bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Lower Respiratory Infection Among Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)–Vaccinated Children
Authors: Hollm-Delgado Maria-Graciela , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Black Robert E. 
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is linked to the risk of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) among children &lt;5 years of age.METHODS:Data from Macro International Demographic and Health Surveys and United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys were used to identify a primary cohort of 58 021 children in 19 countries (2005–2010) and a secondary cohort of 93 301 children in 18 countries (2000–2007). Information was collected by trained interviewers during home visits using standardized questionnaires, review of vaccination health cards, and measurement of health indicators.RESULTS:BCG vaccination was associated with a 17% to 37% risk reduction for suspected ALRI in both cohorts. The only vaccine or vitamin supplement to modify the effect of BCG was diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP; P &lt; .001). The order in which the vaccines were first received was central to this phenomena (BCG before DTP, adjusted/propensity score–weighted relative risk [apRR]: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70–0.89; BCG with DTP, apRR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.71–0.94; and BCG after DTP, apRR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.87–1.13) but not number of DTP doses received. Other modifiers included vaccine strain used in immunization programs, chlorinating drinking water, using wood-burning fuel cook stoves, and owning livestock.CONCLUSIONS:Children vaccinated with BCG had a significantly lower risk of suspected ALRI. Clarification is needed as to whether this is due to reductions in the underlying risk of tuberculosis or ALRI per se.
Recognition and Management of Iatrogenically Induced Opioid Dependence and Withdrawal in Children
Authors: Galinkin Jeffrey , Koh Jeffrey Lee ,   COMMITTEE ON DRUGS,   SECTION ON ANESTHESIOLOGY AND PAIN MEDICINE, Frattarelli Daniel A. C. , Green Thomas P. , Johnson Timothy D. , Neville Kathleen A. , Paul Ian M. , Van Den Anker John N. , Bannister Carolyn Fleming , Tobias Joseph , Anderson Corrie T. M. , Goldschneider Kenneth R. , Polaner David Mark 
Published: December 2013

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed July 2023.
Opioids are often prescribed to children for pain relief related to procedures, acute injuries, and chronic conditions. Round-the-clock dosing of opioids can produce opioid dependence within 5 days. According to a 2001 Consensus Paper from the American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Pain Society, and American Society of Addiction Medicine, dependence is defined as “a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.” Although the experience of many children undergoing iatrogenically induced withdrawal may be mild or goes unreported, there is currently no guidance for recognition or management of withdrawal for this population. Guidance on this subject is available only for adults and primarily for adults with substance use disorders. The guideline will summarize existing literature and provide readers with information currently not available in any single source specific for this vulnerable pediatric population.
Internal Auditors' Experiences and Opinions Regarding Green IT: Assessing the Gap in Normative and Positive Perspectives
Authors: Gray Glen L. , No Won Gyun , Miller David W. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
Organizations' sustainability and environmental compliance activities are escalating. Information technology (IT) is an essential environmental compliance component under the rubric of green IT, which can include the designing, manufacturing, implementing, and disposing of IT components and the supporting electrical and cooling infrastructure. Green IT has numerous compliance, governance, and control issues, and management needs assurance that green IT metrics reported to management, regulators, and other stakeholders are accurate, complete, and timely. Boards, executives, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), and the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) view internal auditors as control experts. This paper summarizes a survey of internal auditors as to what internal auditors should be doing in this domain and what they are actually doing. The results indicate that even though internal auditors believe that they should be more involved in green IT activities, their current involvement is limited to the traditional role as assurance provider, not as facilitators or consultants. The results also suggest that internal auditors' current involvement in green IT activities varies depending on the types of environmental sustainability strategies practiced by their organizations, whereas their perceived roles in green IT activities did not.
Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from the authors on request.
Ranking Faculties, Ph.D. Programs, Individual Scholars, and Influential Articles in Accounting Information Systems Based on Citations to Publications in the Journal of Information Systems
Authors: Guffey Daryl M. , Harp Nancy L. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper ranks systems faculties, accounting doctoral programs, individual accounting systems researchers, and the most influential accounting systems articles based on Google Scholar citations to publications in the Journal of Information Systems (JIS). All articles published in JIS for its first 25 years of existence are included and four citation metrics are used. Information is presented over three time periods (1986–1993, 1994–2001, and 2002–2010) to provide additional insights on changes over time. The study also analyzes the content and research methods of “most cited” articles and describes trends in the types of systems research that have had the greatest impact. Findings suggest that JIS's impact has consistently improved over time. The H-index for JIS also suggests that the journal compares favorably among its peers. A correlation analysis between the four citation metrics and the number of articles published in JIS provides evidence that counting articles published is a reasonable proxy for the influence or significance of authors. Potential doctoral students with an interest in accounting information systems, new Ph.D.s with an interest in accounting information systems, current accounting information systems faculty, department chairs, deans, and other administrators will find these results informative.
Nature = Life: Environmental Identity as Resistance in South Sinai
Authors: Gilbert Hilary 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Sedentarization and 'development', under Israeli Occupation (1967- 1982) and subsequent Egyptian rule, have eroded the agropastoral livelihoods of South Sinai Bedu and the strong cultural identity that evolved from them. Unequal access to work and poor education have produced material poverty, while government policy to 'Egyptianize' Sinai has marginalized Bedouin culture. This article explores the impacts on Bedu of living with multiple inequalities, and the strategies people employ to validate themselves in a system that disdains or ignores them. Among the most important is adopting a self-appointed role as guardians of nature. Bedu are choosing to reformulate an environmental identity as an act of symbolic resistance to Egyptianization, and to a neglect of the environment that they feel, with good reason, extends to them.
An improved machine to produce nature-identical snow in the laboratory
Authors: Schleef Stefan , Jaggi Matthias , Löwe Henning , Schneebeli Martin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe present an improved machine to produce nature-identical snow in a cold laboratory for reproducible experiments. The machine is based on the common supersaturation principle of blowing cold air over a heated water basin. The moist airstream is directed into a chamber, where it cools and the nucleation of ice crystals is promoted on stretched nylon wires. Snow crystals grow on the wires and are harvested regularly by a new automatic brush rack. Depending on the settings, different snow crystals can be produced, which are shown to be consistent with the Nakaya diagram. The main snow types are dendrites and needles. We prepared specimens from the snow produced by the snowmaker and analyzed them using microcomputer tomography. For dendrites we show that there are natural snow samples that have the same crystal shape and similar microstructural parameters, namely density and specific surface area. The machine can produce suitable amounts of snow for laboratory experiments in an efficient way. As an advantage over previous designs, uniform and reproducible snow samples can be generated under well-defined conditions.
Dependence of ice-core relative trace-element concentration on acidification
Authors: Koffman Bess G. , Handley Michael J. , Osterberg Erich C. , Wells Mark L. , Kreutz Karl J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTo assess the role of methodological differences on measured trace-element concentrations in ice cores, we developed an experiment to test the effects of acidification strength and time on dust dissolution using snow samples collected in West Antarctica and Alaska. We leached Antarctic samples for 3 months at room temperature using nitric acid at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0% (v/v). At selected intervals (20 min, 24 hours, 5 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days, 91 days) we analyzed 23 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Concentrations of lithogenic elements scaled with acid strength and increased by 100–1380% in 3 months. Incongruent elemental dissolution caused significant variability in calculated crustal enrichment factors through time (factor of 1.3 (Pb) to 8.0 (Cs)). Using snow samples collected in Alaska and acidified at 1% (v/v) for 383 days, we found that the increase in lithogenic element concentration with time depends strongly on initial concentration, and varies by element (e.g. Fe linear regression slope = 1.66; r = 0.98). Our results demonstrate that relative trace-element concentrations measured in ice cores depend on the acidification method used.
Food Consumption and Growth Rates of Juvenile Black Carp Fed Natural and Prepared Feeds
Authors: Hodgins Nathaniel C. , Schramm Harold L. , Gerard Patrick D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe introduced mollusciphagic black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus poses a significant threat to native mollusks in temperate waters throughout the northern hemisphere, but consumption rates necessary to estimate the magnitude of impact on mollusks have not been established. We measured food consumption and growth rates for small (77–245 g) and large (466–1,071 g) triploid black carp held individually under laboratory conditions at 20, 25, and 30°C. Daily consumption rates (g food · g wet weight fish−1·d−1·100) of black carp that received prepared feed increased with temperature (small black carp 1.39–1.71; large black carp 1.28–2.10), but temperature-related increases in specific growth rate (100[ln(final weight) - ln(initial weight)]/number of days) only occurred for the large black carp (small black carp −0.02 to 0.19; large black carp 0.16–0.65). Neither daily consumption rates (5.90–6.28) nor specific growth rates (0.05–0.24) differed among temperatures for small black carp fed live snails. The results of these laboratory feeding trials indicate food consumption rates can vary from 289.9 to 349.5 J·g−1·d−1 for 150 g black carp receiving prepared feed, from 268.8 to 441.0 J·g−1·d−1for 800 g black carp receiving prepared feed, and from 84.8 to 90.2 J·g−1·d−1 for 150 g black carp that feed on snails. Applying estimated daily consumption rates to estimated biomass of native mollusks indicates that a relatively low biomass of black carp could eliminate native snails and substantially reduce recruitment of mussels in time periods as short as 180 d.
Transmembrane TNF-α Promotes Suppressive Activities of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells via TNFR2
Authors: Hu Xin , Li Baihua , Li Xiaoyan , Zhao Xianxian , Wan Lin , Lin Guohong , Yu Min , Wang Jing , Jiang Xiaodan , Feng Wei , Qin Zhihai , Yin Bingjiao , Li Zhuoya 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
It has been reported that TNFR2 is involved in regulatory T cell induction and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation, two kinds of immunosuppressive cells contributing to tumor immune evasion. Because transmembrane TNF-α (tmTNF-α) is the primary ligand for TNFR2, we hypothesized that tmTNF-α is mainly responsible for the activation of MDSCs. Indeed, we found that tmTNF-α, rather than secretory TNF-α (sTNF-α), activated MDSCs with enhanced suppressive activities, including upregulating arginase-1 and inducible NO synthase transcription, promoting secretion of NO, reactive oxygen species, IL-10, and TGF-β, and enhancing inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. This effect of tmTNF-α was mediated by TNFR2, as TNFR2 deficiency significantly impaired tmTNF-α–induced release of IL-10 and NO and inhibition of T cell proliferation by MDSC supernatant. Furthermore, tmTNF-α caused p38 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, whereas inhibition of NF-κB or p38 with an inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or SB203580 abrogated tmTNF-α–mediated increased suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by MDSCs. Consistently, our in vivo study showed that ectopic expression of uncleavable tmTNF-α mutant by 4T1 cells significantly promoted tumor progression and angiogenesis, accompanied with more accumulation of MDSCs and regulatory T cells in the tumor site, increased production of NO, IL-10, and TGF-β, as well as poor lymphocyte infiltration. In contrast, enforced expression of sTNF-α mutant by 4T1 cells that only released sTNF-α without expression of surface tmTNF-α markedly reduced MDSC accumulation and induced more lymphocyte infiltration instead, showing obvious tumor regression. Our data suggest that tmTNF-α acts as a potent activator of MDSCs via TNFR2 and reveals another novel immunosuppressive effect of this membrane molecule that promotes tumor immune escape.
Requirement for MyD88 Signaling in B Cells and Dendritic Cells for Germinal Center Anti-Nuclear Antibody Production in Lyn-Deficient Mice
Authors: Hua Zhaolin , Gross Andrew J. , Lamagna Chrystelle , Ramos-Hernández Natalia , Scapini Patrizia , Ji Ming , Shao Haitao , Lowell Clifford A. , Hou Baidong , DeFranco Anthony L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The intracellular tyrosine kinase Lyn mediates inhibitory receptor function in B cells and myeloid cells, and Lyn−/− mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that closely resembles human systemic lupus erythematosus. TLR-signaling pathways have been implicated in the production of anti-nuclear Abs in systemic lupus erythematosus and mouse models of it. We used a conditional allele of Myd88 to determine whether the autoimmunity of Lyn−/− mice is dependent on TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells and/or in dendritic cells (DCs). The production of IgG anti-nuclear Abs, as well as the deposition of these Abs in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis in Lyn−/− mice, were completely abolished by selective deletion of Myd88 in B cells, and autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis were delayed or decreased by deletion of Myd88 in DCs. The reduced autoantibody production in mice lacking MyD88 in B cells or DCs was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the spontaneous germinal center (GC) response, suggesting that autoantibodies in Lyn−/− mice may depend on GC responses. Consistent with this view, IgG anti-nuclear Abs were absent if T cells were deleted (TCRβ−/− TCRδ−/− mice) or if T cells were unable to contribute to GC responses as the result of mutation of the adaptor molecule SAP. Thus, the autoimmunity of Lyn−/− mice was dependent on T cells and on TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells and in DCs, supporting a model in which DC hyperactivity combines with defects in tolerance in B cells to lead to a T cell–dependent systemic autoimmunity in Lyn−/− mice.
A Feeder-Free Differentiation System Identifies Autonomously Proliferating B Cell Precursors in Human Bone Marrow
Authors: Kraus Helene , Kaiser Sandra , Aumann Konrad , Bönelt Peter , Salzer Ulrich , Vestweber Dietmar , Erlacher Miriam , Kunze Mirjam , Burger Meike , Pieper Kathrin , Sic Heiko , Rolink Antonius , Eibel Hermann , Rizzi Marta 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The peripheral B cell compartment is maintained by homeostatic proliferation and through replenishment by bone marrow precursors. Because hematopoietic stem cells cycle at a slow rate, replenishment must involve replication of precursor B cells. To study proliferation of early human B cell progenitors, we established a feeder cell–free in vitro system allowing the development of B cells from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells up to the stage of immature IgM+ B cells. We found that pro-B and pre-B cells generated in vitro can proliferate autonomously and persist up to 7 wk in culture in the absence of signals induced by exogenously added cytokines. Nevertheless, addition of IL-7 enhanced pre-B cell expansion and inhibited maturation into IgM+ B cells. The B cell precursor subsets replicating in vitro were highly similar to the bone marrow B cell precursors cycling in vivo. The autonomous proliferation of B cell precursor subsets in vitro and their long-term persistence implies that proliferation during pro-B and pre-B cell stages plays an important role in the homeostasis of the peripheral B cell compartment. Our in vitro culture can be used to study defects in B cell development or in reconstitution of the B cell pool after depletion and chemotherapy.
Identification of B7-H1 as a Novel Mediator of the Innate Immune/Proinflammatory Response as well as a Possible Myeloid Cell Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis
Authors: Huang Xin , Chen Yaping , Chung Chun-Shiang , Yuan Zhenglong , Monaghan Sean F. , Wang Fei , Ayala Alfred 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Identifying relevant mediators responsible for the pathogenesis during sepsis may lead to finding novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Recent studies indicate programmed cell death receptor (PD)-1 plays a significant role in the development of immune suppression associated with sepsis. In this study, we determine whether B7-H1, the primary ligand of PD-1, contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis. We report that B7-H1 is upregulated extensively on various immune cells during sepsis and B7-H1 gene deficiency protects mice from the lethality of sepsis. In terms of the histological development of multiple organ damage and inflammatory cytokine levels in circulation or at infectious site, B7-H1–deficient mice showed a remarkable reduction in these indices when compared with wild-type mice. However, B7-H1 gene-deficient mice did not exhibit a lower bacterial burden when compared with wild-type mice, although they recruited more macrophages and neutrophils into infectious site. In addition, we found that, during sepsis, whereas there were no marked differences affecting ex vivo macrophage cytokine productive capacity between PD-1 and B7-H1 gene-deficient mice, preservation of ex vivo macrophage phagocytic function was only seen in septic PD-1 knockout mouse cells. Finally, higher percentage B7-H1+ neutrophils in peripheral blood correlated not only with higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (CCL2, IL-6, CXCL2, KC, TNF-α, and IL-10), but with lethal outcome as well. Together, these results indicate B7-H1 contributes to septic morbidity in fashion distinct from PD-1 and suggest B7-H1 expression on neutrophils could be used as a biomarker of septic severity.
Id3 and Id2 Act as a Dual Safety Mechanism in Regulating the Development and Population Size of Innate-like γδ T Cells
Authors: Zhang Baojun , Lin Yen-Yu , Dai Meifang , Zhuang Yuan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The innate-like T cells expressing Vγ1.1 and Vδ6.3 represent a unique T cell lineage sharing features with both the γδ T and the invariant NKT cells. The population size of Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ T cells is tightly controlled and usually contributes to a very small proportion of thymic output, but the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. Deletion of Id3, an inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, can induce an expansion of the Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ T cell population. This phenotype is much stronger on the C57BL/6 background than on the 129/sv background. Using quantitative trait linkage analysis, we identified Id2, a homolog of Id3, to be the major modifier of Id3 in limiting Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ T cell expansion. The Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ phenotype is attributed to an intrinsic weakness of Id2 transcription from Id2 C57BL/6 allele, leading to an overall reduced dosage of Id proteins. However, complete removal of both Id2 and Id3 genes in developing T cells suppressed the expansion of Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ T cells because of decreased proliferation and increased cell death. We showed that conditional knockout of Id2 alone is sufficient to promote a moderate expansion of γδ T cells. These regulatory effects of Id2 and Id3 on Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ T cells are mediated by titration of E protein activity, because removing one or more copies of E protein genes can restore Vγ1.1+Vδ6.3+ T cell expansion in Id2 and Id3 double conditional knockout mice. Our data indicated that Id2 and Id3 collaboratively control survival and expansion of the γδ lineage through modulating a proper threshold of E proteins.
School Reform: The Role of Physical Education Policy in Physical Activity of Elementary School Children in Alabama's Black Belt Region
Authors: Robinson Leah E. , Wadsworth Danielle D. , Webster E. Kipling , Bassett David R. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To investigate the implementation of state- and school-mandated physical education (PE) and physical activity policies on students' school-day physical activity behaviors. Design. Observational, cross-sectional study. Setting. Five elementary schools in rural Alabama. Subjects. Six hundred and eighty-three school-age children. Measures. School-day physical activity behaviors were assessed with pedometer step count, the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT), and the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Analysis. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) were used to describe the current health and in-school physical activity behaviors of students. Results. Students accumulated a daily average of 4079.57 (± 1678.1) and 3473.44 (± 1073.37) steps for boys and girls, respectively, throughout the school day. SOFIT findings indicate that students spent an average of 23.80 ± 5.33 min/d in PE and that 14.33 ± 6.10 min/d were spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This equates to 59.38% of PE time spent in MVPA. SOPLAY findings showed that recess and before/after school activity was not provided. Conclusions. It appears that schools were in compliance with the state-mandated PE policies on paper but not in actuality. Students did not attend PE for 30 min/d. The implementation of PE as the sole physical activity opportunity provides inadequate amounts of physical activity during the school day.