bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging and intervention in prostate cancer: Current perspectives and future trends
Authors: Sharma Sanjay 
Published: June 2014

AbstractProstate cancer is the commonest malignancy in men that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Screening by digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used despite its limitations. Gray-scale transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), used to guide multiple random prostatic biopsies, misses up to 20% cancers and frequently underestimates the grade of malignancy. Increasing the number of biopsy cores marginally increases the yield. Evolving techniques of real-time ultrasound elastography (RTE) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are being investigated to better detect and improve the yield by allowing "targeted" biopsies. Last decade has witnessed rapid developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for improved management of prostate cancer. In addition to the anatomical information, it is capable of providing functional information through diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI. Multi-parametric MRI has the potential to exclude a significant cancer in majority of cases. Inclusion of MRI before prostatic biopsy can reduce the invasiveness of the procedure by limiting the number of cores needed to make a diagnosis and support watchful waiting in others. It is made possible by targeted biopsies as opposed to random. With the availability of minimally invasive therapeutic modalities like high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and interstitial laser therapy, detecting early cancer is even more relevant today. [18F]--fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( 18 FDG PET/CT) has no role in the initial evaluation of prostate cancer. Choline PET has been recently found to be more useful. Fluoride-PET has a higher sensitivity and resolution than a conventional radionuclide bone scan in detecting skeletal metastases.
MR in complete dorsal pancreatic agenesis: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Thakur Shruti , Jhobta Anupam , Sharma Dinesh , Thakur Charu S 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe morphogenesis of the pancreas is a complex process having a very low frequency of anatomic variation. The congenital anomalies are rare. Complete pancreatic and ventral pancreatic agenesis are incompatible with life. Dorsal pancreatic agenesis is exceedingly rare with less than 100 cases reported in the world literature. Patients with this anomaly may be asymptomatic or may present with abdominal pain, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, and acute or chronic pancreatitis. Such anomalies are rarely reported; therefore, clinical awareness of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas as a cause of these symptoms can expand the differential diagnosis and improve patient management.
Imaging diagnosis of accessory and cavitated uterine mass, a rare mullerian anomaly
Authors: Jain Nishchint , Verma Ritu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAccessory and Cavitated Uterine Mass (ACUM) is a rare form of developmental Mullerian anomaly seen in young females, which presents as chronic recurrent pelvic pain and severe dysmenorrhea. It is an accessory cavity lying within an otherwise normal uterus. It is lined by functional endometrium and surrounded by myometrium-like smooth muscle cells; hence, it bears striking macroscopic and microscopic resemblance to the uterus. Hysterosalpingography (HSG), Ultrasonography (USG), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) form the mainstay of diagnostic imaging. The entity is often under diagnosed; therefore, a high index of suspicion combined with HSG and MRI imaging can help in making an accurate diagnosis.
Cysts and cystic-appearing lesions of the knee: A pictorial essay
Authors: Telischak Nicholas A , Wu Jim S , Eisenberg Ronald L 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCysts and cystic-appearing lesions around the knee are common and can be divided into true cysts (synovial cysts, bursae, ganglia, and meniscal cysts) and lesions that mimic cysts (hematomas, seromas, abscesses, vascular lesions, and neoplasms). The specific anatomic location of the cystic lesion often permits the correct diagnosis. In difficult cases, identifying a cystic mass in an atypical location and/or visualizing internal solid contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should raise concern for a neoplasm and the need for further evaluation and intervention.
Melorheostosis: Two atypical cases
Authors: Sureka Binit , Mittal Mahesh Kumar , Udhaya KK , Sinha Mukul , Mittal Aliza , Thukral Brij Bhushan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMelorheostosis is an uncommon mesenchymal dysplasia that rarely affects the axial skeleton.We describe two atypical cases of melorheostosis with classical imaging findings - the first one involving the cervico-dorsal spine with encroachment of left vertebral artery canal causing attenuation of the left vertebral artery and the second one of mixed sclerosing bony dysplasia (monomelic involvement coexisting with osteopoikilosis).
Oral anticoagulation and vitamin K deficiency
Authors: Eichinger S. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryA 61-year old woman with atrial fibrillation developed macrohaematuria during anticoagulant treatment with a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor for stroke prevention. Abnormal results of coagulation assays were first interpreted as an effect of the anticoagulant. However, upon further testing diagnosis of vitamin K deficiency was established. After vitamin K supplementation, coagulation tests normalized and macrohaematuria disappeared. Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics for urinary tract infection was finally established as a rare cause for vitamin K deficiency in the patient.
HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Piperine, Embeline, and Carvone in the Ayurvedic Formulation Catpusphadhya Churna
Authors: Jain Kajal L , Patel Rakesh K , Patel Hardik P 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Churnas are an important group of formulations used by traditional physicians to treat various types of diseases. The principle of using a churna is based on the fact that the therapeutic value of most substances greatly increases when they are reduced to a very fine state of subdivision. Catpusphadhya churna, as per the Ayurvedic system of Indian medicine, is used for acute rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop an HPTLC method for the quantitative determination of piperine, embeline, and carvone in a laboratory-prepared formulation. Raw materials used in formulations were obtained from two different suppliers and were subjected to methanol extractions by using a Soxhlet apparatus. Piperine, embeline, and carvone were quantified in the extracts by using HPTLC. The detection and quantification were performed at 254 nm. The formulation contained 2.35% (w/w) of piperine, 4.86% (w/w) of embeline, and 1.48% (v/w) of carvone. Linearity studies indicated that piperine, embeline, and carvone were in the linear ranges, while the recovery studies revealed a recovery of 99.32% (w/w) of piperine, 101.82% (w/w) of embeline, and 100.09% (v/w) of carvone, thus proving the accuracy of the analysis. The developed HPTLC method resolved and quantified piperine, embeline, and carvone effectively, so it could be an important method for the QC of polyherbal formulations.
Simultaneous Determination of Atorvastatin Calcium and Olmesartan Medoxomil in a Pharmaceutical Formulation by Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, and UV Spectrophotometric Methods
Authors: Soni Hiral , Kothari Charmy , Khatri Deepak , Mehta Priti 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Validated RP-HPLC, HPTLC, and UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin calcium (ATV) and olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) in a pharmaceutical formulation. The RP-HPLC separation was achieved on a Kromasil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) using 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen o-phosphate (pH 4 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid)–acetonitrile (50 + 50, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Quantification was achieved by UV detection at 276 nm. The HPTLC separation was achieved on precoated silica gel 60F254 plates using chloroform–methanol–acetonitrile (4 + 2 + 4, v/v/v) mobile phase. Quantification was achieved with UV detection at 276 nm. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric method was based on the simultaneous equation method that involves measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths, i. e., 255 nm (λmax of OLM) and 246.2 nm (λmax of ATV) in methanol. All three methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The proposed methods were simple, precise, accurate, and applicable for the simultaneous determination of ATV and OLM in a marketed formulation. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and were found satisfactory.
Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Rhodium Using a Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method and Its Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Mirrahimi Fateme , Taher Mohammad Ali 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A sensitive and selective method for the determination of low levels of rhodium (Rh) in environmental samples is needed. In the proposed method, an extracting solvent with a lower toxicity and density than the other solvents typically used in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was used to extract trace amounts of Rh from aqueous samples. Rh ions were complexed with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol in the pH range of 3.2–4.7 and extracted with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. The type and volume of the extracting solvent and dispersive solvent, centrifugation time, pH, amount of the chelating agent, and sample ionic strength were carefully studied. Under the optimal conditions, the LOD and RSD were 0.36 ng/mL (3Sb/m, n = 7) and ±2.0% (n = 7), respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 4.0–800 ng/mL. The method was applied to the determination of Rh in well and tap water, and spiked recoveries were in the range of 96–103.7%.
Determination of Phosphorus and Potassium in Commercial Inorganic Fertilizers by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: Bartos James M , Boggs Barton L , Falls J Harold , Siegel Sanford A 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A two-part single-laboratory validation study was conducted for determination of the P and K content in commercial fertilizer materials by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP- OES). While several methods exist for determination of P and K in fertilizer products, the main focus of this study was on ICP-OES determination, which offers several unique advantages. Fertilizer samples with consensus P and K values from the Magruder and Association of Fertilizer and Phosphate Chemists (AFPC) check sample programs were selected for this study. Validation materials ranging from 4.4 to 52.4% P2O5 (1.7 to 22.7% P) and 3 to 62% K2O (2.5 to 51.5% K) were utilized. Because all P and K compounds contained in fertilizer materials are not "available" for plants to use, this study was conducted in two parts. Part A focused on ammonium citrate–disodium EDTA as the extraction solvent, as it estimates the pool of fertilizer P and K that is considered available to plants. Part B focused on hydrochloric acid as the digestion solvent, as it estimates the total P and K content of the fertilizer product. Selectivity studies indicated that this method can have a high bias for fertilizer products containing sources of phosphite or organic P compared to gravimetric or colorimetric methods that measure just orthophosphate. Provided the analytical challenges outlined in this study are addressed, this method offers the potential for a quick, accurate, and safe alternative for determining the P and K content of commercial inorganic fertilizer materials.
Validation for the Determination of Biuret in Water-Soluble, Urea-Based Commercial Inorganic Fertilizer Materials, Urea Solutions, and Sulfur-Coated Urea Products by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography: Single-Laboratory Validation of an Extension of AOAC Official MethodSM
2003.14
Authors: Hojjatie Michael M , Abrams Dean 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation (SLV) study for the LC determination of biuret in dry and liquid urea-based commercial fertilizers was conducted. A total of 23 samples were used: 11 commercial dry urea products, two urea ammonium nitrate products, eight liquid urea-based commercial fertilizers, and four sulfur-coated urea samples from different sources. In addition, one biuret standard from Aldrich and one sample from the Magruder check sample program were used as validation samples. The proposed method is an extension of AOAC Official MethodSM 2003.14 and is based on dissolution of the test portion in the LC mobile phase and determination by HPLC. The system is linear over a concentration range of 1.00–4.50 mg/L biuret, with a correlation coefficient ≥0.9999. The biuret was well- separated from urea in the commercial urea samples, and from other constituents in the commercial liquid fertilizer with no observed interferences. Recoveries were determined by spiking four of the validation materials with a known amount of biuret standard and measuring the biuret level according to the method. The averaged recovery was 97%. Method precision was determined by quadruplicate analyses of four of the liquid and six of the commercially available dry urea validation materials using three and four replicate analyses. For the liquid fertilizer analyses, the RSD ranged from 7.04 to 13.31%. For the dry urea analyses, the RSDs ranged from 5.68 to 14.34%. Instrument precision was evaluated at the test initiation by using seven injections of five biuret standard solutions. SD varied from 0.27 to 1.02%, with RSDs averaging 1.14%. The LOD was determined to be 0.009% biuret in material, while the LOQ was determined to be 0.031% biuret in material. In addition to the intralaboratory study, interlaboratory studies were performed by two other outside laboratories using this method. Over a concentration range of 0.2 to 0.9% biuret, the average SD was 0.11%, the average RSD was 21.16%, and the average HorRat value was 4.73%. Furthermore, comparative studies for biuret using AOAC Official MethodsSM 960.04 and 976.01 with the proposed LC method were performed. The three methods produced very close results; however, the two AOAC methods generate hazardous wastes and are more tedious. On the basis of accuracy and precision of the results for this SLV study, it is recommended that this method be collaboratively studied for the determination of biuret in dry and liquid urea-based commercial fertilizer materials.
Determination of Ochratoxin A in Cocoa Beans Using Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Roberts Jillian , Chang-Yen Ivan , Bekele Frances , Bekele Isaac , Harrynanan Lisa 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA), a fungal metabolite, in cocoa beans of high fat content. The sample was extracted by blending with a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution (pH 10) followed by ultrasonication, and the sample was defatted by treatment with a flocculant. The defatted sample was purified using immunoaffinity column chromatography, and OTA was detected using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The method was fully optimized, validated, and quality controlled using spike recovery analyses, with recoveries of 89–105% over spiking ranges of 320–2.5 ng/g with CV of analyses generally &lt;10% over 4 consecutive years and an LOQ of 0.66 ng/g in cocoa bean samples. This method overcomes the problems posed by the high fat contents of cocoa and chocolate samples with a high degree of reliability.
Determination of Forchlorfenuron in Fruits by Solid Phase or QuEChERS Extraction and LC-UV or LC/MS/MS
Authors: Negre Michèle , Passarella Iride , Vindrola Daniela , Baglieri Andrea 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Forchlorfenuron, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N′-phenylurea, is a plant growth regulator used to increase the size of kiwifruit, apples, table grapes, and peaches and to promote increased yields of potatoes, rice, and wheat. This study reports the comparison of the performancesof two extraction methods [Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) and SPE] and two analytical methods (LC-UV and a LC/MS/MS) when determining forchlorfenuron in apples, kiwis, and grapes. Both extraction methods gave recoveries of forchlorfenuron from fruits &gt;70%. The QuEChERS method was cheaper, safer, and less time-consuming than the SPE method and can be recommended for routine analysis. The LOQ was 2 and 10 μg/kg for the LC/MS/MS and LC-UV analysis, respectively. The LOD was 1 and 5 μg/kg for the LC/MS/MS and LC-UV analysis, respectively. The sensitivity of the LC-UV analysis was adequate to measure residue levels five times lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) of the product. The QuEChERS and SPE methods were applied to monitoring the persistence of forchlorfenuron in field-treated kiwis, and it was found that the residual concentration was already much lower than the MRL 7 days after treatment.
Evaluation of a Soil Incubation Method to Characterize Nitrogen Release Patterns of Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers
Authors: Medina L Carolina , Sartain Jerry B , Obreza Thomas A , Hall William L , Thiex Nancy J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Several technologies have been proposed to characterize the nutrient release patterns of slow- release fertilizers (SRF) and controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) during the last few decades. These technologies have been developed mainly by manufacturers, and are product-specific, based on the regulation and analysis of each SRF and CRF product. Despite previous efforts to characterize SRF and CRF materials, no standardized, validated method exists to assess their nutrient release patterns. However, the increased production and distribution of these materials in specialty and nonspecialty markets requires an appropriate method to verify product claims and material performance. A soil incubation column leaching procedure was evaluated to determine its suitability as a standard method to estimate nitrogen (N) release patterns of SRFs and CRFs during 180 days. The influence of three soil/sand ratios, three incubation temperatures, and four soils on method behavior was assessed using five SRFs and three CRFs. In general, the highest soil/sand ratio increased the N release rate of all materials, but this effect was more marked for the SRFs. Temperature had the greatest influence on N release rates. For CRFs, the initial N release rates and the percentage N released/day increased as temperature increased. For SRFs, raising the temperature from 25 to 35°C increased initial N release rate and the total cumulative N released, and almost doubled the percentage released/day. The percentage N released/day from all products generally increased as the texture of the soil changed from sandy to loamy (Iowa&gt;California&gt;Pennsylvania&gt;Florida). The soil incubation technique was demonstrated to be robust and reliable for characterizing N release patterns from SRFs and CRFs. The method was reproducible, and variations in soil/sand ratio, temperature, and soil had little effect on the results.
The Use of Dispersive Pipet Extraction (DPX) Tips for the Sample Cleanup of Apples, Pears, and Oranges in the Analysis of Formetanate HCl
Authors: Podhorniak Lynda V 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Analytical Chemistry Laboratory evaluated the effectiveness of dispersive pipet extraction (DPX) tip cleanup and compared the results with the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe dispersive tube cleanup for the sample preparation of three different fruit matrixes analyzed for formetanate HCl (FHCl). Using LC/MS/MS, the target LOD and the LOQ achieved for FHCl with dispersive tubes, 0.1 and 0.3 ng/g, respectively, were similar to the DPX tip sample cleanup. Recoveries at the LOQ ranged from 94 to 109%. A set of 20–40 samples could be prepared in one working day by one chemist.
Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd, Medi·Ca AC for Enumeration of Aerobic Bacteria
Authors: Okochi Norihiko , Yamazaki Mamoru , Kiso Shoichi , Kinoshita Mai , Okita Yurie , Kazama Keisuke , Saito Rui 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A ready-made dry medium method for aerobic count, the Medi·Ca AC method, was compared to the AOAC Official Method 966.23, Microbiological Methods, for seven different heat-processed meat matrixes: cooked roast beef, Chinese barbecued pork (barbecued pork seasoned with honey-based sauce), bacon, cooked ham, frankfurter (made from beef and pork), and boiled and cooked pork sausage. The 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the two methods at each contamination level for each matrix fell within the range of −0.50 to 0.50, and no statistical difference was observed at all three contamination levels for five matrixes. These results demonstrate that the Medi·Ca AC method is a reasonable alternative to the AOAC 966.23 method for cooked meat products.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Specific Electrochemiluminescence and Lateral Flow Device Assays Cross-React with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin D
Authors: Tallent Sandra M , Hait Jennifer , Bennett Reginald W 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Guam school children and faculty members experienced symptoms of vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea shortly after eating breakfast prepared by contracted caterers. The first illness was reported within an hour after breakfast, affecting 295 students and two faculty members. Local hospitals treated 130 people, and 61 were admitted for further treatment. Reported symptoms were consistent with staphylococcal food poisoning. Initial food testing using a lateral flow device and electrochemiluminescence method incorrectly implicated staphylococcal enterotoxin B as the causative agent, prompting partial activation of Guam's Emergency Response Center. Traditional ELISAs proved that the food poisoning agent was staphylococcal enterotoxin D. More specific and sensitive assays would have alleviated the issues and confusion that surrounded the reporting and investigation of this outbreak.
Screening Multimycotoxins in Food-Grade Gums by Stable Isotope Dilution and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Kai , Wong Jon W , Jia Zhengwei , Vaclavikova Marta , Trucksess Mary W , Begley Timothy H 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Stable isotope dilution with LC/MS/MS was used to determine the following 11 mycotoxins in food grade gums: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins B1, B2, and B3; ochratoxin A; T-2 toxin; and zearalenone. Samples were fortified with 11 [13C]-uniformly labeled internal standard ([13C]-IS) mycotoxins that corresponded to the 11 target mycotoxins and extracted by acetonitrile–water (4 + 1, v/v), followed by LC/MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins were quantitated with the fortified [13C]-IS in each sample. The average recoveries of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (1, 5, and 25 μg/kg); deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 (25, 100, and 500 μg/kg); and ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (10, 50, and 250 μg/kg) ranged from 84 to 117% with RSDs less than 20%. Method-dependent LOQs were from 0.1 (aflatoxin B1) to 25 μg/kg (fumonisin B3). Among 20 market samples, aflatoxin B1 (&lt; LOQ) was detected in a Guar gum and a Tragacanth gum, and zearalenone (6 ± 0.6 μg/kg) was detected in a Xanthan gum. The detected mycotoxins were further confirmed by comparing their enhanced product ion spectra to those of reference standards. The single laboratory validated stable isotope dilution and LC/MS/MS method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility with a simple sample preparation to screen the 11 mycotoxins in gums.