bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updated review of perioperative treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer in the new era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: past, present, and future
Authors: Watanabe Shun-ichi , Yotsukura Masaya , Miyoshi Tomohiro , Hattori Aritoshi , Isaka Tetsuya , Maniwa Tomohiro , Isaka Mitsuhiro , Yoshioka Hiroshige , Endo Makoto , Mimae Takahiro , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Kazuo , Aokage Keiju ,   the Lung Cancer Surgical Study Group (LCSSG) of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG)
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The perioperative treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should control both local and microscopic systemic disease, because the survival of patients with NSCLC who underwent surgical resection alone has been dismal except in stage IA patients. One way to improve surgical outcome is the administration of chemotherapy before or after the surgical procedure. During the last two decades, many clinical studies have focused on developing optimal adjuvant or neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens that can be combined with surgical treatment and/or radiotherapy. Based on the results of those clinical studies, multimodality therapy has been considered to be an appropriate treatment approach for locally advanced NSCLC patients. When nodal involvement is discovered postoperatively, adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy has conferred an overall survival benefit. More recently, neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant use of immunotherapy adding to the cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been revealed to improve survival of the patients with locally advanced NSCLC in many large-scale clinical trials; although, optimal treatment strategies are still evolving.
Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review
Authors: Troester Alexander , Parikh Romil , Southwell Bronwyn , Ester Elizabeth , Sultan Shahnaz , Greeno Edward , Arsoniadis Elliot , Church Timothy R , Wilt Timothy , Butler Mary , Goffredo Paolo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
We sought to assess the effectiveness and harms of initial treatment strategies for stage I through III anal squamous cell anal cancer.

Methods
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between January 1, 2000, and March 2024, for randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized studies of interventions comparing initial treatment strategies. Individual study risk of bias and overall strength of evidence were evaluated for a prespecified outcome list using standardized methods.

Results
We identified 33 eligible studies and extracted data. Six were deemed low to moderate risk of bias. Compared with radiation therapy alone, chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin C probably shows a benefit in locoregional failure, disease-specific survival, and colostomy-free survival (moderate strength of evidence) yet may result in greater overall and acute hematological toxicity, with no difference in late harms (low strength of evidence). CRT with 5-FU plus mitomycin C may show a benefit in locoregional failure, disease-specific survival, and colostomy-free survival rates compared with 5-FU alone (low strength of evidence). CRT with 5-FU plus cisplatin vs 5-FU plus mitomycin C probably results in no differences in several effectiveness outcomes or overall acute or late harms and probably increases hematological toxicity with mitomycin C (moderate strength of evidence). Compared with CRT using capecitabine plus mitomycin C, CRT with capecitabine plus mitomycin C and paclitaxel may improve overall survival, disease-specific survival, and colostomy-free survival yet cause more acute harms (low strength of evidence). Evidence was insufficient for remaining comparisons.

Conclusions
CRT with 5-FU plus mitomycin C or 5-FU plus cisplatin is likely more effective yet incurs greater acute hematological toxicity than radiation therapy alone or single-agent CRT. Adding paclitaxel to capecitabine plus mitomycin C may increase treatment efficacy and toxicity. Evidence is insufficient comparing posttreatment surveillance strategies and patient-reported outcomes, highlighting research opportunities.
Co-predications and the quantificational force of summative predicates
Authors: Paillé Mathieu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the literature on homogeneity, summative predicates have been described as quantifying universally over their argument’s parts in positive sentences, while being negated existentials in negative sentences. In this article, I provide a fuller picture of these predicates’ quantificational force in positive sentences through various ‘co-predications’—sentences in which two summative predicates are predicated of the same individual. In some co-predications, summative predicates are universal; in others, they are weaker, while remaining stronger than existential. In light of this new empirical paradigm, I suggest that summative predicates are lexically existential, but are exhaustified so as to exclude other same-class predicates. In addition to making this proposal, I also show that no other theory of homogeneity can capture the co-predicational paradigm.
Divergent hydraulic and gas-exchange strategies in two closely related Salix species
Authors: Waseem Muhammad , Yao Guang-Qian , Hasan Md Mahadi , Li Yan-Ru , Qi Shi-Hua , Cai Lin , Yang Di , Fang Xiang-Wen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Understanding the physiological mechanisms that trees employ to cope with drought-induced mortality is crucial for predicting their responses to a changing climate. Salix species exhibit distinct habit distributions, with Salix babylonica growing in wet habitats and Salix matsudana growing in relatively dry habitats. The objective of this study was to compare hydraulic and gas-exchange traits between these two closely related Salix species with contrasting natural habitats. S. matsudana had lower photosynthesis (Amax), lower stomatal conductance (gs) and lower stem and leaf hydraulic conductance, but it exhibited higher water use efficiency (WUEi), higher hydraulic safety and wider leaf-to-stem vulnerability segmentation as well as narrower, shorter and denser conduits and a lower ratio of leaf area to sapwood area than S. babylonica. These findings suggest that variations in hydraulic vulnerability and gas-exchange traits enable closely related Salix species to adapt to different habitats.
Stability Based on Contract
Authors: Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the principal means by which political risk is sought to be mitigated in an energy investment contract through the use of stabilization clauses. It recounts the early experiences of energy investors with host states that played an important role in shaping the approaches to long-term contract stability. It also discusses the failure of early stabilization clauses in petroleum contracts that act as a deterrent to nationalizations in the Middle East and North Africa led to the emergence of more pragmatically designed stability mechanisms in energy contracts. The chapter refers to the contractual assurance of negotiated terms against future legal or regulatory changes that provided legal and fiscal stability. It elaborates the presence of a stabilization clause that encourages the host state to reach a settlement with the investor on terms that are more favourable to the investor.
Stability Based on Treaty
Authors: Cameron Peter D 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews features of the investment treaty regime that are most relevant to the energy investment law and its goal of providing investors with the kind of long-term stability that is emblematic of energy investments. It mentions the emergence of a large, comprehensive network of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) that changed the legal landscape for energy investment forever. It also talks about a significant expansion of the substantive and procedural guarantees, which an international energy investor can typically expect from a host government's legal framework. The chapter highlights common treaty requirements that oblige states to provide investors with guarantees, such as those encompassed by Fair and Equitable Treatment. It considers the expectations of an international energy investor of long-term protection from possible abuses by governments of host states that has reached a state of comfort.
Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia
Authors: Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the different strategies worked out by investors and host states in order to provide long-term stability for energy investments. It reviews the major tests of stability mechanisms in recent years against the background of rising commodity prices in the first decade of the 21st century. It also analyzes the actions of the host state, which were often driven by disappointment with the results of the framework of economic law introduced in the 1990s. The chapter describes gas contracting as a commercial character with only a modest role for foreign investment and cites different forms of stability introduced by the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) through a review of its emerging jurisprudence. It examines substantive protections given to investors in the mining sector of Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asia.
Africa: Treaty and Contract Stability
Authors: Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Africa, which has an important and sensitive connection between energy investment and socio-economic development. It points out the relative lack of infrastructure and access to electricity for as many as 600 million of Africa's citizens that make the prospect of large-scale foreign investment a very compelling one for governments. It also explains the principal attraction of long-term investments in Africa for foreign investors that relates to development goals, such as securing raw materials for export and processing. The chapter describes Africa as a unique character on a case study of long-term legal stability for energy investments. It discusses how the legacy of colonialism in Africa is still a factor in the popular mindset that is capable of influencing the reception and treatment of foreign investment.
The Limits to Investment Stability
Authors: Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how a state act is motivated by environmental or human rights concerns, which can have a surprise element to it that is both disruptive and undermining of investments already committed. It talks about the long-term stability of investments in energy and natural resources that is increasingly being tested by actions that stem from the exercise of host state competences. It analyzes investment agreements between governments and foreign investors that have often included a compromise arrangement, a 'carve-out' status for environmental and social matters. The chapter shows how a foreign investor will seek the most extensive guarantees possible for long-term stability, even as the norms and standards applicable to planning and implementation are bound to evolve. It confirms whether resulting arrangements would restrict the host state's sovereignty in areas central to its capacity to govern in the interests of its citizens.
Damages and Enforcement of Awards
Authors: Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the principal ways in which damages are assessed by tribunals in energy investment cases before considering how awards are typically enforced. It determines whether enforcement and collection are likely to impose significant strain on relations between the parties and how that may be mitigated by settling their differences, given the central role of the investor-state relationship in making the investment possible and continuing. It also talks about how stability guarantees offer an investor facing a significant loss the prospect of securing a greater amount in damages for the alleged breach than would have been the case in their absence. The chapter describes a commercial agreement by parties on a settlement as the most pragmatic response to an underlying dispute. It highlights the principles that are typically applied to the award of damages in energy investment cases, including the main approaches adopted by tribunals to give a value to an energy investment.
Guarantees for Long-Term Energy Investments: Expectations and Realities
Authors: Cameron Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies six features of energy investments that were considered typical or recurring: cross-border or international, scale, long duration, substantial and enduring state presence, strong exposure to international commodity movements, and complex. It suggests that energy investments are especially influenced by contextual factors in a wide variety of jurisdictions. It also discusses the prospect of investment that raises expectations of social and economic transformation in countries or regions that are often badly in need of growth or development. The chapter looks at the outlook of social and economic benefit that triggers an awareness of the legacy of international investment in earlier periods, where it may have entailed economic and political domination. It describes the forms that legal stability take, given the inevitability of circumstances changing over such long periods.
Human Rights
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter puts the regulation of digital services into the broader context of human rights in the digital environment. It explains the key notions of horizontal and vertical human rights lenses, and how they apply to the digital environment. The regulation of intermediaries is conceptualised from the perspective of freedom of expression online drawing on existing theories of state regulation of platforms. The readers learn about the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union on the key issues of how the human rights law protects online speakers, intermediaries, and their audiences. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the institutional blind spots of the existing case law.
Introduction to Liability Framework
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a historical account of the evolution of intermediary liability rules. It guides the readers from the early US legislation to national and, finally, EU legislation on the issue of intermediaries. The legislative history of the E-Commerce Directive is explained in detail, giving prominence to the internal market logic of the instrument. The chapter explains the reasons that drove the legislatures to the adoption of the first generation of rules concerning the liability of intermediaries that became known as liability exemptions or safe harbours. It also explains why the system of such exemptions was considered insufficient to tackle the existing challenges and how the second generation of rules, such as the Digital Services Act, is trying to complement the pre-existing rules.
Prohibition of General Monitoring Obligations
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter describes the prohibition of general monitoring obligations as one of the cornerstones of the digital services regulation. After providing a historical account, it explains how the Court of Justice of the European Union reshaped the prohibition from a narrow version of specific monitoring to a current expansive version that allows stay-down injunctions. The chapter also explains why the inherent inconsistency of the prohibition can be explained from the perspective of the internal market logic of the provision. Finally, it explains theories that arguably underpin the rationale behind the prohibition and how they are likely to shape the interpretation of the DSA in years to come.
Liability Exemptions: General Requirements
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter describes general requirements for all three liability exemptions: mere conduit, caching, and hosting. It extensively maps the concept of neutrality and provides a coherent theory of how the concept should be applied to specific cases. The theory draws on the existing case law and is supplemented by new provisions of the DSA. The reader also learns about what consequences are attached to the notion of neutrality under the DSA’s due diligence framework, and what issues remain open from the legislative text. The chapter also explains other general limitations of the liability exemption framework, such as the economic nature of the services. The conclusion looks at the most difficult questions that are likely to emerge in the years to come.
Introduction to Accountability Framework
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a rich description of the ecosystem of services that end up being regulated by the Digital Services Act. The explanation provides the reader with concrete examples of digital services that are regulated as very large online platforms and very large search engines, online platforms, search engines, hosting, caching, and mere conduit services. The chapter further explains the problems of interpreting the thresholds included in the Digital Services Act, such as how to count the number of users, which companies are responsible for, and how to deal with composite services. The final part of the chapter stresses the importance of judicial review when reviewing the determination of the regulatory status of various intermediaries and emphasises why regulation by accountability obligations differs from regulation through liability for third-party content.
Content Moderation: Outline
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter gives a general introduction to the literature and discussions about content moderation. It explains the basic trade-offs and criticism of content moderation activities as performed by platforms. After introducing the foundations of the Digital Services Act as a legal framework, the chapter reacts to the criticism associated with due process regulation that focuses on individual disputes. Namely, the chapter answers questions, such as why due process rights are necessary and socially useful, and why the regulation is a net benefit, despite imposing compliance costs on the industry. The chapter also reacts to the criticism that the Digital Services Act only cements the status quo of privatised enforcement, instead of shifting the disputes to the courts.
Fair Moderation Process
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter describes the procedural regulation of content moderation introduced by the Digital Services Act. It explains the concept of fair procedure step by step, from the notice submission to individualised decisions along with statements of reasons, followed by potential internal and external appeals before the out-of-court dispute settlement bodies. Each step is scrutinised against the backdrop of the overall mechanics of the process, and how it is likely to impact the practice of the platforms. The chapter makes a number of recommendations regarding how to implement the mechanism in daily practice and uncovers deeper conceptual problems that the courts will need to grapple with.
Fair Content Rules
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter describes how the Digital Services Act’s due process rules affect the underlying rules that the platforms can set for their users. It first explains how Article 14 is likely to affect the underlying rules, following three potential theories of its meaning. The chapter develops a theory about how formal procedural rules are likely to affect the trade-off between precision and administrability of the underlying rules and why companies are likely to prefer simpler rules. Next, the chapter explains the impact of other rules, such as Article 23 targeting repeat offenders, and Codes of Conduct, on how the companies will regulate third-party content.
Fair Design Practices
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter describes the prescriptive rules of the Digital Services Act that regulate how online platforms ought to design their services for consumers, children, and the public. The chapter guides the reader through the new regulations for recommender systems transparency and consumer choice. It explains the rules applicable to advertising operated by platforms and their users and how they differ. Finally, the chapter looks at new general rules about the protection of minors from unsafe design, consumers from dark patterns, and different types of abuse on online marketplaces. It is argued that the dark patterns provisions are less frequently applicable than it would seem from the legislative process.
General Risk Management
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter describes the new system of general risk management introduced by the Digital Services Act in Articles 34–35. The rules are juxtaposed against the system of risk management in the General Data Protection Regulation, and the text of the DSA is analysed for clues about the methodology. The chapter argues that the DSA adopts a limited risk management approach that entitles the Commission to only enforce the rules in a content-specific way for illegal content. For legal content, in contrast, only content-neutral interventions should be permissible, due to limitations imposed by the principle of legality. Furthermore, the chapter argues in favour of sharing the risks among different stakeholders. In the final part, the DSA risk management is compared with the banking regulation to argue in favour of the compartmentalisation of risks.
The DSA as a Digital Rights Charter
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a tour through the landscape of European Union law to explore the interconnections between the Digital Services Act and other sectorial rules. After a detailed analysis of specific instruments in the area of data protection, copyright law, audiovisual media, terrorist content regulation, and platform-to-business rules, it is argued that the Digital Services Act is likely to act as a digital rights charter that often provides a minimum level of missing safeguards. The mechanism through which it achieves this is a universal set of mostly procedural, but sometimes also risk-based safeguards, that act as a complement to sectorial rules. It is argued that the Digital Services Act enriches and improves these other areas of law.
The DSA as a Co-regulatory System
Authors: Husovec Martin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter puts the newly introduced provisions of the Digital Services Act (DSA) into the broader regulatory landscape, arguing that one of the key components of the new law resides in co-regulation through Codes of Conduct. This approach has its roots in how the internet has been regulated historically. The chapter then conceptualises Codes of Conduct in terms of their future role in the enforcement of the DSA. After reviewing the different types of Codes of Conduct that the DSA envisages, it is argued that they are likely to have a crucial role in making the enforcement cheaper for the European Commission. Thus, a theory of effective enforcement is offered that rests on a tit-for-tat strategy where prescriptive rules and Codes of Conduct allow the Commission to punish companies to secure long-term cooperation on more open-ended rules, such as risk management.