bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Fracture Reservoir Simulations for Long Time Physical Processes
Authors: Ostermeyer Georg‐Peter , Srisupattarawanit Tarin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractReservoirs with multi‐fracture techniques are developed and frequently used for oil and gas industry. Recently, they are also used for deep geothermal reservoirs especially for Hot Dry Rock (HDR). The analysis of the reservoir is generally interested in long time physical properties (10–100 years), e.g. fluid flow, heat transport etc. Typical CFD simulations are limited in this context. Here we developed a fluid flow and heat transport modeling in a multi‐fracture reservoir based on the so‐called Mixed Dimensional Model (MDM), which describes the different characteristic flows and the heat transport in different dimensions. In the mathematical point of view, these models are discretized based on the Cellular Automaton (CA) method combined with other necessary numerical techniques. The different cases of fluid flow and heat transport in multi‐fracture reservoirs have been simulated and shown physical results very reasonably with less computational time. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An alternative approach to integro‐differential equations
Authors: Trostorff Sascha 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA class of integro‐differential equations with operator‐valued integral kernels, including equations of neutral type is studied. We show that this class is covered by the framework of evolutionary equations and we derive sufficient conditions on the kernels within this framework in order to show well‐posedness. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate in children with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Krenke K. , Peradzyńska J. , Lange J. , Banaszkiewicz A. , Łazowska‐Przeorek I. , Grzela K. , Radzikowski A. , Kulus M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundAlthough inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect mainly the gastrointestinal tract, the extra‐intestinal manifestations are not uncommon. Different diagnostic methods have been applied to assess pulmonary involvement in patients with IBD, but majority of these methods show significant limitations in children. The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) measurements of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in children with IBD.Material and MethodsTwenty‐two children with Crohn's disease (CD) (mean age 13.8 ± 3.3 years), 25 with ulcerative colitis (UC) (mean age 14.1 ± 3.3 years) and 37 healthy volunteers (mean age 13.9 ± 3.6 years) were studied. IBD activity was assessed using appropriate scoring systems. None of the patients had signs or symptoms of pulmonary disease. Exhaled breath condensate was collected and EBC concentration of interleukin 6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) was measured.ResultsThe concentrations of all the assessed cytokines were significantly higher in the study group as compared to controls. A negative correlation between IL‐1β and CD activity index was found. There were no significant relationships between TNF‐α, IL‐6, or IL‐8 level and CD activity index as well as between IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8 and UC activity index. No significant correlation between the concentration of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and IBD duration or treatment duration was found.ConclusionsElevated concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in EBC in children with IBD may suggest the presence of asymptomatic inflammation in the lower airways. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:1190–1195. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lung function in African infants: A pilot study
Authors: Gray D.M. , Willemse L. , Alberts A. , Simpson S. , Sly P.D. , Hall G.L. , Zar H.J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe burden of childhood respiratory illness is large in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Infant lung function (ILF) testing may provide useful information about lung growth and susceptibility to respiratory disease. However, ILF has not been widely available in LMICs settings where the greatest burden of childhood respiratory disease occurs.AimTo implement and evaluate a pilot study of ILF testing in a semi‐rural setting in South Africa.MethodInfant lung function testing was established at a community hospital in South Africa. All measures were done in unsedated infants during sleep. Measurements, made with the infant quietly breathing through a face mask and bacterial filter, included tidal breathing (TBFVL), exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and sulphur hexafluoride multiple breath washout (MBW) measures using an ultrasonic flow meter and chemoluminescent NO analyzer.ResultsTwenty infants, mean age of 7.7 (SD 2.9) weeks were tested; 8 (40%) were Black African and 12 (60%) were mixed race. Five (25%) infants were preterm. There were 19 (95%) successful TBFVL and NO tests and 18 (90%) successful MBW tests. The mean tidal volume was 30.5 ml (SD 5.9), respiratory rate 50.2 breaths per minute (SD 8.7), and eNO 10.4 ppb (SD 7.3). The mean MBW measures were: functional residual capacity 71 ml (SD 13) and the lung clearance index 7.6 (SD 0.5). The intra‐subject coefficient of variations (CV) of lung function measures were similar to published normative data for Caucasian European infants.ConclusionIn this study we demonstrate that unsedated infant lung function measures of tidal breathing, MBW, and eNO are feasible in a semi‐rural African setting with rates comparable to those reported from high income countries. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:49–54. © 2013 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term recovery after parapneumonic empyema in children
Authors: Honkinen Maria , Lahti Elina , Svedström Erkki , Jartti Tuomas , Virkki Raimo , Peltola Ville , Ruuskanen Olli 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe incidence of parapneumonic empyema in children has increased worldwide, but the long‐term anatomical and functional consequences in the lungs after empyema are not known.MethodsWe investigated the long‐term outcome of childhood empyema in 26 patients by physical examination, chest radiograph and magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the lungs, and pulmonary function tests.ResultsAt follow‐up 3–19 years (mean 8 years) after empyema, all patients had normal findings in the physical examination. Spirometry was normal in 80% of patients, and evidence of obstructive airway disease was detected in 16%. Thirty‐six percent of patients had abnormal findings in the chest radiograph and 92% in the MRI of the lungs. In six patients, the MRI revealed significant pleural scarring (extension longer than 1 cm). Thirteen patients (50%) reported persistent respiratory symptoms, such as impaired tolerance of physical activity or prolonged cough after a common cold. During the follow‐up four patients suffered a second pneumonia.ConclusionsThe long‐term recovery of children with parapneumonic empyema is good, since most patients subsequently have normal lung function, chest radiograph, and clinical recovery. Half of the patients reported subjective respiratory symptoms and most patients had minor lung abnormalities, mostly pleural scars, detected in the MRI many years after empyema. However, as long‐term impairment of lung function was rarely found, the clinical significance of the anatomical residues seen in the lung MRI seems to be minor. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:1020–1027. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Honokiol inhibits androgen receptor activity in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Hahm Eun‐Ryeong , Karlsson A. Isabella , Bonner Michael Y. , Arbiser Jack L. , Singh Shivendra V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe have shown previously that honokiol (HNK), a bioactive component of the medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, inhibits growth of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the effect of HNK on androgen receptor (AR) signaling has not been studied.METHODSLNCaP, C4‐2, and TRAMP‐C1 cells were used for various assays. Trypan blue dye exclusion assay or clonogenic assay was performed for determination of cell viability. The effects of HNK and/or its analogs on protein levels of AR and its target gene product prostate specific antigen (PSA) were determined by western blotting. RNA interference of p53 was achieved by transient transfection. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was performed for mRNA expression of AR. Nuclear level of AR was visualized by microscopy. Apoptosis was quantified by DNA fragmentation assay or flow cytometry after Annexin V‐propidium iodide staining.RESULTSHNK and its dichloroacetate analog (HDCA) were relatively more effective in suppressing cell viability and AR protein level than honokiol epoxide or biseugenol. Nuclear translocation of AR stimulated by a synthetic androgen (R1881) was markedly suppressed in the presence of HNK. Downregulation of AR protein resulting from HNK exposure was attributable to transcriptional repression as well as proteasomal degradation. HNK‐mediated suppression of AR protein was maintained in LNCaP cells after knockdown of p53 protein. HNK‐induced apoptosis was not affected by R1881 treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe present study demonstrates, for the first time, that HNK inhibits activity of AR in prostate cancer cells regardless of the p53 status. Prostate 74:408–420, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eigen‐analysis of nonlinear PCA with polynomial kernels
Authors: Liang Zhiyu , Lee Yoonkyung 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThere has been growing interest in kernel methods for classification, clustering and dimension reduction. For example, kernel Fisher discriminant analysis, spectral clustering and kernel principal component analysis are widely used in statistical learning and data mining applications. The empirical success of the kernel method is generally attributed to nonlinear feature mapping induced by the kernel, which in turn determines a low dimensional data embedding. It is important to understand the effect of a kernel and its associated kernel parameter(s) on the embedding in relation to data distributions. In this paper, we examine the geometry of the nonlinear embedding for kernel principal component analysis (PCA) when polynomial kernels are used. We carry out eigen‐analysis of the polynomial kernel operator associated with data distributions and investigate the effect of the degree of polynomial. The results provide both insights into the geometry of nonlinear data embedding and practical guidelines for choosing an appropriate degree for dimension reduction with polynomial kernels. We further comment on the effect of centering kernels on the spectral property of the polynomial kernel operator. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2013
Designing guidance for interpreting dynamic visualizations: Generating versus reading explanations
Authors: Ryoo Kihyun , Linn Marcia C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe compared designs of guidance to support students while interacting with dynamic visualizations of complex scientific phenomena in inquiry instruction. Three hundred thirty‐two 7th‐grade students were randomly assigned to either a reading or a generating condition and completed a web‐based inquiry unit focusing on energy concepts in photosynthesis. When students interacted with a dynamic visualization of energy transformation, typical guidance provided text explanations while inquiry‐oriented guidance asked students to generate their own explanations about three key energy transformation concepts. The results showed that both reading and generating explanations helped students interpret the visualization, but generating explanations was more beneficial. Students who generated explanations were better able to extract salient information and distinguish among multiple ideas. In particular, they made more connections between their understanding of energy transformation learned from the visualization to other energy concepts to articulate the process of photosynthesis than those who read instructional explanations. Analyses of log data revealed that students in each condition spent similar amounts of time learning from the visualization but navigated the activities in distinct ways and engaged in different kinds of collaborative discourse. This study builds on previous research showing the value of prompting students to generate explanations by clarifying the effective timing for such guidance and characterizing how it helps students make sense of visualizations. These results show that well‐designed guidance enables students working in pairs to generate useful explanations for learning from visualizations and suggest promising designs for online instruction featuring dynamic visualizations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 147–174, 2014
Diamagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (diaCEST) liposomes: physicochemical properties and imaging applications
Authors: Chan Kannie W.Y. , Bulte Jeff W.M. , McMahon Michael T. 
Published: December 2013

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a new type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast based on labile spins which rapidly exchange with solvent, resulting in an amplification of signal which allows detection of solute protons at millimolar to micromolar concentrations. An additional feature of these agents is that natural organic and biodegradable compounds can provide strong CEST contrast, allowing the development of diamagnetic CEST (diaCEST) MRI contrast agents. The sensitivity of the CEST approach per unit of agent increases further when diaCEST contrast agents are loaded into liposomes to become diaCEST liposomes. In this review, we will discuss the unique and favorable features of diaCEST liposomes which are well suited for in vivo imaging. diaCEST liposomes are nanocarriers which feature high concentrations of encapsulated contrast material, controlled release of payload, and an adjustable coating for passive or active tumor targeting. These liposomes have water permeable bilayers and both the interior and exterior can be fine‐tuned for many biomedical applications. Furthermore, a number of liposome formulations are used in the clinic including Doxil™, which is an approved product for treating patients with cancer for decades, rapid translation of these materials can be envisaged. diaCEST liposomes have shown promise in imaging of cancer, and monitoring of chemotherapy and cell transplants. The unique features of diaCEST liposomes are discussed to provide an overview of the applications currently envisioned for this new technology and to provide an overall insight of their potential. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2014, 6:111–124. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1246This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
RNA in development: how ribonucleoprotein granules regulate the life cycles of pathogenic protozoa
Authors: Kramer Susanne 
Published: December 2013

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are important posttranscriptional regulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) fate. Several types of RNP granules specifically regulate gene expression during development of multicellular organisms and are commonly referred to as germ granules. The function of germ granules is not entirely understood and probably diverse, but it is generally agreed that one main function is posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression during early development, when transcription is silent. One example is the translational repression of maternally derived mRNAs in oocytes. Here, I hope to show that the need for regulation of gene expression by RNP granules is not restricted to animal development, but plays an equally important role during the development of pathogenic protozoa. Apicomplexa and Trypanosomatidae have complex life cycles with frequent host changes. The need to quickly adapt gene expression to a new environment as well as the ability to suppress translation to survive latencies is critical for successful completion of life cycles. Posttranscriptional gene regulation is not necessarily simpler in protozoa. Apicomplexa surprise with the presence of micro RNA (miRNAs) and upstream open reading frames (µORFs). Trypanosomes have an unusually large repertoire of different RNP granule types. A better understanding of RNP granules in protozoa may help to gain insight into the evolutionary origin of RNP granules: Trypanosomes for example have two types of granules with interesting similarities to animal germ granules. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:263–284. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1207This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Comparison of systematic roost searches and acoustic detection to determine occupancy of rare forest bats
Authors: Comer Christopher E. , Stuemke Leigh A. , Morrison Michael L. , Maxey Ricky W. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDespite recent increases in conservation interest, the distribution, habitat needs, and conservation priorities remain poorly understood for many animal species, including forest bats. In some cases, little quantitative information exists about appropriate survey methods to determine occupancy or abundance of bats in forest systems. We quantitatively compared detection probabilities between 2 commonly used survey techniques for 2 bat species that are closely associated with bottomland hardwood stands in the southeastern United States. Passive acoustic surveys of echolocation calls were more likely than systematic roost searches to detect both Rafinesque's big‐eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) and southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius) at 7 study areas in eastern Texas. Our results confirmed that numerous repeat visits (>15 acoustic‐survey‐nights) are necessary to have high confidence in detecting Rafinesque's big‐eared bats; however, southeastern myotis were easier to detect. Our results emphasize the importance of quantitatively assessing survey methods prior to designing or implementing widespread survey programs for bats. © 2013 The Wildlife Society
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the Cyclotriphosphate Hydrates Nd(P3O9)·3H2O, Nd(P3O9)·4.5H2O, RE(P3O9)·5H2O (RE = Pr, Nd), and Na3RE(P3O9)2·6H2O (RE = Pr, Nd)
Authors: Daub Michael , Kazmierczak Karolina , Höppe Henning A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract Several rare‐earth cyclotriphosphate hydrates were obtained from mixtures of sodium cyclotriphosphates and the respective rare‐earth chlorides. Nd(P3O9)·3H2O [P$\bar{6}$, Z = 3, a = 677.90(9), c = 608.67(9) pm, R1 = 0.016, wR2 = 0.038, 312 data, 36 parameters] was obtained by a solid state reaction and is isotypic with respective rare‐earth phosphate hydrates, while all the others adopt new structure types. Nd(P3O9)·4.5H2O [C2/c, Z = 8, a = 1644.6(3), b = 756.11(15), c = 1856.1(4) pm, β = 97.25(3)°, R1 = 0.032, wR2 = 0.081, 1763 data, 194 parameters], Nd(P3O9)·5H2O [P21/c, Z = 4, a = 773.75(15), b = 1149.1(2), c = 1394.9(3) pm, β = 106.07(3)°, R1 = 0.042, wR2 = 0.082, 1338 data, 194 parameters], Pr(P3O9)·5H2O [P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2, a = 745.64(15), b = 889.07(18), c = 934.55(19) pm, α = 79.00(3), β = 80.25(3), γ = 66.48(3), R1 = 0.059, wR2 = 0.089, 1468 data, 193 parameters], Na3Nd(P3O9)2·6H2O [P21/n, Z = 4, a = 1059.78(18), b = 1207.25(15), c = 1645.7(4) pm, β = 99.742(17), R1 = 0.047, wR2 = 0.119, 1109 data, 351 parameters] and Na3Pr(P3O9)2·6H2O [P21/n, Z = 4, a = 1061.42(16), b = 1209.0(2), c = 1635.5(3) pm, β = 99.841(13), R1 = 0.035, wR2 = 0.062, 1323 data, 350 parameters] were obtained by careful crystallization at room temperature. A thorough structure discussion is given. The infrared spectrum of Nd(P3O9)·4.5H2O is also reported.
Outcome of Negative‐Pressure Wound Therapy for Open Abdomen Treatment After Nontraumatic Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery: Analysis of Factors Affecting Delayed Fascial Closure in 101 Patients
Authors: Bertelsen Claus Anders , Fabricius Rasmus , Kleif Jakob , Kristensen Bent , Gögenur Ismail 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground
Few studies have focused on the risk factors for failure to achieve fascial closure after use of negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in an open abdomen (OA). We aimed at analyzing possible risk factors for failure of fascial closure and the risk of fistulas after nontrauma lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract surgery treated with OA.Methods
This retrospective study included 101 nontrauma patients treated with OA from 2007 to 2011. Multivariate analyses of risk factors were performed.ResultsIndications for OA were diffuse peritonitis (n = 47), need for second look (n = 26), failure to achieve fascial closure (e.g., bowel edema) at primary laparotomy (n = 24), and fascial necrosis (n = 4). Of the 101 patients, 61 (60 %) were alive at discharge, with one death possibly related to OA (fistula from an iatrogenic perforation). Delayed fascial closure was obtained in 40 (66 %) of the surviving patients, with 80 % when the indications for OA was need for second look and 72 % in cases of diffuse peritonitis. Compared with need for second look [hazard ratio (HR = 1), 95 % CI], proportional HR for failure of delayed fascial closure were peritonitis 1.96 (1.10–3.49) and failure to achieve fascial closure at primary laparotomy 4.70 (2.17–10.2). In the presence of a stoma the HR was 2.02 (1.13–3.63).ConclusionsOA using NPWT seems to be a safe procedure, with few procedure‐related complications. Failure of fascial closure is related to the indication of OA and the presence of a stoma. Prospective multicenter studies are needed to establish which patients with lower GI surgery benefit from OA.
Effects of leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside induced by different clipping heights on the regrowth capacity of ryegrass
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Ling , Guo Xiao‐Lin , Hou Xiao‐Gai , Zhao Wei , Xu Guo‐Wei , Li Zhen‐Qing 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe effect of clipping height on ryegrass regrowth was investigated by examining the roles of several plant hormones. Our study consisted of three treatment conditions: (1) darkness over whole plants, (2) darkness only over stubble leaf sheaths, and (3) light over whole plants. Results showed that under darkness over whole plant, low stubble height resulted in low leaf regrowth biomass. Similar leaf regrowth biomass was observed under conditions of darkness only over stubble leaf sheaths as well as light over whole plants. Each unit weight of stubble at different clipping heights has relatively similar potential of providing stored organic substance for leaf regrowth. Therefore, regrowth index, calculated as newly grown leaf biomass divided by unit stubble weight, was used to evaluate regrowth capacity at different clipping heights under minimal influence of organic substances stored in stubbles. Under light over whole plants and single clipping, low stubble height and high stubble height with root thinning resulted in low leaf biomass and high regrowth index. On the other hand, under light over whole plants and frequent clipping high leaf biomass and regrowth index were observed in high stubble height. In addition, we found that leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z + ZR) affected ryegrass regrowth and that roots regulated leaf Z + ZR concentration. Thus, our results indicate that root‐derived cytokinin concentration in leaves influences ryegrass regrowth at different clipping heights.