bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of “Quench‐Free Glass” and Ceramic‐Glass Composite for LTCC Applications
Authors: Abhilash Pulanchiyodan , Thomas Dhanesh , Surendran Kuzhichalil P. , Sebastian Mailadil T. 
Published: February 2013

The 10 mol% ZnO–2 mol% B2O3–8 mol% P2O5–80 mol% TeO2 (ZBPT) glass was prepared by quenching as well as slowly cooling the melt. The ZBPT glass prepared by both methods show similar microwave dielectric properties. ZBPT glass has an εr of 22.5 (at 7 GHz), Qu × f of 1500 GHz, and τf of −100 ppm/°C. The ceramic‐glass composites of Sr2ZnTeO6 (SZT) and ZBPT is prepared through two convenient methods: (a) conventional way of co‐firing the ceramic with ZBPT glass powder and (b) a nonconventional facile route by co‐firing the ceramic with precursor oxide mixture of ZBPT glass at 950°C. In the former route, SZT + 5 wt% ZBPT composite sintered at 950°C showed moderately good microwave dielectric properties (εr = 13.4, Qu × f = 4500 GHz and τf = −52 ppm/°C). Although the SZT + 5 wt% ZBPT composite prepared through the nonconventional method also showed similar microwave dielectric properties (εr = 13.8, Qu × f = 5300 GHz and τf = −50 ppm/°C), the synthesis procedure is much simplified in the latter case. The composites are found to be chemically compatible with Ag. The composite containing 5 wt% ZBPT prepared through conventional and nonconventional ways shows linear coefficients of thermal expansion of 7.0 ppm/°C and 7.1 ppm/°C, respectively. Both the composites have a room‐temperature thermal conductivity of 2.1 Wm−1 K−1.
Geodiversity and endemism in the iconic Australian Pilbara region: a review of landscape evolution and biotic response in an ancient refugium
Authors: Pepper Mitzy , Doughty Paul , Keogh J. Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimWe review the biogeography of the Pilbara, synthesize information on the geological and landscape history of this region and surrounds, and assess fine‐scale genetic structure across multiple taxa to examine hypotheses concerning the distribution of genetic lineages. We use this to provide a baseline for future biological studies in an ancient area of endemism.LocationThe Pilbara region, Western Australia.MethodsLiterature is summarized, including the history of Pilbara landscapes and climate, and previous biogeographical work. We used mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic datasets of seven co‐distributed gecko (diplodactyline and gekkonine) lineages to assess the monophyly of Pilbara lineages, and concordance with geological and habitat divisions.ResultsThe Pilbara harbours taxa genetically distinct from their non‐Pilbara relatives, despite close geographical proximity of populations. This is emphasized at the eastern and southern margins of the Pilbara, where habitat gradients are pronounced. In contrast, the northern margin, where sandy substrates of the Pilbara meet the dunes of the northern deserts, exhibits little genetic differentiation. Within the Pilbara, diversification patterns are idiosyncratic and may reflect species‐specific ecological differences. However, a repeated north/south partitioning of genetic diversity is evident across taxa. An additional emerging pattern is an east/west genetic division in the northern Pilbara, which may relate to major drainage divides and geological discontinuities associated with east and west Pilbara terrains.Main conclusionsThe Pilbara is an area of exceptionally high biotic diversity and endemism. The broader biogeographical patterns revealed in our molecular analyses are consistent with those recently identified using species richness patterns of invertebrates. Future studies of additional taxa using multiple molecular markers will provide the means to test and refine the biogeographical hypotheses presented here. Understanding the biogeography of the Pilbara and the partitioning of genetic diversity across the ancient and heterogeneous landscape is of paramount importance in the face of rapidly expanding economic and developmental pressures.
Systolic Blood Pressure and Mortality in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Results of a Nationwide Italian Study
Authors: Losito Attilio , Del Vecchio Lucia , Lusenti Tiziano , Del Rosso Goffredo , Malandra Rosella , Sturani Alessandra ,   Gruppo di Studio Dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana Nefrologia
Published: February 2013

Studies on the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and mortality among hemodialysis patients have yielded conflicting results. Reports have come mostly from North America and have dealt with dialysis patients as a homogenous population and differed in methods and time of BP measurement and the optimal BP target. In a prospective nationwide study in 3674 unselected Caucasian patients with end‐stage renal disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis from 73 dialysis units, the authors sought to examine the relationship between the different measurements of BP and mortality according to antihypertensive treatment. The mean age of patients was 67.2±14.1 years and the prevalence of diabetes was 19.5%. During follow‐up (26.5±10.5 months), 977 deaths were recorded. In the whole cohort, BP was not associated with mortality. After grouping the patients according to antihypertensive treatment, the analysis showed that only in patients who did not take antihypertensive medications (1613) was there an inverse relationship between postdialysis systolic BP and mortality. These patients differed from the others in BP, dialysis vintage, prevalence of diabetes, and type of dialysis technique. This study suggests that with respect to the relationship of BP with mortality, dialysis patients are not a homogenous population. Differences in demographic characteristics and in dialysis technique may therefore explain the reported variability of previous results.
Masked Hypertension and Atherogenesis: The Impact of Apelin and Relaxin Plasma Levels
Authors: Papadopoulos Dimitris P. , Mourouzis Iordanis , Faselis Charles , Perrea Despina , Makris Thomas , Tsioufis Costas , Papademetriou Vasilios 
Published: February 2013

Recent evidence demonstrates that masked hypertension (MH) is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease, while apelin and relaxin are two novel factors with a significant role in vascular regulation. Apelin is an adipokine that elicits endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation and reduces arterial blood pressure, while relaxin is a protein hormone that induces the production of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibits endothelin and angiotensin II. This study aimed to investigate whether apelin and relaxin plasma levels are affected in patients with MH and compare the findings with those of healthy normotensives. One hundred‐thirty (60 men, 70 women) healthy patients with a mean age of 45±12 years who had clinic blood pressure <140/90 mmHg were studied. The whole study population underwent 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). According to the ABPM recordings, 24 individuals (8 men, 16 women) had MH and the remaining 106 patients (52 men, 54 women) had normal ABPM recordings. Apelin and relaxin plasma levels were determined in both groups (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method). The apelin (220±121 vs 315±147 pg/mL, P=.001) and relaxin (35.2±6.7 vs 56.8±13.6 pg/mL, P<.001) plasma levels were significantly lower in the masked hypertensive group compared with normotensive controls. Our findings suggest that patients with masked hypertension have significantly lower apelin and relaxin levels. This observation may have prognostic significance for future cardiovascular events in patients with MH and needs further investigation.
Siblings versus parents and friends: longitudinal linkages to adolescent externalizing problems
Authors: Defoe Ivy N. , Keijsers Loes , Hawk Skyler T. , Branje Susan , Dubas Judith Semon , Buist Kirsten , Frijns Tom , A. G. van Aken Marcel , Koot Hans M. , van Lier Pol A. C. , Meeus Wim 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundIt is well documented that friends' externalizing problems and negative parent–child interactions predict externalizing problems in adolescence, but relatively little is known about the role of siblings. This four‐wave, multi‐informant study investigated linkages of siblings' externalizing problems and sibling–adolescent negative interactions on adolescents' externalizing problems, while examining and controlling for similar linkages with friends and parents.MethodsQuestionnaire data on externalizing problems and negative interactions were annually collected from 497 Dutch adolescents (M = 13.03 years,SD = 0.52, at baseline), as well as their siblings, mothers, fathers, and friends.ResultsCross‐lagged panel analyses revealed modest unique longitudinal paths from sibling externalizing problems to adolescent externalizing problems, for male and female adolescents, and for same‐sex and mixed‐sex sibling dyads, but only from older to younger siblings. Moreover, these paths were above and beyond significant paths from mother–adolescent negative interaction and friend externalizing problems to adolescent externalizing problems, 1 year later. No cross‐lagged paths existed between sibling–adolescent negative interaction and adolescent externalizing problems.ConclusionsTaken together, it appears that especially older sibling externalizing problems may be a unique social risk factor for adolescent externalizing problems, equal in strength to significant parents' and friends' risk factors.
Algal turf scrubber (ATS) floways on the Great Wicomico River, Chesapeake Bay: productivity, algal community structure, substrate and chemistry1
Authors: Adey Walter H. , Laughinghouse H. Dail , Miller John B. , Hayek Lee‐Ann C. , Thompson Jesse G. , Bertman Steven , Hampel Kristin , Puvanendran Shanmugam 
Published: February 2013

Two Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) units were deployed on the Great Wicomico River (GWR) for 22 months to examine the role of substrate in increasing algal productivity and nutrient removal. The yearly mean productivity of flat ATS screens was 15.4 g · m−2 · d−1. This was elevated to 39.6 g · m−2 · d−1 with a three‐dimensional (3‐D) screen, and to 47.7 g · m−2 · d−1 by avoiding high summer harvest temperatures. These methods enhanced nutrient removal (N, P) in algal biomass by 3.5 times. Eighty‐six algal taxa (Ochrophyta [diatoms], Chlorophyta [green algae], and Cyan‐obacteria [blue–green algae]) self‐seeded from the GWR and demonstrated yearly cycling. Silica (SiO2) content of the algal biomass ranged from 30% to 50% of total biomass; phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon content of the total algal biomass ranged from 0.15% to 0.21%, 2.13% to 2.89%, and 20.0% to 25.7%, respectively. Carbohydrate content (at 10%–25% of AFDM) was dominated by glucose. Lipids (fatty acid methyl ester; FAMEs) ranged widely from 0.5% to 9% AFDM, with Omega‐3 fatty acids a consistent component. Mathematical modeling of algal produ‐ctivity as a function of temperature, light, and substrate showed a proportionality of 4:3:3, resp‐ectively. Under landscape ATS operation, substrate manipulation provides a considerable opportunity to increase ATS productivity, water quality amelioration, and biomass coproduction for fertilizers, fermentation energy, and omega‐3 products. Based on the 3‐D prod‐uctivity and algal chemical composition demonstrated, ATS systems used for nonpoint source water treat‐ment can produce ethanol (butanol) at 5.8× per unit area of corn, and biodiesel at 12.0× per unit area of soy beans (agricultural production US).
Shakespeare and Girlhood
Authors: Higginbotham Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the burgeoning field of Shakespeare and Girls’ Studies, highlighting some of the exciting developments that have taken place in the past 5–10 years. Inspired by the growing interest in early modern children and childhood, scholars have begun to ask where girls fit into the equation. Although Shakespeare uses the word “girl” nearly seventy times, only four of his characters are what we would identify as pre‐adolescent female children: Clarence’s daughter in RichardIII, the infant Perdita in The Winter’s Tale, the infant Marina in Pericles, and the infant Elizabeth I in HenryVIIII. More difficult to categorize are young characters like Juliet, who is only thirteen but poised on the cusp of womanhood, and young women like Miranda in The Tempest, who are romantic heroines but still under the authority of their fathers. The category of the girl is slippery and contested in Shakespeare’s time as well as our own, and since constructions of girlhood have changed over time, it can be even more difficult to pin down exactly what is meant by Shakespeare’s girls. These problems of definition have required scholars of Shakespeare’s girls to carefully define what they mean by the term, but those challenges have also helped them produce nuanced accounts of how his plays produce female characters as girls and how his plays have been used to produce ideas about girlhood over time.
Magnesium isotopic fractionation in chondrules from the Murchison and Murray CM2 carbonaceous chondrites
Authors: Bouvier Audrey , Wadhwa Meenakshi , Simon Steven B. , Grossman Lawrence 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present high‐precision measurements of the Mg isotopic compositions of a suite of types I and II chondrules separated from the Murchison and Murray CM2 carbonaceous chondrites. These chondrules are olivine‐ and pyroxene‐rich and have low 27Al/24Mg ratios (0.012–0.316). The Mg isotopic compositions of Murray chondrules are on average lighter (δ26Mg ranging from −0.95‰ to −0.15‰ relative to the DSM‐3 standard) than those of Murchison (δ26Mg ranging from −1.27‰ to +0.77‰). Taken together, the CM2 chondrules exhibit a narrower range of Mg isotopic compositions than those from CV and CB chondrites studied previously. The least‐altered CM2 chondrules are on average lighter (average δ26Mg = −0.39 ± 0.30‰, 2SE) than the moderately to heavily altered CM2 chondrules (average δ26Mg = −0.11 ± 0.21‰, 2SE). The compositions of CM2 chondrules are consistent with isotopic fractionation toward heavy Mg being associated with the formation of secondary silicate phases on the CM2 parent body, but were also probably affected by volatilization and recondensation processes involved in their original formation. The low‐Al CM2 chondrules analyzed here do not exhibit any mass‐independent variations in 26Mg from the decay of 26Al, with the exception of two chondrules that show only small variations just outside of the analytical error. In the case of the chondrule with the highest Al/Mg ratio (a type IAB chondrule from Murchison), the lack of resolvable 26Mg excess suggests that it either formed >1 Ma after calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions, or that its Al‐Mg isotope systematics were reset by secondary alteration processes on the CM2 chondrite parent body after the decay of 26Al.
Pleistocene expansion of the bipolar lichen Cetraria aculeata into the Southern hemisphere
Authors: Fernández‐Mendoza Fernando , Printzen Christian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany boreal and polar lichens occupy bipolar distributional ranges that frequently extend into high mountains at lower latitudes. Although such disjunctions are more common among lichens than in other groups of organisms, the geographic origin of bipolar lichen taxa, and the way and time frame in which they colonized their ranges have not been studied in detail. We used the predominantly vegetative, widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata as a model species. We surveyed the origin and history of its bipolar pattern using population genetics, phylogenetic and genealogical reconstruction methods. Cetraria aculeata originated in the Northern Hemisphere and dispersed southwards during the Pleistocene. The genetic signal suggests a Pleistocene dispersive burst in which a population size expansion concurred with the acquisition of a South‐American range that culminated in the colonization of the Antarctic.
Regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis involves an unexpected complex transcriptional regulation of TT8 expression, in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Wenjia , Grain Damaris , Le Gourrierec José , Harscoët Erwana , Berger Adeline , Jauvion Vincent , Scagnelli Aurélie , Berger Nathalie , Bidzinski Przemyslaw , Kelemen Zsolt , Salsac Fabien , Baudry Antoine , Routaboul Jean‐Marc , Lepiniec Loïc , Dubos Christian 
Published: February 2013

Summary

TT8/bHLH042 is a key regulator of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. TT8 transcriptional activity has been studied extensively, and relies on its ability to form, with several R2R3‐MYB and TTG1 (WD‐Repeat protein), different MYB‐bHLH‐WDR (MBW) protein complexes. By contrast, little is known on how TT8 expression is itself regulated.

Transcriptional regulation of TT8 expression was studied using molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches.

Functional dissection of the TT8 promoter revealed its modular structure. Two modules were found to specifically drive TT8 promoter activity in PA‐ and anthocyanin‐accumulating cells, by differentially integrating the signals issued from different regulators, in a spatio‐temporal manner. Interestingly, this regulation involves at least six different MBW complexes, and an unpredicted positive feedback regulatory loop between TT8 and TTG2. Moreover, the results suggest that some putative new regulators remain to be discovered. Finally, specific cis‐regulatory elements through which TT8 expression is regulated were identified and characterized.

Together, these results provide a molecular model consistent with the specific and highly regulated expression of TT8. They shed new light into the transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and provide new clues and tools for further investigation in Arabidopsis and other plant species.
Quaternary ammonium compounds can be abundant in some soils and are taken up as intact molecules by plants
Authors: Warren Charles R. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Studies of organic nitrogen (N) cycling and uptake by plants have focused on protein amino acids, but the soil solution includes organic N compounds from many other compound classes.

The two aims of this study were to characterize the 30–50 most abundant molecules of small (< 250 Da), nonpeptide organic N in the soil solution from six soils, and to determine if two ecologically disparate species (nonmycorrhizal Banksia oblongifolia and mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum) have the ability to take up intact molecules of three quaternary ammonium compounds (betaine, carnitine and acetyl‐carnitine).

Protein amino acids were dominant components of the pool of small nonpeptide organic N in all soils. The most abundant other compound classes were quaternary ammonium compounds (1–28% of nonpeptide small organic N) and nonprotein amino acids (3–19% of nonpeptide small organic N). B. oblongifolia and T. aestivum took up intact quaternary ammonium compounds from dilute hydroponic solution, while T. aestivum growing in field soil took up intact quaternary ammonium compounds injected into soil.

Results of this study show that the pool of organic N in soil is more diverse and plants have an even broader palate than is suggested by most of the literature on organic N.
Irradiance, but not fluence, plays a crucial role in UVB‐induced immature pigment cell development: new insights for efficient UVB phototherapy
Authors: Lan Cheng‐Che E. , Yu Hsin‐Su , Lu Jian‐He , Wu Ching‐Shuang , Lai Hsiao‐Chi 
Published: February 2013

SummaryLight exposure modulates development of living organisms. In the field of medicine, light has frequently been used for regenerative purposes. Excimer light (308 nm) has demonstrated superior efficacy in treating vitiligo, a condition requiring development of melanoblasts and a model for studying nerve cell regeneration, as compared to narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NBUVB; 311 nm). Using mouse‐derived melanoblast cells to examine the pro‐differentiation effects of these two light sources, we demonstrated that at equivalent fluence, excimer light induces melanoblast differentiation, while NBUVB failed to so. Mechanistically, activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway and nuclear translocation of epidermal growth factor receptor are involved in pro‐differentiation effects of excimer light. Reduction in irradiance by filter abrogated the effects of excimer light in melanoblasts, even when equivalent fluence was delivered by the same light source. As ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation is closely associated pigment cell development, future therapy employing UVB for pigmentation purposes should incorporate irradiance as a crucial specification.
Measures of Consciousness
Authors: Irvine Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractConsciousness is now a hot topic in both philosophy and the cognitive sciences, yet there is much controversy over how to measure it. First, it is not clear whether biased subjective reports should be taken as adequate for measuring consciousness, or if more objective measures are required. Ways to benefit from the advantages of both these measures in the form of ‘Type 2’ metacognitive measures are under development, but face criticism. Research into neurophysiological measures of consciousness is potentially very valuable, but often hindered by its dependence on behavioural measures that are themselves controversial. Newer informational measures are theoretically interesting, but as yet not easily applicable, while other measures of consciousness are designed for application in clinical cases (e.g. vegetative state). Although much optimism accompanies research into measures of consciousness, the controversies and methodological problems reviewed here suggest that making progress in this area may be more difficult than is often acknowledged.
The Ethics of Immigration: Self‐Determination and the Right to Exclude
Authors: Fine Sarah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany of us take it for granted that states have a right to control the entry and settlement of non‐citizens in their territories, and hardly pause to consider or evaluate the moral justifications for immigration controls. For a long time, very few political philosophers showed a great deal of interest in the subject. However, it is now attracting much more attention in the discipline. This article aims to show that we most certainly should not take it for granted that states enjoy a moral right to exclude would‐be immigrants. It is neither obvious nor uncontroversial. And if we cannot find adequate justifications for the existence of such a right, then we need to re‐evaluate the very backbone of current approaches to immigration policy. The paper begins with an overview of the existing academic debate about the extent of the right to freedom of movement. Next it introduces three arguments in support of the state’s right to exclude would‐be immigrants which draw on claims about the collective right to self‐determination. Finally it outlines three important challenges faced by these arguments in support of the state’s right to exclude.