bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A kitchen‐based intervention to improve nutritional intake from school lunches in children aged 12–16 years
Authors: Madden A. M. , Harrex R. , Radalowicz J. , Boaden D. C. , Lim J. , Ash R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundSchool lunches potentially provide an important source of nutrients for children, although studies have shown that their food choices are not always associated with health benefits. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a kitchen‐based intervention on intake from school lunches undertaken in 2005.MethodsThe three‐phase study comprised a pre‐intervention observation, the intervention itself and a post‐intervention observation. Children aged 12–16 years attending a large, inner‐city, secondary school in London were invited to participate. The intervention consisted of small, practical changes to the school menu with the purpose of reducing total and saturated fat and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. Intake was evaluated using a weighed technique.ResultsOne hundred and eighty and 198 children participated in the pre‐ and post‐intervention phases, respectively. After the intervention, a significant reduction was observed in mean (SD) intake of total fat [44% (8%) versus 40% (9%) total energy, P < 0.01] and of saturated fat [13% (6%) versus 10% (6%), P < 0.01]. The children also ate significantly more fruit and vegetables [12.0 (10.4) g versus 30.0 (30.5) g total weight, P < 0.001]. However, after the intervention, the mean intakes of total and saturated fat, fruit and vegetables were still significantly below the Caroline Walker Trust guidelines for school lunches.ConclusionsThe present study shows that total and saturated fat and fruit and vegetable intake from school lunches can be significantly improved by a short, kitchen‐based intervention. Although the benefits were limited, the results support further work in this area.
Predictors of self‐efficacy for sleep in primary care
Authors: Rutledge Carolyn M , Guardia Amanda C La , Bluestein Daniel 
Published: April 2013

Aims and objectivesTo identify factors impacting self‐efficacy for sleep. Specifically, the aims were to examine associations between self‐efficacy for sleep and (1) socio‐demographic variables and (2) potential predictors including sleep severity, depression, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, quality of life/health status and insomnia treatment acceptability for behavioural treatment.BackgroundBetween 50 and 70 million Americans experience insomnia. Costs of treatment, absenteeism and reduced productivity exceed 42 billion dollars annually. Medication for insomnia can result in impaired memory, fatigue, injuries, reduced health, medication habituation, difficulties in work and relationships and enhanced healthcare usage. Studies have suggested that behavioural management can be beneficial; however, factors contributing to success with behavioural management are unclear.DesignThis quantitative correlational study used inventory‐based measures.MethodsThe Self‐Efficacy for Sleep Scale, Insomnia Treatment Acceptability Scale, SF‐8™ Health Survey, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep Scale were completed by 236 individuals with significant insomnia as measured by Insomnia Severity Index scores of 8 or higher.ResultsA significant association was found between sleep self‐efficacy and race (p < 0·01). All predicator variables except one were found to be significantly correlated with the self‐efficacy for sleep (p < 0·01).ConclusionsFor behavioural self‐management strategies to be effective for treating insomnia, these reported predictors may need to be assessed and managed.Relevance to clinical practiceThese findings suggest that nurses may want to assess insomnia severity, health status, level of depression and beliefs about sleep prior to beginning or when encountering barriers to the successful utilisation of behavioural approaches to manage sleep. If a patient is found to possess these limiting factors, the nurse may want to address these issues through medication, education and/or other behavioural approaches. Once addressed, the patient may find behavioural management for insomnia to be quite successful.
Body image concerns amongst massive weight loss patients
Authors: Gilmartin Jo 
Published: April 2013

Aims and objectivesTo explore body image matters amongst patients following massive weight loss.BackgroundIn contemporary health care, a growing number of morbidly obese patients are seeking surgical solutions such as bariatric surgery or in other cases engaging with radical lifestyle changes. Massive weight loss can leave patients with a huge excess of lax overstretched skin that in some cases can trigger major body image dissatisfaction or depression. There is a scarcity of research about the needs of this group of patients and this is important for nursing practice.DesignA qualitative design using in‐depth interviews was employed.MethodsTwenty white adults (18 women and two men) were recruited retrospectively amongst patients who had massive weight loss by undergoing bariatric surgery or radical lifestyle changes, aged 29–63 years. All of the participants gave signed informed consent. Face‐to‐face in‐depth interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsOne core theme focusing on body image ugliness and three associated subthemes were identified: the subthemes included feeling socially marginalised, feeling depressed and sexual and intimacy difficulties.ConclusionBody image matters are hugely significant and appear to have a lasting effect on emotional well‐being and function, contributing to psychological distress and social isolation. Greater sensitivity is required in enabling patients to work through emotional isolation and shame that has been a part of their childhood. Furthermore more, treatments need to be accessible to this growing patient population such as reconstructive surgery.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses who care for massive weight loss patients need to be mindful of their psychodynamic needs and be non‐judgemental and accepting. Moreover, nurses need to be aware of treatment options and be able to assess body image matters and implement quality care for this particular patient group including body image acceptance programmes and support groups.
Effectiveness of home monitoring according to the Model of Living in hip replacement surgery patients
Authors: Demir Sevil Guler , Erdil Fethiye 
Published: April 2013

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of home monitoring according to the Model of Living in hip replacement surgery patients.BackgroundHip replacement surgery is important for increasing the quality of life of patients. After these operations, patients may encounter many problems having an impact on their activities of daily living.DesignQuasi‐experimental.MethodsSixty patients were included in the study: 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Patients in the control group received the existing care provided in the hospital. In addition to existing care, patients in the experimental group received training and counselling according to the Model of Living from the time of admission to the clinic. After discharge, home monitoring was performed in the 1st and 6th weeks for control group patients and in the 1st, 3rd and 6th weeks for experimental group patients. Statistical analysis was carried out using percentage calculations, mean, median, chi‐square test, Fisher's exact test, likelihood ratio test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, anova for repeated measures, independent‐sample t‐test, Friedman test, McNemar test and McNemar–Bowker tests.ResultsIt was found that the experimental group patients' knowledge scores increased, they were more independent in performing activities of daily living, and they encountered less problems in the 1st and 6th week after discharge.ConclusionAs a result, it can be claimed that by means of providing training, counselling and home monitoring hip replacement surgery patients according to the Model of Living, the level of knowledge of patients on activities of daily living increased, they were more independent in daily living activities, and they experienced less problems.Relevance to clinical practiceThe use of the Model of Living in the home monitoring of patients who have undergone hip replacement surgery could assist in focusing on the problems most frequently experienced by patients in postoperative care and achieving effective solutions.
Liquidity in the Foreign Exchange Market: Measurement, Commonality, and Risk Premiums
Authors: MANCINI LORIANO , RANALDO ANGELO , WRAMPELMEYER JAN 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTWe provide the first systematic study of liquidity in the foreign exchange market. We find significant variation in liquidity across exchange rates, substantial illiquidity costs, and strong commonality in liquidity across currencies and with equity and bond markets. Analyzing the impact of liquidity risk on carry trades, we show that funding (investment) currencies offer insurance against (exposure to) liquidity risk. A liquidity risk factor has a strong impact on carry trade returns from 2007 to 2009, suggesting that liquidity risk is priced. We present evidence that liquidity spirals may trigger these findings.
Independentlyevolved toad‐eating snakes exhibit sexually dimorphic enlargement of adrenal glands
Authors: Mohammadi S. , McCoy K. A. , Hutchinson D. A. , Gauthier D. T. , Savitzky A. H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractToads are defended chemically by bufadienolides, a class of cardiotonic steroids lethal to most predators. Bufadienolides bind toNa+,K+‐ATPases, inhibiting the ability of those cellular pumps to transport ions. In cardiocytes, this inhibition causes arrhythmia and increased contractile strength, which, if prolonged, lead to death. However, several snakes are resistant to bufadienolides and consume toads with no apparent ill effects. Adrenal glands produce hormones that function in the maintenance ofNa+,K+‐ATPases, and may therefore play an important role in countering the negative effects of bufadienolides. We hypothesized that bufophagous (toad‐eating) snakes have enlarged adrenal glands that contribute to the snakes' resistance to bufadienolides, and that sexual dimorphism in adrenal gland size is a general characteristic of bufophagous snakes. We compared phylogenetically independent pairs of taxa to investigate differences in adrenal morphology between bufophagous and nonbufophagous species. We also compared adrenal masses between males and females of bufophagous and nonbufophagous species to test whether sexual dimorphism in adrenal size reported for one species of bufophagous snakes represents a more widespread phenomenon. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the allometric relationship between adrenal mass and body size is significantly different between several bufophagous species and related nonbufophagous species; adrenal size differs between males and females in those bufophagous species, with males having larger adrenal glands, but no such dimorphism exists in related nonbufophagous species. These results demonstrate that parallel morphological responses have occurred repeatedly in bufophagous snakes and suggest that the adrenal glands play a role in mediating the negative effects of bufadienolide ingestion in bufophagous snakes.
Elevation‐related variation in life history traits among Phrynocephalus lineages on the Tibetan Plateau: do they follow typical squamate ecogeographic patterns?
Authors: Jin Y. T. , Li J. Q. , Liu N. F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe examined body size, litter size and evidence for Bergmann's and Rensch's rules among eight closely related viviparous Phrynocephalus (Agamidae) lineages from the Qinghai‐Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Mean snout‐vent length and (relative) abdomen length was greater in females than males, whereas absolute and relative mean head size, fore – and hindlimb length was larger in males. These patterns suggest that body size may reflect sexual evolutionary conservatism. The lizards are smaller at higher elevations or in colder climates, representing the converse of Bergmann's rule. Absolute differences in female body size among taxa are not equal to the male differences among taxa. This results in a slope less than one when male size is regressed on female size, which allows rejection of Rensch's rule for this group. The female body size elevation‐related cline was steeper than the corresponding male cline. Litter sizes were both smaller and less variable at higher elevations. These elevational clines remained after application of phylogenetic comparative methods, indicating that ecological processes play a more important role than phylogeny in shaping patterns of size and reproductive variation in these lizards. It is suggested that seasonal activity and temperature are important environmental factors that contribute to the converse Bergmann's cline, while fecundity selection in females and sex‐specific differential‐plasticity likely explain why patterns do not conform to Rensch's rule.
Dawn completes its mission at 4 Vesta
Authors: Russell C. T. , Raymond C. A. , Jaumann R. , McSween H. Y. , De Sanctis M. C. , Nathues A. , Prettyman T. H. , Ammannito E. , Reddy V. , Preusker F. , O'Brien D. P. , Marchi S. , Denevi B. W. , Buczkowski D. L. , Pieters C. M. , McCord T. B. , Li J.‐Y. , Mittlefehldt D. W. , Combe J.‐P. , Williams D. A. , Hiesinger H. , Yingst R. A. , Polanskey C. A. , Joy S. P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Dawn mission was designed to test our hypothesis about the origin and evolution of the early solar system by visiting the largest differentiated basaltic asteroid, 4 Vesta, believed to be a survivor from the earliest times of rocky body formation. Observations from orbit show that Vesta is the parent body of the Howardite, Eucrite, Diogenite meteorites. Vesta has an iron core and a eucritic–diogenitic crust. Its surface is characterized by abundant impact craters but with no evident volcanic features. It has two ancient impact basins in the southern hemisphere that are associated with circum‐planetary troughs. The northern hemisphere is the more heavily cratered and contains the oldest terrains. The surface of Vesta is diverse, with north‐south and east‐west dichotomies in the eucrite‐to‐diogenite ratio. Its surface contains both very bright and very dark material, and its color varies strongly from region to region. Both the mineralogical and the elemental compositions agree with that expected for the HED parent body. Significant OH or H may be present in the upper crust and the presence of pits in “fresh” craters is consistent with the devolatilization of the surface after a collision either brought to or tapped a source of water on Vesta. The presence of dark material on the surface of Vesta suggests efficient transport pathways for organic material, and the mixing of the dark material with the more pristine pyroxene explains the varying albedo across the surface. Vesta has proven to be a reliable witness to the formation of the solar system.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes cause underestimated contagious zoophilic fungal infection
Authors: Czaika Viktor Alexander , Lam Phi‐Anh 
Published: April 2013

SummaryTrichophytia infection, paraphrased cuddly toy mycosis, occurs primarily in prepubertal children, occasionally in infants and adults. The presented case shows the highly contagious infection of four family members with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Effective treatment requires detailed diagnostic: identifying the dermatophyte, finding the infection source, treating the infection carriers. Tinea must be treated systemically and topically because of infectivity and ignitability. Systemic terbinafine or fluconazole treatment and topical fixed combination isoconazole nitrate/diflucortolone valerate are recommended.
Hygroscopic movements in Geraniaceae: the structural variations that are responsible for coiling or bending
Authors: Abraham Yael , Elbaum Rivka 
Published: April 2013

Summary

The family Geraniaceae is characterized by a beak‐like fruit, consisting of five seeds appended by a tapering awn. The awns exhibit coiling or bending hygroscopic movement as part of the seed dispersal strategy. Here we explain the variation in the hygroscopic reaction based on structural principles.

We examined five representative species from three genera: Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium. Using X‐ray diffraction, and electron and polarized light microscopy, we measured the cellulose microfibril angles in relation to the cell and cellulose helix axes. The behavior of separated single cells during dehydration was also examined.

A bi‐layered structure characterizes all the representative genera studied, with a hygroscopically contracting inner layer, and a stiff outer layer. We found that the cellulose arrangement in the inner layer is responsible for the type of awn deformation (coiling or bending). In three of the five awns examined, we identified an additional coiling outer sublayer, which adds coiling deformation to the awn.

We divide the movements into three types: bending, coiling, and coiled‐bending. All movement types are found in the Geranium genus. These characteristics are of importance for understanding the evolution of seed dispersal mechanisms in the Geraniaceae family.
Decreased regulatory T‐cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio correlate with disease onset and progression in patients with generalized vitiligo
Authors: Dwivedi Mitesh , Laddha Naresh C. , Arora Prateek , Marfatia Yogesh S. , Begum Rasheedunnisa 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe aim of present study was to evaluate CD4+/CD8+ ratio and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ Tregs in GV patients with reference to their effect on disease onset and progression. Flow cytometry was used for determination of CD4+/CD8+ ratio and Tregs in 82 patients and 50 controls. CD8+ T‐cell counts were significantly higher in GV patients as compared with controls (p = 0.003). Active GV patients showed higher CD8+ T‐cell counts compared with stable GV patients (p = 0.001). The CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased significantly in patients as compared with controls (p = 0.001). Moreover, the ratio in active GV patients significantly lowered as compared with stable GV patients (p = 0.002). Significant decrease in Treg cell percentage and counts in GV patients was observed compared with controls (p = 0.009, p = 0.008) with significant reduction in FoxP3 expression (p = 0.024). Treg cell percentage and counts were significantly decreased in active GV patients compared with stable GV patients (p = 0.007, p = 0.002). Our results suggest that an imbalance of CD4+/CD8+ ratio and natural Tregs in frequency and function might be involved in the T‐cell mediated pathogenesis of GV and its progression.
Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Language Development in the Offspring
Authors: Jukic Anne Marie Z. , Lawlor Debbie A. , Juhl Mette , Owe Katrine M. , Lewis Barbara , Liu Jihong , Wilcox Allen J. , Longnecker Matthew P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn rodents, physical activity during pregnancy has been associated with improved learning and memory in the offspring. We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (born in 1991–92) to investigate maternal physical activity during pregnancy and offspring language development.MethodsAt 18 weeks of gestation, women reported the hours per week they participated in 11 leisure‐time physical activities and the hours per week spent in general physical activity (leisure, household and occupational). Caregivers completed a modified MacArthur Infant Communication scale at 15 months. Verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured at age 8 years. Regression analysis was used to examine the associations of physical activity with MacArthur score (more than 75th percentile) and verbal IQ. The number of participants available for analyses ranged from 4529 to 7162.ResultsChildren of women in the two highest quintiles of leisure activity (compared with no leisure activity) were more likely to have high 15‐month MacArthur scores (adjusted odds ratio 1.2 [95% confidence interval 0.9, 1.4] and adjusted odds ratio 1.4 [95% CI 1.1, 1.7], respectively). Leisure activity was not associated with IQ, while general physical activity was linked with lower verbal IQ (1 and 3 points lower for the two highest quintiles).ConclusionsThe most robust finding was a transient increase in offspring vocabulary score at young ages with maternal leisure activity. Differences in the associations with leisure‐time physical activity compared with general physical activity need further exploration.
Has Growing Income Inequality Polarized the American Electorate? Class, Party, and Ideological Polarization*
Authors: Dettrey Bryan J. , Campbell James E. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesWe investigate whether growing income inequality has heightened differences in economic interests between “the haves” and “the have nots” and if this class polarization has increased ideological polarization in the electorate.MethodsWe examine the trend in ideological orientation among low‐ and high‐income voters from 1972 to 2008.ResultsWhile both income inequality and ideological polarization have increased in recent years, this analysis indicates that the growth in ideological polarization is not the result of growing income inequality. The well‐off have not become significantly more conservative and less liberal nor have those on the lower rungs of the economic ladder become significantly more liberal and less conservative.ConclusionThe analysis indicates that ideological polarization is the result of the increased polarization of the political parties, not class polarization.
Together in Good Times and Bad? How Economic Triggers Condition the Effects of Intergroup Threat
Authors: Filindra Alexandra , Pearson‐Merkowitz Shanna 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesResearch has suggested that geosocial exposure to out‐groups is associated with heightened threat perceptions on the part of the dominant white majority. However, findings are not consistent.MethodsDrawing on realistic group conflict theory and research in political science that privileges the role of the economic context, we test if the effects of geosocial exposure are conditioned on individual expectations about the health of the macroeconomy using a unique data set from the New England states.ResultsWe show that a perceived increase in the presence of immigrants in the community positively correlates with restrictionist immigration policy preferences (in this case support for Arizona's anti‐immigration law), but only when people are pessimistic about the future of the state's economy.ConclusionThe information provided by the social context becomes relevant for people's policy preference formation only when they experience or expect material loss.