bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Two Diphosphonates on Calcium Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Gasser A. B. , Morgan D. B. , Fleisch H. A. , Richelle L. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of two diphosphonates, disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) on several variables of calcium metabolism have been measured in the intact rat using the model of Aubert & Milhaud (1960).
2. The animals were bred from weaning on a diet containing 1·3% calcium. At the age of 54 days they were switched to a diet with 0·5% calcium. Some of the animals were also given daily injections of one of the diphosphonates from the day the intake was decreased. The doses of the compounds were 0·01–10 mg of P kg body wt.−1 day−1.
3. Cl2MDP caused a decrease in the rates of bone formation (V0+) and bone resorption (V0–), and these effects were proportional to the logarithm of the dose of the compound. There was a small increase in the retention of calcium due to a decrease in the endogenous faecal calcium.
4. EHDP in doses of up to 1 mg of P kg−1 day−1 decreased bone resorption but had little effect on bone formation. The retention of calcium increased due to an increased absorption of dietary calcium and a decreased endogenous faecal calcium. EHDP at a dose of 10 mg of P kg−1 day−1 caused a further fall in V0_ but also a great decrease in V0+ which was larger than the fall in V0_. The net absorption of calcium was diminished, the urinary excretion of calcium was increased, the retention of calcium was greatly diminished and there was a greatly diminished ash content in the femur. Thus, for equal doses of up to 1 mg of P kg−1 day−1, Cl2MDP was more potent in decreasing bone turnover than EHDP, but the two compounds caused a similar increase in the retention of calcium. At high doses EHDP inhibited the mineralization of epiphyseal cartilage.
5. These results are discussed in relation to the possible clinical applications of the diphosphonates.
The Ventilatory Response to CO2 of Patients with Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltrations or Fibrosis
Authors: Patton J. M. S. , Freedman S. 
Published: August 2015

1. We have used the rebreathing method to examine the respiratory response to CO2 in five normal subjects and twelve patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration or fibrosis. The response to CO2 was measured in terms of both ventilation and mechanical work rate.
2. The response to CO2 was, on average, reduced in the patients compared with the normals but the patients had to perform more mechanical work to achieve a given level of ventilation.
3. Six patients had an abnormally low resting mixed venous Pco2 and four of these also had an abnormally low response to CO2.
4. The pattern of breathing was identical in patients and normals.
5. The results indicate that the reduced ventilatory response represents a true loss of CO2 sensitivity and is not simply due to mechanical limitation; but the paradox in some patients of resting hyperventilation and a low level of CO2 responsiveness is unexplained.
The Effect of Upper Abdominal Surgery on the Relationship of Airway Closing Point to End Tidal Position
Authors: Alexander J. I. , Horton P. W. , Millar W. T. , Parikh R. K. , Spence A. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between end tidal position (ETP) and the point of lung emptying at which there is significant airways closure (CP) has been investigated before and after upper abdominal surgery in thirty-one patients.
2. A significant negative correlation between the index (ETP-CP) and the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference (A-ado2) was found.
3. Nineteen of these patients had a vagotomy and drainage operation and, in this group, there was a greater fall in ETP than in CP in the first and second postoperative days.
4. It is suggested that airway closure is a contributory factor to the known hypoxaemia following abdominal surgery.
Observations on the Mechanism of Thiamine Hydrochloride Absorption in Man
Authors: Thomson A. D. , Leevy C. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The intestinal absorption of [35S]thiamine hydrochloride was investigated in healthy subjects, malnourished alcoholics and a patient with resection of the jejunum and ileum. Serum and urinary radioactivity was studied after administration of 10 μCi of [35S]thiamine hydrochloride in 1–50 mg of non-radioactive thiamine hydrochloride.
2. Results suggest that intestinal absorption of thiamine hydrochloride is rate-limited. Though the results provide only indirect information on intestinal transport rates, they are consistent with the Michaelis-Menten relationship used to describe enzyme-substrate reactions. Calculations by this model yielded a Vmax. of 8·3 ± 2·4 mg and a Km of 12·0 ± 2·4 mg for normal subjects with a significant decrease in Vmax. in malnourished alcoholics and a patient with resected small intestine.
3. Intestinal absorption and the calculated value of Vmax. for thiamine hydrochloride is increased in malnourished alcoholics after correction of malnutrition. These findings are consistent with the thesis that this vitamin is absorbed by a saturable mechanism and that the number of effective receptor sites may be reduced by malnutrition or intestinal resection.
The Effect of Vagotomy on the Lower Part of the Acid Dose-Response Curve to Pentagastrin in Man
Authors: Elder J. B. , Gillespie G. , Campbell E. H. G. , Gillespie I. E. , Crean G. P. , Kay A. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The acid secretory responses to insulin of forty-seven duodenal ulcer patients after truncal vagotomy and drainage were classified according to the criteria of Hollander (1946) into positive or negative.
2. The acid response to ranges of small doses of pentagastrin was studied in these two groups. In the group with a positive acid response after insulin the dose-response pattern to pentagastrin was very similar to that in preoperative patients.
3. In those who failed to satisfy criteria for a positive response after insulin the dose-response curve to pentagastrin appeared to shift to the right. It had a lower level and a smaller slope. Truncal vagotomy appeared to cause an eightfold increase in the threshold dose found in preoperative patients.
4. Supersensitivity of the stomach to small doses of pentagastrin after vagotomy was not apparent in the present study.
Arterial Angiotensin II and Venous Immunoreactive Material before and during Angiotensin Infusion in Man
Authors: Oelkers W. , Düsterdieck G. , Morton J. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Angiotensin II together with any immunoreactive fragments of angiotensin were measured in arterial and venous plasma before and during infusion of angiotensin II amide in five normotensive subjects, both in sodium-replete and sodium-depleted states. Because the antibody used in the radioimmunoassay cross-reacted with larger angiotensin breakdown products and because these fragments are present in higher concentrations in venous than arterial plasma, samples of both were assayed. Measurements on venous plasma are referred to as immunoreactive material (IM).
2. Arterial plasma angiotensin II concentration (PAC) and venous IM were compared in two additional subjects during infusion of angiotensin II amide and of synthetic human angiotensin II.
3. Arterial PAC and venous IM increased in linear relation to the dose of angiotensin infused, similar results being obtained with angiotensin II amide and synthetic human angiotensin II.
4. Before infusion, venous IM and arterial PAC were comparable (A:V ratio = 0·99 ± 0·16, n = 29). During infusion venous IM was consistently lower than arterial PAC; with angiotensin II amide the A:V ratio was 1·72 ± 0·49 (n = 35), and with synthetic human angiotensin it was 1·63 ± 0·2 (n = 6).
5. Results of an in vitro study suggest that the formation of new angiotensin in the vein is not sufficient to explain the lower A:V ratio of PAC before infusion.
6. It is proposed that arterial PAC rather than venous IM should be measured when the relationship between blood levels and biological effects of the peptide are the object of the study, particularly during angiotensin infusion or when rapid changes in circulating angiotensin occur.
Sodium Turnover in Irradiation Hypertension
Authors: Ermel A. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Changes in sodium turnover in experimental hypertension were studied by tracer kinetic methods after injection of the long-lived radioisotope 22Na.
2. In rats treated with renal irradiation, the pre-hypertensive latent period is characterized by a modified distribution of body sodium which can be interpreted as a transfer from peripheral stores to a more centrally located pool. Before the development of hypertension, the rapidly exchangeable sodium increased by 14%.
3. The rise in blood pressure to a hypertensive level is associated with a decrease in the fractional excretion rate of sodium. During the established phase of hypertension, serial determinations of exchangeable sodium indicate rapidly fluctuating shifts of body sodium, the significance of which remains unknown.
Characterization of the Natriuresis Caused in Normal Man by Immersion in Water
Authors: Epstein M. , Duncan D. C. , Fishman L. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of 4–6 h of water immersion on the renal excretion of water and electrolytes were studied in thirteen normal male subjects in balance on a constant diet containing 150 mEq of Na and 100 mEq of K per day. Each subject was studied during a control period, consisting of quiet sitting, and during water immersion to the neck.
2. Immersion resulted in a natriuresis beginning within the first hour, with the rate of sodium excretion eventually exceeding that of the control period by 3–4-fold; potassium excretion also increased. Despite a progressively negative water balance during the immersion studies, urine flow was greater during the first 4 h and free water clearance was greater during the first 2 h of immersion than during the control study.
3. The demonstration of a highly significant increase in fractional excretion of sodium during immersion suggests that the natriuresis of water immersion is not attributable to changes in filtered sodium load.
4. The prompt onset of the natriuresis, the concomitant kaliuresis and the fact that aldosterone secretion under the conditions of study was probably already suppressed make it unlikely that the natriuresis of water immersion is mediated solely by decreases in aldosterone activity.
5. The data suggest that the natriuresis caused by water immersion is the result of decreased fractional reabsorption of sodium proximal to the renal diluting site. The mechanism whereby increased proximal tubular sodium rejection occurs in relation to immersion remains unclear.
Flow Dependence of the Intrapulmonary Distribution of Inspired Boluses of 133Xe in Smokers and Non-Smokers
Authors: Martin R. R. , Anthonisen N. R. , Zutter M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Starting at 50% vital capacity, boluses of 133Xe were inhaled either at very low or maximal flow rates, the inspiration terminating at total lung capacity (TLC). Flow-dependent changes in bolus distribution were examined by measuring regional radioctivity and computing regional time-constants, and also by recording alveolar plateaux during the subsequent vital capacity expiration. Regional residual volumes, as a fraction of regional total lung capacities, were also calculated. Three groups of subjects were studied: young non-smokers, young cigarette smokers, and older non-smokers.
2. All three groups gave similar results in terms of regional time-constants though there was less variation in the results for young non-smokers.
3. Regional residual volumes also gave similar results in all groups although again there was less variation in young non-smokers. In young smokers, residual volumes in some regions depended on the flow rate used in their measurement, which indicated intraregional inhomogeneity of function.
4. In young non-smokers alveolar plateaux after slow and fast bolus inspirations differed little; this was not the case either in older subjects or in smokers. The increased flow-dependence of the alveolar plateau is analogous with the increased frequency-dependence of dynamic compliance and probably indicates obstruction of small peripheral airways.
The Effects of Low-Protein Diet and Uraemia upon Urea-Cycle Enzymes and Transaminases in Rats
Authors: Brown C. L. , Houghton B. J. , Souhami R. L. , Richards P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Activities of arginine synthetase system enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (AlT) and branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BATase) were measured in control and uraemic rats after 2 weeks on a free protein intake and after 10 days on a low-protein diet.
2. Protein restriction alone reduced the activity of all three enzymes.
3. Uraemia alone increased the activity of arginine synthetase system enzymes and AlT. BATase was not altered.
4. After protein restriction the BATase activity in uraemic rats decreased to the same extent as in controls. The activity of arginine synthetase system enzymes and AlT were significantly higher than in protein-restricted controls and were the same as in control rats on a normal diet.
5. Practical consequences of the finding that uraemia prevented the decrease of AlT but not of BATase activity in response to a low-protein diet are discussed, with particular reference to reutilization of urea-nitrogen for the synthesis of non-essential and essential amino acids.
An Organ Culture Study of the Effect of Drugs on the Secretory Activity of the Human Bronchial Submucosal Gland
Authors: Sturgess Jennifer , Reid Lynne 
Published: August 2015

1. The incorporation of tritiated glucose into bronchial gland cells enables their glycoprotein secretion to be followed by radioautography. The number of cells from which secretion is observed after 4 h of cell culture is the secretory index.
2. Large variations in secretory index were observed between the bronchi of different subjects, but the secretory index was proportional to gland size.
3. The secretory index was increased by parasympathomimetic drugs and diminished by parasympatholytic drugs, the magnitude of the effect being proportional to gland size in the former and inversely proportional in the latter case.
4. Sympathomimetic drugs, bradykinin and mucolytic drugs had no effect on the secretory index.
5. In cystic fibrosis, bronchitis and bronchiectasis gland size and not the disease process was the main determinant of the secretory index.
Capillary Diffusion Capacity for 131I in Muscles of Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Roztočil K. , Přerovský I. , Novák P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Capillary diffusion capacity (CDC) for 131I in gastrocnemius muscle was investigated by the tissue clearance method of Lassen (1967) in thirty-three patients with various degrees of impairment of renal function.
2. The mean CDC in uraemic patients [16·9 mol/(mol/ml)/100 g/min] was significantly higher than in the control group [7·1 mol/(mol/ml)/100 g/min]. A comparison of patients with renal failure due to chronic glomerulonephritis with those in whom it was due to chronic pyelonephritis showed no significant difference.
3. The most likely interpretation of these observations is that capillary permeability is increased in uraemia.
Renal Excretion of Bicarbonate and Hydrogen Ions: Effects of Mannitol Diuresis in Normal Man
Authors: Poole-Wilson P. A. , Patrick J. , MacGregor G. A. , Jones N. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The pattern of urinary acid excretion during mannitol diuresis was studied in five normal adult subjects.
2. At peak diuresis (osmolal clearance 19·3–27·9 ml/min), the urinary pH approached 6·9 irrespective of the initial pH.
3. Total hydrogen ion excretion fell sharply during mannitol diuresis. Changes in the excretion of ammonium and titratable acid were small and variable, but in each subject bicarbonate excretion increased markedly.
4. Despite previous conflicting published results urinary acid excretion during mannitol diuresis in man resembles that in the dog and is dominated by a bicarbonate diuresis.
Effect of Renal Beta- and Alpha-Adrenergic Stimulation on Proximal Sodium Reabsorption in Dogs
Authors: Blendis L. M. , Auld R. B. , Alexander E. A. , Levinsky N. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Micropuncture studies were performed in dogs to evaluate more directly the suggestion from clearance experiments that alpha-adrenergic stimulation enhances and beta-adrenergic stimulation depresses proximal sodium reabsorption. Experiments were performed during unilateral renal artery infusion of the appropriate drugs in the doses used in previous clearance studies.
2. To study pure beta stimulation, collections were made during alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine and re-collections during the addition of beta stimulation with isoproterenol. No significant changes were noted in the ratio of inulin concentrations in tubular fluid and plasma (TF/P)In (1·49 ± 0·04 to 1·52 ± 0·05), absolute sodium reabsorption (23 ± 1 to 23 ± 3 nl/min), single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) (75 ± 7 to 76 ± 15 nl/min) and the ratio of SNGFR to inulin clearance (SNGFR/CIn) × (106), (2·95 ± 0·4 to 2·65 ± 0·4).
3. To study pure alpha-adrenergic stimulation, collections were made during beta blockade with propranolol and again during the addition of alpha-adrenergic stimulation with nor-adrenaline. There were no significant changes in (TF/P)In (1·50 ± 0·09 to 1·42 ± 0·04), absolute sodium reabsorption (25 ± 7 to 17 ± 4 nl/min), SNGFR (68 ± 13 to 58 ± 10 nl/min) or SNGFR/CIn(× 106) (2·76 ± 0·6 to 2·51 ± 0·5).
4. CIn increased slightly after beta but not after alpha stimulations. p-Aminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH) and urine sodium excretion (UNaV) were not significantly different in either set of studies.
5. We conclude that neither alpha not beta adrenergic stimulation has a significant effect on proximal sodium reabsorption when infused in doses that do not alter renal haemodynamics.
Turnover Studies of Copper in Homozygotes and Heterozygotes for Wilson's Disease and Controls: Isotope Tracer Studies with 67Cu
Authors: Strickland G. T. , Beckner W. M. , Leu Mei-Ling , O'Reilly S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Studies with 67Cu were carried out on thirteen patients with Wilson's disease (WD), twenty-nine of their parents and siblings, thirteen normal subjects and seven subjects with cirrhosis of the liver. Control subjects and five siblings of patients with WD generally excreted more than 15% of the dose of 67Cu in their 5-day stool collections, had normal liver/thigh radioactivity ratio patterns, and had whole-body biological 67Cu half-times of less than 40 days. The remaining twenty-four family members, including all twelve parents, and the patients with WD generally excreted less than 15% of the dose of 67Cu in their 5-day stool collections, had abnormal liver/thigh radioactivity ratio patterns, and had whole-body biological 67Cu half-times greater than 40 days.
2. The data demonstrate a normal 67Cu biological half-time of 28 days and faecal excretion of 22% in 5 days, and suggest a decreased biliary excretion of copper in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals with WD.
Absorption of Copper in Homozygotes and Heterozygotes for Wilson's Disease and Controls: Isotope Tracer Studies with 67Cu and 64Cu
Authors: Strickland G. T. , Beckner W. M. , Leu Mei-Ling 
Published: August 2015

1. Absorption of copper was determined by the simultaneous administration of 64Cu orally and 67Cu intravenously to six patients with Wilson's disease (WD), eighteen of their parents and siblings, four normal subjects and three subjects with cirrhosis of the liver. Absorption was calculated by three methods: (1) the mean ratio of 64Cu to 67Cu body retention at 3 and 4 days as determined by whole-body counting; (2) the mean ratio of 64Cu to 67Cu at 3 and 4 days as determined by faecal excretion; and (3) the mean ratio of 64Cu to 67Cu plasma radioactivity 6–24 h after administration.
2. The total-body counting and faecal methods for determining copper absorption agreed with each other, demonstrating that the normal absorption of copper is 40–70% (mean 56%) of the dose and that absorption is not influenced by cirrhosis of the liver, age or sex; but it appears to be inversely related to the amount of carrier copper. The absorption of copper in both homozygotes and heterozygotes for WD did not differ significantly from that of the control subjects. Therefore, the increased body burden of copper in WD does not appear to be due to over absorption, but rather to decreased biliary excretion of copper.
Changes in total Body Calcium Content in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Hosking D. J. , Chamberlain M. J. , Fremlin J. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The change in total body calcium content after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism was studied in seven patients by whole body neutron activation analysis. Three patients who remained in the uncontrolled state for up to 12 months were also studied by this technique.
2. The technique and its reproducibility are described. Changes in total body calcium greater than ±4% should be detectable using this method.
3. The change in total body calcium after surgery was variable. Total body calcium content decreased in three cases after apparently successful parathyroidectomy. Not all the cases experiencing an increase in body calcium content had radiological evidence of bone disease.
4. The role of relative hypoparathyroidism due to suppression of normal parathyroid tissue by a functioning adenoma is discussed.
Leucocyte Potassium in Uraemia: Comparisons with Erythrocyte Potassium and Total Exchangeable Potassium
Authors: Patrick J. , Jones N. F. , Bradford Berenice , Gaunt Judith 
Published: August 2015

1. The potassium status of uraemic patients was assessed by measurements of leucocyte potassium, erythrocyte potassium, exchangeable potassium (42K) and total body water (3H). The difficulties involved in assessment of exchangeable potassium and whole body potassium are discussed, and the advantages of the leucocyte as a model for the study of intracellular potassium are described.
2. in twenty-three measurements in sixteen undialysed uraemic patients, two patterns of reduction in intracellular potassium concentrations could be discerned in the leucocyte: (a) due to reduction in potassium related to cell solids; (b) due to an increase in cell water. Both abnormalities were present in some patients.
3. Similar measurements were made in eighteen uraemic patients receiving regular haemodialysis against dialysis fluid with a potassium concentration of 1 mmol/l. in this group leucocyte potassium did not differ significantly from normal, while leucocyte water content was slightly less than normal.
4. It is concluded that disturbances of leucocyte water and potassium are common in advanced uraemia, and that these functions tend towards normal during regular dialysis using dialysis fluid with a low potassium content.
A New Method for Measuring Static Compliance in Infants and Young Children
Authors: Milner A. D. , Hull D. , Hatch D. J. , Cogswell J. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new method for measuring static compliance, which does not require general anaesthesia or a leak-free airway, is described for infants and young children.
2. Thoracic volume changes produced by static inflation pressures are measured by a respiratory jacket, and results compare well with those obtained by the syringe-inflation method.
3. This method can be used in the intensive care of sick infants, where it allows a new approach to the investigation of lung mechanics.