bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propulsion System Integration as Applied to Business Jet Aircraft
Authors: Suggs J. P. , Burley G. W. 
Published: April 2015

The process of integrating an engine into a new or existing airframe is characterized by three major phases. The first phase comprises the preliminary design, and includes all aspects of model testing, engine inlet compatibility, matching studies, and the aircraft performance determinations that are necessary to ensure an economically viable product.
This phase is followed by a detailed design of the nacelle and interface systems, and a mockup evaluation period, at which time the installation interface requirements are incorporated. The final phase consists of ground and flight tests resulting in FAA certification. This phase includes the demonstration of the aircraft and propulsion system performance and system compatibility. The role of Garrett Turbine Engine Company (GTEC) in this phase is to support the Original Equipment Manufacturers by sharing its detailed installation experience to ensure an optimum engine installation.
The many aspects involved in the above are examined relative to the two-, three-, and four-engine configurations used by all general aviation aircraft. Factors unique to some of the existing configurations are included as reference data.
Distributed Microprocessor-Based Control Systems for Industrial Turbine Applications
Authors: Malcolm G. E. , Panayi P. N. 
Published: April 2015

The use of powerful 16-bit microprocessors and associated components, together with control and sequencing orientated high level languages has enabled flexible and economical turbine control systems to be developed.
This paper describes the architecture, hardware, software and programming methods of a system designed specifically for the control of a range of gas turbines and associated plant.
The Corrosive Environment in the Fluidized-Bed Heat-Exchanger for CCGT Service
Authors: Rocazella M. A. , Wright I. G. , Holt C. F. 
Published: April 2015

Corrosion and combustion diagnostic data were gathered in Battelle’s 0.6m diameter coal-fired atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor (AFBC). Corrosion probes, constructed from ring specimens of candidate heat-exchanger alloys, were exposed to the fluidized-bed environment during three different combustion experiments (50%, 20% and 0% excess air). An in-situ oxygen probe was used to monitor the oxygen partial pressure at the exposure locations.
Two different mechanisms of material degradation were identified, i.e., both corrosion and erosion. An adherent deposit of bed material formed on all areas of the corrosion probes. The corrosion behavior of the alloys beneath the deposit, and the corresponding corrosion product morphologies, appeared to correlate well with predictions based on the oxygen partial pressure measurements from the exposure location. The results suggest the oxygen probe may be a useful diagnostic tool for locating regions with high corrosive potentials. However, the upstream faces of the corrosion probes were subjected to enhanced mechanical damage, and this periodic removal of both the deposit and corrosion products resulted in significantly more metal degradation. Also, this corrosion/erosion process may locally deplete the alloy in chromium, leaving it susceptible to severe sulfidation and/or accelerated oxidation. It was suggested that these locations would be the first to experience heat-exchanger tube failure, and the coupled corrosion/erosion process would be the failure mechanism.
Heat Transfer Experiments in High Aspect Ratio Rectangular Channel With Epoxied Short Pin Fins
Authors: Arora S. C. , Abdel Messeh W. 
Published: April 2015

In an attempt to reduce the cost of testing many configurations of short pin fins in a rectangular channel, a technique has been identified whereby the pins are epoxied to the end wall and can be easily removed to form a new configuration at the end of a test. Analytical and experimental results indicate that the temperature drop across a thin layer of epoxy (∼.005–.006 cm) (K = 22.5 W/m°C) with copper pin and endwalls was less than 1% of the heat transfer surface temperature.
The technique was then used to test 4 pin fin configurations of height to diameter ratio of about unity. The heat transfer results showed excellent agreement with earlier published data, thus confirming the validity of this technique.
Test Experience With Turbine-End Foil Bearing Equipped Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Suriano F. J. , Dayton R. D. , Woessner Fred G. 
Published: April 2015

The Garrett Turbine Engine Company, a Division of the Garrett Corporation, authorized under Air Force Contract F33615-78-C-2044 and Navy Contract N00140-79-C-1294, has been conducting development work on the application of gas-lubricated hydrodynamic journal foil bearings to the turbine end of gas turbine engines. Program efforts are directed at providing the technology base necessary to utilize high-temperature foil bearings in future gas turbine engines. The main thrust of these programs was to incorporate the designed bearings, developed in test rigs, into test engines for evaluation of bearing and rotor system performance. The engine test programs included a full range of operational tests; engine thermal environment, endurance, start/stops, attitude, environmental temperatures and pressures, and simulated maneuver bearing loadings.
An 88.9 mm (3.5-inch) diameter journal foil bearing, operating at 4063 RAD/SEC (38,800 rpm), has undergone test in a Garrett GTCP165 auxiliary power unit. A 44.4 mm (1.75-inch) diameter journal foil bearing, operating at 6545 RAD/SEC (62,500 rpm) has undergone test in the gas generator of the Garrett Model JFS190. This paper describes the engine test experience with these bearings.
Effect of Particle Presence on the Incompressible Inviscid Flow Through a Two Dimensional Compressor Cascade
Authors: Balan C. , Tabakoff W. 
Published: April 2015

A computational model for calculating the flow field, in the presence of solid particles, through a two dimensional compressor cascade is presented. The method treats the particle phase in the Lagrangian system and the fluid phase in the Eulerian system. The equations of momentum of the fluid phase are modified to account for the momentum exchange between the two phases. The resulting modified momentum and continuity equations are reduced to the conventional stream function-vorticity formulation.
The fluid phase is treated as incompressible and inviscid. Averaging of the particle phase properties, based on the trajectory analysis, over the control volume yields the fluid-particle momentum exchange at every grid point, where the flow field solution is desired. The inelastic rebound of the particles on impact of the airfoil surface is accounted for in the trajectory analysis.
The fluid phase stream function-vorticity equations are solved by a novel method. The computation is performed in a transformed plane where one of the transformed coordinates is the streamline itself. The transformed vorticity equation is solved by the space marching technique.
The analysis yields the change in the blade surface pressure distribution, the total pressure and velocity distributions. Based on this, it is possible to predict the decrease in compressor performance under the presence of particles.
The Use of High Order Languages in High Integrity Certifiable Software
Authors: Young N. J. B. 
Published: April 2015

The use of high order languages for writing software for high integrity control applications is aimed to overcome the problems of slow development, lack of visibility and machine dependence in low order languages, assembly codes and machine codes.
But the use of high order languages has failed to overcome the problem of visibility especially on short word-length machines because of difficulties in identifying undesirable characteristics of the machine code generated from the high order language. These characteristics may be due to faults in complex compilers which are intrinsically error-prone; or may be properties of the “correct” operation of a compiler which generates code which may permit unchecked arithmetic overflows or excessive loss of numerical accuracy. Further, these characteristics may change between issues of a compiler and between versions for different processors. This all slows down software development and makes certification difficult.
This paper discusses techniques for overcoming these problems while maintaining the familiarity and visibility of high order languages. A language designed around these techniques and capable of intrinsically safe software development and modification is discussed.
A Fault Tolerant Digital Control System for Turbo Machinery
Authors: Shetler Terry A. 
Published: April 2015

There are several major factors influencing the development of modern turbomachinery control systems. First, the demand for fuel efficient engines with low emissions creates complex control requirements. Second, unmanned sites or plants where downtime is exceedingly expensive demand controls with high reliability and availability. In addition, there is a desire for controls to be programmable and to have the ability to communicate with data gathering and logging systems.
This paper describes the development and application of a digital control system which answers the above needs.
Relationship Between Fatigue and Changes in Swim Technique During an Exhaustive Swim Exercise
Authors: Bassan Natália M. , César Tadeu E.A.S. , Denadai Benedito S. , Greco Camila C. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:To analyze the relationship between the responses of isometric peak torque (IPT) and maximal rate of force development (RFDmax) with the changes in stroking parameters in an exhaustive exercise performed in front crawl.Methods:Fifteen male swimmers performed, on different days, the following protocols: maximal 400-m trial, strength tests before and after an exhaustive test at 100% of the mean speed obtained during the 400-m test, and the same procedures on day 2.Results:The IPT of elbow flexors (79.9 ± 19.4 and 66.7 ± 20.0 N·m) and elbow extensors (95.1 ± 28.0 N·m and 85.8 ± 30.5 N·m) was decreased after the swim test, as was RFDmax (521.8 ± 198.6 and 426.0 ± 229.9 N·m/s; 420.6 ± 168.2 and 384.0 ± 143.5 N·m/s, respectively). Stroke length decreased during the swim test (1.96 ± 0.22 and 1.68 ± 0.29 m/stroke), while stroke rate increased (37.2 ± 3.14 and 41.3 ± 4.32 strokes/min). The propulsive phases increased while the nonpropulsive phases decreased during the test. Significant correlation was found between the changes in IPT and stroke length, stroke rate and recovery (elbow flexors), and entry and catch phase (elbow extensors). In addition, significant correlation was found between the changes in RFDmax of elbow flexors with the changes in pull and recovery phases.Conclusion:Changes in swim technique during an exhaustive test can be, at least in part, associated with fatigue of the arm muscles.
A Comparison of the Perceptual and Technical Demands of Tennis Training, Simulated Match Play, and Competitive Tournaments
Authors: Murphy Alistair P. , Duffield Rob , Kellett Aaron , Reid Machar 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:High-performance tennis environments aim to prepare athletes for competitive demands through simulated-match scenarios and drills. With a dearth of direct comparisons between training and tournament demands, the current investigation compared the perceptual and technical characteristics of training drills, simulated match play, and tournament matches.Methods:Data were collected from 18 high-performance junior tennis players (gender: 10 male, 8 female; age 16 ± 1.1 y) during 6 ± 2 drill-based training sessions, 5 ± 2 simulated match-play sessions, and 5 ± 3 tournament matches from each participant. Tournament matches were further distinguished by win or loss and against seeded or nonseeded opponents. Notational analysis of stroke and error rates, winners, and serves, along with rating of perceived physical exertion (RPE) and mental exertion was measured postsession.Results:Repeated-measures analyses of variance and effect-size analysis revealed that training sessions were significantly shorter in duration than tournament matches (P < .05, d = 1.18). RPEs during training and simulated matchplay sessions were lower than in tournaments (P > .05; d = 1.26, d = 1.05, respectively). Mental exertion in training was lower than in both simulated match play and tournaments (P > .05; d = 1.10, d = 0.86, respectively). Stroke rates during tournaments exceeded those observed in training (P < .05, d = 3.41) and simulated-match-play (P < .05, d = 1.22) sessions. Furthermore, the serve was used more during tournaments than simulated match play (P < .05, d = 4.28), while errors and winners were similar independent of setting (P > .05, d < 0.80).Conclusions:Training in the form of drills or simulated match play appeared to inadequately replicate tournament demands in this cohort of players. Coaches should be mindful of match demands to best prescribe sessions of relevant duration, as well as internal (RPE) and technical (stroke rate) load, to aid tournament preparation.
Neuromuscular Fatigue and Muscle Damage After a Women’s Rugby Sevens Tournament
Authors: Clarke Anthea C. , Anson Judith M. , Pyne David B. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:To examine relationships between on-field game movement patterns and changes in markers of neuromuscular fatigue and muscle damage during a 2-d women’s rugby sevens tournament.Methods:Female national (mean ± SD n = 12, 22.3 ± 2.5 y, 1.67 ± 0.04 m, 65.8 ± 4.6 kg) and state (n = 10, 24.4 ± 4.3 y, 1.67 ± 0.03 m, 66.1 ± 7.9 kg) representative players completed baseline testing for lower-body neuromuscular function (countermovement-jump [CMJ] test), muscle damage (capillary creatine kinase [CK]), perceived soreness, and perceived recovery. Testing was repeated after games on days 1 and 2 of the tournament. GPS (5-Hz) data were collected throughout the tournament (4−6 games/player).Results:National players were involved in greater on-field movements for total time, distance, high-speed running (>5 m/s), and impacts >10 g (effect size [ES] = 0.55−0.97) and displayed a smaller decrement in performance from day 1 to day 2. Despite this, state players had a much greater 4-fold increase (ΔCK = 737 U/L) in CK compared with the 2-fold increase (ΔCK = 502 U/L) in national players (ES = 0.73). Both groups had similar perceived soreness and recovery while CMJ performance was unchanged. High-speed running and impacts >10 g were largely correlated (r = .66−.91) with ΔCK for both groups.Conclusion:A 2-day women’s rugby sevens tournament elicits substantial muscle damage; however, there was little change in lower-body neuromuscular function. Modest increases in CK can largely be attributed to high-speed running and impacts >10 g that players typically endure.
Etest Cannot Be Recommended for
In Vitro
Susceptibility Testing of Mucorales
Authors: Caramalho Rita , Maurer Elisabeth , Binder Ulrike , Araújo Ricardo , Dolatabadi Somayeh , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Lackner Michaela 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Amphotericin B and posaconazole susceptibility patterns were determined for the most prevalent Mucorales, following EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) broth microdilution guidelines. In parallel, Etest was performed and evaluated against EUCAST. The overall agreement of MICs gained with Etest and EUCAST was 75.1%; therefore, Etest cannot be recommended for antifungal susceptibility testing of Mucorales. Amphotericin B was the most active drug against Mucorales species
in vitro
, while the activities of posaconazole were more restricted.
Pharmacokinetics of Dolutegravir in a Premature Neonate after HIV Treatment Intensification during Pregnancy
Authors: Pain J. B. , Lê M. P. , Caseris M. , Amiel C. , Lassel L. , Charpentier C. , Desnoyer A. , Farnoux C. , Pialoux G. , Descamps D. , Peytavin G. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
We describe the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir (DTG) in a premature neonate after maternal intensification of an antiretroviral (ARV) regimen by adding DTG. During the last 2 weeks of pregnancy, the ARV was tenofovir-emtricitabine, atazanavir-ritonavir, and DTG (50 mg once daily). From the interaction between atazanavir and DTG via CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 and placental efflux transporter inhibition and considering the infant's probable enzymatic immaturity, the DTG elimination half-life was estimated to be 4-fold longer in neonates than in adults.
In Vivo
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Valnemulin in an Experimental Intratracheal Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection Model
Authors: Xiao Xia , Sun Jian , Yang Tao , Fang Xi , Wu Dong , Xiong Yan Q. , Cheng Jie , Chen Yi , Shi Wei , Liu Ya-Hong 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Valnemulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic derivative, is greatly active against
Mycoplasma
. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of valnemulin against
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
in a neutropenic intratracheal model in chickens using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) method. The PK of valnemulin after intramuscular (i.m.) administration at doses of 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight in
M. gallisepticum
-infected neutropenic chickens was evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used for quantitative detection of
M. gallisepticum
. The ratio of the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve divided by the MIC (AUC
24
/MIC) correlated well with the
in vivo
antibacterial effectiveness of valnemulin (
R
2
= 0.9669). The AUC
24
/MIC ratios for mycoplasmastasis (a reduction of 0 log
10
color-changing unit [CCU] equivalents/ml), a reduction of 1 log
10
CCU equivalents/ml, and a reduction of 2.5 log
10
CCU equivalents/ml are 28,820, 38,030, and 56,256, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that valnemulin at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg resulted in a reduction of 2.5 log
10
CCU equivalents/ml. These investigations provide a solid foundation for the usage of valnemulin in poultry with
M. gallisepticum
infections.
Homology Modeling of NAD
+
-Dependent DNA Ligase of the Wolbachia Endosymbiont of Brugia malayi and Its Drug Target Potential Using Dispiro-Cycloalkanones
Authors: Shrivastava Nidhi , Nag Jeetendra K. , Pandey Jyoti , Tripathi Rama Pati , Shah Priyanka , Siddiqi Mohammad Imran , Misra-Bhattacharya Shailja 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Lymphatic filarial nematodes maintain a mutualistic relationship with the endosymbiont
Wolbachia
. Depletion of
Wolbachia
produces profound defects in nematode development, fertility, and viability and thus has great promise as a novel approach for treating filarial diseases. NAD
+
-dependent DNA ligase is an essential enzyme of DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Therefore, in the present study, the antifilarial drug target potential of the NAD
+
-dependent DNA ligase of the
Wolbachia
symbiont of
Brugia malayi
(
w
Bm-LigA) was investigated using dispiro-cycloalkanone compounds. Dispiro-cycloalkanone specifically inhibited the nick-closing and cohesive-end ligation activities of the enzyme without inhibiting human or T4 DNA ligase. The mode of inhibition was competitive with the NAD
+
cofactor. Docking studies also revealed the interaction of these compounds with the active site of the target enzyme. The adverse effects of these inhibitors were observed on adult and microfilarial stages of
B. malayi
in vitro
, and the most active compounds were further monitored
in vivo
in jirds and mastomys rodent models. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 had severe adverse effects
in vitro
on the motility of both adult worms and microfilariae at low concentrations. Compound 2 was the best inhibitor, with the lowest 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) (1.02 μM), followed by compound 5 (IC
50
, 2.3 μM) and compound 1 (IC
50
, 2.9 μM). These compounds also exhibited the same adverse effect on adult worms and microfilariae
in vivo
(
P
< 0.05). These compounds also tremendously reduced the wolbachial load, as evident by quantitative real-time PCR (
P
< 0.05).
w
Bm-LigA thus shows great promise as an antifilarial drug target, and dispiro-cycloalkanone compounds show great promise as antifilarial lead candidates.
Praziquantel in a Clay Nanoformulation Shows More Bioavailability and Higher Efficacy against Murine Schistosoma mansoni Infection
Authors: El-Feky Gina S. , Mohamed Wael S. , Nasr Hanaa E. , El-Lakkany Naglaa M. , Seif el-Din Sayed H. , Botros Sanaa S. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Consideration of existing compounds always simplifies and shortens the long and difficult process of discovering new drugs specifically for diseases of developing countries, an approach that may add to the significant potential cost savings. This study focused on improving the biological characteristics of the already-existing antischistosomal praziquantel (PZQ) by incorporating it into montmorillonite (MMT) clay as a delivery carrier to overcome its known bioavailability drawbacks. The oral bioavailability of a PZQ-MMT clay nanoformulation and its
in vivo
efficacy against
Schistosoma mansoni
were investigated. The PZQ-MMT clay nanoformulation provided a preparation with a controlled release rate, a decrease in crystallinity, and an appreciable reduction in particle size. Uninfected and infected mice treated with PZQ-MMT clay showed 3.61- and 1.96-fold and 2.16- and 1.94-fold increases, respectively, in area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 h (AUC
0–8
) and maximum concentration of drug in serum (
C
max
), with a decrease in elimination rate constant (
k
el
) by 2.84- and 1.35-fold and increases in the absorption rate constant (

k
a

) and half-life (
t

1/2
e

) by 2.11- and 1.51-fold and 2.86- and 1.34-fold, respectively, versus the corresponding conventional PZQ-treated groups. This improved bioavailability has been expressed in higher efficacy of the drug, where the dose necessary to kill 50% of the worms was reduced by >3-fold (PZQ 50% effective dose [ED
50
] was 20.25 mg/kg of body weight for PZQ-MMT clay compared to 74.07 mg/kg for conventional PZQ), with significant reduction in total tissue egg load and increase in total immature, mature, and dead eggs in most of the drug-treated groups. This formulation showed better bioavailability, enhanced antischistosomal efficacy, and a safer profile despite the longer period of residence in the systemic circulation. Although the conventional drug's toxicity was not examined, animal mortality rates were not different between groups receiving the test PZQ-clay nanoformulation and conventional PZQ.
Ibuprofen Potentiates the
In Vivo
Antifungal Activity of Fluconazole against Candida albicans Murine Infection
Authors: Costa-de-Oliveira Sofia , Miranda Isabel M. , Silva-Dias Ana , Silva Ana P. , Rodrigues Acácio G. , Pina-Vaz Cidália 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
is the most prevalent cause of fungemia worldwide. Its ability to develop resistance in patients receiving azole antifungal therapy is well documented. In a murine model of systemic infection, we show that ibuprofen potentiates fluconazole antifungal activity against a fluconazole-resistant strain, drastically reducing the fungal burden and morbidity. The therapeutic combination of fluconazole with ibuprofen may constitute a new approach for the management of antifungal therapeutics to reverse the resistance conferred by efflux pump overexpression.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Strain CECT 7210, a Probiotic Strain Active against Rotavirus Infections
Authors: Chenoll Empar , Rivero Montserrat , Codoñer Francisco M. , Martinez-Blanch Juan F. , Ramón Daniel , Genovés Salvador , Moreno Muñoz Jose Antonio 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Bifidobacterium longum
subsp. infantis CECT 7210 is a probiotic strain able to inhibit rotavirus
in vitro
and protect against viral infection in both cell cultures and mice. Here, we report its complete genome sequence, as deciphered by PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. An analysis of the sequence may provide insights into its functional activity.