bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON GROWTH IN THE SHEEP AND GOAT AS INDICATED BY BODY‐WEIGHT
Authors: Simpson Sutherland 
Published: December 2014

In sixteen pairs of twin lambs. mainly of the same sex, the thyroid gland was removed from one of each pair and the other kept as a control.When the operation was performed from three to four weeks after birth, marked stunting resulted ; in more than one instance the weight of the control was three times that, of the cretin.Where thyroidectomy was delayed till the third or fourth month the retardation in growth was only slight; in some cases, indeed, no effect was evident although other signs of athyroidism were present.In triplet goat kids, all females, the thyroids were removed from two when twenty days old, while the third was kept as a control. A difference in growth rate was detectable on the 19th day following operation, and from that time the normal rapidly outgrew the cretins.There is no evidence for the belief that the mother's milk can retard to any extent the onset of hypothyroid symptoms in lambs or goat kids.I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Miss E. Campbell, Dr A. Bodansky, and Dr H. S. Liddell, for assistance rendered in this investigation.The expenses incurred were defrayed by grants received from the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University, and the Sage Research Fund of the Ithaca Division of Cornell University Medical College.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GASTRIC SECRETION.—II. THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Ivy A. C. , Lim Robert K. S. , McCarthy J. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. The pouch of the entire stomach secretes gastric juice after a latent period of from one to three hours when a mixed meal is ingested and enters the intestine directly.2. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion is due to the action of the products (e.g. peptone, amino‐acids, and amines) of digested complex food substances and not apparently to the food in its raw state (meat, carbohydrates, and neutral fat).3. Water in the intestine stimulates, but not invariably. Whether or not it stimulates depends in part on the degree of thirst and the time since the last meal. The mechanism concerned is discussed.4. Gastric secretion may be stimulated from the intestine by a non‐absorbable substance, namely, 0.5 per cent. saponin solution. The influence of changes in surface tension on the mechanism of stimulation and inhibition is considered.5. Our observations definitely disprove the specific pyloric or gastrin theory as originally stated by
Edkins. A vascular hypothesis is tentatively suggested to explain the mechanism of intestinal stimulation.6. Our results finally demonstrate that the intestine as a pathway for the stimulation of the gastric glands must be considered in an analysis of the factors concerned in the genesis of gastric secretion. In short, the existence of an intestinal phase is proved.
THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE ADRENAL BODIES OF THE RAT
Authors: Vincent Swale 
Published: December 2014

If white rats are exercised at room temperature (in winter) their body temperature will fall and the chromaphil reaction of the adrenal medulla will be markedly reduced. If they are exercised at higher temperatures their body temperature will rise and the chromaphil reaction will not be reduced.At about from 18° to 200°C. the body temperature neither rises nor falls with exercise, and the chromaphil tissue is unaffected.Considerable reduction of the temperature of the surrounding medium may, independently of exercise, cause a reduction of the chromaphil reaction if the animal's temperature becomes lowered; but this does not occur very frequently in the case of white rats.It seems, then, that the effect of exercise on the chromaphil reaction is not direct but secondary to the lowering of the animal's temperature.
THE LATENT PERIOD OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Fulton John F. , Scholar Christopher Welch 
Published: December 2014

When a frog's gastrocnemius at 20° with active circulation is stimulated through its nerve by a single break induction shock, the individual muscle fibres contract synchronously within ±1σ throughout their entire length. The response of the whole muscle is, therefore, an accurate index course of contraction in the individual fibres.The latent period of shortening may be divided into four phases, which in a gastrocnemius at 20°C. have the following characteristics :1. Conduction Time in the Nerve.—With 3 cm. average conducting distance as in these experiments the interval would be 1σ (30 m. per sec.).2. Delay at the End Plate.—An interval 4σ was observed between the stimulus and the muscle action current. The end‐plate delay was therefore 3σ.3. “True” Latency.—The interval after the beginning of the electrical response during which the mechanical conditions are unaltered.This is the same whether thickening is recorded, or whether determined by the response of the tendon, and has an absolute value 1·5 to 2·0σ.4. Rigidity. When a second response falls during the relaxation of response I., the muscle ceases to relax 1·5 to 2· 0σ after the active current, and becomes “rigid” ‘for a period 4 to 5σ before shortening.This accounts for the supposed difference between the latent period as determined by thickening and by shortening of the tendon. The duration of the rising phase of the muscle action current corresponds closely with the duration of the period of “true” latency as well as with the absolute refractory period.I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to
Professor Sherrington and to offer my thanks for his invaluable and kindly criticism.
EXPERIMENTAL MITRAL INCOMPETENCE
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

The effect of mitral incompetence on aortic, left auricular, pulmonary, and venous pressures is investigated simultaneously.The aortic is seen to be unaffected, and reasons are given why this is so.Left auricular pressure is found to be enormously increased, especially under conditions of stress.The pulmonary and venous pressures are seen to be dependent on the state of the right ventricle, which may show impairment.It is indicated that stimulation of the vagus may be used as a test for the existence of mitral incompetence when the height of the left auricular pressure gives reason for doubt.
REFLEX TIMES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CLAWED FROG. THIRD NOTE
Authors: Jolly William Adam 
Published: December 2014

The reflex in the hind limbs of the spinal Xenopus, in response to a single break induction shock applied to the web of one foot, has been recorded by two string galvanometers recording simultaneously on one photographic plate.The reflex consists of homonymous flexion and heteronymous extension.The electrical responses consist of polyphasic or oscillatory variations, of which there are two types: I uncomplicated, due to a single activation of the muscle through its motor nerve; and II complicated, due to successive activations through the nerve and showing evidence of interference.Evidence is not found in this reflex of reciprocal innervation. Both extensor and flexor muscles yield electrical responses in both limbs.In the same‐side limb reflex activity starts in the knee‐flexor muscle —gracilis—but the extensor muscle—cruralis—becomes active less than a thousandth of a second later. The gastrocnemius follows the thigh muscles after an interval corresponding to the delay of a set of synapses in the spinal centre plus an interval due to its longer nerve path.In the limb opposite to the stimulated foot activity appears simultaneously in the extensor and flexor of the knee, and this follows the onset of activity in the same‐side limb by an interval—the cross‐over time—corresponding to the delay of a set of synapses.The outflow of excitation to the gastrocnemius acting heteronymously is simultaneous with that to the thigh muscles, so that the crossed gastrocnemius follows the crossed cruralis and gracilis by only a short interval due to its longer nerve path.The outflow of excitation to the tibialis anticus, homonymous, and heteronymous is simultaneous with that to the thigh muscles.The delay of a synapse‐set at 14°C. is about 6 σ (thousandths of a second). It is suggested that this is not the delay at a single synapse.Analysis of the reflex delays of the thigh muscles shows that one synapse‐set is involved in the intracentral conduction of the homonymous reflex, and two synapse‐sets are involved in the heteronymous reflex. While it is the general rule that the effective excitation for the crossed reflex passes through the centre by a path containing two synapse‐sets, the presence of a preliminary deflection indicates that a slight excitation is transmitted by a shorter path from one side to the other.Certain variations from the usual time relations are found to occur.
THE SENSATIONS OF TEMPERATURE, PAIN, AND PRESSURE
Authors: Allen Frank , Macdonald P. A. 
Published: December 2014

The graphs for the four kinds of cutaneous sensations discussed above are all of the same type, consisting in their entirety of at least two branches. These correspond exactly to the first and second branches of the graphs obtained for the tactile sensations by
Allen and
Weinberg (3). Probably if the measurements could have been extended over greater ranges of current‐intensities a third branch would have been found, as in the senses of vision, touch, and taste. The graphs all conform to the same equation found for the sense of touch:D=—k log I+ C.The order of magnitude of the times of duration of the stimulus at the critical frequency of stimulation is also the same for all the sensations discussed in this paper, and for touch. We may conclude, therefore, that all the cutaneous sensations obey the same fundamental laws. In the equations to the graphs the constants k and C have different values for the two, or more, branches, and they are different for the different sensations. The negative sign for k indicates that the duration of the stimulus at the critical frequency of stimulation diminishes as the intensity of the stimulus increases.The measurements obtained in these investigations, as far as we can judge, are the normal values for the receptors indicated. No measurements under the conditions of depression and enhancement of sensitivity seemed possible, as there was no certainty that the same receptors were stimulated on different occasions. There can be no doubt, however, that both processes are in operation in all these sensations. The interpretation of the two‐branched graphs most probably rests upon the functions of the sensory reflex actions involved. In other researches on the sensations of vision, touch, and taste, experiment justified the conclusion that in each sense reflex actions of two kinds existed, one of which depressed and the other enhanced the sensitiveness of the receptors. It is a sudden change in the ratio of these two processes that causes a corresponding alteration of the sensitivity of the receptors and thereby of the slope of the graph.In the sense of touch it was found that stimulation of low intensities corresponding to the uppermost branch of the graph elicited enhancement in excess of depression, while higher intensities of stimulation caused the reverse. Since the other cutaneous sensations are found to conform to the same equation, it may be inferred that the results of stimulation will also be similar. Experience under pathological conditions also testifies to the existence of enhancement and depression of receptor sensitivity in the senses of temperature and pain.This investigation is one of a series of researches relating to colour‐vision and other sensory actions now being conducted under the direction of Professor
Frank Allen, with the financial assistance of the National Research Council of Canada, to which body we desire to express our thanks.
THE EFFECT OF THE CIRCULATION ON THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF THE SKIN OF MAN
Authors: Wells H. M. 
Published: December 2014

Procedures producing constriction of the skin blood‐vessels bring about a marked fall in electrical resistance of the skin of man.Conversely, procedures producing dilatation bring about a rise.These observations confirm the conclusion of
Aveling and
McDowall in experiments on animals “that the resistance of the skin may be used as an indication of its vascularity.”How the changes in the blood‐vessels modify the electrical resistance is as yet by no means clear. It is known that new blood corpuscles have a relatively high resistance, but from preliminary experiments which we have carried out it is evident that this does not account wholly for the electrical changes.In this investigation I am indebted to Professor
McDowall for suggesting the problem and for assistance in carrying out some of the experiments; to several of my colleagues who kindly allowed themselves to be used as subjects; and to Lord
Dawson for the loan of the recording galvanometer. This work was done during the tenure of the Berridge Studentship at King's College.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—VIII. THE DEFLECTION OF THE COUNT BY X‐RAYS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Grover Cecil A. 
Published: December 2014

1. By means of a single exposure to X‐rays the Arneth count of rabbits is deflected, a large number of cells of Class I. and a smaller number of cells of Class II. being introduced into the circulation.2. As in
Ponder's experiment with the effect of an injection of thyroid, the subsequent changes are followed. While they are found to be in the main similar, certain differences occur, and these are discussed.3. Three graduated penetrations were used; the largest produced the greatest deflection, but the smallest penetration produced a greater deflection than did the intermediate.This research was carried out under a grant from the Carnegie Trust, and during the tenure by one of us (W. P. K.) of a Carnegie Research Fellowship.
THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN AMPHIBIAN EMBRYOGENESIS
Authors: Needham Joseph 
Published: December 2014

1. The total carbohydrate in the egg of the frog has been estimated quantitatively at the beginning and end of its normal development. Only 7 per cent. of this fraction is lost, so that the 50 per cent. diminution previously reported for glycogen cannot mean that much carbohydrate is burned during the ontogenesis of this animal. The amount burned in percentage of the total amount of foodstuff burned gives a figure very close to that of the chick.2. The proportion of the various energy‐sources, carbohydrate, protein, and fat used in development are calculated for the chick and the frog, and compared with the existing data for other embryos. As a preliminary generalisation it is suggested that aquatic embryos are much more dependent on protein than are terrestrial ones, possibly because the disposal of incombustible waste‐products is a much more difficult problem in the latter case than it is in the former.The author's gratitude is due to Professor Sir F. G.
Hopkins, F. R. S., for his continual inspiration.
THE FREE CARBOHYDRATE OF THE DEVELOPING CHICK
Authors: Needham Joseph 
Published: December 2014

1. The free carbohydrate in the chick embryo has been estimated quantitatively throughout its development. In absolute amounts it rises with the growth of the embryo, but as per cent. of the weight it falls in the later part of incubation.2. Expressed as per cent. of the total carbohydrate, the free carbohydrate curve presents a well‐marked peak at the eleventh day.3. The glycogen/glucose ratio rapidly changes at the same time, rising from well below unity to well above unity.4. It is shown that this critical point in development coincides with the appearance of the islets of Langerhans in the embryonic pancreas and the initiation of the glycogenic function in the liver. From this it is concluded that insulin is not formed by the growing embryo till the eleventh day of incubation or a little before, and this is discussed with reference to other hormones and the loss of totipotential plasticity by the growing embryo.5. In the early stages of development in the chick there is a larger proportion of glucose not accounted for by glycogen or by free glucose than at any other time. This unidentified combined glucose is probably macoprotein carbohydrate, and its importance in the early stages may be correlated with the primitive gelatinous intercellular matrix in which the embryonic cells at that time grow and migrate.1 The thanks of the writer are due to Professor Sir F. G. Hopkins, F. R. S., and to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society.Very similar evidence has been adduced for the hormones of the following glans: Pituitary (
Hogben and
Crew), testis (
Kudo), and thymus (
Trinka).
THE MECHANISM BY WHICH THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF THE SKIN IS ALTERED
Authors: Densham H. B. , Wells H. M. 
Published: December 2014

Changes in the resistance of the skin are shown to be caused by the unequal tension exerted by the vascular loops of the corium on the epidermis when they contract or dilate.Our thanks are due to Professor R. J. S.
McDowall, to Mr. R. A.
Collier, and to Mr.
Mandel for much kind assistance.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—X. THE DEFLECTION OF THE COUNT BY ULTRA‐VIOLET RAYS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Thompson W. A. R. 
Published: December 2014

A preliminary report is given on the effect of ultra‐violet light on the Arneth count of rabbits. It is shown that a single exposure can produce a definite deflection of the count, and that thick window‐glass is opaque to the active rays; further, that fur is to a large degree protective against the rays, and it requires to be closely clipped or shaved if the full effect is to be obtained.This research was carried out under grants from the Carnegie Trust, and from the Moray Fund, and during the tenure by one of us (W. P. K.) of a Carnegie Research Fellowship.
EXPERIMENTS WITH SERUM
Authors: Burridge W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Serum exerts an augmenting action on the heart in that it increases contraction‐height and improves tone, with culmination in systolic arrest.2. Lipoids (cholesterol and lecithin) exert two independent actions on the heart:(1) A depression due to interference with Ca function.(2) An augmentation due to colloidal changes.At low concentrations augmentation predominates. At high concentrations depression predominates.3. The “alcoholic extract” of serum exerts the same actions as lipoids.4. Since serum is solely augmentor and its alcoholic extract exerts a new independent action of depression, the depressor constituents (lipoids) of this extract could not have been present in the serum in the form they are present in the extract.5. The term alcoholic extract of serum is a misnomer, because the constituents of this extract exert an action which is not exerted by serum. The alcohol first breaks down serum, and the alcoholic extract consists of break‐down products soluble in alcohol. We cannot deduce the functions of these substances in serum from the actions of the pefused alcoholic extract. We only know they are different.
THE EFFECT OF THE CIRCULATION ON THE SKIN‐CONSTRICTOR (PSYCHO‐GALVANIC) REFLEX
Authors: Densham H. B. A. R. , Wells H. M. 
Published: December 2014

Fixation of the cutaneous blood‐vessels by various experimental methods and in disease reduces very appreciably the skin‐constrictor reflex.In conclusion our thanks are due to Professor R. J. S. M'Dowall for much helpful advice and criticism.We are indebted to Messrs
Parke, Davis & Co. for the adrenaline.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE ON RESPIRATION
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

It is shown that if steps are taken otherwise to avoid stimulation or respiration, the classical reduction of respiration by adrenaline is followed by an increase.There is evidence that adrenaline apncea is produced in a manner similar to and coincident with the vagal inhibition of the heart caused by adrenaline.Ergotoxine or ergotamine bring about a rapid, shallow respiration, which may be preceded by an evanescent reduction. Eventually a stage is reached when respiration depends wholly on the impulses which pass up the vagi, section of which cause a complete cessation of respiration.After ergotoxine, adrenaline apncea is not only abolished, but adrenaline may cause a marked increase in respiration. If repeated, adrenaline may cause complete failure of respiration.The expenses of this investigation were in part defrayed by a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society. I am indebted to Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co. for a supply of adrenaline.
ON THE AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLE AND ITS RELATION TO THE CHEMICAL REGULATION OF ITS HEAT‐PRODUCTION
Authors: Kuré Ken , Araki Eichi , Maeida Takeo 
Published: December 2014

Heat‐production in the gastrocnemius is caused by impulses from the heat‐regulation centre in the hypothalamus through sympathetic and parasympathetic tracts. The removal of only one of these is not sufficient to stop heat‐production in muscles, but interruption of both sympathetic and parasympathetic stops chemical heat‐regulation entirely. This supports the fact that there is a sympathetic and parasympathetic tonic innervation of muscle. Whether the cerebrospinal innervation plays a rôle in the heat‐production we cannot yet decide. We are able to confirm the fact that the heat‐production in the leg muscles is not interrupted by section of the thoracic cord, but is interrupted by section of the cervical cord. The impulses for heat‐regulation pass through the sympathetic trunk; they disappear when the sympathetic is removed, after the thoracic cord is cut. Previous authors (
Barcroft (22),
Langley and
Itagaki (23), and
Nakamura) who have been unable to see changes in metabolism in muscles after cutting their nerves experimented only on animals in which there was no tendency towards an increase of heat‐production. We, on the other hand, have first stimulated the heat‐regulation centre and have then been able to observe that the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations are necessary for an increase of the heat‐production of muscle.In this manner an increase of heat‐production in muscle at rest is proved. Clinically it is often seen that muscle‐fibrillations are promoted by adrenaline and pilocarpine and rendered less noticeable by atropine, scopolamine, and novocaine. This shows there is a certain connection between muscle‐fibrillations and autonomic muscle‐tonus. It is probable that in shivering from cold there are not only motor impulses causing the tremor but also an increase of autonomic impulses causing heat‐production.1. On cooling the neck of an animal and thus the blood in the carotid, heat‐production is promoted in the resting gastrocnemius.2. This heat‐production in the muscle is diminished by the removal of the lumbar sympathetic trunk, or by section of the ventral roots, or by section of the dorsal roots.3. The removal of the lumbar sympathetic trunk combined with section of the dorsal roots (of the corresponding region) causes total disappearance of the heat‐production in muscle.4. After section of the thoracic cord the heat‐production does not totally disappear, but when combined with extirpation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk it disappears completely. Transaction of the cervical cord high up causes complete disappearance of heat‐production in muscle.5. The impulses which subserve heat‐regulation in the muscles of the leg pass partly through the lumbar sympathetic trunk (sympathetic), and partly through the dorsal roots of the spinal cord (parasympathetic).