bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Derived α-Fetoprotein Impairs the Differentiation and T Cell Stimulatory Activity of Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Pardee Angela D. , Shi Jian , Butterfield Lisa H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Several tumor-derived factors have been implicated in dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction in cancer patients. α-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal Ag that is highly expressed in abnormalities of prenatal development and several epithelial cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In HCC patients exhibiting high levels of serum AFP, we observed a lower ratio of myeloid/plasmacytoid circulating DCs compared with patients with low serum AFP levels and healthy donors. To test the effect of AFP on DC differentiation in vitro, peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of cord blood–derived normal AFP (nAFP) or HCC tumor-derived AFP (tAFP), and DC phenotype and function were assessed. Although the nAFP and tAFP isoforms only differ at one carbohydrate group, low (physiological) levels of tAFP, but not nAFP, significantly inhibited DC differentiation. tAFP-conditioned DCs expressed diminished levels of DC maturation markers, retained a monocyte-like morphology, exhibited limited production of inflammatory mediators, and failed to induce robust T cell proliferative responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that the suppressive activity of tAFP is dependent on the presence of low molecular mass (LMM) species that copurify with tAFP and function equivalently to the LMM fractions of both tumor and nontumor cell lysates. These data reveal the unique ability of tAFP to serve as a chaperone protein for LMM molecules, both endogenous and ubiquitous in nature, which function cooperatively to impair DC differentiation and function. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches that antagonize the regulatory properties of tAFP will be critical to enhance immunity and improve clinical outcomes.
Overcoming the Dichotomy of Quantity and Quality in Antibody Responses
Authors: Meyer-Hermann Michael 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized environments in which B cells mutate their BCR to identify new Abs with high affinity to a challenging Ag. B cells are selected in an evolutionary process of multiple rounds of mutation and selection. In the past decade, mechanisms of B cell migration, division, mutation, selection, and final differentiation have been extensively studied. Thereby, modulations of these mechanisms either optimize the quality, in terms of affinity, or the quantity of generated Abs, but never both, leading to an unclear effect on the overall efficiency of the Ab response. In this article, we predict with mathematical models that an affinity-dependent number of GC B cell divisions overcomes the dichotomy of quality and quantity, and has to be considered as a good target for immune interventions, in particular, in the elderly population with poor GC responses.
Cremona Maps of de Jonquières Type
Authors: Pan Ivan , Simis Aron 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper is concerned with suitable generalizations of a plane de Jonquières map to higher dimensional space ℙn with n ≥ 3. For each given point of ℙn there is a subgroup of the entire Cremona group of dimension n consisting of such maps. We study both geometric and group-theoretical properties of this notion. In the case where n = 3 we describe an explicit set of generators of the group and give a homological characterization of a basic subgroup thereof.
Réémergence de la paramphistomose bovine en France : Synthèse des connaissances actuelles épidémiologiques, physiopathologiques et diagnostiques
Authors: Alzieu Jean-Pierre , Dorchies Philippe 
Published: October 2014

The prevalence of cattle paramphistomiasis is growing in France. This recent reemergence may be related to several factors : limited number of specific anthelmintics available, longevity and high prolificity of adult worms, decreasing prevalence liver fluke which increases the availability of the snails which act as intermediate hosts for paramphistomids, and extensification of cattle farming. Although clinical signs are not very typical, the pathogenicity of paramphistomiasis cannot be ignored, due to the risk of acute form due to immature worms (difficult to identify) and of recurrent bloating due to the mechanical effect of adult worms. However, the pathogenicity of paramphistomids is much milder than that of Fasciola hepatica.
There is currently no immunological method available for this diagnosis ; a clinical suspicion is confirmed by faecal egg counts (epg), but there is no formal correlation between their numbers and the parasite load.
La fièvre du Nil occidental et la fièvre catarrhale ovine, deux viroses en progression inattendue
Authors: Zientara Stéphan , Lecollinet Sylvie , Bréard Emmanuel , Sailleau Corinne , Boireau Pascal 
Published: October 2014

This paper describes the spread of two arboviral diseases in Europe, and the control measures implemented by health authorities. Bluetongue, which affects only animals, occurred for the first time in Europe in 1998, and West Nile Fever, which affects horses and humans, re-emerged in 1996. Up until 1998, bluetongue was considered as an exotic disease. In 2006 and 2007, its unexpected explosion in Northern Europe highlighted the emergence and expansion capacities of vector-borne diseases. Surprisingly, the disease became perennial in Europe, rapidly spreading to eight European countries and crossing the English Channel and contaminating several herds in England. Its expansion resulted from vector movements carried over long distances by the wind (100 km), and followed a centrifugal pattern in 2006/2007. By 2008, the bluetongue virus (BTV) was occupying a wider European territory. The only control measure available is vaccination, which has been largely implemented in 2008.
West Nile fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, whose amplifying hosts are birds, whereas horses and humans are incidental but particularly sensitive hosts. West Nile fever appeared in Europe in the 60’s and 70’s, especially in the Camargue region of France, with sporadic foci. At the end of the 90’s, besides the introduction and expansion of the virus on the American continent, major epidemics affected several hundreds of people in Europe (Romania in 1996 and Russia in 1999). Since then, four distinct episodes of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation, associated with clinical cases in horses, were reported in France : in the Camargue region in 2000 and 2004, in the Var department in 2003 and in the Eastern Pyrenees in 2006. An increase in WNV activity was observed in Europe in 2008, with cases of infection reported in Italy, Romania, Hungary and Austria. An inactivated vaccine (Fort Dodge) has recently received a marketing agreement from the European commission. However, until now, control measures rely exclusively on a reinforced surveillance of neurological conditions in humans and animals (horses and birds generally), and on information of exposed people.
L'arrêt Riaucourt et ses effets
Authors: Guillemot Pierre , Vandaële Eric 
Published: October 2014

L’arrêt Riaucourt du Conseil d’État, daté du 24 janvier 2007, interdit l’exercice de la pharmacie vétérinaire à tout vétérinaire salarié d’un groupement de producteurs, si les médicaments sont achetés et/ou vendus par la structure et non par le vétérinaire qui les a prescrits.
La Direction générale de l’alimentation (DGAL) a publié, le 14 août 2007, une note de service sur les conséquences de l’arrêt Riaucourt. Celle-ci indique aux Directions départementales des services vétérinaires que l’interdiction d’achat et/ou de revente des médicaments vétérinaires par les organismes qui salarient des vétérinaires devait être effective à compter du 1er octobre 2007, pour non seulement :
- les médicaments sur prescription «hors plan sanitaire d’élevage» des groupements agréés,
- mais aussi tous les médicaments pour les haras, les dispensaires des associations de protection animale, les parcs zoologiques et toutes les autres structures non libérales.
Selon la DGAL, trois solutions peuvent être envisagées pour l’activité «hors PSE» des vétérinaires salariés de groupement :
- soit la constitution de sociétés d’exercice libéral de vétérinaires, par ailleurs salariés du groupement et exerçant dans le cadre du plan sanitaire d’élevage, sociétés séparées physiquement, administrativement et juridiquement du groupement ;
- soit la signature d’une convention avec des vétérinaires libéraux existants ;
- soit la délivrance par une pharmacie d’officine d’une prescription par le vétérinaire salarié.
Les virus infectant les mollusques marins: un exemple d'actualité, les herpèsvirus
Authors: Renault Tristan 
Published: October 2014

Bien que des épisodes de mortalité associés à la détection de virus aient été rapportés chez différentes espèces de mollusques, peu d’informations sont aujourd’hui disponibles concernant l’affiliation exacte de ces virus et leur position taxinomique. Parmi les virus infectant les coquillages, les herpèsvirus ont fait l’objet d’une attention particulière du fait de leurs impacts économiques et écologiques sur les animaux en élevage et sauvages. Des recherches par des approches de biologie moléculaire ont été menées en France sur le virus infectant les huîtres creuses, Crassostrea gigas. Sur la base des données moléculaires et ultra-structurales, ce virus a été classé, sous le nom d’<i>ostreid
herpesvirus</i> 1 (OsHV-1), comme première espèce virale de la famille Malacoherpesviridae. Depuis 2008, des épisodes de surmortalité ont été rapportés dans différentes régions de production des huîtres creuses C. gigas, en France, en Irlande et au Royaume Uni. Ils ont été attribués à des conditions environnementales défavorables associées à la découverte d’un variant génotypique viral particulier, appelé OsHV-1 μVar.
Stoichiometric imbalance in rates of nitrogen and phosphorus retention, storage, and recycling can perpetuate nitrogen deficiency in highly‐productive reservoirs
Authors: Grantz Erin M. , Haggard Brian E. , Scott J. Thad 
Published: October 2014

We measured the nutrient stoichiometry of inputs, outputs, retention, storage, and recycling in three seasonally nitrogen (N)‐deficient reservoirs by incorporating watershed mass balances with measurements of internal N and phosphorus (P) transformations. Our objective was to determine if the reservoirs were accumulating N and thereby likely to develop strict P deficiency over time. For the eutrophic reservoirs, the N : P (by atoms) of annual outputs was two to five times greater than that of inputs, reflecting higher retention efficiency for P than N (∼ 90% vs. ∼ 50%, respectively) and resulting in retention stoichiometry indicative of N deficiency (N : P < 20). The N : P of these fluxes differed less for the mesotrophic reservoir because of similar N and P retention efficiencies, and the N : P of retained nutrients indicated strict P deficiency (N : P > 50). Denitrification (12–23 g N m−2 yr−1) removed ∼ 50–100% of N retained by the reservoirs annually, increasing N deficiency in storage relative to retention for all the reservoirs (N : P < 1–30). The combined effects of more efficient P than N retention and efficient denitrification were also evident in the low N : P (< 10) of internal recycling. N2 fixation (7–11 g N m−2 yr−1) was inefficient in balancing system N deficits and did not increase the low N : P of annual watershed inputs or seasonal epilimnion nutrient concentrations into the range of strict P deficiency. Low N : P storage and internal recycling strongly suggested that these reservoirs are not accumulating N relative to P and are thereby unlikely to become strictly P deficient over time.
Kristen Rundle: Legal Subjects and Juridical Persons: Developing Public Legal Theory through Fuller and Arendt
Authors: Goodwin Morag , Besters Michiel , Rijgersberg Rudolf 
Published: October 2014

Kristen Rundle: Legal Subjects and Juridical Persons: Developing Public Legal Theory through Fuller and Arendt
Introduction to this special issue of NJLP.
The Influence of Free Hemoglobin and Bilirubin on Heparin Monitoring by Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Anti-Xa Assay
Authors: Kostousov Vadim , Nguyen Kim , Hundalani Shilpa G. , Teruya Jun 
Published: October 2014

ContextElevated free hemoglobin (Hb) and bilirubinemia complicate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and could affect unfractionated heparin (UH) therapy monitoring by anti-Xa assay and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).ObjectivesTo compare in vitro response of anti-Xa and aPTT assays to UH in samples with artificial hyperbilirubinemia and hyperhemoglobinemia and to estimate if this interference is also observed in vivo in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.DesignMeasurement of aPTT and anti-Xa activity in plasma spiked with UH and increased concentration of free Hb and/or conjugated bilirubin. All samples with anti-Xa activity, antithrombin, free Hb, and bilirubin determination and infused dose of UH from inpatients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were extracted from the clinical patient database and analyzed.ResultsEach increment of free Hb by 100 mg/dL significantly shortened aPTT, whereas an increment of bilirubin by 6 mg/dL caused significant prolongation of aPTT and stepwise increase of free Hb and/or bilirubin in plasma decreased anti-Xa activity by 0.03 to 0.05 IU/mL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation samples with free Hb 50 mg/dL or greater had significantly lower anti-Xa activity compared with normal ones: 0.33 (0.25–0.42) versus 0.4 (0.31–0.48) IU/mL (P = .01), despite the identical UH infusion and similar antithrombin activity. Moderate increase of free Hb by 59 mg/dL was associated with absolute decrease of anti-Xa activity by 0.07 IU/mL.ConclusionsActivated partial thromboplastin time and anti-Xa assay are affected by elevated level of free Hb and/or bilirubin in the presence of UH, and lower anti-Xa activity is noted in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with elevated free Hb. Severe hemolysis and/or hyperbilirubinemia could compromise UH monitoring based on these assays.
Quantitative Multiplexed Detection of Common Pulmonary Fungal Pathogens by Labeled Primer Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gu Zhengming , Buelow Daelynn R. , Petraitiene Ruta , Petraitis Vidmantas , Walsh Thomas J. , Hayden Randall T. 
Published: October 2014

Context
Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients.

Objective
To design and evaluate a multiplexed assay aimed at quantitative detection and differentiation of the 5 molds that are most commonly responsible for pulmonary infections.

Design
Using labeled primer polymerase chain reaction chemistry, an assay was designed to target the 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes of Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp, Scedosporium spp, and members of the order Mucorales (Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus microsporus, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Mucor circinelloides, Lichtheimia corymbifera, and Rhizomucor pusillus). This assay was split into 2 multiplexed reactions and was evaluated using both samples seeded with purified nucleic acid from 42 well-characterized clinical fungal isolates and 105 archived samples (47 blood [45%], 42 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [40%], and 16 tissue [15%]) collected from rabbit models of invasive pulmonary fungal infections.

Results
Assay detection sensitivity was less than 25 copies of the target sequence per reaction for Aspergillus spp, 5 copies for Fusarium spp and Scedosporium spp, and 10 copies for the Mucorales. The assay showed quantitative linearity from 5 × 101 to 5 × 105 copies of target sequence per reaction. Sensitivities and specificities for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tissue, and blood samples were 0.86 and 0.99, 0.60 and 1.00, and 0.46 and 1.00, respectively.

Conclusions
Labeled primer polymerase chain reaction permits rapid, quantitative detection and differentiation of common agents of invasive fungal infection. The assay described herein shows promise for clinical implementation that may have a significant effect on the rapid diagnosis and treatment of patients' severe infections caused by these pulmonary fungal pathogens.
Estrogen Receptor Expression Is High but Is of Lower Intensity in Tubular Carcinoma Than in Well-Differentiated Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Authors: Jorns Julie M. , Thomas Dafydd G. , Healy Patrick N. , Daignault Stephanie , Vickery Tammi L. , Snider Jacqueline E. , Mardis Elaine R. , Davies Sherri R. , Ellis Matthew J. , Visscher Daniel W. 
Published: October 2014

ContextTubular carcinoma (TC) is a rare, luminal A subtype of breast carcinoma with excellent prognosis, for which adjuvant chemotherapy is usually contraindicated.ObjectiveTo examine the levels of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor expression in cases of TC and well-differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma as compared to normal breast glands and to determine if any significant differences could be detected via molecular testing.DesignWe examined ER and progesterone receptor via immunohistochemistry in tubular (N = 27), mixed ductal/tubular (N = 16), and well-differentiated ductal (N = 27) carcinomas with comparison to surrounding normal breast tissue. We additionally performed molecular subtyping of 10 TCs and 10 ductal carcinomas via the PAM50 assay.ResultsAlthough ER expression was high for all groups, TC had statistically significantly lower ER staining percentage (ER%) (P = .003) and difference in ER expression between tumor and accompanying normal tissue (P = .02) than well-differentiated ductal carcinomas, with mixed ductal/tubular carcinomas falling between these 2 groups. Mean ER% was 79%, 87%, and 94%, and mean tumor-normal ER% differences were 13.6%, 25.9%, and 32.6% in tubular, mixed, and ductal carcinomas, respectively. Most tumors that had molecular subtyping were luminal A (9 of 10 tubular and 8 of 10 ductal), and no significant differences in specific gene expression between the 2 groups were identified.ConclusionsTubular carcinoma exhibited decreased intensity in ER expression, closer to that of normal breast parenchyma, likely as a consequence of a high degree of differentiation. Lower ER% expression by TC may represent a potential pitfall when performing commercially available breast carcinoma prognostic assays that rely heavily on ER-related gene expression.
Changes in the North Pacific wave climate since the mid‐1990s
Authors: Sasaki Wataru 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSince the mid‐1990s, ocean wave reanalysis and in situ wave observations have revealed marked downward trends in wave height, exceeding −0.1 m per decade in the midlatitude North Pacific. The wave period in the tropical Pacific is also on a downward trend, exceeding −0.4 s per decade during this period. These changes in wave climate in the Pacific are attributable to recently strengthened trade winds and La Niña‐like conditions in the tropical Pacific. The downward trend in significant wave height in the midlatitude North Pacific is due to strengthening of the negative phase of the Pacific‐North American teleconnection. Numerical experimentations with a wave model also showed that the downward trend in the wave period in the eastern equatorial Pacific was induced not only by increased wind waves due to strengthened trade winds but also by weakened propagating swells from the midlatitude North Pacific.
Has the number of Indian summer monsoon depressions decreased over the last 30 years?
Authors: Cohen Naftali Y. , Boos William R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMonsoon depressions are cyclonic atmospheric vortices with outer radii near 1000 km that form within the larger‐scale monsoon circulations of India and other regions. Recent studies have reported a downward trend in recent decades in the number of Indian summer monsoon depressions. In particular, the years 2002, 2010, and 2012 were noted for having the first summers, in over a century, in which no depressions formed. Here satellite and reanalysis data are used to document the existence of multiple storms in the summers of 2002, 2010, and 2012 that meet traditional criteria for classification as monsoon depressions. Furthermore, the number of extreme synoptic events occurring each summer over the Bay of Bengal is estimated from satellite scatterometers and exhibits no statistically significant trend over the last three decades. These results raise questions about the validity of previously claimed large trends in monsoon depression activity in the Indian summer monsoon.
Strain accumulation in the New Madrid and Wabash Valley seismic zones from 14 years of continuous GPS observation
Authors: Craig Timothy J. , Calais Eric 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe mechanical behavior—and hence earthquake potential—of faults in continental interiors is an issue of critical importance for the resultant seismic hazard, but no consensus has yet been reached on this controversial topic. The debate has focused on the central and eastern United States, in particular, the New Madrid Seismic Zone, struck by four magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes in 1811–1812, and to a lesser extent the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone just to the north. A key aspect of this issue is the rate at which strain is currently accruing on those plate interior faults, a quantity that remains debated. Here we address this issue with an analysis of up to 14.6 years of continuous GPS data from a network of 200 sites in the central United States centered on the New Madrid and Wabash Valley seismic zones. We find that the high‐quality sites in these regions show motions that are consistently within the 95% confidence limit of zero deformation. These results place an upper bound on strain accrual on faults of 0.2 mm/yr and 0.6 mm/yr in the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones, respectively. For the New Madrid region, where a paleoseismic record is available for the past ∼5000 years, we argue that strain accrual—if any—does not permit the 500–900 year repeat time of paleo‐earthquakes observed in the Upper Mississippi Embayment. These results, together with increasing evidence for temporal clustering and spatial migration of earthquake sequences in continental interiors, indicate that either tectonic loading rates or fault properties vary with time in the New Madrid Seismic Zone and possibly plate wide.