bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coming Hard: The Primacy of Embodied Stress Responses in High Poverty Schools
Authors: Paulle Bowen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInformed by nearly six years of teaching experiences in high poverty schools of New York and Amsterdam, this ethnographic comparison examines the following question: Even though they often say they “know better”, why do so many teens from low income neighborhoods behave in aggressively disruptive ways that contribute to the further destruction of their own schools? This article suggests that the long dominant oppositional black culture approach to such questions related to life in distressed urban schools promotes overly mentalist and therefore superficial analyses. A more fully incarnated, collectively impassioned, relational, and processual way of thinking about the gradual socialization and immediate coping processes behind the further devastating of physically violent schools is offered. Interrogating the state and process that students in both settings referred to with terms like “coming hard”, this article brings to life the temporarily seductive yet ultimately maladaptiveembodied stress responsesof two male students effectively forced to sever visceral connections to themselves. Probing deep into how hardening was both habituated and situated on opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean can help us advance our grip on—and perhaps even our attempts to deal with—the ways in which teenagers’ feelings of empathy and abilities to “think straight” are crowded out during the moments that matter most in and around our worst schools.
Understanding Xenophobia in Greece: A Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Chtouris Sotiris , Zissi Anastasia , Stalidis George , Rontos Kostas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStudies of xenophobia have focused either on socio-economic context that accentuates xenophobic attitudes or on perceptions of immigrants, namely symbolic and realistic threats as well as on social distance from immigrants. This study examines closely the relationship among various components of xenophobia and their contribution in the formation of particular xenophobic groups. The analysis identified four different xenophobic groups, i.e. a) The distant xenophobic group, b) The core xenophobic group, c) The subtle xenophobic group and d) The ambivalent xenophobic group. The groups’ profiles are synthesized through negative, neutral and positive properties of overall attitudes towards immigrants, perceived threats, political xenophobia, social distance, authoritarian attitudes and individual social characteristics. The survey results demonstrate that a multidimensional conceptualization of xenophobia is needed both at the level of objective social condition and of individual and collective perceptions.
A short food-group-based dietary questionnaire is reliable and valid for assessing toddlers' dietary risk in relatively advantaged samples
Authors: Bell Lucinda K. , Golley Rebecca K. , Magarey Anthea M. 
Published: June 2014

Identifying toddlers at dietary risk is crucial for determining who requires intervention to improve dietary patterns and reduce health consequences. The objectives of the present study were to develop a simple tool that assesses toddlers' dietary risk and investigate its reliability and validity. The nineteen-item Toddler Dietary Questionnaire (TDQ) is informed by dietary patterns observed in Australian children aged 14 (n552) and 24 (n493) months and the Australian dietary guidelines. It assesses the intake of ‘core’ food groups (e.g. fruit, vegetables and dairy products) and ‘non-core’ food groups (e.g. high-fat, high-sugar and/or high-salt foods and sweetened beverages) over the previous 7 d, which is then scored against a dietary risk criterion (0–100; higher score = higher risk). Parents of toddlers aged 12–36 months (Socio-Economic Index for Areas decile range 5–9) were asked to complete the TDQ for their child (n111) on two occasions, 3·2 (sd1·8) weeks apart, to assess test–retest reliability. They were also asked to complete a validated FFQ from which the risk score was calculated and compared with the TDQ-derived risk score (relative validity). Mean scores were highly correlated and not significantly different for reliability (intra-class correlation = 0·90, TDQ1 30·2 (sd8·6)v. TDQ2 30·9 (sd8·9);P= 0·14) and validity (r0·83, average TDQ ((TDQ1+TDQ2)/2) 30·5 (sd8·4)v. FFQ 31·4 (sd8·1);P= 0·05). All the participants were classified into the same (reliability 75 %; validity 79 %) or adjacent (reliability 25 %; validity 21 %) risk category (low (0–24), moderate (25–49), high (50–74) and very high (75–100)). Overall, the TDQ is a valid and reliable screening tool for identifying at-risk toddlers in relatively advantaged samples.
Post-traumatic growth among veterans in the USA: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Authors: Tsai J. , El-Gabalawy R. , Sledge W. H. , Southwick S. M. , Pietrzak R. H. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThere is increasing recognition that, in addition to negative psychological consequences of trauma such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), some individuals may develop post-traumatic growth (PTG) following such experiences. To date, however, data regarding the prevalence, correlates and functional significance of PTG in population-based samples are lacking.MethodData were analysed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a contemporary, nationally representative survey of 3157 US veterans. Veterans completed a survey containing measures of sociodemographic, military, health and psychosocial characteristics, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form.ResultsWe found that 50.1% of all veterans and 72.0% of veterans who screened positive for PTSD reported at least ‘moderate’ PTG in relation to their worst traumatic event. An inverted U-shaped relationship was found to best explain the relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG. Among veterans with PTSD, those with PTSD reported better mental functioning and general health than those without PTG. Experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury and re-experiencing symptoms were most strongly associated with PTG. In multivariable analysis, greater social connectedness, intrinsic religiosity and purpose in life were independently associated with greater PTG.ConclusionsPTG is prevalent among US veterans, particularly among those who screen positive for PTSD. These results suggest that there may be a ‘positive legacy’ of trauma that has functional significance for veterans. They further suggest that interventions geared toward helping trauma-exposed US veterans process their re-experiencing symptoms, and to develop greater social connections, sense of purpose and intrinsic religiosity may help promote PTG in this population.
Risk factors associated with sporadic salmonellosis in children: a case-control study in Lower Saxony, Germany, 2008–2011
Authors: ZIEHM D. , RETTENBACHER-RIEFLER S. , KREIENBROCK L. , CAMPE A. , PULZ M. , DREESMAN J. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYWe conducted a case-control study based on 884 laboratory-confirmed sporadicSalmonellacases reported to the German infectious disease notification system. For controls, we recruited 510 rotavirus cases via the same system. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed separately for children aged 0–3 years and 4–14 years. In both age groups, the highest odds ratios (OR) were found for raw ground pork consumption [0–3 years: OR 8·6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·4–30·8; 4–14 years: OR 4·5, 95% CI 1·1–19]. Further risk factors were exposure to animals (OR 1·6, 95% CI 1·1–2·1), consumption of poultry (OR 1·5, 95% CI 1·1–2·1), food items containing eggs (OR 1·5, 95% CI 1·1–2) and black pepper (OR 1·7, 95% CI 1·1–3·5) in children aged 0–3 years, and consumption of uncooked pork sausage (OR 3·6, 95% CI 1·4–9·3) in children aged 4–14 years. This study highlights the significance of raw pork products (‘Mett’ in German) as risk factors for sporadic salmonellosis in children in Germany.
Medical Ethics and New Public Management in Sweden
Authors: HANSSON SVEN OVE 
Published: June 2014

Abstract:In order to shorten queues to healthcare, the Swedish government has introduced a yearly “queue billion” that is paid out to the county councils in proportion to how successful they are in reducing queues. However, only the queues for first visits are covered. Evidence has accumulated that queues for return visits have become longer. This affects the chronically and severely ill. Swedish physicians, and the Swedish Medical Association, have strongly criticized the queue billion and have claimed that it conflicts with medical ethics. Instead they demand that their professional judgments on priority setting and medical urgency be respected. This discussion provides an interesting illustration of some of the limitations of new public management and also more generally of the complicated relationships between medical ethics and public policy.
Are context-specific measures of parental-reported physical activity and sedentary behaviour associated with accelerometer data in 2–9-year-old European children?
Authors: Verbestel Vera , De Henauw Stefaan , Bammann Karin , Barba Gianvincenzo , Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos , Eiben Gabriele , Konstabel Kenn , Kovács Eva , Pitsiladis Yannis , Reisch Lucia , Santaliestra-Pasías Alba M , Maes Lea , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate if context-specific measures of parental-reported physical activity and sedentary behaviour are associated with objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in children.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSeven European countries taking part in the IDEFICS (Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants) study.SubjectsData were analysed from 2–9-year-old children (n 5982) who provided both parental-reported and accelerometer-derived physical activity/sedentary behaviour measures. Parents reported their children’s daily screen-time, weekly sports participation and daily outdoor playtime by means of the Outdoor Playtime Checklist (OPC) and Outdoor Playtime Recall Questions (OPRQ).ResultsSports participation, OPC- and OPRQ-derived outdoor play were positively associated with accelerometer-derived physical activity. Television viewing and computer use were positively associated with accelerometer-derived sedentary time. All parental-reported measures that were significantly associated with accelerometer outcomes explained only a minor part of the variance in accelerometer-derived physical activity or sedentary time.ConclusionsParental-reported measures of physical activity and sedentary behaviour are not useful as a proxy for 2–9-year-old children’s physical activity and sedentary time. Findings do not preclude the use of context-specific measures but imply that conclusions should be limited to the context-specific behaviours that are actually measured. Depending on the aim of the study, future research should carefully consider the choice of measurements, including the use of subjective or objective measures of the behaviour of interest or a combination of both.
A lower bound in the tail law of the iterated logarithm for lacunary trigonometric series
Authors: Ghimire Santosh , Moore Charles 
Published: June 2014

Salem and Zygmund obtained an upper bound for a tail law of the iterated logarithm for sums of the form

∑

k
=
N

∞

a

k

cos
⁡
(

n

k

x
)
+

b
k

sin
⁡
(

n

k

x
)

\sum _{k=N}^{\infty } a_{k} \cos (n_{k}x)+b_k \sin (n_{k}x)

, where

n

k

n_{k}

satisfies a Hadamard gap condition and

∑

k
=
1

∞

a
k
2

+

b
k
2

>
∞
.

\sum _{k=1}^{\infty } a_k^2 + b_k^2 > \infty .

Here we obtain a lower bound in their result under the same hypotheses.
Erythropoietin and Protection of Renal Function in Cardiac Surgery (the EPRICS Trial)
Authors: Dardashti Alain , Ederoth Per , Algotsson Lars , Brondén Björn , Grins Edgars , Larsson Mårten , Nozohoor Shahab , Zinko Galyna , Bjursten Henrik 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background:
To date, there are no known methods for preventing acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Increasing evidence suggests that erythropoietin has renal antiapoptotic and tissue protective effects. However, recent human studies have shown conflicting results. The authors aimed to study the effect of a single high-dose erythropoietin preoperatively on renal function after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with preoperative impaired renal function.

Methods:
This single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included 75 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting with preexisting renal impairment estimated glomerular filtration rate based on p-cystatin C (<60 and >15 ml/min). The patients either received a single high-dose erythropoietin (400 IU/kg) or placebo preoperatively. The primary endpoint was renal protection evaluated by p-cystatin C at the third postoperative day compared to the preoperative values. Incidence of acute kidney injury and other renal biomarker changes were among secondary endpoints.

Results:
There was no statistically significant difference on the third postoperative day for relative p-cystatin C level changes from baseline between the groups, 131 ± 31% (mean ± SD) for the study group and 125 ± 24% for the control group (P = 0.31; 95% CI, −0.6 to 20% for the difference). There were no statistically significant differences in other renal biomarkers or measures between the groups (p-neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin, p-creatinine, p-urea, and estimated glomerular filtration rate). There were no other differences in outcome variables between the groups.

Conclusion:
Intravenous administration of a single high-dose (400 IU/kg) erythropoietin did not have a renal protective effect on patients with reduced kidney function undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Spanish National Registry of Celiac Disease
Authors: Cilleruelo M Luz , Roman‐Riechmann Enriqueta , Sanchez‐Valverde Felix , Donat Ester , Manuel‐Ramos Jose , Martín‐Orte Emilio , López Maria‐Jose , García‐Novo Dolores , García Salvador , Pavón Pilar , Martín Manuel , Ortigosa Luis , Barrio Josefa , Gutierrez Carolina , Espìn Beatriz , Castillejo Gemma , Peña‐Quintana Luis , Hualde Idoia , Sebastián Mercedes , Calvo Carmen , Fernández Sonia , De Manueles Julio , Armas Honorio , Urruzuno‐Tellerias Pedro , Juste Mercedes , Bousoño Carlos , Ribes‐Koninckx Carmen 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical pattern of celiac disease (CD) presently diagnosed in Spanish children.Methods:A prospective, multicenter, nationwide registry of new cases of CD in children <15 years was conducted from June 1, 2006 to May 31, 2007. The parameters studied were age at diagnosis, sex, clinical symptoms, associated diseases, nutritional status, CD serology, histological lesions, and HLA‐DQ2/‐DQ8. The crude incidence rate of CD was calculated as new cases per 1000 live births and as new cases per 100,000 person‐years <15 years of age.Results:A total of 974 new cases of CD were included. The median age at diagnosis was 2.3 years; 39.5% of CD diagnoses occurred in the first 2 years, 42% between 2 and 6, and 18.4% from 6 to 15. Total number of cases in each age group was 385, 409, and 180, respectively. Regarding clinical presentation 70.9% showed classical symptoms, 21.9% were nonclassical, and 7% were asymptomatic. A total of 95.7% of 931, 94.7% of 611, and 86.7% of 651 children tested positive, respectively, for immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti‐transglutaminase type 2 antibodies, IgA endomysial antibodies, and IgA anti‐gliadin antibodies. Villous atrophy was observed in 92.4% and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes with crypt hyperplasia in 3.3%. Of the children, 55% had normal growth, and 3.4% were overweight. The HLA phenotype was DQ2: 88.3%, DQ2/DQ8: 8.4%, and DQ8: 2.3%. The incidence rate was 7.9 cases of CD per 1000 live births and 54 cases per 100,000 person‐years.Conclusions:In Spain, the most frequent clinical presentation of CD is the classical form, mainly diagnosed during the first 2 years of life. The observed incidence of CD in Spanish children is much higher than the present CD incidence rates observed in other European countries.
The interaction between genotype and juvenile and adult density environment in shaping multidimensional reaction norms of behaviour
Authors: Han Chang S. , Brooks Robert C. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryBoth juvenile (Ej) and adult (Ea) environment can alter developmental trajectories, independently or interactively (as environment by environment interaction; Ej × Ea), to shape behaviour in later life. Within a population, however, the developmental response of behaviours to environments can vary among genotypes (G × E × E, multidimensional behavioural reaction norm).Here, we use a full‐sibling, split‐brood experimental design and random regression model to study genetic variation in behavioural plasticity across juvenile/adult density conditions in four behavioural traits of male water stridersTenagogerris euphrosyne: exploration, dispersal, same‐sex sexual behaviour and remounting attempts.Our results showed that both juvenile and adult density affected the expression of behaviours and that there was modest level of genetic variation in all behaviour traits. In contrast, there was little genetic variation in behavioural plasticity across density conditions at different life stages (G × Ej, G × Eaor G × Ej × Ea) observed in all traits other than same‐sex sexual behaviour.We suggest that experiences at different life stages can interact to affect behavioural expression, but the magnitude of G × Ej, G × Eaor G × Ej × Eainteractions depends on the specific traits.Lack of genetic variation in multidimensional behavioural reaction norm may be due to strong selection across environments, high environmental heterogeneity and/or modest genetic variance.Our results highlight the complex ways in which plasticity shapes the behaviours and life histories of organisms.
Flower‐visiting insects and their potential impact on transgene flow in rice
Authors: Pu De‐qiang , Shi Min , Wu Qiong , Gao Ming‐qing , Liu Jia‐Fu , Ren Shao‐peng , Yang Fan , Tang Pu , Ye Gong‐yin , Shen Zhi‐cheng , He Jun‐hua , Yang Ding , Bu Wen‐Jun , Zhang Chun‐tian , Song Qisheng , Xu Dong , Strand Michael R. , Chen Xue‐xin 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Rice is one of the most important crops in the world. Several transgenic varieties of rice have been developed, and some have recently entered pre‐production trials. One concern with genetically modified (GM) crops is transgene escape, but prior studies suggest this risk is low for rice because it is self‐pollinated and the dispersal of pollen by wind is limited.

Little is known about the impact of pollen transport by insects. We characterized the insects visiting rice plants during anthesis and considered the effects of insect pollination on gene flow.

We conducted a 2‐year nationwide survey in China and identified more than 510 insect species that visited rice flowers. Honeybees, hoverflies and several other species carried large amounts of pollen. The European honeybee Apis mellifera visited rice flowers regularly with daily foraging activity peaking between 12.00 and 13.00 h.

We monitored 20 European honeybee colonies located 100–1000 metres away from rice fields in mixed agricultural landscapes and found the honeybees carried viable pollen at least 500 m away from the rice pollen source.

We used four GM rice lines as pollen donors, their non‐GM parental varieties as pollen recipients and the European honeybee as the pollinator in field‐cage experiments to assess whether honeybees increase the frequency of gene flow in rice. Results from screening over 1·5 million germinated offspring seeds over a 3‐year study period showed that honeybees significantly increase transgene flow in rice.

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that a remarkably high diversity of insects visit rice flowers in China and that hundreds of species including honeybees carry large amounts of rice pollen. European honeybees carry viable pollen over long distances, forage on rice flowers regularly and increase the frequency of transgene flow. Insects mediate gene flow in rice more than previously assumed, and this should be taken into consideration during the ecological risk assessment of transgene flow in self‐pollinated and/or anemophilous crops.
Combined Effects of Drying Methods, Extract Concentration, and Film Thickness on Efficacy of Antimicrobial Chitosan Films
Authors: Thakhiew Wasina , Devahastin Sakamon , Soponronnarit Somchart 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn idea of using a suitable drying method to minimize the loss of added antimicrobial agent and, at the same time, to modify the structure, and hence the release characteristics of chitosan films was proposed. Chitosan film‐forming solution was incorporated with galangal extract (0% and 1.5% w/w) and formed into films with the thickness of 15 and 30 μm via hot air drying (HD) (40 °C) and low‐pressure superheated steam drying (LPSSD) (70 °C, 10 kPa). The extract retention, release characteristics, and antimicrobial efficacy of the films were then assessed; fresh‐cut cantaloupe was used as the test food material, while Staphylococcus aureus was the test pathogenic microorganism. The retention and release of 1,8‐cineole, a major bioactive compound in the galangal extract, was monitored during 5‐d storage at 25 °C. The film swelling was also evaluated and their results used to interpret the release characteristics of 1,8‐cineole from the films to the cantaloupe. At the same thickness, the films prepared by HD had lower extract retention and higher degree of swelling, thus exhibiting faster extract release and lower antimicrobial efficacy than the films prepared by LPSSD. Within the same drying method, the increased film thickness led to higher extract retention and antimicrobial efficacy. The concentration of the extract in the cantaloupe matched well with the extract retention and release characteristics as well as the antimicrobial efficacy of the films.
GC‐MS‐Based Metabolite Profiling of Cosmos caudatus Leaves Possessing Alpha‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Javadi Neda , Abas Faridah , Hamid Azizah Abd , Simoh Sanimah , Shaari Khozirah , Ismail Intan Safinar , Mediani Ahmed , Khatib Alfi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCosmos caudatus, which is known as “Ulam Raja,” is an herbal plant used in Malaysia to enhance vitality. This study focused on the evaluation of the α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of different ethanolic extracts of C. caudatus. Six series of samples extracted with water, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% ethanol (EtOH) were employed. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and orthogonal partial least‐squares (OPLS) analysis was used to correlate bioactivity of different extracts to different metabolite profiles of C. caudatus. The obtained OPLS scores indicated a distinct and remarkable separation into 6 clusters, which were indicative of the 6 different ethanol concentrations. GC‐MS can be integrated with multivariate data analysis to identify compounds that inhibit α‐glucosidase activity. In addition, catechin, α‐linolenic acid, α‐D‐glucopyranoside, and vitamin E compounds were identified and indicate the potential α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of this herb.