bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflectance Infrared Study of the Oxidation of Stainless Steels and Component Metals
Authors: MERTENS F. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Reflectance infrared studies of the oxidation of Types 304, 316, and 410 stainless steels, in oxygen at various temperatures, are described. Similar studies, directed toward the interpretation of the stainless steel oxide reflectance spectra, are presented for iron, nickel, molybdenum, and chromium. The value of the technique in providing a record of oxide compositional changes with time and temperature is demonstrated. It was concluded that Fe2O3 is the dominant constituent of oxide films formed on the three stainless steels at 400 to 500 C. At 850 C, chromia-iron oxide spinels, Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 were observed on Types 304 and 316 stainless steel, while chromia rich spinels or Cr2O3 formed on Type 410 stainless steel. Appreciable concentrations of nickel oxide on Types 304 and 316 stainless steel or molybdenum oxides on Type 316 stainless steel were not detected at temperatures up to 850 C. The formation of minor oxide constituents in both the stainless steel and component metal oxide films is discussed.
An Electrochemical Investigation of Fretting Corrosion of Surgical Implant Materials
Authors: SYRETT BARRY C. , WING SHARON S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The fretting corrosion resistances of two alloys that are currently used in surgical implants (Type 316L stainless steel and cast Vitallium alloy) have been compared with the resistances of two high strength, highly ductile, metastable austenitic stainless steels (TRIP steels). The fretting corrosion apparatus used allowed control of the environmental composition, the vibrational amplitude, the vibrational frequency, and the stress between the two metal surfaces in fretting contact. The rate of corrosion of the contacting surfaces during fretting was significantly higher than the rate before or after the fretting period, and the corrosion rate during fretting generally increased with time. Corrosion rate data taken after 30 minutes of fretting indicated a linear dependence on amplitude, frequency, and contact stress. Cast Vitallium alloy appeared to have a somewhat higher resistance to fretting corrosion than the other three alloys. The available data suggests that fretting increases the corrosion rate because the passive surface film is repeatedly disrupted and repaired. However, the rate of corrosion appears to be controlled by the rate of oxygen transport from the bulk solution to the cathodic sites on the metal surface.
Effect of Alternating Current on Corrosion of Low Alloy and Carbon Steels
Authors: JONES D. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion rates of low alloy steel and carbon steel in 0.1 N NaCI were accelerated by factors of 4 to 6 when an alternating current density of 30 mA/cm2 (60 cps) was applied in dilute salt solutions purged with nitrogen. Tests with low frequency alternating anodic and cathodic current showed that both steels polarized more rapidly in the cathodic direction than in the anodic. Thus, the anodic half-cycle of AC did not have time to restore the potential to its original value after the preceding cathodic half-cycle. The result is a net cathodic polarization which accelerates or “depolarizes” the anodic metal-dissolution reaction by lowering the anodic Tafel slope. Depolarization of the anodic reaction was confirmed by polarization measurements in the presence of AC. Depolarization of the anodic reaction by AC was also observed in aerated solutions, but the corrosion rate was controlled by diffusion of dissolved oxygen, and no increase in corrosion rate was measured. Possible mechanisms of anodic depolarization are discussed.
Observation of Hydrogen Trapping in Fe-0.15 Wt% Ti Alloy by High Resolution Autoradiography
Authors: ASAOKA T. , LAPASSET G. , AUCOUTURIER M. , LACOMBE P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The technique of microautoradiography at the electron microscope scale is used to describe the local repartition of hydrogen introduced by cathodic charging in an Fe-Ti alloy (0.15 Wt% Ti). The role of previous heat treatments of the alloy is studied. Different kinds of trapping sites for hydrogen are observed, mainly decorated dislocations, grain boundaries and interfaces between TiC precipitates and the matrix. A qualitative measurement of the quantity of trapped hydrogen and of the degassing rate leads to a classification of the traps with respect to their interaction energy with hydrogen. The consequence of carbon-hydrogen interactions on the further cracking sensitivity of the alloy, as influenced by the thermal history and carbide repartition, is discussed.
Auger Electron Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Analysis of the Effect of Alloying Elements on the Passivation Behavior of Stainless Steels
Authors: OGAWA HIROYUKI , OMATA HIROYASU , ITOH ISAO , OKADA HIDEYA 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This investigation is concerned with the effect of chromium and molybdenum on the formation of the passive film of stainless steels, and its corrosion resistance to the chloride ion. The corrosion resistance to the chloride ion was estimated by the potential decay method and the measurement of the anodic polarization curve. The composition analysis of the passive film was performed by Auger Electron Spectroscopic Analysis. The following conclusions were obtained from the test results: (1) The passive film was more resistant in the environment containing chloride ions as the chromium content in the passive film increased, and (2) molybdenum was observed on AES analysis to have an effect on the increment of the chromium content in the passive film and to promote the passive film formation of stainless steels, probably adsorbing on the active metal surface in the form of molybdate.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Low Strength, Low Alloy Nickel Steels in Sulfide Environments
Authors: DUNLOP A. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Factors governing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of low strength, low alloy nickel steels (e.g., ASTM A203 Grade E) in sulfide environments were investigated using a three point loaded bent beam specimen. Cracking occurred in both weld and base metal at low H2S partial pressures (to 0.001 atmosphere) and stress levels, but could be inhibited by a neutralizing amine (morpholine) and methanol addition as used for control of ice and hydrate formation in cryogenic gas plants. Cathodic polarization experiments showed cracking was retarded under these conditions. This indicates the cracking phenomenon involved is not that of hydrogen embrittlement (i.e., sulfide stress cracking) as has been heretofore assumed, but involves localized anodic attack as does the cracking of other low strength alloys in environments such as nitrate, caustic, CO/CO2, etc. Sulfide corrosion stress cracking (SCSC) is suggested as a term for this type of localized anodic cracking attack in sulfide environments.
Continuous Cooling Sensitization of Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: SOLOMON H. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study compares the sensitization of one heat of Type 304 stainless steel by isothermal heat treatments and by continuously cooling through the sensitization region. Predictions of the continuous cooling sensitization (CCS) based upon the isothermal data underestimate the severity of CCS but are within an order of magnitude in their accuracy. Furthermore, the isothermal tests failed to predict a strong influence of the peak temperature of a CCS cycle, when this peak temperature is above that required for isothermal sensitization. CCS is more severe (i.e., occurs at higher cooling rates) when the maximum temperature of the cycle is 800 or 900 C than when it is 1000 or 1100 C. It is also shown that the sensitization observed after the application of more than one thermal cycle cannot be predicted by simply adding the influence of the individual cycles.
Evaluation of Sulfide SCC Resistance of High Strength Steels by the Constant-Strain-Rate Method
Authors: LYLE F. F. , NORRIS E. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper presents a description of application of constant strain rate test to evaluation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of engineering alloys, in general, and to oil field materials exposed to H2S environments, in particular. Tests to discriminate between susceptible and nonsusceptible low alloy steels exposed to an H2S-CO2 environment and to determine the temperature at which the alloy (in a specific heat treat condition) becomes immune to SCC are described.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of C-Mn Steel in Phosphate Solutions
Authors: PARKINS R. N. , HOLROYD N. J. H. , FESSLER R. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Annealed C-Mn steel has been shown to fail by transgranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in sodium phosphate solutions over a range of potentials and pH's at room temperature. The observed SCC domain is reasonably accurately predicted from fast and slow sweep rate polarization curves. Moreover, the cracking domain boundaries can be calculated with reasonable precision from the thermodynamic properties of the reactants and products involved in the reactions responsible for the various modes of failure at different potentials and pH's.
Hydride Phases in Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: SZUMMER A. , JANKO A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Electrolytic charging of austenitic stainless steels with hydrogen induces formation of two distinct alloy hydride phases, both being unstable under normal atmospheric conditions. One of the new phases denoted Hγ, has the same Bravais lattice as austenite (fcc), whereas another, denoted Hε, exhibits an hcp structure. Compared with hydrogen-free austenite and ε-martensite, respectively, the lattice constants of hydride phases are larger by about 5%. During charging of austenitic stainless steels with hydrogen evolved electrolytically from promoter containing acid solutions, these hydrides form a hard and brittle surface layer, several μm thick with numerous microcracks, and it is probable that these hydride phases play an important role during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels.
Corrosion by Alternating Current: A Study of the Anodic Polarization of Mild Steel in Na2SO4 Solution
Authors: CHIN D-T. , FU T-W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A study has been made of the anodic polarization of mild steel in Na2SO4 solutions (pH 3-9) in the presence of a sinusoidal electric current. The measurement was carried out over a range of alternating current (AC) densities from 0 to 200 mA/c2 and AC frequencies from 20 to 6000 Hz. It was found that the corrosion potential of mild steel shifted toward the active direction in the presence of AC. The magnitude of the potential shift increased with increasing AC densities, and decreased with AC frequencies. AC also increased the passivity current density in a way similar to the addition of chloride ions to the electrolyte. The phenomenon was explained with a time-averaging analysis of the mixed potential theory.
Effects of Cyclic Tensile Loading on Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility for Sensitized Type 304 Stainless Steel in 290 C High Purity Water
Authors: TAKAKU HIROSHI , TOKIWAI MORIYASU , HIRANO HIDEO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effects of load waveform on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) susceptibility have been examined for sensitized Type 304 stainless steels in a 290 C high purity water loop. Concerning the strain rate in the trapezoidal stress waveform, it was found that IGSCC susceptibility was higher for smaller values of the strain rate. It was also shown that IGSCC susceptibility became higher when the holding time at the upper stress was prolonged, and when the upper stress was high. The occurrence of IGSCC for sensitized Type 304 stainless steel became easy due to the application of cyclic tensile stress in 290 C high purity water.
An Apparatus for the Examination of Localized Corrosion Behavior
Authors: GAINER L J. , WALLWORK G. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A potential measuring device has been developed which allows the distribution of potential on a specimen surface to be determined and displayed and at the same time the levels of potential to be recorded. This equipment permits the study of corrosion on metallic surfaces under well defined environmental conditions and the direct study of the origin and propagation of pits in metals. The electrochemical data is related to the metallurgical features of the metallic surface.
Sulfide Induced Corrosion of Copper Nickel Alloys
Authors: GUDAS JOHN P. , HACK HARVEY P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The susceptibility of Cu-Ni alloys to accelerated corrosion in sea water containing low sulfide concentrations has been investigated. Test alloys included wrought 90/10 Cu-Ni, 70/30 Cu-Ni and Ni-Cu, plus cast 70/30 Cu-Ni. Sheet type specimen exposures were performed in fresh flowing sea water at a test velocity of 2.4 m/s (8 ft/s), and simultaneous polarization resistance cell exposures were conducted at a test velocity of 1.2 m/s (4 ft/s). Sulfide concentrations included 0.01, 0.05, and 0.2 ppm from addition of Na2S to flowing sea water. The test sequence included continuous sulfide exposures ranging from 1 to 1 5 days, followed by 60 days exposure in natural sea water. Gravimetric corrosion rates, depth of attack, corrosion potentials, and instantaneous corrosion rate data were developed. Results showed that wrought 90/10 Cu-Ni was susceptible to accelerated attack in sea water containing 0.01 ppm sulfides and is attacked vigorously after exposure to 0.2 ppm sulfides in sea water. Wrought 70/30 Cu-Ni is similarly susceptible to sulfide induced pitting, but appears to require higher sulfide concentration to trigger attack. Cast 70/30 Cu-Ni and Ni-Cu are susceptible to accelerated corrosion in sulfide modified sea water, but modes of attack differ from wrought 90/10 and 70/30 Cu-Ni. Interaction of exposure (or system operating) variables is seen as a key factor in assessing susceptibility of Cu-Ni alloys to sulfide induced corrosion.
Hydrogen Induced Fracture of a High Strength Aluminum Alloy
Authors: KOCH G. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A fractographic study has been carried out on intergranular and transgranular cracks produced in the commercial aluminum alloy 7075 in a 3% NaCI aqueous solution and in ionized hydrogen gas. It has been demonstrated that fracture in both environments is similar, suggesting a common mechanism of crack growth. It is concluded that stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is mechanical and involves hydrogen generated by the aqueous solution.
The Kinetics and Mechanism of Formation of Calcium Sulfate Scale Minerals—The Influence of Inhibitors
Authors: NANCOLLAS GEORGE H. , WHITE WESLEY , TSAI FELIX , LOW LARRY MAS 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A seeded growth method has been used to study the kinetics of crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate at various temperatures and at ionic strengths up to 0.6M. Under all conditions, the rate of reaction is proportional to the square of the relative supersaturation and is controlled by a surface process. The same kinetics are applicable for the growth of calcium sulfate hemihydrate at temperatures above 110 C. The organic phosphonates effectively retard scale formation, and diethylenetriaminepenta (methylenephosphonic acid), when present at a concentration as low as 10−7M, completely inhibits the growth of calicum sulfate hemihydrate at 120 C. By assuming that the inhibitor molecules are adsorbed on growth sites on the surface of the crystals, the inhibition can be interpreted in terms of a simple Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
High Temperature Scaling of Monophase Nickel-Titanium Alloys
Authors: GESMUNDO F. , NANNI P. , VIANI F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The oxidation of Ni-rich nickel-titanium solid solutions has been studied in the 950 to 1250 C range. Titanium additions decrease the oxidation resistance of nickel to an extent depending on the Ti content and temperature. Essentially monophase NiO scales are formed on a dilute alloy (1.60 Wt% Ti), with a small concentration of dissolved titanium and few isolated particles of NiTiO3. At higher titanium concentrations (7.64 Wt% Ti), the scale contains NiO in the outer region and TiO2 or NiTiO3 in the inner part. After a long oxidation time, NiO begins to grow also at the scale surface beneath the Ti-rich layer, due to a strong Ti depletion of the alloy matrix. Extensive internal oxidation is also observed under any condition.
Stress Corrosion of Steam Turbine Disc and Rotor Steels
Authors: ROBERTS B. W. , GREENFIELD P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A range of low alloy steels, commonly used in the construction of steam turbines, has been tested for susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in pure condensing steam and pure water. It has been shown that when tested for prolonged periods, the steels will initiate cracks in steam only at very high stresses. Initiation is promoted by stagnant conditions and retarded by residual compressive stresses. Propagation rates of cracks are low but increase as the strength level of the steel is raised. A low strength molybdenum free steel is much more resistant to stress corrosion than any of the other steels examined.
Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Alloys in Sea Water Polluted with Sulfide and Sulfide Oxidation Products
Authors: SYRETT B. C. , MACDONALD D. D. , WING S. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion rates of copper alloys 706 (90:10 Cu:Ni) and 715 (70:30 Cu:Ni) were measured, using rotating cylinder specimens in sea water that contained oxygen, sulfide, sulfur, and polysulfide, either singly or in combination. In addition a control test was performed using unpolluted deaerated sea water. Corrosion rates were monitored for over 24 hours, using linear polarization and potential step techniques. The work has shown that copper-nickel alloys can corrode quite rapidly in deaerated sea water if these normally “passive” alloys are made active by the presence of sulfide, or if sulfur is available as an oxidant.
Galvanic Corrosion of Aluminum
Authors: REBOUL M. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laboratory tests were carried out to compare the electrochemical characteristics of galvanic couples made of aluminum alloys (1050, 5086, 2024, and 7075) with other metals (plain steel, Type 316 stainless steel, titanium) in tap water and in artificial sea water. It was found that: One must first choose materials which individually resist corrosion. Only when this requirement is fulfilled can the risk of galvanic corrosion be evaluated. In aluminum-steel assemblies, taking into account only the risk of galvanic corrosion leads to the following bad choices: (1) the choice of copper containing aluminum alloys which are less anodic than copper free alloys (poor choice except when justified by mechanical factors),and (2) the choice of plain steel which is less noble than stainless steel. Although they generate weaker galvanic currents, field tests show that those assemblies made of corrosive materials have shorter life than stainless steel assembled with a copper free aluminum alloy. The galvanic current produced by the couple decreases rapidly with time, then stabilizes within a few days. The comparison of these stabilized currents seems to be the best way to compare the risks of galvanic corrosion. For a given couple of different metals, the life span of the assembly depends upon the conductivity and the aggressiveness of the environment; in other words the complexity and the cost of the protection to be used, for a given couple increase with the aggressiveness of the environment.
Information Stickiness in General Equilibrium and Endogenous Cycles
Authors: Gomes Orlando 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Traditionally, observed fluctuations in aggregate economic time series have been mainly modeled as being the result of exogenous disturbances. A better understanding of macroeconomic phenomena, however, surely requires looking directly at the relations between variables that may trigger endogenous nonlinearities. Several attempts to justify endogenous business cycles have appeared in the literature in the last few years, involving many types of different settings. This paper intends to contribute to such literature by investigating how we can modify the well-known information stickiness macro model, through the introduction of a couple of reasonable new assumptions, in order to trigger the emergence of endogenous fluctuations.
Combined Hip Arthroscopy and Limited Open Osteochondroplasty for Anterior Femoroacetabular Impingement: Early Patient Reported Outcomes
Authors: Srinivasan Sreebala C.M. , Hosny Hazem A.H. , Williams Mark R. 
Published: February 2013

Many surgical techniques have been described for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) surgery to help with improvement of pain and function in symptomatic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate early patient reported outcomes and complications using combined hip arthroscopy and limited open osteochondroplasty technique. We retrospectively analysed 27 hips in 26 patients. Outcomes were assessed using the nonarthritic hip score (NAHS), UCLA score and Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. The average age of patients was 31.3 years and they were followed up for an average of 22.3 months. Average improvement of NAHS score was 39.55 points (p<.0001), 18 patients (72%) had at least 30 points increase in NAHS. There was 3 points average improvement in UCLA score (p<.0001). 17 patients (68%) had UCLA activity level of 6 and above. The average improvement of VAS pain score was 27.5 points (p<.0001). Minor complications included neuropraxia of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in three patients who recovered at three months with no sequelae, while one patient developed asymptomatic heterotopic ossification Brooker grade I. One patient had neuropraxia of the sciatic nerve which recovered completely within six months. One patient had a conversion to THR at 12 months. This is an effective technique to treat FAI for reducing pain and improving function at short term follow-up and has a low complication rate without appearing to have a significant learning curve. The failure rate can be reduced if proper case selection is done.