bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An open expanding economy model
Authors: Morgenstern Oskar , Thompson Gerald L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe authors extend the generalized von Neumann model they developed (with J. G. Kemeny) in 1956 to an open model by assuming that there are exogeneously determined export and import prices and that any amount can be exported or imported at these prices. The open model is then characterized by means of seven axioms. It is shown, by applying the theory of linear programming, that if four economically reasonable assumptions hold, the open model has at least one solution in which at least one good with positive export price is exported and at least one good with positive import price is imported. It is also shown that, in general, a continuum of expansion rates can be achieved by varying certain control variables. The choice of these expansion rates gives indirectly the choice of a suitable sub‐economy and also determines the exports and imports of the economy. Other results and examples are discussed.
Locating facilities in three‐dimensional space by convex programming
Authors: Love Robert F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe consider the problem of simultaneously locating any number of facilities in three‐dimensional Euclidean space. The criterion to be satisfied is that of minimizing the total cost of some activity between the facilities to be located and any number of fixed locations. Any amount of activity may be present between any pair of the facilities themselves. The total cost is assumed to be a linear function of the inter‐facility and facility‐to‐fixed locations distances. Since the total cost function for this problem is convex, a unique optimal solution exists. Certain discontinuities are shown to exist in the derivatives of the total cost function which previously has prevented the successful use of gradient computing methods for locating optimal solutions. This article demonstrates the use of a created function which possesses all the necessary properties for ensuring the convergence of first order gradient techniques and is itself uniformly convergent to the actual objective function. Use of the fitted function and the dual problem in the case of constrained problems enables solutions to be determined within any predetermined degree of accuracy.Some computation results are given for both constrained and unconstrained problems.
A decomposable transshipment algorithm for a multiperiod transportation problem
Authors: Bellmore M. , Eklof W. D. , Nemhauser G. L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA dynamic version of the transportation (Hitchcock) problem occurs when there are demands at each of n sinks for T periods which can be fulfilled by shipments from m sources. A requirement in period t2 can be satisfied by a shipment in the same period (a linear shipping cost is incurred) or by a shipment in period t1 < t2 (in addition to the linear shipping cost a linear inventory cost is incurred for every period in which the commodity is stored). A well known method for solving this problem is to transform it into an equivalent single period transportation problem with mT sources and nT sinks.Our approach treats the model as a transshipment problem consisting of T, m source — n sink transportation problems linked together by inventory variables.Storage requirements are proportional to T2 for the single period equivalent transportation algorithm, proportional to T, for our algorithm without decomposition, and independent of T for our algorithm with decomposition. This storage saving feature enables much larger problems to be solved than were previously possible. Futhermore, we can easily incorporate upper bounds on inventories. This is not possible in the single period transportation equivalent.
A new storage reduction technique for the solution of the group problem
Authors: Helgason Richard V. , Kennington Jeff L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper shows that by making use of an unusual property of the decision table associated with the dynamic programming solution to the goup problem, it is possible to dispense with table storage as such, and instead overlay values for both the objective and history functions. Furthermore, this storage reduction is accomplished with no loss in computational efficiency. An algorithm is presented which makes use of this technique and incorporates various additional efficiencies. The reduction in storage achieved for problems from the literature is shown.
Water quality: A hidden danger in anthropogenic desert catchments
Authors: Griffis‐Kyle Kerry L. , Kovatch Jeffery J. , Bradatan Cristina 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTNatural rock pools, tinajas, and constructed catchments in the Sonoran Desert provide water for a wide variety of organisms. In 2012, we monitored water quality and amphibian and dragonfly use of wildlife waters in southwestern Arizona, USA. We measured ammonia concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for aquatic life and were well above concentrations that cause mortality in amphibians and other aquatic organisms. Both amphibians and dragonflies had lower species richness in catchments than in the tinajas, and amphibian species richness was negatively associated with ammonia concentration. These concentrations of ammonia alone cause concern for the management of biodiversity, specifically for wetland‐dependent organisms. Furthermore, ammonia concentrations may be high enough to impact terrestrial organisms of economic and conservation importance including humans. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Randomised controlled trials in plastic surgery: a systematic review of reporting quality
Authors: Agha Riaz Ahmed , Camm Christian F. , Doganay Emre , Edison Eric , Siddiqui Muhammed R. S. , Orgill Dennis P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe recently conducted a systematic review of the methodological quality of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in plastic surgery. In accordance with convention, we are here separately reporting a systematic review of the reporting quality of the same RCTs.MethodsMEDLINE® and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched by an information specialist from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2011 for the MESH heading ‘Surgery, Plastic’. Limitations were entered for English language, human studies and randomised controlled trials. Manual searching for RCTs involving surgical techniques was performed within the results. Scoring of the eligible papers was performed against the 23-item CONSORT Statement checklist. Independent secondary scoring was then performed and discrepancies resolved through consensus.ResultsFifty-seven papers met the inclusion criteria. The median CONSORT score was 11.5 out of 23 items (range 5.3–21.0). Items where compliance was poorest included intervention/comparator details (7 %), randomisation implementation (11 %) and blinding (26 %). Journal 2010 impact factor or number of authors did not significantly correlate with CONSORT score (Spearman rho = 0.25 and 0.12, respectively). Only 61 % declared conflicts of interest, 75 % permission from an ethics review committee, 47 % declared sources of funding and 16 % stated a trial registry number. There was no correlation between the volume of RCTs performed in a particular country and reporting quality.ConclusionsThe reporting quality of RCTs in plastic surgery needs improvement. Better education, awareness amongst all stakeholders and hard-wiring compliance through electronic journal submission systems could be the way forward. We call for the international plastic surgical community to work together on these long-standing problems.
Pressurized Pulse Irrigation with Saline Reduces Surgical‐site Infections following Major Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Nikfarjam Mehrdad , Weinberg Laurence , Fink Michael A. , Muralidharan Vijayaragavan , Starkey Graham , Jones Robert , Staveley‐O’Carroll Kevin , Christophi Christopher 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground
Surgical site infections (SSI) are a significant cause of postoperative morbidity. Pressurized pulse irrigation of subcutaneous tissues may lower infection rates by aiding in the debridement of necrotic tissue and reducing bacterial counts compared to simply pouring saline into the wound.MethodsA total of 128 patients undergoing laparotomy extending beyond 2 h were randomized to treatment of wounds by pressurized pulse lavage irrigation (<15 psi) with 2 L normal saline (pulse irrigation group), or to standard irrigation with 2 L normal saline poured into the wound, immediately prior to skin closure (standard group). Only elective cases were included, and all cases were performed within a specialized hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery unit.ResultsThere were 62 patients managed by standard irrigation and 68 were managed by pulse irrigation. The groups were comparable in most aspects. Overall there were 16 (13 %) SSI. Significantly fewer SSI occurred in the pulse irrigation group [4 (6 %) vs. 12 (19 %); p = 0.032]. On multivariate analysis, the use of pulse irrigation was the only factor associated with a reduction in SSI with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.3 [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 0.1–0.8; p = 0.031]. In contrast, hospital length of stay of greater than 14 days was associated with increased infections with an OR of 7.6 (95 % CI 2.4–24.9; p = 0.001).ConclusionsPulse irrigation of laparotomy wounds in operations exceeding 2 h duration reduced SSI after major hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12612000170820).
Educational internationalism, universal human rights, and international organisation: International Relations in the thought and practice of Robert Owen
Authors: DAVIES THOMAS RICHARD 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRobert Owen, the early nineteenth-century social reformer, made a greatly more significant contribution to the theory and practice of International Relations than has hitherto been assumed. This article shows how Owen helped to develop an understudied but distinctive form of internationalist thought focusing on the role of education in the pursuit of peace. Owen's previously neglected contributions to human rights norms and to international organisation are also explored, including his promotion of universal rather than nationally-oriented human rights standards, his role in the nascent movement towards the formation of international non-governmental organisations, and his contribution to international federalist ideas. Following an introduction to Owen's place in the literature, this article discusses each of these contributions of Owen to the theory and practice of International Relations in turn. The analysis reveals that Owen's contributions in each of these aspects are as significant for their limitations as for their insights.
The Red Crag Shell Portrait
Authors: Stopes Marie C. 
Published: October 2013

Owing to the continued expression of interest in the Red Crag Shell, which bears a crude carving of a human face upon it, and which my father first described so many years ago, the time seems ripe to collect the evidence regarding it. I wrote a letter to the “Geological Magazine” summarising the facts of the case, and giving the literature of the subject, and this was followed by a later note.Many geologists and others have expressed themselves as desirous of seeing the shell, round which discussion and more or less heated opinion has revolved for thirty-two years. It was shown at the London meeting of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, when the President, Dr. Sturge, proposed that a committee should be formed critically to examine and report on it. In the present paper, therefore, I shall confine myself to stating its history, and bringing together what little contemporary evidence there is regarding its discovery.
Report of Special Committee
Authors: Sturge W. Allen , Moir T. Reid , Burrell W. H. , Clarke W. G. 
Published: October 2013

At the suggestion of the President it was agreed to appoint a Special Committee to examine the shell forming the subject of Dr. Stopes' paper, and to report upon it. A Committee was accordingly formed consisting of the President of the Society (Dr. Allen Sturge), the Vice-President (Mr. J. Reid Moir, F.G.S.), the Secretary (Mr. W. G. Clarke), and Mr. W. H. Burrell, F.L.S.; the President to act as Chairman.By invitation of the President, the Committee met at Icklingham Hall from May 17th to 19th. Dr. Marie Stopes was also present, to be responsible for the safety of the specimen and to give such further information as the Committee might desire.
Flint Implements from the Ploughlands of South-West Leicestershire
Authors: Pickering A. J. 
Published: October 2013

In the autumn of 1913, Mr. T. C. Cantrill, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey, drew the writer's attention to the possibility of finding flint artefacts in the surface soils of Hinckley and neigh-bourhood wherever the chalky boulder clays and gravels were in evidence. During his survey of the drift in this district in that and the following year, he himself found a lozenge-shaped scraper (No. 163, Plate LXVIII) in a field at Sapcote, and also five spalls of unmistakable human origin in other neighbouring localities.In the winter of that year, Mr. F. C. Grimes and I began a systematic search which by the following spring had resulted in sufficient material to encourage us to further efforts, and the following notes are the result of a by no means exhaustive survey during that and the two following winters.
The Mundford Pebble Industry
Authors: Layard Nina F. 
Published: October 2013

The flint implements which are the subject of this paper were found near Mundford in Norfolk in 1918-19, and the work is still being continued on this area.Although when thrown out by the plough the tools may be described as surface finds, strictly speaking, they belong to the red gravelly sands which immediately over-lie the chalk in this district, and which are covered by one to two feet of brown sandy loam.The large number of true implements found in a comparatively limited space, warrants the belief that this must have been a settlement, where work had been carried on for a considerable time.Having hitherto escaped the eye of the wandering collector, an unusually complete series has been secured.
Flint-Crust Engravings, and Associated Implements, from Grime's Graves, Norfolk
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie 
Published: October 2013

Excavations at Grime's Graves during September, 1920, resulted in several interesting discoveries, notably the location of a new chipping and occupation zone, situated near the S.E. margin of the mining area immediately west of the Tumulus Pit, a locality which previous excavations had proved to be rich in occupation sites. Here, upon a living level immediately overlying glacial sand, two pieces of engraved flint crust were discovered associated with a series of flint implements of Mousterian type, bone tools and pottery.Engraving upon flint crust was first noticed at Grime's Graves in 1915, upon Floor 16, a piece bearing incised lines of indeterminate character being found (Fig. A, 10) which was described and figured in the Proceedings, Vol. II., Part III., by Dr. Peake. Since then numerous similar examples have been discovered upon other floors, which, together with the occurrence of gravers, the discovery of chalk carving in the round, and of chalk balls by Mr. D. Richardson, and by the President, pointed to the hope of definite engravings being ultimately forthcoming if systematically searched for. This hope was further stimulated by Dr. Peake finding a few days prior to our visit a piece of crust bearing an engraved outline suggesting portions of the human figure (Fig. A, 11) and resulted in the careful scrutiny of every fragment of crust turned up during the subsequent excavations, which was finally rewarded by the discovery of two fine engravings (Fig. E).
Some Notes on the Prehistory of the Eastern Part of Central Europe
Authors: Burkitt M. C. 
Published: October 2013

Having lately returned from Czecho-Slovakia, where I was attending an Anthropological Congress and studying museum collections, I thought perhaps it might interest members of the P.S.E.A. to have a note on what appears to be the succession of prehistoric cultures in that country.There seems to be nothing so far found corresponding to our Lower Palæolithic or earlier industries. It is true that there is one solitary lump of flint, roughly chipped, with large flake-scars and an ochreous patina that has been claimed as Lower Palæolithic in date, but it is really very little to go on. A poor kind of Mousterian, mostly not made of good flint, seems fairly common in Moravia although it has not been found near Prague. On the other hand, many of the tools in an undoubted Upper Palæolithic series recall by their technique and shape the industry of La Quina.
The Gravels at Reculver, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T. 
Published: October 2013

In January, 1912, Mr. Reginald Smith read a paper before the Society of Antiquaries entitled “Flint Implements of Special Interest,” in which figured an implement of the Thames pick type— the author relegating it to the palæolithic period. I will read an extract from this paper describing the “pick.”“The implement in question was found during the War by the late Captain Harvey Webb while searching the coastal gravel near Netley Hospital. It is a flint rod of roughly triangular section, with one face chipped flat; one end is nosed with bold fluting, the other is crusted and therefore, not functional. The whole is patinated an ochreus colour and the ridges are much battered by rolling.Length 6 inches—the flat face 2 inches across. It was submitted to the British Museum in November, 1916, with other (obviously palæolithic) specimens from the same deposits: a large pear-shaped hand-axe with brown patina; a white St. Acheul ovate much rolled; a cordate brown St. Acheul implement; unrolled; a pointed triangular hand-axe; and a brown chert ovate, this last being from the top of the loam beneath the gravel.”
Palæolithic Industries from the Great Ouse Gravels at and Near St. Neots
Authors: Tebbutt C. F. , Marr J. E. , Burkitt M. C. 
Published: October 2013

The market town of St. Neots is situated a mile or so off the Great North Road, and on the right bank of the Great Ouse just where it forms the boundary between Huntingdonshire and Bedfordshire. It lies at an average height of 55 feet above O.D.For some years I have visited the pits which are worked in the low level gravels in and near this town and have been successful in obtaining from them a number of Palæolithic implements and flakes, as well as mammalian remains. Nearly all the implements and flakes were found by myself on heaps of gravel recently raised from the pits, but a few, together with all the bones, were found by the workmen, who in some cases were able to give me the level of derivation.The first pit to be considered is in the town of St. Neots, and is situated in the grounds of Hall Place, Cambridge Street, about 150 yards east of the Vicarage. It is not very extensively worked and gravel is dug to a depth of 9 feet. The surface, which is approximately 50 feet above O.D., is less than ten feet above the level of the river. I have only one definite implement from this site (Plate II., fig. c), which I found on a heap of gravel on the edge of the pit. Flakes, however, number ten. They are mostly rather thick and coarse, and five show some crust. Most of them have little patination except a faint bluish stain near the crust. One is of a dark honey colour, and another has an ochreous patination. Several of these might have been used as scrapers, and four seem to have been struck from a prepared platform. Red Deer, Rhinocerus tichorhinus and Bos or Bison have been discovered in this pit.
Implements from High-Level Gravel near Canterbury
Authors: Smith Reginald A. 
Published: October 2013

Though the terrace gravels and palaeoliths of north-west Kent are well-known, there is little published on the stratigraphy of implements elsewhere in the county, except the Sturry deposits, two miles north-east of Canterbury (Archaeologia, LXXIV, 117). The geological Drift map is old (the latest edition issued in 1875), and there is no memoir to elucidate any but the Dartford area; but in 1925 the geology of the Canterbury district was described by Messrs. Dewey, Wooldridge, Cornes and Brown in the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, vol. XXXVI, pp. 257–290, and Messrs. Wooldridge & Kirkaldy read a paper to that Association this April on the physiographic evolution of north-east Kent, which throws much light on the problem presented by the Fordwich flints.Formerly the port of Canterbury, Fordwich lies on the right or southern bank of the Great Stour opposite Sturry, and at the foot of a steep hill, which rises to 150 ft. and leads to an elevated plain between the valleys of the Great and Little Stour. In the angle between the road leading due southfrom Fordwich and that from Stodmarsh to Canterbury, west of Moat Cottages (6 in. O.S. map, Kent, XLVI, N.E.), gravel has been worked over a considerable area, the depth being about 7 feet on the east and over 20 feet at the west end. The nearest bench-mark is 151·4 feet and the base of the gravel on the west is therefore about 130 feet O.D., rising to the east. The tongue of high ground between the rivers is covered in patches with gravel and brick-earth resting on Thanet Sand, and forms a plateau about 5 miles long at about the 100 ft. level.
Excavations in a Dry Valley in Beer, S.E. Devon
Authors: Gertrude  , Woods Roland MacAlpine 
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to make known the existence of a wide-spread implementiferous deposit hitherto unknown in Devonshire, although comparable discoveries have been made in East Anglia by Mr. Reid Moir and in the Thames Valley by Mr. J. P. T. Burchell.A brief preliminary statement appeared in Vol. VII, part 2, in “Notes on Excavations,” which reported our finding a number of flint implements which lay to a depth of 12 ft. below the surface of a dry valley in Bovey Lane, Beer.These specimens were revealed in an artificial cutting made in search of water, when only the faces of the sections could be examined, but by aid of a grant from the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, we were later enabled to carry out two seasons of excavation.
Keratins significantly contribute to cell stiffness and impact invasive behavior
Authors: Seltmann Kristin , Fritsch Anatol W. , Käs Josef A. , Magin Thomas M. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
In many processes such as wound healing, inflammation, and cancer progression, the cytoskeleton is influencing cell motility and cell shape. Thus far, in contrast to the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, intermediate filament proteins are not well investigated in this context. Here, we show that keratin-free cells from mice skin lacking all keratins on genome engineering have about 60% higher cell deformability even for small deformations in contrast to a smaller effect generated by actin depolymerization. Keratin-free cells are more invasive and show an increased growth in a 3D assay. Our study highlights keratins’ role in cell stiffness and its influence in invasion, supporting the view that down-regulation of keratins observed during epithelial–mesenchymal transition directly contributes to the migratory and invasive behavior of tumor cells.