bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycaemic streaming in type 1 diabetes: implications for intervention?
Authors: Gill GV , Wallymahmed ME , Wallymahmed A , MacFarlane IA , Woodward A 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEvidence exists that mean glycaemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes may remain remarkably constant (glycaemic ‘streaming’ or ‘tracking’). We have re‐examined this in a group of type 1 patients, to explore whether any subgroups may be more or less amenable to glycaemic improvement.We made a retrospective analysis between 2003 and 2007 of 181 people with type 1 diabetes. Basic demographic information, and sequential glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels during the five‐year follow‐up period (2003–2007), were recorded. First (2003) and last HbA1c levels were recorded, and mean HbA1c for the whole period. These were analysed as a total group, by gender, and by glycaemic control (initial HbA1c over or below 64mmol/mol [8.0%]).Mean age was 41±8 years, diabetes duration 19±9 years, 58% were male, and mean HbA1c was 75±17mmol/mol (9.0±1.6%). Over the study period there was a small improvement in total population mean HbA1c (75±17 to 72±16mmol/mol [9.0±1.6 to 8.7±1.5%], p=0.003). This was accounted for by improvements in male (74±17 to 70±15mmol/mol [8.9±1.6 to 8.6±1.4%], p=0.005) and poorly‐controlled (HbA1c ≥65mmol/mol [8.1%]) patients (79±15 to 75±15mmol/mol [9.4±1.4 to 9.0±1.4%], p=0.002). Female and well‐controlled (HbA1c ≤64mmol/mol [8.0%]) patients showed no change in mean glycaemia.Most patients maintained closely similar HbA1c levels over time. Interventions in type 1 diabetes may be more usefully aimed at risk factors rather than glycaemia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Cardiovascular safety and GLP‐1 receptor agonists
Authors: Carty David M , Drummond Russell , Fisher Miles 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOwing to the situation that exists following the rosiglitazone controversy aligned with the high cardiovascular risk profile that underlies type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is a requirement from the licensing agencies that new antidiabetic drugs must be shown not to increase cardiovascular risk during phase 3 development. This includes studying patients with high cardiovascular risk, who were previously excluded from phase 2 studies.All of the currently available GLP‐1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide) have satisfied these safety criteria, with the suggestion that there might be some cardiovascular benefit with this class. Large randomised controlled trials are ongoing to assess safety as well as potential benefit. The results of these randomised controlled trials will influence the long‐term use of GLP‐1 receptor agonists and their place in treatment guidelines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes 2013; 30(6): 242–245
Design of a Novel Mesoporous Organosilica Hybrid Microcarrier: a pH Stimuli‐Responsive Dual‐Drug‐Delivery Vehicle for Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Agents
Authors: Moorthy Madhappan Santha , Bae Jae‐Ho , Kim Mi‐Ju , Kim Sun‐Hee , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: July 2013

The integration of unique functionality into mesoporous organosilica hybrid carriers is an important issue in solving the challenges of dual/multi delivery for combined therapy with drugs with a distinct therapeutic effects. Newly designed mesoporous organosilica hybrid microcarriers (HMCs) are synthesized on the basis of the triblock‐copolymer‐templated sol–gel method. The synthesized HMCs, which integrate both heteroaromatic pyridine and diurea functionalities, are combined in a mesoporous organosilica hybrid network to design functional hybrid microcarriers with a range of mechanisms for the pH‐triggered release of two drugs. The drugs include the hydrophilic anticancer therapeutic agent 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and the non‐steroidal hydrophobic anti‐inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IBU). 5‐FU and IBU are encapsulated in the HMCs using multiple hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction sites and are delivered under a range of pH conditions. The release of 5‐FU and IBU is tested at pH 5.5 and 7.4. The results show that the release is sensitive to pH. The antitumor activity of the released 5‐FU is evaluated using the MCF‐7 cell line. The released 5‐FU has the capacity to kill cancer cells under acidic pH conditions.
Electronic comparison of InAs wurtzite and zincblende phases using nanowire transistors
Authors: Ullah A. R. , Joyce H. J. , Burke A. M. , Wong‐Leung J. , Tan H. H. , Jagadish C. , Micolich A. P. 
Published: July 2013

Abstractmagnified imageWe compare the electronic characteristics of nanowire field‐effect transistors made using single pure wurtzite and pure zincblende InAs nanowires grown from identical catalyst particles. We compare the transfer characteristics and field‐effect mobility versus temperature for these devices to better understand how differences in InAs phase govern the electronic properties of nanowire transistors. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sonographic predictors of postnatal bowel atresia in fetal gastroschisis
Authors: Goetzinger K. R. , Tuuli M. G. , Longman R. E. , Huster K. M. , Odibo A. O. , Cahill A. G. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo estimate the association between antenatal bowel dilation and postnatal small‐bowel atresia in fetal gastroschisis and to establish a threshold at which the risk of adverse neonatal outcome increases.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of singleton gestations with an antenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis seen in our ultrasound unit from 2001 to 2010. We reviewed stored images from the last ultrasound examination before delivery, blinded to postnatal diagnoses and outcomes. Fetal intra‐ and extra‐abdominal bowel dilation (IABD and EABD, respectively) and bowel‐wall thickness were measured. Previously published definitions of bowel dilation, including > 6, > 10, > 14 and > 18 mm, were evaluated for association with the primary outcome of bowel atresia. The optimal threshold to define fetal bowel dilation was determined by evaluating the significance of association as well as test performance characteristics.ResultsOf 109 consecutive patients with fetal gastroschisis, there were four cases of intrauterine fetal demise and three neonatal deaths. Of the 94 live births with complete outcome data, 39 (41.5%) had measurable IABD. There were 14 (14.9%) cases of bowel atresia. Using a threshold of > 14 mm, IABD was significantly associated with an increased risk for bowel atresia (relative risk, 3.1 (95% CI, 1.2–8.2)) with a sensitivity of 57.1%, specificity of 75.0%, positive predictive value of 28.6% and negative predictive value of 90.9%. IABD > 14 mm was also associated with a significantly longer stay in neonatal intensive care unit. There was no significant association between EABD and bowel atresia at any of the thresholds evaluated.ConclusionIABD > 14 mm is associated with an increased risk for postnatal bowel atresia in fetal gastroschisis. This finding may be useful in counseling patients regarding the anticipated postnatal course for their neonate. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Messenger RNA‐based vaccines: progress, challenges, applications
Authors: Kramps Thomas , Probst Jochen 
Published: July 2013

Twenty years after the demonstration that messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed and immunogenic upon direct injection in mice, the first successful proof‐of‐concept of specific protection against viral infection in small and large animals was reported. These data indicate wider applicability to infectious disease and should encourage continued translation of mRNA‐based prophylactic vaccines into human clinical trials. At the conceptual level, mRNA‐based vaccines—more than other genetic vectors—combine the simplicity, safety, and focused immunogenicity of subunit vaccines with favorable immunological properties of live viral vaccines: (1) mRNA vaccines are molecularly defined and carry no excess information. In the environment and upon physical contact, RNA is rapidly degraded by ubiquitous RNases and cannot persist. These characteristics also guarantee tight control over their immunogenic profile (including avoidance of vector‐specific immune responses that could interfere with repeated administration), pharmacokinetics, and dosing. (2) mRNA vaccines are synthetically produced by an enzymatic process, just requiring information about the nucleic acid sequence of the desired antigen. This greatly reduces general complications associated with biological vaccine production, such as handling of infectious agents, genetic variability, environmental risks, or restrictions to vaccine distribution. (3) RNA can be tailored to provide potent adjuvant stimuli to the innate immune system by direct activation of RNA‐specific receptors; this may reduce the need for additional adjuvants. The formation of native antigen in situ affords great versatility, including intracellular localization, membrane association, posttranslational modification, supra‐molecular assembly, or targeted structural optimization of delivered antigen. Messenger RNA vaccines induce balanced immune responses including B cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, rendering them an extremely adaptable platform. This article surveys the design, mode of action, and capabilities of state‐of‐the‐art mRNA vaccines, focusing on the paradigm of influenza prophylaxis. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:737–749. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1189This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Antioxidant Properties of Three Aromatic Herbs (Rosemary, Thyme and Lavender) in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Gallego M. Gabriela , Gordon Michael H. , Segovia Francisco J. , Skowyra Monika , Almajano María P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLipid oxidation is the major form of deterioration in foods because it decreases food quality and nutritional value, and may have negative health implications. Selected aromatic plant extracts from leaves, flowers and stems of rosemary, thyme and lavender were investigated for their antioxidant activity. The total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and the antioxidant capacity was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power assays. For all four antioxidant assays, the extracts from thyme flowers, lavender leaves and thyme leaves had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by rosemary stems, rosemary leaves, and lavender stems, and the lavender flowers and thyme stems had the lowest antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was correlated with the polyphenol content, although minor deviations were observed. In oil‐in‐water emulsion, extracts from rosemary leaves and thyme leaves were most effective at retarding oxidation followed by the rosemary stems and thyme flowers. Extracts from thyme flowers and lavender leaves were less effective in the emulsion than predicted by the homogeneous antioxidant assays. This study demonstrated the potential use of plants extract as substitutes for synthetic antioxidants.
Exploring the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Associated Proteome with iTRAQ and Transgenic Mice
Authors: McClure-Begley Tristan D. , Stone Kathy L. , Marks Michael J. , Grady Sharon R. , Colangelo Christopher M. , Lindstrom Jon M. , Picciotto Marina R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing α4 and β2 subunits are the principal receptors in the mammalian central nervous system that bind nicotine with high affinity. These nAChRs are involved in nicotine dependence, mood disorders, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. However, our understanding of the interactions between α4β2-containing (α4β2∗) nAChRs and other proteins remains limited. In this study, we identified proteins that interact with α4β2∗ nAChRs in a genedose dependent pattern by immunopurifying β2∗ nAChRs from mice that differ in α4 and β2 subunit expression and performing proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). Reduced expression of either the α4 or the β2 subunit results in a correlated decline in the expression of a number of putative interacting proteins. We identified 208 proteins co-immunoprecipitated with these nAChRs. Furthermore, stratified linear regression analysis indicated that levels of 17 proteins was correlated significantly with expression of α4β2 nAChRs, including proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and calcium signaling. These findings represent the first application of quantitative proteomics to produce a β2∗ nAChR interactome and describe a novel technique used to discover potential targets for pharmacological manipulation of α4β2 nAChRs and their downstream signaling mechanisms.
International Nongovernmental Organizations and the Global Diffusion of National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: Kim Dongwook 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDuring the past three decades national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have spread to more than one hundred United Nations (UN) member states and become key to human rights enforcement and democratic accountability. Given that NHRIs can take on a life of their own even under adverse conditions, why do governments in the developing world create permanent, independent national bodies with statutory powers to promote and protect human rights? Human rights international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) are crucial for global diffusion. They empower local actors and influence governments in favor of NHRI adoption by mediating the human rights and NHRI discourses and mobilizing shame internationally. An event history analysis offers robust evidence that controlling for the UN, regional organizations, and other rival factors, human rights INGOs have systematic positive effects on diffusion. The case studies of South Korea and Malaysia provide process-tracing evidence that the hypothesized causal mechanisms are operative.
Advancing the neuroscience of social emotions with social immersion
Authors: Krach Sören , Müller-Pinzler Laura , Westermann Stefan , Paulus Frieder M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSecond-person neuroscience offers a framework for the study of social emotions, such as embarrassment and pride. However, we propose that an enduring mental representation of oneself in relation to others without a continuous direct social interaction is possible. We call this state “social immersion” and will explain its impact on the neuroscience of social emotions.
Mirror neurons are central for a second-person neuroscience: Insights from developmental studies
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth Ann , Ferrari Pier Francesco 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBased on mirror neurons' properties, viewers are emotionally engaged when observing others – even when not actively interacting; therefore, characterizing non-participatory action-viewing as isolated may be misleading. Instead, we propose a continuum of socio-emotional engagement. We also highlight recent developmental work that uses a second-person perspective, investigating behavioral, physiological, and neural activity during caregiver–infant interactions.
Modulating the sensitivity to syntactic factors in production: Evidence from syntactic priming in agrammatism
Authors: ROSSI ELEONORA 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the extent to which the production of complex morphosyntactic structures can be modulated in agrammatic speakers by utilizing a syntactic priming paradigm. Italian clitic pronouns (varying in morphosyntactic complexity) were chosen as the focal linguistic structure under investigation to test hypotheses based on alternative theories. Three experiments were performed. Experiment 1 analyzed clitic production in spontaneous speech. Experiments 2 and 3 used syntactic priming to prime the production of direct- and indirect-object clitics in finite and in restructuring sentences. These structures critically require different clitic positions (finite sentences: before the finite verb; restructuring sentences: before or after the verbal complex). The pattern of results shows that agrammatic speakers are impaired in clitic production. However, they show that the deficit is quantitative rather than qualitative, suggesting residual sensitivity despite the poor performance. The findings demonstrate that agrammatic (and control) speakers show a positive effect of syntactic priming across clitic types, suggesting that agrammatism can be characterized in terms of a linguistic processing deficit owing to increased processing demands for complex linguistic structures. Specifically, it is suggested that morphosyntactic complexity modulates both the level of impairment and the effect of priming for these grammatical structures.
Popular Science as CulturalDispositif: On the German Way of Science Communication in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Schirrmacher Arne 
Published: July 2013

ArgumentGerman twentieth-century history is characterized by stark changes in the political system and the momentous consequences of World Wars I and II. However, instead of uncovering specific kinds or periods of “Kaiserreich science,” “Weimar science,” or “Nazi science” together with their public manifestations and in such a way observing a narrow link between popular science and political orders, this paper tries to exhibit some remarkable stability and continuity in popular science on a longer scale. Thanks to the rich German history of scientific leadership in many fields, broad initiatives for science popularization, and a population and economy open to scientific progress, the media offered particularly rich popular science content, which was diversified for various audiences and interests. Closer consideration of the format, genre, quality, and quantity of popular science, and of the uses and value audiences attributed to it, along with their respective evolution, reveals infrastructures underpinning science communication. Rather than dealing with specific discourses, the conditions of science communication are at the center of this article. Therefore I focus on the institutions, rules, laws, and economies related to popular science, as well as on the philosophical, moral, and national propositions related to it, and also on the interactions among this ensemble of rather heterogeneous elements. This approach allows a machinery of popular scientific knowledge to be identified, in Foucauldian terms adispositif, one which is of a particularly cultural nature.
Cubulating one-relator groups with torsion
Authors: LAUER JOSEPH , WISE DANIEL T. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLet 〈a1, . . .,am∣wn〉 be a presentation of a groupG, wheren≥ 2. We define a system of codimension-1 subspaces in the universal cover, and invoke Sageev's construction to produce an action ofGon a CAT(0) cube complex. We show that the action is proper and cocompact whenn≥ 4. A fundamental tool is a geometric generalization of Pride'sC(2n) small-cancellation result. We prove similar results for staggered groups with torsion.
Ethylene in seed formation and germination
Authors: Matilla Angel J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAbstract In seed formation the role of ethylene has received little attention. The data available on zygotic embryogenesis suggest an association of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway and seed maturation. Over the course of dicot embryogenesis, ACC-oxidase mRNA can be expressed in the cotyledons and embryonic axis. However, as maturation proceeds, cotyledonary ACC-oxidase expression disappears. In some seeds that develop primary dormancy, ethylene synthesis can be among the prerequisites for breaking dormancy. Moreover, the persistence of dormancy may be related to the difficulty of the embryonic axis to produce the necessary ethylene levels or to low tissue sensitivity. The use of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or its action has provided data implicating an ethylene requirement for seed dormancy or germination in some species. However, the role of ethylene in germination remains controversial. Some authors hold that gas production is a consequence of the germination process, while others contend that ethylene production is a requirement for germination. Furthermore, among seeds that require ethylene, some are extremely sensitive to the gas, while others require relatively high levels to trigger germination. Recent studies withXanthium pennsylvanicumseeds suggest that β-cyanoalanine-synthase is involved in ethylene-dependent germination. In addition, regulation of the partitioning ofS-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) between the ethylene vs polyamine biosynthetic pathways may be a way of controlling germination in some seeds. Such regulation may also apply to the reversal of seed thermoinhibition, which can occur when polyamine synthesis is inhibited, thereby strongly channelling AdoMet towards ethylene. The biological models and approaches that may shed additional light on the role of ethylene during seed germination are presented.
Programmed cell death in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium mediates carbon and nitrogen export
Authors: Bar-Zeev Edo , Avishay Itamar , Bidle Kay D , Berman-Frank Ilana 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The extent of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) export to the deep ocean depends upon the efficacy of the biological pump that transports primary production to depth, thereby preventing its recycling in the upper photic zone. The dinitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) Trichodesmium spp. contributes significantly to oceanic C and N cycling by forming extensive blooms in nutrient-poor tropical and subtropical regions. These massive blooms generally collapse several days after forming, but the cellular mechanism responsible, along with the magnitude of associated C and N export processes, are as yet unknown. Here, we used a custom-made, 2-m high water column to simulate a natural bloom and to specifically test and quantify whether the programmed cell death (PCD) of Trichodesmium mechanistically regulates increased vertical flux of C and N. Our findings demonstrate that extremely rapid development and abrupt, PCD-induced demise (within 2–3 days) of Trichodesmium blooms lead to greatly elevated excretions of transparent exopolymers and a massive downward pulse of particulate organic matter. Our results mechanistically link autocatalytic PCD and bloom collapse to quantitative C and N export fluxes, suggesting that PCD may have an impact on the biological pump efficiency in the oceans.
Predator-induced changes in the growth of eyes and false eyespots
Authors: Lönnstedt Oona M. , McCormick Mark I. , Chivers Douglas P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe animal world is full of brilliant colours and striking patterns that serve to hide individuals or attract the attention of others. False eyespots are pervasive across a variety of animal taxa and are among nature's most conspicuous markings. Understanding the adaptive significance of eyespots has long fascinated evolutionary ecologists. Here we show for the first time that the size of eyespots is plastic and increases upon exposure to predators. Associated with the growth of eyespots there is a corresponding reduction in growth of eyes in juvenile Ambon damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. These morphological changes likely direct attacks away from the head region. Exposure to predators also induced changes in prey behaviour and morphology. Such changes could prevent or deter attacks and increase burst speed, aiding in escape. Damselfish exposed to predators had drastically higher survival suffering only 10% mortality while controls suffered 60% mortality 72 h after release.