bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics
Authors: Weiner Marc A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractChapter 32 discusses various methodologies—culture studies, deconstruction, Ideologiekritik, New Historicism—used in analyzing the intersections of opera and politics, including the political affiliations of composers, the context in which operas are performed, the dramatic portrayal of political history, sexual politics, political ideology, the political implications of musical discourse, and others. Following a description of such approaches, the chapter analyzes Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde as an example of a work that can be viewed through consideration of its political content, even when that content is intentionally only implied. Although this music drama is traditionally understood as exemplifying a rejection of politics, careful analysis reveals myriad political dimensions, in terms of the work’s text and of the means by which its music bears political significance. Thus, it can be shown to demonstrate approaches associated with a variety of methodologies employed in the discussion of opera and politics.
Editing Opera
Authors: Brauner Patricia B. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Editing older music enables its performance, analysis, and assessment. Although there are various approaches to editing, such as the classic and copy-text methods and Lachmannian stemmatics, the goal should always be to present the musical text in a form that is true to its author and its interpreters. Digital technology can augment the editor’s work. The case study of Rossini’s Il barbiere di Siviglia illustrates the many decisions—varying according to the circumstances of the music’s composition and transmission—that an informed editor must make when working with a composer’s autograph score; when there is no autograph, as is the case with the overture to Barbiere, the editor’s task is even more complex. Supplementary materials are provided by the Barbierecritical edition to assist singers in understanding early nineteenth-century Italian opera performance conventions.
1900–1945
Authors: Calico Joy H. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter considers three trends evident in recent research on opera in the period 1900–1945. Scholars tend to situate the genre, as well as individual works and composers, in relation to Wagner’s influence; they challenge and expand received wisdom about modernism, either admitting previously marginalized repertoire to that canon or proposing multiple modernisms; and they pursue nuanced analyses of the relationship between opera and Nazi/Fascist regimes. Precisely how one might define opera in a period of such great experimentation is also discussed. Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht’s Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny is presented as a case study in which all of these approaches are fruitful.
Introduction
Authors: Greenwald Helen M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Opera provides a summary to the main themes of the volume: opera as a genre, the balance of words and music, performance history, cultural history, transmission and reception, and contemporary opera. The themes are discussed as questions: what is opera? How does the fluidity of the art form play out in productions and in the physical reproductions of the scores and libretti? How does a creator of opera balance the words, the music, and the stagecraft? Why do Italians and Italian operas still dominate the conversation? The introduction lays out the topics of the fifty essays contained in this volume, capturing the highly charged dynamic between opera and its audience.
A Framework for the Economic Analysis of Exclusionary Conduct
Authors: Bernheim B. Douglas , Heeb Randal 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a unified framework for conducting a rule-of-reason investigation into the competitive effects of various exclusionary practices, including pricing conduct such as predation and bundling, as well as “exclusionary conditions” such as exclusive dealing and other restrictions on customers’ interactions with rivals. The precedential legal cases governing a wide range of exclusionary practices are compatible with the economic logic upon which the framework is built. By focusing on the most common and important mechanism through which exclusionary conduct might harm competition, namely by weakening a rival and thereby diminishing its threat as a future competitor, the chapter identifies tractable strategies for determining whether such conduct is anticompetitive or procompetitive.
Squeeze Claims
Authors: Orbach Barak , Avraham Raphael 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A “squeeze” is an increase in costs that cannot be passed on to consumers. A firm or a group of firms that dominates and that supplies intermediate inputs—credit, goods, or services used for the production of other goods and services—may have the power to impose restrictions on their supply, which in turn could squeeze other firms. Squeeze claims take the position that, by imposing restrictions on the supply of intermediate inputs, the defendant violated antitrust law. The three traditional antitrust squeeze claims are refusal to deal, essential facility, and price squeeze claims. Several old antitrust doctrines, not all of which are valid today or consistent with modern antitrust, supposedly offer remedies to squeeze claims. By contrast, the US Supreme Court is largely reluctant to recognize squeezing as an antitrust violation. This chapter studies and clarifies the law and economics of antitrust squeeze claims.
Franchising and Exclusive Distribution
Authors: Lafontaine Francine , Slade Margaret 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines vertical restraints and restrictive contract clauses in franchising and distribution agreements. First it briefly outlines the history of franchising and presents some data on franchising in the United States. It then discusses the extent to which franchise and distribution relationships rely on specific vertical restraints and the evidence regarding the efficiency, or lack thereof, of those arrangements. It next describes how changes in the antitrust treatment of some practices are affecting franchise contracts and franchise relationships today. It concludes with some comments on the contractual nature of distribution and franchise relationships and the need for different jurisdictions to reach a consensus concerning the role of, and harmonize the treatment of, restrictive contract clauses in distribution and retailing.
Screening for Collusion as a Problem of Inference
Authors: Froeb Luke , Sibley David , Doane Michael , Pinto Brijesh P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis chapter characterizes screening for collusion as a problem of inference whose essential elements include competitive null hypothesis (H0), a collusive alternative (H1), and an empirical indicator (X) to differentiate between them. Using this framework, the chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical efforts to design screens and finds that screens fail for one of three reasons: (1) the empirical indicator cannot distinguish between H0 and H1; (2) H0 is not indicative of competition or H1 is not indicative of collusion; or (3) the world is neither H0 nor H1. The often underappreciated, second and third conditions imply that before using a screen, the practitioners should make sure that the industry in question “fits” the theoretical model or assumptions on which the screen is based.
Corporate Governance in Banking
Authors: Hagendorff Jens 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBanks differ from non-financial firms. These differences affect the manner of agency conflicts between the various bank stakeholder groups compared with non-financial firms. However, the main corporate governance arrangements used in the banking industry to mitigate these agency conflicts are largely similar to those of non-financial firms. A case in point is executive compensation. No other major industry has less equity on the balance sheet than banking. However, executive pay in banking is linked to shareholder wealth just as in other industries, thus exacerbating existing incentives for bank managers to shift risk. This chapter reviews the literature on corporate governance in banking with a focus on those aspects of corporate governance in which banks (should) differ from non-financial firms, that is, executive compensation, the composition of the board of directors, ownership, and risk management. The chapter encourages a profound rethink of the corporate governance of banks.
Diversification in Banking
Authors: Stiroh Kevin J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOver the last few decades, US commercial banks have expanded dramatically by entering new geographic markets and offering a wider array of financial products. As a result, they are more diversified, but does this diversification improve performance and reduce risk? I begin by discussing the various market frictions that might make internal diversification efficient and optimal for financial institutions. I then review the large and growing literature on diversification in banking, with particular attention to the most recent studies that examined the performance of financial firms in both the US and Europe over the 2007–08 crisis. I conclude with some observations from the financial crisis and a discussion of some of the outstanding issues that deserve further scrutiny by policymakers and academic researchers.
Small Business Lending by Banks
Authors: Berger Allen N. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe research model for analyzing bank small business lending has evolved considerably since the early 1990s, when the focus was primarily on the use of relationship lending to finance informationally opaque small businesses. The model has been broadened to include many more lending technologies that may be used to lend to opaque small businesses, each based on a different combination of “hard” (quantitative) and “soft” (qualitative) information. These technologies form the basic building blocks of the modern research model of small business lending. Virtually all of the analyses of credit availability, contract terms, and type of bank that provides the funding revolve around the lending technologies employed in the underwriting process. This chapter covers some of the issues regarding bank lending to small businesses. We discuss the lending technologies and the effects of banking industry consolidation and technological progress on the use of the lending technologies and their effects on small business credit.
Central Banking
Authors: Aglietta Michel , Mojon Benoît 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This chapter describes the emergence of central banks and the evolution of their functions as responses to the monetary and financial crises of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. First, central banks have become bankers’ banks to facilitate the settlement of inter-bank payments. Central bank money is the legal tender of all debts, including bank-issued debts that are used as means of payment by non-financial agents. Second, the repetition of liquidity crises has led central banks to regulate and supervise the banking system. These policies aim to prevent excessive risk-taking by one bank threatening the integrity of the payment system. However, because crises cannot always be avoided, central banks stand ready to lend as a last resort if need be. Finally, central banks conduct monetary policy, that is, they supply money to stabilize the unit of account and thereby provide a nominal anchor to the economy.
Deposit Insurance Issues in the Post-2008 Crisis World
Authors: Kaufman George G. , Eisenbeis Robert A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHistory and recent experience demonstrate that the effectiveness of deposit insurance depends on how it is designed and implemented. The chapter proposes key features that well-functioning and efficient guarantee systems should have if they are to be an effective part of a country’s broader financial safety net system in non-crisis periods. It should be emphasized that an effective system includes a credible deposit insurance with a process that empowers supervisors to both intervene effectively before a troubled institution becomes insolvent and legally close them before their capital is fully depleted. Moreover, the structure should provide for quick resolution when failure occurs. Efficient resolution of insolvent and near-insolvent banks can be achieved when (1) an insolvent institution that cannot be recapitalized should be legally closed when its equity-capital-to-asset ratio declines to a pre-specified and well-publicized positive minimum, (2) once closed, recovery values should be estimated quickly and any losses from closure allocated to de jure uninsured in-the-money bank counterparties according to ex ante legal priorities, (3) the institutions should be reprivatized and re-opened as soon as possible, and (4) the institution should be re-privatized with adequate capital so that it does not quickly fall into insolvency again
Market Discipline in Financial Markets
Authors: Bliss Robert R. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Market discipline, as the term is used in financial regulation, refers to the prevention or remediation of excessive risk-taking by banks either directly by market participants themselves or indirectly by regulators using market prices as signals of developing problems. Numerous papers have investigated whether or not market discipline obtains. After critiquing this evidence, this chapter explores the implicit assumptions underlying the idea that security holders can discipline firms and that security prices provide useful information to supervisors. It then employs arguments from corporate governance and the behavioral finance literature to arrive at a less optimistic perspective of what should be expected from market participants.
Bank Failures, the Great Depression, and Other “Contagious” Events*
Authors: Calomiris Charles W. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of banking crises, with particular emphasis on the experience of the United States during the Great Depression. It considers the perspectives historical experience provide regarding the relevance of different theories of the origins of such crises, their consequences for the economy, their changing frequency over time, the potential role for lender-of-last resort assistance to ameliorate crises, and differences across countries in the propensity for crises.
Banking Globalization
Authors: Buch Claudia M. , Delong Gayle L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe 2007–09 financial crisis has renewed interest in the causes of consequences of international bank mergers. While it is too early to assess the effects of recent developments on financial markets, there is a rich literature on international mergers and acquisitions in banking, which this chapter surveys. We focus on three main questions. First, what are the determinants of cross-border acquisitions of commercial banks? Second, do cross-border acquisitions affect the efficiency of banks? Third, what are the risk effects of international bank acquisitions? We begin with a brief summary of the stylized facts, and we conclude with implications for policymakers.
Revisiting the State’s Role in Finance and Development
Authors: Demirgüç-Kunt Asli , Cihak Martin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFinancial systems underpin economic development. This chapter reviews the role of the state in finance and economic development, based on evidence from both before and during the global financial crisis. The crisis has given greater credence to the idea that active state involvement in the financial sector can help maintain economic stability, drive growth, and create jobs. There is evidence that some interventions may have had an impact in the short run. But there is also strong evidence on longer-term negative effects. This suggests a need to adjust the role of the state from direct interventions to less direct involvement. But the state still has a very important role, especially in supervision, competition, and financial infrastructure. The challenge of financial sector policies is to better align private incentives with public interest without taxing or subsidizing private risk-taking.
Banking and Real Economic Activity
Authors: Cetorelli Nicola 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe role of banks in real economic activity has been discussed at length, with arguments over whether bank development is merely a consequence of a growing economy, which simply demands a growing flow of intermediated funds, or whether instead banks themselves can spur further real economic activity. Both theory and empirical advances in recent years have put this causality debate to rest. Not only does banking matter but we now know better how. This chapter provides a panoramic view of the literature on this topic, from the earlier emphasis on causality, to its further investigation of the specific mechanisms through which banks affect the real economy and open issues on the table to carry research activity going forward.
Banking in the United States
Authors: DeYoung Robert 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The past 20 years have witnessed a transformation of the US banking industry, as well as a near total disaster. Mergers and acquisitions halved the population of commercial banks and the largest banks increased in size tenfold. The regulatory framework established during the Great Depression was dismantled, new technologies revolutionized how banks produce and distribute financial services, and dramatic increases in competition pressured banks to operate more efficiently. A strategic dichotomy has emerged, with small “community” banks providing person-to-person retail and small business banking services, and large commercial banks providing high-volume retail banking services in domestic markets and corporate and investment banking services world-wide. These changes have brought great efficiencies to the banking industry and its customers, but also introduced new instabilities. A decade of high profits was followed by large investment losses and government bailouts during the financial crisis of 2008–09. A partial re-regulation of the industry has followed
Banking in the Developing Nations of Asia
Authors: Klapper Leora , Soledad Martínez Pería María , Zia Bilal 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDeveloping economies in East and South Asia have seen their banking sectors go through important transformations. Pressures induced by the 1997 East Asian crisis and the global trend toward increasing financial integration have resulted in significant reforms and structural changes. In particular, countries in East and South Asia have embarked on efforts to clean up their banking systems, reduce state ownership, and allow greater foreign participation. This chapter describes recent changes in bank ownership structure in Asia, offering a detailed account of the reform process in the main economies in the region and evaluating the implications of these changes before and during the global financial crisis. In light of the recent global financial turmoil, the chapter also discusses the impact of the crisis on the banking sectors in Asia and empirically analyzes the behavior of foreign bank lending in the region during the crisis.
Triplex Domain Finder: Detection of Triple Helix Binding Domains in Long Non-Coding RNAs
Authors: Hänzelmann Sonja , Kuo Chao-Chung , Kalwa Marie , Wagner Wolfgang , Costa Ivan G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLong (>200vbps) non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) can act as a scaffold promoting the interaction of several proteins, RNA and DNA. Some lncRNAs interact with the DNA via a triple helix formation. Triple helices are formed by a single stranded RNA/DNA molecule, which binds to the major groove of a double helix following a canonical code. Recently, sequence analysis methods have been proposed to detect triple helices for a given RNA and DNA sequences. We propose the Triplex Domain Finder (TDF) to detect DNA binding domains in RNA molecules. For a candidate lncRNA and potential target DNA regions, i.e. promoter of genes differentially regulated after the knockdown of the lncRNA, TDF evaluates whether particular RNA regions are likely to form DNA binding domains (DBD). Moreover, the DNA binding sites from the predicted DBDs are used to indicate potential target DNA regions, i.e. genes with high binding site coverage in their promoter. The command line tool provides results on a user friendly and graphical html interface. A case study on FENDRR, an lncRNA known to form triple helices, demonstrates that TDF is able to recover both previously discovered DBDs and DNA binding sites. Source code, tutorial and case studies are available atwww.regulatory-genomics.org/tdf.
Formal and semi-formal verification of a web voting system
Authors: Cristia Maximiliano , Frydman Claudia 
Published: June 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to present the verification process conducted to assess the functional correctness of the voting system. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) is the most important research institution in Argentina. It depends directly from Argentina’s President but its internal authorities are elected by around 8,000 research across the country. During 2011, the CONICET developed a Web voting system to replace the traditional mail-based process. In 2012 and 2014, CONICET conducted two Web election with no complaints from candidates and voters. Before moving the system into production, CONICET asked the authors to conduct a functional and security assessment of it.

Design/methodology/approach
– This process is the result of integrating formal, semi-formal and informal verification activities from formal proof to code inspection and model-based testing.

Findings
– Given the resources and time available, a reasonable level of confidence on the correctness of the application could be transmitted to senior management.

Research limitations/implications
– A formal specification of the requirements must be developed.

Originality/value
– Formal methods and semi-formal activities are seldom applied to Web applications.
International adjustment of female vs male business expatriates. A replication study in Switzerland
Authors: Salamin Xavier , Davoine Eric 
Published: June 2015

Purpose– Reasons for women’s underrepresentation in international assignments include stereotypical assumptions within organizations about their ability to adjust abroad and more broadly a lack of trust from the corporate headquarters. Female expatriates’ adjustment may strongly vary depending on the host country and on host-country nationals’ attitudes toward them. Yet up until today, very few studies have examined female expatriate adjustment in a single and non-Asian host country. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by comparing the cross-cultural adjustment of male and female expatriates in Switzerland.Design/methodology/approach– This study replicates Selmer and Leung’s (2003a) study design in order to compare adjustment of male and female expatriates working in multinational companies in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Based on 152 valid questionnaires collected, the authors performed a multivariate analysis of covariance and further analyses of covariance to compare male and female expatriate adjustment.Findings– The authors find that female expatriates have significantly higher interaction and work adjustment levels than their male counterparts, while no significant differences between men and women were observed in terms of general adjustment. These findings in a European context are consistent with those of Selmer and Leung in an Asian context.Originality/value– Very few studies to date have examined the adjustment of female expatriates in a western host-country context, despite the fact that host-country cultural norms might strongly influence women’s experiences. The research brings new empirical evidence about cross-cultural adjustment of female and male expatriates in a western location. Contrary to persistent stereotypical assumptions, results emphasize again that women are able to adjust better or at least as well as their male counterparts.