bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review on Pharmacologically Active Metabolites from Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), an Epitome of Himalayan Elixir
Authors: Shrestha S , Shrestha AK , Park JH , Lee DY , Cho JG , Shrestha B , Baek NI 
Published: May 2014

Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sung et al.) is a well-known entomogenous fungus native to alpine nival terrain of trans-Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. The traditional use of O. sinensis in Ayurvedic medicine as well as in traditional Chinese medicine for range of human health requirements with well documented evidences are themselves testimony of its value. It is regarded as winter worm, summer grass due to its association with Thitarodes (Hepialus) larvae. The extremities of habitat condition and endurance of fungus to sustain adversaries by production of metabolites has led to unique profile of metabolites including nucleosides, proteins and nitrogenous compounds, polysaccharides, sterols, fatty acids and their derivatives, as well as some vitamins and inorganics. There are wide ranges of biological activities that have been reported from O. sinensis including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, insecticidal, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycemic, antiageing, lipolytic, neuroprotective, renoprotective effects, etc. Although several components can be responsible for activity of compounds, understanding ultimate compounds which fit with biomolecular target is crucial to combat diseases and development of new class of effective drugs. In this review a concise evaluation of pharmacological activities of metabolites reported for O. sinensis are done to provide insight into its biologically active components. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10415 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 49-58
On-Farm Evaluations of Reduced Input Fungicide Programs in Peanut Fields with Low, Moderate, or High Levels of Disease Risk
Authors: Woodward J. E. , Brenneman T. B. , Kemerait R. C. , Culbreath A. K. , Smith N. B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
In 2003, 2004, and 2005 standard and reduced input fungicide programs were evaluated throughout the peanut production region of Georgia for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), and southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii). Disease risk was determined for each field based on the cultural practices implemented and ranged from low to high. Six to eight fungicide applications were made in the standard programs, versus three to six applications in reduced programs. Leaf spot ratings were higher for the reduced programs in five of the fourteen trials with substantial defoliation occurring in one trial. Overall, southern stem rot control for the reduced programs was equal to or better than that for the standard program, which could be attributed to the differences in fungicide selection or timing. Pod yields for the reduced programs were equal to or greater than the standard programs in all but one trial. Net returns were higher for the reduced programs in half of the trials; however, the reduced program resulted in lower net returns in one trial in 2004. Our results indicate that reduced input fungicide programs can be used to adequately manage fungal diseases of peanut without compromising yield or profitability, and that the use of cultivars with moderate levels of disease resistance may enhance disease control.
Environmental considerations of low-temperature drilling fluids
Authors: Talalay Pavel , Hu Zhengyi , Xu Huiwen , Yu Dahui , Han Lili , Han Junjie , Wang Lili 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe introduction of low-temperature fluid into boreholes drilled in ice sheets helps to remove drilling cuttings and to prevent borehole closure through visco-plastic deformation. Only special fluids, or mixtures of fluids, can satisfy the very strict criteria for deep drilling in cold ice. The effects of drilling fluid on the natural environment are analyzed from the following points of view: (1) occupational safety and health; (2) ozone depletion and global warming; (3) chemical pollution; and (4) biological pollution. Traditional low-temperature drilling fluids (kerosene-based fluids with density additives, ethanol and n-butyl acetate) cannot be qualified as intelligent choices from the safety, environmental and technological standpoints. This paper introduces a new type of low-temperature drilling fluid composed of synthetic ESTISOLTM esters, which are non-hazardous substances. ESTISOLTM 140 mixtures with ESTISOLTM 165 or ESTISOLTM F2887 have an acceptable density and viscosity at low temperature. To avoid the potential for biological contamination of the subglacial environment, the borehole drilling fluid should be treated carefully on the surface.
Identifying flowlines and limitations of flux analyses in the interior of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Fudge T.J. , Conway H. , Catania G. , Blankenship D.D. , Christianson K. , Joughin I. , Smith B. , Kempf S.D. , Young D.A. , Anandakrishnan S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPatterns in radar-detected internal layers in glaciers and ice streams can be tracked hundreds of kilometers downstream. We use distinctive patterns to delineate flowbands of Thwaites Glacier in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica. Flowbands contain information for the past century to millennium, the approximate time for ice to flow through the study region. GPS-detected flow directions (acquired in 2007/08) agree within uncertainty (~4°) with the radar-detected flowlines, indicating that the flow direction has not changed significantly in recent centuries. In contrast, InSAR-detected directions (from 1996) differ from the radar- and GPS-detected flowlines in all but the middle tributary, indicating caution is needed when using InSAR velocities to define flow directions. There is agreement between all three datasets in the middle tributary. We use two radar-detected flowlines to define a 95 km long flowband and perform a flux balance analysis using InSAR-derived velocities, radar-detected ice thickness, and estimates of the accumulation rate. Inferred thinning of 0.49 ± 0.34 m a–1 is consistent with satellite altimetry measurements, but has higher uncertainty due mainly to the velocity uncertainty. The uncertainty is underestimated because InSAR velocities often differ from GPS velocities by more than the stated uncertainties.
An automatic approach to delineate the cold–temperate transition surface with ground-penetrating radar on polythermal glaciers
Authors: Schannwell Clemens , Murray Tavi , Kulessa Bernd , Gusmeroli Alessio , Saintenoy Albane , Jansson Peter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGround-penetrating radar has been widely used to map the thermal structure of polythermal glaciers. Hitherto, the cold–temperate transition surface (CTS) in radargrams has been identified by a labour-intensive and subjective manual picking method. We introduce a new automatic approach for picking the CTS that uses the difference in signal power exhibited by the cold and temperate ice layers. We compare our automatically computed CTS depths with manual picks. Our results show very good agreement between the two methods in most areas (r2 > 0.7). RMSEs computed at each trace in two-way travel-time from three test sites range from 14 to 19ns (2.4–3.2 m). The proposed automated method mostly fails in areas showing a rather gradual transition in signal power at the CTS. In some areas, high power originating from non-water sources is misinterpreted by the automatic picking method as ‘temperate ice’.
Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records
Authors: Schöpe L. , Knaup P. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIntroduction: This editorial is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records”.Background: To increase efficiency in the health care of the future, data from innovative technology like it is used for ambient assisted living (AAL) or smart homes should be available for individual health decisions. Integrating and aggregating data from different medical devices and health records enables a comprehensive view on health data.Objectives: The objective of this paper is to present examples of the state of the art in research on information management that leads to a sustainable use and long-term storage of health data provided by innovative assistive technologies in daily living.Results: Current research deals with the perceived usefulness of sensor data, the participatory design of visual displays for presenting monitoring data, and communication architectures for integrating sensor data from home health care environments with health care providers either via a regional health record bank or via a telemedical center.Conclusions: Integrating data from AAL systems and smart homes with data from electronic patient or health records is still in an early stage. Several projects are in an advanced conceptual phase, some of them exploring feasibility with the help of prototypes. General comprehensive solutions are hardly available and should become a major issue of medical informatics research in the near future.
Les territoires réinventés du football mondialisé
Authors: Lestrelin Ludovic 
Published: May 2014

Le football semble s’être émancipé de ses bases locales et nationales. Joueurs, images, capitaux circulent à l’échelle mondiale, construisant un marché globalisé alimenté par de multiples produits dérivés, compétitions hors-sol et autres tournées promotionnelles de grands clubs dont les soutiens ne se réduisent plus aux seuls supporters locaux. Le phénomène des « supporters à distance », qui témoigne de modalités renouvelées de construction des sentiments d’appartenance, ne doit cependant pas s’analyser sous le signe du désencastrement spatial. Les pratiques de ces supporters révèlent en effet l’importance des lieux associés au club soutenu, en particulier son stade où ils côtoient des supporters locaux qui sont tout à la fois en première ligne dans la promotion de l’identité locale du club et dans les mobilisations pour défendre son ancrage spatial.
Quand le foot-business fait son grand projet inutile et imposé : le cas d'OL Land
Authors: Binctin Barnabé 
Published: May 2014

Si le football est parfois considéré comme un miroir sociologique des sociétés contemporaines, la construction des équipements afférents répond, elle, à la tendance actuelle de nos politiques publiques au développement des Grands Projets Inutiles Imposés (GPII). À Lyon, le cas d’« OL Land », aux finalités largement extra-sportives, semble à cet égard l’illustration parfaite d’un projet d’infrastructure aussi contre-productif que superfétatoire. Tant dans le montage du projet que dans son financement, l’instrumentalisation du fait sportif dissimule mal les enjeux d’une opération économique incertaine au profit de quelques intérêts privés locaux. S’appuyant sur la définition des GPII proposée dans la Charte de Tunis élaborée lors du dernier Forum social mondial, Barnabé Binctin démontre ici l’inutilité socio-économique et les dangers environnementaux du projet OL Land. Il interroge aussi les moyens de la résistance – qui puise abondamment dans le registre d’action de la désobéissance civile – dont l’organisation, parfois éparpillée, témoigne des difficultés de la convergence des luttes.
Est-ce la fin du mouvement ultra en France ?
Authors: Ginhoux Bérangère 
Published: May 2014

Le supportérisme ultra, considéré désormais comme une forme de « délinquance des stades », apparaît à l’opposé du modèle de supportérisme souhaité dans l’organisation des championnats nationaux ou dans le cadre des manifestations internationales telles que la Coupe du monde. Bérangère Ginhoux décrit dans cet article le monde social spécifique des supporters ultras en France (composition, culture, fonctionnement) et interroge la manière dont ces supporters font face au développement d’un football business dont ils sont exclus.
Supporters ou révolutionnaires ? Les ultras du Caire
Authors: Allal Amin 
Published: May 2014

Qui sont ces masses bravant les ordres autoritaires dans plusieurs pays arabes lors de l’hiver 2011 ? À la faveur d’une explication simpliste et exclusive, deux figures concurrentes se sont imposées dans les médias : d’une part, le révolutionnaire Facebook ou Twitter, cet archétype de la classe moyenne éduquée, pacifiste et moderne qui use utilement des nouvelles technologies de l’information. Et d’autre part, le supporter ultra, ce représentant des classes laborieuses, qui affronte dans la rue les forces de l’ordre, les représentants du régime honni. Ce schéma binaire et réducteur est à bien des égards insatisfaisant. Concernant plus particulièrement la figure des ultras, les commentateurs ont souvent surdéterminé la portée politique de leurs actes. La confusion à leur propos a alimenté l’image d’un lumpen prolétariat aguerri et révolutionnaire, sorte d’avant-garde qui ne dit pas son nom. Céline Lebrun, sociologue travaillant sur les ultras du Caire, nous aide ici à comprendre aussi bien les ressorts de leur engagement dans les affrontements contre la police que leur recul conservateur sur des questions identitaires.
Être (bien) payé pour parler foot
Authors: de La Porte Xavier 
Published: May 2014

Le foot professionnel n’existerait pas sans la télévision. Les chaînes de télé, qui dépensent des fortunes pour avoir la possibilité de diffuser les matchs jouent en effet un rôle clef dans l’économie des clubs et des ligues. En retour, elles espèrent attirer annonceurs et abonnés en offrant une couverture aussi exhaustive que possible des compétitions nationales et internationales. Mais les matchs ne suffisent pas (ou plus). Les émissions sur le foot se multiplient, et on parle foot du matin au soir, dans des émissions dédiées comme dans des programmes d’actualité ou de culture. Cette profusion de la parole pourrait, a priori, s’accompagner d’une grande liberté de ton et offrir des espaces pour des analyses distanciées, pour des mises en perspectives historiques, voire pour des propos humoristiques ou satiriques, en mobilisant des passionnés de foot. La réalité est pourtant bien plus complexe – ou plus pauvre et monocorde, comme l’atteste Xavier de La Porte, ancien chroniqueur « sport » (c’est-à-dire foot) sur Canal Plus .
Brésil, Turquie : leçons de juin
Authors: Coutrot Thomas 
Published: May 2014

Les pays émergents sont rattrapés par la crise mondiale. Fuite des capitaux, chute des bourses et des monnaies : le tournant annoncé de la Fed, la banque centrale états-unienne, vers une politique monétaire moins laxiste, et l’anticipation d’une hausse des taux d’intérêt américains, ont déclenché à l’été 2013 puis à nouveau l’hiver 2014 de fortes turbulences sur les marchés financiers indiens, sud-africains, brésiliens, turcs... Pendant ce temps la bulle financière continue à enfler à Wall Street et en Europe où les indices boursiers ont dépassé les sommets atteints en octobre 2007, ce qui ne laisse d’ailleurs rien présager de bon. Une tornade financière globale pourrait bien éclater à nouveau d’ici quelque temps. Mais dans l’économie réelle, le ralentissement général de la croissance des émergents est déjà sensible depuis deux ans, soulignant les fondements précaires de leurs modèles de croissance. Plus significatifs que les hoquets de la finance, les grands mouvements sociaux qu’ont connus le Brésil et la Turquie en juin dernier ont mis à nu les limites de ces modèles. Les manifestants du Passe Livre et du parc Gezi s’en sont pris aux grands projets inutiles et coûteux qui ont soutenu dans les deux pays une croissance inégalitaire et instable désormais à bout de souffle.
Exosomes Derived from Burkitt’s Lymphoma Cell Lines Induce Proliferation, Differentiation, and Class-Switch Recombination in B Cells
Authors: Gutzeit Cindy , Nagy Noemi , Gentile Maurizio , Lyberg Katarina , Gumz Janine , Vallhov Helen , Puga Irene , Klein Eva , Gabrielsson Susanne , Cerutti Andrea , Scheynius Annika 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized membrane vesicles, are released by various cells and are found in many human body fluids. They are active players in intercellular communication and have immune-suppressive, immune-regulatory, and immune-stimulatory functions. EBV is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with various lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV infection of B cells in vitro induces the release of exosomes that harbor the viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 per se mimics CD40 signaling and induces proliferation of B lymphocytes and T cell–independent class-switch recombination. Constitutive LMP1 signaling within B cells is blunted through the shedding of LMP1 via exosomes. In this study, we investigated the functional effect of exosomes derived from the DG75 Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line and its sublines (LMP1 transfected and EBV infected), with the hypothesis that they might mimic exosomes released during EBV-associated diseases. We show that exosomes released during primary EBV infection of B cells harbored LMP1, and similar levels were detected in exosomes from LMP1-transfected DG75 cells. DG75 exosomes efficiently bound to human B cells within PBMCs and were internalized by isolated B cells. In turn, this led to proliferation, induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, and the production of circle and germline transcripts for IgG1 in B cells. Finally, exosomes harboring LMP1 enhanced proliferation and drove B cell differentiation toward a plasmablast-like phenotype. In conclusion, our results suggest that exosomes released from EBV-infected B cells have a stimulatory capacity and interfere with the fate of human B cells.
Lymphopenia Associated with Highly Virulent H5N1 Virus Infection Due to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell–Mediated Apoptosis of T Cells
Authors: Boonnak Kobporn , Vogel Leatrice , Feldmann Friederike , Feldmann Heinz , Legge Kevin L. , Subbarao Kanta 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Although lymphopenia is a hallmark of severe infection with highly pathogenic H5N1 and the newly emerged H7N9 influenza viruses in humans, the mechanism(s) by which lethal H5N1 viruses cause lymphopenia in mammalian hosts remains poorly understood. Because influenza-specific T cell responses are initiated in the lung draining lymph nodes (LNs), and lymphocytes subsequently traffic to the lungs or peripheral circulation, we compared the immune responses in the lung draining LNs postinfection with a lethal A/HK/483/97 or nonlethal A/HK/486/97 (H5N1) virus in a mouse model. We found that lethal H5N1, but not nonlethal H5N1, virus infection in mice enhances Fas ligand (FasL) expression on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), resulting in apoptosis of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells via a Fas-FasL–mediated pathway. We also found that pDCs, but not other DC subsets, preferentially accumulate in the lung draining LNs of lethal H5N1 virus–infected mice, and that the induction of FasL expression on pDCs correlates with high levels of IL-12p40 monomer/homodimer in the lung draining LNs. Our data suggest that one of the mechanisms of lymphopenia associated with lethal H5N1 virus infection involves a deleterious role for pDCs.
Targeting Antigens through Blood Dendritic Cell Antigen 2 on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Promotes Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Chappell Craig P. , Giltiay Natalia V. , Draves Kevin E. , Chen ChangHung , Hayden-Ledbetter Martha S. , Shlomchik Mark J. , Kaplan Daniel H. , Clark Edward A. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor blood dendritic cell Ag 2 (BDCA2) is expressed exclusively on human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and plays a role in Ag capture, internalization, and presentation to T cells. We used transgenic mice that express human BDCA2 and anti-BDCA2 mAbs to deliver Ags directly to BDCA2 on pDCs in vivo. Targeting Ag to pDCs in this manner resulted in significant suppression of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell and Ab responses upon secondary exposure to Ag in the presence of adjuvant. Suppression of Ab responses required both a decrease in effector CD4+ T cells and preservation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Reduction in Treg numbers following Ag delivery to BDCA2 restored both CD4+ T cell activation and Ab responses, demonstrating that Tregs were required for the observed tolerance. Our results demonstrate that Ag delivery to pDCs through BDCA2 is an effective method to induce immunological tolerance, which may be useful for treating autoimmune diseases or to inhibit unwanted Ab responses.
mTOR Signaling Inhibition Modulates Macrophage/Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Secondary Injury via Regulatory T Cells after Focal Ischemia
Authors: Xie Luokun , Sun Fen , Wang Jixian , Mao XiaoOu , Xie Lin , Yang Shao-Hua , Su Dong-Ming , Simpkins James W. , Greenberg David A. , Jin Kunlin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Signaling by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role and underlying mechanism of mTOR signaling in poststroke neuroinflammation are largely unexplored. In this study, we injected rapamycin, a mTOR inhibitor, by the intracerebroventricular route 6 h after focal ischemic stroke in rats. We found that rapamycin significantly reduced lesion volume and improved behavioral deficits. Notably, infiltration of γδ T cells and granulocytes, which are detrimental to the ischemic brain, was profoundly reduced after rapamycin treatment, as was the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages and microglia. Rapamycin treatment prevented brain macrophage polarization toward the M1 type. In addition, we also found that rapamycin significantly enhanced anti-inflammation activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages and microglia. Depletion of Tregs partially elevated macrophage/microglia-induced neuroinflammation after stroke. Our data suggest that rapamycin can attenuate secondary injury and motor deficits after focal ischemia by enhancing the anti-inflammation activity of Tregs to restrain poststroke neuroinflammation.
Factors that influence contraceptive use amongst women in Vanga health district, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Izale Kangale , Govender Indiran , Fina Jean-Pierre L. , Tumbo John 
Published: May 2014

Background: Contraception is often necessary in order to plan for children and without it there is a risk of unplanned pregnancies. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this often results in abortions by untrained persons with resultant morbidity and mortality. Aim: To investigate the factors that influence contraceptive use amongst women of childbearing age in the Vanga health zone. Methods: Cross-sectional survey using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results: Of the 384 women recruited, a majority (46.1%) were in the 31–40 year age group;52% had reached primary school and 88% did not have formal employment. One hundredand forty of the participants reported current use of contraception, with 60% of them using modern methods of contraception; 36.1% of them had begun using contraception before the age of 20; and the most common methods were oral contraceptive pills and injection, each accounting for 22.9%. There was variation in the duration of contraceptive use and the main reason for using contraception was to space children. Of the participants, 20.7% had been using contraception for more than two years. Seventy-seven (31.5%) of the women reported they did not use contraception because of a fear of side effects. Forty-four (18%) reported that they are unable to afford contraception, 38 (15.6%) had husbands who disapproved of contraceptive usage, 26 (10.6%) had a fear of infertility, 18 (7.4%) practised a religion that did not allow them to use contraception and 12 of the women (4.9%) did not use contraception because it was unavailable to them. Conclusion: Barriers to contraception in our study were fears of side effects and infertility, cost, male partner’s objection, unavailability of contraception and religious beliefs.