bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Etzel Ruth A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Children’s environmental health is a new academic discipline that studies the influence of environmental exposures on health, development, and disease in children. Children’s environmental health focuses on exposures in early life, with particular emphasis on prenatal exposures. It defines “environment” broadly and considers chemical, nutritional, and social factors. It explores associations between environmental exposures and diseases in childhood, but it also studies the influence of early environmental exposures on disease incidence in adult life. Children’s environmental health is based on the recognition that children are not “little adults.” Infants and children have unique patterns of exposure and exquisite vulnerabilities. Their risks are qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of adults. Children’s environmental health is an optimistic discipline. A fundamental premise is that discovery of environmental threats to children’s health can galvanize evidence-based prevention. The removal of lead from gasoline worldwide following the recognition that lead was responsible for a global pandemic of developmental neurotoxicity in children is a superb example. This one action has produced a more than 90% reduction in childhood lead poisoning and saved trillions of dollars. Children’s environmental health today is a vibrant, highly collaborative, and intensely interdisciplinary field. It brings together general pediatrics and numerous pediatric subspecialties as well as epidemiology, occupational and environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science. Beyond medicine, children’s environmental health links to architecture, urban planning, social science, education, ecology, health economics, and political science.
The Work Environment and Children’s Health, Safety, and Well-Being
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly , Fuller Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In most high-income countries, work looks very different for young people than it does for their peers in low- and middle-income nations. According to the International Labour Organization, approximately 215 million children work in countries around the world, and over half of them labor in environments that constitute the worst forms of child labor, including hazardous workplaces and forced labor. Work among young people in the United States, although a common part of our culture and youth development, is also associated with important health risks. This chapter focuses on several aspects of the work environment in which young US workers are employed and examines challenges and opportunities to increasing safety.
Intrauterine Nutrition and Children’s Health
Authors: Cousins Alicia , Rickman Nicholas , Bearer Cynthia F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Adequate intrauterine nutrition is essential for fetal growth, development, and survival. Alterations in levels of macronutrients or specific micronutrients during critical periods of fetal growth and development affect birth weight. Altered intrauterine nutrition can also have profound and lifelong impacts on development of the brain and lungs as well as on risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Knowledge of the links between intrauterine nutrition and disease risk was generated through long-term epidemiological studies. This information forms the basis for the developmental origins of disease concept. It has catalyzed studies of the mechanisms through which alterations in nutrition influence health and disease and stimulated a search for biological markers of disease risk. Programmed changes in gene expression appear to be a key mechanism through which alterations in intrauterine nutrition influence growth and predispose children to disease. These changes are produced, in part, by altered epigenetic regulation of gene expression. They form a precise and highly individualized record of a person’s nutritional and environmental history.
Pesticides
Authors: Karr Catherine J. , Rauh Virginia A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Pesticides—insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides—are used extensively in countries around the world in agriculture and in vector control in schools, homes, and communities. Pesticides are poisons by design, and human toxicity has resulted from their widespread use in environments where children live, learn, and play. Children in all countries routinely encounter pesticides in the foods they eat and in their homes, schools, and neighborhoods. Acute, high-dose pesticide poisonings in children are less common today than in years past thanks to elimination in industrially developed countries of the most highly toxic pesticides. Acute pesticide poisonings still occur too commonly among children in low- and middle-income countries. Research continues to elucidate multiple links between pesticides and chronic health problems in children. Prenatal exposures appear especially hazardous. The consequences of early-life exposures to pesticides include low birth weight, childhood cancer, behavioral disorders, and cognitive impacts. New information on the hazards of pesticides to children’s health provides opportunities for evidence-based prevention of both acute poisoning and chronic toxicity. New scientific findings have led to new legal requirements in many countries for prevention of pesticide toxicity.
Endocrine Disruptors
Authors: Stroustrup Annemarie , Swan Shanna H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are synthetic chemicals that interfere with the function of natural hormones. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have become ubiquitous in the modern environment. They can affect human health and development—especially reproductive and cognitive development—even at very low levels of exposure. Exposures to endocrine disruptors are particularly hazardous during windows of developmental vulnerability in early life. Endocrine disruptors are present today in myriad common household and industrial products including pesticides, oils, plastics, and food packaging. Phthalates and bisphenol A are two well-known examples. As a consequence of their wide use, these chemicals are now found in measurable amounts in human worldwide. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have multiple mechanisms of action within the body. They can bind to hormone receptors and can mimic, block, or otherwise influence normal hormone actions.
Environmental Chemicals and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children
Authors: Bellinger David C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders—autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities—affect approximately one in six children. Some of these disorders appear to be increasing in frequency. The societal burden associated with these conditions is very large. Chemical exposures in the environment have been shown to play a role in their causation. This chapter reviews the evidence for environmental causation of neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders have been associated with exposure to pesticides and to both indoor and outdoor air pollutants. ADHD has been linked to metals, primarily lead, chlorinated compounds, organophosphate pesticides, phthalates, air pollutants, and perfluoroalkyl acids. Lead exposure in early life is linked to learning disabilities. Lead exposure has also been linked to schizophrenia and antisocial behavior, as well as to neurodegenerative disease in adult life.
Acute Pediatric Poisoning
Authors: Sample Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Acute poisoning by toxic chemicals is a serious problem for infants and children worldwide. Although no database captures all poisoning events, and many cases go unrecorded, US Poison Control Centers report nearly 4 million episodes of poisoning each year. Throughout medical history, acute poisoning cases have served repeatedly as “sentinel health events,” providing initial warnings of important environmental threats to children’s health. Examples include recognition of childhood lead poisoning among children in Queensland, Australia, and of methylmercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan. The index patients in these episodes were diagnosed by astute physicians who not only determined the etiology of the poisonings but also were instrumental in efforts to control exposures. A major impediment to documentation of acute poisoning events is widespread lack of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of acute toxicity and failure to include poisoning in the differential diagnosis. This reflects inadequate education of health professionals in medical toxicology and children’s environmental health. The American Association of Poison Control Centers and the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units have played leading roles in documenting poisoning episodes and raising awareness of the importance of poisoning. Similar efforts have been made by the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists and the International Programme on Chemical Safety of the World Health Organization.
The Career
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter recounts in more depth than chapter 1 Audrey Hepburn’s career as an actress on stage in London, in British films, on stage in New York City, and most of all in each of her Hollywood films. Her true love was dancing; she studied ballet and danced in chorus lines. The chapter recounts her discovery by Collette, her breakout film and stage roles in 1953 and 1954, her numerous awards and accolades, anecdotal backstories of each of her films, her first retirement from acting, and her humanitarian work for UNICEF toward the end of her life. The narrative of her career includes her two marriages and various love affairs as they related to her working life. It also includes in most cases summary of the films’ critical and box-office receptions and production backstories.
Fashion
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Audrey Hepburn’s close relation with designer Hubert de Givenchy, which established her identification with haute couture. His clothes enhance her characters’ movement on-screen, offering a spectacle for viewer identification with her difference from other female stars to emerge at the same time, a difference reflected by her unorthodox body. It looks at the films that associated her with the designer and the particular designs that were influential. Givenchy designed clothes for Hepburn that facilitated her movement on-screen and did not conceal her skinniness, in contrast with the costumes Beaton did for My Fair Lady, which restricted her movement and tried to hide her body. In her films, notably Sabrina, Funny Face, and Breakfast at Tiffany’s, as well as making fashion a transformative event for her characters, Hepburn popularized “the little black dress”; additionally, her identification with black clothing, pants outfits especially, connoted her independence and intelligence.
The Actress
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Hepburn’s skill as actress. It looks at examples of her expert timing, her use of props, her expressive face, her interaction with other actors in an ensemble, and the overall nuance with which she developed complex characterizations. It reviews for background the requirements of movie-star acting during the studio era. The chapter then looks at scenes from (in order of discussion) Roman Holiday, How to Steal a Million, The Nun’s Story, Robin and Marian, and The Children’s Hour. It closes with an examination of a section of Two for the Road, the film in which Hepburn gives her most accomplished, nuanced, and complex performance.
The Sacred and the Impure in Judaism
Authors: Topel Marta F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to rethink some of the characteristics of Orthodox Judaism, based on an examination of kashrut, or Jewish dietary law. Analysis of the ways in which Jewish dietary law is practiced today reveals significant changes in content and functions, as well as its significant implications for the shaping of Orthodox Israeli Jewish identity. This book does not provide an ethnographic account of a singular community. Its objectives are more ambitious: to uncover the regular tendencies and patterns that prevail among different contemporary Orthodox groups, which, in recent decades, have experienced processes of radicalization. By the end of the book, readers will have acquired a deeper knowledge of Orthodox Judaism in Israel and the diaspora, of how it is being restructured and changed despite considering itself to be pure and identical to the European Judaism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Furthermore, readers will gain a clearer understanding of the multiple and intricate relations between religion, food, and identity. The symbolic mechanisms that construct and reconstruct the identities of Orthodox Jewry—in which food and, more specifically, dietary laws, take on a fundamental role—are clearly presented. The research relies largely on kashrut manuals and materials disseminated through internet forums identified with different Orthodox currents. The book also relies on field research in Israel and in Brazil—with interviews of kashrut supervisors, ritual butchers, and Orthodox men and women of the most diverse streams.
Insects, mammals, and birds: The crooked paths of kashrut
Authors: Topel Marta F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter tries to solve what the author considers a conundrum: the stringency of today’s Great Rabbis who demand extreme care from supervisors and housewives. They must use all possible means to avoid ingesting the insects that may be found in the vegetables, legumes, fruits, and grains they consume. At the same time, the consumption of nonkosher meat within the same communities is treated with leniency. The author’s ethnographic experiences in Israel corroborate the prominence that avoiding insects has acquired in kashrut since the 1980s. Regarding the meat that the Orthodox Jewish communities of Israel and the great diasporas consume, data are persuasive: much of this meat is not kosher. Among the most important factors that compromise the kashrut of meat sold as kosher is the systematic violation, on modern farms and in slaughterhouses, of the principle that requires Jews to treat animals with compassion (in Hebrew: tzaar baalei chaim).
The Unbearable Mundaneness of Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Gorman Sara E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the aftermath of COVID, there is a lot of debate about whether conspiracy theories are on the rise. Anecdotal data suggest that conspiracy theories have saturated our society like never before, but is that actually the case? This chapter examines the extent to which health-related conspiracy theories, which interact heavily with belief in health-related misinformation and high levels of medical mistrust, are truly on the rise. The chapter concludes that while health-related conspiracy theories may not be on the rise, they have occupied a more mainstream place in society such that it is easier for people to believe elements of conspiracy theories without being wholehearted “conspiracy theorists.” This form of conspiracy theorizing, in perhaps its most well-known form as QAnon, has become more mainstream through a series of deliberate moves by right-wing media and politicians. This chapter shows how this “mainstreaming” of health-related conspiracy theories has affected medical mistrust.
Learn Faster, Perform Better
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This book applies the science of learning and memory to practicing and performing, giving musicians the tools to learn music more effectively and experience greater confidence on stage. Researchers working in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience have discovered many important principles about how the brain learns new information, how it retains this information both short- and long-term, and ways to make this learning reliable in high-pressure situations like performances. Musicians often choose practice strategies that don’t align well with the optimal ways in which the brain learns, leading to frustration while practicing and inconsistency in performance. This book is a practical guide, written using accessible language for nonscientists and nonacademics, to help musicians get more out of their practicing by applying this research. The book starts with general principles of learning and how the brain works, and then progresses through increasingly specific topics. Throughout the book, the science behind the various topics is explained in layman’s terms, accompanied by practical advice and examples of how to use this information while practicing.
Practice Like a Pro
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mistakes are necessary for learning because they signal to the brain the necessity for change. Top performers make the same number of mistakes in the initial stages of learning as lower-level performers, but they handle those mistakes differently. Their practice is more precisely targeted toward correcting those mistakes and ensuring more correct than incorrect repetitions of difficult spots. This chapter looks at this research on the practice methods of top performers and explores a three-step model for effective practice, a process that can be learned and adopted at any level of skill. In light of this model, common ineffective practice habits are discussed with better alternatives suggested.
Improving Rhythm and Tempo
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A steady sense of pulse and accurate rhythm are foundational skills for all musicians. Often the metronome is the main tool used to improve these skills, but different areas of the brain are active when the metronome is on versus off. Because of this, practicing with a metronome alone is not enough to improve sense of pulse or rhythmic accuracy. Alternate ways of using the metronome are presented in light of this information. Physical movement, ideally involving the entire body, is also highly effective for enhancing sense of pulse. This chapter presents research supporting this idea, as well as specific strategies for musicians to put this information into action.
Improving Pitch and Intonation
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Good intonation relies on a variety of skills that all need to be honed individually. These include pitch discrimination, the ability to match pitch, the ability to sing in tune, the ability to play in tune (for instrumentalists), the ability to sing or play in tune in a musical context, and the ability to audiate clearly. This chapter looks at looks at research on each of these skills, as well as the use of drones versus tuners, singing as an aid to intonation in instrumentalists, and the development of audiation skills. This chapter also offers strategies for how to improve in each area.
How to Play Faster
Authors: Gebrian Molly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Playing fast is one of the most challenging skills to master for many musicians. Working fast music up to tempo therefore requires a variety of different practice strategies. This chapter starts with common approaches to explain the rationale behind each one, along with specific examples of each. It then offers more advanced methods, based on research, that work better than the most frequently suggested strategies. Step-by-step instructions are given to describe these more advanced methods so musicians can implement them immediately. Ways to approach irregular groupings and techniques that only work at fast tempos (such as double-tonging and certain bow strokes) are also discussed.
The Economics of Accounting
Authors: Frankel Richard , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The objective of this book is to spell out accounting’s economic roles. The thesis is that earnings and other accounting outputs help firms function more efficiently. Within the firm, accounting information makes contracts work better and aids managerial decisions in the absence of available prices. In capital market exchanges, accounting information ameliorates information asymmetry, thereby enabling price discovery and reducing trading costs. The authors argue that accounting information is useful in stewardship and valuation despite its limitations. For pedagogical purposes, the book first examines the attributes of accounting earnings as produced and received in the market without delving into how the preparers’ incentives influence the fineness of information produced or its properties. Readers can view this discussion as a reduced-form analysis of accounting earnings and their relation to stock prices. After mapping this landscape, the book then presents a strategic analysis of accounting earnings. This analysis recognizes that accounting information affects users’ and producers’ decisions, which, combined with self-interested behavior, influences the properties of the accounting information produced and affects how it is used in valuation, contracting, and firms’ investment decisions. Shareholder value is the primary efficiency measure, and the book also discusses regulatory, social, and contract efficiency. The authors note that shareholder value maximization and stakeholder protection are not at odds and that accounting information facilitates firms’ commitment to stakeholder protection, which, in turn, leads to more value creation for shareholders.
Policy Case Study: Internet Politics
Authors: Yang Guobin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A remarkable aspect of China’s political landscape in the past thirty years is the rise of an internet politics of control, censorship, and citizen activism. To catapult national economic development, the Chinese government invested heavily in the initial construction of an internet infrastructure. Ordinary Chinese, however, embrace the internet for the new opportunities of information seeking, social connection, and public expression and protest. As a result, the internet becomes an arena of contestation among internet companies, ordinary users, and multiple government institutions. In this process, an entire apparatus of internet governance, control, and propaganda has taken shape and continues to evolve, while citizens cultivate creative skills in navigating an increasingly treacherous internet ecology. In the age of artificial intelligence, algorithmic surveillance, the commercial harvesting of personal data, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, China’s billion-strong internet users face new vulnerabilities.
Xinjiang
Authors: Bovingdon Gardner 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Once all but unknown to outsiders, Xinjiang has recently come to be seen by many as China’s second Tibet because of the harsh repression of Xinjiang’s Uyghur ethnic group by the communist party-state under Xi Jinping. This chapter discusses the land and people of Xinjiang, the incorporation of the region into Qing China, Xinjiang under the Republic of China and in the early years of the People’s Republic of China and the creation of both the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (bingtuan) in 1954 and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in 1955, Han migration into Xinjiang, economic development in the XUAR, and major political developments in Xinjiang from the 1980s to the early 2020s, with an extensive section on Xi Jinping’s policies of cultural suppression, forced “re-education,” and massive surveillance of the Uyghur population, all in the name of eradicating terrorism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Xinjiang’s future.