bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The susceptibility of soil enzymes to inhibition by leaf litter tannins is dependent on the tannin chemistry, enzyme class and vegetation history
Authors: Triebwasser Daniella J. , Tharayil Nishanth , Preston Caroline M. , Gerard Patrick D. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

By inhibiting soil enzymes, tannins play an important role in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. The role of tannin chemistry in this inhibitory process, in conjunction with enzyme classes and isoforms, is less well understood.

Here, we compared the inhibition efficiencies of mixed tannins (MTs, mostly limited to angiosperms) and condensed tannins (CTs, produced mostly by gymnosperms) against the potential activity of β‐glucosidase (BG), N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase (NAG), and peroxidase in two soils that differed in their vegetation histories.

Compared with CTs, MTs exhibited 50% more inhibition of almond (Prunus dulcis) BG activity and greater inhibition of the potential NAG activity in the gymnosperm‐acclimatized soils. CTs exhibited lower BG inhibition in the angiosperm‐acclimated soils, whereas both types of tannins exhibited higher peroxidase inhibition in the angiosperm soils than in gymnosperm soils. At all of the tested tannin concentrations, irrespective of the tannin type and site history, the potential peroxidase activity was inhibited two‐fold more than the hydrolase activity and was positively associated with the redox‐buffering efficiency of tannins.

Our finding that the inhibitory activities and mechanisms of MTs and CTs are dependent on the vegetative history and enzyme class is novel and furthers our understanding of the role of tannins and soil isoenzymes in decomposition.
Arabidopsis mutants of sphingolipid fatty acid α‐hydroxylases accumulate ceramides and salicylates
Authors: König Stefanie , Feussner Kirstin , Schwarz Marnie , Kaever Alexander , Iven Tim , Landesfeind Manuel , Ternes Philipp , Karlovsky Petr , Lipka Volker , Feussner Ivo 
Published: October 2012

Summary

In Arabidopsis, the fatty acid moiety of sphingolipids is mainly α‐hydroxylated. The consequences of a reduction in this modification were analysed.

Mutants of both Fatty Acid Hydroxylase genes (AtFAH1 and AtFAH2) were analysed for sphingolipid profiles. To elucidate further consequences of the mutations, metabolic analyses were performed and the influence on pathogen defence was determined.

Ceramide and glucosylceramide profiles of double‐mutant plants showed a reduction in sphingolipids with α‐hydroxylated fatty acid moieties, and an accumulation of sphingolipids without these moieties. In addition, the free trihydroxylated long‐chain bases and ceramides were increased by five‐ and ten‐fold, respectively, whereas the amount of glucosylceramides was decreased by 25%. Metabolite analysis of the double mutant revealed salicylates as enriched metabolites. Infection experiments supported the metabolic changes, as the double mutant showed an enhanced disease‐resistant phenotype for infection with the obligate biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum.

In summary, these results suggest that fatty acid hydroxylation of ceramides is important for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids. Its absence leads to the accumulation of long‐chain bases and ceramides as their precursors. This increases salicylate levels and resistance towards obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens, confirming a role of sphingolipids in salicylic acid‐dependent defence reactions.
X‐ray imaging of leaf venation networks
Authors: Blonder Benjamin , De Carlo Francesco , Moore Jared , Rivers Mark , Enquist Brian J. 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Leaf venation networks mediate many plant resource fluxes and are therefore of broad interest to research questions in plant physiology, systematics, paleoecology, and physics. However, the study of these networks is limited by slow and destructive imaging methods. X‐ray imaging of leaf veins is potentially rapid, of high resolution, and nondestructive.

Here, we have developed theory for absorption‐ and phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging. We then experimentally test these approaches using a synchrotron light source and two commercially available X‐ray instruments.

Using synchrotron light, we found that major veins could be consistently visualized using absorption‐contrast imaging with X‐ray energies < 10 keV, while both major and minor veins could be consistently visualized with the use of an iodine contrast agent at an X‐ray energy of 33.269 keV. Phase‐contrast imaging at a range of energies provided high resolution but highlighted individual cell walls more than veins. Both approaches allowed several hundred samples to be processed per d. Commercial X‐ray instruments were able to resolve major veins and some minor veins using absorption contrast.

These results show that both commercial and synchrotron X‐ray imaging can be successfully applied to leaf venation networks, facilitating research in multiple fields.
Enlightenment and Religious Politics in Restoration England
Authors: Bulman William J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article encourages a fundamental re‐assessment of the religious struggles that defined political conflict in Restoration England. While the currently‐dominant narrative of religious politics in this period is rightly considered a corrective to older Whig historiography, this narrative is itself yet another Whig (or liberal) account of the period. This account is focused not on the broader eighteenth‐century Whig constitution, but a single pillar of it: religious toleration. There exists a broad consensus that the late Stuart era witnessed a conflict between intellectually‐innovative proponents of increased religious freedoms and intellectually‐backward opponents of those freedoms, who were led in their revanchism by the divines of the Church of England. This article focuses on the cultural underpinnings of Anglican conformism. It uses existing research on this front to cast doubt upon the currently‐accepted master narrative and to adumbrate a post‐liberal account of the period. It suggests that elite politics were characterized not by a natural alliance between intellectual and political progress, but by a struggle between competing programs of Enlightenment.
Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large Whales
Authors: VAN DER HOOP JULIE M. , MOORE MICHAEL J. , BARCO SUSAN G. , COLE TIMOTHY V.N. , DAOUST PIERRE‐YVES , HENRY ALLISON G. , MCALPINE DONALD F. , MCLELLAN WILLIAM A. , WIMMER TONYA , SOLOW ANDREW R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractUnited States and Canadian governments have responded to legal requirements to reduce human‐induced whale mortality via vessel strikes and entanglement in fishing gear by implementing a suite of regulatory actions. We analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality of large whales in the Northwest Atlantic (23.5°N to 48.0°N), 1970 through 2009, in the context of management changes. We used a multinomial logistic model fitted by maximum likelihood to detect trends in cause‐specific mortalities with time. We compared the number of human‐caused mortalities with U.S. federally established levels of potential biological removal (i.e., species‐specific sustainable human‐caused mortality). From 1970 through 2009, 1762 mortalities (all known) and serious injuries (likely fatal) involved 8 species of large whales. We determined cause of death for 43% of all mortalities; of those, 67% (502) resulted from human interactions. Entanglement in fishing gear was the primary cause of death across all species (n = 323), followed by natural causes (n = 248) and vessel strikes (n = 171). Established sustainable levels of mortality were consistently exceeded in 2 species by up to 650%. Probabilities of entanglement and vessel‐strike mortality increased significantly from 1990 through 2009. There was no significant change in the local intensity of all or vessel‐strike mortalities before and after 2003, the year after which numerous mitigation efforts were enacted. So far, regulatory efforts have not reduced the lethal effects of human activities to large whales on a population‐range basis, although we do not exclude the possibility of success of targeted measures for specific local habitats that were not within the resolution of our analyses. It is unclear how shortfalls in management design or compliance relate to our findings. Analyses such as the one we conducted are crucial in critically evaluating wildlife‐management decisions. The results of these analyses can provide managers with direction for modifying regulated measures and can be applied globally to mortality‐driven conservation issues.Evaluación del Manejo para Mitigar Efectos Antropogénicos sobre Ballenas Mayores
Engineering Vascularized Bone Graft With Osteogenic and Angiogenic Lineage Differentiated Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Zhang Rong , Gao Zhan , Geng Wenxin , Yan Xingrong , Chen Fulin , Liu Yanpu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTissue‐engineered bone provides a promising method for the rehabilitation of acquired bone defects and congenital deformities. However, generating a vascular supply to the engineered graft remains a major challenge. We report a novel strategy to engineer vascularized bone grafts with osteogenic and angiogenic lineage differentiated marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were expanded to form an osteogenic cell sheet using a continuous culture method and a scraping technique under osteogenic culture conditions. Another portion of MSCs was directed to differentiate into highly proliferative endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which were then seeded onto the cell sheets. Cell sheet–EPC complexes were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Cell sheets without EPCs were also implanted as a control. The mice were sacrificed, and the samples were harvested for evaluation consisting of micro‐CT scanning, histological analysis and scanning electronic microscopy 4 and 8 weeks after implantation. The results showed that cell sheets were composed of viable cells and extracellular matrix and showed apparent mineralization. The obtained EPCs could express the specific antigen marker of CD31 and form capillary‐like structures in vitro. The osteogenic cell sheet–EPC complexes yielded well‐vascularized bone grafts 4 and 8 weeks after implantation. Both bone density and vascular density were significantly higher in the cell sheet–EPC complex group than in the control group. The results demonstrated that the introduction of EPCs could not only generate a vascular network but also increase bone formation for cell sheet‐based bone engineering. These findings suggest that the strategy of engineering bone grafts with osteogenic and angiogenic lineage differentiated MSCs has great potential for clinical applications to repair large bone defects.
Left Atrial Decompression During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Left Ventricular Failure in Children: Current Strategy and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Kotani Yasuhiro , Chetan Devin , Rodrigues Warren , Sivarajan V. Ben , Gruenwald Colleen , Guerguerian Anne‐Marie , Van Arsdell Glen S. , Honjo Osami 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFrom 2005 to 2011, 23 of 178 (12.9%) patients with venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) had left atrial (LA) decompression to help improve left ventricular (LV) function, LA/LV dilatation, and/or lung edema. LA decompression was achieved with LA cannulation (n = 16), surgically created adjustable atrial septal defect (n = 3), or balloon atrial septostomy (n = 4). Sixteen (70%) patients had LA decompression at the time of ECMO initiation and all had LA decompression within 12 hours of ECMO initiation. ECMO duration was 5.9 ± 4.5 days and 16 (70%) patients were successfully decannulated. Subsequent intensive care unit and hospital survival was achieved in 13 (57%) and 12 (52%) patients, respectively. Earlier timing of LA decompression appeared to be associated with a high probability of weaning from ECMO and reasonable LV functional recovery.
Age of Onset and Neuropsychological Functioning in Alcohol Dependent Inpatients
Authors: Joos Leen , Schmaal Lianne , Goudriaan Anna E. , Fransen Erik , Van den Brink Wim , Sabbe Bernard G. C. , Dom Geert 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDifferences in clinical characteristics between early and late onset alcohol dependent patients have been examined intensively, but little is known about the differences in neuropsychological functioning between these patient groups. Clinical characteristics and neuropsychological functions of inpatients with early onset and late onset alcohol dependence are therefore investigated in this study.MethodsNinety‐three abstinent alcohol dependent inpatients meeting a current diagnosis of DSM‐IV alcohol dependence were divided into early onset alcohol dependent patients (EOA; ≤25 years; n = 36) and late onset alcohol dependent patients (LOA; >25 years; n = 57). Patients using psychoactive medication and patients dependent on other substances than alcohol (and nicotine) were excluded. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was administered.ResultsEOA reported higher trait impulsivity, antisocial traits, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder‐related traits and exhibited an impulsive reflection style, especially in a high‐risk context, compared with LOA. Against expectations, EOA performed significantly better on measures of planning, cognitive control, visual memory, and delayed recognition memory than LOA, whereas no significant group differences occurred on measures of delay discounting, digit span, and attention. Better Stroop interference, better visual memory, and a more impulsive reflection style was predictive of an early age of onset, and explained a significant and additional amount of variance (18.8%) on top of the clinical characteristics, together explaining 53.4% of the variance.ConclusionsBoth clinical characteristics and neuropsychological variables contributed independently to the age of onset of problematic alcohol use. Results indicate that especially an impulsive reflection style, besides higher trait impulsivity, may be the core feature of early onset alcohol dependence. However, the contribution of the neuropsychological variables is complex and more research is needed to clarify the role of psychiatric comorbidity and poly‐substance abuse in an unselected sample of alcohol dependent patients.
The Development of Referential Communication and Autism Symptomatology in High‐Risk Infants
Authors: Ibañez Lisa V. , Grantz Caroline J. , Messinger Daniel S. 
Published: October 2012

Non‐verbal referential communication is impaired in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the development of difficulties with referential communication in the younger siblings of children with ASD (High‐Risk Siblings)—and the degree to which early referential communication predicts later autism symptomatology—is not clear. We modeled the early developmental trajectories of three types of referential communication: responding to joint attention (RJA), initiating joint attention (IJA), and initiating behavioral requests (IBR) across 8, 10, 12, 15, and 18 months of age in High‐Risk Siblings (n = 40) and the infant siblings of children without ASD (Low‐Risk Siblings; n = 21). Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that High‐Risk Siblings exhibited lower levels of baseline RJA and IJA and a lower rate of linear change in IBR than Low‐Risk Siblings. When the 10 High‐Risk Siblings who received an ASD diagnosis were excluded from analyses, group differences in the development of referential communication remained significant only for RJA. Baseline levels of IJA were associated with later ASD symptomatology among High‐Risk Siblings, suggesting that individual differences in referential communication development at 8 months may index early manifestations of ASD.
Commercial ‘ready‐to‐feed’ infant foods in the UK: macro‐nutrient content and composition
Authors: Zand Nazanin , Chowdhry Babur Z. , Pollard Lucie V. , Pullen Frank S. , Snowden Martin J. , Zotor Francis B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractQuantitative analyses of the macronutrient content of eight popular commercial ‘ready‐to‐feed’ baby meals for 6–9‐month old infants in the UK market have been undertaken in order to ascertain their nutritional suitability in relation to the total daily dietary intake as well as nutritional profiling of the products. The chemical analyses conducted included Kjeldhal for protein, acid hydrolysis and extraction for fat, phenol sulphuric acid for carbohydrate and Association of Official Analytical Chemists 985.29 for fibre. The only difference found between different varieties (meat‐ and vegetable‐based) was with respect to the protein content (P = 0.04) per 100 g of food. The experimentally determined concentrations of macronutrients (g/100 kcal) were compared with the declared values provided by the manufacturers on the product labels and, despite some variations, the values obtained comply with regulatory requirements (Commission Directive 2006/125/EC). The total daily intake of fat (27.0 g per day) – based on the menu composed from commercial complementary food – is suggested to exceed the daily recommended values for fat (31%), if the intake of snacks and desserts are incorporated. These findings imply that the formulation of recipes, based on a standard commercial menu, is an important consideration in relation to the nutritional quality of the diet of infants.
The Writings of King James VI and I and Early Modern Literary Culture
Authors: Rickard Jane 
Published: October 2012

AbstractKing James VI and I was unprecedented among early modern monarchs in the extent to which he exploited writing and print as a means of constructing and exercising his authority. His extensive and varied writings cover many different genres, including poetry, scriptural exegeses, and political treatises. They were published in Scotland and England, as well as in some cases being translated and published on the Continent, and span a period of around forty years. Many contemporary writers in Scotland and England, including Alexander Montgomerie and Ben Jonson, responded to James’s works in their own, reflecting the important role that these works played in the literary culture of both countries. Yet James’s writings and their reception received little critical attention until the late twentieth century and there are still significant gaps. This article traces the critical history of these writings from the early twentieth century to the present, across the disciplines of English Literature and History, and the multi‐disciplinary field of Scottish Studies. It argues that this history highlights the sometimes unhelpful boundaries that have been maintained between these disciplines and fields, and that future work in this area might productively take a more comparative and interdisciplinary approach.
The Career and Critical Reception of Paul Auster
Authors: Ciocia Stefania 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the literary career of Paul Auster, a contemporary American writer whose prolific output commands a remarkably loyal following. Furthermore, it outlines the reasons for the polarized critical reception met by his novels, which continue to attract – by Auster’s own admission –‘the best reviews and the worst reviews of any writer I know’ (Burns, Carole.The Washington Post16 Dec., 2003). Famous for his concern with the plight of the artist, and for his meditations on the power and the limitations of language, Auster has been typically analysed from a (largely a‐political) postmodern perspective. This article will therefore also consider the shift in recent Auster scholarship towards a re‐evaluation of the political charge of his fiction, especially in the light of his response to George W. Bush’s ‘war on terror’ in the wake of 9/11.
The Child of the City and the Palimpsest at Sea: De Quincey’s Chronological Constraints
Authors: Walker Leila 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article concerns De Quincey’s attempts to materialize the experience of time. It takes as its focal point De Quincey’s relationship to childhood and his attempts to arrest time in the body of the child. It addresses De Quincey’s encounters with childhood in “Confessions of an English Opium‐Eater,” the Savannah‐la‐Mar section of “Suspiria de Profundis,” and his little‐read story “The Spanish Military Nun.” For De Quincey, children share with the opium eater the ability to transgress the boundaries between then and now, here and not‐here. Like the drowning woman and the opium‐eater, they can access information and experiences ordinarily closed to adults, and like the drowning woman and the opium eater, their access is produced through ruin.
An Australian facts on ageing quiz
Authors: Pachana Nancy A , Helmes Edward , Gudgeon Sophie 
Published: October 2012

AimsThe ageing of the population may not be accompanied by an increase in accurate knowledge about older adults. Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQ) has been among the most popular measures of knowledge, and the original, true–false format measure has been used in a variety of English‐speaking countries. However, the more recent multiple‐choice version, which has methodological advantages with respect to reliability and validity, has no current Australian translation.MethodHere we report on the adaptation of version 2 of the FAQ in multiple‐choice format (FAQ‐2(MC)).ResultsData from 151 university undergraduates (132 women, mean age 19.9 years (SD = 5.1), range 17 to 53 years) completed the FAQ‐2(MC) in exchange for course credit. The mean percentage correct on the Australian FAQ‐2(MC) was 51.5%.ConclusionOur adaptation suggests the utility of this Australian multiple‐choice version of the FAQ and reinforces the need for local verification of items.
Residential respite care is associated with family carers experiencing financial strain
Authors: Aggar Christina , Ronaldson Susan , Cameron Ian D 
Published: October 2012

AimCare services for older people are provided with the expectation of supporting carers in their caregiving role. The aim of the study is to investigate the association between the utilisation of care services by older people and the caregiving experience.MethodsCross‐sectional design, involving a cohort of family carers (n = 119) of frail older people (≥70 years) enrolled in a clinical trial of frailty treatment in metropolitan Sydney from 2008 to 2011. The caregiving experience was measured in five domains: health, daily schedule, finance, family support and self‐esteem (Caregiver Reaction Assessment tool).ResultsMultivariate regression analysis demonstrated an association between the utilisation of residential respite care and financial strain (β = −0.613, P = 0.049), after controlling for functional ability, co‐residence and age.ConclusionThere is a need to consider carers' financial barriers and concerns in regards to the utilisation of respite care services.