bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land use patterns skew sex ratios, decrease genetic diversity and trump the effects of recent climate change in an endangered turtle
Authors: Reid Brendan N. , Peery M. Z. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimChanges in both land use and climate can cause population declines and species extinctions, but the relative effects of these two stressors are often dependent on species‐specific life histories. Turtles are highly threatened as a taxonomic group and are particularly sensitive to environmental change due to their life history, habitat preferences and physiology. We used both sex data and genetic diversity across a landscape‐scale gradient in land use intensity and recent climate change to characterize the relative effects of these factors on three turtle species (including the endangered Blanding's turtle, Emydoidea blandingii) with different life histories and thus different vulnerabilities to environmental change.LocationWisconsin, USA.MethodsTurtles were captured and sampled for genetic analyses at 18 sites. Sampled individuals were genotyped for species‐specific sets of microsatellite markers, and population‐level genetic diversity was assessed using rarefied allelic richness and heterozygosity. The relative effects of road density, public land area and recent climate change on genetic diversity and sex ratio were evaluated using regression methods and model‐selection criteria.ResultsIncreased land use intensity was associated with male‐skewed sex ratios and decreased genetic diversity in E. blandingii but not co‐occurring species. Recent climate change did not explain variability in either sex ratio or genetic diversity for any of the three species examined.Main conclusionsChanging land use has multiple impacts on turtle populations that are modulated by species‐specific life history traits. Extensive terrestrial movements associated with nesting in E. blandingii increase female vulnerability to road mortality, which in turn has led to declines in genetic diversity. The predicted effects of recent climate change may have been dampened by behavioural plasticity. We suggest that the disproportionate effect of land use on E. blandingii warrants greater legal protection for this species.
Impact of haemophilia with inhibitors on caregiver burden in the United States
Authors: DeKoven M. , Karkare S. , Lee W. C. , Kelley L. A. , Cooper D. L. , Pham H. , Powers J. , Wisniewski T. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryInhibitor development complicates haemophilia treatment and may impact caregiver burden. Compare overall burden of caregivers of children with/without inhibitors in the United States using a novel disease‐specific questionnaire and the previously validated CarerQol. An on‐line questionnaire with six burden domains (i.e. emotional stress, personal sacrifice, financial burden, medical management, child's pain, and transportation) and three visual analogue scales (VAS) was developed based upon a targeted literature review and previous survey findings. The study sample consisted of caregivers of children with haemophilia. The total burden score was calculated by summing the six individual burden domain scores. Higher scores represented greater burden. Descriptive statistics was performed to examine the sample characteristics. The Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was performed to compare burden by inhibitor status. All variables were considered significant at P < 0.001. A total of 310 caregivers completed the survey; 30 of them reported caring for a child with an inhibitor. A majority of caregivers of children with inhibitors were mothers (80.0%) and between 35 and 44 years of age (56.7%). Caregivers of children with inhibitors reported significantly higher median total burden scores (99.0 vs. 76.5, P < 0.0001) and median burden‐VAS scores (5.5 vs. 3.0, P < 0.0001), as compared to those caring for children without inhibitors. A similar trend was seen across all the six burden domains, with greatest difference in the median burden scores observed in the ‘personal sacrifice’ (3.2 vs. 2.0) and ‘transportation’ (3.3 vs. 2.3) domains. Burden of caregivers should be considered when assessing the psychosocial aspects of managing patients with inhibitors.
“FUTURE PAST”: TIME AND TELEOLOGY IN (ANCIENT) HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: GRETHLEIN JONAS 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe historian's account of the past is strongly shaped by the future of the events narrated. The telos, that is, the vantage point from which the past is envisaged, influences the selection of the material as well as its arrangement. Although the telos is past for historians and readers, it is future for historical agents. The term “future past,” coined by Reinhart Koselleck to highlight the fact that the future was seen differently before the Sattelzeit, also lends itself to capturing this asymmetry and elucidating its ramifications for the writing of history. The first part of the essay elaborates on the notion of “future past”: besides considering its significance and pitfalls, I offset it against the perspectivity of historical knowledge and the concept of narrative “closure” (I). Then the works of two ancient historians, Polybius and Sallust, serve as test cases that illustrate the intricacies of “future past.” Neither has received much credit for intellectual sophistication in scholarship, and yet the different narrative strategies Polybius and Sallust deploy reveal profound reflections on the temporal dynamics of writing history (II). Although the issue of “future past” is particularly pertinent to the strongly narrative historiography of antiquity, the controversy about the end of the Roman Republic demonstrates that it also applies to the works of modern historians (III). Finally, I will argue that “future past” alerts us to an aspect of how we relate to the past that is in danger of being obliterated in the current debate on “presence” and history. The past is present in customs, relics, and rituals, but the historiographical construction of the past is predicated on a complex hermeneutical operation that involves the choice of a telos. The concept of “future past” also differs from post‐structuralist theories through its emphasis on time. Retrospect calms the flow of time, but is unable to arrest it fully, as the openness of the past survives in the form of “future past” (IV).
THE HOLOCAUST IS OVER?
Authors: Garbarini Alexandra 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTAlon Confino has issued a desideratum to other historians that they should bring questions and insights from cultural history to bear on the study of the Holocaust. Taking the work of Saul Friedländer as his point of departure, Confino nonetheless sets out on a path different from Friedländer's. He turns away from the goal of “integrated history” and instead seeks to investigate the realm of German culture, understood as encompassing much more than just Nazi ideology. By analyzing how the Holocaust has come to be perceived as unprecedented, as a rupture in human history, and furthermore by treating Jewish victims' sense of disbelief as an artifact of the past, one that has continued to inform unduly the historical understanding of the Holocaust up to the present day, historians will be able to account anew for what made the persecution and extermination of Jews imaginable and thus possible. With Confino's approach, a major historiographical question resurfaces, however: namely, what place an analysis of non‐Germans should occupy in the history of the Holocaust, and in particular what place should be accorded to Jewish voices? This essay argues that we cannot make sense of why Germans supported and carried out the Holocaust without also considering Jewish contemporaneous perspectives and imaginings.
WHITHER “WHAT IF” HISTORY?
Authors: Rosenfeld Gavriel D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRichard Evans's new book, Altered Pasts, offers a perceptive but flawed critique of the field of counterfactual history. The author provides a useful historical survey of the field's recent rise to prominence and intelligently analyzes its respective strengths and weaknesses. His overall assessment of the field is quite skeptical, however. Evans cites many reasons for his skepticism, but his overall critique can be summarized in three words: plausibility, politicization, and popularity. Evans faults works of counterfactual history for their frequently implausible narratives, their promotion of political agendas, and their distressing degree of popularity. In advancing his critique, Evans makes many valid observations that call attention to important deficiencies in the field. But his view is a partial one that neglects countervailing evidence and never penetrates to the heart of why the field has left the margins for the mainstream. Evans's study provides a useful introduction to an understudied topic, but further research—ideally of a less partisan nature—is required for us to better understand counterfactual history's increasing appeal.
Effects of Maternal Responsiveness on Infant Responsiveness and Behavior in the Still‐Face Task
Authors: Bigelow Ann E. , Power Michelle 
Published: October 2014

The effects of maternal responsiveness on infant responsiveness and behavior in the Still‐Face Task were longitudinally examined through infants' first 3 months. Maternal vocal responsiveness and infant vocal and smiling responsiveness significantly increased when infants were 2 months of age. Mothers showed continuity of individual differences in vocal responsiveness from the infants' newborn period. Maternal responsiveness predicted infant responsiveness within and across sessions. Compared with infants with low‐responsive mothers, infants with high‐responsive mothers were more attentive and affectively engaged during the Still‐Face Task from 1 month of age. Infants with high‐responsive mothers discriminated between the task phases with their smiling at 1 month, a month before infants with low‐responsive mothers did so. Infants in both groups discriminated between the phases with their attention and nondistress vocalizations throughout their first 3 months. Results suggest that maternal responsiveness influences infant responsiveness and facilitates infants' engagement and expectations for social interaction.
Variations of chromosomes 2 and 3 gene expression profiles among pulmonary telocytes, pneumocytes, airway cells, mesenchymal stem cells and lymphocytes
Authors: Zheng Minghuan , Sun Xiaoru , Zhang Miaomiao , Qian Mengjia , Zheng Yonghua , Li Meiyi , Cretoiu Sanda M. , Chen Chengshui , Chen Luonan , Cretoiu Dragos , Popescu Laurentiu M. , Fang Hao , Wang Xiangdong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTelocytes (TCs) were identified as a distinct cellular type of the interstitial tissue and defined as cells with extremely long telopodes (Tps). Our previous data demonstrated patterns of mouse TC‐specific gene profiles on chromosome 1. The present study focuses on the identification of characters and patterns of TC‐specific or TC‐dominated gene expression profiles in chromosome 2 and 3, the network of principle genes and potential functional association. We compared gene expression profiles of pulmonary TCs, mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, alveolar type II cells, airway basal cells, proximal airway cells, CD8+T cells from bronchial lymph nodes (T‐BL), and CD8+ T cells from lungs (T‐LL). We identified that 26 or 80 genes of TCs in chromosome 2 and 13 or 59 genes of TCs up‐ or down‐regulated in chromosome 3, as compared with other cells respectively. Obvious overexpression of Myl9 in chromosome 2 of TCs different from other cells, indicates that biological functions of TCs are mainly associated with tissue/organ injury and ageing, while down‐expression of Pltp implies that TCs may be associated with inhibition or reduction of inflammation in the lung. Dominant overexpression of Sh3glb1, Tm4sf1 or Csf1 in chromosome 3 of TCs is mainly associated with tumour promotion in lung cancer, while most down‐expression of Pde5 may be involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and other acute and chronic interstitial lung disease.
Protective Effects of Middle School Comprehensive Sex Education With Family Involvement
Authors: Grossman Jennifer M. , Tracy Allison J. , Charmaraman Linda , Ceder Ineke , Erkut Sumru 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool‐based comprehensive sex education programs can reduce early adolescents' risky sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 3‐year comprehensive sex education program in delaying vaginal sex for middle school students and whether the family component of the intervention contributes to its effectiveness.METHODSThis longitudinal evaluation followed a cohort of 6th graders (N = 2453) through the end of 8th grade. The design used random assignment of 24 schools into treatment and comparison conditions. The analysis included multiple‐group logistic regression to assess differences in delay of sex between intervention and comparison groups.RESULTSIn schools where the program was taught, 16% fewer boys and 15% fewer girls had had sex by the end of 8th grade compared to boys and girls at comparison schools. Completing family activities during the first year of the program predicted delayed sexual debut for boys.CONCLUSIONSTheory‐based, developmentally appropriate, comprehensive sex education programs that include parent involvement can be effective in delaying vaginal sex for middle school students. Parent involvement is particularly important for boys, as family activities may encourage parents to talk with their sons earlier and more frequently.
Physical Activity in Preschool Children: Comparison Between Montessori and Traditional Preschools
Authors: Pate Russell R. , O'Neill Jennifer R. , Byun Wonwoo , McIver Kerry L. , Dowda Marsha , Brown William H. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDLittle is known about the influence of Montessori methods on children's physical activity (PA). This cross‐sectional study compared PA of children attending Montessori and traditional preschools.METHODSWe enrolled 301 children in 9 Montessori and 8 traditional preschools in Columbia, South Carolina. PA was measured by accelerometry on weekdays during preschool (In‐School), non‐school (Non‐School), and all day (All Day). Minutes/hour of light, moderate‐to‐vigorous (MVPA), and total PA (light + MVPA) were calculated.RESULTSChildren attending Montessori preschools accumulated more In‐School light (7.7 vs. 6.5 minute/hour), MVPA (7.7 versus 6.5 minute/hour), and total PA (15.4 versus 13.0 minute/hour) than children attending traditional preschools, after adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, parent education and neighborhood poverty index. For Non‐School (8.5 versus 6.2 minute/hour) and All Day (8.5 versus 7.6 minute/hour), children in Montessori preschools accumulated more MVPA than children in traditional preschools. In‐School PA was higher for children in private Montessori than public Montessori preschools (8.1 versus 7.0 minute/hour; 8.1 versus 6.7 minute/hour; 16.1 versus 13.6 minute/hour, for light, MVPA, and total PA, respectively).CONCLUSIONSChildren attending Montessori preschools were more active than children attending traditional preschools. Adopting the Montessori system may be an important strategy for promoting PA in children.
Irrepressible MONOPTEROS/ARF5 promotes de novo shoot formation
Authors: Ckurshumova Wenzislava , Smirnova Tatiana , Marcos Danielle , Zayed Yara , Berleth Thomas 
Published: October 2014

Summary

In vitro regeneration of complete organisms from diverse cell types is a spectacular property of plant cells. Despite the great importance of plant regeneration for plant breeding and biotechnology, its molecular basis is still largely unclear and many important crop plants have remained recalcitrant to regeneration.

Hormone‐exposure protocols to trigger the de novo formation of either roots or shoots from callus tissue demonstrate the importance of auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways, and genetic differences in these pathways may contribute to the highly divergent responsiveness of plant species to regeneration protocols.

In this study, we show that signaling through MONOPTEROS (MP)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 is necessary for the formation of shoots from Arabidopsis calli. Most strikingly, an irrepressible variant of MP, MPΔ, is sufficient for promoting de novo shoot formation through pathways involving the genetically downstream functions of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR2 (CRF2).

We conclude that the MPΔ genotype can promote de novo shoot formation and can be used to probe corresponding signaling pathways.
A nonrigid registration method for correcting brain deformation induced by tumor resection
Authors: Liu Yixun , Yao Chengjun , Drakopoulos Fotis , Wu Jinsong , Zhou Liangfu , Chrisochoides Nikos 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:This paper presents a nonrigid registration method to align preoperative MRI with intraoperative MRI to compensate for brain deformation during tumor resection. This method extends traditional point‐based nonrigid registration in two aspects: (1) allow the input data to be incomplete and (2) simulate the underlying deformation with a heterogeneous biomechanical model.Methods:The method formulates the registration as a three‐variable (point correspondence, deformation field, and resection region) functional minimization problem, in which point correspondence is represented by a fuzzy assign matrix; Deformation field is represented by a piecewise linear function regularized by the strain energy of a heterogeneous biomechanical model; and resection region is represented by a maximal simply connected tetrahedral mesh. A nested expectation and maximization framework is developed to simultaneously resolve these three variables.Results:To evaluate this method, the authors conducted experiments on both synthetic data and clinical MRI data. The synthetic experiment confirmed their hypothesis that the removal of additional elements from the biomechanical model can improve the accuracy of the registration. The clinical MRI experiments on 25 patients showed that the proposed method outperforms the ITK implementation of a physics‐based nonrigid registration method. The proposed method improves the accuracy by 2.88 mm on average when the error is measured by a robust Hausdorff distance metric on Canny edge points, and improves the accuracy by 1.56 mm on average when the error is measured by six anatomical points.Conclusions:The proposed method can effectively correct brain deformation induced by tumor resection.
Altered sterol composition renders yeast thermotolerant
Authors: Caspeta Luis , Chen Yun , Ghiaci Payam , Feizi Amir , Buskov Steen , Hallström Björn M. , Petranovic Dina , Nielsen Jens 
Published: October 2014

Tricks for boosting yeast's ethanol yieldsTo become a widely used source of fuel, widespread industrial production of ethanol using yeast needs to be simple and efficient. However, two conditions ideal for boosting production—tolerance of higher temperatures and high concentrations of ethanol—have been limiting (see the Perspective by Cheng and Kao). Now, Caspetaet al.have used adaptive laboratory evolution to find yeast strains that can tolerate high temperatures and Lamet al.have identified a route to improve yeast's resistance to high concentrations of ethanol.Science, this issue p.75, p.71; see also p.35
Population-Based Epidemiology and Microbiology of Community-Onset Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Laupland Kevin B. , Church Deirdre L. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARY

Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a major cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. While a positive blood culture is mandatory for establishment of the presence of a BSI, there are a number of determinants that must be considered for establishment of this entity. Community-onset BSIs are those that occur in outpatients or are first identified <48 h after admission to hospital, and they may be subclassified further as health care associated, when they occur in patients with significant prior health care exposure, or community associated, in other cases. The most common causes of community-onset BSI include
Escherichia coli
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Antimicrobial-resistant organisms, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
and extended-spectrum β-lactamase/metallo-β-lactamase/carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
, have emerged as important etiologies of community-onset BSI.
Microbiological Features and Clinical Relevance of New Species of the Genus Mycobacterium
Authors: Tortoli Enrico 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYNontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are present in the environment, mainly in water, and are occasionally responsible for opportunistic infections in humans. Despite the fact that NTM are characterized by a moderate pathogenicity, the diseases caused by NTM at various body sites are increasing on a worldwide level. Among over 150 officially recognized NTM species, only two or three dozen are familiar to clinicians, and even to most microbiologists. In this paper, approximately 50 new species described in the last 8 years are reviewed, and their role in human infections is assessed on the basis of reported clinical cases. The small number of reports concerning most of the “new” mycobacterial species is responsible for the widespread conviction that they are very rare. Their role is actually largely underestimated, mainly because they often remain unrecognized and misidentified. Aiming to minimize such bias, emphasis has been placed on more common identification pitfalls. Together with new NTM, new members of theMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex described in the last few years are also an object of the present review.
Pathogenesis of Human Diffusely Adhering Escherichia coli Expressing Afa/Dr Adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): Current Insights and Future Challenges
Authors: Servin Alain L. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYThe pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adheringEscherichia coliexpressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, andpksisland products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead topks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as “silent pathogens” with the capacity to emerge as “pathobionts” for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.