bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the advective Brewer‐Dobson circulation in three reanalyses for the period 1979–2012
Authors: Abalos Marta , Legras Bernard , Ploeger Felix , Randel William J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMost chemistry‐climate models show an intensification of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) in the stratosphere associated with increasing greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion in the last decades, but this trend remains to be confirmed in observational data. In this work the evolution of the advective BDC for the period 1979–2012 is evaluated and compared in three modern reanalyses (ERA‐Interim, MERRA, and JRA‐55). Three different estimates of the BDC are computed for each reanalysis, one based on the definition of the residual circulation and two indirect estimates derived from momentum and thermodynamic balances. The comparison among the nine estimates shows substantial uncertainty in the mean magnitude (∼40%) but significant common variability. The tropical upwelling series show variability linked to the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation and to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and also reflect extreme events such as major sudden stratospheric warmings and volcanic eruptions. The trend analysis suggests a strengthening of tropical upwelling of around 2–5%/decade throughout the layer 100–10 hPa. The global spatial structure of the BDC trends provides evidence of an overall acceleration of the circulation in both hemispheres, with qualitative agreement among the estimates. The global BDC trends are mainly linked to changes in the boreal winter season and can be tracked to long‐term increases in the resolved wave drag in both hemispheres.
Environmental controls on storm intensity and charge structure in multiple regions of the continental United States
Authors: Fuchs Brody R. , Rutledge Steven A. , Bruning Eric C. , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Kodros John K. , Lang Timothy J. , MacGorman Donald R. , Krehbiel Paul R. , Rison William 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA database consisting of approximately 4000 storm observations has been objectively analyzed to determine environmental characteristics that produce high radar reflectivities above the freezing level, large total lightning flash rates on the order of 10 flashes per minute, and anomalous vertical charge structures (most notably, dominant midlevel positive charge). The storm database is drawn from four regions of the United States featuring distinct environments, each with coinciding Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) network data. LMAs are able to infer total lightning flash rates using flash clustering algorithms, such as the one implemented in this study. Results show that anomalous charge structures inferred from LMA data, significant lightning flash rates, and increased radar reflectivities above the freezing level tend to be associated with environments that have high cloud base heights (approximately 3 km above ground level) and large atmospheric instability, quantified by normalized convective available potential energy (NCAPE) near 0.2 m s−2. Additionally, we infer that aerosols may affect storm intensity. Maximum flash rates were observed in storms with attributed aerosol concentrations near 1000 cm−3, while total flash rates decrease when aerosol concentrations exceed 1500 cm−3, consistent with previous studies. However, this effect is more pronounced in regions where the NCAPE and cloud base height are low. The dearth of storms with estimated aerosol concentrations less than 700 cm−3 (approximately 1% of total sample) does not provide a complete depiction of aerosol invigoration.
Reply to comment by R. Philipona on “A new absolute reference for atmospheric longwave irradiance measurements with traceability to SI units”
Authors: Gröbner Julian , Reda Ibrahim , Wacker Stefan , Nyeki Stephan , Behrens Klaus , Gorman J. 
Published: June 2015

Key Points

Atmospheric longwave irradiance is currently not metrologically traceable
Traceability requires formal comparisons in the framwork of the CIPM MRA
A task team on Radiation has been created by the WMO to address these issues
Combining satellite precipitation and long‐term ground observations for hydrological monitoring in China
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Tang Qiuhong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSatellite real‐time precipitation enables hydrological monitoring in China where the near‐real‐time ground observations are not readily available. However, the inconsistency between the real‐time satellite precipitation and gauge‐based retrospective data may introduce large systematic bias in near‐real‐time hydrological monitoring. Here we attempted to integrate the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) real‐time precipitation (3B42RTV7) into a 62 year gauge‐based retrospective product, the IGSNRR (Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research) dataset through matching their cumulative probability functions toward a near‐real‐time hydrological monitoring consistent with the long‐term retrospective simulations. A nearly 11 year period from March 2000 to December 2010 was taken as the training period to establish the satellite‐gauge precipitation relationship, which was employed in the period of 2011–2013 to evaluate the performance of the adjustment. The results show that the adjusted 3B42RTV7 matches well with IGSNRR precipitation, while the unadjusted data tend to overestimate precipitation. Forced by the adjusted 3B42RTV7, the Variable Infiltration Capacity model can reproduce the IGSNRR‐derived hydrographs and high/low flows better than the model forced by the unadjusted data. The percentiles of the adjusted hydrological estimates in the 62 year estimates from IGSNRR are used for near‐real‐time assessment of hydrological extremes. The hydrological monitoring assisted by the adjusted satellite precipitation, which enables the employment of the long‐term ground observations, is able to capture more detailed drought information than that before adjustment. Our experiment suggests that the satellite real‐time precipitation, after adjustment, can generate the current hydrological conditions which can be directly compared with the long‐term climatology, and thus facilitates near‐real‐time diagnosis and detection of hydrological extremes.
Reactivity continuum modeling of leaf, root, and wood decomposition across biomes
Authors: Koehler Birgit , Tranvik Lars J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLarge carbon dioxide amounts are released to the atmosphere during organic matter decomposition. Yet the large‐scale and long‐term regulation of this critical process in global carbon cycling by litter chemistry and climate remains poorly understood. We used reactivity continuum (RC) modeling to analyze the decadal data set of the “Long‐term Intersite Decomposition Experiment,” in which fine litter and wood decomposition was studied in eight biome types (224 time series). In 32 and 46% of all sites the litter content of the acid‐unhydrolyzable residue (AUR, formerly referred to as lignin) and the AUR/nitrogen ratio, respectively, retarded initial decomposition rates. This initial rate‐retarding effect generally disappeared within the first year of decomposition, and rate‐stimulating effects of nutrients and a rate‐retarding effect of the carbon/nitrogen ratio became more prevalent. For needles and leaves/grasses, the influence of climate on decomposition decreased over time. For fine roots, the climatic influence was initially smaller but increased toward later‐stage decomposition. The climate decomposition index was the strongest climatic predictor of decomposition. The similar variability in initial decomposition rates across litter categories as across biome types suggested that future changes in decomposition may be dominated by warming‐induced changes in plant community composition. In general, the RC model parameters successfully predicted independent decomposition data for the different litter‐biome combinations (196 time series). We argue that parameterization of large‐scale decomposition models with RC model parameters, as opposed to the currently common discrete multiexponential models, could significantly improve their mechanistic foundation and predictive accuracy across climate zones and litter categories.
Full‐wave model and numerical study of electromagnetic plane wave scattering by multilayered, fiber‐based periodic composites
Authors: Li C. Y. , Lesselier D. , Zhong Y. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe present work aims at building up a full‐wave computational model of electromagnetic nondestructive testing of composite materials produced by stacking up dielectric slabs one over the other. In each such dielectric slab, a periodic array of infinite cylindrical fibers is embedded. Electromagnetic scattering of such a multilayered, fiber‐based periodic composite is investigated here for an obliquely incident plane wave, the plane of incidence of which differs from the plane orthogonal to the fibers' axes. Full‐wave field representations are given first by multipole and plane wave expansions. Mode matching at boundaries between layers then yields the propagating matrices, which are applied to connect reflection and transmission coefficients of the longitudinal field components. Power reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained from time‐averaged Poynting vectors. Numerical experiments with comparisons with known results illustrate the accuracy of the model proposed.
Distraction of Counting by the Meaning of Background Speech: Are Spatial Memory Demands a Prerequisite?
Authors: Ljung Robert , Marsh John E. , Sörqvist Patrik 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis paper reexamines the effects of background speech on counting. Previous studies have shown that background sound disrupts counting in comparison with silence, but the magnitude of disruption is no larger for spoken numbers compared with that for non‐number speech (there is no effect of the meaning of background speech). The typical task used previously has been to count the number of sequentially presented visual events. We replicated the general finding in Experiment 1—that there is no effect of the meaning of background speech—in the context of the classic sequence counting task. In Experiment 2, the task was changed by having to‐be‐counted dots presented simultaneously and randomly across the visual field. Here, an effect attributable to the meaning of background speech emerged. Background speech that is similar in meaning to the focal task process contributes to the magnitude of disruption, but apparently only when spatial memory processes are a task prerequisite. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of TCP Phase Precipitation in Re‐ and Ru‐ Containing Ni‐base Superalloys
Authors: Matuszewski Kamil , Müller Alexander , Ritter Nils , Rettig Ralf , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J. , Singer Robert F. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThree experimental Ni‐base superalloys of the second, third and fourth generation are studied in this work to clarify the effect of Re and Ru on the precipitation of TCP phases. Thermodynamic calculations using the CALPHAD method are performed based on the local chemical composition obtained with the use of electron probe microanalysis. The effects of microsegregation and γ′‐precipitation are taken into account. The results, complemented with scanning electron microscopy observations, show that Re increases, while Ru decreases the inclination of the material to precipitate TCP phases. The effect of both elements is assigned to thermodynamic rather than kinetic reasons. The CALPHAD‐calculations do predict the effect of Re on the TCP phase formation in the investigated alloys correctly, but not the effect of Ru.
Intergenerational changes in knee height among Maya mothers and their adult daughters from Merida, Mexico
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , RodrÍguez Luis , Varela‐Silva Maria Inês , Datta Banik Sudip , Dickinson Federico 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesTo analyze differences in knee height (KH) between adult Maya mothers and daughters in Merida City, Mexico, and determine if these differences are associated with their childhood socioeconomic conditions.MethodsFrom September 2011 to January 2014, we measured KH and collected data on childhood conditions (place of birth, type of drinking water, family size, and fathers' occupation) from a sample of 180 Maya mother‐daughter dyads. Mean KH intergenerational difference was calculated and compared for each category of socioeconomic variables and a multiple regression model was used to assess the association between childhood conditions and KH difference.ResultsA relative increase of 1.05 cm (SD = 2.3 cm) or 0.45 standard deviations (effect size of difference) was observed in KH between generations. Place of birth was significantly associated with KH. With three other variables statistically adjusted for, the intergenerational KH difference was 1.5 cm greater when mothers were born outside Merida but daughters were born in the city. Piped water consumption by mother‐daughter dyads was associated with 1.5 cm of increase in KH difference compared with dyads who consumed well water (P = 0.058).ConclusionsThe relative increase in KH between mothers and daughters represents a portion of the expected change in growth in a group that has experienced few substantial improvements in their living conditions. Some improvements in childhood living conditions resulting from the intergenerational transition from rural to urban environments seem to be linked to a modest, but statistically significant intergenerational increase in KH among Maya women in Merida. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:792–797, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Total Synthesis of Prunustatin A
Authors: Usuki Yoshinosuke , Ogawa Hikaru , Yoshida Ken‐ichi , Inaoka Tomokazu , Iio Hideo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA total synthesis of prunustatin A, a GRP78 molecular chaperone down‐regulator, has been achieved. The key step in the synthesis is an intramolecular transesterification of the β‐keto ester alcohol intermediate to construct the 15‐membered tetralactone core of the natural product.
Dosing of sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: evidence‐based review with recommendations
Authors: Leatherman Bryan D. , Khalid Ayesha , Lee Stella , McMains Kevin , Peltier Jacques , Platt Michael P. , Stachler Robert J. , Toskala Elina , Tropper Guy , Venkatraman Giri , Lin Sandra Y. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundSince the mid 1980s, the clinical use of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has dramatically increased. However, 1 of the primary barriers to providing SLIT is lack of a published dosing recommendations. The purpose of this work is to provide a range of effective SLIT dosing based upon a rigorous review of the existing evidence base. An appendix with SLIT dosing recommendations is also included.MethodsA comprehensive search of the past 25 years of the medical literature using PubMed was performed for specific antigens. Inclusion criteria for articles included: randomized, placebo‐controlled studies of SLIT, studies with clinical allergic rhinitis outcomes, and dosing units available to determine the micrograms per month of major allergen administered. The extracted data was used to compile a range of effective SLIT dosing for individual antigens.ResultsSeventy‐five articles met the inclusion criteria, providing a range of effective dosing for some allergens. There was commonly a wide range in doses for particular antigens between the individual studies. For some antigens, there was significant overlap in dosage amount between studies showing efficacy and lack of efficacy. Clinical trials meeting inclusion criteria are not available for many allergens.ConclusionThis study provided a comprehensive review of the published sublingual dosing ranges for specific antigens. The review provided a range of effective sublingual doses for some allergens, whereas for other allergens there was insufficient published data to determine specific doses. Recommendations for SLIT dosing were produced based on the data revealed in the review and expert opinion.
Management of the orbit during endoscopic sinonasal tumor surgery
Authors: Christianson Brandon , Perez Carlos , Harrow Brian , Batra Pete S. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThe primary aims of the study were to report preoperative imaging characteristics and intraoperative management of the orbit during endoscopic resection of benign and malignant sinonasal tumors.MethodsThis study was a case series at an academic tertiary care center. Retrospective chart review and prospective imaging assessment was performed on 159 cases treated between July 2009 and December 2012.ResultsA total of 41 patients met predetermined inclusion criteria. Squamous cell carcinoma (17.1%) and inverted papilloma (31.7%) were the most common malignant and benign histology, respectively. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scanning most commonly demonstrated erosion of the lamina papyracea (80.5%), whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) most commonly illustrated loss of fat plane between tumor and extraocular muscle (53.1%). Endoscopic procedures to address the orbital interface included lamina papyracea resection (85.4%), dacryocystorhinostomy (26.8%), periorbita resection (26.8%), optic nerve decompression (7.3%), and orbital exenteration (2.4%). Oculoplastic surgery involvement was required in 31.7% of cases. Orbital complications included epiphora in 3 (7.3%) and diplopia in 2 (5.1%) patients. Postoperatively, no recurrences were noted in the benign group, whereas 6 (28.6%) recurrences were noted in 21 patients in the malignant group treated with intent to cure. Two patients died of disease due to distant metastases from mucosal melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionThis represents the largest series to date on endoscopic management of the orbit in benign and malignant sinonasal tumors. A majority of these cases can be managed by a purely endoscopic approach with low complication and recurrence rates, although a subset still require adjunct open approaches for successful tumor extirpation.
Identification of Onodi cell and new classification of sphenoid sinus for endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Wada Kota , Moriyama Hiroshi , Edamatsu Hideo , Hama Takanori , Arai Chiaki , Kojima Hiromi , Otori Nobuyoshi , Yanagi Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThere is no effective classification method for the opening of the sphenoid sinus. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of identification of the Onodi cell and classification of the sphenoid sinus using sagittal computed tomography (CT) for sphenoidotomy.MethodsCT images of the sinuses of surgical patients (n = 261; 522 sides) were studied. Using sagittal CT, the relationships between the lateral side of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and the optic nerve, and between the middle of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and the skull base or pituitary gland were studied. Images were classified as demonstrating skull base (without the Onodi cell), optic canal, sella, or infra‐sella (all with the Onodi cell) type.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty‐eight sides (49.2%) were of the skull‐base type, 181 (34.7%) were of the optic‐canal type, 58 (11.1%) were of the sella type, and 26 (5.0%) were of the infra‐sella type; ie, the Onodi cell was present in 50.8% of sides. The width of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus became narrower as it shifted from the skull‐base type to the infra‐sella type.ConclusionClassification of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus based on the Onodi cell allows 3‐dimensional assessment of the shape of the sphenoid sinus. We believe that the sphenoid sinus can be opened safely by full preoperative assessment of the anterior wall type, the position of the superior turbinate, and the position of the ostium of the sphenoid sinus.
DNA‐Encoded Tuning of Geometric and Plasmonic Properties of Nanoparticles Growing from Gold Nanorod Seeds
Authors: Song Tingjie , Tang Longhua , Tan Li Huey , Wang Xiaojing , Satyavolu Nitya Sai Reddy , Xing Hang , Wang Zidong , Li Jinghong , Liang Haojun , Lu Yi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSystematically controlling the morphology of nanoparticles, especially those growing from gold nanorod (AuNR) seeds, are underexplored; however, the AuNR and its related morphologies have shown promises in many applications. Herein we report the use of programmable DNA sequences to control AuNR overgrowth, resulting in gold nanoparticles varying from nanodumbbell to nanooctahedron, as well as shapes in between, with high yield and reproducibility. Kinetic studies revealed two representative pathways for the shape control evolving into distinct nanostructures. Furthermore, the geometric and plasmonic properties of the gold nanoparticles could be precisely controlled by adjusting the base compositions of DNA sequences or by introducing phosphorothioate modifications in the DNA. As a result, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of the nanoparticles can be fine‐tuned in a wide range, from visible to second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) region beyond 1000 nm.
Sub‐Picosecond Singlet Exciton Fission in Cyano‐Substituted Diaryltetracenes
Authors: Margulies Eric A. , Wu Yi‐Lin , Gawel Przemyslaw , Miller Stephen A. , Shoer Leah E. , Schaller Richard D. , Diederich François , Wasielewski Michael R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThin films of 5,11‐dicyano‐6,12‐diphenyltetracene (TcCN) have been studied for their ability to undergo singlet exciton fission (SF). Functionalization of tetracene with cyano substituents yields a more stable chromophore with favorable energetics for exoergic SF (2E(T1)−E(S1)=−0.17 eV), where S1 and T1 are singlet and triplet excitons, respectively. As a result of tuning the triplet‐state energy, SF is faster in TcCN relative to the corresponding endoergic process in tetracene. SF proceeds with two time constants in the film samples (τ=0.8±0.2 ps and τ=23±3 ps), which is attributed to structural disorder within the film giving rise to one population with a favorable interchromophore geometry, which undergoes rapid SF, and a second population in which the initially formed singlet exciton must diffuse to a site at which this favorable geometry exists. A triplet yield analysis using transient absorption spectra indicates the formation of 1.6±0.3 triplets per initial excited state.
The Chemical Basis of Fungal Bioluminescence
Authors: Purtov Konstantin V. , Petushkov Valentin N. , Baranov Mikhail S. , Mineev Konstantin S. , Rodionova Natalja S. , Kaskova Zinaida M. , Tsarkova Aleksandra S. , Petunin Alexei I. , Bondar Vladimir S. , Rodicheva Emma K. , Medvedeva Svetlana E. , Oba Yuichi , Oba Yumiko , Arseniev Alexander S. , Lukyanov Sergey , Gitelson Josef I. , Yampolsky Ilia V. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMany species of fungi naturally produce light, a phenomenon known as bioluminescence, however, the fungal substrates used in the chemical reactions that produce light have not been reported. We identified the fungal compound luciferin 3‐hydroxyhispidin, which is biosynthesized by oxidation of the precursor hispidin, a known fungal and plant secondary metabolite. The fungal luciferin does not share structural similarity with the other eight known luciferins. Furthermore, it was shown that 3‐hydroxyhispidin leads to bioluminescence in extracts from four diverse genera of luminous fungi, thus suggesting a common biochemical mechanism for fungal bioluminescence.