bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of MRI sensitivity to Quasi‐monodisperse microbubble contrast agents for spatially resolved manometry
Authors: Bencsik Martin , Al‐Rwaili Amgad , Morris Robert , Fairhurst David J. , Mundell Victoria , Cave Gareth , McKendry Jonathan , Evans Stephen 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThe direct in‐vivo measurement of fluid pressure cannot be achieved with MRI unless it is done with the contribution of a contrast agent. No such contrast agents are currently available commercially, whilst those demonstrated previously only produced qualitative results due to their broad size distribution. Our aim is to quantitate then model the MR sensitivity to the presence of quasi‐monodisperse microbubble populations.MethodsLipid stabilised microbubble populations with mean radius 1.2 ± 0.8 μm have been produced by mechanical agitation. Contrast agents with increasing volume fraction of bubbles up to 4% were formed and the contribution the bubbles bring to the relaxation rate was quantitated. A periodic pressure change was also continuously applied to the same contrast agent, until MR signal changes were only due to bubble radius change and not due to a change in bubble density.ResultsThe MR data compared favourably with the prediction of an improved numerical simulation. An excellent MR sensitivity of 23 % bar‐1 has been demonstrated.ConclusionThis work opens up the possibility of generating microbubble preparations tailored to specific applications with optimised MR sensitivity, in particular MRI based in‐vivo manometry. Magn Reson Med 70:1409–1418, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responsive Polymersome
Authors: Gaitzsch Jens , Appelhans Dietmar , Voit Brigitte 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPolymersome sind artifizielle Strukturen, die das Bauprinzip der Liposomen nutzen. Sie eignen sich unter anderem als Wirkstofftransporter und als Nanoreaktoren für Biomedizin und Biotechnik.
Vom Mineral lernen
Authors: Hoch Constantin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSystematisches Datamining basierend auf Struktur‐Eigenschaft‐Beziehungen könnte bei der Suche nach besonders langlebigen Elektrodenmaterialien für Lithiumionenbatterien und Superkondensatoren helfen. Die Inspiration dazu lieferte ein natürliches Phosphatmineral.
Ein Mann und seine Reaktion
Authors: Meinel Christoph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIndustriechemiker machen dem Biographen die Arbeit nicht leicht. Sie publizieren in Patenten und internen Berichten und nicht in Fachzeitschriften. Sie haben kaum Teil an den Ritualen akademischer Erinnerungskultur. Deshalb ist auch wenig über den Mann bekannt, der hinter der Reaktion steht, der er seinen Namen gab: Anton Vilsmeier (1894 — 1962).
Peptidsynthese ohne Ribosomen
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIm Allgemeinen entstehen Eiweißstoffe in der Proteinfabrik der Zelle, im Ribosom. Manchmal jedoch stellen spezialisierte Enzymkomplexe die Peptide her. Einige dieser nichtribosomalen Peptide eignen sich als pharmakologische Wirkstoffe.
Krankheitserreger im Wasser — anreichern und nachweisen
Authors: Lengger Sandra , Nießner Reinhard , Seidel Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTrinkwasser darf keine Krankheitserreger enthalten. Diese gelangen aber ins Abwasser, und vor allem Viren sind oft widerstandsfähig gegen Abwasserbehandlung und Trinkwasseraufbereitung. Wasseranalytische Methoden können solche Keime innerhalb von Stunden mit Mikroarrays parallel nachweisen. Dies erfordert allerdings Verfahren, die Wassermengen von mehr als zehn Litern auf weniger als einen Milliliter einengen und die Mikroorganismen sowie Viren dabei konzentrieren.
Mehr Naturwissenschaftlerinnen
Authors: Schwarze Barbara 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDer Anteil der Beschäftigten in Naturwissenschaft und Technik ist gestiegen. Frauen sind überproportional daran beteiligt. Nun geht es darum, dass Berufseinsteigerinnen mit naturwissenschaftlichem oder technischem Abschluss Karrierechancen erhalten und diese nutzen.
Spillover Effects of Voluntary Environmental Programs on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Lessons from Mexico
Authors: Henriques Irene , Husted Bryan W. , Montiel Ivan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe compare the environmental performance of voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) with different attributes. Using club theory, we argue that the differential performance of VEPs is due in part to their specific design attributes that will either enhance or diminish their ability to improve both targeted and untargeted environmental impacts. We analyze two VEPs in Mexico, the global standard ISO 14001 and the local standard Clean Industry. These two VEPs differ in the stringency of the standards and in their ability to sanction noncompliant facilities. These differences ensure that firms adopting the local standard are less likely to shirk their responsibilities and enhance potential spillover effects on untargeted environmental emissions. Our empirical results support our hypotheses and show that the local Clean Industry program is more effective in improving both targeted (toxic emissions) and untargeted environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions).
Maternal‐fetal medicine fellowship obstetrical ultrasound experience: results from a fellowship survey
Authors: Blumenfeld Yair J. , Ness Amen , Platt Lawrence D. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess maternal‐fetal medicine (MFM) fellowship obstetrical ultrasound training, scope of practice and research.MethodsA 52‐item prenatal diagnosis survey was e‐mailed to 458 associate members of the Society for Maternal‐Fetal Medicine on two separate occasions. Associate members include both MFM fellows and recent graduates who are not yet board certified in MFM.ResultsA total of 148 associate members completed the survey (32% response rate), 92% of whom were at least in their second year of fellowship. A total of 58% of fellows spend at least 20% of their fellowship time performing prenatal ultrasounds, and most begin their ultrasound training in their first year. Most fellows describe being comfortable performing routine fetal anatomy surveys, growth ultrasounds and umbilical artery Doppler measurements, but only 48% are nuchal translucency (NT) certified, most through Nuchal Translucency Quality Review. A total of 7% of fellows do not receive structured training in 2D ultrasound, 39% receive no structured training in 3D/4D ultrasound, and 28% receive no structured training in fetal echocardiography. Only 38% can identify an ultrasound mentor during fellowship.ConclusionMost fellows are trained in ultrasound during their first year of fellowship and feel comfortable performing routine exams. However, ultrasound mentorship, structured training and research in prenatal ultrasound are limited in some programs. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyflumetofen, a novel acaricide – its mode of action and selectivity
Authors: Hayashi Naotaka , Sasama Yasuhiro , Takahashi Nobuyoshi , Ikemi Naoki 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundCyflumetofen is a novel acaricide developed by Otsuka AgriTechno Co., Ltd. It affects only spider mites and has no effect on insects, crustaceans or vertebrates under conditions of practical use. The mode of action of cyflumetofen, its selectivity for mites and its safety for insects and vertebrates were investigated.ResultsThe research showed that cyflumetofen inhibited mitochondria complex II in mites. In addition, the de‐esterified form (AB‐1) of cyflumetofen inhibited mitochondria complex II at extremely low concentrations. AB‐1 was also detected as the main metabolite in mites.ConclusionThe mode of action of cyflumetofen is to inhibit mitochondria complex II by affecting its action site after being metabolised to AB‐1. However, inhibition by cyflumetofen and AB‐1 in other organisms was very weak. Selectivity for other organisms has contributed to differences in action site activities. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Asian corn borer (ACB) and non‐ACB pests in GM corn (Zea mays L.) in the Philippines
Authors: Afidchao Miladis M , Musters CJM , de Snoo Geert R 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), has become the most damaging pest in corn in south‐east Asia. Corn farmers in the Philippines have incurred great yield losses in the past decades because of ACB infestation. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt herbicide‐tolerant (BtHT) corns have been developed to reduce borer attacks worldwide. This study assessed the extent of ACB and non‐ACB pest infestations in both GM and non‐GM corn in Isabela Province, the Philippines. Specific aims were to reinvestigate the efficacy of Bt corn in controlling ACB, to evaluate what parts of Bt corn plants are susceptible to ACB, to monitor the potential development of ACB resistance and to evaluate whether secondary pests dominate in an ACB‐free Bt corn environment. The study involved preparatory interviews with farmers, site selection, field scouting and visual inspection of 200 plants along 200 m transect lines through 198 cornfields.ResultsBt corn can efficiently reduce the ACB pest problem and reduce borer damage by 44%, to damage levels in Bt and BtHT corn of 6.8 and 7% respectively. The leaves of Bt corn were more susceptible, while cobs of Bt corn were less affected by ACB. Non‐ACB pests were common in Bt toxin‐free cornfields and reduced in non‐GM cornfields where ACB was abundant. No secondary pest outbreaks were found in ACB‐free Bt cornfields.ConclusionBt and BtHT corn hybrids containing the Cry1Ab protein performed well in Isabela Province. Reduced cob damage by ACB on Bt fields could mean smaller economic losses even with ACB infestation. The occurrence of ACB in Bt and BtHT cornfields, although at a moderate and insignificant level, could imply the potential development of resistance to Bt toxin. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical Design of Biocompatible Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications
Authors: Ling Daishun , Hyeon Taeghwan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIron oxide nanoparticles are one of the most versatile and safe nanomaterials used in medicine. Recent progress in nanochemistry enables fine control of the size, crystallinity, uniformity, and surface properties of iron oxide nanoparticles. In this review, the synthesis of chemically designed biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles with improved quality and reduced toxicity is discussed for use in diverse biomedical applications.
Expectant management of adnexal masses in selected premenopausal women: a prospective observational study
Authors: Alcázar J. L. , Olartecoechea B. , Guerriero S. , Jurado M. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the results of expectant management of ovarian cysts with benign ultrasound morphology in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of premenopausal women diagnosed with a persistent adnexal cyst. Patients were selected according to symptoms (asymptomatic), the cyst's appearance on ultrasound (benign) and size (< 8 cm). Patients underwent a follow‐up protocol with transvaginal ultrasound examination at 6‐monthly intervals for 2 years and then annually for at least 3 years.ResultsThe study comprised 166 women (mean age, 40 years) with 192 masses present at inclusion. Twenty‐two women (with 29 masses) were lost to follow‐up. Seventy‐four masses (38.5%) resolved spontaneously (median time from diagnosis to resolution, 40 months). Forty‐nine masses (25.5%) persisted without change (median follow‐up time, 88 (range, 36–192) months). Forty masses (20.8%) were surgically removed; 12 because of increase in size, four because a second lesion appeared during follow‐up, three because of change in appearance and increase in size, five because of surgery for uterine benign or malignant disease, two because of change in appearance without increase in size, one because of clinical suspicion of ovarian torsion and 13 because of the patient's decision in spite of there being no change in the mass. Histology was benign in all but two cases (Stage Ia mucinous ovarian carcinoma and Stage Ia mucinous borderline tumor). During follow‐up 40 new masses in 31 women were diagnosed, of which 21 resolved spontaneously, five (all with benign histology) were surgically removed and 14 were still present at the time of writing.ConclusionsExpectant management of cysts with benign ultrasound morphology is a management option in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Intestinal Bowel Lengthening in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review of the Bianchi and STEP Procedures
Authors: King Bobbie , Carlson Gordon , Khalil Basem A. , Morabito Antonino 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground:It has been thirty years since Bianchi introduced the technique that made intestinal lengthening possible. The last three decades have seen lengthening procedures established as vital components of intestinal rehabilitation programs. The goal of the present study was to use a systematic literature review to determine patient outcomes for the two most commonly used lengthening procedures, the Bianchi procedure and the serial transverse enteroplasty procedure (STEP).Methods:Pubmed and Embase were searched using the terms “intestinal lengthening” and “bowel lengthening.” Patient outcomes were extracted from each relevant journal article on the basis of a set proforma. The results were combined to create overall mean outcomes. Mean outcomes were also calculated separately for the Bianchi procedure and STEP. Significance was tested with the independent t‐test.Results:Overall survival for the last thirty years is 83 %. However, survival for the last fifteen years has been 89 %, with no significant difference between the two procedures. The Bianchi procedure has a higher rate of weaning patients who were static on parenteral nutrition with conservative measures: 55 % versus 48 %. In addition, the Bianchi procedure was associated with a higher rate of patients receiving transplants: 10 % versus 6 %. The STEP has a higher rate of complication. Length of follow‐up is significantly longer for the Bianchi procedure: 76 versus 22 months. The impact that this differential could have had on our results must be considered.Conclusions:Outcomes for intestinal lengthening procedures are very good, and increasingly so. However, further analysis is required in order to fully understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of each procedure.
Linking feeding ecology and population abundance: a review of food resource limitation on primates
Authors: Hanya Goro , Chapman Colin A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe review studies that consider how food affects primate population abundance. In order to explain spatial variation in primate abundance, various correlates that parameterize quality and quantity of food in the habitat have been examined. We propose two hypotheses concerning how resource availability and its seasonality determine animal abundance. When the quality of fallback foods (foods eaten during the scarcity of preferred foods) is too low to satisfy nutritional requirement, total annual food quantity should determine population size, but this relationship can be modified by the quality or the quantity of fallback foods. This mechanism has been established for Japanese macaques and sportive lemurs that survive lean seasons by fat storage or extremely low metabolism. Second, when fallback food quality is high enough to satisfy nutritional requirement but quantity is limited, quantity of fallback food should be a limiting factor of animal abundance. This is supported by the correlation between fig density, which is a high‐quality fallback food, and gibbon and orangutan abundance. For a direct test of these hypotheses, we need more research that determines both the quality of food that animals require to satisfy their nutritional requirement and the quantity of food production. Leaves are often regarded as superabundant, but this assumption needs careful examination.
Solid Fat Content Estimation by Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Prior Treatment and Proposed Correction
Authors: Márquez Andrés L. , Pérez María P. , Wagner Jorge R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe objective of this work was to develop a corrected method for solid fat content estimation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as important differences are usually observed between the results given by DSC and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Cold storage after full melting of fats was necessary to avoid the appearance of exothermic peaks in the modulated temperature DSC thermograms, in order to make an appropriate estimation of melting energy. Different fats were analyzed by NMR and DSC, obtaining considerably higher solid fat content values with the latter, uncorrected method. These differences were attributed to the fact that consumed energy per unit of melted mass tends to increase with the increase of the melting temperature of each fraction of the fats. A linear correlation between melting enthalpy and melting point of different triglycerides was used to estimate the energy per unit of mass consumed at each temperature. From these data, an estimated transformation of melting energy into melted mass was performed and new solid fat content values were calculated. The results obtained from this correction were much closer to the measurements made by NMR, in comparison to the uncorrected DSC method.
Commutator length of annulus diffeomorphisms
Authors: MILITON E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe study the group Diffr0(𝔸) of Cr-diffeomorphisms of the closed annulus that are isotopic to the identity. We show that, for r≠2,3, the linear space of homogeneous quasi-morphisms on the group Diffr0(𝔸) is one-dimensional. Therefore, the commutator length on this group is (stably) unbounded. In particular, this provides an example of a manifold whose diffeomorphism group is unbounded in the sense of Burago, Ivanov and Polterovich.
Amelioration of chronic fluoride toxicity by calcium and fluoride-free water in rats
Authors: Shankar Priyanka , Ghosh Sudip , Bhaskarachary K. , Venkaiah K. , Khandare Arjun L. 
Published: December 2012

The study was undertaken to explore the amelioration of chronic fluoride (F) toxicity (with low and normal Ca) in rats. The study was conducted in two phases. In phase I (6 months), seventy-six Wistar, weanling male rats were assigned to four treatment groups: normal-Ca (0·5 %) diet (NCD), Ca+F − ; low-Ca (0·25 %) diet (LCD), Ca − F − ; NCD +100 parts per million (ppm) F water, Ca+F+; LCD +100 ppm F water, Ca − F+. In phase II (reversal experiment, 3 months), LCD was replaced with the NCD. Treatment groups Ca+F+ and Ca − F+ were divided into two subgroups to compare the effect of continuationv. discontinuation along with Ca supplementation on reversal of chronic F toxicity. In phase I, significantly reduced food efficiency ratio (FER), body weight gain (BWG), faecal F excretion, serum Ca and increased bone F deposition were observed in the treatment group Ca − F+. Reduced serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, increased 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3and up-regulation of Ca-sensing receptor, vitamin D receptor and S100 Ca-binding protein G (S100G) were observed in treatment groups Ca − F − and Ca − F+. In phase II (reversal phase), FER, BWG and serum Ca in treatment groups Ca − F+/Ca+F − and Ca − F+/Ca+F+ were still lower, as compared with other groups. However, other variables were comparable. Down-regulation of S100G was observed in F-fed groups (Ca+F+/Ca+F+ and Ca − F+/Ca+F+) in phase II. It is concluded that low Ca aggravates F toxicity, which can be ameliorated after providing adequate Ca and F-free water. However, chronic F toxicity can interfere with Ca absorption by down-regulating S100G expression irrespective of Ca nutrition.
Effect of type of TAG fatty acids on lutein and zeaxanthin bioavailability
Authors: Gleize Béatrice , Tourniaire Franck , Depezay Laurence , Bott Romain , Nowicki Marion , Albino Lionel , Lairon Denis , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Borel Patrick 
Published: December 2012

The xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin probably play a role in visual function and may participate in the prevention of age-related eye diseases. Although a minimum amount of TAG is required for an optimal bioavailability of these carotenoids, the effect of the type of TAG fatty acids (FA) is less clear. The aim was to assess the effect of the type of TAG FA on bioavailability of these xanthophylls. A total of three complementary models were used: anin vitrodigestion model to study bioaccessibility, Caco-2 cells to study uptake efficiency and orally administered rats to studyin vivobioavailability. Results showed that lutein and zeaxanthin bioaccessibility was greater (about 20–30 %, P< 0·05) with butter and palm oil than with olive and fish oils. Mixed micelle size, which was significantly lower (about 8 %,P< 0·05) with SFA than with unsaturated FA, was inversely related to lutein and zeaxanthin bioaccessibility. There was no significant effect of the type of TAG FA on xanthophyll uptake by Caco-2 cells, but some compounds present in natural oils significantly affected xanthophyll uptake. Oral administration of rats with spinach and butter over 3 d led to a higher fasting plasma lutein concentration than oral administration with olive or fish oils. In conclusion, dietary fats rich in SFA lead to a higher bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin, as compared with fats rich in MUFA and PUFA. This is due partly to the higher bioaccessibility of these xanthophylls in the smaller mixed micelles produced when SFA are incorporated into mixed micelles.
A rabbit eye model for in vivo transformation of progenetic metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum into ovigerous adult worms
Authors: Rizvi A. , Zaidi Z.A. , Alam M.M. , Zafar A. , Shareef P.A.A. , Saifullah M.K. , Saleemuddin M. , Abidi S.M.A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractClinostomum complanatum is a digenetic trematode that causes yellow grub disease in some fish species and also shows zoonotic potential by sporadically infecting humans. In this study, progenetic metacercariae of C. complanatum were obtained from the fish Trichogaster fasciatus, and were aseptically placed in conjunctival incisions made in the superior and inferior fornices of the eye of rabbits, which served as the experimental hosts. Worms were harvested without necropsy of the host on days 4 and 8 post infection, to observe in vivo transformation of the progenetic metacercariae into ovigerous adult worms. The worms appeared to cause minimal damage to the host although they were tenaciously attached. In vivo maturation was evident by the development of the vitellaria, enlargement of gonads, the presence of a large number of shelled eggs in a distended uterus and ramifications of the intestinal caeca. Obtaining mature ovigerous worms without sacrificing the host clearly gives the rabbit eye model an advantage over those described previously. Due to the relative advantage of the short time required for maturation and the prolific egg production by C. complanatum, it is suggested that this host–parasite system could be used as an excellent model for classroom teaching of trematode biology and to investigate the cues involved in in vivo transformation and host–parasite interactions.