bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid on the Surgical Field in Primary Cleft Palate Surgery on Children—A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Durga Padmaja , Raavula Parvathi , Gurajala Indira , Gunnam Poojita , Veerabathula Prardhana , Reddy Mukund , Upputuri Omkar , Ramachandran Gopinath 
Published: December 2014

Objective To assess the effect of tranexamic acid on the quality of the surgical field. Design Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting Institutional, tertiary referral hospital. Participants American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class I patients, aged 8 to 60 months with Group II or III (Balakrishnan's classification) clefts scheduled for cleft palate repair. Interventions Children were randomized into two groups. The control group received saline, and the tranexamic acid group received tranexamic acid 10 mg/kg as a bolus, 15 minutes before incision. Main Outcome Measures Grade of surgical field on a 10-point scale, surgeon satisfaction, and primary hemorrhage. Results Significant improvements were noted in surgeon satisfaction and median grade of assessment of the surgical field (4 [interquartile range, 4 to 6] in the control group vs. 3 [interquartile range, 2 to 4] in the test group; P = .003) in the tranexamic acid group compared to the control group. Conclusion Preincision administration of 10 mg/kg of tranexamic acid significantly improved the surgical field during cleft palate repair.
Genetics and Heritability of Shoot Drought Tolerance in Cowpea Seedlings
Authors: Verbree David A. , Singh Bir B. , Payne William A. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTPhenotyping a large population of breeding lines for drought tolerance is time consuming and often unreliable due to multiple possible mechanisms involved. In cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a box‐screening method was used to accelerate phenotyping of shoot drought tolerance in cowpea seedlings. This reduces the confounding effects of adaptive root traits by restricting root growth and provides a homogeneous soil moisture environment across genotypes. Nonetheless, multiple mechanisms of shoot drought tolerance have been reported which further complicate phenotyping. The objective of this study was to determine the most reliable indicators of shoot drought tolerance using the box screening method and to explore genetic basis and heritability of two mechanisms of shoot drought tolerance previously reported in cowpea. Trifoliate necrosis was found to be the most reliable indicator of overall shoot drought tolerance in cowpea seedlings. Stem diameter was highly correlated with unifoliate and trifoliate necrosis but not well correlated with resistance to wilting, suggesting that carbohydrates stored in the stem may help to mitigate water stress. A unifoliate stay‐green trait was discovered that segregates as a single recessive gene. However, it did not cosegregate with resistance to trifoliate necrosis, therefore it is unlikely to confer drought tolerance, and it does not appear to be related to the single dominant gene for drought tolerance previously reported.
Pollen‐mediated Gene Flow in Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz
Authors: Walsh Kimberly D. , Hills Melissa J. , Martin Sara L. , Hall Linda M. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTCamelina sativa (L.) Crantz is a biofuel crop with application on the Great Western Plains of North America that is being developed using genetic engineering. Before release of genetically engineered cultivars, the potential for pollen‐mediated gene flow (PMGF) needs to be assessed to determine if they can coexist with conventional cultivars without causing market harm. Medium‐scale field experiments (40‐m diameter) were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to quantify PMGF using a seed‐expressed florescent marker and bar gene that confers resistance to glufosinate [2‐amino‐4‐(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid] in Alberta, Canada. More than 17 million seeds were screened to quantify outcrossing. Pollen‐mediated gene flow best fit an exponential decay model in which the highest average PMGF (0.78%) occurred adjacent to the donor crop and rapidly declined to 0.09% by 20 m. Pollen‐mediated gene flow was leptokurtic, with a 50% reduction in gene flow 1.5 m from the pollen source. No directional trends were detected, suggesting wind dispersal was not influencing experimental results. The risk of PMGF at longer distances is minimal, but not zero, in this primarily self‐pollinating species.
Evaluation of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Lines and Hybrids Possessing Bs1 for Resistance against Multiple Isolates of Botrytis squamosa
Authors: Hyde Peter T. , Leckie Brian M. , Carpenter Sara C. D. , Lorbeer James W. , Hoepting Christine A. , Ullrich Maire R. , Mutschler Martha A. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTOnion (Allium cepa L.) lines resistant to Botrytis leaf blight (BLB) were produced by backcrossing the Bs1 BLB resistance of Allium roylei Stearn into cultivated onion. This study evaluated important issues for the commercial use of BLB‐resistant onions: the relative degree of BLB control possible when Bs1 is homozygous rather than heterozygous, the control achieved against multiple pathogen isolates, and the potential for negative traits associated with transfer of Bs1. Homozygous BLB‐resistant onions tested in inoculated growth chamber screens with five distinct Botrytis squamosa Walker isolates and in naturally infested regional field trials showed significantly lower BLB symptoms than susceptible commercial hybrid controls. F1 hybrids heterozygous for the Bs1 gene showed levels of BLB symptoms between those of the homozygous resistant and susceptible controls, confirming previous reports of partial dominance. The difference in BLB control in plants heterozygous for Bs1 compared with homozygous plants was more noticeable under heavier disease pressure. Hybrids heterozygous for Bs1 had similar level of BLB control in most of the field trials as their parental homozygous BLB‐resistant lines, indicating that either heterozygous or homozygous BLB resistant hybrids could be used commercially for BLB control. There were no differences in the degree of pathogenicity across the five B. squamosa isolates, which were genetically different based on polymorphism for DNA markers, or among the naturally occurring pathogens present at the six different field locations used. No obvious association was noted between presence of the Bs1 resistance gene with unfavorable characteristics such as reduced bulb size or yield.
Identification and Fine Mapping of a Mutation Conferring Salt‐Sensitivity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Deng Ping , Shi Xingyu , Zhou Jingwei , Wang Fuzheng , Dong Yanmin , Jing Wen , Zhang Wenhua 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTSingle‐gene mutants tolerant or sensitive to salt stress are ideal materials for identifying and cloning genes related to salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the present study, a salt‐sensitive mutant was obtained from the ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)‐induced Nipponbare bank. The mutant, designated rice salt sensitive 4 (rss4), showed a significant increase in salt sensitivity at the seedling stage and accumulated high levels of Na+ in shoots, particularly in the blades of old leaves, under conditions of NaCl stress. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for shoot Na+ content was performed using an F2 population derived from a cross between the rss4 mutant and the indica cultivar Zhaiyeqing 8 (ZYQ8). Three QTLs were identified and one located on the long arm of chromosome 6 was determined to be the candidate locus of the rss4 gene based on comparison and analysis, which explained 40.5% of the phenotypic variance in the shoot Na+ content of the F2 population. Further analysis of recombination events in 165 mutant individuals of an enlarged mapping population of rss4/ZYQ8 defined the rss4 locus to an interval of 230.5 kb bracketed by markers RM20566 and IM28706 on chromosome 6.
Metabolic Responses of Two Contrasting Sorghums to Water‐Deficit Stress
Authors: Burke John J. , Payton Paxton , Chen Junping , Xin Zhanguo , Burow Gloria , Hayes Chad 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTWater‐deficit stress responses in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] have been described in the literature as preflowering drought tolerant (postflowering senescent) or postflowering drought tolerant (preflowering drought sensitive). The underlying physiological mechanisms associated with these drought traits remain unclear. It was hypothesized that the preflowering drought sensitivity of stay‐green lines could be related to reported differences in osmotic potential among stay‐green and senescent lines resulting in an inability of the cultivars to either sense or respond the soil drying until the rate of drying is too great for the stay‐green lines to compensate. The objective of this study was to measure stress‐induced changes in relative water content, abscisic acid (ABA), proline, dhurrin, sucrose, and carbon assimilation during the onset of water‐deficit stress in the preflowering drought‐tolerant line SC1211–11E and the postflowering drought‐tolerant line BTx642 to determine if there were differential responses to the onset of soil drying. In both greenhouse and field studies, it was found that SC1211–11E had lower relative water contents and accumulated higher levels of ABA and proline than the BTx642. The SC1211–11E also showed increases in carbon assimilation shortly after the cessation of irrigation that declined with prolonged stress. These results provide new insights into the differential responses of pre and postflowering drought‐tolerant sorghum lines.
Characterization of Stem Rust Resistance in Wheat Cultivar Gage
Authors: Kumssa Tadele T. , Baenziger P.S. , Rouse M.N. , Guttieri M. , Dweikat I. , Brown‐Guedira G. , Williamson S. , Graybosch R.A. , Wegulo S.N. , Lorenz A.J. , Poland J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTWheat (Triticum spp.) stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn. (Pgt), re‐emerged as a devastating disease of wheat because of virulent race Ug99 (TTKSK). Many bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars grown in North America are susceptible to Ug99 or its derivative races that carry additional virulence. ‘Gage’ was released in 1963 mainly for its excellent field resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks) and stem rust. However, Gage's resistance has not been genetically characterized, which would facilitate its use in breeding programs. To better define the nature of the resistance in Gage, we created an F2 population and the corresponding F2:3 and F4:5 families from crosses between Gage and stem rust susceptible cultivar ‘Bill Brown’. Inheritance of resistance to Pgt race QFCSC and molecular marker analysis indicated that Sr2 and additional genes explain the stem rust resistance of Gage. Using seedling plant infection types from the F2, F2:3, and F4:5 families, we found that at least one dominant and, most likely, one recessive gene are involved in Gage's resistance. Seedling resistance genes acted independently of Sr2 since Sr2 is effective only at the adult plant stage.
Evaluating Testing Strategies for Plant Breeding Field Trials: Redesigning a CIMMYT International Wheat Nursery
Authors: Arief Vivi N. , DeLacy Ian H. , Crossa Jose , Payne Thomas , Singh Ravi , Braun Hans‐J. , Tian Ting , Basford Kaye E. , Dieters Mark J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTGenotypes produced from plant breeding programs for annual crops are evaluated in multiyear, multilocation field trials where a large number of genotypes grown in a few locations in the first year are progressively reduced by selection and tested in a greater number of locations in successive years. Provided fixed resources are specified, the efficiencies of testing strategies differing in the number of locations and replications used and in the number of genotypes tested in successive years can be evaluated by three statistics (genetic repeatability, acceptance probability, and potential gain) calculated from five variance components applicable to the field trials. The five variance components required are deployed genetic variance, genotype‐by‐year, genotype‐by‐location, and genotype‐by‐year‐by‐location interaction variances and the residual (error) variance. Strictly, known variance components are required, but the statistics and their standard errors can be calculated using robust estimates of the variance components obtained from a combined analysis over years of a large set of historical data from field trials that are connected by shared genotypes across years, as genotype‐by‐year and genotype‐by‐year‐by‐location variance components are estimable. Single‐year analyses are unsuitable, as no estimate of the interactions with year are available, and such analyses produce biased estimates of genetic variance and genotype‐by‐location interaction variance. These procedures are illustrated using an example from the CIMMYT international wheat breeding program to evaluate 2‐yr testing strategies for CIMMYT's Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trials that has been distributed and evaluated internationally since 1979.
Oil Content is Superior to Oil Mass for Identification of Haploid Seeds in Maize Produced with High‐Oil Inducers
Authors: Melchinger Albrecht E. , Schipprack Wolfgang , Mi Xuefei , Mirdita Vilson 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTRapid production of inbred lines by in vivo haploid induction has become a routine method in maize breeding. Limitations of the present method can be overcome by use of inducers with high seed‐oil content for discrimination of haploid (H) from diploid crossing (C) seeds. With regard to the optimum application of this new approach, our goal was to find the most accurate discrimination method comparing the directly measured parameters oil mass (OM) and seed weight (SW) with the derived parameter oil content (OC). For this, we compared the distribution properties of H and C seeds from 11 induction crosses with high‐oil inducers for all three traits. The distributions of H and C seeds overlapped almost completely for SW but overlapped less for OC than for OM owing to a much smaller coefficient of variation in both fractions. Thus, the false discovery rate and false negative rate for sorting of H and C seeds were generally smaller for OC than for OM. The optimal bivariate discrimination function on the basis of OM and SW yielded similar error rates as a univariate discrimination function on the basis of OC alone. In conclusion, we recommend to measure seeds from induction crosses produced with high‐oil inducers for SW in addition to OM and use OC as a simple and robust criterion for sorting of H and C seeds.
Genetic Gains in Grain Yield Through Genomic Selection in Eight Bi‐parental Maize Populations under Drought Stress
Authors: Beyene Yoseph , Semagn Kassa , Mugo Stephen , Tarekegne Amsal , Babu Raman , Meisel Barbara , Sehabiague Pierre , Makumbi Dan , Magorokosho Cosmos , Oikeh Sylvester , Gakunga John , Vargas Mateo , Olsen Michael , Prasanna Boddupalli M. , Banziger Marianne , Crossa Jose 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTGenomic selection incorporates all the available marker information into a model to predict genetic values of breeding progenies for selection. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic gains in grain yield from genomic selection (GS) in eight bi‐parental maize populations under managed drought stress environments. In each population, 148 to 300 F2:3 (C0) progenies were derived and crossed to a single‐cross tester from a complementary heterotic group. The resulting testcrosses of each population were evaluated under two to four managed drought stress and three to four well‐watered conditions in different locations and genotyped with 191 to 286 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The top 10% families were selected from C0 using a phenotypic selection index and were intermated to form C1. Selections both at C1 and C2 were based on genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs). The best lines from C0 were also advanced using a pedigree selection scheme. For genetic gain studies, a total of 55 entries representing the eight populations were crossed to a single‐cross tester, and evaluated in four managed drought stress environments. Each population was represented by bulk seed containing equal amounts of seed of C0, C1, C2, C3, parents, F1s, and lines developed via pedigree selection. Five commercial checks were included for comparison. The average gain from genomic selection per cycle across eight populations was 0.086 Mg ha–1. The average grain yield of C3–derived hybrids was significantly higher than that of hybrids derived from C0. Hybrids derived from C3 produced 7.3% (0.176 Mg ha–1) higher grain yield than those developed through the conventional pedigree breeding method. The study demonstrated that genomic selection is more effective than pedigree‐based conventional phenotypic selection for increasing genetic gains in grain yield under drought stress in tropical maize.
Condensed Tannins in Sainfoin: Composition, Concentration, and Effects on Nutritive and Feeding Value of Sainfoin Forage
Authors: Wang Yuxi , McAllister Tim A. , Acharya Surya 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTLegume forage is the most economical source of nutrients for ruminants. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is high nutritive forage growing worldwide and possesses polyphenolics including condensed tannins (CT) that contribute to some of its superior nutritional properties such as improved protein utilization, bloat‐free, and anthelmintic characteristics. This review attempts to capture the latest research in characterizing the impact of polyphenolics on the feeding value of sainfoin with an emphasis on CT. Sainfoin contains a diverse array of polyphenolics and its CT content declines as the plant matures, with an increase in the degree of polymerization and a decreasing proportion of prodelphinidins, resulting in a reduction in biological activity. This forage is best to be utilized between bud to flowering stage to balance the biological activity of CT and biomass yield. Incorporation of sainfoin into alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pasture has been effective in reducing alfalfa pasture bloat due to the presence of CT. New sainfoin populations suitable for survival in high‐performance grazing systems have been developed and have demonstrated superior anti bloat activity due to the increased grazing persistence. Fresh sainfoin is the best feed for cattle for maximum effect of CT, but if it needs to be preserved then hay would be better than silage in terms of preservation of the biological activity of CT. Although greater CT content is desirable for this forage in terms of antibloat and antiparasitic activity, sainfoin with CT concentration at about 50 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) offer the best feed value.
Epidemiology and genetics of hypodontia and microdontia: A study of twin families
Authors: Jeong Kwang Ho , Kim Daeeun , Song Yun-Mi , Sung Joohon , Kim Young Ho 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To identify genetic and environmental factors contributing to hypodontia and microdontia by using Korean twin family data.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 1267 individuals (525 men and 742 women; 180 monozygotic twins [MZ] and 43 dizygotic twins [DZ] from 282 families) underwent an oral examination as part of the Healthy Twin Study in Korea. Dental anomalies classified as hypodontia or microdontia were diagnosed using radiographs and clinical examinations. In order to estimate genetic contributions to dental anomalies, we estimated the pairwise concordance rate (PCR), recurrence risk ratio (RRR), and heritability (h2).

Results:
The prevalence of hypodontia and microdontia was 3.55% and 3.00%, respectively. MZ had the highest PCR and RRR (13.0–15.3). The PCR and RRR values for both anomalies were much higher for DZ (5.0–11.9) than for siblings (1.4–2.6), despite the fact that DZ pairs and sibling pairs share 50% genetic identity. Further genetic analysis revealed both an additive genetic effect (0.38 when hypodontia and microdontia were pooled) and a strong “twin effect” (0.52 when hypodontia and microdontia were pooled).

Conclusions:
This twin-based study revealed that the formation of dental anomalies is affected by both genetic and environmental factors, and that the impact of these factors varies according to the specific dental anomaly.
Dentoskeletal changes following mini-implant molar intrusion in anterior open bite patients
Authors: Hart Tyler R. , Cousley Richard R. J. , Fishman Leonard S. , Tallents Ross H. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate skeletal and dental changes after intrusion of the maxillary molars in subjects with anterior open bite.

Materials and Methods:
This retrospective cephalometric study evaluated skeletal and dental changes resulting from the use of maxillary orthodontic mini-implants in 31 consecutively treated patients. Radiographs were taken at the start and end of maxillary molar intrusion to evaluate the associated changes. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-sample t-test.

Results:
The mean treatment observation time was 1.31 years (SD  =  2.03). The maxillary first molars (P  =  0.0026) and second molars (P  =  0.039) were intruded. However, the mandibular first molars (P  =  0.0004) and second molars (P  =  0.003) erupted in adolescent patients. Both the maxillary and mandibular first molars inclined distally (P  =  0.025 and P  =  0.044, respectively). The mandibular plane angle decreased (P  =  0.036), lower facial height decreased (P  =  0.002), and the occlusal plane angle increased (P  =  0.009). The overbite increased (P &lt; .0001). The ANB angle decreased (P &lt; .0001). Mandibular dental and skeletal changes were more apparent in adolescents, while adults tended toward maxillary changes.

Conclusions:
Vertical traction from orthodontic mini-implants reduces the maxillary posterior dentoalveolar height, thereby assisting orthodontic closure of anterior open bite. However, simultaneous eruption or extrusion of the mandibular molars should be controlled. Adolescent patients tend to demonstrate more favorable effects of mandibular autorotation than do adults.
TLC densitometric method for screening of lycopsamine in comfrey root (Symphytum officinale L.) extracts using retrorsine as a reference compound
Authors: Janeš Damjan , Kreft Samo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Due to severe toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, their quantification in medicinal products is very important. The idea of this research was to use retrorsine as a surrogate reference compound instead of lycopsamine reference or lycopsamine isolated from comfrey. A method for the analysis of lycopsamine in extracts of comfrey roots was developed and validated, employing thin layer chromatography, derivatisation with Dann-Mattocks reagent followed by densitometric analysis. The new method showed linearity within 0.70 to 7.0 μg of lycopsamine per application of 10 μL of a solution. It has also been proven to be specific and precise (repeatability RSD 2-4 % within the plate). The method was successfully employed for quantification of lycopsamine in comfrey root and comfrey root medicinal products such as ointments.