bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tweens
Authors: Wrdahl Randi 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The term “tween” is used to describe the consumer‐savvy, brand‐conscious preadolescent age group (8–12) who are not children any more but not yet teenagers. The emergence of the tween has been ascribed to several social changes such as new family demographics, increased exposure to adult media, and children's extensive use of new media technology. The age is also characterized as a period where peer acceptance is crucial in the process of leaving childhood, without yet having developed the critical thinking that characterizes adolescents and young adults. Being targeted as a particularly receptive market segment reinforces the tween as a social age category. In the critical literature, the term is predominantly used to describe girls, as the clothing and style elements of the tween girl consumer can easily be interpreted as overly sexualized and raise concerns of girls being introduced to adulthood prematurely.
Warhol, Andy
Authors: Carducci Vince 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Andy Warhol (1928–87) was an American artist and filmmaker and a founder of pop art. He is known for his iconic representations of Campbell Soup cans, Coca‐Cola bottles, Brillo boxes, portraits of celebrities such as Elvis Presley, Jackie Kennedy, and Marilyn Monroe, and other images taken from everyday American life. He is generally recognized as one of the most influential artists of the latter twentieth century and a progenitor of postmodernism. His significance for consumption and consumer studies relates to his breaking down of the ostensible distinctions between high and low culture, heralding the advent of cultural omnivorism.
World's Fairs and International Expositions
Authors: Rydell Robert W. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The world's fairs that swept the planet between London's Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851) and Shanghai's World Expo (2010) attest to the globalization of consumerism. The hundreds of expositions that swept, in roughly chronological order, Europe, the United States, and Asia have been overstuffed theaters of agricultural and technological commodities intended to promote the definition of the good life as being synonymous with the accumulation of consumer goods. Through towering displays of surplus fruits and vegetables, fashion shows and “pest‐free” gardens, television sets and dishwashers, automobiles and model homes, world expositions have served as primary vehicles for the rapid modernization of the world from the Victorian era through the present.
Youth culture(s)
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: March 2015

AbstractYouth cultures have had an important influence on shaping the consumption patterns of both youth and adults. A crucial stimulant to distinct youth cultures are extended years schooling, with young people spending most of their time interacting with age peers. While youth cultures have had their most obvious affect in developed countries this has spread to most societies. Because of their sheer numbers, youth in less developed countries are likely to have the most important impact on future levels and forms of consumption, and hence on the world's economy and environment.
Consumption, Postmodern
Authors: Venkatesh Alladi 
Published: March 2015

The origins of postmodernism cannot be traced to a single source or set of circumstances. At first glance, the different trails may appear diffused, disparate, and disconnected. A closer look might reveal a common pattern woven by those different threads. Postmodernism is generally viewed as a reaction against, or rejection of, modernist tendencies in philosophy, social and cultural theory, literature, and politics. Postmodernism is closely related to poststructuralism, whose origins are slightly different but whose arguments are very similar – so much so that in the eyes of many, postmodernism subsumes poststructuralism and therefore they are treated interchangeably. The last quarter of the twentieth century witnessed the most intense excursions into postmodern ideas.
Sexualities and Consumption
Authors: Taylor Yvette 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSexuality and consumption are interlinked in powerful and significant ways, perhaps even more so in contemporary, even postmodern, times, shaping various material and subjective possibilities and impossibilities, as sexuality is displayed and regulated via consumption. Consumption refers to a wide variety of spending patterns and behaviors and is typically equated with choice: what we choose to buy, where and when, and how we choose to use purchasable commodities, ranging from mundane everyday goods and services to extravagant one‐off specials, which seemingly reinforce the uniqueness of our own individual consumer choice.
Visual Consumption
Authors: Sparrman Anna 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Visual consumption brings together three somewhat different research areas: the cultural history of consumption, tourism research, and research in advertising and marketing. The idea of the power of the gaze and the look is central to visual consumption, as is the development of visual technologies (camera and the Internet), images, and changes in the commodity industry – such as the development and establishment of department stores, the packaging industry, branding, and tourism. The image economy of visual consumption is made up of shopping windows, advertisements, souvenirs, postcards, websites, brands, and so forth. It also concerns managerial strategies for visualizing commodities and consumer gazes. Visual consumption focuses on the visual aestheticization and visual symbolism of consumption.
Marketplace Trust
Authors: Grayson Kent , Johnson Devon 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Marketplace trust is defined as the truster's belief that the trustee will meet the expectations of an exchange agreement. It includes the expectations that, if unexpected contingencies should arise, the trustee will respond only after weighing the truster's needs equally to (or more heavily than) the trustee's own needs. Those who have studied trust have proposed that it comprises three subdimensions: honesty, benevolence, and competence. Researchers have also suggested that trust can be based on cognitive and/or affective psychological processes. Trust is necessary only to the extent that the truster believes there is some chance that the trustee will decide not to meet the agreement's expectations. In real‐world interactions, that chance always exists, although to a greater or lesser extent in different relationships. Research on trust has examined its various causes and consequences. This includes research on how the broader social context may foster or undermine trust.
Visual Aids to Learning in a Second Language: Adding Redundant Video to an Audio Lecture
Authors: Lee Hyunjeong , Mayer Richard E. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryKorean high school students (Experiment 1) and college students (Experiment 2a) received a 16‐minute lesson on Antarctica that consisted of English audio only (audio group) or English audio with corresponding video depicting the scenes and objects described in the audio (audio + video group). The audio + video group scored significantly (d = 0.33 in Experiment 1) or marginally higher (d = 0.42 in Experiment 2a) than the audio group on a subsequent comprehension test. The mean difficulty rating of the audio + video group was significantly less than that of the audio group (d = 0.62 in Experiment 1 and d = 0.96 in Experiment 2a); the mean effort rating of the audio + video group was significantly greater than that of the audio group (d = 0.60 in Experiment 1 and d = 0.79 in Experiment 2a). When the audio was in Korean, comprehension scores of college students did not benefit from added video (d = −0.03 in Experiment 2b). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association study confirms the role of two OCA2 polymorphisms in normal skin pigmentation variation in East Asian populations
Authors: Eaton Katherine , Edwards Melissa , Krithika S. , Cook Gillian , Norton Heather , Parra Esteban J. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesThe main goal of the study was to test the association of 18 polymorphisms located within nine pigmentation candidate genes with quantitative skin pigmentation measures collected in a sample of individuals of East Asian ancestry living in Canada (N = 419).MethodsThe 18 polymorphisms are located within genes that show putative signatures of positive selection in East Asian populations. The genetic markers were selected for genotyping based on an annotation of common East Asian polymorphisms to predict potential functional effects. We restricted our attention to polymorphisms that have an allele frequency difference of at least 30% between East Asian populations and African and European populations, or have alleles that are present in East Asians, but are absent in Africans and Europeans.ResultsTwo nonsynonymous variants selected within the OCA2 gene, rs1800414 (His615Arg) and rs74653330 (Ala481Thr), were significantly associated with melanin levels in the sample. Both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are nonsynonymous polymorphisms located more than 30 kb apart on chromosome 15 and have very different frequencies in the East Asian sample. Additionally, both polymorphisms are predicted to have a deleterious effect on the protein. Linear regression analysis using an additive model indicate that each copy of the derived rs1800414 allele G decreases Melanin Index approximately 0.9 units and each copy of the derived rs74653330 allele A decreases Melanin Index approximately 1.9 units.ConclusionsTwo nonsynonymous OCA2 polymorphisms (rs1800414 and rs74653330) are independently associated with normal skin pigmentation variation in East Asian populations and have very different frequency distributions in East Asia. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:520–525, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Unique Fluoride Nanocontainer: Porous Molecular Capsules Can Accommodate an Unusually High Number of “Rather Labile” Fluoride Anions
Authors: Garai Somenath , Rubčić Mirta , Bögge Hartmut , Haupt Erhard T. K. , Gouzerh Pierre , Müller Achim 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe present work refers to the challenging issue of fluoride anion recognition/binding in water by taking advantage of the unique possibilities offered by the porous molecular nanocontainers of the {Mo132} Keplerate type allowing the study of a variety of new phenomena. Reaction of the highly reactive carbonate‐type capsule with aqueous HF results in the release of carbon dioxide and integration of an unprecedentedly large number of fluoride anions—partly as coordinated ligands at both the pentagonal units and the linkers, partly as a disordered water/fluoride assembly inside the cavity. The internal assembly and some of the fluoride ligands are easily released, which provides interesting options for future studies regarding coordination chemistry and catalysis under confined conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation of N‐Allyl Imines: Regioselective Allylic Alkylations to Deliver Substituted Aza‐1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Mahapatra Subham , Hansen Martin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new mode of activation of an imine via a rare aza‐substituted π‐allyl complex is described. Palladium‐catalyzed C(sp3)H activation of the N‐allyl imine and the subsequent nucleophilic attack by the α‐alkyl cyanoester produced the 1‐aza‐1,3‐diene as the sole regioisomer. In contrast, nucleophilic attack by the α‐aryl cyanoester exclusively delivered the 2‐aza‐1,3‐diene, which was employed in an inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction for heterobiaryl synthesis.
Structural and mechanical properties of clay nanocomposite foams based on cellulose for the food‐packaging industry
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Safoura , Keramat Javad , Nasirpour Ali , Hamdami Nasser , Behzad Tayebeh , Aranda Lionel , Vilasi Michel , Desobry Stephane 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, an extensive study was carried out on the preparation and characterization of nanoclay biocomposites based on cellulose to substitute for synthetic polymer foam trays as food‐packaging materials. The preparation stage was performed via a dissolution/regeneration route followed by drying with lyophilization. The chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of the prepared composite foams were characterized by several methods, including scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical tests, density, and color analyses. The obtained results indicate that the presence of nanoclay in the cellulose matrix caused more uniformity in the structure of the foams. Also, an increase in the nanoclay content resulted in a higher density, compressive strength, and Young's modulus. The achievements from this study suggest that the prepared cellulose nanocomposite foam could be a potential alternative to commercial synthetic foams for packing food products. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42079.
Coagulation bath composition and desiccation environment as tuning parameters to prepare skinless membranes via diffusion induced phase separation
Authors: Montesanto Salvatore , Mannella Gianluca A. , Carfì Pavia Francesco , La Carrubba Vincenzo , Brucato Valerio 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTDiffusion Induced Phase Separation (DIPS) is a currently used technique to produce porous membranes for a large variety of applications. A strong limitation is represented by the occurrence of a dense skin, which is formed during the process, highly reducing the membrane permeability. To overcome this issue, two modifications of the standard DIPS protocol were investigated: the use of coagulation baths composed by a solvent/nonsolvent mixture and the desiccation in a controlled environment, by modulating the partial pressure of nonsolvent vapor. An appropriate choice of coagulation bath composition, together with an appropriate desiccation protocol (i.e., the use of a nonsolvent vapor), will produce a skinless membrane, and offers the chance to control the morphology of both membrane surfaces. These results underline the importance of post‐treatment stage in membrane preparation via phase separation, thus suggesting that membrane washing/drying stage will affect the final morphology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42151.
Preparation and release kinetics of carboxymethyl chitosan/cellulose acetate microspheres as drug delivery system
Authors: Zhou Hui Yun , Cao Pei Pei , Li Jun Bo , Zhang Fa Liang , Ding Pei Pei 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTCarboxymethyl chitosan, a water soluble chitosan derivative, was prepared from chitosan using monochloroacetic acid. Carboxymethyl chitosan/cellulose acetate microspheres (CCM) were prepared using the method of W/O/W and emulsification solvent evaporation as drug delivery system. The CCMs prepared were spherical, free‐flowing, and nonaggregated with the smooth appearance and many small pores on the surface. All CCMs prepared had sustained release efficiency for acetaminophen and the optimal formulation was that carboxymethyl chitosan of 2.0% and 1360 KD. In addition, the release rate of drug from CCMs in dilute hydrochloric acid was much slower than that in phosphate buffer saline (pH 6.8) during 24 h. It is illustrated that the drug loaded in CCMs released slower in simulated gastric fluid than that in simulated intestinal fluid. Furthermore, the drug release data showed better fitness with the first order model which indicated that the drug release from CCMs was depended on the drug concentration in the polymeric networks. And the release of drug from CCMs indicated diffusion‐controlled drug release based on Fickian diffusion and accompanied with anomalous transport (i.e., non‐Fickian diffusion) according to the values obtained from Higuchi model and Peppas models. So it was shown that the CCMs might be an ideal sustained release system for acid‐labile drugs both for the solubility of carboxymethyl chitosan and the release media. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42152.
Electrospun biocomposite nanofibers of ulvan/PCL and ulvan/PEO
Authors: Kikionis Stefanos , Ioannou Efstathia , Toskas Georgios , Roussis Vassilios 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTNovel fibrous biocomposites comprising ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the green seaweed Ulva rigida, and either polycaprolactone or polyethylene oxide were successfully prepared using the electrospinning technique. The morphology and the chemical composition of the nanofibers were characterized using SEM and FT‐IR analyses. Ulvan was found to incorporate well with the co‐electrospun biocompatible polymers, conferring on the collective properties of these materials. Such nanofibrous matrices represent potentially useful materials in the biomedical sector as tissue engineering scaffolds, wound dressings, or drug delivery systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42153.
Controlled drug release of silicone‐based adhesive‐containing cross‐linked siloxane powders as a reservoir
Authors: Kim Cheol Hyun , Lee Su Jung , Gwak Gyeong‐Hyeon , Kim Tae Woo , Cho Hyeon Mo , Oh Jae Min , Lee Myong Euy 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTWe prepared pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA)‐containing cross‐linked siloxane powders (CS) as a reservoir for a transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) and evaluated their sustained drug‐release properties. PSA, as a patch‐type adhesive, was synthesized by a hydrosilylation reaction of vinyl‐terminated polysiloxanes with hydrogen‐terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. CS was also prepared via a hydrosilylation process with vinyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinyltetracyclosiloxane (
), hydrogen‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane, and dimethylhydrogenmethyl oligomeric siloxane copolymer. The results of release performances using ascorbic acid as a model drug showed a cumulative linear slope over a week, indicating a constant release performance. Our data suggest that this siloxane TDDS could be useful for constant drug release over a long period. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42154.
Interaction and quantification of thymol in active PLA‐based materials containing natural fibers
Authors: Tawakkal Intan S. M. A. , Cran Marlene J. , Bigger Stephen W. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe quantification of thymol, a commercial essential oil extract that is an antimicrobial (AM) agent, in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/kenaf composites was investigated to explore the potential of these systems as AM food‐packaging materials. Neat PLA and PLA/kenaf composites containing thymol (5–10 wt %) were prepared via melt blending and compression molding. The quantification of the thymol content in PLA and PLA/kenaf composites after processing as well as the interactions between the PLA matrix, kenaf fibers and the AM agent were investigated. The PLA/kenaf composites in the range of 10 to 40 wt % fiber content retained less thymol upon processing than PLA alone and the composites containing the highest fiber loadings demonstrated the lowest thymol retention. The observed losses were attributed to the higher mechanical shear that exists during the mixing process as well as the creation of voids in the composites that facilitate the release of thymol from the system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42160.
High electromagnetic interference shielding with high electrical conductivity through selective dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotube in poly (ε‐caprolactone)/MWCNT composites
Authors: Bera Ranadip , Maiti Sandip , Khatua Bhanu Bhusan 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis study presents the preparation of electrically conducting poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites with very low percolation threshold (pc). The method involves solution blending of PCL and MWCNT in the presence of commercial PCL beads. The PCL beads were added into high viscous PCL/MWCNT mixture during evaporation of solvent. Here, the used commercial PCL polymer beads act as an ‘excluded volume’ in the solution blended PCL/MWCNT region. Thus, the effective concentration of the MWCNT dramatically increases in the solution blended region and a strong interconnected continuous conductive network path of CNT−CNT is assumed throughout the matrix phase with the addition of PCL bead which plays a crucial role to improve the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) and electrical conductivity at very low MWCNT loading. Thus, high EMI SE value (∼23.8 dB) was achieved at low MWCNT loading (1.8 wt %) in the presence of 70 wt % PCL bead and the high electrical conductivity of ∼2.49×10−2 S cm−1 was achieved at very low MWCNT loading (∼0.15 wt %) with 70 wt % PCL bead content in the composites. The electrical conductivity gradually increased with increasing the PCL bead concentration, as well as, MWCNT loading in the composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42161.
Thermally reversible and self‐healing novolac epoxy resins based on Diels–Alder chemistry
Authors: Li Jinhui , Zhang Guoping , Deng Libo , Jiang Kun , Zhao Songfang , Gao Yongju , Sun Rong , Wong Chingping 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe modified novolac epoxy resins with furan pendant groups were prepared by novolac epoxy resin and furfuryl alcohol and then crosslinked by bifunctional maleimide via Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry to obtain the thermally reversible and self‐healing novolac epoxy resins. The as‐prepared crosslinked novolac epoxy resins were characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, TGA, and DMA. The results indicate that the novel crosslinked novolac epoxy resins present higher storage modulus (2.37 GPa at 30°C) and excellent thermal stability (348°C at 5% mass loss). Furthermore, the thermal reversible and self‐healing properties were studied in detail by DSC, SEM, thermal re‐solution, and gel–solution–gel transition experiments. All the results reveal that the crosslinked novolac epoxy resins based on DA reaction can be used as smart material for the practical application of electronic packaging and structural materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42167.