bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing of Metallic Materials
Authors: McKeighan Peter C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe present chapter reviews some of the basic background for how metallic materials are mechanically tested. A designer must have fundamental knowledge of both the properties and test methods as well as an understanding of how to interpret the properties in the design context. Further test‐related standards that ASTM publishes are found to be very useful that ensure that mechanical properties generated in one laboratory are consistent with those generated in another laboratory. This consistency is critical from a design point of view as specific property values are typically extracted from numerous sources, and knowing that consistent methods are used in generating these properties is crucial. Finally, ASTM also provides other resources to ensure that the properties required are available. In particular, the Directory of Testing Labs (ASTM, 2001) provides a state‐bystate listing of laboratories that are available to perform materials testing.
Ceramics Testing
Authors: McGuire Shawn K. , Jenkins Michael G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCeramics are being used in numerous industrial and scientific applications. Advanced ceramics, in particular, have great future possibilities for use in a wide variety of applications as these are typically wear and corrosion resistant, lightweight, and thermodynamically stable. In addition, many advanced ceramics have electrical properties that make them advantageous for use in electronic applications such as electronic packaging. With the steadily increasing use of ceramics in industry, there exists an increasing demand to characterize and quantify the properties of ceramics. This leads to higher demand for improved testing techniques to yield more exact data used for activities such as design, safety analysis, quality control, and scientific understanding. This present study gives a brief overview of the major test methods currently being used, relative advantages and disadvantages to each other, and some common sources of error. In addition, a listing of standards that are both relevant and directly applicable to ceramics are given for various testing methods.
Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques
Authors: del Pilar Noriega Maria 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter is designed to provide a background in main areas of testing and instrumental analysis used for polymer processing. The following are the characterization techniques to be presented and covered: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – FTIR, chromatography, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry – DSC and thermogravimetry – TGA), and rheometry. Combined with an engineering background, this chapter has the concise information and industrial case studies for data analysis using the most important characterization techniques.
Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties
Authors: Zohdi T. I. , Zohdi Magd E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In virtually every modern engineering design, new composite particulate materials are employed that are specifically tailored to the application at hand. These materials are constructed by combining an easy to form matrix‐binder material with embedded particles, whose properties are chosen to deliver overall desired properties. Trial and error experiments to determine the correct combinations of such materials are tedious and expensive. Accordingly, over the past century, methods have been developed to accelerate the process of material design by attempting to reliably estimate the effective responses of such materials in terms of the material properties of the matrix material, the properties of the particulate additives, and the volume fraction of the particulate additives. This chapter provides a basic overview of some straightforward analytical methods used in such analyses.
Instrument Statics
Authors: Hall Jerry Lee , Sundararajan Sriram , Naim Mahmood 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter describes the considerations associated with evaluating numerical values for the static characteristics of an instrument. The measurement of any variable is accomplished by an instrumentation system composed of transducers. Each transducer is an energy conversion device and requires energy transfer into the device before the variable of interest can be detected. There are several categorical characteristics for a transducer (or measurement system). Transducer performance can be described in terms of static characteristics and instruments associated with rapidly varying measurands require additional qualifications termed dynamic characteristics. Static calibration should include both increasing and decreasing values of the known input signal and a repetition of the input signal. Finally, statistics in the measurement process has been summarized comprehensively with more emphasis on unbiased estimates, types of errors, uncertainty interval, confidence limits, and so on.
Input and Output Characteristics
Authors: Bell Adam C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter deals exclusively with interactions between static and dynamic subsystems intended to function together in a task and with how best to configure and characterize those ideal subsystems. The study demonstrates an alternate viewpoint for the interaction of systems with each other. The key issue in this chapter is this: whenever two dynamic systems are connected, an interaction occurs. If the connection is to meet its objectives, the nature of this interaction must be explored and controlled.
Signal Processing
Authors: Turnbull John 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Signals are carriers of information. The objective of the chapter is to illustrate that signal processing involves the encoding of information for the purpose of transmission of information or decoding the information at the receiving end of the transmission. The standard method most commonly used for this involves filters that exploit some separation of the signal and noise in the frequency domain. To this end, it is useful to use frequency‐domain tools such as the Fourier transform and the Laplace transform in designing and analyzing various filters such as analog filters and digital filters. The study finds that there are various factors matter when deciding on a particular filter for a given application. Further, common strategy in designing filters especially IIR filters has also been summarized comprehensively.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands and Iron: An Effective Association for Catalysis
Authors: Bézier David , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Darcel Christophe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough iron has been known and widely used in coordination and organometallic chemistry for decades and N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have also been used for about half a century, their combination surprisingly did not become a hot topic in chemistry until this last decade. This review presents several recent and stimulating developments in homogeneous catalysis done mainly using iron/NHC‐based catalysts. Of particular interest are the roles of iron/NHC complexes in cross‐coupling Kochi reactions, CC bond formation reactions and hydrofunctionalization, and more particularly in hydrosilylation. Our review summarizes the key developments in these fields.
Continuous‐Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenation of the β‐Keto Ester Methyl Propionylacetate in Ionic Liquid–Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Biphasic Systems
Authors: Theuerkauf Jens , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA continuous‐flow process for the asymmetric hydrogenation of methyl propionylacetate as a prototypical β‐keto ester in a biphasic system of ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is presented. An established ruthenium/2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP) catalyst was immobilised in an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid while scCO2 was used as mobile phase transporting reactants in and products out of the reactor. The use of acidic additives led to significantly higher reaction rates and enhanced catalyst stability albeit at slightly reduced enantioselectivity. High single pass conversions (>90%) and good enantioselectivity (80–82% ee) were achieved in the first 80 h. The initial catalyst activity was retained to 91% after 100 h and to 69% after 150 h time‐on‐stream, whereas the enantioselectivity remained practically constant during the entire process. A total turnover number of ∼21,000 and an averaged space‐time yield (STYav) of 149 g L−1 h−1 were reached in a long‐term experiment. No ruthenium and phosphorus contaminants could be detected via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) in the product stream and almost quantitative retention by the analysis of the stationary phase was confirmed. A comparison between batch‐wise and continuous‐flow operation on the basis of these data is provided.
The Determinants of Ownership Structure: Evidence from Brazilian Agricultural Cooperatives
Authors: de Moura Costa Davi R. , Chaddad Fabio , Furquim de Azevedo Paulo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe separation of ownership and control observed in large corporations is common to other organizations such as large professional partnerships, financial mutuals, nonprofits, and cooperatives. This separation gives rise to control and influence cost problems in cooperatives. However, it is not observed in all Brazilian agricultural cooperatives, where certain members have both residual claim and formal control rights. In this article, we examine the allocation of decision management and control rights and the determinants of ownership structure in a sample of Brazilian agricultural cooperatives. Using survey data, we employ multivariate regression techniques to empirically investigate the factors determining the allocation of ownership rights and the separation of ownership and control. Our findings do not lend strong support to agency theory, but they help inform research seeking to shed light on the determinants of decision rights allocation in agricultural cooperatives. [EconLit classification: Q130].
Cooperative CEO Identity and Efficient Governance: Member or Outside CEO?
Authors: Liang Qiao , Hendrikse George 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTA principal‐agent model is formulated to capture the efficiency of cooperatives with a member CEO and cooperatives with an employed outsider as CEO. Results of the model show that the incentive strength regarding the member CEO is stronger compared to that of the outside CEO in order to shift some effort of the member CEO from individual farming into the task of adding value to the cooperative enterprise. A cooperative with a member CEO is uniquely efficient when upstream and downstream tasks are substitutes to a certain extent, or complements. When the tasks are substitutes, the efficient CEO identity depends on the strength of the substitution effect and the difference of the marginal productivities between the two tasks. The scope of cooperatives with a member CEO being efficient becomes smaller when the substitution effect is at an intermediate level or the productivity difference between the two tasks is limited. [Econ Lit classification: D210, Q130].
Application of shear thickening fluid in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fabric
Authors: Sun Liang‐Liang , Xiong Dang‐Sheng , Xu Cai‐Yun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn advanced stab‐resistant material composed of shear thickening fluid (STF) and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabric was investigated. STF was prepared by dispersing nanosilica (SiO2) into ethylene glycol. The shear thickening behavior of STF with the increase of the shear rate was observed by PhysicaMCR301. STF/UHMWPE composite fabric was synthesized by impregnating UHMWPE fabric in STF dilution. Stab resistant experiment was conducted on a self‐made stab test machine with knife and spike as stab tool. The results demonstrate that the stab resistant property of the UHMWPE fabric is greatly improved by impregnating STF. The stab resistant property is greatly increased with the increase of mass fraction of silica in STF. Especially, when the mass fraction of SiO2 in STF is 38%, the stab resistance force and energy absorption of STF/UHMWPE are optimal for knife and spike threats. With the same stab resistant properties, the flexibility of UHMWPE fabric impregnated with STF is higher than that of the neat fabric. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thermomechanical and chemorheology properties of a thermosetting acrylic/melamine clearcoat modified with a hyperbranched polymer
Authors: Yari Hossein , Mohseni Mohsen , Ranjbar Zahra 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe work presented here aims at studying the thermomechanical and chemorheological properties of an automotive clearcoat containing an acrylic/melamine resin modified with a hyperbranched poly ester‐amide (HBP) additive. Rheological experiments were conducted at ambient (25°C) and curing temperature (140°C). Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and hardness measurements were performed to reveal the influence of HBP content on the behavior of the cured samples. It was found that the viscosity of the resin containing HBP samples considerably decreased. Although curing degree and mechanical properties were improved at low HBP loadings, a reverse effect was seen at higher contents. Dynamic rheological results during curing showed that although low amount of HBP resulted in an early gel point (GP), higher HBP loading postponed the GP. This loading‐dependent behavior was explained by the influence of HBP on viscosity and reactivity of the system on which the curing performance was influenced oppositely. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electrospun nanofiber‐coated separator membranes for lithium‐ion rechargeable batteries
Authors: Lee Hun , Alcoutlabi Mataz , Watson Jill V. , Zhang Xiangwu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanofiber‐coated composite membranes were prepared by electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene (PVDF‐co‐CTFE) and PVDF‐co‐CTFE/polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐co‐HFP) onto six different Celgard® microporous battery separator membranes. Application of a PVDF‐based copolymer nanofiber coating onto the surface of the battery separator membrane provides a method for improving the electrolyte absorption of the separator and the separator‐electrode adhesion. Peel tests showed that both PVDF‐co‐CTFE and PVDF‐co‐CTFE/PVDF‐co‐HFP nanofiber coatings have comparable adhesion to the membrane substrates. Electrolyte uptake capacity was investigated by soaking the nanofiber‐coated membranes in a liquid electrolyte solution. PVDF‐co‐CTFE and PVDF‐co‐CTFE/PVDF‐co‐HFP nanofiber‐coated membranes exhibited higher electrolyte uptake capacities than uncoated membranes. It was also found that PVDF‐co‐CTFE nanofiber‐coated membranes have higher electrolyte uptakes than PVDF‐co‐CTFE/PVDF‐co‐HFP nanofiber‐coated membranes due to the smaller diameters of PVDF‐co‐CTFE nanofibers and higher polarity of PVDF‐co‐CTFE. The separator–electrode adhesion properties were also investigated. Results showed PVDF‐co‐CTFE and PVDF‐co‐CTFE/PVDF‐co‐HFP nanofiber coatings improved the adhesion of all six membrane substrates to the electrode. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Miscibility of natural polyhydroxyalkanoate blend with controllable material properties
Authors: Tanadchangsaeng Nuttapol , Yu Jian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolyesters were synthesized by Cupriavidus necator cells in continuous feeding of cosubstrates. During the PHA accumulation phase, the composition of 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 3‐hydroxyvalerate (3HV), and 4‐hydroxyvalerate (4HV) of the copolyesters changed with time, resulting in a change in their miscibility. The as‐produced PHA finally became a miscible blend of copolymers with a broad chemical composition distribution. The good miscibility and low crystallinity of the natural P(3HB‐co‐3HV‐co‐4HV) blend lead to a remarkable increase in ductility and elongation at break. It indicates that the material properties of copolyesters can be tailored via feeding control of cosubstrates. It was also found that the fractions of natural PHA blend exhibited distinctive thermal behavior and the overall behavior of the as‐produced PHA blend was primarily dependent on a fraction of high 3HB content. The material properties of a PHA blend are therefore not determined by its overall chemical composition but more likely by the combined effect of individual copolyesters or fractions. Moreover, the degree of X‐ray crystallinity of random P(3HB‐co‐3HV‐co‐4HV) blend declined significantly with the increase of 3HV and 4HV content, in contrast to the high crystallinity of well‐known P(3HB‐co‐3HV) copolyesters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Vision‐Based Tracking and Position Estimation of Moving Targets for Unmanned Helicopter Systems
Authors: Lin Chien‐Hong , Hsiao Fu‐Yuen , Hsiao Fei‐Bin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe primary goal of this study is to track a ground‐moving target using a machine‐vision system installed on an unmanned helicopter, and to estimate its position if the target becomes unobservable. The machine‐vision system is accomplished using real‐time color images obtained from a charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera mounted on a computer‐controlled gimbaled system that can pitch and yaw. To avoid real‐time image‐tracking failure resulting from a moving target becoming concealed, the Kalman filtering technique is applied to predict the target's follow‐on position, so that the camera can continuously track the target. The entire system is initially tested on the ground and then mounted on a helicopter for in‐flight testing. The following three cases are shown in the flight tests: (1) an uncovered static target; (2) a moving visible target; and (3) a target that moves in a straight line at a constant speed and becomes temporarily concealed. The vision‐based tracking system with the developed algorithm is successfully applied in all three cases.
Developments in Direct CH Arylation of (Hetero)Arenes under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Vacchani Dipak , Van der Eycken Erik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis minireview describes the progress made in the development of direct CH arylation approaches through the application of focused microwave irradiation. The synergistic combination of microwave‐assisted techniques with the rapidly evolving domain of CH arylation has opened new vistas in the efficient synthesis of a diverse array of biologically important (hetero)arenes.
Mechanistic Studies on the Roles of the Oxidant and Hydrogen Bonding in Determining the Selectivity in Alkene Oxidation in the Presence of Molybdenum Catalysts
Authors: Chandra Prakash , Pandhare Swati L. , Umbarkar Shubhangi B. , Dongare Mohan K. , Vanka Kumar 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhen the molybdenum oxo(peroxo) acetylide complex [CpMo(OO)(O)CCPh] is used as a catalyst for the oxidation of olefins, completely different product selectivity is obtained depending on the oxidant employed. When tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP, 5.5 M) in dodecane is used as the oxidant for the oxidation of cyclohexene, cyclohexene oxide is formed with high selectivity. However, when H2O2 is used as the oxidant, the corresponding cis‐1,2‐diol is formed as the major product. Calculations performed by using density functional theory revealed the nature of the different competing mechanisms operating during the catalysis process and also provided an insight into the influence of the oxidant and hydrogen bonding on the catalysis process. The mechanistic investigations can therefore serve as a guide in the design of molybdenum‐based catalysts for the oxidation of olefins.
Design and Synthesis of a New Family of Fluorinated Liquid Crystals
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Goldberg Aleksey A. , Muzalevskiy Vasily M. , Balenkova Elizabeth S. , Shastin Aleksey V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA convenient and simple three‐step pathway to the new family of CF2CF2S‐bridged alkanes and CF2S‐, CF2O‐bridged alkenes and alkynes was elaborated by using catalytic olefination reaction as a key step of the synthetic sequence. The obtained compounds revealed attractive liquid crystalline characteristics.
Cultural legacies, fire ecology, and environmental change in the Stone Country of Arnhem Land and Kakadu National Park, Australia
Authors: Trauernicht Clay , Murphy Brett P. , Tangalin Natalia , Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe use the fire ecology and biogeographical patterns of Callitris intratropica, a fire‐sensitive conifer, and the Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), an introduced mega‐herbivore, to examine the hypothesis that the continuation of Aboriginal burning and cultural integration of buffalo contribute to greater savanna heterogeneity and diversity in central Arnhem Land (CAL) than Kakadu National Park (KNP). The ‘Stone Country’ of the Arnhem Plateau, extending from KNP to CAL, is a globally renowned social–ecological system, managed for millennia by Bininj‐Kunwok Aboriginal clans. Regional species declines have been attributed to the cessation of patchy burning by Aborigines. Whereas the KNP Stone Country is a modern wilderness, managed through prescribed burning and buffalo eradication, CAL remains a stronghold for Aboriginal management where buffalo have been culturally integrated. We surveyed the plant community and the presence of buffalo tracks among intact and fire‐damaged C. intratropica groves and the savanna matrix in KNP and CAL. Aerial surveys of C. intratropica grove condition were used to examine the composition of savanna vegetation across the Stone Country. The plant community in intact C. intratropica groves had higher stem counts of shrubs and small trees and higher proportions of fire‐sensitive plant species than degraded groves and the savanna matrix. A higher proportion of intact C. intratropica groves in CAL therefore indicated greater gamma diversity and habitat heterogeneity than the KNP Stone Country. Interactions among buffalo, fire, and C. intratropica suggested that buffalo also contributed to these patterns. Our results suggest linkages between ecological and cultural integrity at broad spatial scales across a complex landscape. Buffalo may provide a tool for mitigating destructive fires; however, their interactions require further study. Sustainability in the Stone Country depends upon adaptive management that rehabilitates the coupling of indigenous culture, disturbance, and natural resources.