bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material properties of partially pregelatinized cassava starch prepared by mechanical activation
Authors: Zhang Yanjuan , Huang Zuqiang , Yang Cong , Huang Aimin , Hu Huayu , Gong Zhanqiang , Sun Guosong , Huang Kelin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study has focused on the preparation of partially pregelatinized cassava starch (PPCS) by mechanical activation (MA) using a customized stirring ball mill. The changes in degree of gelatinization, crystal structure, particle size, surface morphology, powder characteristics, and pasting properties of cassava starch mechanically activated for different time were investigated by various characterizations. The results showed that MA could significantly destroy the crystal structure of starch granules, contributing to the increase of cold‐water solubility, flowability, and floodability, the variations of particle size and surface morphology, and the decrease in pasting temperature, viscosity of cooked PPCS paste, breakdown, and setback. It was also found that the PPCS with different degree of gelatinization could be prepared by controlling the milling time. With the unique properties induced by MA, the potential use of PPCS as excipient in pharmaceutical formulations is discussed.
A rapid method to obtaining moisture sorption isotherms of a starchy product
Authors: de Souza Thaís C. Lima , de Souza Hugo A. Lima , Pena Rosinelson da Silva 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe static gravimetric method proposed by the COST 90 project has been traditionally used to obtain moisture sorption isotherms for food, but it is limited to high relative humidity levels because of the extremely long equilibrium time allow fungal growth on the sample. The aim of this study was to test the applicability of an alternative method to obtain the sorption isotherms of cassava starch. Adsorption and desorption dates were measured at 25°C using the classic (0.11<aw<0.96) and alternative methods (0.04<aw<0.92). The correlation between the isotherms obtained by the two methods was evaluated by comparing their simple linear regressions in which the Henderson linear model was fitted to the adsorption and desorption data (R2 ≥ 0.99). Student's t‐test showed that the angular and linear coefficients of the lines were statistically equal (p<0.05), indicating that the adsorption and desorption isotherms measured by the two methods were statistically the same. Therefore, the proposed alternative method can be used with excellent accuracy to measure sorption isotherms in cassava starch, and this alternative method can likely be used for other starchy products.
Molecular properties of octenyl succinic esters of mechanically activated Indica rice starch
Authors: Zhang Zhengmao , Zhao Siming , Xiong Shanbai 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIndica rice starch was mechanically activated and then esterified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). The molecular properties of the OSA‐starch were investigated by gel permeation chromatography, high performance size‐exclusion chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy. Modification by OSA could increase the molecular size or hydrodynamic volume of starch. As shown in FTIR spectrum of OSA‐starch, the relative intensity of characteristic peaks at 1724 and 1572/cm increased as the degree of substitution (DS) increased, which confirmed the esterification between OSA and starch. It can be concluded from the analysis of 1H NMR, and 13C NMR that the esterification between mechanically activated Indica rice starch and OSA should have occurred at 2‐OH, 3‐OH, and 6‐OH of glucose residue. As increasing DS decreased the relative intensity of the peak of chemical shift of 2‐OH in the 1H NMR spectrum of OSA‐starch, 2‐OH was possible the main substitution position.
Behaviour of starch exposed to microwave radiation treatment
Authors: Braşoveanu Mirela , Nemţanu Monica R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis work is an overview of the literature in the area of microwave treatment of starch strongly related to changes in its physicochemical, functional and structural properties. The importance of good knowledge of the microwave parameters and starch dielectric properties is highlighted to avoid the improper microwave application on starch or starch‐based materials. Future perspectives of microwave processing of starch are suggested.
Effect of phosphorus on the characteristics of starch in winter wheat
Authors: Li Chun Y. , Li Cheng , Zhang Run Q. , Liang Wei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe effect of different phosphorus levels (P0: P2O5 0 kg/hm2; LP: P2O5 105 kg/hm2; HP: P2O5 210 kg/hm2) on the characteristics of starch in Xindong 20 and Xindong 23 winter wheat varieties was studied. The phosphorus‐induced changes in starch characteristics were variety‐dependent. Wheat starch granules of two cultivars showed bimodal size distributions under different phosphorus conditions. B‐granule proportion increased in response to phosphorus in Xindong 20. XRD analysis of starches showed that A‐type polymorphic structure and peak positions does not change under different phosphorus level. Small differences were observed in intensities of all fingerprint peaks (15°, 17°, 18°, 20°, and 23° 2θ). Xindong 20 flour under condition of HP showed significantly higher trough viscosity, final viscosity, and setback than that under P0 condition. In response to HP, Xindong 20 and Xindong 23 starches showed significantly higher water‐binding capacity.
Molecular structure of starch in grains is not affected by common dwarfing genes in rice (sd1) and sorghum (dw3)
Authors: Gilbert Robert G. , Besnard David J. Y. , Reeve Ashton J. , Lambrides Christopher J. , Hasjim Jovin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDwarf cereal crops are widely grown world‐wide because they offer productivity advantages to farmers, but the question of whether dwarfing genes change starch structure has not been examined. Starch properties, including digestion rate and mechanical properties of starch‐containing biomaterials, are influenced by its structure, and thus significant changes might have health implications. Starch molecular structures of the grains from a semi‐dwarf sd1 rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant (Calrose 76) and its near‐isogenic wild‐type (Calrose) counterpart as well as of those from three dwarf sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) mutants and their near‐isogenic tall revertants (due to the spontaneous reverse mutation of dw3 gene) were analyzed to understand the pleiotropic effects of dwarfing genes on starch biosynthesis in the grains. The structures of (fully branched) whole starch molecules and branch‐chain length (from enzymatically debranched starch) were characterized using size‐exclusion chromatography. The weight–average MW and radius of gyration of whole starch molecules were characterized using multiple‐angle laser light scattering. There were no significant structural differences between each dwarf variety and its near‐isogenic wild‐type or tall revertant counterpart. Hence plant height reduction in rice and sorghum, controlled by the sd1 and dw3 genes, respectively, does not affect the biosynthesis of starch molecules in grains and is expected to have no significant impacts on starch crystalline and granular structures as well as starch functional properties, including its nutritional values.
Comparative study on the blends of PBS/thermoplastic starch prepared from waxy and normal corn starches
Authors: Li Jiwei , Luo Xuegang , Lin Xiaoyan , Zhou Ye 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, waxy (0% amylose) and normal (26% amylose) corn starches were used to prepare thermoplastic starch (WTPS and NTPS, respectively). Furthermore, comparative blends of poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and WTPS and NTPS were prepared for investigating the effect of starch type and PBS content on the properties of PBS/TPS blends. Morphology, processability, mechanical properties, water resistance, and thermal stability of the blends were evaluated. The results showed that the plasticization and processing of waxy corn starch were more easily performed than normal corn starch. The melt flow index, tensile properties, water resistance, and thermo stability of the PBS/TPS blends increased significantly with increasing PBS content. In addition, compared with the PBS/NTPS blends, the combination of PBS and WTPS could gain some excellent performances such as good processability, superior mechanical properties, and higher water resistance.
Production, purification, and characterization of thermostable α‐amylase from thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Fincan Sema Agüloğlu , Enez Barış 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe α‐amylase (α‐1‐4‐D‐glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1) secreted by Geobacillus stearotermophilus was purified and characterized. Maximum enzyme production was achieved after 24 h cultivation at pH 7.0 and 55°C. The enzyme was active in a broad temperature range, between 50 and 80°C, with an optimum at 70°C; and maximum activity was at pH 7.0. The enzyme was purified using 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, Sephadex G‐100 gel filtration, and DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography, with a 46‐fold and 65% recovery and showed a MW of 63 kDa by SDS‐PAGE. It was determined that the purified enzyme was stable at 50 and 60°C, and pH 7.0. It was determined that the purified enzyme was stable at 50 and 60°C at the end of 2 h. The enzyme retained 100% activity pH 7.0 at the end of 3 h. The enzyme was activated by Ca2+, Mn2+, and Triton X‐100, but strongly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Hg2+. The enzyme follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics with Km and Vmax values of 0.051 mM and 1.424 μmol/min, respectively.
Predictability of the consistency of porridges using different methods to measure flour swelling
Authors: de Carvalho Irene Stuart Torrie , Granfeldt Yvonne , Eliasson Ann‐Charlotte , Dejmek Petr 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe consistency of porridge made from sweet potato, cowpea, soybean, sorghum, and maize flours was measured in a texture analysis method using back extrusion. The consistency measured was correlated to the swelling volume of the flours, and determined by centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, and least gelation concentration. The reference level of maximum acceptable consistency was estimated from measurements on two ready‐to‐use child porridges. In general, porridge consistency could not be predicted accurately from swelling volume measured using any of the methods. However, gravity sedimentation, which is the simplest, gave the most consistent results. This method could be used in the field to provide a conservative approximate maximum flour concentration for porridge of acceptable consistency.
Nanoprecipitation of native pea starches treated in alkaline media at various temperatures employing a dedicated microwave reactor
Authors: Juna Shazia , Hayden Stephan , Damm Markus , Kappe C. Oliver , Huber Anton 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStarch dispersions/solutions were prepared by heating native pea starch in 1 M NaOH(aq) at various temperatures (50–100°C) using a dedicated microwave reactor. The influence of temperature upon the apparent molecular and hydrodynamic characteristics was investigated employing asymmetrical flow field flow‐fractionation coupled with multi‐angle light scattering and a RI detector (AF4/MALS/RI). Apparent molar masses, apparent radii of gyration and hydrodynamic radii decreased as a function of increasing processing temperature. Treated starch solutions were precipitated in either ethanol or methanol and the resultant precipitates were dried on either glass or Teflon surfaces. The shapes and sizes of the starch nanoprecipitates (evaluated from SEM images) were influenced by a number of factors including, temperature employed for preparing aqueous starch dispersion/solutions, solvent employed during the precipitation phase, and the nature of drying surfaces.
The influence of oxidation, extrusion and oxidation/extrusion on physico‐chemical properties of potato starch
Authors: Gumul Dorota , Krystyjan Magdalena , Buksa Krzysztof , Ziobro Rafał , Zięba Tomasz 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of the research was to compare several physico‐chemical parameters of potato starch modified using oxidation, extrusion, and combination of both, including content of amylose and non‐polysaccharide components, amount of carboxyl groups, molecular mass distribution of polymers, pasting ability, and rheological properties. It was observed that oxidation, extrusion, and combined oxidation/extrusion of starch resulted in an increase of ash in potato starch, and the oxidized starch contained the lowest amount of non‐carbohydrate compounds. Oxidation resulted in a decrease of phosphorus, while its content after extrusion increased. It was found that the level of apparent amylose dropped after all applied types of modification. Water binding capacity and solubility of oxidized starch differed slightly from the values measured for native starch, while a huge change in these characteristics was caused by extrusion. The highest change of molecular mass was observed after combined modification and the lowest in case of extruded starch. Modification of starch affected its rheological properties, which exhibited low viscosity and was more susceptible to shearing forces.
Towards meso–meso‐Linked Porphyrin Arrays and meso‐Aryl Expanded Porphyrins
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: October 2014

Abstractmeso–meso‐Linked porphyrin arrays and meso‐aryl‐substituted expanded porphyrins have continuously fueled my imagination for many years. In this account, my expertise in chemical research is retrospectively summarized with a particular focus on how these two novel categories of porphyrinoids were found by our group. As part of our photosynthetic model studies in collaboration with Prof. N. Mataga, the energy‐gap dependence of intramolecular charge separation was examined by exploring the photoexcited dynamics of 1,4‐phenylene‐bridged hybrid porphyrin dimers. This study required electron‐deficient porphyrins in the dimers that could serve as an electron‐accepting unit towards an octaalkyl‐substituted Zn(II) porphyrin donor. To this end, we employed meso‐nitrated porphyrins and meso‐pentafluorophenyl porphyrins. Efforts to prepare these electron‐deficient porphyrins allowed us to serendipitously find both a meso–meso‐linked porphyrin dimer and a series of meso‐pentafluorophenyl‐substituted expanded porphyrins. The meso–meso‐linked Zn(II) porphyrin dimer was found as a byproduct in the nitration of 5,10‐diaryl Zn(II) porphyrin with AgNO2 but became a major product in the reaction with AgPF6. This finding opened up a new path to directly linked porphyrin oligomers. The series of meso‐pentafluorophenyl‐substituted expanded porphyrins were prepared via BF3·OEt2‐catalyzed condensation of pyrrole and pentafluorobenzaldehyde when the reaction was run at tenfold‐higher substrate concentrations, as compared to the optimal conditions for the synthesis of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. These expanded porphyrins have been shown to have attractive attributes such as flexible structures, versatile electronic states, multi‐metal coordination, anion sensing, and large nonlinear optical properties. While these studies were mostly curiosity‐driven, some of our work covers rather more general interests: how linearly connected molecules can be rationally synthesized and isolated in a pure and discrete form, how large π‐conjugation can be realized to allow for very low energy electronic transitions, and how easily Möbius aromatic and antiaromatic molecules can be prepared.
One-dimensional GaN nanomaterials transformed from one-dimensional Ga2O3 and Ga nanomaterials
Authors: Han X. Y. , Gao Y. H. , Zhang X. H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) GaN nanomaterials exhibiting various morphologies and atomic structures were prepared via ammoniation of either Ga2O3 nanoribbons, Ga2O3 nanorods or Ga nanowires filled into carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The 1D GaN nanomaterials transformed from Ga2O3 nanoribbons consisted of numerous GaN nanoplatelets having the close-packed plane, i.e. (0002)2H or (111)3C parallel to the axes of starting nanoribbons. The 1D GaN nanomaterials converted from Ga2O3 nanorods were polycrystalline rods covered with GaN nanoparticles along the axes. The 1D GaN nanomaterials prepared from Ga nanowires filled into CNTs displayed two dominant morphologies: (i) single crystalline GaN nanocolumns coated by CNTs, and (ii) pure single crystalline GaN nanowires. The cross-sectional shape of GaN nanowires were analyzed through the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Formation mechanism of all-mentioned 1D GaN nanomaterials is then thoroughly discussed.
A vacuum nano-casting route to magnetite cores/mesoporous silica shell composites
Authors: Guo L. M. , Shi J. L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Hollow mesoporous silica spheres with magnetite cores (HMSMC) have been fabricated by Vacuum Nano-casting Route. The amount of magnetite cores and saturation magnetization value can be easily adjusted by changing the concentration of iron nitrate solution used in the synthesis procedure. Furthermore, the as-prepared HMSMCs still maintain narrow mesopore distribution, high surface area and large pore volume after the hollow cores of hollow mesoporous silica spheres were filled with magnetite particles. Specially, when the saturation magnetization value of as-prepared HMSMCs reaches 22.0 emu/g, the surface area and pore volume of corresponding HMSMCs are 149 m2/g and 0.19 cm3/g, respectively, and the pore size is 2.30 nm. The corresponding samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating-sample magnetometer.
Schottky photodiode using submicron thick diamond epilayer for flame sensing
Authors: Koide Y. , Liao M. Y. , Alvarez J. , Imura M. , Sueishi K. , Yoshifusa F. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The sensing of a flame can be performed by using wide-bandgap semiconductors, which offer a high signal-to-noise ratio since they only response the ultraviolet emission in the flame. Diamond is a robust semiconductor with a wide-bandgap of 5.5 eV, exhibiting an intrinsic solar-blindness for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) detection. In this work, by using a submicron thick boron-doped diamond epilayer grown on a type-Ib diamond substrate, a Schottky photodiode device structure- based flame sensor is demonstrated. The photodiode exhibits extremely low dark current in both forward and reverse modes due to the holes depletion in the epilayer. The photodiode has a photoconductivity gain larger than 100 and a threshold wavelength of 330 nm in the forward bias mode. CO and OH emission bands with wavelengths shorter than 330 nm in a flame light are detected at a forward voltage of −10 V. An alcohol lamp flame in the distance of 250 mm is directly detected without a focusing lens of flame light.
Ballistic current induced effective force on magnetic domain wall
Authors: Wang C. , Xia K. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The collective dynamics of magnetic domain wall under electric current is studied in the form of spin transfer torque (STT). The out-of-plane STT induced effective force is obtained based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation including microscopic STT terms. The relation between microscopic calculations and collective description of the domain wall motion is established. With our numerical calculations based on tight binding free electron model, we find that the non adiabatic out-of-plane torque components have considerable non-local properties. It turns out that the calculated effective forces decay significantly with increasing domain wall widths.
Colloidal silicon nanocrystallites for low-cost solar cell development
Authors: Švrček V. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this letter a formation of solution based of bulk-heterojunction based on freestanding silicon nanocrystals (Si-ncs) and conjugated ((poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymer is demonstrated. Surfactant free Si-ncs prepared by low-cost electrochemical etching are applied for fabrication of bulk-heterojunction and photo-conductive blends. We show that the optimum blend performance is at 40 wt% nanocrystallites concentration within the P3HT polymer matrix. Furthermore, we illustrate that solar cell transport properties can be improved by nanosecond laser fragmentation of the nanocrystallites micrograins in ethanol. It argues that the Si-ncs/polymer blend with refine nanocrystaline structure may impact the development of low-cost solar cells by environmental- friendly mean.
Highly ordered TiO2 nano-pore arrays fabricated from a novel polymethylmethacrylate/polydimethylsiloxane soft template
Authors: Zhong P. , Que W. X. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A novel soft polymer template containing a double-layer structure, which includes a thin layer of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) used as a pattern layer and a thicker layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) used as a back layer, was fabricated from a replica molding process. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template was used as the replica mold to be replicated to the polymethylmethacrylate layer by a thermal infiltration process under a vacuum condition. Results indicate that PMMA/PDMS soft templates with different sizes could be easily fabricated from the as-prepared AAO replica mold. The PMMA/PDMS soft templates were then employed to imprint a TiO2 gel for achieving TiO2 nano-pore arrays. After the imprinting process, the PDMS layer was firstly peeled off and the PMMA layer was then removed into acetonitrile, which can avoid any demolding problems like damages or distortions. The TiO2 nano-pore arrays with the crystalline of anatase could be obtained at a heat treatment temperature of 450°C.
Fabrication of anatase titanium dioxide nanotubes by electroless deposition using polycarbonate for separate casting method
Authors: Boehme M. , Fu G. , Ionescu E. , Ensinger W. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) were prepared by electroless deposition using ion track etched polycarbonate templates. The ion tracks were prepared to the desired diameter of the TNTs outer diameter. Titanium dioxide nanotubes with a diameter of minimum 80 nm having a wall thickness of minimum 10 nm can be fabricated using this method. To achieve nanotubes with thin walls and small surface roughness the tubes were generated by a several steps procedure under aqueous conditions at nearly room temperature. The presented approach will process open end nanotubes with well defined outer diameter and wall thickness. Using this method TNT arrays up to 109 tubes per cm2 having a tube length up to 30 μm can be produced, single tubes are also possible. The structural properties of the grown TNTs were investigated by using various analytical techniques, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluoresence spectrometer (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Photoluminescence.
Novel micro-ring structured ZnO photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cell
Authors: Hossain M. F. , Zhang Z. H. , Takahashi T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The micro-ring like structured zinc oxide (ZnO) film was deposited on SnO2: F coated glass substrate by sol-gel dip-coating technique with 1.0 g polyethylene glycol (PEG) content. The surface morphology of micro-ring structured ZnO film has been confirmed by the scanning electron microscope. This ZnO film is used to fabricate the solar cell with the help of ruthenium based dye and carbon counter electrode. The photoelectric and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency was 1.17% and 48.4%, respectively. The DSC results have been compared with ZnO films prepared without PEG contents.