bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Photodiode Array/HPLC-Based System for the Detection and Quantitation of Basic Drugs in Postmortem Blood
Authors: Koves EM , Wells J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A systematic analytical approach has been developed for liquid chromatography determination of a number of basic drugs in postmortem blood. Using selective extraction, that is, back extraction into 0.2N sulfuric acid and 6N hydrochloric acid after the initial extraction with toluene under basic conditions (from 2 mL of blood), basic and weakly basic drugs, such as propranolol and diazepam, can be simultaneously quantitated and identified with a high degree of confidence. A microcomputer-based photodiode array detector was used to evaluate peak purity and facilitate peak identification. An automatic library search was performed at the end of each analysis using the system software. The method was validated for within-day and between-day precision for ten basic drugs at two concentrations. The coefficient of variation for the between-day precision was less than 8.7%. Accuracy of the assay was tested at four concentrations using linear regression analysis. The coefficients of determination (r2) for all ten drugs were greater than 0.99, and their slopes were close to unity. The chromatographic conditions developed are suitable for the screening of several basic, acidic, amphoteric, and neutral drugs. Retention data and ultraviolet spectral data for 119 drugs on two reversed-phase columns, using acidic mobile phases, are also presented.
A Review of Forensic Engineering Reconstruction of Accidents
Authors: Nelson TS , Feder KR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On first reading this book the reviewers were somewhat disappointed. After reflecting on the material presented, we realized that we had been expecting a technical expose on engineering principles, and the book fell short of that expectation. Although some basic formulas are presented, the book seems to be intended as a discourse on the fundamentals of technical investigations rather than the typical formula derivation, example, and solution philosophy. As such, this narrative overview of forensic engineering investigations is very well written and presents the reader with a refreshing and interesting approach to technical literature. Although this book cannot be fully appreciated by the novice investigator, the experienced forensic engineer will find many areas worth rereading.
Isoelectric Focusing of Human Hair Keratins: Correlation with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Patterns and Effect of Cosmetic Treatments
Authors: Rodriguez-Calvo MS , Carracedo A , Muñoz I , Concheiro L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new isoelectric focusing (IEF) technique in polyacrylamide gels with 6M urea and 1.5% Nonidet P40 has been developed to characterize human hair samples. The phenotypes demonstrated with this procedure has been correlated with the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns described by other authors. The method described can be applied in the forensic science analysis of a single human hair. Using the same IEF technique we have studied the changes in electrophoretic patterns of cosmetically treated hair. The characteristics of the modifications observed and its utility in forensic science work are also discussed in this paper.
Fourier Transform Infrared Analyses of Some Particulate Drug Mixtures Using a Diamond Anvil Cell with a Beam Condenser and an Infrared Microscope
Authors: Suzuki EM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although the diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been used in many forensic science laboratories for the analysis of trace evidence, few applications of this technique for the analysis of controlled substances have been reported. This may be due to both an unfamiliarity on the part of forensic drug chemists with this accessory and the nature and quality of spectra that result from use of a DAC on a dispersive instrument. Along with low energy throughput, which results in relatively high noise levels, strong broad diamond absorptions occur. With the use of a Fourier transform infrared instrument, these do not present a problem and nanogram quantities of materials can be analyzed when the DAC is used with an infrared microscope. Since single crystals can be sampled with the DAC, simple physical separations (involving particle-picking) can be used in certain cases to isolate drugs from particulate mixtures for infrared analysis. This method is especially useful for some “difficult” mixtures and residues, and several examples of such analyses involving samples of forensic science interest are presented.
Fourier Transform Infrared/Raman Differentiation and Characterization of Cis- and Trans-2,5-Dimethoxy-4,β-Dimethyl-β'-Nitrostyrenes: Precursors to the Street Drug STP
Authors: By A , Neville GA , Shurvell HF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fourier transform Raman and infrared spectra of pure cis(Z)- and trans(E)- 2,5-dimethoxy-4,β-dimethyl-β-nitrostyrene (precursors of the psychotomimetic street drug STP or DOM) were recorded in the solid state. The spectra show characteristic features of the ethylene moiety and of the aryl and nitro substituents which permit ready differentiation and identification of these isomers. A very strong Raman line at 1670 cm−1 from the cis isomer for the C=C stretching mode, in comparison with a strong Raman line at 1641 cm−1 for the trans isomer, affords primary differentiation of these substances. A second characteristic, of both the Raman and infrared (IR) spectra, is that the frequency of the strong symmetric nitro (NO2) stretching band is about 40 cm−1 higher in the cis (1346 cm−1) than the trans isomer (1301 cm−1). All major IR and Raman bands are reported and given vibrational assignments.
Neck Injuries: II. Atlantoaxial Dislocation—A Pathologic Study of 14 Traffic Fatalities
Authors: Adams VI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
C1–C2 vertebral dislocations have not been commonly recognized at autopsy. Among 66 subjects with neck injuries, drawn from a series of 155 traffic fatalities, were 14 with injuries at the level of the atlantoaxial motion segment, ranging in age from 8 months to 93 years. Thirteen had sprains or lacerations of the atlantoaxial facet joints, and one had a healed C1 fracture. Six of the 14 had odontoid fractures. None had transverse ligament lacerations. Injuries of the alar ligaments and the tectorial membrane were frequent. Only 3 subjects had subaxial cervical injury. All 14 had evidence of impact to the head or neck. Four had fractures of the mandible or facial bones, and 5 had skull fractures. Subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages were found in 7 and 6, respectively. Brainstem lacerations were not uncommon, but only one had a pontomedullary laceration. Spinomedullary cord injuries occurred in 5. Acute neurogenic shock was the major mechanism of death in 9 of the 14, including 5 with major cardiovascular lacerations. Delayed effects of craniocerebral trauma accounted for the majority of the remainder. The biomechanical mechanisms are discussed.
A Microscopic Comparison of Fresh and Burned Bone
Authors: Neson R , Neson R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Examination of miscrostructure of human bone is useful in estimating age at death in forensic science cases. This technique has been tested and is well accepted, however samples of burned bone may complicate analysis because of possible changes in the microstructure occurring during the burning process. In a comparison of fresh and burned ground thin sections taken from midshaft femorae of eight dissecting-room cadavers of known age and sex, this study finds significant shrinkage of microstructural elements through the burning process. These results are compared to previous work on the subject, which found the microstructural elements to increase through the burning process.
A Death Involving Probenecid
Authors: McIntyre IM , Crump K , Roberts AN , Drummer OH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A death following deliberate ingestion of approximately 75 g of probenecid in a 36-year-old man is described. Tissue concentrations of probenecid were highest in serum (710 mg/L) and liver (550 mg/kg). Probenecid was also detected in vitreous and bile. Ethanol was also detected in blood at 0.13 g/100 mL.
Fatal Hydrocarbon Lipoid Pneumonia and Pneumonitis Secondary to Automatic Transmission Fluid Ingestion
Authors: Perrot LJ , Palmer H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is the first reported case of an unusual exogeneous lipoid pneumonia with marked interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis along with generalized diffuse omental oozing developing in a 14-month-old child following ingestion of automatic transmission fluid.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Detection of Clandestine Graves
Authors: France DL , Griffin TJ , Swanburg JG , Lindemann JW , Clark Davenport G , Trammell V , Armbrust CT , Kondratieff B , Nelson A , Castellano K , Hopkins D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A multidisciplinary team that is comprised of professionals from industry, academia, and law enforcement who are studying methods to locate clandestine graves has been formed in Colorado. This article describes this team, research conducted, and preliminary results directed toward identifying the most effective means of locating buried bodies.
A Comparison of Models Used for Calculation of RFLP Pattern Frequencies
Authors: Herrin G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In recent years the application of DNA typing information to criminal investigations has gained widespread acceptance. The primary method currently in use relies on length variation of DNA restriction fragments between individuals. These variations are identified using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) DNA probes. As this technology becomes more widely used, it is crucial that scientifically valid methods of interpreting the significance of a DNA typing result be adopted. The method chosen should not only give a reliable approximation of the statistical likelihood of a particular RFLP pattern occurring, but should also be easy to present and for the court to understand. In this manuscript five methods of calculating a frequency of occurrence of a RFLP pattern will be presented (fixed bin genotype, floating bin phenotype, floating bin genotype, National Research Council (NRC) method using fixed bins and the NRC method using floating bins). The calculations discussed here demonstrated that the fixed bin genotype method produces a frequency very similar to that obtained from floating bin phenotypes. In addition, regardless of the method chosen or the database size, the frequency of any particular banding pattern in the population over several loci was found to be very rare.
Surface Contamination by TNT
Authors: Bender E , Hogan A , Leggett D , Miskolczy G , MacDonald S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We have performed experiments that indicate TNT contamination is present on surfaces exposed to TNT vapor, and that TNT contamination is transferred rapidly between proximate surfaces. Contaminated surfaces continue to be nearly constant sources of TNT vapor for some time after removal of the primary source.
Optimal Placement of Unified Power Flow Controller by Dynamic Implementation of System-Variable-Based Voltage-Stability Indices to Enhance Voltage Stability
Authors: Ahmad Shameem , Albatsh Fadi M. , Mekhilef Saad , Mokhlis Hazlie 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new approach of unified power flow controller (UPFC) optimal placement in the power system network based on dynamic analysis of voltage stability is presented in this paper. Voltage stability indices (VSIs), called line stability index LQP, voltage collapse point indicators (VCPIs), and line stability factor Lmn have been employed to explore the most suitable location for UPFC. The locations of UPFC are identified by dynamically varying loads across all the PQ buses by different percentages to satisfy the real power system conditions. The simulations are conducted in a power system computer-aided design (PSCAD) environment where IEEE-39 bus system has been chosen as case study. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been ensured from the simulation results because UPFC's placement in the obtained locations resulted in an improved voltage stability condition. Furthermore, to verify the suitability of the explored locations, a comparative study has been conducted after placing UPFC in the present locations and other locations obtained using optimization techniques like particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), and bacteria foraging algorithm (BFA). In all the cases, UPFC's placement in the identified locations using the proposed approach has resulted in better voltage stability condition improvement compared to heuristics approaches.
Disruption of the autoinhibited state primes the E3 ligase parkin for activation and catalysis
Authors: Kumar Atul , Aguirre Jacob D , Condos Tara EC , Martinez‐Torres R Julio , Chaugule Viduth K , Toth Rachel , Sundaramoorthy Ramasubramanian , Mercier Pascal , Knebel Axel , Spratt Donald E , Barber Kathryn R , Shaw Gary S , Walden Helen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe PARK2 gene is mutated in 50% of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (ARJP) cases. It encodes parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the RBR family. Parkin exists in an autoinhibited state that is activated by phosphorylation of its N‐terminal ubiquitin‐like (Ubl) domain and binding of phosphoubiquitin. We describe the 1.8 Å crystal structure of human parkin in its fully inhibited state and identify the key interfaces to maintain parkin inhibition. We identify the phosphoubiquitin‐binding interface, provide a model for the phosphoubiquitin–parkin complex and show how phosphorylation of the Ubl domain primes parkin for optimal phosphoubiquitin binding. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the addition of phosphoubiquitin leads to displacement of the Ubl domain through loss of structure, unveiling a ubiquitin‐binding site used by the E2~Ub conjugate, thus leading to active parkin. We find the role of the Ubl domain is to prevent parkin activity in the absence of the phosphorylation signals, and propose a model for parkin inhibition, optimization for phosphoubiquitin recruitment, release of inhibition by the Ubl domain and engagement with an E2~Ub conjugate. Taken together, this model provides a mechanistic framework for activating parkin.
The growth response to GH treatment is greater in patients with SHOX enhancer deletions compared to SHOX defects
Authors: Donze S H , Meijer C R , Kant S G , Zandwijken G R J , van der Hout A H , van Spaendonk R M L , van den Ouweland A M W , Wit J M , Losekoot M , Oostdijk W 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveShort stature caused by point mutations or deletions of the short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene (SHOX haploinsufficiency (SHI)) is a registered indication for GH treatment. Patients with a SHOX enhancer deletion (SED) have a similar phenotype, but their response to GH is unknown. It is uncertain if duplications of SHOX or its enhancer (SDUP) cause short stature. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and growth response to GH treatment in patients with aberrations of SHOX and its enhancers.DesignIn this retrospective multi-center study (2002–March 2014) clinical information was available from 130 patients (72 SHI, 44 SED, and 14 SDUP) of whom 52 patients were treated with GH. We evaluated height, sitting height (SH), arm span, dysmorphic features and indicators of the growth response to GH (delta height SDS, height velocity, and index of responsiveness).ResultsPatients with SEDs showed similar HtSDS to patients with SHI (−2.3 and −2.6, respectively, P=0.2), but they were less disproportionate (SH/height ratio SDS 2.0 vs 3.1 (P<0.01) and extremities/trunk ratio 2.57 vs 2.43 (P=0.03)). The 1st year growth response to GH treatment was significantly greater in prepubertal patients with SEDs than SHI. None of the patients with an SDUP was disproportionate and SDUP cosegregated poorly with short stature; their growth response to GH treatment (n=3) was similar to the other groups.ConclusionsPatients with SEDs are equally short, but less disproportionate than patients with SHI, and show a greater response to GH.
Convergências lexicais: a área dos olhos no Atlas Lingüístico Galego e no Atlas Lingüístico do Paraná
Authors: De Andrade Aguilera Vanderci , Da Silva Hélen Cristina 
Published: August 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar alguns pontos de convergência entre as variantes lexicais de dois corpora geolinguísticos: de um lado, o volume V do Atlas Lingüístico Galego - ALGa (García et alii 2005) e, de outro, o Atlas Lingüístico do Paraná – ALPR (Aguilera 1994) e o Atlas Lingüístico do Paraná II - ALPR II (Altino 2005). Para isso, selecionamos, do Campo semântico Corpo Humano, as cartas que se referem à área dos olhos. Para a análise adotamos os métodos geolinguístico e o lexicológico uma vez que buscamos, na distribuição espacial e na dicionarização dos vocábulos, os subsídios para esclarecer a presença de variantes comuns em ambos os corpora. A análise indicou que determinadas variantes, ainda vigentes na fala rural paranaense, estão ligadas a formas galegas e que alguns processos metonímicos e de criação lexical atuam da mesma forma nas duas línguas. Ademais, constatamos que as tendências sociais referentes ao item lexical capela foram processados de forma similiar nos três contextos linguísticos, ou seja, galego, português europeu e dialeto paranaense. Esta convergência pode ser ilustrada com: (i) a distribuição diatópica de variantes, como capela, no dialeto paranaense e no português europeu e a sua presença, embora esparsa, na língua galega; (ii) a atribuição de mais de um significado ao mesmo conceito, como pestana que, em ambos os atlas, pode significar tanto pálpebra como cílios; (iii) a criação de nomes populares resultantes da extensão de significado ou da atribuição de formas genéricas, como em piel, tapa, papo, no ALGa e pele, couro, no ALPR, em substituição a formas eruditas, como pálpebra.
Energy Conversion using electrolytic concentration gradients
Authors: Chittur K Subramaniam , Chandran Aishwarya , Khandelwal Ashwini , A Sivakumar 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSalinity gradient is an enormous source of clean energy. A process for potential generation from an ionic concentration gradient produced in single and multicell assembly is presented. The ionic gradient is created using a fuel cell type cell with a micro-porous ion exchange membrane, both anionic (AEM) and cationic (CEM). Various salinity gradients, Salt : Fresh, from 100 : 0 to 16000 : 0 was established using NaCl solution, in the electrode chambers. A potential of 20 mV/cm to 25 mV/cm can be realized at ambient temperatures and pressures for a bipolar AEM/CEM cell. The performance was optimized for various static and dynamic flow rates of the saline and fresh water. The cell performance can further be optimized for Membrane Electrode System (MES) morphology. A multicell unit was assembled and the results presented for various conditions like concentration gradients, flow rates and pressure. The thermodynamic and electrical efficiency needs to be evaluated for various gradients and flow rates. The relation with number of valance electrons/ ion and the potential generated changes for various dynamic condition of salinity. The higher the salinity gradient the larger is the potential generated. This is limited by the membrane characteristics. There exists a monotonic relation between the number of valence electron/ion/unit time and the potential generated up to about 16000 concentration. The membrane characteristics have been studied for optimal ion crossover for various gradients and flow. The graph between ln (gradient) versus Voltage provides insights into this process. This presents a very cost effective and clean process of energy conversion.
Trends in Radical Surgical Treatment Methods for Breast Malignancies in China: A Multicenter 10-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Zhang Bai-Lin , Sivasubramaniam Priya G. , Zhang Qian , Wang Jing , Zhang Bin , Gao Ji-Dong , Tang Zhong-Hua , Chen Guo-Ji , Xie Xiao-Ming , Wang Zhongzhao , Yang Hong-Jian , He Jian-Jun , Li Hui , Li Jia-Yuan , Fan Jin-Hu , Wang Xiang , Qiao You-Lin 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background.
Incidence rates of breast cancer continue to rise in the People's Republic of China. The purpose of this study was to describe Chinese trends in radical surgical modalities and influential imaging and demographic factors for breast malignancies.

Materials and Methods.
This study was a hospital-based, multicenter, 10-year (1999–2008), retrospective study. Descriptive statistical tests were used to illustrate information regarding radical surgical trends for the treatment of breast malignancies. Chi-square tests were used to assess effect of demographic factors in addition to imaging and pathological data on the specific surgical method.

Results.
A total of 4,211 patients were enrolled in the survey. Among them, 3,335 patients with stage 0 to stage III disease undergoing mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were included in the final analysis. The rate of BCS increased from 1.53% in 1999 to 11.88% in 2008. The rate of mastectomy declined over this time period, from 98.47% in 1999 to 88.12% in 2008, with increasing use of diagnostic imaging methods and pathological biopsies. A significantly greater percentage of patients with office work, high education levels, unmarried status, younger age, and early pathological stages preferred BCS compared with mastectomy.

Conclusion.
Rates of mastectomy in China remain elevated due to diagnosis at higher stages; however, because of increased use of diagnostic imaging, improvement of biopsy methods, and patient education, rates of less invasive lumpectomy are increasing and rates of mastectomy have decreased in China.

Implications for Practice:
In this study, 4,211 cases were collected from 1999 to 2008 through a multicenter retrospective study of varying geographic and socioeconomic areas to illustrate trends of surgeries in the People's Republic of China. The correlations between demographic and tumor characteristics and among methods of surgical treatment were explored. This study shows that the rate of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) increased and the rate of mastectomy declined over this time period with increasing use of diagnostic imaging methods and pathological biopsies. Patients with office work, high education levels, unmarried status, younger age, and early pathological stages preferred BCS compared with mastectomy in China.
Outorga do titulo de Doutor Honoris Causa da UFMG a Carlos Drummond de Andrade
Authors: Cardoso Wilton , Coelho Marcello De Vasconcellos , Andrade Carlos Drummond de 
Published: August 2015

Documentário sobre Outorga do titulo de Doutor Honoris Causa da UFMG a Carlos Drummond de Andrade por Wilton Cardoso, Marcello de Vasconcellos Coelho, Carlos Drummond de Andrade.