bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sidney Poitier
Authors: Knight Arthur 
Published: July 2014

Sidney Poitier (b. 1927–d. 2022) was the first African American to be, inarguably, a movie star and, beyond that, an “institution” of Hollywood film and American culture. Poitier’s stature is such that in his autobiography Barack Obama recalls his mother holding Poitier up as a model alongside Martin Luther King Jr.; that in 2008 the New York Times’s film critics felt Poitier’s acting helped Americans prepare to elect a Black president; and that Quentin Tarantino sought his advice before making Django Unchained (2012), his controversial, violent action film about an ex-slave turned bounty hunter. Poitier was the first African American to win a major Academy Award (Best Actor, 1963; awarded 1964) and the first African American box-office top earner (1967–1968). His many other honors include an honorary British Knighthood (KBE, 1974), honorary Academy Award (2002), and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009). That Poitier would achieve such renown was improbable. Poitier’s first Hollywood role was in a social problem film, No Way Out (1950), which featured a brutal interracial melee and a jaundiced view of American race and class relations. But Poitier’s character—a young, aspiring, and dignified doctor—served to provide a glimmer of hope. Poitier’s portrayal made it clear that though his character was angry and had suffered from white prejudice, he would rise above past injustices and work toward a better future. With many variations, this is a character type Poitier repeated over the next two decades in films such as The Defiant Ones (1958), Lilies of the Field (1963), In the Heat of the Night (1967), and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967). These roles proved influential and led to great success but also to criticism of Poitier as an overly safe and de-sexualized “ebony saint.” In the 1970s Poitier increasingly turned to directing and producing. Never lauded for his directing style, he nonetheless made some influential and successful movies, including the Black western Buck and the Preacher (1972), a trio of comedies that spoofed “blaxploitation” films, and Stir Crazy (1980), a breakthrough film for Richard Pryor and the first movie directed by an African American to earn more than 100 million dollars. After the 1980s, Poitier continued to act, often in character roles or in roles portraying civil rights icons—for example, Nelson Mandela in Mandela and de Klerk (1997), a made-for-television movie. In the twenty-first century, Poitier turned his attention to penning popular, introspective autobiographies and, in 2013, a novel. Poitier was a dual citizen of the United States and the Bahamas and served as the Bahamian ambassador to Japan (1997–2007) and to UNESCO (2002–2007). At his death in January 2022, he was recognized for his accomplishments in obituaries and tributes worldwide.
Massively calcified endosomal death (MCED) of endothelial cells
Authors: Weisenthal L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe have discovered a novel and specific mechanism of endothelial cell death. We refer to this novel death mechanism as massively calcified endosomal death, or MCED. Exposure of endothelial cells to non-specific toxins or other physical stresses induces death by traditional apoptotic and non-apoptotic mechanisms, common to most different types of cells. In contrast, exposure of endothelial cells (but not other types of nucleated cells) to specific insults, such as oxidized pathogenic lipids (e.g. 7-ketocholesterol) or agents with known anti-angiogenic activity (e.g. bevacizumab, certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors, etc.) triggers cell death via a novel pathway, which involves the formation of massively calcified endosomes, which, in turn, escape from the dying endothelial cells as massively calcified exosomes. These endosomes/exosomes appear capable of provoking an inflammatory response, characterized by physical association of calcified microparticles with inflammatory cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils) with resulting increased release of an inflammatory mediator (TNF) into the culture medium. Traditional media for the culture of endothelial cells are profoundly inhibitory to MCED, as are some mammalian sera and many human sera, explaining why MCED had not been previously discovered and reported. The present discovery of MCED was accidental, resulting from work with primary cultures of fresh human tumor cell clusters, which invariably contain microcapillary cells. Our culture media are optimized for the tumor cells and not for the endothelial cells and, thus, are permissive of MCED. I propose MCED as the central mechanism underlying both intimal calcification and vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis.
The Genetic Landscape of Transcriptional Networks in a Combined Haploid/Diploid Plant System
Authors: Verta J.-P. , Landry C.R. , MacKay J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHeritable variation in gene expression is a source of evolutionary change and our understanding of the genetic basis of expression variation remains incomplete. Here, we dissected the genetic basis of transcriptional variation in a wild, outbreeding gymnosperm (Picea glauca) according to linked and unlinked genetic variants, their allele-specific (cis) and allele non-specific (trans) effects, and their phenotypic additivity. We used a novel plant system that is based on the analysis of segregating alleles of a single self-fertilized plant in haploid and diploid seed tissues. We measured transcript abundance and identified transcribed SNPs in 66 seeds with RNA-seq. Linked and unlinked genetic effects that influenced expression levels were abundant in the haploid megagametophyte tissue, influencing 48% and 38% of analyzed genes, respectively. Analysis of these effects in diploid embryos revealed that while distant effects were acting intransconsistent with their hypothesized diffusible nature, local effects were associated with a complex mix ofcis,transand compensatory effects. Mostciseffects were additive irrespective of their effect sizes, consistent with a hypothesis that they represent rate-limiting factors in transcript accumulation. We show thattranseffects fulfilled a key prediction of Wright s physiological theory, in which variants with small effects tend to be additive and those with large effects tend to be dominant/recessive. Our haploid/diploid approach allows a comprehensive genetic dissection of expression variation and can be applied to a large number of wild plant species.
A case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed by serology
Authors: Okumura Yoko , Yamauchi Asako , Nagano Isao , Itoh Makoto , Hagiwara Keisuke , Takahashi Kenzo , Uezato Hiroshi , Maeda Manabu , Seishima Mariko 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA 43‐year‐old Japanese Bolivian male had been suffering from a right leg ulcer after an insect bite during his residence in Bolivia. The ulcer healed after herbal medicine treatment. Ten years later, the patient had symptoms of nasal obstruction, nasal bleeding, and pharyngodynia, which were accompanied by a destructive ulcer with surrounding erythema involving the right nostril apex and columella. Papillary, irregular mucosal lesions were seen on the soft palate. Giemsa staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using biopsy specimens of the papillary mucosal lesions on the soft palate failed to identify Leishmania parasites. However, the IgG antibody test was positive for Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, and the dot enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (dot‐ELISA) using five Leishmania antigens L. (L.) mexicana, L. (L.) amazonensis, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, and L. (V.) panamensis was positive. Combined, the findings suggested mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was started but was soon terminated because of palpitation, epigastralgia and facial flushing. It is sometimes difficult to identify the parasites in lesions of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and serological tests are useful for such occasions.
Clinical features of 58 Japanese patients with mosaic neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Tanito Katsumi , Ota Arihito , Kamide Ryoichi , Nakagawa Hidemi , Niimura Michihito 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation in the NF1 tumor‐suppressor gene, and may sometimes manifest in a mosaic form. “Segmental NF1” is generally assumed to be the result of somatic mosaicism for a NF1 mutation, and patients with mosaic NF1 have typical features of NF1 limited to specific body segments. The clinical features of 58 patients (42 females and 16 males; aged 1–69 years; mean age, 23.4 years) with mosaic NF1 seen at the Jikei University Hospital during 2004–2007 and at the Jikei University Daisan Hospital during 2007–2011, were retrospectively studied. Somatic or gonosomal mosaicism was not investigated. Patients were classified into four groups: (i) pigmentary changes (café‐au‐lait spots and freckling) only (n = 32); (ii) neurofibromas only (n = 5); (iii) neurofibromas and pigmentary changes (n = 13); and (iv) solitary plexiform neurofibromas (n = 8). The area of involvement was variable. The majority of patients were asymptomatic, except patients with plexiform neurofibromas who presented most commonly with pain or tenderness. Lisch nodules were rarely seen. Only four of our 58 patients (6.9%) had specific NF1 complications, including language delay (n = 1) and bone deformity (n = 3). Two patients were ascertained through their children with generalized NF1. Patients with mosaic NF1 are at low risk of developing disease‐associated complications, except patients with plexiform neurofibromas. However, they need to be aware of the small risk of having a child with generalized NF1.
Population structure and temporal maintenance of the multihost fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea: causes and implications for disease management
Authors: Walker Anne‐Sophie , Gladieux Pierre , Decognet Véronique , Fermaud Marc , Confais Johann , Roudet Jean , Bardin Marc , Bout Alexandre , C. Nicot Philippe , Poncet Christine , Fournier Elisabeth 
Published: July 2014

SummaryUnderstanding the causes of population subdivision is of fundamental importance, as studying barriers to gene flow between populations may reveal key aspects of the process of adaptive divergence and, for pathogens, may help forecasting disease emergence and implementing sound management strategies. Here, we investigated population subdivision in the multihost fungus Botrytis cinerea based on comprehensive multiyear sampling on different hosts in three French regions. Analyses revealed a weak association between population structure and geography, but a clear differentiation according to the host plant of origin. This was consistent with adaptation to hosts, but the distribution of inferred genetic clusters and the frequency of admixed individuals indicated a lack of strict host specificity. Differentiation between individuals collected in the greenhouse (on Solanum) and outdoor (on Vitis and Rubus) was stronger than that observed between individuals from the two outdoor hosts, probably reflecting an additional isolating effect associated with the cropping system. Three genetic clusters coexisted on Vitis but did not persist over time. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that outdoor populations were regularly recombining, whereas clonality was predominant in the greenhouse. Our findings open up new perspectives for disease control by managing plant debris in outdoor conditions and reinforcing prophylactic measures indoor.
High spatial resolution of distribution and interconnections between Fe‐ and N‐redox processes in profundal lake sediments
Authors: Melton Emily D. , Stief Peter , Behrens Sebastian , Kappler Andreas , Schmidt Caroline 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe Fe and N biogeochemical cycles play key roles in freshwater environments. We aimed to determine the spatial positioning and interconnections of the N and Fe cycles in profundal lake sediments. The gradients of O2, NO3−, NH4+, pH, Eh, Fe(II) and Fe(III) were determined and the distribution of microorganisms was assessed by most probable numbers and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The redox zones could be divided into an oxic zone (0–8 mm), where microaerophiles (Gallionellaceae) were most abundant at a depth of 7 mm. This was followed by a denitrification zone (6–12 mm), where NO3−‐dependent Fe(II) oxidizers and organoheterotrophic denitrifiers both reduce nitrate. Lastly, an iron redox transition zone was identified at 12.5–22.5 mm. Fe(III) was most abundant above this zone while Fe(II) was most abundant beneath. The high abundance of poorly crystalline iron suggested iron cycling. The Fe and N cycles are biologically connected through nitrate‐reducing Fe(II) oxidizers and chemically by NOx− species formed during denitrification, which can chemically oxidize Fe(II). This study combines high resolution chemical, molecular and microbiological data to pinpoint sedimentary redox zones in which Fe is cycled between Fe(II) and Fe(III) and where Fe and N‐redox processes interact.
The prevalence of pre‐eclampsia in migrant relative to native Norwegian women: a population‐based study
Authors: Naimy Z , Grytten J , Monkerud L , Eskild A 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo compare the prevalence of pre‐eclampsia in migrant women with Norwegian women, and to study the prevalence of pre‐eclampsia by length of residence in Norway.DesignObservational study.SettingThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway.PopulationAll Norwegian, Pakistani, Vietnamese, Somali, Sri Lankan, Filipino, Iraqi, Thai and Afghan women who gave birth after 20 weeks of gestation during the period 1986–2005 in Norway.MethodsThe prevalence of pre‐eclampsia was calculated by country of birth. The association of country of birth and length of residence in Norway with pre‐eclampsia was estimated as the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), using Norwegian women as a reference. We made adjustments for maternal age, parity, multifetal pregnancy, year of delivery and maternal diabetes in multivariable analysis.Main outcome measurePre‐eclampsia.ResultsMigrant women had a lower prevalence of pre‐eclampsia than Norwegian women (2.7% versus 3.7%, P < 0.001). Vietnamese (OR, 0.36; CI, 0.29–0.45), Afghan (OR, 0.52; CI, 0.30–0.90) and Thai (OR, 0.57; CI, 0.45–0.73) women had the lowest risk of pre‐eclampsia relative to Norwegian women. Adjustment for the variables above or separate analyses for nulliparous women did not change the estimates notably. Using Norwegian women as the reference, the risk of pre‐eclampsia increased by length of residence for migrant women: adjusted OR of 0.64 (0.59–0.70) at <5 years and 0.91 (0.84–0.99) at ≥5 years of residence.ConclusionsThe risk of pre‐eclampsia was lower in migrants relative to Norwegian women, but increased by length of residence in Norway.
A Case of Toxic Shock due to Clandestine Abortion by Misoprostol self‐administration
Authors: Cittadini Francesca , Loyola Giovanni , Caradonna Letizia , Minelli Natalia , Rossi Riccardo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMaternal mortality and morbidity are the leading causes of death and illness, respectively, among women of reproductive age in many countries throughout the world. Of all maternal deaths, those related to unsafe abortions are the most widely underestimated, but they are also the most largely preventable. Medical abortion is a safe and reliable method for termination of a pregnancy in early gestation, although it is important to be aware of signs and symptoms of severe infection and toxic shock syndrome after the medical termination of pregnancy; case studies in literature are rarely fatal events. We report the first case of septic shock syndrome following a clandestine pregnancy termination with a misoprostol‐only regimen (12 tablets 200 μg each). Autopsy findings and histopathological examination proved that the woman died from septic shock. This case suggests to improve the forensic investigations in case of unsafe, often clandestine, abortion is suspected.
Smallholder cooperatives and agricultural performance in Rwanda: do organizational differences matter?
Authors: Verhofstadt Ellen , Maertens Miet 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAgricultural policies in Rwanda focus on agricultural intensification and increased market orientation of the smallholder farm sector. Cooperatives are seen as key vehicles in this, but little is known about their effectiveness to achieve these goals. In this article, we analyze the impact of cooperative membership on the agricultural performance of rural households in Rwanda. We use cross‐sectional survey data, collected in 2012, to analyze the impact of cooperative membership on different agricultural performance indicators, including indicators on agricultural intensification, market orientation, farm revenue, and income. We use several econometric techniques to deal with potential selection bias in estimating the impact of cooperative membership, including a proxy variable method based on a willingness to pay measure and propensity score matching methods. We find that cooperative membership in general has a positive impact on farm performance but these effects are driven by specific types of cooperatives.
Bridge Estimation for Linear Regression Models with Mixing Properties
Authors: Lee Taewook , Park Cheolwoo , Yoon Young Joo 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPenalized regression methods have for quite some time been a popular choice for addressing challenges in high dimensional data analysis. Despite their popularity, their application to time series data has been limited. This paper concerns bridge penalized methods in a linear regression time series model. We first prove consistency, sparsity and asymptotic normality of bridge estimators under a general mixing model. Next, as a special case of mixing errors, we consider bridge regression with autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) error models and develop a computational algorithm that can simultaneously select important predictors and the orders of ARMA models. Simulated and real data examples demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed algorithm and the improvement over ordinary bridge regression.
Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI‐RADS) scoring in a transperineal prostate biopsy setting
Authors: Grey Alistair D.R. , Chana Manik S. , Popert Rick , Wolfe Konrad , Liyanage Sidath H. , Acher Peter L. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the sensitivity and specificity of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for significant prostate cancer with transperineal sector biopsy (TPSB) as the reference standard.Patients and MethodsThe study included consecutive patients who presented for TPSB between July 2012 and November 2013 after mpMRI (T2‐ and diffusion‐weighted images, 1.5 Tesla scanner, 8‐channel body coil). A specialist uro‐radiologist, blinded to clinical details, assigned qualitative prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI‐RADS) scores on a Likert‐type scale, denoting the likelihood of significant prostate cancer as follows: 1, highly unlikely; 3, equivocal; and 5, highly likely. TPSBs sampled 24–40 cores (depending on prostate size) per patient. Significant prostate cancer was defined as the presence of Gleason pattern 4 or cancer core length ≥6 mm.ResultsA total of 201 patients were included in the analysis. Indications were: a previous negative transrectal biopsy with continued suspicion of prostate cancer (n = 103); primary biopsy (n = 83); and active surveillance (n = 15). Patients' mean (±sd) age, prostate‐specific antigen and prostate volumes were 65 (±7) years, 12.8 (±12.4) ng/mL and 62 (±36) mL, respectively. Overall, biopsies were benign, clinically insignificant and clinically significant in 124 (62%), 20 (10%) and 57 (28%) patients, respectively. Two of 88 men with a PI‐RADS score of 1 or 2 had significant prostate cancer, giving a sensitivity of 97% (95% confidence interval [CI] 87–99) and a specificity of 60% (95% CI 51–68) at this threshold. Receiver–operator curve analysis gave an area under the curve of 0.89 (95% CI 0.82–0.92). The negative predictive value of a PI‐RADS score of ≤2 for clinically significant prostate cancer was 97.7%ConclusionWe found that PI‐RADS scoring performs well as a predictor for biopsy outcome and could be used in the decision‐making process for prostate biopsy.
Limitations in the approach health caregivers can take in end‐of‐life care decisions
Authors: Bülbül S. , Sürücü M. , Karavaizoğlu C. , Eke M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn the terminal stages of neuro‐metabolic diseases, parents can begin to experience a sense of loss even before the child dies, and might accept death prematurely.CasesA 2.5‐year‐old female patient with Sandoff Disease (diagnosed at 9 months of age), and a 17‐month‐old male Krabbe patient (diagnosed at 5 months of age) were admitted to the hospital with hypernatraemic dehydration and bronchopneumonia, respectively, within 10 days of each other. Both patients developed respiratory arrest short after admission and were supported with mechanical ventilation. Both families gave written consent to end life support, but their wishes could not be accepted according to Turkish law.ConclusionsSpecialists are expected to communicate well with families and give continuous care while respecting the opinions of patients' families on the timing of the withdrawal of life support. However, ethical and legal regulations on the conduct of health care professionals in these circumstances are unclear in Turkey and should be developed rapidly.
Importance Sampling Microfacet‐Based BSDFs using the Distribution of Visible Normals
Authors: Heitz E. , d'Eon E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a new approach to microfacet‐based BSDF importance sampling. Previously proposed sampling schemes for popular analytic BSDFs typically begin by choosing a microfacet normal at random in a way that is independent of direction of incident light. To sample the full BSDF using these normals requires arbitrarily large sample weights leading to possible fireflies. Additionally, at grazing angles nearly half of the sampled normals face away from the incident ray and must be rejected, making the sampling scheme inefficient. Instead, we show how to use the distribution of visible normals directly to generate samples, where normals are weighted by their projection factor toward the incident direction. In this way, no backfacing normals are sampled and the sample weights contain only the shadowing factor of outgoing rays (and additionally a Fresnel term for conductors). Arbitrarily large sample weights are avoided and variance is reduced. Since the BSDF depends on the microsurface model, we describe our sampling algorithm for two models: the V‐cavity and the Smith models. We demonstrate results for both isotropic and anisotropic rough conductors and dielectrics with Beckmann and GGX distributions.
A Physically‐Based BSDF for Modeling the Appearance of Paper
Authors: Papas Marios , de Mesa Krystle , Jensen Henrik Wann 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe present a novel appearance model for paper. Based on our appearance measurements for matte and glossy paper, we find that paper exhibits a combination of subsurface scattering, specular reflection, retroreflection, and surface sheen. Classic microfacet and simple diffuse reflection models cannot simulate the double‐sided appearance of a thin layer. Our novel BSDF model matches our measurements for paper and accounts for both reflection and transmission properties. At the core of the BSDF model is a method for converting a multi‐layer subsurface scattering model (BSSRDF) into a BSDF, which allows us to retain physically‐based absorption and scattering parameters obtained from the measurements. We also introduce a method for computing the amount of light available for subsurface scattering due to transmission through a rough dielectric surface. Our final model accounts for multiple scattering, single scattering, and surface reflection and is capable of rendering paper with varying levels of roughness and glossiness on both sides.