bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of the restiid clade (Poales) and implications for the classification of Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Australian Restionaceae
Authors: Briggs Barbara G. , Marchant Adam D. , Perkins Andrew J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThree families, Anarthriaceae, Restionaceae and Centrolepidaceae, are generally recognised in the restiid clade of Poales. A new phylogeny is presented, with fuller sampling of Australian taxa, based on analyses of trnL‐F, trnK and rbcL data from the chloroplast genome. The findings agree with the major groups shown in previous molecular studies but provide a more substantial basis for reviewing the classification at family and generic levels. Anarthriaceae is sister to Restionaceae, with Anarthria sister to Lyginia+Hopkinsia. Centrolepidaceae, on an extremely long branch, appears embedded in Restionaceae in Bayesian trees; although it appears as sister to Restionaceae in analyses that are more subject to long‐branch attraction (in parsimony analyses and those of data from the less‐conserved trnL‐F cpDNA region). Accepting the embedded position, which would make this a subfamily of Restionaceae, the basal division in the Restionaceae separates the African subfamily Restionoideae from the Australasian clade (Sporadanthoideae, Centrolepidoideae, Leptocarpoideae). In subfamily Leptocarpoideae, Eurychorda forms the basal branch. At the next dichotomy the Leptocarpus clade, together with the Winifredia clade, is separated from a diverse assemblage including Loxocarya, Chordifex, Baloskion, Desmocladus, Lepidobolus and allied genera. The phylogeny indicates that several currently recognised genera are not monophyletic and that changes to the generic classification are required. A matrix of morphological characters was prepared and these were mapped onto the Bayesian consensus DNA tree to identify synapomorphies of the clades and genera. Observations on leaf laminae indicate that fully or partially unifacial leaf laminae are a synapomorphy of the restiid clade. The morphological characterisation of the following are considered: the restiid clade, Anarthriaceae, Restionaceae enlarged to include subfamily Centrolepidoideae, Leptocarpus s.l. (including as potential synonyms Meeboldina and Stenotalis) and Desmocladus s.l. (including potentially Harperia, Onychosepalum and Kulinia).
Complete genomic congruence but non‐monophyly of Cymodocea (Cymodoceaceae), a small group of seagrasses
Authors: Petersen Gitte , Seberg Ole , Short Frederick T. , Fortes Miguel D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Cymodoceaceae is a small family of five genera (Amphibolis, Cymodocea, Halodule, Syringodium, Thalassodendron) that are easily recognizable when reproductive organs are present. To test monophyly of the five genera and clarify relationships among them, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted on data from two plastid genes and four mitochondrial genes. Most extraordinarily, the two genomic data partitions are completely congruent with an incongruence length difference of zero. However, the molecular data show that Cymodocea is non‐monophyletic. The taxonomic consequences will be either to split Cymodocea into two genera, to merge all genera except Halodule, or to merge Syringodium with one or two species of Cymodocea. Though monophyly of Cymodocea is strongly contradicted, the necessary taxonomic changes should not be made until a more strongly supported resolution of some relationships has been attained, and a few critical species have been added to the phylogeny.
Lectotypification of Linnaean names in the genus Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe typification of the names Amaranthus flavus L., A. mangostanus L., A. polygamus L., A. sanguineus L. and A. tristis L. (Amaranth aceae) are discussed as well as their current recognition. Specimens from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) are designated as lectotypes for these four names. Amaranthus mangostanus, A. polygamus and A. tristis are treated as synonyms of A. tricolor L., while A. flavus and A. sanguineus are synonyms of A. cruentus L.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the arctic‐alpine genus Lagotis (Plantaginaceae)
Authors: Li Guo-Dong , Kim Changkyun , Zha Hong-Guang , Zhou Zhuo , Nie Ze-Long , Sun Hang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt has been suggested that many plants now found in the arctic originated from ancestors that occurred at high altitudes in the southern mountains of the Northern Hemisphere during the Tertiary. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested using a molecular phylogenetic approach. Here, we present a fossil‐calibrated molecular phylogeny of Lagotis, an arctic‐alpine genus with the greatest diversity in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and Central Asian mountains, based on five chloroplast (matK, psbA‐trnH, rps16, trnG‐S, trnL‐F) and nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA markers. Within this framework, we infer the ancestral area and biogeographic history of the genus. Four major clades (A–D) within Lagotis were recovered with strong support, which largely correspond to the previous classification of the genus. Within clade A, Lagotis species from QTP were distributed among several subclades, and L. integrifolia from Central Asia was sister to L. glauca and L. minor from the arctic and subarctic region. The Bayesian molecular dating and the ancestral area reconstruction analyses suggested that Lagotis could have originated in the QTP in the Miocene (Tertiary), and that the genus radiated from the Miocene to Pleistocene. The diversification of Lagotis probably took place predominantly in the QTP and it subsequently spread to the Central Asian highlands, followed by northward migration into the arctic. Our results support the hypothesis that the “Central Asiatic Highland Corridor” as an important route for the migration of the flora between the arctic and QTP.
Lectotypification of names of lichen taxa described by Ödön Szatala
Authors: Şenkardeşler Ayhan , Lőkös László , Farkas Edit 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Hungarian lichenologist Ödön Szatala described 169 species and infraspecific taxa, with a majority of these being based on his own collections. He also described taxa from material sent to him for identification. In this study, original material for 27 names (Aspicilia latiloba, A. microspora var. astroidea, A. microspora var. insensibilis, A. subpercaena, Bacidia rhodi, Buellia samothrakiana, Catillaria lenticularis var. transsilvatica, C. servitii, C. zsakii, Dermatocarpon fuscatum, Diplotomma alboatrum var. virescens, Lecania nylanderiana var. ochracea, Lecanora atra var. aegaeica, L. cengiae‐samboae, L. rhodi, Lecidea aegaeica, L. aegaeica f. acrustacea, L. aegaeica f. albida, L. aegaeica var. verruculosa, L. euphorea f. decussata, L. iranica, L. stigmatea f. armeniaca, Pertusaria baskalensis, Physcia grisea var. elbursiana, Placodiella olivacea var. stampaliana, Porina rechingeri and Verrucaria filarszkyana) of taxa described by Szatala and based on material collected by others from Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was examined, and lectotypes were chosen. In addition, Catillaria servitii has been found to be the earliest name for C. praedicta.
A Study of Higher Order Terms in Shallow Water Waves via Modified PLK Method
Authors: Demiray Hilmi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this work, by utilizing the modified PLK (Poincare-Lighthill-Kou) method, we studied the propagation of weakly nonlinear waves in a shallow water theory and obtained the Korteweg-deVries (KdV) and the linearized KdV equations with non-homogeneous term as the governing equations of various order terms in the perturbation expansion. The result obtained here is exactly the same with that of Kodama and Taniuti [6], who employed the so-called “re-normalization method”. Seeking a progressive wave solution to these evolution equations we obtained the speed correction terms so as to remove some possible secularities. The result obtained here is consistent with the results of Demiray [12], wherein the modified reductive perturbation method had been utilized.
Changes in morphology and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol foils induced by Congo red dye concentration and stretching degree
Authors: Zelinschi Carmen Beatrice , Stoica Iuliana , Dorohoi Dana Ortansa 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
To establish correlations between the optical and morphological properties of anisotropic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foils containing Congo red (CR) dye in various concentrations, characteristics such as degree of crystallinity, dichroic ratio, order parameter, birefringence, surface morphology, and three-dimensional texture parameters were estimated before and after stretching. An increase in morphological and optical anisotropy with the degree of stretching has been evidenced for both pure and CR-containing PVA foils, this behavior being facilitated by the presence of the dye. The study of these properties lays the foundation for understanding the circumstances in which PVA foils containing CR can be used as polarizing filters.
Performance study of polyurethane/silicon carbide composite repairing asphalt pavements
Authors: Li Li , Li Ji , Zhao Yali , Li Wanjie , Wang Hongbin , Yao Liang 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Polyurethane (PU)/silicon carbide composites, which can rapidly repair cracked asphalt pavements, were synthesized by addition polymerization. The materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical performance tests. Liquid diphenylmethane diisocyanate (L-MDI) type prepolymer/toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80) type prepolymer weight ratio, curing agent and silane coupling agent 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) were investigated mainly in this paper. In addition, silicon carbide was treated with KH550. Results show that the crystal structure of silicon carbide had subtle changes and the correct amount of KH550 can enhance the mechanical performance and thermal endurance.
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Nani Babu M. , Sasikala G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
For the integrity assessment and damage-tolerant design of components operating at elevated temperatures under cyclic loading conditions, evaluation of fatigue crack growth (FCG) properties in the threshold and Paris regimes is important. The FCG behaviors of a modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (P91) and SS 316L(N) for applications in the prototype fast breeder reactor to be commissioned shortly at Kalpakkam, India have been studied extensively in our laboratory over a wide range of temperatures. Some aspects of high-temperature FCG observed in these investigations will be reviewed in this paper. It has been observed that for many engineering alloys, dynamic strain aging plays an important role in the temperature-dependent variations in deformation and fracture behavior, including the FCG parameters. Another important aspect in deciding the FCG behavior is the crack closure behavior, the mechanisms of which may vary with temperature. Effect of crack closure and DSA on the FCG properties of P91 steel and SS 316L(N) welds will be discussed. The DSA mechanism has been identified from the activation energy for the process determined from the temperature dependence of the crack tip strain rates. During FCG of engineering materials, there can be stress shielding at the crack tip because of various factors, like crack bridging, branching, closure, etc. Effect of stress shielding at the crack tip at different conditions was quantified using a procedure incorporating the inter relations between compliance, crack length, and stress intensity factor. The paper will summarize the results of the above studies.
In-situ TEM studies of ion-irradiation induced bubble development and mechanical deformation in model nuclear materials
Authors: Donnelly S E , Greaves G , Hinks J A , Pawley C J , Beaufort M-F , Barbot J-F , Oliviero E , Webb R P 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe MIAMI* facility at the University of Huddersfield is one of a number of facilities worldwide that permit the ion irradiation of thin foils in-situ in a transmission electron microscope. MIAMI has been developed with a particular focus on enabling the in-situ implantation of helium and hydrogen into thin electron transparent foils, necessitating ion energies in the range 1 – 10 keV. In addition, however, ions of a variety of species can be provided at energies of up to 100 keV (for singly charged ions), enabling studies to focus on the build up of radiation damage in the absence or presence of implanted gas.This paper reports on a number of ongoing studies being carried out at MIAMI, and also at JANNuS (Orsay, France) and the IVEM / Ion Accelerator Facility (Argonne National Lab, US). This includes recent work on He bubbles in SiC and Cu; the former work concerned with modification to bubble populations by ion and electron beams and the latter project concerned with the formation of bubble super-lattices in metals.A study is also presented consisting of experiments aimed at shedding light on the origins of the dimensional changes known to occur in nuclear graphite under irradiation with either neutrons or ions. Single crystal graphite foils have been irradiated with 60 keV Xe ions in order to create a non-uniform damage profile throughout the foil thickness. This gives rise to varying basal-plane contraction throughout the foil resulting in almost macroscopic (micron scale) deformation of the graphite. These observations are presented and discussed with a view to reconciling them with current understanding of point defect behavior in graphite.*Microscope and Ion Accelerator for Materials Investigations
Proliferation and Adhesion of L929 Fibroblasts on Surface with Different Microtopography
Authors: Kurashina Yuta , Miyata Shogo , Komotori Jun , Koyama Tadayoshi 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThree types of 316L stainless steel surface with different topography were prepared by a Fine Particle Peening (FPP) treatment using titania, silica and alumina shot particles and analyzed the cell proliferation and cell-scaffold interaction. FPP-treated surface with titania and silica particles had micro asperities at low frequency. On the other hand, the alumina treated surface had micro asperities at high frequency. L929 fibroblasts were seeded on these specimens and then the number of cells was counted after 72 hours of culturing. The FPP-treated surfaces showed good cell proliferation comparing to polished surface. This indicates that micro asperities formed on the surface encourage cell adhesion. Cell adhesion behavior was evaluated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a fluorescence microscope. Dense filopodia were observed when cells cultured on the FPP-treated surface. This means that FPP treatment enhances cell adhesion and proliferation. The number of cells observed on the FPP-treated surface depended on the shape of asperities formed by FPP treatment; the highest cell counts were obtained on alumina treated surface. This is because cell migration was not inhibited by the shape of alumina treated surface asperities.
Satyam Fraud: A Case Study of India's Enron
Authors: Brown Veena L. , Daugherty Brian E. , Persellin Julie S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
This case provides students a unique opportunity to examine and reflect on the challenges of auditing in today's global environment. Students examine a real-world billion dollar plus embezzlement and fraud at Satyam Corporation, an international company based in India and previously trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The case focuses on auditors' responsibilities related to obtaining and evaluating audit evidence, particularly as it relates to confirming cash and receivables. It also explores the quality control responsibilities related to audit procedures performed by foreign affiliates of a large international audit firm. The case illustrates the role of culture in performing an audit in accordance with auditing standards issued by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Additionally, case details provide opportunities for class discussions and foster students' critical thinking skills on other auditing topics such as audit risk and planning, related party transactions, tone-at-the-top, and internal control deficiencies. By using a foreign issuer to explore these issues, the case highlights both the technical and international challenges of performing auditing procedures.
Farm Tourism Across Europe
Authors: Potočnik-Slavič Irma , Schmitz Serge 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBased on evidence from nine countries (UK, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Croatia, Slovenia, and Ireland), this special issue analyses the fabrics of farm tourism in Europe. It identifies two main development trends: on one hand, a small scale and dispersed activities, at the other hand a product in response to tourist market demand. A brief overview of existing farm tourism practices in the European rural areas indicated an interesting interface between the forms and dimension of farm tourism embeddedness in local environment and at the same time, the ways and range of internationalization of farm tourism business
Farm Tourism in Wales. Products and Markets, Resources and Capabilities. The Experience of Six Farm Tourism Operators
Authors: Talbot Mandy 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWales’ high quality natural environment is a key attraction for tourists from more urban parts of the UK and this has provided opportunities for many farmers to diversify into tourism. This study provides a qualitative examination of the experience of six farm tourism operators, whose businesses are performing well. The study examines the farm tourism operators’ resources and capabilities and how these have contributed towards the performance of their businesses in order to provide examples to other farmers. The study identifies the key resources that farmers have drawn on in creating their tourism products and found these to be: a favourable location, the working farm, farm land and buildings, farm produce, the farm family, the farmer’s business ethos and the business’s reputation. It also highlights the market appeal of these resources to different tourist markets. The research also finds that this group of farmers has demonstrated the necessary capabilities to transform their resources into tourism products that meet evolving market needs. The study highlights that farmers have identified market gaps, niches and trends to cater for in developing their businesses and that they have focused on maintaining the quality and utility of their tourism product. It found that these factors have influenced their business performance. The study also examines the extent to which agriculture (in this case the working farm and farm produce) features as part of the farm tourism product. It concludes that there is scope for a greater focus on agriculture in the farm tourism sector in Wales and that this could create a stronger farm tourism product.
Morphological characterisation and diagnostics of Xiphinema non-americanum group species (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Romania using mutiplex PCR
Authors: Groza M. , Lazarova S. , Costache C. , Luca F. , Rosca I. , Fanelli E. , Peneva V. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Additional data on the occurrence and distribution of Xiphinema non-americanum group species in Romania are provided. Xiphinema diversicaudatum, X. index, X. vuittenezi and X. italiae were recovered from vineyards and cherry fruit trees; adults and juvenile stages were described and analysed and the morphology/variability discussed. Multiplex PCR diagnostic test using species-specific primers designed by Wang et al. (2003) yielded amplification products with expected lengths for all screened populations of these four species. Two ribosomal markers (D2-D3 28 LSU rDNA and ITS) were sequenced and ITS RFLP patterns were obtained from two X. vuittenezi populations, which have shown some morphological differences. Comparatively low level of interpopulation genetic dissimilarity (<1 %) was revealed for both markers (for D2D3 — 0.5 %; for ITS — 0.7 %). Both populations of X. vuittenezi studied produced identical ITS-RFLP specific pattern that clearly identify this species.
The Capacity to Restore Steady Gait After a Step Modification Is Reduced in People With Poststroke Foot Drop Using an Ankle-Foot Orthosis
Authors: van Swigchem Roos , Roerdink Melvyn , Weerdesteyn Vivian , Geurts Alexander C. , Daffertshofer Andreas 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundA reduced capacity to modify gait to the environment may contribute to the risk of falls in people with poststroke foot drop using an ankle-foot orthosis.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify their capacity to restore steady gait after a step modification.DesignThis was a cross-sectional, observational study.MethodsNineteen people in the chronic phase (&gt;6 months) after stroke (mean age=55.0 years, SD=10.1) and 20 people of similar age (mean age=54.6 years, SD=12.0) who were able-bodied were included. Participants were instructed to avoid obstacles that were suddenly released in front of the paretic leg (stroke group) or left leg (control group) while walking on a treadmill. Outcomes were success rates of obstacle avoidance as well as post-crossing step length, step duration, hip flexion angle at foot-strike, and peak hip extension of the steps measured within 10 seconds following obstacle release.ResultsSuccess rates of obstacle avoidance were lower for people poststroke. Moreover, their first post-crossing step length and duration (ie, the nonparetic step) deviated more from steady gait than those of people in the control group (ie, the right step), with lower values for people poststroke. Similar deviations were observed for post-crossing hip flexion and extension excursions.LimitationsPeople poststroke were relatively mildly impaired and used an ankle-foot orthosis, which may limit the generalizability of the results to other populations poststroke.ConclusionsPeople with poststroke foot drop using an ankle-foot orthosis had reduced gait adaptability, as evidenced by lower success rates of obstacle avoidance as well as an impaired capacity to restore steady gait after crossing an obstacle. The latter finding unveils their difficulty in incorporating step modifications in ongoing gait.