bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Evaluation of Double-Strand (Looped) and Single-Strand Polyamide Multifilament Suture: Influence of Knot and Suture Size
Authors: Netscher David T. , Badal Justin J. , Yang Jonathan , Kaufman Yoav , Alexander Jerry , Noble Philip 
Published: December 2014

Background Flexor tendon repair in zone II remains a vexing problem. Repair techniques have been developed to strengthen and optimize the number of core strands crossing a repair. A polyamide looped suture doubles the number of core strands for every needle path. This simplifies repairs, but the knot remains a potential weakness. The purpose of our study was to create a biomechanical model used to evaluate the bulky knot of a looped suture as it may be weaker, resulting in greater deformation. Methods Using machined steel rods to hold our suture constructs, we compared four different knot configurations using looped and non-looped sutures in 3-0 and 4-0 varieties using a four-core strand technique. The constructs were tested under increased cyclic loading recording both forces applied and suture construct lengthening (“clinical gapping”) and ultimate breaking strength. Results During continuous periods of cyclic loading, we measured permanent deformation and ultimate breaking strength. Permanent deformation results when there is no recoverable change after force removal defined as a permanent rod separation (or gapping) of 2 mm. Four-strand 3-0 and 4-0 looped sutures failed at 39.9 and 27.1 N faring worse than a four-strand non-looped suture which reached a rod separation of 2 mm at 60.7 and 41.3 N. The ultimate breaking strength demonstrated absolute failure (construct rupture) with the 3-0 looped suture breaking at the knot at 50.3 N and the non-looped suture at 61.5 N. For the 4-0 suture, these values were 32.4 and 41.76 N. Conclusion Within the constraints of this model, a looped suture fared worse than a non-looped suture especially when comparing 4-0 and 3-0 sutures. However, two-knot 3-0 looped suture constructs did resist the force generally accepted as occurring with early non-resistive tendon motion protocols, while two-knot 4-0 looped suture constructs did not. Clinical Relevance This paper provides a description of a model to evaluate various suture materials and knot strengths in isolation of the tendon itself. This allowed us to evaluate mechanical differences between looped and non-looped sutures for polyamide, which are commonly used in flexor tendon repair. These differences between sutures may impact choices for a suture type selected for these repairs.
Predictability of Fetal Doppler, Biophysical Profile, and Cardiotocography for Fetal Acidosis at Birth
Authors: Gupta Ashutosh , Mehta Sanjay , Fazal Tauqeer Syed , Sehgal Renu Raina , Gogia Ashima 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFetal Doppler has allowed evaluation of the fetus in both physiological and pathological conditions which has helped in establishing the relationship between Doppler and fetal oxygenation. It is difficult to define pathological acidosis, but the threshold pH of <7 is the best independent predictor for unexplained seizures. Most infants tolerate acidemia well and recover without any remarkable long term sequelae. Worsening umbilical artery acidosis is directly and adversely related to worsening of neurological outcome, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and multiorgan involvement with permanent neurologic injury. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy events are not limited to high-risk pregnancies but may occur in about 50 % of the low-risk population. Combination of low pH at birth with other abnormal clinical parameters, e.g., requirement for intubation, 5 min Apgar score ≤5 has 80 % positive predictability of seizures. Predictability of fetal Doppler examination for asphyxiated fetuses is in the tune of 86 %. High-risk pregnancies are screened antenatally by fetal Doppler, biophysical profile, and CTG to identify at-risk fetuses which are confirmed by the ABG analysis of cord blood immediately after birth. All these noninvasive modalities complement each other to identify, at the earliest, any clinical deterioration. Isolated abnormal, e.g., absent end diastolic flow in umbilical artery, abnormal biophysical profile, or nonreactive CTG are not adequately sensitive in identifying these fetuses which was observed in the present cohort. Thus, fetal Doppler in combination with biophysical profile supplemented with cardiotocograph helps in identifying at-risk fetuses for fetal acidosis and encephalopathy and helps in considering early intervention.
Open BIM-based quantity take-off system for schematic estimation of building frame in early design stage
Authors: Choi Jungsik , Kim Hansaem , Kim Inhan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Since construction projects are large and complex, it is especially important to provide concurrent construction process to BIM models with construction automation. In particular, the schematic Quantity Take-Off (QTO) estimation on the BIM models is a strategy, which can be used to assist decision making in just minutes, because 70–80% of construction costs are determined by designers' decisions in the early design stage [1]. This paper suggests a QTO process and a QTO prototype system within the building frame of Open BIM to improve the low reliability of estimation in the early design stage. The research consists of the following four steps: (1) analyzing Level of Detail (LOD) at the early design stage to apply to the QTO process and system, (2) BIM modeling for Open BIM based QTO, (3) checking the quality of the BIM model based on the checklist for applying to QTO and improving constructability, and (4) developing and verifying a QTO prototype system. The proposed QTO system is useful for improving the reliability of schematic estimation through decreasing risk factors and shortening time required.
Comparison of Injury Epidemiology Between the Wenchuan and Lushan Earthquakes in Sichuan, China
Authors: Hu Yang , Zheng Xi , Yuan Yong , Pu Qiang , Liu Lunxu , Zhao Yongfan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to compare injury characteristics and the timing of admissions and surgeries in the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and the Lushan earthquake in 2013.MethodsWe retrospectively compared the admission and operating times and injury profiles of patients admitted to our medical center during both earthquakes. We also explored the relationship between seismic intensity and injury type.ResultsThe time from earthquake onset to the peak in patient admissions and surgeries differed between the 2 earthquakes. In the Wenchuan earthquake, injuries due to being struck by objects or being buried were more frequent than other types of injuries, and more patients suffered injuries of the extremities than thoracic injuries or brain trauma. In the Lushan earthquake, falls were the most common injury, and more patients suffered thoracic trauma or brain injuries. The types of injury seemed to vary with seismic intensity, whereas the anatomical location of the injury did not.ConclusionsGreater seismic intensity of an earthquake is associated with longer delay between the event and the peak in patient admissions and surgeries, higher frequencies of injuries due to being struck or buried, and lower frequencies of injuries due to falls and injuries to the chest and brain. These insights may prove useful for planning rescue interventions in trauma centers near the epicenter. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:541-547)
Seven Years of Implementing UNESCO’s 2003 Intangible Heritage Convention—Honeymoon Period or the “Seven-Year Itch”?
Authors: Blake Janet 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:This article aims to examine how far our experience of implementing UNESCO’s Intangible Heritage Convention, which was adopted in 2003 and entered into force in April 2006, over the last seven years has transformed our understanding of intangible cultural heritage and of its safeguarding. There have been, of course, both positive and negative impacts thus far as well as both unexpected and, thus far, unknown outcomes. The Convention broke new ground, introducing new terminology and new definitions of existing terms and requiring a reexamination of some approaches to international and national law making and policymaking. When considering the impact of the 2003 Convention internationally, we need to look, inter alia, at its impact on international policymaking (including cultural policy, the sustainable development agenda and indigenous rights), related developments in other areas of international law (including human rights and environmental law), and the way in which states treat shared heritage that crosses international frontiers. On the national level, we should consider how the Convention may have contributed to creating a new paradigm for identifying and safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH), shifting the focus of significance, redefining the role of non-state actors vis-à-vis state authorities in this process and, even, moving the idea of national heritage away from a purely state-driven concept. Important questions to consider include whether the Convention has resulted in the development of new national policy strategies for (a) promoting the function of ICH in society and (b) integrating ICH into planning and development programs and how effectively Parties have managed to engage communities, groups, and individuals in the aforementioned activities.
Thinking about Antiquities: Museums and Internationalism
Authors: Lyons Claire L. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract:John Henry Merryman’s seminal writings established the twin poles of nationalism and internationalism, which have framed debates over cultural patrimony for three decades. He has long advocated a cosmopolitan ideal of sharing the world’s artistic heritage as the best course for preservation, knowledge, and public access. Although the tensions between national ownership and universal circulation frequently put countries and museums at odds, above all when it comes to ancient art and archaeological objects, a middle ground has been found that can bridge the gap. This article reviews several recent MOUs that U.S. museums and cultural ministries in Italy, Greece, and Turkey have established for exhibition loans and research collaborations. The J. Paul Getty Museum’s experiences in implementing four international cultural agreements illuminate how sharing works in practice, and the benefits (and costs) of an object-oriented approach to cultural diplomacy.
Ist das „Stepping-Stones/Triple P”-Elterntraining eine sinnvolle, ergänzende Intervention in der Behandlung von Kindern mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen?
Authors: Sprenger Linda , Becker Katja , Heinzel-Gutenbrunner Monika , Mingebach Tanja , Otterbach Saskia , Peters Mira , Kamp-Becker Inge 
Published: December 2014

Die Effektivität des Elterntrainings „Stepping Stones/Triple P” als ergänzende Behandlung von Kindern mit einer Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (ASS) wurde untersucht. Die Eltern von 13 Kindern mit ASS (neun Jungen, vier Mädchen) zwischen vier und zwölf Jahren (M=6.7 Jahre, SD=2.61) nahmen an der Studie teil. Das Training fand über einen Zeitraum von 14 Wochen mit acht Gruppensitzungen à zwei Stunden statt. Die Eltern wurden zum Prä- und Postzeitpunkt, sowie sechs Monate später bezüglich komorbider Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und dem Erziehungsverhalten befragt. Außerdem wurden die autistische Kernsymptomatik sowie die elterliche Belastung zum Prä- und Postzeitpunkt erhoben. Ein Teil der Eltern wurde zusätzlich als Eigenwarteliste-Kontrollgruppe erfasst. Durch das Elterntraining konnten die komorbiden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder reduziert werden (d=.65), außerdem verbesserten sich die Erziehungsfertigkeiten (d=.97). Keine Veränderungen ergaben sich hinsichtlich der elterlichen Belastung und der autistischen Kernsymptomatik. Insgesamt zeigt sich das Elterntraining nach „Stepping Stones/Triple P” als sinnvolle begleitende Intervention in der Behandlung von Kindern mit einer ASS.
Comparison of Mixture Bayesian and Mixture Regression Approaches to Infer Gene Networks
Authors: Rodriguez–Zas Sandra L. , Southey Bruce R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMost Bayesian network applications to gene network reconstruction assume a single distributional model across all the samples and treatments analyzed. This assumption is likely to be unrealistic especially when describing the relationship between genes across a range of treatments with potentially different impacts on the networks. To address this limitation, a mixture Bayesian network approach has been developed. Besides, the equivalence between Bayesian networks and regression approaches has been demonstrated. Here, two strategies are compared: the mixture Bayesian network approach and the mixture regression approach, when used for the purpose of gene network inference. The finite mixture model that is integrated into both strategies allows the characterization of gene relationships unique to particular conditions as well as the identification of interactions shared across conditions. The chapter reviews performances on real data describing a pathway analyzed under up to nine different experimental conditions, and highlights the strengths of the approaches evaluated.
Bayesian Causal Phenotype Network Incorporating Genetic Variation and Biological Knowledge
Authors: Moon Jee Young , Neto Elias Chaibub , Deng Xinwei , Yandell Brian S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn a segregating population, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping can identify QTLs with a causal effect on a phenotype. A common feature of these methods is that QTL mapping and phenotype network reconstruction are conducted separately. As both tasks have to benefit from each other, this chapter presents an approach which jointly infers a causal phenotype network and causal QTLs. The joint network of causal phenotype relationships and causal QTLs is modeled as a Bayesian network. In addition, a prior distribution on phenotype network structures is adjusted by biological knowledge, thus extending the former framework, QTLnet, into QTLnet-prior. This integrative approach can incorporate several sources of biological knowledge such as protein-protein interactions, gene ontology annotations, and transcription factor and DNA binding information. A Metropolis-Hastings scheme is described that iterates between accepting a network structure and accepting k weights corresponding to the k types of biological knowledge.
Detection of Copy Number Variations from Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Data Using Linear-chain Conditional Random Field Models
Authors: Yin Xiaolin , Li Jing 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) accounts for roughly 12% of the human genome. Beside their inherent role in cancer development, CNVs have been reported to underlie susceptibility to complex diseases. Each variation may range from around 1000 nucleotides to less than 5 megabases. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) allows the identification of copy number alterations across genomes. The key computational challenge in analyzing CNVs using aCGH data is the detection of segment boundaries of copy number changes and inference of the copy number state for each segment. Markov random fields and, more specifically, conditional random fields provide a unified framework for data preprocessing, segmentation and copy number state decoding.
Introduction
Authors: Wilmsen David 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Grammatical structures built upon reflexes of šī in Arabic dialects, especially interrogatives and negators, have attracted much attention within Arabic linguistics. Theoretical and descriptive approaches to grammatical ši within the discipline largely assume that the grammatical markers are derived from the Arabic word for ‘thing’, implicitly borrowing concepts from grammaticalization theory and other theoretical orientations to describe the processes involved, thereby acquiescing in the assumption that Arabic must conform to theory, although exerting little influence on linguistic theory writ large. Furthermore, Arabic linguistics does not habitually gather insights from comparative studies of the closely related Semitic languages, tending to restrict itself to the domains of Arabic literature or dialectology. Comparison with Semitic languages, however, adds explanatory depth, often contravening theoretical concepts.
Origins of grammatical ši
Authors: Wilmsen David 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Similarities between southern peninsular Arabic dialects and the Modern South Arabian languages support a southern pre-diaspora origin for the Arabic dialects negating and interrogating with reflexes of šī. Most share an existential particle analogous to the Arabic šī found in Yemeni, Omani, and Syrian varieties, at least, and Mehri possesses an indefinite determiner śi that functions exactly like the analogous Arabic šī. Southern Arabic speakers were probably in the Fertile Crescent as early as seven centuries before Islam and maybe twice that many, ample time for a southern Arabic feature to become established in the Levant. Current dialect distributions probably originate in the displacement of the old southern Arab Christian elite by Arabic-speaking Muslims from Central Arabia.
An Economic Analysis of National Food Sovereignty Policies in the Middle East
Authors: Harrigan Jane 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Increased food imports to the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) have been stimulated by population growth and changing consumption patterns. International organisations involved in MENA have advocated a food security strategy that relies upon diversification away from agriculture towards manufacturing exports, with the resulting foreign exchange used to import food. This research assesses the economic implications of increasing domestic food production in Lebanon and Jordan. It examines the debate between advocates of greater reliance on domestic food production and those who advocate a predominately trade-based food security strategy heavily dependent on food imports. This chapter assesses the food security status of Lebanon and Jordan using different indicators, including Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). It analyses both countries’ patterns of international trade in agricultural commodities to assess the extent to which international trade, as opposed to domestic food production, is used to achieve food security at the national aggregate level.
Win-Win Versus Lose-Lose
Authors: Tétreault Mary Ann , Wheeler Deborah L. , Shepherd Benjamin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Food security is crucial for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries operating a distributive social contract predicated on citizen wellbeing and prosperity in return for political acquiescence. This rentier bargain was threatened by the surge in food prices in 2008, leading some Gulf countries to invest in agricultural projects in developing countries. This study identifies the risks that such foreign land investments pose to the investor as well as to this chapter’s case study countries of Ethiopia and Cambodia. Criticisms of overseas agricultural investment centre on corruption; expropriation of land from local populations who are often subject to forcible eviction with minimal compensation; and a lack of provision for local people’s livelihoods or even access to food after they have been evicted. Yet, GCC states could reshape foreign investment policies as a means of improving productivity as well as bolstering economic development in impoverished rural areas of less-developed countries.
Food Insecurity In The West Bank
Authors: Cavatorta Elisa , Waples Sam 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the spatial patterns of food insecurity in the West Bank region of the Palestinian Territories, and how community-level factors, such as environmental aspects and resource accessibility, can explain these patterns. Access to markets and resources is hindered by mobility restrictions of people and goods as Israel retains control of borders as well as agricultural and grazing land. Employment possibilities are limited and livelihood opportunities depend on the surrounding environment, resulting in chronic levels of poverty and food insecurity in the West Bank. This research constructs an original dataset combining household survey data on food insecurity, census data on community-level characteristics and environmental information extracted by elaborating Geographic Information System (GIS) surfaces. We predict food insecurity incidences at the community-level for the entire West Bank and analyse the geographical patterns of food insecurity. The study finds strong influences of local environmental characteristics in explaining household food insecurity.
Presbyterian Politics and the Restoration of Scottish Episcopacy, 1660–2
Authors: Raffe Alasdair 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the re‐establishment of episcopacy in Scotland. Historians have attributed the Scottish Church settlement to the anticlerical views of the resurgent nobility, Charles II's desire to recover his prerogative, and a perceived need for uniformity among the Stuart kingdoms. It is proposed that instead the crown overturned Presbyterianism in order to remove the structures and habits of ‘Presbyterian politics’. The chapter analyses the government's efforts to suppress four particular practices: the issuing of declarations and petitions, the publishing of controversial books, the church courts’ claims to adjudicate on the legitimacy of decisions made by secular authorities, and politicized preaching. In several cases, however, the government was willing for these practices to be used by those sympathetic to an episcopalian settlement. Finally, alternative forms of political behaviour promoted in place of Presbyterian politics are discussed.
Triggering the Law of Armed Conflict?
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This chapter addresses the conditions that bring the law of armed conflict into force: the critical predicate for a nation to assert the broad authority inherent in situations of armed conflict and for individuals to claim the humanitarian protections of the law. The chapter will explain why the initial U.S. interpretation of the widely accepted law-triggering equation generated such criticism and controversy, and how that interpretation deviated from long-standing U.S. military policy. The chapter will then explain why national authorities abandoned this initial interpretation, but also why this abandonment in no way eliminated controversy related to characterizing the struggle against al-Qaeda as a legitimate justification for exercising the authority to use wartime powers to disrupt and disable this transnational terrorist threat.
Modeling and quantifying frequency-dependent fitness in microbial populations with cross-feeding interactions
Authors: Ribeck Noah , Lenski Richard E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCoexistence of multiple populations by frequency-dependent selection is common in nature, and it often arises even in well-mixed experiments with microbes. If ecology is to be incorporated into models of population genetics, then it is important to represent accurately the functional form of frequency-dependent interactions. However, measuring this functional form is problematic for traditional fitness assays, which assume a constant fitness difference between competitors over the course of an assay. Here, we present a theoretical framework for measuring the functional form of frequency-dependent fitness by accounting for changes in abundance and relative fitness during a competition assay. Using two examples of ecological coexistence that arose in a long-term evolution experiment withEscherichia coli, we illustrate accurate quantification of the functional form of frequency-dependent relative fitness. Using a Monod-type model of growth dynamics, we show that two ecotypes in a typical cross-feeding interaction—such as when one bacterial population uses a byproduct generated by another—yields relative fitness that is linear with relative frequency.