bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term oncological outcomes of a phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy followed by radical prostatectomy for patients with clinically localised, high‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Silberstein Jonathan L. , Poon Stephen A. , Sjoberg Daniel D. , Maschino Alexandra C. , Vickers Andrew J. , Bernie Aaron , Konety Badrinath R. , Kevin Kelly W. , Eastham James A. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo determine long‐term oncological outcomes of radical prostatectomy (RP) after neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy (CHT) for clinically localised, high‐risk prostate cancer.Patients and MethodsIn this phase II multicentre trial of patients with high‐risk prostate cancer (PSA level >20 ng/mL, Gleason ≥8, or clinical stage ≥T3), androgen‐deprivation therapy (goserelin acetate depot) and paclitaxel, carboplatin and estramustine were administered before RP. We report the long‐term oncological outcomes of these patients and compared them to a contemporary cohort who met oncological inclusion criteria but received RP only.ResultsIn all, 34 patients were enrolled and followed for a median of 13.1 years. Within 10 years most patients had biochemical recurrence (BCR‐free probability 22%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 10–37%). However, the probability of disease‐specific survival at 10 years was 84% (95% CI 66–93%) and overall survival was 78% (95% CI 60–89%). The CHT group had higher‐risk features than the comparison group (123 patients), with an almost doubled risk of calculated preoperative 5‐year BCR (69% vs 36%, P < 0.01). After adjusting for these imbalances the CHT group had trends toward improvement in BCR (hazard ratio [HR] 0.76, 95% CI 0.43–1.34; P = 0.3) and metastasis‐free survival (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.24–1.29; P = 0.2) although these were not statistically significant.ConclusionsNeoadjuvant CHT followed by RP was associated with lower rates of BCR and metastasis compared with the RP‐only group; however, these results were not statistically significant. Because this treatment strategy has known harms and unproven benefit, this strategy should only be instituted in the setting of a clinical trial.
Perineal repair of pelvic fracture urethral injury: in pursuit of a successful outcome
Authors: Koraitim Mamdouh M. , Kamel Mohamed I. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo determine perioperative factors that may optimize the outcome after delayed perineal repair of a pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI).Patients and MethodsIn all, 86 consecutive patients who underwent perineal repair of a PFUI between 2004 and 2011 were prospectively enrolled in this study. The mean (range) patient age was 23 (5–50) years. The mean (range) follow‐up was 5.5 (2–8) years. We examined seven perioperative variables that might influence the outcome including: prior failed treatment, condition of the bulbar urethra, displacement of the prostate, excision of scarred tissues, fixation of the mucosae of the two urethral ends, and the number and size of sutures used for urethral anastomosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors that influence postoperative outcome.ResultsOf the patients, 76 (88%) had successful outcomes and 10 (12%) were considered treatment failures. On univariate analysis, four variables were significant factors influencing the outcome: excision of scarred tissues, prostatic displacement, condition of the bulbar urethra and fixation of the mucosae. On multivariate analysis only two remained strong and independent factors namely complete excision of scarred tissues and prostatic displacement in a lateral direction.ConclusionsMeticulous and complete excision of scar tissue is critically important to optimise the outcome after perineal urethroplasty. This is particularly emphasised in cases associated with lateral prostatic displacement. Six sutures of 3/0 or 4/0 polyglactin 910 are usually sufficient to create a sound urethral anastomosis. Prior treatment and scarring of the anterior urethra do not affect the outcome.
Effects of larval food shortage on diapause induction and adult traits in Taiwanese Monochamus alternatus alternatus
Authors: Togashi Katsumi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTo confirm the facultative diapause of Monochamus alternatus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and to determine the relationships between available larval food resources, diapause, and adult traits, newly hatched larvae were inoculated singly on 98 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini (Pinaceae) bolts and reared at 25 °C, 100% r.h., and L16:D8. Fifty adults emerged from them, between 70 and 126 days after larval inoculation. The remaining 48 bolts that did not produce adults were divided into two groups. One group was transferred to 10 °C, 100% r.h., and L8:D16, and returned 140–154 days later to the original conditions, resulting in adult emergence. The other group was maintained under the original conditions for a mean of 358 days. These bolts did not produce adults. Dissection revealed that development was arrested at final instar in pine bolts. The larvae developed into adults after being exposed to 10 °C, 100% r.h., and L8:D16 for 146 days. Consequently, this species has facultative diapause. Diapause incidence was estimated to be 0.42. Non‐linear model and one‐way ANOVA showed a positive correlation between adult body size and available food resources under conditions of food shortage, and no effects of diapause or available food resources on the ovariole number, respectively. When larvae were inoculated on 28 pine branch sections, the results were similar to those obtained from pine bolts and led to estimation of a low diapause incidence of 0.045. The combined data showed the inhibitory effect of food shortage on diapause induction. Diapause of M. a. alternatus, especially reduced diapause induction in response to environmental deterioration (food shortage), is discussed in relation to risk‐spreading.
Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Thuja occidentalis and Tanacetum vulgare essential oils against larvae of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus
Authors: Szołyga Beata , Gniłka Radosław , Szczepanik Maryla , Szumny Antoni 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) and Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae), obtained by steam distillation, and their insecticidal activity against larvae (10 and 20 days old) of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), were studied. The activity of the oils was compared with the activity of their major components, α‐ and β‐thujone. Isolation, identification, and quantification of the volatile compounds were performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). The major components of T. occidentalis EO were the monoterpenoid ketones α‐thujone (69.8%), β‐thujone (9.5%), and fenchone (7.8%). The monoterpenoid alcohols terpinene‐4‐ol and p‐cymene‐8‐ol, and the diterpenoid beyerene were only present in low amounts (<3.0%). All other compounds occurred in traces. In contrast to the thuja oil, the main compounds found in the EO of T. vulgare were β‐thujone (61.0%), camphor (13.0%), and trans‐chrysanthenyl acetate (6.5%). The insecticidal activity of both EOs and pure monoterpenes incorporated into a diet as acetone solutions at a concentration of 10 mg ml−1 depended on the age of A. diaperinus larvae. Young larvae displayed a higher sensitivity toward the tested chemicals than older ones. The survival of 10‐day‐old larvae, their body mass gain, and pupation rate were affected. The growth and development of the older larvae were similar to those of the control. In all tests, there were no significant differences between the activities of the EOs and their major components.
The Rise and Fall of Diasporic Bonds in Japanese‐Peruvian “Return” Migration
Authors: Takenaka Ayumi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTwo decades after Japanese‐Peruvians and other South Americans of Japanese descent began to migrate back to Japan, the return‐migration phenomenon has ended. Induced by the Japanese government in the name of shared ethnicity, Japanese policymakers now largely regard return migration as a failed policy. It failed because return‐migrants did not, in the view of policy‐makers, assimilate, integrate, or “make it” in Japan as expected. Thus, once‐imagined ethnic bonds ceased to exist in Japan. However, ethnic bonds sustained themselves well outside Japan. The Japanese‐Peruvian community in Peru has thrived and maintained continuous ties with Japan. What explains the rise and fall of diasporic ethnic bonds? Drawing on my ethnographic research in Japanese‐Peruvian communities in Peru and Japan, I found that diasporic ethnic bonds are cultivated or weakened depending upon where diasporic populations are located in relation to their ancestral homeland, and how such ties are utilized, for what, and by whom.
Adipose invariant natural killer T cells
Authors: Lynch Lydia 
Published: February 2014

SummaryAdipose tissue is a dynamic organ that makes up a substantial proportion of the body; in severe obesity it can account for 50% of body mass. Details of the unique immune system resident in human and murine adipose tissue are only recently emerging, and so it has remained a largely unexplored and unappreciated immune site until now. Adipose tissue harbours a unique collection of immune cells, which often display unusual functions compared with their counterparts elsewhere in the body. These resident immune cells are key to maintaining tissue and immune homeostasis, yet in obesity their chronic aberrant stimulation can contribute to the inflammation and pathogenesis associated with obesity. Anti‐inflammatory adipose‐resident lymphocytes are often depleted in obesity, whereas pro‐inflammatory immune cells accumulate, leading to an overall inflammatory state, which is a key step in the development of obesity‐induced metabolic disease. A good example is invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which make up a large proportion of lymphocytes in human and murine adipose tissue. Here, they are unusually poised to produce anti‐inflammatory or regulatory cytokines, however in obesity, iNKT cells are greatly reduced. As iNKT cells are potent transactivaors of other immune cells, and can act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, their loss in obesity represents the loss of a major regulatory population. Restoring iNKT cells, or activating them in obese mice leads to improved glucose handling, insulin sensitivity, and even weight loss, and hence represents an exciting therapeutic avenue to be explored for restoring homeostasis in obese adipose tissue.
Iranian nurses’ perspectives on factors influencing medication errors
Authors: Pazokian M. , Zagheri Tafreshi M. , Rassouli M. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundMedical errors are one of the major threats for patient safety in all countries. Medication errors are common medical mistakes that can lead to serious consequences and even death of patients.AimThe aim of this study was to explore nurses’ perspectives of factors influencing medication errors.MethodsThis qualitative study based on content analysis included 20 nurses (n = 20) with at least 2 years of clinical experience working in a large teaching hospital. The nurses were selected using purposeful sampling. The data were collected using semi‐structured interviews and analysed using deductive content analysis approach based on Reason's human error model. Rigor of the data was confirmed by external and member check.ResultsTwo themes were identified by the participants: (1) the individual approach including personal and psychological characteristics of nurses, patient medical history and physicians’ orders errors; and (2) the cultural and organizational approach including workplace conditions, learning process, risk management strategies, nurses’ pharmacological knowledge, inevitable nursing errors and medication error complications.LimitationsConcern about the potential consequences related to reporting of the medication errors was the major limitation of this study. Participants’ concerns were handled by keeping their identity confidential and anonymous.ConclusionResults show the importance of planning comprehensive educational programmes and providing constructive feedback in a favourable learning climate.Implications for nursing and health policyFindings of this study can be beneficial to managers for nurturing a transparent organizational culture, whereby staff members freely discuss their errors in patient care and seek advice for problem solving.
Genome‐wide association study for feedlot average daily gain in Nellore cattle (Bos indicus)
Authors: Santana M.H.A. , Utsunomiya Y.T. , Neves H.H.R. , Gomes R.C. , Garcia J.F. , Fukumasu H. , Silva S.L. , Leme P.R. , Coutinho L.L. , Eler J.P. , Ferraz J.B.S. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe genome‐wide association study (GWAS) results are presented for average daily gain (ADG) in Nellore cattle. Phenotype of 720 male Bos indicus animals with information of ADG in feedlots and 354 147 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from a database added by information from Illumina Bovine HD (777 962 SNPs) and Illumina BovineSNP50 (54 609) by imputation were used. After quality control and imputation, 290 620 SNPs remained in the association analysis, using R package Genome‐wide Rapid Association using Mixed Model and Regression method GRAMMAR‐Gamma. A genomic region with six significant SNPs, at Bonferroni‐corrected significance, was found on chromosome 3. The most significant SNP (rs42518459, BTA3: 85849977, p = 9.49 × 10−8) explained 5.62% of the phenotypic variance and had the allele substitution effect of −0.269 kg/day. Important genes such as PDE4B, LEPR, CYP2J2 and FGGY are located near this region, which is overlapped by 12 quantitative trait locus (QTLs) described for several production traits. Other regions with markers with suggestive effects were identified in BTA6 and BTA10. This study showed regions with major effects on ADG in Bos indicus in feedlots. This information may be useful to increase the efficiency of selecting this trait and to understand the physiological processes involved in its regulation.
Classifying Secrets in the EU
Authors: Galloway David 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince 2001, the European Union has put in place a comprehensive internal and external framework for protecting classified information. This framework has brought into existence EU classified information and defines accepted common principles and standards across EU institutions, agencies and Member States for protecting it. It has been established to enable the EU to achieve its external and internal policy objectives and further its interests. This article argues that recent criticism of the EU's regulatory approach in the literature and the press is exaggerated. It explains why the EU has avoided a ‘pillar'‐based legislative approach to regulating classified information based on policy domains, and forged a broad degree of convergence across EU institutions and Member States on a pragmatic approach largely based on internal rules. This has allowed the EU to emerge as a credible and capable security actor in the eyes of Member States and international partners.
Research Review: The role of diet in the treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder – an appraisal of the evidence on efficacy and recommendations on the design of future studies
Authors: Stevenson Jim , Buitelaar Jan , Cortese Samuele , Ferrin Maite , Konofal Eric , Lecendreux Michel , Simonoff Emily , Wong Ian C. K. , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe efficacy of three dietary treatments for ADHD has been repeatedly tested in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These interventions are restricted elimination diets (RED), artificial food colour elimination (AFCE) and supplementation with free fatty acids (SFFA). There have been three systematic reviews and associated meta‐analyses of the RCTs for each of these treatments.ScopeThe aim of this review is to critically appraise the studies on the dietary treatments of ADHD, to compare the various meta‐analyses of their efficacy that have been published and to identify where the design of such RCTs could be improved and where further investigations are needed.FindingsThe meta‐analyses differ in the inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to potentially eligible studies. The range of average effect sizes in standard deviation units is RED (0.29–1.2), AFCE (0.18–0.42) and SFFA (0.17–0.31). The methodology of many of the trials on which the meta‐analyses are based is weak.ConclusionsNevertheless, there is evidence from well‐conducted studies for a small effect of SFFA. Restricted elimination diets may be beneficial, but large‐scale studies are needed on unselected children, using blind assessment and including assessment of long‐term outcome. Artificial food colour elimination is a potentially valuable treatment but its effect size remains uncertain, as does the type of child for whom it is likely to be efficacious. There are additional dietary supplements that have been used with children with ADHD. A systematic search identified 11 RCTs that investigated the effects of these food supplements. Despite positive results for some individual trials, more studies are required before conclusions can be reached on the value in reducing ADHD symptoms of any of these additional supplements.
Performance index: An expeditious tool to screen for improved drought resistance in the Lathyrus genus
Authors: Silvestre Susana , de Sousa Araújo Susana , Vaz Patto Maria Carlota , Marques da Silva Jorge 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSome species of the Lathyrus genus are among the most promising crops for marginal lands, with high resilience to drought, flood, and fungal diseases, combined with high yields and seed nutritional value. However, lack of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying its outstanding performance and methodologies to identify elite genotypes has hampered its proper use in breeding. Chlorophyll a fast fluorescence transient (JIP test), was used to evaluate water deficit (WD) resistance in Lathyrus genus. Our results reveal unaltered photochemical values for all studied genotypes showing resistance to mild WD. Under severe WD, two Lathyrus sativus genotypes showed remarkable resilience maintaining the photochemical efficiency, contrary to other genotypes studied. Performance index (PIABS) is the best parameter to screen genotypes with improved performance and grain production under WD. Moreover, we found that JIP indices are good indicators of genotypic grain production under WD. Quantum yield of electron transport (ϕEo) and efficiency with which trapped excitons can move electrons further than QA (ψ0) revealed as important traits related to improved photosynthetic performance and should be exploited in future Lathyrus germplasm improvements. The JIP test herein described showed to be an expeditious tool to screen and to identify elite genotypes with improved drought resistance.
Deformation‐driven, regional‐scale metasomatism in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia
Authors: White A. J. R. , Legras M. , Smith R. E. , Nadoll P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMafic volcanic rocks of the Fortescue Group form the lowermost stratigraphic unit of the 100,000 km2 Hamersley Basin on the southern margin of the Archean Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. A regional burial metamorphic gradient extends across the basin from prehnite–pumpellyite facies in the north to greenschist facies in the south. Phase equilibria modelling of mafic rocks with the computer program thermocalc, in subsets of the system Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–Fe2O3, successfully reproduces observed metamorphic mineral assemblages, giving conditions of ~210 °C, 2 kbar in the north and 335 °C, 3.2 kbar in the south. Superimposed on this metamorphic gradient, regional‐scale metasomatism in the Fortescue Group progressively produces a suite of prehnite‐bearing and pumpellyite–quartz/epidote–quartz‐dominated assemblages. Further modelling of variably metasomatized samples consistently estimates conditions of 260–280 °C, 2.5–3 kbar across the basin. All modelled samples were likely metasomatized at approximately the same structural level, following regional deformation during the Ophthalmian orogeny. Folding during the Ophthalmian orogeny produced topographic and/or tectonic driving forces for regional‐scale fluid flow, pushing metasomatic fluid northwards across the Hamersley Basin. These new phase equilibria calculations support previous interpretations linking the Ophthalmian orogeny, fluid flow and upgrading of Hamersley iron ore deposits. We propose an extension of this fluid flow to the Fortescue Group, the metasomatism of which may have contributed a source of Fe to the Hamersley iron ore deposits.
SOCIAL IDENTITY AND REDISTRIBUTIVE PREFERENCES: A SURVEY
Authors: Costa‐Font Joan , Cowell Frank 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSocial identity has become accepted as a key concept underpinning the endogeneity of economic behaviour and preferences. It is important in explaining attitudes towards redistribution and pro‐social behaviour. We examine how economic theory measures social identity and its effects on preferences towards redistribution, social solidarity and redistributive institutions. Empirical evidence indicates that social identity carries weight in explaining the presence of social preferences and attitudes towards redistributive institutions.
Variants in the Circle of Willis and White Matter Disease in Ecuadorian Mestizos
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Lama Julio 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEStudies on Whites and Asians have shown contradictory results on the association between an incomplete circle of Willis (CoW) and white matter disease (WMD). We evaluated such relationship in Ecuadorian Mestizos.METHODSEcuadorian Mestizos aged ≥40 years were evaluated with MRI and MRA. WMD was graded according to the modified Fazekas’ scale, and the CoW was classified as complete or incomplete according to the presence or absence of one A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery or one or both P1 segments of posterior cerebral arteries.RESULTSA total of 315 persons (mean age 64.7 ± 13.4 years, 56.5% women) were prospectively enrolled over 6 months. MRAs revealed a complete CoW in 65.1%, and MRIs showed WMD in 62.5% of cases. Irrespective of age and sex, incompleteness of the CoW was not associated with a higher prevalence or severity of WMD. In contrast, age was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of WMD.CONCLUSIONSIn the Ecuadorian Mestizo population, WMD occurrence and severity do not seem to be related to incompleteness of the CoW.
Floral development of Cardiopteris, with emphasis on gynoecial structure and ovular morphology
Authors: KONG Dong‐Rui , SCHORI Melanie , LU Shu‐Gang , LI Lu , PENG Hua 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCardiopteris is unique in the expanded Cardiopteridaceae for several distinctive features, including its gynoecial structure and ovular morphology. We studied the floral development of Cardiopteris to clarify floral morphology and document floral development. Cardiopteris has three carpel primordia, which are separate at their tips but congenitally fused at their bases. The synascidiate zone (the fused proximal part) develops into the unilocular ovary; the three discrete carpel apices diverge in development: the apex of the adaxial carpel differentiates into a style and stigma, while the apices of the two lateral‐abaxial carpels elongate and develop into a fleshy appendage only after fertilization. The ovules are attached to the lateral‐abaxial carpels. At anthesis, the ovules are ategmic and orthotropous without funicles (morphologically undifferentiated). Functional differentiation occurs in the three carpels of Cardiopteris: the adaxial one is the site of pollination, while the lateral‐abaxial two produce ovules. The ategmic orthotropous ovule is unusual in Cardiopteridaceae and is an apomorphy of Cardiopteris.