bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐latitude ionospheric effects of energetic electrons during a recurrent magnetic storm
Authors: Suvorova A. V. , Huang C.‐M. , Matsumoto H. , Dmitriev A. V. , Kunitsyn V. E. , Andreeva E. S. , Nesterov I. A. , Tsai L.‐C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe study a magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling at low latitudes during a moderate (corotating interaction regions/high‐speed solar wind streams‐driven) geomagnetic storm on 22 July 2009. Recently, it has been shown that during major (coronal mass ejection‐driven) storms, quasi‐trapped >30 keV electrons largely enhance below the radiation belt in the forbidden zone and produce an additional ionization in the topside ionosphere. In this work, we examine a case of the recurrent storm when the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling through the quasi‐trapped electrons also may take place. Data from NOAA/Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite and Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite were used to identify the forbidden electron enhancement (FEE). We find a positive vertical gradient of the electron fluxes that indicates to the radiation belt as a source of FEE. Using global ionospheric maps, radiotomography reconstructions from beacon data and COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 radio occultation measurements, we have observed an unusually large area in the nighttime ionosphere with increased total electron content (TEC) and prominent elevation of the F layer at low latitudes that coincides with FEEs spatially and temporarily. Ionizing particles are considered as an addition source of ionization along with generally accepted mechanisms for storm time TEC increase (a positive ionospheric storm). We discuss relative contributions of the FEE and disturbance dynamo electric field in the TEC increases during the storm recovery phase.
Airglow observations of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances from Yonaguni: Statistical characteristics and low‐latitude limit
Authors: Lakshmi Narayanan V. , Shiokawa K. , Otsuka Y. , Saito S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe characteristics of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) features observed over Yonaguni (24.5°N, 123.0°E; 19.3°N dip latitude), Japan are studied using all‐sky imaging of OI 630.0 nm airglow emission. The uniqueness of these observations is that the area observed by the imager covers the transition region between low to middle latitudes in the ionosphere. Typical low‐latitude limit of midlatitude‐type nighttime MSTIDs possessing phase front alignments along the northwest to the southeast occurs in this region. These MSTID features are rarely sighted at dip latitudes below 15°. We selected 2 year period for analysis in which 1 year corresponded to the solar minimum conditions and another year to the solar maximum conditions. The MSTIDs were observed to extend to farther lower latitudes during the solar minimum conditions than during the solar maximum periods. Their observed range of wavelengths, phase velocities, phase front alignment, and propagation directions are similar to those observed at typical midlatitude sites. However, on many occasions the phase fronts of the observed MSTIDs did not extend over the whole field of view of the imager indicating that some process inhibits their extension to further lower latitudes. Detailed investigation suggests that the poleward propagating enhancement of airglow intensity, probably associated with the midnight pressure bulge, causes the MSTID features to disappear when they reach lower latitudes later in the night. When the MSTIDs reach lower latitudes well before midnight, they are found to be inhibited by the equatorial ionization anomaly crest region.
Association of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth With the Incidence of Knee and Hip Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hussain Sultana Monira , Wang Yuanyuan , Wluka Anita E. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Magliano Dianna J. , Graves Stephen , Cicuttini Flavia M. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveLow birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth have been associated with adverse adult outcomes, including hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and reduced bone mass. It is unknown whether LBW and preterm birth affect the risk of osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to examine whether LBW and preterm birth were associated with the incidence of knee and hip arthroplasty for OA.MethodsA total of 3,604 participants of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study who reported their birth weight and history of preterm birth and were age >40 years at the commencement of arthroplasty data collection comprised the study sample. The incidence of knee and hip replacement for OA during 2002–2011 was determined by linking cohort records to the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry.ResultsOne hundred and sixteen participants underwent knee arthroplasty and 75 underwent hip arthroplasty for OA. LBW (yes versus no; hazard ratio [HR] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.11–3.75, P = 0.02) and preterm birth (yes versus no; HR 2.50, 95% CI 1.29–4.87, P = 0.007) were associated with increased incidence of hip arthroplasty independent of age, sex, body mass index, education level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and physical activity. No significant association was observed for knee arthroplasty.ConclusionAlthough these findings will need to be confirmed, they suggest that individuals born with LBW or at preterm are at increased risk of hip arthroplasty for OA in adult life. The underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.
Grips and hand movements of chimpanzees during feeding inMahaleMountainsNationalPark,Tanzania
Authors: Marzke Mary W. , Marchant Linda F. , McGrew William C. , Reece Sandra P. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIt has long been assumed that stone tool making was a major factor in the evolution of derived hominin hand morphology. However, stresses on the hand associated with food retrieval and processing also have been recognized as relevant early hominin behaviors that should be investigated. To this end, chimpanzee food manipulation was videotaped in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Grips and hand movements by 39 chimpanzees were analyzed for arboreal and terrestrial feeding involving 10 food‐types and associated vegetation. It was predicted that (1) new grips would be found that had not been observed in captivity, (2) forceful precision grips would be absent from the repertoire, as in captivity, and (3) precision handling would be observed. New grips involving the full thumb and buttressed index finger, and a new integrated pattern of grips and forceful hand movements were discovered, associated with feeding on large fruits and meat. Participation of the full thumb in these grips, rather than the distal thumb and fingers, throws light on feeding behaviors that may have become increasingly significant factors in the evolution of derived hominin thumb morphology. The proximal thumb stabilizes food with the flexed index finger against the pull of the teeth and provides leverage in breaking food into portions. Isolated qualitative observations of possibly forceful pinch by the thumb and side of the index finger highlight the need for comparative quantitative data to test whether humans are unique in forceful precision gripping capability. Precision handling was not seen. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:317–326, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus culture in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Zhang Zi , Adappa Nithin D. , Lautenbach Ebbing , Chiu Alexander G. , Doghramji Laurel J. , Cohen Noam A. , Palmer James N. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundCoagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) is commonly isolated from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the role of CoNS in CRS remains controversial. We aimed to determine the association between positive CoNS culture at functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and CRS severity.MethodsAdult CRS patients who underwent FESS between October 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011 were recruited. Patient demographics, disease characteristics, medication use, Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores were collected at baseline before FESS. Intraoperative cultures were obtained in a standard manner. Patients were placed into 2 groups based on culture findings: patients with CoNS as the sole positive culture result and patients with all other positive culture results, including CoNS, as part of a polymicrobial culture.ResultsA total of 376 CRS patients met the criteria; 106 patients (28%) had CoNS as their only isolate, 260 (69%) had other positive cultures, and 10 (3%) had no bacterial growth. Compared to patients with other positive cultures, patients with the sole result of CoNS were significantly less likely to have a history of FESS (52% vs 65%, p = 0.019), nasal polyps (50% vs 65%, p = 0.006), and had a better Lund‐Mackay CT score (11.95 vs 14.18, p = 0.020). After adjusting for all factors in the multiple logistic regression model, CoNS as the sole positive culture result was independently associated with having no history of FESS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.94; p = 0.034).ConclusionPositive intraoperative CoNS cultures alone do not result in increased CRS disease burden by objective or subjective measures as compared to patients with other bacterial or polymicrobial culture isolates.
Fabrication of Polyhedral Particles from Spherical Colloids and Their Self‐Assembly into Rotator Phases
Authors: Vutukuri Hanumantha Rao , Imhof Arnout , van Blaaderen Alfons 
Published: November 2014

AbstractParticle shape is a critical parameter that plays an important role in self‐assembly, for example, in designing targeted complex structures with desired properties. Over the last decades, an unprecedented range of monodisperse nanoparticle systems with control over the shape of the particles have become available. In contrast, the choice of micrometer‐sized colloidal building blocks of particles with flat facets, that is, particles with polygonal shapes, is significantly more limited. This can be attributed to the fact that in contrast to nanoparticles, the larger colloids are significantly harder to synthesize as single crystals. It is now shown that a very simple building block, such as a micrometer‐sized polymeric spherical colloidal particle, is already enough to fabricate particles with regularly placed flat facets, including completely polygonal shapes with sharp edges. As an illustration that the yields are high enough for further self‐assembly studies, the formation of three‐dimensional rotator phases of fluorescently labelled, micrometer‐sized, and charged rhombic dodecahedron particles was demonstrated. This method for fabricating polyhedral particles opens a new avenue for designing new materials.
Enzymatic Methylation and Structure–Activity‐Relationship Studies on Polycarcin V, a Gilvocarcin‐Type Antitumor Agent
Authors: Chen Jhong‐Min , Shepherd Micah D. , Horn Jamie , Leggas Markos , Rohr Jürgen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPolycarcin V, a polyketide natural product of Streptomyces polyformus, was chosen to study structure–activity relationships of the gilvocarcin group of antitumor antibiotics due to a similar chemical structure and comparable bioactivity with gilvocarcin V, the principle compound of this group, and the feasibility of enzymatic modifications of its sugar moiety by auxiliary O‐methyltransferases. Such enzymes were used to modify the interaction of the drug with histone H3, the biological target that interacts with the sugar moiety. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that a free 2′‐OH group of the sugar moiety is essential to maintain the bioactivity of polycarcin V, apparently an important hydrogen bond donor for the interaction with histone H3, and converting 3′‐OH into an OCH3 group improved the bioactivity. Bis‐methylated polycarcin derivatives revealed weaker activity than the parent compound, indicating that at least two hydrogen bond donors in the sugar are necessary for optimal binding.
A New Method for the Preparation of Non‐Terminal Alkynes: Application to the Total Syntheses of Tulearin A and C
Authors: Lehr Konrad , Schulthoff Saskia , Ueda Yoshihiro , Mariz Ronaldo , Leseurre Lucie , Gabor Barbara , Fürstner Alois 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLactones are known to react with the reagent generated in situ from CCl4 and PPh3 in a Wittig‐type fashion to give gem‐dichloro‐olefin derivatives. Such compounds are now shown to undergo reductive alkylation on treatment with organolithium reagents RLi to furnish acetylene derivatives bearing the substituent R at their termini (R=Me, n‐, sec‐, tert‐alkyl, silyl); the reaction can be catalyzed with either Cu(acac)2 or Fe(acac)3/1,2‐diaminobenzene. Two alkynol derivatives prepared in this way from readily accessible lactone precursors served as the key building blocks for the total syntheses of the cytotoxic marine macrolides tulearin A (1) and C (2). The assembly of these fragile targets hinged upon ring closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) followed by a formal trans‐reduction of the resulting cycloalkynes via trans‐hydrosilylation/protodesilylation.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Allylic Sulfonic Acids: Enantio‐ and Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylations of Na2SO3
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhao Xiao‐ming , Zhang Hong‐bo , Zhang Liang , Zhao Ming‐zhu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn enantioselective allylation reaction of allylic carbonates with sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) catalyzed by Ir complex was accomplished, providing allylic sulfonic acids in good to excellent yields with a high level of enantio‐ and regioselectivities. (R)‐2‐Phenyl‐2‐sulfoacetic acid, a key intermediate for the synthesis of Cefsulodin and Sulbenicillin, was synthesized as well.
Chemistry of Lipid A: At the Heart of Innate Immunity
Authors: Molinaro Antonio , Holst Otto , Di Lorenzo Flaviana , Callaghan Maire , Nurisso Alessandra , D'Errico Gerardino , Zamyatina Alla , Peri Francesco , Berisio Rita , Jerala Roman , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Silipo Alba , Martín‐Santamaría Sonsoles 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is an international collaboration of groups from Italy, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, and Slovenia. The image depicts the chemical aspects behind (and responsible for) the bioactivity of lipid A. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201403923.
Synthesis of Microporous Nitrogen‐Rich Covalent‐Organic Framework and Its Application in CO2 Capture
Authors: Gao Qiang , Bai Linyi , Zhang Xiaojing , Wang Peng , Li Peizhou , Zeng Yongfei , Zou Ruqiang , Zhao Yanli 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn imine‐based nitrogen‐rich covalent‐organic framework (COF) was successfully synthesized using two triangular building units under solvothermal reaction condition. The gas adsorption properties of the obtained microporous nitrogen‐rich COF were investigated. The results indicated that the activated COF material presented good up take capabilities of CO2 and CH4 at 61.2 and 43.4 cm3·g−1 at 1 atm and 273 K, respectively, showing its application potential in selective gas capture and separation.
Numerical investigation of basin‐scale storage of CO2 in saline aquifers of Songliao Basin, China
Authors: Zhao Ruirui , Cheng Jianmei , Zhang Keni , Liu Ning , Xu Fuqiao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a basin‐scale model study of the behaviors of CO2 plume and the potential environmental impacts for large‐scale CO2 storage in the saline aquifers of Songliao Basin, China. The model covers the whole basin, and vertically consists of most of the Cretaceous strata. In a hypothetical scenario, a total of 1.43 GT CO2 is injected into the Yaojia Formation (K2y) through 20 wells distributing at the center of the basin in 50 years (0.5–2 million tons per injection well per year). The preliminary results show the permeable Yaojia Formation (K2y) with a thickness of 100–400 m at the center of the basin can store large amounts of CO2. The overlying Nenjiang Formation (K2n) with low permeability and large thickness has the potential to ensure long‐term storage security. The high solubility of CO2 of the formation water in this continental basin is a favorable condition for the storage security. The maximum extent of the CO2 plume from different injection wells ranges from about 4 km to 20 km at 1000 years. The maximum pressure build‐up in the Nenjiang Formation (K2n) and the Yaojia Formation (K2y) reaches 8.6 MPa and 9.3 MPa, respectively. An entry capillary pressure of 1 MPa may be enough for the caprock to seal CO2 in the large‐scale CO2 storage. The mudstone layers in the Nenjiang Formation (K2n) can play a crucial role in restraining upward brine migration.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Sustained groundwater level changes and permeability variation in a fault zone following the 12 May 2008, Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Shi Zheming , Wang Guangcai 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe analyse the groundwater level changes following the Wenchuan earthquake in three wells – NX, DZ and BBLY – located in the same fault zone, in the near field (distance of ~300 km from the epicentre). Co‐seismic falls in the water level and gradual recovery were recorded in these wells but with different recovery periods (from 200 days to more than 1600 days). The response of the groundwater level to Earth tides is used as a proxy to explore the permeability evolution. We found that the permeability increased in response to the Wenchuan earthquake in the three wells but with different post‐earthquake recovery processes. Only BBLY recovered to its pre‐earthquake value 260 days after the Wenchuan earthquake and remained stable. The permeability in NX returned to its pre‐earthquake value over a similar period but then continued to drop. The permeability in DZ returned to its pre‐earthquake value much quicker than that in the other two wells and remained stable below the pre‐earthquake value 200 days after the earthquake. This suggests that the groundwater level changes in the three wells were mainly caused by permeability changes. In the BBLY well, the unclogging/clogging of the fracture flow path mechanism may explain the permeability evolution, whereas mechanisms such as unclogging/clogging or the opening/closing of the fracture associated with blocking of the narrow fracture apertures appears to be responsible for the permeability evolution in the NX and DZ wells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relating nitrogen export patterns from a mixed land use catchment in NW Spain with rainfall and streamflow
Authors: Rodríguez‐Blanco M. L. , Taboada‐Castro M. M. , Taboada‐Castro M. T. , Oropeza‐Mota J. L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe temporal variability in nitrogen (N) transport in the Corbeira agroforestry catchment (NW Spain) was analysed from October 2004 to September 2008. Nitrate (NO3–N) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) loads and concentrations were determined at various timescales (annual, seasonal and event). The results revealed a strong intra‐annual and inter‐annual variability in N transport influenced by weather patterns and consequently by the hydrological regime. Mean annual export of total N in the catchment was 5.5 kg ha−1 year−1, with NO3–N being the dominant form. Runoff events comprised 10% of the study period but contributed 40 and 61% of the total NO3–N and TKN loads, respectively. The NO3–N and TKN concentrations were higher during runoff events than under baseflow conditions, pointing to diffuse sources of N. The mobilization of TKN during runoff events was attributed to surface runoff, while NO3–N might be related to subsurface and groundwater flow. Runoff events were characterized by high variability in N loads and concentrations. Higher variability was observed in N loads than in N concentrations, indicating that event magnitude plays an important role in N transport in this catchment; event magnitude explained approximately 96% of the NO3–N load. However, a combination of variables related to runoff event intensity (rainfall, discharge increase and kinetic energy) explained only 66% of the TKN load. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization second harmonic generation microscopy provides quantitative enhanced molecular specificity for tissue diagnostics
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Grønhaug Kirsten M. , Romijn Elisabeth I. , Finnøy Andreas , Davies Catharina L. , Drogset Jon O. , Lilledahl Magnus B. 
Published: November 2014

Due to specific structural organization at the molecular level, several biomolecules (e.g., collagen, myosin etc.) which are strong generators of second harmonic generation (SHG) signals, exhibit unique responses depending on the polarization of the excitation light. By using the polarization second harmonic generation (p‐SHG) technique, the values of the second order susceptibility components can be used to differentiate the types of molecule, which cannot be done by the use of a standard SHG intensity image. In this report we discuss how to implement p‐SHG on a commercial multiphoton microscope and overcome potential artifacts in susceptibility (χ) image. Furthermore we explore the potential of p‐SHG microscopy by applying the technique to different types of tissue in order to determine corresponding reference values of the ratio of second‐order χ tensor elements. These values may be used as a bio‐marker to detect any structural alterations in pathological tissue for diagnostic purposes.
The SHG intensity image (red) in (a) shows the distribution of collagen fibers in ovary tissue but cannot determine the type of collagen fiber. However, the histogram distribution (b) for the values of the χ tensor element ratio can be used to quantitatively identify the types of collagen fibers.magnified imageThe SHG intensity image (red) in (a) shows the distribution of collagen fibers in ovary tissue but cannot determine the type of collagen fiber. However, the histogram distribution (b) for the values of the χ tensor element ratio can be used to quantitatively identify the types of collagen fibers.
Faster and Smoother Thanks to Laser Polishing
Authors: Pauli Anton 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe demand for the lowest possible surface roughness is growing — partly for aesthetic but primarily for functional reasons. Conventional polishing methods are reaching their limits, and conventional laser systems achieve results which are good but not sufficiently reproducible. The laser micro machining specialists at GFH GmbH have now tested ultra‐short pulse lasers as an alternative. These had previously not been considered on account of their largely melt‐free mode of operation. In burst mode, however, they achieved a significant reduction in surface roughness and simultaneously reduced the process times.