bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Effects of Mexico's Retaliatory Tariffs on Selected U.S. Agricultural Exports
Authors: Zahniser Steven , Hertz Tom , Argoti Monica 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article estimates the trade‐reducing effects of the retaliatory import tariffs imposed by Mexico on selected U.S. agricultural products from March 2009 to October 2011 as part of the U.S.‐Mexico trucking dispute. Using an autoregressive distributed‐lag time series model of the targeted agricultural exports, we find that the tariffs reduced U.S. sales of these products to Mexico by $984 million (22%). We find no evidence that reduced exports to Mexico were offset by increased sales of these same goods to other countries. The large impact of the tariffs underscores the importance of the duty‐free provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement, as well as the potentially high costs of retaliatory trade measures.
A review of lobster fishery management: the Western Australian fishery for Panulirus cygnus, a case study in the development and implementation of input and output-based management systems
Authors: Penn J. W. , Caputi N. , de Lestang S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Lobster stocks around the world support high-value fisheries with production currently about 260,000 tonnes annually. The largest fisheries harvest Homarus, Nephrops and Panulirus species with smaller production from the Jasus, Palinurus and Scylarid species groups. The majority of larger industrial fisheries have systems limiting fishing effort or catches, while many of the smaller fisheries remain open access and have yet to implement basic management controls. The review uses the Western Australian fishery for Panulirus cygnus, valued between AUS$200–400 million annually with a long history of successful management, as a case study for the consideration of lobster fisheries management systems more generally. The conclusions from the review suggest that an evolutionary approach to management with biological controls as a precursor to input-based controls is necessary to allow sufficient fishery-based data to be accumulated for management decision processes to be effective. The case study experience suggests that well-defined fishing rights leading to an input-based total allowable effort system with individually transferable effort (ITE) units can provide efficient mechanisms for the reduction of latent effort, which characterises most lobster fisheries with open access or basic limited entry. Further the system has been shown to be capable of generating significant license values for fishermen while maintaining owner-operators as the dominant group in the fishery. The ITE system was also used effectively to adjust fishing to compensate for a severe environmentally-driven downturn in recruitment, but resulted in highly complex management rules. In 2010 the fishery moved seamlessly to a total allowable catch with individually transferable quotas which removed the complexity of management, further increased the catch value and reduced costs of fishing. Price/earnings (P/E) ratios have been used to track trends in license values which highlight the industry’s increasing economic viability over time under both input and output based management.
VLBI observation of the newly discovered z = 5.18 quasar SDSS J0131−0321
Authors: Gabányi K. É. , Cseh D. , Frey S. , Paragi Z. , Gurvits L. I. , An T. , Zhang Y. K. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Few high-redshift, radio-loud quasars are known to date. The extremely luminous, radio-bright quasar, SDSS J013127.34−032100.1 was recently discovered at a redshift of z = 5.18. We observed the source with high resolution very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at 1.7 GHz with the European VLBI Network (EVN) and found a single compact radio component. We estimated a lower limit to the brightness temperature of the detected radio component, TB ∼ 1011 K. Additionaly, when compared to archival radio data, the source showed significant flux density variation. These two findings are indicative of the blazar nature of the source.
Rereduction for Redisplacement of Both-Bone Forearm Shaft Fractures in Children
Authors: Eismann Emily A. , Parikh Shital N. , Jain Viral V. 
Published: April 2015

Background:
There is a high rate of redisplacement after closed reduction and cast treatment of displaced both-bone forearm shaft fractures in children. Little evidence is available on the efficacy of rereduction of these redisplaced fractures. This study evaluates the impact of rereduction on radiographic outcomes and compares the cost to surgical stabilization.

Methods:
This retrospective study included 31 children (mean age, 6.3 y; 18 boys) treated with rereduction for redisplacement of a displaced both-bone forearm shaft fracture between 2008 and 2013. Angulation was measured on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the radius and ulna at injury, after reduction, at redisplacement, after rereduction, and at fracture union. Average procedure costs for rereduction and surgical stabilization were calculated.

Results:
Initial reduction decreased apex volar angulation (initially >20 degrees) of both bones to a median of ≤2 degrees. After an average of 15 days (range, 4 to 35 d), apex volar angulation of the radius worsened to 9 degrees, and apex ulnar angulation worsened to >10 degrees for both bones. For every 5 days after initial reduction, apex ulnar angulation of the radius worsened by 4 degrees. Rereduction reduced apex ulnar and volar angulation of both bones to <5 degrees, which was maintained after cast removal. There were no complications. The average procedure cost for rereduction was $2056 compared with $4589 for surgical stabilization with or without implant removal.

Conclusion:
Rereduction of both-bone forearm shaft fractures after redisplacement following initial closed reduction had satisfactory radiographic outcomes and is a safe, effective, and less expensive option than surgical stabilization.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic.
Radiographic Evaluation During Treatment of Pediatric Forearm Fractures: Implications on Clinical Care and Cost
Authors: Luther Gaurav , Miller Patricia , Waters Peter M. , Bae Donald S. 
Published: April 2015

Background:
As ≥30% of displaced pediatric forearm fractures demonstrate loss of reduction (LOR) following closed reduction (CR); radiographic follow-up is advocated at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks for detection of redisplacement. We hypothesized that there is minimal change in fracture alignment 2 weeks after CR, and consequently, that radiographs at 4 weeks add cost but little value to clinical care.

Methods:
A total of 184 patients enrolled in a prospective study of pediatric forearm fractures including both distal and diaphyseal injuries were evaluated. All were treated with CR, casting, and radiographic evaluation at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postinjury. Primary endpoint was radiographic LOR. Secondary endpoint was need for any intervention. A modified number-needed to treat analysis estimated the utility of the week 4 x-ray in predicting intervention. Relative value unit (RVU) costing, time-derived activity-based costing (TDABC), and billing totals were used for cost analysis.

Results:
Seventy patients (38%) demonstrated radiographic LOR. Independent predictors of LOR were initial radius displacement >75% (OR=5.40; CI, 2.23-12.60), concomitant ulna fracture (OR=1.71; CI, 1.15-2.54), and dominant arm involvement (OR=2.87; CI, 1.40-5.87). Eighty percent of all LORs occurred within the first 2 weeks. There was no statistically significant change in radiographic alignment after week 2. Of 40 total interventions, all were performed within the first 2 weeks of follow-up. The 4-week x-ray did not influence decision to intervene, and at most, 1 in every 40 patients would require an intervention after week 2. Elimination of the 4-week x-ray would result in a savings of 4.8% (RVU method) to 11.9% (TDABC method) in the overall cost of nonoperative fracture care.

Conclusions:
There is minimal change in fracture alignment 2 weeks following CR of pediatric forearm fractures, and all interventions are based on early radiographic follow-up. The week 4 x-ray adds little value to clinical decision making, and its elimination would result in savings up to 11.9% of the overall cost of nonoperative fracture care.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—prognostic.
Narcotic-only Epidural Infusion for Posterior Spinal Fusion Patients: A Single-Center, Retrospective Review
Authors: Hong Rebecca , Gauger Virginia , Caird Michelle S. , Burke Constance 
Published: April 2015

Background:
Adequate and safe postoperative analgesia for patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) remains challenging and controversial. A past adverse event in this patient population triggered a change of our institution’s practice from epidurals containing bupivacaine and has resulted in use of epidurals containing solely narcotic (hydromorphone) for postoperative analgesia. This retrospective review looks at our experiences with hydromorphone patient-controlled epidural analgesia for postoperative analgesia in this patient population.

Methods:
Electronic medical records of all children with a diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis who underwent PSF surgery at our institution during the period of January 2011 to October 2011 were reviewed from the time they entered the PACU through the first 72 hours following PACU discharge. Specifically, the charts were reviewed for pain scores, sedation scores, narcotic use, use of adjuvant medications, antiemetics, antipruritics, hours to first ambulation, hours to first oral intake, respiratory rate, SpO2 values, need for any respiratory interventions, length of stay, and any adverse events.

Results:
Fifty-six patients were enrolled. Three patients had their epidurals removed within the first 24 hours (5.4% failure rate). Highest mean pain scores ranged from 5.6±2.3 to 5.8±2.2 with median pain scores ranging from 4 to 6. There were no respiratory or neurological adverse events. Ambulation occurred on either postoperative day 1 or 2. The incidence of vomiting in this study was 34% in the first 24 hours post-PACU discharge and during this period, 61% of patients received ondansetron, for either nausea or pruritus. The mean length of stay for our patients was 3.95 days, with a median of 4 days.

Conclusions:
This retrospective review suggests that hydromorphone epidurals used for pain control in postoperative PSF patients are a reasonable alternative to IV-PCA, in terms of analgesia, side-effect profile, and length of stay.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective study.
Resident Versus Attending Surgeons in Achieving and Maintaining Fracture Reduction in Pediatric Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Abson Simon , Williams Nicole , Inglis Mark , Antoniou Georgia , Cundy Peter 
Published: April 2015

Background:
Distal third forearm fractures are one of the most common orthopaedic injuries in the pediatric population with a reported risk of redisplacement in the range of up to a third following initial reduction. The aims of this study were to determine whether fracture redisplacement and adequacy of cast molding were associated with surgeon seniority in the treatment of displaced pediatric distal third radius fractures that required manipulation under anesthesia.

Methods:
This study prospectively randomized 143 pediatric patients presenting to a tertiary referral hospital with a fractured distal radius into 2 groups. We compared the surgeon seniority (resident vs. attending surgeon) with the cast index (CI) and amount of displacement/angulation postreduction.

Results:
Our results showed no significant difference in CI according to level of experience between resident and attending surgeon (P=0.14). There was also no difference in redisplacement for fracture types relative to seniority. Median redisplacement for resident and attending, respectively, for type Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) 23E was 6% (range, 0% to 42%) versus 6% (range, 0% to 41%) P=0.98. For type AO 23M reangulation was 4 degrees (range, 0 to 29 degrees) versus 5 degrees (range, 0 to 18 degrees) P=0.97, respectively.

Conclusions:
Our results indicate that the level of seniority does not influence the CI or redisplacement/angulation of fractures after closed reduction. Residents appear well trained in cast application.

Level of Evidence:
Level I—randomized-controlled trial.
Is the economic benefit of Bt cotton dying away in China
Authors: Qiao Fangbin , Yao Yi 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to try to empirically answer whether the economic benefit of Bt cotton is dying away in China. As the development of the pest resistance and the outbreak of the secondary pest, it was believed that economic benefit of Bt cotton is dying away. And reduction of cotton sown area in recent years had been considered as one of the consequences. This study empirically estimates the impact of Bt cotton adoption on cotton sown area.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper uses regression techniques based on provincial level data. In addition, the fixed-effects model is used to control the impact of those time-consistent variables. Finally, several scenarios are estimated for the robustness of the estimation results.

Findings
– This study shows that the adoption of Bt cotton has positive impact on cotton sown area. On the other hand, the increasing labor cost and decreasing cotton price might be the real reasons behind the decrease of cotton sown area.

Originality/value
– This, it is believed, is one of the first studies to empirically answer the impact of Bt cotton adoption on cotton sown area in China, using national representative data.
Changes of China’s agri-food exports to Germany caused by its accession to WTO and the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Guo Zhichao , Feng Yuanhua , Gries Thomas 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate changes of China’s agri-food exports to Germany caused by China’s accession to WTO and the global financial crisis in a quantitative way. The paper aims to detect structural breaks and compare differences before and after the change points.

Design/methodology/approach
– The structural breaks detection procedures in this paper can be applied to find out two different types of change points, i.e. in the middle and at the end of one time series. Then time series and regression models are used to compare differences of trade relationship before and after the detected change points. The methods can be employed in any economic series and work well in practice.

Findings
– The results indicate that structural breaks in 2002 and 2009 are caused by China’s accession to WTO and the financial crisis. Time series and regression models show that the development of China’s exports to Germany in agri-food products has different features in different sub-periods. Before 1999, there is no significant relationship between China’s exports to Germany and Germany’s imports from the world. Between 2002 and 2008 the former depends on the latter very strongly, and China’s exports to Germany developed quickly and stably. It decreased, however suddenly in 2009, caused by the great reduction of Germany’s imports from the world in that year. But China’s market share in Germany still had a small gain. Analysis of two categories in agri-food trade also leads to similar conclusions. Comparing the two events we see rather different patterns even if they both indicate structural breaks in the development of China’s agri-food exports to Germany.

Originality/value
– This paper partly originally proposes two statistical algorithms for detecting different kinds of structural breaks in the middle part and at the end of a short-time series, respectively.
Analysis of consumer demand for traceable pork in China based on a real choice experiment
Authors: Wu Linhai , Wang Hongsha , Zhu Dian 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to reveal the actual consumer demand for traceable pork by investigating consumer preferences for pork with combined levels of traceability information based on differences in individual consumer preferences, in order to support the government in decision making regarding the gradual construction of safe food markets.

Design/methodology/approach
– Combinations of four types of traceability information, including farming, slaughter and processing, distribution and sales, and government certification, with price were randomly designed. To identify consumer preferences for these attribute combinations of traceable pork, 215 consumers in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province were investigated using a real choice experiment and the mixed logit model.

Findings
– Significant heterogeneity was observed in consumer preferences for traceable pork. The information of farming, slaughter and processing, distribution and marketing, and government certification could significantly improve consumer utility. Moreover, consumers had the highest preference for government certification information.

Originality/value
– Although numerous studies have been performed on consumer preferences for food safety attributes using a real choice experiment, almost none of them focus on Chinese consumers. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fill this gap. The conclusions of this study can serve as a reference for the Chinese government in developing safe food consumption policies. Although Chinese consumers have cried out for improvement of pork safety, they have different preferences for traceability information; thus, the government must promote traceable food step-by-step, using consumer preferences as a starting point.
Perceived employability and psychological functioning framed by gain and loss cycles
Authors: Vanhercke Dorien , Kirves Kaisa , De Cuyper Nele , Verbruggen Marijke , Forrier Anneleen , De Witte Hans 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to test the gain and loss cycle ideas from the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory with regard to perceived employability and psychological functioning among employed workers and unemployed job seekers, respectively.Design/methodology/approach– More specifically, the authors argue that perceived employability may trigger a gain cycle toward well-being among employed workers (H1), while ill-being may trigger a loss cycle toward reduced (perceived) employability among unemployed job seekers (H2). The authors test these ideas with cross-lagged analysis.Findings– Results confirm the hypotheses: perceived employability at Time 1 positively affects well-being at Time 2 among employed workers and ill-being at Time 1 negatively impacts perceived employability at Time 2 among unemployed job seekers.Research limitations/implications– Future research should study the gain and loss cycles with more than two waves of data as this allows for a more adequate test of these ideas.Practical implications– As for practitioners, the results suggest that investing in the worker’s perceived employability by offering training, career counseling, and networking opportunities, pays off as it promotes the employee’s psychological functioning. With regard to unemployed job seekers the authors advise investing in psychological counseling: the unemployed job seeker will be more able to invest in a job search, and hence perceive employability if helped in coping with job loss.Originality/value– This study offers a new perspective on the relationship between perceived employability and psychological functioning by involving the principles of COR theory, in particular the gain and loss cycles.
Shielding from external magnetic fields by rotating magnetic conducting cylindrical shells
Authors: Ziolkowski Marcin , Gratkowski Stanislaw 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– In many different engineering fields often there is a need to protect regions from electromagnetic interference. According to static and low-frequency magnetic fields the common strategy bases on using a shield made of conductive or ferromagnetic material. Another screening technique uses solenoids that generate an opposite magnetic field to the external one. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shielding effect for a magnetic and conducting cylindrical screen rotating in an external static magnetic field.

Design/methodology/approach
– The magnetic flux density is expressed in terms of the magnetic vector potential. Applying the separation of variables method analytical solutions are obtained for an infinitely long magnetic conducting cylindrical screen rotating in a uniform static transverse magnetic field.

Findings
– Analytical formulas of the shielding factor for a cylindrical screen of arbitrary conductivity and magnetic permeability are given. A magnetic Reynolds number is found to be an appropriate indication of the change in magnetic field inside the screen. Useful simplified expressions are presented.

Originality/value
– This paper treats in a qualitative way the possibility of static magnetic field shielding by using rotating conducting magnetic cylindrical screens. Analytical solutions are given. If the angular velocity is equal to zero or the relative permeability of the shield is equal to one the shielding factor has forms well known from literature.
Electromagnetic and thermal parameter identification method for best prediction of temperature distribution on transformer tank covers
Authors: Penabad Durán Patricia , Di Barba Paolo , Lopez-Fernandez Xose , Turowski Janusz 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe a parameter identification method based on multiobjective (MO) deterministic and non-deterministic optimization algorithms to compute the temperature distribution on transformer tank covers.

Design/methodology/approach
– The strategy for implementing the parameter identification process consists of three main steps. The first step is to define the most appropriate objective function and the identification problem is solved for the chosen parameters using single-objective (SO) optimization algorithms. Then sensitivity to measurement error of the computational model is assessed and finally it is included as an additional objective function, making the identification problem a MO one.

Findings
– Computations with identified/optimal parameters yield accurate results for a wide range of current values and different conductor arrangements. From the numerical solution of the temperature field, decisions on dimensions and materials can be taken to avoid overheating on transformer covers.

Research limitations/implications
– The accuracy of the model depends on its parameters, such as heat exchange coefficients and material properties, which are difficult to determine from formulae or from the literature. Thus the goal of the presented technique is to achieve the best possible agreement between measured and numerically calculated temperature values.

Originality/value
– Differing from previous works found in the literature, sensitivity to measurement error is considered in the parameter identification technique as an additional objective function. Thus, solutions less sensitive to measurement errors at the expenses of a degradation in accuracy are identified by means of MO optimization algorithms.