bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Free Will Operates, in Practice
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Future work can elaborate how free will, as a mental system that guides human action, operates. For now, multiple types of practices can be outlined, based on lists of phenomena from executive function and ego depletion research. Self-control involves overriding one response to make an alternative action possible, and it often is used for stifling immediate impulses in order to do what is best in the long run. Rational thought applies logic and general principles to calculate the best course of action. Planning involves anticipating future crossroads and deciding in advance what series of steps will successfully bring one to goals. Initiative means responding actively to the situation instead of passively going along and letting things happen. Switching tasks and flexible execution enable the person to pursue multiple goals across time. Time management helps impose systematic organization on events and ensure that tasks can be completed on time.
Desire to Have or Use Free Will?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
While this book has focused on how free will functions, a related question is whether people have a possibly instinctual desire to exercise free will. This idea has been a centerpiece of self-determination theory, positing an inner need for autonomy. The question is not fully resolved, and this chapter considers evidence for and against. People (and animals) like to have options and often object when their freedom or options are restricted. They show less enthusiasm for making difficult choices. The benefits of having choice are confounded by being able to get better outcomes, but there is some evidence of a pure desire for choice independent of its benefits. It may have evolved in simpler animals and would therefore not be specific to free will.
Positive Psychology and Free Will
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Befitting the focus of the book series, this chapter highlights some key roles of free will theory within positive psychology. Free will is among the most advanced capabilities of the human mind and is integral to most forms of flourishing. Indeed, contrary to widespread impressions that creativity is something purely in the unconscious mind, experiments have shown that conscious thinking and reflection are vital to the creative process. Proper exercise of free will increases happiness, and indeed people who believe more in free will also report higher happiness and higher meaningfulness in life.
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The final chapter surveys and summarizes what has been said. It provides a longish as well as a capsule summary of the book’s main ideas. The human mind was designed by nature (evolution) to function in culture, and free will is a key part of that. Freedom is in the situation, and the human mind recognizes options so as to make advantageous choices and actions. Freedom is not absolute but on a continuum. Human action is sometimes guided by meaningful, even abstract ideas and by conscious thinking (including mental simulations of the possible future). The moral agent, the economic agent, and the information agent all indicate how the human mind evolved to benefit from cultural systems. Free will is limited by energy constraints (willpower) and is only used sometimes. It also addresses some areas needing further research, such as child development, brain processes, and occasional reluctance to use one’s free will. Links to political activity are discussed: Many political movements have explicitly sought increases in personal freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is the Introduction, which describes the topic and the approach and explains the various concepts and theoretical perspectives of the book. It describes how the Nahuatl language first became increasingly important during the first part of the colony, before it then began to decline in importance, causing a process of language shift and endangerment, and how it is now enjoying a period of increased significance and resurgence. It introduces the concepts of publics and counter-publics to describe the status of linguistically distinct Indigenous communities embedded within the Mexican national community. It also provides an overview of the author’s methods and theoretical approaches. It includes a summary of the main argument and a chapter road map for the rest of the book.
Land, Language, and Higher Learning in the Zongolica Highlands
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how the changing Indigenous politics have affected the sphere of education. Since 2001, a series of intercultural universities have been opened with the joint mission of providing more education options to rural, predominantly Indigenous populations, and of promoting intercultural education, which includes improving the presence of Indigenous languages and cultures in the education system. One of these intercultural universities is located in the Nahuatl-speaking region of Zongolica in central Veracruz state. This chapter describes the way this institution works and how it interacts with and influences political processes involving Indigenous people in the region. It argues that in spite of the constraints of its institutional framework, intercultural education does open up spaces in which Nahuatl speakers can imagine their world, and creates new possibilities for other kinds of lives as they do so.
Conclusions
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This is a short concluding chapter that rounds off the book by drawing general conclusions about the relations between language and politics. It centers on the concept of semiotic sovereignty, and how it can be used to analyze the relations between semiotic resources and political communities. It concludes by noting how Nahua people are themselves engaged in strengthening their semiotics sovereignty in various ways, from producing literature to developing education at different levels, and to teaching the language to their children.
Mind the Science
Authors: Stea Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Mind the Science is the self-defense shield that we direly need to protect us against the onslaught of bogus mental health treatments and products that have increasingly flooded social media, popular media, and the business of health care itself. It provides a takedown of mental health misinformation and pseudoscience to educate and embolden those who wish to make informed decisions about their mental health. The first section equips readers with the necessary background. They’ll learn about the nature, evolution, and seduction of pseudoscience, and ultimately how to become science and mental health literate. Readers will come to understand how mental health misinformation can be traced back through history right up to the present collision of the anti-psychiatry movement and the wellness industry. The second section teaches how to spot misinformation and propaganda. It shines a light on various pseudoscientific practices, shows the psychological reasons that leave us vulnerable to believing misinformation, and helps readers to develop a keen eye for the tactics and tropes that are used to push propaganda in the wellness and alternative medicine communities. The third section offers solutions, showing the concepts and science behind evidence-based ways to improve mental health, and teaches what to look for when seeking real professional help. In the end, readers will be better positioned to identify mental health misinformation, to steer clear of misguided and predatory practices, and to understand what mental health really means.
Introduction
Authors: Stea Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Introduction describes the idea that mental health is priceless, yet for sale in the wellness industry. It differentiates between mental health misinformation and propaganda and describes how the author has cultivated social media to battle both, ultimately leading to the birth of the book. It foreshadows the various sections of the book and invites readers to mind the science when it comes to their mental health. Readers learn that the book rests on the premise that the scientific method is the best tool people have to guide decisions about their mental health needs. It warns that people ignore mental health–related science at their peril.
Canaries in the Coal Mine
Authors: Stea Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a deep dive into the nature of pseudoscience and how it manifests under the guise of alternative medicine. It further popularizes the work of psychologist Scott Lilienfeld by helping readers to learn how to distinguish science from pseudoscience in mental health. A cluster of pseudoscientific warning signs are illustrated for readers. The ideology of alternative medicine is laid bare, as its various tropes and propaganda tactics are revealed. Readers learn about the ways in which alternative medicine is a source of deception and a marketing ploy for pseudoscience. Armed with these tools to find and name the fraud, they become better equipped to learn more in the next chapter about the psychological and social influences on our thinking and mental health decisions.
Falling for Fake Science News
Authors: Stea Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter tells the story about how smart people can fall for misinformation, steering their decisions about mental health. The tragic death of Kirby Brown and her peers at James Arthur Ray’s wellness retreat is one cautionary tale discussed that horrifically illustrates the damage caused by wellness grift. Readers learn about how people fall for fake scientific claims beyond poor science and mental health literacy skills, including many interacting reasons at the individual (e.g., ideological blindness, personality), group (e.g., echo chambers), and societal (e.g., structure of social networks, bad actors) levels of analyses. With a focus on the individual, readers learn how people are all susceptible to misinformation in part because their minds are wired for mental shortcuts, motivated reasoning, cognitive biases, and logical fallacies. The chapter helps readers understand how the scientific method, intellectual humility, self-understanding, and critical thinking are antidotes against misinformation and the influence of our biases.
Of Ancestors and Ghosts
Authors: McNicholl Adeana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Pretas are best known as “hungry ghosts,” pitiful beings endowed with a miniscule mouth and bloated stomach who reap the fruits of stinginess from a former life. But they were not always portrayed this way. Of Ancestors and Ghosts traces the construction of the Buddhist realm of the pretas through narrative literature. It argues that preta stories, by working out where the departed go after they die, how best to assist them, and how they fit into a karmic cosmology, were a vital component to the construction of Buddhist cosmology as it is known today. These stories illustrate the importance of narrative for the construction of religious cosmologies. Far from simple morality tales, preta literature helped develop and argue for Buddhist understandings of actions and their fruits. These stories portray ethical cultivation as inherently embodied. These stories are not mere scare tactics to promote Buddhist ethics. They help model and elicit aesthetically informed embodied experiences that are themselves educational and ethically formative.
From Ancestor to Ghost
Authors: McNicholl Adeana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Part I argues that narratives about pretas played a vital role in the construction of the preta as a reincarnated being occupying its own realm of rebirth. The concept of the preta as “hungry ghost” took shape slowly and within a larger South Asian religious context in which various ideas about the departed and the impact of our actions on the next world circulated. Part I’s introduction introduces the concept of religious repertoires, proposing that Buddhist authors incorporated various repertoires to expand and shape ideas about the departed. Over time, they differentiated the preta from the Brahmanical ancestors and situated it within a multi-realm cosmological system. These debates about the identity of the departed, karma as a theory of causality, and the efficacy of ancestral rites were not theoretical but also had material implications for the Buddhists who used these texts to articulate their views vis-à-vis other communities.
“The most important moment in our lives”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chaplains benefit patients and families with not only specific issues within each of the broad categories of belief mentioned earlier (being religious, spiritual, atheist, or agnostic), but also with common challenges that these groups share. Examples include coping with pain, making tough medical decisions, and having to re-evaluate priorities. Chaplains help hospitalized individuals of differing beliefs explore fears, engage in positive thinking, focus on “the here and now,” and reframe and reconstruct meaning and purpose. Patients frequently mourn the loss of the future they had imagined, and must now forge a new one. Chaplains help through cognitive “reframing,” shifting goals and points of view to reimagine a future, guiding patients away from past self-reproaches and toward future aspirations, and reprioritizing values and goals, reminding patients that the ultimate purpose of life may not be “success” but simply increasing appreciation of it more generally.
“I pray to the God I don’t believe in”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Countless patients engage in prayer, but many questions about it arise. Prayers are associated with spiritual well-being, faith, and assurance but are often misunderstood by providers. People pray in their own ways at their own times, thereby connecting to something spiritual beyond themselves, however they conceive it. But such supplications take many forms, differing in their purpose, content, timing, and form, whether they are silent or spoken, and what is uttered, to whom, and for what. Many patients are nonreligious but nonetheless pray, highlighting how descriptions of one’s religious beliefs, affiliations, and behaviors do not always fit neatly into simple or consistent boxes, and can differ from what an outside observer might assume.
How close or distant to be
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Providers strive to have “detached concern”—to remain concerned, but also somewhat detached and objective. But doing so can be hard, and chaplains can face various challenges. Occasionally, for instance, patients reject chaplains, are suspicious of religion or are atheist, or misunderstand these professionals’ roles, function, or identity. Other patients want a chaplain of their own faith or gender, minimize or deny disease, are angry at the cosmos, or fear that a chaplain may criticize them. Initially, chaplains often find such refusals unsettling, but gradually develop more confidence and ability, frequently finding ways to nonetheless speak with and assist such patients. These providers struggle, too, with how to end visits and interactions that went well—both individual conversations and longer, ongoing relationships with patients and families—and frequently rely on implicit rather than explicit verbal and nonverbal cues. Chaplains also mourn patients’ deaths and can experience moral distress and burnout.
Seeing patients with fresh eyes
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Patients and families occasionally clash with providers about needs for more or less aggressive treatment, pushing to receive invasive futile interventions or to leave the hospital against medical advice. In these conflicts, chaplains strive to see each individual patient in and of him- or herself, and get to know patients in ways missed by doctors. These spiritual care providers can often mediate, providing fresh eyes and perspectives. Doctors and other medical staff may dismiss patients with addiction or other stigmatized behaviors or characteristics, but chaplains can frequently uncover vital information about the patient’s story and encourage staff to overcome biases and correct faulty assumptions. Still, chaplains’ attentions and interventions cannot always reverse longstanding past misfortunes. Chaplains resemble but also differ from psychotherapists. These fields differ in scope and goals but use several similar approaches, and both can aid patients.
“Doctor, will you pray for me?”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how doctors can more fully recognize the importance of spiritual issues, especially when death looms, but in other situations, too, more fully recognizing chaplains’ value. Ultimately, chaplains are limited in number, and doctors, nurses, and others should therefore possess skills to address, even if briefly, patients’ spiritual concerns, particularly when patients raise these, even if just to make referrals to chaplains. Patients and families frequently do not even know that chaplains exist, or feel empowered to request one. Doctors should be better able to address these topics and refer patients to chaplains when needed. Efforts to train providers have started, but can be bolstered. Courses in the humanities address some of these issues, but specific targeted skills and knowledge are also vital.
Compatibility and Significance Questions (Part I)
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Is free will compatible or incompatible with determinism? What kind of freedoms are “worth wanting”? The book argues that there are two paths to adequately addressing these questions from both historical and contemporary perspectives—two paths that ultimately converge. The first path, undertaken in this chapter, begins by reflecting on different kinds of freedom. Topics considered include the roles of alternative possibilities (AP) and ultimate responsibility (UR) in free will debates, the importance of self-forming actions (SFAs), self-formation and the will, freedom of action and freedom of will (how they differ and why both are important), Austin-style examples, plurality conditions and plural voluntary control (PVC), will-settled vs. will-setting actions, the dual regress of free will, the importance of distinguishing three notions of freedom, and three senses of will for adequately addressing these Compatibility and Significance Questions. Also considered are the author’s youthful interest in free will and Walden, the pond, Thoreau, and the utopia.
Compatibility and Significance Questions (Part II)
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The second path to adequately addressing the Compatibility and Significance Questions about free will, pursued in this chapter, begins by reflecting on ordinary practices of holding persons morally and legally responsible and leads to a distinction between different dimensions of responsibility. The chapter begins with a critical analysis of P. F. Strawson’s controversial “insulation thesis” according to which our ordinary practices of holding persons responsible can be entirely insulated from metaphysical questions about whether free will and responsibility are compatible with determinism. In arguing against this thesis, the chapter discusses ascriptions of responsibility in courts of law as well as in ordinary life, appealing to legal theorist H. L. A. Hart’s influential “fair opportunity to have done otherwise” criterion. The second half of the chapter examines arguments based on so-called Frankfurt-style examples that ascriptions of responsibility are compatible with determinism and argue that all such arguments fail.
The Intelligibility Question (Part II)
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In further developing what is new about the libertarian view developed in this book, this chapter emphasizes that one does not have to choose between agent causation and event causation in describing freedom of will and action. One can and must affirm both; and neither is reducible to the other. The author’s present view is therefore called an agent-causal/event-causal, or AC/EC, view, distinguishing it from the other three familiar libertarian views, agent-causal, event-causal, and noncausal. (The author’s prior view was usually designated event-causal, but that was never a happy designation and the author did not use it in prior works.) The chapter argues that on this AC/EC view, an agent’s causing an action is to be understood as an agent, conceived as an information-responsive complex dynamical system, exercising teleological guidance control, over some of its own processes. The remainder of the chapter spells out the nature of such systems.
Human Rights Between Universality and Islamic Legitimacy
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Human rights are stuck in a normative dilemma in contemporary Islamic human rights discourses. On the one hand, they have to be Islamically legitimate, that is, anchored in the Islamic legal and intellectual tradition in order not to be considered externally imposed. On the other hand, human rights must also be secular, that is, justifiable independently of Islamic faith in order to live up to their universal character. The aim of the book is to formulate a conception of human rights that is able to satisfy the normative requirements of universality and Islamic legitimacy to the same extent. In a double dialogue with the Islamic legal tradition and contemporary human rights philosophy, it conceptualizes human rights as institutions for the protection of human needs based on the theory of Islamic legal purposes (maqāṣid al-sharīʿa). It thereby aims to contribute to contemporary human rights debates in the field of political theory and provide coherent answers to open and controversial questions, such as why human beings should have rights, how the content of those rights should be determined, and whether there is a hierarchy among human rights.
Human Rights as a Question of Identity
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the predominant discursive framework in which contemporary debates about Islam and human rights are conducted. It discusses the issues of identity and power and shows how the contemporary Islamic human rights discourse operates in the shadow of a colonial discourse, which fundamentally structures its goals and ambitions. It provides an overview of existing Islamic human rights approaches and delineates the fundamental dilemma that currently besets them. Finally, it previews the book’s attempt to resolve this dilemma by mapping out the chapters ahead, offering the reader a glimpse into the diverse terrain this study seeks to cover.
Historical Context
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the historical context of the contemporary Islamic discourse on human rights by revisiting a nineteenth-century debate on the compatibility of Islam and modernity. It highlights a range of positions from that period that mirror those of the contemporary discourse. These include a secularist position that argued for a complete imitation of Europe, a traditionalist position that advocated for a preservation of Islamic tradition, and a modernist position that sought to reconcile the Islamic tradition with the achievements of modernity. Through this exploration, the chapter aims to show that the contemporary Islamic discourse on human rights is deeply rooted in historical debates and reflects longstanding tensions and continuities shaped by colonial and post-colonial contexts.