bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of deposited carbon nanotubes on interlaminar properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites using a developed spraying processing
Authors: Shan F.L. , Gu Y.Z. , Li M. , Liu Y.N. , Zhang Z.G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCarbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites, with incorporated carboxylic multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin infusion (VARI) molding, and the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane properties, including mode‐I (GIc) and mode‐II (GIIc) interlaminar fracture toughness, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile, and flexural properties were measured. A novel spraying technique, which sprays a kind of epoxy resin E20 with high viscosity after spraying the CNTs, was adopted to deposit the CNTs on the surface of carbon fiber fabric. The E20 was used to anchor CNTs on the fabric surface, avoiding that the deposited CNTs were removed by the infusing resin during VARI process. The spraying processing, including spraying amount and spraying sequence, was optimized based on the distribution of CNTs on the fibers. After that, three composite specimen groups were fabricated using different carbon fiber fabrics, including as‐received, CNT‐deposited with E20, and CNT‐deposited without E20. The effects of CNTs on the processing quality and mechanical properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composites were studied. The experimental results show that all studied laminates have uniform thickness with designed values and no obvious defects form inside the laminates. Compared with the composite without CNTs, depositing CNTs with E20 increases by 24% in the average propagation GIc, by 11% in the propagation GIIc and by 12% in the ILSS, while it preserves the in‐plane mechanical properties, However, depositing CNTs without E20 reduces interlaminar fracture toughness. These phenomena are attributed to the differences in the distribution of CNTs and the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding for different spraying processing. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Research on starch‐g‐polyvinyl acetate and epoxy resin‐modified corn starch adhesive
Authors: Nie Yanan , Tian Xiaocai , Liu Yanchang , Wu Kai , Wang Jikui 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new corn starch adhesive modified by starch‐g‐polyvinyl acetate (starch‐g‐PVAc) and epoxy resin is described in this study. Starch‐g‐PVAc is used as high cohesive energy component to improve the dry shear strength of the starch adhesive. Although the epoxy resin, which can easily crosslink with the oxidized starch, is used as water‐resistant component to improve the wet shear strength. Because there is no chemical reaction happening between polyvinyl acetate and epoxy resin, both the dry shear strength and the wet shear strength of the corn starch adhesive are notably increased. Considering all the related factors, the optimum of the modification is achieved when the dosage of starch‐g‐PVAc and epoxy resin is 70% of the oxidized starch latex with m(Ep): m(starch‐g‐PVAc) = 1:2. That is, the epoxy resin is 23% in mass fraction and starch‐g‐PVAc 47% in mass fraction. The dry shear strength is 4.50 MPa, and the wet shear strength is 2.51 MPa. The modified corn starch has a broad prospect in the application of plywood industry. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Which is more effective for protein adsorption: surface roughness, surface wettability or swelling? Case study of polyurethane films prepared from castor oil and poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Akkas Tugba , Citak Cansu , Sirkecioglu Ahmet , Güner F Seniha 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn order to investigate the effects of surface roughness, surface wettability and swelling on protein adsorption, polyurethane films were prepared from castor oil (CO) and poly(ethylene glycol)‐3000 (PEG) using one‐shot bulk polymerization. Hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediol were used as isocyanate and chain extender, respectively. The hydrophilicity of the polyurethane films was adjusted by varying the ratio of CO to PEG. The surface of the polyurethane films was treated using plasma polymerization in the presence of acrylic acid vapour. Therefore, the polyurethane films could be obtained with the same hydrophilicity but with different roughness. The hydrophilicity of untreated and treated polymer films was examined using contact angle measurements. The surface topology of the polymer films was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin and bovine serum fibrinogen on treated and untreated polymer films was determined and the performance of the films was compared. After evaluation of all results it is found that surface roughness and swelling are as important as hydrophilicity for protein adsorption in the case of CO/PEG‐based polyurethanes. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Spectral flow for Aharonov–Bohm rings generated by zero‐mass lines
Authors: Tudorovskiy Timur , Nazaikinskii Vladimir E. , Katsnelson Mikhail I. 
Published: December 2012

Abstractmagnified imageWe found that the spectrum of the linear dispersion mode localized along the zero‐mass line (ZML) for variable mass Dirac fermions shows the nonzero spectral flow as a function of the external magnetic field B. This happens due to the Aharonov–Bohm effect, leading to the linear dependence of every eigenvalue on B. The nonzero spectral flow allows to use the magnetic field slowly varying in time to control the energy of the linear dispersion mode.magnified imageIllustration of the Aharonov–Bohm ring generated by the ZML. The particle is shown on the mass‐square landscape(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gaussian quadrature 4D‐Var
Authors: Stappers R. J. J. , Barkmeijer J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new incremental four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation algorithm is introduced. The algorithm does not require the computationally expensive integrations with the nonlinear model in the outer loops. Nonlinearity is accounted for by modifying the linearization trajectory of the observation operator based on integrations with the tangent linear (TL) model. This allows us to update the linearization trajectory of the observation operator in the inner loops at negligible computational cost. As a result the distinction between inner and outer loops is no longer necessary.The key idea on which the proposed 4D‐Var method is based is that by using Gaussian quadrature it is possible to get an exact correspondence between the nonlinear time evolution of perturbations and the time evolution in the TL model. It is shown that J‐point Gaussian quadrature can be used to derive the exact adjoint‐based observation impact equations and furthermore that it is straightforward to account for the effect of multiple outer loops in these equations if the proposed 4D‐Var method is used. The method is illustrated using a three‐level quasi‐geostrophic model and the Lorenz (1996) model.
Understanding the Particokinetics of Engineered Nanomaterials for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Zhu Motao , Perrett Sarah , Nie Guangjun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIncreasing numbers of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being developed for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, the tunable and varied physicochemical properties of ENMs pose a new challenge for understanding their biological behavior, trafficking, and biodistribution. Herein the concept of “particokinetics” is introduced to address the dynamic biological behavior of ENMs at the molecular level (including gravitational sedimentation, dispersion, aggregation, and interaction with biomolecules in suspending media), cellular level (including cellular uptake, transport, biotransformation, and elimination), and whole‐organism level (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in vivo). Several mathematical modeling methods are introduced which guide a quantitative description of their biological behavior at different levels. Examples are also provided to delineate the impact of the physicochemical properties of ENMs on their particokinetics. A comprehensive understanding of the in vivo and in vitro particokinetics of ENMs will facilitate the design of tailor‐made functional ENMs that act as highly effective and controllable drug‐delivery systems with minimal side‐effects.
Comprehensive comparison of FACTS devices for exclusive loadability enhancement
Authors: Sode‐Yome Arthit , Mithulananthan Nadarajah , Lee Kwang Y. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA complete comparison of a number of well‐known flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices for static voltage stability enhancement is presented. Various performance measures including power–voltage (P–V) curves, voltage profiles, and power losses are compared under normal and contingency conditions. The importance of proper modeling of FACTS devices, including the DC side, is emphasized because, at their limits, most of these devices behave like a fixed capacitor or inductor. A simple placement technique of series FACTS devices and unified power flow controller (UPFC) is proposed considering exclusive loading margin enhancement. A new idea of loading margin increase per cost is proposed to find the appropriate FACTS devices for investment. The paper provides a guide for utilities to have an appropriate choice of FACTS device for enhancing static voltage stability and loading margin by comparing technical merits and demerits of each of these devices in terms of system performance. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Signal injection method without torque ripple based on maximum torque control frame
Authors: Ohnuma Takumi , Doki Shinji , Okuma Shigeru 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a new signal injection method without torque ripple for sensorless controls of salient‐pole synchronous motors at low speeds. At low speeds, since the back electromotive force (EMF) including position information decreases, additional signals are injected to estimate position information of saliency. The torque ripple caused by the injections of signal currents can be represented by a cross product of a virtual flux and a differential current vector. An f‐axis of maximum torque control frame is defined to the direction of the virtual flux. Therefore, signal injection without torque ripple is realized by using the f‐axis current.In this paper, a signal injection method with f‐axis current is proposed, and the effects of the estimation error are discussed to apply the method for position‐sensor‐less controls. The proposed injection method allows us to flexibly design frequencies of the signal current. The validity of the proposed method and applicability to position estimation are confirmed by experimental tests. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Among‐population variation in resistance traits of a nettle and its relationship with deer habitat use frequency
Authors: Shikata Megumi , Kato Teiko , Shibata Ei'ich , Sato Hiroaki 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBecause leaf hairs serve as resistance against herbivores, among‐population variation in hair production may arise from adaptation to local herbivore communities. It is possible that Japanese nettle (Urtica thunbergiana) shows among‐population variation in stinging hair abundance that is associated with the frequency of habitat use by sika deer (Cervus nippon). We examined 31–32 individuals of each of 19 populations for leaf area, stinging hair number (/leaf) and stinging hair density (per square centimeter) in and away from Nara Park (6.6 km2), where many deer have been protected for 1,200 years. At each site we also measured deer habitat use frequency, light intensity and soil fertility as environmental factors potentially affecting leaf traits. We analyzed our hierarchical data at the levels of individuals and populations using multilevel structural equation modeling. Leaf area had a positive direct effect on stinging hair number at the individual level but no significant effect at the population level. At the population level, deer habitat use frequency had a negative direct effect on leaf area and positive direct effects on stinging hair number and density, generating a negative indirect correlation between leaf area and stinging hair number. Light intensity had a negative direct effect on leaf area, while soil fertility had no significant effect on any trait. These results suggest that the relationships between leaf area and stinging hair number at the two levels do not align. We discussed what processes were involved in the effects of environmental factors on leaf traits.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal potential and mycorrhizal fungi diversity associated with Agave potatorum Zucc. in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Carballar‐Hernández S. , Palma‐Cruz F. J. , Hernández‐Cuevas L. , Robles C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe status of the arbuscular mycorrhizal association in wild Agave potatorum Zucc. was studied at three semiarid sites over a 1‐year period of rhizospheric soil sampling. Root colonization present at all sites and at all times of year, ranged from 20 to 83 %. The extraradical mycelia length was estimated to be from 2.64 to 5.22 m g−1 of dry soil. Spore number ranged from 20 to 192 in 100 g of soil. The number of viable mycorrhizal propagules ranged from 500 to 2,640 in 100 g of soil. Twenty species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were identified, the family Glomeracea comprising the greatest number of species (45 %). Two other fungi families Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae made up 35 and 15 %, respectively. High alpha diversity and low beta diversity of AMF were found in this study. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species richness in A. potatorum is high and the associated fungi appear to be an important component in semiarid ecosystems in this region of Mexico. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species with small spores might be better adapted to the local environment.
A Simple Enzymatic Approach for Selective Acetylation of Phosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Karuna M. S. L. , Vandana V. , Vijaya Lakshmi P. , Prasad R. B. N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAcetylation of lecithin improves the fluid properties, water dispersibility and emulsifying properties of a variety of food formulations. Acetylation of lecithin is usually carried out chemically using acetic anhydride in the presence of tertiary amine. In the present study acetylation of soybean lecithin and egg yolk lecithin was carried out using lipozyme IM 20 having 1,3‐specificity from Mucor miehei and vinyl acetate at 70–75 °C. Vinyl acetate played a dual role as acetylating agent and also as the solvent medium. This method selectively acetylated phosphatidylethanolamine without effecting phosphatidylinositol since the enzyme employed was 1,3‐specific.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium‐Long‐Medium Type Structured Lipids Using Tricaprylin and Trilinolenin as Substrate Models
Authors: Bai Shan , Aziz Sarya , Khodadadi Maryam , Bou Mitri Christelle , St‐Louis Richard , Kermasha Selim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of medium‐long‐medium type structured lipids (SL) by the interesterification of tricaprylin (TC) and trilinolenin (TLN), using selected commercial lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) and Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) was investigated. Although the bioconversion yield (BY) for Lipozyme RM IM (24.7 %) was close to that for Novozym 435 (24.0 %), the initial enzyme activity was 6.3 μmol CLnC/g enzyme/min and 1.6 μmol CLnC/g enzyme/min, respectively. Lipozyme RM IM was subsequently selected for further investigation. The structural analyses of SL indicated that the major products were 1,3‐dicapryl‐2‐linolenyl glycerol (CLnC) and 1(3)‐capryl‐2,3(1)‐dilinolenyl glycerol (CLnLn). In order to optimize the BY, selected parameters were investigated. The experimental results showed that using hexane as the reaction medium, at an initial water activity (aw) of 0.06, 10 mg solid enzyme/mL, substrate molar ratio of TC to TLN of 6:1 and a reaction time of 9 h, resulted in the highest BY (73.2 %). Using the optimized conditions, the effects of TLN concentration and other selective parameters, including the denaturation of the enzyme, controlling the aw and the addition of silica gel, on the mass productivity (PM), enzymatic productivity (PE) and volumetric productivity (PV) of the interesterification reaction, were also investigated.
Economic incentives for maritime shipping relating to climate protection
Authors: Nikolakaki Garyfalia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the various policy options for addressing greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime shipping, with an emphasis on the use of economic instruments. The economic incentives provided for the industry are categorized and examined with regard to their effectiveness for climate protection purposes. An analysis of the potential use of market-based mechanisms for the shipping sector follows alongside with the review and evaluation of the various proposals for a Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme that are submitted to the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization and are currently under consideration. The importance of the adoption of a maritime global cap-and-trade scheme for climate change mitigation is particularly emphasized. Within this context, it is also considered whether the possible introduction of economic incentive measures on a broader (regional or global) level may cause problems of implementation and how these obstacles can be overcome.
The effects of Kiaa0319 knockdown on cortical and subcortical anatomy in male rats
Authors: Szalkowski Caitlin E. , Fiondella Christopher F. , Truong Dongnhu T. , Rosen Glenn D. , LoTurco Joseph J. , Fitch Roslyn H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDevelopmental dyslexia is a disorder characterized by a specific deficit in reading despite adequate overall intelligence and educational resources. The neurological substrate underlying these significant behavioral impairments is not known. Studies of post mortem brain tissue from male and female dyslexic individuals revealed focal disruptions of neuronal migration concentrated in the left hemisphere, along with aberrant symmetry of the right and left the planum temporale, and changes in cell size distribution within the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (Galaburda et al., 1985; Humphreys et al., 1990). More recent neuroimaging studies have identified several changes in the brains of dyslexic individuals, including regional changes in gray matter, changes in white matter, and changes in patterns of functional activation. In a further effort to elucidate the etiology of dyslexia, epidemiological and genetic studies have identified several candidate dyslexia susceptibility genes. Some recent work has investigated associations between some of these genetic variants and structural changes in the brain. Variants of one candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene, KIAA0319, have been linked to morphological changes in the cerebellum and functional activational changes in the superior temporal sulcus (Jamadar et al., 2011; Pinel et al., 2012). Animal models have been used to create a knockdown of Kiaa0319 (the rodent homolog of the human gene) via in utero RNA interference in order to study the gene's effects on brain development and behavior. Studies using this animal model have demonstrated that knocking down the gene leads to focal disruptions of neuronal migration in the form of ectopias and heterotopias, similar to those observed in the brains of human dyslexics. However, further changes to the structure of the brain have not been studied following this genetic disruption. The current study sought to determine the effects of embryonic Kiaa0319 knockdown on volume of the cortex and hippocampus, as well as midsagittal area of the corpus callosum in male rats. Results demonstrate that Kiaa0319 knockdown did not change the volume of the cortex or hippocampus, but did result in a significant reduction in the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum. Taken in the context of previous reports of behavioral deficits following Kiaa0319 knockdown (Szalkowski et al., 2012), and reports that reductions of corpus callosum size are related to processing deficits in humans (Paul, 2011), these results suggest that Kiaa0319 has a specific involvement in neural systems important for temporal processing.
Deliciae Meae Puellae
Authors: Innes Mary M. 
Published: December 2012

Afoolish fondness for domestic pets, and a desire to have some kind of animal to share one's hearth and home, is usually regarded as a characteristically British trait, and it seems at first sight scarcely probable that the ancient Romans would have had any sympathy with such a sentimental weakness. Yet, if we turn to the literature of the notoriously practical Romans, we shall find plenty of evidence that they enjoyed the possession of those engaging companions no less than we do, and that they ranged over a wide field in choosing an object for their affections.There can be no doubt that birds were first favourites with all classes of Roman society, and the first instance which springs to mind, no doubt, is that of Lesbia's sparrow, immortalized in the verses of Catullus. Two poems were written in its honour, one describing its happy lot as Lesbia's darling and delight, and one, the famous elegy, mourning the untimely death of the little bird, Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque. The custom of writing elegies on one's mistress's pets persisted, but with the general increase in wealth and luxury under the Empire, my lady's taste in birds became more sophisticated. The humble sparrow—or was it really a bullfinch?—which cheered Lesbia's heart would have been regarded with disdain by Ovid's Corinna. Her affections were centred on a psittacus, one of those jewel-bright parrots from the East, and especially from India, which are frequently mentioned in Imperial days, forming an elegant addition to the salons of society.
THE MORAL GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH ANTI-SLAVERY RESPONSIBILITIES
Authors: Huzzey Richard 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBy examining British anti-slavery debates across a longue durée – before and after West Indian emancipation – the basis of moral responsibility for political action may be reassessed. Recent interest in humanitarian or transnational compassion may have underappreciated the geographical limitations of the moral responsibility Britons assumed for slavery and the slave trade. The notion of national complicity was crucial in mobilising individual Britons to petition, abstain from slave-grown produce or otherwise pressure parliament. While the peculiar aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars created a British responsibility for other nations’ slave trading, there was little comparable appetite for the internationalising responsibility for the slave-labour origins of traded goods. This meant that transnational obligations to police the slave trade did not translate into concern about the slave production behind overseas trade. By tracing these national debates over time, it is possible to discern the dominant and recessive arguments for how and when moral revulsion should translate into political action by Britons and the British state. This suggests a need to revisit scholarly conclusions about abolitionist campaigning, the basis of moral responsibility for slavery, and the antecedents of modern consumer responsibility.