bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Objective Evaluation of a Multi‐Component, Competitive, Selection Process for Admitting Surgeons into Higher Surgical Training in a National Setting
Authors: Gallagher Anthony G. , O’Sullivan Gerald C. , Neary Paul C. , Carroll Sean M. , Leonard Gerald , Bunting Brendan P. , Traynor Oscar 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundChanging work practices make it imperative that surgery selects candidates for training who demonstrate the spectrum of abilities that best facilitate learning and development of attributes that, by the end of their training, approximate the characteristics of a consultant surgeon.AimsThe aim of our study was to determine the relative merits of components of a program used for competitive selection of trainees into higher surgical training (HST) in general surgery.MethodsApplicants (N = 98, males 69, mean age 31 years [range 29–40]) to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland program for HST in general surgery between 2006 and 2008 were assessed. Clinical, basic surgical training, logbook, research performance, and reference scores were evaluated. A total of 51 candidates were shortlisted and completed a further objective assessment of their technical skills and interview performances.ResultsShortlisted candidates performed better (p < 0.003) on all assessed parameters. Compared with candidates who were not selected for HST, those who were selected (N = 31) significantly outperformed on individual assessments and overall (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed that clinical, technical skills, and research assessments, but not interview, predicted (92.2 %) HST selection outcomes.ConclusionsCandidates selected for the national HST program in Ireland consistently outperformed those who were not. The assessments reliably and consistently distinguished between candidates, and all of the assessed parameters (except interview) contributed to a highly predictive selection model. This is the largest reported dataset from an objective, transparent, and fair assessment program for selection of the next generation of surgeons.
European Regional Populations: Current Trends, Future Pathways, and Policy Options
Authors: Rees Philip , van der Gaag Nicole , de Beer Joop , Heins Frank 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Europe is currently experiencing an ageing population and slowing population growth of both the total and working-age populations. These trends are likely to continue. Even though population ageing will affect all European regions, different regions will be affected in different ways. Even under favorable conditions, 35–40 % of all NUTS2 regions will face a labor force decline. If economic conditions are poor, some regions may continue to grow, but 55–70 % of the regions will see a labor force decline by 10 % or more. In most regions of Eastern Europe, the labor force may decrease by more than 30 %. To keep regions prosperous (maintaining competitiveness) and to avoid worse inequality (maintaining cohesion), policy-makers must find ways to cope with these challenges through new fiscal and social policies, though policies directly affecting demographic and migratory trends may also be needed.
Concomitant Upper Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma Limb-Sparing Resection and Functional Reconstruction: Assessment of Outcomes and Costs of Surgery
Authors: Mundinger Gerhard S. , Prucz Roni B. , Frassica Frank J. , Deune E. Gene 
Published: October 2013

Background The purpose of this study is to investigate functional outcomes and cost impacts of immediate functional reconstruction performed in conjunction with limb-sparing resection of upper extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Methods Patients undergoing simultaneous limb-sparing upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection and functional reconstruction between December 1998 and March 2004 were retrospectively identified, their medical records reviewed, and costs of surgery analyzed. Functional outcomes and patient satisfaction were assessed via patient surveys and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS). Results Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up was 43.3 months. Reconstructions included rotational innervated muscle flaps ( n =6), free innervated myocutaneous flaps ( n =1), and tendon transfers or grafts ( n =6). Overall survival was 85 % ( n =11) and disease-free survival was 77 % ( n =10). Average total cost of surgery was $26,655. Patients undergoing reconstruction for hand and forearm sarcomas had significantly higher total costs of surgery than those undergoing reconstruction for elbow and upper arm sarcomas. Survey response rate was 91 % ( n =10). Average TESS score was 76. Of the patients who worked preoperatively, 88 % returned to work postoperatively, and all patients who returned to work currently use their affected limb at work. Conclusions Patients undergoing immediate functional reconstruction for upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection achieved very good to excellent functional outcomes with quick recovery times and a high return-to-work rate following immediate functional reconstruction, thereby minimizing surgical cost impacts. Immediate functional reconstruction in the same surgical setting is thus a viable strategy following upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection.
Correlation between avascular necrosis and the presence of the ossific nucleus when treating developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Sllamniku Sabit , Bytyqi Cen , Murtezani Ardiana , Haxhija Emir Q. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose This study assessed whether avascular necrosis (AVN) is correlated with the presence or absence of the ossific nucleus (ON) at the initiation of conservative treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). To date, the correlation between the presence of the ON and AVN manifestations remains ambiguous. Methods The medical records of 148 patients with 234 dislocated hips who presented at our institution between January 2006 and December 2007 were reviewed. Based on ultrasound examination, the hips were classified according to Graf IIIa, IIIb, and IV criteria. Patients aged >6 months were simultaneously examined by standardized pelvis radiography. Results The ON was present in 84 hips (35.9 %) at the beginning of treatment. Treatment was begun at a mean age of 5 months, with overhead traction for 2 weeks followed by arthrography and a spica cast for 4 weeks. Afterwards, we used a Tübingen hip-flexion splint. The mean age at final follow-up was 87 months. Hips were radiographically evaluated at last follow-up according to the Ogden–Bucholz AVN classification scheme. There was no significant difference in AVN prevalence between ON− versus ON+ hips in children aged ≤10 months ( P = 0.681), whereas when all age groups were analyzed together, AVN was significantly increased in ON+ hips ( P = 0.002). Clinical examination revealed no differences in limping, leg length inequality, and range of motion of hips in the ON− versus ON+ groups. Conclusion We conclude that DDH treatment should be performed early without regard to the presence or absence of the ON. Reduction should not be delayed beyond >10 months of age because any delay in treatment increases the incidence of AVN.
Effects of Cryptocaryon irritans infection on the survival, feeding, respiratory rate and ionic regulation of the marbled rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus
Authors: YIN FEI , GONG QIYANG , LI YANWEI , DAN XUEMING , SUN PENG , GAO QUANXIN , SHI ZHAOHONG , PENG SHIMING , LI ANXING 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYTo clarify the effects of a Cryptocaryon irritans infection on the physiological functions of the marbled rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus, this study utilized C. irritans at concentrations of 2500; 5000; 7500; 10 000; 20 000; and 30 000 theronts/fish to infect marbled rockfish weighing 45±3 g. The survival rate, food intake, respiratory rate, serum ion concentrations and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity were determined. With the increase of the infection concentration and the passage of time, the survival rate of the rockfish gradually decreased. The groups infected with more than 5000 theronts/fish had stopped feeding within 4 days. The respiratory rates of the fish in the groups infected with 2500 and 5000 theronts/fish initially increased and then decreased. In contrast, the respiratory rate of the fish in the groups infected with more than 7500 theronts/fish was elevated to levels significantly higher than the control group after 12 h. The Na+/K+-ATPase activity and serum Na+ and Cl− concentrations increased with increasing infection concentration. In conclusion, the physiological functions of the fish infected with low concentrations of C. irritans can be effectively restored, whereas a high concentration infection induced severe stress. The declined food intake and accelerated respiratory rate could be useful for an early warning system as important indicators.
Alexander the Great as “Lord of Asia” and Rome as His Successor in Machiavelli's Prince
Authors: Sullivan Vickie 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlexander the Great and his legacy suffuse The Prince, a fact that has received little attention. Machiavelli uses Alexander to illustrate the form of rule in which one is lord and all others are slaves. In recounting the Roman Republic's conquest of Greece, Machiavelli treats Alexander's vanquished successors. Alexander's legacy enters Rome itself, igniting in Romans the desire to subject the world to sole preeminence. According to Machiavelli, Caesar imitated Alexander, and Caesar overturned the republic, initiating the rule of one in Rome. Caesar had his own Roman successors, the emperors who ruled under his name. Rome succeeded in imposing the rule of one on Europe. That form of rule exists in Machiavelli's times with the states of the Turk and the Sultan as well as with the papacy in a limited respect. Something of the old Rome and its Alexandrian aspirations persists in Christian Rome.
Belief and Opinion in Machiavelli'sPrince
Authors: Tarcov Nathan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article examines the roles of belief and opinion in Machiavelli'sPrince. Political success and failure are effected not only by force and arms but by religious belief in particular, and more generally by the beliefs and opinions of peoples. Princes can also be the beneficiaries or the victims of their own beliefs and opinions. Machiavelli occasionally explicitly states a view as his own belief or opinion such as his belief in cruelty well used or his opinions that a prince should found himself on the people and avoid their hatred. His beliefs and opinions both contrast with common beliefs and opinions and are modified in response to them.
Farewell to Fortune
Authors: Parel Anthony 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMachiavelli's argument in chapter 25 ofThe Princefor resisting Fortune is no longer persuasive. The reason is that it is based on the outmoded Ptolemaic cosmology. With that cosmology long discarded, it is time to discard thepolitical philosophybased on it. But discarding the political philosophy does not mean discarding the chapter. On the contrary, we should study the chapter with renewed diligence as part of the history of Machiavelli's political philosophy. The distinction between his political philosophy and the history of his political philosophy is critical here.
Report of Tentative Excavations on the Demarch's Field, Melos
Authors: Crowfoot J. W. 
Published: October 2013

These excavations began on Thursday, 13th May, in the afternoon: on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, seven men were engaged upon them, but on Monday five more were employed. On Tuesday, at midday, they were brought to an abrupt close by a peremptory telegram from the General Ephor in Athens, forbidding all tentative excavation in Melos.This field was partially excavated last year by Mr. Bosanquet, and the results of his work are described in the Annual for 1895–6: it was hoped that excavations continued this year under easier conditions would throw fresh light upon the system of walls connected with the city gate, and any public buildings which might have been situated there.
Some Doubtful Points of Thessalian Topography
Authors: Edmonds C. D. 
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to endeavour to attach their right names to the ancient sites which lie close to the Peneios on either side of the river in its course from Trikkala to Larissa.The first site which we reach in travelling down stream is that of Palaeo-Gardiki, halfway between Trikkala and Zarkos, close to the high road, on the left bank of the river, which is here some six kilometres distant. On a small spur of the mountains, with which it is only connected by a narrow neck or spur which slopes down to the plain, lie the remains of an ancient acropolis with walls built of both polygonal and ashlar masonry. In front of the acropolis in the plain the remains of a city of no small extent are visible. The walls of ashlar masonry remain to a height of four or five courses, and the foundations of houses and public buildings are clearly marked. The name Palaeo-Gardiki comes from a Byzantine village, Gardiki, which once stood upon the acropolis, but of which no traces now remain except the ruined church. In front of the city lies a marsh, which, combined with the mountain behind, makes the position very strong.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1910: § 3.—The Eleusinion at Kalývia tes Sochás
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: October 2013

The season opened with a small excavation at the Eleusinion at Kalývia tes Sochás or Kalývia Sochiótika, a hamlet at the foot of Taygetos about one-and-a-half hour's walk south of Sparta.This site had already been fixed by Von Prott, who identified it with the Homeric Bryseai, but the German Archaeological Institute generously waived this prior claim in our favour. The whole question of the identification of the site has been discussed by Von Prott in connexion with the inscriptions found in and around the foundations of the destroyed church of Hagia Sophia. This lies in the village itself; the site to which our attention was called was on the slope of the mountain immediately above the houses and gardens of the village. A few minutes to the south of Kalývia tes Sochás a fine gorge with a mountain stream runs down from Taygetos into the plain, and where the path which leads up to this gorge and the mediaeval keep at its mouth, leaves the village to climb the lower slope of the hill, it passes through a small olive grove.
III. —Thalamae: 2.—Inscriptions
Authors: Dickins Guy 
Published: October 2013

In the ruined monastery of Panagia Kavallaris, four miles south-west of Koutiphari. On a white marble stele supporting the altar in the church. Over 78 c. long by 23 c. broad and 13 c. wide. Letters 1·50 c. to 2·0 c. The stele is partly buried in the earth, so its total length is unknown, as it was impossible to dig in the church.The monastery stands on the steep slope of Hagios Nikos above a hollow in the mountains, where there are vineyards, just below it is a copious spring. The road to Gytheion crosses the opposite slope. I found no other traces of Hellenic occupation, but the spot would be eminently suitable for a sanctuary site.
III. —Thalamae: IV.—The Ἑρμαί on the N.E. Frontier
Authors: Romaios K. 
Published: October 2013

᾿Ανατείνε δὲ ὑπὲρ τὰς κώμας ὄρος ᾿Πάρνων,καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ἐπαὐτοῦ πρὸς ᾿Αγείους ὄροι καὶ Τεγεάτας εἰσίν ἐστήκασι δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀροις῾Ερμαῖ λίθου, καὶ τοῦ χωρίου τὸ ὄνομά ἐστιν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν —Paus. II. 38. 7.An excavation of the three mounds of stones and earth at the spot called στοὺς Φονεμένους between Hagios Petros and Arachova, undertaken by me last July, showed that these mounds were formed in ancient times, and made it highly probable, if not certain, that they are the ῾Ερμαῖ mentioned by Pausanias as marking the boundaries between Laconian territory and that of Argos and Tegea. The most important find is a slab of common schist, mutilated on the left hand side, and bearing in large characters the inscription (Fig. 1). Although I have not been able to find a name ending with precisely these letters, it is certainly a man's name in the nominative, and the slab must be explained as a tombstone. There were also found a small piece of an archaic gorgoneion of terracotta, a small vase without its neck resembling the spherical Corinthian aryballoi, and some insignificant fragments of small vases, covered with glaze-paint, and of roof-tiles.
Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization
Authors: Mackenzie D. 
Published: October 2013

Professor Doerpfeld in the Athenische Mittheilungen, xxx. pp. 257–97, has put forward a theory regarding the relation of the later to the earlier palaces at Knossos and at Phaestos, which requires serious consideration, not only in view of Doerpfeld's high authority in such matters, but also in the light of the results of excavation, as these have been accumulating from season to season at different sites in Crete.It will clear the ground considerably if, as a common starting-point of argument, it is agreed at the very beginning that the question at issue is primarily one of stratification, and that all understanding of sequence in development is ultimately conditioned by our apprehension of the character of the sequence in the stratification, in so far as that has been brought to light by actual excavation.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 9.—The Architectural Terracottas
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. 
Published: October 2013

The Hellenic remains scattered in the surface soil or accumulated behind the temenos-wall included quantities of tiles and architectural terracottas belonging to an earlier and to a later period of the sanctuary. Of those which may be assigned to the archaic entablature the most important are the following:—(1) Leg of a crouching or running human figure in high relief, probably from the pediment (Fig. 18). The upper part of the thigh is covered with reddish-brown paint representing a tightly-fitting garment, with a white border on which again are dark dots.
Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization. IV
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan 
Published: October 2013

Since the earlier parts of this study were written, various interesting discoveries have been made, not only in Crete, but on the mainland of Greece, such as tend partly to clear up, partly to complicate the problem of Aegean Civilization.Of the discoveries in Crete the most fruitful in new results are those of Mr. Richard B. Seager relating to the Early Minoan Period, firstly at Vasilikí on the mainland of the Gulf of Mirabello, and later on the islands of Psira and Mochlos off the same coast.
Lesbos
Authors: Rouse W. H. D. 
Published: October 2013

In this paper I propose, not to give the history of Lesbos, for which the curious may consult well-known books; nor to offer new geographical details, for which I am not qualified; but merely to recount my impressions of the island, its scenery, products, and people; to mention such remains of antiquity as can still be seen there; and, finally, a few interesting relics of ancient custom which the people to this day observe.In shape, the island resembles the claw of a crab; the two ends of which enclose a wide gulf. The space enclosed would be contained by a triangle, whose S., N.E., and N.W. sides are about 45, 30, and 25 miles respectively. A backbone of rocks runs round the curve, broadening at the two points into wide stretches of hill country, and sinking into a low and fertile plain round the Gulf of Kalloni. The southern claw itself contains a smaller gulf, that of Hiera.
Apollo seated on the Omphalos: A Statue at Alexandria
Authors: Wace Alan J. B. 
Published: October 2013

§ 1.—This small statue of Apollo (Plate IV, a) now in the Museum at Alexandria, is worthy of remark not only from the excellence of the style, but also from the rare occurrence in sculpture of Apollo represented as seated on the Omphalos. In fact so far as I know there is no other statue in the round shewing Apollo so seated.The provenance of this statue is not definitely known. It was bought in Alexandria in 1892, and may perhaps have been found somewhere in the neighbourhood of that city. Dr Botti in his catalogue of the Museum says:—‘Elle peut appartenir à l'époque hellénistique.’ In my opinion there is no doubt that it dates from the Hellenistic period.It is of ordinary white marble, and in its present condition is about ·48 metre high. It has suffered considerable damage.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 4.—The Houses. Block β
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. 
Published: October 2013

This Insula is now seen to contain five houses, (i) 1–22, (ii) 23–25, (iii) 28–31, (iv) 26, 27 and 32–39, (v) 40–47. The partial excavation of 1–36 was described in B.S.A. viii. pp. 310–316.Rooms1–22—The continued investigation of this house yielded some interesting results. In the courtyard (11) we uncovered the remains of a verandah, the wooden pillars of which rested on round limestone bases (diam. ·38 m., ht. ·18) distant 1·40 m. from the walls of rooms 10 and 12. On the East, rectangular bases alternated with the round ones, as in the courts of the palaces at Phaistos and Gournià; these probably supported piers of brickwork or stone. A quantity of charred wood, brick-earth, and freestone blocks reddened and disintegrated by fire, lay over and round about the bases. At the West end of 13, where the plan shews a double wall, part of the later one ·55 m. thick was removed, exposing a face of well-finished small ashlar coated with white plaster. The precisely similar masonry of a small house on the South of the Ridge was shown by the pottery found in it to be as old as the Middle Minôan period. 15 may be explained as a bath-room; its entrance was at the N.W., screened as usual by a cross-wall, not at the S.E. angle where the previous plan shewed it; its carefully plastered floor (Palaikastro I. p. 315) was level with the adjoining floors, as was that of the bathroom in the Queen's Megaron at Knossos.
Church of the Ruined Monastery at Daou-Mendeli, Attica
Authors: Comyn Heaton 
Published: October 2013

So little of this picturesque and interesting Byzantine church and monastery unfortunately is left standing that the measured drawings and photographs reproduced on Plates XIV.—XVII, will perhaps serve as the best form of description. Mr Hasluck and I made a careful survey of the church and the scanty remains of the monastic buildings in March, 1902, putting up for a week at a farmhouse about four miles distant.The planning of the central part of the church at the ground level carried up as a hexagon and domed with a twelve-sided cupola is very interesting and somewhat unusual for this type of church. An hexagonal plan of somewhat similar character is shown in Fig. 1, a drawing from a Cairene Mosque made by Mr E. F. Reynolds, Student of the School in 1902–3. The arrangement of the apse internally is very effective, though, on account of the slope of the ground, which rises considerably at this end of the church, we were unable to determine the external treatment. The gallery and first floor are approached on the west side from a room over what appears to have been the monks' cells, and this seems to have been the only means of access to it, as no evidence of a staircase leading to the upper floor exists in the church at all. Fig. 2 gives an elevation and section of the screen.