bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detrimental Citizenship Behaviour: A Multilevel Framework of Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: Pierce Jason R. , Aguinis Herman 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThere is regular and explicit media coverage of employee behaviour intended to advance organizational goals, but that harms stakeholder interests in ways that exceed necessity and reason. Although several constructs such as workplace deviance, organizational misbehaviour, corporate crime and corruption, and unethical pro-organizational behaviour have been advanced to account for this type of behaviour, no comprehensive framework exists that also includes the full scope of its important consequences. Accordingly, we propose the umbrella construct of detrimental citizenship behaviour (DCB) that allows us to integrate and build upon previous related conceptualizations that have developed mostly in parallel bodies of research. We rely on ethical decision-making, creativity, and instrumental stakeholder theories to embed the umbrella DCB construct within a multi-level and longitudinal model. The DCB model includes processes through which such behaviour and its consequences unfold over time for organizational members, organizations, and society at large. The proposed framework describes, explains, and predicts DCB and also leads to suggestions for future research. In addition, we offer suggestions regarding how to manage this highly consequential type of organizational behaviour, thereby engaging in a much-needed science-practice dialogue in management and organization studies.
Progress in understanding of inhibitory purinergic neuromuscular transmission in the gut
Authors: Goyal R. K. , Sullivan M. P. , Chaudhury Arun 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecent studies with genetic deletion of P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1−/−) have clinched its role in enteric purinergic inhibitory neurotransmission and suggested that β‐NAD may be the purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the colon. In this issue of the Journal, Gil and colleagues extend their earlier observations to the cecum and gastric antrum, showing that P2Y1 receptor mediated purinergic inhibition may be a general phenomenon in the gut. However, the authors made an unexpected observation in contrast with their earlier findings in the colon that neither the selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500, nor P2Y1 receptor deletion, blocked the hyperpolarizing action of β‐NAD in the cecum. These observations suggest that β‐NAD may be the purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the colon, but not in the cecum. This group had previously reported that the selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS 2179 suppressed the hyperpolarizing action of ATP or ADP. Further studies are now needed to determine whether the hyperpolarizing actions of ATP and ADP are suppressed by the more potent P2Y1 antagonist MRS2500, and in P2Y1−/− mutants to test the intriguing possibility that different purines serve as purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitters in the colon and cecum and perhaps in different parts of the gut. Studies in P2Y1−/− mice will resolve other issues in purinergic neurotransmission including cellular localization of the β‐NAD or ATP‐activated P2Y1 receptors on either smooth muscle cells or PDGFRα+ fibroblast‐like cells, relationship of purinergic to nitrergic neurotransmission and understanding the physiological and clinical importance of purinergic transmission in gastrointestinal motility and its disorders.
Factors related to abdominal pain in gastroparesis: contrast to patients with predominant nausea and vomiting
Authors: Hasler W. L. , Wilson L. A. , Parkman H. P. , Koch K. L. , Abell T. L. , Nguyen L. , Pasricha P. J. , Snape W. J. , McCallum R. W. , Sarosiek I. , Farrugia G. , Calles J. , Lee L. , Tonascia J. , Unalp‐Arida A. , Hamilton F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundFactors associated with abdominal pain in gastroparesis are incompletely evaluated and comparisons of pain vs other symptoms are limited. This study related pain to clinical factors in gastroparesis and contrasted pain/discomfort‐ with nausea/vomiting‐predominant disease.MethodsClinical and scintigraphy data were compared in 393 patients from seven centers of the NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium with moderate‐severe (Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Symptoms [PAGI‐SYM] score ≥3) vs none‐mild (PAGI‐SYM < 3) upper abdominal pain and predominant pain/discomfort vs nausea/vomiting.Key ResultsUpper abdominal pain was moderate‐severe in 261 (66%). Pain/discomfort was predominant in 81 (21%); nausea/vomiting was predominant in 172 (44%). Moderate‐severe pain was more prevalent with idiopathic gastroparesis and with lack of infectious prodrome (P ≤ 0.05) and correlated with scores for nausea/vomiting, bloating, lower abdominal pain/discomfort, bowel disturbances, and opiate and antiemetic use (P < 0.05), but not gastric emptying or diabetic neuropathy or control. Gastroparesis severity, quality of life, and depression and anxiety were worse with moderate‐severe pain (P ≤ 0.008). Factors associated with moderate‐severe pain were similar in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. Compared to predominant nausea/vomiting, predominant pain/discomfort was associated with impaired quality of life, greater opiate, and less antiemetic use (P < 0.01), but similar severity and gastric retention.Conclusions & InferencesModerate‐severe abdominal pain is prevalent in gastroparesis, impairs quality of life, and is associated with idiopathic etiology, lack of infectious prodrome, and opiate use. Pain is predominant in one fifth of gastroparetics. Predominant pain has at least as great an impact on disease severity and quality of life as predominant nausea/vomiting.
Roles of cholesterol and bile salts in the pathogenesis of gallbladder hypomotility and inflammation: cholecystitis is not caused by cystic duct obstruction
Authors: Behar J. , Mawe G. , Carey M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and PurposeA large number of human and animal studies have challenged the hypothesis that cystic duct obstruction by gallstones causes cholecystitis. These studies suggest that lithogenic bile that can deliver high cholesterol concentrations to the gallbladder wall causes hypomotility and creates a permissive environment that allows normal concentrations of hydrophobic bile salts to inflame the mucosa and impair muscle function inhibiting gallbladder emptying. High concentrations of cholesterol increase its diffusion rates through the gallbladder wall where they are incorporated into the sarcolemmae of muscle cells by caveolin proteins. High caveolar cholesterol levels inhibit tyrosine‐induced phosphorylation of caveolin proteins required to transfer receptor–G protein complexes into recycling endosomes. The sequestration of these receptor–G protein complexes in the caveolae results in fewer receptors recycling to the sarcolemmae to be available for agonist binding. Lower internalization and recycling of CCK‐1 and other receptors involved in muscle contraction explain gallbladder hypomotility. PGE2 receptors involved in cytoprotection are similarly affected. Cells with a defective cytoprotection failed to inactivate free radicals induced by normal concentrations of hydrophobic bile salts resulting in chronic inflammation that may lead to acute inflammation. Ursodeoxycholic acid salts (URSO) block these bile salts effects thereby preventing the generation of free radicals in muscle cells in vitro and development of cholecystitis in the ligated common bile duct in guinea pigs in vivo. Treatment with URSO improves muscle contraction and reduces the oxidative stress in patients with symptomatic cholesterol gallstones by lowering cholesterol concentrations and blocking the effects of hydrophobic bile salts on gallbladder tissues.
Distensibility of the esophagogastric junction assessed with the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP™) in achalasia patients
Authors: Pandolfino J. E. , de Ruigh A. , Nicodème F. , Xiao Y. , Boris L. , Kahrilas P. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP), measures esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility (cross‐sectional area/luminal pressure) during volume‐controlled distension. The aim of this study is to apply this tool to the assessment of the EGJ in untreated and treated achalasia patients and to compare EGJ distensibility with other diagnostic tools utilized in managing achalasia.MethodsFindings from FLIP, high‐resolution manometry (HRM), timed barium esophagram, and symptom assessment by Eckardt Score (ES) were compared in 54 achalasia patients (23 untreated, 31 treated). Twenty healthy volunteers underwent FLIP as a comparator group. The EGJ distensibility index (EGJ‐DI) was defined at the ‘waist’ of the FLIP bag during volumetric distension, expressed in mm2 mmHg−1. The ES was used to gauge treatment outcome: good response < 3 or poor response ≥ 3.Key ResultsOf the 31 treated patients, 17 had good and 14 poor treatment response. The EGJ‐DI was significantly different among groups, greatest in the control subjects and least in the untreated patients; patients with good treatment response had significantly greater EGJ‐DI than untreated or patients with poor response. The correlations between EGJ‐DI and ES and integrated relaxation pressure on HRM were significant.Conclusions & InferencesThe FLIP provided a useful measure of EGJ distensibility in achalasia patients that correlated with symptom severity. The measurement of EGJ distensibility was complementary to existing tests suggesting a potentially important role in the clinical management of achalasia.
Simplifying the measurement of gastric accommodation using SPECT
Authors: Vijayvargiya P. , Camilleri M. , Shin A. , Breen M. , Burton D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundNon‐invasive single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been validated as a test for postprandial gastric volume accommodation, with volumes measured twice over 30 min and averaged. The purpose of this study is to simplify the SPECT measurement of gastric accommodation.MethodsThe primary aim of this study was to compare two postprandial gastric volume measurements with data collected retrospectively from 443 patients and healthy volunteers who had undergone SPECT in the last decade. The differences in the two gastric volumes were compared in the entire group and each subgroup, and the correlation between the two measurements and their differences across a wide range of gastric volumes were plotted.Key ResultsThere was a median difference of <2% (P = 0.041) between postprandial scan 1 (757 mL) and scan 2 (743 mL), with significant correlation (rs = 0.859, P < 0.01) and excellent agreement (SD 60 mL) between the two scans across the entire range of observed postprandial gastric volumes.Conclusions & InferencesA single postprandial scan can detect gastric accommodation with the same accuracy as averaging two postprandial scans. These data support simplifying SPECT measurement of postprandial gastric volume with a scan in the first 15 min after a meal.
Phosphorylated EGFR at tyrosine 1173 correlates with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Monteiro LS , Ricardo S , Delgado ML , Garcez F , do Amaral B , Lopes C 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesTo evaluate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We examined their utility as prognostic markers by relating to clinicopathological characteristics and the clinical outcome.Materials and MethodsWe analysed 74 primary OSCC and examined immunohistochemical expression of EGFR and pEGFR (phosphorylated at tyrosine 1173) using tissue microarray technology. Their role in survival was assessed by Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox regression models.ResultsEpidermal growth factor receptor expression was observed in all cases, and pEGFR expression was observed in 41.1% of the cases. We found a significant correlation between EGFR and pEGFR expression (P = 0.003). In the multivariable analysis for cause‐specific survival, we found an independent prognostic value for pEGFR expression (HR 7.94, 95% CI 2.03–31.06, P = 0.003) and for clinical stage (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.10–7.53, P = 0.031). For recurrence‐free survival, clinical stage (HR 6.59, 95% CI 1.36–31.90, P = 0.019) and tumour grade (HR 3.35, 95% CI 1.07–10.44, P = 0.037) presented independent prognostic value.ConclusionEpidermal growth factor receptor is highly expressed in OSCC and is phosphorylated in more than one‐third of the cases. The independent value of pEGFR expression in cause‐specific survival of OSCC suggests that this marker may serve as reliable biological marker to identify high‐risk subgroups and to guide therapy.
Autotransplantation of a maxillary third molar with closed roots
Authors: Asgary S. , Ahmadyar M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAutogenous tooth transplantation (ATT) is a simple and economical option for the treatment of missing teeth when a suitable donor tooth is available. This case report presents an unconventional case of successful ATT of a maxillary third molar replacing the adjacent tooth with a perio‐endo lesion. Despite complete root development of the third molar, no endodontic treatment was carried out either during or after ATT. After atraumatic extraction of the molars, root‐end fillings with calcium‐enriched mixture (CEM) cement was placed in the third molar roots and the tooth was immediately transplanted into the recipient socket. At 6‐month and 2‐year clinical examinations, the patient was asymptomatic and the transplanted tooth was still functional with no evidence of marginal periodontal pathosis. Radiographic evaluation illustrated bone regeneration of the previous extensive periapical lesion, normal periodontal ligament (PDL) and absence of root resorption. Transplantation of mature third molars by placing a CEM retrofilling may be considered a simple/practical alternative for replacing lost permanent molar teeth.
Controls on microbial activity and tidal flat evolution in Shark Bay, Western Australia
Authors: Jahnert Ricardo J. , Collins Lindsay B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMicrobial deposits at Shark Bay constitute a diverse living microbial carbonate system, developed in a semi‐arid, highly evaporative marine setting. Three tidal flats located in different embayments within the World Heritage area were investigated in order to compare microbial deposits and their Holocene evolution. The stressing conditions in the intertidal–subtidal environment have produced a microbial ecosystem that is trapping, binding and biologically inducing CaCO3 precipitation, producing laminated stromatolites (tufted, smooth and colloform), non‐laminated thrombolitic forms (pustular) and cryptomicrobial non‐laminated forms (microbial pavement). A general shallowing‐upwards sedimentary cycle was recognized and correlated with Holocene sea‐level variations, where microbial deposits constitute the younger (2360 years bp) and shallower sedimentary veneer. In addition, sediments have been documented with evidence of exposure during the Holocene, from 1040 to 940 14C years bp, when sea‐level was apparently lower than present. Filamentous bacteria constitute the dominant group in the blister, tufted and smooth mat types, and coccus bacteria dominate the pustular, colloform and microbial pavement deposit types. In the subtidal environment within colloform and pavement structures, microbial communities coexist with organisms such as bivalves, serpulids, diatoms, green algae (Acetabularia), crustaceans, foraminifera and micro‐gastropods, which are responsible for exoskeleton supply and extensive bioturbation. The internal fabric of the microbial deposits is laminated, sub‐laminar, scalloped, irregular or clotted, depending on the amount of fine‐grained carbonate and the natural ability of microbial communities to trap and bind particles or induce carbonate precipitation. Nilemah tidal flat contains the thickest (1·3 m) and best‐developed microbial sedimentary system; its deposition pre‐dated the Rocky Point and Garden Point tidal flats, with the most positive isotope values for δ13C and δ18O, reflecting strong microbial activity in a highly evaporative environment. There is an evolutionary series preserved within the tidal flats reflecting relative ages and degree of salinity elevation.
On Two Responses to Moral Twin Earth
Authors: Rubin Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTerenceHorgan andMarkTimmons'sMoralTwinEarth thought experiment poses a serious challenge for an influential kind of moral realism. It presents us with a case in which it is intuitive that two speakers are expressing a substantive disagreement with one another. However, the meta‐semantics associated with this relevant form of moral realism entails that the speakers' moral predicates express different semantic contents, and thus, the moral sentences they utter do not express conflicting propositions. Consequently, this variety of moral realism implies, wrongly, that the speakers do not express substantive disagreement after all. Some philosophers have objected to theMoralTwinEarth argument on the grounds that is possible for two speakers to express disagreement with one another, even if the moral sentences they utter do not express conflicting propositions.HeimerGeirsson supports this claim by appeal to the distinction between semantic reference and speaker reference.DavidMerli supports the same claim by noting that speakers whose moral sentences do not express conflicting propositions may nevertheless express a non‐moral, practical disagreement over what to do. In this article, I argue that neitherGeirsson norMerli provides moral realists with a satisfying response to theMoralTwinEarth argument.
Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Zimbabwe: a cross‐sectional study of prevalence, predictors and associations with HIV
Authors: Shamu Simukai , Abrahams Naeema , Zarowsky Christina , Shefer Tamara , Temmerman Marleen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the occurrence, dynamics and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, including links with HIV, in urban Zimbabwe.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey of 2042 post‐natal women aged 15–49 years was conducted in six public primary healthcare clinics in low‐income urban Zimbabwe. An adapted WHO questionnaire was used to measure IPV. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with IPV and severe (six or more episodes) IPV during pregnancy.Results63.1% of respondents reported physical, emotional and/or sexual IPV during pregnancy: 46.2% reported physical and/or sexual violence, 38.9% sexual violence, 15.9% physical violence and 10% reported severe violence during pregnancy. Physical violence was less common during pregnancy than during the last 12 months before pregnancy (15.9% [95% CI 14.3–17.5] vs. 21.3% [95% confidence interval 19.5–23.1]). Reported rates of emotional (40.3% [95% CI 38.1–42.3] vs. 44.0% [95% CI 41.8–46.1]) and sexual violence (35.6% [95% CI 33.5–37.7] vs. 38.9% [95% CI 36.8–41.0]) were high during and before pregnancy. Associated factors were having a younger male partner, gender inequities, past abuse, problem drinking, partner control of woman's reproductive health and risky sexual practices. HIV status was not associated with either IPV or severe IPV, but reporting a partner with a known HIV status was associated with a lower likelihood of severe abuse.ConclusionThe rates of IPV during pregnancy in Zimbabwe are among the highest ever reported globally. Primary prevention of violence during childhood through adolescence is urgently needed. Antenatal care may provide an opportunity for secondary prevention but this requires further work. The relationship between IPV and HIV is complex in contexts where both are endemic.
Anatomic features of the cetacean globe
Authors: Miller Sarah , Samuelson Don , Dubielzig Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo provide measurements of globe dimensions and describe morphological characteristics of the cetacean globe with an emphasis on Bowman's layer and encapsulated sensory corpuscles (ESC) for available cetacean species.Animal studiedCetacean globes housed at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin from various odontocete and two mysticete species.ProcedureMeasurements were taken from formalin fixed globes and images of formalin fixed globes with embedded rulers. Histological sections of globes were used to count ESC and measure Bowman's layer.ResultsThe horizontal diameter of the globe was longer than the vertical diameter. The posterior sclera was thick, causing the internal axial length (and therefore the optical axis) to be shorter than the vertical diameter. The cornea was composed of an epithelium, Bowman's layer, collagenous stroma, thin Descemet's membrane and endothelial layer. Bowman's layer was present in all specimens except one Kogia breviceps. The thickness was variable, with the acellular layer thickest in Tursiops truncatus and thinnest in Kogia sp. The iris was well vascularized and muscled while the ciliary body lacked musculature, but retained vasculature. Single and clustered ESC were found in the anterior uvea, sclera surrounding the anterior uvea, trabecular meshwork, or some combination of these locations. They were often regionally grouped and varied from 0 to 21. There were three species where no ESC were found, L. borealis, D. capensis, and S. bredanensis, but the presence of these corpuscles cannot be ruled as only one section of the globe was analyzed.
International cricket injury surveillance: a report of five teams competing in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011
Authors: Ranson Craig , Hurley Roanne , Rugless Lorinda , Mansingh Akshai , Cole Joe 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundInjury surveillance is the cornerstone of effective injury management. However, to date no studies using recommended methods and involving multiple nations have been conducted within International Cricket.AimTo conduct injury surveillance across multiple teams during the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011.MethodsAn electronic system, based on the guidelines for injury surveillance in international cricket, was used to record all new injury episodes was used for data collection.ResultsTwenty-three time-loss and 97 non-time-loss injuries were recorded. The injury incidence was 3.7/100 player-days (0.7 time-loss and 3.0 non-time-loss) with time-loss incidence being; for match injury 20.1/1000 player-days, bowling injury 3.3/100 bowling days and batting injuries 2.2/10 000 balls faced. Thigh muscle strain and medical illness were the diagnoses with the highest incidence. Fast bowlers, slow bowlers and batters all had a similar injury prevalence of approximately 5%. The bowling delivery stride was the activity that resulted in the greatest lost time.ConclusionsThis is the first study to use recommended injury surveillance guidelines to reporting injury rates across multiple teams at a major cricket tournament. Non-time-loss injury incidence appears relatively high and further study of the effect on performance and progression to subsequent time-loss is required. Fast bowler injury prevalence rates are lower than reported elsewhere, however this may be due to the nature of the tournament and match format, which is likely to impose a lower relative workload. In future, data from all competing teams over all formats of the game (Twenty20, ODI and Tests) needs to be analysed to effectively inform injury prevention research and practice.