bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Advocacy: Making Space for Conservation Scientists in Public Debate
Authors: Garrard Georgia E. , Fidler Fiona , Wintle Bonnie C. , Chee Yung En , Bekessy Sarah A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe topic of advocacy by scientists has been debated for decades, yet there is little agreement about whether scientists can or should be advocates. The fear of crossing a line into advocacy continues to hold many scientists back from contributing to public discourse, impoverishing public debate about important issues. We believe that progress in this debate is limited by a misconception about the relationship between scientific integrity and objectivity. We begin by unpacking this relationship and debunking three common misconceptions about advocacy by scientists: namely, that advocacy is harmful to scientific credibility, beyond the scope of science, and incompatible with science, which is value‐free. We propose new ways of thinking about responsible advocacy by conservation scientists, drawing on practices from the health sciences, where researchers and professional bodies are empowered to act as health advocates. In so doing, we hope to open further space for conservation scientists to actively and legitimately engage in public debate about conservation issues.
Giant Left Atrium with Large Thrombus—Comprehensive Evaluation and Management
Authors: Malkiwodeyar Prashanth Kumar , Moorthy Nagaraj , Bhat Prabhavati , Cholenahalli Manjunath Nanjappa 
Published: June 2015

Mini‐AbstractForty‐seven‐year‐old woman presented with NYHA class III symptoms of dyspnea on exertion with acute right lower limb ischemia, prompt surgical embolectomy was performed. Cardiac evaluation with echocardiography and 3D echocardiography revealed rheumatic heart disease—severe mitral stenosis with a giant left atrium with large mass occupying almost whole of left atrium. Detailed evaluation of the mass was performed to rule out malignancy with transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging which were indicative of thrombus. Left atrial thrombectomy with mitral valve replacement was carried out, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of thrombus.
Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium dynamics simultaneously operate in the Galápagos islands
Authors: Valente Luis M. , Phillimore Albert B. , Etienne Rampal S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIsland biotas emerge from the interplay between colonisation, speciation and extinction and are often the scene of spectacular adaptive radiations. A common assumption is that insular diversity is at a dynamic equilibrium, but for remote islands, such as Hawaii or Galápagos, this idea remains untested. Here, we reconstruct the temporal accumulation of terrestrial bird species of the Galápagos using a novel phylogenetic method that estimates rates of biota assembly for an entire community. We show that species richness on the archipelago is in an ascending phase and does not tend towards equilibrium. The majority of the avifauna diversifies at a slow rate, without detectable ecological limits. However, Darwin's finches form an exception: they rapidly reach a carrying capacity and subsequently follow a coalescent‐like diversification process. Together, these results suggest that avian diversity of remote islands is rising, and challenge the mutual exclusivity of the non‐equilibrium and equilibrium ecological paradigms.
Role of T‐regulatory cells in the response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Mathew Roy O. , Mason Darius L. , Song Renjie , Tryniszewski Tiffany , Kennedy Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHuman disease elicits a complex array of biological processes that results in long‐term protective immunological memory to infectious agents. Chronic kidney disease is known to impair induction of sustained immunological memory to hepatitis B vaccine (HBVax) antigens. We asked the question: Does end‐stage renal disease promote changes in subtypes of regulatory T (Treg) cells that correlate with diminished amnestic response to HBVax antigen compared to healthy controls? The study design and setting was a prospective observational cohort at a veterans affairs medical center. End‐stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis (HD) were compared with individuals with self‐reported normal kidney function. All subjects received HBVax. Peripheral blood was sampled for assessment for Treg cells pre and post vaccination. CD4+ FOXP3 Treg numbers were similar between HD and healthy subjects during a 14‐day time period post vaccination. HD subjcts had lower anti‐HBSag antibody than CON (control) subjects (330 ± 108.7 vs. 663.1 ± 129.7 IU/mL; P = 0.063). Hemodialysis subjects with resting Tregs higher than the median value in our cohort demonstrated a significantly lower change in HBsAB at 30 days post booster vaccination (P = 0.030). No such relationship was found for the activated Treg subset among HD subjects, or either subset among CON subsets. In our limited comparison study of 11 HD and 8 CON subjects, Treg subsets did not differ between the two groups; but differences in the suppressive Treg numbers in the HD group could explain the altered antibody response to HBVax and is worthy of further study.
Cytocompatibility of Biodentine using a three‐dimensional cell culture model
Authors: Silva E. J. N. L. , Senna P. M. , De‐Deus G. , Zaia A. A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Biodentine, using a three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture associated with an in situ root‐end filling experimental model. White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and zinc oxide cement were used as reference for comparison. IL‐1α and TNF‐α cytokine production were also evaluated.MethodologyThe root canals of 24 human maxillary incisor teeth were prepared using a single‐file reciprocating technique. After root filling, a 3‐mm root‐end resection was performed and 3 mm of gutta‐percha was removed from the canal. The teeth were randomly distributed to receive one of the following root‐end filling materials: Biodentine, white MTA or zinc oxide cement (positive control group). In the negative control group, the root canal was not retro‐filled. The cytocompatibility of the materials was evaluated using the methyl‐thiazol‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium (MTT) assay in an in situ root‐end filling experimental model. Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, cultured in rat tail collagen type I 3D scaffold, were exposed to the root apex for 24 h, and cell viability was measured by means of reduction MTT salt. IL‐1α and TNF‐α production were analysed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. One‐way analysis of variance was performed and, when the F‐ratios were significant, data were compared by Duncan's multiple‐range test. The alpha‐type error was set at 0.05.ResultsBiodentine and MTA groups had similar cell activity to the negative control group (P > 0.05), indicating low cytotoxicity for both materials. The stronger cytotoxicity effect was identified on the zinc oxide cement (P < 0.05). Zinc oxide cement caused a significant up‐regulation in IL‐1α and TNF‐α (P < 0.05). No significant differences amongst MTA, Biodentine and the negative control group were observed for TNF‐α (P > 0.05); however, both MTA and Biodentine were associated with overproduction of IL‐1α when compared to the control group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBiodentine and MTA had similar cytocompatibility in a 3D cell culture model associated with an in situ root‐end filling model. The methodology could be used as an alternative to assess the cytocompatibility of endodontic cements because it is more closely related to the in vivo situation.
Evaluation of blood group antibodies in ABO‐incompatible living‐donor kidney transplantation
Authors: Sugiyama Ken , Hyodo Yoji , Aikawa Atsushi 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo assess changes in anti‐blood type antibody titers and postoperative outcomes (graft survival and rejection rates) at our center with the use of the immunosuppressant, rituximab, in ABO‐incompatible kidney transplants from living donors. Confirming anti‐donor blood group antibodies is important for avoiding humoral rejection in ABO‐incompatible kidney transplants. Splenectomy has been carried out in our hospital according to Alexandre's policy in order to suppress the production of anti‐donor blood group antibodies. However, splenectomy has recently been avoided due to the administration of the immunosuppressant rituximab, which gives satisfactory outcomes. Thus, pre‐ and postoperative anti‐donor blood group antibodies were measured, and the outcomes achieved with rituximab were examined.MethodsA total of 134 cases of ABO‐incompatible kidney transplants were carried out at Toho University Omori Medical Center between March 1989 and February 2013. These cases were classified as follows: azathioprine group (n = 62 patients); mycophenolate mofetil group (n = 33 patients); rituximab group (n = 39 patients). The anti‐donor blood group antibodies levels (immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M) were measured in all groups before antibody removal, immediately before surgery, and 1, 2, 4 weeks and 3 months after surgery, and then compared.ResultsRates of antibody‐mediated rejection, including hyperacute rejection, in the azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab groups were 32.2%, 18.1% and 7.6%, respectively. Graft survival rates were higher in the mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab groups than in the azathioprine group, but were lower in patients with higher preoperative antibody titers (≥128‐fold higher immunoglobulin G) than in those with lower titers (<128‐fold higher immunoglobulin G). In addition, postoperative anti‐blood type antibody titers were significantly suppressed in the rituximab group.ConclusionsAdministration of rituximab results in better antibody control than previous protocols including splenectomy, even in the postoperative period during which humoral rejection often occurs. This protocol eliminates the physical invasiveness of pre‐transplant splenectomy, and is expected to provide better outcomes in chronic renal failure patients who undergo kidney transplants.
The right‐to‐manage default rule
Authors: Harcourt Mark , Lam Helen , Croucher Richard 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe critically examine the right‐to‐manage as a legal default rule. Identifying its deficiencies, we then assess the merits of process and content defaults and identify potentially non‐waivable terms and conditions. Finally, we suggest how different options may be combined within systems.
Thermal Shock Resistance of Laminated ZrB2–SiC Ceramic Evaluated by Indentation Technique
Authors: Zhou Peng , Wang Zhi , Fan Youhua , Hu Ping , Zhang Xinghong , Han Wenbo 
Published: June 2015

In this work, the thermal shock behavior of laminated ZrB2–SiC ceramic has been evaluated using indentation‐quench method based on propagation of Vickers cracks and compared with the monolithic ZrB2–SiC ceramic. The results showed that the laminated ZrB2–SiC ceramic exhibited better resistance to crack propagation and thermal shock under water quenching condition, and the critical temperature difference (ΔTc) of laminated ZrB2–SiC ceramic (ΔTc ≈ 590°C) was much higher than that of monolithic ceramic (ΔTc ≈ 290°C). The significant improvement in thermal shock resistance was attributed to residual stresses enhancing the resistance to crack growth during thermal shock loading.
Using the Care Dependency Scale for identifying patients at risk for pressure ulcer
Authors: Dijkstra Ate , Kazimier Hetty , Halfens Ruud J.G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate risk screening for pressure ulcer by using the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) for patients receiving home care or admitted to a residential or nursing home in the Netherlands.BackgroundPressure ulcer is a serious and persistent problem for patients throughout the Western world. Pressure ulcer is among the most common adverse events in nursing practice and when a pressure ulcer occurs it has many consequences for patients and healthcare professionals.DesignCross‐sectional design.MethodsThe convenience sample consisted of 13,633 study participants, of whom 2639 received home care from 15 organisations, 4077 were patients from 67 residential homes and 6917 were admitted in 105 nursing homes. Data were taken from the Dutch National Prevalence Survey of Care Problems that was carried out in April 2012 in Dutch healthcare settings.ResultsFor the three settings, cut‐off points above 80% sensitivity were established, while in the residential home sample an almost 60% combined specificity score was identified.The CDS items ‘Body posture’ (home care), ‘Getting dressed and undressed’ (residential homes) and ‘Mobility’ (nursing homes) were the most significant variables which affect PU.ConclusionsThe CDS is able to distinguish between patients at risk for pressure ulcer development and those not at risk in both home care and residential care settings. In nursing homes, the usefulness of the CDS for pressure ulcer detection is limited.
A randomized controlled trial of the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a texting intervention on medication adherence in adults prescribed oral anti‐cancer agents: study protocol
Authors: Spoelstra Sandra L. , Given Charles W. , Sikorskii Alla , Coursaris Constantinos K. , Majumder Atreyee , DeKoekkoek Tracy , Schueller Monica , Given Barbara A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to report a study protocol that examines feasibility, preliminary efficacy and satisfaction of a text message intervention on the outcome of medication adherence in adult patients prescribed oral anti‐cancer agents.BackgroundAdministration of oral anti‐cancer agents occurs in the home setting, requiring patients to self‐manage the regimen as prescribed. However, many barriers to medication adherence exist: regimens are often complex, with cycling of two or more medications; side effects of treatment; most cancer patients are older with comorbid conditions and competing demands; and cognitive decline and forgetfulness may occur. Research indicates patients miss nearly one‐third of the prescribed oral anti‐cancer agent dosages. Text message interventions have been shown to improve medication adherence in chronic conditions other than cancer. However, a majority of those patients were less than 50 years of age and most cancer patients are diagnosed later in life.DesignA two‐group randomized controlled trial with repeated measures.MethodsSeventy‐five adult patients newly prescribed an oral anti‐cancer agent will be recruited (project funded in April 2013) from community cancer centres and a specialty pharmacy. Participants will be randomized to either a control group (n = 25; usual care) or an intervention group (n = 50; usual care plus text messages timed to medication regimen). Outcome measures include: medication adherence, feasibility and satisfaction with the intervention. Data will be collected over 8 weeks: baseline, weekly and exit.DiscussionStandardized text message intervention protocol and detailed study procedures have been developed in this study to improve medication adherence.
Redox status of high‐mobility group box 1 performs a dual role in angiogenesis of colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Lingyin , Ren Lin , Chen Yingxuan , Fang Jingyuan , Ge Zhizheng , Li Xiaobo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDuring inflammation, high‐mobility group box 1 in reduced all‐thiol form (at‐HMGB1) takes charge of chemoattractant activity, whereas only disulfide‐HMGB1 (ds‐HMGB1) has cytokine activity. Also as pro‐angiogenic inducer, the role of HMGB1 in different redox states has never been defined in tumour angiogenesis. To verify which redox states of HMGB1 induces angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma. To measure the expression of VEGF‐A and angiogenic properties of the endothelial cells (ECs), at‐HMGB1 or ds‐HMGB1 was added to cell medium, further with their special inhibitors (DPH1.1 mAb and 2G7 mAb) and antibodies of corresponding receptors (RAGE Ab and TLR4 Ab). Also, a co‐culture system and conditioned medium from tumour cells were applied to mimic tumour microenvironment. HMGB1 triggered VEGF‐A secretion mainly through its disulfide form interacting with TLR4, while co‐operation of at‐HMGB1 and RAGE mediated migratory capacity of ECs. Functional inhibition of HMGB1 and its receptors abrogated HMGB1‐induced angiogenic properties of ECs co‐cultured with tumour cells. HMGB1 orchestrates the key events of tumour angiogenesis, migration of ECs and their induction to secrete VEGF‐A, by adopting distinct redox states.
Telomere dynamics in parasitic great spotted cuckoos and their magpie hosts
Authors: Soler J. J. , Ruiz Castellano C. , Martínez‐de la Puente J. , Tomás G. , Ruiz‐Rodríguez M. , Figuerola J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAlthough little is known on the impact of environment on telomere length dynamics, it has been suggested to be affected by stress, lifestyle and/or life‐history strategies of animals. We here compared telomere dynamics in erythrocytes of hatchlings and fledglings of the brood parasite great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) and of magpies (Pica pica), their main host in Europe. In magpie chicks, telomere length decreased from hatching to fledging, whereas no significant change in telomere length of great spotted cuckoo chicks was found. Moreover, we found interspecific differences in the association between laying date and telomere shortening. Interspecific differences in telomere shortening were interpreted as a consequence of differences in lifestyle and life‐history characteristics of magpies and great spotted cuckoos. In comparison with magpies, cuckoos experience reduced sibling competition and higher access to resources and, consequently, lower stressful environmental conditions during the nestling phase. These characteristics also explain the associations between telomere attrition and environmental conditions (i.e. laying date) for magpies and the absence of association for great spotted cuckoos. These results therefore fit expectations on telomere dynamics derived from interspecific differences in lifestyle and life history of brood parasites and their bird hosts.
Attraction of wild‐like and colony‐reared Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera:Tephritidae) to cuelure in the field
Authors: Manoukis N. C. , Gayle S. M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe attraction of wild tephritids to semiochemical‐based lures is the ideal basis for trap network design in detection programmes, but in practice, mass‐reared colony insects are usually used to determine trap efficiency. For Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett, a lower response by wild males compared with colony‐derived individuals, usually used to estimate attraction parameters, could mean that the sensitivity of detection networks targeting this pest is reduced. We describe the results of mark–release–recapture experiments with wild‐ and colony‐derived B. cucurbitae males in a grid of cuelure‐baited traps within a macadamia nut orchard in Hawaii Island designed to quantify the attraction of cuelure to each fly type. For colony males, we estimate a 65% probability of capture at 27 m, intermediate with previous estimates on the attraction of methyl eugenol to Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (36 m) and trimedlure to Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (14 m) at the same site. Results suggest similar response over distance by wild‐derived B. cucurbitae compared with colony in the field, but there may be qualitative differences in response between wild and colony based on very low response of wild males in a standard bioassay of attraction. For both fly types, the estimates of attraction in the smaller of two grid sizes tested were lower than for the larger spacing, suggesting trap competition was a factor at an intertrap distance of 75 m. Dispersal patterns within the grid were generally to the south for the colony‐derived males and more variable for the wild‐derived males. In neither case was the direction of recapture correlated with the prevailing direction of the wind.
Efficacy and long‐term durability of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine among intramuscular vaccine nonresponders: A prospective study in healthcare personnel
Authors: Kalchiem‐Dekel Or , Grupel Daniel , Bouchnik Lea , Sikuler Emanuel , Ben‐Yakov Gil 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground:Data on efficacy, safety, and durability of intradermal vaccine administration in persons who have not responded appropriately to intramuscular administration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine are relatively scarce.Methods:We designed a prospective case series in an urban tertiary care hospital in Israel. The medical records of 4007 healthcare personnel who had worked in the hospital between 1996 and 2006 were examined and those with an unsatisfactory level (<10 mIU/ml) of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) following two courses of a three‐dose intramuscular HBV vaccine (“nonresponders”) were identified. Nonresponders were vaccinated with three doses of 5 µg of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen‐based vaccine at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Level of HBsAb was determined 4 weeks after the last dose, and an additional dose was administered as needed. HBsAb level was again determined 24 weeks after the final vaccine dose to assess late immune reactivity and long‐term durability of the vaccine. Vaccine safety was assessed at each vaccination and testing session.Results:Twenty‐seven subjects were included in the study, and 21 completed the study. The proportion of subjects with satisfactory HBsAb level at 4 weeks after the last administered dose was 70.3% (19/27). The proportion of subjects with sustained immune response at 24 weeks was 62.9% (17/27) according to intention‐to‐treat analysis and 80.9% (17/21) according to per protocol analysis. There were no reports of adverse events in response to the administration of the vaccine.Conclusions:Intradermal administration of HBV vaccine offers an efficient, safe, and durable option for intramuscular vaccine nonresponders and represents a means to optimize utilization of the widespread HBs antigen‐based vaccine formulation.
New Clasp Assembly for Distal Extension Removable Partial Dentures: The Reverse RPA Clasp
Authors: Hakkoum Mohammad Ayham 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSeveral clasp types are used in distal extension removable partial dentures. In some cases the terminal abutments have only distal retentive undercuts that can be occupied by bar clasps; however, bar clasps may be contraindicated with no suitable alternative. This article presents a reasonable solution by introducing a new clasp design as a modification to the well‐known RPA clasp. The design includes a mesial rest, proximal plate, and buccal retentive arm arising from the rest and extending to reach the distal retentive undercut.