bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'urbanisation d'Anvers au XVIe siècle
Authors: Soly Hugo 
Published: June 2015

Dans la première partie de ce texte, l'auteur met l'accent sur les conditions générales de l'urbanisation d'Anvers au XVIe siècle : l'explosion démographique, la croissance économique rapide, la montée d'une bourgeoisie opulente et la construction d'un nouveau système de défense. Ensuite, les activités de Gilbert van Schoonbeke sont analysées. Par la création de nombreux quartiers neufs, par l'urbanisation de la "Nouvelle Ville" (23 à 25 ha. annexés à la ville d'Anvers en 1542), par l'implantation de trois nouveaux marchés et par l'ouverture de 24 nouvelles rues (30% de toutes les artères tracées au XVIe siècle), ce grand homme d'affaires détermina l'aspect de la métropole jusqu'au XIXe siècle.
Deux facteurs permirent à Gilbert van Schoonbeke de réaliser des bénéfices énormes — un strict minimum de 60 000 florins, entre 1542 et 1550, soit 600 fois le salaire annuel d'un ouvrier qualifié. Ce spéculateur foncier n'a jamais entamé le lotissement sans avoir préalablement créé des centres commerciaux ou industriels qui allaient décider du développement futur de la zone concernée. En outre, il a toujours recherché et entretenu de bonnes relations avec des édiles corrompus, qui considéraient la transformation de la ville comme un excellent moyen de s'enrichir.
Contribution à la localisation de Quentovic ou la relance d'un vieux débat
Authors: Leman Pierre 
Published: June 2015

Des travaux agricoles ont bouleversé le sol d'une ancienne prairie au lieu Vismaretz, durant le printemps de l'année 1981.
C'est en ces lieux que les historiens s'accordent à placer le port de Quentovic, sur la rive sud de la Canche entre Montreuil et Etaples dans le village de la Caloterie ; en se fondant sur les seuls textes et monnaies. Une observation des vestiges mis au jour par la charrue et la machine chargées du curage des fossés de drainage permet de conclure à l'existence d'une nécropole à inhumation. Les tombes orientées soit est-ouest soit nord-sud ont été creusées dans deux, voire trois niveaux d'occupation. Le matériel (tessons, os taillés, fibules, fragment d'inscriptions), autorise une datation comprise entre la fin du VIIe et le début du Xe siècle. Pour la première fois donc, un gisement archéologique de cette époque est découvert dans ces parages. En outre, deux tertres en cours d'arasement, d'un diamètre de trente mètres, marquent le relief de cette zone dont la superficie s'étend sur plus de deux hectares. Enfin, la coupe d'un chemin antique plusieurs fois rechargée a été relevée. Des prospections dans une parcelle voisine ont confirmé l'étendue du gisement vers la Canche. L'étude minutieuse des micros-reliefs, de la végétation fossile des haies d'enclos en fait une vaste zone tout à fait originale de ce secteur de la Canche. Il peut s'agir de la nécropole d'un village disparu mais les arguments en faveur d'un secteur de Quen- tovic sont maintenant trop nombreux pour ne pas ouvrir de vastes fouilles de contrôle dans ce sens.
Les fortifications médiévales de la ville du Quesnoy
Authors: Salamagne Alain 
Published: June 2015

Si, du Quesnoy, petite cité du sud du département du Nord, les amateurs connaissent bien les hauts bastions de brique, par contre les états antérieurs de la fortification étaient restés jusqu'à ce jour totalement ignorés ; c'est donc l'évocation et la restitution de ceux-ci qui a été tentée. L'étude des enceintes urbaines apporte un éclairage à multiples facettes sur l'histoire économique et sociale tant de la cité que de l'entité géo-politique dans laquelle elle s'inscrit. Cependant un seul aspect de ce vaste programme de recherche a été ici retenu : la signification architecturale des fortifications médiévales du Quesnoy et leur place parmi les autres réalisations hainuyères.
Deux grandes campagnes de fortification ont pu être isolées en Hainaut : la première due, dans la seconde moitié du XIIe siècle, à la politique ambitieuse des comtes Baudouin IV et Baudouin V, dota leur comté d'une série de points forts, châteaux et villes emmurées, tenant le plat- pays. Dans le cadre de la guerre de Cent-Ans, une seconde campagne de fortifications vint au XIVe siècle amplifier et moderniser les données établies dès le XIIe siècle. Le Quesnoy, pour sa part, ayant participé aux deux était tout à fait représentatif de l'architecture militaire hainuyère et des innovations que ses maîtres-d'œuvre y tentèrent.
Cabecera cuadrada renacentista con bóveda pseudo-esférica cruzada en la iglesia Santiago de Orihuela (Alicante)
Authors: López González Antonio Luis 
Published: June 2015

<p>Jerónimo Quijano fue uno de los ilustres arquitectos destacados del Renacimiento pleno en España<strong>. </strong>Su obra<strong>, </strong>la<strong> iglesia de Santiago </strong><strong>en Orihuela -Alicante- </strong>posee una Capilla Mayor renacentista, de carácter funerario, de planta central y adosada a una nave gótica. Destaca su bóveda superior de 4 pares de arcos entrecruzados y revirados. Al ser dobles se reduce la superficie central de plementería y se gana en resistencia. Es de complicada geometría esférica y cuadrada a la vez: bóveda pseudo-vaída (esférica solo hasta los arcos exteriores) y plementería lateral adaptándose a la planta cuadrada. Supone la fusión de la antigüedad clásica con la tradición hispanomusulmana.</p><p>Como referencia, se estudia sucintamente la <strong>Capilla Benavides</strong> en<strong> </strong>Baeza - Jaén-, obra de<strong> Andrés de Vandelvira</strong> e incluida en el tratado de arquitectura de su hijo Alonso, la cual plantea un gran espacio cuadrado cubierto por una bóveda vaída y reforzada por 4 arcos entrecruzados.</p>
Atención visual en la evaluación de espacios arquitectónicos
Authors: Iñarra Abad Susana , Juan Vidal Francisco , Llinares Millán Carmen , Guixeres Provinciale Jaime 
Published: June 2015

<p class="textotesis1">El análisis del comportamiento visual ante un determinado estímulo supone una herramienta de estudio de la respuesta más inmediata e instintiva del observador. La reciente accesibilidad a la tecnología capaz de rastrear y registrar el recorrido de la mirada ante la observación de un estímulo, ha puesto un interés creciente en cómo las personas observamos nuestro entorno.</p><p class="textotesis1">Aquellos estudios en los que se ha medido simultáneamente la respuesta subjetiva del observador y su recorrido visual, permiten establecer que existe una relación entre el modo de observar la imagen y la atención visual del observador ante la imagen.</p>El presente artículo describe un estudio experimental en el que hemos aplicado esta nueva técnica de análisis visual a la observación de imágenes empleadas en recientes concursos de arquitectura. La contribución de estas herramientas de medida de la respuesta fisiológica puede suponer un gran avance en el análisis de la percepción del observador.
Abstracción, transparencia, sistema. Sobre algunas de las estructuras gráficas que definen la identidad moderna
Authors: Ampliato Briones Antonio Luis 
Published: June 2015

<p>Este artículo, en torno a los tres conceptos recogidos en su título (abstracción, transparencia, sistema) propone una mirada sintética sobre la evolución de los procesos gráficos arquitectónicos en el Edad Moderna. La atención se centra en la identificación de algunos aspectos estructurales específicos que surgieron de este ciclo histórico en relación con el dibujo, el arte y la arquitectura. El objetivo no es poner de manifiesto lo que fue sino lo que hemos heredado, quedando impreso en el código genético de nuestros instrumentos contemporáneos.</p>
Intervenciones en la basílica de Santo Stefano Rotondo (Roma)
Authors: D’Aquino Riccardo 
Published: June 2015

<p>El artículo ilustra la metodología, los criterios y las opciones proyectuales barajadas en la intervención de reintegración visual y material de los antiguos pavimentos de la histórica basílica de Santo Stefano Rotondo. El autor razona sobre las alternativas barajadas y su diversa implicación, en una intervención caracterizada por su esmero y su exquisito detalle en el concepto y la ejecución. En una segunda parte del texto, el autor realiza una reflexión similar y paralela en la tarea de proyectar la iluminación del conjunto y diseñar las luminarias adecuadas en cada caso en base a la atmósfera que se deseaba para el espacio y las connotaciones propias de los tipos y las formas de luminarias proyectadas. No obstante la antigüedad y carácter venerable dificultaba en gran medida cualquier tipo de actuación, esta intervención ha obtenido un resultado especialmente delicado con las preexistencias.</p>
Restauración de la Casa de Convalescencia de Vic, Barcelona
Authors: Vives José Luis , Bassa Victoria , Ayala Nuria 
Published: June 2015

<p>El texto presenta un recorrido detallado por la historia, la construcción y el estado de conservación de este edificio y su estructura previo a su intervención, como interesante testimonio de las técnicas constructivas de los maestros de obra de la época barroca y neoclásica local. Acto seguido, presenta el programa funcional del mismo para agencia de emprendimiento, innovación y conocimiento del ayuntamiento de la localidad y los criterios de intervención empleados que han servido de guía a la restauración. De particular interés resulta el análisis de la construcción histórica principalmente realizada con muros de tapia y bóvedas tabicadas, la reparación de los aleros de madera con prótesis del mismo material y la intervención en las bóvedas tabicadas existentes recurriendo a la tradición constructiva local para reparar, reforzar o incluso reconstruir algunas bóvedas perdidas.</p>
DNA Yield From Tissue Samples in Surgical Pathology and Minimum Tissue Requirements for Molecular Testing
Authors: Austin Melissa C. , Smith Christina , Pritchard Colin C. , Tait Jonathan F. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Complex molecular assays are increasingly used to direct therapy and provide diagnostic and prognostic information but can require relatively large amounts of DNA.

Objectives
To provide data to pathologists to help them assess tissue adequacy and provide prospective guidance on the amount of tissue that should be procured.

Design
We used slide-based measurements to establish a relationship between processed tissue volume and DNA yield by A260 from 366 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples submitted for the 3 most common molecular assays performed in our laboratory (EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF). We determined the average DNA yield per unit of tissue volume, and we used the distribution of DNA yields to calculate the minimum volume of tissue that should yield sufficient DNA 99% of the time.

Results
All samples with a volume greater than 8 mm3 yielded at least 1 μg of DNA, and more than 80% of samples producing less than 1 μg were extracted from less than 4 mm3 of tissue. Nine square millimeters of tissue should produce more than 1 μg of DNA 99% of the time.

Conclusions
We conclude that 2 tissue cores, each 1 cm long and obtained with an 18-gauge needle, will almost always provide enough DNA for complex multigene assays, and our methodology may be readily extrapolated to individual institutional practice.
Computational Pathology: A Path Ahead
Authors: Louis David N. , Feldman Michael , Carter Alexis B. , Dighe Anand S. , Pfeifer John D. , Bry Lynn , Almeida Jonas S. , Saltz Joel , Braun Jonathan , Tomaszewski John E. , Gilbertson John R. , Sinard John H. , Gerber Georg K. , Galli Stephen J. , Golden Jeffrey A. , Becich Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

Context
We define the scope and needs within the new discipline of computational pathology, a discipline critical to the future of both the practice of pathology and, more broadly, medical practice in general.

Objective
To define the scope and needs of computational pathology.

Data Sources
A meeting was convened in Boston, Massachusetts, in July 2014 prior to the annual Association of Pathology Chairs meeting, and it was attended by a variety of pathologists, including individuals highly invested in pathology informatics as well as chairs of pathology departments.

Conclusions
The meeting made recommendations to promote computational pathology, including clearly defining the field and articulating its value propositions; asserting that the value propositions for health care systems must include means to incorporate robust computational approaches to implement data-driven methods that aid in guiding individual and population health care; leveraging computational pathology as a center for data interpretation in modern health care systems; stating that realizing the value proposition will require working with institutional administrations, other departments, and pathology colleagues; declaring that a robust pipeline should be fostered that trains and develops future computational pathologists, for those with both pathology and nonpathology backgrounds; and deciding that computational pathology should serve as a hub for data-related research in health care systems. The dissemination of these recommendations to pathology and bioinformatics departments should help facilitate the development of computational pathology.
Addiction-as-a-kind hypothesis
Authors: Ylikoski Petri , Pöyhönen Samuli 
Published: June 2015

Ylikoski, P., & Pöyhönen, S. (2015). Addiction-as-a-kind hypothesis. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 21-25. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.189The psychiatric category of addiction has recently been broadened to include new behaviors. This has prompted critical discussion about the value of a concept that covers so many different substances and activities. Many of the debates surrounding the notion of addiction stem from different views concerning what kind of a thing addiction fundamentally is. In this essay, we put forward an account that conceptualizes different addictions as sharing a cluster of relevant properties (the syndrome) that is supported by a matrix of causal mechanisms. According to this "addiction-as-a-kind" hypothesis, several different kinds of substance and behavioral addictions can be thought of as instantiations of the same thing—addiction. We show how a clearly articulated account of addiction can facilitate empirical research and the theoretical integration of different perspectives on addiction. The causal matrix approach provides a promising alternative to existing accounts of the nature of psychiatric disorders, the traditional disease model, and its competitors. It is a positive addition to discussions about diagnostic criteria, and sheds light on how psychiatric classification may be integrated with research done in other scientific fields. We argue that it also provides a plausible approach to understanding comorbidity.
Addiction, recovery and moral agency: Philosophical considerations
Authors: Uusitalo Susanne 
Published: June 2015

Uusitalo, S. (2015). Addiction, recovery and moral agency: Philosophical considerations. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, X(Y), N-M. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.vXiY.190 Aims: The purpose of this paper is to argue that it is important to recognize that addicts are morally accountable even for their addictive action, as moral agency is more generally an important factor in full-blown human agency. The challenge is to identify the problems that addicts have in their agency without discarding their potentially full-blown agency. Design: In philosophy of agency, moral responsibility and accountability, in particular, may refer to control over one’s action. I discuss this control as reason-responsiveness and, on a more general level, illustrate the importance of moral agency to human agency with a contrasting example of psychopaths and addicts as agents. Measures: A philosophical analysis is carried out in order to argue for the relevance and importance of moral accountability in therapeutic models of addiction. Findings: The example of psychopaths and addicts illustrates that moral agency is part of full-blown human agency, as psychopaths are generally believed to lack moral skills common to non-psychopathic individuals. I argue that addicts are not analogous to psychopaths in the framework of moral agency in this respect. Conclusions: By fleshing out the conceptual considerations in the framework of addiction therapies, I clarify the relevance and importance of moral accountability in therapeutic models of addiction. If evidence-based therapies attempt to restore the addict’s full-fledged agency at least in respect to addiction, then acknowledging addicts’ moral accountability for their action does matter.
Neurobiological research on addiction: What value has it added to the concept?
Authors: Kalant Harold 
Published: June 2015

Kalant, H. (2015). Neurobiological research on addiction: What value has it added to the concept?. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 53-59. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.196The initial goal of neurobiological research on addiction was to identify the neural mechanisms involved in the mediation and expression of addictive behavior. More recently, however, it has attributed causal roles to these mechanisms, as illustrated by the definition of addiction as a brain disease caused by chronic exposure to a drug. This concept carries a number of implications that can be assessed experimentally and clinically. None of these implications is borne out by the currently available evidence. The interactions of neuronal systems involved in addiction are also involved in adaptation to experience and environmental change. Much of the neurobiological research to date has not differentiated between causes of addiction, neuronal mechanisms that are activated by them, and risk factors that contribute to individual vulnerability. It has largely ignored the important experiential and environmental influences known to affect the prevalence of addiction in different populations or different times, and it has so far directed much less attention to other forms of addiction-like behavior that do not involve drugs. These failures are not inherent in neurobiological research but require reorientation of objectives, including more emphasis on the study of mechanisms by which environment and experience, including drug experience, can determine whether genetic risk factors are expressed or remain dormant and can direct neuroadaptive mechanisms toward alternative outcomes.
Addiction: The dance between concept and terms
Authors: Room Robin , Hellman Matilda , Stenius Kerstin 
Published: June 2015

Room, R., Hellman, M., & Stenius, K. (2015). Addiction: The dance between concept and terms. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 27-35. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.199The paper discusses the relation between a concept of addiction and the terminology used for its communication, drawing on and analyzing historical citations from the Oxford English Dictionary. The history of words used in English illustrates that terms for a concept change over time, often by an existing word being repurposed. “Addiction” as a term existed prior to the contemporary concept, but with a descriptive meaning that did not carry the explanatory power intrinsic in the modern variant. So its use as a word for the modern conception of the addiction phenomenon was delayed well beyond the emergence of the concept. The experience in English of interplay between concept and terms is discussed in the context of two frames: of influence in both directions between medical and popular concepts and terms, and of cross-cultural variations in the concept and of terms for it.
Redefining Cardiac Involvement and Targets of Treatment in Systemic Immunoglobulin AL Amyloidosis
Authors: Porcari Aldostefano , Masi Ambra , Martinez-Naharro Ana , Razvi Yousuf , Patel Rishi , Ioannou Adam , Rauf Muhammad U. , Sinigiani Giulio , Wisniowski Brendan , Filisetti Stefano , Currie-Cathey Jasmine , O’Beara Sophie , Kotecha Tushar , Knight Dan , Moon James C. , Sinagra Gianfranco , Virsinskaite Ruta , Gilbertson Janet , Venneri Lucia , Petrie Aviva , Lachmann Helen , Whelan Carol , Kellman Peter , Ravichandran Sriram , Cohen Oliver , Mahmood Shameem , Manisty Charlotte , Hawkins Philip N. , Gillmore Julian D. , Wechalekar Ashutosh D. , Fontana Marianna 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceCardiac amyloid infiltration is the key determinant of survival in systemic light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Current guidelines recommend early switching therapy in patients with a nonoptimal or suboptimal response regardless of the extent of cardiac amyloid infiltration.ObjectiveTo assess the differences between serum biomarkers, echocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with extracellular volume (ECV) mapping in characterizing cardiac amyloid, the independent prognostic role of these approaches, and the role of ECV mapping to guide treatment strategies.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsConsecutive patients newly diagnosed with systemic AL amyloidosis (2015-2021) underwent echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and CMR with ECV mapping at diagnosis. Data were analyzed from January to June 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes of the study were all-cause mortality and hematological response as defined according to validated criteria: no response (NR), partial response (PR), very good partial response (VGPR), and complete response (CR). Secondary outcomes were the depth and speed of hematological response and overall survival according to ECV.ResultsOf 560 patients with AL amyloidosis, the median (IQR) age was 68 years (59-74 years); 346 patients were male (61.8%) and 214 female (38.2%). Over a median (IQR) 40.5 months 9-58 months), ECV was independently associated with mortality. In the landmark analysis at 1 month, long-term survival was independent of the achieved hematological response in ECV less than 0.30% and ECV of 0.31% to 0.40%, while it was dependent on the depth of the hematological response in ECV greater than 0.40%. In the landmark analysis at 6 months, survival was independent of the achieved hematological response in ECV less than 0.30% and dependent on achieving at least PR in ECV of 0.31% to 0.40%. Survival was dependent on achieving CR in ECV of 0.41% to 0.50% and ECV greater than 0.50%. Achieving a deep hematological response at 1 month was associated with better survival compared with 6 months in patients with ECV greater than 0.40% but not with ECV less than 0.40%.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that ECV mapping, in systemic AL amyloidosis, is an independent predictor of prognosis, can help define the hematological response associated with better long-term outcomes for each patient and potentially inform treatment strategies.