bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the Intersection of the Academy and Practice at Asbury Heights
Authors: Zanardelli John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs a practicing evidence-based manager over the past two decades, I describe how my use of evidence has been shaped by my professional education and the nature of our organization, a residential care facility for the elderly. Practices I have found particularly valuable in promoting evidence use and good decision making include ongoing management development, regular readings by myself and direct reports of books and articles based on scientific evidence, use of logic models to lay out the critical information and assumptions relevant to managerial decisions, and quality relationships with local universities and their faculty. I also discuss the challenges of making decisions that are evidence based.
State and Local Governments and The National Economy
Authors: Mattoon Richard H. , McGranahan Leslie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article takes a longer-term look at the roles of the state and local government sector in the nation's economy. Over the last four decades, the sector has played a fairly constant, but substantial, role in the national economy as contributors to GDP when measured by their purchases. But there have been important changes in the composition of the sector's spending and revenues. An increasing share of expenditures has gone to social benefits (in particular, for Medicaid) and there has been growing reliance on the federal government as a source of funds. There has also been increasing dependence by states on personal income tax and a heightened sensitivity of state tax revenues to economic conditions. For the states, revenues thus have become more unreliable, while spending has been relatively unaffected by changing economic conditions.
Transportation Finance
Authors: Gifford Jonathan L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
No area of state and local government finance has a longer lineage of public spending and intergovernmental relationships (or is more visible to citizens on a daily basis) than the transportation sector. This article provides a tour through the labyrinth of financing arrangements that are now used to meet the nation's surface, air, and water transportation needs. Once the major claimant on state and local spending, transportation's role has eroded in the face of the demands of education and the spiraling needs of health-related programs. Likewise, the shifting public mood and the new age of austerity have brought transportation funding to a crossroads. With prospects for added federal transportation funding bleak because of the long-term pressures on the federal budget, any future initiatives will be seen in the state and local sector.
Capital Budgeting and Spending
Authors: Marlowe Justin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article first lays out the broad contours of state and local government capital spending and the precepts of the capital budgeting process. It then considers how capital spending levels and budgeting processes were affected by the Great Recession. State and local capital spending, which had grown rapidly before the downturn, was slowed considerably by the Great Recession's onset. Federal aid helped to cushion the blow, but capital spending began to decline as many jurisdictions exhausted their influx of federal funds. The Great Recession's effect on capital spending was found to be consistent with the impacts of past recessions, but its depressing effects will continue for several years. Thus, the Great Recession, when its aftershocks are played out, will likely result in unprecedented declines in state and local capital spending and an erosion of the public capital stock.
Infrastructure Privatization in The New Millennium
Authors: Dannin Ellen , Cokorinos Lee 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines an alternative means of obtaining infrastructure funding, which consists of various techniques that involve private ownership and the operation of public-use facilities. It focuses on highway projects, which constitute a major area for privatization proposals and can involve large-scale projects. After recounting many of the technical and contractual issues that are entailed in the private provision of infrastructure and reviewing the results of large deals done thus far, the article notes that privatization has been around in the United States for a short time, but long enough to raise some important policy issues. Infrastructure privatization has been seen as a novel innovation in financing, building, operating, and maintaining infrastructure. However, the revenue-guarantee measures used to protect investors can be contrary to the public interest.
How Poverty Gets Under the Skin: A Life Course Perspective
Authors: Evans Gary W. , Chen Edith , Miller Gregory E. , Seeman Teresa E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere is a large epidemiological literature documenting inverse relations between socioeconomic status (SES) and morbidity as well as mortality. In this chapter we focus on biological mechanisms to explain how disadvantage gets under the skin. We adopt a life course perspective on this topic because it illuminates several issues: whether the timing and duration of exposure to disadvantage over the life course matter, and factors that may cause biological mechanisms, changed by deprivation in early life, to persist throughout the life course. This chapter is organized into 5 major sections. Sections 1 through 3 review evidence linking SES or one of its primary constituents to disease-relevant biological mechanisms during childhood, during adulthood, and prospectively from childhood to adulthood, respectively, and section 4 examines the durability of early life deprivation and altered trajectories in biological mechanisms over the life course. We conclude with section 5, which presents a research agenda and discusses intervention consequences of a life course perspective on the biology of disadvantage.
Poverty Status and the Effects of Family Structure on Child Well-Being
Authors: Brown Susan L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChildren's living arrangements are increasingly diverse and unstable. Growing proportions of children are born to single or cohabiting mothers. The proportion of children born to married parents continues to decline. Family structure at birth sets the stage for living arrangement transitions during childhood, with children born outside of marriage experiencing more instability, on average, than their counterparts born to married parents. Children's family structure and instability have important consequences for their well-being. The goal of this chapter is to address how the relationship between family structure and child outcomes varies by poverty status. Although child poverty is rather high and has actually increased in recent years, the family structure literature has largely overlooked the potential moderating effect of poverty, and instead has emphasized the mediating influence of economic resources more generally. I summarize recent patterns and trends in child poverty and family structure and then turn to an assessment of the theoretical and empirical contributions in the literature. I conclude with suggestions for future research.
Cognitive Development and Family Resources Among Children of Immigrant Families
Authors: Glick Jennifer E. , Clark Rebecca 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGiven their increasing numbers and impact on the young child population in the United States, there are comparatively few studies of very young children in immigrant families. Immigrants come to the United States from different countries, with different resources and with different experiences. All of these factors influence the early cognitive development and school readiness of their children. Here we consider how the cognitive development of young children in immigrant families may differ from that of their counterparts with U.S.-born parents by examining children's school readiness and early performance for a nationally representative cohort (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort, or ECLS-B). Early cognitive development is associated with subsequent skill acquisition and, therefore, sets the stage for the important transition to formal schooling and academic achievement. Overall, the analyses of children's cognitive and academic skill attainment point to far greater disparities associated with socioeconomic inequality than by simply comparing the nativity status of parents.
Children in Global Adversity: Physical, Mental, Behavioral, and Symbolic Dimensions of Health
Authors: Panter-Brick Catherine , Lende Daniel , Kohrt Brandon A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEarly childhood experiences are known to influence key biological systems such as brain development, cell growth, hormonal, and immune development, a process known as “biological embedding” that reflects close associations between the social and the developmental gradients of health. Little is known about the full range of physical, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical experiences that matters for children outside Western contexts, and how these experiences differentially affect biological responses and developmental outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a global health perspective on child development and poverty. We review the literature on child health and global adversity and outline a conceptual framework to discuss both the research and applied aspects of the social ecology of child development. In addition, we evaluate the existing evidence base for children in global adversity: young people who face significant economic poverty, life disruption, violence, and social inequality within larger-scale processes of sociopolitical crises or rapid socioeconomic transformation demanding intervention. We conclude by discussing the ways in which governments can promote optimal development by supporting early, low-cost interventions as well as providing support for more research.
Humanitarian Crises in Low-Resource Settings: Evidence-Based Mental Health and Psychosocial Interventions for Children
Authors: Singer Daniel A. , Kutlesic Vesna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumanitarian crises can have significant psychological consequences in children, especially among those who suffered from deprivation and adversity prior to the event. As the international community has improved its ability to respond to humanitarian crises, the strategies and practices for enhancing resilience and preventing psychological harm have evolved. Early efforts focused on establishing consensus-based practice guidelines. One goal of these guidelines was to bridge a schism between mental health experts and those who promoted psychosocial well-being. Further experience, including the 2004 tsunami in Asia, invigorated efforts to enhance research on the topic and develop evidence-based programs. This has resulted in international efforts to develop research agendas and to address long-standing ethical challenges in doing research on vulnerable populations during humanitarian crises. Further progress will be dependent on creating partnerships between scientists and practitioners and developing innovative strategies to integrate research studies into humanitarian programs.
Homicide and Serious Assaults
Authors: Rosenfeld Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers cultural meanings, empirical patterns, theoretical explanations, and social responses connected with homicide and aggravated assault. It addresses homicide and aggravated assault trends in the United States over the past few decades and cross-national comparisons of homicide and assault. It assesses that rate of aggravated assault and homicide is higher among males and the young than among females and older persons. It discusses characteristics of victims, perpetrators, and incidents; relationships between victims and perpetrators; theories of violence; and policies to reduce violent crime. The main empirical patterns in homicide and serious assault are summarized. The causal factors emphasized in explanations of the violent behavior of morally suspect persons (e.g., criminals) generally involve individual or social defects, whereas those of violence carried out by morally upright persons (e.g., soldiers, physicians) involve considerations of legal or moral obligation.
Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Tonry Michael , Bildsten Harriet 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses antisocial behavior orders (ASBOs) in England and Wales and recent U.S. policies based on the broken windows hypothesis. The broken windows hypothesis and its policy progeny and ASBOs implicate different categories of troubling behavior, each of which raises distinct normative and policy issues. It discusses developments and related research. The important questions about ASBOs are the reduction of the prevalence of antisocial behavior, the concern of people with respect to them, and the costs they entail. With broken windows, the important issues are the correctness of the slippery slope hypothesis, the contribution of police initiatives to the crime rate, and the justification of the collateral costs of new policing policies. The article discusses a series of normative and policy issues.
History of Research
Authors: Muhly James D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article suggests that there is considerable interest today in what can be described as the history of scholarship. Works such as William McDonald and Carol Thomas's Progress into the Past and J. Lesley Fitton's The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age give excellent accounts of the historical development of Bronze Age scholarship and of Aegean archaeology. Mention should also be made of the excellent short handbook by Carol Thomas, Myth Becomes History: Pre-Classical Greece, written for students of ancient history and containing extensive bibliography. It was the study of seal stones from Crete and their possible evidence for early pictographic writing that first involved Arthur Evans in the antiquities of the island and led to one of his earliest publications, Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Scripts. The study of Minoan and Mycenaean seal stones and clay sealings soon developed into one of the major research areas in Bronze Age archaeology.
Mainland Greece
Authors: Voutsaki Sofia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that the Middle Helladic period is now seen as witnessing important social, political, and cultural changes that lead to the formation of the early Mycenaean polities and the later palatial states. It presents some of the new evidence, as well as new approaches to old data, which have brought about the modification of these earlier views. The core area of the Middle Helladic mainland includes the Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, and coastal Thessaly, while the areas to the west and the north can be said to belong to the periphery of the Helladic world. The article focuses on the core areas of the southern mainland, although relations and exchanges with neighboring areas are also discussed.
Crete
Authors: Hallager Erik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the history of Late Minoan Crete as a period of many changes. It finds the flourishing time of the Minoan palaces with the first real urban society on European soil. This palatial society was destroyed by conflagrations all over the island. Of the palaces, it seems that only Knossos survived. Toward the end of the Bronze Age, almost all coastal towns and settlements were abandoned, and people either moved to the mountains or emigrated. Three different systems describe the relative chronology of the Late Minoan period: the traditional chronology, based on stratigraphy and typology of pottery; a chronology based on palatial periods; and a chronology based on administrative issues. The only one of the three where there is a reasonable agreement among scholars today is the first the traditional, relative chronology based on pottery.
Cyclades
Authors: Barber Robin L. N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article states that the excellent recent survey of Penelope Mountjoy employs a slightly different approach, taking the phases of the Mycenaean pottery sequence as the framework and setting for cultural and historical developments in the Cyclades. It incorporates new evidence and provides some corrections to the former, and shows that the two can profitably be used in combination. Divergences between their methods are most evident from middle Late Cycladic III onward. Evidence cited here is chiefly from the major sites—Akrotiri on Thera, Ayia Irini on Kea, Phylakopi on Melos, and Grotta on Naxos. The sequence at Phylakopi still provides a useful key for much of the period—not least because of its primary role in the history of research. To this, developments at other sites can be generally, if not always precisely, related.
Mycenaean Architecture
Authors: Hitchcock Louise A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMycenaean architecture is characterized by both continuity and innovation, as well as by the adoption and adaptation of neighboring practices. The most obvious feature of mainland architecture is that it is hall centered, dominated by a central rectangular hall or megaron, thereby combining both axiality and simplicity. It forms the core element of the palaces in Mycenae, with additional rooms and courtyards organized around it. Construction techniques varied regionally and chronologically but include a variety of techniques including mud-brick superstructures on a stone socle, drywall masonry, rubble masonry, Cyclopean masonry, and ashlar masonry on a stone socle. Ashlar was typically sand or limestone, although saw-cut, dressed conglomerate blocks were used in special places such as thresholds and the entrances of fortifications and tholos tombs. There was also a sparing use of decorative stone such as gypsum, which might reference Crete, in the palaces and other monumental structures such as tombs.
Minoan Seals and Sealings
Authors: Weingarten Judith 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMore than any other ancient work of art, seals are intimate objects which are literally bound to their owners. In ancient societies, their primary purpose was to secure property—whether in the home or the public arena—and to assign responsibility by means of clay sealings impressed by a specific individual who is identified by the seal's impression. The study of Minoan seals began even before the discovery of Minoan civilization. Long before archaeologists arrived on the scene, Cretan women were wearing “milk stones”—brightly colored Minoan engraved gems—on their breasts or around the neck. These were believed to contain magical powers to ensure the milk of a nursing mother. When Arthur Evans first traveled to Crete in 1894 and visited Knossos he soon began collecting gemstones. Evans's trips to Crete led to the excavations at Knossos and the revelation of the Minoan world.
Palaikastro
Authors: MacGillivray J. Alexander , Sackett L. Hugh 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Palaikastro is fifteen kilometers south of Cape Sidero at Crete's northeastern tip. South of Kastri is the tiny sheltered harbor called Chiona, from the Ottoman word for “Customs House.” Overlooking this harbor is the rugged blue limestone peak rising 254 meters above the sea, called Mount Petsophas—“skin eater” in Greek. The remains of east Crete's most important Bronze Age peak sanctuary, the source of many terracotta figurines and stone vases inscribed with Linear A, are situated on the top of Mount Petsophas. Nestled at the foot of Petsophas's northern flank is a little vale called Roussolakkos, meaning “red pit,” named for its fine, impermeable building clay, which has a deep ruddy hue. The British School at Athens has carried out three excavation campaigns at Palaikastro. Robert Carr Bosanquet and Richard MacGillivray Dawkins directed the first campaign, which began in 1902 and lasted until 1906.
Boeotia
Authors: Dakouri-Hild Anastasia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBoeotia, is located in central mainland Greece and a number of surveys have taken place in it to date. Other surveys have taken place as part of the Ohio Boeotia Thisbe Expedition, the Stanford Skourta Plain Project, the Grimadha-Tanagra Project, the Plataies Survey, and the Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project. More specialized surface investigations have clarified Boeotian topography. At least fifty-six Early Bronze Age sites are known in Boeotia, though few have been excavated systematically. Most of the known sites established in this era are located along the eastern coastline or roads to major ports which suggests the importance of maritime resources. Evidence of cave habitation may be connected to transhumant pastoralism. This article discusses imported material, such as Aeginetan ware, which provides a basis for interregional comparison and is helpful in this direction.
Pylos
Authors: Davis Jack L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe discovery of Bronze Age Pylos followed many frustrating efforts to locate the home of Homer's hero, Nestor. In 1829, soon after Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Turks, members of the great French cultural mission, the Expédition scientifique de Morée, sought Nestor's palace not far away, near a village called Pyla. In the 1880s Heinrich Schliemann dug in the medieval fortress at Navarino, looking for prehistoric remains comparable to those that he had already investigated at Mycenae, home of King Agamemnon. Others searched much farther afield, even many kilometers farther north, in Elis, in vain attempts to discover the elusive Palace of Nestor. Both in ancient and modern times, the location to which the place name Pylos was attached shifted.
Thebes
Authors: Dakouri-Hild Anastasia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe citadel of Thebes, also known as the Kadmeia, is a pear-shaped, large (800 meters long, 500 meters wide) and relatively low (maximum of 224 meters) plateau, which is in part the outcome of ancient and modern earthworks. It appears to have been narrower and northwest-southeast oriented in prehistory. Access from the west and to some extent the north slope remains arduous to this day and bespeaks the naturally defensive quality of the Theban landscape. The central east, southeast, and south slopes provide easier access to the citadel and connect it to the main routes leading to east and south Boeotia and beyond. The settlement on the Kadmeia seems to have been established in the Early Bronze Age, whereas earlier habitation is attested in the plains nearby. The settlement spread as far north as the Museum hill and Gourna but seems to have been more concentrated at Ayios Andreas and the southeast slopes.
Levant
Authors: Yasur-Landau Assaf 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe physical distance between the Aegean and the Levant is far from being an insurmountable obstacle since the Mediterranean serves as a connecting medium. However, the cultural distance between the regions created a formidable barrier for any type of contact. It manifested itself not only in the difference between Indo-European and Semitic languages but also in almost every aspect of behavioral patterns from cooking and weaving to the realm of religion. Moreover, the cultural and linguistic distance between the Aegean and the Levant significantly hindered any transmission of culture. This article deals only with the impact of the Aegean on the Levant, defined here as the coastal and nearby areas of the Eastern Mediterranean: the area from the Amuq and the Kingdom of Mukish in the north to Gaza in the south.