bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability, Crises and Debt Maturity: Do IMF Interventions Increase Reliance on Short‐Term Debt?
Authors: Saravia Diego 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIt has been widely argued that excessive short‐term debt has been a major cause of recent financial crises. I find evidence that IMF lending programmes on average serve to reduce the maturity of sovereign bond issues, which is an undesirable effect. However, the impact of IMF interventions varies, importantly, across countries which differ according to measures of their fundamental macroeconomic soundness: countries with weak fundamentals tend to lengthen their debt maturities following on the heels of an IMF lending programme. This suggests that the IMF should focus particularly on ensuring that its interventions do not increase incentives for short‐term debt issuance in countries not at risk of imminent crisis, but which might put themselves at risk through imprudent borrowing practices.
In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction Study of the Rhombohedral‐to‐HT‐Cubic Phase Transformation in Ln6WO12 (Ln = Y, Ho, Er, Yb)
Authors: Apostolov Zlatomir D. , Sarin Pankaj , Hughes Robert W. , Kriven Waltraud M. 
Published: December 2013

The high‐temperature rhombohedral‐to‐fcc phase transformation in the Ln6WO12 (Ln = Y, Ho, Er, Yb) system was investigated by thermal analysis and in situ X‐ray diffraction. The process was characterized by thermodynamic, kinetic, and mechanistic criteria, and the role of the rare‐earth cation on the transformation properties trends was evaluated. An atomistic perspective on the accompanying structural change is presented, as well as a characterization of the associated shape and volume changes. A twofold comparison is performed with the similar low‐temperature fcc‐to‐rhombohedral transformation in the same system. One aspect contrasts the structural changes related to each process, manifested by the behavior of the lattice parameters and transformation characteristics. The second concerns the sequence of transformations according to composition and suggests the order of thermal stability of Ln polyhedra in each phase.
The Early Age Hydration Reactions of a Hybrid Cement Containing a Very High Content of Coal Bottom Ash
Authors: Donatello Shane , Maltseva Olga , Fernandez‐Jimenez Ana , Palomo Angel 
Published: December 2013

A study examining the complex hydration chemistry of a hybrid alkaline cement containing a high content of coal bottom ash (BA) (>70%) and a low content of portland cement clinker in the presence of an alkaline activator is presented. The use of a water reducing additive was found to significantly delay the overall hydration process, allowing an opportunity to more clearly distinguish the hydration reactions that take place. The results presented showed that both the cement clinker phases and the ash glassy phases are highly reactive for the first 3 d of hydration. In situ formed reaction products portlandite and gypsum were shown to be metastable and had disappeared within 3 d of hydration. Ettringite stability was limited in the hybrid system but unlike gypsum and portlandite, remained detectable for the first 3 d of hydration at least. SEM‐EDX and subtracted Fourier transform infrared evidence suggest the development of three different gel bond environments, tentatively attributed to C–(A)–S–H, C–A–S–H, and (N,C)–A–S–H type gels.
Mechanical Properties of a Lithium Disilicate Strengthened Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass‐Ceramic
Authors: Laczka Maria , Laczka Karolina , Cholewa‐Kowalska Katarzyna , Kounga Alain B. , Appert Christoph 
Published: December 2013

A glass composition in the Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 (LAS)‐ternary phase diagram is presented, which enables the crystallization of Li2Si2O5 as well as LiAlSi2O6 upon a well‐defined heat treatment. Li2Si2O5 is the minor crystalline phase in the glass‐ceramic and generates through the bulk strengthening of the LAS glass‐ceramic. A flexural strength as higher as 400 MPa is measured in the proposed glass‐ceramic formulation, thus outperforming conventional LAS‐glass‐ceramics. A combination of the presence of those two crystalline phases of very different mechanical properties and coefficient of thermal expansion as well as the microstructure are believed to contribute largely to the enhancement of the measured properties.
Dimensional psychopathology in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
Authors: Maoz Hagai , Goldstein Tina , Axelson David A. , Goldstein Benjamin I. , Fan Jieyu , Hickey Mary Beth , Monk Kelly , Sakolsky Dara , Diler Rasim S. , Brent David , Iyengar Satish , Kupfer David J. , Birmaher Boris 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to compare the dimensional psychopathology, as ascertained by parental report, in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BP) and offspring of community control parents.Methods122 preschool offspring (mean age 3.3 years) of 84 parents with BP, with 102 offspring of 65 control parents (36 healthy, 29 with non‐BP psychopathology), were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the CBCL‐Dysregulation Profile (CBCL‐DP), the Early Childhood Inventory (ECI‐4), and the Emotionality Activity Sociability (EAS) survey. Teachers' Report Forms (TRF) were available for 51 preschoolers.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, offspring of parents with BP showed higher scores in the CBCL total, externalizing, somatic, sleep, aggressive, and CBCL‐DP subscales; the ECI‐4 sleep problem scale; and the EAS total and emotionality scale. The proportion of offspring with CBCL T‐scores ≥2 SD above the norm was significantly higher on most CBCL subscales and the CBCL‐DP in offspring of parents with BP compared to offspring of controls even after excluding offspring with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or oppositional defiant disorder. Compared to offspring of parents with BP‐I, offspring of parents with BP‐II showed significantly higher scores in total and most CBCL subscales, the ECI‐4 anxiety and sleep scales and the EAS emotionality scale. For both groups of parents, there were significant correlations between CBCL and TRF scores (r = .32–.38, p‐values ≤.02).ConclusionsIndependent of categorical axis‐I psychopathology and other demographic or clinical factors in both biological parents, preschool offspring of parents with BP have significantly greater aggression, mood dysregulation, sleep disturbances, and somatic complaints compared to offspring of control parents. Interventions to target these symptoms are warranted.
Elasticity of lawsonite and seismological signature of metamorphism and water cycling in the subducting oceanic crust
Authors: Reynard B. , Bass J. D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe elastic properties of lawsonite determined from equations of state, Brillouin scattering, acoustic velocity measurements, and first‐principles calculations are reviewed. Equations of state are essential for thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibrium at high pressure. Elastic tensor determinations allow calculation of the seismic properties of isotropic rocks, and of anisotropic rocks when combined with CPO determinations. Potential effects of low‐T, high‐P phase transitions in lawsonite on extrapolations to deep‐Earth conditions are discussed. Seismological data suggest that metamorphic zoning in active cold subduction zones can be resolved as low velocity layers down to 250 km. Mineral physics and phase equilibria indicate that lawsonite is the best candidate for explaining such low velocities. These layers are likely the image of water recycling to the deep mantle in subduction zones.
Exercise Training does not Enhance Hypothalamic Responsiveness to Leptin or Ghrelin in Male Mice
Authors: Borg M. L. , Andrews Z. B. , Watt M. J. 
Published: December 2013

The detection of hormone and nutrient signals by the hypothalamus is blunted in obesity and contributes to dysregulated energy homeostasis. We investigated whether aerobic exercise training would improve long‐term hypothalamic sensitivity to both leptin and ghrelin, independent of acute exercise‐induced signalling. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a chow or high‐fat diet for 6 weeks, then remained sedentary on their respective diet, or completed 6 weeks of treadmill exercise training with a progressive increase in exercise volume and intensity. Food intake and hypothalamic signalling were assessed in mice injected with leptin or ghrelin at least 24 h after the last exercise bout. Exercise training reduced body mass, increased daily food intake and improved glucose tolerance. Intraperitoneal leptin administration reduced food intake in lean and obese mice, and this was not enhanced after exercise training. Leptin‐mediated activation of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was not enhanced with exercise training. Ghrelin increased food intake and c‐Fos positive neurones in the hypothalamus in lean and obese mice, and these physiological and molecular responses were not enhanced with exercise training. This suggests that the previously reported exercise effects on sensitising hypothalamic signalling and food intake responses may be limited to the period immediately after an exercise bout, and are not a result of stable structural or molecular changes that occur with exercise training.
Do Outcomes from Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Vary According to Access Route and Valve Type? The UK TAVI Registry
Authors: BLACKMAN DANIEL J. , BAXTER PAUL D. , GALE CHRIS P. , MOAT NEIL E. , MACCARTHY PHILIP A. , HILDICK‐SMITH DAVID , TRIVEDI UDAY , CUNNINGHAM DAVID , DE BELDER MARK A. , LUDMAN PETER F. ,   on behalf of the National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR)
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether outcomes from transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) vary according to access route and valve type in a real‐world population.BackgroundRegistry and uncontrolled trial data have found that patients undergoing nonfemoral TAVI have higher early and late mortality. It is not clear whether worse outcomes relate directly to access route. There have been no direct comparisons of outcomes according to valve type.MethodsData were collected prospectively on 1,620 patients undergoing TAVI in the UK and compared in 4 groups: SAPIEN transfemoral (TF); SAPIEN transapical (TA); CoreValve TF, CoreValve subclavian. Univariable and multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.ResultsMortality in patients undergoing SAPIEN TAVI via a TA approach was higher than with TF at 30 days (11.2% vs. 4.4%, P < 0.01), 1 year (28.7% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.01), and 2 years (56.0% vs. 43.5%, P = 0.01). Logistic EuroSCORE was higher in TA patients (22.5 ± 12.9% vs. 17.7 ± 11.1%, P < 0.0001). After multivariable analysis TA access was associated with increased mortality at 30 days (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.46–4.48, P < 0.01) and 2 years (OR 1.75, 1.08–2.74, P = 0.02). There was no significant difference in mortality at any time‐point between patients treated with SAPIEN (n = 812) and CoreValve (n = 808) prostheses. CoreValve‐treated patients had a higher rate of permanent pacemaker implantation (23.1% vs. 7.2%, P < 0.0001), and grade ≥2 aortic regurgitation on postprocedure echocardiography (13.0% vs. 7.3%, P < 0.01).ConclusionsPatients undergoing TA TAVI experienced increased early and late mortality compared to a TF approach. Survival was not influenced by valve type. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:86–95)
Prevalence of high‐risk human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 in oral and cervical cancers in population from Gujarat, West India
Authors: Patel Kinjal R. , Vajaria Bhairavi N. , Begum Rasheedunnisa , Desai Ava , Patel Jayendra B. , Shah Franky D. , Shukla Shilin N. , Patel Prabhudas S. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundOral and cervical cancers are major malignancies in men and women, respectively, in India. This study evaluated occurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 infections in oral and cervical cancers to estimate HPV‐associated burden of these cancers in the population from Gujarat, West India.MethodsA total of 97 malignant oral carcinoma tissues and 52 cervical carcinoma tissues were analyzed by type‐specific PCR for the presence of HPV type 16 and 18 infections.ResultsNone of the oral cancer patients revealed the presence of HPV type 16 and 18 infection. In cervical cancer, 31 (59.6%) patients were infected with HPV 16 and 18. Of these 31 HPV‐positive cervical cancer patients, 28 (90.3%) were infected with HPV 16 and 3 (9.7%) were infected with HPV 18.ConclusionThe results suggested that HPV 16 and 18 do not play an important role in oral carcinogenesis in the population from Gujarat, West India. However, HPV 16 is highly prevalent in the cervical cancer patients, which may be considered for planning of prevention programs such as screening and vaccination in women from this region.
Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Variability ofColletotrichum truncatumCausing Anthracnose of Pepper inMalaysia
Authors: Mahmodi Farshid , Kadir Jugah , Puteh Adam 
Published: December 2013

AbstractColletotrichum truncatumwas initially described from pepper and has been reported to infect 180 host genera in 55 plant families worldwide. Samples were collected from pepper plants showing typical anthracnose symptoms. Diseased samples after isolation were identified asC. truncatumbased on morphological characters and ITS‐rDNAandβ‐tubulin sequence data. Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to estimate genetic diversity inC. truncatumfrom Malaysia. A set of 3 ISSR primers revealed a total 26 allele from the amplified products. Cluster analysis with UPGMA method clusteredC. truncatumisolates into two main groups, which differed with a distance of 0.64. However, the genetic diversity ofC. truncatumisolates showed correlation between genetic and geographical distribution, but it failed to reveal a relationship between clustering and pathogenic variability. Phylogenetic analyses discriminated theC. truncatumisolates from other referenceColletotrichumspecies derived from GenBank. Among the morphological characters, shape, colour of colony and growth rate in culture were partially correlated with the ISSR and phylogenetic grouping. Pathogenicity tests revealed thatC. truncatumisolates were causal agents for pepper anthracnose. In the cross‐inoculation assays,C. truncatumisolates were able to produce anthracnose symptoms on tomato, eggplant, onion, lettuce and cabbage. A pathogenicity and cross‐inoculation studies indicated the potential ofC. truncatumfor virulence and dominancy on plant resistance.
Volatile fatty acid profile for grass hay or alfalfa hay fed to alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Oldham C. L. , Robinson T. F. , Hunter Z. R. , Taylor L. , White J. , Johnston N. P. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the diurnal composition and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and to determine VFA composition and concentration differences between stomach compartment 1 (C1) and caecum of alpacas fed grass and alfalfa hay. The study was divided into two experiments. In Experiment 1 (EXP 1), 10 male alpacas (3+ years old, 65 kg BW) were divided into two groups, housed in drylot pens, provided ad libitum water and fed alfalfa (AH) or grass hay (GH) for 30 days. The alpacas were slaughtered and the digestive tract collected, divided into sub‐tract sections, weighed and digesta sampled for pH, dry matter (DM) and NDF. Volatile fatty acid composition and concentration were determined on C1 and caecal material. Four adult male (3+ years old, 60 kg BW), C1 fistulated alpacas were housed in metabolism crates and divided into two forage groups for Experiment 2 (EXP 2). Alpacas were fed the forages as in EXP 1. Diurnal C1 VFA samples were drawn at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h post‐feeding. There were no differences between forages for tract weight, C1 and caecum digesta DM or NDF. Differences were noted (p < 0.05) for pH between forages and sub‐tract site. Volatile fatty acids concentrations were different (p < 0.05) for forage and site, and total VFA was higher for AH than GH (110.6 and 79.1 mm) and C1 than caecum (40.7 and 27.6 mm). Proportion of VFA was significant (p < 0.05) for forage and site, C1 acetate highest for GH (84.8 vs. 74.0 mm) and caecum acetate 83.7 and 76.2 mm for GH and AH respectively. These data demonstrate the level of VFA produced in C1 and the caecum of alpacas and the diurnal VFA patterns. Composition of VFA is similar to other ruminant species.
Antarctic macrolichen modifies microclimate and facilitates vascular plants in the maritime Antarctica – a reply to Casanova‐Katny et al. (2014)
Authors: Molina‐Montenegro Marco A. , Torres‐Díaz Cristian , Gianoli Ernesto 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn a current article in the Journal of Vegetation Science, Casanova‐Katny et al. addressed a comment about an article by Molina‐Montenegro et al., which demonstrated the climate modification induced by the macrolichen Usnea antarctica and its role as facilitator. They provided useful corrections concerning species identification and pointed out several issues that, in their view, weakened our study. They indicated that the role of U. antarctica as a facilitative species in the maritime Antarctica is merely philosophical and has no ecological relevance. In this commentary, we argue why these critiques are unsubstantial, and provide evidence that the macrolichen can modify the microclimate, ameliorating the harsh conditions prevailing in Antarctica, establishing positive interactions and eventually facilitating vascular species. Thus, the macrolichen U. antarctica would act as a ‘nurse species’, playing a key role in structuring the maritime Antarctic plant community.
Revised albedos of Trojan asteroids (911) Agamemnon and (4709) Ennomos
Authors: Shevchenko V. G. , Slyusarev I. G. , Belskaya I. N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCCD‐photometry was performed for two Jupiter Trojan asteroids (911) Agamemnon and (4709) Ennomos for which the diameters were obtained from occultation events. New data on rotation periods, lightcurve amplitudes, color indices, magnitude–phase slopes, and absolute magnitudes were obtained for these asteroids. We have used the diameters from occultations (166 and 99 km) and new data on absolute magnitudes at the instant occultation (7.95 and 8.85 mag) to revise their albedos to 0.042 (911 Agamemnon) and 0.052 (4709 Ennomos).
Integrating genetic data and population viability analyses for the identification of harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) populations and management units
Authors: Olsen Morten T. , Andersen Liselotte W. , Dietz Rune , Teilmann Jonas , Härkönen Tero , Siegismund Hans R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIdentification of populations and management units is an essential step in the study of natural systems. Still, there is limited consensus regarding how to define populations and management units, and whether genetic methods allow for inference at the relevant spatial and temporal scale. Here, we present a novel approach, integrating genetic, life history and demographic data to identify populations and management units in southern Scandinavian harbour seals. First, 15 microsatellite markers and model‐ and distance‐based genetic clustering methods were used to determine the population genetic structure in harbour seals. Second, we used harbour seal demographic and life history data to conduct population viability analyses (PVAs) in the vortex simulation model in order to determine whether the inferred genetic units could be classified as management units according to Lowe and Allendorf's (Molecular Ecology, 19, 2010, 3038) ‘population viability criterion’ for demographic independence. The genetic analyses revealed fine‐scale population structuring in southern Scandinavian harbour seals and pointed to the existence of several genetic units. The PVAs indicated that the census population size of each of these genetic units was sufficiently large for long‐term population viability, and hence that the units could be classified as demographically independent management units. Our study suggests that population genetic inference can offer the same degree of temporal and spatial resolution as ‘nongenetic’ methods and that the combined use of genetic data and PVAs constitutes a promising approach for delineating populations and management units.
Low host specificity of root‐associated fungi at an Arctic site
Authors: Botnen Synnøve , Vik Unni , Carlsen Tor , Eidesen Pernille B. , Davey Marie L. , Kauserud Håvard 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn High Arctic ecosystems, plant growth and reproduction are limited by low soil moisture and nutrient availability, low soil and air temperatures, and a short growing season. Mycorrhizal associations facilitate plant nutrient acquisition and water uptake and may therefore be particularly ecologically important in nutrition‐poor and dry environments, such as parts of the Arctic. Similarly, endophytic root associates are thought to play a protective role, increasing plants' stress tolerance, and likely have an important ecosystem function. Despite the importance of these root‐associated fungi, little is known about their host specificity in the Arctic. We investigated the host specificity of root‐associated fungi in the common, widely distributed arctic plant species Bistorta vivipara, Salix polaris and Dryas octopetala in the High Arctic archipelago Svalbard. High‐throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) amplified from whole root systems generated no evidence of host specificity and no spatial autocorrelation within two 3 m × 3 m sample plots. The lack of spatial structure at small spatial scales indicates that Common Mycelial Networks (CMNs) are rare in marginal arctic environments. Moreover, no significant differences in fungal OTU richness were observed across the three plant species, although their root system characteristics (size, biomass) differed considerably. Reasons for lack of host specificity could be that association with generalist fungi may allow arctic plants to more rapidly and easily colonize newly available habitats, and it may be favourable to establish symbiotic relationships with fungi possessing different physiological attributes.