bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Sector Health Investment, Leveraging Resources for Sustainable Health Care
Authors: Okala Chinwe , Okegbemiro Sunday 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Private Sector Health Investment, Leveraging Resources for Sustainable Health Care
Community participation is key to developing sustainable healthcare in Africa. A community-directed approach engenders strong partnerships, ownership, political support and participation by the people. A critical question facing business is planning health intervention programmes that empower target communities to take ownership and be part of the solution to addressing their healthcare needs.
Public-Private Partnerships, but also the gains from Private-Private Partnerships and Community Private-Partnerships for health are creating opportunities to support the provision of sustainable healthcare. Public resources in tandem with private sector leadership, efficiency, creativity and diversity are contributing to improving health care outcomes in Africa. The paper will discuss an award winning partnership and investment model, developed and deployed by Chevron Nigeria Limited since 2007; and how it has harnessed these gains and impacted on private sector investment in healthcare in Africa. The model builds on the hub and spoke investment model and utilises peer health education as an entry point.
Based on a needs assessment, the primary initiative was to establish a sustainable health investment programme targeting our workforce, other private sector partners and our communities of operation. Effective preventative measures initially targeting HIV, malaria and tuberculosis and later non-communicable diseases were developed. Gaps and challenges were identified and strategies adopted to mitigate the impact of these diseases.
From surveys, our Operational Excellence Management System, an engaged committed leadership, effective processes and OE culture indicate positive gains. The paper will share the model, best practices, lessons learned and programme future plans. This model can be replicated by private sector partners including other Oil and Gas partners to promote productivity and protect the health of their workforce while still protecting the environment.
Installing PEMS on an Offshore Oil and Gas Complex: Developing Atmospheric Emissions Abatement Strategies with Reliable Scientific Data
Authors: Duguay Alexandra , Baeckeroot Morgane , Siddiqui Sameer 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
TOTAL Abu Al Bukhoosh (TABK) is an offshore Oil and Gas facility producing an average of 100 000 boepd. This activity is inevitably associated with environmental impacts and in particular with atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Fully adhering to international strive to curb GHG emission, TABK has implemented innovative solutions by equipping all its air pollution emission sources (flares, power generation turbines and gas compression turbines) with Predictive Emissions Monitoring Systems (PEMS).
PEMS are software based continuous monitoring systems that are using process data such as, but not limited to, fuel consumption, power output, combustion exhaust temperature, etc to predict air pollutant emissions. PEMS models were designed, tested, and certified in compliance with current best international practices and now allows TABK to continuously quantify the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) on its offshore facility.
Results indicate that atmospheric emissions have a direct correlation with operation of the emission source; load, firing temperature, fuel flow and quality. Calibrated emissions models utilize measurements from existing instruments already available in the site control system (DCS) and calculate, display, trend and report the emissions of NOx, CO, O2, SO2, CO2.
PEMS reporting solution was granted approval by ADNOC, the local regulator, and is recognized as being a Best Available Technique for UAE Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control emissions compliance reporting. Furthermore, this continuous quantification of the main air pollutant emissions can now support adequate modeling and assessment that enables accurate air quality forecasting and can support any development of cost-effective abatement philosophy and strategy with clear and precise scientific information.
A Methodology for Assessing Environmental Risks Associated with Air Quality
Authors: Goldstone Mark , Ratcheva Daniela 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for a systematic, robust and conservative ecological risk assessment for estimating environmental consequences and associated risk from ambient air concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and air toxics (also referred to as criteria pollutants and hazardous atmospheric pollutants in the United States legislation respectively), as arising from industrial activities. The paper details the main steps of the risk assessment process and makes a contribution in deriving conservative and safe Reference Concentrations (RfC) such as No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for fauna in their natural habitat, using published scientific dose-response toxicological studies with laboratory animals. It then uses these derived RfCs to determine step changes in consequence levels, from incidental to major, in order to complete the risk assessment. A similar approach is used to assess impacts on the marine environment. This methodology is repeatable and robust and can be applied as a screening level environmental risk assessment to establish conformance to legally postulated levels of acceptable environmental consequences, where available, or acceptable levels of environmental risk, associated with air quality.
Applying Sustainability and Ecosystem Services Enhancement to Site Restoration
Authors: Clodfelter Chris 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Sustainable site restoration involves balancing community concerns, protecting the environment and economic factors. Consideration of ecosystem services is an element of environmental protection that should be integrated into site restoration. This is caused by the rapid loss of biodiversity as well as the burgeoning mitigation market. A project where both sustainability and ecosystem services were applied following site decommissioning is presented.
As part of site decommissioning, an area of historical demolition debris disposal needed to be addressed. Early in the restoration process, options for addressing the waste included complete removal to a commercial landfill or placing an engineered cap on the material at the site. The disposal area is historical and as such, habitat that includes mature vegetation and wildlife, has re-established itself in the area. Both of the original alternatives would have resulted in the loss of habitat, in addition to the aesthetic, recreational and stormwater control functions provided by the area. Qualitative evaluations of area ecosystem services and sustainable restoration alternatives were undertaken to determine the most environmentally protective options and to provide a basis for community input.
Three restoration alternatives were evaluated with regards to sustainability. These alternatives included 1) excavation and removal of the waste to a commercial landfill; 2) placing an engineered cap on the waste; and 3) restricting site access to protect public health but still maintain the habitat that developed over more than 40 years. The sustainability analysis supports the latter option. The ecosystem services evaluation shows there are many services provided in the area which should be protected. The ultimate restoration solution includes enhancing current ecological services as well as placing the land in a protective trust. These outcomes offer potential revenue in addition to protecting biodiversity.
Developing CCS In The EU: Pioneering The Winding ROAD Towards The First CO2-Storage Permit
Authors: Huber Erik , Holleman Evert , Thonon Ivo , Hans Ingmar , Schoenmakers Hans , Kombrink Marc 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In both the Netherlands and the EU, government policy is directed towards a clean, affordable and reliable energy mix. This goal demands not only energy savings and investments in renewables, but also support of CCS in order to achieve a low carbon footprint in the energy mix. However, public acceptance of onshore CCS in the Netherlands is low; therefore, the government has chosen to support only offshore CCS for the moment.
To facilitate the development of offshore CCS, the Dutch government and the European Union are co-funding the ROAD project together with the initiators, E.ON and GDF SUEZ. The ROAD project aims to develop a large-scale, integrated CCS demonstration project. This demonstration project encompasses the capture of 25% of the CO2 in the flue gases of a coal-fired power plant (owned by E.ON), transporting this through a 25 km pipeline (operated by GDF SUEZ) and storing it via an injection platform in a 3.5 km deep depleted gas reservoir (operated by TAQA).
ROAD needs a number of permits and consents to set up the demonstration project. The permitting process is the main process in which stakeholders can participate. By using this permitting process as a case study, and comparing it to a previous (unsuccessful) onshore CCS project in the Netherlands, we argue that it is best to start with a successful offshore CCS demonstration project. Mainly because the NIMBY effect does not play a role, public resistance against such an offshore CCS project is low. The government can then use this project to show that CCS can be done safely and without negatively impacting the environment or the public. In short: a successful offshore CCS project will help establish the necessary societal embedding for future CCS projects in the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe, both onshore and offshore.
Oil and Gas and NGOs: New Rules of Engagement?
Authors: Buchman Andrew 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
How ‘engaged’ are oil companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)? Are the relationships between these actors exclusively and energetically adversarial, or have new forms of interaction emerged? This paper focuses on Corporate – NGO engagement during major oil and gas (O&G) projects and suggests some developing models for mutually valuable relationships. The paper also offers recommendations for project managers based on ‘field experience’ working with NGOs and companies on some of the world's largest oil and gas projects.
Expectations have continued to rise over recent years regarding how major O&G projects analyze, manage and communicate about their social and environmental performance. NGOs are among the most interested and active stakeholders, particularly with regards to projects located in developing regions, and those undertaken in countries with poor governance, financial transparency and human rights records. Around the world, NGOs increasingly expect meaningful and prolonged company engagement. No longer is it typical that a government-issued permit marks the sole purpose of, and mutually satisfactory end to project-driven stakeholder engagement.
NGO and O&G company relationships are commonly portrayed as a tug-of-war, a battle of opposing sides. But while some ‘watch-dog’ NGOs are quite adamantly and categorically opposed to oil companies and associated projects, this strident position is far from universal. Increasingly one can find recognition among civil society actors that O&G projects are often uniquely positioned to make significant positive contributions to local development. Many NGO representatives would agree with the assessment of a researcher who noted that oil and gas "footprints can be seen in developing countries in the transfer of foreign direct investment (FDI), skills, and technology; as major employers of labour; and accounting for a large proportion of state revenue. Their contribution to development in many countries via programmes in education, health, commerce, agriculture, transport, construction, etc., cannot be ignored."
PAM Chlorophyll a Fluorometry for Monitoring Health of Corals along the Coast of Qatar
Authors: Febbo Eric , Richard Cecile , Horlin Edouard , Dutrieux Eric , Le Gall Romain , Adenekan Adeyinka 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Arabian Gulf is shallow, sub-tropical, and semi-enclosed, all factors that promote considerable variations in water quality properties. A one and half year study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) chlorophyll a fluorometry in monitoring the health of coral reefs. The objectives were: (i) to evaluate the efficacy of PAM chlorophyll fluorometry as a means of assessing sub-lethal stress in corals; (ii) to calibrate and validate this technique for future monitoring applications; (iii) to collect field data to correlate detected changes in stress status to changes in the magnitude of environmental factors that are known to affect these organisms. The study consisted of five field surveys covering seasonal variations. PAM fluorometry measurements were completed with detailed visual assessments of the health status of the corals. While the visual signs of stress were difficult to quantify, the PAM fluorescence data provided a better objective and quantitative measure of stress at the time of the surveys than those afforded by traditional visual observations. The reduced photosynthetic efficiency indicated by the PAM, without clear visual signs of impairment in coral structure, was generally followed by necrosis of parts of the colonies; this was visually verified in subsequent campaigns. Moreover, corals experienced severe bleaching during summer 2010 and PAM fluorometry data allowed a detailed analysis of the process including recovery.
This study demonstrated that PAM fluorometry can improve efforts for monitoring coral health and protecting coral reef communities in the Qatar and Gulf environment by providing objective data on the photosynthetic performances and the state of stress of these organisms.
Worldwide Rapid Medical Response System for Large Populations
Authors: Belliard P. , Legeron E. , Jean F. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
From the beginning of Oil & Gas exploration, accidents have been a known risk associated with the industry. While some are limited in size and may not endanger the lives of those involved, others can cause casualties comparable only to natural disasters. Others yet result in deaths, injuries, destruction, and oil spill, and all must be addressed swiftly.
While it is clearly the operators and their main contractors’ area of expertise to make the needed repairs on the installations and to address spillage and recovery, taking care of the injured, be they employees or members of the community, and of the deceased's remains is an entirely different task which should be handled with specific, dedicated means and personnel.
Taking the example of an accident causing deaths, injuries, destruction and oil spill, it becomes clear that there are several groups who are directly impacted and must be considered when addressing the medical emergency management plan: –Employees–Members of the community–Members of the cleaning, repair/maintenance, and recovery teams dispatched on site
As stated above, the management of such a crisis must address the following tasks: -Repatriation of the deceased's remains to their respective countries/hometowns-Evacuation of the injured employees following stabilization-Psychological/Grief counseling for the individuals impacted/witnesses-Treatment of the injured employees and members of the community-Medical support to potential cleaning operations-Follow up psychological support to all impacted
North West Hutton Decommissioning - a Major Challenge.…a Major Success
Authors: White Caroline , Adams Ged 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

SPE – Proposal for Paper
‘North West Hutton Decommissioning - a Major Challenge.…a Major success’

Description and Scope
This paper describes the HSE challenges surrounding the decommissioning and removal of the first UK Major Offshore Installation in the UK sector of the North Sea, the North West Hutton (NWH) installation. The paper will explain how excellent HSE performance was maintained throughout a complicated and many faceted project, including dealing with; the harsh North Sea environment, the interfacing of an array of contractor disciplines and a multi-national workforce. The many lessons learned during the project are outlined.
The NWH Installation comprised an 18,000 tonne steel jacket support structure and 20,000 tonnes of topsides module. In removal terms this involved the reverse installation of 21 modules, followed by subsea cutting and removal of 58 sections of steel jacket, sitting in 140m water in the northern North Sea.
If the NWH decommissioning project was going to protect the offshore workforce and the environment there had to be a clear hazard management strategy and implementation programme. It was essential that hazard management was integrated right from selection of the right removal engineering solution through to final disposal. The work was executed safely through building an excellent relationship with all contractors and provision of absolute clarity on expectations, standards and processes and their communication and application.

Application
The information in this paper will be of interest and use to for the planning of any offshore decommissioning activities.

Results and Conclusions
The total offshore removal programme was executed with approximately 900,000 man hours. There were no days away from work cases or high potential safety incidents. A number of lessons were learned, including: Benefits of good early upfront planning with an integrated contractor workforceGood communications of expectations, taking into consideration a multi-national workforceClarity on hazard management processesDevelopment and implementation of a Human Factors strategyGood assurance of compliance
The NWH experience has shown that major decommissioning projects, including a multitude of hazardous activities can be undertaken safely and without damage to the environment.

Significance of Subject Matter
This project was a pivotal North Sea milestone and a UK first for size of installation, complexity and removal environment. As such there have been valuable learnings in managing safe and successful offshore decommissioning.
Causes and Contributing Factors to Hydrocarbon Leaks on Norwegian Offshore Installations
Authors: Røed W , Vinnem JE , Nistov A 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The containment barrier is crucial to prevent major accidents on oil and gas installations. The annual number of hydrocarbon leaks is used as an accident precursor indicator for this barrier in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. However, to be able to implement adequately risk reducing measures, monitoring the above precursors is not sufficient: We also have to understand why hydrocarbon leaks occur. This paper presents a study considering causes and contributing factors to hydrocarbon leaks exceeding 0.1 kg/s on all the offshore installations on the Norwegian continental shelf during the period 2008 to 2011. The study is performed by the Norwegian Oil Industry Association on behalf of the operators on the Norwegian continental shelf. It concludes that a substantial part of the hydrocarbon leaks are related to human intervention on process equipment. This is in line with a previous study considering a comparable group of offshore installations during an earlier period of time. We conclude that although the number of hydrocarbon leaks has been reduced significantly during the last decade, the distribution between categories of causes and contributing factors has to large extent remained. Based on this, attention should still be paid on activities and work processes able to support the personnel planning and performing intervention activities, to reduce the probability of human error.
Stepping Out of the Triangle and into the Field
Authors: Teakle Jae , Biddle Rick , Lughermo Tanya , Mannion Tom 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Heinrich's Theory of Accident Prevention suggested that a direct ratio exists between the number of unsafe acts and conditions, to minor and major injuries. This fundamental principle has been the building block for shaping safety practices over the past 80 years.
While it is evident this model has been highly successful in dealing with low-consequence incidents, current global statistics show this is not the case for high-consequence, low-likelihood incidents. As total recordable incidents and days away from work rates continue to decline industry wide, we have not produced the same improvements in fatal accident rates. As such, Chevron's Upstream and Gas organization has analyzed its incident data to develop an intervention plan to target fatality prevention. The scope of analysis included incident data from 17 strategic business units (SBUs), worldwide, over a two-year period, which identified 8,293 events. The Australasian Strategic Business Unit simultaneously undertook an in-depth analysis of 1095 incidents to determine the precursors to fatalities and develop tools and interventions to address high consequence, low frequency events (fatalities).
Initial analysis demonstrates that cornerstone theories and the Health, Environment and Safety (HES) principles and practices built on the Accident Triangle's fundamental assumptions are not enough to prevent fatalities. Heinrich's model fails to recognize that the patterns of high-consequence, low-frequency mechanisms of injury do not follow the same pattern as low-consequence, high-frequency mechanisms of injury.
This paper will provide a practical example of how the Australasian SBU has applied learning's to identify an innovative approach that focuses on mitigating the risks associated with high consequence, low probability mechanism of injury. The example presented is the Managing Safe Work (MSW) tool for fatality prevention. The Field Engagement Tool facilitates discussions between leaders and the workforce to identify high-potential mechanisms of injury and to ensure that the critical controls are adequate for the level of risk. It promotes verification and discussion around the sub causal factors that have been identified for high potential events.
We will share findings from the fatality prevention study (learnings), discuss the Australasian Strategic Business Unit's in-depth dive into data and the development of tools and interventions associated with the study's learnings.