bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education and experience impact leadership development psychological empowerment
Authors: Solansky Stephanie 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to shed light on psychological empowerment in a leadership development context by addressing two questions. First, what is the role of leadership experience and education value in the psychological empowerment of leadership development? Second, are there significant differences in leadership development implications depending on the extent of psychological empowerment?Design/methodology/approach– These research questions are addressed in an empirical study ofn=256 individuals taking part in a leadership development course. The first question was analyzed with regression analysis and the second question was analyzed with analysis of variance and covariance after the individuals were categorized based on their psychological empowerment of leadership development.Findings– As hypothesized, leadership experience and leadership education value are significantly, positively related to the psychological empowerment of leadership development. Additionally, a higher psychological empowerment score did result in better leadership development implications. Conclusions for psychological empowerment and leadership development research are discussed.Originality/value– There is limited research on psychological empowerment and leadership development. This study contributes to the literature by immersing psychological empowerment in a leadership development context and empirically testing theory driven hypotheses based on transformational learning theory and expectancy value theory.
The catecholamine stress hormones norepinephrine and dopamine increase the virulence of pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio campbellii
Authors: Pande Gde Sasmita J. , Suong Nguyen Thao , Bossier Peter , Defoirdt Tom 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Obtaining a better understanding of mechanisms involved in bacterial infections is of paramount importance for the development of novel agents to control disease caused by (antibiotic resistant) pathogens in aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the impact of catecholamine stress hormones on growth and virulence factor production of pathogenic vibrios (i.e. two Vibrio campbellii strains and two Vibrio anguillarum strains). Both norepinephrine and dopamine (at 100 μM) significantly induced growth in media containing serum. The compounds also increased swimming motility of the tested strains, whereas they had no effect on caseinase, chitinase, and hemolysin activities. Further, antagonists for eukaryotic catecholamine receptors were able to neutralize some of the effects of the catecholamines. Indeed, the dopaminergic receptor antagonist chlorpromazine neutralized the effect of dopamine, and the α-adrenergic receptor antagonists phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine neutralized the effect of norepinephrine, whereas the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol had limited to no effect. Finally, pretreatment of pathogenic V. campbellii with catecholamines significantly increased its virulence toward giant freshwater prawn larvae. However, the impact of catecholamine receptor antagonists on in vivo virulence was less clear-cut when compared to the in vitro experiments. In summary, our results show that – similar to enteric pathogens – catecholamines also increase the virulence of vibrios that are pathogenic to aquatic organisms by increasing motility and growth in media containing serum.
Prevalence of and risk factors for the occurrence of symptomatic osteoarthritis in rural regions of Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Zhang Jun‐feng , Song Ling‐hua , Wei Jun‐ni , Zhang Ai‐lian , Dong Hai‐yuan , Wen Hong‐yan , Luo Jing , Liu Guifen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo determine the prevalence of symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) in rural regions of Shanxi Province, China, and to identify factors increasing the prevalence of OA.MethodResidents over 16 years of age of targeted towns and villages in rural regions of Shanxi Province were sampled using a stratified multi‐stage cluster method. Those exhibiting symptoms of rheumatism were referred to rheumatologists and those in whom rheumatism was suspected were X‐rayed within 10 days of interview. OA was diagnosed by consensus (two or three rheumatologists). Factors associated with the presence of OA were identified.ResultsA total of 7126 permanent residents were surveyed and 1734 (24.3%) had OA. Knee OA was the most prevalent form of OA (13.8%), followed by lumbar (7.4%), cervical (3.4%), hand (3.3%), shoulder (3.0%), elbow (2.9%), ankle (0.7%), hip (0.6%), wrist (0.5%), thoracic (0.5%) and foot OA (0.5%). All of knee, ankle, shoulder and hand OA exhibited a gender bias. Advanced age, a sweet tooth, poor home ventilation, poor home heating, separation, divorce, or death of a partner, low‐grade occupation, low educational level, high body mass index and the presence of concomitant cardiovascular disease, were associated with the presence of OA.ConclusionSymptomatic OA is very prevalent in rural regions of Shanxi Province. Many factors increase the prevalence of the condition. Primary and secondary prevention programs seeking to improve living conditions, to reduce obesity, and to effectively treat concomitant cardiovascular disease, are required.
CATS regression – a model‐based approach to studying trait‐based community assembly
Authors: Warton David I. , Shipley Bill , Hastie Trevor 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Shipley, Vile & Garnier (Science 2006; 314: 812) proposed a maximum entropy approach to studying how species relative abundance is mediated by their traits, ‘community assembly via trait selection’ (CATS).

In this paper, we build on recent equivalences between the maximum entropy formalism and Poisson regression to show that CATS is equivalent to a generalized linear model for abundance, with species traits as predictor variables.

Main advantages gained by access to the machinery of generalized linear models can be summarized as advantages in interpretation, model checking, extensions and inference.

A more difficult issue, however, is the development of valid methods of inference for single‐site data, as species correlation in abundance is not accounted for in CATS (whether specified as a regression or via maximum entropy). This issue can be circumvented for multisite data using design‐based inference.

These points are illustrated by example – our plant abundances were found to violate the implicit Poisson assumption of CATS, but a negative binomial regression had much improved fit, and our model was extended to multisite data in order to directly model the environment–trait interaction. Violations of the Poisson assumption were strong and accounting for them qualitatively changed results, presumably because larger counts had undue influence when overdispersion had not been accounted for. We advise that future CATS analysts routinely check for overdispersion and account for it if present.
Pharmacological targeting of GSK3β confers protection against podocytopathy and proteinuria by desensitizing mitochondrial permeability transition
Authors: Wang Zhen , Bao Hui , Ge Yan , Zhuang Shougang , Peng Ai , Gong Rujun 
Published: September 2014

Background and PurposeMitochondrial dysfunction, triggered by mitochondria permeability transition (MPT), has been centrally implicated in the pathogenesis of podocytopathy and involves a multitude of cell signalling mechanisms, among which, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β has emerged as the integration point and plays a crucial role. This study aimed to examine the role of GSK3β in podocyte MPT and mitochondrial dysfunction.Experimental ApproachThe regulatory effect of GSK3β on MPT was examined in differentiated podocytes in culture and in a murine model of adriamycin‐induced podocytopathy using 4‐benzyl‐2‐methyl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione (TDZD‐8), a highly selective small‐molecule inhibitor of GSK3β.Key ResultsTDZD‐8 therapy prominently ameliorated the proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis in mice with adriamycin nephropathy; this was associated with a correction of GSK3β overactivity in the glomerulus and attenuation of podocyte injuries, including foot process effacement and podocyte death. Consistently, in adriamycin‐injured podocytes, TDZD‐8 treatment counteracted GSK3β overactivity, improved cell viability and prevented death, concomitant with diminished oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial dysfunction and desensitized MPT. Mechanistically, a discrete pool of GSK3β was found in podocyte mitochondria, which interacted with and phosphorylated clyclophilin F, a key structural component of the MPT pore. TDZD‐8 treatment prevented the GSK3β‐controlled phosphorylation and activation of cyclophilin F, desensitized MPT and alleviated the damage to mitochondria in podocytes induced by adriamycin in vivo and in vitro.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur findings suggest that pharmacological targeting of GSK3β could represent a promising and feasible therapeutic strategy for protecting podocytes against mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative injuries.
Reliability of OperaVOX against Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP)
Authors: Mat Baki M. , Wood G. , Alston M. , Ratcliffe P. , Sandhu G. , Rubin J.S. , Birchall M.A. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the agreement between OperaVOX and MDVP.DesignCross sectional reliability study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.MethodsFifty healthy volunteers and 50 voice disorder patients had supervised recordings in a quiet room using OperaVOX by the iPod's internal microphone with sampling rate of 45 kHz. A five‐seconds recording of vowel/a/was used to measure fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer and noise‐to‐harmonic ratio (NHR). All healthy volunteers and 21 patients had a second recording. The recorded voices were also analysed using the MDVP. The inter‐ and intrasoftware reliability was analysed using intraclass correlation (ICC) test and Bland–Altman (BA) method. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the acoustic parameters between healthy volunteers and patients.ResultsNine of 50 patients had severe aperiodic voice. The ICC was high with a confidence interval of >0.75 for the inter‐ and intrasoftware reliability except for the NHR. For the intersoftware BA analysis, excluding the severe aperiodic voice data sets, the bias (95% LOA) of F0, jitter, shimmer and NHR was 0.81 (11.32, −9.71); −0.13 (1.26, −1.52); −0.52 (1.68, −2.72); and 0.08 (0.27, −0.10). For the intrasoftware reliability, it was −1.48 (18.43, −21.39); 0.05 (1.31, −1.21); −0.01 (2.87, −2.89); and 0.005 (0.20, −0.18), respectively. Normative data from the healthy volunteers were obtained. There was a significant difference in all acoustic parameters between volunteers and patients measured by the Opera‐VOX (P < 0.001) except for F0 in females (P = 0.87).ConclusionOperaVOX is comparable to MDVP and has high internal consistency for measuring the F0, jitter and shimmer of voice except for the NHR.
First report of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus sutor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Spain
Authors: Abelleira A. , Ibarra N. , Aguín O. , Mosquera P. , Abelleira‐Sanmartín A. , Sorolla A. , Ares A. , Mansilla P. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis is the first report of Monochamus sutor as vector of B. mucronatus kolymensis, the European type of B. mucronatus (synonymous with B. kolymensis) in Spain. In 2013, a female of Monochamus sutor was caught in a Pinus sylvestris forest. Nematode species identification was based on morphological characteristics and on molecular and phylogenetic analysis of dauer juveniles and adults.
Has the time come for a staging model to map the course of eating disorders from high risk to severe enduring illness? An examination of the evidence
Authors: Treasure Janet , Stein Daniel , Maguire Sarah 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo examine the evidence to support using a staging heuristic for eating disorders, suggesting that the diagnosis of an eating disorder follows a trajectory across the life course. Specifically, to examine whether high‐risk markers and prodromal features presenting in childhood and adolescence can later transition to the full manifestation of the illness in early adulthood, and whether over time, the illness can be described as becoming severe and enduring, often resistant to treatment.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search on the MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Cochrane databases from using the following terms: staging, duration of illness, early intervention, developmental epidemiology, neurobiological marker, phenotype, partial syndrome, severe enduring, chronic, prospective, longitudinal, cohort, epidemiology, adolescent, adult with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, eating disorder. The evidence was organized according to the staging heuristic defined by McGorry.ResultsEvidence from epidemiological studies, neuropsychological findings, treatment responsivity and prognosis, support a specific staging trajectory for anorexia nervosa in that there is a longitudinal trajectory with evidence of neurobiological progression and evidence that interventions matched to stage of illness may optimize the benefit. There is less data at the moment to support such a model for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.ConclusionThe staging heuristic is a useful model for anorexia nervosa in terms of providing prognostic information and stage matched interventions. Although the evidence is encouraging, further research is needed before a similar model could be applied for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.
Effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its active metabolite,O‐desmethyltramadol following intravenous administration to foals
Authors: Knych H. K. , Steffey E. P. , White A. M. , McKemie D. S. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyTramadol is an analgesic agent used in man and a number of veterinary species. The pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects of tramadol and its active metabolite have been described in mature horses, but not in young foals.ObjectivesTo characterise the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and some induced behavioural and physiological responses following i.v. tramadol administration in the same group of foals on 4 different occasions, from a few days after birth to age 43 days.Study designExperimental.MethodsTramadol was administered i.v. (3 mg/kg bwt) to a group of 8 foals on 4 separate occasions at ages 6–8, 13–15, 20–22 and 40–43 days. Blood samples were collected prior to administration and at multiple times until 48 h post administration. Blood samples were analysed for tramadol and metabolite concentrations and pharmacokinetics determined at each age. Behavioural and physiological effects were also assessed.ResultsThe average volume of distribution was 5.10, 4.63, 4.02 and 3.84 l/kg bwt and clearance 3.44, 3.08, 3.14 and 2.69 l/h/kg bwt when foals were aged 6–8, 13–15, 20–22 and 40–43 days, respectively. There was not a significant difference in the elimination half‐life between age groups (1.52, 1.73, 1.13 and 1.51 for ages 6–8, 13–15, 20–22 and 40–43 days, respectively). The metabolites produced were the same as in mature horses; however, glucuronidation capability, appeared to increase with increasing age. Tramadol administration was well tolerated at all ages studied with sedation noted in the 3 older age groups.ConclusionsTramadol appears to be consistently well tolerated following i.v. administration of 3 mg/kg bwt to foals ranging in age from 1 to 6 weeks. Although analgesic concentrations in foals have yet to be established, the results of this study support further study of tramadol for clinical use in foals.
Eigenspace method for spatiotemporal hotspot detection
Authors: Fanaee‐T Hadi , Gama João 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHotspot detection aims at identifying sub‐groups in the observations that are unexpected, with respect to some baseline information. For instance, in disease surveillance, the purpose is to detect sub‐regions in spatiotemporal space, where the count of reported diseases (e.g. cancer) is higher than expected, with respect to the population. The state‐of‐the‐art method for this kind of problem is the space–time scan statistics, which exhaustively search the whole space through a sliding window looking for significant spatiotemporal clusters. Space–time scan statistics makes some restrictive assumptions about the distribution of data, the shape of the hotspots and the quality of data, which can be unrealistic for some non‐traditional data sources. A novel methodology called EigenSpot is proposed where instead of an exhaustive search over the space, it tracks the changes in a space–time occurrences structure. The new approach does not only present much more computational efficiency but also makes no assumption about the data distribution, hotspot shape or the data quality. The principal idea is that with the joint combination of abnormal elements in the principal spatial and the temporal singular vectors, the location of hotspots in the spatiotemporal space can be approximated. The experimental evaluation, both on simulated and real data sets, reveals the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Contrasting effects of nutrients and climate on algal communities in two lakes in the Windermere catchment since the late 19th century
Authors: Moorhouse Heather L. , McGowan Suzanne , Jones Matthew D. , Barker Philip , Leavitt Peter R. , Brayshaw Susan A. , Haworth Elizabeth Y. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Disentangling the role of nutrient pollution and climate change on lake ecosystem functioning is paramount to protect water quality in lake catchments worldwide. For more effective management, however, we need to determine whether these two forcing factors interact at different spatial and temporal scales.

This study compares centennial‐scale archival data and lake sediment records of eutrophication from Blelham Tarn and previously published data from Lake Windermere's North Basin in the English Lake District. We aimed to quantify how lake morphometry, catchment characteristics and landscape position influence the relationship between climate, local land use and algal community change.

Redundancy analysis revealed that increases in cyanobacterial pigments and stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in sediments of Blelham Tarn from the 1970s onwards correlate strongly with rising densities of sheep and cattle in the catchment. Concomitant installation of piped water and sewage processing facilities appeared to lead to the expansion of filamentous cyanobacteria. In contrast, elevated fossil pigments from siliceous algae after 1990 were related inversely to winter precipitation, suggesting seasonal changes in hydraulic flushing also influenced the algal community response to centennial‐scale fertilisation.

Abundance of vernal algae increased synchronously in Blelham Tarn and Lake Windermere's North Basin after regional agricultural intensification in the mid‐nineteenth century. In contrast, differences in timing of wastewater disposal and treatment at each site led to asynchronous changes in summer taxa such as filamentous cyanobacteria.

This study highlights that lake catchments can act as local filters to regional climate change, both due to differences in localised land‐use and intrinsic hydrological features (e.g. catchment:lake area, flushing rate). Further, this paper highlights the ability of palaeolimnology to aid identification of significant nutrient sources over different spatial scales for effective catchment water management.
Warning times for species extinctions due to climate change
Authors: Stanton Jessica C. , Shoemaker Kevin T. , Pearson Richard G. , Akçakaya H. Resit 
Published: September 2014

AbstractClimate change is likely to become an increasingly major obstacle to slowing the rate of species extinctions. Several new assessment approaches have been proposed for identifying climate‐vulnerable species, based on the assumption that established systems such as the IUCN Red List need revising or replacing because they were not developed to explicitly consider climate change. However, no assessment approach has been tested to determine its ability to provide advanced warning time for conservation action for species that might go extinct due to climate change. To test the performance of the Red List system in this capacity, we used linked niche‐demographic models with habitat dynamics driven by a ‘business‐as‐usual’ climate change scenario. We generated replicate 100‐year trajectories for range‐restricted reptiles and amphibians endemic to the United States. For each replicate, we categorized the simulated species according to IUCN Red List criteria at annual, 5‐year, and 10‐year intervals (the latter representing current practice). For replicates that went extinct, we calculated warning time as the number of years the simulated species was continuously listed in a threatened category prior to extinction. To simulate data limitations, we repeated the analysis using a single criterion at a time (disregarding other listing criteria). Results show that when all criteria can be used, the Red List system would provide several decades of warning time (median = 62 years; >20 years for 99% of replicates), but suggest that conservation actions should begin as soon as a species is listed as Vulnerable, because 50% of replicates went extinct within 20 years of becoming uplisted to Critically Endangered. When only one criterion was used, warning times were substantially shorter, but more frequent assessments increased the warning time by about a decade. Overall, we found that the Red List criteria reliably provide a sensitive and precautionary way to assess extinction risk under climate change.