bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating Testing into Software Engineering Courses Supported by a Collaborative Learning Environment
Authors: Clarke Peter J. , Davis Debra , King Tariq M. , Pava Jairo , Jones Edward L. 
Published: October 2014

As software becomes more ubiquitous and complex, the cost of software bugs continues to grow at a staggering rate. To remedy this situation, there needs to be major improvement in the knowledge and application of software validation techniques. Although there are several software validation techniques, software testing continues to be one of the most widely used in industry. The high demand for software engineers in the next decade has resulted in more software engineering (SE) courses being offered in academic institutions. However, due to the number of topics to be covered in SE courses, little or no attention is given to software testing, resulting in students entering industry with little or no testing experience.
We propose a minimally disruptive approach of integrating software testing into SE courses by providing students access to a collaborative learning environment containing learning materials on testing techniques and testing tools. In this article, we describe the learning environment and the studies conducted to measure the benefits accrued by students using the learning environment in the SE courses.
Hardware Fault Recovery for I/O Intensive Applications
Authors: Ramachandran Pradeep , Hari Siva Kumar Sastry , Li Manlap , Adve Sarita V. 
Published: October 2014

With continued process scaling, the rate of hardware failures in commodity systems is increasing. Because these commodity systems are highly sensitive to cost, traditional solutions that employ heavy redundancy to handle such failures are no longer acceptable owing to their high associated costs.
Detecting such faults by identifying anomalous software execution and recovering through checkpoint-and-replay is emerging as a viable low-cost alternative for future commodity systems. An important but commonly ignored aspect of such solutions is ensuring that external outputs to the system are fault-free. The outputs must be delayed until the detectors guarantee this, influencing fault-free performance. The overheads for resiliency must thus be evaluated while taking these delays into consideration; prior work has largely ignored this relationship.
This article concerns recovery for I/O intensive applications from in-core faults. We present a strategy to buffer external outputs using dedicated hardware and show that checkpoint intervals previously considered as acceptable incur exorbitant overheads when hardware buffering is considered. We then present two techniques to reduce the checkpoint interval and demonstrate a practical solution that provides high resiliency while incurring low overheads.
Adoption of Bundled Services with Network Externalities and Correlated Affinities
Authors: Guérin Roch , de Oliveira Jaudelice C. , Weber Steven 
Published: October 2014

The goal of this article is to develop a principled understanding of when it is beneficial to bundle technologies or services whose value is heavily dependent on the size of their user base, that is, exhibits positive exernalities. Of interest is how the joint distribution, and in particular the correlation, of the values users assign to components of a bundle affect its odds of success. The results offer insight and guidelines for deciding when bundling new Internet technologies or services can help improve their overall adoption. In particular, successful outcomes appear to require a minimum level of value correlation.
Categories and Subject Descriptors (2012): Networks -- Network Algorithms -- Network economics; Networks -- Network properties -- Network dynamics; Information systems -- Information systems applications -- Collaborative and social computing systems and tools; Security and privacy -- Human and societal aspects of security and privacy; Human-centered computing -- Collaborative and social computing theory, concepts and paradigms
Adaptive Responses to Dasatinib-Treated Lung Squamous Cell Cancer Cells Harboring DDR2 Mutations
Authors: Bai Yun , Kim Jae-Young , Watters January M. , Fang Bin , Kinose Fumi , Song Lanxi , Koomen John M. , Teer Jamie K. , Fisher Kate , Chen Yian Ann , Rix Uwe , Haura Eric B. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
DDR2 mutations occur in approximately 4% of lung squamous cell cancer (SCC) where the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib has emerged as a new therapeutic option. We found that ERK and AKT phosphorylation was weakly inhibited by dasatinib in DDR2-mutant lung SCC cells, suggesting that dasatinib inhibits survival signals distinct from other oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and/or compensatory signals exist that dampen dasatinib activity. To gain better insight into dasatinib's action in these cells, we assessed altered global tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) after dasatinib exposure using a mass spectrometry-based quantitative phosphoproteomics approach. Overlaying protein–protein interaction relationships upon this dasatinib-regulated pY network revealed decreased phosphorylation of Src family kinases and their targets. Conversely, dasatinib enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation in a panel of RTK and their signaling adaptor complexes, including EGFR, MET/GAB1, and IGF1R/IRS2, implicating a RTK-driven adaptive response associated with dasatinib. To address the significance of this observation, these results were further integrated with results from a small-molecule chemical library screen. We found that dasatinib combined with MET and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) inhibitors had a synergistic effect, and ligand stimulation of EGFR and MET rescued DDR2-mutant lung SCC cells from dasatinib-induced loss of cell viability. Importantly, we observed high levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR and MET in a panel of human lung SCC tissues harboring DDR2 mutations. Our results highlight potential RTK-driven adaptive-resistant mechanisms upon DDR2 targeting, and they suggest new, rationale cotargeting strategies for DDR2-mutant lung SCC. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7217–28. ©2014 AACR.
Galectin-1 and Immune Suppression during Radiotherapy
Authors: Welsh James W. , Seyedin Steven N. , Cortez Maria Angelica , Maity Amit , Hahn Stephen M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Radiotherapy induces galectin-1 (Gal-1) secretion by tumors, which induces CD8+ T-cell apoptosis and lymphopenia. These effects are substantially decreased by Gal-1 shRNA. Inhibition of Gal-1 may be an effective strategy for overcoming radiation-induced lymphopenia, which may improve clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6230–2. ©2014 AACR.
Alectinib Shows Potent Antitumor Activity againstRET-Rearranged Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kodama Tatsushi , Tsukaguchi Toshiyuki , Satoh Yasuko , Yoshida Miyuki , Watanabe Yoshiaki , Kondoh Osamu , Sakamoto Hiroshi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlectinib/CH5424802 is a known inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of ALK fusion–positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, some RET and ROS1 fusion genes have been implicated as driver oncogenes in NSCLC and have become molecular targets for antitumor agents. This study aims to explore additional target indications of alectinib by testing its ability to inhibit the activity of kinases other than ALK. We newly verified that alectinib inhibited RET kinase activity and the growth of RET fusion–positive cells by suppressing RET phosphorylation. In contrast, alectinib hardly inhibited ROS1 kinase activity unlike other ALK/ROS1 inhibitors such as crizotinib and LDK378. It also showed antitumor activity in mouse models of tumors driven by the RET fusion. In addition, alectinib showed kinase inhibitory activity against RET gatekeeper mutations (RET V804L and V804M) and blocked cell growth driven by the KIF5B-RET V804L and V804M. Our results suggest that alectinib is effective against RET fusion–positive tumors. Thus, alectinib might be a therapeutic option for patients with RET fusion–positive NSCLC. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(12); 2910–8. ©2014 AACR.
Toxic Phytochemicals and Their Potential Risks for Human Cancer
Authors: Bode Ann M. , Dong Zigang 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Consuming plants for their presumed health benefits has occurred since early civilizations. Phytochemicals are found in various plants that are frequently included in the human diet and are generally thought to be safe for consumption because they are produced naturally. However, this is not always the case and in fact many natural compounds found in several commonly consumed plants are potential carcinogens or tumor promoters and should be avoided. Cancer Prev Res; 8(1); 1–8. ©2014 AACR.
‘It’s not like in Apartheid’
Authors: Willenberg Ingrid A. , Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Ruck Martin D. 
Published: October 2014

This study explored declarative knowledge about children’s rights in 67 South African children between 9 and 14 years old, using semi-structured interviews addressing the following questions:
What is a right? Who has rights? Do children have rights? What rights do children have? Why should children have rights? Can anyone take away your rights? Who can take away your rights?
Data were analysed quantitatively to examine age and gender differences. Qualitative content analyses explored salient themes. There were no gender differences for any of the questions and significant age differences only for the question: What rights do children have? Although the children’s responses shared some similarities with other research findings, their perspectives on rights strongly reflected their specific social context, especially the prevalence of crime and child abuse. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and specific features of the South African socio-cultural landscape.
Correlation between the Onset of the East Asian Subtropical Summer Monsoon and the Eastward Propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Chi Yanzhen , Zhang Fuqing , Li Wei , He Jinhai , Guan Zhaoyong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Using the daily outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), the pentad Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), and the 6-h Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) dataset from 1979 to 2010, a composite analysis along with space–time wave filtering is performed to examine the linkage between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the onset of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon (EASSM) (over 20°–30°N, 110°–120°E). The onset of the EASSM is shown to be best characterized by the reversal of the mean meridional wind shear related to the rapid reestablishment of the South Asian high (SAH) over the southern Indochinese Peninsula in the upper troposphere. The mean date of EASMM onset is near the end of April, which is about a month earlier than the typical onset of the East Asian summer monsoon. Further analysis indicates that the onset of the EASSM and the reestablishment of SAH are often associated with the arrival of the wet phase of the tropical MJO over the central and eastern Indian Ocean.
The Relevance of the Location of Blocking Highs for Stratospheric Variability in a Changing Climate
Authors: Ayarzagüena Blanca , Orsolini Yvan J. , Langematz Ulrike , Abalichin Janna , Kubin Anne 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Previous research shows that blocking highs (BHs) influence wintertime polar stratospheric variability through the modulation of the climatological planetary waves (PWs) depending on the BH location. BHs over the Euro-Atlantic sector tend to enhance the upward PW propagation, and those over the northwestern Pacific Ocean tend to reduce it. Future changes are examined in the response of the wave activity flux to the BH location and their relationship with wintertime stratospheric variability in transient simulations of ECHAM/Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC). After it is verified that EMAC can reproduce qualitatively well the geographical dependence of the BH influence on PW activity injection, it is shown that this dependence does not change in the future. However, an eastward shift of the pattern of the BH influence on PW propagation over the Pacific, a farther eastward extension of the pattern over the Atlantic Ocean, and an intensification of the wavenumber-1 component of the interaction between climatological and anomalous waves are detected. Changes in the upper-tropospheric jet and an intensification of the wavenumber-1 climatological wave due to a strengthening of the Aleutian low agree with these variations. The spatial distribution of future BHs preceding extreme polar vortex events is also affected by the slight modifications in the wave activity pattern. Hence, future BHs preceding strong vortex events tend to be more concentrated over the Pacific than in the past, where BHs interfere negatively with wavenumber-1 climatological waves. Future BHs prior to major stratospheric warmings are located in a broader area than in the past, predominantly over an extended Euro-Atlantic sector.
Scaling Surface Mixing/Mixed Layer Depth under Stabilizing Buoyancy Flux
Authors: Yoshikawa Yutaka 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study concerns the combined effects of Earth’s rotation and stabilizing surface buoyancy flux upon the wind-induced turbulent mixing in the surface layer. Two different length scales, the Garwood scale and Zilitinkevich scale, have been proposed for the stabilized mixing layer depth under Earth’s rotation. Here, this study analyzes observed mixed layer depth plus surface momentum and buoyancy fluxes obtained from Argo floats and satellites, finding that the Zilitinkevich scale is more suited for observed mixed layer depths than the Garwood scale. Large-eddy simulations (LESs) reproduce this observed feature, except under a weak stabilizing flux where the mixed layer depth could not be identified with the buoyancy threshold method (because of insufficient buoyancy difference across the mixed layer base). LESs, however, show that the mixed layer depth if defined with buoyancy ratio relative to its surface value follows the Zilitinkevich scale even under such a weak stabilizing flux. LESs also show that the mixing layer depth is in good agreement with the Zilitinkevich scale. These findings will contribute to better understanding of the response of stabilized mixing/mixed layer depth to surface forcings and hence better estimation/prediction of several processes related to stabilized mixing/mixed layer depth such as air–sea interaction, subduction of surface mixed layer water, and spring blooming of phytoplankton biomass.
Energy Cascades and Loss of Balance in a Reentrant Channel Forced by Wind Stress and Buoyancy Fluxes
Authors: Barkan Roy , Winters Kraig B. , Llewellyn Smith Stefan G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA large fraction of the kinetic energy in the ocean is stored in the “quasigeostrophic” eddy field. This “balanced” eddy field is expected, according to geostrophic turbulence theory, to transfer energy to larger scales. In order for the general circulation to remain approximately steady, instability mechanisms leading to loss of balance (LOB) have been hypothesized to take place so that the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) may be transferred to small scales where it can be dissipated. This study examines the kinetic energy pathways in fully resolved direct numerical simulations of flow in a flat-bottomed reentrant channel, externally forced by surface buoyancy fluxes and wind stress in a configuration that resembles the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The flow is allowed to reach a statistical steady state at which point it exhibits both a forward and an inverse energy cascade. Flow interactions with irregular bathymetry are excluded so that bottom drag is the sole mechanism available to dissipate the upscale EKE transfer. The authors show that EKE is dissipated preferentially at small scales near the surface via frontal instabilities associated with LOB and a forward energy cascade rather than by bottom drag after an inverse energy cascade. This is true both with and without forcing by the wind. These results suggest that LOB caused by frontal instabilities near the ocean surface could provide an efficient mechanism, independent of boundary effects, by which EKE is dissipated. Ageostrophic anticyclonic instability is the dominant frontal instability mechanism in these simulations. Symmetric instability is also important in a “deep convection” region, where it can be sustained by buoyancy loss.
Quality assessment of diabetes online patient education materials from academic institutions
Authors: Dorcely Brenda , Agarwal Nitin , Raghuwanshi Maya 
Published: October 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the readability of type 2 diabetes online patient education materials from academic institutions in the northeast USA and the American Diabetes Association. Many US residents utilise the Internet to obtain health information. Studies have shown that online patient education materials are often written above the recommended fifth grade reading level, and this may pertain to diabetes health information as well. As diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the USA and glycaemic control is related to health literacy, the readability of diabetic health information is pertinent. Methods: Many academic institutions provide type 2 diabetes online health information. A readability analysis was conducted of materials on the websites of academic institutions or affiliate hospitals with endocrinology fellowships in the northeast USA, and from the American Diabetes Association, using 10 quantitative scales: the Flesch Reading Ease Score, the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, the Gunning Frequency of Gobbledygook, the New Dale–Chall Test, the Coleman–Liau Index, the New Fog Count, the Raygor Readability Estimate, the FORCAST test and the Fry Graph. Results: On average, northeast US academic institutions prepared their online diabetes patient education materials at above a 10th grade reading level. Conclusion: The readability of type 2 diabetes patient health information from academic websites is too difficult. It may benefit people with diabetes for future patient education materials to be prepared at lower reading grade levels.
Elevated Neutrophil‐to‐Lymphocyte Ratio in Bell's Palsy and Its Correlation with Facial Nerve Enhancement on MRI
Authors: Kum Rauf Oguzhan , Yurtsever Kum Nurcan , Ozcan Muge , Yilmaz Yavuz Fuat , Gungor Volkan , Unal Adnan , Ciliz Deniz Sözmen 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammation and atherothrombosis in Bell's palsy (BP) by using neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV), respectively, and to study their relations with the facial nerve enhancement on temporal gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (TGd‐MRI).Study DesignCase control study.SettingTertiary health institution.Subjects and MethodsThis study was performed on 65 patients who were diagnosed with BP and a control group of 35 healthy individuals. The BP patients were also divided into 2 groups, those with facial nerve enhancement on TGd‐MRI and those without enhancement. The NLR and MPV of each group were compared.ResultsThe NLRs of the BP patients were significantly higher than control group (P =. 001). The NLRs of patients with facial nerve enhancement on TGd‐MRI were significantly higher than patients without enhancement (P =. 001). There was a positive and significant correlation between NLR and House‐Brackmann (HB) grade of the patients (r = 0.641; P <. 05). MPV did not show any significant correlation with any of the parameters studied (P >. 05).ConclusionNLR can be used as a new and important marker in BP since it is high in BP patients and significantly correlated with HB grade and facial nerve enhancement on TGd‐MR. On the other hand, MPV does not have such correlations. These results offer evidence to support an inflammatory theory rather than microvascular response theory in the etiopatogenesis of BP.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Implantation in Osteoarthritic Knees
Authors: Kim Yong Sang , Choi Yun Jin , Suh Dong Suk , Heo Dong Beom , Kim Yong Il , Ryu Jae-Sung , Koh Yong Gon 
Published: October 2014

Background: The cell-based tissue engineering approach that uses mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has addressed the issue of articular cartilage repair in osteoarthritic (OA) knees. However, to improve outcomes, an advanced surgical procedure with tissue-engineered scaffolds may be needed to treat patients with large cartilage lesions. Purpose: To investigate the clinical and second-look arthroscopic outcomes of the implantation of MSCs loaded in fibrin glue as a scaffold in patients with OA knees and to compare these outcomes with those of MSC implantation without a scaffold. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study retrospectively evaluated 54 patients (56 knees) who were examined with second-look arthroscopy after MSC implantation for cartilage lesions in their OA knees. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 37 patients (39 knees) were treated with MSC implantation without a scaffold (group 1), and 17 patients (17 knees) underwent implantation of MSCs loaded in fibrin glue as a scaffold (group 2). Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and the Tegner activity scale, and cartilage repair was assessed with the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade. Statistical analyses were performed to identify various prognostic factors associated with the clinical and second-look arthroscopic outcomes. Results: At final follow-up (mean, 28.6 months; range, 24-34 months), the mean IKDC score and Tegner activity scale in each group significantly improved: group 1, from 38.1 ± 7.7 to 62.0 ± 11.7 (IKDC) and from 2.5 ± 0.9 to 3.5 ± 0.8 (Tegner); group 2, from 36.1 ± 6.2 to 64.4 ± 11.5 (IKDC) and from 2.2 ± 0.8 to 3.8 ± 0.8 (Tegner) ( P < .001 for all). According to the overall ICRS cartilage repair grades, 9 of the 39 lesions (23%) in group 1 and 12 of the 17 lesions (58%) in group 2 achieved a grade of I or II. There was a significant difference in ICRS grades between the groups ( P = .028). Overweight (body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) and large lesion size (≥5.7 cm2) were significant predictors of poor clinical and arthroscopic outcomes in group 1 ( P < .05 for both). There was a similar trend in group 2, but the differences were not significant, possibly owing to the smaller sample size. Conclusion: Clinical and arthroscopic outcomes of MSC implantation were encouraging for OA knees in both groups, although there were no significant differences in outcome scores between groups. However, at second-look arthroscopy, there were better ICRS grades in group 2.
Caspase-9 is required for normal hematopoietic development and protection from alkylator-induced DNA damage in mice
Authors: Lu Elise Peterson , McLellan Michael , Ding Li , Fulton Robert , Mardis Elaine R. , Wilson Richard K. , Miller Christopher A. , Westervelt Peter , DiPersio John F. , Link Daniel C. , Walter Matthew J. , Ley Timothy J. , Graubert Timothy A. 
Published: October 2014

Key Points
Caspase-9 is required for normal development of myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid cells in mice. Loss of caspase-9 results in increased DNA damage and mutation burden after exposure to alkylating agents.