bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Streams and stages: Reconciling Kingdon and policy process theory
Authors: Howlett Michael , McConnell Allan , Perl Anthony 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUse of metaphors is a staple feature of how we understand policy processes – none more so than the use of ‘policy stages’/'cycles’ and ‘multiple streams’. Yet even allowing for the necessary parsimony of metaphors, the former is often criticised for its lack of ‘real world’ engagement with agency, power, ideology, turbulence and complexity, while the latter focuses only on agenda‐setting but at times has been utilised, with limited results, to understand later stages of the policy process. This article seeks to explore and advance the opportunities for combining both and applying them to the policy‐formation and decision‐making stages of policy making. In doing so it examines possible three, four and five stream models. It argues that a five stream confluence model provides the highest analytical value because it retains the simplicity of metaphors (combining elements of two of the most prominent models in policy studies) while also helping capture some of the more complex and subtle aspects of policy processes, including policy styles and nested systems of governance.
From savannah to farmland: effects of land‐use on mammal communities in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania
Authors: Kiffner Christian , Wenner Carolyn , LaViolet Adam , Yeh Karen , Kioko John 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLand‐use change is considered a major driver of biodiversity loss. In the western part of the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, we assessed large mammal species richness along a land‐use gradient (national park, uninhabited pastoral area and settled pastoral‐ and farmland). We found the highest species richness in the national park and in the pastoral area and lowest species richness in the settled and farmed area. There was little evidence of seasonal changes in species diversity. Except for top‐order carnivores, all functional feeding guilds were still represented in pastoral and settled areas. Although we did not find significant differences in body mass distributions and species’ representation of feeding guilds between the study sites, there was a trend that omnivores, mesopredators and top‐order carnivores tended to occur at lower species richness in agricultural areas than in the pastoral and fully protected areas. These results indicate that areas used for livestock keeping can maintain high wildlife species richness and that direct and indirect effects of agricultural and settlement expansions are the main drivers of species richness loss in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem and possibly other African savannah ecosystems. These results are useful for informed land‐use planning that aims to maintain species diversity and ecological connectivity between protected areas.
Eye Contact Modulates Cognitive Processing Differently in Children With Autism
Authors: Falck‐Ytter Terje , Carlström Christoffer , Johansson Martin 
Published: July 2014

In humans, effortful cognitive processing frequently takes place during social interaction, with eye contact being an important component. This study shows that the effect of eye contact on memory for nonsocial information is different in children with typical development than in children with autism, a disorder of social communication. Direct gaze facilitated memory performance in children with typical development (n = 25, 6 years old), but no such facilitation was seen in the clinical group (n = 10, 6 years old). Eye tracking conducted during the cognitive test revealed strikingly similar patterns of eye movements, indicating that the results cannot be explained by differences in overt attention. Collectively, these findings have theoretical significance and practical implications for testing practices in children.
The Ser680Asn polymorphism in the follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor gene is associated with the ovarian response in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
Authors: Huang Xianliang , Li Lu , Hong Ling , Zhou Weijin , Shi Huijuan , Zhang Huiqin , Zhang Zhaofeng , Sun Xiaoxi , Du Jing 
Published: July 2014

SummaryObjectivePolymorphisms in the follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene are reported to be associated with the ovarian response in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), although there remains some discordance between studies. Here, using the largest patient sample to date, we evaluated the association of the p.Ser680Asn (S680N) polymorphism in the FSHR gene with the outcome of COH.DesignCohort study.SettingMedical academy and hospital.PatientsA total of 1250 infertile Chinese women undergoing IVF/ICIS‐ET treatment were included.MeasuresThe association between an FSHR polymorphism (S680N) and the ovarian response was analysed. Genotyping was performed by utilizing direct sequencing and the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX platform. Follicular fluid oestradiol (E2) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were determined using electrochemiluminesence immunoassays. The ovarian response parameters were analysed based on the FSHR genotypes. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for the risk genotypes and alleles.ResultsThere were linear correlations between the basal FSH level, exogenous gonadotropin consumption, and oocytes retrieved and the Ser680 alleles. Patients in the homozygous SS group demonstrated higher basal FSH levels, required more dosage of exogenous gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation, and had fewer numbers of oocytes retrieved compared with patients in the homozygous NN and heterozygous groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the OR of a poor ovarian response for the NS genotype was 1·79 (95% CI 1·28–2·61; P < 0·001), whereas that for the SS genotype was 2·25 (95% CI 1·40–3·58; P < 0·001) after adjusting for age, BMI and basal FSH level. The concentration of E2 in the follicular fluid was significantly higher in subjects with the NN genotype than the SS genotype (772 ± 545 ng/ml vs. 1299 ± 504 ng/ml).ConclusionsFollicle‐stimulating hormone receptor gene polymorphism at position 680 is associated with different ovarian responses to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.
Results of retrospective classification of thyroid FNAs according to the Bethesda system: would this have improved accuracy?
Authors: Srbova L. , Gabalec F. , Ryska A. , Cap J. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo retrospectively reclassify the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology at our institution according to the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC), and to determine whether the introduction of the new classification system would have influenced the diagnostic accuracy compared with our existing system in which suspicious/indeterminate categories (categories III–IV) are managed according to clinical findings and cytopathologists' recommendations.MethodsFNAs performed under ultrasound guidance between 2001 and 2012, and subsequently verified by histology or repeat FNA and follow‐up, were reviewed and retrospectively reclassified according to TBSRTC.ResultsAmong a total of 1310 histologically verified FNAs, the positive predictive values (%) for malignancy and neoplasia (carcinoma + follicular adenomas) for category I–VI according to the TBSRTC were 5.7/11.3, 2.6/5.5, 14.4/34.2, 23.6/55.0, 57.0/64.5 and 92.2/94.2, respectively. Although all the categories predict malignancy closely, the difference in malignancy rate between categories III and IV was not statistically significant; however, the difference in total neoplasia rate reached statistical significance. When patients with cytological and clinical follow‐up were included, the malignancy rated dropped in category I to 2.4%, whereas, in category III, it remained at 13%. Repeat FNA instead of direct surgery spared half of the patients from surgery. The cytopathologists' recommendations for histological verification in category III were associated with an insignificant increase in malignancy rate, but the total neoplasia rate reached 57.5%.ConclusionsAt our institution, the application of the TBSRTC did not improve the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of malignancy compared with current practice. In selected cases with cytological results falling into category III (according to clinical data and cytopathologists' opinions), direct lobectomy seems to be justified.
Alate production in an aphid in relation to ant tending and alarm pheromone
Authors: TEGELAAR KAROLINA , LEIMAR OLOF 
Published: July 2014

1. Winged dispersal is vital for aphids as predation pressure and host plant conditions fluctuate.2. Ant‐tended aphids also need to disperse, but this may represent a cost for the ants, resulting in an evolutionary conflict of interest over aphid dispersal.3. The combined effects of aphid alarm pheromone, indicating predation risk, and ant attendance on the production of winged aphids were examined in an experiment with Aphis fabae (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Scopoli 1763) aphids and Lasius niger (Formicidae: Formicinae) (Linné, 1758) ants.4. This study is the first to investigate the joint effects of alarm pheromone and ant attendance, and also the first to detect an influence of alarm pheromone on the production of winged morphs in A. fabae.5. After a period of 2 weeks, it was found that aphid colonies exposed to intermittent doses of alarm pheromone produced more winged individuals, whereas ant tending had the opposite effect. The effects were additive on a log scale, and ant attendance had a greater proportional influence than exposure to alarm pheromone. A tentative conclusion is that ants have gained the upper hand in an evolutionary conflict about aphid dispersal.
The role of ecological availability and host plant characteristics in determining host use by the bogus yucca moth Prodoxus decipiens
Authors: ALTHOFF DAVID M. , FOX KELLY A. , FRIEDEN TAL 
Published: July 2014

1. Specialisation in host plant use is strongly correlated with speciation in many plant‐feeding insects. Specialised taxa, however, could be restricted in host range due to limits in ecological availability of host plant species rather than trade‐offs in using alternate host species.2. Moths in the genus Prodoxus are extreme specialists on Yucca and speciation is closely tied to host plant shifts. However, many Yucca ranges are allopatric. This study examined whether the bogus yucca moth Prodoxus decipiens is limited in host range because of biogeographic factors or due to differences in the characteristics of host plant species.3. In a common garden, local P. decipiens moths that use Yucca filamentosa were exposed to individuals of five Yucca species, two that are known hosts of P. decipiens in other parts of its range and three that are used by its sister species, Prodoxus quinquepunctellus.4. Local moths were attracted to flowers of all Yucca species and females attempted oviposition in the flowering stalks of all species. However, larvae successfully completed development to diapause in only one of the five host plant species. Larval development on non‐natal Yucca species was significantly reduced compared with the local host.5. The results suggest that differences in host plant characteristics among Yucca species would result in strong natural selection during a host shift. Thus, specialisation in host plant use is probably due to trade‐offs involved with using novel host plant species as well as ecological availability.
A cross‐national study of the ecological worldview of senior consumers
Authors: Sudbury‐Riley Lynn , Hofmeister‐Toth Agnes , Kohlbacher Florian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a cross‐national study into the ecological worldview of senior consumers using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. It was designed to examine the extent to which senior respondents in the UK, Germany, Japan and Hungary are endorsing the NEP scale and which factors determine NEP in the four countries under study. Our study is the first of its kind to measure the ecological worldview of older consumers across different nations. Examinations of the overall frequency and mean distributions of the NEP scale showed that the majority of seniors in each country support the NEP statements, but there is no general support for pro‐NEP orientation. The relationship between values [using list of values (LOV) scale] and environmental attitudes was tested through a series of regression analyses calculated separately for each country. According to the results, a very weak relationship between some of the LOV values and the NEP scale was found in all the samples. Our study contributes to both cross‐cultural environmental attitude research and to consumer studies in general.
Outcomes following Sonothrombolysis in Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke: Subgroup Analysis of the CLOTBUST Trial
Authors: Barlinn Kristian , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Barreto Andrew D. , Alleman John , Molina Carlos A. , Mikulik Robert , Saqqur Maher , Demchuk Andrew M. , Schellinger Peter D. , Howard George , Alexandrov Andrei V. 
Published: July 2014

Background Sonothrombolysis is safe and may increase the likelihood of early recanalization in acute ischemic stroke patients. Aims In preparation of a phase III clinical trial, we contrast the likelihood of achieving a sustained recanalization and functional independence in a post hoc subgroup analysis of patients randomized to transcranial Doppler monitoring plus intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (sonothrombolysis) compared with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone in the CLOTBUST trial. Methods We analyzed the data from all randomized acute ischemic stroke patients with pretreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores ≥ 10 points and proximal intracranial occlusions in the CLOTBUST trial. We compared sustained complete recanalization rate (Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia flow grades 4–5) and functional independence (modified Rankin Scale 0–1) at 90 days. Safety was evaluated by the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 72 h of stroke onset. Results Of 126 patients, a total of 85 acute ischemic stroke patients met our inclusion criteria: mean age 71 ± 11years, 56% men, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 17 (interquartile range 14–20). Of these patients, 41 (48%) and 44 (52%) were randomized to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone and sonothrombolysis, respectively. More patients achieved sustained complete recanalization in the sonothrombolysis than in the intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone group (38·6% vs. 17·1%; P = 0·032). Functional independence at 90 days was more frequently achieved in the sonothrombolysis than in the intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone group (37·2% vs. 15·8%; P = 0·045). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate was similar in both groups (4·9% vs. 4·6%; P = 1·00). Conclusions Our results point to a signal of efficacy and provide information to guide the subsequent phase III randomized trial of sonothrombolysis in patients with severe ischemic strokes.
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in treatment of erectile dysfunction: Autologous or allogeneic cell sources?
Authors: Mangir Naside , Akbal Cem , Tarcan Tufan , Simsek Ferruh , Turkeri Levent 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of intracavernosal injection of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells as potential treatment of erectile dysfunction in an experimental rat model.MethodsMesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat paratesticular fat tissue. Bilateral cavernous nerve injury was carried out followed by immediate intracavernosal injection of either autologous or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells or mesenchymal stem cell lysates. One month after injection, erectile function was evaluated by means of intracavernosal pressure measurement. All rats were eventually killed, and penile tissues were taken for immunhistochemical and molecular investigation.ResultsA total of 36 Sprague–Dawley rats were used. The mean maximum intracavernosal pressure in the sham‐operated, autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell injection groups were significantly better compared with the vehicle injection group (80.5 [3.56], 71.1 [2.9] and 69.2 [3.2] vs 40.33 [4.4], respectively). Mean maximum intracavernosal pressure to mean arterial pressure ratios in the autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell and mesenchymal stem cell lysate injection groups were not significantly different.ConclusionsIntracavernosal injection of both autologous or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells improve erectile functions in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells might provide clinicians with ready to use, standardized and, in certain cases, more effective products. More studies focusing on long‐term immunological aspects of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells are required.
Biomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Subcuticular Skin Stapling Device for Use in Equine Abdominal Surgeries
Authors: Biedrzycki Adam , Markel Mark D. , Brounts Sabrina H. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare thein vitrobiomechanical properties of a novel subcuticular stapling device to current methods of abdominal skin closure for equine abdominal surgery.Study DesignIn vitrorandomized, matched design.Sample PopulationEquine ventral median abdominal skin specimens (n = 24 horses).MethodsSubcuticular absorbable staples (SAS), metallic staples (MS), polyglyconate suture (PG), and nylon monofilament (NYL) were applied to longitudinally transected portions of equine ventral midline skin. Loads that resulted in an initial failure point and the ultimate failure load and mechanism were recorded.ResultsMean ± SD loads at initial failure for PG (86 N ± 64 N), NYL (81 N ± 142 N), and SAS (70 N ± 20 N) were not significantly different from each other. PG and SAS were significantly higher than MS (43 N ± 17 N;P < .05). Ultimate failure load for PG (563 N ± 157 N) and NYL (558 N ± 162 N) were significantly higher than either MS (175 N ± 44 N) or SAS (96 N ± 20N;P < .001). For the suture groups, nearly all failures occurred because of skin pull through whereas all SAS staples failed because of staple fracture. Failure patterns were mixed for MS.ConclusionsSAS had the lowest ultimate failure load; however, other measured variables identified characteristics of SAS that may be clinically beneficial.
Intracardiac Thrombosis in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Authors: WU LINGMIN , YAO YAN , CHEN GANG , FAN XIAOHAN , ZHENG LIHUI , DING LIGANG , ZHANG SHU 
Published: July 2014

Intracardiac Thrombosis in ARVCBackgroundIntracardiac thrombus has been reported in anecdotal cases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). This prospective study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of intracardiac thrombosis in patients with ARVC.MethodsFrom February 2004 to August 2013, transthoracic echocardiograms and magnetic resonance imagings were performed in 193 patients with ARVC. The prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of intracardiac thrombosis were investigated.ResultsTen intracardiac thrombi were identified in 8 patients (4.1%), the majority (7/10) of which were found in the right ventricular apex. Multivariate analysis showed that female gender and left ventricular dysfunction were independently associated with increased risk for thrombosis in ARVC. All thrombi were eliminated in 3 weeks after anticoagulation therapy without any complication. During a median follow‐up time of 38 months (range 2 to 128), no thromboembolism event or sudden death was observed in patients under anticoagulation therapy; however, in patients without anticoagulation therapy, definite pulmonary thromboembolism occurred in 1 and sudden death due to suspected pulmonary thromboembolism was observed in another.ConclusionIntracardiac thrombosis may occur in certain patients with ARVC. Female gender and left ventricular dysfunction appeared to be associated with increased risk for thrombosis. Early screening and effective anticoagulation therapy may improve the prognosis.
Diet specialization in an extreme omnivore: nutritional regulation in glucose‐averse German cockroaches
Authors: Shik J. Z. , Schal C. , Silverman J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOrganisms have diverse adaptations for balancing dietary nutrients, but often face trade‐offs between ingesting nutrients and toxins in food. While extremely omnivorous cockroaches would seem excluded from such dietary trade‐offs, German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) in multiple populations have rapidly evolved a unique dietary specialization – an aversion to glucose, the phagostimulant in toxic baits used for pest control. We used factorial feeding experiments within the geometric framework to test whether glucose‐averse (GA) cockroaches with limited access to this critical metabolic fuel have compensatory behavioural and physiological strategies for meeting nutritional requirements. GA cockroaches had severely constrained intake, fat and N mass, and performance on glucose‐based diets relative to wild‐type (WT) cockroaches and did not appear to exhibit digestive strategies for retaining undereaten nutrients. However, a GA × WT ‘hybrid’ had lower glucose aversion than GA and greater access to macronutrients within glucose‐based diets – while still having lower intake and survival than WT. Given these intermediate foraging constraints, hybrids may be a reservoir for this maladaptive trait in the absence of positive selection and may account for the rapid evolution of this trait following bait application.
Home range and social analyses in a mouth brooding frog: testing the coexistence of paternal care and male territoriality
Authors: Valenzuela‐Sánchez A. , Harding G. , Cunningham A. A. , Chirgwin C. , Soto‐Azat C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA link between paternal care and territoriality has been described in several anuran species. The southern Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma darwinii) has developed a highly specialized form of paternal care known as neomelia, in which males ingest developing embryos and transport them in their vocal sacs until metamorphosis is completed. Based on the main components of territoriality described in amphibians: site fidelity, resource limitation and defence (e.g. of oviposition sites and egg clutches), we hypothesized that R. darwinii males exhibit territoriality. To investigate this, we used a multi‐method approach that involved estimating home range and movements, performing social network analyses and monitoring potential egg attendance. Forty‐five individual frogs and three egg clutches were monitored in a population from southern Chile between December 2010 and February 2011. Site fidelity was found across all groups (juveniles, females, non‐brooding males and brooding males) based on small movements between captures (mean ±1 se; 0.96 ± 0.11 m) and small net displacement (2.95 ± 0.55 m). Home ranges were small (1.82 ± 0.54 m; range: 0.1–16 m2) and did not differ significantly among groups. We did not find evidence of male territoriality, instead male frogs exhibited high home range overlapping and intra‐group association. No frogs of either sex were ever seen attending eggs. This evidence supports Wells' suggestion; territoriality in anuran species with parental care should be expected only if males defend oviposition sites. Conversely, females did not exhibit home range overlapping and showed evidence of very low intra‐group association. This study has thrown up a range of additional questions with regard to temporal segregation between non‐brooding males, the roles of male and female calls during reproduction, potential female territoriality and what kind of signals triggers egg ingestion by males.