bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Curricular Addition Using Art to Enhance Reflection on Professional Values
Authors: Byars Lynn A. , Stephens Mark B. , Durning Steven J. , Denton Gerald D. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Art and humanities can enhance undergraduate medical education curricular objectives. Most commonly, art is used to help students learn observational skills, such as medical interviewing and physical diagnosis. Educators concurrently struggle to find ways to meaningfully teach professional values within crowded curricula. Aim: This curriculum aimed to combine art and reflection to actively convey tenets of medical professionalism. Setting: Internal medicine clerkship at a single institution. Participants: Third-year students. Program description: Students reviewed an online module describing attributes of medical professionalism before completing a 4-step written exercise stimulated by viewing a work of art and based on a critical incident from their own experiences. A faculty member reviewed the essays and facilitated small group discussion to normalize the students' emotional responses and generalize their observations to others. Program evaluation: The curriculum was acceptable to students and enthusiastically received by faculty. Efforts to assess the effects and durability of the exercise on student behavior are ongoing. Discussion: Artwork can enhance student reflection on professional values. This model efficiently and creatively meets curricular professionalism objectives.
Referral for Competency Committee Review for Poor Performance on the Internal Medicine Clerkship is Associated With Poor Performance in Internship
Authors: Hemann Brian A. , Durning Steven J. , Kelly William F. , Dong Ting , Pangaro Louis N. , Hemmer Paul A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To determine how students who are referred to a competency committee for concern over performance, and ultimately judged not to require remediation, perform during internship. Methods: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences' students who graduated between 2007 and 2011 were included in this study. We compared the performance during internship of three groups: students who were referred to the internal medicine competency committee for review who met passing criterion, students who were reviewed by the internal medicine competency committee who were determined not to have passed the clerkship and were prescribed remediation, and students who were never reviewed by this competency committee. Program Director survey results and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 3 examination results were used as the outcomes of interest. Results: The overall survey response rate for this 5-year cohort was 81% (689/853). 102 students were referred to this competency committee for review. 63/102 students were reviewed by this competency committee, given passing grades in the internal medicine clerkship, and were not required to do additional remediation. 39/102 students were given less than passing grades by this competency committee and required to perform additional clinical work in the department of medicine to remediate their performance. 751 students were never presented to this competency committee. Compared to students who were never presented for review, the group of reviewed students who did not require remediation was 5.6 times more likely to receive low internship survey ratings in the realm of professionalism, 8.6 times more likely to receive low ratings in the domain of medical expertise, and had a higher rate of USMLE Step 3 failure (9.4% vs. 2.8%). When comparing the reviewed group to students who were reviewed and also required remediation, the only significant difference between groups regarding professionalism ratings with 50% of the group requiring remediation garnering low ratings compared to 18% of the reviewed group. Conclusions: Students who are referred to a committee for review following completion of their internal medicine clerkship are more likely to receive poor ratings in internship and fail USMLE Step 3 compared to students whose performance in the medicine clerkship does not trigger a committee review. These findings provide validity evidence for our competency committee review in that the students identified as requiring further clinical work had significantly higher rates of poor ratings in professionalism than students who were reviewed by the competency committee but not required to remediate. Additionally, students reviewed but not required to remediate were nonetheless at risk of low internship ratings, suggesting that these students might need some intervention prior to graduation.
Simulation Methods for Categorical Variables
Authors: Weber Stefan , Eye Alexander 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe simulation of real‐world processes is a strong and legitimate tool in the hand of the research worker. The parameters and variables used in simulation models can be discretely or continuously distributed. A random variable that can assume the discrete values 0, 1, 2,…,nhas a discrete distribution. Under many conditions, discretely distributed variables are calledcategorical variables.Most simulations involve using computers. Researchers write programs using general purpose software (e.g., FORTRAN, C++, and Excel). In applied research, the discrete distribution, that is, the set of probabilities of patterns of variable categories, is almost always found by analyzing the data of a sample.One typically starts from an existing uniform random number generator that a programming environment such as R, MS Excel, Turbo Pascal, C, FORTRAN, or C++ makes available. The random numbers from these generators are then transformed such that the desired distribution results. The probabilities of the categories of the targeted distribution must be determineda priori. The transformation of the uniformly distributed random number from the [0, 1] interval to any discretely distributed random variable withnclasses (=categories) is a mapping of the [0, 1] interval onto the probability axis of the cumulative sum distribution.The programming language C (or its newer version C++) uses the full speed of the processor of a computer. The method of generation of the categorical numbers involves using a mapping function. This function maps random numbers with uniform distribution onto a set of categories.One can reach a further acceleration of the generation of random categorical numbers by the use of normally {N0;1} distributed random numbers. Instead ofndrawings of single events with a given probability to get a random frequency, one computes only one normally distributed random frequency.The statistical summary describes the result of the simulation. In an example with the two‐dimensional cross‐classifications, the summary presents the numberNAof times the null hypothesis was rejected in relation to the total number of all simulation trials,NR.
Red, Green, and Blue Luminescence by Carbon Dots: Full‐Color Emission Tuning and Multicolor Cellular Imaging
Authors: Jiang Kai , Sun Shan , Zhang Ling , Lu Yue , Wu Aiguo , Cai Congzhong , Lin Hengwei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA facile approach for preparation of photoluminescent (PL) carbon dots (CDs) is reported. The three resulting CDs emit bright and stable red, green and blue (RGB) colors of luminescence, under a single ultraviolet‐light excitation. Alterations of PL emission of these CDs are tentatively proposed to result from the difference in their particle size and nitrogen content. Interestingly, up‐conversion (UC)PL of these CDs is also observed. Moreover, flexible full‐color emissive PVA films can be achieved through mixing two or three CDs in the appropriate ratios. These CDs also show low cytotoxicity and excellent cellular imaging capability. The facile preparation and unique optical features make these CDs potentially useful in numerous applications such as light‐emitting diodes, full‐color displays, and multiplexed (UC)PL bioimaging.
Surface functionalization of polypropylene‐bearing isocyanate groups in solid state and their cyclotrimerization with diisocyanates
Authors: Sun MengHan , Zhang XianMing , Chen WenXing , Feng LianFang 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSolid‐state graft polymerization of 3‐isopropenyl‐α,α′‐dimethylbenzene isocyanate (TMI) onto the surface of polypropylene beads was carried out in a triethylborane/oxygen redox system. Chemical structures were characterized using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that TMI was successfully grafted because of the appearance of an NCO absorption peak at 2255 cm−1. The emergence of oxygen and nitrogen elements detected by EDS and XPS also demonstrated the existence of isocyanate group on PP‐grafted. The grafting ratio of TMI to polypropylene was examined using 9‐(methylamino‐methyl)anthracene (MAMA) as an intermediate substance. The fluorescent property of MAMA before and after reaction was characterized to guarantee interaction between MAMA and isocyanate. Thermal properties were examined using differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis. Results indicated that melting temperature (Tm) of pure PP was 168oC, while the PP‐grafted decreased to 164oC. Meanwhile, decomposition temperature (Td) decreased with increased grafting ratio for about 8 to 15oC; however, when styrene was introduced, Tm increased probably because of the stabilizing effect on macromolecular radicals and the suppression effect on chain degradation. Besides, the cyclotrimerization of isocyanates on the grafted polymer chain was further conducted to prepare thermally stable isocyanurate composite materials, remedying the Td loss of PP‐g‐TMI by improving for 10oC appropriately. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42186.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐1,3/1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites: Effects of biaxial stretching
Authors: Wu Jyh‐Horng , Yen Ming‐Shien , Kuo M. C. , Tsai Yuhsin , Leu Ming‐Tsong 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, we fabricated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay, PET/poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐1,3/1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PETG), and PET/PETG/clay nanocomposite plates and biaxially stretched them into films by using a biaxial film stretching machine. The tensile properties, cold crystallization behavior, optical properties, and gas and water vapor barrier properties of the resulting films were estimated. The biaxial stretching process improved the dispersion of clay platelets in both the PETG and PET/PETG matrices, increased the aspect ratio of the platelets, and made the platelets more oriented. Thus, the tensile, optical, and gas‐barrier properties of the composite films were greatly enhanced. Moreover, strain‐induced crystallization occurred in the PET/PETG blend and in the amorphous PETG matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42207.
Structure and Mechanism Leading to Formation of the Cysteine Sulfinate Product Complex of a Biomimetic Cysteine Dioxygenase Model
Authors: Sallmann Madleen , Kumar Suresh , Chernev Petko , Nehrkorn Joscha , Schnegg Alexander , Kumar Devesh , Dau Holger , Limberg Christian , de Visser Sam P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCysteine dioxygenase is a unique nonheme iron enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of cysteine in the body. It contains an iron active site with an unusual 3‐His ligation to the protein, which contrasts with the structural features of common nonheme iron dioxygenases. Recently, some of us reported a truly biomimetic model for this enzyme, namely a trispyrazolylborato iron(II) cysteinato complex, which not only has a structure very similar to the enzyme–substrate complex but also represents a functional model: Treatment of the model with dioxygen leads to cysteine dioxygenation, as shown by isolating the cysteine part of the product in the course of the work‐up. However, little is known on the conversion mechanism and, so far, not even the structure of the actual product complex had been characterised, which is also unknown in case of the enzyme. In a multidisciplinary approach including density functional theory calculations and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, we have now determined the structure of the actual sulfinato complex for the first time. The Cys‐SO2− functional group was found to be bound in an η2‐O,O‐coordination mode, which, based on the excellent resemblance between model and enzyme, also provides the first support for a corresponding binding mode within the enzymatic product complex. Indeed, this is again confirmed by theory, which had predicted a η2‐O,O‐binding mode for synthetic as well as the natural enzyme.
Rural‐urban disparities in incidence and outcomes of neuroendocrine tumors: A population‐based analysis of 6271 cases
Authors: Hallet Julie , Law Calvin H. L. , Karanicolas Paul J. , Saskin Refik , Liu Ning , Singh Simron 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDDespite their rising incidence, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) remain a poorly understood disease. Living in a rural area (RA) affects the incidence and outcomes of other types of cancer. This study compared the incidence and outcomes of NETs for patients in RAs and patients in urban areas (UAs).METHODSA population‐based cohort study of patients with NETs in Ontario, Canada from 1994 to 2011 was conducted. An RA was defined as any community with a population < 10,000 and outside the commuting zone of a metropolitan area. Incidence, advanced stage at presentation, distant recurrence‐free survival (dRFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between patients who lived in RAs and patients who lived in UAs with univariate and multivariate regression analyses.RESULTSThe cohort included 6271 patients diagnosed with NETs, of whom 13.5% (n = 846) resided in RAs. The incidence of NETs was higher in RAs at 3.01 per 100,000 per year versus UAs at 2.82 per 100,000 per year (relative rate, 1.10; P = .04). RA living was not associated with an advanced stage at presentation (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.96‐1.38). Patients who lived in RAs had worse 10‐year dRFS (62.8% vs 65.9%, P = .03) and OS (44.6% vs 48.8%, P = .004). RAs were independently associated with decreased OS (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.04‐1.30).CONCLUSIONSPatients are more commonly diagnosed with NETs in RAs, but they do not present at more advanced stages in comparison with patients diagnosed in UAs. Patients living in RAs experience worse cancer recurrence and OS, and this is possibly related to variations in socioeconomic status, rural environmental factors, and access to specialized health care. Cancer 2015;121:2214–2221. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Retracted: Genome‐wide association study identifies common genetic variants associated with salivary gland carcinoma and its subtypes
Authors: Xu Li , Tang Hongwei , Chen Diane W. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Wei Peng , Sturgis Erich M. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDSalivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are a rare malignancy with unknown etiology. The objective of the current study was to identify genetic variants modifying the risk of SGC and its major subtypes: adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.METHODSThe authors conducted a genome‐wide association study in 309 well‐defined SGC cases and 535 cancer‐free controls. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐level discovery study was performed in non‐Hispanic white individuals followed by a replication study in Hispanic individuals. A logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A meta‐analysis of the results was conducted.RESULTSA genome‐wide significant association with SGC in non‐Hispanic white individuals was detected at coding SNPs in CHRNA2 (cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 2 [neuronal]) (OR, 8.55; 95% CI, 4.53‐16.13 [P = 3.6 × 10−11]), OR4F15 (olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily F, member 15) (OR, 5.26; 95% CI, 3.13‐8.83 [P = 3.5 × 10−10]), ZNF343 (zinc finger protein 343) (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 2.12‐5.07 [P = 9.1 × 10−8]), and PARP4 (poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase family, member 4) (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.54‐2.59 [P = 1.7 × 10−7]). Meta‐analysis of the non‐Hispanic white and Hispanic cohorts identified another genome‐wide significant SNP in ELL2 (meta‐OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.48‐2.34 [P = 1.3 × 10−7]). Risk alleles were largely enriched in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, in which the SNPs in CHRNA2, OR4F15, and ZNF343 had ORs of 15.71 (95% CI, 6.59‐37.47 [P = 5.2 × 10−10]), 15.60 (95% CI, 6.50‐37.41 [P = 7.5 × 10−10]), and 6.49 (95% CI, 3.36‐12.52 [P = 2.5 × 10−8]), respectively. None of these SNPs retained a significant association with adenoid cystic carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSTo the best of the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to identify a panel of SNPs associated with the risk of SGC. Confirmation of these findings along with functional analysis of identified SNPs are needed. Cancer 2015;121:2367–2374. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Solid tumor metastases to the pancreas diagnosed by FNA: A single‐institution experience and review of the literature
Authors: Smith Amber L. , Odronic Shelley I. , Springer Bridgette S. , Reynolds Jordan P. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDPancreatic fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is useful for diagnosing pancreatic masses. This article describes the experience of a single institution with metastases to the pancreas sampled by FNA and provides a review of the literature.METHODSMedical records were retrospectively searched for pancreatic FNA that showed metastatic disease. Data were gathered for the tumor size, focality, and time period between the primary tumor and the metastasis. A literature search using PubMed was performed.RESULTSPancreatic FNA was performed 2327 times in 14 years at the authors’ institution. Twenty‐two cases showed metastatic disease. The average size of the metastatic lesions in their greatest dimension was 3.7 cm (range, 1.5‐6.5 cm). The majority of the tumors were unifocal (16 of 22 or 73%). A rapid onsite adequacy evaluation was performed for 13 patients (4 were diagnostic of metastasis, 3 were positive for malignant cells, 6 were atypical, and none were negative). There were 14 renal cell carcinomas, 2 colonic adenocarcinomas, 1 urothelial carcinoma, 1 non–small cell lung carcinoma, 1 ovarian serous carcinoma, 1 prostatic adenocarcinoma, 1 papillary thyroid carcinoma, and 1 mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. The median time between the diagnosis of the primary tumor and the initial pancreatic metastasis was 9 years (range, concurrent diagnosis to 21 years). A literature review yielded 12 case series with a variety of metastases to the pancreas diagnosed by FNA and surgical pathology specimens.CONCLUSIONSIn agreement with prior series, the most common metastasis to the pancreas was renal cell carcinoma. A variety of other primary malignancies were also documented in this study and in the literature. Also, this article reports the first case of metastatic mesenchymal chondrosarcoma to the pancreas diagnosed by FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:347–55. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Theoretical Investigation of the Reaction Mechanism of the Photoisomerization of 1,2‐Dihydro‐1,2‐azaborine
Authors: Kim Joonghan , Moon Jiwon , Lim Jeong Sik 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe photoisomerization of 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborine was investigated by high‐level multireference ab initio and density functional theory calculations. The intermediates (IMs) and transition states (TSs) on the S0 and S1 states were optimized using the state‐averaged complete active space self‐consistent field method. The multireference configuration interaction method with the Davidson correction was used to obtain accurate energetics. Moreover, the conical intersections (CIs), which play a crucial role in photoisomerization, were also optimized. On the basis of the calculation results, the most favorable proposed reaction pathway is as follows: reactant→Franck‐Condon region→TS1→CI→IM0→TS0P→product. The product was not directly formed through the CI, and the IM0 existed on the S0 state. These results show that the isomerization of 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborine involves both photoreactions and thermal reactions. The calculated results clarify recent experimental observations.
Hierarchical Vanadium Pentoxide Spheres as High‐Performance Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Su Dawei , Dou Shixue , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe report the synthesis of hierarchical vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) spheres as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (Na‐ion batteries). Through field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy characterizations, it was found that the as‐prepared V2O5 spheres are composed of primary nanoparticles with pores between them. The as‐prepared hierarchical V2O5 spheres achieved a discharge capacity of 271 mA h g−1 at a current density of 40 mA g−1, and 177 mA h g−1 discharge capacity after 100 cycles. Even at high current densities, V2O5 spheres still delivered high capacity and superior cyclability (179 and 140 mA h g−1 discharge capacities at 640 and 1280 mA g−1 current densities, respectively). The promising electrochemical performances of V2O5 spheres should be ascribed to the unique architecture of hierarchical spheres and the predominant exposed (110) facets, which provides open interlayers for facile sodium ion intercalation. Each nanoparticle contains predominantly exposed (110) crystal planes. The ex situ FESEM analysis revealed that the pores formed by the primary nanocrystals effectively buffer volume changes in the electrode during cycling, contributing to the excellent cycling performance.