bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Apolipoprotein B and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy–Derived LDL Particle Number with Outcomes in 25 Clinical Studies: Assessment by the AACC Lipoprotein and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices
Authors: Cole Thomas G , Contois John H , Csako Gyorgy , McConnell Joseph P , Remaley Alan T , Devaraj Sridevi , Hoefner Daniel M , Mallory Tonya , Sethi Amar A , Warnick G Russell 
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND
The number of circulating LDL particles is a strong indicator of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, even superior to the concentration of LDL cholesterol. Atherogenic (primarily LDL) particle number is typically determined either directly by the serum concentration of apolipoprotein B (apo B) or indirectly by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of serum to obtain NMR-derived LDL particle number (LDL-P).

CONTENT
To assess the comparability of apo B and LDL-P, we reviewed 25 clinical studies containing 85 outcomes for which both biomarkers were determined. In 21 of 25 (84.0%) studies, both apo B and LDL-P were significant for at least 1 outcome. Neither was significant for any outcome in only 1 study (4.0%). In 50 of 85 comparisons (58.8%), both apo B and LDL-P had statistically significant associations with the clinical outcome, whereas in 17 comparisons (20.0%) neither was significantly associated with the outcome. In 18 comparisons (21.1%) there was discordance between apo B and LDL-P.

CONCLUSIONS
In most studies, both apo B and LDL-P were comparable in association with clinical outcomes. The biomarkers were nearly equivalent in their ability to assess risk for CVD and both have consistently been shown to be stronger risk factors than LDL-C. We support the adoption of apo B and/or LDL-P as indicators of atherogenic particle numbers into CVD risk screening and treatment guidelines. Currently, in the opinion of this Working Group on Best Practices, apo B appears to be the preferable biomarker for guideline adoption because of its availability, scalability, standardization, and relatively low cost.
Microstructural evolution of monocrystalline Co–Al–W-based superalloys by high-temperature creep deformation
Authors: Sumitani Takahiro , Tanaka Katsushi , Inui Haruyuki 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTCreep tests of monocrystalline Co–Al–W-based alloys with a tensile stress of 137 MPa at 1000 °C were carried out. The microstructures of the crept specimens were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The γ′ phase in the specimens was not only elongated along the stress direction as expected by the sign of the lattice misfit but also elongated in one of the <100> directions perpendicular to the stress direction. As a result, the shape of the γ′ phase is not a rod but a plate. In the TEM images, it was observed that many SISFs are induced in the γ′ phase by creep. A similar microstructure is also observed in Ni-based superalloys, but the microstructure was formed under relatively lower temperatures and higher applied stresses. The observation of numerous stacking faults in the γ′ phase is a clear indication that the γ′ phase precipitated in the present alloy is weaker than that in many modern Ni-based superalloys.
Detailed Mapping of Reaction Diagrams for Metastable Phases
Authors: Sundqvist Bertil 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA method is presented to map reaction diagrams for metastable phases by treating a rod-shaped sample under high pressure in a known temperature gradient, such that each point on the sample is treated at a unique, known temperature. After quenching to ambient conditions the structural properties of the sample can be studied by spectroscopic or other techniques. The accuracy and resolution in temperature is mainly limited by the uncertainties in the measured temperature distribution during treatment and the uncertainty in position during analysis. The method is tested by re-mapping the polymerization reaction of C60 under high pressure in the range 0.8 – 2 GPa. Preliminary data show surprisingly sharp "reaction boundaries" at certain temperatures, signalling the onset of dimerization and polymerization of the material.
Recoilless Fraction in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline FeCuNbSiB System
Authors: Sorescu Monica , Xu Tianhong , Herchko Steven 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTDifferential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and room temperature Mössbauer spectrum measurements of Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 (Finemet) alloy have been carried out in order to study its structural and magnetic properties as a function of annealing temperature. The Mössbauer spectra of annealed Finemet alloy could be fitted with 4 or 5 sextets and one doublet at higher annealing temperatures, revealing the appearance of different crystalline phases corresponding to the different Fe sites above the crystallization temperature. The appearance of the nanocrystalline phases at different annealing temperatures was further confirmed by the recoilless fraction measurements. These made use of our recently-developed dual absorber method, which made it possible to determine precisely the recoilless fractions of the amorphous, nanocrystalline and grain boundary phases separately.
Intense Ultraviolet Photoluminescence Observed at Room Temperature from NiO Nano-porous Thin Films Grown by the Hydrothermal Technique
Authors: Sarangi Sachindra Nath , Zhang Dongyuan , Sahoo Pratap Kumar , Uchida Kazuo , Sahu Surendra Nath , Nozaki Shinji 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTWe have successfully formed high-quality nanoporous NiO films by the hydrothermal technique and observed intense ultraviolet (UV) luminescence at room temperature. The SEM image reveals nanoporous NiO films with pore diameters from 70 to 500 nm. The results of XRD, Micro Raman and FTIR characterizations confirm the cubic structure of NiO. The optical band gaps estimated from the absorption spectrum are found to be 3.86 and 4.51 eV. The former is similar to that of bulk NiO, while the latter is much higher than that of bulk NiO. The increased band gap was attributed to the quantum confinement in the NiO nanocrystals, which may be present in the nanoporous NiO film. The room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum shows a peak of intense luminescence at 3.70 eV and several other peaks in the UV and near-UVwavelength regions. The intense UV luminescence at 3.70 eV was associated with the near band-edge emission and the others with defect-related emission. The high-quality wall of nanoporous NiO with a large surface-to-volume ratio provided the intense UV emission.
Fabrication of Micro-OLEDs by Room-temperature Curing Nanocontact-print Lithography Using DLC Molds
Authors: Ishikawa Ippei , Sakurai Keisuke , Kiyohara Shuji , Okuno Taisuke , Tanoue Hideto , Suda Yoshiyuki , Takikawa Hirofumi , Taguchi Yoshio , Sugiyama Yoshinari , Omata Yukiko , Kurashima Yuichi 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe microfabrication technologiesfor organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are essential to the fabrication of the next generation of light-emitting devices. The micro-OLEDs fabricated by room-temperature curing nanoimprint lithography (RTC-NIL) using diamond molds have been investigated. However, light emissions from 10 μm-square-dot OLEDs fabricated by the RTC-NIL method have not been uniform. Therefore, we proposed the fabrication of micro-OLEDs by room-temperature curing nanocontact-print lithography (RTC-NCL) using the diamond-like carbon (DLC) mold. The DLC molds used in RTC-NCL were fabricated by an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) oxygen ion shower with polysiloxane oxide mask in electron beam (EB) lithography technology. The mold patterns are square and rectangle dots which has 10 µm-width, 10 µm-width and50 µm-length, respectively. The height of the patterns is 500 nm. The DLC molds were used to form the insulating layer of polysiloxane in RTC-NCL. We carried out the RTC-NCL process using the DLC mold under the following optimum conditions: 0.1 MPa-pressure for coating DLC mold with polysiloxane film, 2.1 MPa-pressure for transferring polysiloxane from DLC mold pattern to indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate. We deposited N, N'-Diphenyl -N, N'-di (m-tolyl)benzidine (TPD) [40 nm-thickness] as hole transport layer / Tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq3) [40 nm-thickness] as electron transport layer / Al [200 nm-thickness] as cathode on ITO glass substrateas anode in this order. We succeeded in formation of the insulating layer with square and rectangle dots which has 10 µm-width,10 µm-width and 50 µm-length, and operation of micro-OLEDs by RTC-NIL using DLC molds.
Decontamination Pilot Projects: Building a Knowledge Base for Fukushima Environmental Remediation
Authors: Miyahara Kaname , Tokizawa Takayuki , Nakayama Shinichi 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTAfter the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear accident, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)was chosen by the Government to conduct decontamination pilotprojects at selected sitesin the contaminated area of Fukushima. Despite tight boundary conditions in terms of timescale and resources, the projectsprovide a good basis for developing recommendations on how to assure clean-up efficiency and worker safety and reduce time, cost, subsequent waste management and environmental impact. The results of the project can be summarised in terms of site characterisation and data interpretation, clean-up and waste minimisation and storage.
Substrate Temperature Effects of the ZnO:AlF3Transparent Conductive Oxide
Authors: Lin Tien-Chai , Huang Wen-Chang , Liu Chin-Hung , Chang Shang-Chou 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThermal effects on the crystal structure, electrical and optical characteristics of the Al and F co-doped ZnO films (ZnO:AlF3) are discussed in the paper. The ZnO:AlF3 thin films are prepared by RF sputtering with a constant power (ZnO/AlF3=100W/75W) toward the ZnO and AlF3 targets. The substrate temperature varied from room temperature to 250 °C with a step of 50 °C during thin film deposition. The crystalline quality of the ZnO:AlF3 film improved as the substrate temperature increased, with a corresponding increase in grain size. The improvement of the film quality leads to a higher electron mobility, with electron mobility of 0.85 cm2/V-s for the film deposited at the substrate temperature of 250 °C. The doping effect of fluorine in ZnO, and hence carrier concentration, was reduced at high temperature due to the vaporization of fluorine. This led to a reduction of carrier concentration with increase of temperature from 25 to 200°C. The corresponding resistivity increased from 3.60×10−2 to 6.0×10−2 Ω-cm. While for a further increase in substrate temperature, the doping of Al to the ZnO film was increased and resulted in an increase in carrier concentration.
Nanosized Thermosensors for Use in Explosions
Authors: Eilers Hergen , Myint Thandar , Gunawidjaja Ray , Horn Jillian , Lightstone James , Milby Christopher , Stamatis Demitrios 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTNanophase Eu-doped Y2(CO3)3 and Eu-doped Zr(OH)4 are seeded into explosive fireballs to record the temperatures inside the fireball. The heat from the explosion decomposes the materials and converts them into Eu-doped Y2O3 and Eu-doped ZrO2, respectively. The optical signatures of these materials are compared with those of samples heated in a pyroprobe. By comparing the full-width half-max (FWHM) of the excitation peak of Eu-doped Y2(CO3)3 or comparing the ratio of two fluorescence peaks and the peak position of Eu-doped Zr(OH)4, we are able to deduce the temperatures inside the explosive fireball.
High Harmonic Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Harsh Environment Sensor Applications
Authors: Justice J. , Elbaz M. , Rodak L. E. , Korakakis D. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTSurface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are ideal candidates for gas sensors due to their small size, low cost of production and high sensitivity. Increasing restrictions on pollution and emissions create the necessity for sensors that can operate in the harsh environments found in vehicle exhaust systems and industrial production. Gallium nitride (GaN) is a robust, chemically inert, piezoelectric semiconductor, making it an attractive material for SAW devices designed to detect and monitor gases in harsh environments. In this work, SAW devices designed to operate at the 5th and 7th harmonics are fabricated on GaN thin films and their performance is measured through insertion loss, signal to noise ratio, operating frequency and quality factor. Devices are directly exposed to the exhaust gas of a common diesel engine. Device performance is then re-measured and compared. SAW devices fabricated in this work have measured operating frequencies above 1 GHz, and quality factors up to and higher than 2000, depending on the harmonic mode. SAW devices on GaN showed good chemical stability and measured changes in device performance after exhaust exposure was negligible.
ZnO/PVA Macroscopic Fibers Bearing Anisotropic Photonic Properties
Authors: Kinadjian Natacha , Achard Marie-France , Julian-Lopez Beatriz , Maugey Maryse , Poulin Philippe , Prouzet Eric , Backov Rénal 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTComposite PVA/ZnO-nanorods fibers, synthesized through co-axial flux extrusion exhibit higher anisotropic photonic properties, both in absorption and emission, as a result of the collective alignment of the ZnO nanorods along the main axis of the PVA fiber. This photonic anisotropy is triggered by a synergistic interaction between the PVA matrix, stretched above Tg, and cooled down under strain. Compared with non-elongated fibers that present an isotropic emission, composite fibers previously submitted to a tensile stress absorb selectively UV emission when the polarized laser beam is parallel to the main axis of the fiber. In addition, their photoluminescence is also anisotropic, with a waveguide behavior along the fiber’s main axis.
Microstructure Control of Nb-Si Based Alloys with Cr, W, Ta and Zr by Using Nb3Si Phase Stability Control
Authors: WANG Yuting , MIURA Seiji , YOSHINARI Akira 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTRecently, Nb-Si based alloys have attracted considerable attention as potential candidate materials for ultra-high temperature applications, because of their low densities and high melting points. However, it is still very difficult to obtain materials with a good balance of high-temperature strength and room-temperature toughness. To address this issue, microstructure control is considered to be a promising method. In applying microstructure control to Nb-Si based alloys with a eutectic reaction (L → Nbss+ Nb3Si) and a eutectoid reaction (Nb3Si → Nbss+ Nb5Si3), the key is the control of Nb3Si phase stability. Nbss(Nb solid solution) is considered as a ductile phase. In previous reports, it was revealed that different elements had different effects on the stability of Nb3Si. In particular, Mo and W (>3 at %) destabilize the Nb3Si phase, while Ti and Ta stabilize it, and Zr acts as an accelerator for decomposition of Nb3Si. On the other hand, Cr is known to enhance the formation of the ductile Nbssphase. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adding combinations of stabilizing, destabilizing, and accelerating elements with Cr, such as Cr and W, Cr and Ta, Cr and Zr. According to SEM observation, different microstructures were obtained with different combination of additives, and the fracture toughness at room temperature of these samples were also evaluated to reveal the effects of the microstructure on the mechanical properties of Nb-Si based alloys.
Micro-pillar Compression of Ni-base Superalloy Single Crystals
Authors: Arora Kabir , Kishida Kyosuke , Inui Haruyuki 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTMicro-compression behavior of single crystalline Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4 has been studied especially focusing on a specimen size range comparable to the size of Ni3Al (γ’) precipitates of about 500 nm using square cross-section micro-pillar specimens. The variation in stress levels exhibited a considerable increase for smaller micro-pillar specimens with edge lengths below 2 μm. Shearing of both the Ni (γ) channels and the γ’ precipitates was observed indicating that stress levels were significant enough to cause the dislocations to cut into the γ’ precipitates at room temperatures.
Glass-Iron-Clay interactions in a radioactive waste geological disposal: a multiscale approach
Authors: Rébiscoul Diane , Burger Emilien , Bruguier Florence , Godon Nicole , Chouchan Jean-Louis , Mestre Jean-Pierre , Frugier Pierre , Lartigue Jean-Eric , Gin Stephane 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn France, nuclear glass canisters arising from spent fuel reprocessing are expected to be disposed in a deep geological repository using a multi-barrier concept (glass/canister/steel overpack and claystone). In this context, glass - iron or corrosion products interactions were investigated in a clayey environment to better understand the mechanisms and driving forces controlling the glass alteration. Integrated experiments involving glass - metallic iron or magnetite - clay stacks were run at laboratory scale in anoxic conditions for two years. The interfaces were characterized by a multiscale approach using SEM, TEM, EDX and STXM at the SLS Synchrotron. Characterization of glass alteration patterns on cross sections revealed various morphologies or microstructures and an increase of the glass alteration with the proximity between the glass and the source of iron (metallic iron or magnetite) due to the consumption of the silica coming from the glass alteration. In case of magnetite, the silica consumption is mainly driven by a sorption of silica onto the magnetite. For experiments containing metallic iron, the silica consumption seems to be strongly driven by silicates precipitation including Fe and Fe/Mg when the Fe is not enough available. Moreover, in addition to Fe-silicates observed at the surface of the gel layers, iron is incorporated within the gel probably as nanosized precipitates of Fe-silicates which could affect its physical and chemical properties. Those results highlighted the impact of the distance between glass and iron source and the nature of the iron source which drive the process consuming the silica coming from the glass alteration.
Technetium Incorporation into C14 and C15 Laves Intermetallic Phases
Authors: Buck Edgar C. , Schemer-Kohrn Alan L. , Wierschke Jonathan B. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTLaves-type intermetallic phases have been observed to be the dominant phases in a series of alloy compositions being designed for the immobilization of technetium in a metallic waste form. The dominant metals in the alloy compositions were Fe-Mo and Fe-Mo-Zr. The alloy composition, Fe-Mo-Zr, also contained Pd, Zr, Cr, and Ni. Both non-radioactive rhenium-containing and radioactive technetium-bearing alloy compositions were investigated. In the Fe-Mo series, the phases observed were Fe2Mo (C14 Laves phase) and ferrite in agreement with predictions. Both Tc and Re resided predominantly in the Laves phases. In the Fe-Mo-Zr system, the phases included hexagonal C14 with the composition (Fe,Cr)2Mo, cubic C15 phase with a (Fe,Ni)2Zr composition, and the hcp phase Pd2Zr. The observation of these phases was in agreement with predictions. Re was found in the C14 intermetallic, (Fe,Cr)2Mo. Technetium was also observed to be partitioned preferentially into the (Fe,Cr)2Mo phase; however, this phase exhibited a cubic structure consistent with the C15 structural type. The composition of Laves phases is influenced by both the atomic size and electro-negativity of the constituent elements. The long-term release behavior of technetium under nuclear waste disposal conditions may be more dependent on the corrosion characteristics of these individual Laves phases containing Tc than the other metallic phases.
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental tests of irradiated graphite molten salt decontamination
Authors: Karlina Olga , Ojovan Michael , Pavlova Galina , Klimov Vsevolod 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTMolten salt flameless oxidation of graphite is one of the prospective methods of irradiated graphite waste processing. Molten salts are capable to retain a considerable part of radionuclides, to neutralize acidic off gases, moreover spent salts could be vitrified on completion of the process. We have used thermodynamic modelling to assess the efficiency of molten salt oxidation of graphite. Equilibrium compositions of both the melt and the off gas were calculated depending on graphite content and temperature. The feasibility of decontaminating the irradiated graphite of its near-surface layers using complete molten salt oxidation was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. As the molten salt medium used to oxidize irradiated graphite we have investigated lithium, potassium and sodium carbonates. Sodium sulphate, boron oxide, barium and potassium chromates were also used as oxidizers. Tests were carried out at 870–1270 К. The efficiency of decontamination of graphite blocks has been assessed based on the activity of 137Cs and 60Со in the samples before and after molten salt oxidation. Data obtained demonstrated the feasibility of decontamination by molten salt removal of near surface layers on irradiated graphite blocks. Decontamination rate and efficiency depend on oxidizers used and temperature of process.
Reducing the uncertainty of nuclear fuel dissolution: an investigation of UO2 analogue CeO2
Authors: Corkhill Claire L. , Bailey Daniel J. , Thornber Stephanie M. , Stennett Martin C. , Hyatt Neil C. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, CeO2 analogues, which approximate as closely as possible the characteristics of fuel-grade UO2, were characterised after dissolution under a wide range of conditions. Powdered samples were subject to a range of aggressive and environmentally relevant alteration media with different solubility controls, and reacted at 70 °C and 90 °C. Dissolution kinetics were monitored through analysis of the coexisting aqueous solution. Monolith samples were monitored for development of surface defects such as pores and dissolution pits, in addition to morphological changes at grain boundaries and surface pores upon dissolution under aggressive conditions. The surfaces were analysed using confocal profilometry, vertical scanning interferometry and scanning electron microscopy. Dissolution rates were found to be greatest in low pH solutions and at higher temperatures. Preferential dissolution appears to occur at grain boundaries and on particular grains, suggesting a crystallographic control on dissolution.
VUV photon induced strain free amorphous silica coating with hard protective waterproof property for high power laser optics
Authors: Sato Yuji , Motokoshi Shinji , Nakatsuka Masahiro , Okamoto Yoshiaki , Murahara Masataka 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTAn amorphous silica film has been coated on a fused silica glass and KH2PO4 [KDP] crystal by using the photo oxidization of Dimethy-siloxane silicone [DMSS] oil by using a xenon [Xe2] excimer lamp at room temperature. The DMSS oil [-O-Si[CH3]2-O-]n was spin-coated on a fused silica glass to make a thin film, and the Xe2 lamp light was vertically irradiated in the presence of oxygen. Thus, the organic oil was changed into inorganic glass. In order to investigate the photochemical reaction process, the fluorescence intensity was measured by spectrometer at actual time and the new method to form a transparent, photo-oxidized thin film efficiently has been established. The interferometer analysis was conducted to investigate the strain of the coating samples. It became clear that the no strain were caused by vitrification of the silicone oil on the fused silica galass with Xe2 lamp irradiation.