bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The emergence of commercial genomics: analysis of the rise of a biotechnology subsector during the Human Genome Project, 1990 to 2004
Authors: Wiechers Ilse R , Perin Noah C , Cook-Deegan Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Background
Development of the commercial genomics sector within the biotechnology industry relied heavily on the scientific commons, public funding, and technology transfer between academic and industrial research. This study tracks financial and intellectual property data on genomics firms from 1990 through 2004, thus following these firms as they emerged in the era of the Human Genome Project and through the 2000 to 2001 market bubble.

Methods
A database was created based on an early survey of genomics firms, which was expanded using three web-based biotechnology services, scientific journals, and biotechnology trade and technical publications. Financial data for publicly traded firms was collected through the use of four databases specializing in firm financials. Patent searches were conducted using firm names in the US Patent and Trademark Office website search engine and the DNA Patent Database.

Results
A biotechnology subsector of genomics firms emerged in parallel to the publicly funded Human Genome Project. Trends among top firms show that hiring, capital improvement, and research and development expenditures continued to grow after a 2000 to 2001 bubble. The majority of firms are small businesses with great diversity in type of research and development, products, and services provided. Over half the public firms holding patents have the majority of their intellectual property portfolio in DNA-based patents.

Conclusions
These data allow estimates of investment, research and development expenditures, and jobs that paralleled the rise of genomics as a sector within biotechnology between 1990 and 2004.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Focused Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Intracranial Lesions
Authors: Hawasli Ammar H. , Bagade Swapnil , Shimony Joshua S. , Miller-Thomas Michelle , Leuthardt Eric C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

BACKGROUND:
Surgical treatments for deep-seated intracranial lesions have been limited by morbidities associated with resection. Real-time magnetic resonance imaging–guided focused laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) offers a minimally invasive surgical treatment option for such lesions.

OBJECTIVE:
To review treatments and results of patients treated with LITT for intracranial lesions at Washington University School of Medicine.

METHODS:
In a review of 17 prospectively recruited LITT patients (34–78 years of age; mean, 59 years), we report demographics, treatment details, postoperative imaging characteristics, and peri- and postoperative clinical courses.

RESULTS:
Targets included 11 gliomas, 5 brain metastases, and 1 epilepsy focus. Lesions were lobar (n = 8), thalamic/basal ganglia (n = 5), insular (n = 3), and corpus callosum (n = 1). Mean target volume was 11.6 cm3, and LITT produced 93% target ablation. Patients with superficial lesions had shorter intensive care unit stays. Ten patients experienced no perioperative morbidities. Morbidities included transient aphasia, hemiparesis, hyponatremia, deep venous thrombosis, and fatal meningitis. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed blood products within the lesion surrounded by new thin uniform rim of contrast enhancement and diffusion restriction. In conjunction with other therapies, LITT targets often showed stable or reduced local disease. Epilepsy focus LITT produced seizure freedom at 8 months. Preliminary overall median progression-free survival and survival from LITT in tumor patients were 7.6 and 10.9 months, respectively. However, this small cohort has not been followed for a sufficient length of time, necessitating future outcomes studies.

CONCLUSION:
Early peri- and postoperative clinical data demonstrate that LITT is a safe and viable ablative treatment option for intracranial lesions, and may be considered for select patients.
Long-term Follow-up of Blister Aneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: Kalani M. Yashar S. , Zabramski Joseph M. , Kim Louis J. , Chowdhry Shakeel A. , Mendes George A. C. , Nakaji Peter , McDougall Cameron G. , Albuquerque Felipe C. , Spetzler Robert F. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

BACKGROUND:
Blister aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are uncommon. There is a paucity of data on the long-term outcomes of patients.

OBJECTIVE:
To review our experience with the treatment of these lesions.

METHODS:
We retrospectively reviewed all aneurysms treated at our institution between 1994 and 2005. Relevant operative notes, radiology reports, and inpatient/outpatient records were reviewed.

RESULTS:
Seventeen patients (3 male, 14 female) with 18 blister aneurysms of the ICA were identified. The mean age was 44.6 years (range, 17–72; median, 42 years). Twelve patients (70.6%) presented with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The mean admission Glasgow Outcome Scale score was 4.3 (range, 2–5; median, 5). All patients were initially treated using microsurgical technique with direct clipping (n = 15; 83.3%) or clip-wrapping with Gore-Tex (n = 3, 16.7%). There were 4 cases of intraoperative rupture, all associated with attempted direct clipping; all 4 cases were successfully clipped. Two cases rebled post-treatment. Both rebleeding episodes were managed with endovascular stenting. Follow-up angiography was available for 14 patients and revealed a new aneurysm adjacent to the site of clipping in 1 patient and in-stent stenosis in 2. At the mean follow-up of 74.5 months (median, 73; range, 7–165), the mean Glasgow Outcome Scale score was 4.6 (range, 2–5; median, 5).

CONCLUSION:
Microsurgical treatment of blister aneurysms of the ICA results in excellent outcome. In the evolution of treating these friable aneurysms, we have modified our clip-wrapping technique and use this technique when direct clipping is not feasible.
Advanced Design of Industrial Mixers for Fluid Foods Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Ferretti Gino , Montanari Roberto , Solari Federico , Vignali Giuseppe 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This work focuses on discontinuous (batch) vertical fluid mixing systems for food fluids with particles. A properly designed mixing process has to provide two main results: a satisfactory homogeneity of the product and the preservation of the integrity of the solid particles. The main problem in the design of a mixer for fluid–solid suspensions is to identify the operating levers which act in order to optimize the performance of the process, while preserving the integrity of the pieces. The purpose of this work is to identify some structural and physical parameters that have the strongest influence on the performance of the mixing process, in order to obtain useful indications for the design of mixing systems.
Different mixer designs were thus analyzed thanks to computational fluid dynamics simulations, from which some key performance indicators (KPIs) related to the effectiveness of the mixing process were obtained. An analysis of variance and a residual analysis were then performed in order to assess the significance of the influence of each input parameter (position of the rotor, fluid viscosity, and aspect ratio), on the individual KPIs and on the global performance of the mixer. From these analyses, some conclusions useful to choose an appropriate design solution for fluid mixers were derived.
A Simulation-Based Ergonomic and Operational Analysis for the Improvement of a Fish Processing Factory Ship
Authors: Rego Monteil Nadia , Crespo Pereira Diego , del Rio Vilas David , Rios Prado Rosa 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This article presents a case study of general ergonomic and operational improvement of the on board process in factory ships. The process includes several lines with automatic and manual operations for processing caught fish as different products. It is a complex system with a great variety of operation possibilities. An exploratory simulation model of the plant and the human tasks is developed as a way to identify improvement opportunities. A combined simulation approach has been adopted for the characterization and improvement of the process comprising (i) a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) to develop the analysis of the production system and experiment with operational rules and (ii) a DHM-based study to analyse the present ergonomic conditions on the manual operations and to propose alternative workstation designs that could lead to effective and ergonomic improvement. As a result, we could characterize the process efficiency in different production scenarios, the organizational effects in the packing workstation and the ergonomic and operational assessment of the packing operations.
Fano-resonant metamaterials and their applications
Authors: Khanikaev Alexander B. , Wu Chihhui , Shvets Gennady 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNew developments in the field of Fano-resonant plasmonic metamaterials are reviewed. The emphasis is on the applications of such artificial electromagnetic materials to a variety of technologically important areas: solar energy harvesting and conversion, sensing/identification of ultra-small molecular contents, and extreme molding of the flow of light. Most recent theoretical tools for describing Fano-resonant metamaterials are reviewed. Both fully three-dimensional metamaterials and planar meta-surfaces are discussed, and their future prospects for applications are critically evaluated.
Dealing with Uncertainty of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Pressure Depletion to Optimize Acid Placement in Thick Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Retnanto Albertus , Orellana Edin , Ryan Abraham 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
For carbonate reservoirs, it is common for completed intervals to intersect several layered reservoirs, commingling multiple zones, and to extend hundreds to more than a thousand feet in length. The long interval presents uncertainty on the key formation parameters considered in acid stimulation even with the best petrophysical measurement and interpretation available in the industry. Stimulation of such intervals can be further complicated by differential depletion between the zones and large differences in hydrostatic pressure during stimulation treatment. This paper strives to outline some of the key pitfalls that can occur due to the uncertainty in this data. Using reservoir simulations, the long term adverse impact of these pitfalls on both production and overall recovery can be shown.
Based on degradable fiber and visco-elastic surfactant technologies, a new acid diverter, has been applied, along with a placement model, to optimize treatment design and to maximize diversion in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs. The system is robust, diverting from high permeability streaks, fissures and natural fractures with very little diverting effect from the low permeability zones, and therefore generates a more uniform stimulation than conventional fluid systems. This approach has been used to optimize various stimulation campaigns on carbonate fields throughout the Middle East.
The diversion technique does not overly rely on the accuracy of petrophysical data, such as permeability and porosity, or reservoir pressure and can be successful in a variety of potential scenarios. Maximizing treatment fluid coverage across the entire intervals can be achieved across thick, even naturally fractured, carbonate intervals using degradable fiber technology within a visco-elastic surfactant fluid.
New Insights into the Prediction of Capillary Pressure from Resistivity Measurements
Authors: Mahmoud M. A. , Abdelgawad K. Z. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Capillary pressure and other special core properties are usually determined using the laboratory analysis of the reservoir cores. The determination of the capillary pressure in the laboratory depends on several factors such conditioning the laboratory to the reservoir conditions. The actual simulation of the reservoir conditions could be difficult in certain situations because transferring the cores from the reservoir to the surface this will cause changes in the pore geometry and fluid compositions. The capillary pressure was determined using different correlations that based on the water saturation and lithology factor for specific formations.
In this study, a new method will be introduced to determine the capillary pressure from the resistivity log measurements. Resistivity logs that will be used are: Deep Induction Log (ILD), Medium Induction Log (ILM) and Micro- Spherical Focused Log (MSFL). The actual log measurements from the downhole will be used to determine the capillary pressure profile in the transition zone versus water saturation. Moreover, this method also can be used to predict the initial condition of the wettability in the reservoir. Lithology and porosity logs also will be used to help in determination the clean and shaly formation, water saturation, and the selected zones permeability, therefore, the effect of shale on the capillary pressure profile can be investigated.
Predicting the capillary pressure profile from the resistivity data proved to be a very good technique in characterizing the reservoir. The capillary pressure profile can be determined for the actual formation conditions downhole without the need to do laboratory tests which at the end will not give accurate profile measurements. The predicted capillary pressure matched the measured capillary pressure in the laboratory at medium permeability range (100-250 md) in carbonate reservoirs and low permeability range in sandstone reservoirs (less than 60 md).
Fault Detection and Characterization Using a 3D Multidirectional Sobel Filter
Authors: Al-Dossary Saleh , Al-Garni Khalid 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Sobel filter is a discrete differentiation operator widely used in seismic image processing algorithms for automatic fault detection and extraction. The filter approximates the local gradient by combining derivatives of the amplitude between neighbouring traces along the x, y, and z directions. However, the approximation is not accurate in noisy seismic data. Also, in areas of steeply dipping geological faults the approximation can lead to misidentification of the faults.
To overcome these problems while also improving automatic fault detection, we propose herein a novel 3D Multidirectional Sobel Filter in which derivatives along nine non-orthogonal directions are computed, and then the direction with the largest derivative is chosen as the local gradient. This new 3D Multidirectional Sobel Filter is computationally intensive; therefore we leveraged a multi-core parallel computing design to reduce total execution time in our tests. We produced a speedup of 4x on an 8-core CPU using a 400 GB poststack seismic volume.
Tests performed on synthetic and Saudi Arabian field data demonstrate that our 3D Multidirectional Sobel Filter delineates fault and fracture distributions more effectively than the conventional Sobel filter. Moreover, our multidirectional filter is shown to be less susceptible to acquisition and processing artefacts than the conventional Sobel filter.
A Simple Method for Predicting Gas/Oil Ratio GOR of Electric Submersible Pumping ESPx Oil Wells
Authors: Salem Said K. , Osman Osman F. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Analyzing well performance is an important step toward increasing profits by improving production techniques. Among artificial lift the main factors controlling the oil producing wells are gas/oil ratio (GOR), the bottom-hole pressure (BHP) and the pump intake pressure (PIP) of the electric submersible pump (ESP). These factors are used to calculate the possible well production when choosing the appropriate pumping equipment and optimizing well performance.
There are different methods which can be used for determining (BHP) and (PIP) of electric submersible pumping (ESP) wells such as conventional pressure bomb, pressure sensors and acoustic well sounding technique. In addition, the GOR is determined only from production test by a separator. All the previous methods require a device. This requires additional money.
A new method for calculating the pump intake pressure (PIP) and the bottom hole pressure (BHP) for ESP wells has been developed using production and completion data only. Based on this method, a new procedure was established for calculating the gas/oil ratio (GOR) for electric– submersible pumping oil wells.
In this study, the value of pump intake pressure (PIP) is measured using acoustic method (measure the fluid level in the annulus) then the (PIP) is calculated by our developed method using production and completion data assuming a value of GOR, conducting many trials with different assumed GOR until matching the calculated and measured data of PIP. At this point, the calculated GOR is close to the actual GOR. The data used in this study were collected from 27 wells; these wells were selected from Western Desert of Egypt covering a wide range of variations in their reservoirs, fluid properties, and ESP assembly.
The comparison of the calculated and measured gas-oil ratio (GOR) proves good accuracy of this technique. It allows drawing a conclusion for an opportunity to use this method in oil field.
Monitoring of Downhole Corrosion: An Overview
Authors: Al-Janabi Yahya T. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Wet sour crude oil wells usually require minor attention to minimize or prevent corrosion damage of the production tubulars and well casings. These wells contain, in addition to crude oil, water, salt, and variable quantities of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, an overview of downhole corrosion is presented. This includes corrosion mechanisms, corrosion monitoring techniques, corrosion inhibition, and field applications along with examples. The main mechanisms contributing to downhole corrosion are classified into electrochemical, chemical and mechanical. Chemical corrosion attack is one of the major players in the case of maturing wells. Relevant corrosion monitoring techniques are then discussed. These techniques provide either direct or indirect measurements of corrosion rates (CRs). In case of existing wells, a basic downhole corrosion monitoring program should include the following techniques as a minimum: (a) wet chemical analysis, e.g., iron counts, (b) metal loss corrosion coupons, and (c) electronic corrosion probes, e.g., electrical resistance (ER) probes. The three common corrosion control strategies are briefly discussed, namely: materials selection, coatings, and chemical inhibition. Finally, three examples of field applications are presented. In these examples, different corrosion monitoring techniques were employed depending on the type of corrosion mechanism and the selected corrosion control strategy.
Systematic Approach Significantly Reduced Wet Gas Venturi Metering Inaccuracies in Saudi Arabian Gas Producers
Authors: Al-Dhamen Mohammad , Leal Jairo , Villegas Ruben , Bolarinwa Simeon , Awadh Aqeel 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The need to accurately meter gas and liquid rates from gas producers in a cost-effective way is of high importance to be able to properly manage Reservoir development and maintain optimum well performance. Inaccurately metered data can lead to poor field development decisions, wrong gas allocation and gas reserves estimation, unnecessary surveillance, and high operating expenses.
As part of a strategy designed to provide maximum operational flexibility while containing capital expenses, Saudi Aramco installed Venturi meters in the majority of its gas producers following a comprehensive review which indicated that the technology was suitable for the operating conditions of the wells. However, as the gas development program has consistently expanded, and the range of the operating condition of the wells broadened, it has been observed that the accuracy of the measurements collected from the venturi meters has continued to decline.
This paper details a systematic approach implemented in the northern sector of the Ghawar gas field to first ascertain the causes of the problem and then find an adequate solution. Details about a completed and comprehensive study involving gas producers with a wide range of condensate ratio, the main problem causes that were identified, the actions taken to reduce the inaccuracy of the gas readings close to the current 10% level, and detailed recommendations are included in this paper.
Core Acquisition from a New Sidewall Rotary Coring Tool: Overview and Experience from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Siddiqui Aamir , Al-Algam Wafi , Nuic Ivo 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Detailed reservoir characterization is the main objective of all petrophysical measurements. The information obtained from petrophysical logs and well testing measurements is integrated with core-based sedimentological studies and core analysis measurements. Core-based information is crucial in the exploration phase of a field because it enables an extensive understanding of the reservoir rock potential. To reduce the operational time and cost, conventional full-core acquisition programs are often curtailed and operators rely on sidewall coring. Rotary sidewall cores provide accurate depth-controlled core plugs in various lithologies in a quicker and cost-effective way.
A new rotary sidewall coring tool has been utilized in Saudi Arabia that enables recovery of high-quality core plugs even from small-sized boreholes. The acquired core plugs have sufficient size for use in conventional and special core analysis, and petrographic studies. The capability to recover up to 60 samples in a single trip enables good coverage of the different lithologies during one acquisition. The core acquisition time per sample is significantly improved over previous generation tools, thus enabling a significant reduction in coring operation time. In addition, the ability to obtain 60 samples in one run enables operators to modify their core-acquisition programs, as sidewall cores provide a good alternative if conventional core programs are not properly executed.
This paper reviews experience and examples where rotary sidewall cores were obtained from several clastic and carbonate formations from different fields in various locations within Saudi Arabia. The operational environments and borehole conditions in which sidewall cores were obtained were exceedingly heterogeneous. These cases include very hard sandstones, mixed sand and shale layers, and limestone to dolomitic carbonates.
Study of Polyacrylamide/Cr III Hydrogels for Conformance Control in Injection Wells to Enhance Chemical Flooding Process
Authors: Hassan Saleh F. , Han Ming , Zhou Xianmin , Krinis Dimitrios , Zahrani Badr 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This study is to increase the efficiency of chemical injection by reducing the injectivity in high permeability zone, especially fractures or super-K zones, which are inevitably encountered in carbonate reservoirs. A chemical gelant system in liquid composed of polymer and crosslinker will be introduced in injection wells and form semi-solid gels in the formation. This technique will divert the successively injected fluids (chemical solution) into unswept formation and ensure the success of a chemical EOR process. A polyacrylamide/Cr (III) gel system was studied in terms of sol/gel diagram, kinetics of the gelation, viscoelastic properties of gels with the help of oscillatory shear rheometer, and long-term stabilities with a measure of syneresis. The lab results present excellent performance at the conditions of a carbonate reservoir. A core flooding test was conducted to identify plugging capacity with disproportionate permeability reduction to brine and to oil. Results confirmed a successful application of gelant system as conformance control agent for a carbonate reservoir.