bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do you mind if I don't smoke? Products, purpose and indeterminacy in US – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes
Authors: BROUDE TOMER , LEVY PHILIP I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe AB Report in US–Clove Cigarettes confirmed the Panel's conclusions that imported clove cigarettes were ‘like’ US menthol cigarettes, and accorded ‘less favourable treatment’ for the purpose of national treatment under Article 2.1 TBT, but it employed significantly different logic. The AB's reasoning extends earlier GATT jurisprudence into the TBT, applying competition-oriented analysis to the question of product definition, while reserving consideration of regulatory purpose to the comparison of treatment. We consider this emphasis from the perspectives of legal and economic indeterminacy, which we find run in parallel to each other. In the particular questions of the appeal, the AB's decisions are sensible from both perspectives, but ultimately do not add significantly to determinacy. We find it impossible to ignore regulatory purpose in discrimination cases, and we provide a novel economic model for analysing regulatory utility in this respect. In our view, there is not much economic difference in analysing regulatory purpose separately from more observable market considerations, but this sequencing does add political logic, analytical focus and formal transparency, all of which may enhance the legitimacy of WTO dispute settlement rulings, although ideally, further specification from the WTO Membership regarding the methodological content of the national treatment discipline would be preferred.
How is economic hardship avoided by those retiring before the Social Security entitlement age?
Authors: MILLIGAN KEVIN 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGovernments around the world are reacting to extended lifespans and troubled pension finances by increasing the age of retirement benefit entitlement. This paper studies those who retire before the age of full pension entitlement in the USA using data drawn from the Health and Retirement Study. The major finding is that four out of five people who have zero earnings at pre-entitlement ages are able to find a way to lift their incomes over the poverty line. For men, pension and annuity income are important while for women, spousal income helps most to get them over the line.
Spirituality in the context of life-threatening illness and life-transforming change
Authors: Young William C. , Nadarajah Sheeba R. , Skeath Perry R. , Berger Ann M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:Individuals with life-threatening illness often engage in some form of spirituality to meet increased needs for meaning and purpose. This study aimed to identify the role of spirituality in persons who had reported positive, life-transforming change in relation to life-threatening cancer or cardiac events, and to connect these roles to palliative and supportive care.Method:A purposive sample of 10 cardiac survivors and 9 cancer survivors was recruited. Once the participants had given informed consent and passed screening in relation to life-transforming change and distress, they engaged in a semistructured one-hour qualitative interview on the theme of how their life-transforming change occurred in the context of their life-threatening illness. In the present article, our phenomenological analysis focuses on participants' references to purpose and meaning in their lives, with particular attention to the role and context of participants' spirituality.Results:Participants mentioned spirituality, meaning, and purpose in many contexts, including connecting with family and friends, nature, art, music, and sometimes creating a relationship with God. Participants often accessed spirituality by enhancing connections in their own lives: with a higher power, people, their work, or themselves. These enhanced connections gave participants greater meaning and purpose in their lives, and substantially helped participants to adjust to their life-threatening illnesses.Significance of results:Understanding the roles and contexts of spirituality among patients with a life-threatening illness allows us to develop better palliative and supportive care plans. Spiritually oriented supportive care may include support groups, yoga, meditation, nature, music, prayer, or referral to spiritual or religious counselors. A quantitative scale is needed to help healthcare clinicians assess the spiritual and coping needs of individuals with life-threatening illness.
Time-resolved double-slit interference pattern measurement with entangled photons
Authors: Kolenderski Piotr , Scarcella Carmelo , Johnsen Kelsey D. , Hamel Deny R. , Holloway Catherine , Shalm Lynden K. , Tisa Simone , Tosi Alberto , Resch Kevin J. , Jennewein Thomas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe double-slit experiment strikingly demonstrates the wave-particle duality of quantum objects. In this famous experiment, particles pass one-by-one through a pair of slits and are detected on a distant screen. A distinct wave-like pattern emerges after many discrete particle impacts as if each particle is passing through both slits and interfering with itself. Here we present a temporally- and spatially-resolved measurement of the double-slit interference pattern using single photons. We send single photons through a birefringent double-slit apparatus and use a linear array of single-photon detectors to observe the developing interference pattern. The analysis of the buildup allows us to compare quantum mechanics and the corpuscular model, which aims to explain the mystery of single-particle interference. Finally, we send one photon from an entangled pair through our double-slit setup and show the dependence of the resulting interference pattern on the twin photon's measured state. Our results provide new insight into the dynamics of the buildup process in the double-slit experiment and can be used as a valuable resource in quantum information applications.
89 GHz zero‐bias Schottky detector for direct detection radiometry in European satellite programme MetOp‐SG
Authors: Hoefle M. , Penirschke A. , Cojocari O. , Decoopman T. , Trier M. , Piironen P. , Périchaud M.G. , Jakoby R. 
Published: April 2014

An 89 GHz waveguide coupled direct detector based on a low‐barrier Schottky diode is presented. The main focus is to reduce white and 1/f noise to achieve high signal‐to‐noise ratio values above 35 dB. The design also addresses the Schottky barrier height deviation over temperature and its compensation within the RF circuit. The fabricated detector is characterised and compared with simulation results, proving a high accuracy level of the design and fabrication process, as well as good knowledge of the applied Schottky diode. The results prove the suitability of the detector to be considered for the second European meteorological operational satellite programme (MetOp‐SG).
High‐performance dual‐layer channel ITO/TZO TFTs fabricated on glass substrate
Authors: Chen Zhuofa , Han Dedong , Zhao Nannan , Cong Yingying , Wu Jing , Dong Junchen , Zhao Feilong , Liu Lifeng , Zhang Shengdong , Zhang Xing , Wang Yi 
Published: April 2014

High‐performance fully transparent bottom‐gate type dual‐layer (ITO/TZO) channel thin‐film transistors (ITO/TZO TFTs) have been successfully fabricated on a glass substrate at low temperature (below 100°C). The results show that dual‐layer channel (ITO/TZO) TFTs, compared to the single channel TZO TFTs and ITO TFTs, exhibit better electrical properties, with a low Ioff of 1.5 × 10−11 A, a high on/off ratio of 5.78 × 107, a high saturation mobility μs of 292 cm2/V·s, a high linear mobility μl of 105.4 cm2/V·s, a steep subthreshold swing of 0.33 V/decade and a threshold voltage Vth of 3.16 V. The results show that excellent device performance can be realised in ITO/TZO TFTs.
Broadband characterisation of engineered dielectric fluids using microstrip ring resonator technique
Authors: Stegeman T. , Pfeiffenberger A.H. , Bailey J.P. , Hamilton M.C. 
Published: April 2014

Characterisation results of the complex permittivity of select dielectric cooling fluids at room temperature and over a broad frequency range found using a low‐loss printed circuit board microstrip ring resonator technique are presented. ANSYS HFSS, a finite‐element full‐wave electromagnetic simulation environment, was used to fit the simulated insertion loss to the calibrated measurements of the microstrip ring resonator in air and submerged in different dielectric fluids. The resulting frequency‐dependent relative permittivity and loss tangent are provided up to 50 GHz for three dielectric cooling fluids: 3M™ Novec™ 649, 3M™ Novec™ HFE‐7100 and 3M™ Fluorinert™ FC‐72.
New power sharing scheme with correlation control for input‐parallel–output‐series‐based interleaved resonant inverters
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Cheng Ka Wai Eric 
Published: April 2014

High‐frequency AC power distribution system reveals more merits than low or medium frequency system. The resonant inverter in series or parallel is commonly used as high‐frequency power source. However, the topology design and control scheme are complicated for high frequency source formed by multiple resonant inverters. In this study, a modified input‐parallel–output‐serial topology with the unified resonant tank is presented to boost output capacity and optimise synchronisation. A small signal‐based control scheme is analysed for power sharing and magnitude control. Besides, a correlation control is adopted for harmonics suppression and efficiency improvement over a wide operating scope. In a word, the proposed topology and control scheme provide high quality output, flexible power capacity and wide operation range. The performance is evaluated by a two‐module prototype with a rated output power of 120 W and output frequency of 25 kHz. The experimental results are accorded with simulation and theoretical analysis.
Zero‐voltage transition bridgeless single‐ended primary inductance converter power factor correction rectifier
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , FarzanehFard Hosein 
Published: April 2014

In this study, a new zero‐voltage transition (ZVT) bridgeless single‐ended primary inductance converter power factor correction converter is introduced. The proposed converter has only two semiconductor elements in the current path at any time. Therefore the conduction losses in this converter are reduced in comparison with conventional SEPIC PFC rectifier. Also, in the proposed converter, ZVT soft switching technique is applied to improve the efficiency. The principle of the operation, design procedure and simulation results are presented. A 450 W prototype of this converter is implemented and the experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique.
Buck converter‐based power supply design for low power light emitting diode lamp lighting
Authors: Singh Bhim , Shrivastava Ashish 
Published: April 2014

This study deals with the analysis and implementation of an HPF (high power factor) single‐stage, single switch buck converter‐based power supply design for an LED (light emitting diode) lamp load of 13 W operated at the universal ac mains. In general purpose lighting applications, a buck converter is a good candidate for power factor correction with low component count and reduced cost. In low‐power lighting, it is a tough task to control the THDi (total harmonic distortion) of ac mains current under the limits of strict international standards such as IEC‐61000‐3‐2 with universal ac mains for class D equipments. In the proposed optocouplerless topology, HPF operation at input ac mains is achieved by operating the buck ac–dc converter in continuous conduction mode. The design, modelling and simulation of the proposed topology are executed using MATLAB‐Simulink and sim‐power system toolboxes. A prototype of the power supply for LED lamp is developed for multiple LEDs connected in series configuration. The efficiency of the proposed LED lamp driver is observed as 83.76% at rated voltage of 220 V and the THD of ac mains current less than 17.27% for a wide range of voltages of 90–270 V.
Hydrothermal synthesis of chain‐like nickel microstructures with enhanced magnetic properties
Authors: Xu Chunju , Wang Yujie , Chen Huiyu , Zhao Guizhe , Liu Yaqing 
Published: April 2014

Novel nickel chains assembled by submicrometre‐sized spheres have been synthesised via a simple hydrothermal approach. Hydrazine was employed as both a ligand and a reducing agent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as the soft template. The nickel products were characterised by means of X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was found that the amount of PVP and its long molecular chains played important roles in the formation of such microchains with a few branches. Magnetic measurement by a vibrating sample magnetometer illustrated that the nickel chains possessed ferromagnetic behaviour and significantly enhanced coercivity of 195 Oe compared with that of the bulk counterpart. The presented hydrothermal process could be adopted to fabricate chain‐like micro/nanostructures of other materials.
Polystyrene microspheres‐templated preparation of hierarchical porous modified red mud with high rhodamine B dye adsorption performance
Authors: Cao Jianliang , Wang Yan , Yan Zhaoli , Li Gaojie 
Published: April 2014

Modified red mud (MRM‐PS) with a hierarchical macroporous–mesoporous structure was prepared via a template synthesis method by using polystyrene (PS) microspheres and waste red mud. The textural and morphology of the as‐prepared MRM‐PS adsorbents were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron micrographs, transmission electron microscopy and N2 sorption techniques. The analysis results revealed a hierarchical macroporous–mesoporous nanoparticle system with high surface area and uniform pore‐size distribution. The results of adsorption performance measurements showed that the rhodamine B adsorption on the prepared MRM‐PS adsorbent was a fast process and the equilibrium was reached in 10 min. What is more, the adsorption capacity of MRM‐PS was found to be 59.37 mg dye·g−1 of adsorbent at 25°C and pH = 1. Thus, utilisation of industrial solid wastes such as red mud for the treatment of wastewater could help in the abatement of environmental pollution, in solving both solid waste disposal and liquid waste problems.
Travelling wave magnetic valveless micropump driven by rotating integrated magnetic arrays
Authors: Ye Weixiang , Zhang Wei , Wang Cheng , Li Wenbin , Yue Zhao , Liu Guohua 
Published: April 2014

A novel magnetic valveless micropump is proposed for microfluidic applications. Two integrated NdFeB permanent magnetic arrays were used to generate a travelling wave on the top wall of the elastic microchannel, and then the liquid particles were transported along with the travelling wave in the microchannel. The characteristics tested at different frequencies demonstrate that the magnetic micropump has a much higher driving efficiency than the piezoelectric micropump with the same saw‐toothed microchannel. By using a low power supply (3.7 V Vp‐p, 185 mW), the magnetic micropump significantly improves the maximum flow rate and back pressure to 184.25 μl/min and 1.28 kPa with the microchannel of 200 µm width.
Preparation and tribological properties of nanoaluminium fluoride as additives to base oil
Authors: Xue Maoquan , Tang Hua , Song Haojie , Li Changsheng 
Published: April 2014

Cubical AlF3 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesised by immersing Ti3AlC2 powders in hydrofluoric acid‐assisted solvothermal reaction. The as‐prepared products are characterised by an X‐ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the AlF3 nanoparticles have a cubical structure and the sizes of nanoparticles are about 100 nm in side length. The tribological properties of cubical AlF3 nanoparticles as a lubrication additive in 100SN base oil were investigated by a UMT‐2 ball‐on‐disc friction and wear tester. The wear scars were measured by a common optical microscope. The results show that under determinate conditions, the friction coefficient of the base oil containing AlF3 nanoparticles is lower than that of pure base oil, and the base oil containing 1 wt% AlF3 samples presented good tribological performance under the load of 15 N. The formation of tribofilm on the rubbing surface could explain the good friction of AlF3 nanoparticles as additives.
Anterior-only Partial Sacrectomy for en bloc Resection of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Roldan Hector , Perez-Orribo Luis F. , Plata-Bello Julio M. , Martin-Malagon Antonio I. , Garcia-Marin Victor M. 
Published: April 2014

Study Design Case report. Objective The usual procedure for partial sacrectomies in locally advanced rectal cancer combines a transabdominal and a posterior sacral route. The posterior approach is flawed with a high rate of complications, especially infections and wound-healing problems. Anterior-only approaches have indirectly been mentioned within long series of rectal cancer surgery. We describe a case of partial sacrectomy for en bloc resection of a locally advanced rectal cancer with invasion of the low sacrum through a combined transabdominal and perineal approach without any posterior incision. Methods Through a midline laparotomy, the tumor was dissected and the sacral osteotomy was performed. Once the sacrum was mobile, the muscular attachments to its posterior wall were cut through the perineal approach. This latter route was also used to remove the whole specimen. Results The postoperative period was uneventful in terms of infection and wound healing, but the patient developed right foot dorsiflexion paresis that completely disappeared in 1 month. Resection margins were negative. After a follow-up of 18 months, the patient has no local recurrence but presented lung and liver metastases. Conclusion In cases of rectal cancer involving the low sacrum, the combination of a transabdominal and a perineal route to carry out the partial sacrectomy is a feasible approach that avoids changes of surgical positioning and the morbidity related to posterior incisions. This strategy should be considered when deciding on undertaking partial sacrectomy in locally advanced rectal cancer.
Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
With the development of a variety of exciting new areas of research involving computational chemistry, nano- and smart materials, and applications of the recently discovered graphene, there can be no doubt that physical chemistry is a vitally important field. It is also perceived as the most daunting branch of chemistry, being grounded in physics and mathematics and drawing on quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and statistical thermodynamics. Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction provides a non-technical insight into the central concepts of the field, and explains its relationship to other branches of chemistry, and its important contributions to our understanding of the natural world.
Microeconomics: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dixit Avinash 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Microeconomics — individuals' choices of where to live and work, how much to save, what to buy, and firms' decisions about location, hiring, firing, and investment — involves issues that concern us on a daily basis. But when people think about economics, they tend to place importance on the bigger picture — macroeconomics — including issues such as unemployment, inflation, and the competitiveness of nations. Microeconomics: A Very Short Introduction argues that the microeconomy has a large impact on the economic world. Using real-life examples from around the world, this VSI provides insights into economics from psychology and sociology to explain economic behaviour and rational choice.
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 Protects Mice against Polymicrobial Sepsis by Enhancing Bacterial Clearance
Authors: Qian XiaoWei , Numata Tomohiro , Zhang Kai , Li CaiXia , Hou JinChao , Mori Yasuo , Fang XiangMing 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background:
Recent studies suggest that the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel plays an important role in inflammation and immune response. However, the role and mechanism of TRPM2 in polymicrobial sepsis remain unclear.

Methods:
The authors explored the effects of genetic disruption of TRPM2 on mortality (n = 15), bacterial clearance (n = 6), organ injury, and systemic inflammation during cecal ligation and puncture–induced sepsis. Electrophysiology, immunoblot, bacterial clearance experiment, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to explore the role and mechanism of TRPM2 in sepsis.

Results:
After cecal ligation and puncture, Trpm2-knockout mice had increased mortality compared with wild-type mice (73.3 vs. 40%, P = 0.0289). The increased mortality was associated with increased bacterial burden, organ injury, and systemic inflammation. TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ influx plays an important role in lipopolysaccharide or cecal ligation and puncture–induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in macrophage. HO-1 up-regulation decreased bacterial burden both in wild-type bone marrow–derived macrophages and in cecal ligation and puncture–induced septic wild-type mice. Disruption of TRPM2 decreased HO-1 expression and increased bacterial burden in bone marrow–derived macrophages. Pretreatment of Trpm2-knockout bone marrow–derived macrophages with HO-1 inducer markedly increased HO-1 expression and decreased bacterial burden. Pretreatment of Trpm2-knockout mice with HO-1 inducer reversed the susceptibility of Trpm2-knockout mice to sepsis by enhancing the bacterial clearance. In addition, septic patients with lower monocytic TRPM2 and HO-1 messenger RNA levels had a worse outcome compared with septic patients with normal monocytic TRPM2 and HO-1 messenger RNA levels. TRPM2 levels correlated with HO-1 levels in septic patients (r = 0.675, P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
The study data demonstrate a protective role of TRPM2 in controlling bacterial clearance during polymicrobial sepsis possibly by regulating HO-1 expression.