bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black spot identification on the expressway network to a guideline of road safety improvement in Bangkok of Thailand
Authors: Yaowaret Jantakat , Chanida Kangkhajitre 
Published: October 2012

The problem of deaths and injuries is currently acknowledged to be a global phenomenon with authorities virtually in all countries of the world. The study intends to identify the black spot locations along the expressway network in Bangkok from the accident database of the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA). Then this is presented on the satellite imagery webcasted by Google Earth. In this analysis, accident characteristics indicate to accident cause, crash type, vehicle involvement and accident time periods 1998–2005. It reveals that the most frequently occurred accidents are road side crashes of single-vehicle due to the careless driving during day time. On contrary, the most severity crashes are from lost controlled vehicles during night time. To compare the black spot locations of this study with the potential problem locations reported in the recent road safety audit reports. This study reconsiders the black spot locations depend on two parameters, of the three mentioned parameters which indicated 30 locations are black spot locations. Those locations are finally figured the satellite imagery on Google Earth which is proposed supplementary tool to accommodate the visualisation of all related users.Key words:Black spot identification, the expressway network, road safety improvement, Bangkok of Thailand
Increased traffic fines and road traffic crashes in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayatilleke AU , Dharmaratne SD , Jayatilleke AC 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn the developed world higher traffic fines are known to improve the road safety. In Sri Lanka, the traffic fines were increased markedly in 2005; this was done after 20 years of the previous amendment.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of increased traffic fines on the road safety in Sri Lanka.MethodsWe extracted all the police reported crash data and data on traffic offences in Sri Lanka during first quarters of each year from 2001 to 2006.ResultsFrom 2001 to 2005, driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), driving without driving license and driving without revenue license increased markedly and high speed driving doubled. After the amendments, DUI decreased by 28.0%, driving without driving license decreased by 59.5% driving without revenue license decreased by 18.4%, and high speed driving reduced by 25.9%. After 2005, the fatal injury crash rate decreased by 16.1%. Non-grievous injury rate reduced by 10.0% and the grievous injury crash rate reduced by 2.6%.SignificanceAfter the increase of fines, the traffic offences showed a marked reduction and effectively curbed crashes causing injuries and deaths in Sri Lanka.
Influencing travel demand in Putrajaya
Authors: Ho JS , Jamilah M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPutrajaya is the federal government administrative centre of Malaysia with a land area of 49 km2. Due to its unique role as an administrative centre, residential area, commercial district, education hub and tourist spot, its daytime population has reached more than 500 000 people. Traffic congestion has inevitably become a major concern and the relevant authorities are being challenged to achieve its vision of 70% of public transport share for its core precincts.ObjectivesIn this study, the travel demand of the commuters in Putrajaya under the effect of economic factors, demand control measures and implication of accident occurrence were assessed.MethodsRevealed Preference and Stated Preference Survey was performed in 2010 over a 3 months period. A total of 1200 respondents were approached and interviewed in a face-to-face situation. A multinomial logit (MNL) model was then developed based on the data collected.ResultsThe results suggest that demand constraint measures play a crucial role in achieving the goal of 30 : 70 car and public transport share apart from economic factors. Nevertheless, compatible service quality of public transport system needs to be in place before the implementation of pricing measures as improper planning could lead to potential shift of car users to motorcycle use given the fact that motorcycle is more flexible and convenience as compared to public transport.Significance of the StudyThis study provides substantial considerable values for the relevant authorities to understand the commuter's preference and thereby designing effective transportation policies in realising its vision.
Trends in Road Traffic Crashes and Associated Injury and Fatality in Pakistan 1956–2010
Authors: Khoso AK 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesTo perform comprehensive analysis of available road traffic crash (RTC) data from 1956 to 2009 and to estimate magnitude of RTC and associated injuries and fatalities in Pakistan.MethodsData from National Transport Research Centre and Statistics Bureau of Pakistan was analysed. Absolute number of crashes, fatalities and injuries as well as fatality risk (fatality per 100 000 inhabitants), fatality rate (fatality per 10 000 registered vehicles), injury severity and fatality per fatal crash were used as indices to measure the trends.ResultFrom 1956 to 2010, RTCs increased by 13 times in Pakistan (n=796 to n=10 466). The injuries increased by more than 13 times as well, from 882 to 11 865, and fatalities increased by 15 times—from 302 to 4754, over the same period. Likewise, fatality risk has increased threefold, with 1 in 1961 to 3 in 2009. However; fatality rate has decreased considerably from 58 in 1956 to 7 in 2009. Moreover, fatality per fatal crash remained stable within range of 1.3 and injury severity has increased from 0.38 in 1956 to 0.52 in 2009. The data showed inconsistent trends and considerable variations between the two data sources, which suggests that data collected by different sources are incomplete and not coordinated with other sources.ConclusionsThere is a good deal of deviancy in variables of the two datasets, which suggest that there is discrepancies in data collection and dissemination process leading to compromise on data quality. Moreover, definition and classifications lack international standard. There is urgent need to improve injury surveillance system which can be capable of recording the true magnitude of the RTC and associated road fatality and injury in Pakistan so that policy makers can be able to gauge the severity of the issue which can be helpful in assigning priority to road safety Pakistan.
Effects of speed radar camera in reducing road traffic crashes: experiences from Kenya
Authors: Kibogong DK , Chowdhury SM 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries are among the top 10 causes of death accounting for 2.1% of total global mortality. Excess and inappropriate speed is responsible for a high proportion of the mortality and morbidity that result from road crashes. Over speeding is one of the major risk factors in Kenya.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of speed radar camera in reducing road traffic injuries.MethodsData on road traffic crashes was collected from Naivasha and Thika district from the police department between April and December 2012 after using speed radar cameras by the police officers. Data from the police department for last 3 years were analysed to compare with the data after introducing speed radar camera.ResultsObservational studies showed reduction of speeds. Total number of road traffic crashes reduced in Naivasha after introducing speed radar camera. Fatal cases increased in 2011 comparing with 2009 and 2010. Serious and slight injury cases reduced in 2011 comparing with 2009 and 2010. In Thika, total number of cases as well as (severity of cases increased during 2011 comparing with 2009 and 2010.The amount of fines collected from the offenders increased to about Kenya Shillings(Ksh) 3 000 000.SignificanceFindings of this study can be the thinking-point for future intervention considering speed control, injury prevention and increase in revenue.
The study compared the number of dead from traffic accidents among Health, Police and Insurance company record in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand
Authors: Krongtrivate T , Suksiri K , Meekhauwd W 
Published: October 2012

Rational The deaths from traffic accidents has been designated as key indicators in the policy to reduce traffic accidents in the country. In Nakhonsrithammarat province The record of deaths from traffic accidents have come from three major sources.ObjectivesCompared number of dead from traffic accidents among three major sources.MethodDescriptive study. Data of the population who deaths from traffic accidents between January 2009—June 2010 from Health, Police and Insurance company in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand were collection and analysis.Results of the study It was found that (1) the number of deaths from traffic accidents between health: Police: Insurance company were 162 : 102 : 58. (2) All three agencies report in the same way that, the highest number of dead were older than 60 years driver between health: Police: Insurance company were 25 : 14 : 3 and, and pedestrians 12 : 5 : 1. While, the highest number of dead were age 10–19 years passenger between health: Police: Insurance company were 15 : 6 : 2. the number of dead in age below 15 years driver between health: Police: Insurance company were 7 : 4 : 1 Motorcycle is a vehicle that is the cause of death rate 60.38%.ConclusionsThe major problem to develop key indicator is lack of reliable information, Caused multiple sources, Do not match. Integrated database, it is absolutely necessary.
Lives saved from declined drink driving behaviors in a Chinese city
Authors: Li Q , Ma S , Duan L , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundChina has the highest number of road traffic fatalities in the world, accounting for 18% of global road traffic deaths. Drink and drunk driving is one of major causes of traffic deaths. As a result, a stricter anti-drunk driving law enacted nationwide in May 2011. Concurrently, the Road Safety-10 Country (RS-10) China project was launched in Suzhou in 2010, aiming to prevent traffic deaths from drinking driving through social marketing and enhanced police activities.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo estimate number of deaths through observed behavioral changes in drinking driving in Suzhou 2011.MethodsTo monitor the behavioral change in drinking driving, four rounds of observations have been conducted during February 2011 and November 2011. We used the traffic mortality ratio for drivers with BAC <20 mg/100 ml and BAC > 20 mg/100 ml, and elevated risk of drink/drunk driving on fatalities from previous research, to estimate the lives saved by the reduced prevalence of drinking driving.Results/OutcomeA consistent declining trend of drinking driving behaviors has been observed. The prevalence of drinking and driving has dropped from 5.66% in February (survey sample size: 2421 drivers) to 0.63% in November 2011(survey sample size: 5107 drivers). The change is statistically significant (p value<0.01). Consequently it is estimated that 6–10 traffic deaths could have been averted in 2011.Significance/Contribution to the FieldRoad safety interventions implemented by RS10-China project are effective in reducing risky behaviors. Evidences also show a significant percentage reduction of drinking driving related traffic deaths.
Road traffic fatalities and economic development: National and Sub-National longitudinal analysis in China
Authors: Li Q , Ma S , Bishai D , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad Traffic Injury (RTI) is a global health problem. In China, 4 million traffic crashes occurred in 2010, led to 65 225 deaths, 254 075 injuries, and direct property loss of 140 million US dollars. Previous studies found that road traffic safety is closely associated with economic development, which is accompanied with motorisation and road construction. Communities usually do not realise the necessity to take actions to prevent traffic crashes until significant loss occurred.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo test a priori hypothesis of an inversed U-shaped relationship between economic development and traffic crashes/deaths/injuries rates in China.MethodsLongitudinal regression models using RTI-related data, GDP, and population from Statistical Yearbooks of China 1996–2011. (data source?).Results/OutcomeA consistent inversed U-shaped relationship was identified at both national and provincial level. At national level, the traffic fatality rate began to decline as GDP per capita grew from 2004, when China released its first national traffic law. Traffic fatality rate decreased significantly by 1.22 per 100 000 people (95% CI 0.90 to 1.53) with every $1000 increase of GDP per capita. Most provinces experienced the similar turning points also around 2004.Some provinces had higher traffic fatality rates than other provinces did. Provincial disparity is projected to increase in the absence of targeted intervention in high-risk provinces.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis study is the first to focus on investigating the relationship between RTI and economic development in China. Other developing countries could learn from the experience of China to improve traffic safety by making and strengthening traffic laws.
Burden of road traffic injuries in Egypt: strengths and weaknesses of data sources
Authors: El-Sayed HF , Puvanachandra P , Hyder AA , Saad R , Eldawy S , Al-Gasseer N 
Published: October 2012

Study objectiveTo define the health impact and risk factors of RTIs in Egypt, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each data source to improve the current RTI data systems.MethodsA two-pronged approach was undertaken to assess the burden of RTIs in Egypt. Thorough literature review was performed, and comprehensive exploration of data sources pertaining RTIs in Egypt was undertaken, and data were critically analysed.ResultsThe national RTIs fatality rate as reported by the mortality information systems in 2008 was 10.58 per 100 000 population. However, inherent gaps in the data presented owing to the lack of data and limited coverage of the data systems. Many of the data sources which report fatalities due to RTIs do not follow the internationally recommended definition of fatality which includes 30 day follow-up, which results in a significant underrepresentation of deaths. Furthermore, there is non-standardisation between data sets between the health, traffic police and transport sectors. Modeled road traffic fatality rate of 41.6 deaths per 100 000 population was estimated in Egypt, which is about four times the reported estimate. These data gaps also appeared in estimation of number of crashes and RTIs injuries.ConclusionsThe review clearly highlight the significant burden that RTIs in Egypt. Mechanisms to improve the quality of data, the use of ICD-10 coding in injury surveillance system, enhance consistency across sources, generate policy-friendly reporting systems, and the conduct of special studies on costing and disability will add to the evidence base in Egypt.
Age and gender distribution of road car crash mortalities between June 2007 and November 2008 in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Mtonga R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad Car Crashes (RCC) are the leading cause of injury-related deaths in Lusaka. From a total of 614 injury-related deaths during the study, 166(27%) with 145(87%) males and 21(13%) were due to RCC. Predominantly children and young adults were affected at 116(87%).ObjectiveTo Audit Road Car Crash mortality between June 2007 and November 2008 captured at the Lusaka Death Registry.MethodsThis retrospective study, done at the Lusaka City Death Registry, employed Certificates of Deaths, Burial Permits and Postmortem record involving RCC in Lusaka.ResultsA total of 166 made up 145 Males and 21 Females RCC deaths occurred. The 20–35 year bracket contributed 71(43%) with 26(16%) deaths in seniors 65 years of age or older. Adults between 36 and 50 years brought in 32(19%) deaths, 24(14%) happened in school going children between 7 and 19 years of age while 21(13%) involved children below the age of 6 years. Only 8(5%) deaths happened in the 50–65 years category.Contribution to the FieldUnderstanding the age and gender distribution of RCC may help in making interventions to reduce RCC, a preventable cause of mortality in Lusaka. The children, young adults and elderly need to be targeted reduce the RCC carnage in the city. Mortuary data can help monitor, evaluate and inform policies.
Burden and risk factors for road traffic injuries in two districts of Kenya: a descriptive analysis
Authors: Bachani AM , Herbert HK , Mogere S , Akungah D , Osoro E , Maina W , Stevens K , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundA combination of increasing vehicle volume on the road, evolving mix of vehicles, poor infrastructure, and unsafe vehicles has led to increasing road traffic crashes, injuries and fatalities in Kenya.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThis study aims to assess the current epidemiology of Road traffic injuries (RTIs) and status of risk factors.MethodsPrimary and secondary data sources were used. Secondary data included a systematic literature review and an analysis of police, medical, and vital registration data. Primary data collection included observational studies, roadside knowledge, attitude and perceptions surveys, focus group discussions and household surveys.Results/OutcomesThe overall RTI rate in Kenya was 60 per 100 000 population in 2009, with vehicle passengers, and males between 15–45 years being the most affected. Injuries to motorcyclists increased at an annual rate of approximately 29% (p<0.001). Fatalities due to RTIs increased at an annual rate of 7% (p<0.001) for the period 2004–2009. Speeding was a major problem, with about half of all vehicles observed in Thika and Navasha speeding—most of these being public service vehicles. Helmets were used by less than 1/3 of motorcycle drivers and fewer than 2% passengers in both study districts. The household survey indicated that only one in five individuals own a vehicle in the two districts. The majority of the population (72%) uses public transport.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis study highlights the significant burden of RTIs in Kenya. Focusing on increasing helmet and reflective clothing use and enforcement of speed limits has the potential to prevent a large proportion of this burden.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of first aid treatment of road crash victims among commercial intercity drivers and its implications
Authors: Sunday Oluwadiya Kehinde , Adenike Olugbenga-Bello I , Olawale Olakulehin A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad traffic crashes have been responsible for increase in deaths and disabilities in both developed and developing countries. One of the main areas of focus is how to improve the effectiveness of the prehospital care given to crash victims especially in the developing countries where it has been poorly developed. In Nigeria, with no formal prehospital emergency services, drivers would serve as an effective first responders, because they are the first to arrive at the accident scene in most intercity crashes.Aims and ObjectivesTo determine commercial drivers' knowledge attitude and practice of first aids to road crash victims.MethodsUsing simple sampling technique, 229 commercial drivers were interviewed in Osogbo, Nigeria using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires.ResultsAll respondents were males with majority having secondary school education (44.5%).The mean driving experience of respondents was 26.05 years. 79.9% believed that anybody could be trained to apply first aid and that pouring water to revive crash victims and giving them things to consume are vital components of first aid. 37.6% got the order of priority right- breathing maintenance, haemostasis and fracture splinting. Sideways positioning of victims, tourniquet use to secure haemorrhage and splintage of suspected fractures were indicated by18.3%, 44.5% and 88.5% of the respondents respectively. Attitude to first aid was said to be positive, majority of the respondents were ready to be trained.SignificanceThe Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the respondents concerning first aids to crash victims is poor. Efforts should be made to educate commercial drivers on the components of first aids.
The incidence of road traffic inuries in Kandy, Sri Lanka
Authors: Nithershini P , Dharmaratne SD , Nugegoda DB , Østbye T , Lynch CA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health problem worldwide; in Sri Lanka RTI cause six fatalities daily. Traffic police records are the only available National data and are plagued with under reporting and selection bias.ObjectiveTo describe the incidence of RTI in Kandy.MethodsA community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2008 using stratified multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Individuals who had sustained an injury/or death due to a road traffic crash (RTC) in the preceding 12 months were included. Data was analysed with SPSS and reported in % with 95% CI.ResultsOf 11 724 persons screened (n=3080 households), 149 had sustained RTI, including 16 fatalities. The annual RTI incidence was 12.7/ 1000 persons (95% CI 12.5 to 12.9), and the annual RTI fatality incidence was 1.4/1000 person (95% CI 1.3 to 1.5).The case fatality rate was 10.7%. The victims had a mean age of 28.8 years (SD=16.8) and were predominantly male (3.5 : 1).The overall rate of RTI increased with age, peaking in the 50–54 year age group (35.9/1000/year (95% CI 35.4 to 42.7). Pedestrian injuries were the most common cause of both injuries (n=51(34.2%)), and fatalities (n=9 (56.2%)), 50.0% of the deaths occurred at the scene or immediately in hospital, while 22.1%of the injured had recovered with disability for self care.SignificanceThere is a huge burden of RTI in Kandy district with the pedestrians, and males at higher risk for RTIs. Urgent preventive measures should be implemented to reduce this serious public health problem.
The economic impact of road traffic injuries on households in Kandy, Sri Lanka
Authors: Nithershini P , Dharmaratne SD , Nugegoda DB , Østbye T , Lynch CA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn Sri Lanka, road traffic injuries (RTIs) kill one person every 4 h. RTI can cause serious economic difficulties for families. Although public sector healthcare is free in Sri Lanka, the household costs of RTI are not known.ObjectiveTo assess the costs of treatment, lost work, vehicle and other damages, transport and lodging, compensation paid, intangibles etc to households that have sustained RTI.MethodsA community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2008 using stratified multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Individuals who had sustained an injury/death due to a road traffic crash (RTC) in the preceding 12 months were included. A direct accounting approach was used.ResultsOf 11724 persons screened (n=3080 households), 149 had sustained RTI, of these 16 were deaths. The mean age of those injured was 28.8 years (SD=16.8). 56.6% were employed at the time of the crash. The mean household costs attributed to these injuries were Rs. 34 244 (Rs.100- Rs. 700 000), given the average family income (≤Rs.10.000). In all income groups, there were wide ranges of costs following RTI. Loss of income due to lost working days was significantly higher (p<0.001) for those who worked per hour (29) compared to those who were salaried (4).Only 14.1% had any form of health insurance.SignificanceThe economic impact of RTI on the injured/dead victims and their families is substantial. Implementing appropriate preventive measures could reduce these economic effects, in addition to the immeasurable costs of pain, grief, and suffering.* 1US$=Rs. 114.001 NZD $=Rs. 100.00