bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language‐based diversity and faultlines in organizations
Authors: Kulkarni Mukta 
Published: September 2014

SummaryLanguage‐based diversity is a relatively understudied area within diversity research. Drawing upon the social identity‐based fault lines literature, the present paper describes the effects of language‐based diversity within organizations operating in India. Interview‐based findings indicate that organizationally mandated languages are occasionally disregarded by employees in both national and multinational organizations. Respondents noted how even benign and momentary language switching can lead to the formation of language‐based groups and cause negative consequences such as feelings of being devalued. Respondents also noted strategies that let them attenuate negative effects of multilingualism while simultaneously leveraging its benefits. Overall, the present study indicates that momentary exclusion based on incomprehensible language, when experienced on a daily basis, may have a far‐reaching influence on individual and team functioning. Findings thus point to language use as a trigger that can activate social identity‐based fault lines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multirate sliding mode disturbance compensation for model predictive control
Authors: Raimondo D. M. , Rubagotti M. , Jones C. N. , Magni L. , Ferrara A. , Morari M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn this paper, a novel hierarchical multirate control scheme for nonlinear discrete‐time systems is presented, consisting of a robust nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) and a multirate sliding mode disturbance compensator (MSMDC). The proposed MSMDC acts at a faster rate than the NMPC in order to keep the system as close as possible to the nominal trajectory predicted by NMPC despite model uncertainties and external disturbances. The a priori disturbance compensation turns out to be very useful in order to improve the robustness of the NMPC controller. A dynamic input allocation between MSMDC and NMPC allows to maximize the benefits of the proposed scheme that unites the advantages of sliding mode control (strong reduction of matched disturbances, low computational burden) to those of NMPC (optimality, constraints handling). Sufficient conditions required to guarantee input‐to‐state stability and constraints satisfaction by the overall scheme are also provided. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying a core set of science teaching practices: A delphi expert panel approach
Authors: Kloser Matthew 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Framework for K‐12 Science Education details ambitious goals for students' learning of science content and practices. However, this document provides science teachers little guidance about instructional practices that are central to helping students achieve these goals. Research indicates that a teacher's instructional practice can impact student interest and achievement more than advanced degrees or teaching experience and thus, identifying a core set of science teaching practices may be one key to improving science education. Based on a practice‐based theory of teaching, this study used a panel of expert science teachers and university faculty to identify a set of core science teaching practices. The Delphi methodology used in this study engaged the expert panel in three anonymous and iterative rounds of voting and justification of science teaching practices. Nine of the fifty‐one suggested practices met the pre‐determined consensus criteria. Three major themes emerged from the results. First, a majority of practices, like “Engaging Students in Investigations” and “Facilitating Classroom Discourse,” promote an interactive and dialogic science classroom. Second, the discussion among panel members across the three rounds indicates the need to develop a more common language and understanding of science teaching practice. Third, the panel highlighted the important role that on‐going assessment plays in science teaching with practices like “Eliciting, Using, and Assessing Student Thinking about Science” and “Providing Feedback.” This study lays the groundwork for the further decomposition of these core teaching practices and provides the foundation for further empirical research on how these practices are learned and executed by teachers, and their impact on student learning. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1185–1217, 2014
Copper, Zinc, Lead Ores – their Exploitation and Metal Extraction by the Ancients in the Northwestern India
Authors: Gandhi S. M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:
India has a rich and impressive heritage in the production and use of base and precious metals. The presence of extensive ancient mine workings and debris, enormous heaps of slags and retorts, ruins of temples and townships of the major mining centres of modern India, bear mute testimony to the art of exploitative and extractive processes in vogue in the early period. The Aravalli range, trending NE-SW, in northwest India, hosts about 80% of the known base metal deposits and 95% of the zinc-lead resources of India. The ancient workings extend to considerable depths, the deepest being at 250 m below surface, which is perhaps the greatest ever achieved by miners in the ancient world. Radiocarbon dating of the materials /artifacts recovered, indicated that many of the mines in Aravalli belt were worked as far back as 400 BC and certainly flourished in the medieval period. The exploitative and quite sophisticated extraction processes of base metals and silver, practiced by the ancients in various areas of this belt are described.
Detailed literary evidences of finding different ores, exploitative and extraction techniques practiced by the ancients from Vedic to post-Vedic Sanskrit texts and the archaeo-metallurgical evidences are described. The investigations showed that there are no analogies in the world for smelting processes in general and zinc, in particular, practiced by the ancient metal workers, in this part of the world.
Composition and mode of occurrence of minerals in Late Permian coals from Zhenxiong County, northeastern Yunnan, China
Authors: Li Tian , Dai Shi-Feng , Zou Jian-Hua , Zhang Sen , Tian He-Hing , Zhao Li-Xin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMinerals in the Late Permian coals from the Niuchang-Yigu mining area, Zhenxiong County, northeastern Yunnan, China, were investigated using optical microscopy and low temperature ashing plus X-ray diffraction (LTA + XRD). The results showed that minerals in the coal LTAs are mainly quartz, kaolinite, chamosite, mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S), pyrite, and calcite, with trace amounts of marcasite, dolomite, and bassanite. The authigenic quartz generally occurs in collodetrinite or as a filling in cleats or cell cavities. This silica was mainly derived from aqueous solutions produced by the weathering of basaltic rocks in the Kangdian Upland and from hydrothermal fluids. The presence of β-quartz paramorph grains in collodetrinite probably indicates that these grains were detrital and came from a volcanic ash. Clay minerals are generally embedded in collodetrinite and occur as cell-fillings. Pyrite occurs as framboidal, anhedral, and euhedral grains and a cell-filling. The coals are high in pyrite and the high pyrite content probably results from seawater invading during the stage of peat accumulation. Calcite generally occurs as vein-fillings, indicating an epigenetic origin.
Design and Feasibility of a Hatha Yoga Intervention for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Burns Tammy L. , Mayer Amy E. , Washington-Krauth Shavonne M. , Walters Ryan W. , Arouni Amy J. 
Published: September 2014

Introduction:Effective interventions for smoking cessation are critically needed. Yoga has only begun to be evaluated for smoking cessation.Aims:The primary aim was to assess participant satisfaction and perceived benefit of Hatha yoga. Secondary aims were to test evaluation tools, recruitment and retention techniques, and to generate preliminary effect size for a randomized trial.Methods:This was a non-randomized, single-group, pilot study. Thirty-one participants entered the study and received group behavioural therapy followed by 30 minutes of Hatha yoga instruction. Participant satisfaction was assessed at the conclusion of eight sessions. Point prevalence smoking abstinence was assessed at the end of the intervention period.Results:Participants were 36% male with an average age of 47 years (range 22–72) and a mean of 12.7 ± 5.6 cigarettes per day. Mean duration of smoking was 26.1 ± 15 years. Participant satisfaction was very high (88% very satisfied). Smoking abstinence at the end of the intervention was 29%.Conclusions:Hatha yoga is acceptable and feasible to aid in smoking cessation. A regimen that includes breathing, postures, and meditation has been developed for testing in a randomized trial.
Antitakeover Provisions and Shareholder Wealth: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Straska Miroslava , Waller H. Gregory 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe survey theoretical and empirical research on antitakeover provisions, focusing on the relation between antitakeover provisions and shareholder value. We divide the empirical studies based upon the evidence that they provide: short-term event studies, studies on performance and policy changes around adopting antitakeover provisions or passing state antitakeover laws, studies on the impact of antitakeover provisions on takeovers, studies on the relation between antitakeover provisions and firm characteristics, and long-term studies on the relation between antitakeover provisions and firm performance or policies. We also discuss the place of antitakeover provisions in the current debate about “good governance” practices.
Divine hiddenness and special revelation
Authors: DUMSDAY TRAVIS 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNext to the problem of evil, the problem of divine hiddenness is the most prominent single argument for atheism in the current literature. Most advocates of the problem target what can be termed ‘generic theism’, theism abstracted from any particular religious tradition. Correspondingly most replies are made from the perspective of generic theism. While understandable, this common structure to the dialectic can obscure possible replies centred on the doctrinal resources of particular religions. I argue here that Christian soteriology provides a good reason why God might refrain from making His existence rationally indubitable to all.
Efficacy of digoxin in comparison with propranolol for treatment of infant supraventricular tachycardia: analysis of a large, national database
Authors: Moffett Brady S. , Lupo Philip J. , delaUz Caridad M. , Valdes Santiago O. , Miyake Christina Y. , Decker Jamie A. , Kim Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroduction: Digoxin or propranolol are used as first-line enteral agents for treatment of infant supraventricular tachycardia. We used a large national database to determine whether enteral digoxin or propranolol was more effciacious as first-line infant supraventricular tachycardia therapy. Materials and Methods: The Pediatric Health Information System database was queried over 10 years for infants with supraventricular tachycardia initiated on enteral digoxin or propranolol monotherapy. Patients were excluded for Wolff–Parkinson–White, intravenous antiarrhythmics (other than adenosine), or death. Success was considered as discharge on the initiated monotherapy. Risk factors for successful monotherapy and risk factors for readmission for supraventricular tachycardia for patients discharged on monotherapy were determined. Results: A total of 374 patients (59.6% male) met the study criteria. Median length of stay was 7 days (interquartile range of 3–16 days). Patients had CHD (n=199, 53.2%) and underwent cardiac surgery (n=123, 32.9%), ICU admission (n=238, 63.6%), mechanical ventilation (n=146, 39.0%), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n=3, 0.8%). Pharmacotherapy initiation was at median 37 days of life (interquartile range of 12–127 days) and 47.3% were initiated on digoxin. Success was similar between digoxin (73.1%) and propranolol (73.5%). Initial therapy with digoxin was not associated with success (odds ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.64–1.61, p=0.93). Multivariable analysis demonstrated hospital length of stay (odds ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.98–1.00) and involvement of a paediatric cardiologist (odds ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.29–0.75) associated with monotherapy failure, and male gender (odds ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.03–2.67) associated with monotherapy success. No variables were significant for readmission on multivariable analysis. Discussion: Digoxin or propranolol may be equally efficacious for inpatient treatment of infant supraventricular tachycardia.
Lack of Association between Carotid Artery Stenosis and Stroke or Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery in High-risk Patients
Authors: Sonny Abraham , Gornik Heather L. , Yang Dongsheng , Mascha Edward J. , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
Whether carotid artery stenosis predicts stroke after noncardiac surgery remains unknown. We therefore tested the primary hypothesis that degree of carotid artery stenosis is associated with in-hospital stroke or 30-day all-cause mortality after noncardiac surgery. As carotid artery stenosis is also a marker for cardiovascular disease, our secondary hypothesis was that degree of carotid artery stenosis is associated with postoperative myocardial injury.

Methods:
We included adults who had noncardiac, noncarotid surgery at Cleveland Clinic from 2007 to 2011 and had carotid duplex ultrasound performed either within 6 months before or 1 month after surgery. Internal carotid artery peak systolic velocity (ICA PSV) was used as a measure of carotid artery stenosis severity. A multivariate (i.e., multiple outcomes per patient) generalized estimating equation model was used to assess the association between highest ICA PSV and the composite of stroke and 30-day mortality after adjusting for predefined potentially confounding variables.

Results:
Of 2,110 patients included, 112 (5.3%) died within 30 days and 54 (2.6%) suffered postoperative in-hospital stroke. ICA PSV was not associated with this composite outcome (odds ratio of 1.0 [95% confidence interval: 0.99, 1.02] for a 10-unit increase, P = 0.55). ICA PSV was also not associated with postoperative myocardial injury (odds ratio 1.00 [0.99, 1.02], P = 0.49).

Conclusions:
This cohort represents a high-risk population, as carotid duplex examinations were likely prompted by neurological symptoms. There was nonetheless no association between carotid artery stenosis and perioperative stroke or 30-day mortality after noncardiac surgery.
Effect of Colon Transection on Spontaneous and Meal‐Induced High‐Amplitude–Propagating Contractions in Children
Authors: Jacobs Courtney , Wolfson Sharon , Di Lorenzo Carlo , Cocjin Jose , Monagas Javier , Hyman Paul 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTBackground:After Hirschsprung disease (HD) surgery, many children experience fecal incontinence caused by increased number of high‐amplitude–propagating contractions (HAPCs) through the neorectum to the anal verge. The aim of this study was to determine whether children with HD have more HAPCs than children with colon transections for reasons other than HD.Methods:We reviewed 500 colon manometries. Children (age 7.6 ± 5.1 years, 275 boys) with functional constipation (n = 237, age 7.4 ± 5.0 years, 126 boys) and chronic abdominal pain (n = 48, age 9.8 ± 5.8 years, 25 boys) served as controls compared with subjects with HD (n = 56, age 6.9 ± 4.1 years, 44 boys) and colon transection for other reasons (n = 24, age 6.1 ± 5.8 years, 12 boys). We excluded 139 subjects without HAPCs. We documented HAPCs during 1‐hour fasting and 1‐hour postprandial. Results are in mean ± SD.Results:During fasting, HD subjects had more HAPCs (2.2 ± 3.4/hour) versus functional constipation (0.8 ± 2.2/hour, P = 0.0004) and chronic pain (0.5 ± 1.1/hour, P = 0.001), but not more than colon transection (1.9 ± 3.2/hour, P = 1.0). HD showed more postprandial HAPCs (4.0 ± 5.4/hour) than functional constipation (1.5 ± 2.5/hour, P < 0.0001) and chronic pain (0.9 ± 1.6/hour, P < 0.0001), but not more than colon transection (2.4 ± 3.0/hour, P = 0.6). There were more HAPCs fasting and postprandial after colon transection (1.9 ± 3.2/hour and 2.4 ± 3.0/hour) than functional constipation (0.8 ± 2.2/hour, P = 0.3 and 1.5 ± 2.5/hour, P = 1.0) and chronic pain (0.5 ± 1.1/hour, P = 1.0 and 0.9 ± 1.6, P = 1.0). HD subjects were divided by chief complaint: fecal incontinence or constipation. HD subjects with incontinence (n = 23) only had more HAPCs fasting (P = 0.01) and postprandial (P = 0.01) than HD subjects with constipation (n = 28) only.Conclusions:Increased HAPCs followed colon transection, regardless of a cause. HD subjects with incontinence had more HAPCs than subjects with colon transection for other reasons.
Child‐feeding practices of Indian and Australian‐Indian mothers
Authors: Jani Rati , Mallan Kimberley M. , Mihrshahi Seema , Daniels Lynne A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimChild‐feeding practices may be modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity; however, investigation of feeding practices in non‐Western populations is scarce. This cross‐sectional study examines the feeding practices of affluent Indian mothers with children aged one to five years residing in Australia and Mumbai, India. The secondary aim was to study the association between maternal and child characteristics and feeding practices.MethodsIn Australia and Mumbai, 230 and 301 mothers, respectively, completed either a hard copy or online questionnaire. Self‐reported maternal feeding practices (restriction, monitoring, pressure to eat, passive and responsive feeding) were measured using established scales and culturally specific items.ResultsMothers in both samples were equally likely to use non‐responsive feeding practices, namely dietary restriction, pressure and passive feeding. Similarly, at least 50% of mothers in both samples did not feed their children responsively (mother decides what and the child decides how much to eat). The only difference observed after controlling for covariates (mothers' age, body mass index (BMI), religion, education, questionnaire type; child's age, birthplace, gender, number of siblings and weight‐for‐age Z‐scores) was that mothers in the Australian sample used higher levels of dietary monitoring (β = 0.2, P = 0.006). Mothers with a higher BMI (OR: 0.84, CI: 0.89–0.99, P = 0.03) and following Hinduism (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.33–0.83, P = 0.008) were less likely to feed responsively.ConclusionsThese results suggest that Indian mothers in both the samples may benefit from interventions that promote responsive child‐feeding practices.
Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: A Potential Target for Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation of an Immortalized Human Neural Stem Cell Line
Authors: Erichsen Julie Ladeby , Blaabjerg Morten , Bogetofte Helle , Serrano Alberto Martinez , Meyer Morten 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHuman neural stem cells (NSCs) from the developing embryo or the subventricular zone of the adult brain can potentially elicit brain repair after injury or disease, either via endogenous cell proliferation or by cell transplantation. Profound knowledge of the diverse signals affecting these cells is, however, needed to realize their therapeutic potential. Glutamate and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) affect proliferation and survival of rodent NSCs both during embryonic and post‐natal development. To investigate the role of group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) on human NSCs, we differentiated an immortalized, forebrain‐derived stem cell line in the presence or absence of glutamate and with addition of either the group I mGluR agonist DHPG or the selective antagonists, MPEP (mGluR5) and LY367385 (mGluR1). Characterization of differentiated cells revealed that both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were present on the cells. Addition of glutamate to the growth medium significantly increased cell proliferation and reduced cell death, resulting in increased cell numbers. In the presence of glutamate, selective activation of group I mGluRs reduced gliogenesis, whereas selective inhibition of group I mGluRs reduced neurogenesis. Our results substantiate the importance of glutamate signalling in the regulation of human NSCs and may as such be applied to promote proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Targeting CD36‐Mediated Inflammation Reduces Acute Brain Injury in Transient, but not Permanent, Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kim Eun‐Hee , Tolhurst Aaron T. , Szeto Hazel H. , Cho Sung‐Hee 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAimsThe pathology of stroke consists of multiple pro‐death processes, and CD36 has been suggested as a multimodal target to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in ischemic stroke. Using CD36‐deficient mice and SS‐31, a cell permeable tetrapeptide known to down‐regulate CD36 pathways, the current study investigated whether targeting CD36 is effective in transient and permanent ischemic stroke.MethodsWild‐type or CD36‐deficient mice were subjected to either 30‐min transient or permanent focal ischemic stroke. In parallel, a cohort of mice subjected to either transient or permanent stroke received either vehicle or 5 mg/kg of SS‐31. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and its receptor CCR2, mRNA levels, and infarct volume and percent hemispheric swelling were measured in the postischemic brain.ResultsCD36 deficiency or SS‐31 treatment significantly attenuated MCP‐1 or CCR2 mRNA up‐regulation and injury size in the transient ischemic stroke. However, the approaches failed to show the protective effect in permanent ischemic stroke.ConclusionThe study revealed that targeting CD36 has a beneficial effect on transient but not permanent focal ischemic stroke. The study thus precludes a generalized strategy targeting CD36 in ischemic stroke and suggests careful consideration of types of stroke and associated pathology in developing stroke therapies.
Comparison between the multiple‐set plus 2 weeks of tri‐set and traditional multiple‐set method on strength and body composition in trained women: a pilot study
Authors: Garcia Paula , Nascimento Dahan da C. , Tibana Ramires A. , Barboza Maria M. , Willardson Jeffrey M. , Prestes Jonato 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe manipulation of resistance training (RT) variables affects the neuromuscular adaptations and may also alter body composition. Another important factor to be considered is the presence of high, moderate and low responding subjects to training. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of multiple‐set (MS) and tri‐set (TS) RT approaches on muscle strength and body composition following a 12 week programme in trained women (> 1 year of RT experience). A secondary objective was to assess variations in individual responsiveness to the RT by the identification of high (strength gains were > 20%), moderate (10 and 19%) and low responding (< 10%) subjects. Eleven healthy experientially resistance trained women were randomly divided into two groups: MS (n = 6; age 27·17 ± 8·23 years; body mass 57·97 ± 2·48 kg) and TS (n = 5; age 23·20 ± 2·28 years; body mass 61·74 ± 6·95 kg). High responders were found in the training groups (MS n = 4 and TS n = 1), moderate (MS n = 1 and TS n = 3) and low responders (MS n = 1 and TS n = 1). The MS group displayed an increase in squat 1RM (P<0·01), stiff leg deadlift 1RM (P<0·002) and squat repetitions maximum at 50% of 1RM (P<0·04). The TS method significantly increased all strength variables (P<0·05), with no differences between methods (P>0·05). Differences were evident between subjects classified as high, medium and low responding in the stiff leg deadlift 1RM (P = 0·007). Both RT protocols increased strength, with no effect on body composition. The variability in individual responsiveness emphasizes the importance of individualized RT prescription for strength practitioners.