bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of minute misregistrations of prefabricated markers for image‐guided dental implant surgery: an analytical evaluation
Authors: Rußig Lorenz L. , Schulze Ralf K. W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe goal of the present study was to develop a theoretical analysis of errors in implant position, which can occur owing to minute registration errors of a reference marker in a cone beam computed tomography volume when inserting an implant with a surgical stent.Material and methodsA virtual dental‐arch model was created using anatomic data derived from the literature. Basic trigonometry was used to compute effects of defined minute registration errors of only voxel size. The errors occurring at the implant's neck and apex both in horizontal as in vertical direction were computed for mean ±95%‐confidence intervals of jaw width and length and typical implant lengths (8, 10 and 12 mm).ResultsLargest errors occur in vertical direction for larger voxel sizes and for greater arch dimensions. For a 10 mm implant in the frontal region, these can amount to a mean of 0.716 mm (range: 0.201–1.533 mm). Horizontal errors at the neck are negligible, with a mean overall deviation of 0.009 mm (range: 0.001–0.034 mm). Errors increase with distance to the registration marker and voxel size and are affected by implant length.ConclusionOur study shows that minute and realistic errors occurring in the automated registration of a reference object have an impact on the implant's position and angulation. These errors occur in the fundamental initial step in the long planning chain; thus, they are critical and should be made aware to users of these systems.
A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of bilateral multichannel cochlear implants in adults with severe‐to‐profound hearing loss
Authors: Crathorne L. , Bond M. , Cooper C. , Elston J. , Weiner G. , Taylor R. , Stein K. 
Published: August 2012

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 342–354Background:  In the UK, approximately 10 000 people have cochlear implants, more than 99% with a unilateral implant. Evidence shows that adults implanted bilaterally may benefit from binaural advantages; however, systematic review evidence is limited.Objectives of the review:  To conduct a systematic review to discover the evidence for effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of using bilateral cochlear implants in adults with severe‐to‐profound hearing loss by comparing their effectiveness with unilateral cochlear implantation or unilateral cochlear implantation and acoustic hearing aid in the contralateral ear.Type of review:  Systematic review.Search strategy:  This examined 16 electronic databases, plus bibliographies and references for published and unpublished studies.Evaluation method:  Abstracts were independently assessed against inclusion criteria by two researchers, and disagreements were resolved. Selected papers were then retrieved and further independently assessed in a similar way. Included studies had their data extracted by one reviewer and checked by another.Results:  Searches yielded 2892 abstracts producing 19 includable studies. Heterogeneity between studies precluded meta‐analysis. However, all studies reported that bilateral cochlear implants improved hearing and speech perception: one randomised controlled trial found a significant binaural benefit over the first ear alone for speech and noise from the front (12.6 ± 5.4%, P < 0.001) and when noise was ipsilateral to the first ear (21 ± 6%, P < 0.001); and another found a significant benefit for spatial hearing at 3 and 9 months post‐implantation compared with pre‐implantation [mean difference (sd) scores: 3 months = 1.46 (0.83–2.09), P < 0.01].Quality of life results varied, showing bilateral implantation may improve quality of life in the absence of worsening tinnitus. Limited cost‐effectiveness evidence showed that bilateral implantation is probably only cost‐effective at a willingness‐to‐pay threshold above £62 000 per quality adjusted life year.Conclusions:  Despite inconsistency in the quality of available evidence, the robustness of systematic review methods gives weight to the positive findings of included studies demonstrating that bilateral implantation is clinically effective in adults but unlikely to be cost‐effective.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF HIPPOLYTID GENERA, WITH AN ASSIGNMENT OF NEW FAMILIES FOR THE CRANGONOIDEA AND ALPHEOIDEA (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, CARIDEA)
Authors: CHRISTOFFERSEN MARTIN L. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract—A manual cladistic analysis of the unnamed monophyletic taxon Alpheoidea plus Crangonoidea produced a cladogram containing 36 terminal taxa and 185 characters. The genealogical relationships of most of the 35 genera presently classified under the Hippolytidae have been resolved. Ten of these genera have been transferred, with the Processidae, from the Alpheoidea to the Crangonoidea. The concept of the Hippolytidae Bate, 1888 has been considerably restricted, the available names Lysmatidae Dana, 1852, Thoridae Kingsley, 1878, Hippolytinae Bate, 1888, and Latreutinae Ortmann, 1896 have been invalidated, and the new, family group names Barbouridae, Nauticarididae, Alopidae, and Bythocarididae are proposed. The traditional practice of naming monotypic taxa of suprageneric level has been avoided, yet all genealogical information indicated in the cladogram can be retrieved from the final classification proposed here for the Crangonoidea and Alpheoidea.
Composition of the type VII secretion system membrane complex
Authors: Houben Edith N. G. , Bestebroer Jovanka , Ummels Roy , Wilson Louis , Piersma Sander R. , Jiménez Connie R. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Luirink Joen , Bitter Wilbert 
Published: August 2012

SummaryPathogenic mycobacteria require type VII secretion (T7S) systems to transport virulence factors across their complex cell envelope. These bacteria have up to five of these systems, termed ESX‐1 to ESX‐5. Here, we show that ESX‐5 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mediates the secretion of EsxN, PPE and PE_PGRS proteins, indicating that ESX‐5 is a major secretion pathway in this important pathogen. Using the ESX‐5 system of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a model, we have purified and analysed the T7S membrane complex under native conditions. blue native‐PAGE and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the ESX‐5 membrane complex of both species has a size of ∼ 1500 kDa and is composed of four conserved membrane proteins, i.e. EccB5, EccC5, EccD5 and EccE5. Subsequent limited proteolysis suggests that EccC5 and EccE5 mostly reside on the periphery of the complex. We also observed that EccC5 and EccD5 expression is essential for the formation of a stable membrane complex. These are the first data on a T7S membrane complex and, given the high conservation of its components, our data can likely be generalized to most mycobacterial T7S systems.
The stepwise acquisition of fluconazole resistance mutations causes a gradual loss of fitness in Candida albicans
Authors: Sasse Christoph , Dunkel Nico , Schäfer Tina , Schneider Sabrina , Dierolf Franziska , Ohlsen Knut , Morschhäuser Joachim 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe pathogenic yeast Candida albicans can develop resistance to the widely used antifungal agent fluconazole, which inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis. Resistance is often caused by gain‐of‐function mutations in the transcription factors Mrr1, Tac1 and Upc2, which result in constitutive overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps and ergosterol biosynthesis genes respectively. It is not known how the permanently changed gene expression program in resistant strains affects their fitness in the absence of drug selection pressure. We have systematically investigated the effects of activating mutations in Mrr1, Tac1 and Upc2, individually and in all possible combinations, on the degree of fluconazole resistance and on the fitness of C. albicans in an isogenic strain background. All combinations of different resistance mechanisms resulted in a stepwise increase in drug resistance, culminating in 500‐fold increased fluconazole resistance in strains possessing mutations in the three transcription factors and an additional resistance mutation in the drug target enzyme Erg11. The acquisition of resistance mutations was associated with reduced fitness under non‐selective conditions in vitro as well as in vivo during colonization of a mammalian host. Therefore, without compensatory mutations, the inability to appropriately regulate gene expression results in a loss of competitive fitness of drug‐resistant C. albicans strains.
Impact of lake‐level changes on the formation of thermogene travertine in continental rifts: Evidence from Lake Bogoria, Kenya Rift Valley
Authors: RENAUT ROBIN W. , OWEN R. BERNHART , JONES BRIAN , TIERCELIN JEAN‐JACQUES , TARITS CORINNE , EGO JOHN K. , KONHAUSER KURT O. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTravertine is present at 20% of the ca 60 hot springs that discharge on Loburu delta plain on the western margin of saline, alkaline Lake Bogoria in the Kenya Rift. Much of the travertine, which forms mounds, low terraces and pool‐rim dams, is sub‐fossil (relict) and undergoing erosion, but calcite‐encrusted artefacts show that carbonate is actively precipitating at several springs. Most of the springs discharge alkaline (pH: 8·3 to 8·9), Na‐HCO3 waters containing little Ca (<2 mg l−1) at temperatures of 94 to 97·5°C. These travertines are unusual because most probably precipitated at temperatures of >80°C. The travertines are composed mainly of dendritic and platy calcite, with minor Mg‐silicates, aragonite, fluorite and opaline silica. Calcite precipitation is attributed mainly to rapid CO2 degassing, which led to high‐disequilibrium crystal morphologies. Stratigraphic evidence shows that the travertine formed during several stages separated by intervals of non‐deposition. Radiometric ages imply that the main phase of travertine formation occurred during the late Pleistocene (ca 32 to 35 ka). Periods of precipitation were influenced strongly by fluctuations in lake level, mostly under climate control, and by related changes in the depth of boiling. During relatively arid phases, meteoric recharge of ground water declines, the lake is low and becomes hypersaline, and the reduced hydrostatic pressure lowers the level of boiling in the plumbing system of the hot springs. Any carbonate precipitation then occurs below the land surface. During humid phases, the dilute meteoric recharge increases, enhancing geothermal circulation, but the rising lake waters, which become relatively dilute, flood most spring vents. Much of the aqueous Ca2+ then precipitates as lacustrine stromatolites on shallow firm substrates, including submerged older travertines. Optimal conditions for subaerial travertine precipitation at Loburu occur when the lake is at intermediate levels, and may be favoured during transitions from humid to drier conditions.
Dual effects of hydrogen sulphide on focal cerebral ischaemic injury via modulation of oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Li Guo‐Feng , Luo Hai‐Kun , Li Lan‐Fang , Zhang Qing‐Zeng , Xie Li‐Jun , Jiang Hong , Li Li‐Ping , Hao Na , Wang Wei‐Wei , Zhang Jian‐Xin 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), one of three signalling gasotransmitters, plays an important role in oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, the effects of H2S on oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis in focal cerebral ischaemic injury in rats have not been clarified.

In the present study, sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) was used as the H2S donor. Eighty‐four Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham, sham + low‐dose (2.8 mg/kg) NaHS, sham + high‐dose (11.2 mg/kg) NaHS, infarct, infarct + low‐dose NaHS and infarct + high‐dose NaHS. The focal cerebral ischaemic model was created by cranially inserting a nylon thread with a rounded tip into an internal carotid artery. Rats were killed 21 h after administration of NaHS.

In the infarct + low‐dose NaHS compared with infarct group, infarct volume was significantly decreased and injury to the mitochondria in nerve cells was mitigated. Furthermore, significant increases were seen in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and neuronal bcl‐2 protein levels, whereas mitochondrial malondialdehyde content and neuronal bax and caspase 3 protein levels were significantly decreased, in the infarct + low‐dose NaHS compared with infarct group. The effects seen in the infarct group were significantly aggravated in the infarct + high‐dose NaHS group.

The findings of the present study provide novel evidence for the dual effects of H2S on focal cerebral ischaemic injury via modulation of oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis.
Bilateral, multicenteric metanephric adenoma associated with Wilms' tumor in a child: A rare presentation with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications
Authors: Pasricha Sunil , Gandhi Jatin S , Gupta Gurudutt , Mehta Anurag , Beg Shaham 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMetanephric adenoma is an uncommon benign renal tumor that occurs predominantly in adult females and rarely in children. On histomorphology it shows a resemblance to Wilms' tumor, nephrogenic rests and papillary renal cell carcinoma. Multifocality along with multicentricity has not been documented in English literature till date. From a diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoint, recognition of this entity is of the utmost importance, because it shows a favorable clinical outcome. We describe a rare case of bilateral, multicentric metanephric adenoma associated with triphasic Wilms' tumor (stage II) of the left kidney in a male child.
Opioid substitution therapy clients' preferences for targeted versus general primary health‐care outlets
Authors: Islam M. Mofizul , Topp Libby , Conigrave Katherine M. , Day Carolyn A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroduction and Aims.Opioid substitution therapy (OST) ideally constitutes a window of opportunity for the provision of essential primary health care (PHC) for OST clients. In the absence of such opportunities, however, OST clients access PHC from existing outlets, either general services or those targeted to specific groups. This study examined OST clients' current main source and preferred future outlets of PHC services and correlates of preferences.Design and Methods.Anonymous interviews conducted with n = 257 clients of two public OST clinics in Sydney's inner‐west.Results.Overall, 61% (n = 158) of participants reported currently accessing PHC primarily from general outlets (general practitioners or medical centres: 51%, hospital/emergence departments: 10%) and the remainder (39%, n = 99) from outlets that target specific groups (e.g. Aboriginal Medical Services, OST prescriber/clinics, drug user‐targeted PHCs). Twenty‐two percent reported discomfort disclosing drug use to their current PHC providers. However, the majority were satisfied with the care they received and reported a preference to remain with their current PHC providers for a range of reasons, most commonly familiarity with and trust in staff (56%) and not feeling judged about their drug use (49%). Nevertheless, 28% reported that they would access PHC through their OST clinic if it were available.Discussion and Conclusions.PHC outlets that target specific groups appear to have an ongoing and important role in providing accessible health care to OST clients.
Unemployment Protection and Family Policy at the Turn of the 21st Century: A Dynamic Approach to Welfare Regime Theory
Authors: Ferragina Emanuele , Seeleib‐Kaiser Martin , Tomlinson Mark 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article contributes to the welfare state regime literature from a substantive and methodological perspective. At a very abstract level we confirm the relevance of the welfare state regime theory and stability for the period from 1971 to the end of the 1990s. However, by analyzing family policy and unemployment protection, we observe a dual transformation of the welfare state, consisting of a trend towards a ‘socialization’ of family policies and a retrenchment in unemployment insurance benefits. Our Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of the two policy domains captures the multi‐dimensionality of the decommodification and defamilialization concepts and visualizes welfare state developments over time in a Cartesian space. This dynamic analysis provides us with a nuanced understanding of welfare state regime stability and change.
Infant brain structures, executive function, and attention deficit/hyperactivity problems at preschool age. A prospective study
Authors: Ghassabian Akhgar , Herba Catherine M. , Roza Sabine J. , Govaert Paul , Schenk Jacqueline J. , Jaddoe Vincent W. , Hofman Albert , White Tonya , Verhulst Frank C. , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: August 2012

Background:  Neuroimaging findings have provided evidence for a relation between variations in brain structures and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, longitudinal neuroimaging studies are typically confined to children who have already been diagnosed with ADHD. In a population‐based study, we aimed to characterize the prospective association between brain structures measured during infancy and executive function and attention deficit/hyperactivity problems assessed at preschool age.Methods:  In the Generation R Study, the corpus callosum length, the gangliothalamic ovoid diameter (encompassing the basal ganglia and thalamus), and the ventricular volume were measured in 784 6‐week‐old children using cranial postnatal ultrasounds. Parents rated executive functioning at 4 years using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function‐Preschool Version in five dimensions: inhibition, shifting, emotional control, working memory, and planning/organizing. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems were assessed at ages 3 and 5 years using the Child Behavior Checklist.Results:  A smaller corpus callosum length during infancy was associated with greater deficits in executive functioning at 4 years. This was accounted for by higher problem scores on inhibition and emotional control. The corpus callosum length during infancy did not predict Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problem at 3 and 5 years, when controlling for the confounders. We did not find any relation between gangliothalamic ovoid diameter and executive function or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problem.Conclusions:  Variations in brain structures detectible in infants predicted subtle impairments in inhibition and emotional control. However, in this population‐based study, we could not demonstrate that early structural brain variations precede symptoms of ADHD.
Retracted: Ethanol disrupts axon outgrowth stimulated by netrin‐1, GDNF, and L1 by blocking their convergent activation of Src family kinase signaling
Authors: Chen Suzhen , Charness Michael E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPre‐natal alcohol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), the most common, preventable cause of developmental disability. The developing cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to the effects of ethanol. We reported that ethanol inhibits the stimulation of axon outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) by NAP, an active motif of activity‐dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), by blocking NAP activation of Fyn kinase and its downstream signaling molecule, the scaffolding protein Cas. Here, we asked whether ethanol inhibits the stimulation of axon outgrowth by diverse axon guidance molecules through a common action on the Src family kinases (SFK). We first demonstrated that netrin‐1, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neural cell adhesion molecule L1 stimulate axon outgrowth in CGNs by activating SFK, Cas, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). The specific SFK inhibitor, PP2, blocked the stimulation of axon outgrowth and the activation of the SFK‐Cas‐ERK1/2 signaling pathway by each of these axon‐guidance molecules. In contrast, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stimulated axon outgrowth and activated ERK1/2 without first activating SFK or Cas. Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol inhibited axon outgrowth and the activation of the SFK‐Cas‐ERK1/2 pathway by netrin‐1, GDNF, and L1, but did not disrupt BDNF‐induced axon outgrowth or ERK1/2 activation. These results indicate that SFK, but not ERK1/2, is a primary target for ethanol inhibition of axon outgrowth. The ability of ethanol to block the convergent activation of the SFK‐Cas‐ERK1/2 pathway by netrin‐1, GDNF, L1, and ADNP could contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of FASD.
Molecular determinants of A2AR–D2R allosterism: role of the intracellular loop 3 of the D2R
Authors: Fernández‐Dueñas Víctor , Gómez‐Soler Maricel , Jacobson Kenneth A. , Kumar Santhosh T. , Fuxe Kjell , Borroto‐Escuela Dasiel O. , Ciruela Francisco 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the CNS, an antagonistic interaction has been shown between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (A2ARs and D2Rs) that may be relevant both in normal and pathological conditions (i.e., Parkinson's disease). Thus, the molecular determinants mediating this receptor–receptor interaction have recently been explored, as the fine tuning of this target (namely the A2AR/D2R oligomer) could possibly improve the treatment of certain CNS diseases. Here, we used a fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based approach to examine the allosteric modulation of the D2R within the A2AR/D2R oligomer and the dependence of this receptor–receptor interaction on two regions rich in positive charges on intracellular loop 3 of the D2R. Interestingly, we observed a negative allosteric effect of the D2R agonist quinpirole on A2AR ligand binding and activation. However, these allosteric effects were abolished upon mutation of specific arginine residues (217–222 and 267–269) on intracellular loop 3 of the D2R, thus demonstrating a major role of these positively charged residues in mediating the observed receptor–receptor interaction. Overall, these results provide structural insights to better understand the functioning of the A2AR/D2R oligomer in living cells.
A review of the role of excess soil moisture conditions in constraining farm practices under Atlantic conditions
Authors: Schulte R. P. O. , Fealy R. , Creamer R. E. , Towers W. , Harty T. , Jones R. J. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Less Favoured Area (LFA) scheme is a major element of the EU Rural Development Policy, aimed at supporting farming in areas with natural handicaps or low soil productivity. It has been in place since 1975 and accounts for 14% of total Community funding. In 2003, the European Court of Auditors recommended that the socio‐economic criteria on which the current scheme is based be replaced by biophysical criteria. Reviews of the proposals suggest that in Atlantic climates of Northwest Europe, the new criteria do not delineate adequately areas where agricultural productivity is constrained by the biophysical environment and that such areas are instead demarcated by the occurrence of excess soil moisture conditions. In this paper, we review the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on the sustainability of farming systems and their role in constraining strategic and tactical farm management practices. In particular, we review the scientific evidence on the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on herbage growth, herbage utilization, farm operations and environmental sustainability. On the basis of this, we propose an additional biophysical criterion for the new delineation of LFAs, namely the length of time that soil water is in excess of field capacity (‘field capacity days’). While there is no clear threshold for field capacity days above which agricultural sustainability is acutely constrained, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the sustainability of intensive livestock farming and tillage systems is particularly challenging in scenarios where the 80 percentile of field capacity days exceeds 220–230 days.