Intestinal permeability was not affected by genetic obesity (jejunum: 0·234 (sem0·04) ‰ for obesev. 0·225 (sem0·03) ‰ for WT,P= 0·93; colon: 0·222 (sem0·06) ‰ for obesev. 0·184 (sem0·03) ‰ for WT,P= 0·86), nor was liver LBP expression (relative expression: 0·55 (sem0·08) for obesev. 0·55 (sem0·13) for WT,P= 0·70). Serum LBP was 2·5-fold higher in obese than in WT mice (P= 0·001). Obese mice had increased daily excretion of total bile acids, but their faecal bile acid hydrophobicity was unchanged. In conclusion, genetic obesity did not impair gut barrier function in mice on a regular chow diet, nor was faecal bile acid hydrophobicity affected.