bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Iron‐Oxide Nanocrystals by Using a Single‐Spinneret Electrospinning Technique
Authors: Xu Guo‐Rong , Wang Jiao‐Na , Li Cong‐Ju 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIron‐oxide nanocrystals (IONCs) have been widely researched, owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. Herein, a new strategy that involves an electrospinning technique with the addition of a surfactant is reported as an effective method for the fabrication of shaped IONCs. With the same precursor compositions, only iron‐oxide nanoparticles were obtained by using a sol–gel method without electrospinning. However, when the electrospinning technique was introduced, IONCs with special geometrical shapes (e.g., octahedral) were obtained. Characterization data indicated that the IONCs were composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3), the ratio of which could be tuned by changing the concentration of the surfactants in the precursor solutions. A mechanism for the formation of IONCs is also proposed. The effect of surfactant on the decomposition of the iron complex is the main motivation for the formation of IONCs. In the sol–gel method without electrospinning, this effect is completely inhibited by the disturbance of long molecular chains. However, in the electrospinning strategy, such disturbance can be completely or partially diminished by the electrical force field during the electrospinning process and by the spatial effect of the nanofibers, thus leading to the formation of IONCs. Finally, the magnetic properties of the obtained IONCs were investigated. This strategy is versatile and environmentally friendly and it will be applicable to the synthesis of many other functional inorganic materials.
Modelling heavy vehicle car‐following behaviour in congested traffic conditions
Authors: Aghabayk Kayvan , Sarvi Majid , Forouzideh Nafiseh , Young William 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThis study develops a car‐following model in which heavy vehicle behaviour is predicted separately from passenger car. Heavy vehicles have different characteristics and manoeuvrability compared with passenger cars. These differences could create problems in freeway operations and safety under congested traffic conditions (level of service E and F) particularly when there is high proportion of heavy vehicles. With increasing numbers of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream, model estimates of the traffic flow could be degrades because existing car‐following models do not differentiate between these vehicles and passenger cars. This study highlighted some of the differences in car‐following behaviour of heavy vehicle and passenger drivers and developed a model considering heavy vehicles. In this model, the local linear model tree approach was used to incorporate human perceptual imperfections into a car‐following model. Three different real world data sets from a stretch of freeway in USA were used in this study. Two of them were used for the training and testing of the model, and one of them was used for evaluation purpose. The performance of the model was compared with a number of existing car‐following models. The results showed that the model, which considers the heavy vehicle type, could predict car‐following behaviour of drivers better than the existing models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Follo‐Line‐Projekt – Bau des längsten Eisenbahntunnels in Norwegen
Authors: Kalager Anne Kathrine , Smith Erik 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDas norwegische Follo‐Line‐Projekt gilt als das derzeit größte Verkehrsprojekt Norwegens und umfasst auch den längsten Eisenbahntunnel des Landes. Das Projekt wird im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Transport und Kommunikation von der nationalen Eisenbahnverwaltung Norwegens entwickelt.Die neue zweigleisige Strecke zwischen der norwegischen Hauptstadt Oslo und dem öffentlichen Verkehrszentrum in Ski umfasst einen 19,5 km langen Tunnel mit zwei eingleisigen Röhren, der in erster Linie mithilfe vier großer Tunnelbohrmaschinen errichtet werden soll. In Norwegen wird traditionell die Bohr‐ und Sprengtechnik für den Bau von Straßen‐ und Eisenbahntunneln verwendet. Im Zuge der Entscheidung, den Vortrieb zum Follo‐Line‐Tunnel mit TBM vorzunehmen, wird ein Fachwissen wieder zum Einsatz kommen, das in den 1970er‐ und 1980er‐Jahren in Norwegen vorherrschend war. Beim Bau der zwei Röhren des Follo‐Line‐Tunnels handelt es sich um ein umfassendes Projekt, das jedes vorherige Eisenbahnprojekt in Norwegen größenmäßig deutlich übertrifft.The Follo Line Project – Constructing Norway's longest railway tunnelThe Norwegian Follo Line Project is currently the largest transport project in Norway and will include the country's longest railway tunnel. The project is being developed by the Norwegian National Rail Administration under commission from the Ministry of Transport and Communications.The new double track line between the Norwegian capital, Oslo and the public transport centre at Ski, includes a 19,5 km twin‐tube single track tunnel to be constructed mainly using four large tunnel boring machines. In Norway, drill and blast is the traditional method for constructions of road‐ and railway tunnels. The selection of TBM excavation for the Follo Line tunnels will reignites an expertise that Norway dominated in the 1970s and in the 1980s. The construction of the Follo Line's two tunnel bores is an extensive project, significantly larger than previous railway project in Norway.
Gotthard‐Basistunnel – Der längste Tunnel der Welt
Authors: Simoni Renzo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMit dem Bau der neuen Gotthardbahn schreibt die Schweiz Verkehrsgeschichte. Die beiden Basistunnel am Gotthard und am Ceneri sind nicht nur eine technische Pionierleistung, sie sind auch Sinnbild für die Umsetzung des Volkswillens. Bereits 1992 stimmten die Schweizer Stimmbürgerinnen und Stimmbürger der Neuen Eisenbahn‐Alpentransversale (NEAT) am Gotthard und am Lötschberg zu. 1998 bestätigten sie in einer erneuten Abstimmung den FinöV‐Fonds, der die Finanzierung der großen Schweizer Bahnprojekte sicherstellt.Der Gotthard‐Basistunnel, mit 57 Kilometern der längste Eisenbahntunnel der Welt, wird 2016 in Betrieb gehen. Voraussichtlich 2019 vervollständigt der Ceneri‐Basistunnel die Flachbahn durch die Alpen. Damit wird die Bahn im alpenquerenden Verkehr wieder konkurrenzfähig zur Straße. Durch die kürzere und flachere Linienführung kann die Produktivität im Güterverkehr wesentlich gesteigert werden. Der Reiseverkehr profitiert von beträchtlichen Zeitgewinnen. Mit der NEAT integriert sich die Schweiz zudem ins europäische Hochgeschwindigkeitsnetz.Gotthard Base Tunnel – the world's longest tunnelWith construction of the new Gotthard Rail Link, Switzerland is creating transport history. The two base tunnels under the Gotthard and Ceneri are not only pioneering technical achievements, they also symbolise the materialisation of a nation's will. As long ago as 1992, Switzerland's voters authorised the New Rail Link through the Alps (NRLA) under the Gotthard and Lötschberg. In a further referendum in 1998, they created the Public Transport Finance Fund (FinöV) to secure the financing of major Swiss railway projects.The Gotthard Base Tunnel, at 57 km the world's longest railway tunnel, will go into operation in 2016. In 2019, the flat route through the Alps is scheduled to be completed with the Ceneri Base Tunnel. This will restore the competitiveness of rail over road for transalpine transport. With the shorter and flatter route, productivity in goods traffic can be significantly increased. Rail passengers benefit from substantial time gains. Also with the NRLA, Switzerland integrates itself into the European high‐speed network.
Der Koralmtunnel – eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung
Authors: Harer Gerhard 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDie Koralmbahn als Teil der internationalen Baltisch‐Adriatischen Achse von Danzig bis Bologna stellt aktuell eine der umfassendsten Bauaufgaben Österreichs dar. Für das Herzstück der Koralmbahn, den 32,9 km langen Koralmtunnel, gilt es auch, Technologien zu revolutionieren und neue einzusetzen – vielfach Themen, die nur durch ein interdisziplinäres Zusammenwirken lösbar sind. Bereits ab den frühen Projektphasen wurden modifizierte Strategien in der Baugrunderkundung entwickelt, Regelausführungen angepasst und wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die komplexe Bauausführung und Logistik gelegt. Aus Gründen der Verbesserung der Gesamtwirtschaftlichkeit und der Umweltverträglichkeit werden Konzepte, die den Instandhaltungsaufwand verringern oder zur Abfallvermeidung und Ressourcenschonung beitragen, besonders intensiv verfolgt.The Koralm tunnel – an interdisciplinary challengeThe Koralm railway as a part of the so‐called “Baltic‐Adriatic‐Axis” between Gdánsk and Bologna is currently one of the largest construction works in Austria. The core‐piece of the Koralm railway line is formed by the 32.9 km long Koralm tunnel. For this tunnel it was necessary to revolutionize technologies and to implement new ones. These topics could only be handled in an interdisciplinary interaction. From the early stages of the projects site investigation strategies were adapted, standard design had to be adjusted and special attention was paid to topics in relation with construction sequence and logistics. Due to economically and environmentally favorable effects concepts, which minimize maintenance, refuse and conserve natural resources, were intensively pursued.
Ultra‐performance liquid‐chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and excretion of schisandrin after oral administration of Shengmaisan
Authors: Lu Sheng‐wen , Zhang Ai‐hua , Sun Hui , Yan Guang‐li , Han Ying , Wu Xiu‐hong , Wang Xi‐jun 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the in vivo behaviors of the main components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) fomulae. The plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of the main component‐schisandrin in rats after oral administration of a classical TCM prescription, shengmaisan (SMS), were studied by a developed and validated UPLC‐MS/MS method. The separation of schisandrin was achieved on a UPLC HSS T3 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min by linear gradient elution. The MS/MS detection was carried out by monitoring the fragmentation of m/z 415.22 → 384.26 for schisandrin on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The result showed that the method was suitable for the quantification of schisandrin in plasma, tissue and excreta samples with satisfactory selectivity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, linearity and recovery. Pharmacokinetic results showed a rapid absorption phase with the mean Tmax of 0.17 h and a relatively slow elimination proceeding with a half‐life (T1/2) of 5.24 ± 1.28 h. The tissue distribution showed the maximum concentration distributions of schisandrin after oral administration of SMS were in the order of small intestine > large intestine > lung > liver > kidney > spleen > heart > brain. Only 0.005–0.006% of schisandrin was recovered in feces and was not detected in urine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of subcortical gray‐matter vascularization using 7 Tesla time‐of‐flight angiography
Authors: Laurig Mathias , Liu Xinyang , Wyss Michael , Gietl Anton , Jellestad Lena , Nitsch Roger M. , Prüssmann Klaas , Hock Christoph , Unschuld Paul G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe integrity of subcortical brain nuclei is associated with maintenance of regular cognitive performance levels and has been shown to be particularly affected by aging‐related vascular pathology. This study aims to demonstrate applicability of high field strength magnetic resonance angiography at 7 Tesla (7T) for assessment of interindividual variation in subcortical vascularization.MethodsTwo healthy female subjects without known history of cerebrovascular disease or malformation, aged 43 and 86 years, respectively, were administered three‐dimensional (3D) high‐resolution time‐of‐flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography at 7T. The FreeSurfer software package was used for automated parcellation and assessment of subcortical volumes. For each volume, mean regional intensities were calculated based on the TOF contrast as a quantitative reflection of regional subcortical gray‐matter vascularization.ResultsWhile volumes of the subcortical brain region assessed did not differ significantly (30.2 and 27.8 mL, P = 0.78), mean intensities were significantly reduced in the older participant (10%, P = 0.004). Mean intensities could be assessed for each participant for 14 subcortical structures, strongest differences were observable for the left and right Thalamus (T [left, right] = 3.85, 3.82; P [left, right] = 0.002, 0.003).ConclusionsHigh‐resolution TOF magnetic resonance angiography may be used in combination with automated volume‐based parcellation to quantify regional subcortical vascularization and to assess interindividual differences. Additional studies are necessary to assess its potential use in clinical trials on cerebrovascular integrity in a context of aging‐related brain change.
Biosorption of Zinc and Nickel and Its Effect on Growth of Different Spirulina Strains
Authors: Balaji Sundaramoorthy , Kalaivani Thiagarajan , Rajasekaran Chandrasekaran 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBiosorption of two chosen heavy metals viz. zinc and nickel were tested with selected strains of Spirulina namely S. indica, S. maxima, and S. platensis under laboratory conditions. The selected cyanobacterial strains were cultured in Zarrouk medium treated with zinc and nickel ions at varying concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM). Biosorption ability of the selected cyanobacterial strains were evaluated in terms of doubling time, chlorophyll content (Chl A, Chl C) and protein content. Data depict that growth was significantly affected by the concentration of selected metals in the culture medium. At a concentration of 0.1 mM, growth of the strains exhibited poor growth due to heavy metal stress. Maximum growth was exhibited by S. maxima at 0.01 mM zinc (6.9 mg/L) and 0.01 mM nickel (17 mg/L). Results indicate that S. maxima can be used as a potential candidate for bioremediation of the major pollutants (zinc and nickel) in the tannery effluent.
Fast Real‐Time NMR Methods for Characterizing Short‐Lived Molecular States
Authors: Rennella Enrico , Brutscher Bernhard 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe characterization of both the structure and the conformational dynamics of biological macromolecules, namely proteins and nucleic acids, is required for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological function and disease. Molecular dynamics involves the transient departure from the ground‐state structures to populate short‐lived excited state conformations that can play important functional roles. Real‐time multi‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy represents a unique tool for investigating dynamic molecular processes occurring on time scales of seconds or longer, providing atomic‐resolution information about short‐lived states. In this minireview, we discuss recent progress made in the field of fast real‐time multidimensional NMR. The potential of these new methods is illustrated for several biomolecular systems that have recently been studied by fast real‐time multidimensional NMR.
Work‐Function Modification of Au and Ag Surfaces upon Deposition of Self‐Assembled Monolayers: Influence of the Choice of the Theoretical Approach and the Thiol Decomposition Scheme
Authors: Cornil David , Li Hong , Wood Christopher , Pourtois Geoffrey , Brédas Jean‐Luc , Cornil Jérôme 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe have characterized theoretically the work‐function modifications of the (111) surfaces of gold and silver upon deposition of self‐assembled monolayers based on methanethiol and trifluoromethanethiol. A comparative analysis is made between the experimental results and those obtained from two widely used approaches based on density functional theory. The contributions to the total work‐function modifications are estimated on the basis of two decomposition schemes of the thiol molecules that have been proposed in the literature. The contributions are found to differ significantly between the two approaches, as do the corresponding adsorption energies.
Siloxane‐Bond Formation Promoted by Lewis Acids: A Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel Process and the Piers–Rubinsztajn Reaction
Authors: Wakabayashi Ryutaro , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSiloxane formation reactions of both the nonhydrolytic sol–gel process and Piers–Rubinsztajn reaction can be integrated as Lewis acid promoted siloxane syntheses without involving silanol groups. The former was developed in the field of inorganic materials chemistry and the latter was initiated in polymer chemistry. We have realized both reactions are quite similar, in terms of 1) the nonhydrolytic reaction, 2) the use of alkoxysilanes, 3) the group‐exchange reactions competing with the siloxane formation, and 4) the proposed reaction mechanisms. This Minireview focuses on the above two reactions. The evolution of both reactions should realize a more sophisticated molecular design of siloxane compounds, which surely contributes to the development of advanced functional materials.
Using core complex geometry to constrain fault strength
Authors: Choi Eunseo , Buck W. Roger , Lavier Luc L. , Petersen Kenni Dinesen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present the first model results showing that some core complex detachment faults are strong and that their strength has to be in a narrow range to allow certain extensional structures to develop. The structures we simulate are kilometer‐scale “rider blocks” that are particularly well observed on some oceanic core complexes as well as continental metamorphic core complexes. Previous numerical simulations of lithospheric extension produced the large‐offset, core complex‐forming, normal faults only when the faults were weaker than a given threshold. However, our new, high‐resolution simulations indicate that rider blocks only result when the faults are stronger than a given level. A narrow range of fault weakening, relative to intact surrounding rock, allows for a consecutive series of rider blocks to emerge in a core complex‐like geometry. Our results show that rider blocks develop when the dominant form of weakening is by reduction of fault cohesion while faults that weaken primarily by friction reduction do not form distinct rider blocks.
Ti content in Huguangyan maar lake sediment as a proxy for monsoon‐induced vegetation density in the Holocene
Authors: Shen Ji , Wu Xudong , Zhang Zhaohui , Gong Weiming , He Tong , Xu Xiaomei , Dong Hailiang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe provenance of element Ti in Huguangyan maar lake (HGY) sediment has been under debate since Yancheva et al. () proposed its eolian source from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and applied it as a proxy for Asian winter monsoon. We performed a comprehensive study on Ti‐carrying minerals and Ti fluxes in lake sediments, wall rocks, and loess from the CLP. Here we show that the chemical compositions and morphological features of magnetite, the most important Ti carrier in HGY surface sediments, are identical to those in wall rocks around the lake, but substantially different from those in CLP loess samples. Our calculated modern eolian Ti flux from the CLP is negligible compared to the average total Ti flux to HGY, and Ti flux from catchment erosion can provide enough Ti, indicating Ti in HGY sediment are predominantly from wall rock erosion. Inverse correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) (vegetation density) and Ti/Ca ratio (terrestrial input) in the Holocene suggests monsoon‐induced vegetation density predominates over runoff in controlling Ti input to HGY. S‐ratio represents TOC directly mediated reductive diagenesis of iron oxides (magnetite preservation), rather than anoxic/oxic condition at the bottom water induced by winter monsoon. Our record shows a decreased vegetation density, increased Ti input and weakened reductive diagenesis through the Holocene driven by a weakened summer monsoon.
Impact thermochronology and the age of Haughton impact structure, Canada
Authors: Young Kelsey E. , van Soest Matthijs C. , Hodges Kip V. , Watson E. Bruce , Adams Byron A. , Lee Pascal 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMost successful efforts to determine the ages of impact events are based on the isotope geochronology of crystalline or glassy impact melts. Studies of impact sites on Earth show that many form without significant melt production, meaning that traditional geochronologic approaches can yield unsatisfying results. We describe here an alternative approach based on theoretical calculations that even brief thermal events related to impact can reset the isotopic systematics of unmelted target rocks. Thermochronometers based on the production of radiogenic 4He in accessory minerals are particularly amenable to complete resetting by impact and should yield robust impact ages if helium systematics are not further disturbed during post‐impact thermal events. We illustrate the utility of this method through a presentation of a new zircon (U‐Th)/He date for the Haughton impact structure, Canada, of 23.5 ± 2.0 Ma.
Human epidermal receptor 2–amplified salivary duct carcinoma: Regression with dual human epidermal receptor 2 inhibition and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor combination treatment
Authors: Falchook Gerald S. , Lippman Scott M. , Bastida Christel C. , Kurzrock Razelle 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundSalivary ductal carcinoma is a rare cancer with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2)‐directed treatment has been attempted in HER2‐amplified or overexpressed salivary gland malignancies with limited success.MethodsWe report resolution of measurable disease and minimal residual disease in a patient with salivary duct cancer treated with trastuzumab, lapatinib, and bevacizumab, with treatment ongoing for more than 2 years.ResultsThis treatment has been tolerated well except for grade 2 diarrhea and mucositis, which required a dose reduction of lapatinib to 1000 mg daily. The response observed was achieved in spite of receiving extensive prior therapy, including trastuzumab and/or chemotherapy for 20 months on which his tumors progressed.ConclusionThe combination of trastuzumab, lapatinib, and bevacizumab may warrant investigation as a non‐cytotoxic alternative for treatment of HER2‐amplified or overexpressed salivary duct carcinoma and other HER2‐amplified or overexpressed salivary gland tumors, particularly those not responsive to trastuzumab monotherapy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E25–E27, 2014