bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesh adaptation for simulation of unsteady flow with moving immersed boundaries
Authors: Zhou C.H. , Ai J.Q. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIn this work, an approach for performing mesh adaptation in the numerical simulation of two‐dimensional unsteady flow with moving immersed boundaries is presented. In each adaptation period, the mesh is refined in the regions where the solution evolves or the moving bodies pass and is unrefined in the regions where the phenomena or the bodies deviate. The flow field and the fluid–solid interface are recomputed on the adapted mesh. The adaptation indicator is defined according to the magnitude of the vorticity in the flow field. There is no lag between the adapted mesh and the computed solution, and the adaptation frequency can be controlled to reduce the errors due to the solution transferring between the old mesh and the new one. The preservation of conservation property is mandatory in long‐time scale simulations, so a P1‐conservative interpolation is used in the solution transferring. A nonboundary‐conforming method is employed to solve the flow equations. Therefore, the moving‐boundary flows can be simulated on a fixed mesh, and there is no need to update the mesh at each time step to follow the motion or the deformation of the solid boundary. To validate the present mesh adaptation method, we have simulated several unsteady flows over a circular cylinder stationary or with forced oscillation, a single self‐propelled swimming fish, and two fish swimming in the same or different directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and application of a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR using a minor‐groove‐binding probe for the detection of a novel bunyavirus in clinical specimens
Authors: Li Zhifeng , Cui Lunbiao , Zhou Minghao , Qi Xian , Bao Changjun , Hu Jianli , Shan Jun , Wu Bin , Wang Shenjiao , Guo Xiling , Jiao Yongjun , Tang Fenyang , Wang Hua 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA highly sensitive one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR method using a minor‐groove‐binding (MGB) probe was developed for detection and quantitation of severe febrile with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The assay could discriminate SFTSV infection from other related viral diseases in human with a minimum detection limit of 10 viral RNA copies/µl and was 1,000 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR. Strong linear correlations (r2 > 0.99) between the Ct values and viral RNA standards over a linear range were obtained. The coefficients of variation of intra‐ and inter‐assay reproducibility were both less than 2%. The RT‐PCR was also shown to be highly specific, as no positive signals were detected for other related viruses. Evaluation of this assay with serum samples from laboratory confirmed cases and healthy donors showed 100% clinical diagnostic sensitivity and over 99% specificity. Clinical application with samples from 287 patients admitted to the hospital with suspected SFTSV infection showed that 15% were infected by SFTSV. This assay was rapid, requiring just over 2 hr, including the nucleic acid extraction step. J. Med. Virol. 85:370–377, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wind speed trends over China: quantifying the magnitude and assessing causality
Authors: Chen L. , Li D. , Pryor S. C. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTTemporal trends (1971–2007) in 10‐m wind speeds from homogeneous observational data sets from 540 weather stations and reanalysis data sets are quantified and compared. Also, possible physical cause of inconsistencies between the data sets and temporal trends and variability in wind speeds are investigated. Annual mean wind speeds from the observational data exhibit pronounced downward trends especially in the upper percentiles and during spring. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis reproduces the observed wind speeds, seasonality and temporal trends better than the ERA‐40 even though it shows larger interannual fluctuations. The warm and cold AO and ENSO phases have significant influence on probability distribution of wind speeds, thus internal climate variability is a major source of both interannual and long‐term variability.
The efficacy of the harmonic scalpel in neck dissection: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Shin Yoo Seob , Koh Yoon Woo , Kim Se‐Heon , Choi Eun Chang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Recently, the Harmonic scalpel (HS) has been used in head and neck surgery as an alternative to conventional hand‐tied ligation for hemostasis. Limited data have been published on the evidence of its safety in neck dissection (ND), especially in radical ND. We intended to investigate the safety and efficacy of the HS in ND, while using conventional hand‐tied ligation to a minimum.Method:Fifty‐nine patients who underwent ND with primary head and neck cancer resection were enrolled in this study. The group using HS consisted of 29 patients, and the conventional hand‐tied ligation technique (CT) group comprised of 30 patients. The following variables were examined: operating time, intraoperative bleeding, incidence of perioperative complications, the number of lymph nodes, total amount of drainage, duration of drain placement, and days of hospital stay.Result:The use of the HS reduced the operating time of comprehensive ND by an average of 46.5 minutes (P < 0.001), and blood loss was significantly decreased in the HS group than the CT group (163.8 ± 33.8 cc vs. 203.8 ± 36.5 cc, P = 0.002). The number of lymph nodes was not significantly different between the two groups. No significant difference was observed in the total amount of drainage, duration of drain placement, days of hospital stay, and perioperative complications.Conclusions:The HS is a relatively safe and effective alternative method for hand‐tie ligation in ND. Moreover, the HS significantly reduced the operating time and amount of blood loss.
Topical rapamycin suppresses the angiogenesis pathways induced by pulsed dye laser: Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of regeneration and revascularization of photocoagulated cutaneous blood vessels
Authors: Tan Wenbin , Jia Wangcun , Sun Victor , Mihm Martin C. , Nelson J. Stuart 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPulsed dye laser (PDL) is the most effective treatment for port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. However, regeneration and revascularization of photocoagulated blood vessels may result in poor therapeutic outcome. We have recently shown that rapamycin (RPM), an angiogenesis inhibitor, can reduce the regeneration and revascularization of photocoagulated blood vessels. Herein, we attempt to further elucidate the molecular pathophysiology on the inhibition of the regeneration and revascularization of photocoagulated blood vessels by topical RPM in an animal model.Materials and MethodsTwo separate skin areas on each hamster were irradiated by PDL. After PDL exposure, topical RPM was applied daily to one of the randomly selected test sites. PDL, PDL + RPM and normal skin test sites were biopsied on day 3 after PDL exposure. The total ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein were extracted from biopsied skin samples and quantified. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunoblot were subsequently performed to quantify the mRNA and protein levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha (HIF‐1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6). The phosphorylation levels of S6 and AKT were also evaluated by immunoblot.ResultsThe mRNA and protein levels of HIF‐1α, VEGF, and S6 significantly increased after PDL exposure as compared to the normal hamster skin. Topical application of 1% RPM suppressed the PDL‐induced increase in mRNA and protein levels of those genes on day 3 post‐PDL exposure. The phosphorylation levels of S6 and AKT increased after PDL exposure but the increases were suppressed by the topical application of RPM.ConclusionThe increase in expression of HIF‐1α, VEGF, and S6 after PDL‐exposure suggests that angiogenesis pathways play very active roles in the process of skin blood vessel regeneration and revascularization. Topical application of 1% RPM can suppress the angiogenesis pathways and, therefore, reduce the regeneration and revascularization of photocoagulated blood vessels. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 796–804, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fractional laser‐assisted delivery of methyl aminolevulinate: Impact of laser channel depth and incubation time
Authors: Haak Christina S. , Farinelli William A. , Tam Joshua , Doukas Apostolos G. , Anderson R. Rox , Hædersdal Merete 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPretreatment of skin with ablative fractional lasers (AFXL) enhances the uptake of topical photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Distribution of photosensitizer into skin layers may depend on depth of laser channels and incubation time. This study evaluates whether depth of intradermal laser channels and incubation time may affect AFXL‐assisted delivery of methyl aminolevulinate (MAL).Materials and MethodsYorkshire swine were treated with CO2 AFXL at energy levels of 37, 190, and 380 mJ/laser channel and subsequent application of MAL cream (Metvix®) for 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes incubation time. Fluorescence photography and fluorescence microscopy quantified MAL‐induced porphyrin fluorescence (PpIX) at the skin surface and at five specific skin depths (120, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 1,800 µm).ResultsLaser channels penetrated into superficial (∼300 µm), mid (∼1,400 µm), and deep dermis/upper subcutaneous fat layer (∼2,100 µm). Similar fluorescence intensities were induced at the skin surface and throughout skin layers independent of laser channel depth (180 minutes; P < 0.19). AFXL accelerated PpIX fluorescence from skin surface to deep dermis. After laser exposure and 60 minutes MAL incubation, surface fluorescence was significantly higher compared to intact, not laser‐exposed skin at 180 minutes (AFXL‐MAL 60 minutes vs. MAL 180 minutes, 69.16 a.u. vs. 23.49 a.u.; P < 0.01). Through all skin layers (120–1,800 µm), laser exposure and 120 minutes MAL incubation induced significantly higher fluorescence intensities in HF and dermis than non‐laser exposed sites at 180 minutes (1,800 µm, AFXL‐MAL 120 minutes vs. MAL 180 minutes, HF 14.76 a.u. vs. 6.69 a.u. and dermis 6.98 a.u. vs. 5.87 a.u.; P < 0.01).ConclusionsAFXL pretreatment accelerates PpIX accumulation, but intradermal depth of laser channels does not affect porphyrin accumulation. Further studies are required to examine these findings in clinical trials. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 787–795, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cohort study of therapeutic prescriptions after the end of phytotherapy drug reimbursement by French Social Security
Authors: Riou França Lionel , Vidal Chrystelle , Bourechak Nadia , Jeunne Philippe Le , Deville Geoffroy Sainte‐Claire , Massol Jacques 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeThe reimbursement of phytotherapy drugs for the treatment of mild anxiety and insomnia ended in March 2006 in France. The aim of this study is to investigate the short‐term impact of stopping phytotherapy reimbursement.MethodsWe monitored the prescriptions of 27 422 patients who received hypnotic and sedative phytotherapy drug treatment at least once in the 12 months preceding the end of reimbursement and made contact with their prescribing physician at least once in the following 12 months. A control cohort was recruited from patients fulfilling the same inclusion criteria in the 24 months before de‐reimbursement and their prescriptions in the following 12 months were monitored. The impact of the end of reimbursement is estimated comparing prescription switches in these cohorts.ResultsBefore the end of reimbursement, 7684 (28%) patients being prescribed delisted phytotherapy drugs had the relevant drug marketing authorization approval (DMAA) indications. Co‐prescriptions of hypnotic and sedative drugs concerned 40% of patients. Of the 4646 DMAA patients exclusively prescribed phytotherapy, 640 (14%) switched to hypnotic or sedative drugs only after the end of reimbursement, 3266 (70%) stopped all treatments and 740 (16%) carried on with a non‐reimbursed phytotherapy prescription. When compared to the control cohort, patients exposed to de‐reimbursement were more likely to switch to psychotropic drugs (OR = 1.46).ConclusionsEnding the reimbursement of common drugs on the basis of insufficient evidence regarding their effectiveness or the low level of severity of their target pathologies should be accompanied by information or advice to prescribing health care actors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding wear behaviour of oriented ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
Authors: Eddoumy Fatima , Addiego Frédéric , Dhieb Houcine , Célis Jean‐Pierre , Muller René , Toniazzo Valérie , Ruch David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe impact of processing‐induced chain orientation on the sliding wear behaviour of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was investigated. The orientation of the molecular network of UHMWPE was done by means of uniaxial tension up to different residual strains. We found that high residual strain levels (higher than 0.45) enabled the sliding dissipated energy of UHMWPE to be decreased in dry conditions. In particular, oriented UHMWPE with a residual strain of 0.85 exhibited, at 500 000 sliding cycles in dry conditions, a decrease in volumetric wear loss by a factor of 3.3 and 19.4 compared with the reference UHMWPE tested in directions parallel and perpendicular to the chain direction, respectively. It is argued that oriented UHMWPE exhibits less adhesion during interfacial wear than the reference material, and hence orientation of UHMWPE bulk may be an alternative treatment to crosslinking for dry sliding conditions. In the case of sliding testing conducted in Ringer's solution, the benefit of the initial chain orientation was quite weak due to a lubrication effect of the solution that markedly limited the effect of chain orientation on the sliding behaviour.
A comparison of the properties of two structurally equivalent but regiochemically different mono‐alkylated polybithiophenes prepared through AABB‐type stille polycondensation
Authors: Lundin Pamela M. , Giri Gaurav , Bao Zhenan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPrevious routes to polymers with mono‐alkylated bithiophenes have proceeded through polymerization of monoalkyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene monomers through oxidative or AB‐type cross‐coupling polymerizations. The resulting polymer regiochemistry affects both the location and orientation of the polymer side‐chains. In contrast, AABB‐type cross‐coupling polymerizations can control the location and in some cases the orientation of the side‐chains. To study how this control can impact polymer properties, two poly(monodecyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene) polymers have been synthesized through Stille AABB‐type polycondensations of 2,5‐bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene with different monomers. The alkyl side‐chains are located on every other thiophene, but polymer 1 consists of both head‐to‐tail and head‐to‐head dyads, whereas polymer 2 is made up of only head‐to‐head dyads. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy are used to confirm and contrast the polymer regiochemistries. The physical properties of the two polymers are analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction. Polymer 2 is found to display significantly more aggregation in solution than 1, and it displays different thermal properties. The film properties of polymers 1 and 2, however, are very similar, with nearly identical UV–vis profiles and d‐spacing values as determined by grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Synthesis of block and graft copolymers of styrene by raft polymerization, using dodecyl‐based trithiocarbonates as initiators and chain transfer agents
Authors: Ponnusamy Kannukaran , Babu Rajendran Prakash , Dhamodharan Raghavachari 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA series of dodecyl‐based monofunctional trithiocarbonate chain transfer agents (CTAs) were successfully synthesized, toward the reversible addition‐fragmentations chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene. The CTAs were used as initiators for RAFT polymerization, in the absence of the conventional free radical initiator, at higher temperature. Polystyrene (PS) of narrow polydispersity index (PDI) is synthesized. Subsequently, poly(styrene‐b‐benzyl methacrylate) diblock and poly(styrene‐b‐benzyl methacrylate‐b‐2‐vinyl pyridine) triblock copolymers were synthesized from the PS macro‐RAFT agent by simply heating with the second and third monomer, respectively. These experiments suggest that it should be possible to control the RAFT polymerization initiated by a CTA through the adjustment of the temperature of polymerization in such manner that initiation is tailored to proceed at faster rate (at higher temperature) in comparison to propagation (lower temperature). For the specific CTAs studied in this work, the polymerization rate of styrene was high in the case of the reinitiating cyano (CN)‐substituted group (R group) compared to the other groups studied. The results further show that 4‐cyano pentanoic acid group is superior to the other R groups used for the RAFT polymerization of styrene, especially based on the polydispersity at a given conversion as well as the variation in the expected and experimental number‐average‐molecular weights. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Growth and characterization of site‐selective quantum dots
Authors: Helfrich Mathieu , Schroth Philipp , Grigoriev Daniil , Lazarev Sergey , Felici Roberto , Slobodskyy Taras , Baumbach Tilo , Schaadt Daniel M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA review on the growth and characterization of site‐selective quantum dots (QDs) is presented. First, a theoretical model is used to describe the mechanism leading to the formation of QDs at pre‐defined locations. The structural properties of site‐selective QDs was revealed and their optical quality was tested. Various parameters, such as hole size, hole depth, or InAs amount, influencing the QD occupation and the QD size are discussed and possible ways to control these are presented. magnified imageOrdered QD array with multiple dot nucleation (left) and single QD in dry etched hole (right).
Three‐dimensional radiation pattern measurement strategy for ground station antennas
Authors: Pedersen Michael Nygaard , Letschnik Jürgen , Schelde Lars , Karstoft Henrik , Schurig Fritz , Walter Ulrich 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThis article describes how to measure a three‐dimensional antenna radiation pattern and the most effective method to achieve this. We present a new automated three‐dimensional measurement scheme, inspired by the seed pattern of a sunflower seed head, where the seed placements are arranged in a way so that rotational symmetry is obtained to compromise the circular shape of a dish antenna radiation pattern in the three‐dimensional space. This new AU–TUM Antenna Radiation Measurement Strategy has produced superior results. It has been shown by this scheme that for instance the three‐dimensional transmission pattern of a dish antenna can be measured automatically and easily checked against present regulations. The generic AU–TUM Antenna Radiation Measurement Strategy was verified on a 4.8‐m Ka‐band dish antenna. It was concluded that a three‐dimensional radiation pattern can be measured two to thirteen times faster than the best performing current strategies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving High‐Temperature Wear Resistance of Fe–Cr13–C Hardfacing Alloy by Nitrogen Alloying
Authors: Yang Ke , Bao Yefeng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNitrogen alloying of Fe–Cr13–C hardfacing alloy produces marked precipitation strengthening to achieve an improvement in high‐temperature wear resistance. Two hardfacing alloys of Fe–Cr13–C (with and without nitrogen) are slid on carbon steel at high‐temperature of 600°C and high load of 600 N, and wear behaviors are studied systematically. It is found that abrasive wear occurrs on the surface of the hardfacing alloy due to abrasive action of crushed oxide particles coming from the surface of carbon steel on the high temperature. The wear resistance is determined by the size and distribution of precipitates. The results show that the hardfacing alloy can obtain a great increase in hardness and a marked decrease in wear depth of grooving due to the effect of carbonitirde precipitates. The high‐temperature wear resistance of the Fe–Cr13–C hardfacing alloy is improved by nitrogen alloying, and the wear mechanism is mainly plastic deformation with minimum depth of grooving caused by the oxide particles.
Bemessungsmodell zur Durchknöpftragfähigkeit von Sandwichelementen bei direkter Verankerung
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Lübke Sebastian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractVerankerungen in Sandwichelementen werden derzeit auf der Grundlage experimentell bestimmter Durchknöpftragfähigkeiten dimensioniert, da ein mechanisch basiertes Tragmodell fehlt. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens wurde ein analytisches Modell zum Nachweis von Direktverankerungen entwickelt, welches mit Hilfe umfangreicher numerischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen bestätigt werden konnte.Design model for pull‐through resistance of direct fastenings in sandwich panels. Fastenings of sandwich panels are designed based on experimentally determined pull‐through resistances, because a mechanically based model does not exist. In the context of a research project an analytical design model of direct fastenings has been developed and verified by extensive numerical and experimental investigations.
Wand‐ und Deckenkonstruktionen im Kühlhausbau
Authors: Möller Ralf 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFür die statische Berechnung und Bemessung der Sandwich‐Fassadenelemente von Kühlhäusern liegen zwischenzeitlich anerkannte Regeln vor, die Schäden an der Konstruktion infolge früher oft beobachteter Überbeanspruchungen der äußeren Deckschale verhindern. Der Innenausbau von Kühlanlagen wird zur Zeit in der Regel unter Ausschluss der Bauaufsicht durchgeführt. In vielen Fällen wird auf die Anfertigung von statischen Berechnungen und Festigkeitsnachweisen zugunsten langjähriger Erfahrungen der errichtenden Firmen vollständig verzichtet. Das Sicherheitsniveau, welches dann mit derartigen Konstruktionen einhergeht, ist – obwohl man sich offensichtlich oft in Grenzbereichen bewegt – nicht bekannt.Der Wunsch nach immer größeren Spannweiten und wirtschaftlicheren Konstruktionen nötigt den verantwortlichen Bauleiter oder den Statiker oft zu einem Vorgehen, welches durch das Baurecht nicht abgedeckt ist und macht diesen Bereich zu einem lohnenden Forschungsobjekt. Es ist die Absicht zu zeigen, wie man mit relativ geringem Aufwand auf ingenieurmäßiger Basis zu Lösungen kommen kann – vorausgesetzt, die o. a. Lücken in der Technik werden geschlossen.Wall and ceiling constructions in cold stores. Meanwhile, there are accepted rules regarding the structural analysis and dimensioning of sandwich façade elements for cold stores, which prevent damage to the structure resulting from excessive loads of the outer cover sheet such as used to frequently be observed. The interior finishes of cooling systems are currently usually made without the building authorities being involved. Often the companies in charge of construction completely dispense with structural analyses or proofs of rigidity and instead apply their long‐standing experience. The safety level of these structures is not known, even though they obviously come near to stability limits.The demand for ever larger spans and ever more cost‐effective structures often pushes the construction supervisor or structural engineer to use an approach which is not covered by building legislation, making this area a rewarding subject for study. Our aim is to demonstrate how solutions can be achieved with a limited effort using a sound engineering basis, provided the identified technology gaps can be closed.