bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From random walks to informed movement
Authors: Fronhofer Emanuel A. , Hovestadt Thomas , Poethke Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2012

The analysis of animal movement is a large and continuously growing field of research. Detailed knowledge about movement strategies is of crucial importance for understanding eco‐evolutionary dynamics at all scales – from individuals to (meta‐)populations. This and the availability of detailed movement and dispersal data motivated Nathan and colleagues to published their much appreciated call to base movement ecology on a more thorough mechanistic basis. So far, most movement models are based on random walks. However, even if a random walk might describe real movement patterns acceptably well, there is no reason to assume that animals move randomly. Therefore, mechanistic models of foraging strategies should be based on information use and memory in order to increase our understanding of the processes that lead to animal movement decisions.We present a mechanistic movement model of an animal with a limited perceptual range and basic information storage capacities. This ‘spatially informed forager’ constructs an internal map of its environment by using perception, memory and learned or evolutionarily acquired assumptions about landscape attributes. We analyse resulting movement patterns and search efficiencies and compare them to area restricted search strategies (ARS) and biased correlated random walks (BCRW) of omniscient individuals.We show that, in spite of their limited perceptual range, spatially informed individuals boost their foraging success and may perform much better than the best ARS. The construction of an internal map and the use of spatial information results in the emergence of a highly correlated walk between patches and a rather systematic search within resource clusters. Furthermore, the resulting movement patterns may include foray search behaviour. Our work highlights the strength of mechanistic modelling approaches and sets the stage for the development of more sophisticated models of memory use for movement decisions and dispersal.
Antioxidant responses to water deficit by drought‐tolerant and ‐sensitive sugarcane varieties
Authors: Cia M.C. , Guimarães A.C.R. , Medici L.O. , Chabregas S.M. , Azevedo R.A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWater deficit is the major yield‐limiting factor of crop plants. The exposure of plants to this abiotic stress can result in oxidative damage due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant‐stress response of drought‐tolerant (SP83‐2847 and SP83‐5073) and drought‐sensitive (SP90‐3414 and SP90‐1638) sugarcane varieties to water‐deficit stress, which was imposed by withholding irrigation for 3, 10 and 20 days. The drought‐sensitive varieties exhibited the lowest leaf relative water content and highest lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and proline contents during the progression of the drought‐stress condition. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities changed according to variety and stress intensity. SP83‐2847 exhibited higher CAT and APX activities than the other varieties in the early stage of drought, while the activities of GPOX and GR were the highest in the other varieties at the end of the drought‐stress period. A Cu/Zn SOD isoenzyme was absent at the end of drought period from the SP90‐3414‐sensitive variety. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation and early accumulation of proline may be good biochemical markers of drought sensitivity in sugarcane.
Comparative larval energetics of an ophiuroid and an echinoid echinoderm
Authors: Whitehill Elizabeth A. G. , Moran Amy L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe morphologically convergent larvae of the echinoderm classes Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea have been suggested to be functionally dissimilar when it comes to their capacities to feed, but little is known about whether these larvae are similar in terms of energetics. Here, we compare the energetics of early development of a tropical ophiuroid, Ophiocoma alexandri, and a temperate to tropical echinoid, Arbacia punctulata, two species with similarly sized eggs. Measurements of respiration and constituent analyses were performed on eggs and unfed larvae of both species. Members of both species showed an increase in oxygen consumption during morphogenesis followed by a lower, static rate once morphogenesis was complete (3 d for O. alexandri and 1.3 d for A. punctulata). Compared to the echinoid larvae, the ophiuroid larvae developed more slowly and had peak respiration rates that were 3.1× lower. Eggs of O. alexandri contained significantly more protein and significantly less triacylglycerol than eggs of A. punctulata. Energy utilization, as calculated via respiration measurements, closely matched decreases in energy content from the eggs to larvae as measured with biochemical constituent assays. Larvae of A. punctulata used 1.4× more energy to reach the pluteus stage than larvae of O. alexandri, and used 4× more energy during the first 9 d of larval life. These data suggest that echinoid larvae require more energy to develop to the feeding stage than ophiuroid larvae, and likewise have higher requirements for maintenance metabolism. Ophiuroid larvae may be more tolerant of low food levels due to their very low metabolic rates, but this advantage may be offset by their slower rate of development.
Prospects for scalability: Relationships and uncertainty in responsive regulation
Authors: Ford Cristie 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMany of the very significant insights inIanAyres andJohnBraithwaite's 1992 book,Responsive Regulation, have transcended the book's time. At the same time, on the 20th anniversary of its publication, two things about the book are striking. The first is the direct, personal relationship on which the regulatory interaction is premised. The second is the boundedness and manageability of the regulatory project. At least in prudential regulation of global financial institutions in the wake of the recent financial crisis (though surely elsewhere too), neither of these features can be taken for granted. This brief essay seeks to open a preliminary conversation about responsive regulation in terms of its scalability. It considers whether as a practical matter, responsive regulation can be scaled up to more diffuse, multiparty, logistically complex contexts, such as financial regulation. As a matter of representation, it asks whether by projecting the focal object, the responsive relationship, outward, responsive regulation distorts our image of regulation in other contexts (or even in responsive regulation's own home environment). The essay closes by arguing that in order to incorporate responsive regulation's considerable discursive and relational benefits into regulatory environments like global financial regulation, it needs to be buttressed by additional regulatory technologies.
Likely future extirpation of another Asian river dolphin: The critically endangered population of the Irrawaddy dolphin in the Mekong River is small and declining
Authors: Beasley I. , Pollock K. , Jefferson T. A. , Arnold P. , Morse L. , Yim S. , Lor Kim S. , Marsh H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe population of Irrawaddy dolphins that occupies the Mekong River in southern Lao People's Democratic Republic and Cambodia is classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. Based on capture‐recapture of photo‐identified individuals, we estimated that the total population numbered 93 ± SE 3.90 individuals (95% CI 86–101), as of April 2007. The combined photo‐identification and carcass recovery program undertaken from 2001 to 2007 established that the Irrawaddy dolphin population inhabiting the Mekong River has reached a critical point with regards to its continued survival, where immediate research and management actions are required to greatly reduce adult mortality, and establish the cause of newborn mortality. In addition, community consultation is required to initiate, and evaluate, urgently required conservation measures. An ongoing well‐designed combined program of abundance estimation (i.e., photo‐identification) and carcass recovery is required to monitor total population size and mortality rates, to inform and evaluate management initiatives. The conclusions of this paper are likely generic to river dolphin populations, particularly where photo‐identification is possible.
Efficacy of Pimobendan in the Prevention of Congestive Heart Failure or Sudden Death in Doberman Pinschers with Preclinical Dilated Cardiomyopathy (The PROTECT Study)
Authors: Summerfield N.J. , Boswood A. , O'Grady M.R. , Gordon S.G. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Oyama M.A. , Smith S. , Patteson M. , French A.T. , Culshaw G.J. , Braz‐Ruivo L. , Estrada A. , O'Sullivan M.L. , Loureiro J. , Willis R. , Watson P. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe benefit of pimobendan in delaying the progression of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Dobermans is not reported.HypothesisThat chronic oral administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM will delay the onset of CHF or sudden death and improve survival.AnimalsSeventy‐six client‐owned Dobermans recruited at 10 centers in the UK and North America.MethodsThe trial was a randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled, parallel group multicenter study. Dogs were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive pimobendan (Vetmedin capsules) or visually identical placebo.The composite primary endpoint was prospectively defined as either onset of CHF or sudden death. Time to death from all causes was a secondary endpoint.ResultsThe proportion of dogs reaching the primary endpoint was not significantly different between groups (P = .1). The median time to the primary endpoint (onset of CHF or sudden death) was significantly longer in the pimobendan (718 days, IQR 441–1152 days) versus the placebo group (441 days, IQR 151–641 days) (log‐rank P = 0.0088). The median survival time was significantly longer in the pimobendan (623 days, IQR 491–1531 days) versus the placebo group (466 days, IQR 236–710 days) (log‐rank P = .034).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM prolongs the time to the onset of clinical signs and extends survival. Treatment of dogs in the preclinical phase of this common cardiovascular disorder with pimobendan can lead to improved outcome.
Craniosacral therapy: a systematic review of the clinical evidence
Authors: Ernst Edzard 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimCraniosacral
therapy (CST) is a popular treatment for a wide range of
conditions. This systematic review evaluates the evidence of
effectiveness for CST for any human
condition.MethodAn
electronic search for relevant studies was conducted across three
databases; this was complemented by extensive hand‐searching of
departmental files and bibliographies. Articles were included if they
reported RCTs of CST for any human condition. Data
were extracted according to predefined criteria and trial quality was
determined using the Jadad
score.ResultsSix
studies were included. Except for one, all were associated with a high
risk of bias. Low quality studies suggested positive effects, while the
high‐quality trial failed to demonstrate
effectiveness.ConclusionThe
notion that CST is associated with more than
non‐specific effects is not based on evidence from rigorousRCTs.
Student Nurses' Perceived Use of NANDA‐I Nursing Diagnoses in the Community Setting
Authors: Ogunfowokan Adesola A. , Oluwatosin Abimbola O. , Olajubu Aanuoluwapo O. , Alao Olujide A. , Faremi Adenike F. 
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE:  Study explored knowledge and perception of student nurses on the use of NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses in the community setting.METHODS:  Study adopted cross‐sectional design. Convenient sampling method was used to select 290 nursing students. Data analysis was by descriptive and inferential statistics.RESULTS:  A majority (81.3%) of the participants considered NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses to be useful in the community. Significant association existed in the perception and level of education of the students (χ2= 8.257, d.f. = 1, p= .04).CONCLUSIONS:  Knowledge and perception of the participants about the use of NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses in the community is satisfactory.IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE:  Use of NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses should be encouraged among community health nurses.
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Silicon Nitride: Roles of Grain Aspect Ratio and Intergranular Film Composition
Authors: Greene Rawley B. , Fünfschilling Stefan , Fett Theo , Hoffmann Michael J. , Kruzic Jamie J. 
Published: October 2012

The role of microstructure in affecting the fatigue crack growth resistance of grain bridging silicon nitride ceramics doped with rare earth (RE = Y, La, Lu) oxide sintering additives was investigated. Three silicon nitride ceramics were prepared using MgO‐RE2O3 and results were compared with a commercial Al2O3‐Y2O3‐doped material. Decreasing stress intensity range (ΔK) fatigue tests were conducted using compact‐tension specimens to measure steady‐state fatigue crack growth rates. Specimens doped with MgO‐RE2O3 additives showed a significantly higher resistance to crack growth than those with Al2O3‐Y2O3 additives and this difference was attributed to the much higher grain aspect ratio for the MgO‐RE2O3‐doped ceramics. When the crack growth data were normalized with respect to the total contribution of toughening by bridging determined from the monotonically loaded R‐curves, the differences in fatigue resistance were greatly reduced with the data overlapping considerably. Finally, all of the MgO‐RE2O3‐doped silicon nitrides displayed similar steady‐state fatigue crack growth behavior suggesting that they are relatively insensitive to the intergranular film.
Emission and Absorption Cross Sections at 810 and 860 nm Bands of Er3+ in LiNbO3 Crystal
Authors: Zhang De‐Long , Chen Bei , Hua Ping‐Rang , Pun Edwin Y.‐B. 
Published: October 2012

We have measured the unpolarized and polarized emission spectra of 4I9/2→4I15/2 (810 nm) and 4S3/2→4I13/2 (860 nm) electronic transitions of Er3+ in LiNbO3 crystal under different incident directions and polarization states of excitation beam. From the measured emission spectra, the emission and absorption cross‐section spectra were calculated based upon McCumber theory. It is found that Er3+ electronic transition shows interesting excitation beam direction effect in polarization dependence, spectral shape, and cross‐section value. Both transitions are highly π‐polarized as the excitation beam was aligned perpendicular to the optical axis of crystal while being highly σ‐polarized as the excitation beam was oriented parallel to the optical axis of crystal. The spectral shape in the case of the perpendicular excitation is very different from that in the case of parallel excitation. The cross‐section value in the perpendicular excitation case is at least 1.5 times larger than that in the parallel excitation case. These excitation direction effects are independent of the polarization state of excitation light, and are attributed to the selective Er3+ site excitation. In addition, the Er3+ 860 nm emission lifetime was measured to be 27 ± 5 μs and the quantum efficiency of the emission is 2.5%.
The Influence of Dysprosium Addition on the Crystallization Behavior of a Chalcogenide Selenide Glass Close to the Fiber Drawing Temperature
Authors: Cheng Yin , Tang Zhuoqi , Neate Nigel C. , Furniss David , Benson Trevor M. , Seddon Angela B. 
Published: October 2012

A series of chalcogenide glasses based on Ge16.5Ga3As16Se64.5 (at.%), doped nominally with 0, 1000, 3000, and 6000 ppmw (by weight) of Dy foil, is prepared by using conventional method: melting inside a sealed silica glass ampoule, which is rocked to homogenize the melt, followed by melt quenching and annealing. Examination of the as‐prepared glasses, using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX), reveals that dysprosium‐rich areas of devitrification have a tendency to form at the surfaces of the prepared chalcogenide glasses which have been adjacent the silica ampoule walls during the final stages of melting, quenching, and annealing; such dysprosium‐rich areas of devitrification are not observed using SEM‐EDX at the noncontacting‐silica‐ampoule chalcogenide glass surface nor in the interior of the chalcogenide glass bulk. Samples taken from the interior of the prepared glass boules exhibit an increase in glass transition of up to 9 ± 2°C, and rise in other isoviscous temperatures, with increasing dysprosium content. Extended isothermal heat treatment at the estimated fiber‐drawing temperature, followed by quenching to room temperature and analysis using SEM‐EDX and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), is carried out to investigate the influence of dysprosium addition on crystallization behavior on reheating the chalcogenide glass. Increasing the dysprosium level, surprisingly, appears on the one hand to help to restrain crystallization of the bulk glass on glass reheating, whereas on the other hand, and at the same time, to exacerbate the surface devitrification on glass reheating. The bulk crystallizing phase on reheating the glasses is distorted face‐centered cubic α‐Ga2Se3. The same phase was found to grow in the bulk glass during melt cooling of Dy‐doped Ge–As–Ga–Se glasses in our earlier work.
Gut travellers: internal dispersal of aquatic organisms by waterfowl
Authors: van Leeuwen Casper H. A. , van der Velde Gerard , van Groenendael Jan M. , Klaassen Marcel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimPatterns of high biodiversity among less mobile organisms throughout isolated locations suggest that passive dispersal importantly contributes to biodiversity. We examined the contribution of waterbirds to the dispersal of plant seeds and macroinvertebrates between aquatic wetlands. Birds are renowned vectors for seeds of terrestrial plants, but less is known about their role in more dispersal‐dependent aquatic systems. We therefore performed a meta‐analysis on bird‐mediated endozoochorous dispersal of aquatic species.LocationOur review included studies that collected data world‐wide.MethodsWe analysed data from 81 peer‐reviewed publications on endozoochorous dispersal of aquatic plant seeds and macroinvertebrates by waterbirds.ResultsIn total, 36% of 1581 waterbird droppings collected in the field contained one or more intact propagules, with macroinvertebrates found almost as frequently as plant seeds. Positive droppings contained on average 3.3 intact propagules, of which one‐third were viable. In 728 trials from 17 published feeding experiments 24% of the ingested propagules were retrieved intact, with c. 6.5% both viable and intact. As many as 17 species of Anatidae and Rallidae were involved in the dispersal of at least 39 species of macroinvertebrates and seeds from 97 species of plants across a wide taxonomic range. Smaller propagules seemed less affected by digestion than larger ones. We provide a first quantitative model that can be used to estimate waterbird‐mediated dispersal of propagules between wetlands. This model indicates that an average waterbird has the potential to disperse five viable propagules after flying more than 100 km, and one additional propagule after flying 300 km.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that waterbirds have the potential to transport a wide variety of aquatic plants and animals over several hundreds of kilometres. High survival of propagules might be explained by propagule adaptations or by the digestive adaptations of birds, whereby energy absorption is thought to be maximized rather than assimilation efficiency. Our meta‐analysis suggests that waterbirds might contribute significantly to wetland biodiversity around the world, despite several limitations to our current knowledge. We outline avenues for future research to address these knowledge gaps.
The cordierite‐bearing anatectic rocks of the higher Himalayan crystallines (eastern Nepal): low‐pressure anatexis, melt productivity, melt loss and the preservation of cordierite
Authors: GROPPO C. , ROLFO F. , MOSCA P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCordierite‐bearing anatectic rocks inform our understanding of low‐pressure anatectic processes in the continental crust. This article focuses on cordierite‐bearing lithologies occurring at the upper structural levels of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (eastern Nepal Himalaya). Three cordierite‐bearing gneisses from different geological transects (from Mt Everest to Kangchenjunga) have been studied, in which cordierite is spectacularly well preserved. The three samples differ in terms of bulk composition likely reflecting different sedimentary protoliths, although they all consist of quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, cordierite and sillimanite in different modal percentages. Analysis of the microstructures related to melt production and/or melt consumption allows the distinction to be made between peritectic and cotectic cordierite. The melt productivity of different prograde assemblages (from two‐mica metapelite/metagreywacke to biotite‐metapelite) has been investigated at low‐pressure conditions, evaluating the effects of muscovite v. biotite dehydration melting on both mineral assemblages and microstructures. The results of the thermodynamic modelling suggest that the mode and type of the micaceous minerals in the prograde assemblage is a very important parameter controlling the melt productivity at low‐pressure conditions, the two‐mica protoliths being significantly more fertile at any given temperature than biotite gneisses over the same temperature interval. Furthermore, the cordierite preservation is promoted by melt crystallization at a dry solidus and by exhumation along P‐T paths with a peculiar dP/dT slope of about 15–18 bar °C−1. Overall, our results provide a key for the interpretation of cordierite petrogenesis in migmatites from any low‐P regional anatectic terrane. The cordierite‐bearing migmatites may well represent the source rocks for the Miocene andalusite‐bearing leucogranites occurring at the upper structural levels of the Himalayan belt, and low‐P isobaric heating rather than decompression melting may be the triggering process of this peculiar peraluminous magmatism.