bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Imaging Reveals Local, Transient Vascular Permeability, and Tumor Cell Intravasation Stimulated by TIE2hi Macrophage–Derived VEGFA
Authors: Harney Allison S. , Arwert Esther N. , Entenberg David , Wang Yarong , Guo Peng , Qian Bin-Zhi , Oktay Maja H. , Pollard Jeffrey W. , Jones Joan G. , Condeelis John S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dissemination of tumor cells is an essential step in metastasis. Direct contact between a macrophage, mammalian-enabled (MENA)–overexpressing tumor cell, and endothelial cell [Tumor MicroEnvironment of Metastasis (TMEM)] correlates with metastasis in breast cancer patients. Here we show, using intravital high-resolution two-photon microscopy, that transient vascular permeability and tumor cell intravasation occur simultaneously and exclusively at TMEM. The hyperpermeable nature of tumor vasculature is described as spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Using real-time imaging, we observed that vascular permeability is transient, restricted to the TMEM, and required for tumor cell dissemination. VEGFA signaling from TIE2hi TMEM macrophages causes local loss of vascular junctions, transient vascular permeability, and tumor cell intravasation, demonstrating a role for the TMEM within the primary mammary tumor. These data provide insight into the mechanism of tumor cell intravasation and vascular permeability in breast cancer, explaining the value of TMEM density as a predictor of distant metastatic recurrence in patients.
Significance: Tumor vasculature is abnormal with increased permeability. Here, we show that VEGFA signaling from TIE2hi TMEM macrophages results in local, transient vascular permeability and tumor cell intravasation. These data provide evidence for the mechanism underlying the association of TMEM with distant metastatic recurrence, offering a rationale for therapies targeting TMEM. Cancer Discov; 5(9); 932–43. ©2015 AACR.
See related commentary by Kadioglu and De Palma, p. 906.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 893
Tumoral Immune Resistance Mediated by Enzymes That Degrade Tryptophan
Authors: van Baren Nicolas , Van den Eynde Benoît J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cancer patients mount T-lymphocyte responses against antigens expressed selectively by their malignancy, but these responses often fail to control their disease, because tumors select mechanisms that allow them to resist immune destruction. Among the numerous resistance mechanisms that have been proposed, metabolic inhibition of T cells by tryptophan catabolism deserves particular attention, because of the frequent expression of tryptophan-degrading enzymes in human tumors, and because in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that their enzymatic activity can be readily blocked by pharmacologic inhibitors, thereby restoring T-cell–mediated tumor cell killing and paving the way to targeted therapeutic intervention. In view of recent observations, and taking into account the differences between human and mouse data that differ in several aspects, in this Cancer Immunology at the Crossroads article, we discuss the role of the three enzymes that have been proposed to control tryptophan catabolism in tumoral immune resistance: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2). Cancer Immunol Res; 3(9); 978–85. ©2015 AACR.
Gravity Wave Diagnostics and Characteristics in Mesoscale Fields
Authors: Kruse Christopher G. , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As numerical models of complex atmospheric flows increase their quality and resolution, it becomes valuable to isolate and quantify the embedded resolved gravity waves. The authors propose a spatial filtering method combined with a selection of quadratic diagnostic quantities such as heat, momentum, and energy fluxes to do this. These covariant quantities were found to be insensitive to filter cutoff length scales between 300 and 700 km, suggesting the existence of a “cospectral gap.” The gravity waves identified with the proposed method display known properties from idealized studies, including vertical propagation, upwind propagation, the relationship between momentum and energy flux, and agreement with fluxes derived from an alternative method involving simulations with and without terrain. The proposed method is applied to 2- and 6-km-resolution realistic WRF simulations of orographic and nonorographic gravity waves over and around New Zealand within complex frontal cyclones. Deep mountain wave, shallow mountain wave, jet-generated gravity wave, and convection-generated gravity wave events were chosen for analysis. The four wave events shared the characteristics of positive vertical energy flux, negative zonal momentum flux, and upwind horizontal energy flux. Two of the gravity wave events were dissipated nonlinearly.
Characterization and Modulation of Langmuir Circulation in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Scully Malcolm E. , Fisher Alexander W. , Suttles Steven E. , Sanford Lawrence P. , Boicourt William C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMeasurements made as part of a large-scale experiment to examine wind-driven circulation and mixing in Chesapeake Bay demonstrate that circulations consistent with Langmuir circulation play an important role in surface boundary layer dynamics. Under conditions when the turbulent Langmuir number Lat is low (<0.5), the surface mixed layer is characterized by 1) elevated vertical turbulent kinetic energy; 2) decreased anisotropy; 3) negative vertical velocity skewness indicative of strong/narrow downwelling and weak/broad upwelling; and 4) strong negative correlations between low-frequency vertical velocity and the velocity in the direction of wave propagation. These characteristics appear to be primarily the result of the vortex force associated with the surface wave field, but convection driven by a destabilizing heat flux is observed and appears to contribute significantly to the observed negative vertical velocity skewness.Conditions that favor convection usually also have strong Langmuir forcing, and these two processes probably both contribute to the surface mixed layer turbulence. Conditions in which traditional stress-driven turbulence is important are limited in this dataset. Unlike other shallow coastal systems where full water column Langmuir circulation has been observed, the salinity stratification in Chesapeake Bay is nearly always strong enough to prevent full-depth circulation from developing.
Standing Internal Tides in the Tasman Sea Observed by Gliders
Authors: Johnston T. M. Shaun , Rudnick Daniel L. , Kelly Samuel M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLow-mode internal tides are generated at tall submarine ridges, propagate across the open ocean with little attenuation, and reach distant continental slopes. A semidiurnal internal tide beam, identified in previous altimetric observations and modeling, emanates from the Macquarie Ridge, crosses the Tasman Sea, and impinges on the Tasmanian slope. Spatial surveys covering within 150 km of the slope by two autonomous underwater gliders with maximum profile depths of 500 and 1000 m show the steepest slope near 43°S reflects almost all of the incident energy flux to form a standing wave. Starting from the slope and moving offshore by one wavelength (~150 km), potential energy density displays an antinode–node–antinode–node structure, while kinetic energy density shows the opposite.Mission-mean mode-1 incident and reflected flux magnitudes are distinguished by treating each glider’s survey as an internal wave antenna for measuring amplitude, wavelength, and direction. Incident fluxes are 1.4 and 2.3 kW m−1 from the two missions, while reflected fluxes are 1.2 and 1.8 kW m−1. From one glider surveying the region of highest energy at the steepest slope, the reflectivity estimates are 0.8 and 1, if one considers the kinetic and potential energy densities separately. These results are in agreement with mode-1 reflectivity of 0.7–1 from a model in one horizontal dimension with realistic topography and stratification. The direction of the incident internal tides is consistent with altimetry and modeling, while the reflected tide is consistent with specular reflection from a straight coastline.
Assessment of FY-3A and FY-3B MWHS Observations
Authors: Chen Keyi , English Stephen , Bormann Niels , Zhu Jiang 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Fengyun-3 series of satellites (FY-3) began in May 2008 with the launch of FY-3A. The onboard Microwave Humidity Sounders (MWHSs) provide vertical information about water vapor, which is important for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The noise equivalent delta temperature (NEDT) of the MWHS is higher than that of the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) instrument (e.g., on board MetOp-B) but lower than that of the older AMSU-B instruments (on board NOAA-15, NOAA-16, and NOAA-17). Assimilation of MWHS observations into the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) improved the fit of short-range forecasts to other observations, notably MHS, and also slightly improved the longer-range forecast scores verified against analyses. Also, assimilating the MWHS on board both FY-3A and FY-3B gave a larger impact than either instrument alone. Furthermore, when MWHS and MHS were added separately to a baseline using neither, the impact of MWHS was found to be comparable to that of MHS. Consequently, ECMWF has been assimilating the FY-3B MWHS data in the operational forecasting system since 24 September 2014. This is the first operational use of Chinese polar-orbiting satellite data by an NWP center outside of China.
Is there pain with neuropathic characteristics in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? A cross-sectional study
Authors: Moisset Xavier , Cornut-Chauvinc Catherine , Clavelou Pierre , Pereira Bruno , Dallel Radhouane , Guy Nathalie 
Published: August 2015

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive debilitating and lethal disorder, characterized by degeneration of motor neurons that warrant palliative care. Pain is frequent in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and significantly impacts on quality of life. Aim: To describe pain and assess the prevalence of pain with neuropathic characteristics in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Design: Cross-sectional survey from March 2009 to October 2013. Setting/participants: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients underwent multidisciplinary assessment and completed questionnaires measuring the severity and impact of pain and anxiety. The Douleur Neuropathique–4 questionnaire was used to look for pain with neuropathic characteristics. Results: Of 96 clinical evaluations, 93 were usable for analysis (age at onset: 62 ± 12.5 years; disease duration: 34 ± 33 months). The overall pain prevalence was 66%, with 9% experiencing pain with neuropathic characteristics. Pain was most often located in the neck and shoulders (38% of pain patients). Neck and shoulder pain was associated with neck ( p = 0.04) and proximal upper limb muscular weakness ( p = 0.02), respectively. Pain was not associated with disease duration, respiratory or nutritional parameters, but with higher anxiety scores ( p = 0.01). Patients with neuropathic characteristics pain did not differ significantly from patients with or without pain, except that they had higher minimal pain intensity score ( p < 0.05). Neuropathic characteristics pain was frequently spontaneous (rarely evoked) and described as numbness, burning, electric shock, tingling, and pins-and-needle. Conclusion: Even if amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease of the motor system, pain is frequent and can rarely have neuropathic characteristics. Pain must be always sought and appropriately treated to limit quality of life impairment.
Restricted sedation and absence of cognitive impairments after administration of intranasal scopolamine
Authors: Weerts Aurélie P , Pattyn Nathalie , Putcha Lakshmi , Hoag Stephen W , Van Ombergen Angelique , Hallgren Emma , Van de Heyning Paul H , Wuyts Floris L 
Published: August 2015

Introduction: Space motion sickness in astronauts during spaceflight causes significant discomfort, which might impede their functionality. Pharmacological treatment has been mainly restricted to promethazine. Transdermal and oral scopolamine have also been used in space; however, their use was reduced due to unpredictable effectiveness and side effects. Recently, intranasal scopolamine administration has gained much interest, since this route ensures fast and reliable absorption with a decreased incidence of undesirable side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intranasal scopolamine on cognitive performance and to determine its side effects. Methods: This double-blind, placebo controlled, repeated measures study evaluated vigilant attention, short-term memory, implicit memory and working memory. Side effects were reported on a 22-item questionnaire and sleepiness was assessed by the Karolinska, Stanford and Epworth Sleepiness Scales. Results: Scopolamine had no effect on cognitive function. Only the Karolinska score was significantly increased for scopolamine compared to placebo. Participants reported a dry mouth and dizziness after receiving scopolamine. Discussion: Results show that intranasal scopolamine did not impair cognitive performance. Intranasal scopolamine might be a good alternative to promethazine for the alleviation of space motion sickness, since the agent has minimal sedative effects and does not hamper cognitive performance.
Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Management of Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Kweon Christopher , Gagnier Joel J. , Robbins Christopher B. , Bedi Asheesh , Carpenter James E. , Miller Bruce S. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Rotator cuff tears are a common shoulder disorder resulting in significant disability to patients and financial burden on the health care system. While both surgical and nonsurgical management are accepted treatment options, there is a paucity of data to support a treatment algorithm for care providers. Defining variables to guide treatment allocation may be important for patient education and counseling, as well as to deliver the most efficient care plan at the time of presentation. Purpose: To identify independent variables at the time of initial clinical presentation that are associated with preferred allocation to surgical versus nonsurgical management for patients with known full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 196 consecutive adult patients with known full-thickness rotator cuff tears were enrolled into a prospective cohort study. Robust data were collected for each subject at baseline, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), shoulder activity score, smoking status, size of cuff tear, duration of symptoms, functional comorbidity index, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index (WORC), and the Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12). Logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with treatment allocation, and the corresponding odds ratios were calculated. Results: Of the 196 patients enrolled, 112 underwent surgical intervention and 84 nonoperative management. With covariates controlled for, significant baseline patient characteristics predictive of eventual allocation to surgical treatment included younger age, lower BMI, and durations of symptoms less than 1 year. Increasing age, higher BMI, and duration of symptoms longer than 1 year were predictive of nonsurgical treatment. Factors that were not associated with treatment allocation included sex, tear size, functional comorbidity score, or any of the patient-derived outcome scores at presentation (ASES, WORC, VR-12, shoulder activity score). Conclusion: Patient demographics at the time of initial presentation for a symptomatic rotator cuff tear are more predictive of treatment allocation to a surgical or nonoperative approach than the patient-derived outcome scores for activity level and shoulder disability. Further study is warranted to help define appropriate indications for treatment allocation in patients with rotator cuff tears.
The Politics of Custom: Blood Money, Disputes, and Tribal Leadership in Western India
Authors: Bordia Devika 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this article I trace the events around a murder case in the regions inhabited by the Bhils in Southern Rajasthan. The manner in which the case is addressed reveals the intersection between panchayat (village councils), police and court practices. The case also demonstrates how everyday legal practices make visible political affiliations, loyalties, and associations among tribal leaders, and reveals shifts that have taken place in the local formations of power and authority.
Field comparison of tolerance of a collar containing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (Seresto) and a placebo collar placed on cats
Authors: Fink Heidi , Wennogle Sara , Davis Wendell L , Von Simson Cristiano , Lappin Michael R 
Published: August 2015

Objectives A collar containing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (Seresto; Bayer Animal Health) controls flea and tick infestations for 8 months and is effective in preventing transmission of Bartonella henselae and Cytauxzoon felis among cats. The purpose of this study was to compare tolerance of client-owned cats for the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar or a physically identical placebo collar. Methods A total of 96 client-owned cats were enrolled in the study. Cats that were systemically ill, of hairless breed or declawed in all four limbs were excluded. Cats were randomized by household to wear a placebo collar for 14 days followed by the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar for 14 days or the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar for 28 days. Examinations by a veterinarian were performed on days 0, 14 and 28. Owners recorded daily systemic and local health observations. Results All but two cats, including one that entrapped the mandible in the collar and one that developed local pyodermatitis (10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar), completed the 28 day study. The majority of the local lesions or licking associated with the collars occurred in the first 14 days, and licking (but not skin lesions) was more common in cats wearing the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collars. No local lesions were reported for placebo cats after switching to the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar, and only one cat wearing the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar had reports of licking after day 14. Housing status, single or multiple cat household, and whether a collar had been worn previously were not associated with side effects. Conclusions and relevance Adverse events detected for cats wearing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collars were similar to those for cats wearing placebo collars and to cats wearing identification collars in a separate study. The data suggest that most cats originally intolerant of collars become receptive over time.
Walking a fine line: Young people negotiate pornified heterosex
Authors: Mulholland Monique 
Published: August 2015

Heteronormal histories have been shaped by a recurring set of debates about what kinds of explicit sexual expression and representation are publicly allowed, structured by a form of line-drawing that sanctions certain forms of public heterosexual practice in popular culture and representation. While depictions of heterosexual activity in popular cultural representations are tolerated within certain parameters, and while such parameters around what is possible and acceptable have shifted over time in Anglophone discourses of sexuality, overtly pornographic depictions are consistently cast as a non-normative, deviant form of heterosexual expression. Over the past decade, the emergence of ‘pornified’ culture prompts us to ask new kinds of questions about heterosexual practice, pointing to some interesting transgressive potentials. What happens when a historically non-normative form of public sexual expression attains a measure of social acceptability? Does this challenge the historical signifiers of good heterosex? To explore these questions, this article draws on a study with young people aged 12–16 in South Australian schools who have some interesting things to say about the ‘explicit’ in public. They describe an alteration to the historical relegation of explicit porn sex to secret private spaces, and articulate how pornified culture works as moments for curious exploration: a fun, fleshy spectacle. However, in making this claim, I (and they) walk a careful line. The extent to which heterosexual porn can be a matter of ‘fun’ and experimentation is simultaneously moderated by historically persistent signifiers of classed and gendered respectability. While the repertoire for open acknowledgment of certain forms of play and pleasure may be opening up (perhaps disrupting existing orthodoxies of heteronormativity in some key ways), heteronormal conventions simultaneously constrain these possibilities.
Testing the Existence of a Green Contract
Authors: McGuire David , Germain Marie-Line 
Published: August 2015

The Problem Climate change has been identified as one of the most significant challenges of this generation. Yet, little is known about the reciprocal expectations that organizations and customers have in relation to environmental issues. Moreover, the field of human resource development (HRD) has done little to date to respond to environmental challenges. The Solution A set of four hypotheses were tested with a sample of 102 Scottish retail customers to examine some of the expectations customers have in relation to organizations. Three of the four hypotheses were proven indicating a strong correlation between levels of Customer Environmental Commitment/Action and Perceived Organizational Environmental Commitment/Action. The Stakeholders The research identifies an important educational role for HRD practitioners in improving the training and awareness of individuals in relation to environmental issues and the dissemination of positive environmental practices and innovative approaches. It postulates the existence of five variants of a “green contract,” which distinguishes different degrees of environmental commitment and behavior shown by both customers and organizations.
Synpolydactyly of the hand: a radiographic classification
Authors: Wall L. B. , Bae D. S. , Oishi S. N. , Calfee R. P. , Goldfarb C. A. 
Published: August 2015

Synpolydactyly is an uncommon congenital anomaly characterized by polydactyly with syndactyly in the central hand. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and assess the reliability of a radiographic classification system for synpolydactyly. We identified 56 hands with central synpolydactyly and developed a radiographic classification system that categorizes by the location within the hand, the bony level of polydactyly, and the presence of a delta phalanx. Four paediatric hand surgeons independently reviewed each radiograph to establish reliability. There was exact agreement among raters in 40 cases (71%). The inter-rater reliability was 0.97 and intra-rater reliability was at least 0.87. Seven of 16 bilateral cases had symmetric deformity classification. The most common presentations were types 1A and 2A. We present a new, reliable radiographic classification system for synpolydactyly that will allow improved communication between clinicians and serve as a foundation for future investigations. Level of Evidence: 2