bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ge Content in MBE Si(1-x) Ge(x) on the Evolution of {311} Defects
Authors: Crosby Robert , Frazer Jackie , Jones K. S. , Law Dr. M. E. , Larsen A. Nylandsted , Hansen J. Lundsgaard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMolecular beam epitaxial Si1-xGex layers of various Ge concentrations ranging from 0% to 50% were grown on top of a Si substrate. The wafers were then implanted with a 40 keV, 1 x 1014cm-2 Si+. To study the development of {311} defects, the samples were annealed at 750°C for times ranging from 0 to 20 minutes. TEM was utilized to observe both the formation and dissolution of the defects. The Si1-xGex samples with ≤ 5% Ge exhibit {311} defect formation and dissolution; however, samples with the Ge content lying between 15% and 50% showed only dislocation loop formation. It is suggested that the decrease in bond strength with increasing Ge content is the reason for the lack of {311} defect formation.
A review of the treatment options for skin rash induced by EGFR-targeted therapies: Evidence from randomized clinical trials and a metaanalysis
Authors: Ocvirk Janja , Heeger Steffen , McCloud Philip , Hofheinz Ralf-Dieter 
Published: February 2013

Background.Agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are amongst the most extensively used of the targeted agents in the therapy of some of the most common solid tumors. Although they avoid many of the classic side effects associated with cytotoxic chemotherapy, they are associated with unpleasant cutaneous toxicities which can affect treatment compliance and impinge on patient quality of life. To date, despite a plethora of consensus recommendations, expert opinions and reviews, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidance for the management of the skin rash that occurs in the treatment of patients receiving EGFR-targeted therapies.Methods.A literature search was conducted as a first step towards investigating not only an evidence-based approach to the management of skin rash, but also with a view to designing future randomized trials. Results. The literature search identified seven randomized trials and a meta-analysis was conducted using the data from four of these trials involving oral antibiotics. The meta-analysis of the data from these four trials suggests that prophylactic antibiotics might reduce the relative risk of severe rash associated with EGFR-targeted agents by 42-77%. Vitamin K cream was also identified as having a potential role in the management EGFR-targeted agent induced rash.Conclusions.This review and meta-analysis clearly identify the need for further randomized studies of the role of oral antibiotics in this setting. The results of the ongoing randomized trials of the topical application of vitamin K cream plus or minus doxycycline and employing prophylactic versus reactive strategies are eagerly awaited.
Fuel Cell Electrocatalyst Using Polybenzimidazole‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes As Support Materials
Authors: Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractToward the next generation fuel cell systems, the development of a novel electrocatalyst for the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is crucial to overcome the drawbacks of the present electrocatalyst. As a conductive supporting material for the catalyst, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising candidate, and many attempts have been carried out to introduce CNT, in place of carbon black. On the other hand, as a polymer electrolyte, polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) have been recognized as a powerful candidate due to the high proton conductivity above 100 °C under non‐humid conditions. In 2008, we found that these two materials have a strong physical interaction and form a stable hybrid material, in which the PBIs uniformly wrap the surfaces of the CNTs. Furthermore, PBIs serve as effective binding sites for the formation of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles to fabricate a ternary composite (CNT/PBIs/Pt). In this review article, we summarize the fundamental properties of the CNT/PBIs/Pt and discuss their potential as a new electrocatalyst for the PEFC in comparison with the conventional ones. Furthermore, potential applications of CNT/PBIs including use of the materials for oxygen reduction catalysts and reinforcement of PBI films are summarized.
Randomized study combining interferon and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lublin Fred D. , Cofield Stacey S. , Cutter Gary R. , Conwit Robin , Narayana Ponnada A. , Nelson Flavia , Salter Amber R. , Gustafson Tarah , Wolinsky Jerry S. ,   for the CombiRx Investigators
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveA double‐blind, randomized, controlled study was undertaken to determine whether combined use of interferon β‐1a (IFN) 30μg intramuscularly weekly and glatiramer acetate (GA) 20mg daily is more efficacious than either agent alone in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis.MethodsA total of 1,008 participants were randomized and followed until the last participant enrolled completed 3 years. The primary endpoint was reduction in annualized relapse rate utilizing a strict definition of relapse. Secondary outcomes included time to confirmed disability, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) score, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics.ResultsCombination IFN + GA was not superior to the better of the single agents (GA) in risk of relapse. Both the combination therapy and GA were significantly better than IFN in reducing the risk of relapse. The combination was not better than either agent alone in lessening confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale progression or change in MSFC over 36 months. The combination was superior to either agent alone in reducing new lesion activity and accumulation of total lesion volumes. In a post hoc analysis, combination therapy resulted in a higher proportion of participants attaining disease activity‐free status (DAFS) compared to either single arm, driven by the MRI results.InterpretationCombining the 2 most commonly prescribed therapies for multiple sclerosis did not produce a significant clinical benefit over 3 years. An effect was seen on some MRI metrics. In a test of comparative efficacy, GA was superior to IFN in reducing the risk of exacerbation. The extension phase for CombiRx will address whether the observed differences in MRI and DAFS findings predict later clinical differences. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:327–340
Synthesis, pH sensitivity, and drug‐release behavior of acrylic acid and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane copolymer
Authors: Jiang Chunmei , Zhang Chunling , Bai Xuetao , Liu Bo , Mu Jianxin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractpH‐Sensitive organic–inorganic copolymers of hydrogels were developed as drug delivery systems (DDS) to improve the swelling behavior of polyacrylic acid (PAA). They were represented through FTIR, TGA and XRD characterization which revealed that the functional groups of methacryl‐phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were successfully added to the acrylic acid (AA) molecular chains through radical solution polymerization. The DSC test results indicate that the addition of POSS could improve the thermal properties of the copolymers. The swelling properties at the pH range of 1.25–8.01 exhibited the pH sensitivity of POSS/AA copolymers (POSS‐co‐AA) and the lower swelling ratio in acidic conditions indicated that the DDS had low amount of release in SGF; this phenomenon suggested that the copolymer was available as DDS of theophylline. And it was proved by drug release curve and scanning electron microscopy. Since the addition of POSS reduced the release rate of theophylline and prolonged the release time of the drug, the concentration range of theophylline could remain low for an extended duration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Modification of wheat gluten with citric acid to produce superabsorbent materials
Authors: Chiou Bor‐Sen , Jafri Haani , Cao Trung , Robertson George H. , Gregorski Kay S. , Imam Syed H. , Glenn Greg M. , Orts William J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWheat gluten was reacted with citric acid to produce natural superabsorbent materials able to absorb up to 78 times its weight in water. The properties of the modified gluten samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and water uptake. The reaction between gluten and citric acid was examined for gluten : citric acid ratios of 0.38 : 1 to 0.75 : 1 at temperatures from 100 to 130°C. More citric acid reacted for samples containing higher citric acid concentrations and at higher temperatures. FTIR analyses indicated the presence of carboxylate groups on the modified gluten samples, which resulted in modified samples having higher water uptake values than neat gluten. The sample with a gluten:citric acid ratio of 0.5 : 1 and reaction temperature of 120°C had the largest water uptake value. Also, all modified gluten samples had lower thermal stability than neat gluten. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone‐silica hybrid membranes for pervaporation separation of methanol/ethylene glycol azeotrope
Authors: Zhang Qiu Gen , Hu Wen Wei , Liu Qing Lin , Zhu Ai Mei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChitosan (CS)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐silica hybrid membranes are prepared to separate the methanol/ethylene glycol (EG) azeotrope. These hybrid membranes are formed in semi‐interpenetrating network structure at the molecular scale via sol‐gel reactions between CS and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The physico‐chemical property and morphology of the as‐prepared membranes are investigated in detail. They have lower crystallinity, higher thermal stability, and denser structure than the pristine CS membrane and its blending counterpart. The as‐prepared hybrid membranes demonstrate excellent performances and a great potential in pervaporation separation of methanol/EG. Silica‐hybridization depressed the swelling degree of membranes in the azeotrope, and remarkably enhanced methanol sorption selectivity. The membrane containing 7.77 wt % PVP and 14.52 wt % TEOS has a permeation flux of 0.119 kg m−2 h−1 and separation factor of 1899. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Bag6/Bat3/Scythe: A novel chaperone activity with diverse regulatory functions in protein biogenesis and degradation
Authors: Lee Jin‐Gu , Ye Yihong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUpon emerging from the ribosome exiting tunnel, polypeptide folding occurs immediately with the assistance of both ribosome‐associated and free chaperones. While many chaperones known to date are dedicated folding catalysts, recent studies have revealed a novel chaperoning system that functions at the interface of protein biogenesis and quality control by using a special “holdase” activity in order to sort and channel client proteins to distinct destinations. The key component, Bag6/Bat3/Scythe, can effectively shield long hydrophobic segments exposed on the surface of a polypeptide, preventing aggregation or inappropriate interactions before a triaging decision is made. The biological consequences of Bag6‐mediated chaperoning are divergent for different substrates, ranging from membrane integration to proteasome targeting and destruction. Accordingly, Bag6 can act in various cellular contexts in order to execute many essential cellular functions, while dysfunctions in the Bag6 system can cause severe cellular abnormalities that may be associated with some pathological conditions.
Organic co‐solvents affect activity, stability and enantioselectivity of haloalkane dehalogenases
Authors: Stepankova Veronika , Damborsky Jiri , Chaloupkova Radka 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHaloalkane dehalogenases are microbial enzymes with a wide range of biotechnological applications, including biocatalysis. The use of organic co‐solvents to solubilize their hydrophobic substrates is often necessary. In order to choose the most compatible co‐solvent, the effects of 14 co‐solvents on activity, stability and enantioselectivity of three model enzymes, DbjA, DhaA, and LinB, were evaluated. All co‐solvents caused at high concentration loss of activity and conformational changes. The highest inactivation was induced by tetrahydrofuran, while more hydrophilic co‐solvents, such as ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide, were better tolerated. The effects of co‐solvents at low concentration were different for each enzyme‐solvent pair. An increase in DbjA activity was induced by the majority of organic co‐solvents tested, while activities of DhaA and LinB decreased at comparable concentrations of the same co‐solvent. Moreover, a high increase of DbjA enantioselectivity was observed. Ethylene glycol and 1,4‐dioxane were shown to have the most positive impact on the enantioselectivity. The favorable influence of these co‐solvents on both activity and enantioselectivity makes DbjA suitable for biocatalytic applications. This study represents the first investigation of the effects of organic co‐solvents on the biocatalytic performance of haloalkane dehalogenases and will pave the way for their broader use in industrial processes.
Determination of PF‐04620110, a novel inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐1, in rat plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application in pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Lee Kyeong‐Ryoon , Choi Sung Heum , Song Jin‐Sook , Seo Hyewon , Chae Yoon‐Jee , Cho Hwang Eui , Ahn Jin Hee , Ahn Sung‐Hoon , Bae Myung Ae 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, we developed a method for the determination of PF‐04620110 (2‐{(1r,4r)‐4‐[4‐(4‐amino‐5‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydropyrimido[5,4‐f][1,4]oxazepin‐6(5H)‐yl)phenyl]cyclohexyl}acetic acid), a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT‐1) inhibitor, in rat plasma and validated it using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Rat plasma samples were processed following a protein precipitation method by using acetonitrile and were then injected into an LC‐MS/MS system for quantification. PF‐04620110 and imipramine (internal standard) were separated using a Hypersil Gold C18 column, with a mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mm ammonium formate (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase. The ion transitions monitored in positive‐ion mode [M + H]+ of multiple‐reaction monitoring were m/z 397.0 → 260.2 for PF‐04620110 and m/z 280.8 → 86.0 for imipramine. The detector response was specific and linear for PF‐04620110 at concentrations within the range 0.05–50 µg/mL and the signal‐to‐noise ratios for the samples were ≥10. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the method matched the acceptance criteria for assay validation. PF‐04620110 was stable under various processing and/or handling conditions. PF‐04620110 concentrations in the rat plasma samples could be measured up to 24 h after intravenous or oral administration of PF‐04620110, suggesting that the assay is useful for pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination and pharmacokinetics of geniposidic acid in rat plasma after oral administration of Gardeniajasminoides fruit crude extract and Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction
Authors: Long Zhimin , Zhang Ruowen , Zhao Xu , Meng Xia , Bi Kaishun , Chen Xiaohui 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA simple and efficient liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of geniposidic acid in rat plasma. After the addition of internal standard salidroside and acidification (0.1% formic acid, pH = 3.2), plasma samples were carried out by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and separated on a Kromasil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) within a run time of 9.0 min. Analysis was performed in selected ion monitoring mode with a positive electrospray ionization interface. No endogenous interference was observed at retention times of the analytes because of the high specificity of selected ion monitoring mode. The linear range was 0.02–4.0 µg/mL and the lower limit of quantification was 0.02 µg/mL. The mean extraction recoveries of geniposidic acid and internal standard from rat plasma were all >88.0% and the matrix effects were within acceptance criteria (90–110%). The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of geniposidic acid in rat plasma after oral administration of G. jasminoides fruit crude extract and Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of cytosine arabinoside and its metabolite, uracil arabinoside, in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with UV detection
Authors: Uchiyama Masanobu , Takamatsu Yasushi , Ogata Kentaro , Matsumoto Taichi , Jimi Shiro , Tamura Kazuo , Hara Shuuji 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTA practical high‐performance liquid chromatography using a Cosmosil HILIC column and UV detection was developed for determining the concentrations of cytosine arabinoside (Ara‐C) and uracil arabinoside (Ara‐U), which is a major metabolite of Ara‐C, in human plasma. This method was used to determine the plasma concentrations of Ara‐C and Ara‐U in a patient treated with high‐dose Ara‐C therapy for end‐stage renal failure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Sulfonic Acid Functionalised Hybrid Silicas Obtained by Oxidative Cleavage of Tetrasulfide Bridges as Catalysts in Esterification Reactions
Authors: López María Isabel , Esquivel Dolores , Jiménez‐Sanchidrián César , Romero‐Salguero Francisco José 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHybrid materials with tetrasulfide bridges were synthesised by co‐condensation between bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide and either tetraethyl orthosilicate or 1,4‐bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene under acidic conditions in the presence of Brij‐76 as a structure‐directing agent. They were post‐modified by treatment with H2O2 for 3 h or 24 h. A progressive loss of the mesostructure in the resulting materials was observed upon increasing the S content in the synthesis mixtures. Thus, only those samples with the lowest tetrasulfide content could be considered as periodic mesoporous organosilicas. This effect was even more pronounced upon oxidation. The oxidised materials exhibited a considerable acidity, particularly those with the two precursors in approximately equal amounts. All sulfonic acid functionalised materials were used as catalysts in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol, and they exhibited a comparable or very similar activity to that of Amberlyst‐15. Several mesoporous and microporous hybrid materials were selected and compared to this commercial resin in the transformation of more hydrophobic substrates. Some of these hybrid materials were especially attractive for the transformation of benzyl alcohol and various secondary alcohols.
Formal Total Synthesis of the Algal Toxin (−)‐Polycavernoside A
Authors: Brewitz Lennart , Llaveria Josep , Yada Akira , Fürstner Alois 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA concise and largely catalysis‐based approach to the potent algal toxin polycavernoside A (1) is described that intercepts a late‐stage intermediate of a previous total synthesis; from there on, this challenging target can be reached in a small number of steps. Key to success was a sequence of a molybdenum‐catalyzed ring‐closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) reaction to forge the macrocyclic frame, followed by a gold‐catalyzed and strictly regioselective transannular hydroalkoxylation of the resulting cycloalkyne that allows the intricate oxygenation pattern of the macrolactone ring of 1 to be properly set. The required cyclization precursor 5 was assembled by the arguably most advanced fragment coupling process based on an Evans–Tishchenko redox esterification known to date, which was optimized to the extent that the precious coupling partners could be used in an almost equimolar ratio (6/7 1:1.3). The preparation of these building blocks features, inter alia, the power of the Sc(OTf)3‐catalyzed Leighton crotylation as well as the superb selectivities of alkene cross metathesis, asymmetric keto‐ester hydrogenation, and the Jacobsen epoxidation/epoxide resolution technologies.
Screening of Porous Materials by Thermal Response Measurements
Authors: Leistner Matthias , Grählert Wulf , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAdsorption thermal response screening by optical adsorption calorimetry was recently demonstrated to be a versatile tool for rapid surface area and adsorption capacity testing of porous materials. Beyond the high throughput approach, further insight in possibilities and application examples for the method will be presented. Especially a rapid classification of porous materials regarding their pore properties and the possibility to evaluate adsorption kinetics by using thermal response measurements will be discussed.
Fast Optical Tomography for the Detection of OH* Distributions in Flames
Authors: Anikin Nikolay B. , Suntz Rainer , Bockhorn Henning 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEin kürzlich entwickeltes und patentiertes schnelles optisches Tomographiesystem wurde eingesetzt, um zweidimensionale Verteilungen der OH*‐Chemilumineszenz in laminaren und turbulenten Flammen zu ermitteln. Dies konnte mit der Anordnung trotz der in Flammen äußerst geringen OH*‐Konzentration von lediglich einigen ppb bei Belichtungszeiten bis zu 100 – 200 μs und einer räumlichen Auflösung von < 1 – 2 mm erreicht werden. Die Ergebnisse liefern u. a. wichtige Informationen im Hinblick auf die Ermittlung der Wärmefreisetzungsrate von Flammen zur Vorhersage instabiler Betriebspunkte in Gasturbinen.
Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments from Aquatic Ecosystems in China
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Shao Hongbo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe conducted an analysis of heavy metals content, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in sediments from aquatic ecosystems in China measured in recent publications. Then, we evaluated the extent of heavy metal pollution in these ecosystems in seven different industrial districts in China (Dongbei, Huabei, Huazhong, Huanan, Huaxik, Xibei, and Huadong) with the potential ecological risk index. We found that Cd was the most concentrated pollutant, followed by Hg and As, while Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn were found in low concentrations in sediments from all types of aquatic ecosystem in China. Sediments collected from all seven industrial districts were heavily polluted, and the sequence, from most to least polluted was Dongbei>Huabei>Huazhong>Huanan>Huaxi>Xibei>Huadong. All four types of aquatic ecosystem were found to be seriously polluted and the sequence, from most to least polluted was: river>sea>lake>wetland. Specifically, Cd and Hg were the most serious pollutants in all four aquatic ecosystems, and As was also a serious pollutant in rivers. For the seven industrial districts studied the sea was the most polluted ecosystem in Dongbei, the river was the most polluted ecosystem in Huabei, Huanan, Huazhong, and the lake was the most polluted in Huadong, Huaxi, and Xibei.