bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus Infecting Chinese Mallow in China
Authors: Peng Haoran , Zhao Chenggang , Zhao Xuejun , Chen Dexin , Sun Xianchao 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe virus in naturally infected, stunted Chinese mallow plants and mosaic leaves was identified as Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Six symptomatic plants and one symptomless plant were collected in Chongqing, China. DAS‐ELISA suggested CMV was likely associated with the diseased Chinese mallow. Double‐stranded RNA was extracted from the samples, analysed by RT‐PCR, and the coding sequences of their coat proteins (CPs) were sequenced. The results further confirmed CMV was the pathogen causing Chinese mallow stunted, mosaic disease. The isolate was named CMV‐DXC. The full sequence of CMV‐DXC CP was determined, and it had the highest nucleotide identity (99.4%) of those of CMV‐lily, CMV‐WSJ and CMV‐Hnt, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis shows that CMV‐DXC belongs to CMV subgroup II. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infecting Chinese mallow in China.
A Gentle Introduction to Machine Learning for Natural Language Processing: How to Start in 16 Practical Steps
Authors: Hladka Barbora , Holub Martin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present a gentle introduction to machine learning in natural language processing. Our goal is to navigate readers through basic machine learning concepts and experimental techniques. As an illustrative example we practically address the task of word sense disambiguation using the R software system. We focus especially on students and junior researchers who are not trained in experimenting with machine learning yet and who want to start. To some extent, machine learning process is independent on both addressed task and software system used. Therefore readers who deal with tasks from different research areas or who prefer different software systems will gain useful knowledge as well.
Character, Impropriety, and Success: A Unified Account of Indexicals
Authors: Mount Allyson 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCore indexicals like ‘I’, ‘here’, and ‘now’ sometimes appear to refer to an object, place, or time other than the speaker, location, or time of utterance. This presents well‐known problems for Kaplan's view, which treats reference shifting as a violation of the character rules that give the meaning of indexicals. I propose a view according to which indexical reference is essentially a matter of the mutually‐accepted perspective of interlocutors. It follows that contexts need not be ‘proper’ in Kaplan's sense, and a successful convergence of perspectives is needed for indexical reference to succeed. I provide reasons for embracing these conclusions.
Neoclassical Concepts
Authors: Leben Derek 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLinguistic theories of lexical semantics support a Neoclassical Theory of concepts, where entities likeCAUSE,STATE, andMANNERserve as necessary conditions for the possession of individual event concepts. Not all concepts have a neoclassical structure, and whether or not words participate in regular linguistic patterns such as verbal alternations will be proposed as a probe for identifying whether their corresponding concepts do indeed have such structure. I show how the Neoclassical Theory supplements existing theories of concepts and supports a version of analyticity and conceptual analysis.
Examination of the Staphylococcus aureus nitric oxide reductase (saNOR) reveals its contribution to modulating intracellular NO levels and cellular respiration
Authors: Lewis A. M. , Matzdorf S. S. , Endres J. L. , Windham I. H. , Bayles K. W. , Rice K. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus nitrosative stress resistance is due in part to flavohemoprotein (Hmp). Although hmp is present in all sequenced S. aureus genomes, 37% of analyzed strains also contain nor, encoding a predicted quinol‐type nitric oxide (NO) reductase (saNOR). DAF‐FM staining of NO‐challenged wild‐type, nor, hmp and nor hmp mutant biofilms suggested that Hmp may have a greater contribution to intracellular NO detoxification relative to saNOR. However, saNOR still had a significant impact on intracellular NO levels and complemented NO detoxification in a nor hmp mutant. When grown as NO‐challenged static (low‐oxygen) cultures, hmp and nor hmp mutants both experienced a delay in growth initiation, whereas the nor mutant's ability to initiate growth was comparable with the wild‐type strain. However, saNOR contributed to cell respiration in this assay once growth had resumed, as determined by membrane potential and respiratory activity assays. Expression of nor was upregulated during low‐oxygen growth and dependent on SrrAB, a two‐component system that regulates expression of respiration and nitrosative stress resistance genes. High‐level nor promoter activity was also detectable in a cell subpopulation near the biofilm substratum. These results suggest that saNOR contributes to NO‐dependent respiration during nitrosative stress, possibly conferring an advantage to nor+ strains in vivo.
The pupil as an indicator of unconscious memory: Introducing the pupil priming effect
Authors: Gomes Carlos Alexandre , Montaldi Daniela , Mayes Andrew 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe explored whether object behavioral priming and pupil changes occur in the absence of recognition memory. Experiment 1 found behavioral priming for unrecognized objects (Ms) regardless of whether they had been encoded perceptually or conceptually. Using the same perceptual encoding task, Experiment 2 showed greater pupil dilation for Ms than for correct rejections of unstudied objects (CRs) when reaction times were matched. In Experiment 3, there was relatively less pupil dilation for Ms than for similarly matched CRs when objects had been encoded conceptually. Mean/peak pupil dilation for CRs, but not Ms, increased in Experiment 3, in which novelty expectation was also reduced, and the pupillary time course for both Ms and CRs was distinct in the two experiments. These findings indicate that both behavioral and pupil memory occur for studied, but unrecognized stimuli, and suggest that encoding and novelty expectation modulate pupillary memory responses.
Confrontation and Beyond: Examining a Stigmatized Target's Use of a Prejudice Reduction Strategy
Authors: Focella Elizabeth S. , Bean Meghan G. , Stone Jeff 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhat can stigmatized individuals do to reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination when they interact with a biased individual? This paper reviews the social psychological literature that examines how targets can be active agents of prejudice reduction for themselves and their group. The extant literature indicates that a target's direct confrontation of bias can reduce prejudice and discrimination against the target's group but that this strategy can also backlash in the form of increased prejudice and discrimination against the target. Other research indicates that presenting a common‐identity, self‐enhancing feedback, and a self‐affirmation can reduce bias against the target but that they may not reliably change bias against the target's group. We conclude by discussing the need for research on the processes by which stigmatized targets decide to use a given bias‐reduction strategy and on the processes by which specific strategies are effective, either alone or in combination, when delivered by a stigmatized target.
Ocean current intensification during the Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 – evidence from the northern Tethys
Authors: Wohlwend Stephan , Hart Malcolm , Weissert Helmut 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMesozoic Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) are expressions of major physical oceanographic changes at times of perturbation of the global carbon cycle. A northern Tethyan record of OAE2 is preserved in expanded Cenomanian–Turonian pelagic limestone sections (Seewen Formation) in Eastern Switzerland. The new carbonate carbon‐isotope stratigraphy extracted from these limestones demonstrates that the OAE2 is condensed in all the studied successions and only the onset of the δ13C excursion (5.0‰) is present. The condensed interval is characterized by dissolution features, which are filled by a glauconite quartz sandstone. This bed is overlain by a well‐sorted sandstone with intercalated limestone pebbles (Götzis Member), which can be compared with palimpsest sands forming today along current‐swept shelves. The wide distribution of this thin sandstone layer within OAE2 indicates that an intense, erosive, east‐west trending shelf current was active during the highest sea level and most extreme carbon‐cycle perturbation of the OAE2.
A novel approach to increasing inventory with the current panel: increasing donation frequency by asking for a different blood product
Authors: Bagot Kathleen L. , Masser Barbara M. , White Katherine M. 
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDOngoing shortages of blood products may be addressed through additional donations. However, donation frequency rates are typically lower than medically possible. This preliminary study aims to determine voluntary nonremunerated whole blood (WB) and plasmapheresis donors' willingness, and subsequent facilitators and barriers, to make additional donations of a different type.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSForty individual telephone interviews were conducted posing two additional donation pattern scenarios: first, making a single and, second, making multiple plasmapheresis donations between WB donations. Stratified purposive sampling was conducted for four samples varying in donation experience: no‐plasma, new‐to‐both‐WB‐and‐plasma, new‐to‐plasma, and plasma donors. Interviews were analyzed yielding excellent (κ values > 0.81) inter‐rater reliability.RESULTSFacilitators were more endorsed than barriers for a single but not multiple plasmapheresis donation. More new‐to‐both donors (n = 5) were willing to make multiple plasma donations between WB donations than others (n = 1 each) and identified fewer barriers (n = 3) than those more experienced in donation (n = 8 no plasma, n = 10 new to both, n = 11 plasma). Donors in the plasma sample were concerned about the subsequent reduced time between plasma donations by adding WB donations (n = 3). The no‐plasma and new‐to‐plasma donors were concerned about the time commitment required (n = 3).CONCLUSIONCurrent donors are willing to add different product donations but donation history influences their willingness to change. Early introduction of multiple donation types, variation in inventory levels, and addressing barriers will provide blood collection agencies with a novel and cost‐effective inventory management strategy.
Controversies in the use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in small animal emergency and critical care
Authors: Adamik Katja N. , Yozova Ivayla D. , Regenscheit Nadine 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo (1) review the development and medical applications of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions with particular emphasis on its physiochemical properties; (2) critically appraise the available evidence in human and veterinary medicine, and (3) evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated with their use in critically ill small animals.Data SourcesHuman and veterinary original research articles, scientific reviews, and textbook sources from 1950 to the present.Human Data SynthesisHES solutions have been used extensively in people for over 30 years and ever since its introduction there has been a great deal of debate over its safety and efficacy. Recently, results of seminal trials and meta‐analyses showing increased risks related to kidney dysfunction and mortality in septic and critically ill patients, have led to the restriction of HES use in these patient populations by European regulatory authorities. Although the initial ban on the use of HES in Europe has been eased, proof regarding the benefits and safety profile of HES in trauma and surgical patient populations has been requested by these same European regulatory authorities.Veterinary Data SynthesisThe veterinary literature is limited mostly to experimental studies and clinical investigations with small populations of patients with short‐term end points and there is insufficient evidence to generate recommendations.ConclusionsCurrently, there are no consensus recommendations regarding the use of HES in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians and institutions affected by the HES restrictions have had to critically reassess the risks and benefits related to HES usage based on the available information and sometimes adapt their procedures and policies based on their reassessment. Meanwhile, large, prospective, randomized veterinary studies evaluating HES use are needed to achieve relevant levels of evidence to enable formulation of specific veterinary guidelines.
How sympathetic are your spinal cord circuits?
Authors: Deuchars Susan A. 
Published: February 2015

New findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review focuses on the role of gap junctions and interneurones in sympathetic control at the spinal cord level.

What advances does it highlight?
The review considers the importance of these local spinal circuits in contributing to rhythmic autonomic activity and enabling appropriate responses to homeostatic perturbations.

Sympathetic control of end organs relies on the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) within the spinal cord. These SPNs exhibit heterogeneity with respect to function, neurochemistry, location, descending inputs and patterns of activity. Part of this heterogeneity is bestowed by local spinal circuitry. Our understanding of the role of these local circuits, including the significance of connections between the SPNs themselves through specialized gap junctions, is patchy. This report focuses on interneurones and gap junctions within these circuits. Gap junctions play a role in sympathetic control; they are located on SPNs in the intermediolateral cell column. Mefloquine, a chemical that blocks these gap junctions, reduces local rhythmic activity in the spinal cord slice and disrupts autonomic control in the working heart–brainstem preparation. The role that these gap junctions may play in health and disease in adult animals remains to be elucidated fully. Presympathetic interneurones are located in laminae V, VII and X and the intermediolateral cell column; those in lamina X are GABAergic and directly inhibit SPNs. The GABAergic inputs onto SPNs exert their effects through activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors, which stabilize the membrane at negative potentials. The GABAergic interneurones contribute to rhythmic patterns of activity that can be generated in the spinal cord, because bicuculline reduces network oscillatory activity. These studies indicate that local spinal cord circuitry is critical in enabling appropriate levels and patterning of activity in sympathetic outflow. We need to understand how these circuits may be harnessed in the situation of spinal cord injury.
Heart failure patients demonstrate impaired changes in brachial artery blood flow and shear rate pattern during moderate‐intensity cycle exercise
Authors: Benda Nathalie M. M. , Seeger Joost P. H. , van Lier Dirk P. T. , Bellersen Louise , van Dijk Arie P. J. , Hopman Maria T. E. , Thijssen Dick H. J. 
Published: February 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
We explored whether heart failure (HF) patients demonstrate different exercise‐induced brachial artery shear rate patterns compared with control subjects.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Moderate‐intensity cycle exercise in HF patients is associated with an attenuated increase in brachial artery anterograde and mean shear rate and skin temperature. Differences between HF patients and control subjects cannot be explained fully by differences in workload. HF patients demonstrate a less favourable shear rate pattern during cycle exercise compared with control subjects.

Repeated elevations in shear rate (SR) in conduit arteries, which occur during exercise, represent a key stimulus to improve vascular function. We explored whether heart failure (HF) patients demonstrate distinct changes in SR in response to moderate‐intensity cycle exercise compared with healthy control subjects. We examined brachial artery SR during 40 min of cycle exercise at a work rate equivalent to 65% peak oxygen uptake in 14 HF patients (65 ± 7 years old, 13 men and one woman) and 14 control subjects (61 ± 5 years old, 12 men and two women). Brachial artery diameter, SR and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were assessed using ultrasound at baseline and during exercise. The HF patients demonstrated an attenuated increase in mean and anterograde brachial artery SR during exercise compared with control subjects (time × group interaction, P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). Retrograde SR increased at the onset of exercise and remained increased throughout the exercise period in both groups (time × group interaction, P = 0.11). In control subjects, the immediate increase in OSI during exercise (time, P < 0.001) was normalized after 35 min of cycling. In contrast, the increase in OSI after the onset of exercise did not normalize in HF patients (time × group interaction, P = 0.029). Subgroup analysis of five HF patients and five control subjects with comparable workload (97 ± 13 versus 90 ± 22 W, P = 0.59) confirmed the presence of distinct changes in mean SR during exercise (time × group interaction, P = 0.030). Between‐group differences in anterograde/retrograde SR or OSI did not reach statistical significance (time × group interactions, P > 0.05). In conclusion, HF patients demonstrate a less favourable SR pattern during cycle exercise than control subjects, characterized by an attenuated mean and anterograde SR and by increased OSI.
A novel combinational approach of microstimulation and bioluminescence imaging to study the mechanisms of action of cerebral electrical stimulation in mice
Authors: Arsenault Dany , Drouin‐Ouellet Janelle , Saint‐Pierre Martine , Petrou Petros , Dubois Marilyn , Kriz Jasna , Barker Roger A. , Cicchetti Antonio , Cicchetti Francesca 
Published: February 2015

Key points
We have developed a unique prototype to perform brain stimulation in mice.
This system presents a number of advantages and new developments: 1) all stimulation parameters can be adjusted, 2) both positive and negative current pulses can be generated, guaranteeing electrically balanced stimulation regimen, 3) which can be produced with both low and high impedance electrodes, 4) the developed electrodes ensure localized stimulation and 5) can be used to stimulate and/or record brain potential and 6) in vivo recording of electric pulses allows the detection of defective electrodes (wire breakage or short circuits).
This new micro‐stimulator device further allows simultaneous live bioluminescence imaging of the mouse brain, enabling real time assessment of the impact of stimulation on cerebral tissue.
The use of this novel tool in various transgenic mouse models of disease opens up a whole new range of possibilities in better understanding brain stimulation.
AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat a number of neurological conditions and is currently being tested to intervene in neuropsychiatric conditions. However, a better understanding of how it works would ensure that side effects could be minimized and benefits optimized. We have thus developed a unique device to perform brain stimulation (BS) in mice and to address fundamental issues related to this methodology in the pre‐clinical setting. This new microstimulator prototype was specifically designed to allow simultaneous live bioluminescence imaging of the mouse brain, allowing real time assessment of the impact of stimulation on cerebral tissue. We validated the authenticity of this tool in vivo by analysing the expression of toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2), corresponding to the microglial response, in the stimulated brain regions of TLR2‐fluc‐GFP transgenic mice, which we further corroborated with post‐mortem analyses in these animals as well as in human brains of patients who underwent DBS to treat their Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we report on the development of the first BS device that allows for simultaneous live in vivo imaging in mice. This tool opens up a whole new range of possibilities that allow a better understanding of BS and how to optimize its effects through its use in murine models of disease.
Mechanisms and dynamics of AKAP79/150‐orchestrated multi‐protein signalling complexes in brain and peripheral nerve
Authors: Zhang Jie , Shapiro Mark S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) have emerged as a converging point of diverse signals to achieve spatiotemporal resolution of directed cellular regulation. With the extensive studies of AKAP79/150 in regulation of ion channel activity, the major questions to be posed centre on the mechanism and functional role of synergistic regulation of ion channels by such signalling proteins. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries of AKAP79/150‐mediated modulation of voltage‐gated neuronal M‐type (KCNQ, Kv7) K+ channels and L‐type CaV1 Ca2+ channels, on both short‐ and longer‐term time scales, highlighting the dynamics of the macromolecular signalling complexes in brain and peripheral nerve We also discuss several models for the possible mechanisms of these multi‐protein assemblies and how they serve the agenda of the neurons in which they occur.
Dynamic synchronization of ongoing neuronal activity across spinal segments regulates sensory information flow
Authors: Contreras‐Hernández E. , Chávez D. , Rudomin P. 
Published: February 2015

Key points
We have examined, in the spinal cord of the anaesthetized cat, the relationship between ongoing correlated fluctuations of dorsal horn neuronal activity and state‐dependent activation of inhibitory reflex pathways.
We found that high levels of synchronization between the spontaneous activity of dorsal horn neurones occur in association with the preferential activation of spinal pathways leading to primary afferent depolarization and presynaptic inhibition relative to activation of pathways mediating Ib postsynaptic inhibition.
It is suggested that changes in synchronization of ongoing activity within a distributed network of dorsal horn neurones play a relevant role in the configuration of structured (non‐random) patterns of functional connectivity that shape the interaction of sensory inputs with spinal reflex pathways subserving different functional tasks.
AbstractPrevious studies on the correlation between spontaneous cord dorsum potentials recorded in the lumbar spinal segments of anaesthetized cats suggested the operation of a population of dorsal horn neurones that modulates, in a differential manner, transmission along pathways mediating Ib non‐reciprocal postsynaptic inhibition and pathways mediating primary afferent depolarization and presynaptic inhibition. In order to gain further insight into the possible neuronal mechanisms that underlie this process, we have measured changes in the correlation between the spontaneous activity of individual dorsal horn neurones and the cord dorsum potentials associated with intermittent activation of these inhibitory pathways. We found that high levels of neuronal synchronization within the dorsal horn are associated with states of incremented activity along the pathways mediating presynaptic inhibition relative to pathways mediating Ib postsynaptic inhibition. It is suggested that ongoing changes in the patterns of functional connectivity within a distributed ensemble of dorsal horn neurones play a relevant role in the state‐dependent modulation of impulse transmission along inhibitory pathways, among them those involved in the central control of sensory information. This feature would allow the same neuronal network to be involved in different functional tasks.