bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Differences in the Association Between Competitive Food Laws and the School Food Environment
Authors: Taber Daniel R. , Chriqui Jamie F. , Powell Lisa M. , Perna Frank M. , Robinson Whitney R. , Chaloupka Frank J. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools of low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to sell fewer healthy competitive foods/beverages. This study examined whether state competitive food laws may reduce such disparities.METHODSSchool administrators for fifth‐ and eighth grade reported foods and beverages sold in school. Index measures of the food/beverage environments were constructed from these data. Schools were classified into SES tertiles based on median household income of students' postal zip code. Regression models were used to estimate SES differences in (1) Healthy School Food Environment Index (HSFEI) score, Healthy School Beverage Environment Index (HSBEI) score, and specific food/beverage sales, and (2) associations between state competitive food/beverage laws and HSFEI score, HSBEI score, and specific food/beverage sales.RESULTSStrong competitive food laws were positively associated with HSFEI in eighth grade, regardless of SES. Strong competitive beverage laws were positively associated with HSBEI particularly in low‐SES schools in eighth grade. These associations were attributable to schools selling fewer unhealthy items, not providing healthy alternatives. High‐SES schools sold more healthy items than low‐SES schools regardless of state laws.CONCLUSIONSStrong competitive food laws may reduce access to unhealthy foods/beverages in middle schools, but additional initiatives are needed to provide students with healthy options, particularly in low‐SES areas.
Developing a Policy to Address Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Schools
Authors: Berger Emily , Hasking Penelope , Reupert Andrea 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDNonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is an increasing and serious concern in schools. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of a new policy for responding to NSSI in schools.METHODSTeachers and other school staff, including year level coordinators, psychologists, and counselors, N = 48, reviewed a policy for addressing NSSI in schools and provided written feedback.RESULTSThe majority of staff worked in schools without a policy regarding NSSI, or were unsure whether their school had such a policy. Participants were generally positive about the presented policy and supported its implementation in schools. Perceived challenges to policy implementation included a lack of knowledge about NSSI among staff and limited referral services available to students who self‐injure. Suggested changes included developing a flowchart of the referral process and increasing collaboration between school staff, changes which were subsequently implemented.CONCLUSIONAwareness and education for school staff regarding NSSI combined with school policies for responding to adolescents who self‐injure are recommended to enhance management of NSSI in schools, and improve the health and well‐being of adolescents who self‐injure.
Joshua A. Fishman 1926–2015
Authors: García Ofelia 
Published: July 2015

Joshua Fishman died in March this year. He was founder‐editor of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language, one of the early and central journals of sociolinguistics. Alongside this major editorial involvement, which he maintained to the end, he also edited several of the field‐defining book collections which helped shape the growing field in the 1960s and 70s. He might well have viewed the founding of the Journal of Sociolinguistics in 1997 as unfortunate or competitive, the more so since our opening manifesto questioned the role of traditional sociology in our field. But Fishman responded graciously and positively to the invitation from me and Nikolas Coupland to join our inaugural Editorial Board. He remained on the Board, and was warm in his support and advice. The one piece he published with us was in 2000, a very personal obituary for Charles Ferguson which was notable for the respect and warmth it displayed. The editorial team is indebted to Fishman's longtime collaborator, Ofelia García, for this memoir on him and his significance in sociolinguistics.
The Editors
Pairing Detection of Off‐Flavor in Orange Juice with Preference Tests
Authors: Xia Yixun , Zhong Fang , O'Mahony Michael 
Published: July 2015

AbstractConsumers were tested for their ability to detect the presence of KCl added to orange juice. They were also tested for their preferences for either the plain orange juice or the KCl‐spiked orange juice. It was found that for lower concentrations of KCl added to the orange juice, consumers could detect its presence without it eliciting a preference. As the KCl concentrations increased, the proportion of consumers reporting a preference increased. Some of the preferences were for the KCl‐spiked orange juice. At first, consumers reported that despite their reported preferences, they would be willing to consume the nonpreferred juice. At higher concentrations, preferences migrated to the plain orange juice. Here, consumers began to report that they would not consume the KCl‐spiked orange juice; they would reject it. For the preference tests, three approaches were investigated but all three demonstrated that when the presence of KCl in the juice could be detected, it did not necessarily elicit a preference.Practical ApplicationsFor evaluating new or changed versions of products in the market, difference testing has become more and more important. However, a common practice in the interpretation of these tests is to assume that if consumers can detect the difference between the original and changed product, then the changed product will be rejected in the marketplace. Yet, this strategy could be overcautious, especially if the changed produced a valuable cost reduction or a nutritional improvement. The present study confirms that when a change in the product is detected by consumers, it does not necessarily elicit a preference. This has consequences for marketing decisions. It is recommended in these situations that difference tests be accompanied by preference tests. Difference tests alone can sometimes only provide half the required information.
Is the Discrepancy between Numbers Derived from Verbal and Numerical Protocols for 9‐Point Hedonic Scales an Artifact of Product Choice?
Authors: Xia Yixun , Zhong Fang , O'Mahony Michael 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPrior research showed that responses to the “numbers only” versions the 9‐point hedonic scale were not interchangeable with numbers assigned to responses to the “words only” versions of the scale. One explanation is that the discrepancy is artifactual, because the stimuli used in the experiments had been generally liked. Such stimuli tend to elicit responses to the “words only” version of the scale in the range from 5 to 9. For the “numbers only” version, scores are free to range across the whole scale. It was hypothesized that this artifact could explain the discrepancy in responses to the different versions of the scale. To investigate this, it was arranged for “words only” responses to fall in the range 1–4, by including products that were putatively disliked. This manipulation increased the range of scores for the “words only” scale into its lower portion, with a range of scores comparable to that for the “numbers only” scale. Yet, the data obtained from the two scales remained discrepant. This did not support the artifact hypothesis. Accordingly, the hypothesis that differences in cognitive strategy were the major explanation for the discrepancy was preferred.Practical ApplicationsThere are two versions of what is referred to as the 9‐point hedonic scale. One is the original “words only” version, such that numerical values are assigned to the verbal responses given on the scale. The second version is a purely numerical version, ranging 1–9, from which numerical responses are obtained directly. Prior research has shown that the numerical data derived from these versions are not interchangeable. Some sensory professionals do not specify which version of the scale they are using, so confusions can occur when making comparisons between different studies. As always, it is important to study the experimental variables involved with the use of these scales. Accordingly, it is pertinent to investigate the cause of the lack of interchangeability. Such research is important, because with the widespread use of the scale, it is likely that misleading comparisons between the data elicited by the two versions of the scale are likely to occur.
Disparity between Leaf and Root Symptoms and Crop Losses Associated with Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Four Countries in Eastern Africa
Authors: Hillocks Rory , Maruthi Midatharahally , Kulembeka Heneriko , Jeremiah Simon , Alacho Francis , Masinde Emily , Ogendo Joshua , Arama Peter , Mulwa Richard , Mkamilo Geoffrey , Kimata Bernadetta , Mwakanyamale Davis , Mhone Albert , Benesi Ibrahim 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCassava brown streak disease is endemic to the coastal regions of East Africa, and from around 2004, the disease resurged and became epidemic in the Great Lakes Region, where it continues to spread. In both these areas, cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) leaf symptoms occur at high incidences. However, it is the associated symptom of root rot (necrosis) in the starch‐bearing tissues that renders the root unfit for human consumption. Because the extent of root necrosis is not known until the crop is harvested and surveys require destructive sampling, root symptoms are much less frequently assessed than are the above‐ground symptoms on the leaves and stems. Surveys were undertaken in selected villages in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Malawi to assess the incidence of CBSD leaf symptoms and the incidence and severity of root symptoms, to estimate the impact of the disease on household food security and on cassava processing. CBSD leaf symptoms were recorded at high incidences (40–90% in individual fields) in all fields visited throughout East Africa, but root necrosis incidence was lower than would be expected from the high incidence of leaf symptoms. Severe root necrosis at high incidence was found only on a few varieties, usually grown to a limited extent. It appears that varieties that are prone to root necrosis are being abandoned in favour of those with a lower propensity to develop root necrosis after infection by the virus.
Morphological, Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Phytophthora amaranthi sp. nov. from Amaranth in Taiwan
Authors: Ann Pao‐Jen , Huang Jin‐Hsin , Tsai Jyh‐Nong , Ko Wen‐Hsiung 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the spring of 2007, a serious disease on amaranth was noticed in several farms in the major amaranth production area in central Taiwan. Abundant oospores were found in the disease tissues. A species of Phytophthora was consistently isolated from disease tissues. The organism formed abundant oospores with smooth walls and with amphigynous antheridia in single culture. Sporangia were partially deciduous with short‐ to medium‐length pedicels. Morphological characteristics of this organism did not match any reported Phytophthora species, and the organism was named Phytophthora amaranthi. Pathogenicity tests and molecular characterization confirmed the identity of the organism as a new pathogen of amaranth and a new species of Phytophthora.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Ageratum enation virus and an Alphasatellite Infecting a New Host Glycine max in India
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Singh Lakhmir , Roshan Poonam , Kulshreshtha Aditya , Singh Nageswar , Hallan Vipin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDuring 2011, leaf crumpling, yellowing and stunting were observed on soya bean (Glycine max) in Himachal Pradesh, India. PCR‐based detection confirmed the presence of a begomovirus. The viral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification, cloned and sequenced. The complete nucleotide sequence of DNA‐A showed highest nucleotide identity to an isolate of Ageratum enation virus infecting a weed Ageratum conyzoides. In addition, a DNA molecule was found which shared 95% nucleotide identity with an alphasatellite infecting ageratum. Neither beta satellite nor DNA‐B was detected in the infected samples.
The epigenetic footprint of poleward range‐expanding plants in apomictic dandelions
Authors: Preite V. , Snoek L. B. , Oplaat C. , Biere A. , van der Putten W. H. , Verhoeven K. J. F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEpigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation variation, can generate heritable phenotypic variation independent of the underlying genetic code. However, epigenetic variation in natural plant populations is poorly documented and little understood. Here, we test whether northward range expansion of obligate apomicts of the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is associated with DNA methylation variation. We characterized and compared patterns of genetic and DNA methylation variation in greenhouse‐reared offspring of T. officinale that were collected along a latitudinal transect of northward range expansion in Europe. Genetic AFLP and epigenetic MS‐AFLP markers revealed high levels of local diversity and modest but significant heritable differentiation between sampling locations and between the southern, central and northern regions of the transect. Patterns of genetic and epigenetic variation were significantly correlated, reflecting the genetic control over epigenetic variation and/or the accumulation of lineage‐specific spontaneous epimutations, which may be selectively neutral. In addition, we identified a small component of DNA methylation differentiation along the transect that is independent of genetic variation. This epigenetic differentiation might reflect environment‐specific induction or, in case the DNA methylation variation affects relevant traits and fitness, selection of heritable DNA methylation variants. Such generated epigenetic variants might contribute to the adaptive capacity of individual asexual lineages under changing environments. Our results highlight the potential of heritable DNA methylation variation to contribute to population differentiation along ecological gradients. Further studies are needed using higher resolution methods to understand the functional significance of such natural occurring epigenetic differentiation.
Before the Two Cultures: Merging the Canons of the History of Science and Philosophy
Authors: Demeter Tamás 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article argues that early modern philosophy should be seen as an integrated enterprise of moral and natural philosophy. Consequently, early modern moral and natural philosophy should be taught as intellectual enterprises that developed hand in hand. Further, the article argues that the unity of these two fields can be best introduced through methodological ideas. It illustrates these theses through a case study on Scottish Newtonianism, starting with visions concerning the unity of philosophy and then turning to a discussion of how methodological ideas figure in those visions. Finally, the article argues that methodological considerations can serve as good starting points to introduce and discuss central topics and canonical figures of the early modern period.
Meta‐Argumentation as An Argumentation Metatheory
Authors: Hovhannisyan Hasmik 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article shows that the Rhodian model of metatheory can be successfully applied to nonformal systems of a methodological rather than an axiological nature if the demands of the model are satisfied. This requires that we take into account the possible variations of Rhodian models of argumentation and choose the most effective of them. Plato's model of meta‐argumentation is only applicable to fields of argumentation that are completely formalized and could be presented as whole general theories.
Nurse provision of healthy lifestyle advice to people who are overweight or obese
Authors: Kable Ashley , James Carole , Snodgrass Suzanne , Plotnikoff Ronald , Guest Maya , Ashby Samantha , Oldmeadow Christopher , Collins Clare 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a regional area in Australia to measure nurses' perceptions, practices, and knowledge in regard to providing healthy lifestyle advice to people who are overweight or obese. Responses were compared between geographic regions. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Of the 79 nurse participants, 68% considered that provision of healthy lifestyle advice was within their scope of practice. Only 28% reported frequently estimating body mass index in the practice setting. Nurses often recommended increasing activity levels (44%), but recommended reducing daily caloric intake less often (25%). Nurses' knowledge about weight management was variable and the proportion of correct answers to knowledge items ranged from 33–99%. Nurses have many opportunities to deliver healthy lifestyle advice in a range of practice settings. The variation in practices and knowledge of nurses indicates a need for improved healthy lifestyle education for undergraduate and practicing nurses.
Relationship between Cnm‐positive Streptococcus mutans and cerebral microbleeds in humans
Authors: Miyatani F , Kuriyama N , Watanabe I , Nomura R , Nakano K , Matsui D , Ozaki E , Koyama T , Nishigaki M , Yamamoto T , Mizuno T , Tamura A , Akazawa K , Takada A , Takeda K , Yamada K , Nakagawa M , Ihara M , Kanamura N , Friedland RP , Watanabe Y 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveCerebral hemorrhage has been shown to occur in animals experimentally infected with Streptococcus mutans carrying the collagen‐binding Cnm gene. However, the relationship between cerebral microbleeds and oral hygiene, with a focus on Cnm gene‐positive S. mutans infection, remains unclear.Material and MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐nine subjects participated. The presence or absence of Cnm‐positive S. mutans and its collagen‐binding activity were investigated using saliva samples, and relationship with cerebral microbleeds detected on MRI investigated, including clinical information and oral parameters.ResultsFifty‐one subjects were identified as Cnm‐positive S. mutans carriers (36.7%), with cerebral microbleeds being detected in 43 (30.9%). A significantly larger number of subjects carried Cnm‐positive S. mutans in the cerebral microbleeds (+) group. S. mutans with Cnm collagen‐binding ability was detected in 39 (28.1%) of all subjects, and the adjusted odds ratio for cerebral microbleeds in the Cnm‐positive group was 14.4. Regarding the presence of cerebral microbleeds, no significant differences were noted in the number of remaining teeth, dental caries, or in classic arteriosclerosis risk factors.ConclusionsThe occurrence of cerebral microbleeds was higher in subjects carrying Cnm‐positive S. mutans, indicating that the presence of Cnm‐positive S. mutans increases cerebral microbleeds, and is an independent risk for the development of cerebrovascular disorders.
Utility Monsters for the Fission Age
Authors: Briggs Rachael , Nolan Daniel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOne of the standard approaches to the metaphysics of personal identity has some counter‐intuitive ethical consequences when combined with maximising consequentialism and a plausible (though not uncontroversial) doctrine about aggregation of consequences. This metaphysical doctrine is the so‐called ‘multiple occupancy’ approach to puzzles about fission and fusion. It gives rise to a new version of the ‘utility monster’ problem, particularly difficult problems about infinite utility, and a new version of a Parfit‐style ‘repugnant conclusion’. While the article focuses on maximising consequentialism for simplicity, the problems demonstrated apply more widely to a range of ethical views, especially flavours of consequentialism. This article demonstrates how these problems arise, and discusses a number of options available in the light of these problems for a consequentialist tempted by a multiple occupancy metaphysics.
Presentation of Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia Associated with a GATA‐1 Mutation Mimicking the Eruption of Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder
Authors: Boos Markus D. , Wine Lee Lara , Freedman Jason L. , Novoa Roberto A. , Chu Emily Y. , Perman Marissa J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractChildren with trisomy 21 are prone to developing hematologic disorders, including transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL). The papulovesicular eruption of TMD provides an important clue to the diagnosis. In contrast, AMKL rarely has associated cutaneous findings. We report the case of a 22‐month‐old child with trisomy 21 who presented with the acute onset of diffusely scattered and crusted papules, plaques, and vesicles. A thorough infectious evaluation was negative and the patient was unresponsive to empiric antibiotic and antiinflammatory therapies. Complete blood count (CBC) was notable for mild pancytopenia, with a normal peripheral smear. Two weeks later he was reassessed and found to have a population of blasts on repeat CBC. Subsequent evaluation ultimately led to a diagnosis of AMKL. This is the first reported case of a cutaneous eruption in a young child with Down syndrome and transformed AMKL. When children with trisomy 21 present with the acute onset of crusted papules and vesicles that cannot be accounted for by an infectious etiology, a diagnosis of AMKL should be considered even in the absence of a history of TMD.
Childhood‐Onset Anti‐Ku Antibody‐Positive Generalized Morphea with Polymyositis: A Japanese Case Study
Authors: Kishi Takayuki , Miyamae Takako , Morimoto Ryoko , Ishiguro Naoko , Hamaguchi Yasuhito , Fujimoto Manabu , Nagata Satoru , Yamanaka Hisashi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe report a 16‐year‐old Japanese girl with anti‐Ku antibody‐positive generalized morphea and polymyositis who, at the age of 7 years, developed multiple brownish plaques on her left forearm that gradually extended to her upper arm, back, and left thigh, which a skin biopsy revealed as morphea. Laboratory testing was positive for antinuclear antibody and a high serum creatine kinase level. Although there were no clinical signs of muscular involvement, magnetic resonance imaging revealed findings consistent with myositis. The patient is one of the youngest reported cases positive for anti‐Ku antibody. Anti‐Ku positivity concomitant with generalized morphea is rare.
Congenital Chikungunya—A Cause of Neonatal Hyperpigmentation
Authors: Vasani Resham , Kanhere Sujata , Chaudhari Kushagra , Phadke Varsha , Mukherjee Priyashree , Gupta Swati , Kasliwal Chetan , Poojary Shital 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA 12‐day‐old neonate presented with ill‐defined dark pigmentation over the centrofacial area with flagellate pigmentation on the trunk and patchy pigmentation on the extremities. The mother had a history of fever starting a week before delivery and continuing for 3 days in the postpartum period. Together these led to consideration of a possible diagnosis of congenital chikungunya, which was confirmed according to the immunoglobulin M antibodies to chikungunya in the mother and child. The rare occurrence of cutaneous pigmentation was the only clue to the retrospective diagnosis of neonatal chikungunya. Chikungunya is an emerging viral disease that can be transmitted maternally during pregnancy and in the peripartum period. It can be added to the list of viral infections that can lead to fetal demise or, when present during labor and delivery, can cause neonatal disease with cutaneous signs.