bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of a Hexagonal Array in Exosporium of a Highly Sporogenic Mutant of Clostridium botulinum Type A Revealed by Electron Microscopy Using Optical Diffraction and Filtration
Authors: Masuda Kuniyoshi , Kawata Tomio , Takumi Kenji , Kinouchi Takemi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe ultrastructure of a hexagonal array in the exosporium from spores of a highly sporogenic mutant of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L was studied by electron microscopy of negatively stained exosporium fragments using optical diffraction and filtration. The exosporium was composed of three or more lamellae showing an equilateral, hexagonal periodicity. Images of the single exosporium layer from which the noise had been filtered optically revealed that the hexagonally arranged, morphological unit of the exosporium was composed of three globular subunits about 2.1 nm in diameter which were arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with sides of about 2.4 nm. The morphological units were arranged with a spacing of about 4.5 nm. The adjacent globular subunits appeared to be interconnected by delicate linkers.
Regulation of the In Vitro Secondary Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxic Response against Syngeneic FBL‐3 Leukemia by Macrophages
Authors: Igarashi Tsuyoshi , Teranishi Tsuyoshi , Rodrigues Dennis , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDepletion of macrophages from immune spleen cells by treatment with carbonyl iron and magnet or by in vivo treatment with carrageenan enhanced the in vitro secondary cell‐mediated cytotoxic response against a syngeneic Friend virus‐induced leukemia, FBL‐3 cells of C57BL/6 mice. However, further depletion of macrophages by passing the carbonyl iron‐treated immune spleen cells through a nylon wool column abrogated the cytotoxic response. The addition of splenic macrophage‐enriched preparations from either FBL‐3‐immune or normal mice suppressed the cytotoxic response of immune spleen cells treated with carbonyl iron and magnet. This suppressive effect of splenic macrophages presented a marked contrast with the enhancing effect of normal peritoneal macrophages on the same cell‐mediated cytotoxic response, indicating regulation of the generation of killer T cells against a syngeneic tumor by functionally distinct macrophages. The suppressed cell‐mediated cytotoxic response against FBL‐3 cells by immune spleen cells was augmented by the addition of indomethacin to the culture medium, and this augmentation with indomethacin was greatly decreased by depletion of phagocytic cells from the immune spleen by treatment with carbonyl iron and magnet. The mechanisms of regulation of the cell‐mediated cytotoxic response with soluble factors released from macrophages are discussed.
Immunopharmacological Approach to Forssman Shock
Authors: Nagai Hiroichi , Kurimoto Yoshiyuki , Koda Akihide 
Published: November 2013

AbstractForssman shock (FS) following the intravenous injection of antisheep erythrocyte antibody into guinea pigs resulted in fatal systemic shock with marked decrease in CH50 values of complement, leucocyte, and platelet counts, and a prolongation of blood coagulation time. In addition, there was an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, and decreases in both esterase activity and fibrinogen levels were noted. F(ab′)2 of antisheep erythrocyte IgG antibody was not capable of eliciting FS. Cobra venom factor showed a fairly potent inhibition of FS. Leukopenia induced by cytosine arabinoside given intraperitoneally for 5 days had no effect on FS. Colchicine, which decreased the leucocyte count, did not inhibit fatal systemic shock. Administration of heparin or trasyrol did not prevent FS. The present findings demonstrate that FS is inhibited by anticomplementary agents but not by drugs which affect leucocyte and platelet counts, the coagulation system or serum proteases.
Formation of Mononuclear Phagocyte (Macrophage) Colonies by Mouse Spleen Cells in Liquid Culture
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi , Nagase Fumihiko , Ohta Michio , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen spleen cells of the adult mouse were tested for the formation of mononuclear phagocyte (macrophage) colonies by the liquid culture technique with an incubation period of 7–8 days, about 100 macrophage colonies were produced from 1 × 106 cells. The number of macrophage colonies appearing after 2 days of incubation was small, but thereafter increased progressively up to at least 8 days. In the later stages of incubation (after day 6) large colonies consisting of more than 100 cells appeared. Macrophage colonies in the early stages consisted almost solely of macrophages. On day 6 significant numbers of small round mononuclear cells with no detectable phagocytic activity were seen in the center of large colonies, and by day 8 marked crowding of these cells had occurred. The peripheral region of the large colonies consisted mainly of macrophages and the intermediate region of middle‐sized round or slightly stretched cells with weak phagocytic activity. Approximately two‐thirds of the colony‐forming cells still remained after glass‐adherent cells were removed from the spleen cells by passing over a glass‐bead column. In cultures of glass‐nonadherent cells macrophage colonies were not generated in the early stage. The number of colony‐forming cells did not change significantly even after actively phagocytic cells were rigorously removed from the spleen cells. In addition, no macrophage colonies were generated in cultures of spleen cells treated with mitomycin C.
Sugar Composition of O‐Antigenic Lipopolysaccharides Isolated from Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Hisatsune Kazuhito , Kiuye Akira , Kondo Seiichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVibrio parahaemolyticus, a causative bacterium of food poisoning unique for its particular primary association with sea products, is now divided serologically into 11 or 12 O‐forms based on agglutination and agglutinin‐absorption tests. We determined the sugar composition of the somatic O‐antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), of representative strains of each O‐form. Of particular interest is the absence of evidence for the presence of 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octonic acid (KDO), a regular sugar component of gram‐negative bacterial LPS, in any LPS examined, with the exception of 06. Furthermore, 07 and 012 LPS contained a KDO‐like compound that is, however, not identical with KDO. Glucose, glucosamine, and L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose were found as common sugar constituents. Three unidentified amino sugars, designated here as P1, P2, and P3, were found. Various combinations of each of these unidentified amino sugars, and of galactose, fucose, arabinose, D‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose, galactosamine, KDO, and the KDO‐like substance were detected in accordance with the O‐form of LPS. On the basis of the sugar composition, LPS of the 12 O‐forms of V. parahaemolyticus can be classified into nine chemotypes, because 03, 05, and 011 LPS belong to the same chemotype and 07 and 012 to another chemotype.
Numerical Changes in T Cell Subsets (Tγ and Tμ) in Leprosy Patients
Authors: Izumi Shinzo , Sugiyama Kazuko , Matsumoto Yoshiko , Nagai Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEighty‐six leprosy patients (49 active lepromatous, 24 inactive lepromatous, 7 borderline, and 6 tuberculoid) and nine healthy controls were examined for numerical changes in T cell subsets (Tγ and Tμ), and complement levels in peripheral blood to determine the roles of T cell subsets and complement in the etiology of leprosy.The percentage and number of Tγ and Tμ cells showed no significant differences among the different clinical groups, but 4 out of 49 active lepromatous, 3 out of 24 inactive lepromatous and 3 out of 7 borderline cases showed a high percentage of Tγ cells.Serum concentrations of C4, C3c, and C3 activator, an important factor in the alternative pathway of complement activation, were not significantly different among the groups. However, C3 activator and C3c concentrations were significantly high in active lepromatous patients complicated by an immune complex disease called “erythema nodosum leprosum” (ENL) compared with ENL‐free active lepromatous leprosy.
Studies on the Cross‐Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Strain H37Rv, to Aminoglycoside‐ and Peptide‐Antibiotics
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVarious phenotypes of the resistance to aminoglycoside‐ and peptide‐antibiotics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv were produced by single‐ and/or two‐step selection of the parent strain. Mutants obtained by single‐step selection with antibiotics were classified into ten phenotypes; one of single resistance, two of triple resistance, three of quadruple resistance, and four of sextuple resistance. There were two kinds of sextuple resistance (high resistance to enviomycin, viomycin, capreomycin, kanamycin, lividomycin, and paromomycin). One was isolated from the parent strain by single‐step selection and could be eliminated by mutation to isoniazid resistance, the other was obtained by two‐step selections and was not eliminated by mutation to isoniazid resistance. Interaction between mutation to streptomycin resistance and mutation to quadruple resistance (4R phenotype) was observed. Streptomycin resistance interfered with the formation of the 4R phenotype and produced a different phenotype, KR instead of the 4R phenotype. The existence of mutation of the 4R phenotype did not usually interfere with mutation to streptomycin resistance, but a small portion of the mutants with the 4R phenotype were altered in their phenotype from 4R to KR after addition of the mutation to streptomycin resistance. This effect of the mutation to streptomycin resistance was not observed in mutants which already had a mutation to klR phenotype (mutation to low concentrations of kanamycin only).
Purification and Some Properties of β‐Lactamases from Proteus rettgeri and Proteus inconstans
Authors: Ohya Satoshi , Fujii‐Kuriyama Yoshiaki , Yamamoto Mitsuyo , Sugawara Shinichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo β‐lactamases were isolated from strains of Proteus species and purified, one from a strain of P. rettgeri and the other from a strain of P. inconstans. Each enzyme preparation gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of P. rettgeri and P. inconstans enzymes were found to be 42,000 and 43,000, and their isoelectric points pH 8.7 and 8.6, respectively. The two enzymes presented typical cephalosporinase profiles. Cefmetazole (CS‐1170) and cefoxitin, both cephamycin antibiotics, not only resisted hydrolysis by both of the enzymes, but also inhibited their activities competitively. Rabbit antiserum against purified P. rettgeri enzyme inhibited the activity of both purified and crude enzyme preparations from other strains of P. rettgeri so far tested. None of the β‐lactamases produced by other species of Proteus including P. inconstans was inhibited by the antiserum, thus showing that the purified cephalosporinase was of the species‐specific type. The enzymological properties of the preparations were compared with those of β‐lactamases derived from other gram‐negative enteric bacteria.
A Mouse Model for the Pathogenesis and Postexposure Prophylaxis of Rabies
Authors: Mifune Kumato , Shichijo Akehisa , Marino Yoshihiro , Takeughi Eriko , Yamada Akira , Sakamoto Kuniaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA mouse model for the study of postexposure prophylaxis of rabies was established. Mice injected intramuscularly with a street strain of rabies virus were significantly protected from death by five daily 0.2‐ml doses of inactivated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin initiated immediately or 3 hr after infection. In these mice, a large amount of circulating interferon was induced as early as 1 hr after the first dose of vaccine and lasted until at least 12 hr but no such amount of interferon was induced by additional doses of vaccine. Serum antibody was first detected in the mice on day 6. It was noted that some of the surviving mice manifested an ataxia or paralysis of the legs. Increasing mortality rates were shown in mice treated with decreasing doses of the vaccine. Passive protection tests using concentrated IgG and IgM antibodies with equivalent neutralization titers showed that IgG antibody gave total protection when given 24 hr before the infection, while it was almost totally ineffective in reducing the mortality when given 2 days or more after infection. IgM antibody did not protect the mice even when given 24 hr before infection. These results suggest that interferon production is more important than antibody production in the initial stages of protection by postexposure vaccination. However, the mechanisms of postexposure prophylaxis in this model could not be explained only by the interferon produced by the vaccine and the possible contributions of additional mechanisms were suggested.
Enhanced Production of Virus‐Inhibiting Factor (Interferon) in Human Diploid Cells by Ultraviolet Irradiation and Temperature Shift‐Down after Stimulation with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Maehara Nobutoshi , Komatsu Haruko , Shimoda Kazunobu , Marino Satoshi , Nagano Yasuiti , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe production of the virus‐inhibiting factor or interferon (IF) was highest in cells incubated at 37 C after inoculation with Newcastle disease (ND) virus and decreased as the incubation temperature was lowered. Shift‐down of incubation temperature to 32 C or 34 C after incubation at 37 C for 4–7 hr enhanced IF production in cell cultures stimulated with ND virus, as compared with cultures incubated continuously at 37 C. Shift‐down to 32 C after incubation at 37 C for 6 hr. was optimal for this enhancement of IF yield. Enhanced IF production was also observed in cell cultures irradiated by ultraviolet light 4–7 hr after stimulation with ND virus.
Effects of Dextran Sulfate 500 on Protective Responses to Sublethal Trichomonas foetus Infection in Mice
Authors: Oka Yoshikazu , Hayashi Hiromi , Ishikawa Fujiro , Osaki Humio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to analyze the host‐parasite interactions in experimental trichomoniasis, the growth of Trichomonas foetus in the peritoneal cavity and changes in the peritoneal exudate cells were followed in mice treated with dextran sulfate 500 (DS 500), a known macrophage‐toxic agent. Light microscopic observation showed that DS 500 treatment induced degeneration of peritoneal macrophages within about 48 hr after the treatment and the damaged macrophages did not phagocytize the parasites, whereas peritoneal neutrophils and lymphocytes were not affected by the drug. In the DS 500‐treated mice, growth of parasites in the peritoneal cavity was accelerated and a high susceptibility of the mice to T. foetus infection was observed. These results indicate that macrophages play the most important role among the peritoneal exudate cells in resistance to T. foetus infection, especially during the early stage of infection.
Polyclonal Antibody Production in Murine Spleen Cells Induced by Staphylococcus
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Toyoda Hideko , Tanabe Masao J. , Matsumoto Takao , Masuda Shogo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPolyclonal plaque‐forming cell (PFC) responses in murine spleen cells induced by Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were studied. Injection of Balb/c mice with S. aureus strain 248βH resulted in the generation of anti‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) and anti‐sheep red blood cell PFC in their spleens. Cultures of Balb/c spleen cells in the presence of S. aureus 248βH, Cowan I, or a protein A‐deficient mutant yielded many anti‐TNP PFC. The larger the number of organisms that were added to the cultures, the better was the PFC response. Both living and killed organisms, were capable of inducing the response, but an excess of living 248βH organisms in the cultures abrogated the response. All of the organisms (12 strains of S. aureus and 11 strains of S. epidermidis) freshly isolated from patients had the ability to induce the polyclonal PFC response in cell cultures.These organisms stimulated cultured C3H/HeJ mouse spleen cells, which were unresponsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cultured cells from the spleens of athymic nu/nu mice also responded to these organisms, and the number of PFC in nu/nu cell cultures was always greater than that in nu/+ cells prepared from a haired litter mate. Moreover, the responses of nu/nu spleen cell cultures to which nylon wool column‐filtered splenic nu/+ T cells were added were lower than expected. These findings suggest that the polyclonal PFC response to staphylococci is thymus independent, but that the magnitude of the response is regulated by mature T cells. Cultures of macrophage‐depleted spleen cells responded to the organisms to an extent similar to that of the control.The 248βH organisms were less capable of stimulating spleen cells of 2‐week‐old mice (i.e., early maturing B cells) than LPS. However, spleen cells from adult (7‐week‐old) and aged (9‐month‐old) mice responded well to both the organisms and LPS. Previous sensitization with the organisms in vivo did not affect any polyclonal responses of spleen cells in vitro to either the organisms or LPS. The role of staphylococcal protein A in the polyclonal PFC response to staphylococci is discussed.
Adherence of Yersinia enterocolitica to Mammalian Epithelial Cell Lines
Authors: Okamoto Keinosuke , Inoue Takashi , Ighikawa Hidetaka , Kawamoto Yasuko , Hara Susumu , Miyama Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractYersinia enterocolitica RIMD 2501003 grown at 25 C avidly adhered to various kinds of cultured epithelial cell lines (HeLa, FL, Y‐1 adrenal, human intestine, human conjunctiva) but the bacteria grown at 37 C did not adhere. This phenomenon paralleled the temperature‐dependent motility of the bacteria. To clarify the adherence mechanism, we obtained two kinds of mutants, an immobile mutant and a nonadherent mutant, by treatment with A‐methyl‐A‐nitro‐A‐nitrosoguanidine. The immobile mutant did not move on soft agar but retained the capacity to adhere to cultured epithelial cells when grown at 25 C. The nonadherent mutant did not adhere to cultured epithelial cells but retained the ability to move on soft agar when grown at 25 C.When the bacteria were killed by heat, ultraviolet light irradiation or formaldehyde they lost their capacity to adhere to the cultured epithelial cells.Antiserum against Y. enterocolitica RIMD 2501003 grown at 25 C was absorbed with the bacteria grown at 37 C, with the bacteria grown at 25 C, with the nonadherent mutant grown at 25 C and with the bacteria killed by various means. Only the antiserum absorbed with bacteria grown at 37 C inhibited the adherence of bacteria.These data indicate that motility does not correlate with adherence of Y. enterocolitica. It appears that the adherence factor involves both a temperature‐dependent surface factor and a factor synthesized de novo during the interaction of susceptible cells with the bacteria.
Mode of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Virus Infection in Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Ohughi Masanobu , Ohuchi Reiko , Homma Morio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCell‐free infectious viruses were successfully recovered by the aid of freezing and thawing from cultures infected with the Kitaken‐1 and Biken strains of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus. Our results including those in a previous report which dealt with the Niigata‐1 strain of SSPE virus show that cell‐free viruses can be detected from all of the SSPE virus‐carrying cultures established in Japan. It was also found that cell‐free infectious viruses can be recovered efficiently by dispersing the virus‐carrying cultures with EDTA. The inclusion of trypsin in the EDTA solution, however, caused a poor recovery of the infectious viruses. Infection of cells with the cell‐free viruses readily established the virus‐carrying cultures that have characteristics comparable to those of their original cultures. The culture infected with the Kitaken‐1 strain produced infectious viruses in about ten times the amount of the other two infected cultures. The buoyant densities of the cell‐free infectious viruses were almost the same among the three strains, the values being 1.120 to 1.132, but significantly less than that of 1.164 of measles virus. The low density can be ascribed to one of the characteristics of these SSPE viruses.
Mitogenic Activity of Cytoplasmic Membranes Isolated from L‐Forms of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Takada Haruhiko , Hirachi Yoshiyuki , Hashizume Hideo , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCytoplasmic membranes of L‐forms of Staphylococcus aureus exerted a strong mitogenic effect on splenocytes of athymic nude mice as well as normal mice, while a cytoplasmic fraction of the same bacteria did not show definite mitogenicity. The mitogenic principle(s) of the membrane fraction was resistant to treatment with trypsin and was heat stable (at 100 C for 10 min). The active principle(s) in the insoluble residue of the membrane fraction digested with trypsin was not extracted with cold acetone, but could be solubilized by extraction with a cold chloroform‐methanol mixture (2:1, v/v). The mitogenic principle(s) in the extract was fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography. Among five fractions separated by chromatography, fractions eluted with chloroform‐methanol mixtures (1:1 and 1:20, v/v) were found to be strongly mitogenic.The cytoplasmic membranes of the L‐forms also exerted a definite mitogenic effect on guinea pig splenocytes, but not on the thymocytes.
Drug Resistance and R Plasmids in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Imported Pet Birds
Authors: Nakamura Masayuki , Fukazawa Mitsuo , Yoshimura Haruo , Koeda Tetsuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDrug resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pet birds (mynahs, macaws, finches, common bengals, parrots, and flamingos) imported into Japan from 10 foreign countries in 1977 and 1978 was investigated. Of the 309 strains isolated from 127 pet birds in the Animal Quarantine Service, 232 (75.1%) were drug resistant. Furthermore, strains resistant to oxytetracycline hydrochloride, dihydrostreptomycin, and sulfadimethoxine were relatively common. Resistance patterns varied from single to sextuple resistance, and 148 (63.8%) of the resistant strains had conjugative R plasmids. These results suggest that the high incidence of drug resistance and R plasmids in E. coli strains isolated from these pet birds may be a reflection of the prophylactic use of antibiotics for the prevention of diseases which increasingly occur with importation of the birds. Furthermore, the results suggest that the birds may be potential reservoirs of drug‐resistant E. coli for families who raise and have intimate contact with such birds.
Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage Maps of the Ampicillin Transposons Tn2601 and Tn2602
Authors: Yamamoto Tomoko , Yamagata Somay , Hashimoto Yohko , Yamagishi Saburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper reports the cleavage maps of ampicillin transposons Tn2601 and Tn2602, for restriction endonucleases BamHI, PvuII, AvaI, HincII, and HaeII. Both of the transposons are very similar to the well‐known ampicillin transposon Tn3 in size, endonuclease cleavage sites, and possession of a short inverted repeat sequence at both ends. A slight difference in the cleavage pattern among these three transposons was observed in the region around the BamHI site which was assumed to be a part of the repressor gene for transposition.