bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale patterns in summer diffusive CH4 fluxes across boreal lakes, and contribution to diffusive C emissions
Authors: Rasilo Terhi , Prairie Yves T. , del Giorgio Paul A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLakes are a major component of boreal landscapes, and whereas lake CO2 emissions are recognized as a major component of regional C budgets, there is still much uncertainty associated to lake CH4 fluxes. Here, we present a large‐scale study of the magnitude and regulation of boreal lake summer diffusive CH4 fluxes, and their contribution to total lake carbon (C) emissions, based on in situ measurements of concentration and fluxes of CH4 and CO2 in 224 lakes across a wide range of lake type and environmental gradients in Québec. The diffusive CH4 flux was highly variable (mean 11.6 ± 26.4 SD mg m−2 d−1), and it was positively correlated with temperature and lake nutrient status, and negatively correlated with lake area and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The relationship between CH4 and CO2 concentrations fluxes was weak, suggesting major differences in their respective sources and/or regulation. For example, increasing water temperature leads to higher CH4 flux but does not significantly affect CO2 flux, whereas increasing CDOM concentration leads to higher CO2 flux but lower CH4 flux. CH4 contributed to 8 ± 23% to the total lake C emissions (CH4 + CO2), but 18 ± 25% to the total flux in terms of atmospheric warming potential, expressed as CO2‐equivalents. The incorporation of ebullition and plant‐mediated CH4 fluxes would further increase the importance of lake CH4. The average Q10 of CH4 flux was 3.7, once other covarying factors were accounted for, but this apparent Q10 varied with lake morphometry and was higher for shallow lakes. We conclude that global climate change and the resulting shifts in temperature will strongly influence lake CH4 fluxes across the boreal biome, but these climate effects may be altered by regional patterns in lake morphometry, nutrient status, and browning.
Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux on hemoglobin cycling in hemodialysis patients
Authors: He Liyu , Fu Min , Chen Xian , Liu Hong , Chen Xing , Peng Xiaofei , Liu Fuyou , Peng Youming 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany studies found that hemoglobin (Hb) fluctuation was closely related to the prognosis of the maintenance hemodialysis patients. We investigated the association of factors relating dialysis dose and dialyzer membrane with Hb levels. We undertook a randomized clinical trial in 140 patients undergoing thrice‐weekly dialysis and assigned patients randomly to a standard or high dose of dialysis; Hb level was measured every month for 12 months. In the standard‐dose group, the mean (±SD) urea reduction ratio was 65.1% ± 7.3%, the single‐pool Kt/V was 1.26 ± 0.11, and the equilibrated Kt/V was 1.05 ± 0.09; in the high‐dose group, the values were 73.5% ± 8.7%, 1.68 ± 0.15, and 1.47 ± 0.11, respectively. The standard deviation (SD) and residual SD (liner regression of Hb) values of Hb were significantly higher in the standard‐dose group and low‐flux group. The percentage achievement of target Hb in the high‐dose dialysis group and high‐flux dialyzer group was significantly higher than the standard‐dose group and low‐flux group, respectively. Patients undergoing hemodialysis thrice weekly appear to have benefit from a higher dialysis dose than that recommended by current KDQQI (Kidney Disease Qutcome Quality Initiative) guidelines or from the use of a high‐flux membrane, which is in favor of maintaining stable Hb levels.
The mediating effect of ‘bothersome’ urinary incontinence on help‐seeking intentions among community‐dwelling women
Authors: Xu Dongjuan , Wang Xiaojuan , Li Jingjing , Wang Kefang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo explore the mediating effect of bother of urinary incontinence between urinary incontinence severity and help‐seeking intentions and detect whether the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐UI Short Form could be a valid measure to delineate bothersome urinary incontinence.BackgroundUrinary incontinence is a common condition among women, which has a profound adverse effect on quality of life. However, many of them experiencing significant clinical symptoms do not seek medical help.DesignA cross‐sectional survey design.MethodsWomen with urinary incontinence (N = 620) from three randomized selected community health service centres from May–October 2011 participated in the study. Data were collected using a pencil‐and‐paper questionnaire. Multivariate regression models were used to test the role of bother as a mediator in the relation between urinary incontinence severity and help‐seeking intentions. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to find the best cut‐off International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐UI Short Form score (range: 0–21) to delineate the bother of urinary incontinence.ResultsBothersome urinary incontinence mediated the relationship between urinary incontinence severity and help‐seeking intentions. Age and duration of urine leakage had a negative association on help‐seeking intentions, while educational level and previous help‐seeking behaviours had a positive association.ConclusionsBother was a mediator in the relation between urinary incontinence severity and help‐seeking intentions. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐UI Short Form was a discriminative measure to delineate the bothersome urinary incontinence.
Anchored protein kinase A signalling in cardiac cellular electrophysiology
Authors: Soni Siddarth , Scholten Arjen , Vos Marc A. , van Veen Toon A.B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) is an elementary molecule involved in both acute and chronic modulation of cardiac function. Substantial research in recent years has highlighted the importance of A‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAP) therein as they act as the backbones of major macromolecular signalling complexes of the β‐adrenergic/cAMP/PKA pathway. This review discusses the role of AKAP‐associated protein complexes in acute and chronic cardiac modulation by dissecting their role in altering the activity of different ion channels, which underlie cardiac action potential (AP) generation. In addition, we review the involvement of different AKAP complexes in mechanisms of cardiac remodelling and arrhythmias.
Meniscus maturation in the swine model: changes occurring along with anterior to posterior and medial to lateral aspect during growth
Authors: Di Giancamillo Alessia , Deponti Daniela , Addis Alessandro , Domeneghini Cinzia , Peretti Giuseppe M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe meniscus plays important roles in knee function and mechanics and is characterized by a heterogeneous matrix composition. The changes in meniscus vascularization observed during growth suggest that the tissue‐specific composition may be the result of a maturation process. This study has the aim to characterize the structural and biochemical variations that occur in the swine meniscus with age. To this purpose, menisci were collected from young and adult pigs and divided into different zones. In study 1, both lateral and medial menisci were divided into the anterior horn, the body and the posterior horn for the evaluation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), collagen 1 and 2 content. In study 2, the menisci were sectioned into the inner, the intermediate and the outer zones to determine the variations in the cell phenotype along with the inner–outer direction, through gene expression analysis. According to the results, the swine meniscus is characterized by an increasing enrichment in the cartilaginous component with age, with an increasing deposition in the anterior horn (GAGs and collagen 2; P < 0.01 both); moreover, this cartilaginous matrix strongly increases in the inner avascular and intermediate zone, as a consequence of a specific differentiation of meniscal cells towards a cartilaginous phenotype (collagen 2, P < 0.01). The obtained data add new information on the changes that accompany meniscus maturation, suggesting a specific response of meniscal cells to the regional mechanical stimuli in the knee joint.
Interferon‐γ regulates the function of mesenchymal stem cells from oral lichen planus via indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase activity
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Han Ying , Song Jiangyuan , Luo Ruxi , Jin Xin , Mu Dongdong , Su Sha , Ji Xiaoli , Ren Yan‐Fang , Liu Hongwei 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLittle is known about mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in normal or inflammatory oral mucosal tissues, such as in oral lichen planus (OLP). Our objectives were to identify, isolate, and characterize MSCs from normal human oral mucosa and OLP lesions, and to evaluate indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity in mediating immunomodulation of MSCs from these tissues.MethodsExpressions of MSCs‐related markers were examined in isolated cells by flow cytometry. Self‐renewal and multilineage differentiations were studied to characterize these MSCs. Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), IDO, and STRO‐1 were assessed by immunofluorescence. MSCs from oral mucosa and OLP or IFN‐γ‐pretreated MSCs were co‐cultured with allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction assays (MLR). Proliferation and apoptosis of MLR or MSCs were detected by CCK8 and the annexin V‐FITC apoptosis detection kit, respectively. IDO expression and activity were measured by real‐time PCR, Western blotting, and high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsIsolated cells from oral mucosa and OLP expressed MSC‐related markers STRO‐1, CD105, and CD90 but were absent for hematopoietic stem cell markers CD34. Besides, they all showed self‐renewal and multilineage differentiation capacities. MSCs in OLP presented STRO‐1/IDO+ phenotype by immunofluorescence. MSCs and IFN‐γ‐pretreated MSCs could inhibit lymphocyte proliferation via IDO activity, but not via cell apoptosis. Long‐term IFN‐γ could also inhibit MSC proliferation via IDO activity.ConclusionsMesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from human oral mucosa and OLP tissues. Besides self‐renewal and multilineage differentiation properties, these cells may participate in immunomodulation mediated by IFN‐γ via IDO activity in human OLP.
Demographic Changes in the Older Adult Population of Persons with Intellectual Disability in Germany
Authors: Dieckmann Friedrich , Giovis Christos 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe authors examine how the demographic structure of older adults with intellectual disability in Germany is changing. Using the example of Westphalia‐Lippe, a region with 8.3 million inhabitants, an alteration of the age structure is projected through to the year 2030. The projection is based on personal data of current recipients of services for people with disability from the regional funding authority (Landschaftsverband), as well as on educational statistics. Assumptions were drawn from the current utilization of support services. It is projected that the percentage of older adults among the German adult population with intellectual disability will increase from 10% in 2010 to 31% in 2030. In 2030, one of two residents of residential institutions will be 60 years old or older, and one of three adults will be 60 years or older who live in supported living. The authors provide a forecast for the numbers of people who will need any kind of support during the day after retirement or who will be in need of care when they get older. In cooperation with other social sectors (care for the elderly, health service system) and the local authorities, the authors suggest that providers have to adjust their services to these age‐related demands.
Reproductive phenology and seed dispersal syndromes of woody species in the Brazilian Chaco
Authors: Carvalho Fábia S. , Sartori Ângela L.B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuestions(1) Do woody species flourish and fructify according to environmental seasonality? (2) Is there a positive correlation with dry/rainy season? (3) Are the flowering and fruiting of woody species positively correlated with rainfall, temperature and photoperiod? (4) Do anemochorous, autochorous and zoochorous species fructify according to environmental seasonality, i.e. dry or rainy season?LocationThorn forest, southern Midwest Brazil.MethodsQualitative data collection included the presence or absence of flowers and/or fruits of each species, independently of the development phase of their reproductive organs. A Rayleigh test was used to determine if flowering and fructification were seasonal throughout the year and to detect possible significant seasonal patterns. Spearman's rank correlation and Bonferroni correction were used to determine possible correlations between phenological events and rainfall, temperature and photoperiod.ResultsFlowering and fruiting of the woody community showed a low degree of seasonality. No significant correlations were found between flowering and fructification and the climatic variables studied: temperature, photoperiod and rainfall. Approximately 60% of the zoochorous species bore fruit during the rainy season, but with a low degree of seasonality. The fruiting of anemochorous species presented two opposite points of higher frequency, corresponding to the transition period between rainfall and drought and the rainy season. No seasonality was found. Autochorous species showed no pattern of seasonal fruiting.ConclusionsThe data on flowering and fruiting in the community studied are unexpected and contrast with studies performed in seasonal environments. Seed dispersal syndromes showed no significant seasonal events. These results differ from those usually found in markedly seasonal environments. The Brazilian Chaco can be considered an arid environment in which abiotic syndromes prevail in a manner similar to that seen in tropical dry forests.
The orphan regulator ReiD of Salmonella enterica is essential for myo‐inositol utilization
Authors: Rothhardt Johannes E. , Kröger Carsten , Broadley Steven P. , Fuchs Thilo M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), the genomic island GEI4417/4436 is responsible for the utilization of myo‐inositol (MI) as carbon and energy source. Here, we report the characterization of a novel, island‐encoded positive autoregulator termed ReiD (STM4423) that is specific to certain S. enterica strains and Escherichia coli strain ED1a able to use MI. ReiD was essential for growth with this polyol and also contributed to S. Typhimurium proliferation in swine caecum content. Providing higher copy numbers of ReiD reduced the long lag phase of 2 days during growth of S. Typhimurium in MI medium by 50%. In a heterologous host, expression of ReiD activated the transcription from the promoter of iolE/iolG, whose products catalyse the initial two steps in MI degradation. Episomal expression of iolE/iolG1 rescued the otherwise zero growth phenotype of a reiD deletion mutant in MI medium. Gel mobility shift assays with purified ReiD demonstrated directed interaction of ReiD with its own promoter and that of iolE. The repressor IolR bound the reiD promoter, implying that reiD is part of the IolR regulon. Taken together, the regulator ReiD is a trigger to accelerate the switch from more easily accessible nutrients to MI utilization by S. Typhimurium.
Extended glycan diversity in a bacterial protein glycosylation system linked to allelic polymorphisms and minimal genetic alterations in a glycosyltransferase gene
Authors: Børud Bente , Anonsen Jan Haug , Viburiene Raimonda , Cohen Ellen Hanne , Samuelsen Anne Berit C. , Koomey Michael 
Published: September 2014

SummaryGlycans manifest in conjunction with the broad spectrum O‐linked protein glycosylation in species within the genus Neisseria display intra‐ and interstrain diversity. Variability in glycan structure and antigenicity are attributable to differences in the content and expression status of glycan synthesis genes. Given the high degree of standing allelic polymorphisms in these genes, the level of glycan diversity may exceed that currently defined. Here, we identify unique protein‐associated disaccharide glycoforms that carry N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) at their non‐reducing end. This altered structure was correlated with allelic variants of pglH whose product was previously demonstrated to be responsible for the expression of glucose (Glc)‐containing disaccharides. Allele comparisons and site‐specific mutagenesis showed that the presence of a single residue, alanine at position 303 in place of a glutamine, was sufficient for GlcNAc versus Glc incorporation. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that GlcNAc‐containing disaccharides may be widely distributed within the pgl systems of Neisseria particularly in strains of N. meningitidis. Although analogous minimal structural alterations in glycosyltransferases have been documented in association with lipopolysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide variability, this appears to be the first example in which such changes have been implicated in glycan diversification within a bacterial protein glycosylation system.
Bacillithiol, a new role in buffering intracellular zinc
Authors: Eide David J. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryZinc is a catalytic or structural cofactor of numerous proteins but can also be toxic if cells accumulate too much of this essential metal. Therefore, mechanisms of zinc homeostasis are needed to maintain a low but adequate amount of free zinc so that newly translated zinc‐dependent proteins can bind their cofactor without confounding issues of toxicity. These mechanisms include the regulation of uptake and efflux transporters and buffering of the free metal concentration by low‐molecular‐weight ligands in the cytosol. While many of the transporters involved in zinc homeostasis have been discovered in recent years, the molecules that buffer zinc have remained largely a mystery. In the new report highlighted by this commentary,Maet al. (2014) provide convincing evidence that bacillithiol, the major low‐molecular‐weight thiol compound inBacillus subtilis, serves as an important zinc buffer in those cells. Their discovery provides an important piece to the puzzle of how zinc buffering occurs in a large number of microbes and provides new clues about the role and relative importance of zinc buffering in all organisms.
Periodontitis in the absence of B cells and specific anti‐bacterial antibody
Authors: Oliver‐Bell J. , Butcher J.P. , Malcolm J. , MacLeod M.K.L. , Adrados Planell A. , Campbell L. , Nibbs R.J.B. , Garside P. , McInnes I.B. , Culshaw S. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryPeriodontitis (PD) results from complex interactions between a dysbiotic oral microbiota and a dysregulated host immune response. The inflammatory infiltrate in the gingiva of PD patients includes an abundance of B cells, implicating these cells in the immunopathology. We sought to investigate the role of B cells in PD using a murine model. Wild‐type or B‐cell‐deficient (μMT) mice were orally infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. One or six weeks following infection, lymphocyte populations in the gingiva and cervical draining lymph nodes (dLN) were analysed by flow cytometry; serum anti‐P. gingivalis IgG antibody titers were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and alveolar bone loss was determined. In wild‐type mice, the percentage of gingival B cells expressing receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) was significantly increased 1 week post‐infection (5.36% control versus 11% PD, P < 0.01). The percentage of Fas+ GL7+ germinal centre B cells in the dLN was significantly increased at both 1 week (2.03% control versus 6.90% PD, P < 0.01) and 6 weeks (4.45% control versus 8.77% PD, P < 0.05) post‐infection. B‐cell‐deficient mice were protected from P. gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone loss, with a lack of B‐cell proliferation and lack of CD4+ CD44+ CD62L− T‐cell generation in the dLN, and absence of serum anti‐P. gingivalis antibodies. Our data imply a pathological role for B cells in PD, and that selective targeting of this immune axis may have a role in treating severe periodontal disease.
A CBCT measurement of the mandibular buccal bone thickness in dentate adults
Authors: Talaat W.M. , Al Bayatti S.W. , Dohair D.E. , Zobeidi M.A. , Hannouneh K.M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThis study aims to measure the mandibular cortical bone thickness and the proximity of the tooth roots and the inferior alveolar canal to the outer cortex using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsEighty CBCT scans were analysed. Buccal cortical plate and trabecular bone thickness were measured. Measurements of canine, first premolar, second premolar, first molar and second molar regions were taken at following levels: cortical plate thickness at the level of the midpoint of the midapical third of the root and at the level of apex, cortical plate and trabecular bone thickness at the level of the midpoint of the midapical third of the root, at the level of apex and at the level of inferior alveolar canal.ResultsCortical bone thickness was greatest at the second molar region with 2.66 ± 0.72 at the root's midapical third, 3.27 ± 0.52 at the apex and 3.12 ± 0.64 at the level of the canal. Cortical plate and trabecular bone thickness was greatest at the second molar region with 4.72 ± 0.86 at the midapical third, 6.49 ± 0.8 at the apex and 5.3 ± 0.6 at the level of the canal.ConclusionsThickness of the outer cortex as well as the distance from cortex to canal and root is greatest at the second molar region, allowing placement of 4 mm monocortical screws safely and providing better implant stability and a thicker bone graft.
The relationship between UV exposure and incidence of skin cancer
Authors: Moan Johan , Grigalavicius Mantas , Baturaite Zivile , Dahlback Arne , Juzeniene Asta 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe incidence rates of skin cancer increase with decreasing latitude in most western countries. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a main risk factor for skin cancer.MethodsWe have studied the relationship between UV exposure and skin cancer incidence rates of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous melanoma (CM), and tried to fit different mathematical models to the experimental data.ResultsThe incidence–UV exposure relationship for all three cancers is best described by the power law: ln(RTD) = Ab·ln(annual UVEry dose), with relative tumor density (RTD) being age‐adjusted incidence rate per unit area of skin, and the power parameter Ab being the biological amplification factor. For SCC, the RTD is a factor of 16–19 times larger on the head than on the trunk. For BCC, this factor is 7 and for CM it is 0.9–1.3. Ab for CM has remained almost unchanged from the 1960s until recently.ConclusionsThe incidence–sun exposure relationship for all three cancers is well described by the power law. SCC is dependent on total UV exposures, while BCC, and even more CM, is dependent also on exposure patterns, with intermittent exposures being most carcinogenic.