bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personalized Genomic Medicine and the Rhetoric of Empowerment
Authors: Juengst Eric T. , Flatt Michael A. , Settersten Richard A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA decade after the completion of the Human Genome Project, the widespread appeal of personalized genomic medicine's vision and potential virtues for health care remains compelling. Advocates argue that our current medical regime “is in crisis as it is expensive, reactive, inefficient, and focused largely on one size fits all treatments for events of late stage disease.” What is revolutionary about this kind of medicine, its advocates maintain, is that it promises to resolve that crisis by simultaneously increasing the ability to be “personalized,” “predictive,” “preventive,” and “participatory.” Some call personalized genomic medicine “P4 Medicine,” inscribing these cardinal virtues into the movement's name.All of these putative virtues have interesting implications for the future of health care. In this essay, we are especially interested in the claims that personalized medicine will lead to a more “participatory” or “patient‐centered” approach to health care, in which patients are “empowered” to take more personal control over their care. The rhetoric of patient empowerment is nothing new in health care, but personalized medicine is an interesting case study because it portrays empowerment as one of its key virtues and as a mechanism for fixing the health care “crisis.”
Maintaining Trust in Newborn Screening
Authors: van der Burg Simone , Verweij Marcel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNewborn screening consists of taking a few drops of blood from a baby's heel in the first week of life and testing it for a list of disorders. In the United States and most countries in Europe, newborn screening programs began in the 1960s and 1970s with screening for phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare metabolic disease that causes severe and irreversible mental retardation unless treated before problems arise. As knowledge about rare diseases expanded and new screening technologies were introduced—such as the tandem mass spectrometer and high‐performance liquid chromatography—the same blood sample could be used to test for a whole list of disorders.In general, screening programs in most countries have tended to expand, but in different countries they have expanded in different ways. Regulation also varies. In some states, screening is mandatory, whereas in others—Wyoming and Maryland—parents are asked for their informed consent. Germany and France have adopted an explicit informed consent procedure, whereas other European countries have a more informal “opt‐out” procedure that does not require signing an informed consent form.Whether newborn screening requires informed consent is an ongoing issue in bioethics. In this article, we will focus on the tension between informed consent and the problem of compliance in newborn screening. Asking for informed consent—allowing parents to opt out—is often thought to pose a threat to compliance. Building on the work of Onora O'Neill on informed consent and trust, however, as well as on work she coauthored with Neil Manson, we will argue that informed consent procedures may actually help maintain trust in newborn screening and may therefore support compliance.
Latitudes and Longitudes
Authors: Crowley Mary 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis summer, I met Stephan Van Dam, a mapmaker and publisher so well known for his innovative work that twenty‐six of his maps are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. We talked about our work, and he connected bioethics to mapping. “After all, ethics is action,” he said.I've thought about that since because I found it a great description for bioethics and my role in it. Being concerned with how things ought to be requires a map of how they are and where we want to go. As director of public affairs and communications at The Hastings Center, my job is to help put the normative and empirical research of our scholars into action via policy‐makers, journalists, and the public—to place it on the map.
Battles over the Sexes
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSeveral themes in this issue of the Hastings Center Report deserve mention. Entirely fortuitously, several shorter pieces in this issue discuss the nature of the doctor‐patient relationship and the need for physicians to engage patients personally rather than only technically. Also, a special supplement to this issue addresses the shifting terrain of the debate about the use of animals in medical research. Perhaps the most prominent topic in the issue, however, is the physical modification of women's genitals. Both articles address this topic, and though there are significant differences between the two articles, both circle specifically around the question of whether the modification of women's genitals may be driven by cultural norms of womanhood and how women differ from men, and both comment not just on the questions but on the social debate about them.
Conceived and Deceived: The Medical Interests of Donor‐Conceived Individuals
Authors: RAVITSKY VARDIT 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEffective July 22, 2011, a new law in the state of Washington requires any donor of sperm or eggs to provide a medical history and identifying information to fertility clinics. It also allows donor‐conceived individuals to request this information from clinics once they reach the age of eighteen. This is a significant legislative milestone and a promising development in a country that has consistently shied away from regulating the infertility industry in any way.What do we as a society owe donor‐conceived individuals in terms of obtaining access to information about their genetic origins? This essay addresses just one of this set of issues: the regulatory changes required to address the medical interests of donor‐conceived individuals, regardless of whether a human right to know one's genetic origins is acknowledged.
The Ethics of Evidence
Authors: Biller‐Andorno Nikola , Wild Verina 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBasing normative judgment and policy on a rich empirical account of the issue at hand is usually a good idea. But doing nothing and awaiting further evidence can sometimes itself be bad judgment. This is the case with female genital cutting. We already know what is needed to define the conditions under which female genital cutting is morally unacceptable and that we can legitimately act on this knowledge.
Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from 10 New European Union Members
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Rault Christophe , Sova Anamaria Diana , Sova Robert 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper reviews the main features of the banking and financial sector in 10 new European Union members, and then examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth in these countries by estimating a dynamic panel model over the period 1994–2007. The evidence suggests that the stock and credit markets are still underdeveloped in these economies and that their contribution to economic growth is limited owing to a lack of financial depth. By contrast, a more efficient banking sector is found to have accelerated growth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural insights into RNA recognition properties of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase 3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Shen Hui , Wang Hong , Liu Qiao , Liu Huihui , Teng Maikun , Li Xu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC: 1.2.1.12) is an essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. However, recent evidence demonstrates that GAPDH displays a range of new functions unrelated to its glycolytic function. GAPDH has long been known as a 3′ AU‐rich element‐binding protein; however, its RNA recognition mechanism is still not well understood. Here, we present the first crystal structure of GAPDH3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identify its RNA‐binding specificity and propose an RNA recognition model based on structural and biochemical studies. This study sheds light on the RNA‐binding mechanism of GAPDH3 and contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its RNA‐related functions. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(9):631–638, 2014
Mini review on blood–brain barrier penetration of pyridinium aldoximes
Authors: Kalász H. , Nurulain S. M. , Veress G. , Antus S. , Darvas F. , Adeghate E. , Adem A. , Hashemi F. , Tekes K. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration of newly developed pyridinium aldoximes. Pyridinium aldoximes are highly charged hydrophilic compounds used in the treatment of subjects exposed to organophosphonates because they are effective as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Pyridinium aldoximes have antidotal effects against poisoning with cholinesterase inhibitors, a frequent problem affecting people working with organophosphate‐based insecticides and pesticides. Toxic organophosphonate products such as sarin and tabun can be used by terrorists as chemical warfare agents. This poses a severe challenge to all innocent and peace‐loving people worldwide. This review gives a brief summary of BBB transporters and description of the current in vitro and in vivo methods for the characterization of BBB penetration of established and novel pyridinium aldoximes. The authors provide a putative mechanism of penetration, outline some future ways of formulation and discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages of increasing BBB penetration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel microcalorimetric assay for antibacterial activity of implant coatings: The cases of silver‐doped hydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxide
Authors: Braissant Olivier , Chavanne Philippe , de Wild Michael , Pieles Uwe , Stevanovic Sabrina , Schumacher Ralf , Straumann Lukas , Wirz Dieter , Gruner Philipp , Bachmann Alexander , Bonkat Gernot 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBiomaterials with antimicrobial properties are now commonly used in different clinical specialties including orthopedics, endodontic, and traumatology. As a result, assessing the antimicrobial effect of coatings applied on implants is of critical importance. In this study, we demonstrate that isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) can be used for monitoring bacterial growth and biofilm formation at the surface of such coatings and for determining their antimicrobial effects. The antibacterial effects of silver doped hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium hydroxide coatings on Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined with a minimal workload. Using the Gompertz growth model we determined biofilm growth rates close to those values reported in the literature. Furthermore, we were able to estimate the reduction in the bacterial inocula originally applied at the surface of the coatings. Therefore, in addition to monitoring the antimicrobial effect of silver doped HA and calcium hydroxide coatings, we also demonstrate that IMC might be a valuable tool for assessing such antimicrobial properties of implant coatings at a minimal workload. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1161–1167, 2015.
Gastroprotective Effects of L‐Lysine Salification of Ketoprofen in Ethanol‐Injured Gastric Mucosa
Authors: Cimini Annamaria , Brandolini Laura , Gentile Roberta , Cristiano Loredana , Menghini Paola , Fidoamore Alessia , Antonosante Andrea , Benedetti Elisabetta , Giordano Antonio , Allegretti Marcello 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKetoprofen L‐lysine salt (KLS), a NSAID, is widely used for its analgesic efficacy and tolerability. L‐lysine salification was reported to increase the solubility and the gastric absorption and tolerance of ketoprofen. Since the management of NSAIDs gastrotoxicity still represents a major limitation in prolonged therapies, mainly when gastric lesions are present, this study investigated the gastro‐protective activity of L‐lysine by using a well‐established model of gastric mucosa injury, the ethanol‐gastric injury model. Several evidences show that the damaging action of ethanol could be attributed to the increase of ROS, which plays a key role in the increase of lipid peroxidation products, including malonyldialdehyde and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal. With the aim to unravel the mechanism of L‐lysine gastroprotection, cellular MDA levels and 4‐HNE protein adducts as markers of lipid peroxidation and a panel of key endogenous gastro‐protective proteins were assayed. The data obtained indicate a gastroprotective effect of L‐lysine on gastric mucosa integrity. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 813–820, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A review of perceived diversity in teams: Does how members perceive their team's composition affect team processes and outcomes?
Authors: Shemla Meir , Meyer Bertolt , Greer Lindred , Jehn Karen A. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryIn this paper, we review the growing literature on perceived diversity in teams. We aim to clarify the construct of perceived diversity and organize the findings in this emergent line of research. To do so, we develop a framework integrating research emerging on perceived diversity from across several different research fields. We propose that the nature of perceived diversity and its effects can be best understood by identifying the focal point of the diversity perceptions being studied: perceptions of self‐to‐team dissimilarity, of subgroup splits, and of group heterogeneity. Our review concludes that perceived self‐to‐team dissimilarity and perceived subgroup splits mostly have been linked to negative effects for individuals and groups, whereas perceived group heterogeneity has been shown to exert both positive and negative effects on group outcomes. Our review also draws attention to the problem that research on perceived diversity varies not only in definitions and conceptualizations, but also in the methodological approaches towards operationalizing perceived diversity. We conclude by discussing potential areas for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of oral prednisolone on recovery after tonsillectomy
Authors: Park Soo K. , Kim Jisung , Kim Jeong M. , Yeon Je Y. , Shim Woo S. , Lee Dong W. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the effect of oral prednisolone on recovery from tonsillectomy.Study DesignProspective, randomized, controlled trial of 198 consecutive patients, aged 4 years and older, with no previous or known contraindications to steroid therapy.MethodsAll 198 patients scheduled for elective tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy from April 2013 to April 2014 were included. The participants were then randomly assigned to receive a postoperative course of prednisolone 0.25 mg/kg/d or no prednisolone over 7 days. During the first postoperative day, pain, type of diet (none, fluid, soft, normal), type of activity (none, bed rest, quiet, restricted, normal), presence of nausea and vomiting, postoperative bleeding rate, and sleep disturbance were assessed using questionnaires. All patients were followed up on days 7 and 14 by endoscopic photographic examination of both tonsillar fossa and by completion of questionnaires.ResultsNo statistically significant differences in pain, diet, activity, rate of minor bleeding, nausea/vomiting, fever, or sleep disturbance were observed between the groups on day 1. On day 7, however, in pediatric patients, differences in pain (P = .001), diet (P = .001), activity (P = .004), mean area of re‐epithelialization (P = .000), fever (P = .04), and sleep disturbance (P = .04) were observed. On day 14, differences in the mean area of re‐epithelialization (P = .000, .001) remained in both pediatric and adult patients.ConclusionsOral prednisolone may be beneficial during recovery from tonsillectomy without causing any serious complications.Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 125:111–117, 2015
Fibers Mechanically Similar to Sheep Wool Obtained by Wet Spinning of Gelatin and Optional Plasticizers
Authors: Stoessel Philipp R. , Raso Renzo A. , Kaufmann Tim , Grass Robert N. , Stark Wendelin J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGelatin is an exceptional and versatile biopolymer with applications in various industries. As the most abundant structural protein in vertebrates it is available in megaton quantities. On these grounds, it would be a plausible substitute for synthetic polymers. Gelatin processing into fibers seems promising as continuous protein filaments do not have the limitation of natural fibers, i.e., small staple fiber length. Instead of spinning an aqueous gelatin solution, a protein precipitate from a phase‐separated system is used. Robust wet spinning with subsequent fiber drawing allows production of a gelatin filament with similar mechanical properties as sheep wool. Different degrees of fiber drawing and addition of plasticizers enable to tailor the mechanical and thermal fiber properties and demonstrate the versatility of the proposed spinning process.
Decision Support System and Multi‐Criteria Decision Aid: A State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Razmak Jamil , Aouni Belaid 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to highlight the role of the Decision Support System within the field of multi‐criteria decision aid (MCDA). The MCDA tools have been incorporated into systems to create Multi‐Criteria Decision Support Systems (MCDSSs). In our literature review, we noticed that more than 100 papers have been written over a 20‐year period in which MCDSS was used as a decision‐making tool. The present paper describes some real applications of MCDSS in different fields, harmoniously combined with decision‐making methods such as analytic hierarchy process, Utility Additive, and Goal Programming. The present study proposes an integrative MCDSS evaluation through guidance on the tools most useful for a specific user with a particular decision problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paraproteinemic neuropathies
Authors: Raheja Divisha , Specht Charles , Simmons Zachary 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe paraproteinemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which monoclonal plasma cells cause the proliferation of monoclonal proteins. They are of importance to clinicians because they often occur in association with neuropathies. Neurologists play a particularly important role when the neuropathy is the presenting feature, in which case they may uncover clinical, laboratory, radiologic, electrodiagnostic, or biopsy findings that lead to identification of the underlying paraproteinemia. The frequency of neuropathies in these patients, and the extent to which such neuropathies dominate the clinical picture, varies significantly between the different paraproteinemias. Treatments may be aimed specifically at the neuropathy, or against the underlying hematologic disorder. In all patients with paraproteinemias, the neurologist can work collaboratively with the hematologist to formulate therapeutic plans and goals and can provide follow‐up and monitoring to determine the response of the neuropathy to treatment. Muscle Nerve 51: 1–13, 2015
A myopathy with unusual features caused by PNPLA2 gene mutations
Authors: Pennisi Elena M. , Missaglia Sara , Dimauro Salvatore , Bernardi Cinzia , Akman Hasan Orhan , Tavian Daniela 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The PNPLA2 gene encodes the enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which catalyzes the first step of triglyceride hydrolysis. Mutations in this gene are associated with an autosomal recessive lipid‐storage myopathy, neutral lipid‐storage disease with myopathy (NLSD‐M). Results: A 72‐year‐old woman had late‐onset myopathy, with mild weakness, cramps, and exercise intolerance. Electromyography showed myotonic discharges. A few leukocytes showed lipid droplets (Jordan anomaly). Deltoid and quadriceps muscle biopsies showed no lipid storage. Genetic analysis of PNPLA2 detected 2 heterozygous mutations: c.497A>G (p.Asp166Gly) in exon 5 and c.1442C>T (p.Pro481Leu) in exon 10. Expression of mutant PNPLA2 plasmids in HeLa cells resulted in impaired enzyme activity, confirming the pathological effects of the mutations. Conclusions: In this case of NLSD‐M, the myopathy may be due to a metabolic defect rather than to a mechanical effect of lipid storage. This suggests that more than 1 mechanism contributes to muscle damage in NLSD‐M. Muscle Nerve 51: 609–613, 2015
Which hand is worse? Concordance between patient perception and electrodiagnostic results in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Rumbolt Colin B.C. , Hooper Davyd R. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In patients with clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) the more symptomatic hand may be different from the more severely affected hand on electrodiagnostic testing. This study aims to determine the level of agreement which should be expected between these measures and consequently the level of suspicion for co‐occurring pathology which is warranted if there is discordance. Methods: This was a single center retrospective review of 252 patients referred for upper extremity electrodiagnostic evaluation who were diagnosed subsequently with CTS. Comparison was made between the patient's perceived worst side and the more abnormal side on electrodiagnostic studies. Results: We found a significant level of agreement (κ = 0.676) between patient symptoms and electrodiagnostic testing when identifying the side with more severe CTS. Conclusions: Discordance between patient perception and electrodiagnostic results regarding which hand is affected more severely in patients with CTS should alert the clinician to possible coexisting nonneurologic pathology and prompt regional musculoskeletal examination as indicated. Muscle Nerve 51: 282–283, 2015
THE GROWING ROLE OF SOCIAL PENSIONS: HISTORY, TAXONOMY AND KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Authors: Palacios Robert , Knox‐Vydmanov Charles 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYSocial pensions—government‐provided non‐contributory cash transfers to older people—are becoming an increasingly important element of public pension policy. While the history of social pensions is almost as long as social security itself, it is only in the last two decades that they have risen to prominence, particularly in the attempts of developing countries to fill a persistent coverage gap in their pension systems. This article begins by reviewing the history of social pensions, focusing on developments over the last two decades. It then goes on to explore an appropriate taxonomy of social pensions, attempting to move on from the simplistic (and often problematic) division of universal and means‐tested schemes. Drawing on evidence from HelpAge International'sSocial Pensions Database, the article presents new indicators that can be used to assess the scope of social pensions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.