bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing unmet need for long‐acting family planning in Ethiopia: Uptake of single‐rod progestogen contraceptive implants (Implanon) and characteristics of users
Authors: Asnake Mengistu , Henry Elizabeth G. , Tilahun Yewondwossen , Oliveras Elizabeth 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe women who accept single‐rod progestogen contraceptive implants (Implanon; N.V. Organon, Oss, Netherlands) from community health workers in Ethiopia and to assess whether community‐based provision addresses unmet need for contraception.MethodsWomen who accepted Implanon during training events in 4 regions were asked about their characteristics and use of family planning. They were compared with implant users nationally and women with unmet need in the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Differences between groups were tested using 2‐sample comparisons of proportions and means.ResultsOn average, Implanon acceptors were younger and had more years of education and fewer children than implant users nationally. Almost one‐quarter (22.9%) of all participants had never used contraception before; this was slightly higher among women who chose Implanon (23.1% vs 16.4%; P = 0.04). Acceptors were also less likely than non‐acceptors to be using contraception (70.8% vs 77.3%; P < 0.05) but all women interviewed were more likely to be using contraception than the rural population. Women who accepted Implanon were younger but more educated than women with unmet need for contraception in the 2005 DHS.ConclusionProvision of Implanon at the community level through community health workers is effective in reaching women with the greatest need for contraception.
Tell them you are planning for the future: Gender norms and family planning among adolescents in northern Uganda
Authors: Adams Melissa K. , Salazar Elizabeth , Lundgren Rebecka 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how social norms about gender and reproduction shape fertility desires and use of family planning among adolescents in post‐conflict northern Uganda.MethodsA study was conducted in 2 post‐conflict districts in north‐central Uganda. Life histories were collected from 40 adolescents (20 males, 20 females). In‐depth interviews were conducted with 40 individuals (20 males, 20 females) who were identified as significantly influencing the lives of adolescents in research areas. Data were analyzed through inductive and deductive approaches, facilitated by the qualitative software program ATLAS.ti (v.5.6).ResultsRigid gender norms and post‐conflict economic realities create an environment in which young people struggle to bridge the gap between idealized and experienced gender roles. Social changes brought about by the conflict, combined with cultural values and gender norms, strongly influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. Despite support for smaller, spaced families, gendered barriers to adolescent use of family planning and access to services are significant, even among married couples.ConclusionThe increased recognition of the determining influence of gender on adolescent reproductive health provided by studies such as this can encourage greater investment in gender transformative interventions with the potential to significantly improve sexual and reproductive health across the life course.
Religious leaders gain ground in the Jordanian family‐planning movement
Authors: Underwood Carol , Kamhawi Sarah , Nofal Ahmad 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of a training program designed to enhance the role of Muslim religious leaders (RLs) in promoting family welfare, including reproductive health generally and family planning more specifically.MethodsA panel study design was utilized; 136 and 115 RLs completed the self‐administered questionnaires at baseline (pre‐training) and endline (6 months post‐training), respectively. Scales were generated to assess RLs' knowledge of the number of family‐planning methods deemed to be acceptable according to Islamic teachings (9 methods, Cronbach α = 0.85), attitudes toward family planning (7 statements, Cronbach α = 0.67), and preaching and/or counseling on family‐planning topics (7 topics, Cronbach α = 0.85).ResultsLinear regressions controlling for sex, age, and educational attainment showed that, on average, RLs cited more methods deemed acceptable according to Islamic teachings (β = 1.381; P < 0.001), expressed more positive attitudes toward family planning (β = 0.514; P < 0.05), and preached and/or counseled on family‐planning topics more frequently at endline compared with baseline (β = 0.965; P < 0.01).ConclusionCulturally appropriate training for RLs can lead to a deeper understanding of, and appreciation for, reproductive health and family planning, with the effects manifesting as increased preaching and/or counseling about these important topics.
Effect of post‐menstrual regulation family‐planning service quality on subsequent contraceptive use in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Farhana , Nahar Quamrun , Marions Lena , Oliveras Elizabeth 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the quality of post‐menstrual regulation family‐planning services (post‐MRFP) affected contraceptive use at 3‐month follow‐up.Methods915 women who received post‐MRFP in 2 public and 1 NGO clinics in a district in Bangladesh were interviewed to obtain information on service quality and other characteristics. Quality was scored based on 21 items and the score divided into 3 categories: low (0–6); medium (7–11); and high (12–21). Three months after menstrual regulation, 902 of the women were interviewed at their residence or a clinic and contraceptive status was recorded. Adjusted odd ratios (aORs) for using contraception were calculated via multivariate logistic regression.ResultsContraceptive use was positively correlated with the level of service quality, with 78% use among women who received the lowest‐quality care and 92% use among women who received the highest‐quality care. The aOR for contraceptive use was 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–2.93) among women who received moderate‐quality services and 3.01 (95% CI, 1.43–6.37) among women receiving high‐quality services compared with those who received poor‐quality services.ConclusionGood‐quality post‐MRFP increases contraceptive use, at least in the short term.
Reproductive health laws and fertility decline in Ghana
Authors: Finlay Jocelyn E. , Fox Ashley M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundAn unresolved debate in demography concerns the causal sequence between the supply of contraception and the demand for smaller families in fertility decline. Through a mixed‐methods approach, we explored the effect of a sudden increase in access to legal abortion on subsequent fertility decline when Ghana's criminal code was amended in 1985.MethodsUsing Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, we constructed a panel of women aged 15–34 years and undertook a spline regression analysis to examine the effect of legal changes in 1985 and fertility decline controlling for social determinants of fertility. In addition, we conducted 17 key informant interviews (KIIs) to understand the reasons for the legal change and competing explanations for fertility decline.ResultsMultivariate results indicated that the timing of the liberalization of the abortion law coincided with the onset of Ghana's fertility decline. The KIIs indicated that the reasons for the liberalization of reproductive health laws were in response to famine and physician advocacy.ConclusionsWhile the timing of the abortion law liberalization coincided with the fertility decline in Ghana, we are unable to decouple the effect of the legal change from the effects of a severe famine that affected the region at the same time. Further research on documented and undocumented abortion in Ghana should be conducted to validate the contribution of legal abortion to fertility decline.
There are some questions you may not ask in a clinic: Providing contraception information to young people in Kenya using SMS
Authors: Vahdat Heather L. , L'Engle Kelly L. , Plourde Kate F. , Magaria Loice , Olawo Alice 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the acceptability, information access, and potential behavioral impact of providing contraception information via text message on mobile phones to young people in Kenya.MethodsThree methods of data collection were implemented during the 17‐month pilot period for the Mobile for Reproductive Health (m4RH) program in Kenya: automatic logging of all queries to the m4RH system; demographic and behavior change questions sent via short message service protocol (SMS) to everyone who used m4RH during the pilot period; and telephone interviews with a subset of m4RH users.ResultsDuring the pilot period, 4817 unique users accessed m4RH in Kenya. Of these, 82% were 29 years of age and younger, and 36% were male. Condom and natural family‐planning information was accessed most frequently, although users queried all methods. One in 5 used the m4RH system to locate nearby clinics. Respondents liked the simple language and confidentiality of receiving health information via mobile phone, and reported increased contraceptive knowledge and use after using m4RH.ConclusionProviding contraception information via mobile phone is an effective strategy for reaching young people. More research is needed to learn how to link young people to youth‐friendly services effectively.
Minimally Invasive Fixation for Proximal Humeral Fracture: A Review on the use of T2 Proximal Humeral Nail
Authors: Iris Ngai Sze-Ling , Ka-Chun Ip , Kin-Bong Lee , Wan-Yiu Shen , Ben Chan 
Published: August 2013

Objective and methodology A retrospective review of the outcome of patients who had proximal humeral fracture treated with T2 Proximal Humeral Nail from January 2007 to March 2011 was conducted. The demographics, union rate, and complications were reviewed. The patient outcome was assessed with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and Constant-Murley score. Results Thirty-two cases of traumatic proximal humeral fractures were included. The average follow-up period was 14.7 months. All fractures healed with an average of 3.97 months. The average forward flexion and lateral abduction of shoulder was 132° and 123°, respectively. The postoperative average Constant-Murley score was 67 (48-80) and ASES score was 82.9 (73-100). There was one case of avascular necrosis of humeral head. Six cases of minor screw complications required removal of screws later. No wound infection or neurovascular injury was found. Discussion and conclusion With the proper surgical technique high union rate, good functional recovery, and low complication rate can be achieved by using T2 Proximal Humeral Nail in managing traumatic proximal humeral fracture.
EMPAREJAMIENTO ENTRE DESEMPLEADOS Y VACANTES PARA CALI: UN ANÁLISIS CON DATOS DE PANEL
Authors: Mora John James , Santacruz José Alfonso 
Published: August 2013

This paper discusses the process of matching job openings and unemployed individuals in the city of Santiago de Cali using panel data from 1994 to 2000 and data from the Public Service of Employment of SENA. The results show increasing returns in the matching function with regard to the performance areas under the coding used by the National Classification of Occupations.
INFLUENCIA DE LA DEUDA CON EL PUBLICO Y LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD EN LA TRANSPARENCIA DEL MERCADO DE CAPITALES CHILENO
Authors: Azúa Álvarez Digna , Pizarro Torres Verónica , Silva Palavecinos Berta , Diaz Riffo Paola 
Published: August 2013

This study examines the impact of debt in bonds and the concentration of ownership on the transparency of information in Chilean companies. The suggested hypotheses point out that the debt in bonds and the concentration of ownership should have a significant effect on the transparency of information. To prove these hypotheses, an econometric model was used based on information made available by Chilean corporations showing debt in bonds from 2001 to 2005. The results show that only the variables related to the concentration of ownership behave as expected.
Wavepackets in the velocity field of turbulent jets
Authors: Cavalieri André V. G. , Rodríguez Daniel , Jordan Peter , Colonius Tim , Gervais Yves 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe study the velocity fields of unforced, high Reynolds number, subsonic jets, issuing from round nozzles with turbulent boundary layers. The objective of the study is to educe wavepackets in such flows and to explore their relationship with the radiated sound. The velocity field is measured using a hot-wire anemometer and a stereoscopic, time-resolved PIV system. The field can be decomposed into frequency and azimuthal Fourier modes. The low-angle sound radiation is measured synchronously with a microphone ring array. Consistent with previous observations, the azimuthal wavenumber spectra of the velocity and acoustic pressure fields are distinct. The velocity spectrum of the initial mixing layer exhibits a peak at azimuthal wavenumbers $m$ ranging from 4 to 11, and the peak is found to scale with the local momentum thickness of the mixing layer. The acoustic pressure field is, on the other hand, predominantly axisymmetric, suggesting an increased relative acoustic efficiency of the axisymmetric mode of the velocity field, a characteristic that can be shown theoretically to be caused by the radial compactness of the sound source. This is confirmed by significant correlations, as high as 10 %, between the axisymmetric modes of the velocity and acoustic pressure fields, these values being significantly higher than those reported for two-point flow–acoustic correlations in subsonic jets. The axisymmetric and first helical modes of the velocity field are then compared with solutions of linear parabolized stability equations (PSE) to ascertain if these modes correspond to linear wavepackets. For all but the lowest frequencies close agreement is obtained for the spatial amplification, up to the end of the potential core. The radial shapes of the linear PSE solutions also agree with the experimental results over the same region. The results suggests that, despite the broadband character of the turbulence, the evolution of Strouhal numbers $0. 3\leq St\leq 0. 9$ and azimuthal modes 0 and 1 can be modelled as linear wavepackets, and these are associated with the sound radiated to low polar angles.
Writing, printing, speaking: Rhesus blood-group genetics and nomenclatures in the mid-twentieth century
Authors: BANGHAM JENNY 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn the 1940s and 1950s, British and American journals published a flood of papers by doctors, pathologists, geneticists and anthropologists debating the virtues of two competing nomenclatures used to denote the Rhesus blood groups. Accounts of this prolonged and often bitter episode have tended to focus on the main protagonists' personalities and theoretical commitments. Here I take a different approach and use the literature generated by the dispute to recover the practical and epistemic functions of nomenclatures in genetics. Drawing on recent work that views inscriptions as part of the material culture of science, I use the Rhesus controversy to think about the ways in which geneticists visualized and negotiated their objects of research, and how they communicated and collaborated with workers in other settings. Extending recent studies of relations between different media, I consider the material forms of nomenclatures, as they were jotted in notebooks, printed in journals, scribbled on blackboards and spoken out loud. The competing Rhesus nomenclatures had different virtues as they were expressed in different media and made to embody commitments to laboratory practices. In exploring the varied practical and epistemic qualities of nomenclatures I also suggest a new understanding of the Rhesus controversy itself.
Germplasm diversity and differentiation ofHelianthus tuberosusL. revealed by AFLP marker and phenotypic traits
Authors: KOU Y. X. , ZENG J. , LIU J. Q. , ZHAO C. M. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYHelianthus tuberosusL. is regarded as one of the most important bioenergy crops because of its tolerance to arid conditions and its high biomass production. Future breeding programmes will rely on the available germplasm, thus necessitating a critical assessment of genetic diversity and differentiation in the species. The germplasm diversity and regional differentiation ofH. tuberosusL. was assessed for 60 accessions collected from East Asia and Europe by means of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), phenotypic traits and chemical analysis. The analysis did not reveal separate clusters for accessions from East Asia and Europe, with 5% for genetic and 0·27% for phenotypic variability, although some regional accessions were closely related to each other with respect to morphological, chemical and genetic variation. Both phenotypic and genetic relationships showed a moderate correlation with colour of tubers, which can be used as an important criterion for germplasm management of the crop. Three major genetic groups were identified from the accessions. Within the groups derived from the genetic data, both morphological and chemical traits were very variable. The most important features of Groups I, II and III were: Group I, strong sexual reproduction, higher above-ground biomass and nutrient content; Group II, longer vegetative growth; Group III, higher tuber yield and total sugar content. High diversity was found in both European and East Asian accessions as well as within each genetic group, suggesting that there is a strong base for future breeding from these plants.
Do Overvaluation-Driven Stock Acquisitions Really Benefit Acquirer Shareholders?
Authors: Akbulut Mehmet E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractI study the effects of overvalued equity on acquisition activity and shareholder wealth, using managers’ insider trades to measure overvaluation. I find that overvalued equity drives managers to make stock acquisitions, and such acquisitions destroy value for acquirer shareholders. Overvalued stock acquirers earn negative and lower returns in the short run and substantially underperform similarly overvalued nonacquirer firms in the long run. My results do not support the idea that managers can benefit shareholders by converting overvalued equity into real assets through stock acquisitions.
Shantytown Dwellers' Resistance in Brazil's First Republic (1890–1930): Fighting for the Right of the Poor to Reside in the City of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Mattos Romulo Costa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis work analyzes evidence of the resistance of poor shantytown dwellers during Brazil's First Republic period (1889–1930), which corresponds to the emergence and consolidation of these favela settlements into the city of Rio de Janeiro. This text not only addresses the different forms of resistance practiced by shantytown residents during the attempts by the government to demolish their homes, but also pays special attention to the years between 1907 and 1927 when the people of Morro da Favela (currently Morro da Providência) ensured the permanence of their houses through street protests.
Beacon selection and calibration for the efficient localization of a mobile robot
Authors: Park Jaehyun , Lee Jangmyung 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a localization scheme using ultrasonic beacons in an unstructured multi-block workspace. Indoor localization schemes using ultrasonic sensors have widely been studied due to their low costs and high accuracies. However, ultrasonic sensors are susceptible to environmental noise due to the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves. In addition, the decay of ultrasonic signals over long distances implies that ultrasonic sensors are unsuitable for use in large indoor environments. To overcome these shortcomings of ultrasonic sensors, while retaining their advantages, a multi-block approach was devised by dividing an indoor space into several blocks with multiple beacons in each block. However, it is difficult to divide an indoor space into several blocks when beacons cannot be installed in a regular manner or when some new beacons are installed. To resolve this difficulty, a dynamic algorithm is needed to divide an indoor space into multiple blocks and to select suitable beacons. Therefore, this paper proposes a real-time localization scheme to estimate the position of a mobile robot independent of beacon locations and to estimate the position of a new beacon installed at an unknown position. A beacon selection algorithm was developed to select optimal beacons according to robot position and to set up sets of beacons for mobile robot navigation. By using the new beacon searching and calibration algorithm, a mobile robot is able to navigate in an unknown space without requiring the additional setup time needed to install new beacons. The performance of the proposed localization system was verified using real experiments.
Development of face discrimination abilities, and relationship to magnocellular pathway development, between childhood and adulthood
Authors: PALLETT PAMELA M. , DOBKINS KAREN R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe current study tested the development of face and object processing in young children (mean age = 5.24 years), adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years), and adults (mean age = 21.1 years) using stimuli that were equated for low-level visual characteristics (luminance, contrast, and spatial frequency make-up) and methods that equate for difficulty across ages. We also tested sensitivity to luminance and chromatic contrast (i.e., thought to be mediated primarily by the subcortical Magnocellular (M) and Parvocellular (P) pathways, respectively) to determine whether age-related improvements in face or object discrimination were driven by age-related changes in the M and/or P pathways. Results showed a selective age-related improvement in face sensitivity and a relationship between age-related increases in face sensitivity and luminance contrast sensitivity. These results add to the mounting evidence that the M pathway may influence face processing.
Fast-food consumers in Singapore: demographic profile, diet quality and weight status
Authors: Whitton Clare , Ma Yi , Bastian Amber Carla , Fen Chan Mei , Chew Ling 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the demographic profile of fast-food consumers among adult Singapore residents and ascertain whether fast-food consumption frequency is associated with diet quality and weight status.DesignA nationally representative cross-sectional survey including an FFQ and anthropometric measures. Participants were grouped based on their fast-food consumption frequency as non-consumer, occasional consumer or regular consumer, with regular defined as at least once per week.SettingIndividuals living in the community in Singapore.SubjectsSingapore residents (n1627) aged 18–69 years of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity.ResultsProportions of regular fast-food consumers were higher in younger age groups, higher income groups and middle education level groups. Mean daily energy intake was positively associated with fast-food consumption frequency (non-consumers 9636 kJ (2303 kcal); occasional consumers 11 159 kJ (2667 kcal); regular consumers 13 100 kJ (3131 kcal);Pfor trend < 0·001). Fast-food consumers were more likely to exceed the RDA for energy, fat and saturated fat, and less likely to meet wholegrain and fruit recommendations. Both regular consumers (OR = 1·24; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·51) and occasional consumers (OR = 1·52; 95 % CI 1·32, 1·77) were more likely to have a waist:hip ratio indicating abdominal obesity. Occasional consumers were more likely to have a BMI ≥ 23·0 kg/m2(OR = 1·19; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·37), whereas regular consumers were less likely (OR = 0·76; 95 % CI 0·64, 0·91) to have an ‘at-risk’ BMI.ConclusionsFast-food consumption is most prevalent in young adults, high income and middle education level groups. Frequent fast-food consumption in Singapore is associated with unfavourable dietary and nutrient profiles and abdominal obesity.