bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IUPAC Glossary of terms used in neurotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2015)
Authors: Templeton Douglas M. , Schwenk Michael , Duffus John H. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The primary objective of this Glossary of Terms Used in Neurotoxicology is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to neurotoxicology, or must interpret them, but are not themselves neurotoxicologists, neuroscientists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of neurotoxic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The Glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical neurology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the central and peripheral nervous systems. The glossary consists of about 800 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and includes Annexes of common abbreviations, and examples of chemicals with known effects on the nervous system. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
EEWES: an energy-efficient wireless sensor network embed-ded system to be applied on industrial environments
Authors: Mendonça de Oliveira Felipe Denis , Semente Rodrigo Soares , Fernandes Jefferson Doolan , Correia de Melo Tálison Augusto , Júnior Serafim Do Nascimento , Salazar Andrés Ortiz 
Published: August 2015

<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent"><span lang="EN-US">Nowadays, the vast majority of information monitoring in industrial plants is still carried out by wired technologies, in which the installation and maintenance cost is high. However, in outdoor applications, such as those used in the oil and gas industry, the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is increasing due to mobility, reliability, and low cost of the sensor nodes that make up the network. Moreover, this solution reduces the risks of workers in classified areas (regions with high probability of accidents occurrence) to the extent that the equipment maintenance is optimized. This paper proposes the development of the EEWES, an energy efficient wireless sensor network embedded system, which can be applied on industrial environments. This development approach significantly reduces the energy consumption of the sensor nodes by using a method that alternates sleep periods of the transceiver/sensor set with data transmission/reception periods, which reduces the duty cycle while keeping the desirable parameters of the service quality (QoS). The results presented in this paper will be confirmed by field tests.</span></p>
A novel finite element method for designing floor slabs on grade and pavements with loads at edges
Authors: Camero Sanabria Hugo Ernesto 
Published: August 2015

<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent">In the present paper a methodology to design slabs on grade for industrial floors and pavements using bi-dimensional finite elements and integrating the subgrade in the design is presented. The suggested method to design slabs on grade for industrial floors and pavements has been called the Camero Finite Element Method. An example of an industrial floor designed to be capable of sustaining an infinite number of load applications (or a 50 years lifespan period) is here presented in order to be compared with the results of the Camero Finite Element Method, the PCA (Portland Cement Association), and the WRI’s (Wire Reinforcement Institute) simplified methods. In this example, an industrial floor is designed to be capable of sustaining an infinite number of load applications comparing the results of the Camero Finite Element Method and the simplified methods of the PCA and WRI. The industrial floor or pavement will be able to resist an infinite number of load applications if it is designed with the Camero Finite Element Method. On the other hand, if it is designed using the PCA and the WRI methods, it will last a few years (in this example, in one year period, the number of axle load applications is equal to the number of allowable repetitions). To conclude, if an industrial floor o pavement is designed with the Camero Finite Element Method, it will be able to sustain an infinite number of load applications (up to 50 years lifespan period).</p>
Conceptual analysis of single-feed heterogeneous distillation columns
Authors: Martinez Riascos Carlos Arturo , Estupiñan Perez Libardo 
Published: August 2015

<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent">Separation in heterogeneous distillation columns is attained by interaction of two liquid and one vapor phases, interaction of three phases involves complexities due to the determination of vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium and hence, in the design of separation units. Nevertheless, the liquid-liquid equilibrium allows developing separations that may be unfeasible by vapor-liquid equilibrium. In this way, heterogeneous azeotropic distillation is a useful operation for the separation of azeotropic and close-boiling mixtures. In this work, a new methodology for evaluating the feasibility of this process is developed. This methodology is an extension of that proposed by Castillo <em>et al</em>. (1998) for homogeneous systems. Operation leaves for heterogeneous systems are calculated using the concept of pinch point curves in order to establish the process feasibility. Heterogeneous columns with external decanter are considered as the only heterogeneous stage (OHED: only heterogeneous external decanter). The initialization process for the column calculation requires the selection of the distillate composition using thermodynamic criteria in order to guarantee homogeneous phases within the column. A system with industrial and academic relevance was considered as case study: water-acetic acid-amyl acetate. Results show that the developed shortcut method allows evaluating process feasibility and estimating design parameters, without the use of trial and error procedures implemented, with the aid of simulation tools.</p><div> </div>
Glucose obtained from rice bran by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Kuhn Raquel Cristine , Mazutti Marcio Antonio , Foletto Edson Luiz , Dal Prá Valéria , Zimmermann Eduardo , Souza Matheus , Foletto Vitória Segabinazzi , Silveira Maleski Tanisa Paula , Cavalheiro Lunelli Felipe , Sfalcin Pâmela 
Published: August 2015

<p>In this work ultrasound-assisted solid-state enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran to obtain fermentable sugars was investigated. For this purpose, process variables such as temperature, enzyme concentration and moisture content were evaluated during the enzymatic hydrolysis with and without ultrasound irradiation. The enzyme used is a blend of amylases derived from genetically modified strains of <em>Trichoderma</em> <em>reesei</em>. Kinetic of the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran at the constant-reaction rate period were measured. The best results for the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis was obtained using 3 wt% of enzyme, 60 <sup>o</sup>C and moisture content of 65 wt%, yielding 0.38 g sugar/g rice bran, whereas for the hydrolysis in the absence of ultrasound the highest yield was 0.20 g sugar/g rice bran using 3 wt% of enzyme, 60 <sup>o</sup>C and moisture content of 50 wt%. The use of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran was intensified, obtaining around 74% more fermentable sugar than in the absence, showing that the use of ultrasound is a promising technology to be used in enzymatic reaction as an alternative of process intensification. </p>
HDO del guaiacol mediante el uso de catalizadores NiMo soportados sobre carbón activado obtenido a partir de la torta de higuerilla
Authors: Ospina Viviana , Buitrago Robison , Lopez Diana Patricia 
Published: August 2015

<p>Physical and chemical activation methods were used to prepare two different activated carbons (ACs) from castor de-oiled cake. H<sub>2</sub>O/CO<sub>2</sub> mixture was used as the physical activating agent, and for chemical activation potassium carbonate (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) was used. For both materials, textural and chemical properties were characterized by N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ACs were used as supports for NiMo sulfide catalysts, which were prepared by wetness impregnation and in-situ sulfided for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol (GUA) as a model compound of bio-oil. The HDO reaction was carried out in a typical batch reactor at 5 MPa of H<sub>2</sub> and 350 °C. Under the same test conditions, commercial catalysts were also tested in the reaction. Although the commercial catalysts displayed higher GUA conversion, the prepared catalysts showed higher activity and non-oxygenated and saturated products yield. </p>
Effective Flow Properties for Cells Containing Fractures of Arbitrary Geometry
Authors: Sakhaee-Pour A.. , Wheeler Mary F. 
Published: August 2015

Summary
Hydrocarbon production from unconventional resources such as shale usually entails stimulation by hydraulic fracturing, which results in nonplanar (curved) fractures. However, most reservoir models assume that the induced fractures are planar for the sake of simplicity. Considering the growing interest of the petroleum industry in better understanding production from these resources, we develop a fracture-cell model to capture the effects of fracture nonplanarity on transport properties.
To build a realistic reservoir model for a fractured formation, we must account for three types of interactions: matrix-matrix (M-M), matrix-fracture (M-F), and fracture-fracture (F-F). The transport properties of the M-M interaction are based on laboratory measurements. In this study, we analytically determine the transport properties of the two other types of interactions (M-F and F-F). For this purpose, we account for the aperture size and spatial location of the fracture. As a result, we provide effective porosity and effective anisotropic permeabilities for a reservoir cell that contains a fracture inside it. The reservoir cell with transport properties that are modified is a fracture cell.
We implement the fracture-cell model in a reservoir simulator and perform analyses for a single fracture and for multiple intersecting fractures; these fractures are nonplanar. The analyses include both single- and multiphase flow models and show that the hydrocarbon pressure inside the reservoir is strongly dependent on the fracture geometry when the matrix permeability is smaller than 1 µd. Thus, it is crucial to model the fracture geometry more accurately in unconventional reservoirs with ultralow permeabilities such as shale.
One can easily implement the developed fracture-cell model in reservoir simulators, and there is no local refinement around the fracture. The main advantage of the proposed model is its simplicity, conjoined with its ability to capture the nonplanarity of the fracture. The developed model has major applications for understanding production from formations that are heavily fractured.
EOR: Challenges of Translating Fine Scale Displacement Into Full Field Models Part 3
Authors: Moreno J. E. , Flew S.. , Gurpinar O.. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe use of numerical finite-difference models to substantiate EOR implementation decisions has significantly increased, along with the need for accurate numerical representation of the driving forces and processes dominating the fluid flow. As reservoir characterization improves, so does the need for more representative models, since the perception appears to exist that increased accuracy and therefore predictive power, is linearly dependent on model size. Technology advances in hardware and software have overcome many of the past limitations on numerical model size, but not eliminitated them; hence correct upscaling is not only relevant but still very necessary to breach measurement scale gaps which are not limited to the traditional geocellular-to-numerical processes but probably now critical at the core/log to geomodelling stage previously overlooked by most reservoir engineers.Numerical simulation of chemical flooding incorporates different challenges to those observed in miscible and immiscible flooding; flow mechanisms and EOR agent interaction with the reservoir have a higher degree of complexity with advanced numerical formulations (along with resolution requirements) to depict the fluid flow in a finite-difference space. This paper is a continuation of our previous work on miscible and immiscible flooding; we investigate the effect of grid size on the displacement behavior of a polymer flood, in terms of force balances, concentration changes and polymer rheology using different reservoir architectures, and discuss the potential caveats for application of more complex chemical processes and highlight the scale at which such modeling retains the underlying physical character.
Numerical Modelling on Dynamic Adsorption of Viscoelastic Polymer in Near Wellbore Conditions by Population Balance Method
Authors: Choi ByungIn , Jeong Moon Sik , Lee Kun Sang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSignificant injectivity loss during polymer injection measured particularly in the near wellbore has been reported. This challengeable issue is identified as bridging polymer adsorption caused by the bridging of pore throats via macromolecular polymers previously stretched under elongational flow conditions occurring in the vicinity of the injection well. There has been no attempt to describe this phenomenon by numerical simulation model because the conventional Langmuir isotherm widely used in reservoir simulation is not able to contain this bridging-adsorption observed in complicated polymer flooding experiments.This study focuses on the development of numerical model for the bridging adsorption by implementing population balance theory and performs extensive simulation verifications with small core-scale reservoir rock. To reflect distinct flow condition to induce bridging adsorption, the rate of bridging adsorption is established by considering the relationship of expanded polymer under shear force and narrow pore size. To verify the feasibility of new model, simulation results are compared with experiment output reported in previous studies. The simulation results indicate that a considerable amount of bridged polymer can be generated in the low permeability cells only if the polymer solution is exposed to high shear velocity related with shear rate. This is in accordance with a number of previous experimental reports. In addition, the mechanism to induce permeability reduction is totally different from that of conventional Langmuir's isotherm which is widely incorporated in commercial simulators. With buildup of bridging-polymer, the adsorption model can enable the application of numerical simulation targeted at chemical EOR process to be wider.
Case Study of Hot Water Foam Flooding in Deep Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Wu Yongbin , Liu Xueqi , Xing Dongmei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
EOR of deep waterflooded reservoir with low porosity and permeability is challenged by low heat efficiency of conventional thermal process. Conventional chemical process like surfactant flooding also has some risk because of high oil viscosity and water channeling along fractures since the wells are hydraulically fractured. The conventional waterflooding can only last for a short period of effective production and low water cut level, and the performance enhancement by EOR operations will be greatly reduced after water cut reaches to a high level. Therefore, it is quite urgent to make and apply reasonable EOR strategy for this kind of reservoirs.
In this paper, the experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of continuing conventional waterflooding and the performance of enhancing water temperature and change of injection agents, which optimized that the hot water foam flooding would be the best choice in terms of oil viscosity reduction, conformance profile control and oil displacement efficiency enhancement[1–3]. Based on the 3D geologic modelling, the waterflood target area was extracted and upscaled as the numerical simulation model to make history match and the residual oil saturation analysis. According to the current well status and well spacing, the reservoir engineering optimization was conducted to optimize the foaming system, converting timing and paramters of production and injection. Based on the reservoir engineering design, the hot water foam flooding was implemented from Janurary 2014, and the production performance is quite encouraging, which has the significant guidance for the EOR of similar deep heavy oil reservoirs.
Rheological Properties of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers in Solution to Improve the Salinity and Temperature Performances of Polymer-Based Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies
Authors: Leblanc T.. , Braun O.. , Thomas A.. , Divers T.. , Gaillard N.. , Favero C.. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWhile polymer flooding has proven to be an effective technique to improve oil recovery from mature reservoirs, the new objective pursued by the main stakeholders consists now in optimizing the overall costs and decrease the risks associated to the implementation of chemical enhanced oil recovery methods.Several options do exist to tackle these challenges. Developing more costeffective polymers is one of these. Traditional partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) are sensitive to brine hardness and temperature; increasing both lead to a drop in viscosity which could be detrimental to the success of the project. As a result, it is generally necessary to increase the dosage of the HPAM to reach the targeted viscosity and balance for the viscosity drop induced by polymer collapse, but always at the expense of the economics of the project. In extreme cases, the project can be aborted for economic reasons. This paper describes a new class of polymers, called “stimuli-responsive”, which has been designed to overcome the aforementioned challenges.This new family of polyacrylamide-based polymers has structurally modified to counterbalance the negative effect of salinity and temperature encountered during the transit through the reservoir. The placement, number and quantity of stimuliresponsive grafts can be finetuned to each reservoir condition to develop its full potential in the subterranean formation. This variable comes on top of other possible adjustments made to the polymer backbone including molecular weight, hydrolysis and incorporation of thermostable groups such as ATBS (acrylamide tertio butyl sulfonic acid) and/or NVP (Nvinyl pyrrolidone).A series of rheological tests has been performed to demonstrate several features of the solutions prepared from these polymers, including salinity resistance, effect of temperature and longterm stability tests. Moreover, injectivity and retention tests have been performed to evaluate the behavior of these polymers in porous medium. A reduction in the polymer dosage on the injection side and the stimuli responsive behavior of the polymer also open new opportunities to minimize the impact of the presence of said polymer in the coproduced water on surface facilities. Some preliminary experiments have been performed in these directions.The objective of the study is also to demonstrate the possibility to develop innovative and costeffective polymers for each reservoir condition. It encompasses an early and particularly close cooperation between the polymer manufacturer and the company willing to improve oil recovery from its reservoirs.
Visualising Surfactant EOR in Core Plugs and Micromodels
Authors: Howe A.M.. M. , Clarke A.. , Mitchell J.. , Staniland J.. , Hawkes L.A.. A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This work describes two types of laboratory chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) flooding experiment. Results are presented for micromodels and core floods (Bentheimer sandstone). Saturation behaviour is followed directly by optical microscopy in the micromodels and these images enable interpretation of the saturation development in the sandstone core as determined using spatially resolved nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The oil is a simple alkane (decane) but the surfactant combination is designed for EOR. The work is supported by surfactant phase behaviour, oil-water interfacial tension (spinning drop), and effluent analysis (surfactant concentration). The data and analysis presented here confirms much of that previously inferred general behaviour, using modern direct observation techniques (NMR and microfluidics). These micromodel data directly illustrate local behaviour of middle phases within the porous network, the mobilisation of ganglia, and the formation of middle phase from ganglia. The correlation of micromodel data with spatially resolved core data is striking, and allows identification of behaviours within the core.
An aqueous formulation of anionic surfactants and butan-2-ol is injected into decane-saturated porous media. The formulations were selected to give rise to equilibrium L1 and L3 phase behaviours at different NaCl concentrations. The aqueous formulation contains 1% of each of a C12,13 alcohol-propoxy-sulfate and a C20-24 internal olefin sulfonate (supplied by Shell Chemicals) and 8% butan-2-ol. This formulation with 2% and 4% NaCl give rise to L1 and L3 phase behaviour and oil-water (measured) interfacial tensions of 0.10 and 0.006 mN/m, respectively, which at the flow rates used give corresponding capillary numbers of 3.5×10-5 and 6.0×10-4, compared to a surfactant-free flood value of ~ 1×10-7. Both surfactant formulations provide improved oil displacement from the core. Adding surfactant in “L1-based” formulations reduces interfacial tension. However, “L3-based” formulations give ultra-low interfacial tensions and hence better recovery, exhibiting complex behaviour consistent with (1) the formation of, and then (2) the displacement of, microemulsion phases.