bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Benzodiazepins by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Bass VC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Raman effect, first reported nearly 50 years ago, was of greater interest theoretically than practically until recent years. The comparative inefficiency of mercury vapor lamps for stimulating the Raman effect, and the corresponding necessity for large quantities of sample, precluded any general interest in the use of this technique in the laboratory. Recently, the availability of high-powered lasers for light sources and the increased sophistication of spectrophotometric instrumentation have stimulated new interest in Raman spectroscopy. A large body of literature has evolved, relating chiefly to the elucidation of molecular structure [1–3]. Thus Raman spectra can extend and complement the type of structural information available from infrared spectroscopy. However, infrared spectra have also long been used in the forensic laboratory to identify organic compounds such as drugs on a “fingerprint” basis with little or no assignment of bands to specific portions of a molecule. In the same way, a Raman spectrum is unique for a particular compound and thus provides positive identification of that compound.
The Screening and Quantitation of Diazepam, Flurazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, and Their Metabolites in Blood and Plasma by Electron-Capture Gas Chromatography and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Peat MA , Kopjak L 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The number and frequency of requests made to toxicologists to analyze blood or plasma samples for benzodiazepines are increasing dramatically, but until recently specific and sensitive procedures were unavailable to meet the demand. Gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection has become the analytical method of choice for these drugs because it meets the necessary sensitivity requirements. Prior to the development of this method the available analytical procedures depended on acid hydrolysis of the benzodiazepines to their corresponding benzophenones [1] followed by gas-liquid or thin-layer chromatography. Unfortunately, hydrolysis of several of the benzodiazepines results in the formation of the same benzophenone [2,3] so that the individual parent drugs cannot be readily identified.
Fatal Intoxication from 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
Authors: Poklis A , Mackell MA , Drake WK 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant chemically and pharmacologically related to amphetamine and mescaline [1–3] (Fig. 1). The phenylisopropylamine portion of the molecule gives MDA marked sympathomimetic activity similar to amphetamine demonstrated by peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, pupillary dilation, and effects on other smooth muscles. The CNS stimulatory effects of MDA also mimic those of amphetamine, and at high doses convulsions, hyperthermia, and behavioral changes may occur [4]. The 3,4-methyleneoxy group on the phenyl portion of the molecule gives MDA psychopharmacological properties similar to those of mescaline. At an apparent threshold dose of 80 mg, MDA causes marked perceptional distortions that begin approximately 60 min after oral ingestion and last up to 8 h [5]. Subjective effects include intensification of feelings, a facilitation of self-insight, and an overwhelming desire to communicate and relate to other people [6]. At high doses, hallucinations may appear.
The Extraction of Dyestuffs from Single Wool Fibers
Authors: Macrae R , Smalldon KW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The most important techniques of those currently used in Home Office forensic science laboratories for the analysis of fiber dyestuffs are thin-layer chromatography and visible absorption spectroscopy of dye solutions. To obtain useful discrimination 20 to 50 ng of each dye component must be extracted. In most fiber examinations the recovered fibers are between 2 and 10 mm in length and contain between 2 and 200 ng of dye, depending on the depth of dyeing. Consequently, dye extraction must be efficient if the techniques are to be applied in a reasonable proportion of cases involving fiber comparisons. This paper is concerned with the extraction of dyes from wool fibers.
Thermomechanical Examination of Fabric Composed of Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Martinelli MR , Mayer SW , Jones PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
As the variety of synthetic fibers increases and their use continues to grow the forensic scientist is faced more and more with the problem of identifying them. The work is generally difficult because the available clue samples are usually very small. Fibers found in car headlights after a hit-and-run injury to a pedestrian or under fingernails after a violent crime may consist of only a single filament not more than 1 cm long. Such clues do not provide adequate amounts of material for standard microchemical analysis methods. Moreover, the chemical compositions are very similar within a given class of fibers, such as the nylons, although the fibers within that class frequently differ in mechanical properties as a result of intentional modifications of the fiber-manufacturing processes [1,2]. Consequently, infrared spectrophotometry and pyrolysis gas chromatography produce similar spectra from various nylons, although the nylons differ in mechanical properties.
The Evidential Value of Automobile Paint Chips
Authors: Ryland SG , Kopec RJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Automotive paint technology has been in a state of constant change over the past 15 years. Along with this change in technology has come a new challenge for the criminalist. With the courts relying more on physical evidence, a thorough and accurate explanation of the value of class evidence is necessary. It is the forensic scientist's responsibility not only to report his laboratory findings, but also to assess the probative meaning of those results.
The Organization and Responsibilities of the Italian Judicial Police
Authors: Pisano VS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In consonance with legal terminology, Italian police manuals classify the police as the Public Force and proceed to consider it from the perspective of its technical functions: security police, administrative police, judicial police, and confinement police [1]. The first two functions fall under the purview of the pertinent executive departments of the government and the last two are subject to the jurisdiction of the judicial branch.
Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue. II: Occupational and Environmental Particles
Authors: Wolten GM , Nesbitt RS , Calloway AR , Loper GL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The first paper in this series [1] described the application of particle analysis to the identification of gunshot residue. In the course of developing this application, gunshot residue was identified in each of several hundred samples collected. In many instances, the nonfiring hand was sampled as a control, or “handblank” samples were taken from persons who had not fired a gun [2]. Some of these many tests were performed “blind,” that is, without prior knowledge by the analyst of the nature of the sample. No false positives were obtained from nonfiring samples. Nevertheless, it was thought that better proof of the uniqueness of gunshot residue particles was required and that an investigation should be made of the possibility that particles in the natural environment or particles produced by man could closely resemble gunshot residue.
Accidental Death by Light Anti-Tank Weapon: A Dangerous Autopsy?
Authors: Spencer CDRJD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Pathologists rarelv encounter a personally dangerous autopsy. Recently, I performed an autopsy on an individual who died after being struck by a projectile that was part of a light anti-tank weapon. The projectile remained embedded in the body but did not explode. Initially, there was considerable concern that the projectile was still “live,” that is, capable of exploding at any time. Special problems presented by the autopsy will be reviewed. Finally, recommendations for similar cases will be made.
Identification of Some Synthetic Fibers by Their Birefringence
Authors: Johri MC , Jatar DP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Methods for differentiating or identifying various fibers have been worked out in detail by the Textile Institute, Manchester [1]. Heyn [2,3] has suggested that refractive index and birefringence may prove useful in differentiating synthetic fibers; however, most of the work reported in the literature deals with differentiating one type of fiber from another. for fibers of only one type, presumed to be identical in chemical composition, only average values are given. Because all types of synthetic fibers except glass and Vinyon HH® are more or less birefringent, work was undertaken to investigate the significance, if any, of this property. Further, no data on fibers of Indian manufacture are available in the literature. The present paper reports the results of these studies on seven samples of Terene® (polyester) fibers manufactured by four factories in India.
A Review of Paternity Testing
Authors: Taylor HL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This book consists of an introduction and six monographs that were presented in a seminar at the annual meeting of the American Association of Blood Banks in November 1978. It includes a logical series of topics concerning immunohematology as it relates to judicial concerns by some of the best recognized and respected workers in this area of the forensic sciences. Appropriately, this publication is dedicated by Dr. Sussman to the late Dr. Alexander Wiener. Both have been innovators in the field of the application of immunohematology to jurisprudence. The latter initiated paternity testing in the civil courts of the United States in the 1930s.
Detection of Drugs Using XAD-2 Resin. II: Analysis of Liver in Medical Examiner's Cases
Authors: Stajić M , Caplan YH , Backer RC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Toxic agents tend to accumulate in body tissues as a result of the chemical nature of the substance and the biological composition and function of the tissue. Since liver is the primary site for biotransformation, drugs tend to concentrate there in quantities generally greater than those found in blood or other body compartments [1–8]. Because of its dynamic nature and the availability of sizable quantities as a result of medicolegal autopsies, liver has become an important component of a comprehensive toxicologic investigation. Classical liquid-liquid extraction techniques [9–17] for the isolation of drugs from liver are time-consuming and cumbersome, require large quantities of both tissue and organic solvents, are often limited in the scope of compounds detected, and are not easily adaptable to the simultaneous processing of a large number of samples. Amberlite® XAD-2, a nonionic polystyrene divinylbenzene resin, has been recently applied with success as a general adsorbent for the extraction of drugs from urine [18–28] and to a more limited extent from other specimens [29–34]. Preliminary studies concerning choice of resin, column and chromatographic conditions, recovery, and other studies have been reported [35]. This paper will discuss the application of XAD-2 resin techniques to the comprehensive analysis of liver for drugs.
Sudden Death and Sepsis After Splenectomy
Authors: Reay DT , Nakonechny D 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
There have been a number of case reports dealing with pneumococcal infections after splenectomy [1,2]. Early reports emphasized that fatal infections occurred in patients with a basic underlying serious disease process that involved primarily the reticuloendothelial system such as in diffuse cancer or lymphoma, histiocytosis, sickle cell anemia, and extensive hemosiderosis [3]. It was generally believed that splenectomy done for trauma imparted no greater risk to infection than a simple appendectomy [4], Since that time, follow-up studies have shown that asplenic patients are at risk from overwhelming sepsis regardless of the reason for the removal of the spleen [5].
Increased Safety and Specificity in the Thin-Layer Chromatographic Identification of Marihuana
Authors: Hughes RB , Kessler RR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An in-depth study of alleged false positives in the chemical identification of marihuana has previously been reported [1]. Subsequent to publication of that paper, two health and safety considerations have come to our attention. Fast Blue B (3,3′-dimethoxybiphenyl 4,4′-bisdiazonium chloride) is suspected of being carcinogenic [2] because of the presence of unreacted amines, which are known carcinogens [3]. More importantly, benzene, which is the major component in the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) system [1], has now been conclusively established as a carcinogen. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued an emergency temporary standard because a grave danger exists for workers exposed to benzene. Because of the danger and stringent regulations [4] it was decided to discontinue the use of benzene.
Criminalistics—A Look Back at the 1970s, a Look Ahead to the 1980s
Authors: Saferstein R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It would be an overt act of omission to permit this decade to expire without reflection on its impact on criminalistics in the United States. Its influences were profound. No prior comparable period matched the growth and maturation of our profession during this decade. In the short span of ten years criminalistics, at first a stepchild of the analytical sciences, grew to achieve full acceptance as a legitimate discipline of applied science. In retrospect, this progress was long overdue considering that criminalistics entered the 1970s not as a new phenomenon but as one that had been in existence for nearly 60 years. Given the political and economic climate of the 1970s, anything less than the unpreceden:ed growth experienced would have warranted a severe condemnation of its professional community.
Family Therapy: Its Role in the Prevention of Criminality
Authors: Feldman HS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The family imprints its members with selfhood in all cultures. Absence of family imprints can result in the development of deviant childhood behavior and loss of identity. In two black racial groups in dissimilar world areas and sampling (Kenya, Africa and Newark, N.J.), five familial determinants interfered with the development of culturally accepted family imprints and led to deviant and criminal behavior. It is suggested that if these deterrents, namely poverty, lack of family authority figures, rejection of the individual child, absence of family cohesiveness, and loss of individual identity within the family, were altered in their development by family therapy techniques, then criminal and deviant behavior would be decreased.
Current Trends in the Abuse of Pentazocine and Tripelennamine: The Metropolitan St. Louis Experience
Authors: Poklis A , Whyatt PL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A discussion of the intravenous use by narcotic addicts in metropolitan St. Louis of a combination of pentazocine and tripelennamine, known as “T's and blues,” is presented. The folklore and ritual of “T's and blues” use were gleaned from interviews with addicts. The cause of, possible adverse reactions to, and medical examiners' experience with this new mode of drug abuse are discussed. Pharmacology relative to the abuse of pentazocine and tripelennamine is reviewed.
Electrophoretic Identification of Felt Tip Pen Inks
Authors: Moon HW 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Three techniques for the identification of felt tip pen inks by electrophoresis are described. Different solvents for extracting the ink to be tested are suggested. Ten different felt tip pen inks were used. While it was found more equipment, more chemicals, and a larger amount of the sample ink are necessary for electrophoresis than for some other processes of ink identification, electrophoresis is effective.
Simultaneous Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin in Victims of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Katsumata Y , Aoki M , Oya M , Suzuki O , Yada S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Concentrations of methemoglobin (Met-Hb) and carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) were simultaneously determined in blood samples from the victims of city gas poisoning, fires, and exhaust fumes poisoning. All the samples contained high concentrations of HbCO, although the concentrations for victims of city gas poisoning were significantly higher than those for victims of fires or exhaust fumes poisoning. Only negligible amounts of Met-Hb were detected in the samples from cases of city gas poisoning, while 4.9 to 31.6% of Met-Hb were found in all but one (1.8%) of the samples of the other two causes. Heat denaturation was considered to be the main cause of Met-Hb production in cases of fires, and inhalation of oxides of nitrogen in cases of exhaust fumes poisoning.
Examination of Automobile Rubber Bumper Guards by Synchronous Excitation Spectrofluorometry
Authors: Blackledge RD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Automobile rubber bumper guard material may be of evidentiary value in hit-and-run accident investigations. Fifty-six automobile rubber bumper guard samples were examined by synchronous excitation spectrofluorometry using a dichloromethane solvent. During sample preparation, additional discrimination was possible by observing the relative densities of the different samples in dichloromethane. The 16 samples that were not uniquely distinguished by this combination were further examined by gas-liquid chromatography.
Bite Mark Evidence: A Case Report Using Accepted and New Techniques
Authors: Glass RT , Andrews EE , Jones K 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A case report of murder involving bite marks on the victim is presented. The bite mark examination procedures are outlined. Microbiologic and histologic/histochemical techniques are used to further delineate the nature of the bite marks and to aid in the identification of the murderer. Preparation and presentation of evidence are discussed.
“Foreshoring”: Characteristics of Shored Entry Wounds and Corresponding Wounds with Shoring Material as an Intermediate Target
Authors: Dixon DS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Just as an exit wound can be shored by firm material pressed against the skin, so can an entry wound. The configuration of supported entrance wounds is examined in relation to type of shoring material and weapon caliber, by using anesthetized pigs. Corresponding wounds with the same shoring materials used as intermediate targets are also studied.
Examination of Toolmarks from Sequentially Manufactured Tongue-and-Groove Pliers
Authors: Cassidy FH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Tongue-and-groove pliers are often used in burglaries to twist off doorknobs (to gain entrance) and it was deemed necessary to determine if new, sequentially manufactured pliers would each produce similar toolmarks that would be indistinguishable. Evaluation of the toolmarks from three sets of sequentially broached Craftsman® pliers, together with an analysis of the manufacturing processes, verified that individual and not repetitive structural characteristics are generated.
Concern for the Quality of Life and Future Importance of the Forensic Sciences (The Living and Working Environment)
Authors: Gantner GE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The quality of life concerns the well-being of man and his environment. The disciplines that are an essential part of the professional activities of the forensic scientist ideally suit him to address and to find solutions for the many serious and contradictory problems facing man and his ever more complicated environment.
The Comparison of Alcohol Concentrations in Postmortem Fluids and Tissues
Authors: Backer RC , Pisano RV , Sopher IM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Fluid-tissue/blood alcohol ratios were calculated for a number of cases. The use of such factors to determine the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) becomes important when a blood specimen is not available or is contaminated. It was shown that estimates of blood alcohol concentrations derived from other physiological fluids or tissues can only be expressed as lying within a wide concentration range. Estimations of the BAC can be improved by using the stomach alcohol concentrations to determine if the deceased was in an absorption or postabsorption phase at the time of death.
Fatal Water Intoxication in a Case of Psychogenic Polydipsia
Authors: DiMaio VJM , DiMaio SJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The term “water intoxication” is used to describe a condition of agitation, delirium, convulsion, and coma brought on by excessive intake of water, resulting in severe hyponatremia. Psychogenic polydipsia (compulsive water drinking) has until recently been considered a relatively benign process. Since 1974, however, three fatal cases of water intoxication, resulting from psychogenic polydipsia, have been reported. All three individuals died while hospitalized, thereby permitting performance of blood electrolyte determinations and documentation of the associated electrolyte imbalance. In the authors' case, there was a well-documented prior episode of water intoxication in which serum electrolytes showed a pattern typical of this entity. Death, however, occurred at home, thus preventing valid serum electrolyte determinations to be performed. Analysis of the vitreous humor revealed a severe hyponatremia, thus substantiating the diagnosis of fatal water intoxication. This case, once again, points out the usefulness of electrolyte analyses on the vitreous humor as an aid to establishing a cause of death.
Proteotoxic stress and ageing triggers the loss of redox homeostasis across cellular compartments
Authors: Kirstein Janine , Morito Daisuke , Kakihana Taichi , Sugihara Munechika , Minnen Anita , Hipp Mark S , Nussbaum‐Krammer Carmen , Kasturi Prasad , Hartl F Ulrich , Nagata Kazuhiro , Morimoto Richard I 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe cellular proteostasis network integrates the protein folding and clearance machineries in multiple sub‐cellular compartments of the eukaryotic cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of membrane and secretory proteins. A distinctive feature of the ER is its tightly controlled redox homeostasis necessary for the formation of inter‐ and intra‐molecular disulphide bonds. Employing genetically encoded in vivo sensors reporting on the redox state in an organelle‐specific manner, we show in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that the redox state of the ER is subject to profound changes during worm lifetime. In young animals, the ER is oxidizing and this shifts towards reducing conditions during ageing, whereas in the cytosol the redox state becomes more oxidizing with age. Likewise, the redox state in the cytosol and the ER change in an opposing manner in response to proteotoxic challenges in C. elegans and in HeLa cells revealing conservation of redox homeostasis. Moreover, we show that organelle redox homeostasis is regulated across tissues within C. elegans providing a new measure for organismal fitness.