bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and functional responses to the presence of a competitor – the case ofAggregatasp. (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) andOctopicola superba(Copepoda: Octopicolidae)
Authors: CAVALEIRO F. I. , SANTOS M. J. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYEvidence of interference competition between the eimeriorin coccidianAggregatasp. and the octopicolid copepodOctopicola superbaat the level of the gills of naturally infectedOctopus vulgarisis evaluated. Numerical and functional responses are considered for analysis, and the fundamental and realized spatial niches (FSNs and RSNs) are measured as part of the study. While it was not possible to measure the FSN ofAggregatasp., the analysis of the infection levels ofO. superbarecorded for non-concomitantly and concomitantly infected hosts suggests that the gills and body skin constitute, respectively, the main and accessory sites of infection of the parasite. According to the evidence found, the gills function mainly as an accessory site of infection ofAggregatasp., in specimens in which the caecum and intestine are massively infected. Evidence for a negative interaction betweenAggregatasp. andO. superbahas been found while controlling for a potential confounding effect of host size. Furthermore, the presence ofO. superbaon gill lamellae appears to have been negatively affected by the presence ofAggregatasp., while this latter remained mostly undisturbed. The mean number of oocysts ofAggregatasp. in the gills was higher in spring and summer, which were also the seasons presenting the broadest RSN forO. superba.
Refactoring tools for functional languages
Authors: THOMPSON SIMON , LI HUIQING 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRefactoring is the process of changing the design of a program without changing what it does. Typical refactorings, such as function extraction and generalisation, are intended to make a program more amenable to extension, more comprehensible and so on. Refactorings differ from other sorts of program transformation in being applied to source code, rather than to a ‘core’ language within a compiler, and also in having an effect across a code base, rather than to a single function definition, say. Because of this, there is a need to give automated support to the process. This paper reflects on our experience of building tools to refactor functional programs written in Haskell (HaRe) and Erlang (Wrangler). We begin by discussing what refactoring means for functional programming languages, first in theory, and then in the context of a larger example. Next, we address system design and details of system implementation as well as contrasting the style of refactoring and tooling for Haskell and Erlang. Building both tools led to reflections about what particular refactorings mean, as well as requiring analyses of various kinds, and we discuss both of these. We also discuss various extensions to the core tools, including integrating the tools with test frameworks; facilities for detecting and eliminating code clones; and facilities to make the systems extensible by users. We then reflect on our work by drawing some general conclusions, some of which apply particularly to functional languages, while many others are of general value.
Tenascin-C is an innate broad-spectrum, HIV-1–neutralizing protein in breast milk
Authors: Fouda Genevieve G. , Jaeger Frederick H. , Amos Joshua D. , Ho Carrie , Kunz Erika L. , Anasti Kara , Stamper Lisa W. , Liebl Brooke E. , Barbas Kimberly H. , Ohashi Tomoo , Moseley Martin Arthur , Liao Hua-Xin , Erickson Harold P. , Alam S. Munir , Permar Sallie R. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Achieving an AIDS-free generation will require elimination of breast milk transmission of HIV-1, as breastfeeding is a cornerstone of infant survival in developing regions. Antiretroviral prophylaxis considerably reduces postnatal HIV-1 transmission, yet its efficacy is limited by access, adherence, toxicities, and resistance of maternal HIV-1 strains. Alternative, safe strategies of impeding postnatal HIV-1 transmission will be required to eliminate infant HIV-1 infection. In this paper, we identify an innate HIV-neutralizing protein in breast milk, Tenascin-C, which captures and neutralizes HIV-1 virions via binding to the chemokine coreceptor binding site on the HIV-1 Envelope. This protein has the potential to be developed as a prevention strategy for postnatal and other modes of HIV-1 transmission.
BC-box protein domain-related mechanism for VHL protein degradation
Authors: Pozzebon Maria Elena , Varadaraj Archana , Mattoscio Domenico , Jaffray Ellis G. , Miccolo Claudia , Galimberti Viviana , Tommasino Massimo , Hay Ronald T. , Chiocca Susanna 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) is a tumor suppressor protein. Through its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, VHL controls hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) protein levels. We show that VHL is degraded upon expression or induction of proteins containing BC box-Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) domains. These proteins, ubiquitously expressed, are important for proper cellular cytokine signaling and are often exploited for viral benefit. We also show that cellular consequences of VHL degradation in response to stressors, such as viral infection, cytokines, and viral reactivation, afford distinct survival advantages in terms of increased metabolic and proangiogenic markers. The impairment of the VHL/HIF pathway upon viral infection reinforces the notion that this process may be linked to regulation of pathogenesis by viruses associated with human cancers.
Natural killer cell licensing in mice with inducible expression of MHC class I
Authors: Ebihara Takashi , Jonsson A. Helena , Yokoyama Wayne M. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Natural killer (NK) cells undergo a licensing (or education) process through interactions with their MHC class I-specific receptors and self-MHC class I to become functionally competent. Previously it was not possible to study the acute consequences of these interactions. We developed transgenic mice to induce MHC class I acutely in an otherwise MHC class I-deficient environment. In these mice, acute NK cell licensing is dependent on interactions between NK-cell receptors and other hematopoietic cells; the acute process did not appear to induce detectable differences in the licensed NK cells themselves.
eParticipation in the EU
Authors: Karantzeni Dimitra , G. Gouscos Dimitris 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to research the key role of eParticipation and social media in the construction and diffusion of a European identity for European citizens, as a valuable means of acculturalisation, through the creation of a common sense of belonging and self-identifying with the European ideals.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper argues that the limited success of current EU institutions' communication strategy and eParticipation initiatives could be partly attributed to a communication gap between the means currently used on the one hand, and the preferences of targeted audiences on the other.

Findings
– This communication gap is demonstrated by combining empirical data on EU eParticipation initiatives addressing young people, young citizens' involvement in EU affairs, the penetration of social media on young citizen groups and the social media presence of EU political entities.

Research limitations/implications
– These empirical data could be enriched with more detailed statistics, and monitored across time to identity advancements and changing trends.

Practical implications
– The paper proposes, therefore, that the focus for eParticipation instruments be redirected to social media due to their comparative advantages as regards their great visibility, their notable level of penetration into current social groups and their potential of targeting specific audiences and becoming an integral part of these audiences' everyday life.

Originality/value
– The paper believes this approach can contribute to improving eParticipation ventures in terms of their actual appeal to young citizens and contribution to the construction and diffusion of a European identity.
Comparative study for the effect of photodynamic therapy, imiquimod immunotherapy and combination of both therapies on 40 lesions of actinic keratosis in Japanese patients
Authors: Tanaka Noriko , Ohata Chika , Ishii Norito , Imamura Kazuko , Ueda Akihiro , Furumura Minao , Yasumoto Shinichiro , Kawakami Tamihiro , Tsuruta Daisuke , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe treated 12, 15 and 13 Japanese actinic keratosis (AK) lesions with 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (PDT), 5% imiquimod cream and combination of both therapies, respectively, and compared the effects. Patients underwent the second course, when AK lesions remained after the first course. Efficacy was evaluated 1 month after each treatment. Combination therapy cleared all AK lesions only after the first course, while PDT and imiquimod therapy cleared 41.7% and 66.7% of AK lesions after the first course, respectively. All residual AK lesions after the first course were cleared by the second courses of PDT or imiquimod therapy. During the course, erosion and crust developed significantly more frequently in combination therapy (P < 0.001). Most Japanese AK lesions can be satisfactorily treated with either PDT or imiquimod monotherapy. However, only severe cases may better be treated with combination therapy, which show higher efficacy even though adverse events occur frequently.
Growth‐enhanced coho salmon invading other salmon species populations: effects on early survival and growth
Authors: Sundström L. Fredrik , Vandersteen Wendy E. , Lõhmus Mare , Devlin Robert H. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

The first genetically modified (GM) fish intended for human consumption has recently stimulated significant scientific discussion and regulatory scrutiny regarding food safety and environmental risks. Currently, no experiments with transgenic fish have been performed in nature, yet such data are needed to facilitate predictions of ecological consequences should engineered fish escape to the natural environment.

To address this limitation, we conducted experiments under natural conditions but within a contained environment to assess the impact of invasion of growth‐enhanced GM coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) on survival and growth of three naturally cohabitating fishes: Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha (Walbaum), steelhead trout O. mykiss (Walbaum) and conspecific wild‐type coho salmon.

We found that the impact of stream‐reared GM coho salmon on invaded specimens was similar to the impact of non‐GM coho salmon. However, GM fish significantly reduced survival and growth of the invaded populations if they were first allowed to grow larger under hatchery conditions before being released.

Synthesis and applications. Our results show that the ecological impact of fish genetically modified (GM) for rapid growth on closely related fish species may not be high in stream environments, unless these fish are first reared under culture conditions where they are able to realize their genetic growth potential. As such, first generation escapes of GM fish into the natural environment should be a main concern in the short term, whereas later generations, which are more similar to naturally occurring genotypes, are expected to have significantly weaker effects but which could persist for longer periods.
Long‐tongued insects promote disassortative pollen transfer in style‐dimorphic Narcissus papyraceus (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Simón‐Porcar Violeta I. , Santos‐Gally Rocío , Arroyo Juan 
Published: October 2013

Summary

In hermaphroditic flowers, reciprocal herkogamy, for example heterostyly, enhances pollen transfer between floral morphs (disassortative pollination) while avoiding self‐interference between sexual organs. By contrast, disassortative pollination might be compromised in style‐dimorphic flowers, which lack perfect reciprocity between the two floral morphs. This suboptimal functioning has been considered to explain why stylar dimorphism is rare in nature.

Some style‐polymorphic species receive a wide array of floral visitors, including long‐tongued insects that feed on nectar and short‐tongued insects that feed on pollen. Differences in the morphology and behaviour of these two insect types could be manifested as different pollination patterns in each floral morph.

By observing individual pollinators and pollen deposition and delivery in small field‐based experimental arrays with emasculated and intact flowers, we studied pollination patterns mediated by different insect types (long‐ and short‐tongued) in the two floral morphs (long‐ and short‐styled) of the style‐dimorphic Narcissus papyraceus. We investigated the patterns of pollen transfer between and within style morphs in cross‐pollinations, as well as self‐pollination and pollen removal rates, for each floral morph mediated by each insect type.

Long‐tongued insects were efficient pollinators of both floral morphs as they removed little pollen from the anthers but deposited comparatively large amounts on the stigmas. Although disassortative pollen transfer and assortative pollen transfer were equally high to the long‐styled morph, the former prevailed in the short‐styled morph. Short‐tongued insects removed large amounts of pollen from the anthers but deposited only a few pollen grains on the long‐styled stigmas and a negligible number of grains on short‐styled stigmas regardless of the morph of the donor.

Synthesis. In this study, we provide empirical support for the hypothesis that, under the action of long‐tongued pollinators, pollen transfer patterns in the stylar‐dimorphic Narcissus papyraceus resemble in part those of heterostylous species. In addition, we found that short‐tongued insects act mostly as pollen thieves, thereby limiting the male fitness of both style morphs, besides depleting the female fitness of S‐morph plants. In view of these results, we propose that the differing pollination efficiencies of floral visitors, in addition to their frequency, are key in determining the morph ratio of populations in this Narcissus.
Respiratory function parameters in ventilated newborn infants undergoing whole body hypothermia
Authors: Dassios Theodore , Austin Topun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimWhole body hypothermia (WBH) exerts proven neuroprotective effects in infants with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Our aim was to describe how WBH could impact on respiratory function in mechanically ventilated newborn infants, by recording primary and composite indices of oxygenation and ventilation before, during and after WBH.MethodsThe medical notes of 31 mechanically ventilated full‐term newborn infants who underwent WBH for HIE were retrospectively reviewed. Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), tidal volume (TV), mean airway Pressure (MAP), minute ventilation (MV), static compliance of the respiratory system (CstatRS), ventilation efficiency index (VEI), alveolar‐arterial gradient (A‐a gradient) and oxygenation index (OI) were documented before and during hypothermic treatment, as well as during and after rewarming.ResultsFraction of inspired oxygen, MAP, OI and A‐a gradient decreased during induction of hypothermia and tended to increase during rewarming. CstatRS, VEI and TV increased during induction of hypothermia and tended to decrease during rewarming. None of the changes achieved statistical significance.ConclusionThese results suggest that WBH might affect respiratory function in mechanically ventilated infants with HIE. Oxygenation might be enhanced by hypothermia, probably as a result of decreased metabolism, while ventilation might also be facilitated as a result of the effect of hypothermia on lung mechanics.
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation alterations in heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Fillmore N , Mori J , Lopaschuk G D 
Published: October 2013

Heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. In many forms of heart disease, including heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and diabetic cardiomyopathies, changes in cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism contribute to contractile dysfunction and to a decrease in cardiac efficiency. Specific metabolic changes include a relative increase in cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates and an uncoupling of glycolysis from glucose oxidation. In heart failure, overall mitochondrial oxidative metabolism can be impaired while, in ischaemic heart disease, energy production is impaired due to a limitation of oxygen supply. In both of these conditions, residual mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation dominates over mitochondrial glucose oxidation. In diabetes, the ratio of cardiac fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation also increases, although primarily due to an increase in fatty acid oxidation and an inhibition of glucose oxidation. Recent evidence suggests that therapeutically regulating cardiac energy metabolism by reducing fatty acid oxidation and/or increasing glucose oxidation can improve cardiac function of the ischaemic heart, the failing heart and in diabetic cardiomyopathies. In this article, we review the cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolic changes that occur in these forms of heart disease, what role alterations in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation have in contributing to cardiac dysfunction and the potential for targeting fatty acid oxidation to treat these forms of heart disease.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐8
Design of 99mTc‐DTPA‐CLP and Preliminary Evaluation in Rats
Authors: Altıparmak Burcu , Lambrecht Fatma Y. , Er Ozge 
Published: October 2013

Radiopharmaceuticals are localized in (malignant) tumor tissues by different mechanisms. One of these mechanisms, gelatinase enzyme activity, is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients and potential targets for tumor imaging. There are some gelatinases to be associated with metastatic potential for tumor imaging to possibly predict metastases. In this study, a cyclic decapeptide conjugate, DTPA‐CLP (DTPA‐Cys‐Leu‐Pro‐Gly‐His‐Trp‐Gly‐Phe‐Pro‐Ser‐Cys), was selected as a peptide conjugate because of its selective inhibitory activity toward gelatinases. Peptide‐conjugated DTPA‐CLP was labeled with 99mTc with a radiolabeling efficiency of 97.0 ± 2.8%. After determining optimization conditions for radiolabeling, a biodistribution study of radiolabeled peptide in albino Wistar rats was performed. According to biodistribution data, 99mTc‐DTPA‐CLP showed high uptake in the lung, liver, uterus, and spleen. These results show that 99mTc‐DTPA‐CLP may be used for the imaging of gelatinase activity in metastatic tumors.
The choice of grass species to combat desertification in semi‐arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly influenced by their forage value for livestock
Authors: Mganga K. Z. , Musimba N. K. R. , Nyariki D. M. , Nyangito M. M. , Mwang'ombe A. W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLivestock production is the main source of livelihood in the arid and semi‐arid lands in Africa. However, desertification characterized by vegetation degradation and soil erosion is a major threat to the sustainability of land‐based production systems. Native rangeland forage species Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Buffel grass/African foxtail grass), Eragrostis superba Peyr. (Maasai love grass) and Enteropogon macrostachyus (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Monro ex Benth. (Bush rye grass) have been used to combat desertification. The objectives of the study were to identify the best‐suited native grass species to combat desertification in a semi‐arid environment in Kenya and to identify the preferred grass species among the agropastoralists in the area. Percentage basal cover, plant densities and frequencies of the three grasses in pure stands and mixtures were estimated. Grass species preferences were through household survey and focus group discussion. Results showed a significant difference (P < 0·05) in plant densities and cover estimates: E. macrostachyus was ranked first; C. ciliaris and E. superba were ranked second and third respectively. The agropastoral farmers, however, preferred E. superba followed by C. ciliaris and E. macrostachyus, a reverse trend. These results suggest that the choice of grass species to combat desertification is influenced more by its contribution as a source of forage for livestock than its contribution for rehabilitation purposes.
Key innovations and island colonization as engines of evolutionary diversification: a comparative test with theAustralasian diplodactyloid geckos
Authors: Garcia‐Porta J. , Ord T. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe acquisition of key innovations and the invasion of new areas constitute two major processes that facilitate ecological opportunity and subsequent evolutionary diversification. Using a major lizard radiation as a model, theAustralasian diplodactyloid geckos, we explored the effects of two key innovations (adhesive toepads and a snake‐like phenotype) and the invasion of new environments (island colonization) in promoting the evolution of phenotypic and species diversity. We found no evidence that toepads had significantly increased evolutionary diversification, which challenges the common assumption that the evolution of toepads has been responsible for the extensive radiation of geckos. In contrast, a snakelike phenotype was associated with increased rates of body size evolution and, to a lesser extent, species diversification. However, the clearest impact on evolutionary diversification has been the colonization ofNewZealand andNewCaledonia, which were associated with increased rates of both body size evolution and species diversification. This highlights that colonizing new environments can drive adaptive diversification in conjunction or independently of the evolution of a key innovation. Studies wishing to confirm the putative link between a key innovation and subsequent evolutionary diversification must therefore show that it has been the acquisition of an innovation specifically, not the colonization of new areas more generally, that has prompted diversification.
Expression and purification of the extracellular domain of the human follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor using Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Hong Shanshan , Kang Yu , Zheng Yufang , Sun Hong , Xu Congjian 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimAlthough much is known about the structure and biological functions of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR), the interaction of FSHR and FSH has been challenging to characterize due to the limited quantity of active FSHR protein produced by simple methods. The goal of this study was to express and purify the extracellular domain (ECD) of human FSHR (hFSHR).MethodsTotal RNA was isolated from normal human ovary tissue. cDNA for hFSHR ECD were amplified and subsequently ligated into the pET32a(+) vector. The plasmid vector construct was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Expression in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS strain was induced by isopropyl‐thio‐β‐D‐thiogalactoside, and the recombinant products were purified by immuno‐affinity chromatography using an Ni‐NTA and High‐Q column. The recombinant protein was confirmed by western blotting.ResultsFollowing induction, E. coli expressed a recombinant protein of approximately 65 kDa in size, whereas the non‐induced E. coli did not express the recombinant protein. The recombinant fragments purified using a High‐Q column demonstrated a single band and an abundant yield. The recombinant protein was soluble and specifically recognized by an antibody for hFSHR. Additionally, four mutation sites were detected that resulted in amino acid shifts at position 112 Asn/Thr, 197 Glu/Ala, 198 Leu/Val and 307 Ala/Thr.ConclusionThe recombinant hFSHR ECD protein was expressed and purified. This method could be easily scaled for increased production and may facilitate additional applications utilizing FSHR in assisted reproductive technology, a contraceptive FSH vaccine and FSHR‐targeted therapeutic agents used to treat ovarian cancer.