bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsolidus Phase Relationship in the CaO–CuO–TiO2 Ternary System at 950°C in Air
Authors: Lee Sung‐Yun , Kim Hui Eun , Yoo Sang‐Im 
Published: July 2014

The subsolidus phase relationship in the CaO–CuO–TiO2 ternary system at 950°C in air was investigated. Total 26 samples having various nominal compositions were prepared by the solid‐state reaction at 950°C in air, and their equilibrium phases were analyzed by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The CaCu3Ti4O12 phase exhibits variable stoichiometry and forms as the Ca1−xCu3+xTi4O12‐type (−0.019 ≤x ≤0.048) solid solution at 950°C in air. On the basis of our results and previous reports on the binary phase diagrams, the subsolidus phase diagram of the CaO–CuO–TiO2 ternary system could be constructed at 950°C in air.
Older than the islands: origin and diversification of Galápagos leaf‐toed geckos (Phyllodactylidae: Phyllodactylus) by multiple colonizations
Authors: Torres‐Carvajal Omar , Barnes Charles W. , Pozo‐Andrade María J. , Tapia Washington , Nicholls Gabriela 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimWe re‐examine the biogeography of the leaf‐toed geckos (Phyllodactylus) endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Our aim was to (1) test the multiple‐colonization hypothesis against the single‐colonization scenario proposed for most terrestrial organisms in the archipelago, (2) estimate the age of colonization of Phyllodactylus, and (3) evaluate the roles of dispersal and vicariance in the evolution of these lizards.LocationGalápagos archipelago, Ecuador.MethodsPhylogenetic relationships were evaluated with maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods, including the estimation of divergence times and species trees. Previous biogeographical hypotheses were evaluated with tree‐topology tests.ResultsOur results support a multiple‐colonization scenario: all but one species of Phyllodactylus in the Galápagos Islands belonged to a single radiation. The founders of this radiation colonized the archipelago 13.2 Ma when the islands currently above water had not yet emerged. Ten million years later, the ancestors of Phyllodactylus darwini colonized San Cristóbal.Main conclusionsAs with other Galápagos organisms, the Pacific coast of South America seems to have been the source for the founders that led to the oldest radiation of leaf‐toed geckos. Unlike most Galápagos endemics, however, P. darwini might have originated in the Andes. Our phylogenetic hypotheses and recent palaeogeographical data support both dispersal and vicariance as mechanisms leading to the radiation of leaf‐toed geckos in the Galápagos Islands.
A systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials on non‐surgical treatments for peri‐implantitis
Authors: Faggion Clovis M. , Listl Stefan , Frühauf Nadine , Chang Huei‐Ju , Tu Yu‐Kang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground/AimIt remains unclear which type of non‐surgical treatment is most appropriate as first‐line intervention against peri‐implantitis. This systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis aimed to compare the clinical effect of various non‐surgical peri‐implantitis therapies.MethodsThe PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, DARE and Web of Knowledge databases were searched in duplicate for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to and including 01 January 2014. Additional relevant literature was identified using handsearching of reference lists within published systematic reviews, and screenings of OpenGrey, ClinicalTrials.gov and Controlled‐Trials.com. Probing pocket depth (PPD) was the outcome measure assessed. Multilevel mixed modelling was used to perform the network meta‐analysis, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation to obtain random effects.ResultsEleven studies were included in the network meta‐analysis. Debridement in conjunction with antibiotics achieved the greatest additional PPD reduction in comparison to debridement only (0.490 mm; 95% credible interval: −0.647;1.252). The highest probabilities of being the most effective interventions were achieved by Vector system (p = 20.60%), debridement plus periochip (p = 20.00%) and photodynamic therapy (p = 18.90%).ConclusionThe differences between various non‐surgical treatments were relatively small with large credible intervals. On the basis of currently available RCTs, there is insufficient evidence to support that any particular non‐surgical treatment for peri‐implantitis showed better performance than debridement alone.
Multigenerational response to artificial selection for biased clutch sex ratios in Tigriopus californicus populations
Authors: Alexander H. J. , Richardson J. M. L. , Anholt B. R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPolygenic sex determination (PSD) is relatively rare and theoretically evolutionary unstable, yet has been reported across a range of taxa. Evidence for multilocus PSD is provided by (i) large between‐family variance in sex ratio, (ii) paternal and maternal effects on family sex ratio and (iii) response to selection for family sex ratio. This study tests the polygenic hypothesis of sex determination in the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus using the criterion of response to selection. We report the first multigenerational quantitative evidence that clutch sex ratio responds to artificial selection in both directions (selection for male‐ and female‐biased families) and in multiple populations of T. californicus. In the five of six lines that showed a response to selection, realized heritability estimated by multigenerational analysis ranged from 0.24 to 0.58. Divergence of clutch sex ratio between selection lines is rapid, with response to selection detectable within the first four generations of selection.
A Burning Issue: Rethinking the Transition from Hunter‐Gatherer to Industrial Sociometabolic Regimes
Authors: Rambo A. Terry 
Published: July 2014

SummaryHunter‐gatherers are commonly seen as having a fundamentally different sociometabolic regime from agrarian and industrial societies because they are thought to directly appropriate the products of natural ecosystems without modifying those systems in order to enhance their productivity. However, ethnographic and archeological evidence reveals that many hunter‐gatherers extensively employed fire to manage their ecosystems so as to increase production of desirable wild resources, thus engaging in “colonization of nature” that is not qualitatively different from that practiced by other types of society. They systematically burned wild vegetation in order to increase populations of edible wild plants consumed by humans and promote growth of forage for game animals. Deliberate ecosystem burning by Australian Aborigines represented an energy expenditure of 1,512 gigajoules per capita per year (GJ/capita/yr), a level of energy use that is more than three times higher than the United States (445 GJ/capita/yr). It is their profligate consumption of biomass energy that explains why the quality of life of many hunter‐gatherers was often better than that of traditional settled peasant farmers. Hence, the extent to which hunter‐gatherers have a distinct type of sociometabiolic regime is called into question. It can be argued that in the course of social evolution, there have been only two sociometabolic regimes. In one type, which includes hunter‐gatherers, swidden agriculturalists, and industrial societies, extrasomatic energy does most of the productive work, whereas in the other type, that of premodern settled agriculturalists, production is largely dependent on human muscle power.
A Systematic Review of State and Manufacturer Physician Payment Disclosure Websites: Implications for Implementation of the Sunshine Act
Authors: Hwong Alison R. , Qaragholi Noor , Carpenter Daniel , Joffe Steven , Campbell Eric G. , Lehmann Lisa Soleymani 
Published: July 2014

Public disclosure of industry payments to physicians is one way to address financial conflicts of interest in medicine. As part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act (PPSA) requires pharmaceutical, medical device, and biologics manufacturers who have at least one product reimbursed by Medicare or Medicaid to disclose payments to physicians and teaching hospitals on a public website starting in 2014. The physician payment data will contain individual physician names, monetary values, and specific products connected to payments.According to the Final Regulations issued by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in February 2013, the law will make transparent the extent and nature of relationships between physicians, teaching hospitals, and manufacturers.
Risk Disclosure and the Recruitment of Oocyte Donors: Are Advertisers Telling the Full Story?
Authors: Alberta Hillary B. , Berry Roberta M. , Levine Aaron D. 
Published: July 2014

In vitro fertilization (IVF) using donated oocytes has proven to be an effective treatment option for many prospective parents struggling with infertility, and the usage of donated oocytes in assisted reproduction has increased markedly since the technique was first successfully used in 1984. Data published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in the United States indicate that approximately 12% of all ART cycles in the country now use donated oocytes. The increased use of oocyte donation in the United States has prompted discussion regarding risks associated with the process and how best to ensure the safety of oocyte donors.Physical risks associated with oocyte donation include bleeding, infection, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and a potential, although unconfirmed, increased risk of developing various forms of cancer, such as uterine, colon, breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers.
INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: TRENDS, DETERMINANTS, AND PROPOSED REMEDIES
Authors: Wang Chen , Wan Guanghua , Yang Dan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe issue of income inequality in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has attracted world‐wide attention, leading to a sizable literature. This paper attempts to provide a nonexhaustive literature review of the PRC's inequality trends and determinants, and suggested government interventions. It discusses profiles of income inequality along three dimensions: interhousehold disparity, regional divides, and urban–rural gaps. This is followed by an exploration of the driving forces behind rising inequality, including the notorious hukou system, policy biases, location or geographic factors, globalization, and education. Finally, the paper summarizes and proposes government interventions for containing or reducing income inequality in the PRC. Important areas for future research are also suggested in the final section of the paper.
Stroke Echoscan Protocol: A Fast and Accurate Pathway to Diagnose Embolic Strokes
Authors: Pagola Jorge , González‐Alujas Teresa , Muchada Marian , Teixidó Gisela , Flores Alan , De Blauwe Sophie , Seró Laia , Luna David Rodríguez , Rubiera Marta , Ribó Marc , Boned Sandra , Álvarez‐Sabin José , Evangelista Arturo , Molina Carlos A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSECardiac Echoscan is the simplified transthoracic echocardiogram focused on the main source of emboli detection in the acute stroke diagnosis (Stroke Echoscan). We describe the clinical impact related to the Stroke Echoscan protocol in our Center.METHODSAcute stroke patients who underwent the Stroke Echoscan by a trained stroke neurologist were included (Echoscan group). All examinations were reviewed by cardiologists. The main embolic stroke etiologies were: ventricular akinesia (VA), severe aortic atheroma (AA) plaque and cardiac shunt (SHUNT). The rate of the embolic stroke etiologies and the median length of stay (LOS) were compared with a cohort of patients studied by cardiologist (Echo group).RESULTSEighty acute stroke patients were included. The sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) were: VA (S 98.6%, E 66.7%, k = .7), AA (S 93.3%, E 96.9%, k = .88) and SHUNT (S 100%, E 100%, k = 1), respectively. The rate of AA diagnosis was significantly higher in Echoscan group (18.8% vs. 8.9%; P = .05). Echoscan protocol significantly reduced the LOS: 6 days (IQR 3‐10) versus Echo group 9 days (IQR 6‐13; P < .001).CONCLUSIONThe Echoscan protocol was an accurate quick test, which reduced the length of stay and increased the percentage of severe AA plaque diagnosis.
Clinical application of autologous fibroblast cell culture in gingival recession treatment
Authors: Milinkovic I. , Aleksic Z. , Jankovic S. , Popovic O. , Bajic M. , Cakic S. , Lekovic V. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectiveGingival recession is defined as soft and hard tissue displacement resulting in root surface exposure. The optimal outcome of gingival recession treatment is complete, predictable and long‐lasting root coverage with a significant level of tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering, which applies active regeneration principles, presents the contemporary treatment approach in the restitution and regeneration of lost tissues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical results of application of an autologous fibroblast cell culture (AFCC) on a collagen matrix and a connective tissue graft (CTG) placed under a coronally advanced flap (CAF), in the treatment of single and multiple gingival recessions.Material and MethodsEighteen patients from the Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, were randomly enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were the bilateral presence of Miller Class I or II single or multiple maxillary gingival recessions. A split‐mouth design was used in the study. The experimental group was treated with AFCC on a collagen scaffold, which was placed under a CAF. The control group received a combination of CTG and CAF. Clinical parameters such as gingival recession coverage, keratinized tissue width, clinical attachment level and gingival index were recorded at baseline and at 12 mo postoperatively. The oral hygiene level was assessed by plaque index evaluation. Postoperative healing was evaluated through the healing index, recorded 1, 2 and 3 wk postoperatively. The final esthetic outcome was assessed using the mean root coverage esthetic score (RES).ResultsStatistically significant improvement of all parameters assessed was found compared with baseline. A statistically significant difference between groups was observed only in keratinized tissue width. Greater keratinized tissue width is still obtained with the use of CTG. Regarding the tissue‐healing results, no statistically significant difference was achieved. The RES results were similar for both groups.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the present study, both procedures proved to be efficient in gingival recession treatment. AFCC, as a novel tissue‐engineering concept and living cell‐based therapy, proved to be a reliable and successful treatment concept.
Urinary Corticoid Concentrations Measured by 5 Different Immunoassays and Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hypercortisolism at Home and in the Hospital
Authors: Galeandro L. , Sieber‐Ruckstuhl N.S. , Riond B. , Hartnack S. , Hofmann‐Lehmann R. , Reusch C.E. , Boretti F.S. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundDetermination of the urinary corticoid‐to‐creatinine ratio (UCCR) is an important screening test in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism (HC). However, urinary cortisol metabolites interfere with cortisol measurement in immunoassays, leading to decreased specificity. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) is considered the gold standard for steroid hormone analysis, because it provides a high level of selectivity and accuracy.ObjectivesTo prospectively compare theUCCRof healthy dogs and dogs withHCdetermined by 5 different immunoassays and byGC‐MSand to evaluate the influence of veterinary care onUCCR.AnimalsTwenty healthy dogs; 18 dogs withHC.MethodsUrine was collected in the hospital and again after 6 days at home. Three chemiluminescence immunoassays (Access 2, Beckmann; Immulite 2000,DPCSiemens, with and without trichloromethane extraction) and 2RIAs (Utrecht in house; Access Beckmann) were used.GC‐MSanalyses were performed with Agilent 6890N/5973N. Urinary corticoid concentrations were related to urinary creatinine concentrations.ResultsImmunoassay results were significantly higher compared toGC‐MSresults. Evaluation of bias plots and clinical assessment made on the basis of the assay results of each dog indicated substantial disagreement among the assays. Sensitivity varied from 37.5 to 75% and with selected assays was lower in samples from day 6 compared to day 0.GC‐MSwas not superior to the immunoassays in discriminating healthy fromHCdogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceConsiderable variation must be anticipated comparing different urinary cortisol assays. Establishing an assay‐ and laboratory‐specific reference range is critical when usingUCCR.
Winter breeding and high tadpole densities may benefit the growth and development of tadpoles in a subtropical lowland treefrog
Authors: Chang Y.‐M. , Tseng W.‐H. , Chen C.‐C. , Huang C.‐H. , Chen Y.‐F. , Hatch K. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUnlike high‐altitude Rhacophorus moltrechti breeding in spring and summer and middle‐altitude populations breeding throughout the year, one possible mechanism causing lowland populations to breed in winter may be that high summer temperatures at low altitudes are stressful for tadpoles and lowland populations so they breed in winter to avoid this stress. However, breeding in the winter, which is the dry season in Taiwan, causes high densities as the water bodies they breed in are smaller and more isolated. We tested whether high summer water temperatures impose a cost and high tadpole densities lead to a benefit in growth, development and survival of lowland tadpoles by rearing tadpoles at three temperatures (17 and 22°C are two typical winter water temperatures and 27°C is a representative summer water temperature) and four different densities (5, 10, 20 and 30 tadpoles per box). We found that tadpoles metamorphosed earlier and at smaller sizes at 22°C (the higher winter water temperature) than tadpoles raised at either 17 or 27°C. Tadpoles raised at 27°C exhibited a longer larval period and a smaller metamorphic size than those raised at 22°C. Likewise, under the two winter water temperatures, but not the summer water temperature, increased tadpole density enhanced larval growth, translating into greater metamorphic mass without changing time to metamorphosis or decreasing survival rates. Nevertheless, tadpoles survived to metamorphosis at 27°C and at rates equal to those at 17 and 22°C. Our study suggests that lowland tadpoles are better adapted to maturing at cooler, winter water temperatures and that the summer water temperatures may be stressful to their growth and development. This leads to winter breeding for lowland populations. It also suggests that lowland populations breed at high tadpole densities because high densities benefit the larval growth and development.
Genetic mapping of horizontal stripes in Lake Victoria cichlid fishes: benefits and pitfalls of using RAD markers for dense linkage mapping
Authors: Henning Frederico , Lee Hyuk Je , Franchini Paolo , Meyer Axel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe genetic dissection of naturally occurring phenotypes sheds light on many fundamental and longstanding questions in speciation and adaptation and is a central research topic in evolutionary biology. Until recently, forward‐genetic approaches were virtually impossible to apply to nonmodel organisms, but the development of next‐generation sequencing techniques eases this difficulty. Here, we use the ddRAD‐seq method to map a colour trait with a known adaptive function in cichlid fishes, well‐known textbook examples for rapid rates of speciation and astonishing phenotypic diversification. A suite of phenotypic key innovations is related to speciation and adaptation in cichlids, among which body coloration features prominently. The focal trait of this study, horizontal stripes, evolved in parallel in several cichlid radiations and is associated with piscivorous foraging behaviour. We conducted interspecific crosses between Haplochromis sauvagei and H. nyererei and constructed a linkage map with 867 SNP markers distributed on 22 linkage groups and total size of 1130.63 cM. Lateral stripes are inherited as a Mendelian trait and map to a single genomic interval that harbours a paralog of a gene with known function in stripe patterning. Dorsolateral and mid‐lateral stripes were always coinherited and are thus under the same genetic control. Additionally, we directly quantify the genotyping error rates in RAD markers and offer guidelines for identifying and dealing with errors. Uncritical marker selection was found to severely impact linkage map construction. Fortunately, by applying appropriate quality control steps, a genotyping accuracy of >99.9% can be reached, thus allowing for efficient linkage mapping of evolutionarily relevant traits.
EspI regulates the ESX‐1 secretion system in response to ATP levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Zhang Ming , Chen Jeffrey M. , Sala Claudia , Rybniker Jan , Dhar Neeraj , Cole Stewart T. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe function of EspI, a 70 kDa protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has remained unclear. Although EspI is encoded by a gene within the esx‐1 locus, in this study we clarify previous conflicting results and show that EspI is not essential for ESX‐1‐mediated secretion or virulence in M. tuberculosis. We also provide evidence that reduction of cellular ATP levels in wild‐type M. tuberculosis using the drug bedaquiline completely blocks ESX‐1‐mediated secretion. Remarkably, M. tuberculosis lacking EspI fails to exhibit this phenotype. Furthermore, mutagenesis of a highly conserved ATP‐binding motif in EspI renders M. tuberculosis incapable of shutting down ESX‐1‐mediated secretion during ATP depletion. Collectively these results show that M. tuberculosis EspI negatively regulates the ESX‐1 secretion system in response to low cellular ATP levels and this function requires the ATP‐binding motif. In light of our results the potential significance of EspI in ESX‐1 function during latent tuberculosis infection and reactivation is also discussed.
A glimpse into the past and predictions for the future: the molecular evolution of the tuberculosis agent
Authors: Boritsch Eva C. , Supply Philip , Honoré Nadine , Seeman Torsten , Stinear Timothy P. , Brosch Roland 
Published: July 2014

SummaryRecent advances in genomics and molecular biology are providing an excellent opportunity to get a glimpse into the past, to examine the present, and to predict the future evolution of pathogenic mycobacteria, and in particular that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of human tuberculosis. The recent availability of genome sequences of several Mycobacterium canettii strains, representing evolutionary early‐branching tubercle bacilli, has allowed the genomic and molecular features of the putative ancestor of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) to be reconstituted. Analyses have identified extensive lateral gene transfer and recombination events in M. canettii and/or the MTBC, leading to suggestions of a past environmental reservoir where the ancestor(s) of the tubercle bacilli might have adapted to an intracellular lifestyle. The daily increases in M. tuberculosis genome data and the remaining urgent Public Health problem of tuberculosis make it more important than ever to try and understand the origins and the future evolution of the MTBC. Here we critically discuss a series of questions on gene‐loss, acquisition, recombination, mutation and conservation that have recently arisen and which are key to better understand the outstanding evolutionary success of one of the most widespread and most deadly bacterial pathogens in the history of humankind.