bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio‐temporal response properties of local field potentials in the primate superior colliculus
Authors: Ikeda Takuro , Boehnke Susan E. , Marino Robert A. , White Brian J. , Wang Chin‐An , Levy Ron , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLocal field potentials (LFPs) are becoming increasingly popular in neurophysiological studies. However, to date, most of the knowledge about LFPs has been obtained from cortical recordings. Here, we recorded single unit activity (SUA) and LFPs simultaneously from the superior colliculus (SC) of behaving rhesus monkeys. The SC is a midbrain structure that plays a central role in the visual orienting response. Previous studies have characterised the visual and visuomotor response properties of SUA in the superficial layers of the SC and the intermediate layers of the SC, respectively. We found that the signal properties of SUA were well preserved in the LFPs recorded from the SC. The SUA and LFPs had similar spatial and temporal properties, and the response properties of LFPs differed across layers, i.e. purely visual in the superficial layers of the SC but showing significant motor responses in the intermediate layers of the SC. There were also differences between SUA and LFPs. LFPs showed a significant reversal of activity following the phasic visual response, suggesting that the neighboring neurons were suppressed. The results indicate that the LFP can be used as a reliable measure of the SC activity in lieu of SUA, and open up a new way to assess sensorimotor processing within the SC.
Pupil size tracks perceptual content and surprise
Authors: Kloosterman Niels A. , Meindertsma Thomas , van Loon Anouk M. , Lamme Victor A. F. , Bonneh Yoram S. , Donner Tobias H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChanges in pupil size at constant light levels reflect the activity of neuromodulatory brainstem centers that control global brain state. These endogenously driven pupil dynamics can be synchronized with cognitive acts. For example, the pupil dilates during the spontaneous switches of perception of a constant sensory input in bistable perceptual illusions. It is unknown whether this pupil dilation only indicates the occurrence of perceptual switches, or also their content. Here, we measured pupil diameter in human subjects reporting the subjective disappearance and re‐appearance of a physically constant visual target surrounded by a moving pattern (‘motion‐induced blindness’ illusion). We show that the pupil dilates during the perceptual switches in the illusion and a stimulus‐evoked ‘replay’ of that illusion. Critically, the switch‐related pupil dilation encodes perceptual content, with larger amplitude for disappearance than re‐appearance. This difference in pupil response amplitude enables prediction of the type of report (disappearance vs. re‐appearance) on individual switches (receiver‐operating characteristic: 61%). The amplitude difference is independent of the relative durations of target‐visible and target‐invisible intervals and subjects' overt behavioral report of the perceptual switches. Further, we show that pupil dilation during the replay also scales with the level of surprise about the timing of switches, but there is no evidence for an interaction between the effects of surprise and perceptual content on the pupil response. Taken together, our results suggest that pupil‐linked brain systems track both the content of, and surprise about, perceptual events.
Testing reliability and validity of oral impacts on daily performances for Chinese‐speaking elderly Singaporeans
Authors: Nair Rahul , Tsakos Georgios , Yee Ting Fai Robert 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo cross‐culturally adapt the oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP) and assess its reliability and validity on Chinese‐speaking community dwelling elderly Singaporeans.BackgroundThere are no previous reports of valid oral health‐related quality of life instruments for elderly Singaporeans or perceived conditions associated with impacts reported in OIDP among the Singaporean elders.MethodsThe OIDP was translated from English to Chinese and then back translated. The OIDP questionnaire along with questions related to overall quality of life and self‐rated dental health was administered to 202 Chinese‐speaking elderly Singaporeans by trained interviewers, and it was repeated after 1 month. Test–retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient; internal consistency was established using Cronbach's alpha, and construct validity using correlation coefficients with self‐reported oral health‐related and global quality of life measures. In addition, Kruskal–Wallis tests assessed differences in the OIDP score between different subjective health and global quality of life groups.ResultsThe median age of participants was 75 years. About 19% reported oral impacts and difficulty eating was the most prevalent oral impact. Internal consistency was good with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.75, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.75 (0.67–0.81). OIDP was significantly correlated with all measures of self‐reported oral health and global ratings of quality of life, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.15 and 0.52. Groups with worse perceptions about their health and quality of life had significantly higher OIDP scores.ConclusionThe OIDP showed successful reliability and validity for its use among Chinese‐speaking older Singaporeans.
GATA3 expression in gestational trophoblastic tissues and tumours
Authors: Mirkovic Jelena , Elias Kevin , Drapkin Ronny , Barletta Justine A , Quade Bradley , Hirsch Michelle S 
Published: March 2015

AimsGATA3 is a zinc‐finger transcription factor that is important for trophoblast differentiation. GATA3 is sensitive for urothelial and breast carcinomas, but the specificity is low. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GATA3 in trophoblast‐related tissues and neoplasia.Methods and resultsGATA3 immunohistochemistry was performed on 33 placentas, one atypical placental site nodule, 25 hydatidiform moles (HMs), and 13 gestational trophoblastic tumours (GTTs). One hundred and sixty endometrial adenocarcinomas were also stained. Western blotting was performed on trophoblastic cell lines and compared to other cancer cell lines. Immature placentas were characterized by strong, diffuse nuclear GATA3 staining. Mature placentas showed less expression with scattered positive cells in the villous cytotrophoblast. HMs showed diffuse expression in cytotrophoblast and implantation site trophoblast, and heterogeneous expression in extravillous trophoblast. All GTTs were positive for GATA3. All endometrial adenocarcinomas were GATA3‐negative. Western blotting demonstrated GATA3 in choriocarcinoma, whereas the placenta, and cervical and endometrial cancer cell lines, were negative.ConclusionsAll trophoblast lineages were positive for GATA3. The extent of GATA3 expression varied between immature and mature placentas, suggesting a role in trophoblast maturation. GATA3 does not distinguish normal placenta, HMs, or GTTs. Nevertheless, GATA3 may help in distinguishing trophoblastic tumors from Mullerian epithelial malignancies and a subset of tumours of unknown origin.
In Situ‐Strengthened C/SiC Joint Brazed with Cu‐Based Active Filler and Its Performance
Authors: Chen Jie , Dong Shaoming , Zhang Xiangyu , Kan Yanmei , Feng Qian 
Published: March 2015

Three‐dimensional needled C/SiC composites were brazed in vacuum with Cu–Ti–Al active filler at 950–1040°C for 10–30 min. The joint microstructure and fracture surface were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A reaction layer filled with fine titanium carbide and titanium silicide grains was formed at the interface. Titanium carbide and titanium silicide particles and whiskers were also in situ formed in the brazing seam. Shear strength of the joint brazed at 970°C for 15 min was 85 MPa, 33 MPa, and 18 MPa at room temperatures 600 and 800°C, respectively.
Kidney Function and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in the General Population
Authors: Akoudad Saloua , Sedaghat Sanaz , Hofman Albert , Koudstaal Peter J. , van der Lugt Aad , Ikram M. Arfan , Vernooij Meike W. 
Published: March 2015

Background Anatomic and hemodynamic similarities between renal and cerebral vessels suggest a tight link between kidney disease and brain disease. Although several distinct markers are used to identify subclinical kidney and brain disease, a comprehensive assessment of how these markers link damage at both end organs is lacking. Aim To investigate whether measures of kidney function were associated with cerebral small vessel disease on MRI. Methods In 2526 participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study, we measured urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine and cystatin C. All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed presence of cerebral small vessel disease by calculating white matter lesion volumes and rating the presence of lacunes and cerebral microbleeds. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression to investigate the association between kidney function and cerebral small vessel disease. Results Worse kidney function was consistently associated with a larger white matter lesion volume (mean difference per standard deviation increase in albumin-to-creatinine ratio: 0·09, 95% confidence interval 0·05; 0·12; per standard deviation decrease in creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate: −0·04, 95% confidence interval −0·08;−0·01, and per standard deviation decrease in cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate: −0·09, 95% confidence interval −0·13;−0·05). Persons with higher albumin-to-creatinine ratio or lower cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate levels had a higher prevalence of lacunes (odds ratio per standard deviation increase in albumin-to-creatinine ratio: 1·24, 95% confidence interval 1·07; 1·43). Only participants in the highest quartile of albumin-to-creatinine ratio had a higher frequency of microbleeds compared to the lowest quartile. Conclusions Worse kidney function is associated with cerebral small vessel disease. Of all measures of kidney function, in particular albumin-to-creatinine ratio is related to cerebral small vessel disease.
Countrywide Stroke Incidence, Subtypes, Management and Outcome in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Stroke Registry — Methodology
Authors: Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Chang Hui Meng , Chan Bernard Poon Lap , Young Sherry H. , Kong Keng He , Tang Kok Foo , Ang Yan Hoon , Ahmad Aftab , Chow Khuan Yew ,   for the Singapore Stroke Registry
Published: March 2015

Rationale Because of its rapidly-growing and aging populations, the global burden of stroke will be felt most strongly in Asia. Data from Asia are scarce. Even rarer are data from multiethnic populations. Aim The Singapore Stroke Registry is a countrywide registry of risk factors, stroke subtypes, management and outcome of incident and recurrent stroke in multiethnic Singapore. Methods and design Using a cold-pursuit design, potential subjects are identified from medical claims, hospital discharge summaries and death certificates. Standardized methods are used for case ascertainment and data recording by trained staff into standardized case report forms. All ages and both genders are included. Study outcome Stroke incidence, subtypes and mortality will be calculated. Trend data will be obtained. Inter-ethnic differences will be explored. Discussion The Registry has many features of an ‘ideal’ incidence study. Previously unavailable countrywide data on an Asian population will be acquired. The unique data on inter-ethnic differences will help fill knowledge gaps in stroke epidemiology.
Why Kamm's Principle of Secondary Permissibility Cannot Save the Doctrine of Double Effect
Authors: Øverland Gerhard 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe DDE yields counterintuitive verdicts about certain cases: it may deem it permissible to kill a certain number of people when they are not used as means and their death is not intended, but deny that killing fewer of these people is permissible if that requires intending their death, or using them as means. To accommodate the judgement that we may kill the lesser number in such cases, supporters of the DDE may appeal to Frances Kamm's Principle of Secondary Permissibility (PSP). The principle says, roughly, that if it is permissible to kill n people when not intending their death, or using them as means, then it is permissible to kill n − m people in a way that does involve intending their deaths, or using them as means, as ‘secondarily permissible’ (where m > 0). In this article I argue that appealing to the PSP to solve the puzzling cases of the DDE is generally misleading and that it fails in particular cases. The crux of my argument is that the PSP allows killings that go against the grain of the DDE.
Good, Bad or Absent: Discourses of Parents with Disabilities in Australian News Media
Authors: Fraser Vikki , Llewellyn Gwynnyth 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundNews media frames public perceptions. As such, news media becomes a useful source of analysis to understand the presence (or otherwise) of people with disabilities, particularly intellectual disabilities, within parenting discourses in Australia.MethodUsing Critical Discourse Analysis, this article examines major Australian newspapers over the period from January 2004 to December 2008, critiquing the construction of parenting and disability. A small number of articles are examined in close depth for tone, polarity syntactic and paradigmatic choice, deconstructing the underlying discourses that shape the article and thereby popular perceptions of parenting and disability.DiscussionDiscourses of care and child protection are emphasized in news articles about parenting, creating perceptions that negate the role of people with disabilities as parents. Such perceptions result in a systematic symbolic castration of people with intellectual disabilities from the role of parent in Australian society.ConclusionBy providing a framework for understanding the public perceptions of parents with disabilities (particularly intellectual disabilities), this paper demonstrates that changes are necessary in Australian media reporting on parents with disabilities to bring such reporting more closely in line with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006.
‘Recognized, Valued and Supported’? The Experiences of Adult Siblings of People with Autism Plus Learning Disability
Authors: Tozer Rosemary , Atkin Karl 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundThe potential of adult siblings to offer long‐term support to a brother or sister with autism is rarely realized. To understand this, our study explores the expectations of social care among adult siblings.MethodUsing qualitative interviews, we spoke to 21 adult siblings about their family relationships and engagement with service delivery, met with 12 of their siblings with autism and talked to 12 social care staff.ResultsSiblings, although reflecting on the difficulties of growing up with someone who had autism, expressed a commitment towards their brother or sister. Most wanted involvement in their care. While some siblings described positive relationships with services, many felt marginalized. Practitioners largely confirmed their perceptions, while offering a justification for why they struggled to engage with adult siblings.ConclusionBy understanding the way relationships between siblings change over time, adult siblings' contribution to the lives of their disabled brother or sister can be better supported.
Caregiving Experience for Children with Intellectual Disabilities among Parents in a Developing Area in China
Authors: Yang Xue , Byrne Victoria , Chiu Marcus Y. L. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundBy utilizing grounded theory methodology, this study attempted to fill a gap whereby little research explored family caregiving perspectives in China where public support is insufficient and familial responsibility is highly valued.MethodsData were collected through the qualitative methods of interviews and observations among a purposive sample of 15 parents of children with intellectual disabilities in central China.ResultsThe central idea emerging from the data encompassed five broad categories of caregiving experiences: (i) unavoidable caregiving responsibility and (ii) uncertain future as the greatest worries which are the perception towards the recipient; (iii) compromising quality of life and (iv) positive roles of caregiving tasks which focus on the self; and (v) community support which is the perceived support from the external system.ConclusionA recursive relationship existed among these categories. Chinese culture and traditional beliefs dominated throughout these issues. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
Attributions of Stability, Control and Responsibility: How Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities View their Child's Problematic Behaviour and Its Causes
Authors: Jacobs Myrthe , Woolfson Lisa Marks , Hunter Simon C. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundChildren with intellectual disabilities have high rates of behaviour problems. This study explored parents’ causal beliefs and attributions for general problematic child behaviour in children with different aetiologies of intellectual disabilities.Materials and MethodsTen parents of children with intellectual disabilities participated in interviews about their child's problematic behaviour.ResultsThematic analysis using NVivo revealed that parents viewed their child's problematic behaviour not only as caused by the child's intellectual disabilities but also by other causes unrelated to the intellectual disabilities, as well as by aspects of the social environmental context. Some causes were viewed as stable and uncontrollable and others as unstable and controllable. In addition, parents showed a strong sense of responsibility for child behaviour.ConclusionsParents of children with intellectual disabilities do not solely interpret their child's problematic behaviour through the intellectual disabilities but incorporate the environment and causes and attributions that are not related to the intellectual disabilities, which may help to promote more effective parenting.
Attuning: A Communication Process between People with Severe and Profound Intellectual Disability and Their Interaction Partners
Authors: Griffiths Colin , Smith Martine 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundPeople with severe and profound intellectual disability typically demonstrate a limited ability to communicate effectively. Most of their communications are non‐verbal, often idiosyncratic and ambiguous. This article aims to identify the process that regulates communications of this group of people with others and to describe the methodological approach that was used to achieve this.Materials and MethodsIn this qualitative study, two dyads consisting of a person with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability and a teacher or carer were filmed as they engaged in school‐based activities. Two 1‐hour videotapes were transcribed and analysed using grounded theory.ResultsAttuning was identified within the theory proposed here as a central process that calibrates and regulates communication.ConclusionAttuning is conceptualized as a bidirectional, dyadic communication process. Understanding this process may support more effective communication between people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability and their interaction partners.
Access Barriers to Dental Health Care in Children with Disability. A Questionnaire Study of Parents
Authors: Gerreth Karolina , Borysewicz‐Lewicka Maria 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundA patient's with disability everyday life is rife with many limitations such as architectural, transport, information as well as medical, psychological, legal, economic and social barriers. The aim of this study was to evaluate access to dental health care of special‐care schoolchildren with intellectual disability on the basis of their parents’ opinion.Material and methodA questionnaire survey was carried out among 264 parents/caregivers of children from eight special‐care schools in Poznan (Poland). Close‐ended questions concerned children's barriers in access to dental care and parents’ satisfaction with their children's dental care.ResultsOnly 31.8% parents/caregivers did not have any problems with access to dental care and the most commonly reported barrier to obtaining dental care was protracted waiting time for a visit (36.7%). Most commonly, children were treated in dental surgery conditions (90.1%). Only 42.1% respondents were satisfied with their children's dental care.ConclusionsThe research revealed that there is a need to improve the access of children with disability to dental care. Hence, it seems to be beneficial to set up specialist dental surgeries in special‐care schools which would improve the access of children with disability to prophylaxis as well as dental treatment.
Substance Use, Offending, and Participation in Alcohol and Drug Treatment Programmes: A Comparison of Prisoners with and without Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: McGillivray Jane A. , Gaskin Cadeyrn J. , Newton Danielle C. , Richardson Ben A. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundMany offenders with intellectual disabilities have substance use issues. Offending behaviour may be associated with substance use.Materials and MethodsPrisoners with and without intellectual disabilities were compared in terms of their substance use prior to imprisonment, the influence of substance use on offending, and their participation in alcohol and drug treatment programmes.ResultsSubstance use was similar in prisoners with and without intellectual disabilities in the year prior to their current prison terms. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities were much less likely to report that substance use was an antecedent to the offences leading to their imprisonment. The completion rate of alcohol and drug treatment programmes was much lower for those with intellectual disabilities.ConclusionsSubstance use may be as common in prisoners with intellectual disabilities as those without this condition. Services may need to reflect on whether their treatment programmes are meeting the needs of all prisoners.
TLR3/TRIF signalling pathway regulates IL‐32 and IFN‐β secretion through activation of RIP‐1 and TRAF in the human cornea
Authors: Park Ga Bin , Hur Dae Young , Kim Yeong Seok , Lee Hyun‐Kyung , Yang Jae Wook , Kim Daejin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractToll‐like receptor‐3 (TLR3) and RNA helicase retinoic‐acid‐inducible protein‐1 (RIG‐I) serve as cytoplasmic sensors for viral RNA components. In this study, we investigated how the TLR3 and RIG‐I signalling pathway was stimulated by viral infection to produce interleukin (IL)‐32‐mediated pro‐inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon in the corneal epithelium using Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐infected human cornea epithelial cells (HCECs/EBV) as a model of viral keratitis. Increased TLR3 and RIG‐I that are responded to EBV‐encoded RNA 1 and 2 (EBER1 and EBER2) induced the secretion of IL‐32‐mediated pro‐inflammatory cytokines and IFN‐β through up‐regulation of TRIF/TRAF family proteins or RIP‐1. TRIF silencing or TLR3 inhibitors more efficiently inhibited sequential phosphorylation of TAK1, TBK1, NF‐κB and IRFs to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines and IFN‐β than RIG‐I‐siRNA transfection in HCECs/EBV. Blockade of RIP‐1, which connects the TLR3 and RIG‐I pathways, significantly blocked the TLR3/TRIF‐mediated and RIG‐I‐mediated pro‐inflammatory cytokines and IFN‐β production in HCECs/EBV. These findings demonstrate that TLR3/TRIF‐dependent signalling pathway against viral RNA might be a main target to control inflammation and anti‐viral responses in the ocular surface.