bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the infection control potential of a UV clinical podiatry unit
Authors: Humphreys Paul N , Davies Chris S , Rout Simon 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundInfection control is a key issue in podiatry as it is in all forms of clinical practice. Airborne contamination may be particularly important in podiatry due to the generation of particulates during treatment. Consequently, technologies that prevent contamination in podiatry settings may have a useful role. The aims of this investigation were twofold, firstly to determine the ability of a UV cabinet to protect instruments from airborne contamination and secondly to determine its ability to remove microbes from contaminated surfaces and instruments.MethodA UV instrument cabinet was installed in a University podiatry suite. Impact samplers and standard microbiological techniques were used to determine the nature and extent of microbial airborne contamination. Sterile filters were used to determine the ability of the UV cabinet to protect exposed surfaces. Artificially contaminated instruments were used to determine the ability of the cabinet to remove microbial contamination.ResultsAirborne bacterial contamination was dominated by Gram positive cocci including Staphylococcus aureus. Airborne fungal levels were much lower than those observed for bacteria. The UV cabinet significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the observed levels of airborne contamination. When challenged with contaminated instruments the cabinet was able to reduce microbial levels by between 60% to 100% with more complex instruments e.g. clippers, remaining contaminated.ConclusionsBacterial airborne contamination is a potential infection risk in podiatry settings due to the presence of S. aureus. The use of a UV instrument cabinet can reduce the risk of contamination by airborne microbes. The UV cabinet tested was unable to decontaminate instruments and as such could pose an infection risk if misused.
Uncontrolled sepsis: a systematic review of translational immunology studies in intensive care medicine
Authors: Cain David J , del Arroyo Ana Gutierrez , Ackland Gareth L 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe design of clinical immunology studies in sepsis presents several fundamental challenges to improving the translational understanding of pathologic mechanisms. We undertook a systematic review of bed-to-benchside studies to test the hypothesis that variable clinical design methodologies used to investigate immunologic function in sepsis contribute to apparently conflicting laboratory data, and identify potential alternatives that overcome various obstacles to improve experimental design.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the design methodology employed to study neutrophil function (respiratory burst), monocyte endotoxin tolerance and lymphocyte apoptosis in the intensive care setting, over the past 15 years. We specifically focussed on how control samples were defined, taking into account age, gender, ethnicity, concomitant therapies, timing of sample collection and the criteria used to diagnose sepsis.ResultsWe identified 57 eligible studies, the majority of which (74%) used case–control methodology. Healthy volunteers represented the control population selected in 83% of studies. Comprehensive demographic data on age, gender and ethnicity were provided in ≤48% of case control studies. Documentation of diseases associated with immunosuppression, malignancy and immunomodulatory therapies was rare. Less than half (44%) of studies undertook independent adjudication for the diagnosis of sepsis while 68% provided microbiological data. The timing of sample collection was defined by highly variable clinical criteria. By contrast, surgical studies avoided many such confounders, although only one study in surgical patients monitored the study group for development of sepsis.ConclusionsWe found several important and common limitations in the clinical design of translational immunologic studies in human sepsis. Major elective surgery overcame many of these methodological limitations. The failure of adequate clinical design in mechanistic studies may contribute to the lack of translational therapeutic progress in intensive care medicine.
Neurogenic potential of dental pulp stem cells isolated from murine incisors
Authors: Ellis Kylie M , O’Carroll David C , Lewis Martin D , Rychkov Grigori Y , Koblar Simon A 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Interest in the use of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) to enhance neurological recovery following stroke and traumatic injury is increasing following successful pre-clinical studies. A murine model of autologous neural stem cell transplantation would be useful for further pre-clinical investigation of the underlying mechanisms. However, while human-derived DPSC have been well characterised, the neurogenic potential of murine DPSC (mDPSC) has been largely neglected. In this study we demonstrate neuronal differentiation of DPSC from murine incisors in vitro.

Methods
mDPSC were cultured under neuroinductive conditions and assessed for neuronal and glial markers and electrophysiological functional maturation.

Results
mDPSC developed a neuronal morphology and high expression of neural markers nestin, ßIII-tubulin and GFAP. Neurofilament M and S100 were found in lower abundance. Differentiated cells also expressed protein markers for cholinergic, GABAergic and glutaminergic neurons, indicating a mixture of central and peripheral nervous system cell types. Intracellular electrophysiological analysis revealed the presence of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels in a majority of cells with neuronal morphology. No voltage-gated Na+ or K+ currents were found and the cultures did not support spontaneous action potentials. Neuronal-like networks expressed the gap junction protein, connexin 43 but this was not associated with dye coupling between adjacent cells after injection of the low-molecular weight tracers Lucifer yellow or Neurobiotin. This indicated that the connexin proteins were not forming traditional gap junction channels.

Conclusions
The data presented support the differentiation of mDPSC into immature neuronal-like networks.
Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder in US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans
Authors: Elbogen Eric B. , Johnson Sally C. , Wagner H. Ryan , Sullivan Connor , Taft Casey T. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundViolence towards others in the community has been identified as a significant problem for a subset of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.AimsTo investigate the extent to which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other risk factors predict future violent behaviour in military veterans.MethodA national, multiwave survey enrolling a random sample of all US veterans who served in the military after 11 September 2001 was conducted. A total of 1090 veterans from 50 US states and all military branches completed two survey waves mailed 1 year apart (retention rate = 79%).ResultsOverall, 9% endorsed engaging in severe violence and 26% in other physical aggression in the previous year, as measured at Wave 2. Younger age, financial instability, history of violence before military service, higher combat exposure, PTSD, and alcohol misuse at Wave 1 were significantly associated with higher severe violence and other physical aggression in the past year at Wave 2. When combinations of these risk factors were present, predicted probability of violence in veterans rose sharply. Veterans with both PTSD and alcohol misuse had a substantially higher rate of subsequent severe violence (35.9%) compared with veterans with alcohol misuse without PTSD (10.6%), PTSD without alcohol misuse (10.0%) or neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse (5.3%). Using multiple regression, we found that veterans with PTSD and without alcohol misuse were not at significantly higher risk of severe violence than veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse. There was a trend for other physical aggression to be higher in veterans with PTSD without alcohol misuse.ConclusionsCo-occurring PTSD and alcohol misuse was associated with a marked increase in violence and aggression in veterans. Compared with veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse, veterans with PTSD and no alcohol misuse were not significantly more likely to be severely violent and were only marginally more likely to engage in other physical aggression. Attention to cumulative effects of multiple risk factors beyond diagnosis – including demographics, violence history, combat exposure, and veterans' having money to cover basic needs like food, shelter, transportation, and medical care – is crucial for optimising violence risk management.
Sequential Paired Electrosynthesis of a Diaryl Ether Derivative Using an Electrochemical Microreactor
Authors: Kashiwagi Tsuneo , Fuchigami Toshio , Saito Tsuyoshi , Nishiyama Shigeru , Atobe Mahito 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A paired electrosynthetic conversion of a phenol to a diaryl ether derivative by using an electrochemical microreactor has been demonstrated. Sequential anodic C–O coupling reaction of phenol 1 to dienone aryl ether 2 and following reduction of 2 took place to give diaryl ether derivative 3 selectively by simply passing an electrolytic solution through the electrochemical microreactor.
Shared values for differences and Borel exceptional values
Authors: Chen Chuang-Xin , Chen Zong-Xuan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract.
In this paper, we prove that if f is a transcendental
meromorphic function of finite order which has two Borel
exceptional values a (

∈
ℂ

$\in \mathbb {C}$

) and b (

∈
ℂ
∪
{
∞
}

$\in \mathbb {C}\cup \lbrace \infty \rbrace $

),
and if

f
(
z
+
η
)
-
f
(
z
)

$f(z+\eta )-f(z)$

and

f
(
z
)

$f(z)$

share values d (

d
∈
ℂ

$d\in \mathbb {C}$

and

d
≠
a

$d\ne a$

),
b CM,

f
(
z
)

$f(z)$

is not periodic of period

η

$\eta $

(

∈
ℂ

$\in \mathbb {C}$

), then

b
=
∞

$b=\infty $

,

d
≠

a
2

,
0

$d\ne \frac{a}{2},0$

and

f

(
z
)

=
a
+
c

e

c
1

z

$f(z)=a+ce^{c_1z}$

,
where

c
,

c
1

$c,c_1$

are two nonzero constants.
How to Manage Conflict and Ambiguities in Localization and Map Matching
Authors: Gruyer Dominique , Belaroussi Rachid , Vigneron Vincent , Cord Aurelien 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince the use of systems of satellite positioning such as the global positioning system (GPS), applications have tried to locate vehicles on maps representing the environment with their attributes. For one decade, this has led to both localization and navigation services for users. Recently, new researches have begun in order to extend the functionalities of the existing systems and thus to develop new applications using these technologies in the design of driver assistance systems. These new systems will indeed allow us to anticipate road departures or prevent overspeed turn approaches. Nevertheless, to deploy such new functionalities, it is imperative to ensure the association of vehicle position with one of the roadmap segments. In this article, we propose a new approach based on the belief theory taking into account the imperfections of available data in order to ensure the positioning and tracking of a vehicle on a roadmap and to manage conflicts and ambiguities using a multi-hypotheses decision.
»Selbständiges verantwortliches Handeln«. Generalleutnant Hans Graf von Sponeck (1888–1944) und das Schicksal der Juden in der Ukraine, Juni–Dezember 1941
Authors: Grimmer-Solem Erik 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
While the crimes of the Wehrmacht in the Russian campaign have been critically reappraised over the last 20 years, General Hans von Sponeck’s command over units of the 11th Army in the Ukraine in 1941 has been obscured by legends that serve his public commemoration as a military resistance hero and victim of the Nazi regime. The well-documented war crimes of the 11th Army and their units’ close cooperation with the SS in genocide in the summer and autumn of 1941 raise the question of Sponeck’s involvement in them. An analysis of the orders and a reconstruction of events within the area of Sponeck’s command reveal that Sponeck and his units participated actively in the struggle against »Jewish Bolshevism« and thus enabled the Nazi regime’s policy of »ethnic cleansing« in the Soviet Union. That this has until now been unknown and that von Sponeck continues to be commemorated as a resistance fighter raises renewed questions about the public‘s awareness of the role of the Wehrmacht in the Holocaust.
Silage Fermentation Characteristics of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Harvested at Various Times on a Sunny Day
Authors: Guo Gang , Yu ChengQun , Wang Qi , Xin PengCheng , Shimojo Masataka , Shao Tao 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGrasses exhibit diurnal variation in chemical composition and epiphytic microorganisms, which may influence the natural fermentation attributes of silage. The objective was to determine the effect of diurnal changes on chemical composition and epiphytic microorganisms and these effects on fermentation quality of unwilted Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage. Primary growth of Italian ryegrass was harvested in the heading stage at 0800 (AM), 1300 (M) and 1800 h (PM) on three sunny days. Each cutting time was assayed in triplicate in laboratory silos and sampled after 30 d (cutting Day 1) or serial days until 30 d (other cutting days) to analyze the fermentation attributes and microbial counts. Bacterial community was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) on pre‐ and post‐ensiled forage samples, which were harvested on cutting Day 2. The results showed that fermentation instability for the silage made with M‐cut forage, which had fewer lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species in the early phase of ensiling and where Clostridium sp. was present but no Lactobacillus plantarum at the end of ensiling, resulted in higher (P < 0.05) pH value, NH3–N, and butyric acid for 30‐d fermented silages than those made with AM‐ and PM‐cut forages. The concentrations of dry matter (DM) and lactic acid were higher (P < 0.05) and the silage pH and NH3–N were lower (P < 0.05) for silage made with PM‐cut forage as compared to those made with AM‐cut forages. Italian ryegrass cut at 1800 h was associated with good silage fermentation attributes.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Fiber Quality Properties on Homoeologous Chromosomes 13 and 18 of Gossypium klotzschianum
Authors: Xu Peng , Cao Zhibin , Zhang Xianggui , Gao Jin , Zhang Xia , Shen Xinlian 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTExotic Gossypium germplasms are rich sources of useful agronomic traits for cultivated cotton improvement programs. The efficient use of genetic variation available in the wild relatives depends on the ability to identify and introgress their desirable DNA segments from wild species into cultivated cotton. To introgress favorable genes from G. klotzschianum into G. hirsutum, a BC1F2 population derived from (Simian 2 × G. klotzschianum) × Simian 2 was constructed. Single marker analysis showed that the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers BNL2652, NAU1201, and NAU1141 on chromosome 13 were significantly correlated with fiber length and micronaire value in a small BC1F2–derived population. To confirm the genetic effects of G. klotzschianum loci on fiber quality, the BC2F3 and BC2F4 populations (716 individuals/lines) were then developed by crossing BC1F2 individuals containing target segments of chromosome 13 from G. klotzschianum to the recurrent parent Simian 2. In total, 171 SSR markers from chromosome 13 and its homoeologous chromosome 18 were used to analyze the BC2F3 population. A total of 8 quantitative loci (QTL), 3 for fiber length, 2 for miconaire, and 3 for fiber strength, were detected on these two chromosomes. The fiber length QTL identified in the BC1F2 population, qFL‐13–1, was confirmed in the BC2F3 and BC2F4 populations, which accounted for 7.3 and 7.0% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The G. klotzschianum allele increased fiber length. The QTL for fiber micronaire detected in the BC1F2 population, qFMIC‐13–1, was also confirmed in the BC2F3 and BC2F4 populations, which accounted for 11.2 and 7.2% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The G. klotzschianum allele decreased the micronaire value. Two other QTL on chromosome 18 for fiber length (qFL‐18–2) and micronaire (qFMIC‐18–1) were also detected in both generations. Furthermore, a pair of putative homoeologous QTL for fiber length, qFL‐13–1 and qFL‐18–2, was identified. This study showed that some G. klotzschianum loci associated with fiber quality can be successfully transferred into upland cotton and display genetic stability.
Temperature and Light Requirements for Miscanthus sinensis Laboratory Germination Test
Authors: Christian Erik J. , Susana Goggi A. , Moore Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA seed germination protocol for Miscanthus sinensis Andersson is not available. Our objectives were to evaluate requirements for germination. Eight seed lots (four varieties and two production years) were germinated at four regimes of two alternating temperatures: 15/25, 15/30, 20/30, and 16/22°C for 16 and 8 h, respectively; with or without light; and with gibberellic acid (GA3), KNO3, prechill (5°C), or water (control) treatments (32 treatment combinations). Fresh seeds (from 2011) germinated best at the combination of 20/30°C, whereas seeds from 2010 were not affected by temperature. This difference may suggest the presence of dormancy, as seed germination was enhanced by prechill and GA3. Light was not a significant factor. These results provide a basis for developing a standard germination protocol.
Evolution of Herbicide Resistance in Lolium rigidum under Low Herbicide Rates: An Australian Experience
Authors: Manalil Sudheesh 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTRecent studies have shown the potential of lower than recommended herbicide rates to enhance the herbicide resistance level of a troublesome weed, annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). Rapid evolution of herbicide resistance was possible, because low herbicide rates could select for minor traits and their accumulation through cross‐pollination. These studies are highly relevant for the reason that low herbicide rates prevail in global agriculture—particularly in Australia, where recommended herbicide rates are the lowest in the world. In addition, growers use lower than recommended rates for economic reasons and there is no bio‐regulatory authority to control the use of herbicides. Indeed, low herbicide rate alone would not lead to rapid evolution of herbicide resistance, but its interaction with the genetic and biological potential of a target weed species is also crucial to decide the pace of herbicide resistance evolution. Alarmingly, L. rigidum is genetically highly variable and possesses many biological and genetic attributes that aid this species to augment resistance mechanisms to combat the never‐ending herbicide selection pressure. In this review, the biological and genetic potential of this cross‐pollinating species to evolve as one of the most troublesome weeds is examined. In that way, this review would be a practical lesson to frame future herbicide resistance management strategies for troublesome weeds in global agriculture. A diversified herbicide‐use pattern and integration of appropriate nonchemical methods are envisaged to minimize the pace of herbicide resistance evolution. Another important message is that herbicides should be used only at the recommended rates.
A Non‐thermal Plasma Seed Treatment Method for Management of a Seedborne Fungal Pathogen on Rice Seed
Authors: Jo Young‐Ki , Cho Jaemin , Tsai Tsung‐Chan , Staack David , Kang Mi‐Hyung , Roh Jae‐Hwan , Shin Dong‐Bum , Cromwell William , Gross Dennis 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSeeds contaminated with pathogens are the primary inoculum for plant diseases in many food crops. Conventional treatments for seedborne diseases use hot water, chlorine or fungicide applications. A novel seed treatment method based on non‐thermal plasma generated by an air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device was evaluated in this study as an alternative to these conventional treatments. The non‐thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure and room temperature consisted of partially‐ionized gases that are chemically reactive. The antimicrobial activity of non‐thermal plasma was evaluated against an important seedborne pathogen, Gibberella fujikuroi, that causes bakanae disease in rice. Non‐thermal plasma treatments effectively inhibited the growth of G. fujikuroi on nutrient growth medium and reduced the number of fungal colony forming units (CFU) on the rice seed surface by > 92% after 120 s exposure. Effective exposure times to 50% (ET50) and 90% (ET90) control of G. fujikuroi CFU on the seed surface were 9 and 76 s, respectively. Ten minutes of non‐thermal plasma treatment on seeds infested with G. fujikuroi significantly reduced disease development. No adverse effects were detected on the seedling emergence and height when non‐infested seeds were treated with non‐thermal plasma for up to 20 min. The treated seeds germinated and grew similarly compared with non‐treated non‐infested seeds. This study indicates that non‐thermal plasma had antifungal activity and showed potential as an effective disinfection technique to reduce the contamination of seedborne fungal pathogens from seed surfaces without compromising seed health.
Detection and Confirmation of Quantitative Trait Loci for Soybean Seed Isoflavones
Authors: Smallwood Christopher J. , Nyinyi Catherine N. , Kopsell Dean A. , Sams Carl E. , West Dennis R. , Chen Pengyin , Kantartzi Stella K. , Cregan Perry B. , Hyten David L. , Pantalone Vincent R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTInterest in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] isoflavones has increased in recent years owing to numerous reported health benefits. Consequently, quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for marker‐assisted breeding for isoflavones is being examined for genetic gains. This study sought to detect QTL for soybean isoflavones in a population of 274 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between ‘Essex’ and ‘Williams 82’ that were subdivided and tested by maturity (early, mid, and late). The field tests were conducted in three environments in 2009 (Knoxville, TN; Harrisburg, IL; and Stuttgart, AR). The population was genotyped with 480 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Isoflavones for each replicate were analyzed by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, whose prediction equation was based on high performance liquid chromatography. Each maturity test, containing 91 or 92 recombinant inbred lines, was analyzed separately for QTL. In total, 21 QTL were detected: 7 for genistein (chromosomes 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, and 19), 5 for daidzein (chromosomes 5, 6, 9, 13, and 19), 3 for glycitein (chromosomes 6, 9, and 20), and 6 for total isoflavone content (chromosomes 5, 6, 9, 13, and 19). Of these 21 QTL, 12 were confirmed or positional confirmations from other studies. Utilization of these QTL could potentially lead to marker‐assisted selection approaches for genetic gains in improving soybean isoflavones.