bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paternal imprinting of mating preferences between natural populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus)
Authors: Montero Inka , Teschke Meike , Tautz Diethard 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe evolutionary divergence of cues for mate recognition can contribute to early stages of population separation. We compare here two allopatric populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) that have become separated about 3000 years ago. We have used paternity assignments in semi‐natural environments to study the degree of mutual mate recognition according to population origin under conditions of free choice and overlapping generations. Our results provide insights into the divergence of mating cues, but also for the mating system of house mice. We find frequent multiple mating, occurrence of inbreeding and formation of extended family groups. In addition, many animals show strong mate fidelity, that is, frequent choice of the same mating partners in successive breeding cycles, indicating a role for familiarity in mating preference. With respect to population divergence, we find evidence for assortative mating, but only under conditions where the animals had time to familiarize themselves with mating partners from their own population. Most interestingly, the first‐generation offspring born in the enclosure showed a specific mating pattern. Although matings between animals of hybrid population origin with animals of pure population origin should have occurred with equal frequency with respect to matching the paternal or maternal origin, paternal matching with mates from their own populations occurred much more often. Our findings suggest that paternally imprinted cues play a role in mate recognition between mice and that the cues evolve fast, such that animals of populations that are separated since not more than 3000 years can differentially recognize them.
A molecular analysis of African lion (Panthera leo) mating structure and extra‐group paternity in Etosha National Park
Authors: Lyke M. M. , Dubach J. , Briggs M. B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe recent incorporation of molecular methods into analyses of social and mating systems has provided evidence that mating patterns often differ from those predicted by group social organization. Based on field studies and paternity analyses at a limited number of sites, African lions are predicted to exhibit a strict within‐pride mating system. Extra‐group paternity has not been previously reported in African lions; however, observations of extra‐group associations among lions inhabiting Etosha National Park in Namibia suggest deviation from the predicted within‐pride mating pattern. We analysed variation in 14 microsatellite loci in a population of 164 African lions in Etosha National Park. Genetic analysis was coupled with demographic and observational data to examine pride structure, relatedness and extra‐group paternity (EGP). EGP was found to occur in 57% of prides where paternity was analysed (n = 7), and the overall rate of EGP in this population was 41% (n = 34). Group sex ratio had a significant effect on the occurrence of EGP (P < 0.05), indicating that variation in pride‐level social structure may explain intergroup variation in EGP. Prides with a lower male‐to‐female ratio were significantly more likely to experience EGP in this population. The results of this study challenge the current models of African lion mating systems and provide evidence that social structure may not reflect breeding structure in some social mammals.
Haplotype structure, adaptive history and associations with exploratory behaviour of theDRD4gene region in four great tit (Parus major) populations
Authors: Mueller Jakob C. , Korsten Peter , Hermannstaedter Christine , Feulner Thomas , Dingemanse Niels J. , Matthysen Erik , van Oers Kees , van Overveld Thijs , Patrick Samantha C. , Quinn John L. , Riemenschneider Matthias , Tinbergen Joost M. , Kempenaers Bart 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe assessment of genetic architecture and selection history in genes for behavioural traits is fundamental to our understanding of how these traits evolve. The dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene is a prime candidate for explaining genetic variation in novelty seeking behaviour, a commonly assayed personality trait in animals. Previously, we showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 3 of this gene is associated with exploratory behaviour in at least one of four Western European great tit (Parus major) populations. These heterogeneous association results were explained by potential variable linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns between this marker and the causal variant or by other genetic or environmental differences among the populations. Different adaptive histories are further hypothesized to have contributed to these population differences. Here, we genotyped 98 polymorphisms of the completeDRD4gene including the flanking regions for 595 individuals of the four populations. We show that theLDstructure, specifically around the original exon 3SNPis conserved across the four populations and does not explain the heterogeneous association results. Study‐wide significant associations with exploratory behaviour were detected in more than one haplotype block around exon 2, 3 and 4 in two of the four tested populations with different allele effect models. This indicates genetic heterogeneity in the association between multipleDRD4polymorphisms and exploratory behaviour across populations. The association signals were in or close to regions with signatures of positive selection. We therefore hypothesize that variation in exploratory and other dopamine‐related behaviour evolves locally by occasional adaptive shifts in the frequency of underlying genetic variants.
Candidate gene polymorphisms for behavioural adaptations during urbanization in blackbirds
Authors: Mueller J. C. , Partecke J. , Hatchwell B. J. , Gaston K. J. , Evans K. L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSuccessful urban colonization by formerly rural species represents an ideal situation in which to study adaptation to novel environments. We address this issue using candidate genes for behavioural traits that are expected to play a role in such colonization events. We identified and genotyped 16 polymorphisms in candidate genes for circadian rhythms, harm avoidance and migratory and exploratory behaviour in 12 paired urban and rural populations of the blackbirdTurdus merulaacross theWesternPalaearctic. An exonic microsatellite in theSERTgene, a candidate gene for harm avoidance behaviour, exhibited a highly significant association with habitat type in an analysis conducted across all populations. Genetic divergence at this locus was consistent in 10 of the 12 population pairs; this contrasts with previously reported stochastic genetic divergence between these populations at random markers. Our results indicate that behavioural traits related to harm avoidance and associated with theSERTpolymorphism experience selection pressures during most blackbird urbanization events. These events thus appear to be influenced by homogeneous adaptive processes in addition to previously reported demographic founder events.
Recent rapid speciation and ecomorph divergence inIndo‐Australian sea snakes
Authors: Sanders Kate L. , Rasmussen Arne R. , Mumpuni  , Elmberg Johan , de Silva Anslem , Guinea Michael L. , Lee Michael S. Y. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) are a young radiation of at least 62 species that display spectacular morphological diversity and high levels of local sympatry. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying sea snake diversification, we investigated recent speciation and eco‐morphological differentiation in a clade of four nominal species with overlapping ranges in Southeast Asia and Australia. Analyses of morphology and stomach contents identified the presence of two distinct ecomorphs: a ‘macrocephalic’ ecomorph that reaches >2 m in length, has a large head and feeds on crevice‐dwelling eels and gobies; and a ‘microcephalic’ ecomorph that rarely exceeds 1 m in length, has a small head and narrow fore‐body and hunts snake eels in burrows. Mitochondrial sequences show a lack of reciprocal monophyly between ecomorphs and among putative species. However, individual assignment based on newly developed microsatellites separated co‐distributed specimens into four significantly differentiated clusters corresponding to morphological species designations, indicating limited recent gene flow and progress towards speciation. A coalescent species tree (based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences) and isolation‐migration model (mitochondrial and microsatellite markers) suggest between one and three transitions between ecomorphs within the last approximately 1.2 million to approximately 840 000 years. In particular, the macrocephalic ‘eastern’ population ofHydrophis cyanocinctusand microcephalicH. melanocephalusappear to have diverged very recently and rapidly, resulting in major phenotypic differences and restriction of gene flow in sympatry. These results highlight the viviparous sea snakes as a promising system for speciation studies in the marine environment.
Disseminated histoplasmosis and aids: relapse and late mortality in endemic area in north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Dasmasceno Lisandra Serra , Novaes Jr Alberto Ramos , Alencar Carlos Henrique Morais , Lima Daniel Teixeira , Sidrim José Júlio Costa , Gonçalves Maria Vânia Freitas , de Mesquita Jacó Ricarte Lima , Leitão Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe State of Ceará in north‐eastern Brazil has one of the highest rates in the world of relapse and death due to disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The objective of this study is to characterise the relapse and mortality of DH in AIDS cases residents in Ceará. We performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records of AIDS patients who had a first episode of DH from 2002 to 2008. We analysed the outcomes until December 31, 2010. A total of 145 patients participated in the study. The mean clinical follow‐up duration was 3.38 years (SD = 2.2; 95% CI = 3.01–3.75). The majority of the subjects were male with a mean age of 35 years (SD = 2.2; 95% CI = 3.01–3.75) and were born in the capital of Ceará. DH was the first manifestation of AIDS in 59% of the patients. The relapse rate was 23.3%, with a disseminated presentation in 90% of these patients. The overall mortality during the study period was 30.2%. The majority of patients who relapsed or died had irregular treatment with antifungals or highly active antiretroviral therapy and did not have active clinical follow‐up. High rates of recurrence and mortality were found in AIDS‐associated DH in this area of the country.
Economic evaluation of micafungin vs. Liposomal Amphotericin B (LAmB) for the treatment of candidaemia and Invasive Candidiasis (IC)
Authors: Neoh Chin Fen , Liew Danny , Slavin Monica A. , Marriott Debbie , Chen Sharon C.‐A. , Morrissey Orla , Stewart Kay , Kong David C. M. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryMicafungin was non‐inferior to liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) for the treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) in a major clinical trial. The present study investigated the economic impact of micafungin vs.LAmB in treating candidaemia andIC. A decision analytical model was constructed to capture downstream consequences of using micafungin orLAmB as primary definitive therapy. The main outcomes were treatment success and treatment failure due to mycological persistence, or death. Outcome probabilities were derived from key published sources. Resource used was estimated by an expert panel and cost inputs were from the latest Australian resources. The analysis was from an Australian hospital perspective. Sensitivity analyses using Monte Carlo simulation were conducted. Micafungin (AU$61 426) had a lower total cost thanLAmB (AU$72 382), with a total net cost‐saving ofAU$10 957 per patient. This was primarily due to the lower cost associated with initial antifungal treatment and shorter length of stay for patients in the micafungin arm. Hospitalisation was the main cost driver for both arms. Results were robust over a wide range of variables. The uncertainty analysis demonstrated that micafungin had a 99.9% chance of being cost‐saving compared withLAmB. Micafungin was associated with cost‐saving relative toLAmB in the treatment of candidaemia andICin Australia.
Quality of life in patients with toenail onychomycosis
Authors: Milobratović Danica , Janković Slavenka , Vukičević Jelica , Marinković Jelena , Janković Janko , Railić Zoran 
Published: March 2013

SummaryOnychomycosis is a common, chronic fungal nail infection that can have a significant negative impact on patients' physical and social functioning and emotional well‐being. This study was undertaken to assess health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with toenail onychomycosis. The Onychomycosis QoL questionnaire (ONYCHO), as a disease‐specific instrument, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF‐36) as a generic instrument, were applied in 140 consecutive patients affected by onychomycosis. Women and patients who were experiencing toenail onychomycosis for more than 2 years were reporting worse disease‐specific HRQoL. The patients working in blue‐collar occupations and patients with greater involvement of individual nails were more affected by onychomycosis regarding symptoms. The results of this study confirm that although onychomycosis is not a life‐threatening disease, it can significantly reduce patients' QoL.
Pulmonary blastomycosis: a new endemic area inNewYork state
Authors: Permpalung Nitipong , Kaewpoowat Quanhathai , Prasidthrathsint Kunatum , Chongnarungsin Daych , Hyman Charles L. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryWe describe three cases of pulmonary blastomycosis in patients from central New York State (NYS). Two of these cases occurred in 2012, and in patients who resided in the same county. Moreover, two of these cases manifested with acute respiratory distress syndrome and survived. Interestingly, one of the two received corticosteroids and was extubated within 1 week. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first cases of human blastomycosis to be reported fromNYSand we propose that corticosteroids administration might reduce hospitalisation time and ventilator‐associated complications, even though it is not currently recommended in standard treatment.
What determines Alnus‐associated ectomycorrhizal community diversity and specificity? A comparison of host and habitat effects at a regional scale
Authors: Roy Mélanie , Rochet Juliette , Manzi Sophie , Jargeat Patricia , Gryta Hervé , Moreau Pierre‐Arthur , Gardes Monique 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Global‐scale analyses of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi communities emphasize host plant families as the main drivers of diversity. This study aims to test, on Alnus–ECM communities, which fungi are said to be ‘host‐specific’, to what extent host species, habitat and distance explain their alpha and beta diversity variations, and their specificity.

In France, ECM communities associated with two subgenera and five species of Alnus, were sampled on 165 trees from 39 lowland to subalpine sites. In all, 1178 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of ECM fungi clustered in 86 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs).

The species richness was low but still variable, and the evenness of communities was lower on organic soils and in Corsica. Similarity between communities was influenced both by host, soil parameters, altitude and longitude, but not by climate and distance. A large majority of ‘specific’ fungi were shared between host species within a subgenus, and showed habitat preferences within the subgenus distribution range.

Our study confirms that Alnus ECM communities are low in diversity, highly conserved at a regional scale, and partly shared between congeneric host species. A large part of alpha and beta diversity variations remained unexplained, and other processes may shape these communities.
Dissecting the impact of CO2 and pH on the mechanisms of photosynthesis and calcification in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Bach Lennart T. , Mackinder Luke C. M. , Schulz Kai G. , Wheeler Glen , Schroeder Declan C. , Brownlee Colin , Riebesell Ulf 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Coccolithophores are important calcifying phytoplankton predicted to be impacted by changes in ocean carbonate chemistry caused by the absorption of anthropogenic CO2. However, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of the simultaneously changing carbonate system parameters (CO2, bicarbonate, carbonate and protons) on the physiological responses to elevated CO2.

Here, we adopted a multifactorial approach at constant pH or CO2 whilst varying dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to determine physiological and transcriptional responses to individual carbonate system parameters.

We show that Emiliania huxleyi is sensitive to low CO2 (growth and photosynthesis) and low bicarbonate (calcification) as well as low pH beyond a limited tolerance range, but is much less sensitive to elevated CO2 and bicarbonate. Multiple up‐regulated genes at low DIC bear the hallmarks of a carbon‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) that is responsive to CO2 and bicarbonate but not to pH.

Emiliania huxleyi appears to have evolved mechanisms to respond to limiting rather than elevated CO2. Calcification does not function as a CCM, but is inhibited at low DIC to allow the redistribution of DIC from calcification to photosynthesis. The presented data provides a significant step in understanding how E. huxleyi will respond to changing carbonate chemistry at a cellular level.
The Arabidopsis exocyst subunit SEC3A is essential for embryo development and accumulates in transient puncta at the plasma membrane
Authors: Zhang Ying , Immink Richard , Liu Chun‐Ming , Emons Anne Mie , Ketelaar Tijs 
Published: March 2013

Summary

The exocyst is a protein complex that is essential for polarized secretion in mammals and fungi. Although the exocyst is essential for plant development, its precise function has not been elucidated. We studied the role of exocyst subunit SEC3A in plant development and its subcellular localization.

T‐DNA insertional mutants were identified and complemented with a SEC3A‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct. SEC3A‐GFP localization was determined using confocal microscopy.

sec3a mutants are defective in the globular to heart stage transition in embryogenesis. SEC3A‐GFP has similar cell plate localization to the other plant exocyst subunits. In interphase cells, SEC3A‐GFP localizes to the cytoplasm and to the plasma membrane, where it forms immobile, punctate structures with discrete lifetimes of 2–40 s. These puncta are equally distributed over the cell surface of root epidermal cells and tip growing root hairs. The density of puncta does not decrease after growth termination of these cells, but decreases strongly when exocytosis is inhibited by treatment with brefeldin A.

SEC3A does not appear to be involved in polarized secretion for cell expansion in tip growing root hairs. The landmark function performed by SEC3 in mammals and yeast is likely to be conserved in plants.
Interleukin‐4RA gene polymorphism is associated with oral mucous membrane pemphigoid
Authors: Carrozzo M , Dametto E , Fasano ME , Broccoletti R , Carbone M , Rendine S , Amoroso A 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyse whether the polymorphisms of several pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines may influence the susceptibility to predominantly oral Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) in a Northern Italian population.Material and MethodsDNA was obtained from 41 MMP patients (29 with exclusively oral pemphigoid [OP]) and 140 unrelated bone marrow donors. Thirteen cytokine genes with 22 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were studied by a sequence‐specific PCR assay.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the patients taken together and healthy controls for any cytokine gene polymorphism studied. However, the allele A of the IL‐4 receptor A (IL‐4RA) was significantly more frequent in OP than controls (P < 0.05), causing an increased frequency of genotype A/A in OP patients (89.7 vs 67.9, odds ratio: 4.11, 95% confidence intervals 1.18–14.28, P = 0.023, Pc = 0.046).ConclusionIL‐4RA‐1902 A/A genotype has been associated with a reduced response to IL‐4 and has been found in 90% OP patient. Giving the supposed importance of IL‐4 in MMP fibrotic process, our results can partially explain the low likelihood of scarring in OP patients.
A randomized controlled comparison of the Bonfils fiberscope and the GlideScope Cobalt AVL video laryngoscope for visualization of the larynx and intubation of the trachea in infants and small children with normal airways
Authors: Kaufmann Jost , Laschat Michael , Hellmich Martin , Wappler Frank 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe Bonfils fiberscope (BF) used without the assistance of a laryngoscope failed to improve the view of direct laryngoscopy in children with normal airways. We hypothesized that if BF is supported by a laryngoscope—as recommended by its inventor—it can provide comparably good visualization of the glottis as the GlideScope® Cobalt AVL video laryngoscope (GS).MethodsWe included 100 children with normal airways in a randomized controlled trial. The study consisted of assessing the airway by direct laryngoscopy (DL), followed by intubation using either the BF or the GlideScope. Main outcome measures were the quality of visualization of the larynx by the percentage of glottis opening seen (POGO) and the time needed for intubation of the trachea.ResultsVisualization of the larynx (POGO) using the BF was significantly better than with DL (P = 0.016) or with GS (P = 0.001). The DL provided an allover better visualization than GS, although this difference was not significant and solely attributable to children weighing <15 kg. Intubation was successful in all cases with both devices. The time needed for intubation was shorter using the BF (36 ± 8 s) than with the GlideScope (49 ± 12 s, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe Bonfils fiberscope significantly improved the view on the larynx compared with direct laryngoscopy and the GlideScope and enables shorter intubation time than with the GlideScope.
Steady‐state models of photosynthesis
Authors: VON CAEMMERER SUSANNE 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn the challenge to increase photosynthetic rate per leaf area mathematical models of photosynthesis can be used to help interpret gas exchange measurements made under different environmental conditions and predict underlying photosynthetic biochemistry. To do this successfully it is important to improve the modelling of temperature dependencies of CO2 assimilation and gain better understanding of internal CO2 diffusion limitations. Despite these shortcomings steady‐state models of photosynthesis provide simple easy to use tools for thought experiments to explore photosynthetic pathway changes such as redirecting photorespiratory CO2, inserting bicarbonate pumps into C3 chloroplasts or inserting C4 photosynthesis into rice. Here a number of models derived from the C3 model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry are discussed and compared.
Cinemeducation: Teaching Family Assessment Skills Using Full‐Length Movies
Authors: Wilson Astrid H. , Blake Barbara J. , Taylor Gloria A. , Hannings Glenda 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA thorough family assessment provides a foundation for the nursing process when working with families. Therefore, nurses, along with other health care providers must develop expertise in conducting family assessments to provide the best possible care within the community. This article describes an innovative educational strategy using movies to teach family assessment skills and puts forth recommendations for future research to provide evidence to support this teaching modality.