bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitating the Declaratory Theory of the Common Law
Authors: Zamulinski Brian 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe declaratory theory is that “judge-made law” is discovered, not created. This article describes a scenario in which there develops a legal system such that the declaratory theory is true and shows that judges in the scenario could literally discover what they could justifiably call law. Positivist objections to the theory are rebutted. If true, the declaratory theory has implications for contemporary systems that combine legislation and judge-made law.
jHeatmap: an interactive heatmap viewer for the web
Authors: Deu-Pons Jordi , Schroeder Michael P. , Lopez-Bigas Nuria 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Summary: The generation of large volumes of omics data to conduct exploratory studies has become feasible and is now extensively used to gain new insights in life sciences. The effective exploration of the generated data by experts is a crucial step for the successful extraction of knowledge from these datasets. This requires availability of intuitive and interactive visualization tools that can display complex data. Matrix heatmaps are graphical representations frequently used for the description of complex omics data. Here, we present jHeatmap, a web-based tool that allows interactive matrix heatmap visualization and exploration. It is an adaptable javascript library designed to be embedded by means of basic coding skills into web portals to visualize data matrices as interactive and customizable heatmaps.
Availability: jHeatmap is freely available at the GitHub code repository at https://github.com/jheatmap/jheatmap. Working examples and the documentation may be found at http://jheatmap.github.io/jheatmap.
Contact: nuria.lopez@upf.edu or jordi.deu@upf.edu
Spectropolarimetric constraints on the nature of interstellar grains
Authors: Li Qi , Liang S. L. , Li Aigen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhile it is well recognized that interstellar grains are made of amorphous silicates and some form of carbonaceous materials, it remains debated regarding what exact chemical and physical form the carbonaceous component takes. Contemporary grain models assume that the silicate and carbon components are either physically separated or they form a core–mantle structure, or they agglomerate to form porous composites. The core–mantle model posits that the mantle is made of some sort of aliphatic hydrocarbon materials and is responsible for the 3.4 μm absorption feature ubiquitously seen in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of the Milky Way and external galaxies. This model is challenged by the non-detection of polarization in the 3.4 μm absorption feature as the 9.7 μm silicate feature is observed to be polarized. To alleviate this challenge, we calculate the degree of polarization of the 3.4 μm feature for spheroidal silicate dust coated by a layer of spherical aliphatic hydrocarbon. It is found that the 3.4 μm feature polarization still exceeds the observational upper limit, even though spherical aliphatic hydrocarbon mantles are expected to cause much less polarization than non-spherical (e.g. spheroidal) mantles. We have also shown that the composite grain model which consists of amorphous silicate, aliphatic hydrocarbon and vacuum also predicts the 3.4 μm feature polarization to well exceed what is observed. These results support the earlier arguments that the aliphatic hydrocarbon component is physically separated from the silicate component unless the 3.4 μm absorption feature is just a minor carbon sink in the ISM.
Does Infliximab Prevent Colectomy in Acute and Chronic Active Ulcerative Colitis?
Authors: Dan‐Nielsen Steffen , Wewer Vibeke , Paerregaard Anders , Hansen Lars F. , Nielsen Rasmus G. , Lange Aksel , Jakobsen Christian 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical response, use of colectomy, and adverse events related to infliximab (IFX) treatment in acute and chronic active ulcerative colitis (UC) in children.Methods:Children from 3 centers, who had received IFX for UC, were identified, and patient charts were reviewed retrospectively. Data concerning symptoms, biochemistry, concomitant medical treatment, colectomy, and adverse events were registered.Results:A total of 45 patients with UC (median age at diagnosis 12 years, interquartile range 10–14) were included, and studied for a median of 15 months (interquartile range 4.5–29) after first IFX infusion. The cumulative 1‐ and 2‐year risks of colectomy were 21% and 26%, respectively. The cumulative 1‐ and 2‐year risks of receiving a new course of systemic corticosteroids were 32% and 48%, respectively. Twenty‐one patients (46%) experienced adverse events. Most common were mild infusion reactions, but 3 (7%) had serious adverse events.Conclusions:IFX was efficient in preventing colectomy in children with UC. The risk of receiving systemic corticosteroids was lower than that reported in other studies. Most adverse events were mild to moderate and self‐limiting.
Histone H2B Monoubiquitination Is Involved in Regulating the Dynamics of Microtubules during the Defense Response to Verticillium dahliae Toxins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hu Min , Pei Bao-Lei , Zhang Li-Fan , Li Ying-Zhang 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub) is being recognized as a regulatory mechanism that controls a range of cellular processes in plants, but the molecular mechanisms of H2Bub that are involved in responses to biotic stress are largely unknown. In this study, we used wild-type and H2Bub loss-of-function mutations of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to elucidate which of its mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the plant’s defense response to Verticillium dahliae (Vd) toxins. We demonstrate that the depolymerization of the cortical microtubules (MTs) was different in the wild type and the mutants in the response to Vd toxins. The loss-of-function alleles of HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION2 mutations present a weaker depolymerization of the MTs, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in the regulation of the dynamics of MTs. Moreover, H2Bub is a positive regulator of the gene expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases. These findings provide direct evidence for H2Bub as an important modification with regulatory roles in the defense against Vd toxins and demonstrate that H2Bub is involved in modulating the dynamics of MTs, likely through the protein tyrosine phosphatase-mediated signaling pathway.
Evergreen shrubs dominate responses to experimental summer warming and fertilization in Canadian mesic low arctic tundra
Authors: Zamin Tara J. , Bret‐Harte M. Syndonia , Grogan Paul 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Climate change in arctic tundra is projected to increase soil fertility, which may alter plant community composition and ecosystem processes by shifting niche space to favour particular species' life‐history strategies. The rate and magnitude of change in soil fertility may be critical to determining plant community responses, and so effects of slow increases in nutrient availability due to climate warming may differ substantially from those of chronic high‐level fertilizer additions.

We investigated above‐ and below‐ground plant biomass responses to experimental summer warming and above‐ground responses to nutrient additions (low‐level N and factorial N and P) in a mesic birch hummock tundra community in the central Canadian Low Arctic after eight years of experimental treatment.

Plant community biomass responses to experimental warming were fundamentally different from those of high‐level N and/or P additions, mainly due to opposing effects on the evergreen shrubs. Evergreen shrub above‐ground biomass increased 66% with greenhouse warming, but decreased on average 70% with high‐level N and/or P additions, driven by the strong responses of Rhododendron subarcticum. Because of this evergreen response, greenhouse‐warming increased total above‐ground biomass by 32% and total below‐ground biomass by 70%, but did not significantly change the total above‐ground/below‐ground biomass ratio. However, warming increased the shoot/root ratio of Betula glandulosa threefold.

Increased soil fertility created interactions between N and P availability, whereby increased P availability led to a substantial increase in inorganic N availability. Meanwhile, the growth of several species that span a range of different functional groups was stimulated by the separate N and P additions. These factorial fertilization results highlight the importance of understanding climate warming impacts on availability of both of these nutrients in order to predict plant community responses.

Synthesis. Our results strongly suggest that the trajectory of mesic tundra vegetation change with warming depends critically on the rate of increase in soil fertility. The relatively large greenhouse‐induced biomass increase in evergreen compared to deciduous shrubs suggests that carbon balance and albedo feedbacks to warming will be restricted in mesic tundra ecosystems, at least in their early responses to climate change.
‘Stop Being a Tourist!’ New Dynamics of Urban Tourism in Berlin‐Kreuzberg
Authors: Füller Henning , Michel Boris 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBerlin is witnessing a massive tourism boom, and parts of it can be described as ‘new urban tourism’, which shows a preference for off the beaten track areas and ‘authentic’ experiences of the city. This form of tourism seems especially salient in Kreuzberg. It is here that an openly articulated critique of tourism attracted national attention in 2011 and has not ceased to do so since. This article aims to better understand the conflictive potential of (new urban) tourism in Kreuzberg. We argue that the readily expressed negative attitudes against tourists and the easily accepted link between tourism and gentrification have to be explained against the backdrop of certain housing‐market dynamics. Rising rents and a diminution in the number of flats available for rent are fuelling fears of gentrification in Kreuzberg, while the interest shown in new urban tourism and the comparatively low‐priced real‐estate market in Berlin result in a growing number of holiday flats. Although adding only slightly to the tightening of the housing market, holiday flats render complex processes of neighborhood change visible and further sustain an already prevalent tourism critique.
Economic strain and perceptions of social cohesion inEurope: Does institutional trust matter?
Authors: Andrews Rhys , Jilke Sebastian , Van de Walle Steven 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe degree to which different social groups get along is a key indicator of the cohesiveness of a society. This study examines perceptions of social cohesion amongEuropeans and explains variations in those perceptions by considering the separate and combined effects of economic strain and institutional trust. Analyses were conducted with the 27 member countries of theEUbased on the Eurobarometer 74.1 on poverty and social exclusion conducted in 2010. Results show that individuals living in households experiencing economic strain perceive social cohesion to be weaker than their less economically hard‐pressed counterparts. By contrast, individuals trusting their political institutions perceived there to be higher levels of cohesion. Furthermore, institutional trust substantially moderates the negative relationship between economic strain and perceptions of cohesion. These results are robust to various model specifications. Moreover, extending the analysis revealed that this moderating effect held when considering social relations between the poor and rich and between different racial and ethnic groups. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Hemoglobin A1c in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: How Should We Interpret It?
Authors: Coelho Silvia , Rodrigues Anabela 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlmost half the patients on peritoneal dialysis are diabetic and glycemic control is essential to improve both patient and technique survival. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is widely used in the general population for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring as it highly correlates with blood glucose levels and outcomes. Its use has been extrapolated to the peritoneal dialysis population, despite HbA1c being commonly underestimated. In renal failure patients, HbA1c is influenced by variables affecting not only glycemia but also hemoglobin and the time of interaction between the two. Importantly, the impact of these variables differs in peritoneal dialysis compared to non‐dialysis chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients.Although HbA1c in peritoneal dialysis patients is less directly associated with blood glucose levels than in the general population, studies have confirmed its association with patient mortality. In this paper we review the variables that can influence HbA1c value emphasizing their impact in peritoneal dialysis patients. By providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of HbA1c results, we provide them with tools for a better patient management care and potential improved outcomes of peritoneal dialysis patients.
Biofilm development during the start‐up period of anaerobic biofilm reactors: the biofilm Archaea community is highly dependent on the support material
Authors: Habouzit Frédéric , Hamelin Jérôme , Santa‐Catalina Gaëlle , Steyer Jean‐P. , Bernet Nicolas 
Published: February 2014

SummaryTo evaluate the impact of the nature of the support material on its colonization by a methanogenic consortium, four substrata made of different materials: polyvinyl chloride, 2 polyethylene and polypropylene were tested during the start‐up of lab‐scale fixed‐film reactors. The reactor performances were evaluated and compared together with the analysis of the biofilms. Biofilm growth was quantified and the structure of bacterial and archaeal communities were characterized by molecular fingerprinting profiles (capillary electrophoresis‐single strand conformation polymorphism). The composition of the inoculum was shown to have a major impact on the bacterial composition of the biofilm, whatever the nature of the support material or the organic loading rate applied to the reactors during the start‐up period. In contrast, the biofilm archaeal populations were independent of the inoculum used but highly dependent on the support material. Supports favouring Archaea colonization, the limiting factor in the overall process, should be preferred.
Conodonts from the Sesong Slate and Hwajeol Formation (Guzhangian to Furongian) in the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea
Authors: Lee Byung‐Su 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAbundant conodont elements have been recovered from the Hwajeol Formation, to allow five zones to be erected: Proconodontus, Eoconodontus notchpeakensis, Cambrooistodus minutus, Cordylodus proavus, and Fryxellodontus inornatus‐Monocostodus sevierensis‐Semiacontiodus lavadamensis zones, in ascending order. More confident biozones are recognized in the Sesong Slate and lower Hwajeol Formation in the Makgol section, a part of the southern limb of the Baekunsan syncline, Taebaeksan Basin, Korea, especially focusing on the conodont biostratigraphic boundary of two units, and the subdivision potential of the previous “Proconodontus Zone”, lowermost biozone of the Hwajeol Formation. Similarly, only a few conodont elements recovered from upper 14.5 m interval, namely the Furongian portion of the Sesong Slate, in the Makgol section did not allow erection of a biozone. Nevertheless, this part of the unit plus the basal 2.5 m interval of the Hwajeol Formation is characterized by the occurrence of Prooneotodus rotundatus (Druce and Jones), Teridontus nakamurai (Nogami), Phakelodus elongatus (An) and Phakelodus tenuis Müller, This interval marks the early Furongian “Prooneotodus rotundatus Zone”. The rest of the measured section yielded relatively abundant conodonts, so three conodont biozones are proposed, based on the successive appearance of key species: Proconodontus tenuiserratus, Proconodontus posterocostatus, and Proconodontus muelleri zones, in ascending order, and thus allowing subdivision of the previous “Proconodontus Zone”. The four conodont biozones are correlated with the relevant biozones of North and South China, and North America.
A Spore‐Pollen Assemblage from the Damoguaihe Formation in the Tamutsag Basin, Mongolia and Its Geological Implication
Authors: WANG Liyan , WAN Chuanbiao , SUN Yuewu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBased on the palynological data from Well Ta‐19–36 and Well Ta‐19–37 in the Ta'nan Sag, and Well Ta‐22–1 and Well Ta‐21–1 in the Bayin Gobi Sag, a spore‐pollen assemblage from the Damoguaihe Formation is named as Cicatricosisporites minutaestriatus – Aequitriradites spinulosus – Protopinus sp. assemblage in the Tamutsag Basin, Mongolia. The assemblage is characterized by abundant gymnosperm pollen and diverse fern spores, counted 46.35%‐65.57% and 34.43%‐52.58% in percentage respectively. Among the gymnosperm pollen, Pinuspollenites sp. (2.66%‐16.94%), Protopinus sp. (0–11.38%) and Protopicea sp. (0–10.81%) are dominant; and Alisporites sp., Cerebropollenites sp., Podocarpidites sp., and Abietineaepollenites sp. are common. Some important elements, such as Chasmatosporites sp., Callialasporites prominulus, Parvisaccites sp., Parcisporites sp., Jiaohepollis cf. annulatus, J. bellus, J. verus, Polycingulatisporites sp., Schizaeoisporites certus, Classopollis annulatus are seen. Within the fern spores, Osmundacidites wellamanii (0.85%‐4.93%), Appendicisporites sp. (0–4.45%), Baculatisporites comaumensis (0.80%‐2.87%), Cicatricosisporites sp. (0.51%‐2.66%), C. minor (0–2.14%), Foraminisporis asymmetricus (0–2.40%), Aequitriradites sp. (0–2,19%) and Cyathidites minor (0–2.13%) are dominant; and some specie of Densoisporites, Cooksonites, Impardecispora, Pilosisporites, Schizaeosprites, Fixisporites, Leptolepidites, Trilobosporites, Kuylisporites, Klukisporites, Hsuisporites, Couperisporites, Maculatisporites are seen. The angiosperm pollen are rare in the assemblage, characterized by Clavatipollenites sp. (0–0.80%) and Songipollis sp. (0–0.27%). The geological age of the Damoguaihe Formation is assigned to Hauterivian – Barremian of Early Cretaceous according to the palynological data, due to the fact that there existed a lot of diverse spores of the family Schizaeaceae and prosperous gymnosperm saccat pollen which the corpus and sacci are differentiated completely, and the presence of early angiosperm pollen of Clavatipollenites. However, the zircon U‐Pb isotopic dating of the volcanic rocks in the Nantun Formation indicated that the overlying strata of the Nantun Formation, i.e. the Damoguaihe Formation must be younger than 127.0±2,0–137.9±1.5 Ma. This is consistent with the palynological data. Furthermore, the vegetation reconstructed on the palynological data of the Damoguaihe Formation is conifer forest with shrubs and grassland, belonging to the semi‐humid or humid middle to south subtropical climate. Moreover, three new species, namely Biretisporites punctatus sp. nov., Chasmatosporites reticulates sp. nov. and Concentrisporites contractus sp. nov. are described here.
Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Multi‐Stage Intraplate Deformation Events in the Langshan Region and their Tectonic Implications
Authors: ZHANG Jin , LI Jinyi , LI Yanfeng , QI Wenhua , ZHANG Yiping 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the Langshan region, northwestern China, marked multi‐stage intraplate deformation events have occurred since the Mesozoic, including (1) northeast‐striking ductile left‐lateral strike slip during the Middle‐Late Triassic, which is closely related to the collision between the North China and the Yangtze plates; (2) top‐to‐the‐southeast thrust with northwest‐southeast trending maximum compression during the Late Jurassic; (3) nearly eastward detachment during the Early Cretaceous; (4) top‐to‐the‐northwest thrust with northwest‐southeast trending maximum compression during the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic; (5) northeast‐striking brittle left‐lateral strike slip with nearly north‐south trending maximum compression; and (6) northwest‐southeast extension during the Middle‐Late Cenozoic. All these deformation events belong to the intraplate deformation across the entire Central Asian region and respond to the tectonic events along the plate boundaries or deep tectonics. The structures developed in early events in the crust were the most important factors controlling the later deformation styles, and few new structures have later developed. Based on previous research and our results, the paleostress inversion in the Langshan region shows that the Mesozoic intraplate deformations in the study region mainly resulted from the tectonic events from the Paleo‐Pacific region and have no or a weak relation to the Tethys region. During the Late Jurassic, the maximum compression from the Mongolia‐Okhotsk region cannot be excluded. The Langshan region is the bridge between southern Mongolia and the western Ordos tectonic belt and is thus important to understand the nature and relationship between both regions.
Provenance of Cored Sediments from Active Margin off Southwestern Taiwan Deduced from Geochemical Constraints
Authors: HUANG Shaowei , CHEN Juchin , LO Chienying , LEE Yungtan , JIANG Weiteh , WANG Yunshuen , CHUNG Sanhsiung 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe cored sediments sampled by R/V Marion Dufrense in the active margin off southwestern Taiwan on the east side of the Manila Trench are mostly muds consisting mainly of quartz, feldspar, illite, chlorite + kaolinite with a trace amount of montmorillonite. The cored sediments have higher Fe, Ti, Cr, Cs, Li, Ni, and V but lower Ca, Na, Mn, Hf, Nb, Sr, Ta, U and Zr contents when compared with the upper continental crust (UCC, Taylor and McLennan, 1985). The Eu/Eu* ratios of the sediments averaging 0.69 indicate that the recycling effect on the Eu anomaly may be minor and the contribution of mafic source rock was unimportant, which can also be depicted in the La‐Th‐Sc plot (Cullers, 1994) showing a “mixed origin” close to the felsic end member. The chemistry of the cored sediment can be explained by a mixing model designed by Ho and Chen (1996) with four end members i.e., greywacke, shale, quartzite and limestone, which are widely distributed in the Cenozoic formations of southern Taiwan with greywacke as the dominant contributor followed by shale.
The Gol‐e‐Zard Zn‐Pb Deposit, Lorestan Province, Iran: a Metamorphosed SEDEX Deposit
Authors: ZARASVANDI Alireza , SAMETI Mona , SADEGHI Martiya , RASTMANESH Fatemeh , POURKASEB Hooshang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Gol‐e‐Zard Zn‐Pb deposit is one of several sediment‐hosted Zn‐Pb deposits found in the central part of the Sanadaj‐Sirjan Zone, known as the Isfahan‐Malayer belt, western Iran. Mineralization occurs in Upper Triassic to Jurassic phyllites and meta‐sandstones. Sphalerite and galena are the most abundant metallic ores, with minor chalcopyrite. Calcite and quartz are the main gangue minerals. Fissure filling, replacement textures and especially mineralized faults, suggest an epigenetic stage in the Gol‐e‐Zard deposit formation. Geochemical studies of mineralized rocks show high concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cu, (Zn and Pb > 10000 ppm and Cu average 3000 ppm). LREE enrichment (LREE>HREE, La/Lu average 1.44) and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*>1 average 1.67) indicate reducing conditions during the deposition of deposit. However, some samples do not display negative Ce anomalies, which indicate that localized oxidizing conditions are also present. This study indicates that the Gol‐e‐Zard deposit formed due to circulating hydrothermal fluids in a marine environment. A SEDEX‐type genesis, which is defined by circulating hydrothermal fluids through sediments in a marine environment, and syngenetic precipitation of Zn and Pb sulphides, is suggested for the Gol‐e‐Zard deposit. Emplacement of some granitoid intrusions such as the Aligudarz granitoid intrusion remobilized mineralizing fluids and metamorphosed the Gol‐e‐Zard deposit.