bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4.3.3 Systems Engineering Implications of Neuroscience Discoveries
Authors: McKinney Dorothy , Contractor Shazad 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems engineering practices and heuristics generally reflect implicit assumptions that participants in the systems engineering process behave rationally, and that communications between stakeholders work effectively. Sometimes these assumptions prove accurate, and the systems engineering process is successful. But many times the systems engineering process does not obtain the intended results, even though practitioners and stakeholders have good intentions, extensive knowledge, and impressive skills. Developments in cognitive neuroscience and behavioral economics over recent decades offer insights into how and why humans may behave irrationally, and why human communication may not work as intended. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some interesting discoveries in cognitive neuroscience and behavioral economics, and discuss their implications for systems engineering.
2.5.2 Architecting in the Fourth Dimension Temporal Aspects of DoDAF
Authors: Hause Matthew , Kihlstrom Lars‐Olof 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe capture of system structure, behavior, configuration, interaction, and compliance is common practice in architectures. These are largely static views showing a specific configuration or behavior. IEEE Std 610.12–1990 defines architecture as “the fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components, their relationships to each other, and to the environment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution.” (IEEE, 1990) Modeling this evolution or the temporal aspects in architecture frameworks such as the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) was previously problematic. With the release of DoDAF version 2.0, architectures can now take the fourth dimension (Time) into account. The challenge is to identify areas of architecture where time can be modeled and how to take best advantage of it. Also problematic is how to express these concepts without having to expose all the internal ontological relationships upon which DoDAF is built. The Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF (UPDM) delivers an implementation of DoDAF 2.0 that provides a clear and concise way of expressing these concepts without requiring the user to become an expert in the DoDAF 2.0 “internal wiring” and detailed ontological concepts. This paper will examine the temporal concepts defined in DoDAF 2.0 and show how time can be effectively integrated into a model to express essential temporal concepts.
4.5.1 Rebuilding the Tower of Babel The Case for a Unified Architecture Framework
Authors: Hause Matthew 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe book of Genesis tells the story of how the peoples of the earth came together to build an enormous tower. To confound them in their task, God changed the languages of the different groups of people so that they were unable to communicate. Since they could not coordinate their efforts, the project was abandoned and the different groups dispersed throughout the world. The same problem exists today in the world of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. Although they express similar concepts, interchange between the different frameworks is awkward at best, time consuming, and leads to misunderstanding and miscommunication. This lack of communication was highlighted in a recent report on the conflict in Afghanistan, where the lack of interchange of architectures was cited as a limiting factor in coalition efforts and may have contributed to loss of life. This paper will assess the current situation, examine international efforts to solve it, and identify future challenges. This will include:
The role of standards for collaboration and communication
Standards and standards organizations
The Object Management Group (OMG)
A brief history of Military Architectural Frameworks
The interoperability problems of frameworks
The Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) effort
Using reference architectures to define a common conceptual “dictionary”
Systems engineering, acquisition, and process
Vertical and horizontally complementary emerging standards
Future problems and potential solutions.
2.2.2 Assessing product development efficiency at Volvo Powertrain
Authors: Bergsjö Dag , Stig Daniel Corin , Johansson Per 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMeasuring the performance of a development process is highly difficult, especially before it has led to an outcome such as a product. Furthermore, even with a diagnosis at hand showing the strengths and weaknesses of the development process, the information can seldom be used to answer the paramount question: How should the organization allocate its process improvement resources to best support its objectives?This paper presents a survey‐based method for identifying which areas for process improvement are likely to have the strongest impact on company objectives, called outcomes. The survey has been completed by respondents within the organization and uses the data to present three different analyses. The first analysis shows the perceived current fulfillment within the organization of a number of principles identified as important for successful development. The second analysis is a regression analysis commonly used in marketing research to measure the impact of each principle on five outcomes: Efficiency/Effectiveness, Lead‐Time, Innovation, Satisfaction and Product Quality. The two first analyses are then combined to a third analysis that provides a pie chart for each outcome with the principles possessing the highest potential for further improving that particular outcome. A case study at the automotive company, Volvo Powertrain, shows how the method was used to assess and compare process improvement potential at two development sites. The results clearly show that the analyses provide different views of what principles deserve attention for process improvement activities at the case company. The two principles deemed to be most attractive, based on their impact on outcomes, were currently neither among the highest nor the lowest performing principles. As a result of the study, Volvo Powertrain chose to start several improvement activities to work with the high‐potential principles. The improvement can then be measured using annual surveys to track improvements and manage deviations from the plan.
The Ultra Survey Mission: Crafting A Systems Architecture Design Project
Authors: Vinarcik Michael J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems Architecture (SA) is a key discipline in System Engineering; robust architectures enable success and flawed architectures limit engineered systems. However, SA is challenging to teach students because it is less of a “hard” science. At the University of Detroit Mercy, students in the MS Product Development (MPD) and Advanced Electric Vehicle (AEV) Certificate programs are exposed to a full term of SA. This class stresses the development of heuristics through exposure to mini case studies, class discussions, and several projects (including a field trip to the Henry Ford Museum to study multiple examples of competing historical architectures). The capstone project in this class requires teams of students to create a new architecture for a given set of criteria. This year's project was to create a space probe architecture that could meet mission objectives given a challenging set of constraints and to create DODAF Viewpoints to communicate the architecture.
Systems Architecting and Program Management with the Design Structure Matrix (DSM)
Authors: Browning Tyson 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe design structure matrix (DSM) is a powerful tool for visualizing, analyzing, innovating, and improving system architectures, including those of products, processes, and organizations. The DSM helps to confront and manage system complexities and their implications. Akin to a traditional N2 chart and the System‐System matrix in the DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF), the DSM is a square matrix showing relationships between system elements. These elements can be components, teams, activities, or others. By analyzing the DSM, one can prescribe a better (e.g., more modular) system architecture. Adding a time‐basis enables one to prescribe a faster, lower‐risk process. Because the DSM highlights process feedbacks, it helps identify iterations and rework loops—key drivers of cost and schedule risk. The DSM is concise and visually appealing and is used in many organizations across diverse industries. Users have found the tool extremely useful for fostering architectural innovation and enabling the situation awareness and empowerment that motivates people executing complex processes. This tutorial introduces the DSM and three distinctive applications useful to product developers, system architects and engineers, and project and program managers. Real‐life examples are presented from the aerospace, automotive, semiconductor, and other industries. Participants will engage in hands‐on exercises (building DSM models) and come away with a clearer understanding of the drivers of critical, emergent behaviors in systems and how to identify these using a DSM. Participants will receive a copy of the presentation materials and access to free tools that can be applied immediately to systems for quick results and insights.
Introduction to Pattern‐Based Systems Engineering (PBSE): Leveraging MBSE Techniques
Authors: Schindel William , Peterson Troy 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis workshop is a practitioner's introduction to Pattern‐Based Systems Engineering (PBSE), including a specific system domain illustration suitable for educational use. INCOSE thought leaders have discussed the need to address 10:1 more complex systems with 10:1 reduction in effort, using people from a 10:1 larger community than the “systems expert” group INCOSE currently reaches. Through the PBSE Project, the project team proposes to enable INCOSE membership, and the larger systems community beyond INCOSE, to achieve such order‐of‐magnitude improvements. PBSE leverages the power of Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to rapidly deliver benefits to a larger community. Projects using PBSE get a “learning curve jumpstart” from an existing Pattern, gaining the advantages of its content, and improve that pattern with what they learn, for future users. The major aspects of PBSE have been defined and practiced some years across a number of enterprises and domains, but with limited INCOSE community awareness. A related tutorial was recently provided at the INCOSE 2012 Great Lakes Regional Conference, and well‐attended.
Applied Systems Engineering: Fundamentals for Project Success
Authors: Scott Zane 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems engineering methods are critical to project success. The world of systems engineering is changing rapidly. Rather than confining our practice to the realm of large stand‐alone, single purpose military/aerospace systems, we must now develop military and commercial systems across a wide range of size, cost, and complexity. Many principles remain constant, but the systems engineering processes of yesterday are no longer universally applicable. At its heart systems engineering is a disciplined application of creative thought to the practical problems facing the engineer. The way in which you think about the problem and the possible systems solutions controls the outcome of your design effort. This tutorial will bring into focus the issues and considerations surrounding the choice of methods and approach. We will consider the classic systems engineering domains of requirements, behavior, architecture, and V&V. But instead of treating these in isolation, we will handle these fundamentals within a flexible systems engineering process suitable for system development tasks spanning the complexity spectrum. Our emphasis will be on eliciting the proper requirements, understanding both the problem and solution domains, enhancing communication among the design team and the stakeholders, and satisfying the system need. Throughout the tutorial we will address methods for banishing rework, minimizing risk, and meeting cost and schedule targets‐ all the while maintaining a high level of confidence in our solution. Through discussions of the fundamental concepts integrated with sample exercises, we will maintain our focus upon the true deliverables ‐ the system itself and overall project success.
Tips and tricks of the surgical technique for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: mesenteric approach and modified distal pancreatectomy with en‐bloc celiac axis resection
Authors: Hirono Seiko , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: November 2014

Abstract Borderline resectable (BR) pancreatic cancer involves the portal vein and/or superior mesenteric vein (PV/SMV), major arteries including the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or common hepatic artery (CHA), and sometimes includes the involvement of the celiac axis. We herein describe tips and tricks for a surgical technique with video assistance, which may increase the R0 rates and decrease the mortality and morbidity for BR pancreatic cancer patients. First, we describe the techniques used for the “artery‐first” approach for BR pancreatic cancer with involvement of the PV/SMV and/or SMA. Next, we describe the techniques used for distal pancreatectomy with en‐bloc celiac axis resection (DP‐CAR) and tips for decreasing the delayed gastric emptying (DGE) rates for advanced pancreatic body cancer. The mesenteric approach, followed by the dissection of posterior tissues of the SMV and SMA, is a feasible procedure to obtain R0 rates and decrease the mortality and morbidity, and the combination of this aggressive procedure and adjuvant chemo(radiation) therapy may improve the survival of BR pancreatic cancer patients. The DP‐CAR procedure may increase the R0 rates for pancreatic cancer patients with involvement within 10 mm from the root of the splenic artery, as well as the CHA or celiac axis, and preserving the left gastric artery may lead to a decrease in the DGE rates in cases where there is more than 10 mm between the tumor edge and the root of the left gastric artery. The development of safer surgical procedures is necessary to improve the survival of BR pancreatic cancer patients.
Effect of degree of hydrolysis on the bioavailability of corn gluten meal hydrolysates
Authors: Jin Jian , Ma Haile , Zhou Cunshan , Luo Min , Liu Wan , Qu Wenjuan , He Ronghai , Luo Lin , Yagoub Abu El‐Gasim A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnder the situation that the shortage of proteins and large quantity of corn gluten meal (CGM), which is a superior protein resource, is under‐exploited, the enzymatic hydrolysis of CGM was employed to improve its bioavailability because of its special amino acid composition.RESULTSThe apparent faecal digestibility and true faecal digestibility of all corn gluten meal hydrolysates (CGMHs) decreased in varied amounts compared with those of CGM. However, the protein efficiency ratio, the net protein ratio, the biological value, and the net protein utilization of the CGMHs with degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 4.94% and with DH of 10.06% increased significantly (P < 0.05). The results of in vitro gastro‐intestinal digestion showed that the molecular weight distribution and amino acid composition among different DHs resulted in variances in bioavailability.CONCLUSIONPartial hydrolysis of CGM can improve its bioavailability, providing a future protein supplement for protein resources.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term impact of deficit irrigation on the physical quality of berries in ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grapes
Authors: Conesa Maria R , de la Rosa Jose M , Artés‐Hernández Francisco , Dodd Ian C , Domingo Rafael , Pérez‐Pastor Alejandro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn table grapes, berry firmness influences consumer acceptance so it is important to avoid berry shattering and dehydration during their post‐harvest life. Since studies of irrigation effects on table grape quality are comparatively rare, sensory evaluation aimed to identify high‐quality berries obtained under different deficit irrigation treatments. A 3‐year study examined the effects of deficit irrigation strategies on some physical quality attributes at harvest, after 28 days of cold storage at 0 °C and after an additional shelf‐life period of 3 days at 15 °C. Control vines were irrigated to ensure non‐limiting water conditions (110% of crop evapo‐transpiration), while both regulated deficit irrigation treatment (RDI) and partial root‐zone drying (PRD) treatments applied 35% less water post‐veraison. The null irrigation treatment (NI) only received natural precipitation (72% less water than control vines).RESULTSTotal yield and physical quality at harvest were not significantly affected by RDI or PRD. Only severe deficit (NI) decreased berry size, and this treatment had the most dehydrated berries and the worst sensory scores post‐harvest. After cold storage, increased berry shattering of the PRD treatment was correlated with lower leaf xylem abscisic acid (ABA) concentration at the time of harvest. Overall quality, especially stem browning, determined the shelf‐life, and longer storage duration tended to diminish treatment differences.CONCLUSIONSOnly NI clusters showed lower quality than their irrigated counterparts. Neither RDI nor PRD had any noticeable effect on berry quality at the end of cold storage and shelf‐life, with the slight differences detected between these treatments related to stem browning and dehydration. Sensory results were similar in RDI and PRD, which provided grapes that were more acceptable to consumers than the control. Thus, it is possible to decrease irrigation of table grapes without adversely affecting the physical quality of the berries. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Mirror Therapy Combined With Biofeedback Functional Electrical Stimulation for Motor Recovery of Upper Extremities After Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim Jung Hee , Lee Byoung‐Hee 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mirror therapy in combination with biofeedback functional electrical stimulation (BF‐FES) on motor recovery of the upper extremities after stroke. Twenty‐nine patients who suffered a stroke > 6 months prior participated in this study and were randomly allocated to three groups. The BF‐FES + mirror therapy and FES + mirror therapy groups practiced training for 5 × 30min sessions over a 4‐week period. The control group received a conventional physical therapy program. The following clinical tools were used to assess motor recovery of the upper extremities: electrical muscle tester, electrogoniometer, dual‐inclinometer, electrodynamometer, the Box and Block Test (BBT) and Jabsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JHFT), the Functional Independence Measure, the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SSQOL) assessment. The BF‐FES + mirror therapy group showed significant improvement in wrist extension as revealed by the Manual Muscle Test and Range of Motion (p < 0.05). The BF‐FES + mirror therapy group showed significant improvement in the BBT, JTHT, and SSQOL compared with the FES + mirror therapy group and control group (p < 0.05). We found that BF‐FES + mirror therapy induced motor recovery and improved quality of life. These results suggest that mirror therapy, in combination with BF‐FES, is feasible and effective for motor recovery of the upper extremities after stroke. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Herrington CS , Coates PJ , Duprex WP 
Published: November 2014

AbstractViruses cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from acute self‐resolving conditions to acute fatal diseases. Effects that arise long after the primary infection can also increase the propensity for chronic conditions or lead to the development of cancer. Recent advances in the fields of virology and pathology have been fundamental in improving our understanding of viral pathogenesis, in providing improved vaccination strategies and in developing newer, more effective treatments for patients worldwide. The reviews assembled here focus on the interface between virology and pathology and encompass aspects of both the clinical pathology of viral disease and the underlying disease mechanisms. Articles on emerging diseases caused by Ebola virus, Marburg virus, coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, Nipah virus and noroviruses are followed by reviews of enteroviruses, HIV infection, measles, mumps, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The issue concludes with a series of articles reviewing the relationship between viruses and cancer, including the role played by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and carcinoma; how human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of skin cancer; the involvement of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma; and the mechanisms by which Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) leads to Kaposi's sarcoma. We hope that this collection of articles will be of interest to a wide range of scientists and clinicians at a time when there is a renaissance in the appreciation of the power of pathology as virologists dissect the processes of disease. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid cell mode switching and dual laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for elemental bioimaging
Authors: Wehe Christoph A. , Niehoff Ann‐Christin , Thyssen Georgina M. , Sperling Michael , Karst Uwe 
Published: November 2014

RATIONALETwo different approaches to improve the limits of detection (LODs) in elemental bioimaging have been developed. They both consider the fact that for the widely applied quadrupole‐based instruments, metals in the mass range <100 u are analyzed with the best figures of merit in the kinetic energy discrimination (KED) mode; much better LODs are achieved for some metalloids and nonmetals by the introduction of more reactive gases, e.g., oxygen, into the collision/reaction cell (CRC).METHODSWhile the first approach simultaneously utilizes two inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) detectors hyphenated to one laser ablation (LA) system, the second is based on a single ICP‐MS instrument with fast cell mode switching (CMS) of the CRC between individual line scans.RESULTSBoth methods were evaluated concerning their respective improvements by the analysis of rat brain samples. The utilization of two detectors showed improved LODs compared with conventional KED‐only analysis in dependency on the gas flow splitting ratio, e.g., for sulfur by about 3.5 orders of magnitude. CMS provided even better results with a further improvement by a factor of 1.6.CONCLUSIONSAs a CRC with a small inner volume was used, fast cell gas switches at the end of every line prevented issues related to the reproducibility of the laser ablation stage for the CMS approach. Linear interpolation was found to be a valuable tool without affecting the spatial resolution of the images. In addition, a software macro is presented, which facilitates data evaluation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.