bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne
Authors: Beylot C. , Auffret N. , Poli F. , Claudel J.‐P. , Leccia M.‐T. , Del Giudice P. , Dreno B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acne and the role of Propionibacterium acnes. With this review, the authors aim to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of P. acnes in the development of acne lesions and analysing the potential implications for future treatments. A total of 188 articles published between January 1980 and March 2013 were searched using key words such as acne, P. acnes, microbiology, Corynebacterium acnes, acne vulgaris, pathogenesis, antibiotic, vaccination and a combination of those key words. From those articles, 77 were analysed in depth. Recent data confirm that P. acnes has a strong proinflammatory activity and targets molecules involved in the innate cutaneous immunity, keratinocytes and sebaceous glands of the pilosebaceous follicle and leads to the development of comedones. Furthermore, the profile of its different strains may differ between healthy subjects and acne patients. The better understanding of the role of P. acnes may allow for new perspectives in the treatment of acne. Novel therapies should target molecules implicated in the activation of innate immunity, including toll‐like receptors, protease‐activated receptors and topical antimicrobial peptides; the latter may be an alternative to topical antibiotics and thus a solution for limiting bacterial resistance induced by topical macrolides. Vaccines may also be promising. However, the most appropriate candidate remains to be selected.
Investigation of process temperature and screw speed on properties of a pharmaceutical solid dispersion using corotating and counter-rotating twin-screw extruders
Authors: Keen Justin M , Martin Charlie , Machado Augie , Sandhu Harpreet , McGinity James W , DiNunzio James C 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Objective
The use of corotating twin screw hot-melt extruders to prepare amorphous drug/polymer systems has become commonplace. As small molecule drug candidates exiting discovery pipelines trend towards higher MW and become more structurally complicated, the acceptable operating space shifts below the drug melting point. The objective of this research is to investigate the extrusion process space, which should be selected to ensure that the drug is solubilized in the polymer with minimal thermal exposure, is critical in ensuring the performance, stability and purity of the solid dispersion.

Methods
The properties of a model solid dispersion were investigated using both corotating and counter-rotating hot-melt twin-screw extruders operated at various temperatures and screw speeds. The solid state and dissolution performance of the resulting solid dispersions was investigated and evaluated in context of thermodynamic predictions from Flory–Huggins Theory. In addition, the residence time distributions were measured using a tracer, modelled and characterized.

Key findings
The amorphous content in the resulting solid dispersions was dependent on the combination of screw speed, temperature and operating mode.

Conclusions
The counter-rotating extruder was observed to form amorphous solid dispersions at a slightly lower temperature and with a narrower residence time distribution, which also exhibited a more desirable shape.
The Scholarly Monograph Unbound
Authors: Fyfe Paul 
Published: August 2013

AbstractParticularly in humanities disciplines, the scholarly monograph has held a privileged place within an ecology of prestige. But systemic changes in the economics of academic publishing and the technical affordances of digital, networked scholarship raise many questions about the “book” and its futures. This essay enters debates about the future of the book to illustrate the institutional pressures, technological shifts, and intellectual opportunities that are reshaping the scholarly monograph.
Trauma Studies and the Literature of the U.S. South
Authors: Hinrichsen Lisa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe history of the U.S. South is one undeniably littered with traumatic acts, laws, and legitimized behaviors: racially biased laws that relegated Blacks to the status of disposable bodies denied by White culture; the regulated, segregated spaces of Jim Crow; and brutal, repetitive acts of violence that include lynching, incest, rape, and murder. This essay assesses the role that trauma studies, as an interdisciplinary area of investigation that came to prominence in the early‐to‐mid‐1990s, has played in assessing the ways that injury is troped, represented, and repeated in southern literature and its criticism. This essay first outlines the history of trauma as a theory, drawing attention to the fissures within the concept as it has developed over time, while also surveying the surge of works published under this rubric. The essay then assesses how trauma studies, with its attention to the nuances of testimony, the interlocked nature of personal and political traumas, and the importance of collective and cultural perspectives, has come to influence criticism on the literature of the U.S. South.
(Old) English, Anglo‐Saxon Legal Texts in the Later 11th to Mid‐12th Centuries
Authors: Gobbitt Thomas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractManuscripts containing English language copies of Anglo‐Saxon laws and related texts continued to be produced and used well into the mid‐12th century. Interpretations of the underling manuscript contexts prevalent in the scholarship have tended to prioritise the Conquest as the defining feature underlying their production and use. Such interpretations assume that the collation of a wide range of Anglo‐Saxon legal texts into a single manuscript context was a direct result of Norman rulers struggling to understand their newly acquired realm. This article reassesses the impact of the Conquest on the manuscript contexts of Anglo‐Saxon law, by reviewing the extant scholarship on the surviving manuscripts, the role of the vernacular in the 12th century, and on legal history relating to Anglo‐Saxon law in the period. Case studies of the scribal augmenting and updating of a turn of the 12th century manuscript collection of the laws are examined. Through these case studies, I illustrate the extent of scribal agency in the subtle adaption of the materiality and mise‐en‐page of the laws in their manuscript contexts. I argued for a manuscript‐led approach to the study of Anglo‐Saxon laws and related texts produced and used in the later 11th and first half of the 12th centuries.
Comparison of bicarbonate‐buffered fluid and isotonic saline solution as Cell Saver washing fluids for packed red blood cells
Authors: Huber Dirk , Witt Lars , Sümpelmann Robert , Heinze Larissa , Müller Thomas , Lichtinghagen Ralf , Osthaus Wilhelm A. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryObjectivesMassive transfusion (MT) can cause severe electrolyte and acid–base disturbances in neonates and infants due to the unphysiological composition of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Washing of the PRBCs using Cell Saver systems prior to MT is recommended for this reason.AimThe composition of normal saline (NaCl), the standard wash fluid for Cell Saver systems, is considerably different from that of physiological plasma. The aim of the study presented here was to investigate the effect of washing the PRBCs with a bicarbonate‐buffered hemofiltration solution (BB‐HS) in comparison with washing with NaCl and to evaluate the impact on electrolyte concentrations, acid–base balance and the stability of PRBCs.MethodsIn an experimental in vitro setting, PRBCs were washed with Cell Saver systems prepared with NaCl or BB‐HS as washing solutions. Before and after the washing procedure, electrolyte concentrations, acid–base parameters, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and free hemoglobin (fHb) concentrations were measured.ResultsIn both groups, the potassium concentrations decreased (baseline: 18.4 ± 5.17 mmol·l−1, end of study: NaCl 2.71 ± 1,81 mmol·l−1, BB‐HS 2.50 ± 1.54 mmol·l−1, P < 0.05) while the acid–base balance improved only in the BB‐HS‐group (baseline: base excess −21.6 ± 3.52 mmol·l−1, end of study: NaCl −30.2 ± 1.42 mmol·l−1, BB‐HS −7.51 ± 2.49 mmol·l−1, P < 0.05). Furthermore, markers of erythrocyte stability such as fHb and ATP concentrations were improved in the BB‐HS‐group.ConclusionsWashing of PRBCs with BB‐HS rather than NaCl results in a more physiological composition with improvements of electrolyte concentrations, acid–base balance and erythrocyte stability.
Democratic Authority and the Boundary Problem
Authors: Simmons A. John 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTheories of political authority divide naturally into those that locate the source of states' authority in the history of states' interactions with their subjects and those that locate it in structural (or functional) features of states (such as the justice of their basic institutions). This paper argues that purely structuralist theories of political authority (such as those defended by Kant, Rawls, and contemporary “democratic Kantians”) must fail because of their inability to solve the boundary problem—namely, the problem of locating the boundaries between different states' domains of authority in the natural or intuitive places.
Is Secularism Neutral?
Authors: Ahdar Rex 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article argues that secularism is not neutral. Secularization is a process, the secular state is a structure, whereas secularism is a political philosophy. Secularism takes two main forms: first, a “benevolent” secularism that endeavours to treat all religious and nonreligious belief systems even‐handedly, and, second, a “hostile” kind that privileges unbelief and excludes religion from the public sphere. I analyze theEuropean Court of Human Rights decision inLautsi vItaly, which illustrates these types. The article concludes that secularism as a political philosophy cannot be neutral, and the secular state is not neutral in its effects, standpoint, governing assumptions or treatment of religious truth claims.
What Is “Law,” if “the Law” Is not Something that “Is”? A Modest Contribution to a Major Question
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAfter proposing an alternative definition of what “law” (jurisprudential concept) is, this article demonstrates the impossibility of identifying “the law” (what law‐makers announce, relative to a particular jurisdiction) as something that is in a particular way. Rather, the law is a more or less abstract range of options. Drawing upon this conclusion, the article calls for a reassessment of how we view the role of law‐makers. We need to remove the mystery that surrounds the law so as to provide for greater transparency. This transparency can be gained by requiring law‐makers to declare their inescapable biases where they influence their lawmaking.
Histopathological study of the causes for failure of intrascleral prostheses in dogs and cats
Authors: Naranjo Carolina , Dubielzig Richard R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the histopathological causes for failure of intrascleral prosthesis placement in dogs and cats.ProceduresThe Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin database was searched to find canine and feline evisceration samples that were diagnosed with neoplasia. A second population included canine and feline scleral shells that were removed after an evisceration surgery had been performed. The causes for removal were divided into: neoplasia, corneal abnormalities, and other causes.ResultsIn dogs, 163 of 1985 evisceration samples (8.21%) contained a neoplasm, whereas 17 of 88 (19.31%) evisceration samples in cats contained a neoplasm. In dogs, severe corneal disease was diagnosed in 38 of 80 scleral shells (46.25%) and neoplasia was diagnosed in 31 of 80 scleral shells (38.75%). Malignant melanoma was the most frequently diagnosed tumor, in 14 of 31 scleral shells. In cats, eight of 12 scleral shells contained a tumor (66.7%), with feline diffuse iris melanoma being diagnosed most commonly (six of eight shells). Two of 12 feline scleral shells had severe corneal disease (16.7%). Epithelial downgrowth, lining the inner aspect of the fibrous tunic, was seen in 14 of 38 canine scleral shells and in two of two feline scleral shells with severe corneal disease.ConclusionsSevere corneal disease and neoplasia are the most common causes for intrascleral prosthesis failure in dogs, whereas neoplasia is the single most common cause for intrascleral prosthesis failure in cats.
Uncertainty Quantification: A Stochastic Method for Heat Transfer Prediction Using LES
Authors: Carnevale M. , Montomoli F. , D’Ammaro A. , Salvadori S. 
Published: August 2013

In Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is possible to identify namely two uncertainties: epistemic, related to the turbulence model, and aleatoric, representing the random-unknown conditions such as the boundary values and or geometrical variations. In the field of epistemic uncertainty, Large Eddy Simulation (LES and DES) is the state of the art in terms of turbulence closures to predict the heat transfer in internal channels. The problem concerning the stochastic variations and how to include these effects in the LES studies is still open.
In this paper, for the first time in literature, a stochastic approach is proposed to include these variations in LES. By using a classical Uncertainty Quantification approach, the Probabilistic Collocation Method is coupled to Numerical Large Eddy Simulation (NLES) in a duct with pin fins. The Reynolds number has been chosen as a stochastic variable with a normal distribution. It is representative of the uncertainties associated to the operating conditions, i.e. velocity and density, and geometrical variations such as the pin fin diameter. This work shows that by assuming a Gaussian distribution for the value of Reynolds number of +/−25%, is possible to define the probability to achieve a specified heat loading under stochastic conditions, which can affect the component life by more than 100%.
The same method, applied to a steady RANS, generates a different level of uncertainty. This procedure proves that the uncertainties related to the unknown conditions, aleatoric, and those related to the physical model, epistemic, are strongly interconnected. This result has directed consequences in the Uncertainty Quantification science and not only in the gas turbine world.
Procedure for Calculation of Component Thermal Loads for Running Clearances of Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines
Authors: Bozzi Luca , Perrone Andrea , Giacobone Luca 
Published: August 2013

The energy market development in the last decade has been influenced by several driving factors. To meet the strict customers’ requirements (related to low emissions, flexibility and high performances), operate gas turbine plants safely over a variety of off-design operating conditions has been fundamental. Accordingly, accurate evaluation of running clearances in stationary and transient conditions plays a significant role. On the other hand, the study of heat transfer in turbo-machinery is a fundamental activity to study the implications of off-design operating on components’ lifing.
Focus of the paper is the analysis of variations of components’ wall temperature and clearances due to the fluctuation of thermal loads acting on gas turbines components during operation.
The study is divided into two main sections: heat transfer analysis allows evaluating thermal loads and then a FEM analysis is performed in order to calculate the radial and axial clearances between rotor components and casing.
Thermal loads are obtained by a computational method based on heat transfer correlations. Parametric curves have been developed to calculate variations of thermal loads in transient conditions from steady-state data obtained by the correlative computational tool.
The two procedures for heat transfer analysis and evaluation of clearances have been validated against experimental data in several operating conditions. In particular, relative and absolute movements of rotor and turbine casing have been measured by means of proxy-meter probes located into the turbine bearing casing.
Density Ratio Effects on the Cooling Performances of a Combustor Liner Cooled by a Combined Slot/Effusion System
Authors: Andreini A. , Caciolli G. , Facchini B. , Tarchi L. , Coutandin D. , Peschiulli A. , Taddei S. 
Published: August 2013

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of density ratio between coolant and mainflow on a real engine cooling scheme of a combustor liner. Measurements of heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic effectiveness were performed by means of a steady-state Thermochromic Liquid Crystals (TLC) technique; experimental results were used to estimate, through a 1D thermal procedure (Therm1d), the Net Heat Flux Reduction and the overall effectiveness in realistic engine working conditions.
In order to reproduce a representative value of combustor coolant to mainstream density ratio, tests were carried out feeding the cooling system with carbon dioxide (CO2), while air was used in the main channel; to highlight the effects of density ratio and, as a consequence, to distinguish between the influence of blowing ratio and velocity ratio, tests were replicated using air both as coolant and mainstream and results were compared.
The experimental analysis was performed on a test article replicating a slot injection and an effusion array with a central large dilution hole. Test section consists of a rectangular cross-section duct and a flat perforated plate provided with 272 holes arranged in 29 staggered rows (d = 1.65 mm, α = 30°, L/d = 5.5). Furthermore a dilution hole (D = 18.75 mm) is located at the 14th row; both effusion and dilution holes are fed by a channel replicating a combustor annulus. The rig allows to control mainstream and coolant flow parameters, especially in terms of Reynolds number of mainstream and effusion holes. Located upstream the first effusion row, a 6.0 mm high slot ensures the protection of the very first region of the liner.
Experiments were carried out imposing several values of effusion blowing and velocity ratios within a range of typical modern engine working conditions (BReff/VReff = 1.5; 3.0; 5.0; 7.0) and keeping constant slot flow parameters (BRsl ≈ 1.5).
Results point out the influence of density ratio on film cooling performance, suggesting that velocity ratio is the driving parameter for the heat transfer phenomena; concerning the effectiveness, results show that the adiabatic effectiveness is less sensitive to the cooling flow parameters, especially at the higher blowing/velocity ratios.
Method for 1-D Rotating/Stationary Disk Cavity Heat Transfer Analysis With Partial Flow Ingestion in a Gas Turbine
Authors: Hsia Kuo-Ting , Garner Chad , Vogel Gregory 
Published: August 2013

The interface between rotating and stationary components in a gas turbine is commonly called “disk cavities”. In pursuit of a performance benefit from Secondary Air Flow System (SAF) flow reduction, rotating/stationary disk cavity flow ingestion management in the turbine section becomes an important subject.
To completely avoid ingestion, large amount of purging flow is utilized which reduces engine performance. Too much ingestion and the risk of reduced engine durability becomes an issue. Therefore, a partial ingestion condition is desired for optimizing SAF for performance. Typical methodology would be analysing purging flow using 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling in conjunction with engine test data to validate the design and ensure optimal SAF partial ingestion. This approach puts a very heavy demand on computational resources even at steady state. To extend the practice into a transient and unsteady flow field to attempt full design optimization will be even more taxing on computational resources and analysis labor time.
An quick alternative would be using a 1-D flow solver for the task in conjunction with baseload main gas path circumferential pressure variation either from main flow path 3D CFD or engine test data. Unfortunately, currently there are no 1-D flow solvers can resolve the poly-directional nature of partial flow ingestion. This paper presents a quick and reliable alternative using a numerical method for augmenting a 1-D flow solver to resolve the partial flow ingestion situation. This is used in conjunction with the 1-D flow solver to resolve the bulk cavity temperature and heat transfer in the disk cavity.
The results of this augmented 1-D flow solver show excellent agreement to field measurement data and 3-D CFD solutions. The tool enables a very realistic transient thermal analysis with partial flow ingestion at a fraction of the cost and analysis time of a full 3-D CFD analysis. This enables a faster design optimization with multiple iteration of a turbomachinery disk cavity with partial flow ingestion.
Numerical Characterization of Pressure Drop Across the Manifold of Turbine Casing Cooling System
Authors: Da Soghe Riccardo , Andreini Antonio 
Published: August 2013

Array of jets is an arrangement typically used to cool several gas turbine parts. Some examples of such applications can be found in the impingement cooling systems of turbine blades and vanes or in the turbine blade tip clearances control of large aeroengines. In order to correctly evaluate the impinging jet mass flow rate, the characterization of holes discharge coefficient is a compulsory activity.
In a previous work the authors have performed an aerodynamic analysis of different arrays of jets for active clearance control; the aim was the definition of a correlation for the discharge coefficient (Cd) of a generic hole of the array. The developed empirical correlation expresses the Cd of each hole as a function of the ratio between the hole and the manifold mass velocity and the local value of the pressure ratio. In its original form, the correlation does not take in to account the effect of the hole length to diameter ratio (t/d) so, in the present contribution, the authors report a study with the aim of evaluating the influence of such parameter on the discharge coefficient distribution. The data were taken from a set of CFD RANS simulations, in which the behaviour of the cooling system was investigated over a wide range of fluid-dynamics conditions (Pressure-Ratio = 1.01–1.6, t/d = 0.25–3). To point out the reliability of the CFD analysis, some comparisons with experimental data were drawn. An in depth analysis of the numerical data set has led to an improved correlation with a new term function of the hole length to diameter ratio.