bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in host–parasitoid food web structure with elevation
Authors: Maunsell Sarah C. , Kitching Roger L. , Burwell Chris J. , Morris Rebecca J. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Gradients in elevation are increasingly used to investigate how species respond to changes in local climatic conditions. Whilst many studies have shown elevational patterns in species richness and turnover, little is known about how food web structure is affected by elevation.

Contrasting responses of predator and prey species to elevation may lead to changes in food web structure. We investigated how the quantitative structure of a herbivore‐parasitoid food web changes with elevation in an Australian subtropical rain forest.

On four occasions, spread over 1 year, we hand‐collected leaf miners at twelve sites, along three elevational gradients (between 493 m and 1159 m a.s.l). A total of 5030 insects, including 603 parasitoids, were reared, and summary food webs were created for each site. We also carried out a replicated manipulative experiment by translocating an abundant leaf‐mining weevil Platynotocis sp., which largely escaped parasitism at high elevations (≥900 m a.s.l.), to lower, warmer elevations, to test if it would experience higher parasitism pressure.

We found strong evidence that the environmental change that occurs with increasing elevation affects food web structure. Quantitative measures of generality, vulnerability and interaction evenness decreased significantly with increasing elevation (and decreasing temperature), whilst elevation did not have a significant effect on connectance. Mined plant composition also had a significant effect on generality and vulnerability, but not on interaction evenness. Several relatively abundant species of leaf miner appeared to escape parasitism at higher elevations, but contrary to our prediction, Platynotocis sp. did not experience greater levels of parasitism when translocated to lower elevations.

Our study indicates that leaf‐mining herbivores and their parasitoids respond differently to environmental conditions imposed by elevation, thus producing structural changes in their food webs. Increasing temperatures and changes in vegetation communities that are likely to result from climate change may have a restructuring effect on host–parasitoid food webs. Our translocation experiment, however, indicated that leaf miners currently escaping parasitism at high elevations may not automatically experience higher parasitism under warmer conditions and future changes in food web structure may depend on the ability of parasitoids to adapt to novel hosts.
Complex syntax in autism spectrum disorders: a study of relative clauses
Authors: Durrleman Stephanie , Hippolyte Loyse , Zufferey Sandrine , Iglesias Katia , Hadjikhani Nouchine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe few studies that have evaluated syntax in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have yielded conflicting findings: some suggest that once matched on mental age, ASD and typically developing controls do not differ for grammar, while others report that morphosyntactic deficits are independent of cognitive skills in ASD. There is a need for a better understanding of syntax in ASD and its relation to, or dissociation from, nonverbal abilities.AimsSyntax in ASD was assessed by evaluating subject and object relative clause comprehension in adolescents and adults diagnosed with ASD with a performance IQ within the normal range, and with or without a history of language delay.Methods & ProceduresTwenty‐eight participants with ASD (mean age 21.8) and 28 age‐matched controls (mean age 22.07) were required to point to a character designated by relative clauses that varied in syntactic complexity.Outcomes & ResultsScores indicate that participants with ASD regardless of the language development history perform significantly worse than age‐matched controls with object relative clauses. In addition, participants with ASD with a history of language delay (diagnosed with high‐functioning autism in the DSM‐IV‐TR) perform worse on subject relatives than ASD participants without language delay (diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in the DSM‐IV‐TR), suggesting that these two groups do not have equivalent linguistic abilities. Performance IQ has a positive impact on the success of the task for the population with ASD.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis study reveals subtle grammatical difficulties remaining in adult individuals with ASD within normal IQ range as compared with age‐matched peers. Even in the absence of a history of language delay in childhood, the results suggest that a slight deficit may nevertheless be present and go undetected by standardized language assessments. Both groups with and without language delay have a similar global performance on relative clause comprehension; however, the study also indicates that the participants with reported language delay show more difficulty with subject relatives than the participants without language delay, suggesting the presence of differences in linguistic abilities between these subgroups of ASD.
Prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism and potential predictors: a rapid appraisal among ≥45 years old residents of southern Tajikistan 葡萄糖代谢受损的患病率以及潜在的预测因子：一项针对塔吉克斯坦南部年龄 ≥45岁居民的快速评估
Authors: Matthys Barbara , Steinmann Peter , Karimova Gulzira , Tagoev Tohirjon , Abdurahmonov Amridin , Costa Joao , Kasimova Salomat J. , Wyss Kaspar 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundAn estimated 2% of all deaths in Tajikistan can be attributed to diabetes but reliable data are scarce for the country and across Central Asia. We assessed the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and associated predictors among residents aged ≥45 years in two districts in southern Tajikistan.MethodsA population‐representative survey following the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance and including a two‐stage cluster sampling was conducted. Enrolled participants were asked about risk factors for diabetes, and blood pressure, height and weight were measured. The blood glucose level was determined after overnight fasting, and the 2 h oral glucose tolerance test was performed if indicated.ResultsComplete datasets were available for 584 out of 672 study participants. One third of the cohort was male and half were 45–54 years old. Overall, 21.2% of the participants were found to be diabetic, 5.1% had impaired glucose tolerance and 4.3% impaired fasting glucose. An elevated body mass index ≥25 was observed in 61.5% of the cohort and an elevated blood pressure in 45.6% (systolic, cut‐off 140 mm Hg) and 52.3% (diastolic, cut‐off 90 mm Hg) respectively. Half of the participants classified as diabetic were aware of their status.ConclusionsImpaired glucose tolerance and overweight are common among elderly residents of southern Tajikistan. Primary health care services should be strengthened to improve early detection and ensure adequate treatment of diabetes and quality of care. Community‐based awareness rising about available peripheral services is crucial.
Dysregulation of the MIRLET7/HMGA2 axis with methylation of the CDKN2A promoter in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Harada‐Shirado Kayo , Ikeda Kazuhiko , Ogawa Kazuei , Ohkawara Hiroshi , Kimura Hideo , Kai Tatsuyuki , Noji Hideyoshi , Morishita Soji , Komatsu Norio , Takeishi Yasuchika 
Published: September 2014

SummaryOverexpression of high mobility group AT‐hook 2 (Hmga2), which is negatively regulated by MIRLET7 micro RNAs through 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR), causes proliferative haematopoiesis mimicking myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and contributes to progression of myelofibrosis in mice. Thus, we investigated HMGA2 mRNA expression in 66 patients with MPNs including 23 polycythaemia vera (PV), 33 essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and 10 primary myelofibrosis (PMF). HMGA2 mRNA expression, especially variant 1 with 3′UTR that contains MIRLET7‐specific sites, rather than variant 2 lacking 3′UTR, is frequently deregulated due to decreased MIRLET7 expression in granulocytes from over 20% of PV and ET, and in either granulocytes or CD34+ cells from 100% of PMF. Patients with deregulated HMGA2 mRNA expression were significantly more likely to show splenomegaly, high serum lactate dehydrogenase values, and methylation of the CDKN2A promoter compared with other patients without deregulation of HMGA2. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat, significantly increased MIRLET7 expression and reduced variant 1 of HMGA2 mRNA expression, but not variant 2, in both U937 cells and PMF‐derived CD34+ cells. Moreover, both panobinostat and small interfering RNA of HMGA2 demethylated the CDKN2A promoter in U937 cells. In conclusion, the frequently dysregulated MIRLET7/HMGA2 axis could be a therapeutic target in MPNs.
The return of metabolism: biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway
Authors: Stincone Anna , Prigione Alessandro , Cramer Thorsten , Wamelink Mirjam M. C. , Campbell Kate , Cheung Eric , Olin‐Sandoval Viridiana , Grüning Nana‐Maria , Krüger Antje , Tauqeer Alam Mohammad , Keller Markus A. , Breitenbach Michael , Brindle Kevin M. , Rabinowitz Joshua D. , Ralser Markus 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a fundamental component of cellular metabolism. ThePPPis important to maintain carbon homoeostasis, to provide precursors for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, to provide reducing molecules for anabolism, and to defeat oxidative stress. ThePPPshares reactions with the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and Calvin cycle and divides into an oxidative and non‐oxidative branch. The oxidative branch is highly active in most eukaryotes and converts glucose 6‐phosphate into carbon dioxide, ribulose 5‐phosphate andNADPH. The latter function is critical to maintain redox balance under stress situations, when cells proliferate rapidly, in ageing, and for the ‘Warburg effect’ of cancer cells. The non‐oxidative branch instead is virtually ubiquitous, and metabolizes the glycolytic intermediates fructose 6‐phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate as well as sedoheptulose sugars, yielding ribose 5‐phosphate for the synthesis of nucleic acids and sugar phosphate precursors for the synthesis of amino acids. Whereas the oxidativePPPis considered unidirectional, the non‐oxidative branch can supply glycolysis with intermediates derived from ribose 5‐phosphate andvice versa, depending on the biochemical demand. These functions require dynamic regulation of thePPPpathway that is achieved through hierarchical interactions between transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Consequently, the biochemistry and regulation of this pathway, while still unresolved in many cases, are archetypal for the dynamics of the metabolic network of the cell. In this comprehensive article we review seminal work that led to the discovery and description of the pathway that date back now for 80 years, and address recent results about genetic and metabolic mechanisms that regulate its activity. These biochemical principles are discussed in the context ofPPPdeficiencies causing metabolic disease and the role of this pathway in biotechnology, bacterial and parasite infections, neurons, stem cell potency and cancer metabolism.
A randomized controlled trial comparing interim acrylic prostheses with and without cast metal base for immediate loading of dental implants in the edentulous mandible
Authors: Thomé Eloana , Lee Hyung Joo , Sartori Ivete Aparecida de Mattias , Trevisan Roseli Latenek , Luiz Jaques , Tiossi Rodrigo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectivesThis randomized controlled trial used resonance frequency analysis (RFA) to assess the effects of the presence or absence of a cast rigid bar splinting multiple implants in the stability of immediately loaded implants.Material and MethodsTwenty‐nine edentulous patients were randomly divided into two groups: G1 with full‐arch implant‐fixed prostheses and G2 with multiple implant splinting via acrylic resin denture bases. All implants were immediately loaded. RFA measurements assessed implant stability at three different times (T0 – at baseline, T1 – 4 months, and T2 – 8 months. Wilcoxon and Friedman tests and a multivariate model with repeated measures for longitudinal data were used for statistical comparison (α = 0.05).ResultsTwenty‐nine patients were assessed (G1 = 15 and G2 = 14). Implant and prostheses survival rates were 100% for both groups after the 8‐month observation period and no significant differences in the mean ISQ values were found at the different implant stability assessment times (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe different splinting protocols did not appear to affect implant stability during the 8‐month observation period.
Additive effects of climate change on connectivity between marine protected areas and larval supply to fished areas
Authors: Andrello Marco , Mouillot David , Somot Samuel , Thuiller Wilfried , Manel Stéphanie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo study the combined effects of climate change on connectivity between marine protected areas (MPAs) and larval supply to the continental shelf.LocationThe Mediterranean Sea, where sea surface temperatures are expected to strongly increase by the end of the 21st century, represents an archetypal situation with a denseMPAnetwork but resource overexploitation outside.MethodsUsing an individual‐based mechanistic model of larval transport, forced with an emission‐driven regional climate change scenario for the Mediterranean Sea, we explored the combined effects of changes in hydrodynamics, adult reproductive timing and larval dispersal on the connectivity amongMPAs and their ability to seed fished areas with larvae.ResultsWe show that, over the period 1970–2099, larval dispersal distances would decrease by 10%, the continental shelf area seeded with larvae would decrease by 3% and the larval retention fraction would increase by 5%, resulting in higher concentration of larvae in smaller areas of the continental shelf. However, connectance within theMPAnetwork would increase by 5% as more northernMPAs would become suitable for reproduction with increasing temperatures. We also show that the effects of changes in adult reproductive timing and larval dispersal on connectivity patterns are additive.Main conclusionsClimate change will influence connectivity and the effectiveness ofMPAnetworks, and should receive more attention in future conservation planning and large‐scale population dynamics.
Notch1 activity in the olfactory bulb is odour‐dependent and contributes to olfactory behaviour
Authors: Brai Emanuele , Marathe Swananda , Zentilin Lorena , Giacca Mauro , Nimpf Johannes , Kretz Robert , Scotti Alessandra , Alberi Lavinia 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNotch signalling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory functions in both Drosophila and rodents. In this paper, we report that this feature is not restricted to hippocampal networks but also involves the olfactory bulb (OB). Odour discrimination and olfactory learning in rodents are essential for survival. Notch1 expression is enriched in mitral cells of the mouse OB. These principal neurons are responsive to specific input odorants and relay the signal to the olfactory cortex. Olfactory stimulation activates a subset of mitral cells, which show an increase in Notch activity. In Notch1cKOKln mice, the loss of Notch1 in mitral cells affects the magnitude of the neuronal response to olfactory stimuli. In addition, Notch1cKOKln mice display reduced olfactory aversion to propionic acid as compared to wildtype controls. This indicates, for the first time, that Notch1 is involved in olfactory processing and may contribute to olfactory behaviour.
Headache cessation by an educational intervention in grammar schools: a cluster randomized trial
Authors: Albers L. , Heinen F. , Landgraf M. , Straube A. , Blum B. , Filippopulos F. , Lehmann S. , Mansmann U. , Berger U. , Akboga Y. , von Kries R. 
Published: September 2014

Background and purposeHeadache is a common health problem in adolescents. There are a number of risk factors for headache in adolescents that are amenable to intervention. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a low‐level headache prevention programme in the classroom setting to prevent these risk factors.MethodsIn all, 1674 students in 8th–10th grade at 12 grammar schools in greater Munich, Germany, were cluster randomized into intervention and control groups. A standardized 60‐min prevention lesson focusing on preventable risk factors for headache (physical inactivity, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption and smoking) and providing instructions on stress management and neck and shoulder muscle relaxation exercises was given in a classroom setting. Seven months later, students were reassessed. The main outcome parameter was headache cessation. Logistic regression models with random effects for cluster and adjustment for baseline risk factors were calculated.ResultsNine hundred students (intervention group N = 450, control group N = 450) with headache at baseline and complete data for headache and confounders were included in the analysis. Headache cessation was observed in 9.78% of the control group compared with 16.22% in the intervention group (number needed to treat = 16). Accounting for cluster effects and confounders, the probability of headache cessation in the intervention group was 1.77 (95% confidence interval = [1.08; 2.90]) higher than in the control group. The effect was most pronounced in adolescents with tension‐type headache: odds ratio = 2.11 (95% confidence interval = [1.15; 3.80]).ConclusionOur study demonstrates the effectiveness of a one‐time, classroom‐based headache prevention programme.
A multisite controlled study of risk factors in pediatric psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Plioplys Sigita , Doss Julia , Siddarth Prabha , Bursch Brenda , Falcone Tatiana , Forgey Marcy , Hinman Kyle , LaFrance W. Curt , Laptook Rebecca , Shaw Richard J. , Weisbrot Deborah M. , Willis Matthew D. , Caplan Rochelle 
Published: September 2014

SummaryObjectivePsychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) in youth are symptoms of a difficult to diagnose and treat conversion disorder. PNES is associated with high medical and psychiatric morbidity, but specific PNES risk factors in the pediatric population are not known. We examined if youth with PNES have a distinct biopsychosocial risk factor profile compared to their siblings and if the interrelationships between these risk factors differentiate the PNES probands from the sibling group.MethodsThis multisite study included 55 youth with a confirmed diagnosis of PNES (age range 8.6–18.4 years) and their 35 sibling controls (age range 8.6–18.1 years). A video EEG and psychiatric assessment confirmed the PNES diagnosis. Parents reported on each child's past and present medical/epilepsy, psychiatric, family, and educational history. Each child underwent a structured psychiatric interview, standardized cognitive and academic achievement testing, and completed self‐report coping, daily stress, adversities, and parental bonding questionnaires.ResultsCompared to their siblings, the PNES probands had significantly more lifetime comorbid medical, neurological (including epilepsy), and psychiatric problems; used more medications and intensive medical services; had more higher anxiety sensitivity, practiced solitary emotional coping, and experienced more lifetime adversities. A principal components analysis of these variables identified a somatopsychiatric, adversity, epilepsy, and cognitive component. The somatopsychiatric and adversity components differentiated the probands from the siblings, and were highly significant predictors of PNES with odds ratios of 15.1 (95% CI [3.4, 67.3], and 9.5 (95% CI [2.0, 45.7]), respectively. The epilepsy and cognitive components did not differentiate between the PNES and sibling groups.SignificanceThese findings highlight the complex biopsychosocial and distinct vulnerability profile of pediatric PNES. They also underscore the need for screening the interrelated risk factors included in the somatopsychiatric and adversity components and subsequent mental health referral for confirmation of the diagnosis and treatment of youth with PNES.
Safety of a dedicated brain MRI protocol in patients with a vagus nerve stimulator
Authors: de Jonge Jeroen C. , Melis Gerrit I. , Gebbink Tineke A. , de Kort Gérard A. P. , Leijten Frans S. S. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAlthough implanted metallic devices constitute a relative contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, the safety of brain imaging in a patient with a vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) is classified as “conditional,” provided that specific manufacturer guidelines are followed when a transmit and receive head coil is used at 1.5 or 3.0 Tesla. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of performing brain MRI scans in patients with the VNS. From September 2009 until November 2011, 101 scans were requested in 73 patients with the VNS in The Netherlands. Patients were scanned according to the manufacturer's guidelines. No patient reported any side effect, discomfort, or pain during or after the MRI scan. In one patient, a lead break was detected based on device diagnostics after the MRI‐scan. However, because no system diagnostics had been performed prior to MR scanning in this patient, it is unclear whether MR scanning was responsible for the lead break. The indication for most scans was epilepsy related. Twenty‐six scans (26%) were part of a (new) presurgical evaluation and could probably better have been performed prior to VNS implantation. Performing brain MRI scans in patients with an implanted VNS is safe when a modified MRI protocol is followed.
Premature mortality in poor health and low income adults with epilepsy
Authors: Kaiboriboon Kitti , Schiltz Nicholas K. , Bakaki Paul M. , Lhatoo Samden D. , Koroukian Siran M. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo examine mortality and causes of death (CODs) in socioeconomically disadvantaged persons with epilepsy (PWEs) in the United States.MethodsWe performed a retrospective open cohort analysis using Ohio Medicaid claims data between 1992 and 2008 to assess mortality and COD in 68,785 adult Medicaid beneficiaries with epilepsy. Case fatality (CF), mortality rates (MRs), standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and years of potential life lost (YPLLs) were calculated. The SMRs were estimated to compare risk of death in PWEs with that in the general Medicaid population with and without disabilities. Proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs), YPLLs, and SMRs for specific COD were also obtained.ResultsThere were 12,630 deaths in PWEs. CF was 18.4%, the age‐race‐sex adjusted MR was 18.6/1,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.3–18.9). The SMR was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.8–1.9) when compared to the general Medicaid population, and was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3–1.6) when compared to those with disabilities. The average YPLL was 16.9 years (range 1–47 years). Both epilepsy and comorbid conditions significantly contributed to premature mortality in PWEs. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and unintentional injuries were the most common COD and account for a large proportion of YPLLs. Deaths from epilepsy‐related causes occurred in about 10% of the cases.SignificanceSocioeconomically deprived PWEs, especially young adults, experience high mortality and die 17 years prematurely. The high mortality in Medicaid beneficiaries with epilepsy affirms that comorbid conditions and epilepsy play a crucial role in premature death. Management of comorbid conditions is, at a minimum, as important as epilepsy management, and therefore deserves more attention from physicians, particularly those who care for Medicaid beneficiaries with epilepsy.