bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compact thermally actuated latching MEMS switch with large contact force
Authors: Dellaert D. , Doutreloigne J. 
Published: December 2014

A novel latching microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch is reported, which uses a compact configuration of thermal actuators. In the proposed latching mechanism, the necessary displacement of one of the contacts can be reduced, allowing the use of a linear thermal actuator. This linear actuator together with a V‐shaped actuator can be aligned next to each other, requiring less area than the classical latching switch design. Another advantage of the proposed design is the high contact force of 1.33 mN, ensuring a stable contact resistance. The latching switch was fabricated in the Metal multi‐user MEMS processes (MUMPs) technology and its functionality was successfully tested. In the latched state, a switch resistance of 0.6 Ω was measured.
Associations between the frequency of cycling and domains of quality of life
Authors: Crane Melanie , Rissel Chris , Standen Christopher , Greaves Stephen 
Published: December 2014

Issue addressedThis study examined the association between domains of quality of life (QoL) and the frequency of cycling by men and women.MethodA cross‐sectional survey of 846 healthy adults in Sydney, Australia measured cycling behaviour and self‐reported QoL. Participants were aged 18–55 years and were living within 5 km of the centre. Cycling frequency for all purposes was recorded as weekly, less than weekly or never cycling. QoL was measured using the four QoL domains of the WHOQOL‐BREF: physical psychological, social and environment. Linear regression was used to assess the association between cycling and QoL.ResultsAmong men, at least weekly cycling was associated with physical QoL (P = 0.002) and any cycling was positively associated with psychological wellbeing (at least weekly P = 0.01, less than weekly P = 0.01) after adjusting for age, education and income. No significant associations were observed for women.ConclusionFrequent cycling was associated with higher physical and psychological QoL in men, but not among women in this sample. No relationship was observed between cycling and the environment and social QoL domains.So what?These findings suggest that cycling offers physical and psychological QoL benefits for men.
Method of determining the optimal dilution ratio for fluorescence fingerprint of food constituents
Authors: Trivittayasil Vipavee , Tsuta Mizuki , Kokawa Mito , Yoshimura Masatoshi , Sugiyama Junichi , Fujita Kaori , Shibata Mario 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Quantitative determination by fluorescence spectroscopy is possible because of the linear relationship between the intensity of emitted fluorescence and the fluorophore concentration. However, concentration quenching may cause the relationship to become nonlinear, and thus, the optimal dilution ratio has to be determined. In the case of fluorescence fingerprint (FF) measurement, fluorescence is measured under multiple wavelength conditions and a method of determining the optimal dilution ratio for multivariate data such as FFs has not been reported. In this study, the FFs of mixed solutions of tryptophan and epicatechin of different concentrations and composition ratios were measured. Principal component analysis was applied, and the resulting loading plots were found to contain useful information about each constituent. The optimal concentration ranges could be determined by identifying the linear region of the PC score plotted against total concentration.
The ppuI-rsaL-ppuR quorum-sensing system regulates cellular motility, pectate lyase activity, and virulence in potato opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas sp. StFLB209
Authors: Kato Taro , Morohoshi Tomohiro , Someya Nobutaka , Ikeda Tsukasa 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. StFLB209 was isolated from potato leaf as an N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-producing bacterium and showed a close phylogenetic relationship with P. cichorii, a known plant pathogen. Although there are no reports of potato disease caused by pseudomonads in Japan, StFLB209 was pathogenic to potato leaf. In this study, we reveal the complete genome sequence of StFLB209, and show that the strain possesses a ppuI-rsaL-ppuR quorum-sensing system, the sequence of which shares a high similarity with that of Pseudomonas putida. Disruption of ppuI results in a loss of AHL production as well as remarkable reduction in motility. StFLB209 possesses strong pectate lyase activity and causes maceration on potato tuber and leaf, which was slightly reduced in the ppuI mutant. These results suggest that the quorum-sensing system is well conserved between StFLB209 and P. putida and that the system is essential for motility, full pectate lyase activity, and virulence in StFLB209.
America’s New Racial/Ethnic Diversity
Authors: Lee Jennifer , Bean Frank D. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The United States is more racially/ethnically diverse than at any point in the country’s history as a result of immigration, intermarriage, and multiracial identification. The Latino and Asian populations have more than tripled in size since 1970; Latinos are now the largest racial/ethnic minority group, and Asians, the fastest growing group in the country. Also contributing to America’s new diversity is increasing intermarriage and a growing multiracial population. Intermarriage soared more than twenty-fold between 1960 and 2000, and the multiracial population is poised to account for one in five Americans by 2050, and one in three by 2100. However, this new diversity is not evenly apparent across the country. Some states—like California—reflect the new diversity, which is also evident at the metropolitan level. In other states, the new diversity is nearly invisible. The pattern of high and low diversity in the United States reflects the country’s vast heterogeneity.
Applications of Neuroscience to Mathematics Education
Authors: De Smedt Bert , Grabner Roland H. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore three types of applications of neuroscience to mathematics education: neurounderstanding, neuroprediction, and neurointervention. Neurounderstanding refers to the idea that neuroscience is generating knowledge on how people acquire mathematical skills and how this learning is reflected at the biological level. Such knowledge might yield a better understanding of the typical and atypical development of school-taught mathematical competencies. Neuroprediction deals with the potential of neuroimaging data to predict future mathematical skill acquisition and response to educational interventions. In neurointervention, we discuss how brain imaging data have been used to ground interventions targeted at mathematics learning and how education shapes the neural circuitry that underlies school-taught mathematics. We additionally elaborate on recently developed neurophysiological interventions that have been shown to affect mathematical learning. While these applications offer exciting opportunities for mathematics education, some potential caveats should be considered, which are discussed at the end of this chapter.
Information Structure and the Landscape of (Non-)at-issue Meaning
Authors: Horn Laurence R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article examines cases that illustrate the relation of information structure to truth-conditional semantics, grammatical form, and assertoric force. Before discussing the interaction between information structure and (non-)at-issue meaning, it considers the nature of information and what constitutes information. It then looks at two aspects of the common ground, common ground (CG) content and CG management, as well as the criteria of category membership. The article also explores the varying degrees of at-issueness, the role of rhetorical opposition and but clauses, as well as the variable strength of at-issue content. The landscape of non-at-issue meaning is presented, and the distinction between conventional implicature and assertorically inert entailments is highlighted using a range of distributional diagnostics. The article concludes by analysing the relation between structural focus and exhaustivity using the semantic and pragmatic approaches.
Medical Management of Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Reddy Cara Camiolo , Huie Henry N. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Concussion in sports can result in somatic, cognitive, sleep-related, and emotional symptoms. Although the majority of athletes recover within days to weeks, some concussed patients develop longer lasting symptoms, consistent with a postconcussive syndrome (PCS), that can be disabling and limit sport participation. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, individualized treatment plans should include patient education, physical and cognitive rest, appropriate therapies, close monitoring, and medical management of symptoms. This chapter provides recommendations for the medical management of sport-related concussion.
Effort, Invalid Performance, and the Evaluation of Sports-Related Concussion
Authors: Bailey Christopher M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter reviews the identification and management of poor effort and invalid performance on sports-related concussion testing. Included in the review is a discussion about how invalid performance and poor effort can obscure cognitive deficits following concussion, the factors associated with invalid performance, as well as the specific methods for the identification of invalid performance and a review of relevant literature associated with those methods. Finally, recommendations for clinical practice at both baseline and during postconcussion testing are provided.
Conservation Criminology, Environmental Crime, and Risk
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F. , Gibbs Carole 
Published: December 2014

AbstractConservation criminology emerges from the environmental movement and the development of green criminology as a subfield within criminology. Conservation criminology builds on this foundation and calls for interdisciplinary theory and methods for addressing legally defined harms as well as risks to human health, wildlife, ecosystems, and the environment. Conservation criminology complements and contributes to the green criminology perspective by integrating theory and methods drawn from criminology, natural resource management, and risk and decision sciences. This essay reviews the development of green and conservation criminology and compares and contrasts the perspectives. The essay then applies these perspectives to the issue of climate change. Conservation criminology, grounded in criminology, natural resource management, and risk perception and decision making, offers systematic tools for assessing and characterizing harm; analyzing risks; weighing costs and benefits; integrating and balancing technical, scientific, and lay perspectives; and informing governance at local and global levels.
Evaluation of a Novel Transfusion Algorithm Employing Point-of-care Coagulation Assays in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Karkouti Keyvan , McCluskey Stuart A. , Callum Jeannie , Freedman John , Selby Rita , Timoumi Tarik , Roy Debashis , Rao Vivek 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract
Institution of a practical point-of-care-based transfusion algorithm in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with a statistically and clinically significant reduction in blood component transfusion.

Background:
Cardiac surgery requiring the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is frequently complicated by coagulopathic bleeding that, largely due to the shortcomings of conventional coagulation tests, is difficult to manage. This study evaluated a novel transfusion algorithm that uses point-of-care coagulation testing.

Methods:
Consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery with bypass at one hospital before (January 1, 2012 to January 6, 2013) and after (January 7, 2013 to December 13, 2013) institution of an algorithm that used the results of point-of-care testing (ROTEM®; Tem International GmBH, Munich, Germany; Plateletworks®; Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX) during bypass to guide management of coagulopathy were included. Pre- and postalgorithm outcomes were compared using interrupted time-series analysis to control for secular time trends and other confounders.

Results:
Pre- and postalgorithm groups included 1,311 and 1,170 patients, respectively. Transfusion rates for all blood products (except for cryoprecipitate, which did not change) were decreased after algorithm institution. After controlling for secular pre- and postalgorithm time trends and potential confounders, the posttransfusion odds ratios (95% CIs) for erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma were 0.50 (0.32 to 0.77), 0.22 (0.13 to 0.37), and 0.20 (0.12 to 0.34), respectively. There were no indications that the algorithm worsened any of the measured processes of care or outcomes.

Conclusions:
Institution of a transfusion algorithm based on point-of-care testing was associated with reduced transfusions. This suggests that the algorithm could improve the management of the many patients who develop coagulopathic bleeding after cardiac surgery. The generalizability of the findings needs to be confirmed.
Performance of ultrasound as a second line test to serum CA125 in ovarian cancer screening
Authors: Menon Usha , Talaat Ahmed , Rosenthal Adam N. , Macdonald Nicola D. , Jeyerajah Arjun R. , Skates Steven J. , Sibley Karen , Oram David H. , Jacobs Ian J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the performance of ultrasonography in a multimodal ovarian cancer screening strategy.DesignProspective ovarian cancer screening trial between December 1986 and June 1993.SettingGeneral practice, occupational health departments and an ovarian cancer screening clinic at a London teaching hospital.PopulationPostmenopausal women, ≥ 45 years with a raised CA125.MethodsVolunteers with a CA125 ≥ 30 U/mL underwent a pelvic ultrasound. Scans were classified as normal, abnormal (ovarian volume ≥ 8·8 mL) or equivocal (normal volume with abnormal morphology). Abnormal ovarian morphology was subclassified as simple cyst (single, thin walled cyst with no septa or papillary projections) or complex (all other abnormalities). Volunteers with abnormal scans were referred for a gynaecological opinion. Follow up was via the cancer registry and postal questionnaires.Main outcome measuresSensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of different ultrasound criteria for detection of index cancer (e.g. primary invasive epithelial carcinoma of the ovary and fallopian tube).ResultsSeven hundred and forty‐one women underwent 1219 scans and 20 index cancers occurred during a median follow up of 6·8 years. The sensitivity for detection of ovarian cancer of different ultrasound criteria was 100% for abnormal morphology, 89·5% for abnormal volume and 84% for complex morphology. The highest specificity (97%) and positive predictive value (37·2%) was achieved using complex morphology.ConclusionA variety of ultrasound criteria can achieve high sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for index cancers in postmenopausal women with an elevated CA125. Use of ovarian morphology to interpret ultrasound may increase sensitivity and use of complex ovarian morphology may increase the positive predictive value.
The role of ghrelin signalling for sexual behaviour in male mice
Authors: Egecioglu Emil , Prieto‐Garcia Luna , Studer Erik , Westberg Lars , Jerlhag Elisabet 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGhrelin, a gut‐brain signal, is well known to regulate energy homeostasis, food intake and appetite foremost via hypothalamic ghrelin receptors (GHS‐R1A). In addition, ghrelin activates the reward systems in the brain, namely the mesolimbic dopamine system, and regulates thereby the rewarding properties of addictive drugs as well as of palatable foods. Given that the mesolimbic dopamine system mandates the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs and natural rewards, such as sexual behaviour, we hypothesize that ghrelin plays an important role for male sexual behaviour, a subject for the present studies. Herein we show that ghrelin treatment increases, whereas pharmacological suppression (using the GHSR‐1A antagonist JMV2959) or genetic deletion of the GHS‐R1A in male mice decreases the sexual motivation for as well as sexual behaviour with female mice in oestrus. Pre‐treatment with L‐dopa (a dopamine precursor) prior to treatment with JMV2959 significantly increased the preference for female mouse compared with vehicle treatment. On the contrary, treatment with 5‐hydroxythyptohan (a precursor for serotonin) prior to treatment with JMV2959 decreased the sexual motivation compared to vehicle. In separate experiments, we show that ghrelin and GHS‐R1A antagonism do not affect the time spent over female bedding as measured in the androgen‐dependent bedding test. Collectively, these data show that the hunger hormone ghrelin and its receptor are required for normal sexual behaviour in male mice and that the effects of the ghrelin signalling system on sexual behaviour involve dopamine neurotransmission.
Peanut allergy is common among hazelnut‐sensitized subjects but is not primarily the result of IgE cross‐reactivity
Authors: Masthoff L. J. , van Hoffen E. , Mattsson L. , Lidholm J. , Andersson K. , Zuidmeer‐Jongejan L. , Versteeg S. A. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. , Knulst A. C. , Pasmans S. G. , van Ree R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundHazelnut and peanut are botanically unrelated foods, but patients are often sensitized and allergic to both, for reasons that are not well understood.MethodsTo investigate molecular cosensitization and cross‐reactivity to peanut in hazelnut‐sensitized individuals, children (n = 81) and adults (n = 80) were retrospectively selected based on sensitization to hazelnut. IgE to hazelnut extract, Cor a 1, 8, 9 and 14, to peanut extract, Ara h 1, 2, 3, 8 and 9, and to Bet v 1 was determined by ImmunoCAP. Allergy to hazelnut and peanut was established by DBPCFC and/or detailed clinical history. Patients were either tolerant or displayed subjective or objective symptoms to either food. IgE cross‐reactivity between hazelnut and peanut storage proteins was assessed by reciprocal ImmunoCAP inhibition experiments.ResultsOf the 161 hazelnut‐sensitized subjects, 109 (68%) were also sensitized to peanut, and 73 (45%) had clinical expression of allergy to peanut that was not associated with the presence or severity of hazelnut allergy. Instead, it was associated with IgE reactivity to peanut storage proteins, in particular Ara h 2. No cross‐reactivity could be detected between Ara h 2 and Cor a 14, and 2 of 13 subjects displayed extensive cross‐reactivity between 11S globulins; in plasma of both individuals, Ara h 3 almost completely inhibited IgE binding to Cor a 9.ConclusionsPeanut allergy is not primarily the result of IgE cross‐reactivity to hazelnut storage proteins. IgE to Cor a 14 and Ara h 2 may serve as useful markers of primary sensitization to hazelnut and peanut, respectively.
Ventral hernia and patient experience of an elastic girdle
Authors: Strigård Karin , Stark Birgit , Bogren Agneta , Gunnarsson Ulf 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundAbdominal girdles are used to prevent hernia and to facilitate the in‐growth of mesh following ventral hernia surgery or instead of surgery. Scientific evidence supporting the use of girdle, including patient experience, is lacking. The aim was to investigate patient experience of wearing an elastic girdle in terms of support and tolerability.MethodsA trans‐sectional study with quantitative onset was performed. Telephone interviews following a strict protocol were performed 2 years after girdle prescription. Of the 89 eligible patients, 67 completed the interview. The questionnaire constituted 13 questions.ResultsOf the 52 women and 15 men, two thirds had ventral hernia surgery. Patients over 70 years more often used girdle as a substitute for surgery. Most patients (64%) were satisfied with the girdle and 94% used it as prescribed. Five out of 53 who used girdles preoperatively stated no improvement in their inconvenience. Almost all patients (97%) had some problem with the girdle.ConclusionIn this first study on patient experience, nearly all patients used it as prescribed and subjective benefit was achieved even though side effects were present in most cases. Individual fitting and improved information about when and how to use the girdle is important for patient comfort and optimal function. This study attended patient experience of negative side effects from wearing a girdle. Improvement may be reached concerning comfort from the patients' perspective. The importance of both written and oral information has been revealed.
A model of urban demography
Authors: Aiura Hiroshi , Sato Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study develops an overlapping generations model that involves the endogenous determination of demographic and city structure to fully analyze the social and natural changes in city populations. We provide conditions under which the model exhibits the spatial features of demography observed in urban areas: city centres have a lower total fertility rate than suburbs and larger cities have a lower total fertility rate than smaller cities. Through calibration, we also show that spatial factors have a significant impact on demographic characteristics and city growth.
Dynamic sorting in durable goods markets with buyer heterogeneity
Authors: Roy Santanu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn a competitive dynamic durable good market where sellers have private information about quality, I identify certain inefficiencies that arise due to heterogeneity in buyers' valuations. Even if the market induces dynamic sorting among sellers and all goods are eventually traded, inefficiency can arise because high valuation buyers buy early when low‐quality goods are sold, while high‐quality goods are allocated to low valuation buyers that buy later. This misallocation adds to the inefficiency caused by delay in trading. Under certain circumstances, high‐quality goods may never be traded as in a static market.
Consensus guidelines for diagnosis, prophylaxis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological and solid malignancies, 2014
Authors: Cooley L. , Dendle C. , Wolf J. , Teh B. W. , Chen S. C. , Boutlis C. , Thursky K. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPneumocystis jirovecii infection (PJP) is a common cause of pneumonia in patients with cancer‐related immunosuppression. There are well‐defined patients who are at risk of PJP due to the status of their underlying malignancy, treatment‐related immunosuppression and/or concomitant use of corticosteroids. Prophylaxis is highly effective and should be given to all patients at moderate to high risk of PJP. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment, although several alternative agents are available.