bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuum Dislocation Dynamics Based on the Second Order Alignment Tensor
Authors: Hochrainer Thomas 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn the current paper we present a continuum theory of dislocations based on the second-order alignment tensor in conjunction with the classical dislocation density tensor (Kröner-Nye-tensor) and a scalar dislocation curvature measure. The second-order alignment tensor is a symmetric second order tensor characterizing the orientation distribution of dislocations in elliptic form. It is closely connected to total densities of screw and edge dislocations introduced in the literature. The scalar dislocation curvature density is a conserved quantity the integral of which represents the total number of dislocations in the system. The presented evolution equations of these dislocation density measures partly parallel earlier developed theories based on screw-edge decompositions but handle line length changes and segment reorientation consistently. We demonstrate that the presented equations allow predicting the evolution of a single dislocation loop in a non-trivial velocity field.
Development of a Photoresponsive and Electrostrictive Material from P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) and TiOPc Composite
Authors: Chang Wen-Chi , Chen Po-Han , Lin Chih-Ting , Wang An-Bang , Lee Chih-Kung 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTOptical control is a reversible and convenient technology, able to be measured in real-time, which makes it excellent for application to microfluidic, biomechanical, and electro-mechanical devices. These advantages are especially attractive for photo-responsive materials. In this study, we developed a new photo-responsive, electrostrictive material from a composite material made by mixing a dielectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) and an organic photoconductive material TiOPc. The photo-responsibility of the material has been validated by corresponding actuators. We found that under white light illumination, deformation will increase which can be attributed to a decrease in the TiOPc impedance. We identified that the optimal TiOPc concentration for actuator applications is 10% P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/TiOPc. Moreover, controlling the fluid flow within the capillary tube through light illumination also validated the photo-responsive actuator. Our results show that the mechanism and the photo-responsive material can be used to pursue further study on light controlling microfluidic, and related electro-mechanical devices.
Alcohol policy and public opinion in Iceland, 1989-2012
Authors: Jónsson Rafn M , Kristjánsson Sveinbjörn 
Published: January 2014

Aims The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the changes in public opinions and alcohol policy over the last 20 years in Iceland. Furthermore, to give an overview of changes in the key areas that may have influenced alcohol consumption amongst the population. Methods Data was gathered from different sources, including public surveys and sale figures from the Statistical Office in Iceland and the State Monopoly. Results Per capita consumption of alcohol amongst those 15 years and older and the overall availability of alcohol in Iceland increased during the time in question, from 4.5 liters of pure alcohol in 1988 to estimated 6.9 liters in 2012. The total consumption was the highest in 2007, at 7.5 liters of pure alcohol. After the onset of the economic crisis, the consumption decreased to 6.7 liters of pure alcohol at its lowest point, but has been slowly increasing again. During this period, people's attitude towards the arrangement of the state monopoly has remained positive and relatively stable. Discussion It appears to be a consensus in Iceland regarding the current status of the state monopoly, the limited availability and the 20 years age limit to purchase alcohol. Older people and people living in rural areas are more in favor of the state alcohol monopoly. The majority of the people are in favor of banning alcohol advertising. The total alcohol consumption in Iceland appears to be associated with availability and price. The lack of data for cross-analysis makes it problematic to make clear conclusions.
Androgen deficiency, erectile dysfunction and chronic microvascular complications in male diabetic patients
Authors: Georgescu Olivia , Reghină Aura , Ioacără Sorin , Nica Cătălin , Fica Simona 
Published: January 2014

Abstract Background and aim: Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be present in diabetic patients not only induced by androgen deficiency, but also as a consequence of diabetes chronic complications. The aim of our study was to evaluate androgen status and chronic microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), with and without ED. Material and methods: 292 patients (44 Type 1 diabetes - T1DM/ 248 Type 2 diabetes - T2DM), were evaluated for androgen status: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), free testosterone (FT) and presence of chronic complications. ED was diagnosed by a score under 22 of 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Patients with free-testosterone < 70 pg/ml were considered hypogonadal. Results: Prevalence of ED was higher in T2DM 87.5% than in T1DM 65.9%. In patients with ED the prevalence of hypogonadism was 31.3% in T1DM, 26.7% in T2DM. In older T2DM patients IIEF-score was significantly correlated with DHEA. There was a significant correlation between ED and retinopathy in T1DM, additionally with neuropathy in T2DM. Conclusions: ED is a common comorbidity in diabetic patients, associated with other microvascular complications. Hypogonadal status might explain up to 30% of ED. In older diabetic men, severity of ED is related to lower DHEA.
The prediction and assessment of cardiovascular and renal disease in type 2 diabetes. A current review
Authors: Popa Loredana Mădălina , Popa Amorin Remus , Dale Gabriela Florina , Popescu Mircea Ioachim 
Published: January 2014

Abstract According to the current guidelines all type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects are at high cardiovascular (CV) risk. Scientists are researching the issue of further risk stratification among already high-risk patients, improved cost-effective risk stratification tools being under development. The assessment of the CV risk with the help of prediction models developed for the general population is considered to be not accurately enough for high risk individuals, therefore the current interest for identifying novel biomarkers and the development of specifically designed risk-scores for individuals with diabetes.
Use of metformin in pediatric type 2 diabetes
Authors: Paun Diana , Bulgar Alexandra 
Published: January 2014

Abstract In the last 10 years the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children and adolescents has increased, due to increasing prevalence of obesity in youth. Therefore, the prevalence of diabetes-related complications such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and microalbuminuria has also increased in pediatric T2DM. The pathogenesis of T2DM in children involves genetic and environmental factors that will determine the increase of insulin resistance and decrease of beta pancreatic insulin secretion. Only metformin and insulin are approved for clinical use in children in the majority of countries. The aim of this paper is to review the benefits of the treatment with metformin in children and adolescents with T2DM.
Biennial review of planar chromatography: 2011–2013
Authors: Sherma Joseph 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The most important advances in planar chromatography published between November 1, 2011 and November 1, 2013 are reviewed in this paper. Included are an introduction to the current status of the field; student experiments, books, and reviews; theory and fundamental studies; apparatus and techniques for sample preparation and TLC separations (sample application and plate development with the mobile phase); detection and identification of separated zones (chemical and biological detection, TLC/mass spectrometry, and TLC coupled with other spectrometric methods); techniques and instruments for quantitative analysis; preparative layer chromatography; and thin layer radiochromatography. Numerous applications to a great number of compound types and sample matrices are presented in all sections of the review.
Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking in 316Ti Fuel Oil Pipes of a Gas Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Neidel A. , Fischer B. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Two bent pipe sections of the fuel oil system of a heavy-duty gas turbine engine had to be disassembled due to leakage. One of the two specimens received by the laboratory of the engine manufacturer featured a sub-standard weld repair performed by customer personnel. A metallurgical failure investigation was ordered to determine the root cause of the leakage and to verify the results of a laboratory investigation already performed by a third party at the customer's request. The repair-welded bent pipe section failed due to halide-induced pitting corrosion that propagated through-wall in a transgranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mode.
Festival, Conference and Book Reviews
Authors: Tufts Clare , Sutliff Sanders Joe , McKinney Mark , Fabrice Leroy , Pratt Murray , Mitaine Benoît , Labio Catherine , Baetens Jan , Magnussen Anne 
Published: January 2014

FESTIVAL AND CONFERENCE REVIEWSAngoulême 2013, Festival International de la Bande Dessinée (FIBD), 31 January–3 FebruaryThe 2013 Joint International Comics and Bande Dessinée Conference, Scotland, 24–28 June2012 American Bande Dessinée Society Conference, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 2–3 NovemberBOOK REVIEWSGroupe ACME, L'Association: Une utopie éditoriale et esthétique [L'Association: An Editorial and Aesthetic Utopia]Thierry Groensteen, Entretiens avec Joann Sfar [Conversations with Joann Sfar]Jean-Marc Pontier, Lectures de David B. [Reading David B.] and Nicolas de Crécy: Périodes graphiques [Nicolas de Crealcy: Graphic Periods] Vicent Sanchis, Tebeos mutilados: La Censura franquista contra Editorial Bruguera [Mutilated Comics: The Franquist Censorship of Editorial Bruguera]Elisabeth El Refaie, Autobiographical Comics: Life Writing in Pictures Jean-Noël Lafargue, Entre la plèbe et l'élite: Les Ambitions contraires de la bande dessinée [Between Plebs and the Elite: The Contradictory Ambitions of Comics]
Conventional Radiographic Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Young Saudi Patients: A Retrospective and Prospective Radiographic Study
Authors: Kaleem Sultan Mohammed , Sheik Asif , Ajmal Muhammad , Hameed Muhammad Shahul , Luqman Master 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective
The objective of the study is to evaluate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders in young Saudi patients in Southern Aseer Region of the province and to find out the diagnostic efficacy of conventional radiography as basic diagnostic tool.

Materials and methods
A random sample of 200 patient radiographic data was collected in which 60 radiographs showing osseous changes are taken as study group. The patients in this study group are then recalled for clinical correlation of the radiographic findings along with the assessment of clinical signs and symptoms, sticking on to the research diagnostic criteria.

Results
There was no statistical difference in age groups and gender of the population and 14 patients (21.87%) showed clinical symptoms like clicking and pain in the preauricular region, correlating to the radiographic findings. mostly young female patients reported to have TMJ related symptoms (29.68%) whose radiographic findings correlate with that of clinical symptoms.

Conclusion
According to our knowledge, highest prevalence rate of TMDs is found in young Saudi females and is around 43% and 35% in young Saudi males. The sensitivity of conventional radiographs in diagnosing TMDs is 78.12% and specificity is 21.8%.

How to cite this article
Kaleem SM, Sheik A, Ajmal M, Hameed MS, Luqman M. Conventional Radiographic Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Young Saudi Patients: A Retrospective and Prospective Radiographic Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):76-81.
Comparison of Periodontal Status between Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women
Authors: Azimi Somayyeh , Taheri Jamile Bigom , Mathew Ashok , Pishgahi Mahdiye 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAimProviding complete oral health care for pregnant women is essential. Purpose of this study was to determine the periodontal diseases in pregnant and nonpregnant women in United Arab Emirates (UAE).Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in UAE. The sample consisted of two groups of women resident in UAE were selected, one pregnant (mean age 28 years) and nonpregnant (mean age of 23 years). The questionnaires which include personal information, habit, medical and dental history were distributed among women attending the outpatient clinics of Iranian Hospital Dubai and Fujairah AUST Campus. In periodontal chart debris and calculus score for teeth #16, 11, 26, 46, 31, 36 were recorded and simplified oral hygiene index was determined. The periodontal parameters like bleeding on probing and loss of attachment of same teeth were independently checked and recorded.ResultsBased on the findings over the questionnaires that were distributed between two groups of 80 volunteers one pregnant and nonpregnant woman, bleeding on probing and loss of attachment is seen more in pregnant women (p = 0.00).ConclusionThere was a significant difference between the periodontal status between pregnant and nonpregnant women in UAE. Thus, pregnant women are more in danger of periodontal diseases and they need more dental care and preventive dentistry programs.How to cite this articleTaheri JB, Azimi S, Mathew A, Pishgahi M. Comparison of Periodontal Status between Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):82-85.
Bacterial Distribution in Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Granuloma
Authors: Pinheiro Tiago Novaes , Consolaro Alberto , Ribeiro Francisco Carlos 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
To evaluate the distribution of bacteria in teeth with pulp necrosis and apical granuloma.

Materials and methods
Thirty-two extracted teeth with pulp necrosis and apical granulomas and 16 cases of isolated apical granulomas were sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Brown-Brenn staining for microscopic evaluation. The specimens were observed as to the location and distribution of bacteria involved in the process of pulp necrosis and their relationship with the periapical tooth structures and soft tissues.

Results
Stainable Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were found in the entire root canal system. Bacterial biofilms were detected in 81.2% of cementum root canal, 46.8% in apical delta, 65.6% at the apical surface and 79.2% of the granulomas above all the specimens. Bacteria and bacterial biofilms were present in the entire root canal system of the infected teeth with apical granulomas.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that bacterial infections can reach inaccessible areas to instrumentation.

How to cite this article
Ribeiro FC, Consolaro A, Pinheiro TN. Bacterial Distribution in Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Granuloma. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):86-91.
Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Yooprasert Pimpimol , Siribamrungwong Monchai 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to a large number of morbidities and mortalities globally. The main cause is due to development of atherosclerosis. Many risk factors have been identified and are treated to improve the disease outcome. Besides traditional risk factors (such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking), systemic inflammatory process was found to increase risk of cardiovascular events, as inflammation promotes atherosclerosis. Periodontal disease is a chronic disease of tooth-supporting structure, reported to have a high prevalence worldwide. The earliest step of the disease is bacterial biofilm formation on tooth surface which subsequently triggers host inflammation, both locally and systemically. With chronic inflammatory response, periodontitis can enhance atherosclerosis, and is considered a potential contributive factor for development of CVD. The purpose of this review is to provide information on periodontitis, CVD, an association between these two conditions and current knowledge on the effect of periodontal treatment on improving cardiovascular outcome.

How to cite this article
Yooprasert P, Siribamrungwong M. Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases. J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):110-117.
Cemento-ossifying Fibroma Involving Mandible
Authors: Bokhari Kamran , Bagi Mustafa Abdel , Nager Mutasim Al , Basheer Sulphi Abdul , Assiri Mohammed Abdullah M 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a rare neoplasm representing one of the benign fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw. This benign mesenchymal odontogenic lesion occurs more frequently in women than in men. Clinically, these tumors are slow growing with a centrifugal growth pattern. Radiologically, COFs present a number of patterns depending on the degree of mineralization. Histologically, these lesions are characterized by fibrous tissue with islands of bone or cementiform calcifications. We present a case of COF involving mandible in a 35-year-old male patient treated by excision.

How to cite this article
Bagi MA, Bokhari K, Al Nager M, Basheer SA, Assiri MAM. Cemento-ossifying Fibroma Involving Mandible. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):127-129.
Diode Laser: An Ideal Option for Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation
Authors: Pazinatto Flavia Bittencourt 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unesthetic. Pigmentation of gingiva is commonly caused by deposition of melanin in the basal layer of oral epithelium. Gingival melanin pigmentation may be seen across all the races and at any age without gender predilection. This case report describes the application of semi conductor diode laser procedure for gingival depigmentation.

How to cite this article
Saini R, Pazinatto FB, Radnai M. Diode Laser: An Ideal Option for Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2): 139-140.
Charles Dickens in Pennsylvania in March 1842:
Authors: Cowden Jane S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Charles Dickens visited the United States in 1842, including a significant amount of time in Pennsylvania. Dickens's travels resulted in a tour book, American Notes for General Circulation; a novel containing a harshly critical American segment, Martin Chuzzlewit; a vast quantity of letters that were later published; and American-inspired passages in other novels, such as the prison inmate descriptions in A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens shocked and angered American readers when the beloved author found much to criticize. In the Keystone State, for example, he noted that the transportation system was primitive, the people's manners and habits abhorrent, and the prison system appalling. Dickens discovered there was no sympathy for authors whose works were being routinely pirated by publishers in an era of virtually no copyright protection. Dickens hoped that his six-month tour of the States could, at the very least, open American eyes to the need for institutional reforms and a copyright law.
Persistent flow acceleration within the interior of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Doyle Samuel H. , Hubbard Alun , Fitzpatrick Andrew A. W. , van As Dirk , Mikkelsen Andreas B. , Pettersson Rickard , Hubbard Bryn 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe present surface velocity measurements from a high‐elevation site located 140 km from the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet, and ~ 50 km into its accumulation area. Annual velocity increased each year from 51.78 ± 0.01 m yr−1 in 2009 to 52.92 ± 0.01 m yr−1 in 2012—a net increase of 2.2%. These data also reveal a strong seasonal velocity cycle of up to 8.1% above the winter mean, driven by seasonal melt and supraglacial lake drainage. Sole et al. (2013) recently argued that ice motion in the ablation area is mediated by reduced winter flow following the development of efficient subglacial drainage during warmer, faster, summers. Our data extend this analysis and reveal a year‐on‐year increase in annual velocity above the equilibrium line altitude, where despite surface melt increasing, it is still sufficiently low to hinder the development of efficient drainage under thick ice.
The Indonesian Throughflow response to Indo‐Pacific climate variability
Authors: Sprintall Janet , Révelard Adèle 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is the only open pathway for interocean exchange between the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins at tropical latitudes. A proxy time series of ITF transport variability is developed using remotely sensed altimeter data. The focus is on the three outflow passages of Lombok, Ombai, and Timor that collectively transport the entire ITF into the Indian Ocean, and where direct velocity measurements are available to help ground‐truth the transport algorithm. The resulting 18 year proxy time series shows strong interannual ITF variability. Significant trends of increased transport are found in the upper layer of Lombok Strait, and over the full depth in Timor Passage that are likely related to enhanced Pacific trade winds since the early 1990s. The partitioning of the total ITF transport through each of the major outflow passage varies according to the phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) or El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In general, Pacific ENSO variability is strongest in Timor Passage, most likely through the influence of planetary waves transmitted from the Pacific along the Northwest Australian shelf pathway. Somewhat surprisingly, concurrent El Niño and positive IOD episodes consistently show contradictory results from those composites constructed for purely El Niño episodes. This is particularly evident in Lombok and Ombai Straits, but also at depth in Timor Passage. This suggests that Indian Ocean dynamics likely win out over Pacific Ocean dynamics in gating the transport through the outflow passages during concurrent ENSO and IOD events.
The role of suspended load transport in the occurrence of tidal sand waves
Authors: Borsje B. W. , Kranenburg W. M. , Roos P. C. , Matthieu J. , Hulscher S. J. M. H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTidal sand waves are dynamic bed patterns which are formed by the complex interaction between hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and geomorphology. Field data from the southern North Sea reveal that sand waves are absent where suspended load transport is the dominant transport mode. In order to understand the mechanisms responsible for the absence of sand waves, we study the influence of suspended load transport on the formation of tidal sand waves with a numerical process‐based geomorphological model (Delft3D). Model simulations are presented in which the vertical eddy viscosity and sediment diffusivity are both spatially and temporally variable (k‐ε turbulence model). First, it is shown that the preferred wavelength of sand waves for a relatively large grain size increases by the inclusion of suspended sediment, while for a relatively small grain size the flat bed is stable and no sand waves evolve. Second, it is shown that suspended load transport causes the suppression of long sand waves, resulting in a finite range of wavelengths that experience growth. Finally, by varying flow velocity amplitude and grain size, critical conditions for sand wave formation are found, i.e., conditions for which sand waves are marginally generated.