bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of a Simulated Convective Boundary Layer in an Idealized Supercell Thunderstorm Environment
Authors: Nowotarski Christopher J. , Markowski Paul M. , Richardson Yvette P. , Bryan George H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Nearly all previous numerical simulations of supercell thunderstorms have neglected surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum. This choice precludes horizontal inhomogeneities associated with dry boundary layer convection in the near-storm environment. As part of a broader study on how mature supercell thunderstorms are affected by a convective boundary layer (CBL) with quasi-two-dimensional features (i.e., boundary layer rolls), this paper documents the methods used to develop a realistic CBL in an idealized environment supportive of supercells. The evolution and characteristics of the modeled CBL, including the horizontal variability of thermodynamic and kinematic quantities known to affect supercell evolution, are presented. The simulated rolls result in periodic bands of perturbations in temperature, moisture, convective available potential energy (CAPE), vertical wind shear, and storm-relative helicity (SRH). Vertical vorticity is shown to arise within the boundary layer through the tilting of ambient horizontal vorticity associated with the background shear by vertical velocity perturbations in the turbulent CBL. Sensitivity tests suggest that 200-m horizontal grid spacing is adequate to represent rolls using a large-eddy simulation (LES) approach.
Maternity Leave Duration and Full-time/Part-time Work Status Are Associated with US Mothers’ Ability to Meet Breastfeeding Intentions
Authors: Mirkovic Kelsey R. , Perrine Cria G. , Scanlon Kelley S. , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. 
Published: July 2014

Background: Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for infants and mothers; however, many infants are not breastfed as long as recommended or desired by mothers. Maternal employment is frequently cited as a barrier to breastfeeding. Objective: This study aimed to assess whether maternity leave duration and return status (full-time [FT], part-time [PT]) were associated with not meeting a mother’s intention to breastfeed at least 3 months. Methods: We used data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a cohort study. Analyses were limited to women employed prenatally who intended to breastfeed 3 months or longer (n = 1172). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between maternity leave duration and return-to-work status (< 6 weeks/FT, < 6 weeks/PT, 6 weeks-3 months/FT, 6 weeks-3 months/PT, not working by 3 months) and meeting a mother’s intention to breastfeed at least 3 months. Results: Overall, 28.8% of mothers did not meet their intention to breastfeed at least 3 months. Odds of not meeting intention to breastfeed at least 3 months were higher among mothers who returned to work FT before 3 months (< 6 weeks/FT: adjusted odds ratio = 2.25, 95% confidence interval, 1.23-4.12; 6 weeks-3 months/FT: adjusted odds ratio = 1.82, 95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.56), compared with mothers not working at 3 months. Conclusion: Returning to work full-time before 3 months may reduce a mother’s ability to meet her intention to breastfeed at least 3 months. Employer support for flexible work scheduling may help more women achieve their breastfeeding goals.
Micromanufacturing: A review—part II
Authors: Jain VK , Dixit US , Paul CP , Kumar Arvind 
Published: July 2014

This article discusses an overview of microforming, microcasting and microwelding processes. In the case of microforming, the processes reviewed are micro deep drawing, microforging, microextrusion, microrolling, microstamping, microhydroforming and incremental microforming. This section also throws some light on how the lasers have been used for microbending and micropunching purposes. The work done in the area of physics of microforming processes has also been discussed briefly. This article also deals with different types of microcasting processes particularly permanent mold and investment microcasting processes. The applications of these microcasting processes have been specified in different fields of engineering, biomedical and so on. Some areas in which further research work is needed have been identified. It includes both theoretical and experimental works which need attention. The last part of this article deals with microjoining in general and laser microjoining in particular. This section discusses the types of the lasers that are being used for microjoining purposes. The process parameters (laser, optics, system and material) have been explained, and some work done on the parametric analysis has been reported briefly. Various applications of laser microjoining have been elaborated before the last section on concluding remarks. This last section presents, in very brief, the areas in which further work is required in microjoining processes.
Update on the optimal management of patients with vascular extension of pheochromocytoma
Authors: Kassahun Woubet T 
Published: July 2014

Aim Vascular extension of pheochromocytoma is extremely rare but highly resectable. The aim of this study was to review the available information in the literature for patients with this condition. Methods A systematic literature search produced individual data for 29 treated patients with vascular extension of pheochromocytoma mainly to the inferior vena cava. Results Out of 29 reported cases, 26 have been treated surgically. Nine of these patients required cardiopulmonary bypass. Two patients died untreated and one patient declined surgical treatment and discharged to follow-up. In 24 patients including nine with primarily missed diagnosis, surgery was documented as curative. Conclusion Surgeons need to be aware of this extremely rare characteristic feature of pheochromocytoma and indicated medical work-up in order to properly diagnose and manage this challenging group of patients.
Altered perineal microbiome is associated with vulvovaginitis and urinary tract infection in preadolescent girls
Authors: Gorbachinsky Ilya , Sherertz Robert , Russell Gregory , Krane L Spencer , Hodges Steve J. 
Published: July 2014

Background: Vulvovaginitis has a known association with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in girls. We hypothesize that vulvovaginitis is a major contributor to UTIs in prepubertal girls by increasing periurethral colonization with uropathogens. Methods: Periurethral swabs and urine specimens were obtained from a total of 101 girls (58 with vulvovaginitis and 43 without vulvovaginitis). Specimens were cultured for bacterial growth. The dominant organism in the periurethral swabs and urine cultures was recorded and antibiotic sensitivity profiles were compared. Results: Periurethral swabs from children with vulvovaginitis were associated with a statistically significant increase in uropathogenic bacteria (79% Enterococcus species or Escherichia coli) as the dominant culture compared with swabs from girls without vaginitis (18%) ( p < 0.05). In children with vulvovaginitis, 52% of the urine cultures were positive for UTIs, and the dominant organism in the urine cultures matched the species and antibiotic sensitivity profile of the corresponding periurethral swab. Only 11% of the urine cultures from girls without vulvovaginitis were positive for UTIs. Conclusions: Vulvovaginitis may cause UTIs by altering the perineal biome such that there is increased colonization of uropathogens.
Book Review: The Global Clinical Movement: Educating Lawyers for Social Justice. Edited by Frank S. Bloch
Authors: Maji Eshika , N.S. Kruthika , Dasgupta Trisha 
Published: July 2014

The Global Clinical Movement: Educating Lawyers for Social Justice. Edited by Frank S. Bloch, First Edition, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, 2011, 400 Pp., $80 (Hard Bound) This book, edited by clinical scholar Frank S. Bloch, is an important and ambitious dialogue about the spread of clinical legal education worldwide. With contributions from clinicians spanning six continents, this book gives a skilful insight into the programmatic expansion and transformation of clinical ‘legal education into justice education’. We argue how this volume causes us to question the much disputed import and purposes underlying clinical legal education at law schools worldwide. By exploring the different aspects of the social justice component of clinical legal education and the manner in which such social justice is achieved by incorporating certain concepts and techniques in imparting legal education, the authors seek to bridge the gap between legal education, legal profession, experiential learning and the civil society.
Book Review: What The Best Law Teachers Do. By Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess & Sophie M. Sparrow
Authors: Treuthart Mary Pat 
Published: July 2014

What The Best Law Teachers Do. By Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess & Sophie M. Sparrow. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, Harvard University Press, 2013, 368 pp. ISBN: 9780674049147 Published by the Harvard University Press in August 2013, the book ‘What the Best Law Teachers Do’ is a qualitative and ‘systematic, rigorous study of excellent law teachers’ written by Professors Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess and Sophie Sparrow. After visiting the law schools of the profiled teachers, the authors observed their classes, read their scholarships, solicited input from the students and alumni and interviewed the subjects themselves, before analyzing the teaching techniques, attitudes and personal qualities of 26 U.S. law professors who were nominated by their students or colleagues. Despite the differences amongst the teachers in their areas of expertise, the location of their home institutions or the size of the classes they teach, the authors share a number of similarities. Most importantly, these teachers are passionate about teaching and facilitating the success of their students as aspiring legal professionals. Worldwide, efforts to reform legal education are changing the way law courses have been taught for centuries. Greater emphasis on problem-solving, critical thinking and acquisition of practical skills is deemed necessary for students to compete effectively in the transnational legal market and to assume the various roles required by contemporary lawyers. The book’s authors, who have taught, lectured and served as consultants across the globe, suggest that characteristics of excellent teachers transcend location and culture. This review concludes by briefly examining whether this statement applies equally to law teachers in the Asian region.
Book Review: Legal Education in Asia: Globalization, Change and Contexts. Edited by Stacey Steele & Kathryn Taylor
Authors: Sengupta Arpita , Rakshit Devrupa , Chatterjee Promit 
Published: July 2014

Legal Education in Asia: Globalization, Change and Contexts. Edited by Stacey Steele & Kathryn Taylor, Routledge Law in Asia, 2010. Pp. 352, 95 Pounds, ISBN: 978-0-415-49433-542 This review discusses the content and construction of the book and reflects on its relevance with regard to the evolution of legal education in Asia. The authors of the book have contemplated the influence of globalization on legal education, and thus brought out a stark link between the reforms that have taken place in the Asian countries and the legal, social and educational paradigm of the nations. The motivations of the authors and the driving forces behind the conception of the book were to specifically bring together the perceptions of a diverse section of scholars on board. The practical approach of the book adds an edge to the otherwise prosaic account and makes it an interesting read.
Safety and efficacy of ustekinumab or golimumab in patients with chronic sarcoidosis
Authors: Judson Marc A. , Baughman Robert P. , Costabel Ulrich , Drent Marjolein , Gibson Kevin F. , Raghu Ganesh , Shigemitsu Hidenobu , Barney Joseph B. , Culver Daniel A. , Hamzeh Nabeel Y. , Wijsenbeek Marlies S. , Albera Carlo , Huizar Isham , Agarwal Prasheen , Brodmerkel Carrie , Watt Rosemary , Barnathan Elliot S. 
Published: July 2014

Sarcoidosis is characterised by non-caseating granulomas that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Ustekinumab and golimumab are monoclonal antibodies that specifically inhibit IL-12/IL-23 and TNF-α, respectively.Patients with chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis (lung group) and/or skin sarcoidosis (skin group) received either 180 mg ustekinumab at week 0 followed by 90 mg every 8 weeks, 200 mg golimumab at week 0 followed by 100 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo. Patients underwent corticosteroid tapering between weeks 16 and 28. The primary end-point was week 16 change in percentage predicted forced vital capacity (ΔFVC % pred) in the lung group. Major secondary end-points were: week 28 for ΔFVC % pred, 6-min walking distance, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (lung group), and Skin Physician Global Assessment response (skin group).At week 16, no significant differences were observed in ΔFVC % pred with ustekinumab (-0.15, p = 0.13) or golimumab (1.15, p = 0.54) compared with placebo (2.02). At week 28, there were no significant improvements in the major secondary end-points, although a nonsignificant numerically greater Skin Physician Global Assessment response was observed following golimumab treatment (53%) when compared with the placebo (30%). Serious adverse events were similar in all treatment groups.Although treatment was well tolerated, neither ustekinumab nor golimumab demonstrated efficacy in pulmonary sarcoidosis. However, trends towards improvement were observed with golimumab in some dermatological end-points.
Co-exposure to refractory ceramic fibres and asbestos and risk of pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Lacourt Aude , Rinaldo Mickael , Gramond Céline , Ducamp Stéphane , Gilg Soit Ilg Annabelle , Goldberg Marcel , Pairon Jean Claude , Brochard Patrick 
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis of an increased risk of pleural mesothelioma due to co-exposure to asbestos and refractory ceramic fibres (RCF) compared to asbestos exposure alone.Males were selected from a French case–control study conducted in 1987–1993 and from the French National Mesothelioma Surveillance Program in 1998–2006. Two population controls were frequency matched to each case by year of birth. Complete job histories were collected and occupational asbestos and RCF exposures were assessed using job exposure matrices. The dose–response relationships for asbestos exposure were estimated from an unconditional logistic regression model in subjects exposed to asbestos only (group 1) and subjects exposed to both asbestos and RCF (group 2).A total of 988 cases and 1125 controls ever-exposed to asbestos were included. A dose–response relationship was observed in both groups but it was stronger in group 2. In comparison with subjects exposed at the minimum value of the cumulative index of exposure, the odds ratio was 2.6 (95% CI 1.9–3.4) for subjects exposed to 75 fibres·mL−1·year−1in group 1 increasing to 12.4 (95% CI 4.6–33.7) in group 2.Our results suggest that the pleural carcinogenic effect of occupational asbestos exposure may be modified by additional exposure to RCF.
Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory markers in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients
Authors: Zabini Diana , Heinemann Akos , Foris Vasile , Nagaraj Chandran , Nierlich Patrick , Bálint Zoltán , Kwapiszewska Grazyna , Lang Irene M. , Klepetko Walter , Olschewski Horst , Olschewski Andrea 
Published: July 2014

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is associated with chronic inflammation but the pathological mechanisms are largely unknown. Our study aimed to simultaneously profile a broad range of cytokines in the supernatant of pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) surgical material, as well as prospectively in patients with CTEPH to investigate whether circulating cytokines are associated with haemodynamic and physical characteristics of CTEPH patients.Herein, we show that PEA specimens revealed a significant upregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP)-10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1α and RANTES compared to lung tissue from healthy controls.In prospectively collected serum, levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG) and MIP1α were significantly elevated in CTEPH patients compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In serum of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients, only IP-10 and MIG were significantly increased. In CTEPH but not in IPAH, IP-10 was negatively correlated with cardiac index, 6-min walking distance and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity.In vitro, IP-10 significantly increased migration of freshly isolated adventitial fibroblasts.Our study is the first to show that IP-10 secretion is associated with poor pulmonary haemodynamics and physical capacity in CTEPH and might be involved in the pathological mechanism of PEA tissue formation.
Pyrosequencing reveals transient cystic fibrosis lung microbiome changes with intravenous antibiotics
Authors: Smith Daniel J. , Badrick Alison C. , Zakrzewski Martha , Krause Lutz , Bell Scott C. , Anderson Gregory J. , Reid David W. 
Published: July 2014

Chronic airway infection in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) is polymicrobial and the impact of intravenous antibiotics on the bacterial community composition is poorly understood. We employed culture-independent molecular techniques to explore the early effects ofi.v.antibiotics on the CF airway microbiome.DNA was extracted from sputum samples collected from adult subjects with CF at three time-points (before starting treatment, and at day 3 and day 8–10 ofi.v.antibiotics) during treatment of an infective pulmonary exacerbation. Microbial community profiles were derived through analysis of bacterial-derived 16S ribosomal RNA by pyrosequencing and changes over time were compared.59 sputum samples were collected during 24 pulmonary exacerbations from 23 subjects. Between treatment onset and day 3 there was a significant reduction in the relative abundance ofPseudomonasand increased microbial diversity. By day 8–10, bacterial community composition was similar to pre-treatment. Changes in community composition did not predict improvements in lung function.The relative abundance ofPseudomonasfalls rapidly in subjects with CF receivingi.v.antibiotic treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation and is accompanied by an increase in overall microbial diversity. However, this effect is not maintained beyond the first week of treatment.
One-year mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: multicenter evaluation of the ProVent score
Authors: Leroy Guillaume , Devos Patrick , Lambiotte Fabien , Thévenin Didier , Leroy Olivier 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Current severity-of-illness indexes are unable to assess the long-term prognosis of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. A prognostic scoring system (Prognosis for Prolonged Ventilation score - ProVent - score) seems able to evaluate one-year mortality of such patients. However, testing of the model outside the developers' centers has not been reported. So, it is unclear how the ProVent score performs in non-US and non-tertiary ICUs. The goal of our study was to evaluate its performances in a French multicenter, community hospital-based setting.

Methods
In three primary ICUs, 201 patients requiring mechanical ventilation for at least 21 days were enrolled in a retrospective cohort study. ICU mortality was abstracted from medical records and, for patients discharged alive from the ICU, one-year mortality was determined by telephone calls to patients’ general practitioners.

Results
One-year mortality was 60% (n = 120). On day 21 of ventilation, ProVent score value was 0 in 19 patients (9%), 1 in 63 patients (31%), 2 in 64 patients (32%), 3 in 37 patients (18%), and ≥4 in 18 patients (9%), respectively. For ProVent score values ranging from 0 to ≥4, one-year mortality rates were 21%, 43%, 67%, 78%, and 94%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for the ProVent score was 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.671 to 0.809). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that only three variables (age ≥65 years, vasopressors, and hemodialysis) were independently associated with one-year mortality in our population. In assigning one point to each variable, we created a French ProVent score. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic was 1.36 (DF = 6, P = 0.857) and the AUC of the ROC curve was 0.742 (95% confidence interval 0.673 to 0.810). One-year mortality rates for French ProVent score ranging from 0 to 3 were 34.6%, 70.9%, 83.3% and 100%, respectively (P <0.0001).

Conclusions
The ProVent score is able, even in non-US ICUs and in community hospitals, to accurately identify among patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation those who are at high risk of one-year mortality. Its simplification appears possible. However, further validation of this French ProVent score in a larger external sample is indicated.
Paleokarst in the Grosmont Formation and reservoir implications, Saleski, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Russel-Houston Jen , Gray Ken 
Published: July 2014

We delineated a bitumen-rich paleokarsted carbonate reservoir of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Grosmont Formation with a high-resolution 3D seismic survey tied to core and petrophysical log data from 35 wells within a [Formula: see text] study area in northern Alberta, Canada. There were two laterally continuous karst facies: a solution-enhanced vuggy dolostone that resulted from the carbonate dissolution of body fossils and a stratiform breccia that resulted from the dissolution of interbedded evaporites. Three laterally discontinuous karst facies were identified: sinkhole fills, collapsed paleocaves, and solution valley fills. We measured 368 subcircular features (sinkholes and collapsed paleocaves) having a median circle-equivalent diameter of 69 m and representing 5.5% of the total study area. Sinkhole fills include Cretaceous-aged sandstone, mudstone, and coal. Collapsed paleocaves were filled with matrix-supported breccia that had clasts of disoriented blocks of dolomite and a matrix of disaggregated dolomite and Cretaceous-aged mudstone. The paleocaves and sinkholes formed in the solution-enhanced karst facies of the Grosmont C at the interface of an interpreted ancient vadose-phreatic mixing zone. The marine deepwater deposition of the Clearwater Formation during the Albian filled the depressions created by the mechanical collapse of the paleocaves and provided a seal for thermal operations. The fracture density inferred from seismic amplitude variation with angle and azimuth analysis and corroborated by well data showed that fractures are ubiquitous and were enhanced during meteoric karst. The high-vertical permeability resulting from solution-enhanced fractures, the laterally predictable flow units, and a competent seal make this an ideal reservoir for thermal bitumen recovery.