bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local operator quench induced by two-dimensional inhomogeneous and homogeneous CFT Hamiltonians
Authors: Mao Weibo , Nozaki Masahiro , Tamaoka Kotaro , Tan Mao Tian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We explore non-equilibrium processes in two-dimensional conformal field theories (2d CFTs) due to the growth of operators induced by inhomogeneous and homogeneous Hamiltonians by investigating the time dependence of the partition function, energy density, and entanglement entropy. The non-equilibrium processes considered in this paper are constructed out of the Lorentzian and Euclidean time evolution governed by different Hamiltonians. We explore the effect of the time ordering on entanglement dynamics so that we find that in a free boson CFT and RCFTs, this time ordering does not affect the entanglement entropy, while in the holographic CFTs, it does. Our main finding is that in the holographic CFTs, the non-unitary time evolution induced by the inhomogeneous Hamiltonian can retain the initial state information longer than in the unitary time evolution.
Using machine learning to combine genetic and environmental data for maize grain yield predictions across multi-environment trials
Authors: Fernandes Igor K. , Vieira Caio C. , Dias Kaio O. G. , Fernandes Samuel B. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Key message
Incorporating feature-engineered environmental data into machine learning-based genomic prediction models is an efficient approach to indirectly model genotype-by-environment interactions.

Abstract
Complementing phenotypic traits and molecular markers with high-dimensional data such as climate and soil information is becoming a common practice in breeding programs. This study explored new ways to combine non-genetic information in genomic prediction models using machine learning. Using the multi-environment trial data from the Genomes To Fields initiative, different models to predict maize grain yield were adjusted using various inputs: genetic, environmental, or a combination of both, either in an additive (genetic-and-environmental; G+E) or a multiplicative (genotype-by-environment interaction; GEI) manner. When including environmental data, the mean prediction accuracy of machine learning genomic prediction models increased up to 7% over the well-established Factor Analytic Multiplicative Mixed Model among the three cross-validation scenarios evaluated. Moreover, using the G+E model was more advantageous than the GEI model given the superior, or at least comparable, prediction accuracy, the lower usage of computational memory and time, and the flexibility of accounting for interactions by construction. Our results illustrate the flexibility provided by the ML framework, particularly with feature engineering. We show that the feature engineering stage offers a viable option for envirotyping and generates valuable information for machine learning-based genomic prediction models. Furthermore, we verified that the genotype-by-environment interactions may be considered using tree-based approaches without explicitly including interactions in the model. These findings support the growing interest in merging high-dimensional genotypic and environmental data into predictive modeling.
Correlates of disability among primary care patients with common mental disorders and chronic medical conditions- a cross-sectional study from rural South India
Authors: Salazar Luke Joshua , Hegde Divya , Srinivasan Krishnamachari , Heylen Elsa , Ekstrand Maria L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose
We examined the correlates of disability among people with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and comorbid common mental disorders (CMDs) from rural India.

Methods
The sample comprised 2,486 participants enrolled in a cluster randomized trial (cRCT), Healthier OPtions through Empowerment (HOPE). Participants were 30 years or older, with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or panic disorder on the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, with hypertension, diabetes, dsylipidemia and/ or ischemic heart disease. Disability was measured with the 12-item version of WHODAS 2.0. The severity of depression and anxiety was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine associations.

Results
The mean age was 59 ± 10.0 years, three quarters (1864) of the participants were female, and 64.0% were married. More than half of the participants had no formal education (57.9%). Most of the participants had two or more chronic medical conditions (73.0%). The mean disability score was 24.3. The mean depression score was 8.5, and the mean anxiety score was 6.7. Higher levels of disability were reported by participants ≥ 60 years of age, those with moderate and severe depression, and moderate anxiety. Among female participants, being unmarried was associated with greater disability. Male participants without formal education reported greater levels of disability.

Conclusion
Higher severity of CMDs is significantly associated with higher levels of disability. For women, being unmarried and for men having no formal education was associated with higher levels of disability.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02310932 [URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02310932] registered on December 8, 2014, and Clinical Trials Registry India CTRI/2018/04/013001, registered on April 4, 2018. Retrospectively registered.
Does Urodynamic Stress Incontinence Increase After the Menopause?: Results from 2,994 Urodynamic Studies in Australian Women
Authors: te West Nevine , Harris Katie , Chapman Michael , Moore Kate Hilda 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Introduction and Hypothesis
Most studies attempting to estimate the age-related prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) have used questionnaires. In the present study we analysed a consecutive series of urodynamic test results to determine the distribution of the different types of UI in pre- and post-menopausal women. We hypothesised that the prevalence of urodynamic stress incontinence (USI) would be significantly greater in pre-menopausal than in post-menopausal women.

Methods
All women from a large tertiary urogynaecology department, who underwent urodynamic tests during the years 2000–2015 were included. Patient history and test results were collected. A sample size of 1,475 was calculated, based on the hypothesis that the prevalence of USI will be 20% larger in the pre- versus the post-menopausal group.

Results
A total of 2,994 women with UI on urodynamics were available. There was a significant difference between pre- and post-menopausal status for each of the three diagnoses: USI 483 (59.3%) versus 912 (41.8%), detrusor overactivity (DO) 125 (15.4%) versus 399 (18.3%) and USI with concomitant DO 206 (25.3%) versus 869 (39.9%). A bimodal pattern of age was seen in women with USI, with a peak in the 46–50 and 61–65 age group, before decreasing with age. DO generally increased with age. USI with concomitant DO increased steadily after the menopause, becoming the predominant type after the age of 66.

Conclusions
In this large cohort of women attending urodynamics, we have shown that USI is the predominant type of incontinence in pre-menopausal women; however, USI with concomitant DO increases after menopause, eventually predominating.
Examples of Deformed Spin(7)-Instantons/Donaldson–Thomas Connections
Authors: Fowdar Udhav 
Published: July 2024

AbstractWe construct examples of deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills connections and deformed $$\textrm{Spin}(7)$$

Spin
(
7
)

-instantons (also called $$\textrm{Spin}(7)$$

Spin
(
7
)

deformed Donaldson–Thomas connections) on the cotangent bundle of $$\mathbb {C}\mathbb {P}^2$$

C

P

2

endowed with the Calabi hyperKähler structure. Deformed $$\textrm{Spin}(7)$$

Spin
(
7
)

-instantons on cones over 3-Sasakian 7-manifolds are also constructed. We show that these can be used to distinguish between isometric structures and also between $$\textrm{Sp}(2)$$

Sp
(
2
)

and $$\textrm{Spin}(7)$$

Spin
(
7
)

holonomy cones. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first non-trivial examples of deformed $$\textrm{Spin}(7)$$

Spin
(
7
)

-instantons.
Spectral Gap and Edge Universality of Dense Random Regular Graphs
Authors: He Yukun 
Published: July 2024

AbstractLet $${\mathcal {A}}$$
A
be the adjacency matrix of a random d-regular graph on N vertices, and we denote its eigenvalues by $$\lambda _1\geqslant \lambda _2\cdots \geqslant \lambda _{N}$$

λ
1

⩾

λ
2

⋯
⩾

λ
N

. For $$N^{2/3+o(1)}\leqslant d\leqslant N/2$$

N

2
/
3
+
o
(
1
)

⩽
d
⩽
N
/
2

, we prove optimal rigidity estimates of the extreme eigenvalues of $${\mathcal {A}}$$
A
, which in particular imply that $$\begin{aligned} \max \{|\lambda _N|,\lambda _2\} <2\sqrt{d-1} \end{aligned}$$

max
{
|

λ
N

|
,

λ
2

}

<
2

d
-
1

with very high probability. In the same regime of d, we also show that $$\begin{aligned} N^{2/3}\bigg (\frac{\lambda _2+d/N}{\sqrt{d(N-d)/N}}-2\bigg ) \overset{d}{\longrightarrow }\ \textrm{TW}_1, \end{aligned}$$

N

2
/
3

(

λ
2

+
d
/
N

d
(
N
-
d
)
/
N

-
2

)

⟶
d

TW
1

,

where $$\textrm{TW}_1$$

TW
1

is the Tracy–Widom distribution for GOE; analogue results also hold for other non-trivial extreme eigenvalues.
Rapid abdominopelvic MR imaging in the emergency department: establishing a program and addressing the challenges
Authors: Ayyala Rama S. , Dillman Jonathan R. , Tkach Jean A. , Trout Andrew T. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractUtilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pediatric emergency room or urgent care setting for abdominopelvic indications has been increasing. The creation and implementation of rapid urgent MRI programs can have various challenges. The purpose of this article is to describe a framework for the creation of a rapid urgent abdominopelvic MRI program in the pediatric emergency room setting.
Production, purification, and quality assessment of borrelial proteins CspZ from Borrelia burgdorferi and FhbA from Borrelia hermsii
Authors: Guérin Mickaël , Vandevenne Marylène , Brans Alain , Matagne André , Marquant Rodrigue , Prost Elise , Octave Stéphane , Avalle Bérangère , Maffucci Irene , Padiolleau-Lefèvre Séverine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Borrelia, spirochetes transmitted by ticks, are the etiological agents of numerous multisystemic diseases, such as Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF). This study focuses on two surface proteins from two Borrelia subspecies involved in these diseases: CspZ, expressed by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (also named BbCRASP-2 for complement regulator-acquiring surface protein 2), and the factor H binding A (FhbA), expressed by Borrelia hermsii. Numerous subspecies of Borrelia, including these latter, are able to evade the immune defenses of a variety of potential vertebrate hosts in a number of ways. In this context, previous data suggested that both surface proteins play a role in the immune evasion of both Borrelia subspecies by interacting with key regulators of the alternative pathway of the human complement system, factor H (FH) and FH-like protein 1 (FHL-1). The recombinant proteins, CspZ and FhbA, were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by one-step metal-affinity chromatography, with yields of 15 and 20 mg or pure protein for 1 L of cultured bacteria, respectively. The purity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and HPLC and is close to about 95%. The mass of CspZ and FhbA was checked by mass spectrometry (MS). Proper folding of CspZ and FhbA was confirmed by circular dichroism (CD), and their biological activity, namely their interaction with purified FH from human serum (recombinant FH15-20 and recombinant FHL-1), was characterized by SPR. Such a study provides the basis for the biochemical characterization of the studied proteins and their biomolecular interactions which is a necessary prerequisite for the development of new approaches to improve the current diagnosis of LB and TBRF.

Key points
• DLS, CD, SEC-MALS, NMR, HPLC, and MS are tools for protein quality assessment
• Borrelia spp. possesses immune evasion mechanisms, including human host complement
• CspZ and FhbA interact with high affinity (pM to nM) to human FH and rFHL-1

Graphical Abstract
The first-in-human preclinical evaluation of the new probe [123I]I-PSMA-7 for real-time intraoperative targeted biopsy and SPECT/CT imaging in prostate cancer
Authors: Luan Xiaohui , Niu Shaoxi , Liu Yachao , Zhang Xiaojun , Xu Xiaodan , Sun Shuwei , Sun Yabing , Zhang Jingfeng , Wang Yuan , Chen Zhiqiang , Chen Yimin , Cui Mengchao , Wang Ruimin , Zhang Xu , Zhang Jinming , Xu Baixuan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose
PSMA/PET has been increasingly used to detect PCa, and PSMA/PET-guided biopsy has shown promising results. However, it cannot be confirmed immediately whether the tissues are the targeted area. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel probe, [123I]I-PSMA-7. First, we hope that [123I]I-PSMA-7 can provide instant confirmation for prostate biopsy. Second, we hope it will help detect PCa.

Methods
We synthesized a high-affinity probe, [123I]I-PSMA-7, and evaluated its properties. We included ten patients with suspected PCa and divided them into two groups. The injection and biopsy were approximately 24 h apart. The activity in biopsy lesions was measured as the cpm by a γ-counter. Moreover, we enrolled 3 patients to evaluate the potential of [123I]I-PSMA-7 for detecting PCa.

Results
Animal experiments verified the safety, targeting and effectiveness of [123I]I-PSMA-7, and the tumor-to-muscle ratio was greatest at 24 h, which confirmed the results of this study in humans. After injection of 185MBq [123I]I-PSMA-7, 18/55 cores were positive, and the cpm was significantly greater (4345 ± 3547 vs. 714 ± 547, P < 0.001), with an AUC of 0.97 and a cutoff of 1312 (sens/spec of 94.40%/91.90%). At a lower dose, 10/55 biopsy cores were cancerous, and the cpm was 2446 ± 1622 vs. 153 ± 112 (P < 0.001). The AUC was 1, with a cutoff value of 490 (sens/spec of 100%). When the radiopharmaceuticals were added to 370 MBq, we achieved better SPECT/CT imaging.

Conclusion
With the aid of [123I]I-PSMA-7 and via cpm-based biopsy, we can reduce the number of biopsies to a minimum operation. [123I]I-PSMA-7 PSMA SPECT/CT can also provide good imaging results.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical trial registry ChiCTR2300069745, Registered 24 March 2023
Meta-analysis of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Donnelly Ryan , McDermott Michael , McManus Gerry , Franciosi Alessandro N. , Keane Michael P. , McGrath Emmet E. , McCarthy Cormac , Murphy David J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is emerging as a tool in the diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary sarcoidosis, however, there is limited consensus regarding its diagnostic performance and prognostic value.

Method
A meta-analysis was conducted with PubMed, Science Direct, MEDLINE, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases searched up to and including September 2023. 1355 studies were screened, with seventeen (n = 708 patients) suitable based on their assessment of the diagnostic performance or prognostic value of FDG-PET/CT. Study quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Forest plots of pooled sensitivity and specificity were generated to assess diagnostic performance. Pooled changes in SUVmax were correlated with changes in pulmonary function tests (PFT).

Results
FDG-PET/CT in diagnosing suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis (six studies, n = 400) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.971 (95%CI 0.909–1.000, p = < 0.001) and specificity of 0.873 (95%CI 0.845–0.920)(one study, n = 169). Eleven studies for prognostic analysis (n = 308) indicated a pooled reduction in pulmonary SUVmax of 4.538 (95%CI 5.653–3.453, p = < 0.001) post-treatment. PFTs displayed improvement post-treatment with a percentage increase in predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) of 7.346% (95%CI 2.257–12.436, p = 0.005) and 3.464% (95%CI -0.205–7.132, p = 0.064), respectively. Reduction in SUVmax correlated significantly with FVC (r = 0.644, p < 0.001) and DLCO (r = 0.582, p < 0.001) improvement.

Conclusion
In cases of suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis, FDG-PET/CT demonstrated good diagnostic performance and correlated with functional health scores. FDG-PET/CT may help to guide immunosuppression in cases of complex sarcoidosis or where treatment rationalisation is needed.

Clinical relevance statement
FDG-PET/CT has demonstrated a high diagnostic performance in the evaluation of suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis with radiologically assessed disease activity correlating strongly with clinically derived pulmonary function tests.

Key Points

In diagnosing pulmonary sarcoidosis, FDG-PET/CT had a sensitivity and specificity of 0.971 and 0.873, respectively.

Disease activity, as determined by SUVmax, reduced following treatment in all the included studies.

Reduction in SUVmax correlated with an improvement in functional vital capacity, Diffusion Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide, and subjective health scoring systems.
Validation of a commercially available CAD-system for lung nodule detection and characterization using CT-scans
Authors: Paramasamy Jasika , Mandal Souvik , Blomjous Maurits , Mulders Ties , Bos Daniel , Aerts Joachim G. J. V. , Vanapalli Prakash , Challa Vikash , Sathyamurthy Saigopal , Devi Ranjana , Jain Ritvik , Visser Jacob J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study aims to externally validate a commercially available Computer-Aided Detection (CAD)-system for the automatic detection and characterization of solid, part-solid, and ground-glass lung nodules (LN) on CT scans.

Methods
This retrospective study encompasses 263 chest CT scans performed between January 2020 and December 2021 at a Dutch university hospital. All scans were read by a radiologist (R1) and compared with the initial radiology report. Conflicting scans were assessed by an adjudicating radiologist (R2). All scans were also processed by CAD. The standalone performance of CAD in terms of sensitivity and false-positive (FP)-rate for detection was calculated together with the sensitivity for characterization, including texture, calcification, speculation, and location. The R1’s detection sensitivity was also assessed.

Results
A total of 183 true nodules were identified in 121 nodule-containing scans (142 non-nodule-containing scans), of which R1 identified 165/183 (90.2%). CAD detected 149 nodules, of which 12 were not identified by R1, achieving a sensitivity of 149/183 (81.4%) with an FP-rate of 49/121 (0.405). CAD’s detection sensitivity for solid, part-solid, and ground-glass LNs was 82/94 (87.2%), 42/47 (89.4%), and 25/42 (59.5%), respectively. The classification accuracy for solid, part-solid, and ground-glass LNs was 81/82 (98.8%), 16/42 (38.1%), and 18/25 (72.0%), respectively. Additionally, CAD demonstrated overall classification accuracies of 137/149 (91.9%), 123/149 (82.6%), and 141/149 (94.6%) for calcification, spiculation, and location, respectively.

Conclusions
Although the overall detection rate of this system slightly lags behind that of a radiologist, CAD is capable of detecting different LNs and thereby has the potential to enhance a reader’s detection rate. While promising characterization performances are obtained, the tool’s performance in terms of texture classification remains a subject of concern.

Clinical relevance statement
Numerous lung nodule computer-aided detection-systems are commercially available, with some of them solely being externally validated based on their detection performance on solid nodules. We encourage researchers to assess performances by incorporating all relevant characteristics, including part-solid and ground-glass nodules.

Key Points

Few computer-aided detection (CAD) systems are externally validated for automatic detection and characterization of lung nodules.

A detection sensitivity of 81.4% and an overall texture classification sensitivity of 77.2% were measured utilizing CAD.

CAD has the potential to increase single reader detection rate, however, improvement in texture classification is required.

Graphical Abstract
Growth of organized flow coherent motions within a single-stream shear layer: 4D-PTV measurements
Authors: Gautam Ankit K. , Livescu Daniel , Mejia-Alvarez Ricardo 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the evolution of a single-stream shear layer (SSSL) originating from a wall boundary layer past a backward-facing step. Utilizing a time-resolved 3D-Particle Tracking Velocimetry (4D-PTV) technique, we track the trajectories of fluorescent particles to gain insight into the flow characteristics of the SSSL. A compact water tunnel facility ($$\textrm{Re}_\tau =1\,240$$

Re
τ

=
1

240

) is fabricated to obtain an SSSL with a perpendicular slow entrainment stream past the separation edge. A hybrid interpolation approach that combines ensemble binning and Gaussian weighting is implemented to derive minimally filtered mean and instantaneous lower- and higher-order flow field parameters. Spanwise-dominant coherent motion accompanied by finer flow scales is observed to grow due to flow entrainment through “nibbling” actions of small-scale vortices, “engulfing” by large-scale vortices, and vortex pairing events. Furthermore, the non-zero-speed stream edge grows relatively faster than the zero-speed stream edge, showing a strong asymmetry in mixing composition across a mixing layer. The SSSL reaches self-similarity at a streamwise distance of $$\approx 55\,\theta _{0}$$

≈
55

θ
0

, where $$\theta _0$$

θ
0

is the initial momentum thickness from the separation edge, i.e., considerably shorter than reported in previous studies. A literature comparison of growth rate parameters raises intriguing questions regarding a potential inclusive growth scaling unifying the free shear layers. A turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget analysis reveals a negative production region immediately downstream of the separation edge attributed to a large positive streamwise gradient of streamwise velocity. In the self-similar region, the phase-averaged flow mapping demonstrates a larger concentration of turbulence production rate around the outer edges of spanwise vortices, specifically at the intersection of braids and vortices. Furthermore, a spatial separation exists in the regions of peak production and dissipation rates within the vortex core region favoring dissipation. The braids exhibit a larger concentration of turbulence diffusion rates, indicating their function as a conduit for exchanging turbulence between neighboring coherent motions.