bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particularism
Authors: McNaughton David , Rawling Piers 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe term “particularist” was coined by Hare (1963: 18), and particularism arose, in part, as a response to his views (seeHare, R. M.). As he defined it, moral particularism is, at least in its “extremest” form, the rejection of the supervenience of the moral upon the nonmoral – that is, the rejection of the notion that if two circumstances are alike in all nonmoral respects, then they must be alike in all moral respects. As contemporary exponents of the position use the term, however, it does not refer to a denial of supervenience. On one broad usage (e.g., Blum 1994), the particularist is someone who expresses hostility to the view that a decision about what we ought to do in some particular case can be mechanically ‘read off' from a general moral principle or principles. Rather, it is urged, a correct moral verdict can only be reached by paying close attention to the individual case – to what differentiates it from other cases as much as what it has in common with them. As well as an understanding of the correct moral principles, we need fine judgment, sensitivity, and even something approaching a perceptual capacity (seePerception, Moral) to appreciate the saliences of the circumstances in which we find ourselves. Particularism in this broad sense, which claims that a grasp of moral principles is insufficient for the correct moral appreciation of the particular case, has won many adherents in recent years. It is a position explicitly held, for example, by those known by some as intuitionists (Urmson 1975), as can be seen from Rawls' definition, which we shall adopt:
Bioethics
Authors: Battin Margaret Pabst 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBioethics, as it has emerged from its beginnings in the 1960s and 1970s, has become a complex and highly interdisciplinary field involving multiple disciplines. Its three dominant strains – philosophy, medicine, and law – coexist in amicable tension, supplemented by anthropology, sociology, economics, humanities and literary studies, theology, political science, and many others. Bioethics is in part an academic field (a trait it inherits from philosophy and to some extent theology); it is partly a set of clinical attitudes and resources (a trait grounded in medicine as well as anthropology and sociology); and it is partly a policy‐oriented form of social analysis (a trait it derives from law and related fields like economics and political science). Yet however complex its ancestry and its hybrid, essentially tripartite nature, bioethics is an intellectual and social phenomenon that has developed extremely rapidly and now represents a significant cultural force as well as an important practical one.
Economic Sanctions
Authors: Rosenthal Joel H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEconomic sanctions are an instrument of foreign policy. They are used as a means to achieve particular goals. Therefore an ethical assessment of economic sanctions relies on evaluating the goal being sought in each case as well as a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the policy chosen (seeconsequentialism). Drawing upon the literature of economists, international relations theorists, and just war philosophers (Baldwin 1985; Nye 2011; Gordon 2010), it is evident that an ethical analysis of economic sanctions includes three essential questions. First, is the goal just? Second, do sanctions work as the appropriate means to achieve the goal? And third, are sanctions the most just and humane policy option available?
Moral judgments and emotions: Adolescents' evaluations in intergroup social exclusion contexts
Authors: Cooley Shelby , Elenbaas Laura , Killen Melanie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article examines children's moral judgments and emotional evaluations in the context of social exclusion. As they age, children and adolescents face increasingly complex situations in which group membership and allegiance are in opposition with morally relevant decisions, such as the exclusion of an individual from a group. While adolescents are often characterized as being conformists to group norms, research demonstrates that their judgments about fairness, justice, and rights can supersede negative or exclusive norms espoused by groups. Additionally, young people's emotional evaluations of members who do not conform to a group norm are in concert with these fairness judgments. Implications for social and moral development will be discussed in the context of empirical findings.
Neglect and Failures of Human Security in Humanitarian Settings: Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Macpherson Robert , Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe lack of attention to basic safety and security standards by the humanitarian community is endemic. The tragic bombing and loss of life of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq in 2003 is but one of many unfortunate examples; these incidents are increasing in number. Tools for establishing an organizational security framework are readily available. Capacity to implement this framework requires understanding the culture of safety and security and individual and organizational leadership. This report outlines the essential steps and components necessary to meet this requirement.MacphersonR, Burkle FM Jr. Neglect and failures of human security in humanitarian settings: challenges and recommendations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-5.
Measurement of Empathy Levels in Undergraduate Paramedic Students
Authors: Williams Brett , Boyle Mal , Earl Tracy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionParamedics rely on establishing a health provider-patient relationship with patients that promotes two-way communication, patient satisfaction, and facilitates appropriate patient assessment and treatment. Paramedics also must have an ability to empathize with patients and their family members in order to develop a successful health provider-patient relationship. The objective of this study was to assess paramedics’ empathy and attitudes toward patients with specific conditions.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of first-, second-, and third-year, Australian undergraduate paramedic students. Student empathy levels were assessed using two standardized self-reporting instruments: the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) Health Professional (HP) version and the Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS).ResultsA total of 94 paramedic students participated in the study. The JSPE demonstrated that male paramedic students had higher mean empathy scores than did female paramedic students (113.25 and 107.5, respectively; P = .042). The JSPE empathy level scores were lowest among first-year paramedic students (mean = 107.53); age was not found to be a significant variable on empathy scores. The Medical Condition Regard Scale revealed lowest scores in compassion towards substance abuse (mean = 46.42).ConclusionsThe results of this study provide the discipline of paramedic health care with useful data, and provide students, academics, and other educators with important information regarding the improvement of the health provider-patient relationship and paramedic education curriculum development.WilliamsB, BoyleM, EarlT. Measurement of empathy levels in undergraduate paramedic students. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-5.
Estimation of Porosity and Permeability from Conventional Logs in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs of North Ordos Basin
Authors: Deng Jiang-Ming , Liu Xiao-Peng , Wu Xin-Min , Hu Xiao-Xin 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The statistical histograms of core porosities and permeabilities illustrate that the distribution of reservoir porosity for Chang 6 Formation is from 5.0% to 12.0%, the average value is 8.2%, reservoir permeabilities range from 0.71 to 3.98 mD, and the average permeability is 1.26mD, belongs to typical tight sandstone reservoirs. In this study, based on the core scale logging method, the relationship between core derived porosity and interval travel time (the only acquired conventional porosity logging series in Chang 6 Formation of north Ordos basin) is established to estimate tight sandstone reservoir porosity. The relationship between core porosity and permeability is not classical power or exponential function. The tendency between core porosity and permeability is disparate for rocks with 9% as the boundary. When porosities are higher than 9%, permeabilities increase much faster when rock porosity increase. To establish the unified permeability estimation model, the cubic function is applied after the data set of reservoir permeabilities are taken logarithmic. Several wells that processed with the established models illustrate that the estimated porosities and permeabilities are coincided with the core analyzed results very well. The absolute errors between the estimated porosity and core analyzed results are lower than 0.45%, and the relative errors between them are lower than 5%. This meets the regulation of petroleum reserves estimation, and can be used for evaluation of reserves directly.
Myocardin and microRNA‐1 modulate bladder activity through connexin 43 expression during post‐natal development
Authors: Imamura Masaaki , Sugino Yoshio , Long Xiaochun , Slivano Orazio J. , Nishikawa Nobuyuki , Yoshimura Naoki , Miano Joseph M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOveractive bladder (OAB) is a pervasive clinical problem involving alterations in both neurogenic and myogenic activity. While there has been some progress in understanding neurogenic inputs to OAB, the mechanisms controlling myogenic bladder activity are unclear. We report the involvement of myocardin (MYOCD) and microRNA‐1 (miR‐1) in the regulation of connexin 43 (GJA1), a major gap junction in bladder smooth muscle, and the collective role of these molecules during post‐natal bladder development. Wild‐type (WT) mouse bladders showed normal development from early post‐natal to adult including increases in bladder capacity and maintenance of normal sensitivity to cholinergic agents concurrent with down‐regulation of MYOCD and several smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractile genes. Myocardin heterozygous‐knockout mice exhibited reduced expression of Myocd mRNA and several SMC contractile genes concurrent with bladder SMC hypersensitivity that was mediated by gap junctions. In both cultured rat bladder SMC and in vivo bladders, MYOCD down‐regulated GJA1 expression through miR‐1 up‐regulation. Interestingly, adult myocardin heterozygous‐knockout mice showed normal increases in bladder and body weight but lower bladder capacity compared to WT mice. These results suggest that MYOCD down‐regulates GJA1 expression via miR‐1 up‐regulation, thereby contributing to maintenance of normal sensitivity and development of bladder capacity. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1819–1826, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single v. multiple measures of skin carotenoids by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a biomarker of usual carotenoid status
Authors: Scarmo Stephanie , Cartmel Brenda , Lin Haiqun , Leffell David J. , Ermakov Igor V. , Gellermann Werner , Bernstein Paul S. , Mayne Susan T. 
Published: January 2013

Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) is a non-invasive method of assessing carotenoid status in the skin, which has been suggested as an objective indicator of fruit/vegetable intake. The present study assessed agreement and identified predictors of single v. multiple RRS measures of skin carotenoid status. A total of seventy-four participants had their skin carotenoid status measured in the palm of the hand by RRS at six time points over 6 months. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demographic, lifestyle and dietary data. Mean age of the participants was 36·6 years, 62·2 % were female, 83·8 % Caucasian and 85·1 % were non-smoking at baseline. There was a good agreement between a single measure of skin carotenoids by RRS and multiple measures (weighted κ = 0·80; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·88). The same variables were significantly associated with carotenoid status based on single or multiple measures, including a positive association with intake of total carotenoids (P< 0·01) and an inverse association with season of measurement (P≤ 0·05). The exception was recent sun exposure, which emerged as a significant predictor of lower carotenoid status only when using multiple RRS measures (P≤ 0·01). A single RRS measure was reasonably accurate at classifying usual skin carotenoid status. Researchers using RRS may want to take into account other factors that are associated with the biomarker, including season of measurement and recent sun exposure.
Equine sarcoids: Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 transformed fibroblasts are sensitive to cisplatin and UVB induced apoptosis and show aberrant expression of p53
Authors: Finlay Margaret , Yuan ZhengQiang , Morgan Iain M , Campo M Saveria , Nasir Lubna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBovine papillomavirus type 1 infects not only cattle but also equids and is a causative factor in the pathogenesis of commonly occurring equine sarcoid tumours. Whilst treatment of sarcoids is notoriously difficult, cisplatin has been shown to be one of the most effective treatment strategies for sarcoids. In this study we show that in equine fibroblasts, BPV-1 sensitises cells to cisplatin-induced and UVB-induced apoptosis, a known cofactor for papillomavirus associated disease, however BPV-1 transformed fibroblasts show increased clonogenic survival, which may potentially limit the therapeutic effects of repeated cisplatin treatment. Furthermore we show that BPV-1 increases p53 expression in sarcoid cell lines and p53 expression can be either nuclear or cytoplasmic. The mechanism and clinical significance of increase/abnormal p53 expression remains to be established.
Selective Silicon-Germanium Source/Drain Technology for Nanoscale Cmos
Authors: Öztürk M. C. , Pesovic N. , Liu J. , Mo H. , Kang I. , Gannavaram S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFuture CMOS technology nodes bring new challenges to formation of source/drain junctions and their contacts. To avoid MOSFET performance degradation with scaling, series resistance contribution of each junction must be limited to five percent of the device channel resistance. This requires ultra-shallow junctions with extremely low sheet, spreading and contact resistance. In this paper, we present an overview of the SiGe junction technology recently proposed by this laboratory for nanoscale CMOS. The technology is based on selective deposition of boron or phosphorus doped SiGe alloys in source/drain regions isotropically etched to the desired junction depth. Since the dopant atoms naturally occupy the substitutional sites during growth, the need for an activation anneal is completely eliminated limiting the maximum process temperature to 550°C for boron and 750°C for phosphorus. In this temperature range, dopant diffusion is virtually eliminated resulting in extremely abrupt doping profiles. Elimination of the high temperature implant anneal also makes the process compatible with the thermal stability needs of future high-K gate dielectrics. A key advantage of the technology is its potential to reduce the junction contact resistance. SiGe provides a smaller bandgap under the metal contact resulting in a smaller metal-semiconductor barrier height. Since the contact resistivity is an exponential function of the barrier height, the technology provides a significant advantage in reducing the contact resistivity. The results to date indicate that the technology is a promising alternative for nanoscale CMOS source/drain junctions and their contacts.
Rotary Steerable System Delivers Significant Performance and Cost Benefits for the Operator by Enabling the Use of PDC Bit in Drilling 12 ¼" Section
Authors: Nurzai Jehanzeb , Butt Imran 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Application of Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS) requires a value proposition that exceeds the conventional method of drilling the well. The most quoted value proposition is savings in time for drilling wells of complex geometry.
This time saving is achieved because drilling of geometrically complex wells requires oriented drilling with conventional motors. This in turn reduces the rate of penetration (ROP) significantly and increases the amount of time required to drill the section. Rotary Steerable Systems on the other hand can be used to drill these wells without stopping rotation and in turn maintaining the rotating ROP throughout the section.
The real value proposition of rotary steerable systems is however in allowing options that would otherwise be impractical i.e. precise control due to closed loop systems, extended drilling due to continuous rotation or ability to utilize components that may be difficult to use with conventional motors.
This paper compares the drilling performance with and without rotary steerable system in the 12 ¼" sections on client wells. It also describes the benefits achieved when a rotary steerable application enabled the use of Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit in drilling 12 ¼" section. This resulted in significant time savings for client by saving a bit trip which was always required when tri cone insert bits (TCI) were used. Additional benefit of higher ROP was also realized due to increased effectiveness of PDC bit in comparison with TCI bits.
This PDC bit was not favored for use with conventional drilling systems due to difficulty in maintaining tool face during oriented drilling operation. Even though the bit was effective in drilling the formation, its unsuitability with drilling system rendered it unusable until the full benefits were realized by incorporating it in a rotary steerable BHA.
The application of Rotary Steerable System with the PDC bit resulted in an average on bottom ROP improvement of 67% as compared to the wells drilled in the same field with conventional motor assemblies. During this run 3590 feet of hole section was drilled with a circulation time of 180 Hrs. In addition to improved ROP, trip time for changing the bit was also saved which at the given depths could be 8 to 10 hrs. of rig time.
Value, Fitting‐Attitude Account of
Authors: Rabinowicz Wlodek 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAccording to an influential tradition in value analysis,to be valuable is to be a fitting object of a pro‐attitude– a fitting object of favoring (seePro‐Attitudes). If it is fitting to favor an object for its own sake, then, in this view, the object has final value. If it is fitting to favor an object for the sake of its effects, then its value is instrumental (seeInstrumental Value).Disvalue is connected in the analogous way to disfavoring, i.e., to con‐attitudes. For a history of thisfitting‐attitudes analysis, orFA‐analysisfor short, see the following text. The label itself was coined rather recently, though, in Rabinowicz and Rønnow‐Rasmussen (2004).
Challenges of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in the Routine Rheumatology Outpatient Setting: An Observational Study of 110 Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Gossec L. , Salejan F. , Nataf H. , Nguyen M. , Gaud‐Listrat V. , Hudry C. , Breuillard P. , Dernis E. , Boumier P. , Durandin‐Truffinet M. , Fannius J. , Fechtenbaum J. , Izou‐Fouillot M.‐A. , Labatide‐Alanore S. , Lebrun A. , LeDevic P. , LeGoux P. , Sacchi A. , Salliot C. , Sparsa L. , d'André F. Lecoq , Dougados M. ,   on behalf of the RHEVER Rheumatology Network
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveAn annual assessment of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recommended, but its practical modalities have not been determined. The objective was to assess the feasibility and usefulness of a standardized CV risk assessment in RA, performed by rheumatologists during outpatient clinics.MethodsWe used a cross‐sectional design within a network of rheumatologists. Each rheumatologist included 5 consecutive unselected patients with definite RA. Data collection included standardized assessment of CV risk factors: blood pressure, interpretation of glycemia and of lipid levels, and calculation of the Framingham CV risk score. Outcome criteria included feasibility (missing data and time taken to assess the patients) and usefulness (the CV risk assessment was considered useful if at least 1 modifiable and previously unknown CV risk factor was evidenced).ResultsTwenty‐two rheumatologists (77% in office‐based practice) assessed 110 RA patients. The mean ± SD age was 57 ± 10 years, and the mean ± SD RA duration was 11 ± 9 years; 50 patients (45%) were treated with biologic agents, and 76% were women. Regarding feasibility, missing data were most frequent for glycemia (27% of patients) and cholesterolemia (14% of patients). The mean ± SD duration of the CV risk assessment was 15 ± 5 minutes. The CV risk assessment was considered useful in 33 patients (30%), evidencing dyslipidemia (15% of patients) or high blood pressure (9% of patients) as the most frequently previously unknown CV risk factor.ConclusionThe assessment of CV risk factors is feasible, but labor intensive, during an outpatient rheumatology clinic. This assessment identified modifiable CV risk factors in 30% of the patients. These results suggest that RA patients are not sufficiently assessed and treated for CV risk factors.
Laser Welding of Zr41Ti14Cu12Ni10Be23 Bulk Metallic Glass: Experiment and Temperature Field Simulation
Authors: Chen Biao , Shi Tielin , Li Mo , Zhang Zhaobo , Zhu Zhijing , Liao Guanglan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe investigate laser bonding of Zr41Ti14Cu12Ni10Be23 bulk metallic glass (BMG) using experiments and finite element simulation. The specimen plates with 5 × 30 × 1.3 mm3 are welded together successfully and the welded joint maintains fully amorphous under the welding parameters of 1.3 kW and 7 m min−1. To examine in detail the thermal stability of the welded joint, we employ the SYSWELD software to simulate the distribution of temperature field and thermal cycle curves. The simulation results are consistent with the laser welding experiments, and there is no intersection point between the thermal cycle curves and time–temperature‐transformation diagram, indicating that the joint retains amorphous structure.