bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The gender division of labour: the case of Tuscan smallholders
Authors: EMIGH REBECCA JEAN 
Published: July 2002

What explains the gender division of labour in preindustrial economies?
Although men and women frequently do different types of labour in any
given society, men's and women's tasks vary considerably across different
societies. In some societies, women engaged in trade and agriculture (in
parts of Africa, for example); though these were men's duties in others (in
parts of Europe, for example). At the same time, European historians
discovered that women often engaged in tasks, such as agricultural labour
and commerce, that were often assumed to be the domain of men, again
suggesting a wide variation in the gender division of labour. Understanding
the division of labour in preindustrial economies is important,
because these historical cases often serve as implicit or explicit referents
for understanding how much – or how little – has changed in
contemporary societies.A number of excellent works, such as those by Barbara Hanawalt and
Martha Howell, have explored women's roles in the economy. However,
often missing from treatments that focus on women's history is an analysis
of the gender division of labour, that is, an explicit comparison of men's
and women's activities. Undoubtedly, such a comparison is hampered by
the difficulties of finding documentary sources that provide the
appropriate type of evidence.This article takes up this task in a particular way, by examining single-person households, composed of either males or females in fifteenth-century rural Tuscany. This empirical evidence is useful for several
reasons. First, from an analytical perspective, it makes it possible to
compare explicitly the activities of men and women who are in an identical
position, that is, living alone. Second, as I discuss below, the documentary
record from this period makes it possible to provide the evidence for this
comparison. Third, this evidence provides historical information on a
relatively under-researched group, rural widows and widowers. For
example, there is generally more information available for Florentine
women than for female rural inhabitants. Furthermore, little research
explicitly compares men's and women's tasks to examine the gender
division of labour. Although Piccinni and Mazzi and Raveggi provide
much information about women's duties and activities in rural Tuscany,
their work does not directly address the gender division of labour. While
the archival evidence presented below cannot explain the division of
labour at all points in individuals' life courses, it does provide explicitly
comparative information about men and women.
Rhythmical variation in Hungarian
Authors: Varga László 
Published: July 2002

The kinds of rhythmical variation I will examine in this paper
can be
observed in some double-accented Hungarian words, and can be
exemplified by the changes that the stressing of the numeric compound
′tizen′három ‘thirteen’
may undergo when it is embedded in phrases.
The stressing of this word may become tizen′három
in the phrase ′pont
tizen′három ‘exactly thirteen’
and ′ tizen′három in the phrase
′ tizen′három
′pont ‘thirteen points’. The two processes,
however, are not quite
symmetrical in their range of application; the first kind of change occurs
in only a subset of the words affected by the second kind. The symbol ′
in the examples represents a pitch accent on the syllable whose
orthographic form it precedes.These changes are the Hungarian counterparts of the two kinds of
rhythmical variation in English, manifested, for instance, by the different
realisations of the word ′thir′teen,
when it is embedded in phrases like
′thirteen ′points or ′just
thir′teen. However, while rhythmical variation in
English is extremely widespread, in Hungarian it is restricted to certain
classes of words. Besides, rhythmical variation in English lacks the
asymmetry between the two processes; both kinds of change affect the
same set of words.This article concentrates on rhythmical variation in Hungarian and on
the implications of this variation for metrical theory.
HAGAR IN CHRISTIAN BRITAIN: GRACE AGUILAR’S “THE WANDERERS”
Authors: Harris Daniel A. 
Published: July 2002

But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the free woman was by promise. Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Hagar. For this Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children. But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all. . . . Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.— St. Paul, Epistle to the GalatiansThese Ishmaels and Hagars of mankind . . .— Longfellow, “The Jewish Cemetery at Newport,” 1852GIVEN PAUL’S TORTUOUS, divisive rhetoric, the Jew is always the proto-Christian, deprived of actual historical identity and development. For Christianity, founding itself on usurpation, cannot dispense with the Abrahamic covenant or the sacrifice of Isaac (to Jews, the akedah, binding) that prefigures the martyrdom of Jesus. Because Christianity begins by absorbing Hebraic characters as patterns, it must represent real Jews by a second displacement, as non-Jews: “These Ishmaels and Hagars of mankind.” In Christian eyes, the Jew is twice dispossessed — once by metamorphosis into the potentially free Christian, and again by disguise as a creature of bondage.
Comparison of atmospheric transport calculations over complex terrain using a mobile profiling system and rawinsondes
Authors: Cox Robert M , Cogan James , Sontowski John , Dougherty Catherine M , Fry Richard N , Smith Thomas J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA comparison of atmospheric transport and dispersion calculations over complex terrain was investigated using a mobile profiling system (MPS) versus standard meteorological balloons. Meteorological and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentration data were collected and used to evaluate the performance of a transport and diffusion model coupled with a mass consistency wind field model. Meteorological data were collected throughout April 1995, and parts of August 1995. Both meteorological and concentration data were measured in December 1995. Once the models were validated, the comparison of performance with different upper‐air data were accomplished. The models used included the SCIPUFF (Second‐order Closure Integrated Puff) transport and diffusion model and the MINERVE mass consistency wind model. Evaluation of the models was focused primarily on their effectiveness as a short‐term (one to four hours) predictive tool. These studies showed how the combination of weather and transport models could be used to help direct emergency response following a hazardous material release. The models were used in tandem to direct the deployment of mobile sensors intended to intercept and measure tracer clouds. The MINERVE model was validated for the specific terrain of interest using April 1995 data. The capability of SCIPUFF driven by realistic three‐dimensional wind fields generated by MINERVE is demonstrated using data collected in December 1995. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Cold frontal structure derived from radar wind profilers
Authors: Browning K A , Jerrett D , Nash J , Oakley T , Roberts N M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractColocated UHF and VHF wind profiler radars have been operated during the passage of a sharp cold front. The results demonstrate the utility of the profilers, in conjunction with a conceptual model, for identifying and quantifying many of the features commonly associated with such fronts: low‐level and upper‐level jets, and rearward‐sloping warm‐conveyor‐belt flow with underlying rear‐inflow. The UHF radar detected much of the transverse circulation and also the vertical distribution of precipitation, including a possible region of evaporation associated with the dry rear‐inflow jet. The VHF radar, in addition to extending the velocity measurements above the level of the precipitation, mapped the tropopause and, in particular, identified a tropopause fold, the position of which corresponded to the origin of the rear‐inflow jet detected by both profilers. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Phospholipase A2 Activity Triggers the Wound-Activated Chemical Defense in the Diatom Thalassiosira rotula
Authors: Pohnert Georg 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The activation of oxylipin-based chemical defense in the diatom Thalassiosira rotula is initiated by phospholipases that act immediately after cell damage. This lipase activity is responsible for the preferential release of free mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among these, eicosatetraenoic- and eicosapentaenoic acid are further converted by lipoxygenases to reactive defensive metabolites such as the antiproliferative α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes 2,4-decadienal and 2,4,7-decatrienal. We show that mainly saturated free fatty acids are present in the intact diatom T. rotula, whereas the amount of free polyunsaturated eicosanoids is drastically increased in the first minutes after wounding. Using fluorescent probes, the main enzyme activity responsible for initiation of the aldehyde-generating lipase/lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase cascade was characterized as a phospholipase A2. All enzymes involved in this specific defensive reaction are active in seawater over several minutes. Thus, the mechanism allows the unicellular algae to overcome restrictions arising out of potential dilution of defensive metabolites. Only upon predation are high local concentrations of aldehydes formed in the vicinity of the herbivores, whereas in times of low stress, cellular resources can be invested in the formation of eicosanoid-rich phospholipids. In contrast to higher plants, which use lipases acting on galactolipids to release C18 fatty acids for production of leaf-volatile aldehydes, diatoms rely on phospholipids and the transformation of C20 fatty acids to form 2,4-decadienal and 2,4,7-decatrienal as an activated defense.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Ferredoxin Isoproteins in Tomato Fruit
Authors: Aoki K. , Wada K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Five ferredoxin (Fd) isoproteins (FdA, FdB, FdC, FdD, and FdE) were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Momotaro) fruit. These isoproteins showed differential temporal and spatial accumulation patterns. FdA and FdC were present in leaves, FdE was present in roots, and FdB and FdD were fruit-specific. During fruit growth, the relative abundance of FdA decreased and that of FdE increased. The FdE/FdA ratio was higher in the inner tissues of the fruit than in the outer tissue, and it was correlated with starch accumulation. In dark-grown fruit the contents of FdA, FdB, and FdC, as well as chlorophyll, decreased remarkably relative to their light-grown counterparts; however, the contents of FdE and starch did not change significantly. Under in vitro conditions FdE showed higher cytochrome c reduction activity than FdA and FdB. These results, together with their N-terminal sequences, indicate that both photosynthetic- and heterotrophic- type Fd isoproteins are present in tomato fruit.
Multiple Phytochromes Are Involved in Red-Light-Induced Enhancement of First-Positive Phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Janoudi Ak. , Gordon W. R. , Wagner D. , Quail P. , Poff K. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The amplitude of phototropic curvature to blue light is enhanced by a prior exposure of seedlings to red light. This enhancement is mediated by phytochrome. Fluence-response relationships have been constructed for red-light-induced enhancement in the phytochrome A (phyA) null mutant, the phytochrome B- (phyB) deficient mutant, and in two transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana that overexpress either phyA or phyB. These fluence-response relationships demonstrate the existence of two responses in enhancement, a response in the very-low-to-low-fluence range, and a response in the high-fluence range. Only the response in the high-fluence range is present in the phyA null mutant. In contrast, the phyB-deficient mutant is indistinguishable from the wild-type parent in red-light responsiveness. These data indicate that phyA is necessary for the very-low-to-low but not the high-fluence response, and that phyB is not necessary for either response range. Based on these results, the high-fluence response, if controlled by a single phytochrome, must be controlled by a phytochrome other than phyA or phyB. Overexpression of phyA has a negative effect and overexpression of phyB has an enhancing effect in the high-fluence range. These results suggest that overexpression of either phytochrome perturbs the function of the endogenous photoreceptor system in an unpredictable fashion.
Aluminum Induces Oxidative Stress Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana1
Authors: Richards Keith D. , Schott Eric J. , Sharma Yogesh K. , Davis Keith R. , Gardner Richard C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Changes in gene expression induced by toxic levels of Al were characterized to investigate the nature of Al stress. A cDNA library was constructed from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with Al for 2 h. We identified five cDNA clones that showed a transient induction of their mRNA levels, four cDNA clones that showed a longer induction period, and two down-regulated genes. Expression of the four long-term-induced genes remained at elevated levels for at least 48 h. The genes encoded peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, blue copper-binding protein, and a protein homologous to the reticuline:oxygen oxidoreductase enzyme. Three of these genes are known to be induced by oxidative stresses and the fourth is induced by pathogen treatment. Another oxidative stress gene, superoxide dismutase, and a gene for Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor were also induced by Al in A. thaliana. These results suggested that Al treatment of Arabidopsis induces oxidative stress. In confirmation of this hypothesis, three of four genes induced by Al stress in A. thaliana were also shown to be induced by ozone. Our results demonstrate that oxidative stress is an important component of the plant's reaction to toxic levels of Al.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control of mRNA fromlrtA, a Light-Repressed Transcript inSynechococcus sp. PCC 70021
Authors: Samartzidou Hrissi , Widger William R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Transcription regulation and transcript stability of a light-repressed transcript,lrtA, from the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 were studied using ribonuclease protection assays. The transcript for lrtA was not detected in continuously illuminated cells, yet transcript levels increased when cells were placed in the dark. A lag of 20 to 30 min was seen in the accumulation of this transcript after the cells were placed in the dark. Transcript synthesis continued in the dark for 3 h and the transcript levels remained elevated for at least 7 h. The addition of 10 μm rifampicin to illuminated cells before dark adaptation inhibited the transcription oflrtA in the dark. Upon the addition of rifampicin to 3-h dark-adapted cells, lrtA transcript levels remained constant for 30 min and persisted for 3 h. A 3-h half-life was estimated in the dark, whereas a 4-min half-life was observed in the light. Extensive secondary structure was predicted for this transcript within the 5′ untranslated region, which is also present in the 5′ untranslated region of lrtA from a different cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Evidence suggests that lrtA transcript stability is not the result of differences in ribonuclease activity from dark to light. Small amounts of lrtA transcript were detected in illuminated cells upon the addition of 25 μg mL−1chloramphenicol. The addition of chloramphenicol to dark-adapted cells before illumination allowed detection of the lrtA transcript for longer times in the light relative to controls without chloramphenicol. These results suggest that lrtA mRNA processing in the light is different from that in the dark and that protein synthesis is required for light repression of thelrtA transcript.
The Role of Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid, and Sucrose in the Regulation of Potato Tuber Formation in Vitro1
Authors: Xu Xin , van Lammeren André A.M. , Vermeer Evert , Vreugdenhil Dick 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The effects of plant hormones and sucrose (Suc) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuberization were studied using in vitro cultured single-node cuttings. Tuber-inducing (high Suc) and -noninducing (low Suc or high Suc plus gibberellin [GA]) media were tested. Tuberization frequencies, tuber widths, and stolon lengths were measured during successive stages of development. Endogenous GAs and abscisic acid (ABA) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exogenous GA4/7 promoted stolon elongation and inhibited tuber formation, whereas exogenous ABA stimulated tuberization and reduced stolon length. Indoleacetic acid-containing media severely inhibited elongation of stolons and smaller sessile tubers were formed. Exogenous cytokinins did not affect stolon elongation and tuber formation. Endogenous GA1 level was high during stolon elongation and decreased when stolon tips started to swell under inducing conditions, whereas it remained high under noninducing conditions. GA1 levels were negatively correlated with Suc concentration in the medium. We conclude that GA1 is likely to be the active GA during tuber formation. Endogenous ABA levels decreased during stolon and tuber development, and ABA levels were similar under inducing and noninducing conditions. Our results indicate that GA is a dominant regulator in tuber formation: ABA stimulates tuberization by counteracting GA, and Suc regulates tuber formation by influencing GA levels.
Overexpression of ATP Sulfurylase in Indian Mustard Leads to Increased Selenate Uptake, Reduction, and Tolerance1
Authors: Pilon-Smits Elizabeth A.H. , Hwang Seongbin , Mel Lytle C. , Zhu Yongliang , Tai Jenny C. , Bravo Rogelio C. , Chen Yichang , Leustek Tom , Terry Norman 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In earlier studies, the assimilation of selenate by plants appeared to be limited by its reduction, a step that is thought to be mediated by ATP sulfurylase. Here, the Arabidopsis APS1 gene, encoding a plastidic ATP sulfurylase, was constitutively overexpressed in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Compared with that in untransformed plants, the ATP sulfurylase activity was 2- to 2.5-fold higher in shoots and roots of transgenic seedlings, and 1.5- to 2-fold higher in shoots but not roots of selenate-supplied mature ATP-sulfurylase-overexpressing (APS) plants. The APS plants showed increased selenate reduction: x-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that root and shoot tissues of mature APS plants contained mostly organic Se (possibly selenomethionine), whereas wild-type plants accumulated selenate. The APS plants were not able to reduce selenate when shoots were removed immediately before selenate was supplied. In addition, Se accumulation in APS plants was 2- to 3-fold higher in shoots and 1.5-fold higher in roots compared with wild-type plants, and Se tolerance was higher in both seedlings and mature APS plants. These studies show that ATP sulfurylase not only mediates selenate reduction in plants, but is also rate limiting for selenate uptake and assimilation.
Purification of the Trehalase GMTRE1 from Soybean Nodules and Cloning of Its cDNA. GMTRE1 Is Expressed at a Low Level in Multiple Tissues1
Authors: Aeschbacher Roger A. , Müller Joachim , Boller Thomas , Wiemken Andres 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Trehalose (α-d-glucopyranosyl-1,1-α-d-glucopyranoside), a disaccharide widespread among microbes and lower invertebrates, is generally believed to be nonexistent in higher plants. However, the recent discovery of Arabidopsis genes whose products are involved in trehalose synthesis has renewed interest in the possibility of a function of trehalose in higher plants. We previously showed that trehalase, the enzyme that degrades trehalose, is present in nodules of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and we characterized the enzyme as an apoplastic glycoprotein. Here we describe the purification of this trehalase to homogeneity and the cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding this enzyme, named GMTRE1(G. maxtrehalase1). The amino acid sequence derived from the open reading frame of GMTRE1 shows strong homology to known trehalases from bacteria, fungi, and animals. GMTRE1 is a single-copy gene and is expressed at a low but constant level in many tissues.
Overexpression of Plastidic Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Leads to Resistance to the Diphenyl-Ether Herbicide Acifluorfen
Authors: Lermontova Inna , Grimm Bernhard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe use of herbicides to control undesirable vegetation has become a universal practice. For the broad application of herbicides the risk of damage to crop plants has to be limited. We introduced a gene into the genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants encoding the plastid-located protoporphyrinogen oxidase of Arabidopsis, the last enzyme of the common tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The transformants were screened for low protoporphyrin IX accumulation upon treatment with the diphenyl ether-type herbicide acifluorfen. Leaf disc incubation and foliar spraying with acifluorfen indicated the lower susceptibility of the transformants against the herbicide. The resistance to acifluorfen is conferred by overexpression of the plastidic isoform of protoporphyrinogen oxidase. The in vitro activity of this enzyme extracted from plastids of selected transgenic lines was at least five times higher than the control activity. Herbicide treatment that is normally inhibitory to protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase did not significantly impair the catalytic reaction in transgenic plants and, therefore, did not cause photodynamic damage in leaves. Therefore, overproduction of protoporphyrinogen oxidase neutralizes the herbicidal action, prevents the accumulation of the substrate protoporphyrinogen IX, and consequently abolishes the light-dependent phytotoxicity of acifluorfen.
Positional Cloning in Arabidopsis. Why It Feels Good to Have a Genome Initiative Working for You
Authors: Lukowitz Wolfgang , Gillmor C. Stewart , Scheible Wolf-Rüdiger 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Positional (or map-based) cloning techniques are widely used to identify the protein products of genes defined by mutation. In Arabidopsis the information generated by the Genome Initiative is giving this approach a decisive boost. A wealth of sequence polymorphisms and molecular markers is now available and can be exploited for fine mapping with technically simple and robust polymerase chain reaction-based methods. As a result it has become possible to complete positional cloning projects in a short time and with relatively little effort.