bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of current and anticipated use of standard and specialist equipment by UK optometrists
Authors: Dabasia Priya L. , Edgar David F. , Garway‐Heath David F. , Lawrenson John G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeTo investigate current and anticipated use of equipment and information technology (IT) in community optometric practice in the UK, and to elicit optometrists' views on adoption of specialist equipment and IT.MethodsAn anonymous online questionnaire was developed, covering use of standard and specialist diagnostic equipment, and IT. The survey was distributed to a random sample of 1300 UK College of Optometrists members.ResultsFour hundred and thirty‐two responses were received (response rate = 35%). Enhanced (locally commissioned) or additional/separately contracted services were provided by 73% of respondents. Services included glaucoma repeat measures (30% of respondents), glaucoma referral refinement (22%), fast‐track referral for wet age‐related macular degeneration (48%), and direct cataract referral (40%). Most respondents (88%) reported using non‐contact/pneumo tonometry for intra‐ocular pressure measurement, with 81% using Goldmann or Perkins tonometry. The most widely used item of specialist equipment was the fundus camera (74% of respondents). Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was used by 15% of respondents, up from 2% in 2007. Notably, 43% of those anticipating purchasing specialist equipment in the next 12 months planned to buy an OCT. ‘Paperless’ records were used by 39% of respondents, and almost 80% of practices used an electronic patient record/practice management system. Variations in responses between parts of the UK reflect differences in the provision of the General Ophthalmic Services contract or community enhanced services. There was general agreement that specialised equipment enhances clinical care, permits increased involvement in enhanced services, promotes the practice and can be used as a defence in clinico‐legal cases, but initial costs and ongoing maintenance can be a financial burden. Respondents generally agreed that IT facilitates administrative flow and secure exchange of health information, and promotes a state‐of‐the‐art practice image. However, use of IT may not save examination time; its dynamic nature necessitates frequent updates and technical support; the need for adequate training is an issue; and security of data is also a concern.ConclusionUK optometrists increasingly employ modern equipment and IT services to enhance patient care and for practice management. While the clinical benefits of specialist equipment and IT are appreciated, questions remain as to whether the investment is cost‐effective, and how specialist equipment and IT may be used to best advantage in community optometric practice.
On the salty side of life: molecular, physiological and anatomical adaptation and acclimation of trees to extreme habitats
Authors: POLLE ANDREA , CHEN SHAOLIANG 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSaline and sodic soils that cannot be used for agriculture occur worldwide. Cultivating stress‐tolerant trees to obtain biomass from salinized areas has been suggested. Various tree species of economic importance for fruit, fibre and timber production exhibit high salinity tolerance. Little is known about the mechanisms enabling tree crops to cope with high salinity for extended periods. Here, the molecular, physiological and anatomical adjustments underlying salt tolerance in glycophytic and halophytic model tree species, such as Populus euphratica in terrestrial habitats, and mangrove species along coastlines are reviewed. Key mechanisms that have been identified as mediating salt tolerance are discussed at scales from the genetic to the morphological level, including leaf succulence and structural adjustments of wood anatomy. The genetic and transcriptomic bases for physiological salt acclimation are salt sensing and signalling networks that activate target genes; the target genes keep reactive oxygen species under control, maintain the ion balance and restore water status. Evolutionary adaptation includes gene duplication in these pathways. Strategies for and limitations to tree improvement, particularly transgenic approaches for increasing salt tolerance by transforming trees with single and multiple candidate genes, are discussed.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Glyphosate in Water by N‐Doped SnO2/TiO2 Thin‐Film‐Coated Glass Fibers
Authors: Kongsong Peerawas , Sikong Lek , Niyomwas Sutham , Rachpech Vishnu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhotocatalytic degradation of glyphosate contaminated in water was investigated. The N‐doped SnO2/TiO2 films were prepared via sol–gel method, and coated on glass fibers by dipping method. The effects of nitrogen doping on coating morphology, physical properties and glyphosate degradation rates were experimentally determined. Main variable was the concentration of nitrogen doping in range 0–40 mol%. Nitrogen doping results in shifting the absorption wavelengths and narrowing the band gap energy those lead to enhancement of photocatalytic performance. The near optimal 20N/SnO2/TiO2 composite thin film exhibited about two‐ and four‐folds of glyphosate degradation rates compared to the undoped SnO2/TiO2 and TiO2 films when photocatalytic treatment were performed under UV and solar irradiations, respectively, due to its narrowest band gap energy (optical absorption wavelength shifting to visible light region) and smallest crystallite size influenced by N‐doping.
Morphometric variation of Seminavis pusilla (Bacillariophyceae) and its relationship to salinity in inter‐dune lakes of the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Rioual Patrick , Lu Yanbin , Chu Guoqiang , Zhu Bingqi , Yang Xiaoping 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWe used light and scanning electron microscope analyses to quantify morphometric features (valve length, width, stria density, lineola density and valve curvature) from the observation of valves representing Seminavis pusilla. Cluster analysis based on Gaussian mixture models and the expectation‐maximization algorithm was used for delineating two species, Seminavis pusilla sensu stricto and Seminavis lata (Krammer) Rioual comb. et stat. nov. By comparison with S. pusilla, S. lata is characterized by wider valves and lower stria density. The two species have also markedly different ecology. S. pusilla is most abundant in the most saline lakes of the dataset, while S. lata is most abundant in the less saline lakes. Our results indicate that combining the two species into S. pusilla sensu lato would lead to a loss of ecological information and a decrease of the performance of transfer functions developed for quantitative reconstruction of past salinity from fossil diatom assemblages in sediment cores.
Material Culture and the Study of Hinduism and Buddhism
Authors: Mann Richard D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis essay surveys the history of material culture in relation to the study of Buddhism and Hinduism. The essay opens by exploring the factors in Reformation and Enlightenment Europe that led to the marginalization of material culture in relation to religion, and how these attitudes towards the use of material objects in religion entered the academic study of religion as the discipline developed. Colonial attitudes towards Buddhist and Hindu material culture are also addressed as an example of how the western move towards a privileging of texts and doctrines over matter impacted the early study of Indian religions by western academics. The more recent shift towards including data from material sources is also demonstrated with a focus on two fields within religious studies: the history of religions and lived religions. In relation to the history of religions, the essay demonstrates that incorporating material sources both questions accepted scholarship based solely on texts and allows for a more complete historical context through which scholars can explore both texts and objects together. The discussion of lived religions and material culture emphasizes the movement towards understanding religion as embodied and that a study of how objects are produced, exchanged and understood gives us insight into everyday religious practice and the social relationships that are constructed through the use of ‘stuff’.
Changes in serum free testosterone, sleep patterns, and 5‐alpha‐reductase type I activity influence changes in sebum excretion in female subjects
Authors: Bissonnette R. , Risch J. E. , McElwee K. J. , Marchessault P. , Bolduc C. , Nigen S. , Maari C. 
Published: August 2014

Background/PurposeSebum is thought to play an important role in acne vulgaris and sebum excretion rate (SER) is often used as a marker of efficacy in acne studies. This study explored factors that could induce intra‐subject variability in SER.MethodsSER was measured twice, 7 days apart, on the forehead of 40 healthy subjects. At each visit, the following parameters were also evaluated: serum androgen levels, 5‐alpha‐reductase type I gene expression, forehead temperature, sleep habits, diet, facial washing routine, and UV exposure.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between the time subjects fell asleep on Day 0 and the change in SER for the left (P = 0.010; R = 0.402) and right sides (P = 0.002; R = 0.467) of the forehead. There was a significant inverse correlation between SER and 5‐alpha‐reductase type 1 expression and between free testosterone levels and 5‐alpha‐reductase type 1 expression. In sub‐analyses performed on men and women, these correlations were only significant for women.ConclusionVariations in sleep patterns, free testosterone, and 5‐alpha‐reductase type 1 activity are associated with changes in sebum excretion in women. This could explain some of the inter‐subject variability in SER measured between visits in clinical studies.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Neotropical spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae: Ischnorhininae): revised tribal classification based on morphological data
Authors: PALADINI ANDRESSA , TAKIYA DANIELA M. , CAVICHIOLI RODNEY R. , CARVALHO GERVÁSIO S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe spittlebug family Cercopidae is currently divided into two subfamilies: the paraphyletic Old World Cercopinae and the monophyletic New World Ischnorhininae. The most recent classification scheme proposed by Fennah in 1968 divided the New World Cercopidae into four tribes: Tomaspidini, Ischnorhinini, Hyboscartini and Neaenini. Herein we present a phylogenetic analysis of Ischnorhininae using 108 morphological characters and including 53 of the 59 recognized genera, to evaluate the tribal‐level classification and understand the processes underlying the current distributional patterns of these genera. We found significant support for the monophyly of many Neotropical genera, but Fennah's tribal classification is revised because tribes Neaenini, Ischnorhinini and Tomaspidini were recovered as polyphyletic. Hyboscartini was synonymized with Tomaspidini. A taxonomic key to tribes and genera of Neotropical spittlebugs is provided based mostly on recovered apomorphies. The biogeographical analysis suggests a Neotropical origin of ischnorhinines, more specifically in northwestern South America. This was possibly coincident spatially and temporally with the origin of grasses, with ancestral range expansions southward to the Amazonian and Paraná regions, and posterior vicariant events, possibly related to the expansion of forests in the Chacoan region, the South America diagonal of open formations. Dispersals to the Chacoan region and to the Nearctic region are hypothesized to have occurred only within genera. In the Chacoan region it is associated with more recent events, such as the diversification of C4 grasses and establishment of the savannas and seasonally dry forests.
Revision and phylogeny of Syrphetodes (Coleoptera: Ulodidae): implications for biogeography, alpinization and conservation
Authors: LESCHEN RICHARD A. B. , BUCKLEY THOMAS R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe genus Syrphetodes Broun is revised to include a total of 13 species. Most of the species are restricted in their distributions, are rarely collected and have been attributed conservation status in New Zealand. Eleven species are described as new: three from Northland (S. relictus sp.n., Te Paki; S. insularis sp.n., Three Kings Islands; S. magnus sp.n., Hokianga), one from the central North Island (S. obtusus sp.n.), one from Central Otago (S. nunni sp.n., Waikaia Bush), and seven from the southern Alps (S. cirrhopogon sp.n., Aspiring National Park; S. occiduus sp.n., Westland; S. melanopogon sp.n., Mt Dewar, Paparoa Range; S. defectus sp.n., northern Paparoa Range; S. marrisi sp.n., Mt Domett, Northwest Nelson; S. carinatus sp.n., Victoria Range). Eleven synonymies are proposed: S. crenatus Broun (= S. dorsalis Broun, syn.n.), S. marginatus Pascoe (= S. bullatus Sharp, syn.n.; S. sylvius Broun, syn.n.; S. cordipennis Broun, syn.n.; S. punctatus Broun, syn.n.; S. simplex Broun, syn.n.; S. nodosalis Broun, syn.n.; S. truncatus Broun, syn.n.; S. variegatus Broun, syn.n.; S. pensus Broun, syn.n.; S. thoracicus Broun, syn.n.). The phylogenetic relationships among the species were reconstructed using morphological (25 adult characters) and DNA sequence (nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) data. A morphological analysis rooted with Trachyderastes resulted in a split between lowland and high‐altitude species and a well‐supported group from Northland. Molecular trees rooted with representatives of Trachyderastes Kaszab (New Caledonia), Meryx Latrielle (Australia), Ulodes Erichson (Australia) and three New Zealand genera (Arthopus Sharp, Brouniphylax Strand, Exohadrus Broun) resulted in the following tree: ((Ulodes, Brouniphylax) (Exohadrus, Arthopus)) (Syrphetodes (Meryx, Trachyderastes)). Species relationships within Syrphetodes included a strongly supported northern North Island clade and an alpine clade either as sister taxon to S. crenatus and S. marginatus or sister remaining lowland lineages. Combined phylogenetic analyses also showed paritial congruence with separate partitions. The distributions of the lowland species, in particular those from the North Island, correspond to islands that existed in the Pliocene. The alpine, black‐coloured lineage, found above the treeline, is monophyletic based on several characters (e.g. lack of abdominal flanges and reduced scalation) and, in some reconstructions, the tan‐coloured S. cirrhopogon is sister taxon to the remaining black‐coloured species.This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:697E68E8‐EE90‐46C1‐A009‐78A794E0EF4F.
Phylogeny and generic limits in New World Exosternini (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Histerinae)
Authors: CATERINO MICHAEL S. , TISHECHKIN ALEXEY K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractExosternini are a very species‐rich group of Histeridae, occurring nearly worldwide, with particular concentrations in the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions. In the New World, the group comprises over 400 described species, in 12 genera, with approximately 250 additional species awaiting description. Generic limits in this group are poorly defined. A phylogenetic analysis of all known New World species, described and undescribed, with over 50 outgroup taxa from other genera and tribes of Histerinae was undertaken, based on 259 morphological characters, adding 18S, 28S and cytochrome oxidase I sequences for a subset of 150 taxa. The genera Hypobletus Schmidt, Yarmister Wenzel, Kaszabister Mazur, Mecistostethus Marseul and Megalocraerus Lewis were each supported as monophyletic. Baconia Lewis was rendered paraphyletic by the inclusion of Strigister Caterino et al. The bulk of Operclipygus Marseul was monophyletic, although the O. plicicollis group was not always included. The genus Phelister Marseul was paraphyletic many times over, with members of Operclipygus, Mecistostethus, Kaszabister, Pseudister Bickhardt, Conchita Mazur and Nunbergia Mazur nested within, indicating that Phelister is in need of significant revision.
A dual‐color marker system for in vivo visualization of cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yin Ke , Ueda Minako , Takagi Hitomi , Kajihara Takehiro , Sugamata Aki Shiori , Nobusawa Takashi , Umeda‐Hara Chikage , Umeda Masaaki 
Published: August 2014

SummaryVisualization of the spatiotemporal pattern of cell division is crucial to understand how multicellular organisms develop and how they modify their growth in response to varying environmental conditions. The mitotic cell cycle consists of four phases: S (DNA replication), M (mitosis and cytokinesis), and the intervening G1 and G2 phases; however, only G2/M‐specific markers are currently available in plants, making it difficult to measure cell cycle duration and to analyze changes in cell cycle progression in living tissues. Here, we developed another cell cycle marker that labels S‐phase cells by manipulating Arabidopsis CDT1a, which functions in DNA replication origin licensing. Truncations of the CDT1a coding sequence revealed that its carboxy‐terminal region is responsible for proteasome‐mediated degradation at late G2 or in early mitosis. We therefore expressed this region as a red fluorescent protein fusion protein under the S‐specific promoter of a histone 3.1‐type gene, HISTONE THREE RELATED2 (HTR2), to generate an S/G2 marker. Combining this marker with the G2/M‐specific CYCB1‐GFP marker enabled us to visualize both S to G2 and G2 to M cell cycle stages, and thus yielded an essential tool for time‐lapse imaging of cell cycle progression. The resultant dual‐color marker system, Cell Cycle Tracking in Plant Cells (Cytrap), also allowed us to identify root cells in the last mitotic cell cycle before they entered the endocycle. Our results demonstrate that Cytrap is a powerful tool for in vivo monitoring of the plant cell cycle, and thus for deepening our understanding of cell cycle regulation in particular cell types during organ development.
Immunocytochemical detection of the class A macrophage scavenger receptor CD204 using air‐dried cytologic smears of canine histiocytic sarcoma
Authors: Kato Yuki , Funato Risa , Hirata Akihiro , Murakami Mami , Mori Takashi , Maruo Koji , Yanai Tokuma , Sakai Hiroki 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundCytologic diagnosis of canine histiocytic sarcoma (CHS) can be challenging because neoplastic histiocytes commonly show marked nuclear and cellular atypia and may resemble other pleomorphic malignant round cell tumors. Therefore, even on histopathologic examination, immunostaining is often necessary for a definitive diagnosis.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to validate an anti‐human CD204 antibody for immunocytochemical staining of air‐dried smears for a rapid definitive diagnosis of CHS.MethodsCytologic specimens were obtained from 10 dogs with CHS and 45 dogs with other tumors. After the cytologic evaluation of modified Giemsa‐stained smears, acetone‐fixed specimens were immunostained using mouse anti‐human CD204 antibodies. All immunocytochemical specimens were assessed blinded and at high‐power magnification (× 40 objective) in 10 randomly selected fields per sample. Parameters evaluated were the subjective staining intensity and location, and the proportion of positive cells.ResultsAll 10 CHS samples showed intense positive staining for CD204 in ≥ 50% of the cells, whereas the 45 other tumors were negative for CD204 staining.ConclusionsImmunocytochemistry of air‐dried cytologic smears of CHS for CD204 is useful for a rapid confirmation of a cytologic diagnosis of CHS.
Process Sequence Development for Automated Progressive Freeze Concentration System
Authors: Safiei Nor Zanariah , Jusoh Mazura 
Published: August 2014

Nowadays there is a growing interest on Progressive Freeze Concentration (PFC) in solution concentration process due to its several significant advantages. The PFC process is proven to be able to be applied successfully in industrial application. PFC often exhibits a dynamic character and involves complex behavior and process. Even a slight change in the operating condition can cause unstable process behavior and lead to low performance of the system. Due to these reasons, the objective of this paper is to develop a sequence for conducting PFC process. In order to develop the process sequence, it has been divided into four major steps which are feeding process, crystallization process, Product 1 collection and Product 2 collection. This system offers improved overall performance in conducting experiments as well as increased efficiency of the separation process.
Biotechnology Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) by Mix-culture Green Microalgae to Enhancing Carbon Uptake Rate and Carbon Dioxide Removal Efficiency with Variation Aeration Rates in Closed System Photobioreactor
Authors: Rinanti Astri , Dewi Kania , Kardena Edwan , Astuti Dea Indriani 
Published: August 2014

Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration by green microalgae is receiving increased attention in alleviating the impact of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere. The goal of this study was to explore the capacity of mixed culture green microalgae Chlorella sp, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Ankistrodesmus sp. as carbon capture and storage agent to enhance CO2 uptake rate and CO2 removal efficiency which was observed at elevated CO2 aeration rates of 2, 5, and 8 L min-1 supplied to vertical photobioreactor continuously in batch system culture. The operation condition of this research were 6.5-7.5 pH, temperature of 300C, light intensity of 4000 lux with 16 hours light period and 8 hours dark period, and high pure CO2 elevated level of 5 to 18 (concentration in %; v/v in the aeration gas) as inorganic carbon. The maximum CO2 removal efficiency of the mix culture was 59.80% when the biomass was obtained at 4.90 gL-1 and CO2 flow rate (Lmin-1) of 5 vvm in a vertical photobioreactor. The value of CO2 removal efficiency improved by almost 200% and 120% as compared to that in the low and high aeration rate (2 Lmin-1 and 8 Lmin-1) respectively. The CO2 up take rate of a mixed culture reach 979.62 mg carbon L-1day-1, which was enhancing by 3-fold in high aeration rate (8 Lmin-1). The results showed that the CO2 removal efficiency and carbon uptake rate was related to biomass concentration and aeration rate of CO2 supplied.
Assessing Building Vulnerability to Tsunami Hazard in Padang
Authors: Honesti Leli , Abd Majid Muhd Zaimi , Muchlian Meli , Djali Nazwar 
Published: August 2014

It may be necessary to carry out a study about risk analysis of building vulnerability to tsunami hazard in order to identify and develop potential tsunami risk in a coastal community. The objective of this study is to develop a risk analysis of building vulnerability to tsunami hazard in Parupuk Tabing, Padang. The study aims to: (1) identify and develop the building vulnerability of various building types to tsunami hazard; (2) simulate the tsunami propagation; and (3) develop risk analysis of building vulnerability to tsunami hazard in Padang. Risk level is determined by relative vulnerabilty index score of each building to a tsunami. The buildings were classified in five classes (very low risk, low, medium, high and very high). The method used to analize pattern of various types of building and tsunami inundation is by applying formulas in the field and simulating an earthquake with TUNAMI N3 Imamura method respectively. Clearly, the relative vulnerability index ranges of the building samples in Parupuk Tabing are from 3 to 5 (medium, high and very high risk). This study shows that risk components for building protection are around 30 to 40%, whereas water inundation is 33.33%, followed by building vulnerability of 22.67-33.67%. It can be estimated that, the condition can be very vulnerable, if the level of water is more than 2 m around a building and the vulnerability of water is around 33%. The results of this study contribute to the development of risk management strategies in designing of building and construction standards as well as plan for vertical evacuation and land use zones in order to mitigate the impact of tsunami disaster in coastal communities of Padang.