bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant choice, herbivory and weight gain of wood crickets under the risk of predation
Authors: Bucher Roman , Heinrich Hannah , Entling Martin H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPredators can indirectly reduce herbivory by killing herbivores. In addition, predation risk can influence the feeding rate and feeding location of herbivores. Herbivores are expected to avoid plants currently occupied by a predator. Consequently, less herbivory is expected on plants bearing fresh predator cues. We examined whether wood crickets, Nemobius sylvestris Bosc (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), avoided plants bearing the chemical cues of nursery web spiders, Pisaura mirabilis Clerck (Araneae: Pisauridae), or red wood ants, Formica rufa L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We conducted a series of behavioural experiments, in which crickets had the choice between a plant with spider or ant cues vs. a control plant, a plant with spider cues vs. a plant with ant cues, or two control plants. For all plants, we quantified leaf damage and the position and weight change in the crickets. Crickets avoided plants with spider cues. In contrast, ant cues did not significantly deter crickets. The herbivory pattern among the plants reflected the plant choice of the crickets. However, net herbivory was not affected by the presence of predator cues. Thus, our results suggest that spider cues affect feeding location rather than the total amount of herbivory.
Temporal response and attraction of Diaphorina citri to visual stimuli
Authors: Paris Thomson M. , Croxton Scott D. , Stansly Phillip A. , Allan Sandra A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAs the vector of the global disease of citrus greening or huanglongbing, Asian citrus pysllids, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), are the greatest threat to the worldwide citrus industry. Critical to management of D. citri and huanglongbing is optimization of surveillance methodologies. Although phytophagous insects may find host plants by multimodal cues, some appear to primarily use visual cues. In this study, we examined the behavior of Asian citrus psyllids toward light from light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) in the insect visible spectrum. The periodicity of attraction of psyllids to visual cues was evaluated in the field (yellow sticky traps) and laboratory (multi‐colored LEDs) with a strong peak of activity during the afternoon in both the field and the laboratory (both 14:00 to 18:00 hours). In laboratory evaluations of psyllids to differently colored LEDs, strongest attraction was to LEDs emitting ultraviolet (390 nm), green (525 nm), and yellow (590 nm) light. Male and female psyllids did not differ significantly in their responses to visual cues. These findings provide the basis for formulating better traps that reflect UV and yellow light and potentially incorporate UV LEDs for monitoring psyllids and a better understanding of Asian citrus psyllid visual behavior.
Additive effects of predator diversity on pest control caused by few interactions among predator species
Authors: ROUBINET EVE , STRAUB CORY , JONSSON TOMAS , STAUDACHER KARIN , TRAUGOTT MICHAEL , EKBOM BARBARA , JONSSON MATTIAS 
Published: March 2015

1. Studies of the impact of predator diversity on biological pest control have shown idiosyncratic results. This is often assumed to be as a result of differences among systems in the importance of predator–predator interactions such as facilitation and intraguild predation. The frequency of such interactions may be altered by prey availability and structural complexity. A direct assessment of interactions among predators is needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms affecting prey abundance by complex predator communities.2. In a field cage experiment, the effect of increased predator diversity (single species vs. three‐species assemblage) and the presence of weeds (providing structural complexity) on the biological control of cereal aphids were tested and the mechanisms involved were investigated using molecular gut content analysis.3. The impact of the three‐predator species assemblages of aphid populations was found to be similar to those of the single‐predator species treatments, and the presence or absence of weeds did not alter the patterns observed. This suggests that both predator facilitation and intraguild predation were absent or weak in this system, or that these interactions had counteracting effects on prey suppression. Molecular gut content analysis of predators provided little evidence for the latter hypothesis: predator facilitation was not detected and intraguild predation occurred at a low frequency.4. The present study suggests additive effects of predators and, therefore, that predator diversity per se neither strengthens nor weakens the biological control of aphids in this system.
How should children with West syndrome be efficiently and accurately investigated? Results from the National Infantile Spasms Consortium
Authors: Wirrell Elaine C. , Shellhaas Renée A. , Joshi Charuta , Keator Cynthia , Kumar Shilpi , Mitchell Wendy G. ,   Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC)
Published: March 2015

SummaryObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate the etiology of new‐onset infantile spasms and evaluate the yield of genetic and metabolic investigations in those without obvious cause after initial clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsTwenty‐one U.S. pediatric epilepsy centers prospectively enrolled infants with newly diagnosed West syndrome in a central database. Etiology and investigations performed within 3 months of diagnosis were documented.ResultsFrom June 2012 to June 2014, a total of 251 infants were enrolled (53% male). A cause was identified in 161 (64.4%) of 250 cases (genetic,14.4%; genetic‐structural, 10.0%; structural‐congenital, 10.8%; structural‐acquired, 22.4%; metabolic, 4.8%; and infectious, 2.0%). An obvious cause was found after initial clinical assessment (history and physical examination) and/or MRI in 138 of 161, whereas further genetic and metabolic studies were revealing in another 23 cases. Of 112 subjects without an obvious cause after initial evaluation and MRI, 81 (72.3%) had undergone genetic testing, which showed a causal abnormality in 23.5% and a variant of unknown significance in 14.8%. Although metabolic studies were done in the majority (serum, 79.5%; urine, 69.6%; and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], 38.4%), these revealed an etiology in only five cases (4.5%). No correlation was found between type of health insurance (public vs. private) and either genetic or metabolic testing.SignificanceClinical evaluation and MRI provide a specific diagnosis in 55% of children presenting with West syndrome. We propose that a cost‐effective workup for those without obvious cause after initial clinical evaluation and MRI includes an array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) followed by an epilepsy gene panel if the microarray is not definitive, serum lactate, serum amino acids, and urine organic acids.
Indications and expectations for neuropsychological assessment in routine epilepsy care: Report of the ILAE Neuropsychology Task Force, Diagnostic Methods Commission, 2013–2017
Authors: Wilson Sarah J. , Baxendale Sallie , Barr William , Hamed Sherifa , Langfitt John , Samson Séverine , Watanabe Masako , Baker Gus A. , Helmstaedter Christoph , Hermann Bruce P. , Smith Mary‐Lou 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Diagnostic Methods Commission charged the Neuropsychology Task Force with the job of developing a set of recommendations to address the following questions: (1) What is the role of a neuropsychological assessment? (2) Who should do a neuropsychological assessment? (3) When should people with epilepsy be referred for a neuropsychological assessment? and (4) What should be expected from a neuropsychological assessment? The recommendations have been broadly written for health care clinicians in established epilepsy settings as well as those setting up new services. They are based on a detailed survey of neuropsychological assessment practices across international epilepsy centers, and formal ranking of specific recommendations for advancing clinical epilepsy care generated by specialist epilepsy neuropsychologists from around the world. They also incorporate the latest research findings to establish minimum standards for training and practice, reflecting the many roles of neuropsychological assessment in the routine care of children and adults with epilepsy. The recommendations endorse routine screening of cognition, mood, and behavior in new‐onset epilepsy, and describe the range of situations when more detailed, formal neuropsychological assessment is indicated. They identify a core set of cognitive and psychological domains that should be assessed to provide an objective account of an individual's cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial functioning, including factors likely contributing to deficits identified on qualitative and quantitative examination. The recommendations also endorse routine provision of feedback to patients, families, and clinicians about the implications of the assessment results, including specific clinical recommendations of what can be done to improve a patient's cognitive or psychosocial functioning and alleviate the distress of any difficulties identified. By canvassing the breadth and depth of scope of neuropsychological assessment, this report demonstrates the pivotal role played by this noninvasive and minimally resource intensive investigation in the care of people with epilepsy.
A multicentre, prospective, randomised, blinded clinical trial to compare some perioperative effects of buprenorphine or butorphanol premedication before equine elective general anaesthesia and surgery
Authors: Taylor P. M. , Hoare H. R. , de Vries A. , Love E. J. , Coumbe K. M. , White K. L. , Murrell J. C. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyBuprenorphine, a μ‐agonist opioid, has recently been licensed for equine use, but butorphanol, a κ‐agonist opioid, is more commonly used in horses. The effect of the 2 opioids has not previously been compared in a large clinical study.ObjectivesTo compare post operative analgesia and physiological variables in horses undergoing elective surgery following premedication with either buprenorphine or butorphanol in a conventional clinical setting.Study designMulticentre, prospective, randomised, blinded clinical investigation.MethodsEighty‐nine healthy horses admitted for elective surgery to one of 6 UK equine veterinary clinics were premedicated with acepromazine, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, and romifidine followed by intravenous (i.v.) buprenorphine or butorphanol. Anaesthesia was induced with diazepam/ketamine and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. A range of surgical procedures were performed and supplementary anaesthetic agents given as required. Physiological variables were monitored during anaesthesia and pain, ataxia, sedation and vital function were assessed post operatively. Data were analysed using t‐tests, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U‐test and Chi‐squared test as appropriate and P<0.05 was regarded as significant, except for multiple comparisons, when P<0.01 was used.ResultsSurgery was carried out successfully in all cases and no mortality or serious morbidity occurred. Physiological variables remained within normal limits and all horses recovered successfully, most standing within 1 h of ceasing anaesthesia. There were no significant differences between groups in any variable except post operative pain when scores (simple descriptive scale) between 3 and 6 h were significantly lower after buprenorphine than after butorphanol.ConclusionsHorses experienced less post operative pain after buprenorphine than after butorphanol premedication. Compared with butorphanol, buprenorphine did not cause any different effects on vital function.
The survival of discarded Sepia officinalis in the English Channel
Authors: Revill A. , Bloor I. S. M. , Jackson E. L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCuttlefish are currently the highest yielding cephalopod group harvested in the north‐east Atlantic. English Channel cuttlefish show seasonal migrations to and from deep offshore wintering grounds, which results in a large number of smaller cuttlefish within the offshore stocks, some of which are caught by trawlers. Discarding small cuttlefish from trawls may give them the opportunity to migrate inshore and spawn, but only if they survive. This study examined survival rates of small (<15‐cm dorsal mantle length) cuttlefish caught on board a commercial beam trawler. Overall, 31% of the small cuttlefish caught remained alive by the time they reached the sorting table (immediate survival rate). This survival rate dropped to 16% after specimens were subsequently held in an on‐board aquarium system for up to 72 h (short‐term survival rate). Measures that reduce the capture of small cuttlefish in the first place and/or increase their survival could potentially benefit the stocks.
The DYX2 locus and neurochemical signaling genes contribute to speech sound disorder and related neurocognitive domains
Authors: Eicher J. D. , Stein C. M. , Deng F. , Ciesla A. A. , Powers N. R. , Boada R. , Smith S. D. , Pennington B. F. , Iyengar S. K. , Lewis B. A. , Gruen J. R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA major milestone of child development is the acquisition and use of speech and language. Communication disorders, including speech sound disorder (SSD), can impair a child's academic, social and behavioral development. Speech sound disorder is a complex, polygenic trait with a substantial genetic component. However, specific genes that contribute to SSD remain largely unknown. To identify associated genes, we assessed the association of the DYX2 dyslexia risk locus and markers in neurochemical signaling genes (e.g., nicotinic and dopaminergic) with SSD and related endophenotypes. We first performed separate primary associations in two independent samples – Cleveland SSD (210 affected and 257 unaffected individuals in 127 families) and Denver SSD (113 affected individuals and 106 unaffected individuals in 85 families) – and then combined results by meta‐analysis. DYX2 markers, specifically those in the 3′ untranslated region of DCDC2 (P = 1.43 × 10−4), showed the strongest associations with phonological awareness. We also observed suggestive associations of dopaminergic‐related genes ANKK1 (P = 1.02 × 10−2) and DRD2 (P = 9.22 × 10−3) and nicotinic‐related genes CHRNA3 (P = 2.51 × 10−3) and BDNF (P = 8.14 × 10−3) with case–control status and articulation. Our results further implicate variation in putative regulatory regions in the DYX2 locus, particularly in DCDC2, influencing language and cognitive traits. The results also support previous studies implicating variation in dopaminergic and nicotinic neural signaling influencing human communication and cognitive development. Our findings expand the literature showing genetic factors (e.g., DYX2) contributing to multiple related, yet distinct neurocognitive domains (e.g., dyslexia, language impairment, and SSD). How these factors interactively yield different neurocognitive and language‐related outcomes remains to be elucidated.
Evidence of climate‐driven ecosystem reorganization in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Karnauskas Mandy , Schirripa Michael J. , Craig J. K. , Cook Geoffrey S. , Kelble Christopher R. , Agar Juan J. , Black Bryan A. , Enfield David B. , Lindo‐Atichati David , Muhling Barbara A. , Purcell Kevin M. , Richards Paul M. , Wang Chunzai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Gulf of Mexico is one of the most ecologically and economically valuable marine ecosystems in the world and is affected by a variety of natural and anthropogenic phenomena including climate, hurricanes, coastal development, agricultural runoff, oil spills, and fishing. These complex and interacting stressors, together with the highly dynamic nature of this ecosystem, present challenges for the effective management of its resources. We analyze a compilation of over 100 indicators representing physical, biological, and economic aspects of the Gulf of Mexico and find that an ecosystem‐wide reorganization occurred in the mid‐1990s. Further analysis of fishery landings composition data indicates a major shift in the late 1970s coincident with the advent of US national fisheries management policy, as well as significant shifts in the mid‐1960s and the mid‐1990s. These latter shifts are aligned temporally with changes in a major climate mode in the Atlantic Ocean: the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). We provide an explanation for how the AMO may drive physical changes in the Gulf of Mexico, thus altering higher‐level ecosystem dynamics. The hypotheses presented here should provide focus for further targeted studies, particularly in regard to whether and how management should adjust to different climate regimes or states of nature. Our study highlights the challenges in understanding the effects of climatic drivers against a background of multiple anthropogenic pressures, particularly in a system where these forces interact in complex and nonlinear ways.
Personal viewpoint: Limiting maximum ultrafiltration rate as a potential new measure of dialysis adequacy
Authors: Agar John W M 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhile the solute clearance marker (Kt/Vurea) is widely used, no effective marker for volume management exists. Two principles apply to acute volume change in hemodialysis: (1) the plasma refill rate, the maximum rate the extracellular fluid can replace a contracting intravascular volume (±5 mL/kg/hour) and (2) the rate of intravascular volume contraction where coronary hypoperfusion, myocardial stun, and vascular risk escalates (observed at ≥10 mL/kg/hour). In extended hour and higher frequency hemodialysis, intravascular contraction rates are usually equilibrated by the plasma refill rate, but in “conventional” in‐center hemodialysis, volume contraction rates commonly exceed the capabilities of the plasma refill rate, resulting in inevitable hypovolemia. To minimize cardiovascular risk, fluid removal rates should ideally be ≤10 mL/kg/hour, acknowledging that this may be challenging in the in‐center setting. Two options exist to limit volume removal to >10 mL/kg/hour: restricting interdialytic weight gain (always conflict‐fraught, often unachievable) or extending sessional duration to allow additional removal time. Just as Kt/Vurea quantifies solute removal, a simple‐to‐apply rate variable should also apply for volume removal. As predialysis and target postdialysis weights are both known, a simple measure—a maximum rate for ultrafiltration (UFRmax)—would advise the sessional duration (T) required to minimize organ stun by removing the required fluid load (V) from any patient of predialysis weight (W). This would ensure a removal rate no greater than 10 mL/kg/hour—T (hours) = V (mL)/10 × W (kg). Used together, Kt/Vurea and UFRmax would form a solute and volume composite, each dialysis treatment continuing until both solute and volume requirements are fulfilled.
Isoniazid poisoning: Pharmacokinetics and effect of hemodialysis in a massive ingestion
Authors: Skinner Kirsty , Saiao Ana , Mostafa Ahmed , Soderstrom Jessamine , Medley Gregory , Roberts Michael S. , Isbister Geoffrey K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIsoniazid is a rare overdose that causes seizures and there is limited evidence to guide treatment. We report a 20‐year‐old female migrant who presented with recurrent seizures after ingesting 25 g of isoniazid. She was treated with activated charcoal, repeated doses of midazolam for the seizures, and given multiple doses of pyridoxine (14 mg), limited by availability. She was admitted to intensive care, and 5.5 hours post‐ingestion, she was commenced on continuous veno‐venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). She was extubated after 24 hours and CVVHDF was ceased 6 hours later (30 hours post‐overdose). Her renal function remained normal and her initial lactate was the highest at 2.3. She made a full recovery. Five plasma samples were collected before, during, and after CVVHDF, and isoniazid was quantified with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. A pharmacokinetic analysis of time‐isoniazid concentration data was fitted to a two‐compartment model with first‐order input (with fixed ka) with the effect of CVVHDF modeled as a time‐dependent covariate. This suggested that there was initially good clearance with CVVHDF (4 times endogenous clearance), which rapidly declined within hours.
Genetic and epigenetic associations to obesity‐related appetite phenotypes among African–American children
Authors: Gardner K. R. , Sapienza C. , Fisher J. O. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundGenetic and epigenetic variations may be an important contributer to altered eating behaviors in childhood which may lead to weight gain and obesity later in life.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate epigenetic as well as genetic associations with appetite in young children.Subjects and methodsParticipants were 32 non‐obese and 32 obese African–American children aged 5–6 years. Saliva was collected from each child, and RNA and DNA were extracted for analysis. Individuals were genotyped for eating‐ and obesity‐associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in seven candidate genes (FTO, MAOA, SH2B1, LEPR, DNMT3B, BDNF and CCKAR), and DNA methylation levels were measured in the upstream promoter region of each. Transcript levels of MAOA and FTO were also assessed. The Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was used to assess the aspects of appetite. Child obesity was assessed using measured height and weight, and percent body fat was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsFood responsiveness was higher and satiety responsiveness was lower among obese than non‐obese female children (P = 0.001 and P = 0.031), but did not differ among male children. Epigenetic analysis of the BDNF promoter revealed associations with altered satiety responsiveness among female children (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe findings provide new evidence of epigenetic associations with altered appetite among young African–American girls.
Parental Perceptions of the Use of Coercive Measures on Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Saloviita Timo , Pirttimaa Raija , Kontu Elina 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundChildren with developmental disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviour are potentially subject to the use of coercive interventions. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of the use of coercive measures by authorities, according to parents’ reports.Materials and MethodsA postal survey was distributed, as a total population study, to 946 Finnish parents of children with developmental disabilities, between the ages of 5 and 15, and who were entitled to the highest disability allowance.ResultsOf the respondents, 54 (22%) answered ‘yes’ when asked whether their child had been subjected to coercive procedures by authorities. The parents had seldom approved the use of coercive means and often believed that such means had negative effects on their child.ConclusionsTo protect the children's rights, the use of coercive measures should be regulated more strictly, and positive intervention strategies should be taught to teachers and nurses.