bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wozu berechtigt Not?
Authors: Schmücker Reinold 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Emergency situations cannot be defined as situations in which a person is facing contradictory moral duties. Rather, they are situations in which an asset secured also by moral norms is in imminent danger so that the situation is perceived as existentially threatening for a person, either by the person herself or by someone else, for reasons comprehensible also for a third person. Hence, emergency situations call for an emergency ethics since in an emergency situation an action can be morally permissible that would not be permissible in a different situation. As I will show in this paper, whether an action is morally permissible in such an emergency situation that would not be permissible in a different situation depends on five conditions. These conditions are individually necessary and jointly sufficient for the moral permissibility of an action that would be morally forbidden if they were not fulfilled.
Moral und Gerechtigkeit
Authors: Laukötter Sebastian 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The article shows that an ethics of distant emergencies can justify duties of assistance under recourse to reasons of humanitarian morals as well as corrective justice. After providing a notion of severe emergencies, I argue that such duties of assistance have global scope. But a comprehensive conception of duties of assistance could be understood neither as a conception of moral duties of assistance alone nor as a mere conception of duties of corrective justice. It rather has to combine duties of humanitarian morals and corrective justice to cover all cases of severe emergencies. Three principles to specify responsibilities resulting from such duties of assistance for different cases of emergency are suggested.
Ein Brief aus Chile
Authors: Fermandois Eduardo 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this “Letter from Chile” I describe and comment the main features of philosophical activity in Chile. My perspective is related to my own academic experience: that of a Chilean academic, who earned his doctorate at the Free University of Berlin, worked in that same university for six years as an Assistant Professor (wissenschaftlicher Assistent), and has been an Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago for the last eleven years. The first part of the text offers a review of the historical development of philosophy in Chile. Afterwards, I refer to the current situation of our academic philosophy, analyzing various aspects: issues, currents, institutions, publications, research system, among others. Finally, I outline, from the above, some assessments and a general diagnosis of the present situation of philosophy in my country.
Length-based attacks in polycyclic groups
Authors: Garber David , Kahrobaei Delaram , Lam Ha T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Anshel–Anshel–Goldfeld (AAG) key-exchange protocol was implemented and studied with the braid groups as its underlying platform. The length-based attack, introduced by Hughes and Tannenbaum, has been used to cryptanalyze the AAG protocol in this setting. Eick and Kahrobaei suggest to use the polycyclic groups as a possible platform for the AAG protocol.
In this paper, we apply several known variants of the length-based attack against the AAG protocol with the polycyclic group as the underlying platform. The experimental results show that, in these groups, the
implemented variants of the length-based attack are unsuccessful in the case of polycyclic groups having high Hirsch length.
This suggests that the length-based attack is insufficient to cryptanalyze the AAG protocol when implemented over this type of polycyclic groups. This implies that polycyclic groups could be a potential platform for some cryptosystems based on conjugacy search problem, such as non-commutative Diffie–Hellman, El Gamal and Cramer–Shoup key-exchange protocols.
Moreover, we compare for the first
time the success rates of the different variants of the length-based attack. These experiments show that, in these groups, the memory length-based attack introduced by Garber, Kaplan, Teicher, Tsaban and Vishne does better than the other variants proposed thus far in this context.
A proof of the well posedness of discretized wave equation with an absorbing boundary condition
Authors: Alonso-Mallo I. , Portillo A.M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract- Local absorbing boundary conditions with fifth order of absorption to approximate the solution of an initial value problem, for the spatially discretized wave equation, are considered. For the one dimensional case, it is proved necessary conditions for well posedness. Numerical experiments confirming well posedness and showing good results of absorption are included.
Actinides draw down process for pyrochemical reprocessing of spent metal fuel
Authors: Vannia Perumal Suyambu , Reddy Bandi Prabhakara , Ravisankar Guruswamy , Nagarajan Krishnamurthy 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
An experimental system has been setup inside an argon atmosphere glove box to carry out studies on the actinide draw down process, an
important step of the pyroprocess flow sheet. Studies have been carried out at 723 K on the extraction of uranium from
LiCl-KCl eutectic salt containing 0.5% UCl3 using lithium-0.03% cadmium alloy. In these experiments,
5 L of the molten salt and 5 L of the molten alloy are fed to a single stage extractor where 250 mL of
the salt and 250 mL of the alloy come into contact. A three stage stirrer having straight as well as pitched blade turbine
impellers was used to mix the molten alloy and salt phases having high interfacial tension of 450 dyne/cm. The results of
the studies indicate that a U extraction efficiency of 99% could be achieved.
Reducing the use of carcinogens: the Massachusetts experience
Authors: Jacobs Molly M. , Massey Rachel I. , Tenney Heather , Harriman Elizabeth 
Published: November 2014

AbstractToxics use reduction (TUR) is one part of a comprehensive cancer prevention strategy. TUR emphasizes reducing the use of cancer-causing chemicals by improving manufacturing processes and identifying and adopting safer alternatives. This analysis draws on 20 years of data collected from industries reporting to the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) program to assess trends in the use and release of chemicals associated with cancer. We used a master list of known and suspected carcinogens developed from authoritative sources and a list of carcinogens grouped by their association with 11 cancer sites to analyze trends in use and release of chemicals by industrial facilities reporting to the TURA program from 1990 to 2010. The trend analysis shows that reported use and releases of carcinogens by these Massachusetts companies have decreased dramatically over time. Reported use declined 32% from 1990 to 2010, and reported releases declined 93% from 1991 to 2010 (1991 is when additional industrial sectors, including electric utilities, were phased into the program). Particularly large reductions were achieved in the use of trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and cadmium and cadmium compounds. The analysis of groups of chemicals associated with specific cancer sites shows similar trends. Important opportunities for further reductions in many carcinogens, including formaldehyde, hexavalent chromium, and a variety of halogenated compounds are identified. Continued work to minimize the use of carcinogens can help to reduce the burden of cancer in Massachusetts and elsewhere.
The atmospheric general circulation model with a hybrid vertical coordinate
Authors: Kulyamin Dmitry V. , Dymnikov Valentin P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe paper presents a new version of the three-dimensional model of general circulation of Earth troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere (for altitudes up to 90 km from the surface) with a hybrid vertical coordinate. A method of vertical discretization is developed according to the numerical algorithms and preserving the equivalence of algorithms used in previous models. An algorithm of semi-implicit integration in time is proposed. The new version of the model adequately represents climatic characteristics,which are confirmed by comparison of the results of numerical experiments with observation data and with the previous version of the atmospheric circulation model using sigma-coordinates.
Approximate numerical modelling of inhomogeneous stochastic Fields of daily sums of liquid precipitation
Authors: Ogorodnikov Vasily A. , Sereseva Olga V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA numerical stochastic model of spatio-temporal inhomogeneous fields of daily sums of liquid precipitation is considered in the paper on regular and irregular grids. The approach to modelling inhomogeneous fields is based on stochastic interpolation of fields from weather stations to grid points.
MED13‐dependent signaling from the heart confers leanness by enhancing metabolism in adipose tissue and liver
Authors: Baskin Kedryn K , Grueter Chad E , Kusminski Christine M , Holland William L , Bookout Angie L , Satapati Santosh , Kong Y Megan , Burgess Shawn C , Malloy Craig R , Scherer Philipp E , Newgard Christopher B , Bassel‐Duby Rhonda , Olson Eric N 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe heart requires a continuous supply of energy but has little capacity for energy storage and thus relies on exogenous metabolic sources. We previously showed that cardiac MED13 modulates systemic energy homeostasis in mice. Here, we sought to define the extra‐cardiac tissue(s) that respond to cardiac MED13 signaling. We show that cardiac overexpression of MED13 in transgenic (MED13cTg) mice confers a lean phenotype that is associated with increased lipid uptake, beta‐oxidation and mitochondrial content in white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver. Cardiac expression of MED13 decreases metabolic gene expression in the heart but enhances them in WAT. Although exhibiting increased energy expenditure in the fed state, MED13cTg mice metabolically adapt to fasting. Furthermore, MED13cTg hearts oxidize fuel that is readily available, rendering them more efficient in the fed state. Parabiosis experiments in which circulations of wild‐type and MED13cTg mice are joined, reveal that circulating factor(s) in MED13cTg mice promote enhanced metabolism and leanness. These findings demonstrate that MED13 acts within the heart to promote systemic energy expenditure in extra‐cardiac energy depots and point to an unexplored metabolic communication system between the heart and other tissues.
Growth Hormone Therapy, Muscle Thickness, and Motor Development in Prader-Willi Syndrome: An RCT
Authors: Reus Linda , Pillen Sigrid , Pelzer Ben J. , van Alfen-van der Velden Janielle A.A.E.M. , Hokken-Koelega Anita C.S. , Zwarts Machiel , Otten Barto J. , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria W.G. 
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of physical training combined with growth hormone (GH) on muscle thickness and its relationship with muscle strength and motor development in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS).METHODS:In a randomized controlled trial, 22 infants with PWS (12.9 ± 7.1 months) were followed over 2 years to compare a treatment group (n = 10) with a waiting-list control group (n = 12). Muscle thickness of 4 muscle groups was measured by using ultrasound. Muscle strength was evaluated by using the Infant Muscle Strength meter. Motor performance was measured with the Gross Motor Function Measurement. Analyses of variance were used to evaluate between-group effects of GH on muscle thickness at 6 months and to compare pre- and posttreatment (after 12 months of GH) values. Multilevel analyses were used to evaluate effects of GH on muscle thickness over time, and multilevel bivariate analyses were used to test relationships between muscle thickness, muscle strength, and motor performance.RESULTS:A significant positive effect of GH on muscle thickness (P &lt; .05) was found. Positive relationships were found between muscle thickness and muscle strength (r = 0.61, P &lt; .001), muscle thickness and motor performance (r = 0.81, P &lt; .001), and muscle strength and motor performance (r = 0.76, P &lt; .001).CONCLUSIONS:GH increased muscle thickness, which was related to muscle strength and motor development in infants with PWS. Catch-up growth was faster in muscles that are most frequently used in early development. Because this effect was independent of GH, it suggests a training effect.
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Neonatal Respiratory Distress
Authors: Mullowney Tara , Manson David , Kim Raymond , Stephens Derek , Shah Vibhuti , Dell Sharon 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited disease affecting motile cilia lining the respiratory tract. Despite neonatal respiratory distress as an early feature, diagnosis is typically delayed until late childhood. Our objective was to identify characteristics that differentiate PCD from common causes of term neonatal respiratory distress.

METHODS:
This was a case-control study. Patients with PCD born after 1994 attending a regional PCD clinic who had a history of neonatal respiratory distress (n = 46) were included. Controls (n = 46), term neonates with respiratory distress requiring a chest radiograph, were randomly selected from hospital birth records and matched on gender, birth month/year, and mode of delivery. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between neonatal characteristics and PCD diagnosis. The diagnostic performance of the best predictive variables was estimated by calculating sensitivity and specificity.

RESULTS:
PCD cases required more oxygen therapy (39 cases, 29 controls, P = .01), longer duration of oxygen therapy (PCD mean = 15.2 days, control mean = 0.80 days, P &lt; .01), had later onset of neonatal respiratory distress (PCD median = 12 hours, control median = 1 hour, P &lt; .001), and higher frequency of lobar collapse and situs inversus (PCD = 70% and 48% respectively, control = 0% for both, P &lt; .001). Situs inversus, lobar collapse, or oxygen need for &gt;2 days had 87% (95% confidence interval: 74–94) sensitivity and 96% (95% confidence interval: 85–99) specificity for PCD.

CONCLUSIONS:
When encountering term neonates with unexplained respiratory distress, clinicians should consider PCD in those with lobar collapse, situs inversus, and/or prolonged oxygen therapy (&gt;2 days).
Measuring the “Triple Aim” in Transition Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Prior Megan , McManus Margaret , White Patience , Davidson Laurie 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Without adequate support, adolescents transitioning from the pediatric to the adult health care system are at increased risk for poor health outcomes. Numerous interventions attempt to improve this transition, yet few comprehensively evaluate efficacy. To advance evaluation methods and ultimately the quality of transition services, it is necessary to understand the current state of health care transition measurement. This study examines and categorizes transition measures by using the “Triple Aim” framework of experience of care, population health, and cost of care.

METHODS:
Ovid Medline and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched for articles published between 1995 and 2013. Two reviewers independently screened studies and included those that evaluated the impact of a health care transition intervention. Measures were subsequently classified according to population health, experience of care, and costs of care.

RESULTS:
Of the 2282 studies initially identified, 33 met inclusion criteria. Population health measures were used in 27 studies, with disease-specific measures collected most frequently. Fifteen studies measured cost, most often service utilization. Eight studies measured experience of care, with satisfaction assessed most commonly. Only 3 studies examined all 3 domains of the “Triple Aim.” Transition interventions described in the gray literature were not reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Transition programs are inconsistently evaluated in terms of their impact on population health, patient experience, and cost. To demonstrate improvement in the transition from pediatric to adult health care, a more robust and consistent set of measures is needed.
Atopic Dermatitis: Skin-Directed Management
Authors: Tollefson Megha M. , Bruckner Anna L. ,   SECTION ON DERMATOLOGY, Cohen Bernard A. , Antaya Richard , Bruckner Anna , Horii Kim , Silverberg Nanette B. , Wright Teresa 
Published: November 2014

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed March 2023.
Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin condition characterized by relapsing eczematous lesions in a typical distribution. It can be frustrating for pediatric patients, parents, and health care providers alike. The pediatrician will treat the majority of children with atopic dermatitis as many patients will not have access to a pediatric medical subspecialist, such as a pediatric dermatologist or pediatric allergist. This report provides up-to-date information regarding the disease and its impact, pathogenesis, treatment options, and potential complications. The goal of this report is to assist pediatricians with accurate and useful information that will improve the care of patients with atopic dermatitis.
Interferon-γ Release Assays for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease in Children
Authors: Starke Jeffrey R. ,   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Byington Carrie L. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Barnett Elizabeth D. , Davies H. Dele , Edwards Kathryn M. , Jackson Mary Anne , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Murray Dennis L. , Rathore Mobeen H. , Sawyer Mark H. , Schutze Gordon E. , Willoughby Rodney E. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. 
Published: November 2014

This Technical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-054663.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important problem among children in the United States and throughout the world. Although diagnosis and treatment of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also referred to as latent tuberculosis infection [LTBI] or TB infection) remain the lynchpins of TB prevention, there is no diagnostic reference standard for LTBI. The tuberculin skin test (TST) has many limitations, including difficulty in administration and interpretation, the need for a return visit by the patient, and false-positive results caused by significant cross-reaction with Mycobacterium bovis–bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines and many nontuberculous mycobacteria. Interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests that measure ex vivo T-lymphocyte release of interferon-γ after stimulation by antigens specific for M tuberculosis. Because these antigens are not found on M bovis–BCG or most nontuberculous mycobacteria, IGRAs are more specific tests than the TST, yielding fewer false-positive results. However, IGRAs have little advantage over the TST in sensitivity, and both methods have reduced sensitivity in immunocompromised children, including children with severe TB disease. Both methods have a higher positive predictive value when applied to children with risk factors for LTBI. Unfortunately, neither method distinguishes between TB infection and TB disease. The objective of this technical report is to review what IGRAs are most useful for: (1) increasing test specificity in children who have received a BCG vaccine and may have a false-positive TST result; (2) using with the TST to increase sensitivity for finding LTBI in patients at high risk of developing progression from LTBI to disease; and (3) helping to diagnose TB disease.
Maintaining and Improving the Oral Health of Young Children
Authors:   SECTION ON ORAL HEALTH, Segura Adriana , Boulter Suzanne , Clark Melinda , Gereige Rani , Krol David M. , Mouradian Wendy , Quinonez Rocio , Ramos-Gomez Francisco , Slayton Rebecca , Keels Martha Ann 
Published: November 2014

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060417.
Oral health is an integral part of the overall health of children. Dental caries is a common and chronic disease process with significant short- and long-term consequences. The prevalence of dental caries for the youngest of children has not decreased over the past decade, despite improvements for older children. As health care professionals responsible for the overall health of children, pediatricians frequently confront morbidity associated with dental caries. Because the youngest children visit the pediatrician more often than they visit the dentist, it is important that pediatricians be knowledgeable about the disease process of dental caries, prevention of the disease, and interventions available to the pediatrician and the family to maintain and restore health.
In situ investigation of commercial Ni(OH)2and LaNi5-based electrodes by neutron powder diffraction
Authors: Biendicho Jordi Jacas , Roberts Matthew , Noréus Dag , Lagerqvist Ulrika , Smith Ronald I. , Svensson Gunnar , Norberg Stefan T. , Eriksson Sten G. , Hull Stephen 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Effect of film thickness on the stretchability and fatigue resistance of Cu films on polymer substrates
Authors: Kim Byoung-Joon , Shin Hae-A-Seul , Lee Ji-Hoon , Yang Tae-Youl , Haas Thomas , Gruber Patric , Choi In-Suk , Kraft Oliver , Joo Young-Chang 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Testicular leiomyosarcoma and marked alopecia in a cryptorchid ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Ziege S. , Wellhöner S. , Cichowski S. , Baumgärtner W. , Kammeyer P. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryA 3.5-year-old male ferret, bought as male castrated, was presented to the veterinarian with marked alopecia of back, neck, abdomen and tail, a pronounced sexual behaviour and weight loss. An inguinal mass of about 2.5 cm in diameter was diagnosed as potentially tumorous inguinal testicle by ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration. Adrenal glands and prostate were ultrasonographically unremarkable. The surgically removed cryptorchid testicle contained a greyish tumour that was histologically composed of spindle-shaped cells with elongated nuclei, embedded in a fibro-vascular stroma. Up to two mitotic figures per high power field were noted. Additionally, an interstitial cell hyperplasia and marked reactive proliferation of a collagen-rich fibrous tissue were observed. Tumour cells were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and occasionally vimentin and S-100, leading to the diagnosis of an intratesticular leiomyosarcoma. As an adrenal-associated endocrinopathy was excluded and a complete fur recovery was observed after removal of the cryptorchid testicle the alopecia was eventually due to hormones produced by the hyperplastic interstitial (Leydig) cells.
Katarakt bei Hunden – Überblick und Orientierungshilfe für die Therapieentscheidung
Authors: Meyer-Lindenberg A. , Fischer M.-C. 
Published: November 2014

ZusammenfassungDie Katarakt ist die häufigste Ursache für Visuseinschränkungen und Blindheit beim Hund. Eine Linsentrübung lässt sich mittlerweile mit sehr gutem direktem Erfolg (90–95%) operieren, wobei die Auswahl geeigneter Patienten den Operationserfolg maßgeblich beeinflusst. Nach Darstellung anatomischer und physiologischer Besonderheiten der Linse wird detailliert auf die Ätiologie der Katarakt und ihre Begleiterkrankungen eingegangen. Es folgt eine Erläuterung der präoperativen Untersuchungsschritte mit Hinweis auf entscheidende Kriterien für die Auswahl der für eine Operation in Betracht kommenden Patienten. Ziel dieses Artikels ist, anhand von Orientierungshilfen bei der Diagnostik die Therapieentscheidung sowie die Bestimmung eines geeigneten Operationszeitpunkts zu erleichtern.