bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilising social network analysis to study the characteristics and functions of the co-occurrence network of online tags
Authors: Feicheng Ma , Yating Li 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the characteristics of the co-occurrence network of online tags and propose new approaches of applying social network analysis by utilising social tagging in order to organise data.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors collected online resources labelled “tag” from 7 November 2004 to 31 October 2011 from the CiteULike website, comprising 684 papers and their URLs, titles and data on tagging (users, times, and tags). They examined the co-occurrence network of online tags by using the analyses of social networks, including the analysis of coherence, the analysis of centricity and core to periphery categorical analysis.

Findings
– Some features of the co-occurrence of online tags are as follows: the internet is subject to the “small world” phenomenon, as well as being “scale-free”. The structure of the internet reflects stable areas of core knowledge. In addition to five possible applications of social network analysis, social tagging has the greatest significance in organising online resources.

Originality/value
– This research finds that co-occurrence of tags online is an effective way to organise and index data. Some suggestions are provided on the organisation of online resources.
Support for community policing in India and the US: an exploratory study among college students
Authors: Lambert Eric , Wu Yuning , Jiang Shanhe , Jaishankar Karuppannan , Pasupuleti Sudershan , Bhimarasetty Jagadish , Smith Brad 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– While there is a growing body of studies on the people's views of community policing, there have been a very few cross-national studies. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast students’ views on community policing from India and the USA.Design/methodology/approach– The data were from a survey from a total of 434 Indian and 484 US college students.Findings– Punitive orientation had a significant effect on attitudes toward community policing, but was related to an increase in the support in India and reduction of support in the USA. Among the Indian respondents, concern for crime and support for aggressive policing had positive associations with support for community policing, and police involvement in the community had a negative association. Among the US respondents, age, educational level, and perceptions of police effectiveness had positive associations with support for community policing, and holding a punitive orientation had a negative association.Originality/value– This study represents the attempt to examine Indian perceptions of community policing empirically. Uncovering factors that affect public support for community policing can provide useful references for police administrators to develop policies and practices that encourage more active community involvement in crime control.
Assessing the success factors of organized crime groups
Authors: H. Ratcliffe Jerry , J. Strang Steven , B. Taylor Ralph 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Expert assessment of organized crime (OC) group capabilities is often the basis for national threat assessments; it is rare, however, for variations in collective expert opinions of OC success factors to be systematically evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in how 150 criminal intelligence experts from a variety of national and organizational backgrounds sort and organize perceived attributes for OC group success.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper uses the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Sleipnir framework as a foundation for a Q-sort survey regarding the characteristics of OC group success. The survey was delivered to over 150 criminal intelligence specialists at a national conference in 2011. Descriptive statistics, seemingly unrelated regression, and biplots reveal different aspects of survey responses.

Findings
– Results show that perceptions of the ingredients for OC group success both vary by nationality and by analysts’ level within the hierarchy of the law enforcement structure (local, state, national). These differences are marked; particular characteristics are viewed as differentially important for the perceived success of OC groups. Furthermore, the results suggest that there are shared and structured differences in perceptions of OC group success characteristics.

Research limitations/implications
– The survey has identified distinct differences between the characteristics for OC group's success perceived by analysts in the USA, Canada, and beyond. Furthermore, the organizational level of the analyst (local, state, national) shapes the perceptions of success factors. It is possible variations identified merely reflect differentials in training and experience, i.e. different organizational perceptions of the same problem. That aside, the patterning of results seem likely to be based to some degree on external factors linked to OC group operations, and not just on individual characteristics of the surveyed intelligence professionals.

Practical implications
– The current research raises a number of questions regarding the confidence that should be placed in OC group assessments. The research has highlighted areas of professional dissonance that were not apparent from the RCMP Sleipnir research alone. Causes of the dissonance in assessments, and connections of these variations to both intelligence analysts’ experience, training, and organizational ethos; and to OC group capabilities, seem deserving of additional attention.

Originality/value
– Expert intelligence analyst interpretation of OC group capability is central to most national risk and threat assessments, yet the assessment processes themselves are rarely examined. This is a unique survey of over 150 intelligence personnel that highlights significant differences in perceptions of OC groups, differences that raise questions about how the authors evaluate the OC threat.
Community support for license plate recognition
Authors: M. Merola Linda , Lum Cynthia , Cave Breanne , Hibdon Julie 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– Although the use of license plate recognition (LPR) technology by police is becoming increasingly common, no empirical studies have examined the legal or legitimacy implications of LPR. LPR may be used for a variety of purposes, ranging from relatively routine checks of stolen vehicles to more complex surveillance functions. The purpose of this paper is to develop a “continuum of LPR uses” that provides a framework for understanding the potential legal and legitimacy issues related to LPR. The paper then analyzes results from the first random-sample community survey on the topic.Design/methodology/approach– Random-sample survey (n=457).Findings– The paper finds substantial support for many LPR uses, although the public also appears to know little about the technology. The survey also reveals that the public does not regard the uses of LPR as equivalent, but rather support is qualified depending upon the use at issue.Originality/value– Previous research has not systematically categorized the wide variety of LPR uses, an oversight which has sometimes led to implicit consideration of these functions as if they are equivalent in their costs and benefits. To assist agencies concerned with community responses to LPR use, the paper points to a number of factors tending to decrease support for LPR, namely, the extent to which a use involves purposes unrelated to vehicle enforcement, the extent to which a function involves prolonged storage of individuals’ travel data, and the extent to which a use is perceived as impacting “average” members of the community.
Thinking about the fall in crime
Authors: Marlow Alan 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to review reasons why there has been a fall in the volume of recorded crime in the UK and other liberal economies.

Design/methodology/approach
– Published relevant sources are reviewed and commented upon.

Findings
– It is argued that the present means of recording conventional categories of crime fails to identify newer crime types such as digital fraud and to a smaller extent the victimisation of businesses and crimes committed by gangs.

Originality/value
– It is suggested that present policy and practice in recording crime will give an incomplete picture of overall offending methods and that a review is required together with proactive approaches to identifying crime levels.
3D traversability awareness for rough terrain mobile robots
Authors: Reina Giulio , Bellone Mauro , Spedicato Luigi , Giannoccaro Nicola Ivan 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This research aims to address the issue of safe navigation for autonomous vehicles in highly challenging outdoor environments. Indeed, robust navigation of autonomous mobile robots over long distances requires advanced perception means for terrain traversability assessment.

Design/methodology/approach
– The use of visual systems may represent an efficient solution. This paper discusses recent findings in terrain traversability analysis from RGB-D images. In this context, the concept of point as described only by its Cartesian coordinates is reinterpreted in terms of local description. As a result, a novel descriptor for inferring the traversability of a terrain through its 3D representation, referred to as the unevenness point descriptor (UPD), is conceived. This descriptor features robustness and simplicity.

Findings
– The UPD-based algorithm shows robust terrain perception capabilities in both indoor and outdoor environment. The algorithm is able to detect obstacles and terrain irregularities. The system performance is validated in field experiments in both indoor and outdoor environments.

Research limitations/implications
– The UPD enhances the interpretation of 3D scene to improve the ambient awareness of unmanned vehicles. The larger implications of this method reside in its applicability for path planning purposes.

Originality/value
– This paper describes a visual algorithm for traversability assessment based on normal vectors analysis. The algorithm is simple and efficient providing fast real-time implementation, since the UPD does not require any data processing or previously generated digital elevation map to classify the scene. Moreover, it defines a local descriptor, which can be of general value for segmentation purposes of 3D point clouds and allows the underlining geometric pattern associated with each single 3D point to be fully captured and difficult scenarios to be correctly handled.
Innovations in image sensing: a review of recent research
Authors: Bogue Robert 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This article aims to provide details of recent research into image sensing technologies.

Design/methodology/approach
– Following an introduction, this article discusses image sensing research involving a range of new materials, novel designs and signal processing schemes. It concludes with a brief discussion of a potentially game-changing technology, the quanta image sensor.

Findings
– This shows that image sensing is the topic of a major academic and corporate research effort. It involves a diversity of technologies and seeks to yield devices with enhanced or unique characteristics.

Originality/value
– This article provides a timely review of recently reported research into image sensing.
Challenges and opportunities in the early diagnosis and optimal management of rheumatoid arthritis in Africa and the Middle East
Authors: Halabi Hussein , Alarfaj Abdurhman , Alawneh Khaldoon , Alballa Soliman , Alsaeid Khalid , Badsha Humeira , Benitha Romela , Bouajina Elyes , Al Emadi Samar , El Garf Ayman , El Hadidi Khaled , Laatar Ahmed , Makhloufi Chafia D. , Masri Abdel F. , Menassa Jeanine , Al Shaikh Ahmed , Swailem Ramiz Al , Dougados Maxime 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEarly diagnosis and early initiation of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy slow the progression of joint damage and decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). According to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) guidelines, treatment should be initiated with methotrexate and addition of biological DMARDs such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors should be considered for RA patients who respond insufficiently to methotrexate and/or other synthetic DMARDs and have poor prognostic factors. Africa and the Middle East is a large geographical region with varying treatment practices and standards of care in RA. Existing data show that patients with RA in the region are often diagnosed late, present with active disease and often do not receive DMARDs early in the course of the disease. In this review, we discuss the value of early diagnosis and remission‐targeted treatment for limiting joint damage and improving disease outcomes in RA, and the challenges in adopting these strategies in Africa and the Middle East. In addition, we propose an action plan to improve the overall long‐term outlook for RA patients in the region.
Enhancing the Quality of Morbidity and Mortality Rounds: The Ottawa M&M Model
Authors: Calder Lisa A. , Kwok Edmund S.H. , Adam Cwinn A. , Worthington James , Yelle Jean‐Denis , Waggott Melissa , Frank Jason R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a structured morbidity and mortality (M&M) rounds model through an innovative educational intervention.MethodsThe authors engaged the Departments of Emergency Medicine (EM) and Trauma Services at a tertiary care teaching hospital. A needs assessment was performed; the Ottawa M&M rounds model was developed, implemented, and then evaluated as a four‐part intervention. This consisted of: 1) physician training on case selection and analysis, 2) engaging interprofessional members, 3) disseminating lessons learned, and 4) creating an administrative pathway for acting on issues identified through the M&M rounds. The measures of intervention feasibility included the proportion of sessions adherent to the new model and M&M rounds attendance. Pre‐ and postintervention surveys of presenters and attendees were used to determine intervention acceptability. M&M presentation content was reviewed to determine the most frequently adopted components of the model.ResultsNine of 14 (64.3%) sessions were adherent to three of four components of the Ottawa M&M Model. Of those M&M attendees who responded to the survey (796 of 912, 87.2%), improvements were found in M&M rounds attendance as well as perceived effect on clinical practice at both individual and departmental levels. Thirty‐seven case presentations were analyzed and improvements postintervention were found in appropriate case selection and recognition of cognitive and system issues.ConclusionsThe Ottawa M&M Model was a feasible intervention that was perceived to be effective by both presenters and attendees. The authors believe that this could be readily applied to any hospital department seeking to enhance quality of care and patient safety.
Optimally weighted L2 distance for functional data
Authors: Chen Huaihou , Reiss Philip T. , Tarpey Thaddeus 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMany techniques of functional data analysis require choosing a measure of distance between functions, with the most common choice being distance. In this article we show that using a weighted distance, with a judiciously chosen weight function, can improve the performance of various statistical methods for functional data, including k‐medoids clustering, nonparametric classification, and permutation testing. Assuming a quadratically penalized (e.g., spline) basis representation for the functional data, we consider three nontrivial weight functions: design density weights, inverse‐variance weights, and a new weight function that minimizes the coefficient of variation of the resulting squared distance by means of an efficient iterative procedure. The benefits of weighting, in particular with the proposed weight function, are demonstrated both in simulation studies and in applications to the Berkeley growth data and a functional magnetic resonance imaging data set.
Desensitization in kidney transplantation: review and future perspectives
Authors: Abu Jawdeh Bassam G. , Cuffy Madison C. , Alloway Rita R. , Shields Adele Rike , Woodle E. Steve 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMore than half of the kidney transplant candidates awaiting transplantation are sensitized to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Desensitization to HLAs involves treatment with immunomodulating therapies designed to reduce levels of anti‐HLA antibodies in order to make kidney transplantation possible. Over the last two decades, desensitization therapies have been limited to plasmapheresis (PP), immunoadsorption (IA), intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), and rituximab. Review of reported experiences with desensitization in kidney transplant candidates revealed that PP or IA alone is inadequate to achieve durable reductions in HLA antibodies. Increasing evidence has accumulated indicating that high‐dose IVIg has limited ability to reduce HLA antibodies, but a few centers have reported success with high‐dose IVIg+rituximab in non‐randomized trials. Overall experience in multiple centers, however, has shown high antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) rates, particularly in patients with the highest degrees of HLA sensitization. Low‐dose IVIg combined with alternate day PP in living donor transplant candidates has been shown to provide enhanced survival over dialysis. However, low‐dose IVIg/PP regimens also continue to be associated with unacceptable AMR rates. Recent experiences with plasma cell‐targeted therapies based on the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib are relatively small but may represent an important alternative to non‐deletional strategies with IVIg.
Neural correlates of infant accent discrimination: an fNIRS study
Authors: Cristia Alejandrina , Minagawa‐Kawai Yasuyo , Egorova Natalia , Gervain Judit , Filippin Luca , Cabrol Dominique , Dupoux Emmanuel 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe present study investigated the neural correlates of infant discrimination of very similar linguistic varieties (Quebecois and Parisian French) using functional Near InfraRed Spectroscopy. In line with previous behavioral and electrophysiological data, there was no evidence that 3‐month‐olds discriminated the two regional accents, whereas 5‐month‐olds did, with the locus of discrimination in left anterior perisylvian regions. These neuroimaging results suggest that a developing language network relying crucially on left perisylvian cortices sustains infants’ discrimination of similar linguistic varieties within this early period of infancy.
Implicit meaning in 18‐month‐old toddlers
Authors: Delle Luche Claire , Durrant Samantha , Floccia Caroline , Plunkett Kim 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA substantial body of evidence demonstrates that infants understand the meaning of spoken words from as early as 6 months. Yet little is known about their ability to do so in the absence of any visual referent, which would offer diagnostic evidence for an adult‐like, symbolic interpretation of words and their use in language mediated thought. We used the head‐turn preference procedure to examine whether infants can generate implicit meanings from word forms alone as early as 18 months of age, and whether they are sensitive to meaningful relationships between words. In one condition, toddlers were presented with lists of words taken from the same taxonomic category (e.g. animals or body parts). In a second condition, words taken from two other categories (e.g. clothes and food items) were interleaved within the same list. Listening times were found to be longer in the related‐category condition than in the mixed‐category condition, suggesting that infants extract the meaning of spoken words and are sensitive to the semantic relatedness between these words. Our results show that infants have begun to construct the rudiments of a semantic system based on taxonomic relations even before they enter a period of accelerated vocabulary growth.
Sequential acquisition of cacophony calcium currents, sodium channels and voltage‐dependent potassium currents affects spike shape and dendrite growth during postembryonic maturation of an identified Drosophila motoneuron
Authors: Ryglewski Stefanie , Kilo Lukas , Duch Carsten 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDuring metamorphosis the CNS undergoes profound changes to accommodate the switch from larval to adult behaviors. In Drosophila and other holometabolous insects, adult neurons differentiate either from respecified larval neurons, newly born neurons, or are born embryonically but remain developmentally arrested until differentiation during pupal life. This study addresses the latter in the identified Drosophila flight motoneuron 5. In situ patch‐clamp recordings, intracellular dye fills and immunocytochemistry address the interplay between dendritic shape, excitability and ionic current development. During pupal life, changes in excitability and spike shape correspond to a stereotyped, progressive appearance of voltage‐gated ion channels. High‐voltage‐activated calcium current is the first current to appear at pupal stage P4, prior to the onset of dendrite growth. This is followed by voltage‐gated sodium as well as transient potassium channel expression, when first dendrites grow, and sodium‐dependent action potentials can be evoked by somatic current injection. Sustained potassium current appears later than transient potassium current. During the early stages of rapid dendritic growth, sodium‐dependent action potentials are broadened by a calcium component. Narrowing of spike shape coincides with sequential increases in transient and sustained potassium currents during stages when dendritic growth ceases. Targeted RNAi knockdown of pupal calcium current significantly reduces dendritic growth. These data indicate that the stereotyped sequential acquisition of different voltage‐gated ion channels affects spike shape and excitability such that activity‐dependent calcium influx serves as a partner of genetic programs during critical stages of motoneuron dendrite growth.
Interleukin 20 protein locates to distinct mononuclear cells in psoriatic skin
Authors: Bech Rikke , Otkjaer Kristian , Birkelund Svend , Vorup‐Jensen Thomas , Agger Ralf , Johansen Claus , Iversen Lars , Kragballe Knud , Rømer John 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that mRNA for the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 20 (IL‐20) is expressed in suprapapillary keratinocytes of lesional psoriatic skin (LS). Here, we describe the distribution of IL‐20 protein and the identity of the IL‐20‐positive cells in LS. We found that the main part of IL‐20 immunoreactivity is present in mononuclear cells of the dermal papillae, and that the IL‐20‐positive cells located in the papillae were langerin+, CD1a+, CD4+ and CD303+. These cells might be immature dendritic cell. In situ hybridization for IL‐20 mRNA on non‐LS, ex vivo stimulated with IL‐1β revealed a colocalization between IL‐20 mRNA and the keratinocyte marker CK14. No IL‐20 mRNA was detected in the dermal mononuclear cells. Our results suggest that IL‐20 is produced by keratinocytes, released into the epidermis and then possibly taken up by papillary mononuclear cells. Our study supports that IL‐20 is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.