bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of an Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Ring as a Matrix in the Recovery of Bite Mark Evidence
Authors: Sweet DJ , Bastien RB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Valuable forensic information can be obtained from analysis of human bite mark injuries after careful retrieval of such evidence from living or deceased victims. It is difficult, however, to maintain the anatomical configuration of the skin, especially where body contours complicate the recovery process.
Transillumination of the injury pattern in the skin after removal and preservation of the tissue from a deceased victim can provide significant information in the investigation process. A dimensionally stable matrix is required to support the skin's anatomical configuration during and after its removal. The authors have developed a unique and convenient method of heating and contouring a ring of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic using table salt over a heat source. When this ring is applied to the deceased victim's skin, and a backing material is added for support, removal of the skin and the bite mark can be accomplished more predictably while maintaining the anatomical contour.
It is important to record bite marks accurately as soon after discovery as possible; the authors believe that this technique will significantly aid recovery of such evidence either at the crime scene or in the laboratory. A method of inscribing appropriate anatomical markers and case numbers on the rings is also described.
Chloroquine Distribution in Postmortem Cases
Authors: Kuhlman JJ , Mayes RW , Levine B , Jones R , Wagner GN , Smith ML 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Chloroquine concentrations in blood and tissues were examined in overdose and non-overdose cases to determine appropriate ranges for interpretation. Twenty-nine literature overdose cases and 8 non-overdose literature cases were compared with this laboratory's findings. The results indicate significant postmortem redistribution of chloroquine. Combining this laboratory's results and the literature results indicates that using a liver concentration of 150 mg/kg as a cutoff between overdose and non-overdose concentrations properly identified 30 of the 34 published cases containing liver chloroquine and 19 of the 20 presented cases.
Detection of Haptoglobin from Concentrated Urine Samples by Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Roy R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The detection of haptoglobin (Hp) from serum and bloodstains is utilized extensively in forensic science laboratories in order to include or exclude possible donors. There is an increasing need to make the same discriminations utilizing genetic markers from urine samples. This paper describes the use of enzyme immunoassay and Western blotting (electrophoretic) techniques to determine Hp phenotypes from concentrated urine samples.
Serum and urine specimens were collected from volunteer donors. The serum sample from each donor was typed for Hp. The urine specimens were concentrated 3000-fold from the starting volume of 15 mL to a final volume of 5 μL and applied to the gradient polyacrylamide gels. This procedure allows the separation of Hp samples into the three common phenotypes as well as the other rare variants found in humans.
The Western blotting electrophoretic technique was used to achieve the transfer of Hp bands from the gels to the nitrocellulose membranes. Enzyme immunoassay with goat anti-Hp antiserum and rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin alkaline phosphatase conjugate were used to identify the Hp bands from the concentrated samples. Specimens stored for six months at −22°C were also concentrated and typed successfully.
Recent implementation of drug-screening policies has resulted in an increase in the submission of substituted urine specimens. The above procedure can be used to detect an additional genetic marker from urine samples and thus facilitate the identity of the donor.
90° North?—Examination of Robert E. Peary's Polar Journal No. 1, 1909
Authors: Anthony AT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The controversy continues as to whether or not Robert Edwin Peary actually reached the North Pole, 90° N. In the recent past, a crucial journal/diary chronicling Peary's success at being the first man to reach the top of the world was made public. Separate leaves inserted into the notebook have raised questions of authenticity. Is this Journal a rewritten version of an undisclosed original, or a work prepared to counter skepticism by detractors, including members of Congress? This paper describes information gained from a controlled, restricted examination of Journal No. 1, 1909, at the National Archives in Washington, DC.
Typing of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Extracted from Compact Bone from Human Remains
Authors: Hochmeister MN , Budowle B , Borer UV , Eggmann U , Comey CT , Dirnhofer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The application of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing methods for the potential identification of unknown human remains was investigated. DNA was isolated from compact bone tissue from badly decomposed bodies and from known and unknown human remains, using a decalcification and ion wash procedure. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) loci yielded results in some cases, but more often the DNA was too degraded to produce RFLP patterns. No RFLP profiles could be obtained from putrified soft tissues.
However, DNA extracted from compact bone tissue of human remains up to eleven years old was successfully amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the VNTR loci D1S80, D17S5, COL2A1, and APO B, as well as the HLA-DQ alpha locus. This is especially significant, since PCR results were obtained from those samples whose DNA had been degraded substantially and had yielded no RFLP patterns. All DNA types determined from the compact bone tissue from decomposed bodies whose identification had been established first by other means (and whose parents or offspring were available for typing) demonstrated mendelian inheritance of the alleles of the loci analyzed. These results suggest that amplification and typing of DNA extracted from compact bone of human remains could be useful in establishing the identity of a person, as well as in excluding possible false identifications.
A Rapid Method for the Determination of Cocaine in Brain Tissue
Authors: Browne SP , Moore CM , Scheurer J , Tebbett IR , Logan BK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid procedure is described for the extraction and analysis of brain samples for cocaine and benzoylecgonine. Human brain tissue was sectioned at autopsy, and samples were subjected to a lipase digestion, subsequent to solid-phase extraction. The distribution of cocaine and benzoylecgonine throughout different regions of the brain was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Isolation, Identification, and Origin of Three Previously Unknown Congeners in Illicit Cocaine
Authors: Ensing JG , Hummelen JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three previously unknown, overlooked, or perhaps wrongly identified impurities in illicit cocaine seized in the Netherlands Antilles are traced by various combinations of chromatographic and extraction methods. Once isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography, the compounds are identified as norcocaine, N-benzoylnorecgnonine methyl ester, and N-formyl norcocaine. Their presence in the illicit cocaine samples is explained as a result of the permanganate bleaching procedure that is nowadays routinely performed as part of the illegal production protocol.
Arson Evidence Container Evaluation: II. “New Generation” Kapak Bags
Authors: Kinard WD , Midkiff CR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Packaging for arson evidence must be convenient to transport to and from the scene, available in a range of sizes, water resistant, easy to seal, and effective at providing containment of accelerant vapors. Traditional containers have several limitations for use in the field and the laboratory. A polyester-polyolefin composite film bag was an attractive candidate but had been largely abandoned because of a contamination problem. Similar bags made with film from a modified process designed to eliminate the contaminant were studied to assess their suitability as containers for routine use by arson investigators. This study showed the “new generation” bags to be free of the prior contaminant and sufficiently retentive for packaging and storage of arson evidence.
Autoerotic Asphyxial Death Initially Misinterpreted as Suicide and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Garza-Leal JA , Landrón FJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Death during autoerotic activities is of special concern to law enforcement officials, medical examiners, the family of the decedent, and society in general. As in the probing of any violent demise, accurate identification, management, and preservation of all physical evidence; complete photographic documentation of the scene and the body; reconstruction of the scene; and interviews with the family and acquaintances (psychological autopsy) are mandatory for proper study, evaluation, and interpretation of the case. Because of a lack of knowledge on the part of many people, including professionals, about these activities and the fact that many autoerotic fatalities share common characteristics with suicide and homicide, these cases are often misinterpreted. The authors present a case of autoerotic accidental asphyxial death which was initially misinterpreted as suicide.
Cardiac Laceration and Pericardial Tamponade Due to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Noffsinger AE , Blisard KS , Balko MG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Complications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), such as rib fractures and pneumothorax, are not uncommon. The authors report the case of a 69-year-old woman who underwent surgery for a perforated duodenal ulcer. Eighteen hours postoperatively she sustained a cardiac arrest; vigorous resuscitation efforts, using advanced cardiac life-support procedures, failed. At autopsy, she had 350 mL of fresh blood in her pericardial sac, which had caused cardiac tamponade. Three ribs were fractured at the left sternal border. Directly underneath the fractured ribs were a 0.4-cm laceration of the pericardium and an accompanying 0.7-cm laceration of the left ventricle. There was an acute thrombus in the left anterior descending artery. Microscopic examination of the heart showed acute infarction of the left ventricle in the vicinity of the laceration. This case demonstrates that vigorous CPR performed on an acutely infarcted heart can result in lethal cardiac laceration and tamponade.
Identification of Human Remains by Comparison of Frontal Sinus Radiographs: A Series of Four Cases
Authors: Marlin DC , Clark MA , Standish SM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The value for identification purposes of the radiographic frontal sinus outline, which is unique to each individual and remains constant throughout that individual's lifetime, is discussed. A general discussion of identification using frontal sinus X-rays is presented, along with four cases.
Ethanol Distribution Ratios Between Urine and Capillary Blood in Controlled Experiments and in Apprehended Drinking Drivers
Authors: Jones AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Healthy men drank 0.51, 0.68, and 0.85 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight as neat whisky in the morning after an overnight fast. During 6 to 8 h after the whisky was consumed, nearly simultaneous specimens of fingertip blood and pooled bladder urine were obtained for analysis of ethanol using an enzymatic method. The mean ratios of ethanol concentration [urine alcohol concentration (UAC)/blood alcohol concentration (BAC)] were mostly less than unity during the absorption phase. The UAC exceeded the BAC in the postpeak phase. The mean UAC/BAC ratios varied between 1.4 and 1.7 when the BAC exceeded 0.50 mg/mL. When the BAC decreased below 0.40 mg/mL, the UAC/BAC ratios increased appreciably. The mean UAC/BAC ratios of ethanol were not dependent on the person's age between the ages of 20 and 60 years old, but there were large variations within the age groups. In apprehended drinking drivers (N = 654) with a mean BAC of 1.55 mg/mL, the UAC/BAC ratio of ethanol varied widely, with a mean value of 1.49. In 12 subjects (3.2%), the ratio was less than or equal to unity. In a second specimen of urine obtained approximately 60 min after an initial void (N = 135), the mean UAC/BAC ratio was 1.35 (standard deviation = 0.17). The magnitude of the UAC/BAC ratio of ethanol can help to establish whether the BAC curve was rising or falling at or near the time of voiding. The status of alcohol absorption needs to be documented if drinking drivers claim ingestion of alcohol after the offence or when back-estimation of the BAC from the time of sampling to the time of driving is required by statute.
A Single-Column Procedure on Bond Elut Certify for Systematic Toxicological Analysis of Drugs in Plasma and Urine
Authors: Chen X-H , Wijsbeek J , Franke J-P , de Zeeuw RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A single-column solid-phase extraction procedure was developed for the screening of acidic, neutral, and basic drugs from plasma. The recoveries of all 25 tested drugs exceeded 82%. After the plasma had been diluted with phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), the drugs were extracted using a single Bond Elut Certify column. The acidic and most of the neutral drugs were eluted by acetone/chloroform (1:1) and the basic drugs were eluted by 2% ammoniated ethyl acetate. Some neutral drugs appeared in both fractions. The two fractions were collected separately and evaporated until approximately 100 μL of solvent remained in the tube. Both fractions were analyzed separately on a gas chromatograph equipped with a wide-bore capillary column and a flame ionization detector. The procedure could also be used for urine samples.
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Recruit Training Deaths in San Diego, California, 1973–1985; A Review of 31 Cases
Authors: Wagner SA , Clark MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The deaths of military recruits associated with training activities nearly always fall under close scrutiny from relatives of the deceased recruit and the media. The literature contains isolated case reports of recruit deaths but no comprehensive reviews of all deaths at a single training facility. The purpose of this study is to describe the circumstances and causes of all recruit deaths occurring at the Naval Training Command and the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego, California, from 1973 through 1985. Thirty-one male recruits died in training during this period; eight died from medical conditions not detected by preenlistment questioning or examination. In five of these cases, the conditions were probably known to the recruit but were not listed on a medical history form. Seven recruits died in incidents related to training, and there were six cases of “sudden cardiac death,” as well as eight deaths caused by infectious diseases.
Toneline Bite Mark Photography
Authors: Robinson E , Wentzel J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In bite mark analyses, the initial photograph is critical for the collection and presentation of evidence. A high-contrast film technique previously used primarily in the graphic arts field has been refined and applied to forensic odontology. The process, called toneline, reduces the interpretational bias of the investigator and yields a transparent overlay with a photographic outline of the bite mark which can be directly compared with models of the suspect's teeth.
Unnatural Deaths in Nursing Home Patients
Authors: Corey TS , Weakley-Jones B , Nichols GR , Theuer HH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nursing home residents comprise a large and rapidly growing segment of the national population. Despite this fact, the majority of deaths occurring in nursing homes are not investigated because of the significant medical illnesses suffered by most residents. Herein, we report a series of unnatural deaths in nursing home residents, including two homicides and seven accidental deaths. In four of the deaths, there was an attempted concealment of the cause and manner of death. Fearing criminal or civil proceedings, nursing home personnel may attempt to conceal homicidal or accidental deaths in nursing home residents. Because of the serious, chronic illnesses suffered by these patients, attending physicians are often willing to sign death certificates without personally investigating the circumstances surrounding the patient's demise. The authors contend that unnatural deaths of nursing home patients are significantly underreported. Attending physicians and death investigators should be urged to investigate more fully sudden deaths in nursing home patients.
Personality Traits in Juvenile Maladjustment
Authors: Osuna E , Alarcón C , Luna A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the role of some personality traits, measured by psychological tests, in minors and adolescents experiencing problems in their social integration. We studied 189 subjects (110 male, 79 female) ranging in age from 11 to 18 years. All the subjects were from centers under the administration of the juvenile court of Murcia, Spain. Each subject underwent individual clinical psychological examination as well as psychometric and psychological studies. Our results show a statistically significant association between the scores on some of the tests used and variables related to familial and social maladjustment. These personality traits define a set of individuals with a characteristic profile, for whom unfavorable biographical events have made integration in, and adaptation to, the established social milicu difficult.
Class Characteristics of Alphabetic Speedwriting Shorthand Systems
Authors: Finch T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The handwriting class characteristics of four alphabetic speedwriting shorthand systems are identified and compared. The four systems are analyzed and compared primarily by (1) letter form simplification; (2) printed and cursive capital letter forms; (3) disjoined and joined letter forms; (4) superscript and subscript letter or number forms, or both; (5) capital and small letters or symbols, or a combination of these, used as abbreviations; (6) nonalphabetic symbols; and (7) phrasing or combinations of symbols.
Differentiation of Illicit Phenyl-2-Propanone Synthesized from Phenylacetic Acid with Acetic Anhydride Versus Lead (II) Acetate
Authors: Allen AC , Stevenson ML , Nakamura SM , Ely RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The illicit synthesis of phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) in clandestine drug laboratories from phenylacetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate or pyridine, or from the dry distillation of phenylacetic acid and lead (II) acetate is examined. These two routes are investigated using capillary gas chromatography (GC) combined with vapor-phase Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electron impact mass spectrometry (EIMS) detection (GC-FTIR-EIMS), and using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify 21 reaction by-products. The mechanisms of the two reactions producing P2P are presented, along with the mechanisms giving rise to these by-products. This investigation has identified 4 reaction-specific compounds which can be used to differentiate the two synthetic methods.
The Evidence Notwithstanding—A Case Report on a Rape
Authors: Brauner P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report concerns the rape of a woman by a stranger. The complainant stated that, during the course of the rape, penetration took place without ejaculation: these details were later confirmed by a suspect. This suspect, who was identified by the complainant, confessed and was convicted.
Laboratory findings, however, indicated that the suspect could not have been the source of the semen found on the complainant's underpants. Further, a vaginal swab taken from the complainant contained intact sperm cells, an indication of a recent sexual contact.
In spite of the presence of semen on the underwear which could not have come from the suspect, and the nonoccurrence of an ejaculation during the rape, the complainant maintained that she had not had a sexual contact for a month prior to the rape. This apparent contradiction and its implications are discussed.
Luke May of Seattle—“America's Sherlock Holmes”
Authors: Beck J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper provides a brief biography of Luke S. May (1886–1965), whose pioneering work in forensic science in the United States has not received full recognition. May began as a private detective in Salt Lake City, Utah, shortly after the turn of the century and later established his own agency, the Revelare International Secret Service, which he moved to Seattle, Washington, in 1919. Although basically self-taught in scientific matters, May built a solid reputation among police agencies and attorneys in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada as a serious and effective scientific investigator in the era before public crime laboratories. This reputation as “America's Sherlock Holmes” also led to his being consulted on the establishment of the first American crime laboratory at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois, and on a laboratory for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at Regina, in Saskatchewan, Canada. He contributed to a landmark case of court acceptance of toolmark identification, invented specialized instruments, and founded an institute to teach scientific criminal investigation to police officers. His earliest associates were John L. Harris and J. Clark Sellers, both of whom became recognized document examiners on the West Coast and were followed by a second and a third generation of practitioners.
Reporting of Highly Individual Genetic Typing Results: A Practical Approach
Authors: Stoney DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper considers the interpretation of serological typing data as a problem in forensic science, as opposed to a problem in population genetics or statistics. Controversies arising in this area are partly due to an overly narrow perspective that ignores basic forensic science principles. After an initial discussion of the special problem that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) blood typing poses to forensic science, the three difficulties common to all the proposed interpretive methods are discussed. These are: predicting genotype incidence from allele frequencies, predicting frequencies for the joint occurrence of genotypes in a number of different genetic marker systems, and determining the appropriate population to use to measure the frequencies. The inability to test assumptions that are inherent in our routine methods is noted. This is a procedural weakness that unnecessarily limits the admissibility of DNA typing evidence in court. A practical solution to this problem is offered that begins with minimal assumptions. Initially a statement is made based on (1) how many reference samples the laboratory has typed and (2) how many of these samples show genotypes corresponding to the case samples.
The second stage of the presentation begins with a statement that additional assumptions are necessary to fully interpret the evidence and that although these assumptions are scientifically very reasonable, they cannot be absolutely proven. The presentation can then proceed, if desired, to consideration of the specific assumptions and frequency estimates of any of the methods that have been proposed to date.
To follow this approach population data must be kept in a form that allows the simple first-stage statement to be made. This means that each individual's record would include typing results in each genetic marker system. Although this method of data storage differs from that used in most forensic science laboratories, it is exceptionally versatile, and allows great flexibility in data analysis.