bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilitarianism and Animals
Authors: Frey R. G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article notes that, of all the traditional, mainstream ethical theories, none has been more disposed over the centuries to sympathetic consideration of the pains of animals than utilitarianism. By using a sentiency criterion of moral standing, Jeremy Bentham ensured that the pain and suffering of animals counted in the moral calculus. According to his theory, their pains confer on them moral considerability; and every utilitarian since Bentham has endorsed the sentiency criterion. The discussion in this article examines why utilitarians up to the present day have accepted the sentiency criterion and yet almost routinely failed, with specificity, to include animals within the calculus of utility in their general moral philosophies. Bentham was the first to exhibit this shortcoming. The article holds that in the last four decades, Peter Singer was the first utilitarian in the 1970s to take animals seriously.
Are Nonhuman Animals Persons?
Authors: Tooley Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers the concept of persons as the central issue in moral status debates. It finds questions about whether members of one or more nonhuman species of animals are persons among the most difficult philosophical questions we face today. It locates the difficulty in two sources: how the concept of a person should be analyzed, especially the properties that give an entity a right to continued existence; and how to determine which psychological capacities and which forms of mental life adult members of nonhuman species have. It argues that the fact that something is a continuing subject of experiences and has mental states that are psychologically connected over time is crucial to creatures having moral status and having a right to continued existence.
Mindreading and Moral Significance in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article starts with the current state of the discussions about the moral significance of nonhuman animals and the basic capacities that have been stressed in the leading theories: sentience, basic forms of consciousness, animals' capacity for making long- or short-range plans, self-awareness, and the like. The article is almost entirely centered on mindreading as a cognitive ability that intersects with the basic capacities put forward in theories of moral status. One central argument is that propositional attitude mindreading is language-dependent, because it involves metarepresentation. After reviewing experimental findings on mindreading in primates, the article tries to show that the data can be interpreted without assuming that the mindreaders are engaged in propositional attitude mindreading.
The Moral Life of Animals
Authors: Bradie Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article raises two main questions: “Do nonhuman animals have minds?” and “What implications, if any, does the answer have for their moral status?” It argues that a former tide against animal mentality and moral status has changed over the past 150 years, leading to the present muddled set of opinions. It notes that evolutionary evidence supports the claim that there are no significant qualitative differences between humans and other animals. Also, evidence from cognitive ethology indicates that many animals possess the neural architecture necessary for sophisticated cognitive and affective behavior, and that they manifest moral sensibility. It concludes that human beings are one among the animals and that human moral systems are one among the moral systems of animals.
On the Nature of Species and the Moral Significance of their Extinction
Authors: Powell Russell 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article begins by noting that in the history of life, every species up to presently existing species has become extinct. Complex life itself has been on the brink of annihilation at various points in the evolutionary process. A problem, given this history, is whether we should regard the causing or the permitting of the extinction of species as a bad outcome to be avoided. It notes that so-called common-sense intuitions about these matters are not trustworthy and often do not hold up to theoretical scrutiny. Using the evolutionary and ecological sciences, the discussion takes the currently received view that species should be analyzed in terms of individual lineages and not as a temporal natural kinds.
Are All Species Equal?
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers the defensibility of “species egalitarianism”—the position that all living things have equal moral standing and therefore all species command our respect. It challenges the view that there are good reasons to believe that all living things have moral standing in even a minimal sense. It explains why members of other species understandably and justifiably command our respect, but also why they cannot command equal respect. It also argues that there is reason to doubt that species egalitarianism is compatible with true respect for nature. The theory improperly suggests that the moral standing of dolphins is no higher than that of tuna, and that the standing of chimpanzees is no higher than that of mice. Such a view does not give dolphins and chimpanzees the respect they deserve.
Animal Experimentation in Biomedical Research
Authors: LaFollette Hugh 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the conditions under which it is permissible and advisable to use animals in biomedical experimentation. The “Common View” is that there are moral limits on what we can do to nonhuman animals, but humans can use them when doing so advances significant human interests. This view entails that animals have some moral status, but not a demandingly high status. The idea also states that most people believe that medical experiments using animals do wind up benefiting humans. The “Lenient View” holds that even if animals have moral worth, their worth is so slight that humans can use them virtually any way we wish. The “Demanding View” holds that the moral worth of animals is so high that it bars virtually all uses of animals in biomedical research.
Ethical Issues in the Application of Biotechnology to Animals in Agriculture
Authors: Streiffer Robert , Basl John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses moral problems about the use of modern biotechnology in agriculture that emerged in the early 1990s over recombinant bovine growth hormone, a chemical produced using genetically engineered microorganisms and then injected into dairy cows to increase milk yield. Then, there came genetically engineered soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton, and recently genetically engineered animals and cloned animals intended as food or breeding stock in agriculture. The discussion provides a moral framework for evaluating these new applications of modern biotechnology as they affect the food supply. It notes that all of the livestock are sentient beings with determinable welfare levels, which assures them of some degree of moral status. It points out that the moral importance of animals takes on a massive significance in light of the number of animals in the livestock sector. The livestock sector also is one of the most significant contributors to global environmental problems.
The Use of Animals in Toxicological Research
Authors: Rowan Andrew N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article addresses practical problems about our use of animals to assess the toxicological risks posed by various drugs, cleaning agents, pesticides, cosmetics, and the like. It presents scientific doubts about the usefulness of much of the animal test data for human risk assessment. It argues that there is now a consensus that animal tests are not particularly effective in predicting harm to either humans or the environment. This consensus is rapidly causing interest in toxicology to shift away from animal tests and toward quicker and cheaper alternative test systems. It is also critical of the current system of institutional review committees (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees in the United States), which in principle are comprised of people who are chosen as reasonable representatives of the various parties who have a stake in the decisions of these committees.
What's Ethics Got to Do with it?
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article begins with the question of whether ethics has much to do with normative questions of government policy for the oversight of animal research. It notes that ethics is the normative backbone of such policies—both for animal subjects and human subjects. It finds that numerous parallels have evolved with respect to government-mandated oversight regimes in both the human and the nonhuman animal domains: rules regarding acceptable risk, inappropriate treatment of research subjects, prospective review and approval of proposed research, and institutional oversight committees. Nonetheless, the rules for research on animals depart from those for human research in fundamental ways, and ones that raise moral concerns about whether policies for animal research review are adequate. Policies for human research protections follow and are based on well-articulated moral principles. But the case of animal research has no such clear connection between policies and principles.
Introduction: Eugenics and the Modern World
Authors: Levine Philippa , Bashford Alison 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article summarizes both the history and the historiography of eugenics across the world and that indicates new lines of inquiry that have evolved in recent years. It demonstrates that eugenics rapidly has become a shared language and ambition in cultures and locations that were otherwise radically different. It discusses the complicated relationship between the unconditional advocacy of contraception by neo-Malthusians and the cautious ambivalence typical of eugenicists. This article extends the analysis of eugenics through gender by addressing the question of masculinity and the subjectivity of eugenic advocates. This article analyzes the transnational themes in eugenics and surveys the important question of place-based differences in eugenic aims, methods, policies, and outcome. Eugenics invokes a modern political history in which individuals have been subsumed within collectives and their perceived interests and soon became a signal for, and almost a symbol of, modernization.
Disability, Psychiatry, and Eugenics
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews assumptions about psychiatry and mental disability, explaining why the mentally disabled, more than the mentally ill or the physically disabled, became the focus of eugenic anxiety as well as policy. It also examines why such policies were taken further in some countries than others, and whether the focus on mental disability applies equally to eugenics within a colonial setting. It argues that the primacy of the mentally disabled does not necessarily equate with the primacy of psychiatry: the development of eugenic policies toward the mentally disabled in this period is more crucially a consequence of political and economic context than of the influence of psychiatry itself. Finally, it concludes with an exploration of the history of disability, psychiatry, and eugenics since World War II.
Planning as Scholarship: Origins and Prospects
Authors: Weber Rachel , Crane Randall 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the origins and prospects of urban planning as a scholarship. Urban planning is a relatively young academic discipline and, despite its storied genes, lacks an extensive, established canon on which to rest its laurels. It also has a conflicted status in the academy with its dual nature as both craft and intellectual field. The article proposes that planning research habitually embodies at least four indicative, over-lapping orientations, including built and natural environments, interdependent problems, implementation and practice, and change. It also discusses the contents of this volume, which is about purpose, role, process, and practice of urban planning, as well as the phenomena with which contemporary planning has been most concerned.
Cultural Diversity
Authors: Umemoto Karen , Zambonelli Vera 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers cultural diversity as one of the main objectives of urban planning. It provides an overview of schools of thought that inform planning approaches within multicultural settings, and explores some of the major issues and challenges which cultural diversity brings for planners and the planning profession within the context of democratic governance. The article also proposes a number of issues that must be addressed in future studies concerning planning in a culturally diverse society.
Housing: Planning and Policy Challenges
Authors: Bates Lisa K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the urban-planning and policy challenges by urban housing. It identifies what the field of planning could offer in terms of a more effective state role in the housing market and describes four functions of planning in the housing market. These include market shaping through plans that communicate information about future development, regulation of land-use and environmental controls, and stimulation of development activity with subsidies and incentives. The article also discusses a strategic planning framework for housing, and the social and political consequences of housing policies.
The Public Finance of Urban Form
Authors: Carruthers John I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of what is known about the relationship between urban form and public finance. It reviews previous research in a way that integrates work from fields as disparate as public economics and urban design into a cohesive whole, and explains how to adapt traditional models of public finance to incorporate land use, and the kind of strategic interaction which local governments regularly engage in when making both spending and regulatory decisions. The article also describes a behavioral model of public finance.
Gender, Cities, and Planning
Authors: Parker Brenda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews some of the historical contributions of feminist urban scholarship. It identifies three areas for elaborated and intertwined research and improved planning, including gender and urban politics, and planning processes, gender and the home/housing, and gender and health. The article suggests that the contributions of feminist material analyses of urban politics and planning, home and housing, and health not only made gender and urban inequalities visible, but also helped us to better comprehend and transform cities.
Frontiers in Land Use and Travel Research
Authors: Boarnet Marlon G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines research concerning land use and travel behavior in relation to urban planning. It summarizes the standard approach to studying land use and travel behavior, and identifies the key issues that should be the focus of planning research going forward. The analysis reveals that the literature on land use and travel behavior has so far focused almost exclusively on hypothesis tests regarding the association between the built environment and travel, and on the magnitude of the associations.
The Civics of Urban Planning
Authors: Sirianni Carmen , Girourd Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the major changes in public participation in urban planning in the United States at various points over the past half-century to track, analyses some of the core tools and practices, and highlights the persistent challenges in developing appropriately robust systems for engaging active publics in urban planning. The analysis reveals that while civic engagement in urban planning has generally been extended and enriched in the decades since the 1960s, cities vary considerably in how they incorporate civic engagement into planning processes.
Transportation Policy: Public Transit, Settlement Patterns, and Equity in the United States
Authors: Giuliano Genevieve 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPublic transit policy is based on two objectives: to provide basic mobility for the transportation of disadvantaged, and to serve broader social and environmental goals by reducing car use in metropolitan areas of the United States. Planners, policy makers, and environmental advocates view better public transit as a means to achieve urban planning objectives. This article discusses the outcomes of the past four decades of transit policy. It begins with presenting a short history of transit policy to reveal the evolution of public transit's objectives. It then explores two areas of transit outcomes: impacts on low-income households and impacts on metropolitan spatial structure. Furthermore, it reveals how transit's dependence on public support creates barriers to achieving its societal goals. Finally, the article presents suggestions for designing more effective transit policies. Transit is critical to the economic well being of the cities, it is therefore important that public support for transit continues.
Housing Informality: An Economist's Perspective on Urban Planning
Authors: Smolka Martim O. , Biderman Ciro 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Informal settlements exist with formal settlements and are structurally interdependent with them. Housing informality also emerges as a consequence of certain institutional and other constraints on the urban land market. This article elaborates on these complex interdependencies and sheds light on potential policy options to mitigate informality itself to provide a new framework for dialogue between urban planners and economists in Third World cities. It begins with a review of the multiple forms that informality takes and the problems it poses to individuals and society. It then describes how urban economic theory has dealt with the issue, highlighting the failure of conventional models. Following this, it describes the rational housing choices of low income households and how current policies intended to remedy the results of these decisions instead aggravate informality. Finally, the article offers some new ways to apply conventional land policy instruments to achieve this goal.
Knowing Your Audience
Authors: Chapman Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article investigates the shared history and contemporary practices of community and high school musical theater in the United States, through which each has established a unique relationship to its audience. One of the sources of the documenting practice is the American Association of Community Theaters (AACT), with its umbrella organization, Theater USA that collected documented histories of community theaters in the United States, including play and musical production since 1919. The resulting publication, Millennium Theatres: Discovering Community Theater's Future by Exploring Its Past includes theater members' personal memories, records of ticket sales, stories or descriptions of restructuring of the theaters to meet economic or community needs. Another resource for documenting practice is Dramatics magazine that is published by the International Thespian Society (ITS) and the Educational Theater Association (EdTA), Dramatics, targeting high school students and their teachers, compiles from member schools a “most produced play and musical” list annually. Dramatics represents schools that have made a commitment to including theater in their curricula or after-school activities. The national thespian society is currently known as the International Thespian Society, and its publication for members, Dramatics, is distributed to about 42,000 individuals, 80 percent of whom are high school students. The popularity of certain shows, as documented by the AACT, Theater USA, and the Educational Theater Association, has created a de facto canon for musicals in community and high school theater, which in turn reveals some expectations that audiences have of each form.
Competing Leagues, Mergers, and Expansions
Authors: Fenn Aju J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter outlines the relevant economic literature pertaining to the birth and evolution of football as a sport in the United States, and also reviews the game from its birth until the formation of the National Football League (NFL). Next, it briefly deals with some of the themes regarding football that have been explored in the rest of the literature. The classification of the literature on the NFL includes: the creation of NFL institutions that have led to increased competitive balance; the impact of race on players' and coaches' success in the NFL; betting on NFL games; issues of market power and profitability; and the cost-benefit analysis of hosting an NFL team. The United Football League has quietly entered markets where the NFL does not have a presence. It started play in 2007 and may gain market share if the NFL locks its players out for the 2011–2012 season.
Location, Location, Location?
Authors: Einolf Karl W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the location of franchises in sports leagues. It specifically examines the location of franchises within the four major sports leagues in the continental United States: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League (NHL), and the National Basketball Association (NBA). Moreover, a facility location model is used to investigate the optimal placement of sports franchises in a league and to identify the best expansion prospects for a sports league. It is shown that the p-median model's optimal solution is less likely to be the best option for an organization if its facilities are less dependent on the income available at a node on the network. It is noted that the four major sports leagues in the continental United States do not all locate franchises optimally, according to the model.
Behavioral Biases and Sportsbook Pricing in Major League Baseball
Authors: Paul Rodney J. , Weinbach Andrew P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the literature that uses sports gambling markets as an analogy to financial markets. It also expands the study of actual sportsbook behavior, comparing the traditional models to the Levitt hypothesis and considering alternative theories, by examining the betting market for Major League Baseball (MLB). The reverse favorite-longshot bias and home/road biases are then explored. It appears that bettors prefer road favorites by a large margin, but this is not captured by the sportsbook odds, which, likely not coincidentally, tend to map closer to actual favorite win percentages. There are no statistically significant returns to betting against the public. The findings that sportsbooks do not set prices to balance the book calls into question the source of some of the earlier findings of market efficiency in sports wagering markets and its underlying support for the forecasting power of prediction markets.
The Economics of Crime Reconsidered
Authors: McGarrity Joseph P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article uses data on hit batsmen from Major League Baseball to illustrate a mixed-strategy, game theoretic approach to the decisions of the pitcher and the batter. The pitcher would like to throw to a batter who stands in the middle of the batter's box. The game theoretic model predicts that the pitcher will throw at fewer batters as velocity increases, while the standard crime model would assume that the pitcher's throw-ats would remain unchanged and the batter would respond by leaning in less often. The Total Effect curves suggest that there will be more throw-ats in the American League for any level of velocity. The number of purposeful inside pitches will decrease at an increasing rate as velocity increases. The game theoretic model predicts that a pitcher who can throw with greater velocity will have to waste fewer inside pitches to keep a batter from leaning into a pitch.