bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Grain Quantitative Evaluation Performed with Standard Method of Imaging with Light Microscopy and EBSD Analysis
Authors: Szczotok Agnieszka , Sozańnska Maria 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the research was to illustrate a reconstruction of grains in case of selected cross-section of a precision cast turbine blade made of MAR M247 polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and standard methods of quantitative metallography using imaging with light microscopy. The results of measurement of the grains performed using both methods were compared with each other with the help of a statistical test.
A Parametric Study of Electron Backscatter Diffraction based Grain Size Measurements
Authors: Wright Stuart I. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Polycrystalline microstructures can be well imaged using maps reconstructed from orientation data collected by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). These maps are very helpful for delineating grain boundaries in such microstructures and are thus well suited for grain size analysis. However, for these analyses to be as accurate as possible it is important to understand the effect of various parameters relevant to grain size measurements via EBSD in order to achieve accurate estimations of grain size. In particular, this work addresses the sensitivity of the grain tolerance angle and minimum number of measurement points per grain to the end results as well as considers other relevant parameters. Guidelines are proposed for making appropriate value selections for these parameters.
Metallographische Untersuchungen der Mikrostrukturen von technischen TiAl-Legierungen
Authors: Berghof-Hasselbächer Ellen , Diliberto Sébastien , Gawenda Peter , Masset Patrick J. , Schmidt Gerald , Schütze Michael 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Auf Grund ihrer guten mechanischen Eigenschaften bei hohen Temperaturen und ihrer geringen Dichte besitzen Legierungen auf der Basis der intermetallischen TiAl-Phase ein hohes Potential in einer Reihe industrieller Anwendungen. Mit einer Dichte von rund 4 g/cm3 sind Bauteile aus TiAl-Legierungen etwa um die Hälfte leichter als diejenigen aus aktuell verwendeten hochtemperaturbeständigen Werkstoffen (Nickelbasislegierungen oder Stähle). Abhängig von Zusammensetzung und Herstellungsprozess können unterschiedliche Mikrostrukturen entwickelt werden. Die Gefüge von verschiedenen Ti- und TiAl-Legierungen (α-Ti, α2-Ti3Al, orthorhombisches Ti2AlNb und γ-TiAl) wurden metallographisch untersucht, wobei verschiedene Ätzmittel zur Anwendung kamen. Zusätzlich wurden die Legierungen mit anderen analytischen Verfahren (Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Elektronenstrahlmikroanalyse, Röntgendiffraktometrie) charakterisiert.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-basierte Zielpräparation an Transistoren der 70 nm-Generation zur Elektronenholographie
Authors: Mühle Uwe , Sickmann Jan , Hillmann Lutz 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Bei der Präparation von holographiefähigen TEM-Proben müssen Voraussetzungen beachtet werden, die über die konventionelle TEM-Präparation hinausgehen und deren Realisierung mit der Verkleinerung der Zielobjekte immer schwieriger wird. Es werden zwei Varianten einer neuen Anordnung für die FIB-basierte Zielpräparation von Einzeltransistoren aktueller Strukturbreiten in der Mikroelektronik vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der holographischen Untersuchungen bestätigen die Anwendbarkeit der Präparationsroute.
Thermoschock — Interpretation von makroskopischen Bruchmerkmalen
Authors: Pulz Robert , Rehmer Birgit , Skrotzki Birgit 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt typische Bruchmuster, die an SSiC Proben nach Thermoschockexperimenten beobachtet wurden und korreliert diese qualitativ mit der aufgebrachten Belastung. Der Thermoschock wird durch eine schnelle, in der Probenmitte beginnende spiralförmige Aufheizung dünner Scheiben mit Laserstrahlung realisiert. Durch diese Versuchsführung wandert ein zunehmender Temperaturgradient von der Mitte beginnend in radialer Richtung durch die Probe. Dieser Temperaturgradient ist für die Ausbildung von Druckspannungen im Probeninneren und Zugspannungen im kalten Randbereich der Probe verantwortlich. Beim Erreichen einer kritischen, versagensrelevanten Spannung tritt Probenbruch auf. Dabei wird die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der Probe gespeicherte elastische Energie teilweise in die Schaffung von Rissoberflächen umgewandelt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen gespeicherter elastischer Energie und Bruchmuster wird dargestellt.
Klassische Ätztechniken und ihre Anwendungen für die quantitative Phasenbestimmung an einem modernen, höherfesten Stahl
Authors: Füreder Elisabeth , Voit Christina , Pühringer Jürgen , Pohl Michael 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Die Charakterisierung moderner, höherfester Stähle stellt die klassische Metallographie heutzutage vor große Herausforderungen. Einerseits ätztechnisch, da mehrere Phasen gleichzeitig auftreten, andererseits auch auflösungstechnisch, da die Korngrößen im Bereich weniger μm liegen. Dieser Artikel soll zeigen, wie es trotz dieser erschwerten Voraussetzungen immer noch möglich ist, mit klassischer Ätztechnik und lichtmikroskopischen Aufnahmen quantitative Gefügebewertungen durchzuführen. Die klassischen Ätztechniken nach Beraha und LePera, die bereits seit Jahrzehnten für die Kontrastierung konventioneller Stähle im Einsatz sind, werden für die qualitative und quantitative Bewertung herangezogen und ihre Ergebnisse verglichen. Zur Überprüfung der Ergebnisse werden rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen herangezogen.
3D Microstructural Study of AlSi8Mg5 Alloy by FIB-Tomography
Authors: Lasagni Fernando , Lasagni Andrés , Holzapfel Christian , Engstler Michael , Mücklich Frank 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In the present work, a foundry AlSi8Mg5 alloy is investigated by FIB-Tomography in the as-cast condition and after semi-solid heat treatment. The different microstrutural features are characterized quantitatively using morphological shape factors. The 3D-shape of Mg2Si Chinese script as well as Si and impurity Fe containing phases are revealed in high detail. A comparative study with respect to 2D structures is presented as well.
Friction Welding of Titanium to 304L Stainless Steel Using Interlayers
Authors: Ashfaq M. , Rao K. Prasad , Rafi H. Khalid , Murty B.S. , Dey H.C. , Bhaduri A.K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Friction welding of commercially pure titanium to austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304L SS) using intermediate layers was studied. The interlayers used were commercially pure nickel, tantalum and vanadium in the form of thin foils. The interlayers were aimed at avoiding direct contact between the base materials which may otherwise lead to formation of mainly Ti-Fe intermetallic phases at the interface which may seriously affect the weld properties. Interlayer foils were used individually and in combination (nickeltantalum and nickel-vanadium) suitably called in the present work as single and double interlayer joint systems respectively. Same interlayer behaved differently with respect to extrudability in these two systems. All the joints showed moderate strengths in tensile test. However, joints with single interlayer exhibited poor bend ductility, and double interlayers improved it to about 40°. Microhardness studies revealed a peak in nickel single interlayer system alone, confirming presence of hard phases at the interface.
Intermetallische γ-Titanaluminid-Basislegierungen aus metallographischer Sicht – eine Fortsetzung
Authors: Clemens Helmut , Mayer Svea 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Der vorliegende Artikel versteht sich als Fortsetzung des Beitrages “Intermetallische γ-Titanaluminide aus metallographischer Sicht” von H. Clemens und F. Jeglitsch in Prakt. Metallogr. 37 (2000) 194-217. Dieser zweite Teil enthält neben der Motivation zur Entwicklung dieser Werkstoffklasse Angaben zu Eigenschaften und Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Überdies wird die Zusammensetzung moderner mehrphasiger Legierungen beschrieben und auf ihre Verarbeitung eingegangen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Entwicklungsstrategie der derzeit aktuellen γ-TiAl-Basislegierungen vorgestellt. In der Folge wird die Mikro- und Nanostruktur nach Herstellung, Verarbeitung und mehrstufiger Wärmebehandlung erörtert. Zu jedem dieser Punkte werden Fallbeispiele aus metallographischen Untersuchungen gezeigt, die unter Verwendung metallkundlicher und metallphysikalischer Ansätze interpretiert werden.
EBSD und STEM an hochgradig plastisch verformten Aluminiumlegierungen
Authors: Dietrich Dagmar , Berek Harry , Schulze Anne , Scharf Ingolf , Lampke Thomas 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
After aluminum alloys undergo severe plastic deformation there is an interest in what grain refining is obtained and is determined from the orientation data detected from backscatter electron diffraction in lateral resolution. The quality of backscatter diffraction depends on the fraction of successful indexings, which presupposes an appropriate preparation of the surface. Vibration polishing results in a matrix nearly free of deformation and excellent levelling of the precipitates whereas relief formation (often occurring in oxide polishing) and dissolution (often occurring in electro-polishing) of those phases will reduce the band contrast and indexing quality. The results thus obtained from backscatter electron diffraction are backed by scanning electron microscopy images in transmission.
Mikroskopische Methoden zur Charakterisierung modifizierter Polymerwerkstoffe
Authors: Radusch H.-J. , Androsch R. , Ilisch S. 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Mikroskopische Methoden auf unterschiedlichen Längenskalen sind ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug zur Charakterisierung der übermolekularen Struktur bzw. Phasenmorphologie polymerer Werkstoffe. Insbesondere für modifizierte Polymerwerkstoffe liefern sie eine Vielzahl von Informationen über den Einfluss von Modifizierungskomponenten, wie Füllstoffe, Additive oder polymere Mischungskomponenten in Polymercomposites und -blends auf den übermolekularen Aufbau, die Komponentenwechselwirkungen, Größe und Verteilung disperser Teilchen sowie den Einfluss der technologischen Bedingungen bei der Generierung bzw. Verarbeitung von Blends und Composites und insbesondere auch teilkristallinen Polymerwerkstoffen. Aktuell kommt dabei den polymeren Nanocomposites eine große Bedeutung zu, da diese Gegenstand umfangreicher Forschungsarbeiten für alle Polymerwerkstoffgruppen sind. An ausgewählten Beispielen, d.h. für teilkristalline nanostrukturierte Thermoplaste, gefüllte Elastomere und Nanopartikel modifizierte thermoplastische und elastomere heterogene Polymerblends, wird die Leistungsfähigkeit verschiedener mikroskopischer Methoden demonstriert.
Macroscopy and Correlation with Mechanical Data of Impact Failed Partially Bonded Glass/Epoxy Two-Layered Pieces
Authors: Kishore  , Suresh Kumar M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two flat glass/epoxy test pieces were adhesively bonded to varying degree along the common width face starting from either ends to yield a set of samples i.e., sparsely bonded, moderately bonded and fully bonded ones. The samples thus prepared were subjected to low velocity impacts. Impact data show total energy and peak load registering low values for the sparsely bonded case and the value increasing as the bond area increases. Further, the stiffness parameter also showed a gradual increasing value with an enhancement in the level of interfacially introduced bond area. However, as regards the deflection, a discernible trend reversal was noticed in that it was high for the sparsely bonded case and low for fully bonded ones. Fractographic analysis showed that fully bonded ones displayed the through thickness crack propagation, tensile outward fiber failure and protrusion feature on one face while the sparsely bonded ones displayed debonding of the end region, a split and a wide opening of one of the two debonded end region with hardly any tensile outward fiber fracture features. Moderately bonded, on the other hand, showed hybrid characteristics encompassing both the outward protrusions of fibers on the tension side as well as the debonding, a feature also corroborated by the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations. These fracture features were analyzed and an effort made to correlate them with the impact test data.
Friction Welding of Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides: Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Mayer S. , Appel L. , Cramer H. , Clemens H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Intermetallic titanium aluminides have the potential to replace currently used nickel-based superalloys in high temperature applications in the medium term owing to their attractive properties profile. They will mainly be used for aircraft and automobile engines. The production of individual components of aircraft or automobile engines requires an easily applicable and reliable joining technology in order to produce complex component structures as a consequence of costs incurred for machining them from solid. Friction welding plays a key role when it comes to an economical use of titanium aluminide materials in lightweight constructions and high temperature applications. The present work describes this pressure welding technique using an extruded γ-TiAl-based alloy Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (at%). It compares and discusses the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of joints of the same kind.
A Three-Dimensional Microstructure Preparation Using Metallographic In-Depth Microsections
Authors: Siegle Christel , Christian Ursula , Jost Norbert , Kött Simon 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Efficient simulation techniques are conceived, amongst other things, for the modelling and visualization of microstructure configurations of materials and structural components in production processes, within a joint research project in which the Karlsruhe, Aalen, and Pforzheim Universities were involved. To this end, it is firstly necessary to determine the structure in all of the three spatial directions (three dimensions) which then will help to establish mathematical simulation algorithms. In the further course of the project, it is also understood that the simulation results are checked up and verified again and again by the respective real structures. These activities indispensably presuppose a precise localization of the structure on several planes and a definition as to what is realized via so-called in-depth microsections. This makes it necessary to develop and optimize techniques both for the exact maintenance of an x-y local constancy and absolutely accurate depth determination (z coordinate). For this purpose, the Pforzheim University formulated a simple metallographic process technology which is aimed at precisely localizing the structures at a well-defined material removal rate. It is on this basis that structural regions can now be detected on several planes at the same location and a sufficient collection of data can be created for the three-dimensional simulations of polycrystalline grain structures.
Production and Metallographic Examination of Precipitable Cu–Mg Alloys
Authors: Zilly A. , Christian U. , Kött S. , Nobiling D. , Jost N. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Low alloy copper-based alloys are mainly used as conductive material in the field of electrical engineering. However, given a good electrical conductivity, they are characterized by low mechanical strength. Due to a low alloy content of currently used copper-magnesium, alloys rank among not precipitable homogeneous solid solutions. As a consequence, increases in strength can only be realized by means of solid solution strengthening and strain hardening. Up to now, the possibility of precipitation hardening remains largely untapped. In order to examine this potential for optimization regarding higher strength and enhanced conductivity, samples with differing Mg contents are prepared and systematically heat treated. This research work has the long-term objective of leaving the laboratory scale in order to make precipitable copper-magnesium alloys applicable for industry.
3D Characterization of Thermal Fatigue Damage in Monofilament Reinforced Copper for Heat Sink Applications in Fusion Reactor Systems
Authors: Schöbel M. , Degischer H.P. , Brendel A. , Harrer B. , Di Michiel M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Monofilament reinforced metals (MFRM) are developed as high temperature heat sink materials for fusion reactor applications. These composites combine the high thermal conductivity (TC) of a Cu matrix with low thermal expansion (CTE) of SiC or W filaments. The CTE mismatch between matrix and reinforcement lead to high micro stresses under operation conditions. Stress induced thermal fatigue damage such as interface delamination and fiber/matrix damage degrades the thermal properties of these composites. Different interface designs are developed for SiC as well as W filaments to improve bonding strength and increase the long term stability. Conventional as well as synchrotron tomography was applied on different MFRMs to characterize thermal fatigue damage and its propagation before, during and after thermal cycling.
New Ways of Revealing the Microstructures of SiC Materials
Authors: Sempf K. , Herrmann M. , Sydow U. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In order to understand the relationships which exist between the microstructures and mechanical properties of ceramic materials and to clarify their respective mechanisms of corrosion, a detailed picture of their microstructures is of particular importance. The examination of such structures using field emission scanning electron microscopy in combination with EDX analysis as well as the FIB technique are demonstrated on polished and electrochemically corroded LPS (liquid phase sintered SiC) and SSiC materials. The possibilities for revealing the diffusion zones in semi-conducting SiC grains are presented. These methods also help to explain the core-shell structures caused by electrochemical corrosion.
Influence of Heat Treatments on the Microstructure of a Multi-Phase Titanium Aluminide Alloy
Authors: Schwaighofer E. , Schloffer M. , Schmoelzer T. , Mayer S. , Lindemann J. , Guether V. , Klose J. , Clemens H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Intermetallic titanium aluminides are employed in aircraft engines and automobile engines because of their low density and excellent high-temperature properties. Today's TiAl-based alloys are multi-phase alloys of a complex structure which mainly consist of γ-TiAl, α2-Ti3Al and low fractions of a βo-TiAl phase. An example of such an alloy is the so-called TNM alloy which exhibit a nominal composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at %). In this alloy, solidification takes place via the β-phase, with the consequence of a fine-grained and nearly segregation-free microstructure. In spite of that, the cast microstructure also contains coarser grains which can act as crack initiators at room temperature and will reduce the deformation capability during tensile tests. Within the framework of this paper, heat treatment studies were conducted on a cast and hot isostatically pressed material with the primary aim of a microstructural homogenization in order to reduce the crack-initiating microstructural components and, hence, increase its fracture elongation at room temperature. In further heat treatments, microstructures with balanced mechanical properties were adjusted.
Automated SEM/EDX Particle Analysis to Determinate Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel Samples: Round Robin Tests Aiming at Studying the Comparability of Results from Different Measurement Systems
Authors: Reischl M. , Frank G. , Martinez C. , Aigner S. , Lederhaas B. , Michelic S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The use of automated measurement methods which combine scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis in order to carry out quantitative particle analyses allows for an exact characterization of the level of purity in steel in the context of aiming at ensuring a high-quality final product as well as deepening the knowledge of different steps of production in the field of metallurgy. As there is still a lack of standardization when it comes to the examination method, deviations in measurement results are possible. These can lead to reproducibility problems and limited comparability.
Within the subcommittee for metallography of the ASMET a working group has been established in order to carry out a round robin test to clearly identify problems of these measurement methods and to propose and/or implement possible solutions. Four different laboratories participated in the round robin test, all of them using different measurement systems to characterize inclusions. These examinations resulted in the definition of measures to possibly standardize measurements (setting of equivalent measurement parameters, using a calibration standard for the setting of gray values). This led to reaching a good agreement of results when comparing the registered morphological and chemical values of all participants and it emphasized the great potential of the method to reach reproducible and generally usable data.
Metallographic Specimen Preparation for Electron Backscattered Diffraction Part II*
Authors: Vander Voort George F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Although some publications have claimed that mechanical specimen preparation is inadequate for producing damage-free specimens for EBSD, this is certainly not true. Our methods have concentrated upon producing the best possible surfaces using an automated grinder-polisher with standard consumable products in a reasonable amount of time and at low cost. Furthermore, these methods are highly reproducible as demonstrated by extensive tests on many metals and alloys from aluminum to zirconium. Success depends first, and foremost, upon limiting cutting damage by using the proper blade and cutter. Next, commence grinding with the finest abrasive that will remove the cutting damage in a reasonable time and make all of the specimens in the holder co-planar. Polishing is done in counter rotation with a low holder rotational speed to keep the cloth as uniformly covered with abrasive and lubricant as possible. The grinding and polishing steps must keep the surface perfectly flat for best results. After the final polish, a general purpose etch can be applied, with the specimens in the holder, to evaluate the success of the preparation and determine what the structure is. Then, remove the etched surface by repeating the final step but with about half the required time. Preparation procedures are influenced by the crystal structure of the specimen. Face-centered cubic specimens will always exhibit more damage from each step than less ductile HCP and BCC metals and alloys.
The Metallographer's Role in Damage Analysis
Authors: Weilnhammer G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The metallographer's role is of extraordinary importance when clarifying cases of damage. This statement is documented by means of an example of corrosion damage on a brewery pipe.
Several different methods have been applied in order to provide for a final result, such as emission spectroscopy analysis, examination of damage areas under the scanning electron microscope including an examination of coatings by means of EDX analysis and examination of the metallographic section.
The comprehensive formation of a metallographer allows for a responsible examination and a summary of results that provides for an overall picture to clarify beyond doubt the cause of the damage.