bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN THE SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE GASTRIC GLANDS RESULTING FROM THE APPLICATION OF ACETIC ACID SOLUTIONS TO THE GASTRIC MUCOSA
Authors: Babkin B. P. , Hebb Catherine O. , Krueger Luise 
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs with œsophagotomy and a gastric fistula, 1 per cent. acetic acid solution, introduced into the stomach and kept there for 2 to 2½ hours, greatly affected the secretory response to subsequent sham‐feeding with meat or subcutaneous injection of histamine, diminishing the volume of the gastric secretion, lowering the total chloride concentration and the free and total acidities, and increasing the content of mucus.2. Analogous results were obtained in a Pavlov‐pouch dog and in a much lesser degree in a Bickel‐pouch dog, the introduction of acetic acid into the main stomach in these cases influencing the secretory activity of the pouch par distance.3. Evidence is advanced that the lowering of the acidity and of the total chloride concentration of the gastric juice in these experiments was due to the neutralizing and diluting effect of the mucoid secretion, an excessive production of which was caused by the introduction of acetic acid into the stomach.We are greatly indebted to Mrs. Olga Komarov for her help in a number of these experiments.
ADRENALINE BRONCHOCONSTRICTION IN ISOLATED BLOOD PERFUSED LUNGS
Authors: Daly I. De Burgh , Hebb Catherine O. , Petrovskaia B. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for the separate blood perfusion of each lung under negative pressure ventilation, whereby one lung can be used as a control, the other as a test‐object.2. In isolated lungs perfused with defibrinated or heparinised blood, the bronchial response to injections of adrenaline (2–10 µg.) repeated at ten‐minute intervals over a period of three hours varies according to the duration of perfusion. The first injection in freshly perfused lungs causes bronchodilatation. Injections during the succeeding 40–90 minutes produce a progressively weaker bronchodilatation, or are without effect. Subsequent to this period adrenaline injections cause a moderate bronchoconstriction.3. The bronchoconstrictor response fails to appear if during the earlier period of perfusion adrenaline is steadily infused into the circulation in quantities greater than 5 µg./min. or if too frequent and large single doses of adrenaline are given.4. In lungs perfused for two hours without adrenaline being added to the blood, the first injection of adrenaline thereafter generally causes a powerful bronchoconstriction. The adrenaline bronchoconstrictor response appears in nicotinised and atropinised lung preparations, but is suppressed or reversed by ergotoxine.5. Once the adrenaline bronchoconstrictor response has appeared, its subsequent appearance to single doses of adrenaline depends upon the dose administered and the previous “adrenaline history” of the preparation.6. In some perfused preparations the pulmonary arterial pressure rise to adrenaline is markedly increased after 120 minutes of perfusion as compared with the effect of adrenaline on the freshly perfused preparation.7. No evidence has been obtained that the addition of posterior pituitary extracts affects the occurrence of adrenaline bronchoconstriction.8. The possible significance of the results enumerated above is discussed in relation to potential mechanisms governing the onset and alleviation of certain types of asthmatic attacks.
ADRENAL AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING EXPERIMENTAL TRAUMATIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Noble R. L. , Collip J. B. 
Published: December 2014

Rats have been subjected to traumatic shock using the method previously described. It has been found that adrenalectomized rats are much more susceptible than normals to this type of trauma. Suitable pretreatment with cortical extract restored their resistance to slightly above normal, and desoxycorticosterone acetate had a less, but definite, beneficial action. The same method of pretreatment was used on normal rats. In this case cortin and desoxycorticosterone caused a slight increase in resistance. Corticotrophic extracts of the pituitary were also effective to about the same extent. From a practical viewpoint the effects of adrenal preparations on this type of shock have been disappointing.The changes in blood concentration following trauma have been recorded and the effects of hæmorrhage and ether anæsthesia have been determined. These results are discussed in relation to the possible factors concerned in the ætiology of shock.This research was assisted by a grant from the National Research Council, Ottawa. We wish to thank Mrs. A. Nielsen and Mr. Larsen for their technical assistance in this experimental work.
BRONCHOMOTOR AND PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE RESPONSES TO NERVE STIMULATION
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Hebb Catherine O. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments on isolated perfused lungs and on the perfused whole animal preparation under “negative” pressure respiration are described. Attempts have been made to evaluate the bronchomotor mechanisms responsible for the changes of pulmonary arterial pressure (P.A.p.) which occur as a result of stimulation of the caudal end of the cervical vagosympathetic nerves (C.V.S.).When complete bronchoconstriction occurs, its rate of onset, which determines the intrapulmonary pressure change, and the final position in the respiratory cycle in which the lungs are immobilised, are the main factors in determining the degree and direction of P.A.p. change. When partial bronchoconstriction takes place the P.A.p. change is chiefly governed by the direction of change of the mean air volume of the lungs.Evidence is presented in support of the view that the C.V.S. nerves contain true pulmonary vasomotor fibres, but their functional activity cannot be unequivocally demonstrated by electrical stimulation if concomitant bronchomotor effects occur.Experiments are described showing that C.V.S. stimulation may produce broncho‐constriction or ‐dilatation. The conditions governing the type of response have not been evaluated.We wish to express our thanks to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for defraying the cost of the investigation by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.).
EVALUATION OF BRONCHOMOTOR AND PULMONARY VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY BY MEANS OF THE PERFUSED LIVING ANIMAL UNDER NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Elsden S. R. , Hebb Catherine O. , Von Ludány G. , Petrovskaia Barbara 
Published: December 2014

1. A description is given of a method for blood perfusion of the entire living animal (dog) in which—(a) the heart ventricles are put out of action and the right auricle continues to beat and respond to vagal stimulation, its blood‐supply being intact;(b) the systemic and pulmonary blood‐flows, the gaseous content of the blood and the ventilation of the lungs are under separate control;(c) the respiratory control remains active during 3 hours' perfusion and the blood gases are maintained within normal limits;(d) vascular and bronchomotor responses to sensory nerve stimulations and drug injections are readily obtained;(e) the blood‐flows and pH values of the blood are rather lower than the corresponding values given by other workers for normal unanæsthetised dogs.2. Stimulation of the caudal ends of the cervical vagosympathetic nerves causes changes of pulmonary arterial pressure which cannot be wholly accounted for by concomitant œsophageal contractions or by bronchomotor effects. The significance of these results in relation to pulmonary vasomotor nerve activity is discussed.3. The bronchoconstriction due to excitation of the caudal end of the cervical vagus is potentiated by eserine and suppressed by atropine, and is also potentiated by ergotoxine in the non‐atropinised preparation.We wish to express our thanks to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for defraying the expenses of the investigation by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.).
PROLONGATION OF SURVIVAL PERIOD OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN‐INJECTED RABBITS BY CHOLESTEROL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Meng Hsien‐chang , Tsai Chiao 
Published: December 2014

1. Several groups of rabbits were given cholesterol, lecithin, cholesterol + lecithin, sodium chloride or sodium chloride + cholesterol respectively, before and after the injection of a M. L. D. of diphtheria toxin. The symptoms and survival period of these animals were recorded.2. Cholesterol definitely improves the conditions and prolongs the life of the toxin‐injected animals. In 38 rabbits given cholesterol or cholesterol + sodium chloride, 10·5 per cent. lived indefinitely, 84·2 per cent. survived 5‐25 days, with an average of about 9 days, and 5·2 per cent. died within the period of 66‐68 hours, while control animals with diphtheria‐toxin injection alone all died within 44‐92 hours.3. Sodium chloride and lecithin respectively cannot prolong the life of the toxin‐injected rabbits any longer than that of the control group. Lecithin appears to abolish the beneficial effect of cholesterol.4. The suprarenal glands of the diphtheria toxin‐injected rabbits are enlarged, but the total cholesterol concentration is reduced. This reduction is probably due to the increment of the tissue mass without a corresponding addition of cholesterol.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ANTIHÆMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF LECITHIN AND CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Lee Jui‐Shuan , Tsai Chiao 
Published: December 2014

1. The antihæmolytic reactions of cholesterol toward saponin, digitonin, crude bile acid, and natural hæmolysin are accelerated by a rise of temperature, whereas those of cholesterol toward lecithin, oleic acid, Na‐taurocholate, and Na‐glycocholate are not.2. The Q10 of cholesterol‐saponin and cholesterol‐digitonin systems lies between 2 and 4 and that of cholesterol‐crude bile acid or cholesterol‐natural hæmolysin is less than 1, indicating that the reactions in the former group are probably chemical in nature, while those in the latter group are physical or physico‐chemical.3. The interaction between lecithin and all other hæmolysins studied are not accelerated by the rise of temperature. This is unlikely to be due to the high velocity of their reaction at low temperature.4. The degree of temperature effect in cholesterol‐saponin and cholesterol‐digitonin systems is smaller with the presence of lecithin than without. On the other hand, there is no temperature effect on the rate of combined antihæmolytic action of cholesterol and lecithin toward other hæmolysins.5. The nature of antihæmolytic action of cholesterol and lecithin is discussed.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENTS OF FOAM TIME
Authors: Schütz F. 
Published: December 2014

The foam stability, when measured under standard conditions, of solutions of alcohol in water was found to increase with increasing concentrations of alcohol, but only up to a certain concentration, when any further addition of alcohol decreased the foam stability. This particular concentration where foam stability was maximal (critical foam‐time concentration) was found to be a characteristic for many liquids. The concentrations of alcohols in water which are known to have the highest biological activity (germicidal, toxic) are very similar to these critical foam‐time concentrations. Other experiments also suggest that the germicidal or toxic action of alcohols on suspended cells is connected with the same principles which cause the mixtures to produce a more stable foam at the concentrations which are also biologically most potent.An experiment with Sudan IV in alcoholic solutions shows that at the critical foam‐time concentration, the staining property of Sudan IV is undergoing a change, and suggests that staining may not only depend on the presence of the substance in which the dyestuff is soluble, but also on the presence of a substance in which it is less soluble, or insoluble, and on the ratio between these two substances.I am greatly indebted to Professor J. H. Gaddum and Professor P. C. Cloake for valuable advice and interest in this work.
CITRIC ACID‐SODIUM CITRATE‐GLUCOSE MIXTURES FOR BLOOD STORAGE
Authors: Loutit J. F. , Mollison P. L. , Young I. Maureen , Lucas E. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Certain citric acid‐sodium citrate‐glucose mixtures have been tested and found to be satisfactory for use as blood preservatives. The use of these solutions is recommended for the following reasons:—(a) Red cells stored in these solutions survive better in the recipient's circulation after transfusion than when stored in any other solution yet tested.(b) The whole mixtures can be autoclaved with the production of little or no caramel.(c) The transfusion of blood stored in these solutions has not been accompanied by the production of any untoward results.(d) The amount of methæmoglobin formed when blood is stored with these solutions is not significantly greater than the amount formed when the usual trisodium citrate‐glucose solution is used.2. The rates of release of inorganic phosphorus, of potassium shift, of glycolysis, of hæmolysis and of alteration in the osmotic fragility of blood stored in these solutions and in the Rous‐Turner and standard M. R. C. citrate‐glucose solutions were investigated. The changes observed were not found to be correlated with the ability of the erythrocytes to survive In Vivo after transfusion, except that in this series delay in hæmolysis was associated with improved survival in vivo.We should like to thank Mr. R. J. Bromfield, Dr. C. H. Gray, and Miss M. Heppenstall for carrying out some of the tests in this investigation; Dr. M. Maizels and Dr. M. M. Murray for advice; the Medical Superintendents of Kingston County and St. Helier Hospitals for access to suitable cases; and British Drug Houses Ltd. for supplies of reagents.
CHANGES IN THE CIRCULATING BLOOD IN MAN FOLLOWING BLOOD LOSS OR TRANSFUSION OF CONCENTRATED RED CELLS
Authors: Dyson M. , Plaiut G. , Vaughan Janet 
Published: December 2014

1. In assessing the significance of changes in hæmoglobin, total red cells, mean corpuscular volume, and serum protein in any individual. the importance of possible changes in plasma volume must be considered. A fall in hæmoglobin or red cells may be due to dilution as well as to actual blood loss. Blood loss may occur without affecting the hæmoglobin level.2. In estimating the amount of fluid that has passed from the tissues into the circulation, the amount absorbed by the red cells is significant and must be taken into account.3. There is considerable variation in the response of different individuals to the removal of 540 c. c. of blood or to the administration of 450‐520 c. c. of concentrated red cells.We are grateful to Dr. C. M. Scott, Imperial Chemical Industries. for a supply of Evans blue dye.Observations on the changes in red cells, hæmoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum protein, and plasma volume in a two‐hour period following the removal of 540 c. c. of blood were made on 8 normal subjects and following the transfusion of concentrated red cells on 8 anæmic subjects. Following the removal of blood in one instance the plasma volume was that calculated, in others dilution or over‐dilution were noted. Dilution following blood loss was associated with an increase in mean corpuscular volume, suggesting that some of the fluid passing in from the tissues was absorbed by the red cells. No increase in serum protein was noted. In some cases there was a significant fall. In assessing the significance of changes in hæmoglobin, total red‐cell count, mean corpuscular volume, and serum protein in any individual, the possibility of changes in plasma volume must therefore be considered. A fall in hæomoglobin or red cells may be due to dilution as well as to actual blood loss. Blood loss may occur without affecting the hæmoglobin level. In estimating the amount of fluid that has passed from the tissues into the circulation, the amount absorbed by the red cells is significant and must be taken into account. There is clearly considerable variation in the response of different individuals to the removal of 540 c. c. of blood or to the administration of 400‐500 c. c. of concentrated red cells.
NORMAL HÆMATOLOGICAL STANDARDS AT AN ALTITUDE OF 5740 FEET (WITWATERSRAND, SOUTH AFRICA)
Authors: Lurie H. I. 
Published: December 2014

The results of this study indicate that at an altitude of 5740 feet the number of red cells and the hæmoglobin content of the blood is higher than at sea‐level. The hæmoglobin rises proportionately with the red‐cell count. Each red cell contains as much as or slightly more hæmoglobin than does a red cell at sea‐level. The red‐cell volume is slightly larger, although its diameter is a little smaller. The thickness is greater than that of an average red cell at sea‐level. These findings therefore suggest a tendency to a diminution in the diameter: thickness ratio. At high levels compensation occurs not only by an increase in the number of erythrocytes, but also by an increase in the volume and hæmoglobin content of each cell.1. A hæmatological study is described, based on the examination of normal European males and females, 30 of each sex, between the ages of eighteen and forty years, living at an altitude of 5740 feet.2. Normal values have been determined for the hæmoglobin, red‐cell count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hæmoglobin, mean corpuscular hæmoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular diameter, and mean corpuscular average thickness.3. The mean red‐cell count for males has been found to be 5·593 millions per c.mm. and 4·999 millions per c.mm. for females, with hæmoglobin values of 17·76 g. per cent. and 15·33 g. per cent. respectively. The male red cell has a mean volume of 89·58 c.µ, and a mean corpuscular hæmoglobin of 31·69 γγ. The female red cell has a mean volume of 90·42 c.µ and a mean corpuscular hæmoglobin of 30·65 γγ.The mean diameter has been found to be 7·0074 µ and the mean thickness 2·26 µ.4. These results have been compared with those of previous workers on the Witwatersrand, and other records found at similar altitudes in other parts of the world.5. The normal values obtained for this altitude have been compared with the normal values at sea‐level.
THE EFFECT OF SECTION OF THE SUPRAOPTICO‐HYPO‐PHYSEAL TRACTS ON THE INHIBITION OF WATER‐DIURESIS EMOTIONAL STRESS
Authors: O'Connor W. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts in four dogs resulted in atrophy of the neurohypophysis and a varying degree of diabetes insipidus.2. After section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts, a greatly reduced amount of antidiuretic substance was released from the neurohypophysis during emotional stress, as was shown by an almost complete abolition of the slow type of inhibition of water‐diuresis. The amount of antidiuretic substance released was approximately 5 per cent. of the amount liberated in response to the same stimulus before tract section.3. There was no difference in the size of the residual inhibition by emotional stress after tract section and after removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary.4. The results are discussed in relation to the production of diabetes insipidus by section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts.I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. E. B. Verney in the operative work of this paper.
A STUDY OF SOME CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD IN VITRO
Authors: Fegler J. , Banister Jean 
Published: December 2014

A tonometer is illustrated which ensures constant conditions of exposure of blood to gas mixtures for any desired interval of time, making possible a simultaneous measurement of the velocity of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in whole blood.The influence of variations in temperature, red‐cell volume p. c., the relative viscosity of the blood, and in the pressure gradient of oxygen between the blood and the gas phase on the rate of exchange of oxygen by oxalated blood in vitro was investigated. It was found that1. An increase of temperature, or a reduction in the relative viscosity of the blood or in its relative red‐cell volume augmented the rates of uptake and release of oxygen.2. The increases in the rate of exchange observed with rises of temperature from 20–38°C., or with reductions in the relative red‐cell volume corresponded to just such increases in the rate of exchange as would be expected from the resulting alterations in the relative viscosity of the blood.3. The rate of oxygen uptake varied in almost direct proportion with the partial pressure of oxygen to which the blood was exposed. The rate of oxygen release did not so accurately reflect the pressure gradient of oxygen between the blood and the gas phase.
THE ACTION OF HZEMOLYSINS ON NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Maizels Montague 
Published: December 2014

In stored blood, susceptibility to lysis by bile salts and lysolipin is increased, while to saponin it is decreased. This suggests that some substance with certain of the properties of lysolipin, bile salts, and soaps has appeared during storage, but it is thought unlikely that this substance is responsible for the natural hæmolysis occurring during storage, for the altered response is not correlated with natural hæmolysis.In the microcytic anæmias, lysis by bile salts, lysolipin, and saponin is probably normal. In acholuric family jaundice resistance to these lipins is somewhat decreased, while in the microcytic anaemias it is definitely decreased. There is no evidence that this decrease of resistance is due to the pre‐adsorbtion of a hæmolytic substance in vivo.If experiments on hæmolysis are to have any meaning, the titres of lysins used ought to be referred to the total surface area of the cell suspensions.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEPARIN TO TRAUMA
Authors: Pollard John , Stoker S. Brandon 
Published: December 2014

1. It has been shown that the effect on B.C.T. of anticoagulants and other substances, when used in the quantities employed in this work, is dependent on the original C.T. of the blood to which they are added.2. The effects on blood, in vitro, of heparin and Toluidin Blue have been examined in detail; tests have also been made with Chlorazol Fast Pink, adrenalin, and histamine preparations.3. Reason has been given for the view that heparin is not ordinarily present in the blood. A principle, which is not heparin, has been shown to exist in the blood which can result in wide variations in B.C.T.4. The amount of anti‐heparin substances in the blood has been investigated.5. The effects of trauma have been shown to include the presence in the blood of two substances which affect B.C.T. and which have been referred to as Discharges A and B.6. Discharge A is produced locally and probably regionally, and is a chemically basic substance. Its effect on B.C.T. is to reduce it to 5 minutes, but not lower.7. Discharge B is produced generally, and is of the nature of heparin. It combines with Discharge A, and its flow is intermittent.8. The view is advanced that, if Discharge A is a shock‐producing substance, then Discharge B is the natural antidote to it.We are indebted for assistance in this work to many people. Our thanks are offered in particular to Profs. Durward and Hemingway, of Leeds Medical School, who have been helpful in many ways; to Prof. D. Burns, in connection with whose department in Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne this work has been done, who has granted facilities there when needed, and whose advice, keen interest, and encouragement have been of much value; to the Medical Research Council and to the Beaverbrook Fund of King's College Medical School, a grant from each of which, to S.B.S., made possible the earlier stages of this work, and to the Research Fund Committee of King's College for a grant to S.B.S.; and finally to the large number of people of Ossett, Yorks, who have very kindly supplied blood.