bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le principe de la rétroactivité des lois pénales plus douces : une rupture de l'égalité devant la loi entre délinquants ?
Authors: Moumouni Ibrahim 
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de la rétroactivité in mitius - « les lois pénales moins sévères, qui suppriment ou adoucissent une pénalité, s’appliquent aux délinquants qui ne seront pas jugés d’après la loi en vigueur au moment où l’infraction a été commise, dès lors qu’une condamnation définitive n’était pas intervenue » 1 - puise ses racines dans la philosophie humaniste qui a donné naissance aux droits de l’homme. Le rapport entre le droit pénal et les droits humains 2 , loin d’être antinomique, est caractérisé par une interdépendance et une complémentarité 3 . Dès lors, on peut affirmer que le principe de la rétroactivité in mitius n’est qu’une des conséquences de l’influence des droits de l’homme sur le droit pénal 4 . Toutefois, si le fondement juridico-philosophique du principe de la rétroactivité in mitius s’avère humaniste et cohérent dans sa logique, il recèle une injustice dans son application concrète entre délinquants en ce qu’il ne respecte toujours pas le principe de l’égalité des citoyens – délinquants – devant la loi.
La médiation de l'interaction pédagogique sur une plateforme de visioconférence poste à poste
Authors: Codreanu Tatiana , Combe Celik Christelle 
Published: January 2013

Cet article se donne pour but de décrire les pratiques tutorales dans un environnement multimodal de deux populations de tuteurs en ligne : de futurs enseignants en formation universitaire professionnalisante et des enseignants confirmés de français langue étrangère (FLE). Cette étude a pour cadre un enseignement de FLE à destination d'un groupe d'étudiants américains de l'université de Californie à Berkeley, donné en 2009-2010 sur une plateforme d'apprentissage vidéographique synchrone. À travers la micro-analyse d'une tâche dans la configuration qui place un tuteur devant deux apprenants, nous tentons d'observer comment les tuteurs suscitent et régulent le discours des apprenants. Nous étudions notamment l'utilisation qu'ils font des différents outils textuels de communication ainsi que de la caméra. Nous discutons les résultats qualitatifs en vue de mettre au jour les compétences sémio-pédagogiques et l'ethos des tuteurs en ligne.
DPJ Editorial: Launching the new journal
Authors: Matusov Eugene , Marjanovic-Shane Ana , Ben-David Kolikant Yifat 
Published: January 2013

We welcome and invite new readers, authors, reviewers and editors to the new journal. A short history of the journal foundation is given along with the reasons for launching this publication. A long, but not finished, list is provided of important and interesting themes and areas of interest for dialogic educational practice, research and theory.
Validation of Whole Slide Imaging for Primary Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology
Authors: Bauer Thomas W. , Schoenfield Lynn , Slaw Renee J. , Yerian Lisa , Sun Zhiyuan , Henricks Walter H. 
Published: January 2013

Context.—High-resolution scanning technology provides an opportunity for pathologists to make diagnoses directly from whole slide images (WSIs), but few studies have attempted to validate the diagnoses so obtained.Objective.—To compare WSI versus microscope slide diagnoses of previously interpreted cases after a 1-year delayed re-review (“wash-out”) period.Design.—An a priori power study estimated that 450 cases might be needed to demonstrate noninferiority, based on a null hypothesis: “The true difference in major discrepancies between WSI and microscope slide review is greater than 4%.” Slides of consecutive cases interpreted by 2 pathologists 1 year prior were retrieved from files, and alternate cases were scanned at original magnification of ×20. Each pathologist reviewed his or her cases using either a microscope or imaging application. Independent pathologists identified and classified discrepancies; an independent statistician calculated major and minor discrepancy rates for both WSI and microscope slide review of the previously interpreted cases.Results.—The 607 cases reviewed reflected the subspecialty interests of the 2 pathologists. Study limitations include the lack of cytopathology, hematopathology, or lymphoid cases; the case mix was not enriched with difficult cases; and both pathologists had interpreted several hundred WSI cases before the study to minimize the learning curve. The major and minor discrepancy rates for WSI were 1.65% and 2.31%, whereas rates for microscope slide reviews were 0.99% and 4.93%.Conclusions.—Based on our assumptions and study design, diagnostic review by WSI was not inferior to microscope slide review (P &lt; .001).
Oil Pollution Control Experience And Measures In The Delaware River Basin
Authors: Selzer Seymour D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Delaware River Basin, in the area from Trenton, N.J., to Wilmington, Del, including the Philadelphia, Pa.–Camden, N. J. metropolitan area, is the site of one of the major municipal-industrial complexes in the United States. Enormous quantities of oil are transported, processed, and used in the area. There are continuous oil discharges in the form of wastes, as well as accidental spills, to the waters of the area.
The Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC), in its comprehensive water resources management role, is concerned with all forms of oil pollution. The developing oil pollution control program in the Delaware River Basin includes a broad cooperative effort on the part of the Federal Government, the DRBC, the states, local agencies, and private interests. Included are preventive measures, such as special requirements in design and construction of petroleum handling and transportation facilities, and emergency planning at all levels, both public and private. An emergency alert system is operative, and a corrective action program is authorized and developing at the various levels of government and industry.
The Submarine Pipeline And Single Buoy Mooring
Authors: Small S.W. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The subject of the paper is introduced by means of a description of the submarine pipeline-single buoy mooring system. This description covers the components of the system, its purpose and its operation.
Discussion then centers on pollution prevention in the design and operation of such a system. In discussing design, each component of the total system is discussed. These are the submarine pipeline, the bottom manifold, the underbuoy hose, the buoy and the floating hose strings.
Discussion of operation of the system points out that methods of operation vary from one terminal to the next depending upon local conditions and the operator's preference. However, a generalized description is given of mooring the tanker, connecting the floating hoses, loading or off-loading cargo, disconnecting the floating hoses and leaving the mooring.
In conclusion the paper summarizes those areas of design and operation that must receive critical attention to maximize the pollution prevention aspects of the system and to insure that these systems continue to improve and continue to have a low risk of pollution associated with their use.
Oil Soaked Straw Harvesting Techniques
Authors: Harper John D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The use of straw as an adsorbent material in the mechanical recovery of oily pollutants is reviewed with emphasis given to existing methods for the harvesting of the oil soaked straw. State-of-the-art harvesting techniques, while admittedly crude and needing improvement, is complicated by the wide variety of conditions and subtleties encountered in oil pollution incidents. The development of oil soaked straw harvesting equipment, possibly by the agricultural implement industry, to be used by various types and configurations of vessels will permit greater usage of the demonstratably effective application of straw in oil pollution incidents.
Identification Of Oil Spills: Comparison Of Several Methods
Authors: Horowitz J. , Gumtz G.D. , Nemchin R.G. , Meloy T.P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Based only on analysis of oil slicks, several methods of identifying the source of oil pollution are critically examined. These methods are grouped into two categories: passive tagging and active tagging. Passive tagging assumes that oils are so chemically diverse that their contents constitute a stable chemical fingerprint that can be unequivocally disclosed in the laboratory. Active tagging requires that an inexpensive, coded material be added to oil; this material must be chemically and physically stable in both oil and oil slicks; it must also be readily identifiable by available analytical techniques.
We have examined three methods of passive tagging (trace metals, sulfur-isotope ratios, and paper chromatography) and three methods of active tagging (halogenated polycyclic aromatics, organo metallic s, and coded micro-spheroids). Passive tags cannot be recommended because the passive tags are quite likely to mingle, to evaporate, to be dissolved, or to be oxidized; even if these processes do not. occur, they can create formidable forensic problems for the prosecution and telling counter-arguments for the defense. Since active tags are designed to be stable and identifiable, they are made for the job; we have found promise and merit (though unequal) in the three types of active tags we reviewed.
Some Ecological Effects Of Marine Oil Pollution
Authors: Spooner Molly 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Oil at sea affects chiefly species associated with the surface; damage at sea by oil and dispersants after Torrey Canyon were not as bad as expected.
Slicks sometimes disappear naturally, how apart from physical actions may this be taking place? Bacteria can, under experimental conditions very favorable to their growth, assist in dispersal, sinking and decomposition of oil, and zooplankton can ingest oil droplets, but are these factors of significance at sea?
On shores after Torrey Canyon, far more damage was done by excess detergent than by oil. Repopulation is following the expected sequence, most affected shores being still abnormal. Observations on oil left untreated in Cornwall, at Eleuthera and on the Devon coast show slow removal by various natural means, including the browsing action of fauna.
Toxic detergents can affect the sublittoral zone, including species of economic importance. Areas liable to repeated pollution, such as estuaries and salt marshes, require special care. The use of newer dispersants of low toxicity is desirable here and on shores.
Microbial Degradation Of Normal Paraffin Hydrocarbons In Crude Oil
Authors: Miget R.J. , Oppenheimer C.H. , Kator H.I. , LaRock P.A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Experiments designed to measure the oxidation and degradation of crude oils by naturally occurring marine microorganisms are presently being conducted. Fifty active oil degrading cultures have been isolated in enriched seawater containing crude oil. Oil degradation has been determined with gas chromatography, wet combustion, and by measurement of surface tension. Normal paraffin hydrocarbons through C-26 are degraded by two different groups of micro organisms-those growing in the oil phase only and those growing in the aqueous phase. Emulsification of the crude oil through production of surfactants was observed in many of the enriched cultures. Microbial degradation of 35 to 55 per cent of oxidizable crude oil occurred within 60 hours.
Prevention Of Pollution By Oil And Hazardous Materials In Marine Operations
Authors: Stirling Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A brief summary of legislation and international treaties applicable to pollution by marine operations is given. Pollution is defined as the discharge of anything which affects or is harmful to the ecology, use, or esthetic quality of the receiving body either temporarily or permanently. The causes of pollution are deliberate violations, poor practices, and unavoidable accidents. The solution to pollution is prevention, minimizing effects when total prevention is not realistic, and finally cleanup. These solutions are best effected by education, engineering, and enforcement, in that order. Data is presented which points out the major operational causes of pollution with the not too surprising result that human error, manifested in overfilling, vessel mishandling, and improper system operation, is the major contributor. Possible corrective measures are discussed with emphasis that all such measures must meet the test of necessity, effectiveness, and practicality.
National Multiagency Oil And Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan
Authors: Hyland John R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The National Multiagency Contingency Plan, prepared at the Direction of the President, provides a mechanism for coordinating the Federal response to a spill of oil or other hazardous materials. Agencies signatory to the Plan are: Department of the Interior; Department of Transportation; Department of Defense; Department of Health, Education and Welfare; and Office of Emergency Preparedness. The objectives of this Plan are: to develop appropriate preventive and preparedness measures and effective systems for discovering and reporting the existence of a pollution spill; to institute, promptly, measures to restrict the further spread of the pollutant; to assure that the public health and welfare are provided adequate protection; to apply techniques to cleanup and dispose of the collected pollutants; and to institute actions to recover cleanup costs and to effect enforcement of existing Federal statutes. The Plan is effective for all United States navigable waters and contiguous zone. The President has established the policy that appropriate Federal resources will be used for dealing with the pollution aspects of oil or hazardous substance spill problems and to protect our natural resources from their consequences. A primary thrust of regional plans is to encourage the person responsible for the discharge of oil or other hazardous substances to remove the pollutant or adequately mitigate its effects. The National Response Team (NRT) consists of representatives of the signatory agencies and acts as an emergency response team to be activated in the event of a pollution incident involving oil or other hazardous materials. The Regional Response Center (RRC) is the regional headquarters site for pollution control activities under this Plan. Coordination and direction of Federal pollution control efforts at the scene of a pollution incident is accomplished through an On-Scene Commander (OSC). The OSC is the single executive agent predesignated by the regional plan to coordinate and direct such pollution control activities in each area of the region. The actions taken to respond to a spill or pollution incident can be separated into five relatively distinct phases.
For descriptive purposes these are: Phase I. Discovery and Notification; Phase II. Containment and Counter-measures; Phase III. Cleanup and Disposal; Phase IV. Restoration; and Phase V. Recovery of Damages and Enforcement.
OIL POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLATION AND THE WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1970, THE FEDERAL VIEWPOINT
Authors: Biglane K.E. , Wyer R.H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 was enacted and signed into law on April 3, 1970. This Act provides the mechanism for strong Federal actions relating to oil removal, prevention and enforcement. This paper discusses the most significant provisions of the Act and describes the Federal point of view relating to key provisions. Emphasis is placed on the rationale behind the designation of a harmful quantity of oil, the impact of the notification requirement, adequacy of oil removal procedures, prevention of spills, and enforcement provisions.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIR DELIVERABLE ANTIPOLLUTION TRANSFER SYSTEM INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF OF AN OPTIMUM OIL STORAGE CONTAINER
Authors: Ketchel Commander R.J. , Smith H.D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past two years development of a special purpose emergency tanker unloading system was accomplished. The Air Deliverable Transfer Pumping and Storage System (ADAPTS) is now being provided for operational use. This paper traces the development of the system from inception to procurement specifications preparation. Problems encountered during the development effort are identified. Solutions, and the rationale behind them, obtained to overcome the technical and operational problems are discussed. Field test experience and performance data on the ADAPTS system are presented.
THE ROLE OF THE OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE IN THE OIL PRODUCING INDUSTRY
Authors: Mut S. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When an oil spill occurs there is one question that is paramount to all who have an interest in that very unhappy occurrence. That question is— “Does the spiller have the capability to clean up the mess quickly and effectively?” The answer is “Yes” if everything he needs is available to him. If his requirements are to be readily available, it is necessary that the capability to respond has been developed before the spill occurs. This capability can be developed either by the operator acting for himself alone or in a joint effort with other members of industry in an oil spill cooperative.
Oil spill cooperatives have been patterned after associations formed by oil companies to assist each other in the event of fires, hurricanes, and other disasters. One of the first active spill cooperatives was formed in Boston in 1967. Reportedly, more than 60 such cooperatives are now active. These are principally, however, harbor cooperatives involving refining, terminal, and transportation facilities. This paper deals only with those cooperatives which involve oil producing facilities with significant spill potential. At the beginning of 1971, there were seven such cooperatives and several others in various stages of formation. Their locations range from the Gulf Coast to Alaska.
CAUSES OF OIL SPILLS FROM SHIPS IN PORT
Authors: Putman Captain W.H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This is a summary of causes of oil spills from ships in the ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach during the period 1962–1969. The data presented are a matter of record, and believed to be statistically sound. These data should be helpful to the Naval and Maritime communities as well as those concerned with oil spill contingency plans.
SORBENTS FOR OIL SPILL REMOVAL
Authors: Schatzberg Paul , Nagy K. V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Materials that float on water, attract and absorb oil and can easily be removed from the water constitute one of the most effective means for completely separating spilled oil from the water environment. Three classes of materials can be used for this purpose inorganic products, natural organic products and synthetic organic products. Several examples of each of these classes are evaluated for their potential use as sorbents. Laboratory procedures are utilized to determine oil and water sorption capacity, oil retention capacity, buoyancy with and without absorbed oil, effect of petroleum product variation, and sorbent/oil coherence. Of twenty sorbent materials evaluated, the polymeric foams exhibited the highest sorption capacities for oils. These foams also absorb water. While this reduces their capacity for oil, some of the foams still retain a high sorption capacity. On the average, much lower oil sorption capacities were exhibited by the inorganic and the natural organic materials.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF A LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL IN CLOSED FLASKS AND UNDER SIMULATED FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Kator Howard , Oppenheimer C. H. , Miget R. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Petroleum utilizing microorganisms in flasks containing enriched seawater exhibited a clear metabolic preference for saturated paraffins in a Louisiana crude oil. The rates of oxidation of these compounds were directly proportional to incubation temperature and roughly doubled with a ten degree increase. A pattern of growth consisting of an initially large rate of saturated paraffin oxidation, followed by a decrease and another increase in rate was observed. The initially large rates were attributed to the metabolism of n-paraffins smaller than C-18. No even or odd chain length preference for n-paraffins was indicated. There was no evidence of utilization for aromatic compounds.
Application of a microbial culture to an oil slick under simulated field conditions, clearly showed that microbes could accelerate the removal of a Louisiana crude oil from an oil slick on seawater. The rates of oil removal in outdoor, exposed conditions, were twice as large as the rates of evaporative oil loss. The microbes produced a significant change in oil “stickiness”. Measurements indicated the oil was dispersed through microbial activity. The cells preferentially remained at the oil-water interface during the experimental periods.
FREE VORTEX RECOVERY OF FLOATING OIL
Authors: Nebeker Eugene B. , Rodrigues Sergio E. , Mikolaj Paul G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A concept employing a free vortex for use in recovering oil from high seas oil spills is presented. An experimental evaluation program has been completed which demonstrates the feasibility of this concept as well as design limitations.
An oil slick will migrate toward the center of the vortex due to the action of the water flow induced by an impeller. At an appropriate speed of rotation, the oil will submerge and accumulate within a central region of the vortex. This pocket will contain a concentrated mass of oil which can readily be removed by conventional pumping. Advantages of this technique include effective operation in high seas and the ability to both collect and concentrate an oil slick in a single operation.
Tests were performed with a free vortex oil recovery model having an impeller diameter of one foot. Performance data were obtained both under quiescent water conditions and also under environmental conditions that simulated 10-foot deep water waves, 20-knot winds, and 2-knot currents.
Detailed scaling considerations based on the test data indicate that a prototype device, with diameter on the order of 4-feet and larger, would be operable in all typically occurring 10-foot seas. Depending on its size, the prototype will recover in excess of 100 gallons per minute of oil with an oil-to-water ratio greater than 1.2 when operating with a crude oil film of only 0.1 inches in thickness.
SOME EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION IN MILFORD HAVEN, UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Cowell E. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Research on the biological effects of oil pollution and detergent cleaning operations within the port of Milford Haven is described. Observations made on accidental spillages, experimental field spillages and laboratory investigations confirm that both salt marsh communities and rocky shores do normally recover from oil pollution accidents but that shore cleaning with emulsifiers can do serious damage if misused, although recovery follows. The effects of some new emulsifiers which are up to 1000X less toxic are discussed.
Chronic pollution damage from refinery discharges has been identified both in Milford Haven and elsewhere, but it has been shown that these effects are eliminated if the outfall pipes are located offshore in locations of good dispersion and currents.
Long term surveys reveal no widespread long term damage to the Fauna and Flora of Milford Haven attributable to the development of the oil port.