bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is monetary policy non‐linear in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand? A quantile regression analysis
Authors: Miles William , Schreyer Sam 
Published: November 2012

There is a growing literature on the linearity or otherwise of monetary policy in industrialised countries. The investigations have revealed that the reactions of central banks to economic variables depend on the level of the variables, confirming the non‐linearity of monetary policy in these countries. However, research into whether monetary policy is non‐linear in emerging markets has been hampered by the lack of data, as a stable, ‘modern’ monetary regime has existed in emerging markets for only a relatively short time.Employing quantile regression, which is not as constrained as other regression methods by the shortness of time series, we investigate the non‐linearity of monetary policy in four emerging Asian nations: Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand. Our results indicate that monetary policy in all four is non‐linear. All display a ‘hump‐shaped’ response to inflation across the quantiles—policy becomes tighter, going from lower to higher quantiles, reaches a peak, and then becomes looser. These results are similar to those found previously in Japan, and likely arise from a desire to limit exchange rate appreciation, as all four countries depend heavily on exports.
The impact of mining and smelting activities on property values: a study of Mount Isa city, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Neelawala Prasad , Wilson Clevo , Athukorala Wasantha 
Published: November 2012

Much publicity has been given to the problem of high levels of environmental contaminants, most notably high blood lead concentration levels among children in the city of Mount Isa because of mining and smelting activities. The health impacts from mining‐related pollutants are now well documented. This includes published research being discussed in an editorial of the Medical Journal of Australia (see Munksgaard et al. 2010). On the other hand, negative impacts on property prices, although mentioned, have not been examined to date. This study rectifies this research gap. This study uses a hedonic property price approach to examine the impact of mining‐ and smelting‐related pollution on nearby property prices. The hypothesis is that those properties closer to the lead and copper smelters have lower property (house) prices than those farther away. The results of the study show that the marginal willingness to pay to be farther from the pollution source is AUS $13 947 per kilometre within the 4 km radius selected. The study has several policy implications, which are discussed briefly. We used ordinary least squares, geographically weighted regression, spatial error and spatial autoregressive or spatial lag models for this analysis.
Language, religion and the politics of difference
Authors: Brubaker Rogers 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLanguage and religion are arguably the two most socially and politically consequential domains of cultural difference in the modern world. Yet there have been very few efforts to compare the two in any sustained way. I begin by aligning language and religion, provisionally, with ethnicity and nationhood, and by sketching five ways in which language and religion are both similar to and similarly intertwined with ethnicity and nationhood. I then identify a series of key differences between language and religion and draw out their implications for the political accommodation of cultural heterogeneity. I show that religious pluralism tends to be more intergenerationally robust and more deeply institutionalised than linguistic pluralism in western liberal democracies, and I argue that religious pluralism entails deeper and more divisive forms of diversity. The upshot is that religion has tended to displace language as the cutting edge of contestation over the political accommodation of cultural difference – a striking reversal of the longer‐term historical process through which language had previously displaced religion as the primary focus of contention.
Screening for anti‐nutritional compounds in complementary foods and food aid products for infants and young children
Authors: Roos Nanna , Sørensen Jens Christian , Sørensen Hilmer , Rasmussen Søren Kjærsgaard , Briend André , Yang Zhenyu , Huffman Sandra L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA range of compounds with negative nutritional impact – ‘anti‐nutrients’ – are found in most plant foods. The contents of anti‐nutrients in processed foods depend on the ingredients and processing. Anti‐nutrients in complementary foods for children can have a negative impact on nutritional status. The aim of this study was to screen complementary foods from developing countries for the anti‐nutritional compounds, phytate, polyphenols, inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin, and lectins. Commercial products based on whole grain cereals were included as a ‘worst‐case’ scenario for anti‐nutrient exposure in Europe. Contents of minerals (iron, zinc and calcium), in which absorption or utilisation is affected by anti‐nutrients, were analysed. Thirty‐six products representing foods used in food aid programmes, local blended foods, fortified instant porridges and ‘baby foods’ were analysed. The content of minerals indicated that the fortification of a number of products did not meet the declared levels of iron, zinc and calcium. The phytate content ranged from 68 to 1536 mg/100 g, confirming a persistent problem of high levels of phytate in processed cereal‐ and legume‐based products. The phytate : Fe molar ratio exceeded the recommended level of <1.0 in 32 of the 36 products. The total polyphenols varied from 1.3 to 9.3 mg gentisic acid equivalents g−1. Screening low‐molecular weight soluble polyphenols may be more relevant in complementary foods than total polyphenolic compounds. Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors and lectins were found in residual amounts in most products, indicating efficient degradation by heat processing. However, young infants and malnourished children may have reduced pancreatic function, and upper limits for residual trypsin inhibitors are needed.
The focused ethnographic study ‘assessing the behavioral and local market environment for improving the diets of infants and young children 6 to 23 months old’ and its use in three countries
Authors: Pelto Gretel H. , Armar‐Klemesu Margaret , Siekmann Jonathan , Schofield Dominic 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe concept of a focused ethnographic study (FES) emerged as a new methodology to answer specific sets of questions that are required by agencies, policymakers, programme planners or by project implementation teams in order to make decisions about future actions with respect to social, public health or nutrition interventions, and for public–private partnership activities. This paper describes the FES on complementary feeding that was commissioned by the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition and highlights findings from studies conducted in three very different country contexts (Ghana, South Africa and Afghanistan) burdened by high levels of malnutrition in older infants and young children (IYC). The findings are analysed from the perspective of decision‐making for future interventions. In Ghana, a primary finding was that in urban areas the fortified, but not instant cereal, which was being proposed, would not be an appropriate intervention, given the complex balancing of time, costs and health concerns of caregivers. In both urban and rural South Africa, home fortification products such as micronutrient powders and small quantity, lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) are potentially feasible interventions, and would require thoughtful behaviour change communication programmes to support their adoption. Among the important results for future decision‐making for interventions in Afghanistan are the findings that there is little cultural recognition of the concept of special foods for infants, and that within households food procurement for IYC are in the hands of men, whereas food preparation and feeding are women's responsibilities.
Effects of Roasting Conditions on the Changes of Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios (δ13C) in Sesame Oil and Usefulness of δ13C to Differentiate Blended Sesame Oil from Corn Oil
Authors: Seol Nam Gyu , Jang Eun Yeong , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  Differentiating blended sesame oils from authentic sesame oil (SO) is a critical step in protecting consumer rights. Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C), color, fluorescence intensity, and fatty acid profiles were analyzed in SO prepared from sesame seeds with different roasting conditions and in corn oil blended with SO. Sesame seeds were roasted at 175, 200, 225, or 250 °C for 15 or 30 min at each temperature. SO was mixed with corn oil at varying ratios. Roasting conditions ranging from175 to 250 °C at the 30 min time point did not result in significant changes in δ13C (P > 0.05). Values of δ13C in corn oil and SO from sesame seeds roasted at 250 °C for 15 min were −17.55 and −32.13 ‰, respectively. Fatty acid ratios, including (O + L)/(P × Ln) and (L × L)/O, where O, L, P, and Ln were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and linolenic acids, respectively, showed good discriminating abilities among the SO blended with corn oil. Therefore, using different combinations of stable carbon isotope ratios and some fatty acid ratios can allow successful differentiation of authentic SO from SO blended with corn oil.Practical Application:  Adulteration of sesame oil with less expensive oils such as corn oil or soybean oil to reduce cost is a common unethical practice in Korea. Due to the unique and strong flavor of sesame oils that may mask other weaker flavors, however, differentiating authentic sesame oils from blended oils is difficult. This study showed that the roasting process did not significantly affect the ratios of the stable carbon isotope (δ13C) in sesame oils. δ13C was confirmed to be a reliable parameter. Moreover, some fatty acid ratios were designed to discriminate between blended sesame oil with corn oil and authentic sesame oil.
Integrated versus incidental dental care in nursing homes
Authors: Gerritsen P.F.M. , van der Bilt A. , Cune M.S. , Schrijvers A.J.P. , de Putter C. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPurpose/aimIn most of the 334 Dutch nursing homes, incidental dental care is provided upon indication by the medical and nursing staff. However, more and more nursing homes offer integrated dental care, where a dentist works on a structural basis in facilities within the home.MethodsTo evaluate the costs and effects of integrated versus incidental care, we studied the oral status and treatment needs in two nursing homes in the same city with 175 and 120 residents an average age of 81.7 and 79.3 years, respectively.ResultsIn the integrated care home, the dentist spent an average 2.2 hours/year per resident at a cost of €229 for the dentist's work and €143 for laboratory costs. In the incidental care home, these values were 0.1 hours/year per resident at a cost of €15 for the dentist's work and €20 for laboratory costs.ConclusionsWith integrated care, 55.6% of the residents had no oral treatment need versus 13.1% for incidental care, more edentulous residents wore dentures, and residents had less soft tissue pathology.
Rethinking biodiversity: from goods and services to “living with”
Authors: Turnhout Esther , Waterton Claire , Neves Katja , Buizer Marleen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSince the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, counting and mapping have come to dominate international debates around biodiversity protection. With the emergence of the Ecosystem Services concept, these counting and mapping efforts are increasingly imbued with an economic logic that argues that to save biodiversity, its goods and services must be given monetary value. This article offers a critical engagement with the Ecosystem Services discourse and the way it translates the diversity of nature into a single measure—a “currency”—to be included in systems of exchange. We argue that this conception of biodiversity is too narrow and potentially detrimental because it reduces biodiversity to a series of quantifiable fragmented parts that become liable to counting, mapping, and utilitarian use, and because it reduces social–natural relations to market transactions. Subsequently, we outline possibilities for conceiving and living with biodiversity that go beyond relations of counting, mapping, and commodification. It is important that biodiversity knowledge organizations, such as the recently sanctioned Intergovernmental science‐policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), take these into account. Conserving a diversity of life requires acknowledging a diversity of values, knowledge and framings of biodiversity, and fostering a diversity of social–natural relations.
Counterfactual Triviality: A Lewis‐Impossibility Argument for Counterfactuals
Authors: G. Williams J. Robert 
Published: November 2012

I formulate a counterfactual version of the notorious ‘Ramsey Test’. Whereas the Ramsey Test for indicative conditionals links credence in indicatives to conditional credences, the counterfactual version links credence in counterfactuals to expected conditional chance. I outline two forms: a Ramsey Identity on which the probability of the conditional should be identical to the corresponding conditional probability/expectation of chance; and a Ramsey Bound on which credence in the conditional should never exceed the latter.Even in the weaker, bound, form, the counterfactual Ramsey Test makes counterfactuals subject to the very argument that Lewis used to argue against the indicative version of the Ramsey Test. I compare the assumptions needed to run each, pointing to assumptions about the time‐evolution of chances that can replace the appeal to Bayesian assumptions about credence update in motivating the assumptions of the argument.I finish by outlining two reactions to the discussion: to indicativize the debate on counterfactuals; or to counterfactualize the debate on indicatives.
Stress dissipation in the bone through various crown materials of dental implant restoration: a 2‐D finite element analysis
Authors: Bijjargi Supriya , Chowdhary Ramesh 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimTo investigate stress transmitted by various restorative materials given for a full veneered implant‐supported crown through implants in the bone.MethodsA 2‐D finite element model of dental implant with an abutment and full crown was designed. The materials used for stress dissipation were zirconia, full ceramic, full metal crown, composite crown, and acrylic crown. Adequate boundary conditions were applied, as was a vertical load of 100 N.ResultsThe highest stress value was exhibited for the zirconia prosthesis model, and maximum stress dissipation for the same model was observed around the cervical region of the abutment and abutment‐implant junction (24.877 Mpa).ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, it was concluded that an occlusal material with a low modulus of elasticity, such as acrylic resin, dampens the occlusal impact forces, thereby decreasing its effect on the bone‐implant interface.
Waist circumference measurement site does not affect relationships with visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children
Authors: Harrington D. M. , Staiano A. E. , Broyles S. T. , Gupta A. K. , Katzmarzyk P. T. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject
A number of anatomic sites are used for the measurement of waist circumference.
A number of studies have documented differences in the absolute values of waist circumference measurements across these common sites in adults.
It is unclear whether waist circumference measurement site alters the relationship with abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children.
What this study adds
The absolute values of waist circumference at four anatomic locations (minimal, midway, iliac, umbilicus) differed and this affected prevalence of high (≥90th percentile) waist circumference.
The relationships between waist circumference values at four anatomic locations and both depot‐specific adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors were similar across race and sex groups.
BackgroundDifferent waist circumference (WC) measurement sites are used in clinical and epidemiological settings.ObjectivesTo examine differences in WC measurement at four anatomic sites and how each WC measurement relates to visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and cardiometabolic risk factors in children.MethodsA total of 371 white and African–American children aged 5 to 18 years had WC measured at four sites: minimal waist, midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib, superior border of the iliac crest and the umbilicus. Abdominal VAT was measured using magnetic resonance imaging and cardiometabolic risk factors were defined using National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute guidelines. Relationships between WC sites and VAT and risk factors were explored in each race‐by‐sex group.ResultsAll WC sites were highly correlated (r = 0.97 to 0.99). Differences in absolute mean WC values existed in all race‐by‐sex groups, and this affected the prevalence of high WC (≥90th percentile). Values were lowest for minimal waist and highest for umbilicus. Age‐controlled partial correlations between WC and logVAT VAT were 0.81–0.89 (all P < 0.001) and between WC and cardiometabolic risk factors were −0.24 to ‐0.41 and 0.19 to 0.52 (all P < 0.05).Conclusions  While the absolute values of WC at four anatomic locations differed, the relationships between WC values and both VAT and cardiometabolic risk factors were similar within all race‐by‐sex groups.
Adiposity and glucose intolerance exacerbate components of metabolic syndrome in children consuming sugar‐sweetened beverages: QUALITY cohort study
Authors: Wang J. W. , Mark S. , Henderson M. , O'Loughlin J. , Tremblay A. , Wortman J. , Paradis G. , Gray‐Donald K. 
Published: November 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
The increase in sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption over the last generation is temporally associated with epidemic levels of childhood obesity.
There is increasing evidence linking added sugar consumption to the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

What this study adds
Higher SSB consumption is associated with elevated systolic blood pressure and greater insulin resistance among overweight/obese children whereas these associations are not evident among normal‐weight children.
In youth with impaired glucose tolerance, higher SSB consumption is strongly associated with greater adiposity.
BackgroundSugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is linked to weight gain and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in children, but whether these associations are modified by excess weight and glucose tolerance status in children is not known.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the cross‐sectional associations between SSB intake and MetS components among children above and below the 85th body mass index (BMI) percentile and those with and without impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).MethodsData were from the QUébec Adiposity and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth study (2005–2008). Caucasian children aged 8–10 years (n = 632) were recruited from 1040 primary schools in Québec, Canada. SSB consumption was assessed by three 24‐h dietary recalls, body fat mass by dual‐energy absorptiometry, physical activity by 7‐d accelerometer. Multivariate linear regressions were used, with age, sex, fat mass index and physical activity as covariates, including waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), concentrations of triglyceride and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) as outcome variables.ResultsAmong overweight children, a 100‐mL higher SSB consumption was associated with a 0.1‐unit higher HOMA‐IR (P = 0.009) and a 1.1‐mm Hg higher SBP (P = 0.001). In children with IGT, a 100‐mL higher SSB consumption was associated with a 1.4‐mm Hg higher SBP and a 4.0‐cm higher WC (P < 0.001). These associations were not observed among children <85th BMI percentile.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the association between higher SSB consumption and MetS components is more evident in overweight/obese and glucose‐intolerant children.
Porous yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics Fabricated by Nonaqueous‐Based Gelcasting Process with PMMA Microsphere as Pore‐Forming Agent
Authors: Zhou Jun , Wang Chang‐An 
Published: November 2012

Porous yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics were fabricated using tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA)‐based gelcasting with monodisperse polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres as both pore‐forming agent and lubricant agent. The TBA‐based slurry of 50 vol% solid loading with excellent rheological properties appropriate for casting was successfully prepared by using a commercial polymer dispersant DISPERBYK‐163 as both dispersant and stabilizer. The distribution of the spherical pores made from PMMA microspheres was very homogeneous. Their average diameter decreased from 16.9 to 15.7 μm when the sintering temperature was increased from 1350°C to 1550°C. The compressive strength increased from 14.57 to 142.29 MPa and the thermal conductivity changed from 0.17 to 0.65 W/m·K when the porosity decreased from 71.6% to 45.1%. The results show that this preparation technology can make all the main factors controllable, such as the porosity, the size and shape of pores, the distribution of pores, and the thickness and density of pore walls. This is significant for fabricating porous ceramics with both high compressive strength and low thermal conductivity.
Microstructure and High‐temperature Oxidation Behavior of Ti3AlC2/W Composites
Authors: Cui Bai , Zapata‐Solvas Eugenio , Reece Michael J. , Wang Chang‐an , Lee William E. 
Published: November 2012

Using spark plasma sintering, Ti3AlC2/W composites were prepared at 1300°C. They contained “core‐shell” microstructures in which a TixW1−x “shell” surrounded a W “core”, in a Ti3AlC2 matrix. The composite hardness increased with W addition, and the hardening effect is likely achieved by the TixW1−x interfacial layer providing strong bonding between Ti3AlC2 and W, and by the presence of hard W. Microstructural development during high‐temperature oxidation of Ti3AlC2/W composites involves α‐Al2O3 and rutile (TiO2) formation ≥1000°C and Al2TiO5 formation at ~1400°C while tungsten oxides appear to have volatilized above 800°C. Likely due to exaggerated, secondary grain growth of TiO2‐doped alumina and the effect of W addition, fine (<1 μm) Al2O3 grains formed dense, anisomorphic laths on Ti3AlC2/5 wt%W surfaces ≥1200°C and coarsened to large (>5 μm), dense, TiO2‐doped Al2O3 clusters on Ti3AlC2/10 wt%W surfaces ≥1400°C. W potentially affects the oxidation behavior of Ti3AlC2/W composites beneficially by causing formation of TixW1−x thus altering the defect structure of Ti3AlC2, resulting in Al having a higher activity and by changing the scale morphology by forming dense Al2O3 laths in a thinner oxide coating, and detrimentally through release of volatile tungsten oxides generating cavities in the oxide scale. For Ti3AlC2/5 wt%W oxidation, the former beneficial effects appear to dominate over the latter detrimental effect.