bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFEITO DO USO DE ÁGUA CINZA SOBRE A VAZÃO DE UM MICROASPERSOR DINÂMICO
Authors: Oliveira Erika Fabiana de , Cruz Raimundo Leite , Pletsch Talita Aparecida , Mazzer Helton Rogério , Salomão Leandro Caixeta 
Published: January 2015

O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Ensaio de Equipamentos de Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Estadual Paulista FCA- UNESP de Botucatu – SP, teve como objetivo avaliar, em bancada, a vazão de um microaspersor dinâmico com vazão nominal de 43L h-1, antes e após o uso com água cinza.Na primeira fase da pesquisa 25 emissores novos foram separados aleatoriamente e realizados ensaios com água limpa, nas pressões de 50 a 300 kPa .Numa segunda fase os emissores foram submetidos a 1000h operando com água cinza. Ao término desse tempo, novamente foram submetidos às condições de ensaio inicial, para avaliar o efeito da água de reuso sobre a vazão média do microaspersor.Ao final pode-se observar que a vazão média dos emissores, depois de usados, diminuiu em relação a vazão dos emissores antes do uso em 6,6%, o coeficiente de variação após o uso ficou em 5,1 %, aumentado em relação ao coeficiente de fabricação inicial que foi de 4,3%; o R² caiu de 0,9946 para 0,9898 e o microaspersor continuou com uma boa classificação, de acordo com as normas da ABNT e ASAE. UNITERMOS: microaspersor; reúso; água cinza OLIVEIRA, E. F.; CRUZ, R.L.; PLETSCH, T. A.; MAZZER, H. R.; SALOMÃO, L. C. EFFECT OF THE EFFECT OF USING GRAY WATER ON THE FLOW OF A DYNAMIC MICROSPRINKLER 2 ABSTRACT The work was realized at the “Laboratório de Ensaio de Equipamentos de Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Estadual Paulista FCA- UNESP de Botucatu – SP”, it aims evaluated in bench, the flow of a microsprinkler flow with dynamic nominal 43L h-1, before and after the use of gray water. In the first phase were 25 new emiters were separated and performed tests with clean water, at pressures from 50 to 300 kPa. In a second phase the emitters have been submitted 1000h operating with gray water. At the end of this time, the emitters were submitted again into conditions of initial essay, to evaluate the new costume water effect on medium flow from microsprinkler. At the end we can see that the average flow of the emitters, after use, has declined compared to the emitters discharge before use in 6,6%, the coefficient of variation after use was 5,1%, increased in proportion the coefficient of initial production was 4,3%, the R ² fell from 0.9946 to 0.9898 and the microsprinkler continued with a high rating, according to the ABNT and ASAE. KEYWORDS: microsprinkler, reuse, gray water
CONTROLE DO POTENCIAL MATRICIAL DA ÁGUA NO SOLO POR MEIO DE LÓGICA FUZZY
Authors: Lima Francisco Marconi Cavalcati de , Silva Simplício Arnaud da , Filgueira Hamilcar José Almeida , Gomes Heber Pimentel 
Published: January 2015

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo teórico e experimental, de um sistema de controle inteligente fuzzy, para definir o momento de irrigação. Este sistema de controle mantém o potencial matricial de água, no solo, em níveis compatíveis com os requisitos de irrigação da cultura, por meio de dotações hídricas variáveis de acordo com a velocidade de rotação de um conjunto motor-bomba. O controle de velocidade de rotação do motor de acionamento da bomba (motor elétrico de indução trifásico) é feito por meio de um inversor de freqüência variável, comandado por um sinal elétrico de tensão contínua. Este sinal elétrico é fornecido por um computador, cujo valor depende das condições e características do solo. Com este sistema de controle é possível proporcionar maior produtividade às culturas, pois o solo estará sempre com a umidade ideal para o seu desenvolvimento vegetativo. A técnica utilizada é a do Controle e Modelagem Fuzzy fazendo uso do Método Mandani. Como o sistema de controle é baseado em regras lingüísticas, o mesmo pode ser adaptado com relativa facilidade a novas necessidades de manejo da água no solo, bastando, para isso, fazer ajustes somente em uma ou algumas de suas regras. Palavras Chave: controle inteligente, tensiômetro, dotações hídricas, inversor de frequência. SOIL WATER MATRIX POTENTIAL CONTROL THROUGH FUZZY LOGIC 2 ABSTRACT This is a theoretical and experimental study in which Fuzzy Intelligent Control System is used to define the exact time of irrigation. This system keeps the soil water matrix potential at levels consistent with the irrigation requirements through water allocations, varying according to a motor-pump speed. The rotation speed control that drives the motor pump (three phase induction electric motor) is done through a variable frequency inverter, controlled by an electrical signal voltage provided by a computer, and it’s value changes according to the soil characteristics and it’s conditions. With this system it is possible to increase crop productivity as the ground is always with the ideal humidity for plant growth. The technique used was Control and Modeling Fuzzy utilizing the Mandani Method, since this system is based on linguistic rules, it can be easily adapted to new practical requirements by modifying some of its rules. Key Words: intelligent control, tensiometer, irrigation schedule, frequency inverter.
COEFICIENTES DE CULTURA PARA O TOMATEIRO IRRIGADO
Authors: De Santana Marcio José , Pereira Uander Da Costa , Beirigo José Daniel Cambraia , De Souza Stefany Silva , Campos Talita Mendes , Vieira Thiago Assumpção 
Published: January 2015

1 RESUMO Um dos métodos de manejo da irrigação mais utilizado é o tanque classe A, necessitando dos valores dos coeficientes de cultura para cálculo da evapotranspiração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os coeficientes de cultura (Kc) do tomateiro irrigado para a região de Uberaba, MG. Os dados do balanço de água no solo foram obtidos em uma área experimental com a cultura em tratamentos envolvendo níveis de reposição de água no solo (40%, 70%, 100%, 130%, 160% e 190% da lâmina necessária para elevar a umidade do solo para a condição equivalente à capacidade de campo). Os dados de tensão de água no solo foram coletados nas parcelas de 100% de reposição. A evapotranspiração de referência foi obtida pelo método do tanque classe A e a evapotranspiração da cultura por meio do balanço da água no solo. Concluiu-se que os valores de Kc para as fases inicial, desenvolvimento, intermediário, final e colheita foram, respectivamente, de 0,37; 0,72; 1,03; 1,10 e 0,75. UNITERMOS: Lycopersicon esculentum L., coeficiente de cultura, déficit hídrico. SANTANA, M.J.; PEREIRA, U.C.; BEIRIGO, J.D.C.; SOUZA, S.S.; CAMPOS, T.M.;VIEIRA, T.A. CROP COEFFICIENT FOR IRRIGATED TOMATO 2 ABSTRACT One of the most utilized irrigation management methods is the class A Pan, which requires crop coefficients to estimate crop evapotranspiration. The objective of this work was to determine crop coefficients (Kc) of irrigated tomato in the region of Uberaba, MG. Soil water balance data were obtained in an experimental area with the culture under six levels of soil water replacement (40%, 70%, 100%, 130%, 160% and 190% of the depth necessary to raise the soil moisture to the field capacity condition). The soil water tension data were collected in plots of 100% replacement. The reference evapotranspiration was obtained by the class A Pan method and culture evapotranspiration was obtained utilizing soil water balance. Kc values for the initial, development, intermediate, final, and harvest phases were respectively of 0.37; 0.72; 1.03; 1.10 and 0.75. KEY- WORDS: LycopersiconesculentumL., crop coefficient, water deficit.
Bubbles: A review of their relationship to the
formation of thin films and porous materials
Authors: Kolasinski Kurt W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Bubbles arise at the intersection of gases with
other phases. Their role in the formation and applications
of thin films and porous materials is complex. At times
they are to be avoided. In other cases they are essential to
the desired properties and outcomes. In many cases their
function, form and production are misunderstood or disregarded.
This review seeks to connect a diverse array of
technical and fundamental aspects of bubbles so as to facilitate
more control and understanding of their functions
and utility
In-situ audiometry
Authors: Durisala Naresh 
Published: January 2015

Technology in the hearing aid industry is ever changing. One of the many features that may improve accuracy of hearing aid fittings and patients’ satisfaction is the inception of in-situ audiometry, which allows the clinician to measure hearing thresholds with a hearing aid in the patient's ear.

Objective:
The present study aimed to investigate the validity of in-situ audiometry measured with a behind-the-ear hearing aid coupled to a customized earmould relative to conventional thresholds measured using supra-aural head phones.

Study design:
A total of 24 ears from 15 participants with varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss ranging from moderate to severe, were selected for the study. Pure tone hearing thresholds and real-ear-to-dial-differences were measured for both conventional and in-situ thresholds across 250 Hz to 6 kHz.

Results:
Slight but significant mean differences (p < 0.05, paired t-test) of 3.2 and 3.4dB between conventional and in-situ thresholds at 2000 and 6000 Hz were found before adding REDD corrections with in-situ thresholds yielding better (lower) thresholds. Except at 250 Hz in dB HL, individual threshold variability between conventional and in-situ threshold measurements was within or equal to ± 10dB for > 95% of ears before and after adding REDD corrections. Large inter-participant variation in measured ear canal SPL was noticed at 250, 500, 4000 and 6000 Hz when measured in-situ compared to headphones, which was attributed to differences in earmould vent sizes provided for different degrees of hearing loss at the low frequencies and probe placement in the high frequencies.

Conclusion:
Overall in-situ audiometry proved to be valid especially in individuals with symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss. Although there are statistically significant differences, they are within clinically accepted standards. Furthermore, thresholds measured in ear canal SPL will be more comparable as any changes in hearing threshold levels in either of the measurements will be reflected by an inverse change in measured ear canal SPL during REDD measurements.
Twelve-month results of a multicenter, blinded, pilot study of a novel peptide (B2A) in promoting lumbar spine fusion
Authors: Sardar Zeeshan , Alexander David , Oxner William , Plessis Stephan du , Yee Albert , Wai Eugene K. , Anderson D. Greg , Jarzem Peter 
Published: January 2015

OBJECT
Failure of fusion after a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) procedure is a challenging problem that can lead to ongoing low-back pain, dependence on pain medication, and inability to return to work. B2A is a synthetic peptide that has proven efficacy in achieving fusion in animal models and may have a better safety profile than bone morphogenetic protein. The authors undertook this study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of B2A peptide–enhanced ceramic granules (Prefix) in comparison with autogenous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG, control) in patients undergoing single-level TLIF.

METHODS
Twenty-four patients with single-level degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine at L2–S1 requiring TLIF were enrolled between 2009 and 2010. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a control group (treated with ICBG, n = 9), a Prefix 150 group (treated with Prefix 150 μg/cm3 granules, n = 8), and a Prefix 750 group (treated with Prefix 750 μg/cm3 granules, n = 7). Outcome measures included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog pain scale, and radiographic fusion as assessed by CT and dynamic flexion/extension lumbar plain radiographs.

RESULTS
At 12 months after surgery, the radiographic fusion rate was 100% in the Prefix 750 group, 78% in the control group, and 50% in the Prefix 150 group, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). At 6 weeks the mean ODI score was 41.0 for the control group, 27.7 for the Prefix 750 group, and 32.2 for the Prefix 150 group, whereas at 12 months the mean ODI was 24.4 for control, 31.1 for Prefix 750, and 29.7 for Prefix 150 groups. Complications were evenly distributed among the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Prefix appears to provide a safe alternative to autogenous ICBG. Prefix 750 appears to show superior radiographic fusion when compared with autograft at 12 months after TLIF, although no statistically significant difference was demonstrated in this small study. Prefix and control groups both appeared to demonstrate comparable improvements to ODI at 12 months.
Cost and quality of life outcome analysis of postoperative infections after subaxial dorsal cervical fusions
Authors: Kuhns Benjamin D. , Lubelski Daniel , Alvin Matthew D. , Taub Jason S. , McGirt Matthew J. , Benzel Edward C. , Mroz Thomas E. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECT
Infections following spine surgery negatively affect patient quality of life (QOL) and impose a significant financial burden on the health care system. Postoperative wound infections occur at higher rates following dorsal cervical procedures than ventral procedures. Quantifying the health outcomes and costs associated with infections following dorsal cervical procedures may help to guide treatment strategies to minimize the deleterious consequences of these infections. Therefore, the goals of this study were to determine the cost and QOL outcomes affecting patients who developed deep wound infections following subaxial dorsal cervical spine fusions.

METHODS
The authors identified 22 (4.0%) of 551 patients undergoing dorsal cervical fusions who developed deep wound infections requiring surgical debridement. These patients were individually matched with control patients who did not develop infections. Health outcomes were assessed using the EQ-5D, Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and visual analog scale (VAS). QOL outcome measures were collected preoperatively and after 6 and 12 months. Health resource utilization was recorded from patient electronic medical records over an average follow-up of 18 months. Direct costs were estimated using Medicare national payment amounts, and indirect costs were based on patients' missed workdays and income.

RESULTS
No significant differences in preoperative QOL scores were found between the 2 cohorts. At 6 months postsurgery, the noninfection cohort had significant pre- to postoperative improvement in EQ-5D (p = 0.02), whereas the infection cohort did not (p = 0.2). The noninfection cohort also had a significantly higher 6-month postoperative EQ-5D scores than the infection cohort (p = 0.04). At 1 year postsurgery, there was no significant difference in EQ-5D scores between the groups. Health care–associated costs for the infection cohort were significantly higher ($16,970 vs $7658; p < 0.0001). Indirect costs for the infection cohort and the noninfection cohort were $6495 and $2756, respectively (p = 0.03). Adjusted for inflation, the total costs for the infection cohort were $21,778 compared with $9159 for the noninfection cohort, reflecting an average cost of $12,619 associated with developing a postoperative deep wound infection (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Dorsal cervical infections temporarily decrease patient QOL postoperatively, but with no long-term impact; they do, however, dramatically increase the cost of care. Knowledge of the financial burden of wound infections following dorsal cervical fusion may stimulate the development and use of improved prophylactic and therapeutic techniques to manage this serious complication.
Impact of resident involvement in neurosurgery: an analysis of 8748 patients from the 2011 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database
Authors: Lim Seokchun , Parsa Andrew T. , Kim Bobby D. , Rosenow Joshua M. , Kim John Y. S. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECT
This study evaluates the impact of resident presence in the operating room on postoperative outcomes in neurosurgery.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) and identified all cases treated in a neurosurgery service in 2011. Propensity scoring analysis and multiple logistic regression models were used to reduce patient bias and to assess independent effect of resident involvement.

RESULTS
Of the 8748 neurosurgery cases identified, residents were present in 4529 cases. Residents were more likely to be involved in complex procedures with longer operative duration. The multivariate analysis found that resident involvement was not a statistically significant factor for overall complications (OR 1.116, 95% CI 0.961–1.297), surgical complications (OR 1.132, 95% CI 0.825–1.554), medical complications (OR 1.146, 95% CI 0.979–1.343), reoperation (OR 1.250, 95% CI 0.984–1.589), mortality (OR 1.164, 95% CI 0.780–1.737), or unplanned readmission (OR 1.148, 95% CI 0.946–1.393).

CONCLUSIONS
In this multicenter study, the authors demonstrated that resident involvement in the operating room was not a significant factor for postoperative complications in neurosurgery service. This analysis also showed that much of the observed difference in postoperative complication rates was attributable to other confounding factors. This is a quality indicator for resident trainees and current medical education. Maintaining high standards in postgraduate training is imperative in enhancing patient care and reducing postoperative complications.
Testing the SI × SC rule: Pollen–pistil interactions in interspecific crosses between members of the tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon, Solanaceae)
Authors: Baek You Soon , Covey Paul A. , Petersen Jennifer J. , Chetelat Roger T. , McClure Bruce , Bedinger Patricia A. 
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: Interspecific reproductive barriers (IRBs) act to ensure species integrity by preventing hybridization. Previous studies on interspecific crosses in the tomato clade have focused on the success of fruit and seed set. The SI × SC rule (SI species × SC species crosses are incompatible, but the reciprocal crosses are compatible) often applies to interspecific crosses. Because SI systems in the Solanaceae affect pollen tube growth, we focused on this process in a comprehensive study of interspecific crosses in the tomato clade to test whether the SI × SC rule was always followed.• Methods: Pollen tube growth was assessed in reciprocal crosses between all 13 species of the tomato clade using fluorescence microscopy.• Key results: In crosses between SC and SI species, pollen tube growth follows the SI × SC rule: interspecific pollen tube rejection occurs when SI species are pollinated by SC species, but in the reciprocal crosses (SC × SI), pollen tubes reach ovaries. However, pollen tube rejection occurred in some crosses between pairs of SC species, demonstrating that a fully functional SI system is not necessary for pollen tube rejection in interspecific crosses. Further, gradations in the strength of both pistil and pollen IRBs were revealed in interspecific crosses using SC populations of generally SI species.• Conclusion: The SI × SC rule explains many of the compatibility relations in the tomato clade, but exceptions occur with more recently evolved SC species and accessions, revealing differences in strength of both pistil and pollen IRBs.
Le bassin atlantique : une nouvelle géopolitique des hydrocarbures entre les Amériques et l'Afrique
Authors: Augé Benjamin 
Published: January 2015

Les États bordant l’océan Atlantique (Amérique du Nord et latine, Afrique et Europe) voient depuis quelques années leur relation en matière d’hydrocarbures se modifier en profondeur. L’exploitation intensive des gaz et pétrole de schiste aux États-Unis permet déjà de quasiment stopper toute dépendance pétrolière et gazière vis-à-vis des États du golfe de Guinée en Afrique. Certains de ces producteurs africains comme le Nigeria craignent que la relation politique et sécuritaire avec le gouvernement américain soit de ce fait bouleversée et que la relation bilatérale ne devienne qu’exclusivement économique. De ce fait, ce brut et gaz africains disponibles commencent à davantage trouver preneur en Europe et en Amérique Latine (ainsi que dans certains pays asiatiques comme l’Inde). Ces échanges en hydrocarbures créent de nouveaux réseaux et de nouvelles relations entre certains États de ces blocs qui se connaissaient peu auparavant. D’un point de vue géologique, l’ offshore des États côtiers de l’océan Atlantique, que nous appellerons bassin atlantique, ont de nombreuses similitudes : il y a plusieurs millions d’année ces continents ne formaient qu’un seul et même ensemble. Les compagnies l’ont compris et tentent leur chance de l’autre côté du bassin atlantique lorsqu’une découverte est faite du côté opposé. De nouvelles coopérations entre compagnies et entre États latino-américains et africains sont, ici aussi, en train de se constituer. De nouveaux acteurs vont ainsi entrer en compétition pour contrôler de nouvelles zones et entraîner une nouvelle géopolitique des hydrocarbures que nous nous proposons d’étudier.
Les relations pétrogazières UE-Russie et le débouché chinois. La géopolitique avant le commerce
Authors: Mongrenier Jean-Sylvestre 
Published: January 2015

Le conflit géopolitique autour de l’Ukraine, les risques et menaces sur les exportations de gaz russe à destination de l’Europe et le récent contrat gazier sino-russe (Shanghai, le 20 mai 2014) appellent l’attention sur la relation triangulaire Russie-Europe-Asie. Les autorités européennes (UE) ont voulu dépolitiser la question énergétique mais les dirigeants russes font prévaloir une approche stratégique et géopolitique. En raison de ces interdépendances, Vladimir Poutine cherche à ouvrir de nouveaux débouchés en Asie, afin d’accroître sa latitude d’action en Europe. Si la diplomatie chinoise est d’abord motivée par les besoins énergétiques de son économie, Moscou privilégie la puissance et ses enjeux.
Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Association between Fear of Crime and Higher Body Mass Index
Authors: Kodjebacheva Gergana , Koleilat Maria , Kruger Daniel J. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose. To investigate pathways in the association between fear of crime and obesity. Design. A cross-sectional survey was administered among residents aged 18 years and older across all Census tracts. Setting. Genesee County, Michigan. Subjects. A total of 3192 residents. Measures. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by using the respondents' reported height and weight. Composite fear-of-crime and depressive symptoms scores were calculated by using several survey items. Analysis. Path analysis examined the effects of fear of crime on BMI. Results. Fear of crime was associated with higher BMI. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between fear of crime and BMI (p < .001). Moderate exercise mediated the association between depressive symptoms and BMI (p < .001). Conclusion. Fear of crime was associated with depressive symptoms, which in turn were associated with reduced exercise and subsequently higher BMI.