bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drinking Water Arsenic in Northern Chile: High Cancer Risks 40 Years after Exposure Cessation
Authors: Steinmaus Craig M. , Ferreccio Catterina , Romo Johanna Acevedo , Yuan Yan , Cortes Sandra , Marshall Guillermo , Moore Lee E. , Balmes John R. , Liaw Jane , Golden Todd , Smith Allan H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Background: Millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated water. In the largest city in northern Chile (Antofagasta), more than 250,000 people were exposed to high arsenic drinking water concentrations from 1958 until 1970 when a water treatment plant was installed. Because of its unique geology, limited water sources, and good historical records, lifetime exposure and long-term latency patterns can be assessed in this area with better accuracy than in other arsenic-exposed areas worldwide.
Methods: We conducted a population-based case–control study in northern Chile from October 2007 to December 2010 involving 232 bladder and 306 lung cancer cases and 640 age- and gender-matched controls, with detailed information on past exposure and potential confounders, including smoking and occupation.
Results: Bladder cancer ORs for quartiles of average arsenic concentrations in water before 1971 (&lt;11, 11–90, 91–335, and &gt;335 μg/L) were 1.00, 1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78–2.37], 3.87 (2.25–6.64), and 6.50 (3.69–11.43), respectively. Corresponding lung cancer ORs were 1.00, 1.27 (0.81–1.98), 2.00 (1.24–3.24), and 4.32 (2.60–7.17). Bladder and lung cancer ORs in those highly exposed in Antofagasta during 1958 to 1970 but not thereafter were 6.88 (3.84–12.32) and 4.35 (2.57–7.36), respectively.
Conclusions: The lung and bladder cancer risks that we found up to 40 years after high exposures have ended are very high.
Impact: Our findings suggest that prevention, treatment, and other mortality reduction efforts in arsenic-exposed countries will be needed for decades after exposure cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(4); 623–30. ©2013 AACR.
Cervical Cancer Screening Among Young Adult Women in the United States
Authors: Roland Katherine B. , Benard Vicki B. , Soman Ashwini , Breen Nancy , Kepka Deanna , Saraiya Mona 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer screening guidelines have evolved significantly in the last decade for young adult women, with current recommendations promoting later initiation and longer intervals.
Methods: Using self-reported cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2000–2010 data, trends in Papanicolaou (Pap) testing among women ages 18–29 years were examined. NHIS 2010 data were used to investigate age at first Pap test (N = 2,198), time since most recent Pap test (n = 1,622), and predictors of Pap testing within the last 12 months (n = 1,622).
Results: The percentage of 18-year-olds who reported ever having a Pap test significantly decreased from 49.9% in 2000 to 37.9% in 2010. Mean age at first Pap test in 2010 was significantly younger for non-Hispanic black women (16.9 years), women &lt; high school education (16.9 years), women who received the HPV vaccine (17.1 years), and women who have ever given birth (17.3 years). The majority reported their last Pap test within the previous 12 months (73.1%). Usual source of healthcare (OR, 2.31) and current birth control use (OR, 1.64) significantly increased chances of having a Pap test within the previous 12 months.
Conclusions: From 2000 to 2010, there was a gradual decline in Pap test initiation among 18-year-olds; however, in 2010, many women reported ≤12 months since last screening. Evidence-based guidelines should be promoted, as screening young adult women for cervical cancer more frequently than recommended can cause considerable harms.
Impact: A baseline of cervical cancer screening among young adult women in the United States to assess adherence to evidence-based screening guidelines. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(4); 580–8. ©2013 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: Adiponectin and Leptin Signaling in Cancer
Authors: VanSaun Michael N. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The increasing percentage of obese individuals in the population and its independent association of increased risk for the development of cancer have heightened the necessity to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie this connection. The deregulation of adipokines in the setting of obesity and their impact on cancer progression and metastasis is one such area of research. Adipokines are bioactive proteins that mediate metabolism, inflammation, angiogenesis, and proliferation. Altered levels of adipokines or their cognate receptors in cancers can ultimately lead to an imbalance in downstream molecular pathways. Discovery of adipokine receptors in various cancers has highlighted the potential for novel therapeutic targets. Leptin and adiponectin represent two adipokines that elicit generally opposing molecular effects. Epidemiologic studies have highlighted associations between increased serum leptin levels and increased tumor growth, whereas adiponectin exhibits an inverse correlation with cancer development. This review addresses the current level of understanding of molecular pathways activated by adiponectin and leptin to identify the areas of intervention and facilitate advancement in the field. Clin Cancer Res; 19(8); 1926–32. ©2013 AACR.
Vascular Endothelial Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 System Is Essential for Vascular Integrity and Organ Homeostasis
Authors: Koyama Teruhide , Ochoa-Callejero Laura , Sakurai Takayuki , Kamiyoshi Akiko , Ichikawa-Shindo Yuka , Iinuma Nobuyoshi , Arai Takuma , Yoshizawa Takahiro , Iesato Yasuhiro , Lei Yang , Uetake Ryuichi , Okimura Ayano , Yamauchi Akihiro , Tanaka Megumu , Igarashi Kyoko , Toriyama Yuichi , Kawate Hisaka , Adams Ralf H. , Kawakami Hayato , Mochizuki Naoki , Martínez Alfredo , Shindo Takayuki 
Published: January 2013

Background—
Revealing the mechanisms underlying the functional integrity of the vascular system could make available novel therapeutic approaches. We previously showed that knocking out the widely expressed peptide adrenomedullin (AM) or receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2), an AM-receptor accessory protein, causes vascular abnormalities and is embryonically lethal. Our aim was to investigate the function of the vascular AM-RAMP2 system directly.

Methods and Results—

We generated endothelial cell–specific RAMP2 and AM knockout mice (E-RAMP2
−/−
and E-AM
−/−
). Most E-RAMP2
−/−
mice died perinatally. In surviving adults, vasculitis occurred spontaneously. With aging, E-RAMP2
−/−
mice showed severe organ fibrosis with marked oxidative stress and accelerated vascular senescence. Later, liver cirrhosis, cardiac fibrosis, and hydronephrosis developed. We next used a line of drug-inducible E-RAMP2
−/−
mice (DI-E-RAMP2
−/−
) to induce RAMP2 deletion in adults, which enabled us to analyze the initial causes of the aforementioned vascular and organ damage. Early after the induction, pronounced edema with enhanced vascular leakage occurred. In vitro analysis revealed the vascular leakage to be caused by actin disarrangement and detachment of endothelial cells. We found that the AM-RAMP2 system regulates the Rac1-GTP/RhoA-GTP ratio and cortical actin formation and that a defect in this system causes the disruption of actin formation, leading to vascular and organ damage at the chronic stage after the gene deletion.

Conclusions—
Our findings show that the AM-RAMP2 system is a key determinant of vascular integrity and homeostasis from prenatal stages through adulthood. Furthermore, our models demonstrate how endothelial cells regulate vascular integrity and how their dysregulation leads to organ damage.
Variation Exists in Rates of Admission to Intensive Care Units for Heart Failure Patients Across Hospitals in the United States
Authors: Safavi Kyan C. , Dharmarajan Kumar , Kim Nancy , Strait Kelly M. , Li Shu-Xia , Chen Serene I. , Lagu Tara , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: January 2013

Background—
Despite increasing attention on reducing relatively costly hospital practices while maintaining the quality of care, few studies have examined how hospitals use the intensive care unit (ICU), a high-cost setting, for patients admitted with heart failure (HF). We characterized hospital patterns of ICU admission for patients with HF and determined their association with the use of ICU-level therapies and patient outcomes.

Methods and Results—

We identified 166 224 HF discharges from 341 hospitals in the 2009–2010 Premier Perspective database. We excluded hospitals with <25 HF admissions, patients <18 years old, and transfers. We defined ICU as including medical ICU, coronary ICU, and surgical ICU. We calculated the percent of patients admitted directly to an ICU. We compared hospitals in the top quartile (high ICU admission) with the remaining quartiles. The median percentage of ICU admission was 10% (interquartile range, 6%–16%; range, 0%–88%). In top-quartile hospitals, treatments requiring an ICU were used less often; the percentage of ICU days receiving mechanical ventilation was 6% for the top quartile versus 15% for the others; noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, 8% versus 19%; vasopressors and/or inotropes, 9% versus 16%; vasodilators, 6% versus 12%; and any of these interventions, 26% versus 51%. Overall HF in-hospital risk-standardized mortality was similar (3.4% versus 3.5%;
P
=0.2).

Conclusions—
ICU admission rates for HF varied markedly across hospitals and lacked association with in-hospital risk-standardized mortality. Greater ICU use correlated with fewer patients receiving ICU interventions. Judicious ICU use could reduce resource consumption without diminishing patient outcomes.
A critical review of the effectiveness of ‘teach-back’ technique in teaching COPD patients self-management using respiratory inhalers
Authors: Dantic Dennis Emralino 
Published: January 2013

Objective: To examine and discuss the evidence base behind the effectiveness of the ‘teach-back’ technique as an educational intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient self-management using respiratory inhalers. Design: A systematic literature review Method: A search was conducted through Medline, CINAHL Embase, Cochrane Library Databases and reference lists to obtain publications reporting on the ‘teach-back’ technique as an educational intervention for teaching COPD patients to use a respiratory inhaler. Results: There were nine studies selected that met the criteria for inclusion in this review. The articles provided strong and valid evidence in the conversion of incorrect to correct inhaler use after using the ‘teach-back’ technique among COPD patients. Most of the studies showed a statistically significant increase in the proportion of correct inhaler use. Conclusion: The result of this review has research and routine clinical practice implications. Further research examining the long-term benefits of the ‘teach-back’ technique and correct use of inhalers is recommended. In clinical practice, it provides an alternative and effective patient education strategy for COPD patient self-management using respiratory inhalers.
Nutrition beliefs of disadvantaged parents of overweight children
Authors: Pescud Melanie , Pettigrew Simone , Henley Nadine 
Published: January 2013

Objective: To explore low socioeconomic parents’ beliefs in relation to children’s nutrition. Design: A qualitative, longitudinal study over 12 months involving 37 low socioeconomic parents. Setting: Perth, Western Australia. Method: Parents’ nutrition-related beliefs were explored via interviews, focus groups and self-introspections. All parents participating in the study had at least one overweight or obese child aged five to nine years. Results: Seven beliefs that are inconsistent with the recommendations in the nutrition literature were common among the study participants: (1) treats are appropriate for daily consumption; (2) food rewards are appropriate for encouraging good behaviour; (3) overweight children will outgrow their weight problems; (4) it is appropriate for children to regularly eat in front of the television; (5) if children do not get the food they want they will refuse to eat so it is appropriate to give them any food they will eat; (6) it can be difficult to get children to eat breakfast so it is appropriate to give them any food they will eat; and (7) serving cordial is an appropriate way to encourage children to drink more fluids. Conclusion: The suboptimal beliefs that were identified among these low SES parents are likely to be contributing to their children’s overweight status and thus are in need of attention in child obesity interventions in general and parent education programmes in particular.
Promoting physical activity through student life and academics
Authors: McDaniel Tyler , Melton Bridget F , Langdon Jody 
Published: January 2013

Objective: A physical activity passport (PAP) was developed to increase student’s physical activity through the collaboration of student life and academics. The purpose was to measure the effectiveness of the PAP. Design: The research design used was a quantitative, descriptive, quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups. Setting: This study investigated a mid-sized southeastern university in the USA. Method: Two hundred and seventy-eight undergraduates (159 females, 116 males) sampled from 12 physical activity courses participated (109 freshmen, 71 sophomores, 53 juniors and 42 seniors). There were 144 in the PAP group and 134 in the non-PAP group. Participants filled out the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) as well as a demographic questionnaire. Results: The results showed that those who participated in the PAP attended more than four times as many group fitness classes than did those who did not participate in the PAP. Furthermore, distinctive differences were found among students that might aid in future programming. Conclusion: Although results refuted the hypotheses, there were several future implications that could be drawn, most significantly the connection to future research involving self-determination theory.
Clinical Outcomes and Static and Dynamic Assessment of Foot Posture After Lateral Column Lengthening Procedure
Authors: Barske Heather , Chimenti Ruth , Tome Josh , Martin Elizabeth , Flemister Adolph S. , Houck Jeff 
Published: January 2013

Background: Lateral column lengthening (LCL) has been shown to radiographically restore the medial longitudinal arch. However, the impact of LCL on foot function during gait has not been reported using validated clinical outcomes and gait analysis. Methods: Thirteen patients with a stage II flatfoot who had undergone unilateral LCL surgery and 13 matched control subjects completed self-reported pain and functional scales as well as a clinical examination. A custom force transducer was used to establish the maximum passive range of motion of first metatarsal dorsiflexion at 40 N of force. Foot kinematic data were collected during gait using 3-dimensional motion analysis techniques. Results: Radiographic correction of the flatfoot was achieved in all cases. Despite this, most patients continued to report pain and dysfunction postoperatively. Participants post LCL demonstrated similar passive and active movement of the medial column when we compared the operated and the nonoperated sides. However, participants post LCL demonstrated significantly greater first metatarsal passive range of motion and first metatarsal dorsiflexion during gait than did controls ( P < .01 for all pairwise comparisons). Conclusion: Patients undergoing LCL for correction of stage II adult-acquired flatfoot deformity experience mixed outcomes and similar foot kinematics as the uninvolved limb despite radiographic correction of deformity. These patients maintain a low arch posture similar to their uninvolved limb. The consequence is that first metatarsal movement operates at the end range of dorsiflexion and patients do not obtain full hindfoot inversion at push-off. Longitudinal data are necessary to make a more valid comparison of the effects of surgical correction measured using radiographs and dynamic foot posture during gait. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative series.
A retrospective study of patients’ out-of-pocket costs for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Authors: Tomic Karen , Long Stacey , Li Xiaoyan , Fu An-Chen , Yu Tzy-Chyi , Barron Richard 
Published: January 2013

Objective With rising healthcare costs, there is an increasing concern with the burden of out-of-pocket costs on cancer patients. This study examined patients’ out-of-pocket expenditures for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, pegfilgrastim and filgrastim, which are given to cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy and have been shown to decrease the incidence of febrile neutropenia. Methods Adult patients who received chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in the outpatient setting in the United States between January 2007 and June 2010 were evaluated using medical and pharmacy claims data from two healthcare data sources, the MarketScan® Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases and the HealthCore Integrated Research DatabaseSM. The distribution of out-of-pocket costs for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors per patient and per administration was described for each quarter. Longitudinal analyses of out-of-pocket costs for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors were also performed for patients with continuous health plan eligibility during each calendar year from 2007 to 2009. Results The pattern of out-of-pocket expenditures for pegfilgrastim and filgrastim was generally consistent between the databases and over time. On average, about 65%–75% of patients had zero quarterly out-of-pocket costs for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. Across the years, the mean quarterly out-of-pocket costs per patient were $100–$150 and $50–$80 for pegfilgrastim and filgrastim, respectively. The mean quarterly out-of-pocket costs for granulocyte colony-stimulating factors per administration were $40–$70 and $8–$10, respectively. Conclusion In this retrospective analysis of medical and pharmacy claims data, most patients who received chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in 2007 to 2010 had incurred no quarterly out-of-pocket costs associated with G-CSF use.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone after vinorelbine treatment
Authors: Hoang Mai , Varughese Joyce , Ratner Elena 
Published: January 2013

Background Among oncologic patients, Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone is a common cause of hyponatremia, a prevalent electrolyte disorder. There are many causes for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone, including chemotherapy medications. To date, only three cases associating vinorelbine and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone have been published. Case A 47-year-old woman with stage IIIC serous ovarian adenocarcinoma developed life-threatening hyponatremia (124 mmol/L) after three cycles of vinorelbine. Assessment revealed Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone as the most likely culprit. Conservative managements including free fluid restriction normalized her sodium level and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone resolved after vinorelbine discontinuation. Conclusion Vinorelbine can cause Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone. It is important to monitor sodium concentration during vinorelbine treatment to avoid serious neurological complications of hyponatremia and to improve patient's quality of life.
Clinically relevant cancer biomarkers and pharmacogenetic assays
Authors: Patel Jai N , Mandock Katherine , McLeod Howard L 
Published: January 2013

Background The number of pharmacogenetic assays available is continuously expanding as more molecularly targeted anticancer drugs are under clinical development. While the literature regarding drug–gene associations and therapeutic implications is often robust, reviews regarding clinical assay availability and profiling methodologies of commonly used cancer biomarkers are often lacking. Objective To concisely identify and describe cancer biomarkers and their respective pharmacogenetic assays currently available in clinical practice. Discussion Analysis of germ-line DNA mutations can often help to predict pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses, whereas somatic DNA mutations are particularly useful in predicting tumor response. Molecular profiling and pre-emptive identification of cancer biomarkers can help to predict disease prognosis as well as response to anticancer therapy. Dozens of pharmacogenetic assays, utilizing several common methodologies, are currently available in clinical practice. It is essential for clinicians to understand the molecular pathways for anticancer drugs, the therapeutic implications of mutations within these pathways, the clinical assay(s) available to test for pharmacogenetic differences, and the common profiling methodology employed. Conclusion As research continues to unveil more drug–gene and disease–gene associations, it is critical that clinicians understand which pharmacogenetic assays are available to identify inter-individual differences that predict safety and efficacy of anticancer drugs as we move toward the concept of personalized medicine.
Cellular and molecular basis of von Willebrand disease: studies on blood outgrowth endothelial cells
Authors: Starke Richard D. , Paschalaki Koralia E. , Dyer Clare E. F. , Harrison-Lavoie Kimberly J. , Cutler Jacqueline A. , McKinnon Thomas A. J. , Millar Carolyn M. , Cutler Daniel F. , Laffan Mike A. , Randi Anna M. 
Published: January 2013

Key PointsBOECs from VWD patients provide novel insight into the cellular mechanisms of the disease.
CD161 defines the subset of FoxP3+ T cells capable of producing proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Pesenacker Anne M. , Bending David , Ursu Simona , Wu Qiong , Nistala Kiran , Wedderburn Lucy R. 
Published: January 2013

Key PointsCD161 defines proinflammatory FoxP3+ cells that have classic Treg signatures, yet share effector T-cell properties. CD161+ Treg proinflammatory phenotype is stable upon Treg expansion and thus should be considered in therapeutic strategies using Treg.
Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Pasricha Sant-Rayn , Drakesmith Hal , Black James , Hipgrave David , Biggs Beverley-Ann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDespite worldwide economic and scientific development, more than a quarter of the world’s population remains anemic, and about half of this burden is a result of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA is most prevalent among preschool children and women. Among women, iron supplementation improves physical and cognitive performance, work productivity, and well-being, and iron during pregnancy improves maternal, neonatal, infant, and even long-term child outcomes. Among children, iron may improve cognitive, psychomotor, and physical development, but the evidence for this is more limited. Strategies to control IDA include daily and intermittent iron supplementation, home fortification with micronutrient powders, fortification of staple foods and condiments, and activities to improve food security and dietary diversity. The safety of routine iron supplementation in settings where infectious diseases, particularly malaria, are endemic remains uncertain. The World Health Organization is revising global guidelines for controlling IDA. Implementation of anemia control programs in developing countries requires careful baseline epidemiologic evaluation, selection of appropriate interventions that suit the population, and ongoing monitoring to ensure safety and effectiveness. This review provides an overview and an approach for the implementation of public health interventions for controlling IDA in low- and middle-income countries, with an emphasis on current evidence-based recommendations.