bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharing schistosomes: the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi also infects the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Devkota R. , Brant S.V. , Thapa A. , Loker E.S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBecause the digenetic trematode fauna of Nepal is poorly known, we began to search for schistosomes in and around Chitwan National Park (CNP) of southern Nepal. Both domestic and wild Indian elephants (Elephus maximus) are present, and we found one of two dung samples from wild elephants and 1 of 22 (4.5%) dung samples from domestic elephants to be positive for schistosome eggs. The morphology of the eggs and both cox1 and 28S sequences derived from the eggs/miracidia were consistent with Bivitellobilharzia nairi, reported here for the first time from Nepal. Also, 7 of 14 faecal samples from the Asian or greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) contained viable eggs indistinguishable from those of B. nairi. This identification was confirmed by comparison with both cox1 and 28S sequences from B. nairi eggs/miracidia derived from Nepalese and Sri Lankan elephants. This represents the first sequence-verified identification of a schistosome from any species of rhinoceros, and the first verified occurrence of a representative of Bivitellobilharzia (a genus of ‘elephant schistosomes’) in mammals other than elephants. Our work suggests that elephants and rhinos share B. nairi in CNP, even though these two members of the ‘charismatic megafauna’ belong to unrelated mammalian families. Their shared life style of extensive contact with freshwater habitats likely plays a role, although the snail intermediate host and mode of definitive host infection for B. nairi have yet to be documented. This report also supports Bivitellobilharzia as a monophyletic group and its status as a distinct genus within Schistosomatidae.
Subsyndromal depression in the United States: prevalence, course, and risk for incident psychiatric outcomes
Authors: Pietrzak R. H. , Kinley J. , Afifi T. O. , Enns M. W. , Fawcett J. , Sareen J. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSubsyndromal depression (SD) may increase risk for incident major depressive and other disorders, as well as suicidality. However, little is known about the prevalence, course, and correlates of SD in the US general adult population.MethodStructured diagnostic interviews were conducted to assess DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders in a nationally representative sample of 34 653 US adults who were interviewed at two time-points 3 years apart.ResultsA total of 11.6% of US adults met study criteria for lifetime SD at Wave 1. The majority (9.3%) had <5 total symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depression; the remainder (2.3%) reported ⩾5 symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depression, but denied clinically significant distress or functional impairment. SD at Wave 1 was associated with increased likelihood of developing incident major depression [odds ratios (ORs) 1.72–2.05], as well as dysthymia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at Wave 2 (ORs 1.41–2.92). Among respondents with SD at Wave 1, Cluster A and B personality disorders, and worse mental health status were associated with increased likelihood of developing incident major depression at Wave 2.ConclusionsSD is prevalent in the US population, and associated with elevated rates of Axis I and II psychopathology, increased psychosocial disability, and risk for incident major depression, dysthymia, social phobia, and GAD. These results underscore the importance of a dimensional conceptualization of depressive symptoms, as SD may serve as an early prognostic indicator of incident major depression and related disorders, and could help identify individuals who may benefit from preventive interventions.
Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders
Authors: Ball T. Manber , Ramsawh H. J. , Campbell-Sills L. , Paulus M. P. , Stein M. B. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe mechanisms that contribute to emotion dysregulation in anxiety disorders are not well understood. Two common disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD), were examined to test the hypothesis that both disorders are characterized by hypo-activation in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during emotion regulation. A competing hypothesis that GAD in particular is characterized by PFC hyper-activation during emotion regulation (reflecting overactive top-down control) was also evaluated.MethodTwenty-two medication-free healthy control (HC), 23 GAD, and 18 PD participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a task that required them to reappraise (i.e. reduce) or maintain emotional responses to negative images.ResultsGAD participants reported the least reappraisal use in daily life, and reappraisal use was inversely associated with anxiety severity and functional impairment in these participants. During fMRI, HCs demonstrated greater activation during both reappraisal and maintenance than either GAD or PD participants (who did not differ) in brain areas important for emotion regulation (e.g. dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC). Furthermore, across all anxious participants, activation during reappraisal in dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC was inversely associated with anxiety severity and functional impairment.ConclusionsEmotion dysregulation in GAD and PD may be the consequence of PFC hypo-activation during emotion regulation, consistent with insufficient top-down control. The relationship between PFC hypo-activation and functional impairment suggests that the failure to engage PFC during emotion regulation may be part of the critical transition from dispositionally high anxiety to an anxiety disorder.
Prevalence and correlates of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in a sample of men who have sex with men in eastern China
Authors: ZHANG T. , LIN H. , MINHAS V. , ZHU W. , WOOD C. , HE N. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A total of 208 subjects were recruited from eastern China from 2008 to 2009. Plasma samples were collected and screened for KSHV, HIV and syphilis. Overall, KSHV seroprevalence was 32·7% in the subjects. About 92·7% of subjects reported having ever had anal sex with a man, of whom 67·8% had receptive anal sex and 77·9% had insertive anal sex. About 93·1% of the study participants reported having had oral sex with a man, of whom 76·0% had receptive oral sex and 56·7% had insertive oral sex. KSHV seropositivity was independently associated with receptive anal sex [odds ratio (OR) 2·68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·15–6·23], syphilis (OR 3·25, 95% CI 1·56–6·76) and HSV-2 infection (OR 2·40, 95% CI 1·09–5·26). KSHV infection is highly prevalent and is probably sexually transmitted among MSM in eastern China.
R-wave synchronised atrial pacing in post-operative junctional ectopic tachycardia using a transoesophageal pacemaker
Authors: Entenmann Andreas , Reineker Katja , Kramer Hans-Heiner 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe report the first case of R-wave synchronised atrial pacing using a transoesophageal pacemaker. A 3-month-old baby developed a junctional ectopic tachycardia after surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect. R-wave synchronised atrial pacing with an external pacemaker was not possible owing to dislocation of the atrial epimyocardial pacing wires. Therefore, a temporary oesophageal pacemaker was connected in series to the external pacemaker to allow transoesophageal atrial pacing triggered by the preceding ventricular actions.
Mechanism of autograft insufficiency after the Ross operation in children
Authors: Goda Motohiko , Gewillig Marc , Eyskens Benedicte , Heying Ruth , Cools Bjorn , Rega Filip , Meyns Bart 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear how autografts grow and dilate after the Ross operation in children. We analysed autograft growth and dilatation in children who underwent the Ross operation and examined the relationship of these factors to autograft failure.MethodsFrom our institutional database, we retrospectively identified 33 children who underwent the Ross operation without aortic root reinforcement (mean age 9.9 years) and had normal body measurements and echocardiographic data throughout follow-up.ResultsAutograft insufficiency developed in 10 patients 5.1 years after the Ross operation. The average Z score at the development of autograft insufficiency was −0.1 (range from −2.0 to 6.1). The proportions of patients who remained free of autograft insufficiency at 5 and 10 years were 87.2% and 55.7%, respectively. A consistent trend in the time course of Z score was not found in any age group studied.ConclusionsAutograft growth and dilation after the Ross operation varied widely among patients, and the incidence of autograft insufficiency was independent of annulus size.
Association between WHO cut-offs for childhood overweight and obesity and cardiometabolic risk
Authors: de Onis Mercedes , Martínez-Costa Cecilia , Núñez Francisco , Nguefack-Tsague Georges , Montal Angeles , Brines Juan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between cardiovascular risk and childhood overweight and obesity using the BMI cut-offs recommended by the WHO.DesignChildren were classified as normal weight, overweight and obese according to the WHO BMI-for-age reference. Blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and uric acid levels were compared across BMI groups. ANOVA and tests of linearity were used to assess overall mean differences across groups. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for adverse plasma levels of biochemical variables.SettingPaediatric care centres.SubjectsChildren (n149) aged 8–18 years.ResultsAbout 37 %, 22 % and 41 % of children were classified respectively as normal weight, overweight and obese. There were significant linear mean differences between BMI groups in systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, TAG, insulin, HOMA-IR and uric acid. Obese children were 10·6 times more likely than normal-weight children to have hypertension; OR for other associations were 60·2 (high insulin), 39·5 (HOMA-IR), 27·9 (TAG), 16·0 (HDL-cholesterol), 4·3 (LDL-cholesterol) and 3·6 (uric acid). Overweight children were more likely than normal-weight children to have hypertension (OR = 3·5), high insulin (OR = 28·2), high HOMA-IR (OR = 23·3) and high TAG (OR = 16·1). Nearly 92 % and 57 % of the obese and overweight children, respectively, had one or more risk factor.ConclusionsObesity and overweight defined using the WHO BMI-for-age cut-offs identified children with higher metabolic and vascular risk. These results emphasize the importance of prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Reduced LTP and LTD in prefrontal cortex synapses in the nucleus accumbens after heroin self-administration
Authors: Shen Haowei , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Addiction changes prefrontal cortex regulation of the nucleus accumbens, including reduced ability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). This important potential mechanism of impaired prefrontal regulation of behaviour has been shown only for cocaine. Here we show that animals trained to self-administer heroin demonstrate impaired LTP and LTD in the core of the nucleus accumbens following in vivo stimulation of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that compromised synaptic plasticity in prefrontal to accumbens projections is a common feature of at least two distinct classes of addictive drug.
“World avoided” simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Marsh Daniel R. 
Published: October 2012

We use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, coupled to a deep ocean model, to investigate the impact of continued growth of halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the absence of the Montreal Protocol. We confirm the previously reported result that the growth of ODS leads to a global collapse of the ozone layer in mid‐21st century, with column amounts falling to 100 DU or less at all latitudes. We also show that heterogeneous activation of chlorine in the lower stratosphere hastens this collapse but is not essential to produce it. The growth of ODS, which are also greenhouse gases, produces a radiative forcing of 4 W m−2by 2070, nearly equal that of the non‐ODS greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O in the RCP4.5 scenario of IPCC. This leads to surface warming of over 2 K in the tropics, 6 K in the Arctic, and close to 4 K in Antarctica in 2070 compared to the beginning of the century. We explore the reversibility of these impacts following complete cessation of ODS emissions in the mid‐2050s. We find that impacts are reversed on various time scales, depending on the atmospheric lifetime of the ODS that cause them. Thus ozone in the lower stratosphere in the tropics and subtropics recovers very quickly because the ODS that release chlorine and bromine there (e.g., methyl chloroform and methyl bromide) have short atmospheric lifetimes and are removed within a few years. On the other hand, ozone depletion in the polar caps and global radiative forcing depend on longer‐lived ODS, such that much of these impacts persist through the end of our simulations in 2070.
Otolith Age Validation and Growth Estimation from Oxytetracycline‐Marked and Recaptured American Shad
Authors: Duffy William J. , McBride Richard S. , Hendricks Michael L. , Oliveira Kenneth 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study validated a whole‐otolith aging method using known‐age American shad Alosa sapidissima from the Delaware River system. Although scale ages are commonly used in autecological and assessment studies of American shad, scale ages from the same fish could not be validated. New data reported here used known‐aged otoliths and scales available from shad marked by oxytetracycline as larvae in a hatchery and recaptured as adults on or near their spawning ground. A subset of whole otoliths were examined and annuli—defined as a pair of translucent and opaque bands—were counted using males and females ranging in age from 3 to 9 years. The reading and interpretation of annuli by the more experienced reader were accurate with respect to the known age, whether measured as the percent agreement (PA = 80%) or Chang's coefficient of variation (CV = 3.11). The use of otoliths provided more accurate results than scales obtained from the same fish (PA = 46%; CV = 7.84). A second reader, who had no previous experience with this species, had lower performance scores but also performed better with otoliths; this demonstrated the need for training and testing when using the whole‐otolith aging method. Growth modeling using ages of known‐age juveniles and adults confirmed dimorphic growth. Females grew larger than males (von Bertalanffy L∞ = 552 and 495‐mm FL, respectively). The maximum age observed for females was only slightly older than males (9 versus 8 years). The superiority of the otolith‐based age method makes it difficult to compare our results with older, scale‐based demographic studies, but it represents an improved method for generating ages for future stock assessments.
The Impact of Mitochondrial and Thermal Stress on the Bioenergetics and Reserve Respiratory Capacity of Fish Cell Lines
Authors: Beck Benjamin H. , Fuller S. Adam 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Various stressors affect the health of wild and cultured fish and can cause metabolic disturbances that first manifest at the cellular level. Here, we sought to further our understanding of cellular metabolism in fish by examining the metabolic responses of cell lines derived from channel catfish Ictalurus puntatus (CCO), white bass Morone chrysops (WBE), and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (EPC) to both mitochondrial and thermal stressors. Using extracellular flux (EF) technology, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR; a measure of mitochondrial function) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; a surrogate of glycolysis) in each cell type. We performed a mitochondrial function protocol whereby compounds modulating different components of mitochondrial respiration were sequentially exposed to cells. This provided us with basal and maximal OCR, OCR linked to ATP production, OCR from ion movement across the mitochondrial inner membrane, the reserve capacity, and OCR independent of the electron transport chain. After heat shock, EPC and CCO significantly decreased OCR and all three cell lines modestly increased ECAR. After heat shock, the reserve capacity, the mitochondrial energetic reserve used to cope with stress and increased bioenergetic demand, was unaffected in EPC and CCO and completely abrogated in WBE. These findings provide proof-of-concept experimental data that further highlight the utility of fish cell lines as tools for modeling bioenergetics.
Received April 12, 2012; accepted August 5, 2012
Tissue-Specific Copper Concentrations in Red Drum after Long-Term Exposure to Sublethal Levels of Waterborne Copper and a 21-Day Withdrawal
Authors: Robinson Christopher B , Wills Paul S , Riche Marty A , Straus David L 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus were exposed to sublethal concentrations of waterborne copper (Cu; 0.25–0.35 mg/L) for 242 d using an ethanolamine chelated Cu compound as a prophylactic treatment to control ectoparasites in recirculating aquaculture systems. Skin, muscle, gill, liver, and intestine tissues were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 15, and 21 during the 21-d depuration. Liver and intestine tissues accumulated Cu at a rate that was strongly influenced by the environmental Cu load. Skin, gills, and muscle tissues did not accumulate substantial amounts of Cu despite its presence at therapeutic levels. The rank order of the Cu concentrations in the different tissues was as follows: intestine &gt; liver &gt; gills &gt; skin &gt; muscle. Predictive equations for tissue Cu concentrations (μg/g) relative to time of withdrawal (d) and waterborne Cu concentration (mg/L) were generated using trend analysis. The relationships between tissue Cu concentrations and time of withdrawal were significant, with all tissue Cu concentrations decreasing over time. The relationships between tissue Cu concentrations and waterborne Cu concentration were also significant, with elevated waterborne Cu concentrations resulting in higher tissue Cu concentrations, especially in the intestine, liver, and gill tissue samples. Red Drum cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems had lower (26–52-μg/g) detectable Cu concentrations in muscle tissue than wild-caught Red Drum (414 μg/g).
Iodophor Disinfection of Walleye Eggs Exposed to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Type IVb
Authors: Groocock Geoffrey H , Getchell Rodman G , Cornwell Emily R , Frattini Stephen A , Wooster Gregory A , Bowser Paul R , LaPan Steven R 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Two experiments were performed to determine the persistence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb on Walleye Sander vitreus eggs. Fertilized Walleye eggs were exposed for 30 min to 105 plaque-forming units/mL VHSV genotype IVb, and control eggs were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline. In the first experiment, the eggs were treated with 0 and 50 mg/L iodophor and incubated at 12±1°C until the first fry emerged. In the second experiment, a treatment of 100 mg/L iodophor was also tested. Periodic samples were taken during embryo development and tested for VHSV by viral isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effect of tannic acid, an inhibitor of qRT-PCR testing, was evaluated in the second experiment. In both experiments no virus was detected in any control eggs by either test. In the first experiment, virus was isolated in 0-mg/L iodophor-treated eggs up to 3 d postinfection (DPI). Virus was also isolated in the 50-mg/L iodophor-treated group at 1 DPI. Testing by qRT-PCR detected viral RNA at all time points throughout the first experiment. In the second experiment, no VHSV was isolated after the initial 0-DPI sample. Viral RNA was again detected at all time points, including samples collected at the end of the experiment. Inhibition was found in 34 of 36 samples at 0 DPI and 21 of 36 samples at 1 DPI. The number of inhibited samples decreased over time, but virus was still detected in three samples at 24 DPI. These experiments show that VHSV persists on Walleye eggs for longer than was previously known. At early time points VHSV was still detected despite disinfection, and viral RNA was detected at all time points; however, it is unknown whether the virus detected by this qRT-PCR is viable. These experiments reinforce the need for careful disinfection of eggs.
Distinction immune genes of hepatitis-induced heptatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hu Jinyu , Gao David Zhiwei 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the two leading causes resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is observed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) is relatively difficult to induce HCC compared with hepatitis B virus (HBV). This motivates us to reveal the reasons behind this from the viewpoint of immune genes.
Results: To distinguish the immune genes with low-level expression in HBV-induced HCC, but high-level expression in HCV-induced HCC, the concept of distinction immune gene is proposed. A filter is then designed to screen these genes. By using gene positive network with strong correlations between genes, the genes are further filtered to form the set of key distinction immune genes. The 23 key distinction immune genes are screened, which are divided into four clusters, T cells, B cells, immune signalling and major histocompatibility complex. It is evident that the screened genes are important immune genes, which are activated in HCV-induced HCC, but inactivated in HBV-induced HCC. In HCV-induced HCC, the structures of HCV adaptively update, so that they are difficult to be identified by antigens. Therefore, the clinic advice is either to increase the update speed of antigens or reduce the update speed of the viruses during the treatment of HCV-induced HCC. Moreover, it is also advised to add T cells or add the expression levels of T cells to strengthen the ability to kill cancer cells. In contrast, HBV updates slowly, but the immunity system in HBV-induced HCC has been damaged seriously. As a result, the clinic advice is to improve the immune ability of patients subjected to HBV-induced HCC, such as increasing immunoglobulin, T cells and B cells and so forth.
Contact: zhiwei.gao@northumbria.ac.uk
PriVar: a toolkit for prioritizing SNVs and indels from next-generation sequencing data
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhang Jing , Yang Jing , Ying Dingge , Lau Yu lung , Yang Wanling 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has become a valuable tool for detecting mutations involved in Mendelian diseases. However, it is a challenge to identify the small subset of functionally important mutations from tens of thousands of rare variants in a whole exome/genome. Therefore, we developed a toolkit called PriVar, a systematic prioritization pipeline that takes into consideration calling quality of the variants, their predicted functional impact, known connection of the gene to the disease and the number of mutations in a gene, and inference from linkage analysis.
Availability: Executable jar package is available at http://paed.hku.hk/uploadarea/yangwl/html/software.html.
Contact: yangwl@hkucc.hku.hk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.