bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention to the mouth and gaze following in infancy predict language development
Authors: TENENBAUM ELENA J. , SOBEL DAVID M. , SHEINKOPF STEPHEN J. , MALLE BERTRAM F. , MORGAN JAMES L. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigated longitudinal relations among gaze following and face scanning in infancy and later language development. At 12 months, infants watched videos of a woman describing an object while their passive viewing was measured with an eye-tracker. We examined the relation between infants' face scanning behavior and their tendency to follow the speaker's attentional shift to the object she was describing. We also collected language outcome measures on the same infants at 18 and 24 months. Attention to the mouth and gaze following at 12 months both predicted later productive vocabulary. The results are discussed in terms of social engagement, which may account for both attentional distribution and language onset. We argue that an infant's inherent interest in engaging with others (in addition to creating more opportunities for communication) leads infants to attend to the most relevant information in a social scene and that this information facilitates language learning.
Monolingual and bilingual preschoolers’ use of gestures to interpret ambiguous pronouns
Authors: YOW W. QUIN 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTYoung children typically do not use order-of-mention to resolve ambiguous pronouns, but may do so if given additional cues, such as gestures. Additionally, this ability to utilize gestures may be enhanced in bilingual children, who may be more sensitive to such cues due to their unique language experience. We asked monolingual and bilingual four-year-olds and adults to determine referents of ambiguous pronouns given order-of-mention and co-referential localizing gestures. Results showed that bilingual children, like adults, but not monolingual children, used order-of-mention with gestures to resolve ambiguous pronouns. This highlights a wider implication of bilingualism for socio-cognitive development in children.
Plasma gelsolin as a biomarker of acute rheumatic carditis
Authors: Argun Mustafa , Baykan Ali , Narin Figen , Özyurt Abdullah , Pamukçu Özge , Elmalı Ferhan , Üzüm Kazım , Narin Nazmi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAcute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and multi-systemic disease secondary to pharyngitis and is caused by group A streptococcus. In developing countries, acute rheumatic fever is the most common cause of acquired heart disease. Gelsolin is a calcium-dependent, multi-functional actin-regulatory protein circulating in the plasma of healthy human beings. The correlation between blood gelsolin levels and inflammatory conditions suggests the potential benefit of gelsolin as a prognostic marker. The aim of the present study was to appraise the association of gelsolin and acute rheumatic carditis in childhood.Materials and MethodsPlasma gelsolin levels were measured and echocardiographic examinations were performed in patients (n=37) with acute rheumatic carditis and compared with those of age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n=24).ResultsThe plasma gelsolin levels in children with acute rheumatic carditis were significantly lower compared with controls (197±218 versus 322±255 mg/L, p=0.039). There was a significant correlation among gelsolin levels and the grade of mitral regurgitation (p=0.030), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p=0.017), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (p=0.028) at diagnosis.ConclusionsLevels of the gelsolin plasma isoform were decreased in patients with acute rheumatic carditis compared with healthy controls. Gelsolin may be used as a biochemical marker for acute rheumatic carditis.
Echoes of Erskine: reflections on the working life of a citizen architect in Byker
Authors: Longfield James 
Published: November 2014

This is an extract from the daybook kept by the architects working in the on-site project office which Ralph Erskine and his partner Vernon Gracie established in a former shop during the redevelopment of the Byker area of Newcastle upon Tyne in the 1970s [2]. About the office, Erskine wrote:People, kids, the chief planner – they all come in and out. We often took in kids who had been ‘chucked out’ from home and it was raining […] We exhibited plans, drawings and models in the window – but also local notices. ‘Anyone lost a tricycle? Ask the architect’. “Guinea pigs …’ and so on.In his influential review of the redevelopment in Byker, Peter Malpass claimed that ‘the office represented an unusually thorough attempt by architects to immerse themselves in the culture of a particular set of clients’.
The rise of humanitarian architecture
Authors: Charlesworth Esther 
Published: November 2014

I started feeling – and subsequently expressing – that I did not want to be that kind of architect practising that type of architecture, as I had been previously trained. I wanted to work in the villages for the non-rich. I wanted to serve not the conventional but the alternative client, the un-served client: the villager, the slum dweller, the poor, and the marginalised.Why should architects be involved in humanitarian work and the often-complex projects needed to deal with the recovery of post-disaster emergencies? How can the design profession contribute to the longterm reconstruction processes needed to ensure the effective rebuilding of vulnerable communities after disaster?
Desiccation and low temperature attenuate the effect of UVC254 nm in the photobiont of the astrobiologically relevant lichens Circinaria gyrosa and Buellia frigida
Authors: Backhaus T. , de la Torre R. , Lyhme K. , de Vera J.-P. , Meeßen J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSeveral investigations on lichen photobionts (PBs) after exposure to simulated or real-space parameters consistently reported high viability and recovery of photosynthetic activity. These studies focused on PBs within lichen thalli, mostly exposed in a metabolically inactive state. In contrast, a recent study exposed isolated and metabolically active PBs to the non-terrestrial stressor UVC254 nm and found strong impairment of photosynthetic activity and photo-protective mechanisms (Meeßen et al. in 2014b). Under space and Mars conditions, UVC is accompanied by other stressors as extreme desiccation and low temperatures. The present study exposed the PBs of Buellia frigida and Circinaria gyrosa, to UVC in combination with desiccation and subzero temperatures to gain better insight into the combined stressors' effect and the PBs' inherent potential of resistance. These effects were examined by chlorophyll a fluorescence which is a good indicator of photosynthetic activity (Lüttge & Büdel in 2010) and widely used to test the viability of PBs after (simulated) space exposure. The present results reveal fast recovery of photosynthetic activity after desiccation and subzero temperatures. Moreover, they demonstrate that desiccation and cold confer an additional protective effect on the investigated PBs and attenuate the PBs' reaction to another stressor – even if it is a non-terrestrial one such as UVC. Besides other protective mechanisms (anhydrobiosis, morphological–anatomical traits and secondary lichen compounds), these findings may help to explain the high resistance of lichens observed in astrobiological studies.
Self-Determination, Behavioral Engagement, Disaffection, and Academic Performance: a Mediational Analysis
Authors: González Antonio , Paoloni Paola Verónica 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe present study examined the role of behavioral engagement and disaffection as mediators between self-determination and academic performance. Participants were 545 secondary students (53.4% girls) aged 12 to 19 years. Variables were assessed in the Spanish language classroom over a nine-month period. Students estimated their self-determination, and their teachers assessed student engagement, disaffection, and performance. Structural equation models corroborated the hypotheses: the types of self-determination differentially predicted engagement (R2 = .39) and disaffection (R2 = .24), and were progressively more adaptive the higher the autonomy; self-determination, behavioral engagement, and disaffection predicted performance (R2 = .43); engagement and disaffection partially mediated the relationship from external regulation (β = –.097; p < .002; Confidence Interval = –.177, –.051), identified regulation (β = .109; p < .006; CI = .054, .165), and intrinsic motivation (β = .139; p < .002; CI = .086, .206) to performance. The implications of these findings for current theory and educational intervention are discussed.
Mechanisms of direct inhibition of the respiratory sulfate-reduction pathway by (per)chlorate and nitrate
Authors: Carlson Hans K , Kuehl Jennifer V , Hazra Amrita B , Justice Nicholas B , Stoeva Magdalena K , Sczesnak Andrew , Mullan Mark R , Iavarone Anthony T , Engelbrektson Anna , Price Morgan N , Deutschbauer Adam M , Arkin Adam P , Coates John D 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
We investigated perchlorate (ClO4−) and chlorate (ClO3−) (collectively (per)chlorate) in comparison with nitrate as potential inhibitors of sulfide (H2S) production by mesophilic sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRMs). We demonstrate the specificity and potency of (per)chlorate as direct SRM inhibitors in both pure cultures and undefined sulfidogenic communities. We demonstrate that (per)chlorate and nitrate are antagonistic inhibitors and resistance is cross-inducible implying that these compounds share at least one common mechanism of resistance. Using tagged-transposon pools we identified genes responsible for sensitivity and resistance in Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20. We found that mutants in Dde_2702 (Rex), a repressor of the central sulfate-reduction pathway were resistant to both (per)chlorate and nitrate. In general, Rex derepresses its regulon in response to increasing intracellular NADH:NAD+ ratios. In cells in which respiratory sulfate reduction is inhibited, NADH:NAD+ ratios should increase leading to derepression of the sulfate-reduction pathway. In support of this, in (per)chlorate or nitrate-stressed wild-type G20 we observed higher NADH:NAD+ ratios, increased transcripts and increased peptide counts for genes in the core Rex regulon. We conclude that one mode of (per)chlorate and nitrate toxicity is as direct inhibitors of the central sulfate-reduction pathway. Our results demonstrate that (per)chlorate are more potent inhibitors than nitrate in both pure cultures and communities, implying that they represent an attractive alternative for controlling sulfidogenesis in industrial ecosystems. Of these, perchlorate offers better application logistics because of its inhibitory potency, solubility, relative chemical stability, low affinity for mineral cations and high mobility in environmental systems.
CpG island-mediated global gene regulatory modes in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Beck Samuel , Lee Bum-Kyu , Rhee Catherine , Song Jawon , Woo Andrew J. , Kim Jonghwan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBoth transcriptional and epigenetic regulations are fundamental for the control of eukaryotic gene expression. Here we perform a compendium analysis of >200 large sequencing data sets to elucidate the regulatory logic of global gene expression programs in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We define four major classes of DNA-binding proteins (Core, PRC, MYC and CTCF) based on their target co-occupancy, and discover reciprocal regulation between the MYC and PRC classes for the activity of nearly all genes under the control of the CpG island (CGI)-containing promoters. This CGI-dependent regulatory mode explains the functional segregation between CGI-containing and CGI-less genes during early development. By defining active enhancers based on the co-occupancy of the Core class, we further demonstrate their additive roles in CGI-containing gene expression and cell type-specific roles in CGI-less gene expression. Altogether, our analyses provide novel insights into previously unknown CGI-dependent global gene regulatory modes.
Oscillations emerging from noise-driven steady state in networks with electrical synapses and subthreshold resonance
Authors: Tchumatchenko Tatjana , Clopath Claudia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOscillations play a critical role in cognitive phenomena and have been observed in many brain regions. Experimental evidence indicates that classes of neurons exhibit properties that could promote oscillations, such as subthreshold resonance and electrical gap junctions. Typically, these two properties are studied separately but it is not clear which is the dominant determinant of global network rhythms. Our aim is to provide an analytical understanding of how these two effects destabilize the fluctuation-driven state, in which neurons fire irregularly, and lead to an emergence of global synchronous oscillations. Here we show how the oscillation frequency is shaped by single neuron resonance, electrical and chemical synapses.The presence of both gap junctions and subthreshold resonance are necessary for the emergence of oscillations. Our results are in agreement with several experimental observations such as network responses to oscillatory inputs and offer a much-needed conceptual link connecting a collection of disparate effects observed in networks.
Combination of mild hypothermia with neuroprotectants has greater neuroprotective effects during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-mediated neuronal injury
Authors: Gao Xiao-Ya , Huang Jian-Ou , Hu Ya-Fang , Gu Yong , Zhu Shu-Zhen , Huang Kai-Bin , Chen Jin-Yu , Pan Su-Yue 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCo-treatment of neuroprotective reagents may improve the therapeutic efficacy of hypothermia in protecting neurons during ischemic stroke. This study aimed to find promising drugs that enhance the neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia (MH). 26 candidate drugs were selected based on different targets. Primary cultured cortical neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) to induce neuronal damage, followed by either single treatment (a drug or MH) or a combination of a drug and MH. Results showed that, compared with single treatment, combination of MH with brain derived neurotrophic factor, glibenclamide, dizocilpine, human urinary kallidinogenase or neuroglobin displayed higher proportion of neuronal cell viability. The latter three drugs also caused less apoptosis rate in combined treatment. Furthermore, co-treatment of those three drugs and MH decreased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium accumulation, as well as stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), indicating the combined neuroprotective effects are probably via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Taken together, the study suggests that combined treatment with hypothermia and certain neuroprotective reagents provide a better protection against OGD/R-induced neuronal injury.
Design of a superluminal ring laser gyroscope using multilayer optical coatings with huge group delay
Authors: Qu Tianliang , Yang Kaiyong , Han Xiang , Wu Suyong , Huang Yun , Luo Hui 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe propose and analyze a superluminal ring laser gyroscope (RLG) using multilayer optical coatings with huge group delay (GD). This GD assisted superluminal RLG can measure the absolute rotation with a giant sensitivity-enhancement factor of ~103; while, the broadband FWHM of the enhancement factor can reach 20 MHz. This superluminal RLG is based on a traditional RLG with minimal re-engineering and beneficial for miniaturization according to theoretical calculation. The idea of using GD coatings as a fast-light medium will shed lights on the design and application of fast-light sensors.
Reporting Outcome Measures of Functional Constipation in Children From 0 to 4 Years of Age
Authors: Kuizenga‐Wessel Sophie , Benninga Marc A. , Tabbers Merit M. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTFunctional constipation (FC) often begins in the first year of life. Although standard definitions and criteria have been formulated to describe FC, these are rarely used in research and clinical practice. The aim of the study is to systematically assess how definitions and outcome measures are defined in therapeutic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of infants with FC. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched. Studies were included if it was a (systematic review of) therapeutic RCT, children ≤4 years old, they had FC, a clear definition of constipation was provided, and were written in English. Quality was assessed using the Delphi list. A total of 1115 articles were found; only 5 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four different definitions were used, of which only 2 used the internationally accepted Rome III criteria. Defecation frequency was used as primary outcome in all included trials and stool consistency in 3 trials. Two trials involving infants investigated new infant formulas, whereas the third RCT evaluated the efficacy of a probiotic strain. The 2 trials including infants up to 4 years of age compared polyethylene glycol without electrolytes (PEG4000) with lactulose and milk of magnesia. All of the trials used nonvalidated parental diaries. Different definitions and outcome measures for FC in infants are used in RCTs. Disappointingly, there is a lack of well‐designed therapeutic trials in infants with constipation. To make comparison between future trials possible, standard definitions, core outcomes, and validated instruments are needed.
Glucose Hydrogen Breath Test for Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Children With Abdominal Pain–Related Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Korterink Judith J. , Benninga Marc A. , van Wering Herbert M. , Deckers‐Kocken Judith M. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:A potential link between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and abdominal pain–related functional gastrointestinal disorders (AP‐FGID) has been suggested by symptom similarities and by the reported prevalence of SIBO in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional AP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of SIBO using the glucose hydrogen breath test (GHBT), in a cohort of Dutch children with AP‐FGID fulfilling the Rome III criteria, and to identify potential predictors.Methods:Children ages 6 to 18 years with AP‐FGID fulfilling the Rome III criteria were included. All of the children underwent a GHBT. SIBO was diagnosed if the fasting breath hydrogen concentration was ≥20 ppm or an increase in H2 levels of ≥12 ppm above the baseline value was measured after ingestion of glucose. Gastrointestinal symptoms were collected using a standardised AP questionnaire.Results:A total of 161 Dutch children with AP‐FGID were enrolled. Twenty‐three patients (14.3%) were diagnosed as having SIBO, as assessed by GHBT; 78% of the children diagnosed as having SIBO had fasting hydrogen levels ≥20 ppm. IBS was significantly more found in children with SIBO compared with children without SIBO (P = 0.001). An altered defecation pattern (ie, change in frequency or form of stool) (P = 0.013), loss of appetite (P = 0.007), and belching (P = 0.023) were significantly more found in children with SIBO compared with those without SIBO.Conclusions:SIBO is present in 14.3% of children presenting with AP‐FGID. IBS, altered defecation pattern, loss of appetite, and belching were predictors for SIBO in children with AP‐FGID.
Human Milk Bactericidal Properties
Authors: Salcedo Jaime , Gormaz Maria , López‐Mendoza Maria C. , Nogarotto Elisabetta , Silvestre Dolores 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:Lyophilization appears to be a viable method for storing human milk, assuring no microbiological contamination and preserving its health benefits and antibacterial properties. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the effects of different storage methods (lyophilization and freezing at −20°C and −80°C) and maternal factors (gestational length or time postpartum) upon the microbiological contents and bactericidal activity of human milk. The possible relation between bactericidal activity and the content of certain nutrients and functional components is also investigated.Methods:Microbiological content, bactericidal activity, sialic acid, and ganglioside contents, as well as protein, fat, and lactose concentrations were assessed in 125 human milk samples from 65 healthy donors in the Human Milk Bank of La Fe (Valencia, Spain).Results:Lyophilization and storage at −80°C significantly reduced the content of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and Staphylococcus epidermidis when compared with storage at −20°C. Bactericidal activity was not significantly modified by lyophilization when compared with freezing at either −20°C or −80°C. Bactericidal activity was not correlated with fat, protein, or lactose content, but was significantly correlated to ganglioside content. The bactericidal activity was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in mature milk and in milk from women with term delivery than in milk from early lactation (days 1–7 postpartum) and milk from women with preterm delivery, respectively.Conclusions:Lyophilization and storage at −80°C of human milk yields similar results and are superior to storage at −20C with regard to microbial and bactericidal capacities, being a feasible alternative for human milk banks.
Effective supervision of Islamic insurance according to Malaysian experience (1984-2012)
Authors: Berkem Zoheir 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to know the method adopted by the Malaysian supervisor to regulate the Takaful sector, and to propose a new approach related to the effective supervision.

Design/methodology/approach
– The key approach in this paper is a case study over a clear period of time, to discover a wide variety of economical, financial, social, and cultural factors potentially related to Malaysian Takaful system. In addition, both explanatory and descriptive approaches are used, to seek explanations of problems, make careful observations, and give detailed recommendations. The study collected relevant quantitative and qualitative data.

Findings
– The key findings are: the basis of Takaful’s operation is established on the principles of Islamic Laws, Takaful operations are regulated by the Central Bank, this supervisory body has adopted elements of the two methods: regulation and supervision, the Malaysian Takaful industry has experienced rapid growth and transformation, and the proposed approach includes four key elements.

Research limitations/implications
– This study provides a road map for the next studies in this new topic.

Practical implications
– The paper guides the policy makers to giving more independence and allocating more resources to the supervisory body, for the development of an important component of the financial system.

Originality/value
– The essay is distinguished from the previous researches by limiting and identifying a clear period of the study. Further, the authors have listed the most important elements of the leading programs. Finally, the approach is more concerned with new aspects of the ongoing supervision, strategic axis and the supervision stages.