bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subida de la vida en el reino astur-leonés tras el cambio monetario del sueldo de oro al sueldo de plata: ¿mito o realidad?
Authors: Núñez Meneses Pablo 
Published: November 2015

<p>El objetivo de este trabajo es el relativizar la supuesta subida de la vida tras el cambio monetario de la unidad de cuenta del sólido áureo al sólido argénteo, acontecido en el reino astur-leonés a mediados del siglo IX, aunque en algunas zonas, fundamentalmente Galicia, un siglo más tarde. Asumir dicho aumento del costo de las cosas es la tendencia seguida tras las tempranas investigaciones del maestro Sánchez Albornoz y los estudios posteriores lo han mantenido, en su mayoría, siendo la lectura de las fuentes documentales del periodo y de la zona las que principalmente llevan a cuestionar dicha afirmación.</p>
Juan de Beaumont, prior del Hospital: promoción al cargo y control de la Orden por parte de una facción nobiliaria en Navarra (1433-1451)
Authors: Pavón Benito Julia 
Published: November 2015

<p>Este artículo analiza el momento y el contexto que dio lugar a la toma de posesión del cargo de<br />prior del Hospital de San Juan de Jerusalén por parte de Juan de Beaumont en 1435, y las primeras actuaciones de su gobierno en dicha institución hasta el inicio de la guerra civil navarra en 1451. La documentación sanjuanista (AHN y National Library of Malta), complementada por la información de los fondos del reino custodiados en el Archivo General de Navarra, revela un intenso período de cambios en la orden a partir de 1433 y durante los tres lustros siguientes. Ello invita a pensar, teniendo en cuenta la compleja situación peninsular y navarra del primer tercio del siglo XV, en el interés que manifestó una de las facciones nobiliarias del reino de Navarra, la de los Beaumont, por controlar la dirección y organización del priorato sanjuanista.</p>
Immune Cell Phenotyping Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Pockley A. Graham , Foulds Gemma A. , Oughton Julie A. , Kerkvliet Nancy I. , Multhoff Gabriele 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFluorescent immunophenotyping uses fluorescently‐conjugated antibodies to identify, characterize and quantify distinct subpopulations of cells within heterogeneous single‐cell populations, either in the context of tissue (using fluorescence and imaging microscopy) or in a single‐cell suspension (using multiparameter imaging microscopy, imaging cytometry, and/or flow cytometry). Flow cytometry is an optical, laser‐based technology which analyzes the physical and fluorescent properties of cells in suspension in real‐time as they flow through the instrument. This approach has a number of advantages over other techniques that can be used for characterizing cell populations in single‐cell suspensions, in that it can nonsubjectively interrogate up to millions of cells and acquire data on the presence of different cell subpopulations and phenotypical changes within these populations in seconds. This unit describes basic procedures for the direct and indirect immunofluorescent staining of surface and intracellular proteins that are expressed by lymphoid cells which have been isolated from tissues or blood. Protocols for the resolution of dead cells and for the fixation of cells are also included. This unit also provides essential information relating to the selection and titration of antibodies, fluorochrome choice, spectral overlap and compensation, the use of controls, and the standardization of data acquisition and analysis. It also highlights new technologies and platforms that can be used to interrogate the presence of cell subpopulations and their phenotype to an even greater depth. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seahorse Xfe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer‐Based Analysis of Cellular Respiration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Luz Anthony L. , Smith Latasha L. , Rooney John P. , Meyer Joel N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMitochondria are critical for their role in ATP production as well as multiple nonenergetic functions, and mitochondrial dysfunction is causal in myriad human diseases. Less well appreciated is the fact that mitochondria integrate environmental and intercellular as well as intracellular signals to modulate function. Because mitochondria function in an organismal milieu, there is need for assays capable of rapidly assessing mitochondrial health in vivo. Here, using the Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the pharmacological inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD, ATP synthase inhibitor), carbonyl cyanide‐p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP, mitochondrial uncoupler), and sodium azide (cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor), we describe how to obtain in vivo measurements of the fundamental parameters [basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP‐linked respiration, maximal OCR, spare respiratory capacity, and proton leak] of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron Microscopy and Image Processing: Essential Tools for Structural Analysis of Macromolecules
Authors: Belnap David M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMacromolecular electron microscopy typically depicts the structures of macromolecular complexes ranging from ∼200 kDa to hundreds of MDa. The amount of specimen required, a few micrograms, is typically 100 to 1000 times less than needed for X‐ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Micrographs of frozen‐hydrated (cryogenic) specimens portray native structures, but the original images are noisy. Computational averaging reduces noise, and three‐dimensional reconstructions are calculated by combining different views of free‐standing particles (“single‐particle analysis”). Electron crystallography is used to characterize two‐dimensional arrays of membrane proteins and very small three‐dimensional crystals. Under favorable circumstances, near‐atomic resolutions are achieved. For structures at somewhat lower resolution, pseudo‐atomic models are obtained by fitting high‐resolution components into the density. Time‐resolved experiments describe dynamic processes. Electron tomography allows reconstruction of pleiomorphic complexes and subcellular structures and modeling of macromolecules in their cellular context. Significant information is also obtained from metal‐coated and dehydrated specimens. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Functional Analysis of Human Neutrophils
Authors: Kuhns Douglas B. , Priel Debra A. Long , Chu Jessica , Zarember Kol A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis unit describes the isolation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from blood using dextran sedimentation and Percoll or Ficoll‐Paque density gradients. Assays of neutrophil functions including respiratory burst activation, phagocytosis, and microbial killing are also described. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trypan Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability
Authors: Strober Warren 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe protocol described in this appendix allows for light microscopic quantitation of cell viability. Cells are suspended in PBS containing trypan blue and then examined to determine the percentage of cells that have clear cytoplasm (viable cells) versus cells that have blue cytoplasm (nonviable cells). © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow and scour constraints on uprooting of pioneer woody seedlings
Authors: Bywater‐Reyes Sharon , Wilcox Andrew C. , Stella John C. , Lightbody Anne F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractScour and uprooting during flood events is a major disturbance agent that affects plant mortality rates and subsequent vegetation composition and density, setting the trajectory of physical‐biological interactions in rivers. During flood events, riparian plants may be uprooted if they are subjected to hydraulic drag forces greater than their resisting force. We measured the resisting force of woody seedlings established on river bars with in situ lateral pull tests that simulated flood flows with and without substrate scour. We quantified the influence of seedling size, species (Populus and Tamarix), water‐table depth, and scour depth on resisting force. Seedling size and resisting force were positively related with scour depth and water‐table depth—a proxy for root length—exerting strong and opposing controls on resisting force. Populus required less force to uproot than Tamarix, but displayed a greater increase in uprooting force with seedling size. Further, we found that calculated mean velocities required to uproot seedlings were greater than modeled flood velocities under most conditions. Only when plants were either shallowly rooted or subjected to substrate scour (≥0.3 m) did the calculated velocities required for uprooting decrease to within the range of modeled flood velocities, indicating that drag forces alone are unlikely to uproot seedlings in the absence of extreme events or bar‐scale sediment transport. Seedlings on river bars are most resilient to uprooting when they are large, deeply rooted, and unlikely to experience substrate scour, which has implications for ecogeomorphic evolution and river management.
An atmospheric photochemical source of the persistent greenhouse gas CF4
Authors: Jubb Aaron M. , McGillen Max R. , Portmann Robert W. , Daniel John S. , Burkholder James B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA previously uncharacterized atmospheric source of the persistent greenhouse gas tetrafluoromethane, CF4, has been identified in the UV photolysis of trifluoroacetyl fluoride, CF3C(O)F, which is a degradation product of several halocarbons currently present in the atmosphere. CF4 quantum yields in the photolysis of CF3C(O)F were measured at 193, 214, 228, and 248 nm, wavelengths relevant to stratospheric photolysis, to be (75.3 ± 1) × 10−4, (23.7 ± 0.4) × 10−4, (6.6 ± 0.2) × 10−4, and ≤0.4 × 10−4, respectively. A 2‐D atmospheric model was used to estimate the contribution of the photochemical source to the global CF4 budget. The atmospheric photochemical production of CF4 from CF3CH2F (HFC‐134a), CF3CHFCl (HCFC‐124), and CF3CCl2F (CFC‐114a) per molecule emitted was calculated to be (1–2.5) × 10−5, 1.0 × 10−4, and 2.8 × 10−3, respectively. Although CF4 photochemical production was found to be relatively minor at the present time, the identified mechanism demonstrates that long‐lived products with potential climate impacts can be formed from the atmospheric breakdown of shorter‐lived source gases.
Thermal structure, radial anisotropy, and dynamics of oceanic boundary layers
Authors: Auer Ludwig , Becker Thorsten W. , Boschi Lapo , Schmerr Nicholas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDefining the oceanic lithosphere as a thermal boundary layer allows to explain, to first order, age‐dependent bathymetry and isotropic wave speeds. In contrast, SS precursors and receiver functions suggest a subhorizontal interface within this layer, on top of a radially anisotropic zone. Comparing a suite of geodynamic scenarios against surface wave dispersion data and seismic discontinuities, we find that only weak age dependency of the radially anisotropic zone is compatible with observations. We show that this zone is confined from below by a second weaker seismic interface. While observed azimuthal anisotropy is consistent with lattice‐preferred orientation of olivine due to asthenospheric flow underneath the lithosphere, radial anisotropy requires additional contributions, perhaps from petrological fabrics or melt ponding. This implies that seismic reflectors previously associated with the base of the lithosphere are instead associated with preserved structures embedded in it. They carry information about plate formation but have little control on plate deformation.
Synoptic‐scale behavior of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer
Authors: Pilch Kedzierski Robin , Matthes Katja , Bumke Karl 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHigh‐resolution GPS radio occultation temperature profiles from the COSMIC satellite mission (2007–2013) are used to obtain daily snapshots of the strength of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer (TIL). Its horizontal structure and day‐to‐day variability are linked to the synoptic situation at near‐tropopause level. The strength of the TIL in cyclonic as well as anticyclonic conditions is investigated by separating relative vorticity into curl and shear terms. The analysis shows that the TIL has high zonal variability, and its strength is instantaneously adjusted to the synoptic situation at near‐tropopause level. Our key finding is that the TIL within midlatitude ridges in winter is as strong as or stronger than the TIL in polar summer. The strongest TIL in anticyclonic conditions is related to the shear term, while the weaker TIL in cyclonic conditions is enhanced by the curl term.
Multiscale field‐aligned current analyzer
Authors: Bunescu C. , Marghitu O. , Constantinescu D. , Narita Y. , Vogt J. , Blăgău A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is achieved, essentially, by a superposition of quasi‐stationary and time‐dependent field‐aligned currents (FACs), over a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. The planarity of the FAC structures observed by satellite data and the orientation of the planar FAC sheets can be investigated by the well‐established minimum variance analysis (MVA) of the magnetic perturbation. However, such investigations are often constrained to a predefined time window, i.e., to a specific scale of the FAC. The multiscale field‐aligned current analyzer, introduced here, relies on performing MVA continuously and over a range of scales by varying the width of the analyzing window, appropriate for the complexity of the magnetic field signatures above the auroral oval. The proposed technique provides multiscale information on the planarity and orientation of the observed FACs. A new approach, based on the derivative of the largest eigenvalue of the magnetic variance matrix with respect to the length of the analysis window, makes possible the inference of the current structures' location (center) and scale (thickness). The capabilities of the FAC analyzer are explored analytically for the magnetic field profile of the Harris sheet and tested on synthetic FAC structures with uniform current density and infinite or finite geometry in the cross‐section plane of the FAC. The method is illustrated with data observed by the Cluster spacecraft on crossing the nightside auroral region, and the results are cross checked with the optical observations from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms ground network.
Seasonal and interannual variability of fast ice extent in the southeastern Laptev Sea between 1999 and 2013
Authors: Selyuzhenok V. , Krumpen T. , Mahoney A. , Janout M. , Gerdes R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAlong with changes in sea ice extent, thickness, and drift speed, Arctic sea ice regime is characterized by a decrease of fast ice season and reduction of fast ice extent. The most extensive fast ice cover in the Arctic develops in the southeastern Laptev Sea. Using weekly operational sea ice charts produced by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI, Russia) from 1999 to 2013, we identified five main key events that characterize the annual evolution of fast ice in the southeastern Laptev Sea. Linking the occurrence of the key events with the atmospheric forcing, bathymetry, freezeup, and melt onset, we examined the processes driving annual fast ice cycle. The analysis revealed that fast ice in the region is sensitive to thermodynamic processes throughout a season, while the wind has a strong influence only on the first stages of fast ice development. The maximal fast ice extent is closely linked to the bathymetry and local topography and is primarily defined by the location of shoals, where fast ice is likely grounded. The annual fast ice cycle shows significant changes over the period of investigation, with tendencies toward later fast ice formation and earlier breakup. These tendencies result in an overall decrease of the fast ice season by 2.8 d/yr, which is significantly higher than previously reported trends.
Surface boundary layer evolution and near‐inertial wind power input
Authors: Kilbourne B. F. , Girton J. B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDeep weakly stratified surface layers in the Southern Ocean complicate the identification of the mixed‐layer base, which is critical in estimating the wind power input through the ocean surface. Typically used mixed‐layer depth criteria often ignore weak stratification, which traps momentum near the surface and significantly enhances the near‐inertial‐band wind power input. The thickness of the active mixing‐layer, the turbulent layer in contact with wind stress, is needed to accurately estimate wind power input. A fine‐density‐threshold criterion of 0.005 kg m−3, just above the noise floor of most autonomous instruments, was applied to observed profiles of potential density to estimate the thickness of the actively mixing‐layer. Vertical shear, Langmuir cells, and buoyant convection are investigated as possible mechanisms maintaining turbulence within the mixing‐layer. Over 90% of the observed variance of the mixing‐layer thickness is explained by either shear‐driven entrainment, which is simulated using the Price‐Weller‐Pinkel model, or by a parameterization of downwelling plumes due to Langmuir cell convergence. In general, surface buoyancy fluxes are too weak to drive mixed‐layer turbulence. Comparison of National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) climatological mixed‐layer thickness to those determined using the 0.005 kg m−3 density threshold suggests a multiplicative seasonally varying correction of 1.5–3.5 should be applied to wind work estimates made using the NODC climatological mixed‐layer thickness in the Southern Ocean.
Drought onset mechanisms revealed by satellite solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from two contrasting extreme events
Authors: Sun Ying , Fu Rong , Dickinson Robert , Joiner Joanna , Frankenberg Christian , Gu Lianhong , Xia Youlong , Fernando Nelun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study uses the droughts of 2011 in Texas and 2012 over the central Great Plains as case studies to explore the potential of satellite‐observed solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) for monitoring drought dynamics. We find that the spatial patterns of negative SIF anomalies from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME‐2) closely resembled drought intensity maps from the U.S. Drought Monitor for both events. The drought‐induced suppression of SIF occurred throughout 2011 but was exacerbated in summer in the Texas drought. This event was characterized by a persistent depletion of root zone soil moisture caused by yearlong below‐normal precipitation. In contrast, for the central Great Plains drought, warmer temperatures and relatively normal precipitation boosted SIF in the spring of 2012; however, a sudden drop in precipitation coupled with unusually high temperatures rapidly depleted soil moisture through evapotranspiration, leading to a rapid onset of drought in early summer. Accordingly, SIF reversed from above to below normal. For both regions, the GOME‐2 SIF anomalies were significantly correlated with those of root zone soil moisture, indicating that the former can potentially be used as proxy of the latter for monitoring agricultural droughts with different onset mechanisms. Further analyses indicate that the contrasting dynamics of SIF during these two extreme events were caused by changes in both fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fPAR and fluorescence yield, suggesting that satellite SIF is sensitive to both structural and physiological/biochemical variations of vegetation. We conclude that the emerging satellite SIF has excellent potential for dynamic drought monitoring.
Fuzzy logic controller for three‐level shunt active filter compensating harmonics and reactive power
Authors: Saidi Salem , Abbassi Rabeh , Chebbi Souad 
Published: November 2015

SummaryIn this paper, the use of a three‐level inverter as a shunt active power filter is carried out, taking advantage of the benefits of multi‐level inverter, namely, the reduction both in the overall switching losses and in total harmonic distortion. The main focus of this article is to investigate the potentialities of the inverter employed as shunt active power filter on the compensation of the reactive power and the mitigation of harmonics drawn from a nonlinear load and unbalanced sources. The most previously reported three‐level inverter‐based shunt active power filters have been controlled and monitored through conventional controllers, which require a complicated mathematical model. In order to overcome this problem, an extended intelligent controller is proposed for a three‐level shunt active power filter.The aim of the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithm is to improve the behavior of voltage across the floating capacitors in steady/dynamic states and to minimize the switches commutations by taking into account the references of the harmonic currents injected in the network. The proposed control strategy has been simulated, and the obtained results prove that it is very successful. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory morbidity in a coffee processing workplace with sentinel obliterative bronchiolitis cases
Authors: Bailey Rachel L. , Cox‐Ganser Jean M. , Duling Matthew G. , LeBouf Ryan F. , Martin Stephen B. , Bledsoe Toni A. , Green Brett J. , Kreiss Kathleen 
Published: November 2015

RationaleObliterative bronchiolitis in former coffee workers prompted a cross‐sectional study of current workers. Diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione levels were highest in areas for flavoring and grinding/packaging unflavored coffee.MethodsWe interviewed 75 (88%) workers, measured lung function, and created exposure groups based on work history. We calculated standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) for symptoms and spirometric abnormalities. We examined health outcomes by exposure groups.ResultsSMRs were elevated 1.6‐fold for dyspnea and 2.7‐fold for obstruction. The exposure group working in both coffee flavoring and grinding/packaging of unflavored coffee areas had significantly lower mean ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity and percent predicted mid‐expiratory flow than workers without such exposure.ConclusionCurrent workers have occupational lung morbidity associated with high diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione exposures, which were not limited to flavoring areas. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1235–1245, 2015. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Intermolecular Interactions and Protein Dynamics by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lamley Jonathan M. , Öster Carl , Stevens Rebecca A. , Lewandowski Józef R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics of interacting proteins is a crucial step toward describing many biophysical processes. Here we investigate the backbone dynamics for protein GB1 in two different assemblies: crystalline GB1 and the precipitated GB1–antibody complex with a molecular weight of more than 300 kDa. We perform these measurements on samples containing as little as eight nanomoles of GB1. From measurements of site‐specific 15N relaxation rates including relaxation dispersion we obtain snapshots of dynamics spanning nine orders of magnitude in terms of the time scale. A comparison of measurements for GB1 in either environment reveals that while many of the dynamic features of the protein are conserved between them (in particular for the fast picosecond–nanosecond motions), much greater differences occur for slow motions with motions in the >500 ns range being more prevalent in the complex. The data suggest that GB1 can potentially undergo a small‐amplitude overall anisotropic motion sampling the interaction interface in the complex.