bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot randomised controlled trial to assess the utility of an e-learning package that trains users in adverse drug reaction causality
Authors: Conroy Elizabeth J , Kirkham Jamie J , Bellis Jennifer R , Peak Matthew , Smyth Rosalind L , Williamson Paula R , Pirmohamed Munir 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by healthcare professionals is often informal which can lead to inconsistencies in practice. The Liverpool Causality Assessment Tool (LCAT) offers a systematic approach. An interactive, web-based, e-learning package, the Liverpool ADR Causality Assessment e-learning Package (LACAeP), was designed to improve causality assessment using the LCAT. This study aimed to (1) get feedback on usability and usefulness on the LACAeP, identify areas for improvement and development, and generate data on effect size to inform a larger scale study; and (2) test the usability and usefulness of the LCAT.

Methods
A pilot, single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial hosted by the University of Liverpool was undertaken. Participants were paediatric medical trainees at specialty training level 1+ within the Mersey and North-West England Deaneries. Participants were randomised (1 : 1) access to the LACAeP or no training. The primary efficacy outcome was score by correct classification, predefined by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Following participation, feedback on both the LCAT and the LACAeP was obtained, via a built in survey, from participants.

Key findings
Of 57 randomised, 35 completed the study. Feedback was mainly positive although areas for improvement were identified. Seventy-four per cent of participants found the LCAT easy to use and 78% found the LACAeP training useful. Sixty-one per cent would be unlikely to recommend the training. Scores ranged from 4 to 13 out of 20. The LACAeP increased scores by 1.3, but this was not significant.

Conclusions
Improving the LACAeP before testing it in an appropriately powered trial, informed by the differences observed, is required. Rigorous evaluation will enable a quality resource that will be of value in healthcare professional training.
Assistants' in nursing perceptions of their social place within mental health‐care settings
Authors: Cowan Darrin , Frame Nicholas , Brunero Scott , Lamont Scott , Joyce Mark 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn international nurse shortage, tightening fiscal constraints, and increased service demands have seen health systems increasingly turn to employing assistants in nursing (AIN) as a cost‐effective means to meet demand. This paper describes social positioning from the perspective of 11 AIN who were employed to work in specialist mental health settings in a metropolitan health service in Sydney. Data was collected by means of semistructured interviews. Interview questions encouraged AIN to explore their experience with reference to positioning within the service, role perception, role development, staff relationship, and role satisfaction. Thematic analysis was utilized to generate themes and explore meaning within the data. The following themes emerged: role definition and clarity; socialization and adaptation; and enhancing education. Analysis suggests that whilst AIN were integrated into mainstream service, the scope of activities or role remains geographically variable and inconsistent. Encouragingly, as AIN became familiar with their work environments and teams, they considered themselves to be of value and were able to play a meaningful role. A desire for learning and a need for continuing education also emerged as a primary theme. Findings from the data suggest that AIN in the mental health setting remain a novel and, to some extent, poorly utilized resource.
Making the Break
Authors: Brailey Mary 
Published: May 2015

Mary Brailey's paper reports on research into the rehousing of women after marital breakdown in four local authority areas in Scotland. The four areas represented a range of allocation and homelessness policies. The paper identifies the underlying assumptions of rehousing policies in cases of marital breakdown. One such assumption is that people fabricate stories of breakdown, manipulating the housing system in order to secure a house, move to a better house or evade rent arrears. The research uncovered no evidence of such abuse; most women did not have a sufficiently sophisticated knowledge of the housing system to manipulate it in the manner suggested. Another assumption is that marital breakdown is a ‘bad thing’ and that reconciliation is to be preferred. This leads to procedures designed to give the parties time for reconsideration, minimum separation periods being stipulated by some authorities. In the four areas studied the proportion of battered women whose applications for rehousing were successful varied from 19 per cent to 52 per cent; they were usually denied access to the better housing. The author argues that if the underlying assumptions were changed, there would be scope for effective change within the existing framework of law and local government operations.
Constructing Images of Deviance: A Look at State Intervention into the Problem of Wife-Battery
Authors: Morgan Patricia A. 
Published: May 2015

Patricia Morgan's paper describes what happens when the state intervenes in the social problem of wife-battering. Her analysis refers to the United States, but there are clear implications for other countries, including Britain. The author argues that the state, through its social problem apparatus, manages the image of the problem by a process of bureaucratization, professionalization and individualization. This serves to narrow the definition of the problem, and to depoliticize it by removing it from its class context and viewing it in terms of individual pathology rather than structure. Thus refuges were initially run by small feminist collectives which had a dual objective of providing a service and promoting among the women an understanding of their structural position in society. The need for funds forced the groups to turn to the state for financial aid. This was given, but at the cost to the refuges of losing their political aims. Many refuges became larger, much more service-orientated and more diversified in providing therapy for the batterers and dealing with other problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. This transformed not only the refuges but also the image of the problem of wife-battering.
Doing His Best to Sustain the Sanctity of Marriage
Authors: Freeman Michael D.A. 
Published: May 2015

Freeman's paper deals with marital rape, a specific form of marital violence which has been virtually ignored in the literature on violence against women. Battering and rape, the author argues, are closely related and frequently occur together. Both forms of violence stem from a patriarchal society designed to protect the interests of men and maintain male dominance. At present men who rape their wives are immune from prosecution in England. This is also the case in most other countries, but the paper also considers what has happened in places where the immunity has been removed or modified. Freeman traces the history of the immunity in England and casts doubt on its legal foundation and on the contemporary arguments used in its defence. The immunity rests on two shaky foundations: that married women are part of their husbands' property and that man and wife are one flesh. The first of these ideas may still have some currency, but it is as out-moded as the immunity itself. The author considers various modifications that could be made to the exclusion rule but concludes that abolition is the only satisfactory solution. Women made a fuss about it in books, but in the cool judgement of right thinking men, of other men of the world, such as he recollected often received praise in the Divorce Court, he had but done his best to sustain the sanctity of marriage, to prevent her from abandoning her duty . … No, he did not regret it.
Further evidence that paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria is a disorder of defective cell membrane lipid rafts
Authors: Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Borkowska Sylwia , Mierzejewska Kasia , Kucia Magda , Mendek‐Czajkowska Ewa , Suszynska Malwina , Sharma Vivek A. , Deptala Andrzej , Song Wechao , Platzbecker Uwe , Larratt Loree , Janowska‐Wieczorek Anna , Maciejewski Jarek , Ratajczak Janina 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe glycolipid glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI‐A) plays an important role in lipid raft formation, which is required for proper expression on the cell surface of two inhibitors of the complement cascade,CD55 andCD59. The absence of these markers from the surface of blood cells, including erythrocytes, makes the cells susceptible to complement lysis, as seen in patients suffering from paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). However, the explanation for whyPNH‐affected hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) expand over time inBMis still unclear. Here, we propose an explanation for this phenomenon and provide evidence that a defect in lipid raft formation inHSPCs leads to defectiveCXCR4‐ andVLA‐4‐mediated retention of these cells inBM. In support of this possibility,BM‐isolatedCD34+cells fromPNHpatients show a defect in the incorporation ofCXCR4 andVLA‐4 into membrane lipid rafts, respond weakly toSDF‐1 stimulation, and show defective adhesion to fibronectin. Similar data were obtained with theGPI‐A−Jurkat cell line. Moreover, we also report that chimeric mice transplanted withCD55−/− CD59−/−BMcells but with properGPI‐A expression do not expand over time in transplanted hosts. On the basis of these findings, we propose that a defect in lipid raft formation inPNH‐mutatedHSPCs makes these cells more mobile, so that they expand and out‐compete normalHSPCs from theirBMniches over time.
On the impact of urbanization on flood hydrology of small ungauged basins: the case study of the Tiber river tributary network within the city of Rome
Authors: Nardi F. , Annis A. , Biscarini C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe small ungauged basins of the highly urbanized area of the city of Rome are often the subject of critical flood conditions for the significant human‐made transformations. In this work the EBA4SUB framework, implementing the hydrogeomorphic width function instantaneous unit hydrograph rainfall run‐off model, and using digital elevation model, land use and synthetic precipitation as main input information, is applied for evaluating extreme hydrologic forcing conditions at the basic scale. The goal is to understand the rationale behind the observed increasing frequency of local urban inundations that are also observed in the uplands. Results present the impact of urbanization expressed by both the run‐off coefficient, the artificial drainage, impacted by paved surfaces and a dramatic number of river–road intersections (i.e. culverts), and the upstream to downstream non‐natural scaling behaviour of hydrologic parameters and in particular the peak discharge per unit drainage area.
Characteristics of Work‐ and Non‐work‐Related Farm Injuries
Authors: Gross Nathan , Young Tracy , Ramirez Marizen , Leinenkugel Kathy , Peek‐Asa Corinne 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeFarm‐related injuries are an important public health problem in agriculture because of their impact on individuals, families, and farm operations. While surveillance programs such as the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries is available to track fatal agricultural injuries, more work is needed to examine the burden of nonfatal agricultural injuries.MethodsData involving agricultural injuries were collected from the Iowa Trauma Registry from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2011. A total of 2,490 trauma patients were found to have been classified as having a farm‐related injury. These nonfatal farm‐related injuries were compared by work‐relatedness, injury severity score, length of hospital stay, and hospital discharge status. Also reported are the age and gender of the trauma patients, as well as the population of the county in which the injury occurred.ResultsIn our analysis, we found that work‐ versus nonwork‐relatedness had little effect on injury severity, but that work‐related injuries did result in longer average hospital stays. Injuries occurring in counties of lower population size tended to be slightly more severe and be more likely to have nonroutine discharges.ConclusionsFarm environments pose hazards which are persistent for those working and living on the farm, regardless of whether or not they are engaged in work‐related activities. Public health prevention approaches that consider work and nonwork farm environments may be helpful in designing interventions to reduce injury.
Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Treatment Delay Within Appalachia—The Role of For‐Profit Hospitals
Authors: Seiber Eric E. , Camacho Fabian , Zeeshan Muhammad Fazal , Kern Teresa T. , Fleming Steven T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundAppalachian residents have a higher overall cancer burden than the rest of the United States because of the unique features of the region. Treatment delays vary widely within Appalachia, with colorectal cancer patients undergoing median treatment delays of 5 days in Kentucky compared to 9 days for patients in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and North Carolina combined.ObjectiveThis study identified the source of this disparity in treatment delay using statistical decomposition techniques.MethodologyThis study used linked 2006 to 2008 cancer registry and Medicare claims data for the Appalachian counties of Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and North Carolina to estimate a 2‐part model of treatment delay. An Oaxaca Decomposition of the 2‐part model revealed the contribution of the individual determinants to the disparity in delay between Kentucky counties and the remaining 3 states.ResultsThe Oaxaca Decomposition revealed that the higher percentage of patients treated at for‐profit facilities in Kentucky proved the key contributor to the observed disparity. In Kentucky, 22.3% patients began their treatment at a for‐profit facility compared to 1.4% in the remaining states. Patients initiating treatment at for‐profit facilities explained 79% of the observed difference in immediate treatment (<2 days after diagnosis) and 72% of Kentucky's advantage in log days to treatment.ConclusionsThe unique role of for‐profit facilities led to reduced treatment delay for colorectal cancer patients in Kentucky. However, it remains unknown whether for‐profit hospitals’ more rapid treatment converts to better health outcomes for colorectal cancer patients.
Moving on in life after intensive care – partners' experience of group communication
Authors: Ahlberg Mona , Bäckman Carl , Jones Christina , Walther Sten , Hollman Frisman Gunilla 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundPartners have a burdensome time during and after their partners' intensive care period. They may appear to be coping well outwardly but inside feel vulnerable and lost. Evaluated interventions for partners on this aspect are limited.AimThe aim of this study was to describe the experience of participating in group communication with other partners of former intensive care patients.DesignThe study has a descriptive intervention‐based design where group communication for partners of former, surviving intensive care unit (ICU) patients was evaluated.MethodsA strategic selection was made of adult partners to former adult intensive care patients (n = 15), 5 men and 10 women, aged 37–89 years. Two group communication sessions lasting 2 h were held at monthly intervals with three to five partners. The partners later wrote, in a notebook, about their feelings of participating in group communications. To deepen the understanding of the impact of the sessions, six of the partners were interviewed. Content analysis was used to analyse the notebooks and the interviews.FindingsThree categories were identified: (1) Emotional impact, the partners felt togetherness and experienced worries and gratitude, (2) Confirmation, consciousness through insight and reflection and (3) The meeting design, group constellation and recommendation to participate in group communication.ConclusionPartners of an intensive care patient are on a journey, constantly trying to adapt to the new situation and find new strategies to ever‐changing circumstances. Group communications contributed to togetherness and confirmation. To share experiences with others is one way for partners to be able to move forward in life.Relevance to clinical practiceGroup communication with other patients' partners eases the process of going through the burden of being a partner to an intensive care patient. Group communications needs to be further developed and evaluated to obtain consensus and evidence for the best practice.
Microbial dynamics during conversion from supragingival to subgingival biofilms in an in vitro model
Authors: Thurnheer T. , Bostanci N. , Belibasakis G.N. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe development of dental caries and periodontal diseases result from distinct shifts in the microbiota of the tooth‐associated biofilm. This in vitro study aimed to investigate changes in biofilm composition and structure, during the shift from a ‘supragingival’ aerobic profile to a ‘subgingival’ anaerobic profile. Biofilms consisting of Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella dispar were aerobically grown in saliva‐containing medium on hydroxyapatite disks. After 64 h, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia and Streptococcus anginosus were further added along with human serum, while culture conditions were shifted to microaerophilic. After 96 h, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola were finally added and the biofilm was grown anaerobically for another 64 h. At the end of each phase, biofilms were harvested for species‐specific quantification and localization. Apart from C. albicans, all other species gradually increased during aerobic and microaerophilic conditions, but remained steady during anaerobic conditions. Biofilm thickness was doubled during the microaerophilic phase, but remained steady throughout the anaerobic phase. Extracellular polysaccharide presence was gradually reduced throughout the growth period. Biofilm viability was reduced during the microaerophilic conversion, but was recovered during the anaerobic phase. This in vitro study has characterized the dynamic structural shifts occurring in an oral biofilm model during the switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, potentially modeling the conversion of supragingival to subgingival biofilms. Within the limitations of this experimental model, the findings may provide novel insights into the ecology of oral biofilms.
No Identity Without an Entity
Authors: Manning Luke 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPeter Geach's puzzle of intentional identity is to explain how the claim ‘Hob thinks a witch has blighted Bob's mare, and Nob wonders whether she (the same witch) killed Cob's sow’ is compatible with there being no such witch. I clarify the puzzle and reduce it to the familiar problem of negative existentials. That problem is a paradox of representations that seem to include denials of commitment (implicitly, here), to carry commitment to what they deny commitment to, and to be true. The best proposed solutions can be understood through this paradox; I evaluate them, and defend a new solution.
Stem and leaf hydraulic properties are finely coordinated in three tropical rain forest tree species
Authors: Nolf Markus , Creek Danielle , Duursma Remko , Holtum Joseph , Mayr Stefan , Choat Brendan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCoordination of stem and leaf hydraulic traits allows terrestrial plants to maintain safe water status under limited water supply. Tropical rain forests, one of the world's most productive biomes, are vulnerable to drought and potentially threatened by increased aridity due to global climate change. However, the relationship of stem and leaf traits within the plant hydraulic continuum remains understudied, particularly in tropical species. We studied within‐plant hydraulic coordination between stems and leaves in three tropical lowland rain forest tree species by analyses of hydraulic vulnerability [hydraulic methods and ultrasonic emission (UE) analysis], pressure‐volume relations and in situ pre‐dawn and midday water potentials (Ψ). We found finely coordinated stem and leaf hydraulic features, with a strategy of sacrificing leaves in favour of stems. Fifty percent of hydraulic conductivity (P50) was lost at −2.1 to −3.1 MPa in stems and at −1.7 to −2.2 MPa in leaves. UE analysis corresponded to hydraulic measurements. Safety margins (leaf P50 – stem P50) were very narrow at −0.4 to −1.4 MPa. Pressure‐volume analysis and in situ Ψ indicated safe water status in stems but risk of hydraulic failure in leaves. Our study shows that stem and leaf hydraulics were finely tuned to avoid embolism formation in the xylem.
Type I Chiari malformation presenting with laryngomalacia and dysphagia
Authors: Liu Christopher , Ulualp Seckin O. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe describe clinical features of an infant with laryngomalacia and dysphagia caused by type I Chiari malformation (CM‐I). A 12‐month‐old child presented with a 6 month history of progressive stridor, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reflux. Examination of the airway and swallowing function indicated mild laryngomalacia and aspiration with all consistencies. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain indicated CM‐I. Symptoms were resolved after posterior fossa decompression. CM‐I, typically diagnosed later in life, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of laryngomalacia and dysphagia. High clinical suspicion and thorough search for abnormalities ensure early diagnosis and proper management of children with neurologic variant laryngomalacia.
The Influence of Value Orientations, Personal Beliefs, and Knowledge about Resource Extraction on Local Leaders' Positions on Shale Development
Authors: Crowe Jessica , Ceresola Ryan , Silva Tony 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUnconventional shale oil and gas production plays a prominent role in boosting economic growth and stimulating wealth creation in many communities. However, because of potential social and environmental drawbacks, including a lack of affordable housing and groundwater contamination from drilling, unconventional shale development is highly contentious in many areas and has resulted in many community conflicts. Hydraulic fracturing, which is a specific technology utilized in unconventional shale development, has proved especially contentious because of concerns about its long‐term environmental consequences. Given the fast pace of shale development, coupled with the controversy that surrounds it, we seek to understand what factors affect a local government official's stance on shale development and hydraulic fracturing. To do this we draw from value‐belief‐norms theory while additionally examining knowledge and community‐level factors that can influence an official's position. In this study, we survey 308 local government officials across six shale plays in the United States to examine local officials' positions on shale development and hydraulic fracturing. We find that the more positively officials perceive the consequences of shale development, the less likely they are to support banning hydraulic fracturing. Additionally, we find that networks to other shale communities are positively associated with favoring a ban. Further, leaders with a bachelor's degree or higher are more likely to favor a ban than those with lower than a bachelor's degree.