bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human carotid atherosclerotic lesion protein components decrease cholesterol biosynthesis rate in macrophages through 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase regulation
Authors: Cohen Elad , Aviram Michael , Khatib Soliman , Rosenblat Mira , Vaya Jacob 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAtherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of cholesterol‐loaded macrophages, which are turned into foam cells, the hallmark of early atherogenesis. As part of ongoing research on the interactions among human carotid lesion components and blood elements, the effect of plaque homogenate on macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate was examined. Human carotid plaques were ground, extracted with phosphate‐buffered saline (homogenate), and then added to the macrophage medium. This extract decreased macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate up to 50% in a dose‐dependent manner. Cholesterol or lipoproteins were separated from the homogenate and added to the MQ medium. Unlike the homogenate, neither free cholesterol nor the lipoproteins were able to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis rate under the above experimental concentration, suggesting that the homogenate‐induced cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition in our experimental system was not owing to the feedback inhibition of cholesterol. Furthermore, the homogenate remaining after lipoprotein removal (lipoprotein‐deficient homogenate) also decreased cholesterol biosynthesis rate, whereas boiled homogenate or phospholipids extracted from the homogenate decreased macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate only partially. Finally, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition was achieved only upon using the precursor [3H]acetate, but not [14C]mevalonate, suggesting that 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGCoA Reductase), the rate‐limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, is involved in the above antiatherogenic effect of the homogenate, whereas the treatment with homogenate decreased HMGCoA Reductase mRNA. Proteins and phospholipids from human carotid lesion homogenate decrease cholesterol biosynthesis rate in macrophages secondary to HMGCoA Reductase feedback regulation. Such an effect may delay foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression. © 2015 BioFactors, 41(1):28–34, 2015
Meta-analysis of peak wall stress in ruptured, symptomatic and intact abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Khosla S , Morris D R , Moxon J V , Walker P J , Gasser T C , Golledge J 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an important cause of sudden death; however, there are currently incomplete means to predict the risk of AAA rupture. AAA peak wall stress (PWS) can be estimated using finite element analysis (FEA) methods from computed tomography (CT) scans. The question is whether AAA PWS can predict AAA rupture. The aim of this systematic review was to compare PWS in patients with ruptured and intact AAA.

Methods
The MEDLINE database was searched on 25 May 2013. Case–control studies assessing PWS in asymptomatic intact, and acutely symptomatic or ruptured AAA from CT scans using FEA were included. Data were extracted independently. A random-effects model was used to calculate standard mean differences (SMDs) for PWS measurements.

Results
Nine studies assessing 348 individuals were identified and used in the meta-analysis. Results from 204 asymptomatic intact and 144 symptomatic or ruptured AAAs showed that PWS was significantly greater in the symptomatic/ ruptured AAAs compared with the asymptomatic intact AAAs (SMD 0·95, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·71 to 1·18; P &lt; 0·001). The findings remained significant after adjustment for mean systolic blood pressure, standardized at 120 mmHg (SMD 0·68, 0·39 to 0·96; P &lt; 0·001). Minimal heterogeneity between studies was noted (I2 = 0 per cent).

Conclusion
This study suggests that PWS is greater in symptomatic or ruptured AAA than in asymptomatic intact AAA.
Long-term outcomes of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
Authors: Altomare D F , Giuratrabocchetta S , Knowles C H , Muñoz Duyos A , Robert-Yap J , Matzel K E , De Miguel Velasco M , Rosen H , Ganio E , Ratto C , Devesa M J , Cui Z 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Background
Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has proven short- to medium-term effectiveness for the treatment of faecal incontinence (FI); fewer long-term outcomes have been presented and usually in small series. Here, the long-term effectiveness of SNS was evaluated in a large European cohort of patients with a minimum of 5 years' follow-up.

Methods
Prospectively registered data from patients with FI who had received SNS for at least 5 years from ten European centres were collated by survey. Daily stool diaries, and Cleveland Clinic and St Mark's incontinence scores were evaluated at baseline, after implantation and at the last follow-up. SNS was considered successful when at least 50 per cent symptom improvement was maintained at last follow-up.

Results
A total of 407 patients underwent temporary stimulation, of whom 272 (66·8 per cent) had an impulse generator implanted; 228 (56·0 per cent) were available for long-term follow-up at a median of 84 (i.q.r. 70–113) months. Significant reductions in the number of FI episodes per week (from median 7 to 0·25) and summative symptom scores (median Cleveland Clinic score from 16 to 7, St Mark's score from 19 to 6) were recorded after implantation (all P &lt; 0·001) and maintained in long-term follow-up. In per-protocol analysis, long-term success was maintained in 71·3 per cent of patients and full continence was achieved in 50·0 per cent; respective values based on intention-to-treat analysis were 47·7 and 33·4 per cent. Predictive analyses determined no significant association between pretreatment variables and successful outcomes. Risk of long-term failure correlated with minor symptom score improvement during the temporary test phase.

Conclusion
SNS remains an effective treatment for FI in the long term for approximately half of the patients starting therapy.
A novel approach for concurrent quantitation of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and 2‐hydroxyethylated glutathione in lungs of mice exposed to ethylene oxide, using liquid chromatography–positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Fagen , Bartels Michael J. , LeBaron Matthew J. , Schisler Melissa R. , Gollapudi B. Bhaskar , Moore Nigel P. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTGlutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and 2‐hydroxyethylated glutathione (HESG) are important biomarkers for exploring the genotoxicity mechanism of ethylene oxide (EO) or ethylene in vivo. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of GSH, GSSG and HESG in mouse lung tissues after inhalation exposure to EO. The lower limit of quantitation for all these biomarkers was 0.002 µg/mL. The linearity of the calibration curves for all analytes was >0.998. The intra‐day assay precision relative standard deviation (RSD) values for quality control samples for all analytes were ≤12.8% with accuracy values ranging from 87.2 to 113%. The inter‐day assay precision (RSD) values for all analytes were ≤13.1% with accuracy values ranging from 86.9 to 103%. This method was applied to concurrently determine the levels of GSH, GSSG and HESG in lung samples isolated from mouse after 4‐week inhalation exposure to EO at 0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential occurrence of dyspnea at the end of life in palliative care, according to the underlying cancer
Authors: Guirimand Frédéric , Sahut d'izarn Marine , Laporte Lucy , Francillard Marie , Richard Jean‐François , Aegerter Philippe 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDyspnea is a symptom that severely affects the quality of life of terminally ill patients. Its frequency differs considerably between studies. We aimed to characterize the frequency of dyspnea in a palliative care hospital (PCH) and to identify factors predisposing to dyspnea, particularly during the very last days of life, as a function of the underlying disease. Episodes of dyspnea were identified by the computerized extraction of prospectively collected data from the reports of care assistants or from medical observations recorded in the medical files for all stays at our PCH during the last 6 years. There were 6455 hospital stays, 88% ending in the death of the patient; 13,282 episodes of dyspnea were recorded during 2608 hospital stays (40%). Dyspnea was more frequently observed in cases of cancer than in other conditions (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.14–1.48). Pulmonary metastasis increased the risk of dyspnea from 37% to 51% (RR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.29–1.46). Dyspnea frequency varied with the primary cancer site, from 24% (brain cancer) to 60% (esophageal cancer). The data for cancer patients staying for more than 6 days who subsequently died indicated that 8% of patients experienced dyspnea exclusively during the last 4 days of the life, independently of the site of the primary cancer. Dyspnea during the last few days of life requires systematic assessment. Exclusively terminal dyspnea should be distinguished from more precocious dyspnea, as the pathophysiological mechanisms and treatments of these two forms are probably different.
Polyclonal hyperviscosity syndrome in IgG4‐related disease and associated conditions
Authors: Chen Luke Y.C. , Wong Patrick C.W. , Noda Shinji , Collins David R. , Sreenivasan Gayatri M. , Coupland Robert C. 
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical MessagePolyclonal hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) is rare and has been reported in various disorders of immune dysregulation and lymphoid hyperplasia. IgG4‐Related Disease (IgG4‐RD) is an emerging disorder often associated with exuberant hypergammaglobulinemia, and this review of seven cases establishes IgG4‐RD as an important cause of polyclonal HVS.
Catalytic Properties of Unsupported Palladium Nanoparticle Surfaces Capped with Small Organic Ligands
Authors: Gavia Diego J. , Shon Young‐Seok 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis Minireview summarizes a variety of intriguing catalytic studies accomplished by employing unsupported, either solubilized or freely mobilized, and small organic ligand‐capped palladium nanoparticles as catalysts. Small organic ligands are gaining more attention as nanoparticle stabilizers and alternates to larger organic supports, such as polymers and dendrimers, owing to their tremendous potential for a well‐defined system with spatial control in surrounding environments of reactive surfaces. The nanoparticle catalysts are grouped depending on the type of surface stabilizers with reactive head groups, which include thiolate, phosphine, amine, and alkyl azide. Applications for the reactions such as hydrogenation, alkene isomerization, oxidation, and carbon‐carbon cross coupling reactions are extensively discussed. The systems defined as “ligandless” Pd nanoparticle catalysts and solvent (e.g. ionic liquid)‐stabilized Pd nanoparticle catalysts are not discussed in this review.
Supramolecular Nanoassemblies of an Amphiphilic Porphyrin–Cyclodextrin Conjugate and Their Morphological Transition from Vesicle to Network
Authors: Zhao Jin , Zhang Heng‐Yi , Sun He‐Lue , Liu Yu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn amphiphilic compound, 5‐(4′‐dodecyloxyphenyl)‐10,15,20‐tri(permethyl‐β‐CD)‐modified ZnII–porphyrin (1; β‐CD=β‐cyclodextrin), was synthesized by means of the click reaction of an alkylated Zn–porphyrin derivative with 6‐deoxy‐6‐azidopermethyl‐β‐CD. The complexation between 1 and tetrasodium tetraphenylporphyrintetrasulfonate (5) with different molar ratios led to the formation of two distinctly different nanoarchitectures, which were proven to be vesicle and network aggregates, respectively, by using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. On the basis of the results of the time‐dependent TEM studies, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopic measurements, we have determined that the mechanism of the morphology transition from vesicles to networks is controlled by the stepwise complexation of 1 with 5. Furthermore, these supramolecular nanoarchitectures show the controlled‐ release property of doxorubicin as potential candidates for drug delivery.
Electrospun Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silica–Carbon Composite Nanofibers for Rapid Extraction and Prefractionation of Endogenous Peptides
Authors: Zhu Gang‐Tian , Chen Xi , He Xiao‐Mei , Wang Han , Zhang Zheng , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA simple method was developed for the preparation of ordered mesoporous silica–carbon composite nanofibers (OMSCFs). The OMSCFs exhibited high carbon content, continuously long fibrous properties, uniform accessible mesopores, and a large surface area. The OMSCFs were also found to have ion‐exchange capacity. On the basis of the size‐exclusion effect of the mesopores and mixed‐mode hydrophobic/ion‐exchange interactions, the OMSCFs were applied for rapid enrichment of endogenous peptides by using a miniaturized solid‐phase extraction format. The adsorption mechanism was studied, and the eluting solution was optimized with standard peptide/protein solutions and protein digests. Employing a successive three‐step elution strategy, followed by LC‐MS/MS analysis, led to excellent performance with this approach in the extraction and prefractionation of peptides from human serum.
Synthetic Efforts toward the Lycopodium Alkaloids Inspires a Hydrogen Iodide Mediated Method for the Hydroamination and Hydroetherification of Olefins
Authors: Leger Paul R. , Murphy Rebecca A. , Pushkarskaya Eugenia , Sarpong Richmond 
Published: January 2015

AbstractProgress toward the total syntheses of a diverse set of fawcettimine‐type Lycopodium alkaloids via a “Heathcock‐type” 6–5–9 tricycle is disclosed. This route features an intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition to rapidly furnish the 6–5‐fused bicycle and a highly chemoselective directed hydrogenation to build the azonane fragment. While conducting these synthetic studies, trimethylsilyl iodide was found to effect a hydroamination reaction to furnish the tetracyclic core of serratine and related natural products. This observation has been expanded into a general method for the room temperature hydroamination of unactivated olefins with tosylamides utilizing catalytic “anhydrous” HI (generated in situ from trimethylsilyl iodide and water). The presence of the iodide anion is critical to the success of this Brønsted acid catalyzed protocol, possibly due to its function as a weakly coordinating anion. These conditions also effect the analogous hydroetherification reaction of alcohols with unactivated olefins.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD), VCD Exciton Coupling, and X‐ray Determination of the Absolute Configuration of an α,β‐Unsaturated Germacranolide
Authors: Sánchez‐Castellanos Mariano , Bucio María A. , Hernández‐Barragán Angelina , Joseph‐Nathan Pedro , Cuevas Gabriel , Quijano Leovigildo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe absolute configuration of 1 was deduced by vibrational circular dichroism together with the evaluation of the Flack and Hooft X‐ray parameters. Vibrational circular dichroism exciton coupling, using the carbonyl group signals, confirmed the absolute configuration of 2. In addition, sodium borohydride reduction of the 11,13‐double bond of 6‐epi‐desacetyllaurenobiolide (1) yields an almost equimolecular mixture of C11 epimers, while reduction of the same double bond of 6‐epi‐laurenobiolide (2) provided almost exclusively the (11S) diastereoisomer 4. Chirality 27:247–252, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integration externer Energie in geothermische Kraft‐ bzw. Heizkraftwerke – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen
Authors: Janczik Sebastian , Schmidt Lisa Marie , Kaltschmitt Martin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUnter den geologischen Bedingungen in Deutschland sind geothermische Kraft‐ bzw. Heizkraftwerke durch relativ geringe Stromwirkungsgrade und hohe Energiegestehungskosten gekennzeichnet. Hier sollen Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden, wie geothermische Anlagen durch Integration von externer nicht genutzter Energie aus fossilen Energieträgern und/oder regenerativen Energien effizienter konzipiert werden können. Die Bewertung der Konzepte erfolgt anhand von Stromwirkungsgraden und Energie‐ bzw. Stromgestehungskosten.
Hypertension and vascular disease in the 1990s
Authors: Gorlin Richard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMany pharmacologic agents are effective in normalizing blood pressure in the hypertensive patient. The major issues in antihypertensive therapy today transcend control of blood pressure and focus, instead, on safety considerations, patient acceptance, and additional benefits to target organs. With the drugs currently available, 10–15% of patients withdraw from therapy because of undesirable clinical side effects. Nonclinical side effects such as hyperlipidemia, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia can limit the clinician's choice of drugs, especially for elderly patients. Antihypertensive agents should also limit target organ damage. The prevalence of stroke can be reduced solely by controlling blood pressure, but inhibition of cardiac ischemic events requires use of specific classes of agents. Beta blockers reduce mortality and reinfarction postmyocardial infarction, whereas angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors affect several factors leading to heart failure, including cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, remodeling and dilatation postmyocardial infarction, and arrhythmias. Specific actions on intrarenal and other vascular dynamics may make these drugs appropriate for use in patients with diabetes and perhaps hypertensive kidney disease and systemic arterial disease. The range of options available in antihypertensive therapy in the 1990s affords the physician the opportunity to meet additional goals of therapy, specific for each patient.
ACE inhibitors in renal disease
Authors: Bauer John H. , Reams Garry P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent experimental studies suggest that the resistance state of the preglomerular and postglomerular capillary arterioles may determine if a particular class of antihypertensive agents will protect the kidney from hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury. This review discusses (1) the effects of angiotensin II on the renal microcirculation, (2) the pathophysiology of essential hypertensive renal disease, (3) the renal pharmacology of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and (4) the hypothesis that renal protection is dependent on control of systemic and glomerular hypertension.
Global Solutions of Two‐Dimensional Incompressible Viscoelastic Flows with Discontinuous Initial Data
Authors: Hu Xianpeng , Lin Fanghua 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe global existence of weak solutions of the incompressible viscoelastic flows in two spatial dimensions has been a longstanding open problem, and it is studied in this paper. We show global existence if the initial deformation gradient is close to the identity matrix in L2 ∩ L∞ and the initial velocity is small in L2 and bounded in Lp for some p > 2. While the assumption on the initial deformation gradient is automatically satisfied for the classical Oldroyd‐B model, the additional assumption on the initial velocity being bounded in Lp for some p > 2 may due to techniques we employed. The smallness assumption on the L2 norm of the initial velocity is, however, natural for global well‐posedness. One of the key observations in the paper is that the velocity and the “ effective viscous flux” are sufficiently regular for positive time. The regularity of leads to a new approach for the pointwise estimate for the deformation gradient without using L∞ bounds on the velocity gradients in spatial variables. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Across the Board: Regina Palkovits
Authors: Palkovits Regina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. In this contribution, Prof. Regina Palkovits describes some recent advances in heterogeneous catalytic transformations of lignocellulosic feedstocks into biofuels. While the recent works she highlights are of great significance, challenges with regard to catalyst stability, the associated deactivation mechanisms, and designs for aqueous‐phase reactions remain.
Capacity of SSTS for downlink‐distributed antenna systems in multicell environment
Authors: Liu Yuxi , Lv Sitong , Chen Peng 
Published: February 2015

SummaryWe put forward a novel single selection transmission scheme based on maximum desired signal criterion and investigate the capacity of distributed antenna systems in multicell environment. However, for most of the recent literatures, the interference plus noise is treated as Gaussian random variable with fixed variance by the central limit theorem, which ignores the effect of the short‐term fading on interference. To avoid it, non‐central limit theorem is adopted in which the variance of interference plus noise is considered as a random variable with changeable variance influenced by the short‐term fading. Moreover, channels are assumed to suffer from independent identical Rayleigh fading together with propagation path loss, and the closed‐form expression of capacity for distributed antenna systems is derived. Finally, extensive simulations are carried out to validate the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Molecular Conductors
Authors: Saito Gunzi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis essay for EurJIC's cluster issue on molecular conductors introduces multifunctional conducting molecular materials. This field involves the design, synthesis, and fabrication of molecular conductors from molecular, crystal, and nanohybrid structures in real space and electronic band structure and periodicity in k space. This multidisciplinary field fuses organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry, and solid‐state and theoretical physics. Understanding multifunctional molecular conductors based on molecular and crystal structures and electronic band structure should lead to the development of new and unconventional molecular conductors.
Chromophores, Fluorophores and Robust Ancillary Ligands for Molecular Catalysts: 1,3‐Bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolines
Authors: Sauer Désirée C. , Melen Rebecca L. , Kruck Matthias , Gade Lutz H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Professor L. H. Gade at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. The cover image shows the representation of a 1,3‐bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindoline (BPI) compound along with its C2‐symmetric derivatives. These ligands were first reported in the early 1950s and have found widespread application in organic, inorganic and materials chemistry.