bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humidity sensing properties of surface modified polyaniline ZnO nanocomposites
Authors: Alhartomy Omar 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this study is to investigate the humidity-sensing of polyaniline–zinc oxide (PANI–ZnO) nanocomposites. Humidity sensor has wide applications in drug industries, food industries and domestic purpose to regulate the humidity level.

Design/methodology/approach
– PANI–ZnO composites were prepared by in situ polymerization method, and further humidity response was tested by using a two-probe sensor setup.

Findings
– PANI-ZnO composites surface were modified by using camphor sulphonic acid. DC conductivity is due to the hopping of polorans. Thermal coefficient value varies from 1.7 to 2.3. The 30 weight per cent composite shows high sensitivity among other composites.

Research limitations/implications
– These composites can be used only at room temperature or moderate temperature, i.e. below 280°C.

Practical implications
– The composites are prepared in tetrapod shape that has a large surface area and more stability. Therefore, these materials would be the replacement for conventional materials.

Social implications
– These sensors have many applications in food and drug preservation, domestic purposes, etc.

Originality/value
– This work is original, and not being considered for publication elsewhere. In this work, the charge transport properties were evaluated based on the resistivity change when samples were exposed to humidity.
Sensors distribution optimization for impact localization using NSGA-II
Authors: Li Peng , Wang Yuhua , Hu Jingru , Zhou Jianmin 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study which resulted in this work is to propose an optimization method of sensors distribution for structural impact localization.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper presents a multi-objective optimization study of a novel sensors distribution technique, where two optimization objective functions are considered: sensors number and sensors location optimization performance index. In addition, the finite element analysis, the time-frequency transform and the principal component analysis are combined to quantize the above objective functions. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to acquire Pareto solutions.

Findings
– The effectiveness of this method is validated through a prototype laboratory called the piezoelectric intelligent structure where promising results are obtained.

Originality/value
– An optimization method of this novel sensors distribution technique is built and produced a set of efficiency solutions for the real-world problem of impact localization where two conflicting objectives are involved.
Analytical, numerical and experimental investigation of a giant magnetostrictive (GM) force sensor
Authors: Ghodsi Mojtaba , Mirzamohamadi Shahed , Talebian Soheil , Hojjat Yousef , Sheikhi Mohammadmorad , Al-Yahmedi Amur , Özer Abdullah 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate a novel giant magnetostrictive (GM) force sensor using Terfenol-D rod.

Design/methodology/approach
– First of all, principle of GM force sensor based on positive magnetostriction of Terfenol-D is presented. Then, design procedure of the GM force sensor is stated. Magnetic properties such as B-H curve and permeability of Terfenol-D are measured by a novel experimental setup and the results are used in analytical model, sensitivity estimation and numerical simulations. Then, an analytical model is presented and a numerical simulation using CST Studio Suite 2011 software is done. So as a result of numerical simulations, optimum geometry of the GM force sensor is obtained related to the condition in which the GM force sensor has highest sensitivity. After that, the sensor is fabricated using the simulation results and is tested by means of an experimental setup. Characteristic curve of the GM force sensor in several conditions is measured and the optimum operational condition is obtained considering highest sensitivity condition of the sensor. Also operational diagrams of the GM force sensor is plotted in loading and unloading conditions. Characteristics of the GM force sensor in optimum condition are presented.

Findings
– It was found that the GM force sensor has maximum sensitivity and maximum linearity in 0.8A current, which can be known as optimum condition of application. In this sensor, maximum sensitivity is 0.51 mV/N (while current is 0.8A), which is highest among older investigations.

Originality/value
– At last, theoretical, numerical and experimental results are compared and the criteria for magnetostrictive sensor design are presented.
Quality parameterization of educational resources from the perspective of a teacher
Authors: Karolčík Štefan , Čipková Elena , Veselský Milan , Hrubišková Helena , Matulčíková Mária 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjective assessment of the quality of available educational resources presupposes the existence of specific quality standards and specific evaluation tools which consider the specificities of digital products with educational ambitions. The study presents the results of research conducted on a representative sample of teachers who commented on issues related to the importance of measuring the quality of available educational resources and the hierarchy of the key characteristics of such devices. The research results clearly confirmed teachers' interest in knowing the quality of educational resources available and they requested a presentation of the resulting evaluation together with the methodological guidelines on a separate website. The teachers identified clearness, ease of use and adequacy of the educational content as the key and fundamental characteristics of such resources from a user perspective.
The Curse of Expertise: When More Knowledge Leads to Miscalibrated Explanatory Insight
Authors: Fisher Matthew , Keil Frank C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDoes expertise within a domain of knowledge predict accurate self‐assessment of the ability to explain topics in that domain? We find that expertise increases confidence in the ability to explain a wide variety of phenomena. However, this confidence is unwarranted; after actually offering full explanations, people are surprised by the limitations in their understanding. For passive expertise (familiar topics), miscalibration is moderated by education; those with more education are accurate in their self‐assessments (Experiment 1). But when those with more education consider topics related to their area of concentrated study (college major), they also display an illusion of understanding (Experiment 2). This “curse of expertise” is explained by a failure to recognize the amount of detailed information that had been forgotten (Experiment 3). While expertise can sometimes lead to accurate self‐knowledge, it can also create illusions of competence.
Hepatitis C knowledge among gay and other homosexually active men in Australia
Authors: Lea Toby , Hopwood Max , Aggleton Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsGay and other homosexually active men (hereafter ‘gay men’) are at elevated risk of becoming infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) via injecting drug use and sexual risk practices. This paper aimed to measure HCV knowledge among gay men in Australia and whether knowledge differed according to HCV risk.Design and MethodsIn 2013, a cross‐sectional, online survey of 405 Australian gay men explored the social aspects of HCV. Bivariate and multivariate linear regressions were used to examine factors associated with higher HCV knowledge.ResultsThe mean age of respondents was 39.2 years (SD = 13.3), and most men (75.3%) were born in Australia. According to self‐report, 32.1% were HIV‐positive, 3.0% were HCV‐positive and 8.9% were HIV/HCV co‐infected. The mean number of correct HCV knowledge items was 8.2 (SD = 3.9; range 0–15). In a multivariate analysis, higher HCV knowledge was associated with higher educational attainment, being HCV‐positive, being HIV‐positive and injecting drug use.Discussion and ConclusionsHCV knowledge among gay men was moderately good, although knowledge of testing, treatment and natural history of HCV was generally quite poor. Encouragingly, higher knowledge was reported among men at highest HCV risk. Viral hepatitis and HIV organisations, together with general practitioners and other health services, should continue to target gay men at a high risk of acquiring HCV with education and health promotion. [Lea T, Hopwood M, Aggleton P. Hepatitis C knowledge among gay and other homosexually active men in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:477–483]
Patterns of variation and covariation in the shapes of mandibular bones of juvenile salmonids in the genus Oncorhynchus
Authors: Kimmel Charles B. , Watson Sawyer , Couture Ryan B. , McKibben Natasha S. , Nichols James T. , Richardson Shannon E. , Noakes David L. G. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYWhat is the nature of evolutionary divergence of the jaw skeleton within the genus Oncorhynchus? How can two associated bones evolve new shapes and still maintain functional integration? Here, we introduce and test a “concordance” hypothesis, in which an extraordinary matching of the evolutionary shape changes of the dentary and angular articular serves to preserve their fitting together. To test this hypothesis, we examined morphologies of the dentary and angular articular at parr (juvenile) stage, and at three levels of biological organization—between salmon and trout, between sister species within both salmon and trout, and among three types differing in life histories within one species, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The comparisons show bone shape divergences among the groups at each level; morphological divergence between salmon and trout is marked even at this relatively early life history stage. We observed substantial matching between the two mandibular bones in both pattern and amount of shape variation, and in shape covariation across species. These findings strongly support the concordance hypothesis, and reflect functional and/or developmental constraint on morphological evolution. We present evidence for developmental modularity within both bones. The locations of module boundaries were predicted from the patterns of evolutionary divergences, and for the dentary, at least, would appear to facilitate its functional association with the angular articular. The modularity results suggest that development has biased the course of evolution.
The effect of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation on Aδ‐, C‐ and Aβ‐fibre brain responses in humans
Authors: Torta Diana M. , Churyukanov Maxim V. , Plaghki Leon , Mouraux André 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHuman studies have shown that heterotopic nociceptive conditioning stimulation (HNCS) applied to a given body location reduces the percept and brain responses elicited by noxious test stimuli delivered at a remote body location. It remains unclear to what extent this effect of HNCS relies on the spinal–bulbar–spinal loop mediating the effect of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) described in animals, and/or on top‐down cortical mechanisms modulating nociception. Importantly, some studies have examined the effects of HNCS on the brain responses to nociceptive input conveyed by Aδ‐fibres. In contrast, no studies have explored the effects of HNCS on the responses to selective nociceptive C‐fibre input and non‐nociceptive Aβ‐fibre input. In this study, we measured the intensity of perception and event‐related potentials (ERPs) to stimuli activating Aδ‐, C‐ and Aβ‐fibres, before, during and after HNCS, obtained by immersing one foot in painful cold water. We observed that (i) the perceived intensity of nociceptive Aδ‐ and C‐stimuli was reduced during HNCS, and (ii) the ERPs elicited by Aδ‐ and Aβ‐ and C‐stimuli were also reduced during HNCS. Importantly, because Aβ‐ERPs are related to primary afferents that ascend directly through the dorsal columns without being relayed at spinal level, the modulation of these responses may not be explained by an influence of descending projections modulating the transmission of nociceptive input at spinal level. Therefore, our results indicate that, in humans, HNCS should be used with caution as a direct measure of DNIC‐related mechanisms.
Mechanisms regulating spill‐over of synaptic glutamate to extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in mouse substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Wild A. R. , Bollands M. , Morris P. G. , Jones S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractN‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) contribute to neural development, plasticity and survival, but they are also linked with neurodegeneration. NMDARs at synapses are activated by coincident glutamate release and depolarization. NMDARs distal to synapses can sometimes be recruited by ‘spill‐over’ of glutamate during high‐frequency synaptic stimulation or when glutamate uptake is compromised, and this influences the shape of NMDAR‐mediated postsynaptic responses. In substantia nigra dopamine neurons, activation of NMDARs beyond the synapse during different frequencies of presynaptic stimulation has not been explored, even though excitatory afferents from the subthalamic nucleus show a range of firing frequencies, and these frequencies change in human and experimental Parkinson's disease. This study reports that high‐frequency stimulation (80 Hz/200 ms) evoked NMDAR‐excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that were larger and longer lasting than those evoked by single stimuli at low frequency (0.1 Hz). MK‐801, which irreversibly blocked NMDAR‐EPSCs activated during 0.1‐Hz stimulation, left a proportion of NMDAR‐EPSCs that could be activated by 80‐Hz stimulation and that may represent activity of NMDARs distal to synapses. TBOA, which blocks glutamate transporters, significantly increased NMDAR‐EPSCs in response to 80‐Hz stimulation, particularly when metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) were also blocked, indicating that recruitment of NMDARs distal to synapses is regulated by glutamate transporters and mGluRs. These regulatory mechanisms may be essential in the substantia nigra for restricting glutamate diffusion from synaptic sites and keeping NMDAR‐EPSCs in dopamine neurons relatively small and fast. Failure of glutamate transporters may contribute to the declining health of dopamine neurons during pathological conditions.
Helicobacter pylori and Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Authors: Venerito Marino , Vasapolli Riccardo , Rokkas Theodoros , Malfertheiner Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHelicobacter pylori infection is the principal trigger of gastric carcinogenesis and gastric cancer (GC) and remains the third leading cause of cancer‐related death in both sexes worldwide. In a big Japanese study, the risk of developing GC in patients with peptic ulcer disease who received H. pylori eradication therapy and annual endoscopic surveillance for a mean of 9.9 years was significantly lower after successful eradication therapy compared to the group with persistent infection (0.21%/year and 0.45%/year, respectively, p = .049). According to a recent meta‐analysis, H. pylori eradication is insufficient in GC risk reduction in subjects with advanced precancerous conditions (i.e., intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia). A microsimulation model suggested screening smokers over the age of 50 in the U.S. for serum pepsinogens. This would allow to detect advanced gastric atrophy with endoscopic follow‐up of subjects testing positive as a cost‐effective strategy to reduce GC mortality. In a Taiwanese study, the anti‐H. pylori IgG‐based test‐and‐treat program had lower incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios than that with 13C‐urea breath test in both sexes to prevent GC whereas expected years of life lost for GC were higher and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios of test‐and‐treat programs were more cost‐effective in young adults (30–69 years old) than in elders (>70 years old). With respect to gastrointestinal malignancies other than GC, a meta‐analysis confirmed the inverse association between H. pylori infection and esophageal adenocarcinoma. In a Finnish study, H. pylori seropositivity was associated with an increased risk of biliary tract cancers (multivariate adjusted OR 2.63; 95% CI: 1.08–6.37), another meta‐analysis showed a slightly increased rate of pancreatic cancer in patients with CagA‐negative strains (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02–1.65), whereas current data suggest that the association between H. pylori and colorectal neoplasms may be population dependent.
Extragastric Diseases and Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Franceschi Francesco , Gasbarrini Antonio , Polyzos Stergios A. , Kountouras Jannis 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection still remain a very strong topic throughout the H. pylori world. Indeed, H. pylori may interfere with many biological processes, both inside and outside of the stomach, possibly influencing or determining the occurrence of many diseases outside of the stomach. While its role in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and sideropenic anemia has already been recognized, emerging evidence suggests that H. pylori may increase the risk of acute coronary syndrome, contribute to insulin resistance and be associated with neurodegenerative, respiratory, and other miscellaneous disorders previously associated with other conditions. Different pathogenic mechanisms have been hypothesized, including the induction of a low‐grade inflammatory state and the occurrence of molecular mimicry mechanisms. This review summarizes the results of the most relevant studies published on this topic in the last year.
Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatrics
Authors: Roma Eleftheria , Miele Erasmo 
Published: September 2015

This review includes the main pediatric studies published from April 2014 to March 2015. The host response of Treg cells with increases in FOXP3 and TGF‐β1 combined with a reduction in IFN‐γ by Teff cells may contribute to Helicobacter pylori susceptibility in children. Genotypic variability in H. pylori strains influences the clinical manifestation of the infection. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with variables indicative of a crowded environment and poor living conditions, while breast‐feeding has a protective effect. Intrafamilial infection, especially from mother to children and from sibling to sibling, is the dominant transmission route. Studies showed conflicting results regarding the association between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia. One study suggests that H. pylori eradication plays a role in the management of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in H. pylori‐infected children and adolescents. The prevalence of H. pylori was higher in chronic urticaria patients than in controls and, following H. pylori eradication, urticarial symptoms disappeared. An inverse relationship between H. pylori infection and allergic disease was reported. Antibiotic resistance and insufficient compliance to treatment limit the efficacy of eradication therapy. Sequential therapy had no advantage over standard triple therapy. In countries where H. pylori infection is prevalent, studies focusing on virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility may provide anticipation of the prognosis and may be helpful to reduce morbidity and mortality.
The Dark Figure of Disablist Violence
Authors: THORNEYCROFT RYAN , ASQUITH NICOLE L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWhile there is a paucity of research pertaining to the phenomenon of disablist violence, one key feature has emerged: it is widely under‐reported and under‐recorded. The reasons for this are diverse: many are representative of reporting issues attributable to all forms of (hate) crime, and others are unique to the individual and social conditions of living with a disability (Sin). This article provides a conceptual and contextual overview of disablist violence before proceeding to a critical literature review of the reasons why the phenomenon is largely under‐reported. Against this backdrop, we offer a critical examination of the various policing strategies necessary for addressing the problem of under‐reporting of disablist violence.
Analysis of the association between polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP20, TIMP1, and TIMP2 genes with white spot lesions and early childhood caries
Authors: Antunes Lívia Azeredo , Antunes Leonardo Santos , Küchler Erika Calvano , Lopes Ludiana Barbosa , Moura Alex , Bigonha Rhyan Silva , Abreu Fernanda Volpe , Granjeiro José Mauro , de Amorim Lidia Maria da Fonte , Paixão Izabel Christina N. P. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors might be involved in enamel formation.AimThis study aimed to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP20, TIMP1, and TIMP2 with white spot lesions (WSL) and early childhood caries (ECC).DesignA cross‐sectional study was performed on 786 children aged from 2 to 6 years in Brazil. After clinical evaluation, they were classified into groups with disease (the presence of WSL and/or ECC) and without disease (the absence of WSL or ECC). Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out with TaqMan real‐time PCR, using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups. Chi‐square test, odds ratio (OR), and logistic regression were used (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsThe dmft score was 1.3 (SD: 2.4), and 41.34% of the children have at least one caries lesion. In MMP9, the GG genotype was more frequent in the group without disease (P = 0.006). In a recessive model, WSL was associated with the marker rs1711437 in MMP20 (P = 0.019; OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.02–1.42). The marker rs1784418 in MMP20 showed an association between the allele G distribution for the WSL group (P = 0.020; OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.96).ConclusionMMP9 and MMP20 are involved in WSL and ECC development.