bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La « valeur » dans l'industrie financière : le prix des actions cotées comme « vérité » technique et politique
Authors: Ortiz Horacio 
Published: April 2013

Ce texte analyse les pratiques d’évaluation des actions cotées à partir d’une enquête par observation participante auprès de courtiers à New York et de gérants de fonds à Paris entre 2002 et 2004. Les analystes financiers, traders , vendeurs d’information et gérants de fonds, utilisent tous la même théorie financière, en suivant des procédures standardisées qui définissent la « valeur » de manières différentes selon les professions, mais en la problématisant toujours par rapport à sa « vérité ». Dans ces pratiques, agissant au nom des clients réels ou potentiels dont ils sont censés représenter les intérêts, les employés se positionnent comme « investisseurs », dont les interactions auraient comme résultat la constitution de « marchés efficients ». Les employés sont liés par des relations de compétition et de complémentarité, qui s’articulent notamment à partir d’arguments techniques concernant les différentes définitions de ce qui fait la « vérité de la valeur ». Mais, comme le fait la régulation financière, ils mobilisent aussi des arguments sur le fait que la « vérité », qui serait reflétée dans les prix, fait partie du projet politique qui donne à l’industrie financière, en tant qu’espace social des « investisseurs qualifiés », le rôle de réaliser des « marchés efficients » pour atteindre une allocation sociale « optimale » du crédit. L’industrie financière est ainsi censée produire une « vérité » à travers les prix, qui est à la fois technique et politique.
Violences à l'école, réponses professionnelles et éthique
Authors: Carra Cécile 
Published: April 2013

Ce texte se donne pour objectif d’interroger tout à la fois certaines évidences et certaines zones d’ombre sur les violences à l’école. Il tente de poser un cadre de réflexion en dégageant à la fois des tendances dominantes et leurs lignes de tension. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur deux notions à partir desquelles peut se construire cette réflexion : les normes et les professionnalités, permettant en retour d’interroger la construction sociale du problème de la violence à l’école. Cette interrogation sur la construction de l’objet met en perspective à la fois la permanence de la violence à l’école et ses manifestations contemporaines, la récurrence de réponses et leurs formes actuelles, ainsi que les questions qu’elles soulèvent sur le métier d’enseignant et, au delà, sur les finalités de l’éducation.
Reduced Caveolin-1 Promotes Hyperinflammation due to Abnormal Heme Oxygenase-1 Localization in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Macrophages with Dysfunctional Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
Authors: Zhang Ping-Xia , Murray Thomas S. , Villella Valeria R. , Ferrari Eleonora , Esposito Speranza , D'Souza Anthony , Raia Valeria , Maiuri Luigi , Krause Diane S. , Egan Marie E. , Bruscia Emanuela M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We have previously reported that TLR4 signaling is increased in LPS-stimulated cystic fibrosis (CF) macrophages (MΦs), contributing to the robust production of proinflammatory cytokines. The heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/CO pathway modulates cellular redox status, inflammatory responses, and cell survival. The HO-1 enzyme, together with the scaffold protein caveolin 1 (CAV-1), also acts as a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling in MΦs. In this study, we demonstrate that in LPS-challenged CF MΦs, HO-1 does not compartmentalize normally to the cell surface and instead accumulates intracellularly. The abnormal HO-1 localization in CF MΦs in response to LPS is due to decreased CAV-1 expression, which is controlled by the cellular oxidative state, and is required for HO-1 delivery to the cell surface. Overexpression of HO-1 or stimulating the pathway with CO-releasing molecules enhances CAV-1 expression in CF MΦs, suggesting a positive-feed forward loop between HO-1/CO induction and CAV-1 expression. These manipulations re-established HO-1 and CAV-1 cell surface localization in CF MΦs. Consistent with restoration of HO-1/CAV-1–negative regulation of TLR4 signaling, genetic or pharmacological (CO-releasing molecule 2) induced enhancement of this pathway decreased the inflammatory response of CF MΦs and CF mice treated with LPS. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the counterregulatory HO-1/CO pathway, which is critical in balancing and limiting the inflammatory response, is defective in CF MΦs through a CAV-1–dependent mechanism, exacerbating the CF MΦ response to LPS. This pathway could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention for CF lung disease.
The Novel Role of IL-7 Ligation to IL-7 Receptor in Myeloid Cells of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Collagen-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Chen Zhenlong , Kim Seung-jae , Chamberlain Nathan D. , Pickens Sarah R. , Volin Michael V. , Volkov Suncica , Arami Shiva , Christman John W. , Prabhakar Bellur S. , Swedler William , Mehta Anjali , Sweiss Nadera , Shahrara Shiva 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Although the role of IL-7 and IL-7R has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the majority of the studies have focused on the effect of IL-7/IL-7R in T cell development and function. Our novel data, however, document that patients with RA and greater disease activity have higher levels of IL-7, IL-7R, and TNF-α in RA monocytes, suggesting a feedback regulation between IL-7/IL-7R and TNF-α cascades in myeloid cells that is linked to chronic disease progression. Investigations into the involved mechanism showed that IL-7 is a novel and potent chemoattractant that attracts IL-7R+ monocytes through activation of the PI3K/AKT1 and ERK pathways at similar concentrations of IL-7 detected in RA synovial fluid. To determine whether ligation of IL-7 to IL-7R is a potential target for RA treatment and to identify their mechanism of action, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was therapeutically treated with anti–IL-7 Ab or IgG control. Anti–IL-7 Ab treatment significantly reduces CIA monocyte recruitment and osteoclast differentiation as well as potent joint monocyte chemoattractants and bone erosion markers, suggesting that both direct and indirect pathways might contribute to the observed effect. We also demonstrate that reduction in joint MIP-2 levels is responsible for suppressed vascularization detected in mice treated with anti–IL-7 Ab compared with the control group. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that expression of IL-7/IL-7R in myeloid cells is strongly correlated with RA disease activity and that ligation of IL-7 to IL-7R contributes to monocyte homing, differentiation of osteoclasts, and vascularization in the CIA effector phase.
Antigen-Stimulated CD4 T Cell Expansion Can Be Limited by Their Grazing of Peptide–MHC Complexes
Authors: De Boer Rob J. , Perelson Alan S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
It was recently shown that the expansion of CD4+ T cells during a primary immune reaction to a peptide from cytochrome c decreases ∼0.5 log for every log increase in the number of cognate precursor cells, and that this remains valid over more than four orders of magnitude (Quiel et al. 2011. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108: 3312–3317). This observed “power law” was explained by a mechanism where nondividing mature T cells inhibit the proliferation of less-differentiated cells of the same specificity. In this article, we interpret the same data by a mechanism where CD4+ T cells acquire cognate peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes from the surface of APCs, thereby increasing the loss rate of pMHC. We show that a mathematical model implementing this “T cell grazing” mechanism, and having a T cell proliferation rate that is determined by the concentration of pMHC, explains the data equally well. As a consequence, the data no longer unequivocally support the previous explanation, and the increased loss of pMHC complexes on APCs at high T cell densities is an equally valid interpretation of this striking data.
NAFE and the Ethics Question
Authors: Thornton Robert J. , Brookshire Michael L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Since its organization in 1986, the National Association of Forensic Economics (NAFE), its members, and its leaders have maintained a focus upon ethical issues facing forensic economists and such related issues as the certification of testifying economists and appropriate standards of qualifications and of ethical conduct. In recent years, NAFE sessions and membership surveys demonstrate that this focus upon ethical issues has not diminished.
Employee Tenure and Economic Losses in Wrongful Termination Cases
Authors: Baum Charles L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
When calculating lost earnings in wrongful employment termination cases, economists should approximate the amount of time a terminated employee would have remained employed for the defendant employer accounting for the probabilities of surviving, participating in the labor force, being employed, and remaining employed for that particular employer. I develop a model for the annual probability of remaining with a particular employer using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, which tracks the employment experiences of a nationally-representative cohort of individuals over the 1979 through 2010 period. Many employment spells are relatively short, so short tenures are associated with a high probability of leaving an employer. After a point, somewhat longer tenures are associated with a higher probability of remaining with an employer an additional year.
Developing Cell Therapies: Enabling cost prediction by value systems modeling to manage developmental risk.
Authors: McCall Mark Joseph , Williams David John 
Published: April 2013

This work quantifies the highest risk activities and interdependencies in cell therapy new product development (NPD).Â A simulation model based upon an activates based and information driven Â approach of the Design Structure Matrix (DSM), using Latin Hypercube sampling methods with discrete event simulation evaluated the interdependencies between critical development tasks.Â Input data was collected from quarterly financial reports of cell therapy developers and developmental milestones as reported in company press releases and publications.Â . Successfully planning and managing development processes is problematic in an emerging industry lacking precedents and standardised technology platforms.Â Â Methods of understanding and reducing developmental uncertainty and risk are needed to aid resourcing decisions.Â A particular requirement is to understand the impact of process and clinical development, in this highly regulated sector. Results from the model quantify the probability and impact of process iterations and failures that impact cost and duration of cell therapy NPD.Â High impact areas quantified are the interdependence of Phase 1 clinical trials and investment, the scaling of the manufacturing process from Phase 1 to Phase 2 and Phase 2 to Phase 3.Â The model also allows for the calculation of the probability of NPD success for given resource levels, time constraints and market conditions.Â An application comparing alternative regulatory approaches indicates that the current favoured strategy of targeting an orphan indication gives little benefit for the tested clinic al indication because of reduced clinical trial recruitment rate.Â While specifically developed for cell therapy NPD this modelling approach has potential application across the wider biotechnology industry.
A Business Perspective on IP: Open Innovation vs. Open Source in Commercializing Biotechnology
Authors: Boni Arthur A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract â€“ In this article, we address the issues that are involved when developing a strategy for commercializing a discovery that is novel, useful, and non-obvious to someone skilled in the art.Â Patent(s) may be used as one means of providing a competitive advantage, and in addition this method is quite common as a means to monetize the intellectual asset.Â Alternatively, a more â€œopen-sourceâ€ method may be employed as is more typical in dealing with software products or services â€“ thereby opening up the field to collaboration and widespread use.Â However, other means must then be developed to monetize the asset whether it involves a â€œhardwareâ€ component, software, or both. We argue that to answer these questions, one needs to be very strategic in framing the business model that would be most successful in commercializing the particular discovery keeping in mind that wide dissemination of the innovation is the objective. We focus on issues prevalent for innovation in biopharma, medtech, and medical IT, where high risk, long life cycle, capital-intensive investments are required for commercial introduction.
Getting Social with Biotechnology Business Development
Authors: McCready Tim 
Published: April 2013

Social media is becoming increasingly important in business. While the lack of regulations makes marketing online to consumers a challenge in the life sciences, social media offers significant opportunities to the industry by complementing traditional business development and capital raising activities. Â With relatively little effort and expense, companies can build networks, gain trust, and obtain introductions with previously inaccessible targets and distant markets. In embracing social media, individuals themselves become more approachable and open themselves up to business growth that might otherwise have been unattainable.
Hohokam to Akimel O’Odham: Obsidian Acquisition at the Historic Period Sacate Site (GR-909), Gila River Indian Community, Arizona
Authors: Loendorf Chris R. , Fertelmes Craig M. , Lewis Barnaby V. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObsidian provenance studies within the Phoenix Basin of south-central Arizona have become increasingly comprehensive during the last four decades. As a result, broad regional and temporal trends have been defined regarding Preclassic (ca. A.D. 650–1150) and Classic period (ca.A.D. 1150–1450) socioeconomic interactions in the Hohokam core area. However, Historic period patterns are still poorly understood, and these data are essential for understanding the relationship between the prehistoric Hohokam and historical Akimel O’Odham. The association between the Akimel O’Odham and Hohokam has been debated since Euro-Americans first visited the area in the late 1600s, yet this issue is still not fully resolved. This article presents analyses of historical obsidian from the Sacate site that suggest that long-term trends in cultural patterns within the Phoenix Basin continued unbroken into the Historic period. These continuities provide another line of evidence that the Akimel O’Odham are the direct cultural descendants of the Hohokam.
Implications of New Radiocarbon Ages on Coiled Basketry from the Northern Great Basin
Authors: Connolly Thomas J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCoiled basketry dates to more than 8,000 years ago in the Eastern Great Basin and is found in the Western Basin by 4,500 years ago. In the Northern Great Basin, archaeological basketry is dominated by twineware; fewer than 20 fragments of coiled basketry have been reported. Coiling has long been thought to have appeared very late in the Northern Basin, and the perceived late presence of coiling in the north has been considered by some to be an indicator of a late Numic incursion from the south. Recent direct radiocarbon dating of fiber samples from the coiled specimens from the Northern Great Basin undermines the previous assumptions of a uniformly late age. Though rare, coiling has a consistent presence in the region for more than 2,500 years. Further, its distribution suggests that this technological influence may have derived primarily from eastern, rather than southern, sources.
Decreased external skeletal robustness due to reduced physical activity?
Authors: Rietsch Katrin , Eccard Jana A. , Scheffler Christiane 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesChildhood obesity is a global problem, e.g., due to physical inactivity. External skeletal robustness (Frame‐Index) has decreased in German schoolchildren. An association between Frame‐Index and physical activity was assumed. Further often body mass index (BMI) is analyzed without reference to bone structure. Therefore, we analyze relationships between Frame‐Index, BMI, % body fat, and physical activity.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, 691 German children aged 6–10 years were investigated. BMI, % body fat, Frame‐Index, total steps p.w., sports club rate p.w., training time p.d., and TV‐time p.d. were determined.ResultsTotal steps (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), and % body fat (P = 0.024) are positively linked to Frame‐Index. Total steps (P < 0.001), sports club rate (P = 0.001), and training time (P < 0.001) are negatively associated with % body fat. Total steps (P = 0.017) are negatively linked to BMI. TV‐time is positively related to BMI (P < 0.001) and % body fat (P < 0.001). % Body fat is affected by age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.028), and total steps (P = 0.002). BMI is influenced by age (P < 0.001), and Frame‐Index by sex (P < 0.001) and total steps (P = 0.029). Principal component analysis indicates an association between BMI and TV‐time and Frame‐Index and total steps.ConclusionsWe demonstrate an association between external skeletal robustness and physical activity, which is not captured by in BMI measurements. Children should be physically active in order to maintain skeletal robustness. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:404–410, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cortisol response in policemen: Intraindividual variation, not concentration level, predicts truncal obesity
Authors: Sharp Dan S. , Andrew Michael E. , Fekedulegn Desta B. , Burchfiel Cecil M. , Violanti John M. , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Miller Diane B. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesChronic stress, characteristic of police work, affects the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis' control of cortisol production. Capacity to vary cortisol may be the appropriate measurement to interpret associations with chronic diseases, including obesity, best measured by variability within a person, not central tendency.MethodsOn each of 217 policemen, 18 saliva specimens were obtained for cortisol. Statistical models examined the associations of within‐subjects (W‐S) cortisol standard deviation (SD) and W‐S cortisol mean with waist circumference and four body composition indexes: BMI, and three derived from DEXA: fat‐mass, and trunk and extremities lean‐mass. Explained variance and the functional nature of associations are reported.ResultsAssociations of anthropometrics with W‐S cortisol mean were not statistically significant at P < 0.05; all associations with W‐S cortisol SD were significant. The association of trunk lean mass index (LMIt) with W‐S cortisol SD dominated all models. Associations of W‐S cortisol SD with other indexes vanished when models contained LMIt ; when any other index was included in models predicting LMIt, associations with W‐S cortisol SD remained significant. The functional association between LMIt and W‐S cortisol SD is progressively “hockey stick,” monotonic increasing, and flattens at joint high values.ConclusionsResults support inferences that LMIt measures visceral adiposity and W‐S cortisol variability appears to be an appropriate construct to measure in association with visceral adiposity. The “hockey stick” character of the association is consistent with other investigations suggesting obesity is associated with less W‐S cortisol variation; however, the monotonic increase and flattening of association at increasing W‐ScortisolSD values suggests a more complex association, potentially interpretable by allostasis models of causation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:499–507, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐Sulfotestosteronan, A Novel Substrate for Heparan Sulfate 6‐O‐Sulfotransferases and its Analysis by Oxidative Degradation
Authors: Li Guoyun , Masuko Sayaka , Green Dixy E. , Xu Yongmei , Li Lingyun , Zhang Fuming , Xue Changhu , Liu Jian , DeAngelis Paul L. , Linhardt Robert J. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTTestosteronan, an unusual glycosaminoglycan (GAG) first isolated from the microbe Comamonas testosteroni, was enzymatically synthesized in vitro by transferring uridine diphosphate sugars on β‐p‐nitrophenyl glucuronide acceptor. After chemically converting testosteronan to N‐sulfotestosteronan it was tested as a substrate for sulfotransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the GAG, heparan sulfate. Studies using 35S‐labeled 3′‐phosphoadenosine‐5′‐phosphosulfate (PAPS) showed that only 6‐O‐sulfotransferases acted on N‐sulfotestosteronan. An oxidative depolymerization reaction was explored to generate oligosaccharides from 34S‐labeled 6‐O‐sulfo‐N‐sulfotestosteroran using 34S‐labeled PAPS because testosteronan was resistant to all of the tested GAG‐degrading enzymes. Liquid chromotography‐mass spectrometric analysis of the oxidatively depolymerized polysaccharides confirmed the incorporation of 34S into ∼14% of the glucosamine residues. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy also showed that the sulfo groups were transferred to ∼20% of the 6‐hydroxyl groups in the glucosamine residue of N‐sulfotestosteronan. The bioactivity of 6‐O‐sulfo‐N‐sulfotestosteronan was examined by performing protein‐binding studies with fibroblast growth factors and antithrombin (AT) III using a surface plasmon resonance competition assay. The introduction of 6‐O‐sulfo groups enhanced N‐sulfotestosteronan binding to the fibroblast growth factors, but not to AT III. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 675–685, 2013.
Toward engineering efficient peptidomimetics. Screening conformational landscape of two modified dehydroaminoacids
Authors: Buczek Aneta , Makowski Maciej , Jewgiński Michał , Latajka Rafał , Kupka Teobald , Broda Małgorzata A. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTEffective peptidomimetics should posses structural rigidity and appropriate interaction pattern leading to potential spatial and electronic matching to the target receptor site. Rational design of such small bioactive molecules could push chemical synthesis and molecular modeling toward faster progress in medicinal chemistry. Conformational properties of N‐t‐butoxycarbonyl‐glycine‐(E/Z)‐dehydrophenylalanine N′,N′‐dimethylamides (Boc‐Gly‐(E/Z)‐ΔPhe‐NMe2) in chloroform were studied by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The experimental findings were supported by extensive calculations at DFT(B3LYP, M06‐2X) and MP2 levels of theory and the β‐turn tendency for both isomers of the studied dipeptide were determined in vacuum and in solution. The theoretical data and experimental IR results were used as an additional information for the NMR‐based determination of the detailed solution conformations of the peptides. The obtained results reveal that N‐methylation of C‐terminal amide group changes dramatically the conformational properties of studied dehydropeptides. Theoretical conformational analysis reveals that the tendency to adopt β‐turn conformations is much weaker for the N‐methylated Z isomer (Boc‐Gly‐(Z)‐ΔPhe‐NMe2), both in vacuum and in polar environment. On the contrary, N‐methylated E isomer (Boc‐Gly‐(E)‐ΔPhe‐NMe2) can easily adopt β‐turn conformation, but the backbone torsion angles (φ1, ψ1, φ2, ψ2) are off the limits for common β‐turn types. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 28–40, 2014.