bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compact curved half circular disc-monopole UWB antenna
Authors: Abdelraheem Ahmed M. , Abdalla Mahmoud A. 
Published: January 2015

This paper introduces a compact modified semi-circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna. A compact antenna size (4.3 × 3.4 cm2) compared to the typical coplanar waveguide (CPW) circular monopole antenna (5.5 × 4 cm2) is achieved. The proposed antenna is completely proven for UWB communication performance. The antenna is matched over 8.4 GHz bandwidth (2.2–10.6 GHz), with reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB over the band. Matching bandwidth is verified through simulation and measurements of VSWR. Efficient power radiation over the band is proven through radiation efficiency. Radiation efficiency is not lower than 81% at the upper end of the band. Omnidirectional characteristics are proven through, firstly, measured transfer function magnitude at three different configurations, Face-to-Face, Face-to-Side, and Side-by-Side (all frequencies at different orientations), and, secondly, measured radiation pattern at three selected frequencies that span the bandwidth (all orientations at different frequencies). Moreover, the ability of the antenna to support, as narrow pulses as, 0.25 ns omnidirectionally is proven through detailed study for time response. Antenna transfer function is measured for magnitude and phase. Then, a first-order Raeighly pulse, that fulfils the FCC mask for emission restrictions, is applied at the terminals of a UWB system of the proposed UWB antenna. Finally, the output, barely distorted, normalized, pulse is compared to the input pulse.
Annexin A2 promotes phagophore assembly by enhancing Atg16L+ vesicle biogenesis and homotypic fusion
Authors: Morozova Kateryna , Sidhar Sunandini , Zolla Valerio , Clement Cristina C. , Scharf Brian , Verzani Zoe , Diaz Antonio , Larocca Jorge N. , Hajjar Katherine A. , Cuervo Ana Maria , Santambrogio Laura 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPlasma membrane budding of Atg-16L-positive vesicles represents a very early event in the generation of the phagophore and in the process of macroautophagy. Here we show that the membrane curvature-inducing protein annexin A2 contributes to the formation of these vesicles and their fusion to form phagophores. Ultrastructural, proteomic and FACS analyses of Atg16L-positive vesicles reveal that 30% of Atg16L-positive vesicles are also annexin A2-positive. Lipidomic analysis of annexin A2-deficient mouse cells indicates that this protein plays a role in recruiting phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositides to Atg16L-positive vesicles. Absence of annexin A2 reduces both vesicle formation and homotypic Atg16L vesicle fusion. Ultimately, a reduction in LC3 flux and dampening of macroautophagy are observed in dendritic cells from Anxa2−/− mice. Together, our analyses highlight the importance of annexin A2 in vesiculation of a population of Atg16L-positive structures from the plasma membrane, and in their homotypic fusion to form phagophore structures.
Dip-pen patterning of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) chain-conformation-based nano-photonic elements
Authors: Perevedentsev Aleksandr , Sonnefraud Yannick , Belton Colin R. , Sharma Sanjiv , Cass Anthony E. G. , Maier Stefan A. , Kim Ji-Seon , Stavrinou Paul N. , Bradley Donal D. C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMetamaterials are a promising new class of materials, in which sub-wavelength physical structures, rather than variations in chemical composition, can be used to modify the nature of their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Here we show that a metamaterials approach, using a discrete physical geometry (conformation) of the segments of a polymer chain as the vector for a substantial refractive index change, can be used to enable visible wavelength, conjugated polymer photonic elements. In particular, we demonstrate that a novel form of dip-pen nanolithography provides an effective means to pattern the so-called β-phase conformation in poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) thin films. This can be done on length scales ≤500 nm, as required to fabricate a variety of such elements, two of which are theoretically modelled using complex photonic dispersion calculations.
Genetic targeting of sprouting angiogenesis using Apln-CreER
Authors: Liu Qiaozhen , Hu Tianyuan , He Lingjuan , Huang Xiuzhen , Tian Xueying , Zhang Hui , He Liang , Pu Wenjuan , Zhang Libo , Sun Heng , Fang Jing , Yu Ying , Duan Shengzhong , Hu Chaobo , Hui Lijian , Zhang Haibin , Quertermous Thomas , Xu Qingbo , Red-Horse Kristy , Wythe Joshua D. , Zhou Bin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUnder pathophysiological conditions in adults, endothelial cells (ECs) sprout from pre-existing blood vessels to form new ones by a process termed angiogenesis. During embryonic development, Apelin (APLN) is robustly expressed in vascular ECs. In adult mice, however, APLN expression in the vasculature is significantly reduced. Here we show that APLN expression is reactivated in adult ECs after ischaemia insults. In models of both injury ischaemia and tumor angiogenesis, we find that Apln-CreER genetically labels sprouting but not quiescent vasculature. By leveraging this specific activity, we demonstrate that abolishment of the VEGF–VEGFR2 signalling pathway as well as ablation of sprouting ECs diminished tumour vascularization and growth without compromising vascular homeostasis in other organs. Collectively, we show that Apln-CreER distinguishes sprouting vessels from stabilized vessels in multiple pathological settings. The Apln-CreER line described here will greatly aid future mechanistic studies in both vascular developmental biology and adult vascular diseases.
Quantum ratchet in two-dimensional semiconductors with Rashba spin-orbit interaction
Authors: Ang Yee Sin , Ma Zhongshui , Zhang Chao 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRatchet is a device that produces direct current of particles when driven by an unbiased force. We demonstrate a simple scattering quantum ratchet based on an asymmetrical quantum tunneling effect in two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit interaction (R2DEG). We consider the tunneling of electrons across a square potential barrier sandwiched by interface scattering potentials of unequal strengths on its either sides. It is found that while the intra-spin tunneling probabilities remain unchanged, the inter-spin-subband tunneling probabilities of electrons crossing the barrier in one direction is unequal to that of the opposite direction. Hence, when the system is driven by an unbiased periodic force, a directional flow of electron current is generated. The scattering quantum ratchet in R2DEG is conceptually simple and is capable of converting a.c. driving force into a rectified current without the need of additional symmetry breaking mechanism or external magnetic field.
Buck converter based model for a brushless DC motor drive without a DC link capacitor
Authors: Samitha Ransara Hewa Kokawalage , Madawala Udaya Kumara , Liu Tian‐Hua 
Published: January 2015

This study presents a simple model for a brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive operated directly from rectified mains without a DC link capacitor. A switching strategy with single switch control is adopted to regulate either the speed or torque. Operation of the drive during any switching state is similar to that of a buck converter and, thus, a buck converter based model is proposed to accurately predict its behaviour. Using the model, analytical expressions are derived for the motor current to investigate the impact of operation without the DC link capacitor on torque. Theoretical behaviour is compared with Matlab/Simulink based simulations as well as that observed from a 250 W prototype motor drive to demonstrate the validity of the modelling technique. Results convincingly indicate that the proposed buck converter based model is accurate and can be used as a design tool, being simple and requiring less computational time and applicable to conventional BLDC motor drives with similar switching patterns.
Heat transfer analysis of piston cooling using nanofluids in the gallery
Authors: Liu Hao , Bai Minli , Lv Jizu , Wang Peng , Wang Yuyan , Hu Chengzhi 
Published: January 2015

Attaining proper temperature in engines is always a challenge for engine manufacturers primarily because temperature has a significant role in engine performance and emissions. With the development of new technology in the field of nanofluids, it seems very promising to use nanofluids as the coolant in internal combustion engines. In this reported work, Cu and diamond nanoparticles with diameters of 50 nm were dispersed in conventional engine oil to create nanofluids (volume fractions of 1, 2 and 3%) to serve as the cooling medium for a piston‐cooling gallery. The piston thermal loading calculations were carried out based on numerical hydrodynamic simulation through a liquid–solid‐coupled thermodynamic method. The obtained results indicate that using different volume fractions of nanofluids can effectively reduce the thermal loading of the piston.
From post-BRICS’ decade to post-2015: insights from global governance and comparative regionalisms
Authors: Shaw Timothy M 
Published: January 2015

Abstract2015 is a symbolic turning point for “development” as eight UN MDGs are superseded by even more SDGs with a focus on global partnerships. This paper exploits the “post-2015” mantra to ask whether the rise of the BRICS and myriad non-state actors/coalitions, let alone the difficulties of the PIIGS in the Eurozone, suggests that “development” has become passé: Does the rise of “emerging” economies/powers in the current decade mean that we need another paradigm, such as “global governance” along with “new regionalisms”? This overview seeks to identify some of the parameters of international relations/organization/law/political economy for the embryonic Palgrave Communications network for its first 5 years, informed by our new US PhD in Global Governance & Human Security at UMass Boston.
Theatrical names and reference
Authors: Bennett Michael Y 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe relationship between “character” and an “actor” appears to be quite straightforward: an actor acts as/plays character [x]. But let us be more specific and reword this formulation: actor [y] acts as/plays Hamlet. Or – for the time of the play – actor [y] is Hamlet. And it is this last statement that is paradoxically utterly true and utterly false. It is in the name of a theatrical character that the tension between actor and character arises. Asking, for example, who is Hamlet? yields an answer where both actor and character have legitimate exclusive rights to being “Hamlet.” In short, to whom/what does the name of a theatrical character refer? By first arguing that theatre works as a reverse-“beetle” language-game, whereby I posit that theatre allows for private rule-making, I am able to turn to the idea of reference. It is by examining the name of theatrical characters and what these names refer to that I suggest that – following Hegel – theatrical names refer dialectically. Understanding theatrical characters as such, interpretation hinges not only on the output of theatre (i.e., the meaning), but also the input (i.e., the truth value).
A study on the state-of-the-art of e-Infrastructures uptake in Africa
Authors: Spyridonis Fotios , Taylor Simon J E , Abbott Pamela , Barbera Roberto , Nungu Amos , Gustafsson Lars L , Pehrson Bjorn , Oaiya Omo , Banda Tiwonge 
Published: January 2015

Abstracte-Science is a pioneering method that uses integrated collections of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), or e-Infrastructures, to enable scientists across the world to collaboratively work on more and more ambitious projects. Have advances and access to ICTs enabled African e-Infrastructure development? This paper aims to understand the current state of e-Infrastructure uptake in Africa and present some of these initiatives across the African continent by exploring the current landscape emerging from a survey of early consumers. These initiatives are discussed in terms of key projects and user communities that they are addressing. In line with wider perceptions that e-Infrastructures will re-shape the ways research is performed, this study yielded 34 current or planned e-Infrastructure projects across 13 African countries addressing a range of research domains, and identified 7 user communities across these disciplines. Our findings suggest that the African research community is increasingly interested and involved in e-Infrastructure development activities in response to the issue of limited access to dedicated global research and education resources. The study can contribute to the ongoing discussion on how e-Infrastructures can positively promote the research, technological development and innovation potential of developing countries.
India’s West Asia Policy
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with what is mostly referred to as the Middle East, but which Indians consider West Asia —a regional designation that makes clear that this geostrategically critical area also lies in India’s own extended region. During the years of non-alignment, India’s diplomacy cultivated Iran and independent Arab countries. Its focus on Iran has not wavered, but as economic change and various conflicts in the region reshaped regional alliances, India’s policy evolved in the early 1990s, with the establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel. The chapter traces India’s adaptation to changes in a region and concludes that it enjoys positive relations with virtually all countries of the area. Indian ties with the Maghreb countries which are both African and Arab, as well as its important ties with Egypt, the Gulf, and Iraq, are also discussed.
Had a Distinct Template for a ‘Western Way of War’ been Established before 1800?
Authors: Parrott David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of the Western way of war. Since the seventeenth century, Western military superiority has rested on the ability of states and peoples to stay ahead of the game in developing cutting-edge military technology, both in wars between European powers and in European expansion into the wider world. However, a study of the military history also shows that in cases where there has been a great leap forward in pure military potential and effectiveness, many transformations have little to do with a single, or even a combination of, technological innovations. Many war-transforming developments were about organization and resources, not technology.
Changes in War
Authors: Broers Michael 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter begins with a survey of how the Revolutionary-Napoleonic wars were waged, followed by an analysis of how they were managed. The focus is on the Napoleonic, essentially French, armies because France set the pace of the wars, and so the military agendas of the era. The Prussian reform movement, the piecemeal emergence of a mass land army in Britain, the frustrated reforms of the Archduke Charles in Austria were all responses to the galvanizing of France, ‘the China of Europe’, into life.
What is Really Changing? Change and Continuity in Global Terrorism*
Authors: Cronin Audrey Kurth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following question: What is new, relevant, and enduring about the changing strategic environment in which al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups operate? And how will that context affect the evolving threat of global terrorism overall? It discusses five broad developments shaping twenty-first-century terrorism, specifically changes in motivation, method, mobilization, morphology, and mindset. It argues that this quintet will have staying power long beyond the demise of al-Qaeda, affecting future campaigns and the significance of the threat that arises from them.
Democracy and War in the Strategic Thought of Giulio Douhet
Authors: Hippler Thomas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the link between the changing character of war during the early twentieth century and the growing importance of democracy as a political value during the same period, with a focus on the development of the strategic doctrines of Giulio Douhet. Douhet’s strategic concepts address some of the key questions posed by the advent of mechanized mass warfare in the era of the First World War.
Religion in the War on Terror
Authors: Brahimi Alia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of religion in the war on terror. With al-Qaeda’s attacks on 9/11 and the Bush administration’s subsequent invasion of Iraq, the world was confronted by a situation in which both sides claimed to be acting in self-defence. It is argued that each side employed an expansive conception of self-defence that was ultimately informed by broadly religious factors. While religion was used, on both sides, in service of an expansive and more permissive conceptualization of just cause for war, so too was religion mobilized in opposition to such expansionism, as religious figures in the west and in Islam re-articulated the proper, and more limited, boundaries of the legitimate right of self-defence.
War without the People
Authors: Vennesson Pascal 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of why wars at the beginning of the twenty-first century have been comparatively more limited and restrained. Taking as a starting point the key Clausewitzian insight that the conduct of war is shaped in part by the domestic societal and political make-up of polities, it explores the idea that the wars and strategies of the last twenty years, from 1989 until 2009, have been affected by the overall decline in popular participation in politics. It presents two arguments. First, Clausewitz’s theory of war, particularly his argument about the influence of the social and political structures of polities on warfare, and his thoughts on the people provide a fruitful way to conceptualize the ways in which changing domestic political conditions might affect the character of war at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Second, the relative weakening of the people’s political participation has contributed to the changing character of war between 1989 and 2009, making it comparatively more limited and restrained.
Warlords
Authors: Marten Kimberly 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter aims to define the term ‘warlord’ in a way that is both analytically useful for social scientists interested in the changing character of warfare and broadly consistent with how the word has been used by historians and other scholars who have focused on warlords in older political systems, ranging from medieval Europe to Republican-era China. It discusses historical continuities and changes in the effects of warlordism on state-building. It argues that warlords today are neither state builders nor state destroyers. Instead they are state parasites and hence creatures of the state system, who thrive along the margins of existing states in the aftermath of violent conflict.
The Status and Protections of Prisoners of War and Detainees
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the transitory period between the breakdown of the ancien régime principles and practices during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the beginning of the codification of the law of armed conflict at the end of the nineteenth century; and the Lieber Code and the Brussels Declaration.
Target-Selection Norms, Torture Norms, and Growing US Permissiveness
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines two challenges to the fundamental norms of war. The first is the challenge by the US military to the internationally accepted norm specifying legitimate targets or, in the terms of international law, ‘military objectives’. The second is the challenge by US political leaders to the internationally accepted definition of torture. Efforts are underway to broaden the definition of military objective, so that attacks on a wider range of targets are permitted, at the same time as efforts to narrow the definition of torture, so that fewer forms of interrogation are prohibited. These changes move towards the direction of extreme permissiveness and away from moderating limits.
Functional Properties of Commingled Rice‐Cultivar Lots
Authors: Basutkar Nikhil N. , Siebenmorgen Terry J. , Wang Ya‐Jane , Patindol James A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTCommingling of rice cultivars commonly occurs during harvest, drying, and storage operations. Because different cultivars often have different functional properties, there is a need to study the impact of commingling on these properties. Two long‐grain hybrid (H) cultivars, CL XL745 and CL XL729, and two long‐grain pureline (P) cultivars, CL 151 and Wells, were used to prepare H/P, H/H, and P/P commingles in various proportions. Gelatinization and pasting properties of all individual lots and commingled samples were measured. When two cultivar lots with different onset gelatinization temperatures (Tos) were commingled, the To of the commingled sample was similar to the To of that cultivar in the commingle with the lower To. Tps, Tcs, and ΔHs of commingled samples generally increased or decreased according to the mass percentages of the cultivars in the samples. Peak, breakdown, and final viscosities of commingled samples also varied according to the mass percentages of the cultivars in the commingled samples. These findings are intended to help make decisions regarding cultivar commingling and to optimize process conditions and product characteristics, given the gelatinization and pasting properties of individual‐cultivar lots.
Detection of Fragments from Internal Insects in Wheat Samples Using a Laboratory Entoleter
Authors: Brabec Daniel L. , Pearson Thomas C. , Maghirang Elizabeth B. , Flinn Paul W. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA simple, rapid method that uses a small mechanical rotary device (entoleter) was developed for estimating insect fragment counts in flour caused by hidden, internal‐feeding insects in whole grains of hard red winter and soft red winter wheat. Known counts of preemergent adults, pupae, and larvae of lesser grain borers and rice weevils were blended with 500 g samples of uninfested wheat. The entoleter impeller speed was adjusted based on grain hardness and moisture content to obtain about ≈98% intact and ≈2–2.5% broken kernels in an uninfested sample. The entoleter flung the wheat kernels against a surrounding steel ring. Approximately 70–90% of the insect‐infested kernels, being weaker, released internal insect pieces upon impact. The broken kernels were sieved with number 10 and number 20 sieves to obtain large‐sieved and small‐sieved fractions, respectively. Insect pieces in sieved fractions were counted. The insect piece counts were correlated with the estimated flour fragments (R2 = 0.94). The entoleter method can distinguish samples of grain containing 0, 25, or 75 fragments in 50 g of flour, with greater than 95% confidence. The method can be performed in approximately 5 min per 500 g sample and could potentially be a cost‐effective method that grain handlers can use to inspect wheat loads for detecting insect damage and estimating insect fragments in flour.