bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of light‐absorbing cyclopentadithiophene‐based donor–acceptor copolymers
Authors: Sharma Bhavna , Sarothia Yameeni , Singh Ranbir , Kan Zhipeng , Keivanidis Panagiotis E , Jacob Josemon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCyclopentadithiophene and benzothiadiazole based donor–acceptor polymers are fast emerging as the most promising class of materials for organic solar cells. Here we report on a series of Cyclopentadithiophene and benzothiadiazole based conjugated polymers, namely poly[4,7‐bis(4,4‐dioctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole] (P1), poly[4,7‐bis(4,4‐dioctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole‐alt‐9‐(heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐2,7‐bis(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl)‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐9H‐carbazole] (P2) and poly[4,7‐bis(4,4‐dioctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole‐alt‐5,11‐bis(2‐hexyldecyl)‐3,9‐bis(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl)‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐5,11‐dihydroindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole] (P3), with alternating donor and acceptor units and discuss their photophysical and electrochemical properties. Stille coupling of 2‐tributylstannyl‐4,4‐dioctylcyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene with 4,7‐dibromobenzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole generated the alternating donor–acceptor monomer 4,7‐bis(4,4‐dioctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole (CPDT‐BT‐CPDT). Homopolymer P1 of CPDT‐BT‐CPDT was synthesized by oxidative polymerization using FeCl3. Copolymers P2 and P3 were synthesized by palladium‐catalysed Suzuki polycondensation. The synthesized polymers showed good solubility in common organic solvents, and UV‐visible measurements showed that the absorption maxima of the polymers lie in the range 624 to 670 nm. The energy gaps of these polymers were found to lie in the range 1.29 to 1.50 eV. Gel permeation chromatography measurements against polystyrene standards showed the number‐average molecular weight to be in the range (2.2–6.0) × 104 g mol−1. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the polymers to possess high thermal stability. A preliminary study of photodiode devices prepared using polymers P1, P2 and P3 when blended with the PC71BM electron acceptor found that P2 is the optimum chemical structure for pursuing further device optimization.© 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Personalized medicine for cystic fibrosis: Establishing human model systems
Authors: Mou Hongmei , Brazauskas Karissa , Rajagopal Jayaraj 
Published: September 2015

SummaryWith over 1,500 identifiable mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that result in distinct functional and phenotypical abnormalities, it is virtually impossible to perform randomized clinical trials to identify the best therapeutics for all patients. Therefore, a personalized medicine approach is essential. The only way to realistically accomplish this is through the development of improved in vitro human model systems. The lack of a readily available and infinite supply of human CFTR‐expressing airway epithelial cells is a key bottleneck. We propose that a concerted two‐pronged approach is necessary for patient‐specific cystic fibrosis research to continue to prosper and realize its potential: (1) more effective culture and differentiation conditions for growing primary human airway and nasal epithelial cells and (2) the development of collective protocols for efficiently differentiating disease‐ and patient‐specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into pure populations of adult epithelial cells. Ultimately, we need a personalized human model system for cystic fibrosis with the capacity for uncomplicated bankability, widespread availability, and universal applicability for patient‐specific disease modeling, novel pharmacotherapy investigation and screening, and readily executable genetic modification. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S14–S23. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cystic fibrosis lung microbiome: Opportunities to reconsider management of airway infection
Authors: Caverly Lindsay J. , Zhao Jiangchao , LiPuma John J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe importance of infection in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease has been long recognized, and the use of antibiotics targeting bacteria identified in cultures of respiratory specimens has played a critical role in improving outcomes for individuals with CF. Over the past ∼15 years, the use of culture‐independent methods to assess airway microbiology in CF has revealed complex and dynamic CF airway bacterial communities. Recent areas of investigation of the CF lung microbiome have included exploring how bacterial community structures change over time, particularly with respect to disease progression or pulmonary exacerbation, and in response to antibiotic therapies. This review will discuss what has been learned from these studies as well as how these findings offer opportunities to further refine management of CF airway infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S31–S38. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonsurgical management of an enlarging pneumatocele by fibrin sealant injection via pigtail catheter
Authors: Park Tae Hyun , Kim Jin Kyu 
Published: September 2015

SummaryMost pneumatoceles disappear spontaneously and do not cause severe symptoms. Treatment alternatives include various conventional or surgical methods. However, an enlarging, complicated pneumatocele with cardiorespiratory instability requires imaging‐guided catheter drainage or surgery. Here, we report the case of a newborn girl with an enlarging pneumatocele accompanied by pulmonary interstitial emphysema secondary to mechanical ventilation. The pneumatocele was successfully managed by the injection of fibrin sealant via a pigtail catheter. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:E5–E7. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on Curing Reaction Thermokinetics of Azide Binder/Bispropargyl Succinate by Microcalorimetry
Authors: Li Na , Zhao Fengqi , Luo Yang , Mo Hongchang , Gao Hongxu , Xiao Libai , Yao Ergang , Hu Rongzu 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe thermokinetics of the curing reactions between poly‐(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (PAMMO) and bispropargyl succinate (BPS) were studied using a microcalorimeter. On the basis of experimental and calculated results, three thermodynamics parameters (the activation enthalpies, the activation entropies, the activation free energies), the rate constant, three thermokinetic parameters (the activation energies, the pre‐exponential constant, and the reaction order) and the enthalpies of the curing reactions between PAMMO and BPS in the temperature range of 50–65 °C were obtained, showing that the main reaction leading to a triazole structure easily took place in the studied temperature range. The linear relationship between lnk and the molar ratio of triple bonds to azide groups was found. Furthermore, the corresponding kinetic equation describing the curing reaction between PAMMO and BPS was dα/dt=10−4.48(1−α)0.962 at 333.15 K.
Thermal Kinetic Parameters of Lead Azide and Lead Styphnate with Antistatic Additives
Authors: Liu Jianchao , Jiang Yutong , Tong Wenchao , Zhang Tonglai , Yang Li 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThree antistatic additives were applied to improve the antistatic abilities of lead styphnate and lead azide. It has been found that PVA and DEX are more effective antistatic additives for LA, whereas CMC and DEX are more appropriate for LS by electrostatic accumulation test. The dynamic vacuum stability test (DVST) method was used to investigate the thermal decomposition of LA/PVA, LA/DEX, LS/CMC, LS/DEX, thermal kinetic parameters are obtained. The results show that antistatic additives have influence on the thermal kinetic parameters that lead to the thermal decomposition reaction which requires more energy, thus increasing the thermal stability of primary explosive. However, the reaction mechanism function that insure the explosive properties remained unchanged.
The “expert patient” approach for non‐communicable disease management in low and middle income settings: When the reality confronts the rhetoric
Authors: Xiao Yue 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper seeks to explore the relevance between the Western “expert patient” rhetoric and the reality of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) control and management in low and middle income settings from the health sociological perspective. It firstly sets up a conceptual framework of the “expert patient” or the patient self‐management approach, showing the rhetoric of the initiative in the developed countries. Then by examining the situation of NCDs control and management in low income settings, the paper tries to evaluate the possibilities of implementing the “expert patient” approach in these countries. Kober and Van Damme's study on the relevance of the “expert patient” for an HIV/AIDS program in low income settings is critically studied to show the relevance of the developed countries' rhetoric of the “expert patient” approach for the reality of developing countries. In addition, the MoPoTsyo diabetes peer educator program is analyzed to show the challenges faced by the low income countries in implementing patient self‐management programs. Finally, applications of the expert patient approach in China are discussed as well, to remind us of the possible difficulties in introducing it into rural settings.
Ultrasound‐Guided, Percutaneous Needle Fascial Fenestration for the Treatment of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T. , Rajasekaran Sathish 
Published: September 2015

AbstractChronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) involves a painful increase in compartment pressure caused by exercise and relieved by rest. The most common site for CECS in the lower extremity is the anterior leg compartment. We report a case of a collegiate athlete with bilateral anterior and lateral leg compartment CECS who was successfully treated with an ultrasound‐guided, percutaneous needle fascial fenestration of the affected compartments in both legs and was able to return to full, unrestricted activity within 1 week of the procedure. This case highlights the potential application of this procedure for the treatment of anterior and lateral leg CECS.
A randomised trial of a medium-chain TAG diet as treatment for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Law Tsz Hong , Davies Emma S. S. , Pan Yuanlong , Zanghi Brian , Want Elizabeth , Volk Holger A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDespite appropriate antiepileptic drug treatment, approximately one-third of humans and dogs with epilepsy continue experiencing seizures, emphasising the importance for new treatment strategies to improve the quality of life of people or dogs with epilepsy. A 6-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over dietary trial was designed to compare a ketogenic medium-chain TAG diet (MCTD) with a standardised placebo diet in chronically antiepileptic drug-treated dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Dogs were fed either MCTD or placebo diet for 3 months followed by a subsequent respective switch of diet for a further 3 months. Seizure frequency, clinical and laboratory data were collected and evaluated for twenty-one dogs completing the study. Seizure frequency was significantly lower when dogs were fed the MCTD (2·31/month, 0–9·89/month) in comparison with the placebo diet (2·67/month, 0·33–22·92/month,P=0·020); three dogs achieved seizure freedom, seven additional dogs had ≥50 % reduction in seizure frequency, five had an overall <50 % reduction in seizures (38·87 %, 35·68–43·27 %) and six showed no response. Seizure day frequency were also significantly lower when dogs were fed the MCTD (1·63/month, 0–7·58/month) in comparison with the placebo diet (1·69/month, 0·33–13·82/month,P=0·022). Consumption of the MCTD also resulted in significant elevation of bloodβ-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in comparison with placebo diet (0·041 (sd0·004)v.0·031 (sd0·016) mmol/l,P=0·028). There were no significant changes in serum concentrations of glucose (P=0·903), phenobarbital (P=0·422), potassium bromide (P=0·404) and weight (P=0·300) between diet groups. In conclusion, the data show antiepileptic properties associated with ketogenic diets and provide evidence for the efficacy of the MCTD used in this study as a therapeutic option for epilepsy treatment.
Determinants of parathyroid hormone response to vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Moslehi Nazanin , Shab-Bidar Sakineh , Mirmiran Parvin , Hosseinpanah Farhad , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis systematic review aimed to assess the determinants of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level response to vitamin D supplementation. We searched Medline, Google Scholar and the reference lists of previous reviews. All randomised controlled trials (RCT) on vitamin D supplementation that involved apparently healthy human subjects with a report of PTH were selected. Potential studies were screened independently and in duplicate. Results are summarised as mean differences with 95 % confidence intervals. Quality assessment, subgroup analysis, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis were carried out. Thirty-three vitamin D supplementation RCT were included. Vitamin D supplementation significantly raised circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with significant heterogeneity among studies with a pooled mean difference (PMD) of 15.5 ng/ml (test for heterogeneity: P<0·001 and I2=97·3 %). Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced PTH level with PMD of −8·0 pg/ml, with significant heterogeneity ((test for heterogeneity: P<0·001) and the I2 value was 97·3 %). In the subgroup analyses, the optimum treatment effect for PTH was observed with Ca doses of 600–1200 mg/d (−22·48 pg/ml), after the duration of a >12-month trial (−18·36 pg/ml), with low baseline 25(OH)D concentration of <20 ng/ml (−16·70 pg/ml) and in those who were overweight and obese (−18·11 pg/ml). Despite the present meta-analysis being hindered by some limitations, it provided some interesting evidence, suggesting that suppression of PTH level needs higher vitamin D intake (75 μg/d) than the current recommendations and longer durations (12 months), which should be taken into account for nutritional recommendations.
Pertussis immunity and epidemiology: mode and duration of vaccine-induced immunity
Authors: MAGPANTAY F. M. G. , DOMENECH DE CELLÈS M. , ROHANI P. , KING A. A. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYThe resurgence of pertussis in some countries that maintain high vaccination coverage has drawn attention to gaps in our understanding of the epidemiological effects of pertussis vaccines. In particular, major questions surround the nature, degree and durability of vaccine protection. To address these questions, we used mechanistic transmission models to examine regional time series incidence data from Italy in the period immediately following the introduction of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine. Our results concur with recent animal-challenge experiments wherein infections in aP-vaccinated individuals proved as transmissible as those in naive individuals but much less symptomatic. On the other hand, the data provide evidence for vaccine-driven reduction in susceptibility, which we quantify via a synthetic measure of vaccine impact. As to the precise nature of vaccine failure, the data do not allow us to distinguish between leakiness and waning of vaccine immunity, or some combination of these. Across the range of well-supported models, the nature and duration of vaccine protection, the age profile of incidence and the range of projected epidemiological futures differ substantially, underscoring the importance of the remaining unknowns. We identify key data gaps: sources of data that can supply the information needed to eliminate these remaining uncertainties.
BRF1, a subunit of RNA polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIB, is essential for cell growth ofTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: VÉLEZ-RAMÍREZ D. E. , FLORENCIO-MARTÍNEZ L. E. , ROMERO-MEZA G. , ROJAS-SÁNCHEZ S. , MORENO-CAMPOS R. , ARROYO R. , ORTEGA-LÓPEZ J. , MANNING-CELA R. , MARTÍNEZ-CALVILLO S. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYRNA polymerase III (Pol III) synthesizes small RNA molecules that are essential for cell viability. Accurate initiation of transcription by Pol III requires general transcription factor TFIIIB, which is composed of three subunits: TFIIB-related factor BRF1, TATA-binding protein and BDP1. Here we report the molecular characterization of BRF1 inTrypanosoma brucei(TbBRF1), a parasitic protozoa that shows distinctive transcription characteristics.In silicoanalysis allowed the detection in TbBRF1 of the three conserved domains located in the N-terminal region of all BRF1 orthologues, namely a zinc ribbon motif and two cyclin repeats. Homology modelling suggested that, similarly to other BRF1 and TFIIB proteins, the TbBRF1 cyclin repeats show the characteristic structure of fiveα-helices per repeat, connected by a short random-coiled linker. As expected for a transcription factor, TbBRF1 was localized in the nucleus. Knock-down of TbBRF1 by RNA interference (RNAi) showed that this protein is essential for the viability of procyclic forms ofT. brucei, since ablation of TbBRF1 led to growth arrest of the parasites. Nuclear run-on and quantitative real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that transcription of all the Pol III-dependent genes analysed was reduced, at different levels, after RNAi induction.
Resilience and psychiatric epidemiology: Implications for a conceptual framework
Authors: Boden Joseph M. , McLeod Geraldine F. H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKalisch and colleagues present a conceptual framework for the study of resilience, using a neurobiological approach. The present commentary examines issues arising for the study of resilience from epidemiological data, which suggest that resilience is most likely a normative function that may operate as a kind of psychological immune system. The implications of the epidemiological data on the development of a neurobiological theory of resilience are discussed.
Resilience: Mediated by not one but many appraisal mechanisms
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKalisch et al. discuss the causal process underlying stress in terms of a multidimensional goal-appraisal process, but there are several mechanisms at various levels of the brain that use different types of information to guide behavior. Depending on the mechanism, the characteristics of the process are different. Hence, both research and prevention must deal with appraisal in mechanism-specific ways.
Resilience is more about being flexible than about staying positive
Authors: Koole Sander L. , Schwager Susanne , Rothermund Klaus 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKalisch et al. propose a positive appraisal style as the key mechanism that underlies resilience. The present authors suggest that flexibility in emotion processing is more conducive to resilience than a general positivity bias. People may achieve emotional flexibility through counter-regulation – a dynamic processing bias toward positive stimuli in negative contexts and negative stimuli in positive contexts.
Integration of negative experiences: A neuropsychological framework for human resilience
Authors: Quirin Markus , Kent Martha , Boksem Maarten A. S. , Tops Mattie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe propose that the fundamental mechanism underlying resilience is the integration of novel or negative experiences into internal schemata. This process requires a switch from reactive to predictive control modes, from the brain's salience network to the default mode network. Reappraisal, among other mechanisms, is suggested to facilitate this process.
Stability through variability: Homeostatic plasticity and psychological resilience
Authors: Schutter Dennis J. L. G. , Wischnewski Miles , Bekkering Harold 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAccording to Kalisch et al., adopting a cognitive positive appraisal style promotes internal bodily homeostasis and acts as a safeguard against the detrimental effects of stress. Here we will discuss results from recent noninvasive brain stimulation studies in humans to illustrate that homeostatic plasticity provides a neural mechanistic account for the positive appraisal style theory of resilience.
Reappraisal and resilience to stress: Context must be considered
Authors: Troy Allison S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractKalisch et al. propose that positive reappraisal constitutes a resilience mechanism for highly stressed individuals. Both empirical and theoretical accounts suggest that this claim is too simplistic – the relationship between reappraisal and resilience depends on context. Indeed, there may be contexts in which reappraisal leads to harm, not resilience. Future research should examine multiple regulatory processes as well as context.
Do we know how stressed we are?
Authors: Washington Natalia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractI take issue with Kalisch et al.'s formulation of PASTOR, arguing that care must be taken in understanding what is meant by “appraisal.” I examine the implications of PASTOR given two competing possibilities for what counts as an appraisal – first, if appraisal is restricted to conscious reflection on one's circumstances, and second, if appraisal is expanded to include subconscious mechanisms of evaluation.
SOCIOLOGY AND THE THEORY OF DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Itzigsohn José , Brown Karida 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this paper we emphasize W. E. B. Du Bois’s relevance as a sociological theorist, an aspect of his work that has not received the attention it deserves. We focus specifically on the significance of Du Bois’s theory of Double Consciousness. This theory argues that in a racialized society there is no true communication or recognition between the racializing and the racialized. Furthermore, Du Bois’s theory of Double Consciousness puts racialization at the center of the analysis of self-formation, linking the macro structure of the racialized world with the lived experiences of racialized subjects. We develop our argument in two stages: The first section locates the theory of Double Consciousness within the field of classical sociological theories of the self. We show how the theory addresses gaps in the theorizing of self-formation of James, Mead, and Cooley. The second section presents an analysis of how Du Bois deploys this theory in his phenomenological analysis of the African American experience. The conclusions point out how the theory of Double Consciousness is relevant to contemporary debates in sociological theory.
The composition of the zebrafish intestinal microbial community varies across development
Authors: Stephens W Zac , Burns Adam R , Stagaman Keaton , Wong Sandi , Rawls John F , Guillemin Karen , Bohannan Brendan J M 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The assembly of resident microbial communities is an important event in animal development; however, the extent to which this process mirrors the developmental programs of host tissues is unknown. Here we surveyed the intestinal bacteria at key developmental time points in a sibling group of 135 individuals of a model vertebrate, the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our survey revealed stage-specific signatures in the intestinal microbiota and extensive interindividual variation, even within the same developmental stage. Microbial community shifts were apparent during periods of constant diet and environmental conditions, as well as in concert with dietary and environmental change. Interindividual variation in the intestinal microbiota increased with age, as did the difference between the intestinal microbiota and microbes in the surrounding environment. Our results indicate that zebrafish intestinal microbiota assemble into distinct communities throughout development, and that these communities are increasingly different from the surrounding environment and from one another.