bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of two‐layered objects reconstructed using EDXRF‐analysis and internal X‐ray ratios
Authors: Cesareo Roberto , Buccolieri Giovanni , Castellano Alfredo , Lopes Ricardo T. , De Assis Joaquim T. , Ridolfi Stefano , Brunetti Antonio , Bustamante Angel 
Published: March 2015

Many objects of common use (tools, utensils, metals, knick‐knacks, dishes and glasses) and artifacts (for example paintings of all types) are composed of two or more layers. In many cases, it would be useful to determine the correct location, composition and thickness of the various layers.Non‐destructive and non‐invasive methods are described, based on energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence which are able to ‘reconstruct' the complete structure of a multilayered sample. These methods use, in different ways, the ratios of characteristic X‐rays emitted by the elements of the layers, and, in particular, two effects can be usefully employed, effects which are based on the differential attenuation of Kα and Kβ or Lα and Lβ X‐rays:

Different self‐attenuation of K or L X‐rays emitted by an element characterizing a layer because of the different energy of the two K or L X‐rays;
Different attenuation of the two K or L X‐rays of an element characterizing a layer by a second superimposed layer.Furthermore, the ratio of the Kα (or Lα) X‐rays emitted by an element characterizing the internal layer, to the Kα (or Lα) X‐rays emitted by an element characterizing a second superimposed layer, can also be employed in the ‘reconstruction’ of the layers.In this paper, the theoretical background of all these methods is described, and typical examples are shown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of an anti-parasitic compound extracted from Streptomyces sp. HL-2-14 against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Authors: GAO YUN-HANG , SHAN XIAO-FENG , KANG YUAN-HUAN , SHENG YU-XUAN , CHEN LONG , WANG WEI , MA HONG-XIA 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThe present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-parasitic activity of a pure compound from Streptomyces sp. HL-2-14 against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and elucidate its chemical structure. By electron ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (1H NMR and 13C NMR), the compound was identified as amphotericin B (AmB). The in vitro trials revealed that AmB can effectively kill the theronts and tomonts of I. multifiliis with the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0·8 mg L−1 at 30 min for the theronts and 4·3 mg L−1 at 2 h for the tomonts, respectively. AmB at 5 mg L−1 significantly reduced I. multifiliis infectivity prevalence and intensity on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and consequently decreased fish mortality, from 100% in control group to 30% in treated group. The 72 h acute toxicity (LC50) of AmB on grass carp was 20·6 mg L−1, but fish mortality was occurred when exposure to 13·0 mg L−1. These results indicated that AmB was effective in the therapy of I. multifiliis infection, but the safety concentration margin is relatively narrow. Further efforts aiming to decrease the toxicity and improve the therapeutic profile remain to be needed.
Comparison of weight-for-height and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in a therapeutic feeding programme in South Sudan: is MUAC alone a sufficient criterion for admission of children at high risk of mortality?
Authors: Grellety Emmanuel , Krause L Kendall , Shams Eldin Manal , Porten Klaudia , Isanaka Sheila 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was performed to describe the operational implications of using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a single admission criterion for treatment of severe acute malnutrition in South Sudan.DesignWe performed a retrospective analysis of routine programme data of children with severe acute malnutrition aged 6–59 months admitted to a therapeutic feeding programme using weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) and/or MUAC. To understand the implications of using MUAC as a single admission criterion, we compared patient characteristics and treatment outcomes for children admitted with MUAC<115 mm (irrespective of WHZ) v. children admitted with WHZ<−3 and MUAC≥115 mm.ResultsOf 2205 children included for analysis, 719 (32·6 %) were admitted to the programme with MUAC<115 mm and 1486 (67·4 %) with WHZ<−3 and MUAC≥115 mm. Children who would have been admitted using a single MUAC<115 mm criterion were more severely malnourished and more likely to be female and younger. Compared with children admitted with WHZ<−3 and MUAC≥115 mm, children who would have been admitted using MUAC<115 mm were less likely to recover (54 % v. 69 %) and had higher risk of death (4 % v. 1 %), but responded to treatment with greater weight and MUAC gains. MUAC<115 mm would have failed to identify 33 % of deaths, while 98 % were identified by WHZ<−3 alone and 100 % by MUAC<130 mm.ConclusionsThe study shows that MUAC<115 mm identified more severely malnourished children with a higher risk of mortality but failed to identify a third of the children who died. Admission criteria for therapeutic feeding should be adapted to the programmatic context with consideration for both operational and public health implications.
Systematics of jets using multi-wavelength data
Authors: Shastri Prajval , Gomez Estrella Jimenez , Gupta Maitrayee , Madejski Grzegorz 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe investigate the systematics of the properties of highly relativistic jets at multiple frequencies, including Fermi, and MOJAVE data. We test the hypothesis that the blazar divide constitutes a dichotomy. We also explore possible measures of the Doppler factor for these highly Doppler-beamed active galactic nuclei.
‘Life just kind of sparkles’: clients’ experiences of being in cognitive behavioural group therapy and its impact on reducing shame in obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Spragg Melanie , Cahill Sharon 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study explored the personal accounts of service users relating to their experiences of being in group cognitive behavioural therapy (GCBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Eight participants were purposively selected from two groups whose therapy had finished. These participants were interviewed, the data transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Five superordinate themes were generated: ‘Engagement in the group process’, ‘Normalizing’, ‘Courage to fight’, ‘Being my own therapist’ and ‘Restrictedvs. engagement with life’. The findings in this study have implications for theory in terms of the relevance of shame-based appraisals in conceptualizations of OCD. Suggestions for future groups include the importance of exploring the development of the problem in the group setting and highlight an important role for the group in terms of increasing motivation and preventing dropout. Directions for future research and implications for theory are explored.
Trained immunity in newborn infants of HBV-infected mothers
Authors: Hong Michelle , Sandalova Elena , Low Diana , Gehring Adam J. , Fieni Stefania , Amadei Barbara , Urbani Simonetta , Chong Yap-Seng , Guccione Ernesto , Bertoletti Antonio 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe newborn immune system is characterized by an impaired Th1-associated immune response. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmitted from infected mothers to newborns is thought to exploit the newborns’ immune system immaturity by inducing a state of immune tolerance that facilitates HBV persistence. Contrary to this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that HBV exposure in utero triggers a state of trained immunity, characterized by innate immune cell maturation and Th1 development, which in turn enhances the ability of cord blood immune cells to respond to bacterial infection in vitro. These training effects are associated with an alteration of the cytokine environment characterized by low IL-10 and, in most cases, high IL-12p40 and IFN-α2. Our data uncover a potentially symbiotic relationship between HBV and its natural host, and highlight the plasticity of the fetal immune system following viral exposure in utero.
Flexible Membranes of MoS2/C Nanofibers by Electrospinning as Binder-Free Anodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Xiong Xiaoqin , Luo Wei , Hu Xianluo , Chen Chaoji , Qie Long , Hou Dongfang , Huang Yunhui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA flexible membrane consisting of MoS2/carbon nanofibers has been fabricated by a simple electrospinning method. MoS2 nanosheets are uniformly encapsulated in the inter-connected carbon nanofibers with diameters of ~150 nm. When evaluated as a binder-free electrode for sodium-ion batteries, the as-obtained electrode demonstrates high performances, including high reversible capacity of 381.7 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and superior rate capability (283.3, 246.5 and 186.3 mA h g−1 at 0.5, 1 and 2 A g−1, respectively). Most importantly, the binder-free electrode made of MoS2 and carbon nanofibers can still deliver a charge capacity of 283.9 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles at a current density of 100 m A g−1, indicating a very promising anode for long-life SIBs.
Directed natural product biosynthesis gene cluster capture and expression in the model bacterium Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Li Yongxin , Li Zhongrui , Yamanaka Kazuya , Xu Ying , Zhang Weipeng , Vlamakis Hera , Kolter Roberto , Moore Bradley S. , Qian Pei-Yuan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBacilli are ubiquitous low G+C environmental Gram-positive bacteria that produce a wide assortment of specialized small molecules. Although their natural product biosynthetic potential is high, robust molecular tools to support the heterologous expression of large biosynthetic gene clusters in Bacillus hosts are rare. Herein we adapt transformation-associated recombination (TAR) in yeast to design a single genomic capture and expression vector for antibiotic production in Bacillus subtilis. After validating this direct cloning “plug-and-play” approach with surfactin, we genetically interrogated amicoumacin biosynthetic gene cluster from the marine isolate Bacillus subtilis 1779. Its heterologous expression allowed us to explore an unusual maturation process involving the N-acyl-asparagine pro-drug intermediates preamicoumacins, which are hydrolyzed by the asparagine-specific peptidase into the active component amicoumacin A. This work represents the first direct cloning based heterologous expression of natural products in the model organism B. subtilis and paves the way to the development of future genome mining efforts in this genus.
Circumferential electrocautery of the patella in primary total knee replacement without patellar replacement: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Fan Lihong , Ge Zhaogang , Zhang Chen , Li Jia , Yu Zefeng , Dang Xiaoqian , Wang Kunzheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to identify and assess whether circumferential electrocautery is useful for improving outcomes after primary total knee replacement(TKR). We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Knowledge, OVID CINAHL, OVID EBM and Google Scholar and included articles published through January 2014. A total of 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of the 776 cases included in the analysis, 388 cases involved patellar denervation and 388 cases were designated as the control group. The meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in the incidence of anterior knee pain (AKP, p = 0.18) or in the visual analogue scale score (VAS, p = 0.23) between the two groups. In addition, AKSS Function Score indicated no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.28). However, the OKS (p = 0.02), patellar score (p = 0.01), AKSS-Knee Score (p = 0.004), range of motion (ROM, p < 0.0001) and WOMAC Score (p = 0.0003) indicated that circumpatellarelectrocautery improved clinical outcomes compared with non-electrocautery. The results indicate that circumferential electrocautery of the patella does not significantly improve AKP compared with non-electrocautery techniques but that circumferential electrocautery significantly improves patients' knee function after surgery. Therefore, we believe that circumferential electrocautery is beneficial to the outcome of primary TKR surgery without patellar replacement.
The loss of Tm7sf gene accelerates skin papilloma formation in mice
Authors: Bellezza I. , Gatticchi L. , Sordo R. del , Peirce M. J. , Sidoni A. , Roberti R. , Minelli A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe 3β-hydroxysterol Δ14-reductase, encoded by the Tm7sf2 gene, is an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Cholesterol and its derivatives control epidermal barrier integrity and are protective against environmental insults. To determine the role of the gene in skin cholesterol homeostasis, we applied 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the skin of Tm7sf2+/+ and Tm7sf2-/- mice. TPA increased skin cholesterol levels by inducing de novo synthesis and up-take only in Tm7sf2+/+ mouse, confirming that the gene maintains cholesterol homeostasis under stress conditions. Cholesterol sulfate, one of the major players in skin permeability, was doubled by TPA treatment in the skin of wild-type animals but this response was lost in Tm7sf2-/- mice. The expression of markers of epidermal differentiation concomitant with farnesoid-X-receptor and p38 MAPK activation were also disrupted in Tm7sf2-/- mice. We then subjected Tm7sf2+/+ and Tm7sf2-/- mice to a classical two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol. We found that the loss of Tm7sf2 increased incidence and multiplicity of skin papillomas. Interestingly, the null genotype showed reduced expression of nur77, a gene associated with resistance to neoplastic transformation. In conclusion, the loss of Tm7sf2 alters the expression of proteins involved in epidermal differentiation by reducing the levels of cholesterol sulfate.
Systematic identification of signal integration by protein kinase A
Authors: Filteau Marie , Diss Guillaume , Torres-Quiroz Francisco , Dubé Alexandre K. , Schraffl Andrea , Bachmann Verena A. , Gagnon-Arsenault Isabelle , Chrétien Andrée-Ève , Steunou Anne-Lise , Dionne Ugo , Côté Jacques , Bisson Nicolas , Stefan Eduard , Landry Christian R. 
Published: March 2015

Significance
Protein kinase A (PKA) complexes are versatile signaling enzymes controlling homeostasis in eukaryotes. This enzyme is involved in multiple functions under physiological and pathological conditions in humans and governs the virulence of many pathogenic fungi. Here we systematically identify PKA regulators in yeast. Notably, we describe signaling to PKA that involves feedback from the cellular recycling process, autophagy. We also uncover a posttranslational modification, acetylation, that regulates PKA activity in both yeast and mammals, and we show that this mechanism impacts aging. Thus, we identify what regulates PKA as a first step toward the ability to cure diseases and infections, for instance, by providing new candidate genes for drug targeting in health research and antifungals for agricultural and medical purposes.
The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure
Authors: Petrescu Ana Maria Roxana , Lohila Annalea , Tuovinen Juha-Pekka , Baldocchi Dennis D. , Desai Ankur R. , Roulet Nigel T. , Vesala Timo , Dolman Albertus Johannes , Oechel Walter C. , Marcolla Barbara , Friborg Thomas , Rinne Janne , Matthes Jaclyn Hatala , Merbold Lutz , Meijide Ana , Kiely Gerard , Sottocornola Matteo , Sachs Torsten , Zona Donatella , Varlagin Andrej , Lai Derrick Y. F. , Veenendaal Elmar , Parmentier Frans-Jan W. , Skiba Ute , Lund Magnus , Hensen Arjan , van Huissteden Jacobus , Flanagan Lawrence B. , Shurpali Narasinha J. , Grünwald Thomas , Humphreys Elyn R. , Jackowicz-Korczyński Marcin , Aurela Mika A. , Laurila Tuomas , Grüning Carsten , Corradi Chiara A. R. , Schrier-Uijl Arina P. , Christensen Torben R. , Tamstorf Mikkel P. , Mastepanov Mikhail , Martikainen Pertti J. , Verma Shashi B. , Bernhofer Christian , Cescatti Alessandro 
Published: March 2015

Significance
Wetlands are unique ecosystems because they are in general sinks for carbon dioxide and sources of methane. Their climate footprint therefore depends on the relative sign and magnitude of the land–atmosphere exchange of these two major greenhouse gases. This work presents a synthesis of simultaneous measurements of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes to assess the radiative forcing of natural wetlands converted to agricultural or forested land. The net climate impact of wetlands is strongly dependent on whether they are natural or managed. Here we show that the conversion of natural wetlands produces a significant increase of the atmospheric radiative forcing. The findings suggest that management plans for these complex ecosystems should carefully account for the potential biogeochemical effects on climate.
Sparse feature selection methods identify unexpected global cellular response to strontium-containing materials
Authors: Autefage Hélène , Gentleman Eileen , Littmann Elena , Hedegaard Martin A. B. , Von Erlach Thomas , O’Donnell Matthew , Burden Frank R. , Winkler David A. , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: March 2015

Significance
Although new-generation biomaterials are increasingly complex and sophisticated, their development remains largely empirical, and functional outcomes are difficult to predict. Extending the biological evaluation of biomaterials beyond the assessment of preassumed effects would allow a better understanding of the material-driven cell responses. Here we illustrate how applying an objective, nondiscriminative approach to explore the global cell responses to a series of bone substitutes with various compositions can uncover unexpected, important changes at the gene and cellular levels and can provide in-depth knowledge of the effects of specific material properties on cell behavior.
KLHL3 regulates paracellular chloride transport in the kidney by ubiquitination of claudin-8
Authors: Gong Yongfeng , Wang Jinzhi , Yang Jing , Gonzales Ernie , Perez Ronaldo , Hou Jianghui 
Published: March 2015

SignificanceThe role of tight junction permeability in causing human diseases is an important but understudied area. Here, we discovered a previously unidentified mechanism in the kidney that uses the Kelch-like 3-dependent ubiquitination pathway to regulate claudin-8 and the paracellular permeability to chloride. The importance of posttranslational regulation of tight junction structure and function is shown here, with emphasis on its potential role in causing human hypertension if a proper ubiquitination pathway is disrupted by genetic mutations. Such a mechanism may also be explored as a pharmacologic tool to correct tight junction permeability defects and related diseases.
Criticality of metals and metalloids
Authors: Graedel T. E. , Harper E. M. , Nassar N. T. , Nuss Philip , Reck Barbara K. 
Published: March 2015

Significance
In the past decade, sporadic shortages of metals and metalloids crucial to modern technology have inspired attempts to determine the relative “criticality” of various materials as a guide to materials scientists and product designers. The variety of methodologies that have been used for this purpose have (predictably) resulted in widely varying results, which are therefore of little use. In the present study, we develop a comprehensive, flexible, and transparent approach that we apply to 62 metals and metalloids. We find that the metals of most concern tend to be those with three characteristics: they are available largely or entirely as byproducts, they are used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and they possess no effective substitutes.
TCR contact residue hydrophobicity is a hallmark of immunogenic CD8+T cell epitopes
Authors: Chowell Diego , Krishna Sri , Becker Pablo D. , Cocita Clément , Shu Jack , Tan Xuefang , Greenberg Philip D. , Klavinskis Linda S. , Blattman Joseph N. , Anderson Karen S. 
Published: March 2015

SignificanceThe design of effective T-cell vaccines against pathogens and tumor antigens is challenged by the highly inefficient identification of the subset of peptides from a given antigen that effectively stimulate an immune response. Here we report that the relative hydrophobicity of T-cell receptor contact residues is markedly enriched in immunogenic major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes in both human and murine MHCs, and in both self and pathogen-derived immunogenic epitopes. Incorporating hydrophobicity into T-cell epitope prediction models increases the efficiency of epitope identification, which will manifest in the time and cost of T-cell vaccine development. Amino acid hydrophobicity may represent a biochemical basis by which T cells discriminate immunogenic epitopes within the background of self peptides.
Single-molecule analysis of RAG-mediated V(D)J DNA cleavage
Authors: Lovely Geoffrey A. , Brewster Robert C. , Schatz David G. , Baltimore David , Phillips Rob 
Published: March 2015

Significance
V(D)J recombination is essential for assembling immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. The lymphoid-specific RAG recombinase proteins (RAG1 and RAG2) perform DNA cleavage at recombination signal sequences (RSSs) during V(D)J recombination. Although RAG-mediated DNA cleavage has been analyzed in bulk, it has not at the single-molecule level. We used singly tethered DNA particle motion to examine the process in real time. We have found that RAG–RSS binding is reversible, with measurable dwell times before release. We also directly observed a reversible synaptic complex before RAG-mediated hairpin formation and measured its dwell time. These biochemical findings are compatible with a model for V(D)J recombination in vivo, in which the RAG recombinase often samples multiple partner RSSs before initiating the V(D)J recombination reaction.
Archaic Argument: Aristotle’s Rhetoric and the Problem of First Principles
Authors: Jasso John J. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Among Aristotle’s arts of argumentation, two are directly linked to archai, or first principles. Analytic deduces from them and dialectic tests their veracity. This article situates rhetoric as likewise useful for philosophical investigation in Aristotle’s own system by demonstrating how the Rhetoric assigns to rhetorical practice attributes that are uniquely related to the archai—without which investigations into and based on them would be impossible. That is, given the primary nature of the first principles as described by Aristotle, the strategic use of metaphor is the only intellectual machinery he has for articulating, disseminating, and gaining acquiescence for them.