bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimony Enrichment on the Bullets' Surfaces and the Possibility of Finding It in Gunshot Residue (GSR) of the Ammunition Having Antimony-Free Primers
Authors: Zeichner A , Schecter B , Brener R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Projectiles of twenty brands of ammunition were examined by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). In all of them antimony enrichment was found on the surface (about 10 µm depth or less) of the lead alloy as compared to the bulk. In some of the bullets the enrichment was high—as much as tens of times the bulk concentration. Concentration depth profiles in several of the projectiles were also studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and much higher concentrations of antimony on the surface than in the bulk were observed even where this effect could hardly be detected by SEM/EDX. Shooting tests were carried out using ammunition having antimony-free primers and in which the highest content of antimony on the surface of projectiles was observed. A very small percentage of gunshot residue particles containing antimony was found in these tests.
The Retention and Recovery of Transferred Fibers Following the Washing of Recipient Clothing
Authors: Palmer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Laboratory coats which had been subjected to contact with a yellow polyester/cotton polo shirt and were subsequently sent to an external laundry service. Surface debris tapings were taken from the items on return, and these were searched for fibers originating from the target garment. Additionally, a mock assault by an “assailant” wearing a blue acrylic top was carried out on various “victims” who, after returning home, discarded their upper clothing prior to domestic washing. Surface debris tapings taken from this clothing after drying were searched for fibers originating from the target garment using the FX5 automated fiber finding equipment (Foster & Freeman). The number of garments demonstrating the retention of target fibers, as well as the number of retained fibers, were noted.
Frequency of Pubic Hair Transfer During Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Exline DL , Smith FP , Drexler SG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study measured the frequency of public hair transfer between a limited number of consenting heterosexual partners. The results derive from controlled experiments with a number of human subjects rather than forensic casework. Standardized collection procedures were observed, situational variables were tracked.
Participants (forensic laboratory employees and their spouses) were six Caucasian couples who collected their pubic hair combings immediately following intercourse. Subjects provided informed consent in accordance with the protocol for human subjects approved by the U.A.B. institutional review board. The experiment was replicated ten times for five couples, and five times for another couple (total n = 110). Transfer frequencies were calculated from instances where foreign (exogenous) hairs were observed.
Results showed at least one exogenous pubic hair in 17.3% (19/110) of combings. Transfers to males (23.6%, or 13/55) were more prevalent than transfers to females (10.9%, or 6/55). Only once were transfers observed simultaneously between both male and female. A total of 28 exogenous public hairs were identified. Subjects reported intercourse duration of 2–25 min, intervening intervals of 1–240 h, pre-coital bathing intervals of 0.25–24 h, and predominantly missionary position (76%). No clear relationship among these other survey variables was observed.
The prevalence of female-to-male pubic hair transfers suggests the importance of collecting pubic hair combings from the male suspects as well as from female victims, provided the time interval is not extreme. Even under these optimum collection conditions, pubic hair transfers were observed only 17.3% of the time.
UV-Excited Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Narcotics and Explosives
Authors: Sands HS , Hayward IP , Kirkbride TE , Bennett R , Lacey RJ , Batchelder DN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 244 nm excitation Raman microspectroscope has been developed and successfully used to investigate a range of narcotics and explosives, both pure and contaminated. The instrument is quick and simple to operate and effective in identifying these compounds. The wavelength was chosen to exploit the resonance Raman effect, thereby enhancing the band intensities beyond the normal v4 enhancement associated with the shorter wavelength excitation. Another advantage over visibly excited Raman spectroscopy is the complete lack of any fluorescence background, even with heavily contaminated samples. The simplification of spectra caused by resonance allowed the easy identification of species contained in complex mixtures.
Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974–1989): IV. Identification of Some Organic Pigments Used in Red and Brown Nonmetallic and Metallic Monocoats—Quinacridones
Authors: Suzuki EM , Marshall WP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A previous study in this series demonstrated the feasibility of identifying organic pigments in situ based on their absorptions in infrared spectra of automobile topcoats. To isolate pigment peaks, spectra of closely matched topcoats lacking pigment features are subtracted from spectra of topcoats containing the pigment of interest. Once identified by this means, these pigments can often be determined based on the more limited number of pigment peaks observed between the broader binder absorptions, or superimposed on them. Spectra of closely related pigments are used to provide some indications of how distinct a particular set of pigment absorptions is. Using these techniques, several different quinacridone pigments have been identified in single-layer U.S. automobile original topcoats (1974–1989) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints. Two of these pigments, Quinacridone Red Y and Quinacridone Violet, were found to be common in red nonmetallic topcoats. Quinacridones were also identified in brown nonmetallic and red and brown metallic finishes. A number of different pigment combinations of quinacridones with both inorganic and organic pigments have been identified, and examples of these are presented. As a prerequisite to the analysis of pigments using this in situ method, analysts should be very familiar with the absorptions of automotive topcoat binders.
Malingering Uncommon Psychiatric Symptoms Among Defendants Charged Under California's “Three Strikes and You're Out” Law
Authors: Evan Jaffe M , Sharma KK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes an epidemic of uncommon psychiatric symptoms among nine criminal defendants charged under California's new “Three Strikes and You're Out” law. The defendants were facing a minimum sentence of 25 years to life in prison. The defendants exhibited the following uncommon psychiatric symptoms: coprophagia (eating feces), eating cockroaches and many reported seeing little green men. The defendants, all of whom we believe were malingering, were evaluated by the authors for competency to stand trial. Thus far, eight of the nine defendants were found competent to stand trial; only one defendant was found incompetent to stand trial. The authors created a database which included information on the defendants from court documents and from our interview with the defendants. We summarized the data and outcomes of the cases. Also included is a brief review of the “Three Strikes Law” and a paradigm for how we ruled out relevant psychiatric diagnoses before we arrived at our opinion of malingering.
Bombing and Psychopathy: An Integrative Review
Authors: Reid Meloy J , McEllistrem JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review of the research on the motivations and behaviors of bombers is presented. The methodology consisted of a computer search of eight databases, book reviews, and telephonic interviews with local and federal law enforcement. The data were then compared to the substantial research on psychopathy. The authors conclude that a federally funded research effort is necessary, and should incorporate various structured interviews, history gathering, and psychological and physiological tests of incarcerated bombers, theoretically guided by the concordance between the known motivations and behavior of bombers and the concurrent and predictive validity of the construct, psychopathy.
Criminal Mutilation of the Human Body in Sweden—A Thirty-Year Medico-Legal and Forensic Psychiatric Study
Authors: Rajs J , Lundström M , Broberg M , Lidberg L , Lindquist O 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the 30-year period 1961–1990, a total of 22 deaths with criminal mutilation/dismemberment of the human body were registered in Sweden. The mutilations occurred in time clusters, mostly during the summer and winter periods, and increased during the three decades, with incidence rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.125 per million inhabitants and year, respectively. Mutilation was noted 6.6 times more often in large urban areas than in the rest of Sweden. Defensive mutilation, in order to get rid of the corpse or make its identity more difficult, was noted in ten instances, aggressive mutilation following outrageous overkilling in four, offensive mutilation (lust murder) in seven, and necromanic mutilation in one instance. In the last-mentioned case the cause of death was natural, while all deaths in the first three groups were homicidal, or homicide was strongly suspected.
All perpetrators were males, in six instances assisted by other persons. In more than half of the cases the perpetrator's occupation was associated with application of anatomical knowledge, e.g., butcher, physician, veterinary assistant, or hunter. The perpetrators of the defensive and aggressive mutilations were mostly disorganized, i.e., alcoholics or drug users with previous psychiatric contacts and criminal histories, while the lust murderers were mostly organized, with a history of violent crimes (including the “serial killing” type), drug abuse and mental disorders with anxiety and schizophrenia, in that order to a diminishing degree. There were differences in mode of mutilation, depending on whether the mutilation was carried out by a layman, a butcher, or a physician. In only one case was the perpetrator convicted for the mutilation act itself; in the remaining instances the manslaughter, as a more serious crime, assimilated the mutilation. When the mutilation made it impossible to establish the cause of death, the perpetrators, despite strong circumstantial evidence indicating murder, were acquitted.
Arthropod Succession Patterns onto Burnt Carrion in Two Contrasting Habitats in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Avila FW , Lee Goff M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Decomposition studies were conducted using carcasses of domestic pigs, Sus scrofa L., one burned and the other unburned (the control) to determine effects of burning on arthropod succession patterns. The burnt carcass corresponded to a CGS level #2 burn victim. The studies were conducted in two contrasting habitats, both on the island of Oahu. The first was conducted in a xerophytic habitat from 1 Sept. 1995 through 1 Oct. 1995 while the second was conducted in a rainforest habitat from 29 April 1996 to 28 May 1996. No marked differences were noted in arthropod fauna present or the duration of the stages of decomposition between the carcasses at either site. The major oviposition by flies of the family Calliphoridae occurred one day carlier on the burnt carcass than the control carcass at Diamond Head and four days earlier at Lyon Arboretum. This resulted in all successional waves onto the burnt carcass occurring one day earlier at Diamond Head and four days earlier at Lyon Arboretum. These differences could alter a postmortem interval estimate based on arthropod succession patterns by up to 24 hours and 4 days, respectively.
Comparison of Anti-Epileptic Drug Levels in Different Cases of Sudden Death
Authors: George JR , Davis GG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Sudden unexplained death syndrome (SUDS) in epilepsy is identified as death in an epileptic individual with no anatomic cause found at autopsy. SUDS appears to be associated with subtherapeutic levels of anticonvulsants. Sudden death with no demonstrable cause at autopsy accounts for 5% to 30% of deaths in epileptic individuals. In the majority of cases, however, the cause of death in epileptic individuals can be demonstrated at autopsy. We examined the anti-epileptic drug concentrations in decedents who died as a direct result of epilepsy and compared these findings with those from a control population of epileptic patients who died suddenly due to some unrelated cause. This retrospective study was conducted on all deaths involving patients with epilepsy examined at the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner office from 1986–95. Out of 115 total cases the underlying cause of death was epilepsy in 60 cases—52 cases of SUDS and 8 deaths caused by an accident precipitated by a seizure. In 44 cases death was unrelated to the decedent's epilepsy. In 11 cases the contribution of epilepsy to death could not be determined. Published articles on SUDS report subtherapeutic anti-epileptic medication levels in 63% to 94% of cases. We found subtherapeutic drug levels in 69% of the 52 cases of SUDS, in 75% of the 8 cases where a seizure precipitated an accident causing death, and in 34% of the control population. The incidence of subtherapeutic anticonvulsants is significantly greater in patients dying as a direct result of their epilepsy than in those dying of an unrelated cause.
Electrolyte Concentration Differences Between Left and Right Vitreous Humour Samples
Authors: Pounder DJ , Carson DO , Johnston K , Orihara Y 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Between-eye differences in electrolyte concentrations were studied in 200 medico-legal autopsies using an ion-specific electrode system. Taking the highest of the paired vitreous potassium concentrations, cases &lt;15 mM/L were classified as biochemically nonputrefied (Cat.1, n = 124), cases 15 to 20 mM/L as early putrefaction (Cat.2, n = 51), and cases &gt;20 mM/L as biochemically putrefied (Cat.3, n = 25). Mean paired vitreous sodium for all cases (n = 200) was 112 to 173 mM/L (mean 148, standard deviation (SD) = 8.9); between-eye differences were 0 to 8 mM/L (0% to 5.1% of mean), averaging 1.5 mM/L (1%) and with only one case (in Cat.3) outside instrument accuracy (±3 mM/L). Mean paired vitreous chloride for all cases was 73 to 124 mM/L (mean 109, SD = 7.8); between-eye differences were 0 to 9 mM/L (0% to 8.8% of mean), averaging 1.7 mM/L (1.5%) and with 5 of 200 cases outside instrument accuracy (±3 mM/L). Thus between-eye concentration differences of sodium and chloride are tolerable using this methodology. Previous reports of greater variability likely reflect errors introduced by sample manipulation prior to analysis. By contrast, between-eye differences in potassium in Cat.1 cases were 0 to 2.34 mM/L (0% to 21.8% of mean) averaging 0.37 mM/L (3.3%). Significant and erratic between-eye differences in potassium undermine the usefulness of vitreous potassium in estimation of time of death.
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Section Award-Winning Papers of 1997
Authors: Rosner R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Award for the best paper by a forensic psychiatrist or forensic psychologist for 1997 was bestowed on Catherine F. Lewis, M.D. for her paper, Factors associated with weapon use in filicidal women. Honorable Mention was bestowed on Philip J. Candilis, M.D. for his paper, Ethics, malingering and a lie-detector at the bedside.
Ethics, Malingering, and a Lie-Detector at the Bedside
Authors: Candilis PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A psychiatric consultation is presented in which the physician uses a cardiac monitor in the manner of a lie-detector. Ethical analysis of a clinician's duties in cases of suspected malingering addresses both the standard of informed consent necessary for such assessments and the potential forensic consequences of unanticipated clinical findings.
Screening of Pharmaceuticals and Drugs in Synovial Fluid of the Knee Joint and in Vitreous Humor by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA)
Authors: Felscher D , Gastmeier G , Dressler J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The investigations presented are aimed at testing whether ABBOTT's fluorescence polarization immunoassays for identification of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals in serum and urine are applicable to knee joint synovial fluid and vitreous humor. The survey confirms the general applicability of the tests to the respective body fluids without previous precipitation, only after liquefaction using hyaluronidase. The calculated cross-reactivities are shown in tables.
Automated Extraction of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and N-demethyl-LSD from Blood, Serum, Plasma, and Urine Samples Using the Zymark RapidTrace™ with LC/MS/MS Confirmation
Authors: de Kanel J , Vickery WE , Waldner B , Monahan RM , Diamond FX 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A forensic procedure for the quantitative confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the qualitative confirmation of its metabolite, N-demethyl-LSD, in blood, serum, plasma, and urine samples is presented. The Zymark RapidTrace™ was used to perform fully automated solid-phase extractions of all specimen types. After extract evaporation, confirmations were performed using liquid chromatography (LC) followed by positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) without derivatization. Quantitation of LSD was accomplished using LSD-d3 as an internal standard. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for LSD was 0.05 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) for both LSD and N-demethyl-LSD was 0.025 ng/mL. The recovery of LSD was greater than 95% at levels of 0.1 ng/mL and 2.0 ng/mL. For LSD at 1.0 ng/mL, the within-run and between-run (different day) relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.2% and 4.4%, respectively.
Detection of Cocaine on Various Denominations of United States Currency
Authors: Negrusz A , Perry JL , Moore CM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The presence of cocaine on U.S. paper currency collected in many cities in the United States has previously been reported. Currency becomes contaminated during the exchange, storage and use of cocaine. Different currency denominations are also rolled by drug users and used to snort cocaine. Illicit cocaine is widely abused and therefore the contaminated paper currency can be easily found in common use. A total of 18 bills were analyzed in our laboratory for cocaine. Ten $20 bills were randomly collected in Rockford, IL and four $1 bills in Chicago. An additional four uncirculated S1 bills were analyzed as a control group. All bills were extracted with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid followed by solidphase extraction. Cocaine was identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in full scan mode, and drug quantitation was performed in selected ion monitoring mode. A standard curve was prepared and doxepin was used as an internal standard. In addition, for method validation two levels of control solutions were analyzed simultaneously. Precision and accuracy values were within acceptable ranges. Cocaine was present on 92.8% of all bills collected from the general circulation. All $20 bills were contaminated with cocaine and the amount of drug varied from 0.14 to 10.02 µg of cocaine per bill (itx} = 2.86 µg). Only one $1 bill was cocaine free. In one case ($1 bill), only traces (below quantitation limit) of cocaine were found. All four uncirculated $1 bills were cocaine-free.
A Convenient Derivatization Method for Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Determination of Phenmetrazine in Urine Using 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl Chloroformate
Authors: Dasgupta A , Handler MS , Nine JS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Phenmetrazine is a central nervous system stimulant currently used as an anorectic agent. The drug is abused and is reported to cause death from overdose. We describe a new derivatization method for phenmetrazine using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate. Quantitation of urinary phenmetrazine can be easily achieved by using N-propylamphetamine as an internal standard. The phenmetrazine 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate showed a molecular ion isotope cluster at m/z 351, 353, 355, and 357 (isotope effect of three chlorine atoms in the derivatized molecule) and other peaks at m/z 247, 245, 204, 114, and 70 in the electron ionization mass spectrometry, thus aiding in unambiguous identification. The underivatized phenmetrazine showed a relatively weaker molecular ion at m/z 177 and a base peak at m/z 71. The N-propylamphetamine 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (internal standard) showed a very weak molecular ion at m/z 351 and a base peak at m/z 260. Another strong characteristic peak at m/z 91 was also observed. The retention time of derivatized phenmetrazine (9.5 min) was substantially longer than the retention time of the underivatized molecule (2.5 min). Moreover, underivatized phenmetrazine showed poor peak shape (substantial tailing) while derivatized phenmetrazine had excellent chromatographic property. The within-run and between-run precisions of the assay were 1.9% and 3.2% at a urinary phenmetrazine concentration of 20 · g/mL. The assay was linear for urinary phenmetrazine concentration of 1 · g/mL to 100 · g/mL with a detection limit of 0.5 · g/mL.
Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Urinary Phenmetrazine After Derivatization with 4-Carbethoxyhexafluorobutyryl Chloride—A New Derivative
Authors: Dasgupta A , Hart A , Humphrey P , Blackwell W 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Phenmetrazine is a central nervous system stimulant currently used as an anorectic agent. The drug is abused and is reported to cause death from overdose. We describe a new derivatization method for phenmetrazine using 4-carbethoxy-hexafluorobutyryl chloride. Quantitation of urinary phenmetrazine can be easily achieved by using N-ethyl amphetamine as an internal standard. The electron ionization mass spectrum of 4-carbethoxyhexafluorobutyryl derivative of phenmetrazine showed a molecular ion at m/z 427 and a base peak at m/z 70. In the methane chemical ionization mass spectrum, the base peak was observed at m/z 428 (protonated molecular ion). In the electron ionization mass spectrum of 4-carbethoxyhexafluorobutyryl derivative of the internal standard, N-ethyl amphetamine we did not observe a molecular ion. However, in the chemical ionization mass spectrum, the protonated molecular ion at m/z 414 was the base peak. The retention time of derivatized phenmetrazine (8.4 min) was substantially longer than the retention time of the underivatized molecule. Moreover, underivatized phenmetrazine showed poor peak shape (substantial tailing) while derivatized phenmetrazine had excellent chromatographic properties. The within-run and between-run precisions of the assay were 2.6% and 3.1% respectively at a urinary phenmetrazine concentration of 10 µg/mL. The assay was linear for urinary phenmetrazine concentration of 1 to 100 µg/mL with a detection limit of 0.2 µg/mL.
Automated Firearms Evidence Comparison: A Forensic Tool for Firearms Identification—An Update
Authors: Tontarski RE , Thompson RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) laboratories is applying the new technology of computerized image analysis for the identification of bullets and cartridge casings recovered in open cases, and to a database of test fired weapons. The Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS) accomplishes these comparisons in minutes, when the same task using conventional microscopical techniques would require weeks to carefully sort through the firearm evidence. The networking of remote Data Acquisition Stations (DAS) can build a regional firearms evidence database, making the IBIS a powerful resource for the investigation of violent firearm crimes from multiple jurisdictions. A technical overview of the IBIS image acquisition hardware, image storage, case data input, “surface signature” analysis, and correlation scoring to an image database is reported.