bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tonge Jonathan , Braniff Máire , Hennessey Thomas , McAuley James W , Rice Clare , Whiting Sophie A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The introduction lays out the plan of the book, covering the key research questions, research methods, and overall structure. The book’s overarching rationale is laid out. The largest single category of elector in Northern Ireland is that saying they are neither unionist nor nationalist, yet the vast bulk of research has been conducted upon unionism and nationalism and its political representatives. Little attention has been paid to those who are neither unionist nor nationalist or to the party representing those ‘neithers’—Alliance—even though it has become the third largest party in the region. This volume explains who Alliance are, why people join, what the party represents, what it hopes to achieve—and how.
Alliance and the Anglo-Irish Agreement
Authors: Tonge Jonathan , Braniff Máire , Hennessey Thomas , McAuley James W , Rice Clare , Whiting Sophie A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the support offered by Alliance for the rolling devolution ‘Prior Assembly’ experiment established by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, James Prior, in 1982 and the backing for the Party for the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement. Support for the latter was important in demonstrating that an Irish dimension to political arrangements, even ones effectively bypassing local political parties, was not confined to nationalism. The chapter assesses the importance of John Cushnahan’s leadership of Alliance as a West Belfast Catholic from a working-class nationalist background who challenged not only the IRA but also Alliance’s ‘middle-class worthies’ image. Cushnahan’s support for the Anglo-Irish Agreement came despite opposition from his predecessor as Alliance leader, Oliver Napier.
Right Turn, 1960–1980
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the aftermath of the Second Reconstruction. It explains that late twentieth-century political conservatism and racial reaction mutually reinforced each other while also dominating the thinking of the majority of justices of the Supreme Court. Structural racism succeeded the notions of slavery and servitude as the basis of enduring racial inequality. Moreover, the Court reflected prevalent white racial attitudes and supported the public policies those attitudes produced, throughout its history. The chapter then considers the impact of Clarence Thomas in serving the Supreme Court as an inveterate foe of all constitutional gains made by African Americans in the second Reconstruction.
Deep learning image analysis for filamentous fungi taxonomic classification: Dealing with small datasets with class imbalance and hierarchical grouping
Authors: Stiller Stefan , Dueñas Juan F , Hempel Stefan , Rillig Matthias C , Ryo Masahiro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Deep learning applications in taxonomic classification for animals and plants from images have become popular, while those for microorganisms are still lagging behind. Our study investigated the potential of deep learning for the taxonomic classification of hundreds of filamentous fungi from colony images, which is typically a task that requires specialized knowledge. We isolated soil fungi, annotated their taxonomy using standard molecular barcode techniques, and took images of the fungal colonies grown in petri dishes (n = 606). We applied a convolutional neural network with multiple training approaches and model architectures to deal with some common issues in ecological datasets: small amounts of data, class imbalance, and hierarchically structured grouping. Model performance was overall low, mainly due to the relatively small dataset, class imbalance, and the high morphological plasticity exhibited by fungal colonies. However, our approach indicates that morphological features like color, patchiness, and colony extension rate could be used for the recognition of fungal colonies at higher taxonomic ranks (i.e. phylum, class, and order). Model explanation implies that image recognition characters appear at different positions within the colony (e.g. outer or inner hyphae) depending on the taxonomic resolution. Our study suggests the potential of deep learning applications for a better understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of filamentous fungi amenable to axenic culturing. Meanwhile, our study also highlights some technical challenges in deep learning image analysis in ecology, highlighting that the domain of applicability of these methods needs to be carefully considered.
Embedding Cultural Knowledge in Social Work Education: Reflections from Master of Social Work Students at a Regional Australian University
Authors: Gatwiri Kathomi , McPherson Lynne M , Lahiri-Roy Reshmi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Social work students (SWS) are increasingly demanding diverse curriculums and training in skills that will help them decentre whiteness as their default position of professional practice. This article reports on findings from a qualitative study exploring how Masters of SWS at a regional Australian university engaged with content delivered in a core unit with a strong focus on anti-racist, anti-oppressive practices. The unit’s structure and delivery facilitated a dialogue that compelled students, especially those from dominant cultural groups, to ‘think of and reflect on themselves as ‘raced’ rather than the invisible ‘norm’ to which all other cultural groups are compared’ (Walter et al., 2011, p. 8).The unit raised complex questions about how social services and policies unwittingly reproduce discourses of rescue and saviourism towards racially and culturally marginalised communities and how students could challenge such practices. The article’s emphasis on supporting SWS towards a triangulated trajectory reports on how experiences of cultural knowledge in the classroom are facilitated by (i) the experience (or lived expertise) of the educator, (ii) the willingness of the student to interrogate their intersectional social positioning in society and (iii) a practice framework that focuses on curiosity and humility rather than competence.
Lung water density is increased in patients at risk of heart failure and is largely independent of conventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures
Authors: Iyer Nithin R , Bryant Jennifer A , Le Thu-Thao , Grenier Justin G , Thompson Richard B , Chin Calvin W L , Ugander Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Aims
Non-invasive methods to quantify pulmonary congestion are lacking in clinical practice. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) lung water density (LWD) mapping is accurate and reproducible and has prognostic value. However, it is not known whether LWD is associated with routinely acquired CMR parameters.

Methods and results
This was an observational cohort including healthy controls and patients at risk of heart failure. LWD was measured using CMR with a free-breathing short echo time 3D Cartesian gradient-echo sequence with a respiratory navigator at 1.5 T. Associations were assessed between LWD, lung water volume and cardiac volumes, left ventricular (LV) mass and function, myocardial native T1, and extracellular volume fraction. In patients at risk for heart failure (n = 155), LWD was greater than in healthy controls (n = 15) (30.4 ± 5.0 vs. 27.2 ± 4.3%, P = 0.02). Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cut-off for LWD was 27.6% to detect at-risk patients (sensitivity 72%, specificity 73%, positive likelihood ratio 2.7, and inverse negative likelihood ratio 2.6). LWD was univariably associated with body mass index (BMI), hypertension, right atrial area, and LV mass. In multivariable linear regression, only BMI remained associated with LWD (R2 = 0.32, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
LWD is increased in patients at risk for heart failure compared with controls and is only weakly explained by conventional CMR measures. LWD provides diagnostic information that is largely independent of conventional CMR measures.
Restoring vancomycin activity against resistant Enterococcus faecalis using a transcription factor decoy as a vanA operon-inhibitor
Authors: Abdelall Loai M , Nagy Yosra Ibrahim , Kashef Mona T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) represent a public health threat due to the few available treatments. Such alarm has triggered worldwide initiatives to develop effective antimicrobial compounds and novel delivery and therapeutic strategies. vanA operon is responsible for most cases of acquired vancomycin resistance in enterococci.

Objectives
Development of a transcription factor decoy (TFD) system as a vanA gene transcription-inhibitor.

Methods
Vancomycin MIC was determined in the presence of TFD-lipoplexes. Additionally, the effect of TFD-lipoplexes on the expression level of the vanA gene and the growth pattern of E. faecalis was evaluated. The haemolytic activity of the developed TFD-lipoplexes and their cytotoxicity were examined. TFD-lipoplexes efficiency in treating vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VREF) infection was tested in vivo using a systemic mice infection model.

Results
A reduction in vancomycin MIC against VRE from 256 mg/L (resistant) to 16 mg/L (intermediate susceptible), in the presence of TFD-lipoplexes, was recorded. The developed TFD-lipoplexes lacked any effect on E. faecalis growth and significantly reduced the transcription level of the vanA gene by about 3-fold. In an initial evaluation of the safety of TFD-lipoplexes, they were found not to be overtly haemolytic to human blood or cytotoxic to human skin fibroblast cells. The co-administration of TFD-lipoplexes and vancomycin efficiently eradicated VREF infection in vivo.

Conclusions
The developed TFD-lipoplexes successfully restored vancomycin activity against VREF. They offer a safe effective unconventional therapy against this stubborn organism and present a revolution in gene therapy that can be applied to other resistance-encoding genes in various organisms.
Statistical Modeling of Within-Laboratory Precision Using a Hierarchical Bayesian Approach
Authors: Miyake Daisuke , Kanaya Shigehiko , Ono Naoaki 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Reproducibility has been well studied in the field of food analysis; the RSD is said to follow a Horwitz curve with certain exceptions. However, little systematic research has been done on predicting repeatability or intermediate precision.

Objective
We developed a regression method to estimate within-laboratory SDs using hierarchical Bayesian modeling and analyzing duplicate measurement data obtained from actual laboratory tests.

Methods
The Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method was employed and implemented using R with Stan. The basic structure of the statistical model was assumed to be a Chi-squared distribution, the fixed effect of the predictor was assumed to be a nonlinear function with a constant term and a concentration-dependent term, and the random effects were assumed to follow a lognormal distribution as a hierarchical prior.

Results
By analyzing over 300 instances, we obtained regression results that fit well with the assumed model, except for moisture, which was a method-defined analyte. The developed method applies to a wide variety of analytes measured using general principles, including spectroscopy, GC, and HPLC. Although the estimated precisions were within the Horwitz ratio criteria for repeatability, some cases using high-sensitivity detectors, such as mass spectrometers, showed SDs below that range.

Conclusion
We propose utilizing the within-laboratory precision predicted by the model established in this study for internal QC and measurement uncertainty estimation without considering sample matrices.

Highlights
Performing statistical modeling on data from double analysis, which is conducted as a part of internal QCs, will simplify the estimation of the precision that fits each analytical system in a laboratory.
Size matters: lower body weight pigs have a different response to immune challenge and amino acids supplementation above the estimated requirement compared to heavy pigs
Authors: Valini Graziela Alves da Cunha , Méthot Steve , Pomar Candido , Hauschild Luciano , Remus Aline 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The immune response varies between pigs, as not all pigs have the same response to a stressor. This variation may exist between individuals due to body weight (BW) or body composition, which may impact the capacity for coping with an immune challenge (IC). Tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine (Met) requirements might also play a considerable part in supporting immune system activation while reducing variation between pigs; however, the latter has yet to be reported. This exploratory study investigated the effect of initial BW (light vs. heavy-weight) and supplementation of Trp, Thr, and Met above National Research Council (NRC) requirements on feeding behavior and the coping capacity of growing pigs under an IC. Eighty gilts were categorized into 2 groups according to BW: light-weight (LW, 22.5 kg) and heavy-weight pigs (HW, 28.5 kg). Both BW groups were group-housed for a 28-d trial in a good or poor sanitary condition (SC). Pigs within a poor SC were orally inoculated with 2 × 109 colony units of Salmonella Typhimurium, and fresh manure from a pig farm was spread on the floor. Pigs within good SC were not inoculated, nor was manure spread. Two diets were provided within each SC: control (CN) or supplemented (AA+) with Trp, Thr, and Met at 120% of NRC recommended levels. A principal component analysis was performed in R, and a feeding behavior index was calculated in SAS. Results showed that LW and HW pigs were clustered separately on day 0, where LW pigs had a positive correlation with body lipid percentage (r = 0.83), and HW pigs had a positive correlation with body protein percentage (r = 0.75). After the IC, the cluster configuration changed, with diets influencing LW more than HW pigs within poor SC. On day 14, LW fed AA + diet in poor SC was clustered separately from LW pigs fed CN diet, whereas LW fed AA + and CN diets in good SC were clustered together. For feeding behavior, in both analyzed periods (period 1: days 7 to 14; period 2: days 21 to 28), LW had lower total feed intake and shorter meals than HW pigs (P &lt; 0.10), independent of the SC. Furthermore, LW pigs fed AA + diet had a more regular feed intake pattern than those fed CN diet, while a more irregular pattern was observed for HW pigs fed AA + diet than CN diet at period 2. These findings suggest that supplementing Trp, Thr, and Met above requirements may be a nutritional strategy for LW pigs under IC by improving feed intake regularity and reducing the probability of being susceptible to IC.
Liability for death or personal injury
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Article 5, which concerns liability for death or injury. The provision limits the subject matter scope of the CISG in that it excludes the application of the Convention to a specific type of consequential damage, namely death and personal injury. The provision so far has remained virtually irrelevant in practice. The remaining key issue is whether recourse claims of a reseller against the initial seller on the grounds that the reseller had to compensate its customer for damage caused by death or personal injury are also excluded by Article 5 (‘any person’) or should be treated as monetary consequential losses suffered by the reseller due to non-conformity of the goods. The majority view takes the latter approach. The provision does not apply to damage to property which remain governed by the CISG.
Freedom of form
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 11. This article contains the principle of freedom from requirements as to form and therefor complements — as a counter-exception to Article 4, sentence 2(a). The provision includes and replaces not only substantive requirements as to form, as sentence 2 expressly includes the forms of evidence as well. This provision is subject to the possibility to make a reservation according to Article 96 in favour of the reservation State's formal requirements, for which Article 12 establishes the connecting provision in the convention. Article 13 defines — in an outdated kind of way — the writing requirements closer through two clarifications.
Effects of Article 96 reservation
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to Article 12. This provision enforces the writing requirements of States having declared a reservation under Article 96 of the convention. Especially because of the exorbitant claim of validity of the Soviet requirements as to form the exact scope of the provision was in dispute for a long time. In essence, Articles 12, 96 merely eliminate the unification effect of Articles 11 and 29 for writing requirements of reservation States — as Article 12 mainly copies from Article 96 it might be seen superfluous. Decisive for the application of national form requirements in this case is the statute of form according to Article 11 Rom I Regulation and equivalent provisions.
Acceptance modifying the offer (including ‘battle of forms’)
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 19. Article 19 supplements the basic provision on acceptances in Article 18 by a special provision addressing a practically common constellation, namely declarations by offerees that appear to be an ‘acceptance’, but partially deviate from the offer by containing different terms. If the traditional ‘mirror image’ rule was strictly applied in such scenarios, no contract would be concluded, because the terms of both party declarations do not perfectly match; accordingly, the ‘declaration of acceptance’ whose content deviates from that of the earlier offer could merely constitutes a counter-offer. The problem arising therefrom results from the experience that minor differences in terms between offer and acceptance often remain undetected in commercial practice or are being ignored by the parties, so that also contracts that have technically not (or not yet) been concluded are subsequently performed, either in part or completely. Against this background, the use of a strict mirror image approach brings with it the risk that one of the parties may later ‘detect’ a minor discrepancy between offer and acceptance, and may point to the technical lack of consensus between the parties in order to reject a contract that, for reasons entirely unrelated to its conclusion, has become unattractive for this party.
Place of delivery
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into Article 31, which is primarily about the obligation of the sellers if they are not bound to deliver the goods to a specified location. It also covers the buyer’s right to require performance, avoid the contract, and claim damages from the seller. The Convention provides supplementary rules for determining the place of delivery if the contract does not specify the location of the delivery. The content of the delivery obligation and the place of delivery are vital in determining whether the seller breached the contract and whether the buyer can exercise the remedies available under Article 45.
Conformity of goods
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the conformity of goods addressed in Article 35. It notes the liability for defective goods in domestic legal systems alongside the requirements for conformity in line with discrepancies in quantity, quality, nature and packaging. Article 35 covers the goods deemed to conform with the contract. However, the article does not cover defects in title or third party claims based on industrial or other intellectual property since the matter is settled in Articles 41 and 42. The exclusions of liability include the awareness of the buyer, failure to give notice of non-conformity, and disclaimers. The chapter also discusses the object, burden, and standard of proof.
Relevant time for conformity of goods
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter expounds on Article 36, specifically on the time the goods must be in conformity with the agreed contract. As indicated in Article 36, the guarantees of durability are treated differently in various domestic systems. In line with Article 35 as well, the goods must conform with the contract at the time when the risk passes to the buyer. On the other hand, the seller is liable for a lack of conformity after the passing of risk if the non-conformity was caused by a breach of any of its obligations. The burden of proof is reversed in the case of a guarantee of durability.
Buyer’s examination of the goods
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter notes the purpose, method, period and costs of the examination of the goods in line with Article 38. Additionally, the buyer’s obligation to examine the goods within a period forms the basis of its obligation to notify the seller of defects under Article 39. The obligation to examine the goods and to notify the seller of any lack of conformity is intended to ensure the seller will deliver its remedy by the delivery of missing goods, by repair, or by reducing the buyer’s loss in some other way. Article 38 applies to all cases of lack of conformity within the meaning of Article 35.
Payment due without request from seller
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 59 which states that the buyer must pay the price on the date fixed by or determinable from the contract or by the Convention without the need for any request or compliance with any formality on the part of the seller. It emphasizes that when the purchase price has become due and the buyer fails to pay, default interest will accrue on the purchase price for the period of the delay. Additionally, the seller may claim damages if he has incurred any loss. The chapter also explains that the application of Article 59 requires the purchase price to be fixed or determinable. If the contract does not fix the purchase price but provides for its determination by the seller, the buyer will only be required to pay the purchase price upon receipt of an invoice; interest will only accrue if payment is not made within a reasonable time after the receipt of the invoice. The discussion also includes the application of Article 59 to the payment of sums other than the purchase price.
Seller’s right to require performance
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the seller’s right to require the buyer to pay the purchase price, take delivery, or perform his or her other obligations. This mirrors the buyer’s obligations set forth by Article 53 on the remedies side. The chapter provides a brief comparison between common law and civil law systems before explaining the Convention on the International Sale of Goods-adopted procedure. In general, the buyer may be required to pay the purchase price, irrespective of whether or not delivery has taken place. In the case of a fundamental breach of contract or the buyer’s failure to perform within an additional period of time, the seller may declare the contract avoided. The problem of speculation on his or her loss will be addressed by the correct application of the damages provisions. The chapter also discusses the restrictions on the seller’s rights to require performance.