bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel model mouth system for evaluation of In Vitrorelease of nicotine from moist snuff
Authors: Li Peng , Zhang Jie , Sun Shi-Hao , Xie Jian-Ping , Zong Yong-Li 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Pouch moist snuff, as a form of oral smokeless tobacco products, is becoming increasingly popular in North America, Scandinavia (where it is known as Snus), South Asia and parts of Africa. User usually places a pouch between the upper jaw and cheek to obtain euphoria from tobacco, leading to partial intake of tobacco constituents. To evaluate user exposure to tobacco, an approach with a novel model mouth system was developed and applied to evaluate release of nicotine from the pouch.

Results
A novel model mouth system has been developed to evaluate release behavior of tobacco constituents in pouch moist snuff. The system consists of the release medium reservoir module, the flow speed control module, the temperature control module, nicotine release module, and release solution collection module, and simulates buccal condition in terms of temperature, saliva compositions, and the rate of saliva production, etc. Artificial saliva was used as the release medium to evaluate release of nicotine in pouch moist snuff. The optimized test condition was that the release temperature of 37°C and the flow rate performed at 0.2 mL min-1 in the first 5 min and 0.1 mL min-1 in the next 55 min. The performance of the model mouth system was compared with in vivo data of nicotine release in human volunteers. Data from 23 brands of moist snuff indicated that nicotine release rates increased with extraction time and approximately 60-90% of nicotine was released after 30 min of extraction in most of the samples, and the release behavior of nicotine was affected by product weights, nicotine concentration, and product pH, etc.

Conclusion
The model mouth system can be used to evaluate the release behavior of constituents in pouch moist snuff, especially those directly related to human health such as nicotine and tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA), etc. This indicated that the system is an alternative tool to evaluate user exposure to tobacco. With further testing and validation, the model mouth system can be applied in risk evaluation of smokeless tobacco products.
A multiple objective approach for joint ordering and pricing planning problem with stochastic lead times
Authors: Hosseini Zeinab , Ghasemy Yaghin Reza , Esmaeili Maryam 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe integration of marketing and demand with logistics and inventories (supply side of companies) may cause multiple improvements; it can revolutionize the management of the revenue of rental companies, hotels, and airlines. In this paper, we develop a multi-objective pricing-inventory model for a retailer. Maximizing the retailer's profit and the service level are the objectives, and shortage is allowed. We present the model under stochastic lead time with uniform and exponential distributions. Since pricing is important and influences demand, the demand is considered as a general function of price. The multiple-objective optimization model is solved using the weighting method as well as the L-P metric method. Concerning the properties of a nonlinear model, a genetic algorithm is taken into account to find the optimal solutions for the selling price, lot size, and reorder point. Finally, numerical examples with sensitivity analysis regarding key parameters are provided.
Long-term tolerability and maintenance of therapeutic response to sodium oxybate in an open-label extension study in patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Spaeth Michael , Alegre Cayetano , Perrot Serge , Wang Youyu Grace , Guinta Diane R , Alvarez-Horine Sarah , Russell Irwin Jon ,   the Sodium Oxybate Fibromyalgia Study Group
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Introduction
The long-term safety and therapeutic response of sodium oxybate (SXB) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) patients were assessed for a combined period of up to 1 year in a prospective, multicenter, open-label, extension study in patients completing 1 of 2 phase 3 randomized, double-blind, controlled, 14-week trials that examined the efficacy and safety of SXB 4.5 g, SXB 6 g, and placebo for treatment of FM.

Methods
This extension study comprised an additional 38 weeks of treatment and was carried out at 130 clinical sites in 7 countries. Initial entry criteria for the previous 2 double-blind clinical trials required that patients aged ≥ 18 years met the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for FM, had a body mass index (BMI) < 40 kg/m2, and had a score ≥ 50 on a 100-mm pain visual analog scale (VAS) at baseline. All patients began treatment in the extension study with SXB 4.5 g/night (administered in 2 equally divided doses) for at least 1 week, followed by possible serial 1.5 g/night dose increases to 9 g/night (maximum) or reductions to 4.5 g/night (minimum).

Results
Of the 560 FM patients enrolled in this extension study, 319 (57.0%) completed the study. The main reason for early discontinuation was adverse events (AEs; 23.0% of patients). Patients were primarily middle-aged (mean 46.9 ± 10.8 years), female (91.1%), white (91.4%), with a mean duration of FM symptoms of 9.9 ± 8.7 years. Serious AEs were experienced by 3.6% of patients. The most frequently reported AEs (incidence ≥ 5% at any dose or overall) were nausea, headache, dizziness, nasopharyngitis, vomiting, sinusitis, diarrhea, anxiety, insomnia, influenza, somnolence, upper respiratory tract infection, muscle spasms, urinary tract infection, and gastroenteritis viral. Maintenance of SXB therapeutic response was demonstrated with continued improvement from controlled-study baseline in pain VAS, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) total scores, and other measures. Responder analyses showed that 68.8% of patients achieved ≥ 30% reduction in pain VAS and 69.7% achieved ≥ 30% reduction in FIQ total score at study endpoint.

Conclusions
The long-term safety profile of SXB in FM patients was similar to that in the previously reported controlled clinical trials. Improvement in pain and other FM clinical domains was maintained during long-term use.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00423605.
Infusion of 2.5 meq/min of lactic acid minimally increases CO2 production compared to an isocaloric glucose infusion in healthy anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs
Authors: Zanella Alberto , Giani Marco , Redaelli Sara , Mangili Paolo , Scaravilli Vittorio , Ormas Valentina , Costanzi Marco , Albertini Mariangela , Bellani Giacomo , Patroniti Nicolò , Pesenti Antonio 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Blood acidification by lactic acid infusion converts bicarbonate to CO2. This effect can be exploited to increase the transmembrane PCO2 gradient of an extracorporeal membrane lung, resulting in a significant increase of extracorporeal CO2 removal. Lactic acid, however, is an energetic substrate and its metabolism might increase total body CO2 production (VCO2), limiting the potential beneficial effects of this technique. The aim of our study was to compare VCO during isocaloric infusion of lactic acid or glucose.

Methods
Six pigs (45±5 kg) were sedated and mechanically ventilated. Estimated caloric needs were 2,300–2,400 Kcal/die (95 to 100 Kcal/h). A sequence of two steps lasting four hours each was performed: 1) Glucose, 97 kcal/h were administered as 50% glucose solution, and 2) Lactic Acid, approximately 48.5 kcal/h were administered as lactic acid and approximately 48.5 kcal/h as 50% glucose solution. This sequence was repeated three times with two-hour intervals. Every hour VCO, arterial blood gases and lactate were measured. Blood glucose level was kept constant by titrating an insulin infusion, ventilation was adjusted to maintain arterial PCO2 at 50 mmHg, a normal value for our animal model.

Results
During Lactic Acid steps VCO2 increased less than 5% compared to the Glucose steps (282 vs. 269 ml/min, P<0.05); blood glucose did not differ between the two groups (respectively 101 ± 12 vs. 103±8 mg/dl). Arterial lactate was always lower than 3 mmol/L. Arterial pH was lower during Lactic Acid steps (7.422 vs. 7.445, P<0.05).

Conclusions
Replacing 50% of the caloric input with lactic acid increased total CO2 production by less than 5% compared to an equal caloric load provided entirely by a 50% glucose solution.
Molecular Dynamics and Principal Component Analysis for a Self-assembled Nanocube in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mashiko Takako , Yamada Kenta , Kojima Tatsuo , Hiraoka Shuichi , Nagashima Umpei , Tachikawa Masanori 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in aqueous solution were performed for hexameric nanocubes of methylated (16) and demethylated (26) gear-shaped amphiphiles. To elucidate the difference between these nanocubes, the principal component analysis for the MD simulation results in aqueous solution and the normal mode analysis in the gas phase were also applied to the nanocube, 16 and 26. The structural fluctuation of the lowest-frequency motion on 26 is larger than that on 16 around the triple π stacking of 3-pyridyl groups. For the structural stability and fluctuation of the nanocube, interactions among the constituent gear-shaped molecules play more important roles than the solvophobic effect due to solvent molecules.
Australian English: Its Evolution and Current State
Authors: Collins Peter 
Published: November 2013

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">his paper provides a critical overview of research on Australian English (‘AusE’), </span></span>and of the vexing questions that the research has grappled with. These include: What is the historical explanation for the homogeneity of the Australian accent? Was it formed by the fi rst generation of native-born Australians in the ‘Sydney mixing bowl’, its spread subsequently facilitated by high population <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">mobility? Or </span></span>is the answer to be found in sociolinguistic reconstructions of the early colony suggesting that a uniform London English was transplanted to Australia in 1788 and that speakers of other dialects quickly adapted to it? How is Australia’s national identity embodied in its lexicon, and to what extent is it currently under the infl uence of external pressure from American English? What are the most distinctive structural features of AusE phonology, morphosyntax and discourse? To what extent do allegedly unique Australian features such as sentence-final <em><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;">but </span></span></em>and <em><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed-Italic; font-size: small;">yeah-no </span></span></em><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">in discourse serve the social role of indexing </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">‘Australianness’? What is </span></span>the nature and extent of variation – regional, social and ethnic – in contemporary AusE? Are such regional phonological <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">differences as /æ/~/a/ variation increasing </span></span>or <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">diminishing? Does there exist a pan-ethnic variety of AusE that is particularly </span></span>associated with younger Australians of second generation Middle Eastern and Mediterranean background? Has contemporary AusE consolidated its own norms as an independent national standard?</p>
English in Singapore
Authors: Tan Peter K W 
Published: November 2013

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">his article discusses the various ways in which it is possible to theorise about </span></span>the varieties of English in the world, in particular Kachru’s (1982) concentric circle model and Schneider’s (2007) phases of development in post-colonial varieties of English and I try to fi t Singapore English into these models, although in both cases there are some <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">difficulties. I then provide the historical background to </span></span>how English was spread to South-East Asia and note that English is moving towards first-language status. The key phonological, grammatical, lexical and discourse are outlined. I end by discussing some of the key elements to remember when considering non-Anglo Englishes like Singapore English.</p>
Is English a Killer Language or an International Auxiliary? Its Use and Function in a Globalised World
Authors: Ceramella Nick 
Published: November 2013

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">I<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">n the Introduction to this article, I deal with the importance of speaking one’s </span>own language as a way to assert one’s identity. Then I pass on to the evolution of the English language from its start as Old English, spoken by only a few thousand Angles and Saxons.</p><p align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">I remark how, at fi rst, it was contaminated by thousands of </span>Latin, French and Scandinavian words, of which contemporary English still bears many clear traces, but nobody has ever thought that English was ever in danger of disappearing. By contrast, in the long run, it became the mother tongue of the speakers in comparatively newly founded countries, such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, and owing to the spread of the British Empire, it has dramatically increased its appeal becoming the most spoken and infl uential language in the world. Thus, according to some linguists, it has led several languages virtually to the verge of disappearance. Therefore, I argue whether English has really vampirised them, or has simply contributed to make people understand each other, sometimes even in the same country where lots of diff erent tongues are spoken (e.g. Nigeria).</p><p align="LEFT">It is self-evident that English has gradually been taking the role of a common unifying factor in our globalised world. In this view, I envisage a scenario where English may even become the offi cial l anguage o f the E U with the c ontributions &amp; coming, though in varying doses, from all the speakers of the other EU languages.</p>
Persistent asymmetric password-based key exchange
Authors: Jiang Shaoquan 
Published: November 2013

Abstract.
Asymmetric password based key exchange is a key exchange protocol
where a client and a server share a low entropic password while the
server additionally owns a high entropic secret with respect to a public
key. There are simple solutions for this,
e.g., [ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. 2 (1999), 230–268]
and its improvement in [Proceedings of CCS 1999, ACM (1999), 63–72].
In the present paper, we consider a new threat to this type of protocol: if
a server's high entropic secret gets compromised (e.g., due
to cryptanalysis or a poor management), the adversary might quickly break lots of passwords and cause uncountable damage.
In this case, one should not expect the protocol to be secure against
an off-line dictionary attack since, otherwise, the protocol is
in fact a secure password-only key exchange by making the server high entropic secret public.
Of course a password-only key exchange does not suffer from this threat as the server does not have a high entropic secret at all. However, known password-only key exchange protocols are not very efficient (note: we only consider protocols without random oracles). This motivates us to study an efficient and secure asymmetric password key exchange that avoids the new threat.
In this paper, we first provide a formal model for the new threat, where essentially we require that the active adversary can break

ℓ

$\ell $

passwords in

α
ℓ
|
𝒟
|

$\alpha \ell |\mathcal {D}|$

steps (for

α
<
1
/
2

$\alpha &lt;1/2$

) only with a probability negligibly close to

exp
(
-
β
ℓ
)

$\exp (-\beta \ell )$

for some

β
>
0

$\beta &gt;0$

, where

𝒟

$\mathcal {D}$

is a password dictionary. Then, we construct a framework of asymmetric password based key exchange.
We prove that our protocol is secure in the regular model where server high entropic key is never compromised and that it prevents the new threat. To do this, we introduce a new technique by
abstracting a probabilistic experiment from the main proof and providing a neat analysis of it.
An Alternative to the Breeder’s and Lande’s Equations
Authors: Houchmandzadeh Bahram 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe breeder’s equation is a cornerstone of quantitative genetics, widely used in evolutionary modeling. Noting the mean phenotype in parental, selected parents, and the progeny by E(Z0), E(ZW), and E(Z1), this equation relates response to selection R = E(Z1) − E(Z0) to the selection differential S = E(ZW) − E(Z0) through a simple proportionality relation R = h2S, where the heritability coefficient h2 is a simple function of genotype and environment factors variance. The validity of this relation relies strongly on the normal (Gaussian) distribution of the parent genotype, which is an unobservable quantity and cannot be ascertained. In contrast, we show here that if the fitness (or selection) function is Gaussian with mean μ, an alternative, exact linear equation of the form R′ = j2S′ can be derived, regardless of the parental genotype distribution. Here R′ = E(Z1) − μ and S′ = E(ZW) − μ stand for the mean phenotypic lag with respect to the mean of the fitness function in the offspring and selected populations. The proportionality coefficient j2 is a simple function of selection function and environment factors variance, but does not contain the genotype variance. To demonstrate this, we derive the exact functional relation between the mean phenotype in the selected and the offspring population and deduce all cases that lead to a linear relation between them. These results generalize naturally to the concept of G matrix and the multivariate Lande’s equation Δz¯=GP−1S. The linearity coefficient of the alternative equation are not changed by Gaussian selection.
Structural phase transition in Zn1.98Mn0.02P2O7: EPR evidence for enhanced line broadening and large zero-field splitting parameter in high temperature phase
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Kadam Ramakant Mahadeo , Samui Pradeep , Kesavaiyer Krishnan , Natarajan Venkataraman , Godbole Shrikant Vasant 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Colloidal dispersion of metal nanoparticles electrosterically stabilized with Carrageenan type κ and its application as hydrogel.
Authors: Infante-Rivera Jose , Campos Victoria , Guerrero-Salazar C.A. , Ortiz-Méndez Ubaldo , Olivas A. , Sepúlveda-Guzmán Selene 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work Carrageenan type κ was used as electrosteric stabilizer in order to prepare a biocompatible colloidal dispersion of novel metal nanoparticles. Gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing the metal precursor using sodium borohydride in presence of Carrageenan type κ. The growth mechanism of metal nanoparticles and stabilization behavior by Carrageenan type κ was analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology and particle size distribution were also studied as a function of reaction parameters and the particle size was dependent of the pH of the reaction media. The Ag nanoparticles with sphere-like morphology and average size of 10 nm were obtained. The morphology of Au nanoparticles was strongly affected by the pH value resulting in particles with snake-like morphology at alkaline conditions. The UV-Vis spectra showed that Ag nanoparticles were highly stable at alkaline conditions and for long period of time. Au nanoparticles dispersion showed a better stability for long period of time at acidic conditions. The nanoparticles dispersion electrosterically stabilized were used to prepare hydrogels by poured into a plastic mold and frozen with liquid nitrogen and then lyophilized. The morphology and thermal stability of resulting composites were analyzed by using scanning electronic microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry respectively. The degradation temperature of Carrageenan type κ was increased due to the presence of metal nanoparticles.
A multi‐decade time series of kelp forest community structure at the California Channel Islands
Authors: Kushner David J. , Rassweiler Andrew , McLaughlin John P. , Lafferty Kevin D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStudies of temperate rocky reef communities have added much to our understanding of ecology. However, data on these reef communities can be difficult to obtain; wind, waves, and poor underwater visibility often prevent research diving, and even under the best conditions only a few hours a day can be spent underwater collecting data. Here, we present data on temperate subtidal reef communities at 33 sites, almost half of which the National Park Service has sampled annually since 1982. We present core data sets describing the population dynamics of 16 fish, 37 invertebrate, and 15 algal taxa. We include supplementary data sets documenting the size structure of key species, the relative abundance of all fish, the recruitment of selected invertebrates, and the subtidal water temperature at each site through time. Taken together, these data provide one of the most comprehensive descriptions of nearshore reef community dynamics ever assembled.
Use of Dental Pulp Stem Cells/Collagen Sponge Biocomplex in the Treatment of Non‐Contained Intrabony Defects: A Case Series
Authors: Aimetti Mario , Ferrarotti Francesco , Mariani Giulia Maria , Cricenti Luca , Romano Federica 
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Because of their accessibility and biologic features, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) hold great promise for regeneration in clinical applications. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no data are available concerning their regenerative potential in human periodontal intrabony defects. The present case series explores the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of autologous DPSCs/collagen sponge biocomplex in the treatment of non‐contained intrabony defects in patients with chronic periodontitis.Case Series: Four healthy patients displaying at least one prevalently 1‐ or 2‐wall intrabony defect and one vital third molar requiring extraction were consecutively included in the study. Before surgery, patients were enrolled in a strict periodontal program including oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing. The third molar was extracted and used as the autologous DPSC source. The dental pulp was mechanically dissociated and filtered through 50‐μm pores to obtain a cellular suspension enriched in stem cells. The selected intrabony defects, one per patient, were filled with the cellular suspension endorsed onto a collagen sponge. The mean probing depth decreased from 8.0 ± 0.8 mm at baseline to 3.3 ± 1.0 mm at the 12‐month evaluation. The mean clinical attachment level amounted to 11.0 ± 0.8 mm before the surgery and to 6.0 ± 1.4 mm at 12 months. At the end of the observational period, the mean radiographic defect fill was 4.2 ± 1.9 mm.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this case series, it can be concluded that autologous DPSCs may represent a very promising tool for the treatment of angular bone defects with unfavorable architecture.