bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complement is dispensable for neurodegeneration in Niemann-Pick disease type C
Authors: Lopez Manuel E , Klein Andres D , Scott Matthew P 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe immune system has been implicated in neurodegeneration during development and disease. In various studies, the absence of complement (that is, C1q deficiency) impeded the elimination of apoptotic neurons, allowing survival. In the genetic lysosomal storage disease Niemann-Pick C (NPC), caused by loss of NPC1 function, the expression of complement system components, C1q especially, is elevated in degenerating brain regions ofNpc1-/-mice. Here we test whether complement is mediating neurodegeneration in NPC disease.FindingsIn normal mature mice,C1qmRNA was found in neurons, particularly cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs). InNpc1-/-mice,C1qmRNA was additionally found in activated microglia, which accumulate during disease progression and PN loss. Interestingly, C1q was not enriched on or near degenerating neurons. Instead, C1q was concentrated in other brain regions, where it partially co-localized with a potential C1q inhibitor, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Genetic deletion of C1q, or of the downstream complement pathway component C3, did not significantly alter patterned neuron loss or disease progression. Deletion of other immune response factors, a Toll-like receptor, a matrix metalloprotease, or the apoptosis facilitator BIM, also failed to alter neuron loss.ConclusionWe conclude that complement is not involved in the death and clearance of neurons in NPC disease. This study supports a view of neuroinflammation as a secondary response with non-causal relationship to neuron injury in the disease. This disease model may prove useful for understanding the conditions in which complement and immunity do contribute to neurodegeneration in other disorders.
Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus exhibits more extensive tissue tropism for pigs
Authors: Li Limin , Zhao Qian , Ge Xinna , Teng Kedao , Kuang Yu , Chen Yanhong , Guo Xin , Yang Hanchun 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
The highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerging in China exhibits high fatality to pigs. However, the mechanism related to the increased pathogenicity of the virus remains unclear. In the present study, the differences in tissue tropism between the highly pathogenic PRRSV strain (JXwn06) and the low pathogenic PRRSV strain (HB-1/3.9) were investigated using PRRSV-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to provide evidence for elucidating possible mechanism of the pathogenicity of Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV.

Findings
IHC examination showed that PRRSV antigen in the tissues including spleen, tonsil, thymus, kidney, cerebellum, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, turbinal bone and laryngeal cartilage was positive in more pigs inoculated with JXwn06 than HB-1/3.9, and the tissues including trachea, esophagus, liver, mandibular gland and thyroid gland were positive for viral antigen in the pigs inoculated with JXwn06, but not in the pigs inoculated with HB-1/3.9. Meanwhile, we observed that epithelium in tissues including interlobular bile duct in liver, distal renal tubule of kidney, esophageal gland and tracheal gland were positive for viral antigen only in JXwn06-inoculated pigs, and epithelium of gastric mucosa and fundic gland, and intestinal gland were positive for viral antigen in both JXwn06- and HB-1/3.9-inoculated pigs, using monoclonal antibodies to N and Nsp2 proteins.

Conclusions
Taken together, these findings indicate that the highly pathogenic PRRSV JXwn06 displays an expanded tissue tropism in vivo, suggesting this may contribute to its high pathogenicity to pigs.
Cell surface engineering of renal cell carcinoma with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored TIMP-1 blocks TGF-β1 activation and reduces regulatory ID gene expression
Authors: Notohamiprodjo Susan , Djafarzadeh Roghieh , Rieth Nicole , Hofstetter Monika , Jaeckel Carsten , Nelson Peter J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) controls matrix metalloproteinase activity through 1:1 stoichiometric binding. Human TIMP-1 fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor (TIMP-1–GPI) shifts the activity of TIMP-1 from the extracellular matrix to the cell surface. TIMP-1–GPI treated renal cell carcinoma cells show increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation. Transcriptomic profiling and regulatory pathway mapping were used to identify the potential mechanisms driving these effects. Significant changes in the DNA binding inhibitors, TGF-β1/SMAD and BMP pathways resulted from TIMP-1–GPI treatment. These events were linked to reduced TGF-β1 signaling mediated by inhibition of proteolytic processing of latent TGF-β1 by TIMP-1–GPI.
Overexpression of the urokinase receptor splice variant uPAR-del4/5 in breast cancer cells affects cell adhesion and invasion in a dose-dependent manner and modulates transcription of tumor-associated genes
Authors: Grismayer Bettina , Sato Sumito , Kopitz Charlotte , Ries Christian , Soelch Susanne , Schmitt Manfred , Baretton Gustavo , Krüger Achim , Luther Thomas , Kotzsch Matthias , Magdolen Viktor 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
mRNA levels of the urokinase receptor splice variant uPAR-del4/5 are associated with prognosis in breast cancer. Its overexpression in cancer cells affects tumor biologically relevant processes. In the present study, individual breast cancer cell clones displaying low vs. high uPAR-del4/5 expression were analyzed demonstrating that uPAR-del4/5 leads to reduced cell adhesion and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was found to be strongly upregulated in uPAR-del4/5 overexpressing compared to vector control cells. uPAR-del4/5 may thus play an important role in the regulation of the extracellular proteolytic network and, by this, influence the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells.
New insight into the molecular switch mechanism of human Rho family proteins: shifting a paradigm
Authors: Jaiswal Mamta , Fansa Eyad Kalawy , Dvorsky Radovan , Ahmadian Mohammad Reza 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Major advances have been made in understanding the structure, function and regulation of the small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family and their involvement in multiple cellular process and disorders. However, intrinsic nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis reactions, which are known to be fundamental to Rho family proteins, have been partially investigated in the case of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, but for others not at all. Here we present a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the molecular switch functions of 15 members of the Rho family that enabled us to propose an active GTP-bound state for the rather uncharacterized isoforms RhoD and Rif under equilibrium and quiescent conditions.
CLIPPER: an add-on to the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline for the automated analysis of TAILS N-terminomics data
Authors: Keller Ulrich auf dem , Overall Christopher M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Data analysis in proteomics is complex and with the extra challenges involved in the interpretation of data from N-terminomics experiments, this can be daunting. Therefore, we have devised a rational pipeline of steps to approach N-terminomics data analysis in a statistically-based and valid manner. We have automated these steps in CLIPPER, an add-on to the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline (TPP). Applying CLIPPER to the analysis of N-terminomics data generated by terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) enables high confidence peptide to protein assignment, protein N-terminal characterization and annotation, and for protease analysis readily allows protease substrate discovery with high confidence.
Five Misunderstandings about Practical Theology
Authors: Miller-McLemore Bonnie J. 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung:
Inspiriert durch einen Aufsatz des Soziologen Bent Flyvbjerg
über Fallstudien untersucht dieser Beitrag folgende fünf allgemeine Missverständnisse
in der Geschichte und Entwicklung der Praktischen Theologie als
akademischer Institution: (1) Praktische Theologie ist eine ausgegrenzte Disziplin
in einer ernsthaften Identitätskrise. (2) Das Problem der Praktischen Theologie
und theologischer Ausbildung ist das klerikale Paradigma. (3) Praktische
Theologie und Pastoraltheologie sind austauschbare Begriffe. (4) Es ist unmöglich,
Praktische Theologie zu definieren, oder, umgedreht, ist ganz einfach zu
definieren (etwa als Untersuchung der Beziehung zwicschen Glauben und Handeln).
(5) Praktische Theologie ist zum Teil oder als Ganze deskriptiv, empirisch,
interpretativ, und nicht normative, theologisch, und, in bestimmter Hinsicht,
christlich. Es werden alle Missverständnisse beschrieben, Korrekturmöglichkeiten
vorgeschlagen und schließlich gefolgert, dass drei Jahrzehnte der Entwicklung
auf diesem Feld und paralleler Prozesse anderer Bereiche der Wissenschaft
es nahe legen, die ursprüngliche Intuition zu bestätigen, dass es einen alternativen
Weg theologischen Denkens geben müsse und diese Disziplin daran
weiter zu arbeiten hat.
Spiritualität und spirituality in der Welt der
Arbeit und der Welt der Gesundheit
Authors: Schneider Jörg 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:
This article explores the role of spirituality in the fields of health and
work. Spirituality has become an integral part of the structures of workplaces. E.g.,
regarding health care not only the spirituality of those taken care of but also of
those caring has come to the attention. Regarding other workplaces than hospitals,
spirituality is recognised as integral part of the personality of people, therefore it
must be cared about for the growth of efficiency.
How Increased Regulatory Oversight of Nonaudit Services Affects Investors' Perceptions of Earnings Quality
Authors: Eilifsen Aasmund , Knivsflå Kjell Henry 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARY
In 2003, the Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway (FSA) disclosed that audit firms had violated the legal restrictions for providing nonaudit services (NAS). In response, the FSA tightened the NAS regulations. This study examines how regulatory oversight affects the relation between the provision of NAS and earnings response coefficients (ERC). For small, non-industry specialized audit firms, the disclosure of violations in 2003 negatively affected the relationship between NAS and ERC, but the effect was more pronounced in the disclosure year 2003 than in the new regulation period 2004–2008. For Big 5 audit firms, these negative effects are moderated, indicating higher audit quality. Contrary to our expectations, the results of this study suggest that investors perceive audit firm industry specialization as a threat to independence in 2003.
Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the listed sources.
A partial structure factor investigation of the bulk metallic glass Zr63Ni25Al12 as studied by using a combination of anomalous X-ray scattering and reverse Monte Carlo modeling
Authors: Hosokawa Shinya , Bérar Jean-François , Boudet Nathalie , Kohara Shinji , Pilgrim Wolf-Christian , Joester Maike , Stellhorn Jens , Zeidler Anita , Maruyama Kenji , Nasu Toshio , Zhang Wei , Kato Hidemi 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Anomalous X-ray scattering experiments were performed on Zr63Ni25Al12 bulk metallic glass. The results were analyzed using reverse Monte Carlo modeling to obtain local- and intermediate-range atomic configurations of this good metallic glass former. Although the Al-related partial information is not reliable due to the small values of their weighting factors in X-ray scattering, good partial information could be obtained from a reverse Monte Carlo analysis. The obtained structural information is given by parameters such as bond angle distributions, bond orientation order parameters, the Warren–Cowley order parameters, and Voronoi polyhedra. Results are compared to the previous results from Fukunaga et al. using X-ray and neutron total scattering.
Superparamagnetic CoFe2O4 prepared via a modified oxalate method
Authors: Turtelli Reiko Sato , Atif Muhammad , Krippel Jakob , Grössinger Roland , Kubel Frank , Linert Wolfgang 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The modified oxalate precursor method was used for the preparation of nanocrystalline CoFe2O4. Structural investigations of as-produced powders performed by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed an average particle size of 8 nm. The nanocrystallites are pure CoFe2O4 and present a well crystallized spinel structure with lattice constant of 8.3583 Å. The particles are superparamagnetic exhibiting a blocking temperature around room temperature. The magnetization and the coercive field values obtained at 9 T are 56.8 emu · g−1 and 17.0 kOe (at 4.2 K), respectively. The crystalline anisotropy determined from the coercive field as a function of temperature is 8.0 × 105 J · m−3, which is much higher than that of bulk materials.
Formation and microstructure of Ni62-
x

Nb38Ti
x
(x = 3, 6, 10 at.%) bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Afonso Conrado R. M. , Bolfarini Claudemiro , Botta Walter J. , Kiminami Claudio S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this work we report the formation and microstructure of Ni62-
x

Nb38Ti
x
(x = 0, 3, 6, 10 at.%) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). The addition of Ti to Ni–Nb binary alloys is effective for the increase in stabilization of supercooled liquid and glass-forming ability (GFA). The maximum supercooled liquid region (ΔT
x) of 46 K and the reduced glass transition temperature (T
rg) of 0.61 were obtained for Ni56Nb38Ti6, leading to the formation of the bulk glassy alloys. The best GFA was obtained for Ni56Nb38Ti6 alloy which was located near the eutectic composition of the ternary component alloy, and glassy alloy samples up to 0.5 mm were fabricated through wedge copper mold casting. The new Ni–Nb-based bulk glassy alloys exhibit large ΔT
x of 35 to 46 K. The Ni62-
x

Nb38Ti
x
(x = 0, 3, 6, 10 at.%) BMGs showed high Vickers microhardness in the range of 988 to 1140 HV representing good mechanical properties.
Mixing enthalpies in binary Ce-Sb and ternary Ce-Co-Sb liquid alloys
Authors: Usenko Natalia , Kotova Natalia , Ivanov Michael , Berezutski Vadim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe enthalpies of mixing in liquid alloys in the binary Ce-Sb and ternary Ce-Co-Sb systems were determined over a wide range of composition by means of isoperibolic calorimetry in the temperature range 1 600-1 723 K. The minimum value of the integral enthalpy of mixing (ΔHmin) in the Ce-Sb system was evaluated to be −123 kJ mol-1 at xCe = 0.55. The enthalpies of mixing in liquid ternary alloys were found to increase smoothly from the binary boundary systems Co-Ce and Co-Sb towards the Ce-Sb system reaching the value of approximately −123 kJ mol-1 in the vicinity of the phase CeSb.
Monitoring stress hormone metabolites as a useful, non-invasive tool for welfare assessment in farm animals
Authors: Palme R 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA multitude of endocrine mechanisms are involved in coping with challenges. Glucocorticoids, secreted by the adrenal glands, are in the front line of the battle to overcome stressful situations. They are usually measured in plasma samples as parameters of adrenal activity and thus of disturbance. Unfortunately, collecting blood samples itself can disturb an animal. Thus, non-invasive methods for the determination of glucocorticoids or their metabolites have become increasingly popular. The pros and cons of various non-invasive sample materials (saliva, excreta, milk, hair/feathers and eggs) for glucocorticoid determination are given. Above all, faecal samples offer the advantage that they can be collected easily. In faecal samples, circulating hormone levels are integrated over a certain period of time and represent the cumulative secretion of hormones. Thus, the levels are less affected by short fluctuations or the pulse-like nature of hormone secretion. However, using this technique to assess an animal's adrenocortical activity is not especially simple. Whether frequent sampling is necessary or single samples will suffice depends upon the study's aim (whether one is examining the impact of acute or chronic stressors). Background knowledge of the metabolism and excretion of cortisol/corticosterone metabolites is required and a careful validation for each species and sex investigated is obligatory. The present review also addresses analytical issues regarding sample storage, extraction procedures and immunoassays and includes a comprehensive list of published studies (up to 2011) describing the use of such methods in farmed animals. Applied properly, non-invasive techniques to monitor glucocorticoid metabolites in faecal samples of various species are a useful tool for welfare assessment, especially as they are easily applied at farm or group level.
Developing measures to audit welfare of cattle and pigs at slaughter
Authors: Grandin T 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSince 1999, animal welfare auditing programmes that utilise five numerically scored core criteria have been used successfully by major restaurant chains to monitor animal welfare in slaughter plants. They had to achieve specific numerical scores in order to remain on the approved supplier list. The five numerically scored criteria (critical control points) are: i) Percentage of animals that fall down during handling; ii) Percentage of animals moved with an electric prod; iii) Percentage of cattle or pigs vocalising in the stunning box or restrainer; iv) Percentage of animals stunned effectively with one application of the stunner; and v) Percentage rendered insensible when hoisted to the bleed rail (has to be 100% to pass the audit). Audit data collected in 2010 by two restaurant companies in 30 beef plants, indicated that 77% of them effectively stunned 100 to 99% of the cattle with a single shot from a captive-bolt gun. All 30 plants passed the audit, which required 95% of more of the cattle stunned with one shot. In eight pork plants with electric stunning, the tongs were placed correctly on 100% of the pigs held in a V-conveyor restrainer. In 95% of the beef plants, and 86% of 25 pork plants, 0% of the animals fell during unloading, movement in the lairage and during handling in the stunning area. In 81% of the beef plants and 77% of the pork plants, 5% or less of the animals were moved with an electric prod. The percentage of cattle vocalising in the stun box and during movement into the stun box was 3% or less in all the plants except one. All scores are per animal, an animal is stunned correctly in the first shot, or not stunned correctly. It either vocalises or it is silent. A passing score is required on all five of the numerically scored core criteria. Due to financial and time constrains, the same auditor assesses both welfare and food safety. Workshops for training auditors last 1.5 days and include two plant visits.
Satellite and Sensor Systems for Environmental MonitoringUpdate based on the original article by Wim Bakker,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Bakker Wim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMore satellites monitoring some aspect of the Earth are launched each day. This article gives an overview of the science and practice of remote sensing (RS). It goes into the technical details of the physics behind RS, lists some typical contemporary and future Earth observing (EO) satellites, and explains the factors that determine the quality of images from space. This relatively short article cannot cover the entire field of RS, but the references and further reading list can be used for further study.
Quantitative Analysis, InfraredUpdate based on the original article by Frederic Cadet,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Cadet Frédéric , Garrigues Salvador , de la Guardia Miguel 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this article, after reviewing the different mathematical methods used in quantification, we describe and discuss their respective advantages and inconveniences. First, different examples of applications of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, used with or without other analytical chemistry methods, are presented. Some examples of direct quantitative analysis in food analysis are reviewed: lipids (measurement of unsaturation degrees, lipids determination), carbohydrates, proteins (secondary structures, quantitative analysis). We also focus on original examples of the use of IR spectroscopy combined with enzymes. Second, some examples of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis coupled with other analytical methods are reviewed in the following fields: FTIR quantification in pharmaceuticals, petroleum, paints, and other industrial products and in the fields of health, environment, and trace compounds analysis.Finally, we discuss the limitations and perspectives of IR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis. It appears that the most significant developments in the field of quantitative analysis will most probably come through progress in chemometrics and flow analysis (FA) (automation).
Why do women have more children than they want? Understanding differences in women's ideal and actual family size in a natural fertility population
Authors: Mcallister Lisa , Gurven Michael , Kaplan Hillard , Stieglitz Jonathan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives:We develop and test a conceptual model of factors influencing women's ideal family size (IFS) in a natural fertility population, the Tsimane of Bolivia. The model posits affects of socioecology, reproductive history, maternal condition, and men's IFS. We test three hypotheses for why women may exceed their IFS despite experiencing socioeconomic development: (H1) limited autonomy; (H2) improved maternal condition; and (H3) low returns on investments in embodied capital.Methods:Women's reproductive histories and prospective fertility data were collected from 2002 to 2008 (n = 305 women). Semistructured interviews were conducted with Tsimane women to study the perceived value of parental investment (n = 76). Multiple regression, t‐tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to test model predictions.Results:Women's IFS is predicted by their socioecology, reproductive history, maternal condition, and husband's IFS. Hypotheses 2 and 3 are supported. Couples residing near town have smaller IFS (women = 3.75 ± 1.64; men = 3.87 ± 2.64) and less variance in IFS. However, the degree fertility exceeds IFS is inversely correlated with distance to town (Partial r = −0.189, df = 156, P = 0.018). Women living near town have greater maternal condition but 64% value traditional skills over formal schooling and 88% believe living in town is unfeasible.Conclusions:While reduced IFS is evident with socioeconomic development, fertility decline may not immediately follow. When perceived benefits of investment in novel forms of embodied capital are low, and somatic wealth and large kin networks persist as important components of fitness, fertility may remain high and increase if maternal condition improves. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.