bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Systems and Domestic Politics: Linking Complex Interactions with Empirical Models in International Relations
Authors: Chaudoin Stephen , Milner Helen V. , Pang Xun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFollowing older debates in international relations literature concerning the relative importance of domestic versus systemic factors, newer debates emphasize interdependence among states and the complex interactions between systemic and domestic factors. As globalization and democratization advance, theories and empirical models of international politics have become more complicated. We present a systematic theoretical categorization of relationships between domestic and systemic variables. We use this categorization so that scholars can match their theory to the appropriate empirical model and assess the degree to which systemic factors affect their arguments. We also present two advances at the frontier of these empirical models. In one, we combine hierarchical models of moderating relationships with spatial models of interdependence among units within a system. In the other, we provide a model for analyzing spatial interdependence that varies over time. This enables us to examine how the level of interdependence among units has evolved. We illustrate our categorization and new models by revisiting the recent international political economy (IPE) debate over the relationship between trade policy and regime type in developing countries.
Peri-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak during single-stage bone-anchored hearing aid implantation: case report
Authors: Dimbleby G , Mitchell-Innes A , Murphy J 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground:A bone-anchored hearing aid uses the principle of bone conduction and osseointegration to transfer sound vibrations to a functioning inner ear. It consists of a permanent titanium implant, and removable abutment and sound processor. Informed consent requires discussion of the procedural benefits, alternatives and complications. The risks of bone-anchored hearing aid surgery include infection, soft tissue hypertrophy, skin graft or flap failure, osseointegration failure, and the need for further surgery.Case report:A case of cerebrospinal fluid leak in a patient undergoing bone-anchored hearing aid surgery is reported and discussed.Conclusion:Bone-anchored hearing aid surgery poses a risk of breaching the inner table of the temporal bone and dura, resulting in a cerebrospinal fluid leak; the risk of meningitis is rare but serious. The surgeon should discuss the possibility of cerebrospinal fluid leak when consenting patients. Pre-operative computerised tomography scanning should be considered in certain individuals to aid implant placement.
Autologous total ossicular replacement prosthesis
Authors: Malhotra M , Varshney S , Malhotra R 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjective:To develop an autologous total ossicular replacement prosthesis with sustainable hearing results.Methods:The ears of 40 patients, who had chronic otitis media with absent suprastructure of the stapes and long process of the incus, were repaired using the autologous total ossicular replacement technique. Post-operative results were evaluated after 6 and 12 months on the basis of average pure tone air conduction and average air–bone gap measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 kHz.Results:Successful rehabilitation of pure tone average to 30 dB or less was achieved in 75 per cent of patients, and air–bone gap to 20 dB or less was attained in 82.5 per cent of patients. Overall mean improvement in air–bone gap was 23.9 ± 8.5 dB (p < 0.001). Mean improvements in air–bone gap were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the tympanoplasty only group (27.3 ± 6.6 dB) and the intact canal wall tympanoplasty group (25.9 ± 6.3 dB) than in the canal wall down tympanoplasty group (16.3 ± 8.9 dB).Conclusion:This paper describes an autologous total ossicular replacement prosthesis that is biocompatible, stable, magnetic resonance imaging compatible and, above all, results in sustainable hearing improvement.
Targeted use of endoscopic CO2 laser cricopharyngeal myotomy for improving swallowing function following head and neck cancer treatment
Authors: Dawe N , Patterson J , Hamilton D , Hartley C 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground:Cricopharyngeal dysfunction following head and neck cancer treatment may lead to a significant reduction in oral intake. Carbon dioxide laser is an established procedure for the treatment of non-malignant cricopharyngeal disorders. We report our experience of laser cricopharyngeal myotomy with objective swallowing outcome measures, before and after treatment.Methods:We identified 11 patients who had undergone carbon dioxide laser cricopharyngeal myotomy for dysphagia following radiotherapy, with or without chemotheraphy between January 2006 and July 2011. We analysed the swallowing outcomes following carbon dioxide laser cricopharyngeal myotomy by retrospective grading of pre- and post-procedure videofluoroscopic swallowing study of liquids, using the validated Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile.Results:The median Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile score was 13 pre-myotomy and 10 post-myotomy. This difference between scores was non-significant (p = 0.41). The median, cricopharyngeal-specific Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile variables (14 and 17) improved from 3 to 2, but were similarly non-significant (p = 0.16). We observed the improved Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile scores post-procedure in the majority of patients.Conclusion:Endoscopic carbon dioxide laser cricopharyngeal myotomy remains a viable option in treatment-related cricopharyngeal dysfunction; its targeted role requires further prospective study. Objective analysis of the technique can be reported using the validated Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile.
Defending against disparate marine turtle nest predators: nesting success benefits from eradicating invasive feral swine and caging nests from raccoons
Authors: Engeman Richard M. , Addison David , Griffin J.C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNest predation can threaten marine turtle nesting success, and having to address dissimilar predator species complicates nest protection efforts. On Florida's Keewaydin Island predation by raccoons Procyon lotor and invasive feral swine Sus scrofa are disparate, significant threats to marine turtle nests. Using 6 years of nesting data (mostly for loggerhead marine turtles Caretta caretta) we examined the impacts of swine predation on nests and the benefits of swine eradication, caging nests to protect them from raccoon predation, and the effects of nest caging on swine predation. Nest predation by swine began in mid nesting season 2007, after which swine quickly annihilated all remaining marine turtle nests. During 2005–2010 raccoon predation rates for caged nests (0.7–20.4%) were significantly lower than for uncaged nests (5.6–68.8%) in every year except 2009, when little raccoon predation occurred. The proportions of eggs lost from raccoon-predated nests did not differ between caged and uncaged nests. Caging did not prevent destruction by swine but median survival time for caged nests was 11.5 days longer than for uncaged nests, indicating that caged eggs in nests have a greater chance of hatching before being predated by swine. The financial cost of the eradication of swine greatly outweighed the value of hatchlings lost to swine predation in 2007.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT INFORMATION SOURCES TO IDENTIFY ADVERSE EFFECTS OF A MEDICAL DEVICE: A CASE STUDY USING A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SPINAL FUSION
Authors: Golder Su , Wright Kath , Rodgers Mark 
Published: November 2014

Background: The most effective sources to search to identify adverse effects data for medical devices are currently unknown.Methods: The included studies from a systematic review of the safety of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for spinal fusion were used for analysis. For each source searched, a record was made for each relevant publication of whether it was retrieved by the search strategy used and whether it was available in the database but not retrieved. To account for multiple publications of the same study, a record was made of the relevant studies identified. The sensitivity, precision, and number needed to read were calculated as well as the minimum combination of sources to identify all the publications or studies.Results: There were eighty-two publications (forty-nine studies) included in the systematic review. Only one article was available in a database searched but not retrieved by our search strategy. Science Citation Index (SCI) and EMBASE both achieved the highest sensitivity (62 percent), followed closely by MEDLINE/PubMED (56 percent). With the search strategies used, the minimum combination of sources needed to identify all the publications was SCI, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and either MEDLINE or PubMED, in addition to reference checking, contacting authors and an automated current awareness service. In relation to identifying all the relevant studies, the minimum combination of studies was similar with the exclusion of CENTRAL.Conclusions: To identify all the relevant publications or studies included in this case study systematic review, several different sources needed to be searched.
SiO and CH3OH mega-masers in NGC 1068
Authors: Wang Junzhi , Zhang Jiangshui , Gao Yu , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Li Di , Fang Min , Shi Yong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMaser is an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; in astronomy mega-masers are masers in galaxies that are ≥106 times more luminous than typical galactic maser sources. Observational studies of mega-masers can help us to understand their origins and characteristics. More importantly, mega-masers can be used as diagnostic tracers to probe the physical properties of their parent galaxies. Since the late 1970s, only three types of molecules have been found to form mega-masers: H2O, OH and H2CO. Here we report the detection of both SiO and CH3OH mega-masers near the centre of Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 at millimetre wavelengths, obtained using the IRAM 30-m telescope. We argue that the SiO mega-maser originated from the nuclear disk and the CH3OH mega-maser originated from shock fronts. High-resolution observations in the future will enable us to investigate AGN feedback and determine the masses of central supermassive black holes in such galaxies.
Sleep apnea is not associated with worse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Fornadi Katalin , Ronai Katalin Zsuzsanna , Turanyi Csilla Zita , Malavade Tushar S. , Shapiro Colin Michael , Novak Marta , Mucsi Istvan , Molnar Miklos Z. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders in kidney transplant recipients, however its long-term consequences have only rarely been investigated. Here, we hypothesized that the presence of OSA would be associated with higher risk of mortality and faster decline of graft function in kidney transplant recipients. In a prospective cohort study 100 prevalent kidney transplant recipients who underwent one-night polysomnography at baseline and were followed for a median 75 months. Generalized linear mixed-effects models and Cox regression models were used to assess the association between OSA and the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease(CKD) and mortality. The estimated slopes of estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) in patients with and without OSA were compared using a two-stage model of eGFR change including only OSA as a variable. In this model patients with OSA (eGFR versus time was −0.93 ml/min/1.73 m2/yr(95%CI:−1.75 to−0.11) had a similar slope as compared to patients without OSA(eGFR versus time was −1.24 ml/min/1.73 m2/yr(95%CI: −1.67 to −0.81). In unadjusted Cox proportional regression analyses OSA was not associated with higher all-cause mortality risk (Hazard Ratio(HR) = 1.20; 95% Confidence Interval(CI): 0.50–2.85). No association was found between the presence of OSA and the rate of progression of CKD or all-cause mortality in prevalent kidney transplant recipients.
Unusual role of epilayer–substrate interactions in determining orientational relations in van der Waals epitaxy
Authors: Liu Lei , Siegel David A. , Chen Wei , Liu Peizhi , Guo Junjie , Duscher Gerd , Zhao Chong , Wang Hao , Wang Wenlong , Bai Xuedong , McCarty Kevin F. , Zhang Zhenyu , Gu Gong 
Published: November 2014

Significance
van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of dissimilar 2D material sheets held together by vdW interactions promise new physics and applications not necessarily associated with the constituent 2D materials. Only epitaxial growth can achieve the orientational alignment in vdW heterostructures needed to obtain certain novel phenomena. As a case study of vdW epitaxy, we experimentally find that hexagonal boron nitride strictly aligns to Cu(100), whereas crystallographically similar graphene is known to exhibit a wide spread of in-plane rotations. Theoretical investigation reveals that this stark difference occurs because the C–Cu interactions are stronger than the B–Cu and N–Cu interactions. This counterintuitive discovery sheds light on orientational relationships in vdW epitaxy and their case specificity.
Multifunctional supramolecular polymer networks as next-generation consolidants for archaeological wood conservation
Authors: Walsh Zarah , Janeček Emma-Rose , Hodgkinson James T. , Sedlmair Julia , Koutsioubas Alexandros , Spring David R. , Welch Martin , Hirschmugl Carol J. , Toprakcioglu Chris , Nitschke Jonathan R. , Jones Mark , Scherman Oren A. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The preservation of cultural heritage is of widespread importance all over the world. Yet the lack of development in the field of conservation treatments means the fate of some of the most culturally important artifacts in the world remain in jeopardy. In the preservation of waterlogged wooden artifacts, conservators rely almost exclusively on poly(ethylene glycol) doped with a broad-spectrum biocide. The concept of a chemotactic consolidant, one that can adapt to the artifact it is treating, as described here has never before been described for an archaeological/conservation treatment. Additionally, the cross-links holding the consolidant together are entirely reversible, resulting in a material that is a greener, safer, and sustainable alternative to current conservation strategies.
Complementarity in the provision of ecosystem services reduces the cost of mitigating amplified natural disturbance events
Authors: Sims Charles , Aadland David , Powell James , Finnoff David C. , Crabb Ben 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceClimate change has been implicated as a root cause of the recent surge in natural disturbance events, leading to a greater focus on disturbance-mitigating benefits of ecosystem management. Quantifying these benefits requires knowledge of the relationship between natural and anthropogenic disturbances, which is lacking at the temporal and spatial scales needed to inform ecosystem-based management. This study investigates a specific relationship between timber harvesting and climate-amplified insect outbreaks. If harvesting is located to mitigate long-distance insect dispersal, there is potential for a win–win outcome, in which both timber production and forest conservation can be increased. This spatially targeted harvesting strategy lowers the cost of providing disturbance-mitigating ecosystem services and produces net gains in forest conservation across various stakeholder groups.
Spiral precipitation patterns in confined chemical gardens
Authors: Haudin Florence , Cartwright Julyan H. E. , Brau Fabian , De Wit A. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Chemical gardens are plant-like mineral forms existing in nature at various scales. Even though they have been described for more than three centuries thanks to their beauty and analogies with biological forms, their growth mechanisms remain largely not understood. To gain insight into their formation processes, we develop an innovative strategy to study these systems in which chemical gardens grow in a quasi-2D confined geometry upon injecting one reagent solution into the other. The advantage of this procedure over previous works is to allow studying, in controlled and reproducible conditions, the effects of variable concentrations and injection rates on the selected morphology.
Peptide and small molecule inhibitors of HECT-type ubiquitin ligases
Authors: Mund Thomas , Lewis Michael J. , Maslen Sarah , Pelham Hugh R. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The ubiquitin system controls a wide range of processes in cells and provides attractive drug targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. However, it has proved difficult to obtain inhibitors of the ligases that conjugate ubiquitin to substrates, of which there are hundreds. One class, the HECT (homologous to E6AP C terminus) domain ligases, receives ubiquitin from an E2 enzyme and transfers it to substrate. We have selected bicyclic peptides that block the E2 binding site of individual HECT ligases, as well as a small molecule, heclin (HECT ligase inhibitor), that broadly inhibits these ligases in cells. These inhibitors demonstrate that HECT domains are druggable targets and provide tools to study ubiquitination. The same approach could be used to select further HECT inhibitors.
The pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisdisturbs the frog skin microbiome during a natural epidemic and experimental infection
Authors: Jani Andrea J. , Briggs Cheryl J. 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceAnimals are inhabited by communities of microbes (the microbiome) that potentially interact with pathogens. Detailed studies of microbiome–pathogen interactions in nature are rare, and even when correlations are observed, determining causal relationships is challenging. The microbiome–pathogen relationship is of particular interest in the case ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus that infects the skin of amphibians and is causing amphibian declines worldwide. We documented a strong correlation between pathogen load and skin bacterial communities of frogs during natural disease episodes. We then showed experimentally that infection alters the microbiome, with similar bacteria responding in both laboratory and field. The results indicate that the chytrid pathogen drives changes in the amphibian skin microbiome during disease episodes in wild frogs.
Gill bacteria enable a novel digestive strategy in a wood-feeding mollusk
Authors: O’Connor Roberta M. , Fung Jennifer M. , Sharp Koty H. , Benner Jack S. , McClung Colleen , Cushing Shelley , Lamkin Elizabeth R. , Fomenkov Alexey I. , Henrissat Bernard , Londer Yuri Y. , Scholz Matthew B. , Posfai Janos , Malfatti Stephanie , Tringe Susannah G. , Woyke Tanja , Malmstrom Rex R. , Coleman-Derr Devin , Altamia Marvin A. , Dedrick Sandra , Kaluziak Stefan T. , Haygood Margo G. , Distel Daniel L. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
In animals, gut microbes are essential for digestion. Here, we show that bacteria outside the gut can also play a critical role in digestion. In shipworms, wood-eating marine bivalves, endosymbiotic bacteria are found within specialized cells in the gills. We show that these endosymbionts produce wood-degrading enzymes that are selectively transported to the shipworm’s bacteria-free gut, where wood digestion occurs. Because only selected wood-degrading enzymes are transported, the shipworm system naturally identifies those endosymbiont enzymes most relevant to lignocellulose deconstruction without interference from other microbial proteins. Thus, this work expands the known biological repertoire of bacterial endosymbionts to include digestion of food and identifies previously undescribed enzymes and enzyme combinations of potential value to biomass-based industries, such as cellulosic biofuel production.
Prediction of interindividual differences in hepatic functions and drug sensitivity by using human iPS-derived hepatocytes
Authors: Takayama Kazuo , Morisaki Yuta , Kuno Shuichi , Nagamoto Yasuhito , Harada Kazuo , Furukawa Norihisa , Ohtaka Manami , Nishimura Ken , Imagawa Kazuo , Sakurai Fuminori , Tachibana Masashi , Sumazaki Ryo , Noguchi Emiko , Nakanishi Mahito , Hirata Kazumasa , Kawabata Kenji , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2014

Significance
We found that individual cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism capacity and drug sensitivity could be predicted by examining them in the primary human hepatocytes–human induced pluripotent stem cells–hepatocyte-like cells (PHH-iPS-HLCs). We also confirmed that interindividual differences of CYP metabolism capacity and drug responsiveness that are due to the diversity of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP gene could also be reproduced in the PHH-iPS-HLCs. These findings suggest that interindividual differences in drug metabolism capacity and drug response could be predicted by using HLCs differentiated from human iPS cells. We believe that iPS-HLCs would be a powerful technology not only for accurate and efficient drug development, but also for personalized drug therapy.
In vitro evolution of high-titer, virus-like vesicles containing a single structural protein
Authors: Rose Nina F. , Buonocore Linda , Schell John B. , Chattopadhyay Anasuya , Bahl Kapil , Liu Xinran , Rose John K. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
All known membrane-enveloped RNA viruses have capsid proteins that encase their RNA genomes. This paper shows that infectious, membrane-enveloped, virus-like vesicles with RNA genomes can evolve in vitro to grow to high titers without a capsid protein. The infectious vesicles are apparently generated from RNA replication factories called spherules that bud from the cell surface. They evolve in vitro to bud with high efficiency through the acquisition of multiple mutations in the non-structural replicase proteins. One mutation generates a critical motif found in many viral structural proteins. This motif is involved in recruiting cellular machinery to drive efficient budding. Prior to the evolution of capsid proteins, primitive RNA viruses may have used this budding mechanism.
Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain
Authors: Filbey Francesca M. , Aslan Sina , Calhoun Vince D. , Spence Jeffrey S. , Damaraju Eswar , Caprihan Arvind , Segall Judith 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The existing literature on the long-term effects of marijuana on the brain provides an inconsistent picture (i.e., presence or absence of structural changes) due to methodological differences across studies. We overcame these methodological issues by collecting multimodal measures in a large group of chronic marijuana using adults with a wide age range that allows for characterization of changes across lifespan without developmental or maturational biases as in other studies. Our findings suggest that chronic marijuana use is associated with complex neuroadaptive processes and that onset and duration of use have unique effects on these processes.
Brothers in arms: Libyan revolutionaries bond like family
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey , McQuinn Brian , Buhrmester Michael , Swann William B. 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceThe human propensity to sacrifice one’s life for genetic strangers has puzzled scientists since Darwin. Here, we sought answers to this puzzle by embedding ourselves within groups of individuals prepared to die for one another—Libyan revolutionary battalion members who fought against Gaddafi’s regime in 2011. We found striking evidence of extraordinarily tight, familial-like bonds among those who put themselves directly in harm’s way (i.e., frontline combatants). In fact, for nearly half of combatants, their bonds to each other werestrongerthan bonds to their own families. Moreover, these kin-like bonds to one another predispose them to extreme self-sacrifice.