bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partition behavior of fucoxanthin in ethanol‐potassium phosphate two‐phase systems
Authors: Gómez‐Loredo Alma , Benavides Jorge , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDFucoxanthin is a carotenoid that exerts multiple beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anti‐cancer, anti‐diabetic and anti‐obesity activity. In this study, the partition behavior of fucoxanthin in aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) composed of ethanol and potassium phosphate was evaluated. This evaluation was performed ‘en route’ to establishing an ATPS extraction system for the recovery of fucoxanthin from microalgae cultures. System parameters including tie‐line length (TLL), volume ratio (VR) and product concentration were studied using model (purified fucoxanthin) and complex systems (microalgae extracts).RESULTSATPS comprising high TLL (70% w/w) and high VR (>1) provided the best recovery of fucoxanthin in model systems. For complex systems, the best results were observed in systems with TLL 50% w/w and VR=1 for Phaeodactylum tricornutum methanolic extracts (95.36% recovery and 66.01% purity), and systems with TLL 60% w/w and VR=3 for Isochrysis galbana methanolic extracts (89.18% recovery and 78.74% purity).CONCLUSIONthe findings suggest that the nature of sample solution, the hydrophobicity of the system, and the salting out effect have significant impacts on fucoxanthin partition. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of hazelnut roasted skin from different cultivars on the quality attributes, polyphenol content and texture of fresh egg pasta
Authors: Zeppa Giuseppe , Belviso Simona , Bertolino Marta , Cavallero Maria Chiara , Dal Bello Barbara , Ghirardello Daniela , Giordano Manuela , Giorgis Marta , Grosso Arianna , Rolle Luca , Gerbi Vincenzo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDHazelnut skin is the perisperm of the hazelnut kernel. It is separated from the kernel during the roasting process and is normally discarded. Recent studies have reported that hazelnut skin is a rich source of dietary fibre as well as of natural antioxidants owing to the presence of phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the use of hazelnut skins obtained from different cultivars for enhancing the nutritional value of fresh egg pasta.RESULTSSkins obtained from roasted hazelnuts of four different varieties were used at three concentrations as a flour replacement in fresh egg pasta. Hazelnut skin concentration significantly influenced all evaluated physicochemical parameters as well as consumers' appreciation for the pasta, but significant differences were also observed between the four varieties. Although pasta produced with 10 and 15% hazelnut skin displayed the highest content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro, pasta containing 5% Tombul hazelnut skin showed maximum consumer preference.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained in the present study highlighted that it is possible to use hazelnut skin in fresh pasta production to obtain a fortified food with high fibre content and antioxidant activity. The characteristics of the resulting pasta were strictly correlated with the hazelnut variety used for skin production and, of course, with the percentage of skin that was added. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A parameterized‐background data‐weak approach to variational data assimilation: formulation, analysis, and application to acoustics
Authors: Maday Yvon , Patera Anthony T. , Penn James D. , Yano Masayuki 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWe present a parameterized‐background data‐weak (PBDW) formulation of the variational data assimilation (state estimation) problem for systems modeled by partial differential equations. The main contributions are a constrained optimization weak framework informed by the notion of experimentally observable spaces; a priori and a posteriori error estimates for the field and associated linear‐functional outputs; weak greedy construction of prior (background) spaces associated with an underlying potentially high‐dimensional parametric manifold; stability‐informed choice of observation functionals and related sensor locations; and finally, output prediction from the optimality saddle in operations, where M is the number of experimental observations. We present results for a synthetic Helmholtz acoustics model problem to illustrate the elements of the methodology and confirm the numerical properties suggested by the theory. To conclude, we consider a physical raised‐box acoustic resonator chamber: we integrate the PBDW methodology and a Robotic Observation Platform to achieve real‐time in situ state estimation of the time‐harmonic pressure field; we demonstrate the considerable improvement in prediction provided by the integration of a best‐knowledge model and experimental observations; we extract, even from these results with real data, the numerical trends indicated by the theoretical convergence and stability analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIATOMS OF TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT WATERCOURSES IN SOUTHERN EUROPE (PORTUGAL)
Authors: Novais M. H. , Morais M. M. , Rosado J. , Dias L. S. , Hoffmann L. , Ector L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe potential importance of benthic diatoms in Mediterranean watercourses has received limited academic attention historically. This study sought to provide baseline information for this poorly studied group. Temporary and permanent watercourses in Portugal differ in catchment characteristics, climatic variables and water chemistry. The benthic diatom communities were characterized in terms of ecological preferences and conservation status for taxa with relative abundance above 1% in at least one site covering 39 temporary sites (109 taxa) and 53 permanent sites (130 taxa). The low‐profile guild dominated both temporary and permanent watercourses, followed by the high‐profile and motile guilds. Indicator value analysis indicated that Amphora copulata, Cocconeis placentula, Diploneis separanda, Encyonopsis subminuta, Fragilaria radians, Gomphonema olivaceum, Gomphonema truncatum, Halamphora veneta, Navicula radiosa, Navicula veneta, Sellaphora seminulum and Ulnaria acus were indicators of temporary watercourses, whereas Encyonema minutum, Eunotia minor, Fragilaria rumpens, Fragilaria cf. socia and Navicula rhynchocephala were characteristic of permanent watercourses. Ecological preferences of indicator taxa were inferred on the basis of environmental variables that differed significantly between temporary and permanent watercourses. The importance of temporary watercourses for the maintenance of diatom biodiversity is discussed and explored. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal Variability and Potential Predictability of the Streamflow Regimes in the North‐Eastern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Hernández‐Martínez M. , Hidalgo‐Muñoz J. M. , Gámiz‐Fortis S. R. , Castro‐Díez Y. , Esteban‐Parra M. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the temporal variability and potential predictability of streamflow regimes in the north‐eastern Spain for the 1970–2010 period. Two different regimes are found, those characterized for having peak flows in the winter and those where this maximum appears in the spring. The main characteristic time scales of streamflows in each area are studied by singular spectral analysis (SSA). While winter streamflow regime only shows interannual variability (quasi‐oscillatory modes around 5.5 and 2.3 years), spring streamflow (2.6 and 6.6 years) also presents a decadal variability component. Based on this result, a modelling process is conducted using autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models, for interannual variability modelling, and stable teleconnections between global oceanic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and river flow, for decadal variability modelling. Finally, a one‐step‐ahead prediction experiment is computed to obtain forecasted streamflows.The results for winter streamflow regime modelling show a phase concordance between the raw and the forecasted streamflow time series of around 70% and a correlation around 0.7, for the validation period (2001–2010). For spring streamflow, additionally to the ARMA modelling for the interannual component, a model based on the SST has been established that involves some oceanic regions from previous seasons located, fundamentally, not only in the North Atlantic but also in the Indian Ocean. The combined model (SST + ARMA) significantly improves the prediction based on the ARMA model alone, showing a phase concordance and a correlation around 90% and 0.7 respectively.This modelling scheme provides predictability skills of the rivers from the Inland Catalan Basins at different time scales, representing an added value for water planning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RNA structural analysis by evolving SHAPE chemistry
Authors: Spitale Robert C. , Flynn Ryan A. , Torre Eduardo A. , Kool Eric T. , Chang Howard Y. 
Published: August 2014

RNA is central to the flow of biological information. From transcription to splicing, RNA localization, translation, and decay, RNA is intimately involved in regulating every step of the gene expression program, and is thus essential for health and understanding disease. RNA has the unique ability to base‐pair with itself and other nucleic acids to form complex structures. Hence the information content in RNA is not simply its linear sequence of bases, but is also encoded in complex folding of RNA molecules. A general chemical functionality that all RNAs have is a 2′‐hydroxyl group in the ribose ring, and the reactivity of the 2′‐hydroxyl in RNA is gated by local nucleotide flexibility. In other words, the 2′‐hydroxyl is reactive at single‐stranded and conformationally flexible positions but is unreactive at nucleotides constrained by base‐pairing. Recent efforts have been focused on developing reagents that modify RNA as a function of RNA 2′ hydroxyl group reactivity. Such RNA structure probing techniques can be read out by primer extension in experiments termed RNA SHAPE (selective 2′‐ hydroxyl acylation and primer extension). Herein, we describe the efforts devoted to the design and utilization of SHAPE probes for characterizing RNA structure. We also describe current technological advances that are being applied to utilize SHAPE chemistry with deep sequencing to probe many RNAs in parallel. The merging of chemistry with genomics is sure to open the door to genome‐wide exploration of RNA structure and function. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:867–881. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1253This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems
Optimal trajectory planning for nonlinear systems: robust and constrained solution
Authors: Boscariol P. , Gasparetto A. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a solution to the problem of generating constrained robust trajectory planning for nonlinear mechatronic systems. By using an indirect variational solution method, the necessary optimality conditions deriving from the Pontryagin's minimum principle are imposed, and lead to a differential Two-Point Boundary Value Problem (TPBVP); numerical solution of the latter is accomplished by means of collocation techniques. The robustness to parametric mismatches is obtained trough the use of sensitivity functions, while a hard constraint on actuator effort is obtained using a smoothing technique. Numerical results shows that the robustness can be greatly improved, and that the inclusion of constraints on actuator effort does not affect it.
Crystal structures of N,N′-bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium hydrochloride and of its [AuCl4]− salt solved by powder diffraction
Authors: Silva Silvioney A. , Masciocchi Norberto , Cuin Alexandre 
Published: August 2014

Preparation, analytical characterization, and crystal structures of N,N′-bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium hydrochloride (1) and of its gold derivative, N,N′-bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium tetrachloroaurate(III) (2) are reported. Compound (1) was obtained by reduction of the Schiff base N,N′-bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine followed by HCl solution addition, whereas compound (2) was prepared reacting (1) with K[AuCl4] in aqueous solution. Compound (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Iba2 and cell parameters a = 29.856(1), b = 5.1372(2), and c = 10.1635(4) Å. Crystals of (2) belong to the monoclinic system with space group P21/c and cell parameters a = 11.0829(1), b = 9.5852(1), c = 11.6054(2) Å, and β = 75.49(1)°. Both structures contain diprotonated organic moieties, counterbalanced by hydrogen-bonded Cl−, or [AuCl4]− ions, in compounds (1) and (2), respectively.
The Value of the Virtues
Authors: MCELWEE BRIAN 
Published: August 2014

I argue that debates about virtue are best settled by clearly distinguishing two questions:(a)What sort of character trait is there reason to cultivate?(b)What sort of character trait is there reason (morally) to admire?With this distinction in mind, I focus on recent accounts of what consequentialists ought to say about virtue, arguing that:(1)The instrumentalist view of virtue accepted by many prominent consequentialists should not be accepted as the default view for consequentialists to hold.(2)The main rival view, the appropriate response account, not only avoids the major objection facing the instrumental view, but gives the correct diagnosis of where it goes wrong.(3)Two objections that seem to face the appropriate response account can in fact be convincingly met in ways which leave it looking stronger.(4)The appropriate response account is also to be preferred to a disjunctive view or a mixed view.
Bipolar stacked quasi-all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries with output cell potentials of over 6 V
Authors: Matsuo Takahiro , Gambe Yoshiyuki , Sun Yan , Honma Itaru 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDesigning a lithium ion battery (LIB) with a three-dimensional device structure is crucial for increasing the practical energy storage density by avoiding unnecessary supporting parts of the cell modules. Here, we describe the superior secondary battery performance of the bulk all-solid-state LIB cell and a multilayered stacked bipolar cell with doubled cell potential of 6.5 V, for the first time. The bipolar-type solid LIB cell runs its charge/discharge cycle over 200 times in a range of 0.1–1.0 C with negligible capacity decrease despite their doubled output cell potentials. This extremely high performance of the bipolar cell is a result of the superior battery performance of the single cell; the bulk all-solid-state cell has a charge/discharge cycle capability of over 1500 although metallic lithium and LiFePO4 are employed as anodes and cathodes, respectively. The use of a quasi-solid electrolyte consisting of ionic liquid and Al2O3 nanoparticles is considered to be responsible for the high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability at the interface between the electrodes and the electrolyte. This paper presents the effective applications of SiO2, Al2O3 and CeO2 nanoparticles and various Li+ conducting ionic liquids for the quasi-solid electrolytes and reports the best ever known cycle performances. Moreover, the results of this study show that the bipolar stacked three-dimensional device structure would be a smart choice for future LIBs with higher cell energy density and output potential. In addition, our report presents the advantages of adopting a three-dimensional cell design based on the solid-state electrolytes, which is of particular interest in energy-device engineering for mobile applications.
Modifying plant cell walls for bioenergy production.
Authors: Puranik S. , Kumar K. S. , Gailing O. , Joshi C. P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Predictions about future supply of crude oil, increase in greenhouse gases and burgeoning human population have recently necessitated a search for sustainable and environmentally responsible sources of alternative energy. Bioconversion of organic biomass, largely derived from plant residues, to biofuels has been viewed as one of the most attractive avenues of research. More than half of the plant biomass produced on earth consists of cell walls that are enriched in carbohydrate polymers such as cellulose and hemicellulose. Breakdown of these carbohydrate polymers by pre-treatments and cellulolytic enzymes to monomer sugars (saccharification) which is followed by fermentation of sugars to bioethanol is one of the favoured ways of producing biofuels. Presence of phenolic compounds in form of lignin hinders access of cell wall degrading enzymes to carbohydrates, and genetic engineering of genes and metabolic pathways involved in cell wall formation could dramatically alter the outcome for biofuel production. In recent years, several reports have described such approaches that improve saccharification efficiency and this review discusses some of those advances. Another approach is to use quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and/or association mapping to identify genes/molecular markers that are associated with cell wall polymer synthesis. These candidate genes can be used for marker-assisted breeding and/or could be manipulated using transgenic approaches. A combination of these techniques is likely to provide novel tools in producing feedstocks for efficient use of selected plant biomass in biofuel production.
Mutation strategies for obtaining chitooligosaccharides with longer chains by transglycosylation reaction of family GH18 chitinase
Authors: Sirimontree Paknisa , Suginta Wipa , Sritho Natchanok , Kanda Yuka , Shinya Shoko , Ohnuma Takayuki , Fukamizo Tamo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Enhancing the transglycosylation (TG) activity of glycoside hydrolases does not always result in the production of oligosaccharides with longer chains, because the TG products are often decomposed into shorter oligosaccharides. Here, we investigated the mutation strategies for obtaining chitooligosaccharides with longer chains by means of TG reaction catalyzed by family GH18 chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi (VhChiA). HPLC analysis of the TG products from incubation of chitooligosaccharide substrates, GlcNAcn, with several mutant VhChiAs suggested that mutant W570G (mutation of Trp570 to Gly) and mutant D392N (mutation of Asp392 to Asn) significantly enhanced TG activity, but the TG products were immediately hydrolyzed into shorter GlcNAcn. On the other hand, the TG products obtained from mutants D313A and D313N (mutations of Asp313 to Ala and Asn, respectively) were not further hydrolyzed, leading to the accumulation of oligosaccharides with longer chains. The data obtained from the mutant VhChiAs suggested that mutations of Asp313, the middle aspartic acid residue of the DxDxE catalytic motif, to Ala and Asn are most effective for obtaining chitooligosaccharides with longer chains.
Comprehensive data on ionising radiation from Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant in the town of Miharu, Fukushima prefecture: The Misho
Project
Authors: Koike T , Suzuki Y , Genyu S , Kobayashi I , Komori H , Otsu H , Sakuma H , Sakuma K , Sarausad E M , Shimada K , Shinozuka T , Tamura H , Tsukada K , Ukai M , Yamamoto T O 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Data related to radioactivity released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Plant (FDNPP) accident on 15 March 2011 gathered by residents of Miharu,
Fukushima Prefecture, and by Tohoku University are presented. These data sets
consist of (1) the earliest radiation monitoring by a Geiger counter in the
town, (2) ratios of radioactivity between 132Te and 137Cs
for a wide area between Fukushima and Tokyo, (3) radiation measurement of soil
samples collected from 18 school grounds, and (4) external radiation exposure of
1400 students using OSL badges. By combining and analysing these various data
sets, a curve for the cumulative total external exposure as a function of time,
with 16 : 00 h on 15 March 2011 being time zero, is obtained.
The average cumulative external dosage is estimated to be 10 mSv
(σ = 4.2 mSv) over 10 years. In
addition, the initiative that the residents of Miharu took in response to the
FDNPP accident, which became known as The Misho Project (MP), is documented; in
particular, the time at which the municipality instructed the immediate
ingestion of iodine tablets by those under the age of 40,
13 : 00 h on 15 March 2011, is assessed.
Normal and Abnormal Esophageal Motility
Authors: Katzka David A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The esophagus has 3 major functions: to facilitate passage of food and fluid boluses into the esophagus and not the airway, to propel food boluses downward to the stomach, and to keep stomach contents from refluxing upward. The esophagus accomplishes these functions by its tubular anatomy and by motility that involves the contraction and relaxation of sphincter muscles and precisely timed peristaltic waves. When these functions go awry, the most common symptoms are dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. This chapter focuses primarily on how the food bolus is handled by the esophagus. Swallowing dysfunction can be classified as oropharyngeal swallowing disorders, esophageal body disorders, and esophageal motility disorders. Pathology, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
Authors: Bruining David H. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a vexing clinical challenge. It is a disease process characterized by chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation. The two main subtypes are ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa, extending proximally from the anal verge in an uninterrupted pattern to involve all or part of the colon. Crohn disease is a disorder that typically affects the full thickness of the intestine. Although it has a special predilection for involving the small bowel, the disease can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.
Typically, Crohn disease results in patchy inflammation with intervening areas of normal mucosa. Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease can be associated with extra-intestinal disease manifestations.
Gastrointestinal Infections, Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease, and Diverticular Disease
Authors: Loftus Conor G. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Infections are a common cause of gastrointestinal disease. This chapter focuses on the more common infectious causes of diarrhea, food poisoning, and diverticulitis. Worldwide, an estimated 1 billion cases of infectious diarrhea occur annually, and the death rates are second only to those of cardiovascular disease. Most cases of bacterial diarrhea are acquired from food and can be considered forms of “food poisoning.” In Western societies, colonic diverticulosis affects 5% to 10% of the population older than 45 years and 80% of those older than 85 years. Uninflamed and nonbleeding diverticula are asymptomatic. Diverticular hemorrhage is the second most common cause of colonic bleeding after vascular lesions.
Constipation and Disorders of Pelvic Floor Function
Authors: Bharucha Adil E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Colonic functions include the absorption of water and electrolytes, storage of intraluminal contents until elimination is socially convenient, and nutrient salvage from bacterial metabolism of carbohydrates that are not absorbed in the small intestine. Colonic motor activity is extremely irregular, ranging from quiescence to isolated contractions, bursts of contractions, or propagated contractions. Functional constipation is defined by two or more of the following symptoms: 1) fewer than three defecations per week, 2) straining, 3) lumpy or hard stools, 4) sensation of incomplete evacuations, 5) sensation of anorectal obstruction or blockage, and 6) manual maneuvers to facilitate defecation. Functional defecatory disorders are characterized by disordered defecation caused by functional obstruction that results from impaired relaxation of the external anal sphincter, impaired relaxation of the puborectalis muscle, or inadequate propulsive forces, or some combination of these.