bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender‐specific way—a randomized‐controlled human intervention trial
Authors: Ostertag Luisa M. , Kroon Paul A. , Wood Sharon , Horgan Graham W. , Cienfuegos‐Jovellanos Elena , Saha Shikha , Duthie Garry G. , de Roos Baukje 
Published: November 2012

ScopeWe examined whether flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to flavan‐3‐ol bioavailability.Methods and resultsA total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of flavan‐3‐ols. Flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate‐induced platelet aggregation and P‐selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor‐activating peptide‐induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor‐activating peptide‐induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine‐induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate‐induced platelet P‐selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine‐induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which flavan‐3‐ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of flavan‐3‐ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine.ConclusionFlavan‐3‐ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
Qualitätssicherung dermatologischer Rezepturen in der Apotheke. Maßgeschneiderte Arzneimittel – patientenfreundlich und sicher
Authors: Lichtblau Verena , Plener Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDie Fähigkeit und die Erlaubnis zur Herstellung und Bewertung von Rezepturen ist unverzichtbarer Bestandteil in Selbstverständnis und Berufsbild des Apothekers. Im Dialog mit den Verordnern garantiert die Apotheke die Qualität ihrer Produkte für eine individuelle, effiziente und wirtschaftliche Therapie. Wir stellen fest, dass durch kritisches Abwägen von Individualität und gesicherter Qualität der Anteil standardisierter NRF‐Rezepturen in der Apotheke erfreulicherweise zunimmt. Um den erforderlichen Qualitätsanspruch, auch nicht standardisierter Rezepturen, zu erfüllen und weiterzuentwickeln beschreiben wir Maßnahmen der internen Qualitätskontrolle, die sich im Qualitätssicherungssystem von jeder Apotheke umsetzen lassen. Beispielhaft erläutern wir die lichtmikroskopische Prüfung halbfester Zubereitungen mit dispergierten Wirkstoffen. Wir empfehlen dieses Prüfverfahren immer dann anzuwenden, wenn halbautomatische Rührsysteme eingesetzt werden. Qualitätsbestimmend ist, dass die beschriebenen Maßnahmen, von der Entgegennahme des Herstellungsauftrags bis zur Abgabe, in eine strukturierte Ablaufroutine integriert, verbindlich vorgegeben und umgesetzt werden. Die Frage, wie gut sind wir wirklich, beantwortet die Apotheke anhand ihrer dokumentierten Prüfergebnisse, durch die Teilnahme an den Ringversuchen des ZL und zufriedener Kunden.
Herstellung von Ophthalmika in der Apotheke. Besondere Sorgfalt ist geboten!
Authors: Daniels Rolf 
Published: November 2012

AbstractZubereitungen zur Anwendung am Auge (Ophthalmika) sind entsprechend dem Europäischen Arzneibuch (Ph.Eur.) sterile, flüssige, halbfeste oder feste Zubereitungen, die zur Anwendung am Augapfel und/oder an der Bindehaut oder zum Einbringen in den Bindehautsack bestimmt sind. Die rezepturmäßige Herstellung einer sterilen Arzneiform ist aufwändig und bedarf einer besonderen Sorgfalt.
Effect of filler geometry on the diffusion and transport behavior of aromatic solvents and commercial oil through nitrile rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Thomas P.C. , Jose E. Tomlal , George Gejo , Thomas Sabu , Joseph Kuruvilla 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe diffusion and transport behavior of nitrile rubber nanocomposites was studied with respect to different types of filler and also different types of solvents. The nitrile rubber nanocomposites showed considerable variations in the molecular transport owing to the tortuosity of path, decreased segmental mobility, and difference in particle geometry. As the matrix under consideration is polar, the behavior of the filled systems in aniline was also studied with a view to understand the polar–polar interaction between the filled matrix and the solvent. The oil repellency as a result of filler addition in the matrix was investigated by studying oil uptake of the nanocomposites. In all these investigations, it has been observed that the filler geometry played an important role in controlling the molecular transport through the polymer matrix. The layered silicate‐filled system showed better solvent resistance and hence minimum solvent uptake in polar and nonpolar solvents and better oil repellency followed by titanium dioxide and calcium phosphate filled systems. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Antenatal management and outcomes of gastroschisis in the UK
Authors: Overton Timothy G. , Pierce Matthias R. , Gao Haiyan , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Spark Patsy , Draper Elizabeth S. , Marven Sean , Brocklehurst Peter , Knight Marian 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe birth prevalence of gastroschisis is increasing worldwide, yet little evidence exists concerning the optimal monitoring strategies after diagnosis. The aim of this study was to describe the UK prevalence, antenatal management and outcomes of affected pregnancies.MethodsCases were identified throughout the UK between October 2006 and September 2007, using three different sources.ResultsThe overall birth prevalence of gastroschisis was 4.2 cases per 10 000 total births (95%CI 3.6–4.8). Infants were variably monitored with growth scans (90%), umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound (85%), cardiotocography (65%) and biophysical profile (27%). Bowel measurements were undertaken for only 113 infants (52%). Eighty‐nine women (43%) were induced and 63 (31%) laboured spontaneously. Eleven women (5%) had an elective caesarean delivery where the sole indication was fetal gastroschisis.ConclusionsThe variability in management and paucity of evidence on antenatal monitoring approaches suggests there may be a place for randomised trials of fetal surveillance strategies in order to develop the evidence to improve outcomes for the at‐risk fetus with gastroschisis. This study suggests that case ascertainment by regional congenital anomaly registers is high; extension of the coverage of these registers to the entire cohort of UK births would facilitate ongoing surveillance and research. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantenratsche für ultrakalte Atome
Authors: Salger Tobias , Weitz Martin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractKlassische Ratschen erzeugen aus einer ungerichteten Brownschen Molekularbewegung von Teilchen mit einem zeitlich modulierten sägezahnförmigen Potential einen gerichteten Transport. Sie können die Wirkungsweise biologischer Motoren erklären. Eine spannende Frage ist, ob eine solche Gleichrichtung der Bewegung auch im Quantenbereich und ohne Reibung möglich ist. Unserer Gruppe an der Universität Bonn ist es in Zusammenarbeit mit Kollegen der Universität Santiago de Chile gelungen, ein Bose‐Einstein‐Kondensat von Rubidiumatomen in einem sägezahnförmigen Lichtpotential zu bewegen. Dies demonstriert das Grundprinzip mikroskopischer Quantenmotoren.
Cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether coinitiated with heteropolyacid or its salts in aqueous medium
Authors: Huang Qiang , Wu Yixian , Dan Jie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe suspension cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) in aqueous medium could be achieved by using H3PW12O40, AlPW12O40, FePW12O40, K3PW12O40, or Na3PW12O40 as efficient water‐tolerant coinitiators in the presence of HCl. The addition reaction of IBVE with H2O occurred to form IBVE–H2O adduct and then subsequent decomposition immediately took place or turned to acetaldehyde diisobutyl acetal (A) in the presence of AlPW12O40, and (A) decomposed rapidly to form 2‐isobutanol (B) and acetaldehyde (C). Cationic polymerization of IBVE in aqueous medium was promoted greatly with increasing HCl concentration and proceeded extremely rapidly to get high polymer yield even at low concentration of AlPW12O40 of 0.3 mM. A sufficient amount of HCl was needed to decrease the hydrolysis of initiator IBVE–HCl and to accelerate the polymerization in aqueous medium simultaneously. The yield and molecular weight of poly(IBVE) increased with increasing concentrations of HCl and AlPW12O40 or with decreasing temperature. The isotactic‐rich poly(IBVE)s with m diad of around 60%, having Mn of 1200–4500 g mol−1 and monomodal molecular weight distribution could be obtained via cationic polymerization of IBVE in aqueous medium. This is the first example of cationic polymerization of IBVE in aqueous medium coinitiated by heteropolyacid and its salts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Structure formation of integral‐asymmetric membranes of polystyrene‐block‐Poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Hahn Janina , Filiz Volkan , Rangou Sofia , Clodt Juliana , Jung Adina , Buhr Kristian , Abetz Clarissa , Abetz Volker 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFor the first time the combination of solution casting and solvent–nonsolvent exchange (phase inversion) has been applied to generate asymmetric membranes with highly ordered hexagonally packed cylinders with perpendicular orientation composed of polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide). The influence of parameters like solvent composition and evaporation time on the membrane formation is presented. The development is based on a study of the solution behavior by dynamic light scattering and the precipitation behavior of the cylinder forming diblock copolymer by turbidity measurements from different solvent and nonsolvent systems. The water flux properties, as an important membrane characteristic, show a time dependent behavior, due to swelling of the polyethylene oxide blocks. The morphologies of the membranes are imaged by scanning electron microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Detection of drug‐induced conformational change of a transmembrane protein in lipid bilayers using site‐directed spin labeling
Authors: Thomaston Jessica L. , Nguyen Phuong A. , Brown Emily C. , Upshur Mary Alice , Wang Jun , DeGrado William F. , Howard Kathleen P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAs a target of antiviral drugs, the influenza A M2 protein has been the focus of numerous structural studies and has been extensively explored as a model ion channel. In this study, we capitalize on the expanding body of high‐resolution structural data available for the M2 protein to design and interpret site‐directed spin‐labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments on drug‐induced conformational changes of the M2 protein embedded in lipid bilayers. We obtained data in the presence of adamantane drugs for two different M2 constructs (M2TM 22–46 and M2TMC 23–60). M2TM peptides were spin labeled at the N‐terminal end of the transmembrane domain. M2TMC peptides were spin labeled site specifically at cysteine residues substituted for amino acids within the transmembrane domain (L36, I39, I42, and L43) and the C‐terminal amphipathic helix (L46, F47, F48, C50, I51, Y52, R53, F54, F55, and E56). Addition of adamantane drugs brought about significant changes in measured electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy environmental parameters consistent with narrowing of the transmembrane channel pore and closer packing of the C‐terminal amphipathic helices.
An Examination of the Geography of Population Composition and Change in the United States, 2000–2010: Insights from Geographical Indices and a Shift–Share Analysis
Authors: Franklin Rachel S. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTBetween 2000 and 2010, almost all states in the United States experienced population growth. However, as contributions to this growth made by racial/ethnic groups and age cohorts varied from place to place, any discussion of population ‘change’ necessarily refers not only to numerical but also compositional change. This paper presents an analysis of the sources of US population change in the first decade of the new millennium, with an emphasis on changing patterns in population composition in terms of both age and race/ethnicity. Using age and race/ethnicity ‐ specific data from the 2000 and 2010 US decennial censuses ‐ the analysis applies traditional regional analysis tools to identify areas of low or high racial and ethnic concentration and diversity and areas of the country that exemplify ‘typical’ American population composition. In addition, the paper uses shift‐share analysis, a descriptive technique most often used to assess employment change across a set of economic sectors, to evaluate state‐level population change between 2000 and 2010. The following questions, among others, are answered: Have some states experienced population growth over the past 10 years mainly because the country as a whole has been growing? Or is it more the case that these places had a ‘demographic advantage’ because much of their population is in age cohorts or race/ethnic groups that are growing the fastest? Finally, where does growth appear to be due to region‐specific factors? Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal Techniques: Dynamic Tracking of Nanomaterials in Live Cells
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Ru , Wang Yaling , Zhao Yuliang , Gao Xueyun 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTemporal analytical techniques to track nanoparticles in live cell would provide rich information to well understand the biologic properties of nanoparticles in molecular level. Significant advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques with high temporal and spatial resolution allow single nanoparticles to label biomolecules, ions, and microstructures in live cells, which will address many fundamental questions in cell biology. This review highlights the real time tracking techniques for monitoring the movement of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), metal clusters, upconver‐sional nanomaterials, and polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles etc. in live cells. The biological properties of nanoparticles in live cells are also briefly summarized according to fluorescence microscopy studies.
The retreat from overgeneralization in child language acquisition: word learning, morphology, and verb argument structure
Authors: Ambridge Ben , Pine Julian M. , Rowland Caroline F. , Chang Franklin , Bidgood Amy 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis review investigates empirical evidence for different theoretical proposals regarding the retreat from overgeneralization errors in three domains: word learning (e.g., *doggie to refer to all animals), morphology [e.g., *spyer, *cooker (one who spies/cooks), *unhate, *unsqueeze, *sitted; *drawed], and verb argument structure [e.g., *Don't giggle me (c.f. Don't make me giggle); *Don't say me that (c.f. Don't say that to me)]. The evidence reviewed provides support for three proposals. First, in support of the pre‐emption hypothesis, the acquisition of competing forms that express the desired meaning (e.g., spy for *spyer, sat for *sitted, and Don't make me giggle for *Don't giggle me) appears to block errors. Second, in support of the entrenchment hypothesis, repeated occurrence of particular items in particular constructions (e.g., giggle in the intransitive construction) appears to contribute to an ever strengthening probabilistic inference that non‐attested uses (e.g., *Don't giggle me) are ungrammatical for adult speakers. That is, both the rated acceptability and production probability of particular errors decline with increasing frequency of pre‐empting and entrenching forms in the input. Third, learners appear to acquire semantic and morphophonological constraints on particular constructions, conceptualized as properties of slots in constructions [e.g., the (VERB) slot in the morphological un‐(VERB) construction or the transitive‐causative (SUBJECT) (VERB) (OBJECT) argument‐structure construction]. Errors occur as children acquire the fine‐grained semantic and morphophonological properties of particular items and construction slots, and so become increasingly reluctant to use items in slots with which they are incompatible. Findings also suggest some role for adult feedback and conventionality; the principle that, for many given meanings, there is a conventional form that is used by all members of the speech community. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:47–62. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1207This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
The complex act of projecting oneself into the future
Authors: Klein Stanley B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractResearch on future‐oriented mental time travel (FMTT) is highly active yet somewhat unruly. I believe this is due, in large part, to the complexity of both the tasks used to test FMTT and the concepts involved. Extraordinary care is a necessity when grappling with such complex and perplexing metaphysical constructs as self and time and their co‐instantiation in memory. In this review, I first discuss the relation between future mental time travel and types of memory (episodic and semantic). I then examine the nature of both the types of self‐knowledge assumed to be projected into the future and the types of temporalities that constitute projective temporal experience. Finally, I argue that a person lacking episodic memory should nonetheless be able to imagine a personal future by virtue of (1) the fact that semantic, as well as episodic, memory can be self‐referential, (2) autonoetic awareness is not a prerequisite for FMTT, and (3) semantic memory does, in fact, enable certain forms of personally oriented FMTT.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:63–79. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1210This article is categorized under:Psychology > Memory
Computational biology of RNA interactions
Authors: Dieterich Christoph , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe biodiversity of the RNA world has been underestimated for decades. RNA molecules are key building blocks, sensors, and regulators of modern cells. The biological function of RNA molecules cannot be separated from their ability to bind to and interact with a wide space of chemical species, including small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins. Computational chemists, physicists, and biologists have developed a rich tool set for modeling and predicting RNA interactions. These interactions are to some extent determined by the binding conformation of the RNA molecule. RNA binding conformations are approximated with often acceptable accuracy by sequence and secondary structure motifs. Secondary structure ensembles of a given RNA molecule can be efficiently computed in many relevant situations by employing a standard energy model for base pair interactions and dynamic programming techniques. The case of bi‐molecular RNA–RNA interactions can be seen as an extension of this approach. However, unbiased transcriptome‐wide scans for local RNA–RNA interactions are computationally challenging yet become efficient if the binding motif/mode is known and other external information can be used to confine the search space. Computational methods are less developed for proteins and small molecules, which bind to RNA with very high specificity. Binding descriptors of proteins are usually determined by in vitro high‐throughput assays (e.g., microarrays or sequencing). Intriguingly, recent experimental advances, which are mostly based on light‐induced cross‐linking of binding partners, render in vivo binding patterns accessible yet require new computational methods for careful data interpretation. The grand challenge is to model the in vivo situation where a complex interplay of RNA binders competes for the same target RNA molecule. Evidently, bioinformaticians are just catching up with the impressive pace of these developments. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:107–120. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1147This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
Polyol‐Derived Alkoxide/Hydroxide Base Catalysts I. Production
Authors: Gok Hwee Yoong Felicia , Shen Jianhneg , Emami Shahram , Reaney Martin J. T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA metal methoxide is more expensive than a metal hydroxide and dissolves in methanol releasing a methoxide ion without producing water. The methoxide ion has a higher reaction rate making it more preferred for industrial biodiesel production. This study describes the preparation of alkoxide catalysts from metal hydroxides and non‐volatile, non‐toxic polyols. Heating aqueous solutions of metal hydroxides and different polyols (1,2‐propanediol, 1,3‐propanediol, glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol) under vacuum yielded polyol‐derived alkoxide base catalysts (PDABC). Comparison of the drying process for respective sodium hydroxide‐polyol combinations at two mole ratios of sodium hydroxide to polyol showed that drying at 2:1 mole ratio (metal hydroxide to polyol) was more efficient than that of 3:1. Dehydration of alkaline solutions containing three or more hydroxyl groups (glycerol, sorbitol and xylitol) was faster than drying similar solutions of diols. The empirical formula determined confirmed that the resulting powders contained mono‐sodium substituted alkoxides at 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 (sodium hydroxide: polyol) mole ratio. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from canola oil and methanol using glycerol sodium alkylate as a catalyst. The conversion yield of oil to methyl ester was greater than 99 %.
Characteristics and surgical success of patients presenting for repair of obstetric fistula in western Kenya
Authors: Hawkins Lesley , Spitzer Rachel F. , Christoffersen‐Deb Astrid , Leah Jessica , Mabeya Hillary 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo carry out a large‐scale retrospective review of patients who had undergone surgical repair of obstetric fistula in Kenya to determine patient characteristics and determinants of successful surgical repair.MethodsThe patient records of 483 surgical repairs of obstetric fistula treated by a single surgeon (H.M.) between January 2005 and July 2010 at 3 medical centers in western Kenya were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses were performed.ResultsYoung women with some primary or no education and prolonged labor at the time of first delivery were most highly correlated with obstetric fistula formation. Success of fistula closure was 86% for first‐time vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repairs and 67% for first‐time VVF combined with rectovaginal fistula (RVF) repairs. Among women who had previously attempted VVF or combined VVF/RVF repairs, 73% and 50% of fistulas, respectively, were repaired successfully. First‐time repair was significantly associated with surgical success compared with patients with a history of previous repair attempts (P = 0.027).ConclusionAmong Kenyan women presenting for fistula repair, fistula most was most highly correlated with a low level of education and prolonged labor. The findings are consistent with results reported from other countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa.