bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Balance between B Cell Receptor and Inhibitory Receptor Signaling Controls Plasma Cell Differentiation by Maintaining Optimal Ets1 Levels
Authors: Luo Wei , Mayeux Jessica , Gutierrez Toni , Russell Lisa , Getahun Andrew , Müller Jennifer , Tedder Thomas , Parnes Jane , Rickert Robert , Nitschke Lars , Cambier John , Satterthwaite Anne B. , Garrett-Sinha Lee Ann 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSignaling through the BCR can drive B cell activation and contribute to B cell differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. The positive BCR signal is counterbalanced by a number of membrane-localized inhibitory receptors that limit B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Deficiencies in these negative signaling pathways may cause autoantibody generation and autoimmune disease in both animal models and human patients. We have previously shown that the transcription factor Ets1 can restrain B cell differentiation into plasma cells. In this study, we tested the roles of the BCR and inhibitory receptors in controlling the expression of Ets1 in mouse B cells. We found that Ets1 is downregulated in B cells by BCR or TLR signaling through a pathway dependent on PI3K, Btk, IKK2, and JNK. Deficiencies in inhibitory pathways, such as a loss of the tyrosine kinase Lyn, the phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain–containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) or membrane receptors CD22 and/or Siglec-G, result in enhanced BCR signaling and decreased Ets1 expression. Restoring Ets1 expression in Lyn- or SHP1-deficient B cells inhibits their enhanced plasma cell differentiation. Our findings indicate that downregulation of Ets1 occurs in response to B cell activation via either BCR or TLR signaling, thereby allowing B cell differentiation and that the maintenance of Ets1 expression is an important function of the inhibitory Lyn → CD22/SiglecG → SHP1 pathway in B cells.
Site-Specific Chemokine Expression Regulates Central Nervous System Inflammation and Determines Clinical Phenotype in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Stoolman Joshua S. , Duncker Patrick C. , Huber Amanda K. , Segal Benjamin M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive T cells into wild-type hosts results in spinal cord inflammation and ascending paralysis, referred to as conventional experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as opposed to brainstem inflammation and ataxia, which characterize disease in IFN-γRKO hosts (atypical EAE). In this article, we show that atypical EAE correlates with preferential upregulation of CXCL2 in the brainstem, and is driven by CXCR2-dependent recruitment of neutrophils. In contrast, conventional EAE is associated with upregulation of CCL2 in the spinal cord, and is driven by recruitment of monocytes via a partially CCR2-dependent pathway. This study illustrates how regional differences in chemokine expression within a target organ shape the spatial pattern and composition of autoimmune infiltrates, leading to disparate clinical outcomes.
Cohort Study Design: An Underutilized Approach for Advancement of Evidence-Based and Patient-Centered Practice in Athletic Training
Authors: Wilkerson Gary B. , Denegar Craig R. 
Published: June 2014

Objective:
Providing patient-centered care requires consideration of numerous factors when making decisions that will influence a patient's health status.

Background:
Clinical decisions should be informed by relevant research evidence, but the literature often lacks pertinent information for problems encountered in routine clinical practice. Although a randomized clinical trial provides the best research design to ensure the internal validity of study findings, ethical considerations and the competitive culture of sport often preclude random assignment of patients or participants to a control condition.

Clinical Advantages:
A cohort study design and Bayesian approach to data analysis can provide valuable evidence to support clinical decisions. Dichotomous classification of both an outcome and 1 or more predictive factors permits quantification of the likelihood of occurrence of a specified outcome.

Conclusions:
Multifactorial prediction models can reduce uncertainty in clinical decision making and facilitate the individualization of treatment, thereby supporting delivery of clinical services that are both evidence based and patient centered.
Automatic scan triggering software "confused": Computed tomography angiography in foot arteriovenous malformation!
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Sinha Anindita , Khandelwal Niranjan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMultidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) has become a well-established modality for limb angiography for a variety of indications. The technique of MDCTA depends on the scanner features including the number of detector rows, rotation speeds and single or dual source energy. Integral to a diagnostic quality CTA is the acquisition timing. Various techniques are available for determining the appropriate timing of scan acquisition which includes fixed delay, test bolus and the bolus tracking technique. The transit times of contrast from the aorta to the peripheral arteries shows a wide variability and is dependent upon the inter individual hemodynamic states. The bolus tracking technique is the most preferred one which allows reliable scan timing with acceptable contrast volume and radiation dose. Pitfalls with all these techniques are well described and we report one such technical pitfall in a case of left foot arteriovenous malformation (AVM) where the bolus tracking technique employed for scan triggering failed to initiate acquisition.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of pelvic peritoneal adhesions: What radiologists need to know?
Authors: Ghonge Nitin P , Ghonge Sanchita Dube 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPelvic peritoneal adhesions constitute an important cause of concern which affects the life of millions of people worldwide due to complications like abdominal pain, bowel obstruction and infertility along with challenges in surgical exploration. Precise pre-operative diagnosis of the presence and extent of peritoneal adhesions is of great clinical and surgical importance. Diagnostic laparoscopy to detect peritoneal adhesions may itself lead to formation of adhesions. Routine CT and MRI studies are therefore useful non-invasive modalities to achieve this objective. This review article provides a brief background about the causation and patho-physiology of peritoneal adhesions. The article also addresses the range of clinical presentations in these patients, mainly from the gynecologic perspective. This article provides an illustrative review of CT and MRI findings with laparoscopic correlation. A new ′imaging-based grading system′ for pre-operative quantification of the burden of peritoneal adhesions is also proposed. Despite practical challenges in accurate pre-operative diagnosis of peritoneal adhesions on imaging, detection of peritoneal adhesions is certainly feasible on routine CT and MRI scans and should be an integral part of image interpretation.
Exact and Approximate Operator Parallelism
Authors: Zamani Ali , Sal Moslehian Mohammad 
Published: June 2014

AbstractExtending the notion of parallelism we introduce the concept of approximate parallelism in normed spaces and then substantially restrict ourselves to the setting of Hilbert space operators endowed with the operator norm. We present several characterizations of the exact and approximate operator parallelism in the algebra B(ℋ) of bounded linear operators acting on a Hilbert space H . Among other things, we investigate the relationship between the approximate parallelism and norm of inner derivations on B(ℋ). We also characterize the parallel elements of a C*-algebra by using states. Finally we utilize the linking algebra to give some equivalent assertions regarding parallel elements in a Hilbert C*-module.
Geometric Perspective on Piecewise Polynomiality of Double Hurwitz Numbers
Authors: Cavalieri Renzo , Marcus Steffen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe describe doubleHurwitz numbers as intersection numbers on the moduli space of curves Using a result on the polynomiality of intersection numbers of psi classes with the Double Ramification Cycle, our formula explains the polynomiality in chambers of double Hurwitz numbers and the wall-crossing phenomenon in terms of a variation of correction terms to the ψ classes. We interpret this as suggestive evidence for polynomiality of the Double Ramification Cycle (which is only known in genera 0 and 1).
Nitric oxide turnover in permeable river sediment
Authors: Schreiber Frank , Stief Peter , Kuypers Marcel M. M. , de Beer Dirk 
Published: June 2014

We measured nitric oxide (NO) microprofiles in relation to oxygen (O2) and all major dissolved N‐species (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide [N2O]) in a permeable, freshwater sediment (River Weser, Germany). NO reaches peak concentrations of 0.13 µmol L−1 in the oxic zone and is consumed in the oxic—anoxic transition zone. Apparently, NO is produced by ammonia oxidizers under oxic conditions and consumed by denitrification under microoxic conditions. Experimental percolation of sediment cores with aerated surface water resulted in an initial rate of NO production that was 12 times higher than the net NO production rate in steady state. This initial NO production rate is in the same range as the net ammonia oxidation rate, indicating that NO is transiently the main product of ammonia oxidizers. Stable isotope labeling experiments with the 15N‐labeled chemical NO donor S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) (1) confirmed denitrification as the main NO consumption pathway, with N2O as its major product, (2) showed that denitrification combines one free NO molecule with one NO molecule formed from nitrite to produce N2O, and (3) suggested that NO inhibits N2O reduction.
THERMOREVERSIBLE CROSS-LINKING MALEIC ANHYDRIDE GRAFTED CHLOROBUTYL RUBBER WITH HYDROGEN BONDS (COMBINED WITH IONIC INTERACTIONS)
Authors: Li Lin , Kim Jin Kuk 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Thermoreversible cross-linking polymers are designed based on reversible cross-linking bonds. These bonds are able to reversibly dissociate and associate upon the input of external energy, such as heat or light. Reprocessibility is possible for this kind of material. The objective was to thermoreversibly cross-link maleic anhydride grafted chlorobutyl rubber (MAH-g-CIIR) via a reaction with octadecylamine, with an excess to obtain amide-salts, which form both hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions. X-ray diffraction experiments showed the presence of microphase-separated aggregates that acted as physical cross-links for both the MAH-g-CIIR precursor and amide-salts. The tensile properties were improved by converting MAH-g-CIIR to amide-salts, because of the combination of hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. The cross-linked materials could be repeatedly compression molded at 155 °C into homogeneous films. The differential scanning calorimetry curves and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicate that hydrogen bonds are of a thermoreversible nature, but the recovery of ionic bonds is impossible. After treatment with heating-cooling for up to three cycles, the tensile strength of the thermoreversible cross-linking CIIR was greatly reduced. The gradual reduction in the effectiveness of the ionic-hydrogen bonds is the major contribution to the reprocessibility of these materials.
Optimization and Validation of an Accelerated Laboratory Extraction Method to Estimate Nitrogen Release Patterns of Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers
Authors: Medina L Carolina , Sartain Jerry B , Obreza Thomas A , Hall William L , Thiex Nancy J 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Several technologies have been proposed to characterize the nutrient release and availability patterns of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), especially slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) and controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) during the last few decades. These technologies have been developed mainly by manufacturers and are product-specific based on the regulation and analysis of each EEF product. Despite previous efforts to characterize EEF materials, no validated method exists to assess their nutrient release patterns. However, the increased use of EEFs in specialty and nonspecialty markets requires an appropriate method to verify nutrient claims and material performance. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature, fertilizer test portion size, and extraction time on the performance of a 74 h accelerated laboratory extraction method to measure SRF and CRF nutrient release profiles. Temperature was the only factor that influenced nutrient release rate, with a highly marked effect for phosphorus and to a lesser extent for nitrogen (N) and potassium. Based on the results, the optimal extraction temperature set was: Extraction No. 1—2:00 h at 25°C; Extraction No. 2—2:00 h at 50°C; Extraction No. 3—20:00 h at 55°C; and Extraction No. 4—50:00 h at 60°C. Ruggedness of the method was tested by evaluating the effect of small changes in seven selected factors on method behavior using a fractional multifactorial design. Overall, the method showed ruggedness for measuring N release rates of coated CRFs.
Developing a Competency Framework for U.S. State Food and Feed Testing Laboratory Personnel
Authors: Kaml Craig , Weiss Christopher C , Dezendorf Paul , Ishida Maria , Rice Daniel H , Klein Ron , Salfinger Yvonne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A competency-based training curriculum framework for U.S. state food and feed testing laboratories personnel is being developed by the International Food Protection Training Institute (IFPTI) and three partners. The framework will help laboratories catalog existing training courses/modules, identify training gaps, inform training curricula, and create career-spanning professional development learning paths, ensuring consistent performance expectations and increasing confidence in shared test results. Ultimately, the framework will aid laboratories in meeting the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 (2005) international accreditation and the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act (U.S. Public Law 111-353). In collaboration with the Association of Food and Drug Officials, the Association of Public Health Laboratories, and the Association of American Feed Control Officials, IFPTI is carrying out the project in two phases. In 2013, an expert panel of seven subject matter experts developed competency and curriculum frameworks for five professional levels (entry, mid-level, expert, supervisor/manager, and senior administration) across four competency domains (technical, communication, programmatic, and leadership) including approximately 80 competencies. In 2014 the expert panel will elicit feedback from peers and finalize the framework.
A technique for revealing scale‐dependent patterns in fracture spacing data
Authors: Roy Ankur , Perfect Edmund , Dunne William M. , McKay Larry D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractData on fracture spacing along scan lines have been widely analyzed for the purposes of characterization. Most of these studies, however, either consider the cumulative frequency of spacing data without regard to the actual sequence of the spacing values or compute an average spacing that may not work for clustered fractures. The coefficient of variation parameter is often used to differentiate between clustered, random, and anticlustered fractures in a scan line but does not address the issue of scale‐dependent variations in spacing. Lacunarity is a parameter that has been previously used for delineating scale‐dependent clustering in fracture networks with similar fractal dimensions. This technique has the further capability of identifying scales at which different patterns emerge within the same data set. Lacunarity can also delineate possible fractal behavior. This paper tests the ability of lacunarity to find patterns (fractal/uniform/random) within synthetic and natural fracture clusters. A set of four model scan lines (uniformly spaced fractures, periodically spaced fracture clusters, fractal fracture clusters, and random fractures) was considered. The first derivative of the lacunarity curves of these models was used to find the intercluster distance and organization of fractures within the clusters. The same technique was then applied to a set of two natural fracture scan line data, one with fracture clusters with fractal organization within and the other with randomly spaced fractures. It was found that the proposed technique could discriminate between the random and clustered patterns, find the intercluster distance, and identify the type of spatial organization within the clusters.
Nanodust detection near 1 AU from spectral analysis of Cassini/Radio and Plasma Wave Science data
Authors: Schippers P. , Meyer‐Vernet N. , Lecacheux A. , Kurth W. S. , Mitchell D. G. , André N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNanodust grains of a few nanometers in size are produced near the Sun by collisional breakup of larger grains and picked up by the magnetized solar wind. They have so far been detected at 1 AU by only the two STEREO spacecraft. Here we analyze the spectra measured by the radio and plasma wave instrument onboard Cassini during the cruise phase close to Earth orbit; they exhibit bursty signatures similar to those observed by the same instrument in association with nanodust stream impacts on Cassini near Jupiter. The observed wave level and spectral shape reveal impacts of nanoparticles at about 300 km/s, with an average flux compatible with that observed by the radio and plasma wave instrument onboard STEREO and with the interplanetary flux models.
Centennial variations in sunspot number, open solar flux, and streamer belt width: 1. Correction of the sunspot number record since 1874
Authors: Lockwood M. , Owens M. J. , Barnard L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe analyze the widely used international/Zürich sunspot number record, R, with a view to quantifying a suspected calibration discontinuity around 1945 (which has been termed the “Waldmeier discontinuity”). We compare R against the composite sunspot group data from the Royal Greenwich Observatory network and the Solar Optical Observing Network, using both the number of sunspot groups, NG, and the total area of the sunspots, AG. In addition, we compare R with the recently developed interdiurnal variability geomagnetic indices IDV and IDV(1d). In all four cases, linearity of the relationship with R is not assumed and care is taken to ensure that the relationship of each with R is the same before and after the putative calibration change. It is shown the probability that a correction is not needed is of order 10−8 and that R is indeed too low before 1945. The optimum correction to R for values before 1945 is found to be 11.6%, 11.7%, 10.3%, and 7.9% using AG, NG, IDV, and IDV(1d), respectively. The optimum value obtained by combining the sunspot group data is 11.6% with an uncertainty range 8.1–14.8% at the 2σ level. The geomagnetic indices provide an independent yet less stringent test but do give values that fall within the 2σ uncertainty band with optimum values are slightly lower than from the sunspot group data. The probability of the correction needed being as large as 20%, as advocated by Svalgaard (2011), is shown to be 1.6 × 10−5.
Assessing the impact of space weather on the electric power grid based on insurance claims for industrial electrical equipment
Authors: Schrijver C. J. , Dobbins R. , Murtagh W. , Petrinec S. M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents are known to induce disturbances in the electric power grid. Here we perform a statistical analysis of 11,242 insurance claims from 2000 through 2010 for equipment losses and related business interruptions in North American commercial organizations that are associated with damage to, or malfunction of, electrical and electronic equipment. We find that claim rates are elevated on days with elevated geomagnetic activity by approximately 20% for the top 5% and by about 10% for the top third of most active days ranked by daily maximum variability of the geomagnetic field. When focusing on the claims explicitly attributed to electrical surges (amounting to more than half the total sample), we find that the dependence of claim rates on geomagnetic activity mirrors that of major disturbances in the U.S. high‐voltage electric power grid. The claim statistics thus reveal that large‐scale geomagnetic variability couples into the low‐voltage power distribution network and that related power‐quality variations can cause malfunctions and failures in electrical and electronic devices that, in turn, lead to an estimated 500 claims per average year within North America. We discuss the possible magnitude of the full economic impact associated with quality variations in electrical power associated with space weather.
Daily Walking and the Risk of Incident Functional Limitation in Knee Osteoarthritis: An Observational Study
Authors: White Daniel K. , Tudor‐Locke Catrine , Zhang Yuqing , Fielding Roger , LaValley Michael , Felson David T. , Gross K. Douglas , Nevitt Michael C. , Lewis Cora E. , Torner James , Neogi Tuhina 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivePhysical activity is recommended to mitigate functional limitations associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, it is unclear whether walking on its own protects against the development of functional limitation.MethodsWalking over 7 days was objectively measured as steps/day within a cohort of people with or at risk of knee OA from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Incident functional limitation over 2 years was defined by performance‐based (gait speed <1.0 meter/second) and self‐report (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical function score >28 of 68) measures. We evaluated the association of steps/day at baseline with developing functional limitation 2 years later by calculating risk ratios adjusted for potential confounders. The number of steps/day that best distinguished risk for developing functional limitation was estimated from the maximum distance from chance on receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsAmong 1,788 participants (mean age 67 years, mean body mass index 31 kg/m2, 60% women), each additional 1,000 steps/day was associated with a 16% and 18% reduction in incident functional limitation by performance‐based and self‐report measures, respectively. Walking <6,000 and <5,900 steps/day were the best thresholds to distinguish incident functional limitation by performance‐based (sensitivity 67.3%, specificity 71.8%) and self‐report (sensitivity 58.7%, specificity 68.9%) measures, respectively.ConclusionMore walking was associated with less risk of functional limitation over 2 years. Walking >6,000 steps/day provides a preliminary estimate of the level of walking activity to protect against developing functional limitation in people with or at risk of knee OA.
Mimicking Biological Membranes with Programmable Glycan Ligands Self‐Assembled from Amphiphilic Janus Glycodendrimers
Authors: Zhang Shaodong , Moussodia Ralph‐Olivier , Sun Hao‐Jan , Leowanawat Pawaret , Muncan Adam , Nusbaum Christopher D. , Chelling Kathleen M. , Heiney Paul A. , Klein Michael L. , André Sabine , Roy René , Gabius Hans‐J. , Percec Virgil 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn accelerated modular synthesis produced 18 amphiphilic Janus glycodendrimers with three different topologies formed from either two or one carbohydrate head groups or a mixed constellation with a noncarbohydrate hydrophilic arm. By simple injection of their THF solutions into water or buffer, all of the Janus compounds self‐assembled into uniform, stable, and soft unilamellar vesicles, denoted glycodendrimersomes. The mixed constellation topology glycodendrimersomes were demonstrated to be most efficient in binding plant, bacterial, and human lectins. This evidence with biomedically relevant receptors offers a promising perspective for the application of such glycodendrimersomes in targeted drug delivery, vaccines, and other areas of nanomedicine.