bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North or south? Niche separation of endemic red‐legged kittiwakes and sympatric black‐legged kittiwakes during their non‐breeding migrations
Authors: Orben Rachael A. , Irons David B. , Paredes Rosana , Roby Daniel D. , Phillips Richard A. , Shaffer Scott A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimSpecies that breed sympatrically often occupy different foraging niches to mitigate competition for prey. When resource availability declines at the end of the breeding season, some animals migrate to regions with more favourable environmental conditions. When these life‐history traits combine, foraging habitat preferences may continue to influence migration patterns and habitat utilization. The Bering Sea is home to the red‐legged kittiwake (RLKI),Rissa brevirostris, which is endemic, and the black‐legged kittiwake (BLKI),Rissa tridactyla, which has a circumpolar breeding distribution. Since the 1970s, numbers ofRLKIs at the largest colony have declined and then recovered, whilst theBLKIpopulation has remained stable. Knowledge of the migration ecology of kittiwakes is key to understanding differences in population trajectories, and predicting possible future responses of these species to climate change.LocationPribilof Islands, Bering Sea, subarctic North Pacific.MethodsUsing geolocation loggers, we tracked adultRLKIs andBLKIs during their non‐breeding migrations. We used iterative methods to assess suitable sample sizes for determining space use. Kittiwakes are surface foragers; therefore we used wet–dry data to distinguish active foraging behaviour and to test the species' responses to environmental conditions. Stable isotope ratios of feathers grown during the non‐breeding period were used to assess dietary niche.ResultsRLKIs remained largely in the Bering Sea, where they experienced colder conditions and shorter days; individual birds used multiple habitats, including the continental shelves, the sea‐ice edge and pelagic waters. In contrast,BLKIs migrated to the subarctic North Pacific, where they dispersed laterally across the basin; the majority of birds travelled to the western subarctic.RLKIs spent less time actively foraging thanBLKIs, and consumed higher trophic‐level prey.Main conclusionsThe disparate wintering ranges and foraging behaviour ofBLKIs andRLKIs suggest distinct environmental factors drive variation in overwinter survival. A strong association with sea ice, and specialization both in diet and foraging behaviour, may makeRLKIs particularly vulnerable to climatic change.
Fibroblast growth factor‐2 promotes healing of surgically created periodontal defects in rats with early, streptozotocin‐induced diabetes via increasing cell proliferation and regulating angiogenesis
Authors: Bizenjima Takahiro , Seshima Fumi , Ishizuka Yoichi , Takeuchi Takahiro , Kinumatsu Takashi , Saito Atsushi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 on the healing of surgical periodontal defects in rats with early, streptozotocin‐induced diabetes.Materials and MethodsFifty Wistar rats were assigned to streptozotocin‐induced diabetes or non‐diabetes group. Periodontal defects were surgically created at maxillary first molars. Defects were treated with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or FGF‐2 with HPC. Defect fill was evaluated by microcomputed tomography. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed.ResultsCompared to vehicle alone, FGF‐2 treatment yielded significantly greater bone volume and trabecular thickness in diabetes group. Diabetes group displayed reduced new bone formation and significantly longer epithelial down‐growth compared to non‐diabetes group. In diabetes group, FGF‐2 treatment increased PCNA‐positive cells and new bone formation after 2 weeks and suppressed epithelial down‐growth, but new cementum formation was minimal even after 4 weeks. In diabetes group, overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor was evident in cells within connective tissue, and no significant enhancement was observed by FGF‐2 treatment. FGF‐2 increased the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin in diabetes group.ConclusionsTreatment of surgical periodontal defects in diabetic rats with the single application of FGF‐2 provided beneficial effects primarily on new bone formation via increasing cell proliferation and regulating angiogenesis.
Impaired neutrophil directional chemotactic accuracy in chronic periodontitis patients
Authors: Roberts Helen M. , Ling Martin R. , Insall Robert , Kalna Gabriela , Spengler Julia , Grant Melissa M. , Chapple Iain L.C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo investigate the chemotactic accuracy of peripheral blood neutrophils from patients with chronic periodontitis compared with matched healthy controls, before and after non‐surgical periodontal therapy.Material & MethodsNeutrophils were isolated from patients and controls (n = 18) by density centrifugation. Using the Insall chamber and video microscopy, neutrophils were analysed for directional chemotaxis towards N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine [fMLP (10 nM), or CXCL8 (200 ng/ml)]. Circular statistics were utilized for the analysis of cell movement.ResultsPrior to treatment, neutrophils from patients with chronic periodontitis had significantly reduced speed, velocity and chemotactic accuracy compared to healthy controls for both chemoattractants. Following periodontal treatment, patient neutrophils continued to display reduced speed in response to both chemoattractants. However, velocity and accuracy were normalized for the weak chemoattractant CXCL8 while they remained significantly reduced for fMLP.ConclusionsChronic periodontitis is associated with reduced neutrophil chemotaxis, and this is only partially restored by successful treatment. Dysfunctional neutrophil chemotaxis may predispose patients with periodontitis to their disease by increasing tissue transit times, thus exacerbating neutrophil‐mediated collateral host tissue damage.
Annual Research Review: Attachment disorders in early childhood – clinical presentation, causes, correlates, and treatment
Authors: Zeanah Charles H. , Gleason Mary Margaret 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThough noted in the clinical literature for more than 50 years, attachment disorders have been studied systematically only recently. In part because of the ubiquity of attachments in humans, determining when aberrant behavior is best explained as an attachment disorder as opposed to insecure attachment has led to some confusion. In this selective review, we consider the literature on reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder and describe an emerging consensus about a number of issues, while also noting some areas of controversy and others where we lack clear answers. We include a brief history of the classification of the disorders, as well as measurement issues. We describe their clinical presentation, causes and vulnerability factors, and clinical correlates, including the relation of disorders to secure and insecure attachment classifications. We also review what little is known and what more we need to learn about interventions.MethodsWe conducted a literature search using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases, using search terms ‘reactive attachment disorder,’ ‘attachment disorder,’ ‘indiscriminate behavior,’ ‘indiscriminate friendliness,’ ‘indiscriminate socially disinhibited reactive attachment disorder,’ ‘disinhibited social engagement disorder,’ and ‘disinhibited social behavior.’ We also contacted investigators who have published on these topics.FindingsA growing literature has assessed behaviors in children who have experienced various types of adverse caregiving environments reflecting signs of putative attachment disorders, though fewer studies have investigated categorically defined attachment disorders. The evidence for two separate disorders is considerable, with reactive attachment disorder indicating children who lack attachments despite the developmental capacity to form them, and disinhibited social engagement disorder indicating children who lack developmentally appropriate reticence with unfamiliar adults and who violate socially sanctioned boundaries.ConclusionsAlthough many questions remain to be answered, especially regarding appropriate interventions, we know considerably more about attachment disorders than we did only a decade ago.
Getting started in mapping‐by‐sequencing
Authors: Candela Héctor , Casanova‐Sáez Rubén , Micol José Luis 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHéctor CandelaJosé Luis MicolNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies allow the cost‐effective sequencing of whole genomes and have expanded the scope of genomics to novel applications, such as the genome‐wide characterization of intraspecific polymorphisms and the rapid mapping and identification of point mutations. Next‐generation sequencing platforms, such as the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform, are now commercially available at affordable prices and routinely produce an enormous amount of sequence data, but their wide use is often hindered by a lack of knowledge on how to manipulate and process the information produced. In this review, we focus on the strategies that are available to geneticists who wish to incorporate these novel approaches into their research but who are not familiar with the necessary bioinformatic concepts and computational tools. In particular, we comprehensively summarize case studies where the use of NGS technologies has led to the identification of point mutations, a strategy that has been dubbed “mapping‐by‐sequencing”, and review examples from plants and other model species such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Drosophila melanogaster. As these technologies are becoming cheaper and more powerful, their use is also expanding to allow mutation identification in species with larger genomes, such as many crop plants.
What Couples Say about Their Recovery of Sexual Intimacy after Prostatectomy: Toward the Development of a Conceptual Model of Couples' Sexual Recovery after Surgery for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wittmann Daniela , Carolan Marsha , Given Barbara , Skolarus Ted A. , Crossley Heather , An Lawrence , Palapattu Ganesh , Clark Patricia , Montie James E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Interventions designed to help couples recover sexual intimacy after prostatectomy have not been guided by a comprehensive conceptual model.

Aim
We examined a proposed biopsychosocial conceptual model of couples' sexual recovery that included functional, psychological, and relational aspects of sexuality, surgery-related sexual losses, and grief and mourning as recovery process.

Methods
We interviewed 20 couples preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. between 2010 and 2012. Interviews were analyzed with Analytic Induction qualitative methodology, using NVivo software. Paired t-tests described functional assessment data. Study findings led to a revised conceptual model.

Main Outcome Measures
Couples' experiences were assessed through semi-structured interviews; male participants' sexual function was assessed with the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite and female participants' sexual function with the Female Sexual Function Index.

Results
Preoperatively, 30% of men had erectile dysfunction (ED) and 84% of partners were postmenopausal. All valued sexual recovery, but worried about cancer spread and surgery side effects. Faith in themselves and their surgeons led 90% of couples to overestimate erectile recovery. Postoperatively, most men had ED and lost confidence. Couples' sexual activity decreased. Couples reported feeling loss and grief: cancer diagnosis was the first loss, followed by surgery-related sexual losses. Couples' engagement in intentional sex, patients' acceptance of erectile aids, and partners' interest in sex aided the recovery of couples' sexual intimacy recovery. Unselfconscious sex, not returning to erectile function baseline, was seen as the end point. Survey findings documented participants' sexual function losses, confirming qualitative findings.

Conclusions
Couples' sexual recovery requires addressing sexual function, feelings about losses, and relationship simultaneously. Perioperative education should emphasize the roles of nerve damage in ED and grief and mourning in sexual recovery.
Effects of obesity on the association between long‐term sleep apnea treatment and changes in interleukin‐6 levels: the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort
Authors: Arnardottir Erna S. , Lim Diane C. , Keenan Brendan T. , Maislin Greg , Benediktsdottir Bryndis , Juliusson Sigurdur , Pack Allan I. , Gislason Thorarinn 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate changes in interleukin (IL)‐6 and soluble IL‐6 receptor levels in obstructive sleep apnea patients and assess the role of positive airway pressure treatment and obesity on these changes. A total of 309 newly diagnosed subjects with sleep apnea from the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort were referred for treatment and reassessed at a 2‐year follow‐up. Full treatment was defined objectively as use ≥4 h day−1 and ≥20 days month−1. At the 2‐year follow‐up, there were 177 full users, 44 partial users and 88 non‐users. The mean change in biomarker levels from baseline to the 2‐year follow‐up was assessed in a primary model that included adjustment for baseline biomarker levels, baseline body mass index and change in body mass index, as well as after adjustment for numerous relevant covariates. No significant overall difference in IL‐6 level change was found among full, partial and non‐users. However, in severely obese patients (body mass index ≥35), a significant increase in IL‐6 levels during the 2‐year period was found in partial and non‐users, compared to no change in full users. Results were attenuated in a smaller propensity score matched subsample, although similar trends were observed. No differences were found in soluble IL‐6 receptor levels between full users and non‐users, after adjustment for confounders. In conclusion, among untreated obese sleep apnea patients, IL‐6 levels increase substantially during 2 years, while adherence to positive airway pressure treatment may prevent further increases in this inflammatory biomarker.
Sleep quality is negatively related to video gaming volume in adults
Authors: Exelmans Liese , Van den Bulck Jan 
Published: October 2014

SummaryMost literature on the relationship between video gaming and sleep disturbances has looked at children and adolescents. There is little research on such a relationship in adult samples. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of video game volume with sleep quality in adults via face‐to‐face interviews using standardized questionnaires. Adults (n = 844, 56.2% women), aged 18–94 years old, participated in the study. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and gaming volume was assessed by asking the hours of gaming on a regular weekday (Mon–Thurs), Friday and weekend day (Sat–Sun). Adjusting for gender, age, educational level, exercise and perceived stress, results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that video gaming volume was a significant predictor of sleep quality (β = 0.145), fatigue (β = 0.109), insomnia (β = 0.120), bedtime (β = 0.100) and rise time (β = 0.168). Each additional hour of video gaming per day delayed bedtime by 6.9 min (95% confidence interval 2.0–11.9 min) and rise time by 13.8 min (95% confidence interval 7.8–19.7 min). Attributable risk for having poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index > 5) due to gaming >1 h day was 30%. When examining the components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index using multinomial regression analysis (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals), gaming volume significantly predicted sleep latency, sleep efficiency and use of sleep medication. In general, findings support the conclusion that gaming volume is negatively related to the overall sleep quality of adults, which might be due to underlying mechanisms of screen exposure and arousal.
The socio‐genetics of a complex society: female gelada relatedness patterns mirror association patterns in a multilevel society
Authors: Snyder‐Mackler Noah , Alberts Susan C. , Bergman Thore J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMultilevel societies with fission–fusion dynamics—arguably the most complex animal societies—are defined by two or more nested levels of organization. The core of these societies are modular social units that regularly fission and fuse with one another. Despite convergent evolution in disparate taxa, we know strikingly little about how such societies form and how fitness benefits operate. Understanding the kinship structure of complex societies could inform us about the origins of the social structure as well as about the potential for individuals in these societies to accrue indirect fitness benefits. Here, we combined genetic and behavioural data on geladas (Theropithecus gelada), an Old World Monkey, to complete the most comprehensive socio‐genetic analysis of a multilevel society to date. In geladas, individuals in the core social ‘units’, associate at different frequencies to form ‘teams’, ‘bands’ and, the largest aggregations, ‘communities’. Units were composed of closely related females, and females remained with their close kin during permanent fissions of units. Interestingly, female–female relatedness also significantly predicted between‐unit, between‐team and between‐band association patterns, while male–male relatedness did not. Thus, it is likely that the socio‐genetic structure of gelada society results from females maintaining associations with their female relatives during successive unit fissions—possibly in an attempt to balance the direct and indirect fitness benefits of group living. Overall, the persistence of associations among related females across generations appears to drive the formation of higher levels of gelada society, suggesting that females seek kin for inclusive fitness benefits at multiple levels of gelada society.
Injection of corticotropin‐releasing hormone into the amygdala aggravates visceral nociception and induces noradrenaline release in rats
Authors: Su J. , Tanaka Y. , Muratsubaki T. , Kano M. , Kanazawa M. , Fukudo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundCorticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and its receptor 1 (CRH‐R1) play an important role in the colonic response to stress. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a major extrahypothalamic site that contains a large number of neurons expressing both CRH and CRH‐R1. Here, we verified the hypothesis that CRH in the CeA sensitizes visceral nociception via CRH‐R1 with release of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin (5‐HT) in the CeA.MethodsIn male Wistar rats, visceral sensitivity was quantified by recording the visceromotor response to colorectal distension (CRD) with administration of vehicle, CRH, or the CRH‐R1 antagonist CP‐154526+ CRH or CRH‐R1 antagonist CP‐154526 alone into the CeA. Simultaneously, extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5‐HT were measured in the CeA using microdialysis. All data were obtained under restraint conditions.Key ResultsAdministration of CRH into the CeA significantly increased the number of abdominal muscle contractions in response to CRD. CP‐154526 significantly blocked the number of abdominal muscle contractions in response to CRD with the administration of CRH into the CeA. Noradrenaline in the CeA was increased by CRD, further increased by CRH, and inhibited by CRH‐R1 antagonist. Dopamine in the CeA was also exaggerated by CRH but was not inhibited by CRH‐R1 antagonist. 5‐HT in the CeA was unchanged.Conclusions & InferencesThese results suggest that CRH in the CeA sensitizes visceral nociception via CRH‐R1 with release of noradrenaline.
Pregnancy and HIV disease progression: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Calvert Clara , Ronsmans Carine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether pregnancy accelerates HIV disease progression.MethodsStudies comparing progression to HIV‐related illness, low CD4 count, AIDS‐defining illness, HIV‐related death, or any death in HIV‐infected pregnant and non‐pregnant women were included. Relative risks (RR) for each outcome were combined using random effects meta‐analysis and were stratified by antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability.Results15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Pregnancy was not associated with progression to HIV‐related illness [summary RR: 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66–2.61], AIDS‐defining illness (summary RR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.74–1.25) or mortality (summary RR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.62–1.53), but there was an association with low CD4 counts (summary RR: 1.41, 95%CI: 0.99–2.02) and HIV‐related death (summary RR: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.06–2.57). In settings where ART was available, there was no evidence that pregnancy accelerated progress to HIV/AIDS‐defining illnesses, death and drop in CD4 count. In settings without ART availability, effect estimates were consistent with pregnancy increasing the risk of progression to HIV/AIDS‐defining illnesses and HIV‐related or all‐cause mortality, but there were too few studies to draw meaningful conclusions.ConclusionsIn the absence of ART, pregnancy is associated with small but appreciable increases in the risk of several negative HIV outcomes, but the evidence is too weak to draw firm conclusions. When ART is available, the effects of pregnancy on HIV disease progression are attenuated and there is little reason to discourage healthy HIV‐infected women who desire to become pregnant from doing so.
Human Brucella canis Infection and Subsequent Laboratory Exposures Associated with a Puppy, New York City, 2012
Authors: Dentinger C. M. , Jacob K. , Lee L. V. , Mendez H. A. , Chotikanatis K. , McDonough P. L. , Chico D. M. , De B. K. , Tiller R. V. , Traxler R. M. , Campagnolo E. R. , Schmitt D. , Guerra M. A. , Slavinski S. A. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryHuman Brucella canis infection incidence is unknown. Most identified cases are associated with pet dogs. Laboratory‐acquired infections can occur following contact with Brucella spp. We identified a paediatric B. canis case, the source and other exposed persons. A 3‐year‐old New York City child with fever and dyspnoea was hospitalized for 48 h for bronchiolitis. After her admission, blood culture grew B. canis, she was prescribed anti‐microbials and recovered. B. canis was also isolated from blood of the child's pet dog; these isolates were genetically similar. The dog originated from an Iowa breeding facility which was quarantined after identification of the dog's infection. Additionally, 31 laboratory workers were exposed and subsequently monitored for symptoms; 15 completed post‐exposure prophylaxis. To our knowledge, this is the first report strongly suggesting B. canis zoonotic transmission to a child in the United States, and highlights the need for coordinated control policies to minimize human illness.