bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
bioclim: the first species distribution modelling package, its early applications and relevance to most current MaxEnt studies
Authors: Booth Trevor H. , Nix Henry A. , Busby John R. , Hutchinson Michael F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimInterest in species distribution models (SDMs) and related niche studies has increased dramatically in recent years, with several books and reviews being prepared since 2000. The earliest SDM studies are dealt with only briefly even in the books. Consequently, many researchers are unaware of when the first SDM software package (bioclim) was developed and how a broad range of applications using the package was explored within the first 8 years following its release. The purpose of this study is to clarify these early developments and initial applications, as well as to highlight bioclim's continuing relevance to current studies.LocationMainly Australia and New Zealand, but also some global applications.MethodsWe outline the development of the bioclim package, early applications (1984–1991) and its current relevance.Resultsbioclim was the first SDM package to be widely used. Early applications explored many of the possible uses of SDMs in conservation biogeography, such as quantifying the environmental niche of species, identifying areas where a species might be invasive, assisting conservation planning and assessing the likely impacts of climate change on species distributions.Main conclusionsUnderstanding this pioneering work is worthwhile as bioclim was for many years one of the leading SDM packages and remains widely used. Climate interpolation methods developed for bioclim were used to create the WorldClim database, the most common source of climate data for SDM studies, and bioclim variables are used in about 76% of recent published MaxEnt analyses of terrestrial ecosystems. Also, some of the bioclim studies from the late 1980s, such as measuring niche (both realized and fundamental) and assessing possible impacts of climate change, are still highly relevant to key conservation biogeography issues.
China: Saviour or Challenger of the Dollar Hegemony?
Authors: Hung Ho‐fung 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSince the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary order in 1971, the US dollar has successfully maintained its global hegemony despite the US's declining share in the global economy, thanks largely to the US's political‐military supremacy. The recent rise of China poses a serious dilemma to the US. On the one hand, China's export‐oriented development has provided the US with low‐cost manufactured imports and cheap credit. On the other hand, the US's expanding current account deficit, largely attributable to China, has precipitated a crisis of confidence over the dollar's long‐term viability. This dilemma explains the US's vacillation in its currency conflict with China over the last decade. China has also been caught in a dilemma. While keeping its currency cheap could help sustain its export competitiveness, it would deepen China's dependence on the US market and Treasury bonds as an outlet for its expanding current account surplus. On the other hand, while a RMB revaluation would facilitate China's long overdue economic rebalancing and reduce its dependence on the US, the resulting unravelling of the long‐entrenched export‐oriented growth could generate large‐scale economic dislocation. No matter how this currency conflict is settled, its final resolution will determine the future of the dollar's global hegemony.
Globalization with Chinese Characteristics: Externalization, Dynamics and Transformations
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey , Appelbaum Richard P. , Ho Suet Ying 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a special issue on globalization ‘with Chinese characteristics’, but also makes its own contribution to the debates. It does so by focusing on the implications of China's rise for the nature and consequences of globalization as a distinct formation. It argues that globalization needs to be understood, in part, as the externalization of particular national forms of capitalism in particular historical periods. In this context, it explores the Chinese form in some detail, arguing that this form is likely to provide much of the initial character of a new, emergent version of globalization now in train. The ways China (and other ‘rising powers’) are beginning to impact other parts of the developing world presages the need for a new approach to the analysis of ‘development’. This article is critical of traditional discourses, and argues that innovation around the concept of ‘transformation’, including a focus on ‘conjunctures of critical transformation’, may lead to more appropriate and adequate analyses of development and open up those analyses more effectively to ‘non‐Western’ voices. The authors discuss the ‘vectors’ by which China's externalization is transforming the developing world. They mobilize arguments from the other articles in the special issue, in order both to introduce their contributions to the relevant debates and to use their arguments as materials for the particular contribution this article provides.
Clustering of cultural industries in Chinese cities
Authors: Ko Kwan Wai , Mok Kin Wai Patrick 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study is the first empirical research on understanding the determinants of the concentration of cultural industries (CIs) in cities in China. What factors of the urban environment are important for attracting the location of CIs? How is the development of CIs in a city influenced by its neighbouring cities and its early development? To answer these questions, three types of spatial panel models – the spatial lag model, the spatial error model and the spatial dynamic panel model – are employed using the urban statistics for China from 2003 to 2009. Human capital, diversified industrial structure and transportation and communication infrastructure are significant factors contributing to the development of CIs. The empirical findings reveal the presence of positive spatial spillovers among cities, which suggests that promoting CIs in one city benefits other cities. Also, the evidence suggests the presence of temporal spillovers, implying that the early concentration of CIs in a city tends to attract more CIs in that city.
Evaluation of rockfish conservation area networks in the United States and Canada relative to the dispersal distance for black rockfish (Sebastes melanops)
Authors: Lotterhos Katie E. , Dick Stefan J. , Haggarty Dana R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMarine reserves networks are implemented as a way to mitigate the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Theory suggests that a reserve network will function synergistically when connected by dispersal, but the scale of dispersal is often unknown. On the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada, both countries have recently implemented a number of rockfish conservation areas (RCAs) to protect exploited rockfish species, but no study has evaluated the connectivity within networks in each country or between the two countries. We used isolation‐by‐distance theory to estimate the scale of dispersal from microsatellite data in the black rockfish, Sebastes melanops, and compared this estimate with the distance between RCAs that would protect this species. Within each country, we found that the distance between RCAs was generally within the confidence intervals of mean dispersal per generation. The distance between these two RCA networks, however, was greater than the average dispersal per generation. The data were also consistent with a genetic break between southern Oregon and central Oregon. We discuss whether additional nearshore RCAs in southern Oregon and Washington would help promote connectivity between RCA's for shallow‐water rockfishes.
pH‐Dependent hydrolase, glutaminase, transpeptidase and autotranspeptidase activities of Bacillus subtilis γ‐glutamyltransferase
Authors: Morelli Carlo F. , Calvio Cinzia , Biagiotti Marco , Speranza Giovanna 
Published: November 2013

γ‐Glutamyltransferases (γ‐GTs) are heterodimeric enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a γ‐glutamyl group from a donor species to an acceptor molecule in a transpeptidation reaction through the formation of an intermediate γ‐glutamyl enzyme. In our search for a γ‐GT from a generally recognized as safe microorganism suitable for the production of γ‐glutamyl derivatives with flavor‐enhancing properties intended for human use, we cloned and overexpressed the γ‐GT from Bacillus subtilis. In this study, we report the behavior of B. subtilis γ‐GT in reactions involving glutamine as the donor compound and various acceptor amino acids. The common thread emerging from our results is a strong dependence of the hydrolase, transpeptidase and autotranspeptidase activities of B. subtilis γ‐GT on pH, also in relation to the pKa of the acceptor amino acids. Glutamine, commonly referred to as a poor acceptor molecule, undergoes rapid autotranspeptidation at elevated pH, affording oligomeric species, in which up to four γ‐glutamyl moieties are linked to a single glutamine. Moreover, we found that d‐glutamine is also recognized both as a donor and as an acceptor substrate. Our results prove that the B. subtilis γ‐GT‐catalyzed transpeptidation reaction is feasible, and the observed activities of γ‐GT from B. subtilis could be interpreted in relation to the known ability of the enzyme to process the polymeric material γ‐polyglutamic acid.
Characterization of a periplasmic nitrate reductase in complex with its biosynthetic chaperone
Authors: Dow Jennifer M. , Grahl Sabine , Ward Richard , Evans Rachael , Byron Olwyn , Norman David G. , Palmer Tracy , Sargent Frank 
Published: November 2013

Escherichia coli is a Gram‐negative bacterium that can use nitrate during anaerobic respiration. The catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase NapA contains two types of redox cofactor and is exported across the cytoplasmic membrane by the twin‐arginine protein transport pathway. NapD is a small cytoplasmic protein that is essential for the activity of the periplasmic nitrate reductase and binds tightly to the twin‐arginine signal peptide of NapA. Here we show, using spin labelling and EPR, that the isolated twin‐arginine signal peptide of NapA is structured in its unbound form and undergoes a small but significant conformational change upon interaction with NapD. In addition, a complex comprising the full‐length NapA protein and NapD could be isolated by engineering an affinity tag onto NapD only. Analytical ultracentrifugation demonstrated that the two proteins in the NapDA complex were present in a 1 : 1 molar ratio, and small angle X‐ray scattering analysis of the complex indicated that NapA was at least partially folded when bound by its NapD partner. A NapDA complex could not be isolated in the absence of the NapA Tat signal peptide. Taken together, this work indicates that the NapD chaperone binds primarily at the NapA signal peptide in this system and points towards a role for NapD in the insertion of the molybdenum cofactor.Structured digital abstract

NapD and NapA bind by x ray scattering (View interaction)

NapA and NapD physically interact by molecular sieving (View interaction)

NapA and NapD bind by electron paramagnetic resonance (View interaction)
GTP binding controls complex formation by the human ROCO protein MASL1
Authors: Dihanich Sybille , Civiero Laura , Manzoni Claudia , Mamais Adamantios , Bandopadhyay Rina , Greggio Elisa , Lewis Patrick A. 
Published: November 2013

The human ROCO proteins are a family of multi‐domain proteins sharing a conserved ROC‐COR supra‐domain. The family has four members: leucine‐rich repeat kinase 1 (LRRK1), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) and malignant fibrous histiocytoma amplified sequences with leucine‐rich tandem repeats 1 (MASL1). Previous studies of LRRK1/2 and DAPK1 have shown that the ROC (Ras of complex proteins) domain can bind and hydrolyse GTP, but the cellular consequences of this activity are still unclear. Here, the first biochemical characterization of MASL1 and the impact of GTP binding on MASL1 complex formation are reported. The results demonstrate that MASL1, similar to other ROCO proteins, can bind guanosine nucleotides via its ROC domain. Furthermore, MASL1 exists in two distinct cellular complexes associated with heat shock protein 60, and the formation of a low molecular weight pool of MASL1 is modulated by GTP binding. Finally, loss of GTP enhances MASL1 toxicity in cells. Taken together, these data point to a central role for the ROC/GTPase domain of MASL1 in the regulation of its cellular function.Structured digital abstract

HSP60 and MASL1 physically interact by molecular sieving (View interaction)

MASL1 physically interacts with HSP70 and HSP60 by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)

MASL1 physically interacts with HSP60 by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Structure and expression profile of the sucrose synthase gene family in the rubber tree: indicative of roles in stress response and sucrose utilization in the laticifers
Authors: Xiao Xiaohu , Tang Chaorong , Fang Yongjun , Yang Meng , Zhou Binhui , Qi Jiyan , Zhang Yi 
Published: November 2013

Sucrose synthase (Sus, EC 2.4.1.13) is widely recognized as a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism in plants. However, nothing is known about this gene family in Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree). Here, we identified six Sus genes in H. brasiliensis that comprise the entire Sus family in this species. Analysis of the gene structure and phylogeny of the Sus genes demonstrates evolutionary conservation in the Sus families across Hevea and other plant species. The expression of Sus genes was investigated via Solexa sequencing and quantitative PCR in various tissues, at various phases of leaf development, and under abiotic stresses and ethylene treatment. The Sus genes exhibited distinct but partially redundant expression profiles. Each tissue has one abundant Sus isoform, with HbSus3, 4 and 5 being the predominant isoforms in latex (cytoplasm of rubber‐producing laticifers), bark and root, respectively. HbSus1 and 6 were barely expressed in any tissue examined. In mature leaves (source), all HbSus genes were expressed at low levels, but HbSus3 and 4 were abundantly expressed in immature leaves (sink). Low temperature and drought treatments conspicuously induced HbSus5 expression in root and leaf, suggesting a role in stress responses. HbSus2 and 3 transcripts were decreased by ethylene treatment, consistent with the reduced sucrose‐synthesizing activity of Sus enzymes in the latex in response to ethylene stimulation. Our results are beneficial to further determination of functions for the Sus genes in Hevea trees, especially roles in regulating latex regeneration.
Interaction between four flavonoids and trypsin: effect on the characteristics of trypsin and antioxidant activity of flavonoids
Authors: Li Qiong , Wei Qingyi , Yuan Erdong , Yang Jiguo , Ning Zhengxiang 
Published: November 2013

SummaryInteraction of flavonoids and enzyme may affect characteristics and physiological activities of both components. In this study, the effects of the interaction between four flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin) and trypsin were examined. At the concentration of 2.7 mm, inhibition of trypsin (1.6 U mL−1) by quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin was 46.4%, 32.6%, 26.8% and 17.7%, respectively. In the presence of trypsin, DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were obviously inhibited. Addition of flavonoids led to fluorescence quenching of trypsin. The decreasing order of binding force between flavonoids and trypsin was quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin. It is concluded that the interaction between flavonoids and trypsin depends on the number and position of hydroxyl group of flavonoids.
N‐Ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea mutagenesis in the mouse provides strong genetic and in vivo evidence for the role of the Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) of CARD‐MAGUK1 in T regulatory cell development
Authors: Salisbury Emma M. , Wang Lihui , Choi Onjee , Rutschmann Sophie , Ashton‐Rickardt Philip G. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryNatural regulatory T (nTreg) cells generated in the thymus are essential throughout life for the maintenance of T‐cell homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. T‐cell receptor (TCR)/CD28‐mediated activation of nuclear factor‐κB and (J)un (N)‐terminal kinase pathways is known to play a key role in nTreg cell development but many of the predicted molecular interactions are based on extrapolations from non‐Treg cell TCR stimulation with non‐physiological ligands. For the first time, we provide strong genetic evidence of a scaffold function for the Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) of the TCR signalling protein CARD‐MAGUK1 (CARMA1) in nTreg cell development in vivo. We report two, new, N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea‐derived mutant mice, Vulpo and Zerda, with a profound block in the development of nTreg cells in the thymus as well as impaired inducible Treg cell differentiation in the periphery. Despite independent heritage, both mutants harbour different point mutations in the CARD of the CARMA1 protein. Mutations in vulpo and zerda do not affect expression levels of CARMA1 but still impair signalling through the TCR due to defective downstream Bcl‐10 recruitment by the mutated CARD of CARMA1. Phenotypic differences observed between Vulpo and Zerda mutants suggest a role for the CARD of CARMA1 independent of Bcl‐10 activation of downstream pathways. We conclude that our forward genetic approach demonstrates a critical role for the CARD function of CARMA1 in Treg cell development in vivo.
Protection against collagen‐induced arthritis in mice afforded by the parasitic worm product, ES‐62, is associated with restoration of the levels of interleukin‐10‐producing B cells and reduced plasma cell infiltration of the joints
Authors: Rodgers David T. , Pineda Miguel A. , McGrath Mairi A. , Al‐Riyami Lamyaa , Harnett William , Harnett Margaret M. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryWe have previously reported that ES‐62, a molecule secreted by the parasitic filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, protects mice from developing collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). Together with increasing evidence that worm infection may protect against autoimmune conditions, this raises the possibility that ES‐62 may have therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis and hence, it is important to fully understand its mechanism of action. To this end, we have established to date that ES‐62 protection in CIA is associated with suppressed T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 responses, reduced collagen‐specific IgG2a antibodies and increased interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) production by splenocytes. IL‐10‐producing regulatory B cells have been proposed to suppress pathogenic Th1/Th17 responses in CIA: interestingly therefore, although the levels of IL‐10‐producing B cells were decreased in the spleens of mice with CIA, ES‐62 was found to restore these to the levels found in naive mice. In addition, exposure to ES‐62 decreased effector B‐cell, particularly plasma cell, infiltration of the joints, and such infiltrating B cells showed dramatically reduced levels of Toll‐like receptor 4 and the activation markers, CD80 and CD86. Collectively, this induction of hyporesponsiveness of effector B‐cell responses, in the context of the resetting of the levels of IL‐10‐producing B cells, is suggestive of a modulation of the balance between effector and regulatory B‐cell responses that may contribute to ES‐62‐mediated suppression of CIA‐associated inflammation and inhibition of production of pathogenic collagen‐specific IgG2a antibodies.
Reflections on T. Berry Brazelton, MD's Influence on Pediatric Nursing
Authors: Stadtler Ann Coleman , Brandt Kristie A. , Novak Julie C. , Beauchesne Michelle A. 
Published: November 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to provide examples of Dr. Brazelton's important influence on pediatric nursing, and by extension, the work of child psychiatric mental health nurses, the care of children and families, and ultimately, the healthcare delivery system.SourcesDr. Brazelton's professional colleagues, research, professional journals, and books.ConclusionOver the past 40 years, T. Berry Brazelton has had a major impact on the development of pediatric nursing, infant mental health, and the nurse practitioner movement. He has influenced the growth and development of nursing organizations, nursing education, nursing research, nursing practice, and health policy affecting nurses.
The Role of the EU in Shaping FDI Flows to East Central Europe
Authors: Medve‐Bálint Gergő 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEast Central Europe's (ECE) recent record in accumulating FDI stock is notable even from a global perspective. While most scholarly works downplay the role of the European Union (EU) in this process, this article claims that in an attempt to manage the economic opportunities and threats that ECE posed after the regime change, the EU has actively shaped foreign capital inflows to the region. First, the EU triggered a liberal shift in ECE's FDI policies. Second, after enlargement, the EU has reinforced ECE's locational advantages through its practice of approving most of the incentive schemes offered to foreign investors. While investors mainly coming from the old EU Members began to dominate ECE economies, the region's heavy reliance on FDI has also produced a reverse effect: ECE investments have enhanced the global competitiveness of western European firms. To a certain extent, FDI has therefore transcended the traditional east–west divide.
EU Leverage and National Interests in the Balkans: The Puzzles of Enlargement Ten Years On
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEU enlargement continues in the Western Balkans in the 2010s because the underlying dynamics remain largely unchanged: EU Member States still see enlargement as a matter of national interest, bringing long‐term economic and geopolitical benefits. The risk of instability in the Western Balkans has made the dividends from the EU's ‘democratizing effect’ especially substantial. I argue that the enlargement process continues to have a ‘democratizing effect,’ as Western Balkans candidates and proto‐candidates respond to the incentives of EU membership: political parties have changed their agendas to make them EU‐compatible, and governments have implemented policy changes to move forward in the pre‐accession process. Yet the EU is taking on candidates with difficult initial conditions. I explore the changes the EU has made in order to exercise its leverage more effectively in the Western Balkans and check whether these helped overcome the pre‐accession process' earlier problems with expertise, consistency and legitimacy.
Labour Migration from Eastern Europe and the EU's Quest for Talents
Authors: Danzer Alexander M. , Dietz Barbara 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the determinants of temporary migration and the destination choices of migrants from a geopolitically important region in eastern Europe that borders Russia and the enlarged EU. We present empirical evidence from a novel survey simultaneously conducted in Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, five countries that share a common institutional and linguistic heritage with Russia. Temporary migrants from eastern Europe are less well educated than non‐migrants. While the least educated migrants head for Russia, the higher educated move to the EU and the best educated to overseas destinations. According to unique information on pre‐migration training courses, a non‐negligible fraction of eastern European migrants to the EU is well‐equipped with language skills and qualifications. However, since many labour migrants suffer from occupational downgrading or skill waste in the destination, the EU seems to fail in fully benefiting from the potential of eastern European migration despite the geographic proximity.