bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Laser Melting Technique of Co‐Cr Dental Alloys: A Review of Structure and Properties and Comparative Analysis with Other Available Techniques
Authors: Koutsoukis Theodoros , Zinelis Spiros , Eliades George , Al‐Wazzan Khalid , Rifaiy Mohammed Al , Al Jabbari Youssef S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to review the effect of selective laser melting (SLM) procedure on the properties of dental structures made of Co‐Cr alloys and to evaluate its quality and compare it to those produced by conventional casting and milling fabrication techniques.Materials and MethodsA computerized database search using PubMed and Scopus was conducted for peer‐reviewed scientific research studies regarding the use of SLM in Co‐Cr dental alloys with no restrictions for publication years. The search engines provided hundreds of results, and only 48 scientific research papers, case studies, or literature reviews were considered relevant for this review.ResultsThe innovative manufacturing concept of SLM offers many advantages compared with casting and milling fabrication techniques. SLM provides different microstructure from casting and milling with minimal internal porosity and internal fitting, marginal adaptation, and comparable bond strength to porcelain. Mechanical and electrochemical properties of SLM structures are enhanced compared to cast, while clinical longevity of single‐metal ceramic crowns is comparable to Au‐Pt dental alloy.ConclusionThe SLM technique provides dental prosthetic restorations more quickly and less expensively without compromising their quality compared with restorations prepared by casting and milling techniques. Clinical significance: The current SLM devices provide metallic restorations made of Co‐Cr alloys for removable and fixed partial dentures without compromising the alloy or restoration properties at a fraction of the time and cost, showing great potential to replace the aforementioned fabrication techniques in the long term; however, further clinical studies are essential to increase the acceptance of this technology by the worldwide dental community.
The influence of prison climate on the mental health of adult prisoners: a literature review
Authors: Goomany A. , Dickinson T. 
Published: June 2015

Accessible summary
Little is known about how the prison environment may impact upon the mental health of adult prisoners.
This paper highlights that prisoners perceive that the prison environment has a negative influence upon their mental health. However, a small number regarded prison as a place of respite, which afforded structure and an opportunity to access health services.
There is a need for more research in this area specifically relating to the impact the prison climate may have upon those from black and minority ethic groups.
Nurses must recognize the aspects of the prison environment that may impact upon the mental health of prisoners and demonstrate innovation and imagination in their application of interventions.
AbstractLittle is known regarding how the prison environment may affect the mental health of adult prisoners. Consequently, there is a need to investigate how this setting may exacerbate mental distress among this community. This literature review explores how the prison climate influences the mental health of adult prisoners. A thematic synthesis approach was used to elicit data relating to the aspects of the prison climate, which influence the mental health of prisoners. Four primary themes emerged from the synthesis: social, emotional, organizational and physical aspects. Prisoners perceive the prison climate to have a negative influence upon their mental health. However, perceived positively, prison was regarded as a place of respite, which afforded structure and an opportunity to access health services. There is limited research available specifically exploring the potential impact of the prison climate upon those from black and ethnic minorities groups. Nurses must recognize the aspects of the prison environment that may impact upon the mental health of prisoners and demonstrate innovation and imagination in their application of interventions. Additionally nurses need to take an active role in influencing and structuring the political agenda, which governs the clinical setting.
Efficacy of feed enzymes in pig and poultry diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles: a review
Authors: Swiatkiewicz S. , Swiatkiewicz M. , Arczewska‐Wlosek A. , Jozefiak D. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryDistiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct of the ethanol industry, are often used as feed material in livestock and poultry nutrition. Results of many experiments have indicated, however, that a high dietary level of DDGS can negatively affect the digestibility of nutrients and the performance of monogastric animals due to their high content of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Nevertheless, using high levels of DDGS as a protein source in livestock diets can be still economically justifiable in view of the rising prices of soya bean meal and other protein sources. The aim of some recent experiments with poultry and pigs was to improve the nutritional efficacy of high‐NSP diets through the addition of feed enzymes. As presented and discussed in this review article, the efficacy of feed enzymes added to poultry and pig diets containing DDGS is not consistent and depends on many factors. However, NSP‐hydrolysing enzymes generally seemed to be more efficient than phytases in terms of the digestibility of nutrients and the growth performance of poultry and pigs fed high‐DDGS diets. For this reason, supplementation with NSP‐hydrolysing enzymes could be an efficient way to enable the use of increased levels of DDGS in poultry and pig diets.
Effect of calcium with and without probiotic, lactose, or both on organ and body weights, immune response and caecal microbiota in moulted laying hens
Authors: Dastar B. , Khosravi A. , Boldajie F. , Ghoorchi T. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryA total of 72 laying hens were used to investigate the effect of probiotic and lactose on body weight loss, tibia ash, antibody production against sheep red blood cell (SRBC), heterophile‐to‐lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and gut microbiota in a common moulting method for 14 d. Hens were randomly allocated to 6 experimental groups consisting of (i) full feed (FF), (ii) feed withdrawal (FW), (iii)FWwith calcium (Ca), (iv)FWwith Ca and offering 7 g/lit lactose in drinking water (CaL), (v)FWwith Ca and offering 1 g/lit probiotic in drinking water (CaP), and (vi)FWwith Ca and offering a mixture of lactose and probiotic in drinking water (CaLP). The results showed body weight loss in allFWgroups were more than 25% that was significantly higher thanFFgroup (p < 0.05). The relative organ weights of hens inFWgroups were lower thanFFgroup; especially, it was significant for liver and ovary (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between all groups for tibia ash. The highest H/L ratio was related toFWgroup and offering Ca and lactose numerically and probiotic alone significantly resulted in decrease of this ratio (p < 0.05). The results also showed no significant difference for antibody production againstSRBCamong experimental groups. The highest coliform bacteria numeration observed inFWgroup and lactose could significantly reduce this population (p < 0.05). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) numeration demonstrated a significant difference among treatments, so thatFFhens had higherLABthan others (p < 0.05). In addition,FWmoulted hens had significantly lowerLABcompared to other moulted hens (p < 0.05), except for Ca group. In conclusion, probiotic and lactose was effective in maintaining caecal microbiota balance and improving immunity in hens exposed to moulting.
Effect of Frying Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Potato Disks
Authors: Sandhu Jaspreet S. , Takhar Pawan S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe effect of frying temperature and time on surface pore characteristics, oil content, moisture loss and mechanical properties of potato disks is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the surface pore characteristics and rheological behavior is investigated using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Both frying temperature and frying time had a significant impact on the pore area, creep behavior, moisture loss and fat uptake of potato disks. The changes in pore area and creep compliance were dynamic and, in turn, affected the oil uptake and moisture loss rates. Average open pore area and percent open pore area increased to 1.15 μm2 and 14.04%, respectively, during the middle frying stages. Higher frying temperature resulted in faster structural degradation, moisture loss and oil uptake during initial frying stages. Higher frying times tended to increase the percentage open pore area.Practical ApplicationsThe article investigates structural and mechanical changes in potato disks during frying. These are crucial to understand the transport mechanisms during frying, and to study the role played by the product microstructure on both oil uptake and texture development. The creep compliance function reported in this article is useful for predicting the texture of potatoes via mathematical models describing the frying.
Inflammation‐adapted liver stiffness values for improved fibrosis staging in patients with hepatitis C virus and alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Mueller Sebastian , Englert Stefan , Seitz Helmut K. , Badea Radu I. , Erhardt Andreas , Bozaari Bita , Beaugrand Michel , Lupșor‐Platon Monica 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsIt is well known that inflammation increases liver stiffness (LS) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) independent of fibrosis stage, but no inflammation‐adapted cut‐off values have been settled so far. An early identification of rapid fibrosers, however, is essential to decide whom to treat first with the novel but expensive antiviral drugs.MethodsLiver stiffness, biopsy‐proven fibrosis stages F0–F4 (METAVIR or Kleiner score) and routine laboratory parameters were studied in 2068 patients with HCV (n = 1391) and ALD (n = 677).ResultsAmong the routine parameters for liver damage, AST correlated best with LS (HCV: r = 0.54, P < 0.0001 and ALD: r = 0.34, P < 0.0001). In the absence of elevated transaminases, cut‐off values were almost identical between HCV and ALD for F1–2, F3 and F4 (HCV: 5.1, 9.0 and 11.9 kPa vs ALD: 4.9, 8.1 and 10.5 kPa). These cut‐off values increased exponentially as a function of median AST level. The impact of AST on LS was higher in lobular‐pronounced ALD as compared to portal tract‐localized HCV. Most notably, Cohen's weighted Kappa displayed an improved agreement of the novel AST‐dependent cut‐off values with histological fibrosis stage both for HCV (0.68 vs 0.65) and ALD (0.80 vs 0.76).ConclusionsThe novel AST‐adapted cut‐off values improve non‐invasive fibrosis staging in HCV and ALD and may be also applied to other liver diseases. Especially in HCV, they could help to decide whom to treat first with the novel but expensive antiviral drugs.
Dose‐dependency of clonidine's effects in ascitic cirrhotic rats: comparison with α1‐adrenergic agonist midodrine
Authors: Sansoè Giovanni , Aragno Manuela , Mastrocola Raffaella , Parola Maurizio 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsSympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation decreases response to diuretics, but both α1‐adrenoceptor agonists and sympatholytic α2‐adrenoceptor agonists are recommended in the management of ascitic cirrhosis. We intend to compare the effects of increasing doses of clonidine (α2‐agonist) vs. midodrine (α1‐agonist) in advanced cirrhosis.MethodsRenal function, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and hormonal status were measured in rats with ascitic cirrhosis due to 13‐week CCl4 administration (groups G1‐G5), in control rats (Gc), and in rats with ascitic cirrhosis untreated (G6) or treated with daily diuretics (0.5 mg/kg furosemide plus 2 mg/kg K+‐canrenoate during the 11th–13th weeks of CCl4) (G7). G1–G5 cirrhotic rats received daily, during the 11th–13th CCl4 weeks: clonidine 0.3 μg only (G1), diuretics + clonidine 0.2 (G2), 0.5 (G3) or 1 μg (G4), and diuretics + midodrine 1 mg/kg b.w. (G5).ResultsCirrhotic rats in G1 or G2 had higher glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and natriuresis than cirrhotic rats treated with diuretics (G7) (all P < 0.05). The addition of clonidine 0.2 μg to diuretics (G2 vs. G7) reduced serum norepinephrine (169 ± 71 ng/L vs. 523 ± 88 ng/L) and plasma renin activity (12 ± 3 ng/ml/h vs. 25 ± 5 ng/ml/h) (all P < 0.05). Midodrine did not improve the renal performance in ascitic rats treated with diuretics. In comparison to absolute cirrhotic controls (G6), MAP was lower in G4 and higher in G5 (all P < 0.05).ConclusionLow‐dose α2‐agonists improve natriuresis and reduce SNS function and hyper‐aldosteronism without affecting arterial pressure in experimental ascitic cirrhosis treated with diuretics.
Case report of transfusion‐related acute lung injury in a pediatric spine surgery patient transfused leukoreduced red blood cells
Authors: Cudilo Elizabeth M. , Varughese Anna M. , Mahmoud Mohamed , Carey Patricia M. , Subramanyam Rajeev 
Published: June 2015

SummaryDespite leukoreduced red blood cells (LR‐RBCs) reducing the risk of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), we present a case of a 16‐year‐old female with kyphosis who received a transfusion of one unit of LR‐RBCs, which lead to life‐threatening, intraoperative TRALI. The clinical presentation included pulmonary edema, severe postoperative lactic acidosis, left ventricular dysfunction, increased creatine phosphokinase, fatty infiltration of the liver, and hemodynamic instability requiring inotropic support. This presentation is not the classic description of TRALI. Our patient improved with supportive treatment and was successfully extubated on postoperative day 4. TRALI work‐up revealed antibody formation to HLA A2, A68, B44, and DQA 5 for the LR‐RBCs unit administered.
Aristotle on Choosing Virtuous Action for its Own Sake
Authors: Luthra Yannig 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWhile Aristotle claims that virtuous actions are choiceworthy for their own sakes, he also claims that many virtuous actions are to be chosen as instrumental means to securing further ends. It would seem that an action is choiceworthy for its own sake only if it would be choiceworthy whether or not it served further ends. How, then, can such virtuous actions be choiceworthy for their own sakes? This article criticizes John Ackrill's and Jennifer Whiting's answers to this question. I propose an alternative, linking the choiceworthiness of virtuous actions to the pleasure, nobility, and beauty to be found in them.
The Whole‐Rock Geochemical Composition of the Wudaogou Group in Eastern Yanbian, NE China–New Clues to Its Relationship with the Gold and Tungsten Mineralization and the Evolution of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean
Authors: Chen Cong , Ren Yunsheng , Zhao Hualei , Yang Qun , Zou Xintong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe late Paleozoic Wudaogou Group, one of the oldest metamorphic units in the eastern Yanbian area, has important tectonic and metallogenic significance. Here, we provide new insights into their protoliths, tectonic setting of the metamorphic rocks and their relationships with the gold and tungsten mineralization, using new petrographic and whole‐rock geochemical data for various lithologies within the Wudaogou Group. The protolith of the metamorphic rocks of the Wudaogou Group was intermediate–basic volcanic rocks (e.g. basaltic andesite, trachyandesite, and basalt) and sedimentary rocks including argillaceous rocks, quartz sandstone, arkose and clayish greywacke, as well as pyroclastic sedimentary rock, covering tuffaceous sandstone. Before undergoing late Paleozoic epidote–amphibolite facies regional metamorphism, these protoliths were formed during the middle–late Permian in an island arc setting within a continental margin collage zone. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, it can be speculated that the formation and the subsequent metamorphism of the protoliths of the metamorphic rocks from the Wudaogou Group were influenced by the change from subduction to collision of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. Similarities of the rare earth element (REE) patterns and parameters among the metamorphic rocks within the Wudaogou Group, auriferous ores from the Xiaoxi'nancha gold (copper) deposit, and scheelites from the Yangjingou tungsten deposit, together with the favorable metallogenic element contents within the metamorphic rock series, imply that the Wudaogou Group could provide parts of metallic material for the gold and tungsten mineralization in the eastern Yanbian area, as exemplified by the Yangjingou deposit and Xiaoxi'nancha deposit, respectively. Further, the metamorphic sedimentary rocks, especially the metamorphic sandstones, quartz schists and quartz mica schists within the Wudaogou Group, have closer genetic relationships with the Yangjingou tungsten mineralization. However, the specific lithologies within this group which control the gold mineralization are still uncertain, and need further research.
Understanding Today's Online GIS User Through the Lens of a WorldMap Survey
Authors: Guan Weihe Wendy , Poplin Alenka , Lewis Benjamin G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWorldMap is an open source online mapping application which aims to lower barriers for scholars who wish to visualize, analyze, organize, present, and publish mapped information. In late 2013, 290 respondents among the 8,000 registered users participated in an online survey in which they described their activities, purposes, experiences, and preferences regarding the system. Participants also described their professional background, GIS skill level, age, gender, and country of work. This study analyzes the results of the survey, by summarizing the responses to each question independently and by examining the relationships and dependencies of these answers across the different questions to try to better understand why users responded the way they did. The study is based on the user‐centered design (UCD) approach. We aim to use the survey results to improve our understanding of user demographics and needs. Findings from this study will be used to guide WorldMap improvements, and we hope the findings will also shed light on the broader requirements of online GIS users.
Epistemological Disjunctivism's Genuine Access Problem
Authors: Kraft Tim 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEpistemological disjunctivism, as defended by, for example,McDowell,Neta andPritchard, is the view that epistemic justification can be – and in paradigmatic cases of perceptual knowledge actually is – both factive (i.e., entails that the belief is true) and reflectively accessible (i.e., can be known by reflection alone). One major problem for this view is the access problem: apparently, epistemological disjunctivism entails that ordinary external world propositions can be known by reflection alone. According to epistemological disjunctivism, seeing that the sun is shining is reflectively accessible and seeing that the sun is shining entails that it is. Assuming closure of reflective knowledge under known entailment it is also reflectively knowable that the sun is shining. Drawing on joint work with Neta, Pritchard replies that disjunctivism is not committed to this absurdity, but only to the possibility of reflective access to empirical reasons. In this article I offer an interpretation of this reply, but also an objection to it: my interpretation is based on applying the source/content distinction to epistemic reasons. My objection is based on arguing that the access problem is a problem for any (non‐sceptical) version of access internalism. Although Pritchard's reply solves the general access problem, it does not solve the access problem that is generated by the specific commitments of epistemological disjunctivism. Due to the transparency of self‐knowledge of propositional perception, epistemological disjunctivism cannot meet a central requirement for applying the source/content distinction.
Networks and the Dynamics of Firms' Export Portfolio: Evidence for Mexico
Authors: De Lucio Juan , Mínguez Raúl , Minondo Asier , Requena Francisco 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe use network analysis tools to identify communities in the web of exporters' destinations. Our network‐based community measure is purely outcome based, it captures multilateral rather than bilateral dependence across countries, and it can be calculated at the industry level. Next, we use our network‐based community measure as predictor of additional countries chosen by firms expanding their export destination portfolio. Using data on Mexican new exporters, the probability of choosing a new export destination doubles if it belongs to the same community of any of the firm's previous destinations. The introduction of the network‐based community variable improves the accuracy of the model up to 19 per cent relative to a model that only includes gravity variables. Industry‐specific communities and general communities play similar roles in determining the dynamics of Mexican exporters' country portfolio.
The murine excisional wound model: Contraction revisited
Authors: Chen Lin , Mirza Rita , Kwon Young , DiPietro Luisa A. , Koh Timothy J. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTRodent models of healing are considered limited because of the perception that rodent wounds heal by contraction while humans heal by reepithelialization The purpose of this report is to present evidence that simple murine excisional wounds provide a valid and reproducible wound model that heals by both contraction and reepithelialization. Previous studies have shown that, although rodent wounds contract by up to 80%, much of this contraction occurs only after epithelial closure. To confirm these previous findings, we measured re‐epithelialization and contraction in three separate mouse strains, (BALB/c, db/+, and db/db); reepithelialization and contraction each accounted for ∼40 to 60% of the initial closure of full thickness excisional wounds. After closure, the wound continues to contract and this provides the impression of dominant closure by contraction. In conclusion, the simple excisional rodent wound model produces a well defined and readily identifiable wound bed over which the process of reepithelialization is clearly measurable.
Climate Factors as Important Determinants of Dengue Incidence in Curaçao
Authors: Limper M. , Thai K. T. D. , Gerstenbluth I. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. , Duits A. J. , van Gorp E. C. M. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryMacro‐ and microclimates may have variable impact on dengue incidence in different settings. We estimated the short‐term impact and delayed effects of climate variables on dengue morbidity in Curaçao. Monthly dengue incidence data from 1999 to 2009 were included to estimate the short‐term influences of climate variables by employing wavelet analysis, generalized additive models (GAM) and distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM) on rainfall, temperature and relative humidity in relation to dengue incidence. Dengue incidence showed a significant irregular 4‐year multi‐annual cycle associated with climate variables. Based on GAM, temperature showed a U‐shape, while humidity and rainfall exhibited a dome‐shaped association, suggesting that deviation from mean temperature increases and deviation from mean humidity and rainfall decreases dengue incidence, respectively. Rainfall was associated with an immediate increase in dengue incidence of 4.1% (95% CI: 2.2–8.1%) after a 10‐mm increase, with a maximum increase of 6.5% (95% CI: 3.2–10.0%) after 1.5 month lag. A 1°C decrease of mean temperature was associated with a RR of 17.4% (95% CI: 11.2–27.0%); the effect was inversed for a 1°C increase of mean temperature (RR= 0.457, 95% CI: 0.278–0.752). Climate variables are important determinants of dengue incidence and provide insight into its short‐term effects. An increase in mean temperature was associated with lower dengue incidence, whereas lower temperatures were associated with higher dengue incidence.