bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive processing, language typology, and variation
Authors: Sinnemäki Kaius 
Published: May 2014

Linguistic typological preferences have often been linked to cognitive processing preferences but often without recourse to typologically relevant experiments on cognitive processing. This article reviews experimental work on the possible parallels between preferences in cognitive processing and language typology. I summarize the main theoretical accounts of the processing‐typology connection and show that typological distributions arise diachronically from preferred paths of language change, which may be affected by the degree to which alternative structures are preferred (e.g., easier) in acquisition or usage. The surveyed experimental evidence shows that considerable support exists for many linguistic universals to reflect preferences in cognitive processing. Artificial language learning experiments emerge as a promising method for researching the processing‐typology connection, as long as its limitations are taken into account. I further show that social and cultural differences in cognition may have an effect on typological distributions and that to account for this variation a multidisciplinary approach to the processing‐typology connection has to be developed. Lastly, since the body of experimental research does not adequately represent the linguistic diversity of the world's languages, it remains as an urgent task for the field to better account for this diversity in future work.WIREs Cogn Sci2014, 5:477‐487. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1294This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Linguistic TheoryPsychology > Language
A Review of the Current Management and Treatment Options for Superficial Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Zhan Henry T. , Bush Ruth L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe recognition of lower extremity venous disease as a significant cause of morbidity and lower quality of life, afflicting up to 25 % of Western populations, has led to rapid and drastic improvements in treatment options as well as an increasing awareness of the disease. Superficial venous disease, a frequent medical problem encountered in clinical practices, is now a common reason for referral to providers offering a spectrum of interventions. Venous guidelines have been set forth by the American Venous Forum and Society for Vascular Surgery covering simple spider veins to chronic venous ulcerations. (Gloviczki et al. J Vas Surg 53:2S–48S, 2011) This review provides an overview of the modern management of varicose veins and venous insufficiency.
Differences between CAFs and their paired NCF from adjacent colonic mucosa reveal functional heterogeneity of CAFs, providing prognostic information
Authors: Berdiel-Acer Mireia , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca , Calon Alexandre , Cuadras Daniel , Berenguer Antoni , Sanjuan Xavier , Paules Maria José , Salazar Ramon , Moreno Victor , Batlle Eduard , Villanueva Alberto , Molleví David G. 
Published: May 2014

Little is known about the difference in gene expression between carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and paired normal colonic fibroblasts (NCFs) in colorectal cancer. Paired CAFs and NCFs were isolated from eight primary human colorectal carcinoma specimens. In culture conditions, soluble factors secreted by CAFs in the conditioned media increased clonogenicity and migration of epithelial cancer cells lines to a greater extent than did NCF. In vivo, CAFs were more competent as tumour growth enhancers than paired NCFs when co‐inoculated with colorectal cell lines. Gene expression analysis of microarrays of CAF and paired NCF populations enabled us to identify 108 deregulated genes (38 upregulated and 70 downregulated genes). Most of those genes are fibroblast‐specific. This has been validated in silico in dataset GSE39396 and by qPCR in selected genes. GSEA analysis revealed a differential transcriptomic profile of CAFs, mainly involving the Wnt signallingsignalling pathway, focal adhesion and cell cycle. Both deregulated genes and biological processes involved depicted a considerable degree of overlap with deregulated genes reported in breast, lung, oesophagus and prostate CAFs. These observations suggest that similar transcriptomic programs may be active in the transition from normal fibroblast in adjacent tissues to CAFs, independently of their anatomic demarcation. Additionally NCF already depicted an activated pattern associated with inflammation.The deregulated genes signature score seemed to correlate with CAF tumour promoter abilities in vitro, suggesting a high degree of heterogeneity between CAFs, and it has also prognostic value in two independent datasets.Further characterization of the roles these biomarkers play in cancer will reveal how CAFs provide cancer cells with a suitable microenvironment and may help in the development of new therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
A relative sea-level history for Arviat, Nunavut, and implications for Laurentide Ice Sheet thickness west of Hudson Bay
Authors: Simon Karen M. , James Thomas S. , Forbes Donald L. , Telka Alice M. , Dyke Arthur S. , Henton Joseph A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThirty-six new and previously published radiocarbon dates constrain the relative sea-level history of Arviat on the west coast of Hudson Bay. As a result of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) following deglaciation, sea level fell rapidly from a high-stand of nearly 170 m elevation just after 8000 cal yr BP to 60 m elevation by the mid Holocene (~ 5200 cal yr BP). The rate of sea-level fall decreased in the mid and late Holocene, with sea level falling 30 m since 3000 cal yr BP. Several late Holocene sea-level measurements are interpreted to originate from the upper end of the tidal range and place tight constraints on sea level. A preliminary measurement of present-day vertical land motion obtained by repeat Global Positioning System (GPS) occupations indicates ongoing crustal uplift at Arviat of 9.3 ± 1.5 mm/yr, in close agreement with the crustal uplift rate inferred from the inferred sea-level curve. Predictions of numerical GIA models indicate that the new sea-level curve is best fit by a Laurentide Ice Sheet reconstruction with a last glacial maximum peak thickness of ~ 3.4 km. This is a 30–35% thickness reduction of the ICE-5G ice-sheet history west of Hudson Bay.
Open Sourcing the Colonial Archive – A Digital Montage of the History of Fernando Pó and the Bight of Biafra
Authors: Martino Enrique 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe archival sources gathered for my PhD research have all been posted to a blog,www.opensourceguinea.org. Among other things, the sources trace the migrants and laborers in and around the plantation island of Fernando Pó, moving through numerous empires and societies in Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon for most of the twentieth century. Having sources “speak for themselves” to the “public” and even “amongst themselves” contributes not only to an expansionary information commons, but also to a methodological reorganization and pluralization. When a multiplicity of sources are displayed and interlinked as hypertext, the static conceptual lenses of traditional social and cultural history dissolve.
Writing Eritrea: History and Representation in a Bad Neighborhood
Authors: Reid Richard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper reflects on the ways in which Eritrea has been written about since circa 2001, the point at which the country entered a new phase of heightened authoritarianism and increased international isolation. It considers the ways in which Eritrea has been seen largely in “presentist” terms, due in no small way to the Eritrean government’s own intrinsic hostility to independent historical research, with an overwhelming fixation on its dire human rights and governance record, and on the nature of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), which governs in all but name. The paper urges a more historical approach, beginning with the critical three decades that preceded the emergence of the EPLF in the early 1970s.
A shear instability mechanism for the pulsations of Rayleigh–Taylor unstable model flames
Authors: Hicks E. P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the behaviour of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) unstable flames depends on the boundary conditions. If the boundary conditions at the domain walls are impermeable/adiabatic or reflecting then the flame assumes a stable parabolic shape. On the other hand, periodic boundary conditions can produce unstable pulsating solutions. In this paper, we explore why periodic boundary conditions allow unstable solutions by showing the results of two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of model flames. We show that RT unstable premixed model flames pulsate at low gravity because of a shear instability of the vorticity layers behind the flame front. The resulting vortex shedding is controlled by a region of absolute-like instability which moves closer to the flame front as gravity is increased, ultimately disturbing the flame and leading to pulsations. We demonstrate that this region is ‘absolutely unstable’ by showing that the wake is dominated by pure frequency oscillations. In addition, the shear instability can be described by the Landau equation and can be represented dynamically by a Hopf bifurcation. The applicability of the Landau equation allows the apparently complex spatio-temporal behaviour of the vortex shedding to be described by a simple temporal model with only a secondary spatial dependence. We show that the flame behaviour is analogous to the initial instability downstream of a circular cylinder, which leads to the von Kármán vortex street for large enough values of the Reynolds number.
Effect of plasma-β on the onset of plasmoid instability in Sweet–Parker current sheets
Authors: Baty H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA numerical study of magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamics for Sweet–Parker current sheets that are subject to plasmoid instability is carried out. The effect of the initial upstream plasma-β on the critical Lundquist number Sc for the onset of plasmoid instability is studied. Our results indicate a weak dependence, with a value of Sc ≃ 1.5 × 104 in the limit of zero β, and a value of Sc ≃ 1 × 104 in the opposite high β regime (β ≫ 1). A similar dependence was previously obtained (Ni et al. 2012 Phys. Plasm. 19, 072902), but with a somewhat much larger variation, that can be largely attributed to the different configuration setup used in their study, and also to the definition of the Lundquist number. This conclusion does not depend significantly on the equilibrium used, i.e. both initial configurations with either plasma density or temperature spatial variations lead to very similar results. Finally, we show that the inner plasmoid structure appears as an under-dense hotted magnetic island, with a local temperature increase that is noticeably strengthened for low β cases.
Neonatal events, such as androgenization and postnatal overfeeding, modify the response to ghrelin
Authors: Novelle Marta G. , Vázquez María J. , Martinello Kátia D. , Sanchez-Garrido Miguel A. , Tena-Sempere Manuel , Diéguez Carlos 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt is currently accepted that ambient, non-genetic factors influence perinatal development and evoke structural and functional changes that may persist throughout life. Overfeeding and androgenization after birth are two of these key factors that could result in “metabolic imprinting” of neuronal circuits early in life and, thereby, increase the body weight homeostatic “set point”, stimulate appetite and result in obesity. Our aim was to determine the influence of these obesogenic factors on the response to ghrelin. We observed the expected orexigenic effect of ghrelin regardless of the nutritional or hormonal manipulations to which the animals were subjected to at early postnatal development and this effect remained intact at later stages of development. In fact, ghrelin responses increased significantly when the animals were subjected to one of the two manipulations, but not when both were combined. An increased response to ghrelin could explain the obese phenotype displayed by individuals with modified perinatal environment.
A Transactional Model of Spoken Vocabulary Variation in Toddlers With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Woynaroski Tiffany , Yoder Paul J. , Fey Marc E. , Warren Steven F. 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
The authors examined (a) whether dose frequency of milieu communication teaching (MCT) affects children's canonical syllabic communication and (b) whether the relation between early canonical syllabic communication and later spoken vocabulary is mediated by parental linguistic mapping in children with intellectual disabilities (ID).

Method
The authors drew on extant data from a recent differential treatment intensity study in which 63 toddlers with ID were randomly assigned to receive either five 1-hr MCT sessions per week (i.e., daily treatment) or one 1-hr MCT session per week (i.e., weekly treatment) for 9 months. Children's early canonical syllabic communication was measured after 3 months of treatment, and later spoken vocabulary was measured at posttreatment. Midpoint parental linguistic mapping was measured after 6 months of treatment.

Results
A moderate-sized effect in favor of daily treatment was observed on canonical syllabic communication. The significant relation between canonical syllabic communication and spoken vocabulary was partially mediated by linguistic mapping.

Conclusions
These results suggest that canonical syllabic communication may elicit parental linguistic mapping, which may in turn support spoken vocabulary development in children with ID. More frequent early intervention boosted canonical syllabic communication, which may jump-start this transactional language-learning mechanism. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Coevolution can reverse predator–prey cycles
Authors: Cortez Michael H. , Weitz Joshua S. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceThe abundances of predators and their prey can oscillate in time. Mathematical theory of predator–prey systems predicts that in predator–prey cycles, peaks in prey abundance precede peaks in predator abundance. However, these models do not consider how the evolution of predator and prey traits related to offense and defense will affect the ordering and timing of peaks. Here we show that predator–prey coevolution can effectively reverse the ordering of peaks in predator–prey cycles, i.e., peaks in predator abundance precede peaks in prey abundance. We present examples from three distinct systems that exhibit reversed cycles, suggesting that coevolution may be an important driver of cycles in those systems.
Bet-hedging during bacterial diauxic shift
Authors: Solopova Ana , van Gestel Jordi , Weissing Franz J. , Bachmann Herwig , Teusink Bas , Kok Jan , Kuipers Oscar P. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
More than 70 years ago, Monod described the phenomenon of diauxic growth of bacteria, the observation that in the presence of two alternative sugars, cells first use one of them and then, after a short lag phase, switch to the other. Until now it had been assumed that all cells in a population engage in the outgrowth on the second sugar after major metabolic adaptation of enzymatic composition has occurred, which takes time (hence the lag phase in growth). Here, we show that actually only a subpopulation is fit enough to partake in the second growth phase and present an evolutionary model, suggesting that this phenomenon might entail a bet-hedging strategy that helps bacteria adapt to the unexpectedly changing environment.
NLRX1 prevents mitochondrial induced apoptosis and enhances macrophage antiviral immunity by interacting with influenza virus PB1-F2 protein
Authors: Jaworska Joanna , Coulombe François , Downey Jeffrey , Tzelepis Fanny , Shalaby Karim , Tattoli Ivan , Berube Julie , Rousseau Simon , Martin James G. , Girardin Stephen E. , McCullers Jonathan A. , Divangahi Maziar 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Apoptosis refers to the ability of a cell to undergo programmed cell death under normal physiological conditions or in response to stress signals. During infection, influenza A viruses have the capacity to induce early apoptosis of immune cells, thereby preventing them from performing their antiviral function. In this study, we identified that a host innate immune sensor [NLRX1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor X1)] has the capacity to bind a small death-inducing protein from influenza A virus [PB1-F2 (polymerase basic protein 1-frame 2)] and defend immune cells against virus-driven apoptosis. This phenomenon allows the immune cells to survive longer and effectively restrict viral replication, protecting the host against the detrimental consequences of influenza.
Phosphoglucan-bound structure of starch phosphatase Starch Excess4 reveals the mechanism for C6 specificity
Authors: Meekins David A. , Raththagala Madushi , Husodo Satrio , White Cory J. , Guo Hou-Fu , Kötting Oliver , Vander Kooi Craig W. , Gentry Matthew S. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Starch is the main carbohydrate storage molecule in plants and is ubiquitous in human life. Reversible starch phosphorylation is the key regulatory event in starch catabolism. Starch Excess4 (SEX4) preferentially dephosphorylates the C6 position of starch glucose and its absence results in a dramatic accumulation of leaf starch. We present the structure of SEX4 bound to a phosphoglucan product, define its mechanism of specific activity, and reverse its specificity to the C3 position via mutagenesis. The ability to control starch phosphorylation has direct applications in agriculture and industrial uses of starch. These insights into SEX4 structure and function provide a foundation to control reversible phosphorylation and produce designer starches with tailored physiochemical properties and potentially widespread impacts.
Recombinant immunotoxin for cancer treatment with low immunogenicity by identification and silencing of human T-cell epitopes
Authors: Mazor Ronit , Eberle Jaime A. , Hu Xiaobo , Vassall Aaron N. , Onda Masanori , Beers Richard , Lee Elizabeth C. , Kreitman Robert J. , Lee Byungkook , Baker David , King Chris , Hassan Raffit , Benhar Itai , Pastan Ira 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceRecombinant immunotoxins have produced complete remissions in leukemia patients where many doses can be given but are less active in patients with solid tumors because their immune system makes antidrug antibodies, which inactivate the immunotoxin. To suppress the immune response, we have identified and largely silenced the T-cell epitopes responsible for the immune response. A redesigned immunotoxin with T-cell epitope mutations is highly cytotoxic to cell lines and to cells isolated from cancer patients and produces complete remissions in mice with human cancer xenografts. The approach described can be applied to deimmunize other therapeutically useful foreign proteins.
Projected land-use change impacts on ecosystem services in the United States
Authors: Lawler Joshua J. , Lewis David J. , Nelson Erik , Plantinga Andrew J. , Polasky Stephen , Withey John C. , Helmers David P. , Martinuzzi Sebastián , Pennington Derric , Radeloff Volker C. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Land-use change affects the provision of ecosystem services and wildlife habitat. We project land-use change from 2001 to 2051 for the contiguous United States under two scenarios reflecting continuation of 1990s trends and high crop demand more reflective of the recent past. These scenarios result in large differences in land-use trajectories that generate increases in carbon storage, timber production, food production from increased yields (even with declines in cropland area), and >10% decreases in habitat for one-quarter of modeled species. We analyzed three policy alternatives that provide incentives to maintain and expand forest cover, conserve natural habitats, and limit urban sprawl. Policy interventions need to be aggressive to significantly alter underlying land-use trends and shift the trajectory of ecosystem service provision.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent signaling between triple-negative breast cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells promotes macrophage recruitment
Authors: Chaturvedi Pallavi , Gilkes Daniele M. , Takano Naoharu , Semenza Gregg L. 
Published: May 2014

Significance
The recruitment of host stromal cells, such as macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the primary tumor is a critical step toward cancer malignancy. We have identified signals that are exchanged between breast cancer cells (BCCs) and MSCs. This signaling increases the recruitment of both MSCs and macrophages to primary tumors and increases metastasis of BCCs to lymph nodes and lungs. Reduced oxygen levels (hypoxia) in breast cancers are associated with increased risk of metastasis and decreased patient survival. We show that hypoxia stimulates signaling between BCCs and MSCs due to the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Drugs that block HIF activity prevent signaling and macrophage recruitment, which suggests that they may be useful additions to breast cancer therapy.
Evaluation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)–Associated Morbidity Following Relaxation of VRE Screening and Isolation Precautions in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Popiel Kristin Y. , Miller Mark A. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo determine whether relaxing vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) precautions results in an increase in the incidence of invasive VRE infections over time.DesignRetrospective analysis of a microbiology database before and after relaxation of VRE screening and isolation precautions.SettingUrban tertiary care teaching hospital in Montreal, Canada.Participants.All hospitalized and emergency room patients over a 13-year period from January 1, 2000, to March 31, 2013.MethodsWe assessed the results of all microbiology cultures for the presence of VRE as well as the results of all polymerase chain reaction assays forvanAandvanBduring the study period. Applying criteria for 4 clinical situations (bacteremia, definite infection, possible infection, and colonization with VRE), we analyzed the effects of relaxed VRE screening and isolation precautions on the incidence of each of these outcomes over the time preceding and following this change.ResultsWhen VRE screening and isolation precautions were relaxed, a marked rise in VRE colonization was observed, with a lesser but definite rise in the 3 other outcomes. Despite this initial rise in all measures, all incidences other than colonization plateaued during the 34 months of follow-up.ConclusionsRelaxation of VRE screening and isolation precautions was associated with an immediate increase in colonization and infection incidence. Despite increasing colonization, infection outcomes remained infrequent and stable, suggesting a finite number of susceptible hosts at risk. Relaxation of VRE protocols may not lead to increasing infection incidence in a hospital setting, advocating that cost effectiveness exercises, with targeted screening and isolation precautions, are crucial.