bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ewing sarcoma of the small bowel: a study of seven cases, including one with the uncommonly reported EWSR1–FEV translocation
Authors: Milione Massimo , Gasparini Patrizia , Sozzi Gabriella , Mazzaferro Vincenzo , Ferrari Andrea , Casali Paolo G , Perrone Federica , Tamborini Elena , Pellegrinelli Alessio , Gherardi Giorgio , Arrigoni Gianluigi , Collini Paola , Testi Adele , De Paoli Elena , Aiello Antonella , Pilotti Silvana , Pelosi Giuseppe 
Published: December 2013

AimsPrimary Ewing sarcoma of the ileum has rarely been documented. Little is known about its pathogenesis and clinical implications, and it would be helpful to identify novel molecular markers. EWSR1–FEV translocation is exceedingly rare in Ewing sarcoma, as FEV expression is restricted to prostate, brain and serotonin neuroendocrine cells (NE) and related tumours.Methods and ResultsParaffin sections or snap‐frozen material were used in this investigation. Tumours were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry, RT–PCR (EWSR1–FLI1, EWSR1–ERG and EWSR1–FEV transcripts), FISH analysis (EWSR1 break‐apart and specific EWSR1–FEV translocation) and spectral karyotyping (SKY). Ten ileal neuroendocrine tumours (INET) made up the control group for EWSR1–FEV translocation. Among 445 Ewing sarcomas cases spanning a period of 20 years, seven (1.6%) arose in the ileum. All tumours were immunoreactive for synaptophysin, CD99, FLI1 and vimentin. FISH identified EWSR1 rearrangement in all cases, with EWSR1–FLI1 transcripts being detected in all but one tumour showing the uncommon EWSR1–FEV rearrangement, with SKY, RT–PCR and FISH confirmation. The mean survival of EWSR1–FLI1 patients was 14 months, whereas the EWSR1–FEV patient was alive after 15 years despite several recurrences controlled by surgery alone. No INET showed EWSR1 translocation.ConclusionsMost primary Ewing sarcomas of the ileum show the common EWSR1–FLI1 translocation, but EWSR1–FEV could be specific for tumours arising in the ileum and showing better prognosis.
Characterization, sensorial evaluation and moisturizing efficacy of nanolipidgel formulations
Authors: Estanqueiro M. , Conceição J. , Amaral M. H. , Sousa Lobo J. M. 
Published: December 2013

SynopsisBackgroundNanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been widely studied for cosmetic and dermatological applications due to their favourable properties that include the formation of an occlusive film on the skin surface that reduces the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and increase in water content in the skin which improves the appearance on healthy human skin and reduces symptoms of some skin disorders like eczema.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was the development of semisolid formulations based NLC with argan oil or jojoba oil as liquid lipids, by addition of Carbopol®934 or Carbopol®980 as gelling agents, followed by comparison between instrumental analysis and sensorial evaluation and in vivo efficacy evaluation.MethodsNanostructured lipid carriers dispersions were produced by the ultrasound technique, and to obtain a semisolid formulation, gelling agents were dispersed in the aqueous dispersion. Particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential were determined. Instrumental characterization was performed by rheological and textural analysis; the sensorial evaluation was also performed. Finally, skin hydration and TEWL were studied by capacitance and evaporimetry evaluation, respectively.ResultsParticles showed a nanometric size in all the analysed formulations. All the gels present pseudoplastic behaviour. There is a correspondence between the properties firmness and adhesiveness as determined by textural analysis and the sensory evaluation. The formulations that showed a greater increase in skin hydration also presented appropriate technological and sensorial attributes for skin application.ConclusionsNanolipidgel formulations with the addition of humectants are promising systems for cosmetic application with good sensory and instrumental attributes and moisturizing efficacy.
Effect of high‐pressure treatments on microbial loads and physicochemical characteristics during refrigerated storage of raw milk Serra da Estrela cheese samples
Authors: Inácio Rita S. , Fidalgo Liliana G. , Santos Mauro D. , Queirós Rui P. , Saraiva Jorge A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThis work studied the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 400, 500 and 600 MPa during 10, 5 and 3 min, respectively, on samples ewe cheese manufactured from raw milk, during storage (100 days) at 5 °C. Total aerobic mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria were slightly affected, decreasing by about 1.0 and 0.82 log CFU g−1, respectively, immediately after HPP treatment at 600 MPa for 3 min, while Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds, and Listeria innocua were reduced to below the quantification limits. Lactic acid bacteria decreased further during storage, showing increasing inactivation as the pressure level increased. Physicochemical parameters (water activity, moisture content, pH and titratable acidity) were generally not affected by HPP, while lipid oxidation increased throughout storage, with HPP samples showing lower values (50–66%) at 100 days of storage. The results indicated that HPP has potential to improve cheese microbial safety and shelf‐life, with a lower lipid oxidation level than nonpressurised cheese.
Social Competence following Neonatal and Childhood Stroke
Authors: Lo Warren , Gordon Anne , Hajek Christine , Gomes Alison , Greenham Mardee , Perkins Elizabeth , Zumberge Nicholas , Anderson Vicki , Yeates Keith Owen , Mackay Mark T. 
Published: December 2013

Background Social functioning encompasses a range of important skills that an individual uses to interact with the social world. Previous studies suggest that social functioning (outcomes) may be impaired after childhood stroke, but research is limited. Aims We examined the following: ( 1 ) the effect of ischemic stroke upon social outcomes in children; ( 2 ) the correlation of cognitive abilities and problem behaviors with social outcomes; and ( 3 ) the role of infarct characteristics as predictors of social outcomes. Methods We conducted an observational case-controlled study to compare children with neonatal or childhood onset stroke and controls with chronic asthma. Neurological deficits were measured with the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure. Cognitive abilities, problem behavior, adaptive behavior, and social outcomes were assessed with standardized measures. Results Overall stroke cases were impaired in several areas of adaptive behaviors but not in cognitive ability, problem behaviors, or social outcomes. Children with more severe neurological deficits had impairments in a range of adaptive behaviors, social adjustment, and social participation. Impaired cognitive ability and more problem behaviors correlated with impaired social adjustment, particularly in stroke cases. Larger infarcts correlated with greater neurological impairment, lower IQ, and poorer social participation. Conclusions Stroke can result in impaired adaptive and social functioning without apparent deficits in IQ or behavior. Infarct size, residual neurological deficits, impaired cognitive ability, and problem behaviors increase the risk for poor social adjustment and participation. These findings can help the clinician anticipate impaired social functioning after pediatric stroke, which is important because age-specific treatments are available.
Civilians and the Military in Latin America: The Absence of Incentives
Authors: Bruneau Thomas C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article argues that civil-military relations should be conceptualized not only in terms of democratic civilian control but also for effectiveness in implementing a spectrum of roles and missions. It also argues that achieving effectiveness requires institutional development as a necessary but not sufficient condition. Currently in Latin America, the focus in civil-military relations remains exclusively on civilian control. While there is a growing awareness of the need for analysis beyond asserting control over the armed forces, so far nobody has proposed or adopted a broader analytical framework. This article proposes such a framework, and employs it to analyze differences among four major South American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. The explanation for the differences identified by use of the framework is found in the incentives of civilian elites in Chile and Colombia, who have recognized serious threats to national security and defense.
Structure Stability and Microwave Dielectric Properties of (1 − x) Ba(Mg1/2W1/2) O3 + xBa(Y2/3W1/3)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Wu Jia Y. , Bian Jian J. 
Published: December 2013

The structure stabilities of double perovskite ceramics‐ (1 − x) Ba(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 + xBa(Y2/3W1/3)O3 (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) have been studied by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectrometry in this study. The microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics were studied with a network analyzer at the frequency of about 8–11 GHz. The results showed that all the compounds exhibited face‐centered cubic perovskite structure. Part of Y3+ and W6+ cations occupied 4a‐site and the remaining Y3+ and Mg2+ distributed over 4b‐site, respectively, and kept the B‐site ratio 1:1 ordered. Local ordering of Y3+/Mg2+ on 4b‐site and Y3+/W6+ cations on 4a‐site within the short‐range scale could be observed with increasing Y‐doping content. The decomposition of the double perovskite compound at high temperature was successfully suppressed by doping with Y on B‐site. However, Ba2Y0.667WO6 impurity phase appeared when x > 0.1. The optimized dielectric permittivity increased with the increase in Y doping. The optimized Q × f value was remarkably improved with small amount of Y doping (x ≤ 0.02) and reached a maximum value of about 160 000 GHz at x = 0.02 composition. Further increasing in Y doping led to the decrease in Q × f value. All compositions exhibited negative τf values. The absolute value of τf decreased with increasing Y‐doping content. Excellent combined microwave dielectric properties with εr = 20, Q × f = 160 000 GHz, and τf = −21 ppm/°C could be obtained for x = 0.02 composition.
Synthesis of Ni2+‐doped ZnAl2O4/ZnO Composite Phosphor Film with Largely Enhanced Polychromatic Emission via a Single‐Source Precursor
Authors: Yang Lan , Zhao Yajie , Yin Rui , Li Feng 
Published: December 2013

Ni2+‐doped ZnAl2O4/ZnO composite films were successfully fabricated on single crystal silicon substrates through a single‐source precursor route, which mainly involved slurry coating of Ni–Zn–Al‐layered double hydroxide precursor followed by calcination at elevated temperatures. Material characterization has been presented using a combination of X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectra, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. The results showed that Ni2+ ions could be uniformly doped in the two‐phase ZnO and ZnAl2O4 lattices. A broadened and intense polychromatic emission peak covering the whole visible region was obtained over 4.3 mol% Ni2+‐doped ZnAl2O4/ZnO composite film, which was attributed to the presence of an appropriate number of luminescent Ni2+centers in the ZnO and ZnAl2O4 double host matrix, thus largely enhancing the related transition. We believe that such unique ZnAl2O4/ZnO films can open up a new opportunity for advanced applications of composite phosphors.
Testing the biogeographical congruence of palaeofloras using molecular phylogenetics: snapdragons and the Madrean–Tethyan flora
Authors: Vargas Pablo , Valente Luis M. , Blanco‐Pastor José Luis , Liberal Isabel , Guzmán Beatriz , Cano Emilio , Forrest Alan , Fernández‐Mazuecos Mario 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimThe biogeographical congruence hypothesis, that similar spatiotemporal patterns of geographical distribution exist across lineages, is revisited in this study, and biogeographical processes in presumed Madrean–Tethyan plants are investigated by employing phylogenetic analyses.LocationMediterranean and Californian floristic regions.MethodsThe snapdragons (tribe Antirrhineae, Plantaginaceae) are one of the plant groups that best illustrate disjunctions between the New World (14 genera) and the Old World (15 genera). A time‐calibrated phylogeny (ndhF sequences) and ancestral‐area reconstructions were used to test the hypothesis of biogeographical congruence. We estimated support for sister‐group relationships together with the probability of temporal congruence of snapdragons and five additional angiosperm groups using a biogeographical approach based on Bayesian inference, parsimony and maximum‐likelihood methods.ResultsSynchronous divergences of four phylogenetically independent Mediterranean/Californian lineages within Antirrhineae were inferred for the Miocene. This result constitutes the first example of high biogeographical congruence within the same plant group. Analyses of five additional angiosperm groups previously considered exemplars of Madrean–Tethyan disjunctions revealed a total of 10 Mediterranean/Californian sister‐group lineages, mostly with Miocene divergence times. In particular, our contrasting biogeographical analysis favoured a prevalent colonization process post‐dating the separation of America and Eurasia (Eocene) for at least eight angiosperm lineages.Main conclusionsExplicit testing of the Madrean–Tethyan hypothesis did not support predominant vicariance for Mediterranean/Californian sister groups as previously proposed. Instead, eight Mediterranean/Californian sister‐group lineages displayed a Miocene divergence, including considerable biogeographical congruence within Antirrhineae (four independent lineages) and Cistaceae (two lineages).
Regional Powers as Leaders or Rambos? The Ambivalent Behaviour of Brazil and South Africa in Regional Economic Integration
Authors: Krapohl Sebastian , Meissner Katharina L. , Muntschick Johannes 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe behaviour of regional powers towards their own regions is often volatile in the developing world, which leads to unstable integration processes. This article argues that this volatility is due to limited intra‐regional gains from regional integration in developing regions, which implies that the behaviour of regional powers is constrained by extra‐regional economic interests. When regional integration is not in conflict with extra‐regional interests, regional powers provide regional leadership. However, when extra‐regional interests are in conflict with regional integration, regional powers become regional Rambos. This argument is illustrated with the two examples of Brazil's behaviour in Mercosur and South Africa's behaviour in SADC. Both regional powers provided leadership during some periods of the regional integration processes, but became Rambos when important extra‐regional interests were at stake. This damaged regional integration processes in South America and Southern Africa considerably.
The Effect on Immigration of Changes in Regulations and Policies: A Case Study
Authors: Cappelen Ådne , Skjerpen Terje 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNet migration has become the main factor driving Norwegian population growth. This article explores how changes in regulations and immigration policies have affected gross immigration to Norway. As in previous econometric studies, it finds that income differences and income distribution have a bearing on immigration, as well as aspects of the labour market. Various immigration policies have largely had the expected effects, and Norway's membership of the European economic area since 1994 and inclusion in the Schengen area in 2001 have resulted in higher immigration. The enlargement of the EU in 2004 and 2007 substantially increased immigration to Norway. By 2010, the EU‐related changes in regulations increased total immigration by some 20 per cent compared to a counterfactual situation where Norway did not become party to either of these agreements. The partial and accumulated effect on the total population in Norway in 2010 is estimated to be about 2 per cent.
One hundred and five Kaposi sarcoma patients: a clinical study in Xinjiang, Northwest of China
Authors: Wu X.‐J. , Pu X.‐M. , Kang X.‐J. , Halifu Y. , An C.‐X. , Zhang D.‐Z. , Yakeya B. , Mijit J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundKaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an unusual illness that may be associated with human herpes virus 8 (HHV‐8) infections, and appears mainly in Jews, Italians and Greeks. There is a lack of patient data in Xinjiang regarding the clinical characteristics of KS.ObjectivesTo review the clinical characteristics of a series of patients with KS in Xinjiang, Northwest China, over 16‐year period.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients referred to a Xinjiang hospital in Northwest China with classic KS (CKS) and AIDS‐associated KS (AIDS‐KS) between January 1997 and April 2013 was performed. Reviewed information included demographics, clinical features, histopathological traits, treatment and presence of HHV‐8 infection.ResultsDuring the study period, 105 patients with a diagnosis of KS, including 77 CKS and 28 AIDS‐KS, were referred to our hospital. Mean age at diagnosis was 55.8 ± 16.8 years (range: 25–85 years). There were 70 (90.9%) males and 7 (9.1%) females (male‐to‐female ratio: 10 : 1) having CKS and 21 (75.0%) males and 7 (25.0%) females (male‐to‐female ratio: 3 : 1) with AIDS‐KS. Most of the patients were Uyghur, including 67 CKS and 24 AIDS‐KS. The rate of multifocal lesions at diagnosis was 98.1% (103/105). The most common area of lesions was between 1% and 5% of CKS and AIDS‐KS. The main types of lesions were nodules, patches and plaques. The lower extremity and foot were the most common locations for CKS and AIDS‐KS. In addition to skin damage, the penis, mouth, lymph nodes and interstitial lung tissues were involved in some cases. No second primary malignancy was diagnosed. Systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy were effective treatments for CKS. The HHV‐8 positivity rate was 98.98% in 98 KS cases.ConclusionsIn Xinjiang, most CKS and AIDS‐KS patients were older Uyghur men. AIDS‐KS was found predominantly among 30‐year‐old Uyghur patients, compared with 60 years for those having CKS. The latter exhibited certain characteristics such as disseminated skin disease; in some patients, the condition was accompanied by lymphedema, visceral or lymph node involvement, but no secondary malignancies. In addition, the HHV‐8 positivity rate associated with KS was very high.
Local adaptation to salinity in the three‐spined stickleback?
Authors: DeFaveri J. , Merilä J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDifferent lines of evidence suggest that the occurrence and extent of local adaptation in high gene flow marine environments – even in mobile and long‐lived vertebrates with complex life cycles – may be more widespread than earlier thought. We conducted a common garden experiment to test for local adaptation to salinity in Baltic Sea sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Fish from three different native salinity regimes (high, mid and low) were subjected to three salinity treatments (high, mid and low) in a full‐factorial experimental design. Irrespective of their origin, fish subjected to low (and mid) salinity treatments exhibited higher juvenile survival, grew to largest sizes and were in better condition than fish subjected to the high salinity treatment. However, a significant interaction between native and treatment salinities – resulting mainly from the poor performance of fish native to low salinity in the high salinity treatment – provided clear cut evidence for adaptation to local variation in salinity. Additional support for this inference was provided by the fact that the results concur with an earlier demonstration of significant differentiation in a number of genes with osmoregulatory functions across the same populations and that the population‐specific responses to salinity treatments exceeded that to be expected by random genetic drift.
Volatiles from green‐lipped mussel as a lead to vespid wasp attractants
Authors: Unelius C. R. , El‐Sayed A. M. , Twidle A. M. , Stringer L. D. , Manning L. M. , Sullivan T. E. S. , Brown R. L. , Noble A. D. L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractVespid wasps (Vespula vulgaris L. and V. germanica Fab. Hymenoptera; Vespidae) are highly abundant in 1 million ha of New Zealand's indigenous beech forests (Nothofagus spp.) and have had detrimental effects on the New Zealand native fauna. This hyperabundance is due in part to the vast supply of carbohydrate‐rich honeydew produced by scale insects Ultracoelostoma spp. native to New Zealand. Current control methods include the use of wet cat food as a protein source with insecticide as a lure‐and‐kill‐based system, but there are problems with fresh baits degrading rapidly, and a more durable formulation would enable the expansion and longevity of wasp control. Four crude protein baits were tested for vespid attraction. Green‐lipped mussels had the highest vespid catch of the crude baits tested, and aged and fresh mussels were equally attractive. From headspace analysis of the green‐lipped mussel volatiles, a series of butanoate esters, 3‐octanone and 1‐octen‐3‐ol were identified as possible attractants. These compounds were tested individually and in various blend combinations for the attraction of Vespula wasps in matagouri vegetation at the edge of beech forests. We found synergistic effects between single attractive compounds when tested in various combinations, and the multicomponent lures were more attractive to these wasps than heptyl and octyl butanoate, previously identified attractants for vespid species. The new multicomponent lures could form the basis for a new generation of attractants for social wasps that can provide sustained control methods for invasive vespid wasps.
Effect of light colours and weather conditions on captures of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
Authors: Yang H. B. , Hu G. , Zhang G. , Chen X. , Zhu Z. R. , Liu S. , Liang Z. L. , Zhang X. X. , Cheng X. N. , Zhai B. P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTo study the phototactic responses of white‐backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) to different wavelengths, four colours of light traps (blue, green, yellow and red light‐emitting diodes) were placed in the same rice field along with a traditional black light trap. This study revealed that S. furcifera and N. lugens are more attracted to blue and green lights than that to yellow and red lights. During the 24 nights, compared with the black light trap, the blue LED trap could catch more rice planthoppers at 17 nights. Furthermore, catches of other species (moths and beetles) were substantially reduced in blue LED light traps. Multiple regression models were developed to assess the effect of weather factors on light trap catches of rice planthoppers. Rainfall and mean air temperature at a night mainly affected light trap catches of S. furcifera. Higher rainfall and lower temperature increased light trap catches of S. furcifera. However, wind speed was the main factor affecting the catches of N. lugens, and the lower incidence of catches was found in the night when wind speed exceeded 3.08 m/s. S. furcifera may be flying against wind at light wind nights by 0.3–1.5 m/s, whereas N. lugens may be flying down at strong wind nights by 1.5–3.08 m/s. Relative humidity did not significantly influence on trap catches. Consequently, light wavelengths, precipitation, average temperature and wind should be considered when monitoring rice planthoppers by light traps. Therefore, the blue LED light traps are worth using for monitoring planthoppers.