bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contents of selected macroelements in soils, potatoes and fodder beets at variable soil reaction / Zawartość wybranych makroelementów w glebach oraz w ziemniakach i burakach pastewnych przy zmiennym odczynie gleby
Authors: Rogóż Antoni , Tabak Monika 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine the concentration of selected macroelements in soil and in root crops (potatoes and fodder beets) at a variable soil reaction. The changes in pH values in the studied soils influenced the content of these elements in soluble forms determined in 0.1 mol HCl·dm-3. A statistical analysis showed a positive relationship between the soil pH value and the calcium and magnesium contents in a form close to the total form, as well as the content of soluble forms of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. The content of the studied macroelements, i.e. phosphorus, calcium, magnesium in the cultivated fodder beets and potatoes depended on abundance and form in which the studied elements occurred in soil, and also on specie and analyzed part of the plant. Along with the increase in pH values of the an increase in the phosphorus content and reduction of the magnesium content in the roots and above-ground parts of the beets were found. The calcium content in the roots increased along with an increase in pH of the soils, whereas direction of changes in the content of this element in the petioles and laminae of the beets was not unambiguous. A slight decrease in the content of the studied elements in the potato tubers (along with the increase in pH of the soils) was found.
Genesis and classification of the soils developed from the sediments of the former Oleszek mill pond basin (the Chełmińskie Lakeland, N Poland) / Geneza i pozycja systematyczna gleb wykształconych z osadów niecki dawnego stawu młyńskiego Oleszek (Pojezierze Chełmińskie)
Authors: Mendyk Łukasz , Świtoniak Marcin , Bednarek Renata , Falkowski Adam 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Construction and operation of water mills had influenced the transformation of the relief and water conditions, as well as the soil cover around them. The study area includes the former Oleszek mill pond basin, located near the Borówno village, western part of the Chełmińskie Lakeland, about 20 km northeast of Toruń. The objective of the study was to determine the genesis of the soils developed from the Oleszek mill pond basin sediments. Five soil profiles were selected in the basin of the former mill pond, within the 550 m transect located along the Struga Rychnowska river. All of the analysed soils developed from the sediments filling the former mill pond basin. They have been developed as a result of a number of overlapping processes such as mud-forming, alluvial, colluvial and gleyic process. According to the Polish classification system (Classification of Polish Soils 2011) (CPS) two of the soils (profiles 3 and 4) derived from organo-mineral and organic materials are typical organic limnic soils. Systematic position of another two soils (2 and 5) was proposed as muddy soils. Due to the problems of classification of such soils, implementation of the muddy soils or muddy-gleyic soils subtypes (in Polish: gleby mułowate lub mułowato-glejowe) should be considered during developing of the next update of Classification of Polish Soils. These four profiles were classified as Histosols (profiles 3 and 4) and Gleysols (profiles 2 and 5) in WRB (2014). Pedons developed from alluvial materials (alluvial soils in CPS 2011 or Fluvic Phaeozems in WRB 2014) occurred in the proximal part of the basin.
Ongoing trends in precision metrology,
particularly in nanopositioning and nanomeasuring technology
Authors: Manske Eberhard , Füßl Roland , Mastylo Rostyslav , Vorbringer-Dorozhovets Nataliya , Birli Oliver , Jäger Gerd 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Continuing engineering progress
in precision fabrication technologies, especially in the
diversified micro- and
nanotechnology, stimulates the advance in precision
metrology, particularly in nanopositioning and
nanomeasuring technology. Structures reach atomic
dimensions, and becoming more and more
complex. Consequently, measurements
are required – to an increasing extend – of larger
surface regions and sidewalls with higher aspect ratios as well as fully 3D
micro- and
nano-structures.
Therefore, the resolution of nanomeasuring machines
approaches the picometre level and the frequency stability of the laser
sources the range of 10–10 to provide multiscale
accuracy. Area-measuring optical
sensors provide vast amount of data (> 5 Tbyte). Lateral highly resolved measurements are only
possible by tip-based AFM single point probes but are
extremely time consuming. Here,
adaptive intelligent algorithms for optimum hierarchical measurement
strategies are necessary. Multisenor instrumentation and
multiparameter characterization provide additional challenges also in
profoundly parallel data processing.
Lithium Diffusion in Ion-Beam Sputtered Amorphous LiAlO2
Authors: Rahn Johanna , Witt Elena , Heitjans Paul , Schmidt Harald 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We investigated lithium self-diffusion in amorphous lithium aluminate
(LiAlO2) layers between room temperature and
473 K. For the experiments, amorphous 6LiAlO2
(30 nm)/7LiAlO2 (1200 nm) isotope
hetero-structures were deposited by ion-beam sputtering on sapphire
substrates. Diffusion profiles were analysed by secondary ion mass
spectrometry (SIMS). The results show that the diffusivities obey the
Arrhenius law with an activation enthalpy of (0.94 ± 0.02) eV. This is not much different to the activation
enthalpy of 1.14 eV found for LiAlO2 single
crystals by impedance spectroscopy. It rationalizes the only modest
enhancement of diffusivities in amorphous lithium aluminate compared
to single crystals of three to five orders of magnitude in the
temperature range studied, when compared with, e.g., lithium niobate.
Surface and Interface Analysis of LiCoO2 and LiPON Thin Films by Photoemission: Implications for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Hausbrand René , Schwöbel André , Jaegermann Wolfram , Motzko Markus , Ensling David 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Thin film technology is applied in different fields of Li-ion
battery research and development, such as the fabrication of thin
film cells and model electrodes. Data obtained by surface and
interface analysis of thin films provides important insights into
fundamental processes such as charge compensation mechanism or
interface formation. In this overview, we present the analysis of
LiCoO2 and LiPON thin films using photoemission. It
includes data obtained directly after preparation, after exposure to
molecular species and/or after electrode-electrolyte interface
formation. Information both on electronic structure and surface
chemistry of the films is deduced from core level spectra, valence
band spectra, Fermi level position and work function. Next to PES
analysis of our films, we address composition, structure and
functionality in more general terms in relation to literature.
Comments on the Statistical Aspects of the NRC's Report on DNA Typing
Authors: Devlin B , Risch N , Roeder K 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe goal of the NRC report on DNA typing was to answer a “crescendo of questions concerning DNA typing,” many of them in the areas of population genetics and statistics. Unfortunately, few of these questions were answered adequately. In lieu of answering these questions, the panel proposed another conservative method of forensic inference, the “ceiling principle.” Aside from its extreme conservativeness, this new method is difficult to justify because it is based on inadequate population genetics and statistical theory. Moreover, in its ultimate implementation, the panel's method will depend on a population genetics study whose rationale is questionable. In this article, we elaborate some of the general comments we made about the NRC report in a recent article [1]. Specifically we cover three topics. First we question the statistical basis for the ceiling principle, showing that the empirical results that motivated the method are likely to be misinterpreted and showing, by power calculations, that the effects of population substructure cannot be substantial. Second, we show that the study design to determine “ceiling” allele frequencies has several undesirable statistical properties. Finally, we discuss the estimation of handling errors from the statistical perspective, a subject treated inadequately by the report.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine over a Wide Concentration Range (&lt;0.005–5 mg/dL) in Postmortem Blood
Authors: Corburt MR , Koves EM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in blood by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring was investigated. The method involved an extraction using rotation of an Amberlite® XAD-2-blood mixture and the use of deuterated internal standards with derivatization of benzoylecgonine using diazopropane. Standard curves with logarithmic-transformed data were constructed over the concentration range from 0.005 to 5 mg/dL. The use of a wide concentration range precludes using smaller sample sizes in repeated extractions to conform to a narrower concentration range of standards. The recovery of the extraction method was 85% for both cocaine and benzoylecgonine. The method was applied primarily to postmortem blood samples from 180 forensic cases and was statistically evaluated. The limit of detection for cocaine or benzoylecgonine extractions from 1 mL forensic blood samples is 0.00025 mg/dL. The method is routinely reliable and applicable to forensic toxicology investigations.
A Comparison of Meconium, Maternal Urine and Neonatal Urine for Detection of Maternal Drug Use During Pregnancy
Authors: Wingert WE , Feldman MS , Kim MH , Noble L , Hand I , Yoon JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A large scale drug screening study was done to determine the prevalence of drug use in a large metropolitan, obstetric population. Meconium and first voided urine, as well as maternal urine were collected from 423 consecutive deliveries. Urine samples and methanolic extracts of meconium were initially screened by Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) and then confirmed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis of cocaine metabolite as benzoylecogonine, cannabinoid as carboxy-THC, codeine, morphine and methadone were included in the study. The positive rate for benzoylecgonine was virtually identical for meconium, maternal urine and neonatal urine (12%). Analysis of meconium was found to be more reliable than analysis of maternal or neonatal urine for the detection of benzoylecgonine. Meconium did not appear to offer an advantage over maternal or neonatal urine for detection of cannabinoid, codeine, morphine, or methadone.
The Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) As a Potential Measure of Human Postmortem Interval: Observations and Case Histories
Authors: Lord WD , Goff ML , Adkins TR , Haskell NH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), has been shown to be a ubiquitous inhabitant of both surface and buried human remains throughout the southern, central and western United States and Hawaii. Unlike most other species of forensically important Diptera, this species frequently dominates bodies in the dry/post decay stage of decomposition. Adults of the black soldier fly appear to initiate oviposition (egg laying) 20 to 30 days postmortem. Even at warm temperatures (27.8°C), subsequent completion of the life cycle can require an additional 55 days. Life history data for H. illucens, when used in combination with data for other cohabiting arthropod species and viewed in the context of local environmental conditions, can provide medicolegal investigators with valuable parameters for estimating the postmortem intervals for badly decomposed remains.
A Simple Method for Sampling Photocopy Toners for Examination by Microreflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Andrasko J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple method for sampling photocopy toners by thermal transfer to metallic stubs is described. The sampling causes only negligible destruction to the photocopy original. The toner material transferred to a metallic stub is analyzed by microreflectance FTIR. This method shows a good reproducibility, is sensitive and applicable to small areas on the transferred material.
Detection of Hydroquinone in a Poisoning Case
Authors: Saito T , Kojimahara M , Aoki K , Takeichi S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fatality due to the ingestion of photographic developer solution containing hydroquinone is described. Hydroquinone was extracted from autopsy materials and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentration of hydroquinone in the urine, liver, and kidney were 3.4 µg/mL, 0.5 and 0.2 µg/g, respectively.
A Review of “Seminal Zinc as a Screening Instrument for the Preliminary Identification of Semen Traces”
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is the author's thesis for the degree of doctor of medical knowledge at the Catholic University of Louvain. As such, it displays the virtues and deficiencies of that genre of scientific literature. It is the fifty-fifth in the series Acta Biomedica Lovaniensia, all of which are evidently doctoral theses from the University of Louvain.
The Assessment of Frequency Estimates of Hae III-Generated VNTR Profiles in Various Reference Databases
Authors: Budowle B , Monson KL , Giusti AM , Brown BL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The likelihood of occurrence of 1964 Hae III-generated target DNA profiles was estimated using fixed bin frequencies from various regional and ethnic databases and the multiplication rule. The databases generally were from the following major categories: Black, Caucasian, Hispanic, Oriental, and American Indian. It was found that subdivision, either by ethnic group or by U.S. geographic region, within a major population group did not substantially affect forensic estimates of the likelihood of occurrence of a DNA profile. As expected, the greatest variation in estimates for within-group estimates was among American Indian databases. Because the greatest variation in statistical estimates occurs across-major population groups, in most cases, there will be no unfair bias applying general population database estimates. Therefore, based on empirical data, there is no demonstrable need for using alternate approaches, such as the ceiling approach, to derive statistical estimates. The current practice of using general population databases and the multiplication rule provides valid estimates of the likelihood of occurrence of a DNA profile.
Forensic Application of Repetitive DNA Markers to the Species Identification of Animal Tissues
Authors: Guglich EA , Wilson PJ , White BN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Highly repetitive DNA markers have been used for determining the species origin of animal tissues in cases of illegal commercialization and poaching of game animals. This approach has been used in cases involving white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), moose (Alces alces) and black bear (Ursus americanus). Digesting the DNA with various restriction enzymes, agarose electrophoresis and staining with ethidium bromide revealed unique banding patterns for each species. These patterns have been used to distinguish meat from game animal species from commercial sources of meat and organs. Data are presented from two Ontario court cases that demonstrate the application of the procedure.
Identification of the Heme Compound Copurified with Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) from Bloodstains, a Major Inhibitor of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification
Authors: Akane A , Matsubara K , Nakamura H , Takahashi S , Kimura K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The heme compound found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from bloodstains, which is regarded as a major inhibitor of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was characterized in comparison with alkaline and acid hematin, histidine and ammonia hemochromogens, and globin and serum albumin hemochromogens digested by proteinase K. Alkaline and acid hematin were almost completely removed by phenol/chloroform treatment and ethanol precipitation, so as not to be copurified with DNA from the specimens. Spectrophotometric results indicated that the contaminant was likely to be the product of proteinase K digestion of some heme-blood protein complex, which was not completely extracted by organic solvents and remained in the ethanol precipitates of DNA. The results of polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and intensity of the inhibition of PCR suggested that the ligand of the contaminant was a somewhat large molecule, resistant to the proteolysis by proteinase K. The addition of bovine serum albumin to the reaction mixture prevented the inhibition of PCR by the heme compounds, probably by binding to the heme. This showed that the inhibition was not due to the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme.
Graduate Education in ‘Conventional’ Criminalistics: A Proposal and Reactions
Authors: Lindquist CA , Liu RH , Jenkins K , Yates L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
‘Conventional’ criminalistics is defined in this study as: firearms and toolmark examination, microscopic examination of glass, soil, hair and fibers, fingerprint analysis and questioned documents examination. Since pre-employment access to graduate education programs and training opportunities in these conventional areas has traditionally been quite limited, a new graduate education model for conventional criminalistics was developed and presented to the membership of ASCLD for reaction. Based on a 51.8% response rate (N = 177) to a survey instrument, it was found that laboratory directors generally supported the model and believed that it could be appropriately linked to the 100 or so new hires projected annually by the directors for the conventional areas over the next five years.
The Reliability of Skull/Photograph Superimposition in Individual Identification
Authors: Austin-Smith D , Maples WR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The accuracy of video superimposition methods for identifying unknown human skulls was examined. Three identified human skulls were each compared to 97 lateral view and 98 frontal view “mug shot” photographs using two television cameras, an electronic signal mixer, and a video monitor. The skulls were not from individuals represented by the photographs. All comparisons were done without using anterior dentition.
The results found that 9.6% of the lateral view and 8.5% of the frontal view superimpositions were classified as a consistent fit based on the criteria that were identified. The incidence of false matches was reduced to 0.6% of the sample when a frontal view and lateral view photograph of the same individual were both compared to one skull. It was concluded that without anterior dentition, skull/photograph superimposition is reliable when two or more photographs, clearly depicting the facial features from different angles, are used in the comparison.
Pedophiles' Ratings of Adult and Child Photographs Using a Semantic Differential
Authors: Hambridge JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent knowledge of the widespread extent of child sexual abuse and its consequences has led to an increasing interest in the understanding and treatment of perpetrators. This study examined a group of pedophiles in an English Special Hospital to determine possible characteristics that make children attractive and adults unattractive to them, using Repertory Grid technique and Semantic Differential. A small number of significant findings suggest that pedophiles may perceive some children and women in an unusual way. The large number of insignificant findings are discussed with reference to the sensitivity of the instrument; the pedophiles' desire to give socially acceptable answers; and subject characteristics of low IQ and “psychopathic disorder.” Future directions for research are suggested.
Pop-Rock Music as Precipitating Cause in Youth Suicide
Authors: Litman RE , Farberow NL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The plaintiffs in a law suit alleged that the heavy metal rock band Judas Priest, and its publisher CBS, were liable for damages to two youths who shot themselves after listening to the band's album. Crucial issues included “proximate cause” and “precipitating cause” in suicide, and the alleged role of subliminal messages. The judge ruled that although the “heavy metal” music might have had a toxic influence, the sounds and words are protected by the free speech first amendment. The influence of subliminal messages on behavior is unproven. There were many other elements in the personalities and situations of the victims to account for their self-destructive behavior.
GC Quantitative Determination of Illicit LSD
Authors: Ripani L , Schiavone S , Garofano L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Several methods are used for the determination of LSD in forensic science casework samples. One of these involving a shift in UV absorption maximum is considered too nonspecific to provide unequivocal confirmation of the presence of LSD. Currently, HPLC methods using fluorescence detectors are recommended for quantification and capillary GC/MS is considered a good technique for the qualitative identification of the drug. In this work we demonstrate the possibility of using capillary GC for the quantitative determination of LSD since this method is equally sensitive but surely more flexible and rapid than the HPLC ones.
Computer Enhancement of Evidence Through Background Noise Suppression
Authors: Dalrymple BE , Menzies T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of computers to enhance evidence began more than twenty years ago [1] and first came to the authors' attention in 1977 [2,3], although significant success was achieved through image processing as early as 1974. Today, affordable software packages containing many programs are available. These programs may occasionally be used to advantage on weak or obstructed evidence [4,5]. Various terms have been used to describe these procedures, including “computer enhancement” and “image processing.” An accurate description of these procedures as used by the authors would be “the optimization of signal to noise ratio.” This signal optimization is achieved largely as a result of two factors. First, the digitization of the image affords the operator far greater control over each component of the image than is possible with a photographic (analogue) image. Second, the computer has the ability to discriminate between 256 separate values of gray, from black (0) to white (255), in contrast to approximately 32 separate values perceived by the human eye. Programs of immediate utility, comprising but a small part of the software package, will be described and illustrated.
Delayed Fatal Hemothorax Due to Traumatic Carotid Dissection: A Case Report of a Previously Unreported Cause of Death
Authors: Kaplan JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A unique case of delayed fatal hemothorax in a 12-year-old girl resulting from atypical dissection of a traumatic carotid aneurysm is reported, due to occult neck trauma received in a sledding accident which occurred one week prior to death. Aspects of traumatic carotid dissection and forensic implications of delayed presentation of such findings in the setting of occult trauma are discussed.