bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential activation of human constitutive androstane receptor and its SV23 and SV24 splice variants by rilpivirine and etravirine
Authors: Sharma Devinder , Lau Aik Jiang , Sherman Matthew A , Chang Thomas K H 
Published: November 2014

Background and PurposeRilpivirine and etravirine are second‐generation non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) indicated for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) regulates the expression of genes involved in various biological processes, including the transport and biotransformation of drugs. We investigated the effect of rilpivirine and etravirine on the activity of the wild‐type human CAR (hCAR‐WT) and its hCAR‐SV23 and hCAR‐SV24 splice variants, and compared it with first‐generation NNRTIs (efavirenz, nevirapine, and delavirdine).Experimental ApproachReceptor activation, ligand‐binding domain (LBD) transactivation, and co‐activator recruitment were investigated in transiently transfected, NNRTI‐treated HepG2 cells. Nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein‐tagged hCAR‐WT and CYP2B6 gene expression were assessed in NNRTI‐treated human hepatocytes.Key ResultsRilpivirine and etravirine activated hCAR‐WT, but not hCAR‐SV23 or hCAR‐SV24, and without transactivating the LBD or recruiting steroid receptor coactivators SRC‐1, SRC‐2, or SRC‐3. Among the first‐generation NNRTIs investigated, only efavirenz activated hCAR‐WT, hCAR‐SV23, and hCAR‐SV24, but none of them transactivated the LBD of these receptors or substantively recruited SRC‐1, SRC‐2, or SRC‐3. Rilpivirine, etravirine, and efavirenz triggered nuclear translocation of hCAR‐WT and increased hCAR target gene (CYP2B6) expression.Conclusion and ImplicationsNNRTIs activate hCAR‐WT, hCAR‐SV23, and hCAR‐SV24 in a drug‐specific and isoform‐selective manner. The activation occurs by a mechanism that does not appear to involve binding to the LBD or recruitment of SRC‐1, SRC‐2, or SRC‐3.
Ultrasound assessment of hamstring muscle size using posterior thigh muscle thickness
Authors: Abe Takashi , Loenneke Jeremy P. , Thiebaud Robert S. 
Published: November 2014

SummarySeveral studies have investigated the relationship between ultrasound‐measured muscle thickness (MT) and individual muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) and muscle volume (MV) in extremity and trunk muscles; however, the hamstring muscle has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between posterior thigh MT by ultrasound and the muscle CSA and MV of the hamstring obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten young women aged 20–31 had MT measured by ultrasound at three sites on the medial anterior (50% of thigh length; TL) and posterior (50% and 70% of TL) aspects of the thigh. On the same day, a series of continuous muscle CSA along the thigh was measured by MRI. In each slice, the anatomical CSA of the hamstring (biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus) and quadriceps muscle was analysed, and the CSAs at 50% and 70% of TL and maximal CSA of the hamstring (CSAmax) were determined. MV was calculated by multiplying CSA by slice thickness. A significant correlation was observed between posterior 50% MT and 50% hamstring CSA (r = 0·848, P = 0·002) and between posterior 70% MT and 70% hamstring CSA (r = 0·679, P = 0·031). Posterior 50% MT (r = 0·732, P = 0·016) and 50% MTxTL (r = 0·873, P = 0·001) were also correlated to hamstring MV. Anterior:posterior 50% thigh MT ratio was correlated to MV ratio of quadriceps and hamstring muscles (r = 0·803, P = 0·005). Our results suggest that posterior thigh MT reflects hamstring muscle CSA and MV. The anterior:posterior MT ratio may serve as a surrogate for MV ratio of quadriceps and hamstring.
Locally adapted traits maintained in the face of high gene flow
Authors: Fitzpatrick S. W. , Gerberich J. C. , Kronenberger J. A. , Angeloni L. M. , Funk W. C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGene flow between phenotypically divergent populations can disrupt local adaptation or, alternatively, may stimulate adaptive evolution by increasing genetic variation. We capitalised on historical Trinidadian guppy transplant experiments to test the phenotypic effects of increased gene flow caused by replicated introductions of adaptively divergent guppies, which were translocated from high‐ to low‐predation environments. We sampled two native populations prior to the onset of gene flow, six historic introduction sites, introduction sources and multiple downstream points in each basin. Extensive gene flow from introductions occurred in all streams, yet adaptive phenotypic divergence across a gradient in predation level was maintained. Descendants of guppies from a high‐predation source site showed high phenotypic similarity with native low‐predation guppies in as few as ~12 generations after gene flow, likely through a combination of adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity. Our results demonstrate that locally adapted phenotypes can be maintained despite extensive gene flow from divergent populations.
7T MRI features in control human hippocampus and hippocampal sclerosis: An ex vivo study with histologic correlations
Authors: Coras Roland , Milesi Gloria , Zucca Ileana , Mastropietro Alfonso , Scotti Alessandro , Figini Matteo , Mühlebner Angelika , Hess Andreas , Graf Wolfgang , Tringali Giovanni , Blümcke Ingmar , Villani Flavio , Didato Giuseppe , Frassoni Carolina , Spreafico Roberto , Garbelli Rita 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObjectiveHippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the major structural brain lesion in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, its internal anatomic structure remains difficult to recognize at 1.5 or 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which allows neither identification of specific pathology patterns nor their proposed value to predict postsurgical outcome, cognitive impairment, or underlying etiologies. We aimed to identify specific HS subtypes in resected surgical TLE samples on 7T MRI by juxtaposition with corresponding histologic sections.MethodsFifteen nonsclerotic and 18 sclerotic hippocampi were studied ex vivo using an experimental 7T MRI scanner. T2‐weighted images (T2wi) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired and validated using a systematic histologic analysis of same specimens along the anterior‐posterior axis of the hippocampus.ResultsIn nonsclerotic hippocampi, differences in MR intensity could be assigned to seven clearly recognizable layers and anatomic boundaries as confirmed by histology. All hippocampal subfields could be visualized also in the hippocampal head with three‐dimensional imaging and angulated coronal planes. Only four discernible layers were identified in specimens with histopathologically confirmed HS. All sclerotic hippocampi showed a significant atrophy and increased signal intensity along the pyramidal cell layer. Changes in DTI parameters such as an increased mean diffusivity, allowed to distinguish International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) HS type 1 from type 2. Whereas the increase in T2wi signal intensities could not be attributed to a distinct specific histopathologic substrate, that is, decreased neuronal or increased glial cell densities, intrahippocampal projections and fiber tracts were distorted in HS specimens suggesting a complex disorganization of the cellular composition, fiber networks, as well as its extracellular matrix.SignificanceOur data further advocate high‐resolution MRI as a helpful and promising diagnostic tool for the investigation of hippocampal pathology along the anterior‐posterior extent in TLE, as well as in other neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders.
Incidence of spinal injuries in migratory Yellowstone cutthroat trout captured at electric and waterfall‐velocity weirs
Authors: Larson E. I. , Meyer K. A. , High B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe South Fork Snake River (Idaho, USA) supports a native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) population Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri (Richardson) threatened by non‐native rainbow trout O. mykiss (Walbaum). Electric weirs prevent rainbow trout passage into YCT spawning tributaries but may cause spinal injuries. YCT captured at electric weirs on Palisades and Pine Creeks and a control waterfall‐velocity weir on Burns Creek were X‐rayed in 2012 and 2013 to estimate spinal injury rates. Electrical pulse frequency was increased from 2012 to 2013 at the Palisades (from 11.5 to 20 Hz) and Pine weirs (13–20 Hz), and spinal injury rates were found to increase from 11.3 to 21.3% at Palisades and from 6.5 to 14.7% at Pine, while Burns injury rates remained constant (4.5% in 2012 and 6.0% in 2013), suggesting the electric weirs caused spinal injuries in YCT. Lower pulse frequencies may minimise YCT spinal injury but still prevent rainbow trout from accessing YCT spawning tributaries.
Trade‐offs between land and water requirements for large‐scale bioenergy production
Authors: Bonsch Markus , Humpenöder Florian , Popp Alexander , Bodirsky Benjamin , Dietrich Jan Philipp , Rolinski Susanne , Biewald Anne , Lotze‐Campen Hermann , Weindl Isabelle , Gerten Dieter , Stevanovic Miodrag 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBioenergy is expected to play an important role in the future energy mix as it can substitute fossil fuels and contribute to climate change mitigation. However, large‐scale bioenergy cultivation may put substantial pressure on land and water resources. While irrigated bioenergy production can reduce the pressure on land due to higher yields, associated irrigation water requirements may lead to degradation of freshwater ecosystems and to conflicts with other potential users. In this article, we investigate the trade‐offs between land and water requirements of large‐scale bioenergy production. To this end, we adopt an exogenous demand trajectory for bioenergy from dedicated energy crops, targeted at limiting greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector to 1100 Gt carbon dioxide equivalent until 2095. We then use the spatially explicit global land‐ and water‐use allocation model MAgPIE to project the implications of this bioenergy target for global land and water resources. We find that producing 300 EJ yr−1 of bioenergy in 2095 from dedicated bioenergy crops is likely to double agricultural water withdrawals if no explicit water protection policies are implemented. Since current human water withdrawals are dominated by agriculture and already lead to ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss, such a doubling will pose a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems. If irrigated bioenergy production is prohibited to prevent negative impacts of bioenergy cultivation on water resources, bioenergy land requirements for meeting a 300 EJ yr−1 bioenergy target increase substantially (+ 41%) – mainly at the expense of pasture areas and tropical forests. Thus, avoiding negative environmental impacts of large‐scale bioenergy production will require policies that balance associated water and land requirements.
Does ongoing general practitioner care in elderly patients help reduce the risk of unplanned hospitalization related to Beers potentially inappropriate medications?
Authors: Price Sylvie D , Holman C D'Arcy J , Sanfilippo Frank M , Emery Jon D 
Published: November 2014

AimTo compare estimates of unplanned hospitalizations associated with exposure to Beers potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) in elderly people receiving different levels of ongoing general practitioner (GP) care.MethodsUsing the pharmaceutical claims and other linked health data of 245 436 Western Australians aged ≥65 years with one or more claims for a medication from a PIM‐related drug class (1993–2005), we applied an enhanced case–time–control design to obtain odds ratios (OR) for unplanned hospitalization, from which attributable fractions, numbers, proportions and rates of admissions related to PIM exposure were derived.ResultsOverall, 383 150 unplanned hospitalizations (“index subjects”) were identified. PIM exposure was associated with a similar relative risk of unplanned hospitalization in elderly people receiving the lowest and highest levels of ongoing GP care, but with a decreasing risk in the three highest tiers; adjusted OR (95% CI; attributable fractions) were 1.15 (1.09–1.21; 12.9%), 1.36 (1.27–1.46; 26.6%), 1.20 (1.15–1.26; 16.9%) and 1.13 (1.09–1.17; 11.4%) for groups from the lowest to highest levels. However, those with higher GP coverage had higher rates of PIM‐related hospitalization. Similar patterns were shown for commonly used high‐risk PIM (temazepam, diazepam, oxazepam, naproxen and digoxin).ConclusionsIncreased requirement for ongoing GP contact in less healthy elderly people appears to help minimize their risk of unplanned hospitalization due to PIM‐related harm. GPs should continue to avoid Beers medications in older patients where possible, given their greater predisposition to medication exposure (including PIM) and adverse drug events. Nevertheless, close monitoring of elderly patients who need to use PIM should prove beneficial. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1031–1039.
Literacy disparities in patient access and health‐related use of Internet and mobile technologies
Authors: Bailey Stacy C. , O'Conor Rachel , Bojarski Elizabeth A. , Mullen Rebecca , Patzer Rachel E. , Vicencio Daniel , Jacobson Kara L. , Parker Ruth M. , Wolf Michael S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAge and race‐related disparities in technology use have been well documented, but less is known about how health literacy influences technology access and use.ObjectiveTo assess the association between patients’ literacy skills and mobile phone ownership, use of text messaging, Internet access, and use of the Internet for health‐related purposes.MethodsA secondary analysis utilizing data from 1077 primary care patients enrolled in two, multisite studies from 2011–2013. Patients were administered an in‐person, structured interview.ResultsPatients with adequate health literacy were more likely to own a mobile phone or smartphone in comparison with patients having marginal or low literacy (mobile phone ownership: 96.8 vs. 95.2 vs. 90.1%, respectively, P < 0.001; smartphone ownership: 70.6 vs. 62.5 vs. 40.1%, P < 0.001) and to report text messaging (78.6 vs. 75.2 vs. 53.1%, P < 0.001). They were also more likely to have access to the Internet from their home (92.1 vs. 74.7 vs. 44.9%, P < 0.001) and to report using the Internet for email (93.0 vs. 75.7 vs. 38.5%, P < 0.001), browsing the web (93.9 vs. 80.2 vs. 44.5%, P < 0.001), accessing health information (86.3 vs. 75.5 vs. 40.8%, P < 0.001), and communicating with providers (54.2 vs. 29.8 vs. 13.0%, P < 0.001). Relationships remained significant in multivariable analyses controlling for relevant covariates.ConclusionsResults reveal that literacy‐related disparities in technology access and use are widespread, with lower literate patients being less likely to own smartphones or to access and use the Internet, particularly for health reasons. Future interventions should consider these disparities and ensure that health promotion activities do not further exacerbate disparities.
Bioactive compounds and sensory attributes of sour cherry puree sweetened with natural sweeteners
Authors: Nowicka Paulina , Wojdyło Aneta 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe a phytochemical profile, including phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, colour and sensory quality attributes (colour, aroma, consistency, sweetness intensity and desirability) of a sour cherry puree (SCP) supplemented with different natural sweeteners. Supplementation of SCP with the sweeteners only slightly affected polyphenol content, which was by 9% (SCP with steviol glycosides) to 26% (SCP with erythritol) lower than in pure SCP. Furthermore, the products with natural sweeteners were characterised for the lowest antioxidant activity than the SCP sample, especially in SCP with erythritol and xylitol. In addition to having high content of polyphenols and high antioxidant activity, these products were also attractive to consumers, especially when supplemented with xylitol, palm sugar or sucrose, but not with Luo Han Kuo fruit, which was found unacceptable. The results showed that most of the obtained SCPs had very promising and interesting phytochemical properties and sensory profiles.
Making the transition from pharmacy student to pharmacist: Australian interns’ perceptions of professional identity formation
Authors: Noble Christy , Coombes Ian , Nissen Lisa , Shaw Paul N , Clavarino Alexandra 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe experience of transitioning from university to practice influences professional identity formation. It is unclear how this transitioning experience influences pharmacy interns' professional identities. This study aims to examine pharmacy interns' perceptions of their transition from university to the workplace and the influence this had on their pharmacist identities.MethodsA qualitative approach using in-depth interviews was adopted for this study. Fifteen interns (community and hospital) from one school of pharmacy in Australia were interviewed. Questions were asked about the nature of their current intern role, their university experiences, how they saw themselves as pharmacists and their perceptions of the transition to practice.Key findingsThe interns interviewed entered the workplace valuing patient-focused aspects of practice and contributing to patient care. The nature of work meant there were limited opportunities to enact these aspects of their professional identities. The interns were challenged by interactions with patients and doctors, and experienced difficulties reconciling this with their university-derived professional identities. Also, the interns lacked the confidence and strategies to overcome these challenges. Some were exploring alternative ways of being pharmacists.ConclusionsThis paper argues that graduates' experience of the transition to practice was challenging. This was due to nascent professional identities formed in university and a lack of workplace experiences enabling patient-centred practices. The interns' formation of professional identities was highly responsive to the context of work. To facilitate the development of Australian patient-centred pharmacy practice, supporting professional identity formation should be a focus within pharmacy education.
Evaluation of organizational support for use of online information resources in nursing care
Authors: Kahouei Mehdi , Ahmadi Zahra , Kazemzadeh Farzaneh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesWhile there is general agreement concerning the barriers to use online information resources in nursing decisions, there have not been any studies that demonstrate how healthcare organizations have overcome these obstacles in developing countries. The purpose of this present study was to evaluate organizational support of healthcare organizations after introducing information technology for the use of online information resources in nursing care.MethodsThis study was performed on nurses and nursing students in hospitals affiliated to the Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.ResultsThe findings showed that the use of online information resources was not adequately supported by healthcare social networks and the role of leadership has received minimal attention.ConclusionsThere appears to be little confidence in the usefulness of evidence‐based practice (EBP) in nursing care in Iranian society. The development of organizational norms for EBP behavior within an organization is important, and in order to monitor the development of these behaviors, the cultural competence in the healthcare institutions should be assessed and measured. However, it is far more difficult to develop a robust design, which encompasses the implementation of EBP across an entire organization. Such studies are highly complex and would need to be adapted as the organization changed, in addition, they would be likely to take considerable time to complete. Nevertheless, such studies are essential if a full understanding of organizational approaches to promoting EBP in developing countries is to occur.
Reduction of preanalytical errors in laboratory by establishment and application of training system
Authors: Ying Li Hong , Yang Yong Chang , Huang Wen Fang , Li Yuan Feng , Song Pin , Chen Li , Lan Yu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesErrors in preanalytical phase occupied for almost half of total errors in clinical laboratory, and the causes are related to medical staff's quality awareness and behaviors. In order to reduce the preanalytical errors in our hospital, we established and applied a training system to improve the situation.MethodsThe disqualified sample types and major causes of errors in the preanalytical phase were investigated in clinical laboratory department from September 2008 to August 2009. In the following year, we established and applied a training system to affect the quality awareness and behaviors of medical staff. Questionnaire investigation was analyzed to illustrate the changes of respondents’ quality awareness and behavior, and the preanalytical errors were reanalyzed according to different departments to evaluate the effects of the intervention measures.ResultsThe total disqualification rate in the preanalytical phase obtained from September 2008 to August 2009 was 1.36%, and the major types of disqualified samples were coagulation of anticoagulant sample, sample inadequacy, sample container error, sample information error, and sample type error. After application of established training system, respondents’ quality awareness on preanalytical samples changed dominantly, and respondents’ own behavior and behavior to others also changed notably. The total disqualification rate in preanalytical phase dropped to 0.94%, among 33 clinical departments, the preanalytical errors in 25 departments decreased to various degrees, and 10 departments had overall decreasing amplitude over 50%.ConclusionsThe overall effect of the application of established training system is very good, and the disqualification rate of the major departments decrease to various degrees.
Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology of Leannia veloxifera n. gen. et sp. Unveils a New Lineage of Monothalamous Foraminifera
Authors: Apothéloz‐Perret‐Gentil Laure , Pawlowski Jan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMonothalamous (single‐chambered) foraminifera have long been considered as the “poor cousins” of multichambered species, which calcareous and agglutinated tests dominate in the fossil record. This view is currently changing with environmental DNA surveys showing that the monothalamids may be as diverse as hard‐shelled foraminifera. Yet, the majority of numerous molecular lineages revealed by eDNA studies remain anonymous. Here, we describe a new monothalamous species and genus isolated from the sample of sea grass collected in Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea). This new species, named Leannia veloxifera, is characterized by a tiny ovoid theca (about 50–100 μm) composed of thin organic wall, with two opposite apertures. The examined individuals are multinucleated and show very active reticulopodial movement. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA, actin, and beta‐tubulin (ß‐tubulin) show that the species represents a novel lineage branching separately from other monothalamous foraminifera. Interestingly, the SSU rDNA sequence of the new species is very similar to an environmental foraminiferal sequence from Bahamas, suggesting that the novel lineage may represent a group of shallow‐water tropical allogromiids, poorly studied until now.