bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: current applications and future directions
Authors: Hotaling J. , Carrell D. T. 
Published: April 2014

SummarySpermatogenesis involves the aggregated action of up to 2300 genes, any of which, could, potentially, provide targets for diagnostic tests of male factor infertility. Contrary to the previously proposed common variant hypothesis for common diseases such as male infertility, genome‐wide association studies and targeted gene sequencing in cohorts of infertile men have identified only a few gene polymorphisms that are associated with male infertility. Unfortunately, the search for genetic variants associated with male infertility is further hampered by the lack of viable animal models of human spermatogenesis, difficulty in robustly phenotyping infertile men and the complexity of pedigree studies in male factor infertility. In this review, we describe basic genetic principles involved in understanding the genetic basis of male infertility and examine the utility and proper clinical use of the proven genetic assays of male factor infertility, specifically Y chromosome microdeletions, chromosomal translocations, karyotype, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutation analysis and sperm genetic tests. Unfortunately, these tests are only able to diagnose the cause of about 20% of male factor infertility. The remainder of the review will be devoted to examining novel tests and diagnostic tools that have the potential to explain the other 80% of male factor infertility that is currently classified as idiopathic. Those tests include epigenetic analysis of the spermatozoa and the evaluation of rare genetic variants and copy number variations in patients. Success in advancing to the implementation of such areas is not only dependent on technological advances in the laboratory, but also improved phenotyping in the clinic.
Scale‐dependent adaptive evolution and morphological convergence to climatic niche in Californian eriogonoids (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Kostikova Anna , Litsios Glenn , Burgy Sarah , Milani Laura , Pearman Peter B. , Salamin Nicolas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimMacroevolutionary patterns and processes change substantially depending on levels of taxonomic and ecological organization, and the resolution of environmental and spatial variability. In comparative methods, the resolution of environmental and spatial variability often defines the number of selective regimes used to test whether phenotypic characteristics are adaptively correlated with the environment. Here, we examine how investigator choice of the number of selective regimes, determined by varying the resolution of among‐species variability in the species climatic niche (hereafter called ‘ecological scale’), influences trait morphological diversification among Eriogonoideae species. We assess whether adaptive or neutral processes drive the evolution of several morphological traits in these species.LocationSouth‐western North America.MethodsWe applied a phylogenetic framework of three evolutionary models to four morphological traits and the climatic niches of Eriogonoideae (in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae). We tested whether morphological traits evolve in relation to climate by adaptive or neutral process, and whether the resulting patterns of morphological variability are conserved or convergent across the clade. We inspected adaptive models of evolution under different levels of resolution of among‐species variability of the climatic niche.ResultsWe show that morphological traits and climate niches of Eriogonoideae species are not phylogenetically conserved. Further, adaptive evolution of phenotypic traits is specific to climatic niche occupancy across this clade. Finally, the likely evolutionary process and the level of detectable niche conservatism change depending on the resolution of environmental variability of the climatic niche.Main conclusionsOur study demonstrates the need to consider both the resolution of environmental variability and alternative evolutionary models to understand the morphological diversification that accompanies divergent adaptive evolution of lineages to climatic conditions.
Taking it out on survivors: Submissive employees, downsizing, and abusive supervision
Authors: Neves Pedro 
Published: April 2014

For the past decade, researchers' attention to abusive supervision (Tepper, 2000, Acad. Manage. J., 43, 178) has grown consistently. However, little is still known as to why certain individuals are picked by supervisors as targets for abuse. Our study tests a model of antecedents of abusive supervision, building on the profile of submissive employees (Aquino & Lamertz, 2004, J. Appl. Psychol., 89, 1023) and examining the potential role played by the work context. With a sample of 193 employee–supervisor dyads from downsized and non‐downsized organizations, we found that as core self‐evaluations and coworker support decreased, abusive supervision increased, particularly in downsized organizations, and this effect carried over to both in‐role and extra‐role performance. Using a displaced aggression framework (Hoobler & Brass, 2006, J. Appl. Psychol., 91, 1125), our study contributes to the discussion of the antecedents of abusive supervision by emphasizing the roles played (1) by the victim and (2) by the context in which these events take place.Practitioner points

Supervisors aim their abusive behaviours at subordinates that appear particularly vulnerable and submissive.

Strategies to prevent/reduce supervisory abusive behaviours in organizations should also focus on empowering subordinates themselves not just on training supervisors.

Downsizings are particularly powerful triggers of abusive supervision as they enhance the vulnerability and exposure of submissive employees.
Urban and Rural Utilization of Evidence‐Based Practices for Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders
Authors: Dotson Jo Ann Walsh , Roll John M. , Packer Robert R. , Lewis Jennifer M. , McPherson Sterling , Howell Donelle 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the investigation was to examine variations in evidence‐based practice (EBP) utilization between rural and urban mental health and substance abuse prevention provider agencies in Washington State.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the 2007 EBP Survey, which was administered to 250 of Washington State Department of Social and Health Services’ contracted mental health and substance abuse treatment agencies. The survey solicited input from solo and group practices across the state on EBP implementation, successes, and challenges.FindingsMost mental health and substance abuse treatment agencies used more than 1 EBP, although rural substance abuse agencies were less likely to do so than urban agencies. Rural substance abuse agencies were more likely to be solo than group practices. Urban agencies reporting significantly more collaboration with universities for EBP training, although training by internal staff was the most commonly reported training mechanism regardless of agency focus or location. Over half of agencies reported conducting no systematic assessment of EBPs, and of those who did report systematic assessment, most used outcome monitoring more than program evaluation or benchmarking. Urban and rural mental health and substance abuse prevention providers reported shortages of appropriately trained workforce and financing issues available to pay for EBPs as the greatest barriers to utilization.ConclusionsChallenges to EBP utilization and fidelity should be monitored as EBPs contribute to the delivery of high‐quality care. Collaborations between universities and rural agencies may support an agency's abilities to adopt EBPs, train staff, and systematically assess impact.
The Universal Call to Holiness: Engaging with the Secular
Authors: Phillips Peter 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The recent movement of apparent restorationism seems to suggest that the
Church represents an enclave where people can find a holy place, a narrowing
of the universal call to holiness that was the mandate of Vatican II. This
is not a task for Christians alone; it is a call for all people to
rediscover the true nature of the human being in the world. Such a
profoundly worldly vocation makes a radical demand for a holiness grounded
on baptism and the charisms with which the Holy Spirit endows the people of
God. ‘To be secular is the special characteristic of the laity’
(Lumen gentium, 3). There is a an important
rediscovery of the sacred taking place here: Christians are called to
transform the world in and through God in a genuine and secular
spirituality.
A Case of Mistaken Identity: Aquinas's Fifth Way and Arguments of
Intelligent Design
Authors: Newton William 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
When academically inclined atheists critique arguments for the existence
of God, they commonly target arguments of Intelligent Design as proposed by
Paley, Dembski, and Behe. In so doing, it is not uncommon for them to
include within the scope of their criticisms Aquinas's fifth proof for the
existence of God – the proof from final causality. In this essay, I shall
argue that there are very significant differences between the Fifth Way and
the more modern arguments of Intelligent Design which means that any
critique offered in regard to the latter normally leaves the former
unscathed. Moreover, I shall also argue that the Intelligent Design approach
concedes some of the erroneous premises of the atheists’ own arguments and
that these are in no way conceded by Aquinas in the Fifth Way or
elsewhere.
Anti-Discrimination Law, Religious Organizations, and Justice
Authors: Bailey Adam D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn many jurisdictions the list of factors for which anti-discrimination law applies has been expanded to include sexual orientation. As a result, moral and legal difficulties have arisen for religious organizations whose basic beliefs include the belief that sexual acts between persons of the same sex are immoral. In light of these difficulties, is anti-discrimination law of this sort unjust? Recently John Finnis has argued that, as commonly applied, such anti-discrimination law is disproportionate and therefore unjust. In this essay, I critically examine Finnis's argument, and argue that, on account of the conception of disproportionateness that is employed, it does not succeed. So as to enable the argument from disproportionateness to succeed, I develop and defend a modified conception of disproportionateness.
Use of antibiotics in infancy and childhood and risk of recurrent abdominal pain—a Swedish birth cohort study
Authors: Uusijärvi A. , Bergström A. , Simrén M. , Ludvigsson J. F. , Kull I. , Wickman M. , Alm J. , Olén O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe etiology of recurrent abdominal pain of functional origin (AP) is largely unknown. Antibiotic treatment influences the intestinal microbiota, and a few studies have indicated an increased risk of AP in adults after antibiotic treatment. Corresponding data in children are lacking. The aim of this study was to explore the association between antibiotic treatment during childhood and AP at 12 years.MethodsTwo thousand seven hundred and thirty‐two children from a Swedish, population‐based birth cohort. Parents reported antibiotic use for the children between birth and 2 years. Antibiotic use between 9 and 12 years was collected from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. The children answered questionnaires regarding AP at age 12. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AP at 12 years as a function of antibiotic use.Key ResultsAntibiotic treatment between 9 and 12 years was not associated with AP at 12. Children who had received ≥3 courses, or broad‐spectrum antibiotics between 9 and 12 years had an increased risk of AP at 12, but these associations failed to reach statistical significance. Antibiotic treatment during both the first and the second year of life increased the risk of AP in girls at 12 (OR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.09–2.49), but not in boys or the whole cohort.Conclusions & InferencesAntibiotic treatment does not seem to be a major risk factor for AP at 12 years. However, we cannot exclude that repeated courses, especially to infant girls, or use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics between 9 and 12 years may be associated with an increased risk of AP.
Procedure‐related pain in children in a Danish University Hospital. A qualitative study
Authors: Rømsing Janne , Dremstrup Skovgaard Camilla , Friis Susanne M. , Henneberg Steen W. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryBackgroundChildren being cared for in hospital often undergo multiple diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Procedure‐related pain, anxiety, and distress may consequently place a significant burden on the children. Although standards for pain management exist, procedure‐related pain remains inadequately treated.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and pain intensity of procedures in children, as well as the associated pharmacologic interventions to manage the pain in a Danish University Hospital.MethodsDuring a 3‐month period in 2013, a structured questionnaire was used to prospectively record all procedures performed on children from 1 month to 18 years of age. Directly after the procedure, the pharmacologic pain management interventions and the pain intensity were recorded. Pain intensity was measured by using age‐appropriate pain scales. Positioning and prior experience with the procedure were recorded.ResultsOf the 316 children included in the study, 72% experienced none to mild pain, 8.5% experienced moderate to severe pain during the procedures, and 65% had a pharmacologic pain management intervention. Significant higher median VAS score was found during venipuncture in the children sitting on the lap of their parents compared with other positions (P < 0.05), and significant lower median VAS score was found in children who had experienced the procedure before (P < 0.05).ConclusionMost children experienced mild pain during procedures. The children's positioning during the procedure and prior experience with the procedure seem to influence their experience of procedural pain and it is therefore essential that therapy is tailored for each child and includes a multimodal approach.
Endorsing benevolent sexism magnifies willingness to dissolve relationships when facing partner‐ideal discrepancies
Authors: HAMMOND MATTHEW D. , OVERALL NICKOLA C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBenevolent sexism (BS) contains prescriptive partner expectations that should foster an intolerance of discrepancies between partners and warmth/trustworthiness ideal standards. This longitudinal study tested whether endorsing BS magnifies the degree to which warmth/trustworthiness partner‐ideal discrepancies are associated with willingness to dissolve relationships. Heterosexual couples (N = 88) reported their partner‐ideal discrepancies, willingness to dissolve the relationship, and their partner's willingness to dissolve the relationship every 3 months for 1 year. Greater partner‐ideal discrepancies were associated with subsequent increases in willingness to dissolve the relationship, but this was stronger for people who endorsed BS. Partners of women who endorsed BS also perceived this greater willingness to dissolve the relationship. These results demonstrate that the prescriptions within BS undermine the stability of ongoing relationships.
The distractor positivity (Pd) signals lowering of attentional priority: Evidence from event‐related potentials and individual differences
Authors: Burra Nicolas , Kerzel Dirk 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigated the effects of task demands and individual differences on the allocation of attention. Using the same stimuli, participants indicated the orientation of a line contained in a shape singleton (identification task) or the presence of singletons (detection task). Shape singletons in the identification task elicited a contralateral negativity (N2pc) whereas shape singletons in the detection task elicited a contralateral positivity (Pd). We suggest that the reduction of attentional priority of a salient stimulus, reflected by the Pd, occurred more rapidly with the less demanding detection task. Further, fewer distractible participants showed a larger N2pc to lateral color distractors than highly distractible participants. We suggest that highly distractible participants developed compensatory mechanisms to suppress distracting stimuli.
Resting vagal tone and vagal response to stress: Associations with anxiety, aggression, and perceived anxiety control among youths
Authors: Scott Brandon G. , Weems Carl F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study tested the associations of both resting vagal tone and vagal response to stress with anxiety control beliefs, anxiety, and aggression among 80 youths (aged 11–17 years). Measures included physiological assessments of emotion regulation along with youth self‐report of anxiety control beliefs, anxiety, and aggression and caregiver reports of their child's anxiety and aggression. Resting vagal tone was positively related to anxiety control beliefs, but negatively associated with anxiety. Conversely, higher levels of anxiety and aggression were associated with increased vagal tone during a cognitive stress task. Findings suggest associations between physiological and self‐report of emotion regulation (anxiety control beliefs) and that anxiety and aggression may have specific and nonspecific relations with physiological indices of emotion regulation.
The Value of Long‐Term Assessment of Restoration: Support from a Seagrass Investigation
Authors: Bell Susan S. , Middlebrooks Michael L. , Hall Margaret O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe importance of judging success of restoration studies over extended time periods has been repeatedly voiced but convincing information to justify increased monitoring is generally unavailable. Building on Bell et al. (2008), we investigated the development of areal coverage of the seagrass, Halodule wrightii, as a metric for assessing the outcome of a restoration effort conducted near Tampa Bay, Florida, U.S.A., over 7 years, thereby expanding the timescale over which a subtropical seagrass restoration project was evaluated for success. In each of 12 plots, 500 planting units of H. wrightii were introduced in 2002, and the seagrass cover level documented annually through 2009. Although only low‐moderate levels of H. wrightii cover were recorded after 3 years, a rapid increase to high coverage levels was evident in many plots after 2006 and sustained through 2009. Plots that supported only low levels of seagrass cover initially remained poor performers, 4–7 years post‐planting. By 2008, substantial seagrass spillover, contiguous with over 75% of plots, was recorded. When both within‐plot coverage and spillover were considered, seagrass restoration success was attained 6 years after initiation. Our findings provide an example of comparatively longer‐term monitoring of a restoration effort leading to reversal of an earlier evaluation of project success. Moreover, unique information on H. wrightii temporal dynamics emerged from the 7 year study, further illustrating the value of long‐term assessment of restoration. Extending the duration of post‐planting surveys of seagrass coverage may address multiple needs as it advances the field of seagrass restoration.
Dynamic Free Trade Networks: Some Numerical Results
Authors: Daisaka Hiroshi , Furusawa Taiji 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo help predict whether the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) continues until global free trade is effectively attained, this paper investigates dynamic paths of FTAs, generated by numerical simulations of a model of an FTA network formation game with many countries. The characteristics of the final FTA network naturally depend on how the proposer of an FTA is chosen in each period. The paper finds that if the country that has the largest incentive to form an FTA is chosen as a proposer in each period, the network evolution always leads to a unique final FTA network, which may or may not be the complete network of FTAs. FTA networks often evolve to a partition of the world into a small number of groups of asymmetric size owing to the negative network externality caused by preference erosion.
Learning to Export and the Timing of Entry to Export Markets
Authors: Sheard Nicholas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractExporters normally enter their first foreign markets some time after beginning to sell locally, then enter subsequent markets progressively. Standard trade models are essentially static and do not explain these elementary facts about exporting, which can bias the estimation of trade patterns. This paper proposes a model that endogenously generates the timing of entry to new export markets. The timing results from a learning mechanism. More productive firms are less sensitive to the learning effect and therefore (1) enter markets more quickly and (2) enter larger markets earlier and smaller markets later. These predictions are confirmed using Swedish firm‐level data.
False Discovery Control in Large-Scale Spatial Multiple Testing
Authors: Sun Wenguang , Reich Brian J. , Tony Cai T. , Guindani Michele , Schwartzman Armin 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe paper develops a unified theoretical and computational framework for false discovery control in multiple testing of spatial signals. We consider both pointwise and clusterwise spatial analyses, and derive oracle procedures which optimally control the false discovery rate, false discovery exceedance and false cluster rate. A data-driven finite approximation strategy is developed to mimic the oracle procedures on a continuous spatial domain. Our multiple-testing procedures are asymptotically valid and can be effectively implemented using Bayesian computational algorithms for analysis of large spatial data sets. Numerical results show that the procedures proposed lead to more accurate error control and better power performance than conventional methods. We demonstrate our methods for analysing the time trends in tropospheric ozone in eastern USA.