bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser diode thermal desorption mass spectrometry for the analysis of quinolone antibiotic residues in aquacultured seafood
Authors: Lohne Jack J. , Andersen Wendy C. , Clark Susan B. , Turnipseed Sherri B. , Madson Mark R. 
Published: November 2012

RATIONALEVeterinary drug residue analysis of meat and seafood products is an important part of national regulatory agency food safety programs to ensure that consumers are not exposed to potentially dangerous substances. Complex tissue matrices often require lengthy extraction and analysis procedures to identify improper animal drug treatment. Direct and rapid analysis mass spectrometry techniques have the potential to increase regulatory sample analysis speed by eliminating liquid chromatographic separation.METHODSFlumequine, oxolinic acid, and nalidixic acid were extracted from catfish, shrimp, and salmon using acidified acetonitrile. Extracts were concentrated, dried onto metal sample wells, then rapidly desorbed (6 s) with an infrared diode laser for analysis by laser diode thermal desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with tandem mass spectrometry (LDTD‐MS/MS). Analysis was conducted in selected reaction monitoring mode using piromidic acid as internal standard.RESULTSSix‐point calibration curves for each compound in extracted matrix were linear with r2 correlation greater than 0.99. The method was validated by analyzing 23 negative samples and 116 fortified samples at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 600 ng/g. Average recoveries of fortified samples were greater than 77% with method detection levels ranging from 2 to 7 ng/g. Three product ion transitions were acquired per analyte to identify each residue.CONCLUSIONSA rapid method for quinolone analysis in fish muscle was developed using LDTD‐MS/MS. The total analysis time was less than 30 s per sample; quinolone residues were detected below 10 ng/g and in most cases residue identity was confirmed. This represents the first application of LDTD to tissue extract analysis. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Identification of xanthones from Swertia punicea using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Du Xin‐Gang , Wang Wei , Zhang Qing‐Ying , Cheng Jun , Avula Bharathi , Khan Ikhlas A. , Guo De‐An 
Published: November 2012

RATIONALESwertia punicea Hemsl. (Gentianaceae) are used mainly for the treatment of acute bilious hepatitis, cholecystitis, fever, intoxification and jaundice in China, as a traditional Chinese folk medicine. Xanthones as the main chemical components of Swertia punicea have many possible pharmacological properties, such as hepatoprotective and anti‐HIV. In order to obtain an overall picture of the xanthones of Swertia punicea, high‐performance liquid chromatography diode‐array detection/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD‐ESI‐MSn) was applied to the structural characterization of xanthones in ethyl acetate and acetone extracts.METHODSThe ESI‐MS fragmentation behaviors of xanthones were investigated based on the 17 reference xanthones and then applied to the structural characterization of xanthones in ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Swertia punicea by HPLC/DAD‐ESI‐MSn.RESULTSThe fragmentation rules of aglycone, C‐glycosides, O‐glycosides, and polyxanthones with different linkages were summarized. The observed fragmentation pathways were used successfully for the analysis of the xanthone constituents of Swertia punicea, and a total of 34 xanthones were identified, among which 16 compounds were new and one compound was reported from this species for the first time.CONCLUSIONSThe described methods were very valuable for the identification of xanthones, especially of the trace compounds, and therefore could be utilized for sensitive and rapid qualitative analysis of xanthones in Swertia punicea. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Vierendeel bridges over the Albert Canal, Belgium – their significance in the story of brittle failures
Authors: Espion Bernard 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBetween 1933 and 1938, some 50 Vierendeel‐type welded road bridges were erected in Belgium to provide crossings over the Albert Canal or the Campine canals. They were the first significant applications of electric arc welding in Belgium and constitute the majority of the large welded bridges built at that time in Belgium. It was the heyday of the Vierendeel bridge, which had been invented in 1895 but which had found only limited applications before 1930, with less than 40 built in Belgium and Congo in 30 years. But this rapid application of welding to structural steelwork encountered many problems that were probably overlooked in the climate of euphoria surrounding bridge‐building. In March 1938 the Hasselt Bridge suffered a brittle failure. This is generally regarded as the first brittle failure of a large all‐welded structure and received much attention at that time. But in 1940 at least three other bridges of this series were also badly fractured and there are indications that some others also experienced serious cracking problems. This paper places theses accidents in perspective in the long story of brittle failures.
Inhibition of T Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Enhances Interleukin-18-Dependent Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion
Authors: Bourdeau Annie , Trop Sébastien , Doody Karen M. , Dumont Daniel J. , Tremblayef Michel L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The clinical application of hematopoietic progenitor cell-based therapies for the treatment of hematological diseases is hindered by current protocols, which are cumbersome and have limited efficacy to augment the progenitor cell pool. We report that inhibition of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP), an enzyme involved in the regulation of cytokine signaling, through gene knockout results in a ninefold increase in the number of hematopoietic progenitors in murine bone marrow (BM). This effect could be reproduced using a short (48 hours) treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of TC-PTP in murine BM, as well as in human BM, peripheral blood, and cord blood. We also demonstrate that the ex vivo use of TC-PTP inhibitor only provides a temporary effect on stem cells and did not alter their capacity to reconstitute all hematopoietic components in vivo. We establish that one of the mechanisms whereby inhibition of TC-PTP mediates its effects involves the interleukin-18 (IL-18) signaling pathway, leading to increased production of IL-12 and interferon-gamma by progenitor cells. Together, our results reveal a previously unrecognized role for IL-18 in contributing to the augmentation of the stem cell pool and provide a novel and simple method to rapidly expand progenitor cells from a variety of sources using a pharmacological compound.
TEL (ETV6)-AML1 (RUNX1) Initiates Self-Renewing Fetal Pro-B Cells in Association with a Transcriptional Program Shared with Embryonic Stem Cells in Mice
Authors: Tsuzuki Shinobu , Seto Masao 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The initial steps involved in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia are poorly understood. The TEL-AML1 fusion gene usually arises before birth, producing a persistent and covert preleukemic clone that may convert to precursor B cell leukemia following the accumulation of secondary genetic “hits.” Here, we show that TEL-AML1 can induce persistent self-renewing pro-B cells in mice. TEL-AML1+ cells nevertheless differentiate terminally in the long term, providing a “window” period that may allow secondary genetic hits to accumulate and lead to leukemia. TEL-AML1-mediated self-renewal is associated with a transcriptional program shared with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), within which Mybl2, Tgif2, Pim2, and Hmgb3 are critical and sufficient components to establish self-renewing pro-B cells. We further show that TEL-AML1 increases the number of leukemia-initiating cells that are generated in collaboration with additional genetic hits, thus providing an overall basis for the development of novel therapeutic and preventive measures targeting the TEL-AML1-associated transcriptional program.
Whence genes in pieces: reconstruction of the exon–intron gene structures of the last eukaryotic common ancestor and other ancestral eukaryotes
Authors: Koonin Eugene V. , Csuros Miklos , Rogozin Igor B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn eukaryotes, protein‐coding sequences are interrupted by non‐coding sequences known as introns. During mRNA maturation, introns are excised by the spliceosome and the coding regions, exons, are spliced to form the mature coding region. The intron densities widely differ between eukaryotic lineages, from 6 to 7 introns per kb of coding sequence in vertebrates, some invertebrates and green plants, to only a few introns across the entire genome in many unicellular eukaryotes. Evolutionary reconstructions using maximum likelihood methods suggest intron‐rich ancestors for each major group of eukaryotes. For the last common ancestor of animals, the highest intron density of all extant and extinct eukaryotes was inferred, at 120–130% of the human intron density. Furthermore, an intron density within 53–74% of the human values was inferred for the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Accordingly, evolution of eukaryotic genes in all lines of descent involved primarily intron loss, with substantial gain only at the bases of several branches including plants and animals. These conclusions have substantial biological implications indicating that the common ancestor of all modern eukaryotes was a complex organism with a gene architecture resembling those in multicellular organisms. Alternative splicing most likely initially appeared as an inevitable result of splicing errors and only later was employed to generate structural and functional diversification of proteins. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:93–105. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1143This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution
Long non‐coding RNAs in stem cell pluripotency
Authors: Ng Shi‐Yan , Stanton Lawrence W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPluripotency refers to the self‐renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and is maintained by a tightly regulated gene regulatory network involving an intricate interplay between transcription factors and their genomic targets, as well as epigenetic processes that influence gene expression. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are newly discovered members of gene regulatory networks that govern a variety of cell functions. Defined as RNA transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides, lncRNAs have little or no protein‐coding capacity and have been shown to act via various mechanisms, and are important in a variety of biological functions. Recent reports have described the discovery of pluripotent lncRNAs involved in the maintenance and induction of stem cell pluripotency. Here, we discuss how lncRNAs may integrate into the pluripotency network, as well as prominent questions in this emerging field. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:121–128. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1146This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
The curious case of miRNAs in circulation: potential diagnostic biomarkers?
Authors: Duttagupta Radha , Jones Keith W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe pervasive occurrence of cell‐free miRNAs in circulation suggests that these species play an emerging role as regulatory molecules in the secretory environment. Are these molecules released fortuitously with no clear biological intent? Or do they constitute a regulatory architecture that has evolved to modulate gene expression using the highways and byways of the circulatory system? The study of circulating miRNAs continues to increase our understanding of the regulation of genomes. The diversity of acellular miRNAs from a functional perspective is discussed, and in particular we explore their utility in a clinical setting as blood‐based biomarkers for diseases. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:129–138. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1149This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Modeling vaccination and targeted removal of white‐tailed deer in Michigan for bovine tuberculosis control
Authors: Cosgrove Melinda K. , Campa Henry , Ramsey David S. L. , Schmitt Stephen M. , O'brien Daniel J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhite‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan, USA, is one of the few species in the world considered a maintenance host for bovine tuberculosis (TB). Prevalence of TB over the past decade has remained steady in Deer Management Unit (DMU) 452 and new control strategies are needed to further reduce prevalence or eradicate the disease. There is little public support for large‐scale culling of deer in Michigan, and vaccination is being considered as a potential management tool. Our goal was to evaluate the use of vaccination and/or targeted removal via live‐trapping as TB control measures and how changes in vaccine parameters affect prevalence reduction. We used a spatially explicit stochastic individual‐based model of TB dynamics in white‐tailed deer to evaluate 39 management scenarios for their ability to 1) reach a 95% probability of eradication, and 2) lower TB prevalence over 30 years. We found continuation of current management would not result in a detectable prevalence reduction, nor would treatment of a “hot‐spot” of infection within DMU 452. Application frequency played a larger role in prevalence reduction than vaccine efficacy, guaranteed immunity period, or half‐life. Vaccination (alone or with targeted removal) applied annually throughout DMU 452 was necessary for a detectable reduction in prevalence. Projected costs for application over DMU 452 would exceed US$1.5 million annually. Vaccination will be costly and require long‐term commitment, but the economic losses associated with allowing TB to persist in Michigan could outweigh vaccination costs. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Comparison of Antioxidant Capacities of Rosmarinate Alkyl Esters in Riboflavin Photosensitized Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Lee Jae Hwan , Panya Atikorn , Laguerre Mickaël , Bayrasy Christelle , Lecomte Jérôme , Villeneuve Pierre , Decker Eric A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEffects of the alkyl chain length of rosmarinate alkyl esters on the oxidative stability in photosensitized oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions were determined by lipid hydroperoxides and headspace volatile analyses. Antioxidant capacities of 20 μM rosmarinate esters with alkyl chain length of 0, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 20 were tested in O/W emulsion containing stripped soybean oil, Tween 20 as an emulsifier, and riboflavin as a photosensitizer. Synergistic or antagonistic effects of 20 μM α‐tocopherol in the presence of rosmarinate alkyl esters were also determined. Samples containing rosmarinate with 4 and 8 alkyl esters showed lower lipid hydroperoxides and headspace volatiles than those without rosmarinate and those with 0, 12, 18, and 20 alkyl esters, which indicates that phenolic free radical scavengers showed antioxidant capacities non‐linearly in riboflavin photosensitized O/W emulsions. Antagonistic rather than synergistic effects were observed in all rosmarinate alkyl esters with α‐tocopherol in current conditions although rosmarinates with 4, 8, and 12 alkyl esters showed better antioxidant capacities than those with other alkyl chain length. The results of this study clearly showed that rosmarinates need the proper length of non‐polar groups to show optimum antioxidant capacities in O/W emulsions with Tween 20 as an emulsifier under riboflavin photosensitization.
A GENERATION OF ORPHANS: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRISIS IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE AS SEEN THROUGH POPULAR MUSIC
Authors: Schumann Anne 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTCôte d'Ivoire has travelled full circle from economic success (from 1960 to about 1979) to failure (from the 1980s onwards) in little more than a generation. In the early 1990s, Zouglou, today Côte d'Ivoire's internationally best-known music, emerged at the university residences of the University of Abidjan in the Yopougon quarter. The young people who were to become the ‘Zouglou generation’ were precisely the generation that bore the brunt of this economic deterioration. Zouglou was born at a time when, as a result of an unprecedented economic crisis and the attendant structural adjustment measures, university students experienced a general downgrading not only as students but also as future graduates hoping to find employment. In addition, the number of students and school pupils who were unable to complete their education grew considerably during this time. As this article demonstrates, these phenomena had a profound influence on the development of the philosophy associated with Zouglou music. Accordingly, Zouglou singers have called themselves the ‘sacrificed generation’. Indeed, the many songs about orphans in Zouglou music can be read as a symbolic statement about this experience: the sense that Ivoirian youth have been abandoned by their elders, their families and the political authorities is unmistakable in the words of Zouglou songs consoling such (metaphorical) orphans. Zouglou music has become an important platform through which this generation has been able to express itself, as well as a site for oral street poetry and collective catharsis. The article discusses the content of these songs, as well as interviews with Zouglou singers on this matter, to investigate how Zouglou, as a cultural phenomenon, grew out of the experience of a generation.
Study of the effect exerted by fructo-oligosaccharides from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) root flour in an intestinal infection model with Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Velez Eva , Castillo Natalia , Mesón Oscar , Grau Alfredo , Bibas Bonet María E. , Perdigón Gabriela 
Published: November 2012

Beneficial effects of prebiotics like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) have been proven in health and nutrition. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), an Andean crop, contains FOS (50–70 % of its dry weight) and, therefore, is considered a prebiotic. Commercial FOS can up-regulate total secretory IgA (S-IgA) in infant mice, prevent infection with Salmonella in swine or enhance immune response for Salmonella vaccine in a mouse model. Previously, we found that administration of yacon root flour regulates gut microbiota balance and has immunomodulatory effects without inflammatory responses. The aim of the present paper is to analyse if yacon prevents enteric infection caused by a strain of Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in a mouse model. BALB/c mice were supplemented with yacon flour (45 d), challenged with S. Typhimurium and killed to study pathogen translocation, total and specific IgA production by ELISA, presence of IgA and other cytokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and clustor of differentiation 206 (CD206) receptors positive cells by immunofluorescence and histological changes. Yacon flour administration had a protective effect from 15 to 30 d of treatment. We found a peak of total S-IgA production without translocation of the pathogen for these periods. At 30 d, there was an increase in IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α+ cells and expression of the receptors CD206 and TLR4. Yacon flour did not have incidence in pathogen-specific S-IgA production. Longer periods (45 d) of administration had no protective effect. Therefore, yacon can prevent enteric infection caused by S. Typhimurium when given up to 30 d; this effect would be mediated by enhancing non-specific immunity, such as total S-IgA, that improves the immunological intestinal barrier.
Making and Breaking the Working Class: Worker Recruitment in the National Textile Industry in Interwar Egypt
Authors: Hammad Hanan 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThis article examines how worker mediation to secure jobs for relatives and co-villagers in the nationalist textile industry influenced working-class formation in interwar Egypt. Mediation was conducted out of a sense of communal commitment or for commission, or indeed both. The fact that rank-and-file workers were able to intervene in the recruitment process reveals that workers were successfully able to manoeuvre in such a way as to balance their unjust work relations with the huge mill and to manipulate its system. On the other hand, this method of recruitment became a source of violence among workers when they fought one another, sometimes fatally, whenever one side failed to respect the terms of the financial arrangements agreed. In most cases it strengthened the communal solidarity based on kinship and geographical origin. In both cementing and distracting from working-class solidarity, worker interference in the recruitment processes was part of the developing sense of social transformation and bonding among a distinctive and connected professional community that hoarded its own bargaining power.
Museveni and the 2011 Ugandan election: did the money matter?
Authors: Conroy-Krutz Jeffrey , Logan Carolyn 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn February 2011, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni resoundingly won re-election. In the aftermath of the vote, which many had predicted would be competitive, analysts and opposition supporters ascribed Museveni's victory to massive pre-election spending on public goods, creation of new administrative districts, and vote buying. While the opposition could not compete with Museveni and his National Resistance Movement in access to resources, our analyses of survey data, from two pre-election surveys conducted by Afrobarometer in November/December 2010 and January 2011, and a pre- and post-election panel study, find little evidence that Museveni benefited significantly from public goods outlays, district creation, and vote buying. Additionally, we find little evidence that fear and intimidation were responsible for the results. Instead, the data suggest that Museveni's re-election was driven by an uninspiring opposition slate, widespread satisfaction with macro-economic growth, and an improved security situation, particularly in the Northern Region.
Evidence for interspecific hybridisation in pteridophytes with subterranean mycoparasitic gametophytes
Authors: Wagner W. H. , Wagner F. S. , Beitel Joseph M. 
Published: November 2012

SynopsisPteridophytes with subterranean sexual stages exist in five families. Their prothalli grow underground without light, nourished by fungi, and are rounded, massive, and without chlorophyll. Various authors have suggested that such gametophytes may inhibit outbreeding ability and that minor variations may therefore form in colonies through inbreeding.This paper questions these ideas. The subterranean condition is believed to be suited to fields, grassy meadows, and other habitats subject to seasonal drying. The parenchymatous thallus makes possible water storage. Water can flow between some particles. Sperm may be carried by mass flow in various directions and can evidently swim as much as 2 cm. Close clumping of underground gametophytes appears to be no less common than in surficial gametophytes and evidence exists that hybridisation occurs.No evidence has been detected that outbreeding is inhibited, and we conclude that it is successful and that cross-fertilisation is no less common among underground gametophytes than among surface gametophytes. Numerous examples are listed from Lycopodiales, Psilotales, and Ophioglossales.