bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definitive Identification of an Exceptionally High Methanol Concentration in an Intoxication of a Surviving Infant: Methanol Metabolism by First-Order Elimination Kinetics
Authors: Wu AHB , Kelly T , McKay C , Ostheimer D , Forte E , Hill D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Intoxication by methanol was identified in a five-week-old infant suffering from moderate metabolic acidosis. The initial serum methanol at admission was 1148 mg/dL as measured by gas chromatography. The osmolal gap and formic acid concentrations were consistent with methanol intoxication. The child was treated with folic acid and a continuous ethanol infusion and survived without any apparent permanent problems. Because expected toxic symptoms did not develop in this case, and the methanol concentrations were at levels that might be deemed to be incompatible with life, blood and urine samples were assayed by a specific enzymatic assay, and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Positive results definitively confirmed the presence of methanol. In contrast to previous reports, the elimination of methanol in this case appeared to following first-order kinetics. If hepatic ADH activity is low in neonates and young infants, another enzyme system such as catalase may be involved to explain this data. The lack of formic acid accumulation may have been due to folic acid therapy.
A Review of Forensic Stylistics
Authors: Dillon DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The audience for Dr. McMenamin's recent publication should encompass a diverse group of professionals within the American justice community. His topic will be of interest to, investigators, attorneys, document examiners and various practitioners in the forensic sciences. Because the author is a well respected and acknowledged expert in his specialty, this volume is a welcome addition to forensic science literature and is potentially the prime authoritative work on this subject.
Symposium: Papers Honoring William M. Bass, Ph.D., By His Students
Authors: Willey P , Jantz RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This symposium was organized and edited by P. Willey, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, Calitbrnia State University, Chico, CA 95929-0400, and R, L. Jantz, Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720.
The Influence of William M. Bass III on the Development of American Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Hunt DR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Through his teaching, research and casework over the last 33 years, William M. Bass has become a central figure in the development of the American forensic anthropology. His influence can be measured through the quantity and activity of his students in the field, the number and breadth of his publications relating to the field, his growing casework, his activity and important role in the development of the Physical Anthropology section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and his continual willingness to lecture to interested groups.
Like many of his contemporaries in physical anthropology. Bass gradually shifted his academic interests toward forensic anthropology throughout his career. This shift is reflected in all areas of his academic life. His contributions have raised professionalism and acceptance of forensic anthropology as an integrated aspect of both forensic science and anthropology.
Bass's unique style and breadth of his contributions can be traced to his education (University of Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania) and his mentors (Coon, Krogman, Stewart, Eisley and Roberts).
The Role of Ethanol in Heroin Deaths
Authors: Levine B , Green D , Smialek JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of ethanol in deaths due to heroin intoxication. Over a 12 month period, all cases investigated by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland where a blood screen by Roche Abuscreen radioimmunoassay (RIA) was positive at a cutoff of 100 ng/mL were included in the study. Free morphine was quantitated using the Coat-A-Count RIA and ethanol was quantitated by head space gas chromatography. All presumptive morphine positive cases were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Seventy of the 119 cases where death was attributed to narcotic or alcohol and narcotic intoxication had blood ethanol concentrations (BAC) greater than or equal to 0.02 g/dL; 48 had BAC ≥ 0.10 g/dL. Only 3 of 45 cases where morphine was identified but was unrelated to death had BAC ≥ 0.02 g/dL. At all ranges of free morphine concentrations, there was a greater percentage of narcotic deaths when ethanol was present. From the data, we conclude that 1) the use of even small amounts of ethanol with heroin is clearly a risk factor in deaths due to heroin, 2) there are some heroin deaths where no free morphine is identified in the blood. In these deaths, ethanol is unlikely to be present, 3) at blood ethanol concentrations between 0.20 and 0.29 g/dL, the morphine concentrations in heroin deaths increased significantly, 4) at blood ethanol concentrations greater than 0.30 g/dL, morphine became less of a factor than the ethanol in causing death.
Novel Chlorinated Tropanes Derived from the Treatment of Cocaine with Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Casale JF , Moore JM , Cooper DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Several novel chlorinated tropanes were produced when cocaine was treated with aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Two of these, 2′- and 3′-chlorobenzoyloxy-2-carbomethoxypseudotropine (that is, ortho- and meta-chlorococaine), were characterized by synthesis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Four other new chlorinated tropanes (endo-6- and 7-chlorococaine, exo-6- or 7-chlorococaine and N-chlorobenzoylnorecgonine methyl ester) were also tentatively identified via their gas chromatography retention data and mass spectra. The results are of potential use in cocaine signature and comparative analysis.
Development of Latent Fingerprints on Paper Using Magnetic Flakes
Authors: Wilshire B , Hurley N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For various types of paper differing in color and surface texture, a study has been made of the factors governing the developed print qualities achieved using a magnetic applicator to apply fine iron flake powders and the subsequent retrieval of the magnetic flake from the papers using a rare-earth permanent magnet.
Chemical Markers in Weathered Gasoline
Authors: Coulombe R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
GC/MS of different products and fire debris samples were run to detect evidence of the presence of weathered gasoline. Doing so, chemicals characterized as diphenyl disulfides and homologues were detected specifically in gasoline and were not present in creosote as well as other petroleum derivatives. Although in trace amounts, these disulfides are positive evidence of the presence of weathered gasoline and could be considered as markers. Their absence does not, however, disprove the presence of gasoline.
Distinguishing the Cause of Textile Fiber Damage Using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Authors: Pelton WR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic investigations have been using fiber scanning electron microscopy to identify the cause of textile damage. This study was modeled after previously documented cases with the aims to create fabric damage under a known series of conditions, to examine the fiber's fracture morphology, to photograph SEM fiber-end images, and to compare the appearance characteristics with known theory. Overlapping characteristics were observed for scissor cut, knife cut and torn fabrics. Results were not totally consistent with those previously published. In certain cases, fiber-end morphology alone may be unreliable to distinguish the source of fiber damage. A need is demonstrated for further experimentation to establish a protocol for the forensic analysis of fiber damage that would include all aspects of textile microscopy.
Arab Population Data on the PCR-Based Loci: HLA-DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, Gc, and D1S80
Authors: Hayes JM , Budowle B , Freund M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele and genotype frequencies for seven polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA genetic markers were determined in an Arab sample population. The loci analyzed were HLA-DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, Gc and D1S80. Results were obtained from the first six loci using the AmpliType HLA-DQα DNA and AmpliType PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kits. The VNTR locus D1S80 PCR product was analyzed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and silver staining. All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The frequency data can be used in forensic analyses and paternity tests to estimate the frequency of a DNA profile in the Arab population.
Post-Anesthesia Uncal Herniation Secondary to a Previously Unsuspected Temporal Glioma
Authors: Vender JR , Black P , Natter HM , Katsetos CD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report the case of a 21-year-old male who sustained an uncal herniation and subsequent brain death following general anesthesia, for a minor orthopedic procedure, owing to the presence of a large, unsuspected temporal glioma. The possible factors responsible for the precipitation of this event are appraised.
A New Extremely Large Allele at the D1S80 (MCT118) Locus
Authors: Kádasi L , Bohušová T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new extremely large allele at locus D1S80, segregating in a three-generation family is described. The length of PCR-generated allele is approximately 1000 bp. Restriction analysis indicates that this increase is due to an increased number of basic core sequence. The assessed number of tandem repeats is in range 52–55, corresponding to 979–1027 bp exact length of the PCR-generated fragment.
Postmortem Distribution and Redistribution of Morphine in Man
Authors: Logan BK , Smirnow D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study evaluated both site dependent differences and time dependent changes in postmortem morphine concentrations in man. In 32 deaths involving morphine, left ventricular blood, femoral blood, and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, were collected as soon after death as possible (T1), and collected again together with iliac blood at the time of autopsy (T2). Samples were analyzed for morphine by radioimmunoassay.
No evidence was found for changes in morphine concentration with respect to time at either central or peripheral sites, or in the cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricular blood morphine concentrations were however consistently higher than those in the peripheral compartment, represented by either femoral or iliac blood. This was particularly true when the ventricular morphine concentration exceeded 0.300 mg/L. At peripheral sites, femoral and iliac blood morphine concentrations were well correlated with each other, making either an appropriate site for collection of peripheral blood for toxicological testing.
Fatal Light Aircraft Accidents in Ontario: A Five Year Study
Authors: Shkrum MJ , Hurlbut DJ , Young JG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fatal civil aviation crashes in Ontario from 1985 to 1989 were studied. Data regarding accident circumstances, injury patterns and medical factors (disease, alcohol/drugs) which could have contributed to accident causation was obtained from a review of the files of the Chief Coroner for Ontario in Toronto and the aviation occurrence reports of the Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Forty-seven crashes involving mainly general aviation type aircraft but also 2 gyroplanes, 2 ultralights and a glider were reviewed. About half occurred during the cruise phase of the flight. Seventy (40 pilots; 30 passengers) of the 98 occupants died. The bodies of 68 victims were recovered; 63 were dead at the scene and 5 survived up to ten hours after impact. Multiple trauma killed about half of all the victims (n = 34); 29% (n = 20) drowned; 16% (n = 11) and 3% (n = 2) died of head/neck injuries and coronary disease respectively. Neck trauma was observed mostly in pilots and was the most frequent major blunt trauma injury in drowning victims. Passengers sustained relatively more craniofacial fractures and abdominal/retroperitoneal trauma. Pilot error was the most frequent cause of crashes (55%; 26/47 impacts) followed by mechanical failure (15%; 7/47) and adverse weather/environmental conditions (11%; 5/47). Coronary artery disease incapacitated two pilots (4% of crashes) and ethanol intoxication was implicated in two other accidents. Other drugs did not appear to be a definite factor in accident causation.
Studies of Techniques for Analysis of Photocopy Toners by IR
Authors: Merrill RA , Bartick EG , Mazzella WD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study was undertaken to examine three measurement techniques for the analysis of photocopy toners by microscopical infrared spectrometry (IR) and to compare these techniques to studies previously done by Diffuse Reflectance (DR). Based on our preliminary studies, analysis of photocopy toners may be successfully performed by DR, microscopical Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) with a germanium Internal Reflection Element (IRE) or by microscopical Reflection-Absorption (R-A) techniques with a variety of reflecting media including mirrored slides, low emissivity glass, and aluminum foil. Selection of the analysis technique can be made based on equipment availability, budgetary constraints, ease of sample preparation, speed of analysis, and importance of the original photocopied document to determine if a mildly destructive technique can be used.
Gender Determination of Forensic Samples Using PCR Amplification of ZFX/ZFY Gene Sequences
Authors: Reynolds R , Varlaro J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Determining the gender of an evidentiary sample can be an important part of casework analyses. Gender information, particularly when combined with mitochondrial DNA analysis, can serve to distinguish biological evidence from two people who share the same DNA type(s) but differ by sex. When typing sexual assault evidence, gender information can serve as confirmation that the “sperm fraction” extracted from swabs and stains actually contains male DNA and also as an indicator of the amount of male DNA present in the non-sperm fraction. The PCR-based assay described here relies on amplification of a small, polymorphic region of a homologous zinc finger protein locus present on the X and Y chromosomes. The gender of the sample donor is determined from the PCR product either by Haelll restriction enzyme digestion followed by gel electrophoresis or by hybridization to immobilized sequence specific oligonucleotide probes (reverse dot blot). When using the reverse dot blot approach, amplification and typing of the gender PCR product can be coupled to amplification and typing of the AmpliType® HLA DQα and PM markers. Sensitivity and mixture studies were performed in addition to the analysis of casework bloodstains and sexual assault kit samples. Additional studies using this gender determination assay are described in the accompanying paper.
Sex Determination of Dried Blood Stains Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Homologous X-Y Primers of the Zinc Finger Protein Gene
Authors: Stacks B , Witte MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The ability to “sex” unknown dried bloodstains is frequently of evidentiary value in forensic casework. Chelex-extracted DNA from 115 specimens (105 dried blood standards and 10 casework samples) was amplified for specific ZFX and ZFY regions of the X and Y chromosomes and subsequent restriction enzyme digestion. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) yielded a 209 base pair (bp) product containing a polymorphic position with a Y chromosome portion including an additional Hae III restriction site while the X chromosome portion contains only one. The digested PCR product was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and detected by silver staining. Female samples exhibit bands of 172 bp and 37 bp only while male samples (XY) exhibit 2 additional bands appearing as an 88/84 bp doublet. Initially the 105 known bloodstains were typed according to the procedure discussed here and correct gender determination was achieved for all samples therefore establishing the reliability of this method. The 10 casework samples yielded the expected results as well. This assay demonstrates potential in both presumptive and confirmatory capacities.
Identification of a Killer by a Definitive Sneaker Pattern and His Beating Instruments by Their Distinctive Patterns
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello J , Breithaupt M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 39-year-old male service station attendant was found murdered on the floor of a gasoline service area by a passing motorist who had stopped for gas. The victim had been brutally beaten all over his entire body. After carefully examining the body and scene and taking selective photographs, special procedures were implemented in an attempt to preserve and transport the body without disturbing any items of evidence. In addition, specific evidentiary items were noted and collected for processing. The victim was meticulously examined externally at autopsy using a special protocol to locate clues that might assist in identifying a suspect or instrument of injury or death. Patterned impressions and subsequent DNA analysis proved successful in identifying the perpetrator of the crime and the instruments used in inflicting the beating.
It is the purpose of this paper to show how a meticulous examination of the body for the presence of patterned injuries and critical studies of these patterns and impressions led to the identification of a killer and the instruments he used in a brutal beating.
Fentanyl Patches Left on Dead Bodies—Potential Source of Drug for Abusers
Authors: Flannagan LM , Butts JD , Anderson WH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report a fatal case of fentanyl poisoning in which the decedent apparently obtained the drug from a used transdermal patch removed from a deceased nursing home patient. Fentanyl drug patches, even those previously used, contain a potentially lethal amount of this potent narcotic analgesic and provide a source of fentanyl for drug abusers. This case demonstrates the importance of proper disposal of these drug patches and the need for strict policies and guidelines in patient care settings regarding their disposal. Since fentanyl derivatives may not be detected on routine toxicologic analysis, specific assays should be utilized for the detection of fentanyl in cases of suspected drug overdose.
A Review of: The Detection of Human Remains
Authors: Suchey JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A number of well-publicized buried body cases (Cummins Prison Farm in Arkansas-1968; Texas Homosexual Murders of Dean Cor11-1973; and the John Wayne Gacy bodies under the house in Des Plains, Illinois-1978) have pointed to the need for organized efforts in fending and excavating buried human remains. Burial recovery should not be relegated to convicts or other untrained personnel but should be conducted scientifically by the forensic science team. The forensic anthropologist/archaeologist is a key member of this team. This is a theme of Edward W. Killam's reference book, The Detection of Human Remains, which provides a summary of the problems involved in the detection of buried bodies and describes the techniques which can be utilized for their recovery.
Notch signaling regulates gastric antral LGR5 stem cell function
Authors: Demitrack Elise S , Gifford Gail B , Keeley Theresa M , Carulli Alexis J , VanDussen Kelli L , Thomas Dafydd , Giordano Thomas J , Liu Zhenyi , Kopan Raphael , Samuelson Linda C 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe major signaling pathways regulating gastric stem cells are unknown. Here we report that Notch signaling is essential for homeostasis of LGR5+ antral stem cells. Pathway inhibition reduced proliferation of gastric stem and progenitor cells, while activation increased proliferation. Notch dysregulation also altered differentiation, with inhibition inducing mucous and endocrine cell differentiation while activation reduced differentiation. Analysis of gastric organoids demonstrated that Notch signaling was intrinsic to the epithelium and regulated growth. Furthermore, in vivo Notch manipulation affected the efficiency of organoid initiation from glands and single Lgr5‐GFP stem cells, suggesting regulation of stem cell function. Strikingly, constitutive Notch activation in LGR5+ stem cells induced tissue expansion via antral gland fission. Lineage tracing using a multi‐colored reporter demonstrated that Notch‐activated stem cells rapidly generate monoclonal glands, suggesting a competitive advantage over unmanipulated stem cells. Notch activation was associated with increased mTOR signaling, and mTORC1 inhibition normalized NICD‐induced increases in proliferation and gland fission. Chronic Notch activation induced undifferentiated, hyper‐proliferative polyps, suggesting that aberrant activation of Notch in gastric stem cells may contribute to gastric tumorigenesis.
How to produce a desired bimodal microstructure for optimized mechanical properties: Investigation of the mechanisms of abnormal grain growth in pulsed electro-deposited nickel
Authors: Kerger Philipp , Rathmann Dominic , Marx Michael , Motz Christian 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Mechanical properties of metallic materials are often optimized by a specific heat treatment to adjust a required grain size. Thereby solute atoms, impurities or precipitates play an important role due to their retarding forces on the grain boundary movement. However, they not only stabilize small grain sizes during a heat treatment, it is also suggested that they introduce abnormal grain growth whereby for a small amount of grains the grain size increases tenfold and more. On the one hand abnormal grain growth impedes the adjustment of a required grain size; on the other hand it can be used to introduce bimodal grain structures which are known to combine opposing mechanical properties such as a high toughness and a high ductility. Therefore, the mechanisms of abnormal grain growth are investigated by varying the content of additives during the deposition process. Particle pinning is suggested as the mechanism responsible for abnormal grain growth at least in the initial stage, while a second phase may introduce extraordinary cubic grains growing abnormally in the late stage.