bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Next-Generation Sequencing Technology in Forensic Science
Authors: Yang Yaran , Xie Bingbing , Yan Jiangwei 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, with its high-throughput capacity and low cost, has developed rapidly in recent years and become an important analytical tool for many genomics researchers. New opportunities in the research domain of the forensic studies emerge by harnessing the power of NGS technology, which can be applied to simultaneously analyzing multiple loci of forensic interest in different genetic contexts, such as autosomes, mitochondrial and sex chromosomes. Furthermore, NGS technology can also have potential applications in many other aspects of research. These include DNA database construction, ancestry and phenotypic inference, monozygotic twin studies, body fluid and species identification, and forensic animal, plant and microbiological analyses. Here we review the application of NGS technology in the field of forensic science with the aim of providing a reference for future forensics studies and practice.
THE QUASI-ENTRENCHMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL STATUTES
Authors: Ahmed Farrah , Perry Adam 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe British constitution is famously unentrenched: constitutional laws are not intrinsically more difficult to override than ordinary laws. However, in the largely overlooked 2012 case ofH v Lord Advocate, the Supreme Court said that the Scotland Act 1998 cannot be impliedly repealed due to its “fundamental constitutional” status. Unless judicial thinking changes, courts in the future may treat constitutional statutes, like the Scotland Act, as capable only of express repeal, making such statutes “quasi-entrenched”. In this article, we argue that, as a judicial innovation, the quasi-entrenchment of constitutional statutes lacks a sound legal basis. Parliament can make its intention to repeal a constitutional statute clear without making it express, and judges cannot, on their own initiative, ignore Parliament's clear decision to repeal even a constitutional statute.
Adcumulate mafic dykes in layered intrusions: a case study of a late-stage dyke in the Bayantsagaan layered intrusion, Mongolia
Authors: CHISTYAKOVA SOFYA , LATYPOV RAIS 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe have discovered an adcumulate late-stage dyke in the Bayantsagaan layered intrusion. The 11-cm-thick dyke is composed of fresh troctolite with no signs of chilling against the host leucotroctolite. Texturally, both the dyke and its host are medium-grained plagioclase-olivine-magnetite cumulates. The dyke is however finer grained and contains less interstitial material. Two geochemical features characterize the dyke: it is compositionally more evolved than the host, as indicated by its lower real and normative An-content in plagioclase, whole-rock Cr and Mg-number; and it is highly depleted in all incompatible components (e.g. K2O, Y and rare earth elements or REEs) that have much lower concentrations than in the host. The depletion in REEs is extreme and has not been reported earlier for any troctolitic rocks. It has an internal reverse zonation with an inwards increase in compatible MgO and TiO2 and a decrease in all incompatible elements, suggesting an inwards decrease in the amount of trapped melt. We interpret this late-stage dyke as having formed from a residual melt that was channelled along a fissure in solidifying cumulates. The flow of the melt resulted in the very efficient removal of a boundary layer of evolved liquid from crystals growing on the walls of the dyke. This resulted in an almost perfect adcumulate that is extremely depleted in incompatible components.
SOBOLEV SPACES ON LOCALLY COMPACT ABELIAN GROUPS AND THE BOSONIC STRING EQUATION
Authors: GÓRKA PRZEMYSŁAW , REYES ENRIQUE G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMotivated by a class of nonlinear nonlocal equations of interest for string theory, we introduce Sobolev spaces on arbitrary locally compact abelian groups and we examine some of their properties. Specifically, we focus on analogs of the Sobolev embedding and Rellich–Kondrachov compactness theorems. As an application, we prove the existence of continuous solutions to a generalized bosonic string equation posed on an arbitrary compact abelian group, and we also remark that our approach allows us to solve very general linear equations in a$p$-adic context.
LOGARITHMIC CONVEXITY OF AREA INTEGRAL MEANS FOR ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS II
Authors: WANG CHUNJIE , XIAO JIE , ZHU KEHE 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor$0<p<\infty$and$-2\leq {\it\alpha}\leq 0$we show that the$L^{p}$integral mean on$r\mathbb{D}$of an analytic function in the unit disk$\mathbb{D}$with respect to the weighted area measure$(1-|z|^{2})^{{\it\alpha}}\,dA(z)$is a logarithmically convex function of$r$on$(0,1)$.
Changing precipitation pattern alters soil microbial community response to wet-up under a Mediterranean-type climate
Authors: Barnard Romain L , Osborne Catherine A , Firestone Mary K 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A large soil CO2 pulse is associated with rewetting soils after the dry summer period under a Mediterranean-type climate, significantly contributing to grasslands’ annual carbon budget. Rapid reactivation of soil heterotrophs and a pulse of available carbon are both required to fuel the CO2 pulse. Understanding of the effects of altered summer precipitation on the metabolic state of indigenous microorganisms may be important in predicting changes in carbon cycling. Here, we investigated the effects of extending winter rainfall into the normally dry summer period on soil microbial response to a controlled rewetting event, by following the present (DNA-based) and potentially active (rRNA-based) soil bacterial and fungal communities in intact soil cores (from a California annual grassland) previously subjected to three different precipitation patterns over 4 months (full summer dry season, extended wet season and absent dry season). Phylogenetic marker genes for bacteria and fungi were sequenced before and after rewetting, and the abundance of these genes and transcripts was measured. After having experienced markedly different antecedent water conditions, the potentially active bacterial communities showed a consistent wet-up response. We found a significant positive relation between the extent of change in the structure of the potentially active bacterial community and the magnitude of the CO2 pulse upon rewetting dry soils. We suggest that the duration of severe dry summer conditions characteristic of the Mediterranean climate is important in conditioning the response potential of the soil microbial community to wet-up as well as in framing the magnitude of the associated CO2 pulse.
Ultra‐low‐cost colour demosaicking VLSI design for real‐time video applications
Authors: Chen Shih‐Lun , Chang Huan‐Rui , Lin Ting‐Lan 
Published: October 2014

A novel low‐complexity and high‐quality colour demosaicking algorithm is proposed for very large‐scale integration (VLSI) implementation for real‐time video applications. It consists of a boundary detector, a boundary mirror model and five green and red–blue colour interpolation models. Two of the five interpolation models can be selected adaptively according to boundary and position information. In addition, a boundary mirror machine and identical direction technique were used to improve the qualities of the reconstructed images. To reduce the hardware cost, memory requirement and power consumption, a hardware‐sharing technique and register bank design were used to realise the proposed algorithm. The VLSI architecture of this work contains only 2.9 K gate counts and its core area is 35 966 μm2 synthesised by a 0.18 μm CMOS process. The synthesised results show that this design performs an operating frequency of 100 MHz processing rate by consuming only 1.83 mW. Compared with the previous low‐complexity designs, this work not only reduces at least 48.2% of gate counts and 96.7% of power consumption but also improves the average CPSNR quality by more than 0.78 dB.
Opponent melanopsin and S-cone signals in the human pupillary light response
Authors: Spitschan Manuel , Jain Sandeep , Brainard David H. , Aguirre Geoffrey K. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Our eyes sense bright light using cones (L, M, and S) and recently discovered melanopsin-containing ganglion cells. Both S cones and melanopsin respond to blueish (short-wavelength) light. How does melanopsin interact with the cones in visual function? We measured the response of the human pupil to isolated stimulation of the different photoreceptors. Our work reveals a curious, opponent response to blue light in the otherwise familiar pupillary light response. Increased stimulation of S cones can cause the pupil to dilate, but this effect is usually masked by a stronger and opposite response from melanopsin-containing cells. Our results have clinical importance because the sensing of blue light is known to be related to seasonal depression, sleep, and pain from bright light.
RUNX1 is essential for mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation
Authors: Kim Woosook , Barron David A. , San Martin Rebeca , Chan Keith S. , Tran Linda L. , Yang Feng , Ressler Steven J. , Rowley David R. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of myofibroblasts are common in many disease states. Mechanisms that regulate proliferation and differentiation are poorly understood, although TGF-β is a key inducer of differentiation. Here, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, that runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) regulates mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) biology and progenitor cell commitment to myofibroblasts. In this work, we describe the first identification, to our knowledge, of tissue-resident MSCs from adult normal human prostate gland and the role of these MSCs as myofibroblast precursors. We also pinpoint the role of RUNX1 in regulating proliferation and differentiation in both marrow-derived and tissue-resident MSCs. Perturbation of RUNX1 activity may provide insights for developing antifibrotic and anticancer therapies via targeting the reactive stroma microenvironment.
Interplay between partner and ligand facilitates the folding and binding of an intrinsically disordered protein
Authors: Rogers Joseph M. , Oleinikovas Vladimiras , Shammas Sarah L. , Wong Chi T. , De Sancho David , Baker Christopher M. , Clarke Jane 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Specific protein–protein interactions are abundant in, and essential for, cellular life. In contrast to the well-studied docking of two already folded proteins, it has been recently established that many proteins are disordered and unfolded in the absence of their partner protein, but appear folded once bound. Must these initially disordered proteins transiently fold in isolation before binding their partners? We examine a small disordered protein and find that interactions with its (already structured) partner protein are what cause the relatively unstructured protein to fold. Thus, the requirement for one protein to fold is not an obstacle for reliable, fast association between two proteins. This result offers some explanation for the abundance of similar protein–protein interactions throughout biology.
Protein−DNA binding in the absence of specific base-pair recognition
Authors: Afek Ariel , Schipper Joshua L. , Horton John , Gordân Raluca , Lukatsky David B. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Understanding molecular mechanisms of how regulatory proteins, called transcription factors (TFs), recognize their specific binding sites encoded into genomic DNA represents one of the central, long-standing problems of molecular biophysics. Strikingly, our experiments demonstrate that DNA context characterized by certain repeat symmetries surrounding specific TF binding sites significantly influences binding specificity. We expect that our results will significantly impact the understanding of molecular, biophysical principles of transcriptional regulation, and significantly improve our ability to predict how variations in DNA sequences, i.e., mutations or polymorphisms, and protein concentrations influence gene expression programs in living cells.
Long-term relationships among pesticide applications, mobility, and soil erosion in a vineyard watershed
Authors: Sabatier Pierre , Poulenard Jérôme , Fanget Bernard , Reyss Jean-Louis , Develle Anne-Lise , Wilhelm Bruno , Ployon Estelle , Pignol Cécile , Naffrechoux Emmanuel , Dorioz Jean-Marcel , Montuelle Bernard , Arnaud Fabien 
Published: October 2014

Significance
A record of lake sediment spanning approximately 100 years allowed us to reconstruct the long-term succession of herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide treatments in a vineyard catchment in France. This record of pesticide deposition is consistent with the historical onset and banning of these chemical substances by French and European environmental agencies. We also present evidence of the effects of postemergence herbicides, such as glyphosate, on soil erosion and evidence of the release of banned remnant pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), that are stored in vineyard soil back into the environment. These results indicate that the sink–source dynamics of pesticides, which are crucial in ecotoxicological risk assessment, should take into account the effects of a changing environment on pesticide storage.
Pyruvate kinase and aspartate-glutamate carrier distributions reveal key metabolic links between neurons and glia in retina
Authors: Lindsay Ken J. , Du Jianhai , Sloat Stephanie R. , Contreras Laura , Linton Jonathan D. , Turner Sally J. , Sadilek Martin , Satrústegui Jorgina , Hurley James B. 
Published: October 2014

SignificanceAerobic glycolysis is a metabolic adaptation that helps cells in a tumor meet high anabolic demands. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is associated with aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Aerobic glycolysis also accounts for most of the Glc metabolized in retinas. We find that photoreceptors (PRs) in retinas, like cancer cells in tumors, express PKM2. We also found very little expression of pyruvate kinase (PK) in Müller glia. We present metabolic flux analyses that show a metabolic relationship between PRs and Müller cells (MCs) that is different from the relationship between some neurons and astrocytes in brain. To compensate for PK deficiency and aspartate/glutamate carrier 1 deficiencies, MCs can fuel their mitochondria with lactate and aspartate produced by PRs.
Base pairing between hepatitis C virus RNA and 18S rRNA is required for IRES-dependent translation initiation in vivo
Authors: Matsuda Daiki , Mauro Vincent P. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is facilitated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that binds small (40S) ribosomal subunits via ribosomal protein and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) interactions. Using an rRNA expression system developed in this laboratory, we demonstrate that IRES activity requires a 3-nt Watson–Crick base-pairing interaction between the IRES and 18S rRNA of 40S ribosomal subunits. The specific intermolecular interaction appears to be unique to the HCV IRES and is a potential therapeutic target in Hepatitis C disease. In addition, by expressing compatible mutated HCV IRES-18S rRNA pairs, we were able to program translation of specific mRNAs by recombinant but not wild-type 40S subunits. This example suggests practical applications of rRNA engineering in mammalian cells.
Discovery of fossil lamprey larva from the Lower Cretaceous reveals its three-phased life cycle
Authors: Chang Mee-mann , Wu Feixiang , Miao Desui , Zhang Jiangyong 
Published: October 2014

SignificanceLampreys are one of the two surviving jawless vertebrate groups that hold the key to our understanding of early vertebrate evolution. Although the fossil records have shown the emergence of many general features of extant lamprey adults as early as the Late Devonian, the origin of the three-phased life cycle in lampreys still eludes us because we know little about fossilized lamprey larvae or transformers. This paper reports the first to our knowledge discovery of exceptionally preserved premetamorphic and metamorphosing larvae of the fossil lampreyMesomyzon mengaefrom the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China. These fossil ammocoetes look surprisingly modern and show the three-phased life cycle emerged essentially in their present mode no later than the Early Cretaceous.
Assessment of breast pathologies using nonlinear microscopy
Authors: Tao Yuankai K. , Shen Dejun , Sheikine Yuri , Ahsen Osman O. , Wang Helen H. , Schmolze Daniel B. , Johnson Nicole B. , Brooker Jeffrey S. , Cable Alex E. , Connolly James L. , Fujimoto James G. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Development of methods for rapid intraoperative assessment of breast pathologies is important for decreasing the rate of surgical reexcisions during breast-conserving therapy. Frozen-section analysis is the most widely used method for intraoperative margin assessment but is time consuming, has limited diagnostic accuracy, and produces freezing artifacts. This manuscript demonstrates nonlinear microscopy for rapid assessment of surgical breast specimens without need for fixation, embedding, and sectioning required for conventional histology. Blinded reading of nonlinear microscopy images by three pathologists achieved 95.4% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity, and 94.1% overall accuracy compared with histology for identifying invasive cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ versus benign breast tissue. The results suggest that nonlinear microscopy is a promising method for intraoperative assessment of breast surgical excision specimens.
Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions
Authors: Echegoyen Yolanda , Boyle Edward A. , Lee Jong-Mi , Gamo Toshitaka , Obata Hajime , Norisuye Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Humans have altered the earth surface environment by massive injection of certain chemicals into our air and water. In some cases these injections are detrimental to environmental health and must be monitored to limit the damage (e.g., freons and the ozone layer); in other cases (e.g., freon dissolving into the ocean) there are no harmful consequences, but the chemicals are useful as tracers of ocean circulation patterns. Lead remains a major hazard when it is proximate to humans (e.g., plumbing, housepaint, and contaminated soils); in the open ocean, lead serves as an inadvertent experiment demonstrating how metals move through the marine environment. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the fate of human-injected lead in the Indian Ocean.
Molecular determinants of caspase-9 activation by the Apaf-1 apoptosome
Authors: Hu Qi , Wu Di , Chen Wen , Yan Zhen , Yan Chuangye , He Tianxi , Liang Qionglin , Shi Yigong 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Upstream cell death stimuli culminate in the activation of an initiator caspase, marking the onset of apoptosis. Activation of the initiator caspase, caspase-9, is mediated by the heptameric Apaf-1 apoptosome. How Apaf-1 apoptosome facilitates the autocatalytic activation of caspase-9 has remained controversial and largely enigmatic. Two contrasting but not mutually exclusive hypotheses, proximity-induced dimerization vs. induced conformation, emphasize different aspects of initiator caspase activation. This study provides compelling evidence to support the induced conformation model for caspase-9 activation. A previously unknown interface between Apaf-1 and caspase-9 was identified to play an essential role in caspase-9 activation, and formation of a multimeric complex between Apaf-1 caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and caspase-9 was shown to be indispensable for caspase-9 activation.
Does Positioning Affect Tracheal Aspiration of Gastric Content in Ventilated Infants?
Authors: Aly Hany , Soliman Reem M. , El‐Dib Mohamed , Said Reem N. , Abdellatif May A.K. , Sibaii Hiba , Elwakkad Amany 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration can occur in premature infants who are supported with mechanical ventilation. The relation between physical positioning and gastric aspiration in ventilated infants has not been studied. Pepsin measured in tracheal aspirate (TA) emerged as a specific marker for aspiration. The objective of our study was to assess pepsin in TA of ventilated infants at 2 different positions: supine and right lateral.Methods:We conducted a randomized controlled trial on premature infants who were enterally fed and supported with mechanical ventilation. Patients were randomized into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, infants were placed supine for 6 hours before a sample of TA was obtained. A second sample was collected 6 hours later while lying in the right lateral position. In the control group, the 2 samples of TA were obtained while infants remained in the supine position during the entire study time. Pepsin in TA was measured while blinded to the group assignment.Results:A total of 34 patients were enrolled and randomized to intervention (n = 17) and control (n = 17) groups. Gestational age was 32.7 ± 2.7 weeks, and birth weight was 1617 ± 526 g; both groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Pepsin concentration did not differ between groups at baseline. In the intervention group, pepsin concentration significantly declined from 13 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 11.9–38.7) to 10 ng/mL (IQR 7–12; P < 0.001), whereas it did not change in the control group (P = 0.42).Conclusions:The right lateral positioning is associated with decreased TA pepsin. The implications of the present study on hospital practice and clinical outcomes need further investigations.