bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Time-Resolved Characterization of the Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Ligand-Receptor Interactions on Living Cells
Authors: Pavel Barta  , Karl Andersson  , Frantisek Trejtnar  , Jos Buijs  
Published: April 2014

The time-resolved interaction analysis was applied on living cells to extract detailed interaction characteristics of two therapeutic antibodies and natural ligand binding to the same receptor expressed on two different human carcinoma cell lines. The observed differences in the antibody binding characteristics and heterogeneity could be attributed both to differences in antibodies and cell lines. The stability of antibody binding to EGFR on cells is significantly higher than the binding stability to isolated EGFR. This higher stability can be of fundamental importance as it potentially shifts the drug-target residence time into a domain that is limiting in pharmacokinetics and hence is of importance for in vivodrug efficacy. EGF binding to its receptor was more heterogeneous and it was demonstrated for the first time that time-resolved interaction measurements in combination with Interaction Map analysis could be used to probe the dynamics of a ligand (protein) induced dimerization and/or oligomerization process.
Functional acuity contrast sensitivity assessment in young and middle age healthy persons at the day time with and without glare
Authors: Sidorova Jelena , Čiumbaraitė Rasa , Čebatorienė Džastina , Banevičius Mantas , Liutkevičienė Rasa 
Published: April 2014

Background. As people age, their vision becomes less clear; they can clearly see big objects but experience problems discerning minor things and minor details. The functional acuity contrast test is a very sensitive method used for visual system evaluation which may help to detect the beginning of the disease in case the visual acuity is still normal.
Purpose. To determine functional acuity contrast sensitivity in young and in middle age healthy persons at the day time with and without glare.
Materials and methods. We examined 40–49 yrs (Group 1), and 50– 59 yrs (Group 2) healthy persons. The typical Snellen chart (the direc­tion of the gap in Landolt C) was used for the non-corrected and the bestcorrected visual acuity testing. Functional acuity contrast sensitivity was measured employing a Ginsburg Box, VSCR- CST-6500, at the day time with and without glare.
Results. Functional acuity contrast sensitivity remained very similar in the age groups of 40–49 years and 50–59 years. However, statistically, it significantly decreased at day time without glare (18 cycle / degree) spatial frequencies (p = 0.05). Results in Group 1 as compared to Group 2 decreased from 3.09% to 51.7% at the day time without glare and from 2.16% to 11.61% at the day time with glare.
Conclusion. The facts are that contrast sensitivity remained very similar in the age groups of 40–49 years and 50–59 years at the day time with and without glare.
Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in Vilnius area children and adolescents
Authors: Jankauskienė Augustina , Vaičiūnienė Daiva , Stacevičienė Indrė 
Published: April 2014

Background. Lower urinary tract symptoms are a common problem world­wide among children. The aim of the study was to evaluate how common lower urinary tract symptoms are among children and adolescents in the Vilnius area.
Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study comprised 360 children (5–11 years) and 388 adolescents (12–18 years) who were hospitalized at the Children’s Hospital or referred for consultation for different health reasons not related to urination problems. Data were obtained by using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. The data were compared between gender (344 boys and 404 girls) and age groups (children and adolescents).
Results. Only a half (55.7%) of all questioned children and adolescents had no lower urinary tract symptoms. Nocturnal enuresis (NE) was found in 8.7%, urgency in 34.0% and daytime wetting in 24.6% of the questioned children and adolescents. Monosymptomatic NE accounted for 20.0% of NE. Secondary NE was seen in a quarter (24.5%) of children with NE. Lower urinary tract symptoms were more prevalent in children compared to adolescents (56.1% vs 38.1%, p = 0.000). There were no significant differences between genders except urgency, which was more frequent in girls (29.4% vs 37.9%, p = 0.014).
Conclusion. Lower urinary tract symptoms are frequent in children and adolescents in the Vilnius area, so they need greater attention by healthcare providers.
Confirmation of progressive plate motion during the Midcontinent Rift's early magmatic stage from the Osler Volcanic Group, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Swanson‐Hysell Nicholas L. , Vaughan Angus A. , Mustain Monica R. , Asp Kristofer E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAs the supercontinent Rodinia was assembling ca. 1.1 billion years ago, there was extensive magmatism on at least five Proterozoic continents including the development of the North American Midcontinent Rift. New paleomagnetic data from 84 lava flows of the Osler Volcanic Group of the Midcontinent Rift reveal that there was a significant and progressive decrease in inclination between the initiation of extrusive volcanism in the region (ca. 1110 Ma) and ca. 1105 ± 2 Ma (during the “early stage” of rift development). Paleomagnetic poles can be calculated for the lower portion of the reversed Osler Volcanic Group (40.9°N, 218.6°E, A95 = 4.8°, N = 30) and the upper portion of the reversed Osler Volcanic Group (42.5°N, 201.6°E, A95 = 3.7°, N = 59; this pole can be assigned the age of ca. 1105 ± 2 Ma). This result is a positive test of the hypothesis that there was significant plate motion during the early stage of rift development. In addition to being a time of widespread volcanism on Laurentia and other continents, this interval of the late Mesoproterozoic was characterized by rapid paleogeographic change.
The contribution of the Weddell Gyre to the lower limb of the Global Overturning Circulation
Authors: Jullion Loïc , Garabato Alberto C. Naveira , Bacon Sheldon , Meredith Michael P. , Brown Pete J. , Torres‐Valdés Sinhue , Speer Kevin G. , Holland Paul R. , Dong Jun , Bakker Dorothée , Hoppema Mario , Loose Brice , Venables Hugh J. , Jenkins William J. , Messias Marie‐José , Fahrbach Eberhard 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe horizontal and vertical circulation of the Weddell Gyre is diagnosed using a box inverse model constructed with recent hydrographic sections and including mobile sea ice and eddy transports. The gyre is found to convey 42 ± 8 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s–1) across the central Weddell Sea and to intensify to 54 ± 15 Sv further offshore. This circulation injects 36 ± 13 TW of heat from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the gyre, and exports 51 ± 23 mSv of freshwater, including 13 ± 1 mSv as sea ice to the midlatitude Southern Ocean. The gyre's overturning circulation has an asymmetric double‐cell structure, in which 13 ± 4 Sv of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and relatively light Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are transformed into upper‐ocean water masses by midgyre upwelling (at a rate of 2 ± 2 Sv) and into denser AABW by downwelling focussed at the western boundary (8 ± 2 Sv). The gyre circulation exhibits a substantial throughflow component, by which CDW and AABW enter the gyre from the Indian sector, undergo ventilation and densification within the gyre, and are exported to the South Atlantic across the gyre's northern rim. The relatively modest net production of AABW in the Weddell Gyre (6 ± 2 Sv) suggests that the gyre's prominence in the closure of the lower limb of global oceanic overturning stems largely from the recycling and equatorward export of Indian‐sourced AABW.
Using the natural spatial pattern of marine productivity in the Subarctic North Pacific to evaluate paleoproductivity proxies
Authors: Serno Sascha , Winckler Gisela , Anderson Robert F. , Hayes Christopher T. , Ren Haojia , Gersonde Rainer , Haug Gerald H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSedimentary proxies used to reconstruct marine productivity suffer from variable preservation and are sensitive to factors other than productivity. Therefore, proxy calibration is warranted. Here we map the spatial patterns of two paleoproductivity proxies, biogenic opal and barium fluxes, from a set of core‐top sediments recovered in the Subarctic North Pacific. Comparisons of the proxy data with independent estimates of primary and export production, surface water macronutrient concentrations, and biological pCO2 drawdown indicate that neither proxy shows a significant correlation with primary or export productivity for the entire region. Biogenic opal fluxes, when corrected for preservation using 230Th‐normalized accumulation rates, show a good correlation with primary productivity along the volcanic arcs (τ = 0.71, p = 0.0024) and with export productivity throughout the western Subarctic North Pacific (τ = 0.71, p = 0.0107). Moderate and good correlations of biogenic barium flux with export production (τ = 0.57, p = 0.0022) and with surface water silicate concentrations (τ = 0.70, p = 0.0002) are observed for the central and eastern Subarctic North Pacific. For reasons unknown, however, no correlation is found in the western Subarctic North Pacific between biogenic barium flux and the reference data. Nonetheless, we show that barite saturation, uncertainty in the lithogenic barium corrections, and problems with the reference data sets are not responsible for the lack of a significant correlation between biogenic barium flux and the reference data. Further studies evaluating the factors controlling the variability of the biogenic constituents in the sediments are desirable in this region.
Hydrology and pore water chemistry in a permafrost wetland, Ilulissat, Greenland
Authors: Jessen Søren , Holmslykke Hanne D. , Rasmussen Kristine , Richardt Niels , Holm Peter E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHydrological and geochemical processes controlling the pore water chemistry in a permafrost wetland, with loam overlain by sphagnum peat, were investigated. The vertical distributions of dissolved Cl, and of pore water δ18O, appeared unrelated to ion freeze‐out and isotope ice‐water fractionation processes, respectively, dismissing solute freeze‐out as a main control on the water chemistry. However, concentrations of major ions, others than Cl, generally increased with depth into the active layer. A conceptual model for water and solute movement in the active layer was derived. The model indicates upward diffusive transport of elements, released in the loam layer by mineral weathering, to the peat layer, in which lateral advective transport dominates. Active layer pore water and water of melted core sections of permafrost were of Ca‐Mg‐HCO3 type (1:1:4 stoichiometry) and were subsaturated for calcite and dolomite. The results are consistent with an annual cycling of inorganic carbon species, Ca and Mg, via cryogenic carbonate precipitation during fall freeze‐up and their redissolution following spring thaw. Similarly, elevated Fe2+ concentrations appear to be related to cryogenic siderite formation. Pore water in the active layer showed high partial pressures of CO2, indicating the feasibility of bubble ebullition as a greenhouse gas emission pathway from permafrost wetlands. Elevated concentrations of geogenic trace elements (Ni, Al, and As) were observed, and the controlling geochemical processes are discussed. The conceptual model for water and solute movement was applied to quantify the contribution of released trace elements to a downstream lake in the permafrost catchment.
On the predictability limit of convection models of the Earth's mantle
Authors: Bello Léa , Coltice Nicolas , Rolf Tobias , Tackley Paul J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractReconstructing convective flow in the Earth's mantle is a crucial issue for a diversity of disciplines, from seismology to sedimentology. The common and fundamental limitation of these reconstructions based on geodynamic modeling is the unknown initial conditions. Because of the chaotic nature of convection in the Earth's mantle, errors in initial conditions grow exponentially with time and limit forecasting and hindcasting abilities. In this work, we estimate for the first time the limit of predictability of Earth's mantle convection. Following the twin experiment method, we compute the Lyapunov time (i.e., e‐folding time) for state of the art 3‐D spherical convection models, varying rheology, and Rayleigh number. Our most Earth‐like and optimistic solution gives a Lyapunov time of 136 ± 13 Myr. Rough estimates of the uncertainties in best guessed initial conditions are around 5%, leading to a limit of predictability for mantle convection of 95 Myr. Our results suggest that error growth could produce unrealistic convective structures over time scales shorter than that of Pangea dispersal.
Helium isotopic textures in Earth's upper mantle
Authors: Graham David W. , Hanan Barry B. , Hémond Christophe , Blichert‐Toft Janne , Albarède Francis 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report 3He/4He for 150 mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses from the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR). Between 81°E and 101°E 3He/4He varies from 7.5 to 10.2 RA, encompassing more than half the MORB range away from ocean island hot spots. Abrupt transitions are present and in one case the full range occurs over ∼10 km. Melting of lithologically heterogeneous mantle containing a few percent garnet pyroxenite or eclogite leads to lower 3He/4He, while 3He/4He above ∼9 RA likely indicates melting of pyroxenite‐free or eclogite‐free mantle. Patterns in the length scales of variability represent a description of helium isotopic texture. We utilize four complementary methods of spectral analysis to evaluate this texture, including periodogram, redfit, multitaper method, and continuous wavelet transform. Long‐wavelength lobes with prominent power at 1000 and 500 km are present in all treatments, similar to hot spot‐type spectra in Atlantic periodograms. The densely sampled region of the SEIR considered separately shows significant power at ∼100 and ∼30–40 km, the latter scale resembling heterogeneity in the bimodal distribution of Hf and Pb isotopes in the same sample suite. Wavelet transform coherence reveals that 3He/4He varies in‐phase with axial depth along the SEIR at ∼1000 km length scale, suggesting a coupling between melt production, 3He/4He and regional variations in mantle temperature. Collectively, our results show that the length scales of MORB 3He/4He variability are dominantly controlled by folding and stretching of heterogeneities during regional (∼1000 km) and mesoscale (∼100 km) mantle flow, and by sampling during the partial melting process (∼30 km).
Effects of the core‐shell structure on the magnetic properties of partially oxidized magnetite grains: Experimental and micromagnetic investigations
Authors: Ge Kunpeng , Williams Wyn , Liu Qingsong , Yu Yongjae 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe relationship between magnetic hysteresis parameters and the degree of oxidation of ultrafine magnetite particles is examined by both experimental measurements (distributed particle assemblage with median grain size of ∼80 nm and standard deviation 0.43) and micromagnetic simulations (single particles from 40 nm to 140 nm). Experimental results show that both coercivity (Bc) and the ratio of saturation remanence to saturation magnetization (Mrs/Ms) increase slowly, as the oxidation parameter z increases from 0 to ∼0.9. Thereafter, both parameters decrease sharply as magnetite becomes completely oxidized to maghemite. Numerical simulations of hysteresis loop and microstructure using a micromagnetic model with a core‐shell geometry (a stoichiometric core surrounded by an oxidized shell) show three categories of behavior for magnetic grains during oxidation. First, the coercivity of SD particles decreases as oxidation proceeds, but their remanence magnetization remains in a uniform state. Second, for PSD sized particles near the critical SD boundary (80 nm to 100 nm), the initial vortex domain structure changes to a SD as oxidation occurs and returns to a vortex state upon complete maghemitization, resulting in an initial rise and then fall of Bc and Mrs. Finally, larger PSD grains remain a vortex state throughout the maghemitization, with less variations of Bc and Mrs. The predicted magnetic properties exhibit good agreement with experimental observations and suggest that the domain arrangement is likely to be dominated by a core‐shell structure with strong exchange coupling at their interface. Overall, the partially oxidized magnetite in SD‐PSD range can reliably record palaeomagnetic signals.
Twentieth century sea‐ice trends in the Ross Sea from a high‐resolution, coastal ice‐core record
Authors: Sinclair Kate E. , Bertler Nancy A. N. , Bowen Melissa M. , Arrigo Kevin R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present the first proxy record of sea‐ice area (SIA) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, from a 130 year coastal ice‐core record. High‐resolution deuterium excess data show prevailing stable SIA from the 1880s until the 1950s, a 2–5% reduction from the mid‐1950s to the early‐1990s, and a 5% increase after 1993. Additional support for this reconstruction is derived from ice‐core methanesulphonic acid concentrations and whaling records. While SIA has continued to decline around much of the West Antarctic coastline since the 1950s, concurrent with increasing air and ocean temperatures, the underlying trend is masked in the Ross Sea by a switch to positive SIA anomalies since the early‐1990s. This increase is associated with a strengthening of southerly winds and the enhanced northward advection of sea ice.
tFISH/RAPiD: Rapid improvement of near‐field tsunami forecasting based on offshore tsunami data by incorporating onshore GNSS data
Authors: Tsushima Hiroaki , Hino Ryota , Ohta Yusaku , Iinuma Takeshi , Miura Satoshi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe have developed a new algorithm that improves near‐field tsunami forecasting based on offshore tsunami data soon after an earthquake by incorporating real‐time onshore Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. In our algorithm, called tFISH/RAPiD (tsunami Forecasting based on Inversion for initial sea‐Surface Height/Real‐time Automatic detection method for Permanent Displacement), the initial sea surface height distribution estimated from rapidly acquired GNSS data provides robust finite source size information that is incorporated into an offshore tsunami data inversion for reliable tsunami predictions along the near‐field coast. Our algorithm can be applicable to arbitrary types of large tsunamigenic earthquakes when the static displacements are substantial enough to be detected at onshore GNSS stations. We retrospectively applied our algorithm to the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and demonstrated its ability to provide information about disastrous tsunamis approaching wide areas along the near‐field coast. Furthermore, arrival times and wave heights of large‐amplitude, short‐period tsunamis affecting specific near‐field coasts can be predicted at least 5 min before the actual tsunami arrivals.
Pressure solution creep of random packs of spheres
Authors: Bernabé Y. , Evans B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe performed numerical calculations of compaction in aggregates of spherical grains, using Lehner and Leroy's (2004, hereinafter LL) constitutive model of pressure solution at grain contacts. That model is founded on a local definition of the thermodynamic driving force and leads to a fully coupled formulation of elastic deformation, dissolution, and diffusive transport along the grain boundaries. The initial geometry of the aggregate was generated by random packing of spheres with a small standard deviation of the diameters. During the simulations, isostatic loading was applied. The elastic displacements at the contacts were calculated according to Digby's (1981) nonlinear contact force model, and deformation by dissolution was evaluated using the LL formulation. The aggregate strain and porosity were tracked as a function of time for fixed temperature, applied effective pressure, and grain size. We also monitored values of the average and standard deviation of total load at each contact, the coordination number for packing, and the statistics of the contact dimensions. Because the simulations explicitly exclude processes such as fracturing, plastic flow, and transport owing to surface curvature, they can be used to test the influence of relative changes in the kinetics of dissolution and diffusion processes caused by contact growth and packing rearrangements. We found that the simulated strain data could be empirically fitted by two successive power laws of the form, εx ∝ tξ, where ξ was equal to 1 at very early times, but dropped to as low as 0.3 at longer times. The apparent sensitivity of strain rate to stress found in the simulations was much lower than predicted from constitutive laws that assume a single dominant process driven by average macroscopic loads. Likewise, the apparent activation enthalpy obtained from the simulated data was intermediate between that assumed for dissolution and diffusion, and, further, tended to decrease with time. These results are similar to the experimental observations of Visser et al.'s (2012), who used an aggregate geometry and physical conditions closely resembling the present numerical simulations.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Authors: Morsi Hisham , Jewell Andy 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Lymphoblastic leukaemia is a heterogeneous disease of children and adults resulting from clonal expansion of progenitor cells. Treatment with intensive cytotoxic therapy is effective in the majority of children, but treatments for adults are less effective, probably because the disease originates from relatively drug‐resistant stem cells. However, treatment of young adults according to paediatric‐based regimens has produced superior results to adults‐based regimens. Current treatment of children aged between 1 and 10 years has produced a high cure rate of >85% and continues to improve. Not only has survival improved but there are also continuing improvements in reducing toxicity of treatment. This success currently serves as a model for other types of cancer where the cure rate is not yet optimised. The advances of identifying prognostic markers and genome profiling have been instrumental in such successes and will continue serving as landmarks for progress.

Key Concepts:

MRD is the most important prognostic factor in ALL patients receiving chemotherapy.

Paediatric‐based treatment regimens produce superior results to adults‐based regimens in treating teenagers and young adults.

Febrile neutropenia/susceptibility to infection is a life‐threatening complication of chemotherapy that is potentially treatable.

The variability in presentation and response to treatment reflects the heterogeneity of acute lymphoblastic leuakaemia.

The current success in minimising the morbidity of managing childhood leukaemia serves as a model for other oncological conditions.