bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 The Bones of the Ancestors as Inalienable Possessions: A Bioarchaeologial Persepctive
Authors: Novotny Anna C. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAncient Maya mortuary practices provide crucial insight into how communities created and reproduced social memory and identity. In this chapter, I critically evaluate the concept of inalienable possessions in relationship to tomb contents, with particular focus on the body of the deceased and burial location. The concept of inalienability is evaluated using ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts of Maya worldview and archaeological data from the Chan site, an ancient Maya farming community in west central Belize. The concept of inalienable possessions is a potentially useful heuristic for understanding the mechanisms by which social memory was created through materials placed in tombs.
7 The Inalienability of Jades in Mesoamerica
Authors: Kovacevich Brigitte 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe rarity of jade as well as its hardness, durability, and sacred color gave it a value incomparable to other materials in Mesoamerica. The labor investment of the crafter, the esoteric knowledge used to create the objects, and the identity of the possessor(s) all contributed to the legacy of jades as inalienable possessions. Jades were gifted, displayed, interred, and even destroyed in honor of the history, memory, prestige, and identity of the object and of the possessor, which were mutually constituted. Jades that were once thought to simply legitimate the elite prestige may have had nested social meanings, and the concept of inalienable possessions can help us to understand that complexity.
Warped functional analysis of variance
Authors: Gervini Daniel , Carter Patrick A. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis article presents an Analysis of Variance model for functional data that explicitly incorporates phase variability through a time‐warping component, allowing for a unified approach to estimation and inference in presence of amplitude and time variability. The focus is on single‐random‐factor models but the approach can be easily generalized to more complex ANOVA models. The behavior of the estimators is studied by simulation, and an application to the analysis of growth curves of flour beetles is presented. Although the model assumes a smooth latent process behind the observed trajectories, smootheness of the observed data is not required; the method can be applied to irregular time grids, which are common in longitudinal studies.
Estimating peer effects in longitudinal dyadic data using instrumental variables
Authors: O'Malley A. James , Elwert Felix , Rosenquist J. Niels , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Christakis Nicholas A. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe identification of causal peer effects (also known as social contagion or induction) from observational data in social networks is challenged by two distinct sources of bias: latent homophily and unobserved confounding. In this paper, we investigate how causal peer effects of traits and behaviors can be identified using genes (or other structurally isomorphic variables) as instrumental variables (IV) in a large set of data generating models with homophily and confounding. We use directed acyclic graphs to represent these models and employ multiple IV strategies and report three main identification results. First, using a single fixed gene (or allele) as an IV will generally fail to identify peer effects if the gene affects past values of the treatment. Second, multiple fixed genes/alleles, or, more promisingly, time‐varying gene expression, can identify peer effects if we instrument exclusion violations as well as the focal treatment. Third, we show that IV identification of peer effects remains possible even under multiple complications often regarded as lethal for IV identification of intra‐individual effects, such as pleiotropy on observables and unobservables, homophily on past phenotype, past and ongoing homophily on genotype, inter‐phenotype peer effects, population stratification, gene expression that is endogenous to past phenotype and past gene expression, and others. We apply our identification results to estimating peer effects of body mass index (BMI) among friends and spouses in the Framingham Heart Study. Results suggest a positive causal peer effect of BMI between friends.
Probability‐enhanced sufficient dimension reduction for binary classification
Authors: Shin Seung Jun , Wu Yichao , Zhang Hao Helen , Liu Yufeng 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIn high‐dimensional data analysis, it is of primary interest to reduce the data dimensionality without loss of information. Sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) arises in this context, and many successful SDR methods have been developed since the introduction of sliced inverse regression (SIR) [Li (1991)Journal of the American Statistical Association86, 316–327]. Despite their fast progress, though, most existing methods target on regression problems with a continuous response. For binary classification problems, SIR suffers the limitation of estimating at most one direction since only two slices are available. In this article, we develop a new and flexible probability‐enhanced SDR method for binary classification problems by using the weighted support vector machine (WSVM). The key idea is to slice the data based on conditional class probabilities of observations rather than their binary responses. We first show that the central subspace based on the conditional class probability is the same as that based on the binary response. This important result justifies the proposed slicing scheme from a theoretical perspective and assures no information loss. In practice, the true conditional class probability is generally not available, and the problem of probability estimation can be challenging for data with large‐dimensional inputs. We observe that, in order to implement the new slicing scheme, one does not need exact probability values and the only required information is the relative order of probability values. Motivated by this fact, our new SDR procedure bypasses the probability estimation step and employs the WSVM to directly estimate the order of probability values, based on which the slicing is performed. The performance of the proposed probability‐enhanced SDR scheme is evaluated by both simulated and real data examples.
Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze
Authors: Antcliffe Jonathan B. , Callow Richard H. T. , Brasier Martin D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTwenty candidate fossils with claim to be the oldest representative of thePhylumPorifera have been re‐analysed. Three criteria are used to assess each candidate: (i) the diagnostic criteria needed to categorize sponges in the fossil record; (ii) the presence, or absence, of such diagnostic features in the putative poriferan fossils; and (iii) the age constraints for the candidate fossils. All three criteria are critical to the correct interpretation of any fossil and its placement within an evolutionary context. Our analysis shows that noPrecambrian fossil candidate yet satisfies all three of these criteria to be a reliable sponge fossil. The oldest widely accepted candidate,Mongolian silica hexacts fromc. 545 million years ago (Ma), are here shown to be cruciform arsenopyrite crystals. The oldest reliable sponge remains are siliceous spicules from the basalCambrian (Protohertzina anabaricaZone)SoltaniehFormation,Iran, which are described and analysed here in detail for the first time. Extensive archaeocyathan sponge reefs emerge and radiate as late as the middle of theFortunianStage of theCambrian and demonstrate a gradual assembly of their skeletal structure through this time coincident with the evolution of other metazoan groups. Since thePorifera are basal in theMetazoa, their presence within the lateProterozoic has been widely anticipated. Molecular clock calibration for the earliestPorifera andMetazoa should now be based on theIranian hexactinellid material dated toc. 535 Ma. The earliest convincing fossil sponge remains appeared at around the time of thePrecambrian‐Cambrian boundary, associated with the great radiation events of that interval.
“Helping” Versus “Being a Helper”: Invoking the Self to Increase Helping in Young Children
Authors: Bryan Christopher J. , Master Allison , Walton Gregory M. 
Published: April 2014

Can a subtle linguistic cue that invokes the self motivate children to help? In two experiments, 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children (N = 149) were exposed to the idea of “being a helper” (noun condition) or “helping” (verb condition). Noun wording fosters the perception that a behavior reflects an identity—the kind of person one is. Both when children interacted with an adult who referenced “being a helper” or “helping” () and with a new adult (), children in the noun condition helped significantly more across four tasks than children in the verb condition or a baseline control condition. The results demonstrate that children are motivated to pursue a positive identity. Moreover, this motivation can be leveraged to encourage prosocial behavior.
Early Communicative Gestures Prospectively Predict Language Development and Executive Function in Early Childhood
Authors: Kuhn Laura J. , Willoughby Michael T. , Wilbourn Makeba Parramore , Vernon‐Feagans Lynne , Blair Clancy B. ,   The Family Life Project Key Investigators
Published: April 2014

Using an epidemiological sample (N = 1,117) and a prospective longitudinal design, this study tested the direct and indirect effects of preverbal and verbal communication (15 months to 3 years) on executive function (EF) at age 4 years. Results indicated that whereas gestures (15 months), as well as language (2 and 3 years), were correlated with later EF (φs ≥ .44), the effect was entirely mediated through later language. In contrast, language had significant direct and indirect effects on later EF. Exploratory analyses indicated that the pattern of results was comparable for low‐ and not‐low‐income families. The results were consistent with theoretical accounts of language as a precursor of EF ability, and highlighted gesture as an early indicator of EF.
The gut microbiota and its role in the development of allergic disease: a wider perspective
Authors: West C. E. , Jenmalm M. C. , Prescott S. L. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe gut microbiota are critical in the homoeostasis of multiple interconnected host metabolic and immune networks. If early microbial colonization is delayed, the gut‐associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) fail to develop, leading to persistent immune dysregulation in mice. Microbial colonization has also been proposed as a major driver for the normal age‐related maturation of both Th1 and T regulatory (Treg) pathways that appear important in suppressing early propensity for Th2 allergic responses. There is emerging evidence that resident symbionts induce tolerogenic gut‐associated Treg cells and dendritic cells that ensure the preferential growth of symbionts; keeping pathogenic strains in check and constraining proinflammatory Th1, Th2, and Th17 clones. Some effects of symbionts are mediated by short‐chain fatty acids, which play a critical role in mucosal integrity and local and systemic metabolic function and stimulate the regulatory immune responses. The homoeostatic IL‐10/TGF‐β dominated tolerogenic response within the GALT also signals the production of secretory IgA, which have a regulating role in mucosal integrity. Contrary to the ‘sterile womb’ paradigm, recent studies suggest that maternal microbial transfer to the offspring begins during pregnancy, providing a pioneer microbiome. It is likely that appropriate microbial stimulation both pre‐ and postnatally is required for optimal Th1 and Treg development to avoid the pathophysiological processes leading to allergy. Disturbed gut colonization patterns have been associated with allergic disease, but whether microbial variation is the cause or effect of these diseases is still under investigation. We are far from understanding what constitutes a ‘healthy gut microbiome’ that promotes tolerance. This remains a major limitation and might explain some of the inconsistency in human intervention studies with prebiotics and probiotics. Multidisciplinary integrative approaches with researchers working in networks, using harmonized outcomes and methodologies, are needed to advance our understanding in this field.
Two Hundred Years of Local Avian Extinctions in Eastern Amazonia
Authors: MOURA NÁRGILA G. , LEES ALEXANDER C. , ALEIXO ALEXANDRE , BARLOW JOS , DANTAS SIDNEI M. , FERREIRA JOICE , LIMA MARIA DE FÁTIMA C. , GARDNER TOBY A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLocal, regional, and global extinctions caused by habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation have been widely reported for the tropics. The patterns and drivers of this loss of species are now increasingly well known in Amazonia, but there remains a significant gap in understanding of long‐term trends in species persistence and extinction in anthropogenic landscapes. Such a historical perspective is critical for understanding the status and trends of extant biodiversity as well as for identifying priorities to halt further losses. Using extensive historical data sets of specimen records and results of contemporary surveys, we searched for evidence of local extinctions of a terra firma rainforest avifauna over 200 years in a 2500 km2 eastern Amazonian region around the Brazilian city of Belém. This region has the longest history of ornithological fieldwork in the entire Amazon basin and lies in the highly threatened Belém Centre of Endemism. We also compared our historically inferred extinction events with extensive data on species occurrences in a sample of catchments in a nearby municipality (Paragominas) that encompass a gradient of past forest loss. We found evidence for the possible extinction of 47 species (14% of the regional species pool) that were unreported from 1980 to 2013 (80% last recorded between 1900 and 1980). Seventeen species appear on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and many of these are large‐bodied. The species lost from the region immediately around Belém are similar to those which are currently restricted to well‐forested catchments in Paragominas. Although we anticipate the future rediscovery or recolonization of some species inferred to be extinct by our calculations, we also expect that there are likely to be additional local extinctions, not reported here, given the ongoing loss and degradation of remaining areas of native vegetation across eastern Amazonia.Doscientos Años de Extinciones Locales de Aves en la Amazonia Oriental
Seventy‐One Important Questions for the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity
Authors: PARSONS E. C. M. , FAVARO BRETT , AGUIRRE A. ALONSO , BAUER AMY L. , BLIGHT LOUISE K. , CIGLIANO JOHN A. , COLEMAN MELINDA A. , CÔTÉ ISABELLE M. , DRAHEIM MEGAN , FLETCHER STEPHEN , FOLEY MELISSA M. , JEFFERSON REBECCA , JONES MIRANDA C. , KELAHER BRENDAN P. , LUNDQUIST CAROLYN J. , MCCARTHY JULIE‐BETH , NELSON ANNE , PATTERSON KATHERYN , WALSH LESLIE , WRIGHT ANDREW J. , SUTHERLAND WILLIAM J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe ocean provides food, economic activity, and cultural value for a large proportion of humanity. Our knowledge of marine ecosystems lags behind that of terrestrial ecosystems, limiting effective protection of marine resources. We describe the outcome of 2 workshops in 2011 and 2012 to establish a list of important questions, which, if answered, would substantially improve our ability to conserve and manage the world's marine resources. Participants included individuals from academia, government, and nongovernment organizations with broad experience across disciplines, marine ecosystems, and countries that vary in levels of development. Contributors from the fields of science, conservation, industry, and government submitted questions to our workshops, which we distilled into a list of priority research questions. Through this process, we identified 71 key questions. We grouped these into 8 subject categories, each pertaining to a broad component of marine conservation: fisheries, climate change, other anthropogenic threats, ecosystems, marine citizenship, policy, societal and cultural considerations, and scientific enterprise. Our questions address many issues that are specific to marine conservation, and will serve as a road map to funders and researchers to develop programs that can greatly benefit marine conservation.Setenta y Un Preguntas Importantes para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina
Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes
Authors: BODIN ÖRJAN , CRONA BEATRICE , THYRESSON MATILDA , GOLZ ANNA‐LEA , TENGÖ MARIA 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHow to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social‐ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social‐ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social‐ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social‐ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors’ positions in the web of social‐ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social‐ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors’ varying rights to access and use different ecological resources.El Éxito de la Conservación como Función de una Buena Alineación de Estructuras y Procesos Sociales y Ecológicos
Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning
Authors: CORNU ELODIE LE , KITTINGER JOHN N. , KOEHN J. ZACHARY , FINKBEINER ELENA M. , CROWDER LARRY B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCoastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes.La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica
To Be or Not To Be: The Existential Issue for National Governance Bundles
Authors: Millar Carla C.J.M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeConceptualResearch Question/IssueThe article addresses the issue of whether governance bundles which include both formal and informal governance mechanisms should be classified and compared on the basis of national identity.Research Findings/InsightsThe governance bundle affecting each firm has formal components which are frequently based on national legislation, but also includes social and moral dimensions, and behavior in words and action that may differ widely within nations and may derive from relationships with firms and communities in other countries or even globally; only the formal component of the governance bundle may be national. The development of governance bundles is a long‐term process that reflects the culture and ethical demands of the societies in which companies operate; formal institutions and laws develop and are respected – or not – in light of how informal governance mechanisms create the behavior in society. The continued existence of a mixture of familiar and different governance mechanisms in emerging markets is throwing doubt on the convergence hypothesis that development will lead all governance to a consistent model.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThe role of informal institutions – also as substitutes for corporate governance mechanisms – is central to understanding the functioning of corporate governance. Theory needs to consider the individual company and different company types (e.g., size, industry, ownership) in order to illuminate the interaction of formal corporate governance and informal institutions and other forces which constrain the company and those who control it. There needs to be more attention to the issue of sub‐national and supra‐national bundles together with “hybrid situations” where multinational corporations operate alongside local companies.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe acceptability of corporate governance regimes depends on implementation at firm level; as there are substantial differences in the informal mechanisms amongst them, which may vary according to factors such as size, industry, ownership, organization or region, policy measures should have the flexibility and sophistication to take account of these.