bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gubernatorial Emergency Management Powers: Testing the Limits in Pennsylvania
Authors: Sweeney Patricia 
Published: February 2013

We live in an age marked by natural disasters, pandemics, and terrorism. Individually and in combination, these destructive forces provoke socio-political and economic havoc across the country. Pennsylvanians are intimately familiar with the devastating effects of flooding, severe tornadoes, and crippling snowstorms. Moreover, the very landscape of Pennsylvania bears the scars of the wreckage of a failed terrorist airplane hijacking. Such disasters, be they attributable to nature or humankind, present unique challenges to state and local governments. During such crisis, officials-from small-town mayors to the Governor-are called upon to make critical, time-sensitive decisions. Some of these decisions will be wise and prove effective, while others may not. Against this backdrop of seemingly impending crisis, it is critical that the legal powers of elected officials be clearly understood before they are needed. This article explores one such disaster-related legal issue by answering the question: When the Governor of Pennsylvania declares a state of emergency, what are his emergency management powers, and what is the breadth of the scope of these powers? Answering this question requires an understanding of state governors' powers in general, which is presented in Part II of the article. Part III discusses the constitutional and statutory authority for the Pennsylvania Governor's emergency management powers. The apparent breadth of these powers is explored in Part IV, wherein the Governor's powers are analyzed in the context of legislative history. Part V analyzes effective "checks" on the Governor's powers and details a specific instance of a legal challenge to the Governor's declaration of a state of emergency. Part VI concludes with the answer to the central inquiry.
Doctors, Dioceses, and Decisions: Examining the Impact of the Catholic Hospital System and Federal Conscience Clauses on Medical Education
Authors: Wurdock Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2013

In a time when health care reform and the limits on First Amendment freedom of religion are persistent subjects of debate, Catholic restrictions on health care have made it to the forefront of public concern. Catholic providers prohibit a variety of medical procedures traditionally viewed by the Church as contrary to the tenet of respect for human life and dignity. Many Americans view this as an unconstitutional restriction on care. As a result, the growing presence of Catholic providers, namely hospitals, has become a major point of contention in many communities. The potential barrier to medical services raises concern not only for potential patients, but also for medical students whose chosen specialty may include a prohibited service. This article identifies some difficulties that may emerge for current and prospective medical students and advocates that both groups should be required to contemplate (1) their personal beliefs as they pertain to religiously-restricted care, and (2) the effects those beliefs will have on their medical education and training. This article also gives a comprehensive background of the history of the Catholic hospital system in America and analyzes the federal "conscience clauses" and their implications for the instruction and practice of medicine. Finally, this article concludes that a mandatory bioethics curriculum is absolutely crucial to ensure adequate ethics training for medical students.
Is Down Syndrome Doomed? How State Statutes Can Help Expectant Parents Make Informed Decisions about Prenatal Down Syndrome Diagnoses*
Authors: Santin Teresa 
Published: February 2013

Giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is a choice and one that should be well-informed. It has become a trend for expectant parents to abort fetuses with Down syndrome before fully weighing their options.[1] Expectant parents may automatically assume that an individual with Down syndrome will not lead a worthwhile life and that raising the child will pose too many challenges for them.[2] In order to minimize the number of fetuses with Down syndrome that are being aborted (which may be greater than 90%),[3] expectant parents need access to up-to-date, comprehensive information about all aspects of raising a child with Down syndrome, including the many positive aspects. Whatever decision a parent makes regarding raising a child with Giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is a choice and one that should be well-informed. It has become a trend for expectant parents to abort fetuses with Down syndrome before fully weighing their options.[1] Expectant parents may automatically assume that an individual with Down syndrome will not lead a worthwhile life and that raising the child will pose too many challenges for them.[2] In order to minimize the number of fetuses with Down syndrome that are being aborted (which may be greater than 90%),[3] expectant parents need access to up-to-date, comprehensive information about all aspects of raising a child with Down syndrome, including the many positive aspects. Whatever decision a parent makes regarding raising a child with consent. Part IV examines current state and federal laws that require healthcare providers to give information to expectant mothers who receive a prenatal Down syndrome diagnosis. Part IV also addresses why a law requiring post-Down syndrome diagnosis information is not unduly burdensome. Specifically, Part IV looks closely at the Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Awareness Act and state statutes in Missouri, New Jersey, Alabama, and Virginia. Part V discusses why laws already enacted on this issue are inadequate and proposes a model statute that all states can follow in crafting their own similar laws. Finally, Part V addresses potential concerns related to the proposed law like cost, enforcement, and First Amendment rights, and how those issues may be resolved.
Talking (About) the Elite and Mass:
Authors: Ingraham Chris 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe rhetorical tradition has long been concerned with how to negotiate the discursive juncture between mass and elite audiences. Such a concern has contributed to what might be characterized as the rhetorical tradition's anxiety with regard to its own status. In this article I suggest that this anxiety parallels an ontological conception of the elite as second-order in relation to the first-order mass. I use the standoff between novelist Jonathan Franzen and Oprah Winfrey in 2001 as a running example of status tensions in the public sphere, arguing for a theory of vernacular as language that talks and of specialized language as language that talks about. Finally, I suggest that the separate claims to status of vernacular and specialized language might be resolved by thinking further about Bakhtin's theory of heteroglossia.
Exploring Differences in Inpatient Drug Purchasing Cost Between Two Pediatric Hospitals
Authors: Nydert Per , Poole Robert 
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVES
In this study, the hospital cost of purchasing drugs at two children's hospitals is explored with respect to high-cost drugs and drug classes and discussed with regard to differences in hospital setting, drug price, or number of treatments.

METHODS
The purchasing costs of drugs at the two hospitals were retrieved and analyzed. All information was connected to the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical code and compared in a Microsoft Access database.

RESULTS
The 6-month drug purchasing costs at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital (ALCH), Stockholm, Sweden, and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford (LPCH), Palo Alto, California, are similar and result in a cost per patient day of US $149 and US $136, respectively. The hospital setting and choice of drug products are factors that influence the drug cost in product-specific ways.

CONCLUSIONS
Several problems are highlighted when only drug costs are compared between hospitals. For example, the comparison does not take into account the amount of waste, risk of adverse drug events, local dosing strategies, disease prevalence, and national drug-pricing models. The difference in cost per inpatient day at ALCH may indicate that cost could be redistributed in Sweden to support pediatric pharmacy services. Also, when introducing new therapies seen at the comparison hospital, it may be possible to extrapolate the estimated increase in cost.
The Impact of Early-Onset Multiple Sclerosis on Cognitive and Psychosocial Indices
Authors: Kalb R.C. , DiLorenzo T.A , LaRocca N.G. , Caruso L.S. , Shawaryn M.A. , Elkin R. , Dince W.M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Objective: This study is the first systematic assessment of the impact of early-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) on youngsters’ cognitive abilities and social/emotional functioning. Background: Although adult-onset MS often is characterized by intellectual changes and challenges to psychosocial adaptation, no investigation of these MS-related problems has been done in early-onset MS. Methods: Nine subjects, aged 10 to 20, diagnosed with definite MS before age 18, were evaluated with neuropsychological and psychosocial measures. Results: Although cognitive test scores were generally within normal limits, they were characterized by considerable variability. Subjects scored significantly below the norm on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-III Performance scale (probably indicative of incoordination, motor slowing, and/or perceptual motor difficulties) and on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) (reflecting the semantic verbal memory retrieval deficits reported in adults). They scored above the norm on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) Oral Expression subtest, indicating heightened communication abilities. Self-Perception Profile scores generally were within normal limits; however, Social Acceptance subscale scores were above the norm, indicating a high level of perceived peer support/friendship. Conclusions: As with adults, some youngsters with MS experience an early cognitive decline that appears unrelated to degree of physical impairment. Such a decline can interfere with academic, social, and work endeavors. To identify deficits and implement appropriate interventions/accommodations, periodic neuropsychological assessments should be included in disease management from diagnosis onward. Contrary to expectations that MS would negatively impact self-concept, subjects did not view themselves as being different from peers, and showed little or no awareness of the potential impact of MS on their lives.
Adaptational Approach to Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Description of Three Models of Care
Authors: Hämäläinen Päivi , Seinelä Arja , Ruutiainen Juhani 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Cognitive deficits are among the most harmful symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuropsychological assessment methods have been extensively developed in MS, but rehabilitation of cognition is still in its infancy. At the Masku Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, we have developed 3 models of neuropsychological group rehabilitation in MS.Information/family weekends for MS patients who are concerned about cognitive deficits1-week inpatient cognitive rehabilitation courses for MS patients and their spouses3-week inpatient cognitive rehabilitation courses for MS patientsWe used an adaptational approach to help participants live with cognitive impairments. Instead of retraining affected cognitive functions, we tried to help patients find better ways of coping with existing cognitive deficits in daily life. The course consisted of information at a general and at an individual level, neuropsychological evaluation and feedback, individual counseling, and group meetings. We evaluated the participants’ experiences in the course by means of questionnaires. The participants reported that they received information and support they thought could help them to live with cognitive impairments. The experiences of these participants suggest that these types of rehabilitation interventions may be useful in treating patients with cognitive deficits and their family members. In this article, we report 3 models of care for cognitively impaired MS patients and an evaluation of participants’ experiences on these rehabilitation courses.
Swallowing and Speaking Challenges for the MS Patient
Authors: Brown Shirley A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The therapeutic team approach helps multiple sclerosis patients meet the challenges of dysphagia (swallowing difficulty) and dysarthria (speech problems). Both stem either from plaques (or lesions) in the brain area responsible for these functions or from demyelination of the nerves in the brain stem. This article addresses diagnosis and treatment.
Psychosocial Aspects of Pain
Authors: Kerns Robert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The high prevalence of pain associated with MS is increasingly well documented. Although MS-related pain may be managed satisfactorily with pharmacologic and other medical interventions, many individuals still suffer from persistent pain. A multidimensional model of chronic pain may be applicable for MS-related pain in these circumstances. This model encourages specific attention to identification and treatment of the source of pain and efforts to provide pain relief, but also encourages assessment and a treatment plan targeting associated disability and emotional distress. The model further encourages attention to numerous psychological and interpersonal contributors to the experience of pain, disability, and distress. Psychological interventions, often provided in the context of a multidisciplinary treatment approach, are particularly encouraged. Additional research is needed to increase understanding of the role of psychosocial factors in the perpetuation of MS-related pain and to examine the effectiveness of psychological treatment approaches in the development of optimum pain management strategies.
Treatment of Devic's Disease with Methotrexate and Prednisone
Authors: Minagar Alireza , Sheremata William A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Devic's disease, which is characterized by attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis (often severe and associated with limited recovery), represents a major therapeutic challenge. We report our clinical observations of eight Devic's disease patients who were treated with prednisone and methotrexate or with cyclophosphamide alone. Four patients were stabilized with methotrexate and prednisone. Of the four patients treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide, only one was stabilized. Three patients who failed cyclophosphamide were subsequently stabilized on methotrexate and prednisone. Further investigations, such as multicenter controlled trials of methotrexate and prednisone in Devic's disease, would strengthen the conclusions from this small series.
Cationic Polyfluorenes with Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes for Time‐Resolved Luminescent Biosensing and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Shi Huifang , Sun Huibin , Yang Huiran , Liu Shujuan , Jenkins Gareth , Feng Wei , Li Fuyou , Zhao Qiang , Liu Bin , Huang Wei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe application of a time‐resolved photoluminescence technique and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for biosensing and bioimaging based on phosphorescent conjugated polyelectrolytes (PCPEs) containing Ir(III) complexes and polyfluorene units is reported. The specially designed PCPEs form 50 nm nanoparticles with blue fluorescence in aqueous solutions. Electrostatic interaction between the nanoparticles and heparin improves the energy transfer between the polyfluorene units to Ir(III) complex, which lights up the red signal for naked‐eye sensing. Good selectivity has been demonstrated for heparin sensing in aqueous solution and serum with quantification ranges of 0–70 μM and 0–5 μM, respectively. The signal‐to‐noise ratio can be further improved through time‐resolved emission spectra, especially when the detection is conducted in complicated environment, e.g., in the presence of fluorescent dyes. In addition to heparin sensing, the PCPEs have also been used for specific labeling of live KB cell membrane with high contrast using both confocal fluorescent cellular imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopies. This study provides a new perspective for designing promising CPEs for biosensing and bioimaging applications.
Tuning the Poisson's Ratio of Biomaterials for Investigating Cellular Response
Authors: Zhang Wande , Soman Pranav , Meggs Kyle , Qu Xin , Chen Shaochen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCells sense and respond to mechanical forces, regardless of whether the source is from a normal tissue matrix, an adjacent cell or a synthetic substrate. In recent years, cell response to surface rigidity has been extensively studied by modulating the elastic modulus of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogels. In the context of biomaterials, Poisson's ratio, another fundamental material property parameter has not been explored, primarily because of challenges involved in tuning the Poisson's ratio in biological scaffolds. Two‐photon polymerization is used to fabricate suspended web structures that exhibit positive and negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), based on analytical models. NPR webs demonstrate biaxial expansion/compression behavior, as one or multiple cells apply local forces and move the structures. Unusual cell division on NPR structures is also demonstrated. This methodology can be used to tune the Poisson's ratio of several photocurable biomaterials and could have potential implications in the field of mechanobiology.
Structure and Energetics of Dislocations at Micro‐Structured Complementary Interfaces Govern Adhesion
Authors: Jin Congrui , Jagota Anand , Hui Chung‐Yuen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHighly enhanced adhesion can be achieved between surfaces patterned with complementary micro‐channel structures. An elastic material, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), is used to fabricate such surfaces by molding into a silicon master with micro‐channel profiles patterned by photolithography. For each pair of complementary surfaces, dislocation defects are observed in the form of visible striations, where ridges fail to fully insert into the channels, and the rotational misalignment angle was found to be the key factor controlling the dislocation distribution and adhesion strength. Adhesion between complementary interfaces, as measured by energy release rate required to propagate an interfacial crack, can be enhanced by up to 30 times compared to a flat control depending on the misalignment angle. The ability to control the orientation and periodicity of dislocation patterns by changing misalignment angle makes this system eminently controllable. This system could be a useful experimental tool in assisting research on geometry‐controlled adhesion, while providing a test‐bed for stability theories of interacting dislocations and crack fronts.
Deformable, Programmable, and Shape‐Memorizing Micro‐Optics
Authors: Xu Hangxun , Yu Cunjiang , Wang Shuodao , Malyarchuk Viktor , Xie Tao , Rogers John A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe use of shape memory polymers is demonstrated for deformable, programmable, and shape‐memorizing micro‐optical devices. A semi‐crystalline shape memory elastomer, crosslinked poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate), is used to prepare various micro‐optic components, ranging from microlens and microprism arrays to diffraction gratings and holograms. The precise replication of surface features at the micro‐ and nanoscale and the formation of crosslinked shape memory polymer networks can be achieved in a single step via compression molding. Further deformation via hot pressing or stretching of micro‐optics formed in this manner allows manipulation of the microscopic surface features, and thus the corresponding optical properties. Due to the shape memory effect, the original surface structures and the optical properties can be recovered and the devices be reprogrammed, with excellent reversibility in the optical properties. Furthermore, arrays of transparent resistive microheaters can be integrated with deformed micro‐optical devices to selectively trigger the recovery of surface features in a spatially programmable manner, thereby providing additional capabilities in user‐definable optics.
Bio‐Origami Hydrogel Scaffolds Composed of Photocrosslinked PEG Bilayers
Authors: Jamal Mustapha , Kadam Sachin S. , Xiao Rui , Jivan Faraz , Onn Tzia‐Ming , Fernandes Rohan , Nguyen Thao D. , Gracias David H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe describe the self‐folding of photopatterned poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogel bilayers into curved and anatomically relevant micrometer‐scale geometries. The PEG bilayers consist of two different molecular weights (MWs) and are photocrosslinked en masse using conventional photolithography. Self‐folding is driven by differential swelling of the two PEG bilayers in aqueous solutions. We characterize the self‐folding of PEG bilayers of varying composition and develop a finite element model which predicts radii of curvature that are in good agreement with empirical results. Since we envision the utility of bio‐origami in tissue engineering, we photoencapsulate insulin secreting β‐TC‐6 cells within PEG bilayers and subsequently self‐fold them into cylindrical hydrogels of different radii. Calcein AM staining and ELISA measurements are used to monitor cell proliferation and insulin production respectively, and the results indicate cell viability and robust insulin production for over eight weeks in culture.
DISC1 in adult ADHD patients: An association study in two European samples
Authors: Jacobsen Kaya K. , Halmøy Anne , Sánchez‐Mora Cristina , Ramos‐Quiroga Josep Antoni , Cormand Bru , Haavik Jan , Johansson Stefan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe DISC1 gene was named after its discovery in a Scottish pedigree with schizophrenia (SCZ) patients. However, subsequent studies have shown association of DISC1 variants with a range of different neurocognitive phenotypes and psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (BPD), and major depression. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shares some symptoms with BPD and ADHD patients often suffer from comorbid affective disorders. We wanted to examine the role of DISC1 in ADHD, and with comorbid symptoms of mood disorders. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously implicated in SCZ and BPD, and a DISC1 duplication involving exon 1, were genotyped in 561 adult ADHD cases and 713 controls of Norwegian ancestry. The intronic SNP rs1538979 was associated with ADHD in the Norwegian sample [odds ratio (OR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.73, P = 0.03] and replicated in a Spanish adult ADHD sample of 694 cases and 735 controls, using the tagging SNP rs11122330 (meta‐analysis: P = 0.008, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06–1.47). In the Norwegian ADHD sample we also observed an association between the Phe607‐variant of rs6675281 and a positive score on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ; OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.08–1.93, P = 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between DISC1 variants and ADHD. Our study suggests that further studies are warranted to resolve if DISC1 variation is involved in several common neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.