bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Recent Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in the United States Based on Bone Mineral Density at the Femoral Neck or Lumbar Spine
Authors: Wright Nicole C , Looker Anne C , Saag Kenneth G , Curtis Jeffrey R , Delzell Elizabeth S , Randall Susan , Dawson-Hughes Bess 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The goal of our study was to estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass based on bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine in adults 50 years and older in the United States (US). We applied prevalence estimates of osteoporosis or low bone mass at the femoral neck or lumbar spine (adjusted by age, sex, and race/ethnicity to the 2010 Census) for the noninstitutionalized population aged 50 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010 to 2010 US Census population counts to determine the total number of older US residents with osteoporosis and low bone mass. There were more than 99 million adults aged 50 years and older in the US in 2010. Based on an overall 10.3% prevalence of osteoporosis, we estimated that in 2010, 10.2 million older adults had osteoporosis. The overall low bone mass prevalence was 43.9%, from which we estimated that 43.4 million older adults had low bone mass. We estimated that 7.7 million non-Hispanic white, 0.5 million non-Hispanic black, and 0.6 million Mexican American adults had osteoporosis, and another 33.8, 2.9, and 2.0 million had low bone mass, respectively. When combined, osteoporosis and low bone mass at the femoral neck or lumbar spine affected an estimated 53.6 million older US adults in 2010. Although most of the individuals with osteoporosis or low bone mass were non-Hispanic white women, a substantial number of men and women from other racial/ethnic groups also had osteoporotic BMD or low bone mass. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
RTP801 Regulates Maneb‐ and Mancozeb‐Induced Cytotoxicity via NF‐κB
Authors: Cheng Shu‐Yuan , Oh Seon , Velasco Marcela , Ta Christine , Montalvo Jessica , Calderone Alyssa 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTEnvironmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Maneb (MB) and mancozeb (MZ) have been extensively used as pesticides. Exposure to MB lowers the threshold for dopaminergic damage triggered by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine. MB and MZ potentiate 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridium (MPP+)‐induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells partially via nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. RTP801 dramatically increased by oxidative stresses and DNA damage is the possible mechanism of neurotoxins‐induced cell death in many studies. This study demonstrated that MB and MZ induced DNA damage as seen in comet assay. The expressions of RTP801 protein and mRNA were elevated after MB and MZ exposures. By knocking down RTP801 using shRNA, we demonstrated that NF‐κB activation by MB and MZ was regulated by RTP801 and cell death triggered by MB and MZ was associated with RTP801 elevation. This revealed that the toxic mechanisms of dithiocarbamates are via the cross talk between RTP801 and NF‐κB.
What makes affirmative action‐based hiring decisions seem (un)fair? A test of an ideological explanation for fairness judgments
Authors: Gu Jun , McFerran Brent , Aquino Karl , Kim Tai Gyu 
Published: April 2014

SummaryStudies show that Whites tend to show the lowest level of support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Opponents of AA often argue that this is because it violates principles of meritocracy. However, self‐interest (based on social identification with those adversely affected) could also explain their opposition. In three studies, we varied whether an Asian or White male is adversely affected by AA to test another explanation; namely, that Whites' fairness judgments are based on both the adversely affected person's race and the fairness evaluator's ideological beliefs. Although we found some support for the meritocratic explanation, this was not sufficient to explain why Whites view AA as (un)fair. Instead, we found strong support for our prediction that Whites who are opposed to equality perceive more unfairness when a White (vs. Asian) was harmed by AA, whereas Whites who endorse egalitarian ideologies perceive the opposite. This finding suggests that neither self‐interest nor meritocratic explanations can fully account for Whites' opposition to AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of CMIP5 GCM simulations in reproducing atmospheric circulation over Europe and the North Atlantic: a statistical downscaling perspective
Authors: Wójcik Robert 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTReliability of GCM (general circulation model) simulations is a significant predictor selection criteria and seems to be essential for outcomes of the statistical downscaling. This article investigates the reliability of a wide ensemble of CMIP5 climate models in reproducing seasonal atmospheric circulation patterns over Europe and the North Atlantic, namely sea level pressure (SLP) and 500 hPa geopotential height (G500). GCMs were evaluated with respect to 1971–2000 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data by means of MAE, correlation coefficient and standard deviation. An attempt was made to determine the range of biases introduced into the statistical models by biases in the GCM simulations. For this purpose, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) models linking large‐scale atmospheric circulation and air temperature in Poland were driven by historical GCM simulations expressed as anomalies with reference to the reanalysis data.It was shown that reliability of GCMs varies considerably, both seasonally and on an inter‐model basis, thus becoming unfavourable in the context of statistical downscaling application. Overall, GCM ability to reproduce G500 values is better than for SLP. The most important finding from the statistical downscaling perspective is that SLP and G500 biases may introduce considerable air temperature biases (T‐GCMbiases) into the downscaled reconstructions or projections of climate change. Seasonally, the highest T‐GCMbiases were found in DJF, when a significant overestimation of air temperature results from a GCM tendency to overestimate the meridional pressure gradient. A similar situation appears to be a significant factor in MAM and SON. Multiyear average GCM biases do not, however, explain a significant part of the inter‐model variability of T‐GCMbias, thus highlighting the need for a more in‐depth evaluation. Nevertheless, good GCM performance seems to ensure that T‐GCMbias is not of a considerable value. Overall, the results of the article emphasise the necessity for undertaking an application‐oriented assessment of GCM reliability prior to any statistical downscaling approach.
Development and application of a quantitative loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting genetically modified maize MON863
Authors: Huang Sicong , Xu Yuancong , Yan Xinghua , Shang Ying , Zhu Pengyu , Tian Wenying , Xu Wentao 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDA SYBR Green I‐based quantitative loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid detection of genetically modified maize MON863. A set of primers was designed based on the integration region of the Cry3Bb1 and tahsp17 genes.RESULTSThe qualitative and quantitative reaction conditions (dNTPs, betaine, primers, Mg2+, Bst polymerase, temperature, reaction time) were optimized. The concentrations of Mg2+ and betaine were found to be important to the LAMP assay. The detection limits of both qualitative and quantitative LAMP for MON863 were as low as 4 haploid genomic DNA, and the LAMP reactions can be completed within 1 h at an isothermal temperature of 65 °C.CONCLUSIONThe results of this study demonstrate that this new SYBR Green I‐based quantitative LAMP assay system is reliable, sensitive and accurate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficiency improvement of fluorescent blue device by molecular orientation of blue dopant
Authors: Ogiwara Toshinari , Ito Hirokatsu , Mizuki Yumiko , Naraoka Ryo , Funahashi Masakazu , Kuma Hitoshi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe relationship between molecular shape of fluorescent blue dopants (BDs) and degree of molecular orientation was studied. BDs with larger ovality showed higher degree of orientation and higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) over 10% in a fluorescent blue device. Impedance spectroscopy, transient electroluminescence spectroscopy, and optical simulation results highly indicated that such high EQE was originated mainly from the optical effect of horizontal‐aligned BDs. Furthermore, a higher EQE of 11.5% at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 was successfully achieved by modifying molecular structure of BD.
High‐resolution high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry characterization of a new isoform of human salivary acidic proline‐rich proteins named Roma‐Boston Ser22(Phos) → Phe variant
Authors: Iavarone Federica , D'Alessandro Alfredo , Tian Na , Cabras Tiziana , Messana Irene , Helmerhorst Eva J. , Oppenheim Frank G. , Castagnola Massimo 
Published: April 2014

During a survey of human saliva by a top‐down reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry approach, two proteins eluting at 27.4 and 28.4 min, with average masses of 15 494 ± 1 and 11 142 ± 1 Da, were detected in a subject from Boston. The Δmass value (4352 Da) of the two proteins was similar to the difference in mass values between intact (150 amino acids, [a.a.]) and truncated acidic proline‐rich proteins (aPRPs; 106 a.a.) suggesting an a.a. substitution in the first 106 residues resulting in a strong reduction in polarity, since under the same experimental conditions aPRPs eluted at ∼22.5 min (intact) and 23.5 min (truncated forms). Manual inspection of the high‐resolution high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of the truncated isoform showed the replacement of the phosphorylated Ser‐22 in PRP‐3 with a Phe residue. Inspection of the tandem mass spectra of the intact isoform confirmed the substitution, which is allowed by the code transition TCT→TTT and is in agreement with the dramatic increase in elution time. The isoform was also detected in two other subjects, one from Boston (unrelated to the previous) and one from Rome. For this reason we propose to name this variant PRP‐1 (PRP‐3) RB (Roma‐Boston) Ser22(phos)→Phe.
Impact of electrode design and surgical approach on scalar location and cochlear implant outcomes
Authors: Wanna George B. , Noble Jack H. , Carlson Matthew L. , Gifford René H. , Dietrich Mary S. , Haynes David S. , Dawant Benoit M. , Labadie Robert F. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThree surgical approaches: cochleostomy (C), round window (RW), and extended round window (ERW); and two electrodes types: lateral wall (LW) and perimodiolar (PM), account for the vast majority of cochlear implantations. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between surgical approach and electrode type with final intracochlear position of the electrode array and subsequent hearing outcomes.Study DesignComparative longitudinal study.MethodsOne hundred postlingually implanted adult patients were enrolled in the study. From the postoperative scan, intracochlear electrode location was determined and using rigid registration, transformed back to the preoperative computed tomography which had intracochlear anatomy (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) specified using a statistical shape model based on 10 microCT scans of human cadaveric cochleae. Likelihood ratio chi‐square statistics were used to evaluate for differences in electrode placement with respect to surgical approach (C, RW, ERW) and type of electrode (LW, PM).ResultsElectrode placement completely within the scala tympani (ST) was more common for LW than were PM designs (89% vs. 58%; P < 0.001). RW and ERW approaches were associated with lower rates of electrode placement outside the ST than was the cochleostomy approach (9%, 16%, and 63%, respectively; P < 0.001). This pattern held true regardless of whether the implant was LW or PM. When examining electrode placement and hearing outcome, those with electrode residing completely within the ST had better consonant‐nucleus‐consonant word scores than did patients with any number of electrodes located outside the ST (P = 0.045).ConclusionThese data suggest that RW and ERW approaches and LW electrodes are associated with an increased likelihood of successful ST placement. Furthermore, electrode position entirely within the ST confers superior audiological outcomes.Level Of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 124:S1–S7, 2014
Risk factors for adult‐onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Ruiz Ryan , Achlatis Stratos , Verma Avanti , Born Hayley , Kapadia Farzana , Fang Yixin , Pitman Michael , Sulica Lucian , Branski Ryan C. , Amin Milan R. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate risk factors strongly associated with adult‐onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (AO‐RRP).Study DesignProspective, age‐ and sex‐matched, case control.MethodsPatients with AO‐RRP and controls completed a computer‐based, 89‐item questionnaire across three academic institutions.ResultsForty‐eight AO‐RRP patients were compared to 73 controls; 43 of the 48 AO‐RRP patients were male (89.5%). The difference in the median number of lifetime sexual partners between AO‐RRP (15) and controls (10) was significant (P = 0.0387). Additionally, an increased number of lifetime sexual partners (≥ 26) was associated with AO‐RRP. No significant difference for the number of lifetime oral sex partners was observed between groups. Increased comorbidity, as quantified by the Charlson Comorbidity Index, was observed in patients with AO‐RRP. AO‐RRP and control groups were similar across many other variables, including birth history, smoking history, alcohol use, drug use, education, income, and the Short Form Health Survey scores.ConclusionsAO‐RRP was not associated with previously proposed risk factors for juvenile‐onset RRP and may be associated with an increased number of lifetime sexual partners.Level of Evidence3b. Laryngoscope 124:2338–2344, 2014
Effect of AST on age‐associated changes of vocal folds in a rat model
Authors: Mizuta Masanobu , Hirano Shigeru , Hiwatashi Nao , Kobayashi Toshiki , Tateya Ichiro , Kanemaru Shin‐ichi , Nakamura Tatsuo , Ito Juichi 
Published: April 2014

Objectives/HypothesisReactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with aging. Astaxanthin (AST) is a strong antioxidant and has been reported to prevent various ROS‐induced diseases. In the current study, we investigated the effect of AST on age‐associated histological and mRNA changes of vocal folds.Study DesignProspective animal experiment with control.MethodsSix‐month‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed on a normal powder diet with 0.01% (w/w) AST (aged AST‐treated group) or without AST (aged sham‐treated group). After 12 months of feeding, the larynges were harvested for histology, immunohistochemical detection of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE), and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Thirteen‐week‐old rats were used as a young control group (young group).ResultsThe expression of 4‐HNE, an oxidative stress marker, significantly increased in the two aged groups compared with the young group. Histological examination showed that the deposition of hyaluronic acid in the lamina propria (LP) was significantly reduced in the aged sham‐treated group compared with the young group, but no significant difference was observed between the aged AST‐treated group and the young group. There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of bFGF and HGF between the aged AST‐treated group and the young group, although the expression of these genes was significantly reduced in the aged sham‐treated group as compared with the young group.ConclusionsThese results suggest that AST has the potential to attenuate age‐associated changes of vocal folds.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope 124:E411–E417, 2014
Nicotinamide treatment ameliorates the course of experimental colitis mediated by enhanced neutrophil‐specific antibacterial clearance
Authors: Bettenworth Dominik , Nowacki Tobias M. , Ross Matthias , Kyme Pierre , Schwammbach Daniela , Kerstiens Linda , Thoennissen Gabriela B. , Bokemeyer Carsten , Hengst Karin , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Heidemann Jan , Thoennissen Nils H. 
Published: April 2014

ScopeIn previous studies, we could show that the B vitamin nicotinamide (NAM) enhanced antimicrobial activity of neutrophils. Here, we assessed the effects of NAM in two models of experimental colitis.Methods and ResultsColitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice either by oral infection with Citrobacter rodentium or by DSS (dextran sodium sulphate) administration, and animals were systemically treated with NAM. Ex vivo bacterial clearance was assessed in murine and human whole blood, as well as isolated human neutrophils. In C. rodentium‐induced colitis, NAM treatment resulted in markedly decreased systemic bacterial invasion, histological damage and increased fecal clearance of C. rodentium by up to 600‐fold. In contrast, NAM had no effect when administered to neutrophil‐depleted mice. Ex vivo stimulation of isolated human neutrophils, as well as murine and human whole blood with NAM led to increased clearance of C. rodentium and enhanced expression of antimicrobial peptides in neutrophils. Moreover, NAM treatment significantly ameliorated the course of DSS colitis, as assessed by body weight, histological damage and myeloperoxidase activity.ConclusionPharmacological application of NAM mediates beneficial effects in bacterial and chemically induced colitis. Future studies are needed to explore the clinical potential of NAM in the context of intestinal bacterial infections and human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Discrete element method analysis of non‐coaxial flow under rotational shear
Authors: Tong Zhaoxia , Fu Pengcheng , Dafalias Yannis F. , Yao Yangping 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThis study focuses on non‐coaxial flow behavior of cohesionless soil undergoing cyclic rotational shear, with a special interest in the effects of particle‐scale characteristics. To this end, we perform a series of 2D discrete element simulations with various particle shapes, inter‐particle coefficient of friction, initial density, and stress ratios. The validity and efficacy of the numerical model is established by systematically comparing numerical simulation results with existing laboratory testing results. Such comparison shows that the numerical simulations are capable of capturing mechanical behavior observed in laboratory testing under rotational shear. We further demonstrate and quantify a strong yet simple relationship between the deviatoric part of the normalized strain increment and the non‐coaxial angle, denoted by and ψ, respectively. This quantitative correlation between ψ and is independent of applied stress ratio, initial and current void ratio, and the number of cycles applied, but dependent on the principal stress orientation and particle‐scale characteristics. At the same , specimens with higher inter‐particle friction angle or smaller particle aspect ratio show greater non‐coaxial angles. A simple model is able to fit this ψ‐ relationship well, which provides a useful relationship that can be exploited in developing constitutive models for rotational shearing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extension of numerical manifold method for coupled fluid flow and fracturing problems
Authors: Wu Zhijun , Wong Louis Ngai Yuen 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThe present study extends the numerical manifold method to include the hydro‐mechanical model to investigate the effect of water flow in fractures on the stability of rock structures, particularly slopes. The proposed flow model is verified by a simple 2‐D flow problem in a homogeneous aquifer. Combining the water flow model with the earlier developed fracture evolution technique, the entire failure process of the rock slope due to a heavy rain is simulated. The results illustrate that the developed numerical manifold method can not only determine the trigger factor of the crack initiation but also model the failure processes related to crack initiation, propagation, block formation, detachment and sliding due to the water effect successfully. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct evidence of enhanced chlorine segregation at grain boundaries in polycrystalline CdTe thin films via three‐dimensional TOF‐SIMS imaging
Authors: Harvey Steven P. , Teeter Glenn , Moutinho Helio , Al‐Jassim Mowafak M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFor more than 25 years, the CdTe photovoltaic research and manufacturing communities have been subjecting CdTe materials to a CdCl2 treatment or activation step to improve performance. However, little work has been carried out using imaging to elucidate the spatial distribution of chlorine in the CdTe devices after this treatment. This work addresses fundamental questions about the spatial distribution of chlorine in the CdTe absorber material after a CdCl2 treatment comparable to industrial practices. We used a state‐of‐the‐art, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (ION‐TOF GmbH) (Muenster, Germany) with a lateral resolution of about 80 nm to complete three‐dimensional depth‐profiling and imaging of two CdTe devices. The results clearly demonstrate enhanced chlorine concentration along grain boundaries, supporting the hypothesis that chlorine plays an important role in passivating grain boundaries in CdTe solar cells. The results are discussed in terms of possible passivation mechanisms, and the effect of chlorine on grain interiors and grain boundaries. The data are also used to estimate the free energy of segregation of chlorine to grain boundaries in CdTe. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Na and MoS2 on Cu2ZnSnS4 thin‐film solar cell
Authors: Yang Kee‐Jeong , Sim Jun‐Hyoung , Jeon Boram , Son Dae‐Ho , Kim Dae‐Hwan , Sung Shi‐Joon , Hwang Dae‐Kue , Song Soomin , Khadka Dhruba B. , Kim JunHo , Kang Jin‐Kyu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)‐based materials have a useful band gap and a high absorption coefficient; however, their power conversion efficiency is low compared with that of CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2‐based solar cells. Two of the factors that strongly affect CZTS solar cell characteristics are the MoS2 layer and the presence of defects. In this study, Mo back‐contact layers were annealed to control MoS2 layer formation and the Na content in the Mo layer before the absorber precursor layer was deposited. The increase in oxygen content in the Mo layer suppressed MoS2 layer formation. In addition, the increase in Na diffusion during the initial stage of the absorber precursor deposition decreased the defect density in the absorber layer and in the absorber–buffer interface. These results were verified through measurements of the external quantum efficiency, the temperature dependence of the open‐circuit voltage (VOC), and admittance spectra. The current densities (JSC) and VOC, as well as the power conversion efficiencies, improved as the annealing temperature of the Mo layer increased, which suggests that CZTS solar cell characteristics can be improved by suppressing MoS2 layer formation and increasing Na content in the Mo layer before deposition of the absorber precursor layer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.