bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis of galaxolide enantiomers in sediment using gas chromatography/isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Jingzhi , Gao Shutao , Zeng Xiangying , Yu Zhiqiang , Peng Ping'an , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo 
Published: July 2013

RATIONALEBoth chiral analysis and compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis have limitations when applied to environmental research. However, the combination of these two techniques might overcome their respective limitation and give more insight into the enantioselective fate and source apportionment of chiral organic contaminants.METHODSAfter Soxhlet extraction and clean‐up, sediment extracts were further pre‐concentrated using normal‐phase preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography to isolate sufficient quantities of highly purified galaxolide (1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐4,6,6,7,8,8‐hexamethylcyclopenta(g)‐2‐benzopyran; HHCB). The enantiomeric fractions and stable carbon isotopes of the HHCB were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).RESULTSThe method was validated by analysis of the enantiomeric fractions and the stable carbon isotope ratios of the HHCB standard at each step of the pre‐concentration procedure, and no significant enantiomeric and isotopic fractionation was found. The sediment sample was further used to test the developed method, and it was shown that the HHCB enantiomers in the sediment sample exhibited significantly different δ13C values (–33.03 to –24.57‰) and a slight enantiomeric fractionation (0.507 and 0.490) from a HHCB standard reference compound (–26.50 to –26.21‰ for δ13C values, and 0.519 and 0.497 for enantiomeric fractions).CONCLUSIONSThis work offers a novel approach to elucidating the sources and the abiotic or biological transformation processes of HHCB in the environment and will offer a perspective for assessing the environment fate of any chiral organic compound. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology and management of chronic hepatitis E infection in solid organ transplantation: a comprehensive literature review
Authors: Zhou Xinying , de Man Robert A. , de Knegt Robert J. , Metselaar Herold J. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Pan Qiuwei 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has emerged as a global public health issue. Although it often causes an acute and self‐limiting infection with low mortality rates in the western world, it bears a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients with substantial mortality rates. Organ transplant recipients who receive immunosuppressive medication to prevent rejection are thought to be the main population at risk for chronic hepatitis E. Therefore, there is an urgent need to properly evaluate the clinical impact of HEV in these patients. This article aims to review the prevalence, infection course, and management of HEV infection after solid organ transplantation by performing a comprehensive literature review. In addition, an in‐depth emphasis of this clinical issue and a discussion of future development are also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harnessing the Influence of Reactive Edges and Defects of Graphene Substrates for Achieving Complete Cycle of Room‐Temperature Molecular Sensing
Authors: Randeniya Lakshman K. , Shi Hongqing , Barnard Amanda S. , Fang Jinghua , Martin Philip J. , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMolecular doping and detection are at the forefront of graphene research, a topic of great interest in physical and materials science. Molecules adsorb strongly on graphene, leading to a change in electrical conductivity at room temperature. However, a common impediment for practical applications reported by all studies to date is the excessively slow rate of desorption of important reactive gases such as ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. Annealing at high temperatures, or exposure to strong ultraviolet light under vacuum, is employed to facilitate desorption of these gases. In this article, the molecules adsorbed on graphene nanoflakes and on chemically derived graphene‐nanomesh flakes are displaced rapidly at room temperature in air by the use of gaseous polar molecules such as water and ethanol. The mechanism for desorption is proposed to arise from the electrostatic forces exerted by the polar molecules, which decouples the overlap between substrate defect states, molecule states, and graphene states near the Fermi level. Using chemiresistors prepared from water‐based dispersions of single‐layer graphene on mesoporous alumina membranes, the study further shows that the edges of the graphene flakes (showing p‐type responses to NO2 and NH3) and the edges of graphene nanomesh structures (showing n‐type responses to NO2 and NH3) have enhanced sensitivity. The measured responses towards gases are comparable to or better than those which have been obtained using devices that are more sophisticated. The higher sensitivity and rapid regeneration of the sensor at room temperature provides a clear advancement towards practical molecule detection using graphene‐based materials.
Addressing perceptual insensitivity to facial affect in violent offenders: first evidence for the efficacy of a novel implicit training approach
Authors: Schönenberg M. , Christian S. , Gaußer A.-K. , Mayer S. V. , Hautzinger M. , Jusyte A. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundAlthough impaired recognition of affective facial expressions has been conclusively linked to antisocial behavior, little is known about the modifiability of this deficit. This study investigated whether and under which circumstances the proposed perceptual insensitivity can be addressed with a brief implicit training approach.MethodFacial affect recognition was assessed with an animated morph task, in which the participants (44 male incarcerated violent offenders and 43 matched controls) identified the onset of emotional expressions in animated morph clips that gradually changed from neutral to one of the six basic emotions. Half of the offenders were then implicitly trained to direct attention to salient face regions (attention training, AT) using a modified dot-probe task. The other half underwent the same protocol but the intensity level of the presented expressions was additionally manipulated over the course of training sessions (sensitivity to emotional expressions training, SEE training). Subsequently, participants were reassessed with the animated morph task.ResultsFacial affect recognition was significantly impaired in violent offenders as compared with controls. Further, our results indicate that only the SEE training group exhibited a pronounced improvement in emotion recognition.ConclusionsWe demonstrated for the first time that perceptual insensitivity to facial affect can be addressed by an implicit training that directs attention to salient regions of a face and gradually decreases the intensity of the emotional expression. Future studies should focus on the potential of this intervention to effectively increase empathy and inhibit violent behavior in antisocial individuals.
Modelling sandgrouse (Pterocles spp.) distributions and large-scale habitat requirements in Spain: implications for conservation
Authors: BENÍTEZ-LÓPEZ ANA , VIÑUELA JAVIER , HERVÁS ISRAEL , SUÁREZ FRANCISCO , GARCÍA JESÚS T. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYKnowledge of the factors determining species distributions is essential for developing conservation strategies. Sandgrouse Pterocles alchata and P. orientalis are threatened in Spain, the stronghold of European populations. Spatial modelling was used to: (1) assess the relative importance of abiotic, anthropogenic and geographical factors in the distribution of both sandgrouse species, (2) determine the most important anthropogenic predictors for each species occurrence, and (3) identify areas where conservation efforts should be prioritized. Abiotic and anthropogenic factors explained most of the variation in sandgrouse distributions. Both species were associated with arid flatlands, arable land cover being the most important anthropogenic variable determining their distribution. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the main driver of agricultural management in Europe, and may thus have a direct effect on sandgrouse distributions. P. orientalis exhibited broader habitat tolerance than P. alchata; the latter species tolerates warmer climates. Consequently, the network of core and marginally suitable areas identified for each species differs, and connectivity between the populations of these areas seems unlikely. Potential future changes in sandgrouse distribution will probably be directed principally by the synergistic effects of climate change and expected land-use transformations resulting from the new CAP and ongoing population growth, urbanization and infrastructure development.
Transient global amnesia
Authors: Boovalingam P , Shah N 
Published: July 2013

SummaryTransient global amnesia (TGA) has been described since the 19th century. It is characterized by an episode of anterograde and retrograde amnesia lasting less than 24 hours. During this episode patients are conscious and able to interact normally, but are typically distressed and repeat questions without remembering explanations. Despite progress in medical imaging, no cause for the condition has been proven. Prognosis is excellent and management centres on recognition and reassurance. We describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features and management.
Towards ‘Total’ Recycling: Women, Waste and Food Waste Recovery in Germany, 1914–1939
Authors: WEBER HEIKE 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn two critical periods of German history, namely during wartime Imperial Germany and the National Socialist era, the German state resorted to salvaging waste to mobilise both people and resources at home for the war effort. Waste recycling efforts were part of preparing the national economy as well as home front morale for ‘total’ war. Since domestic waste – the generation of which was largely an urban phenomenon before the advent of mass consumer society – has traditionally been defined as a female responsibility, urban women were seen as the main pillars of waste work. Collecting, separating and storing reusable leftovers became a pervasive element of their everyday lives, as well as those of schoolchildren. Moreover, in the case of the First World War, under the umbrella of the so-called National Women's Service (Nationaler Frauendienst or NFD), women's associations set up grass-roots local waste collections before the state discovered the potential of waste for its war mobilisation efforts from 1916 onwards. The article highlights this self-mobilisation in the case of food recycling. Furthermore, it explores the continuities and differences between First World War waste salvage and later Nazi waste policies. Claiming to have learnt their lessons from the salvage drives of the First World War, the Nazis aimed at a ‘total’ waste recovery at the latest from 1936 onwards and took a top-down approach to reach it; in contrast, waste salvage drives of the First World War had been dominated by local and often female initiatives.
The Glass Recycling Container in the Netherlands: Symbol in Times of Scarcity and Abundance, 1939–1978
Authors: OLDENZIEL RUTH , VEENIS MILENA 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Netherlands is reputed to be the first Western European country with separate waste collection. The first Dutch recycling container was established in 1972 by a local action committee of women, who were involved in raising environmental awareness and in critiquing the waste of consumer society. Their initiative was a huge success. Action committees in dozens of cities followed their example in short order, supported by national politicians. Six years later, glass recycling containers dotted the country. Although novel, and a powerful icon of the politicized climate of the 1970s, Oldenziel and Veenis argue that the quick success of glass containers cannot be explained in the political context of rising environmentalism alone. The ready acceptance of glass containers and the practice of separating waste were rooted in national practices of a culture of thrift on the one hand and coercive wartime policies of reuse on the other. Based on archival material, the authors analyse the ways that recycling container activism was rooted in the tradition of the culture of thrift. More specifically, they trace how the culture of thrift had been reinforced in coercive wartime policies when authorities dealt with shortages during the German occupation and how the practice became a source of the 1970s history of glass container activism.
Green Citizenship at the Recycling Junction: Consumers and Infrastructures for the Recycling of Packaging in Twentieth-Century Norway
Authors: JØRGENSEN FINN ARNE 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the making of the Norwegian recycling consumer-citizen by discussing recycling as both a cultural activity – an expression of environmentalist sentiment, an everyday habit and a social expectation – and a technological infrastructure consisting of disposal stations, legal frameworks, transportation systems and the recycling technologies themselves. Using a concept of ‘recycling junctions’ as a means of understanding historical recycling processes, the article focuses on beverage packaging to argue that effective recycling in the modern green state depends on a combination of technologically mediated convenience and green consumer-citizenship, involving a wide range of actors.
Recycling Policy: The Sound Material Cycle Society and 3R Concepts from Japan to Developing Asia
Authors: Hotta Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2013

The key challenges in waste management facing rapidly developing economies are the consideration of increasing resource consumption and waste generation, as well as the establishment of a “sound material cycle society”. The latter refers to the concept of promoting a social change in which the consumption of natural resources is minimised and the environmental load is reduced as much as possible by preventing products from becoming wastes, promoting appropriate recycling of products, and securing appropriate disposals of wastes that are not recycled.
This chapter proposes that recycling is not only about technical solutions or engineering of resource‐recovery from waste. Rather, it is an issue of how to systematically organise institutional infrastructure and physical infrastructure to sustain recycling mechanisms. Lessons from the ‘sound material cycle society’ policy of Japan are discussed. By reviewing policy‐related issues for recycling in developing Asia, the challenges and opportunities for the institutionalisation of recycling and the establishment of a ‘sound material cycle society’ in the context of developing economies are summarised.
Positioning occupational therapy as a discipline on the research continuum: Results of a cross‐sectional survey of research experience
Authors: Pighills Alison C. , Plummer David , Harvey Desley , Pain Tilley 
Published: July 2013

Background/aimEvidence‐based practice and research are beginning and endpoints on a research continuum. Progression along the continuum builds research capacity. Occupational Therapy has a low evidence base, thus, clinicians are not implementing evidence‐based practice or publishing research. Barriers to implementing evidence‐based practice and engaging in research include a lack of confidence. This research gauged Occupational Therapists' research experience, support needs and barriers, and compared levels of research anxiety between allied health disciplines.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was sent to Health Practitioners in northern Queensland in May–June 2011. Responses about experience, support needs and barriers, between Occupational Therapists, were analysed using Chi‐square ‘goodness of fit’ tests. Multivariate analysis compared responses between disciplines about research anxiety. This paper reports results for the subset of Occupational Therapists.ResultsThe whole population, consisting of 152 Occupational Therapists, was sent a questionnaire, from which 86 responded. More Occupational Therapists than not had experience of evidence‐based practice and less support was required, but they had little experience of producing research and required more support. The amount of support required for activities along the research continuum was inversely related to the level of experience in these tasks. Barriers included lack of staff and time. Occupational Therapists were more anxious about research (53 of 79, 67%) than all other Health Practitioner disciplines combined (170 of 438, 39%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionA cohesive strategy should focus on consolidating Occupational Therapists' evidence‐based practice skills and building confidence. Clinicians wishing to engage in research need access to academic support. Academics and clinicians should work closely to produce clinically relevant research.
Historicizing Planning, Problematizing Participation
Authors: Huxley Margo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this article, I offer speculations which share the intentions of this symposium to bring to light seldom acknowledged configurations of knowledges, and to indicate different ways of thinking historically about urban problems and planning policies. I suggest that a genealogical or critical historical sensibility has much to contribute to these projects by tracing how policies and programmes come into being in response to specific conditions and within specific sets of presuppositions, and are rarely the products of unified histories or singular rationalities. But these policies are also configured in discursive terrains that already shape the form of problems and their possible solutions. That is, before policies or concepts can ‘travel’, they have to come into being under certain ‘conditions of possibility’. The main focus of this article is to suggest that posing a policy, programme or set of practices as a ‘problematization’ as a consequence of certain conditions of possibility can productively indicate different avenues of enquiry that trace the disparate ‘pre‐travel’ emergences of what may (or may not) then become ‘travelling’ policies. I indicate some questions and possible research directions arising from taking participation in planning as a particular form of problematization and calling attention to the taken‐for‐granted nature of ‘participation’ as it is theorized and practised in the fields of urban planning and participatory development.
Forest management policies and oil wealth in Iran over the last century: A review
Authors: Amiraslani Farshad , Dragovich Deirdre 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDeforestation is a problem in many developing countries. In Iran, the introduction of forestry management policies in the twentieth century coincided with a period of severe depletion in forest cover. This over‐utilization resulted from tree cutting for road construction, the establishment of sawmills and match factories, and in particular, the growing demand for charcoal and fuelwood for a rapidly increasing population. The formal forestry management policies initiated in the early 1900s were inadequately enforced, leading to continuing loss of forests through largely unregulated exploitation. Despite the discovery of oil in 1908 and natural gas in 1937, gas pipeline construction for domestic consumption was slow, kerosene was only gradually substituted for wood, charcoal consumption only fell steeply after 1960, and the established forest cover decreased sharply between 1970 and 1990. In 1991, the first of the post‐Revolution national Five Year Development Plans commenced and environmental protection was allocated significant budgetary support. The Five Year Plans implemented substantial reductions in livestock grazing in forests and encouraged reforestation, which partly offset the continuing forest removal. Using estimates based on fuelwood consumption in Brazil and USA, the forested area in Iran in 1850 would have disappeared by 2000 without the Government intervention which provided widespread access to fossil fuels. This energy‐source shift decreased local pressure on the dwindling forest resources and was reinforced by Government policies to conserve and extend forests.
Potential role of oxidative exoenzymes of the extremophilic fungus Pestalotiopsis palmarum BM‐04 in biotransformation of extra‐heavy crude oil
Authors: Naranjo‐Briceño Leopoldo , Pernía Beatriz , Guerra Mayamaru , Demey Jhonny R. , De Sisto Ángela , Inojosa Ysvic , González Meralys , Fusella Emidio , Freites Miguel , Yegres Francisco 
Published: July 2013

SummaryLarge amount of drilling waste associated with the expansion of the Orinoco Oil Belt (OOB), the biggest proven reserve of extra‐heavy crude oil (EHCO) worldwide, is usually impregnated with EHCO and highly salinized water‐based drilling fluids. Oxidative exoenzymes (OE) of the lignin‐degrading enzyme system (LDS) of fungi catalyse the oxidation of a wide range of toxic pollutants. However, very little evidences on fungal degradation or biotransformation of EHCO have been reported, which contain high amounts of asphaltenes and its biodegradation rate is very limited. The aims of this work were to study the ability of Pestalotiopsis palmarum BM‐04 to synthesize OE, its potential to biotransform EHCO and to survive in extreme environmental conditions. Enzymatic studies of the LDS showed the ability of this fungus to overproduce high amounts of laccase (LACp) in presence of wheat bran or lignin peroxidase (LIPp) with EHCO as sole carbon and energy source (1300 U mgP−1 in both cases). FT‐IR spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) analysis showed the enzymatic oxidation of carbon and sulfur atoms in both maltenes and asphaltenes fractions of biotreated EHCO catalysed by cell‐free laccase‐enriched OE using wheat bran as inducer. UV‐visible spectrophotometry analysis revealed the oxidation of the petroporphyrins in the asphaltenes fraction of biotreated EHCO. Tolerance assays showed the ability of this fungus to grow up to 50 000 p.p.m. of EHCO and 2000 mM of NaCl. These results suggest that P. palmarum BM‐04 is a hopeful alternative to be used in remediation processes in extreme environmental conditions of salinity and EHCO contamination, such as the drilling waste from the OOB.
Lipoic acid restores age‐associated impairment of brain energy metabolism through the modulation of Akt/JNK signaling and PGC1α transcriptional pathway
Authors: Jiang Tianyi , Yin Fei , Yao Jia , Brinton Roberta D. , Cadenas Enrique 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis study examines the progress of a hypometabolic state inherent in brain aging with an animal model consisting of Fischer 344 rats of young, middle, and old ages. Dynamic microPET scanning demonstrated a significant decline in brain glucose uptake at old ages, which was associated with a decrease in the expression of insulin‐sensitive neuronal glucose transporters GLUT3/4 and of microvascular endothelium GLUT1. Brain aging was associated with an imbalance between the PI3K/Akt pathway of insulin signaling and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and a downregulation of the PGC1α‐mediated transcriptional pathway of mitochondrial biogenesis that impinged on multiple aspects of energy homeostasis. R‐(+)‐lipoic acid treatment increased glucose uptake, restored the balance of Akt/JNK signaling, and enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics and the PGC1α‐driven mitochondrial biogenesis. It may be surmised that impairment of a mitochondria–cytosol–nucleus communication is underlying the progression of the age‐related hypometabolic state in brain; the effects of lipoic acid are not organelle‐limited, but reside on the functional and effective coordination of this communication that results in improved energy metabolism.