bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Policy, Ideology, and Attitudes in English-Dominant Countries
Authors: Ricento Thomas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany subfields within sociolinguistics have been influenced by developments in linguistics and social theory over the past half century. This has certainly been the case in the field of language policy and planning (LPP), which has incorporated new ways of thinking about language, society, and cognition, as evidenced by the published research in journals and books. This chapter considers the ways in which views on the nature of language, language ideologies, and language and identity have fundamentally altered the research agendas and foci in the field of LPP over the past several decades. It examines how these newer ways of understanding language in society have been applied to English-speaking countries, particularly with reference to North America.
Language Awareness in Community Perspective
Authors: Wolfram Walt 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter notes that community-based research is at the core of sociolinguistics. Practically, all sociolinguistic researchers work with speech communities of some type. The awareness of regional and social place is hierarchical in that people identify strongly with their local neighborhood, their immediate community of residency, and the regional areas and the state in which their community is located. There are many levels of local, regional, and cultural affiliations that might be included in the definition of speech community, and sociolinguistic researchers may have opportunities to work with communities on the multiple levels of these embedded and hierarchical notions of community.
Linguistic and Ecological Diversity
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAfter outlining the current state of linguistic diversity and language endangerment, this chapter examines the nature of the geographic interface between linguistic and ecological diversity. It explains why the extinction of languages is part of the larger picture of near-total collapse of the worldwide ecosystem, and why languages are vital parts of complex local ecologies that must be supported if global biodiversity is to be maintained. In view of the strong relationship between areas of potential endangerment for species and for languages and their associated cultures, the chapter suggests that integrated strategies need to be developed to ensure the survival of both human diversity and biological diversity on our rapidly globalizing planet.
Environmental Politics and Policy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Andrews Richard N. L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a historical overview of the foundations and evolution of U.S. environmental politics and policy over time, and of research on them, from their early foundations through the parallel and intersecting histories of natural resource development and conservation, environmental health, and other policies that ultimately have shaped contemporary environmental policy issues. It also suggests potential lessons from history about the U.S. political system and policy change over time and about research needs for the future.
Green Political Ideas and Environmental Policy
Authors: Baber Walter , Bartlett Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe development of U.S. environmental policy has been influenced by six collections of ideas from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. All six—ecological perspectives, notions about knowledge and rationality, participatory politics, economic principles, environmental justice, and organizational structure—continue to affect ongoing policy, policy debates, and policy initiatives, sometimes in conflict with each other. This article provides a brief overview of these six sets of ideas as they have appeared in the research literature and have (or have not) influenced environmental politics and policy development in the United States. It concludes with a discussion of why political theory and political philosophy have not been, and are not soon likely to be, significant contributors to the pool of influential green political ideas shaping American environmental politics and policy.
Ethical Challenges in Environmental Policy
Authors: Paehlke Robert C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by discussing the historical links between environmental policy and environmental ethics. It then examines some of the ethical issues associated with protecting wild nature and wilderness. It discusses the idea of environmental rights, including the possibility that there is a right to a clean environment. Next, it considers the ethical dimensions of the relationship between social inequality and environmental protection: how can we assure that the opportunities to utilize and to enjoy and be sustained by nature are fairly distributed among humans? It discusses ethical concerns raised in debates over environmental aspects of using private and common property. The article concludes with a discussion of the ethical aspects of emerging environmental policy concerns, including genetically modified organisms and climate change.
Capacity for Governance
Authors: Rosenbaum Walter A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses four of the most significant domestic innovations in environmental governance since the first Earth Day in 1970. These are the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 and its complementary creation of the Environmental Impact Statement; common pool resources management; and the Clean Air Act of 1970. The article begins by placing these important innovations in the context of major challenges posed to domestic environmental governance by the Third Environmental Era. It then considers the research significance of these innovations and examines important research issues now posed by continuing experience with this domestic governance. It provides a comprehensive review and assessment of the literature of environmental politics and policy by examining the important current literature about environmental governance and its implications for a future research agenda, issues fundamental to any discussion of environmental politics and policy, past and future.
U.S. Climate Change Politics
Authors: Selin Henrik , VanDeveer Stacy D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes federal and international aspects of U.S. climate change politics and policy making. It begins by discussing a few key aspects of U.S. federalism and the governance complexity of addressing climate change as a prime example of a third-generation environmental problem. It then examines American climate change politics at federal and subnational governance levels, involving a multitude of legal and political activities and interactions by a large number of public, private, and civil society sector actors. Next, it discusses U.S. global and transnational engagement around climate change mitigation and adaptation issues, before offering a few concluding remarks about the future of U.S. climate change governance. In addition, it identifies some priority areas for continuing empirical research and more in-depth analysis.
United States International Environmental Policy
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the determinants of U.S. international environmental policy. The U.S. has always exhibited a streak of reluctance about international environmental cooperation, sometimes taking on leadership roles but often resisting or actively hindering international action to address environmental problems. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for U.S. behavior: a general U.S. suspicion of multilateralism that may be a manifestation of a belief in U.S. exceptionalism; the costliness of environmental regulation or special characteristics of the United States that make international environmental action more difficult on some issues than for other states; concern about international action that delivers benefits primarily to developing states at a cost to the United States; or even the existing uncertainty present in many international environmental issues.
Global Environmental Policy Making
Authors: O'Neill Kate 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the emergence of the environment as a global policy issue and the ways in which the international community has responded to global environmental problems, focusing on the period since the first global conference on the environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972. It assesses the role of the United States in global environmental governance over this time period, as well as the impacts of global environmental policy on the country itself. It also traces the emergence and maturation of a distinct body of academic literature: global, or international, environmental politics. Beginning as a subfield of international relations theory, this literature has broadened into an interdisciplinary social science field of its own, addressing both the political causes of the global environmental crisis and the politics of global environmental governance.
Environmental Bureaucracies
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a guide to and an analysis of the EPA as possibly the world's foremost environmental bureaucracy. It begins with a brief history of the agency and its evolution over four decades, and then analyzes its organization and decision making. This is followed by an assessment of the EPA and the administrative and policy literature associated with it under three headings: relationships with state agencies; the role of economic and risk analysis in decision making; and the capacity for innovation. The final section considers the extent to which the EPA's past should define its future and that of U.S. environmental policy.
Bureaucracy and Natural Resources Policy
Authors: Thomas Craig W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the natural resource policies in the United States, the public agencies that have implemented these policies, and the policy subsystems within which they operate. It also considers how agency cultures have changed as new professions and scientific ideas entered the agencies; and new approaches to natural resources management, such as adaptive management and collaborative governance. Policy topics include traditional resource extraction (such as mining, forestry, and water use), recreational and ascetic uses (such as parks and wilderness), and more contemporary issues (such as biodiversity conservation and climate change impacts). Throughout, the article focuses on key directions in theoretical scholarship on natural resource policy and management, while noting potential avenues for future research.
Environmental Federalism and the Role of State and Local Governments
Authors: Scheberle Denise 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins with an overview of federalism and intergovernmental relations, focusing on the legal structures for federalism and how these structures play out in the environmental field. Subsequent sections highlight the evolving nature of intergovernmental relationships within environmental programs, including discussions of federal-state working relationships, differences in state capacity and willingness to engage in environmental protection, advocacy by state and local governments, and state and local government innovation. A final section offers some conclusions about environmental federalism.
The Promise and Performance of Collaborative Governance
Authors: Gerlak Andrea K. , Heikkila Tanya , Lubell Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the promises and potential pitfalls of collaborative governance. It first summarizes the origins and evolution of collaborative governance and then compares the claims of the proponents and opponents. It then reviews what is known and what is still uncertain from the growing body of empirical research studying collaborative environmental governance. The conclusion speculates on the future of collaborative governance for both research and practice.
Parties, Campaigns, and Elections
Authors: Below Amy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews existing literature concerning the relationships between parties, campaigns, and elections and environmental politics and policy. It reviews studies conducted on the ability of political parties (the Democratic, Republican, and Green Parties, specifically) to represent environmental interests and win elections, the impact environmental issues have on campaigns and elections, and how well elected representatives carry out their pro- or anti-environmental campaign pledges once in office. It then considers the role of direct democracy and the evolution of environmentally related initiatives and referenda, and their success at the polls. The last section focuses on the role of the media in environmental politics and policy. One of the largest impacts the media have on the electoral process is their ability to craft the agenda for political candidates and policy makers. The article also highlights gaps in knowledge and suggests areas for future research.
The Use of Strategic Planning, Information, and Analysis in Environmental Policy Making and Management
Authors: Cohen Steven 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the use of environmental planning and analysis efforts in the U.S. policy-making system. It begins with an examination of the incremental nature of environmental policy development and describes how the complexity and scientific uncertainty of environmental problems influences policy formulation and implementation. Next, it addresses two important policy-making tools: strategic planning and environmental impact assessment. It then uses a series of case studies to illustrate the factors that condition the success and failure of analysis in environmental policy and administration. In some instances these analytic tools contribute to success, and in other cases they are largely irrelevant. Throughout the article discusses what we know and do not know about environmental planning and analysis. It also identifies potential directions for future research.
Environmental Policy and Science
Authors: Ascher William , Steelman Toddi A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers the intellectual traditions that have shaped how we view science, current controversies related to science and environmental policy, and some alternatives to deal with the complexities of science and environmental policy making. It suggests that science should be seen as one form of knowledge that can inform policy, and that understanding the role of science and these other types of knowledge within the distinct phases of the policy process can provide greater insight into how we might think about and use science more constructively.
Evidence of deterministic assembly according to flowering time in an old‐field plant community
Authors: Dante Sneha K. , Schamp Brandon S. , Aarssen Lonnie W. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Theory has produced contrasting predictions related to flowering time overlap among coexisting plant species largely because of the diversity of potential influences on flowering time. In this study, we use a trait‐based null modelling approach to test for evidence of deterministic assembly of species according to flowering time in an old‐field plant community.
Plant species coexisting in one‐metre‐square plots overlapped in flowering time significantly more than expected. This flowering synchrony was more pronounced when analyses focused on bee‐pollinated species. Flowering synchrony was also observed for wind‐pollinated species, although for only one of our two null model tests, highlighting the sensitivity of some results to different randomization methods. In general, these patterns suggest that relationships between pollinators and plants can influence community assembly processes.
Because our study community is composed of approximately 43% native plant species and 57% exotic species, and because the arrival of new species may complicate plant–pollinator interactions, we tested whether flowering time overlap was altered by introduced species. Flowering synchrony was greater in plots with a higher proportion of introduced species. This pattern held for both null model tests, but was slightly stronger when analyses focused on bee‐pollinated species. These results indicate that introduced species alter community flowering distributions and in so doing will inevitably affect pollinator–plant interactions.
Finally, we tested whether our results were influenced by variation among study plots in above‐ground biomass production, which some theory predicts will be related to the importance of competition. Our results were not influenced by this variation, suggesting that resource variation among our plots did not contribute to observed patterns.
Synthesis: Our results provide support for predictions that coexisting species should display flowering synchrony, and provide no support for species coexistence via temporal niche partitioning at this scale in this study community. Our results also indicate that introduced species significantly alter the community assembly process such that flowering synchrony is more pronounced in plots with a greater proportion of introduced plant species.
Cost limitation through constrained oviposition site in a plant‐pollinator/seed predator mutualism
Authors: Labouche Anne‐Marie , Bernasconi Giorgina 
Published: February 2013

SummaryMutualism often involves reciprocal exploitation due to individual selection for increased benefits even at the expense of the partner. Therefore, stability and outcomes of such interactions crucially depend on cost limitation mechanisms.In the plant, pollinator /seed predator interaction betweenSilene latifolia(Caryophyllaceae) andHadena bicruris(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), moths generate pollination benefits as adults but impose seed predation costs as larvae. We examined whether floral morphology limits over‐exploitation by constraining oviposition site. Oviposition site varies naturally inside vs. outside the corolla tube, but neither its determinants nor its effect on the interaction have been investigated.In a common garden with plants originating from eight populations, corolla tube length predicted oviposition site, but not egg presence or pollination efficiency, suggesting that long corolla tubes constrain the moth to lay eggs on petals. Egg position was also predicted by the combined effect of corolla tube and moth ovipositor lengths, with shorter ovipositor than corolla tube resulting in higher probability for eggs outside. Egg position on a given plant was repeatable over different exposure nights.When egg position was experimentally manipulated, eggs placed on the petal resulted in significantly fewer successful fruit attacks compared with eggs placed inside the corolla tube, suggesting differences in egg/larval mortality. Egg position also differently affected larval mass, fruit mass and fruit development.Our results indicate that constraining oviposition site through a long corolla tube reduces seed predation costs suffered by the plant without negatively affecting pollination efficiency and, hence may act to limit over‐exploitation. However, the net effects of corolla tube depth variation on this interaction may fluctuate with extrinsic factors affecting egg mortality, and with patterns of gene flow affecting trait matching between the interacting species.The intermediate fitness costs incurred by both plant and insect associated with the different egg positions may reduce selective pressures for this interaction to evolve towards antagonism, favouring instead a mutualistic outcome. While a role for oviposition site variation in cost limitation is a novel finding in this system, it may apply more generally also to other mutualisms involving pollinating seed predators.
Modelling elastic anisotropy of dry rocks as a function of applied stress
Authors: Madadi Mahyar , Pervukhina Marina , Gurevich Boris 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTWe propose an analytical model for seismic anisotropy caused by the application of an anisotropic stress to an isotropic dry rock. We first consider an isotropic, linearly elastic medium (porous or non‐porous) permeated by a distribution of discontinuities with random (isotropic) orientation (such as randomly oriented compliant grain contacts or cracks). The geometry of individual discontinuities is not specified. Instead, their behaviour is defined by a ratio B of the normal to tangential excess compliances.When this isotropic rock is subjected to a compressive stress (isotropic or anisotropic), the specific surface area of cracks aligned parallel to a particular plane is reduced in proportion to the normal stress traction acting on that plane. This effect is modelled using the Sayers‐Kachanov non‐interactive approximation, which expresses the effect of cracks on the elastic compliance tensor as an integral over crack orientations. This integral is evaluated using the Taylor expansion of the stress dependency of the specific surface area of the cracks. This allows the analytical solution previously derived for small anisotropic stresses to be extended to large stresses. Comparison of the model predictions with the results of laboratory measurements shows a reasonable agreement for moderate magnitudes of uniaxial stress (up to 50 MPa).While the model contains five independent parameters, the variation of the anisotropy pattern (which can be expressed by the ratios of Thomsen’s anisotropy parameters ε, δ and γ) with normalized stress is controlled by only two parameters: Poisson’s ratio ν of the unstressed rock and the compliance ratio B. The model predicts that the ε/γ ratio depends on both ν and B but varies only mildly with stress, while the ε/δ ratio varies between 0.8–1.1 in a wide range of values of ν and B. The latter observation implies that the anisotropy remains close to elliptical even for larger stresses (within the assumptions of the model).The proposed model of stress‐induced anisotropy may be useful for differentiating stress‐induced anisotropy from that caused by aligned fractures. Conversely, if the cause of seismic anisotropy is known, then the anisotropy pattern allows one to estimate P‐wave anisotropy from S‐wave anisotropy.