bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive radioactive tracer technique in performance evaluation of organic based ion exchange materials Purolite NRW-4000 and Duolite A-378
Authors: Singare P. U. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The present paper demonstrates nondestructive application of the 131I and 82Br radioisotopes in performance evaluation of organic base anion exchange resins Purolite NRW-4000 and Duolite A-378. The evaluation was based on kinetics of iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions taking place between the external ionic solution and the resin surface. It was observed that at a constant temperature of 35.0 °C when the concentration of bromide ions in solution increases from 0.001 mol/L to 0.004 mol/L, the specific reaction rate values for bromide ion-isotopic exchange increases from 0.228 to 0.266 min−1 using Purolite NRW-4000 resins and from 0.160 to 0.185 min−1 using Duolite A-378 resins. Also it was observed that under the same experimental conditions, the percentage of bromide ions exchanged increases from 60.67 % to 67.00 % using Purolite NRW-4000 resin, while for Duolite A-378 resin it increases from 49.30 % to 52.00%. The identical trend was observed for the two resins during iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. The overall results indicate that under identical experimental conditions, as compared to Duolite A-378 resins, Purolite NRW-4000 resins shows superior performance. It is expected that the present nondestructive radiotracer technique can be extended further for characterization of series of nuclear as well as non-nuclear grade ion exchange resins. The results of such study will be immensely useful in proper selection of the ion exchange resins in various industrial applications.
Peanut Response to Postemergence Application of Pyroxasulfone
Authors: Eure P.M. , Prostko E.P. , Merchant R.M. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
Field experiments were conducted from 2009 through 2011 to evaluate peanut tolerance to postemergence (POST) applications of pyroxasulfone applied alone or in combination with commonly used foliar herbicides. Hherbicide treatments were arranged in a factorial arrangement that included three pyroxasulfone rates (0, 240, and 480 g ai/ha) and four POST application timings [10, 30, 60, and 90 days after planting (DAP)]. Pyroxasulfone applied at 240 or 480 g ai/ha 10 DAP caused 24 and 33% stunting 2 weeks after treatment (WAT), respectively. Regardless of pyroxasulfone rate, peanut stunting following application 30, 60, or 90 DAP was less than 3%. Peanut yield was not influenced by POST applied pyroxasulfone applied alone. In a second experiment, herbicide treatments were applied in a factorial treatment arrangement that included two pyroxasulfone rates (0 and 240 g ai/ha) and six POST herbicide systems [none; paraquat (140 g ai/ha); paraquat (210 g ai/ha) plus bentazon (280 g ai/ha); paraquat (210 g ai/ha) plus bentazon (560 g ai/ha) plus acifluorfen (280 g ai/ha); imazapic (70 g ai/ha); and lactofen (220 g ai/ha)]. Stunting 2 WAT with paraquat applied 10 DAP ranged from 33 to 37% while less injury was observed with lactofen or imazapic. Peanut stunting 9 WAT ranged from 3 to 6% regardless of weed management system. Pyroxasulfone applied in combination with POST herbicides did not reduce peanut yield.
Morphological Markedness in an OT-Grammar: zeros and syncretism
Authors: Pertsova Katya 
Published: June 2015

In this paper, I propose to extend a model of grammar in which lexical spellout and phonological computation occur in the same component (e.g., serial OT with Optimal Interleaving (Wolf, 2008)) with a family of morphological markedness constraints. These constraints punish realization of morpho-syntactically marked combinations of features. They form a markedness hierarchy in which constraints against more marked feature(s) are ranked higher than constraints against less marked feature(s). Inclusion of such constraints provides a natural way to account for certain cases of non-realization of morphological contrasts in marked contexts (zero marking), as well as cases of syncretism in which a marked paradigm cell in certain contexts becomes occupied by an exponent typically used in less marked cells. Analyses of both types of cases are discussed in this paper. Moreover, this model predicts tradeoffs and interactions between morphological markedness and phonological constraints. Russian Genitive Plural allomorphy, discussed in this paper, provides one example of such interactions.
Logic and the Generative Power of Autosegmental Phonology
Authors: Jardine Adam 
Published: June 2015

<p>Autosegmental Phonology is studied in the framework of Formal Language Theory, which classifies the computational complexity of patterns. In contrast to previous computational studies of Autosegmental Phonology, which were mainly concerned with finite-state implementations of the formalism, a methodology for a model-theoretic study of autosegmental diagrams with monadic second-order logic is introduced. Monadic second order logic provides a mathematically rigorous way of studying autosegmental formalisms, and its complexity is well understood. The preliminary conclusion is that autosegmental diagrams which conform to the well-formedness constraints defined here likely describe at most regular sets of strings.</p>
The spread of the High toned /il/ in Seoul Korean: from ‘one’ to other meanings
Authors: Cho Sunghye 
Published: June 2015

<p>Seoul Korean is known to show a LH-LH phrasal tonal pattern in an Accentual Phrase (AP), unless an AP-initial consonant is tensed or aspirated (Jun 1993, 2000). Since an AP shows LHLH unless the phrase-initial segment is tensed or aspirated, a vowel-initial AP is expected to show LHLH. However, Jun &amp; Cha (2011) report that an AP-initial /il/ is sometimes produced with a H tone. Their study<span style="color: #008000;"> </span>finds that i) younger speakers aged less than the mid 40s are more likely to produce /il/ with a H tone; ii) out of three meanings of /il/, ‘one (1)’, ‘day’, and ‘work’, /il/ meaning ‘one’ is most frequently produced with a H tone; iii) the High toned /il/ seems to be a unique feature of Seoul Korean.</p><p>Since Jun &amp; Cha (2011) is the only previous study on the phenomenon, there is still much to be learned about its development. In particular, considering that many studies on linguistic changes have shown that a linguistic change is the most advanced among adolescents (e.g., Trudgill, 1974; Labov, 2001; and among others), it is hard to fully describe a developing sound change without investigating teenagers. Thus, I examine the High toned /il/ phenomenon by conducting a production experiment with 40 speakers of Seoul Korean and I provide further evidence that the phenomenon is spread to all meanings of /il/.</p>
Are phonological features of roots in syntax? Evidence from Guébie
Authors: Sande Hannah 
Published: June 2015

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Based on original field data, I demonstrate that in Guébie (Kru, Niger-Congo), third person pronouns </span><span>phonologically </span><span>resemble their antecedents. This system, along with other phonologically determined agreement systems, pose problems for our traditional Y-model of grammar, which assumes that phonological features are not present in the syntax (cf. DM, Marantz 1995), thus morphosyntactic processes like agreement should not be able to access phonological features. </span></p><p><span>Here I address the question of whether phonologically determined agreement systems can be modeled without requiring syntax to be sensitive to phonological features. To do this I argue that pronouns select for an NP complement (cf. Elbourne 2001), where the pronoun enters into an agree relation with its NP complement. When spelled out, the morphologically agreeing heads must be phonologically similar, and this overt agreement licenses ellipsis of the NP. </span></p></div></div></div>
Serialization in Complex Predicates in MalakMalak
Authors: Hoffmann Dorothea 
Published: June 2015

<p>While complex verbs are well attested in Australian languages and elsewhere, in MalakMalak two systems of multi-verb constructions combine in a typologically rare setup: First, complex predicates consist of an uninflecting open-classed coverb and an inflecting verb (IV) of a closed class of six. Second, coverbs combine in serial constructions as part of a complex predicate with up to four coverbs encoding multiple or single events. This overlap provides a unique opportunity to examine shared and distinctive features. I argue for an analysis of MalakMalak’s complex predicates’ argument structure in terms of argument unification (Bowern 2010) of coverb and IV. </p>
Conditional independence and biscuit conditional questions in Dynamic Semantics
Authors: Sano Katsuhiko , Hara Yurie 
Published: June 2015

<p>Biscuit conditionals such as ‘If you are thirsty, there’s beer in the fridge.’ are felt different from canonical conditionals ‘If it’s raining, the fireworks will be cancelled.’ in that the consequent seems to be entailed regardless of the truth/falsity of the antecedent. Franke (2009) argues that the “feeling of the consequent entailment” in biscuit conditionals is due to the conditional independence between the antecedent and consequent; thus a uniform semantics for canonical and biscuit conditionals can be maintained. A question arises as to whether it is possible to derive the same consequent entailment in the framework of dynamic semantics.<br />Furthermore, there are some instances of biscuit conditional questions such as ‘If I get thirsty, is there anything in the fridge?’ This paper provides a dynamic and non-symmetric version of the independence condition, a d-independence condition which correctly derives the consequent entailment in both declaratives and interrogatives.</p>
Human Anti-CD40 Antibody and Poly IC:LC Adjuvant Combination Induces Potent T Cell Responses in the Lung of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth A. , Liang Frank , Lindgren Gustaf , Sandgren Kerrie J. , Quinn Kylie M. , Darrah Patricia A. , Koup Richard A. , Seder Robert A. , Kedl Ross M. , Loré Karin 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Nonlive vaccine platforms that induce potent cellular immune responses in mucosal tissue would have broad application for vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. Induction of cellular immunity could be optimized by targeted activation of multiple innate and costimulatory signaling pathways, such as CD40 or TLRs. In this study, we evaluated immune activation and elicitation of T cell responses in nonhuman primates after immunization with peptide Ags adjuvanted with an agonistic anti-CD40Ab, with or without the TLR3 ligand poly IC:LC. We found that i.v. administration of the anti-CD40Ab induced rapid and transient innate activation characterized by IL-12 production and upregulated costimulatory and lymph node homing molecules on dendritic cells. Using fluorescently labeled Abs for in vivo tracking, we found that the anti-CD40Ab bound to all leukocytes, except T cells, and disseminated to multiple organs. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were significantly enhanced when the anti-CD40Ab was coadministered with poly IC:LC compared with either adjuvant given alone and were almost exclusively compartmentalized to the lung. Notably, Ag-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage were sustained at ∼5–10%. These data indicate that systemic administration of anti-CD40Ab may be particularly advantageous for vaccines and/or therapies that require T cell immunity in the lung.
Characteristics and Program Decisions of Master's-Level Professional Athletic Training Students
Authors: Ostrowski Jennifer Lynn , Iadevaia Cheree M. 
Published: June 2015

Context
The number of master's-level professional athletic training programs (MLPATPs) has grown by over 400% in the past 10 years; however, little is known about the characteristics of the students who enroll in these programs or why they select this route to certification.

Objective
To describe, by exploring the characteristics of MLPATP students, the profile of students who enroll in MLPATPs, and to aid in recruitment of students by developing a greater understanding of why students select the MLPATP route to athletic training certification.

Design
Cross-sectional design involving online survey research. MLPATP directors were asked to forward the survey link to students enrolled in their programs.

Participants
Seventy-nine students enrolled in MLPATPs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training (CAATE).

Data Collection and Analysis
Survey data were collected by Formstack.com. Open-ended questions were categorized based on common themes and then coded. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric correlations were calculated.

Results
MLPATP students were, on average, 24.7 years old; 68% were women, 85% were Caucasian. Forty-two percent earned their bachelor's degree in exercise/sports science. Nearly 80% of students decided they wanted to be an athletic trainer either prior to or during their undergraduate studies, and students enrolled in their MLPATP an average of 1.2 years after completing their bachelor's degree. The geographical area and an institution's reputation were the primary contributing factors in choosing an MLPATP. Following graduation, 93.5% plan to seek employment using their certified athletic trainer credential.

Conclusions
Understanding the characteristics of MLPATP students can help in the recruitment of students for MLPATPs as well as develop a greater understanding of the needs of these students. Additional lines of research would contribute to discussions regarding the future of athletic training education.
CORRIGENDUM: MEAN VALUES FOR HOMOGENEOUS STIT TESSELATIONS IN 3D (2008 IMAGE ANAL STEREOL 27:29-37)
Authors: Nagel Werner , Weiss Viola 
Published: June 2015

Corrigendum of MEAN VALUES FOR HOMOGENEOUS STIT TESSELLATIONS IN 3D (2008 IMAGE ANAL STEREOL 27:29–37)
Fault damage zones in mechanically layered rocks: The effects of planar anisotropy
Authors: Misra Santanu , Ellis Susan , Mandal Nibir 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study shows how inherited strength anisotropy influences damage localization at both the tip and wall regions of a fault or fracture. We performed analogue and numerical compression experiments on transversely isotropic models with single and multiple cuts of finite length, simulating the propagation of preexisting faults and cracks in layered rock. The stress‐strain curves from the analogue experiments show a change in bulk yield behavior with fault inclination and anisotropy orientation with respect to the stress direction. Earlier isotropic models demonstrated a brittle (wing fracturing) to ductile (shear‐zone formation) transition as the fault angle (α) to the principal compression direction increased. The experiments with anisotropic models show patterns of damage localization change dramatically with the orientation of transversely isotropic planes (θ, measured with respect to principal extension direction). Under layer‐normal (θ = 0°) and layer‐parallel compression (θ = 90°), preexisting faults undergo significant reactivation when 0 < α < 90°, and fault slip eventually leads to mechanical instabilities within the anisotropic layering, causing damage zones in the tip regions. For layer‐normal (θ = 0°) compression, the damage processes involve intense extensional shear localization, whereas for layer‐parallel compression, contractional shear localization and tensile opening result in characteristic internal shear‐band structures. In contrast, for 0 < θ < 90°, the faults undergo little or no reactivation, irrespective of α. In this case, bulk compression leads to an interlayer slip‐mediated global deformation. Obliquely anisotropic models thus produce weak or no fault damage zones. We also show that the fault‐parallel principal damage localized at the tips can be coupled with transversely oriented, antithetic secondary damage in the wall regions. However, secondary damage develops predominantly when θ = 90°. Field examples of fault damage in anisotropic rocks and numerical experiments are in good accord with our experimental damage patterns.
Ten years of satellite observations reveal highly variable sulphur dioxide emissions at Anatahan Volcano, Mariana Islands
Authors: McCormick Brendan , Popp Christoph , Andrews Benjamin , Cottrell Elizabeth 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSatellite remote sensing enables continuous multiyear observations of volcanic activity in remote settings. Anatahan (Mariana Islands) is a remote volcano in the western North Pacific. Available ground‐based measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas emissions at Anatahan place it among thelargest volcanic SO2 sources worldwide. These ground‐based measurements, however, are restricted to eruptive intervals. Anatahan's activity since 2003 has been dominated temporally by prolonged periods of quiescence. Using 10 years of satellite observations from OMI, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, and GOME‐2, we report highly variable SO2 emissions within and between eruptive and quiescent intervals at Anatahan. We find close correspondence between levels of activity reported at the volcano and levels of SO2 emissions detected from space. Eruptive SO2 emission rates have a mean value of ∼6400 t d−1, but frequently are in excess of 20,000 t d−1. Conversely, SO2 emissions during quiescent intervals are below the detection limit of space‐based sensors and therefore are not likely to exceed ∼300 t d−1. We show that while Anatahan occupies a quiescent state for 85% of the past 10 years, only ∼15% of total SO2 emissions over this interval occur during quiescence, with the remaining ∼85% released in short duration but intense syn‐eruptive degassing. We propose that the integration of multiyear satellite data sets and activity histories are a powerful complement to targeted ground‐based campaign measurements in better describing the long‐term degassing behavior of remote volcanoes.
Undercutting of marine‐terminating glaciers in West Greenland
Authors: Rignot Eric , Fenty Ian , Xu Yun , Cai Cilan , Kemp Chris 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMarine‐terminating glaciers control most of Greenland's ice discharge into the ocean, but little is known about the geometry of their frontal regions. Here we use side‐looking, multibeam echo sounding observations to reveal that their frontal ice cliffs are grounded deeper below sea level than previously measured and their ice faces are neither vertical nor smooth but often undercut by the ocean and rough. Deep glacier grounding enables contact with subsurface, warm, salty Atlantic waters (AW) which melts ice at rates of meters per day. We detect cavities undercutting the base of the calving faces at the sites of subglacial water (SGW) discharge predicted by a hydrological model. The observed pattern of undercutting is consistent with numerical simulations of ice melt in which buoyant plumes of SGW transport warm AW to the ice faces. Glacier undercutting likely enhances iceberg calving, impacting ice front stability and, in turn, the glacier mass balance.
Exploring the impact of CMIP5 model biases on the simulation of North Atlantic decadal variability
Authors: Menary Matthew B. , Hodson Daniel L. R. , Robson Jon I. , Sutton Rowan T. , Wood Richard A. , Hunt Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInstrumental observations, paleoproxies, and climate models suggest significant decadal variability within the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASPG). However, a poorly sampled observational record and a diversity of model behaviors mean that the precise nature and mechanisms of this variability are unclear. Here we analyze an exceptionally large multimodel ensemble of 42 present‐generation climate models to test whether NASPG mean state biases systematically affect the representation of decadal variability. Temperature and salinity biases in the Labrador Sea covary and influence whether density variability is controlled by temperature or salinity variations. Ocean horizontal resolution is a good predictor of the biases and the location of the dominant dynamical feedbacks within the NASPG. However, we find no link to the spectral characteristics of the variability. Our results suggest that the mean state and mechanisms of variability within the NASPG are not independent. This represents an important caveat for decadal predictions using anomaly assimilation methods.
Vertical coherence of deformation in lithosphere in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis using GPS, Quaternary fault slip rates, and shear wave splitting data
Authors: Chang Lijun , Flesch Lucy M. , Wang Chun‐Yung , Ding Zhifeng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe present 59 new SKS/SKKS and combine them with 69 previously published data to infer the mantle deformation field in SE Tibet. The dense set of anisotropy measurements in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) are oriented along a NE‐SW azimuth and rotate clockwise in the surround regions. We use GPS measurements and geologic data to determine a continuous surface deformation field that is then used to predict shear wave spitting directions at each station. Comparison of splitting observations with predictions yields an average misfit of 11.7° illustrating that deformation is vertically coherent, consistent with previous studies. Within the central EHS in areas directly surrounding the Namche‐Barwa metamorphic massif, the average misfit of 11 stations increases to 60.8°, and vertical coherence is no longer present. The complexity of the mantle anisotropy and surface observations argues for local alteration of the strain fields here associated with recent rapid exhumation of the Indian crust.
Modeling the ionospheric impact of tsunami‐driven gravity waves with SAMI3: Conjugate effects
Authors: Huba J. D. , Drob D. P. , Wu T.‐W. , Makela J. J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Naval Research Laboratory first‐principles ionosphere model SAMI3 is used to study the ionospheric effects associated with tsunami‐driven gravity waves. Specifically, the Tohoku‐Oki tsunami of 11 March 2011 is modeled. It is shown that gravity wave‐induced variations in the neutral wind lead to plasma velocity variations both perpendicular and parallel to the geomagnetic field. Moreover, the electric field induced by the neutral wind perturbations can map to the conjugate hemisphere. Thus, electron density variations can be generated in both hemispheres which impact the total electron content (TEC) and 6300 Å airglow emission. It is found that the TEC exhibits variations of
total electron content unit (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) and the 6300 Å airglow emission variation is up to ∼±2.5% relative to the unperturbed background airglow.
Consumer Preference for Sustainable Attributes in Plants: Evidence from Experimental Auctions
Authors: Yue Chengyan , Campbell Ben , Hall Charles , Behe Bridget , Dennis Jennifer , Khachatryan Hayk 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTExperimental auctions were employed to investigate U.S. and Canadian consumers’ willingness to pay for sustainable attributes in plants. The results show consumers are willing to pay a price premium for energy and water savings in plant production of $0.15 and $0.12, respectively. Consumers are only willing to pay $0.08 more for sustainably labeled product. Latent class segmentation analysis identifies three distinct consumer segments: Import‐Liking, Mainstream, and Eco‐local. Mainstream Consumers were the largest segment and willing to pay only modest premiums for eco‐friendly attributes. Eco‐local consumers comprised 14% of consumers and they were willing to pay the highest amount for the improved production methods and container types, while having the highest willing to pay for local and domestic products. [EconLit citations: D44, M31].