bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravenous administration of a polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/l of lactate resolves experimentally induced hyperchloraemic acidosis in horses
Authors: Romão F. T. N. M. A. , Pereira P. F. V. , Flaiban K. K. M. C. , Dearo A. C. O. , Fernandes T. M. , Lisbôa J. A. N. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyTreatment of metabolic acidosis using sodium bicarbonate solutions is safe when blood gas analysis is available. The evidence that solutions containing metabolisable buffers can be used as an alternative for treatment of metabolic acidosis in horses is of practical interest.ObjectivesTo investigate the safety and efficacy of a polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/l of lactate (L84) for the correction of induced hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis.Study designNon‐randomised crossover design.MethodsFive healthy, adult, crossbred horses were used. A solution containing 100 mmol/l ofHCl was infused intravenously (100 ml/kg bwt) for 5 h to induce metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis was induced in each horse twice, with a minimum 15‐day interval after recovery from the first induction: the first time no treatment was administered (control group) and the second time horses were treated with an intravenous infusion of L84 solution, 100 ml/kg bwt for 5 h, beginning 3 h after the end ofHCl infusion. Venous blood samples were taken at 0, 2.5, 5, 8, 10.5, 13, 24 and 48 h; and urine at 0, 5, 8 and 13 h. Laboratory data includedpH(blood and urine),PCO2,HCO3−, base excess, total plasma protein concentration,l‐lactate, Na+, K+, Cl−, strong ion difference (SID4), anion gap, change in plasma volume and fractional excretions of Na+, K+and Cl−. Effects of time and treatment were tested by 2‐way repeated measuresANOVA.ResultsSevere hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis was induced. In the untreated horses, correction of the imbalance occurred gradually, and mild acidosis was still present at 48 h. In horses treated with the L84 solution, acidosis was corrected by the end of the infusion. There were no adverse effects with the administration of the L84 solution.ConclusionsA polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/l of lactate effectively corrected induced metabolic acidosis in horses within 5 h.
Early sponges and toxic protists: possible sources of cryostane, an age diagnostic biomarker antedating Sturtian Snowball Earth
Authors: Brocks J. J. , Jarrett A. J. M. , Sirantoine E. , Kenig F. , Moczydłowska M. , Porter S. , Hope J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe period 800–717 million years (Ma) ago, in the lead‐up to the Sturtian Snowball glaciation, saw an increase in the diversity of eukaryotic microfossils. To afford an independent and complementary view of this evolutionary period, this study presents the distribution of eukaryotic biomarkers from three pre‐Sturtian successions across the supercontinent Rodinia: the ca. 780 Ma Kanpa Formation of the Western Australian Officer Basin, the ca. 800–740 Ma Visingsö Group of Sweden, and the 740 Ma Chuar Group in Arizona, USA. The distribution of eukaryotic steranes is remarkably similar in the three successions but distinct from all other known younger and older sterane assemblages. Cholestane was the only conventional structure, while indigenous steranes alkylated in position C‐24, such as ergostane, stigmastane, dinosterane and isopropylcholestane, and n‐propylcholestane, were not observed. This sterane distribution appears to be age diagnostic for the pre‐Sturtian Neoproterozoic. It attests to the distinct evolutionary state of pre‐Snowball eukaryotes, pointing to a taxonomic disparity that was still lower than in the Ediacaran (635–541 Ma). All three basins also show the presence of a new C28 sterane that was tentatively identified as 26‐methylcholestane, here named cryostane. The only known extant organisms that can methylate sterols in the 26‐position are demosponges. This assignment is plausible as molecular clocks place the appearance of the earliest animals into the pre‐Sturtian Neoproterozoic. The unusual 26‐methylsterol may have protected sponges, but also other eukaryotes, against their own membranolytic toxins. Some protists release lytic toxins to deter predators and kill eukaryotic prey. As conventional membrane sterols can be the site of attack for these toxins, sterols with unusual side‐chain modification protect the cell. This interpretation of cryostane supports fossil evidence of predation in the Chuar Group and promotes hypotheses about the proliferation of eukaryophagy in the lead‐up to the Cryogenian.
Characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma detected in patients with chronic hepatitis C after the eradication of hepatitis C virus: A multicenter study fromJapan
Authors: Toyoda Hidenori , Tada Toshifumi , Tsuji Kunihiko , Hiraoka Atsushi , Tachi Yoshihiko , Itobayashi Ei , Takaguchi Koichi , Senoh Tomonori , Takizawa Daichi , Ishikawa Toru , Kumada Takashi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimWe investigated the characteristics and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosed after sustained virological response (SVR) to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, namely, the eradication of HCV, according to surveillance status after SVR.MethodsIn this multicenter study, liver function at HCC diagnosis and progression of HCC among patients with HCC diagnosed after SVR were compared. Outcomes were also investigated.ResultsIn patients not under surveillance after SVR, HCC was significantly more advanced at diagnosis, with tumors that were larger in size and of higher stage than in patients who continued under surveillance after SVR. Survival rates were significantly lower in patients not under surveillance (P < 0.0001). Among patients who were under surveillance, those with a 6‐month surveillance interval had larger and higher stage HCC than patients with a 3‐month interval. Recurrence rates in patients with a 6‐month surveillance interval were significantly higher than in patients with a 3‐month surveillance interval (P = 0.0417).ConclusionLack of surveillance after SVR was obviously associated with more advanced HCC at detection, resulting in poor prognosis. More importantly, there may be a difference in the severity of HCC at diagnosis and prognosis based on the surveillance interval after SVR. Establishing guidelines how to survey patients with chronic hepatitis C after SVR is necessary.
Spectrometric determination of iron and copper in vegetable oils after separation with Schiff base impregnated silica gel column: A simple approach for eliminating the high organic matrix
Authors: Tokay Feyzullah , Bağdat Sema 
Published: October 2015

SummaryA simple solid‐phase extraction method has been described for the separation of Fe(III) and Cu(II) from liquid vegetable oils using N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxy salicylidene) ethylenediamine impregnated silica gel and the determination of these ions. The experimental parameters that affect the separation/preconcentration of ions were investigated by batch and column methods prior to the determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Fe(III) and Cu(II) ions in 20.0 g portion of oil samples can be quantitatively sorbed and then eluted completely with 5.0 mL of 2.0 mol L−1 HNO3. Limits of detection were calculated as 22.8 and 13.9 μg kg−1 for Fe(III) and Cu(II), respectively. The repetition of the suggested method was checked by finding relative standard deviation for five repeated analyses, which was 1.5% for Fe(III) and 0.1% for Cu(II). Applicability of the method was controlled with spiked and unspiked sunflower, corn, canola, olive, soya and hazelnut oils.
Body fat differences by self‐reported race/ethnicity in healthy term newborns
Authors: Paley C. , Hull H. , Ji Y. , Toro‐Ramos T. , Thornton J. , Bauer J. , Matthews P. , Yu A. , Navder K. , Dorsey K. , Gallagher D. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundEthnic differences in total body fat (fat mass [FM]) have been reported in adults and children, but the timing of when these differences manifest and whether they are present at birth are unknown.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess whether ethnic differences in body fat are present at birth in healthy infants born at term, where body fat is measured using air displacement plethysmography and fat distribution by skin‐fold thickness.MethodsData were from a multiracial cross‐sectional convenience sample of 332 term infants from four racial or ethnic groups based on maternal self‐report (A, Asian; AA, non‐Hispanic Black [African‐American]; C, non‐Hispanic White; and H, Hispanic). The main outcome measure was infant body fat at 1–3 days after birth, with age, birth weight, gestational age and maternal pre‐pregnancy weight as covariates.ResultsSignificant effects for race (P = 0.0011), sex (P = 0.0051) and a race by sex interaction (P = 0.0236) were found. C females had higher FM than C males (P = 0.0001), and AA females had higher FM than AA males (P = 0.0205). C males had less FM than A males (P = 0.0353) and H males (P = 0.0001).ConclusionRace/ethnic and sex differences in FM are present in healthy term newborns. Although the implications of these differences are unclear, studies beginning in utero and birth set the stage for a life course approach to understanding disease later in life.
Disclosure of Downside Risk and Investors' Use of Qualitative Information: Evidence from the IPO Prospectus's Risk Factor Section
Authors: Ding Rui 
Published: October 2015

AbstractI use the context of a company's initial public offering (IPO) of equity securities as a capital‐market setting to empirically study the economic consequences of risk factor disclosures. Using data from Australian IPOs, I examine the relation of textual risk disclosures in the prospectus to initial underpricing. I find that the quantity of disclosures in the risk factor section itself has no significant impact on initial underpricing. However, an increase in the informativeness of risk factor disclosures is associated with lower IPO underpricing. My results suggest that IPOs that provide informative risk factor disclosures have less ex ante uncertainty, in the sense that the disclosures help investors estimate the dispersion of secondary market value. The effect of informative risk factor disclosures on IPO underpricing is more pronounced for IPOs with less prestigious lead underwriters and is mainly driven by younger firms, smaller firms, and firms with poorer operating performance prior to their IPOs. Collectively, my findings suggest that informative disclosures of downside risk are useful for investors to evaluate IPOs.
Digital product innovation within four classes of innovation networks
Authors: Lyytinen Kalle , Yoo Youngjin , Boland Jr. Richard J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies (1) increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and (2) increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: (1) project innovation networks; (2) clan innovation networks; (3) federated innovation networks; and (4) anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations – or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full‐fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re‐examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.
Owning Failure: Insights Into the Perceptions and Understandings of Art Educators
Authors: Fremantle Chris , Kearney Gemma 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFailure forms an important dimension of art and design and is inherent in creative endeavours. This article explores current literature on failure in the art and design context and offers a contribution through qualitative research drawing upon interviews with lecturing staff in a UK art school. The findings from this research emphasise the complexity of the concept of failure. Three key themes emerged regarding respondents' perceptions of failure: failure as a process, as a means of learning and as an issue in assessment culture. This research is exploratory in nature, and whilst the limitations of the small sample are accepted, the article contributes to the dialogue and discussion surrounding the often emotive concept of failure.
The Challenges of Art Education in Designer Capitalism: Collaborative Practices in the (New Media) Arts
Authors: jagodzinski jan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article explores the challenges to art education in the twenty‐first century as art curricula around the world begin to change so as to meet the new emergent technological realities. It is argued that within a ‘control’ society like ours, where the economic system of capitalism dictates the direction of education along with its accompanying neoliberalist philosophy of the self, art educators are faced deciding how to cope and incorporate the new media technologies into their art programmes. I try to argue that this direction should recognise the ‘affective turn’ within media and grasp the different orientations when it comes to collaboration. In the final part of the article I provide a number of artistic exemplars that illustrate the direction art education should follow, given the dire state of the world in an era that will be called the Anthropocene.
The Value of the Blueprint Festival
Authors: Cawley‐Gelling India , Hyland Steven , McCarron‐Roberts Connah , Noor Sufea Mohamad , Morrissey Ruth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBlueprint was a three‐day festival which took place at Tate Liverpool in July 2014 and was organised and produced by Tate Collective Liverpool, as part of Circuit, a four‐year national programme connecting 15–25 year olds to the arts. Circuit aims to be open, reflective and critical and bring about organisational change. Members of Circuit's young research and evaluation team, which is central to Circuit's evaluation and research, have written this article, about our experiences of planning, delivering and evaluating Blueprint. The article articulates our own sense of the value and the challenges of the processes in which we engaged. The Blueprint festival was aimed at young people aged 15–25. Our roles as members of Tate Collective Liverpool involved planning, curating and delivering an exhibition, activities and events that took place as part of Blueprint. We also had crucial roles in evaluating the festival. Our roles as young evaluators have been key to our awareness of the learning that has taken place, for us, through the process of developing and delivering Blueprint. In this article we outline the processes and mechanisms through which learning took place, articulating the value of research and evaluation processes led by us, as young people, for our own professional development and for the development of gallery practice. The article also indicates something of the potential of such approaches for formal education.
A Collaborative Design Curriculum for Reviving Sheet Metal Handicraft
Authors: Chan Patrick K. C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGalvanised sheet metal was a popular and important material for producing handmade home utensils in Hong Kong from the 1930s onwards. It was gradually replaced by new materials like stainless steel and plastic because similar goods made with these are cheaper, more standardised, more durable and of much better quality. The handicrafts behind sheet metal products are also phasing out because the machine‐based production process has become the norm. Today sheet metal handicraftsmen in Hong Kong are facing a survival problem. This article is a case study on the design of a 14‐week curriculum, an assignment design and follow‐up events aiming to preserve and disseminate the knowledge and skills of the craft to a younger generation of designers, who typically lack hands‐on design‐and‐make experience since such hands are mostly replaced by computers. With the collaboration of a university design school, an NGO and a practising sheet metal handicraftsman, this design curriculum managed to achieve multiple‐level objectives: the galvanised sheet metal handicraft being appreciated and inherited, the anonymous and forgotten blue‐collar craftsmen being recognised as professional artisans, the birth of innovative products employing the material and the craft, as well as new job opportunities and markets explored for the profession in the contemporary world. From a pedagogical perspective, it also evaluates why the students found it a satisfying learning experience. The significance of the study is that it suggests a similar collaborative curriculum design could be applied to a broader scope of traditional handicrafts for cultural inheritance.
Anthropogenic influence on Amazonian forests in pre‐history: An ecological perspective
Authors: Bush Mark B. , McMichael Crystal H. , Piperno Dolores R. , Silman Miles R. , Barlow Jos , Peres Carlos A. , Power Mitchell , Palace Michael W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn important debate has been re‐invigorated by new data concerning the size and environmental impacts of human populations in the Amazon Basin during pre‐history. Here, we review the history of debates concerning pre‐historic human occupation of the Amazon Basin along with the presentation of empirical data from archaeological and palaeoecological research. The combined evidence suggests that human occupation and resulting influence on Amazonian ecosystems were heterogeneous on both regional and local scales. Pre‐historic occupation sites are more likely to have been located in forests with a pronounced dry season or in forests that are within 15 km of a river floodplain, rather than in ever‐wet forests or in interfluvial regions far removed from large rivers. Forest enrichment of preferred species and game depletion through hunting are most probable within 15 km of an occupation site. Given the spatial and temporal patterning of these data, views of significant Amazonian‐wide cultural impacts on riverine and interfluvial forest are not supported at this time.
The role of miRNAs in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yu Xin , Li Zheng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expressions at posttranscriptional level. Each miR can control hundreds of gene targets and play important roles in various biological and pathological processes such as hematopoiesis, organogenesis, cell apoptosis and proliferation. Aberrant miR expression contributes to initiation and cell progression of cancers. Accumulating studies have found that miRs play a significant role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Deregulations of miRs may contribute to cSCC carcinogenesis is through acting as oncogenic or tumour suppressive miRs. In this study, we summarized the recent data available on cSCC‐associated miRs. In particular, we will discuss the contribution of miR to the initiation and progression of cSCCs. Although there are many obstacles to be overcome, clinical use of miRs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and target for therapies, will be a promising area in the future with more expression and functional role of miRs revealed.
Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin in severe oral lichen planus – results of a prospective pilot study
Authors: Kunz M. , Urosevic‐Maiwald M. , Goldinger S.M. , Frauchiger A.L. , Dreier J. , Belloni B. , Mangana J. , Jenni D. , Dippel M. , Cozzio A. , Guenova E. , Kamarachev J. , French L.E. , Dummer R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients with severe oral lichen planus refractory to standard topical treatment currently have limited options of therapy suitable for long‐term use. Oral alitretinoin (9‐cis retinoic acid) was never systematically investigated in clinical trials, although case reports suggest its possible efficacy.ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin taken at 30 mg once daily for up to 24 weeks in the treatment of severe oral lichen planus refractory to standard topical therapy.MethodsWe conducted a prospective open‐label single arm pilot study to test the efficacy and safety of 30 mg oral alitretinoin once daily for up to 24 weeks in severe oral lichen planus. Ten patients were included in the study. Primary end point was reduction in signs and symptoms measured by the Escudier severity score. Secondary parameters included pain and quality of life scores. Safety parameters were assessed during a follow‐up period of 5 weeks.ResultsA substantial response at the end of treatment, i.e. >50% reduction in disease severity measured by the Escudier severity score, was apparent in 40% of patients. Therapy was well tolerated. Adverse events were mild and included headache, mucocutaneous dryness, musculoskeletal pain, increased thyroid‐stimulating hormone and dyslipidaemia.ConclusionsAlitretinoin given at 30 mg daily reduced disease severity of severe oral lichen planus in a substantial proportion of patients refractory to standard treatment, was well tolerated and may thus represent one therapeutic option for this special group of patients.