bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of a low dose and FDA‐labeled dose of diclazuril administered orally as a pelleted topdressing in adult horses
Authors: Hunyadi L. , Papich M. G. , Pusterla N. 
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of the FDA‐approved labeled dose of diclazuril and compare it to a low dose in plasma and CSF in adult horses. During each research period, six healthy adult horses received 0.5 mg/kg of 1.56% diclazuril pellets (ProtazilTM, Merck Animal Health) compared to the approved labeled dose of 1 mg/kg orally once in two separate phases. A dose of 0.5 mg/kg was calculated to each horse's weight. Blood was then collected immediately before diclazuril administration and then at regular intervals up to a 168 h. After the last blood collection following the single dose at hour 168, a once daily oral dose was administered for the next 10 days to ensure the drug's concentration reached steady‐state. To determine the CSF concentration at steady‐state, CSF samples were collected after the 9th oral dose. Blood was then collected after the 10th dose and then at regular intervals up to 168 h. A washout period of 4 weeks was allowed before repeating this protocol for the FDA‐labeled dose at 1 mg/kg. Plasma and CSF samples were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. A one‐compartment pharmacokinetic model with first‐order oral absorption was fitted to the single administration data. Steady‐state pharmacokinetics was performed using noncompartmental analysis for steady‐state analysis. The mean (standard deviation) concentration of diclazuril in CSF following the low dose was 26 ng/mL (5 ng/mL), while CSF in the FDA‐labeled dose was 25 ng/mL (4 ng/mL), P = 0.3750. Substantial accumulation in plasma occurred at steady‐state after the 10th dose for both doses. The results of this study show that diclazuril pellets given at the approved label dose and a lower dose both produce similar plasma drug concentrations at steady‐state and attain plasma and CSF concentrations known to inhibit Sarcocystis neurona in cell culture.
A phylogenetic perspective on species diversity, β‐diversity and biogeography for the microbial world
Authors: Barberán Albert , Casamayor Emilio O. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere is an increasing interest to combine phylogenetic data with distributional and ecological records to assess how natural communities arrange under an evolutionary perspective. In the microbial world, there is also a need to go beyond the problematic species definition to deeply explore ecological patterns using genetic data. We explored links between evolution/phylogeny and community ecology using bacterial 16S rRNA gene information from a high‐altitude lakes district data set. We described phylogenetic community composition, spatial distribution, and β‐diversity and biogeographical patterns applying evolutionary relatedness without relying on any particular operational taxonomic unit definition. High‐altitude lakes districts usually contain a large mosaic of highly diverse small water bodies and conform a fine biogeographical model of spatially close but environmentally heterogeneous ecosystems. We sampled 18 lakes in the Pyrenees with a selection criteria focused on capturing the maximum environmental variation within the smallest geographical area. The results showed highly diverse communities nonrandomly distributed with phylogenetic β‐diversity patterns mainly shaped by the environment and not by the spatial distance. Community similarity based on both bacterial taxonomic composition and phylogenetic β‐diversity shared similar patterns and was primarily structured by similar environmental drivers. We observed a positive relationship between lake area and phylogenetic diversity with a slope consistent with highly dispersive planktonic organisms. The phylogenetic approach incorporated patterns of common ancestry into bacterial community analysis and emerged as a very convenient analytical tool for direct inter‐ and intrabiome biodiversity comparisons and sorting out microbial habitats with potential application in conservation studies.
Analytical monitoring of brain activities for thalamotomy related with pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor symptoms
Authors: Miyashita Nobuo , Narabayashi Yohsuke , Oshima Tomokazu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe monitor brain activities in thalamotomy for Parkinson's disease by a bipolar concentric microelectrode.AimThe present study aimed to standardize the quantitative monitoring for targeting and for pathophysiological analysis.MethodsTo show the process of data analysis, we selected 20 patients who gave informed consent for thalamotomy. The cases were divided into group I with rigidity, but no tremor (n = 10), and the group II with rigidity and tremor (n = 10). Most patients suffered from bradykinesia. We monitored the electromyograms of the neck and limb muscles. Brain activities were sampled as the electrode passed through the caudate and thalamic nuclei, divided into filtered local field potentials and multiple unit spikes, and rated at different depths by the summed periods in percent occupied by the component wavelets of field potentials at 3–7, 7–13, 13–27 and 27–80 Hz.ResultsAnalysis was summarized by the depth distribution histograms of dominant wavelet compositions. The 13–27‐Hz activities were exaggerated in the caudate, thalamic ventroanterior and ventrolateral nuclei. The 3–7‐Hz activities time‐locked with tremor were exaggerated in the nucleus ventralis intermedius. Group I cases showed little 3–7‐Hz activities. Thermolesion in the thalamus with those highly‐rated activities alleviated tremor and rigidity, but spared most bradykinesia.ConclusionThe standardized analysis suggests that the thalamic 3–7‐Hz and 13–27‐Hz activities serve as the quantitative markers of pathophysiology representing tremor and rigidity, respectively.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor –173G/C gene polymorphism increases the risk of renal disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Tong Xiang , He Jie , Liu Sitong , Peng Shifeng , Yan Zhipeng , Zhang Yonggang , Fan Hong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) –173G/C (rs755622) gene polymorphism has been associated with renal disease risk. However, lots of studies have reported inconclusive results. Therefore, we performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the relationship between MIF –173G/C gene polymorphism and renal disease susceptibility.MethodsWe conducted a search in PubMed, Embase (OvidSP), Wanfang databases and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) up to 20 June 2014. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to test the association. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA version 11.0 software.ResultsIn total, 2755 participants from eight case–control studies were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled results indicated the significant association between MIF −173G/C polymorphism and renal disease risk (CC + CG vs GG, OR = 1.77, P < 0.01; C vs G, OR = 3.94, P < 0.01). In the subgroup analysis, a significant relationship of MIF −173G/C gene polymorphism and renal disease risk in Asians and Caucasians were observed. Additionally, we found that the heterozygote (CG) may strongly increase renal disease risk in children, while the homozygote (CC) may increase the renal disease susceptibility more significantly in adults. Surprisingly, the results found a significant association between MIF −173G/C polymorphism and glucocorticoid resistance in child patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) (C vs G, OR: 3.83, P < 0.01).ConclusionThis study suggested that MIF −173G/C gene polymorphism may increase risk of renal disease, especially in children. Furthermore, the meta‐analysis also indicated that this gene polymorphism may increase risk of glucocorticoid resistance in child patients with INS.
New ghrelin agonist, HM01 alleviates constipation and L‐dopa‐delayed gastric emptying in 6‐hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Karasawa H. , Pietra C. , Giuliano C. , Garcia‐Rubio S. , Xu X. , Yakabi S. , Taché Y. , Wang L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundConstipation and L‐dopa‐induced gastric dysmotility are common gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated the novel ghrelin agonist, HM01 influence on GI motor dysfunctions in 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) rats.MethodsHM01 pharmacological profiles were determined in vitro and in vivo in rats. We assessed changes in fecal output and water content, and gastric emptying (GE) in 6‐OHDA rats treated with orogastric (og) HM01 and L‐dopa/carbidopa (LD/CD, 20/2 mg/kg). Fos immunoreactivity (ir) cells in specific brain and lumbosacral spinal cord were quantified.Key ResultsHM01 displayed a high binding affinity to ghrelin receptor (Ki: 1.42 ± 0.36 nM), 4.3 ± 1.0 h half‐life and high brain/plasma ratio. 6‐OHDA rats had reduced daily fecal output (22%) and water intake (23%) compared to controls. HM01 (3 and 10 mg/kg) similarly reversed the decreased 4‐h fecal weight and water content in 6‐OHDA rats. Basal GE was not modified in 6‐OHDA rats, however, LD/CD (once or daily for 8 days) delayed GE in 6‐OHDA and control rats that was prevented by HM01 (3 mg/kg acute or daily before LD/CD). HM01 increased Fos‐ir cell number in the area postrema, arcuate nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, and lumbosacral intermediolateral column of 6‐OHDA rats where 6‐OHDA had a lowering effect compared to controls.Conclusions & Inferences6‐OHDA rats display constipation‐ and adipsia‐like features of PD and L‐dopa‐inhibited GE. The new orally active ghrelin agonist, HM01 crosses the blood–brain barrier and alleviates these alterations suggesting a potential benefit for PD with GI disorders.
MAN3 gene regulates cadmium tolerance through the glutathione‐dependent pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chen Jian , Yang Libo , Gu Ju , Bai Xiaoya , Ren Yongbin , Fan Tingting , Han Yi , Jiang Li , Xiao Fangming , Liu Yongsheng , Cao Shuqing 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Pollution of soil by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a global environmental problem. The glutathione (GSH)‐dependent phytochelatin (PC) synthesis pathway is one of the most important mechanisms contributing to Cd accumulation and tolerance. However, the regulation of this pathway is poorly understood.

Here, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana cadmium‐tolerant dominant mutant xcd1‐D (XVE system‐induced cadmium‐tolerance 1) and cloned XCD1 gene (previously called MAN3), which encodes an endo‐β‐mannanase. Overexpression of MAN3 led to enhanced Cd accumulation and tolerance, whereas loss‐of‐function of MAN3 resulted in decreased Cd accumulation and tolerance. In the presence of estradiol, enhanced Cd accumulation and tolerance in xcd1‐D was associated with GSH‐dependent, Cd‐activated synthesis of PCs, which was correlated with coordinated activation of gene expression.

Cd stress‐induced expression of MAN3 and the consequently increased mannanase activity, led to increased mannose content in cell walls. Moreover, mannose treatment not only rescued the Cd‐sensitive phenotype of the xcd1‐2 mutant, but also improved the Cd tolerance of wild‐type plants. Significantly, this mannose‐mediated Cd accumulation and tolerance is dependent on GSH‐dependent PC concentrations via coordinated control of expression of genes involved in PC synthesis.

Our results suggest that MAN3 regulates the GSH‐dependent PC synthesis pathway that contributes to Cd accumulation and tolerance in A. thaliana by coordinated control of gene expression.
Taxonomy of the proterosuchid archosauriforms (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the earliest Triassic of South Africa, and implications for the early archosauriform radiation
Authors: Ezcurra Martín D. , Butler Richard J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractProterosuchidae is one of the first clades of Archosauriformes (archosaurs and closely related species) to appear in the fossil record, with the richest sample of the group coming from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (earliest Triassic) of South Africa. Four nominal proterosuchid species were described from South Africa during the twentieth century (Proterosuchus fergusi, Chasmatosaurus vanhoepeni, Chasmatosaurus alexanderi and Elaphrosuchus rubidgei), but interpretations of their taxonomy have been widely disparate. The most recent taxonomic revision concluded that P. fergusi is the only valid species and that the other nominal species are junior subjective synonyms of this taxon. This proposal was based on the interpretation that anatomical differences between the nominal species could be explained as a result of ontogenetic changes and/or post‐mortem deformation. The recent discoveries of multiple new South African proterosuchid specimens provide an impetus to revisit their taxonomy. Based upon a comprehensive re‐examination of all known specimens, as well as examination of other proterosuchid taxa in collections worldwide, we conclude that the holotype of Proterosuchus fergusi is undiagnostic. As a result, we propose a neotype (RC 846) for the species. ‘Chasmatosaurus vanhoepeni’ and ‘Elaphrosuchus rubidgei’ are considered subjective junior synonyms of P. fergusi. ‘Chasmatosaurus’ alexanderi is considered a valid species, for which we propose the new combination P. alexanderi comb. nov. A third species, P. goweri sp. nov., is erected on the basis of a single specimen (NMQR 880). All three species recognized here are taxonomically distinct from a previously described archosauriform maxilla from the lower Lystrosaurus AZ. As a result, we recognize a minimum of four archosauriform species following the Permo‐Triassic mass extinction in South Africa. Our results suggest a greater species richness of earliest Triassic archosauriforms than previously appreciated, but that archosauriform morphological disparity remained low and did not expand until the late Early Triassic – early Mid‐Triassic.
A crown‐group demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota, North Greenland
Authors: Botting Joseph P. , Cárdenas Paco , Peel John S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCalibration of the divergence times of sponge lineages and understanding of their phylogenetic history are hampered by the difficulty in recognizing crown versus stem groups in the fossil record. A new specimen from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3; approximately 515 Ma) Sirius Passet Biota of North Greenland has yielded a diagnostic spicule assemblage of the extant demosponge lineages Haploscleromorpha and/or Heteroscleromorpha. The specimen has disarticulated approximately in situ, but represents an individual sponge that possessed monaxon spicules combined with a range of slightly smaller sigma, toxa and unique spiral morphologies. The combination of spicule forms, together with their relatively large size, suggests that the sponge represents the stem lineage of Haploscleromorpha + Heteroscleromorpha. This is the first crown‐group demosponge described from the early Cambrian and provides the most reliable calibration point currently available for phylogenetic studies.
Self‐compassion training for binge eating disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kelly Allison C. , Carter Jacqueline C. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesThe present pilot study sought to compare a compassion‐focused therapy (CFT)‐based self‐help intervention for binge eating disorder (BED) to a behaviourally based intervention.DesignForty‐one individuals with BED were randomly assigned to 3 weeks of food planning plus self‐compassion exercises; food planning plus behavioural strategies; or a wait‐list control condition.MethodsParticipants completed weekly measures of binge eating and self‐compassion; pre‐ and post‐intervention measures of eating disorder pathology and depressive symptoms; and a baseline measure assessing fear of self‐compassion.ResultsResults showed that: (1) perceived credibility, expectancy, and compliance did not differ between the two interventions; (2) both interventions reduced weekly binge days more than the control condition; (3) the self‐compassion intervention reduced global eating disorder pathology, eating concerns, and weight concerns more than the other conditions; (4) the self‐compassion intervention increased self‐compassion more than the other conditions; and (5) participants low in fear of self‐compassion derived significantly more benefits from the self‐compassion intervention than those high in fear of self‐compassion.ConclusionsFindings offer preliminary support for the usefulness of CFT‐based interventions for BED sufferers. Results also suggest that for individuals to benefit from self‐compassion training, assessing and lowering fear of self‐compassion will be crucial.Practitioner points

Individuals with BED perceive self‐compassion training self‐help interventions, derived from CFT, to be as credible and as likely to help as behaviourally based interventions.

The cultivation of self‐compassion may be an effective approach for reducing binge eating, and eating, and weight concerns in individuals with BED.

Teaching individuals with BED CFT‐based self‐help exercises may increase their self‐compassion levels over a short period of time.

It may be important for clinicians to assess and target clients' fear of self‐compassion for clients to benefit from self‐compassion training interventions.
Topographic recordings of auditory evoked potentials to speech: Subcortical and cortical responses
Authors: Bellier Ludovic , Bouchet Patrick , Jeanvoine Arnaud , Valentin Olivier , Thai‐Van Hung , Caclin Anne 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTopographies of speech auditory brainstem response (speech ABR), a fine electrophysiological marker of speech encoding, have never been described. Yet, they could provide useful information to assess speech ABR generators and better characterize populations of interest (e.g., musicians, dyslexics). We present here a novel methodology of topographic speech ABR recording, using a 32‐channel low sampling rate (5 kHz) EEG system. Quality of speech ABRs obtained with this conventional multichannel EEG system were compared to that of signals simultaneously recorded with a high sampling rate (13.3 kHz) EEG system. Correlations between speech ABRs recorded with the two systems revealed highly similar signals, without any significant difference between their signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs). Moreover, an advanced denoising method for multichannel data (denoising source separation) significantly improved SNR and allowed topography of speech ABR to be recovered.
A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti‐predator larval eyespots
Authors: PONCE FRANCESCA V. , BREINHOLT JESSE W. , HOSSIE THOMAS , BARBER JESSE R. , JANZEN DANIEL H. , HALLWACHS WINNIE , KAWAHARA AKITO Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMany insects possess conspicuous external circular ring markings that resemble the eye of a vertebrate. These ‘eyespots’ typically function to startle or otherwise deter predators, but few studies have examined how eyespots have evolved. We study the evolution of the posterior larval eyespot in the charismatic New World hawkmoth genus Eumorpha. While Eumorpha has a range of posterior larval eyespot shapes and sizes, little is known of how this trait has evolved because phylogenetic relationships of Eumorpha remain largely unknown. In this study, we included 62 individuals from 23 of 26 described Eumorpha species, and sequenced four genes (CAD, EF‐1α, Wingless and COI), totaling 3773 base pairs. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods produced largely congruent trees with well‐supported relationships. Our analyses reveal that Eumorpha probably had an ancestor with a posterior larval eyespot and that the eyespot was subsequently lost in at least three lineages. Eumorpha appears to have originated in Central and South America and expanded its distribution to North America.
Association between HLA‐DR4 haplotypes and tuberculin skin test response in the Aché population
Authors: Lindenau J. D. , Guimarães L. S. P. , Hurtado A. M. , Hill K. R. , Tsuneto L. T. , Salzano F. M. , Petzl‐Erler M. L. , Hutz M. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has a major role in the regulation of the immune response as it is involved in the defense against pathogens. Evidence for association with tuberculosis (TB) is more consistent for class II than for class I HLA genes. TB is important among indigenous peoples in South America, not only because of its historical role in regional depopulation, but also because it is still widespread. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of HLA class II alleles, haplotypes and genotypes and tuberculin skin test response (TST) in 76 individuals of the Aché population. Poisson Regression was employed to assess risk genotypes. DRB1*04, DQA1*03 and DQB1*03:02 were associated with TST response in this population.
The Impact of Time on Predicate Forms in the Manual Modality: Signers, Homesigners, and Silent Gesturers
Authors: Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is difficult to create spoken forms that can be understood on the spot. But the manual modality, in large part because of its iconic potential, allows us to construct forms that are immediately understood, thus requiring essentially no time to develop. This paper contrasts manual forms for actions produced over three time spans—by silent gesturers who are asked to invent gestures on the spot; by homesigners who have created gesture systems over their life spans; and by signers who have learned a conventional sign language from other signers—and finds that properties of the predicate differ across these time spans. Silent gesturers use location to establish co‐reference in the way established sign languages do, but they show little evidence of the segmentation sign languages display in motion forms for manner and path, and little evidence of the finger complexity sign languages display in handshapes in predicates representing events. Homesigners, in contrast, not only use location to establish co‐reference but also display segmentation in their motion forms for manner and path and finger complexity in their object handshapes, although they have not yet decreased finger complexity to the levels found in sign languages in their handling handshapes. The manual modality thus allows us to watch language as it grows, offering insight into factors that may have shaped and may continue to shape human language.