bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Film and migration, Europe
Authors: Berghahn Daniela 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWith European cinemas becoming increasingly determined by multicultural and multiethnic presences and themes, critical paradigms that examine these cinemas in terms of their national specificity do not adequately address the shift from the national to the transnational which has occurred during the past 30 years. This shift has been fueled by the ongoing process of European integration, the geopolitical changes following the collapse of communism and the arrival of labor migrants and asylum‐seekers desiring access to what they perceive to be the politically and economically stable heartland of the “old,” that is Western Europe. These various sociopolitical processes have meant that the concept of European identity and nationhood is becoming ever more contested and fluid. This is reflected in a growing number of films made by migrant and diasporic filmmakers that challenge traditional concepts of national identity, “Europeanness,” and ethnocentric myths.
Film and migration: excavating history and memory
Authors: Shin Chi‐Yun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration has been a frequent subject of feature films ever since the early years of cinema, perhaps not surprisingly considering that the Hollywood industry itself was established by a number of immigrant entrepreneurs, mainly of Jewish descent, who became major power brokers by the end of the 1910s. Charlie Chaplin provides a prominent early example that recounts the immigrant experience in a comic short aptly titledThe Immigrant(1917), which portrays a poignant, albeit comic, picture of the arduous journey to the “land of liberty” and the desperate situations many immigrants faced once they got there. Indeed, the character of the Tramp, played by an English actor working in Hollywood, with his ambivalent attitude toward the host society – he seeks to fit in and win its approval and acceptance, but is unable to conform to its rules and demands – still has a strong resonance.
Film and migration, Latin America
Authors: Canaparo Claudio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract“Migration” in its modern sense encompasses a range of concepts, including immigration, emigration, exile, and refugees, terms that refer to all sort of movements, translations, and delocalizations of populations and individuals. This is why nowadays “migration” is broadly associated with mobility in sociological terms (see, e.g., Urry 2000, 2005, 2007; Elliott & Urry 2010). And, no less importantly, due to this sociological standpoint, the term migration is also associated with the question of how we approach population issues when societies no longer exist in the traditional sense. In Latin America, historically speaking, up to the 20th century the dominant concept was immigration, mainly because countries were trying to increase their populations and to establish their territory (Pellegrino 1995). This lead to the relevant “national narration” sought being determined by the fact that the country wasreceiving people. It was after World War II that the movement of populations and persons in Latin America acquired other forms, such as (1) of the generation of an increase in local populations (alto crecimiento) (Pellegrino 1995); (2) reversion in the direction of migration and an increase in internal migration; and/or (3) the internationalization of economic migration (locally calledtrabajador golondrina, or seasonal workers) (Pellegrino 2003; Pérez Brignoli 2010). During the period, the notion of an exile or a refugee also become more relevant, to refer to movements and changes in population rather than just indicating, as was the case historically, the situation of a group of politicians and/or intellectuals (see Naficy 2001; CEPAL 2006).
Film and migration: narrative, genre, spectatorship
Authors: Lykidis Alex 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Human migration – the movement of people across political boundaries – has always been a significant factor in the production, distribution, and exhibition of films. In the United States, the non‐narrative silent films made in the early years of the medium (1895–1902) appealed primarily to working‐class immigrants. These early films adopted the shocking and spectacular style of fairground attractions, sporting events, and magic acts popular with non‐English‐speaking audiences. In later periods, film production houses such as the Ufa studio in Germany and the Hollywood studios in the United States benefited greatly from the creative contributions of immigrant workers. In the 1940s and 1950s, for instance, Fritz Lang, Michael Curtiz, Billy Wilder, Robert Siodmak, and other European
émigrés
helped to usher in a greater realism to American screens and were instrumental in the development of the film noir style. The postwar period also saw the emergence and proliferation of film festivals, which today function as nodes in a vast global network that enables the migration of film products, ideas, and technologies across borders. Film festivals constitute interstitial spaces of exchange that catalyze the global circulation and reproduction of film culture. The existence today of festivals devoted to films about migration is a testament to the increasing prominence of cinematic representations of the migrant experience. It is this engagement with migration at the textual level of narrative, genre, and spectatorial address that is the focus of this essay.
Film and migration, South Asia
Authors: Bhaumik Kaushik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecent writing on South Asian cinema has begun to focus very prominently on the issue of migration as being substantially definitive of the manner in which the cinemas of South Asia have begun to imagine themselves in contemporary times. A number of distinct historical experiential axes have been invoked in examining South Asian cinemas through the prism of migration. For a long time the cultural dynamics of the South Asian region, consisting in the main of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, were seen by historians as being significantly defined by the large‐scale migrations of populations, first during the Partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947 and subsequently during the creation of the modern independent state of Bangladesh in 1971. Over time, a new axis of scholarly studies on the impact of migration on South Asian film culture was added with the consideration of the welter of films produced mainly in the UK about South Asian diasporic populations.
Film and migration: the problem of trauma
Authors: Petty Sheila J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Since the birth of cinema at the end of the 19th century, there has been a fascination with discourses of migration, especially since its rise as a media technology coincided with the last phase of colonialism and the global wave of settlement associated with it. For example, in Canada, the United States, and Australia, film was recognized as early as the first part of the 20th century as a means of drawing settlers to desired areas or as a method for instructing newcomers on how to blend with the society. Certainly, in countries like the United States, many filmmakers, such as Ernst Lubitsch, Alfred Hitchcock, Fritz Lang, and Jean Renoir, were themselves immigrants who recognized the inherent dramatic potential of immigrant narratives, focused on individuals who have left the safety of home and family for strange lands where they must struggle to fit in with cultures often hostile to their presence. By the 1950s, film often played a major role globally in the liberation of countries from colonialism, as a tool of documentation and propaganda, and as a means of reestablishing pride in race and nation. Contemporary films on migration often depict the movement of peoples as a global phenomenon that not only blurs the boundaries between nations, but calls into question the very nature of those boundaries.
Film festivals and migration
Authors: de Valck Marijke 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFilm festivals have become a widespread phenomenon since their inception at the Venice Film Festival in 1932, the first festival to be organized on a regular basis. Film festivals proliferated in particular from the late 1960s onward. Today a film festival takes place every day somewhere: the estimated total number of film festivals varies from 700 to 1,500 annually. From studies on film festivals (e.g. Dayan 2000; Turan 2003; De Valck 2007) it is clear that they (can) serve various agendas or interests – geopolitical, economic, as well as cultural. However, their main function is cultural: to screen films that fall outside the circles of regular (commercial) distribution and exhibition. It is through film festivals that niche films – more commonly referred to by scholars as well as programmers and critics by terms like “world cinema,” various “national cinemas,” “art cinema,” and “auteur cinema” – reach global audiences. Moreover, with competition programs, prizes, and press coverage, festivals are able to add value (symbolic capital) to such films and, in this way, act as stepping stones to further distribution, for example via art‐house exhibition, TV broadcasting, video on demand (VOD), and DVD releases.
Foreign nationals and expatriate residents
Authors: Erima Ugbem Comfort 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
International migration appears to be a global trend that has exceeded record levels, as over an estimated 150 million nationals reside outside their countries of origin (Martin 2001). In addition, there are those who make short trips for research, business, and tourism. This trend owes its origin to the unequal social, political, educational, and economic development in the world, which has placed some countries at a much higher advantage in relation to others and therefore people migrate either in search of real or perceived greener pastures or to “develop” the countries that are disadvantaged.
France: political economy of labor migration, early 21st century
Authors: Samers Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay is designed to explain the political economy of labor migration and immigration in France since the turn of the 21st century. In using the term “political economy,” the contribution seeks to move beyond simply a critical examination of politicaldiscourses, to encompass the interrelationship between the French government's perceived or calculated labor‐market demands,andthe politics and policies of the French government with respect to migration (entry) and immigration (settlement). The key argument is that that one cannot disentangle the political economy of labor migration (whether this is about “low‐skilled” or “highly skilled” labor migrants) from the politics surrounding other forms of migration (such as asylum‐seeking, student migration, family‐oriented movement, and so forth), not least because migrants entering through nonwork channels are likely to eventually search for work, sometimes illegally, and draw to one extent or another on social services, much to the worry of successive French administrations.
Freedom of movement
Authors: Pécoud Antoine 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Freedom of movement refers to the right of people to circulate without restrictions across the surface of the world. This may concern either internal or international mobility. In the first case, the issue is whether states allow their citizens to move freely throughout their territory. The second case derives from the Westphalian organization of the world into separate nation‐states, which raises the question of the rights and duties of states toward noncitizens and, correspondingly, of the rights and entitlements of human beings who wish or happen to be outside their state. Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) addresses both internal and international mobility and states that: (1) “Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state” and (2) “Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.”
Gender and migration
Authors: Gabaccia Donna R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Beginning with the first demographic studies of international migration in the 19th century, scholars have documented differences in male and female migrations and have considered sex an important influence on the propensity to migrate. For thirty years, feminist scholars have differentiated between sex and gender, asserting that social and ideological relations of power (“gender relations”) are more important than biology in shaping migration patterns. Gender, they claim, influences who migrates, in which proportions (the “sex ratio”), and with which goals and motives. Gender shapes the paths and organization of migration streams, the ways states intervene to encourage or discourage migration, the outcomes of migration for areas of emigration and immigration and, finally, immigrants' integration or assimilation, identities and lives. Indeed, evidence has accumulated that every point in the migration process is gendered.
Gender, globalization, and eldercare work
Authors: Browne Colette V. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This article examines the eldercare work immigrant women provide to America's older adults and families. Population aging, globalization, and women's migration are three trends at the forefront of the eldercare debate in the United States. Key questions include: who should provide care, how should care be provided, and who should pay for such care? Individual and population aging are unprecedented global phenomena documenting the dramatic growth in both numbers and proportions of older adults worldwide. As a demographic trend documented in both developed and developing nations, population aging is widely recognized as having economic, cultural, political, legal, and familial implications. In the United States, families, particularly women, remain the primary provider of most care to elderly family members; but growing numbers are seeking out paid careers to assist them with meeting the social and health needs of their aging family members. Globalization has provided easier access for people to migrate where there are jobs; more and more families and program administrators are turning to immigrant women to provide this care.
Gender, labor, and migration
Authors: Morokvasic Mirjana 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration patterns, migration discourse, migrants' experiences, obligations and duties as well as the expectations relative to their migration are gendered. Men and women not only engage in migrations and mobility differently, inducing differential impact on those who remain nonmigrants, but their movements are also linked to each other. Gender is a socially constructed category; it produces asymmetries and inequalities relative to positioning of women and men and to valuing and ordering what is considered as feminine or masculine. Gender can facilitate or jeopardize migration – it underlies decision‐making and migration work, it determines who and under which circumstances will be expected to move and who denied the opportunity to move. At the same time gender identities are constitutive elements of other identities, cross‐cutting other social relations, and gender processes cannot be understood independently of the class, race, immigrant status, sexuality, or generation with which they intersect.
Genocide and displacement
Authors: Berengaut Bridget Conley‐Zilkic and Ariana 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe realities of genocide are as old as human history and intimately tied with mass displacement. Genocide, the intentional destruction of entire civilian populations, invariably produces large‐scale numbers of refugees. Flight occurs as an early warning sign for genocide when persecution prompts individuals to flee; as a component of the assaults, where direct forced expulsions – or what is now referred to as “ethnic cleansing” – are undertaken in concert with widespread killing; and as a long‐lasting legacy when groups fear returning to places where they might remain vulnerable to genocidal attacks.
Gentrification and displacement
Authors: Watt Paul 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay provides an overview of the topic of gentrification with an emphasis on displacement. According to the urban geographer Tom Slater (2009: 294), gentrification means “the transformation of a working‐class or vacant area of a city into middle‐class residential and/or commercial use.” Incoming high‐income groups therefore colonize (gentrify) a previously working‐class urban neighborhood, as occurred in postwar Islington, north London, which prompted the sociologist Ruth Glass to coin the term “gentrification” back in 1964 (Lees et al. 2008: 4). However, contemporary gentrification occurs on a far larger scale than in previous decades and refers more broadly to the class remaking of cities which are being economically, physically, and culturally transformed via large‐scale property development – increasingly under the aegis of state‐driven urban regeneration programs – into living and leisure spaces for the affluent middle classes (Smith 2002; Lees et al. 2008).
Geography of migration
Authors: Pott Andreas 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Migration processes and their consequences are intrinsically geographical. Migration as the physical movement of people from one place (on earth) to another is a spatial phenomenon that varies considerably in time and regional distribution. It therefore draws researchers' attention not only to spatial mobility, its dynamics, and the changing society in general but also to space‐related conditions, contexts, and outcomes of internal and international migrations in particular: regions (of migrants' origin and destination), rural–urban or periphery–center interrelations, cities and their socio‐spatial patterns of segregation, geographically uneven labor markets, translocal networks, and borders.
Germany and Central Europe, migrations
Authors: Hoerder Dirk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGermany, like all of Europe's nation‐states, emerged from multiple in‐ and outmigrations. Over the centuries, borders expanded or contracted and all borderlands are characterized by ethnoculturally mixed settlements. This may involve a multilingualism, rudimentary or fully developed – in the past, even of illiterate people. “Germany and Central Europe” thus refers to a central European German‐language region and its borderlands. The original western part (roughly modern West Germany) was a segment of the so‐called Holy Roman Empire. In the early modern period, the region's many ruling houses divided the territory into larger, smaller, and miniscule segments, many without political significance but sending and attracting migrants. A partial unification process, initiated on the orders of Napoleon in 1803/1806, continued through the 19th century, but ended, given the Hohenzollern–Habsburg competition, in a dualism of Germany and Austria as (or in) two different empires. The German‐language part of Switzerland had had de facto independence since the 16th century. Since information on potential migration destinations is communicated through language, the region has to be treated as a whole, though dialects were not necessarily mutually intelligible. From 1871, the establishment of the Hohenzollern‐ruled German Reich, data collection and patterns became distinct for each of the three states.
Ghana, migrations from colonial to modern times
Authors: Tagoe Cynthia Addoquaye 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay will first of all, look at the migration situation during the period before “modern” times. The term “modern” as used here will be contextualized to coincide with the beginning of a mass exodus of Ghanaians in the latter part of the 20th century. The period of precolonial and colonial through to the early post‐independence years before this mass emigration will be categorized as “premodern” for migration while “modern” times will span from the 1970s to the present.
Balkans, global migration, ethnic conflict, and class struggle
Authors: Bojadžijev Manuela 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA decade after the end of the war in the Balkans in 2000, the region remains in a state of upheaval and uncertainty as the process of global migration, ethnic conflict, and class struggle vis‐á‐vis the European Union continues, and even expands. Even the very concept of Europe seems at stake. While the military conflict was still under way, there was no agreement as to whether the Balkans was part of Europe. Advocates of military and political intervention during the war in Bosnia, or later the NATO bombardment of Serbia, argued that displacement and genocide could not be tolerated on European soil. At the same time it was “Europe” that intervened in the name of human rights in the region that was therefore precisely conceptualized as outside.
Goths and Vandals, migration history
Authors: Moorhead John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Goths who settled in Gaul, Spain, and Italy and the Vandals who settled in Africa were prominent among the groups who came to power in the western Roman empire during the 5th centuryCE. In each case they had undergone a migration, but important aspects of their movements are unclear, for the places from which they originally migrated, the degree to which they were stable population groups, and whether they should be thought of as having been warriors or groups of farmers remain undecided.
Government and private support for migrants in receiving countries
Authors: Fincke Gunilla 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
As the population of migrants has increased significantly in the period from the end of World War II to the early 21st century, the question of government and private support for migrants in receiving countries has taken on growing importance. This support serves three key goals: (1) improving integration conditions for migrants on either a temporary or permanent stay; (2) fostering transnational lifestyles by concluding agreements with actors in countries of origin that ease circular migration; (3) encouraging migrants to return to their countries of origin – for example, by paying repatriation grants, offering micro credits in the countries of origin, and making social security payments transferable. While repatriation aid has been significant at, for example, the end of guest‐worker schemes in Western Europe, and transnational migration is of growing interest because of the migration–development nexus, support for integration remains by far the most important type of support that receiving countries provide. This essay will therefore only deal with the first aspect: that is, support for ensuring immigrants' equal participation in key areas of society (Bommes 2009) such as schooling and training, the labor market, social and political rights, housing and health.
Greece, migration 1830s to present
Authors: Kasimis Charalambos 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSince the early 1830s, following its independence from Ottoman rule, Greece has experienced two periods of mass emigration and one of refugee reception. The first emigration lasted from the end of the 19th to the early 20th century and the second from the mid‐1950s to the early 1970s.