bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of TLR–IFN and HLA polymorphisms on susceptibility of chronic HBV infection in Southwest Han Chinese
Authors: He Dengming , Tao Shiqi , Guo Shimin , Li Maoshi , Wu Junqiu , Huang Hongfei , Guo Xinwu , Yan Guohua , Zhu Peng , Wang Yuming 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThe toll‐like receptor‐interferon (TLR–IFN) signalling pathway plays a crucial role in HBV infection. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms are associated with chronic HBV infection by genome wide association study (GWAS). We aimed to explore interaction between TLR–IFN and HLA gene polymorphisms in susceptibility of chronic HBV infection.MethodsIn the Chinese Southwest Han population, 1191 chronic HBV infection patients and 273 HBV clearance were selected. A total of 39 single nucleotide polymorphism loci in 23 genes of the TLR–IFN pathway and four HLA polymorphism loci associated with chronic HBV infection identified by GWAS were selected for genotyping. SNPStats, QVALUE, and multifactor dimensionality reduction were used for statistical analysis.ResultsA significant association was seen in several of the TLR–IFN pathway genes, TLR9 rs352140 (OR = 0.70, P = 0.0088), IL1B rs16944 (OR = 0.67, P = 0.016), IL12B rs3212227 (OR = 1.38, P = 0.021), IFNGR1 rs3799488 (OR = 1.48, P = 0.0048), IFNGR2 rs1059293 (OR = 0.27, P = 0.011), MX1 rs467960 (OR = 0.68, P = 0.022), as well as four loci in HLA, rs3077 (OR = 0.55, P < 0.0001), rs2856718 (OR = 0.60, P = 4e‐04), rs9277535 (OR = 0.54, P < 0.0001) and rs7453920 (OR = 0.43, P < 0.0001). A synergistic relationship was seen between rs9277535 and rs16944 (0.13%), rs1143623 and rs6613 (0.10%). The combination of rs9277535 in HLA and rs16944 in IL1B was the best model to predict chronic HBV infection (testing accuracy = 0.6040, P = 0.0010, cross‐validation consistency = 10/10).ConclusionsTLR–IFN pathway gene polymorphisms are associated with chronic HBV infection. Interactions with polymorphisms in these genes may be one mechanism by which HLA polymorphisms influence susceptibility to chronic HBV infection, as specific single nucleotide polymorphism combinations are highly predictive of chronic HBV infection.
Evolutionary history of a dispersal‐associated locus across sympatric and allopatric divergent populations of a wing‐polymorphic beetle acrossAtlanticEurope
Authors: Van Belleghem Steven M. , Roelofs Dick , Hendrickx Frederik 
Published: December 2014

AbstractStudying the evolutionary history of trait divergence, in particular those related to dispersal capacity, is of major interest for the process of local adaptation and metapopulation dynamics. Here, we reconstruct the evolution of different alleles at the nuclear‐encoded mitochondrialNADP+‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (mtIdh) locus of the ground beetlePogonus chalceusthat are differentially and repeatedly selected in short‐ and long‐winged populations in response to different hydrological regimes at both allopatric and sympatric scales along the Atlantic European coasts. We sequenced 2788 bp of themtIdhlocus spanning a ~7‐kb genome region and compared its variation with that of two supposedly neutral genes.mtIdhsequences show (i) monophyletic clustering of the short‐winged associated mtIDH‐DEhaplotypes within the long‐winged associated mtIDH‐ABhaplotypes, (ii) a more than tenfold lower haplotype diversity associated with the mtIDH‐DEalleles compared to the mtIDH‐ABalleles and (iii) a high number of fixed nucleotide differences between both mtIDHhaplotype clusters. Coalescent simulations suggest that this observed sequence variation in themtIdhlocus is most consistent with a singular origin in a partially isolated subpopulation, followed by a relatively recent spread of the mtIDH‐DEallele in short‐winged populations along the Atlantic coast. These results demonstrate that even traits associated with decreased dispersal capacity can rapidly spread and that reuse of adaptive alleles plays an important role in the adaptive potential within this sympatric mosaic ofP. chalceuspopulations.
Creation of Partial Fascicular Block: An Approach to Ablation of Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia in the Pediatric Population
Authors: FISHBERGER STEVEN B. , OLEN MELISSA M. , ROLLINSON NANCY L. , ROSSI ANTHONY F. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundCatheter ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia in the pediatric population remains challenging. A recent multicenter study reported limited success with 14% not undergoing ablation due to inability to induce ventricular tachycardia (VT) or blood pressure instability during tachycardia. Creating complete or partial fascicular block with radiofrequency catheter ablation is a technique that may eliminate VT. This approach is performed during sinus rhythm, enabling atrioventricular conduction monitoring and maintaining stable hemodynamics. Importantly, induction of VT is not necessary for mapping or assessing efficacy of the procedure.MethodsA retrospective review of pediatric patients (3–17 years) with recurrent, documented idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia by electrocardiogram who received catheter ablation by creating fascicular block as a therapeutic endpoint was performed. All had ablation at the site of an identified Purkinje potential.ResultsThere were six patients with idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia, five originating from the posterior fascicle and one from the anterior fascicle. VT was not induced or spontaneous in four patients using programmed stimulation and isoproterenol infusion. All patients had a QRS axis shift following ablation, though none met criteria for fascicular block. At follow up (7–49 months, mean 27 months), all patients had persistence of this shift. There were no recurrences of VT and none of the patients were taking antiarrhythmic medication.ConclusionThe technique of creating partial fascicular block appears to be a safe and effective approach to ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia in children.
Treatment Considerations for Cancer Pain: A Global Perspective
Authors: Pergolizzi Joseph V. , Gharibo Christopher , Ho Kok‐Yuen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCancer pain is prevalent, undertreated, and feared by patients with cancer. In April 2013, a panel of pain experts convened in Singapore to address the treatment of cancer pain. They discussed the various types of cancer pain, including breakthrough pain, which is sometimes clinically confused with analgesic gaps. Reasons for undertreating cancer pain include attitudes of patients, clinicians, and factors associated with healthcare systems. The consequences of not treating cancer pain may include reduced quality of life for patients with cancer (who now live longer than ever), functional decline, and increased psychological stress. Early analgesic intervention for cancer pain may reduce the risk of central sensitization and chronification of pain. To manage pain in oncology patients, clinicians should assess pain during regular follow‐up visits using validated pain measurement tools and follow prescribing guidelines, if necessary referring patients with cancer to pain specialists. Many patients with cancer require opioids for pain relief. Pain associated with cancer may also relate to cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy. Many patients with cancer are what might be considered “special populations,” in that they may be elderly, frail, comorbid, or have end‐stage organ failure. Specific pain therapy guidelines for those populations are reviewed. Patients with cancer with a history of or active substance abuse disorder deserve pain control but may require close medical supervision. While much “treatment inertia” exists in cancer pain control, cancer pain can be safely and effectively managed and should be carried out to alleviate suffering and improve outcomes.
Toward a Phenomenology of Mood
Authors: Freeman Lauren 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMartinHeidegger's account of attunement [Befindlichkeit] through mood [Stimmung] is unprecedented in the history of philosophy and groundbreaking vis‐à‐vis contemporary accounts of emotion. On his view, moods are not mere mental states that result from, arise out of, or are caused by our situation or context. Rather, moods are fundamental modes of existence that are disclosive of the way one is or finds oneself [sich befinden] in the world. Mood is one of the basic modes through which we experience the world and through which the world is made present to us. Moreover, moods are the lenses through which things, people, animals, events, and aspects in the world matter to us. In this paper, I make the case thatHeidegger's insights with respect to mood can and ought to be extended beyond the narrow scope of his fundamental ontology (inBeing and Time) in which they were developed. I argue that contemporary accounts of mood within psychology ought to take theseHeideggerian insights seriously and use them when defining, studying, evaluating, and drawing conclusions about the nature of moods. There are three sections to my paper. In section 1, I delineateHeidegger's account of mood. In section 2, I turn to some key studies on mood in psychology, and I elaborate upon some of the main shortcomings in this literature. In section 3, I suggest how psychology might benefit from understanding and utilizing aHeideggerian‐inspired phenomenology of mood.
Assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 121 dogs and 30 cats at a university teaching hospital (2009–2012)
Authors: McIntyre Robin L. , Hopper Kate , Epstein Steven E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo prospectively describe cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and evaluate factors associated with outcome in dogs and cats with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA).DesignProspective observational study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsOne hundred twenty‐one dogs and 30 cats that underwent CPR.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsSupervising clinicians completed a data form immediately following completion of CPR. Eighty‐seven (58%) animals attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 49 (32%) had ROSC >20 minutes, 15 (10%) were alive at 24 hours, and 8 (5%) were discharged alive. Cardiovascular abnormalities were the most common suspected precipitating cause of CPA (51/151, 34%). Presence of an IV catheter before CPA (P= 0.01) and the presence of palpable pulses during CPR (P= 0.007) were both associated with ROSC. Increased time from CPA to CPR (P= 0.04), longer duration of CPR (P< 0.0001), and neurologic cause of arrest (P= 0.02) were associated with not achieving ROSC. There was no association between ROSC and the initial arrest rhythm identified on ECG, animal weight, number of people present, and ventilation or compression rate. In patients achieving ROSC, those with a “survived event” were more likely to be euthanized and less likely to experience a second CPA than those with ROSC ≤ 20 minutes. Thirty‐four percent of patients submitted for necropsy had gross and histological lesions considered secondary to CPR.ConclusionsEarly CPR interventions were associated with a greater likelihood of ROSC, emphasizing the importance of prompt recognition, and initiation of CPR efforts. Although ROSC rates in this study were comparable or higher than previous human and veterinary studies, the rate of “survived events” was lower than that reported in human patients. This may suggest that advances in post CPR care could have benefits to the veterinary CPR patient in the future.
Organ dysfunction and mortality risk factors in severe canine bite wound trauma
Authors: Ateca Laura B. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , King Lesley G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify mortality risk factors, determine mortality rate, and to describe the treatment, incidence, and type of organ dysfunction in dogs with severe bite wounds.DesignRetrospective case study from 2000 to 2009.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsNinety‐four dogs admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with bite wounds.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsIn all dogs, physical parameters, diagnostic testing, surgery and anesthesia timing, and treatment details were recorded at presentation and during ICU hospitalization. The overall mortality rate was 15%. A majority of dogs (68%) were <10 kg. A majority of the wounds (53%) yielded no growth on bacterial culture. Prolonged time from admission to anesthesia was associated with a need for longer postoperative ICU hospitalization (P= 0.0099). Prolonged anesthesia time was associated with mortality (P= 0.0044). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurred in 54.3% of dogs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) occurred in 27.7% of dogs. The presence of SIRS was significantly associated with mortality (P= 0.01), with a mortality rate of 24% in dogs that developed SIRS. MODS was associated with risk of mortality (P< 0.001) with a mortality rate of 67% in dogs with dysfunction of 4 or more organs. Dogs with dysfunction of 1 organ system had a mortality rate of 9%. The body system most commonly affected was the respiratory system (37%). Cardiovascular dysfunction was highly predictive of mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 29).ConclusionsPatients with extensive bite wounds have a significant risk of developing severe secondary complications such as SIRS, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and MODS. Longer time to anesthesia was associated with a longer recovery and longer anesthetic times were associated with mortality, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and MODS. Injury to the respiratory system was most commonly encountered and mortality increased with cardiovascular injury, MODS, and SIRS.
Specular microscopy to determine corneal endothelial cell morphology and morphometry in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) in vivo
Authors: Bercht Bernardo S. , Albuquerque Luciane , Araujo Ana C. P. , Pigatto João A. T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to measure cell density, average area, and morphology of corneal endothelium of chinchillas in different age groups.Materials and methodsThe corneal endothelium was studied with a contact specular microscope. Thirty chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were evaluated, and 30 male chinchillas were divided into three groups of 10 chinchillas each, by age: Group 1 (2–4‐month‐old), Group 2 (48‐month‐old), and Group 3 (10 years of age). Data are presented as endothelial cell density (ECD), average cell area, and pleomorphism.ResultsEndothelial cell density decreases and an increase in endothelial cell area and pleomorphism were observed with age, in the corneas of normal chinchillas. For Group 1 chinchillas, the mean cell density was 3.423 cells per mm2. The mean ECD for Group 2 chinchillas was 2.650 cells per mm2. The mean ECD for Group 3 chinchillas was 2.124 cells per mm2. The average area for Group 1 chinchillas was 350.5 μm2. The average area for Group 2 chinchillas was 442.15 μm2. The average area for Group 3 chinchillas was 583.64 μm2. The pleomorphism for Group 1 was 70.05%. The pleomorphism for Group 2 was 65.18%, and the pleomorphism for Group 3 was 62.28%.ConclusionsThe results suggested that chinchilla corneal endothelium undergoes age‐related changes. Moreover, with advancing age, the mean cell area increased and cell density decreased.
Molecular events underlying maggot extract promoted rat in vivo and human in vitro skin wound healing
Authors: Li Pei‐Nan , Li Hong , Zhong Li‐Xia , Sun Yuan , Yu Li‐Jun , Wu Mo‐Li , Zhang Lin‐Lin , Kong Qing‐You , Wang Shou‐Yu , Lv De‐Cheng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMaggot extracts promote wound healing, but their bioactive part(s) and molecular effects on the regenerating tissues/cells remain largely unclear. These issues are addressed here by treating rat skin wounds, human keratinocyte line/HaCat and fibroblasts with maggot secretion/excretion, and the extracts of maggots without and with secretion/excretion. The wound closure rates, cell proliferation activities, and statuses of wound healing‐related signaling pathways (STAT3, Notch1, Wnt2, NF‐κB, and TGF‐beta/Smad3) and their downstream gene expression (c‐Myc, cyclin D1, and VEGF) are evaluated by multiple approaches. The results reveal that the maggot extracts, especially the one from the maggots without secretion/excretion, show the best wound healing‐promoting effects in terms of quicker wound closure rates and more rapid growth of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Of the five signaling pathways checked, the ones mediated by TGF‐beta/Smad3, and STAT3 are activated in the untreated wounds and become further enhanced by the maggot extracts, accompanied with c‐Myc, VEGF, and cyclin D1 up‐regulation. Our results thus show (1) that both body extract and secretion/excretion of maggots contain favorable wound healing elements and (2) that the enhancement of TGF‐beta/Smad3 and STAT3 signaling activities may be the main molecular effects of maggot extracts on the wound tissues.
Meta‐analysis of the independent and cumulative effects of multiple genetic modifications on pig lung xenograft performance during ex vivo perfusion with human blood
Authors: Harris Donald G. , Quinn Kevin J. , French Beth M. , Schwartz Evan , Kang Elizabeth , Dahi Siamak , Phelps Carol J. , Ayares David L. , Burdorf Lars , Azimzadeh Agnes M. , Pierson Richard N. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundGenetically modified pigs are a promising potential source of lung xenografts. Ex vivo xenoperfusion is an effective platform for testing the effect of new modifications, but typical experiments are limited by testing of a single genetic intervention and small sample sizes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the individual and aggregate effects of donor genetic modifications on porcine lung xenograft survival and injury in an extensive pig lung xenoperfusion series.MethodsData from 157 porcine lung xenoperfusion experiments using otherwise unmodified heparinized human blood were aggregated as either continuous or dichotomous variables. Lungs were wild type in 17 perfusions (11% of the study group), while 31 lungs (20% of the study group) had one genetic modification, 40 lungs (39%) had 2, and 47 lungs (30%) had 3 or more modifications. The primary endpoint was functional lung survival to 4 h of perfusion. Secondary analyses evaluated previously identified markers associated with known lung xenograft injury mechanisms. In addition to comparison among all xenografts grouped by survival status, a subgroup analysis was performed of lungs incorporating the GalTKO.hCD46 genotype.ResultsEach increase in the number of genetic modifications was associated with additional prolongation of lung xenograft survival. Lungs that exhibited survival to 4 h generally had reduced platelet activation and thrombin generation. GalTKO and the expression of hCD46, HO‐1, hCD55, or hEPCR were associated with improved survival. hTBM, HLA‐E, and hCD39 were associated with no significant effect on the primary outcome.ConclusionThis meta‐analysis of an extensive lung xenotransplantation series demonstrates that increasing the number of genetic modifications targeting known xenogeneic lung injury mechanisms is associated with incremental improvements in lung survival. While more detailed mechanistic studies are needed to explore the relationship between gene expression and pathway‐specific injury and explore why some genes apparently exhibit neutral (hTBM, HLA‐E) or inconclusive (CD39) effects, GalTKO, hCD46, HO‐1, hCD55, and hEPCR modifications were associated with significant lung xenograft protection. This analysis supports the hypothesis that multiple genetic modifications targeting different known mechanisms of xenograft injury will be required to optimize lung xenograft survival.
Genomics and Proteomics of Mycobacteriophage Patience, an Accidental Tourist in the
Mycobacterium
Neighborhood
Authors: Pope Welkin H. , Jacobs-Sera Deborah , Russell Daniel A. , Rubin Daniel H. F. , Kajee Afsana , Msibi Zama N. P. , Larsen Michelle H. , Jacobs William R. , Lawrence Jeffrey G. , Hendrix Roger W. , Hatfull Graham F. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Newly emerging human viruses such as Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, and HIV likely originate within an extant population of viruses in nonhuman hosts and acquire the ability to infect and cause disease in humans. Although several mechanisms preventing viral infection of particular hosts have been described, the mechanisms and constraints on viral host expansion are ill defined. We describe here mycobacteriophage Patience, a newly isolated phage recovered using
Mycobacterium smegmatis
mc
2
155 as a host. Patience has genomic features distinct from its
M. smegmatis
host, including a much lower GC content (50.3% versus 67.4%) and an abundance of codons that are rarely used in
M. smegmatis
. Nonetheless, it propagates well in
M. smegmatis
, and we demonstrate the use of mass spectrometry to show expression of over 75% of the predicted proteins, to identify new genes, to refine the genome annotation, and to estimate protein abundance. We propose that Patience evolved primarily among lower-GC hosts and that the disparities between its genomic profile and that of
M. smegmatis
presented only a minimal barrier to host expansion. Rapid adaptions to its new host include recent acquisition of higher-GC genes, expression of out-of-frame proteins within predicted genes, and codon selection among highly expressed genes toward the translational apparatus of its new host.

IMPORTANCE
The mycobacteriophage Patience genome has a notably lower GC content (50.3%) than its
Mycobacterium smegmatis
host (67.4%) and has markedly different codon usage biases. The viral genome has an abundance of codons that are rare in the host and are decoded by wobble tRNA pairing, although the phage grows well and expression of most of the genes is detected by mass spectrometry. Patience thus has the genomic profile of a virus that evolved primarily in one type of host genetic landscape (moderate-GC bacteria) but has found its way into a distinctly different high-GC environment. Although Patience genes are ill matched to the host expression apparatus, this is of little functional consequence and has not evidently imposed a barrier to migration across the microbial landscape. Interestingly, comparison of expression levels and codon usage profiles reveals evidence of codon selection as the genome evolves and adapts to its new environment.