bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined evaluation of hexokinase 2 and phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase‐E1α in invasive front lesions of colorectal tumors predicts cancer metabolism and patient prognosis
Authors: Hamabe Atsushi , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Konno Masamitsu , Uemura Mamoru , Nishimura Junichi , Hata Taishi , Takemasa Ichiro , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Nishida Naohiro , Kawamoto Koichi , Koseki Jun , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki , Ishii Hideshi 
Published: July 2014

Although numerous studies have shown the significance of cancer‐specific aerobic glycolysis, how glycolysis contributes to tumor invasion, a critical phenomenon in metastasis, remains unclear. With regard to colorectal cancer (CRC), we studied two critical gate enzymes, hexokinase 2 (HK2), which is involved in glycolysis, and phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase‐E1α (p‐PDH), which is involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Immunohistochemical analyses using anti‐HK2 and p‐PDH antibodies were performed on surgically resected CRC samples (n = 104), and the expression in invasive front lesions of tumors was assessed. Positive HK2 expression correlated with extensive tumor diameter (P = 0.0460), advanced tumor depth (P = 0.0395), and presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0409). Expression of p‐PDH tended to be higher in right‐sided CRCs than in left‐sided CRCs (P = 0.0883). In survival analysis, the combined evaluation of positive HK2 and negative p‐PDH was associated with reduced recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (P = 0.0169 in all stages and P = 0.0238 in Stage II and III patients, respectively). This evaluation could predict RFS more precisely than the independent evaluation. The present study indicated that high HK2 expression combined with low p‐PDH expression in the invasive front lesions of CRC tumors is predictive of tumor aggressiveness and survival of CRC cases.
Does Learning to Read Improve Intelligence? A Longitudinal Multivariate Analysis in Identical Twins From Age 7 to 16
Authors: Ritchie Stuart J. , Bates Timothy C. , Plomin Robert 
Published: July 2014

Evidence from twin studies points to substantial environmental influences on intelligence, but the specifics of this influence are unclear. This study examined one developmental process that potentially causes intelligence differences: learning to read. In 1,890 twin pairs tested at 7, 9, 10, 12, and 16 years, a cross‐lagged monozygotic‐differences design was used to test for associations of earlier within‐pair reading ability differences with subsequent intelligence differences. The results showed several such associations, which were not explained by differences in reading exposure and were not restricted to verbal cognitive domains. The study highlights the potentially important influence of reading ability, driven by the nonshared environment, on intellectual development and raises theoretical questions about the mechanism of this influence.
Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource‐limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization
Authors: Baumann L. M. , Romero K. M. , Robinson C. L. , Hansel N. N. , Gilman R. H. , Hamilton R. G. , Lima J. J. , Wise R. A. , Checkley W. ,   PURA Study Investigators
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundAllergic rhinitis is a disease with a high global disease burden, but risk factors that contribute to this condition are not well understood.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in two Peruvian populations with disparate degrees of urbanization.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based, cross‐sectional study on 1441 children aged 13–15 years at enrollment (mean age 14.9 years, 51% boys) to investigate the prevalence of allergic disease. We used a standardized, Spanish validated questionnaire to determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asked about sociodemographics and family history of allergies. Children also underwent spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, allergy skin testing to 10 common household allergens and provided a blood sample for measurement of 25OH vitamin D and total serum IgE.ResultsOverall prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 18% (95% CI 16% to 20%). When stratified by site, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 23% Lima vs. 13% in Tumbes (P < 0.001); however, this difference was no longer significant after controlling for subject‐specific factors (P = 0.95). There was a strong association with other allergic diseases: 53% of children with asthma had allergic rhinitis vs. 15% in those without asthma (P < 0.001) and 42% of children with eczema vs. 17% of those without eczema (P < 0.001). Important risk factors for allergic rhinitis were parental rhinitis (adjusted OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.9–4.7 for 1 parent and adjusted OR = 4.4, 95% CI 1.5–13.7 for 2 parents); allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens (1.6, 1.1–2.3); being overweight (1.5, 1.0–2.3); exhaled nitric oxide ≥20 ppb (1.9, 1.3–2.7); and total serum IgE ≥ 95th percentile (2.4, 1.2–4.8). Population attributable risk of important factors for allergic rhinitis were 25% for high exhaled nitric oxide, 22% for allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens, 22% for paternal rhinitis, 10% for being overweight and 7% for an elevated total serum IgE.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceAllergic rhinitis was prevalent in both settings, and important risk factors include elevated exhaled nitric oxide, allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens, parental rhinitis, being overweight and high total serum IgE. When considering subject‐specific factors, the difference in prevalence between the urban and rural settings became non‐important.
Higher risk of orofacial clefts in children born to mothers with angina pectoris: A population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E. , Vereczkey Attila , Bánhidy Ferenc 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPreviously an unexpected association of maternal angina pectoris (MAP) during pregnancy with a higher risk of orofacial clefts in their children was found. There were three objectives of this study: (i) to evaluate the validity ofMAP‐diagnoses in the previous study and the recent history of mothers withMAPin a follow‐up study; (ii) to estimate the prevalence of other congenital abnormalities in the offspring of mothers withMAP; and (iii) to analyze the possible effect of confounders for the risk of orofacial clefts. The large dataset of population‐based Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–1996 was evaluated including 22 843 cases with congenital abnormalities and 38 151 controls without any defect. Twenty‐two cases (0.10%) and 12 controls (0.03%) were born to mothers with medically recordedMAP(odds ratio [OR]with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7, 1.8–7.3). Of 22 cases, six had isolated cleft lip ± palate (ORwith 95%CI: 13.3, 4.9–35.9) and two were affected with isolated cleft palate (ORwith 95%CI: 10.5, 2.3–47.6). The diagnosis ofMAPwas confirmed in seven women visited at home in 2009–2010, two had recent myocardial infarction and five were smokers. There was no higher risk for other congenital abnormalities. In conclusion the higher risk of orofacial clefts was confirmed in the children of mothers withMAPand smoking may trigger the genetic predisposition of bothMAPand orofacial clefts. However, the number of cases was limited and therefore further studies are needed to confirm or reject this theoretically and practically important observation.
Prenatal imaging of a fetus with the rare combination of a right congenital diaphragmatic hernia and a giant omphalocele
Authors: Nonaka Ayasa , Hidaka Nobuhiro , Kido Saki , Fukushima Kotaro , Kato Kiyoko 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA co‐existing right congenital diaphragmatic hernia and omphalocele is rare. We present images of a fetus diagnosed with this rare combination of anomalies. Early neonatal death occurred immediately after full‐term birth due to severe respiratory insufficiency. In this case, disturbance of chest wall development due to the omphalocele rather than the diaphragmatic hernia was considered as the main cause of lung hypoplasia. Our experience suggests that caution should be exercised for severe respiratory insufficiency in a neonate with an omphalocele and diaphragmatic hernia, even in the absence of an intra‐thoracic liver, one of the indicators of poor outcome for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Morphological features and length measurements of fetal lateral ventricles at 16–25 weeks of gestation by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Taketani Kaori , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Okada Tomohisa , Togashi Kaori , Takakuwa Tetsuya 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNormal growth of the lateral ventricles (LVs) was characterized three‐dimensionally using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 16 human fetuses at 16–25 weeks of gestation. TheLVwas differentiated into four primary regions, the anterior horn, central parts, posterior horn, and inferior horn, at 16 weeks of gestation. TheLVchanged shape mainly by elongation and narrowing, which corresponded to the external and internal growth of the surrounding cerebrum. Six length parameters measured in theLVcorrelated with biparietal diameter by simple regression analysis (R2range, 0.56–0.93), which may be valuable for establishing a standardized prenatal protocol to assess fetal well‐being and development across intrauterine periods. No correlation was found between biparietal diameter andLVvolume (R2 = 0.13).
Biofilm formation on the surface of modern implant abutment materials
Authors: Hahnel Sebastian , Wieser Angela , Lang Reinhold , Rosentritt Martin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the formation of biofilms on the surface of materials applied for the fabrication of implant abutments.Material and methodsSpecimens were prepared from the implant abutment materials titanium, zirconia, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK); specimens made from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were used for reference. All specimens were polished to high gloss using silicon carbide paper; surface roughness was determined using profilometry, and surface free energy was calculated from contact angle measurements. After the simulation of salivary pellicle formation, multispecies biofilm formation was initiated by exposing the specimens to a suspension of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Candida albicans for either 20 or 44 h. Viable microbial biomass adherent to the specimens (n = 10 per material and incubation time) and the percentage of dead microorganisms in the different biofilms (n = 5, accordingly) were determined.ResultsSignificantly lower surface roughness was identified for PEEK and PMMA than for zirconia and titanium (P < 0.001); surface free energy was significantly lower for zirconia than for PEEK (P = 0.038). Significantly higher viable biomass and a significantly higher percentage of dead microorganisms were identified after 44 h than after 20 h of biofilm formation (P < 0.001, respectively); after 20 h, PEEK surfaces harbored significantly lower viable biomass than the surfaces of the other materials (P < 0.0125). After 44 h, significant differences were identified in the percentage of dead microorganisms organized in the biofilms on the different materials (P = 0.012).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of a laboratory study, the results suggest that biofilm formation on the surface of PEEK is equal or lower than on the surface of conventionally applied abutment materials such as zirconia and titanium. However, clinical studies are necessary to corroborate these preliminary results.
Analysis of Differences in Nonteaching Factors Influencing Student Evaluation of Teaching between Engineering and Business Classrooms
Authors: Narayanan Arunachalam , Sawaya William J. , Johnson Michael D. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn recent years, there have been increasing calls from the government and other organizations to provide easy public access to student evaluations of teaching. Indeed, the increasing ease of displaying and viewing large quantities of information, and competition among universities and majors for students, makes it likely that an era of greater transparency of this type of information is at hand. While students’ evaluation of teaching (SET) is one quantitative metric that rates the instructor, it may be influenced by factors that are often beyond the instructor's control. In this study, we analyze a longitudinal data set from both engineering and business schools of a large public university, and identify factors that influence SET. We show which factors have the highest influence on overall SET scores, and contrast these between engineering and business colleges. Colleges within the same university may have differences in the factors affecting SET, and recognition of this is important in effectively and fairly evaluating SET scores. We also provide recommendations regarding information that should be displayed along with the SET, particularly when SET scores are made public, so that instructors are not unduly penalized when their evaluations can be influenced by factors over which they have no control.
Cotton Island: Students’ Learning Motivation Using a Virtual World
Authors: Wyss Jamie , Lee Seung‐Eun , Domina Tanya , MacGillivray Maureen 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAs technology advances, it is important for teachers to seamlessly integrate technology into their innovative teaching techniques. Using virtual worlds is one alternative to traditional teaching methods that can provide rich learning experiences. The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to present Cotton Island, an avatar‐based 3‐D virtual learning environment in Second Life and (b) to evaluate students’ learning motivation in using Cotton Island as a learning tool. Cotton Island was designed with unique navigational features to provide access to rich resources and educational activities that improve students’ knowledge of cotton. Based on the ARCS (attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction) model, this study assesses students’ learning motivation when using Cotton Island as a learning tool, and whether students had a positive learning outcome consistent with the instructors’ goal of knowledge improvement. The results show that students had a positive experience in terms of learning motivation and knowledge improvement.
A Demonstration of Regression False Positive Selection in Data Mining
Authors: Pinder Jonathan P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBusiness analytics courses, such as marketing research, data mining, forecasting, and advanced financial modeling, have substantial predictive modeling components. The predictive modeling in these courses requires students to estimate and test many linear regressions. As a result, false positive variable selection (type I errors) is nearly certain to occur. This article describes an in‐class demonstration that shows the frequency and impact of false positives on data mining regression‐based predictive modeling. In this demonstration, 500 randomly generated independent (X) variables are individually regressed against a single, randomly generated (Y) variable, and the resulting 500p‐values are sorted and examined. This experiment is repeated and the distribution of the number of variables significant at the 5% level resulting from this simulation is presented and discussed. The demonstration provides a tangible example in which students see the reality and risks of incorrectly inferring statistical significance of independent regression variables. Students have expressed a deeper understanding and appreciation of the risks of type I errors through this demonstration. This demonstration is innovative because the scale of the simulation allows the students to experience the near certainty that the correlations shown in the results are truly random.
Managing knowledge on communication and information flow in global software projects
Authors: Stapel Kai , Schneider Kurt 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCommunication is a key success factor of distributed software projects. Poor communication has been identified as a main obstacle to successful collaboration. Global projects are especially endangered by information gaps between collaborating sites. Different communication styles, technical equipment, and missing awareness of each other can cause severe problems. Knowledge about actual and desired channels, paths, and modes of communication is required for improving communication in a globally distributed project. However, many project participants know little about communication and information flow in their projects. In this contribution, we focus on knowledge about communication and information flow. It is acquired by modelling on‐going and desired flows of information, including documented and non‐documented channels of information flow. We analyzed a distributed software project from the information flow perspective. Based on the findings, we developed specific techniques to improve information flow in distributed software development according to the FLOW Method. In a second distributed project, we evaluated one of the techniques. We found the FLOW mapping technique to be suitable for effectively spreading knowledge about communication and information flow in global software projects.
Governance and Accountability of Public Risk
Authors: Andreeva Galina , Ansell Jake , Harrison Tina 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRisk represents the unknown future: an intangible commodity. Public risk may affect any part of society and government is expected to respond, implying a need for governance and accountability. Public risk governance though is complicated by the multiplicity of different stakeholders and the network of interactions. We explore public risk governance through the actors involved in public risk governance and accountability. Through synthesis of the related and theoretically consistent concepts of governance, stakeholder theory and social network theory we develop the concept and underlying principles of ‘knowledgeable supervision’ as a means of public risk governance.
Accountability and Expertise in Public Sector Risk Management: A Case Study
Authors: Palermo Tommaso 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the adoption of a formal risk management framework in a large public sector organisation. The paper shows the relevance of risk management as an accountability tool, extended by means of disclosure to the scrutiny of distant others. The paper also reveals how the use of risk management is dependent on relational skills, knowledge of business activities and professional experience. Risk management can be seen as both a context‐dependent device and as a technique abstracted from a context. The paper discusses how risk officers deal with this complexity, addressing the expectations of multiple organisational actors and external entities.
Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish
Authors: Pelicice Fernando M , Pompeu Paulo S , Agostinho Angelo A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMost large rivers in South America are fragmented by large dams, and a common management strategy to mitigate impacts has been construction of fish passes. Recent studies, however, indicate that downstream passage of adults and young fish is nil or minimal. Better understanding of this phenomenon is needed if fishways are to provide any tangible conservation value in South America. We propose, in this article, that large reservoirs impose a different kind of barrier to migrating fish: impoundments create a diffuse gradient of hydraulic/limnological conditions that affects fish behaviour and functions as an extensive environmental filter that discourages downstream movements. To develop this idea, we characterize the barriers created by dams and reservoirs by describing their distinct nature, the effects on fish migration and potential solutions. We show, for example, that dams generally prevent upstream movements, whereas reservoirs impede mainly downstream movements. In this context, we explain how fish passes, in some instances, can partially mitigate fragmentation caused by dams, but there is no technical solution to solve the barrier effect of reservoirs. In addition, we present a body of empirical evidence that supports the theory that large reservoirs are important barriers to fish migration in South America, we offer an overview of the size of reservoirs to show that impoundments typically have large dimensions, and we discuss the significance of this theory for other regions. Based on current and proposed river regulation scenarios, we conclude that conservation of Neotropical migratory fish will be much more complicated than previously believed.
The effect of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel versus chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque, gingivitis, bleeding and tooth discoloration: a systematic review
Authors: Supranoto SC , Slot DE , Addy M , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review and evaluate the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel (CHX DF/gel) compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX MW) on plaque, bleeding, gingival inflammation and tooth discoloration scores.Material and methodsPubMed‐MEDLINE, Cochrane‐CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched to identify appropriate studies.ResultsIndependent screening of the 2256 unique titles and abstracts resulted in five publications that met the eligibility criteria. Considerable heterogeneity was found between the studies. Three of the five studies showed a positive effect on plaque scores in favour of the CHX MW. With respect to gingival index and bleeding scores, no significant differences were found. Chlorhexidine mouthwash, however, showed a significantly more tooth discoloration than the CHX DF/gel. A meta‐analysis of the effect on ‘de novo’ plaque formation of CHX DF/gel versus CHX MW resulted in a difference in means of 0.27 [95% CI: 0.14; 0.39] (P < 0.0001).ConclusionChlorhexidine gel can be successfully formulated and will inhibit plaque growth to some degree, but not to the same extent, as a CHX MW. When CHX DF/gel is used in a non‐brushing model, it is significantly less effective in plaque inhibition compared to CHX MW. Based on one study when CHX gel was applied with a finger after brushing, it is significantly more effective on plaque scores and the gingival index. The only brushing study also with a long follow‐up showed that there is no significant difference between CHX DF and CHX MW. However, as a corollary, significantly more tooth discoloration was observed with the CHX MW. Altogether, the data show that when daily oral hygiene cannot be performed, CHX MW is the first product of choice.