bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audit Firm Governance: Do Transparency Reports Reveal Audit Quality?
Authors: Deumes Rogier , Schelleman Caren , Vander Bauwhede Heidi , Vanstraelen Ann 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARY
As a result of legal and regulatory requirements, audit firms in certain jurisdictions have recently started issuing transparency reports containing information on audit firm governance. In this study we investigate whether audit firm governance disclosure is associated with actual audit quality. Based on a sample of transparency reports of 103 audit firms in a number of EU countries, we find that there is variation in the extent and type of governance disclosures across audit firms. We, however, do not find an association with actual audit quality, apart from a weak association with an audit firm's statement on the effectiveness of its internal quality control system.
Data Availability: All data are available from public sources indicated in the study.
Investors' Response to Revelations of Prior Uncorrected Misstatements
Authors: Omer Thomas C. , Shelley Marjorie K. , Thompson Anne M. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARY
This study examines investors' response to the disclosure of prior-period waived misstatements under Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in the Current Year. Misstatement correction decisions typically are not observable, and financial statement users have little insight into the disposition of identified misstatements, a dimension of audit and financial statement quality. We find that investors respond negatively to the disclosure of SAB No. 108 misstatements, and this response is associated with the current-period auditor initially waiving the misstatement and client importance. Although SAB No. 108 misstatements were waived under prevailing materiality guidance, our findings suggest that investors interpret SAB No. 108 misstatements as indicating lower perceived audit quality.
Data Availability: Data are available from the sources indicated in the text.
Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors, and risk of intracranial meningioma in females
Authors: Claus Elizabeth B. , Calvocoressi Lisa , Bondy Melissa L. , Wrensch Margaret , Wiemels Joseph L. , Schildkraut Joellen M. 
Published: October 2012

Object
The 2-fold higher incidence of meningioma in women compared with men has long suggested a role for hormonally mediated risk factors, but specific mechanisms remain elusive.

Methods
The study included data obtained in 1127 women 29–79 years of age with intracranial meningioma diagnosed among residents of Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, the San Francisco Bay Area, and 8 Texas counties between May 1, 2006, and October 6, 2011, and data obtained in 1092 control individuals who were frequency matched for age group and geography with meningioma patients.

Results
No association was observed for age at menarche, age at menopause, or parity and meningioma risk. Women who reported breastfeeding for at least 6 months were at reduced risk of meningioma (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63–0.96). A significant positive association existed between meningioma risk and increased body mass index (p < 0.01) while a significant negative association existed between meningioma risk and current smoking (p < 0.01). Among premenopausal women, current use of oral contraceptives was associated with an increased risk of meningiomas (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9), while current use of hormone replacement therapy among postmenopausal women was not associated with a significant elevation in risk (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.74–1.67). There was no association between use of fertility medications and meningioma risk.

Conclusions
The authors' study confirms associations for body mass index, breastfeeding, and cigarette smoking but provides little evidence for associations of reproductive and menstrual factors with meningioma risk. The relationship between current use of exogenous hormones and meningioma remains unclear, limited by the small numbers of patients currently on oral hormone medications and a lack of hormone receptor data for meningioma tumors.
Revision rate of pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunts after 15 years
Authors: Stone Jonathan J. , Walker Corey T. , Jacobson Maxwell , Phillips Valerie , Silberstein Howard J. 
Published: October 2012

Object
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement remains the mainstay treatment for pediatric hydrocephalus. These devices have a relatively high complication and failure rate, often requiring multiple revisions. The authors present a single institution's experience of pediatric patients treated with VP shunts. With an average follow-up time of 20 years, this study is among the longest reports of VP shunt revision in the literature to date. Hydrocephalus origins, shunt revision rates, and causes of shunt failure are described. Patients who underwent their first shunt revision more than 10 years after initial shunt placement were also explored.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed on all pediatric patients who underwent VP shunt placement from January 1990 through November 1996 at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Only patients who had at least 15 years of follow-up since their initial shunting procedure were included.

Results
A total of 234 procedures were performed on 64 patients, with a mean follow-up of 19.9 years. Patients ranged from a few days to 17.2 years old when they received their original shunt, with a median age of 4 months; 84.5% of the patients required 1 or more shunt revisions and 4.7% required 10 or more. Congenital defects, Chiari Type II malformations, tumors, and intraventricular hemorrhage were the most common causes of hydrocephalus. Overall, patients averaged 2.66 revisions, with proximal (27%) and distal (15%) catheter occlusion, disconnection (11%), and infection (9%) comprising the most common reasons for shunt malfunction. Notably, 12.5% of patients did not require their first shunt revision until more than 10 years after initial device placement, a previously undescribed finding due to the short follow-up duration in previous studies.

Conclusions
This long-term retrospective analysis of pediatric VP shunt placement revealed a relatively high rate of complications with need for shunt revision as late as 17 years after initial placement. Catheter occlusion represented a significant percentage of shunt failures. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting has a propensity for mechanical failure and patients with VP shunts should receive follow-up through the transition to adulthood.
Delivering a third course of radiation to spine metastases using image-guided, intensity-modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Katsoulakis Evangelia , Riaz Nadeem , Cox Brett , Mechalakos James , Zatcky Joan , Bilsky Mark , Yamada Yoshiya 
Published: October 2012

Object
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of delivering a third course of radiation to patients with multiply recurrent metastatic disease to the spine.

Methods
Between 2009 and 2011, 10 patients received a third course of radiation to spinal metastases at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center using image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Patient and tumor characteristics, dosimetry details, and outcomes were obtained using retrospective chart review. Spinal imaging was performed prior to treatment and at regular follow-up intervals. The cumulative biologically effective dose (BED) to the spinal cord and cauda equina was calculated and was normalized to 2 Gy equivalents (Gy2/2). Toxicity and local control were assessed.

Results
The median time between the first and second courses of radiation was 18.5 months and the median time between the second and third courses was 11.5 months. The median follow-up from the third course of radiation was 12 months and the median overall survival was 13 months. Pain or neurological symptoms were improved in 80% of patients. The median spinal cord maximum dose normalized BED (nBED) for the whole cohort was 70.73 Gy2/2 (range 51.9–101.7 Gy2/2). The median dose to 5% of the spinal cord D05 nBED for the entire cohort was 59.4 Gy2/2. Acute toxicity was most commonly fatigue and dermatitis, with 1 patient experiencing Grade 3 fatigue and 1 patient Grade 3 dermatitis. Late toxicity was limited to 2 cases of Grade 1 dysphagia. There was 1 case of Grade 1 neuropathy and 1 case of Grade 2 neuropathy. The crude rate of local control was 80% with 1 in-field failure and 1 marginal failure.

Conclusions
In this cohort of patients, a third course of IMRT to the spine was well tolerated with no significant late toxicities. Used as salvage therapy for select patients, a third course of radiation is a safe and effective treatment strategy.
Changing Concepts of Childhood: Children’s Folklore Scholarship since the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This essay examines children’s folklore scholarship from the late nineteenth century to the present, tracing key concepts from the Gilded Age to the contemporary era. These concepts reflect significant social, cultural, political, and scientific changes. From the "savage child" to the "secret-keeping child," the "magic-making child," the "cerebral child," the "taboo-breaking child," the "monstrous child," and others, scholarly representations of young people have close connections to the eras in which they developed. Nineteenth-century children’s folklore scholarship relied on evolutionism; now evolutionary biology provides a basis for children’s folklore research, so we have re-entered familiar territory.
Binary Ferromagnetic Nanostructures: Fabrication, Static and Dynamic Properties
Authors: Ding Junjia , Adeyeye Adekunle O. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe fabrication of large area binary magnetic nanostructures made from one or two ferromagnetic materials (Ni and Ni80Fe20) is reported using self‐aligned shadow deposition technique. The static and dynamic properties are characterized using magneto‐optical Kerr effects (MOKE) and broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared with Ni80Fe20 nanomagnets made using a conventional lithographic technique from identical resist templates, tunable magnetization switching is observed with a marked increase in the coercive field and more adjustable dynamic response for the Ni80Fe20/Ni80Fe20 and Ni/Ni80Fe20 binary structures. The results are validated by direct domain imaging using magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic simulations.
Robust, Self‐Healing Superamphiphobic Fabrics Prepared by Two‐Step Coating of Fluoro‐Containing Polymer, Fluoroalkyl Silane, and Modified Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhou Hua , Wang Hongxia , Niu Haitao , Gestos Adrian , Lin Tong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA robust, superamphiphobic fabric with a novel self‐healing ability to autorepair from chemical damage is prepared by a two‐step wet‐chemistry coating technique using an easily available material system consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene), fluoroalkyl silane, and modified silica nanoparticles. The coated fabrics can withstand at least 600 cycles of standard laundry and 8000 cycles of abrasion without apparently changing the superamphiphobicity. The coating is also very stable to strong acid/base, ozone, and boiling treatments. After being damaged chemically, the coating can restore its super liquid‐repellent properties by a short‐time heating treatment or room temperature ageing. This simple but novel and effective coating system may be useful for the development of robust protective clothing for various applications.
Nanoengineered Polypyrrole‐Coated Fe2O3@C Multifunctional Composites with an Improved Cycle Stability as Lithium‐Ion Anodes
Authors: Han Fei , Li Duo , Li Wen‐Cui , Lei Cheng , Sun Qiang , Lu An‐Hui 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNovel multifunctional composites composed of highly dispersed nanosized Fe2O3 particles, a tubular mesoporous carbon host, and a conductive polypyrrole (PPy) sealing layer are hierarchically assembled via two facile processes, including bottom‐up introduction of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in tubular mesoporous carbons, followed by in situ surface sealing with the PPy coating. Fe2O3 particles are well‐dispersed within the carbon matrix and PPy is spatially and selectively coated onto the external surface and the pore entrances of the Fe2O3@C composite, thereby bridging the composite particles together into a larger unit. As an anode material for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), the PPy‐coated Fe2O3@C composite exhibits stable cycle performance. Additionally, the PPy‐coated Fe2O3@C composite also possesses fast electrode reaction kinetics, high Fe2O3 use efficiency, and large volumetric capacity. The excellent electrochemical performance is associated with a synergistic effect of the highly porous carbon matrix and the conducting PPy sealing layer. Such multifunctional configuration prevents the aggregation of NPs and maintains the structural integrity of active materials, in addition to effectively enhancing the electronic conductivity and warranting the stability of as‐formed solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films. This nanoengineering strategy might open new avenues for the design of other multifunctional composite architectures as electrode materials in order to achieve high‐performance LIBs.
Spray‐Coated Silver Nanowires as Top Electrode Layer in Semitransparent P3HT:PCBM‐Based Organic Solar Cell Devices
Authors: Krantz Johannes , Stubhan Tobias , Richter Moses , Spallek Stefanie , Litzov Ivan , Matt Gebhard J. , Spiecker Erdmann , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSilver nanowire (Ag NW) thin films are investigated as top electrodes in semitransparent inverted organic solar cells. The performance of semitransparent poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) organic solar cells with Ag NW top electrode layers is found to match very closely the performance of reference devices based on thermally evaporated, highly reflective metal silver top electrodes. The optical losses of the semitransparent electrodes are investigated in detail and analyzed in terms of transmission, scattering, and reflection losses. The impact on an external back reflector is shown to increase the light harvesting efficiency of optically thin devices. Further analysis of transparent devices under illumination from the indium tin oxide (ITO) backside and through the Ag NW front electrode open the possibility to gain deep insight into the vertical microstructure related devices performance. Overall, Ag NW top electrodes are established as a serious alternative to TCO based electrodes. Semitransparent devices with efficiencies of over η = 2.0% are realized.
Inverted Semi‐transparent Polymer Solar Cells with Transparency Color Rendering Indices approaching 100
Authors: Czolk Jens , Puetz Andreas , Kutsarov Dimitar , Reinhard Manuel , Lemmer Uli , Colsmann Alexander 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWindow‐ or building‐integrated semi‐transparent solar cells are particularly interesting applications for organic photovoltaic devices. In this work, we present an easy‐to‐process inverted device architecture comprising fully solution processable poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) bilayer top‐electrodes for efficient semi‐transparent organic solar cells. By incorporating dyes with a complementary absorption to the light harvesting polymer poly[[9‐(1‐octylnonyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐2,7‐diyl]‐2,5‐thiophenediyl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole‐4,7‐diyl‐2,5‐thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT) into the PEDOT:PSS electrode, we achieve fully color neutral transparency perception and a color rendering index approaching 100. This makes the devices suitable for applications such as window shadowing or the integration into overhead glazing.
The Importance of Fullerene Percolation in the Mixed Regions of Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Bartelt Jonathan A. , Beiley Zach M. , Hoke Eric T. , Mateker William R. , Douglas Jessica D. , Collins Brian A. , Tumbleston John R. , Graham Kenneth R. , Amassian Aram , Ade Harald , Fréchet Jean M. J. , Toney Michael F. , McGehee Michael D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMost optimized donor‐acceptor (D‐A) polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have active layers too thin to absorb greater than ∼80% of incident photons with energies above the polymer's band gap. If the thickness of these devices could be increased without sacrificing internal quantum efficiency, the device power conversion efficiency (PCE) could be significantly enhanced. We examine the device characteristics of BHJ solar cells based on poly(di(2‐ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐co‐octylthieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione) (PBDTTPD) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with 7.3% PCE and find that bimolecular recombination limits the active layer thickness of these devices. Thermal annealing does not mitigate these bimolecular recombination losses and drastically decreases the PCE of PBDTTPD BHJ solar cells. We characterize the morphology of these BHJs before and after thermal annealing and determine that thermal annealing drastically reduces the concentration of PCBM in the mixed regions, which consist of PCBM dispersed in the amorphous portions of PBDTTPD. Decreasing the concentration of PCBM may reduce the number of percolating electron transport pathways within these mixed regions and create morphological electron traps that enhance charge‐carrier recombination and limit device quantum efficiency. These findings suggest that (i) the concentration of PCBM in the mixed regions of polymer BHJs must be above the PCBM percolation threshold in order to attain high solar cell internal quantum efficiency, and (ii) novel processing techniques, which improve polymer hole mobility while maintaining PCBM percolation within the mixed regions, should be developed in order to limit bimolecular recombination losses in optically thick devices and maximize the PCE of polymer BHJ solar cells.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Bischromone Derivatives with Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Szulawska‐Mroczek Agata , Szumilak Marta , Szczesio Malgorzata , Olczak Andrzej , Nazarski Ryszard B. , Lewgowd Wieslawa , Czyz Malgorzata , Stanczak Andrzej 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of new bischromone derivatives (4a–c and 5a–c) as potential anticancer drugs is described. The difference in the reactivity between 4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylic acid 2 (or its methyl ester 3) and 4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbonyl chloride 1 with three different polyamines: 3,3′‐diamino‐N‐methyldipropylamine (a), 1,4‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)piperazine (b), 4,9‐dioxa‐1,12‐dodecanediamine (c) resulted in the formation of two different groups of products, compounds 4a–c and 5a–c, designed in agreement with the bisintercalators' structural requirements. The transformation of 4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylic acid into 2H‐chromene‐2,4(3H)‐diones (5) was confirmed by the NMR and XRD experiments. Compounds 4a and 5a were evaluated in vitro in the highly aggressive melanoma cell line A375. An enhanced induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest clearly revealed that compound 5a was more potent than 4a. Compound 5a was also more active in diminishing the adhesive potential of melanoma cells. Current studies support the notion that small changes in the three‐dimensional structure of molecules might have a substantial impact on their biological activity.
The association between neonatal thyroxine and craniosynostosis, Texas, 2004–2007
Authors: Hashmi Syed Shahrukh , Canfield Mark A. , Marengo Lisa , Moffitt Karen B. , Belmont John W. , Freedenberg Debra , Tanksley Susan M. , Lupo Philip J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDCraniosynostosis (CS), a structural anomaly characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures, occurs in 1 in 2000 live births. Associations of CS with the thyroid have been reported. Neonatal thyroid hormone (T4) is evaluated nationally at birth by the Newborn Screening Program (NBS). This study evaluated the relationship between NBS T4 levels and craniosynostosis.METHODSLive‐born singleton babies born in 2004 through 2007 were identified through the Texas Birth Defects Registry (499 cases) and Texas Bureau of Vital Statistics (3570 controls) and successfully linked to analyte data available in the Texas NBS Database. Cases were classified based on the absence of other major defects (isolated cases, n = 382) and suture(s) involved. Mean T4 levels were compared between controls and cases (overall and stratified by classification). T4 levels were stratified by quintiles to evaluate differences between cases and controls within quintiles. The diagnostic utility of NBS T4 was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves.RESULTSMean T4 levels were lower in isolated cases (16.89 μg/dl) than in controls (17.77 μg/dl; p = 0.0004). This trend persisted for sagittal (16.69 μg/dl; p = 0.002) and metopic (16.83 μg/dl; p = 0.042) CS. When stratified by quintiles, 54% of isolated lambdoid CS were in the first quintile compared to controls (p = 0.012). ROC area under the curve (AUC) was approximately 0.55 for all classifications except lambdoid (AUC = 0.73).CONCLUSIONNBS T4 levels were slightly lower among cases with nearly half of all lambdoid CS having T4 levels in the lowest quintile. However, overall NBS T4 levels are not suitable for potential screening or diagnostic application. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scarless integumentary wound healing in the mammalian fetus: Molecular basis and therapeutic implications
Authors: Kathju Sandeep , Gallo Phillip H. , Satish Latha 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAdult mammals respond to injury of their skin/integument by forming scar tissue. Scar is useful in rapidly sealing an injured area, but can also lead to significant morbidity. Mammals in fetal life retain the ability to heal integumentary wounds regeneratively, without scar. The critical molecular mechanisms governing this remarkable phenomenon have been a subject of great interest, in the hopes that these could be dissected and recapitulated in the healing adult wound, with the goal of inducing scarless healing in injured patients. Multiple lines of investigation spanning decades have implicated a number of factors in distinguishing scarless from fibrotic wound healing, including most prominently transforming growth factor‐β and interleukin‐10, among others. Therapeutic interventions to try to mitigate scarring in adult wounds have been developed out of these studies, and have reached the level of clinical trials in humans, although as yet no FDA‐approved treatment exists. More recent expressomic studies have revealed many more genes that are differentially expressed in scarlessly healing fetal wounds compared with adult, and microRNAs have also been identified as participating in the fetal wound healing response. These represent an even greater range of potential therapeutics (or targets for therapy) to translate the promise of scarless fetal wound healing to the injured adult patient. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 96:223–236, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.