bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Probabilistic Parameters for Barnett Shale Recoverable Volumes
Authors: Ezisi Ibegbuna B. , Hale Brent W. , Watson Marshall C. , Heinze Lloyd 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Barnett shale is a renowned Resource play and one of the most developed in North America with enormous hydrocarbon potential located in the Fort Worth basin of North Central Texas. It is currently the largest producing natural gas field in the United States, averaging 5.5 Bcf/d and cumulative production of 9 Tcf as at the end of 2010. However, in spite of its success, it is difficult to predict well performance and reserves with certainty largely due to geological complexity and completion type. Thus, it is common to see wells in the same producing interval exhibiting large differences in producing rates and estimated ultimate recoveries (EUR).
Peak monthly rate (PMR) has been found to be quite useful by some operators in predicting gas reserves because of its favorable correlation with EUR. In this paper, 2,932 Horizontal gas wells were sampled from the top six producing counties in the area and analyzed to confirm if peak month rate can be a good predictor of gas reserves by determining its correlation with EUR. Also, the P10/P90 ratios were assessed for both EUR and PMR. P10/P90 ratios have been found useful in measuring uncertainty in performance and were used extensively in this work to analyze and compare performance of wells across the six counties studied. In addition, P10/P90 ratios can be an indicator of proper population size for use in probabilistic analysis with the given data set. Most of the counties proved to have an ample data set for probabilistic use.
Since geological complexity and completion efficiency are common features affecting performance in resource play reservoirs, several parameters such as: Reservoir depth, Gross thickness, BTU content and Lateral length were reviewed and analyzed with respect to its effect on performance in the Barnett shale.
Comparison of Hydraulic Fracture Fluids in Multi-stage Fracture Stimulated Horizontal Wells in the Pembina Cardium Formation
Authors: Klein Meghan , Kenealey Glen , Makowecki Brad 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Tight oil plays in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin have recently seen a significant increase in activity through advances in horizontal drilling and fracturing technology. The Cardium Formation in the Pembina field of Alberta, Canada is one such play, with approximately 454 new multi-stage fracture stimulated horizontal wells rig released in 2011. Within the Pembina field there are significant geological variations, which are highlighted by the range of oil production rates and profiles seen throughout the field.
This paper provides a review of the Cardium Formation in the Pembina field, including comparisons of the technical and economic results of the different multi-stage fracture fluids within each specific geographical region and a comparison of the results between the geographical regions.
In general, reservoir quality and oil production from the eastern region of the Pembina field is poorer than oil production from the central and western regions, and therefore the economics of costly completion techniques are unfavourable in the East. Water foam hydraulic fracture fluid yields the highest reserves and value in Central and East Pembina whereas slickwater hydraulic fracture fluid results in the highest reserves and value in West Pembina.
By increasing the understanding of the different approaches that are currently being used and the results, the industry can select the appropriate technique for completing new wells in the Cardium and other similar tight oil plays world-wide.
Management Decision Matrix for Shale Gas Projects in Europe
Authors: Hausberger O. , Högn L. A. , Soliman K. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
On the today's global market it is an important issue to have an adapted management system, due to the fast change of beliefs in social communities and politics. In the last few years a significant change in E&P business could be recognized from conventional sources to unconventional ones. With this extensive change the degree of resistance and possible problems for E&P companies increase, especially in Europe.
To realize an unconventional project in Europe, like shale gas, it is very important to adjust the project management to the given situation. There is a lot of resistance and fear from the population in Europe against shale gas projects, which is somehow unfounded.
To maintain a high acceptance of the communities and governments, the emphasis lies on the adaption of this operation.
The projects have to be operated in a more sustainable way. Observation of economic and technical issues is important, but the management has to look further beyond. To account for the overall sustainability, two further levels have to be considered, especially in shale gas projects. Ecological and social aspects for unconventional projects have to be introduced and interconnected in a higher degree compared to conventional projects in the oil and gas industry.
This paper introduces a 3D matrix, where the three major points of sustainability are imbedded into a workflow chart of a shale gas project. The matrix should act as a sort of subsidiary to the management of a shale gas project in Europe.
Reserves Booking in Upstream Fiscal Systems Hampered by Inconsistency
Authors: Demirmen F. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Lack of consistency has long hampered reserves booking in upstream fiscal systems, in particular in foreign jurisdictions. This is notwithstanding the fact that US oil companies derive a major portion of their earnings from foreign operations. The root cause is ambiguity in reporting standards that leave much room for interpretation. There are currently no clear guidelines issued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for recognition of reserves in different fiscal systems. Oil companies use their own interpretation to book reserves from across the spectrum of fiscal settings. Some of the reserves reported appear to be overstated.
Separate from inconsistency, reserves that are currently reported from foreign operations may bear little relation to what the investment community generally perceives as reserves. Investors need better transparency and better comparability.
Criteria currently used for booking reserves in the industry rely on contingencies devised by the US accounting organization Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in 1977. The SEC has not unified these contingencies into a coherent set of standards. SEC's 2008 "Modernization" left this subject untouched.
This paper will address problems in the current reserves recognition practices, in particular in foreign jurisdictions, and propose revised guidelines aimed to bring transparency and consistency in reserves recognition. We will also provide relevant formulation. A key criterion for reserves recognition under the proposed scheme is ownership in kind, as allowed by the host government. We exclude from consideration reserves corresponding to taxes as well as volumes converted from revenue received from a foreign government. We simplify royalty treatment and discourage the working interest method. The author hopes that the paper will stimulate further discussion on the subject and prompt the SEC to issue clarifying guidance. A second aim is to align the reported reserves with the expectation of investors.
Improving the Annual Reserves/Audit Process Through the Use of Citrix and Web-Based Applications
Authors: Six Cameron , Faucher Arthur , Helwerda Harry 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
As companies are increasingly challenged by oil and gas reserve disclosure and corporate governance requirements, it takes more internal and external resources to be compliant. This paper outlines a secure Citrix and web based process which has been used for over 5 years that significantly improves access to data, communication, work product quality, transparency, efficiency, and thus, the cost of an annual reserves or audit requirement. The most significant process change is that the reserve database is hosted by the E&P company with the independent consultant acting as the administrator through secure Citrix access. The process utilizes industry available software processes that allow the independent consultant and E&P company staff, in different parts of the world, to see the work product in 24/7, resulting in workflow and cost efficiencies related to data and/or interpretation issues. In addition to the final report, the reserve database and technical/financial models are also available to the E&P Company for internal business decisions and updating during the year which improves the external process for the following year-end. There are a number of opportunities to improve the Citrix and web based process which will also be discussed.
Gas Transmission Market: New Trends around the World
Authors: Riveros Gina Vega 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The perception of natural gas today is radically different from what it was 10 years ago. Years ago, the natural gas was perceived as a noble fuel, reserved for premium uses. Today, it is used in a variety of sectors and applications and is experiencing significant growth as a fuel for electricity generation.
During the years 1990–1997, twenty six countries around the world introduced the participation of private capital in the natural gas transmission. The major participation of private capital has been located in Latin America and Caribbean countries. Argentina, Peru and Colombia have undertaken the most ambitious privatization efforts. Mexico expects its gas demand to more than double, with about half the gas used in power generation.
The expected expansion of the North American gas market will require considerable investment in new pipeline capacity from more distant resources. In North America, the gas demand growth is strong, in special in the power generation sector. Major pipeline expansions between Canada and the United States have been completed.
The gas transmission in Europe has been focused on the privatization of existing assets, which are property of the state. Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and United Kingdom have been working to transmit and sell gas to regional distributors receiving individual tariffs for it. It is known as vertical integration. Italy is one of the countries with greater profits received. Different kinds of alliances and joint ventures have been observed during the last years.
The gas transmission in Eat Asia countries such as the Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Thailand is still a business reserved for the public sector. In Indonesia and Philippines, South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, the private gas transmission has been limited to Greenfield projects.
During the next 20–40 years, the natural gas will play a substantial role in Russian exports. Statistical Review from World Energy 2012 reported that Russia has about 44.6 trillion cubic metres (TCM) of natural gas in proved reserves, which are the largest in the world. About a third of natural gas exports might be destined to Asia region from Russia, Central Asia, the Middle East and Australia.
The gas demand will develop differently from one world region to another in function of the size of gas reserves, their distance from the markets, the maturity of markets and of the competition from other energy sources.
Slow Orthodontic Teeth Extrusion to Enhance Hard and Soft Periodontal Tissue Quality before Implant Positioning in Aesthetic Area
Authors: Maiorana C , Speroni S , Herford A S , Cicciù M 
Published: September 2012

Approaching bone defects of jaws treatments, hard and soft tissue augmentation could be considered as a goal for clinicians when performing dental implant placement. The increase in patients who want cosmetic treatment puts practitioners in an awkward position when choosing the best therapy to obtain the most desirable results.
A private dentist referred a young patient to the Department of Implantology in Milan in order to place implants in the upper jaw. Radiographic evaluation of the two upper anterior incisors confirmed that the teeth had a poor prognosis The anterior ridge volume was clinically analyzed and several therapeutic choices were evaluated. Rapid extractions and immediate implant positioning were not considered due to the vertical and horizontal components of the bone defect. Therefore, the surgical team decided on increasing the bone volume by using slow orthodontic teeth extrusion technique.
After 3 months of orthodontic treatment, the angular intra-bony defects of 1.1 tooth was completely healed. Implant guided positioning, associated with a small bone graft, showed optimal results at the time of healing screw placement. The soft tissue conditioning was obtained by a provisional acrylic crown. The final application of two integral ceramic crowns showed excellent aesthetic results. Radiographic investigation at a 24 month follow-up confirmed the integration of the dental implants and the recovery of the bone defects.
Several safe surgical techniques are available today for reconstructing atrophic jaws. However, the same technique applied on the posterior area did not give the same predictable results as in the anterior areas of the jaw.
Understanding Foreign Exchange Risk: An Instructional Simulation Exercise
Authors: van der Laan Smith Joyce A. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT:
This paper presents an instructional exercise designed to promote the learning of foreign exchange risk and accounting for foreign currency transactions. To promote critical thinking skills, the exercise uses an unstructured problem-solving format. I use the United Kingdom (U.K.) MONOPOLY™ board game to simulate a U.S. company investing in London real estate. Students conduct all transactions, on account, in British Pounds (GBP), maintain journals in U.S. dollars (USD), and prepare financial statements at game-end in USD. The instructor sets the exchange rate at the beginning of the game, changes it mid-game, and then offers a forward contract. The instructor alters the exchange rate again at the end of the game. Students perceived the exercise as effective in understanding foreign exchange risk and in learning the accounting for foreign currency transactions. Content analysis of students' responses about the exercise reveals that the most frequently used words in the comments were “fun” and “learn.”
Wound bed preparation from a clinical perspective
Authors: Halim A. S. , Khoo T. L. , Mat Saad A. Z. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTWound bed preparation has been performed for over two decades, and the concept is well accepted. The ′TIME′ acronym, consisting of tissue debridement, i nfection or inflammation, moisture balance and edge effect, has assisted clinicians systematically in wound assessment and management. While the focus has usually been concentrated around the wound, the evolving concept of wound bed preparation promotes the treatment of the patient as a whole. This article discusses wound bed preparation and its clinical management components along with the principles of advanced wound care management at the present time. Management of tissue necrosis can be tailored according to the wound and local expertise. It ranges from simple to modern techniques like wet to dry dressing, enzymatic, biological and surgical debridement. Restoration of the bacterial balance is also an important element in managing chronic wounds that are critically colonized. Achieving a balance moist wound will hasten healing and correct biochemical imbalance by removing the excessive enzymes and growth factors. This can be achieved will multitude of dressing materials. The negative pressure wound therapy being one of the great breakthroughs. The progress and understanding on scientific basis of the wound bed preparation over the last two decades are discussed further in this article in the clinical perspectives.
Effect of static magnetic field on experimental dermal wound strength
Authors: Ekici Yahya , Aydogan Cem , Balcik Cenk , Haberal Nihan , Kirnap Mahir , Moray Gokhan , Haberal Mehmet 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
Context: An animal model. Aim: We sought to evaluate the effect of static magnetic fields on cutaneous wound healing. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were used. Wounds were created on the backs of all rats. Forty of these animals (M group) had NeFeB magnets placed in contact with the incisions, either parallel (Pa) and perpendicular (Pr) to the incision. The other 40 animals (sham [S] group) had nonmagnetized NeFeB bars placed in the same directions as the implanted animals. Half of the animals in each group were killed and assessed for healing on postoperative day 7 and the other half on postoperative day 14. The following assessments were done: gross healing, mechanical strength, and histopathology. Statistical Analysis Used: Intergroup differences were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U or t test. Values for P less than 0.05 were accepted as significant. Results and Conclusions: There were no differences between the magnetic and sham animals with respect to gross healing parameters. The mechanical strength was different between groups. On postoperative day 14, the MPr14 had significantly higher scores than the other groups. When static, high-power, magnetic fields are placed perpendicular to the wound, increased wound healing occurs in the skin of the experimental model.
Cellular events and biomarkers of wound healing
Authors: Yussof Shah Jumaat Mohd. , Omar Effat , Pai Dinker R. , Sood Suneet 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTResearchers have identified several of the cellular events associated with wound healing. Platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts primarily contribute to the process. They release cytokines including interleukins (ILs) and TNF-α, and growth factors, of which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is perhaps the most important. The cytokines and growth factors manipulate the inflammatory phase of healing. Cytokines are chemotactic for white cells and fibroblasts, while the growth factors initiate fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation. Inflammation is followed by the proliferation of fibroblasts, which lay down the extracellular matrix. Simultaneously, various white cells and other connective tissue cells release both the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of these metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMPs remove damaged structural proteins such as collagen, while the fibroblasts lay down fresh extracellular matrix proteins. Fluid collected from acute, healing wounds contains growth factors, and stimulates fibroblast proliferation, but fluid collected from chronic, nonhealing wounds does not. Fibroblasts from chronic wounds do not respond to chronic wound fluid, probably because the fibroblasts of these wounds have lost the receptors that respond to cytokines and growth factors. Nonhealing wounds contain high levels of IL1, IL6, and MMPs, and an abnormally high MMP/TIMP ratio. Clinical examination of wounds inconsistently predicts which wounds will heal when procedures like secondary closure are planned. Surgeons therefore hope that these chemicals can be used as biomarkers of wounds which have impaired ability to heal. There is also evidence that the application of growth factors like PDGF will help the healing of chronic, nonhealing wounds.
Pressure ulcers: Back to the basics
Authors: Agrawal Karoon , Chauhan Neha 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTPressure ulcer in an otherwise sick patient is a matter of concern for the care givers as well as the medical personnel. A lot has been done to understand the disease process. So much so that USA and European countries have established advisory panels in their respective continents. Since the establishment of these organizations, the understanding of the pressure ulcer has improved significantly. The authors feel that the well documented and well publicized definition of pressure ulcer is somewhat lacking in the correct description of the disease process. Hence, a modified definition has been presented. This disease is here to stay. In the process of managing these ulcers the basic pathology needs to be understood well. Pressure ischemia is the main reason behind the occurrence of ulceration. Different extrinsic and intrinsic factors have been described in detail with review of literature. There are a large number of risk factors causing ulceration. The risk assessment scales have eluded the surgical literature and mostly remained in nursing books and websites. These scales have been reproduced for completion of the basics on decubitus ulcer. The classification of the pressure sores has been given in a comparative form to elucidate that most of the classifications are the same except for minor variations. The management of these ulcers is ever evolving but the age old saying of "prevention is better than cure" suits this condition the most.
Venous ulcers of the lower limb: Where do we stand?
Authors: S. Chatterjee Sasanka 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTVenous ulcers are the most common ulcers of the lower limb. It has a high morbidity and results in economic strain both at a personal and at a state level. Chronic venous hypertension either due to primary or secondary venous disease with perforator paucity, destruction or incompetence resulting in reflux is the underlying pathology, but inflammatory reactions mediated through leucocytes, platelet adhesion, formation of pericapillary fibrin cuff, growth factors and macromolecules trapped in tissue result in tissue hypoxia, cell death and ulceration. Duplex scan with colour flow is the most useful investigation for venous disease supplying information about patency, reflux, effects of proximal and distal compression, Valsalva maneuver and effects of muscle contraction. Most venous disease can be managed conservatively by leg elevation and compression bandaging. Drugs of proven benefit in venous disease are pentoxifylline and aspirin, but they work best in conjunction with compression therapy. Once ulceration is chronic or the patient does not respond to or cannot maintain conservative regime, surgical intervention treating the underlying venous hypertension and cover for the ulcer is necessary. The different modalities like sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping of superficial varicose veins, endoscopic subfascial perforator ligation, endovenous laser or radiofrequency ablation have similar long-term results, although short-term recovery is best with radiofrequency and foam sclerotherapy. For deep venous reflux, surgical modalities include repair of incompetent venous valves or transplant or transposition of a competent vein segment with normal valves to replace a post-thrombotic destroyed portion of the deep vein.
Compression therapy for ulcers: The science and the art
Authors: Gogia Shashi B. , Gogia Arun R. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Chronic ulcers are characterized by being resistant to all forms of treatment. Recent improvement in compression techniques, notably use of multilayer bandaging has created a need for a re-look into it′s use. Materials and Methods: The authors present two case reports of successful management of chronic ulcers using compression through bandaging where all other forms of treatment had failed. This is followed by a review of literature based on previous articles as well as more recent ones found through Pubmed. Conclusion: It is suggested that, at least in India, compression through proper multilayer bandaging, should be a choice far higher in the treatment ladder than so previously. However, if the technique is improper, it may be harmful so the option is to be exercised with care and only by those who have received adequate training. The need of a team approach, and alongside, wider introduction of more and better training facilities for therapists and nurses is underlined.