bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matching an H– beam into a radio frequency quadrupole at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Authors: Gabor C. , Back J. J. , Faircloth D. C. , Lawrie S. R. , Letchford A. P. 
Published: February 2014

A major component of work being carried out to upgrade the ISIS spallation neutron source at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) is the Front End Test Stand (FETS). FETS is aimed at improving the luminosity of the linac, and consists of a Penning ion source, Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), and Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT). It may serve as a first part of the accelerator chain providing a 60 mA, 3 MeV H– beam up to a 10% duty cycle. The current output of the source and the transmission of the LEBT are reasonable, but there are issues with the alignment to provide a centred beam matched into the acceptance of the RFQ. Improvements have been made to the post acceleration to address this problem. Measurements with a collimated beam have been performed to understand the behaviour of the solenoids and steerer magnets. Comparing these results with simulations proved that, besides possible mechanical imperfections of the ion source and post acceleration assembly, agreement can only be achieved if the magnetic fields are distorted.
Spatio-temporal associations of albacore CPUEs in the Northeastern Pacific with regional SST and climate environmental variables
Authors: Phillips A. Jason , Ciannelli Lorenzo , Brodeur Richard D. , Pearcy William G. , Childers John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution of juvenile North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in relation to local environmental variability [i.e. sea surface temperature (SST)], and two large-scale indices of climate variability, [the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index (MEI)]. Changes in local and climate variables were correlated with 48 years of albacore troll catch per unit effort (CPUE) in 1° latitude/longitude cells, using threshold Generalized Additive Mixed Models (tGAMMs). Model terms were included to account for non-stationary and spatially variable effects of the intervening covariates on albacore CPUE. Results indicate that SST had a positive and spatially variable effect on albacore CPUE, with increasingly positive effects to the North, while PDO had an overall negative effect. Although albacore CPUE increased with SST both before and after a threshold year of 1986, such effect geographically shifted north after 1986. This is the first study to demonstrate the non-stationary spatial dynamics of albacore tuna, linked with a major shift of the North Pacific. Results imply that if ocean temperatures continue to increase, US west coast fisher communities reliant on commercial albacore fisheries are likely to be negatively affected in the southern areas but positively affected in the northern areas, where current albacore landings are highest.
Viewing the “rush to the poles” through phase analysis
Authors: Kong Defang , Xiang Nanbin , Pan Genmei 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
At mid and low heliographic latitudes, filament activity shifts equatorward starting from the beginning of the solar cycle. At high latitudes, it migrates poleward. Solar filaments exhibit the “rush to the poles” close to solar maximum, when the solar polar magnetic field reverses polarity. In order to better understand the behavior of the “rush to the poles,” we used cross-correlation analysis and wavelet transform methods for investigating the periodic characteristics and the phase relationship between two groups of the solar filaments at high latitudes observed during the period from 1919 March to 1989 December. The length of the solar cycle derived from the continuous wavelet transform is a function of latitude, but still shows a significant 11-yr cycle. The most significant periods of the solar filaments, respectively at higher latitudes than 50° and 60°, are 10.77 and 10.62 yr, using the wavelet transform method. From the cross-correlation analysis, the solar filaments at higher latitudes than 50° have a lead of six months with respect to those at higher latitudes than 60°. Different solar cycles exhibited different phase relationships between the two groups of solar filaments. The analysis of the cross-wavelet transform also indicates that the solar filaments at higher latitudes than 50° lead those at higher latitudes than 60° in the entire time interval. The relationship between the phase difference of the two groups of solar filaments and the intensity of solar activity is also discussed. What is more, the poleward shifting speeds are estimated.
First Report of Corynespora Leaf Spot Caused by Corynespora cassiicola on Gynura in China
Authors: Li B. J. , Chuan J. X. , Yang M. , Du G. F. 
Published: February 2014

Gynura (Gynura bicolor DC.) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Compositae. It is an important Chinese vegetable, and is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine. In 2010, a severe leaf spot disease was observed on gynura grown in the main production areas in Tong Nan County, Chongqing City, China. Some farms experienced 60% disease incidence. Symptoms usually began on the lower leaves, as circular to elliptical or irregular spots with concentric rings. Individual spots were dark brown with grayish centers, sometimes coalescing and leading to extensive necrosis. The fungus associated with lesions was characterized as follows: Conidiophores were single or in clusters, straight or flexuous, unbranched, percurrent, cylindrical, pale to dark brown, 87.5 to 375.0 μm long and 5.0 to 10.5 μm wide. Conidia were solitary or catenate, straight to slightly curved, obclavate to cylindrical, 3 to 14 pseudoseptate, 82.8 to 237.5 μm long and 7.0 to 7.8 μm wide, and pale brown. The morphological characteristics of the conidia and conidiophores agreed with the descriptions for Corynespora cassiicola (1). To isolate the causal pathogen, surface-sterilized tissue at the margin of lesions was immersed in 75% ethanol for 30 s, rinsed in sterile water, dried in a laminar flow bench, transferred to PDA, and incubated at 28°C. Four single-spore cultures of the isolates were obtained and named from ZBTK10110637 to ZBTK10110640. All strains were identified as C. cassiicola. The isolate ZBTK10110637 was selected as representative for molecular identification. Genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was amplified using primers with ITS1 (5′-TCCGATGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). Amplicons were 433 bp (GenBank Accession No. JX867272) and shared 100% similarity with that of C. cassiicola (NRC2-1 No. AB539285.1). To confirm pathogenicity, four isolates were used to inoculate 12 gynura plants (6 weeks old) by mist spray-inoculation with 108 spores/ml suspension in sterile distilled water on the leaves. Control plants were misted with sterile distilled water. After inoculation, all plants were incubated in a greenhouse maintained at 20 to 28°C with relative humidity of 80 to 85%. Five days after inoculation, dark brown spots with a grayish center typical of field symptoms were observed on all inoculated plants. No symptoms were seen on water-treated control plants. The fungus was re-isolated from inoculated plants. The morphological characteristics of isolates were identical with the pathogen recovered originally. This is the first report of C. cassiicola on gynura. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. CMI Mycological Papers 65(9):1-15, 1957. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
UV curable urethane acrylate coatings formulation: experimental design approach
Authors: Mashouf Ghodsieh , Ebrahimi Morteza , Bastani Saeed 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this work was to perform a systematic study on the effect of formulation on the physical and mechanical properties of ultaviolet (UV) curable urethane acrylate resins. In addition, the authors wanted to derive mathematical formula for the prediction of physical and mechanical properties for the aforementioned system.

Design/methodology/approach
– The experiments were carried out based on mixture experimental design to determine the effect of different multifunctional acrylates (i.e. 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), trimethyolpropane triactylate (TMPTA)) concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of a UV curable polyurethane acrylate system. The urethane oligomer was synthesized and characterized by the research team. Microhardness, adhesion strength and scratch resistance of the cured films were evaluated as the physical and mechanical properties.

Findings
– The results revealed that the resin and TMPTA concentrations had the most significant effects on the microhardness property. Adhesion strength of the films showed a linear trend with respect to all variables. Moreover, all components also had a significant and complex influence on the scratch resistance of the cured systems. In addition, mathematical equations proposed by mixture experimental design were derived for all the mentioned properties.

Research limitations/implications
– Other multifunctional acrylate monomers (i.e. more than three functional) can be used in the formulations. The kinetics of the curing can affect on the network formation and consequently on the properties of the cured films.

Practical implications
– The obtained results can be used by the researchers who are active in the field of structure-property relationship of polymers and surface coatings. The reported data and the mathematical equations can also be used for the formulating of an appropriate formulation based on a specific application.

Originality/value
– A systematic and statistical-based approach, i.e. mixture experimental design, was used to evaluate the effect of formulation on some of the properties of a UV curable polyurethane acrylate system. A urethane oligomer and three different multifunctional acrylate monomers as reactive diluents were used in the formulations. Noteworthy to mention that several mathematical models were derived by using analysis of variance for the prediction of the properties studied in this system.
Secondary dispersal by ants promotes forest regeneration after deforestation
Authors: Gallegos Silvia C. , Hensen Isabell , Schleuning Matthias 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Many remnants of tropical forests are surrounded by deforested areas dominated by successional vegetation. Although secondary dispersal by scatter‐hoarding rodents and ants may influence seed predation and seedling recruitment, very little is known about its importance in degraded forest ecosystems.

We studied the effects of secondary dispersal on seed predation, germination and seedling recruitment of the primarily bird‐dispersed tree Clusia trochiformis in a tropical montane forest in Bolivia. We carried out exclosure experiments that allowed or excluded access to seeds by vertebrates in three habitat types (forest interior, degraded habitat close to and degraded habitat far from the forest margin) in a spatial block design at six sites. We offered a total of 1440 seeds (both with and without an aril) and marked half of them with a thread to follow their fate after 48 h and after 1 month.

We found that secondary dispersal by ants was highest in the forest interior but was also frequent in degraded habitats close to and far from the forest edge. Secondary dispersal significantly increased seedling recruitment, particularly in the degraded habitats, probably because seeds were often dispersed to sites beneath the leaf litter. Recruitment success increased significantly with dispersal distance. High recruitment of secondarily dispersed seeds in the degraded habitat was due to the combined effect of reduced predation and increased germination of seeds that had been moved by ants.

Synthesis. In the absence of secondary dispersal, seed germination and seedling recruitment were very low in degraded habitats. Seed dispersal by ants substantially increased natural regeneration in the deforested habitats. Our experiments thus demonstrate that the effects of biotic interactions on plant demography can vary across habitat boundaries at small spatial scales and that secondary dispersal is a crucial and overlooked process that can aid the regeneration of deforested habitats in the tropics.
‘Street Music’, Urban Ethnography and Ghettoized Communities
Authors: Black Simon 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHip‐hop is a definitively urban movement, born in the crisis of the Fordist city and rooted in the 1970s street culture of poor and working‐class African Americans and Latinos in New York City. Engaging with the contributions of Beer and Lamotte, this essay addresses two questions. Firstly, can we understand hip‐hop as a politics of resistance, a social movement rooted in a claim on urban space and a practice of urban citizenship? And secondly, is hip hop, and particularly rap music, a form of urban and regional research? I argue that as a primarily artistic movement and black expressive culture (subject to commercial imperatives), hip‐hop has a layered and complex relationship with the social, political and spatial fabric of urban America. The complexity of this relationship renders problematic attempts to understand hip‐hop as urban ethnography or as a resistance politics. I conclude by discussing the potential of an engagement between hip‐hop and critical urban studies.
Long‐term safety of unopposed estrogen used by women surviving myocardial infarction: 14‐year follow‐up of the ESPRIT randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cherry N , McNamee R , Heagerty A , Kitchener H , Hannaford P 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo compare health outcomes during 14‐year observational follow‐up in women initially randomised to unopposed estrogen or placebo.DesignAt recruitment to the Estrogen for the Prevention of Re‐Infarction Trial (ESPRIT) women were assigned to estradiol valerate: 2 mg or placebo treatment for 2 years.SettingWomen were recruited from 35 hospitals in the northwest of England and Wales in July 1996–February 2000.SampleWomen aged 50–69 surviving their first myocardial infarction.MethodsAll women were followed by data linkage to UK mortality and cancer records; mean follow‐up 14.1 and 12.6 years, respectively. In an intention‐to‐treat analysis, hazard ratios (HRs) were computed, overall and stratified by age at recruitment.Outcome measuresDeath (all‐cause, cardiac disease, stroke or cancer) and cancer incidence (any, breast or endometrium).ResultsThere were 418 deaths in 1017 women randomised. The all‐cause mortality HR of 1.07 (95% CI 0.88–1.29) indicated no significant difference between treatment groups. Women aged 50–59 years at recruitment had lower HRs than women aged 60–69 years for all outcomes except ischaemic heart disease. Among 149 incident cancers there were seven cases of breast cancer in the intervention arm and 15 in the placebo; HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.19–1.15). There were no deaths from endometrial cancer but three incident cases, one in the active arm and two in placebo.ConclusionsThese results suggest that unopposed estrogen may be used safely by women with an intact uterus surviving a first myocardial infarction.
Accelerated, Microwave‐Assisted, and Conventional Solvent Extraction Methods Affect Anthocyanin Composition from Colored Grains
Authors: Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed M. , Akhtar Humayoun , Rabalski Iwona , Bryan Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAnthocyanins are important dietary components with diverse positive functions in human health. This study investigates effects of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) on anthocyanin composition and extraction efficiency from blue wheat, purple corn, and black rice in comparison with the commonly used solvent extraction (CSE). Factorial experimental design was employed to study effects of ASE and MAE variables, and anthocyanin extracts were analyzed by spectrophotometry, high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detector (DAD), and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry chromatography. The extraction efficiency of ASE and MAE was comparable with CSE at the optimal conditions. The greatest extraction by ASE was achieved at 50 °C, 2500 psi, 10 min using 5 cycles, and 100% flush. For MAE, a combination of 70 °C, 300 W, and 10 min in MAE was the most effective in extracting anthocyanins from blue wheat and purple corn compared with 50 °C, 1200 W, and 20 min for black rice. The anthocyanin composition of grain extracts was influenced by the extraction method. The ASE extraction method seems to be more appropriate in extracting anthocyanins from the colored grains as being comparable with the CSE method based on changes in anthocyanin composition. The method caused lower structural changes in anthocaynins compared with the MAE method. Changes in blue wheat anthocyanins were lower in comparison with purple corn or black rice perhaps due to the absence of acylated anthocyanin compounds in blue wheat. The results show significant differences in anthocyanins among the 3 extraction methods, which indicate a need to standardize a method for valid comparisons among studies and for quality assurance purposes.
Modeling with the Logistic Regression of the Growth/No Growth Interface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Relation to 2 Antimicrobial Terpenes (Citral and Linalool), pH, and aw
Authors: Tabanelli Giulia , Montanari Chiara , Patrignani Francesca , Siroli Lorenzo , Lanciotti Rosalba , Gardini Fausto 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe antimicrobial effects of 2 terpenes (citral and linalool) on a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from spoiled soft drink have been evaluated, alone or in combination, in relation to pH and aw using in vitro assays. The obtained data were fitted with the logit model to find the growth/no growth boundary regions of the 2 terpenes, focusing the attention on the type of interaction exerted by citral and linalool. In particular, the results showed an increase of citral antimicrobial effect in growth media characterized by low aw value, as well as a higher linalool antimicrobial effect in media at low pH. Moreover, the interactive effects of the 2 terpenes were exploited. The results obtained with the model were validated in an independent experiment. The knowledge of the interactions of essential oil molecules with enhanced antimicrobial activity, in relation to some of the most important chemicophysical variables, can have important industrial applications, since these substances are able to assure the desired antimicrobial effect without negatively modifying the product flavor profile.Practical ApplicationThe effects of the main chemicophysical parameters (such as aw and pH) on the antimicrobial activity of bioactive terpenes are necessary for the definition of an industrially applicable preservation strategy based on the use of essential oils as natural antimicrobials aimed to prolong shelf life of food products.
Effects of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil Press‐Cake and Decaffeinated Green Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis) on Functional Characteristics of Gluten‐Free Crackers
Authors: Radočaj Olga , Dimić Etelka , Tsao Rong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA mixture, simplex centroid, 2 components experimental design was used to evaluate the addition of hemp seed oil press‐cake and decaffeinated green tea leaves, as functional ingredients to assess nutritional characteristics and antioxidant properties of gluten‐free crackers. All samples with added hemp flour had much better nutritional qualities than the brown rice flour crackers in terms of higher protein, crude fibers, minerals, and essential fatty acids content. Likewise, all samples with added decaffeinated green tea leaves had much better antioxidant properties than crackers with no added green tea leaves. All crackers with added hemp flour had a significantly increased fiber content (39% to 249%) and decreased carbohydrate content (8.4% to 42.3%), compared to the brown rice flour crackers. All samples had antioxidant properties, even without the addition of green tea leaves. Optimization of the responses was conducted based on the maximized values for protein, fibers, omega‐3 fatty acids content, as well as for the antioxidant activity and overall score. The suggested values for the addition of the hemp oil press‐cake was 20% (total flour weight) with 4 g of decaffeinated green tea leaves that would provide protein content of 14.1 g/100 g; fibers content of 8.4 g/100 g; omega‐3 fatty acids content of 3.2 g/100 g; antioxidant activity measured via 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl value of 30.3 μmol TE/g d.w.; and an overall score of 8.9. This formulation has demonstrated potential application in the baking industry and marketing of these gluten‐free crackers as a value‐added functional product.Practical ApplicationHemp seed oil press‐cake as a by‐product of cold‐pressed oil processing and brown rice flour were used to design a functional gluten‐free snack‐type product—savory crackers. All crackers were high in minerals, fibers, and omega‐3 fatty acids with a desirable omega‐6/omega‐3 fatty acids ratio. Green tea leaves were added to improve antioxidant activity, which greatly contributed to their functional properties. This qualified the crackers as a healthy snack with a minimal content saturated fatty acids and an abundance of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids that originated from chia seeds residual oil present in the hemp flour.
Protein Removal from Waste Brines Generated during Ham Salting through Acidification and Centrifugation
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Martínez Maria del Rosario , Muñoz‐Guerrero Hernán , Alcaína‐Miranda Maria Isabel , Barat José Manuel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe salting step in food processes implies the production of large quantities of waste brines, having high organic load, high conductivity, and other pollutants with high oxygen demand. Direct disposal of the residual brine implies salinization of soil and eutrophication of water. Since most of the organic load of the waste brines comes from proteins leaked from the salted product, precipitation of dissolved proteins by acidification and removal by centrifugation is an operation to be used in waste brine cleaning. The aim of this study is optimizing the conditions for carrying out the separation of proteins from waste brines generated in the pork ham salting operation, by studying the influence of pH, centrifugal force, and centrifugation time. Models for determining the removal of proteins depending on the pH, centrifugal force, and time were obtained. The results showed a high efficacy of the proposed treatment for removing proteins, suggesting that this method could be used for waste brine protein removal. The best pH value to be used in an industrial process seems to be 3, while the obtained results indicate that almost 90% of the proteins from the brine can be removed by acidification followed by centrifugation. A further protein removal from the brine should have to be achieved using filtrating techniques, which efficiency could be highly improved as a consequence of the previous treatment through acidification and centrifugation.Practical ApplicationWaste brines from meat salting have high organic load and electrical conductivity. Proteins can be removed from the waste brine by acidification and centrifugation. The total protein removal can be up to 90% of the initial content of the waste brine. Protein removal is highly dependent on pH, centrifugation rate, and time.