bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Laboratory, Mesocosm, and Field Data In Ecological Risk Assessments for Nearshore Dispersant Use
Authors: Aurand Don , Coelho Gina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the United States, pre-approval for dispersant use exists only in conservatively defined circumstances of water depth and/or distance off shore. Historical records suggest that most opportunities for dispersant use will occur closer to shore and in shallower water than defined in existing pre-approval areas. The issue is to determine when it is appropriate to relax these standards in order to protect sensitive nearshore habitats, despite the potential for increased ecological effects in the water column. This paper reviews selected data in the context of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) protocols. In some cases onshore impacts are clearly decreased by dispersant use without adversely affecting the water column. This is especially true for small- or moderate-sized spills, often not viewed as a high priority for dispersant use. In other cases, however, trade-off decisions must be made, and when the ERA approach is properly integrated into oil spill response process, it can improve the likelihood of proper use of dispersants, and assist in the identification of appropriate dispersant response capabilities.
Recovery of the Marine Environment Following the Braer Spill, Shetland
Authors: Kingston Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January, 1993 on the southwest tip of Shetland the oil tanker Braer was wrecked, spilling 84,000 tonnes of crude oil and 1,500 tonnes of bunker oil into the sea. Heavy weather conditions dispersed almost all the oil into the surrounding water, producing oil-in-water concentrations near the wreck as high as 20,000 times background. Concentrations fell rapidly with time, regaining background values in 30–40 days. As surface slick formation was minimal and most seabirds were offshore at the time of the spill, seabird mortality was relatively light and seal and otter mortality was in single figures. Catching and marketing fish and shellfish for human consumption from the oil-contaminated area was prevented by the establishment of a Fishery Exclusion Zone. Oil concentrations in fish from this zone fell to background levels within 2 months of the spill. Shellfish were more severely affected, the most heavily contaminated regaining background levels within a year except for the sediment-dwelling Norway lobster, which still is contaminated. The impact on the intertidal habitat was minimal and most shores recovered within a year. Offshore benthic communities in contaminated sediments did not show evidence of being significantly stressed.
Assessment of Natural Cleaning and Biological Colonization On Oiled Rocky Shores: In Situ Experiments
Authors: Menot Lénaïck , Chassé Claude , Kerambrun Loïc 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When exposed rocky shores are affected by oil spills, the advised cleanup option, in most cases, is the “do nothing” This assumes that natural processes should rapidly clean up such shores and that remedial actions should have great detrimental effects in regard of ecological recovery. Few studies however deal with quantitative rates of natural cleanup on rocky shores. Therefore, CEDRE (Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Experimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux) has conducted field experiments to determine the rate of such processes.
Granite plates have been polluted with Arabian Light crude oil and Bunker C and set on exposed and sheltered sites. On an exposed site, the influence of tidal elevation has also been studied. The plates were situated in diverse biological communities; the recolonization of polluted and non polluted plates has been recorded during a 13-month survey.
The results show that the Arabian Light crude oil was rapidly washed away by the tide despite low wave energy even on the most exposed site. The persistence of Bunker C was much longer and seemed to be mainly a function of fauna and flora settlement.
At the beginning of the survey, all the plates at the exposed site were colonized by barnacles in equal densities whatever the nature of the oil. A second recruitment wave of barnacle colonized preferably the “crude oil plates” which in fact were clean at that time. Along the tidal gradient, non polluted lower plates were colonized by Porphyra and Fucus while the polluted ones were essentially colonized by green algae.
Development In Fingerprinting Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Wang Zhendi , Fingas Mervin F. , Landriault M. , Sigouin L. , Castle Bill , Hostetter David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Major advances have been made on analyses of petroleum hydrocarbons in oils, petroleum products and complex oil-spill-related environmental samples. This paper briefly describes how the advanced chemical fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques are used to identify the source(s) of tarballs from the coast of Vancouver Island and Northern California. Characterization of the unknown oil was achieved by not only a variety of “standard” analyses including distribution analyses of aliphatic, aromatic and biomarker hydrocarbons, but also analyses of diagnostic ratios of “source-specific marker” compounds, in particular the alkylated series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within the same alkylation isomeric groups. Results of the analysis revealed that (1) California/Oregon and British Columbia/Washington tarball samples were chemically similar, but were identified to be from two different types of bunker fuel; (2) the source of the tarball samples was neither Alaska North Slope oil nor California Monterrey Miocene oil; and (3) the spilled oil samples have been highly weathered since release, and the California samples were more heavily weathered than the British Columbia samples.
Recovery of a Louisiana Coastal Marsh 3 Years After In Situ Burning of a Hydrocarbon Product Spill
Authors: Pahl James W. , Mendelssohn Irving A. , Hess Thomas J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional response options to oil spills in wetlands is driving the investigation of alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, a spill of gas condensate product onto a brackish marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana was removed through the use of in situ burning. A monitoring program was initiated to examine three treatment marshes: (1) condensate-impacted and burned, (2) condensate-impacted and unburned, and (3) a reference that was neither exposed to the condensate nor burned. The authors compared vegetation cover, stem density and biomass between the treatment marshes as parameters defining recovery of the plant community from the condensate spill and subsequent in situ burn. After three growing seasons, stem density, live biomass, and total cover values in the impacted-and-burned marsh had recovered to levels similar to non-burned treatments. In addition, community composition within the impacted-and-burned treatment returned to a co-dominant mix of the grasses Distichilis spicata (salt grass) and Spartina alterniflora (wiregrass) characteristic of the surrounding marsh. Recovery of the marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge was largely due to proper consideration of environmental factors at the time of the burn, especially marsh type, season and water level. The results of this in situ burn evaluation support the conclusion that burning can be relied upon as an effective cleanup response to hydrocarbon spills in wetlands.
PAH Distribution in the 1994 and 1997 Mobile Burn Products and Determination of the Diesel PAH Destruction Efficiencies
Authors: Wang Zhendi , Fingas Mervin F. , Landriault M. , Sigouin L. , Lambert Patrick , Turpin Rod , Campagna Phil , Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1994 and 1997, several U.S. and Canadian government agencies jointly conducted a series of mesoscale burns in Mobile Bay, Alabama, to study various aspects of in situ diesel fuel burning. Samples were taken from the oil, residue and the smoke plume during each burn and analysed by capillary gas Chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis results reveal that the PAH distribution patterns in the diesel, residue, and soot samples are significantly different from each other. A simple model based on mass balance of individual petroleum ?AHs pre- and post-burn is proposed to estimate the destruction efficiencies of the total petroleum PAHs. The average destruction efficiency of the total diesel PAHs from three 1994 Mobile burns was estimated to be greater than 99%. The high molecular weight PAHs with five or more rings were found to be largely generated by combustion. These studies demonstrated that under certain circumstances, in situ burning is an effective measure to minimise the impact of an oil spill on the environment and to reduce the damage of an oil spill to the ecological system.
Developing and Measuring Standards of Leadership for On-Scene Commanders
Authors: Niblock Ian , Cavaye Nicholas , Irving Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The realisation in 1996 that marine oil spill response training in New Zealand had reached a stage where there was a need to introduce a training course that focused on leadership and command, also raised the question of how to ensure that people in command positions would meet the expectations of New Zealand's co-operative response system participants. The answer was to introduce a standard for performance in the key areas of leadership, management, and command, and to measure individual performance against pre-determined criteria during desktop exercises contained within an On-Scene Commander course. Results to date have seen nearly 70% of course participants reach the required standard. The long-term objective is to ensure a minimum level of leadership and command ability and to enhance confidence in New Zealand's ability to respond to marine oil spills.
A Primer on in Situ Fluorometry to Monitor Dispersed Oil
Authors: Henry Charles B. , Roberts Paulene O. , Overton Edward B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A flow-through fluorometry system is a valuable tool for measuring dispersed oil concentrations real-time in freshwater and marine environments. As part of the new Scientific Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies (SMART), fluorometers are used to investigate dispersant efficacy and dispersed oil transport. Using fluorometers in situ to accurately measure dispersed oil concentrations is not a trivial task: detector response values vary due to oil composition, oil weathering changes response factors, dispersed oil is not a true solution, and natural waters contribute matrix effects and background fluorescence. Based on recent experiences and building upon research conducted in the 1980's, the most effective and accurate method to estimate the dispersed oil concentrations is through real-time water grab samples analyzed by laboratory methodologies for in vitro dispersed oil toxicity quantification. Once analyzed, the field water results can be used to establish a response curve, converting raw field response values into oil concentrations. The continuous record created by the flow-through fluorometer provides a far more comprehensive assessment than collecting a few water samples for laboratory analysis. The combination of using a real-time fluorometer in conjunction with field water sampling is a far superior approach than either method alone. The art and science of in situ fluorometry for measuring dispersed oil will be demonstrated using both laboratory and actual field data.
Oiled Wildlife Care Network Development for Integrated Emergency Response1
Authors: Mazet Jonna A. K. , Tseng Fiorina , Holcomb Jay , Jessup David A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In response to the potential risk to California from oil spill events, the Lempert-Keene-Seastrand Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act was passed in 1990 requiring the Administrator of the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response to establish rescue and rehabilitation stations for sea birds, sea otters, and other marine mammals. This legislative mandate for addressing the problems of oiled wildlife care was reaffirmed by three subsequent amendments to the original law.
The California Oiled Wildlife Care Network strives to ensure that wildlife exposed to petroleum products in the environment receive the best achievable treatment by providing access to trained personnel and permanent wildlife rehabilitation facilities which are maintained in a constant state of readiness for oil spill response. This system includes a coordinated effort by federal, state, and local governments; the party responsible for the spill of the oil; and pre-identified non-governmental organizations, such as International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC), specializing in all aspects of oil spill response.
The California system has involved representatives from governmental wildlife trustee agencies; universities and research organizations; oil production, transportation, and shipping industries; and wildlife rehabilitation organizations in the organizational structure of the network to ensure an integrated, coordinated, and successful emergency response. Organizations such as IBRRC provide expertise in the rehabilitation of oiled wildlife and the personnel to successfully conduct a spill response. In addition to the development of an organizational structure, crucial to the preparation for an integrated response effort is the pre-identification of wildlife resources at risk. Data on sensitive species can be combined with information on shipping traffic to indicate areas at highest risk of severe wildlife impacts from oil spills in order to target areas requiring the availability of trained volunteers and wildlife rehabilitation facilities. A well-planned response system capitalizes also on existing expertise by developing relationships with wildlife care and response organizations prior to an oil spill event. Key to this effective response system is an annual training program for these partner organizations, incorporating hazardous materials safety information, description of current techniques in oiled wildlife care, and the captive management problems associated with the species at risk of oil exposure. The Oiled Wildlife Care Network must maintain the flow of information within the oil spill response community to ensure that new techniques and technologies are being incorporated into treatment protocols to provide the best achievable treatment for oil-affected wildlife.
Government and Industry Partnering: Nationwide Progress in Pre-Authorization Agreements Since 1994
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Scholz Debra K. , Kucklick Janet H. , Pond Robert G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a long-term partnering effort between industry and government to make appropriate and effective decisions about the use of non-mechanical oil spill counter-measures, i.e., in situ burning (ISB), dispersants, and other chemicals. To illustrate the success of this partnering effort, this paper reports the nationwide evolution and status of pre-spill authorization agreements for the use of these technologies, with a focus on status changes since 1994.
The authors propose that partnering, i.e., consensus-building through shared goals and responsibilities for planning and implementation, between industry and government is a practical approach to achieving credible and supportable results on controversial issues, and especially in situations where staffing resources are limited. In places like the United States where national policy mandates roles and responsibilities for both industry and (multiple agencies and levels of) government during oil spill planning and response, partnering as a deliberate approach greatly enhances the ability of all participating entities to integrate effectively into a true response community.
New Approach of the European Community Towards Liability for Natural Resource Damage
Authors: Brans Edward H. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The European Commission is preparing a White Paper on Environmental Liability. This is an important step in the legislative process of the European Community. The White Paper contains the core elements and principles of a future EC environmental liability directive. The regime will focus on damage caused by dangerous activities and the recovery of damage to natural resources. The scope of the proposed regime has a closed character. Only those dangerous activities are going to be covered that are already subject to EC law. As to the natural resources, the regime will cover only natural resources that are protected under the Wild Birds and Habitats directives. The European Commission has proposed in its draft White Paper, a measure of damages that is directed at a fuller recovery of damage to natural resources including the loss of public services caused by the damage to these resources. The Commission is also considering introducing rules on access to justice for public interest groups. In its draft White Paper, these groups are granted a right of standing in case the state does not act (or not properly) and are thereby granted a right to submit claims for damage to natural resources.
Estimating the Cumulative Cost of OPA 90 to Private Industry
Authors: Maillett Edward J. , Yoshioka Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the cumulative cost incurred by private industry as a result of the various regulations enacted under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and to compare these costs against the estimated effectiveness of the program in terms of avoided future oil spills. The authors reviewed Federal Register announcements of federal agency rulemakings to identify estimated costs to industry and to determine if reported costs are one-time occurrences for capital-related expenditures or represent annual estimates for repeated activities. The authors then estimated the total costs of each rulemaking through the year 2015. The costs of regulations implemented under OPA 90 that impact the private sector range from zero to $3.5 billion in discounted dollars. Based on these individual government estimates for each OPA 90 regulation, the authors estimate the discounted cost to industry to comply with all of the OPA 90 requirements to be $12.1 billion, the largest portion of which affects the marine vessel industry. Total benefits of the rulemakings are estimated to exceed 3.6 million barrels of avoided oil spills through the year 2015. Over one-half of this benefit estimate results from the facility response planning requirements for non-transportation-related on-shore facilities and pipelines. The cost effectiveness of regulations implemented under OPA 90 ranges between several hundred dollars to over $26,000 per barrel of avoided oil spill.
Prevention of Oil Pollution from Ships in Shanghai Harbor
Authors: Jiabin Wu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recently Shanghai's economics have been rapidly developed, and the oil shipping is daily on the increase, In order to prevent oil pollution, Shanghai has made great efforts, such as having made several pollution prevention laws and regulations, improving the construction of ships, map out oil spill contingency plan, produce the equipment and materials to handle an accident in case it occurs, etc.
Integrated Approach to Regional Contingency Planning in Latin America
Authors: Wotherspoon Paul , Moyano Juan Miguel , Solsberg Laurie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The risk of oil spills in Latin America and the Caribbean is significant. The area comprises more than 500 million inhabitants, 40 countries, more than 40 state-owned, private, and mixed petroleum companies, and numerous marine and land-based international transportation routes. An integrated approach is required to ensure that all oil spills, regardless of size and location, are responded to in an efficient and cost-effective manner while minimizing political and bureaucratic factors.
Global Initiative
Authors: Depraz Sophie , Taylor Peter Mark , Thornborough James A. , Thiam Malamine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Global Initiative (GI) is defined as an umbrella for various mechanisms by which the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and industry, through the International Petroleum Industry Environment Conservation Association (IPIECA), co-operate to support national and regional implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation 1990 (OPRC Convention) and to enhance oil spill preparedness and response capacity through the mobilisation of external assistance and industry support at the national level. The overall aim of GI is to improve and sustain the capability of developing countries to protect their marine and coastal resources at risk from an oil spill incident from any sources, through the implementation of the OPRC Convention.
A key feature of the project is the emphasis on promoting industry/government co-operation through the mobilisation of existing and planned industry marine environmental protection expertise and resources. As initially envisaged the project has a global orientation: it directly encourages the ratification of the OPRC Convention and the relevant international liability and compensation conventions and promotes their effective implementation; project activities are undertaken at nationall regional levels to ensure that the weaknesses and gaps peculiar to a certain region are taken care of by moulding the package of training and resource building to address national and regional needs.
Estimating Cleanup Costs for Oil Spills
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The factors that affect cleanup cost are complex and interrelated. Each spill involves a unique set of circumstances that determine cleanup cost. Estimating a universal per-unit cleanup cost is essentially meaningless without taking into consideration factors such as location and oil type, which can profoundly influence costs. This paper examines the host of factors that impact cleanup cost in an effort to more accurately assess per-unit cleanup cost. A cost-estimation model, based on an analysis of cost data in the Oil Spill Intelligence Report (OSIR) International Oil Spill Database (a 38-year record of over 8,600 oil spills worldwide) is presented as an alternative to a universal per-unit cost value.