bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MOTOR AREAS AND PYRAMID TRACT IN THE CANADIAN PORCUPINE (ERETHIZON DORSATUS, LINN.)
Authors: Simpson Sutherland 
Published: December 2014

In the Canadian porcupine the cerebral cortex was exposed on the left side and the motor region located by electrical stimulation. Areas were found and mapped out, excitation of which led to movements of the tail; hind‐limb; body; fore‐limb; face, mouth, and tongue; head and eyes. In no case out of seven experiments was there failure to obtain responses from each of these areas. Although the movements were readily induced, it was found difficult to delimit the areas with accuracy, because of their tendency to overlap at the margins.In six, out of the seven individuals stimulated, the entire motor region on the left side was removed, and the resulting degeneration followed by the Marchi method.In the midbrain, pons, and upper part of the medulla oblongata, the degenerated pyramid tract is found to occupy the usual position. Many fibres leave the main mass in the crusta and pass into the tegmentum, and there is much fine degeneration scattered amongst the cells of the nuclei pontis. There is evidently an extensive connexion between the cerebral cortex and the grey matter of these regions. In its passage through the pons the tract forms a compact bundle, which is not broken up by the transverse pontine fibres to the same extent as in the cat, dog, and monkey.In the lower part of the medulla oblongata most of the fibres decussate into the dorsal column of the opposite side, a few, however, passing into the lateral column of that side. Some fibres pass into the dorsal column of the same (lesion) side, and a considerable number continue downwards into the spinal cord in the ventral column, forming a well‐marked tract extending along the margin of the ventral median fissure. Several bundles of fibres on both sides end in the formatio reticularis at the base of the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando.There are thus in the porcupine four pyramid tracts entering the spinal cord, viz. the crossed dorsal pyramid tract, the crossed lateral pyramid tract, the direct dorsal pyramid tract, and the direct ventral pyramid tract. Arranged according to their importance, that is, judging by the number of fibres which they contain, the order is— crossed dorsal, direct ventral, direct dorsal, crossed lateral.The crossed lateral tract disappears in the mid‐thoracic region, between the seventh and tenth segments; the direct dorsal and ventral between the second and fifth lumbar segments; while the crossed dorsal tract can be followed to the lower end of the sacral region.The decussation takes place at a low level in the medulla oblongata, much of it extending into the upper cervical segment of the spinal cord. It is also less abrupt than in some other animals with a crossed dorsal pyramid tract (e.g. the squirrel and chipmunk) which the writer has had the opportunity of examining.In conclusion, I desire to express my indebtedness to Mr A. E. Livingston for assistance rendered at the operations.
THE ORIGIN OF THE ACTIVE MATERIAL OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY BODY
Authors: Herring P. T. 
Published: December 2014

The pars glandularis of the ox pituitary contains none of the active substance associated with extracts of the posterior lobe. Its junctions with the pars intermedia yield a substance which stimulates the uterus and acts as a galactagogue, but the active principle is a product of the cells of the pars intermedia.The pars intermedia of the ox pituitary, and the whole pituitary of the elasmobranch, yield a substance which stimulates the uterus to contract, and the mammary gland to secrete milk. They exercise little, if any, pressor effect in the cat, even in extracts of a 2 per cent. strength. They do not show any specific effect upon the kidney, either as regards increase in volume, or the secretion of urine. Repeated doses of the active substance do not confer any immunity as regards the action upon the uterus; neither do they hinder the subsequent typical action of extracts of the pars nervosa upon the blood‐pressure.Extracts of the pars nervosa of the ox pituitary yield, in relatively larger amount, the material which stimulates the uterus and acts as a galactagogue. A first injection produces the typical prolonged rise of blood‐pressure in the cat; a second dose has a depressor effect, but is associated with a further contraction of the uterus. The pars nervosa alone yields a material which expands the kidney and produces an increased secretion of urine.It cannot be definitely asserted that there are separate and distinct principles which act upon uterus and mammary gland, upon blood‐pressure, and upon the kidney. It may be that the uterus and mammary gland are especially sensitive, and that the active material has a selective action upon these organs, so that extremely minute amounts provoke a response. On the other hand, the kidney is very susceptible to minute doses of extract of pars nervosa, but does not respond to concentrated extracts of pars intermedia.The active principle, or principles, appear to have their origin from cells of the pars intermedia. The epithelial cells of the latter secrete a thin colloid material which finds its way into the pars nervosa. Whole cells become transformed into hyaline bodies which pass through the pars nervosa. The hyaline bodies break down gradually with the liberation, sometimes of clear hyaline material, and at other times of granules. The products appear to be stored in the pars nervosa, especially around the capillaries of the lobe. In some conditions hyaline bodies pass into the neck of the lobe, and even into the cerebro‐spinal fluid. The extent of such passage is very variable, and depends upon conditions as yet unascertained.Some of the conflicting results which have been obtained by various observers in the action of different parts of the pituitary body may be due to differences in reaction peculiar to the species of animal on which the extracts have been tested.The expenses of this research have been defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie fund.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE SURVIVING MAMMALIAN INTESTINE
Authors: Gunn James A. , Underhill S. W. F. 
Published: December 2014

Segments of the small intestine have been kept exsected at different temperatures to determine for how long a period the pendulum movements can be revived when the intestine is subsequently put into oxygenated Locke's solution at 37° C.; also to determine what modifications the pendulum movements undergo when revived under these conditions, and what alterations occur in the effects produced on them by certain drugs.As far as has been found, the maximum time of survival is as follows: 5 days when the isolated intestine is kept at 3° to 7° C.; over 24 hours when kept at about 15° C.; at least 8½ hours when kept at 37° C. (without oxygen).The movements of the revived intestine show a gradual diminution of amplitude, but no conspicuous alteration of rate.The reaction of the revived intestine to adrenine and to barium continues unchanged at those temperatures so long as the intestine retains any power of rhythmic movement. Pilocarpine and atropine produce their normal action on the pendulum movements when the intestine is kept for 5 days at 3° to 7° C.; but lose their effect when it is kept for 3½ hours at 37° C.The results give an indication of the longevity of the receptive substances for those drugs when the intestine is kept at different temperatures, and lead to the conclusion that the receptive substances connected with the sympathetic nerve terminals have a greater vitality than those connected with the parasympathetic nerve terminals.The isolated circular muscle of the cat's small intestine possesses the power of executing rhythmic movements, resembling the pendulum movements, when it is completely separated from the longitudinal muscle on the one side and from the submucosa and mucous membrane on the other. This power is retained even when the outer layers of the circular muscle have also been removed; the inner layers, remote from Auerbach's plexus, still retain the property of spontaneous rhythmicity.Subject to a revision of the accepted conceptions of the localised nature of Auerbach's plexus, the conclusion is drawn that the spontaneous rhythmicity of these movements is an inherent property of the muscle itself. This conclusion is supported by the fact that, when the intestine is kept at different temperatures, the power of executing rhythmic movements and the power of reacting to barium disappear at the same time.The movements of the isolated muscularis mucosæ of the cat's small intestine have been recorded and found to consist of regular slow rhythmic contractions, occurring at the rate of one in 27 to 60 seconds.Those movements bear a general resemblance to the rhythmic contractions of the spleen, and probably have a similar function of accelerating the local circulation. Adrenine has a motor effect on the rhythmic contractions of the muscularis mucosæ, as on those of the spleen.The benefit of adrenine as a styptic in gastric ulcer may be due partly to its arresting capillary hæmorrhage by contracting the muscularis mucosæ.
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDߚFEEDING ON THE WEIGHT OF THE SUPRARENALS AND ON THEIR ADRENALIN CONTENT
Authors: Herring P. T. 
Published: December 2014

The administration of small quantities, 0·2 to 0·5 grm., of fresh ox thyroid daily to white rats increases the size and weight of the suprarenals both in young and adult animals. Reckoned in mg. per 100 grm. body‐weight, the extent of the increase in the eighteen male animals examined averages a figure which is equivalent to a rise in weight of from 76 to 78 per cent. above the normal. This is the result of feeding the animals with the above‐mentioned doses of thyroid for a period of from three to four weeks.Both cortex and medulla participate in the enlargement, but the hyprotrophy of the cortex is somewhat greater than that of the medulla.There is reason to believe that where accessory suprarenals are present they too undergo enlargement.The adrenalin content of the suprarenals of the white rat increases as a general rule with increase in weight of the animal. The amount of adrenalin normally present is about 0·034 mgr. per 100 grm. body‐weight.Feeding with thyroid increases the adrenalin content of the suprarenals. The average amount in the eighteen animals examined averages from 0·049 to 0·052 mg., which is equivalent to a rise in weight of about 50 per cent.Owing to the relatively greater increase in weight of the suprarenals, resulting from thyroid‐feeding, the percentage amount of adrenalin in them is decreased, though only to a small extent.It is probable that the adrenalin in the accessory suprarenals, when these are present, is also increased.Rats fed with small doses of thyroid not infrequently die suddenly when apparently thriving. In the animals examined which have thus died there is great increase in the weight of the suprarenals and in the adrenalin content. The heart is greatly hypertrophied in addition. There is evidence that thyroid‐feeding results in rapid cardiac hypertrophy in white rats. The condition is being further investigated.The author has to thank Mr Niven of Strathkinness for his kindness in ensuring a regular supply of fresh ox thyroids.The expenses of the research have been met by a grant from the Carnegie Fund.
ACTION OF ADRENALINE ON THE PERFUSED FISH HEART
Authors: Macdonald A. D. 
Published: December 2014

The response of the heart of Scyllium to adrenaline and related drugs is described and discussed in terms of its permeability to ions in the perfusing solution.It is a pleasure to express thanks to Dr
Allen and the staff at Plymouth for their aid in procuring material, as well as to Dr
Lancelot Hogben for his suggestions and assistance in the conduct of these experiments.
THE EFFECT OF LESIONS OF THE HIND‐ AND MID‐BRAIN ON MICTURITION IN THE CAT
Authors: Barrington F. J. F. 
Published: December 2014

1. Destruction of a small part of the brain just ventral to the internal edge of the superior cerebellar peduncle from the level of the middle of the motor nucleus of the fifth nerve behind to the level of the anterior end of the hind brain in front is followed by a permanent inability to empty the urinary bladder if the lesion is bilateral, but not if it is unilateral.2. Destruction of the mid‐brain from the ventral half of the side of the posterior end of the aqueduct outwards to just beyond the mesencephalic root of the fifth nerve is followed when the lesion is bilateral by a permanent loss of consciousness of wanting to micturate or defæcate, but does not impair the performance of either of these functions.3. A lesion in the position of the last, but rather more extensive, produces frequency of micturition as well as the effects observed in 2.I am indebted to Professor J. P. Hill, F.R.S., for allowing the photographs in figs. 3 to 6 to be taken in the Anatomical Department of University College.
PLATELETS AND BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Tait John , Burke Hugh E. 
Published: December 2014

1. Under dark‐field illumination the platelets of previously cooled mammalian plasma have been observed. During the first two or three minutes they undergo progressive expansion, while clear blebs or spherules begin to appear round their margin. Then the platelets suddenly disintegrate, and the spherules travel swiftly outwards into the surrounding plasma, diminishing in size down to eventual extinction as they progress.2. In the path followed by a spherule a filament of fibrin appears. The length and thickness of the individual filaments differ, according to the size of the platelet that gives birth to the spherule and according to the plasma under examination. We look upon the material in the spherules as thrombin.3. The dark‐field observations have been checked and verified by examination of slides fixed in the wet condition at appropriate intervals after the plasma is placed on glass.4. The only blood elements concerned in spontaneous coagulation of mammalian blood are the platelets.5. If the plasma taken from an animal which has shortly before received an intravenous injection of Indian ink is allowed to clot, the ink is seen partly within the remains of the cytolysed platelets and partly incorporated in or adhering to the fibrin.6. If blood taken from an animal that has shortly before received an intravenous injection of Indian ink is defibrinated by stirring with a stick, all the ink particles which are still free are caught in the fibrin that forms on the stick.7. If the blood is taken three hours after intravenous injection of ink, the circulating pigment is mainly in leucocytes, the platelets containing only a very small amount.8. The fact that three hours after intravenous injection of ink platelets are quite abundant while ink‐holding platelets are few is evidence that the original ink‐laden platelets have come to rest some‐where and that a new crop has been thrown into the circulation.9. The accumulation of fibrin around a stick used in whipping blood is due, in the first instance, to adhesion of the platelets to the wood, and any mass of so‐called “fibrin” obtained in this way is a mixture of fibrin proper and of cytolysed platelets.We wish to express our indebtedness to Professor J. C. Simpson of the Histology Department for advice and help in preparing the illustration that accompanies this paper. The drawing itself was made by Miss H. Blackstock.The expenses of the research were defrayed in part by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of M'Gill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—I. THE RELATION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTOSIS AND NUCLEAR CONFIGURATION
Authors: Ponder Eric , Flinn Zebud M. 
Published: December 2014

1. A study is made of the statistical errors met with in the carrying out of Arneth counts. The counting of 100 polymorphs is quite sufficient for all purposes, and for most it is enough to count only 50 cells.2. The relation between nuclear configuration and phagocytic activity is studied, various types of bacteria being used for ingestion. With Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus catarrhalis, Bacillus coli, and B. tuberculosis we have been unable to find any significant difference between the phagocytic activity of the various Arneth classes of polymorph. The errors relating to these counts which accompany ingestion are dealt with, and their importance shown.3. A note is added regarding special technique.This research was carried out under a grant from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society.
ON THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
Authors: M'Dowall R. J. S. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments are described which show that the influence of the vagus in restraining respiration, as indicated by the effect of block or of section, may be caused to vary. Acids, asphyxia, adrenaline, and sensory stimulation reduce the influence of the vagus, and under such circumstances section or block of the vagi has little or no effect on respiration.Rest, acapnia, alkalies, and ergotamine (especially if combined) increase the influence of the vagus, and under such circumstances the effect of section or block may be very profound; indeed, breathing may be altogether arrested.The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by a grant from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society. I beg also to acknowledge the gift of a supply of “adrenalin” from Messrs Parke, Davis & Co.
CELL CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM UNDER VARIOUS NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THIRD PAPER: FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Dye Joseph A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Varying degrees of functional activity and fatigue were induced in white rats by prolonged swimming.2. Microscopical examination of Nissl preparations from the cerebellum, cervical cord, and spinal ganglia revealed mild but demonstrable nerve‐cell alterations.3. These were strikingly similar in character to those previously observed in parathyroid tetany dogs and cretin lambs.4. Chromatolysis is considered as a general reaction of nerve cells, which invariably occurs whenever the normal functional equilibrium of these units is disturbed.5. This reaction varies in its intensity with the severity of the opposing influence, and to this extent only can it be spoken of as specific.
CELL CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM UNDER VARIOUS NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. SECOND PAPER: CRETINISM IN SHEEP AND GOATS
Authors: Dye Joseph A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The brains and cervical cords of seven typical cretin lambs, two typical cretin kids, and one atypical cretin sheep were examined histologically from Nissl preparations for nerve‐cell changes. These tissues were properly controlled by tissues from animals of the same age and sex. In four cases—three cretin lambs and one normal—Macallum's microchemical iron reaction was employed.2. In each of the nine typical cretins definite chromatolysis of these elements were found. Sufficiently characteristic stages were represented to warrant a progressive course in the development of the process.3. The reaction is an affection of the chromatin apparatus, both nuclear and extranuclear, and is characterised by an initial increase followed by a diminution of this substance. This may lead to complete degeneration of the cell.4. The chromatin of the nucleus and nucleolus is less affected than the Nissl substance, and, except for the diffuse substance infiltrating from the cytoplasm, may appear quite normal when the extranuclear chromatin has been reduced to a very fine state. The nucleoli sooner or later, however, become swollen and lose a large part of their characteristically staining chromatin. In iron preparations these appear mottled.5. Identical stages of the chromatolytic process were demonstrated by the two methods employed. Unlike the toluidin‐blue stain, however, the hwematoxylin iron reaction brings out the oxyphilic as well as the basiphilic iron‐containing chromatin. By this method certain accessory bodies of the nucleus are shown. There is first an increase in the amount of iron‐reacting material in the nucleus, after which it begins to diminish, and may reach a point below that of the normal level.6. There is an initial decrease in the size of the cells, which is followed by a gradual swelling. Vacuolisation of the cytoplasm is frequently seen. The nucleus is affected to a less extent than the cytoplasm. Vacuolisation of the former was not observed.7. These alterations are not sufficiently characteristic to support the theory of a specific reaction, and are not in a true sense diametrically opposite in their course to those associated with parathyroid tetany, where excitation rather than depression is the prominent symptom.8. The changes are believed to be due to a state of depressed metabolism resulting from the loss of the thyroid principle, and are sufficiently advanced and extensive to account, in part at least, for the abnormal behaviour of the animals involved.The writer wishes to express his deepest appreciation to Dr S. A. Goldberg, of the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, who conducted the post‐mortem examinations for the cases described above.The cost of this investigation has been defrayed, in part, by a grant from the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University.
BLOOD‐SUGAR CONCENTRATION AND PANCREATIC SECRETION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Baxter Stewart G. 
Published: December 2014

1. Insulin hypoglycæmia causes a diminished output of enzymes by the pancreatic gland in a rabbit having vagi intact and spontaneously secreting pancreatic juice. This phenomenon was not observed if the vagi had been cut.2. The inhibition of the flow of pancreatic juice under the above‐mentioned conditions is not an absolutely constant phenomenon.3. When the spontaneous pancreatic secretion in the rabbit has been arrested by hypoglycæmia, it may be restored by intravenous injection of a hypertonic glucose solution. This effect is observed when the vagi and splanchnics are intact and also after they have been severed.My thanks are due to Dr B. P.
Babkin for helpful criticism throughout this work.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCULATURE.—III. ARE THE INTESTINAL MOVEMENTS NEUROGENIC OR MYOGENIC?
Authors: Krishnan B. T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The normal peristaltic movement as well as the peristaltic rlus seen at the time of death is dependent upon local nerve‐plexuses.2. Experimental evidence is given to show that the rhythmic contractions become slow and irregular, or cease altogether, whenever a neurotropic poison is injected into an animal, or painted on the intact bowel, or added to a bath conitaining excised segments of the bowel.3. It is concluded that, although the intestinal muscle may, with suitable nourishment, show automatic rhythm, it is to a large extent dependent upon the enteric nerve cells and fibres for its normal rhythmic activity. The functioning of the Auerbach plexus in rhythmic contractions is necessary for bringing about a reciprocal inhibition in the activity of the two muscle‐layers of the intestinal wall.4. Pendular movements, which are longitudinal muscle phenomena, are also dependent on Auerbach's plexus.I wish to express my thanks to Mr C. K.
Prasada Rao and Mr C.
Vareed for technical assistance in the experiments.