bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Text and Context in Religious Studies and Yogācāra Cognitive Theory: Discovering Theory “in the Wild”
Authors: Waldron William S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the creative dynamic between abstraction, reification, and reflexivity in the study of religion in general and textual analysis and Indian Buddhist thought in particular. I define “texts” narrowly, as written materials signifying human speech, something doubly removed from sensory experience, inviting abstraction and reification, while enabling reflexive analysis. Such analyses accumulate in literate civilizations — alienating yet enabling us. For example, the critical methods of Biblical analysis ironically undermined its ownahistoricalassumptions, e.g., the idea of anUrtextindependent of historical context. Philosophy of science displays similar developments: abstract theories enable analyses of data, which are, however, only meaningful within specific contexts of interpretation. Indian Buddhist philosophy similarly critiques ordinary assumptions about identity, subserved by our innate tendencies to abstract and reify experience, while recognizing its analytic insights. Its own accumulating traditions led Buddhist thinkers to critique multiple theories of cognition, concluding that, like anUrtext, the notion of an independent Self is an abstract social and especially linguistic construct that, nevertheless, operates at the deepest levels of our common cognitive processes — an insight that depended on textual traditions to develop.
Fulfilling Article 29:1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child—the Aims of Education—through Religious Education
Authors: Jawoniyi Oduntan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article examines whether or not the ubiquitous model of religious education (i.e., non-confessional multifaith religious education (re)) in state schools in Great Britain is capable of fulfilling the aims of education articulated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc). It maintains that to the degree that this re model aims to promote critical, rational, and cognitive understanding of religion, it seeks to facilitate the development of children’s mental abilities. It also contends that to the extent that re curriculum contents mirror the theistic worldviews and non-theistic ideologies identified within its pluralistic social order, this curriculum subject aims to foster children’s development of respect for: human rights and fundamental freedoms; individual identity, affiliation, cultural diversity and pluralism; mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence; and, the natural environment. In these respects, re in state schools in Great Britain aspires to fulfil the educational aims enunciated in the uncrc.
Microphysical and Dynamical Characteristics of Low-Precipitation and Classic Supercells
Authors: Grant Leah D. , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The sensitivity of supercell morphology to the vertical distribution of moisture is investigated in this study using a cloud-resolving model with 300-m horizontal grid spacing. Simulated storms are found to transition from classic (CL) to low-precipitation (LP) supercells when the strength of elevated dry layers in the environmental moisture profile is increased. Resulting differences in the microphysical and dynamical characteristics of the CL and LPs are analyzed.
The LPs produce approximately half of the accumulated surface precipitation as the CL supercell. The precipitating area in the LPs is spatially smaller and overall less intense, especially in the rear-flank downdraft region. The LPs have smaller deviant rightward storm motion compared to the CL supercell, and updrafts are narrower and more tilted, in agreement with observations. Lower relative humidities within the dry layers enhance evaporation and erode the upshear cloud edge in the LPs. This combination favors a downshear distribution of hydrometeors. As a result, hail grows preferentially along the northeastern side of the updraft in the LPs as hail embryos are advected cyclonically around the mesocyclone, whereas the primary midlevel hail growth mechanism in the CL supercell follows the classic Browning and Foote model. The differing dominant hail growth mechanisms can explain the variations in surface precipitation distribution between CLs and LPs. While large changes in the microphysical structure are seen, similarities in the structure and strength of the updraft and vorticity indicate that LP and CL supercells are not dynamically distinct storm types.
Assessing the Importance of Prominent Warm SST Anomalies over the Midlatitude North Pacific in Forcing Large-Scale Atmospheric Anomalies during 2011 Summer and Autumn
Authors: Okajima Satoru , Nakamura Hisashi , Nishii Kazuaki , Miyasaka Takafumi , Kuwano-Yoshida Akira 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Sets of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments are conducted to assess the importance of prominent positive anomalies in sea surface temperature (SST) observed over the midlatitude North Pacific in forcing a persistent basin-scale anticyclonic circulation anomaly and its downstream influence in 2011 summer and autumn. The anticyclonic anomaly observed in October is well reproduced as a robust response of an AGCM forced only with the warm SST anomaly associated with the poleward-shifted oceanic frontal zone in the midlatitude Pacific. The equivalent barotropic anticyclonic anomaly over the North Pacific is maintained under strong transient eddy feedback forcing associated with the poleward-deflected storm track. As the downstream influence of the anomaly, abnormal warmth and dryness observed over the northern United States and southern Canada in October are also reproduced to some extent. The corresponding AGCM response over the North Pacific to the tropical SST anomalies is similar but substantially weaker and less robust, suggesting the primary importance of the prominent midlatitude SST anomaly in forcing the large-scale atmospheric anomalies observed in October 2011. In contrast, the model reproduction of the atmospheric anomalies observed in summer was unsuccessful. This appears to arise from the fact that, unlike in October, the midlatitude SST anomalies accompanied reduction of heat and moisture release from the ocean, indicative of the atmospheric thermodynamic forcing on the SST anomalies. Furthermore, the distinct seasonality in the AGCM responses to the warm SST anomalies may also be contributed to by the seasonality of background westerlies and storm track.
Summer High Temperature Extremes in Southeast China: Bonding with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and East Asian Summer Monsoon Coupled System
Authors: Wang Weiwen , Zhou Wen , Chen Deliang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study investigates summer high temperature extremes (HTEs) in southeast China and their linkage with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and atmospheric circulations in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). An interdecadal change in HTEs associated with the abrupt shift of the ENSO–monsoon climate in the late 1980s is demonstrated. Before this interdecadal shift, the interannual variability of HTEs was linked mainly to temperature adjustments associated with the meridional displacement of the East Asian jet stream (EAJS), whereas after the shift HTEs were found to follow an ENSO cycle, which may be due to intensified and persistent ENSO activities, tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warming, and changes in atmospheric teleconnections. Impacts of the EAJS, the South Asian high (SAH), and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) on HTEs are further investigated based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. It is found that mainly the first leading EOF mode with a homogeneous spatial pattern shows dominance before the interdecadal shift, whereas both of the first two leading EOF modes show dominance after the interdecadal shift. A possible mechanism of how HTEs in southeast China are linked to the EAJS, the SAH, and the WNPSH in the ENSO–monsoon coupled system is proposed.
Energy Fluxes in the Quasigeostrophic Double Gyre Problem
Authors: Straub David N. , Nadiga Balasubramanya T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe classic baroclinic, wind-driven, double gyre problem is considered over a range of deformation radii, wind stress amplitudes, and bottom friction coefficients with the aim of better understanding the transfer of energy across scales. In this β-plane basin setting, significant differences are found with respect to classic studies of geostrophic turbulence, which generally assume zonal periodicity and for which the β term does not play a direct role in the energy transfers. In a basin geometry, the β term can play a direct role in the transfers; for example, it can be the dominant term allowing for energy transfer between the basin scale and the baroclinic mesoscale. It is also found that barotropization of baroclinic energy forces the barotropic mode near scales at which bottom drag damps this mode. Associated with this, the barotropic, nonlinear, inverse energy cascade does not extend between mesoscale injection and large-scale dissipation wavenumbers, as is often assumed. Instead, it is part of a “double cascade” of barotropic energy in which the nonlinear inverse cascade is nearly offset by a forward cascade associated with the β term. This is particularly evident in weak bottom drag simulations, for which a time eddy-mean decomposition of the flow reveals the double cascade to be associated with the eddy-only terms.
Stratified Sampling Using Cluster Analysis
Authors: Tipton Elizabeth 
Published: March 2014

Background: An important question in the design of experiments is how to ensure that the findings from the experiment are generalizable to a larger population. This concern with generalizability is particularly important when treatment effects are heterogeneous and when selecting units into the experiment using random sampling is not possible—two conditions commonly met in large-scale educational experiments. Method: This article introduces a model-based balanced-sampling framework for improving generalizations, with a focus on developing methods that are robust to model misspecification. Additionally, the article provides a new method for sample selection within this framework: First units in an inference population are divided into relatively homogenous strata using cluster analysis, and then the sample is selected using distance rankings. Result: In order to demonstrate and evaluate the method, a reanalysis of a completed experiment is conducted. This example compares samples selected using the new method with the actual sample used in the experiment. Results indicate that even under high nonresponse, balance is better on most covariates and that fewer coverage errors result. Conclusion: The article concludes with a discussion of additional benefits and limitations of the method.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Acute Acoustic Trauma: A Rapid Systematic Review
Authors: van der Veen Erwin L. , van Hulst Rob A. , de Ru J. Alexander 
Published: March 2014

In this rapid systematic review, we studied the clinical question, What is the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on hearing thresholds in patients who suffered a recent acute acoustic trauma? After screening for eligible titles and abstracts and extracting duplicates, 6 original research papers could be found. The general methodology of the studies was weak and the differences between these studies were too profound to pool the data, especially because of heterogeneity in adjuvant therapies, follow‐up, and treatment protocol. The mean dB of hearing recovery in these studies ranged from 17 to 47 dB in the groups treated with hyperbaric oxygen versus 5 to 46 dB in the groups who did not receive hyperbaric oxygen therapy. We conclude that the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on hearing thresholds in patients with hearing loss caused by a recent acute acoustic trauma remains unclear. A well‐designed randomized controlled trial with enough power is advised to answer this clinical question.
Brainstem response to hypercapnia: A symptom provocation study into the pathophysiology of panic disorder
Authors: Goossens Liesbet , Leibold Nicole , Peeters Ronald , Esquivel Gabriel , Knuts Inge , Backes Walter , Marcelis Machteld , Hofman Paul , Griez Eric , Schruers Koen 
Published: March 2014

Background: The biological basis of uncued panic attacks is not yet understood. An important theory concerning the nature and cause of panic disorder is the ‘suffocation false alarm theory’. This alarm is supposed to be over-sensitive in panic disorder patients and can be triggered by CO2. No neurobiological substrate has been identified for such an alarm. The present study investigates differences in brain activation in panic patients, healthy individuals and experienced divers in response to CO2, representing three groups with descending sensitivity to CO2. Method: Brain activation was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects breathed through a mouthpiece delivering a continuous flow of 100% oxygen for two minutes, followed by a hypercapnic gas mixture (7% CO2) for the next two minutes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPM8. Results: There was a significant main effect of group in response to the CO2. Patients show increased brainstem activation in response to hypercapnia compared to controls and divers. Subjective feelings of breathing discomfort were positively correlated with brain activation in the anterior insula in all groups. Conclusion: This is the first study showing that the behavioural response to CO2 that characterises panic disorder patients is likely due to increased neural sensitivity to CO2 at brainstem level.
Quantitative measurements of brain iron deposition in cirrhotic patients using susceptibility mapping
Authors: Xia Shuang , Zheng Gang , Shen Wen , Liu Saifeng , Zhang Long Jiang , Haacke E Mark , Lu Guang Ming 
Published: March 2014

Background Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) has been used to detect micro-bleeds and iron deposits in the brain. However, no reports have been published on the application of SWI in studying iron changes in the brain of cirrhotic patients. Purpose To compare the susceptibility of different brain structures in cirrhotic patients with that in healthy controls and to evaluate susceptibility as a potential biomarker and correlate the measured susceptibility and cadaveric brain iron concentration for a variety of brain structures. Material and Methods Forty-three cirrhotic patients (27 men, 16 women; mean age, 50 ± 9 years) and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (22 men, 12 women; mean age, 47 ± 7 years) were included in this retrospective study. Susceptibility was measured in the frontal white matter, basal ganglia, midbrain, and dentate nucleus and compared with results gathered from two postmortem brain studies. Correlation between susceptibility and clinical biomarkers and neuropsychiatric tests scores was calculated. Results In cirrhotic patients, the susceptibility of left frontal white matter, bilateral caudate head, and right substantia nigra was higher than that in healthy controls ( P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between susceptibility and iron concentration from one postmortem brain study (r = 0.835, P = 0.01) in eight deep grey matter structures and another in five brain structures (r = 0.900, P = 0.03). The susceptibility of right caudate head (r = 0.402) and left caudate head (r = 0.408) correlated with neuropsychological test scores (both P < 0.05). Conclusion Abnormal iron deposits occur in cirrhotic patients and abnormal susceptibility of some brain regions appears to reflect neurocognitive changes.
Two- and three-dimensional CT measurements of urinary calculi length and width: a comparative study
Authors: Lidén Mats , Thunberg Per , Broxvall Mathias , Geijer Håkan 
Published: March 2014

Background The standard imaging procedure for a patient presenting with renal colic is unenhanced computed tomography (CT). The CT measured size has a close correlation to the estimated prognosis for spontaneous passage of a ureteral calculus. Size estimations of urinary calculi in CT images are still based on two-dimensional (2D) reformats. Purpose To develop and validate a calculus oriented three-dimensional (3D) method for measuring the length and width of urinary calculi and to compare the calculus oriented measurements of the length and width with corresponding 2D measurements obtained in axial and coronal reformats. Material and Methods Fifty unenhanced CT examinations demonstrating urinary calculi were included. A 3D symmetric segmentation algorithm was validated against reader size estimations. The calculus oriented size from the segmentation was then compared to the estimated size in axial and coronal 2D reformats. Results The validation showed 0.1 ± 0.7 mm agreement against reference measure. There was a 0.4 mm median bias for 3D estimated calculus length compared to 2D ( P < 0.001), but no significant bias for 3D width compared to 2D. Conclusion The length of a calculus in axial and coronal reformats becomes underestimated compared to 3D if its orientation is not aligned to the image planes. Future studies aiming to correlate calculus size with patient outcome should use a calculus oriented size estimation.
Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK
Authors: Elsone Liene , Kitley Joanna , Luppe Sebastian , Lythgoe Daniel , Mutch Kerry , Jacob Saiju , Brown Rachel , Moss Kathryn , McNeillis Benjamin , Goh Yee Yen , Leite M Isabel , Robertson Neil , Palace Jackie , Jacob Anu 
Published: March 2014

Background: Azathioprine (AZA) is a common immunosuppressive drug used for relapse prevention in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Objectives: The objective of this paper is to assess efficacy, tolerability and retention of AZA in a large NMO cohort. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMO and NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients treated with AZA. Results: This is the largest reported cohort of AQP4-Ab positive patients treated with AZA. Eighty-nine per cent ( n = 92) had reduction in median annualised relapse rates from 1.5 (IQR 0.6–4.0) to 0 (IQR 0–0.27, p < 0.00005) with treatment. Sixty-one per cent ( n = 63) remained relapse free at a median follow-up of 18 months. Neurological function improved or stabilised in 78%. At last follow-up, treatment was discontinued in 46% ( n = 47). Of these, 62% ( n = 29) were because of side effects, 19% ( n = 9) because of death, 15% ( n = 7) because of ongoing disease activity, and 2% ( n = 1) because of pregnancy. Using Kaplan-Meyer curves, we estimate that 73%, 58%, 47% and 33% of patients will remain on AZA for longer than one, three, five and 10 years, respectively, after initiation of treatment. Conclusions: AZA is a modestly effective treatment for NMO. However, many patients discontinue AZA over time and this seems to reflect poor tolerability more than lack of efficacy.
Educational needs, practice patterns and quality indicators to improve geriatric pharmacy care
Authors: Zou Dan , Tannenbaum Cara 
Published: March 2014

Background: As the population ages and pressure increases to reduce adverse drug reactions and drug-related hospitalizations in the elderly, there will be a growing demand for pharmacists to competently take on shared responsibility for effective and safe prescribing in older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional postal survey was distributed to 3927 hospital and community pharmacists across Québec about their educational needs and practice patterns in geriatric care. Perceptions of different quality performance indicators were sought. Modifiable factors associated with higher performance were determined using univariate logistic regression. Results: Seven hundred six pharmacists (18%) completed the survey. Less than 50% were aware of the prevalence of polypharmacy, inappropriate prescribing, drug-related hospitalizations or falls in the geriatric population. Forty-one percent of community pharmacists and 74% of hospital pharmacists acknowledged familiarity with the Beers criteria of drugs to avoid in the elderly. The likelihood of screening for inappropriate prescriptions was 2.96 (95% confidence interval = 1.97-4.47) among pharmacists familiar with the Beers criteria and 2.24 (95% confidence interval = 1.50-3.34) among those who received continuing geriatric education in the workplace. On average, pharmacists reported having time to conduct detailed medication reviews in 30% of their older patients. The 2 quality indicators of geriatric care that were ranked most pertinent were being able to track the number of patients requiring hospitalization for drug-related problems and monitoring rates of inappropriate prescriptions. Ninety-six percent of respondents desired continuing education about geriatric care. Conclusion: Exposure to continuing education in geriatric pharmacotherapy in the workplace is the most consistent determinant of professional performance to improve drug outcomes in the elderly.
Targeted disruption of hepcidin in the liver recapitulates the hemochromatotic phenotype
Authors: Zumerle Sara , Mathieu Jacques R. R. , Delga Stéphanie , Heinis Mylène , Viatte Lydie , Vaulont Sophie , Peyssonnaux Carole 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
Liver-specific hepcidin KO mice fully recapitulate the severe iron overload phenotype observed in the total KO mice. The hepcidin produced by hepatocytes is the main regulator of body iron homeostasis.
PSPHL and breast cancer in African American women: causative gene or population stratification?
Authors: Rummel Seth , Penatzer Cayla E , Shriver Craig D , Ellsworth Rachel E 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Phophoserine phosphatase-like (PSPHL) is expressed at significantly higher levels in breast tumors from African American women (AAW) compared to Caucasian women (CW). How overexpression of PSPHL contributes to outcome disparities is unclear, thus, molecular mechanisms driving expression differences between populations were evaluated.

Results
PCR was used to detect deletion of 30-Kb of chromosome 7p11 including the first three exons of PSPHL using genomic DNA from AAW (199 with invasive breast cancer, 360 controls) and CW (invasive breast cancer =589, 364 controls). Gene expression levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR using RNA isolated from tumor tissue and blood. Data were analyzed using chi-square analysis and Mann–Whitney U-tests; P < 0.05 was used to define significance. Gene expression levels correlated with deletion status: patients homozygous for the deletion had no detectable expression of PSPHL, while heterozygous had expression levels 2.1-fold lower than those homozygous for retention of PSPHL. Homozygous deletion of PSPHL was detected in 61% of CW compared to 6% of AAW with invasive breast cancer (P < 0.0001); genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between AAW with and without breast cancer (P = 0.211).

Conclusions
Thus, deletion of 7p11, which prevents expression of PSPHL, is significantly higher in CW compared to AAW, suggesting that this 30-kb deletion and subsequent disruption of PSPHL may be a derived trait in Caucasians. The similar frequency of the deletion allele in AAW with and without invasive breast cancer suggests that this difference represent population stratification, and does not contribute to cancer disparities.