bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The occurrence and pathogenicity ofSerratospiculum tendo(Nematoda: Diplotriaenoidea) in birds of prey from southern Italy
Authors: Santoro M. , D'Alessio N. , Di Prisco F. , Kinsella J.M. , Barca L. , Degli Uberti B. , Restucci B. , Martano M. , Troisi S. , Galiero G. , Veneziano V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe air sacs of free-ranging birds of prey (n= 652) from southern Italy, including 11 species of Accipitriformes and six of Falconiforms, were examined for infections withSerratospiculumtendo(Nematoda: Diplotriaenoidea). Of the 17 species of birds examined, 25 of 31 (80.6%) peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from Calabria Region and a single northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) from Campania Region were infected withS. tendo, suggesting a strong host specificity for the peregrine falcon. The northern goshawk and 18 of 25 infected peregrine falcons showed cachexia and all infected birds had bone fractures. At gross examination, air sacculitis and pneumonia were the most common lesions in infected birds. Microscopically, the air-sac walls showed thickening of the smooth muscle cells, resulting in a papillary appearance, along with hyperplasia of the mesothelium and epithelium, and foci of plasma cell infiltration and macrophages associated with several embryonated eggs and adult parasites. Extensive areas of inflammation were found in the lungs, characterized by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts surrounding embryonated eggs. The northern goshawk also had detachment of the dextral lung with several necrotic foci. In this case, the death of the bird was directly attributed toS. tendoinfection. Lesions and pathological changes observed here suggest thatS. tendocan cause disease.
Calopadia saxicola(Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycota), a new saxicolous species growing on rocky seashores in southern Brazil
Authors: Gumboski Emerson Luiz 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCalopadia saxicolais described as new to science. The species grows on rocky shores in southern Brazil and is characterized by the corticate thallus, pruinose apothecia with brownish to reddish brown disc, mainly 2–3-spored asci with muriform ascospores, and the absence of secondary metabolites. A description with ecological data, figures, comments and a key to all species in the genus known from Brazil are given.
Taxonomic study of the genus Anzia (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) from Hengduan Mountains, China
Authors: Wang Xin Yu , Goffinet Bernard , Liu Dong , Liang Meng Meng , Shi Hai Xia , Zhang Yan Yun , Zhang Jun , Wang Li Song 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAnalyses of morphological, anatomical, chemical and DNA sequences led to the recognition of ten species of Anzia in the Hengduan Mountains, which harbour all species known from China, including A. pseudocolpota sp. nov. and A. hypomelaena comb. & stat. nov. Furthermore, populations similar to A. hypoleucoides but with narrow lobes and a yellow-orange pigmented medulla may be a phylogenetically distinct species tentatively recognized as A. aff. hypoleucoides. The species are primarily distinguished by the presence or absence of a central axis, the colour and shape of the spongy cushion and the nature of the secondary compounds. A key to all known species of Anzia from China is presented.
Contributions to the genus Synarthonia (lichenized Ascomycota, Arthoniaceae)
Authors: Joseph Siljo , Sinha Gopal Prasad 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe type specimens of Synarthonia bicolor and S. stigmatidialis were examined, leading the authors to revise their descriptions as well as the generic description. Also, two new species of Synarthonia, viz. S. psoromica and S. sikkimensis are described from India. Synarthonia psoromica, collected from the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, is characterized by immersed synascomata and the presence of psoromic acid. Synarthonia sikkimensis, collected from Sikkim-Himalaya, is characterized by the sorediate thallus with a rhizomorph-like prothallus. These distinguishing characters are observed for the first time in Synarthonia. After considering the protologue of the recently described S. sarcographoides, a comprehensive account of this genus is made. In addition, a world key to all known species of Synarthonia is provided.
Ectoparasites and endoparasites of fish form networks with different structures
Authors: BELLAY S. , DE OLIVEIRA E. F. , ALMEIDA-NETO M. , MELLO M. A. R. , TAKEMOTO R. M. , LUQUE J. L. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYHosts and parasites interact with each other in a variety of ways, and this diversity of interactions is reflected in the networks they form. To test for differences in interaction patterns of ecto- and endoparasites we analysed subnetworks formed by each kind of parasites and their host fish species in fish–parasite networks for 22 localities. We assessed the proportion of parasite species per host species, the relationship between parasite fauna composition and host taxonomy, connectance, nestedness and modularity of each subnetwork (n= 44). Furthermore, we evaluated the similarity in host species composition among modules in ecto- and endoparasite subnetworks. We found several differences between subnetworks of fish ecto- and endoparasites. The association with a higher number of host species observed among endoparasites resulted in higher connectance and nestedness, and lower values of modularity in their subnetworks than in those of ectoparasites. Taxonomically related host species tended to share ecto- or endoparasites with the same interaction intensity, but the species composition of hosts tended to differ between modules formed by ecto- and endoparasites. Our results suggest that different evolutionary and ecological processes are responsible for organizing the networks formed by ecto- and endoparasites and fish.
Breast-feeding patterns of ethnic groups in rural western China
Authors: Qu Pengfei , Wang Ting , Liu Fang , Dang Shaonong , Zeng Lengxia , Yan Hong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the breast-feeding pattern of four main ethnic groups (the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang) living in rural western China.DesignThe study utilized a cross-sectional design.SettingForty-five counties in ten provinces in western China in 2005.SubjectsA sample of 11 783 children younger than 36 months old (8960 Han, 1281 Uygur, 792 Tibetan and 750 Zhuang) and their mothers were recruited using a stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling method.ResultsThe rates of exclusive breast-feeding of children at 6 months of age in the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang ethnic groups were 11·6 %, 0·8 %, 4·4 % and 13·8 %, respectively. The rates of any breast-feeding for children at 24 months of age were 8·5 %, 25·7 %, 3·0 % and 4·3 % in the four ethnic groups, respectively. After adjusting for related factors, Zhuang children had a higher odds ratio of exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months compared with Han children, whereas Uygur and Tibetan children had lower odds ratio (Zhuang: OR=1·291; 95 % CI 1·006, 1·657; Uugur: OR=0·062; 95 % CI 0·032, 0·121; Tibetan: OR=0·323; 95 % CI 0·220, 0·475). Uygur children had a lower hazard ratio of discontinued breast-feeding compared with Han children, whereas Tibetan children had a higher hazard ratio (Uygur: HR=0·368; 95 % CI 0·333, 0·408; Tibetan: HR=1·366; 95 % CI 1·244, 1·500).ConclusionsThe breast-feeding pattern differed among the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang ethnic groups. The results suggest that health education regarding the benefits of breast-feeding is needed in rural western China.
Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009
Authors: Barton Karen L , Wrieden Wendy L , Sherriff Andrea , Armstrong Julie , Anderson Annie S 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the association between diet and socio-economic position for 2007–2009 and investigate trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet between 2001 and 2009.DesignUK food purchase data (collected annually from 2001 to 2009) were used to estimate household-level consumption data. Population mean food consumption, nutrient intakes and energy density were estimated by quintiles of an area-based index of multiple deprivation. Food and nutrient intakes estimated were those targeted for change in Scotland and others indicative of diet quality. The slope and relative indices of inequality were used to assess trends in inequalities in consumption over time.SettingScotland.SubjectsScottish households (n 5020).ResultsDaily consumption of fruit and vegetables (200 g, 348 g), brown/wholemeal bread (17 g, 26·5 g), breakfast cereals (16 g, 27 g) and oil-rich (21 g, 40 g) and white fish (77 g, 112 g) were lowest, and that of total bread highest (105 g, 91·5 g) in the most deprived compared with the least deprived households, respectively, for the period 2007–2009. With regard to nutrients, there was no association between deprivation and the percentage of food energy from total fat and saturated fat; however, non-milk extrinsic sugar intakes (15·5 %, 14·3 %) and energy density (741 kJ/100 g, 701 kJ/100 g) were significantly higher in the most deprived households. The slope and relative indices of inequality showed that inequalities in intakes between 2001 and 2009 have changed very little.ConclusionsThere was no evidence to suggest that the difference in targeted food and nutrient intakes between the least and most deprived has decreased compared with previous years.
Sustainability and public health nutrition at school: assessing the integration of healthy and environmentally sustainable food initiatives in Vancouver schools
Authors: Black Jennifer L , Velazquez Cayley E , Ahmadi Naseam , Chapman Gwen E , Carten Sarah , Edward Joshua , Shulhan Stephanie , Stephens Teya , Rojas Alejandro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the development and application of the School Food Environment Assessment Tools and a novel scoring system to assess the integration of healthy and environmentally sustainable food initiatives in elementary and secondary schools.DesignThe cross-sectional study included direct observations of physical food environments and interviews with key school personnel regarding food-related programmes and policies. A five-point scoring system was then developed to assess actions across six domains: (i) food gardens; (ii) composting systems; (iii) food preparation activities; (iv) food-related teaching and learning activities; and availability of (v) healthy food; and (vi) environmentally sustainable food.SettingVancouver, Canada.SubjectsA purposive sample of public schools (n33) from all six sectors of the Vancouver Board of Education.ResultsSchools scored highest in the areas of food garden and compost system development and use. Regular integration of food-related teaching and learning activities and hands-on food preparation experiences were also commonly reported. Most schools demonstrated rudimentary efforts to make healthy and environmentally sustainable food choices available, but in general scored lowest on these two domains. Moreover, no schools reported widespread initiatives fully supporting availability or integration of healthy or environmentally sustainable foods across campus.ConclusionsMore work is needed in all areas to fully integrate programmes and policies that support healthy, environmentally sustainable food systems in Vancouver schools. The assessment tools and proposed indicators offer a practical approach for researchers, policy makers and school stakeholders to assess school food system environments, identify priority areas for intervention and track relevant changes over time.
Structural Heterogenity of Intraluminal Content of The Prostate: A Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Badea Paula , Petrescu Amelia , Moldovan Lucia , Zarnescu Otilia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostatic tissue are associated with varying forms of acellular structures. These include corpora amylacea, prostatic calculi, and prostatic crystalloids. There are relatively few microscopy studies about the characterization of intraluminal structures from benign and malignant prostatic glands and little is known about their chemical composition. In the present study, we used a combination of special histochemical methods, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy to characterize intraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostate glands. The study was done on 33 radical prostatectomy and four transurethral resections of prostate specimens. Histochemical methods such as von Kossa, autometallography (AMG), as well as PSA immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize intraluminal contents of benign and malignant prostate glands. Von Kossa staining was observed in acellular structures, corpora amylacea, prostatic calculi, and calcified blood vessels. AMG staining was observed in the lumen of small glands, in the epithelium lining prostate glands, and corpora amylacea. PSA staining showed prostatic glands with both positive and negative corpora amylacea and epithelial cells. Ultrastructural observation revealed the presence of a variety of highly heterogeneous aggregates composed of fibrillar elements that were similar to those of amyloid.
Hyperpolarized 15N-pyridine Derivatives as pH-Sensitive MRI Agents
Authors: Jiang Weina , Lumata Lloyd , Chen Wei , Zhang Shanrong , Kovacs Zoltan , Sherry A. Dean , Khemtong Chalermchai 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHighly sensitive MR imaging agents that can accurately and rapidly monitor changes in pH would have diagnostic and prognostic value for many diseases. Here, we report an investigation of hyperpolarized 15N-pyridine derivatives as ultrasensitive pH-sensitive imaging probes. These molecules are easily polarized to high levels using standard dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) techniques and their 15N chemical shifts were found to be highly sensitive to pH. These probes displayed sharp 15N resonances and large differences in chemical shifts (Δδ >90 ppm) between their free base and protonated forms. These favorable features make these agents highly suitable candidates for the detection of small changes in tissue pH near physiological values.
Highly efficient cell-type-specific gene inactivation reveals a key function for the Drosophila FUS homolog cabeza in neurons
Authors: Frickenhaus Marie , Wagner Marina , Mallik Moushami , Catinozzi Marica , Storkebaum Erik 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTo expand the rich genetic toolkit of Drosophila melanogaster, we evaluated whether introducing FRT or LoxP sites in endogenous genes could allow for cell-type-specific gene inactivation in both dividing and postmitotic cells by GAL4-driven expression of FLP or Cre recombinase. For proof of principle, conditional alleles were generated for cabeza (caz), the Drosophila homolog of human FUS, a gene implicated in the neurodegenerative disorders amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Upon selective expression in neurons or muscle, both FLP and Cre mediated caz inactivation in all neurons or muscle cells, respectively. Neuron-selective caz inactivation resulted in failure of pharate adult flies to eclose from the pupal case and adult escapers displayed motor performance defects and reduced life span. Due to Cre-toxicity, FLP/FRT is the preferred system for cell-type-specific gene inactivation and this strategy outperforms RNAi-mediated knock-down. Furthermore, the GAL80 target system allowed for temporal control over gene inactivation, as induction of FLP expression from the adult stage onwards still inactivated caz in >99% of neurons. Remarkably, selective caz inactivation in adult neurons did not affect motor performance and life span, indicating that neuronal caz is required during development, but not for maintenance of adult neuronal function.
UV sensing using film bulk acoustic resonators based on Au/n-ZnO/piezoelectric-ZnO/Al structure
Authors: Bian Xiaolei , Jin Hao , Wang Xiaozhi , Dong Shurong , Chen Guohao , Luo J. K. , Deen M. Jamal , Qi Bensheng 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new type of ultraviolet (UV) light sensor based on film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) is proposed. The new sensor uses gold and a thin n-type ZnO layer deposited on the top of piezoelectric layer of FBAR to form a Schottky barrier. The Schottky barrier's capacitance can be changed with UV light, resulting in an enhanced shift in the entire FBAR's resonant frequency. The fabricated UV sensor has a 50 nm thick n-ZnO semiconductor layer with a carrier concentration of ~ 1017 cm−3. A large frequency downshift is observed when UV light irradiates the FBAR. With 365 nm UV light of intensity 1.7 mW/cm2, the FBAR with n-ZnO/Au Schottky diode has 250 kHz frequency downshift, much larger than the 60 kHz frequency downshift in a conventional FBAR without the n-ZnO layer. The shift in the new FBAR's resonant frequency is due to the junction formed between Au and n-ZnO semiconductor and its properties changes with UV light. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis using an equivalent circuit model of the new FBAR structure.
7-Ketocholesterol Increases Retinal Microglial Migration, Activation and Angiogenicity: A Potential Pathogenic Mechanism Underlying Age-related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Indaram Maanasa , Ma Wenxin , Zhao Lian , Fariss Robert N. , Rodriguez Ignacio R. , Wong Wai T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been associated with both accumulation of lipid and lipid oxidative products, as well as increased neuroinflammatory changes and microglial activation in the outer retina. However, the relationships between these factors are incompletely understood. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) is a cholesterol oxidation product localized to the outer retina with prominent pro-inflammatory effects. To explore the potential relationship between 7KCh and microglial activation, we localized 7KCh and microglia to the outer retina of aged mice and investigated 7KCh effects on retinal microglia in both in vitro and in vivo systems. We found that retinal microglia demonstrated a prominent chemotropism to 7KCh and readily internalized 7KCh. Sublethal concentrations of 7KCh resulted in microglial activation and polarization to a pro-inflammatory M1 state via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Microglia exposed to 7KCh reduced expression of neurotrophic growth factors but increased expression of angiogenic factors, transitioning to a more neurotoxic and pro-angiogenic phenotype. Finally, subretinal transplantation of 7KCh-exposed microglia promoted choroidal neovascularization (CNV) relative to control microglia in a Matrigel-CNV model. The interaction of retinal microglia with 7KCh in the aged retina may thus underlie how outer retinal lipid accumulation in intermediate AMD results in neuroinflammation that ultimately drives progression towards advanced AMD.
Universality of fragment shapes
Authors: Domokos Gábor , Kun Ferenc , Sipos András Árpád , Szabó Tímea 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe shape of fragments generated by the breakup of solids is central to a wide variety of problems ranging from the geomorphic evolution of boulders to the accumulation of space debris orbiting Earth. Although the statistics of the mass of fragments has been found to show a universal scaling behavior, the comprehensive characterization of fragment shapes still remained a fundamental challenge. We performed a thorough experimental study of the problem fragmenting various types of materials by slowly proceeding weathering and by rapid breakup due to explosion and hammering. We demonstrate that the shape of fragments obeys an astonishing universality having the same generic evolution with the fragment size irrespective of materials details and loading conditions. There exists a cutoff size below which fragments have an isotropic shape, however, as the size increases an exponential convergence is obtained to a unique elongated form. We show that a discrete stochastic model of fragmentation reproduces both the size and shape of fragments tuning only a single parameter which strengthens the general validity of the scaling laws. The dependence of the probability of the crack plan orientation on the linear extension of fragments proved to be essential for the shape selection mechanism.
ANGPTL2 increases bone metastasis of breast cancer cells through enhancing CXCR4 signaling
Authors: Masuda Tetsuro , Endo Motoyoshi , Yamamoto Yutaka , Odagiri Haruki , Kadomatsu Tsuyoshi , Nakamura Takayuki , Tanoue Hironori , Ito Hitoshi , Yugami Masaki , Miyata Keishi , Morinaga Jun , Horiguchi Haruki , Motokawa Ikuyo , Terada Kazutoyo , Morioka Masaki Suimye , Manabe Ichiro , Iwase Hirotaka , Mizuta Hiroshi , Oike Yuichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBone metastasis of breast cancer cells is a major concern, as it causes increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Bone tissue-derived CXCL12 preferentially recruits breast cancer cells expressing CXCR4 to bone metastatic sites. Thus, understanding how CXCR4 expression is regulated in breast cancer cells could suggest approaches to decrease bone metastasis of breast tumor cells. Here, we show that tumor cell-derived angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) increases responsiveness of breast cancer cells to CXCL12 by promoting up-regulation of CXCR4 in those cells. In addition, we used a xenograft mouse model established by intracardiac injection of tumor cells to show that ANGPTL2 knockdown in breast cancer cells attenuates tumor cell responsiveness to CXCL12 by decreasing CXCR4 expression in those cells, thereby decreasing bone metastasis. Finally, we found that ANGPTL2 and CXCR4 expression levels within primary tumor tissues from breast cancer patients are positively correlated. We conclude that tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 may increase bone metastasis by enhancing breast tumor cell responsiveness to CXCL12 signaling through up-regulation of tumor cell CXCR4 expression. These findings may suggest novel therapeutic approaches to treat metastatic breast cancer.
Adolescent Initiation of Cannabis use and Early-Onset Psychosis
Authors: Bagot Kara S. , Milin Robert , Kaminer Yifrah 
Published: March 2015

Background It is important to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on onset and course of psychotic illness, as the increasing number of novice cannabis users may translate into a greater public health burden. This study aims to examine the relationship between adolescent onset of regular marijuana use and age of onset of prodromal symptoms, or first episode psychosis, and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms in those adolescents who use cannabis regularly. Methods A review was conducted of the current literature for youth who initiated cannabis use prior to the age of 18 and experienced psychotic symptoms at, or prior to, the age of 25. Seventeen studies met eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Results The current weight of evidence supports the hypothesis that early initiation of cannabis use increases the risk of early onset psychotic disorder, especially for those with a preexisting vulnerability and who have greater severity of use. There is also a dose-response association between cannabis use and symptoms, such that those who use more tend to experience greater number and severity of prodromal and diagnostic psychotic symptoms. Those with early-onset psychotic disorder and comorbid cannabis use show a poorer course of illness in regards to psychotic symptoms, treatment, and functional outcomes. However, those with early initiation of cannabis use appear to show a higher level of social functioning than non-cannabis users. Conclusions Adolescent initiation of cannabis use is associated, in a dose-dependent fashion, with emergence and severity of psychotic symptoms and functional impairment such that those who initiate use earlier and use at higher frequencies demonstrate poorer illness and treatment outcomes. These associations appear more robust for adolescents at high risk for developing a psychotic disorder.