bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of five nontronites and Fe-rich smectites
Authors: Köster H. M. , Ehrlicher U. , Gilg H. A. , Jordan R. , Murad E. , Onnich K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFive Fe–bearing dioctahedral smectites (three nontronites and two Fe-rich smectites) were purified using a variety of physical and chemical procedures. The structural formulae indicate one nontronite and one Fe-rich smectite to be montmorillonitic, whereas the other three smectites are beidellitic. Mössbauer spectra showed Fe to be exclusively trivalent and were fitted with three doublets, two of which had quadrupole splittings characteristic of Fe3+in octahedral coordination, whereas the third had a distinctly lower quadrupole splitting. Although the position of the Si–O stretching band in the infrared spectra could reflect tetrahedral Fe3+, the lack of distinctive features prevented a definitive attribution of this component to tetrahedral Fe3+. The18O/16O data suggest that fractionation of nontronite-water at ambient temperatures (1000 lnα = 23 ± 2‰) is lower than that of Fe-rich smectite (1000 lnα = 27 ± 2‰). The estimated formation temperatures of the samples are below 70°C.
Clinoferrosilite-bearing kelyphite: a breakdown product of xenolithic garnet, Delegate breccia pipes, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Keankeo W. , Taylor W. R. , FitzGerald J. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGarnet pyroxenite xenoliths from the Delegate nephelinitic breccia pipes, New South Wales, Australia, contain relict garnets (py40 alm39 gr21) which are replaced by dark kelyphitic rims resulting from garnet breakdown. The kelyphite is composed of a lamellar intergrowth of secondary minerals, in which the lamellae are <1 μm in width. Analyses by SEM and ICPMS reveal that the kelyphite has an identical bulk chemical composition to the primary garnet. Kelyphitic rims on garnet are well known from xenoliths and xenocrysts in kimberlite pipes and from tectonically-uplifted mafic and ultramafic rocks in some metamorphic terranes. Orthopyroxene occurs in metamorphic kelyphites and it has been assumed that orthopyroxene is also the breakdown product of garnet transported in basic-ultrabasic magmas. However, TEM study of Delegate kelyphite shows that the ultrafine lamellae do not contain orthopyroxene but are instead composed of magnesian clinoferrosilite (En45Fs55), and lesser ferroan spinel and anorthite. The clinoferrosilite is probably the inversion product of initially-formed magnesian protoferrosilite. The breakdown reaction is believed to result from a sudden change to lower temperature and pressure conditions when the xenoliths were transported in the Delegate magma from ∼40 km depth to the surface.
Actual Fe-Li mica series as a series with ☐VI constant but not with AlIV or AlVI
Authors: Shihua Sun , Jie Yu 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo date, Fe-Li micas have been defined differently from other micas. The purpose of this paper is to reinterpret the actual Fe-Li mica series with new concepts of ‘essential replacement’ (the evolution direction) and ‘composition track’ (the sequence of mica varieties). Two hundred and fifty-eight analyses from the literature are used for this study in the form of eight data groups. The common compositional and substitutional characters of Fe-Li micas have been reinterpreted in light of principal component analysis and a geometric frame of ideal Fe2+-Al-Li micas in space with (Si, AlIV, AlVI, Fe2+, Li, ☐VI, K)-coordinates.In our new interpretation, the actual Fe-Li micas are essentially neither AlIV- nor AlVI-, but ☐VI-constant. The actual Fe-Li micas are the weakest fluctuant relative to the Annite-Polylithionite-Trilithionite-Siderophyllite (APTE) plane. About 90% of variations of actual Fe-Li micas range from the trioctahedral trend described as a sequence along the segment K2Al2Fe5/22+Li☐1/2Si6Al2O20(OH,F)4+x[AlFe−22+Li3SiAl−2] (−1/3≤ x≤5/8). The substitution AlFe−22+Li3SiAl−2 (i.e. 2AlIV +4Fe2+ → 2Si +AlVI +3Li) is the main mechanism that keeps actual Fe-Li micas trioctahedral. More than 8% of variations arise from the dioctahedral trend involving created AlVI- and ☐VI-increasing replacement. The actual Fe-Li mica series comprises the composition trend from Fe2+-biotite to lepidolite. This series is not on the siderophyllite-polylithionite join, but can be expressed ideally as K2Al1+xFe4−4x2+Li1+3x(Si6+2xAl2−2x) O20(OH,F)4 (−1/3 ≤x≤1).
Minor- and trace-element composition of trioctahedral micas: a review
Authors: Tischendorf G. , Förster H.-J. , Gottesmann B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMore than 19,000 analytical data mainly from the literature were used to study statistically the distribution patterns of F and the oxides of minor and trace elements (Ti, Sn, Sc, V, Cr, Ga, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs) in trioctahedral micas of the system phlogopite-annite/siderophyllite-polylithionite (PASP), which is divided here into seven varieties, whose compositional ranges are defined by the parameter mgli (= octahedral Mg minus Li). Plots of trace-element contents vs. mgli reveal that the elements form distinct groups according to the configuration of their distribution patterns. Substitution of most of these elements was established as a function of mgli. Micas incorporate the elements in different abundances of up to four orders of magnitude between the concentration highs and lows in micas of ‘normal’ composition. Only Zn, Sr and Sc are poorly correlated to mgli. In compositional extremes, some elements (Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cs, Rb) may be enriched by up to 2–3 orders of magnitude relative to their mean abundance in the respective mica variety. Mica/melt partition coefficients calculated for Variscan granites of the German Erzgebirge demonstrate that trace-element partitioning is strongly dependent on the position of the mica in the PASP system, which has to be considered in petrogenetic modelling.This review indicates that for a number of trace elements, the concentration ranges are poorly known for some of the mica varieties, as they are for particular host rocks (i.e. igneous rocks of A-type affiliation). The study should help to develop optimal analytical strategies and to provide a tool to distinguish between micas of ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ trace-element composition.
Transmission electron microscopic study of new, regular, mixed-layer structures in calcium-rare-earth fluorocorbonote minerals
Authors: Xiuling Wu , Dawei Meng , Zhaolu Pan , Guangming Yang , Douxing Li 
Published: July 2002

AbstractStructures of calcium-rare-earth (Ca-RE) fluorocarbonate minerals from southwest China have been investigated using selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). They are described as combinations of layers of bastnäsite-(Ce), CeFCO3 (B layers), and synchysite-(Ce), CeFCO3·CaCO3 (S layers) (Donnay and Donnay, 1953). We report here the discovery of six new, regular, mixed-layer structures in parisite-(Ce) observed using SAED and HRTEM. The symmetry, cell parameters, chemical formulae and stacking of the structural unit layers, etc., were determined for each. The regular, mixed-layer structures are formed by stacking unit layers of bastnäsite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Ce) in varying proportions along the c axis. HRTEM shows that there are different distribution modes for the Ce-F ion layers, the CO3 ion groups between the Ce-F ion layers and the CO3 ion groups between the Ce-F and Ca ion layers. The minerals may be regarded as polymorphs with the same chemical composition and the same spacing of the unit layers, but different arrangements of ion layers in the structural unit layers and different stacking sequences of the structural unit layers.
Laser-induced time-resolved luminescence of rare-earth elements in scheelite
Authors: Gaft M. , Panczer G. , Uspensky E. , Reisfeld R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNatural and synthetic scheelite are investigated by time-resolved laser-induced luminescence to detect and ascribe various luminescence lines to a variety of REE. The selectivity of detection is possible by using different time delays after excitation, different gate widths and different excitation wavenumbers and allowed to detect REE in samples where they are hidden by intrinsic luminescence and not visible in the steady-state spectra as well as by cathodoluminescenee. Luminescence of Pr3+, Er3+ and Tm3+ are detected even with low concentrations and in the presence of Tb3+, Dy3+ and Sm3+. Luminescence of Ho3+ and Yb3+ is firstly detected in natural scheelites and luminescence of Eu2+ and Ce3+ is preliminary suggested.
Differential REE uptake by sector growth of monazite
Authors: Cressey G. , Wall F. , Cressey B. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Monazite-(Ce) from a dolomite carbonatite at Kangankunde, Malawi, is
sector-zoned with variation in La2O3 of
up to 6.0 wt.% and in Nd2O3 of up to 3.9
wt.% between sectors. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, backscattered electron
imaging and microprobe analysis have been used to establish the relationship
between the morphology and sector chemistry of this low-Th monazite,
(Ce,La,Nd)PO4. Uptake of La by {011} sector surfaces is
enhanced relative to that of and {100} sectors; Ce shows no
partitioning differences; and uptake of Nd is more easily facilitated on
and {100} surfaces relative to
{011}. There appears to be a distinct relationship between the size of the
REE ion and the probability of uptake
via the different growth surfaces. Interpretation of
this uptake behaviour, based on theories involving ‘protosites’, involves an
investigation of the possible kink site geometries at edge-steps during growth.
Part-formed kink sites with small entrance sizes are calculated to occur with
higher frequency on relative to {011}, and this
correlates with an increase in the smaller-sized REE
(Nd) uptake by growth surfaces. The overall
morphology and sector growth is suggested to be a function of uptake
chemistry.
Systemic delivery of an adenoviral vector encoding canine factor VIII results in short-term phenotypic correction, inhibitor development, and biphasic liver toxicity in hemophilia A dogs
Authors: Gallo-Penn Angela M. , Shirley Pamela S. , Andrews Julie L. , Tinlin Shawn , Webster Sandy , Cameron Cherie , Hough Christine , Notley Colleen , Lillicrap David , Kaleko Michael , Connelly Sheila 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Canine hemophilia A closely mimics the human disease and has been used previously in the development of factor VIII (FVIII) protein replacement products. FVIII-deficient dogs were studied to evaluate an in vivo gene therapy approach using an E1/E2a/E3-deficient adenoviral vector encoding canine FVIII. Results demonstrated a high level of expression of the canine protein and complete phenotypic correction of the coagulation defect in all 4 treated animals. However, FVIII expression was short-term, lasting 5 to 10 days following vector infusion. All 4 dogs displayed a biphasic liver toxicity, a transient drop in platelets, and development of anticanine FVIII antibody. Canine FVIII inhibitor development was transient in 2 of the 4 treated animals. These data demonstrate that systemic delivery of attenuated adenoviral vectors resulted in liver toxicity and hematologic changes. Therefore, the development of further attenuated adenoviral vectors encoding canine FVIII will be required to improve vector safety and reduce the risk of immunologic sequelae, and may allow achievement of sustained phenotypic correction of canine hemophilia A.
Interferon resistance of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma–derived clonal T-helper 2 cells allows selective viral replication
Authors: Dummer Reinhard , Döbbeling Udo , Geertsen Ralf , Willers Jörg , Burg Günter , Pavlovic Jovan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders that are characterized by an accumulation of T-lymphocytes in the skin and occasionally in blood known as Sézary syndrome (SS). In most cases the dominant clone displays T-helper 2 cytokines. Because IFN-γ is a natural inhibitor of T-helper 2 cells and IFN-α is frequently used in CTCL, the impact of IFNs on SS-derived purified clonal T-helper 2 cells was studied using anti-Vβ antibodies. Moreover, IFNs are known to mediate virus resistance in normal cells. The isolated clonal CD4+ cells, but not the nonclonal CD4+ cells, appeared resistant to IFN-γ and IFN-α stimulation in terms of human leukocyte antigen up-regulation and MxA induction caused in part by alterations in Stat-1 molecule mRNA and IFNγR1 mRNA transcription. The IFN resistance of the patient-derived clonal cells was then targeted by vesicular stomatitis virus infection after IFN-α priming, resulting in selective viral replication in clonal cells. In contrast, nonclonal cells of the same patient showed IFN-dependent MxA expression, which is a major mediator protein of viral protection. The IFN resistance of the dominant T-helper 2 cells might be important for lymphomagenesis. Interferon signaling deficiencies can be targeted for purging patients' cells in vitro. Furthermore, this approach may allow specific molecular interventions, resulting in the efficient treatment of CTCL and other IFN-resistant neoplasms such as lung cancer.
Cyclin A1 directly interacts with B-myb and cyclin A1/cdk2 phosphorylate B-myb at functionally important serine and threonine residues: tissue-specific regulation of B-myb function
Authors: Müller-Tidow Carsten , Wang Wenbing , Idos Gregory E. , Diederichs Sven , Yang Rong , Readhead Carol , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Serve Hubert , Saville Mark , Watson Roger , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCyclin A1 is tissue-specifically expressed during spermatogenesis, but it is also highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its pathogenetic role in AML and in the cell cycle of leukemic blasts is unknown. B-myb is essential for G1/S transition and has been shown to be phosphorylated by the cyclin A2/cdk2 complex. Here it is demonstrated that cyclin A1 interacts with the C-terminal portion of B-myb as shown by glutathione S-transferase (GST) precipitation. This interaction is confined to cyclin A1 because binding could not be detected between cyclin A2 and B-myb. Also, cdk2 was not pulled down by GST–B-myb from U937 lysates. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation of cyclin A1 and B-myb in leukemic cells evidenced protein interaction in vivo. Baculovirus-expressed cyclin A1/cdk2 complexes were able to phosphorylate human as well as murine B-myb in vitro. Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping revealed that cyclin A1/cdk2 complexes phosphorylated the C-terminal part of B-myb at several sites including threonine 447, 490, and 497 and serine 581. These phosphorylation sites have been demonstrated to be important for the enhancement of B-myb transcriptional activity. Further studies showed that cyclin A1 cooperated with B-myb to transactivate myb binding site containing promoters including the promoter of the human cyclin A1 gene. Taken together, the data suggest that cyclin A1 is a tissue-specific regulator of B-myb function and activates B-myb in leukemic blasts.
Repression of ferritin expression increases the labile iron pool, oxidative stress, and short-term growth of human erythroleukemia cells
Authors: Kakhlon Or , Gruenbaum Yosef , Cabantchik Zvi Ioav 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe role of ferritin expression on the labile iron pool of cells and its implications for the control of cell proliferation were assessed. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were used as tools for modulating the expression of heavy and light ferritin subunits of K562 cells. mRNA and protein levels of each subunit were markedly reduced by 2-day treatment with antisense probes against the respective subunit. Although the combined action of antisense probes against both subunits reduced their protein expression, antisense repression of one subunit led to an increased protein expression of the other. Antisense treatment led to a rise in the steady-state labile iron pool, a rise in the production of reactive oxygen species after pro-oxidative challenges and in protein oxidation, and the down-regulation of transferrin receptors. When compared to the repression of individual subunits, co-repression of each subunit evoked a more than additive increase in the labile iron pool and the extent of protein oxidation. These treatments had no detectable effects on the long-term growth of cells. However, repression of ferritin synthesis facilitated the renewal of growth and the proliferation of cells pre-arrested at the G1/S phase. Renewed cell growth was significantly less dependent on external iron supply when ferritin synthesis was repressed and its degradation inhibited by lysosomal antiproteases. This study provides experimental evidence that links the effect of ferritin repression on growth stimulation to the expansion of the labile iron pool.
Ineffective erythropoiesis in Stat5a−/−5b−/− mice due to decreased survival of early erythroblasts
Authors: Socolovsky Merav , Nam Hyung-song , Fleming Mark D. , Haase Volker H. , Brugnara Carlo , Lodish Harvey F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) controls red cell production in the basal state and during stress. Epo binding to its receptor, EpoR, on erythroid progenitors leads to rapid activation of the transcription factor Stat5. Previously, fetal anemia and increased apoptosis of fetal liver erythroid progenitors were found in Stat5a−/−5b−/− mice. However, the role of Stat5 in adult erythropoiesis was not clear. The present study shows that some adult Stat5a−/−5b−/− mice have a near-normal hematocrit but are deficient in generating high erythropoietic rates in response to stress. Further, many adult Stat5a−/−5b−/− mice have persistent anemia despite a marked compensatory expansion in their erythropoietic tissue. Analysis of erythroblast maturation in Stat5a−/−5b−/− hematopoietic tissue shows a dramatic increase in early erythroblast numbers, but these fail to progress in differentiation. Decreased expression of bcl-xLand increased apoptosis in Stat5a−/−5b−/−early erythroblasts correlate with the degree of anemia. Hence, Stat5 controls a rate-determining step regulating early erythroblast survival.
Use of blood outgrowth endothelial cells for gene therapy for hemophilia A
Authors: Lin Yi , Chang Liming , Solovey Anna , Healey John F. , Lollar Pete , Hebbel Robert P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA culture of human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) was established from a sample of peripheral blood and was transfected using a nonviral plasmid carrying complementary DNA for modified human coagulation factor VIII (B domain deleted and replaced with green fluorescence protein). BOECs were then chemically selected, expanded, cryopreserved, and re-expanded in culture. Stably transfected BOECs were administered intravenously daily for 3 days to NOD/SCID mice at 4 cell dose levels (from 5 × 104 to 40 × 104 cells per injection). In 156 days of observation, mice showed levels of human FVIII that increased with cell dose and time. Mice in all cell dose groups achieved therapeutic levels (more than 10 ng/mL) of human FVIII, and mice in the 3 highest dose groups acquired levels that were normal (100-200 ng/mL) or even above the normal range (highest observed value, 1174 ng/mL). These levels indicate that the BOECs expanded in vivo after administration. When the mice were killed, it was found that BOEC accumulated only in bone marrow and spleen and that these cells retained endothelial phenotype and transgene expression. Cell doses used here would make scale-up to humans feasible. Thus, the use of engineered autologous BOECs, which here resulted in sustained and therapeutic levels of FVIII, may comprise an effective therapeutic strategy for use in gene therapy for hemophilia A.
Identification of the earliest prethymic bipotent T/NK progenitor in murine fetal liver
Authors: Douagi Iyadh , Colucci Francesco , Di Santo James P. , Cumano Ana 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article describes the isolation of a novel cell population (B220loc-kit+CD19−) in the fetal liver that represents 70% of T-cell precursors in this organ. Interestingly, these precursors showed a bipotent T-cell and natural killer cell (NK)– restricted reconstitution potential but completely lacked B and erythromyeloid differentiation capacity both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, not only mature T-cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ peripheral T cells but also TCRγδ+ and TCRαβ+CD8αα+ intestinal epithelial cells of extrathymic origin were generated in reconstituted mice. The presence of this population in the fetal liver of athymic embryos indicates its prethymic origin. The comparison of the phenotype and differentiation potential of B220loc-kit+CD19−fetal liver cells with those of thymic T/NK progenitors indicates that this is the most immature common T/NK cell progenitor so far identified. These fetal liver progenitors may represent the immediate developmental step before thymic immigration.
Prognostic Significance of the Number of Axillary Lymph Nodes Removed in Patients With Node-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Weir L. , Speers C. , D’yachkova Y. , Olivotto I. A. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between the number of lymph nodes removed at axillary dissection and recurrence and survival for patients with node-negative invasive breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Subjects were 2,278 women with pathologically node-negative invasive breast cancer, diagnosed from 1989 to 1993 in British Columbia, Canada. Women aged ≥ 90 years, with pure in-situ, bilateral invasive breast cancer or T4, N1, N2, or M1 stage, or who had axillary radiation were excluded. Two groups were defined for analysis: node-negative with no systemic therapy (n = 1,468) and node-negative with systemic therapy (n = 810). Median follow-up was 7.5 years. Prognostic variables assessed were age at diagnosis, tumor size, tumor grade, invasion of lymphatics, veins, or nerves, estrogen receptor status, and number of nodes removed. RESULTS: For patients not receiving systemic therapy, regional relapse was significantly increased with smaller numbers of nodes removed (P = .03). There was a trend toward shorter overall survival with fewer nodes removed (P = .06). Node-negative patients who received systemic therapy did not have a higher regional relapse rate or shorter overall survival when fewer nodes were recovered. CONCLUSION: Recovery of a small number of negative lymph nodes at axillary dissection likely understages patients and leads to undertreatment, resulting in an increased regional relapse rate and poorer survival. The use of systemic therapy may overcome this effect. The number of nodes removed, in conjunction with other prognostic factors, may be useful in selecting node-negative patients for systemic therapy.