bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the general mathematical model for CAD modelling of cylindrical and conical worm gear drives
Authors: Dudás I. , Bodzás S. 
Published: June 2015

Based on the general mathematical model of Dudás [3, 4] — which is appropriate for mathematical modelling of production technology methods and various toothed gear pairs — we have generated mathematical models which are appropriate for determination of tooth surface points of face gear and worm gear connection with conical and cylindrical worm by numerical way. After doing the necessary calculations, the CAD models of the worm gear drives could be generated. Based on these there is an opportunity for rapid prototyping (RP) technology for other connection and production geometric analysis.
For the verification of our calculated results, we generate CAD models of one to one given geometric conical and cylindrical worm gear drives for other analysis.
Surveiller et s’unir ?
Authors: Vagneron Frédéric 
Published: June 2015

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Programme grippe de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a réalisé la première coordination internationale de lutte contre la grippe. Face à la variabilité du virus, l’OMS a élaboré un réseau de laboratoires pour surveiller les souches humaines en circulation. Deux décennies plus tard, l’élucidation de l’origine des pandémies humaines, grâce à un faisceau de preuves impliquant le rôle de réservoir des animaux, a considérablement élargi le périmètre de cette surveillance. L’article décrit comment la surveillance de la grippe a permis d’élaborer une approche écologique de la maladie, grâce à l’enrôlement de nouveaux acteurs permis par un travail de standardisation des méthodes dans le réseau. Face à la biodiversité des espèces infectées par le virus, les recherches sur l’écologie de la grippe ont contribué à une nouvelle attention portée à l’équilibre écologique instable manifesté par les circulations des virus entre les espèces, rompant avec l’optimisme d’un contrôle des maladies infectieuses, inauguré à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Heterogeneity in the Locomotory Behavior of Human Monocyte Subsets over Human Vascular Endothelium In Vitro
Authors: Collison Joanna L. , Carlin Leo M. , Eichmann Martin , Geissmann Frederic , Peakman Mark 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Human monocytes comprise three distinct subsets, defined by their relative expression of CD14 and CD16. These subsets appear to have different functional roles within homeostasis and inflammation, but little is known about the manner in which they interact with macro- and microvascular endothelial cells, a key enabling component for the fulfillment of their functional roles. In the present study, we examined the locomotory behavior of the three major human monocyte subsets over human endothelial monolayers subjected to physiologically relevant levels of shear flow in vitro. Each subset was shown to preferentially perform different types of locomotory behavior in a resting state. A long-range crawling behavior, similar to the “patrolling” behavior of murine Ly6C− monocytes, was observed in CD14+CD16− and CD14dimCD16+ monocytes, but not in CD14+CD16+ monocytes. CD14dimCD16+ and CD14+CD16+ monocytes showed a preference for adhering to microvascular over macrovascular endothelium, whereas CD14+CD16− monocytes showed the opposite. Transendothelial migration was not observed in CD14dimCD16+ monocytes during the 30-min observation period. Long-range crawling behavior in CD14dimCD16+ monocytes was abrogated by blockade of ICAM1, VCAM1, or CX3CL1, in contrast with CD14+CD16− monocytes, which only required ICAM1 for this behavior. These studies indicate the existence of subtype-specific human monocyte migratory behavior patterns with distinct adhesion molecule dependence, which may assist in elucidating their physiological function and relevance to disease.
Preferential Recruitment of Neutrophils into the Cerebellum and Brainstem Contributes to the Atypical Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Phenotype
Authors: Liu Yudong , Holdbrooks Andrew T. , Meares Gordon P. , Buckley Jessica A. , Benveniste Etty N. , Qin Hongwei 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is critical for development, regulation, and termination of immune responses, and dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway, that is, hyperactivation, has pathological implications in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) regulates STAT3 activation in response to cytokines that play important roles in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, including IL-6 and IL-23. We previously demonstrated that myeloid lineage–specific deletion of SOCS3 resulted in a severe, nonresolving atypical form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characterized by lesions, inflammatory infiltrates, elevated STAT activation, and elevated cytokine and chemokine expression in the cerebellum. Clinically, these mice exhibit ataxia and tremors. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of this model, demonstrating that the atypical EAE observed in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice is characterized by extensive neutrophil infiltration into the cerebellum and brainstem, increased inducible NO synthase levels in the cerebellum and brainstem, and prominent axonal damage. Importantly, infiltrating SOCS3-deficient neutrophils produce high levels of CXCL2, CCL2, CXCL10, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Kinetic studies demonstrate that neutrophil infiltration into the cerebellum and brainstem of LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice closely correlates with atypical EAE clinical symptoms. Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils converts the atypical phenotype to the classical EAE phenotype and, in some cases, a mixed atypical/classical phenotype. Blocking CXCR2 signaling ameliorates atypical EAE development by reducing neutrophil infiltration into the cerebellum/brainstem. Thus, neutrophils lacking SOCS3 display elevated STAT3 activation and expression of proinflammatory mediators and play a critical role in the development of atypical EAE.
Low‐frequency earthquakes at the southern Cascadia margin
Authors: Plourde Alexandre P. , Bostock Michael G. , Audet Pascal , Thomas Amanda M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe use seismic waveform data from the Mendocino Experiment to detect low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) beneath Northern California during the April 2008 tremor‐and‐slip episode. In southern Cascadia, 59 templates were generated using iterative network cross correlation and stacking and grouped into 34 distinct LFE families. The main front of tremor epicenters migrates along strike at 9 km d−1; we also find one instance of rapid tremor reversal, observed to propagate in the opposite direction at 10–20 km h−1. As in other regions of Cascadia, LFE hypocenters from this study lie several kilometers above a recent plate interface model. South of Cascadia, LFEs were discovered on the Maacama and Bucknell Creek faults. The Bucknell Creek Fault may be the youngest fault yet observed to host LFEs. These fault zones also host shallow earthquake swarms with repeating events that are distinct from LFEs in their spectral and recurrence characteristics.
Posterosuperior extension of caudal septal incision for endoscopic septoplasty
Authors: Kim Sang‐Wook , Joo Yeon‐Hee , Jeon Sea‐Yuong 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundEndoscopic septoplasty provides several advantages over traditional headlight septoplasty in terms of better visualization. However, surgeons may experience frequent soiling of the endoscope lens by blood from the incision site and awkwardness in finding adequate space for the endoscope and dissectors in narrow septal mucosal tunnels. Here, we propose a simple and safe modification for endoscopic septoplasty.MethodsA total of 21 patients underwent endoscopic septoplasty using a new modification. Briefly, a posterosuperior extension incision was made along the dorsal septum at the superior end of the caudal septal incision, and a posteroinferior‐based septal mucosal flap was developed and placed laterally over the inferior turbinate during surgery.ResultsThe new modification reported here provided clear endoscopic visualization and a comfortable working space from making the incision to closing the wound. In addition, no significant complications related to this modification, such as increased operation time, intraoperative or postoperative bleeding, delayed wound healing, synechia, nasal septal perforation, and reduced olfaction, were observed.ConclusionAdding a posterosuperior extension incision to the caudal septal incision might be a safe and efficient modification for endoscopic septoplasty.
Periventricular lesions correlate with cortical thinning in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jehna Margit , Pirpamer Lukas , Khalil Michael , Fuchs Siegrid , Ropele Stefan , Langkammer Christian , Pichler Alexander , Stulnig Franziska , Deutschmann Hannes , Fazekas Franz , Enzinger Christian 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveIt has been suggested recently that cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) may, at least partly, be caused by factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We thus hypothesized that MS‐related tissue changes in compartments close to the CSF, such as periventricular lesions, might correlate with cortical pathology.MethodsWe investigated a cohort of 160 patients, comprising 91 with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and 69 with relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS; mean age: CIS: 31.4 ± 9.0; RRMS: 33.0 ± 8.7 years; mean disease duration: CIS: 7.2 ± 15 months; RRMS: 8.0 ± 6.5 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (median, min‐max): CIS: 1, 0–3.5; RRMS: 1.25, 0–4) with 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging. MS lesions were segmented semiautomatically on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images. To quantify periventricular lesion load (PV‐LL), we generated ventricle masks and dilated them by a voxel factor of 3. Lesions within the dilated ventricle margin were classified as periventricular. Cortical thinning was assessed by cortical mean thickness (CMT) and compared to data from 58 healthy controls (HCs; mean age: 29.1 ± 7.4 years).ResultsCompared to HC, CIS and (even more so) RRMS patients demonstrated significantly reduced CMT. Even after controlling for ventricular volume and total lesion load, increased periventricular lesion occupancy (percentage of PV‐LL) significantly correlated with decreased CMT in RRMS (r = –0.295; p = 0.015), but not in CIS (r = 0.032; p = 0.768) patients.InterpretationThe correlation between increased periventricular lesion burden and decreased CMT indicative of subpial cortical pathology supports the concept that common CSF‐mediated factors might play a role in the accumulation of damage to gray and white matter in MS. Ann Neurol 2015;78:530–539
Casimir effect modified surface energy of a nanocavity in homogeneous media
Authors: Zheng Yi , Narayanaswamy Arvind 
Published: June 2015

We determine the regularized van der Waals contribution to pressure within a spherical cavity of vapor in a homogeneous, isotropic, infinite medium. The spherical Hamaker function, , has been defined, for the first time, in contrast to the conventional Hamaker function for planar surfaces, . For the materials under consideration, the pressure inside the cavity varies as , where a is the radius of the cavity. For radii below a transition radius, the surface energy (or surface tension) becomes size dependent and could have important implications for homogeneous nucleation of nanosized bubbles in liquids, as well as cavitation of bubbles.
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Olefin cis‐Dihydroxylation and Aliphatic CH Bond Oxygenation by a Dioxygen‐Derived Electrophilic Iron–Oxygen Oxidant
Authors: Chatterjee Sayanti , Paine Tapan Kanti 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMany iron‐containing enzymes involve metal–oxygen oxidants to carry out O2‐dependent transformation reactions. However, the selective oxidation of CH and CC bonds by biomimetic complexes using O2 remains a major challenge in bioinspired catalysis. The reactivity of iron–oxygen oxidants generated from an FeII–benzilate complex of a facial N3 ligand were thus investigated. The complex reacted with O2 to form a nucleophilic oxidant, whereas an electrophilic oxidant, intercepted by external substrates, was generated in the presence of a Lewis acid. Based on the mechanistic studies, a nucleophilic FeII–hydroperoxo species is proposed to form from the benzilate complex, which undergoes heterolytic OO bond cleavage in the presence of a Lewis acid to generate an FeIV–oxo–hydroxo oxidant. The electrophilic iron–oxygen oxidant selectively oxidizes sulfides to sulfoxides, alkenes to cis‐diols, and it hydroxylates the CH bonds of alkanes, including that of cyclohexane.
Development and Optimization of Glaser–Hay Bioconjugations
Authors: Lampkowski Jessica S. , Villa Jordan K. , Young Travis S. , Young Douglas D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe prevalence of bioconjugates in the biomedical sciences necessitates the development of novel mechanisms to facilitate their preparation. Towards this end, the translation of the Glaser–Hay coupling to an aqueous environment is examined, and its potential as a bioorthogonal conjugation reaction is demonstrated. This optimized, novel, and aqueous Glaser–Hay reaction is applied towards the development of bioconjugates utilizing protein expressed with an alkynyl unnatural amino acid. Unnatural amino acid technology provides a degree of bioorthognality and specificity not feasible with other methods. Moreover, the scope of the reaction is demonstrated through protein–small molecule couplings, small‐molecule–solid‐support couplings, and protein–solid‐support immobilizations.
Bor‐katalysierte regioselektive Desoxygenierung von terminalen 1,2‐Diolen zu 2‐Alkanolen durch die strategische Bildung eines cyclischen Siloxan‐Intermediates
Authors: Drosos Nikolaos , Morandi Bill 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDie selektive Desoxygenierung von Polyolen begrenzt unsere Fähigkeit, die stereochemische und strukturelle Komplexität von natürlichen und synthetischen Rohstoffen zu nutzen. Wir berichten hier über ein hochaktives und selektives Bor‐basiertes Katalysatorsystem zur selektiven Desoxygenierung von terminalen 1,2‐Diolen an primärer Position, ein Verfahren, das auf der vorübergehenden Bildung eines cyclischen Siloxans beruht. Die Methode liefert eine ideale Ergänzung zu den bereits bekannten katalytischen asymmetrischen Reaktionen zur Herstellung von chiralen 2‐Alkanolen in nahezu vollständigem Enantiomerenüberschuss, wie hier anhand der kurzen Synthese des entzündungshemmenden Wirkstoffs (R)‐Lisofyllin aufgezeigt ist.
Basicity Limits of Neutral Organic Superbases
Authors: Leito Ivo , Koppel Ilmar A. , Koppel Ivar , Kaupmees Karl , Tshepelevitsh Sofja , Saame Jaan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe potential limits of superbasicity achievable with different families of neutral bases by expanding the molecular framework are explored using DFT computations. A number of different core structures of non‐ionic organosuperbases are considered (such as phosphazenes, guanidinophosphazenes, guanidino phosphorus ylides). A simple model for describing the dependence of basicity on the extent of the molecular framework is proposed, validated, and used for quantitatively predicting the ultimate basicities of different compound families and the rates of substituent effect saturation. Some of the considered bases (guanidino phosphorus carbenes) are expected to reach gas‐phase basicity around 370 kcal mol−1, thus being the most basic neutral bases ever reported. Also, the classical substituted alkylphosphazenes were predicted to reach pKa values of around 50 in acetonitrile, which is significantly higher than previously expected.
Copper Nitrate Mediated Regioselective [2+2+1] Cyclization of Alkynes with Alkenes: A Cascade Approach to Δ2‐Isoxazolines
Authors: Gao Mingchun , Li Yingying , Gan Yuansheng , Xu Bin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn efficient method for the regioselective synthesis of pharmacologically relevant polysubstituted Δ2‐isoxazolines is based on the copper‐mediated direct transformation of simple terminal alkynes and alkenes. The overall process involves the formation of four chemical bonds with inexpensive and readily available copper nitrate trihydrate as a novel precursor of nitrile oxides. The reaction can be easily handled and proceeds under mild conditions.
Spectroscopy of Ethylenedione
Authors: Dixon Andrew R. , Xue Tian , Sanov Andrei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe long sought‐after, intrinsically short‐lived molecule ethylenedione (OCCO) was observed and investigated by anion photoelectron spectroscopy. The adiabatic electron affinity of its quasi‐bound 3Σg− state is 1.936(8) eV. The vibrational progression with a 417(15) cm−1 frequency observed within the triplet band corresponds to a trans‐bending mode. Several dissociative singlet states are also observed, corresponding to two components of the 1Δg state and the 1Σg+ state. The experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions and constitute the first spectroscopic observation and characterization of this elusive compound.
Reductive Cleavage of Carbon Monoxide by a Disilenide
Authors: Majumdar Moumita , Omlor Isabell , Yildiz Cem B. , Azizoglu Akin , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe complete reductive cleavage of the triple bond in carbon monoxide was achieved using a lithium disilenide at room temperature. The CC‐coupled product can be regarded as a silanone dimer with pending alkyne and silirene moieties and incorporates two equivalents of CO per disilenide unit. A formation mechanism via ketenyl intermediates is proposed on the basis of DFT calculations and elucidated experimentally by employing Group 6 metal carbonyls as both stabilizing entity and source of CO in the reaction with disilenide. The isolation of cyclic silylene complexes with weakly donating ketenyl donor groups further supports the mechanistic scenario.
Combination of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole and 1,2,5‐Oxadiazole Moieties for the Generation of High‐Performance Energetic Materials
Authors: Wei Hao , He Chunlin , Zhang Jiaheng , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSalts generated from linked 1,2,4‐oxadiazole/1,2,5‐oxadiazole precursors exhibit good to excellent thermal stability, density, and, in some cases, energetic performance. The design of these compounds was based on the assumption that by the combination of varying oxadiazole rings, it would be possible to profit from the positive aspects of each of the components. All of the new compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C, and (in some cases) 15N NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (DSC). The structures of 2–3 and 5‐1⋅5 H2O were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Theoretical performance calculations were carried out by using Gaussian 03 (Revision D.01). Compound 2‐3, with its good density (1.85 g cm−3), acceptable sensitivity (14 J, 160 N), and superior detonation pressure (37.4 GPa) and velocity (9046 m s−1), exhibits performance properties superior to those of 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX).
Organization and Energy Transfer of Fused Aromatic Hydrocarbon Guests within Anion‐Confining Nanochannel MOFs
Authors: Noh Tae Hwan , Lee Haeri , Jang Jaeseong , Jung Ok‐Sang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe self‐assembly of ZnII ions with 1,3,5‐tris(isonicotinoyloxyethyl)cyanurate produces new topological (42⋅124)3(43)4 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with anion‐confining cages. The eclipsed assembly of each 2D MOF by π–π stacking of cyanurate moieties (3.352(5) Å) forms 3D MOFs consisting of nanochannels (10.5 Å). Two of the three anions are confined in each peanut‐type cage, resulting in hydrophobicity of the nanochannels. The hydrophobic nanochannel effectively adsorbs a wide range of fused aromatic hydrocarbons (FAHs) as monomers or dimers, rendering it potentially highly useful as an energy‐transfer material.
Selenium‐Mediated Dehalogenation of Halogenated Nucleosides and its Relevance to the DNA Repair Pathway
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Manna Debasish , Mugesh Govindasamy 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHalogenated nucleosides can be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA of replicating cells and therefore are commonly used in the detection of proliferating cells in living tissues. Dehalogenation of these modified nucleosides is one of the key pathways involved in DNA repair mediated by the uracil‐DNA glycosylase. Herein, we report the first example of a selenium‐mediated dehalogenation of halogenated nucleosides. We also show that the mechanism for the debromination is remarkably different from that of deiodination and that the presence of a ribose or deoxyribose moiety in the nucleosides facilitates the deiodination. The results described herein should help in understanding the metabolism of halogenated nucleosides in DNA and RNA.
Designing a Highly Active Metal‐Free Oxygen Reduction Catalyst in Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Alkaline Fuel Cells: Effects of Pore Size and Doping‐Site Position
Authors: Lee Seonggyu , Choun Myounghoon , Ye Youngjin , Lee Jaeyoung , Mun Yeongdong , Kang Eunae , Hwang Jongkook , Lee Young‐Ho , Shin Chae‐Ho , Moon Seung‐Hyeon , Kim Soo‐Kil , Lee Eunsung , Lee Jinwoo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTo promote the oxygen reduction reaction of metal‐free catalysts, the introduction of porous structure is considered as a desirable approach because the structure can enhance mass transport and host many catalytic active sites. However, most of the previous studies reported only half‐cell characterization; therefore, studies on membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are still insufficient. Furthermore, the effect of doping‐site position in the structure has not been investigated. Here, we report the synthesis of highly active metal‐free catalysts in MEAs by controlling pore size and doping‐site position. Both influence the accessibility of reactants to doping sites, which affects utilization of doping sites and mass‐transport properties. Finally, an N,P‐codoped ordered mesoporous carbon with a large pore size and precisely controlled doping‐site position showed a remarkable on‐set potential and produced 70 % of the maximum power density obtained using Pt/C.
Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Photocontrol: Foundations for Super‐Resolution Microscopy (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Moerner W. E. (William E.) 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe initial steps toward optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in condensed matter arose out of the study of inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption profiles of molecular impurities in solids at low temperatures. Spectral signatures relating to the fluctuations of the number of molecules in resonance led to the attainment of the single‐molecule limit in 1989 using frequency‐modulation laser spectroscopy. In the early 90s, many fascinating physical effects were observed for individual molecules, and the imaging of single molecules as well as observations of spectral diffusion, optical switching and the ability to select different single molecules in the same focal volume simply by tuning the pumping laser frequency provided important forerunners of the later super‐resolution microscopy with single molecules. In the room temperature regime, imaging of single copies of the green fluorescent protein also uncovered surprises, especially the blinking and photoinduced recovery of emitters, which stimulated further development of photoswitchable fluorescent protein labels. Because each single fluorophore acts a light source roughly 1 nm in size, microscopic observation and localization of individual fluorophores is a key ingredient to imaging beyond the optical diffraction limit. Combining this with active control of the number of emitting molecules in the pumped volume led to the super‐resolution imaging of Eric Betzig and others, a new frontier for optical microscopy beyond the diffraction limit. The background leading up to these observations is described and current developments are summarized.