bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The conundrum of eclampsia and fitness to drive
Authors: Barrett Helen L. , Nitert Dekker Marloes , Lust Karin , Fagermo Narelle , Wolski Penny , Callaway Leonie K. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundAustralian Fitness to Drive guidelines suggest that anyone who has had a seizure of any kind in the context of a ‘metabolic’ disorder should avoid driving for a period of 6 months. The special case of eclampsia is not mentioned.AimsIn this study, we aimed to assess what advice healthcare professionals involved in the peripartum care of women provide to women who have an eclamptic seizure, what investigations they would conduct to exclude other causes of seizures and their level of awareness of whether eclampsia was addressed in the Australian Fitness to Drive guidelines.Materials and MethodsA survey of 165 healthcare professionals attending the 2012 Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand annual scientific meeting. Participants included registered nurses, midwives, consultant obstetricians, consultant physicians, doctors in training and others, interested in medical disorders of pregnancy.ResultsOne hundred and nine conference attendees completed the survey (response rate 66.1%). 58 respondents (53.2%) had cared for 5 or more women with peripartum seizures, and 23 respondents (21.1%) had cared for 10 or more women with peripartum seizures. 46 respondents (42.2%) had never considered the issue of driving after an eclamptic seizure. For those who had considered the issue, advice ranged from no restriction (n = 5, 4.6%), no driving for 1–2 weeks (n = 14, 12.8%), no driving for 3 months (n = 20, 18.4%) or no driving for 6 months (n = 6, 5.5%).ConclusionsMany healthcare professionals caring for women with peripartum seizures have not considered issues relating to fitness to drive after an eclamptic seizure. There is a wide range of advice provided. Better prospective data are required regarding the risk of subsequent seizure after eclampsia, to inform clear fitness to drive guidelines.
Let us make God our banker: Ethics, temporality, and agency in a Ugandan charity home
Authors: SCHERZ CHINA 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFaith in divine intervention affects the ethical and temporal orientations of a community of East African nuns managing a charity home in Central Uganda and leads them to make programmatic decisions that put them at odds with mainstream approaches in development and humanitarianism. By demonstrating that their resistance to long‐term planning and audit practices is not the product of material privation or ignorance but, rather, a consciously developed orientation toward time and agency, I bring together concerns from the anthropology of religion and the anthropology of development. Further, by seeking to explain how the sisters come to hold their particular beliefs, I move beyond the elucidation of doctrine to show how mundane forms of practice are central to the formation of ethical subjectivity.
Polluted money, polluted wealth: Emerging regimes of value in the Mongolian gold rush
Authors: HIGH METTE M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn Mongolia's gold rush economy, money has become such an emphatically localized and contentious object that its cash value cannot be presumed. Drawing on Mongolian notions of “polluted money,” I argue that, in this context, cash value is determined not only by a banknote's status as legal tender but also by local understandings of its materiality. Confronted with the intense pollution that attaches to gold miners’ money, shopkeepers change the face value of the money and effectively set higher prices in a region with increasing numbers of dependent customers. Rather than challenging or subverting money's national indexicality, this redenomination of state currency reflects people's critical position within a troubled economy of pollution. This case demonstrates that currency, like any other object, is a social medium that is intimately tied to the physical and cosmological world.
“It seemed like a punishment”: Teacher transfers, hollow nationalism, and the intimate state in Eritrea
Authors: RIGGAN JENNIFER 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDiscourses of the punishing state that circulated in Eritrea at a time when the government had become increasingly coercive were articulated especially clearly in debates over teacher transfers. Teachers imagined the state on the basis of their intimate encounters with its bureaucrats, who were thought of as capable of punishing, manipulating, or being manipulated. In a country once noted for the effervescent, revolutionary celebration of the state's capacity to defend and develop the nation, thinking of the state as pernicious challenged the core tenets of Eritrean nationalism but left intact lingering fantasies of state fairness. By examining the complexity of debates about teacher transfers, I uncover a multifaceted commentary on government power, a dialogue over the nature and meaning of the notion of duty to the nation, and a reworked popular imaginary of the state.
Crossing Mexico: Structural violence and the commodification of undocumented Central American migrants
Authors: VOGT WENDY A. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe undocumented‐migrant journey across Mexico has become a site of intense violence, exploitation, and profit making within the logics of capitalism. While transnational migration is often conceptualized from the perspective of sending and receiving communities and borderlands, I suggest the liminal spaces between these zones are crucial sites for understanding how structural forms of violence are reconfigured in local settings. Drawing on my ethnographic fieldwork in migrant shelters located along the journey, I trace how Central American migrants’ bodies, labor, and lives are transformed into commodities within economies of smuggling, extortion, and humanitarian aid. I argue that everyday violence along the journey is produced by historical trajectories of political and criminal violence and by local and global economies that profit from human mobility. As violence is rearticulated at the local level, new tensions and social dislocations emerge between and among social groups.
Impact of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy on Atrial Electromechanical Delay and P‐Wave Dispersion in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Bayır Pınar Türker , Demirkan Burcu , Bayır Ömer , Duyuler Serkan , Fırat Hikmet , Güray Ümit , Güray Yeşim , Tatar Emel Çadallı 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been shown to be associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Prolongation of inter‐ and intraatrial conduction times during sinus rhythm has also been shown to be related to AF generation. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective treatment modality of OSA.MethodsTwenty‐four OSA patients diagnosed through polysomnography and 18 controls were included in the study. The basal inter‐ and intraatrial electromechanic delays prior to onset of the therapy were measured using tissue Doppler imaging. P‐wave dispersion (Pd) was calculated on the basis of 12‐lead electrocardiography. Same measurements were performed in OSA patients 6 months after the initiation of the therapy.ResultsInteratrial (39.2 ± 8 vs. 21.1 ± 2.8 ms, P < 0.001), left intraatrial (20.5 ± 7.2 vs. 11.1 ± 2 ms, P = 0.003), and right intraatrial electromechanical delays (20.7 ± 11 vs. 10 ± 2.6 ms, P < 0.001) prior to CPAP therapy were found to be significantly greater in OSA group as compared with the controls. Pd was also greater in the OSA group as compared with the controls (44 ± 7 vs. 28.5 ± 4 ms, P < 0.001). However, significant improvement has been noted after 6 months of CPAP therapy in interatrial (P < 0.0001), left intraatrial (P = 0.002), and right intraatrial electromechanical delays (P < 0.0001) as well as in Pd (P < 0.0001) as compared to baseline values in patients with OSA.ConclusionOur findings suggested that CPAP therapy provides more homogenous conduction through atria in patients with OSA. This effect may translate into decreased risk for AF associated with OSA.
An Analysis of the U‐Wave and Its Relation to the T‐Wave in Body Surface Potential Maps for Healthy Subjects and MI Patients
Authors: Fereniec Małgorzata , Stix Günter , Kania Michał , Mroczka Tomasz , Maniewski Roman 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the U‐wave morphology and its relation to the T‐wave in one group of healthy subjects and in two groups of myocardial infarction (MI) patients—with and without ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes. The context of the U‐wave origin was also discussed and the U‐wave as a potential marker of VT was investigated.MethodsThe study was carried out on three groups of subjects: 20 healthy subjects, 14 MI patients not at risk of VT, and 22 MI patients at risk of VT. The morphology of the repolarization phase was examined in the high‐resolution body surface potential maps recorded from 64 surface ECG leads. The temporal and spatial distributions of several ECG parameters were studied.ResultsThe U‐wave was present in almost all the studied subjects. The spatial heterogeneity and smooth change in both the T‐ and U‐wave shapes on the entire torso were observed in all the studied groups. The statistical significance of discrimination between the MI patients without VT and MI patients with VT was observed for QRS interval, QT interval, U‐wave integral, and normalized U‐wave integral.ConclusionsHigh‑resolution measurement of body surface potentials and an advanced data analysis allow for a detailed description of U‐wave morphology and its relation to the T‐wave. This might be of value in discriminating intracardiac repolarization effects, mechano‑electrical feedback, and arrhythmia risk stratification.
A review of overgeneral memory in child psychopathology
Authors: Hitchcock Caitlin , Nixon Reginald D.V. , Weber Nathan 
Published: November 2013

ObjectivesOvergeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) refers to the impaired retrieval of specific events from autobiographical memory. This review examined OGM in children and adolescents to answer three main questions. First, do children demonstrate OGM? Second, how does the experience of OGM relate to childhood trauma and associated psychopathology? Third, is the CaR‐FA‐X model (Williams et al., 2007) able to explain OGM in child psychopathology once developmental issues have been considered?MethodArticles were identified in PsycINFO and PubMed searches using the terms overgeneral memory AND children, autobiographical memory specificity AND children, and autobiographical memory AND children. The authors reviewed 21 articles that examined OGM in young people aged 7–18 years. Effect sizes were calculated for each study.ResultsThe review demonstrated consistent support for a relationship with trauma exposure and depression symptoms in childhood. Furthermore, OGM was found to predict depression symptoms. Limited support was provided for the efficacy of the CaR‐FA‐X model in young people.ConclusionsFuture research will need to examine the influence of trauma characteristics on OGM development, along with the relationship of OGM to depression prognosis. Further investigation of the CaR‐FA‐X model is required and developmental aspects will need to be taken into account.Practitioner points

Overgeneral memory is evident in trauma‐exposed children.

Overgeneral memory offers a potential intervention point for depression.

Further theoretical understanding of overgeneral memory is needed.

The effects of trauma characteristics on overgeneral memory are unexplored.
Midkine and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Takeuchi Hideyuki 
Published: November 2013

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurological disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination with subsequent neuronal damage in the CNS. MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been thought as autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cell‐mediated diseases. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T‐cell (Treg) plays a pivotal role in autoimmune tolerance, and tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCreg) drive the development of inducible Treg cells. Thus, a dysfunction in the development of Treg and DCreg leads to the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the factors that regulate Treg and DCreg are largely unknown. We recently showed that removal of midkine (MK) suppressed EAE due to an expansion of the Treg cell population as well as a decrease in the numbers of autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells. MK decreased the Treg cell population by suppressing the phosphorylation of STAT5, which is essential for the expression of Foxp3, the master transcriptional factor of Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, MK reduces the DCreg cell population by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3, which is critical for DCreg development. Blockade of MK signalling by a specific RNA aptamer significantly elevated the population of DCreg and Treg cells and ameliorated EAE without detectable adverse effects. Therefore, the inhibition of MK may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against autoimmune diseases including MS.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐4
Measurement Issues: Neuropsychological assessment with children and adolescents; unlocking the mysticism, methods and measures with the help of Tom Swift
Authors: Tonks James , Yates Phil J. , Williams Huw W. , Frampton Ian , Slater Alan 
Published: November 2013

Background and ScopeIn this article, we provide a brief overview of the principles that guide paediatric neuropsychological assessment, the methods used and some examples of the measures available.FindingsWe explore intellectual, adaptive and social functioning from a neuropsychological perspective and describe suitable measures for use in paediatric neuropsychological assessment in each domain.ConclusionsWe provide an example of assessment and interpretation using a fictional character (Tom Swift) to demonstrate that neuropsychological assessment is important in understanding the everyday questions that arise in children's services around risk, needs, level of understanding and capacity to engage with services.
Eye Movements Reveal the Dynamic Simulation of Speed in Language
Authors: Speed Laura J. , Vigliocco Gabriella 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study investigates how speed of motion is processed in language. In three eye‐tracking experiments, participants were presented with visual scenes and spoken sentences describing fast or slow events (e.g., The lion ambled/dashed to the balloon). Results showed that looking time to relevant objects in the visual scene was affected by the speed of verb of the sentence, speaking rate, and configuration of a supporting visual scene. The results provide novel evidence for the mental simulation of speed in language and show that internal dynamic simulations can be played out via eye movements toward a static visual scene.
You Get What You Need: An Examination of Purpose‐Based Inheritance Reasoning in Undergraduates, Preschoolers, and Biological Experts
Authors: Ware Elizabeth A. , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis set of seven experiments examines reasoning about the inheritance and acquisition of physical properties in preschoolers, undergraduates, and biology experts. Participants (N = 390) received adoption vignettes in which a baby animal was born to one parent but raised by a biologically unrelated parent, and they judged whether the offspring would have the same property as the birth or rearing parent. For each vignette, the animal parents had contrasting values on a physical property dimension (e.g., the birth parent had a short tail; the rearing parent had a long tail). Depending on the condition, the distinct properties had distinct functions (“function‐predictive”) were associated with distinct habitats (“habitat‐predictive”), or had no implications (“non‐predictive”). Undergraduates' bias to view properties as inherited from the birth parent was reduced in the function‐ and habitat‐predictive conditions. This result indicates a purpose‐based view of inheritance, whereby animals can acquire properties that serve a purpose in their environment. This stance was not found in experts or preschoolers. We discuss the results in terms of how undergraduates' purpose‐based inheritance reasoning develops and relates to larger‐scale misconceptions about Darwinian evolutionary processes, and implications for biology education.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Artom Nathan , Montecucco Fabrizio , Mach François , Dallegri Franco , Pende Aldo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that inappropriate or exaggerated activity of the renin‐angiotensin system might contribute to the development of systemic hypertension with consequent organ injury and associated increased risk of acute cardiovascular (CV) diseases. This review will discuss evidence form basic research and clinical studies, investigating the efficacy of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).Materials and methodsThis narrative review is based on the material found on MEDLINE and PubMed up to June 2013. We looked for the terms ‘angiotensin, AT1 receptor, ACE inhibitors’ in combination with ‘acute coronary syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, pathophysiology’.ResultsPreclinical studies showed relevant protective effects of ARBs to reduce adverse cardiac remodelling in animal models of acute cardiac ischaemia. However, although recommended in Consensus guidelines as a good alternative to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), clinical studies did not confirm a superior efficacy of the ARBs as compared to ACEIs. As a matter of fact for some authors, these drugs might potentially have deleterious effects increasing the CV risk.ConclusionsEmerging evidence from clinical trials suggests that the use of ARBs in ACS might be controversial, and caution should be used for their clinical use to replace ACEIs in ACS.
Anthropogenic selection enhances cancer evolution in Tasmanian devil tumours
Authors: Ujvari Beata , Pearse Anne‐Maree , Swift Kate , Hodson Pamela , Hua Bobby , Pyecroft Stephen , Taylor Robyn , Hamede Rodrigo , Jones Menna , Belov Katherine , Madsen Thomas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) provides a unique opportunity to elucidate the long‐term effects of natural and anthropogenic selection on cancer evolution. Since first observed in 1996, this transmissible cancer has caused local population declines by >90%. So far, four chromosomal DFTD variants (strains) have been described and karyotypic analyses of 253 tumours showed higher levels of tetraploidy in the oldest strain. We propose that increased ploidy in the oldest strain may have evolved in response to effects of genomic decay observed in asexually reproducing organisms. In this study, we focus on the evolutionary response of DFTD to a disease suppression trial. Tumours collected from devils subjected to the removal programme showed accelerated temporal evolution of tetraploidy compared with tumours from other populations where no increase in tetraploid tumours were observed. As ploidy significantly reduces tumour growth rate, we suggest that the disease suppression trial resulted in selection favouring slower growing tumours mediated by an increased level of tetraploidy. Our study reveals that DFTD has the capacity to rapidly respond to novel selective regimes and that disease eradication may result in novel tumour adaptations, which may further imperil the long‐term survival of the world's largest carnivorous marsupial.
Structural analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATP‐binding cassette transporter subunit UgpB reveals specificity for glycerophosphocholine
Authors: Jiang Dunquan , Zhang Qingqing , Zheng Qianqian , Zhou Hao , Jin Jin , Zhou Weihong , Bartlam Mark , Rao Zihe 
Published: November 2013

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the most devastating human diseases, and is responsible for ~ 2 million deaths worldwide each year. The nutritional requirements for the growth of mycobacteria have been extensively studied since the discovery of M. tuberculosis, but the essential nutrients for M. tuberculosis inside the human host and the identity of the corresponding transporters remain unknown. The UgpABCE transporter of M. tuberculosis is one of five putative permeases for carbohydrate uptake, and is genetically predicted to be an sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate importer. We have determined the 1.5‐Å crystal structure of M. tuberculosis UgpB, which has been reported to be a promising vaccine candidate against TB. M. tuberculosis UgpB showed no detectable binding activity for sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate by isothermal titration calorimetry, but instead showed a preference for glycerophosphocholine (GPC). M. tuberculosis UgpB largely resembles its Escherichia coli homolog, but with the critical Trp169 in the substrate‐binding site of E. coli UgpB replaced by Leu205. Mutation of Leu205 abolishes GPC binding, suggesting that Leu205 is a determinant of GPC binding. The work reported here not only contributes to our understanding of the carbon and phosphate sources utilized by M. tuberculosis inside the human host, but will also promote improvements in TB chemotherapy.
Database
Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank database under the accession number PDB 4MFI.
Soil CO2 effluxes, temporal and spatial variations, and root respiration in shrub willow biomass crops fields along a 19‐year chronosequence as affected by regrowth and removal treatments
Authors: Pacaldo Renato S. , Volk Timothy A. , Briggs Russell D. , Abrahamson Lawrence P. , Bevilacqua Eddie , Fabio Eric S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn shrub willow biomass crop (SWBC) production systems, the soil CO2 efflux (Fc) component in the carbon cycle remains poorly understood. This study assesses (i) differences of Fc rates among the 5‐, 12‐, 14‐, and 19‐year‐old SWBCs with two treatments: continuous production (regrowth) willow fields that were harvested and allowed to regrow, and willow fields that were harvested, killed, and then stools and roots were ground into the soil (removal); (ii) temporal and spatial variations of Fc rates; (iii) root respiration contributions to total Fc; and (iv) climatic variables affecting Fc. During the growing season (May to September), Fc rates showed no statistically significant differences across different ages (P = 0.664), and between treatments (P = 0.351); however, there was an interaction between age and treatment (P = 0.001). Similarly, during the dormant season (October to April), Fc rates revealed no statistically significant differences across different ages (P = 0.305) and treatment interaction with age (P = 0.097). Fc rates differed significantly (P < 0.001) among different times of the day and times of the year. Fc rates, between 00 and 1059 h, between 1100 and 1659 h, and between 1700 and 2400 h displayed consistency from May to November; however, Fc rates in these three time intervals showed significant differences (P < 0.0001). In December, Fc rates remained constant over 24 h. Fc rates demonstrated higher temporal and spatial variations among willow age classes than between regrowth and removal treatments. Temporal and spatial variations of Fc were higher during the dormant season than during the growing season. The proportion of root respiration to total Fc ranged from 18 to 33% across age classes. Fc rates showed strong association with soil and air temperatures, and relative humidity.