bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Parental Death on Child Well-being: Evidence From the Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Cas Ava Gail , Frankenberg Elizabeth , Suriastini Wayan , Thomas Duncan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Identifying the impact of parental death on the well-being of children is complicated because parental death is likely to be correlated with other, unobserved factors that affect child well-being. Population-representative longitudinal data collected in Aceh, Indonesia, before and after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami are used to identify the impact of parental deaths on the well-being of children aged 9–17 at the time of the tsunami. Exploiting the unanticipated nature of parental death resulting from the tsunami in combination with measuring well-being of the same children before and after the tsunami, models that include child fixed effects are estimated to isolate the causal effect of parental death. Comparisons are drawn between children who lost one or both parents and children whose parents survived. Shorter-term impacts on school attendance and time allocation one year after the tsunami are examined, as well as longer-term impacts on education trajectories and marriage. Shorter- and longer-term impacts are not the same. Five years after the tsunami, there are substantial deleterious impacts of the tsunami on older boys and girls, whereas the effects on younger children are more muted.
Legal Reform, Law Firms, and Lawyer Stratification in Japan
Authors: Nakamura Mayumi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn many countries, the size of a law firm is closely related to the specializations and incomes of the lawyers it employs, and can be considered an index for disparities among lawyers. Gender and school prestige may affect the size of the first firm that lawyers join. Moreover, since the lawyer population has quadrupled over the last 20 years in Japan, mainly due to judicial reform, I hypothesize that this population increase has changed how gender and school prestige affect the size of the first firm law school graduates decide to join. To test this, I conducted a secondary statistical analysis on the effect of gender and school prestige on the size of the first firm that lawyers joined, using survey data collected by the Japan Federation of Bar Associations in 2010. Findings suggest that there were no significant differences in the size of women’s and men’s first employer, but that school prestige was significant. Moreover, the importance of school prestige has increased over the years.
A Critical Analysis of James Stuart’sA History of the Zulu Rebellion 1906
Authors: Thompson Paul S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractJames Stuart was employed by the Natal government to make a “compilation” describing British military operations against a Zulu insurrection in 1906, but he took so long to complete the work that it was published in 1913 with private funds and included a discussion of the event’s aftermath. In this critical analysis of Stuart’s work, emphasis is placed on the long process of its compilation and writing as well as Stuart’s use of sources, and theinternalcoherence of his argument.
Paolo Sarpi and the first Copernican tidal theory
Authors: NAYLOR RON 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite his demanding religious responsibilities, Paolo Sarpi maintained an active involvement in science between 1578 and 1598 – as hisPensierireveal. They show that from 1585 onwards he studied the Copernican theory and recorded arguments in its favour. The fact that for 1595 they include an outline of a Copernican tidal theory resembling Galileo'sDialoguetheory is well known. But examined closely, Sarpi's theory is found to be different from that of theDialoguein several important respects. That Sarpi was a Copernican by 1592 is revealed by other of hispensieri, whereas at that time we know that Galileo was not. The examination of Sarpi's tidal theory and of the work of Galileo in this period indicates that the theory Sarpi recorded in 1595 was of his own creation. The appreciation that the theory was Sarpi's and that Galileo subsequently came to change his views on the Copernican theory and adopted the tidal theory has major implications for our understanding of the significance of Sarpi's contribution to the Scientific Revolution. Moreover, it appears that several of the most significant theoretical features of the tidal theory published by Galileo in theDialogue –and which proved of lasting value – were in reality Sarpi's.
Set-shifting ability across the spectrum of eating disorders and in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wu M. , Brockmeyer T. , Hartmann M. , Skunde M. , Herzog W. , Friederich H.-C. 
Published: February 2014

Background.In this meta-analysis we review the findings from neuropsychological studies on set-shifting in people with eating disorders (EDs) or overweight/obesity.Method.Four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Web of Science) were searched for eligible studies. Effect sizes (ESs) were pooled using random-effects models. Moderator analyses were conducted for ED and overweight/obese subgroups, adult/adolescent samples and measures of set-shifting.Results.Sixty-four studies with a total of 1825 ED patients [1394 anorexia nervosa (AN), 376 bulimia nervosa (BN) and 55 binge eating disorder (BED)] and 10 studies with a total of 449 overweight/obese individuals were included. The meta-analysis revealed a small to medium ES for inefficient set-shifting across all three ED diagnoses (Hedges’g = –0.45). Subgroup analyses yielded small to medium ESs for each ED subtype (g = –0.44 for AN, –0.53 for BED, –0.50 for BN), which did not differ significantly. There was a medium ES for restricting type AN (ANR;g = –0.51) but no significant ES for binge/purge type AN (AN/BP;g = –0.18). A medium ES was found across obesity studies (g = –0.61). The ES across overweight studies was not significant (g = –0.07). Adult samples did not differ from adolescent samples in either ED or overweight/obesity studies. The different set-shifting measures were associated with largely varying ESs.Conclusions.The meta-analysis provides strong support that inefficient set-shifting is a salient neuropsychological phenomenon across ED subtypes and obesity, but is less prominent in AN/BP and overweight. Compulsivity seems to be a common underlying factor supporting a dimensional and transdiagnostic conceptualization of EDs and obesity.
Local resource depletion hypothesis as a mechanism for action selection in the brain
Authors: Brzezicka Aneta , Kamiński Jan , Wróbel Andrzej 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAs a comment on Kurzban et al.'s opportunity cost model, we propose an alternative view of mental effort and the action selection mechanism in the brain. Our hypothesis utilizes local resource depletion within neuronal networks, which justifies from a neurophysiological perspective why mental fatigue diminishes after switching to a novel task and explains action selection by means of neural competition theory.
Opportunity cost calculations only determinejustifiedeffort – Or, What happened to the resource conservation principle?
Authors: Gendolla Guido H. E. , Richter Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe welcome the development of a new model on effort and performance and the critique on existing resource-based models. However, considering the vast evidence for the significant impact of experienced task demand on resource allocation, we conclude that Kurzban et al.'s opportunity cost model is only valid for one performance condition: if task demand is unknown or unspecified.
Give me strength or give me a reason: Self-control, religion, and the currency of reputation
Authors: Harrison Justin M. D. , McKay Ryan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe show that Kurzban et al.'s approach illuminates the relationship between religion and self-control. Whereas resource-depletion theorists suggest religion replenishes self-control resources (“strength”), we submit that religious cues make people feel observed, giving them “reason” to persevere, and we describe an experiment that supports our interpretation. Finally, we question the claim that subjective fatigue is a signal to redeploy resources.
Beyond dopamine: The noradrenergic system and mental effort
Authors: Malecek Nicholas J. , Poldrack Russell A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn opportunity cost model of effort requires flexible integration of valuation and self-control systems. Reciprocal connections between these networks and brainstem neuromodulatory systems are likely to provide the signals that affect subsequent persistence or failure when faced with effort challenges. The interaction of these systems should be taken into account to strengthen a normative neural model of effort.
The costs of giving up: Action versus inaction asymmetries in regret
Authors: Nicolle Antoinette , Riggs Kevin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractKurzban et al.'s opportunity cost model of mental effort relies heavily on counterfactual thinking. We suggest that a closer inspection of the role of counterfactual emotions, and particularly of action/inaction asymmetries in anticipated regret, may be important in understanding the role of opportunity costs in decisions to persist with a current task.
The economics of cognitive effort
Authors: Westbrook John Andrew , Braver Todd S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIf cognitive effort indexes opportunity costs, it should be investigated like other cost factors including risk and delay. We discuss recent methodological advances in behavioral economics and neuroeconomics, highlighting our own work in measuring the subjective (economic) value of cognitive effort. We discuss the implications of Kurzban et al.'s proposal and how some of its predictions may be untestable without behavioral economic formalisms.
The crowd is self-aware
Authors: Fan Judith E. , Suchow Jordan W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBentley et al.’s framework assigns phenomena of personal and collective decision-making to regions of a dual-axis map. Here, we propose that understanding the collective dynamics of decision-making requires consideration of factors that guide movement across the map. One such factor is self-awareness, which can lead a group to seek out new knowledge and re-position itself on the map.
Coordination games, anti-coordination games, and imitative learning
Authors: McCain Roger A. , Hamilton Richard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBentley et al.'s scheme generates distributions characteristic of situations of high and low social influence on decisions and of high and low salience (“transparency”) of rewards. Another element of decisions that may influence the placement of a decision process in their map is the way in which individual decisions interact to determine the payoffs. This commentary discusses the role of Nash equilibria in game theory, focusing especially on coordination and anti-coordination games.
The global shift: Shadows of identifiability
Authors: Schmidt Colin T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe presence of overwhelming amounts of information in our big-data era society is growing. Globalisation is increasingly giving these solicitations (regarding information) a more social aspect causing behavioural changes. While restricting my focus on this aspect of the Bentley et al article, I address related medical questions and pin-point the conceptual interest of the roadmap given therein.
Conformity under uncertainty: Reliance on gender stereotypes in online hiring decisions
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Silberzahn Raphael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe apply Bentley et al.’s theoretical framework to better understand gender discrimination in online labor markets. Although such settings are designed to encourage employer behavior in the northwest corner of Homo economicus, actual online hiring decisions tend to drift southeast into a “confirmation bias plus weak feedback loops” pattern of discrimination based on inaccurate social stereotypes.
Distributed amorphous ramp construction in unstructured environments
Authors: Napp Nils , Nagpal Radhika 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYWe present a model of construction using iterative amorphous depositions and give a distributed algorithm to reliably build ramps in unstructured environments. The relatively simple local strategy for interacting with irregularly shaped, partially built structures gives rise to robust adaptive global properties. We illustrate the algorithm in both single robot and multi-robot cases via simulations and describe how to solve key technical challenges to implementing this algorithm via a robotic prototype.
Probable longer incubation period for human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Jiangsu Province, China, 2013
Authors: HUANG Y. , XU K. , REN D. F. , AI J. , JI H. , GE A. H. , BAO C. J. , SHI G. Q. , SHEN T. , TANG F. Y. , ZHU Y. F. , ZHOU M. H. , WANG H. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYHuman infection with the emerging avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2013 has raised global concerns. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 27 confirmed human influenza A(H7N9) cases in Jiangsu Province, to elaborate poultry-related exposures and to provide a more precise estimate of the incubation periods of the illness. The median incubation period was 6 days (range 2–10 days) in cases with single known exposure and was 7·5 days (range 6·5–12·5 days) in cases with exposures on multiple days, difference between the two groups was not significant (Z = −1·895,P = 0·058). The overall median incubation period for all patients was estimated to be 7·5 days (range 2–12·5 days). Our findings further highlight the necessity for public health authorities to extend the period of medical surveillance from 7 days to 10 days.
Healthcare seeking and hospital admissions by people who inject drugs in response to symptoms of injection site infections or injuries in three urban areas of England
Authors: HOPE V. D. , NCUBE F. , PARRY J. V. , HICKMAN M. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYPeople who inject drugs (PWID) are vulnerable to infections and injuries at injection sites. The factors associated with reporting symptoms of these, seeking related advice, and hospital admission are examined. PWID were recruited in Birmingham, Bristol and Leeds using respondent-driven sampling (N = 855). During the preceding year, 48% reported having redness, swelling and tenderness (RST), 19% an abscess, and 10% an open wound at an injection site. Overall, 54% reported ⩾1 symptoms, with 45% of these seeking medical advice (main sources emergency departments and General Practitioners). Advice was often sought ⩾5 days after the symptom first appeared (44% of those seeking advice about an abscess, 45% about an open wound, and 35% for RST); the majority received antibiotics. Overall, 9·5% reported hospital admission during the preceding year. Ever being diagnosed with septicaemia and endocarditis were reported by 8·8% and 2·9%, respectively. Interventions are needed to reduce morbidity, healthcare burden and delays in accessing treatment.
Staging violence, suffering and orthodoxy in the chants of the Spanish March
Authors: SALVADÓ SEBASTIÁN 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTDuring the reconquest of Islamic territories on the Spanish March, Iberian lands witnessed a religious transformation enacted by the Christian victors and characterised by the resurgence of devotion to both old and new saintly figures. The present article explores how the music of saints represents, and thus interprets, issues related to violence and suffering so prevalent on the frontier. The chants for prominent saints in the area, Paul of Narbonne, Eulalia of Barcelona and Saturninus of Toulouse, are explored here in relation to how words and music interacted to illustrate the saints' position in relation to violence and suffering. Musical analyses trace how the topoi of orthodoxy in faith and confronting bloodshed with devout resolution are cast in the chants of earlier styles to those of the late twelfth century. Differences in musical depictions of these subjects underscore how the saints, in their changing sonic personae, were made to engage with the realities confronting Christian frontier communities.
Reflections of war and violence in early and high medieval saints' offices
Authors: HANKELN ROMAN 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTChanging attitudes towards violence and war are important markers of medieval European cultural development and, as such, have been the focus of numerous historical studies. Saints' offices have not, however, been analysed along these lines, an unjustified neglect given their central place in the daily cultural life of ecclesiastical institutions, not to mention the large range of related scholarly topics they represent. Offered here is an overview of these topics, beginning with an examination of offices with roots in Merovingian and Carolingian times, and proceeding to later offices originating in the crucial time of the first crusades and beyond. How is violence described in chants with texts drawn from the Old and New Testaments? How is it handled in chants based on later hagiographic literature? Is Christian military violence legitimised in these chants? How are enemies portrayed? How are the messages of these texts articulated in their musical settings? Answers to these questions might place the sacred monophony of the Latin Church into its proper context, that is, as a means of socio-political reflexion during the Middle Ages.
Daily life impairments associated with childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as recalled by adults: results from the European Lifetime Impairment Survey
Authors: Caci Herve , Asherson Philip , Donfrancesco Renato , Faraone Stephen V. , Hervas Amaia , Fitzgerald Michael , Döpfner Manfred 
Published: February 2014

IntroductionThe Lifetime Impairment Survey, conducted in Europe, assessed impairment and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood, and experiences of ADHD diagnosis and treatment, as recalled by adults.MethodsAdults with ADHD and without ADHD (control group) were invited to participate in an internet-based survey and report on their childhood experiences. History of ADHD diagnosis was self-reported. Groups were compared using impairment and symptom scales.ResultsOverall, 588 adults with ADHD and 736 without ADHD participated. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) age at diagnosis of ADHD was 20.0 (12.6) years (median 18.0) following consultation with 3.8 (5.1) doctors (median 2) over 44.6 (69.3) months (median 17.0). A total of 64.1% (377/588) of adults with ADHD reported frustration or difficulties during the diagnostic process. The ADHD group had a higher mean (SD) score versus control for general (3.3 [1.2] vs 2.1 [1.2]; p < 0.001) and school impairment (2.8 [0.7] vs 2.3 [0.6]; p < 0.001) but not home impairment (2.1 [0.5] for both groups).DiscussionThe survey demonstrated that ADHD had a negative impact on all aspects of childhood investigated, as recalled by adults.ConclusionsThese data provide insights into childhood impairments and identify areas for improvement in the management and treatment of ADHD.
Oral administration of inosine produces antidepressant-like effects in mice
Authors: Muto Junko , Lee Hosung , Lee Hyunjin , Uwaya Akemi , Park Jonghyuk , Nakajima Sanae , Nagata Kazufumi , Ohno Makoto , Ohsawa Ikuroh , Mikami Toshio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInosine, a breakdown product of adenosine, has recently been shown to exert immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. We show here that the oral administration of inosine has antidepressant-like effects in two animal models. Inosine significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth and viability of primary cultured neocortical neurons, which was suppressed by adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonists. Oral administration of inosine to mice transiently increased its concentration in the brain and enhanced neuronal proliferation in the dentate gyrus, accompanied by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and increase in transcript level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In stress models, oral inosine prevented an increase in immobility time in forced swim test after chronically unexpected stress and mitigated a reduction in sucrose preference after chronic social defeat stress. These results indicate that oral administration of inosine has the potential to prevent depressive disorder via adenosine receptors.
A functional Kv1.2-hERG chimaeric channel expressed in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Dhillon Mandeep S. , Cockcroft Christopher J. , Munsey Tim , Smith Kathrine J. , Powell Andrew J. , Carter Paul , Wrighton David C. , Rong Hong-lin , Yusaf Shahnaz P. , Sivaprasadarao Asipu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMembers of the six-transmembrane segment family of ion channels share a common structural design. However, there are sequence differences between the members that confer distinct biophysical properties on individual channels. Currently, we do not have 3D structures for all members of the family to help explain the molecular basis for the differences in their biophysical properties and pharmacology. This is due to low-level expression of many members in native or heterologous systems. One exception is rat Kv1.2 which has been overexpressed in Pichia pastoris and crystallised. Here, we tested chimaeras of rat Kv1.2 with the hERG channel for function in Xenopus oocytes and for overexpression in Pichia. Chimaera containing the S1–S6 transmembrane region of HERG showed functional and pharmacological properties similar to hERG and could be overexpressed and purified from Pichia. Our results demonstrate that rat Kv1.2 could serve as a surrogate to express difficult-to-overexpress members of the six-transmembrane segment channel family.
1: Le développement des idées saussuriennes chez Charles Bally et Albert Sechehaye
Authors: Amacker Rene 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe article argues that Charles Bally (1865–1947) and Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946) were already accomplished linguists by the time Saussure died, and that they did not really use theCoursin order to establish their own theories, which they defined more accurately rather than modified in any essential way. However, it is possible to see, in their pre-1913 publications, at least some traces of a private influence that can explain certain similarities between their ideas and Saussure’s with regard to terminology and coneptualization (in particular concerning the linguistic sign, the idea of system, and thelangue ~ paroledistinction). After the publication of theCours, Bally used Saussurian ideas rather superficially, whereas Sechehaye ended up interpreteing them in a manner very close to our present understanding of theCours.RésuméCharles Bally (1865–1947) et Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946), linguistes déjà affirmés à la mort de Saussure, n’ont pas vraiment profité duCLGpour établir leurs doctrines respectives, que les thèses saussuriennes leur ont plutôt permis de préciser que de modifier. En revanche, on surprend chez eux, avant 1913, des traces d’une influence privée de Saussure, qui explique certaines convergences terminologiques et conceptuelles, quoique partielles (notamment sur signe, système et langue ~ parole). Après leCours, Bally se servira assez artificiellement des idées saussuriennes, tandis que Sechehaye finira par se rapprocher remarquablement de ce qu’en sera l’interprétation moderne.ZusammenfassungAls Saussure starb, waren Charles Bally (1865–1947) und Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946) bereits anerkannte Linguisten, welche so richtig nicht mehr vomCLGprofitiert haben, um ihre eigenen Theorien zu formulieren. DerCourshat ihnen jedoch geholfen, diese zu präzisieren, nicht aber zu modifizieren. Allerdings entdeckt man bei ihnen, vor 1913, Spuren eines eher privat zu nennenden Einflusses Saussures, welche einige terminologische und begriffliche (Teil-)þbereinstimmungen erklären (namentlich hinsichtlich Zeichen, System,langue~parole). Nach demCoursbedient sich Bally seiner in einer eher gekünstelt zu nennenden Weise, während Sechehaye sich bemerkenswert dem annähert, was heute als die anerkannte Auslegung der sausureschen Intentionen gelten könnte.