bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advance Fast Water Spill Response Tactics
Authors: Cook Mark D 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Alaska rivers and streams present many distinct challenges for spill response due to the remoteness of the environment of the 800 miles of Trans Alaska Pipeline traverses through Alaska. The Glacial and non Glacial streams and rivers seasonally produce current velocities that vary from 2 ft/s to 12 ft/s for operating conditions to respond to the event of a spill that may potentially enter them.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company has 5 different programs that the Emergency Preparedness Compliance Team actively employs. These Programs have contributed to developing innovative advanced fast water booming containment and recovery tactical responses to potential oil spill scenarios. These programs are the Pipeline C-Plan Equipment & PM Committee, Pipeline Training Academy, Exercise and Lessons Learned, Vessel Operating Committee, and LPS Safety Programs that affect Oil Spill Response. These programs have a strong focus on safety.
The development of faster boom has increased the capability of booming extremely fast water that was not achievable in the past. The further development of midstream anchoring systems and shoreline anchor systems has advanced the capabilities of booming rivers that were previously not achievable. There are difficult challenges of fast water river systems that do not present slow or back water eddies for containment and recovery. They have now become achievable using partial deployment of portable light weight dams across a small segment of the river profile to produce these opportunities for recovery. Helicopter slinging operations using the Harbour Buster System to remote rivers of Alaska have also proven to be effective and tested for response capabilities.
The techniques used are equally applicable to all regions of the world and have been presented to a network of OSRO's. The presentation will present the development of empirical data gathered from different river velocities and conditions. Using this research data will help predict and calculate boom requirements in each unique condition for Operations and Task Forces in tactical response. Profiling river hydrology is essential to the success of containment and recovery. The profiling assessment will identify key elements for operational and tactic decisions in choosing the optimal location for making diversion and containment boom sets for recover efforts for spill response.
Developing Location-based Oil Spill Waste Management Plans
Authors: Metcalf Stuart 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
The management of waste arising from offshore and in particular on-shore oil spill response activities can often incur more cost and resources than the responses themselves. Careful pre-planning can deliver more efficient and effective implementation, minimising both impact and cost and providing the opportunity for improved stakeholder engagement and media interaction.
Current practice necessarily focuses much effort and resource on two goals:the development of comprehensive plans to prevent oil releases from offshore oil exploration and production facilitiesdetailed planning of effective responses if they do arise.
In many cases, detailed planning for the management of wastes appears to have been left largely until after a release has occurred. This is understandable when a vessel is the source of the spill as none of the critical variables can be defined in advance. However, when releases originate from offshore oilfield infrastructure it is possible to define many of these variables with reasonable accuracy and to use them as the basis for detailed and focused pre- incident planning, yet oil spill planners still seem to have been reluctant to address this issue. This is possibly due to the inherent complexity, cost and lack of perceived benefit of pre- incident waste management planning – it is hoped this paper will stimulate rethinking of this approach.
A significant number of the factors which influence the preparation of an effective waste management plan derive from the impacted location, (forecast using trajectory modelling). This information (shoreline substrate, clean up techniques, logistics, resources etc.) can be used to develop models that estimate waste arising from individual sections of shoreline - these can then be consolidated with data from other shoreline sections to determine waste stream types and quantities on a local and regional basis. Options for reuse/recycling/treatment and disposal and the resources required can also be assessed, allowing the development of strategies for delivery of the selected options. Assessments can also be made of the need/benefit for providing stockpiles of materials and/or equipment.
Considering key issues before an incident arises enables these to be reviewed more comprehensively in a non-crisis situation. The development of models facilitates review of alternative scenarios and quick adjustment to the plans if an actual release occurs and more accurate details become available. The approach proposed can be applied to any geographical location. The paper outlines this process, examples of the results and the benefits of its adoption.
Using Risk Based Decision Making to Select Personal Protective Equipment for Oil Spill Responders
Authors: Weems Laura Hartline , Husum John T. , Garner Val 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Typically, personal protective equipment (PPE) is the primary control measure employed during emergency response operations. PPE and administrative controls rise to the forefront of oil spill response activities due to inherent delays and feasibility issues involved in the implementation of effective engineering controls. Response organizations, possibly due to a failure to assess the hazards appropriately, overprescribe PPE in an attempt to ensure both compliance and protection; however, this approach may actually increase the risk of injury or illness. Choosing and implementing PPE as a response control measure is never a “one-size-fits- all” solution. The proper selection of PPE requires a risk assessment that takes into account the responders, working conditions, tasks and their associated hazards. Moreover, as the work and conditions change, a reassessment is necessary.
This paper outlines a summary of the methodology for conducting an evaluation of the conditions and choosing the appropriate PPE by assessing the hazards associated with the work environment. The process consists of a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) combined with a Risk Assessment (RA) in order to develop a complete Job Safety Analysis (JSA). Oftentimes, the JHA is done without the RA leading to the inappropriate selection of PPE as the JHA alone does not consider the potential hazards created by the use of PPE. Additionally, as the work, environment, or responder conditions change, or if there is an indication that the control measures are not working as intended (e.g., several responders have heat-related injuries), the JSA process is repeated to ensure that control measures are still current and effective.
This methodology will create an effective PPE program by 1) ensuring that the selected PPE is the best suited for that particular job; 2) attempting to reduce responder discomfort; 3) potentially reducing waste and disposal of PPE; and 4) maximizing responder efficiency and effectiveness by avoiding unnecessary stress.
All of this information and support appendices have been published by the American Petroleum Institute (API) in a document titled: Recommended Practice 98, Personal Protective Equipment Selection for Oil Spill Responders (2013) available through API at: http://www.techstreet.com/api/products/1862449.
Strategies for Assessing Human Health Impacts of Crude Oil Releases
Authors: Harrill Joshua A. , Wnek Shawn M. , Pandey Ram B. , Cawthon Dave , Nony Paul , Goad Phillip T. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTOil spills create unique challenges in regards to the assessment of potential exposures to response workers and members of the public, and in assessing the potential environmental impacts of the release. This presentation discusses the use of breathing zone air samples taken above or in the direct vicinity of freshly released product for the establishment of air (personal and ambient) monitoring strategies. Air samples collected directly in the vicinity of freshly released and weathered product can provide critical information regarding the potential for work-site and off-site community exposure monitoring. The relative levels in air of volatile organics emitted from fresh product can be used to focus analytical sampling efforts on those constituents with the greatest potential for exceeding occupational exposure levels and community exposure guidelines, and which have the potential for impacts on human health. Finally, analytical methods for evaluation of air samples should include reporting of tentatively identified compounds (TICs), as the primary constituents of crude oil are often not included as target analytes in commonly-employed analytical methods and will likely vary based on the type of crude oil released.
ESTIMATING MECHANICAL OIL RECOVERY WITH THE RESPONSE OPTIONS CALCULATOR
Authors: Mattox Andrew , DeCola Elise , Robertson Tim 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Forecasting the actual effectiveness of mechanical oil spill response forces is known to be very difficult. Frequently, linear calculations such as estimated daily recovery capacity (EDRC) are used to predict the volume of oil that a response system can recover. While EDRC provides a standard approach to estimating on-water oil recovery based on a percentage of the skimming efficiency, this approach does not account for all of the real-world factors that may impact the actual recovery capacity of a given response force.
We have developed a method using the Response Options Calculator (ROC) program to estimate the on-water recovery capacity for a defined response force under various oil spill scenarios, incorporating transit times, spill timing, seasonality, and simplified environmental conditions. This provides more realistic recovery estimates than EDRC, and can be developed using a publicly available modeling tool that does not require a technical background.
This paper describes our recent experience applying the ROC to a series of hypothetical oil spills along the Pacific Coast of the U.S. and Canada. We explore the capabilities and limitations ROC, and explain the method we have developed. Our treatment includes a discussion of factors such as secondary storage, transit times, spill timing, seasonality and daylight, as well as model shortcomings and how to interpret the final outputs. The results produced by the ROC analysis may be used to inform oil spill contingency planning, response readiness assessments, and risk management.
Applying International Standards in Response to Oil Spills in Remote Areas
Authors: Reynolds Kelly 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
It is accepted international practice that the level of effort invested in oil spill contingency planning and preparedness should be related to the best available, location-specific risk evaluations. Accordingly, high risk and/or highly sensitive areas often see greater degrees of planning and pre-incident resource allocation than low risk areas. High risk areas typically include navigational ‘choke points’ for shipping or approaches to ports; highly sensitive areas would include areas of intense coastal tourism, mari-culture, or natural resources (e.g. coral reefs or mangroves). Naturally, levels of preparedness vary between countries for a variety of reasons including availability of resources (i.e. funding) or priorities. Whilst logical, this approach to contingency planning leaves open a gap in response capacity in so far as incidents do still occur from time to time in what are normally thought of as extremely low risk areas. Good examples are the infrequent, yet still important, incidents that occur from passing vessel traffic on long-distance, inter-continental routes. Other examples are incidents from scheduled shipping routes servicing remote areas or even passenger vessels visiting remote locations such as the Arctic or the Antarctic.
Because remote areas are often characterised by a general lack of infrastructure and because local authorities in remote locations typically do not have appropriate funds, training and manpower to deal with unexpected oil spill incidents, the intensity and quality of emergency response and post-incident follow-up tends to depend on the involvement of outside parties. The question arises, what is appropriate “international practice” in response operations in terms of the types/methods of work undertaken, the termination standards applied, health and safety issues, and post-incident follow-up, such as monitoring studies. The intent of this paper is to discuss the meaning of “international standards” for oil spill response in the context of remote operations. Practical examples will be drawn from remote spills world-wide, including incidents in Tristan da Cunha (in South Atlantic), Madagascar, and Papua New Guinea.
Development of the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator Training Guidebook
Authors: Levine Ed , Tarpley John , Drury Alice , Jellison Kyle , Lomnicky John 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper provides an overview of the Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC) Training Guidebook and describes the knowledge and skills necessary for the SSC position.
This Guidebook provides a principal set of knowledge and skills that a well-rounded SSC needs to successfully perform their duties. It describes technical skills and indicates opportunities for employees to acquire them. The Guidebook does not replace informal strategies, such as mentoring or on-the-job training, but incorporates all such informal strategies with more organized methods into a single document.
We have included an introduction and background to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), and the role of the Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC). We identify the SSC mandates, missions, and duties; establish the need for the Guidebook by describing the complexities of the job, anticipated turnover due to retirements, need for consistency across the country, increased need for bench depth, and NOAA Corps rotational assignments.
The process employed to design and implement the Guidebook is explained, along with the rational for the design elements and content. Included are relevant examples from the Guidebook. A discussion on the use and implementation for new SSCs and the anticipated outcome from implementing this type of formalized and documented indoctrination process and training program are offered.
This new Guidebook is more than a simple checklist. One goal of this revision is to be engaging for new SSCs. To achieve that goal, SSCs themselves wrote this Guidebook from the perspective of the new SSC, explaining the benefits of the Guidebook's elements specifically for a new SSC. Workgroup members analyzed the previous versions to identify the assumptions about knowledge and skills of the new SSC when they are hired, and the expected improvements in knowledge and skills that will be gained once they have been completed.
Con Edison's Success in Reducing Risk: Applying Real-World Lessons Learned to Broaden Spill Planning and Response Programs and Build Personnel Competencies
Authors: Hanley Patrick , Healy Thomas , Shannon Nancy 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Con Edison's service territory covers more than 1,000 miles of inland and coastal shoreline in one of the most heavily regulated and scrutinized areas of the Unites States: New York City. In November 2009, the company experienced a catastrophic failure of a large transformer at a high-voltage electric substation, resulting in approximately 200 gallons of dielectric oil impacting the Bronx River. While the volume of oil was relatively small, the duration of the cleanup lasted nearly one month with costs of approximately $1.75 million, plus a nearly $1 million compliance order issued by New York State for violation of state regulations. Following this event, and through a study of all historical spill incidents, it was clear that the primary risk of spills to the environment came from the more than 30 million gallons of oil contained in the company's high-voltage transformers and oil-filled electric transmission and distribution system, which were not covered by existing Facility Response Plans developed as part of implementing OPA 90. Given these results, the company sought to refine existing spill response program elements to further reduce risks and enhance environmental stewardship.
Using the existing Spill Management Team (SMT) model in the OPA 90 program, a company-wide SMT approach was created to better prepare for and reduce the risks associated with potential spills from all company sources. The team consists of more than 50 personnel from the various business units of the company, providing direct access to a wide spectrum of skill-sets and specialties. In addition, the company has developed Oil Spill Contingency Plans (OSCP)—also covered under OPA 90—with detailed response tactics for over 300 locations.
On the heels of the program implementation, a large spill of dielectric oil from an underground high-voltage electric distribution line resulted in more than 2,000 gallons impacting the Hutchinson River. While the impact to the waterway was greater than in the 2009 event, the response duration was only 6 days with clean-up costs just over $300,000 with no state issued compliance order, a significant improvement. This result was due, in large part, to implementation of the OSCP and SMT programs. Through these experiences, the many benefits of establishing a company-wide SMT and the OSCP's were realized, including developing spill response and Incident Command System expertise, refined coordination, and improved cost management. These efforts have significantly reduced the company's spill risk exposure by improving response capabilities.
IMPLEMENTING A NATIONALLY ACCREDITED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR MARINE POLLUTION RESPONSE
Authors: Storrie Jamie , Fleming Mick , McWilliam Lynette 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Australia's National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies (‘the National Plan’) is the national strategy for preparing, responding and recovering from marine pollution incidents. A core activity of the National Plan arrangements is the training and ongoing development of marine pollution response personnel.
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) has fundamentally restructured the way in which marine pollution training is developed and delivered within the National Plan. While remaining consistent with international frameworks, AMSA has integrated marine pollution training into Australia's vocational education system. Such an approach has enabled the alignment of training, particularly at the management level, with mainstream emergency services, a multi-disciplinary approach to the development and delivery of training courses, the formal and documented assessment of response personnel to confirm competence, the issuance of nationally recognised and transferable qualifications and the incorporation of a continual improvement as a fundamental principle of the national training program.
This paper discusses the reasons for the restructure of the training program, the challenges and benefits of integrating marine pollution training into the vocational educational systems and the future opportunities for training within Australia.
Salt Marsh Remediation and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, the Role of Planting in Vegetation and Macroinvertebrate Recovery
Authors: Zengel Scott , Rutherford Nicolle , Bernik Brittany , Nixon Zachary , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in persistent heavy oiling in salt marshes, particularly in northern Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Oiling conditions and several ecological variables were compared among reference plots and three types of heavily oiled plots located along a continuous shoreline area in northern Barataria Bay: oiled control plots, mechanical treatment plots, and mechanical treatment plots coupled with vegetation planting (Spartina alterniflora). Data were collected more than three years following initial oiling and two years following cleanup treatments and planting. Salt marsh oiling and associated impacts were apparent across all oiling/treatment classes relative to reference conditions. Mechanical treatment with planting showed the most improvement in oiling conditions and was also effective in re-establishing vegetation cover and plant species composition similar to reference conditions, in contrast to the oiled controls and mechanical treatment plots without planting. Marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) recovery was limited across all oiling/treatment classes relative to reference. Impacts to fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) were also documented in the heavily oiled plots. Positive influences of mechanical treatment and planting on macroinvertebrate recovery were observed; however, invertebrate recovery may lag the return of Spartina alterniflora by several years. Vegetation planting should be considered as a spill response and emergency restoration option for heavily oiled salt marshes where vegetation impacts are substantial, natural recovery may be lacking or delayed, intensive cleanup treatments are used, or where marsh shorelines are at risk of erosion.
Biodegradation at the Seafloor: Ultrahigh Resolution FT-ICR Mass Spectral Characterization of Natural Petroleum Seeps
Authors: McKenna Amy M. , Williams Jeffrey T. , Putman Jonathan C. , Aeppli Christoph M. , Reddy Christopher M. , Valentine David L. , Lemkau Karin T. , Kellermann Matthias Y. , Savory Joshua T. , Kaiser Nathan K. , Marshall Alan G. , Rodgers Ryan P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
We report the first resolution, identification, and characterization of nickel and vanadyl porphyrins simultaneously in weathered oil samples derived from natural seeps in Southern California. Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides ultrahigh resolving power (m/Δm50% &gt; 1,000,000 at m/z 500) and sub-ppm mass error (&lt;50 ppb) required to identify nickel porphyrin isotopes for unambiguous elemental composition assignment. We also report the first simultaneous identification and categorization of both vanadyl and nickel porphyrins in the same sample, without prior sample fractionation. More than 85,000 mass spectral peaks are resolved and identified in a single mass spectrum, and represent the most extensive molecular deconvolution of an organic mixture characterized to date.