bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Cleavage of Ribosome-Associated Poly(A)-Binding Protein by Enterovirus 3C Protease
Authors: Kuyumcu-Martinez N. Muge , Joachims Michelle , Lloyd Richard E. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Poliovirus (PV) causes a rapid and drastic inhibition of host cell cap-dependent protein synthesis during infection while preferentially allowing cap-independent translation of its own genomic RNA via an internal ribosome entry site element. Inhibition of cap-dependent translation is partly mediated by cleavage of an essential translation initiation factor, eIF4GI, during PV infection. In addition to cleavage of eIF4GI, cleavage of eIF4GII and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) has been recently proposed to contribute to complete host translation shutoff; however, the relative importance of eIF4GII and PABP cleavage has not been determined. At times when cap-dependent translation is first blocked during infection, only 25 to 35% of the total cellular PABP is cleaved; therefore, we hypothesized that the pool of PABP associated with polysomes may be preferentially targeted by viral proteases. We have investigated what cleavage products of PABP are produced in vivo and the substrate determinants for cleavage of PABP by 2A protease (2A
pro
) or 3C protease (3C
pro
). Our results show that PABP in ribosome-enriched fractions is preferentially cleaved in vitro and in vivo compared to PABP in other fractions. Furthermore, we have identified four N-terminal PABP cleavage products produced during PV infection and have shown that viral 3C protease generates three of the four cleavage products. Also, 3C
pro
is more efficient in cleaving PABP in ribosome-enriched fractions than 2A
pro
in vitro. In addition, binding of PABP to poly(A) RNA stimulates 3C
pro
-mediated cleavage and inhibits 2A
pro
-mediated cleavage. These results suggest that 3C
pro
plays a major role in processing PABP during virus infection and that the interaction of PABP with translation initiation factors, ribosomes, or poly(A) RNA may promote its cleavage by viral 2A and 3C proteases.
Initial Interaction of Rotavirus Strains with
N
-Acetylneuraminic (Sialic) Acid Residues on the Cell Surface Correlates with VP4 Genotype, Not Species of Origin
Authors: Ciarlet Max , Ludert Juan E. , Iturriza-Gómara Miren , Liprandi Ferdinando , Gray James J. , Desselberger Ulrich , Estes Mary K. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We examined 41 human and animal rotavirus strains representative of all known P genotypes for their dependency on cellular
N
-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid (SA) residues for infectivity. Our results showed that all rotaviruses studied, whether of animal or human origin, belonging to P genotypes [1], [2], [3], and [7] depended on SA residues on the cell surface for efficient infectivity but that all human and animal rotavirus strains representative of the remaining known P genotypes were SA independent. The SA residue requirement for efficient infectivity did not change for reassortant rotavirus strains with altered VP4-VP7 combinations. The initial interaction of rotavirus strains with SA residues on the cell surface correlated with VP4 genotype specifity, not with species of origin or VP7 G serotype specificity (
P
= 0.001;
r
2
= 1.00, Pearson's correlation coefficient). In addition to being a requirement for infectivity, the presence of SA residues on the cell surface is a requirement for efficient growth in cell culture; recognition of the association of specific P genotypes with the binding of rotavirus to SA residues will facilitate our understanding of the molecular basis of the early events of rotavirus-cell interactions in cell culture models and of pathogenicity in vivo.
Vibration exposure, smoking, and vascular dysfunction
Authors: Cherniack Martin , Clive Jonathon , Seidner Adam 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESVibration white finger (VWF), also known as “occupational Raynaud's phenomenon”, is marked by arterial hyperresponsiveness and vasoconstriction during cold stimulation. The impact of tobacco use, and by extension stopping smoking, on the long term course of the disease has been inconclusively characterised. The objectives of this study included assessment of the impact of tobacco use on symptoms and on objective tests in shipyard workers exposed to vibration, and in gauging the natural history of the disorder after stopping exposure and changing smoking patterns.METHODSIn a cross sectional investigation, 601 current and former users of pneumatic tools were evaluated subjectively for cold related vascular symptoms, and tested by cold challenge plethysmography. There was follow up and subsequent testing of 199 members of the severely effected subgroup of smokers and non-smokers, many of whom had stopped smoking in the interval between tests. Effects of smoking and stopping smoking on symptoms and plethsymographic results were assessed.RESULTSSymptoms and measured abnormal vascular responses related to cold were more severe in smokers than in non-smokers. Follow up of 199 severely effected members of the cohort, all removed from exposure for 2 years, indicated that smokers were almost twice as likely to have more severe vasospasm (test finger/control finger systolic blood pressure% (FSBP%) <30) than were non-smokers (−32.2%v17.4%). 53 Subjects who stopped smoking during the interval between tests improved, and were indistinguishable from non-smokers similarly exposed to vibration. Additional physiological benefits of stopping smoking were still apparent at further follow up examination, 1 year later. Improvements evident on plethysmography were not accompanied by improvements in symptoms, which were unaffected by smoking.CONCLUSIONSSmoking seems to delay physiological improvement in response to cold challenge in workers with VWF, after the end of exposure to vibration. Symptoms were less likely to improve over time than digital blood pressure, and were less affected by smoking.
Knowledge, attitude, practice, and toxicity symptoms associated with pesticide use among farm workers in the Gaza Strip
Authors: Yassin M M , Abu Mourad T A , Safi J M 
Published: July 2002

Aims:To assess knowledge, attitude, practice, and toxicity symptoms associated with pesticide use and exposure among 189 farm workers in the Gaza Strip.Methods:A cross section of agricultural farm workers in the Gaza Strip were asked to fill in a questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, practice towards pesticide use, and associated toxicity symptoms.Results:Farm workers reported high levels of knowledge on the health impact of pesticides (97.9%). Moderate to high levels of knowledge were recorded on toxicity symptoms related to pesticides. Most farm workers were aware of the protective measures to be used during applying pesticides. However, no one took precautions unless they knew about the measures. Burning sensation in eyes/face was the commonest symptom (64.3%). The prevalence of self reported toxicity symptoms was dependent on mixing and use of high concentrations of pesticides. The highest percentage of self reported toxicity symptoms was found among the farm workers who returned to sprayed fields within one hour of applying pesticides.Conclusions:Farm workers in the Gaza Strip used pesticides extensively. Despite their knowledge about the adverse health impact of the pesticides, the use of protective measures was poor. Most had self reported toxicity symptoms, particularly the younger workers. It would be useful to minimise the use of pesticides and encourage alternative measures. Prevention and intervention programmes regarding the use of protective measures and monitoring the health status of farm workers should be implemented.
Adaptive platform dynamics in multi-party spatial voting
Authors: Stadler Bärbel M. R. 
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of multiple competing political parties under spatial voting is explored. Parties are allowed to modify their positions adaptively in order to gain more votes. The parties in this model are opportunistic, in the sense that they try to maximize their share of votes regardless of any ideological position. Each party makes small corrections to its current platform in order to increase its own utility by means of the steepest ascent in the variables under its own control, i.e., by locally optimizing its own platform. We show that in models with more than two parties bifurcations at the trivial equilibrium occur if only the voters are critical enough, that is, if they respond strongly to small changes in relative utilities. A numerical survey in a three-party model yields multiple bifurcations, multi-stability, and stable periodic at tractors that arise through Hopf bifurcations. Models with more than two parties can thus differ substantially from the two-party case, where it has been shown that under the assumptions of quadratic voter utilities and complete voter participation there is always a globally stable equilibrium that coincides with the mean voter position.
OBSERV—a prototyping language and environment
Authors: Tyszberowicz Shmuel , Yehudai Amiram 
Published: July 2002

The OBSERV methodology for software development is based on rapid construction of an executable specification, or prototype, of a systems, which may be examined and modified repeatedly to achieve the desired functionality. The objectives of OBSERV also include facilitating a smooth transition to a target system, and providing means for reusing specification, design, and code of systems and subsystems. We are particularly interested in handling embedded systems, which are likely to have concurrency and have some real-time requirements.
The OBSERV prototyping language combines several paradigms to express the behavior of a system. The object-oriented approach provides the basic mechanism for building a system from a collection of objects, with well-defined interfaces between them. We use finite-state machines to model the behavior of individual objects. At a lower level, activities that occur within objects, either upon entry to a state or in transition between thus allowing a nonprocedural description.
The environment provided to a prototype builder is as important as the language. We have made an attempt to provide flexible tools for executing or simulating the prototype being built, as well as for browsing and static checking. The first implementation of the tools was window based but not graphic. A graphic front end, name CRUISE, was developed afterwards.
A simulation sequence focuses on a single object, which can be as complex as necessary, possibly the entire system, and expects all the interactions between it and the outside world to be achieved by communication between the simulator and the user. The simulator allows the user to easily switch back and forth from one object to another, simulating each object in isolation.
To enable testing the behavior of a prototype in a realistic environment, it is possible to construct objects that imitate the environment objects. We also allow simulation of systems with missing pieces, by calling upon the user to simulate any such missing piece by himself.
A primal null-space affine-scaling method
Authors: Kim K. , Nazareth J. L. 
Published: July 2002

This article develops an affine-scaling method for linear programming in standard primal form. Its descent search directions are formulated in terms of the null-space of the linear programming matrix, which, in turn, is defined by a suitable basis matrix. We describe some basic properties of the method and an experimental implementation that employs a periodic basis change strategy in conjunction with inexact computation of the search direction by an iterative method, specifically, the conjugate-gradient method with diagonal preconditioning. The result of a numerical study on a number of nontrivial problems representative of problems that arise in practice are reported and discussed.
A key advantage of the primal null-space affine-scaling method is its compatibility with the primal simplex method. This is considered in the concluding section, along with implications for the development of a more practical implementation.
An evaluation of some new cyclic linear multistep formulas for stiff ODEs
Authors: Tischer P. E. , Gupta G. K. 
Published: July 2002

We evaluate several sets of cyclic linear multistep formulas (CLMFs). One of these sets was derived by Tischer and Sacks-Davis. Three new sets of formulas have been derived and we present their characteristics.
The formulas have been evaluated by comparing the performance of four versions of a code which implements CLMFs. The four versions are very similar and each version implements one of the sets of CLMFs being studied. We compare the performance of these codes with that of a widely used code, LSODE. One of the new sets of CLMFs is not only much more efficient in solving stiff problems that have a Jacobian with eigenvalues close to the imaginary axis but is almost as efficient as LSODE in solving other problems. This is a significant improvement over the ony other CLMF code available, STINT from Tendler, Bickart, and Picel.
An object-oriented approach to database system implementation
Authors: Baroody A. James , DeWitt David J. 
Published: July 2002

This paper examines object-oriented programming as an implementation technique for database systems. The object-oriented approach encapsulates the representations of database entities and relationships with the procedures that manipulate them. To achieve this, we first define abstractions of the modeling constructs of the data model that describe their common properties and behavior. Then we represent the entity types and relationship types in the conceptual schema and the internal schema by objects that are instances of these abstractions. The generic procedures (data manipulation routines) that comprise the user interface can now be implemented as calls to the procedures associated with these objects.
A generic procedure model of database implementation techniques is presented and discussed. Several current database system implementation techniques are illustrated as examples of this model, followed by a critical analysis of our implementation technique based on the use of objects. We demonstrate that the object-oriented approach has advantages of data independence, run-time efficiency due to eliminating access to system descriptors, and support for low-level views.
The Tort of Injury and Dissolution of Marriage at the Wife's Initiative in Egyptian Mahkamat al-Naqd Rulings
Authors: Naveh Immanuel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this essay, I examine the application of the codified sharī‘ a in Egyptian civil courts, drawing on the records of the Mahkamat al-Naqd from 1982. My examination is limited to the dissolution of marriage at the wife's initiative on the ground of injury (darar) caused to her by her husband. I have chosen to analyze this cause of action because of its shar‘ ī origins in Mālikī doctrine and its extensive treatment in parliamentary legislation, and because it exemplifies the broad judicial discretion used by Egyptian judges in the national courts, in their efforts to harmonize shar‘ ī and civil norms. By analyzing the Mālikī rules pertaining to the dissolution of marriage and the status of circumstantial evidence, as applied in the rulings of Mahkamat al-Naqd, I attempt to shed light on the judicial outlook of Egyptian judges with regard to both substantial and evidential questions.
ASCETICS AND AESTHETICS IN THE ANALECTS
Authors: Richey Jeffrey 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ancient Confucian Analects (Lunyu) often has been interpreted as nothing more than the "pure" ethical teachings of a humanistic Chinese sage, "Confucius" (Kongzi or Kong Qiu). A careful and historically-sensitive interpretation of the Lunyu reveals that the text is capable of resisting this reading, providing clues to an altogether different Confucius - not the storied pedant who dispenses common-sense wisdom to office-seeking disciples, but a spiritual teacher who guides his pupils toward sagehood through a combination of ascetic and aesthetic disciplines. Key references in the text to material privation, music and dance, and the exemplary disciple Yan Hui reveal how one fifth-century BCE Confucian (Ru) sect sought to preserve and construct a memory of the "historical Confucius" as a Master who instructed his disciples in ascetic disciplines, linking them to aesthetic techniques of ecstasy, and celebrated one disciple in particular, Yan Hui, as the living embodiment of his esoteric Way. Instead of proposing either a traditional, harmonizing hermeneutic of the text, or a demythologization which might reveal the "real" or "historical" Confucius and his followers, this essay argues for the toleration of multiple, even mutually-contradicting voices in this classic of ancient Chinese spirituality. A primary goal for future research on the text should be the examination of conflicts of interpretation among early Confucian sects competing to safeguard the Master's legacy.
DER PROPHET ALS FÜRBITTER: ZUM LITERARHISTORISCHEN ORT DER AMOS-VISIONEN
Authors: Becker Uwe 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn der Frage, wie sich die Fürbitter-Tätigkeit eines Jesaja, Jeremia oder Amos zur Gerichtsverkündigung dieser Propheten verhält, spielen die Amos-Visionen eine Schlüsselrolle, weil hier der Weg vom Fürbitter zum Unheilspropheten gleichsam abgeschritten wird. Eine Neuuntersuchung der ursprünglich 4 Visionen (Am. vii 1-8; viii 1-2) zeigt, daß die einzelnen Szenen nicht isoliert je für sich gelesen und interpretiert werden dürfen. Vielmehr handelt es sich bei ihnen um einen literarisch einheitlich konzipierten, von vornherein auf viii 2 ausgerichteten Zyklus, der auf theologische Leittexte der Urgeschichte und die Plagenüberlieferung zurückgreift und das sich anbahnende Ende Israels als partielle Rücknahme der Schöpfung interpretiert. Insofern kann man von einer dramatisch inszenierten theologischen Reflexion sprechen (vgl. Gen. xviii 22-33), die der bleibenden Unbußfertigkeit des Volkes die (fast) unausschöpfliche Langmut Gottes entgegenstellt. Der Zyklus läßt sich darüber hinaus als literarische Fortführung und Exegese der Kernsammlung des Amos-Buches (Am. iii-vi), vielleicht auch schon von Teilen des Hosea-Buches lesen, womit sich u.a. das Fehlen der Schuldthematik in den Visionen selbst zwanglos erklärt. Literargeschichtlich sind die Visionen nicht vor der (früh-)nachexilischen Zeit anzusetzen.
Chondrocranium and visceral skeleton of Atelopus tricolor and Atelophryniscus chrysophorus tadpoles (Anura, Bufonidae)
Authors: De Sá Rafael , Lavilla E.O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAtelopus tricolor and Atelophryniscus chrysophorus have gastromyzophorous tadpoles. Aside from specific differences, the larval chondrocrania and visceral skeletons show several shared character states, including an almost quadrangular, open chondrocranium, cornua trabeculae with expanded tips, cartilago suprarostralis as a single element, a posteriorly projected arcus subocularis quadrati, a closed muscular tunnel, and a simplified branchial basket, with only three pairs of ceratobranchiales. They are compared with diverse character states of suctorial larvae considering them as causally related to the stream life adaptations. Atelopus tricolor y Atelophryniscus chrysophorus poseen larvas gastromizóforas. Dejando de lado las diferencias específicas, los condrocráneos y esqueletos hiobranquiales larvales comparten diversos estados de carácter, incluyendo el condrocráneo cuadrangular y abierto, los cuernos trabeculares con extremos expandidos, el cartílago suprarostral como elemento único, el arco subocular proyectado hacia atrás, el túnel muscular cerrado y la cestilla branquial simplificada, con sólo tres pares de ceratobranquiales. Algunos de estos estados de carácter son comparados con aquellos de larvas suctoras considerados como causalmente relacionados a los hábitats torrentícolas, para una mejor comprensión de de la vida en ambientes de corriente rápida.
Origin of kerolite and associated Mg clays in palustrine-lacustrine environments. The Esquivias deposit (Neogene Madrid Basin, Spain)
Authors: Pozo M. , Casas J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe composition, texture and genetic evolution of kerolite and related Mg clays belonging to the Intermediate Unit of the Miocene from the Madrid Basin have been studied. About 400 samples from the Esquivias deposit were analysed by several mineralogical and/or chemical techniques. Two genetic pathways for the development of Mg clays during early diagenesis have been observed: (1) mudflat environment: Al-smectite (beidellite) → Mg-smectite (saponite); and (2) palustrine environment: Si-Mg gel → kerolite → kerolite-stevensite → stevensite.In the mudflat deposit the transformation processes predominate, whilst in the palustrine environment, kerolite is neoformed, probably from a gel-like medium. Stevensite seems to have originated from the transformation of mixed-layer kerolite-Mg-smectite, but also through neoformation at a later stage.The textural features, isotopic data and sedimentary evolution within each lithofacies are indicative of shallowing-upward sequences with development of palaeosols. A post-sedimentary origin for sepiolite, calcite, authigenic quartz, zeolites and baryte is inferred.
Structure and ionic transport in disordered silicates
Authors: Greaves G. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA brief review is given of the ways in which the local structure in glass can influence the microstructure that supports ionic transport. This in turn contributes to the co-operative nature of ion dynamics and ways in which this underpins the ‘mixed alkali effect’ are discussed. Glass microstructure too is expected to affect glass fracture as well as the chemistry of glass surfaces. In melts, though, these restrictions appear to vanish as the rigidity of intermediate range order is lost.
Accelerated telomere shortening in hematological lineages is limited to the first year following stem cell transplantation
Authors: Rufer Nathalie , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Chapuis Bernard , Helg Claudine , Lansdorp Peter M. , Roosnek Eddy 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry, the telomere length of telomere repeat sequences after stem cell transplantation (SCT) were measured. The study included the telomeres of peripheral blood monocytes that should reflect the length of telomeres in stem cells and the telomeres of T lymphocytes that could shorten as a result of peripheral expansion. The loss of telomeres in monocytes and in memory T cells, although accelerated initially, became comparable to the loss of telomeres in healthy controls from the second year after transplantation. In addition, the telomere length in the naive T cells that were produced by the thymus was comparable to the telomere length in the naive T cells of the donor. Compared to the total length of telomeres available, the loss of telomere repeats in leukocytes after SCT resembles the accelerated shortening seen in early childhood and remains, therefore, relatively insignificant.