bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World Production of Petroleum Substitutes
Authors: Garfias V.R. , Whetsel R.V. 
Published: June 2014

The present study is intended as a preliminary statistical survey of theworld's production of petroleum substitutes. The information presented isadmittedly deficient. It is believed, however, that the increasing importanceof these substitutes, particularly with Europe at war, justifies itspresentation at this time, if for no other reason than to encourage enlightenedpertinent discussion.
The world's production in 1939 of petroleum substitutes ? whichapproximately 97 per cent are direct substitutes for motor fuels ? istentatively estimated at 108,000,000 bbl., or equivalent to the combined outputof crude oil in 1939 of Rumania, Mexico and Colombia. With few exceptions, these figures of production represent also actual figures of consumption. TheUnited States, owing mainly to its output of natural gasoline, leads allcountries in the production of these products, with about 53 per cent of thetotal.
In European countries, particularly Germany, the imminence of war in 1939 forced an increase in production and improvement of methods of manufacturingmotor fuels, largely from coal, with the result that this country produced inthat year over 20,000,000 bbl. of substitutes. Since the beginning of.hostilities, substitutes have offered more and more the means of meeting theunfavorable balance between supply and demand in European countries; theincrease in production of these products being at least in part offset by thesystematic bombing of synthetic plants and oil storage.
T.P. 1274
New Method of Plotting Slant Holes
Authors: Atherton Tracy L. 
Published: June 2014

The mapping of slant-hole oil fields is complicated by the fact thatrelationships between wells are subject to variations in three dimensions andare not readily adaptable to representation on a plane surface. Formalizedperspectives usually expand into an undecipherable maze of lines and peg modelswith the necessary supporting dividers serve only to awe the beholder withtheir perplexity. The usual compromise arrived at is a plotting of theprojection of the courses of all of the wells in the field onto a horizontalplane (Fig. I). These complicated plots, when used in conjunction with theindividual vertical projections of the wells, heretofore have been the mostpractical foundation for the study of general field problems. This method hasmany shortcomings, however, which are not found in the recently developedstraight-hole equivalent projection method. The new method supplies a series ofmaps similar to the type now in common use in straight-hole fields. It isremarkably simple to use and supplies a ready check on clearances betweenwells. Perhaps the method can best be understood if the steps that led to itsdevelopment are described.
Common practice of oil-well surveyors is to supply the owner with a tabling ofthe survey and a plan view plotted against the true meridian. If a verticalprojection is plotted, it is usually plotted separately and shows verticaldepths against the projection of the stations along a section line joining thetop and bottom of the hole on the plan view. A more practical method would beto plot the section line of the plan parallel to the abscissa of the verticalprojection (Fig. 2). If this is done, any line parallel to the "baseline" will pass through the points on each projection that represent asingle point in the hole. Another very useful graph, which the well surveyorcould provide, would be plotting of vertical depths against measureddepths.
Fig. 3 illustrates the next step facilitated by this form of plotting. Thelines designated "well A" represent the proposed course of a hole to bedrilled. Superimposed on the drawing, in its proper relative position, is theplan view and a portion of the vertical projection of a present producer,"well B." From an inspection of the plan view we arrive at the correctconclusion that the only indicated possibility of collision is at the point ofcrossing of the wells on the plan view. Referring to the vertical projection, note that the vertical depths of stations on B, in the vicinity of thecrossing, are plotted on the same plane of projection as A. The clearance isthe indicated distance between the two vertical sections measured along theparallel to the "base line," which passes through the point ofintersection of the plan view. Repeat this process for the other wells crossingthe proposed course of A on the plan view and you have a preliminary check ofclearance for the proposed course.
T.P. 1283
Validity of Competition in a Natural Resource Industry
Authors: Gill John D. 
Published: June 2014

This paper assumes the incontrovertible nature of the statement that thevalidity of competition in the nonnatural resource industries is establishedfirmly on the rate and extent of the economic development of the United States.It then demonstrates the nonexistence of any condition within the petroleumindustry that would invalidate the principle of competition as applied to it.It points to the benefits that competition has effected in the oil industry andthe reasons why the practice of the competitive principle should continue tokeep the industry virile and progressive in meeting the requirements of futuregenerations for the kind of products natural to it. Finally, it pleads for aclearer view of the affairs of the oil industry by seeing them against abackground of the whole economy.

Introduction
Even a few years ago there would have been only an academic reason forpresenting before this Institute a paper on the validity of competition in theoil industry or any other natural resource industry; today there is no morepractical subject for this body to consider. In social importance it transcendsattempted solutions of perplexing technical problems; and even the numerouslegal and economic problems that grow out of administration of state regulatorymeasures appear to be of secondary importance because they would cease to existif competition were abolished.
The aspiration of certain elements of the Federal Government to acquirecontrol of the oil industry has long been suspected and so frequently indicatedas to need no documentation here. The President's attitude, as expressed in thefollowing statement from an open letter to Representative Cole, is noteworthybecause of its high authority:
The vital need for petroleum in the national defense ?confirms my belief inthe urgent need of Federal legislation to safeguard our petroleum supplythrough prevention of waste and by establishment and maintenance of soundeconomic conditions in-the oil industry?
But also it may be dismissed with this mere mention of it because itpredicates government control and the abandonment or broad reduction ofcompetition on a war emergency. Clearly, the fight for a nation's life mayjustify a government's control over men and resources that would be abhorrentand economically enervating under conditions of national security.
T.P. 1324
Production under Effective Water Drive as a Standard for Conservation Practice
Authors: DeGolyer E. 
Published: June 2014

The problem of good engineering practice and of good conservation practicein oil production is that of keeping gas in solution. This can best be done byproducing a field as a water-drive field. Some degree of water drive isbelieved to be present in most fields but in the past most fields have beenproduced too rapidly to allow water drive to be effective. Ultimate recoveryshould be 50 per cent greater for fields produced by water drive over that fromgas-expansion fields. Wide spacing will permit fields of low-degree water driveto be produced effectively as water-drive fields.

Introduction
Neglecting all the complicated scientific and technical argument that leadsto the conclusion, the solution of the problem of good production practice, ofgood engineering practice, and of good conservation practice in oil productionis to keep gas in solution. This can best be done by producing fields at a ratelow enough to make effective the water drive, which exists, it is generallybelieved, to a degree great enough to be made effective in more than 80 percent of the fields of the United States. Oil is being so produced in the TenSection field of California; the Hobbs field of New Mexico; the Yates, Hastings, Friendswood, Anahuac fields and the main sand of the Conroe pool, inTexas; the Magnolia pool in Arkansas, and doubtless in many other pools.
The measures of success in the efforts to achieve the solution of theproblem are the maintenance of bottom-hole pressure and the prevention of anincrease in gas-oil ratio. Some decline from the original bottom-hole pressureand the production of some gas are essential. A pressure gradient from thereservoir to the well is necessary and at least as much gas must be produced asthat in solution in a barrel of oil. Once the optimum pressure and the gas-oilratio have been established, they should be maintained.
T.P. 1340
Effect of Gravel on Unconsolidated Sands
Authors: Gumpertz Ben 
Published: June 2014

The important factors in any study of the screening of sand with a gravelenvelope, as applied to use in oil wells, are:gravel size upon sand migrationsand size and shapegravel size and shaperatio of gravel size tosand sizeflow velocityviscosity of the fluid.
Perhaps the first extensive investigation of the function of gravel inscreening sand was performed by Coberly and Wagner,' from which the followingconclusion was drawn: "The diameter of the largest grains in a singleclassified sand suitable for gravel packing is approximately 13 times the grainsize at the ten-percentile analysis of the formation sample." This appliesto sands classified by Tyler screens and is for gravel grains of the maximumsize that could be used to form a stable bridge. Field practice has shown thatthe screening effect of a given gravel for a given sand apparently varies withthe flow velocity. 2 Also, it has been assumed by some operators that thethickness of the walls of the gravel envelope surrounding the well has littleeffect upon the screening process. It is thought by others that a narrowenvelope of gravel might form an ineffective screen. Thus the purposes of thiswork are:To investigate the effect of gravel-sand size ratio upon screening actionunder the condition of varying flow velocities.To investigate the effect upon screening action of varying the thickness ofthe gravel screen.To investigate sand migration in the gravel screen and the effect of flowvelocity and gravel size upon sand migration.

Description of Apparatus
In an attempt to reproduce field conditions for the purposes of thisinvestigation, a flow tube was constructed, according to the manner of Uren, torepresent a radial drainage segment of an oil sand.
To arrive at the dimensions of the flow tube, a radial drainage segment ofrectangular cross section was assumed to define an area of 2 sq. in. on theface of a well 6 in. in diameter. From this the dimensions of the segment werecalculated out to a distance of 5 ft. from the face of the well. By computingcross-sectional areas at a number of sections along the rectangular segment andtransforming these areas into the circular form, a drainage cone was obtainedhaving everywhere the same cross-sectional area as the drainage element ofrectangular cross section.
To construct the apparatus, two sections of pipe of 7 5/8 in. inside diameter, one 13 in. and the other 4 ft. long, were joined by a bolted flange. A mandrelhaving the dimensions of the drainage cone was centered in the pipe and a neatcement mixture was cast around it. A protective gasket was placed between thetwo sections of pipe so that the cement body could be separated at that point.When the mandrel was withdrawn a drainage cone was obtained
A round slotted screen, which could be screwed up against the end of thedrainage cone, held the gravel in place.
T.P. 1195
Measurements of the Viscosities of Oils under Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Hocott C.R. , Buckley Stuart E. 
Published: June 2014

The viscosity of the oil in the reservoir is one of the properties thatinfluence its movement through the sand to producing wells. Measurements ofviscosity, therefore, are pertinent to problems associated with well behaviorand with the estimation of recoveries, and afford an indirect means for partialevaluation of various methods of controlling reservoir behavior. The effect ofdissolved gases on the viscosity of crude oil has been determined, but no datahave been published on the viscosity of representative samples of reservoiroils, This paper describes a simple instrument that has been used to determinethe viscosities of a number of subsurface oil samples at the temperatures andpressures existing in the reservoirs, and presents the results of thedeterminations for typical fields.

Construction of the Apparatus
The principal requirements of any instrument used for the examination ofsubsurface samples are that it be strong and simple both in design and inmethod of operation. Accuracy beyond that of the degree of reproducibility ofsubsurface samples from various wells in a reservoir or exceeding that of thecommon measurements of reservoir temperatures and pressures is not required.Because of the expense of procuring subsurface samples, it is necessary alsothat the instrument operate on a relatively small fraction of a sample, leavingthe remainder for other tests, and that there be few or no failures of the equipment to cause undue delay orloss of a sample.
After preliminary experiments with a falling bullet, the results of which werenot satisfactory, a simple viscosimeter was built of the rolling ball typefirst proposed by Flowers and later used by several investigators. Theapparatus consists essentially of a removable, accurately bored cylindricalbarrel of 1/4-in. nominal internal diameter, 8 in. long, in which a closely fitting steel ball rolls through the oil with thebarrel inclined at a definite angle, The ball makes contact at one end of thebarrel with an insulated electrode, closing an electrical circuit, whichactuates a buzzer. The measurements consist essentially in determining the timerequired for the ball to travel the length of the barrel.
The details of the construction are shown in Fig. 1. The barrel in which theball rolls was made from a section of 2s-caliber blank rifle barrel, speciallybored to an exact uniform diameter and polished. The barrel slides snugly intoa hole bored in a solid stainless-steel cylinder, an upper external shoulder ofthe barrel compressing a small spring, and is held in place by a hollow nut.The spring prevents the barrel from seating against the bottom of the boredhole in the cylinder, while narrow external longitudinal slots in the barrelpermit fluid to flow around it and through the bottom.
T.P. 1220
Pressure Distribution about a Slotted Liner in a Producing Oil Well
Authors: Miller Frank G. 
Published: June 2014

The lower cost of producing oil from naturally flowing wells compared withproduction costs accruing from artificial lifting methods has stimulated muchresearch, with the joint purpose of extending the natural flowing life of wellsand of increasing the productivity of small wells. The laboratory investigationdescribed herein was made to determine the effect of a slotted liner on thepressure gradient in the vicinity of the wall of a flowing well. Flowrestrictions caused by the liner induce energy losses between the oil-bearingformation and the inside of the liner, which may be reduced by improved linerdesign, and thereby the flow capacity of wells may be increased. These losseshave been evaluated for rectangular slots of different sizes, and means aresuggested for reducing them.
The dearth of information concerning the nature of the flow of fluids fromunconsolidated sands through small openings in the walls of pipes-asrepresented by the flow of oil from an oil sand into a slotted liner-isacknowledged. Although the benefits to be realized by operators through the useof optimum liners is just beginning to be recognized generally, Coberly in 1937pointed out that the functioning of screen casing is an important factor in theproduction of oil. From his study on the selection of size of oil strings forwells in California, Parks concluded, in part, that the perforated section ofthe oil string deserves continued study, especially with respect to theselection of perforations.
The growing use of gravel packing resulting from certain research findingslends even more significance to the problem of selecting optimum liners, as theapplication of these methods usually requires slotted liners or other kinds ofperforated liners.
The present study was made to, obtain further information for the guidance ofengineers and operators in selecting slotted liners and to develop a laboratorymethod that may be used in analyzing possible pressure conditions surroundingmost types of perforated casings used in producing oil wells, so that thepresent inadequate fund of knowledge on this important subject may beexpanded.

Discussion of Problem
At the beginning of the investigation the following assumptions were maderegarding bottom-hole conditions of a producing oil well and the oil-sandreservoir it penetrates:Conditions of steady-state flow existasingle-phase homogeneous liquid is being producedno contaminatingmaterial (such as drilling fluid) is present between the liner and the face ofthe oilbearing sandthe well is vertical and completely penetrates ahorizontal sand stratum of uniform thickness occurring between two impermeablestratathe flow is wholly viscous.
T.P. 1222
Volumetric Behavior of Oil and Gas from the Rio Bravo Field
Authors: Sage B.H. , Reamer H.H. 
Published: June 2014

Attempts have been made to predict the volumetric and phase behavior ofnaturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures but these methods have not beenextended to the higher pressures and temperatures that are currentlyencountered in some producing formations. Furthermore, the methods ofprediction at present available have not been tested in a sufficient number ofcases to ensure their applicability to all naturally occurring hydrocarbonmixtures, even at the lower pressures and temperatures. For these reasons thebehavior of a number of hydrocarbon mixtures from a field in which thesubsurface pressures are above 4500 lb. per sq. in. and the temperatures are inthe neighborhood of 250F was investigated.

Methods
The objective of this program was to determine the volumetric behavior ofmaterial as it existed in the reservoir as a function of pressure, temperatureand composition. Strictly speaking, this cannot be accomplished in any simplefashion. However, the variations in composition that are encountered within aproducing reservoir my be approximated roughly by means of mixturers made up oftwo arbitrarily chosen constituents. Experience indicates that the liquid andgas phases from a high-pressure gas trap afford a simple source of material forthis purpose. Throughout this discussion the samples of the gas phase andliquid phase from the production trap will be called the "trap-gassample" and the "trap-liquid sample" respectively.
The volumetric behavior of both of the trap samples wasdetermined throughout the temperature interval between 100F and 250F atpressures up to 5000 lb. per sq. in. In addition, the behavior of eightdifferent mixtures containing varying proportions of the two trap samples wasstudied throughout the same temperature and pressure intervals. Theexperimental results yielded information concerning the specific volume of thematerial as a function of pressure, temperature and the relative quantity ofthe trap samples.
The relative amount of each of the paraffinhydrocarbons of lower molecular weight than n-hexane was determined for each ofthe trap samples. In addition, the specific weight, viscosityandaverage molecular weight of the hexanes-and-heavier fraction of thetrap samples and eight systematically chosen mixtures.

Materials
The gas and liquid samples were obtained from the production trap of a well inthe Rio Bravo field in California durring the fall of 1939.
T.P. 1251
Productivity Index and Measurable Reservoir Characteristics
Authors: Lewis James A. , Horner William L. , Stekoll Marion 
Published: June 2014

The data in this paper show a relationship between measured productivityindex and certain commonly measured reservoir characteristics. Comparison ismade of theoretical radial flow assuming certain drainage radii and thetentative relationship shown by these data. Among the more importantmeasurements found to correlate with productivity index are permeability, formation thickness, oil viscosity at reservoir conditions, andformation-volume factor.

Introduction
The need for reliable means of predicting rates of fluid flow into wells hasbeen recognized for a number of years. As early as 1898, physical measurementsof the sand to determine productivity were described by Slichter and King as anaid in the determination of water supply. The United States Geological Surveyhas made frequent use of permeability measurements on samples of water sand toaid in predicting the rates of flow from wells, and practical applications ofpermeability data to problems of water-flooding have been made since 1932.
It is now becoming widely recognized that the economics of well spacing andfield operations may be solved only after evaluation of several factorsinfluencing subsurface flow. A number of papers published during the past fewyears indicate the possibility of determining the productivity index of oilwells from permeability and other factors, but these contributions have dealtprimarily with the theoretical relationships involved and were not intended tofurnish results that could be used to determine a working equation forpredicting well performance from laboratory tests.
In this paper, reliable determinations of productivity index are given for anumber of wells, together with some significant results from core analyses andbottom-hole sample analyses.
T.P. 1467