bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Zirconia‐Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Purification of Phosphopeptides
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Niu Fuge , Su Yujie , Yang Yanjun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBecause of the low stoichiometry from enzymatic hydrolysis of casein, purification of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) is necessary prior to application in infant formula or nutritional foods. In this study, functional zirconia‐modified magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@ZrO2) were prepared and applied for purification of CPPs. The physical shape, crystalline structures and chemical groups were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. Fe3O4@ZrO2 nanoparticles had nano‐dimension and good dispersion. The purification studies showed that the high selectivity of Fe3O4@ZrO2 was obtained at pH 4.5. Then the structures of reused Fe3O4@ZrO2 were characterized to study the stability of material. The purity of CPPs isolated by Fe3O4@ZrO2 was analyzed to study the affinity force of material. All results confirmed that Fe3O4@ZrO2 nanoparticles had good stability and high affinity force for CPPs after 15 repeated cycles, and the maximum loading amount of material was 105.53 mg/g with lower N/P (5.94) of CPPs.Practical ApplicationsCasein phosphopeptides can enhance the absorption and utilization of calcium, but it needs to be purified before used as calcium nutritional supplements. Most of existing purification methods are two‐step methods, which have limitations in food application. Compared with traditional methods, the separation method using Fe3O4@ZrO2 nanoparticles can one‐step purify phosphopeptides from real samples, and shows good performance. The purification process using Fe3O4@ZrO2 nanoparticles has the simpler procedures, higher enrichment efficiency and shorter production cycle. It means that the purification process is easy to expand the scale of production for improving the yield and quality of phosphopeptides, which can satisfy the demand of market. The results demonstrate that Fe3O4@ZrO2, which has good stability and high affinity force for metal oxide affinity peptides, is one new type of extraction materials and possesses wide application prospects in food industry.
Indices of adiposity as predictors of cardiometabolic risk and inflammation in young adults
Authors: Pourshahidi L. K. , Wallace J. M. W. , Mulhern M. S. , Horigan G. , Strain J. J. , McSorley E. M. , Magee P. J. , Bonham M. P. , Livingstone M. B. E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundStudies investigating obesity and cardiometabolic risk have focused on ‘at‐risk’ populations and methodological inconsistencies have produced equivocal findings. The present cross‐sectional study investigated indices of body composition as predictors of cardiometabolic risk and their relationship with inflammation in apparently healthy young adults.MethodsA fasting blood sample was taken from consenting adults (160 males, 32 females, aged 18–40 years) for assessment of cardiometabolic risk markers (blood pressure, lipid profiles and insulin resistance) and inflammatory markers (C‐reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐10 and adiponectin). Together with anthropometry, fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) were determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. FM was expressed in absolute terms (kg), as well as relative to total body weight (%), height [FM index (FMI, kg m−2)] and FFM (FM : FFM,%).ResultsAlthough anthropometric indices were associated with most cardiometabolic risk markers, the strongest relationship was observed with FMI. Relative to having a low cardiometabolic risk (≤2 markers above clinically relevant cut‐offs), each kg m−2 increase in FMI, increased the likelihood of having an increased cardiometabolic risk by 29% (odds ratio = 1.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.12–1.49). Inflammatory markers were not associated with body composition or cardiometabolic risk.ConclusionsFMI was the strongest predictor of overall cardiometabolic risk but not inflammation per se. However, anthropometric indices, such as body mass index and waist‐to‐height ratio, remain valuable surrogate measures of adiposity in this group, particularly when risk markers are considered independently.
Kinetic diversity of dopamine transmission in the dorsal striatum
Authors: Taylor I. Mitch , Nesbitt Kathryn M. , Walters Seth H. , Varner Erika L. , Shu Zhan , Bartlow Kathleen M. , Jaquins‐Gerstl Andrea S. , Michael Adrian C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDopamine (DA), a highly significant neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, operates on multiple time scales to affect a diverse array of physiological functions. The significance of DA in human health is heightened by its role in a variety of pathologies. Voltammetric measurements of electrically evoked DA release have brought to light the existence of a patchwork of DA kinetic domains in the dorsal striatum (DS) of the rat. Thus, it becomes necessary to consider how these domains might be related to specific aspects of DA's functions. Responses evoked in the fast and slow domains are distinct in both amplitude and temporal profile. Herein, we report that responses evoked in fast domains can be further classified into four distinct types, types 1–4. The DS, therefore, exhibits a total of at least five distinct evoked responses (four fast types and one slow type). All five response types conform to kinetic models based entirely on first‐order rate expressions, which indicates that the heterogeneity among the response types arises from kinetic diversity within the DS terminal field. We report also that functionally distinct subregions of the DS express DA kinetic diversity in a selective manner. Thus, this study documents five response types, provides a thorough kinetic explanation for each of them, and confirms their differential association with functionally distinct subregions of this key DA terminal field.
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The dorsal striatum is composed of five significantly different dopamine domains (types 1–4 and slow, average ± SEM responses to medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation are shown in the figure). Responses from each of these five domains exhibit significantly different ascending and descending kinetic profiles and return to a long lasting elevated dopamine state, termed the dopamine hang‐up. All features of these responses are modeled with high correlation using first‐order modeling as well as our recently published restricted diffusion model of evoked dopamine overflow. We also report that functionally distinct subregions of the dorsal striatum express selective dopamine kinetic diversity.
Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic islets of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus ssp.)
Authors: He Chuan , Myers Mark A. , Forbes Briony E. , Grützner Frank 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMonotremes have undergone remarkable changes to their digestive and metabolic control system; however, the monotreme pancreas remains poorly characterized. Previous work in echidna demonstrated the presence of pancreatic islets, but no information is available for platypus and the fine structure has not been described for either monotreme. Based on our recent finding that monotremes lack the ghrelin gene, which is expressed in mouse and human pancreatic islets, we investigated the structure of monotreme islets in more detail. Generally, as in birds, the islets of monotremes were smaller but greater in number compared with mouse. β‐cells were the most abundant endocrine cell population in platypus islets and were located peripherally, while α‐cells were observed both in the interior and periphery of the islets. δ‐cells and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)‐cells were mainly found in the islet periphery. Distinct PP‐rich (PP‐lobe) and PP‐poor areas (non‐PP‐lobe) are present in therian mammals, and we identified these areas in echidna but not platypus pancreas. Interestingly, in some of the echidna islets, α‐ and β‐cells tended to form two poles within the islets, which to our knowledge is the first time this has been observed in any species. Overall, monotreme pancreata share the feature of consisting of distinct PP‐poor and PP‐rich islets with other mammals. A higher number of islets and α‐ or β‐cell only islets are shared between monotremes and birds. The islets of monotremes were larger than those of birds but smaller compared with therian mammals. This may indicate a trend of having fewer larger islets comprising several endocrine cell types during mammalian evolution.
Integration of active pharmaceutical ingredient solid form selection and particle engineering into drug product design
Authors: Ticehurst Martyn David , Marziano Ivan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This review seeks to offer a broad perspective that encompasses an understanding of the drug product attributes affected by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) physical properties, their link to solid form selection and the role of particle engineering. While the crucial role of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solid form selection is universally acknowledged in the pharmaceutical industry, the value of increasing effort to understanding the link between solid form, API physical properties and drug product formulation and manufacture is now also being recognised.
A truly holistic strategy for drug product development should focus on connecting solid form selection, particle engineering and formulation design to both exploit opportunities to access simpler manufacturing operations and prevent failures. Modelling and predictive tools that assist in establishing these links early in product development are discussed. In addition, the potential for differences between the ingoing API physical properties and those in the final product caused by drug product processing is considered. The focus of this review is on oral solid dosage forms and dry powder inhaler products for lung delivery.
The ghost plastid of Choreocolax polysiphoniae
Authors: Salomaki Eric D. , Nickles Katie R. , Lane Christopher E. 
Published: February 2015

Parasitism has evolved innumerable times among eukaryotes. Red algal parasites alone have independently evolved over 100 times. The accepted evolutionary paradigm proposes that red algal parasites arise by first infecting a close relative and over time diversifying and infecting more distantly related species. This provides a natural evolutionary gradient of relationships between hosts and parasites that share a photosynthetic common ancestor. Upon infection, the parasite deposits its organelles into the host cell and takes over, spreading through cell‐cell connections. Microscopy and molecular studies have demonstrated that the parasites do not maintain their own plastid, but rather abscond with a dedifferentiated host plastid as they pack up spores for dispersal. We sequenced a ~90 kb plastid genome from the parasite Choreocolax polysiphoniae, which has lost genes for light harvesting and photosynthesis. Furthermore, the presence of a native C. polysiphoniae plastid indicates that not all red algal parasites follow the same evolutionary pathway to parasitism. Along with the 167 kb plastid genome of its host, Vertebrata lanosa, these plastids are the first to be sequenced from the Ceramiales.
A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1‐M95 from east to west
Authors: Arunkumar GaneshPrasad , Wei Lan‐Hai , Kavitha Valampuri John , Syama Adhikarla , Arun Varatharajan Santhakumari , Sathua Surendra , Sahoo Raghunath , Balakrishnan R. , Riba Tomo , Chakravarthy Jharna , Chaudhury Bapukan , Panda Premanada , K. Das Pradipta , Nayak Prasanna K. , Li Hui , Pitchappan Ramasamy ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe origin and dispersal of Y‐Chromosomal haplogroup O2a1‐M95, distributed across the Austro Asiatic speaking belt of East and South Asia, are yet to be fully understood. Various studies have suggested either an East Indian or Southeast Asian origin of O2a1‐M95. We addressed the issue of antiquity and dispersal of O2a1‐M95 by sampling 8748 men from India, Laos, and China and compared them to 3307 samples from other intervening regions taken from the literature. Analyses of haplogroup frequency and Y‐STR data on a total 2413 O2a1‐M95 chromosomes revealed that the Laos samples possessed the highest frequencies of O2a1‐M95 (74% with >0.5) and its ancestral haplogroups (O2*‐P31, O*‐M175) as well as a higher proportion of samples with 14STR‐median haplotype (17 samples in 14 populations), deep coalescence time (5.7 ± 0.3 Kya) and consorted O2a1‐M95 expansion evidenced from STR evolution. All these suggested Laos to carry a deep antiquity of O2a1‐M95 among the study regions. A serial decrease in expansion time from east to west: 5.7 ± 0.3 Kya in Laos, 5.2 ± 0.6 in Northeast India, and 4.3 ± 0.2 in East India, suggested a late Neolithic east to west spread of the lineage O2a1‐M95 from Laos.
Identity Conflicts and Value Pluralism—What Can We Learn from Religious Psychoanalytic Therapists?
Authors: Novis‐Deutsch Nurit 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDoes the way we think about our personal self‐complexity affect how we accept others? Researchers have offered various conceptualizations of how individuals manage their complex identities, while others have identified links between cognitive complexity and acceptance of outgroups. This paper integrates the two bodies of work by positing a route by which personal identity conflicts may lead to cognitive and cultural pluralism.For individuals committed to multiple identities perceived as conflicting, the intra‐psychic experience of value conflicts may lead to a recognition of self‐complexity, which is then transposed from the personal domain to the social one and expressed as a pluralistic attitude towards others. This argument find support in a study of Israeli Jewish Orthodox psychoanalytic therapists who belong to what they perceive as non‐pluralistic religious groups, yet express value pluralism, which they attribute to their complex identities. One of the educational implications of this study is that facilitating engagement with internal complexity, multiple identities and personal value conflicts may promote pluralistic thinking for individuals in religious societies.
Occult cirrhosis diagnosed by transient elastography is a frequent and under‐monitored clinical entity
Authors: Chen Tianyan , Wong Remy , Wong Philip , Rollet‐Kurhajec Kathleen C. , Alshaalan Rasha , Deschenes Marc , Ghali Peter , Sebastiani Giada 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsDiagnosis of preclinical compensated cirrhosis (occult cirrhosis, OC) is challenging due to lack of clinical findings. We evaluated prevalence and outcomes of OC by transient elastography (TE, Fibroscan®).MethodsEight hundred and seventy‐one patients with compensated chronic liver disease (CLD) and TE examination were divided into: (i) OC (TE ≥ 13 kPa and no sign of cirrhosis, including absence of thrombocytopenia and signs of advanced liver disease on ultrasound or gastroscopy); (ii) clinically evident cirrhosis (TE ≥ 13 kPa with signs of cirrhosis); (iii) non‐cirrhotic CLD (TE < 13 kPa). Outcomes included hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), esophageal varices and ascites. Late diagnosis of outcomes was defined as HCC stage ≥intermediate by BCLC or variceal bleeding.ResultsOccult cirrhosis represented 12% of the cohort and 37% of cirrhotic patients. Independent predictors of OC were age [odds ratio (OR) 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.26], HIV co‐infection (OR 3.53; 95% CI, 1.85–6.76) and APRI (OR 2.63; 95 CI, 1.87–3.71). During a median follow‐up of 24 (interquartile range 20–37) months, OC received less surveillance than clinically evident cirrhosis, with fewer ultrasounds (2.7 ± 1.5 vs 3.6 ± 2; P < 0.001) and gastroscopies (2 ± 0.8 vs 2.6 ± 1.4; P < 0.001). Incidence of outcomes was 3.5/100 per person‐years (PY) (95% CI, 0.1–6.9) in OC, 0 in non‐cirrhotic CLD and 9.8/100 PY (95% CI, 0.3–19.3) in clinically evident cirrhosis (P < 0.001). Late diagnosis occurred more in OC than clinically evident cirrhosis (60 vs 15%, P = 0.01).ConclusionsOccult cirrhosis is a frequent and under‐monitored clinical entity associated with short‐term risk of outcomes. TE may help early diagnosis, prompt initiation of surveillance and specific therapy for an otherwise unrecognized condition.
Causes and consequences of failed adaptation to biological invasions: the role of ecological constraints
Authors: Lau Jennifer A. , terHorst Casey P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBiological invasions are a major challenge to native communities and have the potential to exert strong selection on native populations. As a result, native taxa may adapt to the presence of invaders through increased competitive ability, increased antipredator defences or altered morphologies that may limit encounters with toxic prey. Yet, in some cases, species may fail to adapt to biological invasions. Many challenges to adaptation arise because biological invasions occur in complex species‐rich communities in spatially and temporally variable environments. Here, we review these ‘ecological’ constraints on adaptation, focusing on the complications that arise from the need to simultaneously adapt to multiple biotic agents and from temporal and spatial variation in both selection and demography. Throughout, we illustrate cases where these constraints might be especially important in native populations faced with biological invasions. Our goal was to highlight additional complexities empiricists should consider when studying adaptation to biological invasions and to begin to identify conditions when adaptation may fail to be an effective response to invasion.
Whole‐genome sequencing reveals absence of recent gene flow and separate demographic histories for Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Logue Kyle , Small Scott T. , Chan Ernest R. , Reimer Lisa , Siba Peter M. , Zimmerman Peter A. , Serre David 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAnopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of several human diseases including malaria. In many malaria endemic areas, several species of Anopheles coexist, sometimes in the form of related sibling species that are morphologically indistinguishable. Determining the size and organization of Anopheles populations, and possible ongoing gene flow among them is important for malaria control and, in particular, for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistance alleles. However, these parameters have been difficult to evaluate in most Anopheles species due to the paucity of genetic data available. Here, we assess the extent of contemporary gene flow and historical variations in population size by sequencing and de novo assembling the genomes of wild‐caught mosquitoes from four species of the Anopheles punctulatus group of Papua New Guinea. Our analysis of more than 50 Mb of orthologous DNA sequences revealed no evidence of contemporary gene flow among these mosquitoes. In addition, investigation of the demography of two of the An. punctulatus species revealed distinct population histories. Overall, our analyses suggest that, despite their similarities in morphology, behaviour and ecology, contemporary sympatric populations of An. punctulatus are evolving independently.
An outbreak of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii dermatophytosis at a veterinary school associated with an infected horse
Authors: Chollet Annemay , Wespi Bettina , Roosje Petra , Unger Lucia , Venner Monica , Goepfert Christine , Monod Michel 
Published: February 2015

SummaryWe report a case of an outbreak of inflammatory dermatophytoses caused by Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (formally Trichophyton mentagrophytes pro parte) that involved an infected horse, the owner and at least 20 students, staff and stablemen at a veterinary school in Bern (Switzerland) that presented highly inflammatory dermatitis of the body and the face. Transmission from human to human was also recorded as one patient was the partner of an infected person. Both the phenotypic characteristics and ITS sequence of the dermatophytes isolated from the horse and patients were identical, consistent with the conclusion that the fungus originated from the horse. Three infected persons had not been in direct contact with the horse. Although direct transmission from human to human cannot be ruled out, fomites were most likely the source of infection for these three patients. Inspection of the literature at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century revealed that this dermatophyte was frequently transmitted from horses to humans in contact with horses (stablemen, coachmen, carters and artillery soldiers). The rarity of the present case report at the present time is likely related to the transformation of civilisation from the nineteenth century to nowadays in Europe with the change of horse husbandry. In addition, the inadequate immune response of the horse and the high number of people in contact with it at the equine clinic may explain the exceptional aspect of this case report.
The importance of food composition data in recipe analysis
Authors: Church S. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe estimation of the nutrient content of a food from its ingredients, or recipe analysis, can be a cost‐effective alternative to chemical analysis for a range of applications. For example, recipe analysis is used in menu planning for institutions and special diets, dietary assessment and food composition databases. More recently, it has become important for assessing whether school meals are meeting guidelines, for calculating ‘calories on the menu’ in food service outlets, for nutritional labelling, and in magazines, cookery books and recipe websites. Robust food composition data, such as the recently published Seventh Summary Edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, are essential for recipe analysis, providing the ‘established and accepted’ source of information required for nutritional labelling. In addition, the new summary edition contains information on weight change, edible conversion factors and vitamin retention values which are invaluable when undertaking recipe calculations. There are, however, many challenges in recipe analysis, including sourcing appropriate nutrient values, converting ingredient quantities from units and household measures to weights, and assigning weight change factors. The new edition is a welcome and invaluable resource for recipe analysis, but the nutrient values and associated data (e.g. weight change and portion sizes) need to be reviewed, updated and expanded on an ongoing basis in order to reflect the changing food supply.