bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Sea Spray on Air–Sea Fluxes. Part II: Feedback Effects
Authors: Mueller James A. , Veron Fabrice 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper presents estimations for the transfer of momentum, heat, and water mass between the air and the sea. The results from Lagrangian stochastic simulations of sea spray drops (see Part I), along with two sea spray generation functions, are used to calculate the spray-mediated flux components of the air–sea fluxes. When the spray-mediated fluxes constitute a significant fraction of the total fluxes under certain conditions, their feedback effect on the atmosphere cannot be neglected. The authors derive a simplified feedback model to investigate such cases, finding that the spray-mediated fluxes may be especially sensitive to the size distribution of the drops. The total effective air–sea fluxes lead to drag and enthalpy coefficients that increase modestly with wind speed. The rate of increase for the drag coefficient is greatest at moderate wind speeds, while the rate of increase for the enthalpy coefficient is greatest at higher wind speeds where the spray is ubiquitous.
Unraveling the clonal hierarchy of somatic genomic aberrations
Authors: Prandi Davide , Baca Sylvan C , Romanel Alessandro , Barbieri Christopher E , Mosquera Juan-Miguel , Fontugne Jacqueline , Beltran Himisha , Sboner Andrea , Garraway Levi A , Rubin Mark A , Demichelis Francesca 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDefining the chronology of molecular alterations may identify milestones in carcinogenesis. To unravel the temporal evolution of aberrations from clinical tumors, we developed CLONET, which upon estimation of tumor admixture and ploidy infers the clonal hierarchy of genomic aberrations. Comparative analysis across 100 sequenced genomes from prostate, melanoma, and lung cancers established diverse evolutionary hierarchies, demonstrating the early disruption of tumor-specific pathways. The analyses highlight the diversity of clonal evolution within and across tumor types that might be informative for risk stratification and patient selection for targeted therapies. CLONET addresses heterogeneous clinical samples seen in the setting of precision medicine.
Cancer progression modeling using static sample data
Authors: Sun Yijun , Yao Jin , Nowak Norma J , Goodison Steve 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAs molecular profiling data continue to accumulate, the design of integrative computational analyses that can provide insights into the dynamic aspects of cancer progression becomes feasible. Here, we present a novel computational method for the construction of cancer progression models based on the analysis of static tumor samples. We demonstrate the reliability of the method with simulated data, and describe the application to breast cancer data. Our findings support a linear, branching model for breast cancer progression. An interactive model facilitates the identification of key molecular events in the advance of disease to malignancy.
Visualization of Solution Chemistry by X-ray Crystallography Using Porous Coordination Networks
Authors: Inokuma Yasuhide , Fujita Makoto 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Porous coordination networks have two distinctive characteristics: robust coordination frameworks and fluid pores wherein molecules are mobile. These characteristics allow solution chemistry to be performed in the crystalline state, thus enabling single-crystal X-ray observation of various reactions and host–guest complexation usually observed in solution. From this viewpoint, porous coordination networks can be used as a tool for visualizing solution-based chemical reactions. Using this tool, we have visualized chemical reactions within porous coordination network crystals to elucidate the reaction mechanisms and to determine the molecular structures of the products and intermediates. When the nanospace of porous coordination networks is cleverly designed on the basis of the structures of hollow molecular hosts in solution, solution-like host–guest chemistry is also reproduced in crystals, therefore enabling their visualization by X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, a new method based on crystalline-state host–guest chemistry was developed for the single-crystal X-ray analysis of trace amounts of noncrystalline compounds using porous coordination networks. In this account, we review and discuss the visualization of unique solution-like phenomena by single-crystal X-ray analysis using porous coordination networks as crystalline hosts.
Octahexyltetrabenzotriazaporphyrin: A Discotic Liquid Crystalline Donor for High-performance Small-molecule Solar Cells
Authors: Dao Quang-Duy , Watanabe Koichi , Itani Hiromichi , Sosa-Vargas Lydia , Fujii Akihiko , Shimizu Yo , Ozaki Masanori 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Phase-transition, optical, and photoconductive properties of a discotic liquid crystalline donor, nonperipherally substituted octahexyltetrabenzotriazaporphyrin (C6TBTAPH2), was characterized for high-performance solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). C6TBTAPH2 exhibited high hole and electron mobilities at room temperature, exceeding 0.18 cm2 V−1 s−1, and strong absorption at both B-band and Q-band. A high power conversion efficiency of 4.9% under AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW cm−2) was achieved for BHJ OSCs utilizing phase-separated nanomaterials comprising C6TBTAPH2 and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C71.
Facile Ionic Liquid Combustion Synthesis and Visible-light Photocatalytic Ability of Mesoporous FeAl2O4 with High Specific Surface Area
Authors: Chai Mei-juan , Chen Xiang-min , Zhao Ye , Liu Rui-hong , Zhao Jun , Li Fa-tang 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A facile synthesis route of pure FeAl2O4 via self-combustion of ionic liquid is developed using (C2H5)2NH·HCl and urea as cofuels. (C2H5)2NH·HCl not only is the source of cation in ionic liquid but also serves as fuel. The products possess pure hercynite phase, mesoporous structure, and large specific surface areas (89–185 m2 g−1). The visible-light photocatalytic activity of FeAl2O4 is also reported for the first time.
Characteristics of diabetic patients visiting a podiatry practice in Germany
Authors: Lauterbach S. , Kostev K. , Becker R. 
Published: August 2014

Objective: To describe the foot characteristics of diabetic patients attending a podiatry practice for their first consultation. The objective was to determine how effectively diabetic foot ulcers are being prevented in primary care. Method: All diabetic patients who presented at a podiatry practice between 2006 and 2008 for their first consultation were analysed. Anonymous data were obtained from the standard patient anamnesis sheet completed by the podiatrist. These included results of patient interviews and examinations. Results: A total of 230 diabetic patients (93.9% had type 2 diabetes mellitus and 6.1% had type 1) were analysed. The mean age was 67.7 years (± 10.8). Just under half (47.4%) were female. The mean duration of diabetes was 12.6 years (± 10.5) years. 70.4% of the patients had diabetic neuropathy (confidence intervals: 64.5–76.3), of whom 73.2% already had resting foot pain or strain foot pain while walking. 58.3% of the patients had toenail mycosis, and of these 38.1% had the infection in all 10 toenails. Most of the patients had at least one foot deformities (89.6% splayfoot and 37.0% flatfoot). 40.2% had no sensation to microfilament testing on either their right or left foot toes. The overall mean vibration sensation test threshold was 3.7 (± 2.3). Conclusion: While there is a structure and strategy for the primary and secondary prevention of the diabetic foot ulcers, its delivery is often ineffective. This audit shows that, in Germany, the detection and prevention of diabetic foot problems in podiatric practices happens far too late.
Vom Wunder der Sichtbarkeit. Zum Gedanken des Schönen im Mittelalter
Authors: Pöltner Günther 
Published: August 2014

Riassunto
Per il medioevo, il Bello non è - come per noi oggi - un fenomeno estetico, ma ontologico. La questione è dunque in primo luogo che cosa esso sia, e non quali effetti susciti nel soggetto. In relazione a questa domanda, il medioevo conosce due tradizioni di pensiero: una fa riferimento a Platone, l’altra al neoplatonico Plotino. Nell’alto medioevo, le due scuole di pensiero si congiungono. Per Tommaso d’Aquino, il Bello è una determinazione trascendentale dell’essere. Il Bello è identico al Buono nella sostanza, ma diverso da esso nel senso. Il Bello rende esperibile il miracolo della visibilità, ossia l’inoltrepassabile disvelamento dell’essere.
Ingegno – Inganno – Diletto. Reden über Kunst bei Dante, Boccaccio und Petrarca
Authors: Blume Dieter 
Published: August 2014

Riassunto
Questo saggio intende proporre una nuova lettura delle immagini e delle opere d’arte tematizzate negli scritti di Dante, Boccaccio e Petrarca. Il punto di partenza di questo percorso è da una parte il ruolo particolare dello sguardo nella lirica italiana del XIII secolo, dall’altra il significato di una raffigurazione dipinta di Amore in Guittone d’Arezzo. Dante dà esplicitamente una chiara funzione didattica ai rilievi da lui descritti nel Purgatorio ma, solo una generazione più tardi, questo tentativo moraleggiante viene abbandonato dal Boccaccio con cui il discorso allegorico si fa più sottile e nascosto: nel Decamerone infatti i pittori sono soprattutto i maestri della finzione e dell’inganno, coloro che possono ingannare perfettamente i cinque sensi. Anche Petrarca indica con forza, così come Boccaccio, il valore dell’ingegno dell’artista, ma sottolinea l’importanza del diletto che l’osservatore prova nell’azione del guardare. Questa teoria estetica del Trecento si può quindi condensare nella seguente serie di concetti: Ingegno - inganno - diletto - ingegno.
Per essemplo di lei bieltà si prova – Dantes Beatrice
Authors: Schreiber Sylvia 
Published: August 2014

Riassunto
Nella famosa canzone della Vita Nuova »Donne ch’avete intelletto d’amore« Dante presenta la figura di Beatrice come modello della bellezza femminile. Nel Convivio conferma che »bello è tanto quanto lei somiglia«. Nel Paradiso gli mancano le parole per descrivere la bellezza della sua donna. Partendo dalla questione dell’ideale estetico e della rappresentazione della donna nelle arti figurative all’epoca di Dante, questo contributo cerca di mostrare l’immagine che il poeta ci presenta della sua donna. Come gli innumerevoli ritratti di madonne e di sante del suo tempo, le poesie di Dante e degli stilnovisti trasmettono un’immagine piuttosto stereotipata della donna. La bellezza del suo corpo coincide con la bontà della sua anima, e non viene concretizzata attraverso descrizioni precise: i poeti si limitano a parlare del bel viso, degli occhi, della bocca, del colore del vestito. Come nella pittura, non è ancora giunta l’epoca del ritratto individuale. L’ammirazione delladonna si esprime nello stile della loda, conforme alle convenzioni retoriche del dolce stil nuovo. Nella Vita Nuova la bellezza della donna angelicata si unisce alla sua funzione come ispiratrice della poesia, mentre nella Divina Commedia Beatrice diventa guida spirituale di Dante nel suocammino verso la conoscenza divina
Lectura Dantis: Purgatorio X
Authors: Fajen Robert 
Published: August 2014

Riassunto
Nel canto X del Purgatorio Dante immagina un’arte divina come risposta alla superbia dell’arte umana. I bassorilievi in cui Dio ha scolpito tre esempi dell’umiltà sono immagini perfette di un concetto altrettanto perfetto. Nonostante la confusione dei sensi che esse provocano, queste sculture divine vengono percepite dal poeta come rappresentazioni. La famosa formula del »visibile parlare« (v. 95) evidenzia come per Dante l’arte sia solo legittimata se mira alla parola e con questo ad un significato intellettuale e spirituale. L’apparenza, in questa concezione dell’arte, non è un’illusione, ma al contrario è al servizio della conoscenza. Questa apologia di una apparenza che non sia ingannevole, che Dante riassume in un verso raramente commentato (v. 133), permette una interpretazione alternativa della prima terzina del canto. Nello stesso tempo la rappresentazione dell’arte divina indica i limiti imposti all’arte umana. In modo tanto discreto quanto umile, Dante ha messo in scena, alla fine di questo canto, i limiti della sua propria poesia
Numerical Simulation of Chemical Stripping Process in Resid Fluid Catalytic Cracking Stripper
Authors: Liu Yingjie , Yang Jihe , Lan Xingying , Gao Jinsen 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The chemical stripping process in a commercial scale V-baffled resid fluid catalytic cracking stripper was simulated using computational fluid dynamics method. At the outset, it was assumed that the stripping steam initially desorbs hydrocarbons from the catalysts, and the hydrocarbons are then cracked through thermal and catalytic cracking reactions before entering the disengager. The Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model coupled with a modified drag model was applied to simulate the gas–solid flow behavior. A desorption model and five-lump kinetic model for thermal and catalytic cracking were utilized to represent the desorption and cracking processes during stripping. The flow modeling results indicated that three different flow regions exist in the stripper: bubbling flow, intermediate flow and turbulent flow. Increasing gas velocity improves the flow conditions of the gas, but adversely affects the particle flow. The degree of mixing of the gas and solid increases along the flowing direction. The results of reaction modeling showed that about 80% of hydrocarbons desorbed from the catalysts. The amount of desorbed oil increases with bed height leading to an increase of heavy oil in the disengager which induces coking problem. By increasing the catalyst temperature, the partial pressure of heavy oil can be lowered down which helps to decrease the disengager coking.
Conscious capitalism to help people with hearing disability in developing countries
Authors: Rao Vepakomma Bhujanga 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWith advances in medical technology, health care has improved the longevity, quality of life, and comfort of people across the world. Unfortunately, access to some of these health care technologies in many low-income countries and for certain people in developed countries is completely curtailed due to cost. The author presents a case study of a hearing technology that failed to reduce hearing disability (deafness) among profoundly hearing impaired people in developing countries despite the availability of cochlear implant prosthesis in the market for the last three decades. The recent World Health Organization (WHO) Report, released in 2013, is also silent on this issue while discussing many prevention and rehabilitation issues of hearing care across the world. There are nearly 25 million people suffering from profound hearing disability who need cochlear implant prosthesis, but are unable to afford one as each costs around USD 60,000. Most of these people suffer from social isolation, with limited employment opportunities that, in turn, severely affects their quality of life. With a personal average annual income of well below USD 2000 in low income countries, it is almost impossible to make progress against hearing disability. In the 21st century, should we allow people to suffer from hearing disability despite the availability of reliable technology? Why should any government or society indiscriminately consider the hearing disabled as helpless, incompetent, and dependent? Can the government, corporations, non-government organizations, the WHO, the United Nations Children’s Fund, and so on, not collectively take care of the hearing disabled by making cochlear implant prostheses affordable? It is time to draw attention to the fact that people with disabilities have equal rights with others. If we want to equip every profoundly hearing disabled individual with a cochlear implant that bestows the gift of hearing, neither pure socialism nor capitalism would help. Conscientious business leaders who can embrace a higher purpose beyond making profits are required. Hence, Conscientious capitalism is the only answer wherein efforts are directed to not-just-for-profit business models or conscious popular consumerism but also socially responsible investments. We have to build upon a health care access model that is open-ended and has positive aspirations with strict policies on adoption and diffusion of new technologies. The policies should be framed such that access is not denied due to the high price of the device and to clinical and hospital budgets. I have chosen a case study of the hearing disabled to showcase the plight of poor people, especially in low-income countries, in gaining access to many life-transforming medical technologies. I present a heath care access model related to hearing disability, treating it as a global issue.
Fiction and Indexinames
Authors: Voltolini Alberto 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, I will start from considering some theoretical desiderata concerning sentences that directly or indirectly involve fiction: i) the fictional use of language requires a context-shift; ii) one understands a sentence whether it is used fictionally or not; iii) one and the same proper name is, typically at least, used both within a certain work of fiction, i. e., when the sentence containing it is used fictionally, and outside that work of fiction, i. e., when, apparently at least, the sentence containing it is used nonfictionally yet in order to indirectly concern that very fiction; iv) different naming practices are to be mobilized by such different uses (independently of whether the apparently nonfictional use is actually successful as far as the reference of the name is concerned); v) independently of their really having a referent, proper names are always devices of direct reference. I will claim that once one takes proper names as indexicals of a particular sort,
How to Think About the Correctness of Theistic Belief
Authors: Szatkowski Mirosław 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTruth is a value in that sense that a belief is correct just in case it is true, which is frequently expressed in the metaphor that beliefs aim at truth. But,what does it mean to say that beliefs aim at truth?There are three most prominent approaches to this issue:purposive(orcausal),teleological(orintentional), andnormative. A comprehensive discussion of these approaches is the goal of our article. We also offer the hierarchy of languages and meta-languages, which gives a fragmentary account of the concept of God’s omniscience.
I Am a Lot of Things: A Pluralistic Account of the Self
Authors: Benovsky Jiri 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
When I say that I am a lot of things, I mean it literally and metaphysically speaking. The Self, or so I shall argue, is a plurality (notwithstanding the fact that ordinary language takes “the Self” to be a singular term – but, after all, language is only language). It is not a substance or a substratum, and it is not a collection or a bundle. The view I wish to advocate for is a kind of reductionism, in line with some – but not all – broadly Humean ideas. In short, I will defend the view there are the experiences and mental states we have, and that’s it: no additional substances, and no bundles. This does not mean, however, that there is no Self – the Self simply is the experiences. I will try to articulate and defend this view by showing that it can accommodate what I take to be the three main desiderata for any theory of the Self to satisfy: first, that the Self is the subject of experience (a subject of mental states, in general); second, that there is a unity to the Self in the sense that our (conscious, phenomenal) experience is at least partly continuous or ‘stream-like’; and third, that we do not die when we go to sleep or when we otherwise don’t have any (conscious, phenomenal) experiences.
What Trans-World Causation Could and Could Not Be
Authors: Torza Alessandro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Eduardo García-Ramírez has offered a reductio of the counterfactual analysis of causation. The argument purportedly shows that, given a natural generalization of Lewis’ semantics for counterfactuals, statements expressing the existence of causal dependence across worlds are satisfiable. The aim of the present paper is twofold. In the first part, I show that the purported reductio is flawed, as it relies on an overly strong construal of the semantics for counterfactuals. In particular, it is assumed that we can assign a degree of similarity to any given pair of possible worlds. As it turns out, that assumption reduces to the thesis that the relations of comparative similarity featured in the standard semantics for counterfactuals define an interval scale of measurement on the set of all possible worlds. It will be argued that such a thesis is incompatible with a viable understanding of comparative similarity. The second part of the paper is devoted to a new proof of the possibility of trans-world causation. Nevertheless, the new proof does not amount to a reductio of Lewis’ account of causation per se, but rather of the conjunction of several substantive theses (the counterfactual analysis of causation, modal plenitude, the existence of mereological sums and the best theory account of natural laws).
Trapping of resonant metallic nanoparticles with engineered vectorial optical field
Authors: Rui Guanghao , Zhan Qiwen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOptical trapping and manipulation using focused laser beams has emerged as a powerful tool in the biological and physical sciences. However, scaling this technique to metallic nanoparticles remains challenging due to the strong scattering force and optical heating effect. In this work, we propose a novel strategy to optically trap metallic nanoparticles even under the resonant condition using engineered optical field. The distribution of the optical forces can be tailored through optimizing the spatial distribution of a vectorial optical illumination to favour the stable trapping of a variety of metallic nanoparticles under various conditions. It is shown that this optical tweezers has the ability of generating negative scattering force and supporting stable three-dimensional trapping for gold nanoparticles at resonance while avoiding trap destabilization due to optical overheating. The technique presented in this work offers a versatile solution for trapping metallic nanoparticles and may open up new avenues for optical manipulation.
Bayesian identification of protein differential expression in multi-group isobaric labelled mass spectrometry data
Authors: Jow Howsun , Boys Richard J. , Wilkinson Darren J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper we develop a Bayesian statistical inference approach to the unified analysis of isobaric labelled MS/MS proteomic data across multiple experiments. An explicit probabilistic model of the log-intensity of the isobaric labels’ reporter ions across multiple pre-defined groups and experiments is developed. This is then used to develop a full Bayesian statistical methodology for the identification of differentially expressed proteins, with respect to a control group, across multiple groups and experiments. This methodology is implemented and then evaluated on simulated data and on two model experimental datasets (for which the differentially expressed proteins are known) that use a TMT labelling protocol.