bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The VIIRS Cloud Mask: Progress in the first year of S‐NPP toward a common cloud detection scheme
Authors: Kopp Thomas J. , Thomas William , Heidinger Andrew K. , Botambekov Denis , Frey Richard A. , Hutchison Keith D. , Iisager Barbara D. , Brueske Kurt , Reed Bonnie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Cloud Mask (VCM) determines, on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis, whether or not a given location contains cloud. The VCM serves as an intermediate product (IP) between the production of VIIRS sensor data records and 22 downstream Environmental Data Records that each depends upon the VCM output. As such, the validation of the VCM IP is critical to the success of the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) product suite. The methods used to validate the VCM and the current results are presented in this paper. Detailed analyses of golden granules along with tools providing deep insights into granule performance, and specific cloud detection tests reveal the details behind a given granule's performance. Matchup results with CALIPSO, in turn, indicate the large‐scale performance of the VCM and whether or not it is meeting its specifications. Comparisons with other cloud masks indicate comparable performance for the determination of clear pixels. As of September 2013 the VCM is either meeting or within 2% of all of its documented requirements.
Deuterium excess in marine water vapor: Dependency on relative humidity and surface wind speed during evaporation
Authors: Benetti Marion , Reverdin Gilles , Pierre Catherine , Merlivat Liliane , Risi Camille , Steen‐Larsen Hans Christian , Vimeux Françoise 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe provide the first continuous measurements of isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) of water vapor over the subtropical Eastern North Atlantic Ocean from mid‐August to mid‐September 2012. The ship was located mostly around 26°N, 35°W where evaporation exceeded by far precipitation and water vapor at 20 m largely originated from surface evaporation. The only large deviations from that occurred during a 2 day period in the vicinity of a weak low‐pressure system. The continuous measurements were used to investigate deuterium excess (d‐excess) relation to evaporation. During 25 days d‐excess was negatively correlated with relative humidity (r2 = 0.89). Moreover, d‐excess estimated in an evaporative model with a closure assumption reproduced most of the observed variability. From these observations, the d‐excess parameter seems to be a good indicator of evaporative conditions. We also conclude that in this region, d‐excess into the marine boundary layer is less affected by mixing with the free troposphere than the isotopic composition. From our data, the transition from smooth to rough regime at the ocean surface is associated with a d‐excess decrease of 5‰, which suggests the importance of the ocean surface roughness in controlling d‐excess in this region.
Arctic cryosphere response in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G3 and G4 scenarios
Authors: Berdahl Mira , Robock Alan , Ji Duoying , Moore John C. , Jones Andy , Kravitz Ben , Watanabe Shingo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe analyzed output from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project for the two most “realistic” scenarios, which use the representative concentration pathway of 4.5 Wm−2 by 2100 (RCP4.5) as the control run and inject sulfate aerosol precursors into the stratosphere. The first experiment, G3, is specified to keep RCP4.5 top of atmosphere net radiation at 2020 values by injection of sulfate aerosols, and the second, G4, injects 5 Tg SO2 per year. We ask whether geoengineering by injection of sulfate aerosols into the lower stratosphere from the years 2020 to 2070 is able to prevent the demise of Northern Hemispere minimum annual sea ice extent or slow spring Northern Hemispere snow cover loss. We show that in all available models, despite geoengineering efforts, September sea ice extents still decrease from 2020 to 2070, although not as quickly as in RCP4.5. In two of five models, total September ice loss occurs before 2060. Spring snow extent is increased from 2020 to 2070 compared to RCP4.5 although there is still a negative trend in 3 of 4 models. Because of the climate system lag in responding to the existing radiative forcing, to stop Arctic sea ice and snow from continuing to melt, the imposed forcing would have to be large enough to also counteract the existing radiative imbalance. After the cessation of sulfate aerosol injection in 2070, the climate system rebounds to the warmer RCP4.5 state quickly, and thus, any sea ice or snow retention as a result of geoengineering is lost within a decade.
A worldwide analysis of spatiotemporal changes in water balance‐based evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2009
Authors: Zeng Zhenzhong , Wang Tao , Zhou Feng , Ciais Philippe , Mao Jiafu , Shi Xiaoying , Piao Shilong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA satellite‐based water balance method is developed to model global evapotranspiration (ET) through coupling a water balance (WB) model with a machine‐learning algorithm (the model tree ensemble, MTE) (hereafter WB‐MTE). The WB‐MTE algorithm was firstly trained by combining monthly WB‐estimated basin ET with the potential drivers (e.g., radiation, temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and vegetation index) across 95 large river basins (5824 basin‐months) and then applied to establish global monthly ET maps at a spatial resolution of 0.5° from 1982 to 2009. The global land ET estimated from WB‐MTE has an annual mean of 593 ± 17 mm for 1982–2009, with a spatial distribution consistent with previous studies in all latitudes but the tropics. The ET estimated by WB‐MTE also shows significant linear trends in both annual and seasonal global ET during 1982–2009, though the trends seem to have stalled after 1998. Moreover, our study presents a striking difference from the previous ones primarily in the magnitude of ET estimates during the wet season particularly in the tropics, where ET is highly uncertain due to lack of direct measurements. This may be tied to their lack of proper consideration to solar radiation and/or the rainfall interception process. By contrast, in the dry season, our estimate of ET compares well with the previous ones, both for the mean state and the variability. If we are to reduce the uncertainties in estimating ET, these results emphasize the necessity of deploying more observations during the wet season, particularly in the tropics.
Complexity signatures for short time scales in the atmosphere above Adventdalen, Svalbard
Authors: Hall C. M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAtmospheric parameters from the troposphere above Adventdalen, Svalbard, 78°N, 16°E, are examined for signatures of complexity in their respective stochastic components over time scales from ~1 h to 1 year. Several approaches are used, all of which can estimate values of the generalized Hurst exponent, α, which can in turn be compared with each other and with similar independent characterizations, usually via the classic Hurst exponent, H, obtained from location‐specific and globally averaged time series. For tropopause altitude, the stochastic component exhibits the signature of a persistent fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) with α ≈ 0.75. For surface air temperature, the indications are for fractional Brownian motion (fBm) with α ≈ 1.4. Using recent high time‐resolution data from a single high‐latitude location, this identification of fBm is relevant for short‐term memory as opposed to findings from many other studies addressing possible long‐term memory, which demonstrate fGn with α = H ≈ 0.7. Furthermore, the lack of similarity between the results for surface air temperature and tropopause altitude suggests that different underlying processes are responsible for stochastic variability.
Taliks in relict submarine permafrost and methane hydrate deposits: Pathways for gas escape under present and future conditions
Authors: Frederick J. M. , Buffett B. A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe investigate the response of relict Arctic submarine permafrost and gas hydrate deposits to warming and make predictions of methane gas flux to the water column using a 2‐D multiphase fluid flow model. Exposure of the Arctic shelf during the last glacial cycle formed a thick layer of permafrost, protecting hydrate deposits below. However, talik formation below paleo‐river channels creates permeable pathways for gas migration from depth. An estimate of the maximum gas flux at the present time for conditions at the East Siberian Arctic Seas is 0.2047 kg yr−1 m−2, which produces a methane concentration of 142 nM in the overlying water column, consistent with several field observations. For conditions at the North American Beaufort Sea, the maximum gas flux at the present time is 0.1885 kg yr−1 m−2, which produces a methane concentration of 78 nM in the overlying water column. Shallow sediments are charged with residual methane gas after venting events. Sustained submergence into the future should increase gas venting rate roughly exponentially as sediments continue to warm. Studying permafrost‐associated gas hydrate reservoirs will allow us to better understand the Arctic's contribution to the global methane budget and global warming.
Flexural response of a continental margin to sedimentary loading and lithospheric rupturing: The mountain ridge between the Levant Basin and the Dead Sea Transform
Authors: Steinberg J. , Gvirtzman Z. , Garfunkel Z. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDuring the past 37 Myr the Levant Basin subsided under a 6 km sedimentary section while the adjacent area, Israel's mountainous backbone (Judea Hills), emerged to an elevation of ~1 km above sea level. What was the flexural contribution of offshore loading to the inland uplift that was also affected at that time by widespread geodynamic heating and uplifting? This question becomes particularly challenging considering that in the middle of this period the lithosphere adjacent to the basin (100–200 km east) ruptured and a new plate boundary was formed along the Dead Sea Transform (DST). How did this influence the strength of the lithosphere, and how did it change the shape of the flexure? We model the flexure caused by offshore sedimentary loading in two phases. The pre‐DST phase applies a flexural solution for an elastic plate without lithospheric rupturing (infinite boundaries). The post‐DST phase applies a flexural solution of an elastic plate with a free edge, set to resemble a lithosphere with no friction, and free to move vertically. The apparently unrealistic free edge simplification for a plate boundary provides an upper limit for the uplift. It is shown that before the initiation of the DST the flexural effect of the offshore loading on the inland region was negligible, and thus, most of the observed inland uplift should be explained in terms of deep‐seated tectonic processes. On the contrary, the last phase of uplift postdating the formation of the DST was influenced by flexural loading offshore that was intensified near the plate edge.
Influence of temperature on the phase inversion of chlorinated polypropylene
Authors: Ma Xiaoyang , Qiao Zemin , Huang Zhifeng , Jing Xinli , Gu Chaohui , Tang Hanliang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, the maleic anhydride modified chlorinated polypropylene (MCPP) resin was emulsified by mixed ionic surfactants comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sulfonated castor oil (SCO). The influence of temperature on the morphology of emulsion was studied through transitional and catastrophic inversion methods. The transitional inversion of emulsion from water‐in‐oil (W/O) to oil‐in‐water (O/W) was triggered by decreasing the temperature and the catastrophic inversion was achieved by increasing the weight fraction of water. The results of transitional and catastrophic inversion both indicated that the phase inversion of “ionic surfactant–MCPP–water” system is easier to trigger at low temperatures than at high temperatures, which could be interpreted by the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic theory. Incomplete phase inversion occurred at low temperatures when the volume of water phase was small and emulsions with small particle size and narrow particle size distribution could only be obtained at an intermediate temperature. These results are of great importance for the preparation of stable polymer emulsions in food, cosmetics and paints industry. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40325.
A double‐blind, randomized, ascending, multiple‐dose study of bazedoxifene in healthy postmenopausal women
Authors: McKeand William E. , Orczyk Gayle P. , Ermer James C. , Chines Arkadi A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBazedoxifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator in clinical development for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This phase 1, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study (N = 107) of healthy postmenopausal women examined the pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability profile of multiple doses of bazedoxifene (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg) administered orally once daily for 30 days. Bazedoxifene demonstrated a half‐life of 25 to 30 hours, reached steady state within 7 days, and exhibited linear pharmacokinetics over a dose range of 5–80 mg. Fibrinogen levels decreased with bazedoxifene doses of 5 mg and greater; these changes were significant for bazedoxifene 20, 40, and 80 mg (P ≤ .05 vs placebo), but were not dose dependent. Bazedoxifene was associated with increased levels of sex hormone‐binding globulin, thyroxine‐binding globulin, and cortisol‐binding globulin (CBG); only increases in the levels of CBG appeared to be dose related. Bazedoxifene was safe and well tolerated within the tested dose range. Bazedoxifene showed no differences from placebo in adverse event reports, vital sign measurements, or electrocardiogram findings.
Time-dependent relative potency factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the H4IIE-luc bioassay
Authors: Larsson Maria , Hagberg Jessika , Giesy John P. , Engwall Magnus 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

The H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists was used to investigate the relative potency factors (REPs) of 22 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated-, methylated-, and N-containing derivatives (azaarenes), which are often present in PAH-contaminated soils. Naphthacene and dibenz[ah]acridine exhibited greater AhR-mediated potency, whereas lesser molecular–weight azaarenes were less potent AhR agonists. Six oxygenated PAHs had calculable REPs, but their potencies were less than their parent PAHs. Unlike the parent, unsubstituted PAHs, oxidation of methylated PAHs seemed to increase the AhR-mediated potency of the compounds, with 2-methylanthracene-9,10-dione being almost 2 times more potent than 2-methylanthracene. Both bioassay and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were used to examine the exposure time–dependent effects on the REPs at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure in the H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay. Changes in concentrations of 5 compounds including the model reference 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the cell culture wells were measured, and the amounts in the cell medium, in the cells, and adsorbed to the wells was determined and the influence on the REPs was studied. Declining REP values with increased duration of exposure were shown for all compounds, which we concluded were a consequence of the metabolism of PAHs and PAH derivatives in H4IIe-luc cells. The present study provides new knowledge regarding the degradation and distribution of compounds in the wells during exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:943–953. © 2014 SETAC
Potential targeted therapy for liver fluke associated cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Vaeteewoottacharn Kulthida , Seubwai Wunchana , Bhudhisawasdi Vajarabhongsa , Okada Seiji , Wongkham Sopit 
Published: January 2014

Abstract Biliary tree cancer or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an unusual subtype of liver cancer with exceptionally poor prognosis. Lack of specific symptoms and availability of early diagnostic markers account for late diagnosis of CCA. Surgical treatment is a gold standard choice but few patients are candidates and local recurrence after surgery is high. Benefit of systemic chemotherapy is limited; hence, better treatment options are required. The differences in etiology, anatomical positions and pathology make it difficult to generalize all CCA subtypes for a single treatment regimen. Herein, we review the uniqueness of molecular profiling identified by multiple approaches, for example, serial analysis of gene expression, exome sequencing, transcriptomics/proteomics profiles, protein kinase profile, etc., that provide the opportunity for treatment of liver fluke‐associated CCA. Anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulator/immunosuppressor, epidermal growth factor receptor or platelet‐derived growth factor receptor inhibitors, multi‐targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IL6 antagonist, nuclear factor‐κB inhibitor, histone modulator, proteasome inhibitor as well as specific inhibitors suggested from various study approaches, such as MetAP2 inhibitor, 1,25(OH)2D3 and cyclosporine A are suggested in this review for the treatments of this specific CCA subtype. This might provide an alternative treatment option for CCA patients; however, clinical trials in this specific CCA group are required.
Crystal structures and kinetic properties of enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase I from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
Authors: Jiang Ling , Gao Zengqiang , Li Yanhua , Wang Shennan , Dong Yuhui 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive citrus disease. The leading cause of HLB is Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for bacterial viability and has been validated as a target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. Enoyl−acyl carrier protein reductase (also called ENR or FabI and a product of the fabI gene) is an enzyme required in a critical step of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis and has attracted attention as a target of novel antimicrobial agents. We determined the crystal structures of FabI from Ca. L. asiaticus in its apoform as well as in complex with b‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) at 1.7 and 2.7 Å resolution, respectively, to facilitate the design and screening of small molecule inhibitors of FabI. The monomeric ClFabI is highly similar to other known FabI structures as expected; however, unlike the typical tetramer, ClFabI exists as a hexamer in crystal, whereas as dimer in solution, on the other hand, the substrate binding loop which always disordered in apoform FabI structures is ordered in apo‐ClFabI. Interestingly, the structure of ClFabI undergoes remarkable conformational change in the substrate‐binding loop in the presence of NAD. We conclude that the signature sequence motif of FabI can be considered as Gly‐(Xaa)5‐Ser‐(Xaa)n‐Val‐Tyr‐(Xaa)6‐Lys‐(Xaa)n‐Thr instead of Tyr‐(Xaa)6‐Lys. We have further identified isoniazid as a competitive inhibitor with NADH.
Transdiaphragmatic Resuscitative Open Cardiac Massage: Description of the Technique and a First Case‐Series of an Alternative Approach to the Heart
Authors: Schnüriger Beat , Studer Peter , Candinas Daniel , Seiler Christian A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this paper is to describe the transdiaphragmatic approach to the heart for open CPR in patients that arrest at laparotomy and to present a first case series of patients that have undergone this procedure.MethodsAll patients who had undergone intraperitoneal transdiaphragmatic open CPR between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012 were retrieved from the operation registry at Bern University Hospital, Switzerland. Transdiaphragmatic access to the heart is initiated with a 10‐cm‐long anterocaudal incision in the central tendon of the diaphragm—approximately at 2 o’clock. Internal cardiac compression through the diaphragmatic incision can be performed from both sides of the patient. From the right side of the patient, cardiac massage is performed with the right hand and vice versa.ResultsA total of six patients were identified that suffered cardiac arrest during laparotomy with open CPR performed through the transdiaphragmatic approach. Four patients suffered cardiac arrest during orthotopic liver transplantation and two trauma patients suffered cardiac arrest during damage control laparotomy. In three patients, cardiac activity was never reestablished. However, three patients regained a perfusion heart rhythm and two of these survived to the ICU. One patient ultimately survived to discharge.ConclusionsIn patients suffering cardiac arrest during laparotomy, the transdiaphragmatic approach allows for a rapid, technically easy, and almost atraumatic access to the heart, with excellent CPR performance. After this potentially life‐saving procedure, pulmonary or surgical site complications are expected to occur much less compared with the conventionally performed emergency department left‐sided thoracotomy.
Impact of Surgical Resection for Subdiaphragmatic Paragangliomas
Authors: Abadin Shabirhusain S. , Ayala‐Ramirez Montserrat , Jimenez Camilo , Dickson Paxton V. , Liang Yu , Lazar Alexander J. , Hornick Jason L. , Cotton Michael , Sui Dawen , Rich Thereasa , Lee Jeffrey E. , Grubbs Elizabeth , Perrier Nancy D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundSubdiaphragmatic paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor for which scarce data exist regarding long‐term patient outcome following resection. The aim of this study was to determine the association of surgical resection with survival.MethodsA retrospective study at a tertiary care center was performed. Demographics, genetics, histology, and operative details were reviewed. Patients were grouped according to margin status (R0, R1, or R2) and survival calculated.ResultsA total of 50 patients with subdiaphragmatic paragangliomas underwent primary resection from 1999 to 2012. Median age at operation was 46 years, with a median tumor size of 6.0 cm. Of these patients, 30 (60 %) had a R0 resection, 11 (22 %) had a R1 resection, and 9 (18 %) had a R2 resection. There was no operative mortality, and 17 (34 %) patients had metastatic disease. Six (12 %) patients died, four (8 %) of whom had metastatic disease. Univariate analysis identified that age >50 years (p = 0.02) and undergoing a R2 resection (p = 0.03) were associated with a shorter overall survival (OS). Those with metastases at some point after their initial diagnosis had a shorter disease‐free survival (DFS) than those without metastases (p = 0.04). Of 27 patients tested, 12 (44 %) had a germline succinyl dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutation. SDHB immunohistochemistry identified 18 patients (of 27 who underwent staining) who had loss of SDHB expression in which 7 of 11 patients (63 %) who underwent genetic testing had a genetic mutation.ConclusionsSurgical resection of subdiaphragmatic paraganglioma is safe. Survival was longest in patients who were younger, with no metastases, or had a R0 or R1 resection. Patients who test negative for a germline mutation should undergo SDHB immunostaining to identify potential hereditary carriers missed by current genetic testing.