bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A DISCUSSION OF THE FUTURE OIL SPILL PROBLEM IN THE ARCTIC
Authors: Glaeser J.L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Future oil production in Arctic regions will present the opportunity for oil pollution as a result of human error and equipment failures. In order to attain an insight into what may be expected, an assessment of the magnitude of future oil spillage is presented. In addition, factors affecting the fate and behavior of spilled oil are discussed based on the results of the U.S. Coast Guard's Arctic Oil Spill Test Program.
THE MOVEMENT OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Schwartzberg Henry G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of winds, waves, and currents, and the physical properties of oil and water on the drift rates of oil spills were studied in tests carried out in a combined water basin wind tunnel On calm water, oil drifted at a fairly constant percentage of the wind speed regardless of the nature and spreading tendencies of the oil, the spill size, and water temperature, depth, and salinity. Percent drift varied with wind tunnel height. Extrapolation to infinite height indicated that on calm open water wind drift should be 3.7%.
Shallow water waves, which produced no significant drift themselves, reduced wind drift. Analysis indicated that deep water waves produced by the wind should produce significant drift, complicating wind drift prediction, but the magnitude of the wind wave interaction effects is not yet known. Test wind drifts and current drifts were found not to be directly additive.
THE STATE'S ROLE IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Harper John D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the policy of the Federal Government to respond generally to oil and hazardous material spills beyond the response capability of state and local governments, it has become necessary for the Fifty States and other governmental units to initiate measures whereby Strike Forces can be deployed by the states to contain and recover the numerous minor oil and hazardous material spills that increasingly occur. Since the states and local governments provide police and fire protection for their citizens, they are now being asked to furnish a capable team of trained personnel with necessary equipment to safeguard the environment, the marine in particular, from the abuses of accidental oil and hazardous material spills.
The John Muir oil spill in Wausau, Wisconsin, in October - November, 1970, has shown how necessary it is for assistance at the state or local government level to be available for those spills not requiring federal or industry response. It is recognized that the states and local governments are increasingly being burdened with fiscal responsibilities in excess of revenues for the services they provide their citizens. This could be one area where the Federal Government could work in partnership with the state and local governments by providing financial assistance.
STATE JURISDICTION OVER OIL SPILLS IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM
Authors: Wilkes Daniel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comparison of the bases for state and federal jurisdictions, in the light of Canadian Arctic, Florida, Maine and Federal Water Pollution Control Acts, shows when, how and why state and federal officials will find they have overlapping jurisdictions. The results of this preliminary study point to several areas in which the overlaps should be kept and some key ways in which they may be more rationally related, especially in preventive measures and contingency planning.
Volumetric Determination of Marine Oil Spills Using Coordinated Airborne and Surface Sampling Data
Authors: Estes J. E. , Mikolaj P. G. , Thaman R. R. , Senger L. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The detection, measurement, and monitoring of oil pollution in the marine environment are receiving increased attention owing to: I) the growing incidence of oil spills; 2) the associated need for improved cleanup procedures; and, 3) the need for more effective surveillance systems, capable of gathering legal evidence for the prosecution of violators. The Geography Remote Sensing Unit and the Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara for 2 1/2 years has been conducting experiments related to the application of remotely sensed data to these problem areas. As part of a United States Coast Guard test of a high seas oil containment device, a system for estimating the volume of oil loss resulting from oil pollution incidents was developed. This system involved the coordination of remote sensing data acquisition with simultaneous collection of surface sampling data. Results indicate that remotely sensed data, when effectively correlated with surface sampling data, can provide a base for volumetric estimations of a given oil slick. Refinements of these techniques can lead to more efficient, real-time day/night, operational monitoring of marine oil pollution incidents.
Comparative Identification of Oil Spills by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Fingerprinting
Authors: Coakley William A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A simple and rapid method for the comparative identification of oil spills with suspect source oils is described using fluorescence spectroscopy. The method involves the excitation of an oil, diluted in cyclohexane, at a distinct wavelength and obtaining a “fingerprint” in the form of an emission spectrum. Contamination and weathering of the environmental oil is considered. The method is applied to two different oil spills occurring near the same area at about the same time. Results are confirmed by gas chromatography.
High Seas Oil Recovery System
Authors: March Frank A. , Beach Robert L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A system for recovery of petroleum products from accidental offshore spills has been developed and tested. The testing has included both model testing and full scale testing of a 60 foot long system capable of recovering oil at a rate of 2,000 gallons/minute.
The tests have shown the system capable of recovering spilled oil at high efficiencies (less than 10 percent water in the recovered oil) at the 2,000 GPM rate under environmental conditions ranging from calm to low State five Seas (8 feet significant wave height) and in currents up to three knots.
The system efficiency (percent of oil in the recovery stream) is relatively independent of oil specific gravity, viscosity, oil film thickness, wind and wave conditions, oil-water interfacial tension, surface temperature and variation in significant oil type when towed at speeds of one to three knots. As indicated, efficiencies of 90–100 percent can be expected under these conditions.
The oil recovery rate is relatively independent of wind and wave conditions, surface temperature, oil specific gravity, oil-water interfacial tension and significant oil type variation. It is not affected by viscosity except for discharge hose pressure limitations above 10,000 SSU.
The oil recovery system is air and truck transportable for rapid deployment to a remote spill location. It is completely self-contained having its own power unit, control system, and pumps. In its preferred deployment configuration it is used with oil containment booms for funneling the oil to the recovery system.
A double weir system is employed to obtain the high performance of the system. The system is operated in such a way that oil thickens in front of the primary weir and then further thickens in front of the secondary weir, where it is withdrawn. Typically, the system concentrates free slicks from a thickness of 0.1 inches or less to a depth of approximately two feet in front of the secondary weir.
The testing reported upon includes both model testing and full scale testing of the system. The work reported upon was partially supported by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Oil Spill Prevention Measures for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Authors: Wellbaum E. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spills only occur after the start-up of a facility but oil spill prevention for a pipeline-terminal-tanker complex begins with route selection and continues through design, construction, personnel training, operation and maintenance. The trans-Alaska pipeline project has faced all of the usual, and some unusual, problems which needed solutions to give maximum assurance that oil spills would not occur during the operating life of the facilities.
This conference today is considering the prevention of oil spill incidents associated with tanker and pipeline operations, refineries, and transfer and storage terminals. The trans-Alaska pipeline system is concerned with each of these functions of the petroleum industry.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is responsible for design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the pipeline system which will move crude oil produced on the Alaskan North Slope along a route to Valdez, an ice free port located on an arm of Prince William Sound. At Valdez, the oil will be transferred to ocean going tankers.
The project will have at its ultimate design capacity of two million barrels per day:Almost 800 miles of 48-inch pipeline.Twelve pump stations with 650,000 installed HP.Twenty-million barrels of crude oil storage in fifty-two tanks.Five loading berths at a deep water terminal servicing a fleet of tankers ranging in size from 30,000 dwt to 250,000 dwt.Eight crude oil topping plants, manufacturing fuel for pump stations, each with a charge of 10,000 barrels per day.A ballast water treating plant capable of handling up to 800,000 barrels per day of dirty ballast.A 25,000 KW power generation plant.Several dozen mechanical refrigeration plants which will be freezing the ground in Alaska.
Case Studies of the USN Supervisor of Salvage, Salvage Related Oil Pollution Incidents
Authors: Irons Denis E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As the United States Navy Supervisor of Salvage Oil Pollution Program Manager, Mr. Irons describes the involvement of the Navy salvage forces in oil pollution control, prevention and cleanup of spills generated by ships damaged by fire, groundings, collisions and overboard discharge. The six cases discussed include oil pollution threats to a major river, a major harbor, a turtle sanctuary on an isolated western Pacific island and the open ocean and the adjoining miles of beaches. Methods and equipments used to combat the spills are described in detail. Marshalling of forces, establishing liaison with interested civilian organizations and the Coast Guard are fully covered.
In addition, the Navy salvage forces including worldwide pools and bases of back-up equipment are discussed. The use of contract salvors to provide additional world-wide salvage coverage and to be capable of a quick reaction capability in the event of Navy created oil pollution incidents is described. Further, the stowage of oil pollution abatement equipments and materials at selected contractor yards are fully discussed. Training of Naval personnel in oil pollution abatement techniques and the use of the many and varied equipments and materials is described. Mr. Irons concludes with a report of the status of ongoing research and development programs which will provide improved methods and equipment to combat oil pollution.
Jet Oil Recovery Device
Authors: Stewart J. K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Emphasis with most contemporary oil recovery schemes is directed toward recovering floating oil in as pure a form as possible at its source. Because of its operating characteristics, the jet oil recovery device described causes contact of jet water streams with the recovered oil and separates the fluids within it.
This concept involves the utilizing of the surface tension characteristic of oil along with the hydraulic jet action to lift floating oil over a non-adjustable weir.
As shown herein, a low pressure stream of water will carry with it an almost equal volume of contacted oil, depending on the type of oil, depth, jet angularity and outlet submersion, and other variable criteria.
This paper is purely descriptive and findings reflect actual physical construction and tests only.
Quantitative Evaluation of Mechanical Oil Spill Cleanup Devices
Authors: Der J. J. , Graham Douglas J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A systematic quantitative method has been developed which can be used for preliminary screening and with the availability of more accurate performance data, used for final evaluation and selection of candidate oil removal devices.
This method has been applied to various types of devices available commercially. Although the lack of precision in available performance data precludes selection between devices with close rating, an outstanding score of a device under the present method is an indication of its potential for further study or development.
The result shows that for confined area operation inverted belts and a saucer weir with hydro-adjusting feature have high potential. A system based on the mechanized recovery of polyurethane foam rated high for the open area operation. The effectiveness indices for all of the open area devices considered fall in a narrow range, however, and final selection must be based on more accurate data from field and wave tank tests.
Microbial Ecology of Petroleum Utilization in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Walker John D. , Colwell Rita R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Analysis of water and sediments collected at two stations in Chesapeake Bay demonstrated four to five times the concentration of petroleum in an oil polluted site in Baltimore Harbor compared with the station in Eastern Bay which served as a control. The numbers of petroleum-degrading microorganisms, measured by direct and replica plating, in the water and sediment samples were related to the concentration of oil in each sample. Total yields of petroleum-degrading microorganisms grown on an oil substrate were greater for those organisms exposed to oil in the natural environment. Microorganisms isolated from an oil-contaminated environment produced cell yields under “natural” conditions, i.e., laboratory simulation of growth conditions in the natural environment, which equaled the yields of microorganisms which had not been previously exposed to oil and were grown under optimum conditions. Microorganisms isolated from water and sediment samples collected in Baltimore Harbor grew on substrates representative of the aliphatic, aromatic and refractory hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon-utilizing fungus, Cladosporium resinae and actinomycetes were predominant among the hydrocarbon-utilizing isolates. Microbial degradation of petroleum in Chesapeake Bay appears to be mediated by the autochthonous microbial flora, the seasonal incidence of which is presently under study.
Effects of Water Soluble Extracts of Oil on Phytoplankton
Authors: Nuzzi Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Methods routinely employed in the cleanup of oil spills generally are intended to remove the oil to the level of invisibility, at which point it has been considered by many to be harmless or its effects negligible. This paper presents evidence indicating that soluble constituents of No. 2 fuel oil are toxic to phytoplankton cultured axenically and also exert an effect on natural phytoplankton populations.
Microbial Petroleum Degradation: The Role of Cladosporium Resinae
Authors: Walker John D. , Jr. Louis Cofone, , Cooney Joseph J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Cladosporium resinae is probably the most prevalent hydrocarbon-utilizing fungus. It has been isolated in fresh water and marine environments. It utilizes aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as alcohols and acids. Growth on aliphatic hydrocarbons is slow, and yields are lower than for cells cultured on acids. However, degradation of hydrocarbons is not slow, since most of the hydrocarbon is mineralized (converted to CO2) and not assimilated to cellular carbon. Growth of the fungus was not supported by organo-phosphorus-, chlorinated hydrocarbon-, or natural pesticides as sole carbon source. However, the fungus was resistant to or stimulated by high concentrations (20,000 ppm) of these pesticides when cultured on hydrocarbons. This suggests that high concentrations of pesticides occurring in oil slicks would not inhibit oil degradation by Cladosporium resinae. Hydrocarbon-oxidation is constitutive in Cladosporium resinae. Cells oxidize aldehydes, although they did not grow on them. Release of 14C02 from D-glucose-l-14 C labeled cells was not greater in the presence of hydrocarbons than under endogenous conditions, indicating that intermediate and long-chain hydrocarbons are oxidized and do not stimulate endogenous respiration. Comparison of hydrocarbon oxidation by whole cells and cell-free preparations revealed the presence of an efficient cell-free oxidizing system. The pathway of hydrocarbon oxidation has been reported for hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and yeasts but not for fungi. Temperature, pH and co-enzyme requirements were determined for the oxidation of hydrocarbons by C. resinae. Isolation of intermediates and results of experiments utilizing electron transport inhibitors support the conclusion that in C. resinae alkanes are oxidized to their homologous alcohol, aldehyde and acid. The range of hydrocarbon substrates degraded by constitutive enzymes of Cladosporium resinae coupled with the ability to degrade hydrocarbons in the presence of high concentrations of pesticides suggests that C. resinae may be one of the most important microorganisms capable of degrading oil in the natural environment.
Tagging Oil-Residues in Tankers with Microparticles
Authors: Agnedal P. O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The increase in pollution by oil spills in the Baltic has lead to the Minister of Transport to set up a committee with the task to find methods for identifying ships responsible for oil spills.
A preliminary study of the oil transport situation in Sweden had shown that the fingerprint method for identification will be difficult to use. The study also showed that microparticles of plastic and metal as tags might be used. In most cases the oil spills in the Baltic are due to pumping out residues mixed with ballast. In the present paper the merits of different methods for tagging these residues, including the cost aspect, are treated as well as identification of recovered oil samples.
In a field experiment the oil residues in a tanker were tagged. Some of its tanks were tagged with plastic particles and some with metal particles. The tanks were treated in different ways for cleaning and the oil-water mixtures were then pumped out in the sea under controlled conditions. The different spills were kept inside an enclosure for a fortnight and samples were taken every day. In all analysed samples the tagged substance could be recovered and identified.
A plan for testing this method on a larger scale is under preparation.
THE 1973 IMCO CONVENTION: A TANKER OPERATOR'S VIEWPOINT
Authors: Gray William O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, drafted in London under IMCO auspices last fall is undoubtedly the most comprehensive and potentially promising step yet taken to prevent pollution to the seas by ships. While this convention is now open for ratification by nations, its very detailed nature has already caused studies to commence to identify the steps which must be taken to assure its practical and timely implementation.
This paper reviews first the essential provisions of the convention, stressing the technological elements relating to oil tankers. These elements include ships’ operational and equipment features, as well as fundamental design changes for new tankers ordered after December 31, 1975. In addition, questions of reception facilities ashore will be considered. The paper will include a status report in regard to each of these matters as of the date of this conference, rather than a recap of the many technical studies already done prior to the IMCO 1973 convention.
While Exxon studies on this subject must form the basis of the paper, to the extent possible, activities of various industry groups and governments toward bringing the IMCO 1973 convention effectively into force will be covered as well
SPILL PREVENTION: THE SPCC APPROACH
Authors: Charlton Thomas J. , Cunningham John M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Spill Prevention Program of the Environmental Protection Agency is discussed as it has evolved from the implementing legislation: section 311(j)(l)(C) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The regulations apply to all non-transportation-related facilities with oil storage in excess of certain minimum amounts from which spilled oil could reasonably be expected to reach navigable waters. The prevention program centers around a requirement in the regulation that these facilities must prepare and implement a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plan. The type of engineering analysis needed to prepare or review a plan is discussed along with an outline of what EPA considers to be the elements of a good plan. After the period for plan implementation is past, a facility must submit its SPCC plan to EPA for review if it experiences spill problems. After review, EPA may require revisions to the plan in the form of amendments, but there are several levels of technical appeal on amendments. The paper discusses EPA plan reviews, amendment procedures, appeals on amendments, and finally, penalty procedures and appeals from penalties.
THE CASCO BAY OIL SPILL: PROBLEMS OF CLEANUP AND DISPOSAL
Authors: Eidam Carl L. , Fitzpatrick Edward V. , Conlon John F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the control and cleanup of a 100,000-gallon (422,000-liter) no. 6 fuel-oil spill which occurred in Casco Bay, Maine, on July 22, 1972. A lack of locally available equipment, logistics involved in moving men and equipment to numerous offshore islands which were affected by the spill, and disposal of large amounts of oil-soaked debris presented unique problems to on-scene personnel. Additionally, the development of environmental priorities for cleanup proved most critical because the area produces commercial harvests of shellfish, lobsters, and intertidal seaweed, and serves as one of Maine's principal recreation areas.
Of particular concern was the major obstacle encountered in disposing of over 10,000 yards (7,646 m3) of oil-soaked seaweed which had either been gathered from intertidal rocks or removed from the water surface, and over 4,500 yards (3,440 m3) of contaminated beach sand. Oil-soaked sand was finally placed in a sanitary landfill utilizing guidelines developed by personnel from EPA, Region I, Solid Waste Program. Oil-soaked debris was incinerated at a facility in Gray, Maine, which was specially modified for this purpose. Modifications included burner head and feed-grate changes to accept the debris.
The damage resulting from the spill and the effectiveness of the cleanup were studied up to one year after the spill, utilizing a private consulting firm under contract to EPA. These studies indicated that the cleanup techniques used resulted in more successful survival and/or recolonization of intertidal populations than in areas not cleaned.
OIL POLLUTION OF INLAND WATERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Toms Ronald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The author describes the setting up of ten regional water authorities in England and Wales with the duty of managing water, from the supply of drinking water to the treatment of sewage and the control of rivers. The new Control of Pollution Act 1974 is examined, particularly with regard to the powers it contains for the water authorities to take action if oil pollution occurs. This includes both action to stop discharges containing oil and also to remove oil once it has entered a river. The author discusses the results of a survey to assess what are the main causes of oil pollution and suggests means of reducing these. Finally, there is a description of a number of particularly significant cases of oil pollution and the steps taken to prevent recurrences.