bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental verification of dynamic soaring in albatrosses
Authors: Sachs G. , Traugott J. , Nesterova A. P. , Bonadonna F. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARY
Dynamic soaring is a small-scale flight manoeuvre which is the basis for the extreme flight performance of albatrosses and other large seabirds to travel huge distances in sustained non-flapping flight. As experimental data with sufficient resolution of th ese small-scale movements are not available, knowledge is lacking about dynamic soaring and the physical mechanism of the energy gain of the bird from the wind. With new in-house developments of GPS logging units for recording raw phase observations and of a dedicated mathematical method for postprocessing these measurements, it was possible to determine the small-scale flight manoeuvre with the required high precision. Experimental results from tracking 16 wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) in the southern Indian Ocean show the characteristic pattern of dynamic soaring. This pattern consists of four flight phases comprising a windward climb, an upper curve, a leeward descent and a lower curve, which are continually repeated. It is shown that the primary energy gain from the shear wind is attained in the upper curve where the bird changes the flight direction from windward to leeward. As a result, the upper curve is the characteristic flight phase of dynamic soaring for achieving the energy gain necessary for sustained non-flapping flight.
Hemoglobin function and allosteric regulation in semi-fossorial rodents (family Sciuridae) with different altitudinal ranges
Authors: Revsbech Inge G. , Tufts Danielle M. , Projecto-Garcia Joana , Moriyama Hideaki , Weber Roy E. , Storz Jay F. , Fago Angela 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYSemi-fossorial ground squirrels face challenges to respiratory gas transport associated with the chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia of underground burrows, and such challenges are compounded in species that are native to high altitude. During hibernation, such species must also contend with vicissitudes of blood gas concentrations and plasma pH caused by episodic breathing. Here, we report an analysis of hemoglobin (Hb) function in six species of marmotine ground squirrels with different altitudinal distributions. Regardless of their native altitude, all species have high Hb–O2 affinities, mainly due to suppressed sensitivities to allosteric effectors [2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and chloride ions]. This suppressed anion sensitivity is surprising given that all canonical anion-binding sites are conserved. Two sciurid species, the golden-mantled and thirteen-lined ground squirrel, have Hb–O2 affinities that are characterized by high pH sensitivity and low thermal sensitivity relative to the Hbs of humans and other mammals. The pronounced Bohr effect is surprising in light of highly unusual amino acid substitutions at the C-termini that are known to abolish the Bohr effect in human HbA. Taken together, the high O2 affinity of sciurid Hbs suggests an enhanced capacity for pulmonary O2 loading under hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, while the large Bohr effect should help to ensure efficient O2 unloading in tissue capillaries. In spite of the relatively low thermal sensitivities of the sciurid Hbs, our results indicate that the effect of hypothermia on Hb oxygenation is the main factor contributing to the increased blood–O2 affinity in hibernating ground squirrels.
Possible age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) and corresponding change in echolocation parameters in a stranded Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin
Authors: Li Songhai , Wang Ding , Wang Kexiong , Hoffmann-Kuhnt Matthias , Fernando Nimal , Taylor Elizabeth A. , Lin Wenzhi , Chen Jialin , Ng Timothy 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARY
The hearing and echolocation clicks of a stranded Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) in Zhuhai, China, were studied. This animal had been repeatedly observed in the wild before it was stranded and its age was estimated to be ~40 years. The animal's hearing was measured using a non-invasive auditory evoked potential (AEP) method. Echolocation clicks produced by the dolphin were recorded when the animal was freely swimming in a 7.5 m (width)×22 m (length)×4.8 m (structural depth) pool with a water depth of ~2.5 m. The hearing and echolocation clicks of the studied dolphin were compared with those of a conspecific younger individual, ~13 years of age. The results suggested that the cut-off frequency of the high-frequency hearing of the studied dolphin was ~30–40 kHz lower than that of the younger individual. The peak and centre frequencies of the clicks produced by the older dolphin were ~16 kHz lower than those of the clicks produced by the younger animal. Considering that the older dolphin was ~40 years old, its lower high-frequency hearing range with lower click peak and centre frequencies could probably be explained by age-related hearing loss (presbycusis).
Solid-State Photoluminescence Modulation of trans-Alkoxy-Nitrostilbene Dyes by Triggering the Solidification of Mesophases via External Stimuli
Authors: Chen Chien-Chih , Hinoue Tomoaki , Liu Jui-Hsiang , Hisaki Ichiro , Miyata Mikiji , Tohnai Norimitsu 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Stimuli-responsive luminescent materials in solid state have many useful applications such as optical recording. However, reversible solid–solid phase transitions are not easy due to the restricted movements of molecules. In order to modulate solid-state emission properties via external stimuli, we aimed to induce various crystallization processes from the liquid-crystalline states of trans-alkoxy-nitrostilbene dyes. The structure–property relationships in the crystalline and liquid-crystalline states of the nitrostilbenes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCD), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Three types of slipped-stacking structures, which display distinct luminescent intensities, were found in their crystalline state. The photoluminescence color of these dyes in the crystalline state changes from green to yellow depending on the length of their substituted alkyl chains. Various external stimuli, including heat, mechanical force, and ultrasound, were applied to the liquid-crystalline state at supercooled temperatures to trigger different crystallization processes. Accordingly, a number of polymorphs were obtained that displayed various luminescent properties. Among these solids, enhanced luminescence of trans-4-undecyloxy-4′-nitrostilbene (NS11) was obtained through packing changes caused by mechanical force and ultrasonication. The reversible fluorescent properties can be applied to fluorescent recording and sensing.
Tame Fréchet submanifolds of co-Banach type
Authors: Freyn Walter D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We introduce a new class of submanifolds of co-Banach type in tame Fréchet manifolds and construct tame Fréchet submanifolds as inverse images of regular values of certain tame maps. Our method furnishes an easy way to construct tame Fréchet manifolds. The results presented are key ingredients in the construction of affine Kac–Moody symmetric spaces; they have also important applications in the study of isoparametric submanifolds in tame Fréchet spaces.
Isomorphism versus commensurability for a class of finitely presented groups
Authors: Arzhantseva Goulnara , Lafont Jean-François , Minasyan Ashot 
Published: October 2013

Abstract.
We construct a class of finitely presented groups within which the
isomorphism problem is solvable but the commensurability
problem is unsolvable. Conversely,
we construct a class of finitely presented
groups within which the commensurability problem is solvable but the isomorphism problem is unsolvable.
These are the first examples of such a contrastive
complexity behavior with respect to the isomorphism problem.
Assignment of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Linkage Groups to Specific Chromosomes Reveals a Karyotype with Multiple Rearrangements of the Chromosome Arms of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Phillips Ruth B , Park Linda K , Naish Kerry A 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Chinook salmon genetic linkage groups have been assigned to specific chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacterial artificial chromosome probes containing genetic markers mapped to each linkage group in Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. Comparison of the Chinook salmon chromosome map with that of rainbow trout provides strong evidence for conservation of large syntenic blocks in these species, corresponding to entire chromosome arms in the rainbow trout as expected. In almost every case, the markers were found at approximately the same location on the chromosome arm in each species, suggesting conservation of marker order on the chromosome arms of the two species in most cases. Although theoretically a few centric fissions could convert the karyotype of rainbow trout (2N = 58–64) into that of Chinook salmon (2N = 68) or vice versa, our data suggest that chromosome arms underwent multiple centric fissions and subsequent new centric fusions to form the current karyotypes. The morphology of only approximately one-third of the chromosome pairs have been conserved between the two species.
Mapping Polycomb Response Elements at the Drosophila melanogaster giant Locus
Authors: Abed Jumana AlHaj , Cheng Connie L , Crowell Chase R , Madigan Laura L , Onwuegbuchu Erica , Desai Siddhi , Benes Judith , Jones Richard S 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins are highly conserved epigenetic transcriptional regulators. They are capable of either maintaining the transcriptional silence of target genes through many cell cycles or enabling a dynamic regulation of gene expression in stem cells. In Drosophila melanogaster, recruitment of PcG proteins to targets requires the presence of at least one polycomb response element (PRE). Although the sequence requirements for PREs are not well-defined, the presence of Pho, a PRE-binding PcG protein, is a very good PRE indicator. In this study, we identify two PRE-containing regions at the PcG target gene, giant, one at the promoter, and another approximately 6 kb upstream. PRE-containing fragments, which coincide with localized presence of Pho in chromatin immunoprecipitations, were shown to maintain restricted expression of a lacZ reporter gene in embryos and to cause pairing-sensitive silencing of the mini-white gene in eyes. Our results also reinforce previous observations that although PRE maintenance and pairing-sensitive silencing activities are closely linked, the sequence requirements for these functions are not identical.
Inference of the Properties of the Recombination Process from Whole Bacterial Genomes
Authors: Ansari M Azim , Didelot Xavier 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPatterns of linkage disequilibrium, homoplasy, and incompatibility are difficult to interpret because they depend on several factors, including the recombination process and the population structure. Here we introduce a novel model-based framework to infer recombination properties from such summary statistics in bacterial genomes. The underlying model is sequentially Markovian so that data can be simulated very efficiently, and we use approximate Bayesian computation techniques to infer parameters. As this does not require us to calculate the likelihood function, the model can be easily extended to investigate less probed aspects of recombination. In particular, we extend our model to account for the bias in the recombination process whereby closely related bacteria recombine more often with one another. We show that this model provides a good fit to a data set of Bacillus cereus genomes and estimate several recombination properties, including the rate of bias in recombination. All the methods described in this article are implemented in a software package that is freely available for download at http://code.google.com/p/clonalorigin/.
Implementation of an i.v.-compounding robot in a hospital-based cancer center pharmacy
Authors: Yaniv Angela W. , Knoer Scott J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Purpose
The implementation of a robotic device for compounding patient-specific chemotherapy doses is described, including a review of data on the robot’s performance over a 13-month period.

Summary
The automated system prepares individualized i.v. chemotherapy doses in a variety of infusion bags and syringes; more than 50 drugs are validated for use in the machine. The robot is programmed to recognize the physical parameters of syringes and vials and uses photographic identification, barcode identification, and gravimetric measurements to ensure that the correct ingredients are compounded and the final dose is accurate. The implementation timeline, including site preparation, logistics planning, installation, calibration, staff training, development of a pharmacy information system (PIS) interface, and validation by the state board of pharmacy, was about 10 months. In its first 13 months of operation, the robot was used to prepare 7384 medication doses; 85 doses (1.2%) found to be outside the desired accuracy range (±4%) were manually modified by pharmacy staff. Ongoing system monitoring has identified mechanical and materials-related problems including vial-recognition failures (in many instances, these issues were resolved by the system operator and robotic compounding proceeded successfully), interface issues affecting robot–PIS communication, and human errors such as the loading of an incorrect vial or bag into the machine. Through staff training, information technology improvements, and workflow adjustments, the robot’s throughput has been steadily improved.

Conclusion
An i.v.-compounding robot was successfully implemented in a cancer center pharmacy. The robot performs compounding tasks safely and accurately and has been integrated into the pharmacy’s workflow.
Nitrogen and COD Removal from Septic Tank Wastewater in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands: Plants Effects
Authors: Collison R. S. , Grismer M. E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT: We evaluated subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetland treatment performance with respect to organics (COD) and nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) removal from domestic (septic tank) wastewater as affected by the presence of plants, substrate “rock” cation exchange capacity (CEC), laboratory versus field conditions and use of synthetic as compared to actual domestic wastewater. This article considers the effects of plants on constructed wetland treatment in the field. Each constructed wetland system was comprised of two beds (2.6 m long by 0.28 m wide and deep filled with ~18 mm crushed lava rock) separated by an aeration tank connected in series. The lava rock had a porosity of ~47% and a CEC of 4 meq/100 gm. One pair of constructed wetland systems was planted with cattails in May 2008, while an adjacent pair of systems remained unplanted. Collected septic tank or synthesized wastewater was allowed to gravity feed each constructed wetland system and effluent samples were regularly collected and tested for COD and nitrogen species during four time periods spanning November 2008 through June 2009. These effluent concentrations were tested for statistical differences at the 95% level for individual time periods as well as the overall 6‐month period. Organics removal from domestic wastewater was 78.8% and 76.1% in the planted and unplanted constructed wetland systems, respectively, while ammonium removal was 94.5% and 90.2%, respectively. Similarly, organics removal from the synthetic wastewater of equivalent strength was 88.8% and 90.1% for planted and unplanted constructed wetland systems, respectively, while ammonium removal was 96.9% and 97.3%, respectively.
Approximation by complex summation-integral type operator in compact disks
Authors: Gupta Vijay , Yadav Rani 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the present paper we estimate a Voronovskaja type quantitative estimate for a certain type of complex Durrmeyer polynomials, which is different from those studied previously in the literature. Such estimation is in terms of analytic functions in the compact disks. In this way, we present the evidence of overconvergence phenomenon for this type of Durrmeyer polynomials, namely the extensions of approximation properties (with quantitative estimates) from real intervals to compact disks in the complex plane. In the end, we mention certain applications.
The Impact and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis in the Middle East: A Comparison with the Landmark Allergy Surveys from Other Worldwide Regions
Authors: Hadi Usamah H. , Rahman Hussain A. 
Published: October 2013

Background Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem that significantly affects quality of life. It is associated with illness, disability, health care costs, and comorbidities such as asthma. Methods Between 2006 and 2011, a series of patient surveys were conducted covering the United States, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East. This article compares data regarding disease burden, treatment patterns, and patient expectations in Middle Eastern countries with those from other regions. Results The surveys highlighted the relatively low use of intranasal corticosteroids (INCSs), the current “gold standard” treatment for allergic rhinitis. This may be because of side effects, lack of efficacy, or reduced effectiveness over time. A higher proportion of patients in the Middle East reported bothersome side effects of their prescription nasal sprays, and a higher proportion of these patients strongly agreed that there were no truly effective treatments for allergic rhinitis. This suggests that health care practitioners in the Middle East should be encouraged to explain the use of INCSs in greater depth to their patients. Conclusion There remains an unmet need in the treatment of nasal allergies worldwide. The allergy surveys highlight the key factors in choosing an INCS: fast, complete, and long-lasting symptom relief. There is opportunity for novel INCS treatments that address these needs while reducing troublesome side effects. Patient education must play a central role in treatment decision making, particularly in the Middle East, to achieve higher patient satisfaction.
Towards geophysical and geotechnical integration for quick‐clay mapping in Norway
Authors: Sauvin Guillaume , Lecomte Isabelle , Bazin Sara , L’Heureux Jean‐Sébastien , Vanneste Maarten , Solberg Inger‐Lise , Dalsegg Einar 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTQuick clay is a known hazard in formerly‐glaciated coastal areas in e.g., Norway, Sweden and Canada. In this paper, we review the physical properties of quick clays in order to find a suitable, integrated and multi‐disciplinary approach to improve our possibilities to accurately identify the occurrence of quick clay and map its extent both vertically and laterally. As no single geophysical method yields optimal information, one should combine a variety of geophysical methods with geotechnical data (in situ measurements using Cone Penetration Testing (CPTU), Seismic CPTU (SCPTU) and Resistivity CPTU (RCPTU); laboratory tests) for an in‐depth quick‐clay assessment at a given site. In this respect, geophysical data are used to fill the gaps between geotechnical boreholes providing ground‐truth. Such an integrated and multi‐disciplinary approach brings us closer to 2D or pseudo‐3D site characterization for quick clays and as such, an improved assessment of the potential hazard they pose. The integrated approach is applied in practice on two Norwegian quick‐clay sites. The first site, Hvittingfoss, was remediated against potential landslides in 2008 whereas the second one, Rissa, was the scene of a major quick‐clay landslide in 1978, quick clays being still present over a large area. The collected data and preliminary site characterizations illustrate the high diversity as well as the complexity and clearly emphasize the need for higher resolution, careful imaging and calibration of the data in order to accomplish the assessment of a quick‐clay hazard.
4D electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of soil moisture dynamics in an operational railway embankment
Authors: Chambers J.E. , Gunn D.A. , Wilkinson P.B. , Meldrum P.I. , Haslam E. , Holyoake S. , Kirkham M. , Kuras O. , Merritt A. , Wragg J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe internal moisture dynamics of an aged (> 100 years old) railway earthwork embankment, which is still in use, are investigated using 2D and 3D resistivity monitoring. A methodology was employed that included automated 3D ERT data capture and telemetric transfer with on‐site power generation, the correction of resistivity models for seasonal temperature changes and the translation of subsurface resistivity distributions into moisture content based on petrophysical relationships developed for the embankment material. Visualization of the data as 2D sections, 3D tomo‐grams and time series plots for different zones of the embankment enabled the development of seasonal wetting fronts within the embankment to be monitored at a high‐spatial resolution and the respective distributions of moisture in the flanks, crest and toes of the embankment to be assessed. Although the embankment considered here is at no immediate risk of failure, the approach developed for this study is equally applicable to other more high‐risk earthworks and natural slopes.
4D time‐lapse ERT inversion: introducing combined time and space constraints
Authors: Karaoulis M. , Tsourlos P. , Kim J.‐H. , Revil A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTime‐lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) can be used to characterize dynamic processes occurring in the subsurface of the Earth. It involves the installation of a permanent array of electrodes to monitor changes in resistivity associated with changes in pore‐water properties (salinity, temperature, water content) or porosity (compaction or dilation). The interpretation of time‐lapse data is complicated by both the presence of noise in the data and the influence of low sensitivity in parts of the model. A uniform space and time constraint is not able to address this problem. In this work, we propose a new approach to distinguish noise‐related artefacts to true changes in resistivity, while at the same time addressing the problem of the lack of sensitivity of electrical resistivity tomography with depth. We propose transforming the space and time constraints to be active, meaning that the regularization parameters are distributed rather than being uniform for the entire model. This way, both time‐related noise (assumed to be random) in the data and the lack of sensitivity are addressed and we can incorporate prior information in a natural way into the inversion scheme. Using this strategy, the inversion scheme is able to favour areas where the expected changes are likely to occur while filtering out areas where no changes should occur. The favoured areas can be either selected from a preliminary analysis of the data, or by incorporating other types of prior information into the system based on the process that is monitored.