bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of alternative exon usage linked glioblastoma multiforme survival
Authors: Sadeque Ahmed , Serão Nicola VL , Southey Bruce R , Delfino Kristin R , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Alternative exon usage (AEU) is an important component of gene regulation. Exon expression platforms allow the detection of associations between AEU and phenotypes such as cancer. Numerous studies have identified associations between gene expression and the brain cancer glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The few consistent gene expression biomarkers of GBM that have been reported may be due to the limited consideration of AEU and the analytical approaches used. The objectives of this study were to develop a model that accounts for the variations in expression present between the exons within a gene and to identify AEU biomarkers of GBM survival.

Methods
The expression of exons corresponding to 25,403 genes was related to the survival of 250 individuals diagnosed with GBM in a training data set. Genes exhibiting AEU in the training data set were confirmed in an independent validation data set of 78 patients. A hierarchical mixed model that allows the consideration of covariation between exons within a gene and of the effect of the epidemiological characteristics of the patients was developed to identify associations between exon expression and patient survival. This general model describes all three possible scenarios: multi-exon genes with and without AEU, and single-exon genes.

Results
AEU associated with GBM survival was identified on 2477 genes (P-value < 5.0E-04 or FDR-adjusted P-value < 0.05). G-protein coupled receptor 98 (Gpr98) and epidermal growth factor (Egf) were among the genes exhibiting AEU with 30 and 9 exons associated with GBM survival, respectively. Pathways enriched among the AEU genes included focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, ABC transporters and pathways in cancer. In addition, 24 multi-exon genes without AEU and 8 single-exon genes were associated with GBM survival (FDR-adjusted P-value < 0.05).

Conclusions
The inferred patterns of AEU were consistent with in silico AS models. The hierarchical model used offered a flexible and simple way to interpret and identify associations between survival that accommodates multi-exon genes with or without AEU and single exon genes. Our results indicate that differential expression of AEU could be used as biomarker for GBM and potentially other cancers.
The Suppressed in the Modern Urbanscape: Cultural Difference and Film in Singapore
Authors: Wee C. J. W.-L. 
Published: December 2012

The Singapore People's Action Party (PAP) state's adapted Euro-US modernist impulses were reflected not in high cultural achievements but in building construction. Since independence, the PAP has revamped Singapore's colonial downtown into a conceptually empty postnational space filled with decontextualized buildings designed by famous foreign architects. While this uniformly high-rise environment and urban development is common among the high-economic-growth East and Southeast Asia countries since the 1980s, one difference in Singapore's urbanism is a utopian belief that once existed in the advanced West — that rational design will make rational societies without superfluousness. The commercial downtown and successful public housing jointly become the embodiment of a uniform urban space of physical perfectibility.
An important part of the emergence of Singapore contemporary art practices has been the exploration in 1990s independent film of the suppressed nonelite subjectivities in public housing. Some filmmakers took public housing to be a space separate from the commercial downtown, and they suggested that this space represents an ambivalent site of modernity in its relationship to increasingly elitist capitalist development—they constitute a geography that indicates sociocultural difference. The filmmakers, in attempting to map an urban space capable of yielding knowledge of nonelite people, also attempt to delineate the interiority of a major part of Singapore's city space, given that 80 percent of the population lives in public housing. The films inscribe city space by depicting the ordinary and the potentially tragic cultural meanings that are emitted from this place. They represent an interest in depictions of class, though not in class-based politics. Such films also mark the imaginative disappearance of a colonial “tropical” city for an urban world now thoroughly modernized.
The representative films undertaking explorations of class and the urban environment that form the focus of this article are Eric Khoo's Mee Pok Man (1995), Kelvin Tong and Jasmine Ng's Eating Air: A Motorcycle Kungfu Love Story (1999), and Royston Tan's 15 (2002). The filmmakers accept the “arrival” of the extended public-housing cityscape as a fait accompli and an iconic marker of Singaporean identity. However, they also look at public housing as locales where utopian impulses foster dystopic places that possess diverse cultures under erasure or suppression, and in which there is no past, only endlessly present space. Critical independent film, like much of the contemporary film since the 1980s, displays dissatisfaction with the stifling enclosure of a quasi-authoritarian late modernity, and from which a thematized break is longed for. This essay examines the similar and contrasting means by which three filmmakers present the city-state as a palimpsest of suppressed urban cultures.
Physical Activity During School in Urban Minority Kindergarten and First-Grade Students
Authors: Reznik Marina , Wylie-Rosett Judith , Kim Mimi , Ozuah Philip O. 
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To determine if physical activity (PA) during the school day varied by school, grade level, gender, weight status, and physical education (PE) and recess participation among urban kindergarten and first-grade students.

METHODS:
Cross-sectional study at 4 Bronx, NY, schools. Student PA was measured by a Yamax Digi-Walker pedometer, an objective and validated measure of PA in children. Each student wore a sealed pedometer during school for 5 consecutive days. Hierarchical models were fit to identify variables predictive of PA.

RESULTS:
A total of 916 had valid pedometer data (53% male, 70% Hispanic, mean age 5.98 years [SD 0.66], 45% overweight). PA varied by school (P &lt; .0001). First-grade students took a significantly greater mean number of steps during school than kindergarten students. Overall, students took an average of 2479.7 (SD 961.8) steps/school day. PA did not differ by BMI status. Students took on average 724 more steps on PE days than on non-PE days and 490 more steps on days with outdoor recess than nonrecess days (P &lt; .05 for both). Fewer than 1% of all students achieved lower cut points for previously published mean range of steps/school day for boys and girls. Multivariable analysis revealed higher grade level, participation in PE class, and outdoor recess as independent predictors of PA.

CONCLUSIONS:
PA levels were low in kindergarten and first-grade students. Future interventions incorporating classroom-based PA and outdoor recess may increase PA in resource-poor urban schools with limited PE facilities.
The Influence of β‐Tricalcium Phosphate Blocks Containing Extracellular Matrix on Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Iwasaki Kazuto , Munemasa Norikazu , Tago Kazuhiro , Nemoto Kenji , Tsujigami Hiroshi , Sugaya Akira , Deguchi Shinji 
Published: December 2012

Background: The aim of the present study is to assess the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells (RBMCs) in β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) blocks containing extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by human alveolar bone periosteal cells (HABPCs).Methods: HABPCs were cultured in β‐TCP blocks for 1 week (group 1) and 2 weeks (group 2). β‐TCP blocks containing ECM were then created by drying the blocks for 3 days. RBMCs were cultured in the blocks containing ECM for 2 weeks. In the control group, RBMCs were cultured in β‐TCP blocks alone for 2 weeks. HABPCs and RBMCs in the blocks were examined by histologic and immunohistochemical analyses.Results: Histology revealed a significantly higher number of HABPCs in the group 2 blocks than in the group 1 blocks. HABPCs produced several bone matrix proteins in the blocks, and these positive reactions in group 2 were significantly higher than in group 1. Both groups showed a significantly higher number of RBMCs than the control group. RBMCs produced osteopontin and osteocalcin in the blocks, and these positive reactions were significantly higher in both test groups than in the control group. The number of osteocalcin‐positive reactions was higher in group 2 than in group 1.Conclusion: Osteogenic differentiation of RBMCs cultured for 2 weeks in β‐TCP blocks containing ECM was significantly higher than that of cells cultured for 1 week or without ECM.
A 48-month Clinical Evaluation of Fissure Sealants Placed With Different Adhesive Systems
Authors: Karaman E , Yazici AR , Tuncer D , Firat E , Unluer S , Baseren M 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYAimTo compare the retention rates of a nanofilled occlusal fissure sealant placed with the use of an etch-and-rinse or a self-etch adhesive over 48 months.Materials and MethodsThe authors enrolled 244 teeth, each with no restoration or sealant and no detectable caries, from 16 patients. The sealants were placed with Solobond M two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive or Futurabond NR one-step self-etch adhesive by four previously calibrated dentists using a table of random numbers. After completion of the adhesive application, a nanofilled sealant, Grandio Seal, was applied and light-cured. Two other calibrated examiners, who were unaware of which adhesive had been used, independently evaluated the sealants at baseline and at 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-month recalls. Each sealant was evaluated in terms of caries formation being present or absent and retention using the following criteria: 1 = completely retained, 2 = partial loss, and 3 = total loss. The Pearson χ2 test was used to evaluate differences in retention rates among the sealants used with different adhesives for each evaluation period.ResultsThe retention rates for sealants in the Solobond M group were significantly higher than those in the Futurabond NR group in all periods of evaluation (p&lt;0.05). No statistically significant difference between the retention rates for premolars and molars was found at each evaluation period (p&gt;0.05). There was no new caries formation throughout the 48-month recall period.ConclusionFissure sealants placed with etch-and-rinse adhesive showed better retention rates than those placed with self-etch adhesive.
Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment for Uterine Fibroids: First Study in Indian Women
Authors: Desai Shrinivas B. , Patil Abhijit A. , Nikam Rahul , Desai Ajinkya S. , Bachhav Vrushali 
Published: December 2012

Objectives:
To study the results of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) treatment carried out on Indian patients in our Hospital.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty Indian women (mean age = 36.2 ± 8.3 years) were treated for fibroids as outpatients using the ExAblate MRgFUS system (InSightec). Non-perfused volumes (NPVs) were measured immediately after treatment to calculate the treatment outcomes. A validated symptom-specific questionnaire to record their symptoms prior to treatment and six months following treatment was completed by patients. The size of the fibroids was measured on the day of the treatment and during the 6-month checkup to calculate shrinkage. Adverse events during and following treatment were recorded and monitored.

Results:
The average NPV ratio measured after the treatment was 88% ± 6%, indicative of high ablated fibroid tissue. Prior to treatment, the mean Symptoms Severity Score was 56.9 ± 4.8 (n = 50), which is indicative of highly symptomatic patients. Six months following treatment, there was an average fibroid shrinkage of 30% ± 11%, and a significant decrease in the mean score to 28.6 ± 6.0 (n = 50) (P < 0.001). There were no reports of serious or unexpected adverse events at any point during treatment or during the follow-up period from any of the 50 women treated in the current study.

Conclusions:
The current results obtained after 6 months of treatment corroborated previous data on the safety and efficacy of MRgFUS for treating uterine fibroids. This is the first publication that provides such data for a large cohort of Indian women.
Antiochos I Soter
Authors: Strootman Rolf 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Antiochos I Soter was the second king of the Seleucid Empire (b. ca. 323
bce
; r. 281–261, as sole king). He was the son of Seleukos I Nikator and his Iranian wife, Apame, daughter of the Bactrian warlord Spitamenes. The importance of Antiochos' long reign (about 33 years, including his time as co‐ruler) lies in his efforts to consolidate and organize his father's conquests.
Achaemenid Dynasty
Authors: Stronach David 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Achaemenid Persian Dynasty begins, strictly speaking, with the accession of Darius I (r. 522–486
bce
) and ends, nearly two hundred years later, with Alexander of Macedon's conquest of Iran in 330. It is traditional, however, to refer to Cyrus II (r. 559–530), who descends from a separate royal line, as the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Accordingly, this entry will not only examine important aspects of the reign of Darius I, as well as key achievements of his successors, but will include essential reference to both Cyrus and his son, Cambyses II (r. 530–522).
Akkad (Agade)
Authors: Foster Benjamin R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAkkad was originally the name of an area and city near the confluence of the Diyala and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia (Adams 1965; Weiss 1997). The meaning of the word is unknown. After it became the seat of the Sargonic Dynasty around 2300bce, Akkad as a territory expanded to mean northern Babylonia, from north of Nippur to Sippar. The city of the same name is first attested in the late Early Dynastic period, became an imperial capital in the Sargonic period, and was still occupied in the second millennium. By the mid‐first millennium the city's cults had been transferred elsewhere and the former capital was a famous ruin. In modern scholarship, the city is often distinguished from the region by calling it Agade. Its location has not been identified.
Ashur
Authors: Frahm Eckart 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The city of Ashur (modern Qal'at Shirqat, located 110 km south of Mosul on the right bank of the Tigris River) was the religious, and for much of its history, the political center of the land of Assyria. First and foremost, Ashur was the site of the temple of the god Ashur, Assyria's chief deity, with whom both the city and the country shared their name. From 1903 to 1914, Ashur was excavated by W. Andrae on behalf of the Deutsche Orient‐Gesellschaft (German Oriental Society).
Parthians, rulers
Authors: Fowler Richard 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Parthia broke away from the Seleucid Empire in the mid‐third century
BCE
and by the 230s was ruled by Arsaces, who founded a dynasty, the “Arsacids”. By 141
BCE
, Arsacid Mithradates I controlled most of Iran and Mesopotamia, and over the following century the Parthian Empire grew into the most significant power between the Roman Empire and the borders of India and China. It was ultimately overthrown in the 220s CE by the Persian Ardashir, who thus founded the Sasanian Empire.
Wisdom literature, ancient Near East
Authors: Hurowitz Victor Avigdor 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The term “wisdom literature” originates in biblical studies, where it designates the book of Proverbs as well as Job, Ecclesiastes, and the apocryphal Wisdom of Ben‐Sira, all of which are organically related to Proverbs either through shared ideas, vocabulary, and literary forms, or through dialogue with ideas presented in Proverbs.
Alkaios of Mytilene
Authors: Mack William 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Lyric poet, the traditional contemporary of Sappho, Alkaios (active ca. 600
BCE
) was born into a politically involved aristocratic family of Mytilene on Lesbos at a time when power there was hotly contested between rival cliques following the overthrow of the ruling clan, the Penthelidai (Arist.
Pol
. 1311b26, 29).
Assiros, Macedonia
Authors: Wardle Ken 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Excavation at the prehistoric settlement mound (toumba) at Assiros in Greek Central Macedonia by the British School at Athens between 1975 and 1989 has provided important evidence about social organization and agricultural production in this region during the Late Bronze Age, about its connections between Mycenaean Greece and the Balkans, and for the absolute date of the end of the Aegean Bronze Age.
Dorians
Authors: Eder Birgitta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Dorians were an ethnic group, which in the classical period consisted of the population of the eastern and southern Peloponnese (Argolis, Corinth, Megara, Aigina, Lakonia, and Messenia), the islands of the southern Aegean (Crete, Melos, Thera, Anaphe, Astypalaia, and the Dodecanese), and the Carian coast (with Halikarnassos and Knidos).
Lerna in the Argolid
Authors: Galanakis Yannis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A prehistoric coastal settlement on a broad and low tell, about 10 km south of Argos and occupied since the seventh millennium
BCE
, Lerna's best‐documented period is the Early Helladic II (2800–2300
BCE
), during which the settlement covered about 1.5 ha.
Tylissos in Crete
Authors: Christakis Kostis S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTylissos is situated on the northeast slope of Psiloritis, 13 km southwest of Heraklion. It was excavated by Hazzidakis in 1902–13. Scanty remains of houses suggest occupation of the site since Early Minoan II (2600–2300BCE).
Baptisteries
Authors: Rodley Lyn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The importance of Baptism as a rite of passage for entrants to the Christian church is such that architectural provision has been made for it since at least the first half of the third century
CE
, when, in Dura‐Europos on the Euphrates River, a canopied bath‐like structure was built in a house that was converted for use as a place of Christian worship.
Gardens, Byzantine
Authors: Littlewood A. R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Information on Byzantine gardens is scant: archaeological excavations have revealed little other than water‐courses; despite numerous and usually stylized and traditional details, there is no artistic representation devoted solely to a garden; the few literary descriptions are heavily dependent upon classical forebears, either vying with them or copying whatever detail is relevant and, on two occasions, even in the exact words of the original.
San Vitale
Authors: Rodley Lyn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

San Vitale in Ravenna is best known for a rare survival of Byzantine imperial portraiture: mosaic panels in the sanctuary depict Justinian I (527–565
CE
) and his empress Theodora. Unlike the other churches of sixth‐century Ravenna, which are basilicas, San Vitale has an octagonal plan, with a dome carried on eight piers, surrounded by a galleried aisle – a “double‐shell” form. The piers are linked by seven pierced niches with two columns each, the remaining side of the octagon open to the apsed sanctuary; a narthex fronts the building. While this scheme may have its roots in the centralized, niched forms of Roman architecture, the immediate source was almost certainly the architecture of sixth‐century Constantinople, where SS. Sergios and Bacchos has a similar structure based on an octagonal core within a square exterior. San Vitale was consecrated in 547/8, seven years after Ravenna had been retrieved from the Ostrogoths, which may explain its strong connections with the capital, but the patron, Julius Argentarius (thought to be depicted in the mosaic, in the entourage of Justinian) was probably based in Ravenna, having commissioned several other churches there. Bishop Maximian, in office at the consecration, is also shown in the mosaic, but in the conch of the apse it is an earlier bishop, Ecclesius (521–532), who presents a model of the church to Christ. Ecclesius also knew the churches of Constantinople, having visited the city in 525, so the metropolitan form may have been planned from the start.
Senate, Byzantium
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

From the fourth until the seventh centuries
CE
the Senate was notable more for the accumulated wealth, prestige, and experience of its members than for any specific institutional or administrative role within the Roman state. The period witnessed the establishment in Constantinople of a body equivalent to the Senate of the city of Rome and the vast expansion of the senatorial order, in the course of which it was transformed, especially in the east, into a service elite based upon the holding of military and civilian offices dispensed by the imperial court.
Alexander I of Macedon
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlexander I of Macedon (died ca. 452bce), also known as the Philhellene (Harp. s.v.Alexandros; schol. Thuc. 1.57.2; Dio. Chrys 2.23), son of Amyntas I, is the first welldocumented king of Macedonia.
Alexander II of Macedon
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlexander II of Macedon (ca. 390–368bce), eldest son of Amyntas III and Eurydike, became king in 370 at his father's death (Diod. Sic. 15.60.3; 16.2.4; see Hammond and Griffith 1979: 179–82; Borza 1990: 189–91; Errington 1990: 35–6).
Alphabet, Greek
Authors: Wachter Rudolf 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Greek alphabet is a clever adaptation of the standard Semitic alphabet of the first millenniumbce, which was a purely consonantal script of twenty‐two signs: '‐b‐g‐d‐h‐w‐z‐h‐t‐y‐k‐l‐m‐n‐s‐'‐p‐s‐q‐r‐ŝ‐t.
Anaxilaos of Rhegion
Authors: de Vido Stefania 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Anaxilaoswas tyrant of Rhegion, a Greek colony of Chalcidian origin at the southernmost tip of Italy. Conflict existed in the city between the demos and the ancient aristocracy, and between the Chalcidian population and the colonists from Greek Messenia. In this situation Anaxilaos, probably a Messenian hegemon (Strabo 6.1.6), took power as tyrant in 494
bce
(Hdt. 6.23.2; Diod. Sic. 11.48.2). He understood the importance of control over the Strait of Messina (the narrow passage between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern tip of Calabria), and in particular over the Greek colony of Zankle (on the Sicilian coast), which had fallen under the influence of the Geloan tyrant Hippokrates.
Archidamos
Authors: Stewart Daniel R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Archidamos II (r. ca. 469–427) was the Eurypontid king of Sparta who led his
polis
into war with Athens in 432. He succeeded his grandfather Leotychidas II (Diod. Sic. 11.48.2). He first rose to prominence during the helot revolt of 465/4 (Diod. Sic. 11.63.5–7; Plut.
Cim
. 16.6f).
Boiotian League
Authors: Mackil Emily 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A scholarly term for the ancient Greek
ethnos
or
koinon
of the Boiotians, the Boiotian League was a state comprising, at most times, all the
poleis
within the region of Boiotia. It displays characteristics of federalism, including double citizenship (of
polis
and
koinon
), organs of government operative at both the local and regional level, and careful divisions of authority and responsibility between them.
Cheirotonia
Authors: Liddel Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAthenian citizens voted in three ways: at the assembly, voting on decisions, legislation, and the election of certain magistrates was done by cheirotonia, a “show of hands” ([Arist.]Ath. Pol. 61.1); voting on decisions in the courts took place by the casting of ballots (psephophoria: Ath. Pol. 68–9); there was also Ostracism.