bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Wording of the Patient Global Visual Analogue Scale (PG‐VAS) Affects Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Scoring and the Overall Disease Activity Score (DAS28): A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: French Tracy , Hewlett Sarah , Kirwan John , Sanderson Tessa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) is a key measure in clinical practice and clinical trials. There are at least five different versions of the ‘Patient Global’ Visual Analogue Scale (PG‐VAS) being used in the DAS28. The developers suggested that the PG‐VAS can be an assessment of global health or disease activity, but did not specify the wording of the question. There is no consensus on what the PG‐VAS is intended to capture, and the different words and phrases have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to test if phrasing affects PG‐VAS scores and hence yields different results for the DAS28.MethodsFifty patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking biologic agents in a rheumatology outpatient department completed a self‐administered questionnaire containing five versions of the 100 mm PG‐VAS.ResultsAll PG‐VAS versions correlated strongly with each other (rho = 0.67–0.87, p < 0.0001). However, individual scores for each PG‐VAS, when compared with the comparator on a Bland–Altman chart had wide limits of agreement—the largest being −42 mm to +45 mm. The five overall DAS28 scores were calculated for each patient using the five different PG‐VAS. The largest difference in DAS28 scores was 0.63.ConclusionDifferent phrasing of the PG‐VAS gives different DAS28 results. As the DAS28 is a key outcome measure, such differences have the potential to influence clinical decisions relating to eligibility for biologic agents and evaluation of new therapies. We urgently need to decide on the concept to be measured and the phrasing required to capture this. The PG‐VAS phrasing should then be standardized and validated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pediatric rhabdoid tumors of kidney and brain show many differences in gene expression but share dysregulation of cell cycle and epigenetic effector genes
Authors: Birks Diane K. , Donson Andrew M. , Patel Purvi R. , Sufit Alexandra , Algar Elizabeth M. , Dunham Christopher , Kleinschmidt‐DeMasters B.K. , Handler Michael H. , Vibhakar Rajeev , Foreman Nicholas K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundRhabdoid tumors (RTs) are aggressive tumors of early childhood that occur most often in brain (AT/RTs) or kidney (KRTs). Regardless of location, they are characterized by loss of functional SMARCB1 protein, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The aim of this study was to determine genes and biological process dysregulated in common to both AT/RTs and KRTs.ProcedureGene expression for AT/RTs was compared to that of other brain tumors and normal brain using microarray data from our lab. Similar analysis was performed for KRTs and other kidney tumors and normal kidney using data from GEO. Dysregulated genes common to both analyses were analyzed for functional significance.ResultsUnsupervised hierarchical clustering of RTs identified three major subsets: two comprised of AT/RTs, and one of KRTs. Compared to other tumors, 1,187, 663, and 539 genes were dysregulated in each subset, respectively. Only 14 dysregulated genes were common to all three subsets. Compared to normal tissue, 5,209, 4,275, and 2,841 genes were dysregulated in each subset, with an overlap of 610 dysregulated genes. Among these genes, processes associated with cell proliferation, MYC activation, and epigenetic dysregulation were common to all three RT subsets.ConclusionsThe low overlap of dysregulated genes in AT/RTs and KRTs suggests that factors in addition to SMARCB1 loss play a role in determining subsequent gene expression. Drugs which target cell cycle or epigenetic genes may be useful in all RTs. Additionally, targeted therapies tailored to specific RT subset molecular profiles should be considered. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1095–1102. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peculiarities of photoluminescence efficiency dependence on excitation intensity in GaN/Al2O3 epilayers
Authors: Lutsenko Evgenii V. , Rzheutski Mikalai V. , Zubialevich Vitalii Z. , Pavlovskii Viacheslav N. , Yablonskii Gennadii P. , Shulenkov Alexei S. , Reklaitis Ignas , Kadys Arūnas , Malinauskas Tadas , Nargelas Saulius , Jarašiūnas Kęstutis , Žukauskas Artūras 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExcitation‐intensity dependent photoluminescence (PL) as well as effective recombination time of a series of c‐plane GaN layers grown on sapphire substrates were measured at room temperature. It was shown that at low excitation level a high background free‐electron concentration causes an increase of radiative recombination rate in the near band edge region of GaN that results in an increase of the PL efficiency. In the investigated series, the GaN layers with lower crystal quality but having higher free‐electron concentration showed higher PL efficiency at excitation levels under ∼50 kW/cm2. At elevated excitation levels the impact of free‐carrier concentration decreases and the PL efficiency is mainly determined by nonradiative recombination time. From simulations of excitation‐intensity dependent PL efficiency, the Auger recombination coefficient in the investigated GaN samples was estimated to be much less then 10–30 cm6s–1. A drop of PL efficiency was observed at excitation levels higher than 2500 kW/cm2 when PL was registered from sample's surface. The reason of the drop was stimulated emission propagating along the in‐plane direction and causing the saturation of photogenerated carrier density. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Der Beginn einer Erfolgsgeschichte
Authors: Henning Hinrich 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNach der weltweit aufsehenerregenden Erfindung der Molekularpumpe hat Wolfgang Gaede nur wenige Jahre später, Herbst 1913, das Prinzip der Diffusionspumpe erfunden; das Patent wurde angemeldet unter dem schlicht anmutenden Namen „Vorrichtung zum Evakuieren”︁. Und wieder wie zuvor war es ein längerer Weg, bis der neue Pumpentyp zu dem wurde, was mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts das wichtigste Werkzeug für die Hochvakuumtechnik wurde. Zwar kündigte E.Leybold's Nachf. schon 1913 die erste Quecksilberdiffusionspumpe aus Glas in der 2. Auflage seines großen Firmenkatalogs an, die aber nur geringes Saugvermögen aufwies. Vermutlich unabhängig von Gaede gelang es Langmuir in 1916 in den USA, eine ähnliche Pumpe mit besserem Saugvermögen zu konstruieren. 1919 trat Prof. Volmer in Berlin mit einer 2stufigen Diffusionspumpe auf den Plan. Nun war kein Halten mehr: viele Glasbläserfirmen brachten derartige Pumpen auf den Markt. Aber da Gaede nicht seine Pumpe, sondern vor allem das Prinzip der Diffusionspumpe patentiert hatte, mussten alle schließlich seit den 20er‐Jahren Lizenzen von Leybold nehmen, bei Langmuir im Austausch mit einer Lizenz auf dessen Patent. Bald wurden die Diffusionspumpen nicht mehr aus Glas, sondern aus Metall hergestellt und benutzen spezielle Mineralöle als Treibmittel, um das giftige, teure Quecksilber zu vermeiden. Damit wurde die Diffusionspumpe in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts das wichtigste Werkzeug für die Hochvakuumerzeugung, gebaut in allen Größen mit Saugvermögen zwischen wenigen Litern pro Sekunde bis zu einigen zehntausend L/s.
Building quantitative, three‐dimensional atlases of gene expression and morphology at cellular resolution
Authors: Knowles David W. , Biggin Mark D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAnimals comprise dynamic three‐dimensional arrays of cells that express gene products in intricate spatial and temporal patterns that determine cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. A rigorous understanding of these developmental processes requires automated methods that quantitatively record and analyze complex morphologies and their associated patterns of gene expression at cellular resolution. Here we summarize light microscopy‐based approaches to establish permanent, quantitative datasets—atlases—that record this information. We focus on experiments that capture data for whole embryos or large areas of tissue in three dimensions, often at multiple time points. We compare and contrast the advantages and limitations of different methods and highlight some of the discoveries made. We emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaborations and integrated experimental pipelines that link sample preparation, image acquisition, image analysis, database design, visualization, and quantitative analysis. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:767–779. doi: 10.1002/wdev.107This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Quantitative Methods and Models
Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes
Technologies > Analysis of the Transcriptome
Multiobjective optimization of water distribution systems accounting for economic cost, hydraulic reliability, and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Wu Wenyan , Maier Holger R. , Simpson Angus R. 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
Three‐objective WDS optimization considering cost, reliability and GHGs
Shape of solution space formed by the objectives is a U‐shaped curve
Location of Pareto front in the solution space and its practical implications
Dean vortices in finite-aspect-ratio ducts
Authors: Haines Philip E. , Denier James P. , Bassom Andrew P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe consider the development of Dean vortices in a curved channel of finite aspect ratio. Solutions to the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations are obtained through a finite-element analysis, allowing us to explore the complex and rich bifurcation pattern of the flow as the aspect ratio and Dean number vary. We demonstrate a new class of finite-amplitude vortices and discuss their relationship to similar structures seen in finite-length Taylor–Couette flow.
Infant neurocognitive development is independent of the use of iodised salt or iodine supplements given during pregnancy
Authors: Santiago Piedad , Velasco Inés , Muela Jose Antonio , Sánchez Baltasar , Martínez Julia , Rodriguez Alvaro , Berrio María , Gutierrez-Repiso Carolina , Carreira Mónica , Moreno Alberto , García-Fuentes Eduardo , Soriguer Federico 
Published: February 2013

The benefits of iodine supplements during pregnancy remain controversial in areas with a mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of improving iodine intakes, with iodised salt (IS) or iodine supplements, in pregnant Spanish women. A total of 131 pregnant women in their first trimester were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) IS in cooking and at the table, (2) 200 μg potassium iodide (KI)/d or (3) 300 μg KI/d. No differences were found in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) or thyroid volume (TV) between the three groups. Regardless of the group in which women were included, those who had been taking IS for at least 1 year before becoming pregnant had a significantly lower TV in the third trimester (P= 0·01) and a significantly higher urinary iodine in the first (173·7 (sd81·8)v. 113·8 (sd79·6) μg/l,P= 0·001) and third trimesters (206·3 (sd91·2)v. 160·4 (sd87·7) μg/l,P= 0·03). Also, no differences were seen in TSH, FT4 or FT3. Children's neurological development was not significantly associated with the consumption of IS for at least 1 year before becoming pregnant and no differences were found according to the treatment group. In conclusion, in pregnant women with insufficient iodine intake, the intake of IS before becoming pregnant was associated with a better maternal thyroid function. The form of iodide intake was not associated with maternal thyroid function or children's neurological development.
The relationship between parental education and adolescents' soft drink intake from the age of 11–13 years, and possible mediating effects of availability and accessibility
Authors: Totland Torunn H. , Lien Nanna , Bergh Ingunn H. , Bjelland Mona , Gebremariam Mekdes K. , Klepp Knut-Inge , Andersen Lene F. 
Published: February 2013

The present study examined the prospective relationship between parental education and adolescents' soft drink intake over 20 months, and possible mediating effects of adolescents' availability and accessibility of soft drinks at home. A total of 866 adolescents, with data on two time points in the Norwegian HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) cohort study (2007–9), were included in the analyses. Data on intake and determinants of soft drinks were collected from adolescents and both parents by questionnaires. Mediation analyses using linear regression investigated the total and direct effects of parental education on adolescents' soft drink intake from the age of 11–13 years. In order to investigate prospective relationships, two models were set up to measure the (1) prediction and (2) change in consumption over 20 months. Possible mediation effects of availability and perceived accessibility at home were further examined in both models. The results showed that a lower level of parental education predicted a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents after 20 months, and that higher perceived accessibility of soft drinks reported by adolescents and mothers explained 39 % of the total effect. No relationship was observed between parental education and the change in adolescents' intake of soft drinks over 20 months. Interventions aimed at families with low parental education should target the perceived accessibility of soft drinks at home in order to diminish social differences in adolescents' soft drink consumption.
The Implied Standpoint of Kant's Religion: An Assessment of Kant's Reply to (and an English Translation of) an Early Book Review of Religion Within the Bounds of Bare Reason
Authors: Palmquist Stephen R. , Otterman Steven 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the second edition Preface of Religion Within the Bounds of Bare Reason Kant responds to an anonymous review of the first edition. We present the first English translation of this obscure book review. Following our translation, we summarize the reviewer's main points and evaluate the adequacy of Kant's replies to five criticisms, including two replies that Kant provides in footnotes added in the second edition. A key issue is the reviewer's claim that Religion adopts an implied standpoint, described using transcendental terminology. Kant could have avoided much confusion surrounding Religion, had he taken this review more seriously. We therefore respond to three objections that Kant failed to address: how the Wille–Willkür distinction enables the propensity to evil to be viewed as coexisting with freedom of choice; how moral improvement is possible, even though the propensity to evil is necessary and universal; and how a ‘deed’ can be regarded as ‘noumenal’.
The Non-Conceptuality of the Content of Intuitions: A New Approach
Authors: Tolley Clinton 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere has been considerable recent debate about whether Kant's account of intuitions implies that their content is conceptual. This debate, however, has failed to make significant progress because of the absence of discussion, let alone consensus, as to the meaning of ‘content’ in this context. Here I try to move things forward by focusing on the kind of content associated with Frege's notion of ‘sense (Sinn)’, understood as a mode of presentation of some object or property. I argue, first, that Kant takes intuitions to have a content in this sense, and, secondly, that Kant clearly takes the content of intuitions, so understood, to be distinct in kind from that possessed by concepts. I then show how my account can respond to the most serious objections to previous non-conceptualist interpretations.
A Method for Producing Site-Specific TEM Specimens from Low Contrast Materials with Nanometer Precision
Authors: Pettersson Henrik , Nik Samira , Weidow Jonathan , Olsson Eva 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA method that enables high precision extraction of transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens in low contrast materials has been developed. The main idea behind this work is to produce high contrast markers on both sides of and close to the area of interest. The markers are filled during the depositing of the protective layer. The marker material can be of either Pt or C depending on which one gives the highest contrast. It is thereby possible to distinguish the location of the area of interest during focused ion beam (FIB) milling and ensure that the TEM sample is extracted precisely at the desired position. This method is generally applicable and enables FIB/scanning electron microscope users to make high quality TEM specimens from small features and low contrast materials without a need for special holders. We explain the details of this method and illustrate its potential by examples from three different types of materials.
LIFE HISTORIES OFFER A CLUE TO THE FUTURE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE ON CORAL REEFS
Authors: YAKOB L. , MUMBY P. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIncreased frequency and severity of stressors associated with climate change are drastically altering ecosystems. Caribbean coral reefs differ markedly from just 30 years ago, with much restructuring attributable to infectious disease outbreaks. Using a classic epidemiological approach, we demonstrate how density-dependent demographic rates serve as a mechanism for intrinsic coral resilience to population perturbations arising from disturbances such as disease. We explore the impact of allowing infection status to influence demographic rates and ascertain outbreak thresholds that are corroborated by epizootic patterns observed in the field. We discuss how our threshold calculations may provide metrics of coral epizootic early warning systems. Integrating our infection model with equations describing the interspecific competition for space between coral and macroalgae, we provide new mechanistic understanding of the influence that coral life history dynamism and infectious disease have on the changing face of these threatened ecosystems.
ON A VARIATION OF A CONGRUENCE OF SUBBARAO
Authors: DUJELLA ANDREJ , LUCA FLORIAN 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe study positive integers $n$ such that $n\phi (n)\equiv 2\hspace{0.167em} {\rm mod}\hspace{0.167em} \sigma (n)$, where $\phi (n)$ and $\sigma (n)$ are the Euler function and the sum of divisors function of the positive integer $n$, respectively. We give a general ineffective result showing that there are only finitely many such $n$ whose prime factors belong to a fixed finite set. When this finite set consists only of the two primes $2$ and $3$ we use continued fractions to find all such positive integers $n$.
Obesity and US Mortality Risk Over the Adult Life Course
Authors: Masters Ryan K. , Powers Daniel A. , Link Bruce G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In this study, we analyzed age variation in the association between obesity status and US adult mortality risk. Previous studies have found that the association between obesity and mortality risk weakens with age. We argue that existing results were derived from biased estimates of the obesity-mortality relationship because models failed to account for confounding influences from respondents' ages at survey and/or cohort membership. We employed a series of Cox regression models in data from 19 cross-sectional, nationally representative waves of the US National Health Interview Survey (1986–2004), linked to the National Death Index through 2006, to examine age patterns in the obesity-mortality association between ages 25 and 100 years. Findings suggest that survey-based estimates of age patterns in the obesity-mortality relationship are significantly confounded by disparate cohort mortality and age-related survey selection bias. When these factors are accounted for in Cox survival models, the obesity-mortality relationship is estimated to grow stronger with age.
Ancient Near Eastern City-States
Authors: Garfinkle Steven J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of the formation of city-states in the Fertile Crescent. It provides a working definition of city-state in both spatial and social terms, and describes the city-state, focusing on the historical periods of early Mesopotamia. The chapter also considers the ideology of the city-state, the administration of an integrated economy, the emergence of kingship and institutions of government, and the replacement of the city-state system with territorial kingdoms.
Iranian Empires
Authors: Wiesehöfer Josef 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the history of the formation of the Iranian Empires, identifying the major phases in state formation, which include the Achaemenid Empire, Iran in Hellenistic times, the Parthian Empire, and the Sasanian Empire. It also describes the key features of the Achaemenid Empire, the Arsacid-Parthian Empire, and the Sasanian Empire, and explains the factors and conditions that influenced state formation.
War and Warfare in Ancient Rome
Authors: Howarth Randall S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter offers a synoptic view of the evolution of Roman war and warfare, highlighting the threshold moments and key and problematic issues pertaining to the understanding of the Romans at war. Romans routinely distributed at least seventy thousand soldiers in consular and pro-consular armies every year by the last third of the third century BC. The wars with Carthage had promoted Roman advantage. The Imperial authorities have difficulty in enrolling soldiers and maintaining the ones they had. Roman diplomatic success had connoted on partnership in the conduct of war and the sharing of its benefits. The most obvious path to prestige in Rome has been found in the management of war and its rewards. It is noted that the Roman army and the habits of Rome at war should not be regarded in isolation from the social, diplomatic, and political contexts in which they existed.
War and Society in the Roman Empire
Authors: Adams Colin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the status of war and society in the Roman Empire. The bias of the upper classes and fears of the lower are shown. The influences of civil war and rebellion could be profound in the Roman Empire. Any army is designed to fight wars, surely in a militaristic society such as Rome. Soldiers were employed in a range of activities in support of local administrative officials. Their internal administrative duties included their role in the collection of taxes. The army also had direct demands in terms of food supply, equipment and weapons, and their transport and delivery, but also indirectly in that the presence of soldiers naturally provided trading opportunities for provincial inhabitants. In general, the Roman soldiers were at the center of both the physical and societal fabric of the provinces of the empire.
Men at War
Authors: Tritle Lawrence A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter elaborates the understanding on Greek and Roman men at war. Preparation for battle in the ancient world was carefully approached. Military training at Rome was no less severe and regimented than in early Sparta. The ferocity and brutality in the killing zone of battle have no limits. Examples of atrocity and mutilation appear from the very beginning of Greek literature. Mutilation of the dead was an example of what the modern world knows as payback or revenge, and a ritualistic form of this came in stripping the dead of their armor (and weapons) after battle. It is observed that when a soldier survived in battle, they never forgot the experience.