bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects
Authors: Jacobson Mark Z. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the effects on climate and air pollution of open biomass burning (BB) when heat and moisture fluxes, gases and aerosols (including black and brown carbon, tar balls, and reflective particles), cloud absorption effects (CAEs) I and II, and aerosol semidirect and indirect effects on clouds are treated. It also examines the climate impacts of most anthropogenic heat and moisture fluxes (AHFs and AMFs). Transient 20 year simulations indicate BB may cause a net global warming of ~0.4 K because CAE I (~32% of BB warming), CAE II, semidirect effects, AHFs (~7%), AMFs, and aerosol absorption outweigh direct aerosol cooling and indirect effects, contrary to previous BB studies that did not treat CAEs, AHFs, AMFs, or brown carbon. Some BB warming can be understood in terms of the anticorrelation between instantaneous direct radiative forcing (DRF) changes and surface temperature changes in clouds containing absorbing aerosols. BB may cause ~250,000 (73,000–435,000) premature mortalities/yr, with >90% from particles. AHFs from all sources and AMFs + AHFs from power plants and electricity use each may cause a statistically significant +0.03 K global warming. Solar plus thermal‐IR DRFs were +0.033 (+0.027) W/m2 for all AHFs globally without (with) evaporating cooling water, +0.009 W/m2 for AMFs globally, +0.52 W/m2 (94.3% solar) for all‐source BC outside of clouds plus interstitially between cloud drops at the cloud relative humidity, and +0.06 W/m2 (99.7% solar) for BC inclusions in cloud hydrometeor particles. Modeled post‐1850 biomass, biofuel, and fossil fuel burning, AHFs, AMFs, and urban surfaces accounted for most observed global warming.
Adaptive fuzzy backstepping dynamic surface control for a class of MIMO nonlinear systems with input delays and state time‐varying delays
Authors: Li Junmin , Yue Hongyun 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIn this paper, an adaptive fuzzy backstepping dynamic surface control (DSC) approach is developed for a class of MIMO nonlinear systems with input delays and state time‐varying delays. The unknown continuous nonlinear functions are expressed as the linearly parameterized form by using the fuzzy logic systems, and then, by combining the backstepping technique, the appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, and the ‘minimal learning parameters’ algorithms with the DSC approach, the adaptive fuzzy tracking controller is designed. Our development is able to eliminate the problem of ‘explosion of complexity’ inherent in the existing backstepping‐based methods. It is proven that the proposed design method can guarantee that all the signals in the closed‐loop system are bounded and the tracking error is smaller than a prescribed error bound. Finally, simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutamatergic copy number variants and their role in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Akutagava‐Martins Glaucia Chiyoko , Salatino‐Oliveira Angelica , Genro Julia P. , Contini Verônica , Polanczyk Guilherme , Zeni Cristian , Chazan Rodrigo , Kieling Christian , Anselmi Luciana , Menezes Ana M. B. , Grevet Eugênio H. , Bau Claiton H. D. , Rohde Luis A. , Hutz Mara H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAttention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. The glutamate metabotropic receptor genes (GRMs) have been considered potential candidates for ADHD susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to investigate if copy number variants (CNVs) in GRM1, GRM5, and GRM8 genes are overrepresented in ADHD subjects. A total of 1038 individuals with ADHD and 1057 subjects without this disorder were investigated. No significant difference in the total number of CNVs was found comparing the entire ADHD sample and the population sample without ADHD (P = 0.326, OR = 1.112, 95% CI = 0.762–1.624). The presence of CNVs was associated with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in ADHD samples (P = 0.026, OR = 1.824, 95% CI = 1.066–3.121) but not in the sample of individuals without ADHD. CNVs in GRM5 were associated with presence of anxiety disorders in ADHD cases (P = 0.002, OR = 3.915, 95% CI = 1.631–9.402), but not in individuals without ADHD. Taken together, our results suggest a role for glutamate in ADHD as CNVs in the glutamatergic genes investigated herein were associated with cognitive and clinical characteristics of ADHD individuals. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescent Probes for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection
Authors: Peng Bo , Xian Ming 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule with potent cytoprotective actions. Current results strongly suggest that modulation of H2S levels could have potential therapeutic values for a number of disease states, but its exact mechanisms of action are still unclear. A number of fundamental issues must be addressed to advance our understanding of the biology and clinical potential of H2S in the future. It is important, therefore, to understand the chemistry and properties of H2S and to appreciate the limitation and errors that may be generated when measuring H2S in biological samples. In the past several years a number of fluorescent probes for H2S detection have been developed. These probes are based on H2S‐mediated reactions and are useful research tools. Herein, we provide an overview of current progress in this field. The development and properties of representative probes are discussed.
Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ueda Peter , Rafatnia Farshid , Bäärnhielm Maria , Fröbom Robin , Korzunowicz Greg , Lönnerbro Ragnar , Hedström Anna Karin , Eyles Darryl , Olsson Tomas , Alfredsson Lars 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveLow vitamin D status at birth may be associated with risk of adult onset multiple sclerosis, but this link has not been studied directly. We assessed the relation between neonatal vitamin D concentrations, measured in stored blood samples, and risk of multiple sclerosis.MethodsThis was a population‐based case–control study in Sweden including 459 incident cases of multiple sclerosis and 663 controls, randomly drawn from a national population registry and frequency matched on sex, age, and residential area.ResultsThere was no association between neonatal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D quintile and risk of multiple sclerosis (crude odds ratio = 1.0, 95% confidence interval = 0.68–1.44, for the highest quintile compared to the lowest). Adjusting for a number of potential confounding factors in early life (month of birth, latitude of birth, breastfeeding) and in adult life (25‐hydroxyvitamin D, sun exposure, vitamin D intake from dairy products, fatty fish consumption, smoking, body mass index at 20 years of age) as well as ancestry, multiple sclerosis heredity, and socioeconomic group did not considerably affect the result.InterpretationAt a broad population level, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D at birth was not associated with risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2014;76:338–346
Dipalladium Catalyst for Olefin Polymerization: Introduction of Acrylate Units into the Main Chain of Branched Polyethylene
Authors: Takano Shigenaga , Takeuchi Daisuke , Osakada Kohtaro , Akamatsu Norihisa , Shishido Atsushi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA dipalladium complex with a double‐decker structure catalyzes ethylene–acrylate copolymerization to produce the branched polymer containing the acrylate units in the polymer chain, not at the branch terminus. The cooperation of the two palladium centers, which are fixed in a rigid framework of the macrocyclic ligand, is proposed to have a significant dinuclear effect on the copolymerization.
Kettenterminierende und durch Click‐Chemie modifizierbare NAD+‐Analoga zur Markierung von Zielproteinen der ADP‐Ribosyltransferasen
Authors: Wang Yan , Rösner Daniel , Grzywa Magdalena , Marx Andreas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractADP‐Ribosyltransferasen (ARTs) nutzen NAD+ als Substrat und spielen aufgrund der Übertragung von mehreren ADP‐Ribose‐Einheiten sowie der Bildung von Poly(ADP‐Ribose)(PAR)‐Ketten unterschiedlicher Länge an Zielproteinen eine wichtige Rolle in vielen biologischen Prozessen wie der DNA‐Schadensantwort und der Zellzyklusregulierung. Bestrebungen, die Zielproteine der PARylierung sowie deren spezifischen ADP‐Ribose‐Akzeptorstellen zu identifizieren, müssen die Komplexität der PAR überwinden. Wir berichten hier von neuen NAD+‐Analoga, die effizient durch Wildtyp‐ARTs verarbeitet werden und infolge der Abwesenheit benötigter Hydroxygruppen zum Kettenabbruch führen, was zu einer Verringerung der Komplexität dieser Proteinmodifikation führt. Die Anwesenheit einer Alkingruppe in den hier vorgestellten NAD+‐Analoga ermöglicht die anschließende Markierung mit Farbstoffen oder Affinitätsmarkern mittels Click‐Chemie. Diese Studie bietet Einsicht in das ART‐Substratspektrum und könnte den Weg für weitere Entwicklungen chemischer Werkzeuge zur Erforschung des PAR‐Metabolismus bereiten.
[2+2] Cycloaddition of 1,3‐Dienes by Visible Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Hurtley Anna E. , Lu Zhan , Yoon Tehshik P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract[2+2] Photocycloadditions of 1,3‐dienes represent a powerful yet synthetically underutilized class of reactions. We report that visible light absorbing transition metal complexes enable the [2+2] cycloaddition of a diverse range of 1,3‐dienes. The ability to use long‐wavelength visible light is attractive because these reaction conditions tolerate the presence of sensitive functional groups that might be readily decomposed by the high‐energy UVC radiation required for direct photoexcitation of 1,3‐dienes. The resulting vinylcyclobutane products are poised for a variety of further diversification reactions, and this method is consequently expected to be powerfully enabling in the synthesis of complex organic targets.
Potassium 1,1′‐Dinitramino‐5,5′‐bistetrazolate: A Primary Explosive with Fast Detonation and High Initiation Power
Authors: Fischer Dennis , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAdequate primary explosives such as lead azide mostly contain toxic ingredients, which have to be replaced. A new candidate that shows high potential, potassium 1,1′‐dinitramino‐5,5′‐bistetrazolate (K2DNABT), was synthesized by a sophisticated synthetic procedure based on dimethylcarbonate and glyoxal. It was intensively characterized for its chemical (X‐ray diffraction, EA, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy) and physico‐chemical properties (sensitivity towards impact, friction, and electrostatic, DSC). The obtained primary explosive combines good thermal stability with the desired mechanical stability. Owing to its high heat of formation (326 kJ mol−1) and density (2.11 g cm−3), impressive values for its detonation velocity (8330 m s−1) and pressure (311 kbar) were computed. Its superior calculated performance output was successfully confirmed and demonstrated by different convenient energetic test methods.
Efficient Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Small‐Molecule Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells with Different Electron‐Donating End‐Groups
Authors: Kim Yu Jin , Back Jang Yeol , Kim Seul‐Ong , Jeon Chan‐Woo , Park Chan Eon , Kim Yun‐Hi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA series of small molecules that contained identical π‐spacers (ethyne), a central diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit, and different aromatic electron‐donating end‐groups were synthesized and used in organic solar cells (OSCs) to study the effect of electron‐donating groups on the device performance. The three compounds, DPP‐A‐Ph, DPP‐A‐Na, and DPP‐A‐An, possessed intense absorption bands that covered a wide range, from 350 to 750 nm, and relatively low HOMO energy levels, from −5.50 to −5.55 eV. DPP‐A‐An, which contained anthracene end‐groups, demonstrated a stronger absorbance and a higher hole mobility than DPP‐A‐Ph, which contained phenyl groups, and DPP‐A‐Na, which contained naphthalene units. The power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs based on organic:PC71BM blends (1:1, w/w) with a processed DIO additive were 3.93 % for DPP‐A‐An, 3.02 % for DPP‐Na, and 2.26 % for DPP‐A‐Ph. These findings suggest that a DPP core that is functionalized with electron‐donating capping groups constitutes a promising new class of solution‐processable small molecules for OSC applications.
Immortal time bias in observational studies of drug effects in pregnancy
Authors: Matok Ilan , Azoulay Laurent , Yin Hui , Suissa Samy 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThe use of decongestants during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy has been associated with a decreased risk of preterm delivery in two observational studies. This effect may have been subject to immortal time bias, a bias arising from the improper classification of exposure during follow‐up. We illustrate this bias by repeating the studies using a different data source.MethodsThe United Kingdom Hospital Episodes Statistics and the Clinical Practice Research Datalink databases were linked to identify all live singleton pregnancies among women aged 15 to 45 years between 1997 and 2012. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals of preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) by considering the use of decongestants during the third trimester as a time‐fixed (biased analysis which misclassifies unexposed person‐time as exposed person‐time) and time‐varying exposure (unbiased analysis with proper classification of unexposed person‐time). All models were adjusted for maternal age, smoking status, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension, preeclampsia, and parity.ResultsOf the 195,582 singleton deliveries, 10,248 (5.2%) were born preterm. In the time‐fixed analysis, the HR of preterm delivery for the use of decongestants was below the null and suggestive of a 46% decreased risk (adjusted HR = 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–1.20). In contrast, the HR was closer to null (adjusted HR = 0.93 95% confidence interval, 0.42–2.06) when the use of decongestants was treated as a time‐varying variable.ConclusionStudies of drug safety in pregnancy should use the appropriate statistical techniques to avoid immortal time bias, particularly when the exposure occurs at later stages of pregnancy. Birth Defects Research, 100:658–662, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monitoring der Seitenhafenbrücke in Wien
Authors: Geier Roman , Mack Thomas , Krebes Erich 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren wurden, aufgrund der zahlreichen Vorteile integraler Brücken über den Lebenszyklus, vermehrt lager‐ und fugenlose Brücken geplant und errichtet. Die Akzeptanz seitens der Bauherren gegenüber diesem Brückentyp ist inzwischen auch bei größeren Tragwerkslängen bis 100 m durchaus gegeben. Bei zunehmender Länge haben jedoch Langzeiteffekte sowie Temperaturschwankungen deutliche Auswirkungen auf die Bewegungen und damit die Boden‐Bauwerks‐Interaktion, die für ein langes integrales Bauwerk bemessungsrelevant sein können.Die in diesem Bericht präsentierte Seitenhafenbrücke in Wien ist die aktuell längste integrale Brücke in Österreich. Aufgrund einer Gesamtlänge von rund 130 m sowie einiger bautechnischer Besonderheiten wurde vom Bauherren ein umfangreiches Monitoringsystem zur Überwachung des Bauwerksverhaltens ausgeschrieben und eingebaut. Dieses nimmt seit der Eröffnung des Bauwerks im November 2011 unterbrechungsfrei Messdaten auf.Es werden dauerhaft die Temperaturen und die Bauwerksbewegungen wie Durchbiegungen, Neigungen, Längenänderungen und der Erddruck am Widerlager gemessen. Die Daten werden laufend ausgewertet und in Berichten für den Bauherren im Vergleich zu den Annahmen der statischen Berechnung zusammengefasst, um Aufschluss über das tatsächliche Bauwerksverhalten zu geben.Monitoring of the Seitenhafenbridge in ViennaMore and more bridges without bearings and expansion joints have been designed and built in recent years as a result of the numerous advantages which integral bridges have all through their life cycle. This type of a bridge with larger load bearing structures not exceeding 100 m has been accepted meanwhile also by clients. With increasing length however, temperature variations have significant effects on the movements and thus on the soil‐structure interaction which, when we speak about a long integral construction, is relevant in terms of design.The Seitenhafenbridge in Vienna presented in this article is currently the longest integral bridge in Austria. Having regard to its total length of about 130 meters, the client requested and installed a complex system for the monitoring of the movements of the construction. This system is gathering measuring data since opening of the bridge in November 2011 without any interruptions.The monitoring system constantly measures the temperatures and the movements of the construction, like for example deflection, inclination, length variation and earth pressure at the abutment. The data are continuously assessed and summed up in intermediary reports for the client in order to provide an overview on the actual behaviour of the structure.
Monitoring des realen Grades der Ermüdungsschädigung in Betonstrukturen
Authors: Urban Susanne , Wagner Richard , Strauss Alfred , Dallinger Sonja , Reiterer Michael , Dehlinger Christian , Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNach den heutigen aktuell gültigen Normen und Vorschriften (z. B. CEB‐FIP‐Model Code 2010 [1]) werden für den Ermüdungsnachweis und auch für die Bestimmung des Schädigungsgrades von Betonbauteilen Lastzyklen gezählt und lineare Schadens‐Akkumulations‐Hypothesen angewandt. Die so gewonnenen Ergebnisse entsprechen nicht der Realität, da Beton ein sehr stark nicht lineares Verhalten aufweist. Ein Weg, diese Ergebnisse zu verbessern, ist die Anwendung von Monitoring, um die Veränderung in der inneren Struktur des Betons mittels eines lastunabhängigen Messverfahrens überwachen zu können. In diesem Artikel wird ein Monitoring‐Konzept vorgestellt, mit welchem es möglich ist, diese Ziele zu verwirklichen. Die zugehörigen Laborversuche wurden bereits in [2] beschrieben. Nun folgt deren tiefergehende Auswertung. Am Ende dieses Artikels werden dynamische Tests an vorgespannten Monoblockschwellen gezeigt. Diese wurden mithilfe des im Rahmen dieser Veröffentlichung beschriebenen Monitoring‐Konzepts überwacht. Die dadurch erhaltenen Sensormesswerte wurden mit einer numerisch nichtlinearen Simulation der Schwelle korreliert.Monitoring of the real degree of Fatigue deterioration within concrete structures – Research Project MOSESAccording to actual codes and regulations (e.g. CEB‐FIP‐Model Code 2010 [1]) the verification concept for fatigue and the determination of the real degree of deterioration of Concrete structures is based on counted load cycles and the linear Palmgren‐Miner summation. The results gained in this manner will never depict the reality because of the not considered heavily non‐linear behavior of concrete. A way to improve the results is the application of monitoring sensors, which are able to image the changes in the inner part of the concrete matrix independently from applied loads. In this article a monitoring concept will be proposed which can achieve these objectives. The laboratory tests are already described in [2] and now a deeper assessment of the measured results will be made. At the end of this article dynamic tests with prestressed railway sleepers and mounted monitoring system are presented. The measurement data of the sensors will be correlated with results of a numerical nonlinear simulation of the sleeper.
Anti‐Markovnikov Hydroamination of Aromatic Alkenes with Secondary Amines Catalyzed by Easily Accessible Yttrium Complexes
Authors: Germain Stéphane , Schulz Emmanuelle , Hannedouche Jérôme 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBinaphthylamido alkyl yttrium complexes have been proven to promote the anti‐Markovnikov addition between various styrene derivatives and secondary amines efficiently. Although the reaction has to be performed at high temperature, it is realized advantageously with a 1:2 amine/alkene molar ratio to deliver the hydroamination product in a satisfactory isolated yield. Furthermore, the reaction with 2‐vinylpyridine proceeds at room temperature within a few minutes with a low catalyst loading of 1 mol %. The procedure has been extended to a tandem intermolecular anti‐Markovnikov–intramolecular Markovnikov hydroamination for which the chiral precatalyst delivered the targeted product in up to 85 % yield and 48 % enantiomeric excess.
Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide over Self‐Assembled Carbon Nitride and Layered Double Hydroxide: The Role of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment
Authors: Hong Jindui , Zhang Wei , Wang Yabo , Zhou Tianhua , Xu Rong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA self‐assembly of carbon nitride (C3N4) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) was constructed by electrostatic interaction. The pristine nitrate‐intercalated Mg‐Al‐LDH is turned to carbonate LDH through anion exchange during the photoreduction of CO2 in aqueous solution. The carbonate anions enriched in the interlayer of LDH exhibit a remarkably high reduction efficiency to CH4 in the presence of a C3N4 photoabsorber and Pd cocatalyst.
Carbon Nanotube–Gold Nanohybrid Catalyzed N‐Formylation of Amines by using Aqueous Formaldehyde
Authors: Shah Nimesh , Gravel Edmond , Jawale Dhanaji V. , Doris Eric , Namboothiri Irishi N. N. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe N‐formylation of a variety of primary and secondary amines by using aqueous formaldehyde at room temperature in open air affords the corresponding formamides in excellent yield under the catalytic influence of a gold–carbon nanotube nanohybrid. The reaction is also marked by excellent chemoselectivity, low catalyst loading, and recyclability of the catalyst.
Silver‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Esters by Carbene Transfer: The Role of Ylide Zwitterionic Intermediates
Authors: Gava Riccardo , Fuentes M. Ángeles , Besora Maria , Belderrain Tomás R. , Jacob Kane , Maseras Feliu , Etienne Michel , Caballero Ana , Pérez Pedro J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe reaction of esters with ethyl diazoacetate catalyzed by the complex [F27–TpAg(acetone)] generates α‐(acyloxy)acetates in moderate to high yields. This is a novel transformation in the context of carbene‐transfer reactions from diazo compounds that, according to experimental and theoretical data, is suggested to occur through zwitterionic intermediates.
Covalence and Ionicity in MgAgAs‐Type Compounds
Authors: Bende David , Grin Yuri , Wagner Frank R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMgAgAs‐type “half‐Heusler” compounds are known to realize two out of three possible atomic arrangements of this structure type. The number of transition metal components typically determines which of the alternatives is favored. On the basis of DFT calculations for all three variants of 20 eight‐ and eighteen‐valence‐electron compounds, the experimentally observed structural variant was found to be determined by basically two different bonding patterns. They are quantified by employing two complementary position‐space bonding measures. The Madelung energy${E_{\rm{M}}^{{\rm{QTAIM}}} }$calculated with the QTAIM effective charges reflects contributions of the ionic interactions to the total energy. The sum of nearest‐neighbor delocalization indicesςnncharacterizes the covalent interactions through electron sharing. With the aid of these quantities, the energetic sequence of the three atomic arrangements for each compound is rationalized. The resulting systematic is used to predict a scenario in which an untypical atomic arrangement becomes most favorable.