bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High animal fat intake enhances prostate cancer progression and reduces glutathione peroxidase 3 expression in early stages of TRAMP mice
Authors: Chang Seo‐Na , Han Juhee , Abdelkader Tamer Said , Kim Tae‐Hyoun , Lee Ji Min , Song Juha , Kim Kyung‐Sul , Park Jong‐Hwan , Park Jae‐Hak 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDProstate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Western men, and more men have been diagnosed at younger ages in recent years. A high‐fat Western‐style diet is a known risk factor for prostate cancer and increases oxidative stress.METHODSWe evaluated the association between dietary animal fat and expression of antioxidant enzymes, particularly glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), in the early stages of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. Six‐week‐old male nontransgenic and TRAMP mice were placed on high animal fat (45% Kcal fat) or control (10% Kcal fat) diets and sacrificed after 5 or 10 weeks.RESULTSThe histopathological score increased with age and high‐fat diet consumption. The histopathological scores in dorsal and lateral lobes increased in the 10‐week high‐fat diet group (6.2 ± 0.2 and 6.2 ± 0.4, respectively) versus the 10‐week control diet group (5.3 ± 0.3 and 5.2 ± 0.2, respectively). GPx3 decreased both at the mRNA and protein levels in mouse prostate. GPx3 mRNA expression decreased (∼36.27% and ∼23.91%, respectively) in the anterior and dorsolateral prostate of TRAMP mice fed a high‐fat diet compared to TRAMP mice fed a control diet. Cholesterol treatment increased PC‐3 human prostate cancer cell proliferation, decreased GPx3 mRNA and protein levels, and increased H2O2 levels in culture medium. Moreover, increasing GPx3 mRNA expression by troglitazone in PC‐3 cells decreased cell proliferation and lowered H2O2 levels.CONCLUSIONSDietary fat enhances prostate cancer progression, possibly by suppressing GPx3 expression and increasing proliferation of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) epithelial cells. Prostate 74: 1266–1277, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous targeting of prostate stem cell antigen and prostate‐specific membrane antigen improves the killing of prostate cancer cells using a novel modular T cell‐retargeting system
Authors: Arndt Claudia , Feldmann Anja , Koristka Stefanie , Cartellieri Marc , Dimmel Maria , Ehninger Armin , Ehninger Gerhard , Bachmann Michael 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDRecently, we described a novel modular platform technology in which T cell‐recruitment and tumor‐targeting domains of conventional bispecific antibodies are split to independent components, a universal effector module (EM) and replaceable monospecific/monovalent target modules (TMs) that form highly efficient T cell‐retargeting complexes. Theoretically, our unique strategy should allow us to simultaneously retarget T cells to different tumor antigens by combining the EM with two or more different monovalent/monospecific TMs or even with bivalent/bispecific TMs, thereby overcoming limitations of a monospecific treatment such as the selection of target‐negative tumor escape variants.METHODSIn order to advance our recently introduced prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA)‐specific modular system for a dual‐targeting of prostate cancer cells, two additional TMs were constructed: a monovalent/monospecific TM directed against the prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and a bivalent/bispecific TM (bsTM) with specificity for PSMA and PSCA. The functionality of the novel dual‐targeting strategies was analyzed by performing T cell activation and chromium release assays.RESULTSSimilar to the PSCA‐specific modular system, the novel PSMA‐specific modular system mediates an efficient target‐dependent and ‐specific tumor cell lysis at low E:T ratios and picomolar Ab concentrations. Moreover, by combination of the EM with either the bispecific TM directed to PSMA and PSCA or both monospecifc TMs directed to either PSCA or PSMA, dual‐specific targeting complexes were formed which allowed us to kill potential escape variants expressing only one or the other target antigen.CONCLUSIONSOverall, the novel modular system represents a promising tool for multiple tumor targeting. Prostate 74: 1335–1346, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endogenous calcium buffering at photoreceptor synaptic terminals in salamander retina
Authors: Van Hook Matthew J. , Thoreson Wallace B. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTCalcium operates by several mechanisms to regulate glutamate release at rod and cone synaptic terminals. In addition to serving as the exocytotic trigger, Ca2+ accelerates replenishment of vesicles in cones and triggers Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in rods. Ca2+ thereby amplifies sustained exocytosis, enabling photoreceptor synapses to encode constant and changing light. A complete picture of the role of Ca2+ in regulating synaptic transmission requires an understanding of the endogenous Ca2+ handling mechanisms at the synapse. We therefore used the “added buffer” approach to measure the endogenous Ca2+ binding ratio (κendo) and extrusion rate constant (γ) in synaptic terminals of photoreceptors in retinal slices from tiger salamander. We found that κendo was similar in both cell types—∼25 and 50 in rods and cones, respectively. Using measurements of the decay time constants of Ca2+ transients, we found that γ was also similar, with values of ∼100 s−1 and 160 s−1 in rods and cones, respectively. The measurements of κendo differ considerably from measurements in retinal bipolar cells, another ribbon‐bearing class of retinal neurons, but are comparable to similar measurements at other conventional synapses. The values of γ are slower than at other synapses, suggesting that Ca2+ ions linger longer in photoreceptor terminals, supporting sustained exocytosis, CICR, and Ca2+‐dependent ribbon replenishment. The mechanisms of endogenous Ca2+ handling in photoreceptors are thus well‐suited for supporting tonic neurotransmission. Similarities between rod and cone Ca2+ handling suggest that neither buffering nor extrusion underlie differences in synaptic transmission kinetics. Synapse 68:518–528, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fruit consumption and seed dispersal by birds in native vs. ex situ individuals of the endangered Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis
Authors: Li Ning , An Shu‐qing , Liu Zhao , Lu Chang‐hu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe conservation success of endangered trees may depend on re‐establishing or replacing the mutualisms that were important in their native habitats. In this study, we quantified avian frugivore diversity on individuals of the endangered Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis) in a botanical garden and at a natural site. We found that frugivore species diversity was lower in the botanical garden than in the natural site. In spite of the relatively low frugivore diversity, however, the ex‐situ population of Chinese yew attracted similar disperser species to those in the natural population, and trees in the ex‐situ population were visited more frequently than those in the natural population. Furthermore, the different perching behavior of dispersers resulted in different dispersal efficiencies. Although the Chinese bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) was the most common forager in the botanical garden, its dispersal efficiency was the lowest, and thus it could not like the role played by the mountain bulbul (Hypsipetes maclellandii) in the natural site. Only the red‐billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythrorhyncha) provided a high‐quality dispersal service in both sites. Our results highlight the ability of the Chinese yew to recruit seed dispersal agents in new habitats. However, if the newly recruited species is a low‐quality disperser, the plants will depend more heavily on other avian vectors for regeneration.
Let’s talk strategy: the impact of voluntary strategy disclosure on the cost of equity capital
Authors: Sieber Tom , Weißenberger Barbara E. , Oberdörster Tatjana , Baetge Jörg 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper deals with the impact of voluntary strategy disclosure in management reports on the cost of equity capital. Such an impact is not obvious, as investors might consider strategy information as “cheap talk” and therefore ignore it. We analyze a sample of 100 German listed firms from 2002 to 2008, measuring strategy disclosure levels using hand-collected strategy disclosure scores. We find that higher disclosure levels are, on average, associated with lower cost of equity capital even after controlling for overall disclosure quality. The paper contributes to the field by providing evidence that voluntary strategy disclosures in firms’ management reports reduce the information asymmetry component of cost of capital and therefore can be considered as a relevant source of information for investors.
Stratified shear flow: experiments in an inclined duct
Authors: Meyer Colin R. , Linden P. F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present results of experiments on stratified shear flow in an inclined duct. The duct connects two reservoirs of fluid with different densities, and contains a counterflow with a dense layer flowing beneath a less dense layer moving in the opposite direction. We identify four flow states in this experiment, depending on the fractional density differences, characterised by the dimensionless Atwood number, and the angle of inclination $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\theta $, which is defined to be positive (negative) when the along-duct component of gravity reinforces (opposes) the buoyancy-induced pressure differences across the ends of the duct. For sufficiently negative angles and small fractional density differences, the flow is observed to be laminar ($\mathsf{L}$ state), with an undisturbed density interface separating the two layers. For positive angles and/or high fractional density differences, three other states are observed. For small angles of inclination, the flow is wave-dominated and exhibits Holmboe modes ($\mathsf{H}$ state) on the interface, with characteristic cusp-like wave breaking. At the highest positive angles and density differences, there is a turbulent ($\mathsf{T}$ state) high-dissipation interfacial region typically containing Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH)-like structures sheared in the direction of the mean shear and connecting both layers. For intermediate angles and density differences, an intermittent state ($\mathsf{I}$ state) is found, which exhibits a rich range of spatio-temporal behaviour and an interfacial region that contains features of KH-like structures and of the other two lower-dissipation states: thin interfaces and Holmboe-like structures. We map the state diagram of these flows in the Atwood number–$\theta $ plane and examine the force balances that determine each of these states. We find that the $\mathsf{L}$ and $\mathsf{H}$ states are hydraulically controlled at the ends of the duct and the flow is determined by the pressure difference associated with the density difference between the reservoirs. As the inclination increases, the along-slope component of the buoyancy force becomes more significant and the $\mathsf{I}$ and $\mathsf{T}$ states are associated with increasing dissipation within the duct. We replot the state space in the Grashof number–$\theta $ phase plane and find the transition to the $\mathsf{T}$ state is governed by a critical Grashof number. We find that the corresponding buoyancy Reynolds number of the transition to the $\mathsf{T}$ state is of the order of 100, and that this state is also found to be hydraulically controlled at the ends of the duct. In this state the dissipation balances the force associated with the along-slope component of buoyancy and the counterflow has a critical composite Froude number.
Steady streaming in a two-dimensional box model of a passive cochlea
Authors: Edom Elisabeth , Obrist Dominik , Kleiser Leonhard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAcoustic stimulation of the cochlea leads to a travelling wave in the cochlear fluids and on the basilar membrane (BM). It has long been suspected that this travelling wave leads to a steady streaming flow in the cochlea. Theoretical investigations suggested that the steady streaming might be of physiological relevance. Here, we present a quantitative study of the steady streaming in a computational model of a passive cochlea. The structure of the streaming flow is illustrated and the sources of streaming are closely investigated. We describe a source of streaming which has not been considered in the cochlea by previous authors. This source is also related to a steady axial displacement of the BM which leads to a local stretching of this compliant structure. We present theoretical predictions for the streaming intensity which account for these new phenomena. It is shown that these predictions compare well with our numerical results and that there may be steady streaming velocities of the order of millimetres per second. Our results indicate that steady streaming should be more relevant to low-frequency hearing because the strength of the streaming flow rapidly decreases for higher frequencies.
How Prior Military Experience Influences the Future Militarized Behavior of Leaders
Authors: Horowitz Michael C. , Stam Allan C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPolicy-makers and the electorate assume political executives' life experiences affect their policy choices once in office. Recent international relations work on leaders focuses almost entirely on how political institutions shape leaders' choices rather than on leaders' personal attributes and how they influence policy choices. This article focuses the analytic lens on leaders and their personal backgrounds. We theorize that the prior military background of a leader is an important life experience with direct relevance for how leaders evaluate the utility of using military force. We test several propositions employing a new data set, building on Archigos, that encompasses the life background characteristics of more than 2,500 heads of state from 1875 to 2004. The results show that the leaders most likely to initiate militarized disputes and wars are those with prior military service but no combat experience, as well as former rebels.
Effects of live-shearing on population parameters and movement in sedentary and migratory populations of guanacosLama guanicoe
Authors: Carmanchahi Pablo D. , Schroeder Natalia M. , Bolgeri María José , Walker R. Susan , Funes Martín , Berg Jodi , Taraborelli Paula , Ovejero Ramiro , Gregorio Pablo , Moreno Pablo , Novaro Andrés J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLive-shearing of wild guanacosLama guanicoemay affect their reproductive success and population resilience, and therefore it is important to assess the biological sustainability of obtaining their wool. We evaluated effects of capture and shearing on survival and reproduction, population parameters, daily movements, ranging behaviour and spatial distribution in sedentary and migratory populations. We assessed population variables by radio-telemetry and line-transect surveys before and after capture. We estimated high post-shearing survival rates in both populations and similar yearling production in shorn and non-shorn females in the migratory population. We did not find significant variations in density and population structure before and after shearing in the sedentary population, whereas in the migratory population density decreased and the population structure changed significantly after assembly of the capture structure, returning to pre-assembly levels 1 month later. The mean daily distance moved by radio-collared guanacos during the first 2 days after shearing was three times longer than during the following 30 days. There was a 25% decrease in the mean home-range size of shorn guanacos between the first and second month after shearing but this decline appeared to be associated with a seasonal change in movement, because a similar reduction occurred during the same period the following year, when the guanacos were not shorn. Live-shearing modified the spatial distribution pattern in the sedentary population but did not have a significant effect on the migratory population. Management of guanacos may contribute towards developing a biologically sustainable economic activity that promotes conservation of wildlife and habitats.
Le Droit De L'Aménagement Du Territoire Et De L'Environnement.
Authors: Grandbois Maryse 
Published: July 2014

En droit de l'environnement et de l'aménagement du territoire, comme dans l'ensemble du droit public, le droit apparaît comme un système de communication, mais un système univoque: un système de communication formulé en termes de normes, pour assurer la réalisation d'un mode de production et d'échanges économiques et sociaux, un système de communication qui obéit tantôt davantage à certains aux nécessités de l'échange et de la circulation, tantôt davantage à certains impératifs de la reproduction des rapports sociaux, mais qui ne change jamais desens.
Présupposé de l'échange et de la circulation, appareil de reproduction des conditions de la production, appareil idéologique et répressif d'Etat, enjeu et forme du pouvoir, le droit représente un agencement et une représentation du réel. D'une part, il justifie les rapports sociaux et, d'autre part, il tente de les rendre “naturels.” Ainsi le droit devient principe de vie en exprimant la réalité sociale à travers le prisme de l'Etat. Et, en même temps qu'il en concrétise les règles, il en travestit la forme dans un langage et un code abstrait. Une telle représentation a notamment pour objet de légitimer et de valoriser l'ordre social et spatial existant.
Chasing the Social Evil: Moral Fervour and the Evolution of Canada's Prostitution Laws, 1867-1917.
Authors: McLaren John P. S. 
Published: July 2014

[T]he ordinary citizen who detests exploited prostitution has no unbalanced desire for legislation at any price. He or she is prepared to face the inescapable truth that the causes of this evil cannot be touched by law, however perfectly conceived, however perfectly administered. Those who are obsessed by a frenzy for legislative measures achieve contentment and futility. The slow way is the only way of advance here: education, a changed social outlook, a gradual reorganization of economic conditions, these may remove such causes as are within our control. And not the wisest of us can prophesy but that we shall find the primary cause will baffle us at the end. Teresa Billington-GreigThe relationship between criminal law and morality is one which has always evoked strong feelings. Moreover, the question of whether and how to use criminal law sanctions to curb sexual immorality has been particularly susceptible to both outbursts of moral fervour in the community at large and to the pressure exercised by crusaders and propagandists with moral missions.
Cocaine Use in the Era of Social Reform: The Natural History of a Social Problem in Canada, 1880–1911.
Authors: Murray Glenn F. 
Published: July 2014

Current interest in the non-medical use of cocaine in Canada can be gauged by the attention this drug is getting in the various media. Not surprisingly, researchers have now entered the arena in the hope of answering some of the questions posed by this phenomenon. A similar trend occurred in regard to marijuana more than a decade ago when popular concern led to a federal commission that eventually recommended the repeal of the offence of cannabis possession. The wave of concern created considerable scholarly interest in Canada's approach to the control of narcotic drugs, including cannabis, which had been defined as narcotic for legal purposes. Much research followed on various fronts, from studies on the effects of cannabis on health to the social consequences of punishment.Several studies have examined the origins of Canada's legislative response to narcotic drug use. A principal conclusion from these studies is that legislation became possible because of hostility toward minority groups associated with drug use, specifically, the Chinese who were known for their use of opium. In the present paper, however, we see that drug control grew as much out of a “cocaine scare” as out of concern with opium use. Moreover, cocaine attracted attention in part precisely because its use was not confined to despised minorities, but permeated society as a whole, affecting “young people as well as seniors,” “men and women,” those from “poorer classes,” those from “respectable families” and those “who should and do know better.”
Refusal of Medical Treatment: Taking Respect for the Person Seriously.
Authors: Gochnauer Myron 
Published: July 2014

A patient comes to a medical facility with a life-threatening disease. The diagnosis is simple and certain. Indicated treatment is the administration of a specific drug. There is very little risk in using the drug, and no alternative therapy has any real probability of success. The patient refuses. Is it permissible to override the refusal?
If the patient is fully rational, has a well-developed, consistent set of values, acts with full knowledge and makes no mistakes, there can be no conflict between her welfare and her choice. If the physician is likewise endowed, and is committed to the welfare of the patient, a problem will not arise. In the real world, though, this ideal is not always met. From the perspective of the participant physician, there may appear to be a breach between the patient's choice and her welfare. The moral (and legal) issue is what should be done in an imperfect world.
“The Black Sheep”: The Disciplining of Territorial and Alberta Lawyers, 1885–1928.
Authors: Sibenik Peter M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Law Society of Alberta was given an almost exclusive jurisdiction to discipline Alberta lawyers in the 1920s. “The Black Sheep” uses the records of governments, courts and law societies in the old North-West Territories and Alberta to trace the emergence of this aspect of professional self-governance from 1885 to 1928. For most of this period, governments and then courts had disciplined lawyers. However, there was an increasing number of public complaints and criticisms directed against lawyers in the mid-1910s and especially after the Great War. By the 1920s the Alberta Government, the senior judiciary and the Law Society of Alberta decided, each for different reasons, that the best way to handle the complaints was to let the profession discipline itself. Ironically, the number of complaints increased even as the Society exacted greater discipline on lawyers.
L'Accord du lac Meech et le nouveau mode de sélection des juges de la Cour suprême du Canada: une réforme chimérique?.
Authors: Bzdera André 
Published: July 2014

RésuméL'Accord du lac Meech de 1987 est présenté par ses partisans comme un compromis susceptible de permettre au gouvernement du Québec d'adhérer aux amendements constitutionnels de 1982 (et à la nouvelle Charte des droits) et de participer aux négociations constitutionnelles en cours. Pour son « adhésion » à la constitution, le Québec réclama, entre autres, le droit de participer à la sélection des juges de la Cour suprême du Canada et ceci dans le but d'atténuer le potentiel centralisateur d'une cour dont les juges sont nommés exclusivement par l'exécutif fédéral. L'expérience des fédérations étrangères nous enseigne pourtant que la participation des États fédérés à la nomination des juges d'une cour suprême sert essentiellement à fonder la légitimité politique de la cour et à faciliter la centralisation judiciaire des pouvoirs dans la fédération. L'auteur suggère que ce volet de l'Accord ressemble moins à un gain pour le Québec, comme on l'affirme souvent au Québec, qu'à une importante concession politique accordée par un gouvernement québécois apparemment ignorant de l'enjeu de cette réforme, à savoir la consolidation du pouvoir décisionnel de l'État fédéral canadien.