bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterozoan carbonates from the equatorial rocky reefs of the Galápagos Archipelago
Authors: Reymond Claire E. , Zihrul Konny‐Sebastian , Halfar Jochen , Riegl Bernhard , Humphreys Alexander , Westphal Hildegard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStrongly influenced by seasonal and interannual (i.e. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation) upwelling, the equatorial setting of the Galápagos Archipelago is divided into well‐defined temperature, nutrient and calcium carbonate saturation (Ωaragonite) regions. To understand the relationship between oceanographic properties and sediment grain associations, grain size, carbonate content and components from sea floor surface samples were analysed, representing the main geographical regions of the Galápagos Archipelago. The shallow‐water rocky reefs of the Galápagos Archipelago are characterized by mixed carbonate–siliciclastic slightly gravelly sands. Despite minor differences in carbonate content, major differences exist in the distribution and composition of key carbonate producing biota.Halimedais absent and benthic foraminifera occur in extremely low abundance. The western side of the Galápagos Archipelago is strongly influenced by nutrient‐rich, low‐Ωaragonite, subtropical water, which generates a heterozoan carbonate biofacies in a tropical realm resembling cold‐water counterparts (i.e. serpulid, echinoderm, gastropod, barnacle and bryozoan‐rich facies). The Central East region is composed of a transitional‐heterozoan biofacies. Biofacies observed in the northern region have an increased occurrence of tropical corals, albeit with a minor overall contribution to the carbonate components. Although the temperature gradient would allow for a broader distribution of photozoan biofacies, the increased nutrient concentration and related reduced light penetration from the upwelled waters favour heterozoan carbonate factories, mimicking cool‐water, deeper or higher latitude environments. The recent sedimentary record of the Galápagos Archipelago presents a range of tropical heterozoan carbonate communities, responding to more than simply latitude or temperature but a much more complex mixture of physical, evolutionary and geological processes.
Testing the Participation Constraint in the Executive Labour Market
Authors: Gregory‐Smith Ian , Main Brian G. M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper tests the participation constraint by examining the workings of the executive labour market in a panel of UK listed companies over a period of 14 years. Directors are found to move jobs regularly – both within companies and between companies. Consistent with agency theory, directors who are underpaid relative to their comparable peers are particularly likely to leave for higher paying jobs in other companies. Those who move between companies secure more favourable terms than those who move within their firm – even when the move does not involve promotion, calling into question the managerial power perspective of this area of employment.
Competitive Consensus. What comes after Consociationalism in Switzerland?
Authors: Bochsler Daniel , S. Bousbah Karima 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLarge coalition governments, including all relevant parties, are at the heart of the consociational model of Swiss democracy. Until the 1990s, this model was characterised as “voluntary proportional”. It was based on a stable cooperation of two main blocs of political parties, and on elite‐driven agreements on all‐inclusive government formulas. Despite growing competition in governmental elections, all‐party coalitions have survived in most cantons. This article explains that the political minority could keep and even improve its representation, as a consequence of the divisions in the political majority. While right‐wing parties hold the majority in almost all Swiss cantons and at the federal level, they are no longer sufficiently cohesive to control the elections. As a consequence, elections have become more uncertain, and political minorities can capitalise on this in order to win seats. Empirically, this paper investigates elections for Swiss cantonal governments in the period 1971–2011. It combines data on the unity of political blocs with data on government formation. To measure the political unity of the blocs, the paper introduces a novel measure based on the voting recommendations issued by cantonal parties on the occasion of national referendums.
Effect of crop residue returns on N2O emissions from red soil in China
Authors: Wu Y. , Lin S. , Liu T. , Wan T. , Hu R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFor a long time, farmers in the red soil region of southern China have returned crop residues to the soil, but how various crop residues influence nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is not well understood. We compared the influence of returning different crop residues [rapeseed cake (RC), maize straw, rice straw and wheat straw (WS)] in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (nil, low and high) on red soil N2O emissions. Results confirmed the inverse relationship between cumulative N2O emissions and residue C:N ratio in red soil under different levels of N fertilizer. However, N‐fertilizer application did not significantly influence N2O emissions in the WS (which had the highest C:N ratio) and corresponding control treatments, while it enhanced N2O emissions in the RC (which had the lowest C:N ratio) treatment and displayed significantly higher cumulative N2O emissions with low N fertilizer application. This phenomenon may be attributed to the poor nutrient content in red soil, which leads to ‘Liebig's Law of the Minimum’ on available C. N fertilizer application provided sufficient available N, while the readily available C, which was mainly dependent on the degradability of the residue, became the crucial factor influencing N2O emissions. Additional experiments, which showed that the addition of glucose and sucrose could increase N2O emissions when N () was sufficient, confirmed this hypothesis. Thus, to reduce N2O emissions when returning residues to red soil, we suggest that both the residue C:N ratio and the quality should be considered when deciding whether to apply N fertilizer.
Non-infectious aortitis of the ascending aorta: a histological and clinical correlation of 71 cases including overlap with medial degeneration and atheroma—a challenge for the pathologist
Authors: Ryan C , Barbour A , Burke L , Sheppard M N 
Published: October 2015

AimsAortitis is a rare but important cause of thoracic aortic disease. We describe its histopathological patterns and associations with other aortic pathologies and systemic inflammatory disease.MethodsDatabase searches of thoracic specimens over 17 years from two centres yielded 71 cases of non-infectious aortitis. Histological verification of tunica media inflammation was required for inclusion. Clinical information and histopathological features were recorded.ResultsThree histological patterns emerged—necrotising aortitis with giant cells (53), diffuse band-like aortitis (16) and ‘other’ (2). 50/53 cases of necrotising aortitis with giant cells were isolated/idiopathic, while 9/16 cases of diffuse aortitis had a systemic inflammatory disease. Medial degeneration (MD) was prominent in 23/71 cases—all in the necrotising aortitis with giant cells category.ConclusionsNon-infectious aortitis is predominantly idiopathic/isolated in nature, occurring in elderly females. Two patterns emerge—(1) necrotising aortitis with giant cells, which is more likely to be idiopathic and linked to MD, suggesting a possible aetiological relationship; and (2) diffuse aortitis, which is linked to an increased risk of systemic inflammatory disease. Knowledge, therefore, of histopathological patterns may guide patient management and follow-up.
SCIARA: cellular automata lava flow modelling and applications in hazard prediction and mitigation
Authors: Rongo R. , Lupiano V. , Spataro W. , D'ambrosio D. , Iovine G. , Crisci G. M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The use of thematic volcanic hazard maps is essential for policy managers and administrators in land use planning and to determine the best form of action during emergencies. In particular, hazard maps are a key tool in emergency management and are used to describe the threat expected at a certain location in the event of future eruptions. We applied the latest version of the SCIARA lava flow cellular automata model using parallel computing through general purpose graphics processing units technology to derive lava flow hazard maps for Mt Etna, Sicily. The methodology relies on an accurate analysis of the past behaviour of the volcano and is appropriate for land use planning and civil defence applications.
On the Strength of the Reason Against Harming
Authors: Gardner Molly 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
According to action-relative accounts of harming, an action harms someone only if it makes her worse off in some respect than she would have been, had the action not been performed. Action-relative accounts can be contrasted with effect-relative accounts, which hold that an action may harm an individual in virtue of its effects on that individual, regardless of whether the individual would have been better off in the absence of the action. In this paper, I argue that our judgments about the strength of the reason against harming lend support to effect-relative accounts over action-relative accounts. I first criticize Fiona Woollard’s argument for the claim that an effect-relative account of harming could ground only a weak reason against harming. I then argue for a set of three principles that can be conjoined with an effect-relative account to explain the strength of the reason against harming.
Impact of Soil Moisture Initialization and Soil Texture on Simulated Land–Atmosphere Interaction in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tzu-Shun , Cheng Fang-Yi 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of soil moisture initializations and soil texture on the land surface hydrologic processes and its feedback on atmospheric fields in Taiwan. The simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with the Noah land surface model were conducted for a 1-month period from 10 August to 12 September 2013 that included two typhoon-induced precipitation episodes and a series of clear-sky days. Soil moisture from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) was utilized to provide the soil moisture initialization process. In addition, updated soil textures based on field surveys in Taiwan were adopted for the WRF Model. Three WRF sensitivity runs were performed. The first simulation is the base case without any update (WRF-base), the second simulation utilizes GLDAS products to initialize the soil moisture (WRF-GLDAS), and the third simulation includes GLDAS products plus the updated soil textures and soil parameters (WRF-GSOIL). In WRF-base, the soil moisture initialization process is provided from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final (FNL) Operational Global Analysis data, which are higher than the data from GLDAS products. The WRF-GLDAS and WRF-GSOIL with use of GLDAS data show lower soil moisture than WRF-base and agree better with observed data, while WRF-base shows a systematic wet bias of soil moisture throughout the simulation periods. In WRF-GSOIL, the soil textures with large-sized soil particles reveal higher soil conductivity; as a result, water drains through the soil column in a faster manner than the WRF-GLDAS, which leads to reduced soil moisture in western Taiwan. Among the three simulations, the variation of soil moisture is best simulated in WRF-GSOIL.
A Historical and Anthropological Comparative of the Family Planning Strategies of India and China
Authors: Sarcar Aprajita 
Published: October 2015

The article tracks the evolution of the family planning programmes in India and China and the conceptual linkages between the two. This comparison, in turn, serves as an entry point for studying the following: The role that the family plays in becoming the site of governance and deploying state-led capitalism in the two countries. The assumptions behind the development trajectories in both countries. What are the ways in which the policies amplified patrilineal hierarchies within families to produce the disturbing outcome of the missing girl child—this even as the family planning policies became constrained as they were acting within a cultural milieu of patriarchy. The article uses studies and commentaries across disciplines, such as, historical demography and anthropology to situate its arguments. The conclusion it attempts to put forth is that the small family norm was operationalised in various differing ways in both states, and yet the commonalities that arose were the following: The declining sex ratio in both states as an immediate repercussion of the enforcement of the small family norm. The structuring of the health services around the family planning operations. The small family norm becoming an end in itself, as a mode of reaching a level of development akin to the West, and as an ethic for modernising nations.
Therapeutic OQ-45 Outcome Differences
Authors: Limb Gordon E. , Baker Courtney L. , Wood David S. , Hooley Cole 
Published: October 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether Native American clients seen at a University Counseling Center had different treatment outcomes than did Caucasian clients according to the Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ) given at the first and final sessions. Methods: Participants included self-identified 21 Native American and 105 Caucasian clients who received services over the past 7 years and who had OQ-45 scores. Results: American Indian total scores on the OQ-45 were not that much different from Caucasian scores. As a whole, both groups showed no significant change in OQ-45 scores at the end of treatment. Discussion: Given the lack of research on this important group of color, these findings provide a unique comparison to a previous studies and suggest further research is needed about the effectiveness of therapeutic outcomes and practices with Native American clients.
Evaluation of a modified Karnofsky score to assess physical and psychological wellbeing of cats in a hospital setting
Authors: Taffin Elien RL , Paepe Dominique , Campos Miguel , Duchateau Luc , Goris Nesya , De Roover Katrien , Daminet Sylvie 
Published: October 2015

Objectives The Karnofsky score (KS) modified for cats, a scoring system to rate health and quality of life (QOL) in cats, is used in clinical trials, but its reliability and validity are yet to be determined. The present study aims to evaluate the scientific robustness of the KS when adapted for use in a hospital setting. Methods A list of variables to consider during the physical examination, which informs the clinician’s score (CS) part of the KS, was added and clinicians were allowed to choose a score anywhere between 0 and 50. The Karnofsky QOL questionnaire was adapted for use in a hospital setting. F-tests with Bonferroni correction and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to evaluate reliability and validity of the KS to assess the health and wellbeing of cats in a hospital setting. The records of 54 feline immunodeficiency virus-positive cats, which were recruited for a clinical trial and hospitalised for 6 weeks, were reviewed. Four veterinarians scored the CS, and one veterinarian and a veterinary nurse assessed the QOL score. Results Mean absolute difference between observers was significantly larger for the CS than for the QOL score ( P <0.001) and two veterinarians scored significantly higher than the remaining two veterinarians ( P <0.001). Inter-observer correlation ranged from 0.45–0.75 for the CS. For the QOL score, the absolute difference between observers was small, no significant difference was found between observers and a high degree of inter-observer correlation was noted (r = 0.91). Conclusions and relevance The results indicate low inter-observer reliability for the CS, requiring additional modifications to this part of the KS. The QOL score seems more reliable, and the questionnaire may serve as a reliable tool in the assessment of QOL in cats in a hospital setting. Consequently, further adaptation of the KS is mandatory when simultaneous assessment of both the cat’s clinical health and perceived wellbeing is required.
Complete genome sequences of bacteriophages P12002L and P12002S, two lytic phages that infect a marine Polaribacter strain
Authors: Kang Ilnam , Jang Hani , Cho Jang-Cheon 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe bacterial genus Polaribacter is distributed widely in marine environments; however, there have been no reports of phages infecting Polaribacter strains. Here, we describe the isolation and genome sequencing of two lytic siphophages, P12002L and P12002S, that infect Polaribacter sp. strain IMCC12002. The two phages and host strain were isolated from coastal seawater of Korea. Complete genome sequences of the two phages were similar to each other and about 50 kb in length, with a G + C content of 28.9 %. The two genomes showed typical characteristics of phage genomes: a modular structure and high proportion of hypothetical proteins. The genome sequences have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KR136259 (P12002L) and KR136260 (P12002S).
Leptin Matures Aspects of Lung Structure and Function in the Ovine Fetus
Authors: De Blasio Miles J. , Boije Maria , Kempster Sarah L. , Smith Gordon C. S. , Charnock-Jones D. Stephen , Denyer Alice , Hughes Alexandra , Wooding F. B. Peter , Blache Dominique , Fowden Abigail L. , Forhead Alison J. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In human and ovine fetuses, glucocorticoids stimulate leptin secretion, although the extent to which leptin mediates the maturational effects of glucocorticoids on pulmonary development is unclear. This study investigated the effects of leptin administration on indices of lung structure and function before birth. Chronically catheterized singleton sheep fetuses were infused iv for 5 days with either saline or recombinant ovine leptin (0.5 mg/kg · d leptin (LEP), 0.5 LEP or 1.0 mg/kg · d, 1.0 LEP) from 125 days of gestation (term ∼145 d). Over the infusion, leptin administration increased plasma leptin, but not cortisol, concentrations. On the fifth day of infusion, 0.5 LEP reduced alveolar wall thickness and increased the volume at closing pressure of the pressure-volume deflation curve, interalveolar septal elastin content, secondary septal crest density, and the mRNA abundance of the leptin receptor (Ob-R) and surfactant protein (SP) B. Neither treatment influenced static lung compliance, maximal lung volume at 40 cmH2O, lung compartment volumes, alveolar surface area, pulmonary glycogen, protein content of the long form signaling Ob-Rb or phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription-3, or mRNA levels of SP-A, C, or D, elastin, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, angiotensin-converting enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, or parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Leptin administration in the ovine fetus during late gestation promotes aspects of lung maturation, including up-regulation of SP-B.
Synthetic Design of TPEN Derivatives for Selective Extraction of Trivalent Minor Actinides against Lanthanides
Authors: Miyazaki Yuji , Suzuki Shinichi , Kobayashi Toru , Yaita Tsuyoshi , Inaba Yusuke , Takeshita Kenji , Mori Atsunori 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
TPEN, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethylenediamine, recognized as a multidentate ligand with six nitrogen donors for coordination with various metal ions, is employed as an extracting agent for soft metal ions and trivalent minor actinides such as AmIII and CmIII. This review highlights the synthetic design of TPEN derivatives by introduction of peripheral substituents into the pyridine ring and modification of heteroaromatic ring structures for the purpose of improving the extraction performance.
Preparation and Imaging Study of Tumor-targeting MRI Contrast Agent Based on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Wan’er , Han Yuxin , Qian Yu’e , Tang Jianbin , Hu Hongjie , Shen Youqing 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The detection and diagnosis of early hypoxic tumor is the key for successful cancer therapy, which remains a challenge for radiologists because contrast agents could hardly reach it. Herein, a tumor-targeting MRI contrast agent was prepared by conjugating the small-molecule inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA IX) that is overexpressed in hypoxic tumor, mafenide, onto the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to improve the sensitivity of MRI for early tumor diagnosis. The tumor-targeting MNP (Fe3O4-SO2NH2) showed enhanced MRI contrasting performance both in vitro and in vivo in comparison with the non-targeting control, which made it a promising contrast agent for the detection and diagnosis of early hypoxic tumor.
Nickel-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Anisole Derivatives with Trimethylaluminum through the Cleavage of Carbon–Oxygen Bonds
Authors: Morioka Toshifumi , Nishizawa Akihiro , Nakamura Keisuke , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of methoxyarenes with trimethylaluminum is described. The use of 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene as a ligand and NaOtBu as a base promotes the methylation of anisole derivatives via the cleavage of normally unreactive aryl carbon–oxygen bonds.
Simulation of herbage yield and growth components of Cock’s foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in Jablje using the calibrated LINGRA-N model
Authors: POGAČAR Tjaša , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka 
Published: October 2015

In the study the previously calibrated LINGRA-N model was used for a long term simulation (1964–2013) of the herbage dry matter yield (GRASS) and growth analysis of Cock’s foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in Jablje. Changes in the yearly GRASS variability are reflected in the appearance of outliers in the second half of the study period. The biggest reductions in GRASS are seen in the years 1992, 1993 and 2003. These are the driest years according to meteorological variables (high maximum and minimum air temp eratures, low precipitation) and also according to the simulations, with the lowest reduction factor for crop growth due to drought. The potential yield (YIELD) is not linearly dependent on meteorological variables. Some growth compone nts were compared on a daily basis in a dry year (1993) and an average year (1994). In 1993, for instance, 53 % of photosynth etically active radiation was intercepted, against 75 % in 1994. Seasonal development of the actual soil moisture content was linked to the development of the leaf area index and consequently to the mass of green leaves, to the roots mass, to the mass of dead leaves and to GRASS. The results highlight the need for further research, on field and with simulations. As re gards the latter, we have to keep in mind that they inevitably involve various uncertainties.