bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleanliness of Low Carbon Aluminum‐Killed Steels during Secondary Refining Processes
Authors: Yang Wen , Wang Xinhua , Zhang Lifeng , Shan Qinglin , Liu Xuefeng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEfficient secondary refining process is necessary for massive and stable production of low carbon aluminum‐killed (LCAK) steels. Plant trials were performed to investigate the cleanliness of steels. Characteristics of composition, cleanliness, and inclusions of LCAK steel during different secondary refining processes, including LF, CAS, RH‐LIT, and RH, were studied and compared. The results showed that CAS, RH‐LIT, and RH processes had better control of low carbon, silicon, and nitrogen than LF process. High cleanliness of LCAK steels could be achieved by all the mentioned refining processes. It was concluded that the total oxygen (T.O.) should be <35 ppm to reduce the amount of inclusions and reach the level of clean steels. The removal rate of inclusions during RH‐LIT and RH processes was much higher than that of LF and CAS. The T.O. content and the amounts of inclusions during CAS, RH‐LIT, and RH could be quickly decreased to a low value within 10 min. The results showed that CAS and RH‐LIT as well as RH refining processes can produce LCAK steels that meet the requirements of high efficient, low cost, clean, and stable production, while LF is more suitable for the heats with poor control of end point of BOF, and for the process with calcium treatment to control sulfur content and lower the clogging of Submerged Entry Nozzle during thin slab continuous casting.
First‐trimester crown–rump length and embryonic volume of aneuploid fetuses measured in virtual reality
Authors: Baken L. , van Heesch P. N. A. C. M. , Wildschut H. I. J. , Koning A. H. J. , van der Spek P. J. , Steegers E. A. P. , Exalto N. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo examine whether embryonic volume (EV), as measured using three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound and a virtual reality approach, is a better measure of growth restriction than is crown–rump length (CRL) in aneuploid fetuses.MethodsWe retrospectively measured CRL and EV in prospectively collected 3D ultrasound volumes of 55 aneuploid fetuses using the Barco I‐Space VR system. The gestational age ranged from 11 + 2 to 14 + 4 weeks. We compared our measured data with previously published reference curves for euploid fetuses. Delta‐values were calculated by subtracting the expected mean for euploid fetuses of the same gestational age from observed values. The one‐sample t‐test was used to test the significance of differences observed.ResultsThe CRL measurements of fetuses with trisomy 21 (n = 26), trisomy 13 (n = 5) and monosomy X (n = 5) were comparable with those of euploid fetuses, but in fetuses with trisomy 18 (n = 19) the CRL was 14.5% smaller (P < 0.001). The EV in fetuses with trisomies 21, 18 and 13 and monosomy X was smaller than in euploid fetuses (–27.8%, P < 0.001; –39.4%, P < 0.001; –40.9%, P = 0.004; and –27.3%, P = 0.055, respectively).ConclusionsWhen relying on CRL measurements alone, first‐trimester growth restriction is especially manifest in trisomy 18. Using EV, growth restriction is also evident in trisomies 21 and 13 and monosomy X. EV seems to be a more effective measurement for the assessment of first‐trimester growth restriction in aneuploid fetuses. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief report: A growth mixture model of occupational aspirations of individuals with high‐incidence disabilities
Authors: Lee In Heok , Rojewski Jay W. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTA previous longitudinal study of the occupational aspirations of individuals with high‐incidence disabilities revealed multiple longitudinal patterns for individuals with learning disabilities or emotional–behavioral disorders. Growth mixture modeling was used to determine whether individuals in these two high‐incidence disabilities groups (N = 585) possessed heterogeneous aspirations trajectories. Two distinct classes emerged. Among selected covariates (inc., gender, SES, locus of control, self‐concept, mathematics achievement), only gender and SES significantly distinguished group membership. While no covariates were significantly related to the growth factors for latent class 2 (low aspirations), math achievement and SES were significantly related to initial aspirations in latent class 1 (high aspirations). Moreover, for latent class 1, the occupational aspirations of individuals with learning disabilities became increasingly lower than adolescents with emotional‐behavior disorders after high school. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are considered.
How do mechanical responses at closing loop ends vary when loop position changes? A systematic analysis of vertical, T‐, and L‐loops
Authors: Techalertpaisarn Paiboon , Versluis Antheunis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractClosing loops are used in orthodontics to apply forces on teeth and cause them to move in a desired direction. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of loop geometry and position on loop properties. Using finite element analysis, loop response was simulated for three closing loop designs (vertical, T‐, and L‐loop) at thirteen loop positions. Loop length and height were 14 and 10‐mm, respectively. Loop properties (horizontal load/deflection, vertical force, and moment‐to‐force ratio M/F) on both ends were measured at 100 and 200 g force activation or when moving both ends 2‐mm together. It was found that the pattern of changes in loop properties with loop position was similar for the vertical and T‐loop. They reached their maximum M/F‐ratios of 5.5 and 7.3, respectively, at the ends closest to 1/5 or 4/5 off‐center loop positions. M/F‐direction at an end changed when the loop was about 2/3 away (vertical loop) or 4/5 (T‐loop). The L‐loop behaved differently, reaching its maximum 8.7 M/F‐ratio (200 g activation) when centered. M/F‐direction only changed at the opposite end of the L‐loop direction, and occurred when the loop was centered. This study showed that loop properties depended on loop shape, position and activation. The way properties changed with loop position depended on their designs. Clinicians should consider the specific characteristics of each loop configuration for desired tooth movements.
Anti-diabetic activity of chromium picolinate and biotin in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin
Authors: Sahin Kazim , Tuzcu Mehmet , Orhan Cemal , Sahin Nurhan , Kucuk Osman , Ozercan Ibrahim H. , Juturu Vijaya , Komorowski James R. 
Published: December 2012

The objective of the present study was to evaluate anti-diabetic effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and biotin supplementations in type 2 diabetic rats. The type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin. The rats were divided into five groups as follows: (1) non-diabetic rats fed a regular diet; (2) diabetic rats fed a HFD; (3) diabetic rats fed a HFD and supplemented with CrPic (80 μg/kg body weight (BW) per d); (4) diabetic rats fed a HFD and supplemented with biotin (300 μg/kg BW per d); (5) diabetic rats fed a HFD and supplemented with both CrPic and biotin. Circulating glucose, cortisol, total cholesterol, TAG, NEFA and malondialdehyde concentrations decreased (P< 0·05), but serum insulin concentrations increased (P< 0·05) in diabetic rats treated with biotin and CrPic, particularly with a combination of the supplements. Feeding a HFD to diabetic rats decreased PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (p-IRS-1) expression of liver, kidney and muscle tissues, while the supplements increased (P< 0·001) PPAR-γ and p-IRS-1 expressions in relevant tissues. Expression of NF-κB in the liver and kidney was greater in diabetic rats fed a HFD, as compared with rats fed a regular diet (P< 0·01). The supplements decreased the expression of NF-κB in diabetic rats (P< 0·05). Results of the present study revealed that supplementing CrPic and biotin alone or in a combination exerts anti-diabetic activities, probably through modulation of PPAR-γ, IRS-1 and NF-κB proteins.
It takes more to forgive: The role of executive control
Authors: Karremans Johan C. , van der Wal Reine C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe target article's evolutionary approach provides an excellent framework for understanding when and why people retaliate or forgive. We argue that recent findings on the basic processes in forgiveness – particularly, the role of executive control – can further refine the authors' proposed model. Specifically, the lack of executive control may restrict the explanatory power of relationship value and exploitation risk.
Pathways to language: a naturalistic study of children with Williams syndrome and children with Down syndrome
Authors: LEVY YONATA , EILAM ARIELA 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis is a naturalistic study of the development of language in Hebrew-speaking children with Williams syndrome (WS) and children with Down syndrome (DS), whose MLU extended from 1·0 to 4·4. Developmental curves over the entire span of data collection revealed minor differences between children with WS, children with DS, and typically developing (TD) controls of similar MLU. Development within one calendar year showed remarkable synchrony among the variables. However, age of language onset and pace of acquisition departed significantly from normal timing. It is argued that in view of the centrality of genetic timing and the network properties of cognition, normal schedules are crucial determinants of intact development. Consequently, with respect to neurodevelopmental syndromes, the so-called ‘language delay’ is indicative of deviance that is likely to impact development in critical ways.
Dynamics of International Aid in the Chinese Context: A Case Study of the World Bank's Cixi Wetlands Project in Zhejiang Province
Authors: Tan-Mullins May , Chen Guangli Gary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEnvironmental degradation in China, intensified by open-door reforms and industrialization, has been increasing at an alarming scale. Domestically, environmental governance has been poor, often due to institutional constraints and lack of “good practices.” However, recently there have been studies on how the “foreign factor” might have profound positive effects on capacity building in China and how international actors could lead to the successful introduction of good environmental governance. In this article, we present a study of a successful case: the World Bank Global Environmental Facility Cixi Wetlands project in Ningbo, China. The article examines the following: (a) the unique local context enabling the diffusion of international norms; (b) the factors which contribute to the World Bank's leverage role in restructuring local project governance; and (c) the changes in local environmental governance arising from the Bank's involvement. By evaluating this project, the article will demonstrate how the World Bank managed to introduce and socialize local actors into project-specific policy dialogues and procedures that enhanced local compliance with its international practices and standards.
Parkinson's disease-associated human P5B-ATPase ATP13A2 increases spermidine uptake
Authors: De La Hera Diego P. , Corradi Gerardo R. , Adamo Hugo P. , De Tezanos Pinto Felicitas 
Published: December 2012

P-type ion pumps are membrane transporters that have been classified into five subfamilies termed P1–P5. The ion transported by the P5-ATPases is not known. Five genes, ATP13A (ATPase type 13A) 1–ATP13A5, that belong to the P5-ATPase group have been identified in humans. Mutations of the human gene ATP13A2 underlie a form of PD (Parkinson's disease). Previous studies have suggested a relation between polyamines and P5B-ATPases. We have recently shown that the cytotoxicity induced by the polyamine analogue paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium), which is an environmental agent related to PD development, was increased in ATP13A2-expressing CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells. In the present study we showed that ATP13A2-expressing CHO cells exhibit a 2-fold higher accumulation of spermidine. Increasing concentrations of spermidine reduced the viability of CHO cells stably expressing ATP13A2. The higher levels of spermidine attained by the ATP13A2-expressing CHO cells were correlated with an increase in the ATP-dependent spermidine uptake in an isolated subcellular fraction containing lysosomes and late endosomes. The results of the present study support the idea that the human P5B-ATPase ATP13A2 is involved in polyamine uptake.
Female-typical Subjects and their Effect on Wage Inequalities among Higher Education Graduates in Germany
Authors: Leuze Kathrin , Strauß Susanne 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
In the search for an explanation of wage inequalities between men and women, it is often argued that women's disadvantages on the labour market are the result of their lower investment in human capital. However, this argument loses for at a time when highly educated women are outperforming men in terms of educational attainment. But even within the group of higher education graduates, gender differences remain in the form of gender-typical enrolment in academic subjects. The present article analyses the wage effects of how graduation in typically female subjects and subsequent work in typically female occupations generate wage inequalities 1 and 5 years after graduation. For understanding these effects, it follows the hypothesis of a socio-cultural devaluation of female-dominated subjects and occupations. Based on the 1997 HIS Absolventenpanel, we estimate gross hourly wages of male and female higher education graduates as they enter the German labour market. Results show that, 1 year after graduation, men receive a higher wage penalty than women for graduating in a female-dominated subject. However, working in typically female occupations affects women's wages more strongly than it does men's immediately after graduation. In addition, women have fewer possibilities to compensate for this penalty in subsequent years.
ARGOS – II. The Galactic bulge survey
Authors: Freeman K. , Ness M. , Wylie-de-Boer E. , Athanassoula E. , Bland-Hawthorn J. , Asplund M. , Lewis G. , Yong D. , Lane R. , Kiss L. , Ibata R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We describe the motivation, field locations and stellar selection for the Abundances and Radial velocity Galactic Origins Survey (ARGOS) spectroscopic survey of 28 000 stars in the bulge and inner disc of the Milky Way galaxy across latitudes of b = −5° to −10°. The primary goal of this survey is to constrain the formation processes of the bulge and establish whether it is predominantly a merger or instability remnant. From the spectra (R = 11 000), we have measured radial velocities and determined stellar parameters, including metallicities and [α/Fe] ratios. Distances were estimated from the derived stellar parameters and about 14 000 stars are red giants within 3.5 kpc of the Galactic Centre. In this paper, we present the observations and analysis methods. Subsequent papers (III and IV) will discuss the stellar metallicity distribution and kinematics of the Galactic bulge and inner disc, and the implications for the formation of the bulge.
Incidence of transient hypoxia during pre‐hospital rapid sequence intubation by anaesthesiologists
Authors: HELM M. , KREMERS G. , LAMPL L. , HOSSFELD B. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundPre‐hospital tracheal intubation (TI) is an important but difficult procedure with the potential to produce hypoxaemia. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of desaturation episodes during out‐of‐hospital rapid sequence induction (RSI) and TI by the medical team of a German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS).MethodsWe performed a prospective study at HEMS ‘CHRISTOPH 22’. TI was performed as RSI according to a standard protocol. Desaturation was defined as a reduction in SpO2 below 90% or a reduction of more than 10% from baseline SpO2 when initial values were less than 90%.ResultsThe RSI/TI manoeuvre was attempted in 150 patients [107 male (71.3%); median age 40 years (IQR 21–61); overall success rate 100%]. The incidence of desaturation episodes was 13.3% with a median duration of 50 sec. (IQR 30–92) and a median SpO2 decrease of 24 ± 10%. Upon hospital admission, all patients had SpO2 values ≥ 96%. In the desaturation group the duration of successful TI was significantly longer [median 85 sec. (IQR 60–119) vs. median 63 sec. (IQR 48–70); P < 0.01], and the number of patients with a baseline SpO2 ≥ 90% was significantly lower (65.0% vs. 88.5%; P < 0.01). Among patients with difficult to manage airway, those with desaturation were significantly younger, and technical problems were significantly more frequent.ConclusionThe incidence of episodes of desaturation during pre‐hospital RSI/TI at HEMS Ulm is relatively low, and the duration of such episodes is short.
Internal Delorme's procedure for rectal outlet obstruction
Authors: Ganio E. , Martina S. , Novelli E. , Sandru R. , Clerico G. , Realis Luc A. , Trompetto M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimThe outcome of the internal Delorme's procedure (IDP) for obstructed defaecation was assessed.MethodFrom October 2001 to March 2009, 167 patients with obstructed defaecation associated with rectal intussusception were operated on. Patients were selected on the basis of validated constipation and continence scores, clinical examination and defaecography. Seventy‐six patients were treated by the IDP alone and 91 patients were treated by the IDP with a levatorplasty. Before surgery and after a mean ± SD follow up of 3.0 ± 1.5 years, patients were assessed using the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence and Constipation Score (CCIS and CCCS), the Obstructed Defecation Score (ODS), faecal urgency and the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC‐QoL) questionnaire.ResultsSeventeen (10.2%) patients developed a postoperative complication including fissure‐in‐ano (4.2%), proctalgia (3.0%), suture‐line dehiscence with stenosis (1.8%) and Clostridium difficile colitis (1.2%). Faecal urgency changed from 22% to 17.6% (P = 0.754). Tenesmus fell from 53.9% to 17.1% (P < 0.001). The CCCS and the ODS fell by 50% or more in 82.6% and 73.7% of the patients, respectively. The CCIS did not worsen significantly in patients who remained incontinent, and 45.7% of the previously incontinent patients regained normal continence. The CCCS decreased from 11 to 3 (P < 0.001) in the patients treated by the IDP and from 12 to 3 (P < 0.001) in the patients treated by the IDP with levatorplasty. The overall recurrence rate was 5.4%. The PAC‐QoL showed a reduction of anxiety/depression and of physical and psychological discomfort (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe IDP is an effective and safe option for rectal outlet obstruction caused by rectal intussusception with excellent function and patient satisfaction.
A review of posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
Authors: Thomas G. P. , Dudding T. C. , Rahbour G. , Nicholls R. J. , Vaizey C. J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimThis review aimed to assess the published results of posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for faecal incontinence.MethodA search was performed of PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase to identify studies describing the clinical outcome of PTNS for faecal incontinence.ResultsThirteen studies were identified. These described the outcome of PTNS for faecal incontinence in 273 patients. Four described transcutaneous PTNS, eight percutaneous PTNS and one compared both methods of PTNS with a sham transcutaneous group. One investigated patients with faecal incontinence and spinal cord injury and another with inflammatory bowel disease. There was marked heterogeneity of the treatment regimens and of the end points used. All reported that PTNS improved faecal incontinence. A > 50% improvement was reported in episodes of faecal incontinence in 63–82% of patients. An improvement was seen in urgency (1–5 min). Improvement was also described in the Cleveland Clinic faecal incontinence score in eight studies. Patients with urge and mixed incontinence appear to benefit more than those with passive incontinence. Treatment regimens ranged in duration from 1–3 months. A residual therapeutic effect is seen after completion of treatment. Follow‐up ranged from 1–30 months.ConclusionPTNS is effective for faecal incontinence. However, many of the published studies are of poor quality. Comparison between studies is difficult owing to differences in the outcome measures used, technique of PTNS and the timing and duration of treatment.
The Microbial Efficiency‐Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Wallenstein Matthew D. , Boot Claudia M. , Denef Karolien , Paul Eldor 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe decomposition and transformation of above‐ and below‐ground plant detritus (litter) is the main process by which soil organic matter (SOM) is formed. Yet, research on litter decay and SOM formation has been largely uncoupled, failing to provide an effective nexus between these two fundamental processes for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and storage. We present the current understanding of the importance of microbial substrate use efficiency and C and N allocation in controlling the proportion of plant‐derived C and N that is incorporated into SOM, and of soil matrix interactions in controlling SOM stabilization. We synthesize this understanding into the Microbial Efficiency‐Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework. This framework leads to the hypothesis that labile plant constituents are the dominant source of microbial products, relative to input rates, because they are utilized more efficiently by microbes. These microbial products of decomposition would thus become the main precursors of stable SOM by promoting aggregation and through strong chemical bonding to the mineral soil matrix.
Swedish alcohol consumption on the threshold of modernity: legislation, attitudes and national economy c. 1775–1855
Authors: Enefalk Hanna 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimsWe aimed to map the context of the large increase in vodka consumption in Sweden during the transition from early modern to modern times (c. 1775–1855). What were the attitudes to alcohol among the groups that dominated society, and how did these attitudes relate to contemporary legislation and socio‐economic change?MethodsQualitative analysis of diaries and memoirs. Information was also collected from legislation, writings of the temperance movement and previous research.FindingsDuring the period studied, attitudes to alcohol among the socio‐economic elite were positive if the drinker was a person of standing, whereas drinking among the working population was scorned and, from the 1830s onwards, a cause for concern. Legislation was characterized by frequent and radical changes. Consumption levels are difficult to estimate: in the 1820s, agricultural overproduction, liberal legislation and improved distilling methods probably resulted in a major consumption increase. In 1846–53, permissive licensing laws and the industrialization of distilling similarly led to very high consumption levels.ConclusionsIn Sweden in the late 18th and early 19th centuries the social elite appears to have used alcohol as a tool in their negotiations with the working population but later, as the spread of wage labour and cheap vodka coincided with Sweden's largest ever population growth, the view that popular drinking must be checked gained support in leading circles.