bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral efficiency and microstructure of the compound eyes ofSynanthedon myopaeformis(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
Authors: Eby C. , Weis M. , Gardiner M.G.T. , Judd G.J.R. , Gries G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe apple clearwing moth,Synanthedon myopaeformis(Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a day-flying species that feeds on floral nectar of many plants. In British Columbia, Canada, this invasive moth is often observed feeding on visually conspicuous showy milkweed,Asclepias speciosaTorrey (Apocynaceae). We measured the spectral efficiency of the compound eyes ofS. myopaeformisin the context of their capacity to discriminate the measured spectral reflectance from inflorescences ofA. speciosa, and conducted histological examination of these eyes to determine whether they possess apposition type ommatidia, as commonly observed in diurnal butterflies. Light micrographs of the compound eyes inS. myopaeformisrevealed eucone apposition type ommatidia, which is consistent with the diurnal behaviour of the moth. Electroretinograms on compound eyes revealed they were particularly efficient at absorbing ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths in the 335–370 nm range and green wavelengths in the 495–560 nm range. These results support the conclusion that the compound eyes ofS. myopaeformishave the capacity for dichromatic vision based on UV and green photoreceptors. However, spectral reflectance curves obtained from inflorescences and foliage ofA. speciosarevealed no evidence of UV reflectance, making it less likely that colour plays a primary role in the attraction ofS. myopaeformistoA. speciosa.
Sinanthobium daohugouense, a tiny new omaliine rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Middle Jurassic of China
Authors: Cai Chen-Yang , Huang Di-Ying 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA new rove beetle, Sinanthobium daohugouense, new genus, new species, is described and illustrated on the basis of a tiny impression fossil from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Omaliinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), tentatively in the Recent tribe Anthophagini. The first find of a definitive omaliine beetle from the Middle Jurassic of China provides direct evidence on the origin and early evolution of Omaliinae.
Risk of recurrence of unusual site venous thromboembolism
Authors: Riva N. , Dentali F. , Donadini M. P , Squizzato A. , Ageno W. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe term unusual site venous thrombosis defines uncommon clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism occurring in sites different from the lower limbs or the lungs, with peculiar pathophysiological features and clinical history. Information on long-term outcomes of unusual site thrombosis is generally scant, because most studies are small and usually retrospective.Recurrence rate of cerebral vein thrombosis is about 2/100 patient-years; the only identified predisposing factors have been male gender and personal history of thrombosis. Retinal vein occlusion showed a recurrence in the same eye of 2.5% and in the fellow eye of 11.9% within four years. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperhomocysteinaemia were significantly associated with recurrent events. Recurrence rates of splanchnic vein thrombosis are difficult to estimate given the heterogeneity of patient populations; higher recurrence rates are reported in the cirrhotic population (from 27% to 38.5%). Hormone therapy, myeloproliferative neoplasm or other prothrombotic states, and absence of anticoagulant therapy emerged as independent prognostic factors. Future studies should aim at better assessing the risk of recurrence in different patients subgroups and at identifying more accurate prognostic markers.
Poética de la espera. Una filosofía íntima (con fragmentos de Proust y Pizarnik)
Authors: Bárcena Fernando 
Published: June 2013

Resumen: Frente a una forma más o menos pública, académica e impersonal de filosofar, este texto aspira a poner en práctica una filosofía íntima. A partir de algunos fragmentos de Proust y Pizarnik, el propósito de este texto es ofrecer una reflexión sobre una poética de la espera. La espera es el tiempo de la duración, del tedio y del aburrimiento, un tiempo a nuestro tiempo acelerado, medido y previsible. Se trata, sin duda, del tiempo de un aprender involuntario. Palabras clave: Poética de la espera, filosofía del amor, aprendizaje involuntario, Marcel Proust, Alejandra Pizarnik. Abstract: Faced with a more or less public, academic and impersonal philosophy, this text aims to implement an intimate philosophy. From fragments of Proust and Pizarnik, the purpose of this text is to provide a poetic reflection on the wait. The wait is the time duration, the tedium and boredom, a time to our time accelerated, measured and predictable. This is undoubtedly a involuntary learning.Key Words: Poetics of waiting, philosophy of love, involuntary learning, Marcel Proust, Pizarnik.
El decir de la hechura: una lectura de la estética piñeriana en dos cuentos fríos
Authors: González María Virginia 
Published: June 2013

Resumen: Autor de célebres poemas, cuentos y novelas extraños, renombradas obras de teatro y lúcidos ensayos, Virgilio Piñera (Cárdenas 1912-La Habana 1979) resulta aún hoy un escritor controvertido no suficientemente divulgado o, por lo menos, no tanto como lo merecería su vasta y rica producción literaria. En el campo cultural cubano su estética ha provocado diversas reacciones y durante años estuvo condenada al silencio aunque en la actualidad, la crítica reconoce su impronta en la generación que comienza a publicar a partir de los años ochenta. En estas páginas me interesa reflexionar sobre la travesía literaria que ofrece el cuerpo de la escritura piñeriana. Para esto me centraré en la lectura de dos cuentos que permiten rastrear cómo se hacen y deshacen las líneas que dibujan el itinerario de una estética que pone en entredicho otras escrituras mientras bordea los contornos del silencio. Palabras clave: literatura, Cuba, cuento, Virgilio PiñeraAbstract: Author of famous poems, uncommon short stories and novels, renowned plays and lucid essays, Virgilio Piñera (Cárdenas 1912 – La Habana 1979) results still today a controversial writer not enough disclosed or, at least, not as much as his extensive and wealthy literary production. In the Cuban cultural sphere, his aesthetics has caused different reactions, and for years it was condemned to silence. But today, criticism recognizes its mark on the generation that begins publishing from the eighties. In these pages, I want to reflect on the literary journey that offers the body of Piñera´s writing. For this purpose, I will focus on reading two stories that allow tracking how make and break the lines that draw the itinerary of this aesthetic which challenges other scriptures, whereas skirting the edges of silence. Key Words: Literature, Cuba, short stories, Virgilio Piñera
Complement: Terminal Pathways
Authors: DiScipio Richard G 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA central event in the complement activation is the cleavage of C5 by C5 convertases to form C5a and C5b. Nascent C5b can join sequentially with C6 through C9, and the assembly may proceed through one of the two pathways. If occurring near a phospholipid membrane, the membrane attack complex is formed; this is a circular transmembrane pore of 100 Å. If distal from a membrane, the late acting complement proteins associate with vitronectin and clusterin‐high density lipoprotein generating soluble complexes collectively referred to as SC5b‐9. Advancements in X‐ray crystallography and electron microscopy have revealed as to how the monomers transform in conformation to become protomers in the polymers. Components C6 through C9 contain a central domain (MACPF) flanked and extended by cysteine‐rich modules that perform binding functions and hold the monomers in a state of potentiation. Upon joining with C5b, several modules displace enabling assembly. Experimental evidence has suggested that the folding of subunits within the MAC is inverted to that of the bacterial cholesterol‐dependent cytolysins.Key Concepts:Complement C6 through C9 consist of a single central domain, the MACPF, flanked by auxiliary modules related to those found in thrombospondin, the LDL receptor, the epidermal growth factor, complement control proteins and factor I.In their soluble monomer state the terminal components of complement (C6 through C9) are held in a state of potentiation by their auxiliary modules, which get displaced in the process of subunit association, thereby exposing their core β‐sheets enabling protomer association in the polymer.The terminal components of complement through their MACPF domains share a similar tertiary structure to the equivalent domains of the bacterial cholesterol‐dependent cytolysins (CDCs), yet little to no sequence homology is evident between the vertebrate MACPFs and the analogous bacterial domains.Although similar in tertiary structure, perforin (and probably the components of the MAC) fold within their respective polymers in a manner inverted to those of the bacterial CDCs.Heterogeneity characterises the soluble terminal complement complexes (SC5b‐9) as these are associated with vitronectin, clusterin and lipoprotein.The soluble terminal complement complexes may functionin vivofor clearance and wound healing.
Protein Coding
Authors: Zhang Zhang , Wong Gane Ka‐Shu , Yu Jun 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

A protein‐coding gene is composed of a series of nucleotide triplets – the codons – that encrypt not only the protein content but also the start and stop signals. There are 64 (4
3
) codons in the canonical genetic code, which encode 20 amino acids with redundancy. Hence, there are synonymous codons that encode the same amino acids, and they are used at different frequencies among different species. The resultant codon‐usage biases reveal complex interplays of mutation and selection. Protein‐coding genes can be organised into families of similar function, structure and sequence, according to their shared evolutionary histories. Individual proteins are modularly constructed of domains, which are often rearranged on evolutionary timescales to create functionally novel proteins.

Key Concepts:

A protein‐coding gene consists of a series of nucleotide triplets.

The genetic code defines the relationship between codons and amino acids.

The genetic code can be organised into two halves and four quarters, which manifest distinct physiochemical features.

Codon usage bias, a phenomenon in which synonymous codons (encoding the same amino acid) are used at different frequencies in different species, is a result of complex interplays between mutation and selection.

Protein‐coding genes are organised into families of similar function, structure and sequence, according to their shared evolutionary histories.

Individual proteins are modularly constructed from domains, which are often rearranged on evolutionary timescales to create functionally novel proteins.
Genetics and the Origin of the Finns
Authors: Norio Reijo 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The population of Finland initiated from neighbouring southeastern areas 10 000 years ago when the glacial ice melted, and it developed further from several European sources, among them the Ukrainian and Iberian refuges. According to nuclear gene studies, the Finns belong to the European family, with some eastern components. In
mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid
studies, the Finns are indistinguishable from other Europeans. High values of Y‐chromosomal C>T transition point to male population movements on the east–west axis. The genetic difference between western and eastern Finns is shown also by genome‐wide data of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms. The Finnish Disease Heritage means overrepresentation of approximately 40 rare recessive disorders. It is due to the national isolation between Sweden and Russia and the regional isolation from 500‐year‐old internal migrations. This rare disease flora enjoys favourable conditions for clinical and molecular genetic research.

Key Concepts:

As a rule, human populations are formed from some kind of ancient primary population and immigrants of later times.

Genes and interrelationships of historical populations can be studied from the genes of the people of today.

In the northern countries, the glacial period approximately 10 000 years back is the time limit for the population of some geographical areas.

The genes of rare diseases need not to be brought from somewhere but may have originated from new gene mutations not very far back in time.

The genetic composition of the population of Finland is mainly ‘European’, but its remote position on the northern edge of the continent has created some exceptions to the main rules.
Chromatin Structure and Human Genome Evolution
Authors: Chambers Emily V , Semple Colin AM 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Large‐scale sequencing projects and comparative genomics have provided insights into the function and evolution of many fragments of the human genome, but relatively little is known about the spatial organisation of the genome. This is a major gap in our knowledge as the elaborate physical structure of the genome reflects the spatial and temporal organisation of nuclear processes. It has also long been suspected that the structural and functional organisation of the genome might impose constraints on its evolutionary history. Our emerging view of chromatin structure has already provided unexpected insights into human genome evolution, describing the impact of such constraints on the evolution of chromosome architecture, on gene function and on patterns of mutation and selection. The study of the transgenerational inheritance of chromatin variants, in parallel with the inheritance of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
sequence variants, promises to revolutionise our views of evolution and disease.

Key Concepts:

The physical structure of the genome, chromatin structure and nuclear organisation, is important for many aspects of genome function.

Chromatin structure can also influence the evolution of the genome.

Many aspects of chromatin structure are detectably conserved among mammals.

There is an interplay between chromatin structure and the patterns of divergence seen in the underlying DNA sequence.

This interplay can be seen at the level of individual genes and their regulatory elements, but also at the level of multimegabase domains of higher order chromatin structure.
Genetics of Familial Amyloid Neuropathies
Authors: Said Gérard , Planté‐Bordeneuve Violaine 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Familial amyloid polyneuopathies (FAP) are life‐threatening disorders transmitted as an autosomal‐dominant trait. Mutated transthyretin (TTR) is the most common protein precursor of amyloid deposits with more than 100 amyloidogenic mutations identified worldwide. Manifestations of TTR‐related FAP predominantly include a length‐dependent progressive polyneuropathy, myocardiopathy and ocular involvement. Early liver transplantation and tafamidis are currently available to treat these patients. Hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis, which is mainly observed in Finland, is related to mutations of the gelsolin gene. It is characterised by cranial nerve involvement, corneal lattice and abnormal skin laxity, with occasional systemic involvement. Apolipoprotein A1 amyloidosis is a devastating polysystemic disease with predominant kidney and peripheral nerve involvement. No specific treatment is currently available for gelsolin and apoliprotein A1 amyloidosis.

Key Concepts:

Protein precursors of amyloid responsible for familial amyloid polyneuropathies include mutated transthyretin, gelsolin and apolipoprotein A1.

Amyloids are insoluble substances that cannot be removed from the tissues after deposition.

Most of mutated transthyretin is synthesised in the liver.

More than 100 amyloidogenic mutations have been identified making DNA testing mandatory.

Early liver transplantation dramatically reduces the amount of TTR in the blood.
Evolution of Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channels
Authors: Widmark Jenny , Larhammar Dan 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Voltage‐gated sodium channels play important roles in the nervous system by enabling propagation of action potentials along axons. It has been suggested that sodium channels evolved from calcium channels before the split of animals and choanoflagellates, as deduced from studies of sequence motifs important in the ion selectivity of sodium and calcium channels. The sodium channel α gene was subsequently duplicated in the two whole‐genome duplication events (2R) in early vertebrate evolution, resulting in four genes. Several local duplication events in tetrapods later resulted in the total set of ten sodium channel α genes present in today's humans. In teleosts, another whole‐genome duplication event (3R) doubled the ancestral vertebrate set from four to eight. The high number of sodium channel gene duplicates in both tetrapods and teleosts probably reflects their great importance in the evolution of the vertebrate nervous system.

Key Concepts:

Sodium channels evolved from calcium channels and were present in the common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates.

One α subunit voltage‐gated sodium channel gene (
SCNA
) quadrupled in two whole‐genome duplication events early in vertebrate evolution.

The ancestral vertebrate set duplicated again in the teleost‐specific whole‐genome duplication to generate eight genes.

One of the genes was duplicated to three adjacent genes (
SCN5A
,
10A
and
11A
) in the amniote lineage after the divergence of amphibians.

One of the other tetrapod genes duplicated to four adjacent genes (
SCN3A
,
2A
,
1A
and
9A
) before the radiation of amniotes, 310 Mya. After the split of metatheria and eutheria (150 Mya), an additional gene,
SCN7A
, arose through yet another local duplication in the same region.
Nano/Mesoporous Polymers Based Low‐k Dielectric Materials: A Review on Methods and Advances
Authors: Ma Sude , Wang Yan , Min Zhonghua , Zhong Lisheng 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTNanoporous or mesoporous structures and hence a decrease in dielectric constant can always be induced with the introduction of air into polymeric materials. It is therefore achievable to prepare ultra‐large‐scale integrated circuit (ULSIC) on ultralow dielectric constant (i.e., low‐k) materials. The research on nano/mesoporous polymer based low‐k materials, including the past decade advances, the introduction of principles and methods of nano/mesopores, characterization, commonly used raw materials, typical products, and corresponding dielectric properties, is extensively reviewed and summarized in this paper. The nano/mesopores can be introduced into the polymers by more than five methods such as reprecipitation, sol–gel, thermolysis, supercritical foaming, and electrochemical etch. The pore size, morphologies, porosities, and film thicknesses of the products can be controlled by raw materials and processing conditions in these methods. The low‐k dielectric materials based on nano/mesoporous polymers have great potential application in ULSIC in light of their special dielectric, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21358; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21358
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction of Maleimides with Isatins
Authors: Chauhan Pankaj , Chimni Swapandeep Singh 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn enantioselective Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of maleimides with isatin derivatives has been developed. β‐Isocupreidine catalyzes the formation of enantiomerically enriched 3‐substituted 3‐hydroxyoxindole derivatives in up to 96 % yield and enantioselectivity of over 99 % ee can be achieved under mild reaction conditions.
Bioaktive lumineszierende Übergangsmetallkomplexe für biomedizinische Anwendungen
Authors: Ma Dik‐Lung , He Hong‐Zhang , Leung Ka‐Ho , Chan Daniel Shiu‐Hin , Leung Chung‐Hang 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDie zufällige Entdeckung des krebshemmenden Wirkstoffs Cisplatin festigte in den 1960er Jahren die Stellung der medizinischen anorganischen Chemie. In der Folge kam es zu einem weitverbreiteten Einsatz lumineszierender Metallkomplexe in der Sensorik, in der biologischen Bildgebung und in organischen Leuchtdioden. Übergangsmetallkomplexe weisen viele Vorteile auf, aufgrund derer sie als Therapeutika und als Lumineszenzsonden für Biomoleküle geeignet sind. Daher ist die Entwicklung neuer lumineszierender Metallkomplexe wünschenswert, die über verschiedene Bindungsmodi mit DNA wechselwirken oder auf alternative Teile der zellulären Maschinerie, z. B. auf Proteine, abzielen, um effektivere Mittel zur Überwachung von Krankheitsverläufen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Hier präsentieren wir aktuelle Beispiele biologisch aktiver lumineszierender Metallkomplexe, die auf ein spezifisches Biomolekül abzielen und dieses sondieren, und diskutieren das Potenzial dieser Verbindungen zur Erforschung und Behandlung menschlicher Erkrankungen.
The impacts of household structure on the individual stochastic travel and out‐of‐home activity time budgets
Authors: Susilo Yusak O. , Avineri Erel 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe amount of time individuals and households spend in travelling and in out‐of‐door activities can be seen as a result of complex daily interactions between household members, influenced by opportunities and constraints, which vary from day to day. Extending the deterministic concept of travel time budget to a stochastic term and applying a stochastic frontier model to a dataset from the 2004 UK National Travel Survey, this study examines the hidden stochastic limit and the variations of the individual and household travel time and out‐of‐home activity duration—concepts associated with travel time budget. The results show that most individuals may not have reached the limit of their ability to travel and may still be able to spend further time in travel activities. The analysis of the model outcomes and distribution tests show that among a range of employment statuses, only full‐time workers' out‐of‐home time expenditure has reached its limit. Also observed is the effect of having children in the household: Children reduce the flexibility of hidden constraints of adult household members' out‐of‐home time, thus reducing their ability to be further engaged with out‐of‐home activities. Even when out‐of‐home trips are taken into account in the analysis, the model shows that the dependent children's in‐home responsibility reduces the ability of an individual to travel to and to be engaged with out‐of‐home activities. This study also suggests that, compared with the individual travel time spent, the individual out‐of‐home time expenditure may perform as a better budget indicator in drawing the constraints of individual space–time prisms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.