bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A one‐parameter Budyko model for water balance captures emergent behavior in darwinian hydrologic models
Authors: Wang Dingbao , Tang Yin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHydrologic models can be categorized as being either Newtonian or Darwinian in nature. The Newtonian approach requires a thorough understanding of the individual physical processes acting in a watershed in order to build a detailed hydrologic model based on the conservation equations. The Darwinian approach seeks to explain the behavior of a hydrologic system as a whole by identifying simple and robust temporal or spatial patterns that capture the relevant processes. Darwinian‐based hydrologic models include the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number model, the “abcd” model, and the Budyko‐type models. However, these models were developed based on widely differing principles and assumptions and applied to distinct time scales. Here, we derive a one‐parameter Budyko‐type model for mean annual water balance which is based on a generalization of the proportionality hypothesis of the SCS model and therefore is independent of temporal scale. Furthermore, we show that the new model is equivalent to the key equation of the “abcd” model. Theoretical lower and upper bounds of the new model are identified and validated based on previous observations. Thus, we illustrate a temporal pattern of water balance amongst Darwinian hydrologic models, which allows for synthesis with the Newtonian approach and offers opportunities for progress in hydrologic modeling.
Three‐dimensional lunar wake reconstructed from ARTEMIS data
Authors: Zhang H. , Khurana K. K. , Kivelson M. G. , Angelopoulos V. , Wan W. X. , Liu L. B. , Zong Q.‐G. , Pu Z. Y. , Shi Q. Q. , Liu W. L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractData from the two‐spacecraft Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun mission to the Moon have been exploited to characterize the lunar wake with unprecedented fidelity. The differences between measurements made by a spacecraft in the solar wind very near the Moon and concurrent measurements made by a second spacecraft in the near lunar wake are small but systematic. They enabled us to establish the perturbations of plasma density, temperature, thermal, magnetic and total pressure, field, and flow downstream of the Moon to distances of 12 lunar radii (RM). The wake disturbances are initiated immediately behind the Moon by the diamagnetic currents at the lunar terminator. Rarefaction waves propagate outward at fast MHD wave velocities. Beyond ~6.5 RM, all plasma and field parameters are poorly structured which suggests the presence of instabilities excited by counter‐streaming particles. Inward flowing plasma accelerated through pressure gradient force and ambipolar electric field compresses the magnetic field and leads to continuous increase in magnitude of magnetic perturbations. Besides the downstream distance, the field perturbation magnitude is also a function of the solar wind ion beta and the angle between the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Both ion and electron temperatures increase as a consequence of an energy dispersion effect, whose explanation requires fully kinetic models. Downstream of the Moon, the IMF field lines are observed to bulge toward the Moon, which is unexpected and may be caused by a plasma pressure gradient force or/and the pickup of heavy charged dust grains behind the Moon.
Spontaneous development of arcuate single‐sided subduction in global 3‐D mantle convection models with a free surface
Authors: Crameri Fabio , Tackley Paul J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present temporally evolving 3‐D global mantle convection models with single‐sided subduction and a free surface in both 3‐D Cartesian and fully spherical geometry. Special focus is given to the spontaneous development of three‐dimensional structures at the surface and in the upper mantle. We find that an arcuate shape is the natural form for trenches and slabs. Cartesian models are used first to study the dynamic evolution of subduction zones, spreading ridges, and interconnected transform features. These experiments highlight the strong variation of spontaneously developing, arcuate slab curvature and subduction polarity along the trench strike. The spontaneous development of spreading ridges leads to lateral offsets between separated segments that are characterized by normal transform motion. Spherical models then allow insights into the evolution of plate tectonics on a sphere. Investigated are the spontaneous evolution of slab geometry, trench motion, and subduction‐induced mantle flow. Two new dynamical features are discovered: “back‐slab spiral flow” and “slab tunneling.” © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Varying seismic‐acoustic properties of the fluctuating lava lake at Villarrica volcano, Chile
Authors: Richardson Joshua P. , Waite Gregory P. , Palma José Luis 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVillarrica volcano outgasses through an open lava lake, with bubbles ranging in size from submillimeter to several meters, the largest of which produce strombolian bursting events that are visible from the crater rim. Thousands of shallow strombolian events identified through seismic waveform cross correlation were found to produce discrete and repetitive long‐period seismic and infrasonic signals. We identified variations of up to 0.7 s in seismic‐acoustic arrival delay times between April and July 2010 at a station ~750 m from the vent, which we interpret as due to fluctuations in the level of lava lake. During time periods interpreted as having high lava lake levels, based on reduced time delays, interevent times were also reduced, and average seismic amplitude measurements, seismic and acoustic event energies, and volcano acoustic‐seismic ratios were all high as compared to times when the lava lake was lower. The crater is also a source of nearly continuous, monotonic infrasonic tremor. We found that the peak frequency of this infrasonic tremor, typically around 0.5–1.0 Hz, was inversely correlated with seismic‐acoustic delay times and therefore an indicator of lava lake level. We use this correlation to propose a new model for infrasonic tremor generation, namely, using crater geometry to approximate a Bessel horn. We interpret the two clearest cycles of elevated seismicity and lava lake level as due to an increase in exsolved gas, resulting from an injection of volatile‐rich magma or an overturn in a deeper magma reservoir.
Transgenic Animals
Authors: Houdebine Louis Marie 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Transgenesis implies that a foreign
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
fragment is introduced into the genome of a multicellular organism and transmitted to progeny. Transgenesis, therefore, differs from gene transfer into cultured cells (transfection) or into the somatic cells of a patient (gene therapy). The foreign DNA can integrate randomly in host genome leading to gene addition or in a targeted manner making it possible precise endogenous gene inactivation or replacement. Transgenesis allows transferring genes from any source in a single generation. Transgenesis is, therefore, complementary to spontaneous mutations, which take place at each reproduction cycle or which are experimentally induced by mutagenic compounds or irradiation. These conventional approaches must be followed by appropriate selection of animals. Transgenesis has become an essential tool to study gene function especially in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Improvements of breeding and food are also in course.

Key Concepts:

Transgenesis is more precise and more diverse than conventional selection.

Transgenesis and conventional selection are complementary.

Transgenesis is an essential tool to study gene action and control.

Cloning is presently intensively used to generate transgenic farm animals.

Stem cells are currently used for random and targeted gene integration.

Transposons and lentiviral vectors are highly efficient for random gene integration.

Targeted gene integration using double‐strand genomic DNA break provides researchers with exceptionally efficient new tools.

Random gene integration is still intensively used despite its technical limits.

Conventional targeted gene transfer is limited by its low efficiency.

SiRNAs are efficient tools to inhibit gene expression at the mRNA level.

The available tools to generate transgenic animals offer the possibility to develop more relevant biological models and to prepare safer food.

Targeted gene transfer should greatly improve transgene expression.

Animal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity.
Nucleotide Synthesis
De Novo
Authors: Traut Thomas 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Nucleosides are composed of a heterocyclic ring (defined as the base) that is attached to a ribose. Addition of a phosphate to a nucleoside, at carbon 5 of the ribose, produces a nucleotide. Nucleotides function as ubiquitous building blocks for the synthesis of all nucleic acids, and also function in enzymatic reactions as cofactors and as a source of energy. These central metabolic roles require their continued biosynthesis from readily available precursors, and this process is defined as
de novo
nucleotide synthesis. The synthesis of purines starts with ribose‐phosphate, to which are attached the individual atoms of the heterocyclic base in a stepwise fashion. Pyrimidine synthesis starts with the stepwise formation of the base, to which is then added the ribose‐phosphate. Bases and nucleosides may also be recycled in salvage pathways.

Key Concepts:

Nucleotides form the building blocks for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information. They also serve as cofactors in many metabolic reactions.

All four ribonucleoside triphosphates are important sources of energy for metabolic reactions, though ATP – being more abundant – is the most common cosubstrate in many metabolic reactions.

Nucleotides are so essential to metabolism that genetic defects generally are lethal, and for humans only a few gene defects are observed, at a low frequency.

Many of the enzymatic reactions in the
de novo
biosynthesis of nucleotides are combined as two or more reactions catalysed by a single multidomain protein. This has made nucleotide biosynthesis more efficient.

For a few of the biosynthetic steps alternate enzymatic strategies have emerged between bacteria and vertebrates, and for such unique bacterial enzymes these present possible targets for drugs as selective antibiotics.
Frontal Lobe Disorders
Authors: Rodríguez‐Porcel Federico , Espay Alberto J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

The frontal lobes are the largest and most likely the complex structure in the brain. Among other functions, it allows the expression of personality and language, the planning and sequencing of desired movements or actions as well as inhibition of unwanted or undesirable ones. Given the regional distribution of function, lesions or dysfunction in the frontal lobes may lead to a wide variety of presentations, including weakness, aphasia, perseveration, disinhibition, personality changes and acquired sociopathy. Besides trauma, tumours, infections and toxins, abnormal disorders of tau and ubiquitin proteins may lead to neurodegenerative diseases that predominantly affect the frontal lobes. These so‐called frontotemporal dementias or frontotemporal lobar degenerations have become one of the most active and exciting field of research.

Key Concepts:

Frontal lobes mediate various processes, ranging from simple motor function to personality and inhibition.

The frontal lobes can be divided in different areas, which can be associated with different functions.

Multiple pathologic processes can affect the frontal lobes.

Disorders affecting the frontal lobes can present in various ways ranging from weakness to personality changes.

Some of these changes might be undetectable at the bedside examination and might require thorough neuropsychological evaluation.
Gravitropic Signaling in Plants
Authors: Gilroy Simon , Swanson Sarah J 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe direction of gravity represents a fundamental signal that plants use to shape their growth and development. In the simplest description of this phenomenon, roots grow down and shoots grow up; however, closer examination reveals that different plant organs such as the individual branches of a tree, maintain different angles to gravity, their ‘gravitropic set‐point angle’. When displaced from this orientation, plant organs have the ability to redirect growth to regain their preferred angle through the process of gravitropism. The starch‐statolith hypothesis describes the cellular mechanism whereby plants can sense the direction of gravity and so regulate growth in response to this signal. The sedimentation of dense starch‐filled amyloplasts within specialised sensory cells is thought to generate an as yet undefined directional biochemical signal. This signalling system then modulates transport of the plant hormone auxin resulting in its accumulation and the localisation of growth that leads to the gravitropic response.Key Concepts:Plants sense the direction of gravity and regulate growth of roots and shoots using this information.Directional growth in response to gravity is known as gravitropism.Different organs can use gravitropism to maintain different genetically defined angles, or gravitropic set‐point angles, relative to the gravity vector.Sensing the direction of gravity is achieved by dense starch‐filled amyloplasts sedimenting in specialised sensory cells, called statocytes.The statocytes are the columella cells of the root cap and the endodermal cells in the shoot.Sedimentation of amyloplasts generates an initial biochemical signal within the statocytes that has yet to be defined.Signalling within the statocytes triggers redistribution of transporters for the hormone auxin to the plasma membrane on the lower side of the cell.Asymmetrical activity of auxin transport causes this hormone to accumulate on the lower side of the root or shoot.Auxin promotes cell elongation in shoots and inhibits this process in roots.Differential cell elongation between one side of an organ and the other causes the root to bend downwards and the shoot upwards.
Severe manifestations of hand‐foot‐genital syndrome associated with a novel HOXA13 mutation
Authors: Imagawa Eri , Kayserili Hülya , Nishimura Gen , Nakashima Mitsuko , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Saitsu Hirotomo , Ikegawa Shiro , Matsumoto Naomichi , Miyake Noriko 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe report on a girl with absent nails, short/absent distal phalanges of the second to fifth fingers and toes, short thumbs, absent halluces, and carpo‐tarsal coalition who also had genitourinary malformations. Trio‐based whole exome sequencing identified a novel de novo mutation (c.1102A>T, p.Ile368Phe) in the HOXA13 gene. Heterozygous HOXA13 mutations have been previously reported in hand‐foot‐genital syndrome and Guttmacher syndrome, which are variably associated with small nails, short distal and middle phalanges, short thumbs and halluces, but not absent nails. Considering the molecular data, the phenotype in the present patient was defined as the severe end of hand‐foot‐genital and Guttmacher syndrome spectrum. Our observation expands the clinical spectrum caused by heterozygous HOXA13 mutations and reinforces the difficulty of differential diagnosis on clinical grounds for the disorders with short distal phalanges, short thumbs, and short halluces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization and application of novel polyacrylamide‐grafted barley
Authors: Sen Gautam , Mishra Sumit , Prasad Dey Kartick , Bharti Srijita 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPolyacrylamide‐grafted barley (BAR‐g‐PAM) was synthesized by ceric ion‐based conventional method. The grafting of polyacrylamide chains on the polysaccharide backbone was confirmed through various physicochemical techniques such as intrinsic viscosity measurement, 13C‐NMR spectra, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy morphology, thermogravimetric analysis study, number‐average molecular weight, and aqueous solubility. Furthermore, flocculation efficacy of the graft copolymers was studied in coal fine suspension through “jar test” procedure, toward its possible application as a novel flocculant for treatment of coal washery effluent. BAR‐g‐PAM is reported as a novel flocculant that can be used for bulk treatment of coal washery effluents. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41046.
ZIF‐11/Polybenzimidazole composite membrane with improved hydrogen separation performance
Authors: Li Lunxi , Yao Jianfeng , Wang Xiaojing , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Wang Huanting 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTZeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐11 crystals were prepared by the toluene‐assisted method, and they were incorporated into polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and polybenzimidazole (PBI) matrix to investigate the compatibility. ZIF‐11 had a good connection with PBI matrix as they had the same benzimidazole groups. The evaporation temperature of the membrane formation was studied with two different solvents: N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Then, the ZIF‐11/PBI composite membranes prepared using NMP or DMAc as the solvent were characterized and tested by gas separation. Improved H2 and CO2 permeabilities with a H2/CO2 ideal selectivity of 5.6 were obtained on the 16.1 wt % ZIF‐11/PBI composite membrane prepared with DMAc as the solvent. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41056.
Comparative Analysis of Conjugated Alkynyl Chromophore–Triazacyclononane Ligands for Sensitized Emission of Europium and Terbium
Authors: Soulié Marine , Latzko Frédéric , Bourrier Emmanuel , Placide Virginie , Butler Stephen J. , Pal Robert , Walton James W. , Baldeck Patrice L. , Le Guennic Boris , Andraud Chantal , Zwier Jurriaan M. , Lamarque Laurent , Parker David , Maury Olivier 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA series of europium and terbium complexes based on a functionalized triazacyclononane carboxylate or phosphinate macrocyclic ligand is described. The influence of the anionic group, that is, carboxylate, methylphosphinate, or phenylphosphinate, on the photophysical properties was studied and rationalized on the basis of DFT calculated structures. The nature, number, and position of electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing aryl substituents were varied systematically within the same phenylethynyl scaffold in order to optimize the brightness of the corresponding europium complexes and investigate their two‐photon absorption properties. Finally, the europium complexes were examined in cell‐imaging applications, and selected terbium complexes were studied as potential oxygen sensors.
Lithium Batteries as Technology of the Future – Technology Roadmap for Lithium Device Batteries
Authors: Meisenzahl Sonja , Sittig Peter‐Paul , Höck Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIm vorliegenden Beitrag wurden die zukünftigen Trends und Entwicklungen von Lithium‐Gerätebatterien durch eine bibliometrische Analyse der Batterieentwicklung zusammen mit einer Expertenbefragung untersucht. Die daraus entstandene Technologie‐Roadmap beinhaltet die typischen chemischen Zusammensetzungen für Lithium‐haltige Primär‐ und Sekundärbatterien, den Einfluss verschiedener Inhaltsstoffe auf unterschiedliche Batterieeigenschaften sowie zukünftige Gewichtsveränderungen der einzelnen Batterien in drei Zeiträumen.
Papanicolaou tests with coexisting squamous and glandular abnormalities
Authors: Khor Li Yan , Abdul‐Karim Fadi W. , Bruening Amanda E. , Weber Noffsinger Dana K. , Booth Christine N. 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUNDPapanicolaou (Pap) test interpretations of atypical glandular cells are associated with subsequent detection of squamous and, less often, glandular malignancies. A Pap test with a combined interpretation of squamous and glandular atypia indicates concern for either 2 distinct lesions (both squamous and glandular) or involvement of cervical squamous and glandular epithelium by a single pathologic process. Dual interpretations can potentially guide patient management. This retrospective study describes an institutional experience with Pap test dual reporting of squamous and glandular atypia and patient follow‐up in these cases.METHODSFollowing institutional review board approval, a search of the anatomic pathology database for Pap tests with both atypical squamous and atypical glandular interpretations from January 2005 to December 2010 was performed. Other recorded data included: prior history, age, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, and most severe follow‐up histologic diagnosis.RESULTSOf 361,953 Pap tests interpreted in the laboratory during this period, a total of 230 (0.06%) patients with dual interpretation Pap tests and follow‐up were identified. Follow‐up pathology results on these patients were predominantly squamous lesions (51.7%). Glandular lesions only were detected in 14 cases (6.1%). Nine (3.9%) patients had both squamous and glandular pathology.CONCLUSIONSOver a 6‐year period, dual Pap test interpretations with both squamous and glandular atypia were more often associated with squamous than glandular lesions. Dual interpretations did identify coexisting squamous and glandular lesions. However, the number of cases was small. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:620–626. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Sensitivity improvement in fluorescence‐based particle detection
Authors: Kettlitz Siegfried W. , Moosmann Carola , Valouch Sebastian , Lemmer Uli 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMicrofluidic flow cytometers are highly interesting candidates for biomedical point‐of‐care applications. However, the sensitivity, reliability, and throughput of these systems must be improved to provide the full functionality of established flow cytometric systems. One proposed method to improve fluorescence detection systems is to use spatial modulation techniques. We derive the noise‐related statistics and calculate the coefficient of variation for a detection system with and without spatial modulation. We measure the noise properties of a nonmodulated microfluidic fluorescence particle detection system and analyze the possible performance gains using spatial modulation. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Parallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots, key innovations and the diversification of theLoriinae
Authors: Schweizer Manuel , Güntert Marcel , Seehausen Ole , Leuenberger Christoph , Hertwig Stefan T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSpecialization to nectarivory is associated with radiations within different bird groups, including parrots. One of them, the Australasian lories, were shown to be unexpectedly species rich. Their shift to nectarivory may have created an ecological opportunity promoting species proliferation. Several morphological specializations of the feeding tract to nectarivory have been described for parrots. However, they have never been assessed in a quantitative framework considering phylogenetic nonindependence. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach with broad taxon sampling and 15 continuous characters of the digestive tract, we demonstrate that nectarivorous parrots differ in several traits from the remaining parrots. These trait‐changes indicate phenotype–environment correlations and parallel evolution, and may reflect adaptations to feed effectively on nectar. Moreover, the diet shift was associated with significant trait shifts at the base of the radiation of the lories, as shown by an alternative statistical approach. Their diet shift might be considered as an evolutionary key innovation which promoted significant non‐adaptive lineage diversification through allopatric partitioning of the same new niche. The lack of increased rates of cladogenesis in other nectarivorous parrots indicates that evolutionary innovations need not be associated one‐to‐one with diversification events.