bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of early acute respiratory distress-syndrome and the collapse of the capsule of fibrous-focal pulmonary tuberculosis against the background of infection with COVID-19
Authors: Alpidovskaya O. V. 
Published: August 2024

The article presents the results of clinical and pathomorphological studies of a patient who died from the rapid development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and the collapse of the capsule of fibrous-focal pulmonary tuberculosis against the background of COVID-19 infection.Description of the case. Patient G.L., 48 years old, hospitalized for some hours on May 28, 2023 at the emergency hospital of the Ministry of Health of Chuvashia. Computed tomography revealed signs of bilateral viral interstitial pneumonia, the percentage of lung tissue damage was 61%. Signs of fibrous-focal tuberculosis were determined in the lower parts of the left lung. PCR analysis for COVID-19 was positive. The assessment of the condition on the NEWS2 scale was 11 points. In the general blood test: leukocytes: 14.3 (3.39–8.86) × 109/l, lymphocytes: 5 (19–37) %, ESR: 49 (2-15) mm / hour, D-dimer: 345 (0–250). Despite the started treatment, a fatal outcome suddenly occurred.Conclusion. A case of a rare localization of pulmonary tuberculosis (S8–9), which proceeded for several years, is described. It should be noted the features of this form after infection with SARS-CoV-2: despite the favorable course of the process, signs of amyloidosis were determined in the vessels of the lungs. Against the background of COVID-19 infection, a disintegrated capsule with signs of tuberculous granulomatous inflammation noted in the lower parts of the lungs. Tuberculous caseous foci with exudative-productive inflammation along the periphery of the necrotic focus were determined. It should be noted that vessels with amyloid were detected with signs of alterative processes.
Canada’s Historical Search for Markets
Authors: Bercuson David 
Published: August 2024

British North America enjoyed special privileges in trade as part of the British Empire until the late 1840s. At that point Britain’s commanding lead in industrial production prompted British policymakers to drop tariffs on virtually all goods coming into Britain. The tariff preferences for colonial goods in the UK disappeared. In the Canadas (the United Province of Canada), merchants, traders and others who earned their living from trade then looked to the United States to provide markets for British North American goods. In 1849 some of them issued a manifesto seeking annexation to the United States.
The British response was to negotiate a reciprocity treaty to allow British North American products (mainly natural products) to cross the border with the US duty free. The treaty was in effect from 1854 to 1866 and, combined with US needs for Canadian products in the US Civil War, brought prosperity to Canada.
After the end of the treaty, Canadians continued to seek access to the US market but all efforts failed. Still, north-south trade continued to grow with Canada selling natural products to the US and receiving manufactured products in return. Britain continued to be an important market for Canada but the Canada-US trade slowly but inevitably surpassed it. The Canada-US trade was primarily a trade of convenience. An American reciprocity proposal was turned down by Canada in the 1911 federal election, but trade continued to expand especially during the First World War.
Right after the Great Depression began, the US imposed very high tariffs on goods coming in to the US. Canada was badly hurt by this measure and sought to expand empire trade at the 1932 Ottawa Conference. But Canada still tried to penetrate US tariffs and finally in 1936 a reciprocity treaty in natural products was completed, followed by a second treaty two years later.
These two treaties combined with the Hyde Park Declaration of 1941 further expanded Canada-US trade. Other treaties would follow beginning with the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement of 1989, NAFTA on January 1, 1994. NAFTA has now been replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
Challenges and Prospects for the CPTPP in a Changing Global Economy: Taiwanese Accession and Canada’s Role
Authors: Stephens Hugh 
Published: August 2024

The Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which entered into force on December 20, 2018 for the six of the eleven signatories that had completed ratification at that time (Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand and Singapore) is a beacon of hope in a dark protectionist landscape. The CPTPP advances the trade and investment liberalization agenda at a time when protectionist measures by some major trading countries are threatening to undo decades of progress. With respect to Taiwan, the Taiwanese government has made no secret of its interest in accession to the CPTPP. Taiwanese accession should be pursued because it is in the interest of Canada and the other members of the CPTPP to add to the strength of the organization by welcoming an economy like Taiwan that is an important global trader, a key player in global supply chains and is willing and able to accept CPTPP disciplines. Canada is the second largest economy in the CPTPP and can play an important role in getting the accession process started, including supporting the extension of an invitation to Taiwan to begin negotiations. It’s time to move from talk to action.
Obsolescence as an Opportunity: The Role of Adaptive Reuse in Calgary's Office Market
Authors: Graham Rylan , Dutton Jenna 
Published: August 2024

Though remote work has become a necessity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of office vacancy is not a new issue to Calgary. Economic booms and busts are mirrored by accompanying levels of construction, occupancy and vacancy. The most recent recession brought an unprecedented loss of jobs and subsequent partial or complete vacancy of buildings in Calgary’s Central Business District (CBD). This new reality led to the agglomeration and elimination of businesses and re-evaluation of the necessity of office space and its associated costs.
Trends in the knowledge economy and ways of working over the preceding decades have coincided with associated vacancy of office space that is no longer adaptable to the changing needs and demands of office design. These patterns have reduced the demand of certain office stock and highlighted limits on its versatility and capacity to be repurposed, making a certain proportion of buildings relatively obsolete. Office conversion, being changing the use or uses of a building, has also become increasingly arduous with updates in planning rules and building, energy and safety codes. When considering conversion of office to other uses the standard solution usually discussed is office to residential conversion. While this may present as the optimal approach in some cases, there are many limitations when it comes to converting buildings.
Since the economic downturn some projects have been piloted by the City of Calgary to facilitate office conversion including the Centre City Enterprise Area. While some successes have come from these relatively short-term solutions they have been limited in addressing the full extent of the situation. These small-scale interventions were successful in reducing customer costs and timelines however did not result in recommendations of longer-term solutions for widespread changes. Complex problems such as office vacancy in Calgary require comprehensive, adaptable and innovative strategies.
To update and improve the existing processes to more simply enable office conversion or adaptation there is a necessity to clearly outline the role of everyone involved, the limitations, and the potential options that may exist. In this regard it is not simply the question of the use of land and the building footprint but also the building owner, the surrounding stakeholders including business associations, municipal government, provincial government and a variety of other related parties.
This paper examines the present state of office vacancy in downtown Calgary; looks at barriers to office conversion, limitations in existing processes and structures and potential policy considerations, drawing upon best practices from other jurisdictions. Finally, it will conclude with a series of policy recommendations and mechanisms which may enable efficiency and innovation in addressing the existing office stock.
Value-Based Mental Health Services for Youth and Families: The Role of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Youth Mental Health Services
Authors: Amarbayan Megan Mungunzul , Carpenter Travis , Hebert Michele , Santana Maria , Zwicker Jennifer 
Published: August 2024

In Alberta, the responsibility for youth mental-health is shared among three separate government ministries, compounding the challenge of determining the value of services delivered, especially from the youth’s own perspective. As a result, Alberta’s ability to measure service quality at the systems level is limited. Yet, given the short-term and long-term effects of poor mental health on youth, families, and society, there are clinical, moral, and economic imperatives for ensuring that all services provided are of the highest value possible.
Currently, Alberta is limited to estimating value mainly through quantitative measures focused on the cost of service delivery. However, value-based health-care services are measured as quality or outcomes for persons receiving health services in relation to the costs of delivering those services. One approach is to measure outcomes of youth receiving mental-health services from their own perspective to achieve value-based measurement of youth mental-health services.
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are questionnaires filled out by the persons receiving mental-health services themselves, and assess their self-reported health and well-being. PROMs have been shown to be important in evaluating the value of health-care services both at the individual and systems level.
At the individual level, PROMs allow patients and health-care providers to track progress over time. At the systems level, PROMs data can be compiled to evaluate trends between different sites or different health-care services or treatments over time, to help improve quality. Policy-makers can use these comparisons to help pinpoint which services offer the most value.
Given resource constraints, implementing PROMs province-wide in Alberta can improve the value of youth mental-health services at a time when they have become a matter of great urgency. Improving the quality and outcomes for youth and their families in the short term will deliver positive socioeconomic impacts in the future.
CANADA IN THE INDO-PACIFIC?
Authors: Nagy Stephen 
Published: August 2024

Canada needs to take a bigger part in the Indo-Pacific’s development and support for a rules-based order or risk getting locked out of the region’s economic, diplomatic and security benefits. Although the Indo-Pacific region is an economic dynamo, it’s also institutionally underdeveloped and the source of numerous traditional and non-traditional security challenges. Traditional challenges include North Korea’s WMD program and potential conflicts between China and neighbouring nations. Non-traditional challenges include piracy, illegal fishing and climate change. Conflicts, especially at sea, could disrupt communications, trade and energy flows.
Canadians know that much is at stake in Indo-Pacific region. A 2020 survey found that 83 per cent of Canadians believe that Canada should stand up to China when values like human rights and democracy are on the line. Opinions vary as to how Canadian engagement in the Indo-Pacific should look.
Any such process should be clearly and meaningfully articulated to garner buy-in from Canadians. It should also be based on a realistic assessment of the capabilities and capacities Canada can bring to the region. Canada has already used existing institutions, such as military exercises among Indo-Pacific nations, to get involved in the area.

Options include bringing together middle-power countries to promote multilateralism and non-military solutions to Indo-Pacific challenges. North Korean denuclearization, vaccine distribution and the digital economy offer possibilities to create a diplomatic consensus among like-minded countries. Outreach should also concentrate on issues directly affecting Canada and its allies, like forging coalitions to resist hostage diplomacy and economic coercion. At the same time, Canada must develop a constructive relationship with China to mitigate regionwide challenges such as climate change.
Canada shares an interest with the U.S., Australia, Japan and other countries in ensuring that the Indo-Pacific develops in a free, open and rules-based manner. A more Machiavellian approach founded on the presumption that might is right would see Canada and similar middle-power countries become marginalized and more vulnerable to security challenges. It’s time for Canada to speak up and become more involved in the Indo-Pacific to prevent that scenario.
Taxing Consumption or Income: Du Pareil Au Même?
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: August 2024

Income and consumption comprise the two main tax bases in most countries, leaving many governments with the perennial dilemma of deciding which ought to be the focus of fiscal policy. However, in Canada the situation is much less ambiguous; the existing Canadian tax regime disproportionately favours direct, income-based taxation, deriving over two-thirds [this includes property tax revenue] of tax revenues from this stream. This paper argues that Canada’s narrow focus on direct taxation leads governments to miss out on the revenuestabilizing effects that a greater emphasis on consumption taxes would bring. Tilting the balance toward indirect consumption taxes like the GST would benefit public revenues because: i) demand fluctuates less than income; ii) consumption is largely local, reducing tax avoidance; and iii) the GST is less amenable to being co-opted for market-distorting political purposes. As income and consumption taxes are broadly similar in their effects, a shift from the former to the latter would have few consequences for Canadian employment, investment and saving. The author provides a summary of income and consumption tax structures in several Western countries with consumption-oriented tax structures to contend that it’s time Canadian governments embraced meaningful tax reform. L’impôt sur le revenu et les taxes à la consommation constituent les deux principales assiettes fiscales dans la plupart des pays, si bien que de nombreux gouvernements sont confrontés en permanence au dilemme de déterminer sur laquelle de ces deux solutions concentrer leurs politiques fiscales. Toutefois, au Canada, la situation est beaucoup moins floue; le régime fiscal canadien favorise de façon disproportionnée l’impôt direct sur le revenu et tire de cette source plus des deux tiers de ses recettes fiscales (cela comprend les impôts fonciers). On soutient ici que le Canada fonde une trop grande part de ces recettes sur l’impôt direct et prive ainsi le pays des effets stabilisateurs sur le revenu que pourraient avoir des politiques davantage axées sur les taxes à la consommation. En faisant pencher la balance du côté des taxes indirectes à la consommation, par exemple la TPS, on produirait un effet bénéfique sur les recettes publiques parce que : i) la demande fluctue moins que le revenu; ii) la consommation est locale dans une large mesure et permet de réduire l’évitement fiscal; iii) la TPS est moins susceptible d’être instrumentalisée à des fins politiques, ce qui fausse le marché. Étant donné que l’impôt sur le revenu et les taxes à la consommation ont des effets largement similaires, le choix de cette deuxième option aurait peu de conséquences sur l’emploi, l’investissement et l’épargne au Canada. L’auteur propose une synthèse des deux structures d’imposition dans plusieurs pays occidentaux qui privilégient les taxes à la consommation, et soutient qu’il est temps pour les gouvernements canadiens d’opter pour une réforme fiscale substantielle.
Improving the Acquisition Process in Canada
Authors: Stone J. Craig 
Published: August 2024

Flaws in Canada’s military procurement processes are a perennial burden on both government and industry. The release of the Defence Procurement Strategy this year signified Ottawa’s inclination toward change. Among other things, the DPS promises to consult industry and outside experts earlier, create a specialist acquisition branch within Public Works & Government Services Canada and use military equipment projects to generate domestic jobs and growth. The DPS is a good start, but more focused solutions are required. The defence market has too few buyers and sellers to be truly competitive — especially in Canada. Government must share information with industry at every step, clearly and comprehensively, if Canadian firms are to win contracts fairly, keeping the economic benefits at home. A sweeping, end-to-end review of procurement is also required to identify current practices that work and others in need of improvement. Preliminary cost estimates can’t be too firm because prices shift as projects develop, and all too often, capabilities are downgraded in response. Government has to be transparent about how far into the future lifecycle costs run, or stop trying to establish them altogether, so as to avoid the consequences of embarrassingly unrealistic assessments. A separate procurement organization should also be established outside of the DND and PWGSC to make better use of the people with the skills to run complex military procurement projects. Canada’s military procurement system is not as broken as its most strident critics allege, but it is coming under increasing fiscal and policy pressures. This brief fleshes out the issues that would-be reformers should take into account and surveys procedures among allied nations to offer a roadmap for change.
Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Probiotik Primago Terhadap Pertumbuhan Mutlak Ikan Nila (Oreochomis Niloticus)
Authors: Taufiq Muhammad , Rahmaningsih Sri 
Published: August 2024

Probiotik primago suatu probiotik yang dapat memberikan pengaruh menguntungkan terhadap inang dan lingkungan dengan cara memperbaiki keseimbangan mikroba saluran pencernaan dan lingkungan dengan kandungan bakteri Basillus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Acetobacter sp, Rhodopseudomonas sp, Nitrobacter, Saccharomyces, Actinomycetes dan Mineral & Vitamin Mix. Survival rate ialah persentase dari total keseluruhan ikan yang hidup saat pemeliharaan dibagi total ikan pada awal masa pemeliharaan. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil penggunaan probiotik primago pada pakan dengan lama fermentasi yang berbeda pada survival rate ikan nila (Oreochomis Niloticus). Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimental dan rancangan percobaan yang di gunakan adalah RAL serta analisa data menggunakan ANOVA dengan 3 kali ulangan dan 3 perlakuan yaitu A (lama fermentasi 9 hari), B (lama fermentasi 6 hari), C (lama fermmentasi 3 hari) dan D (kontrol). Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa perlakuan A dengan pemberian probiotik primago dengan lama fermentasi 9 hari (17,2 gram) dan kemudian diikuti perlakuan B pemberian probiotik primago dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari (22 gram) dan perlakuan C pemberian probiotik primago dengan lama fermentasi 3 hari (18,3 gram), sedangkan perlakuan D (kontrol) tanpa penambahan probiotik primago (1,7 gram). Dari data tersebut dilakukan uji ANOVA yang menyatakan bahwa Fhitung = 66,61 > FTabel 5% = 4,76, dapat diasumsikan penambahan probotik primago dalam pakan sangat berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan mutlak ikan nila (Oreochomis Niloticus).
BAB 7. Sel Punca Dewasa: Mamosfir Asal Monyet Ekor Panjang
Authors: Mariya Silmi 
Published: August 2024

Kelenjar susu mengandung sel punca dewasa dengan kemampuan self-renewal, yang diduga menjadi target utama untuk transformasi yang dapat menyebabkan kanker payudara. Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) merupakan salah satu jenis satwa primata yang banyak dimanfaatkan dalam penelitian biomedis diantaranya untuk penelitian kanker. Penggunaan sel punca dari satwa primata sangat penting untuk menjembatani kesenjangan pengetahuan yang dihasilkan dari penelitian sel punca menggunakan rodensia untuk kepentingan uji klinis pada manusia. Pengembangan model in-vitro sel kelenjar susu tiga dimensi yang disebut mamosfir dapat memperkaya populasi sel punca kelenjar susu dan mampu berdiferensiasi menjadi sel-sel kelenjar susu. Mamosfir ditumbuhkan dan pasase dilakukan setiap 7 hari. Populasi sel dihitung dan ditumbuhkan kembali untuk membentuk mamosfir turunannya. Validasi marka, sel epitel (CK18 dan CD24), sel punca kelenjar susu (ITGB1 dan ITGA6) dan pluripotensi (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2) dilakukan pada setiap pasase menggunakan teknik Reverse Transcriptase quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Diferensiasi dilakukan dengan teknik 3 dimensi selanjutnya diberikan genistein. Penggunaan mamosfir sebagai model in-vitro akan membantu kita untuk mempelajari proses karsinogenesis pada payudara, dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh obat atau senyawa lain terhadap diferensiasi dan mempelajari mekanismenya baik seluler maupun molekuler pada tujuan pengobatan regeneratif.
PELATIHAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN DI ERA DIGITAL : INOVASI DAN PELUANG EKONOMI UNTUK GENERASI MUDA DI SMAN 1 KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Putra Iswidana Utama , Yustanti Nirta Vera , Handayani Sri , Hanila Siti , Prawitasari Andriyani 
Published: August 2024

Ada beberapa hal yang membuat kendala-kendala berwirausaha dapat diminimalisir dalam era digital ini, yakni dengan membuat upaya berwirausaha menjadi lebih cepat, lebih terjangkau, lebih mudah, bahkan menciptakan banyak kesempatan kolaborasi sehingga dapat membuat suatu usaha menjadi lebih efektif. Dunia digital menawarkan sumber daya baru yang sangat luas bagi para wirausahawan untuk memanfaatkan, mulai dari pengumpulan data terbuka, konten, kode, dan layanan yang tumbuh secara eksponensial hingga kontribusi online pengguna dan komunitas di seluruh dunia. Sosialisasi dilakukan dalam pelatihan ini dengan memberikan pemaparan tentang prinsip-prinsip dasar kewirausahaan masih berlaku dan dapat diaplikasikan di dunia kewirausahaan digital ini, seperti: menumbuhkan pola pikir kewirausahaan, mengidentifikasi peluang yang baik, mengenal pelanggan Anda, memenuhi ketentuan legal, maupun berupaya untuk meningkatkan modal pada siswa–siswi SMAN 1 Kota Bengkulu sehingga dapat menumbuhkan jiwa kewirausahaan digital, perubahan mendasar terletak pada upaya untuk aktif dalam aktivitas bisnis dan terkoneksi dengan masyarakat yang telah melek digital.