bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the immunomodulatory potential of high‐molecular‐weight extracts from mushrooms; an assay based on THP‐1 macrophages
Authors: van de Velde Jan , Wilbers Ruud HP , Westerhof Lotte B , van Raaij Debbie R , Stavrakaki Ioanna , Sonnenberg Anton SM , Bakker Jaap , Schots Arjen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDFood is a potential source of immunomodulating compounds that may be used to steer immune responses towards a desired status such as reducing inflammatory disorders. However, to identify and characterize such bioactive compounds, biologically relevant and standardized assays are required. Macrophages play an important role in immunomodulation and are suited for developing cell‐based assays. An assay was developed based on macrophages, in a homogeneous differentiation state, using the human monocytic cell line THP‐1 previously used to assess immunomodulatory properties of low‐molecular‐weight allergens, hormones, dietary supplements and therapeutic drugs.RESULTSZymosan and mushroom polysaccharide extracts lead to a heterogeneous differentiation state of THP‐1 monocytes, and these cells secrete low levels of cytokines upon stimulation. Differentiation into macrophages using a low concentration of phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate improved responsiveness. Elevated levels of cytokines were secreted by cells in a homogenous differentiation state. In addition, it was determined that the assay performs best when using cells at a concentration of (2.5–5) × 105 cells mL−1.CONCLUSIONAn assay was developed suitable to distinguish the immunomodulatory properties of food compounds in a reproducible manner. It was evaluated using eight mushroom species by measuring the secretion of relevant cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental investigation on effects of surface texturing on lubrication of initial line contacts
Authors: Hao Lichun , Meng Yonggang , Chen Cheng 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTSurface texturing is a surface finishing technology. In recent years, it has been reported that textured surfaces with conformal parallel surface contacts can bear higher loads and result in lower friction than the smooth texture‐less surfaces. However, the effect of surface texturing on tribological behaviour in concentrated contact conditions is much more complicated. In this study, friction and wear properties of a line contact between cylindrical and plane surfaces in sliding were investigated experimentally in mixed lubrication conditions. Wear occurred on the cylinder. It was found that the surface texture with lower dimple area density and larger dimple size showed a better lubrication performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and Morphological Alterations Effected by Methylamine Reactions on Polyesters
Authors: Lugito Graecia , Wang Lai‐Yen , Woo Eamor M. 
Published: May 2014

Etching agents, including methylamine (MA) and several others, are used in many studies for exposing the crystal assembly in contrast to amorphous domains in polymer samples, for better morphology contrast. The selection of etching agents must be careful, so as not to alter the original chemical and crystal nature; otherwise misinterpretation may be a consequence. Apparently, the MA‐vapor treatment does not simply just induce physical etching through peeling off a covered layer from the polymer samples as many investigators so believed, but also causes severe chemical changes in many aliphatic and aromatic polymers. The chemical reactions between MA and the polyesters ultimately lead to different chemical structures, alteration in spherulites and lamellae, and sometimes completely different lamellar structures with a different melting peak, with C(O)O in the polymers being replaced with C(O)NH bonding. This study uses three examples of polyesters to amply exemplify the necessity of due care in avoiding chemical etching.
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Correction of gradient nonlinearity artifacts in prospective motion correction for 7T MRI
Authors: Yarach Uten , Luengviriya Chaiya , Danishad Appu , Stucht Daniel , Godenschweger Frank , Schulze Peter , Speck Oliver 
Published: May 2014

PurposeTo demonstrate the effect of gradient nonlinearity and develop a method for correction of gradient nonlinearity artifacts in prospective motion correction (Mo‐Co).MethodsNonlinear gradients can induce geometric distortions in magnetic resonance imaging, leading to pixel shifts with errors of up to several millimeters, thereby interfering with precise localization of anatomical structures. Prospective Mo‐Co has been extended by conventional gradient warp correction applied to individual phase encoding steps/groups during the reconstruction. The gradient‐related displacements are approximated using spherical harmonic functions. In addition, the combination of this method with a retrospective correction of the changes in the coil sensitivity profiles relative to the object (augmented sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction) was evaluated in simulation and experimental data.ResultsProspective Mo‐Co under gradient fields and coils sensitivity inconsistencies results in residual blurring, spatial distortion, and coil sensitivity mismatch artifacts. These errors can be considerably mitigated by the proposed method. High image quality with very little remaining artifacts was achieved after a few iterations. The relative image errors decreased from 25.7% to below 17.3% after 10 iterations.ConclusionThe combined correction of gradient nonlinearity and sensitivity map variation leads to a pronounced reduction of residual motion artifacts in prospectively motion‐corrected data. Magn Reson Med 73:1562–1569, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo lung morphometry with accelerated hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI: A preliminary study
Authors: Chang Yulin V. , Quirk James D. , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. 
Published: May 2014

PurposeParallel imaging can be used to reduce imaging time and to increase the spatial coverage in hyperpolarized gas magnetic resonance imaging of the lung. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we investigate the effects of parallel imaging on the morphometric measurement of lung microstructure using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized 3He.MethodsFully sampled and under‐sampled multi‐b diffusion data were acquired from human subjects using an 8‐channel 3He receive coil. A parallel imaging reconstruction technique (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions [GRAPPA]) was used to reconstruct under‐sampled k‐space data. The morphometric results of the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions‐reconstructed data were compared with the results of fully sampled data for three types of subjects: healthy volunteers, mild, and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.ResultsMorphometric measurements varied only slightly at mild acceleration factors. The results were largely well preserved compared to fully sampled data for different lung conditions.ConclusionParallel imaging, given sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio, provides a reliable means to accelerate hyperpolarized‐gas magnetic resonance imaging with no significant difference in the measurement of lung morphometry from the fully sampled images. GRAPPA is a promising technique to significantly reduce imaging time and/or to improve the spatial coverage for the morphometric measurement with hyperpolarized gases. Magn Reson Med 73:1609–1614, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mit IRMS der Natur auf der Spur
Authors: Mosandl Armin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMit Isotopenverhältnis‐Massenspektrometrie (IRMS), gekoppelt mit Kapillar‐GC, gelingt es, zwischen synthetischem, halbsynthetischem und natürlichem Vanillin aus Vanille‐Varietäten zu unterscheiden. Derartige Untersuchungsmethoden kann die amtlichen Lebensmittelüberwachung allerdings aus Kostengründen bisher nur in begrenztem Umfang nutzen.
GC‐MS/MS für PAK und
Authors: Schröder Stephan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDie Gehalte von polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) und polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) gehören zu den am häufigsten bestimmten Parametern in der Umweltanalytik. Die detaillierte Beschreibung des Vorgehens zeigt, wie sich mit GC‐MS/MS beide Stoffklassen mit Wasserstoff statt Helium als Trägergas parallel messen lassen.
Enhancements of clay exfoliation in polymer nanocomposites using a chemical blowing agent
Authors: Istrate Oana M , Chen Biqiong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA novel approach, via the use of a blowing agent (BA), to enhance clay exfoliation in polymer nanocomposites is reported. A commercial organoclay was treated with a common low‐cost BA, which was then melt‐processed with polymers in an extruder. The characterization results revealed that the degrees of exfoliation of the clay were increased when using BA. Consequently, the resultant nanocomposites exhibited improvements in thermal degradation temperature as compared to their corresponding polymers and nanocomposites without the involvement of BA. They also presented simultaneous improvements in stiffness, strength, ductility and toughness. These property enhancements were mainly attributed to the presence of BA in clay interlayers which degraded during melt compounding, generated gases and pushed clay layers apart, facilitating clay exfoliation under the shear forces. This work demonstrates the potential of using a BA to produce high‐performance polymer/clay nanocomposites by melt processing. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Miniaturization of a planar‐electrode linear ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Li Ailin , Hansen Brett J. , Powell Andrew T. , Hawkins Aaron R. , Austin Daniel E. 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALEWe describe the miniaturization of a linear‐type ion trap mass spectrometer for possible applications in portable chemical analysis. This work demonstrates the potential and the advantages of using lithographically patterned electrode plates in realizing an ion trap with dimension y0 less than 1 mm. The focus of this work was to demonstrate the viability and flexibility of the patterned electrode approach to trap miniaturization, and also to discover potential obstacles to its use.METHODSPlanar, low‐capacitance ceramic substrates were patterned with metal electrodes using photolithography. Plates that were originally used in a linear trap with a half‐spacing (y0) of 2.19 mm were positioned much closer together such that y0 = 0.95 mm. A capacitive voltage divider provided different radiofrequency (RF) amplitudes to each of 10 electrode elements (5 on each side of the ejection slit), and the capacitor values were adjusted to provide the correct electric field at this closer spacing. The length of the trapping region, 45 mm, is unchanged from the previous device.RESULTSElectron ionization mass spectra of toluene and dichloromethane demonstrate instrument performance, with better than unit mass resolution for the molecular ion and fragment ion peaks of toluene. Compared with the larger plate spacing, the signal is reduced, corresponding to the reduced trapping capacity of the smaller device. However, the mass resolution of the larger device is retained.CONCLUSIONSLithographically patterned substrates are a viable pathway to fabricating highly miniaturized ion traps for mass spectrometry. These results also demonstrate the possibility of significant reduction of the ion trap volume without physical modification of the electrodes. These experiments show promise for further miniaturization using assemblies of patterned ceramic plates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Effects of different ionization methods on the characterization of highly complex crude oil mixtures
Authors: Lababidi Sami , Schrader Wolfgang 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALECharacterization of crude oil represents a challenge for researchers due to its complexity. While Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) is the method of choice for such complex matrices the high number of ions present limits the efficiency of the analysis due to charge competition and space charge effects. One way to solve this problem is the direct coupling of FT‐ICR MS with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).METHODSNormal‐phase liquid chromatography was applied on a deasphalted crude oil sample by using a polar aminocyano‐bonded stationary phase with n‐hexane and isopropyl alcohol as a mobile phase. The HPLC system was coupled online to a 12 T ultrahigh‐resolution FT‐ICR mass spectrometer. Ion chromatograms were obtained with electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI).RESULTSThe chromatographic separation yielded a group separation into two peaks according to the polarity of the components. Each ionization technique was able to uniquely assign components differing in polarity and aromaticity. Additionally, an increase in aromaticity in the course of retention time for nonpolar species in the first peak was observed. Monitoring the ratio between protonated and radical mono‐nitrogen species was achieved.CONCLUSIONSFor the analysis of a crude oil sample, online coupling of a normal‐phase HPLC system to an FT‐ICR mass spectrometer was achieved. The results of the different ionization techniques were compared with each other, which enables a detailed characterization of the complex sample. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial transporters of the SLC25 family and associated diseases: a review
Authors: Palmieri Ferdinando 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo date, 14 inherited diseases (including phenotypes) associated to mitochondrial transporters of the SLC25 family have been well characterized biochemically and genetically. They are rare metabolic disorders caused by mutations in the SLC25 nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial carriers, a superfamily of 53 proteins in humans that shuttle a variety of solutes across the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial carriers vary considerably in the nature and size of the substrates they transport, the modes of transport and driving forces. However, their substrate translocation mechanism at the molecular level is thought to be basically the same. Herein, the main structural and functional properties of the SLC25 mitochondrial carriers and the known carrier‐related diseases are presented. Two of these disorders, ADP/ATP carrier deficiency and phosphate carrier deficiency, are caused by defects of the two mitochondrial carriers that provide mitochondria with ADP and phosphate, the substrates of oxidative phosphorylation; these disorders therefore are characterized by defective energy production by mitochondria. The mutations of SLC25 carrier genes involved in other cellular functions cause carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier deficiency, HHH syndrome, aspartate/glutamate isoform 1 and 2 deficiencies, congenital Amish microcephaly, neuropathy with bilateral striatal necrosis, congenital sideroblastic anemia, neonatal epileptic encephalopathy, and citrate carrier deficiency; these disorders are characterized by specific metabolic dysfunctions depending on the role of the defective carrier in intermediary metabolism.
Controlling factors of temporal variation of soil respiration in a natural beech forest as revealed by natural incubation experiments
Authors: Lu Shuang , Katahata Shinitirou , Naramoto Masaaki , Mizunaga Hiromi , Wang Quan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMicroorganisms decompose organic substrates to obtain energy. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and is the main cause of soil carbon release in terrestrial ecosystems. Fluctuations in microbial composition significantly affect net CO2 emissions in forests. Because factors are cross‐correlated, addressing how they affect soil respiration (Rs), both directly and indirectly, is challenging. In this study, Rs‐impacting soil properties, including soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), microbial diversity (Dsim, indicated by Simpson's diversity index), and total microbial DNA concentration in natural beech forests were examined by structure equation modeling (SEM), which can explicitly evaluate the causal relationships among interacting variables. The results showed that decreasing Dsim, soil temperature, SOC, and SON clearly had direct and indirect effects on Rs under natural conditions. Increasing temperature was a primary factor and promoted a decrease in Rs during the growth season. Dsim was the only parameter with a direct positive effect on Rs, indicating that microbial diversity could accurately predict Rs. Soil nutrient factors indirectly affected Rs through Dsim, which was also affected by soil physical and chemical properties. Significant covariance between SON and Rs (0.42, p < 0.001) indicated multiple interacting variables affecting soil activity. Although the current study suggests that SEM can clarify complex functional processes related to Rs, future studies should consider additional impacting variables such as vegetation properties and enzyme dynamics.
Super-low friction of ta-C coating in presence of oleic acid
Authors: Kano Makoto , Martin Jean Michel , Yoshida Kentaro , De Barros Bouchet Maria Isabel 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Friction tests have been carried out on bearing steel friction pairs coated with a-C:H and ta-C under lubricated conditions with 1-hexadecene and pure oleic acid, respectively. Main results show that ta-C leads to the super-low regime with oleic acid (friction coefficient below 0.01) and that a-C:H is quite well lubricated by 1-hexadecen. Surface analyses by coupling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been carried out in the case of oleic acid with ta-C and a-C:H coatings. Results show that tribochemical reactions have occurred. OH groups terminate the ta-C surface whereas a-C:H is covered by a thin tribofilm and is terminated by oleic acid monolayers. The superlow regime in the case of ta-C is mainly attributed to the presence of the OH-termination.
The Catalogue of Stellar Parameters from the Detached Double-Lined Eclipsing Binaries in the Milky Way
Authors: Eker Z. , Bilir S. , Soydugan F. , Gökçe E. Yaz , Soydugan E. , Tüysüz M. , Şenyüz T. , Demircan O. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe most accurate stellar astrophysical parameters were collected from the solutions of the light and the radial velocity curves of 257 detached double-lined eclipsing binaries in the Milky Way. The catalogue contains masses, radii, surface gravities, effective temperatures, luminosities, projected rotational velocities of the component stars, and the orbital parameters. The number of stars with accurate parameters increased 67% in comparison to the most recent similar collection by Torres, Andersen, & Giménez (2010). Distributions of some basic parameters were investigated. The ranges of effective temperatures, masses, and radii are $2\,750<T_{\text{eff}}$(K) < 43000, 0.18 < M/M⊙ < 33, and 0.2 < R/R⊙ < 21.2, respectively. Being mostly located in one kpc in the Solar neighborhood, the present sample covers distances up to 4.6 kpc within the two local Galactic arms, Carina-Sagittarius and Orion Spur. The number of stars with both mass and radius measurements better than 1% uncertainty is 93, better than 3% uncertainty is 311, and better than 5% uncertainty is 388. It is estimated from the Roche lobe filling factors that 455 stars (88.5% of the sample) are spherical within 1% of uncertainty.
An inverted cylindrical sputter magnetron as metal vapor supply for electron cyclotron resonance ion sources
Authors: Weichsel T. , Hartung U. , Kopte T. , Zschornack G. , Kreller M. , Silze A. 
Published: May 2014

An inverted cylindrical sputter magnetron device has been developed. The magnetron is acting as a metal vapor supply for an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source. FEM simulation of magnetic flux density was used to ensure that there is no critical interaction between both magnetic fields of magnetron and ECR ion source. Spatially resolved double Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy measurements show an increase in electron density by one order of magnitude from 1 × 1010 cm−3 to 1 × 1011 cm−3, when the magnetron plasma is exposed to the magnetic mirror field of the ECR ion source. Electron density enhancement is also indicated by magnetron plasma emission photography with a CCD camera. Furthermore, photographs visualize the formation of a localized loss-cone - area, when the magnetron is operated at magnetic mirror field conditions. The inverted cylindrical magnetron supplies a metal atom load rate of R &gt; 1 × 1018 atoms/s for aluminum, which meets the demand for the production of a milliampere Al+ ion beam.
Analytical gradients of complete active space self-consistent field energies using Cholesky decomposition: Geometry optimization and spin-state energetics of a ruthenium nitrosyl complex
Authors: Delcey Mickaël G. , Freitag Leon , Pedersen Thomas Bondo , Aquilante Francesco , Lindh Roland , González Leticia 
Published: May 2014

We present a formulation of analytical energy gradients at the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) level of theory employing density fitting (DF) techniques to enable efficient geometry optimizations of large systems. As an example, the ground and lowest triplet state geometries of a ruthenium nitrosyl complex are computed at the DF-CASSCF level of theory and compared with structures obtained from density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP, BP86, and M06L functionals. The average deviation of all bond lengths compared to the crystal structure is 0.042 Å at the DF-CASSCF level of theory, which is slightly larger but still comparable with the deviations obtained by the tested DFT functionals, e.g., 0.032 Å with M06L. Specifically, the root-mean-square deviation between the DF-CASSCF and best DFT coordinates, delivered by BP86, is only 0.08 Å for S0 and 0.11 Å for T1, indicating that the geometries are very similar. While keeping the mean energy gradient errors below 0.25%, the DF technique results in a 13-fold speedup compared to the conventional CASSCF geometry optimization algorithm. Additionally, we assess the singlet-triplet energy vertical and adiabatic differences with multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) using the DF-CASSCF and DFT optimized geometries. It is found that the vertical CASPT2 energies are relatively similar regardless of the geometry employed whereas the adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps are more sensitive to the chosen triplet geometry.
Reply to Efford on ‘Integrating resource selection information with spatial capture–recapture’
Authors: Royle J. Andrew , Chandler Richard B. , Sun Catherine C. , Fuller Angela K. 
Published: May 2014

Summary

We proposed (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2013, 4) a model for combining telemetry data with spatial capture–recapture (SCR) data that was vigorously criticized by Efford (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2014, 000, 000). Efford's main claim was that our encounter probability model was incorrect, and therefore our R code and simulation results were wrong.

In fact, our encounter probability model is correct under the Poisson point process model that we used as a basis for our integrated model. On the other hand, the basis for Efford's claims clearly rest on the assumption of an alternative model which, while possibly useful, is distinct from that analysed in Royle et al. (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2013, 4).

A key point of Royle et al. (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2013, 4) was that active resource selection induces heterogeneity in encounter probability which, if unaccounted for, should bias estimates of population size or density. The models of Royle et al. (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2013, 4) and Efford (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2014, 000, 000) merely amount to alternative models of resource selection, and hence varying amounts of heterogeneity in encounter probability.