bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crushing analysis and crashworthiness optimization design of reinforced regular hexagon honeycomb sandwich panel
Authors: He Qiang , Ma Dawei , Zhang Zhendong , Yao Lin 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Honeycomb sandwich panels (HSP) have exhibited significant advantages in light weight and energy absorption, and they have been widely applied in the automotive, aerospace, transportation and defense industries. Rather than restating details of the existing standard regular hexagon HSP (R0-HSP), this paper introduces single-rib reinforced regular hexagon HSP (R1-HSP) and double-rib reinforced regular hexagon HSP (R2-HSP). The mechanical characteristics of these three structures are first investigated by series full-scale elaborator models through LS-DYNA. It is found that the R1-HSP has the best crashworthiness performance under axial impact regarding specific energy absorption per unit (SEAm and SEAv) when the peak crashing stress (σ
peak) is less important. Secondly, the thickness matching effect between stiffener and cell wall is analyzed with equivalent apparent density index to evaluate the contribution of the change of deformation model to the general mechanical properties. Consequently, stiffener thickness of 2.0 times and 1.5 times that of cell wall are found to be the most optimal options for R1-HSP and R2-HSP, respectively. To optimize the crashworthiness of the R1-HSP, optimal Latin hypercube design method is used for selection of sampling design points in the design space. And in the meantime, an accurate surrogate modeling method, or more specifically named as response surface method, is adopted to formulate the SEAm, SEAv and σ
peak functions. The results yielded from the optimization indicate that the R1-HSP is superior to R0-HSP both in SEAm and SEAv under the same limitation of σ
peak. This research is significant in providing technical support in the extended applications of different HSPs used as crashworthiness structures, and it has essential reference value in low volume and low mass energy absorber design.
The Causal Meaning of Genomic Predictors and How It Affects Construction and Comparison of Genome-Enabled Selection Models
Authors: Valente Bruno D , Morota Gota , Peñagaricano Francisco , Gianola Daniel , Weigel Kent , Rosa Guilherme J M 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The term “effect” in additive genetic effect suggests a causal meaning. However, inferences of such quantities for selection purposes are typically viewed and conducted as a prediction task. Predictive ability as tested by cross-validation is currently the most acceptable criterion for comparing models and evaluating new methodologies. Nevertheless, it does not directly indicate if predictors reflect causal effects. Such evaluations would require causal inference methods that are not typical in genomic prediction for selection. This suggests that the usual approach to infer genetic effects contradicts the label of the quantity inferred. Here we investigate if genomic predictors for selection should be treated as standard predictors or if they must reflect a causal effect to be useful, requiring causal inference methods. Conducting the analysis as a prediction or as a causal inference task affects, for example, how covariates of the regression model are chosen, which may heavily affect the magnitude of genomic predictors and therefore selection decisions. We demonstrate that selection requires learning causal genetic effects. However, genomic predictors from some models might capture noncausal signal, providing good predictive ability but poorly representing true genetic effects. Simulated examples are used to show that aiming for predictive ability may lead to poor modeling decisions, while causal inference approaches may guide the construction of regression models that better infer the target genetic effect even when they underperform in cross-validation tests. In conclusion, genomic selection models should be constructed to aim primarily for identifiability of causal genetic effects, not for predictive ability.
Role of Transition Metal-Hydroxide (M-OHx , M=Mn, Fe, Ni, Co) Co-catalyst Loading : Efficiency and Stability of CdS Photoanode
Authors: Pareek Alka , Paik Pradip , Borse Pramod H. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work we have synthesized the colloidal particles of transition metal-hydroxide (M= Ni, Co, Mn, Fe) by a simple chemical precipitation method. The surface of spray deposited CdS thin films were modified using nano-colloids to utlize them as water oxidation catalysts (WOC) for the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC). A systematic comparison of the PEC performance of modified and unmodified film is carried out to understand the role of co-catalyst. Ni(OH)2 modification yields 3.4 times higher photocurrent density than bare CdS photoanode, and exhibits hydrogen-evolution rate of 600 μmol/hr. Fe(OH)2 modified film shows best stability of 8 hours as compared to the others.
An overview of the Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and the Australia-US Institute for Advanced Photovoltaics
Authors: Corkish Richard , Green Martin A. , Blakers Andrew W. , Burn Paul L. , Cheng Yi-Bing , Egan Renate , Ghiggino Kenneth P. , Meredith Paul , Scholes Fiona H. , Wilson Gerry 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP) co-ordinates the activities of the six Australian research institutions and a group of industrial partners in the Australia-US Institute for Advanced Photovoltaics (AUSIAPV) to develop the next generations of photovoltaic device technology and to provide a pipeline of opportunities for performance increase and cost reduction. AUSIAPV links ACAP with US-based partners. These national and international research collaborations provide a pathway for highly visible, structured photovoltaic research collaboration between Australian and US researchers, institutes and agencies with significant joint programs based on the clear synergies between the participating organizations. The research program is organized in five collaborative Program Packages (PPs). PP1 deals with silicon wafer-based cells, focusing on three main areas: cells from solar grade silicon, rear contact and silicon-based tandem cells. PP2 involves research into a range of organic solar cells, organic/inorganic hybrid cells, "earth abundant" thin-film materials and "third generation" approaches. PP3 is concerned with optics and characterization. PP4 will deliver a substantiated methodology for assessing manufacturing costs of the different technologies and PP5 involves education, training and outreach. The main research topics, results and plans for the future are presented.
Defining Breast Cancer Intrinsic Subtypes by Quantitative Receptor Expression
Authors: Cheang Maggie C.U. , Martin Miguel , Nielsen Torsten O. , Prat Aleix , Voduc David , Rodriguez-Lescure Alvaro , Ruiz Amparo , Chia Stephen , Shepherd Lois , Ruiz-Borrego Manuel , Calvo Lourdes , Alba Emilio , Carrasco Eva , Caballero Rosalia , Tu Dongsheng , Pritchard Kathleen I. , Levine Mark N. , Bramwell Vivien H. , Parker Joel , Bernard Philip S. , Ellis Matthew J. , Perou Charles M. , Di Leo Angelo , Carey Lisa A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurpose.To determine intrinsic breast cancer subtypes represented within categories defined by quantitative hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 expression.Methods.We merged 1,557 cases from three randomized phase III trials into a single data set. These breast tumors were centrally reviewed in each trial for quantitative ER, PR, and HER2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain and by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), with intrinsic subtyping by research-based PAM50 RT-qPCR assay.Results.Among 283 HER2-negative tumors with &lt;1% HR expression by IHC, 207 (73%) were basal-like; other subtypes, particularly HER2-enriched (48, 17%), were present. Among the 1,298 HER2-negative tumors, borderline HR (1%–9% staining) was uncommon (n = 39), and these tumors were heterogeneous: 17 (44%) luminal A/B, 12 (31%) HER2-enriched, and only 7 (18%) basal-like. Including them in the definition of triple-negative breast cancer significantly diminished enrichment for basal-like cancer (p &lt; .05). Among 106 HER2-positive tumors with &lt;1% HR expression by IHC, the HER2-enriched subtype was the most frequent (87, 82%), whereas among 127 HER2-positive tumors with strong HR (&gt;10%) expression, only 69 (54%) were HER2-enriched and 55 (43%) were luminal (39 luminal B, 16 luminal A). Quantitative HR expression by RT-qPCR gave similar results. Regardless of methodology, basal-like cases seldom expressed ER/ESR1 or PR/PGR and were associated with the lowest expression level of HER2/ERBB2 relative to other subtypes.Conclusion.Significant discordance remains between clinical assay-defined subsets and intrinsic subtype. For identifying basal-like breast cancer, the optimal HR IHC cut point was &lt;1%, matching the American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists guidelines. Tumors with borderline HR staining are molecularly diverse and may require additional assays to clarify underlying biology.
Evaluation of Genotoxic Potential of Waters from Two Italian Rivers in Gammarus elvirae (Amphipoda)
Authors: Ronci Lucilla , Iannilli Valentina , De Matthaeis Elvira , Di Donato Giovanna , Setini Andrea 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present work is to evaluate the genotoxic impact of contaminants along the whole course of Ninfa‐Sisto and Amaseno (Latium, Italy) rivers. The authors performed the alkaline Comet assay to assess DNA damage in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus elvirae, exposed ex situ for 24 hours and 7 days to water collected at different sites. The assay, applied on haemocytes, provides a sensitive tool to reveal effects even at low concentrations of pollutants. The results indicate significant increase of DNA damage along the course of the two rivers, compared to the unpolluted upstream sites, even if the analytes do not exceed the permissible limits. Moreover, the results show that there is not a linear correlation between the concentration of analytes and DNA damage. Based on this study's results, it would be desirable to use Comet assay, on proposed test species, as an early warning method to detect genotoxic potential of waters.
Reduction of Biological Sludge Production Applying an Alternating Oxic/anoxic Process in Water Line
Authors: Eusebi Anna Laura , Panigutti Maximiliano , Battistoni Paolo 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT: Alternating oxic/anoxic process, applied for the main objective of the improvement of nitrogen performances, was studied in terms of secondary effect of biomass reduction. The process was carried out in one real water resource recovery facility and the data were compared with the previous conventional period when a conventional process was adopted. The main mechanism of the process for the sludge minimization is recognized in the metabolic uncoupling. In fact, an increase of the specific oxygen uptake rate in the biological reactor was recorded stimulated by the change of the oxidation reduction potential environment. Moreover, the heterotrophic growth yield was measured equal to 0.385 kgVSS/kgCOD. The global percentage of reduction was tested with the mass balance of solids. The process is able to decrease the observed sludge yield up to 20%. The specific energy consumption was evaluated.
Stability of hemostatic proteins in canine fresh-frozen plasma thawed with a modified commercial microwave warmer or warm water bath
Authors: Pashmakova Medora B. , Barr James W. , Bishop Micah A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare stability of hemostatic proteins in canine fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) thawed with a modified commercial microwave warmer (MCM) or warm water bath (37°C; WWB) or at room temperature (22°C).
SAMPLE Fresh-frozen plasma obtained from 8 canine donors of a commercial blood bank.
PROCEDURES A commercial microwave warmer was modified with a thermocouple to measure surface temperature of bags containing plasma. The MCM and a WWB were each used to concurrently thaw a 60-mL bag of plasma obtained from the same donor. Two 3-mL control aliquots of FFP from each donor were thawed to room temperature without use of a heating device. Concentrations of hemostatic proteins, albumin, and D-dimers; prothrombin time (PT); and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were determined for all samples.
RESULTS Significant decreases in concentrations of factors II, IX, X, XI, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, antithrombin, protein C, and albumin and significant increases in PT and aPTT were detected for plasma thawed with the MCM, compared with results for samples thawed with the WWB. Concentrations of factors VII, VIII, and XII were not significantly different between plasma thawed with the MCM and WWB. Concentrations of D-dimers were above the reference range for all thawed samples regardless of thawing method. No significant differences in factor concentrations were detected between control and WWB-thawed samples.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Significant differences in hemostatic protein concentrations and coagulation times were detected for plasma thawed with an MCM but not between control and WWB-thawed samples. Clinical importance of these changes should be investigated.
Ultrasonographic detection of early atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of horses
Authors: Chalmers Heather J. , Viel Laurent , Caswell Jeff L. , Ducharme Norm 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the ultrasonographic changes in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) and cricoarytenoideus lateralis (CAL) muscles of horses before and at various times during the 32 weeks after unilateral neurectomy of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.
ANIMALS 28 healthy Standardbreds.
PROCEDURES For each horse, the appearance of the CAD and CAL muscles on the right (neurectomized) and left (control) sides was serially monitored ultrasonographically by percutaneous (CAD and CAL) and transesophageal (CAD) approaches. The ultrasonographic images were assessed to determine the mean pixel intensity, muscle thickness, and appearance grade, and comparisons were made between the muscles of the neurectomized and control sides.
RESULTS The muscle appearance grade and mean pixel intensity for the CAL and CAD muscles on the neurectomized side were significantly increased by 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, after the neurectomy. The transesophageal approach enhanced the ultrasonographic visibility of the CAD muscle and allowed us to detect a significant decrease in the thickness of the CAD muscle on the neurectomized side over time, compared with thickness of the CAD muscle on the control side.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested ultrasonography can be used to successfully assess the CAL and CAD muscles of horses. A qualitative grading scheme was sufficient for successful detection and monitoring of muscle atrophy and reduced the need for image standardization. The transesophageal approach described for assessment of the CAD muscle warrants further investigation.
The dust characteristics in the collisional plasma sheath at the presence of external magnetic field
Authors: Shourkaei H. Akbarian 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The characteristics of dust in a plasma sheath are investigated in the presence of an external magnetic field and taking into account neutral collision forces. By using the fluid model, the continuity and momentum equations of ions and dusts are solved numerically with various magnitudes of collision force. In various magnitude and directions of the magnetic field, the electron and ion density distribution, ion flow velocity, electron potential have been calculated. It is shown that magnetic field has obvious effect on the plasma sheath and the collision force reduces the dust kinetic energy.
Development of gamma spectroscopy employing NaI(Tl) detector 3 inch × 3 inch and readout electronic of flash-ADC/FPGA-based technology
Authors: Hai Vo Hong , Hung Nguyen Quoc , Khai Bui Tuan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this article the development of a gamma spectroscopy system is described using a scintillation detector NaI(Tl) of 3 inch × 3 inch. The readout electronic for the spectroscopy is built from the fast analog-digital conversion of Flash Analog-Digital Converter (Flash-ADC) 250 MHz – 8 bits resolution, and the embedded Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. The embedded VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code for FPGA is built in such a way that it works as a multi channel analyser (MCA) with 4096 Digital Charge Integration (DCI) channels. A pulse generator with frequency varying from Hz up to 12 kHz is used to evaluate the time response of the system. Two standard radioisotope sources of 133Ba and 152Eu with multi gamma energies ranging from several tens keV to MeV are used to evaluate the linearity and energy resolution of the system.
The combined microscopic-endoscopic technique for radical resection of cerebellopontine angle tumors
Authors: Abolfotoh Mohammad , Bi Wenya Linda , Hong Chang-Ki , Almefty Kaith K. , Boskovitz Abraham , Dunn Ian F. , Al-Mefty Ossama 
Published: April 2015

OBJECT
The combined microscopic and endoscopic technique has shown significant advantages in the management of various lesions through different approaches. Endoscopic-assisted techniques have frequently been applied to cerebellopontine angle (CPA) surgery in the context of minimally invasive craniotomies. In this paper the authors report on the use of the endoscope in the CPA as a tool to increase the extent of resection, minimize complications, and preserve the function of the delicate CPA structures. They also describe a technique of the simultaneous use of the microscope and endoscope in the CPA and dissection of CPA tumors under tandem endoscopic and microscopic vision to overcome the shortcomings of introducing the endoscope alone in the CPA. The reliability of using the microscope alone in dissecting CPA tumors is evaluated, as is the effectiveness of the combined technique in increasing the resectability of various types of CPA tumors.

METHODS
The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 50 patients who underwent combined microscopic-endoscopic resection of CPA tumors by the senior author over a period of 3 years (February 2011 to February 2014) at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. The reliability of the extent of microscopic removal was evaluated with endoscopic exploration. Additional resection was performed with both microscopic and the combined microscopic-endoscopic technique. Endoscopically verified total resection was validated by intraoperative or postoperative MRI. The function of the cranial nerves was evaluated to assess the impact of the combined technique on their function.

RESULTS
A tumor remnant was endoscopically identified in 69% of the 26 patients who were believed to have microscopic total resection. The utilization of the endoscopic visualization and dissection increased endoscopically verified total removal to 38 patients, and 82% of these patients had no sign of residual tumor on postoperative imaging. The technique was most effective with epidermoid tumors. There were a total of 17 new cranial nerve deficits in 10 patients. Preoperative fifth cranial nerve deficits improved in 52% and hearing improved in 29% of patients after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
This method provides simultaneous microscopic and endoscopic visualization and dissection techniques through skull-base approaches to CPA tumors. It overcomes some of the shortcomings of endoscopic-assisted surgery, further extends the surgical field, and increases the radicality of tumor resection with good functional outcomes.
Reversible occlusion of donor vessel caused by mouth opening after superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery anastomosis in adult moyamoya patients
Authors: Katsuta Toshiro , Abe Hiroshi , Miki Koichi , Inoue Tooru 
Published: April 2015

OBJECT
The authors experienced an intriguing phenomenon in 2 adult patients with moyamoya disease. Mouth opening caused reversible occlusion of the donor superficial temporal artery (STA), and the patients exhibited transient cerebral ischemic symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of such occlusion and the mechanism of this phenomenon.

METHODS
Twelve consecutive adult patients with moyamoya disease (15 affected sides) who underwent STA–middle cerebral artery anastomosis were included in this study. Ultrasound examination was performed more than 3 months postoperatively to determine whether mouth opening affected blood flow of the donor STA and led to any ischemic symptoms within 1 minute. Computed tomography angiography was performed during both mouth opening and mouth closing, when blood flow changes of the donor STA were recognized.

RESULTS
Under wide mouth opening, steno-occlusion of the donor STA occurred in 5 of 15 sides (33.3%). On 1 side (6.7%), complete occlusion induced ischemic symptoms. Steno-occlusion occurred by at least 2 mechanisms: either the stretched temporalis muscle pushed the donor STA against the edge of the bone window, or the redundant donor STA kinked when the muscle was stretched.

CONCLUSIONS
Even with temporary occlusion of the donor STA, ischemic symptoms seem to rarely occur. However, to avoid the “big bite ischemic phenomenon,” the authors recommend securing a sufficient distance between the donor STA and the edge of the bone window and avoiding a redundant course of the donor STA within the muscle layer.
Anatomy of the subthalamic nucleus, with correlation of deep brain stimulation [RETRACTED]
Authors: Akakın Akın , Yılmaz Baran , Kılıç Türker , Rhoton Albert L. 
Published: April 2015

OBJECT
The goal in this study was to examine the cadaveric anatomy of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and to analyze the implications of the findings for deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery.

METHODS
Five formalin-fixed human cerebrums were dissected using the Klingler fiber dissection technique. Digital photographs of the dissections were fused to obtain an anaglyphic image.

RESULTS
The STN was located posteroinferior to the anterior corticospinal fibers, posterosuperior to the substantia nigra, and anteromedial to the red nucleus, lenticular fasciculus, and thalamic fasciculus. The subthalamic region is ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule, and lateral and caudal to the hypothalamus. The nuclei found within the subthalamic region include the STN. The relationship between the STN and surrounding structures, which are not delineated sharply, is described.

CONCLUSIONS
The fiber dissection technique supports the presence of the subthalamic region as an integrative network in humans and offers the potential to aid in understanding the impacts of DBS surgery of the STN in patients with Parkinson disease. Further research is needed to define the exact role of the STN in the integrative process.