bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Security and Criminal Procedure
Authors: Davidson Rosemary , Pawson-Pounds Dan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 21 considers the specialised procedural rules that apply in national security cases as well as the ways in which criminal procedural rules of general application operate in the national security context. The authors begin by considering the case management issues that arise in criminal trials involving national security matters, both in terrorism trials and trials of offences charged under the Official Secrets Act 1989 (‘OSA 1989’) and National Security Act 2023 (‘NSA 2023’). This involves consideration not only of the Criminal Procedure Rules and Practice Directions but also the Protocol on the Case Management of Terrorism Cases. Pre-trial hearings are considered, as are preparatory hearings. The authors then examine issues concerning bail and custody time limits. Disclosure in terrorism and OSA 1989/NSA 2023 cases is considered in detail, in particular applications for public interest immunity (PII). In camera proceedings are examined before the authors review applications for special measures and witness anonymity. Finally, jury panel vetting matters are examined.
Freedom of Information and National Security
Authors: Blake Julian , McCaffrey Eugene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 26 is in Part IX of the book, dealing with national security, freedom of information, and data protection. It examines, in particular, the regime introduced by the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) and its application in cases raising national security matters. The chapter begins with an overview of the key provisions and operation of FOIA: the right to information, the bodies subject to the right, exemptions, certificates, and challenges. The authors analyse in detail the security body exemption in s. 23(1), a key provision of significance in this field. They also examine other relevant exemptions: the national security exemption in s. 24, the defence exemption in s. 26, and the international relations exemption in s. 27. This provides the background to a detailed consideration of the application of the ‘neither-confirm-nor-deny’ (‘NCND’) principle and its examination in relevant case law. The application of the security body exemption to Information held by The National Archives is reviewed before consideration is given to ministerial certificates certifying that the information is covered by the security body or national security exemption. The authors then consider the extraction or redaction of information in response to an FOI request. The chapter concludes with detailed sections on enforcement and special consideration for handling sensitive material before the Information Commissioner and the Tribunal (including Closed material procedures).
Data Protection and National Security
Authors: Blake Julian , McCaffrey Eugene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 29 brings the book to a close with an examination of data protection and national security. It begins with an introduction to the development of the modern data protection regime through to the modern General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018, culminating now in the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR). The authors set out a comprehensive analysis of the key terms in the UK GDPR and its regulation of general data processing in the UK. They then examine the national security exemption and the scope of law enforcement processing. The area of intelligence services processing is subject to detailed analysis before the chapter concludes with a review of the work of the Information Commissioner and the courts in this field.
Post-Truth Blame Games in Public Diplomacy and Media
Authors: Raspopina Aleksandra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the blame-attribution mechanisms and themes in Russian public diplomacy through media by looking at the coverage by the Russian state-funded international broadcaster RT (formerly Russia Today) of the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 in eastern Ukraine in 2014 and the chemical attack in the Syrian town of Douma in 2018. By focusing on these events, this chapter takes a new look at the role of crises in blame attribution and avoidance, looking at the international rather than the domestic level. Finally, the chapter also looks at how RT’s status as a media outlet and a public diplomacy actor can be understood within the context of its blame-avoidance and -attribution narratives, and at how the channel uses media and journalistic tools to assign and avoid blame.
Algorithmic Automation of Knowledge Work
Authors: Cecez-Kecmanovic Dubravka 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to contribute to a better understanding of what knowledge work and decision-making become when automated by AI-powered systems and how such automation performs a brave new world of work. To do so, it first provides a critical argument about the fundamental ontological and epistemological assumptions underlying these systems and shows how they enact a pure world of ‘blobs’. In this world, knowledge work is reduced to a bounded, self-contained mechanism, an entity detached from practice that runs based on impoverished, unreliable, and questionable ‘knowledge’. It then demonstrates why, in the world of blobs, the harmful social implications of knowledge work automation cannot be addressed, no matter how ‘intelligent’ and powerful AI systems become, nor how careful and apt the developers’ endeavour to correct the ‘errors’ is. We need to pause and question the very concept of knowledge work automation. It is not inevitable and could be otherwise. Thinking in line with Ingold, imagine a different world of work in which knowledge work is open to the dynamic potential of discovery and innovation. In this world of work, knowledge workers and AI systems co-respond to each other, bounded in sympathy as they enhance knowledge work that exceeds the capacity of each. We might hope to ‘restore to life’ a world of knowledge work that is in danger of being frozen and cut off from the flows of life. If this chapter at least prompts readers to think about these opportunities, it will fulfil its purpose.
Digital Activism
Authors: Kirk Tom 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In recent decades, digital technologies have come to play an increasing role in activist repertoires, as both tools and targets. Initial techno-optimism over the growing belief that the internet would erode old bastions of power and present new possibilities for those trying to create change has been tempered by growing concerns over the excessive power of Big Tech and increasing use of digital tech for the purposes of mis- and disinformation and state control. This chapter explores the ways ideas and norms spread digitally; how people express themselves, form new identities and communities, and participate in campaigns; and how initiatives can combine complementary on- and offline tactics. It also shows how other forces are skilling and catching up with new ways to constrain, police, and persecute activists.
The BSA Humean Account of the Metaphysics of Laws
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
David Hume is known for inspiring the regularity account of causation. According to this, a type of event C causes a type of event E when C precedes E and there is a correlation between occurrences of events of these types that satisfies some further conditions, and these further conditions don’t involve fundamental necessary connections. Humean accounts don’t posit fundamental natural necessity but claim that which propositions are laws supervenes on the distribution of the totality of fundamental perfectly natural properties and relations. Lewis calls this distribution “the Humean mosaic.” According to his Best Systems Account (BSA) laws are certain general propositions implied by the scientifically optimal systematization of the Humean mosaic. It is shown that BSA laws possess many of the features that proposals for scientific laws are claimed to have.
The Globe in Print
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
All that survives from the great ages of theater is a relatively small number of texts of plays. But a play is designed to be a spectacle performed by actors. Is it reducible to its text? Every text we have of a play conceived for the theatre has been through some editorial process to render it appropriate to readers, and restoring it to the stage involves another process of translation. A number of the classics of the Elizabethan stage acknowledge that they have been revised for readers, and the eighteen Shakespeare plays that exist in multiple texts testify to the instability of those texts. What then is the relation of the book to the play? What happens to a play when it becomes a book?
The Drama of Print
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
What happens to a play when it becomes a book? The translation from stage to page is not merely a matter of transforming the dialogue of a spectacle into a narrative and printing it. Theater has always been popular, but what is the audience for the book of the play? Who, beside the actors, would want to read the text of a play? The play has gone through various editorial interventions to transform it into a book, and even if it is still recognizable as a play, it is not the same play that audiences saw in the theater.
The Example of Macbeth
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The surviving text of Macbeth preserved in the first folio is demonstrably a revision, including passages, cited only as incipits, from Thomas Middleton’s play The Witch. It also seems to have been conceived and revised with King James in mind, since it includes both his ancestor Banquo and a great deal of witchcraft, a subject on which he had made himself an expert. Our text also includes a scene that suggests that the king was in the audience: the play was not only revised, but prepared for a special performance. The evidence of collaboration and revision is especially clear in this case, but they are to a lesser extent normative in most drama throughout the age.
The Protests
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the 2015–16 protests that immediately predated the Supreme Court’s accelerated engagement with the Sabarimala litigation. It describes two social movements, each of which became a part of the broader dispute over Sabarimala, and each of which was inspired by a woman operating outside formal channels of politics and law. In the first instance, Nikita Azad, a college student, posted an open letter online that generated a social media battle, while in the second, Trupti Desai, a community activist who had fought for women’s entry at other Hindu temples, tried to bodily challenge Sabarimala’s admission policies. The chapter also explores the early twentieth-century ‘temple entry’ movements influenced by Gandhi and Ambedkar that were often referenced in discussions of these recent campaigns.
Priming
Authors: Schnyer David M. , Dobbins Ian G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Priming refers to the faciliatory processing effects of repeating a stimulus or a task. This ubiquitous phenomenon is of interest to memory researchers because its encoding and retrieval dynamics are both similar to and different from many other forms of learning examined in this volume. This chapter explores one specific domain of priming that has been extensively studied in the memory literature, namely that which occurs when one identifies or classifies a stimulus repeatedly—referred to as long-term repetition priming. This chapter reviews the mechanisms proposed for the faciliatory effects seen in priming. As the chapter explores each proposed mechanism, it will become clear to the reader that no explanation captures all aspects of priming completely, and as such, it is likely that multiple mechanisms may be working in parallel, with their relative impact on behavior highlighted by the goals of the observer and the context of retrieval. This perspective is captured in the proposed adaptive learning system model of long-term repetition priming.
Pattern Completion and the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System
Authors: Theves Stephanie , Grande Xenia , Duzel Emrah , Doeller Christian F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Pattern completion is a mechanism that allows humans to infer a whole unit based on partial information. Memory theorists have posited that hippocampal pattern completion underlies recollection of episodic memories. To provide an introduction to hippocampal pattern completion and to illustrate the current state of research, this chapter first addresses its psychological conceptualization for recollection and then outlines the neuroanatomy and computational models of the hippocampal circuitry relevant for pattern completion. The chapter further reviews neurophysiological investigations in rodents and studies on hippocampal pattern completion in humans. Finally, it discusses unresolved conceptual issues and open questions regarding the role of hippocampal pattern completion within and beyond episodic memory.
Neural Mechanisms of Familiarity
Authors: Montaldi Daniela , Kafkas Alex 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Despite its crucial role in people’s everyday lives, compared to most other forms of memory, familiarity memory has received relatively little targeted attention in the human memory literature. This is because familiarity has predominantly been studied as a comparison condition for recollection, where much more attention has been targeted. The behavioral and neural signatures of familiarity have often been derived from tasks, and under conditions, not optimal for familiarity to be observed or measured in its richest form or its fullest capacity. In this chapter, it is argued that tests designed specifically to trigger and measure familiarity reveal a much stronger and more confident form of memory than often assumed. Findings from such methods provide strong confirmation that the hippocampus does not support familiarity memory. Instead, the familiarity memory network includes the medial temporal lobe cortices (MTLc) and amygdala, the thalamus, and prefrontal and parietal cortex. This chapter proposes that the material-specific MTLc and amygdala regions are responsible for generating familiarity signals, which project via the ventral lateral and ventral posterior thalamic nuclei to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. This intra-thalamic communication is modulated by familiarity strength. The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus then communicates its familiarity signal to the prefrontal cortex, where relative familiarity is computed from independent familiarity and novelty signals. These signals converge in integration regions in both prefrontal and parietal cortex, allowing memory judgments and familiarity decisions to be made. The chapter concludes by highlighting and briefly discussing several key outstanding questions.
Frontoparietal Contributions to Retrieval
Authors: Rugg Michael D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews functional neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and neurostimulation evidence concerning the contributions of lateral parietal cortex and medial and lateral prefrontal cortex to successful memory retrieval. The evidence provides strong support for dual-process perspectives on memory retrieval, in which signals supporting memory judgments are held to dissociate according to whether they contain qualitative information about a prior episode (recollection) or support judgments of prior occurrence in the absence of such information (familiarity). Specifically, whereas some frontoparietal regions, most notably medial prefrontal and left ventral lateral parietal cortex, appear to play a selective role in recollection, others, such as dorsal parietal and left lateral prefrontal cortex, are more strongly implicated in familiarity-based memory judgments. Other prefrontal regions, including left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, appear to play a role in “pre-retrieval” processing supporting the elaboration of retrieval cues. Still other regions, including most prominently right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, are engaged not in support of memory retrieval per se but in the monitoring and evaluation of the products of a retrieval attempt. Differing proposals about the specific mnemonic functions supported by these different cortical regions during successful and unsuccessful retrieval attempts are discussed.
Neurobiological Aging and Memory
Authors: Nyberg Lars , Walhovd Kristine , Fjell Anders 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Neurobiological aging is expressed at many different neuroscientific levels. This chapter adopts a systems-levels perspective and focuses on findings from human brain imaging studies of age-related changes in episodic memory. Drawing on data from multiple imaging modalities, the chapter first outlines typical (average) structural and functional neurobiological changes. These include gray matter changes in the medial temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, and also alterations in structural and, less consistently, functional connectivity. Next, heterogeneity in episodic memory aging is considered. This discussion revolves around central concepts such as brain maintenance as well as reserve and compensation. The final section considers possibilities to influence neurobiological aging by means of direct interventions. It is concluded that future progress in the field will depend on relating central concepts in the neurobiology of memory and aging to timing and targets of interventions.
Amnesic Syndrome
Authors: Patt Virginie , Verfaellie Mieke 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Clinical studies of patients with amnesia have inspired decades of research, contributing to the characterization of distinct forms of memory. At the same time, it has become clear that amnesia can result from lesions of a number of brain regions—including but not limited to the medial temporal lobes—that form an integrated neural network subserving memory. This chapter characterizes the amnesic syndrome, including its anatomic correlates and associated pattern of functional impairment. In the domain of anterograde memory, the chapter examines how amnesia impacts the ability to acquire new episodic memories as well as new semantic memories, with an emphasis on the contribution of distinct processes to patients’ performance. In the domain of retrograde memory, the chapter discusses the scope of impairment with regard to the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. The status of implicit memory in amnesia is also briefly reviewed, followed by consideration of impairments in domains other than long-term memory, including perception, short-term memory, and episodic simulation. Next, the chapter discusses the most common neurological etiologies of amnesia, with consideration of the pattern of memory impairment and associated neuropathology. These include stroke, hypoxic–ischemic brain injury, encephalitis, Korsakoff syndrome, and transient global amnesia. For etiologies typically associated with lesions outside or beyond the medial temporal lobe, additional neurocognitive deficits are considered that may be superimposed on the classic presentation of the amnesic syndrome.
Learning and Memory in People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Ragland J. Daniel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Learning and memory are two of the most severely impaired cognitive abilities in people with schizophrenia. The magnitude of impairment predicts long-term functional outcomes, with individuals experiencing less severe memory impairments benefiting more from clinical interventions and demonstrating better occupational and social functioning following treatment. However, memory is not a unitary construct, and patient performance is characterized by both relative strengths and weaknesses. This chapter first reviews support for the conclusion that learning and memory impairments represent a “core deficit” in schizophrenia that is not secondary to medication or nonspecific treatment effects. This is followed by a review of the standard typology of long-term memory domains in order to clarify why declarative as opposed to procedural memory is the primary focus of research efforts. Within the declarative memory domain, research on semantic memory is initially reviewed, followed by a detailed review of research on episodic memory encoding and retrieval—which remains the primary focus of the chapter. This review of episodic memory research supports the conclusion that patients have the greatest impairment in relational versus item-specific memory processes, which contributes to difficulties making flexible predictions and inferential decisions and to retrieving information based on a sense of recollection versus familiarity. Functional neuroimaging and theoretical models are reviewed that link these disproportionate relational and associative processing deficits to hippocampal and dorsolateral prefrontal dysfunction and to glutamate and dopamine dysregulation, which also contributes to clinical symptoms. The chapter describes current remediation efforts and discusses directions for future research.
Brain-Based Memory Detection and the New Science of Mind Reading
Authors: Rissman Jesse , Murphy Emily R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Neuroimaging studies reveal distinct brain activations when people encounter something they recognize relative to something novel. Such a “neural signature” of memory could theoretically be used as a forensic tool to detect whether or not someone remembers a given entity. This chapter examines the ways that researchers have used electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to capture temporal and spatial brain activation profiles that index different recognition memory states. Studies have addressed forensically relevant factors such as the examination of memories acquired in real-world contexts, classification of individual subjects rather than analysis of group differences, and the effect of subjects’ deployment of evasive countermeasures. Recent development of multivariate analysis techniques, capable of decoding brain activity patterns on individual trials, show promise for yielding inferences about a subject’s memory for specific stimuli or event details. Critical methodological shortcomings that may ultimately limit the forensic value of brain-based memory detection are discussed.
The “Mute Music” in Emerson’s Polarity
Authors: Katopodis Christina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Emerson understood that our bodies are constantly subjected to forces beyond our perception. Through meditating on developments in science, Emerson attuned himself to the planet’s constant activity and movement in polarity, the magnetic field generated by Earth’s core, the electric frequencies that charge the air. The chapter offers a sound study of Emerson to show how he transformed polarity into a metaphor for “practical power.” Emerson demands that his readers confront and embrace uncertainty, finding themselves somewhere in the lines of force between poles, or between the sound nodes of a wave. The chapter thus forwards an ecocritical perspective on Emerson’s much-examined prehension of pragmatism, introducing a new way of reading Emerson as an exercise in deep listening that cultivates environmental stewardship so that we can move, in action and/or reaction, toward doing good for the greatest number, or toward a sound ecology.