bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptanalysis and improvement of password‐authenticated key agreement for session initiation protocol using smart cards
Authors: Zhang Liping , Tang Shanyu , Cai Zhihua 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTSession Initiation Protocol (SIP) is one of the most commonly used protocols for handling sessions for over Internet Protocol based communications, and the security of SIP is becoming increasingly important. Recently, Zhang et al. proposed a password‐authenticated key agreement protocol for SIP by using smart cards to protect the VoIP communications between users. Their protocol provided some unique features, such as mutual authentication, no password table needed, and password updating freely. In this study, we performed cryptanalysis of Zhang et al.'s protocol and found that their protocol was vulnerable to the impersonation attack although the protocol could withstand several other attacks. A malicious attacker could compute other users' privacy keys and then impersonated the users to cheat the SIP server. Furthermore, we proposed an improved password‐authentication key agreement protocol for SIP, which overcame the weakness of Zhang et al.'s protocol and was more suitable for Voice over Internet Protocol communications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SecureTCG: a lightweight cheating‐detection protocol for P2P multiplayer online trading card games
Authors: Simplicio Marcos A. , Santos Mateus A.S. , Leal Rodrigo R. , Gomes Marco A.L. , Goya Walter A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTOnline gaming is today a very lucrative market, with millions of users all around the globe. At the same time, the increasing popularity and complexity of such games implies the need of deploying cheating‐detection mechanisms for ensuring the continuous interest of honest users in playing. The development of secure and efficient solutions for online games is, however, a challenging issue. This is especially true in P2P environments, in which the lack of a central trusted entity monitoring the game greatly facilitates the activity of malicious players. Aiming to tackle this issue, this paper presents SecureTCG, a protocol for detecting cheating attempts in P2P multiplayer card games where the players use their own decks to play, such as the so‐called trading card games. In summary, SecureTCG allows the multiple players participating in a trading card game match to detect cheating attempts as soon as they are made and without the intervention of third parties, supports multiple players and different game styles, displays tolerance to players’ dropouts during a match, prevents collusion among any number of players, provides (optional) after‐match auditability mechanisms, and has a reduced computational cost. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Known‐plaintext attack on secure kNN computation on encrypted databases
Authors: Chunsheng Gu , Jixing Gu 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTTo protect user privacy and data security in cloud computing, a secure k‐nearest neighbor computation‐enhanced scheme on encrypted database has been proposed by Wong, Cheung, Kao and Mamoulis. The scheme is proven resistant to the known‐plaintext attack. We show that contrary to claims, the enhanced asymmetric scalar‐product‐preserving encryption cannot resist known‐plaintext attack by directly solving a secret key from a set of known plaintext–ciphertext pairs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RIOS: efficient I/O in reverse direction
Authors: Willkomm Johannes , Bischof Christian , Martin Bücker H. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe reverse mode of automatic differentiation executes the adjoint statements induced by each statement in the original program in the reverse order of the original program flow. This program flow reversal commonly requires storage of information on the control flow of the original program. In addition, intermediate values of variables that are overwritten have to be recorded, as these values may later be needed to compute the partial derivatives of the corresponding statement. The stored information will be accessed in reverse order of being written. This runs contrary to many assumptions made in standard implementations of file systems, operating systems, and input/output (I/O) libraries. A common buffering strategy aimed at speeding up future read requests is to employ read‐ahead. This strategy is useful for accesses in forward direction but is considered to be harmful to the performance of the reverse mode. To increase the performance of the reverse mode, it is also advantageous to interleave computations with the data storage and retrieval operations, which can be achieved using multithreading. To this end, we design and implement a novel software called reverse‐mode I/O stream (RIOS) that is adapted to these particular requirements of the reverse mode. We show the advantages of RIOS in two empirical case studies, an artificially constructed example of a typical I/O pattern in the reverse mode and a real‐world example arising from fluid mechanics, which is studied in Fortran90 and in Matlab where the reverse mode is generated via the automatic differentiation tools Tapenade and ADiMat, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIN EN 1993‐1‐1‐konforme integrierte Stabilitätsanalysen für 2D/3D‐Stahlkonstruktionen (Teil 1)
Authors: Papp Ferenc , Rubert Achim , Szalai Josef 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDieser Aufsatz beschreibt – als erster einer Serie von drei Teilen – im Wesentlichen die Details der so genannten “Allgemeinen Methode” von DIN EN 1993‐1‐1/Abschnitt 6.3.4. Diese softwarebasierte Methode für beliebige 2D‐ und 3D‐Stahlstrukturen benutzt ein integriertes Nachweiskonzept der Stabilitätsanalyse und ‐nachweise. Sie wird mit der klassischen Ersatzstabmethode für Stabilitätsnachweise einfacher Stabmodelle verglichen, bei der im Allgemeinen unterschiedliche Berechnungsmodelle (wie auch gegebenenfalls entsprechende Software) zur Schnittgrößenberechnung in der Ebene und den Stabilitätsnachweisen verwendet werden. Für die numerische Analyse – das ist ein entscheidender Kernpunkt der Methode – wird die auf der Basis von EC 3 entwickelte Software ConSteel eingesetzt, die ein leistungsfähiges 3D finites Balken‐Stützenelement mit zwei Knoten und jeweils sieben Verformungsfreiheitsgraden verwendet, dessen Qualität mit relevanten Benchmark‐Tests nachgewiesen wird. Nach der soeben erst publizierten Methodik der Klassifikation von Software zur Anwendung der Theorie 2. Ordnung ist ConSteel in die höchste Kategorie 5 (TH. II.O.‐3WS) einzuordnen. Die “Allgemeine Methode” führt zu einer robusten und vor allem verständlichen computerunterstützten Nachweismethodik gegen globales Stabilitätsversagen.DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 based integrated stability analysis of 2D/3D steel structures (Part 1). This paper – as the first one of a series of three parts – presents the details and use of the “General method” of DIN EN 1993‐1‐1/clause 6.3.4. This method is a model based design procedure for steel structures using integrated stability analysis and standard check. The method is compared to the classical method where different calculation models as well as suitable software are used for the stress analysis and for the stability analysis and check. Also the alternative method of 3D calculations with the theory 2nd order using equivalent initial deformations, which are derived from the eigenform analysis, is presented.For the numerical analysis (as it is the crucial point of the method) the 14 DOF beam‐column finite element of ConSteel is described and its quality is shown by relevant benchmarks. According to the recently published methodology for the classification of 2nd order theory software ConSteel belongs to the highest category 5 (TH.II.O.‐3WS). Finally it is shown that the “General method” leads to an easy to use, robust and understandable computer aided design methodology against loss of global stability.
Subdiffractive microscopy: techniques, applications, and challenges
Authors: Long Brian R. , Robinson Danielle C. , Zhong Haining 
Published: January 2014

Cellular processes rely on the precise orchestration of signaling and effector molecules in space and time, yet it remains challenging to gain a comprehensive picture of the molecular organization underlying most basic biological functions. This organization often takes place at length scales below the resolving power of conventional microscopy. In recent years, several ‘superresolution’ fluorescence microscopic techniques have emerged that can surpass the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy by a factor of 2–20. These methods have been used to reveal previously unknown organization of macromolecular complexes and cytoskeletal structures. The resulting high‐resolution view of molecular organization and dynamics is already changing our understanding of cellular processes at the systems level. However, current subdiffractive microscopic techniques are not without limitations; challenges remain to be overcome before these techniques achieve their full potential. Here, we introduce three primary types of subdiffractive microscopic techniques, consider their current limitations and challenges, and discuss recent biological applications. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:151–168. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1259This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging
Preparation, Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the Superconducting Cage Compound Ba3Ge16Ir4
Authors: Duong Nguyen Hong , Prots Yurii , Schnelle Walter , Böhme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Paschen Silke , Grin Yuri 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe cage compound Ba3Ge16Ir4 crystallizes with the Ba3Ge16Rh4 type of crystal structure, which represents a hierarchical derivative of the BaAl4 type. The crystal structure [Pearson symbol tI46, space group I4/mmm; a = 6.5312(2) Å, c = 22.2845(6) Å] was refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The phase was obtained after 10 d at 910 °C with small impurities of clathrate‐I, BaGe7Ir2 and α‐Ge remaining at the grain boundaries. Ba3Ge16Ir4 is a Pauli‐paramagnetic metal, which becomes superconducting below Tc = 5.1 K. Electronic structure and analysis of the chemical bonding were performed based on density functional theory calculations. The physical properties are discussed in comparison to the isotypic phase Ba3Ge16Rh4.
Key climate indices in Switzerland; expected changes in a future climate
Authors: Zubler Elias M. , Scherrer Simon C. , Croci-Maspoli Mischa , Liniger Mark A. , Appenzeller Christof 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Climate indices facilitate the interpretation of expected climate change impacts for many sectors in society, economy, and ecology. The new localized data set of climatic change signals for temperature and precipitation presented by Zubler et al. (Clim Change, 2013) is applied for an analysis of frequently used climate indices in Switzerland. The indices considered are: number of summer days and tropical nights, growing season length, number of frost days and ice days, heating and cooling degree days, and the number of days with fresh snow. For the future periods 2020-49, 2045-74 and 2070–2099 the indices are computed using a delta-change approach based on the reference period 1980–2009 for the emission scenarios A1B, A2, and RCP3PD. The scenario data suggest the following relevant findings: (1) a doubling of the number of summer days by the end of the century under the scenarios A1B and A2, (2) an appearance of tropical nights even above 1500 m asl, (3) a possible reduction of the number of frost days by more than 3 months at altitudes higher than 2500 m asl, (4) a decline of heating degree days by about 30 % until the end of the century, and (5) the near disappearance of days with fresh snow at low altitudes. It is also shown that the end-of-the-century projections of all indices strongly depend on the chosen emission scenario.
Sugar‐Based Ester Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Their Surfactant Properties
Authors: Gan Changsheng , Wang Haoshu , Zhao Zhenzhen , Yin Binbin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTwo sugar‐based ester quaternary ammonium compounds were synthesized and their surface behavior and antimicrobial activity were investigated. The compatibility with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was further studied. Results indicated that the synthesized cationic surfactants showed high surface activity and good synergistic effects with SDS.
Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency, Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Studies of Some New Nonionic Surfactants for Carbon Steel in Acidic Media
Authors: Noor El‐Din Mahmoud R. , Khamis Eman A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this work, three types of nonionic surfactant as corrosion inhibitors were synthesized. The chemical structure of the prepared inhibitors was confirmed using FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The surface tension and thermodynamic properties of these inhibitors were investigated. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of these surfactants was investigated on a carbon steel surface in 1 M HCl solution by weight loss and electrochemical measurements. Untreated and treated steel surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Results show that the inhibition efficiency of the prepared inhibitors increases with increasing the ethylene oxide units. Also, the potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that the investigated inhibitors behave as a mixed type inhibitor. Adsorption of these surfactants on the carbon steel surface was found to obey Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The computed quantum chemical properties viz., electron affinity (EA), highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), energy gap ΔE = EHOMO − ELUMO, dipole moment (μ), polarizability and total energy (ET) show good correlation with experimental inhibition efficiency.
Consensus among multiple trophic levels during high- and low-water stands over the last two millennia in a northwest Ontario lake
Authors: Karmakar Moumita , Kurek Joshua , Haig Heather , Cumming Brian F. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe investigated the modern distribution of fossil midges within a dimictic lake and explored downcore patterns of inferred lake depths over the last 2000 years from previously published proxies. Modern midge distribution within Gall Lake showed a consistent and predictable pattern related to the lake-depth gradient with recognizable assemblages characteristic of shallow-water, mid-depth and profundal environments. Interpretations of downcore changes in midge assemblages, in conjunction with quantitative lake-depth inferences across a priori defined (based on diatom data) ~ 500-yr wet and dry periods, demonstrated that both invertebrate and algal assemblages exhibited similar timing and nature of ecological responses. Midges were quantified by their relative abundance, concentrations and an index of Chaoborus to chironomids, and all showed the greatest differences between the wet and dry periods. During the low lake-level period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA: AD 900 to 1400), profundal chironomids declined, shallow-water and mid-depth chironomids increased, chironomid-inferred lake level declined and the Chaoborus-to-chironomid index decreased. The coherence between multiple trophic levels provides strong evidence of lower lake levels in Gall Lake during the MCA.
Statistics and compression of scl
Authors: CALEGARI DANNY , MAHER JOSEPH 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe obtain sharp estimates on the growth rate of stable commutator length on random (geodesic) words, and on random walks, in hyperbolic groups and groups acting non-degenerately on hyperbolic spaces. In either case, we show that with high probability stable commutator length of an element of length$n$is of order$n/ \log n$. This establishes quantitative refinements of qualitative results of Bestvina and Fujiwara and others on the infinite dimensionality of two-dimensional bounded cohomology in groups acting suitably on hyperbolic spaces, in the sense that we can control the geometry of the unit balls in these normed vector spaces (or rather, in random subspaces of their normed duals). As a corollary of our methods, we show that an element obtained by random walk of length$n$in a mapping class group cannot be written as a product of fewer than$O(n/ \log n)$reducible elements, with probability going to$1$as$n$goes to infinity. We also show that the translation length on the complex of free factors of a random walk of length$n$on the outer automorphism group of a free group grows linearly in$n$.
Is transition to disability pension in young people associated with changes in risk of attempted suicide?
Authors: Mittendorfer-Rutz E. , Alexanderson K. , Westerlund H. , Lange T. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate trajectories of suicide attempt risks before and after granting of disability pension in young people.MethodThe analytic sample consisted of all persons 16–30 years old and living in Sweden who were granted a disability pension in the years 1995–1997; 2000–2002 as well as 2005–2006 (n = 26 624). Crude risks and adjusted odds ratios for suicide attempt were computed for the 9-year window around the year of disability pension receipt by repeated-measures logistic regressions.ResultsThe risk of suicide attempt was found to increase continuously up to the year preceding the granting of disability pension in young people, after which the risk declined. These trajectories were similar for women and men and for disability pension due to mental and somatic diagnoses. Still, the multivariate odds ratios for suicide attempts for women and for disability pension due to mental disorders were 2.5- and 3.8-fold increased compared with the odds ratios for men and disability pension due to somatic disorders, respectively. Trajectories of suicide attempts differed for young individuals granted a disability pension during 2005–2006 compared with those granted during 1995–1997 and 2000–2002.ConclusionsWe found an increasing risk of suicide attempt up until the granting of a disability pension in young individuals, after which the risk decreased. It is of clinical importance to monitor suicide attempt risk among young people waiting for the granting of a disability pension.
The effects of dialect variation on speech intelligibility in a multitalker background
Authors: JACEWICZ EWA , FOX ROBERT ALLEN 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTSpeech intelligibility in a multitalker background can be affected by the language of both the talker and the interfering speech. This study investigated whether this interaction is modulated by dialect variations of the same language. American English listeners were presented with target sentences in either their own General American English (GAE) or a different accent (Southern American English [SAE]) masked by either GAE or SAE two-talker babble at three sound to noise ratios (SNRs): +3, 0, and –3 dB. All speech materials were produced by male talkers. Across all conditions, SAE target was more intelligible than GAE. Intelligibility of either target decreased as the level of the interfering babble noise increased. Target accent interacted with masking accent: at +3 dB SNR, GAE (and not SAE) was the more effective masker. The target-masker interaction was different as listening conditions deteriorated: at 0 and –3 dB SNR, masking accent did not affect GAE target, but when the target was SAE, the SAE masker (and not GAE) was more effective. Thus, at increased noise levels, listeners benefited from the mismatch between the target and masking accents only when the target was in a nonnative accent. These results demonstrate that dialect variation can influence listeners’ performance in a multitalker environment. The apparent asymmetry in intelligibility of accents may be in part related to dialect-specific prosodic and phonetic features.
The interactive animated e-book as a word learning device for kindergartners
Authors: SMEETS D. J. H. , BUS A. G. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTElectronic picture storybooks often include motion pictures, sounds, and background music instead of static pictures, and hotspots that label/define words when clicked on. The current study was designed to examine whether these additional elements aid word learning and story comprehension and whether effects accumulate making the animated e-book that also includes hotspots the most promising device. A sample group of 136 4- and 5-year-old kindergarten children were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: static e-books, animated e-books, interactive animated e-books, and a control group. In experimental conditions, four on-screen stories were each presented four times during a 4-week intervention period. Children in the control condition played nonliteracy related computer games during the same time. In all conditions, children worked independently with the computer programs. Strong treatment effects were found on target vocabulary originating from the story. Pupils gained most in vocabulary after reading interactive animated e-books, followed by (noninteractive) animated e-books and then static e-books. E-books including animations and interactivity were neither beneficial nor detrimental for story comprehension. Findings suggest that electronic storybooks are valuable additions in support of the classroom curriculum with interactive animated e-books being the best alternative.
Inventing and reinventing the modern city: the 2012 city status competition in the United Kingdom
Authors: BECKETT JOHN 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThree new cities were created in conjunction with Her Majesty the queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012: Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph. They were the winners of a competition which had no clear rules, no transparency and no proper feedback. The modern style is to create new cities in conjunction with a royal event, the winners to be decided by competition. How has this come to be the case? This article looks at the 2012 competition in the light of the ways in which cities have been created in the United Kingdom since the explicit link with Anglican cathedrals was dropped in 1888, and it asks whether it is worth the effort? The author concludes that what was initially conceived as a means of distinguishing between rivals for the status of city has become a competition driven by modern forms of civic boosterism, and a blatant opportunity for political patronage by governments who hide behind royal ‘privilege’. For all the effort expended, the distinction is hardly recognized outside of the town hall.
Spiral attractor created by vector solitons
Authors: Sergeyev Sergey V , Mou Chengbo , Turitsyna Elena G , Rozhin Alexey , Turitsyn Sergei K , Blow Keith 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMode-locked lasers emitting a train of femtosecond pulses called dissipative solitons are an enabling technology for metrology, high-resolution spectroscopy, fibre optic communications, nano-optics and many other fields of science and applications. Recently, the vector nature of dissipative solitons has been exploited to demonstrate mode locked lasing with both locked and rapidly evolving states of polarisation. Here, for an erbium-doped fibre laser mode locked with carbon nanotubes, we demonstrate the first experimental and theoretical evidence of a new class of slowly evolving vector solitons characterized by a double-scroll chaotic polarisation attractor substantially different from Lorenz, Rössler and Ikeda strange attractors. The underlying physics comprises a long time scale coherent coupling of two polarisation modes. The observed phenomena, apart from the fundamental interest, provide a base for advances in secure communications, trapping and manipulation of atoms and nanoparticles, control of magnetisation in data storage devices and many other areas.