bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study and characterization of starches isolated from unconventional tuber sources
Authors: Valencia Germán Ayala , Henao Ana Cecilia Agudelo , Zapata Rubén Antonio Vargas 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Some properties of canna (Canna indica L.) and bore (Alocasia macrorrhiza) starches were evaluated and compared using cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as a reference. Proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and viscosity measurements were performed. Canna and bore starches showed a similar degree of purity as that of the cassava starch. Canna starch exhibited higher thermal stability and viscosity of solution values than those of bore and cassava starches. XRD spectra showed that canna starch crystallizes as a B-type structure; however, bore and cassava starches crystallize as an A-type structure. Results proved that canna and bore starches are promising bio(materials), obtained from unconventional sources, to be used for industrial applications, as their physicochemical properties are similar to those of cassava starch, which it is known has potential applications in this area.
Effects of matte coating on the paper surface and print density
Authors: Aydemir Cem , Özomay Zafer , Karademir Arif , Kandırmaz Emine Arman 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this work, standard laboratory printing applications with IGT (ISO 12647-2) were applied on uncoated and matte-coated papers using offset inks (DIN ISO 2846-1). Surface roughnesses of uncoated and coated sheets were recorded to be 195 and 13 ml/min, respectively. Air permanence values of uncoated and coated papers were found to be 5.6 and 0.103 μm/Pa·s, respectively. Changes in the print densities were recorded up to 48 h. Print density changes for uncoated and matte-coated papers were surprisingly found to be in similar paths (8% in the first 4 h), although significant differences between surface roughnesses were recorded. Furthermore, paper samples showed similar behaviors for the percent volume changes, where drop volume disappeared within 6 min. It is concluded that matte coating did not have any significant effects on print density change and drop volume change.
Microstructure performance of the ceramics-reinforced laser alloying composite coating on titanium
Authors: Peng Li 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This work was based on the dry sliding wear of Al-Cu-Sn matrix composite coating deposited on titanium using laser alloying technique, the parameters of which were such as to provide almost crack-free coatings with minimum dilution and very low porosity. To our knowledge, it is the first time that Al-Cu-Sn+B4C mixed powders were deposited as hard coating by laser alloying technique. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that a laser alloying coating with metallurgical joint to the substrate was formed, and hard fine particles were produced in the matrix of the upper coating due to the in situ metallurgical reactions. Compared with titanium substrate, improvement of the microhardness and wear resistance were observed for such composite coating.
La vittoria di Serse in Grecia. Problemi, testimonianze, ipotesi
Authors: Ruberto Antonella 
Published: November 2012

Riassunto
Serse in Grecia riportó una pesante sconfitta, ma pare che essa non abbia avuto alcuna risonanza in Persia, anzi in una iscrizione persepolitana è contenuta una oscura formula, che sembrerebbe alludere ad una rivendicazione di potere sui Greci del continente proprio da parte di Serse. In alcune testimonianze greche, d’altra parte, è conservata una immagine di Serse vincitore in Grecia: esse sono certamente riconducibili al contesto delle esercitazioni retoriche, ma risultano interessanti per una riflessione su possibili rielaborazioni, in Persia, della spedizione persiana in Grecia.
Elvio Vindiciano: aspetti storici
Authors: Fiorucci Francesco 
Published: November 2012

Riassunto
Il presente contributo ricostruisce, partendo da un riesame di tutte le testimonianze a noi note, la vita di Elvio Vindiciano. Egli fu medico di corte, molto probabilmente sotto l’imperatore Valentiniano I, cui dedicò la Epistula comitis archiatrorum. Ciò significa che visse ed esercitò almeno una parte della sua attività professionale non solo nell’Africa proconsolare (come la critica ha generalmente ritenuto), dove probabilmente era nato e si era formato, ma anche, all’incirca negli anni sessanta e settanta del IV sec. d. C., a Treviri, residenza imperiale di Valentiniano I. Infatti viene menzionato come destinatario in un rescritto promulgato nella stessa città il 14 settembre 379, quando il famoso poeta Ausonio era console.
Forse subito dopo la sua esperienza a Treviri, Vindiciano tornò a Cartagine, dove divenne proconsole d’Africa nel 380/381. In questo periodo incontrò il giovane Agostino, le cui “Confessioni„ rappresentano una fonte molto importante per una corretta datazione del primo.
Infine si propone di datare la Epistula di Vindiciano nel 371–375, cioè tra la nascita di Valentiniano II e la morte di Valentiniano I.
How Occupational Health can Contribute in a Disaster and What We should Prepare for the Future—Lessons Learned through Support Activities of a Medical School at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Summer 2011
Authors: Mori Koji , Tateishi Seiichiro , Hiraoka Koh , Kubo Toshihiko , Okazaki Ryuji , Suzuki Katsunori , Kobayashi Yuichi , Kohno Kimitoshi 
Published: November 2012

How Occupational Health can Contribute in a Disaster and What We should Prepare for the Future—Lessons Learned through Support Activities of a Medical School at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Summer 2011: Koji MORI, et al. Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan—BackgroundA nuclear accident occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) as a result of a mega‐earthquake and tsunami in March, 2011. A large number of workers were engaged in response and recovery operations under a complex structure of involved companies. They were exposed not only to radiation but also to other health hazards. TEPCO implemented programs to prevent radiation exposure, but had no effective systems for managing the other health risks and few occupational health (OH) professionals contributed to the health risk management. Activities: The University of Occupational and Environmental Health (UOEH), Japan, dispatched physicians to a quake‐proof building at the plant to provide first‐aid services from mid‐May, 2011, and took a strategic approach to protecting workers from existing health risks. UOEH presented recommendations on OH systems and preventive measures against heat stress to the Government and TEPCO. The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare issued guidelines to TEPCO and contractors. TEPCO implemented a comprehensive program against heat stress according to the guidelines and in cooperation with UOEH. As a result, we successfully prevented severe heat illness during summer 2011.DiscussionFrom our experiences, we believe that the following recommendations should be considered: 1) the role of OH and the participation of experts should be defined in emergency response plans; 2) regulations should allow the national government and main companies involved to lead safety and health initiatives for all workers at disaster sites; and 3) OH professionals, response manuals and drills should be organized at a national level.
Simulation and Design of a Silicon Nanowire based Phase Change Memory Cell
Authors: Sadeghian Ramin Banan , Leblebici Yusuf , Shakouri Ali 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn this work we present preliminary calculations and simulations to demonstrate feasibility of programming a nanoscale Phase Change Random Access Memory (PCRAM) cell by means of a silicon nanowire ballistic transistor (SNWBT). Memory cells based on ballistic transistors bear the advantage of having a small size and high-speed operation with low power requirements. A one-dimensional MOSFET model (FETToy) was used to estimate the output current of the nanowire as a function of its diameter. The gate oxide thickness was 1.5 nm, and the Fermi level at source was set to -0.32 eV. For the case of VDS = VGS = 1 V, when the nanowire diameter was increased from 1 to 60 nm, the output power density dropped from 109 to 106 W cm-2 , while the current increased from 20 to 90 μA. Finite element electro-thermal analysis were carried out on a segmented cylindrical phase-change memory cell made of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) chalcogenide, connected in series to the SNWBT. The diameter of the combined device, d, and the aspect ratio of the GST region were selected so as to achieve optimum heating of the GST. With the assumption that the bulk thermal conductivity of GST does not change significantly at the nanoscale, it was shown that for d = 24 nm, a ‘reset’ programming current of ID = 80 μA can heat the GST up to its melting point. The results presented herein can help in the design of low cost, high speed, and radiation tolerant nanoscale PCRAM devices.
Organization of Nanowires into Complex 3D Assemblies by Template Electrodeposition
Authors: Rauber Markus , Ensinger Wolfgang 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTTo realize applications based on nanowires, the development of methods that allow the organization of nanostructures into integrated arrangements is crucial. While many different methods exist, the direct synthesis of complex nanowire structures is one of the most suitable approaches to efficiently connect numerous nanostructures to the macroscopic world. The fabrication of various 3D nanowire assemblies including arrays, networks, and hierarchical structures by combining specifically designed template materials with electrochemical deposition is demonstrated. The ion track template method is extended to create more complex structures by changing template production and electrodeposition parameters. In contrast to current synthesis routes, it is possible to independently control many of the parameters defining both (i) characteristics of individual nanowires (including dimensions and composition) and (ii) the arrangement of the nanoscale building blocks into nanowire assemblies determined by nanowire orientation and integration level. Results that highlight the benefits arising from the design of advanced 3D nanowire architectures are presented.
Effect of the Quantum Size Effect on the Performance of Solar Cells with a Silicon Nanowire Array Embedded in SiO2
Authors: Kurokawa Yasuyoshi , Kato Shinya , Watanabe Yuya , Yamada Akira , Konagai Makoto , Ohta Yoshimi , Niwa Yusuke , Hirota Masaki 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe electrical characteristics of silicon nanowire (SiNW) solar cells with p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide (Eg=1.9 eV)/n-type SiNWs embedded in SiO2/n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (Eg=1.7 eV) structure have been investigated using a two-dimensional device simulator with taking the quantum size effects into account. The average bandgap of a SiNW embedded in SiO2 increased from 1.15 eV to 2.71 eV with decreasing the diameter from 10 nm to 1 nm due to the quantum size effect. It should be noted that under the sunlight with AM1.5G the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of SiNW solar cells also increased to 1.54 V with decreasing the diameter of the SiNWs to 1 nm. This result suggests that it is possible to enhance the Voc by the quantum size effect and a SiNW is a promising material for the all silicon tandem solar cells.
Synthesis and Nano-Processing of ZnO Nano-Crystals for Controlled Laser Action
Authors: Okazaki K. , Shimogaki T. , Higashihata M. , Nakamura D. , Okada T. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTLasing characteristics of a single Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheet and a single ZnO nanowire were investigated by an ultraviolet light excitation. ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and those ZnO nanocrystals were excited by a third-harmonic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam (355 nm, 5 ns). The emission spectra from a single ZnO nanocrystal was collected by an objective lens with a magnification factor of 100 or 50, coupled with a spectrometer with a light fiber. The area observed by the spectrometer is about 10 μm in diameter, and therefore the emission spectra from a single ZnO nanocrystal can be observed. The emission spectra showed the obvious lasing characteristics having mode structure and a threshold for lasing. The lasing threshold power density of a ZnO nanosheet and a ZnO nanowire were measured to be about 60 kW/cm2 and 150 kW/cm2, respectively. ZnO nanosheet can be a superior laser medium due to the lower threshold for lasing compared to the threshold of the ZnO nanowire. However, since the lasing spectra had mode structure, a single-longitudinal mode lasing would be required for a practical application. The single longitudinal mode lasing can be realized by a nanomachining of a grating on the ZnO nanocrystal surface due to distributed bragg reflector (DBR) laser. The minimum DBR pitch was estimated to be about 81 nm, which can be machined by focused-ion beam (FIB) focused up to 7 nm at minimum, and therefore, we demonstrated the nanomachining on a single ZnO nanowire. However, the single-longitudinal mode lasing was not observed so far, and thus optimization of experimental conditions such as the DBR pitch, ion dose amount and increasing the number of repetition of DBR would be required.
MoOx as an Efficient and Stable Back Contact Buffer for Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells
Authors: Lin Hao , Xia Wei , Wu Hsiang N. , Tang Ching W. , Irfan Irfan , Gao Yongli 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTA low-resistance back contact for n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells has been developed, which utilizes a thermally evaporated MoOx thin film as the buffer layer between the p-CdTe and the back electrode. The low-resistance behavior of back contact is attributed to the high work function of MoOx, which reportedly is as high as 6.8 eV, and thus adequately matches that of p-CdTe. With MoOx as the buffer, a variety of common metals, even those with a low work function such as Al, have been found to be useful as the electrode in forming the back contact. Other advantages of the MoOx buffer include dry application by vacuum deposition, and thus it is particularly suitable for the fabrication of ultra-thin CdTe solar cells without introducing additional shorting defects. Surface cleaning of CdTe films prior to MoOx deposition has also been studied. The cell stability has been evaluated through thermal annealing tests. Thermal degradation has been explained in terms of oxidation of the metal electrodes. CdTe cells with high efficiency and good stability have been demonstrated with MoOx as the back contact buffer and Ni as the electrode.
Characterization of pulsed laser deposited Cu2ZnSnS4thin films for Solar cell
Authors: Gujar Tanaji P. , Shinde Vaishali. R. , Katiyar Ram S. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn the present work we report the synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) films by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and the effect of sulfur annealing on structure, composition, morphological and optical characterization of CZTS thin films. Raman spectra of the films exhibited the characteristics peaks of Kesterite structure. However, annealing caused to transfer the films from amorphous state into crystalline state. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that as-deposited film exhibited a crack free, smooth, densely packed and homogeneous surface which was changed to rigid granular appearance after annealing. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) determined the compositions of the CZTS thin films which was near stoichiometry for the annealed samples. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra showed the band gap of as-deposited film was 1.60 eV which was decreased to 1.40 eV after annealing.
RF Sputtered ITO Thin Film with Improved Optical Property
Authors: Midya Kousik , Sharma Abhishek , Kottantharayil Anil , Dhar Subhabrata 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been deposited by RF sputtering technique on quartz substrate. In all cases, the substrate was heated during deposition. Thin film deposited under various process conditions, shows characteristic XRD reflection corresponding to the (222) crystal orientation. Transmittance of the film has been measured for the wavelength range from 190 to 3300 nm. Average transmittance of 84.4%, 90.2% and 85.3% for wavelengths up to 800 nm, 2500 nm and 3300 nm respectively has been obtained. The resistivity in this case is found to be as low as ∼10 × 10-4 Ω-cm. Our study is focused on controlling the resistivity of the deposited film, without compromising transmittance in the near infra red (NIR) region of the spectrum. Substrate heating during deposition is found to result in films with grains which are oriented in (222) direction predominantly. Moreover, the average grain size is increased with subsequent annealing. It has been observed that though the transmittance for the samples doesn’t vary substantially upon annealing the resistivity decreases by several factors.
Engineered Nanocomposites for Capturing and Converting Carbon Dioxide into Useful Chemicals
Authors: Ashley Michael , Ramidi Punnamchandar , Bontrager Timothy , Magiera Charles , Ghosh Anindya , Biris Alexandru S. , Bayer Ilker S. , Biswas Abhijit 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe describe a simple drop-cast processing method to synthesize multicomponent polymer-based nanocomposites for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and conversion into stable carbonates. These multicomponent nanocomposites are made of combination of different metal oxide nanoparticles and catalysts in a porous polymer matrix. The formulation includes the combination of titanium dioxide and magnesium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and iron oxide where each metal oxide exhibits its own catalytic function of trapping carbon dioxide. Such a material system provides numerous localized catalytically active hot reaction spots generated by the dispersed multifunctional oxide nanoparticles that react with CO2 when exposed to the gas stream and instantaneously convert the captured carbon into carbonates. Finally, we discuss our ongoing work on the possibility of converting captured-carbon-formed-carbonate into useful products/commodities such as methane, methanol and formic acid. The integration of polymer materials with catalytically active nanomaterials shows a promising strategy for CO2 capture and conversion into useful products towards achieving a sustainable energy future.
The Effectiveness of Multimedia and Activity-Based Supplemental Teaching Resources in Materials Science Education
Authors: Day Deborah A. , Abbasi Eeman , Liang Brian , Bhat Satish , DeMeo Scott , Garofano Jacquelynn , Grober Louise , Ferrari Nicole , Broadbridge Christine 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTA comparative study investigating the integration of supplemental teaching resources in materials science education was developed for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of teaching strategies. Digital stories created by students, excerpts from the Nova Making Stuff documentaries, YouTube educational videos and student generated demo-kits were used as part of the investigation whereby two 9th grade science classes (n~26) were evaluated. Each participant in the study received one period (40-min) of a traditional lesson on Materials Science including specific content, vocabulary, and a pre- and post- lesson assessment. Additionally, the students in each class participated in a 30-min supplemental component, e.g. video or activity-based demonstration using aforementioned kits or video compilation. Pre- and post- evaluations (e.g. open-ended and likert questions) were administered to all of the participants. As hypothesized, the students’ feedback and performance on assessment activities reveal that the use of multimedia and activity-based resources may be equally effective teaching methods as traditional methods.
Localized Surface Plasmon Enhanced Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Jiang , Mangham Scott , Eyi Rick , Lee Seungyong , Reddy Vanga R. , Manasreh Omar 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSurface plasmon enhanced InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cells are reported. Light trapping by metallic nanostructures offers the potential to realize high efficient quantum dot based intermediate band solar cells. Both Au and Ag nanoparticles spherical metal nanoparticles are synthesized by the salt reduction method. The large area coupling of metal nanoparticles and quantum dot solar cell surface is carried out by using 1,3-propanedithiol as linker molecules. The conversion efficiency of the solar cells has been increased from 9.5% to 11.6% after deposition of Au nanoparticles and from 9.5 to 10.9% after incorporating Ag nanoparticles. The conversion efficiency enhancement is mainly as a result of improved photocurrent due to enhanced forward scattering from the plasmonic nanostructures.
Gas Recovery From Tight Sands: Impact of Capillarity
Authors: Le Duc H. , Hoang Hai N. , Mahadevan Jagannathan 
Published: November 2012

SummaryHydraulic-fracturing operations carried out by injecting large volumes of water cause invasion of the injected water into the formation and create a water block. The flow of gas toward the wellbore/fracture during production will result in the removal of the water block through viscous displacement, as well as evaporation, that occurs because of gas expansion over a long period of time. However, some observations from the field show that the productivity of hydraulically fractured tight gas wells improves after a period of shut-in, leading to a speculation as to whether capillary suction is responsible for the cleanup of water block that eventually leads to productivity improvement. In this work, we use laboratory-scale experiments and modeling to find that capillary-driven transport is an important mechanism that helps redistribute water within the tight gas rock sample. Without capillarity, the model underpredicts the effective gas relative permeability recovery in the laboratory sample. We also find, using simulations, that capillary transport has the effect of enhancing the overall evaporation rate of water from the rock core. The model for calculating saturation changes and the effective gas relative permeability is complete with regard to all the mechanisms, such as displacement and evaporation. This is unlike previous studies, which did not include one or the other.Field-scale-simulation study of gas flowback using the new integrated model shows that the effective gas relative permeability of the invaded zone is significantly affected by capillary suction. In the absence of capillary suction, displacement and evaporation proceed as usual, but the invaded-zone water saturation does not dissipate quickly enough. The fracture-face skin, which is a function of the effective gas relative permeability, decreases faster as the invaded zone water is redistributed because of capillary suction. The simulations show that the evaporation of water from the invaded zone is very slow because of the low gas-flow rates in the tight rock matrix. In comparison to evaporative removal of water from the invaded zone, capillary-suction removal is significantly higher and faster.A sensitivity study on fracture-face skin shows that capillary suction has a significant effect on the cleanup at low drawdowns and smaller invasion depths. At complete shut-in conditions, the invaded-zone saturation continues to dissipate because of capillary suction. This confirms the general observation and anecdotal evidence that tight-sandstone wells produce at greater gas-flow rates after a period of shut-in. The methods described in this study can be adapted to perhaps determine the duration of such shut-in periods. Additionally, the models can be used to rigorously predict gas-production rates from a fractured well, including capillary effects, without resorting to averaging concepts such as fracture-face skin.