bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Build Back Better principles for post‐disaster structural improvements
Authors: Mannakkara Sandeeka , Wilkinson Suzanne 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to inform stakeholders involved in post‐disaster reconstruction how to incorporate Build Back Better (BBB) principles when implementing structural design improvements to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the rebuilding process.Design/methodology/approachLiterature review was used to establish BBB principles required for post‐disaster structural changes. The application of these principles was then tested in the Indian Ocean Tsunami reconstruction in Sri Lanka, and the Victorian Bushfires in Australia. Qualitative data were collected in each country by conducting interviews with stakeholders from governmental authorities, and non‐governmental and community‐level organisations who were directly involved in recovery activities along with other documentation. Results were compared to understand how/to what extent BBB principles were applied and their implications, to finally determine the applicability of these principles in different environments.FindingsProposed BBB principles for post‐disaster structural changes from literature were grouped under: building codes and regulations, cost and time, and quality. Principles such as multi‐hazard‐based building codes, education and support for communities, long‐term funding and quality assurance through inspections were applicable in both case studies. Experiences in Australia and Sri Lanka also presented a few extra principles to add practicality based on local contextualisation. These included avoiding high‐risk lands using buy‐back/land‐swap schemes, incentives to attract skilled builders, and the use of comfortable temporary accommodation to relieve time pressures.Research limitations/implicationsThe study does not look into detail at the administrative, regulative and social systems which contributed towards the inability of the built environment to withstand the respective hazards. A general understanding of these systems was gained and taken into consideration when analysing the results. The findings show that despite the differences found between Australia and Sri Lanka the relevance of the principles for structural improvements remained intact.Practical implicationsThe government, engineers and building practitioners involved in reconstruction will benefit from learning from the experiences of others, and understanding how implementing structural changes can be done more successfully by applying BBB principles.Originality/valueThis research takes a unique look at how BBB principles drawn from international experiences can be incorporated when implementing structural changes in post‐disaster rebuilding to further improve the outcome.
Suppressive effect of mangosteen rind extract on the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Tnd mice
Authors: Higuchi Hiroaki , Tanaka Akane , Nishikawa Sho , Oida Kumiko , Matsuda Akira , Jung Kyungsook , Amagai Yosuke , Matsuda Hiroshi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing skin disorder characterized by pruritic and dry skin lesions with allergic inflammation. Recent studies have revealed anti‐inflammatory and anti‐allergic effects of xanthones in mangosteen through regulation of the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signaling pathway. Activation of NF‐κB signals is responsible for allergic inflammation in AD. To develop a new preventive therapy for AD, we examined the effects of the natural medicine, mangosteen rind extract (ME), on AD in a murine model. ME (250 mg/kg per day) was administrated to NC/Tnd mice, a model for human AD, for 6 weeks to evaluate its preventive effects on AD. We also confirmed the effects of ME on various immune cell functions. Oral administration of ME prevented the increase of clinical skin severity scores, plasma total immunoglobulin E levels, scratching behavior, transepidermal water loss and epidermal hyperplasia in NC/Tnd mice; moreover, no adverse effects were noted. We demonstrated that ME suppressed thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interferon‐γ mRNA expression both in vitro and in vivo. Not only immunoglobulin E production from splenic B cells but also immunoglobulin E‐mediated degranulation of bone marrow‐derived cultured mast cells was significantly reduced by the addition of ME to the culture. In addition, mRNA expression levels of nerve growth factor were decreased in ME‐administrated NC/Tnd mice compared with those of controls. Keratinocyte proliferation was well‐controlled by ME application. Oral administration of ME exhibited its suppressive potential on the early development of AD by controlling inflammation, itch and epidermal barrier function.
Genital pyoderma gangrenosum: Report of two cases and published work review of Japanese cases
Authors: Satoh Masataka , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative skin disorder showing characteristic non‐infectious ulcers and affects the lower extremities in approximately 70% of cases. Pyoderma gangrenosum is commonly associated with systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and hematological malignancies. Herein, we report two cases of Japanese patients diagnosed with genital pyoderma gangrenosum. Case 1 was a 74‐year‐old woman without associated systemic complications, whose skin lesion resembled a squamous cell carcinoma and was limited to the vulva. Case 2 is an 89‐year‐old man, who suffered from myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, and presented with penile and leg ulcers mimicking pressure sores. Both cases responded well to systemic steroids. We review 13 genital pyoderma gangrenosum cases (76.9% male; aged 30–89 years) from 1996 to 2012 in Japan, including 11 previously reported cases and the present study's two cases. Four of the 13 genital pyoderma gangrenosum cases had associated systemic diseases and their skin lesions spread to the extragenital areas. Eight of the remaining nine genitalia‐localized pyoderma gangrenosum cases had no associated systemic diseases. In conclusion, genital pyoderma gangrenosum is rare and may be misdiagnosed. It should therefore be considered in cases of refractory genital ulcers. In addition, genitalia‐localized pyoderma gangrenosum tends to be without systemic complications.
Activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway triggered by PTEN downregulation in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease
Authors: Long Shun Hua , He Yao , Chen Min Hu , Cao Kang , Chen Yu Jun , Chen Bai Li , Mao Ren , Zhang Sheng Hong , Zhu Zhen Hua , Zeng Zhi Rong , Hu Pin Jin 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway and its negative feedback factor, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD).MethodsPeripheral blood was collected from patients with CD and healthy controls while colon tissue samples were collected from CD patients and those complaining of constipation but with normal endoscopic results. CD4+ T‐cells were isolated from peripheral blood. The expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components and PTEN was evaluated in the peripheral CD4+ T‐cells using polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, and in intestinal mucosal lymphocytes using immunohistochemistry.ResultsmRNA expressions of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) and phosphate‐ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) in peripheral CD4+ T‐cells were upregulated in CD patients compared with healthy controls . However, the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Western blot showed that the ratios of phospho‐Akt: Akt, phosphorylated‐4E‐BP1: 4E‐BP1 and phospho‐p70S6K: p70S6K in peripheral CD4+ T‐cells were higher in CD patients (P < 0.05). The composite staining score of phospho‐Akt and phospho‐mTOR in intestinal mucosal lymphocytes also increased in patients with CD compared with those with constipation. Both PTEN mRNA and protein expressions in either peripheral CD4+ T‐cells or mucosal lymphocytes were lower in patients with CD than in the healthy controls and those with constipation.ConclusionsThe PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was activated in CD. The activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway caused by PTEN downregulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of CD.
Will climate warming exceed lethal photosynthetic temperature thresholds of lichens in a southern African arid region?
Authors: Maphangwa Khumbudzo Walter , Musil Charles F. , Raitt Lincoln , Zedda Luciana 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPredicted elevated temperatures and a shift from a winter to summer rainfall pattern associated with global warming could result in the exposure of hydrated lichens during summer to more numerous temperature extremes that exceed their thermal thresholds. This hypothesis was tested by measuring lethal temperature thresholds under laboratory and natural conditions for four epilithic lichen species (Xanthoparmelia austro‐africana, X. hyporhytida, Xanthoparmelia sp., Xanthomaculina hottentotta) occurring on quartz gravel substrates at a hot arid inland site two epigeous lichen species (Teloschistes capensis, Ramalina sp.) occurring on gypsum‐rich topsoil at a warm humid coastal site. Extrapolated lethal temperatures for photosynthetic quantum yield under laboratory conditions were up to 4°C higher for lichens from a dry inland site than those from a humid coastal site. Lethal temperatures extrapolated for photosynthetic quantum yield at a saturating photosynthetic photon flux density of ≥11,000 μmol photons m−2 s−1 under natural conditions were up to 6°C higher for lichens from the dry inland site than the more humid coastal site. It is concluded that only under atypical conditions of lichen exposure in a hydrated state to temperature extremes at high midday solar irradiances during summer could lethal photosynthetic thresholds in sensitive lichen species be potentially exceeded, but whether the increased frequency of such conditions with climate warming would lead to increased likelihood of lichen mortality is debatable.
Trial of labor compared to repeat cesarean section in women with no other risk factors than a prior cesarean delivery
Authors: Studsgaard Anne , Skorstengaard Malene , Glavind Julie , Hvidman Lone , Uldbjerg Niels 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare outcomes with trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) or elective repeat cesarean delivery on maternal request (ERCD‐MR).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingDanish university hospital.PopulationWomen with TOLAC (n = 1161) and women with ERCD‐MR (n = 622) between 2003 and 2010. Exclusion criteria were diabetes, two prior cesarean sections, index cesarean at a different hospital, a delivery after the index cesarean, twin gestation, gestational age <37+0 weeks and stillbirth.MethodsData were obtained from the Aarhus Birth Cohort database, which comprised prospective registration of the deliveries.Main outcome measuresAdverse neonatal outcomes, risk factors for emergency cesarean, and uterine rupture in case of TOLAC.ResultsTOLAC was associated with an increased risk of neonatal depression [odds ratio (OR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–19.1] and neonatal intensive care unit admission (adjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.8). Within the TOLAC group 67% delivered vaginally. In the TOLAC group 1.3% (n = 15) of the women had a complete uterine rupture. None of these infants had sequelae after 12 months. Significant risk factors for emergency cesarean were no prior vaginal delivery (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0), index emergency cesarean during labor (adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.3–4.1), maternal age ≥35 years (adjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.8), pre‐pregnancy body mass index ≥30 (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.3), and birthweight 4000–4499 g (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1). Uterine rupture was associated with the use of epidural analgesia (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.9) and no prior vaginal delivery (p = 0.03).ConclusionTOLAC is an acceptable individualized option for women without major risk factors.
Sertraline inhibits the transport of PAT1 substrates in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Nielsen C U , Frølund S , Abdulhadi S , Sari H , Langthaler L , Nøhr M K , Kall M A , Brodin B , Holm R 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeIntestinal nutrient transporters may mediate the uptake of drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sertraline interacts with the intestinal proton‐coupled amino acid transporter 1 PAT1 (SLC36A1).Experimental ApproachIn vitro investigations of interactions between sertraline and human (h)PAT1, hSGLT1 (sodium‐glucose linked transporter 1) and hPepT1 (proton‐coupled di‐/tri‐peptide transporter 1) were conducted in Caco‐2 cells using radiolabelled substrates. In vivo pharmacokinetic investigations were conducted in male Sprague–Dawley rats using gaboxadol (10 mg·kg−1, p.o.) as a PAT1 substrate and sertraline (0–30.6 mg·kg−1). Gaboxadol was quantified by hydrophilic interaction chromatography followed by MS/MS detection.Key ResultsSertraline inhibited hPAT1‐mediated L‐[3H]‐Pro uptake in Caco‐2 cells. This interaction between sertraline and PAT1 appeared to be non‐competitive. The uptake of the hSGLT1 substrate [14C]‐α–methyl‐D‐glycopyranoside and the hPepT1 substrate [14C]‐Gly‐Sar in Caco‐2 cells was also decreased in the presence of 0.3 mM sertraline. In rats, the administration of sertraline (0.1–10 mM, corresponding to 0.3–30.6 mg·kg−1, p.o.) significantly reduced the maximal gaboxadol plasma concentration and AUC after its administration p.o.Conclusions and ImplicationsSertraline is an apparent non‐competitive inhibitor of hPAT1‐mediated transport in vitro. This inhibitory effect of sertraline is not specific to hPAT1 as substrate transport via hPepT1 and hSGLT1 was also reduced in the presence of sertraline. In vivo, sertraline reduced the amount of gaboxadol absorbed, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of sertraline on PAT1 occurs both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, sertraline could alter the bioavailability of drugs absorbed via PAT1.
Rolofylline, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, inhibits osteoclast differentiation as an inverse agonist
Authors: He Wenjie , Wilder Tuere , Cronstein Bruce N 
Published: August 2013

Background and PurposeAdenosine may be generated by hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides by ectonucleotidases, including ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39), ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (CD73), nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP‐1) and tissue non‐specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Previous work from our laboratory has uncovered a critical role for adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) in osteoclastogenesis; blockade or deletion of these receptors diminishes osteoclast differentiation. Interestingly, selective A1R agonists neither affect basal osteoclastogenesis nor do they reverse A1R antagonist‐mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we determined whether ectonucleotidase‐mediated adenosine production was required for A1R antagonist‐mediated inhibition, and, when we saw no effect, determined whether A1R was constitutively activated and the antagonist was acting as an inverse agonist to diminish osteoclast differentiation.Experimental ApproachOsteoclast formation derived from wild‐type, CD39 knockout (KO), CD73 KO, NPP‐1 KO and TNAP KO mice was examined by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor‐stimulated osteoclasts and osteoclast gene expression (Ctsk, Acp5, MMP‐9 and NFATc1). Intracellular cAMP concentration was determined by elisa.Key ResultsRolofylline inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50 = 20–70 nM) in mice lacking all four of these phosphatases, although baseline osteoclast formation was significantly less in precursors from CD73 KO mice. Rolofylline (1 μM) stimulates cAMP production in bone marrow macrophages by 10.23 ± 0.89‐fold.Conclusions and ImplicationsBased on these findings, we hypothesize that the A1R is constitutively activated in osteoclast precursors, thereby diminishing basal AC activity, and that A1R antagonists act as inverse agonists to release A1R‐mediated inhibition of basal AC activity and permit osteoclast differentiation. The constitutive activity of A1R promotes osteoclast formation and down‐regulation of this activity blocks osteoclast formation.
Benign lymphangioendothelioma: a clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of four cases
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Liuqing , Yang Xichuan , Gao Tianwen , Wang Gang 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundBenign lymphangioendothelioma represents a rare lymphatic vascular proliferation characterized by proliferation of irregular and thin‐walled vessels dissecting amongst dermal collagen. Immunohistochemical analysis has been lacking in most previously reported cases.MethodsHerein, we report the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of four cases of benign lymphangioendothelioma. Immunohistochemical study was completed for all lesions.ResultsAll lesions presented as large, red to brown patches or plaques. Three lesions were located on the thigh and one lesion was located on the neck. Histopathologically, all lesions showed proliferation of anastomotic or retiform thin‐walled vessels with a single layer of endothelial cells that dissect the dermis. D2‐40 and Prox1 immunostains were positive and Wilms tumor 1 (WT‐1) immunostain was negative in all cases.ConclusionBenign lymphangioendothelioma represents a lymphatic vascular proliferation. A lack of expression of WT‐1 suggests it represents a lymphatic vascular malformation.
Asphalt Dreams: Road Construction and Environmental Citizenship in Peru
Authors: Pieck Sonja K. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPeru today is one of the main staging grounds for a continent‐wide integration effort. Launched in 2000, the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA) calls for an enormous expansion of the continent's transport and energy networks and an effort to increase the region's economic competitiveness. Among its most controversial projects is the Interoceanic Highway linking western Brazil with the Pacific coast of Peru. The highway has attracted fierce criticism from NGOs who point to major environmental impacts, an inadequate mitigation process, and a lack of transparency in funding flows and decision making. In an effort to voice their concerns, these groups engage the idea of ‘environmental governance’ to increase public participation in the development process and promote ecological sustainability. This alternative framework in turn opens up space for ‘environmental citizenship’. This article takes a closer look at how Peruvian NGOs employ this idea and suggests that while the group's advocacy of governance has had success, the building of environmental citizenship will require a move beyond urban Peruvian NGOs as technical experts.
A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence
Authors: Novak Iona , Mcintyre Sarah , Morgan Catherine , Campbell Lanie , Dark Leigha , Morton Natalie , Stumbles Elise , Wilson Salli‐Ann , Goldsmith Shona 
Published: August 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to describe systematically the best available intervention evidence for children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodThis study was a systematic review of systematic reviews. The following databases were searched: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, DARE, EMBASE, Google Scholar MEDLINE, OTSeeker, PEDro, PsycBITE, PsycINFO, and speechBITE. Two independent reviewers determined whether studies met the inclusion criteria. These were that (1) the study was a systematic review or the next best available; (2) it was a medical/allied health intervention; and (3) that more than 25% of participants were children with CP. Interventions were coded using the Oxford Levels of Evidence; GRADE; Evidence Alert Traffic Light; and the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health.ResultsOverall, 166 articles met the inclusion criteria (74% systematic reviews) across 64 discrete interventions seeking 131 outcomes. Of the outcomes assessed, 16% (21 out of 131) were graded ‘do it’ (green go); 58% (76 out of 131) ‘probably do it’ (yellow measure); 20% (26 out of 131) ‘probably do not do it’ (yellow measure); and 6% (8 out of 131) ‘do not do it’ (red stop). Green interventions included anticonvulsants, bimanual training, botulinum toxin, bisphosphonates, casting, constraint‐induced movement therapy, context‐focused therapy, diazepam, fitness training, goal‐directed training, hip surveillance, home programmes, occupational therapy after botulinum toxin, pressure care, and selective dorsal rhizotomy. Most (70%) evidence for intervention was lower level (yellow) while 6% was ineffective (red).InterpretationEvidence supports 15 green light interventions. All yellow light interventions should be accompanied by a sensitive outcome measure to monitor progress and red light interventions should be discontinued since alternatives exist.
Not all errors are created equally: specific ERN responses for errors originating from distractor‐based response retrieval
Authors: Wiswede Daniel , Rothermund Klaus , Frings Christian 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe binding of stimulus (S) and response (R) features into S‐R episodes or ‘event files’ is a basic process for the regulation of behavior. Recent studies have shown that even irrelevant information is bound into event files. Associating distractors with responses leads to more efficient behavior if irrelevant and relevant stimuli are correlated, but leads to erroneous or inadequate behavior if irrelevant stimuli do not predict relevant ones. In this study, we investigated a control mechanism that is triggered by errors resulting from distractor‐based response retrieval. We tested whether the error‐related negativity (ERN) differs depending on the error source. In particular, we compared errors due to distractor‐based response retrieval with random errors. Errors originating from distractor‐based response retrieval elicited a stronger (more negative) ERN than did other types of errors, suggesting that the cognitive system responds in a unique way to this kind of error. This control mechanism is adaptive because it prevents the emergence of inadequate response routines.
The case for fencing remains intact
Authors: Packer C. , Swanson A. , Canney S. , Loveridge A. , Garnett S. , Pfeifer M. , Burton A. C. , Bauer H. , MacNulty D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCreel et al. argue against the conservation effectiveness of fencing based on a population measure that ignores the importance of top predators to ecosystem processes. Their statistical analyses consider, first, only a subset of fenced reserves and, second, an incomplete examination of ‘costs per lion.’ Our original conclusions remain unaltered.