bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Slime Polysaccharides by Shigella dysenteriae Type 1
Authors: Qadri Firdausi , Haque Md. Azizul , Hossain Anwar , Albert Manuel John 
Published: November 2013

AbstractElectron microscopy of ruthenium red‐stained ultrathin section of strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 grown in the Casamino Acids‐yeast extract broth medium showed the presence of an extracellular slime layer. The slime appeared as a dense sheath covering bacteria. The presence of slime promoted hemagglutinating activity of the bacteria. The slime polysaccharide (SPS) isolated from the cell‐free culture supernatant or the bacterial surface was less than 162,000 daltons in size and immunochemically similar. The SPS showed cross‐reaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen in immunological tests; however, it also appeared to be different from LPS since it did not contain 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate, a core sugar of LPS. A different pattern of separation from LPS was also observed by silver staining of SDS‐polyacrylamide gels. From these data it appeared that either LPS and SPS are contaminated with each other or that SPS is the polysaccharide portion of LPS.
Resistance to Pseudorabies Virus with Enhanced Interferon Production and Natural Killer Cell Activity in Mice Treated with Serum Thymic Factor
Authors: Onodera Takashi , Yoshihara Kazuhiro , Suzuki Toshihito , Tsuda Tomoyuki , Ikeda Toshio , Awaya Akira , Kobayashi Hisashi , Yukawa Masayosi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSusceptibility to pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in mice, which were continuously depleted of natural killer (NK) cell activity by injection of anti‐asialo GM1, was examined. Effects of serum thymic factor (FTS) on susceptibility of mice to PRV were also investigated. In mice with depleted NK cell activity, the mortality of PRV‐infected mice was markedly high, whereas that of FTS‐pretreated mice was significantly lower than the controls. Reduced susceptibility to PRV was demonstrated in mice treated with anti‐asialo GM1 antisera before the PRV infection. Such a reduced susceptibility was not observed in mice inoculated with the antisera on day 1 post‐infection (PI). To analyze the FTS‐induced resistance to PRV infection, NK cell activity, macrophage activity, and interferon (IFN) productions were studied. Interferon production and NK cell activity were enhanced in the FTS‐pretreated mice, suggesting that interferon may play an important role in this FTS‐induced resistance to PRV infection.
Transfer of Protection to Murine Typhoid Conferred by L‐Form Salmonella typhimurium in Dependence of Cooperation between L Form‐Adopted Macrophages and L Form‐Induced Lyt‐2+ T Cells
Authors: Nishikawa Fumiko , Kita Eiji , Matsui Norio , Kashiba Shuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effector cells responsible for protection to Salmonella typhimurium in C3H/HeJ mice, conferred by L‐form S. typhimurium, were determined by cell transfer test. Nonfractionated spleen cells from 6‐week immune mice but not from 24‐week immune animals transferred anti‐S. typhimurium immunity. Treatment with anti‐macrophage antiserum and complement most effectively abolished protective capacity in 6‐week immune cells, while anti‐T cell monoclonal antibody plus complement reduced it to a lesser extent. However, adoptive protection was achieved only by transfer of immune macrophages along with Lyt‐2+ T cells selected from 6‐week immune spleen cells. These Lyt‐2+ T cells were cytotoxic to Kupffer cells from C3H/HeJ mice which had been infected 48 hr previously and from the mice which had been immunized 1 week previously, but not to the cells from 6‐week immune mice and from normal animals. Moreover, protective capacity in immune macrophages seemed to be correlated to the degree of colonization by the L forms, and the inability to transfer immunity of 24‐week immune spleen cells may be due to the decrease in the L form‐colonization. These results suggest that cooperation between the L form‐colonized macrophages and L form‐induced cytotoxic Lyt‐2+ T cells contributes to anti‐S. typhimurium immunity, and might imply the immunological difference between the 6‐week immune phagocytes and the cells at an early stage of infection or immunization.
Escherichia coli Heat‐Labile Enterotoxin Binds to Glycosylated Proteins with Lactose by Amino Carbonyl Reaction
Authors: Shida Kan , Takamizawa Kotaro , Nagaoka Masato , Tsuji Takao , Osawa Toshiaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe binding of Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT) type I to glycosylated proteins with lactose (Galβ1‐4Glc) by amino carbonyl reaction was studied by the Western blot assay and by the microtiter well binding assay. LT bound to a lactose‐α‐lactalbumin amino carbonyl product (Lac‐LA), whereas cholera toxin did not. The binding ability of Lac‐LA was abolished by β‐galactosidase treatment, indicating that the terminal galactose is essential for the binding of LT. The binding of LT to Lac‐LA was inhibited by galactose and lactose, and most effectively inhibited by lactulose (Galβ1‐4Fru), which is a structural analog of the Amadori rearrangement product of the amino carbonyl reaction between lactose and an ε‐amino group of a lysine residue (lactuloselysine). The results suggest that LT recognizes the portion of lactuloselysine in Lac‐LA. LT also bound to a melibiose (Galα1‐6Glc)‐α‐lactalbumin amino carbonyl product (Mel‐LA), but the binding ability of Mel‐LA was weaker than that of Lac‐LA, suggesting that the β1‐4 linked terminal galactose is dispensable but preferable for the binding. Furthermore, LT bound to the amino carbonyl products of lactose with β‐lactoglobulin, caseins, bovine serum albumin, and ovalbumin. These results indicate that LT binds to the amino carbonyl products between proteins and sugars containing the terminal galactose, such as lactose.
Morphological Effects, Rate of Incorporation, and the Enzymatic Action of Botulinum ADP‐Ribosyltransferase, Known as C3 Exoenzyme, on Human Neuroblastoma GOTO Cells
Authors: Kamata Yoichi , Nishiki Tei‐ichi , Matsumura Kunihiko , Hiroi Toyoko , Kozaki Shunji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe susceptibility of various lines of cultured cells to botulinum ADP‐ribosyltransferase, known as C3 exoenzyme, was examined. Human neuroblastoma GOTO cells were most sensitive. The C3 exoenzyme caused a change in cell shape that involved extension of neurites. The exoenzyme evoked the outgrowth of neurites from chick ganglion as effectively as nerve growth factor, suggesting that C3 exoenzyme possesses neurotropic activity. Experiments with125I‐labeled enzyme revealed that C3 exoenzyme was rapidly incorporated into cells but the number of incorporated enzyme molecules was small. Once C3 exoenzyme had been incorporated, ADP‐ribosylation of the substrate (Rho protein) in GOTO cells occurred immediately and rapidly reached a maximum level. However, some of Rho proteins remained unmodified even after induction of the change in morphology. These findings suggest that ADP‐ribosylation by C3 exoenzyme is directly associated with the differentiation of GOTO cells but that other events may also participate in this process.
Linear and Conformation‐Dependent Antigenic Sites on the Nucleoprotein of Rabies Virus
Authors: Minamoto Nobuyuki , Tanaka Harumi , Hishida Miyuki , Goto Hideo , Ito Hiroshi , Naruse Shinji , Yamamoto Keiko , Sugiyama Makoto , Kinjo Toshio , Mannen Kazuaki , Mifune Kumato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA set of 29 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the rabies virus nucleoprotein (N protein) was prepared and used to analyze the topography of antigenic sites. At least four partially overlapping antigenic sites were delineated on the N protein of rabies virus by competitive binding assays. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests using MAbs with a series of rabies and rabies‐related viruses showed that epitopes shared by various fixed and street strains of rabies virus were mainly localized at antigenic sites II and III, while epitopes representing the genus‐specific antigen of Lyssavirus were widely presented at sites I, III and IV. All but one of seven MAbs specific for antigenic sites I, IV and bridge site (I and II) reacted with the antigen that had been denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate or 2‐mercaptoethanol, as well as with the denatured N protein in Western blotting assays. However, none of the MAbs against antigenic sites II and III reacted with the denatured antigen. These data indicate that antigenic sites I and IV, and sites II and III on the N protein of rabies virus are composed of linear and conformation‐dependent epitopes, respectively.
The Non‐Random Pattern of Insertion of IS2 into the hemB Gene of Escherichia coli
Authors: Lewis Leslie A. , Gopaul Shamila , Marsh Camile 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hemB gene of Escherichia coli has been identified as a hot spot for the insertion of the transposable element IS2. The insertional specificity of IS2 is still unclear. This study reports on the attempt to sequence a statistically significant number of insertions in hemB, in order to determine whether there might be a basis for future studies to determine a molecular basis of IS2 insertional specificity. The results indicate that IS2 inserts in a non‐random manner into a 240 bp segment at the 5′ end of the gene (region I). Twenty‐one of 24 insertions occurred in region I. Three insertions have been identified in the two middle 250 bp segments of the 975 bp gene, and none in the 3′ terminal segment. A seventeen bp sequence showing 88.2% identity with a segment of IS2, 221 bp from the 3′ terminus has been identified in region I. Four instances of repeated insertion between the same pair of nucleotides have been observed at four different sites.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Borrelia Species Isolated in Japan
Authors: Kawabata Hiroki , Tashibu Hiroyuki , Yamada Kazuto , Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrimer reactivities of 25 Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from the ticks, Ixodes persulcatus and I. ovatus, in Japan and 10 isolates in Europe and North America were investigated. The methods used in this study were the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the flagellin structural gene (fla), the outer surface protein A gene (osp A) and the outer surface protein B gene (osp B), and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR products from osp A and osp B, The flagellin PCR primer set reacted with all the Borrelia strains tested. Four genospecies, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii and B. japonica, were differentiated by PCR using osp A and osp B primers combined with RFLP analysis. Some Japanese isolates from I. persulcatus were identified as B. garinii or B. afzelii. The other isolates from I. persulcatus did not fit in any of the 4 genospecies.These results suggested that Japanese isolates from I. persulcatus are highly heterogeneous in their osp A and osp B structures. Furthermore, PCR primers targeting fla are applicable to the gene diagnosis for Lyme disease in Japan and osp A and osp B primers can be used to classify B. burgdorferi sensu lato isolates into genospecies by PCR and RFLP analyses.
Comparison of the Virulence of Methicillin‐Resistant and Methicillin‐Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mizobuchi Sadao , Minami Junzaburo , Jin Fu , Matsushita Osamu , Okabe Akinobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe virulence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was compared with that of methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), using 13 MRSA and 7 MSSA strains isolated from clinical specimens. The infectivity and lethality of the two groups were examined as to the inoculum required to infect 50% of guinea pigs (ID50) and to kill 50% of mice (LD50), respectively. The mean ID50 [log10 colony forming units (CFU)] for MRSA strains was 7.1 ± 0.60 standard deviation, which was 1.5 higher than that for MSSA strains (P < 0.001). The mean LD50 (log10 CFU) for MRSA strains was 9.0 ± 0.42, being 1.1 higher than that for MSSA strains (P = 0.001). Pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide decreased the mean LD50 for MRSA strains more than that for MSSA strains, resulting in the difference in the mean LD50 being insignificant (P = 0.502). These results indicate that MRSA is less virulent than MSSA in normal hosts, but that they are equally virulent in immunocompromised hosts. The growth of MRSA strains was much slower than that of MSSA strains in the lag phase, although their growth rates were almost the same in the exponential growth phase, suggesting that the difference in virulence between them may be at least partly due to such a difference in growth.
The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Host Defense against Scrub Typhus Rickettsiae. I. Inhibition of Growth of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Karp Strain, in Cultured Murine Embryonic Cells and Macrophages by Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha
Authors: Geng Peigin , Jerrells Thomas R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRecombinant murine tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) inhibited intracellular growth of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Karp strain, in the mouse embryo cell line C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 at doses of 100 to 10 U/ml. The growth inhibitory effect of TNF‐α was also evident when peritoneal exudate macrophages or bone marrow‐derived macrophages were used as the host cell for rickettsial growth. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), at doses up to 1,000 U/ml, did not affect the growth of this strain of rickettsiae in the mouse embryo cell line but, as expected, profoundly inhibited rickettsial growth in peritoneal exudate macrophages and bone marrow‐derived macrophages. The effect of TNF‐α on rickettsial growth in the mouse embryo cell line was not reproducibly enhanced by IFN‐γ. Treatment of the cell line with TNF‐α delayed rickettsial cytopathic effects, but the rickettsiae ultimately grew to high numbers in the cells and caused cell death. These findings show that, at least in our system, R. tsutsugamushi is resistant to IFN‐γ‐mediated antirickettsial effects in cells other than macrophages. The results of this study support the suggestion that TNF‐α may inhibit rickettsial growth in cells other than macrophages.
Target Cells of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Directed to the Individual Structural Proteins of Rabies Virus
Authors: Fujii Hiroyuki , Mannen Kazuaki , Takita‐Sonoda Yoshiko , Hirai Kazuhiro , Cruz‐Abrenica M.S.E. , Kawano Yasushi , Nishizono Akira , Mifune Kumato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTarget cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed to the individual structural proteins (except for the large polymerase (L) protein) of rabies virus were established by expressing only the respective protein in murine neuroblastoma (NA) and murine macrophage (J774‐1) cell lines. Mice infected with the ERA strain of rabies virus developed CTL responses to all of these rabies virus proteins. The cytotoxic activity was abrogated by pretreatment of the effector cells with anti‐CD8 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and complement but not with anti‐CD4 MAb. Cell lysis by CTL was blocked in the presence of anti‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 antibodies in J774‐1 cell lines. Rabies virus‐infected cells express these proteins at the surface, which can be recognized and lysed by the respective CTL. Mice immunized with β‐propiolactone‐inactivated virus induced a CTL response against glycoprotein but not against internal viral components. This assay system might be useful for further analysis of the possible contribution of these proteins in the cell‐mediated immune protection against rabies.
Detection of West Nile and Japanese Encephalitis Viral Genome Sequences in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Acute Encephalitis Cases in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Igarashi Akira , Tanaka Mariko , Morita Kouichi , Takasu Toshiaki , Ahmed Akhtar , Ahmed Arsalam , Akram D.S. , Waqar M. Anwar 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) on 24 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens collected between February and August 1992 detected genome sequence of West Nile (WN) virus in 8 specimens and Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in a single specimen. The results, combined with the data by IgM‐ELISA on CSF indicated that a significant proportion of acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan, were caused by WN virus infection, while JE virus caused a small fraction.
Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi Isolated in Korea Using Outer Surface Protein A (OspA) Serotyping System
Authors: Kee Sunho , Hwang Kyu‐jam , Oh Hee‐bok , Park Kyung‐seok 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo characteristic strains (935T, 934U) of B. burgdorferi isolated from Ixodes persulcatus and a wild rodent (Apodemus agrarius) in Korea were selected and analyzed by an immunoblot method using the monoclonal antibodies directed to different epitopes of outer surface protein A (OspA). The reactive pattern of strain 934U with these monoclonal antibodies was identical to that of strains belonging to B. afzelii and that of strain 935T was different from other isolates. Monoclonal antibody (5TEE3) which is specific to strain 935T did not react with any other Western and Japanese isolates. So, it was suggested that there exist at least two groups of B. burgdorferi in Korea. One could be classified as B. afzelii and the other is a divergent group from three known species of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii.
Isolation and Characterization of Bile Acid 7‐Dehydroxylating Bacteria from Human Feces
Authors: Takamine Fusae , Imamura Teisuke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMethods for isolation of fecal 7α‐dehydroxylating bacteria are presented. A total of 219 strains were isolated from feces of healthy humans, and their ability to 7‐dehydroxylate cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and ursodeoxycholic acids were examined. Of all the isolates, 14 strains were found to be capable of eliminating the hydroxy group at C‐7α and/or C‐7β. All the isolates were strictly anaerobic, Gram‐positive rods. Thirteen isolates were non‐sporeforming bacteria showing certain saccharolytic properties with the production of acid and gas from dextrose, and were catalase‐positive but indole‐, lecithinase‐, urease‐ and oxidase‐negative. Based on the data available at present, it was concluded that they could be regarded as members of the genus Eubacterium. One strain, however was identified as Clostridium sordellii. The isolated strains capable of 7α‐dehydroxylating cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were also able to oxidize the hydroxy group at C‐7α. Nine strains (10, 12, 36S, M‐2, M‐17, M‐18, Y‐98, Y‐1112, and Y‐1113) of the 7α‐dehydroxylating bacteria were confirmed to have 7β‐dehydroxylation ability, but five strains (O‐51, O‐52, O‐71, O‐72, and Y‐67) could not transform ursodeoxycholic acid to lithocholic acid.
Natural Killer (NK)‐Like Cytotoxicity of Murine Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in the Small Intestine (iIEL) and the Effect of the Serine Proteases
Authors: Kato Yutaka , Yokochi Takashi , Maeda Kenji , Sasaki Keiko , Kawamoto Yasuko , Tsuji Takao , Miyama Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe natural killer (NK)‐like cytotoxicity of murine intraepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine (iIEL) and the participation of serine proteases in it were investigated. We monitored the cytotoxicity of iIEL with a sensitive cytotoxic assay using laser flow cytometry. iIEL exhibited NK‐like cytotoxicity on YAC‐1 target cells. Benzamidine, a serine protease inhibitor, inhibited significantly both Na‐CBZ‐l‐lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLT)‐specific serine protease activity and iIEL‐mediated NK‐like cytotoxicity. These results suggest that BLT‐specific serine proteases may participate in NK‐like cytotoxicity of murine iIEL.
Metastasis‐Promoting Activity of a Novel Molecule, Ag 243‐5, Derived from Mycoplasma, and the Complete Nucleotide Sequence
Authors: Ushio Shimpei , Iwaki Kanso , Taniai Madoka , Ohta Tsunetaka , Fukuda Shigeharu , Sugimura Kazuhisa , Kurimoto Masashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe found that mycoplasma‐infected cells have a higher ability to metastasize in vivo than non‐mycoplasma‐infected cells. To investigate this phenomenon, we obtained a monoclonal antibody, MAb 243‐5, by immunization with Mycoplasma arginini‐infected RPMI 4788 cells. This MAb recognized a mycoplasmal protein with an MW of 47 kDa and completely inhibited the experimental metastasis of M. arginini‐infected RPMI 4788 cells using a nude mouse model. Using this MAb, we purified a molecule called Ag 243‐5 and determined the N‐terminal amino acid sequence and clarified the entire nucleotide sequence of the Ag 243‐5 gene. PCR analysis showed the existence of a homologous gene in Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Four sequential injections of Ag 243‐5 (30 μg/shot) promoted the experimental metastasis of non‐mycoplasma‐infected RPMI 4788 cells more than 10‐fold using a nude mouse model. Ag 243‐5 also promoted the experimental metastasis of the non‐mycoplasma‐infected mouse colon cancer cell line colon 26. This metastasis‐promoting effect was neutralized by MAb 243‐5.
Anti‐Hepatitis A Virus Antibody Response Elicited in Mice by Different Forms of a Synthetic VP1 Peptide
Authors: Haro Isabel , Pinto Rosa M. , Gonzalez‐Dankaart Juan F. , Perez Jose A. , Reig Francisca , Bosch Albert 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPeptide VP1 (11‐25) of the capsid of hepatitis A virus was synthesized by the Fmoc‐polyamide solid phase method, and administered to mice in different forms: (1) free, (2) encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes, (3) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KHL), and (4) incorporated into a tetrameric branched lysine core. The highest anti‐VP1 peptide responses were generated by synthetic peptides entrapped into liposomes and coupled to KLH. No anti‐HAV response was generated with the free peptide, while all the other forms induced both anti‐HAV and HAV‐neutralizing antibodies. Maximum neutralization indices were observed in ascites from mice treated with liposome‐entrapped and KLH peptides.