bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Mineral Content in Patients With Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy Is Unaffected by Metreleptin Replacement Therapy
Authors: Christensen John D. , Lungu Andreea O. , Cochran Elaine , Collins Michael T. , Gafni Rachel I. , Reynolds James C. , Rother Kristina I. , Gorden Phillip , Brown Rebecca J. 
Published: July 2014

Context:Leptin alters bone and mineral metabolism in rodents, but this has not been verified in humans. Patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) have low leptin due to deficient adipose mass and serve as models of leptin deficiency and replacement.Objective:To study the effects of recombinant human methionyl leptin (metreleptin) on bone mineral content (BMC) and mineral metabolism.Design and Setting:An open-label nonrandomized study at the National Institutes of Health.Patients:Thirty-one patients with CGL (ages 4.3 to 46.7 y).Intervention:Metreleptin (0.06 to 0.24 mg/kg/d) for 6 months to 11 years.Outcome Measures:BMC was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. SD scores (SDS) for BMC were calculated based on height, race, sex, and age using population normative data. Calcium, phosphorus, PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured at baseline and follow-up.Results:At baseline, patients demonstrated significantly increased total body less head BMC (mean SDS, 1.8 ± 0.7), height (mean SDS, 1.3 ± 1.3), and lean mass index, defined as lean body mass per height squared (mean SDS, 1.5 ± 0.83), vs population normative data. No change in total body less head BMC was observed after metreleptin. Lean mass index decreased with metreleptin. Serum calcium decreased with metreleptin, but remained within normal limits. No changes were seen in phosphorus, PTH, or vitamin D.Conclusions:In contrast to rodent models, CGL patients have increased BMC in the leptin-deficient state, which does not change with leptin replacement. The high BMC in these patients is partially explained by high lean mass and tall stature.
Flight Safety Challenges and Assessment
Authors: Попов  , Popov Yuriy 
Published: July 2014

The article analyses air transport system and presents reasons of air incidents and flight safety estimation score. Dependence
of air accidents amount per 100 000 flight hours is compared to typical time dependent behavior of failure rate and divided
into three intervals. The intervals are analyzed and the reasons of change of parameter score are submitted. Statistical
characteristics of the number of accidents per interval parameter are provided. Parameter of air accidents per year matches
the Weibull distribution; estimations of Weibull distribution parameters are submitted. Probability of accidents is calculated
for each interval; obtained results are analyzed. Ways for furthering flight safety and air transport system are suggested.
Settlement Rate–Settlement Method for Radial Consolidation (SRSM–RC)
Authors: Al-Zoubi Mohammed Shukri 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The settlement rate–settlement method for radial consolidation (SRSM–RC) is proposed for evaluating the coefficient of radial consolidation cr and end-of-primary (EOP) settlement δp. The SRSM–RC explicitly relates cr and δp to the intercept and slope of the linear settlement rate–settlement (dδt/dt-δt) relationship observed theoretically over the entire Ur range of the Barron theory; δt is the settlement at time t and Ur is the degree of radial consolidation. The SRSM–RC computes cr independently of any specific Ur value and can simultaneously compute δp without the need to use the secondary compression range. The SRSM–RC does not require a complete record of compression–time data; a minimum of four representative data points at any stage of primary consolidation are required to estimate cr by the SRSM–RC. Experimental results on radial consolidation of several clayey soils obtained from literature are used to validate and compare the SRSM–RC with existing methods. The validity of the method is also evaluated by matching the experimental compression–time data with the theory.
Longitudinal Profiles of Adaptive Behavior in Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Klaiman Cheryl , Quintin Eve-Marie , Jo Booil , Lightbody Amy A. , Hazlett Heather Cody , Piven Joseph , Hall Scott S. , Reiss Allan L. 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE:To examine longitudinally the adaptive behavior patterns in fragile X syndrome.METHOD:Caregivers of 275 children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome and 225 typically developing children and adolescents (2–18 years) were interviewed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales every 2 to 4 years as part of a prospective longitudinal study.RESULTS:Standard scores of adaptive behavior in people with fragile X syndrome are marked by a significant decline over time in all domains for males and in communication for females. Socialization skills are a relative strength as compared with the other domains for males with fragile X syndrome. Females with fragile X syndrome did not show a discernible pattern of developmental strengths and weaknesses.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first large-scale longitudinal study to show that the acquisition of adaptive behavior slows as individuals with fragile X syndrome age. It is imperative to ensure that assessments of adaptive behavior skills are part of intervention programs focusing on childhood and adolescence in this condition.
Sensitivity of the Limited View Follow-up Skeletal Survey
Authors: Hansen Karen Kirhofer , Keeshin Brooks R. , Flaherty Emalee , Newton Alice , Passmore Sarah , Prince Jeffrey , Campbell Kristine A. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Reducing radiation exposure to minimize risk has been emphasized in recent years. In child abuse, the risk of missing occult injuries is often believed to outweigh radiation risk associated with skeletal surveys. Our hypothesis was that there would be no clinically significant difference in results from a limited view, follow-up skeletal survey (SS2) protocol, which omits spine and pelvis views unless these views have findings on the initial skeletal survey (SS1), compared with a traditional SS2 protocol for radiographic evaluation of suspected physical abuse.

METHODS:
This study was a retrospective record review involving 5 child protection teams. Consultations for suspected physical abuse were reviewed to identify subjects &lt;24 months of age who had an SS1 and a traditional SS2. The results of these studies were compared to identify subjects in which newly identified spine and pelvis fractures (fractures seen only on SS2 and not on SS1) would have been missed by using a limited view SS2 protocol.

RESULTS:
We identified 534 study subjects. Five subjects had newly identified spine fractures, and no subjects had newly identified pelvis fractures on traditional SS2 studies. Only 1 subject with a newly identified spine fracture would have been missed with the limited view SS2 protocol used in this study (0.2% [95% confidence interval: &lt;0.005–1.0]). None of the newly identified fractures changed the abuse-related diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS:
We found no clinically significant difference in the results of a limited view SS2 protocol versus a traditional SS2 protocol for radiographic evaluation of suspected abuse.
The flushing of Ligeia: Composition variations across Titan's seas in a simple hydrological model
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe use a simple box model to explore possible differences in the liquid composition of Titan's seas. Major variations in the abundance of involatile ethane, somewhat analogous to salinity in terrestrial waters, arise from the hydrological cycle, which introduces more “fresh” methane rainfall at the highest latitudes in summer. The observed composition of Ligeia Mare, flushed by methane rainfall and exporting its solutes to Kraken via a narrow labyrinth of channels, may have a methane‐rich (>~80%) composition, well out of thermodynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere, whereas the basins of Kraken are relatively well mixed and will have an ethane‐dominated (~60%) composition. These variations, analogous to Earth's salinity gradient between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, may be detectable with Cassini measurements and are important for future exploration.
Statistical analysis of electron lifetimes at GEO: Comparisons with chorus‐driven losses
Authors: Boynton R. J. , Balikhin M. A. , Mourenas D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe population of electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt increases when the magnetosphere is exposed to high‐speed streams of solar wind, coronal mass ejections, magnetic clouds, or other disturbances. After this increase, the number of electrons decays back to approximately the initial population. This study statistically analyzes the lifetimes of the electron at Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) from Los Alamos National Laboratory electron flux data. The decay rate of the electron fluxes are calculated for 14 energies ranging from 24 keV to 3.5 MeV to identify a relationship between the lifetime and energy of the electrons. The statistical data show that electron lifetimes increase with energy. Also, the statistical results show a good agreement up to ∼1 MeV with an analytical model of lifetimes, where electron losses are caused by their resonant interaction with oblique chorus waves, using average wave intensities obtained from Cluster statistics. However, above 500 keV, the measured lifetimes increase with energy becomes less steep, almost stopping. This could partly stem from the difficultly of identifying lifetimes larger than 10 days, for high energy, with the methods and instruments of the present study at GEO. It could also result from the departure of the actual geomagnetic field from a dipolar shape, since a compressed field on the dayside should preferentially increase chorus‐induced losses at high energies. However, during nearly quiet geomagnetic conditions corresponding to lifetime measurement periods, it is more probably an indication that outward radial diffusion imposes some kind of upper limit on lifetimes of high‐energy electrons near geostationary orbit.
High Risk of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis but Not of Stroke in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's)
Authors: Faurschou Mikkel , Obel Niels , Baslund Bo 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the incidence of stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA).MethodsPatients diagnosed with GPA at a Danish tertiary care center during 1993–2011 were identified (n = 180). Each patient was matched with 19 population controls (n = 3,420). Information on hospitalizations for stroke, PE, and DVT was obtained from the Danish National Hospital Register. The occurrence of vascular events in the GPA cohort was compared with that in the control group by calculation of incidence rate ratios (IRRs).ResultsThe median duration of followup was 7.2 years (interquartile range 3.1–11.7 years) in the GPA cohort. Within the first 2 years following the diagnosis of vasculitis, the incidences of PE and DVT were substantially increased among the patients (IRR 25.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.9–96] for PE and IRR 20.2 [95% CI 5.1–81] for DVT). The incidence of stroke was not increased during this time interval (IRR 1.4 [95% CI 0.3–5.7]). From 2 years after GPA diagnosis, an increased incidence was found for DVT (IRR 4.5 [95% CI 1.7–11.8]) but not for PE (IRR 1.3 [95% CI 0.2–9.6]) or stroke (IRR 1.4 [95% CI 0.6–3.3]). In the GPA cohort, 70% of the vascular events occurred during phases with active vasculitis.ConclusionThe present study confirms that GPA patients have a markedly increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We did not observe an increased risk of stroke in our cohort. Thus, our observations demonstrate a differential impact of GPA and/or its treatment on the risk of various vascular events.
Medication Risk Communication During Rheumatology Office Visits
Authors: Blalock Susan J. , DeVellis Brenda M. , DeVellis Robert F. , Chewning Betty , Jonas Beth L. , Sleath Betsy L. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveWe used a multidimensional framework to describe the types of information about medication risks that rheumatologists provide to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients during routine office visits.MethodsWe analyzed 1,094 audiotaped rheumatology office visits involving 450 RA patients. Each patient had up to 3 visits audiotaped. In conjunction with each office visit, patients also completed a self‐administered questionnaire and interview and the rheumatologists provided ratings of patient health status.ResultsThe number of medication risks discussed per visit ranged from 0–18, with a mean ± SD of 3.23 ± 2.93. The rheumatologist initiated ∼80% of the medication risk discussions. Approximately one‐fourth of the discussions (25.6%) were limited to an assessment of whether or not the patient was experiencing a medication side effect. More risks were discussed during visits when changes to the patient's regimen were discussed than when no changes were discussed (X= 3.93, SD = 3.10 and X = 2.20, SD = 2.34, respectively; P < 0.0001). When medications were being proposed for addition to the patient's regimen, the most frequently discussed risk dimensions were the importance of monitoring (30%), probability (29.8%), things the patient should do to minimize risk (25.5%), and risk severity (21.8%).ConclusionMost discussions of medication risks that we observed were quite limited and often restricted to an assessment of whether the patient was experiencing side effects from their current medications. The amount of information that is optimal and how to tailor information to the preferences and abilities of individual patients remain important areas for future research.
Proposals for managing dangerous people with severe personality disorder: New legislation and new follies in a historical context
Authors: Cordess Christopher 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCurrent proposals in England and Wales to ‘capture’ an ill‐defined group of antisocial and violent people within the widest possible definition of mental disorder, and thereby to detain them under proposed new mental health legislation, is criticized and critiqued on intellectual, ethical and pragmatic grounds. The view is taken that psychiatrists must utterly reject these proposals which, if adopted, would make them primarily agents of social control. Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals must fight to retain the essentials of ethical and effective treatment – earned trust and primary responsibility to the individual patient – which these proposals seek to undermine and pervert.
Comprehensive morphological analysis of individual peripheral neuron dendritic arbors in ascidian larvae using the photoconvertible protein kaede
Authors: Yokoyama Takatoshi D. , Hotta Kohji , Oka Kotaro 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBackground: Ascidian larval epidermal sensory neurons (ESNs) each extend a single cilium into the outer body structure, or tunic, to form a unique external sensory network, the ASNET (ascidian dendritic network in tunic). The functions of ESNs and the ASNET are unknown, though it has been suggested that they play important roles in swimming larvae. In this study, we used transgenic larva expressing the photoconvertible protein Kaede pan‐neuronally to identify the orientation and morphology of single ESN external processes within the ASNET. Results: When individual ESN cell bodies were UV‐irradiated, the photoconverted Kaede protein diffused into the external processes that projected to the edge of the tunic, indicating that these processes are cytoplasmically connected to the cell bodies of ESNs. We were, therefore, able to comprehensively catalog the morphology and orientation of each ESN external process. Most trunk ESNs appeared to extend neurites to the palp, but no processes were observed to emanate from palp neurons. ESN processes differed systematically in their morphology and orientation, suggesting that the ASNET is formed in a regulated, non‐random fashion. Conclusions: This study reveals the organization of ESN sensory fields in the ascidian larval tunic. Developmental Dynamics 243:1362–1373, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coexisting Straight, Radial, and Banded Lamellae on the Six Corners of Hexagon‐Shaped Spherulites in Poly(l‐Lactide)
Authors: Ni'mah Hikmatun , Woo Eamor M. 
Published: July 2014

A novel six‐petal spherulite morphology composed of a combination of a central hexagonal core, hexagon‐shaped ring bands, and six fibrous stalks is discovered in a low‐molecular‐weight poly(l‐lactide acid) (LMw‐PLLA) that is melt crystallized at a specific Tc = 110 °C and confined in thin films. The structures are analyzed by using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Discrete lamellae, consisting of sequenced wide and small lamellae, all in flat‐on orientation with periodically up‐and‐down topology, are packed in a ring‐banded alignment, while continuous lamellae in flat‐on, tilted, or edge‐on orientations are arranged in the fibrous region. On the six corners of a symmetric hexagon‐banded spherulite, the radial fibrous lamellae overlap with ring‐band lamellae to show a mixed combination of ring‐banded and fibrous patterns. The formation of coexisting ring‐banded and fibrous patterns in a mixed morphology is associated with the lamellar packing and orientation. The radial fibrous lamellae at the six corners favorably occur in the growth fronts, which are closer to the reservoir of materials of diffusing species. Superimposed on the radial lamellae, hexagon‐shaped ring bands repeat themselves on the outskirts of the central hexagon nuclei. The geometry of the initial crystal is believed to be the influencing factors in final spherulite patterns.
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Experimental verification of computational predictions in power generation variation with layout of offshore wind farms
Authors: Theunissen Raf , Housley Paul , Allen Christian B. , Carey Charles 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe optimization of wind farms with respect to spatial layout is addressed experimentally. Wake effects within wind turbine farms are well known to be deleterious in terms of power generation and structural loading, which is corroborated in this study. Computational models are the predominant tools in the prediction of turbine‐induced flow fields. However, for wind farms comprising hundreds of turbines, reliability of the obtained numerical data becomes a growing concern with potentially costly consequences. This study pursues a systematic complementary theoretical, experimental and numerical study of variations in generated power with turbine layout of an 80 turbine large wind farm. Wake effects within offshore wind turbine arrays are emulated using porous discs mounted on a flat plate in a wind tunnel. The adopted approach to reproduce experimentally individual turbine wake characteristics is presented, and drag measurements are argued to correctly capture the variation in power generation with turbine layout. Experimental data are juxtaposed with power predictions using ANSYS WindModeller simulation suite. Although comparison with available wind farm power output data has been limited, it is demonstrated nonetheless that this approach has potential for the validation of numerical models of power loss due to wake effects or even to make a direct physical prediction. The approach has even indicated useful data for the improvement of the physics within numerical models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
L’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal, diagnostic et prise en charge: à propos de trois cas
Authors: Tazi M. F. , Mellas S. , Ahallal Y. , Khallouk A. , El Fassi M. J. , Farih M. H. 
Published: July 2014

Résumé
L’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal est une pathologie rare en dehors des pays d’endémie filarienne. C’est une pathologie bénigne, mais qui peut devenir handicapante en gênant le rapport sexuel et parfois même la miction. Nous rapportons trois cas d’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal primitif, traités par une résection chirurgicale complète du tissu pathologique et une reconstruction pénoscrotale, avec un bon résultat fonctionnel et esthétique. Nous mettons le point, à travers notre expérience et une revue de la littérature, sur les aspects diagnostiques et la prise en charge thérapeutique de l’éléphantiasis pénoscrotal.
Growing up Democratic: Generational Change in East Asian Democracies
Authors: DALTON RUSSELL , SHIN DOH CHULL 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMost new democracies face a challenge of reshaping the political culture to support the new democratic political order. This can often be a long-term process, complicated by the Realpolitik of governing in a new political (and often economic) system. One of the mechanisms of cultural change is generational change. New generations socialized after a democratic transition are presumably educated into the political norms of the new democratic regime. However, one can also imagine that the young lack clear political cues because they grow up under a system in transition, or even reject the new order if it is accompanied by widespread social dislocation. The study of generational change in new democracies thus provides insights into the processes transforming a nation's political culture. We analyze generational change in the new democracies of East Asia using the Second Wave of the East Asian Barometer. We examine support for a democratic/authoritarian regime and the citizenship norms that underlie a democratic process (such as the rule of law and political tolerance). Our results yield evidence of significant generational change in regime norms in these new democracies, which suggests that the political culture is gradually being transformed.
Emotions and Passions in the Discipline of International Relations
Authors: COICAUD JEAN-MARC 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe article focuses on how emotions and passions – two related but somewhat different notions – are addressed in the field of international relations. As such it makes three main points. First, the article argues that, although presupposed in mainstream international relations, because of the influence of positivism emotions and passions have tended to be overlooked. Second, it makes the point that in recent years scholars with constructivist leanings have been increasingly interested in taking emotions and passions seriously as an academic area of research. Third, and finally, the article concludes that despite the progress made in the 2000s on the understanding of emotions and passions in international relations, more work remains to be done. As such it outlines future directions of research.
Anomalous Photoelectric Effect of a Polycrystalline Topological Insulator Film
Authors: Zhang Hongbin , Yao Jiandong , Shao Jianmei , Li Hai , Li Shuwei , Bao Dinghua , Wang Chengxin , Yang Guowei 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA topological insulator represents a new state of quantum matter that possesses an insulating bulk band gap as well as a spin-momentum-locked Dirac cone on the surface that is protected by time-reversal symmetry. Photon-dressed surface states and light-induced surface photocurrents have been observed in topological insulators. Here, we report experimental observations of an anomalous photoelectric effect in thin films of Bi2Te3, a polycrystalline topological insulator. Under illumination with non-polarised light, transport measurements reveal that the resistance of the topological surface states suddenly increases when the polycrystalline film is illuminated. The resistance variation is positively dependent on the light intensity but has no relation to the applied electric field; this finding can be attributed to the gap opening of the surface Dirac cone. This observation of an anomalous photoelectric effect in polycrystalline topological insulators offers exciting opportunities for the creation of photodetectors with an unusually broad spectral range. Moreover, polycrystalline topological insulator films provide an attractive material platform for exploring the nature and practical application of topological insulators.