bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augmented AMG‐shifted Laplacian preconditioners for indefinite Helmholtz problems
Authors: Tsuji P. , Tuminaro R. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryDiscrete representations of the Helmholtz operator generally give rise to extremely difficult linear systems from an iterative solver perspective. This is due in part to the large oscillatory near null space of the linear system. Typical iterative methods do not effectively reduce error components in the subspace associated with this near null space. Traditional coarse grids used within multilevel solvers also cannot capture these components because of their oscillatory nature. While the shifted Laplacian is a popular method allowing multigrid preconditioners to achieve improved convergence, it is still unsatisfactory for higher‐frequency problems. This paper analyzes the shifted Laplacian through polynomial smoothers to show its effect on the spectrum of the discrete Helmholtz operator. This analysis reveals desirable features of the shifted Laplacian preconditioners as well as limitations. Shifted Laplacian techniques are first extended to smoothed aggregation algebraic multigrid. Motivated by analysis, we propose augmenting the algebraic multigrid shifted Laplacian with a two‐grid error correction step. This additional step consists of the generalized minimal residual iterations applied to a projected version of the unshifted equations on a single auxiliary coarse grid. Results indicate that augmentation can improve the convergence significantly and can reduce the overall solve time on two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effect of N‐aryl‐N′‐pyridyl ureas as thermal latent initiators on ring‐opening polymerization of epoxide
Authors: Makiuchi Naoyuki , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTA series of N‐aryl‐N′‐pyridyl ureas were synthesized by the reactions of 4‐aminopyridine (4AP) with the corresponding isocyanates such as phenyl isocyanate, 4‐methylphenyl isocyanate, 4‐methoxyphenyl isocyanate, 4‐chlorophenyl isocyanate, 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate, and 4‐nitrophenyl isocyanate. Bulk polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of the ureas as initiators was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The resulting DSC profiles indicated exothermic peaks above 140 °C, while the DSC profile measured for a formulation composed of DGEBA and pristine 4AP indicated an exothermic peak at around 120 °C, implying that the derivation of 4AP into the corresponding ureas is a useful strategy to achieve thermal latency. The peak top temperatures were correlated with the electron density of the aromatic ring of the ureas, that is, as the electron‐withdrawing nature of the substituent on the aromatic ring became larger, the peak increases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2569–2574
A facile method to synthesize high‐molecular‐weight biobased polyesters from 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid and long‐chain diols
Authors: Tsanaktsis Vasilios , Papageorgiou George Z. , Bikiaris Dimitrios N. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, biobased furan dicarboxylate polyesters have been prepared using 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and diols with high number of methylene groups (long‐chain diols), namely, 8, 9, 10, and 12. Because of the high boiling points of these diols, a modified procedure of the well‐known melt polycondensation was applied in this work. According to this, the dimethyl ester of FDCA (DMFD) reacted in the first transesterification stage with the corresponding diols forming bis‐hydroxy‐alkylene furan dicarboxylates (BHFD). In the second stage, the BHFD reacted with DMFD again at temperatures of 150–170 °C (for 4–5 h), and in the final stage, the temperature was raised to 210–230 °C (vacuum was applied for 2–3 h). The molecular weight of the polyesters and the content of oligomers, as was verified by gel permeation chromatography analysis, depend on the polycondensation time and temperature. The chemical structure of the polyesters was verified from 1H NMR spectroscopy. All the polymers were found to be semicrystalline, with melting temperatures from 69 to 140 °C depending on the diol used. In addition, the mechanical properties also varied with the type of diol. The higher values were observed for poly(octylene 2,5‐furanoate), whereas the lowest values were observed for poly(dodecylene 2,5‐furanoate) with the higher number of methylene groups in its repeating unit. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2617–2632
Strategic Lifestyle Management in Later Life: Swedish Lifestyle Movers in Malta Seeking the ‘Best of Both Worlds’
Authors: Åkerlund Ulrika 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn affluent societies, an active choice of lifestyle is increasingly becoming an option. With increased possibilities for mobility, opportunities to lead a good life can be accessed across global space. However, lifestyle management is largely directed and constrained by structural frameworks, and movers have to allocate resources and experience in order to manoeuvre structures and make optimal lifestyle choices. This paper explores how residential mobility may be used as a resource to gain access to opportunities. Based on thematic analysis of in‐depth interviews, this is performed by exploring the experiences of Swedish lifestyle movers in Malta, in their tailoring of mobility practices that allow them to enjoy opportunities for the good life in both countries. The research questions that have guided this study are as follows: (a) What does the good life comprise? (b) How are structural frameworks surrounding opportunities for lifestyle management perceived by movers? and (c) In what ways do movers actively tailor their mobility practices to achieve the good life? The results show that movers are highly engaged in tailoring their access to opportunities through place fixity, such as permanent residency and social integration, and through routinised and timed mobility practices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The elegance of energy balance: Insight from circuit‐level manipulations
Authors: Webber Emily S. , Bonci Antonello , Krashes Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTMechanisms of energy balance were first examined using very powerful neuroscience techniques such as lesions and electrical stimulation. This early work identified the hypothalamus as a key structure involved in hunger and feeding; however, neural resolution of cell‐defined populations contributing to appetite regulation remained elusive. Recent innovations in neuroscience have produced constructs that allow for a high degree of specificity in loss‐ and gain‐of‐function manipulations in molecularly circumscribed neural subsets as well as monosynaptic circuit mapping and in vivo neurophysiology. These complimentary techniques have provided researchers an unprecedented amount of empirical agility. As a result, cell populations in two subregions of the hypothalamus have emerged as key players in the physiological control of feeding behavior. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contain neural populations that have a direct role in the promotion of hunger and satiety. These include neurons that express agouti‐related peptide, pro‐opiomelanocortin, single‐minded homolog 1 protein, and the melanocortin‐4 receptor. This review focuses on how these neural subsets communicate with one another, link up to build elaborate networks, and ultimately contribute to alterations in food intake. The continuing advancement of neuroscience tools, as well as a multimodal integration of findings, will be critical in illuminating an exhaustive and clinically relevant hunger circuit. Synapse 69:461–474, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Synapse published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering structure and function using thermoresponsive biopolymers
Authors: Pastuszka Martha K. , MacKay J. Andrew 
Published: June 2015

Self‐assembly enables exquisite control at the smallest scale and generates order among macromolecular‐building blocks that remain too small to be manipulated individually. Environmental cues, such as heating, can trigger the organization of these materials from individual molecules to multipartixcle assemblies with a variety of compositions and functions. Synthetic as well as biological polymers have been engineered for these purposes; however, biological strategies can offer unparalleled control over the composition of these macromolecular‐building blocks. Biologic polymers are macromolecules composed of monomeric units that can be precisely tailored at the genetic level; furthermore, they can often utilize endogenous biodegradation pathways, which may enhance their potential clinical applications.DNA(nucleotides), polysaccharides (carbohydrates), and proteins (amino acids) have all been engineered to self‐assemble into nanostructures in response to a change in temperature. This focus article reviews the growing body of literature exploring temperature‐dependent nano‐assembly of these biological macromolecules, summarizes some of their physical properties, and discusses future directions.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2015, 8:123–138. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1350This article is categorized under:Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based StructuresNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in BiologyBiology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures
Novel transporters from Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia guilliermondii expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enable growth on l‐arabinose and d‐xylose
Authors: Knoshaug Eric P. , Vidgren Virve , Magalhães Frederico , Jarvis Eric E. , Franden Mary Ann , Zhang Min , Singh Arjun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGenes encoding l‐arabinose transporters in Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia guilliermondii were identified by functional complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose growth on l‐arabinose was dependent on a functioning l‐arabinose transporter, or by screening a differential display library, respectively. These transporters also transport d‐xylose and were designated KmAXT1 (arabinose–xylose transporter) and PgAXT1, respectively. Transport assays using l‐arabinose showed that KmAxt1p has Km 263 mm and Vmax 57 nm/mg/min, and PgAxt1p has Km 0.13 mm and Vmax 18 nm/mg/min. Glucose, galactose and xylose significantly inhibit l‐arabinose transport by both transporters. Transport assays using d‐xylose showed that KmAxt1p has Km 27 mm and Vmax 3.8 nm/mg/min, and PgAxt1p has Km 65 mm and Vmax 8.7 nm/mg/min. Neither transporter is capable of recovering growth on glucose or galactose in a S. cerevisiae strain deleted for hexose and galactose transporters. Transport kinetics of S. cerevisiae Gal2p showed Km 371 mm and Vmax 341 nm/mg/min for l‐arabinose, and Km 25 mm and Vmax 76 nm/mg/min for galactose. Due to the ability of Gal2p and these two newly characterized transporters to transport both l‐arabinose and d‐xylose, one scenario for the complete usage of biomass‐derived pentose sugars would require only the low‐affinity, high‐throughput transporter Gal2p and one additional high‐affinity general pentose transporter, rather than dedicated d‐xylose or l‐arabinose transporters. Additionally, alignment of these transporters with other characterized pentose transporters provides potential targets for substrate recognition engineering. Accession Nos: KmAXT1: GZ791039; PgAXT1: GZ791040 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Term Outcome After Resection of Huge Hepatocellular Carcinoma ≥10 cm: Single‐Institution Experience with 471 Patients
Authors: Hwang Shin , Lee Young‐Joo , Kim Ki‐Hun , Ahn Chul‐Soo , Moon Deok‐Bog , Ha Tae‐Yong , Song Gi‐Won , Jung Dong‐Hwan , Lee Sung‐Gyu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundTumor recurrence is very common after resection of huge hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study intended to evaluate early recurrence and long‐term outcomes in patients with huge HCC ≥ 10 cm after primary resection and treatment of recurrence.MethodsRecurrence and survival outcomes were retrospectively evaluated in 471 patients with huge HCCs who underwent resection between January 2000 and April 2012.ResultsMean tumor diameter was 13.6 ± 3.1 cm, with 93 % of patients having single tumors. Anatomic and R0 resection rates were 91.1 and 89.4 %, respectively. Perioperative mortality rate was 1.7 %. Tumor recurrence and patient survival rates were 62.2 and 69.2 % at 1 year and 76.0 and 35.5 % at 5 years, respectively. Of patients with recurrence, 92.5 % received specific treatment. Median patient survival period after initial intrahepatic recurrence was 16 months. Tumor volume did not affect recurrence or survival outcomes. Independent risk factors for tumor recurrence and patient survival were serum alpha‐fetoprotein ≥100 ng/mL, hypermetabolic uptake on positron emission tomography, satellite nodules, and microvascular invasion. These four factors were used to develop a risk prediction model, in which 1‐year HCC recurrence rates in patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 risk factors were 18.7, 30.3, 58.7, 79.0, and 92.1 %, respectively, and their 1‐year patient survival rates were 100, 97.0, 75.5, 63.9, and 42.1 %, respectively.ConclusionsIn patients with huge HCCs, hepatic resection with active recurrence treatment resulted in improved long‐term survival. Our 4‐factor risk prediction model appears to contribute to quantitative postoperative risk estimation for early HCC recurrence and patient survival in patients with HCC ≥ 10 cm.
Unexploited Thapsia garganica, Orlaya maritima, and Retama raetam Seeds: Potential Sources of Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Tlili Nizar , Mejri Houda , Lajnef Houda Ben , Feriani Anouer , Khaldi Abdelhamid , Nasri Nizar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTotal lipid contents, fatty acid compositions, phenolic profiles and antioxidants activities of seeds from Thapsia garganica, Orlaya maritima, and Retama raetam were investigated. The oil values were more than 26 %, except seeds of R. raetam (ca. 3 %). Unsaturated fatty acids accounted for the majority of the fatty acids (more than 75 %). Oleic and linoleic acid were the predominant fatty acids. Total phenolic compounds (24–104 mg GAE g−1 DR), total flavonoids (4–102 mg QE g−1g DR), total tannins (28–85 mg GAE g−1 DR) and condensed tannins (0.62–131 mg CE g−1 DR) were also determined. The antioxidant activities using different assays were evaluated. The predominant detected classes were the phenolic acids (42–85 %) and the flavonoids (11–48 %). The major phenolic acids were caffeic, trans‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycinnamic, p‐coumaric, and gallic acid. The predominant flavonoids were quercetin, luteolin, naringin, apigenin, and kaempferol. This study brings attention to the medicinal importance of these species as a source of oil and antioxidant molecules.
Outcome of Antenatally Diagnosed Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: Case Series from a Tertiary Fetal Medicine Center in India
Authors: Ghaisas Sushrut Dilip , Seshadri Suresh , Suresh Beena 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe aim of this case series is to review our institution’s experience with fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma, to document the clinical outcome and the incidence of associated tuberous sclerosis (TS) in these babies after birth. Eight cases with fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma were studied over a period of three years and the perinatal outcome was obtained. Out of these eight cases diagnosed antenatally, seven pregnancies continued till term and one woman opted for termination of pregnancy. There was one early neonatal death and of the six living, five developed TS with cutaneous and neurological manifestations. This association is similar with other larger multicentric studies and meta-analysis. Fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma is strongly associated with the development of TS in postnatal life, and the couples should be counseled regarding this association.
Sexual risk at first coitus: Does alcohol make a difference?
Authors: Livingston Jennifer A. , Testa Maria , Windle Michael , Bay‐Cheng Laina Y. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis study examines whether use of alcohol at first coitus is associated with increased sexual risk for young women. First coitus is the focus of the investigation because it is a memorable, formative experience that has implications for subsequent sexual health. A community sample of young women ages 18–19 years (N = 227) completed retrospective interviews. Characteristics and perceptions of the first coital event were examined using chi squares and one‐way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to determine if there were differences based on alcohol‐involvement. Alcohol‐involved first coitus events occurred in social settings with risky partners, were rated less positively, and were non‐consensual relative to those that did not involve alcohol. Alcohol use was not related to condom use. Alcohol‐involvement was associated with subsequent pairing of alcohol with sex and incapacitated rape. Adolescent alcohol use occurs in contexts that increases young women's sexual risk through exposure to risky partners.
Robotic‐Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Early‐Stage Lung Cancer: A Review
Authors: Brooks Paula 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis review evaluates the benefits and disadvantages associated with the use of robotic‐assisted technology in performing lobectomies in patients with early‐stage lung cancer. The author conducted a literature search of Ovid®, MEDLINE®, PubMed®, and CINAHL® for articles published from 2005 to 2013. Search criteria included key terms such as robot, robotic, robotic‐assisted lobectomy, and lung cancer. Of 922 articles, the author included a total of 12 research‐based published studies in the analysis and incorporated the findings into an evidence table. Results showed that robotic‐assisted lobectomies are feasible safe procedures for patients with stage 1A or 1B lung cancer; however, there is a steep learning curve and long‐term randomized studies evaluating robotic‐assisted lobectomy and conventional posterolateral thoracotomy or video‐assisted thoracic lobectomy are needed. For patient safety, perioperative nurses should be aware of the length of time and experience required to perform these procedures, the costs, techniques, benefits, and disadvantages.
Can Efficient Smoke Evacuation Limit Aerosolization of Bacteria?
Authors: Schultz Leonard 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPreventing surgical site infections requires knowledge of the sources of wound contamination. One possible source of wound contamination is bacteria aerosolized in diathermy plume (ie, surgical smoke). This study used an experimental model of porcine tissue embedded with Serratia marcescens to determine the extent of viable bacteria present in surgical plume. The results showed that only blended current electrosurgery, not laser plume or coagulation electrosurgery, contains viable bacteria. Further, the study revealed that placing a suction device near the electrosurgical site reduced the number of aerosolized viable bacteria. Therefore, evacuating the electrosurgical plume may help reduce contamination of the surgical wound. Nurses may wish to advocate for the use of air suction devices as one way to protect patients from surgical site infections.
Cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: systematic review of imaging studies
Authors: Franklin George , Carson Alan J , Welch Killian A. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveAlthough cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for depression, the biological mechanisms underpinning it are less clear. This review examines if it is associated with changes identifiable with current brain imaging technologies.MethodsTo better understand the mechanisms by which CBT exerts its effects, we undertook a systematic review of studies examining brain imaging changes associated with CBT treatment of depression.ResultsTen studies were identified, five applying functional magnetic resonance imaging, three positron emission tomography, one single photon emission computer tomography, and one magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No studies used structural MRI. Eight studies included a comparator group; in only one of these studies was there randomised allocation to another treatment. CBT-associated changes were most commonly observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex (VMPFC/OFC) and amygdala/hippocampus.DiscussionThe evidence, such as it is, suggests resting state activity in the dorsal ACC is decreased by CBT. It has previously been suggested that treatment with CBT may result in increased efficiency of a putative ‘dorsal cognitive circuit’, important in cognitive control and effortful regulation of emotion. It is speculated this results in an increased capacity for ‘top-down’ emotion regulation, which is employed when skills taught in CBT are engaged. Though changes in activity of the dorsal ACC could be seen as in-keeping with this model, the data are currently insufficient to make definitive statements about how CBT exerts its effects. Data do support the contention that CBT is associated with biological brain changes detectable with current imaging technologies.
Participatory forest carbon assessment in south-eastern Tanzania: experiences, costs and implications for REDD+ initiatives
Authors: Katani Josiah Z. , Mustalahti Irmeli , Mukama Kusaga , Zahabu Eliakimu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the changes in forest carbon in three village forests in Tanzania during 2009–2012 using participatory forest carbon assessment, and to evaluate the capability of the local communities to undertake the assessment, and the costs involved. The results show that forest degradation is caused not only by disturbance as a result of anthropogenic activities; other causes include natural mortality of small trees as a result of canopy closure, and the attraction of wild animals to closed-canopy forests. Thus, mechanisms are required to compensate communities for carbon loss that is beyond their control. However, an increase in the abundance of elephantsLoxodonta africanaand other fauna should not be considered negatively by local communities and other stakeholders, and the importance of improved biodiversity in the context of carbon stocks should be emphasized by those promoting REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). This case study also shows that the cost per ha of USD < 1 for participatory forest carbon assessment is less than that reported for Tanzania and elsewhere (USD 3–5); this is attributed to the large area of forest studied. However, the cost of data analysis and reporting in 2012 (USD 4,519) was significantly higher than the baseline cost (USD 1,793) established in 2009 because of the involvement of external experts.
Children mix direct and indirect speech: evidence from pronoun comprehension
Authors: KÖDER FRANZISKA , MAIER EMAR 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis study investigates children's acquisition of the distinction between direct speech (Elephant said, “I get the football”) and indirect speech (Elephant said that he gets the football), by measuring children's interpretation of first, second, and third person pronouns. Based on evidence from various linguistic sources, we hypothesize that the direct–indirect distinction is acquired relatively late. We also predict more mistakes for third person pronouns compared to first and second person pronouns. We tested 136 Dutch-speaking children between four and twelve in a referent selection task and found that children interpret pronouns in direct speech predominantly as in indirect speech, supporting our hypothesis about a late acquisition of the direct–indirect distinction. In addition, we found differences betweenI, you, andhethat deviate from a simple first and second vs. third person split. We discuss our results in the light of cross-linguistic findings of direct–indirect mixing.