bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stemflow in two xerophytic shrubs and its significance to soil water and nutrient enrichment
Authors: Zhang Ya‐feng , Wang Xin‐ping , Hu Rui , Pan Yan‐xia , Zhang Hao 
Published: May 2013

AbstractShrub canopies are expected to funnel substantial amounts of intercepted rainwater with enriched nutrients as stemflow to shrub base in the desert ecosystems characterized by limited water and nutrients. However, lacking are quantitative studies on the water and nutrient enrichment of stemflow at the shrub basal area. In this study, stemflow were quantified for two xerophytic shrubs (Caragana korshinskii and Artemisia ordosica) in a revegetated desert ecosystem of Shapotou area in northwestern China. We also measured the ion concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphors (TP), NH4+–N, NO3−–N, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42− and the pH and electric conductivity (EC) in stemflow, throughfall and bulk precipitation. Results indicated that stemflow accounted for 8.8 and 2.8 % of the gross rainfall for C. korshinskii and A. ordosica, respectively. Individual stemflow linearly increased with increasing rainfall depth. Stemflow increased with rainfall intensity when rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h−1 but showed decreased tendency thereafter. An antecedent precipitation of 1.3 and 1.6 mm was necessary for stemflow initiation for C. korshinskii and A. ordosica, respectively. The mean (confidence intervals, α = 0.05) funneling ratio was 82 (17) for C. korshinskii and 26 (7) for A. ordosica. Ion concentrations in stemflow were higher than in throughfall, and the concentration of most of the ions measured were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in stemflow than in bulk precipitation, with a nutrient enrichment ratio ranged 122.8–1677.0 for C. korshinskii and 12.6–1306.0 for A. ordosica among measured ions, respectively. Overall, the larger funneling ratios and enrichment ratios for the two shrubs suggest that stemflow plays a significant positive role in soil water replenishment and nutrient enrichment at deeper soil profile of root zone in the revegetated ecosystems under arid desert conditions.
Mixtures of Nonionic Surfactants made from Renewable Resources with Alkyl Sulfates and Sodium n‐Alkanecarboxylates: Comparison of Mixing Behavior using Rubingh's Treatment
Authors: Jackson Louis P. , Townsend Colby , Grady Brian P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBinary aqueous mixtures of (1) alkyl glucopyranosides (glycosides), (2) alkyl maltopyranosides (maltosides), or (3) alkyl N‐methyl glucamines with (1′) sodium alkyl sulfates or (2′) sodium n‐alkyl carboxylates were investigated in an effort to evaluate physiochemical properties for mixtures of surfactants from renewable resources. Solutions at various concentrations and mixture ratios were tested and evaluated to determine critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). The greatest reduction in CMC was found for surfactants with long and intermediate hydrophobe lengths. In agreement with other studies, an increase in hydrophilic group size and flexibility decreased the electrostatic repulsion of ionic‐nonionic mixed micelles as evidenced by a more negative Rubingh's β parameter. However, at low hydrophobe length, carboxylate and glycoside headgroup mixtures produced mixed micelle interactions displaying synergism at low nonionic surfactant mole fractions and slight antagonism at high nonionic mole fractions. The asymmetry in interaction produces an S‐shaped CMC curve and demonstrates that the one‐parameter Rubingh model is insufficient in describing both synergism and antagonism for this binary mixture.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Linear Surfactants
Authors: Qiang Taotao , Bu Qiaoqiao , Huang Zhaofeng , Wang Xuechuan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA series of hyperbranched linear surfactants (HLS) was prepared by using oleic acid modifying the first generation hydroxyl‐terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP‐1), which was obtained through a step synthesis method using trimethylolpropane and N,N‐dihydroxyethyl dodecylamine ‐3‐amine‐methyl propionate (AB2‐type monomer). AB2—type monomer was obtained through the Michael addition reaction of methyl acrylate and diethanol amine. Single‐factor experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of reaction conditions such as temperature, oleic acid dosage, and reaction time on the synthesis of HLS. Results indicate that the optimal temperature and time of the esterification reaction were 130 °C and 3 h, respectively. The structures of HLS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT‐IR) and the results indicate that HBP‐1 had been successfully modified by oleic acid. Furthermore, the surface tension and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the HLS solution show that HLS can significantly reduce the surface tension of water.
A Simple Chemical Resistant Hotplate for Geochemical Applications
Authors: Gopalan K. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract:
Hotplates in geochemical laboratories are most susceptible to chemical corrosion and hence a major source of corrosion-generated particles as possible contamination in trace-element analysis of rocks and minerals. Teflon-coated hotplates are now commercially available to alleviate this problem, but are expensive and need to be imported. This report describes the design of a Teflon-covered rather than coated hotplate which is inexpensive and easy to fabricate from readily available materials.
Neotectonic Response of the Godavari and Kaddam Rivers in Andhra Pradesh, India: Implications to Quaternary Reactivation of Old Fracture System
Authors: Sangode S. J. , Meshram D. C. , Kulkarni Y. R. , Gudadhe S. S. , Malpe D. B. , Herlekar M. A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract:
A field and imagery based study at the eastern margin of the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP), and in the Precambrian terrain of Adilabad and Karimnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh, India display a striking response of the Godavari and Kaddam rivers to Kaddam lineament-fault fracture (KLF) system. Brittle to ductile deformations within the Precambrian formations indicate its antiquity, while the continuity of Kaddam lineament over DVP suggests its Tertiary reactivation. The morpho-tectonic response of the Godavari and Kaddam rivers in this area depict southward tilt of the fault block west of Kaddam fault during Quaternary. In the given set-up we postulate a greater role of crustal loading of the Deccan traps, and its rapid erosional unloading during Late Cenozoic intensified monsoon conditions as one of the causative factors for the above neotectonic response demanding further detailed work on the KLF and elsewhere in the peripheral regions of DVP encountered by active faults and old fractures.
Application of Double Side Approach Method to the Solution of Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Duct Problems
Authors: Tang H.-W. , Yang Y.-T. , Chen C.-K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe double side approach method combines the method of weighted residuals (MWR) with mathematical programming to solve the differential equations. Once the differential equation is proved to satisfy the maximum principle, collocation method and mathematical programming are used to transfer the problem into a bilateral inequality. By utilizing Genetic Algorithms optimization method, the maximum and minimum solutions which satisfy the inequality can be found. Adopting this method, quite less computer memory and time are needed than those required for finite element method.In this paper, the incompressible-Newtonian, fully-developed, steady-state laminar flow in equilateral triangular, rectangular, elliptical and super-elliptical ducts is studied. Based on the maximum principle of differential equations, the monotonicity of the Laplace operator can be proved and the double side approach method can be applied. Different kinds of trial functions are constructed to meet the no-slip boundary condition, and it was demonstrated that the results are in great agreement with the analytical solutions or the formerly presented works. The efficiency, accuracy, and simplicity of the double side approach method are fully illustrated in the present study to indicate that the method is powerful for solving boundary value problems.
Sexual-Risk Behaviour and HIV Testing among Canadian Snowbirds Who Winter in Florida
Authors: Mairs Katie , Bullock Sandra L. 
Published: May 2013

RÉSUMÉLes taux de VIH (virus d’immunodéficience humaine) et les comportements à risque pour les personnes âgées de 50 et plus aux États-Unis sont les plus élevés et les plus croissants en Floride, ou beaucoup de retraités migrateurs canadiens passent leurs hivers. Cette étude pilote a examiné le comportement sexuel à risque et les prédicteurs du dépistage du VIH dans un échantillon facilement accessible de Canadiens qui hivernent en Floride (n – 265). Des analyses multivariées de regression logistique ont révelé que la probabilité de tests ont été augmentés pour les célibataires, les personnes âgées de 50 ans, ceux qui avaient parlé à un médecin au sujet des comportements sexuels à risque depuis 50 ans, et ceux qui estiment que le sexe est important dans leur vies. Les hommes qui fréquentaient les partenaires sexuels étaient plus susceptibles que ceux qui n’avaient pas de telles rencontres de se faire tester pour le VIH. Les femmes qui fréquentaient les partenaires sexuels n’étaient pas plus susceptibles que celles qui n’avaient pas de telles rencontres de se faire tester pour le VIH, et les hommes qui fréquentaient les partenaires sexuels étaient 13,6 fois plus susceptibles que les femmes de se faire tester. Des recherches supplémentaires nous permettront d’améliorer notre compréhension des interactions sexuelles parmi les retraités migrateurs canadiens et de leur tendances à se faire tester pour le VIH.
Classroom Phonological Awareness Instruction and Literacy Outcomes in the First Year of School
Authors: Carson Karyn L. , Gillon Gail T. , Boustead Therese M. 
Published: May 2013

Purpose
Despite strong investment in raising literacy achievement for all children, significant inequalities in literacy outcomes continue to exist among some of the world's most advanced economies. This study investigated the influence of a short, intensive period of phonological awareness (PA) instruction implemented by classroom teachers on raising the literacy achievement of children with and without spoken language impairment (SLI).

Method
A quasi-experimental design was employed to measure the PA, reading, and spelling development of one hundred twenty-nine 5-year-olds. Thirty-four children received 10 weeks of PA instruction from their teachers. Ninety-five children continued with their usual reading program, which included phonics instruction but did not target PA.

Results
Children who received PA instruction demonstrated superior literacy outcomes compared to children who followed the usual literacy curriculum. Children with SLI showed significant improvements in PA, reading, and spelling but had a different pattern of response to instruction compared to children with typical language. Importantly, the number of children experiencing word decoding difficulties at the end of the program was 26% among children who followed the usual literacy curriculum compared to 6% among children who received the PA instruction.

Implications
A short, intensive period of classroom PA instruction can raise the literacy profiles of children with and without spoken language difficulties.
Pilot Test of 12-Step Linkage for Alcohol-Abusing Women in Leaving Jail
Authors: Johnson Jennifer E. , Schonbrun Yael Chatav , Stein Michael D. 
Published: May 2013

Background More than a million US women are detained in jails each year; many have alcohol use disorders (AUDs). AUD intervention with pretrial jail detainees presents a logistical challenge due to limited jail stays and lack of resources for postrelease treatment. The availability, no-cost entry, and promise of anonymity of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) make it a highly accessible resource for underserved populations. However, the outreach of AA volunteers into jails (as opposed to prisons) has been limited, and incarcerated women are unlikely to seek out strangers for help after release. This study pilot tested an enhanced referral approach introducing a 12-step volunteer to a woman in jail who would attend a meeting with her after release. Methods Participants were 14 unsentenced female pretrial jail detainees with AUD. Intervention consisted of introducing participants detained in jail to female AA volunteers who could accompany them to an AA meeting after release. Assessments took place at baseline and 1 month after release. This uncontrolled pilot study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of this enhanced referral approach. Pre-post alcohol use, drug use, alcohol problems, and AA attendance are also reported. Results Enhanced referral was feasible and acceptable. Many (57%) of the 14 participants who met with AA volunteers in jail were in contact with those volunteers after release from jail. Participants had significantly fewer drinking days, heavy drinking days, alcohol problems, and drug-using days during the postrelease follow-up than they did before jail detention. Conclusions Providing linkage between women in jail and female AA volunteers who can accompany them to a postrelease meeting is achievable, and may be a disseminable and low-cost method to improve alcohol outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Internal Medicine Residents’ Training in Substance Use Disorders: A Survey of the Quality of Instruction and Residents’ Self-Perceived Preparedness to Diagnose and Treat Addiction
Authors: Wakeman Sarah E. , Baggett Meridale V. , Pham-Kanter Genevieve , Campbell Eric G. 
Published: May 2013

Background Resident physicians are the direct care providers for many patients with addiction. This study assesses residents’ self-perceived preparedness to diagnose and treat addiction, measures residents’ perceptions of the quality of addictions instruction, and evaluates basic knowledge of addictions. Methods A survey was e-mailed to 184 internal medicine residents at Massachusetts General Hospital in May 2012. Results Responses were obtained from 55% of residents. Residents estimated that 26% of inpatients they cared for met criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD). Twenty-five percent of residents felt unprepared to diagnose and 62% felt unprepared to treat addiction. Only 13% felt very prepared to diagnose addiction. No residents felt very prepared to treat addiction. Preparedness to diagnose or treat addiction did not differ significantly across postgraduate year (PGY) level. Fifty-five percent rated the overall instruction in addictions as poor or fair. Seventy-two percent of residents rated the quality of addictions training as poor or fair in the outpatient clinical setting, and 56% in the inpatient setting. No resident answered all 6 knowledge questions correctly. Slightly more than half correctly identified the mechanism of buprenorphine and 19% correctly answered a question about naltrexone. Nine percent of residents responded that someone had expressed concern about the respondent's substance use. Conclusions Despite providing care for a substantial population with addiction, the majority of internal medicine residents in this study feel unprepared to treat SUDs. More than half rate the quality of addictions instruction as fair or poor. Structured and comprehensive addictions curriculum and faculty development are needed to address the deficiencies of the current training system.
The Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacoinvasive Therapy with Prourokinase for Acute ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients with Expected Long Percutaneous Coronary Intervention‐Related Delay
Authors: Han Ya‐Ling , Liu Jian‐Ning , Jing Quan‐Min , Ma Ying‐Yan , Jiang Tie‐Min , Pu Kui , Zhao Rui‐Ping , Zhao Xin , Liu Hai‐Wei , Xu Kai , Wang Geng , Wang Bin , Sun Rui‐Hua , Wang Jie 
Published: May 2013

SummaryObjectivesTo elucidate the efficacy and safety of pharmacoinvasive therapy by using prourokinase (prouk) in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).BackgroundPatients with STEMI often have long percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)‐related delays due to various reasons, which are associated with poor outcomes.MethodsA randomized study which enrolled patients from four centers in China was conducted. Patients were randomly assigned to accept routine primary PCI or prouk‐PCI. The primary end points were the angiographic parameters, including thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade, TIMI frame count, and myocardial blush grade. Secondary endpoints were incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE, defined as death from all causes, reinfarction, revascularization, or rehospitalization due to new or worsening congestive heart failure) at 30 days and 1 year.ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐seven eligible patients were enrolled, of whom 100 were randomized to the prouk‐PCI group. Significantly more patients in the prouk‐PCI group than in the PCI group had an opened infarct‐related artery on arrival in the catheterization laboratory (48% vs. 21%, P = 0.0002) and better TIMI frame count after PCI (33 ± 6 vs. 40 ± 10, P < 0.001). At 1‐year follow‐up, there was a trend that patients in the prouk‐PCI group had less chances to have MACE (7.0% vs. 12.6%, P = 0.235) or be readmitted to hospital due to new or worsening congestive heart failure (1.0% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.209).ConclusionA strategy of emergent PCI preceded by fibrinolysis with prouk results in a better myocardial perfusion in infarct‐related artery compared with primary PCI alone in patients with STEMI and long PCI‐related delay.
Not Just Football: An Intergroup Perspective on the Sandusky Scandal at Penn State
Authors: Alderfer Clayton P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWhen the Penn State football scandal exploded in 2012, observers tended to frame events in terms of individuals behaving badly or irresponsibly. The perpetrator of child abuse was convicted and sent to prison; the head football coach was fired; the president of the University and several senior administrators were terminated; and the former head of the Board of Trustees was forced to resign. Certainly, these actions were understandable under the circumstances. Terrible crimes had been committed and covered up for over a decade. Nevertheless, an exclusively individual focus overlooks the roles of 9 groups whose collective behavior first allowed the criminal acts to occur and then put an end to them. The groups included the children's families and high school coaches, the Penn State football coaching staff, the Penn State senior administration, the Penn State Board of Trustees, the Second Mile charitable organization, the Centre County Pennsylvania criminal justice system, Penn State students, the Big 10 athletic conference, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. This article employs a group and intergroup perspective to analyze key events and to explain both the dysfunctional systemic behavior and the corrective actions.
Isotopic and chemical variation of organic nanoglobules in primitive meteorites
Authors: De Gregorio Bradley T. , Stroud Rhonda M. , Nittler Larry R. , Alexander Conel M. O'D. , Bassim Nabil D. , Cody George D. , Kilcoyne A. L. David , Sandford Scott A. , Milam Stefanie N. , Nuevo Michel , Zega Thomas J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOrganic nanoglobules are microscopic spherical carbon‐rich objects present in chondritic meteorites and other astromaterials. We performed a survey of the morphology, organic functional chemistry, and isotopic composition of 184 nanoglobules in insoluble organic matter (IOM) residues from seven primitive carbonaceous chondrites. Hollow and solid nanoglobules occur in each IOM residue, as well as globules with unusual shapes and structures. Most nanoglobules have an organic functional chemistry similar to, but slightly more carboxyl‐rich than, the surrounding IOM, while a subset of nanoglobules have a distinct, highly aromatic functionality. The range of nanoglobule N isotopic compositions was similar to that of nonglobular 15N‐rich hotspots in each IOM residue, but nanoglobules account for only about one third of the total 15N‐rich hotspots in each sample. Furthermore, many nanoglobules in each residue contained no 15N enrichment above that of bulk IOM. No morphological indicators were found to robustly distinguish the highly aromatic nanoglobules from those that have a more IOM‐like functional chemistry, or to distinguish 15N‐rich nanoglobules from those that are isotopically normal. The relative abundance of aromatic nanoglobules was lower, and nanoglobule diameters were greater, in more altered meteorites, suggesting the creation/modification of IOM‐like nanoglobules during parent‐body processing. However, 15N‐rich nanoglobules, including many with highly aromatic functional chemistry, likely reflect preaccretionary isotopic fractionation in cold molecular cloud or protostellar environments. These data indicate that no single formation mechanism can explain all of the observed characteristics of nanoglobules, and their properties are likely a result of multiple processes occurring in a variety of environments.
MULTISPECIES EXPLOITATION WITH EVOLUTIONARY SWITCHING OF HARVESTING STRATEGIES
Authors: BISCHI GIAN‐ITALO , LAMANTIA FABIO , RADI DAVIDE 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a bioeconomic model which describes a fishery in which each of two noninteracting species is harvested by a given group of fishers during a defined time period. Then the Fishing Regulatory Authority allows each fisher to reconsider the harvesting decision at fixed (discrete) periods of time. The model derives from an Italian fisheries management experience in the Northern Adriatic Sea, where this kind of “self‐adjusting” fishing policy has been proposed to regulate harvesting of two shellfish species. The proposed dynamic model assumes the form of a hybrid system, as the natural growth functions of the two species (in continuous time) are coupled with a discrete time adaptive system that regulates how agents switch from one harvesting strategy to the other period by period according to an evolutionary mechanism based on profit comparison. In order to obtain some insights into the basic mechanisms of the system, some relevant benchmark cases are analyzed before tackling (mainly numerically) the complete hybrid model. Our results suggest that, for proper sets of parameters, this kind of myopic and adaptive self‐regulation may ensure a virtuous trade‐off between profit maximization and resource conservation, driven by cost externalities and market pressure.