bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximising Well Productivity through Appropriate Design of Cleanup Recipe and Proper Execution for New Well Completions
Authors: Olubamise Taiwo. O. , Oghene Ufuoma. J. , Uchendu Chinwe 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Reduced productivity in newly completed wells could be attributed to impairments caused by drilling and completion operation activities which are caused mainly by the drilling and completion fluids and other additives that may have been used during these operations on the wells. However, in spite of these impairments, proper design and execution of well clean up post completion of the well is critical to ensuring that whatever debris left behind at the sand face completion is removed or reduced to improve and optimize the productivity of the wells. Designing the appropriate clean up recipe requires proper evaluation of the wells characteristics, conditions, reservoir properties, and the drilling and completions fluid including additives.
The clean up recipe design usually involves laboratory tests on mud samples from subject well, to determine the right content and quality of chemical that will properly dissolve the filter cake formed down hole.
Understanding the sand face completion type, well geometry and reservoir characteristics is a critical success factor to designing the placement of the recipe and achieving a successful well clean up. Effective placement of the designed treatment recipe is mainly done using coiled tubing. Whether to squeeze or jet across completion interval is subject to the well configuration.
In this paper, the Post clean up productivity of twenty-three (23) wells carried out in six (6) fields were reviewed to establish the relationship between the cleanup design, execution and productivity. Results of this shows that in the cases where proper design and execution of clean up were carried out, the wells productivity was successfully achieved as planned whereas in some cases of poor design and execution, the wells' performance was suboptimal.
Using Decision Algorithm to Optimise Development of a Gas Field with Limited Subsurface Data
Authors: Ogbalor Cyril , Osadjere Peter , Ebufegha Akpos 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Evaluation of hydrocarbon recoveries from a field with limited geological, engineering, and geophysical data has a huge amount of uncertainty for each possible outcome. Understanding the implications probability of success (POS) of the sequence of events, can help managers make informed decisions on a field development strategy using a decision tree.
A decision tree, is a decision support graphical representation that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. This, if effectively used can assist in making difficult decisions by reducing them to a series of simpler or less emotionally laden, choices.
This paper details, the results of the use of a Decision Algorithm for the optimization of a gas field development strategy with only one well drilled and no production data. The optimization was carried out following the re-interpretation of the seismic and well data, which resulted in a significant change in the structure and subsequent update in the static and dynamic characterization of the hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs.
An Excel Based Casing Design Application
Authors: Utsalo O , Olamigoke O , Adekuajo C. O 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The Casing Design Application developed by well engineers in Havilah Hydrocarbon Resources Management (HHRM) is designed with simplicity to avoid the complicated casing design software in the market and provide an in-house tool for quick evaluation of casing scheme options. The development of this MS Excel Based software is motivated by a need to offer a package that accurately predicts relevant well loads, without compromising designs and making it too conservative and expensive or under-conservative and unsafe.
The HHRM Casing Design Application considers all the anticipated loadings on the casing string at the time when the casing is run and throughout the life of the well. The design criteria is such that meet the conflicting requirements of collapse and burst, while ensuring the tensile loading strength of the casing are never exceeded. This application also provides triaxial stress analysis to provide high confidence as regards the ultimate casing scheme to be adopted. This casing design tool has been developed using Visual Basic macros in the Microsoft Excel Environment.
The different components of the Casing Design Tool are presented in this paper. The tool helps the designer make recommendation on combination casing strings from a large casing database or selections based on the client's inventory. The tool has been tested and the results have been found to be consistent with commercial software. The casing design tool is applicable to both vertical and deviated wells.
Paper Title: Well Rejuvenation through ‘Novel Thru-Tubing Sand Screen Insert’ in a Horizontal Completion with Sand Production Challenges
Authors: Emesi John , Ogbunuju Emi , Igbereyivwe Steve , Aronu Godwin , Oyedeji-Olaniyan Olufunsho , Erivona Gloria , Wakama Miebaka 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Well A (offshore field) was drilled in June 2002 to provide horizontal drainage point on the reservoir. It was completed as a Single String Single (SSS) Producer with 3 ½" tubing string. The sand face was completed with 5 ½" slotted liner (SL) with screen size of 300μm for sand control across 1, 505ft horizontal drain hole since the reservoir is unconsolidated. The interval started production in May 2003 and was closed-in for about a year for pipeline changeout due to pressure integrity before it was shut-in for security concerns. Thereafter the well produced uneventfully until sand production in excess of 10pptb (Pounds per thousand barrel) was observed. Various mitigation efforts were deployed however, all proved abortive. The platform tripped due to the rupture of the well choke body and this was traced to be caused by excessive sand production. The interval was subsequently closed in due to high sand production.
Various options were looked into to determine the best solution that could be used to eliminate the sand production challenges, this ranged from insitu reservoir sand consolidation, horizontal gravel packing, rig re-entry to workover the completion and Thru-Tubing Sand Screen Insert to restore the completion integrity. However after various review sessions, Thru-Tubing Sand Screen Insert was recommended as the best option for the well because it was the most cost effective option, there are good premium screens and in-house expertise exists to aid its deployment. This was followed up with detailed sieve analysis of the produced formation sand and ditch cuttings for proper screen design. Furthermore, well modelling was done to predict the new well potential after the screen insert and was estimated at 2, 250bopd.
In this paper, we present the technique utilized for rejuvenating a horizontal completion in July 2013. 500ft Techdaer-ENFORCER Premium Screens (230micron) was successfully spaced out with 900ft blank tubing and installed inside the top section of the 5 ½" SL and hung off on the production tubing with the Paragon Packer. This was achieved using a Coil Tubing mounted on an offshore Self Elevation Workover Platform (SEWOP) after the well was cleaned up and killed, making it a first in Shell Nigeria. Thereafter, production was restored at low sand cut of &lt; 2pptb, at an average oil rate of 2, 400bopd since August 2013 till date, thereby safe guarding 2.5MMbbls of reserves and 2, 400bopd potential at acceptable sand production. Using a conservative oil price of $85/bbl, the total project cost which was $1.8Mln was recovered in 9days. So far the well has been on production since August 2013 with a cumulative oil production of 0.6MMbbl to date.
Review of Sand Production from Oil Well Completions across Depositional Environments in the Niger Delta
Authors: Onikoyi Abiola S. , Nwabueze Vincent O. , Okoro Felix O. , Ajienka J. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Several criteria and strategies have been developed to predict sand failures and to select appropriate sand control methods for improved completion designs and to maximise oil production at moderate unit technical cost. The depth criterion, SPADE equation, Rock Mechanic Equations incorporating Brinell Hardness Number and Unconfined Compressive Strength have been used extensively to predict sand production tendencies and to propose completion types. None of these criteria and strategies has explicitly incorporated the depositional environmental factor that defines the origin of these oil-bearing formations. A recent study aimed to correlate depo-belts and depositional environments to actual sand production using historical data of producing wells in the Niger Delta but covered only the Greater Ughelli depo-belt to some depths (SPE-163010). That study indicated a predominance of high sand producers in the channel sands depositional environment of the Greater Ughelli Depobelt. This paper therefore seeks to complete the investigation across all the remaining depo-belts and litho-facies and to share the review outcomes/findings with the goal of establishing correlation between known rock mechanic principles and models used in sand failure prediction and sand control selection as a total system approach, providing wider solutions to sand control challenges in the oil industry.
Gas Market and Contract Management in Integrated Corporate Production Forecasting
Authors: Peter Obidike , Sakiru Adeyanju 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Gas development projects usually commence from the confirmation of availability of gas markets and contracts before the development planning studies can be initiated. The gas contracts typically feature penalties ("take-or-pay" and related clauses) for not meeting the demand or non acceptance of delivered gas.
With increase in gas demand to meet both export and domestic gas obligations in Nigeria, Companies rely on a robust production forecasting platform to predict and manage the performance of their subsurface assets in a bid to meet those obligations.
This paper explains the strategy in a typical International Oil Company (IOC) in meeting the above objective of achieving an integrated gas market development plan in support of its business planning decisions.
Results of the Second-Monitor 4D Survey in a Nigerian Deepwater Field
Authors: Effiom O. , Lawal K. , Ibianga D. , Njoku C. , Uvieghara O. , Afolabi R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A second monitor 4D seismic was recently acquired over a deepwater field in Nigeria. The acquisition was completed on time and without any Health Safety Security or Environmental incident. This survey used steerable streamers, advanced current prediction techniques, and a dedicated time-lapse data acquisition expert onboard the vessel to guide the sail-lines selection. These improvements contributed to a final 4D dataset with better geometric repeatability than the first seismic monitor acquired four years prior.
Early results of the 4D seismic interpretation of the results from fast-track processing in the different reservoirs reveal two predominant sweep patterns: (a) localized channeling indicative of limited movements within sinuous channels and meander belts; and (b) broad flood-front movement associated with the more lobate, amalgamated systems. This interpretation has provided another level of detail in the understanding of reservoir architecture within the field. Areas of bypassed oil can be identified on 4D seismic and are being used in locating potential additional infill wells. In addition, there has been an improvement in the mapping of the flooded areas of the reservoirs and the seismic-derived flood patterns have provided additional constraints to enhance the quality of the history-matches, resulting in improved static and dynamic subsurface models.
Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs
Authors: Gruen Margaret E. , Roe Simon C. , Griffith Emily , Hamilton Alexandra , Sherman Barbara L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the safety and efficacy of oral administration of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor trazodone hydrochloride to facilitate confinement and calming after orthopedic surgery in dogs.
Design—Prospective open-label clinical trial.
Animals—36 client-owned dogs that underwent orthopedic surgery.
Procedures—Starting the day after surgery, dogs were administered trazodone (approx 3.5 mg/kg [1.6 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) with tramadol (4 to 6 mg/kg [1.8 to 2.7 mg/lb], PO, q 8 to 12 h) for pain management. After 3 days, administration of tramadol was discontinued, and the trazodone dosage was increased (approx 7 mg/kg [3.2 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) and maintained for at least 4 weeks. If needed, trazodone dosage was increased (7 to 10 mg/kg [3.2 to 4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h). Owners completed electronic surveys rating their dogs’ confinement tolerance, calmness or hyperactivity level, and responses to specific provocative situations prior to surgery and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery and at the postsurgery evaluation (at 8 to 12 weeks).
Results—Most (32/36 [89%]) of owners reported that their dogs, when given trazodone during the 8 to 12 weeks following orthopedic surgery, improved moderately or extremely with regard to confinement tolerance and calmness. Trazodone was well tolerated, even in combination with NSAIDs, antimicrobials, and other medications; no dogs were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions. Owner-reported median onset of action of trazodone was 31 to 45 minutes, and median duration of action was ≥ 4 hours.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that oral administration of trazodone was safe and efficacious and may be used to facilitate confinement and enhance behavioral calmness of dogs during the critical recovery period following orthopedic surgery.
Sewing needle foreign body ingestion in dogs and cats: 65 cases (2000–2012)
Authors: Pratt Chap L. , Reineke Erica L. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To characterize clinical signs, diagnostic test results, foreign body location, treatment, and outcome for dogs and cats with sewing needle foreign bodies.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—65 dogs and cats with sewing needle foreign bodies.
Procedures—Medical records of 27 dogs and 38 cats examined because of sewing needle foreign bodies from January 2000 to February 2012 were reviewed for signalment, medical history, physical examination findings, diagnostic test results, interval from witnessed exposure and radiographic imaging to definitive treatment, definitive treatment, sewing needle location, complications, and outcome.
Results—7 (10.8%) animals had sewing needles in extragastrointestinal locations that were not causing clinical signs. The remaining 58 (89.2%) animals had known sewing needle exposure or acute clinical signs associated with ingestion. The esophageal and gastric regions were the most common location for a sewing needle (10/21 [47.6%] dogs; 19/37 [51.4%] cats), followed by the oropharynx (7/21 [33.3%] dogs; 11/37 [29.7%] cats) and small and large intestines (4/21 [19.0%] dogs; 7/37 [18.9%] cats). Gastrointestinal perforation was detected in 10 of 58 (17.2%) animals (5/21 [23.8%] dogs; 5/37 [13.5%] cats). Sewing needles in the esophagus and stomach were successfully removed endoscopically in 8 of 9 dogs and 18 of 19 cats. Survival rate was 98.1% (51/52) for animals receiving definitive treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endoscopic removal of ingested sewing needles was highly successful and should be recommended to prevent gastrointestinal tract perforation and associated morbidity. Prognosis for dogs and cats receiving definitive treatment for sewing needle foreign body ingestion was excellent.
Frequency of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses across the United States during a 10-year period
Authors: Kilcoyne Isabelle , Spier Sharon J. , Carter Craig N. , Smith Jacqueline L. , Swinford Amy K. , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Objective—To quantify the number of horses with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection identified in the United States from January 2003 through December 2012.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample—State veterinary diagnostic laboratory records of 2,237 C pseudotuberculosis culture-positive samples from horses.
Procedures—44 state veterinary diagnostic laboratories throughout the United States were invited by mail to participate in the study. Data requested included the number of C pseudotuberculosis culture-positive samples from horses identified per year, geographic location from which the C pseudotuberculosis culture-positive sample was submitted, month and year of sample submission, breed and age of horses, and category of clinical manifestation (ie, internal infection, external infection, or ulcerative lymphangitis).
Results—Of the 44 invited laboratories, 15 agreed to participate and provided data on affected horses from 23 states. The proportion of C pseudotuberculosis culture-positive samples submitted during 2011 through 2012 (1,213/2,237 [54%]) was significantly greater than that for the period from 2003 through 2010 (1,024/2,237 [46%]). Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was recovered from horses in states where the disease has not been previously recognized as endemic. Affected horses were identified year-round. The greatest proportion of C pseudotuberculosis culture-positive samples was identified during November, December, and January (789/2,237 [35%]). No significant association between the clinical form of disease and age or breed of horse was observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The occurrence of C pseudotuberculosis infection in horses increased during the 10-year period, and affected horses were identified throughout the United States. Further studies to determine changes in annual incidence and to identify potential changing climatic conditions or vector populations associated with disease transmission are warranted to help control the occurrence and spread of C pseudotuberculosis infection in horses.
Impact of Feed Rations on Growth, Selected Body Parameters and Maturation of Vendace, Coregonus Albula L., Reared in RAS
Authors: Szczepkowska Bożena , Szczepkowski Mirosław , Piotrowska Iwona 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Vendace, Coregonus albula L., was reared to commercial size in a recirculating system. Three different feed rations were applied during the ten-month-long experiment. The feed rations impacted fish growth rates, and fish in the different groups achieved body weights of 26.6 g to 57.5 g. The final survival in all groups was similar from 44.3% among the fish fed the smallest feed ration to 53.2% in the group receiving the largest feed ration. No differences were noted in the share of viscera, peritoneal fat, or in the hepatosomatic indexes, but there were differences in the gonadosomatic indexes. After thermal stimulation, only males achieved sexual maturity. The number of mature fish was similar in all groups and ranged from 17.8 to 21.3% of all fish. The results of the present study indicated that vendace can achieve commercial size in an intensive rearing period of ten months in RAS.
Leaf Rolling Reduces Photosynthetic Loss in Maize Under Severe Drought
Authors: Saglam Aykut , Kadioglu Asim , Demiralay Mehmet , Terzi Rabiye 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEffects of leaf rolling (LR) on maize photosynthesis under severe drought stress were studied in two cultivars with opposite drought responses, Batem 56-55 (drought tolerant) and Batem 51-52 (drought sensitive). Drought stress and artificial prevention of leaf rolling (PLR) were applied at grain filling stage for 30 days. LR in Batem 56-55 occurred later than in Batem 51-52. Leaf water potential (Ψleaf) did not change in Batem 56-55 but decreased in Batem 51-52 at LR. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) of the cultivars decreased during LR more significantly in Batem 56-55 in comparison to Batem 51-52. The same was observed for the decrease in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and intracellular level of CO2(C). Rubis-co activity and content were reduced at LR, but were less affected in Batem 56-55 than in Batem 51-52. Ear and kernel weights also decreased at LR. All parameters at PLR were more reduced than those of LR. These results implied that LR was an important and necessary mechanism protecting photosynthesis and reducing yield loss under drought stress by maintaining the leaf hydration, preventing loss of the photosynthetic pigments, sustaining the activity of PSU, keeping the stornata open, and conserving the activity of Rubisco.
Codes on Key Errors
Authors: Das P. K. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Coding theory has started with the intention of detection and correction of errors which have occurred during communication. Different types of errors are produced by different types of communication channels and accordingly codes are developed to deal with them. In 2013 Sharma and Gaur introduced a new kind of an error which will be termed “key error”. This paper obtains the lower and upper bounds on the number of parity-check digits required for linear codes capable for detecting such errors. Illustration of such a code is provided. Codes capable of simultaneous detection and correction of such errors have also been considered.
Colour Restoration of Image Obtained from CCD Sensor Directly
Authors: Luo Jun , Chen Ying 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The original image data obtained from Charge-coupled Device (CCD) can be called original data, which is lack of color information. In order to restore the color of original image, firstly, we design a Bayer color filter array, and then we use bilinear interpolation algorithm and smooth hue transition interpolation algorithm to restore the color of original image. However, the hues of adjacent pixels change abruptly by the bilinear interpolation, therefore, we use smooth hue transition interpolation to enhance the edge of original image, and finally we identify the ultimate performance of these interpolation algorithms.
Benchmark of Different Gradient Descents in OCR
Authors: Rafsanjani Marjan Kuchaki , Pourshaban Masoud 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper we implement six different learning algorithms in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) problem and achieve the criteria of end-time, number of iterations, train-set performance, test-set performance, validate-set performance and overall performance of these methods and compare them. Finally, we show the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Telephone Speech Endpoint Detection using Mean-Delta Feature
Authors: Ouzounov Atanas 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In the study the efficiency of three features for trajectory-based endpoint detection is experimentally evaluated in the fixed-text Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) - a based speaker verification task with short phrases of telephone speech. The employed features are Modified Teager Energy (MTE), Energy-Entropy (EE) feature and Mean-Delta (MD) feature. The utterance boundaries in the endpoint detector are provided by means of state automaton and a set of thresholds based only on trajectory characteristics. The training and testing have been done with noisy telephone speech (short phrases in Bulgarian language with length of about 2 s) selected from BG-SRDat corpus. The results of the experiments have shown that the MD feature demonstrates the best performance in the endpoint detection tests in terms of the verification rate.