Abstract 236: Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles on human prostate carcinoma cells
Authors: Shabana Sameh M. , Siddiqui Imtiaz A. , Khan Naghma , Adhami Vaqar M. , Khan Qateeb A. , Mousa Shaker A. , Hagras Ahmed E. , Mukhtar Hasan , Elmissiry Mohamed A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In preclinical animal models (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol of green tea, has shown excellent effects in preventing and/or treating many cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Chemoprevention is a practical approach for cancer management however its applicability to humans has met with limited success due to several issues including its limited bioavailability. We recently employed the use of nanotechnology to improve the outcome of natural agents for cancer chemoprevention and termed the concept as ‘nanochemoprevention’. To demonstrate the proof-of-principle we encapsulated EGCG in PLA-PEG nanoparticles and showed that this formulation demonstrates greater than ten-fold dose advantage over non-encapsulated EGCG in human PCa PC3 cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, this nanoformulation is not suitable for oral delivery. We recently reported the synthesis, characterization and efficacy assessment of a nanotechnology-based formulation of chitosan encapsulating EGCG (chit-nanoEGCG) for treatment of PCa in a xenograft model. We now show the efficacy of chit-nanoEGCG in LNCaP (androgen responsive) and PC3 (androgen unresponsive) human PCa cells for induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth. The effective dose of EGCG for inhibiting cell growth was reduced significantly when encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. The IC50 of chit-nanoEGCG was observed to be 4 μM as compared to 90 μM with native EGCG in PC3 cells. For LNCaP cells the IC50 of chit-nanoEGCG was observed to be 1 μM as compared to 45 μM of native agent. Further, we also observed a significant inhibition in the colony formation potential of these cells when treated with low doses of chit-nanoEGCG (2-4 μM) at which native EGCG had no effect. Our next goal was to determine if EGCG encapsulated in this nanoformulation retains its mechanistic identity. Treatment of LNCaP and PC3 with chit-nanoEGCG (1 and 2 μM) and (4 and 6 μM), respectively, for 48 hrs as compared with native EGCG (40 and 50 μM) and (80 and 100 μM) resulted in significant: i) induction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases cleavage (PARP), ii) increase of protein expression of Bax with concomitant decrease in Bcl2 and, iii) activation of cleaved caspases 3,7,8,9. To further confirm the induction of apoptosis, we performed annexin/PI staining and observed significant presence of annexin positive cells in chit-nanoEGCG treated PC3 and LNCaP cells. Further, we also observed that chit-nano EGCG treatment resulted in arrest of the cells in S phase of the cell cycle and cell cycle-regulatory molecules operative in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle were significantly modulated. All these effects were seen at much lower doses in chit-nanoEGCG treated cells as compared to the native agent. Collectively, chit-nanoEGCG could prove useful for preventing and/or treating human PCa.
Citation Format: Sameh M. Shabana, Imtiaz A. Siddiqui, Naghma Khan, Vaqar M. Adhami, Qateeb A. Khan, Shaker A. Mousa, Ahmed E. Hagras, Hasan Mukhtar, Mohamed A. Elmissiry. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles on human prostate carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 236. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-236