bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laminar flow reduces cases of surgical site infections in vascular patients
Authors: Bosanquet DC , Jones CN , Gill N , Jarvis P , Lewis MH 
Published: December 2012

Introduction Numerous strategies are employed routinely in an effort to lower rates of surgical site infections (SSIs). A laminar flow theatre environment is generally used during orthopaedic surgery to reduce rates of SSIs. Its role in vascular surgery, especially when arterial bypass grafts are used, is unknown. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was undertaken for all vascular procedures performed by a single consultant over a one-year period. Cases were performed, via random allocation, in either a laminar or non-laminar flow theatre environment. Demographic data, operative data and evidence of postoperative SSIs were noted. A separate subgroup analysis was undertaken for patients requiring an arterial bypass graft. Univariate and multivariate logistical regression was undertaken to identify significant factors associated with SSIs. Results Overall, 170 procedures were analysed. Presence of a groin incision, insertion of an arterial graft and a non-laminar flow theatre were shown to be predictive of SSIs in this cohort. In the subgroup receiving arterial grafts, only a non-laminar flow theatre environment was shown to be predictive of an SSI. Conclusions This study suggests that laminar flow may reduce incidences of SSI, especially in the subgroup of patients receiving arterial grafts.
A five-year review of necrotising fasciitis in a tertiary referral unit
Authors: Swain RA , Hatcher JC , Azadian BS , Soni N , De Souza B 
Published: December 2012

Introduction Necrotising fasciitis is a life-threatening illness that is often difficult to diagnose. Immediate debridement and intravenous antibiotic therapy are required to limit the spread of infection. This five-year audit aimed to review the number and outcomes of all cases of necrotising fasciitis admitted to a tertiary referral unit and to assess the validity of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC) scoring system. Methods A retrospective analysis of patient notes over the five-year period from October 2006 to October 2011 was undertaken. The LRINEC score was calculated for each patient to evaluate its usefulness. Results Overall, 15 patients were diagnosed with necrotising fasciitis. Three patients died. The median age of patients was 51.0 years (range: 34–76 years). There were no obvious predisposing factors in 8 cases but patients had a median of 2.0 co-morbidities. The most common infective agent, present in five patients, was Group A Streptococcus. Other monomicrobial agents included Group G Streptococcus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Polymicrobial infections were less common than monomicrobial infections and two patients had a polymicrobial infection including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Although the LRINEC scoring system identified 12 of the 15 patients as having a high or intermediate likelihood of necrotising fasciitis, 3 were classified as low likelihood. Conclusions This limited case series strongly suggests that the LRINEC system is too insensitive for diagnosis.
Hospital Episode Statistics data analysis of postoperative venous thromboembolus in patients undergoing urological surgery: a review of 126,891 cases
Authors: Dyer J , Wyke S , Lynch C 
Published: December 2012

Introduction Current guidelines on venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention do not reflect the potential varying risk for patients undergoing different urological procedures. Our study aimed to establish the procedure specific rate of postoperative VTE in patients undergoing urological surgery. Methods Hospital Episode Statistics were obtained for all patients undergoing common urological procedures between April 2009 and April 2010. This cohort was followed up to identify all patients reattending with either deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) within 12 months. Results A total of 126,891 individuals underwent urological surgery during the study period. This included 89,628 men (70.6%) and 37,236 women (29.3%) with a mean age of 65.2 years. At the 12-month follow-up, 839 patients (0.66%) were readmitted with VTE. Of these, 373 (0.29%) were admitted with DVT and 466 (0.37%) with PE. The procedure-specific rate of VTE varied significantly between 2.86% following cystectomy and 0.23% following urethral dilatation. Procedures performed in the lithotomy position carried a significantly lower risk of VTE than those performed in the supine position (0.60% vs 1.28%, p<0.0001). Furthermore, of all procedures performed in the lithotomy position, those performed on benign conditions carried a significantly lower risk than those performed on malignant disease (0.52% vs 0.79%, p<0.0001). Conclusions Procedure specific rates of postoperative VTE vary widely among patients undergoing urological procedures. These findings suggest the potential benefit of prolonging the use of thromboprophylaxis in high-risk patients but also exploring the apparent lack of need for routine thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing low-risk procedures.
Long-term therapeutic efficacy of oral appliances in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Gong Xu , Zhang Jingjing , Zhao Ying , Gao Xuemei 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of oral appliances (OAs) in treating obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) by length of treatment.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective study to review the usage of OAs in Chinese OSAHS patients in recent decades. Ninety-four valid questionnaires were returned by 412 patients with OSAHS receiving OA treatment. Among the wearers, 22 agreed to follow-up polysomnography, and 25 agreed to follow-up cephalograms. Tolerance and side effects of OAs were assessed by a survey. Comparisons of efficacy were carried out between the initial and follow-up polysomnography measurements. Cephalometric analysis was used to investigate skeletal and occlusal changes to determine safety of the OAs.

Results:
The longest treatment extended to 147 months, with a median of 74 months (first and third quartiles, 30 and 99 months, respectively). Among the participants, 14.9% had been treated for more than 120 months. Side effects were temporary and relatively minimal and included tooth soreness (37.2%), dry mouth (33.0%), odd bite feeling (31.9%), and excess salivation (30.8%). Polysomnography proved that OAs remained effective for the treatment of OSAHS in the long term; initial Apnea-Hypopnea Index values were reduced from a median of 24.50 (quartiles, 14.65, 54.05) without the OA to 7.40 with the OA (2.12, 10.00), and follow-up median values were 25.55 without the OA (11.71, 43.65) and 4.25 with the OA (1.38, 7.70). Cephalometric analysis indicated mild and slow changes in the skeleton and occlusion after average treatment duration of 5 years.

Conclusion:
OAs provided effective and safe long-term therapy for patients with OSAHS. Follow-up supervision is recommended since long-term alterations take place, although these appear to be minimal.
Association of perinatal exposure to airborne Rhodococcus equi with risk of pneumonia caused by R equi in foals
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Chaffin M. Keith , Kuskie Kyle R. , Syndergaard Melissa K. , Blodgett Glenn P. , Takai Shinji 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether the concentrations of airborne virulent Rhodococcus equi in stalls housing foals during the first 2 weeks after birth are associated with subsequent development of R equi pneumonia in those foals.
Sample—Air samples collected from foaling stalls and holding pens in which foals were housed during the first 2 weeks after birth.
Procedures—At a breeding farm in Texas, air samples (500 L each) were collected (January through May 2011) from stalls and pens in which 121 foals were housed on day 1 and on days 4, 7, and 14 after birth. For each sample, the concentration of airborne virulent R equi was determined with an immunoblot technique. The association between development of pneumonia and airborne R equi concentration was evaluated via random-effects Poisson regression analysis.
Results—Some air samples were not available for analysis. Of the 471 air samples collected from stalls that housed 121 foals, 90 (19%) contained virulent R equi. Twenty-four of 121 (20%) foals developed R equi pneumonia. Concentrations of virulent R equi in air samples from stalls housing foals that developed R equi pneumonia were significantly higher than those in samples from stalls housing foals that did not develop pneumonia. Accounting for disease effects, air sample concentrations of virulent R equi did not differ significantly by day after birth or by month of birth.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Exposure of foals to airborne virulent R equi during the first 2 weeks after birth was significantly (and likely causally) associated with development of R equi pneumonia.
Gene biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis
Authors: Kamm J. Lacy , Frisbie David D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Orr Kindra E. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To use microarray analysis to identify genes that are differentially expressed in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis.
Animals—24 horses.
Procedures—During arthroscopic surgery, a fragment was created in the distal aspect of the radiocarpal bone in 1 forelimb of each horse to induce osteoarthritis. At day 14 after osteoarthritis induction, horses began exercise on a treadmill. Blood and synovial fluid samples were collected before and after surgery. At day 70, horses were euthanized and tissues were harvested for RNA analysis. An equine-specific microarray was used to measure RNA expression in peripheral WBCs. These data were compared with mRNA expression (determined via PCR assay) in WBCs, cartilage, and synovium as well as 2 protein biomarkers of cartilage matrix turnover in serum and synovial fluid.
Results—A metalloproteinase domain-like protein decysin-1 (ADAMDEC1), glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94, hematopoietic cell signal transducer (HCST), Unc-93 homolog A (hUNC-93A), and ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide (RRM2) were significantly differentially regulated in WBCs of horses with osteoarthritis, compared with values prior to induction of osteoarthritis. There was correlation between the gene expression profile in WBCs, cartilage, and synovium and the cartilage turnover proteins. Gene expression of ADAMDEC1, hUNC-93A, and RRM2 in WBCs were correlated when measured via microarray analysis and PCR assay.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Expression of ADAMDEC1, GRP94, HCST, hUNC-93A, and RRM2 was differentially regulated in peripheral WBCs obtained from horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Gene expression of ADAMDEC1, hUNC-93A, and RRM2 in peripheral WBCs has the potential for use as a diagnostic aid for osteoarthritis in horses.
Experimental determination of a subantimicrobial dosage of doxycycline hyclate for treatment of periodontitis in Beagles
Authors: Kim Se Eun , Kim Soohee , Jeong Manbok , Lee Yesran , Ahn Jeong Taek , Park Young Woo , Ahn Jae Sang , Lee Euiri , Ryu Doug-Young , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To identify a subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline hyclate (SDD) and for the treatment of periodontitis in dogs.
Animals—20 healthy Beagles for measurement of serum doxycycline concentration and 15 Beagles with periodontitis for evaluation of the efficacy of the SDD.
Procedures—5 dogs each received doxycycline hyclate PO at a dose of 1, 2, 3, or 5 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected before and after administration, and serum concentrations of doxycycline were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean serum doxycycline concentrations were calculated, and SDDs were identified. In a separate trial, the identified SDDs (1 or 2 mg/kg) were administered PO once a day for 1 month to dogs with periodontitis (n = 5/group) and a control group (5) was fed vehicle only during the same period. Degree of gingival attachment and bleeding on probing (present or absent) were recorded. Gingival samples were collected before and after the 1-month period from the same anatomic sites. Degree of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in gingival samples was determined via gelatin zymography and compared among treatment groups.
Results—Mean serum doxycycline concentrations in healthy dogs that received 1 or 2 mg of doxycycline/kg were consistently significantly lower than the minimal inhibitory doxycycline concentration for treatment of periodontitis throughout the 24-hour posttreatment period. Zymographic intensities were lower in dogs given 1 and 2 mg/kg than in the control dogs, and the degree of gingival attachment and bleeding significantly improved in dogs given 2 mg/kg, compared with in the control dogs and dogs given 1 mg of doxycycline/kg.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A doxycycline dosage of 2 mg/kg daily appeared to be an appropriate subantimicrobial regimen for dogs with periodontitis. Furthermore, this dosage may be suitable for long-term treatment of gelatinolytic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis in this species.
Evaluation of the effects of dorsal versus lateral recumbency on the cardiopulmonary system during anesthesia with isoflurane in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis)
Authors: Hawkins Michelle G. , Malka Shachar , Pascoe Peter J. , Solano Adrian M. , Kass Philip H. , Ohmura Hajime , Jones James H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of dorsal versus lateral recumbency on the cardiopulmonary system during isoflurane anesthesia in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).
Animals—6 adult 1.1- to 1.6-kg red-tailed hawks.
Procedures—A randomized, crossover study was used to evaluate changes in respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, heart rate, mean arterial and indirect blood pressures, and end-tidal Pco2 measured every 5 minutes plus Paco2 and Pao2 and arterial pH measured every 15 minutes throughout a 75-minute study period.
Results—Respiratory rate was higher, tidal volume lower, and minute ventilation not different in lateral versus dorsal recumbency. Position did not affect heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, or indirect blood pressure, although heart rate decreased during the anesthetic period. Birds hypoventilated in both positions and Paco2 differed with time and position × time interaction. The Petco2 position × time interaction was significant and Petco2 was a mean of 7 Torr higher than Paco2. The Paco2 in dorsal recumbency was a mean of 32 Torr higher than in lateral recumbency. Birds in both positions developed respiratory acidosis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in tidal volume with similar minute ventilation suggested red-tailed hawks in dorsal recumbency might have lower dead space ventilation. Despite similar minute ventilation in both positions, birds in dorsal recumbency hypoventilated more yet maintained higher Pao2, suggesting parabronchial ventilatory or pulmonary blood flow distribution changes with position. The results refute the hypothesis that dorsal recumbency compromises ventilation and O2 transport more than lateral recumbency in red-tailed hawks.
Development of a broad-range quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and identify fungal DNA in equine endometrial samples
Authors: Ferris Ryan A. , Dern Katy , Veir Julia K. , Hawley Jennifer R. , Lappin Michael R. , McCue Patrick M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To develop a broad-range 28S ribosomal DNA quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for detection of fungal DNA in equine endometrial samples.
Sample—12 fungal samples from a clinical diagnostic laboratory and 29 samples obtained from 17 mares.
Procedures—The qPCR assay was optimized with commercially acquired fungal organisms and validated with samples obtained from the clinical diagnostic laboratory. Subsequently, 29 samples from 17 mares suspected of having fungal endometritis were evaluated via the qPCR assay and via traditional fungal culture and endometrial cytology. Amplicons from the qPCR assay were subjected to genetic sequencing to identify the organisms.
Results—The qPCR assay theoretically had a detection threshold of 2 organisms of Candida albicans. Fungal DNA was amplified from all 12 fungal samples from the commercial diagnostic laboratory. Fungal identification by use of genetic sequencing was successful for 34 of 36 amplicons from the 12 samples assayed. A fungal agent was identified via qPCR assay and genetic sequencing in all 12 samples; in contrast, a fungal agent was identified in only 8 of 12 samples via standard fungal culture and biochemical analysis. The qPCR assay detected fungal DNA in samples from 12 of 17 mares suspected of having fungal endometritis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A rapid, sensitive, and repeatable qPCR assay was developed for detection of fungal DNA from equine endometrial samples. The qPCR may prove to be clinically useful as an adjunct to microbial culture and cytologic examination to provide identification of fungal organisms in a timely manner.
Effects of reduction of inspired oxygen fraction or application of positive end-expiratory pressure after an alveolar recruitment maneuver on respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and lung aeration in dogs during anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade
Authors: De Monte Valentina , Grasso Salvatore , De Marzo Carmelinda , Crovace Antonio , Staffieri Francesco 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of reduction of inspired oxygen fraction (Fio2) or application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) after an alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) in minimizing anesthesia-induced atelectasis in dogs.
Animals—30 healthy female dogs.
Procedures—During anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, dogs were mechanically ventilated under baseline conditions (tidal volume, 12 mL/kg; inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio, 1:2; Fio2, 1; and zero end-expiratory pressure [ZEEP]). After 40 minutes, lungs were inflated (airway pressure, 40 cm H2O) for 20 seconds. Dogs were then exposed to baseline conditions (ZEEP100 group), baseline conditions with Fio2 reduced to 0.4 (ZEEP40 group), or baseline conditions with PEEP at 5 cm H2O (PEEP100 group; 10 dogs/group). For each dog, arterial blood gas variables and respiratory system mechanics were evaluated and CT scans of the thorax were obtained before and at 5 (T5) and 30 (T30) minutes after the ARM.
Results—Compared with pre-ARM findings, atelectasis decreased and Pao2:Fio2 ratio increased at T5 in all groups. At T30, atelectasis and oxygenation returned to pre-ARM findings in the ZEEP100 group but remained similar to T5 findings in the other groups. At T5 and T30, lung static compliance in the PEEP100 group was higher than values in the other groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Application of airway pressure of 40 cm H2O for 20 seconds followed by Fio2 reduction to 0.4 or ventilation with PEEP (5 cm H2O) was effective in diminishing anesthesia-induced atelectasis and maintaining lung function in dogs, compared with the effects of mechanical ventilation providing an Fio2 of 1.
Load redistribution in walking and trotting Beagles with induced forelimb lameness
Authors: Abdelhadi Jalal , Wefstaedt Patrick , Galindo-Zamora Vladimir , Anders Alexandra , Nolte Ingo , Schilling Nadja 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the load redistribution mechanisms in walking and trotting dogs with induced forelimb lameness.
Animals—7 healthy adult Beagles.
Procedures—Dogs walked and trotted on an instrumented treadmill to determine control values for peak and mean vertical force as well as verticle impulse for all 4 limbs. A small sphere was attached to the ventral pad of the right forelimb paw to induce a reversible lameness, and recordings were repeated for both gaits. Additionally, footfall patterns were assessed to test for changes in temporal gait variables.
Results—During walking and trotting, peak and mean vertical force as well as vertical impulse were decreased in the ipsilateral forelimb, increased in the contralateral hind limb, and remained unchanged in the ipsilateral hind limb after lameness was induced. All 3 variables were increased in the contralateral forelimb during trotting, whereas only mean vertical force and vertical impulse were increased during walking. Stance phase duration increased in the contralateral forelimb and hind limb during walking but not during trotting.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results suggested that compensatory load redistribution mechanisms in dogs depend on the gait. All 4 limbs should be evaluated in basic research and clinical studies to determine the effects of lameness on the entire body. Further studies are necessary to elucidate specific mechanisms for unloading of the affected limb and to determine the long-term effects of load changes in animals with chronic lameness.
Comparison of echocardiography with dual-source computed tomography for assessment of left ventricular volume in healthy Beagles
Authors: Lee Miyoung , Park Nohwon , Lee Seungyeon , Lee Ahra , Jung Joohyun , Kim Youngjun , Ko Sungmin , Kim Hwiyool , Jeong Soonwuk , Eom Kidong 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Objective—To compare echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) volume obtained via a modified Simpson or Teichholz method with those obtained via dual-source CT (DSCT).
Animals—7 healthy Beagles.
Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized for DSCT; LV volume was determined from contrast-enhanced images of the LV lumen during all phases of contraction. Echocardiography was performed with dogs awake and anesthetized. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume, and ejection fraction were measured via a modified Simpson method and Teichholz method. Each dog was anesthetized twice with a 1-week interval between anesthetic sessions.
Results—Results obtained while dogs were anesthetized revealed that the modified Simpson method underestimated LV volume (mean ± SD EDV, 24.82 ± 2.38 mL; ESV, 12.24 ± 1.77 mL), compared with that estimated by the Teichholz method (EDV, 32.57 ± 2.85 mL; ESV, 14.87 ± 2.09 mL) or DSCT (EDV, 34.14 ± 1.57 mL; ESV, 16.71 ± 0.76 mL). Ejection fraction (modified Simpson method, 48.53% ± 4.24%; Teichholz method, 54.33% ± 4.26%; DSCT, 51.00% ± 2.71%) differed significantly among the 3 methods. Echocardiographic results obtained while dogs were awake revealed that EDV, ESV, and stroke volume differed significantly between the modified Simpson and Teichholz methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—LV volume determined via the Teichholz method was more similar to that determined via DSCT than was the LV volume determined via the modified Simpson method. The modified Simpson method underestimated LV volume, compared with that obtained via the Teichholz method, in both anesthetized and awake dogs.