bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Psychology to Improve Economic Policy
Authors: Gittins Ross 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this Australian Treasury seminar, I discuss the contributions that psychology could make to public policy formation via a new field: public policy psychology. Behavioural economics provides a precedent for my new field of public policy psychology. Unlike economics, psychology provides a solid scientific model of how individuals make decisions. I discuss shortcomings of economics in policy formation: model blindness, the focus on evidence supporting theories, the focus on markets, plus the importance of elements left out of conventional economic models (for example, irrational decision‐makers). I end by discussing two Treasury case studies: the mining tax and government responses to the Global Financial Crisis.
More than Additions to Population: The Economic and Fiscal Impact of Immigration
Authors: Cully Mark 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the conceptual framework of the Intergenerational Reports, immigration features as an exogenous input into the size of the population and its composition by age and sex. There are good reasons for believing that immigration has sizeable endogenous components, that attributes other than age and sex distinguish immigrants from the native‐born, as well as from each other, and that these features are of significant economic and fiscal import. Last, it is suggested that, in the context of an ageing population, we may learn much about the effectiveness of different policy responses in achieving fiscal sustainability—as well as immigration policy—through a dynamic life cycle accounting approach.
Funding and Providing Aged Care: Lessons from the Last Decade
Authors: Ergas Henry 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article examines the future funding of aged care in the context of the Intergenerational Report. Noting the predicted substantial increases in aged‐care costs, it argues that the current funding of aged care, which imposes high and likely rising co‐contributions on care recipients, should be replaced with comprehensive aged‐care insurance. It also recommends improving the transparency of the Intergenerational Report and the sophistication of its sensitivity testing.
The Population Dimension in the Intergenerational Reports
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe demographic assumptions and outcomes in the three successive Intergenerational Reports have differed enormously. This has brought a degree of derision upon the production of these reports in the serious press. Furthermore, the Intergenerational Reports’ projections of labour force participation rates have proven to be very wrong in the short term. The fourth Intergenerational Report will need to address this credibility gap. This article analyses the reasons that the Intergenerational Reports’ projections have been wide of the mark and makes suggestions about future approaches.
Pensions, Ageing and Retirement in Australia: Long‐Term Projections and Policies
Authors: Chomik Rafal , Piggott John 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAustralia's retirement income provision system, comprising the ‘three pillars’ of a means‐tested aged pension, mandatory occupational superannuation and other, voluntary long‐term savings, is at the heart of understanding the fiscal implications of ageing. While the Intergenerational Report, an account of long‐term fiscal sustainability, is celebrating its tenth birthday since the first edition was published, the Superannuation Guarantee, first implemented in 1992, turns a sprightly 20 years old. This article considers the Intergenerational Report as a prism for studying fiscal, demographic and policy developments in the Australian retirement income system over the last decade and into the future.
Optimizing blood pigment analysis in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage – a practical approach
Authors: Alons I. M. E. , Verheul R. J. , Ponjee G. A. E. , Jellema K. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundPatients presenting with sudden severe headache may have a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). After a normal head computer tomography (CT), a lumbar puncture is routinely performed to rule out SAH. Photospectrometry is then used to detect bilirubin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Photospectrometric analysis of CSF reaches a high sensitivity, but a low specificity for SAH. This low specificity necessitates extensive additional research to rule out cerebral aneurysm accompanied by high costs and risk of complications.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate two different CSF interpretation methods using photospectrometry in patients presenting with acute headache. The first of these is the Leiden method, an iterative model using a standard calculation. The second is the UK NEQAS guideline, which uses the original spectrum in combination with a decision tree. Our goal was to obtain retrospective data on patients screened with both methods to improve specificity of CSF research.ResultsWe included 361 patients in this study; 47 of these had a raised bilirubin concentration in the CSF according to the Leiden method. In only nine of these 47 patients was an aneurysm found; in the other patients the Leiden test was positive for other reasons (viral meningitis, hyperbilirubinaemia, etc.). Of the 47 patients with raised bilirubin, 24 could be re‐evaluated using the UK NEQAS. Of these 24 patients, five had an aneurysm. No aneurysms were found in patients with a negative result according to the UK NEQAS guideline.ConclusionOur data show that a raised bilirubin calculated using the Leiden method seems to have a lower specificity than the UK NEQAS guideline. For practical reasons, it seems advantageous to use the Leiden method as a screening method and use the UK NEQAS guideline if a positive result is found.
The role of vehicle interactions on permeation of an active through model membranes and human skin
Authors: Oliveira G. , Hadgraft J. , Lane M. E. 
Published: August 2012

SynopsisPrevious work from this group has focused on the molecular mechanism of alcohol interaction with model membranes, by conducting thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of alcohol uptake, membrane partitioning and transport studies of a model compound (i.e. methyl paraben) in silicone membranes. In this article, similar membrane transport and partitioning studies were conducted in silicone membranes to further extend the proposed model of alcohol interactions with silicone membranes to include other vehicles more commonly used in dermal formulations, that is, isopropyl myristate (IPM), dimethyl isosorbide (DMI), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, PEG 400 and Transcutol P® (TC). More importantly, membrane partitioning studies were conducted using human SC to evaluate the application of the proposed model of solvent‐enhanced permeation in simple model membranes for the more complex biological tissue. The findings support a model of vehicle interactions with model membranes and skin where high solvent uptake promotes drug partitioning (i.e. K) by enabling the solute to exist within the solvent fraction/solvent‐rich areas inside the membrane or skin in a concentration equivalent to that in the bulk solvent/vehicle. High solvent sorption may also ultimately impact on the membrane diffusional characteristics, and thus the diffusion coefficient of the solute across the membrane. The implications for skin transport are that increased partitioning of a drug into the SC may be achieved by (i) selecting vehicles that are highly taken up by the skin and also (ii) by having a relatively high concentration (i.e. molar fraction) of the drug in the vehicle. It follows that, in cases where significant co‐transport of the solvent into and across the skin may occur, its depletion from the formulation and ultimately from the skin may lead to drug crystallization, thus affecting dermal absorption.
Low abundance and probable decline of the critically endangered Maui's dolphin estimated by genotype capture–recapture
Authors: Baker C. S. , Hamner R. M. , Cooke J. , Heimeier D. , Vant M. , Steel D. , Constantine R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe New Zealand endemic Maui's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) is considered ‘critically endangered’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as a result of decline due, in part, to fisheries‐related mortalities. To estimate the abundance and trends of this subspecies, we used open‐population capture–recapture models based on microsatellite genotyping of living and beachcast (dead) dolphins sampled between January 2001 and November 2007. A total of 82 genetic samples were available: 70 biopsy samples collected from living Maui's dolphins and 12 necropsy samples collected from beachcast or floating carcasses, of which five showed evidence of fisheries entanglement. Microsatellite genotyping of up to 14 loci identified 54 individuals; 42 sampled alive on one or more occasions, one sampled alive, then found beachcast 2 years later, and 11 sampled only as carcasses, including two neonates. The sex ratio of the sample did not differ significantly from unity (25 males: 29 females). Using a POPAN model for live capture records, the abundance of the super population available during the multiyear study was estimated to be N = 87 [95% (confidence limits) CL, 59–158]. Using a Pradel‐like model modified to include both live capture and beachcast records, the abundance of the population was estimated to be N = 69 (95% CL, 38–125) for the midpoint of the study in 2003. The results of both models suggested that the population was likely to be declining across the study period, although this trend could not be confirmed with 95% confidence. As the genotypes provide permanent marks of individual identity, continued genetic monitoring could provide improved confidence in the abundance and trends of this subspecies.
Gene expression indicates a zone of heterocyst differentiation within the thallus of the cyanolichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata
Authors: Chua Jocelyn P. S. , Wallace Emma J. S. , Yardley Jessica A. , Duncan Elizabeth J. , Dearden Peter K. , Summerfield Tina C. 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Development of the symbiotic association in the bipartite lichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata was investigated by characterizing two regions of the thallus.

Thallus organization was examined using microscopy. A HIP1‐based differential display technique was modified for use on Nostoc strains, including lichenized strains. Northern hybridization and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm differential display results, and determine expression levels of key cyanobacterial genes. Photosystem II yield across the thallus was measured using pulse‐amplitude modulated fluorescence.

Microscopy revealed structural differences in the thallus margins compared with the centre and identified putative heterocysts in both regions. Differential display identified altered transcript levels in both Nostoc punctiforme and a lichenized Nostoc strain. Transcript abundance of cox2, atpA, and ribA was increased in the thallus margin compared with the centre. Expression of cox2 is heterocyst specific and expression of other heterocyst‐specific genes (hetR and nifK) was elevated in the margin, whereas, expression of psbB and PSII yield were not.

Structural organization of the thallus margin differed from the centre. Both regions contained putative heterocysts but gene expression data indicated increased heterocyst differentiation in the margins where photosystem II yield was decreased. This is consistent with a zone of heterocyst differentiation within the thallus margin.
Significant genetic and phenotypic changes arising from clonal growth of a single spore of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus over multiple generations
Authors: Ehinger Martine O. , Croll Daniel , Koch Alexander M. , Sanders Ian R. 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are highly successful plant symbionts. They reproduce clonally producing multinucleate spores. It has been suggested that some AMF harbor genetically different nuclei. However, recent advances in sequencing the Glomus irregulare genome have indicated very low within‐fungus polymorphism.

We tested the null hypothesis that, with no genetic differences among nuclei, no significant genetic or phenotypic variation would occur among clonal single spore lines generated from one initial AMF spore. Furthermore, no additional variation would be expected in the following generations of single spore lines.

Genetic diversity contained in one initial spore repeatedly gave rise to genetically different variants of the fungus with novel phenotypes. The genetic changes represented quantitative changes in allele frequencies, most probably as a result of changes in the frequency of genetic variation partitioned on different nuclei.

The genetic and phenotypic variation is remarkable, given that it arose repeatedly from one clonal individual. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of AMF genetics. Even though within‐fungus genetic variation is low, some is probably partitioned among nuclei and potentially causes changes in the phenotype. Our results are important for understanding AMF genetics, as well as for researchers and biotechnologists hoping to use AMF genetic diversity for the improvement of AMF inoculum.
Early nutritional support is associated with decreased length of hospitalization in dogs with septic peritonitis: A retrospective study of 45 cases (2000–2009)
Authors: Liu Debra T. , Brown Dorothy C. , Silverstein Deborah C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the timing and route of nutritional support strategy affect length of hospitalization in dogs with naturally occurring septic peritonitis.DesignRetrospective study encompassing cases from 2000 to 2009.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsForty‐five dogs that survived septic peritonitis.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsNutritional strategy for each dog was categorized as either enteral nutrition (EN: free choice voluntary eating or assisted tube feeding) or central parenteral nutrition (CPN). Early nutritional support was defined as consistent caloric intake initiated within 24 hours postoperatively. Consistent caloric intake occurring after 24 hours was defined as delayed nutritional support. Data reflective of nutritional status included body condition score, serum albumin concentration, and duration of inappetence before and during hospitalization. Body weight change from the beginning to the end of hospitalization was calculated. A modified Survival Prediction Index 2 score was calculated for each dog at admission. Additional clinical data recorded for comparison of illness severity included indicators of severe inflammation (eg, presence of toxic changes in neutrophils and immature neutrophils), coagulopathy (eg, prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time), the use of vasopressors and blood transfusions, and presence of concurrent illnesses. Nutrition‐related complications were classified as mechanical, metabolic, or septic complications. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship of nutritional strategy with hospitalization length, while considering the presence of nutrition‐related complications, the nutritional status‐ and illness severity‐related variables. While controlling for other variables, dogs that received early nutrition had significantly shorter hospitalization length (by 1.6 days). No statistically significant association was found between route of nutrition and hospitalization length. The presence of concurrent illnesses and nutrition‐related metabolic complications were also associated with longer hospitalization length (by 2.1 and 2.4 days, respectively).ConclusionEarly nutritional support in dogs with septic peritonitis is associated with a shorter hospitalization length.
Assessment of acute moderate hyperglycemia on traditional and thromboelastometry coagulation parameters in healthy adult horses
Authors: McGovern Kate F. , Lascola Kara M. , Smith Stephanie A. , Clark‐Price Stuart C. , McMichael Maureen , Wilkins Pamela A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether experimentally induced acute moderate hyperglycemia is associated with coagulation activation in healthy adult horses.DesignProspective experimental study.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsSix healthy adult horses.InterventionsHyperglycemia (10.0–13.3 mmol/L [180–240 mg/dL]) was induced and maintained for 6 hours using a hyperglycemic clamp technique. Blood glucose concentrations were assessed using a point of care (POC) glucometer at 10‐ and 20‐minute intervals throughout the hyperglycemic clamp procedure. Platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin antithrombin complex level (TAT), and thromboelastometry (TEM) were determined before and after jugular catheter placement, prior to glucose administration, and at 3 and 6 hours of sustained hyperglycemia. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance with significance defined as P < 0.05.Measurements and Main ResultsAll horses maintained blood glucose concentration >10.0 mmol/L (>180 mg/dL) throughout the duration of the hyperglycemic clamp with a mean concentration of 11.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L [216 ± 6 mg/dL] as measured by the POC glucometer. No significant difference was found for any evaluated parameter associated with sustained hyperglycemia. Intravenous catheter placement resulted in a significant increase in mean TAT (0.8 ± 0.3 μg/L pre‐catheter, 2.3 ± 0.8 μg/L post‐catheter; P = 0.008).ConclusionsAcute, moderate hyperglycemia in healthy adult horses does not have a detectable effect on coagulation based on evaluated parameters. Jugular catheter placement results in a transient increase in thrombin generation as determined by increased TAT concentrations.
4α‐phorbol 12,13‐didecanoate activates cultured mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons independently of TRPV4
Authors: Alexander R , Kerby A , Aubdool AA , Power AR , Grover S , Gentry C , Grant AD 
Published: August 2012

Background and PurposeThe Ca2+‐permeable cation channel TRPV4 is activated by mechanical disturbance of the cell membrane and is implicated in mechanical hyperalgesia. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is increased during inflammation and causes mechanical hyperalgesia. 4α‐phorbol 12,13‐didecanoate (4αPDD) has been described as a selective TRPV4 agonist. We investigated NGF‐induced hyperalgesia in TRPV4 wild‐type (+/+) and knockout (–/–) mice, and the increases in [Ca2+]i produced by 4αPDD in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons following exposure to NGF.Experimental ApproachWithdrawal thresholds to heat, von Frey hairs and pressure were measured in mice before and after systemic administration of NGF. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were measured by ratiometric imaging with Fura‐2 in cultured DRG and trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons during perfusion of TRPV4 agonists.Key ResultsAdministration of NGF caused a significant sensitization to heat and von Frey stimuli in TRPV4 +/+ and –/– mice, but only TRPV4 +/+ mice showed sensitization to noxious pressure. 4αPDD stimulated a dose‐dependent increase in [Ca2+]i in neurons from +/+ and –/– mice, with the proportion of responding neurons and magnitude of increase unaffected by the genotype. In contrast, the selective TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A failed to stimulate an increase in intracellular Ca2+ in cultured neurons. Responses to 4αPDD were unaffected by pretreatment with NGF.Conclusions and ImplicationsTRPV4 contributes to mechanosensation in vivo, but there is little evidence for functional TRPV4 in cultured DRG and TG neurons. We conclude that 4αPDD activates these neurons independently of TRPV4, so it is not appropriate to refer to 4αPDD as a selective TRPV4 agonist.
The role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent‐Shunt (TIPSS) in the management of variceal hemorrhage
Authors: Corbett Chris , Mangat Kamarjit , Olliff Simon , Tripathi Dhiraj 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundVariceal bleeding in cirrhosis represents a lethal complication of their disease. In the last 20 years, management of AVH has improved greatly with reduction in mortality from 43% in 1980 to 15% in 2000.AimAdvances in endoscopic therapy, pharmacologic agents including vasoconstrictor therapy and antibiotics have played a large part in improving outcomes, but the role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent‐Shunt (TIPSS) remains controversial, which this review will cover.MethodsMEDLINE search for the following terms was performed to July 2011: variceal hemorrhage, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent‐shunt (TIPSS), PTFE, covered stents. Where possible randomized controlled studies were used for this review, although uncontrolled studies were also included if they made a significant contribution to the literature.ResultsLiterature used for the present study was selected from a total of 252 publications and abstracts from meetings.ResultsTIPSS has been used as a salvage therapy after initial medical and endoscopic therapy for the bleed given its high success rate in arresting uncontrolled variceal bleeding. The recent trial by Garcia‐ Pagan et al. suggested beneficial effects of an earlier covered TIPSS in those at high risk of treatment failure (Childs C and those who are Childs B with active bleeding).ConclusionsTIPSS can reduce failure to control bleeding and rebleeding as well as mortality with no increase in the risk of hepatic encephalopathy.This needs to be confirmed in further trials. However, it is clear that prevention of rebleeding is the key to improved outcomes following a variceal bleed.
Herbal hepatotoxicity: a tabular compilation of reported cases
Authors: Teschke Rolf , Wolff Albrecht , Frenzel Christian , Schulze Johannes , Eickhoff Axel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundHerbal hepatotoxicity is a field that has rapidly grown over the last few years along with increased use of herbal products worldwide.AimsTo summarize the various facets of this disease, we undertook a literature search for herbs, herbal drugs and herbal supplements with reported cases of herbal hepatotoxicity.MethodsA selective literature search was performed to identify published case reports, spontaneous case reports, case series and review articles regarding herbal hepatotoxicity.ResultsA total of 185 publications were identified and the results compiled. They show 60 different herbs, herbal drugs and herbal supplements with reported potential hepatotoxicity, additional information including synonyms of individual herbs, botanical names and cross references are provided. If known, details are presented for specific ingredients and chemicals in herbal products, and for references with authors that can be matched to each herbal product and to its effect on the liver. Based on stringent causality assessment methods and/or positive re‐exposure tests, causality was highly probable or probable for Ayurvedic herbs, Chaparral, Chinese herbal mixture, Germander, Greater Celandine, green tea, few Herbalife products, Jin Bu Huan, Kava, Ma Huang, Mistletoe, Senna, Syo Saiko To and Venencapsan®. In many other publications, however, causality was not properly evaluated by a liver‐specific and for hepatotoxicity‐validated causality assessment method such as the scale of CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences).ConclusionsThis compilation presents details of herbal hepatotoxicity, assisting thereby clinical assessment of involved physicians in the future.