bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE AND OF CHANGES IN POSTURE ON THE BLOOD PLATELET COUNT IN MAN
Authors: Sloan A. W. , Allardyce K. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of exercise and of postural change on counts of the blood platelets, erythrocytes and leucocytes were investigated on groups of healthy young men.2. The platelet count decreased significantly after 10 minutes of moderate exercise, and showed a partial return to its original level when the subject stood still for the next 20 minutes.3. The platelet count decreased significantly on standing up, and was still significantly depressed 10 minutes later.4. The platelet count did not change significantly within 10 minutes of lying down.5. Apart from a tendency for the leucocyte count to increase with exercise and a significant fall thereafter, the changes in erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were of minor degree.6. The theoretical and clinical importance of these observations is discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND pH ON THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED HEART
Authors: Trethewie E. R. , Hodgkinson M. M 
Published: December 2014

Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 40, No. 1E. R. TRETHEWIE AND M. M. HODGKINSONP. 2, para. 2, line 2. Delete “of blood”.Fig. 1, B. Second line should read:“Between A and B and between F and G perfusing pressure reduced; between C and D and between I and J perfusion pressure returned to original level.”P. 7, fig. 4. Last line of legend should read: “time in minutes”.P. 9, Table III, first line. Fig. 7 should read fig. 1, B.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S. , Jeffries G. H. , Poole J. C. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. In the rat, maximum rates of clearing of chyle by plasma in vitro at 37° C. were observed 1½ minutes after the injection of heparin.2. A technique was developed whereby both the entry of chyle into the plasma and the circulation of blood through the liver could be interrupted in rats absorbing olive oil. High rates of clearing of added chyle by plasma obtained under such conditions were observed.3. Evidence is presented for a close association between chyle and the clearing systems induced in plasma both by heparin injection and by fat feeding.4. No heparin was detected in chyle which had been incubated with, and subsequently recovered from, plasma obtained both after the injection of small quantities of heparin and after fat feeding.
THE EFFECT OF MENTAL STRESS ON THE EOSINOPHIL LEUCOCYTE COUNT IN MAN
Authors: Kerr A. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. Hourly eosinophil counts were made in the afternoon on five students engaged in their final examination in operative dental surgery. Four showed a fall of more than 80 per cent; these were obviously anxious. In the fifth the count remained steady; he was unperturbed by the examination.2. Similar counts on nine subjects performing routine operative dentistry and on nine subjects engaged in routine dental mechanics showed no constant downward trend and no fall greater than 35 per cent of the initial count.3. The difference between the group under examination stress and the other groups was very highly significant.4. It is concluded that the mental stress associated with a serious examination can produce a significant fall in the eosinophil count during the examination. A similar influence may be at work in some patients being subjected to medical investigations.
DOES MUCIN INHIBIT THE ACTION OF PEPSIN?
Authors: Heatley N. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The digestion of hæmoglobin by crystalline porcine pepsin was not inhibited by the viscous whole juice from a pig pyloric fistula, or by fractions thereof, at pH 1·6.2. At higher pH levels there was a very slight reduction of activity.3. Similarly, digestion was not inhibited by whole juice from a rabbit duodenal fistula or hydrolysed Wilson's mucin.4. Possible causes of the apparent inhibition of peptic action by mucin reported by other workers are discussed.
THE INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
Authors: Duncan L. J. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. Two indices of glucose tolerance, the “total index” and the “increment index”, derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test have been defined, and determined in, 20 normal and 15 diabetic subjects.2. The “total index” is based on the assumption that the rate of fall of blood glucose remains consistently proportional to the total blood glucose value. The “increment index” assumes that the rate remains proportional to the increment blood glucose value.3. The mean “total index” for 42 tests in 20 normal individuals was 1·37 and the mean “increment index” was 3·68.4. The mean “total index” for 21 tests in 15 mildly diabetic patients was 0·71 and the mean “increment index” was 1·83.5. With a constant loading dose of glucose both indices are reproducible in any one individual.6. Increasing the loading dose from 25 to 50 g. produced significant increases of the “total index” in 8 normal and 6 diabetic subjects. The “increment index” remained constant in both groups.7. As the “increment index” is reproducible in any one individual within a twofold variation in the dose of glucose injected, it is the preferable measure of glucose tolerance.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE RUMEN EPITHELIUM OF SHEEP
Authors: Dobson Marjorie J. , Brown W. C. B. , Dobson A. , Phillipson A. T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The papillæ of the surface of the rumen of sheep have been shown to have a rich blood and lymphatic supply in intimate contact with the basal layer of the stratified squamous epithelium.2. The basal layer of the epithelium consists of columnar cells which in the papillary bodies are arranged round the capillaries, the long axis of the cells being perpendicular to the length of the capillaries. Cells similar to “prickle” cells of the skin are present in the transitional layer between the basal columnar cells and the outer keratinized layers.3. Mitochondria, which have been shown to be very numerous in the columnar cells, are often elongated and orientated in the long axis of the cells.4. An analogy between the cubical epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney and the columnar cells of the rumen epithelium is suggested.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID IN DIABETOGENIC DOSES TO ALBINO RATS
Authors: RayMahasaya D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Observations were made on the ascorbic acid (ASA) and “total ascorbic acid” (TASA = ASA + (dehydroascorbic acid) DHA + (diketogulonic acid) DKA) concentrations in the liver, kidney, pancreas and adrenals before and after the intravenous injection of DHA in diabetogenic doses or of ASA to male and female albino rats.2. Immediately following the dose of DHA, the concentration of TASA rose about 50‐fold in the kidneys. The concentration rose in the liver (10‐ to 16‐fold) and pancreas (7‐ to 10‐fold). The DHA which entered the tissues was rapidly reduced. The extent of reduction in the liver was more than 80 per cent, whereas in the kidneys and pancreas only about 50 per cent reduction took place. Twenty‐four hours later most of the excess TASA had disappeared. Following a second dose, the concentrations in the tissues presumably rose temporarily, but at the end of 24 hours further accumulation had not taken place. Following a third dose, rapid reduction to ASA was again observed. The concentrations in the tissues were almost normal 8 days later.3. Compared with DHA, the administration of ASA under similar conditions led to a greater rise in the concentration in the pancreas; the kidneys concentrated to the same extent as before whereas the liver concentrated much less.4. The intravenous injection of diabetogenic doses of DHA or of similar amounts of ASA after preliminary desensitization caused an immediate depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid. Some depletion was observed following the intravenous injection of only 0·2 g./kg. body weight of dehydroascorbic acid (the desensitizing dose). The fall was more marked after dehydroascorbic acid and in the male rat. Twenty‐four hours later a restoration in concentration of adrenal ascorbic acid occurred together with a significant rise in adrenal weight.
CHANGES IN THE SOLUBILITY OF CHOLESTEROL DURING THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA
Authors: Robinson D. S. , Harris P. M. , French J. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. In the rat, the clearing of chyle by heparinized plasma allows the subsequent clearing of turbid suspensions of cholesterol.2. This secondary clearing of cholesterol is probably due to solution of the cholesterol in the fatty acid‐protein complexes produced during the clearing of chyle.3. This process is presumably related to the solution of cholesterol suspensions in colloidal soaps, and some observations on this system are presented.
THE ORIGIN OF CHYLOMICRONS IN THE CERVICAL AND HEPATIC LYMPH
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The chylomicron content of the plasma, hepatic and cervical lymph of cats has been examined. Clear lymph coming from the head and neck and the liver contains numerous chylomicrons, the number present in the hepatic lymph being much greater than in the cervical lymph.2. The number of chylomicrons in the liver and cervical lymph varies with the number present in the plasma, and can be increased by the intravenous injection of fatty chyle, and decreased in absorptive cats by diverting the thoracic duct lymph from the plasma. Following the intravenous infusion of fatty chyle, about 0·4 per cent of the amount of lipid injected is returned by the lymph during the 2‐hour period taken for the plasma lipids to return to normal.3. Raising the intrahepatic sinusoidal pressure during the fatty chyle transfusions increases the rate of liver lymph flow and the liver lymph rapidly becomes milky. In these animals large amounts of lipid were carried in the liver lymph, and about 14 per cent of the total amount of fat injected was recovered in the lymph in the 2‐hour post‐injection period.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSA OF REPTILIA
Authors: Wright R. D. , Florey H. W. , Sanders A. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. Histological and experimental observations were made on the gastric secretion of the Australian lizards Tiliqua nigro‐lutea and Tachysaurus rugosus, and on the tortoise Testudo grœca. In Tiliqua nigro‐lutea a permanent fistula with an indwelling cannula was inserted into the stomach for the collection of gastric juice from the unanæsthetized animal.2. Histologically, the gastric gland cells of these animals contain granules that resemble mammalian pepsinogen granules, but there is no cell in the glands that can be identified with the mammalian parietal cell.3. The effects of food, of drugs and of vagal stimulation on the secretion of gastric juice were observed. In spite of histological differences from the mammalian stomach, the stomach in these three species produces a gastric juice that in essentials resembles that of mammals.
GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TENSION RECEPTORS WITH UNMYELINATED AFFERENT FIBRES IN THE VAGUS OF THE CAT
Authors: Iggo A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Electrical activity was recorded in single afferent C fibres dissected from the cervical vagus of the cat. The receptors were distension‐sensitive endings in the œsophagus, stomach or small intestines. The latency of the response to distension was largely due to the time taken for the impulses to travel from the receptor to the recording electrodes.2. The rate of discharge of impulses was much higher when distension with the same volume of fluid was rapid than when distension was slow. This was seen most clearly when only short lengths of the intestine were distended. It is suggested that the effect is partly due to smooth muscle tone.3. Contraction of smooth muscle at the site of the receptor set up a discharge of impulses in the afferent fibre, and this response was not dependent on changes in intraluminal pressure. It was concluded that the receptors were tension‐signalling devices “in series” with the contractile elements in the smooth muscle.4. The receptors were unaffected by removal of the mucosa and submucosa, and probably lay in the muscularis externa of the stomach or intestines.5. The receptors were excited by intravenous injection of phenyl‐diguanide and adrenaline and by acetylcholine poured over the opened viscus. They were unaffected by 0·1N HCl. The difficulty of interpreting the action of ACh was pointed out.
THE RENAL EXCRETION OF SODIUM AND WATER BY RATS DURING INFUSION OF HYPO‐, ISO‐ AND HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: Cole D. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. The renal excretion of sodium and water by unanæsthetized rats has been studied, while a continuous intravenous infusion of hypo‐, iso‐ or hypertonic saline was given. The experiments were continued for eight hours.2. In all cases the rates of excretion of water and sodium increased during the first two hours, and the renal tubular reabsorption of the two substances fell. Glomerular filtration rate increased initially but fell later, although sodium and water excretion remained high throughout.3. These findings have been discussed and a tentative hypothesis offered involving volume and osmoreceptor/ADH function, decreased production of sodium‐retaining steroid, and the interaction of these changes on the kidney.
THE ABSORPTION OF WATER AND SALT FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT
Authors: McHardy G. J. R. , Parsons D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The net absorption rates of water and sodium, measured in vivo in the jejunum and ileum of the rat, were greater from alkaline than from acid solutions, over the pH range 4·4–7·2.2. Chloride was absorbed more rapidly from the ileum than from the jejunum under all conditions studied.3. Chloride was absorbed by the ileum from solutions containing between 20–50 mEq/l. less than plasma. Sodium was absorbed by the ileum from isotonic solutions containing between 45–75 mEq/l. less than plasma, but no absorption occurred from hypotonic solutions.4. The decreasing absorption rates of water from similar solutions containing glucose, urea or mannitol are accounted for in terms of relative osmotic restraint on absorption.5. The water content of the intestinal wall was found to be linearly related to the dry weight of the segment and to the amount of water absorbed by the segment. About 1·5 per cent of this amount remained in the intestinal wall after two hours circulation.6. The net uptake of Na and Cl from isotonic fluids and the net entry into hypotonic fluids in jejunal segments were both reduced when mannitol was added to the solutions.7. With solutions containing 160 mEq/l. sodium in the jejunum, the fluid absorbed was approximately isotonic with that in the lumen.
OXIDATION OF 14C‐LABELLED CHYLOMICRON FAT AND 14C‐LABELLED UNESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS BY MACROPHAGES IN VITRO AND THE EFFECT OF CLEARING FACTOR
Authors: Day A. J. 
Published: December 2014

The oxidation by macrophages of 14C‐labelled chylomicron fat and of 14C‐labelled sodium palmitate was investigated by incubating these substances with rabbit macrophages in vitro and collecting the 14CO2 produced. Partial oxidation of both 14C‐labelled chylomicron fat and 14C‐labelled sodium palmitate occurred. The amount of fatty acid oxidized was approximately the same whether it was presented as chylomicron fat or as sodium palmitate.Clearing factor, added to the medium as post‐heparin plasma, inhibited the oxidation of 14C‐labelled chylomicron fat by macrophages. This inhibition was not influenced by the replacement of the calcium ions removed by the unesterified fatty acids formed during clearing. Clearing factor inhibited the oxidation of 14C‐labelled sodium palmitate only if chyle was added to the incubation medium. An excess of sodium palmitate or the addition of glycerol did not reduce the oxidation of sodium palmitate by macrophages.Thus macrophages can oxidize both chylomicron esterified fatty acids and unesterified fatty acids to CO2. There were substances produced during the clearing of chyle by post‐heparin plasma, which inhibited the oxidation of fatty acids by macrophages.
ELECTRON MICROGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE EMIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Marchesi V. T. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

Electron micrographs have been made of small venules in the rat's mesentery after exposure to mild mechanical trauma. Stages in the migration of blood cells are illustrated.Polymorphonuclear leucocytes seem sometimes to penetrate the endothelium at or near cell junctions, but they may also be able to penetrate the endothelial cytoplasm at other points. After the passage of the leucocytes through the endothelium no sign of a passage way can be seen.The emigrating leucocytes may be held up for a time by the basement membrane of the endothelium or by the periendothelial tissues but these are eventually penetrated so that the leucocytes become free in the surrounding tissue.Eosinophils and probably monocytes were seen passing through the vessel walls apparently in a manner similar to that of the polymorphs.Red blood cells were seen in process of going through the endothelium but the pictures do not show whether they pass through it in holes made by leucocytes.
THE EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON THE FORMATION OF THROMBI
Authors: Connor William E. , Poole J. C. F. 
Published: December 2014

When the sodium salts of certain fatty acids were added to rat blood in vitro, the production of artificial thrombi by a modification of Chandler's method was significantly altered: thrombus‐formation time was accelerated greatly and longer thrombi were produced.Straight‐chain, saturated fatty acids with sixteen to twenty‐six carbon atoms were strongly active. Short‐chain fatty acids, C 6 and C 7, were inactive. The four long‐chain, unsaturated fatty acids tested, oleic, elaidic, ricinoleic, and arachidonic, were inactive or very nearly so. The activity of a long‐chain fatty acid such as stearate, was reduced by the addition of methyl groups.
THE STRUCTURE OF NORMAL SMALL LYMPHATICS
Authors: Casley‐Smith J. R. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

The structure of the lymphatic capillaries and lacunes as seen by electron microscopy was similar to that of the blood capillaries of, for instance, skeletal muscle. All the lymphatic endothelial cells contained many vesicles and caveolæ intercellulares. No fenestrations in the endothelium were seen, but some intercellular junctions were patent, especially in diaphragmatic lacunes. The basement membrane was less regular than that of blood capillaries or of mesothelium and in many places, especially in diaphragmatic lacunes, it appeared to be absent.Carbon and ferritin were injected into the peritoneal cavity and could be seen in the lumen of diaphragmatic lacunes, in vesicles in mesothelium and endothelium, and in patent junctions between endothelial cells. Deposits of ferritin without an encircling membrane were also seen in the cytoplasm.
SOME CAUSES OF VARIATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE IN MICE
Authors: McLaren Anne 
Published: December 2014

Colon temperatures of mice belonging to two inbred strains were determined. Mice of the C3H strain showed greater individual consistency over a period of 10 days than did C57BL mice, and differed also in showing marked effects of age and lactation on body temperature. In both strains there was a difference between the sexes in temperature, but in opposite directions in the two strains.The precise control of body temperature in the C3H strain seems to depend on long‐term physiological factors, whereas in the C57BL strain it is influenced more by short‐term variations in internal or external conditions.The differences in body temperature between the two strains are not adequate to account for the maternal effect on vertebral type observed in the F1 progeny of reciprocal crosses between the strains.
THE EFFECT OF WORK AND CLOTHING ON THE MAINTENANCE OF THE BODY TEMPERATURE IN WATER
Authors: Keatinge W. R. 
Published: December 2014

Twelve young naval ratings were repeatedly immersed in water at temperatures between 5 and 37·8° C. Their temperatures, both rectal and œsophageal when measured, fell more rapidly when they worked than when they stayed still in water at 5 or 15° C. This was so whether the men worked as hard as possible or at a slower rate, whether they wore clothes or not, and whether or not the water (at 15° C.) was stirred when they were still. The fattest man suffered relatively small falls in rectal temperature at both 5 and 15° C. whether he worked or was still. Work had no significant effect on the rectal temperatures of unclothed men in water at 25° C. and caused a rise in water at 35° C.Work had no important effect on the falls in surface or mean temperature during 20‐min. immersions at 5° and 15° C. when the men were unclothed and the water (in the still experiments) was stirred, but it increased the falls in mean temperature when the immersions lasted 40 min. and increased both when the men were clothed. Clothing substantially reduced the men's falls in both surface and deep temperature, particularly in water at 5° C. This effect was prolonged when the men were still, but when they worked it was relatively slight after the first few minutes.
THE FREE MYO‐INOSITOL CONCENTRATION OF ADULT AND FETAL TISSUES OF SEVERAL SPECIES
Authors: Battaglia Frederick C. , Meschia Giacomo , Blechner Jack N. , Barron Donald H. 
Published: December 2014

The presence of myo‐inositol in adult and fetal tissues has been confirmed by crystallization, and determination of the molecular weight, melting point, percentage composition and chromatographic purity of the crystals.A pattern of distribution of myo‐inositol among the tissues of a given animal was observed; cerebellar and cortical tissue having the highest concentration and liver and skeletal muscle, the lowest. This pattern was found to be comparable in both adult and fetal tissues with the exception of cardiac muscle. Several species differences in distribution were noted.
THE FLOW AND COMPOSITION OF LYMPH FROM THE MAMMARY GLAND IN MERINO SHEEP
Authors: Lascelles A. K. , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2014

An investigation has been made of the flow and composition of lymph collected from the mammary lymph duct of lactating and dry merino ewes. Lymph flowed at the rate of 20–40 ml./hr. in ewes in early lactation and 2–6 ml./hr. in dry ewes. The rate of lymph flow was highest in those ewes producing the most milk. Maximum rates of flow of 50–180 ml./hr. were recorded for short periods of time in lactating ewes when they were suckled or when they were milked. In lactating ewes, the mammary lymph ducts contributed up to 20–30 per cent of the total thoracic duct lymph flow and up to 10–20 per cent of the total thoracic duct lymphocyte output per day.In general, the composition of udder lymph resembled lymph collected from areas such as the head and neck and limbs. In lactating ewes there was a large plasma‐lymph concentration gradient for both unesterified fatty acids and triglycerides and this suggested that these substances were being utilized by the mammary gland.Estimates have been made on the size of the interstitial fluid pool drained by the mammary lymph duct in lactating and dry ewes. Values of 100–220 ml. for ewes in early lactation and 20–60 ml. in dry ewes are reported. These findings are discussed in relation to the exchange of substances between the plasma and the mammary gland during the synthesis and secretion of milk.