bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A TIDAL SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH
Authors: Johnson Richard A. , Brown Lewis R. , Wells W. Graham 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a system for simulating tidal movements in an enclosed salt-water (estuarine) environment. This Tidal Simulation System (TSS) can be programmed to deliver various tide levels on variable cycles, and can record system performance analog data output on strip charts. Employing a variable-speed centrifugal pump, a system of pneumatic valves actuated by a central timing device, a pressurization subsystem, and a special piping manifold, the system controls flow through a branched array of submerged outlet pipes which prevent disruption of surface water and oil films, and prevent disturbance of bottom sediments.
The system has undergone extensive operation tests in the Ecosystem Research Laboratory of the Mississippi State University Research Center, situated at the NASA National Space Technology Laboratory (NSTL) at Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and has been used to simulate tides in two pairs of ponds which were employed on an Environmental Protection Agency contract to study the fate and effect of oil in the aquatic environment of the Gulf Coast Region. The salinity of the ponds ranged from 6 to 12 parts per thousand (‰), and the composition of the plankton population changed with salinity and paralleled changes observed in the estuarine area of the south-central Gulf area. Several effects of low level oil pollution, not found in laboratory studies, were observed during the course of an eleven-month study.
THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LITIGATING AN OIL SPILL (PLAINTIFF'S VIEWPOINT)
Authors: Dubiel Edwin J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
It is necessary for all involved with oil spills to have a knowledge of statutes, both federal and state, that allow remedies for oil spills. The state statutes will vary depending on the location of the spill and the court involved. In addition, to secure recovery, a claim for conversion; trespass, nuisance, negligence and possibly punitive actions must be considered.
Statutory and other causes of action frame the necessary work that must be prepared to either pursue or defend the case effectively. Actions concerning injunctions bring other remedies into consideration, such as replacement of real or personal property or necessity of court-mandated actions to either assist the cleanup activity or prevent further damage.
The remedies under the statutory or other causes of action require preparation of claims of damages. Damages usually fall into the categories of real or personal property. Real property damage takes into consideration diminished value, temporary non-use, profit and loss, and loss of taxes in addition to penalties and repayment for cleanup costs. Personal property claims involve determination of the value of fish, plant life, marine and wildlife and such items as sand, driftwood or other items touched by the oil.
In that oil is the element that connects the spill with damage that may ensue, it is essential that the oil be traced with complete identification, from the initial spill to its final resting place.
PENALTIES ON OIL SPILLS WITH UNQUANTIFIED DAMAGE—THE HIDDEN TAX AND ECONOMIC DETERRENT CONCEPT
Authors: Cahill E. J. , Smith Linda R. , Haley George P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Public awareness of the increasing stress on the environment caused by population and economic growth and rising standards of living has led to many desirable regulations limiting pollution. However, some such regulations would provide little, if any, environmental benefit, would be costly to consumers and are technically unsound.
Laws which impose penalties on oil spillers based on unquantified damages fall in this counterproductive class. Such laws are ill-conceived and unwarranted.
Alaska, for example, has adopted regulations with explicit high penalties on oil spills without any requirement that damage be demonstrated or quantified. Other states have similar laws under consideration.
Even where such laws purport to base penalties on estimated loss of organisms, the basis for demonstrating and quantifying such loss is arbitrary and judgmental. As demonstrated many times, the marine environment can restore itself in relatively little time. Existing laws already provide for compensation of actual damages which may result. The authors are of the opinion that laws such as Alaska's would do little but raise consumer prices and discourage needed petroleum supplies. Further, such laws are contrary to our legal philosophy that the fact and the extent of injury must be proven before damages can be claimed.
THE LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS: METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS
Authors: Mackay Donald , Szeto Foon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A research project is described in which a previously devised effectiveness test for chemical oil spill dispersants was further developed and standardized. The principle of the test is that known volumes of dispersant and crude oil are contacted on the surface of seawater in a laboratory-scale vessel in which there is a circulating air current that imparts a swirling wave action to the water. This flow geometry is believed to simulate ocean surface conditions better than tests that involve shaking, stirring, or pumping as turbulence-generating mechanisms.
From the results of a series of tests at various dispersant-to-oil ratios, the ratios that affect the dispersion of 50 and 75 percent of the original amount of oil added to the water surface are calculated and used as an indication of dispersant effectiveness. The corresponding percent of the oil that remains dispersed after settling is also deduced. The results of a series of tests using two crude oils, Murban (light) and La Rosa (heavy), and 17 dispersants are presented. These results show a wide range in the dispersant-to-oil ratio necessary to achieve 50- to 75-percent dispersion. Five products failed to achieve 50-percent dispersion of both crude oils at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 0.2, which is regarded as the practical upper limit of dispersant dosage. There was a group of highly effective dispersants requiring a dispersant-to-oil ratio of only 0.005 to 0.007 to accomplish 50-percent dispersion. The test method can discriminate between two dispersant products with effectivenesses which differ by approximately 10 percent. The implications of these experimental results are discussed.
OILSPILL COUNTERMEASURE TRAINING UNIT, ST. JOHN'S NEWFOUNDLAND—A JOINT VENTURE TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Strong Jack J. , Grenville David M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The establishment of OCTU in St. John's, Newfoundland, was a response to the need of marine oil spill countermeasures training in a cold ocean environment. Increased tanker traffic, intensive exploratory drilling, the discovery of oil on the Grand Banks, and the importance of the Canadian East Coast fishery all emphasized the need for more trained people to operate containment and recovery equipment and to direct countermeasures operations.
The training program developed by OCTU and the courses given over the past 2 years are described. It is noted that the joint venture nature of this operation offers a mechanism for communication among the participants and thus a means for advancing the state of the art.
DOME PETROLEUM'S OIL SPILL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR THE ARCTIC
Authors: Pistruzak W. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar), a wholly owned subsidiary of Dome Petroleum Ltd., is conducting exploratory drilling in the Beaufort Sea with the objective of on-stream production by the mid-1980s.
If a major oil well blow-out should occur, and the probability of such an occurrence is very small, (Bercha, 1977), oil would be released to the surface of the sea until a relief well could be drilled or the well sealed itself. The relief well could be drilled during the same drill season, or, in the worst case, it might not be completed until the following year. Therefore, Dome could be faced with the problem of cleaning up an oil spill during open-water, freeze-up, and winter or spring break-up conditions. To this end, Dome has developed a contingency plan, based on, and updated according to, its ongoing research and development programs to deal with an oil spill during each of the above-mentioned periods of time. To date, Dome has invested approximately $10 million in its research and development programs.
This paper deals with Dome's research and development in oil spill countermeasures for its present ongoing exploration activities and its future production and transportation systems.
OIL MIGRATION AND MODIFICATION PROCESSES IN SOLID SEA ICE
Authors: Nelson William G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The migration of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and diesel fuel through first year sea ice and the effect of entrained oil on sea ice growth rates were examined. Physical and chemical changes within the oils were examined during and after the entrainment process. Several crude oil and diesel fuel injections beneath solid sea ice were conducted off Prudhoe Bay during the winter of 1979/1980. Oil layers of 2.5, 15, and 30 centimeters (cm) were formed under 15, 30, and approximately 60 cm of sea ice. The sea ice growth under the injected oils was monitored. At the end of the ice growing season the individual oil injection sites were excavated from the ice. Each site was studied to determine the extent of vertical oil migration. The field results are compared to laboratory salt water ice growth experiments with entrained oil layers. The laboratory test results include oil migration as a function of ice temperature and the effect of various oil layer thicknesses upon the ice growth rates. Direct heat flux measurements are included from which the thermal conductivity of oil layers is obtained as a function of the oil layer thickness. These data illustrate the relationships among oil layer thickness, temperature gradient across the oil layer, oil viscosity, and convective motion occurring within the oil layer.
THE CONTAINMENT OF OIL SPILLED UNDER ROUGH ICE
Authors: Cox Jack C. , Schultz Lawrence A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper outlines the results of a laboratory study of the behavior of oil spilled beneath ice having various roughness characteristics in the presence of a current. It was found convenient to categorize ice conditions and ice features by addressing the problem in terms of oil interaction with smooth ice, ice having small roughness features, and ice having large roughness features. The small or large designation is determined by whether the height of the roughness elements is less than, or greater than, the equilibrium slick thickness of the oil beneath smooth ice. Further, large roughness elements can act individually, or they can act in combination, forming a cavity. In general terms, oil spilled beneath ice cover will remain stationary until the current velocity relative to the ice reaches 15 to 25 cm/sec. This holds true even for oil trapped upstream of large roughness elements. At the higher velocities, cavities have a somewhat greater oil containment capability than individual large roughness elements. The paper includes a procedure for quantitatively determining the transport or containment of oil spilled beneath ice in deep water.
UNITED KINGDOM—A REVIEW OF THE NEED TO MINIMISE OIL SPILLAGE IN MARINE CASUALTY SITUATIONS
Authors: Stacey Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper briefly describes the recently formed Marine Pollution Control Unit for dealing with marine pollution around the United Kingdom and considers the need to minimise oil spillage in marine casualty situations by emergency lightening, and the need for safe working conditions provided by coastal havens and ports of refuge. Concern is expressed at the reluctance of coastal and port authorities to offer assistance to damaged ships.
COLD WEATHER RESPONSE F/V RYUYO MARU NO. 2 ST. PAUL, PRIBILOFF ISLANDS, ALASKA*
Authors: Reiter G. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Response to an oil spill incident requires special decisionmaking no matter where it may occur. However, the individuals or agencies involved in responding to an incident in cold weather regions must prepare themselves for problems that would not normally be present in warmer and more populated areas. The purpose of this paper is to present in detail the problems of access and logistics, environmental issues, and socioeconomics involved in dealing with an oil spill in an isolated cold weather region. Using the grounding of, and subsequent oil spill from, the fishing vessel Ryuyo Mam No. 2 at St. Paul Island, Alaska, as the example scenario, this paper attempts to show the problems encountered and how they generally related to most cases in this type of climate. Included within this scenario are problems dealing with access to both the general location of the island and the grounded vessel itself, dealing with endangered species of wildlife, economics of cleanup, and the ultimate decisionmaking process regarding the use of FWPCA 311(d) authority. It is the intent of this paper to outline this response, highlighting the decisionmaking process in determining the use of 311(d) authority for mitigating the effects of the spill.
THE FATE AND EFFECTS OF DISPERSANT-TREATED COMPARED WITH UNTREATED CRUDE OIL, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SHELTERED INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS
Authors: Rowland S. J. , Tibbetts P. J. C. , Little D. , Baker J. M. , Abbiss T. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersant use is a factor that may partly determine the fate and effects of spilled oil. A series of quantitative field experiments has been initiated to simulate conditions following nearshore treatment of a floating oil slick or following the cleaning of a spill stranded on the shore. The basic experimental design is a series of treatments (Forties or Nigerian crude oil, BP 1100WD dispersant, or oil plus dispersant) applied to sets of experimental plots in a range of intertidal and subtidal communities. Biological recording includes frequency and density measurements of plants and animals, and hydrocarbon analysis is by capillary gas liquid chromatography and computerised gas chrornatography–mass spectrometry.
Additionally, the effects of dispersant on the movement and fate of oil in different types of sediment is being investigated using a laboratory sediment column and controllable temperature seawater system. The columns have been successfully used in the modeling of low-energy sedimentary environments. Particular attention has been paid to the nature of water table fluctuations within the sediment, to grain size and sorting, to permeability, and also to the number of simulated “tides” that the columns experience after treatment. Hydrocarbon analysis is primarily by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, which has the advantage that the large number of samples generated by each experimental run can be quickly analysed. Gas liquid chromatography is used for checking selected samples.
Preliminary results from the field and laboratory experiments indicate that some dispersant treatments increase penetration of oil, and that it may be retained below the sediment surface. Interacting factors include time of treatment in relation to tidal cycle and behaviour of the water table in the sediment.
FATE OF THE ZOE COLOCOTRONI OIL SPILL AND ITS EFFECTS ON INFAUNAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH MANGROVES
Authors: Gilfillan Edward S. , Page David S. , Gerber Ray P. , Hansen Sherry , Cooley Judy , Hotham Janet 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During 1978 and 1979, sediment samples were collected in the mangrove areas on the west side of Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico, to examine the effects of oil discharged from the tanker Zoe Colocotroni (March 18, 1973) on the infaunal community. Samples for benthic community analysis and hydrocarbon analysis were taken in representative types of mangrove habitats and compared with habitats in a reference area some distance from the spill site. Infaunal organisms larger than 0.5 mm were included in this study.
Correlation of biological and chemical data indicates that for the high salinity habitats there were more infaunal organisms larger than 0.5 millimeters in the oiled area than in the unoiled area. Analyses of the red mangrove fringe areas showed that the distribution of infaunal organisms was not related to the distribution of oil in an obvious way. Large numbers of organisms were found in some heavily oiled areas. Even the most diverse communities seen in the impact area were not as diverse as the community seen in the unoiled reference area. We conclude that only in the red mangrove environment is there remaining damage to infaunal communities from the Zoe Colocotroni oil spill.
COST ANALYSIS OF MARSH RESTORATION THROUGH SEDIMENT STRIPPING AND SPARTINA PROPAGATION
Authors: Krebs Charles T. , Tanner Christopher E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A cost comparison is presented between conventional methods and a new alternative surface sediment stripping and Spartina propagation technique for the cleanup of oil in marshlands. The sediment-stripping and propagation technique is competitive with the cost of conventional cleanup for spills in small marshland areas, and may be significantly less expensive for the cleanup of large marsh areas severely impacted by an oil spill. Factors affecting the cost of the stripping and propagation technique are discussed, and an optimal stripping and propagation strategy is presented.
DISTRIBUTION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN PORT VALDEZ, ALASKA
Authors: Lysyj Ihor , Perkins George , Farlow John S. , Morris Raymond W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in Port Valdez, Alaska, was studied. Such compounds are present in the effluent from the ballast treatment plant located at the terminal of the Trans Alaska Pipeline. The plant processes 10 to 20 million gallons per day (mgd) of ballast water from arriving tankers. The principal organic components found in the treated effluent are benzene, toluene, and xylenes/ethylbenzene. Such volatile aromatic hydrocarbons comprise up to 50 percent of the total organic load in the effluent, and are discharged at a rate of 60 to 80 gallons per day. State regulations limit aromatic hydrocarbon content in waters outside the mixing zone to 10 micrograms per liter concentration.
Distribution of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the receiving waters was studied by collecting and analyzing samples at the boundary of the mixing zone and throughout the fjord. Vertical and horizontal transects were designed for sample collection, and a sensitive analytical procedure capable of detecting 0.1 ?g/l of selected aromatic hydrocarbons was developed and used in this study.
It was found that the treated effluent does not mix uniformly with the receiving waters of Port Valdez during the summer period of density stratification, at which time the volume of the mixing zone is grossly underutilized and no significant amount of hydrocarbons diffuses into the upper reaches of the water column.
Discharged hydrocarbons are contained within a narrow trap zone of maximum concentration which spreads out horizontally 2 to 3 kilometers (km) from the mixing zone in a thin, pancake-like shape. The vertical position of the effluent plume is dependent on prevailing water density conditions: during the early summer it is located at a depth of approximately 50 meters (m), while in late summer it is found at a depth of 65 m, and is contained within 10 m off the bottom in the area of the mixing zone. The concentrations of total volatile aromatic hydrocarbons found on the boundary of the mixing zone were as high as 120 µg/l.
The results of this study are in general conformity with predictions by Hood (1976), who postulated that little vertical mixing occurs in Port Valdez between April and December, when the water density is stratified, and with observations by Colonell (1979), who reported the existence of a “trap zone” at 50- to 60-m depths for pollutants discharged from the treatment plant.
AN EVALUATION OF OIL SPILL DISPERSANT TESTING REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Rewick R. T. , Sabo K. A. , Gates J. , Smith J. H. , McCarthy L. T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We have evaluated a number of laboratory tests of dispersant effectiveness using commercial oil spill products and No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils. The tests-the EPA, Mackay/Steelman, Russian, French, Warren Spring, and an interfacial tension method developed at SRI-are reviewed in terms of type, scale, method of applying mixing energy, and the time required to conduct a product evaluation. The experimental results, compared in terms of the precision of the test data and the effectiveness ranking order of the six nonionic dispersants, demonstrate that the relative effectiveness found for the dispersants varies appreciably as a function of the testing method. Reasons for the variations are discussed and recommendations are presented on how to achieve dispersant testing data that are more representative of real-world conditions. Of the six testing methods evaluated, the EPA, Mackay/Steelman, and the interfacial tension methods are the most amenable to improvement.
PROTECTION STRATEGIES FOR VULNERABLE COASTAL FEATURES
Authors: Bell Victor A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recognizing the potential for a moderate to large oil spill, it became apparent to the Department of Environmental Management that there was limited information as to which coastal areas were the most vulnerable to oil spills and about how one could protect these sites. To this end, the Department prepared the State of Rhode Island Oil Spill Contingency Guide, Protection Strategies for Vulnerable Coastal Features. This guide identifies 97 vulnerable coastal features and provides site-specific information for 53 of them.
The paper is divided into three major sections that (1) explain the need for the guide, its objectives, and how it is to be used; (2) describe the organizational responsibilities, address containment and cleanup procedures and technology, outline the threat of an oil spill in Rhode Island, and describe the different shoreline types and their susceptibility to oil spills; and (3) presents examples of the site-specific information sheets and maps of the vulnerable coastal features in Rhode Island.