bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computing theJacobian inGaussian Spatial Autoregressive Models: An Illustrated Comparison of Available Methods
Authors: Bivand Roger , Hauke Jan , Kossowski Tomasz 
Published: April 2013

When estimating spatial regression models by maximum likelihood using spatial weights matrices to represent spatial processes, computing theJacobian, ln(|I− λW|), remains a central problem. In principle, and for smaller data sets, the use of the eigenvalues of the spatial weights matrix provides a very rapid resolution. Analytical eigenvalues are available for large regular grids. For larger problems not on regular grids, including those induced in spatial panel and dyadic (network) problems, solving the eigenproblem may not be feasible, and a number of alternatives have been proposed. This article surveys selected alternatives, and comments on their relative usefulness, covering sparseCholesky and sparseLUfactorizations, and approximations such asMonteCarlo,Chebyshev, and using lower‐order moments with interpolation. The results are presented in terms of component‐wise differences between sets ofJacobians for selected data sets. In conclusion, recommendations are made for a number of analytical settings.Al estimar modelos de regresión espacial con el método del máxima verosimilitud(máximum likelihood)y usando matrices de pesos espaciales para representar procesos espaciales, cálculo del término jacobiano (jabobian)—ln(|I−λW|)‐ sigue siendo un problema central. En principio, y para bases de datos más pequeñas, el uso de los valores propios (eigenvalues)de la matriz de pesos espaciales proporciona una solución muy rápida. Loseigenvaluesanalíticos para retículas o grillas grandes y regulares son ya conocidos. Para problemas más grandes, que no se presentan en mallas regulares ‐incluyendo aquellos que se inducen en problemas de paneles espaciales y en problemas de (redes) diádicas‐, es posible que resolver eleigenproblemno sea posible. Este artículo estudia una selección de alternativas y comenta acerca de su relativa utilidad. Se cubren las facorizaciones de tipo Cholesky disperso (sparse Cholesky) y de tipo LU dispersas (sparse LU), las aproximaciones Monte Carlo, y Chebyshev, así mismo se utiliza momentos de bajo‐orden (lower‐order) con interpolación. Los resultados se presentan en términos de diferencias de componentes entre sets de términos jacobianos para bases de datos seleccionadas. En conclusión, se hacen recomendaciones para una serie de contextos analíticos.当采用表征空间过程的空间权重矩阵对空间回归模型进行最大似然估计时，雅可比矩阵ln(|I−λW|)的计算仍是核心问题。对于小数据集，原则上可利用空间权重矩阵的特征值提供一种快速的解决方案，对于大型规则格网数据特征值分析同样有效。但对于不规则格网大型问题，包括从空间面板和二元（网络）问题中引伸的问题，利用特征值的解决方案可能不适用，对此学术界提出了多种可选替代方案。本文选取已有的几种替代方案并评论各自的相对有效性，其中包括稀疏Cholesky分解和稀疏LU分解法，Monte Carlo和 Chebyshev近似模拟法以及低阶矩插值法。结果以所选数据集雅可比矩阵间特定组份的差异方式显示。最后，推荐了一些分析设定。
Deformation bands and their impact on fluid flow in sandstone reservoirs: the role of natural thickness variations
Authors: Rotevatn A. , Sandve T. H. , Keilegavlen E. , Kolyukhin D. , Fossen H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCataclastic deformation bands, which are common in sandstone reservoirs and which may negatively affect fluid flow, are generally associated with notable thickness variations. It has been suggested previously that such thickness variations represent an important control on how deformation bands affect fluid flow. The effects of such thickness variations are tested in this study though statistical analysis and fluid flow simulation of an array of cataclastic deformation bands in Cretaceous sandstones in in the Bassin de Sud‐Est in Provence, France. Spatial outcrop data are statistically analyzed for incorporation in flow simulation models, and numerical simulations are used to investigate the effects of notable thickness variations on how the deformation bands influence effective permeability and flow dynamics. A suite of simulations is performed using a combination of fine‐scale and coarse‐scale grids, revealing that the effective permeability of the simulated reservoir is reduced by a factor of 15–25. More interestingly, the simulations further demonstrated that, as compared to the overall effect of the deformation band array on fluid flow, thickness variations along the bands proved to have negligible effects only. Thus, our simulations indicate that the configuration and connectivity of the deformation bands, together with the permeability contrast between the bands and the host rock and the mean band thickness, are the most important controls on the effective permeability. Our findings represent new insight into the influence of deformation bands on fluid flow in subsurface aquifers and reservoirs, indicating that thickness variations of individual deformation bands are of less significance than previously thought.
Effect of abstinence from alcohol on survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Yan‐Di , Feng Bo , Gao Yan , Wei Lai 
Published: April 2013

AimTo address the questions of whether abstinence improves survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) and how long it takes for the effect to be significant.MethodsA systematic review and a meta‐analysis are performed to assess the effect of abstinence on the survival of patients with AC.ResultsSeven cohort studies involving 1235 patients with AC were included. No differences were found in 0.5‐year survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23–1.03, P = 0.06) and 1‐year survival (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.32–1.03, P = 0.06) between the abstinent and continue drinking groups. However, differences were found in 1.5‐year survival (HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.33–0.81, P = 0.004), 2‐year survival (HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.38–0.78, P = 0.0008), 2.5‐year survival (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.38–0.77, P = 0.0005), 3‐year survival (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40–0.74, P = 0.0001), 3.5‐year survival (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.44–0.73, P < 0.00001), 4‐year survival (HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.48–0.73, P < 0.00001), 4.5‐year survival (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.49–0.76, P < 0.0001) and 5‐year survival (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.52–0.76, P < 0.00001) between the two groups.ConclusionAlcohol abstinence does improve the survival of patients with AC, and it takes at least 1.5 years of alcohol abstinence before a statistically significant difference in survival can be observed between the abstinent and the continue drinking groups.
AdJusting Jonah
Authors: Havea Jione 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this article, I engage the theme for the WCC Busan assembly – “God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace” – through a reading of the story of Jonah that listens for the currents and vibes in and from Oceania. I circle around the story of Jonah with a double‐edging (AdJusting) reading: first, listening for justice (Justing) in the story of Jonah and second, shifting (Adjusting) the way we hear (read, view) Jonah. I hear Jonah's Wrath as a call for justice, with calm and respect of someone who is angry but at peace. Jonah did not agree with G*d from the start, seeing that Nineveh was not as wicked as G*d claimed, and at the end of the story Jonah is silent because he did not want Nineveh's countless cattle (like pigs in my culture) to be destroyed.
God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace: Reflection from an Asian and Korean Church Perspective
Authors: Hong In Sik 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe 10th Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC) will be held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 30 October to 8 November 2013, on the theme “God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace.” Having recognized the importance and urgency of the WCC theme, I would like to reflect on, and review it especially from the perspective of the Asian and Korean church. I suggest that we rethink the questions of:1. Hunger, Poverty, and Illness: Justice and Shalom. There is an urgent need for an ecumenical programme in Asia, and it ought to be focused on justice and shalom. 2. Cultures and Religions: The challenge for Asian Christianity is to find an authentic Asian identity for the sake of the gospel. 3. Ecological Destruction.What do we expect from the 10th WCC Assembly? (1) A deepening of the topic justice: Discussing life and peace through the lens of justice; (2) A deepening of the economic‐political perspective: Critical analysis of the neo‐liberal economic system through theology and Christian faith in order to warn of it's the satanic character; (3) Recognition of the new Pentecostal and charismatic force in Christianity: Deepening its study and reflecting on potential theological reductionism; (4) Discussion of an inclusive rather than exclusive ecumenical mission: From monologue to dialogue.We continue our call, our action, and our reflection in order to participate in God's mission that people may have justice, life, and peace. This is God's shalom, so that we can fully enjoy the feast of the church worldwide, celebrating the 10th meeting of the WCC in the Korean city of Busan. As the church in Korea and Asia, we hope that the festival will be an opportunity to reaffirm that another world is possible.
Responses of antioxidant enzymes to cold and high light are not correlated to freezing tolerance in natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Distelbarth H. , Nägele T. , Heyer A. G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLow temperatures and high light cause imbalances in primary and secondary reactions of photosynthesis, and thus can result in oxidative stress. Plants employ a range of low‐molecular weight antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes to prevent oxidative damage, and antioxidant defence is considered an important component of stress tolerance. To figure out whether oxidative stress and antioxidant defence are key factors defining the different cold acclimation capacities of natural accessions of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation during a time course of cold treatment and exposure to high light in four differentially cold‐tolerant natural accessions of Arabidopsis (C24, Nd, Rsch, Te) that span the European distribution range of the species. All accessions except Rsch (from Russia) had elevated H2O2 in the cold, indicating that production of reactive oxygen species is part of the cold response in Arabidopsis. Glutathione reductase activity increased in all but Rsch, while ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were unchanged and catalase decreased in all but Rsch. Under high light, the Scandinavian accession Te had elevated levels of H2O2. Te appeared most sensitive to oxidative stress, having higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the cold and under high light, while only high light caused elevated MDA in the other accessions. Although the most freezing‐tolerant, Te had the highest sensitivity to oxidative stress. No correlation was found between freezing tolerance and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the four accessions investigated, arguing against a key role for antioxidant defence in the differential cold acclimation capacities of Arabidopsis accessions.
Clinician beliefs and attitudes about buprenorphine/naloxone diversion
Authors: Schuman‐Olivier Zev , Connery Hilary , Griffin Margaret L. , Wyatt Steve A. , Wartenberg Alan A. , Borodovsky Jacob , Renner John A. , Weiss Roger D. 
Published: April 2013

Background and ObjectivesConcern about diversion of buprenorphine/naloxone (B/N) in the United States may affect prescribing patterns and policy decisions. This study examines addiction treatment clinician beliefs and attitudes regarding B/N diversion.MethodsParticipants (n = 369) completed a 34‐item survey in 2010 during two national symposia on opioid dependence. We conducted multivariable regression, examining the relationship of perceived danger from B/N diversion with clinician characteristics and their beliefs about B/N treatment and diversion. We compared causal beliefs about diversion among clinicians with and without B/N treatment experience.ResultsForty percent of clinicians believed that B/N diversion is a dangerous problem. The belief that B/N diversion increases accidental overdoses in the community was strongly associated with perceived danger from B/N diversion.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceAttitudes and beliefs, not education level, were associated with clinician's perceived danger from B/N diversion. Clinicians with greater B/N patient experience were more likely to believe treatment access barriers are the major cause of B/N diversion. (Am J Addict 2013;22:574–580)
Acute effects of heroin on emotions in heroin‐dependent patients
Authors: Blum Julia , Gerber Hana , Gerhard Urs , Schmid Otto , Petitjean Sylvie , Riecher‐Rössler Anita , Wiesbeck Gerhard A. , Borgwardt Stefan J. , Walter Marc 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundEuphoria has been described in heroin‐dependent individuals after heroin administration. However, affective disturbances and disorders are common in heroin dependence. The present study examined the acute effects of heroin on emotions in heroin‐dependent patients.MethodsThis randomized controlled crossover trial included 28 heroin‐dependent patients (67.9% male, n = 19) in stable heroin‐assisted treatment and 20 healthy controls. The patients were administered heroin or saline (placebo), the controls were administered saline. Data measuring mood, affects and heroin craving (BDI, AMRS, STAI, STAXI, and HCQ) were assessed before and 60 minutes after substance injection.ResultsBefore substance injection, heroin‐dependent patients showed significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression than healthy controls (p < .0001). Heroin administration—but not placebo administration—was associated with a significant decrease in all negative emotions, including craving, and a significant increase in emotional well‐being (p < .0001), irrespective of perceived intoxication and sedation. After the experiment, the patients did not differ from healthy controls in their emotions, once they had received heroin.ConclusionsHeroin dampens craving, negative emotions, and increases positive emotions. These findings indicate that heroin regulates emotions and underscore the clinical benefit of opioid substitution treatment for heroin‐dependent patients. (Am J Addict 2013;22:598–604)
Corporate Governance and Risk Taking: Evidence From the U.K. and German Insurance Markets
Authors: Eling Martin , Marek Sebastian D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe analyze the impact of factors related to corporate governance (i.e., compensation, monitoring, and ownership structure) on risk taking in the insurance industry. We measure asset, product, and financial risk in insurance companies and employ a structural equation model in which corporate governance is modeled as a latent factor. Based on this model, we present empirical evidence on the link between corporate governance and risk taking, considering insurers from two large European insurance markets. Higher levels of compensation, increased monitoring (more independent boards with more meetings), and more blockholders are associated with lower risk taking. Our empirical results provide justification for including factors related to corporate governance in insurance regulation.
Long‐term therapy for chronic hepatitis B: Hepatitis B virus DNA suppression leading to cirrhosis reversal
Authors: Marcellin Patrick , Asselah Tarik 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSince the licensing of the first treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the nucleoside/tide analog class almost 15 years ago, considerable progress has been made in improving drug efficacy and safety with highly potent nucleoside/tide analogs exhibiting a high barrier to resistance. Physicians are now able to treat patients safely for many years and to be able to see convincing improvements in histology, including regression of fibrosis and even reversal of cirrhosis. The robust data that have been generated help us build confidence that we can now offer patients with chronic hepatitis B long‐term, disease‐modifying therapy that can alter the natural course of disease and help prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with it.
Coinfection with hepatitis B and D: Epidemiology, prevalence and disease in patients in Northern California
Authors: Gish Robert G , Yi Debbie Hana , Kane Steve , Clark Margaret , Mangahas Michael , Baqai Sumbella , Winters Mark A , Proudfoot James , Glenn Jeffrey S 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsWith no report on the overall prevalence and ramifications of hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection in the United States for more than two decades, the characteristics of chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) patients coinfected with HDV, including clinical presentation, rate of hepatitis C virus tri‐infection, and HDV viral load, were assessed.MethodsAt California Pacific Medical Center, a retrospective chart review was conducted on all CHB patients.ResultsOf 1191 CHB patients, 499 had been tested for HDV, with 42 (8%) determined to be coinfected; half of these were also hepatitis C virus‐infected. Cirrhosis was present in 73% of the coinfected, 80% of the tri‐infected, but only 22% of the monoinfected. Twenty‐nine patients (69%) were Caucasian non‐Hispanic; 10 (24%) were Asians and Pacific Islanders. Of 39 patients for whom HBV‐DNA quantification at time of HDV presentation was available, 22 (56%) had undetectable levels; four (10%) had levels > 100 000 IU/mL.ConclusionsHDV affects individuals of all ages and various ethnic groups. Although HBV viral loads are lower, rates of cirrhosis are higher in coinfected patients and higher still in the tri‐infected. Our data support revising screening guidelines to advocate for all patients with HBV to be screened for HDV in order to both give the individual patient important information related to the possible need for treatment and to support the public health goal of reducing transmission by educating HDV‐negative patients about the need for protection against superinfection and HDV‐infected patients about the need to protect against transmission to others.
Dietary adequacy and alcohol consumption of Inuvialuit women of child‐bearing age in the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Kolahdooz F. , Spearing K. , Corriveau A. , Sharma S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies highlight a possible association between alcohol‐drinking patterns and dietary inadequacies, which may have negative implications, particularly for women of child‐bearing age. The present study aimed to compare dietary adequacy among alcohol drinkers versus nondrinkers in Inuvialuit women of child‐bearing age.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey of 92 randomly selected women of childbearing age (19–44 years) was conducted in three communities in the Northwest Territories of Arctic Canada, using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analysed to compare mean daily energy and nutrient intakes, dietary adequacy and nutrient densities (per 4184 kJ) between alcohol drinkers and nondrinkers, as well as heavy drinkers and nonheavy drinkers, using the nonparametric Wilcoxen rank sum test.ResultsThe response rate was between 65% and 85% depending on the community sampled. Of the study participants, 54% (n = 49) were drinkers and 46% (n = 42) were nondrinkers. Of the drinkers, 45% (n = 22) were heavy drinkers. Mean energy intakes were high among all women, although they were significantly higher among drinkers [17 179 kJ (4106 kcal)] compared to nondrinkers [13 317 kJ (3183 kcal)]. There were no significant differences in nutrient intake between the two groups; however, drinkers had a lower nutrient density for most nutrients. Heavy drinkers had a significantly lower nutrient density for all nutrients, except protein, iron, and vitamins B6, C and D, compared to nonheavy drinkers.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study provide evidence of inadequate dietary intake among Inuvialuit of child‐bearing age, regardless of alcohol‐drinking behaviour.
Oxydative phosphorylation in sciatic nerve myelin and its impairment in a model of dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Ravera Silvia , Nobbio Lucilla , Visigalli Davide , Bartolucci Martina , Calzia Daniela , Fiorese Fulvia , Mancardi Gianluigi , Schenone Angelo , Morelli Alessandro , Panfoli Isabella 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMyelin sheath is the proteolipid membrane wrapping the axons of CNS and PNS. We have shown data suggesting that CNS myelin conducts oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), challenging its role in limiting the axonal energy expenditure. Here, we focused on PNS myelin. Samples were: (i) isolated myelin vesicles (IMV) from sciatic nerves, (ii) mitochondria from primary Schwann cell cultures, and (iii) sciatic nerve sections, from wild type or Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) rats. The latter used as a model of dys‐demyelination. O2 consumption and activity of OXPHOS proteins from wild type (Wt) or CMT1A sciatic nerves showed some differences. In particular, O2 consumption by IMV from Wt and CMT1A 1‐month‐old rats was comparable, while it was severely impaired in IMV from adult affected animals. Mitochondria extracted from CMT1A Schwann cell did not show any dysfunction. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated an increased mitochondrial density in dys‐demyelinated axons, as to compensate for the loss of respiration by myelin. Confocal immunohistochemistry showed the expression of OXPHOS proteins in the myelin sheath, both in Wt and dys‐demyelinated nerves. These revealed an abnormal morphology. Taken together these results support the idea that also PNS myelin conducts OXPHOS to sustain axonal function.
EVIDENCE ON THE IMPACT OF TARIFF REDUCTIONS ON EMPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Cirera Xavier , Willenbockel Dirk , Lakshman Rajith W.D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper analyses the evidence on the impact of tariff reductions on employment in developing countries. We carry out a systematic review of the existing empirical literature, and include both, ex post econometric evidence and ex ante Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) simulation studies. The synthesis of results suggests that the effects of tariff reductions on employment are country and trade policy specific. When looking across higher quality econometric studies that control for the endogeneity of tariffs, only a couple of studies have statistically significant results, and these suggest that employment is likely to decrease slightly in the short run following trade liberalization. This is consistent with the notion that there are winners and losers from trade policy reform. These results are in contrast with the CGE findings, which by design incorporate projections of the medium‐run economy‐wide knock‐on effects suggested by economic theory. The synthesis of CGE studies suggests non‐negative effects of trade liberalization on aggregate employment and moderate inter‐sectoral labour reallocation effects.
Debt Specialization
Authors: COLLA PAOLO , IPPOLITO FILIPPO , LI KAI 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper examines debt structure using a new and comprehensive database on types of debt employed by public U.S. firms. We find that 85% of the sample firms borrow predominantly with one type of debt, and the degree of debt specialization varies widely across different subsamples—large rated firms tend to diversify across multiple debt types, while small unrated firms specialize in fewer types. We suggest several explanations for why debt specialization takes place, and show that firms employing few types of debt have higher bankruptcy costs, are more opaque, and lack access to some segments of the debt markets.