bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ringhals Unit 3 and 4—Fluence Determination in a Historic and Future Perspective
Authors: Green Eva-Lena , Roudén Jenny , Efsing Pål 
Published: February 2013

The Ringhals site is situated on the Swedish southwest coastline. At the site, there are four operating nuclear power plants. Historically, the Swedish policy has been that the nuclear power plants were to be closed in 2010. The present position is to operate the units until their technical and economic lifetime has run out. The units shall be maintained and invested in to ensure a lifetime of at least 50 years, but the actions taken shall not limit the time to this date. When the initial surveillance capsules were evaluated, it was noted that the material properties of the weld material of unit 3 and 4 showed some deviations from the expected behaviour. Currently there is an extensive project running for re-evaluating the embrittlement situation from a long-term operating perspective. One part of the project is aimed at more accurately determining the fluence levels of the reactor pressure vessels (RPVs). The basis for the early evaluations of the dosimeters in the surveil-lance capsules and the corresponding fluence evaluation had an operating lifetime of 25 years as a target value. Therefore, the accuracy and refinement of the measurement and calculation were taken to be good enough to suit this life span. Looking back at the results from the dosimetry measurements there are a few discrepancies. Some of the dosimeters were disintegrated and some measurements had comparatively large uncertainties. When starting this project there were some re-evaluations done with the old fluence prediction model. For every new run and refinement there appeared new difficulties, and the decision was to start the evaluation from scratch.
Then there are two questions remaining regarding the fluence: What is the current fluence level? What will the resulting fluence be after 60 years of operation, when we have up-rated output power of both reactors? This paper aims to describe the view of the fluence evaluation in the surveillance program of the RPV, both in a historical and prospective view.
Crystal structure of tris(1,10-phenanthroline-N,N')manganese(II)dichloro octahydrate, C36H40Cl2MnN6O8
Authors: Wang Xinfang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract C36H40Cl2MnN6O8, tetragonal, I41/a (no. 88), a = 35.922(1) Å, c = 11.8977(8) Å, V = 15352.4(12) Å3, Z = 16, Rgt(F) = 0.0801, wRref(F2) = 0.2670, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of bis(2,2’bipyridine)(tetrafluorophthalato-κO,κO) zink(II)tetrafluorophthalate, [Zn(C8HF4O4)(C10H8N2)2]C8HF4O4, C36H18F8N4O8Zn
Authors: Liu Yuan-Ying , Guo Jin-Fu , Li Hui-Yun , Zhao Guo-Yan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract C36H18F8N4O8Zn, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 10.618(2) Å, b = 12.026(2) Å, c = 15.399(2) Å, α = 81.574(2)°, β = 85.344(2)°, γ = 87.642(2)°, V = 1937.7 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0566, wRref(F2) = 0.1366, T = 293 K.
Long-term remission and recurrence rates in Cushing's disease: predictive factors in a single-centre study
Authors: Alexandraki Krystallenia I , Kaltsas Gregory A , Isidori Andrea M , Storr Helen L , Afshar Farhad , Sabin Ian , Akker Scott A , Chew Shern L , Drake William M , Monson John P , Besser G Michael , Grossman Ashley B 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the early and late outcomes of patients with Cushing's disease (CD) submitted to a neurosurgical procedure as first-line treatment.DesignIn this single-centre retrospective case notes study, 131 patients with CD with a minimum follow-up period of 6 years (124 operated by transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) and seven by the transcranial approach) were studied. Apparent immediate cure: post-operative 0900 h serum cortisol level <50 nmol/l; remission: cortisol insufficiency or restoration of ‘normal’ cortisol levels with resolution of clinical features; and recurrence: dexamethasone resistance and relapse of hypercortisolaemic features.ResultsIn patients operated by TSS, remission of hypercortisolaemia was found in 72.8% of 103 microadenomas and 42.9% of 21 macroadenomas, with recurrence rates 22.7 and 33.3% respectively with a 15-year mean follow-up (range, 6–29 years). Of 27 patients with microadenomas operated after 1991, with positive imaging and pathology, 93% obtained remission with 12% recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the time needed to achieve recovery of hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal axis was the only significant predictor of recurrence; all patients who recurred showed recovery within 3 years from surgery: 31.3% of patients had total hypophysectomy with no recurrence; 42% of patients with selective adenomectomy and 26.5% with hemi–hypophysectomy showed recurrence rates of 31 and 13% respectively (χ2=6.275, P=0.03). Strict remission criteria were not superior in terms of the probability of recurrence compared with post-operative normocortisolaemia.ConclusionsLifelong follow-up for patients with CD appears essential, particularly for patients who have shown rapid recovery of their axis. The strict criteria previously used for ‘apparent cure’ do not appear to necessarily predict a lower recurrence rate.
Protecting Pediatric Oncology Patients From Influenza
Authors: Kersun Leslie S. , Reilly Anne F. , Coffin Susan E. , Sullivan Kathleen E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Learning Objectives
Identify optimal vaccination strategies and define the vaccine response rates among pediatric chemotherapy patients. Explain the advantage of beginning empiric antiviral therapy. Describe the need for family member vaccination, hygiene measures, and social distancing.
Influenza is a common respiratory pathogen. Its severity can be unpredictable, but people with chronic illness are at increased risk of severe infection, complications, and death from influenza. This review examines evidence to support various strategies to protect pediatric oncology patients from influenza-related morbidity. Influenza vaccination should be considered standard. Additional evidence-supported measures include antiviral treatment, antiviral prophylaxis, cohorting of patients, and hospital infection control measures. Data from other high-risk populations support the vaccination of family members, double-dose or high-dose vaccination, and the use of barrier methods. These measures have the potential to optimize patient outcomes because there will be fewer treatment interruptions for acute illness. These strategies can also protect patients from prolonged hospitalizations and morbidity related to influenza.
A Thermally Actuated Gas-Lift Safety Valve
Authors: Gilbertson Eric , Hover Franz , Freeman Bryan 
Published: February 2013

Summary
Most offshore oil wells use flow-control safety valves that are either actively controlled from the surface or passively actuated by pressure changes. In this paper, we propose a passive, thermally-actuated safety valve that adds redundancy to well systems and significantly increases well safety. We use quasistatic thermal modeling, validated with experimental downhole data, to identify and characterize a suitable temperature regime for shape memory alloy actuation. We develop a complete loading and shut-in procedure with the new valve that is consistent with current practice in artificial lift. Finally, through a true-scale stainless-steel prototype, we demonstrate essential manufacturability and successful valve closure in accordance with predictions.
Near-Surface Monitoring of Large-Volume CO2 Injection at Cranfield: Early Field Test of SECARB Phase III
Authors: Yang Changbing , Romanak Katherine , Hovorka Susan , Holt Robert M. , Lindner Jeff , Trevino Ramon 
Published: February 2013

Summary
An early field project of the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) was conducted in Cranfield oil field, western Mississippi. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was injected into coarse-grained fluvial deposits of the Cretaceous lower Tuscaloosa formation, forming a gentle anticline at depths of 3300 m. CO2 injection started in July 2008, increasing to 23 wells (as of May 2011), with total injection rates greater than 1 million tons/yr. Focused monitoring programs of the deep subsurface and near surface have been implemented in different study areas. Here we present results of the near-surface monitoring program over a 3-year period, including shallow groundwater monitoring and soil-gas monitoring. A general methodology of detecting CO2 leakage into shallow groundwater chemistry is proposed. A set of geochemical indicator parameters was identified on the basis of the characterization of groundwater geochemistry, and these were further tested and validated using numerical modeling approaches, laboratory experiments, and field experiments. For soil-gas monitoring, a site (P-site) containing a plugged and abandoned well, a nearby open pit, and an engineered pad (representing a typical industrial near-surface environment for soil-gas monitoring) was selected for detailed study. The site was heavily instrumented with various sensors for measuring soil-gas concentrations at different depths, soil-water content, matric potential, and weather information. Three monitoring technologies were assessed: soil CO2 concentration measurements, CO2 flux measurements on the land surface, and multiple soil-gas component measurements. Results indicate that soil-gas-component measurements provide reliable information for gas-leakage detection. Methodologies of near-surface monitoring developed in this study can be used to improve CO2-leakage monitoring at other CO2 sequestration projects. This early field project was funded by the US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, as part of the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP) program. SECARB is led by the Southern States Energy Board (SSEB).
Optimization of Foam Enhanced Oil Recovery: Balancing Sweep and Injectivity
Authors: Zanganeh M. Namdar , Rossen W.R.. R. 
Published: February 2013

Summary
Foam is a means of improving sweep efficiency that reduces the gas mobility by capturing gas in foam bubbles and hindering its movement. Foam enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) techniques are relatively expensive; hence, it is important to optimize their performance. We present a case study on the conflict between mobility control and injectivity in optimizing oil recovery in a foam EOR process in a simple 3D reservoir with constrained injection and production pressures. Specifically, we examine a surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) process in which the surfactant-slug size is optimized. The maximum oil recovery is obtained with a surfactant slug just sufficient to advance the foam front just short of the production well. In other words, the reservoir is partially unswept by foam at the optimum surfactant-slug size. If a larger surfactant slug is used and the foam front breaks through to the production well, productivity index (PI) is seriously reduced and oil recovery is less than optimal: The benefit of sweeping the far corners of the pattern does not compensate for the harm to PI. A similar effect occurs near the injection well: Small surfactant slugs harm injectivity with little or no benefit to sweep. Larger slugs give better sweep with only a modest decrease in injectivity until the foam front approaches the production well. In some cases, SAG is inferior to gasflood (Namdar Zanganeh 2011).
Man-In-The-Barrel. A Case of Cervical Spinal Cord Infarction and Review of the Literature
Authors: Antelo María José García , Facal Teresa Lema , Sánchez Tamara Pablos , Facal María Soledad López , Nazabal Eduardo Rubio 
Published: February 2013

Introduction:
Man-in-the-barrel syndrome was initially observed in patients with signs of serious cerebral hypoperfusion, in the border zone of the anterior and medial cerebral artery, but other causes were communicated later.

Methods:
a healthy 43-year-old woman who showed intense cervical pain, irradiating over both shoulders and arms. Physical examination on admission highlighted notable brachial diparesis, tacto-algesic hypoesthesia of both arms and sensory level C4-D9.

Results:
cervical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on admission revealed a hyperintense intramedullar lesion at C3-C7 level, due to a cervical cord infarction.

Conclusions:
our case reveals that conventional neurological consideration about the specific anatomical location of man-in-the-barrel syndrome in the brain should be extended to other locations such as the cervical column and not only the brain area.
Workshop Report: Evaluation of Epidemiological Data Consistency for
Application in Regulatory Risk Assessment
Authors: White Ronald H. , Fox Mary A. , Cooper Glinda S. , Bateson Thomas F. , Burke Thomas A. , Samet Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2013

Epidemiological study results have a key role in the assessment of health risks associated with exposures to
chemicals and pollutants, and often serve as the basis for the development of regulatory limits for environmental and
occupational health. A key uncertainty in the application of epidemiological study results in risk assessments stems from
variability in defining and operationalizing the concept of consistency of findings across studies, with assessments of
consistency often a controversial component of risk assessments. Although assessment of consistency of findings across a
diverse collection of epidemiological studies is central to evaluating that body of evidence for supporting causal
inferences, the variability in definition and formal evaluation methods strongly suggest the need for constructive
approaches to consistently and transparently evaluate data consistency.
In response to the need to improve approaches to assessing consistency in epidemiological study results, the Johns
Hopkins Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute organized a workshop held in Baltimore, Maryland in September 2010
to identify and discuss key methodological issues, and to develop recommendations for qualitative and quantitative
approaches to addressing those issues. A multi-disciplinary approach was utilized for the workshop, involving invited
experts from a variety of fields, and the invited participants were drawn from academia, industry, government, and the
public interest sectors. This report provides a summary of selected epidemiology methodological issues discussed by the
workshop participants and provides the workshop’s key findings and recommendations for future approaches to
addressing this issue.
A Theoretical and Practical Evaluation of Struvite Control and Recovery
Authors: Sharp Robert , Vadiveloo Enrique , Fergen Robert , Moncholi Manuel , Pitt Paul , Wankmuller David , Latimer Ron 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT: Struvite accumulation is a costly problem in many water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) that use anaerobic digestion, causing significant labor and equipment costs and potentially impacting facility performance and permit compliance. A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate possible solutions to struvite control at two similar Miami–Dade County, Florida, WRRFs. Alternatives analyzed included periodic cleaning and repair of damaged piping and equipment; optimum ferric salt dosing, use of in situ scaling coupons; and engineered struvite precipitation. The effectiveness and cost of each alternative was evaluated using a newly constructed dynamic process model and a net present worth analysis. Results indicate that nutrient recovery was a potential benefit at both facilities. This study establishes a comprehensive process and specific testing protocols for evaluating struvite control alternatives.
Cumulative Patency of Contemporary Fistulas versus Grafts (2000–2010)
Authors: Lok Charmaine E. , Sontrop Jessica M. , Tomlinson George , Rajan Dheeraj , Cattral Mark , Oreopoulos George , Harris Jeremy , Moist Louise 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
Comparisons of fistulas and grafts often overlook the high primary failure rate of fistulas. This study compared cumulative patency (time from access creation to permanent failure) of fistulas and grafts.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Vascular accesses of 1140 hemodialysis patients from two centers (Toronto and London, Ontario, Canada, 2000−2010) were analyzed. Cumulative patency was compared between groups using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Hazard ratios (HRs) for fistula failure relative to grafts and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are reported.

Results
There were 1012 (88.8%) fistulas and 128 (11.2%) grafts. The primary failure rate was two times greater for fistulas than for grafts: 40% versus 19% (P<0.001). Cumulative patency did not differ between fistulas and grafts for the patients’ first access (median, 7.4 versus 15.0 months, respectively [HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79−1.23; P=0.85]) or for 600 with a subsequent access (7.0 versus 9.0 months [HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.77−1.13; P=0.39]). However, when primary failures were excluded, cumulative patency became significantly longer for fistulas than for grafts for both first and subsequent accesses (61.9 versus 23.8 months [HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43−0.74; P<0.001] and 42.8 versus 15.9 months [HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44−0.72; P<0.001]). Results were similar for forearm and upper-arm accesses. Compared with functioning fistulas, grafts necessitated twice as many angioplasties (1.4 versus 3.2/1000 days, respectively; P<0.001) and significantly more thrombolysis interventions (0.06 versus 0.98/1000 days; P<0.001) to maintain patency once matured and successfully used for dialysis.

Conclusions
Cumulative patency did not differ between fistulas and grafts; however, grafts necessitated more interventions to maintain functional patency.
Prognostic Value of Glomerular Collagen IV Immunofluorescence Studies in Male Patients with X-Linked Alport Syndrome
Authors: Massella Laura , Gangemi Concetta , Giannakakis Kostas , Crisafi Antonella , Faraggiana Tullio , Fallerini Chiara , Renieri Alessandra , Muda Andrea Onetti , Emma Francesco 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
X-linked Alport syndrome (X-AS) is caused by mutations of the COL4A5 gene, which encodes for the collagen IV α5 chain (α5[COLIV]), resulting in structural and functional abnormalities of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and leading to CKD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of residual collagen IV chain expression in the GBM of patients with X-AS.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
The medical records of 22 patients with X-AS from 21 unrelated families collected between 1987 and 2009 were reviewed (median age at last follow-up, 19.9 years; range, 5.4–35.1 years); GBM expression of α1, α3, and α5(COLIV) chains was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy.

Results
GBM distribution of the α5(COLIV) chain was diffuse in 1 and segmental or absent in 21 of the 22 patients; the expression of the α3(COLIV) chain was diffuse in 5 of 22 patients and segmental or absent in 17 of 22 patients. Patients with diffuse staining for the α3(COLIV) chain presented with proteinuria significantly later (median age, 16.9 versus 6.1 years; P=0.02) and reached an estimated GFR < 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at an older age (median age, 27.0 versus 14.9 years; P=0.01) compared with patients with segmental or absent staining. Two thirds of patients with abnormal α3(COLIV) expression by immunofluorescence studies had null or truncating COL4A5 mutations, as opposed to none of the 4 tested patients with diffuse α3(COLIV) chain glomerular distribution.

Conclusions
These results indicate that maintained expression of the α3(COLIV) chain is an early positive prognostic marker in patients with X-linked Alport symdrome.
Precision of Estimating Equations for GFR in Children with a Solitary Functioning Kidney
Authors: Westland Rik , Abraham Yael , Bökenkamp Arend , Stoffel-Wagner Birgit , Schreuder Michiel F. , van Wijk Joanna A.E. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Background and objective
Children with a solitary functioning kidney may develop CKD. Although widely used, equations to estimate GFR are not validated in these patients. This study sought to determine the precision of common estimating equations in the KIMONO (KIdney of MONofunctional Origin) cohort.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Two creatinine-based (estimated GFR [eGFR]-Schwartz, urinary creatinine clearance), two cystatin C–based (eGFR-Zappitelli1, eGFR-CKiD [Chronic Kidney Disease in Children] 1), and two cystatin C/creatinine–based (eGFR-Zappitelli2, eGFR-CKiD2) estimates were compared with the gold standard GFR measured by inulin single injection (GFR-inulin) in 77 children with a solitary functioning kidney (time span of assembly, 2005–2012). Included patients were 1.5–19.8 years of age. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) classification was compared between GFR-inulin and eGFR methods to analyze misclassification by estimating equations.

Results
The eGFR-CKiD2 equation performed best in children with a solitary functioning kidney (mean bias, −0.9 ml/min per 1.73 m2; 95% and 54% of values within ±30% and ±10% of GFR-inulin, respectively). Mean bias for eGFR-Schwartz was 0.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2, with 90% and 33% of values within ±30% and ±10% of GFR-inulin, respectively. For all estimates, misclassification in K/DOQI stage ranged from 22% (eGFR-Zappitelli1) to 44% (urinary creatinine clearance) of children.

Conclusions
Use of a combined serum cystatin C/creatinine–based equation (eGFR-CKiD2) is recommended to monitor renal function in children with a solitary functioning kidney. When cystatin C is not routinely available, eGFR-Schwartz should be used. Misclassification in K/DOQI-stage remains a caveat for all equations.
Long-term Outcomes of Arteriovenous Thigh Grafts in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Ong Song , Barker-Finkel Jill , Allon Michael 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Background and objective
Arteriovenous thigh grafts are a potential vascular access option in hemodialysis patients who have exhausted all upper-limb sites. This study compared the outcomes of thigh grafts with outcomes obtained with dialysis catheters.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
A prospective vascular access database was queried to identify 209 thigh grafts placed from January 1, 2003, to June 30, 2011. The following were calculated: secondary graft survival (from graft creation to permanent failure), assisted primary graft survival (from graft creation to first thrombosis), and infection-free graft survival (from graft creation to first graft infection). Graft outcomes were compared with those observed with 472 tunneled internal jugular dialysis catheters.

Results
The median duration of patient follow-up was 340 days for grafts and 91 days for catheters. The surgical technical failure rate of thigh grafts was 8.1% and was higher in patients with vascular disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–8.04; P=0.03). Secondary and assisted primary graft survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 62%, 54%, and 38% and 38%, 27%, and 17%, respectively. Infection-free graft survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 79%, 73%, and 61%. Secondary survival was much worse for dialysis catheters than thigh grafts (HR, 4.44; 95% CI, 3.65–5.22; P<0.001). Likewise, infection-free survival was far worse for catheters than for thigh grafts (HR, 3.77; 95% CI, 2.80–4.82; P<0.001).

Conclusions
Thigh grafts are a viable vascular option in patients who have exhausted upper-extremity options. Outcomes with thigh grafts are superior to those obtained with dialysis catheters.