bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrified Water as UBD Medium - Perfect Recipe for a Corrosion Nightmare:: Issues and a Solution
Authors: Hussain Iqbal , Al-Enezi Dakhil , Al-Khaldy Ali , Sulaiman Sulaiman , Hayat Sara 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Kuwait Oil Company embarked on an ambitious project to look for gaseous Hydrocarbons in a hitherto un-proven formation in the North Kuwait Field. As the target formation was extremely depleted and usually was drilled through under-total-loss conditions, these wells were designed to be Under-Balanced-Drilling (UBD) wells.
The design conditions for an Under-balance or drawdown of 10% below formation pressure of the target zone called for Nitrified water as the fluid medium. Design simulations showed a normal Nitrogen pumping rate of around 1100 scfm for maintaining the UB conditions. Further testing of the target formation called for a huge drawdown of a maximum of 30%. This led to extreme conditions of pumping Nitrogen at the rate of 2000 scfm. The normal operating conditions with membrane NPU resulted in 5% Oxygen being pumped in with Nitrogen. This resulted in a highly corrosive environment under Bottom-hole conditions, especially when we started producing highly saline formation water. The above conditions led to very severe corrosion of our Drill string and UBD Coring equipment, creating a potential hazard of losing our whole string.
Conventional corrosion inhibition completely failed to arrest the corrosion of the string. This led to intensive study and debates within the team to find a solution to the problem and quickly too. A multi-pronged solution comprising of controlling pH, usage of Phospate Ester Inhibitor formulation, filming amine and monitoring through usage of Corrosion coupon rings in the drill string led to a dramatic improvement of the corrosion damage.
Corrosion hazards in UBD wells are a reality and a heady-mix of ideal conditions for corrosions could mean disaster. Conventional Corrosion programs usually fall short of dealing with the severe corrosion existing down-hole. Special operations such as Underbalanced Coring could fail dramatically before achieving objectives. A multi-pronged approach needs to be designed and the severity of the problem understood before embarking on such ambitious projects. The authors are going to present a strategy for putting the best foot forward when dealing with such issues. Being forewarned will always mean being forearmed.

Introduction
Residual oxygen in membrane generated Nitrogen, when commingled with Potassium or Sodium Chloride drilling brines or filtered brackish water as drilling fluid creates a very corrosive environment downhole. This leads to severe corrosion of all tubulars such as drill pipe, casing and tubing. Corrosion has been the culprit of many doomed projects in the early days of UBD.
An Accurate Volumetric Calculation Method for Estimating Original Hydrocarbons in Place for Oil and Gas Shales including adsorbed Gas using High-Resolution Geological Model
Authors: Bruyelle Jeremie , Guerillot Dominique 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The emergence of liquid-rich and gas shale reservoirs presents major strategic opportunities and challenges for the oil and gas industry. Accurate estimation of Stock Tank Oil and Gas Initially In Place (STOIIP & GIIP) is one of the priority tasks before defining the reserves. An accurate method is proposed to calculate hydrocarbon volumes using high-resolution geological models taking advantage of huge improvements made during last decade in the field of characterization and geological modeling of unconventional reservoirs. This exact method provides fluids in place in reservoir and surface conditions with an extended black-oil formulation including condensates. The physic including the equilibrium between gravity and eventually capillary forces and adsorbed gas is fully respected using, for each lithofacies, the most accurate available geological description with 3D porosity distributions, Langmuir isotherms (Langmuir, 1918), capillary pressure curves, and thermodynamic data. Adsorbed and liquid-rich gases are considered.
This method calculating hydrocarbons in place is the natural endpoint of any workflow devoted to the geological modeling of newly discovered reservoirs, particularly suited to heterogeneous reservoirs.
The knowledge generated by this calculation has significant impact on fracturation programs to increase the recovery rate and field development planning.

Introduction
The characterization of volume of fluids in place in shale reservoir is a challenging task for many reasons, in particular because of the adsorbed gas which is a way of trapping gases in geological formations. The adsorption capacity of a gas on a rock depends on many parameters such as temperature, pressure, gas type and rock type. Shale gas is generated in source rocks, which are usually made of clay with high organic matter content. However, the organic content depends on the maturity of the organic matter from which they come from. Also, the maturity of the organic matter itself depends on the temperature history during the reservoir formation. Thus, in the same sedimentary basin, conventional reservoir can be formed from hydrocarbon expelled of unconventional reservoir. This is the case in the United States, where sedimentary basins that produce large quantities of unconventional hydrocarbons were already conventional oil and gas basins exploited for their conventional hydrocarbons. As for conventional reservoirs, there are large uncertainties on many parameters of the geological model. For shale reservoirs, another source of uncertainty is being added due to specific parameters related to them. Shale makes a wide variety of highly differing formations. All these formations differ from conventional reservoirs, and shale rock characteristics can differ from shale to shale, and even within the same shale.
3D Imaging of Porosity Modifying Phases in Shuaiba Reservoir, Al Shaheen Field
Authors: Marquez Ceballos X. , Solling T. , Finlay S. , Bounoua N. , Gagigi T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Existing porosity and permeability predictions in the Shuaiba reservoir of the Al Shaheen Field are largely based on detailed core observations and measurements that have been integrated with geochemical data and linked to robust conceptual models. This approach has been successful at predicting general porosity and permeability trends mainly related to deposition on the platform, barrier and basinal environments and the processes of dissolution and cementation; however, there is a lot of uncertainty in correlating and predicting the spatial variation of dissolution and cementation styles within each depositional environment. This uncertainty becomes larger when trying to identify rock types for petrophysical prediction and also to correlate the diagenetic patterns at field scale.
The work summarized in this contribution demonstrates how we have gone beyond the classic characterization of diagenesis and have moved toward the quantification and 3D visualization of diagenetic products that modify the pores and pore throats. Present day porosity and permeability of the Shuaiba limestones in the platform area has been significantly modified by calcite and minor pyrite cementation, hence in this study detailed and calibrated paragenetic data have been integrated with 2D quantitative mineral and elemental maps obtained with the use of QEMSCAN and coupled with 3D images using an in-house micro-CT scanner. Meticulous segmentation of grey levels in the 3D micro-CT images allowed the recognition and quantification of the cement phases and corresponding porosity before cementation, which could then be reconstructed and used to assess the porosity at any given diagenetic stage. This integrated, object-based, approach has the potential to significantly improve our ability to identify rock types, to help predict the spatial distribution of porosity and permeability in the Shuaiba reservoir and to ultimately improve realizations of reservoir connectivity for flow simulation.
Quantifying the Impact of Natural Fractures and Pore Structure on NMR Measurements in Multiple-Porosity Systems
Authors: Chi Lu , Heidari Zoya 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper quantitatively evaluates the hierarchical structure of multiple-porosity systems, including natural micro-fractures, inter-granular, and intra-granular pores, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Conventional well logs cannot distinguish between different pore structures. NMR measurements, although counted among the most reliable methods to measure formation porosity, has been conventionally considered as insensitive to the existence of natural fractures. Thus, the impact of natural micro-fractures on NMR measurement has rarely been investigated.
We simulated NMR response in porous media using a random-walk algorithm. We randomly distributed and oriented natural micro-fractures in various porous rock matrices. We then quantified the sensitivity of NMR T2 (spin-spin relaxation time) distribution to the presence of natural fractures within three-dimensional (3D) Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) images of carbonate and sandstone rock samples andsynthetic organic shale matrices.
Results from synthetic rock samples showed that NMR T2 distribution can be significantly affected by aperture, concentration, and shape (e.g., needle-like or planar shape) of natural fractures, as well as size and connectivity of inter-granular pores. We also quantified the impact of diffusional coupling effect between the micro-fractures and inter-granular pores on NMR T2 distribution. Applications of this research include reliable reservoir characterization in challenging multiple-porosity systems such as naturally fractured carbonates and organic-rich source rocks, whereconventional well logs cannot reliably characterize the complex pore structure andinterpretation techniques for unconventional logs such as NMR are not fully developed.
Observations of supercooled water and frazil ice formation in an Arctic coastal polynya from moorings and satellite imagery
Authors: Ito Masato , Ohshima Kay I. , Fukamachi Yasushi , Simizu Daisuke , Iwamoto Katsushi , Matsumura Yoshimasa , Mahoney Andrew R. , Eicken Hajo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFormation of supercooled water and frazil ice was studied in the Chukchi Sea coastal polynya off Barrow, Alaska, USA, in winter 2009/10, using moored salinity/temperature sensors and Ice Profiling Sonar (IPS) data along with satellite data. Oceanographic data from two moorings revealed episodic events of potential supercooling at 30–40m depth, including the possibility of in situ supercooling, while the polynya was open. We identified frazil ice-like signals in the IPS data down to 5–15 m depth, associated with large heat loss and windy, turbulent conditions in an active polynya. This likely represents the first IPS observation of frazil ice in the marine environment. On the day of the maximum signal of frazil ice, spaceborne synthetic aperture radar shows streaks of high backscatter within the polynya, indicating active frazil ice formation just downwind of the mooring sites. In addition, the longer-term potential supercooling that persisted for 1–3 weeks occurred twice despite the absence of polynya activity at the mooring sites. These events occurred during periods dominated by the northeastward current. A series of coastal polynyas had formed southwest of the mooring sites prior to these events. Thus, the water masses with potential supercooling were likely advected from these polynyas.
Psychiatric Morbidity among Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients  A Study in Tertiary Care Psychiatric Hospital in Dhaka
Authors: Uddin MM Jalal , Alam Md. Tariqul , Ahmed Helal Uddin , Khan Niaz Mohammad , Hamid MA , Chowdhury Waziul Alam , Rabbani Md. Golam 
Published: March 2015

Background: Severe mental illness like schizophrenia has far-reaching consequence for both patients and caregivers and their relatives and they also experience feeling of loss and grief. They are confronted with uncertainty and emotion of shame, guilt and anger like the patients they feel stigmatized and socially isolated. Caring for a family member with schizophrenia is an enduring stressor and causes considerable amount of burden. Objective: To assess mental health status of the caregivers of schizophrenia patients. Methodology: This descriptive cross sectional study was done among the caregivers of schizophrenia patients in outpatient and inpatient department of National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2010 to February 2011. A semi-structured Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were applied to the caregivers of schizophrenia patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the respondents whose GHO-28 score were 4 or above Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Non Patient (SCID-I/NP) version was applied to identify psychiatric disorders among the caregivers of schizophrenia.Results: Out of 272 respondents most of them were female (88.97%), housewife (72.42%) of 21 to 50 yrs age (80.51%). In this study 22.43% of respondents were suffering from different types of mental disorders. Among them major depressive disorder were most prevalent (11.8%). Other psychiatric disorders were found generalized anxiety disorder (4.8%), pain disorder (2.9%). Less common were panic disorder, social phobia, adjustment disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder (0.7% in each type).Conclusions: Significant proportions of the caregiver of schizophrenic patients were suffering from psychiatric disorders that did not get any psychiatric treatment.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):12-17DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22581
Aetiological Factors of Osteoarthritis: A Review Update
Authors: Islam M. Jahidul , Hossain M. Shahadat , Amin M. Ruhul , Ahmed Monzur 
Published: March 2015

Osteoarthritis (OA) is no longer considered degenerative or wear and tear arthritis; rather involves dynamic biomechanical, biochemical and cellular process. Indeed, the joint damage that occurs in OA is the result of active remodeling involving all the joint structures. Although articular cartilage is at the center of change, OA is viewed as a disease of the entire joint. Traditionally, OA has been viewed as an inevitable degenerative condition of the cartilage. It is currently viewed as a biomechanical and biochemical inflammatory disease of the entire joints. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and the high rate of disability related to disease make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Because of the aging of Western populations and because obesity, a major risk factor, are increasing in prevalence, the occurrence of osteoarthritis is on the rise. In the United States, osteoarthritis prevalence will increase from 66100% by the year 2020. OA affects certain joints, yet spares others. Commonly affected joints include the cervical and lumbosacral spine, hip, knee, and first metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTP). In the hands, the distal and proximal inter-phalangeal joints and the base of the thumb are often affected. Usually spared are the wrist, elbow, and ankle.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):18-23DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22584
The ecology, evolution, and biogeography of dioecy in the genus Solanum: With paradigms from the strong dioecy in Solanum polygamum, to the unsuspected and cryptic dioecy in Solanum conocarpum
Authors: Anderson Gregory J. , Anderson Mona K. J. , Patel Nikisha 
Published: March 2015

• Premise of the study: Island plants are over‐exploited and “under‐explored.” Understanding the reproductive biology of plants, especially rare species, is fundamental to clarifying their evolution, estimating potential for change, and for creating effective conservation plans. Clarification of sexual systems like dioecy, and unusual manifestations of it in specific studies within Solanum, helps elucidate evolutionary patterns and genetic and ecological control of sex expression.• Methods: Studies of reproductive systems of two Caribbean endemics, S. polygamum and S. conocarpum, combined multifaceted analyses of field populations and of multiple generations of greenhouse plants.• Key results: The dioecy in both species is, like that in other solanums, largely cryptic, although the gender of S. polygamum flowers is obvious. The rare S. conocarpum is recognized as dioecious; floral gender is not obvious. Variation in sex expression facilitated experiments and promoted hypotheses on control and significance of morphological features and sex expression.• Conclusions: Confirmed dioecy in at least 15 solanums is distributed across the genus, with perhaps 6 independent origins, and with crypticity in the form of morphologically hermaphroditic, but functionally unisexual, flowers characterizing all species. Dioecy is not more strongly associated with islands. Inaperturate pollen in pistillate flowers characterizes almost all, but not the two dioecious species studied herein. Dioecy in both species indicates leakiness (rare hermaphroditic flowers on male plants) that helps explain island colonization and radiation. Leakiness allowed confirmation—usually impossible for dioecious species—of self‐compatibility for S. polygamum, and thus support for the hypothesis that dioecy evolved to promote outcrossing.
A redefinition and review of the genus Myrmolimosina Marshall (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae), with morphological and molecular assessments of new species from Mexico and Guatemala
Authors: Marshall Stephen A. , Skevington Jeffrey H. , Kelso Scott , Zhou Claudia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe previously monotypic genus Myrmolimosina Marshall (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) is expanded to include the new speciesM. batus Marshall from Guatemala and Mexico and M. llama Marshall from Mexico, and redefined to include specimens with and without the strongly petiolate abdomen reflected in the generic name. Myrmolimosina batus is known only from females and M. llama is known only from males. The possibility that these two putative species represent the same sexually dimorphic species is considered and rejected based on molecular data.
Collaborative Interactions between Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Antigen-Specific CD4+ Th2 Cells Exacerbate Murine Allergic Airway Diseases with Prominent Eosinophilia
Authors: Liu Bo , Lee Jee-Boong , Chen Chun-Yu , Hershey Gurjit K. Khurana , Wang Yui-Hsi 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and the acquired CD4+ Th2 and Th17 cells contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental asthma; however, their roles in Ag-driven exacerbation of chronic murine allergic airway diseases remain elusive. In this study, we report that repeated intranasal rechallenges with only OVA Ag were sufficient to trigger airway hyperresponsiveness, prominent eosinophilic inflammation, and significantly increased serum OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE in rested mice that previously developed murine allergic airway diseases. The recall response to repeated OVA inoculation preferentially triggered a further increase of lung OVA-specific CD4+ Th2 cells, whereas CD4+ Th17 and ILC2 cell numbers remained constant. Furthermore, the acquired CD4+ Th17 cells in Stat6−/−/IL-17–GFP mice, or innate ILC2s in CD4+ T cell–ablated mice, failed to mount an allergic recall response to OVA Ag. After repeated OVA rechallenge or CD4+ T cell ablation, the increase or loss of CD4+ Th2 cells resulted in an enhanced or reduced IL-13 production by lung ILC2s in response to IL-25 and IL-33 stimulation, respectively. In return, ILC2s enhanced Ag-mediated proliferation of cocultured CD4+ Th2 cells and their cytokine production, and promoted eosinophilic airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia driven by adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD4+ Th2 cells. Thus, these results suggest that an allergic recall response to recurring Ag exposures preferentially triggers an increase of Ag-specific CD4+ Th2 cells, which facilitates the collaborative interactions between acquired CD4+ Th2 cells and innate ILC2s to drive the exacerbation of a murine allergic airway diseases with an eosinophilic phenotype.
The TNF-Family Ligand TL1A and Its Receptor DR3 Promote T Cell–Mediated Allergic Immunopathology by Enhancing Differentiation and Pathogenicity of IL-9–Producing T Cells
Authors: Richard Arianne C. , Tan Cuiyan , Hawley Eric T. , Gomez-Rodriguez Julio , Goswami Ritobrata , Yang Xiang-Ping , Cruz Anthony C. , Penumetcha Pallavi , Hayes Erika T. , Pelletier Martin , Gabay Odile , Walsh Matthew , Ferdinand John R. , Keane-Myers Andrea , Choi Yongwon , O’Shea John J. , Al-Shamkhani Aymen , Kaplan Mark H. , Gery Igal , Siegel Richard M. , Meylan Françoise 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The TNF family cytokine TL1A (Tnfsf15) costimulates T cells and type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2) through its receptor DR3 (Tnfrsf25). DR3-deficient mice have reduced T cell accumulation at the site of inflammation and reduced ILC2-dependent immune responses in a number of models of autoimmune and allergic diseases. In allergic lung disease models, immunopathology and local Th2 and ILC2 accumulation is reduced in DR3-deficient mice despite normal systemic priming of Th2 responses and generation of T cells secreting IL-13 and IL-4, prompting the question of whether TL1A promotes the development of other T cell subsets that secrete cytokines to drive allergic disease. In this study, we find that TL1A potently promotes generation of murine T cells producing IL-9 (Th9) by signaling through DR3 in a cell-intrinsic manner. TL1A enhances Th9 differentiation through an IL-2 and STAT5-dependent mechanism, unlike the TNF-family member OX40, which promotes Th9 through IL-4 and STAT6. Th9 differentiated in the presence of TL1A are more pathogenic, and endogenous TL1A signaling through DR3 on T cells is required for maximal pathology and IL-9 production in allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these data identify TL1A–DR3 interactions as a novel pathway that promotes Th9 differentiation and pathogenicity. TL1A may be a potential therapeutic target in diseases dependent on IL-9.