bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative assessment of the price, brands and pack characteristics of illicitly traded cigarettes in five cities and towns in South Africa
Authors: Wherry Anna E , McCray Cheyenne A , Adedeji-Fajobi Temidayo I , Sibiya Xolani , Ucko Peter , Lebina Limakatso , Golub Jonathan E , Cohen Joanna E , Martinson Neil A 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveThe prevalence of illicitly traded cigarettes in South Africa has been reported to be 40–50%. However, these estimates do not account for the more nuanced characteristics of the illicit cigarette trade. With the goal of better understanding contraband cigarettes in South Africa, this study piloted three methods for assessing the price, brands, pack features and smoker's views about illicit cigarettes in five cities/towns. Data were collected in June and July 2012.SettingA convenience sample of three South African cities (Johannesburg, Durban and Nelspruit) and two smaller towns (Musina and Ficksburg) were chosen for this study.Outcome measuresThree cross-sectional approaches were used to assess the characteristics of contraband cigarettes: (1) a dummy purchase of cigarettes from informal retailers, (2) the collection of discarded cigarette packs and (3) a survey of tobacco smokers.ParticipantsFor the purposes of the survey, 40 self-reported smokers were recruited at taxi ranks in each downtown site. Adults who were over the age of 18 were asked to verbally consent to participate in the study and answer a questionnaire administered by a researcher.ResultsThe leading reason for labelling a pack as illicit in each city/town was the absence of an excise stamp (28.6% overall), and the least common reason was an illegal tar or nicotine level (11.1% overall). The overall proportion of informal vendors who sold illicit cigarettes was 41%. Singles and packs of 20 were consistently cheaper at informal vendors. Survey participants’ responses reflected varied perspectives on illicit cigarettes and purchasing preferences.ConclusionsEach approach generated an interesting insight into physical aspects of illicit cigarettes. While this pilot study cannot be used to generate generalisable statistics on illicit cigarettes, more systematic surveys of this nature could inform researchers’ and practitioners’ initiatives to combat illicit and legal cigarette sales and usage.
Outcomes of manual aspiration thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke refractory to stent-based thrombectomy
Authors: Kim Seul Kee , Yoon Woong , Moon Sung Min , Park Man Seok , Jeong Gwang Woo , Kang Heoung Keun 
Published: May 2014

Background and purposeThe optimal treatment for patients with acute stroke refractory to stent-based thrombectomy (SBT) is unclear. This study aimed to report clinical outcomes of manual aspiration thrombectomy (MAT) for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke refractory to SBT.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed clinical and angiographic data of 30 patients who underwent MAT with a Penumbra reperfusion catheter because of refractory occlusion after SBT with a Solitaire stent as first-line endovascular therapy. Refractory occlusion was defined by a lack of successful revascularization (defined as Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction ≥2b) after five retrieval attempts. A good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale score of ≤2 at 3 months.ResultsSuccessful revascularization was achieved in 83.3% (25/30) of the patients who underwent MAT after failed SBT. There was no arterial rupture or dissection or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Two embolic occlusions in a new arterial territory and five subarachnoid hemorrhages occurred, neither of which caused neurological worsening. At the 3-month follow-up, 36.7% (11/30) of patients exhibited a good outcome. The mortality rate was 6.7% (2/30) at 3 months.ConclusionsThis study suggests that MAT with the Penumbra reperfusion catheter can further increase the revascularization rate without serious complications in patients with acute stroke with refractory occlusions after SBT with a Solitaire stent.
Preclinical Evidence That PD1 Blockade Cooperates with Cancer Vaccine TEGVAX to Elicit Regression of Established Tumors
Authors: Fu Juan , Malm Ian-James , Kadayakkara Deepak K. , Levitsky Hy , Pardoll Drew , Kim Young J. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Biomarker studies have shown that expression of the T-cell coregulatory ligand PDL1 on tumor cells correlates with clinical responsiveness to the PD1 antibody nivolumab. Here, we report the findings of a preclinical cancer vaccine study demonstrating vaccine-dependent PDL1 upregulation in the tumor microenvironment. We formulated an IFNγ-inducing cancer vaccine called TEGVAX that combined GM-CSF and multiple Toll-like receptor agonists to increase the number of activated dendritic cells. Treatment of established tumors with TEGVAX retarded tumor growth in a manner associated with enhanced systemic antitumor immunity. Unexpectedly, TEGVAX also upregulated PDL1 expression in the tumor microenvironment, possibly explaining why tumors were not eliminated completely. In support of this likelihood, PDL1 upregulation in this setting relied upon IFNγ-expressing tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and administration of a PD1-blocking antibody with TEGVAX elicited complete regression of established tumors. Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic rationale to combine IFNγ-inducing cancer vaccines with immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Res; 74(15); 4042–52. ©2014 AACR.
Netrin-1 Promotes Medulloblastoma Cell Invasiveness and Angiogenesis, and Demonstrates Elevated Expression in Tumor Tissue and Urine of Patients with Pediatric Medulloblastoma
Authors: Akino Tomoshige , Han Xuezhe , Nakayama Hironao , McNeish Brendan , Zurakowski David , Mammoto Akiko , Klagsbrun Michael , Smith Edward 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Invasion and dissemination of medulloblastoma within the central nervous system is the principal factor predicting medulloblastoma treatment failure and death. Netrin-1 is an axon guidance factor implicated in tumor and vascular biology, including in invasive behaviors. We found that exogenous netrin-1 stimulated invasion of human medulloblastoma cells and endothelial cells in contrast to VEGF-A, which promoted invasion of endothelial cells but not medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, medulloblastoma cells expressed endogenous netrin-1 along with its receptors, neogenin and UNC5B. Blockades in endogenous netrin-1, neogenin, or UNC5B reduced medulloblastoma invasiveness. Neogenin blockade inhibited netrin-1–induced endothelial cells tube formation and recruitment of endothelial cells into Matrigel plugs, two hallmarks of angiogenesis. In patients with pediatric medulloblastoma, netrin-1 mRNA levels were increased 1.7-fold in medulloblastoma tumor specimens compared with control specimens from the same patient. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that netrin-1 was elevated in medulloblastoma tumors versus cerebellum controls. Notably, urinary levels of netrin-1 were 9-fold higher in patients with medulloblastoma compared with control individuals. Moreover, urinary netrin-1 levels were higher in patients with invasive medulloblastoma compared with patients with noninvasive medulloblastoma. Finally, we noted that urinary netrin-1 levels diminished after medulloblastoma resection in patients. Our results suggest netrin-1 is a candidate biomarker capable of detecting an invasive, disseminated phenotype in patients with medulloblastoma and predicting their disease status. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3716–26. ©2014 AACR.
Circadian Variation of Melatonin, Light Exposure, and Diurnal Preference in Day and Night Shift Workers of Both Sexes
Authors: Papantoniou Kyriaki , Pozo Oscar J. , Espinosa Ana , Marcos Josep , Castaño-Vinyals Gemma , Basagaña Xavier , Ribas Ferran Calduch , Mirabent Joan , Martín Jordi , Carenys Gemma , Martín Celia Reyes , Middleton Benita , Skene Debra J. , Kogevinas Manolis 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackground: Light-at-night has been shown in experimental studies to disrupt melatonin production but this has only partly been confirmed in studies of night shift workers. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the circadian variation of melatonin in relation to shift status, individual levels of light-at-night exposure, and diurnal preference, an attribute reflecting personal preference for activity in the morning or evening.Methods: One hundred and seventeen workers (75 night and 42 day) of both sexes, ages 22 to 64 years, were recruited from four companies. Participants collected urine samples from all voids over 24 hours and wore a data logger continuously recording their light exposure. Sociodemographic, occupational, lifestyle, and diurnal preference information were collected by interview. Concentrations of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), the main melatonin metabolite, were measured.Results: Mean aMT6s levels were lower in night [10.9 ng/mg creatinine/hour; 95% confidence interval (CI), 9.5–12.6] compared with day workers (15.4; 95% CI, 12.3–19.3). The lowest aMT6s levels were observed in night workers with morning preference (6.4; 95% CI, 3.0–13.6). Peak time of aMT6s production occurred 3 hours later in night (08:42 hour, 95% CI, 07:48–09:42) compared with day workers (05:36 hour, 95% CI, 05:06–06:12). Phase delay was stronger among subjects with higher light-at-night exposure and number of nights worked.Conclusions: Night shift workers had lower levels and a delay in peak time of aMT6s production over a 24-hour period. Differences were modified by diurnal preference and intensity of light-at-night exposure.Impact: Night shift work affects levels and timing of melatonin production and both parameters may relate to future cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1176–86. ©2014 AACR.
Predicting Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Versus Lacunar Disease in Patients With Longstanding Hypertension
Authors: Marsh Elisabeth B. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Hillis Argye E. , Maygers Joyce , Lawrence Erin , Llinas Rafael H. 
Published: May 2014

Background and Purpose—
Hypertension results in a spectrum of subcortical cerebrovascular disease. It is unclear why some individuals develop ischemia and others develop hemorrhage. Risk factors may differ for each population. We identify factors that predispose an individual to subcortical symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) compared with ischemia.

Methods—
Demographic and laboratory data were prospectively collected for hypertensive patients presenting with ischemic stroke or sICH during an 8.5-year period. Neuroimaging was retrospectively reviewed for acute (subcortical lacunes [<2.0 cm] versus subcortical sICH) and chronic (periventricular white matter disease and cerebral microbleeds) findings. We evaluated the impact of age, race, sex, serum creatinine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, low-density lipoprotein, presence of periventricular white matter disease or cerebral microbleeds, and other factors on the risk of sICH versus acute lacune using multivariate logistic regression.

Results—
Five hundred seventy-one patients had subcortical pathology. The presence of cerebral microbleeds (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.39; confidence interval [CI], 2.09–5.50) was a strong predictor of sICH, whereas severe periventricular white matter disease predicted ischemia (OR, 0.56 risk of sICH; CI, 0.32–0.98). This association was strengthened when the number of microbleeds was evaluated; subjects with >5 microbleeds had an increased risk of sICH (OR, 4.11; CI, 1.96–8.59). It remained significant when individuals with only cortical microbleeds were removed (OR, 1.77, CI, 1.13–2.76). An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR, 1.19 per 10 mm/h increase; CI, 1.06–1.34) was significantly associated with sICH, whereas low-density lipoprotein was associated with ischemic infarct (OR, 0.93 risk of sICH per 10 mg/dL increase; CI, 0.86–0.99).

Conclusions—
Subclinical pathology is the strongest predictor of the nature of subsequent symptomatic event. Low-density lipoprotein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate may also have a role in risk stratification.
The Experience of Defeat
Authors: Hylton Forrest 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper argues that throughout the Cold War, the Colombian Left focused on building local power in the countryside, and abandoned the burgeoning urban working class, much of it informal, unwaged and unorganised, to the Right. Yet at every turn, landlords linked to local and regional political machines and military and police officials blocked or reversed reforms designed to modernise the countryside, as government-subsidised agro-industrial development replaced smallholding. Then, in successive conjunctures, landlords and their allies, including cocaine exporters from whom they were increasingly inseparable after 1985, augmented their political power through dynamic counterinsurgent paramilitary movements based in provincial cities and towns. This made democracy impossible, led to a new feudalism characterised by parcellised sovereignties, and upheld, into the twenty-first century, the semi-authoritarian parliamentary system that has ruled Colombia since the 1880s.
Karl Polanyi in Vienna
Authors: Dale Gareth 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this article I discuss Polanyi’s intellectual formation in early twentieth-century Budapest and in 1920s Vienna, focusing in particular upon his relationship to Guild Socialist and Marxist theory and to Austrian Social Democracy. It was a period in which Marxism was evolving rapidly, and Polanyi was too. In his twenties, he reacted forcefully against what he saw as the evolutionary and deterministic traits of Marxist philosophy. In his thirties, his relationship to Marxism underwent a ‘double movement’: his long-held doubts about Marxism crystallised into an forceful critique, swiftly followed by a sympathetic dialogue with the ideas and politics of Austro-Marxism, the ‘Rousseauian’ commitments of which were not unlike his own. I examine Polanyi’s relationship with Marxism in each of these phases, and explore the affinities between Guild Socialism and Austro-Marxism. The final section introduces the distinctly un-Polanyian analysis of Austrian Social Democracy offered by Polanyi’s wife, Ilona Duczynska.
Book review: Che Guevara: His Revolutionary Legacy, written by Olivier Besancenot and Michael Löwy Book review: Che Guevara: The Economics of Revolution, written by Helen Yaffe
Authors: Gunderson Christopher 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this review ofChe Guevara: His Revolutionary Legacyby Olivier Besancenot and Michael Löwy andChe Guevara: The Economics of Revolutionby Helen Yaffe, I consider Ché’s relevance to both contemporary anti-capitalist activism and our understanding of the problems of post-revolutionary socialist construction.
Book review: The Early Sartre and Marxism, written by Sam Coombes
Authors: Pomeroy Anne F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt is a widely held view among scholars and commentators on the works of Jean-Paul Sartre that his corpus can be roughly divided into an early, largely a-political, non-Marxist period, and a later, more overtly political, post-liberation period. InThe Early Sartre and Marxism, Sam Coombes seeks to problematise this interpretation of Sartre’s corpus by undertaking a re-evaluation of a wide array of pre-liberation and early post-liberation writings in order to establish the extent to which views fully consistent with a certain brand of Marxism are already present therein. The later period, he argues, does not so much constitute a break from the early work as a more complete development of certain nascent themes and concerns. There are difficulties inherent in any claim that Sartre’s early work is consonant with Marxism, primarily due to the fundamental incompatibilities between Sartre’s ontological description of liberation as a project of individual freedom and the inherent hostility of interpersonal relations, and Marxism’s requirements of the development of class consciousness and social solidarity for revolutionary action. Nonetheless, the modest claim that through the 1930s and early ’40s themes and ideas are appearing in Sartre’s work that are indeed not abandoned but constitute the basis of Sartre’s later more directly Marxist writings is compelling and may serve to reopen fruitful speculative philosophical dialogue between Sartre’s early existentialism and Marxism.
An Optimized System for the Classification of Meteorological Drought Intensity with Applications in Drought Frequency Analysis
Authors: Carrão Hugo , Singleton Andrew , Naumann Gustavo , Barbosa Paulo , Vogt Jürgen V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe adequacy of meteorological drought intensity threshold levels based on deviations of monthly precipitation totals from normal climatological conditions is reconsidered. The motivation for this study is the observation that reference classification systems are fixed for all climatological regions, and threshold levels have been proposed without regard for the statistical distribution of accumulated precipitation in space and time. This misrepresentation of precipitation variability may lead to erroneous estimates of meteorological drought onset in specific areas where natural breaks in the cumulative distribution of monthly precipitation do not fit the generalized classification systems. In this study, a new optimized classification system based on the nonparametric “Fisher–Jenks” algorithm is proposed for the estimation of meteorological drought intensity threshold levels from monthly precipitation totals. The optimized classification system is compared using the tabular accuracy index (TAI) to three fixed classification systems that are proposed in the literature and widely applied in the operational setting. An assessment of drought intensity classifications with optimized and fixed threshold levels shows that 1) six optimized categories most accurately divide precipitation totals into the most appropriate drought intensities, 2) optimized thresholds always give considerably improved drought intensity category allocations over fixed thresholds with the same number of categories, and 3) fixed thresholds underestimate the drought onset. An analysis of monthly and long-term drought frequency for Latin America has been conducted for assessing the spatial link between meteorological drought intensity categories computed with the Fisher–Jenks algorithm and different climate classifications. The results show a systematic match between climate variability in the region and spatial patterns of meteorological drought intensity.
High-Resolution Climate Change Impact Analysis on Expected Future Water Availability in the Upper Jordan Catchment and the Middle East
Authors: Smiatek Gerhard , Kunstmann Harald , Heckl Andreas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The impact of climate change on the future water availability of the upper Jordan River (UJR) and its tributaries Dan, Snir, and Hermon located in the eastern Mediterranean is evaluated by a highly resolved distributed approach with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) run at 18.6- and 6.2-km resolution offline coupled with the Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM). The MM5 was driven with NCEP reanalysis for 1971–2000 and with Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3), GCM forcings for 1971–2099. Because only one regional–global climate model combination was applied, the results may not give the full range of possible future projections. To describe the Dan spring behavior, the hydrological model was extended by a bypass approach to allow the fast discharge components of the Snir to enter the Dan catchment. Simulation results for the period 1976–2000 reveal that the coupled system was able to reproduce the observed discharge rates in the partially karstic complex terrain to a reasonable extent with the high-resolution 6.2-km meteorological input only. The performed future climate simulations show steadily rising temperatures with 2.2 K above the 1976–2000 mean for the period 2031–60 and 3.5 K for the period 2070–99. Precipitation trends are insignificant until the middle of the century, although a decrease of approximately 12% is simulated. For the end of the century, a reduction in rainfall ranging between 10% and 35% can be expected. Discharge in the UJR is simulated to decrease by 12% until 2060 and by 26% until 2099, both related to the 1976–2000 mean. The discharge decrease is associated with a lower number of high river flow years.
Surface Roughness Imaging of Currents Shows Divergence and Strain in the Wind Direction
Authors: Rascle Nicolas , Chapron Bertrand , Ponte Aurélien , Ardhuin Fabrice , Klein Patrice 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Images of sea surface roughness—for example, obtained by synthetic aperture radars (SAR) or by radiometers viewing areas in and around the sun glitter—at times provide clear observations of meso- and submesoscale oceanic features. Interacting with the surface wind waves, particular deformation properties of surface currents are responsible for those manifestations. Ignoring other sources of surface roughness variations, the authors limit their discussion to the mean square slope (mss) variability. This study confirms that vortical currents and currents with shear in the wind direction shall not be expressed in surface roughness images. Only divergent currents or currents with no divergence but strained in the wind direction can exhibit surface roughness signatures. More specifically, nondivergent currents might be traced with a 45° sensitivity to the wind direction. A simple method is proposed in order to interpret high-resolution roughness images, where roughness variations are proportional to ∂u/∂x + α∂υ/∂y, a linear combination of the along-wind and crosswind current gradients. The polarization parameter α depends upon the sensor look direction and the directional properties of the surface waves selected by the sensor. The use of multiple look directions or possible acquisitions with different wind directions shall thus help to retrieve surface currents from surface roughness observations.
Adaptability of Mediterranean Agricultural Systems to Climate Change. The Example of the Sierra Mágina Olive-Growing Region (Andalusia, Spain). Part I: Past and Present
Authors: Cohen Marianne , Ronchail Josyane , Alonso-Roldán María , Morcel Céline , Angles Stéphane , Araque-Jimenez Eduardo , Labat David 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This research focuses on the adaptability of olive-growing systems to climate change in the Sierra Mágina region of Andalusia. The authors combined a retrospective and prospective analysis, an interdisciplinary approach, collaboration among climatologists, geographers, and sociologists, and the participation of local farmers and stakeholders, all contributing their own knowledge.
This paper assesses the adaptability of olive-growing systems to climate irregularities over the past 50 yr. First, a climatic study shows that rainfall decreased by 18% during the period 1955–2009. Water resource availability has declined 2 or 3 times more than rainfall, in part because of the expansion of irrigation, which ameliorated the effects of droughts and increased profitability. Second, relationships between rainfall and both irrigated and rainfed olive yields are assessed. These show that the cumulative rainfall of the 2 yr preceding the crop explains 41% of the variability of irrigated olive tree yields and 46% of rainfed yields; this result was unexpected for irrigated yields. Third, this study examines the perceptions of climate variability of 15 farmers, the views of 16 local stakeholders [developers, olive oil professionals, local authorities, a conservationist, and a representative of a local nongovernmental organization (NGO)]. The perceptions of the farmers are interpreted with respect to their socioeconomic status. All farmer and stakeholder interviewees know to a certain extent the climatic influence on olive yields, and most of them acknowledge the recent climatic changes. These findings will be valuable for future assessments of the adaptability of the agricultural and social systems to climate change.