bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A research methodology workshop on ‘Social issues in use of medicines’ – cooperation between institutions and participant feedback
Authors: Shankar PR , Subish P , Alam K 
Published: September 2012

A research methodology workshop on social issues in use of medicines was conducted at Pokhara, Nepal from December 21st to 24th, 2008. The present study was conducted to obtain detailed participant feedback about the workshop and obtain suggestions for improvement. The participants’ knowledge was assessed at the start of the workshop and on the final day by noting their agreement with a set of 40 statements using a modified Likert-type scale. The areas of qualitative research, statistics, research methodology, drug use, pharmacovigilance, journal and general were covered. Certain statements were negative and their scores were reversed. The total score was calculated. The median total scores were compared among various subgroups of respondents. Session evaluation was done at the end of each session. A total of twenty-five participants attended the sessions. The workshop significantly improved the median total scores. Significant improvements were also seen in the subcategories Statistics and Journal. The scores of certain statements were low. The evaluation scores of certain sessions were low. The overall participant opinion about the workshop was positive. Occasional problems with accent of the facilitator and lack of internet access were major problems noted. Some participants felt the workshop was too hectic. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2012,Vol-8,No-1, 60-67 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i1.6829
Oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy
Authors: Epstein Joel B. , Thariat Juliette , Bensadoun Rene‐Jean , Barasch Andrei , Murphy Barbara A. , Kolnick Leanne , Popplewell Leslie , Maghami Ellie 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAnswer questions and earn CME/CNEOral complications resulting from cancer and cancer therapies cause acute and late toxicities that may be underreported, underrecognized, and undertreated. Recent advances in cancer treatment have led to changes in the incidence, nature, and severity of oral complications. As the number of survivors increases, it is becoming increasingly recognized that the aggressive management of oral toxicities is needed to ensure optimal long‐term oral health and general well‐being. Advances in care have had an impact on previously recognized oral complications and are leading to newly recognized adverse effects. Here, the authors briefly review advances in cancer therapy, including recent advances in surgery, oral care, radiation therapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and medical oncology; describe how these advances affect oral health; and discuss the frequent and/or severe oral health complications associated with cancer and cancer treatment and their effect upon long‐term health. Although some of the acute oral toxicities of cancer therapies may be reduced, they remain essentially unavoidable. The significant impact of long‐term complications requires increased awareness and recognition to promote prevention and appropriate intervention. It is therefore important for the primary oncologist to be aware of these complications so that appropriate measures can be implemented in a timely manner. Prevention and management is best provided via multidisciplinary health care teams, which must be integrated and communicate effectively in order to provide the best patient care in a coordinated manner at the appropriate time. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Diagnósticos/resultados de enfermagem para parturientes e puérperas utilizando a Classificação Internacional para Prática de Enfermagem
Authors: Silva Aline Franco da , Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima da , Macedo Wânia Cristina Morais de 
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.11211O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver afirmativas de diagnósticos de enfermagem para parturientes e puérperas, utilizando o modelo dos setes eixos da Classificação Internacional para Prática de Enfermagem. Foram elaboradas 68 afirmativas de diagnóstico de enfermagem, as quais foram agrupadas de acordo com as necessidades humanas básicas de Horta. A formulação de diagnósticos de enfermagem expressa o julgamento clínico do enfermeiro acerca dos fenômenos pelos quais é responsável para atingir resultados de enfermagem, após realizar uma intervenção. A utilização da linguagem padronizada para construção desses diagnósticos e resultados favorece a documentação de enfermagem, que por sua vez, contribui para evidenciar os conceitos importantes para prática profissional na atenção à saúde materna.
A percepção do formando de enfermagem sobre a função gerencial do enfermeiro
Authors: Silva Jadielma Clementino da , Rozendo Célia Alves , Brito Fátima Maria de Melo , Costa Teresinha De Jesus Gomes 
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.12565O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e analisar a percepção de formandos de graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade pública sobre a função gerencial do enfermeiro. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-qualitativo, cujo cenário foi um curso de graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade pública nordestina. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada com doze formandos de graduação. A análise temática foi a técnica escolhida para a análise dos dados, gerando três categorias: função gerencial do enfermeiro – faz funcionar o serviço; assistência e gerência – duas práticas dicotômicas; e ensino dos conteúdos de administração – muita teoria, pouca prática. Concluímos que a percepção dos formandos sobre a função gerencial do enfermeiro baseia-se mais na observação do trabalho do enfermeiro e menos na sua percepção em si e que, para esses sujeitos, trata-se de função importante, mas que se apresenta desarticulada da assistência e distante da prática.
Riscos ocupacionais no processamento de sistemas de hemodiálise
Authors: Hoefel Heloisa Helena Karnas , Lautert Liana , Fortes Caroline 
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.12601O presente estudo sobre o processamento em sistemas de hemodiálise foi realizado com objetivo de identificar os riscos aos profissionais e pacientes durante o reprocessamento. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo observacional durante as atividades da equipe de enfermagem, em hospital universitário do sul no Brasil. Foram observados 36 fluxos de reprocessamento compondo 872 passos com algum risco potencial. Em 638 (73%) observações o risco relacionava-se aos pacientes e em 27%, aos profissionais. Foram observadas técnicas seguras em 573 (66%) ocasiões e inseguras em 299 (34%). Das 299 ocasiões inseguras, 144 (48%) dependiam de infraestrutura ou rotina e não do comportamento profissional. Pacientes estiveram significativamente sob maior risco do que profissionais (P<0,001). A diferença entre passos seguros e inseguros nas fases de pré-processamento, reprocessamento e secagem/armazenagem não foi não significativa (P>0,01). Conclui-se que pacientes e profissionais estiveram sob risco durante o reprocessamento, embora passos seguros sejam proporcionalmente maiores.
Imagem do cirurgião-dentista em sites de busca da web
Authors: Nunes Maria De Fátima , Ferreira Netto Alervi Alves , Silva Pedro Felipe de Paiva e , Nogueira Túlio Eduardo , Nunes Verena Naves 
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.13936O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as imagens dos sites de busca da Web relacionadas ao cirurgião-dentista. Quatro pesquisadores realizaram o levantamento diariamente em sete grandes sites durante um mês. Foram usadas como palavras-chave para a busca: cirurgião-dentista, dentista e odontólogo. Para a análise das imagens foi utilizado o método de análise da imagem proposto por Joly e análise descritiva. O resultado obtido após a análise conjunta pelos pesquisadores foi de onze categorias: Rotina (159=26,72%), Humor (104=17,47%), Visão restrita (58=9,74%), Sadismo/Brutalidade (57=9,57%), Insalubridade (47=7,89%), Medo (47=7,89%), Dor/Sofrimento (47=7,89%), Entretenimento (37=6,21%), Erotismo/Sexualidade (28=4,70%), Mutilação (8=1,34%) e Narcisismo (3=0,50%). Das 595 imagens encontradas, mais da metade (66,55%) representavam negativamente o cirurgião-dentista. Conclui-se que a profissão de cirurgião-dentista veiculada em grandes sites de busca aparece, dentre as imagens não convencionais do exercício da profissão, com predominância negativa.
The Clinical Utility of Vascular Mapping with Doppler Ultrasound Prior to Arteriovenous Fistula Construction for Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Ílhan Gökhan , Esi Ertap , Bozok Şahin , Yürekli Ísmail , Özpak Berkan , Özelçi Ahmet , Destan Buğra , Gürbüz Ali 
Published: September 2012

Purpose To compare the outcomes of vascular access (VA) procedures performed using physical examination (PE) alone to PE and ultrasound vein mapping for assessment of patients needing hemodialysis access. Methods Comparative analysis of data obtained by retrospective review of records of 63 patients who underwent PE and vascular mapping (VM) using colored Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) and 76 patients assessed by physical examination alone to schedule vascular access surgery. The parameters assessed to study the impact of these two different pre-operative assessment approaches included selection of surgical site, procedure, construction of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and grafts (AVG), negative surgical exploration rates and surgical outcomes (maturation and patency rates). Results The rate of successfully constructed AVF increased significantly from 75% to 97% (P=.001) with pre-operative ultrasonographic vascular mapping. In 22 patients (34.9%) the access planned with physical examination was modified based on CDUS examination. In 12 patients, the surgical site for AVF creation and type of surgical procedure were modified based on the CDUS results. Permanent access placement rates were significantly higher in patients assessed with CDUS (P=.001). All patients who underwent vascular mapping had successful VA construction while the PE group had a 18.4% negative surgical exploration rate. When fistulas were assessed at six months, the patency rate was 80.7% for the physical examination (PE) group and 93.4% for the vascular mapping (VM) group. Conclusions Pre-operative vascular mapping using CDUS significantly increases the success of AVF construction and patency.
Valence Bond Structures for the N3
- Anion, the N3 Radical and the N6
- Radical Anion
Authors: Harcourta Richard D. , Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: September 2012

With Heitler-London atomic orbital-type formulations of the wave functions for (fractional) electron-pair πx(NN) and πy(NN) bonds, increased-valence structures for the N3
- anion and N3
- radical are equivalent to resonance between familiar standard Lewis structures and singlet diradical (or “long-bond”) Lewis structures. Theory is developed for the calculation of the polarity parameters that are associated with the one-electron πx(NN) and πy(NN) bonds in the increased-valence structures, and illustrative STO-6G estimates of their values are reported. They show that the πx and πy electrons of these bonds are strongly charge-correlated relative to each other.
The increased-valence structures for the N3
- anion and the N3
- radical are used to help construct increased-valence structures for the N6
- radical anion with C2h symmetry
The Accuracy and Precision of Measuring Lorazepam From Three Liquid Preparations
Authors: Lee Wan-Man Ellaria , Lugo Ralph A. , Cash Jared , Rusho William J. , MacKay Mark , Welkie Katy 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES Commercially available lorazepam solution contains both polyethylene glycol (PEG) and propylene glycol. When large doses are administered for deep sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), PEG may cause diarrhea, and the accumulation of propylene glycol may result in toxicity. These adverse effects may be avoided by preparing a slurry from crushed lorazepam tablets suspended in water immediately prior to administration. This slurry, which is extemporaneously prepared at bedside by nurses, lacks a suspending agent, and, therefore, the rapid settling of drug particles may produce suspensions that are not homogeneous. Thus, there may be significant inaccuracy and imprecision in dosage measurement. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy and precision of lorazepam dosage measurement from three liquid preparations: 1) tablet slurry prepared at bedside by a nurse; 2) lorazepam suspension extemporaneously prepared by a pharmacist; and 3) the commercially available lorazepam solution.
METHODS Sixteen PICU nurses measured three doses of lorazepam (0.5 mg, 1.5 mg, 3.5 mg) in triplicate from each of the three liquid preparations using oral syringes. PICU nurses prepared the slurry by mixing crushed lorazepam tablet(s) with water and drawing up the appropriate dose in an oral syringe. Additionally, nurses drew up the appropriate dose from a pharmacist-prepared lorazepam suspension (1 mg/mL) and the commercially available lorazepam solution (2 mg/mL). All samples were analyzed by HPLC and the groups were compared using two-way ANOVA.
RESULTS Dosage accuracy for the slurry (91.2 ± 7.8%) and suspension (109.2 ± 4.9%) were significantly different from the commercially available solution (101.5 ± 3.1%) (P &lt; .05). Imprecision in dosage measurement, as determined by the relative standard deviation, was greatest for the slurry (8.6%) as compared to the suspension (4.5%) and commercially available solution (3.0%).
CONCLUSIONS Dosage measurement from lorazepam slurry and suspension led to significant deviation from the intended dose. Dosage measurement using the slurry was the least precise among the three preparations.
Protein and Nitrogen Metabolism Changes Following Closed Head Injury or Cardiothoracic Surgery in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Hak Emily B. , Rogers David A. , Storm Michael C. , Helms Richard A. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE We compared markers of protein metabolism between children who had a controlled injury and an acute traumatic event. Significant protein catabolism occurs after acute severe injury. During surgery the injury is controlled and the degree of subsequent catabolism may be blunted.
METHODS This was a prospective, unblinded observational study in 10 children 2 to 12 years old with a closed head injury (CHI) and an admission Physiologic Stability Index of ≥ 10 and in 10 children who underwent elective cardiothoracic surgery (CTS). Nutrient intake, nitrogen balance, serum albumin and prealbumin, urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion, and 3-methylhistidine to creatinine ratios were evaluated on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10 after injury.
RESULTS Nutrient intake was similar in both groups on study days 1–4 and did not meet estimated needs. By day 10, 7 patients in the CTS group and 2 patients in the CHI group had been discharged home. The 3 CTS patients were still in the ICU while the 8 hospitalized CHI patients had been transferred to the floor. Compared to the CTS group, nitrogen balance in the CHI group was lower on day 1. On day 10, nitrogen balance and prealbumin were greater in the CHI group than in the CTS group, consistent with recovery and increased nutrient intake.
CONCLUSIONS Markers of protein metabolism follow similar patterns after CTS or CHI in children. However, markers of protein metabolism indicate more severe catabolism soon after injury in CHI.
An Assessment of Vancomycin Pharmacokinetic Variability in Pediatric Cardiology Patients
Authors: Marlowe Karen F. , Chicella Michael F. , Claridge Tamara E. , Pittman Susan W. 
Published: September 2012

Objectives To establish the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile of vancomycin in pediatric cardiology patients; determine an empiric vancomycin dose; and evaluate the correlation between fluid balance and volume of distribution (Vd), serum creatinine and clearance (CL), and daily dose of furosemide and Vd.
Methods Retrospective pharmacokinetic evaluation in 36 pediatric cardiology, cardiac surgery, or cardiac transplant patients treated with vancomycin. The pharmacokinetic profile for vancomycin including elimination half-life (t1/2), elimination rate constant (ke), volume of distribution (Vd), and clearance (CL) was calculated for each patient. The relationship between fluid balance and Vd, serum creatinine and CL, and the total daily dose of furosemide and Vd was evaluated.
Results The patient population had an average half-life of 5.9±1.2 hr and a Vd of 0.4±0.12 L/kg. A statistically significant correlation was noted between serum creatinine and CL (r2=0.19, P&lt;0.01). Additionally, a statistically significant correlation exists between the total daily furosemide dose and the Vd (r2=0.31, P&lt;0.01). A dose of 10 mg/kg/dose every 12 hrs was predicted to result in the greatest number of serum vancomycin concentrations within the reference range.
Conclusions Routine monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations is prudent for this population, and special consideration should be given to those with elevated serum creatinine and to those receiving large doses of furosemide.
Drug Disposition and Therapy in Adolescence: The Effects of Puberty
Authors: Carr Roxane R. , Ensom Mary H.H. 
Published: September 2012

Puberty, a part of adolescence, is a time of rapid physical, psychological, and psychosocial changes. Variability in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion occurs due to physical and hormonal changes, as well as those of body composition. Environmental factors affecting nutrition and compliance in the pubescent individual also affect success in achieving desired pharmacologic effects while minimizing toxicities. Based on available data, pharmacologic research has been relatively inadequate in providing information about drug disposition during puberty. The majority of available studies have neglected to provide staging for pubescent adolescents or have altogether excluded this population from their investigations. However, data are available that describe the effects of puberty on the pharmacokinetics of agents such as theophylline, digoxin, carbamazepine, lamotragine, vigabatrin and benzodiazepines.
To date, few clinically significant changes in drug disposition have been noted during puberty. However, factors such as compliance, concomitant drug use, and the potentially rebellious nature of adolescents must be taken into consideration in the medical management of the adolescent.
A lei natural e a lei escrita: uma leitura à luz do pensamento de Nietzsche
Authors: Miranda de Almeida Rogério 
Published: September 2012

Este texto tem dois objetivos principais: apresentar o conceito de “lei natural” e aquilo que seria a sua expressão como “lei escrita” e, depois, reinterpretar este conceito a partir de uma perspectiva nietzschiana. Para alcançar este duplo objetivo urge, pois, em primeiro lugar, traçar, nas suas grandes linhas, as vicissitudes que atravessou a teoria da “lei natural” ao longo da tradição #losó#ca até a sua culminância naquelas correntes do direito natural, típicas dos tempos modernos. Convém também assinalar que este conceito encerra no seu bojo, como derivações, as noções de necessidade, de #nalidade e providência. Eis por que, para interpretá-lo e criticá-lo, são utilizadas algumas intui- ções e análises de Nietzsche que, ao longo de sua obra, não cessa de se referir, direta ou indiretamente, a estas questões e, também, àquela de acaso. Não se trata, portanto, de simplesmente apresentar uma crítica de Nietzsche aos conceitos de “lei natural” e “lei escrita”, mas, principalmente, de examiná-los à luz de seu pensamento.
Staining Proteins in Gels
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. , Sasse Joachim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for detecting proteins in SDS‐polyacrylamide gels. It describes methods for Coomassie blue and silver staining, as well as the fluorescent stains SYPRO Orange and Red. Staining with Coomassie blue is easier and more rapid; however, silver staining methods are considerably more sensitive and can thus be used to detect smaller amounts of protein. Alternative rapid staining procedures are provided for each method. Fluorescent staining is a popular alternative to the traditional staining procedures, mainly because it is more sensitive than Coomassie staining, and often as sensitive as silver staining. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 6:7.4.1‐7.4.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Step‐Wise Approach for Dual Nanoparticle Patterning via Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly
Authors: Horechyy Andriy , Nandan Bhanu , Zafeiropoulos Nikolaos E. , Formanek Petr , Oertel Ulrich , Bigall Nadja C. , Eychmüller Alexander , Stamm Manfred 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA novel step‐wise approach for fabrication of periodic arrays of two different types of nanoparticles (NPs), selectively localized at different block copolymer phases is demonstrated. In the first step, pre‐synthesized ≈12 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), stabilized with thiol‐terminated polystyrene, are mixed with poly(styrene‐block‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐PVP) block copolymer in a common solvent. After film casting and consequent solvent vapor annealing the AgNPs are selectively localized within the PS phase of the block copolymer matrix due to the interaction with PS shell of the nanoparticles. In the second step, ≈2–5 nm gold, platinum, or palladium nanoparticles are directly deposited from their aqueous dispersion on the PVP domains of the self‐assembled block copolymer thin films. In such a way, thin films of nanostructured block copolymer with two types of nanoparticles, separated by the two distinct block copolymer phases, are prepared in a step‐wise manner. The presented method is very simple and can be applied for various combinations of pre‐synthesized nanoparticles where the characteristics of either type of nanoparticles are tuned accordingly in advance, which is more difficult to achieve for in situ synthesized nanoparticles.
Children Caught in Conflicts: Assessing the Psychosocial Impact of Armed Conflict on Children in the Philippines
Authors: Castro Elizabeth De , Camacho Agnes Zenaida V. , Balanon Faye A. G. , Galang Marie Therese 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the results of a study on the psychosocial impact of armed conflict on children and families in the Philippines employing a multi‐method inquiry on the subject. Results showed that fear affected the children and their families' and was central in most of their choices and decisions. The effects discussed focused on how everyday life and social relations were disrupted and how this contributed to the overall atmosphere of fear and mistrust as violence became the norm.The article also stresses that in the midst of continuing conflict the community learned to cope. Some coped in positive ways, others did not. To cope with the socio‐economic impact of the armed conflict, some got involved in criminal activity. To survive in the midst of armed conflict, safe places were identified, some converting to Islam, checkpoints were established and armed vigilante groups were formed, and the people imposed restrictions upon themselves. Lastly, in order to overcome grief and loss, the people continued to observe religious rituals and rites and they did all they could to keep the family and community together.In 2005, UNICEF EAPRO initiated a regional study on “Children Caught in Conflicts: Assessing the impact of armed conflict on children in East Asia and the Pacific.” The objective of the study was three‐fold: to improve the knowledge base on children affected by armed conflict, to devise protection strategies for children in situations of low‐intensity conflict, and to involve participation of children and young people. Three countries participated: Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. This article focuses on the results of the study conducted in the Philippines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.