bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the negative: Political attitudes and ideologies strategically manage opportunities, too
Authors: White Andrew Edward , Neuberg Steven L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHibbing et al. use evolutionarily derived logic to suggest that political attitudes are related to responses to negative features of the environment. We suggest that the authors focus too narrowly on the negative and contend, instead, that a more comprehensive evolutionary approach focusing on people's responses to threats and opportunities will better account for variation in political attitudes.
Negativity bias and political preferences: A response to commentators
Authors: Hibbing John R. , Smith Kevin B. , Alford John R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA broad, multidisciplinary empirical literature reports that individual-level differences in psychology and biology map onto variation in political orientation. In our target article we argued that negativity bias can explain a surprisingly large share of these findings. The commentators generally support the negativity bias hypothesis but suggest theoretical and empirical revisions and refinements. In this response, we organize these proposals, suggestions, and criticisms into four thematic categories and assess their potential for furthering theories and empirical investigations of the bases for individual-variation in political ideology.
Tackling group-level traits by starting at the start
Authors: Chudek Maciej , Henrich Joseph 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe agree that emergent group-level properties are important; however, we disagree that current approaches, especially culture-gene coevolutionary (CGC) approaches, have neglected them. We explain how CGC helps demystify the tumult of humans' group-level complexity by “starting at the start,” and why (a) assuming undifferentiated individuals and (b) focusing on cooperation are actually powerful tools to this end.
Studying the emergence of complicated group-level cultural traits requires a mathematical framework
Authors: Doebeli Michael , Simon Burton 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the cultural evolution of complicated group-level traits requires the mathematical formulation of a dynamical system with birth and death events at multiple levels, that is, at the level of individual humans and at the level of groups of humans. Both levels are characterized by cultural traits that have complicated transmission, innovation, and inheritance mechanisms and that can undergo a form of Lamarckian evolution.
Group-level expression encoded in the individual
Authors: Ibbotson Paul 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSmaldino proposes a conceptual extension to the theory of cultural evolution to include emergent group-level traits as a unit of selection. It is important to recognize the role that group-level traits have played in the evolution of human culture. However, the emergent group-level trait of division of labor provides an illustrative example that is implementable within the existing framework of cMLS theory and may not even need a departure from the standard model.
Cultural evolution and emergent group-level traits through social heterosis
Authors: Nonacs Peter , Kapheim Karen M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSmaldino proposes emergent properties of human groups, arising when individuals display both differentiation and organization, constitute a novel unit of cultural selection not addressed by current evolutionary theory. We propose existing theoretical frameworks for maintenance of genetic diversity – social heterosis and social genomes – can similarly explain the appearance and maintenance of human cultural diversity (i.e., group-level traits) and collaborative interdependence.
Homogeneity of mind can yield heterogeneity in behavior producing emergent collaboration in groups
Authors: O'Gorman Rick 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe evolved psychological process for producing social norms is both needed to facilitate emergent group-level traits and capable of delivering such a process. I discuss how this process can work to generate group-level traits and how specific mechanisms established to buttress social norms similarly can explain how group-level traits are supported.
Emergent group traits, reproduction, and levels of selection
Authors: Okasha Samir 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAll group traits, “emergent” or otherwise, are ultimately dependent on the traits and behaviours of the individuals that constitute the group. Unless a process of “group reproduction” is envisaged, this means that the evolution of group traits can in principle be studied in an individualistic way, by studying the dynamics of the underlying individual traits on which they depend.
Strong group-level traits and selection-transmission thickets
Authors: Schank Jeffrey C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractI suggest that we should distinguish between weak and strong group-level traits. It is the latter that are especially problematic for developing models of cultural evolution. Using Campbell's notion of vicarious selection mechanisms, I argue that these mechanisms become intertwined with other group-level traits resulting in selection-transmission thickets that are obstacles to modeling cultural evolution.
Many important group-level traits are institutions
Authors: Zefferman Matthew R. , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSmaldino makes a solid contribution to the literature on the evolution of human social organization by pointing out that group-level-traits (GLTs) often emerge from the interactions of group members in such a way that their effects are not easily partitioned into individual selection. However, we argue that he too readily dismisses institutional analysis as a tool for understanding these traits.
Buddhist Idealists and Their Jain Critics On Our Knowledge of External Objects
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn accord with the theme of the present volume on ‘Philosophical Traditions’, it is not so much the aim of this essay to provide a detailed account of particular lines of argument, as it is to suggest something of the manner in which so-called 'Buddhist idealism' unfolded as a tradition not just for Buddhists, but within Indian philosophy more generally. Seen from this perspective, Buddhist idealism remained a current within Indian philosophy long after the demise of Buddhism in India, in about the twelfth century, and endured in some respects at least until the Mughal age, when the last thinker to be examined here, the Jain teacher Yaśovijaya, was active.
Philosophy and Life in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy: Three Aspects
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPhilosophy, in the ancient Graeco-Roman world, and in various other cultures too, was typically thought of as, among other things, bearing on how to live. Questions of how to live may now be considered by some as merely one optional specialism among others, but Derek Parfit for one, we shall see, rightly treats implications for how to live as flowing naturally from metaphysical theories. In the hope of showing something about the ancient Graeco-Roman tradition as a whole, I shall speak of things that I and others have said before,1 but I will highlight certain aspects of how the various groups or individuals related their philosophy to their lives. I shall start with the ancient Stoics as providing a clear case, then move on more briefly to their rivals, the Epicureans, and finally, more briefly again, to consider their predecessors and successors in other ancient schools and periods. This will not be a survey of the main central doctrines, although that is also something useful to attempt. But it will involve a selection of important ideas to illustrate their application to how to live.
Iron deficiency increases growth and nitrogen-fixation rates of phosphorus-deficient marine cyanobacteria
Authors: Garcia Nathan S , Fu Feixue , Sedwick Peter N , Hutchins David A 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Marine dinitrogen (N2)-fixing cyanobacteria have large impacts on global biogeochemistry as they fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and fertilize oligotrophic ocean waters with new nitrogen. Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important limiting nutrients for marine biological N2 fixation, and their availabilities vary between major ocean basins and regions. A long-standing question concerns the ability of two globally dominant N2-fixing cyanobacteria, unicellular Crocosphaera and filamentous Trichodesmium, to maintain relatively high N2-fixation rates in these regimes where both Fe and P are typically scarce. We show that under P-deficient conditions, cultures of these two cyanobacteria are able to grow and fix N2 faster when Fe deficient than when Fe replete. In addition, growth affinities relative to P increase while minimum concentrations of P that support growth decrease at low Fe concentrations. In Crocosphaera, this effect is accompanied by a reduction in cell sizes and elemental quotas. Relatively high growth rates of these two biogeochemically critical cyanobacteria in low-P, low-Fe environments such as those that characterize much of the oligotrophic ocean challenge the common assumption that low Fe levels can have only negative effects on marine primary producers. The closely interdependent influence of Fe and P on N2-fixing cyanobacteria suggests that even subtle shifts in their supply ratio in the past, present and future oceans could have large consequences for global carbon and nitrogen cycles.
Structural insight into SUMO chain recognition and manipulation by the ubiquitin ligase RNF4
Authors: Xu Yingqi , Plechanovová Anna , Simpson Peter , Marchant Jan , Leidecker Orsolya , Kraatz Sebastian , Hay Ronald T. , Matthews Steve J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) can form polymeric chains that are important signals in cellular processes such as meiosis, genome maintenance and stress response. The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 engages with SUMO chains on linked substrates and catalyses their ubiquitination, which targets substrates for proteasomal degradation. Here we use a segmental labelling approach combined with solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and biochemical characterization to reveal how RNF4 manipulates the conformation of the SUMO chain, thereby facilitating optimal delivery of the distal SUMO domain for ubiquitin transfer.
Spectral and structural comparison between bright and dim green fluorescent proteins in Amphioxus
Authors: Bomati Erin K. , Haley Joy E. , Noel Joseph P. , Deheyn Dimitri D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe cephalochordate Amphioxus naturally co-expresses fluorescent proteins (FPs) with different brightness, which thus offers the rare opportunity to identify FP molecular feature/s that are associated with greater/lower intensity of fluorescence. Here, we describe the spectral and structural characteristics of green FP (bfloGFPa1) with perfect (100%) quantum efficiency yielding to unprecedentedly-high brightness and compare them to those of co-expressed bfloGFPc1 showing extremely-dim brightness due to low (0.1%) quantum efficiency. This direct comparison of structure-function relationship indicated that in the bright bfloGFPa1, a Tyrosine (Tyr159) promotes a ring flipping of a Tryptophan (Trp157) that in turn allows a cis-trans transformation of a Proline (Pro55). Consequently, the FP chromophore is pushed up, which comes with a slight tilt and increased stability. FPs are continuously engineered for improved biochemical and/or photonic properties and this study provides new insight to the challenge of establishing a clear mechanistic understanding between chromophore structural environment and brightness level.
Crystal structures and functional studies clarify substrate selectivity and catalytic residues for the unique orphan enzyme N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase
Authors: Sola-Carvajal Agustín , Gil-Ortiz Fernando , García-Carmona Francisco , Rubio Vicente , Sánchez-Ferrer Álvaro 
Published: June 2014

NAMDH (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase), from the soil bacteroidete Flavobacterium sp. 141-8, catalyses a rare NAD+-dependent oxidation of ManNAc (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine) into N-acetylmannosamino-lactone, which spontaneously hydrolyses into N-acetylmannosaminic acid. NAMDH belongs to the SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) superfamily and is the only NAMDH characterized to date. Thorough functional, stability, site-directed mutagenesis and crystallographic studies have been carried out to understand better the structural and biochemical aspects of this unique enzyme. NAMDH exhibited a remarkable alkaline pH optimum (pH 9.4) with a high thermal stability in glycine buffer (Tm=64°C) and a strict selectivity towards ManNAc and NAD+. Crystal structures of ligand-free and ManNAc- and NAD+-bound enzyme forms revealed a compact homotetramer having point 222 symmetry, formed by subunits presenting the characteristic SDR α3β7α3 sandwich fold. A highly developed C-terminal tail used as a latch connecting nearby subunits stabilizes the tetramer. A dense network of polar interactions with the substrate including the encasement of its acetamido group in a specific binding pocket and the hydrogen binding of the sugar 4OH atom ensure specificity for ManNAc. The NAMDH–substrate complexes and site-directed mutagenesis studies identify the catalytic tetrad and provide useful traits for identifying new NAMDH sequences.
Power divider with bandwidth from 14 to 82 GHz in CMOS IC technology
Authors: Dang Trung‐Sinh , Lee Bomson , Yoon Sang‐Woong 
Published: June 2014

An on‐chip power divider with an extremely wide bandwidth is presented. The power divider was implemented in a TSMC 180 nm RF CMOS process. Measurements showed an absolute bandwidth of 68 GHz from 14 to 82 GHz with a matching condition of <−10 dB, which was the fractional bandwidth of 141.7%. A very accurate bandwidth analysis using the theory of three coupled lines is provided. An insertion loss of 2.8–10.5 dB was measured across the bandwidth. The core size of the power divider is 0.2 × 0.73 mm.
3–18 GHz compact planar antenna for short‐range radar imaging
Authors: Capobianco A.D. , Khan M.S. , Caruso M. , Bevilacqua A. 
Published: June 2014

An ultra‐compact planar antenna aiming to be part of an imaging antenna array operating in the broad 3–18 GHz frequency range is presented. The antenna is made of two closely packed wide‐band monopoles for simultaneous transmission and reception functionalities. A high isolation (>20 dB) between the two patches is achieved through the insertion of a structured ground plane (decoupling structure). A prototype was fabricated on a Roger R4003c laminate measuring 58 × 33 mm2 and used in inverse synthetic array radar configuration for detecting a steel object with sub‐centimetre spatial resolution.
Monitoring of radiofrequency thermal ablation in liver tissue through fibre Bragg grating sensors array
Authors: Tosi D. , Macchi E.G. , Braschi G. , Gallati M. , Cigada A. , Poeggel S. , Leen G. , Lewis E. 
Published: June 2014

A fibre Bragg grating (FBG) array‐based sensing probe has been installed on a device for radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFTA). The probe is made of five FBGs with 0.5 cm active area and 1 cm spacing, to provide quasi‐distributed thermal pattern measurements. Multiple experiments have been conducted on porcine liver, reporting the temperature pattern along the ablation axis. Thermal maps allow an estimation of the RFTA efficiency and spatial extension in the liver.
Wilkinson power divider design for dual‐band applications
Authors: Wu Guoan , Yang Lingling , Zhou Yinlei , Xu Qinfen 
Published: June 2014

A novel dual‐band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is designed for the purpose of operating at two arbitrary frequencies. The theory and design procedure of the novel component are presented in detail. For demonstration, a dual‐band WPD with operating frequencies of 1.0 and 2.6 GHz is proposed, fabricated and tested. The good agreement between the measured and simulated results confirmed the design concept. Measurements show that insert losses both at the two central frequencies are less than 3.3 dB. Both return loss and port isolation have good performances, which are more than 21 and 28 dB separately.
Low‐profile omnidirectional dual‐polarised antenna for 2.4 GHz WLAN applications
Authors: Liu Ying , Xue Jin , Wang Hui , Gong Shuxi 
Published: June 2014

A low‐profile omnidirectional dual‐polarised antenna for 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The vertically/horizontally dual‐polarised radiation patterns are achieved by combining a modified monopole antenna with a printed arc dipole array. The overall volume of the presented antenna is less than 0.63λ0 × 0.63λ0 × 0.057λ0 (λ0 is the free‐space wavelength at central frequency). To verify the design, a prototype antenna is fabricated and tested. The measured results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidths for vertical polarisation (VP) and horizontal polarisation (HP) have both covered the required band of 2.4–2.48 GHz and the isolation, in the operating band, is more than 24 dB. The measured cross‐polarisation levels within the working plane for VP and HP are lower than −18 dB. Stable antenna gains are greater than 0.46 and 0.44 dBi for VP and HP over the operating frequency band, respectively.
Influenza A Outbreak in an Ambulatory Stem Cell Transplant Center
Authors: Apewokin Senu , Vyas Keyur , Lester Laura K. , Grazzuitti Monica , Haselow Dirk T. , Wolfe Frankie , Roberts Michelle , Bellamy William , Kumar Naveen Sanath , Hunter Dolris , Lee Jeannette , Laudadio Jennifer , Wheeler J. Gary , Bradsher Robert 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background.  In the era of cost-consciousness regarding healthcare , provision of medical services in an outpatient setting has become increasingly attractive. We report an influenza outbreak in an ambulatory stem cell transplant center in 2013 that highlights unique identification and infection control challenges in this setting.
Methods.  Nasopharyngeal swabs were performed on patients with suspected influenza-like illnesses (ILI), defined by subjective fever or measured temperature of ≥37.7°C (≥100°F) with cough or sore throat during July 25, 2013 through August 7, 2013. In addition, testing was triggered by an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Specimens were analyzed by using eSensor Respiratory Viral Panel. Clinical and epidemiologic information was collected in real time, and frequencies were calculated on demographics, baseline clinical parameters, treatment methods, comorbidities, and symptoms of affected persons.
Results.  Thirty-one patients had influenza A (H3N2) infection during July 25, 2013 through August 7, 2013. Only 7 patients (23%) met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists ILI case definition. Twenty-five patients (81%) had received ≥1 transplant, with 13 (42%) having occurred within 1 year before the outbreak. Twenty-five patients (81%) had received B-cell active chemotherapy &lt;60 days before influenza diagnosis, 6 (19%) were neutropenic, and 25 (81%) lymphopenic. Among clinical and laboratory markers analyzed, abnormal CRP was the most sensitive screening tool for influenza. Twelve (39%) patients were hospitalized (median stay, 10 days; range, 2–20). No deaths occurred.
Conclusions.  Immunocompromised hosts with influenza have atypical presentations. Existing surveillance case definitions might be insufficient to reliably identify influenza outbreaks in such patients.
Ecological causes of multilevel covariance between size and first‐year survival in a wild bird population
Authors: Bouwhuis Sandra , Vedder Oscar , Garroway Colin J. , Sheldon Ben C. 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Estimates of selection in natural populations are frequent but our understanding of ecological causes of selection, and causes of variation in the direction, strength and form of selection is limited.

Here, we apply a multilevel framework to partition effects of great tit fledging mass on first‐year survival to hierarchical levels and quantify their ecological dependence using a data set spanning 51 years.

We show that estimates of the effect of fledging mass on first‐year survival decline threefold from year‐ to brood‐ to individual level, so that estimates of selection depend strongly on the level at which they are calculated.

We identify variables related to summer and winter food availability as underlying higher‐level effects of fledging mass on first‐year survival and show experimentally that brood‐level effects originate early in development. Further, we show that predation and conspecific density modulate individual‐level effects of fledging mass on first‐year survival.

These analyses demonstrate how correlations between traits, fitness and environment influence estimates of selection and show how partitioning trait effects between levels of selection and environmental factors is a promising approach to identify potential agents of selection.
Agriculture modifies the seasonal decline of breeding success in a tropical wild bird population
Authors: Cartwright Samantha J. , Nicoll Malcolm A. C. , Jones Carl G. , Tatayah Vikash , Norris Ken 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Habitat conversion for agriculture is a major driver of biodiversity loss, but our understanding of the demographic processes involved remains poor. We typically investigate the impacts of agriculture in isolation even though populations are likely to experience multiple, concurrent changes in the environment (e.g. land and climate change). Drivers of environmental change may interact to affect demography, but the mechanisms have yet to be explored fully in wild populations.

Here, we investigate the mechanisms linking agricultural land use with breeding success using long‐term data for the formerly Critically Endangered Mauritius kestrel Falco punctatus, a tropical forest specialist that also occupies agricultural habitats. We specifically focused on the relationship between breeding success, agriculture and the timing of breeding because the latter is sensitive to changes in climatic conditions (spring rainfall) and enables us to explore the interactive effects of different (land and climate) drivers of environmental change.

Breeding success, measured as egg survival to fledging, declines seasonally in this population, but we found that the rate of this decline became increasingly rapid as the area of agriculture around a nest site increased. If the relationship between breeding success and agriculture was used in isolation to estimate the demographic impact of agriculture, it would significantly under‐estimate breeding success in dry (early) springs and over‐estimate breeding success in wet (late) springs.

Analysis of prey delivered to nests suggests that the relationship between breeding success and agriculture might be due, in part, to spatial variation in the availability of native, arboreal geckos.

Synthesis and applications. Agriculture modifies the seasonal decline in breeding success in this population. As springs are becoming wetter in our study area and since the kestrels breed later in wetter springs, the impact of agriculture on breeding success will become worse over time. Our results suggest that forest restoration designed to reduce the detrimental impacts of agriculture on breeding may also help reduce the detrimental effects of breeding late due to wetter springs. Our results therefore highlight the importance of considering the interactive effects of environmental change when managing wild populations.