bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigments extracted from the wood‐staining fungi Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and S. ganodermophthorum show potential for use as textile dyes
Authors: Weber Genevieve , Chen Hsiou‐Lien , Hinsch Eric , Freitas Shawn , Robinson Sara 
Published: November 2014

A growing interest in the use of naturally produced pigments for textile dyeing has led to increased efforts towards the identification of such pigments that are less toxic, more sustainable, and more stable over time than currently used synthetic compounds. This work utilised various concentrations of green, red, and yellow pigments extracted with dichloromethane from the wood‐staining fungi Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and S. ganodermophthorum, respectively, for the effective dyeing of bleached cotton, spun polyamide (nylon 6.6), spun polyester (Dacron 54), spun polyacrylic, and worsted wool. All three pigments utilised in this study show significant potential for use as textile dyes. Colour changes suggested that drip application methods were superior to submersion using dichloromethane. Colour changes as compared with the untreated fabrics were most significant on polyester, which is likely due to increased levels of polymer swelling in polyester exposed to dichloromethane.
Hemodynamic response to resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction in healthy subjects
Authors: Poton Roberto , Polito Marcos Doederlein 
Published: November 2014

SummaryPurposeTo compare the hemodynamic response during resistance exercise at high intensity (HI), low intensity (LI) and low intensity with blood flow restriction (LI‐BFR) in healthy subjects.MethodsTwelve men performed three sets of unilateral knee extension exercises at LI‐BFR and LI (15 repetitions; 20% of 1RM) and HI (8 repetitions; 80% of 1RM). The blood flow restriction was accomplished using a sphygmomanometer positioned on the thigh and inflated to the point of blood flow interruption (167·9 ± 16·6 mmHg). The hemodynamic variables were obtained by continuous beat‐to‐beat photoplethysmography. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate were also measured.ResultsThe HI session showed higher values (P<0·05) in all sets than the LI and LI‐BFR for diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and rate‐pressure product. The LI‐BFR showed higher values than the LI only in the 3rd set for systolic blood pressure, heart rate and rate‐pressure product. Blood lactate was higher in the HI (4·2 ± 0·2 mmol) and LI‐BFR (4·1 ± 0·3 mmol) than the LI (3·5 ± 0·3 mmol). Rating of perceived exertion was higher in the LI‐BFR (7·9 ± 0·3) than the HI (6·4 ± 0·4) and LI (3·2 ± 0·4).ConclusionThe LI‐BFR session exhibited similar blood lactate to the HI, a higher rating of perceived response than the HI and LI, and equal or lower hemodynamic responses than the HI.
Relationship between sarcopenia, six‐minute walk distance and health‐related quality of life in liver transplant candidates
Authors: Yadav Anitha , Chang Yu‐Hui , Carpenter Sarah , Silva Alvin C. , Rakela Jorge , Aqel Bashar A. , Byrne Thomas J. , Douglas David D. , Vargas Hugo E. , Carey Elizabeth J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSarcopenia, or loss of skeletal muscle mass, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in liver transplant (LT) candidates. Six‐minute walk distance (6MWD) and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) as assessed by short form 36 scores (SF‐36) also impact clinical outcomes in these patients. This study explored the relationship between the sarcopenia, 6MWD, and HRQOL in LT candidates. Sarcopenia was evaluated based on skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) quantified from abdominal computed tomography. Patients were followed until death, removal from the wait list or the end of the study period. Two hundred and thirteen patients listed for LT were included. The mean SMI, 6MWD and mean gait speed were 54.3 ± 9.7, 370.5 m and 1 m/s, respectively. Sarcopenia was noted in 22.2% of LT candidates. There was no correlation between sarcopenia, 6MWD, and SF‐36 scores. The 6MWD, but not sarcopenia, was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 2.1 [0.9–4.7]). In summary, sarcopenia did not emerge as a significant predictor of waitlist mortality and also failed to correlate with either functional capacity or HRQOL in LT candidates. In patients with ESLD awaiting LT, 6MWD appears to be a more useful prognostic indicator than the presence of sarcopenia.
Patterns of integration
Authors: Köllő János 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper compares the distribution of jobs by complexity and firms' willingness to hire low‐educated labour for jobs of varying complexity in Norway, Italy and Hungary. In investigating how unqualified workers can cope with complex jobs, it compares their involvement in various forms of post‐school skills formation. The countries are also compared in terms of the proportion of small businesses, which, it is assumed, manage and tolerate the losses from functional illiteracy more than large firms do. Unskilled Norwegians benefit from synergies that exist between work in complex jobs, post‐school skills formation and civil integration. Italy has an abundant supply of simple jobs and its small businesses employ unqualified workers even in complex jobs. Inadequate post‐school skills formation and the lack of a sizeable small‐business sector set limits on the inclusion of low‐educated Hungarians.
A potential contamination error associated with insect protein mark‐capture data
Authors: Hagler James R. , Machtley Scott A. , Blackmer Felisa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractVarious types of protein‐spray solutions have proven effective for externally tagging arthropods for mark‐release‐recapture and mark‐capture type dispersal research. However, there is concern that certain standardized arthropod collection methods, such as sweep netting, might lead to high incidences of protein transfer from field‐marked to unmarked arthropods during sample collection and sample handling. Native arthropods were collected in sweep nets from a field of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae). The nets also contained 10 egg white‐, 10 bovine milk‐, 10 soy milk‐, and 10 water (control)‐marked Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that were visually distinguishable by a yellow, white, green, and blue dot, respectively. The plant debris and arthropods from each sweep net collection were then placed into either a paper or a plastic bag and frozen for storage. The contents of each sweep net sample were thawed and the color‐coded H. convergens and field‐collected arthropods were examined for the presence of each protein by an egg white (albumin), bovine milk (casein), and soy milk (soy trypsin) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data revealed that only 0.67, 0.81, and 0% of the field‐collected unmarked arthropods acquired an egg white, bovine milk, and soy milk mark, respectively. ELISA results also showed that all the egg white‐marked H. convergens retained their mark, but 22.1% of the bovine milk‐marked and 5.1% of the soy milk‐marked H. convergens (color‐coded beetles) lost their mark during the collection and sample handling processes.
Life history plasticity: migration ceased in response to environmental change?
Authors: Sandlund Odd T. , Jonsson Bror 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFish often migrate between habitats, and by that, fitness is improved. We estimated population parameters and studied possible migration of brown troutSalmo truttabetween aNorwegian river and a tributary under two different regulated water flow regimes. In the 1970s, the main stem had high winter flows and reduced summer flows. Since 1981, the river has reduced minimum flow regime: 2.5 m3·s−1in winter and 6 m3·s−1in summer; the tributary has a natural flow regime. The growth of trout in the main stem was reduced from 1975 to 2013, with significantly lower mean lengths in all age groups. In the tributary, a similar reduction was observed in juvenile fish (age‐0 and age‐1). Mean length (mm) was unchanged in ≥age‐2 fish, while body length variation among fish ≥age‐4 was greatly reduced. The condition factor (Fulton'sK) declined in both main stem and tributary. While it appears that sexual maturation was delayed in the tributary, the difference was not significant. In the 1970s, juveniles from the tributary migrated into the main stem to feed and grow, before returning to the tributary to spawn.PITtagging of fish in the tributary in 2012 and subsequent surveys for recapture (in 2012 and 2013) indicated residency among fish in the tributary and no migration into the main stem. Thus, the migratory behaviour appears adaptive, and reduced habitat quality in terms of food and shelter due to reduced flow appears to have removed the growth benefit previously associated with the migration.
Corticosterone analgesia is mediated by the spinal production of neuroactive metabolites that enhance GABAergic inhibitory transmission on dorsal horn rat neurons
Authors: Zell Vivien , Juif Pierre‐Éric , Hanesch Ulrike , Poisbeau Pierrick , Anton Fernand , Darbon Pascal 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCorticosterone (CORT) is a glucocorticoid produced by adrenal glands under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Circulating CORT can enter the central nervous system and be reduced to neuroactive 3α5α‐reduced steroids, which modulate GABAA receptors. In the dorsal spinal cord, GABAergic transmission modulates integration of nociceptive information. It has been shown that enhancing spinal inhibitory transmission alleviates hyperalgesia and allodynia. Therefore, the spinal neuronal network is a pivotal target to counteract pain symptoms. Thus, any increase in spinal 3α5α‐reduced steroid production enhancing GABAergic inhibition should reduce nociceptive message integration and the pain response. Previously, it has been shown that high levels of plasma glucocorticoids give rise to analgesia. However, to our knowledge, nothing has been reported regarding direct non‐genomic modulation of neuronal spinal activity by peripheral CORT. In the present study, we used combined in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology approaches, associated with measurement of nociceptive mechanical sensitivity and plasma CORT level measurement, to assess the impact of circulating CORT on rat nociception. We showed that CORT plasma level elevation produced analgesia via a reduction in C‐fiber‐mediated spinal responses. In the spine, CORT is reduced to the neuroactive metabolite allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, which specifically enhances lamina II GABAergic synaptic transmission. The main consequence is a reduction in lamina II network excitability, reflecting a selective decrease in the processing of nociceptive inputs. The depressed neuronal activity at the spinal level then, in turn, leads to weaker nociceptive message transmission to supraspinal structures and hence to alleviation of pain.
Reasons for discrepancy between incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in lower income countries: Epilepsia's survey results
Authors: Mathern Gary W. , Beninsig Laurie , Nehlig Astrid 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObjectiveFrom July to August 2014, Epilepsia conducted an online survey seeking opinions that explained the discrepancy between the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in lower income countries. Data on cumulative incidence suggest a higher rate of active epilepsy than reported in lifetime prevalence surveys. This study reports the findings of that poll addressing the proposal in our Controversy in Epilepsy series that it could be from increased death rates.MethodsThe survey consisted of a question addressing possible reasons to explain the discrepancy between the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy. Another four questions addressed demographic information.ResultsThere were 34 responders who completed the survey. Half (50%) of the responders felt that the discrepancy between cumulative incidence and lifetime prevalence was due to lack of uniform definitions and misclassification of patients in study design, 23.5% said the discrepancy was due to a higher mortality from diseases and conditions such as trauma and infections associated with epilepsy, 23.5% indicated that the stigma of epilepsy prevented people from acknowledging their disease in prevalence surveys, and 2.9% felt it was from poor access to qualified medical personal and utilization of medical treatments that increased death rates directly related to epilepsy.SignificanceWithin the limitations of sample size, the results of this survey support that the discrepancy between the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in lower income regions of the world is due to problems in acquiring the data and stigma rather than higher mortality from diseases associated with epilepsy and repeated seizures.
Effects of Age and Experience on Male Mate Choosiness
Authors: Baxter Carling M. , Barnett Rachael , Dukas Reuven 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMate choosiness by males has been documented in many taxa but we still do not know how it varies with age even though such variation can be important for our understanding of sexual selection on females. Theory provides conflicting predictions: young males, who are less attractive to females than older males, may be less choosy, or older males, who face fewer expected future mating opportunities, may be less choosy. In our experiments with fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), young (1‐d‐old) males spent relatively less time courting recently mated females than did mature (4‐d‐old) males. Overall, there was a gradual decline in male mate choosiness from age 1–7 d. As male age was correlated with the duration of deprivation from females, we tested for the effect of deprivation and found that same‐age males previously exposed to females were choosier than female‐deprived males. We also assessed key male parameters that could affect choosiness and found that, compared to mature males, young males were less attractive to females, less competitive in intramale interactions and less fertile. Although the lesser attractiveness and competitiveness should select for lesser mate choosiness in young males, their limited fertility and more expected future mating opportunities seem to override the other factors and lead to high mate choosiness in young males. Overall, our data indicate that young males just after reaching sexual maturity are choosy and that subsequent exposure to females can maintain high levels of male mate choosiness with age. Hence, males can contribute much more to sexual selection than previously appreciated.
Fixed‐dose combination ezetimibe+atorvastatin lowers LDL‐C equivalent to co‐administered components in randomized trials: use of a dose–response model
Authors: Bays Harold E. , Chen Erluo , Tomassini Joanne E. , McPeters Gail , Polis Adam B. , Triscari Joseph 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCo‐administration of ezetimibe with atorvastatin is a generally well‐tolerated treatment option that reduces LDL‐C levels and improves other lipids with greater efficacy than doubling the atorvastatin dose. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the equivalent lipid‐modifying efficacy of fixed‐dose combination (FDC) ezetimibe/atorvastatin compared with the component agents co‐administered individually in support of regulatory filing. Two randomized, 6‐week, double‐blind cross‐over trials compared the lipid‐modifying efficacy of ezetimibe/atorvastatin 10/20 mg (n = 353) or 10/40 mg (n = 280) vs. separate co‐administration of ezetimibe 10 mg plus atorvastatin 20 mg (n = 346) or 40 mg (n = 280), respectively, in hypercholesterolemic patients. Percent changes from baseline in LDL‐C (primary endpoint) and other lipids (secondary endpoints) were assessed by analysis of covariance; triglycerides were evaluated by longitudinal‐data analysis. Expected differences between FDC and the corresponding co‐administered doses were predicted from a dose–response relationship model; sample size was estimated given the expected difference and equivalence margins (±4%). LDL‐C‐lowering equivalence was based on 97.5% expanded confidence intervals (CI) for the difference contained within the margins; equivalence margins for other lipids were not prespecified. Ezetimibe/atorvastatin FDC 10/20 mg was equivalent to co‐administered ezetimibe+atorvastatin 20 mg in reducing LDL‐C levels (54.0% vs. 53.8%) as was FDC 10/40 mg and ezetimibe+atorvastatin 40 mg (58.9% vs. 58.7%), as predicted by the model. Changes in other lipids were consistent with equivalence (97.5% expanded CIs <±3%, included 0); triglyceride changes varied more. All treatments were generally well tolerated. Hypercholesterolemic patients administered ezetimibe/atorvastatin 10/20 and 10/40 mg FDC had equivalent LDL‐C lowering. This FDC formulation proved to be an efficacious and generally well‐tolerated lipid‐lowering therapy.
Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod
Authors: Thor Peter , Dupont Sam 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOcean acidification (OA) caused by anthropogenic CO2emission is projected for thousands of years to come, and significant effects are predicted for many marine organisms. While significant evolutionary responses are expected during such persistent environmental change, most studies consider only short‐term effects. Little is known about the transgenerational effects of parental environments or natural selection on the capacity of populations to counter detrimental OA effects. In this study, six laboratory populations of the calanoid copepodPseudocalanus acuspeswere established at three different CO2partial pressures (pCO2of 400, 900 and 1550 μatm) and grown for two generations at these conditions. Our results show evidence of alleviation of OA effects as a result of transgenerational effects inP. acuspes. Second generation adults showed a 29% decrease in fecundity at 900 μatm CO2compared to 400 μatm CO2. This was accompanied by a 10% increase in metabolic rate indicative of metabolic stress. Reciprocal transplant tests demonstrated that this effect was reversible and the expression of phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, these tests showed that at apCO2exceeding the natural range experienced byP. acuspes(1550 μatm), fecundity would have decreased by as much as 67% compared to at 400 μatm CO2as a result of this plasticity. However, transgenerational effects partly reduced OA effects so that the loss of fecundity remained at a level comparable to that at 900 μatm CO2. This also relieved the copepods from metabolic stress, and respiration rates were lower than at 900 μatm CO2. These results highlight the importance of tests for transgenerational effects to avoid overestimation of the effects of OA.
Metastatic melanoma of the tongue: a case report with immunohistochemical profile
Authors: Alves Mônica Ghislaine O. , Chagas Luciene R. , Carvalho Yasmin R. , Cabral Luiz A. G. , Coletta Ricardo D. , Almeida Janete D. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundMelanoma of the skin is characterised by a high metastatic potential, but reports of metastasis to the tongue are rare. We report a case of skin melanoma with metastasis to the lymph nodes, tongue and brain.ObjectivesThis report highlights the clinical and histological features of oral metastatic melanoma.Case reportA 72‐year‐old man was seen with a nodule on the tongue. The differential diagnosis included salivary gland tumour, lymphoma and metastatic melanoma. His medical history revealed treatment for melanoma in the periumbilical region and micrometastases in the inguinal lymph nodes. An incisional biopsy was obtained and histological analysis showed the presence of a solid, epithelioid malignant tumour of monotonous appearance infiltrating the skeletal musculature. Immunohistochemistry showed reactivity of neoplastic cells to anti‐HMB45, anti‐melan A and anti‐S100 antibodies and negativity for anti‐PAN cytokeratin, confirming the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma.ConclusionThe present findings highlight the importance of a complete medical evaluation of the patient by anamnesis to identify possible oral repercussions of primary diseases in other organs and/or systems.
Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients after multiple antiviral failures
Authors: Liu Yingxia , Zhang Ying , Yuan Jing , Zeng Wen , Zhang Guoliang , Yao Simin , Li Huijuan , Yang Min , Deng Yong , Zou Rongrong , Li Shaxi , Xiao Jia 
Published: November 2014

AimIn this prospective study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in Chinese chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients after multiple nucleoside/nucleotide analog (NA) treatment failures.MethodsA total of 115 Chinese CHB patients with suboptimal response to two or more NA treatments were included in this study. All patients were changed to TDF (300 mg/day, oral administration) antiviral treatment for at least 72 weeks. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (P) gene mutation screening for each patient was performed. In addition, virological, biochemical responses and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of each patient at weeks 12, 24, 48 and 72 of TDF treatment were evaluated.ResultsSeventy‐six out of 115 patients had drug‐resistance mutations (R+), including 27 with adefovir (ADV)‐associated mutations (35.5%) and 49 with lamivudine (LMV)‐associated mutations (64.5%). For all included patients, complete viral response (CVR) of HBV DNA (<100 IU/mL) was 57.4%, 69.6%, 74.8% and 86.1% at weeks 12, 24, 48 and 72 of TDF treatment, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase normalization and hepatitis B e‐antigen seroclearance occurred in 77.3% and 23.2%, respectively, after 72‐week TDF treatment. CVR at weeks 12, 24 and 48 was observed more commonly in patients with baseline HBV DNA of less than 106 IU/mL. There was no significant reduction of eGFR induced by the TDF treatment.ConclusionSeventy‐two‐week treatment with TDF in Chinese CHB patients with previously multiple NA treatment failures exhibited effective and safe outcomes, which were independent of baseline mutations conferring ADV or LMV resistance.