bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tendencies of Development of Legal Regulation Emission and Turnover Bonds in the Legislation of Poland
Authors: Богустов Андрей , Bogustov Andrei 
Published: June 2013

The subject of research is the notion and the features of a bond as a subject of the Polish civil law. The aim of research is the exposure of the current trends of legal regulation of bond issue and handling on example of the legislation of Poland. The methodological basis of the research contains the comparative law approach. In the
course of investigation the author has come to the conclusion that the legislation of Poland governing the issue and handling of bonds reflects a number of current trends of the development of civil law as following: the differentiation of legal regulation of the securities market, the unacceptance of the universal concept definition of the term «security», the dematerialization of the securities, the approximation of the legal status of a share and a bond, the enhancement of the measures of the corporation’s shareholders and debt holders protection, the approximation and mutual loanword of the common and continental law countries legislation, the extention of the frame of reference of legal civil rights represented with securities.
IDS iSYS automated intact procollagen-1-N-terminus pro-peptide assay: method evaluation and reference intervals in adults and children
Authors: Morovat Alireza , Catchpole Anthony , Meurisse Angélique , Carlisi Agnès , Bekaert Anne-Catherine , Rousselle Olivier , Paddon Maria , James Timothy , Cavalier Étienne 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background: We carried out a technical evaluation of the Immunodiagnostic Systems (IDS) automated intact procollagen-I N-terminus propeptide (PINP) assay on the iSYS platform, and established reference intervals for PINP in both adults and children.

Methods: Assay imprecision, recovery and interference were studied. Serum and plasma values were compared, and PINP stability was assessed. Using 828 specimens, IDS iSYS intact PINP and Roche E170 total PINP values were compared. Specimens from 597 adults and 485 children and adolescents were used to establish reference intervals for intact PINP.

Results: The method demonstrated good recovery and acceptable imprecision. The assay was unaffected by icterus and lipaemia, but haemolysis decreased measured PINP. Serum and plasma values were comparable. There was a non-linear relation between IDS intact and Roche total PINP values. Pre- and post-menopausal women had comparable PINP values, but there was a difference between women of different age groups. Serum PINP in men showed a decline in young age up to 45 years, but remained steady thereafter. Separate reference intervals were established for four age groups in women and for two age groups in men. Data for children were partitioned into four-year age groups, and these showed PINP to be high with no major gender differences until 12 years of age. Thereafter, values in females decreased in 13–16 years age groups and further in 17–20 years age groups, whereas PINP increased in boys of 13–16 years of age with a subsequent decline at 17–20 years.

Conclusions: The IDS iSYS PINP intact assay appears to be reliable. We have established gender- and age-related reference intervals for children and adults based on a relatively large healthy North European population.
A systematic review of data on biological variation for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase
Authors: Carobene Anna , Braga Federica , Roraas Thomas , Sandberg Sverre , Bartlett William A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) are enzymes measured in serum or plasma to investigate liver disease. The aim of this work is to assess the validity of published biological variation (BV) data currently available for these enzymes.

Methods: Publications containing BV data for ALT, AST and GGT were identified by searching PubMed using the following keywords: biological varia*, RCV, CVw, CVi, CVb, and CVg. The 95% confidence intervals for the within- and between-subject coefficients of variation were calculated using the analytical imprecision, the number of subjects, samples and replicates.

Results: The searches identified 10 publications with ALT, 14 with AST and nine with GGT data. The protocols presented in those publications as used were varied. The ranges of within-subject variation reported were: ALT: 11.1%–58.1%, AST: 3.0%–32.3% and for GGT: 3.9%–14.5%. The median values (ALT: 18.0%, AST: 11.9% and GGT: 13.8%) were similar to those listed in a BV database commonly used as a reference source.

Conclusions: Published BV data for ALT, AST and GGT demonstrate a wide range of values derived from inconsistent protocols. The quality of the presentations of the data is variable. These findings raise concerns around the utility of the data currently available and highlight the need for critical appraisal of such publications. The working group on BV of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine is undertaking work to develop a critical appraisal checklist for the production and publication of reliable BV data.
Neuro-Fuzzy-Based Control for Parallel Cascade Control
Authors: Karthikeyan R. , Manickavasagam K. , Tripathi Shikha , Murthy K.V.V. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This paper discusses the application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control for a parallel cascade control system. Parallel cascade controllers have two controllers, primary and secondary controllers in cascade. In this paper the primary controller is designed based on neuro-fuzzy approach. The main idea of fuzzy controller is to imitate human reasoning process to control ill-defined and hard to model plants. But there is a lack of systematic methodology in designing fuzzy controllers. The neural network has powerful abilities for learning, optimization and adaptation. A combination of neural networks and fuzzy logic offers the possibility of solving tuning problems and design difficulties of fuzzy logic. Due to their complementary advantages, these two models are integrated together to form more robust learning systems, referred to as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The secondary controller is designed using the internal model control approach. The performance of the proposed ANFIS-based control is evaluated using different case studies and the simulated results reveal that the ANFIS control approach gives improved servo and regulatory control performances compared to the conventional proportional integral derivative controller.
The role and regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in obesity and the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Stimson Roland H. , Walker Brian R. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The cortisol regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) amplifies tissue glucocorticoid levels, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. The importance of this enzyme in causing metabolic disease was highlighted by transgenic mice which over- or under-expressed 11β-HSD1; consequently, selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been widely developed as novel agents to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review focuses on the importance of 11β-HSD1 in humans which has been more difficult to ascertain. The recent development of a deuterated cortisol tracer has allowed us to quantify in vivo cortisol production by 11β-HSD1. These results have been surprising, as cortisol production rates by 11β-HSD1 are at least equivalent to that of the adrenal glands. The vast majority of this production is by the liver (>90%) with a smaller contribution from subcutaneous adipose tissue and possibly skeletal muscle, but with no detectable production from visceral adipose tissue. This tracer has also allowed us to quantify the tissue-specific regulation of 11β-HSD1 observed in obesity and obesity-associated T2DM, determine the likely basis for this dysregulation, and identify obese patients with T2DM as the group most likely to benefit from selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1. Some of these inhibitors have now reached Phase II clinical development, demonstrating efficacy in the treatment of T2DM. We review these results and discuss whether selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are likely to be an important new therapy for metabolic disease.
Identification and Optimization of Recombinant E. coli Fed-Batch Fermentation Producing γ-Interferon Protein
Authors: Feyzdar Mahdi , Vali Ahmad Reza , Babaeipour Valiollah 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A novel approach to identification of fed-batch cultivation of E. coli BL21 (DE3) has been presented. The process has been identified in the system that is designed for maximum production of γ-interferon protein. Dynamic order of the process has been determined by Lipschitz test. Multilayer Perceptron neural network has been used to process identification by experimental data. The optimal brain surgeon method is used to reduce the model complexity that can be easily implemented. Validation results base on autocorrelation function of the residuals, show good performance of neural network and make it possible to use of it in process analyses.
Effect of Vibrating Sparger on Mass Transfer, Gas Holdup, and Bubble Size in a Bubble Column Reactor
Authors: Hadavand Laleh , Fadavi Ali 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Bubble size has a key role in gas holdup and mass transfer in bubble column reactors. In order to have small and uniform bubbles, a new structure was designed; the reactor operates in two modes, with vibrating sparger and conventional bubble column in which sparger is fixed. In vibrating mode, the sparger vibrates gently during gas entering. The vibrating sparger performs like a paddle, resulting in a forced recirculation of gas–liquid inside the reactor; moreover, the bubble detachment is accelerated. The superficial gas velocity was between 0.003 and 0.013 ms−
1, and the vibration frequency was changed between 0 and 10.3 Hz. The bubble size was measured at three various positions of the reactor height by photographic method and using MATLAB 7.0.1 software. The mass transfer coefficient was determined by means of the dynamic gassing-out method. The results show that the bubbles were bigger in vibrating mode than those working without vibration. The bubble size decreases with increase in height from sparger. Gas holdup increased with increase in superficial gas velocity and vibration frequency. The effect of vibration increased the gas holdup with an average of 70% for all superficial gas velocities. Volumetric mass transfer coefficient was almost stable as vibration frequency increased.
Optimal Operation Planning of Wind Farm Installed BESS Using Wind Power Forecast Data of Wind Turbine Generators Considering Forecast Error
Authors: Ogimi Kazuki , Kamiyama Shota , Palmer Michael , Yona Atsushi , Senju Tomonobu , Funabashi Toshihisa 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In order to solve the problems of global warming and depletion of energy resource, renewable energy systems such as wind generation are getting attention. However, wind power fluctuates due to variation of wind speed, and it is difficult to perfectly forecast wind power. This paper describes a method to use power forecast data of wind turbine generators considering wind power forecast error for optimal operation. The purpose in this paper is to smooth the output power fluctuation of a wind farm and to obtain more beneficial electrical power for selling.
Heat: not black, not white. It’s gray!!!
Authors: Singh Laxmi Prabha , Kapoor Medha , Singh Shashi Bala 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Heat-related illness (HRI) is a broad term that includes clinical conditions ranging from heat cramps and syncope to heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which may result in death. HRIs are one of the major causes of death worldwide and continue to increase in severity with the rise in global temperature. The identification and estimation of heat-related morbidity and mortality is a major challenge. Heat stress manifests itself into respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disorders, leading to the attribution of the deaths caused by heat stress to these disorders. Although HRIs affect mankind in general, certain occupational workers such as soldiers and athletes are more prone. Various pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies have been employed to combat HRIs. Despite this, heat exposure results in significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, complete understanding of HRIs at physiological as well as molecular level is required to facilitate design of more efficient preventive and treatment strategies. The impact of heat on mankind is not just restricted to HRIs. Heat treatment, i.e., thermotherapy, has been used extensively since ancient times for relieving pain, making heat a two-edged sword. This review attempts to summarize various HRIs, their physiological and molecular basis, and the state-of-the-art techniques/research initiatives to combat the same. It also illustrates the application of thermotherapy as a means for improving quality of life and morbidity associated with several disease conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, heart diseases, cancer, chronic pain, and depression.
Anomaly in novel metaphor and experimental tests
Authors: Romero Esther , Soria Belén 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In this article, we assess some of the empirical work available in relation to anomaly in novel metaphor. This revision allows us to argue that the results of reaction time experiments do not provide, as many theorists have argued (Gibbs and Gerrig 1989; Keysar and Glucksberg 1992), evidence against any version of anomaly; at most they can be used against anomaly as categorial falsity. In addition, we assess the argument against anomaly based on the results of reaction time experiments to show that it is unsound. Thus, we show that contextual abnormality, a sub-propositional version of anomaly (Romero and Soria 1997/1998), cannot be rejected as one of the necessary identification conditions of novel metaphor. Furthermore, contextual abnormality is supported by the results of recent empirical studies on metaphor processing designed by neuropsychologists to test hypotheses related specifically with anomaly in novel metaphor (Tatter et al. 2002; Ahrens et al. 2007).
Collagen/silica nanocomposites and hybrids for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Sarker Bapi , Lyer Stefan , Arkudas Andreas , Boccaccini Aldo R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCollagen is increasingly attracting attention for bone tissue engineering applications. However, due to its low mechanical properties, applications including mechanical loads or requiring structural integrity are limited. To tackle this handicap, collagen can be combined with (nanoscale) silica in a variety of composite materials that are attractive for bone tissue engineering. Considering research carried out in the past 15 years, this article reviews the literature discussing the development of silica/collagen composites that have been synthesized by adding silica from different sources as inorganic bioactive material to collagen as organic matrix. Different routes for the fabrication of collagen/silica composites are presented, focusing on nanocomposites. In vitro cell bioactivity studies demonstrated the osteogenic and, in some cases, angiogenic potential of the composites. Relevant in vivo studies discussing integration of the materials in bone tissue are discussed. Due to the understanding of possible interaction between silicon species and collagen, the effect of different silica precursors on the collagen self-assembly process is also discussed. On the basis of literature results and as discussed in this review, collagen/silica nanocomposites and hybrids represent attractive biomaterials for bone regeneration applications.
Crystal structure of dichloridobis(3-phenylpyridine-κN)platinum(II), C22H18Cl2N2Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: June 2013

AbstractC22H18Cl2N2Pt, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.628(2) Å, b = 12.558(2) Å, c = 8.171(1) Å, β = 102.518(3)°, V = 964.4Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0160, wRref(F2) = 0.0402, T = 200 K.
Competition between Hydrogen Bonds and Lewis Acid-Base Interactions in the Equilibria between Bis(pentafluorophenyl)borinic Acid and Pyridine: Insights from NMR, Diffractometric and Computational Studies
Authors: Maggioni Daniela , Beringhelli Tiziana , D' Alfonso Guiseppe , Malatesta Maria Carlotta , Mercandelli Pierluigi , Donghi Daniela 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and DFT computations have been used for investigating the interaction between the Lewis base pyridine and bis(pentafluorophenyl)borinic acid Ar2BOH (1, Ar=C6F5). Previous studies showed that the latter species in solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of the monomer (1

m
) and a cyclic trimer (1

t
), in variable ratios, and that the trimer is stabilized in the presence of Lewis bases, by the formation of strong 1

t
···L hydrogen bonds. In the present case, upon addition of 0.33 equivalents of pyridine, low-temperature NMR spectra showed the formation of deprotonated 1

t
(anion 3), strongly hydrogen-bonded to the pyridinium cation Hpy+. The presence of this cation was confirmed by the high value of 1JHN (88 Hz). DFT computations confirmed the higher stability of the O-···H–N+ limit form over the neutral O–H···N one. Variable temperature NMR spectra showed that the Hpy+·3 ion pair has high conformational freedom. At temperatures higher than 260 K, 3 underwent reversible partial fragmentation to give 1

m
and the Lewis acid-base covalent adducts between pyridine and either 1

m
(2

py
), or its anhydride (5

py
). The fragmentation was perfectly reversible on lowering the temperature. The adduct 2

py
became the only species in solution in the presence of 1 equivalent of pyridine, showing that the Lewis basicity of pyridine plays the major role, at variance with what previously observed with other bases. Hydrogen bond interactions, however, promote the supramolecular organization of 2

py
in the form of a cyclic tetramer, as revealed by X-ray single crystal diffractometric analysis. The formation of the deprotonated trimer 3 was previously observed in the reaction of 1 with 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphtalene (DMAN). However the stepwise dearylation processes, which were dominant in the reactions with DMAN, have a very marginal role in the reaction with pyridine, due to its lower Brønsted basicity.
For Supplementary Material see online version. Supporting information available: details of the NMR spectroscopic characterization (Figs. S1–S4), computed chemical shifts (Table S1), details of the X-ray diffractometric analysis, and tables of geometrical parameters (Tables S2–S3).
Genomes of Ashbya Fungi Isolated from Insects Reveal Four Mating-Type Loci, Numerous Translocations, Lack of Transposons, and Distinct Gene Duplications
Authors: Dietrich Fred S , Voegeli Sylvia , Kuo Sidney , Philippsen Peter 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii is a cotton pathogen transmitted by insects. It is readily grown and manipulated in the laboratory and is commercially exploited as a natural overproducer of vitamin B2. Our previous genome analysis of A. gossypii isolate ATCC10895, collected in Trinidad nearly 100 years ago, revealed extensive synteny with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, leading us to use it as a model organism to understand the evolution of filamentous growth. To further develop Ashbya as a model system, we have investigated the ecological niche of A. gossypii and isolated additional strains and a sibling species, both useful in comparative analysis. We isolated fungi morphologically similar to A. gossypii from different plant-feeding insects of the suborder Heteroptera, generated a phylogenetic tree based on rDNA-ITS sequences, and performed high coverage short read sequencing with one A. gossypii isolate from Florida, a new species, Ashbya aceri, isolated in North Carolina, and a genetically marked derivative of ATCC10895 intensively used for functional studies. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, all strains carry four not three mating type loci, adding a new puzzle in the evolution of Ashbya species. Another surprise was the genome identity of 99.9% between the Florida strain and ATCC10895, isolated in Trinidad. The A. aceri and A. gossypii genomes show conserved gene orders rearranged by eight translocations, 90% overall sequence identity, and fewer tandem duplications in the A. aceri genome. Both species lack transposable elements. Finally, our work identifies plant-feeding insects of the suborder Heteroptera as the most likely natural reservoir of Ashbya, and that infection of cotton and other plants may be incidental to the growth of the fungus in its insect host.
Phylogenetic Portrait of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Functional Genome
Authors: Gibney Patrick A , Hickman Mark J , Bradley Patrick H , Matese John C , Botstein David 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The genome of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains approximately 5800 protein-encoding genes, the majority of which are associated with some known biological function. Yet the extent of amino acid sequence conservation of these genes over all phyla has only been partially examined. Here we provide a more comprehensive overview and visualization of the conservation of yeast genes and a means for browsing and exploring the data in detail, down to the individual yeast gene, at http://yeast-phylogroups.princeton.edu. We used data from the OrthoMCL database, which has defined orthologs from approximately 150 completely sequenced genomes, including diverse representatives of the archeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic domains. By clustering genes based on similar patterns of conservation, we organized and visualized all the protein-encoding genes in yeast as a single heat map. Most genes fall into one of eight major clusters, called “phylogroups.” Gene ontology analysis of the phylogroups revealed that they were associated with specific, distinct trends in gene function, generalizations likely to be of interest to a wide range of biologists.
Heat transfer between a hot AFM tip and a cold sample: impact of the air pressure
Authors: Chapuis Pierre-Olivier , Rousseau Emmanuel , Assy Ali , Gomès Séverine , Lefèvre Stéphane , Volz Sebastian 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWe observe the heat flux exchanged by the hot tip of a scanning thermal microscope, which is an instrument based on the atomic force microscope. We first vary the pressure in order to analyze the impact on the hot tip temperature. Then the distance between the tip and a cold sample is varied down to few nanometers, in order to reach the ballistic regime. We observe the cooling of the tip due to the tip-sample heat flux and compare it to the current models in the literature.
Solute Effects on Interfacial Thermal Conductance
Authors: Green Andrew J. , Richardson Hugh H. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe thermal conductance of a gold/water interface has been found to change as a function of the surrounding’s adhesion energy. We measure the thermal conductance of a lithographically prepared gold nanowire with a thin film nanoscale thermal sensor composed of AlGaN:Er3+. The temperature of the nanowire is measured as a function of incident laser intensity. The slope of this plot is inversely proportional to the thermal conductance of the nanoparticle/surrounding’s interface. We show that the conductance of the nanoparticle/water interface increases with the molality of the solution. This was tested with multiple solutes including NaCl, and D-Glucose. The interfacial conductance of pure water is reported to be 44 MW/m2K and the conductance saturates to 100 MW/m2K at a molality of 0.21 m.