bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Posterior Laser-Assisted Capsulotomy
Authors: Dick H. Burkhard , Schultz Tim 
Published: February 2014

PURPOSE:
To describe new techniques for performing primary posterior laser-assisted capsulotomy (PLC) to prevent posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery.

METHODS:
After lens and cortex removal, three different techniques were used to cut the posterior capsule with an image-guided (optical coherence tomography [OCT]) femtosecond laser. Technique 1: Prior to intra-ocular lens (IOL) implantation, the posterior capsule was carefully opened and elevated with ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) whereas the anterior hyaloid surface remains intact. After sterile re-docking, the posterior capsule was cut and removed and followed by IOL implantation. Techniques 2 and 3: After IOL implantation, a thin layer of OVD was injected between the IOL optic and the posterior capsule. After sterile re-docking, Berger’s space and the posterior capsule were identified using OCT and the capsule was cut by the laser. The posterior capsule is located close to the anterior hyaloid membrane in Technique 2 and the posterior capsule is located between the posterior optic surface of the IOL and the anterior hyaloid in Technique 3.

RESULTS:
Technique 1 was performed in 50 PLC cases. All capsulotomies were easy to remove and no complications were observed. Techniques 2 and 3 were performed in 53 of 55 PLC cases. In 45 of these cases (82%), the posterior capsule was localized with open space between the IOL and Berger’s space. In all treated PLC cases, a 360° cut was successfully accomplished.

CONCLUSION:
The described techniques for PLC have the potential to prevent and solve posterior capsule opacification in routine cases.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(2):128–133.]
Re-evaluating Our Perspective on Retinal Artery Occlusion from Carotid Dissection: A Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Patel Mrinali , Shah Gaurav , Davies John B. , Mittra Robert A. , Eliott Dean 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Retinal artery occlusion from carotid dissection is rare and classically considered a post-traumatic phenomenon occurring in young patients and associated with additional symptoms of dissection such as neck pain, headache, or focal neurological deficits.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
The authors report three cases of retinal artery occlusion due to carotid artery dissection and briefly review the literature.

RESULTS:
Antecedent trauma or neck injury was reported in only 42% (five of 12) of previously reported cases and in none of the three cases presented here. All three patients in this series initially denied symptoms such as headache or neck pain; however, one patient’s wife later recalled her husband experiencing minor neck soreness several days prior to visual loss. In 17% (two of 12) of previously reported cases, no additional symptoms of carotid dissection were reported.

CONCLUSION:
These cases highlight the importance of considering carotid dissection in young patients with retinal artery occlusion, even in the absence of a report of recent trauma or associated symptoms such as pain.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:555–650.]
Serum Erythropoietin, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Etiopathogenesis of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Yenice Ozlem , Çerman Eren , Ashour Ahmet , Firat Ridvan , Haklar Goncagul , Sirikci Onder , Akman Ipek , Kazokoglu Haluk 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is known. To better understand this issue, the authors investigated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and erythropoietin (EPO) levels in the cord blood of premature newborns.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
IGF-1, VEGF, and EPO levels were measured in cord blood samples obtained from 93 infants less than 32 weeks of gestational age at birth, and their predictive value in the development of ROP was investigated.

RESULTS:

The mean birth age and mean birth weight were 32.2 ± 1.5 weeks and 1,678 ± 326 g, respectively, in infants without ROP and 29.6 ± 2.3 weeks and 1,384 ± 343 g, respectively, in infants with ROP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only the gestational age and the serum VEGF at birth were independently associated with the risk of developing ROP (
P
= .002, Exp[B] = 0.514, CI = 95%: 0.341–0.775;
P
= .028, Exp[B] = 0.999, CI = 95%: 0.997–1.00).

CONCLUSION:
Serum VEGF levels at birth were lower in infants who later developed ROP. This may have a predictive value for ROP and contribute to the pathogenesis, because affected infants may be more susceptible to extrauterine hyperoxic insult.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:549–554.]
Differential Flow Rate of Commercially Available Triamcinolone With and Without Preservative Through Small-Gauge Needles
Authors: Cabrera Mariana , Gonzalez Alex , Albini Thomas A. , Rowaan Cornelis , Aguilar Mariela , Lee William , Fortun Jorge A. , Moshfeghi Andrew A. , Flynn Harry W , Parel Jean-Marie A. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the flow rate through different gauge needles of triamcinolone acetonide with benzyl alcohol (TABA) versus preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension (TAIS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Experimental injections of 1 mL of TABA or TAIS were performed through a 27-, 30-, or 32-gauge needle. A piezoelectric pressure transducer connected to a personal computer was placed between the syringe and needle to record the force-time relationship and assess the flow rate (mL/s). Measurements were performed in triplicate.

RESULTS:

Flow rates were similar between preparations using a 27-gauge needle. Using a 30-gauge needle, the flow rate was 0.058 mL/s for TABA and 0.178 mL/s for TAIS. Using a 32-gauge needle, no flow was sustained by TABA, whereas the flow rate of TAIS was 0.114 mL/s (
P
< .05).

CONCLUSION:
TAIS can be injected through a 32-gauge needle without the risk of obstruction. Occlusions were seen with TABA using the 30- and 32-gauge needles.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2014;45:54–57.]
Occult Wooden Posterior Segment Intraocular Foreign Body
Authors: Desai Ankit , Parihar Rohit , Mathews Joanne , Akduman Levent 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate B-scan and computed tomographic appearance of a wooden intraocular foreign body within the posterior segment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The authors report a case of a patient with an occult retained foreign body. To identify why the object was elusive, an in vitro study was conducted using computed tomography (CT) and B-scan on five human cadaveric eyes with known foreign bodies implanted into the vitreous cavity.

RESULTS:
Posterior segment metal and glass produced comet tail artifacts on B-scan, whereas stone, wood, and plastic produced shadowing artifacts. There was difficulty in identifying wood within the posterior chamber via CT. However, stone and plastic were easily detectable but difficult to identify without Hounsfield units.

CONCLUSION:
CT provides quick imaging of suspected posterior segment foreign bodies; however, B-scan ultrasonography may prove more useful than CT in detecting wooden foreign bodies.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:58–61.]
A TNF-α–CCL20–CCR6 Axis Regulates Nod1-Induced B Cell Responses
Authors: Paradis Maude , Mindt Barbara C. , Duerr Claudia U. , Rojas Olga L. , Ng Dennis , Boulianne Bryant , McCarthy Doug D. , Yu Mingxi Dennis , Summers deLuca Leslie E. , Ward Lesley A. , Waldron James B. , Philpott Dana J. , Gommerman Jennifer L. , Fritz Jörg H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInnate immune responses provoke the accumulation of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. In addition to monocytes and granulocytes, B cells also participate in antimicrobial innate immune responses; however, the mechanisms for accumulation of B cells to sites of inflammation are not well understood. To study B cell accumulation following systemic inflammation, we used a model synthetic ligand that stimulates a specific pattern recognition molecule, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–containing protein 1 (Nod1). Upon exposure to Nod1 agonists, both B cells and neutrophils rapidly accumulate within the spleen, and dendritic cells migrate into the periarterial lymphoid sheath. Nod1 stimulation led to a marked increase in several chemokines within the spleen, including CXCL13, CCL2, and CCL20. Whereas the lymphotoxin pathway was critical for the induction of the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 in response to Nod1 agonists, B cell accumulation within the spleen following Nod1-induced systemic inflammation was independent of the lymphotoxin pathway. In contrast, a CCR6/CCL20 chemokine loop instructed rapid increase of B cells in the spleen in response to systemic administration of Nod1 agonists in a TNF-α–dependent manner. Moreover, CCR6 was required to regulate Nod1-mediated B cell responses. These results reveal a novel mechanism of B cells during inflammation and shed light on how B cells participate in innate immune responses to microbial stimulation.
In Vivo Characterization of Alveolar and Interstitial Lung Macrophages in Rhesus Macaques: Implications for Understanding Lung Disease in Humans
Authors: Cai Yanhui , Sugimoto Chie , Arainga Mariluz , Alvarez Xavier , Didier Elizabeth S. , Kuroda Marcelo J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are commonly used to study lung macrophage-mediated immune responses. Questions remain, however, about whether AMs fully represent macrophage function in the lung. This study was performed to determine the contribution of interstitial macrophages (IMs) of lung tissue to pulmonary immunity and that are not present in BAL sampling. In vivo BrdU injection was performed to evaluate the kinetics and monocyte/tissue macrophage turnover in Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Lung macrophage phenotype and cell turnover were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. AMs and IMs in lungs of rhesus macaques composed ∼70% of immune response cells in the lung. AMs represented a larger proportion of macrophages, ∼75–80%, and exhibited minimal turnover. Conversely, IMs exhibited higher turnover rates that were similar to those of blood monocytes during steady-state homeostasis. IMs also exhibited higher staining for TUNEL, suggesting a continuous transition of blood monocytes replacing IMs undergoing apoptosis. Although AMs appear static in steady-state homeostasis, increased influx of new AMs derived from monocytes/IMs was observed after BAL procedure. Moreover, ex vivo IFN-γ plus LPS treatment significantly increased intracellular expression of TNF-α in IMs, but not in AMs. These findings indicate that the longer-lived AMs obtained from BAL may not represent the entire pulmonary spectrum of macrophage responses, and shorter-lived IMs may function as the critical mucosal macrophage subset in the lung that helps to maintain homeostasis and protect against continuous pathogen exposure from the environment.
Phosphatase Holoenzyme PP1/GADD34 Negatively Regulates TLR Response by Inhibiting TAK1 Serine 412 Phosphorylation
Authors: Gu Meidi , Ouyang Chuan , Lin Wenlong , Zhang Ting , Cao Xuetao , Xia Zongping , Wang Xiaojian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that fine tune TLRs responses need to be fully elucidated. Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) has been shown to be important in cell death and differentiation. However, the roles of PP1 in TLR-triggered immune response remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that PP1 inhibits the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathway and the production of TNF-α, IL-6 in macrophages triggered by TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 in a phosphatase-dependent manner. Conversely, PP1 knockdown increases TLRs-triggered signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production. Tautomycetin, a specific inhibitor of PP1, aggravates LPS-induced endotoxin shock in mice. We further demonstrate that PP1 negatively regulates TLR-triggered signaling by targeting TGF-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) serine 412 (Ser412) phosphorylation, which is required for activation of TAK1-mediated IL-1R and TLR signaling. Mutation of TAK1 Serine 412 to alanine (S412A) significantly inhibits TLR/IL-1R–triggered NF-κB and MAPK activation and induction of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophage and murine embryonic fibroblast cells. DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34) specifies PP1 to dephosphorylate TAK1 at Ser412. GADD34 depletion abolished the interaction between TAK1 and PP1, and it relieved PP1 overexpression-induced inhibition of TLRs signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production. In addition, knockdown of GADD34 significantly promotes TLR-induced TAK1 Ser412 phosphorylation, downstream NF-κB and MAPK activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, PP1, as a physiologic inhibitor, together with its regulatory subunit GADD34, tightly controls TLR-induced TAK1 Ser412 phosphorylation, preventing excessive activation of TLRs and protecting the host from overwhelmed inflammatory immune responses.
Identification and Preservation of External Branch of Superior Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroidectomy
Authors: Bokare Bhagyashree D , Athavale Poorva K , Ekhar Vipin R , Mahore Devendra Meghraj 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The basic principle of head and neck surgery is based on the identification and preservation of important structures, rather than avoidance. This principle is also applicable to identification and preservation of external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) as a standard routine in all thyroid surgeries. During thyroid surgery, the EBSLN is clearly at risk due to its close proximity to the superior thyroid artery (STA) and its branches that need to be ligated during dissection of the superior pole of the thyroid gland. Injury is detrimental to the patient by causing paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle which is the main tensor and pitch controlling mechanism of the vocal folds. Injury to the EBSLN during surgery can result in the voice changes, loss of upper range and easy fatigability of voice, the severity of which varies according to the vocal demand of the patient.
Total 45 cases of thyroid swellings were treated with surgery, in the Department of ENT at a tertiary care hospital during the period from 1st October 2009 to 30th October 2010. Hemithyroidectomy was the most common operative procedure implemented in 24 patients (53.33%) in which right sided was common. Next common procedure performed was that of total thyroidectomy in 14 patients (31.11%). Four patients underwent total thyroidectomy with neck dissection. The position of EBSLN was classified according the Cernea et al classification. In our study we found the EBSLN to be type I in 46.66%, type IIa in 73.33% and type IIb in 02.22%. The anatomical landmark taken into consideration to identify EBSLN was the Joll's triangle with its relation to the superior pole of the thyroid gland and STA.

How to cite this article
Athavale PK, Bokare BD, Ekhar VR, Mahore DM. Identification and Preservation of External Branch of Superior Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroidectomy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2013;3(2):39-41.
Resurgence of Diphtheria: Are We ready to treat?
Authors: Murthy GSN , Bhimeswar R , Kumar M Veera , Prasad P Krishna 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To create awareness amongst the medical faculty about a forgotten fatal disease (diphtheria). To determine the age distribution, immunization status, presenting features, prognosis with respect to duration after which they took medication and effect of ADS on recovery in cases of faucial and laryngeal diphtheria. To stress on the importance of DTP immunization to control diphtheria.

Study method
In this study, 15 patients who presented to the Government general hospital between July and September 2013 with membranous tonsillitis were enrolled. In every diphtheriaproven case, we administrated antidiphtheric serum (ADS) as early as possible along with injection crystalline penicillin (CP) and oral erythromycin. Tracheostomy was done in two cases who presented with stridor. Patient variables and their correlation with recovery were studied.

Results
Out of 15 cases of membranous tonsillitis, nine tested positive for diphtheria; eight, smear positive and one, culture positive. Of these nine cases, eight were between 9 and 13 years old and one was a 50-year-old man. While tracing immunization status, it was found that three children (33%) were not immunized, four children (22%) had not taken booster doses, and in one child and the adult, immunization history was unknown. Clinical presentation of two of the unimmunized cases was late (on 8th day of fever), with stridor due to laryngeal diphtheria. The third child presented with bull neck, and developed myocarditis. These three cases proved fatal. Six cases which presented early and were managed in time recovered fully.

Conclusion
Unimmunized children as well as adults are susceptible to diphtheria. High immunization coverage is the only tool to control this infection. Booster doses are needed to control disease in adults. It was found that early diagnosis with high index of suspicion and early administration of ADS along with good supportive therapy carried good prognosis. Every otolaryngologist, pediatrician as well as general practitioner should be ready to manage the cases of diphtheria. Government should be prepared to manage and control epidemics effectively.

How to cite this article
Murthy GSN, Bhimeswar R, Kumar MV, Prasad PK. Resurgence of Diphtheria: Are We ready to treat? Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2013;3(2):42-45.
Combined Recurrent Laryngeal and Phrenic Nerve Paralysis due to Aortic Arch Aneurysm
Authors: Joseph TK , Nair Reshmi M 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Idiopathic left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is a relatively common entity. However, very occasionally, a sinister mediastinal cause is diagnosed on investigation. Even more rare is the situation where the same lesion also causes a phrenic nerve palsy.
We present such an interesting case where an aortic arch aneurysm, in an elderly male with renal disease, led to both recurrent laryngeal and phrenic nerve palsies. The clinical features, management options and related literature are discussed.

How to cite this article
Joseph TK, Nair RM. Combined Recurrent Laryngeal and Phrenic Nerve Paralysis due to Aortic Arch Aneurysm. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2013;3(2):58-60.
Potential future dynamics of carbon fluxes and pools in New England forests and their climatic sensitivities: A model‐based study
Authors: Tang Guoping , Beckage Brian , Smith Benjamin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractProjections of terrestrial carbon (C) dynamics must account for interannual variation in ecosystem C exchange associated with climate change, increasing atmospheric CO2concentration, and species dynamics. We used a dynamic ecosystem model to (i) project the potential dynamics of C in New England forests under nine climate change scenarios (CCSs) for the 21st century and (ii) examine the sensitivity of potential C dynamics to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2concentration. Our results indicated that forest net primary productivity (NPP) and soil heterotrophic respiration (RH) averaged 428 and 279 gC/m2/yr and New England forests sequestered CO2by 149 gC/m2/yr in the baseline period (1971–2000). Under the nine future CCSs, NPP and RH were modeled to increase by an average rate of 0.85 and 0.56 gC/m2/yr2during 1971–2099. The asymmetric increase in NPP and RH resulted in New England forests sequestering atmospheric CO2at a net rate of 0.29 gC/m2/yr2with increases in vegetation and soil C. Simulations also indicated that climate warming alone decreases NPP, resulting in a net efflux of C from forests. In contrast, increasing precipitation by itself stimulates CO2sequestration by forests. At the individual cell level, however, changes in temperature or precipitation can either positively or negatively affect consequent C dynamics. Elevation of CO2levels was found to be the biggest driver for modeled future enhancement of C sequestration. Without the elevation of CO2levels, climate warming has the potential to change New England forests from C sinks to sources in the late 21st century.
Seismic structure of the north‐central Chilean convergent margin: Subduction erosion of a paleomagmatic arc
Authors: Contreras‐Reyes Eduardo , Becerra Juan , Kopp Heidrun , Reichert Christian , Díaz‐Naveas Juan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe study the erosive convergent margin of north‐central Chile (at ~31°S) by using high‐resolution bathymetric, wide‐angle refraction, and multichannel seismic reflection data to derive a detailed tomographic 2‐D velocity‐depth model. In the overriding plate, our velocity model shows that the lowermost crustal velocities beneath the upper continental slope are 6.0–6.5 km/s, which are interpreted as the continental basement composed by characteristic metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Coastal Cordillera. Beneath the lower and middle continental slope, however, the presence of a zone of reduced velocities (3.5–5.0 km/s) is interpreted as the outermost fore arc composed of volcanic rocks hydrofractured as a result of frontal and basal erosion. At the landward edge of the outermost fore arc, the bathymetric and seismic data provide evidence for the presence of a prominent trenchward dipping normal scarp (~1 km offset), which overlies a strong lateral velocity contrast from ~5.0 to ~6.0 km/s. This pronounced velocity contrast propagates deep into the continental crust, and it resembles a major normal listric fault. We interpret this seismic discontinuity as the volcanic‐continental basement contact of the submerged Coastal Cordillera characterized by a gravitational collapse of the outermost fore arc. Subduction erosion has, most likely, caused large‐scale crustal thinning and long‐term subsidence of the outermost fore arc.
Contribution to the Laser Welding of Wrought and Spray‐Compacted Aluminum Alloys and the Impact of the Alloy Composition on the Welding Microstructure
Authors: Gietzelt Thomas , Eichhorn Lutz , Wunsch Torsten , Gerhards Uta , Przeorski Thomas , Weiss Holger , Dittmeyer Roland 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCw‐laser weldings at different power, focal position, and welding velocity were performed on hypereutectic spray‐compacted aluminum alloys and AlMg3. Two light‐conducting cables, 0.1 and 0.4 mm in diameter were used. For AlMg3 shrink pores were observed for a broad range of parameters. However, for a narrow window pore free weldings seem possible. For comparison, the spray‐compacted hypereutectic aluminum alloys (AlSi17Fe4Cu2.5MgZr, AlSi20Fe5Ni2, and AlSi35Fe2Ni) were welded in extruded condition. The metallographic microstructure is very different and may support crack free weld seams. The results emphasize the impact of the energy density. Since for aluminum even small amounts of alloying elements change the heat conductivity drastically, all parameters have to be adjusted carefully.