bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXIII.—On a Necessary Correction to the Observed Height of the Barometer depending upon the Force of the Wind
Authors: James Henry 
Published: January 2013

The oscillations of the barometer during gales of wind must have been noticed soon after the invention of the instrument by Torricelli 200 years ago. Every observer is familiar with the fact, that the barometric column is continually rising and falling during gales; and we frequently meet such observations as “Barometer very unsteady,” in Meteorological Registers.In Sir William Reid's work on the Law of Storms, he says, “during the hardest part of the gale (the Bermuda hurricane of 1839) several persons observed remarkable oscillations of the mercury in the tubes of the barometers;” and in a letter which I had the honour to receive from the Astronomer-Royal, Professor Airy, in reply to one from myself on this subject, he says, “I think (but am not certain) that the depression of the barometer at every gust of a gale of wind is an ordinary phenomenon, without reference to the position of the barometer with regard to the direction of the wind. Many years ago I was in the observatory of Marseilles during the blowing of the Mistral (a wind well known there), and there I saw the drop of the barometer at every gust in great perfection. I do not remember the position of the barometer.”
XXXIV.—Summation of a Compound Series, and its Application to a Problem in Probabilities
Authors: Terrot  
Published: January 2013

The series propossed for solution in the follwing paper is—The law of this series is manifest. Each term is the product of two factorials, the first consisting of p, and the latter of q factors. And in each successive term, the factors of the first factorial are each diminished by one, and those of the latter increased by one.
XLII.—Some Observations on Fish, in relation to Diet
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

What are the nutritive qualities of fish, compared with other kinds of animal food? Do different species of fish differ materially in degree in nutritive power? Have fish, as food, any peculiar or special properties? These are questions, amongst many others, which may be asked, but which, in the present state of our knowledge, I apprehend it would be difficult to answer in a manner at all satisfactory.On the present occasion, I shall attempt little more than an opening of the inquiry, and that directed to a few points,—chiefly those alluded to in the foregoing queries.
XIV.—Apparatus for Measuring Strain and Applying Stress, with an Account of some Experiments on the Behaviour of Iron and Steel under Stress
Authors: Coker E. G. 
Published: January 2013

The behaviour of metals under stress has long been the subject of investigation, both by mathematicians and physicists, so that the laws of strength are tolerably complete. Owing to the importance of iron and steel in construction, these materials have been subjected to very extensive tests, particularly in simple tension and compression.Numerous tests of cylindrical iron and steel bars in torsion are also available, the bulk of these being tests to destruction of samples of material used in actual machines and structures designed by engineers. In such tests scientific accuracy is not of much importance, the chief consideration being the obtaining of sufficient data for use in design. The most accurate torsional work upon iron and steel has been the work of physicists, and nearly all their investigations have been conducted upon specimens of very small sectional area; the reasons for this, no doubt, being that such specimens in the form of wires are easily obtainable, and of great uniformity in size and quality, while large test pieces are costly to prepare, and, moreover, cause considerable difficulty in testing, because of the magnitude of the forces involved. Owing to the mode of manufacture, the physical properties of wire often differ to a considerable extent from turned specimens of iron and steel. These differences may be caused by the hardening effect of the drawing, minute cracks in the wires, want of roundness, and the like. It therefore appeared probable that experiments on the lines indicated by physicists would be of some service, and it was with this idea that the investigation was commenced.
XVII.—On the Primary Structure of certain Palæozoic Stems with the Dadoxylon Type of Wood
Authors: Scott D. H. 
Published: January 2013

In a Note published in the Annals of Botany for December 1899, I gave some account of the structure of two stems from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland, provisionally named Araucarioxylon fasciculare, sp. nov., and A. antiquum, Kr. (Witham, sp.).In the present paper these stems are described fully, with the help of illustrations, and others, presenting similar points of interest, are added. The species dealt with are the following:—Calamopitys fascicularis (Araucarioxylon fasciculare of the Note).Calamopitys beinertiana (Araucarioxylon beinertianum, Kr.), (Göpp., sp.).Pitys antiqua, Witham (Araucarioxylon antiquum, Kr. of the Note).Pitys Withami (Pinites Withami, Lindl. & Hutt.).Pitys primœva, Witham.Dadoxylon Spenceri, sp. nov.
XX.—Supplement to the Lower Devonian Fishes of Gemünden
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: January 2013

Since the publication, about a year ago, in the Transactions of this Society, of my paper on the Lower Devonian Fishes of Gemünden, a review of it has appeared in the pages of Science by Professor Bashford Dean, of New York. In this review Professor Dean endeavoured to throw doubts on the correctness of my orientation of the elements of the dermal skeleton of Drepanaspis Gemündenensis, in the following words:—“Thus, his grounds seem inadequate for distinguishing dorsal and ventral sides. In no specimen figured is the relation of the dorsal lobe of the tail shown convincingly to be continuous with the so-called dorsal aspect; moreover, the eyes occur on the side which Traquair regards as ventral. Unless additional evidence is forthcoming, it would accordingly seem to me more probable that the ‘labial’ of Traquair was the ‘rostral’ plate, a structure which appears constant in Heterostracans.
V.—On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields
Authors: Kidston E. 
Published: January 2013

The present paper is the second of the series dealing with the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields. As in previous memoirs, I give a short sketch of the Geology of the coal field, merely for the purpose of indicating the relationship of the beds to each other, from which the fossils have been derived.Various memoirs dealing with the geological structure and resources of the Potteries Coal Field have already appeared, but in these the names applied to the different groups of strata which compose the Potteries Coal Field have generally special application to the local geological features, and do not treat of the Coal Field in its wider relationship, when considered as only forming a part of the Coal Measures as developed in Britain. A similar course has usually been taken in the published memoirs of other British Coal Fields, which makes a comparison of their relative ages, from the data given, very difficult.Although the Mollusea have usually been collected and examined, from their great vertical distribution—in some cases extending throughout the whole range of carboniferous rocks—they as a whole afford little data for the determination of the divisions of the Coal Measures, and unfortunately the fossil plants appear to have received little attention when the memoirs of the various coal fields were being prepared.
XV.—The Development of the Carapace of the Chelonia
Authors: Haycraft John Berry 
Published: January 2013

All observers are agreed that the bones of the plastron and some bones of the carapace are simple membranous bones, arising from centres formed in a pre-existing fibrous membrane. Considerable difference of opinion exists as to the development of the costal and neural plates of the carapace.Owen speaks of the ossification “as extending from the ribs and neural spines into the substance of the neural and costal plates. The ribs and spines enter into the composition of the carapace.”Gegenbaur questions whether the ribs of the Chelonia “are not in reality enormously developed transverse processes, and considers that the neural and costal plates have developed in the integument.”Claus remarks that the spinous processes of eight of “the thoracic vertebræ (2nd to 9th) appear in the middle line as horizontal plates (neural plates), the ribs of the same vertebræ are transformed into broad transverse plates (costal plates).”Huxley says that the neural plates and the costal plates exist as expansions of the cartilages of the neural spines and ribs of the primitive vertebræ, before ossification takes place. This being the case, the “neural and costal are vertebral and not dermal elements, however similar they may be to the nucleal, pygal, and marginal plates.”
Section VII.—The Displacement of the Solutions.
Authors: Buchanan J. Y. 
Published: January 2013

When successive equal quantities of a salt are dissolved in a constant quantity of water, the successive increments of displacement of the solution, so produced, are generally unequal. They are usually the greater, the greater is the amount of salt which has already been dissolved.In order usefully to discuss the change produced by any physical action, it is advisable to compare it with that which would be produced if it acted in accordance with some law which can be specified with precision. If the results observed agree with those calculated in terms of the law postulated, it is good evidence that the particular physical action takes place under the law. If no such agreement appears, then the observed results must be compared with those calculated in terms of the specification of some other law.
Pronominal case and verbal finiteness contingencies in child English
Authors: GRINSTEAD JOHN , DONNELLAN MORGAN , BARAJAS JENNIFER , JOHNSON MARY 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTChild English speakers use nonnominative pronouns in subject position but do not tend to use these types of pronouns with finite verbs. Recent findings demonstrate that knowledge of the pronoun paradigm is relevant to pronoun case errors below the 60% correct finiteness marking level but irrelevant above it. We use a receptive test with children who are above the 60% correct finiteness marking level and show that judgments of nominative case and verb finiteness correlate (r= .549,p< .001,n= 49), consistent with the predictions of case theory. Children at this level of finiteness marking show no asymmetry in feminine versus masculine nonnominative errors, but they do allow third singular–swith nonnominatives, which is problematic for both agreement tense omission model and constructivist priming accounts.
Predicting risk for oral and written language learning difficulties in students educated in a second language
Authors: ERDOS CAROLINE , GENESEE FRED , SAVAGE ROBERT , HAIGH CORINNE 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe extent to which risk for French as a second language (L2) reading and language learning impairment are distinct and can be predicted using first language (L1) predictors was examined in English-speaking students in total French immersion programs. A total of 86 children were tested in fall of kindergarten, spring kindergarten, and spring Grade 1 using an extensive battery of L1 predictor tests (in kindergarten) and L2 outcome tests (in Grade 1). Analyses of the kindergarten predictor scores revealed distinct underlying components, one related to reading and one to oral language. Further analyses revealed that phonological awareness, phonological access, and letter-sound knowledge in L1 were significant predictors of risk for reading difficulties in L2 while performance on L1 sentence repetition, phonological awareness, and tense marking tests in kindergarten were the best predictors of risk for L1 and L2 oral language difficulties. Both fall- and spring-kindergarten predictors predicted Grade 1 outcomes to a significant extent, with the spring-kindergarten predictors being more accurate. These results provide support for distinctive risk profiles for L2 oral language and reading difficulty and, furthermore, argue that assessment of L1 abilities can be used to make reasonably accurate predictions of later reading and/or oral language learning difficulties in L2 students.
A method to reduce ambiguities of qualitative reasoning for conceptual design applications
Authors: D'Amelio Valentina , Chmarra Magdalena K. , Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQualitative reasoning can generate ambiguous behaviors due to the lack of quantitative information. Despite many different research results focusing on ambiguities reduction, fundamentally it is impossible to totally remove ambiguities with only qualitative methods and to guarantee the consistency of results. This prevents the wide use of qualitative reasoning techniques in practical situations, particularly in conceptual design, where qualitative reasoning is considered intrinsically useful. To improve this situation, this paper initially investigates the origin of ambiguities in qualitative reasoning. Then it proposes a method based on intelligent interventions of the user who is able to detect ambiguities, to prioritize interventions on these ambiguities, and to reduce ambiguities based on the least commitment strategy. This interaction method breaks through the limit of qualitative reasoning in practical applications to conceptual design. The method was implemented as a new feature in a software tool called the Knowledge Intensive Engineering Framework in order to be tested and used for a printer design.
Five Supernova Survey Galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere: Supernova Ia Rates
Authors: Hakobyan A. A. , Petrosian A. R. , Mamon G. A. , McLean B. , Kunth D. , Turatto M. , Cappellaro E. , Mannucci F. , Allen R. J. , Panagia N. , Valle M. Della , Petrosyan G. V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBased on the database of 56 supernovae (SNe) events discovered in 3838 galaxies of the southern hemisphere, we compute the rate of SNe of different types along the Hubble sequence normalized to the optical and near-infrared (NIR) luminosities as well as to the stellar mass of the galaxies. We find that the rates of Type Ia SNe show a dependence on both morphology and colors of the galaxies, and therefore, on the star-formation activity. The rate of SNe Ia can be explained by assuming that at least 15% of Ia events in spiral galaxies originate in relatively young stellar populations. We also find that the rates show no modulation with nuclear activity or environment.
The Appearance of Type Ia Supernova Progenitors: If Not SSSs, then What Do They Look Like?
Authors: Di Stefano Rosanne 
Published: January 2013

Abstract“What do the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) look like? How can we hope to find them?” We focus on the epoch during which mass is incident on a white dwarf (WD) at high rates (> 10−7M⊙ yr−1). Such epochs are expected in single-degenerate (SD) progenitors, double-degenerate (DD) progenitors, and in a wide range of binaries with WDs that will not achieve the Chandrasekhar mass, MCh. High-rate accretion onto a WD produces high luminosities through accretion alone; in addition, most calculations show that quasisteady or episodic nuclear burning can occur, increasing the luminosity by more than an order of magnitude. If the photosphere is not much larger than the WD, the emission will have values of kT in the range of tens of eV, and the source will appear as a luminous supersoft x-ray source (SSS). Studies of local SSSs that are good candidates for nuclear-burning WDs (NBWDs) suggest that many have low duty cycles of SSS activity. This is consistent with the fact that binary WD models predict about 100 times as many SSSs in external galaxies of all types as are actually detected. Interstellar absorption does not appear to be the problem. Instead, it is likely that the ~1037−1038 erg s−1 emitted by NBWDs emerges in other wavebands. The challenge we face is to search for highly luminous systems within the Milky Way and nearby galaxies that have unusual properties consistent with NBWDs, and inconsistent with other physical models. Model tests can then be conducted for individual candidates, allowing us to identify large numbers of progenitors years before explosion.
Single Degenerate Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Bours Madelon , Toonen Silvia , Nelemans Gijs 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a general agreement that Type Ia supernovae correspond to the thermonuclear runaway of a white dwarf (WD) in a compact binary. The details of these progenitor systems are still unclear. Using the population synthesis code SeBa and several assumption for the WD retention efficiency, we estimate the delay times and supernova rates for the single degenerate scenario.
Constraining the Properties of SNe Ia Progenitors from Light Curves
Authors: Sadler B. , Hoeflich Peter , Baron E. , Krisciunas K. , Folatelli G. , Hamuy M. , Khokhlov M. , Phillips M. , Suntzeff N. , Wang L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe present an analysis of high precision V light curves (LC) for 18 local Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as obtained with the same telescope and setup at the Las Campanas Observatory (LCO). This homogeneity provides an intrinsic accuracy of a few hundredths of a magnitude with respect to individual LCs and between different objects. Based on the single degenerate (SD) scenario, we identify patterns which have been predicted by model calculations as signatures of the progenitor and accretion rate which change the explosion energy and the amount of electron capture, respectively. Using these templates as principle components and the overdetermined system of SNe pairs, we reconstruct the properties of progenitors and progenitor systems. All LCO SNe Ia follow the brightness decline relation except 2001ay. After subtraction of the two components, the remaining scatter is reduced to ≈0.01m−0.03m. SNe Ia seem to originate from progenitors with main-sequence masses MMS > 3 M⊙ with the exception of two subluminous SNe Ia with MMS < 2 M⊙. The component analysis indicates a wide range of accretion rates in the progenitor systems closing the gap to accretion induced collapses (AIC). SN1991t-like objects show differences in decline rate (dm15) but no tracers of our secondary parameters. This may point to a different origin such as the double degenerate or pulsating delayed detonation scenarios. SN2001ay does not follow the decline relation. It can be understood in the framework of C-rich white dwarfs (WDs), and this group may produce an anti-Phillips relation. We suggest that this may be a result of a common envelope phase and mixing during central He burning as in SN1987A.
NGSUtils: a software suite for analyzing and manipulating next-generation sequencing datasets
Authors: Breese Marcus R. , Liu Yunlong 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Summary: NGSUtils is a suite of software tools for manipulating data common to next-generation sequencing experiments, such as FASTQ, BED and BAM format files. These tools provide a stable and modular platform for data management and analysis.
Availability and implementation: NGSUtils is available under a BSD license and works on Mac OS X and Linux systems. Python 2.6+ and virtualenv are required. More information and source code may be obtained from the website: http://ngsutils.org.
Contact: yunliu@iupui.edu
Supplemental information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Fast alignment and comparison of RNA structures
Authors: Wiegels Tim , Bienert Stefan , Torda Andrew E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMotivation: To recognize remote relationships between RNA molecules, one must be able to align structures without regard to sequence similarity. We have implemented a method, which is swift [O(n2)], sensitive and tolerant of large gaps and insertions. Molecules are broken into overlapping fragments, which are characterized by their memberships in a probabilistic classification based on local geometry and H-bonding descriptors. This leads to a probabilistic similarity measure that is used in a conventional dynamic programming method.Results: Examples are given of database searching, the detection of structural similarities, which would not be found using sequence based methods, and comparisons with a previously published approach.Availability and implementation: Source code (C and perl) and binaries for linux are freely available at www.zbh.uni-hamburg.de/fries.Contact: tim.wiegels@gmail.com
Reconciling differential gene expression data with molecular interaction networks
Authors: Poirel Christopher L. , Rahman Ahsanur , Rodrigues Richard R. , Krishnan Arjun , Addesa Jacqueline R. , Murali T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Many techniques have been developed to compute the response network of a cell. A recent trend in this area is to compute response networks of small size, with the rationale that only part of a pathway is often changed by disease and that interpreting small subnetworks is easier than interpreting larger ones. However, these methods may not uncover the spectrum of pathways perturbed in a particular experiment or disease.
Results: To avoid these difficulties, we propose to use algorithms that reconcile case-control DNA microarray data with a molecular interaction network by modifying per-gene differential expression P-values such that two genes connected by an interaction show similar changes in their gene expression values. We provide a novel evaluation of four methods from this class of algorithms. We enumerate three desirable properties that this class of algorithms should address. These properties seek to maintain that the returned gene rankings are specific to the condition being studied. Moreover, to ease interpretation, highly ranked genes should participate in coherent network structures and should be functionally enriched with relevant biological pathways. We comprehensively evaluate the extent to which each algorithm addresses these properties on a compendium of gene expression data for 54 diverse human diseases. We show that the reconciled gene rankings can identify novel disease-related functions that are missed by analyzing expression data alone.
Availability: C++ software implementing our algorithms is available in the NetworkReconciliation package as part of the Biorithm software suite under the GNU General Public License: http://bioinformatics.cs.vt.edu/∼murali/software/biorithm-docs.
Contact: murali@cs.vt.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
gKaKs: the pipeline for genome-level Ka/Ks calculation
Authors: Zhang Chengjun , Wang Jun , Long Manyuan , Fan Chuanzhu 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Summary: gKaKs is a codon-based genome-level Ka/Ks computation pipeline developed and based on programs from four widely used packages: BLAT, BLASTALL (including bl2seq, formatdb and fastacmd), PAML (including codeml and yn00) and KaKs_Calculator (including 10 substitution rate estimation methods). gKaKs can automatically detect and eliminate frameshift mutations and premature stop codons to compute the substitution rates (Ka, Ks and Ka/Ks) between a well-annotated genome and a non-annotated genome or even a poorly assembled scaffold dataset. It is especially useful for newly sequenced genomes that have not been well annotated. We applied gKaKs to estimate the genome-wide substitution rates in five pairs of closely related species. The average Ka and Ks computed by gKaKs were consistent with previous studies. We also compared the Ka, Ks and Ka/Ks of mouse and rat orthologous protein-coding genes estimated by gKaKs and based on the alignments generated by PAL2NAL. Results from two methods are compatible.
Availability and implementation: gKaKs is implemented in Perl and is freely available on http://longlab.uchicago.edu/?q=gKaKs. The detailed user manual is available on the website.
Contact: cfan@wayne.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.