bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: IFN-γ Produced by Brain-Resident Cells Is Crucial To Control Cerebral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Sa Qila , Ochiai Eri , Tiwari Ashish , Perkins Sara , Mullins Jeremi , Gehman Marie , Huckle William , Eyestone Willard H. , Saunders Thomas L. , Shelton Brent J. , Suzuki Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes produce IFN-γ in response to various stimulations, including LPS. However, the physiological role of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells, including glial cells, in resistance against cerebral infections remains unknown. We analyzed the role of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells in resistance to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii using a murine model. Our study using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells is essential for upregulating IFN-γ–mediated protective innate immune responses to restrict cerebral T. gondii growth. Studies using a transgenic strain that expresses IFN-γ only in CD11b+ cells suggested that IFN-γ production by microglia, which is the only CD11b+ cell population among brain-resident cells, is able to suppress the parasite growth. Furthermore, IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells is pivotal for recruiting T cells into the brain to control the infection. These results indicate that IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells is crucial for facilitating both the protective innate and T cell–mediated immune responses to control cerebral infection with T. gondii.
The Effect of Nepotism on Organizational Silence, Alienation and Commitment: A Study on Hotel Employees in Turkey
Authors: Pelit Elbeyi , Dinçer Füsun İstanbullu , Kılıç İbrahim 
Published: June 2015

<p>The aim of this study is to determine the effect of nepotism on organizational silence, alienation and commitment. As a data collecting method a questionnaire which contains nepotism, organizational silence, alienation and commitment scales was used. It was applied on 662 employees working in 30 five star hotels in Turkey. Since nepotism covers the practices in establishments in which family-relative relations are concentrated, the hotels included in the sampling group have been selected from establishments whose proprietors are a part of a family/family group. Factor analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the acquired data. The study results revealed that nepotism has a positive relationship with organizational silence and alienation and a negative relationship with organizational commitment. </p>
Hoe Zeus Hera verleidde: Een bespreking van het arrest San Lorenzo (C-113/13) over opdrachtverstrekking van medisch vervoer aan vrijwilligersorganisaties in Italië
Authors: Stergiou Hélène 
Published: June 2015

In het arrest San Lorenzo oordeelt het Hof van Justitie dat sociale doelstellingen een rechtvaardiging kunnen zijn voor het buiten aanbesteding verstrekken van een opdracht tot het verrichten van medisch vervoer. Daarmee is San Lorenzo een belangrijk arrest, waarin het Hof van Justitie voor het eerst erkent dat de organisatie van sociale zekerheid kan leiden tot een gerechtvaardigde uitzondering op het beperkte aanbestedingsregime voor IIB-diensten en de verdragsvrijheden.HvJ (Vijfde kamer) 11 december 2014, zaak C-113/13, Azienda sanitaria locale nr. 5 ‘Spezzino’, Associazione nazionale pubblica assistenza (ANPAS) - Comitato regionale Liguria /San Lorenzo Soc. coop. sociale, Croce Verde Cogema cooperativa sociale Onlus, in tegenwoordigheid van Croce Rossa Italiana-Comitato regionale Liguria e.a., ECLI:EU:C:2014:2240, n.n.g.
API, een noot over mededingingsbeperkingen en overheden
Authors: Vollering Stefan , van der Vijver Tjarda 
Published: June 2015

Wanneer overtreedt een overheid artikel 101 VWEU door betrokken te zijn bij een mededingingsbeperkende overeenkomst tussen ondernemingen? Over die vraag wees het Hof van Justitie op 4 september 2014 in de zaak API een belangrijk arrest. In het arrest geeft het Hof van Justitie meer duidelijkheid over het toepasselijke beoordelingskader in het geval dat de overheid betrokken is bij mededingingsbeperkende gedragingen door ondernemingen.HvJ 4 september 2014, zaak C-184/13, API, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2147
Aanbodbundeling en gezamenlijke verkoop van primaire landbouwproducten – hoever reikt het kartelverbod?
Authors: Janssen Eric , van der Heul Sjaak 
Published: June 2015

In de vorig jaar in werking getreden GMO-Verordening worden producenten van primaire landbouwproducten gestimuleerd hun producten gezamenlijk af te zetten. Wanneer gezamenlijke afzet tevens centrale prijsstelling en/of aanbodbundeling impliceert, kan een spanningsveld ontstaan met het kartelverbod dat concurrentiebeperkende afspraken zoals prijsafspraken en quotering verbiedt. In deze bijdrage wordt nader ingegaan op de verhouding tussen de GMO-Verordening en het kartelverbod, waarbij de (on)mogelijkheden voor samenwerking in de landbouwsector worden geschetst.Verordening (EU) nr. 1308/2013 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 17 december 2013, PbEU 2013, L 347
Insolventie van de werkgever - bescherming van werknemers zonder geldige verblijfstitel
Authors: van der Mei A.P. 
Published: June 2015

Richtlijn 2008/94/EG inzake de bescherming van werknemers bij insolventie van de werkgever verplicht de EU-lidstaten tot instelling van een waarborgfonds waarop werknemers een beroep kunnen doen indien hun werkgever vanwege insolventie niet aan zijn betalingsverplichtingen kan voldoen. De richtlijn definieert niet, en laat het in beginsel aan de lidstaten te bepalen, wie als werknemer moet worden beschouwd. Betekent dit dat een lidstaat als Nederland het begrip ‘werknemer’ zo mag invullen dat derdelanders zonder geldige verblijfstitel het recht op insolventie-uitkering wordt onthouden? Het antwoord van het Hof van Justitie is dat dat niet mag indien, dergelijke derdelanders voor doeleinden van het gemene arbeidsrecht wel als werknemer worden beschouwd, zoals in Nederland het geval is.HvJ 5 november 2014, zaak C-311/13, Tümer/Raad van bestuur van het Uitvoeringsinstituut werknemersverzekeringen, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2237, n.n.g.
Transports and budgets of anthropogenic CO2 in the tropical North Atlantic in 1992–1993 and 2010–2011
Authors: Zunino Patricia , Pérez Fiz F. , Fajar Noelia M. , Guallart Elisa F. , Ríos Aida F. , Pelegrí Josep L. , Hernández‐Guerra Alonso 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe meridional transport of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) in the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) is investigated using data from transoceanic sections along 7.5°N and 24.5°N, carried out in the early 1990s and 2010s. The net Cant transport across both sections is northward. At 7.5°N, this transport increased from 315 ± 47 kmol s−1 in 1993 to 493 ± 51 kmol s−1 in 2010; similarly, across 24.5°N it grew from 530 ± 46 kmol s−1 in 1992 to 662 ± 49 kmol s−1 in 2011. These changes result from modifications in the intermediate and deep circulation patterns, as well as from Cant increase within the thermocline waters. In deep waters, lateral advection causes a net Cant input of 112 ± 60 kmol s−1 (234 ± 65 kmol s−1) in 1992–1993 (2010–2011); within these deep waters, the storage rate of Cant is not statistically different from the net Cant input, 139 ± 21 kmol s−1 (188 ± 21 kmol s−1) in 1992–1993 (2010–2011). The Cant increase in deep waters is due to the large injection of Cant across the 24.5°N by the Deep Western Boundary Current and the northward recirculation of North Atlantic Deep Water along 7.5°N. In contrast, a large net Cant output in the upper layer is caused by the Florida Current. Despite this net Cant output, the Cant accumulates at a rate of 215 ± 24 kmol s−1 (291 ± 24 kmol s−1) referenced to year 1993 (2010). From the two Cant budgets, we infer a Cant air‐sea flux of 0.23 ± 0.02 Pg yr−1in the TNA, much larger than previous estimates.
Descent toward the Icehouse: Eocene sea surface cooling inferred from GDGT distributions
Authors: Inglis Gordon N. , Farnsworth Alexander , Lunt Daniel , Foster Gavin L. , Hollis Christopher J. , Pagani Mark , Jardine Phillip E. , Pearson Paul N. , Markwick Paul , Galsworthy Amanda M. J. , Raynham Lauren , Taylor Kyle. W. R. , Pancost Richard D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe TEX86 proxy, based on the distribution of marine isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids (GDGTs), is increasingly used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) during the Eocene epoch (56.0–33.9 Ma). Here we compile published TEX86 records, critically reevaluate them in light of new understandings in TEX86 palaeothermometry, and supplement them with new data in order to evaluate long‐term temperature trends in the Eocene. We investigate the effect of archaea other than marine Thaumarchaeota upon TEX86 values using the branched‐to‐isoprenoid tetraether index (BIT), the abundance of GDGT‐0 relative to crenarchaeol (%GDGT‐0), and the Methane Index (MI). We also introduce a new ratio, %GDGTRS, which may help identify Red Sea‐type GDGT distributions in the geological record. Using the offset between TEX86H and TEX86L (ΔH‐L) and the ratio between GDGT‐2 and GDGT‐3 ([2]/[3]), we evaluate different TEX86 calibrations and present the first integrated SST compilation for the Eocene (55 to 34 Ma). Although the available data are still sparse some geographic trends can now be resolved. In the high latitudes (>55°), there was substantial cooling during the Eocene (~6°C). Our compiled record also indicates tropical cooling of ~2.5°C during the same interval. Using an ensemble of climate model simulations that span the Eocene, our results indicate that only a small percentage (~10%) of the reconstructed temperature change can be ascribed to ocean gateway reorganization or paleogeographic change. Collectively, this indicates that atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) was the likely driver of surface water cooling during the descent toward the icehouse.
The search for electrostatically lofted grains above the Moon with the Lunar Dust Experiment
Authors: Szalay Jamey R. , Horányi Mihály 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) on board the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer mission was designed to make in situ dust measurements while orbiting the Moon. Particles with radii a >∼ 0.3μm were detected as single impacts. LDEX was also capable of measuring the collective signal generated from dust impacts with sizes below its single‐particle detection threshold. A putative population of electrostatically lofted grains above the lunar terminator with radii of approximately 0.1 μm has been suggested to exist since the Apollo era. LDEX performed the first search with an in situ dust detector for such a population. Here we present the results of the LDEX observations taken over the lunar terminator and report that within LDEX's detection limits, we found no evidence of electrostatically lofted grains in the altitude range of 3–250 km above the lunar terminator.
Predicting the permeability of sediments entering subduction zones
Authors: Daigle Hugh , Screaton Elizabeth J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUsing end‐member permeabilities defined by a worldwide compilation of sediment permeabilities at convergent margins, we compare permeability predictions using a geometric mean and a two‐component effective medium theory (EMT). Our implementation of EMT includes a threshold fraction of the high‐permeability component that determines whether flow occurs dominantly in the high‐ or low‐permeability component. We find that this threshold fraction in most cases is equal to the silt + sand‐sized fraction of the sediment. This suggests that sediments undergoing primary consolidation tend to exhibit flow equally distributed between the high‐ and low‐permeability components. We show that the EMT method predicts permeability better than the weighted geometric mean of the end‐member values for clay fractions <0.6. This work provides insight into the microstructural controls on permeability in subducting sediments and valuable guidance for locations which lack site‐specific permeability results but have available grain‐size information.
Observed drag coefficients in high winds in the near offshore of the South China Sea
Authors: Bi Xueyan , Gao Zhiqiu , Liu Yangang , Liu Feng , Song Qingtao , Huang Jian , Huang Huijun , Mao Weikang , Liu Chunxia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationships between friction velocity, 10 m drag coefficient, and 10 m wind speed using data collected at two offshore observation towers (one over the sea and the other on an island) from seven typhoon episodes in the South China Sea from 2008 to 2014. The two towers were placed in areas with different water depths along a shore‐normal line. The depth of water at the tower over the sea averages about 15 m, and the depth of water near the island is about 10 m. The observed maximum 10 min average wind speed at a height of 10 m is about 32 m s−1. Momentum fluxes derived from three methods (eddy covariance, inertial dissipation, and flux profile) are compared. The momentum fluxes derived from the flux profile method are larger (smaller) over the sea (on the island) than those from the other two methods. The relationship between the 10 m drag coefficient and the 10 m wind speed is examined by use of the data obtained by the eddy covariance method. The drag coefficient first decreases with increasing 10 m wind speed when the wind speeds are 5–10 m s−1, then increases and reaches a peak value of 0.002 around a wind speed of 18 m s−1. The drag coefficient decreases with increasing 10 m wind speed when 10 m wind speeds are 18–27 m s−1. A comparison of the measurements from the two towers shows that the 10 m drag coefficient from the tower in 10 m water depth is about 40% larger than that from the tower in 15 m water depth when the 10 m wind speed is less than 10 m s−1. Above this, the difference in the 10 m drag coefficients of the two towers disappears.
Neurophotonics
Authors: Allegra Mascaro Anna L. , Silvestri Ludovico , Sacconi Leonardo , Calamai Martino , Pavone Francesco S. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Understanding brain structure and function, and the complex relationships between them, is one of the grand challenges of contemporary sciences. Thanks to their flexibility, optical techniques could be the key to explore this complex network. Here, we describe recent advancements in optical methods applied to four main aspects of the quest for brain understanding: from large‐scale brain anatomy, to neural network plasticity and functionality, to synaptic biology. First, novel implementations of light microscopy to resolve neuronal anatomy in entire fixed brains with cellular resolution are described. Moving to living samples, we explore how real‐time dynamics of brain rewiring can be visualized through two‐photon microscopy with the spatial resolution of single synaptic contacts. Nonlinear microscopy combined with voltage‐ and calcium‐sensitive dyes address the functionality at the microcircuitry level. Finally, the molecular details of synaptic plasticity are investigated with nanometric precision by superresolution microscopy and single‐particle tracking. The information gained from these complementary optical methods may provide a deeper comprehension of the brain and of its unique features.
Maintenance of Clinical Efficacy and Radiographic Benefit Through Two Years of Ustekinumab Therapy in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Results From a Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Phase III Trial
Authors: Kavanaugh Arthur , Puig Lluís , Gottlieb Alice B. , Ritchlin Christopher , Li Shu , Wang Yuhua , Mendelsohn Alan M. , Song Michael , Zhu Yaowei , Rahman Proton , McInnes Iain B. ,   on behalf of the PSUMMIT 1 Study Group
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab through 2 years in adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).MethodsA total of 615 adult patients with active PsA were randomized to placebo, ustekinumab 45 mg, or ustekinumab 90 mg, at weeks 0, 4, and every 12 weeks through week 88 (last dose). At week 16, patients with <5% improvement in both tender and swollen joint counts entered blinded early escape (placebo to 45 mg, 45 mg to 90 mg, and 90 mg to 90 mg). All remaining placebo patients crossed over to ustekinumab 45 mg at week 24. Clinical efficacy measures included American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP), and ≥75% improvement in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI75). Radiographic progression was evaluated using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS).ResultsAt week 100, ACR20, DAS28‐CRP moderate/good response, and PASI75 rates ranged from 56.7–63.6%, 71.9–76.7%, and 63.9–72.5%, respectively, across the 3 treatment groups. In both ustekinumab groups, the median percent improvement in dactylitis and enthesitis was 100% at week 100. The mean changes in SHS score from week 52 to week 100 were similar to those observed from week 0 to week 52 in the ustekinumab groups. Through week 108, 70.7% and 9.7% of patients had an adverse event (AE) or serious AE, respectively. The rates and type of AEs were similar between the dose groups.ConclusionClinical and radiographic benefits from ustekinumab treatment were maintained through week 100 in the PSUMMIT 1 study. No unexpected safety events were observed; the safety profile of ustekinumab in this population was similar to that previously observed in psoriasis patients treated with ustekinumab.
Impact of commercial farming on household reproductive strategies in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Gurri Francisco D. , Ortega‐Muñoz Allan 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine if commercial agriculture can lead to changes in peasant reproductive strategies in migrant agriculturalists from Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico.MethodsThe reproductive histories of 746 women from Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico were collected. The sample was first divided into women who had reproduced within or outside of Calakmul (RC and RO, respectively) and these were further subdivided into those who lived in households practicing subsistence agriculture and those who turned agriculture into a business (Household Subsistence Agricultural Strategy (HSA) and Household Commercial Agricultural Strategy (HCA), respectively). Age‐specific fertility rate (ASFR) differences were compared between strategies and place of reproduction. Comparisons between interbirth interval and age at which desired fertility was reached were done with a Kaplan–Meier life table‐based statistic.ResultsIn both strategies, RC women increased ASFRs by reducing age at first birth, and HSA‐RC women also reduced interbirth intervals. HCA women had lower ASFRs than HSA women. The latter had a natural fertility pattern while the former expressed a desire to stop reproducing at a younger age. HCA‐RC women showed important fertility reductions after age 25 and HCA‐RO women after age 30.ConclusionsFertility reductions in households that practice commercial versus those that practice subsistence agriculture were significant. Also, a “frontier” effect was observed that increased fertility over all, but HCA households were not as influenced by it. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:758–766, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Staphylococcus aureus triggers nitric oxide production in human upper airway epithelium
Authors: Carey Ryan M. , Workman Alan D. , Chen Bei , Adappa Nithin D. , Palmer James N. , Kennedy David W. , Lee Robert J. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundNitric oxide (NO) is an important antibacterial defense molecule produced by upper airway (sinonasal) epithelial cells. We previously showed that a bitter taste receptor expressed in airway epithelium detects quorum‐sensing molecules secreted by Gram‐negative bacteria and subsequently triggers bactericidal NO production. We hypothesized that the upper airway epithelium may also be able to detect the Gram‐positive aerobe Staphylococcus aureus and mount an NO response.MethodsHuman sinonasal air‐liquid interface (ALI) cultures were treated with methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA)‐conditioned medium (CM), and NO production was measured using fluorescence imaging. Inhibitors of bitter taste receptor signaling were used to pharmacologically determine if this pathway was involved in the production of NO.ResultsA low‐molecular‐weight, heat, and protease‐stabile product found in MRSA CM induced differential, NO synthase (NOS)‐mediated NO production. This response varied markedly between individual patients. The MRSA‐stimulated NO production was not dependent on 2 important components of bitter taste signaling: phospholipase C isoform β‐2 or the transient receptor potential melastatin isoform 5 (TRPM5) ion channel.ConclusionThis study shows that a S. aureus product elicits an NO‐mediated innate defense response in human upper airway epithelium. The active bacterial product is likely a small, nonpeptide molecule that triggers a pathway independent of bitter taste receptors. Patient variation in the NO response to MRSA product(s), potentially due to genetic differences, might play a role in pathophysiology of Gram‐positive upper respiratory infections and/or pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Cognitive dysfunction associated with pain and quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Tarasidis George S. , DeConde Adam S. , Mace Jess C. , Ashby Shaelene , Smith Timothy L. , Orlandi Richard R. , Alt Jeremiah A. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundCognitive dysfunction and its relationship to both pain and disease‐specific quality of life (QOL) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have not been investigated previously. We sought to analyze the correlations of pain and disease‐specific QOL with cognitive function in CRS.MethodsAdults with CRS were prospectively enrolled in a cross‐sectional study. Participants’ cognitive function was assessed using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire. Pain was characterized using the Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ) and the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form. Disease‐specific QOL was ascertained using the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). Disease severity was assessed using nasal endoscopy and computed tomography. Bivariate correlations of pain and cognitive dysfunction, disease‐specific QOL, and clinical measures of disease severity were ascertained.ResultsIn patients with CRS (n = 70) there was a significant correlation between cognitive dysfunction and pain severity scores (Spearman's correlation [Rs] = 0.321, p < 0.01). A similar correlation was identified with pain interference (Rs = 0.317, p < 0.01) and cognitive dysfunction scores. This is mirrored by a significant correlation between another measure of pain severity, the SF‐MPQ and cognitive dysfunction (Rs = 0.498, p < 0.01). In patients with CRS there was a significant correlation between disease‐specific QOL scores and cognitive function scores as measured by the SNOT‐22 (Rs = 0.395, p < 0.01) and the RSDI (Rs = 0.528, p < 0.01).ConclusionIn patients with CRS, increasing pain and worse QOL are associated with cognitive dysfunction. Possible mechanisms for this cognitive dysfunction include differential neural activation secondary to chronic pain and/or the sequela of a chronic inflammatory state.