bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mexican American Children Have Differential Elevation of Metabolic Biomarkers Proportional to Obesity Status
Authors: McFarlin Brian K. , Johnson Craig A. , Moreno Jeanette P. , Foreyt John P. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:There is a health disparity for obesity among Mexican Americans compared with other racial/ethnic groups. In particular, Mexican American children who are obese are likely to become obese adults. The purpose of this study was to examine traditional and nontraditional risk factors in a subset of Mexican American children before their participation in a larger clinical weight loss study.Methods:Venous blood samples were collected from self‐identified Mexican American children (12–14 years old) who were assigned to 1 of 3 weight groups based on their standardized body mass index; normal weight (N = 66), overweight (N = 23), or obese (N = 39). Serum was analyzed for interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, C‐peptide, ghrelin, glucagon‐like protein, gastric inhibitory polypeptide‐1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, and pancreatic polypeptide using a Luminex MagPix‐based assay. Total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were analyzed using enzymatic assays. Data were analyzed for significance using separate analysis of variance tests, with significance set at P < 0.05.Results:Relative to normal weight and overweight children, obese children had significantly elevated C‐peptide (P < 0.0001), insulin (P < 0.0001), leptin (P < 0.0001), macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (P = 0.005), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (P = 0.006).Conclusions:We observed that Mexican American children as a function of body weight had elevated serum concentrations of several biomarkers that have been linked to chronic disease development in adults. More research is needed to understand how these differences affect disease risk in adulthood.
Superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis
Authors: Fijałkowski Karol , Masiuk Helena , Czernomysy‐Furowicz Danuta , Karakulska Jolanta , Nawrotek Paweł , Paszkowska Aleksandra , Struk Magdalena , Giedrys‐Kalemba Stefania 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Genomic relatedness of S. aureus was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis of macro‐restricted chromosomes. The presence of genes encoding superantigens was confirmed by multiplex PCR. To study the biological activity of S. aureus exosecretions, the supernatants from bacterial liquid cultures were classified into three groups: those with leukotoxin‐like properties, those with superantigen‐like properties and those with no particular activity on leukocytes cultured in vitro. It was shown that all analyzed bacterial isolates belonged to the same clonal type and harbored the same combination of superantigen genes, namely sed, selj and ser. However, 22% of all isolates produced factors with superantigen‐like and 48% of them with leukotoxin‐like activities. Finally, although there were no detectable genetic differences between the analyzed bacterial isolates, the virulence factors secreted by them differed considerably.
How Control System Design Influences Performance Misreporting
Authors: MAAS VICTOR S. , VAN RINSUM MARCEL 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates reporting honesty when managers have monetary incentives to overstate their performance. We argue that managers who report about their performance will take into account how their report affects their peers (i.e., other managers at the same hierarchical level). This effect depends on the design of the organization's control system, in particular, on the reward structure and the information policy regarding individual performance reports. The reward structure determines if peers’ monetary payoff is increased or decreased when managers claim a higher level of performance. The information policy determines if managers will be able to link individual peers to their reports and affects the nonmonetary costs of breaking social norms. We present the results of a laboratory experiment. As predicted, we find that participants are more likely to overstate their performance if this increases the monetary payoff of others than if their reported performance decreases others’ monetary gains. In addition, overstatements are lower under an open information policy, where each individual's reported performance is made public, compared to a closed information policy, where participants only learn the average performance of the other participants. Our findings have several important implications for management accounting research and practice.
Fireworks injuries in children: A prospective study during the festival of lights
Authors: Bagri Narendra , Saha Abhijeet , Chandelia Sudha , Dubey Nand K , Bhatt Aditya , Rai Ashish , Bhattacharya Sameek , Makhija Lalit Kumar 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveWe studied the epidemiology of paediatric firework‐related injury in the urban population of Delhi during the festival of lights (Diwali).MethodsIn this prospective observational study, data were collected on the day of Diwali for two consecutive years, 2010 and 2011. All children with firework injuries coming to the emergency room were included in the study. Data were recorded in a predesigned proforma.ResultsOf the 65 cases, 75% were males and 25% were females; most children were more than 10 years of age and majority (90%) of them were unsupervised. Half (49%) of the cases were due to misuse of the fireworks or erratic behaviour, among which the most common observed mode was igniting cracker while holding it (18 cases; 24% of total injuries), which led to injuries to the hand and palm. Device failure was the next common cause for firework injuries, including unexpected blast of the crackers and string bomb as the most common. Overall, the most commonly injured body sites were hands (62%), face (32%) and eyes (10%). Crackers and string bomb mainly caused injuries to hands; fountains and gunpowder caused injuries to the face. Sixty (94%) children were managed conservatively and 5 (6%) required skin grafting and tendon repair.ConclusionWe recommend parental supervision especially for males, wearing non‐synthetic and non‐flowing clothes, promoting branded crackers and educational campaigns in schools to curtail the rising trend in firework‐related injuries in the paediatric population.
Paricalcitol Reduces Proteinuria in Non‐Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Hojs Nina , Bevc Sebastjan , Balon Breda Pečovnik , Hojs Radovan , Ekart Robert 
Published: August 2013

AbstractExisting treatment of proteinuria is not sufficient to halt the chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemic. Therefore the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of paricalcitol on proteinuria in non‐dialysis CKD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism treated according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. Forty‐one non‐dialysis CKD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (iPTH >65 pg/mL), serum calcium <2.6 mmol/L, serum phosphate <1.8 mmol/L and proteinuria (>150 mg/day) were treated with paricalcitol 1 μg/day. Most were treated for 6 months, with the exception of three patients having iPTH <30 pg/mL after 3 months, in whom therapy was stopped. All patients were followed for 6 months. 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure (24hABP) monitoring was performed at 0 and 6 months. Fixed doses of ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs and/or statins were kept for 3 months before and during the study. Forty‐one patients (30 men, 11 women; age 62.44 ± 11.93 years) with different primary causes of CKD were enrolled in the study. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), 24‐h urinary albuminuria (24hUA) and 24‐h urinary quantitative proteinuria (24hUQP) were measured. Values at 0 and 6 months of these parameters were log‐transformed for statistical analysis. After treatment with paricalcitol, statistically significant reduction (paired t‐test) in 24hUA (P < 0.011) and 24hUQP (P < 0.0001) were found. The reduction of UACR was not significant (P = 0.074). In the observational period no statistically significant reduction in 24hABP was found. Treatment with 1 μg paricalcitol daily according to clinical practice in non‐dialysis CKD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and proteinuria significantly reduces 24hUA and 24hUQP without significant change in 24hABP.
Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula‐Related Complications and Surgery in Kidney Graft Recipients
Authors: Vajdič Trampuž Barbara , Ponikvar Rafael , Kandus Aljoša , Buturović‐Ponikvar Jadranka 
Published: August 2013

AbstractArteriovenous fistula (AVF) remains functional after kidney transplantation in many patients. The aim of this historical cohort study was to evaluate the data on AVF‐related complications and surgery performed after kidney transplantation in our patients. The study cohort included the recipients of a kidney transplant with AVF complications between January 2006 and April 2012. 74 renal transplant recipients (47% male, mean age 51 ± 10, range 14 to 73 years) with complications related to AVF were analyzed. Among all AVFs, 51 (72%) were located in the forearm, nine (13%) in the upper arm, and 14 (15%) in the elbow. Complications occurred in 12.5% (74/592) of kidney graft recipients who were treated at our Outpatient Transplant Unit during the study period. The most common complication was painful thrombosis with or without thrombophlebitis, which occurred in 32 patients (43.2%). Other complications included growing aneurysms (27%, 20/74), venous hypertension with arm edema (8.1%, 6/74), distal hypoperfusion (8.1%, 6/74), high flow AVF with cardiac failure (8.1%, 6/74), trauma (1.3%, 1/74), and cosmetic appearance (4%, 3/74). Fifty‐one surgical interventions were performed in 49 patients (mean age 52 ± 12, range 28 to 73 years). AVF closure was performed in 29/51 (56%) patients. Furthermore, an extirpation of aneurysm was performed in 12/51 (23%) and an extirpation of thrombosed AVF was performed in 1/51 (2%) patients, simple trombectomies were performed in 5/51 (10%) and a thrombectomy with reanastomosis was performed in 4/51 (8%) patients. One patient underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for underlying stenosis after surgery. The most common AVF‐related complications in kidney graft recipients are painful thrombosis (often accompanied with thrombophlebitis) and growing aneurysms. Surgical intervention is performed in a significant proportion of patients, mainly AVF closure, aneurysm extirpation, and thrombectomy.
Phylogenetic evidence for a shift in the mode of mammalian body size evolution at the Cretaceous‐Palaeogene boundary
Authors: Slater Graham J. 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Phylogenetic comparative methods provide a powerful way of addressing classic questions about tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution in the fossil record, such as whether mammals increased in body size diversity after the Cretaceous‐Palaeogene (K‐Pg) extinction.

Most often, these kinds of questions are addressed in the context of variation in evolutionary rates. Shifts in the mode of phenotypic evolution provide an alternative and, in some cases, more realistic explanation for patterns of trait diversity in the fossil record, but these kinds of processes are rarely tested for.

In this study, I use a time‐calibrated phylogeny of living and fossil Mammaliaformes as a framework to test novel models of body size evolution derived from palaeontological theory. Specifically, I ask whether the K‐Pg extinction resulted in a change in rates of body size evolution or release from a constrained adaptive zone.

I found that a model comprising an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process until the K‐Pg event and a Brownian motion process from the Cenozoic onwards was the best supported model for these data. Surprisingly, results indicate a lower absolute rate of body size evolution during the Cenozoic than during the Mesozoic. This is explained by release from a stationary OU process that constrained realized disparity. Despite a lower absolute rate, body size disparity has in fact been increasing since the K‐Pg event.

The use of time‐calibrated phylogenies of living and extinct taxa and realistic, process‐based models provides unparalleled power in testing evolutionary hypotheses. However, researchers should take care to ensure that the models they use are appropriate to the question being tested and that the parameters estimated are interpreted in the context of the best fitting model.
Testing the link between phenotypic evolution and speciation: an integrated palaeontological and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Hunt Gene 
Published: August 2013

Summary

The punctuated equilibrium model predicts that phenotypic change is concentrated into pulses associated with speciation, with little change otherwise accruing in established lineages. Palaeontological tests of this model have generally lacked an adequate phylogenetic and modelling framework, whereas tests relying on extant populations lack direct constraints on the evolutionary dynamics within lineages.

This study extends a modelling approach developed in comparative studies and applies it to a clade with a rich fossil record, the deep‐sea ostracode genus Poseidonamicus. Using a phylogenetic framework and an independent set of shape traits plus body size, a model was fit that allows estimation of anagenetic (within‐lineage) evolution, cladogenetic (speciational) change and geographic variation within species.

Maximum‐likelihood parameter estimates suggested dominantly speciational change for only one or two shape traits, depending on model assumptions. For the remaining shape traits and body size, the contribution of anagenesis was always substantial. Confidence limits on these solutions were quite broad (although narrower when multiple traits were analysed jointly), with most traits consistent with both strongly anagenetic and strongly cladogenetic change.

Whereas uncertainty about phylogenetic topology and species limits has little influence on the conclusions, assuming stasis instead of Brownian motion within lineages shifted support to solutions in which speciational change was more dominant, although several traits remained dominantly explained by anagenetic evolution.

These results suggest that for the traits and taxa examined, anagenesis contributes substantially to long‐term divergence. The uncertainty in the results highlights the analytical difficulty of decomposing anagenetic and cladogenetic sources of phenotypic evolution, even with fossil constraints. When model uncertainty is taken into account, the task of doing so using observations from entirely extant populations is even more daunting.
Modelling distributions of fossil sampling rates over time, space and taxa: assessment and implications for macroevolutionary studies
Authors: Wagner Peter J. , Marcot Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Observed patterns in the fossil record reflect not just macroevolutionary dynamics, but preservation patterns. Sampling rates themselves vary not simply over time or among major taxonomic groups, but within time intervals over geography and environment, and among species within clades. Large databases of presences of taxa in fossil‐bearing collections allow us to quantify variation in per‐collection sampling rates among species within a clade. We do this separately not just for different time/stratigraphic intervals, but also for different geographic or ecologic units within time/stratigraphic intervals. We then re‐assess per‐million‐year sampling rates given the distributions of per‐collection sampling rates

We use simple distribution models (geometric and lognormal) to assess general models of per‐locality sampling rate distributions given occurrences among appropriate fossiliferous localities. We break these down not simply by time period, but by general biogeographic units in order to accommodate variation over space as well as among species.

We apply these methods to occurrence data for Meso‐Cenozoic mammals drawn from the Paleobiology Database and the New and Old Worlds fossil mammal database. We find that all models of distributed rates do vastly better than the best uniform sampling rates and that the lognormal in particular does an excellent job of summarizing sampling rates. We also show that the lognormal distributions vary fairly substantially among biogeographic units of the same age.

As an example of the utility of these rates, we assess the most likely divergence times for basal (Eocene–Oligocene) carnivoramorphan mammals from North America and Eurasia using both stratigraphic and morphological data. The results allow for unsampled taxa or unsampled portions of sampled lineages to be in either continent and also allow for the variation in sampling rates among species. We contrast five models using stratigraphic likelihoods in different ways to summarize how they might affect macroevolutionary inferences.
How to do things to children with words: Language, ritual, and apocalypse in pediatric HIV treatment in Botswana
Authors: BRADA BETSEY BEHR 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTConcerned that children understood the wordAIDSto portend their imminent deaths, U.S. pediatricians in Botswana used ritual speech to reveal HIV‐positive children's diagnoses to them in an effort to ensure these children took their medications. They relied on euphemisms such assoldierandbad guy,gradually and methodically replacing them with biomedically derived terms. While the ritual was predicated on transparency and accuracy, pediatricians’ conviction that the wordAIDSimpaired children's ability to manage their infections led them to silence representations of the epidemic as anything other than a manageable condition in order to create a stable object of biomedical intervention.
Accounting for silence: Inheritance, debt, and the moral economy of legal redress in China and Japan
Authors: KOGA YUKIKO 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTLegal efforts seeking official apology and compensation for Japanese colonial violence have, since the 1990s, become a prime site of Chinese and Japanese attempts to come to terms with the past. This ethnography explores what it means to legally account for Japanese imperialism decades after the original violence ended with Japan's defeat in World War II. Examination of recent compensation lawsuits filed by Chinese war victims against the Japanese government and corporations shows how legal interventions publicly reveal artificially separated, yet deeply intertwined moral and monetary economies that present postwar compensation as a question of the generational transfer of unaccounted‐for pasts and accompanying debts. I elucidate how accounts and accounting address overdue responsibility for postwar generations and, against the background of generational shift and the changing balance of economic power between China and Japan, show how the crux of this issue has shifted from apology to inheritance and accountability.
The effect of lung deflation on the position of the pleura during subclavian vein cannulation in infants receiving mechanical ventilation: an ultrasound study
Authors: Jang Y.‐E. , Lee J.‐H. , Park Y.‐H. , Byon H.‐J. , Kim H.‐S. , Kim C.‐S. , Kim J.‐T. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryWe evaluated the effect of lung deflation on the relative position of the pleura compared with a reference line during supra‐ and infraclavicular approaches to the right subclavian vein. The reference line was drawn relative to the predicted pathway of the needle. The distances between the pleura and the reference line for supra‐ and infraclavicular approaches were measured during inspiration and expiration in 41 infants. Measurements were repeated with the application of 5 cmH2O positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and in the Trendelenburg position. Lung deflation during the supraclavicular approach significantly decreased the volume of lung crossing the reference line by a median (IQR [range]) of 1.0 (0.6 to 1.3 [0.0 to 4.8]) mm, p < 0.001, irrespective of the application of PEEP or patient position. However, during the infraclavicular approach, lung deflation showed no change in the distance of the pleura from the reference line regardless of PEEP or patient position. We conclude that lung deflation moves the lung apex caudally and can reduce the potential risk of pneumothorax during a supraclavicular approach to the right subclavian vein in infants.
Nonremoval of an abnormally invasive placenta at cesarean section with postoperative uterine artery embolization
Authors: Chung Man Y. , Cheng Yvonne K.Y. , Yu Simon C.H. , Sahota Daljit S. , Leung Tak Y. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the outcome of three different modes of management of abnormally invasive placenta over a 6‐year period.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary hospital in Hong Kong.PopulationIn 39 757 deliveries, 25 cases of abnormally invasive placenta were identified at cesarean section.MethodsIdentification of cases by hospital database and review of medical records.Main outcome measuresBlood loss, blood transfusion requirement, operative time, duration of hospital stay, secondary postpartum hemorrhage and endometritis.ResultsSix women were managed by leaving the placenta in situ and by postoperative uterine artery embolization. Ten women were managed by an extirpative approach and nine women with direct cesarean hysterectomy. The success rate of nonremoval of the placenta with uterine artery embolization was 4/6 (67%). The intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion requirements and operation times were lowest in the group with nonremoval of the placenta, although a higher secondary complication rate and a longer hospital stay followed.ConclusionNonremoval of an abnormally invasive placenta at cesarean section and prophylactic postoperative uterine artery embolization are an alternative to elective cesarean hysterectomy.
Oncological outcomes after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: long‐term follow‐up in 4803 patients
Authors: Sukumar Shyam , Rogers Craig G. , Trinh Quoc Dien , Sammon Jesse , Sood Akshay , Stricker Hans , Peabody James O. , Menon Mani , Diaz‐Insua Mireya 
Published: August 2013

Objective
To evaluate oncological outcomes in patients undergoing robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) at a high‐volume tertiary centre with focus on biochemical recurrence (BCR); previous studies on oncological outcomes for patients undergoing RARP for prostate cancer are limited to small series.
Patients and Methods
In all, 5152 consecutive patients underwent RARP from 2001 to 2010; 4803 patients comprised the study cohort after exclusions.
BCR was defined as a serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥0.2 ng/mL with a confirmatory value.
BCR‐free survival (BCRFS), metastasis‐free survival (MFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox hazards regression models were generated.
Results
The mean preoperative PSA level was 6.1 ng/mL, pathological Gleason grade and stage were ≥7 in 68% and ≥pT3 in 34% of patients.
There was BCR in 470 patients (9.8%), 31 patients developed metastatic disease (0.7%) and 13 patients died from prostate cancer (0.3%) during a mean (range) follow‐up of 34.6 (1–116.7) months.
Actuarial 8‐year BCRFS, MFS and CSS were 81%, 98.5% and 99.1%, respectively. In patients with node‐positive disease, actuarial 5‐year BCRFS, MFS, and CSS were 26%, 82%, and 97%.
For organ‐confined disease, predictors of BCR included pathology Gleason grade (primary Gleason 5 vs 3, hazard ratio [HR] 5.52, P = 0.018; Gleason 4 vs 3, HR 1.97, P = 0.001), preoperative PSA level (10–20 vs ≤10 ng/mL, HR 2.38, P = 0.001), and surgical margin status (positive vs negative, HR 3.84, P < 0.001)
Conclusions
RARP appears to confer effective long‐term biochemical control.
To our knowledge, this is the largest report of oncological outcomes in a RARP series to date.