bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External validation on a prospective basis of a nomogram for predicting the time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Molica Stefano , Giannarelli Diana , Gentile Massimo , Cutrona Giovanna , Di Renzo Nicola , Di Raimondo Francesco , Neri Antonino , Federico Massimo , Ferrrarini Manlio , Morabito Fortunato 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:A nomogram that incorporates traditional and newer prognostic factors to identify patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who are at high risk of receiving therapy was developed by investigators at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). Because the model required validation before its extensive use could be recommended, the authors sought to externally validate the nomogram in an independent, community‐based cohort of patients with CLL.METHODS:In total, 328 previously untreated patients with newly diagnosed, asymptomatic, Binet stage A CLL from different primary hematology centers who were registered on a prospective basis during 2006 to 2010 on an observational database of the Italian Lymphoma Study Group were considered suitable for external validation of the model.RESULTS:A total point score was calculated for each patient using a formula proposed by MDACC investigators, and the median score was 19.9 (range, 0‐69.5). Furthermore, when the score was evaluated as continuous variable (ie, by measuring the risk of each point increase), the total point score was associated with the time to first treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‐1.05; P < .0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a point score of 25 (area under curve; 0.64; sensitivity, 61.5; specificity, 72.1; P < .0001) as the best threshold capable of separating patients who needed therapy from patients who did not (HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 2,07‐5.18; P < .0001). The prognostic index category also remained a predictor of the time to first treatment when the analysis was limited to patients with Rai stage 0 disease (HR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.25‐7.52; P < .0001). Finally, a goodness‐of‐fit test demonstrated that the nomogram model had a significantly good fit at 2 years (correlation coefficient [r2] = 0.966; P = .002).CONCLUSIONS:The current results confirmed the ability of a newly developed prognostic index to predict the time to first treatment among previously untreated patients with CLL who had early disease and extended the utility of the model to those with Rai stage 0 disease. In addition, the actual and predicted time to first treatment outcomes revealed good agreement, suggesting that, externally, the results provided by the model are well calibrated. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Transcriptional corepressors in cancer
Authors: Grivas Petros D. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe normal cell transcriptional process entails a high degree of combinatorial effects and time‐dependent “flexibility” to translate cellular signaling into differential gene expression levels. Transcriptional corepressors can function as histone‐modifying enzymes to regulate epigenetic events, modulate chromatin structure, and hence control transcriptional activity. Various corepressor complexes have been described; qualitative and quantitative alterations of corepressors can crucially influence the transcriptional output of both normal and malignant cells. Because these molecules can exert epigenetic control of tumorigenic signaling pathways, they can be considered potential regulators of cancer cell‐related phenomena. Alterations of the expression level and/or function of transcriptional corepressors have been reported in a wide range of human cancers; thus, corepressors may present rational therapeutic targets as well as potential biomarkers of response to selective therapeutic interventions. Deeper insights into the context‐specific and time‐specific physical connections among transcription factors, coregulators, and gene regulatory elements, as well as epigenetic modifications, and their interactions, can enhance the capacity to interfere with small molecules that may restore the normal transcriptome/interactome in a cancer cell. There are several conceivable mechanisms of corepressor targeting in cancer that create enthusiasm. However, design, discovery, and testing of such innovative treatment approaches require extensive elaboration before they can achieve practical implementation in the clinic. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Molecular Mechanism of TRP Channels
Authors: Zheng Jie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTransient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cellular sensors for a wide spectrum of physical and chemical stimuli. They are involved in the formation of sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste, temperature, and pain sensation. TRP channels also play fundamental roles in cell signaling and allow the host cell to respond to benign or harmful environmental changes. As TRP channel activation is controlled by very diverse processes and, in many cases, exhibits complex polymodal properties, understanding how each TRP channel responds to its unique forms of activation energy is both crucial and challenging. The past two decades witnessed significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie TRP channels activation. This review focuses on our current understanding of the molecular determinants for TRP channel activation. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:221‐242, 2013.
Neuromodulation: Purinergic Signaling in Respiratory Control
Authors: Funk Gregory D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe main functions of the respiratory neural network are to produce a coordinated, efficient, rhythmic motor behavior and maintain homeostatic control over blood oxygen and CO2/pH levels. Purinergic (ATP) signaling features prominently in these homeostatic reflexes. The signaling actions of ATP are produced through its binding to a diversity of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. However, its net effect on neuronal and network excitability is determined by the interaction between the three limbs of a complex system comprising the signaling actions of ATP at P2Rs, the distribution of multiple ectonucleotidases that differentially metabolize ATP into ADP, AMP, and adenosine (ADO), and the signaling actions of ATP metabolites, especially ADP at P2YRs and ADO at P1Rs. Understanding the significance of purinergic signaling is further complicated by the fact that neurons, glia, and the vasculature differentially express P2 and P1Rs, and that both neurons and glia release ATP. This article reviews at cellular, synaptic, and network levels, current understanding and emerging concepts about the diverse roles played by this three‐part signaling system in: mediating the chemosensitivity of respiratory networks to hypoxia and CO2/pH; modulating the activity of rhythm generating networks and inspiratory motoneurons, and; controlling blood flow through the cerebral vasculature. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:331‐363, 2013.
Assessment of Renal Function; Clearance, the Renal Microcirculation, Renal Blood Flow, and Metabolic Balance
Authors: Beierwaltes William H. , Harrison‐Bernard Lisa M. , Sullivan Jennifer C. , Mattson David L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHistorically, tools to assess renal function have been developed to investigate the physiology of the kidney in an experimental setting, and certain of these techniques have utility in evaluating renal function in the clinical setting. The following work will survey a spectrum of these tools, their applications and limitations in four general sections. The first is clearance, including evaluation of exogenous and endogenous markers for determining glomerular filtration rate, the adaptation of estimated glomerular filtration rate in the clinical arena, and additional clearance techniques to assess various other parameters of renal function. The second section deals within vivoandin vitroapproaches to the study of the renal microvasculature. This section surveys a number of experimental techniques including corticotomy, the hydronephrotic kidney, vascular casting, intravital charge coupled device videomicroscopy, multiphoton fluorescent microscopy, synchrotron‐based angiography, laser speckle contrast imaging, isolated renal microvessels, and the perfused juxtamedullary nephron microvasculature. The third section addressesin vivoandin vitroapproaches to the study of renal blood flow. These include ultrasonic flowmetry, laser‐Doppler flowmetry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phase contrast MRI, cine phase contrast MRI, dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI, blood oxygen level dependent MRI, arterial spin labeling MRI, x‐ray computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. The final section addresses the methodologies of metabolic balance studies. These are described for humans, large experimental animals as well as for rodents. Overall, the variousin vitroandin vivotopics and applications to evaluate renal function should provide a guide for the investigator or physician to understand and to implement the techniques in the laboratory or clinic setting. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:165‐200, 2013.
Principles of Liver Regeneration and Growth Homeostasis
Authors: Michalopoulos George K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLiver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:485‐513, 2013.
Influence of exposure and toxicokinetics on measures of aquatic toxicity for organic contaminants: A case study review
Authors: Landrum Peter F , Chapman Peter M , Neff Jerry , Page David S 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This theoretical and case study review of dynamic exposures of aquatic organisms to organic contaminants examines variables important for interpreting exposure and therefore toxicity. The timing and magnitude of the absorbed dose change when the dynamics of exposure change. Thus, the dose metric for interpreting toxic responses observed during such exposure conditions is generally limited to the specific experiment and cannot be extrapolated to either other experiments with different exposure dynamics or to field exposures where exposure dynamics usually are different. This is particularly true for mixture exposures, for which the concentration and composition and, therefore, the timing and magnitude of exposure to individual components of different potency and potentially different mechanisms of action can vary. Aquatic toxicology needs studies that develop temporal thresholds for absorbed toxicant doses to allow for better extrapolation between conditions of dynamic exposure. Improved experimental designs are required that include high-quality temporal measures of both the exposure and the absorbed dose to allow better interpretation of data. For the short term, initial water concentration can be considered a conservative measure of exposure, although the extent to which this is true cannot be estimated specifically unless the dynamics of exposure as well as the toxicokinetics of the chemicals in the exposure scenario for the organism of interest are known. A better, but still limited, metric for interpreting the exposure and, therefore, toxicity is the peak absorbed dose, although this neglects toxicodynamics, requires appropriate temporal measures of accumulated dose to determine the peak concentration, and requires temporal thresholds for critical body residue for each component of the mixture. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 196–210. © 2012 SETAC
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: Electrospinning and calcination of hydroxyapatite/polyvinyl butyral nanofibers and growth kinetics
Authors: Zakaria Siti Maisurah , Sharif Zein Sharif Hussein , Othman Mohd. Roslee , Jansen John A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractElectrospinning of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polyvinyl butyral solution resulted in the formation of fibers with average diameter of 937–1440 nm. These fibers were converted into HA nanoparticles with size <100 nm after undergoing calcination treatment at 600°C. The diameter of the fiber was found to be influenced by applied voltage and spinning distance. The injection flowrate did not affect the diameter significantly. The electrospinning method successfully reduced the commercial HA particle size in the range of 400–1100 nm into <100 nm. The dispersion of the finally calcined HA nanoparticles was improved significantly after anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant was introduced. The experimental data of HA growth kinetics were subjected to the integral method of analysis, and the rate law of the reaction was found to follow the first order reaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Flag‐Transitive Point‐Primitive Symmetric (ν,κ,λ) Designs With λ at Most 100
Authors: Tian Delu , Zhou Shenglin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLetbe a symmetric (ν,κ,λ) design with λ ≤ 100. IfGis a flag‐transitive and point‐primitive automorphism group of, thenGmust be an affine or almost simple group.
openEMS – a free and open source equivalent‐circuit (EC) FDTD simulation platform supporting cylindrical coordinates suitable for the analysis of traveling wave MRI applications
Authors: Liebig Thorsten , Rennings Andreas , Held Sebastian , Erni Daniel 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present a free and open source platform by using the equivalent‐circuit finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method adapted to cylindrical coordinates to efficiently model cylindrically shaped objects. We will address the special characteristics of a cylindrical FDTD mesh such as the mesh singularity at r = 0 and discuss how cylindrical subgrids for small radii can reduce the simulation time considerably. Furthermore, we will demonstrate the applicability and advantages of this cylindrical equivalent‐circuit FDTD method to evaluate new types of conformal ring antennas used in the context of high‐field (7T) traveling wave magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation optimization to microwave components using neural network
Authors: Zhou Rigui , Nie Airong , Zhang Qijun , Cao Yizi 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a new technique to train neural network (NN); with the result, we can solve some real‐world application problems such as microwave components modeling and optimization. Its major advance is achieved in avoiding the testing error falling into local minimum. After the generalization, the ability of three‐layer and four‐layer NN is also checked; our investigations show that four‐layer NN trained by the proposed training method can map the electromagnetic simulation of microwave components better than its counterpart. Besides, the modeling of microwave circuits and slotted patch antennas is examined to demonstrate the validity of this technique. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Managing Radical and Incremental Creativity
Authors: Gilson Lucy L. , Lim Hyoun Sook , D'Innocenzo Lauren , Moye Neta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis research extends creativity theory by re‐conceptualizing creativity as a two‐dimensional construct (radical and incremental) and examining the differential effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic rewards, and supportive supervision on perceptions of creativity. We hypothesize and find two distinct types of creativity that are associated with different motivational factors. We further consider how combinations of motivational factors are linked to the different types of creativity. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
What Can be Done with an Egg? Creativity, Material Objects, and the Theory of Affordances
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article offers a reflection on the role of material objects in the creative process and explores the potential links between creativity and the theory of affordances (Gibson, ), conceptualized from a sociocultural perspective. From this standpoint, creativity can be defined as a process of perceiving, exploiting, and “generating” novel affordances during socially and materially situated activities. Illustrations are offered for each of the above from a research project investigating traditional Easter egg decoration activities in rural Romania. This brief case study exemplifies the discovery of existing action potentials, the generation of objects with novel affordances, and the transgression of conventional procedures, all resulting in creative forms of expression. In the end, some conclusions are drawn regarding the ways in which an affordance theory of creativity can enrich our understanding of the phenomenon and contribute to the development of a new program of research concerned with situated and distributed creative acts.
Incident prioritisation using analytic hierarchy process (AHP): Risk Index Model (RIM)
Authors: Anuar Nor Badrul , Papadaki Maria , Furnell Steven , Clarke Nathan 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe landscape of security threats continues to evolve, with attacks becoming more serious and the number of vulnerabilities rising. For these threats to be managed, many security studies have been undertaken in recent years, mainly focusing on improving detection, prevention and response efficiency. This paper proposes an incident prioritisation model, the Risk Index Model (RIM), which is based on risk assessment and the analytic hierarchy process. For incidents to be prioritised, the model uses indicators, such as criticality, as decision factors to calculate incidents' risk index. The model also adopts different strategies to enhance the prioritisation process. To evaluate the model, two stages of evaluation study were conducted. The first stage aims to validate the model by comparing its results with the Common Vulnerability Scoring System and Snort. The second stage aims to enhance RIM by analysing the effect of using different strategies in the model. The experimental results in the first stage have shown that 100% of incidents could be rated with RIM, compared with only 17.23% with the Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The experiments in the second stage have shown significant changes in the resultant risk index as well as some of the top‐priority incidents. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What eye movements can tell us about sentence comprehension
Authors: Vasishth Shravan , von der Malsburg Titus , Engelmann Felix 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEye movement data have proven to be very useful for investigating human sentence processing. Eyetracking research has addressed a wide range of questions, such as recovery mechanisms following garden‐pathing, the timing of processes driving comprehension, the role of anticipation and expectation in parsing, the role of semantic, pragmatic, and prosodic information, and so on. However, there are some limitations regarding the inferences that can be made on the basis of eye movements. One relates to the nontrivial interaction between parsing and the eye movement control system which complicates the interpretation of eye movement data. Detailed computational models that integrate parsing with eye movement control theories have the potential to unpack the complexity of eye movement data and can therefore aid in the interpretation of eye movements. Another limitation is the difficulty of capturing spatiotemporal patterns in eye movements using the traditional word‐based eyetracking measures. Recent research has demonstrated the relevance of these patterns and has shown how they can be analyzed. In this review, we focus on reading, and present examples demonstrating how eye movement data reveal what events unfold when the parser runs into difficulty, and how the parsing system interacts with eye movement control. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:125–134. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1209This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Computational Models of Language
P2Y receptors in the gastrointestinal epithelium
Authors: Larsen Casper K. , Leipziger Jens 
Published: December 2012

AbstractP2Y receptors are widely expressed in all gastrointestinal (GI) epithelia. Commonly, one epithelial tissue or cell expresses several P2Y receptors, which are located in both the apical and basolateral membranes. In almost all studied GI tissues, stimulation of P2Y receptors activates ion secretion, either that of NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, or KHCO3. In most GI epithelia, an apical P2Y2 receptor is responsible for these ion secretory effects. Major progress during the last 10 years now permits integrated concepts of purinergic regulation of epithelial function. Most importantly, the apical mucus layer can be viewed as a restricted space for local paracrine purinergic regulation of ion transport. Extracellular ATP is present in the mucus in sufficiently high concentrations to activate apical P2Y receptors. Several physiological stimuli have been identified or suggested to trigger ATP release into the luminal space. These include flow‐induced, primary cilium‐dependent ATP secretion into the bile, acidic intraluminal pH in the duodenum, and agonist‐activated secretion of ATP by secretory salivary and pancreatic acini as well as the intestinal crypts. A functional role of the intestinal alkaline phosphatase as ATP cleavage enzyme and thus signal termination is another novel discovery important for duodenal secretion. The overall functional consequence of apical P2Y receptor function is to provide an additional input signal to activate digestive fluid secretion when demanded for by a given physiological stimulus. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:27–36. doi: 10.1002/wmts.74For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.