bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chloroplast phylogeography of the East Asian Arcto‐Tertiary relict Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae)
Authors: Sun Yanxia , Moore Michael J. , Yue Liangliang , Feng Tao , Chu Haijia , Chen Shaotian , Ji Yunheng , Wang Hengchang , Li Jianqiang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimA phylogeographical study of the widespread but phylogenetically isolated East Asian endemic tree species Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae) was performed to evaluate whether and how Pleistocene and pre‐Pleistocene climate changes helped to influence current phylogeographical patterns, and to describe the current patterns of genetic diversity and their implications for conservation.LocationSouthwestern and central subtropical China.MethodsSequences of four chloroplast spacer regions were obtained from 157 individuals of T. sinense. A haplotype network was constructed using tcs. Genetic diversity and differentiation, spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to test for genetic structure. beast was used to estimate the divergence times between haplotypes. Historical demographic expansion was tested using pairwise mismatch distribution analysis.ResultsOf the 21 recovered haplotypes, three were widely distributed, but most were restricted to particular regions. Populations with high haplotype diversity were located in western Hubei, southern Sichuan and southern Chongqing. The two earliest‐diverging haplotypes were found in southwestern China. The haplotype distribution of T. sinense demonstrated significant phylogeographical structure (NST > GST; P < 0.05). The best partitioning of genetic diversity by SAMOVA (K = 5) produced groups that matched the main tcs‐derived clades. Two independent range expansions within SAMOVA‐derived groups 2 and 3 were dated to approximately 399 and 311 ka, respectively. The time to the most recent common ancestor of all haplotypes was 9.6 (95% highest posterior density: 27.0–2.2) Ma, but most of the haplotype diversity appeared during the Quaternary.Main conclusionsThe extant distribution of T. sinense is likely to have been shaped by both pre‐Quaternary and Pleistocene climate changes. Southwestern China may have served as an important refugium for T. sinense throughout the Neogene, while the species also occupied multiple refugia during the late Pleistocene glacial periods. Populations of T. sinense were resolved into five allopatric groups, between which there is apparently no seed movement.
Rule breaking mediates the developmental association betweenGABRA2and adolescent substance abuse
Authors: Trucco Elisa M. , Villafuerte Sandra , Heitzeg Mary M. , Burmeister Margit , Zucker Robert A. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundThis study's primary aim was to examine age‐specific associations betweenGABRA2, rule breaking, problematic alcohol use, and substance abuse symptomatology. The secondary aim was to examine the extent to which rule breaking mediates theGABRA2‐substance abuse relationship.MethodsA sample (n = 518) of primarily male (70.9%) and White (88.8%) adolescents from the Michigan Longitudinal Study was assessed from ages 11–18. Age‐specific effects ofGABRA2on rule breaking, problematic alcohol use, and substance abuse symptomatology were examined using nested path models. The role of rule breaking as a mediator in the association betweenGABRA2and substance abuse outcomes was tested using prospective cross‐lagged path models.ResultsGABRA2is significantly (p < 0.05) associated with rule breaking in mid‐ to late‐adolescence, but not substance abuse symptomatology across adolescence.GABRA2effects on problematic alcohol use and substance abuse symptomatology operate largely (45.3% and 71.1%, respectively,p < 0.05) via rule breaking in midadolescence.ConclusionsGABRA2represents an early risk factor for an externalizing pathway to the development of problematic alcohol and drug use.
A qualitative exploration of factors that facilitate and impede adherence to child abuse prevention guidelines in Dutch preventive child health care
Authors: Konijnendijk Annemieke A.J. , Boere‐Boonekamp Magda M. , Haasnoot‐Smallegange Riet M.E. , Need Ariana 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesIn the Netherlands, evidence‐based child abuse prevention (CAP) guidelines have been developed to support child health care professionals (CHPs) in recognizing and responding to suspected child abuse. The aim of this study was to identify factors related to characteristics of the guidelines, the user, the organization and the socio‐political context that facilitate or impede adherence to the CAP guidelines.MethodsThree semi‐structured focus groups including 14 CHPs working in one large Dutch child health care organization were conducted in January and February 2012. Participants were asked questions about the dissemination of the guidelines, adherence to their key recommendations and factors that impeded or facilitated desired working practices. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Impeding and facilitating factors were identified and classified. An innovation framework was used to guide the research.ResultsCHPs mentioned 24 factors that facilitated or impeded adherence to the CAP guidelines. Most of these factors were related to characteristics of the user. Familiarity with the content of the guidelines, a supportive working environment and good inter‐agency cooperation were identified as facilitating factors. Impeding factors included lack of willingness of caregivers to cooperate, low self‐efficacy and poor inter‐agency cooperation.ConclusionsThe results indicate that a broad variety of factors may influence CHPs' (non‐)adherence to the CAP guidelines. Efforts to improve implementation of the guidelines should focus on improving familiarity with their contents, enhancing self‐efficacy, promoting intra‐agency cooperation, supporting professionals in dealing with uncooperative parents and improving inter‐agency cooperation. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Impact of supplementation with amino acids or their metabolites on muscle wasting in patients with critical illness or other muscle wasting illness: a systematic review
Authors: Wandrag L. , Brett S. J. , Frost G. , Hickson M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMuscle wasting during critical illness impairs recovery. Dietary strategies to minimise wasting include nutritional supplements, particularly essential amino acids. We reviewed the evidence on enteral supplementation with amino acids or their metabolites in the critically ill and in muscle wasting illness with similarities to critical illness, aiming to assess whether this intervention could limit muscle wasting in vulnerable patient groups. Citation databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, the meta‐register of controlled trials and the Cochrane Collaboration library, were searched for articles from 1950 to 2013. Search terms included ‘critical illness’, ‘muscle wasting’, ‘amino acid supplementation’, ‘chronic obstructive pulmonary disease’, ‘chronic heart failure’, ‘sarcopenia’ and ‘disuse atrophy’. Reviews, observational studies, sport nutrition, intravenous supplementation and studies in children were excluded. One hundred and eighty studies were assessed for eligibility and 158 were excluded. Twenty‐two studies were graded according to standardised criteria using the GRADE methodology: four in critical care populations, and 18 from other clinically relevant areas. Methodologies, interventions and outcome measures used were highly heterogeneous and meta‐analysis was not appropriate. Methodology and quality of studies were too varied to draw any firm conclusion. Dietary manipulation with leucine enriched essential amino acids (EAA), β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate and creatine warrant further investigation in critical care; EAA has demonstrated improvements in body composition and nutritional status in other groups with muscle wasting illness. High‐quality research is required in critical care before treatment recommendations can be made.
In vivo noninvasive measurement of skin autofluorescence biomarkers relate to cardiovascular disease in mice
Authors: AKBAR N. , SOKOLOVSKI S. , DUNAEV A. , BELCH J.J.F. , RAFAILOV E. , KHAN F. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackground and objectiveThe formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). High dietary cholesterol can significantly alter the delicate balance between pro‐oxidation and antioxidant defences leading to reactive oxygen species formation in the vasculature, without significant structural changes in tissue composition. We aimed to establish a methodology for the noninvasive assessment of skin fluorescent biomarkers in mice.Materials and methodsC57/black/6 wild‐type (WT; n = 25) male mice were subdivided to receive normal rodent chow (n = 11) or a high cholesterol diet (2% cholesterol; n = 14) for 20 weeks. Skin autofluorescence measurements were made on the backs of anaesthetized (1.5–2% isoflurane in oxygen) mice. A laser probe was used to make simultaneous measurements of: collagen, elastin, nicotinamide pyridoxine, flavins, lipofuscin and β‐carotene. Results are expressed as group mean in arbitrary units (AU) ± standard error (SE). Hearts were excised and weighed (mg); cardiac hypertrophy was measured by ratio [heart weight (mg)/bodyweight (g) ± SE]. Student's t‐test was used for statistical significance analysis (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsThere were no significant differences between cholesterol‐ and chow‐fed animals for collagen (34 ± 5AU vs. chow 34 ± 4 AU, p = 0.51) and elastin (66 ± 6 AU vs. chow 82 ± 7 AU, p = 0.11). Significant differences were evident for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (92 ± 7 AU vs. chow 118 ± 7 AU, p = 0.01), pyridoxine (56 ± 4 AU vs. chow 73 ± 4 AU, p = 0.01), flavins (44 ± 3 AU vs. chow 57 ± 4 AU, p = 0.01), lipofuscin (35 ± 3 AU vs. chow 46 ± 3 AU, p = 0.01) and β‐carotene (19 ± 2 AU vs. chow 25 ± 2 AU, p = 0.01). Cholesterol‐fed animals had significantly heavier hearts (7 ± 0.3 ratio vs. chow 5 ± 0.1 ratio, p = 0.001).ConclusionCholesterol feeding induced cardiovascular disease as noted by cardiac hypertrophy in wild‐type mice. A reduction was observed in pyridoxine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavins, lipofuscin and β‐carotene, which are established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. We report no significant changes in structural proteins collagen and elastin, suggesting no generalized tissue restructuring, which might otherwise explain the observed pathological differences.
DNA vaccination by intradermal electroporation induces long‐lasting immune responses in rhesus macaques
Authors: Kulkarni Viraj , Rosati Margherita , Jalah Rashmi , Ganneru Brunda , Alicea Candido , Yu Lei , Guan Yongjun , LaBranche Celia , Montefiori David C. , King Alan D. , Valentin Antonio , Pavlakis George N. , Felber Barbara K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundA desirable HIV vaccine should induce protective long‐lasting humoral and cellular immune responses.MethodsMacaques were immunized by env DNA, selected from a panel of recently transmitted SIVmac251 Env using intradermal electroporation as vaccine delivery method and magnitude, breadth and longevity of humoral and cellular immune responses.ResultsThe macaques developed high, long‐lasting humoral immune responses with neutralizing capacity against homologous and heterologous Env. The avidity of the antibody responses was also preserved over 1‐year follow‐up. Analysis of cellular immune responses demonstrated induction of Env‐specific memory T cells harboring granzyme B, albeit their overall levels were low. Similar to the humoral responses, the cellular immunity was persistent over the ~1‐year follow‐up.ConclusionThese data show that vaccination by this intradermal DNA delivery regimen is able to induce potent and durable immune responses in macaques.
Assessment and improvement of Indian‐origin rhesus macaque and Mauritian‐origin cynomolgus macaque genome annotations using deep transcriptome sequencing data
Authors: Peng Xinxia , Pipes Lenore , Xiong Hao , Green Richard R. , Jones Daniel C. , Ruzzo Walter L. , Schroth Gary P. , Mason Christopher E. , Palermo Robert E. , Katze Michael G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe genome annotations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, two of the most common non‐human primate animal models, are limited.MethodsWe analyzed large‐scale macaque RNA‐based next‐generation sequencing (RNAseq) data to identify un‐annotated macaque transcripts.ResultsFor both macaque species, we uncovered thousands of novel isoforms for annotated genes and thousands of un‐annotated intergenic transcripts enriched with non‐coding RNAs. We also identified thousands of transcript sequences which are partially or completely ‘missing’ from current macaque genome assemblies. We showed that many newly identified transcripts were differentially expressed during SIV infection of rhesus macaques or during Ebola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques.ConclusionsFor two important macaque species, we uncovered thousands of novel isoforms and un‐annotated intergenic transcripts including coding and non‐coding RNAs, polyadenylated and non‐polyadenylated transcripts. This resource will greatly improve future macaque studies, as demonstrated by their applications in infectious disease studies.
Large‐scale pedigree analysis leads to evidence for founder effects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kanthaswamy Sree , Reader Rachel , Tarara Ross , Oslund Karen , Allen Mark , Ng Jillian , Grinberg Chloe , Hyde Dallas , Smith David G. , Lerche Nicholas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the abnormal thickening of the ventricles and an increase in cardiac mass.MethodsPedigree analyses involving 108 rhesus macaques with pronounced HCM were performed.ResultsAnalyses revealed a strong genetic predisposition to this disease.ConclusionsMacaques are ideal for investigating HCM because of their marked similarity to humans genetically, physiologically, and anatomically.
Totally drug‐resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies
Authors: Parida S. K. , Axelsson‐Robertson R. , Rao M. V. , Singh N. , Master I. , Lutckii A. , Keshavjee S. , Andersson J. , Zumla A. , Maeurer M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe first cases of totally drug‐resistant (TDR) tuberculosis (TB) were reported in Italy 10 years ago; more recently, cases have also been reported in Iran, India and South Africa. Although there is no consensus on terminology, it is most commonly described as ‘resistance to all first‐ and second‐line drugs used to treat TB’. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) acquires drug resistance mutations in a sequential fashion under suboptimal drug pressure due to monotherapy, inadequate dosing, treatment interruptions and drug interactions. The treatment of TDR‐TB includes antibiotics with disputed or minimal effectiveness against M.tb, and the fatality rate is high. Comorbidities such as diabetes and infection with human immunodeficiency virus further impact on TB treatment options and survival rates. Several new drug candidates with novel modes of action are under late‐stage clinical evaluation (e.g. delamanid, bedaquiline, SQ109 and sutezolid). ‘Repurposed’ antibiotics have also recently been included in the treatment of extensively drug resistant TB. However, because of mutations in M.tb, drugs will not provide a cure for TB in the long term. Adjunct TB therapies, including therapeutic vaccines, vitamin supplementation and/or repurposing of drugs targeting biologically and clinically relevant molecular pathways, may achieve better clinical outcomes in combination with standard chemotherapy. Here, we review broader perspectives of drug resistance in TB and potential adjunct treatment options.
Anterior tongue cancer with no history of tobacco and alcohol use may be a distinct molecular and clinical entity
Authors: Sebastian Paul , Babu Janki Mohan , Prathibha R , Hariharan Ramkumar , Pillai Madhavan Radhakrishna 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundA small, albeit significant, number of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients has no history of tobacco and alcohol use. Such non‐habits associated HNSCCs may represent a distinct clinical entity and exhibit increased aggressiveness. The objective of the study was to understand differences in molecular etiology of habits, and non‐habits associated tongue carcinomas.Materials and methodsHigh‐throughput gene expression profiling of 22 tumor samples was carried out. This was followed by quantitative real‐time PCR validation of four of the identified differentially expressed genes.Results and conclusionEighteen genes were identified that correlate strongly with the habits‐ and non‐habits distinction. Among the genes significantly overexpressed in the non‐habits group are CCND1, a key cell‐cycle regulator, DACT3, a modulator of the Wnt/beta‐catenin pathway, and three genes associated with the Notch signaling pathway. CCND1 and DACT3 overexpression in non‐habits associated tongue carcinomas were subsequently validated by quantitative real‐time PCR in an independent cohort (n = 18) of patient samples. Gene expression data were integrated with publicly available protein interaction data to build a small protein interaction network containing five of 18 differentially expressed genes. This suggested that a functional ‘network module’ can be implicated in the subgroup distinction. All the tumors analyzed here were human papillomavirus (HPV) negative samples. An association between CCND1 overexpression in oral tumors and poor prognosis has previously been reported. Thus, CCND1 overexpression in non‐habits associated anterior tongue carcinomas may contribute to their increased clinical aggressiveness.
Posttreatment with Ma‐Xing‐Shi‐Gan‐Tang, a Chinese Medicine Formula, Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Lung Microvessel Hyperpermeability and Inflammatory Reaction in Rat
Authors: Ma Li‐Qian , Pan Chun‐Shui , Yang Ning , Liu Yu‐Ying , Yan Li , Sun Kai , Wei Xiao‐Hong , He Ke , Xiao Meng‐Meng , Fan Jing‐Yu , Han Jing‐Yan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of present study was to investigate the efficacy of MXSGT, a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for treatment of respiratory system diseases, in the LPS‐induced rat ALI particularly with a focus on its effect on lung microvascular hyperpermeability and inflammatory reaction.MethodsMale Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected with LPS (7.5 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/mL) intraperitoneally. MXSGT (0.52 g or 2.61 g/kg) was given by gavage six hours after LPS injection.ResultsLPS stimulation resulted in a reduced survival rate, deteriorated vital signs, an increase in the number of leukocytes adhering to lung venules, the albumin leakage, the activity of MPO in lung tissues, the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and lung perivascular edema. After LPS stimulation, western blot analysis revealed an increase in the expression of ICAM‐1 and toll‐like receptor 4, a decrease in tight junction proteins and an activation of cav‐1, Src, and NF‐κB. All the LPS‐induced alterations were significantly attenuated by posttreatment with MXSGT.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated MXSGT as a potential strategy for lung microvascular hyperpermeability and inflammatory reaction in ALI, and suggested that the beneficial role of MXSGT was correlated with toll‐like receptor 4, Src, and NF‐κB.
The three major types of CRISPR‐Cas systems function independently in CRISPR RNA biogenesis in Streptococcus thermophilus
Authors: Carte Jason , Christopher Ross T. , Smith Justin T. , Olson Sara , Barrangou Rodolphe , Moineau Sylvain , Glover Claiborne V. C. , Graveley Brenton R. , Terns Rebecca M. , Terns Michael P. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryCRISPR‐Cas systems are small RNA‐based immune systems that protect prokaryotes from invaders such as viruses and plasmids. We have investigated the features and biogenesis of the CRISPR (cr)RNAs in Streptococcus thermophilus (Sth) strain DGCC7710, which possesses four different CRISPR‐Cas systems including representatives from the three major types of CRISPR‐Cas systems. Our results indicate that the crRNAs from each CRISPR locus are specifically processed into divergent crRNA species by Cas proteins (and non‐coding RNAs) associated with the respective locus. We find that the Csm Type III‐A and Cse Type I–E crRNAs are specifically processed by Cas6 and Cse3 (Cas6e), respectively, and retain an 8‐nucleotide CRISPR repeat sequence tag 5′ of the invader‐targeting sequence. The Cse Type I–E crRNAs also retain a 21‐nucleotide 3′ repeat tag. The crRNAs from the two Csn Type II‐A systems in Sth consist of a 5′‐truncated targeting sequence and a 3′ tag; however, these are distinct in size between the two. Moreover, the Csn1 (Cas9) protein associated with one Csn locus functions specifically in the production of crRNAs from that locus. Our findings indicate that multiple CRISPR‐Cas systems can function independently in crRNA biogenesis within a given organism – an important consideration in engineering coexisting CRISPR‐Cas pathways.
Estimating Culicoides sonorensis biting midge abundance using digital image analysis
Authors: OSBORNE C. J. , MAYO C. E. , MULLENS B. A. , MACLACHLAN N. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractImageJ is an open‐source software tool used for a variety of scientific objectives including cell counting, shape analysis and image correction. This technology has previously been used to estimate mosquito abundance in surveillance efforts. However, the utility of this application for estimating abundance or parity in the surveillance of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has not yet been tested. Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones), a biting midge often measuring 2.0–2.5 mm in length, is an economically important vector of ruminant arboviruses in California. Current surveillance methods use visual sorting for the characteristics of midges and are very time‐intensive for large studies. This project tested the utility of ImageJ as a tool to assist in gross trap enumeration as well as in parity analysis of C. sonorensis in comparison with traditional visual methods of enumeration using a dissecting microscope. Results confirmed that automated counting of midges is a reliable means of approximating midge numbers under certain conditions. Further evaluation confirmed accurate and time‐efficient parity analysis in comparison with hand sorting. The ImageJ software shows promise as a tool that can assist and expedite C. sonorensis surveillance. Further, these methods may be useful in other insect surveillance activities.
Signaling Dominance in Online Negotiations: The Role of Affective Tone
Authors: Belkin Liuba Y. , Kurtzberg Terri R. , Naquin Charles E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe present research looks at how people interpret power in negotiations based not just on control over objective resources but also on behavioral expressions of dominance as signaled through affective language in the limited‐cues environment of electronically mediated communication. We further explore whether those interpretations of dominance shape negotiation outcomes. The results of an experiment, along with the linguistic analyses of the e‐mail messages themselves, indicate that negative affective expressions (anger) online positively influence perceptions of dominance, while displays of positive affect (happiness) can signal the opposite, especially when coupled with low resource power. Moreover, we find that anger displays in e‐mails can influence individual gains positively, while perceptions of dominance mediate the relationship between displays of happiness and individual outcomes. Implications are discussed.