bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population genetic structure of the freshwater anomuran Aegla uruguayana Schmitt, 1942 (Decapoda, Aeglidae) in the central region of Argentina
Authors: Giri Federico , Ojeda Guillermo , Rueda Eva , Amavet Patricia , Williner Veronica , Collins Pablo 
Published: May 2014

Aeglidae is the only freshwater family in the infraorder Anomura.Aegla uruguayanaSchmitt, 1942 is one of the most widely distributed species in southern South America and is found in different environments, which makes it an interesting object for population genetic studies. The main objective of this work was to analyse the genetic population structure ofA. uruguayanaalong a sea distance gradient for four populations that were studied in the La Plata Basin with an 1100-km range in relation to an east-west transect. The populations studied were the Río Tercero Reservoir, the Setúbal Lagoon, the Doll Stream and the Urquiza Stream. Aeglid DNA was extracted using a commercial kit that was amplified with ISSR markers. Of the 10 primers tested, we selected four that showed the best resolution and reproducible results. Our studies revealed a of 0.3479 ± 0.1383 (mean ± SD) and a global of 0.3583 (), demonstrating genetic differentiation among populations with low gene flow. The Urquiza Stream population showed a genetic structure clearly different from that of the other populations. However, the Río Tercero, Setúbal and Doll populations were well grouped with one effective connection among them. The geomorphologic history of the basin provides evidence for the isolation hypothesis. These data demonstrate the importance of geoclimatic history in the study region and the importance of using complete population distribution data where the species live. These data permit us to interpret that different populations have independent histories that are delineated by the geomorphological events that occurred on earth.
A new species of the genus Tropodiaptomus (Copepoda, Diaptomidae, Diaptominae) from Nepal
Authors: Ambedkar Dara , Elia Bandari 
Published: May 2014

A new species, Tropodiaptomus defayeae n. sp. from Nepal, is herein proposed for inclusion in the genus Tropodiaptomus. This is the first record of the genus from Nepal. The new species is described and illustrated based on two males and two females collected from a permanent freshwater pond in the village Ankidha near Khatmandu, Nepal. A critical comparison of the new species with its known congeners has revealed close similarity with Tropodiaptomus ruttneri (Brehm, 1923). However, it is distinguishable by characters of the male P5 such as: (1) a thick basipod in the right P5, which is as long as wide, and has an unusually large thumb-like hyaline lobe close to the inner margin on its posterior face; (2) a small spine and a narrow hyaline lamella on the inner margin; and (3) the basipod of the left P5 has a large hyaline lamella on the inner distal margin. Besides the description of T. defayeae, brief notes on the ecology and zoogeography of the genus are also given. A key for the identification of the Indian species of Tropodiaptomus, including also the new species, is provided at the end of this paper.
The Spiritual Illusion
Authors: Herman Jonathan R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article takes constructive steps toward redescribing an emic folk category that enjoys widespread use in contemporary Western discourse, but has proven problematic for the academic study of religion. On close examination, the term “spirituality” is demonstrated to be vague, essentialist, and narcissistic, though consistent enough in its usage to reveal a cluster of specific associations, assumptions, and normative judgments. Moreover, the purported dichotomy between “spirituality” and “religion” can be rendered more intelligible through an ironic and imaginative juxtaposition with the contrast between male and female reproduction organs, with regard to physical appearance and location, social dynamics, and ethical implications.
‘Saddling’ the New African Regional Human Rights Court with International Criminal Jurisdiction: Innovative, Obstructive, Expedient?
Authors: Nmehielle Vincent O. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article examines the recent initiative of the African Union (au) to amend the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights that initially merged the African Court of Human Peoples’ Rights with the African Court of Justice of the African Union and to now create a new and holistic regional court – the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights – and endow it with jurisdiction for international crimes. The article principally interrogates three issues: (1) the legality and novelty of the au initiative, (2) the question whether the plan is in any way obstructive or a distraction, and (3) whether the initiative is actually necessary when considered against the wider scheme of effective functioning of the au and its human rights protection regimes. The article finds that while the au’s desire to establish an international crimes chamber within its human rights court may have largely been influenced by the politicisation of the international criminal justice system and its concerns about the icc’s nearly exclusive focus on Africa, there is nothing in international law that prevents the au from embarking on such initiative. However, it is essential for the au to conduct a necessity test, taking a number of issues into account such as adequate resources, credible legal and political commitment, and the opportunity available to member states in the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute of the icc. It is submitted that since Africa, as a regional block, has accepted the Rome Statute regime in large numbers, the au needs to engage with that system in ways that give African states parties credible ownership of justice, as addressing atrocity crimes would largely be achieved within the domestic systems of member states.
The African Union’s Response to the Libyan Crisis: A Plea for Objectivity
Authors: Abass Ademola 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The African Union (au)’s role in the Libyan crisis drew opprobrium from many observers. To some, the Union’s response to the Libyan debacle – which was no response in terms of military engagement – came as no surprise. Gaddafi was one of the biggest funders of the continental organization. For others, the au’s poor showing is confirmatory that African regional organizations may have the legal competence to take enforcement action against erring Member States but they have neither the resources nor the political will required to effectuate such measures. While these factors count in any reckoning of the au’s handling of the Libyan crisis, this author argues that most analysts fail to account for the bewildering legal complexities the Union found itself in Libya. A closer look at the majority of existing analyses of the au’s response to the Libyan crisis reveals a widely unbalanced picture painted mostly by the legal analysts’ account of the organization performance and by the au’s evaluation of its own performance. The consequence of either approach is often too lopsided to inform a prudent outcome.
Emerging Powers and the Operationalisation of R2P in Africa: The Role of South Africa in the UNSC
Authors: Iyi John-Mark 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
There is anxiety over the future of the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). This anxiety stems from the controversial nature of the first test case of operationalisation of the ‘responsibility to react’ component of R2P carried out by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Libya in 2011. The article argues that the Libyan crisis reinforced the claims of states who argue that R2P is susceptible to abuse and this has made it difficult to act in Syria. As a way forward, the paper contends that regional organisations in Africa, led by regional hegemons such as South Africa, should take the lead in the implementation of R2P on the Continent. Drawing illustrations from Libya, the author maintains that South Africa should leverage its membership of brics and other multilateral frameworks to advance the African Agenda at the United Nations Security Council particularly with reference to the operationalisation of R2P in Africa. In order to be able to do this, the paper suggests a reappraisal and recalibration of the R2P implementation framework to give emphasis to regional organisations.
بسجل الدخول بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة 43649 ملاحظات على لوحة پا-سر رقم (Observations on Paser Stela no. 43649 in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo)
Authors: عبد السلام إبراهيم عبد الواحد 
Published: May 2014

The stela of Paser, which the Cairo Museum possesses (JdE 43649), is one of the most important religious documents ever found in Egypt. It was unearthed in Abydos, but the exact provenance is unknown. The stela is a limestone of very mediocre quality, and measures 54×35 cm. It was purchased in Balliana, the market town of the Abydos region. The inscriptions and representations are somewhat carelessly incised. It is the single document which provides the greatest information on the cult of King Nebhepetre Ahmose I at Abydos. A good photograph is reproduced of G. Legrain “Un miracle d‘Ahmes Ier a Abydos sous le regne de Ramses II.”, in ASAE 16, 1916. It describes a land dispute put before the barque oracle of the deified Nebpehtyre Ahmose I, in the Year fourteen of the King Ramses II of the Nineteenth Dynasty, some two-hundred-and-thirty- five years following the death of Nebpehtyre Ahmose I. The names and titles of the priests and priestesses serving the cult of King Nebpehtyre Ahmose I are found on a variety of objects from Abydos, spanning the period from the early Eighteenth Dynasty into the reign of King Ramses II of the Nineteenth Dynasty. The activity of an oracle cult of the deified King during the Ramesside Period implies that significant transformations to the nature and practice of Ahmose‘s worship had taken place over time at Abydos. Perhaps the oracles are the best illustrations of the interest which the deity was believed to take in human affairs. The oracles also show how the Egyptians almost forced their gods to abandon a passive attitude towards men and to reveal their will, advice or knowledge. This was through the intermediary of the statue of the god which was asked questions, though more than one case is related where the initiative was from the god himself. Strangely enough, the practice of approaching the god and consulting him appears relatively late in Egypt, the first known instances dating from the New Kingdom. It is not necessary to conclude from this, as has sometimes been done, that the practice was originally unknown to Egypt, and was introduced from abroad. On the contrary, consultation with the god is the natural outcome of man‘s reasoning, and the rather original technique which the Egyptians devised for this purpose suggests that oracles in Egypt were of native origin. The first reference to the divine being manifested is probably that made by King Tuthmosis III, who relates how, when he was still a boy, the god Amun, in the course of a procession of his statue round the temple, noticed him and halted.
(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
"دراسة أثرية فنية تحليلية" (ق 6-8هـ/12-14م) نقوش شاهدية غير منشورة من نجران (Unpublished Grave Inscriptions from Najran (6-8 AH/12-14 BCE) ‘Archaeological, Artistic and Analytical Study’)
Authors: إسماعيل عبد السلام ياسر , منسي العمري عبد العزيز 
Published: May 2014

This paper deals with the study of thirteen unpublished grave inscriptions from Najran in the Museum of Najran of Antiquities and Heritage, which mostly date from the sixth century AH to the eighth century AH (twelfth century CE to fourteenth century CE). The authors will analyze types, decorative elements, and linguistic formulas. Finally, the authors will compare the undated inscriptions with those of Najran and of other regions of Hijaz, particularly from Mecca.
(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
إضافات جديدة إلى النقوش الكتابية الإسلامية المكتشفة في مصر (A New Addition to Islamic Inscriptions Recently Discovered in Egypt)
Authors: عبد الجواد علوان مجدي 
Published: May 2014

Ancient Arabic inscriptions, is a leading position among material sources for the study of Islamic monuments in terms of form and content, and distinction for its role in highlighting building context, applied arts and various types of plastic arts. The theme of this research study is two inscriptions in Egypt to be published scientifically for the first time, through two stelea not registered among the Islamic monuments, and found in Lower Egypt, in two villages belonging to the town of Abyar, one of the large villages in Kafr El Zayat, Gharbia Governorate. The first inscription is a tombstone dated to year 313 AH / 925 CE, and the second is a text of an extinct mosque of the Mamluk era Marine during the reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Kalaoun, and attributed to one of his princes dating Year 730 AH / 1329 CE. This research is a study of these two inscriptions, in terms of form and content, through examing the styles of calligraphy, and what they contain concerning religious texts, advertisements and titles, with a comparative analysis of other inscriptions. The research includes five panels and three tablets.
(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
وقفية أبي الحسن المريني بتلمسان (Endowment Marinis Sultan Abu al-Hassan, al-Obbad Mosque, Tlemcen, Algeria)
Authors: بن حمو محمد 
Published: May 2014

The endowments of public interest building varied in Islamic history. This study is concerned with an endowment dating back to the era of Abu Hassan Ali Almareni (692-1292 AH / 752-1330 CE). It was inscribed on the stone found inside al-Obbad Mosque or Sidi Boumediene Mosque, Tlemcen city, Algeria.
(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
Peer Review of Datasets: When, Why, and How
Authors: Mayernik Matthew S. , Callaghan Sarah , Leigh Roland , Tedds Jonathan , Worley Steven 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Peer review holds a central place within the scientific communication system. Traditionally, research quality has been assessed by peer review of journal articles, conference proceedings, and books. There is strong support for the peer review process within the academic community, with scholars contributing peer reviews with little formal reward. Reviewing is seen as a contribution to the community as well as an opportunity to polish and refine understanding of the cutting edge of research. This paper discusses the applicability of the peer review process for assessing and ensuring the quality of datasets. Establishing the quality of datasets is a multifaceted task that encompasses many automated and manual processes. Adding research data into the publication and peer review queues will increase the stress on the scientific publishing system, but if done with forethought will also increase the trustworthiness and value of individual datasets, strengthen the findings based on cited datasets, and increase the transparency and traceability of data and publications.
This paper discusses issues related to data peer review—in particular, the peer review processes, needs, and challenges related to the following scenarios: 1) data analyzed in traditional scientific articles, 2) data articles published in traditional scientific journals, 3) data submitted to open access data repositories, and 4) datasets published via articles in data journals.
MCMC-Based Assessment of the Error Characteristics of a Surface-Based Combined Radar–Passive Microwave Cloud Property Retrieval
Authors: Posselt Derek J. , Mace Gerald G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCollocated active and passive remote sensing measurements collected at U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program sites enable simultaneous retrieval of cloud and precipitation properties and air motion. Previous studies indicate the parameters of a bimodal cloud particle size distribution can be effectively constrained using a combination of passive microwave radiometer and radar observations; however, aspects of the particle size distribution and particle shape are typically assumed to be known. In addition, many retrievals assume the observation and retrieval error statistics have Gaussian distributions and use least squares minimization techniques to find a solution. In truth, the retrieval error characteristics are largely unknown. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods can be used to produce a robust estimate of the probability distribution of a retrieved quantity that is nonlinearly related to the measurements and that has non-Gaussian error statistics. In this work, an MCMC algorithm is used to explore the error characteristics of cloud property retrievals from surface-based W-band radar and low-frequency microwave radiometer observations for a case of orographic snowfall. In this particular case, it is found that a combination of passive microwave radiometer measurements with radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity is sufficient to constrain the liquid and ice particle size distributions, but only if the width parameter of the assumed gamma particle size distribution and mass–dimensional relationships are specified. If the width parameter and mass–dimensional relationships are allowed to vary realistically, a unique retrieval of the liquid and ice particle size distribution for this orographic snowfall case is rendered far more problematic.
The Partial Reflection of Tsunami-Generated Gravity Waves
Authors: Broutman Dave , Eckermann Stephen D. , Drob Douglas P. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A vertical eigenfunction equation is solved to examine the partial reflection and partial transmission of tsunami-generated gravity waves propagating through a height-dependent background atmosphere from the ocean surface into the lower thermosphere. There are multiple turning points for each vertical eigenfunction (at least eight in one example), yet the wave transmission into the thermosphere is significant. Examples are given for gravity wave propagation through an idealized wind jet centered near the mesopause and through a realistic vertical profile of wind and temperature relevant to the tsunami generated by the Sumatra earthquake on 26 December 2004.
Genesis of Hurricane Julia (2010) within an African Easterly Wave: Sensitivity Analyses of WRF-LETKF Ensemble Forecasts
Authors: Cecelski Stefan F. , Zhang Da-Lin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this study, the predictability of tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) is explored by conducting ensemble sensitivity analyses on the TCG of Hurricane Julia (2010). Using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), the dominant patterns of ensemble disagreements are revealed for various meteorological parameters such as mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and upper-tropospheric temperature. Using the principal components of the EOF patterns, ensemble sensitivities are generated to elucidate which mechanisms drive the parametric ensemble differences.
The dominant pattern of MSLP ensemble spread is associated with the intensity of the pre–tropical depression (pre-TD), explaining nearly half of the total variance at each respective time. Similar modes of variance are found for the low-level absolute vorticity, though the patterns explain substantially less variance. Additionally, the largest modes of variability associated with upper-level temperature anomalies closely resemble the patterns of MSLP variance, suggesting interconnectedness between the two parameters. Sensitivity analyses at both the pre-TD and TCG stages reveal that the MSLP disturbance is strongly correlated to upper-tropospheric temperature and, to a lesser degree, surface latent heat flux anomalies. Further sensitivity analyses uncover a statistically significant correlation between upper-tropospheric temperature and convective anomalies, consistent with the notion that deep convection is important for augmenting the upper-tropospheric warmth during TCG. Overall, the ensemble forecast differences for the TCG of Julia are strongly related to the processes responsible for MSLP falls and low-level cyclonic vorticity growth, including the growth of upper-tropospheric warming and persistent deep convection.
Contrasting Climate Responses to the Scattering and Absorbing Features of Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcings
Authors: Ocko Ilissa B. , Ramaswamy V. , Ming Yi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosols comprise optically scattering and absorbing particles, with the principal concentrations being in the Northern Hemisphere, yielding negative and positive global mean radiative forcings, respectively. Aerosols also influence cloud albedo, yielding additional negative radiative forcings. Climate responses to a comprehensive set of isolated aerosol forcing simulations are investigated in a coupled atmosphere–ocean framework, forced by preindustrial to present-day aerosol-induced radiative perturbations. Atmospheric and oceanic climate responses (including precipitation, atmospheric circulation, atmospheric and oceanic heat transport, sea surface temperature, and salinity) to negative and positive particulate forcings are consistently anticorrelated. The striking effects include distinct patterns of changes north and south of the equator that are governed by the sign of the aerosol forcing and its initiation of an interhemispheric forcing asymmetry. The presence of opposing signs of the forcings between the aerosol scatterers and absorbers, and the resulting contrast in climate responses, thus dilutes the individual effects of aerosol types on influencing global and regional climate conditions. The aerosol-induced changes in the variables also have a distinct fingerprint when compared to the responses of the more globally uniform and interhemispherically symmetric well-mixed greenhouse gas forcing. The significance of employing a full ocean model is demonstrated in this study by the ability to partition how individual aerosols influence atmospheric and oceanic conditions separately.
U.K. HiGEM: Impacts of Desert Dust Radiative Forcing in a High-Resolution Atmospheric GCM
Authors: Woodage M. J. , Woodward S. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This work investigates the impacts of mineral dust aerosol on climate using the atmospheric component of the U.K. High-Resolution Global Environmental Model (HiGEM) with an interactive embedded mineral dust scheme. It extends earlier work by Woodage et al. in which direct radiative forcing due to dust was calculated and in which it was reported that the global total dust burden was increased when this was included in the model. Here this result is analyzed further and the regional and global impacts are investigated. It is found that particle size distribution is critically important: In regions where large, more absorbent dust particles are present, burdens are increased because of the enhanced heating aloft, which strengthens convection, whereas, in areas where smaller, more scattering particles dominate, the surface layers are stabilized and dust emissions are decreased. The consequent changes in dust load and particle size distribution when radiative effects are included make the annual mean global forcing more positive at the top of the atmosphere (0.33 versus 0.05 W m−2). Impacts on the West African monsoon are also considered, where Saharan dust brings about a northward shift in the summertime intertropical convergence zone with increased precipitation on its northern side. This contrasts with results from some other studies, but the authors’ findings are supported by recent observational data. They argue that the impacts depend crucially on the size distribution and radiative properties of the dust particles, which are poorly known on a global scale and differ here from those used in other models.