bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of comorbid polysubstance use and mental health disorders in young adults—a latent class analysis
Authors: Salom Caroline L. , Betts Kim S. , Williams Gail M. , Najman Jackob M. , Alati Rosa 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimThe co‐occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders adds complexity to already‐significant health burdens. This study tests whether mental health disorders group differently across substance use disorder types and compares associations of early factors with the development of differing comorbidities.DesignConsecutive antenatal clinic attendees were recruited to the longitudinal Mater‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Mother/offspring dyads were followed over 21 years.SettingMater‐Misericordiae Public Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.ParticipantsMUSP offspring with maternal baseline information (n = 7223), offspring behaviour data at 14 (n = 4815) and psychiatric diagnoses at 21 (n = 2575).MeasurementsThe Composite International Diagnostic Interview yielded life‐time diagnoses of mental health (MH) and substance use (SU) disorders for offspring, then latent class modelling predicted membership of polydisorder groups. We fitted the resulting estimates in multinomial logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal smoking, drinking and mental health, adolescent drinking, smoking and behaviour and mother–child closeness.FindingsFit indices [Bayesian information criterion (BIC) = 12 415; Akaike information criterion (AIC) = 12 234] from LCA supported a four‐class solution: low disorder (73.6%), MH/low SU disorder (10.6%), alcohol/cannabis/low MH disorder (12.2%) and poly SU/moderate MH disorder (3.5%). Adolescent drinking predicted poly SU/MH disorders [odds ratio (OR) = 3.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–7.84], while externalizing predicted membership of both SU disorder groups (ORalcohol/cannabis = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.11–3.75; ORpolysubstance = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.1–6.08). Maternal smoking during pregnancy predicted MH (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06–2.23) and alcohol/cannabis‐use disorders (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.22–2.45). Low maternal warmth predicted mental health disorders only (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.32–3.71).ConclusionsMental health disorders are more likely in young adults with polysubstance use disorders than those with alcohol/cannabis use disorders. Predictors of comorbid mental health/polysubstance use disorders differ from those for alcohol/cannabis use disorders, and are detectable during adolescence.
Drug use in Australian nightlife settings: estimation of prevalence and validity of self‐report
Authors: Miller Peter , Curtis Ashlee , Jenkinson Rebecca , Droste Nicolas , Bowe Steven J. , Pennay Amy 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of illicit drug use in night‐time entertainment districts across five major cities in Australia; and (2) validate self‐reported drug use using biochemical marker oral swabs.DesignStreet intercept surveys and oral drug swabs conducted over a 7‐month period during 2011–12.SettingThe night‐time entertainment districts of three metropolitan cities (Sydney, Melbourne and Perth) and two regional cities (Wollongong and Geelong) in Australia, between the hours of 10 p.m. and 5 a.m.ParticipantsA total of 7581 individuals agreed to participate in the survey (93% response rate). More than half (62%) the sample was male, with a median age of 22 years (range 18–73).MeasurementsPatrons were approached in thoroughfares and while entering and leaving licensed venues. Data collected included demographics and current session alcohol and other substance use. Drug swabs (n = 401) were performed with a subsample of participants.FindingsApproximately 9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 7–12%] of participants self‐reported consumption of illicit or non‐prescribed pharmaceutical drugs prior to interview; of those, 81% identified psychostimulants as the drug used. One in five drug swabs returned a positive result, with psychostimulants the most commonly detected drugs (15%; 95% CI = 12–19%). Kappa statistics indicate agreement between self‐report of any illicit drug and a positive drug swab is in the slight range [κ = 0.12 (95% CI = 0.05–0.20) P = 0.000].ConclusionsSelf‐report findings suggest drug use in Australian nightlife is common, although still very much a minority past‐time. Drug swabs indicate a higher prevalence of use (20%) than self‐report (9%), which suggests that self‐reported drug use may not be reliable in this context.
The effect of alcohol outlets, sales and trading hours on alcohol‐related injuries presenting at emergency departments in Perth, Australia, from 2002 to 2010
Authors: Hobday Michelle , Chikritzhs Tanya , Liang Wenbin , Meuleners Lynn 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsFew studies have investigated the combined effects of alcohol sales, outlet numbers and trading hours on alcohol‐related harms. This study aimed to test whether associations: (i) exist between alcohol‐related emergency department (ED) injuries and alcohol sales and counts of outlets; (ii) vary between on‐ and off‐premises outlets; and (iii) vary by trading hours conditions [extended trading permits (ETP) versus standard hours].DesignPanel study using 117 postcodes over 8 years (2002–10): 936 data points.SettingPerth, Australia.ParticipantsED injury presentations, aggregated to postcode‐level.MeasurementsAlcohol‐related injuries were identified using time‐based surrogate measures: night injuries (n = 51 241) and weekend night injuries (n = 30 682). Measures of alcohol availability included number of outlets with standard and extended trading hours and mean sales per postcode. Negative binomial regression modelling with random effects was used to examine associations between availability and alcohol‐related injury, controlling for socio‐demographic characteristics.Findings(i) Night injuries were associated significantly with counts of on‐premises outlets [incident rate ratio (IRR) = 1.046; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.014–1.078] and sales per off‐premises outlet (IRR = 1.019; 95% CI = 1.004–1.035); (ii) counts of on‐premises outlets were positively associated with alcohol‐related injury while counts of off‐premises outlets indicated a negative association; and (iii) weekend night injuries increased by about 5% per on‐premises outlet with an ETP (IRR = 1.049; 95% CI = 1.015–1.084) and by less than 1% for outlets with standard trading hours (IRR = 1.008; 95% CI = 1.004–1.013).ConclusionsRegions of Perth, Australia with greater off‐premises alcohol sales and counts of on‐premises alcohol outlets, particularly those with extended trading hours, appear to have higher levels of alcohol‐related injuries.
Environmental Pollutant Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether, a Flame Retardant, Induces Primary Amnion Cell Senescence
Authors: Behnia Faranak , Peltier Morgan R. , Saade George R. , Menon Ramkumar 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivePolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are documented to increase the risk for spontaneous preterm birth (PTB). We hypothesize that PBDEs cause oxidative stress (OS) that leads to fetal cell senescence and inflammation associated with PTB.MethodsPrimary amnion epithelial cells (n = 5) isolated from term, not in labor pregnancies, were exposed to PBDE congeners 47 and 99 (each 5 μm). ROS kinetics was monitored. Morphologic changes, phospho‐p38 MAPK (P‐p38) activation, development of senescence, and induction of uterotonins (COX‐2 expression) were quantified using light microscopy, Western blot, senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA β‐gal) staining, and qRT‐PCR, respectively, after 48 and 72 hr of exposure.ResultsBoth PBDE congeners induced ROS within 2 min compared to controls (P < 0.05). P‐p38 activation was significant after PBDE‐99 treatment than controls (P < 0.05). After 72 hr of treatment, both PBDE‐treated cells showed cell death‐associated morphologic changes with significantly higher SA β‐gal‐stained cells than control. COX‐2 expression was higher after 72 hr of treatment with PBDE‐99. Overall, the PBDE‐99 response was more pronounced than PBDE‐47.ConclusionsCongener‐dependent OS response, p38 MAPK activation, senescence, and COX‐2 expression were seen in human amnion cells by PBDEs. These findings demonstrate environment pollutant‐induced senescence activation and inflammation can lead to pathways resulting in PTB.
URB937, a peripherally restricted inhibitor for fatty acid amide hydrolase, reduces prostaglandin E2‐induced bladder overactivity and hyperactivity of bladder mechano‐afferent nerve fibres in rats
Authors: Aizawa Naoki , Gandaglia Giorgio , Hedlund Petter , Fujimura Tetsuya , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Montorsi Francesco , Homma Yukio , Igawa Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo determine if inhibition of the endocannabinoid‐degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) can counteract the changes in urodynamic variables and bladder afferent activities induced by intravesical prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) instillation in rats.Materials and methodsIn female Sprague–Dawley rats we studied the effects of URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, on single‐unit afferent activity (SAA) during PGE2‐induced bladder overactivity (BO). SAA measurements were made in urethane‐anaesthetised rats and Aδ‐ and C‐fibres were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by bladder distention. Cystometry (CMG) in conscious animals and during SAA measurements was performed during intravesical instillation of PGE2 (50 or 100 μm) after intravenous administration of URB937 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. In separate experiments, the comparative expressions of FAAH and cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in microsurgically removed L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were studied by immunofluorescence.ResultsDuring CMG, 1 mg/kg URB937, but not vehicle or 0.1 mg/kg URB937, counteracted the PGE2‐induced changes in urodynamic variables. PGE2 increased the SAAs of C‐fibres, but not Aδ‐fibres. URB937 (1 mg/kg) depressed Aδ‐fibre SAA and abolished the facilitated C‐fibre SAA induced by PGE2. The DRG nerve cells showed strong staining for FAAH, CB1 and CB2, with a mean (sem) of 77 (2)% and 87 (3)% of FAAH‐positive nerve cell bodies co‐expressing CB1 or CB2 immunofluorescence, respectively.ConclusionThe present results show that URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, reduces BO and C‐fibre hyperactivity in the rat bladder provoked by PGE2, suggesting an important role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in BO and hypersensitivity.
Prognostic value of Caveolin‐1 in patients treated with radical prostatectomy: a multicentric validation study
Authors: Mathieu Romain , Klatte Tobias , Lucca Ilaria , Mbeutcha Aurélie , Seitz Christian , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Fajkovic Harun , Sun Maxine , Lotan Yair , Scherr Douglas S. , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto , Rouprêt Morgan , Margulis Vitaly , Rink Michael , Kluth Luis A. , Rieken Malte , Kenner Lukas , Susani Martin , Robinson Brian D. , Xylinas Evanguelos , Loidl Wolgang , Shariat Shahrokh F. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo validate Caveolin‐1 as an independent prognostic marker of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in a large multi‐institutional cohort of patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).Patients and MethodsCaveolin‐1 expression was evaluated by immunochemistry on a tissue microarray in 3 117 patients treated with RP for prostate cancer at five institutions. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models assessed the association of Caveolin‐1 status with BCR. Harrell's c‐index quantified prognostic accuracy.ResultsCaveolin‐1 was overexpressed in 644 (20.6%) patients and was associated with higher pathological Gleason sum (P = 0.002) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.05). Within a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 38 (21–66) months, 617 (19.8%) patients experienced BCR. Patients with overexpression of Caveolin‐1 had worse BCR‐free survival than those with normal expression (log‐rank test, P = 0.004). Caveolin‐1 was an independent predictor of BCR in multivariable analyses that adjusted for the effects of standard clinicopathological features (hazard ratio 1.21, P = 0.037). Addition of Caveolin‐1 in a model for prediction of BCR based on these standard prognosticators did not significantly improve the predictive accuracy of the model. In subgroup analyses, Caveolin‐1 was associated with BCR in patients with favourable pathological features (pT2pN0 and Gleason score = 6; P = 0.021).ConclusionsWe confirmed that overexpression of Caveolin‐1 is associated with adverse pathological features in prostate cancer and independently predicts BCR after RP, especially in patients with favourable pathological features. However, it did not add prognostically relevant information to established predictors of BCR, limiting its use in clinical practice.
Functional role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channel in the urinary bladder assessed by conscious cystometry and ex vivo measurements of single‐unit mechanosensitive bladder afferent activities in the rat
Authors: Ito Hiroki , Aizawa Naoki , Sugiyama Rino , Watanabe Shuzo , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Tajimi Masaomi , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Homma Yukio , Kubota Yoshinobu , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Igawa Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel on bladder mechanosensory function by using L‐menthol, a TRPM8 agonist, and RQ‐00203078 (RQ), a selective TRPM8 antagonist.Materials and methodsFemale Sprague–Dawley rats were used. In conscious cystometry (CMG), the effects of intravesical instillation of L‐menthol (3 mm) were recorded after intravenous (i.v.) pretreatment with RQ (3 mg/kg) or vehicle. The direct effects of RQ on conscious CMG and deep body temperature were evaluated with cumulative i.v. administrations of RQ at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg. Single‐unit mechanosensitive bladder afferent activities (SAAs) were monitored in a newly established ex vivo rat bladder model to avoid systemic influences of the drugs. Recordings were performed after cumulative intra‐aortic administration of RQ (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) with or without intra‐vesical L‐menthol instillation (3 mm).ResultsIntravesical L‐menthol decreased bladder capacity and voided volume, which was counteracted by RQ‐pretreatment. RQ itself increased bladder capacity and voided volume, and lowered deep body temperature in a dose‐dependent manner. RQ decreased mechanosensitive SAAs of C‐fibres, and inhibited the activation of SAAs induced by intravesical L‐menthol.ConclusionOur results suggest that TRPM8 channels have a role in activation of bladder afferent pathways during filling of the bladder in the normal rat. This effect seems, at least partly, to be mediated via mechanosensitive C‐fibres.
Proposed prognostic scoring system evaluating risk factors for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after salvage radiation therapy
Authors: Lee Richard J. , Tzou Katherine S. , Heckman Michael G. , Hobbs Corey J. , Rawal Bhupendra , Diehl Nancy N. , Peterson Jennifer L. , Paryani Nitesh N. , Ko Stephen J. , Daugherty Larry C. , Vallow Laura A. , Wong William , Schild Steven , Pisansky Thomas M. , Buskirk Steven J. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo update a previously proposed prognostic scoring system that predicts risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after salvage radiation therapy (SRT) for recurrent prostate cancer when using additional patients and a PSA value of 0.2 ng/mL and rising as the definition of BCR.Patients and MethodsWe included 577 patients who received SRT for a rising PSA after radical prostatectomy in this retrospective cohort study. Clinical, pathological, and SRT characteristics were evaluated for association with BCR using relative risks (RRs) from multivariable Cox regression models.ResultsWith a median follow‐up of 5.5 years after SRT, 354 patients (61%) experienced BCR. At 5 years after SRT, 40% of patients were free of BCR. Independent associations with BCR were identified for the PSA level before SRT (RR [doubling]: 1.25, P < 0.001), pathological tumour stage (RR [T3a vs T2] 1.21, P = 0.19; RR [T3b/T4 vs T2] 2.09, P < 0.001; overall P < 0.001), Gleason score (RR [7 vs <7] 1.63, P < 0.001; RR [8–10 vs <7] 2.28, P < 0.001; overall P < 0.001), and surgical margin status (RR [positive vs negative] 0.71, P = 0.003). We combined these four variables to create a prognostic scoring system that predicted BCR risk with a c‐index of 0.66. Scores ranged from 0 to 7, and 5‐year freedom from BCR for different levels of the score was as follows: Score = 0–1: 66%, Score = 2: 46%, Score = 3: 28%, Score = 4: 19%, and Score = 5–7: 15%.ConclusionWe developed a scoring system that provides an estimation of the risk of BCR after SRT. These findings will be useful for patients and physicians in decision making for radiation therapy in the salvage setting.
Sendai virus‐mediated expression of reprogramming factors promotes plasticity of human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Islam S. M. Rafiqul , Suenaga Yusuke , Takatori Atsushi , Ueda Yasuji , Kaneko Yoshiki , Kawana Hidetada , Itami Makiko , Ohira Miki , Yokoi Sana , Nakagawara Akira 
Published: July 2015

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor that originates from multipotent neural crest cells. NB cell populations that express embryonic stem cell‐associated genes have been identified and shown to retain a multipotent phenotype. However, whether somatic reprogramming of NB cells can produce similar stem‐cell like populations is unknown. Here, we sought to reprogram NB cell lines using an integration‐free Sendai virus vector system. Of four NB cell lines examined, only SH‐IN cells formed induced pluripotent stem cell‐like colonies (SH‐IN 4F colonies) at approximately 6 weeks following transduction. These SH‐IN 4F colonies were alkaline phosphatase‐positive. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis indicated identical genomic aberrations in the SH‐IN 4F cells as in the parental cells. SH‐IN 4F cells had the ability to differentiate into the three embryonic germ layers in vitro, but rather formed NBs in vivo. Furthermore, SH‐IN 4F cells exhibited resistance to cisplatin treatment and differentiated into endothelial‐like cells expressing CD31 in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor. These results suggest that SH‐IN 4F cells are partially reprogrammed NB cells, and could be a suitable model for investigating the plasticity of aggressive tumors.
Persistence of Initial Misanalysis With No Referential Ambiguity
Authors: Nakamura Chie , Arai Manabu 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPrevious research reported that in processing structurally ambiguous sentences comprehenders often preserve an initial incorrect analysis even after adopting a correct analysis following structural disambiguation. One criticism is that the sentences tested in previous studies involved referential ambiguity and allowed comprehenders to make inferences about the initial interpretation using pragmatic information, suggesting the possibility that the initial analysis persisted due to comprehenders' pragmatic inference but not to their failure to perform complete reanalysis of the initial misanalysis. Our study investigated this by testing locally ambiguous relative clause sentences in Japanese, in which the initial misinterpretation contradicts the correct interpretation. Our study using a self‐paced reading technique demonstrated evidence for the persistence of the initial analysis with this structure. The results from an eye‐tracking study further suggested that the phenomenon directly reflected the amount of support given to the initial incorrect analysis prior to disambiguating information: The more supported the incorrect main clause analysis was, the more likely comprehenders were to preserve the analysis even after the analysis was falsified. Our results thus demonstrated that the preservation of the initial analysis occurs not due to referential ambiguities but to comprehenders' difficulty to fully revise the highly supported initial interpretation.
Neuro‐oscillatory mechanisms of intersensory selective attention and task switching in school‐aged children, adolescents and young adults
Authors: Murphy Jeremy W. , Foxe John J. , Molholm Sophie 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe ability to attend to one among multiple sources of information is central to everyday functioning. Just as central is the ability to switch attention among competing inputs as the task at hand changes. Such processes develop surprisingly slowly, such that even into adolescence, we remain slower and more error prone at switching among tasks compared to young adults. The amplitude of oscillations in the alpha band (~8–14 Hz) tracks the top‐down deployment of attention, and there is growing evidence that alpha can act as a suppressive mechanism to bias attention away from distracting sensory input. Moreover, the amplitude of alpha has also been shown to be sensitive to the demands of switching tasks. To understand the neural basis of protracted development of these executive functions, we recorded high‐density electrophysiology from school‐aged children (8–12 years), adolescents (13–17), and young adults (18–34) as they performed a cued inter‐sensory selective attention task. The youngest participants showed increased susceptibility to distracting inputs that was especially evident when switching tasks. Concordantly, they showed weaker and delayed onset of alpha modulation compared to the older groups. Thus the flexible and efficient deployment of alpha to bias competition among attentional sets remains underdeveloped in school‐aged children.
Risky visuomotor choices during rapid reaching in childhood
Authors: Dekker Tessa M. , Nardini Marko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMany everyday actions are implicit gambles because imprecisions in our visuomotor systems place probabilities on our success or failure. Choosing optimal action strategies involves weighting the costs and gains of potential outcomes by their corresponding probabilities, and requires stable representations of one's own imprecisions. How this ability is acquired during development in childhood when visuomotor skills change drastically is unknown. In a rewarded rapid reaching task, 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children followed ‘risk‐seeking’ strategies leading to overly high point‐loss. Adults' performance, in contrast, was close to optimal. Children's errors were not explained by distorted estimates of value or probability, but may reflect different action selection criteria or immature integration of value and probability information while planning movements. These findings provide a starting point for understanding children's risk‐taking in everyday visuomotor situations when suboptimal choices can be dangerous. Moreover, children's risky visuomotor decisions mirror those reported for non‐motor gambles, raising the possibility that common processes underlie development across decision‐making domains.