bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear model predictive control of wind turbines using LIDAR
Authors: Schlipf David , Schlipf Dominik Johannes , Kühn Martin 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTLIDAR systems are able to provide preview information of wind disturbances at various distances in front of wind turbines. This technology paves the way for new control concepts in wind energy such as feedforward control and model predictive control. This paper compares a nonlinear model predictive controller with a baseline controller, showing the advantages of using the wind predictions in the optimization problem to reduce wind turbine extreme and fatigue loads on tower and blades as well as to limit the pitch rates. The wind information is obtained by a detailed simulation of a LIDAR system. The controller design is evaluated and tested in a simulation environment with coherent gusts and a set of turbulent wind fields using a detailed aeroelastic model of the wind turbine over the full operation region. Results show promising load reduction up to 50% for extreme gusts and 30% for lifetime fatigue loads without negative impact on overall energy production. This controller can be considered as an upper bound for other LIDAR assisted controllers that are more suited for real time applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multivariate approach to estimate design loads for offshore wind turbines
Authors: Guanche Yanira , Guanche Raúl , Camus Paula , Mendez Fernando J. , Medina Raúl 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe design of offshore wind farms is a complex process that requires a detailed study of the oceanographic, meteorological and geotechnical conditions at the site. The structure and all structural members shall be designed in a way that they can be resistant against different kinks of loads: permanent, variable, environmental, accidental and deformations. This paper is focused on those called environmental loads. The main environmental conditions that may contribute to structural damage, operational disturbances or other failures are wind, waves, currents and sea ice. Thus, the combination of the different parameters may produce many different critical situations for the integrity of the structure, requiring the calculation of long time series corresponding to long‐term historical data situations. The most accurate techniques available at the moment to estimate loads acting upon a structure are numerical and physical models; however, they are very time consuming, and the calculation of long time series of data is unfeasible. Therefore, a new hybrid methodology to select waves–wind–current representative conditions that allow the interpolation of long time series of forces on a wind turbine is proposed. The methodology consists of a selection of a subset of representative cases of wave–wind–current climate at the structure's location by using a maximum dissimilarity algorithm, then estimating loads acting upon the structure for the sea–wind states selected and the reconstruction of loads corresponding to historical data using an interpolation technique based on radial basis function. To validate the proposed methodology and because of there is no availability of long time records of loads on wind turbines, the well‐known IEC 61400–3 has been applied to estimate the loads for the complete reanalysis time series of waves, winds and currents. The validation of the results confirms the ability of the methodology developed to reconstruct time series of forces on the structure on the basis of the previously selected cases. This methodology permits application of numerical and physical models to offshore wind farm design, considerably reducing the number of tests or simulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization‐based study of bend–twist coupled rotor blades for passive and integrated passive/active load alleviation
Authors: Bottasso C.L. , Campagnolo F. , Croce A. , Tibaldi C. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThis work is concerned with the design of wind turbine blades with bend‐twist‐to‐feather coupling that self‐react to wind fluctuations by reducing the angle of attack, thereby inducing a load mitigation effect. This behavior is obtained here by exploiting the orthotropic properties of composite materials by rotating the fibers away from the pitch axis.The first part of this study investigates the possible configurations for achieving bend‐twist coupling. At first, fully coupled blades are designed by rotating the fibers for the whole blade span, and a best compromise solution is found to limit weight increase by rotations both in the spar caps and in the skin. Next, partially coupled blades are designed where fibers are rotated only on the outboard part of the blade, this way achieving good load mitigation capabilities together with weight savings. All blades are designed with a multilevel constrained optimization procedure, on the basis of combined cross‐sectional, multibody aero‐servo‐elastic and three‐dimensional finite element models.Finally, the best configuration of the passive coupled blade is combined with an active individual pitch controller. The synergistic use of passive and active load mitigation technologies is shown to allow for significant load reductions while limiting the increase in actuator duty cycle, thanks to the opposite effects on this performance metric of the passive and active control solutions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated bioprocess for the stereospecific production of linalool oxides from linalool with Corynespora cassiicola DSM 62475
Authors: Bormann Sebastian , Etschmann Maria M W , Mirata Marco-Antonio , Schrader Jens 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Linalool oxides are of interest to the flavour industry because of their lavender notes. Corynespora cassiicola DSM 62475 has been identified recently as a production organism because of high stereoselectivity and promising productivities [Mirata et al. (2008) J Agric Food Chem 56(9):3287–3296]. In this work, the stereochemistry of this biotransformation was further investigated. Predominantly (2R)-configured linalool oxide enantiomers were produced from (R)-(−)-linalool. Comparative investigations with racemic linalool suggest that predominantly (2S)-configured derivatives can be expected by using (S)-(+)-configured substrate. Substrate and product inhibited growth even at low concentrations (200 mg l−1). To avoid toxic effects and supply sufficient substrates, a substrate feeding product removal (SFPR) system based on hydrophobic adsorbers was established. Applying SFPR, productivity on the shake flask scale was increased from 80 to 490 mg l−1 day−1. Process optimisation increased productivity to 920 mg l−1 day−1 in a bioreactor with an overall product concentration of 4.600 mg l−1 linalool oxides.
Who Counsels Parents of Newborns Who Are Carriers of Sickle Cell Anemia or Cystic Fibrosis?
Authors: Moseley Kathryn L. , Nasr Samya Z. , Schuette Jane L. , Campbell Andrew D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOur objective was to describe: 1) physicians’ knowledge of whether genetic counseling is provided to parents of newborns with sickle cell trait (SCT) or who are cystic fibrosis carriers (CFC), and 2) the prevalence of genetic counseling provided by primary care physicians. We conducted a cross‐sectional descriptive survey of 600 randomly‐sampled Michigan‐based pediatricians and family physicians, assessing physician knowledge of where and whether genetic counseling is received by parents whose newborns are carriers. Chi‐squared testing determined associations between genetic counseling location and physician demographic characteristics. Our response rate was 62 %: 298 (84 %) provided infant well care (183 pediatricians, 115 family physicians). Most respondents were non‐Hispanic White (65 %). Virtually all physicians believed parents whose newborns are carriers of either SCT or CFC should receive some genetic counseling (from the physician and/or another source), yet 20 % reported that parents of newborns with SCT did not receive counseling. Parents of infants with CFC received more counseling overall (92 % vs. 80 %; p < 0.01) and were counseled more frequently by genetic counselors or specialty centers than parents of newborns with SCT (85 % vs. 60 %; p < 0.01). Although physicians agreed that parents whose newborns are carriers should receive genetic counseling, fewer parents of newborns with SCT than with CFC received counseling from any source. This finding strongly suggests the need for further education and investigation of this apparent health disparity.
Trans Fatty Acid Intakes and Food Sources in the U.S. Population: NHANES 1999–2002
Authors: Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Lefevre Michael , Mensink Ronald P. , Petersen Barbara , Fleming Jennifer , Flickinger Brent D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBecause of efforts to decrease trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply, intake should be assessed in the population to establish a baseline TFA intake. The 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used to identify a benchmark for TFA intake. TFA was estimated by mean, median, and quintile of intake, TFA intake data were weighted using the NHANES 4‐year sample weights. The main outcome measures included TFA intake in grams per day and percentage of energy in the top 25 food sources of TFA. Data are reported for 16,669 individuals ≥3 years of age. Median TFA intake was 2.3 % of calories (5 g/day) with 0.9–4.5 % of energy (1.5–13.1 g/day) over different quintiles of intake. Mean TFA intake was 2.5 % of energy (6.1 g/day). The range of TFA intake in the fifth quintile was very large, i.e., 3.5–12.5 % of energy or 8.8–92.4 g/day. Increasing quintiles of TFA intake were associated with increases in total fat (26.7–37.6 % of energy), saturated fat (7.6–10.5 % of energy), and calories (for those >20 years of age: 2,416–2,583 for men and 1,679–1,886 for women). Major food sources of dietary TFA were cakes, cookies, pies, and pastries. Based on current dietary guidance to consume as little industrial TFA as possible, much progress is needed to attain this goal, including food industry efforts to remove TFA from the food supply and educating the public about making healthy food choices.
Serum Small Dense Low‐density Lipoprotein Concentrations are Elevated in Patients with Significant Coronary Artery Stenosis and are Related to Features of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Yazdandoust Shima , Parizadeh Seyyed Mohammad Reza , Moohebati Mohsen , Yaghmaei Parichehreh , Rahsepar Amir Ali , Tavallaie Shima , Soukhtanloo Mohammad , Khojasteh Roshanak , Paydar Roghayeh , Fazlinezhad Afsoon , Falsoleiman Homa , Dehghani Mashalla , Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid , Ferns Gordon A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSerum small dense low‐density lipoprotein (sd‐LDL) concentrations were measured in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD) and compared to concentrations in healthy subjects. Five hundred and seventy patients with stable CAD were divided into CAD− and CAD+ based on angiography. Patients in whom stenosis was <50 % in diameter were classified as having a ‘normal’ angiogram (CAD−), otherwise the patients were allocated to the CAD+ group. The CAD+ group was further subcategorized into single‐, double‐ and triple‐vessel disease (VD). Serum sd‐LDL concentrations were significantly lower in controls compared with CAD+ and CAD− patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, CAD+ patients had higher concentrations of sd‐LDL than CAD− patients (P < 0.01). sd‐LDL levels were not significantly associated with severity of CAD defined by the number of stenosed coronary arteries (P = 0.245). All participants were also categorized into subgroups with or without metabolic syndrome. Subjects with metabolic syndrome had higher levels of sd‐LDL than subjects without metabolic syndrome (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that in CAD patients, triacylglycerol, total‐cholesterol, body mass index, and waist circumferences were the most important determinants of serum sd‐LDL concentrations. We found that sd‐LDL levels were significantly higher in patients presenting with symptoms of CAD. Moreover, patients with significant stenosis of their coronary arteries (>50 % stenosis) had higher levels of sd‐LDL compared to patients without significant lesions.
Formation of Trans Fatty Acids Induced by Radicals in Irradiated Ground Beef and Liquid Egg
Authors: Li An , Wang Feng , Fan Bei , Li Weiming , Li Qingpeng , Zhou Hongjie , Ha Yiming 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the possible formation of trans fatty acids due to gamma‐irradiation of ground beef and liquid egg via a radical path. The effects of irradiation on trans fatty acids in ground beef and liquid egg were evaluated by GC analysis. The control sample of ground beef had higher concentrations of total trans fatty acids than the liquid egg. C18:1‐11t was the major trans fatty acid detected in non‐irradiated ground beef. The results showed that irradiation led to a significant increase of total trans fatty acid content in both of the two food items with an absorbed dose range between 6.743 and 11.472 kGy (P < 0.05). The change in C18:1‐9t content was the most significant compared with other trans fatty acids. Additionally, gamma‐irradiation caused a higher rate of trans fatty acid formation in liquid egg compared with ground beef. However, a slight decrease in the total trans fatty acid amount was observed in ground beef with an absorbed dose at 21.113 kGy. The increase in trans fatty acid content was negligible in liquid egg under the same absorbed dose. This result may be due to the oxidation of unsaturated configurations of both cis and trans fatty acids.
Application of a Ternary Phase Diagram to the Phase Separation of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Using Isopropyl Alcohol
Authors: Jung Youngmee Tiffany , Diosady Levente L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe oil‐in‐water emulsion formed during an aqueous extraction of yellow mustard seed flour was destabilized using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a four stage extraction process, with concurrent recovery of oil and water in separate phases. The emulsion was extracted using two different approaches: phase separation extraction (PSE) that used fresh IPA as the extraction solvent at each stage, and phase separation extraction with recycle (PSER) that reused the extracted water‐rich phase, containing IPA, as the extraction solvent. Extraction processes by both approaches were modeled by the ternary liquid phase diagram of IPA, canola oil and water to characterize the extraction progress. PSER resulted in improved oil–water separation and IPA usage efficiency than PSE, but achieved only 84.0 % oil recovery, compared to 92.3 % by PSE. The ternary diagram of IPA, canola oil and water offered good approximation of the oil and water separation behavior of PSE and PSER by closely predicting the compositions of the separated phases; however, the weight ratio of the separated phases were not as closely predicted.
Primary outcomes of the congenital vertical talus correction using the Dobbs method of serial casting and limited surgery
Authors: Aslani Hossein , Sadigi Ali , Tabrizi Ali , Bazavar Mohammadreza , Mousavi Mehdi 
Published: August 2012

Introduction The traditional treatment for congenital vertical talus, which involves serial casting and extensive soft-tissue releases, has been associated with severe stiffness and other complications in adolescents and adults. Our hypothesis is that favorable results will be obtained using the Dobbs method of serial manipulation, casting, and limited surgery for vertical talus correction, even in older children and syndromic cases. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the Dobbs method in such cases. Materials and methods We treated 15 feet of 10 patients (aged from 1 month to 9 years) using manipulation and serial casting or the reverse Ponseti method followed by percutaneous Achilles tenotomy and limited open reduction of the talonavicular joint. All patients were evaluated both clinically and radiologically in a mean follow-up period of 2 years. Results After 2 years, all patients had plantigrade and flexible feet with good radiographic correction. The mean talocalcaneal angle before (70.5° ± 10.5) and after (31° ± 5.2) treatment and the talar axis metatarsal base angle before (60° ± 11.4) and after (15° ± 6.7) treatment were significantly improved ( P < 0.001). Discussion Recent research has shown that manipulation and serial casting followed by limited surgery (Dobbs method) was successful in treating idiopathic congenital vertical talus. Our results also showed that this method resulted in an excellent outcome in both idiopathic and syndromic congenital vertical talus, even in older children.
Impact of Road Traffic Deaths on Expected Years of Life Lost and Reduction in Life Expectancy in Brazil
Authors: Chandran Aruna , Kahn Geoffrey , Sousa Tanara , Pechansky Flavio , Bishai David M. , Hyder Adnan A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The road traffic crash burden is significant in Brazil; calculating years of life lost and life expectancy reduction quantifies the burden of road traffic deaths to enable prioritization of this issue. Years of life lost and reduction in life expectancy were calculated using 2008 population/crash data from Brazil’s ministries of health and transport. The potential for reduction in crash mortality was calculated for hypothetical scenarios reducing death rates to those of the best-performing region and age category. In Brazil, road traffic deaths reduce the at-birth life expectancy by 0.8 years for males and by 0.2 years for females. Many years of life lost for men and woman could be averted—270,733 and 123,986, respectively—if all rates matched those of the lowest-risk region and age category. This study further characterizes the burden of motor vehicle deaths in Brazil and quantifies the potential health benefits of policies/interventions that reduce road traffic death rates to those of the best-performing subpopulations.
KILLINGS AT SREBRENICA, EFFECTIVE CONTROL, AND THE POWER TO PREVENT UNLAWFUL CONDUCT
Authors: Dannenbaum Tom 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article analyses two nearly identical lawsuits regarding the actions of UN peacekeepers during the Srebrenica genocide. The decisions are of importance as a matter of international law for three reasons. First, the Court applied human rights obligations abroad, not by holding that the relevant treaties have extraterritorial effect, but by finding the ICCPR to have been incorporated into the domestic law of the host state (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and determining that the standards codified in the relevant provisions of the ICCPR and ECHR were rules of customary international law that were binding extraterritorially (whether or not the treaty obligations themselves would extend abroad). Second, in finding those obligations to have been breached, the Court relied on the Dutch battalion's eviction of the victims from its UN compound, not on any responsibility to protect those already outside the compound. Finally, on the issue of attribution, the Court of Appeal developed the doctrine of ‘effective control’ in several key respects. I argue that the Court was largely correct in its attribution analysis and that this may prove to be a landmark in the development of international law on attribution in such contexts. Most important among the issues addressed in the Court's discussion of attribution are its findings that: (i) the ‘effective control’ standard applies equally to the contributing state and the receiving international organization; (ii) ‘effective control’ includes not just giving orders, but also the capacity to prevent the wrongdoing; and (iii) troop-contributing states may sometimes hold that ‘power to prevent’ by virtue of their authority to discipline and criminally punish their troops for contravening UN orders.
THE CONTINUING MYTH OF EURO-SCEPTICISM? THE GERMAN FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL COURT TWO YEARS AFTER LISBON
Authors: Zwingmann Beke 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe German Federal Constitutional Court's 2009 decision on the Lisbon Treaty immediately provoked passionate criticisms and revived the Court's image of the Eurosceptic par excellence. However, if one uses the Court's general case law on the interaction between European law and German constitutional law—in particular the Mangold follow-up (Re Honeywell) and the EURO bailout decision—as a background for analysis, a high level of practical support becomes apparent, that is quite the opposite to the all-out war some commentators predicted. It also illustrates how the Lisbon principles can be used to exert a positive influence on the European integration process.
IS THERE A RIGHT TO DETAIN CIVILIANS BY FOREIGN ARMED FORCES DURING A NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT?
Authors: Rowe Peter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article considers whether there is any lawful authority for foreign armed forces assisting a territorial State during a non-international armed conflict to arrest and detain civilians. Taking the backdrop of Iraq and Afghanistan it considers relevant UN Security Council resolutions including Resolution 1546 (2004) relating to Iraq which authorized the multi-national force (MNF) ‘to take all necessary measures’ and provided for the internment, for imperative reasons of security, of civilians. In respect of Afghanistan, a number of resolutions authorized the International Assistance Stabilisation Force (ISAF) to ‘take all necessary measures’. It challenges the notion that the positive rights under international humanitarian law applicable to an international armed conflict apply,mutatis mutandis, to a non-international armed conflict, where national law (including human rights law having extra-territorial effect) is of primary (although not of exclusive) significance. It also considers which body of national law, that of the sending or that of the receiving State, applies to determine the lawfulness of detention of foreign civilians. The article recognizes that the arrest and detention of civilians may be necessary during a non-international armed conflict but concludes that the lawful justification for doing so needs to be clearly established.
X-ray powder diffraction data for holmium nitrate pentahydrate
Authors: Maixner J. , Bartůněk V. 
Published: August 2012

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for the holmium nitrate pentahydrate Ho(NO3)3•5H2O are reported [a = 6.642(8) Å,b = 9.55(2) Å,c = 10.56(2) Å,α = 63.672(1)°,β = 84.622(2)°,γ = 76.085(2)°, unit-cell volumeV = 582,74 Å3,Z = 2, space groupP-1]. Ho(NO3)3•5H2O is isostructural with ytrium nitrate pentahydrate (PDF 01-75-2104) (ICDD, 2011). All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP-1 space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
X-ray powder diffraction data for trimethylene carbonate
Authors: Pažout R. , Maixner J. , Mundil R. , Prokopová I. 
Published: August 2012

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for trimethylene carbonate, C4H6O3, are reported [a = 6.145(1) Å, b = 11.328(3) Å, c = 6.900(2) Å, β = 99.067(4)°, unit-cell volume V = 474.33 Å3, Z = 4 and space group P21/n]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/n space group. No detectable impurity was observed.