bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle Size Distribution of E-Cigarette Aerosols and the Relationship to Cambridge Filter Pad Collection Efficiency
Authors: Alderman Steven L. , Song Chen , Moldoveanu Serban C. , Cole Stephen K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The relatively volatile nature of the particulate matter fraction of e-cigarette aerosols presents an experimental challenge with regard to particle size distribution measure-ments. This is particularly true for instruments requiring a high degree of aerosol dilution. This was illustrated in a previous study, where average particle diameters in the 10-50 nm range were determined by a high-dilution, electrical mobility method. Total particulate matter (TPM) masses calculated based on those diameters were orders of magnitude smaller than gravimetrically determined TPM. This discrepancy was believed to result from almost complete particle evaporation at the dilution levels of the electrical mobility analysis. The same study described a spectral transmission measurement of e-cigarette particle size in an undiluted state, and reported particles from 210-380 nm count median diameter. Observed particle number concentrations were in the 109 particles/cm3 range. Additional particle size measurements described here also found e-cigarette particle size to be in the 260-320 nm count median diameter range. Cambridge filter pads have been used for decades to determine TPM yields of tobacco burning cigarettes, and collection of e-cigarette TPM by fibrous filters is predicted to be a highly efficient process over a wide range of filtration flow rates. The results presented in this work provide support for this hypothesis.
Described here is a study in which e-cigarette aerosols were collected on Cambridge filters with adsorbent traps placed downstream in an effort to capture any material passing through the filter. Amounts of glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and water were quantified on the filter and downstream trap. Glycerin, propylene glycol, and nicotine were effciently captured (> 98%) by the upstream Cambridge filter, and a correlation was observed between filtration efficiency and the partial vapor pressure of each component. The present analysis was largely inconclusive with regard to filter efficiency and particle-vapor partitioning of water. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 183-190]
Regional Development in Advanced Countries: a Within-Country Application of the Human Development Index for Austria
Authors: Schrott Lukas , Gächter Martin , Theurl Engelbert 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Since its implementation in 1990, the human development index (HDI), the flagship indicator of multidimensional development, has attracted a great deal of attention and critics in academic, political and media circles. It initiated a new stage in the discussion of appropriate indicators to measure socioeconomic development. Until now, the vast majority of empirical work using the HDI concept has taken a cross-country perspective. The main aim of this paper is the application of the HDI at the sub-country level in small, highly developed and socioeconomically homogenous countries. For this undertaking we use a slightly modified version of the HDI, called the regional development index (RDI). For the components of the RDI - life expectancy, education and standard of living - we use recent cross section information for Austria at the level of districts. There exists considerable heterogeneity across districts in the RDI and its components. Our Theil-decomposition reveals that the overwhelming part of the observed heterogeneity is based on differences within provinces (96 percent), although the differences in life expectancy between the provinces explain a substantial part of the overall heterogeneity in this indicator (54 percent).
Characterization and adsorptive properties of poly(1-vinylimidazole)/silica nanocomposites synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Wang Wei , Cao Liqin , Wang Jide , Zhao Jie , Wu Xiujuan , Hao Youwei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPoly(1-vinylimidazole) (PVIm)/silica nanocomposite particles were prepared via free radical polymerization of VIm in the presence of unmodified silica and crosslinker N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide without any surfactant by a one-pot route in supercritical carbon dioxide. The strong acid-base interaction between the hydroxyl groups (acidic) of silica surfaces and the imidazole groups (basic) of 1-VIm was strong enough to promote the formation of long-stable PVIm/silica nanocomposite particles. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the silica nanoparticles were encapsulated into the polymer and with a specific pore structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggested the strong interaction between PVIm and silica. The nanocomposites were shown to possess higher thermal stability than PVIm. A maximum surface area of 60.76 m2/g was obtained via standard nitrogen adsorption analysis. The property of the composite materials in terms of heavy metal ion removal was investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr (VI) is 331.5 mg/g in the experimental range.
The Intertheoricity: Plasticity, Elasticity and Hybridity of Theories
Authors: Guillaume Astrid 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Theories are processes modelled by thought. When they evolve in time, they are transformed and become new theories. They may cross from one academic discipline to another, then open up to new areas of human knowledge, mixing together the humanities, art, science and even spirituality. The way they are modelled reveals their plasticity and their elasticity is tested in their potential for transfer from one domain to another, while the different contacts they make and mergers they undergo generate a certain hybridity. Plasticity, elasticity and hybridity are the triad which make the transfer of theories possible.
Industries in Central and Eastern Europe. Enhancing Competitiveness by Integrating Services into Manufacturing
Authors: Burnete Sorin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
During the last two decades, the intra-industry trade between western companies and former socialist enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe gradually shifted from the subcontracting of marginal operations such as final assembly to the outsourcing of products and intermediate inputs. To further enhance their competitiveness, firms in Central and Eastern Europe have yet to take one more step forward: integrate services with manufacturing. Developing such capabilities hinges, aside from intensive training and learning on the existence of functional interactive knowledgebased innovation systems. Whereas Central and East European economies exhibit conspicuous weaknesses in this last respect, they still possess a countervailing advantage that is apt to lure foreign investors into the region: lower wage rates relative to western countries across all industries and skill levels. Offshoring therefore seems to be the most appropriate means to reconcile the two sides of the coin.
A Morpho-typology of Textual Geneses
Authors: Bagdasar Angel Radu 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Belonging to the textual genetics, discipline that studies the creation process of major literary or scientific works, the following paper discusses the Crocian myth of the uniqueness of the work that implies the uniqueness of the genesis. The work isn’t unique but just original and its genesis too. This hypothesis also allows also the articulation of common morphologies of the process of the invention. The paper proposes a plurality of types of genesis, such as the linear, canonic or partial, that aren’t able to satisfy the needs of the individual project (genesis), and twin genesis or hypergenesis, of which genetic substance supersedes the needs of an individual project, nourishing other works that constitute themselves into typological families. Such a classification represents an efficient epistemological instrument to studying the genesis of various texts. This kind of view is an entirely new way of looking at the invention and creation processes.
The Sense of “Pleasure” in Eastern Chant
Authors: Chaldaeakes Achilleas 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Music is by default a key element of every kind of Entertainment. Actually, the two terms (Pleasure and Music) are almost synonymous in the geographical area of the East - especially during the late medieval period - and there is a plethora of relevant evidence in the rescued literature and musicological sources to support this argument. It seems that there is a mutual and interactive “dialogue” between the two terms. This is an ideological and philosophical dialogue, as well as a completely fundamental and practical one: the musicians (the people who actually carry out the musical task) channel in abundance and mainly ensure the pleasure of the people who participate in any type of entertainment; and they do so through both their presence and their performance. However, at the same time, in order to acquire the ability to act in this way, i.e. to bring the “entertaining” dimension of music to the forefront, they themselves have to be in a position to experience music as pleasure, to grasp the multiple gratifications which are hidden at the very core of every kind of music. In both circumstances we can refer to two high level conquests of the Spirit and the Art: the pleasure of Music and music for Pleasure. In the present article Ι will attempt a first approach of the issue and an outline of its twofold dimension.
Comparative Evaluation of Inversion Approaches of the Radiative Transfer Model for Estimation of Crop Biophysical Parameters
Authors: Mridha Nilimesh , Sahoo Rabi N. , Sehgal Vinay K. , Krishna Gopal , Pargal Sourabh , Pradhan Sanatan , Gupta Vinod K. , Kumar Dasika Nagesh 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The inversion of canopy reflectance models is widely used for the retrieval of vegetation properties from remote sensing. This study evaluates the retrieval of soybean biophysical variables of leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content, canopy chlorophyll content, and equivalent leaf water thickness from proximal reflectance data integrated broadbands corresponding to moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, thematic mapper, and linear imaging self scanning sensors through inversion of the canopy radiative transfer model, PROSAIL. Three different inversion approaches namely the look-up table, genetic algorithm, and artificial neural network were used and performances were evaluated. Application of the genetic algorithm for crop parameter retrieval is a new attempt among the variety of optimization problems in remote sensing which have been successfully demonstrated in the present study. Its performance was as good as that of the look-up table approach and the artificial neural network was a poor performer. The general order of estimation accuracy for parameters irrespective of inversion approaches was leaf area index > canopy chlorophyll content > leaf chlorophyll content > equivalent leaf water thickness. Performance of inversion was comparable for broadband reflectances of all three sensors in the optical region with insignificant differences in estimation accuracy among them.
Multi-trait Analysis of Agroclimate Variations During the Growing Season in East-Central Poland (1971-2005)
Authors: Radzka Elżbieta , Rymuza Katarzyna 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The work is based on meteorological data recorded by nine stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management located in east-central Poland from 1971 to 2005. The region encompasses the North Podlasian Lowland and the South Podlasian Lowland. Average values of selected agroclimate indicators for the growing season were determined. Moreover, principal component analysis was conducted to indicate elements that exerted the greatest influence on the agroclimate. Also, cluster analysis was carried out to select stations with similar agroclimate. Ward method was used for clustering and the Euclidean distance was applied. Principal component analysis revealed that the agroclimate of east-central Poland was predominantly affected by climatic water balance, number of days of active plant growth, length of the farming period, and the average air temperature during the growing season (Apr-Sept). Based on the analysis, the region of east-central Poland was divided into two groups (areas) with different agroclimatic conditions. The first area comprized the following stations: Szepietowo and Białowieża located in the North Podlasian Lowland and Biała Podlaska situated in the northern part of the South Podlasian Lowland. This area was characterized by shorter farming periods and a lower average air temperature during the growing season. The other group included the remaining stations located in the western part of both the Lowlands which was warmer and where greater water deficits were recorded.
Orthogonal Polynomials Approximation and Balanced Truncation for a Lowpass Filter
Authors: Perev K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper considers the problem of orthogonal polynomial approximation based balanced truncation for a lowpass filter. The proposed method combines the system properties of balanced truncation, the computational effectiveness of proper orthogonal decomposition and the approximation capability of the orthogonal polynomials approximation. Orthogonal polynomials series expansion of the reachability and observability gramians is used in order to avoid solving large-scale Lyapunov equations and thus, significantly reducing the computational effort for obtaining the balancing transformation. The proposed method is applied for model reduction of a lowpass analog filter. Different sets of orthonormal functions are obtained from Legendre, Laguerre and Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials and the corresponding reduced order models are compared. The approximation precision is measured by the relative mean square error between the outputs of the full order model and the obtained reduced order models.
Completeness Conditions of Systems of Moore Automata
Authors: Donis A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper describes sufficient completeness conditions for the class of Moore automata, compositions with feedback on this class and the behavior realization. It is shown how to realize a delay by automata from the set satisfying sufficient conditions for completeness. The ideas of these constructions demonstrate how from a set of automata with long cycles of transients can be realized a delay with short cycle of transient. It is shown that there are large finite complete sets of automata, for which any proper subsets are not complete.
Historical sociolinguistics: the field and its future
Authors: Auer Anita , Peersman Catharina , Pickl Simon , Rutten Gijsbert , Vosters Rik 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article introduces the newJournal of Historical Sociolinguisticsby situating it in the developing field of historical sociolinguistics. The landmark paper of Weinreich et al. (1968), which paid increased attention to extralinguistic factors in the explanation of language variation and change, served as an important basis for the gradual development and expansion of historical sociolinguistics as a separate (sub)field of inquiry, notably since the influential work of Romaine (1982). This article traces the development of the field of historical sociolinguistics and considers some of its basic principles and assumptions, including the uniformitarian principle and the so-called bad data problem. Also, an overview is provided of some of the directions recent research has taken, both in terms of the different types of data used, and in terms of important approaches, themes and topics that are relevant to many studies within the field. The article concludes with considerations of the necessarily multidisciplinary nature of historical sociolinguistics, and invites authors from various research traditions to submit original research articles to the journal, and thus help to further the development of the fascinating field of historical sociolinguistics.
Solutions For Smart Metering Under Harsh Environmental Condicions
Authors: Kunicina N. , Zabasta A. , Kondratjevs K. , Asmanis G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The described case study concerns application of wireless sensor networks to the smart control of power supply substations. The solution proposed for metering is based on the modular principle and has been tested in the intersystem communication paradigm using selectable interface modules (IEEE 802.3, ISM radio interface, GSM/GPRS). The solution modularity gives 7 % savings of maintenance costs. The developed solution can be applied to the control of different critical infrastructure networks using adapted modules. The proposed smart metering is suitable for outdoor installation, indoor industrial installations, operation under electromagnetic pollution, temperature and humidity impact. The results of tests have shown a good electromagnetic compatibility of the prototype meter with other electronic devices. The metering procedure is exemplified by operation of a testing company's workers under harsh environmental conditions.
Eccentricity Of Slow-Speed Salient-Pole Generator: Analysis Based On Air Gap Spectrum
Authors: Griscenko M. , Elmanis-Helmanis R. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The air gap monitoring and fault diagnosis is exemplified for a slow-speed salient-pole generator of hydropower unit. Three types of measurements, namely, with contacting probes, non-contacting sensors and non-invasive sensors are discussed. For the case study non-contacting sensors were applied, with the results demonstrated. In the paper, different methods for evaluation of the results (e.g. using delta value and air gap variation criteria, graphical and spectrum analysis) are described and compared. It has been shown that the spectrum analysis describes changes in the eccentricity better than the criterion method, and is expected to supplement the graphical analysis in the future. Finally, the limitations of the spectrum analysis are formulated, and criteria for this type analysis are proposed.
The bilateral strength and power asymmetries in untrained boys
Authors: Maly Tomas , Zahalka Frantisek , Mala Lucia , Cech Pavol 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the level of
isokinetic strength and power of lower limbs in 13-year-
old untrained boys (n=22, height: 158.5±8.0 cm, mass:
49.1±12.6 kg), to determine bilateral deficit between the
limbs in the tests and examine their mutual relationship.
Maximum peak muscle torque of knee extensors (PTQ)
and flexors (PTH) on dominant (DL) and non-dominant
leg (NL) were measured by isokinetic dynamometer. Three
types of a vertical jump: countermovement jump with
(CMJFA) and without arms (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) were
performed on two force platforms.

We found the significant effect (p<.01) of independent vari-
ables (knee extensors, flexors, AV) and their interaction
on PT. AV did not indicate any significant effect on bilat-
eral ratio of knee extensors (F4,84=.74, p>.05, ηp2=0.03),
however a significant effect of AV was found in knee
flexors (F4,84=2.70,p<.05, ηp2=.114). The type of jump had
no effect on the difference between force exerted by DL
and NL (F1,21=.102, p>.05, ηp2=.01). Bilateral deficit (Q:Q,
H:H) did not significantly correlate with bilateral deficit in
jumps (p>.05).

Despite the possibility of identifying muscle asymmetries
in the sense of strength imbalances, their mutual relation-
ship with results in isokinetic dynamometry and power
jump tests is still unclear.
Attempt to assess the infiltration of enamel made
with experimental preparation using a scanning
electron microscope
Authors: Skucha-Nowak Małgorzata 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction: The resin infiltration technique,
a minimally invasive method, involves the saturation,
strengthening, and stabilization of demineralized enamel
by a mixture of polymer resins without the need to use
rotary tools or the risk of losing healthy tooth structures.

Aim of the study:

1. To design and synthesize an experimental infiltrant
with potential bacteriostatic properties.

2. To compare the depth of infiltration of the designed
experimental preparation with the infiltrant available
in the market using a scanning electron microscope.

Material and Methods: Composition of the experimental
infiltrant was established after analysis of 1H NMR
spectra of the commercially available compounds that
can penetrate pores of demineralized enamel. As the infiltrant
should have bacteriostatic features by definition,
an addition of 1% of monomer containing metronidazole
was made. Thirty extracted human teeth were soaked in
an acidic solution, which was to provide appropriate conditions
for demineralization of enamel. Afterward, each
tooth was divided along the coronal-root axis into two
zones. One zone had experimental preparation applied to
it (the test group), while the other had commercially available
Icon (the control group). The teeth were dissected
along the long axis and described above underwent initial
observation with use of a Hitachi S-4200 scanning electron
microscope.

Results: It was found that all samples contained only
oxygen and carbon, regardless of the concentration of
additions introduced into them. The occurrence of carbon
is partially because it is a component of the preparation in question and partially because of sputtering of the sample
with it. Hydrogen is also a component of the preparation,
as a result of its phase composition; however, it cannot be
detected by the EDS method.

Conclusions:

1. SEM, in combination with X-ray microanalysis, does
not allow one to explicitly assess the depth of penetration
of infiltration preparations into enamel.

2. In order to assess the depth of penetration of infiltration
preparations with use of X-ray microanalysis, it
is recommended to introduce a contrast agent that is
approved for use in dental materials, such as ytterbium
III fluoride.
Assessment of the Impact of a New Motorway Connection on the Spatial Distribution and Intensity of Traffic Flows: a Case Study of the D47 Motorway, Czech Republic/ Hodnocení vlivu nového dálničního spojení na prostorovou distribuci a intenzitu přepravních proudů: příklad dálnice D47
Authors: Chmelík Jakub , Marada Miroslav 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Assessing changes in the spatial distribution and intensity of traffic flow patterns, considered one of the main direct influences of the construction of transport infrastructure, is discussed in this paper. The central element of the research is a case study assessing such changes in connection with the opening of the D47 motorway in its Lipník nad Bečvou-Ostrava section. The aim of the study is a comparison of traffic conditions before and after the opening of the motorway. The real data on the traffic load of the motorway sections are compared with the official and our own forecast, which is based on applying a basic form of the gravity model for the given area. The results of the analysis confirmed intuitive assumptions about changes in the spatial redistribution of traffic flows.
Active Stabilization of the Beam Pointing of a High- Power KrF Laser System
Authors: Barna A. , Földes I. B. , Bohus J. , Szatmári S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
An active beam-pointing stabilization system has been developed for a high-power KrF laser system to eliminate the long-term drift of the directional change of the beam in order to have a stable focusing to a high intensity. The control of the beam direction was achieved by a motor-driven mirror activated by an electric signal obtained by monitoring the position of the focus of the output beam. Instead of large sized UV-sensitive position sensitive detectors a simple arrangement with scatter plates and photodiodes are used to measure the directionality of the beam. After the beam stabilization the long-term residual deviation of the laser shots is ~14 μrad, which is comparable to the shot-to-shot variation of the beam (~12 μrad). This deviation is small enough to keep the focal spot size in a micrometer range when tightly focusing the beam using off-axis parabolic mirrors.