bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unobservable effects and firm's capital structure determinants
Authors: Matemilola B.T. , Bany-Ariffin A.N. , B. McGowan Carl 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to test the significance of unobservable firm-specific effects on a capital structure model.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper employs the restricted least squares method to test the significance of unobservable firm-specific effects in a fixed effects model that includes unobservable effects against a pooled ordinary least squares model that excludes unobservable effects.

Findings
– The empirical findings indicate that models that include unobservable firm-specific effects are correctly specified.

Research limitations/implications
– The limitation of this study comes from lack of data to measure unobservable effects such as managerial ability or managerial skills. Future research can develop index measures of managerial ability or managerial skills and borrow from management theory to explain the connection between managerial ability or managerial skills and firms' capital structure.

Practical implications
– The findings imply that a capital structure model that excludes firm-specific effects could be mis-specified because such a model does not control for unobservable firm-specific factors such as managerial ability or managerial skills which have significant effects on firms' capital structure decisions.

Originality/value
– The findings are important because the paper applies the restricted least squares method to test the significance of unobservable firm-specific effects. This technique has not been applied previously. The paper contributes to capital structure research in the fast growing South Africa.
Safety and urban design – the role of CPTED in the design process
Authors: Knapp Jonathan 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Urban design, in conjunction with the older, more established disciplines of architecture and town planning, is increasingly important in shaping the built environment. Urban designers are required to consider a broad array of issues, crime and safety being among them. For various practical and project-related reasons, crime and safety issues can be given cursory attention.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is an invited opinion piece and comment based upon the specialist knowledge and expertise of the author working within the field of urban design.

Findings
– Learning from environmental sustainability and the manner in which such issues are now routinely embedded into urban design processes, the paper argues that a combination of regulation (i.e. legislation, policies and design guidelines) and ongoing professional development for built environment professionals are required to ensure that crime and safety issues are given due consideration.

Originality/value
– Practical examples will be used to illustrate this argument, including reference to a design guideline operating in New South Wales (Australia) and lessons learned (and challenges experienced) from a mixed-used development project in inner-Sydney.
More than words: how leadership can build trust at a practical level
Authors: Sparrow Jane 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The aim of this article is to show how leaders build and maintain high levels of trust in organizations by applying regular, simple but highly impactful actions.

Design/methodology/approach
– This article discusses the role of trust when it comes to building high-performance cultures, characterized by motivated and engaged employees. It outlines a four-element model of trust that the author has researched, developed and applied during her work with organizations including Discovery and Solar Century. The elements are investment in relationships, honesty, humility, and consistency. Each element is supported with the author's observations of managers, leaders and HR practitioners who have significantly impacted the performance of their organizations by embracing the model.

Findings
– Although there is high awareness among leaders and managers for the need for trust and trusting behavior, there is often little practical support available to them to ensure trust is systematically invested in as a leadership behavior. The author argues that it is only by consciously applying specific behaviors across the four elements that trust becomes something real and tangible. The model is substantiated with case study examples taken from a cross-section of different sized organizations and sectors.

Originality/value
– The article is based on the author's personal experience and knowledge of organizations that excel in the four elements of the trust model.
Mitochondrial DNA: more than an evolutionary bystander
Authors: Ballard J. William O. , Pichaud Nicolas 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The vast majority of studies employing mtDNA in evolutionary biology and ecology have used it as a means to infer demographic and historical patterns without pondering the underlying functional implications. In contrast, the biochemical and medical communities often aim to understand the influence of specific mtDNA mutations on mitochondrial functions, but rarely consider the evolutionary and ecological implications.

Ongoing research has shown that mtDNA mutations can profoundly affect mitochondrial function in humans and other animals. If the mutation (or set of mutations) is pathogenic, mitochondrial malfunction may be detected from early age. In nature, however, most mutations are not highly deleterious and may exist at intermediate frequency in populations.

In this review, we suggest that knowledge of the underlying biochemistry and functions of mitochondria can facilitate a more complete determination of the evolutionary dynamics of mtDNA and its influence on the life‐history traits of organisms. With this approach, it is possible to use biochemistry to link the genotype with the phenotype.

After reviewing the literature, we conclude that there can be physiological and evolutionary trade‐offs in the way that mitochondrial mutations can affect age classes and/or fitness components and that these effects may depend on the environment. Through these trade‐offs, it may be possible for specific mtDNA mutations to have unequal fitness in different nuclear genetic backgrounds and also in different environments.
Aphid honeydew alters plant defence responses
Authors: Schwartzberg Ezra G. , Tumlinson James H. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Plants respond to insect herbivory by ramping up the production of defence‐related jasmonic acid (JA). The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is able to avoid triggering JA as it feeds. The aim of our study was to examine whether or not aphids simply avoid triggering plant defence signalling or whether they are able to manipulate plant signalling in a way to alter effectual plant defences.

To resolve this, we tested the ability of pea aphids to suppress the accumulation of damage‐induced JA. We then tested exogenous application of aphid honeydew as a possible mechanism for JA suppression.

While broad bean plants, Vicia faba, accumulated JA in response to artificial damage, the presence of concurrent aphid feeding suppressed JA accumulation. Furthermore, exogenous application of aphid honeydew induced salicylic acid (SA) and suppressed JA accumulation. We also report the presence of SA within honeydew itself.

We conclude that both aphid feeding and exogenous honeydew deposition suppress JA accumulation in response to damage. We demonstrate that honeydew application results in an increased accumulation of SA within plant tissue and find that levels of SA present within honeydew do not fully account for this increase. This finding demonstrates, for the first time, that aphid honeydew suppresses induced plant defence.
Aggregate Earnings and Corporate Bond Markets
Authors: GKOUGKOUSI XANTHI 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTI examine the previously unexplored relation between aggregate earnings changes and corporate bond market returns. I find that aggregate earnings changes have a negative relation to investment‐grade corporate bond market returns and a positive relation to high‐yield corporate bond market returns. The aggregate earnings‐returns relation is lower (i.e., less positive or more negative) for bonds with higher credit ratings and longer maturities. Further, I show that the aggregate earnings‐returns relation is driven by both the expected and the news component of aggregate earnings changes. The expected component is negatively related to expected returns, and the news component is positively related to cash flow news and changes in nominal interest rates, and negatively related to changes in default premia. My results contribute to the understanding of the role of earnings in corporate bond markets as well as the macroeconomic role of accounting information.
Plant‐parasitic nematodes as invasive species: characteristics, uncertainty and biosecurity implications
Authors: Singh S. K. , Hodda M. , Ash G. J. , Banks N. C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFew species of plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN) are currently recognised as invasive but this is largely because of insufficient investigation and recognition. We compared the characteristics of PPN with those of invasive species generally, using the propagule pressure, abiotic and biotic factors (PAB) framework. Most PPN had many of the characteristics of invasive species and hence have the potential to become invasive. The most common characteristics included: adaptations for human mediated dispersal; multiple entry pathways; microscopic size; large number of propagules; high fecundity; many or cosmopolitan hosts; short lifecycle; ability to survive harsh or unfavourable conditions; ability to vary sex ratios; and ability to overcome host plant resistance. Information is lacking for many characteristics of many species and their impacts remain unquantified, which leaves some important unanswered questions and challenges for assessing PPN as invasive species. However many economically important PPN species have not been recognised as invasive, even when most of the known characteristics and data suggests they should be.
Colorectal adenocarcinoma cancer in New Zealand in those under 25 years of age (1997–2007)
Authors: Plunkett Michael , Murray Melissa , Frizelle Frank , Teague Lochie , Hinder Victoria , Findlay Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroductionColorectal cancer is common and primarily a disease of older people. Colorectal cancer in patients aged 25 years and under is infrequent and may represent a unique subgroup of patients. This study aimed to describe the population of young people in New Zealand diagnosed with colorectal cancer, their tumour characteristics, management and outcomes.MethodsA retrospective clinical study was conducted via review of medical records for all patients 25 years of age and under, diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma in New Zealand between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2007.ResultsFifty patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were identified from the New Zealand Cancer Registry. Seven had a positive family history of colorectal cancer, while eight had predisposing factors (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, regional enteritis). The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain and weight loss. Twenty‐eight cases presented acutely. Eighteen presented with stage IV disease at diagnosis. Eighteen were referred to a genetics service. Five‐year overall survival was 49%.DiscussionThose aged 25 years and under that develop colorectal cancer tend to present acutely and move through the secondary care pathway swiftly, being diagnosed at a more advanced stage, and have a poorer prognosis than their adult counterparts. Familial cancers form a more significant component of youth colorectal cancers compared to the older population and input from genetic service should be considered.
Outcomes after pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal cancer
Authors: Perera Nisal K. , Knight Simon R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundSurgical resection offers the greatest likelihood of cure for appropriately selected patients with pulmonary colorectal carcinoma metastases. We hereby report our experience over the last 19 years at the Austin Hospital, Thoracic Surgery Unit.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of a consecutive series of patients with pulmonary colorectal cancer metastases. From 1994 to 2012, 66 patients underwent 83 pulmonary metastasectomies for colorectal cancer at the Austin Hospital.ResultsSeventy per cent of patients were operated on for single pulmonary metastases. The most common procedure performed was a video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery wedge resection. Median follow‐up duration was 25 months. Three‐, five‐, seven‐ and ten‐year survival was 53.4, 39.6, 34.6 and 23.1%, respectively.ConclusionPulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic colorectal carcinoma continues to offer the greatest survival advantage for appropriately selected patients.
Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with mania
Authors: Dickerson Faith , Stallings Cassie , Origoni Andrea , Vaughan Crystal , Katsafanas Emily , Khushalani Sunil , Yolken Robert 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesIncreased rates of infection with Toxoplasma gondii have been found in individuals with schizophrenia as compared to control groups but this issue has not been studied in mania.MethodsWe measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM class antibodies to T. gondii in 57 individuals with mania who were assessed at up to three time‐points. We also measured these antibodies in 743 individuals in other psychiatric groups and in 314 non‐psychiatric controls. T. gondii antibody levels were compared among groups by multivariate analyses. IgG class and IgM class antibodies to cytomegalovirus were also measured in the same samples. T. gondii antibody levels were also compared over time in the mania group.ResultsThe mania group had a significantly elevated level of IgM antibodies to T. gondii as compared to the control individuals without a psychiatric diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, p < 0.04 at hospital admission; and OR = 2.32, p < 0.02 at study entry during the hospital stay]. Elevated IgM class antibodies to T. gondii were not found in individuals with the other psychiatric diagnoses. We also did not find an increased level of IgG class antibodies to T. gondii or IgG or IgM class antibodies to CMV in the individuals with mania. Within the mania group, there was a significant difference between the prevalences of increased levels of T. gondii IgM at the baseline and the follow‐up time‐point (t = 2.97, p < 0.003).ConclusionsInfection with T. gondii may confer risk for mania.
Characterization of molecular and cellular functions of the cyclin‐dependent kinase CDK9 using a novel specific inhibitor
Authors: Albert T K , Rigault C , Eickhoff J , Baumgart K , Antrecht C , Klebl B , Mittler G , Meisterernst M 
Published: October 2013

Background and PurposeThe cyclin‐dependent kinase CDK9 is an important therapeutic target but currently available inhibitors exhibit low specificity and/or narrow therapeutic windows. Here we have used a new highly specific CDK9 inhibitor, LDC000067 to interrogate gene control mechanisms mediated by CDK9.Experimental ApproachThe selectivity of LDC000067 was established in functional kinase assays. Functions of CDK9 in gene expression were assessed with in vitro transcription experiments, single gene analyses and genome‐wide expression profiling. Cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells, HeLa cells, several cancer cell lines, along with cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia were also used to investigate cellular responses to LDC000067.Key ResultsThe selectivity of LDC000067 for CDK9 over other CDKs exceeded that of the known inhibitors flavopiridol and DRB. LDC000067 inhibited in vitro transcription in an ATP‐competitive and dose‐dependent manner. Gene expression profiling of cells treated with LDC000067 demonstrated a selective reduction of short‐lived mRNAs, including important regulators of proliferation and apoptosis. Analysis of de novo RNA synthesis suggested a wide ranging positive role of CDK9. At the molecular and cellular level, LDC000067 reproduced effects characteristic of CDK9 inhibition such as enhanced pausing of RNA polymerase II on genes and, most importantly, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur study provides a framework for the mechanistic understanding of cellular responses to CDK9 inhibition. LDC000067 represents a promising lead for the development of clinically useful, highly specific CDK9 inhibitors.
The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions
Authors: Li Jingcheng , Hu Zhian , de Lecea Luis 
Published: October 2013

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin system has been associated with numerous physiological functions, including sleep/arousal, energy homeostasis, endocrine, visceral functions and pathological states, such as narcolepsy and drug abuse. Here, we review the discovery of Hcrt/orexins and their receptors and propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates these multifaceted physiological functions.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Orexin Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐2
Soluble immunoglobulin A in breast milk is inversely associated with atopic dermatitis at early age: the PASTURE cohort study
Authors: Orivuori L. , Loss G. , Roduit C. , Dalphin J.‐C. , Depner M. , Genuneit J. , Lauener R. , Pekkanen J. , Pfefferle P. , Riedler J. , Roponen M. , Weber J. , von Mutius E. , Braun‐Fahrländer C. , Vaarala O. ,   The PASTURE Study Group
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe role of breastfeeding for the development of atopic diseases in childhood is contradictory. This might be due to differences in the composition of breast milk and levels of antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory components.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine whether levels of total immunoglobulin A (IgA) or transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in breast milk were associated with the risk of developing atopic dermatitis (AD), atopic sensitization or asthma at early age taking breastfeeding duration into account.MethodsThe birth cohort study PASTURE conducted in Finland, France, Germany and Switzerland provided 610 breast milk samples collected 2 months after delivery in which soluble IgA (sIgA) and TGF‐β1 levels were measured by ELISA. Duration of breastfeeding was assessed using weekly food frequency diaries from month 3 to month 12. Data on environmental factors, AD and asthma were collected by questionnaires from pregnancy up to age 6. Atopic status was defined by specific IgE levels in blood collected at the ages of 4 and 6 years. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsSoluble IgA and TGF‐β1 levels in breast milk differed between countries, and sIgA levels were associated with environmental factors related to microbial load, for example, contact to farm animals or cats during pregnancy, but not with raw milk consumption. sIgA levels were inversely associated with AD up to the of age 2 years (P‐value for adjusted linear trend: 0.005), independent of breastfeeding duration. The dose of sIgA ingested in the first year of life was associated with reduced risk of AD up to the age of 2 (aOR, 95% CI: 0.74; 0.55–0.99) and 4 years (0.73; 0.55–0.96). No clear associations between sIgA and atopy or asthma up to age 6 were observed. TGF‐β1 showed no consistent association with any investigated health outcome.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceIgA in breast milk might protect against the development of AD.
Requirement for safety monitoring for approved multiple sclerosis therapies: an overview
Authors: Rommer P S , Zettl U K , Kieseier B , Hartung H-P , Menge T , Frohman E , Greenberg B M , Hemmer B , Stüve O 
Published: October 2013

Summary
During the last two decades, treatment options for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have broadened tremendously. All agents that are currently approved for clinical use have potential side effects, and a careful risk–benefit evaluation is part of a decision algorithm to identify the optimal treatment choice for an individual patient. Whereas glatiramer acetate and interferon beta preparations have been used in MS for decades and have a proven safety record, more recently approved drugs appear to be more effective, but potential risks might be more severe. The potential complications of some novel therapies might not even have been identified to their full extent. This review is aimed at the clinical neurologist in that it offers insights into potential adverse events of each of the approved MS therapeutics: interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod and teriflunomide, as well as recently approved therapeutics such as dimethyl fumarate and alemtuzumab. It also provides recommendations for monitoring the different drugs during therapy in order to avoid common side effects.
Mobility‐Trees for Indoor Scenes Manipulation
Authors: Sharf Andrei , Huang Hui , Liang Cheng , Zhang Jiapei , Chen Baoquan , Gong Minglun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this work, we introduce the ‘mobility‐tree’ construct for high‐level functional representation of complex 3D indoor scenes. In recent years, digital indoor scenes are becoming increasingly popular, consisting of detailed geometry and complex functionalities. These scenes often consist of objects that reoccur in various poses and interrelate with each other. In this work we analyse the reoccurrence of objects in the scene and automatically detect their functional mobilities. ‘Mobility’ analysis denotes the motion capabilities (i.e. degree of freedom) of an object and its subpart which typically relates to their indoor functionalities. We compute an object's mobility by analysing its spatial arrangement, repetitions and relations with other objects and store it in a ‘mobility‐tree’. Repetitive motions in the scenes are grouped in ‘mobility‐groups’, for which we develop a set of sophisticated controllers facilitating semantical high‐level editing operations. We show applications of our mobility analysis to interactive scene manipulation and reorganization, and present results for a variety of indoor scenes.