bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsidizing the Distribution Channel: Donor Funding to Improve the Availability of Malaria Drugs
Authors: Taylor Terry A. , Xiao Wenqiang 
Published: July 2014

In countries that bear the heaviest burden of malaria, most patients seek medicine for the disease in the private sector. Because the availability and affordability of recommended malaria drugs provided by the private-sector distribution channel is poor, donors (e.g., the Global Fund) are devoting substantial resources to fund subsidies that encourage the channel to improve access to these drugs. A key question for a donor is whether it should subsidize the purchases and/or the sales of the private-sector distribution channel. We show that the donor should only subsidize purchases and should not subsidize sales. We characterize the robustness of this result to four key assumptions: the product's shelf life is long, the retailer has flexibility in setting the price, the retailer is the only level in the distribution channel, and retailers are homogeneous. This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
The Effect of Chocolate on the Behaviour of Preschool Children
Authors: Ingram Michelle , Rapee Ronald M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDespite the popular belief that chocolate adversely affects young children's behaviour, there have been no direct investigations into the behavioural response to chocolate consumption. This study investigated the effect of chocolate ingestion on the behaviour of 26 preschool children. Dried fruit was consumed in a separate condition to control for nonspecific factors, such as excitement and novelty, associated with the effects of receiving positive substances. Children were observed while they listened to a short story, immediately before and 30 minutes after they ate chocolate or fruit. The children's behaviours were videotaped and scored by two blind raters who coded their behaviours according to six objective and two subjective measures. There were no significant behavioural changes due to consumption of either chocolate or fruit on subjective and objective ratings. These findings raise questions about the popular perception that chocolate promotes poor attention and increased activity in preschool children.
Reviews
Authors: Goron Michael , Adamson Charles D. , Lovensheimer Jim , Graziano John 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Gilbert and Sullivan: Class and the Savoy Tradition, 1875�1896, Regina B. Oost (2009) Farnham: Ashgate, 168 pp., ISBN: 9780754664123, h/bk, �50
The Cambridge Companion to Gilbert and Sullivan, David Eden and Meinhard Saremba (eds) (2009) Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, v+274 pp., ISBN: 9780521716598, h/bk., �45, p/bk, 17.99
Anything Goes: A History of American Musical Theatre, Ethan Mordden (2013) New York: Oxford University Press, 322 pp., ISBN: 9780199892839, h/bk, $29.95 (US)
Show Boat: Performing Race In An American Musical, Todd�Decker (2012) New York: Oxford University Press, 309 pp., ISBN: 9780199759378, h/bk, $35.00
There�s a Place for us; the Musical Theatre Works of Leonard Bernstein, Helen Smith (2011) Farnham and Vermont: Ashgate, 318 pp., ISBN: 9781409411697, h/bk, �60/$100
Exclusive Use of Alternative Medicine as a Positive Choice
Authors: Skovgaard Lasse , Pedersen Inge Kryger , Verhoef Marja 
Published: July 2014

Background: A survey of members of the Danish MS Society revealed that a minority of MS patients choose to forgo all types of conventional treatment and use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) exclusively. A qualitative follow-up study was performed to elucidate the choice of exclusive CAM use by exploring treatment assumptions among a group of exclusive CAM users.
Methods: The study was based on a phenomenological approach. Semistructured in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 participants, using program theory as an analytical tool, and emerging themes were extracted from the data through meaning condensation.
Results: Four themes characterized the participants' treatment assumptions: 1) conventional medicine contains chemical substances that affect the body in negative ways; 2) CAM treatments can strengthen the organism and make it more capable of resisting the impact of MS; 3) the patient's active participation is an important component of the healing process; 4) bodily sensations can be used to guide treatment selection.
Conclusions: Exclusive use of CAM by MS patients may reflect embracing CAM rather than a rejection of conventional medicine. Health-care practitioners, patient organizations, and health authorities within the MS field should be aware of possible changes in patients' attitudes toward both CAM and conventional treatment interventions.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Prevalence and Management Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Khalaf Kristin M. , Coyne Karin S. , Globe Denise R. , Armstrong Edward P. , Malone Daniel C. , Burks Jack 
Published: July 2014

Background: This study was conducted to assess self-reported prevalence and management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), along with drivers of treatment seeking, among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Methods: An online, cross-sectional survey was administered to US-residing participants with self-reported MS to assess presence of LUTS, including urinary incontinence (UI). Participants experiencing LUTS were asked additional questions related to management and current therapies. Multivariate logistic regression identified drivers of treatment-seeking behavior.
Results: A total of 1052 participants completed the survey; 1047 were included in the analysis. Nine hundred sixty-six participants (92%) reported at least one LUTS, the most common being post-micturition dribble (64.9%), urinary urgency (61.7%), and a feeling of incomplete emptying (60.7%). Eight hundred twenty-six (79%) reported having some type of UI. Of those with any type of LUTS, 70% (n = 680) had previously discussed urinary symptoms with a health-care provider (HCP), while only 32% (n = 311) had seen an HCP in the past year. Logistic regression found urgency (odds ratio [OR] 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00–1.44]), intermittent urine stream (OR 1.40 [95% CI, 1.15–1.69]), and urgency UI (OR 1.78 [95% CI, 1.22–2.60]) to be significant predictors of seeking treatment. Of those who had discussed LUTS with an HCP, 480 (70.6%) were currently receiving at least one LUTS treatment; the most common treatments were reducing fluid intake, pelvic exercises, oral anticholinergic medications, and avoiding certain foods/alcohol.
Conclusions: LUTS are commonly experienced among people with MS but are largely untreated. Proper LUTS assessment and work-up is warranted in MS patients.
Assessing Adult Learner’s Numeracy as Related to Gender and Performance in Arithmetic
Authors: Awofala Adeneye O. A. , Anyikwa Blessing E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The study investigated adult learner numeracy as related to gender and performance in arithmetic among 32 Nigerian adult learners from one government accredited adult literacy centre in Lagos State using the quantitative research method within the blueprint of descriptive survey design. Data collected were analysed using the descriptive statistics of percentages, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics of factor analysis, independent samples t-test, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that numeracy skill assessed by the numeracy self-assessment scale was a multi-dimensional construct (numeracy in everyday life, numeracy in workplace, and numeracy in mathematical tasks). Adult learners showed average numeracy strength as gender differences in perception of numeracy skills and performance in arithmetic among adult learners reached zero-tolerance level. Numeracy in workplace and numeracy in mathematical tasks made statistically significant contributions to the variance in adult learners’ performance in arithmetic. Based on this base line study, it was thus, recommended that future studies in Nigeria should investigate adult learners’ numeracy skills using more robust and psychometrically sound instruments such as the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALLS) and the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS).
Evaluation of the optimization space for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in comparison with APCI
Authors: Fredenhagen Andreas , Kühnöl Jürgen 
Published: July 2014

The usefulness of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is difficult to evaluate for unknowns due to the fragmented literature. Specifically, the variation of dopants with a wide set of compounds or the use of APPI in the negative mode have rarely been explored. Thirty compounds were selected that were not suitable for ESI with a wide variety of functional groups and investigated with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and APPI in the positive and negative ion modes. The influence of the mobile phase (eluents containing acetonitrile or methanol) and – for APPI – four different dopants (acetone, chlorobenzene, toluene, and toluene/anisole) were explored. Stepwise variation of the organic mobile phase allowed to elucidate the ionization mechanism.Atmospheric pressure photoionization was especially useful for compounds, where the M●+ and not the [M + H]+ was formed. The dopants chlorobenzene and anisole promoted the formation of molecular ions M●+ for about half of the compounds, and its formation was also positively influenced by the use of mobile phases containing methanol. In the negative ion mode, APPI offered no advantage toward APCI. Best results were generally achieved with the dopant chlorobenzene, establishing that this dopant is suitable for a wide set of compounds. For one quarter of the compounds, significantly better results were achieved with mobile phases containing methanol for both APPI and APCI than those with acetonitrile, but only in the positive mode. With either of the methods – APPI or APCI – about 10% of the compounds were not detected. Strategies to get results quickly with difficult unknowns will be discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid analysis of lubricants by atmospheric solid analysis probe–ion mobility mass spectrometry
Authors: Barrère Caroline , Hubert‐Roux Marie , Afonso Carlos , Racaud Amandine 
Published: July 2014

Formulated lubricants are complex mixtures composed of base oil(s) and additives with various functions (detergents, corrosion inhibiter, antioxidant, viscosity modifiers, etc.). Because of the aliphatic nature of base oil and the chemical diversity of additives, the characterization of lubricant is currently a long and complex process. The comprehensive analysis of lubricant samples involves several techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The coupling of atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) with ion mobility‐mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) has been shown to be an efficient tool for the characterization of complex mixture containing vaporizable polar to non‐polar compounds. This approach affords the coupling of a direct ionization technique that does not require sample preparation, with a bi‐dimensional separation method with high peak capacity. In this work, we show that ASAP‐IM‐MS is a suitable method for rapid and direct characterization of lubricant samples.Indeed, base oil and additives yielded, by ASAP, ions series which could be separated by IM‐MS. Molecular additives such as Zn‐dithiocarbamate, phosphite, thiophosphate and Alkyl diphenylamine were ionized as molecular ions [M]+• or protonated molecules [M + H]+, depending of their polarity. In some cases, fragment ions were observed, confirming the additive identification. In addition, high molecular weight polymeric additives such as poly(alkyl methacrylate) (PAM) were pyrolized in the ASAP source leading to characteristic fragment ions. ASAP‐IM‐MS is shown to be a powerful tool for studying complex mixtures, allowing the first comprehensive analysis of lubricants in just a few minutes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative Antibiotics Covering Bile Contamination Prevent Abdominal Infectious Complications After Pancreatoduodenectomy in Patients With Preoperative Biliary Drainage
Authors: Sudo Takeshi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Hashimoto Yasushi , Kondo Naru , Nakagawa Naoya , Ohge Hiroki , Sueda Taijiro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough bile contamination caused by preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is a risk factor for infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy, the appropriate perioperative antibiotic regimen remains unclear. We evaluated a perioperative antibiotic strategy targeting bile contamination associated with PBD procedures for preventing abdominal infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy.MethodsConsecutive patients (n = 254) underwent pancreatoduodenectomy at a single center. Perioperative antibiotics were mainly cefazolin in non‐PBD cases (n = 116) and cefozopran in internal‐PBD cases (n = 87). They were based on preoperative bile cultures in 51 of the external‐PBD cases. Intraoperative bile cultures were examined prospectively. Morbidity and abdominal infectious complication rates were evaluated.ResultsThe incidence of positive intraoperative bile cultures was significantly higher in the internal‐PBD (85 %) and external‐PBD (90 %) cases than in the non‐PBD cases (26 %) (p < 0.001). The 91 % susceptibility to cefazolin for non‐PBD was significantly higher than the 61 % for internal‐PBD or 45 % for external‐PBD (p < 0.001). Overall morbidity rates (23, 23, and 25 %) and abdominal infectious complications (13, 17, and 14 %) did not differ among the non‐PBD, internal‐PBD, and external‐PBD cases, respectively. Only susceptibility to perioperative antibiotics of biliary microorganisms classified as resistant was a significant independent risk factor for abdominal infectious complications (p = 0.003).ConclusionsA perioperative antibiotic strategy particular to PBD procedures is valid for covering biliary microorganisms during pancreatoduodenectomy. Perioperative antibiotics covering bile contamination may prevent abdominal infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with and without PBD.
Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition
Authors: Hamoudi Amar , Nobles Jenna 
Published: July 2014

AbstractProvocative studies have reported that in the United States, marriages producing firstborn daughters are more likely to divorce than those producing firstborn sons. The findings have been interpreted as contemporary evidence of fathers’ son preference. Our study explores the potential role of another set of dynamics that may drive these patterns: namely, selection into live birth. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the characteristic female survival advantage may begin before birth. If stress accompanying unstable marriages has biological effects on fecundity, a female survival advantage could generate an association between stability and the sex composition of offspring. Combining regression and simulation techniques to analyze real-world data, we ask, How much of the observed association between sex of the firstborn child and risk of divorce could plausibly be accounted for by the joint effects of female survival advantage and reduced fecundity associated with unstable marriage? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that relationship conflict predicts the sex of children born after conflict was measured; conflict also predicts subsequent divorce. Conservative specification of parameters linking pregnancy characteristics, selection into live birth, and divorce are sufficient to generate a selection-driven association between offspring sex and divorce, which is consequential in magnitude. Our findings illustrate the value of demographic accounting of processes which occur before birth—a period when many outcomes of central interest in the population sciences begin to take shape.
Effect of pulsed magnetic field pre-treatment of AISI 52100 steel on the coefficient of sliding friction and wear in pin-on-disk tests
Authors: Babutskyi Anatolii , Chrysanthou Andreas , Zhao Chuanli 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Disc specimens manufactured from commercial bearing rollers (AISI 52100 steel, 62–63 HRC) in initial state and after pre-treatment by pulsed magnetic field (PMF) with a magnetic field strength of 1–7 MA/m were tested with sunflower oil using pin-on-disk apparatus. According to the obtained results the treatment causes a reduction in the coefficient of friction and wear. To explain the results, nano- and microhardness tests as well as optical and atomic force microscopy were used. Reasons of the effect of PMF on the friction and wear were discussed.
Surface exposure dating reveals MIS-3 glacial maximum in the Khangai Mountains of Mongolia
Authors: Rother Henrik , Lehmkuhl Frank , Fink David , Nottebaum Veit 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study presents results from geomorphological mapping and cosmogenic radionuclide dating (10Be) of moraine sequences at Otgon Tenger (3905 m), the highest peak in the Khangai Mountains (central Mongolia). Our findings indicate that glaciers reached their last maximum extent between 40 and 35 ka during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. Large ice advances also occurred during MIS-2 (at ~ 23 and 17–16 ka), but these advances did not exceed the limits reached during MIS-3. The results indicate that climatic conditions during MIS-3, characterized by a cool-wet climate with a greater-than-today input from winter precipitation, generated the most favorable setting for glaciation in the study region. Yet, glacial accumulation also responded positively to the far colder and drier conditions of MIS-2, and again during the last glacial–interglacial transition when precipitation levels increased. Viewed in context of other Pleistocene glacial records from High Asia, the pattern of glaciation in central Mongolia shares some features with records from southern Central Asia and NE-Tibet (i.e. ice maxima during interstadial wet phases), while other features of the Mongolian record (i.e. major ice expansion during the MIS-2 insolation minimum) are more in tune with glacier responses known from Siberia and western Central Asia.
Carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of late Pleistocene mammal teeth from dolines of Ajoie (Northwestern Switzerland)
Authors: Scherler Laureline , Tütken Thomas , Becker Damien 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFossils of megaherbivores from eight late Pleistocene 14C- and OSL-dated doline infillings of Ajoie (NW Switzerland) were discovered along the Transjurane highway in the Swiss Jura. Carbon and oxygen analyses of enamel were performed on forty-six teeth of large mammals (Equus germanicus, Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, and Bison priscus), coming from one doline in Boncourt (~ 80 ka, marine oxygen isotope stage MIS5a) and seven in Courtedoux (51–27 ka, late MIS3), in order to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions of the region. Similar enamel δ13C values for both periods, ranging from − 14.5 to − 9.2‰, indicate that the megaherbivores lived in a C3 plant-dominated environment. Enamel δ18OPO4 values range from 10.9 to 16.3‰ with a mean of 13.5 ± 1.0‰ (n = 46). Mean air temperatures (MATs) were inferred using species-specific δ18OPO4–δ18OH2O-calibrations for modern mammals and a present-day precipitation δ18OH2O-MAT relation for Switzerland. Similar average MATs of 6.6 ± 3.6°C for the deposits dated to ~ 80 ka and 6.5 ± 3.3°C for those dated to the interval 51–27 ka were estimated. This suggests that these mammals in the Ajoie area lived in mild periods of the late Pleistocene with MATs only about 2.5°C lower than modern-day temperatures.
Reinventing machines: the transmission history of the Leibniz calculator
Authors: MORAR FLORIN-STEFAN 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper argues that we should take into account the process of historical transmission to enrich our understanding of material culture. More specifically, I want to show how the rewriting of history and the invention of tradition impact material objects and our beliefs about them. I focus here on the transmission history of the mechanical calculator invented by the German savant Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Leibniz repeatedly described his machine as functional and wonderfully useful, but in reality it was never finished and didn't fully work. Its internal structure also remained unknown. In 1879, however, the machine re-emerged and was reinvented as the origin of all later calculating machines based on the stepped drum, to protect the priority of the German Leibniz against the Frenchman Thomas de Colmar as the father of mechanical calculation. The calculator was later replicated to demonstrate that it could function ‘after all’, in an effort to deepen this narrative and further enhance Leibniz's computing acumen.
Structure of the Dingle Peninsula, SW Ireland: evidence for the nature and timing of Caledonian, Acadian and Variscan tectonics
Authors: Todd S.P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Palaeozoic rocks of the Dingle Peninsula provide a record of the evolution of the Caledonides, Acadides and Variscides. The succession ranges from Early Ordovician deep-water sediments, through Silurian shallow marine to non-marine sediments and volcanic rocks to an Old Red Sandstone (ORS) succession topped by Carboniferous marine shales. Comparison of structural styles in the unconformity-bounded groups, together with a detailed analysis of fault zones, allows the tectonic history to be deduced. The older rocks record Caledonian processes on the margin of Avalonia during Early Ordovician time and convergence then soft collision with Laurentia during Silurian time. The Dingle Basin was developed during the late Silurian – Early Devonian transtension in the Iapetus suture zone and was inverted in the latest Emsian Acadian orogenic episode. Post-Dingle Group ORS groups in the north of the peninsula were deposited in a syn-rift footwall block to the main Munster Basin. The Acadian transpressional and Munster Basin extensional structures were reactivated or overprinted in the Variscan deformation such that Acadian folds are transected by Variscan cleavage in both plan and vertical views. After Iapetus closure, changes in the tectonic regime are believed to be a result of adjustments in the geometry of subduction of the Rheic Ocean.