bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benjamin Disraeli
Authors: Clausson Nils 
Published: July 2014

Benjamin Disraeli (b. 1804–d. 1881) is unique among Victorian novelists in that, outside of specialists in Victorian literature, he is much better known as a politician and statesman (he was leader of the Conservative Party, and twice prime minister) than as a novelist. Historians are as interested in him as are literary critics, if not more so, and consequently his novels have long been mined for information about Disraeli the historical figure rather than approached as works of literature and studied in relation to literary history in the nineteenth century. His novels have been read with two principal goals in mind: (1) to better understand the mind of the enigmatic man who wrote them, and (2) as historical documents that will shed light on Disraeli’s political career and the policies he advocated. The first of these approaches has tended to produce biographical readings of the novels, even in a time when biographical approaches to literature are no longer fashionable. The goal of historians and literary critics alike has been to peep behind the mask and uncover the real Disraeli. The second approach, reflecting the turn to history and politics in literary studies, has produced historical readings that tend to see the novels as more or less reliable reflections of ideas existing outside the text, either in history or in politics. Viewing the novels as containers of political ideas, or as reflections of dominant Victorian ideologies, is particularly prevalent in criticism of Disraeli’s major novels—the Young England trilogy consisting of Coningsby (1844), Sybil (1845), and Tancred (1847)—which are widely read either as the manifesto of Young England, a rather loose political grouping of Tory MPs that Disraeli was widely taken to be the leader of, or as examples of a sub-genre of the Victorian novel known, variously, as the “condition-of-England” novel, the social-problem novel, or the industrial novel. When reading criticism of the novels, then, one needs to be aware that much critical commentary on them is not written by literary critics—and thus, strictly speaking, is not literary criticism at all—and is often motivated by non-literary purposes. Nevertheless, in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries there has been a reevaluation of Disraeli by historians and, to a lesser extent, by literary scholars, focusing on “the role played in Disraeli’s conception of life and politics by his Jewishness and his romanticism” (Smith 1996, cited under Biographies). A major new focus of recent criticism of the novels has been the vexing question of Disraeli’s Jewishness and, to a lesser extent, Orientalism in his novels. Particularly after the publication of Edward Said’s influential Orientalism in 1978, there was a renewed interest in the representation of the East in Disraeli’s fiction, with critics divided over whether (as Said claimed) Disraeli contributed to the construction of the Orient as “Other,” or whether he admired Oriental culture and saw his mission as one of reuniting the West with its Eastern origins.
Metabolomic analysis indicates a pivotal role of the hepatotoxin microcystin in high light adaptation of Microcystis
Authors: Meissner Sven , Steinhauser Dirk , Dittmann Elke 
Published: July 2014

SummaryMicrocystis is a freshwater cyanobacterium frequently forming nuisance blooms in the summer months. The genus belongs to the predominant producers of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. The success of Microcystis and its remarkable resistance to high light conditions are not well understood. Here, we have compared the metabolic response of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, its microcystin‐deficient ΔmcyB mutant (Mut) and the cyanobacterial model organism Synechocystis PCC6803 to high light exposure of 250 μmol photons m−2 s−1 using GC/MS‐based metabolomics. Microcystis wild type and Mut show pronounced differences in their metabolic reprogramming upon high light. Seventeen per cent of the detected metabolites showed significant differences between the two genotypes after high light exposure. Whereas the microcystin‐producing wild type shows a faster accumulation of glycolate upon high light illumination, loss of microcystin leads to an accumulation of general stress markers such as trehalose and sucrose. The study further uncovers differences in the high light adaptation of the bloom‐forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Most notably, Microcystis invests more into carbon reserves such as glycogen after high light exposure. Our data shed new light on the lifestyle of bloom‐forming cyanobacteria, the role of the widespread toxin microcystin and the metabolic diversity of cyanobacteria.
Toxin YafQ increases persister cell formation by reducing indole signalling
Authors: Hu Ying , Kwan Brian W. , Osbourne Devon O. , Benedik Michael J. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPersister cells survive antibiotic and other environmental stresses by slowing metabolism. Since toxins of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems have been postulated to be responsible for persister cell formation, we investigated the influence of toxin YafQ of the YafQ/DinJ Escherichia coli TA system on persister cell formation. Under stress, YafQ alters metabolism by cleaving transcripts with in‐frame 5′‐AAA‐G/A‐3′ sites. Production of YafQ increased persister cell formation with multiple antibiotics, and by investigating changes in protein expression, we found that YafQ reduced tryptophanase levels (TnaA mRNA has 16 putative YafQ cleavage sites). Consistently, TnaA mRNA levels were also reduced by YafQ. Tryptophanase is activated in the stationary phase by the stationary‐phase sigma factor RpoS, which was also reduced dramatically upon production of YafQ. Tryptophanase converts tryptophan into indole, and as expected, indole levels were reduced by the production of YafQ. Corroborating the effect of YafQ on persistence, addition of indole reduced persistence. Furthermore, persistence increased upon deleting tnaA, and persistence decreased upon adding tryptophan to the medium to increase indole levels. Also, YafQ production had a much smaller effect on persistence in a strain unable to produce indole. Therefore, YafQ increases persistence by reducing indole, and TA systems are related to cell signalling.
A New Tool for Coding and Interpreting Injuries in Fatal Airplane Crashes: The Crash Injury Pattern Assessment Tool Application to the Air France Flight AF447 Disaster (Rio de Janeiro–Paris), 1st of June 2009
Authors: Schuliar Yves , Chapenoire Stéphane , Miras Alain , Contrand Benjamin , Lagarde Emmanuel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor investigation of air disasters, crash reconstruction is obtained using data from flight recorders, physical evidence from the site, and injuries patterns of the victims. This article describes a new software, Crash Injury Pattern Assessment Tool (CIPAT), to code and analyze injuries. The coding system was derived from the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). Scores were created corresponding to the amount of energy required causing the trauma (ER), and the software was developed to compute summary variables related to the position (assigned seat) of victims. A dataset was built from the postmortem examination of 154/228 victims of the Air France disaster (June 2009), recovered from the Atlantic Ocean after a complex and difficult task at a depth of 12790 ft. The use of CIPAT allowed to precise cause and circumstances of deaths and confirmed major dynamics parameters of the crash event established by the French Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authority.
Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program: A Qualitative Study of Client Experiences and Perceived Effect
Authors: James Thea L. , Bibi Salma , Langlois Breanne K. , Dugan Elizabeth , Mitchell Patricia M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesThis study intended to explore clients’ experiences and provide a contextual basis for understanding their perceptions of the effectiveness of the Boston Medical Center (BMC) Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP).MethodsThis was an exploratory, qualitative study conducted in an urban, Level I trauma center from July 1, 2011 to February 24, 2012. Emergency department (ED) patients older than 18 years with penetrating trauma, and who were enrolled in the VIAP, were eligible. Two trained, qualitative interviewers who were not part of the VIAP obtained consent and conducted in‐depth, semistructured interviews. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, deidentified, coded, and analyzed. Thematic content analysis consistent with grounded theory was used to identify themes related to client experiences with VIAP, life circumstances, challenges to physical and emotional healing postinjury, services provided by VIAP, and perceptions of VIAP's effectiveness.ResultsTwenty subjects were interviewed. Most were male, African American, and younger than 30 years of age, reflecting the overall program's clientele. Most subjects perceived their advocates as caring adults in their lives and cited aspects of the peer support model that helped establish trusting relationships. Major challenges to healing were fear and safety, trust, isolation as a coping mechanism, bitterness, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Every subject noted important services provided by VIAP advocates. Most subjects explicitly stated that they had positive experiences with the VIAP and perceived advocates’ roles as a positive influence, providing client‐centered advocacy, education, and support.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into the lives of 20 BMC VIAP clients and contextualizes their unique challenges. Participants described positive, life‐changing behaviors on their journey to healing through connections to caring, supportive adults. Information gained from this study will help the VIAP to further support its clients. However, future research is needed to identify best practices for ED‐based violence intervention programs and to measure community‐wide efficacy in different settings.
miRNome of Italian Large White pig subcutaneous fat tissue: new miRNAs, isomiRs and moRNAs
Authors: Gaffo Enrico , Zambonelli Paolo , Bisognin Andrea , Bortoluzzi Stefania , Davoli Roberta 
Published: July 2014

SummarySmall RNAs, such as micro‐RNAs (miRNAs), are decisive regulators of gene expression, and they could determine adipose tissue traits. A better knowledge of porcine fat genomics is relevant given that the pig is a biomedical model for metabolic and cardiovascular human pathologies. Adipose tissue is particularly important for the meat industry. We explored the miRNome of two adult Italian Large White pig backfat samples by Illumina RNA‐Seq. Using custom bioinformatic methods, the expressed miRNAs were identified and quantified and the nucleotide sequence variability of miRNA isoforms were analysed. We detected 222 known miRNAs, 68 new miRNAs and 17 miRNA‐offset RNAs (moRNAs) expressed from known hairpins, and 312 new miRNAs expressed from 253 new hairpins. Porcine transcripts targeted by the most expressed miRNAs were predicted, showing that these miRNAs may have an impact on Wnt, insulin signalling and axon guidance pathways. The expression of five small RNAs, including moRNA ssc‐5′‐moR‐21 and a miRNA from a new hairpin, was validated by a qRT‐PCR assay, thus confirming the robustness of our results. The depicted miRNome complexity suggests that quantitative and qualitative features of miRNAs and non‐canonical products of their precursors are worthy of further investigation to clarify their roles in the adipose tissue biology.
Impact of long‐term soft contact lens wear on epithelial flap production and postoperative recovery in laser‐assisted subepithelial keratomileusis
Authors: Ma Fei , Xu Man , Qian Yifeng , Gao Guohong , Dai Jinhui 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the impact and postoperative clinical recovery of long‐term soft contact lens wear on the epithelial flap made during laser‐assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).MethodsIn a prospective study, 371 patients (589 eyes) who underwent LASEK were divided into four groups (G1, G2, G3, G4) according to their length of soft contact lens wear. After the contact lens (CL) was removed 1 week after surgery, various symptoms – uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), oedema of the corneal epithelium, spherical equivalent (SE) and haze degree – were recorded on day 1, and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively.ResultsThere were no significant differences in corneal flap production among the first three groups that wore CLs, but various symptoms and UCVA were all different from the fourth group that did not wear CLs. There were statistically significant differences in oedema of corneal epithelium among the first three groups, and the degree of oedema was positively correlated with the CL wearing time. There were no significant differences in postoperative SE and haze in all four groups.ConclusionsLong‐term soft CL wear can affect production of the epithelial flap and postoperative recovery, including various symptoms, oedema of the central corneal epithelium and visual acuity. In contrast, there was no effect of long‐term CL wear on postoperative mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) and haze.
Bayesian design of superiority clinical trials for recurrent events data with applications to bleeding and transfusion events in myelodyplastic syndrome
Authors: Chen Ming‐Hui , Ibrahim Joseph G. , Zeng Donglin , Hu Kuolung , Jia Catherine 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn many biomedical studies, patients may experience the same type of recurrent event repeatedly over time, such as bleeding, multiple infections and disease. In this article, we propose a Bayesian design to a pivotal clinical trial in which lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients are treated with MDS disease modifying therapies. One of the key study objectives is to demonstrate the investigational product (treatment) effect on reduction of platelet transfusion and bleeding events while receiving MDS therapies. In this context, we propose a new Bayesian approach for the design of superiority clinical trials using recurrent events frailty regression models. Historical recurrent events data from an already completed phase 2 trial are incorporated into the Bayesian design via the partial borrowing power prior of Ibrahim et al. (2012, Biometrics 68, 578–586). An efficient Gibbs sampling algorithm, a predictive data generation algorithm, and a simulation‐based algorithm are developed for sampling from the fitting posterior distribution, generating the predictive recurrent events data, and computing various design quantities such as the type I error rate and power, respectively. An extensive simulation study is conducted to compare the proposed method to the existing frequentist methods and to investigate various operating characteristics of the proposed design.
C‐LOD: Context‐aware Material Level‐of‐Detail applied to Mobile Graphics
Authors: Koulieris G. A. , Drettakis G. , Cunningham D. , Mania K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAttention‐based Level‐Of–Detail (LOD) managers downgrade the quality of areas that are expected to go unnoticed by an observer to economize on computational resources. The perceptibility of lowered visual fidelity is determined by the accuracy of the attention model that assigns quality levels. Most previous attention based LOD managers do not take into account saliency provoked by context, failing to provide consistently accurate attention predictions. In this work, we extend a recent high level saliency model with four additional components yielding more accurate predictions: an object‐intrinsic factor accounting for canonical form of objects, an object‐context factor for contextual isolation of objects, a feature uniqueness term that accounts for the number of salient features in an image, and a temporal context that generates recurring fixations for objects inconsistent with the context. We conduct a perceptual experiment to acquire the weighting factors to initialize our model. We design C‐LOD, a LOD manager that maintains a constant frame rate on mobile devices by dynamically re‐adjusting material quality on secondary visual features of non‐attended objects. In a proof of concept study we establish that by incorporating C‐LOD, complex effects such as parallax occlusion mapping usually omitted in mobile devices can now be employed, without overloading GPU capability and, at the same time, conserving battery power.
Initial External Validation of REGRESS in Public Health Graduate Students
Authors: Kidwell Kelley M. , Enders Felicity B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLinear regression is typically taught as a second and potentially last required (bio)statistics course for Public Health and Clinical and Translational Science students. There has been much research on the attitudes of students toward basic biostatistics, but there has not been much assessing students’ understanding of critical regression topics. The REGRESS (REsearch on Global Regression Expectations in StatisticS) quiz developed at Mayo Clinic utilizes 27 questions to assess understanding for simple and multiple linear regression. We performed an initial external validation of this tool with 117 University of Michigan public health students. We compare the results of pre‐ and postcourse quiz scores from the Michigan cohort to scores of Mayo medical students and professional statisticians. University of Michigan students performed higher than Mayo students on the precourse quiz due to previous related coursework, but did not perform as high postcourse indicating the need for course modification. In the Michigan cohort, REGRESS scores improved by a mean (standard deviation) of 4.6 (3.4), p < 0.0001. Our results support the use of the REGRESS quiz as a learning tool for students and an evaluation tool to identify topics for curricular improvement for teachers, while we highlight future directions of research.
A comparative study of blood alcohol concentrations in Australian night‐time entertainment districts
Authors: Miller Peter , Pennay Amy , Droste Nicolas , Butler Erin , Jenkinson Rebecca , Hyder Shannon , Quinn Brendan , Chikritzhs Tanya , Tomsen Stephen , Wadds Phillip , Jones Sandra C. , Palmer Darren , Barrie Lance , Lam Tina , Gilmore William , Lubman Dan I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThere is little research describing how intoxication levels change throughout the night in entertainment districts. This research aims to describe levels of alcohol intoxication across multiple Australian metropolitan and regional nightlife districts.Design and MethodsThis study was conducted in the night‐time entertainment districts of three metropolitan cities (Sydney, Melbourne and Perth) and two regional cities (Wollongong and Geelong) in Australia. Data collection occurred approximately fortnightly in each city on a Friday or Saturday night between 8 pm and 5 am. Brief structured interviews (3–10 min) and breathalyser tests were undertaken in busy thoroughfares over six months.ResultsOf the 7037 individuals approached to participate in the study, 6998 [61.8% male, mean age 24.89 years (standard deviation 6.37; range 18–73)] agreed to be interviewed. There was a linear increase in blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels throughout the night. Post hoc testing revealed significantly more highly intoxicated participants (i.e. BAC above 0.10 mg of alcohol per 100 mL of blood) after midnight (P < 0.05). The overall mean BAC was 0.06 mg/100 mL. Men were more intoxicated than women earlier in the night, but gender differences disappeared by 3 am. There was no age differences in intoxication earlier in the night, but after midnight, patrons over the age of 21 showed increasing BAC levels.Discussion and ConclusionsThere is a consistent trend across the cities of high to very high levels of intoxication later in the night, with trends after midnight being significantly different to those before. [Miller P, Pennay A, Droste N, Butler E, Jenkinson R, Hyder S, Quinn B, Chikritzhs T, Tomsen S, Wadds P, Jones SC, Palmer D, Barrie L, Lam T, Gilmore W, Lubman DI. A comparative study of blood alcohol concentrations in Australian night‐time entertainment districts. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:338–45]
Ongoing speciation within the Anastrepha fraterculus cryptic species complex: the case of the Andean morphotype
Authors: Devescovi Francisco , Abraham Solana , Roriz Alzira K.P. , Nolazco Norma , Castañeda Rosario , Tadeo Eduardo , Caceres Carlos , Segura Diego F. , Vera M. Teresa , Joachim‐Bravo Iara , Canal Nelson , Rull Juan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) cryptic species complex is currently composed of seven taxonomically recognized morphotypes. Both, pre‐ and post‐zygotic isolation has been documented among four of these morphotypes, revealing that in fact they appear to be distinct biological entities. In order to progress in the full delimitation of species within the complex, we examined reproductive isolation between a Colombian population of the Andean morphotype and populations belonging to four other morphotypes spanning from Mexico to Argentina. Flies from the Andean morphotype exhibited strong pre‐zygotic mating isolation through temporal partitioning of mating activity. Post‐zygotic isolation was observed for crosses of males of all morphotypes and Andean morphotype females, yet most of the F1 hybrid ♂ × F1 hybrid ♀ self‐crosses showed normal levels of fertility, a finding suggesting a nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction according to previous studies. Overall, the Andean morphotype within the complex also appears to be a distinct biological entity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the understanding of speciation mechanisms in the Neotropical genus Anastrepha.
The dorsal raphe nucleus is integral to negative prediction errors in Pavlovian fear
Authors: Berg Benjamin A. , Schoenbaum Geoffrey , McDannald Michael A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPrediction errors are central to modern learning theories. While brain regions contributing to reward prediction errors have been uncovered, the sources of aversive prediction errors remain largely unknown. Here we used probabilistic and deterministic reinforcement procedures, followed by extinction, to examine the contribution of the dorsal raphe nucleus to negative, aversive prediction errors in Pavlovian fear. Rats with dorsal raphe lesions were able to acquire fear and reduce fear to a non‐reinforced deterministic cue. However, dorsal raphe lesions impaired the reduction of fear to a probabilistic cue and fear extinction to a deterministic cue, both of which involve the use of negative prediction errors. The results point to an integral role for the dorsal raphe nucleus in negative prediction error signaling in Pavlovian fear.
Chemotherapy‐related cardiomyopathy: a neglected aspect of cancer survivorship
Authors: Nolan M. T. , Lowenthal R. M. , Venn A. , Marwick T. H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractImprovements in survival from cancer have led to a large population who are at risk of late complications of chemotherapy. One of the most serious cardiovascular complications is chemotherapy‐related cardiomyopathy (CRC), which may become clinically overt years or even decades after treatment and has over threefold higher mortality rate compared with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The early stages of this condition appear to respond well to cardioprotective medications (i.e. angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, β‐blockers). Periodic cardiac monitoring is necessary in this population to identify patients who would benefit from treatment. Cardio‐oncology clinics have been established in recognition of this hazard in survivorship. This review summarises the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CRC, the evidence base for different non‐invasive imaging modalities for screening and diagnosis and the rationale for treatment.