bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helminth communities in murid rodents from southern and northern localities in Lao PDR: the role of habitat and season
Authors: Pakdeenarong N. , Siribat P. , Chaisiri K. , Douangboupha B. , Ribas A. , Chaval Y. , Herbreteau V. , Morand S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe helminth communities of wild murid rodents were investigated in Luang Prabang and Champasak province, Lao PDR. Thirteen species of rodents (404 individuals) were infected by 19 species of parasites (2 trematode, 3 cestode, 14 nematode species). Four of the recorded helminth species (Echinostoma malayanum,Raillietinasp.,Hymenolepis diminutaandH. nana)are known to cause potential zoonotic helminthiases of medical importance in the South-East Asian region. Individual helminth infection was significantly higher in the wet season. Habitat significantly influenced individual helminth species richness and individual helminth abudance, with a decrease of individual helminth species richness and individual helminth abundance from forest habitat to agricultural and human settlement habitats. The reduction of helminth diversity and abundance is discussed in relation to the ongoing increase of human influence on habitats in Lao PDR.
Effect of local use of l-carnitine after myringotomy on myringosclerosis development in rats
Authors: Vuralkan E , Tokgöz S Alicura , Simsek G , Koybasioglu F , Han U , Caliskan M , Besalti O , Akin I 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectives:This study aimed to investigate the effect of local and intraperitoneal administration of l-carnitine on the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis, and to compare treatment efficiency.Methods:Twenty-four Albino-Wistar rats (48 ears) were bilaterally myringotomised and divided randomly into four groups: group one received no treatment, group two received intraperitoneal l-carnitine, group three received local l-carnitine, and group four received both intraperitoneal and local l-carnitine. On the 15th day after treatment, tympanic membranes were harvested and evaluated histopathologically for myringosclerotic plaque formation, fibroblastic proliferation, tympanic membrane thickness and new vessel formation.Results:The group one tympanic membranes showed extensive thickness, and the incidence of myringosclerosis and fibroblast proliferation were greater than in groups two and four. There were statistically significant differences in tympanic membrane thickness between groups three and four, and in myringosclerosis incidence and fibroblast proliferation, comparing groups two, three and four.Conclusion:Myringosclerosis development was significantly reduced in rats receiving myringotomy plus intraperitoneal l-carnitine. Intraperitoneal l-carnitine administration prevented fibroblastic proliferation and tympanic membrane thickening (both of which cause further tympanic membrane destruction), thus reducing myringotomy-associated morbidity. Local l-carnitine administration had limited effectiveness in this experimental setting.
New approaches for understanding mechanisms of drug resistance in schistosomes
Authors: GREENBERG ROBERT M. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYSchistosomes are parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects hundreds of millions worldwide. Treatment and control of schistosomiasis relies almost entirely on the single drug praziquantel (PZQ), making the prospect of emerging drug resistance particularly worrisome. This review will survey reports of PZQ (and other drug) resistance in schistosomes and other platyhelminths, and explore mechanisms by which drug resistance might develop. Newer genomic and post-genomic strategies that offer the promise of better understanding of how drug resistance might arise in these organisms will be discussed. These approaches could also lead to insights into the mode of action of these drugs and potentially provide markers for monitoring the emergence of resistance.
Exploration of 2, 4-diaminopyrimidine and 2, 4-diamino-s-triazine derivatives as potential antifilarial agents
Authors: SHARMA R. D. , BAG S. , TAWARI N. R. , DEGANI M. S. , GOSWAMI K. , REDDY M. V. R. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYIn view of the mandate from the World Health Organization (WHO) for developing novel drug candidates against human lymphatic filariasis, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors are explored as potential antifilarial agents. The in vitro biological evaluation of an in-house library of 12 diverse antifolate compounds with 2,4-diaminopyrimidine and 2,4-diamino-s-triazine structural features against Brugia malayi is reported. To confirm the DHFR inhibitory potential of these compounds, reversal studies using folic acid and folinic acid were undertaken. Inhibition of DHFR can induce apoptosis; in this light, preliminary evidence of apoptosis by test compounds was detected using ethidium bromide–acridine orange staining and the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition assay. Among the evaluated compounds, 3 showed significant activity against both microfilariae and adult worms. The effects of 2 of these compounds were mostly reversed by folic acid, validating DHFR inhibitory activity. Partial reversal of the effect of 2 compounds by folinic acid and non-reversal of the effect of the third compound both by folic and folinic acids are discussed. This study opens new avenues for the discovery of lead molecules by exploiting the folate pathway against one of the major neglected tropical diseases, filariasis.
RESCUING JUSTICE AND EQUALITY FROM LIBERTARIANISM
Authors: Olsaretti Serena 
Published: April 2013

One of the central motifs of G. A. Cohen's work was his opposition to capitalism in the name of justice. This motif was fully in view in Cohen's work on Robert Nozick's libertarianism: Cohen carefully reconstructed and relentlessly criticized Nozick's apologetics of the free market, which, he thought, was internally coherent but unconvincing. This article suggests that Cohen's opposition to libertarianism did not, however, go far enough, and identifies two respects in which Cohen's position could and should have been more critical of that philosophy.The first concerns Cohen's negative agenda, that is, his critique of Nozick's libertarianism, the second Cohen's more positive agenda, the formulation of his egalitarian view. With regard to the first, this article argues that Cohen did not subject to full critical pressure the idea of self-ownership libertarians endorse, and consequently accorded it greater inequality-engendering power than libertarians may claim for it. With regard to the second point, this article suggests that Cohen implicitly assumed a market-friendly answer to the question of what consequences people who make choices should be held responsible for, which he could and should have questioned.
USABILITY OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN PATIENTS WITH COPD: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Cheung Amy , Janssen Anton , Amft Oliver , Wouters Emiel F. M. , Spruit Martijn A. 
Published: April 2013

Background: Digital media can be integrated in tele-monitoring solutions, serving as the main interface between the patient and the caregiver. Consequently, the selection of the most appropriate digital medium for the specified target group is critical to ensure compliance with the tele-monitoring system.Objectives: This pilot study aims to gather insights from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the ease-of-use, efficacy, effectiveness, and satisfaction of different types of digital media.Methods: Five off-the-shelf digital media devices were tested on nine patients at CIRO+ in Horn, The Netherlands. Usability was evaluated by asking patients to use each device to answer questions related to their symptoms and health status. Subsequently, patients completed a paper-based device usability questionnaire, which assessed prior experience with digital media, device dimensions, device controllability, response speed, screen readability, ease-of-use, and overall satisfaction. After testing all the devices, patients ranked the devices according to their preference.Results: We identified the netbook as the preferred type of device due to its good controllability, fast response time, and large screen size. The smartphone was the least favorite device as patients found the size of the screen to be too small, which made it difficult to interact with.Conclusion: The pilot study has provided important insights to guide the selection of the most appropriate type of digital medium for implementation in tele-monitoring solutions for patients with COPD. As the digital medium is an important interface to the patient in tele-monitoring solutions, it is essential that patients feel motivated to interact with the digital medium on a regular basis.
Cultivating Virtue
Authors: Webber Jonathan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOught you to cultivate your own virtue? Various philosophers have argued that there is something suspect about directing one's ethical attention towards oneself in this way. These arguments can be divided between those that deem aiming at virtue for its own sake to be narcissistic and those that consider aiming at virtue for the sake of good behaviour to involve a kind of doublethink. Underlying them all is the assumption that epistemic access to one's own character requires an external point of view that is, in principle, available to anyone. If cultivating virtue is concerned with forming one's dispositions as these appear to the external point of view, then these charges of narcissism and doublethink can be brought. However, there is another kind of access to one's own character. Since character is manifest in the practical structure of experience, reflection on that practical structure itself is reflection on one's character. Neither the charge of narcissism nor the charge of doublethink can be brought against this phenomenological cultivation of the practical structure of experience. Although not sufficient alone to provide all the information required for the task, phenomenological reflection is essential to the ethical cultivation of virtue.
Efficacy and safety of rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa treatment in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, multi-centre trial
Authors: Zhang Lina , Zhang Zhiqin , Chen Yangmei , Qin Xinyue , Zhou Huadong , Zhang Chaodong , Sun Hongbin , Tang Ronghua , Zheng Jinou , Yi Lin , Deng Liying , Li Jinfang 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Rasagiline mesylate is a highly potent, selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase type B (MAOB) inhibitor and is effective as monotherapy or adjunct to levodopa for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of rasagiline in the Chinese population. This study was designed to investigate the safety and efficacy of rasagiline as adjunctive therapy to levodopa treatment in Chinese PD patients. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-centre trial conducted over a 12-wk period that enrolled 244 PD patients with motor fluctuations. Participants were randomly assigned to oral rasagiline mesylate (1 mg) or placebo, once daily. Altogether, 219 patients completed the trial. Rasagiline showed significantly greater efficacy compared with placebo. During the treatment period, the primary efficacy variable – mean adjusted total daily off time – decreased from baseline by 1.7 h in patients treated with 1.0 mg/d rasagiline compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Scores using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale also improved during rasagiline treatment. Rasagiline was well tolerated. This study demonstrated that rasagiline mesylate is effective and well tolerated as an adjunct to levodopa treatment in Chinese PD patients with fluctuations.
Compact multiband printed-IFA on electromagnetic band-gap structures for wireless applications
Authors: Elsheakh Dalia M. , Abdallah Esmat A. 
Published: April 2013

Fourth generation mobiles require multi-standard operating handsets with small physical size as well as increasing demand for higher data rates. Compact multi-band printed inverted-F antennas (IFA) for available wireless communications are proposed in this paper. New design of printed IFA based on uniplanar compact electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure concept is proposed. A printed-IFA with L-load shaped over an artificial ground plane is designed as the main antenna to cover most wireless applications such as GSM, LTE, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wimax, and WLAN. The multi-band is created by means of an EBG structure that is used as a ground plane. Different shapes of uniplanar EBG such as ring, split ring resonator, and spiral rather than mushroom-like structure are investigated. The proposed antenna is built on the uniplanar EBG ground plane with size of 35 × 45 mm2, which is suitable for most of the mobile devices.
Specific phosphorylation of the PfRh2b invasion ligand of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Engelberg Klemens , Paul Aditya S. , Prinz Boris , Kono Maya , Ching Wilhelm , Heincke Dorothee , Dobner Thomas , Spielmann Tobias , Duraisingh Manoj T. , Gilberger Tim-Wolf 
Published: April 2013

Red blood cell invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum relies on a complex protein network that uses low and high affinity receptor–ligand interactions. Signal transduction through the action of specific kinases is a control mechanism for the orchestration of this process. In the present study we report on the phosphorylation of the CPD (cytoplasmic domain) of P. falciparum Rh2b (reticulocyte homologue protein 2b). First, we identified Ser3233 as the sole phospho-acceptor site in the CPD for in vitro phosphorylation by parasite extract. We provide several lines of evidence that this phosphorylation is mediated by PfCK2 (P. falciparum casein kinase 2): phosphorylation is cAMP independent, utilizes ATP as well as GTP as phosphate donors, is inhibited by heparin and tetrabromocinnamic acid, and is mediated by purified PfCK2. We raised a phospho-specific antibody and showed that Ser3233 phosphorylation occurs in the parasite prior to host cell egress. We analysed the spatiotemporal aspects of this phosphorylation using immunoprecipitated endogenous Rh2b and minigenes expressing the CPD either at the plasma or rhoptry membrane. Phosphorylation of Rh2b is not spatially restricted to either the plasma or rhoptry membrane and most probably occurs before Rh2b is translocated from the rhoptry neck to the plasma membrane.
Crystal structures of glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase 1 from Aspergillus aculeatus
Authors: Suzuki Kentaro , Sumitani Jun-Ichi , Nam Young-Woo , Nishimaki Toru , Tani Shuji , Wakagi Takayoshi , Kawaguchi Takashi , Fushinobu Shinya 
Published: April 2013

GH3 (glycoside hydrolase family 3) BGLs (β-glucosidases) from filamentous fungi have been widely and commercially used for the supplementation of cellulases. AaBGL1 (Aspergillus aculeatus BGL1) belongs to the GH3 and shows high activity towards cellooligosaccharides up to high degree of polymerization. In the present study we determined the crystal structure of AaBGL1. In addition to the substrate-free structure, the structures of complexes with glucose and various inhibitors were determined. The structure of AaBGL1 is highly glycosylated with 88 monosaccharides (18 N-glycan chains) in the dimer. The largest N-glycan chain comprises ten monosaccharides and is one of the largest glycans ever observed in protein crystal structures. A prominent insertion region exists in a fibronectin type III domain, and this region extends to cover a wide surface area of the enzyme. The subsite +1 of AaBGL1 is highly hydrophobic. Three aromatic residues are present at subsite +1 and are located in short loop regions that are uniquely present in this enzyme. There is a long cleft extending from subsite +1, which appears to be suitable for binding long cellooligosaccharides. The crystal structures of AaBGL1 from the present study provide an important structural basis for the technical improvement of enzymatic cellulosic biomass conversion.
Autoantigen can promote progression to a more aggressive TCL1 leukemia by selecting variants with enhanced B-cell receptor signaling
Authors: Chen Shih-Shih , Batliwalla Franak , Holodick Nichol E. , Yan Xiao-Jie , Yancopoulos Sophia , Croce Carlo M. , Rothstein Thomas L. , Chiorazzi Nicholas 
Published: April 2013

Significance
These studies indicate that autoantigen-reactivity plays a role in the progression of a murine leukemia that models human chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This indication is consistent with the notion that chronic lymphocytic leukemia evolves by selection of normal B cells that bind autoantigen via the B-cell antigen receptor.
Social Exclusion of Individuals through Interpersonal Discrimination
Authors: Madera Juan M. , Hebl Michelle R. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the social exclusion that many individuals from stigmatized groups experience. Social exclusion may happen through the expression of formal (overt, illegal) behaviors and/or through the expression of interpersonal (more subtle, legal) behaviors. In this chapter, we begin by describing these different types of discrimination and describe why we focus our discussion and research on interpersonal discrimination. Then, we review the interpersonal discrimination that members of a wide variety of stigmatized groups (e.g., obese, ethnic minorities, physically disabled) experience. We consider the consequences of such interpersonal discrimination, and argue that such behavior is paramount to excluding individuals from many domains of life, although the majority of research thus far has been conducted in workplace settings. Finally, we end by considering strategies that individuals might use to reduce such interpersonal discrimination, and ultimately social exclusion.
Theory and Research on Social Exclusion in Work Groups
Authors: Scott Kristin L. , Thau Stefan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe offer a theoretical model outlining the antecedents and consequences of work group exclusion. We theorize that individuals who threaten the work group’s stability or existence are most likely to become the target of exclusion. We assume that, once excluded, employees will respond in a socially functional manner, such as by increasing helping or conforming behaviors, but only if they perceive there is an opportunity to reconnect with their group. If exclusion is more final, we believe this arouses an innate tendency to aggress against those who threaten the work group’s stability or existence and excluded members will become socially dysfunctional, such as undermining or refusing to help others. We also suggest that once the group has mobilized efforts to exclude, reconnection efforts by members will be discounted and acceptance less attainable, because most group members are risk averse in their inclusion decisions.
Peer Rejection among Children and Adolescents: Antecedents, Reactions, and Maladaptive Pathways
Authors: Juvonen Jaana 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
It is proposed that exclusion from peer interactions compromises development primarily through two defensive pathways involving aggression and social-withdrawal. Hostile attributional biases and anger expectations enable aggressive children to maintain positive self-views in the face of rejection, but place them at risk for continued problem behaviors. Although withdrawal from peer interactions helps nonaggressive children reduce rejection distress, lack of peer contact increases the risk of continued social problems. That is, social-cognitive biases together with peer feedback help account for the diverging developmental pathways and outcomes of aggressive vs. withdrawn rejected children. The implications of a developmental approach are discussed in terms of current debates about the effects and functions of rejection.
Social Rejection Reduces Intelligent Thought and Self-Regulation
Authors: Stillman Tyler F. , Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence that social rejection reduces intelligent thought and self-regulation. Correlational research has demonstrated that social rejection and low intellectual performance are related, as loneliness is associated with poor cognitive functioning. Experimental research has shed light on the correlational findings, as participants assigned to be rejected performed slowly and inaccurately on reasoning problems relative to participants assigned to control conditions. Hence, social rejection reduces intelligent thought. Evidence also indicates that rejection reduces self-control, as people who are rejected perform poorly on a wealth of self-control tasks.
Cortisol Responses to Social Exclusion
Authors: Dickerson Sally S. , Zoccola Peggy M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Experiences of social exclusion, or contexts that create the potential for social exclusion, not only have potent psychological effects, but they can have physiological consequences as well. This chapter reviews research that has examined the effects of social exclusion, rejection, and social evaluation on cortisol, an important health-relevant hormone. Studies have demonstrated that acute experiences of social evaluation or interpersonal rejection can elicit cortisol reactivity, particularly when the evaluation is unambiguous and salient. Social evaluation or exclusion can also precipitate rumination, which could serve to maintain elevated cortisol levels in response to these threats. Chronic forms of social exclusion (e.g., loneliness, peer victimization) have been associated with dysregulated cortisol patterns. Prolonged experiences of social exclusion, evaluation, or rejection may lead to negative health consequences via extended exposure to cortisol or dysregulation in the system.
Depression and Suicide: Transactional Relations with Rejection
Authors: Van Orden Kimberly A. , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of empirical data supporting the notion of a transactional relationship between depression and rejection, suggesting that rejection is both a cause and consequence of depression. Peer and family rejection in childhood and marital discord in adulthood are all associated with increased risk of developing a depressive disorder. Interpersonal processes involved in depression, such as self-verification striving, excessive reassurance-seeking, blame maintenance, and stress generation cause rejection and are key factors in the maintenance and recurrence of depressive symptoms. Rejection is also associated with increased risk of suicide. In particular, social isolation and family discord are associated with elevated risk of suicide. Many evidence-based psychotherapies for depression and suicidal behaviors target interpersonal functioning. These therapies help clients change their interactions with others to prevent rejection and skillfully manage emotional pain that results when rejection occurs. Thus, although rejection is associated with both depression and suicide, psychotherapy can halt the downward cycle.