bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the availability of the teratogenic drug isotretinoin outside the pregnancy prevention programme: a survey of e‐pharmacies
Authors: Lagan Briege M. , Dolk Helen , White Bronagh , Uges Donald R. A. , Sinclair M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeThe increase in online purchasing of medications raises safety concerns regarding teratogenic drugs. The use of the teratogenic drug ‘isotretinoin’ for women of childbearing age requires strict adherence to the Pregnancy Prevention Programme (PPP), a risk minimisation measure imposed on prescribers and users. We sought to determine how readily consumers can purchase isotretinoin online and the associated safety procedures and information.MethodsA descriptive cross‐sectional survey was conducted of 50 e‐pharmacies identified from commonly used search engines. E‐pharmacy characteristics and isotretinoin PPP specific criteria were evaluated. Purchases of isotretinoin from seven e‐pharmacies not bearing authentication logos and not requiring a prescription were assessed for PPP policy adherence, purchasing procedures and compound quality.ResultsForty‐three (86%) of the e‐pharmacies did not have an authentication seal/logo. Isotretinoin could be purchased from 42 sites without a valid prescription. Information on isotretinoin causing birth defects was lacking in 25 of the 50 sites, on not taking isotretinoin in pregnancy in 24 sites and not taking isotretinoin if planning or at risk of a pregnancy in 33 sites. Of the eight attempted purchases, seven arrived, all without any patient information leaflet. All were verified as isotretinoin.ConclusionThe Internet provides a loophole for purchasing of medications known to cause congenital abnormalities, which needs to be addressed by medicines regulatory agencies worldwide. The current PPP for isotretinoin may be failing to protect mothers and babies from preventable harm—clinicians need to be aware of this, and the public needs to be educated about the potential risks. © 2014 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) aggregate formation in binary solvent mixtures: An excitonic coupling analysis
Authors: Johnson Calynn E. , Boucher David S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe aggregation behavior of P3HT [Mn ≈ 28.2 kDa, regioregularity >96%, PDI ≈ 1.3] in 96 solvent mixtures is studied using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. Hansen solubility parameters and Spano excitonic coupling analyses are used to identify correlations between the properties of the solvent mixtures and the extent of structural order of the aggregates. It is clear that the identity of the poor solvent used to drive aggregation has a significant impact on the excitonic coupling behavior and, hence, the structural order of the P3HT aggregates. However, solubility parameter theory does not account nor provide a predictive theory for the observed trends. Instead, qualitative arguments based on the nature of the interactions between the solvents and the polythiophene and hexyl side chain motifs are used to rationalize the kinetics of formation and the observed excitonic coupling characteristics of the P3HT aggregates. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 526–538
Rock Glacier Inventory of the Valles Calchaquíes Region (~ 25°S), Salta, Argentina, Derived from ALOS Data
Authors: Falaschi Daniel , Castro Mariano , Masiokas Mariano , Tadono Takeo , Ahumada Ana Lía 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTRock glaciers near the Andean mountains of central and northwestern Argentina provide an important supply of water for agriculture, but data on their number, size, geographic distribution and altitudinal range are poorly known. Here, we provide the first detailed rock glacier inventory of the Valles Calchaquíes region of Salta, Argentina, based on 2.5 m x 2.5 m resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite PRISM (Panchromatic Remote‐sensing Instruments for Stereo Mapping) satellite images. Rock glacier outlines were manually digitised and a total of 488 were identified, which cover a total area of c. 59 km2. The lower limits of intact and fossil rock glaciers are at c. 4300 m asl and 4100 m asl, respectively. Because rock glaciers are protected by law in Argentina, the inventory provides an important basis for political decision‐making about water resources and for further periglacial and environmental studies in this region. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metals' roles during Ag and Au assisted silicon etching in HF aqueous solution
Authors: Abouda Lachiheb M. , Nafie N. , Ben Rabha M. , Bouaïcha M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSilver and gold assisted etching of silicon in an HF aqueous solution is studied in this work. In the literature, we found that such etching leads to the formation of a variety of structures; i.e. silicon nanowires (SiNWs) or porous silicon (PS). It is also reported that the role of metals during the etching can be a catalyzing role (Peng et al., Adv. Mater. 23, 198 (2011) [1]) or a protective role (Qiun and Chu, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 61, 59 (2008) [2]). In addition, we found that for a sole experimental protocol, silver is described to have both roles. In this study, this apparent sole experimental protocol is divided into two different experimental ones; the one step process (OSP) and the two steps process (TSP). For each process, we propose an etching mechanism. We give experimental evidences arguing that the protective effect occurs during the OSP and the catalyzing effect occurs during the TSP. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation on Mn doping of Ge nanowires for spintronics
Authors: Renard C. , Vincent L. , Gardès C. , Boukhicha R. , Oliviero E. , Patriarche G. , Fossard F. , Hajjar S. , Bubendorff J. L. , Pirri C. , Bouchier D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractVarious approaches are described to synthesize Mn‐doped Ge NWs using UHV‐CVD growth via the VLS mechanism. We explored in‐situ doping using an organo‐metallic precursor (TCMn) and tested different catalyst seeds such as Au, Au‐Mn or Ge‐Mn. All in‐situ attempts failed to incorporate Mn atoms into the NW. Moreover we observed that the use of TCMn and/or Au‐Mn catalysts have a crippling effect on the growth kinetics. Finally, ex‐situ doping with ion implantation is right now considered as a doping alternative. We report on preliminary results aiming at testing the radiation resistance of Ge NWs embedded in a removable silica matrix. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of the experimental parameters on the shape and formation kinetics of SiNWs formed by electroless chemical etching in aqueous AgNO3/HF/H2O2 solution
Authors: Nafie Nesma , Braham Chedly , Ben Rabha Mohamed , Bouaicha Mongi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe discovery at the beginning of 1990 of carbon nano‐tubes awaked the interest for one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Currently, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) formed by electroless chemical etching in aqueous Ag‐NO3/HF/H2O2 solution, arouse great interest due to their physical properties and potential applications. The understanding of physical‐chemical phenomena that occur during the formation of SiNWs, the effect of etching parameters on their morphology, the formation mechanism and formation kinetic raise many questions. In this paper, we investigate the effect of etching parameters; namely AgNO3 concentration, HF concentration, etching time and the volume of H2O2 on the shape of obtained nanostructures. The formation kinetic was investigated by studying the effect of the etching time on the morphology of obtained nanostructures. SiNWs studied in this work were formed on a P type and (100) oriented monocrystalline silicon substrate. Characterization of formed SiNWs was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A linearization approach for the model‐based analysis of combined aggregate and individual patient data
Authors: Ravva Patanjali , Karlsson Mats O. , French Jonathan L. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe application of model‐based meta‐analysis in drug development has gained prominence recently, particularly for characterizing dose‐response relationships and quantifying treatment effect sizes of competitor drugs. The models are typically nonlinear in nature and involve covariates to explain the heterogeneity in summary‐level literature (or aggregate data (AD)). Inferring individual patient‐level relationships from these nonlinear meta‐analysis models leads to aggregation bias. Individual patient‐level data (IPD) are indeed required to characterize patient‐level relationships but too often this information is limited. Since combined analyses of AD and IPD allow advantage of the information they share to be taken, the models developed for AD must be derived from IPD models; in the case of linear models, the solution is a closed form, while for nonlinear models, closed form solutions do not exist.Here, we propose a linearization method based on a second order Taylor series approximation for fitting models to AD alone or combined AD and IPD. The application of this method is illustrated by an analysis of a continuous landmark endpoint, i.e., change from baseline in HbA1c at week 12, from 18 clinical trials evaluating the effects of DPP‐4 inhibitors on hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. The performance of this method is demonstrated by a simulation study where the effects of varying the degree of nonlinearity and of heterogeneity in covariates (as assessed by the ratio of between‐trial to within‐trial variability) were studied. A dose‐response relationship using an Emax model with linear and nonlinear effects of covariates on the emax parameter was used to simulate data. The simulation results showed that when an IPD model is simply used for modeling AD, the bias in the emax parameter estimate increased noticeably with an increasing degree of nonlinearity in the model, with respect to covariates. When using an appropriately derived AD model, the linearization method adequately corrected for bias. It was also noted that the bias in the model parameter estimates decreased as the ratio of between‐trial to within‐trial variability in covariate distribution increased. Taken together, the proposed linearization approach allows addressing the issue of aggregation bias in the particular case of nonlinear models of aggregate data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A score‐type test for heterogeneity in zero‐inflated models in a stratified population
Authors: Cao Guanqun , Hsu Wei‐Wen , Todem David 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe propose a score‐type statistic to evaluate heterogeneity in zero‐inflated models for count data in a stratified population, where heterogeneity is defined as instances in which the zero counts are generated from two sources. Evaluating heterogeneity in this class of models has attracted considerable attention in the literature, but existing testing procedures have primarily relied on the constancy assumption under the alternative hypothesis. In this paper, we extend the literature by describing a score‐type test to evaluate homogeneity against general alternatives that do not neglect the stratification information under the alternative hypothesis. The limiting null distribution of the proposed test statistic is a mixture of chi‐squared distributions that can be well approximated by a simple parametric bootstrap procedure. Our numerical simulation studies show that the proposed test can greatly improve efficiency over tests of heterogeneity that ignore the stratification information. An empirical application to dental caries data in early childhood further shows the importance and practical utility of the methodology in using the stratification profile to detect heterogeneity in the population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitätsüberwachung in pharmazeutischen Gefriertrocknungsanlagen
Authors: Barfuss Heinz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMedikamente z. B. zur Behandlung von schweren Erkrankungen durchlaufen langwierige und kostenintensive Entwicklungs‐ und Zulassungsprozesse. In der Herstellungskette spielt die Gefriertocknung des Wirkstoffs eine wichtige Rolle und die Anforderungen an die Reinheit des Trocknungsguts sind hoch. Verschiedenste Silikonöle werden als Wärmeträger zum Transport der Wärmeenergie in und aus der Vakuumkammer verwendet. Silikonölleckagen können durch die mechanische Bewegung der ölführenden Bauteile während des Be‐ und Entladeprozesses und nach Prozessende zu Leckagen führen, die es zu vermeiden gilt, da es sonst zu einem kostspieligen Verlust der hochwertigen Charge führen kann. Daher gewinnt der Einsatz von präzisen und schnellen Messmethoden immer mehr an Bedeutung. Massenspektrometer sind eine präzise, schnelle und kostengünstige Multi‐Tasking‐Mess‐ und Überwachungseinrichtung, um geringste Silikonölkontaminationen im ppm‐Bereich qualitativ und quantitativ zu messen. Es wird somit nachweislich sichergestellt, dass Grenzwerte nicht überschritten werden. Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Methodik, Anwendung und den Ergebnissen.
3‐(1‐Adamantyl)‐, 3‐Ferrocenyl‐, and 3‐(2‐Furanyl)‐Substituted 5‐(2‐Pyridyl)pyrazole as well as Lithium and Zinc Complexes
Authors: Schowtka Björn , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: February 2014

Abstract3‐(2‐Furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (1) and 3‐(1‐adamantyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (2) crystallize as hydrogen‐bridged tetrameric molecules, whereas 3‐ferrocenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (3) forms hydrogen‐bridged dimers in the solid state. Deprotonation of the appropriate pyrazole with n‐butyllithium in ethereal solvents or with diethylzinc yields the dimers of (η1‐1, 2‐dimethoxyethane)lithium 3‐(2‐furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate (4), (η1‐1, 4‐dioxane)lithium 3‐(1‐adamantyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (5), and ethylzinc 3‐(2‐furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate (6). Exposure of a solution of 6 to ambient conditions leads to hydrolytic decomposition and the formation of bis{(ethylzinc hydroxide) zinc bis[3‐(2‐furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate]} (7). This tetranuclear zinc complex contains two tetra‐ and two hexa‐coordinate metal atoms.
New Ternary La2Sb‐Type Compounds, ScRESb (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb), and the Oxygen Stuffed Variant Sc4Yb4Sb4O
Authors: Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractScandium rare‐earth metal antimonides, ScRESb (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb) were synthesized from scandium metal and binary RESb at 1770 K in tantalum ampoules. According to X‐ray analyses of the crystal structures, they adopt the tetragonal ScCeSi‐type of structure (space group I4/mmm, Pearson code tI12), a variant of La2Sb, with a fully ordered atom distribution. Especially in ScSmSb and ScTbSb, the scandium atoms are distorted from an ideal 44 net in a way to form Sc nets of squares and rhombi in order to adjust to the lattice shrinkage in the ab plane, caused by the lanthanide contraction. Finally the structure changes from La2Sb to Sc2Sb‐type (anti‐PbFCl‐type), when terbium is replaced by dysprosium. The respective compound with ytterbium was only found when stoichiometric amounts of oxygen were present, resulting in Sc4Yb4Sb4O, a La2Sb‐type variant stuffed with oxygen. A structure field map, based on specific geometric parameters, easily allows for distinguishing between oxygen stuffed and oxygen‐free compounds. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of ScCeSb, ScPrSb, and ScNdSb indicate Curie‐Weiss behavior with ferromagnetic exchange coupling underlying. The magnetic moments correspond to the expected values for RE3+.
Fluorescence Detection of Malignant Liver Tumors using 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐Mediated Photodynamic Diagnosis: Principles, Technique, and Clinical Experience
Authors: Inoue Yoshihiro , Tanaka Ryo , Komeda Koji , Hirokawa Fumitoshi , Hayashi Michihiro , Uchiyama Kazuhisa 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundPhotoactive drugs selectively accumulate in malignant tissue specimens and cause drug‐induced fluorescence. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and fluorescence can distinguish normal from malignant tissue.ObjectiveMethodsFrom May 2012 to September 2013, a total of 70 patients underwent hepatic resections using 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD for liver tumors at our hospital.Results5‐ALA fluorescence was detected in all hepatocellular carcinoma cases with serosa invasion. In liver metastasis from colorectal cancer cases with serosa invasion, 18 patients (85.7 %) were detected, and three patients (14.2 %) whose tumors showed complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed no fluorescence. Both superficial and deep malignant liver tumors were detected with 92.5 % sensitivity. Using 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD, tumors remaining at the cut surface and postoperative bile leakage were less frequent than in our previous hepatic resections using conventional white‐light observation. Moreover, all malignant liver tumors were completely removed with a clear microscopic margin using 5‐ALA, with a significant difference in resection margin width between 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD (6.7 ± 6.9 mm) and white‐light observation (9.2 ± 7.0 mm; p = 0.0083).ConclusionsWith the detection of malignant liver tumors, residual tumor and bile leakage at the cut surface of the remnant liver were improved by PDD with 5‐ALA. This procedure may provide greater sensitivity than the conventional procedure. Furthermore, 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD can ensure histological clearance regardless of the resection margin and preserve as much liver parenchyma as possible in patients with impaired liver function.
Effect of α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐Tocotrienol on the Oxidative Stability of Lard
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite the structural similarity of tocopherols, the antioxidative activities of tocotrienol homologues have not been studied often. In this study, the antioxidant activities of α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocotrienols at various concentrations from 100 to 1,000 ppm in lard were evaluated. Headspace oxygen content of the lard without tocotrienol decreased from 21.1 to 10.7 % and the peroxide value increased from 0.4 to 33.4 mequiv/kg after 7 days of storage at 55 °C in the dark. α‐Tocotrienol at 100 ppm and β‐tocotrienol at 100 and 200 ppm effectively improved the oxidative stability of lard; however, the antioxidative activities of α‐ and β‐tocotrienol reduced as the concentration increased to 1,000 ppm. The γ‐ and δ‐tocotrienols improved the oxidation stability of lard and the effectiveness was essentially same at all concentrations (p > 0.05). The antioxidative activities of tocotrienols in the autoxidation of lard increased in the order of α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocotrienols. The activities of tocotrienols in lard were different depending on the type of homologues and concentrations.
Reporting Errors in Siblings’ Survival Histories and Their Impact on Adult Mortality Estimates: Results From a Record Linkage Study in Senegal
Authors: Helleringer Stéphane , Pison Gilles , Kanté Almamy M. , Duthé Géraldine , Andro Armelle 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Estimates of adult mortality in countries with limited vital registration (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa) are often derived from information about the survival of a respondent’s siblings. We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of such data through a record linkage study conducted in Bandafassi, located in southeastern Senegal. We linked at the individual level retrospective siblings’ survival histories (SSH) reported by female respondents (n = 268) to prospective mortality data and genealogies collected through a health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS). Respondents often reported inaccurate lists of siblings. Additions to these lists were uncommon, but omissions were frequent: respondents omitted 3.8 % of their live sisters, 9.1 % of their deceased sisters, and 16.6 % of their sisters who had migrated out of the DSS area. Respondents underestimated the age at death of the siblings they reported during the interview, particularly among siblings who had died at older ages (≥45 years). Restricting SSH data to person-years and events having occurred during a recent reference period reduced list errors but not age and date errors. Overall, SSH data led to a 20 % underestimate of 45q15 relative to HDSS data. Our study suggests new quality improvement strategies for SSH data and demonstrates the potential use of HDSS data for the validation of “unconventional” demographic techniques.
Saving Babies: The Impact of Public Education Programs on Infant Mortality
Authors: Moehling Carolyn M. , Thomasson Melissa A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We take advantage of unique data on specific activities conducted under the Sheppard-Towner Act from 1924 through 1929 to focus on how public health interventions affected infant mortality. Interventions that provided one-on-one contact and opportunities for follow-up care, such as home visits by nurses and the establishment of health clinics, reduced infant deaths more than did classes and conferences. These interventions were particularly effective for nonwhites, a population with limited access to physicians and medical care. Although limited data on costs prevent us from making systematic cost-benefit calculations, we estimate that one infant death could be avoided for every $1,600 (about $20,400 in 2010 dollars) spent on home nurse visits.
European Psychiatric Association (EPA) Guidance on Post-graduate Psychiatric Training in Europe
Authors: Mayer S. , van der Gaag R.J. , Dom G. , Wassermann D. , Gaebel W. , Falkai P. , Schüle C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe European Union Free Movement Directive gives professionals the opportunity to work and live within the European Union, but does not give specific requirements regarding how the specialists in medicine have to be trained, with the exception of a required minimum of 4 years of education. Efforts have been undertaken to harmonize post-graduate training in psychiatry in Europe since the Treaty of Rome 1957, with the founding of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and establishment of a charter outlining how psychiatrists should be trained. However, the different curricula for post-graduate training were only compared by surveys, never through a systematic review of the official national requirements. The published survey data still shows great differences between European countries and unlike other UEMS Boards, the Board of Psychiatry did not introduce a certification for specialists willing to practice in a foreign country within Europe. Such a European certification could help to keep a high qualification level for post-graduate training in psychiatry all over Europe. Moreover, it would make it easier for employers to assess the educational level of European psychiatrists applying for a job in their field.