bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of New Groove T92/Super 304H Dissimilar Steel Joints
Authors: Deng Jianguo , Liang Zhiyuan , Hui Shi’en , Zhao Qinxin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe effect of aging treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of new groove T92/Super 304H dissimilar steel joints is studied in this paper. The experimental results show that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of T92 is mainly composed of coarse-grained and fine-grained martensitic, whereas the microstructure of Super 304H HAZ and weld seam exhibit an austenitic structure. Aging treatment increases the nucleation and growth of second phase particles of the weld joints, especially at T92 side. The weld joints have a low tensile strength (<700 Mpa) and a high tensile strength (>700 Mpa) when the tensile fractures are located at weld seam and T92 base metal, respectively. With increasing aging time, the hardness and tensile strength of the weld joints initially decrease, then increase, and finally stabilize. Moreover, the weld joints have a maximum hardness value at the T92 heat-affected zone. At room temperature condition, the impact absorbed energy reaches the minimum value, which is related to the coarse grain containing equiaxed dendrites in the weld seam.
Genomic Characterization of the LEED..PEEDs, a Gene Family Unique to the Medicago Lineage
Authors: Trujillo Diana I , Silverstein Kevin A T , Young Nevin D 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The LEED..PEED (LP) gene family in Medicago truncatula (A17) is composed of 13 genes coding small putatively secreted peptides with one to two conserved domains of negatively charged residues. This family is not present in the genomes of Glycine max, Lotus japonicus, or the IRLC species Cicer arietinum. LP genes were also not detected in a Trifolium pratense draft genome or Pisum sativum nodule transcriptome, which were sequenced de novo in this study, suggesting that the LP gene family arose within the past 25 million years. M. truncatula accession HM056 has 13 LP genes with high similarity to those in A17, whereas M. truncatula ssp. tricycla (R108) and M. sativa have 11 and 10 LP gene copies, respectively. In M. truncatula A17, 12 LP genes are located on chromosome 7 within a 93-kb window, whereas one LP gene copy is located on chromosome 4. A phylogenetic analysis of the gene family is consistent with most gene duplications occurring prior to Medicago speciation events, mainly through local tandem duplications and one distant duplication across chromosomes. Synteny comparisons between R108 and A17 confirm that gene order is conserved between the two subspecies, although a further duplication occurred solely in A17. In M. truncatula A17, all 13 LPs are exclusively transcribed in nodules and absent from other plant tissues, including roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, seed shells, and pods. The recent expansion of LP genes in Medicago spp. and their timing and location of expression suggest a novel function in nodulation, possibly as an aftermath of the evolution of bacteroid terminal differentiation or potentially associated with rhizobial–host specificity.
Complete Plastome Sequences from Glycine syndetika and Six Additional Perennial Wild Relatives of Soybean
Authors: Sherman-Broyles Sue , Bombarely Aureliano , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Doyle Jeff 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Organelle sequences have a long history of utility in phylogenetic analyses. Chloroplast sequences when combined with nuclear data can help resolve relationships among flowering plant genera, and within genera incongruence can point to reticulate evolution. Plastome sequences are becoming plentiful because they are increasingly easier to obtain. Complete plastome sequences allow us to detect rare rearrangements and test the tempo of sequence evolution. Chloroplast sequences are generally considered a nuisance to be kept to a minimum in bacterial artificial chromosome libraries. Here, we sequenced two bacterial artificial chromosomes per species to generate complete plastome sequences from seven species. The plastome sequences from Glycine syndetika and six other perennial Glycine species are similar in arrangement and gene content to the previously published soybean plastome. Repetitive sequences were detected in high frequencies as in soybean, but further analysis showed that repeat sequence numbers are inflated. Previous chloroplast-based phylogenetic trees for perennial Glycine were incongruent with nuclear gene–based phylogenetic trees. We tested whether the hypothesis of introgression was supported by the complete plastomes. Alignment of complete plastome sequences and Bayesian analysis allowed us to date putative hybridization events supporting the hypothesis of introgression and chloroplast “capture.”
Bayesian Genomic-Enabled Prediction as an Inverse Problem
Authors: Cuevas Jaime , Pérez-Elizalde Sergio , Soberanis Victor , Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Gianola Daniel , Crossa José 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGenomic-enabled prediction in plant and animal breeding has become an active area of research. Many prediction models address the collinearity that arises when the number (p) of molecular markers (e.g. single-nucleotide polymorphisms) is larger than the sample size (n). Here we propose four Bayesian approaches to the problem based on commonly used data reduction methods. Specifically, we use a Gaussian linear model for an orthogonal transformation of both the observed data and the matrix of molecular markers. Because shrinkage of estimates is affected by the prior variance of transformed effects, we propose four structures of the prior variance as a way of potentially increasing the prediction accuracy of the models fitted. To evaluate our methods, maize and wheat data previously used with standard Bayesian regression models were employed for measuring prediction accuracy using the proposed models. Results indicate that, for the maize and wheat data sets, our Bayesian models yielded, on average, a prediction accuracy that is 3% greater than that of standard Bayesian regression models, with less computational effort.
De Novo Assembly and Annotation of the Transcriptome of the Agricultural Weed Ipomoea purpurea Uncovers Gene Expression Changes Associated with Herbicide Resistance
Authors: Leslie Trent , Baucom Regina S 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Human-mediated selection can lead to rapid evolution in very short time scales, and the evolution of herbicide resistance in agricultural weeds is an excellent example of this phenomenon. The common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, is resistant to the herbicide glyphosate, but genetic investigations of this trait have been hampered by the lack of genomic resources for this species. Here, we present the annotated transcriptome of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, along with an examination of whole genome expression profiling to assess potential gene expression differences between three artificially selected herbicide resistant lines and three susceptible lines. The assembled Ipomoea transcriptome reported in this work contains 65,459 assembled transcripts, ~28,000 of which were functionally annotated by assignment to Gene Ontology categories. Our RNA-seq survey using this reference transcriptome identified 19 differentially expressed genes associated with resistance—one of which, a cytochrome P450, belongs to a large plant family of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. The differentially expressed genes also broadly implicated receptor-like kinases, which were down-regulated in the resistant lines, and other growth and defense genes, which were up-regulated in resistant lines. Interestingly, the target of glyphosate—EPSP synthase—was not overexpressed in the resistant Ipomoea lines as in other glyphosate resistant weeds. Overall, this work identifies potential candidate resistance loci for future investigations and dramatically increases genomic resources for this species. The assembled transcriptome presented herein will also provide a valuable resource to the Ipomoea community, as well as to those interested in utilizing the close relationship between the Convolvulaceae and the Solanaceae for phylogenetic and comparative genomics examinations.
Characteristics of a Pediatric Hospice Palliative Care Program Over 15 Years
Authors: Siden Harold , Chavoshi Negar , Harvey Barbara , Parker Alyson , Miller Tanice 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Pediatric palliative care has seen the adoption of several service provision models, yet there is minimal literature describing them. Canuck Place Children’s Hospice (CPCH) is North America’s first freestanding pediatric hospice. This study describes the characteristics of and services delivered to all children on the CPCH program from 1996 to 2010.

METHODS:
A retrospective review of all patient medical records CPCH was conducted. Analyses examined trends and correlations between 40 selected data points: linear regression modeling was used to assess trends over time; t tests were used to examine significant associations between independent means; and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to measure survival probabilities.

RESULTS:
The study cohort included 649 children. The majority of diagnoses belonged to cancers (30%), and diseases of the neuromuscular (20%), and central nervous systems (18%). The majority of deaths occurred among the cancer (45%), central nervous system (15%), and metabolic disease groups (14%). By study end date, 24% of children were still alive, 61% died, and 15% transitioned to adult services (more than half of whom were cognitively competent). On average, 1024 days were spent on the CPCH program (median = 301). The majority of inpatient hospice discharges were for respite (82%); only 7% were for end-of-life care. Location of death was shared between CPCH (61%), hospital (22%), and home (16%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Diagnostic groups largely determine the nature and magnitude of services used, and our involvement with pediatric life-threatening conditions is increasing. Reviews of pediatric palliative programs can help evaluate the services needed by the population served.
Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants
Authors: Fyfe Karinna L. , Yiallourou Stephanie R. , Wong Flora Y. , Odoi Alexsandria , Walker Adrian M. , Horne Rosemary S.C. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Prone sleeping is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and preterm infants are at significantly increased risk. In term infants, prone sleeping is associated with reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI). However, little is known about the effects of sleeping position on TOI and MAP in preterm infants. We aimed to examine TOI and MAP in preterm infants after term-equivalent age, during the period of greatest SIDS risk.METHODS:Thirty-five preterm and 17 term infants underwent daytime polysomnography, including measurement of TOI (NIRO-200 spectrophotometer, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Japan) and MAP (Finapress Medical Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands) at 2 to 4 weeks, 2 to 3 months, and 5 to 6 months postterm age. Infants slept prone and supine in active and quiet sleep. The effects of sleep state and position were determined by using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance and of preterm birth by using 2-way analysis of variance.RESULTS:In preterm infants, TOI was significantly lower when prone compared with supine in both sleep states at all ages (P &lt; .05). Notably, TOI was significantly lower in preterm compared with term infants at 2 to 4 weeks, in both positions (P &lt; .05), and at 2 to 3 months when prone (P &lt; .001), in both sleep states. MAP was also lower in preterm infants in the prone position at 2 to 3 months (P &lt; .01).CONCLUSIONS:Cerebral oxygenation is reduced in the prone position in preterm infants and is lower compared with age-matched term infants, predominantly in the prone position when MAP is also reduced. This may contribute to their increased SIDS risk.
Strength and Body Weight in US Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ervin R. Bethene , Fryar Cheryl D. , Wang Chia-Yih , Miller Ivey M. , Ogden Cynthia L. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Regular aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity in youth has been positively associated with health and may help prevent obesity. The purpose of this study is to provide reference values on 4 core, upper, and lower body measures of muscle strength among US children and adolescents and to investigate the association between these measures of strength and weight status.METHODS:We assessed muscular strength using 4 different tests (plank, modified pull-up, knee extension, and grip strength) in 1224 youth aged 6 to 15 years collected during the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey. Mean and median estimates are provided by gender, age, and weight status. Weight status was defined based on standard categories of obesity, overweight, normal weight, and underweight using the gender-specific BMI-for-age Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts.RESULTS:There were significant positive trends with age for each of the strength tests (P &lt; .001) except the modified pull-up among girls. The length of time the plank was held decreased as weight status increased for both girls and boys (P &lt; .001). As weight status increased the number of modified pull-ups decreased (P &lt; .001 boys and girls). Scores on the knee extension increased as weight status increased (P &lt; .01). Grip strength increased as weight status increased (P &lt; .01).CONCLUSIONS:Increasing weight status had a negative association with measures of strength that involved lifting the body, but was associated with improved performances on tests that did not involve lifting the body.
Hydroxyurea and Growth in Young Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Rana Sohail , Houston Patricia E. , Wang Winfred C. , Iyer Rathi V. , Goldsmith Jonathan , Casella James F. , Reed Caroline K. , Rogers Zora R. , Waclawiw Myron A. , Thompson Bruce 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND:Growth impairment is a known complication of sickle cell disease. Effects of hydroxyurea (HU) on growth in very young children are not known.METHODS:Height, weight, BMI, and head circumference (HC) were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards in BABY HUG, a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 2-year clinical trial of HU in 193 children 9 to 18 months of age. Anthropometric data were closely monitored and converted to z scores by using WHO standardized algorithms for descriptive analyses. The treatment and placebo groups were compared longitudinally by using a mixed model analysis.RESULTS:At entry, the z scores of BABY HUG children were higher than WHO norms. After 2 years of HU or placebo treatment, there were no significant differences between the groups, except for the mean HC z scores at study exit (HU: +0.8 versus placebo: +1.0, P = .05). Baseline z scores were the best predictors of z scores at study exit. The absolute neutrophil count, absolute reticulocyte count, and total white blood cell count had significant negative correlations with growth measures.CONCLUSIONS:Both groups had normal or near normal anthropometric measures during the study. The HC z scores at study entry and exit were slightly greater than WHO norms. Higher baseline white blood cell count, absolute reticulocyte count, and absolute neutrophil count were associated with poorer growth. The significance of the slightly lower HC in the treatment group at study exit is not clear. Trends toward normalization of weight and height and effects on HC will be monitored in ongoing BABY HUG follow-up studies.
Smart-Phone Obesity Prevention Trial for Adolescent Boys in Low-Income Communities: The ATLAS RCT
Authors: Smith Jordan J. , Morgan Philip J. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Dally Kerry A. , Salmon Jo , Okely Anthony D. , Finn Tara L. , Lubans David R. 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time (ATLAS) intervention for adolescent boys, an obesity prevention intervention using smartphone technology.

METHODS:
ATLAS was a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in 14 secondary schools in low-income communities in New South Wales, Australia. Participants were 361 adolescent boys (aged 12–14 years) considered at risk of obesity. The 20-week intervention was guided by self-determination theory and social cognitive theory and involved: teacher professional development, provision of fitness equipment to schools, face-to-face physical activity sessions, lunchtime student mentoring sessions, researcher-led seminars, a smartphone application and Web site, and parental strategies for reducing screen-time. Outcome measures included BMI and waist circumference, percent body fat, physical activity (accelerometers), screen-time, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, muscular fitness, and resistance training skill competency.

RESULTS:
Overall, there were no significant intervention effects for BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, or physical activity. Significant intervention effects were found for screen-time (mean ± SE: –30 ± 10.08 min/d; P = .03), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (mean: –0.6 ± 0.26 glass/d; P = .01), muscular fitness (mean: 0.9 ± 0.49 repetition; P = .04), and resistance training skills (mean: 5.7 ± 0.67 units; P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
This school-based intervention targeting low-income adolescent boys did not result in significant effects on body composition, perhaps due to an insufficient activity dose. However, the intervention was successful in improving muscular fitness, movement skills, and key weight-related behaviors.
Induced Fracture Modelling and Its Integration with Pressure Transient Analysis: Study for a Shallow-Water Offshore Field, South-East Asia – Part 2
Authors: Anand A.. , Subrahmanyam S. G. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of the paper 1 (SPE-171882-MS, ADIPEC 2014) and addresses the second aspect of the study: "forward fracture modelling". The paper demonstrates the integration between the Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) of the field data discussed in paper 1 and the fracture simulation to validate the forward fracture modelling results.
Fracture modelling work performed pre-dominantly in two Shell in-house fracture simulators – standalone pseudo-three-dimensional fracture simulator and coupled reservoir-fracture simulator (also referred as dynamic fracture simulator in this paper), for a horizontal water injector in an offshore field in South-East Asia will be presented. A methodology will be discussed for setting-up a relatively simple fracture model in the standalone simulator as well as a sophisticated 3D model in the dynamic fracture simulator. Fracture prediction runs from the two simulators will be discussed with an emphasis on the consistency of results between them. Further, uncertainties in fracture growth have been characterized in this study with an extensive list of parameters pertaining to three major domains – reservoir properties, geomechanical properties and operating conditions. We will discuss these uncertainty/design parameters and their impact on the fracture growth using the two simulators. We will also illustrate the approach of "Design of Experiments" for fracture growth sensitivity analysis with the help of the dynamic fracture simulator coupled with an in-house stochastic uncertainty management tool. Finally, probability distribution function for the fracture dimensions will be shown as an outcome of the sensitivity analysis.
The paper will conclude with the significance of forward fracture modelling, its validation with the PTA, and the contributions it can make in understanding the waterflood performance in the field. The paper will demonstrate how the study can benefit an asset team in identifying the reasons behind pre-matured water breakthrough in producers, understanding the impact of operating variables on fracture growth and hence, sweep, redesigning water injection operating envelopes, and addressing the field issues which altogether lead to the top quartile performance of the waterflood in the field.
A Former PCAOB Board Member Looks to the Past…and to the Future
Authors: Gradison Bill 
Published: August 2014

SYNOPSIS
The PCAOB is still new compared with most government agencies; indeed it is a work in progress. Overall I think the original board on which I served, as well as the new Board, have done good work, staying focused on the mission of protecting investors. Based on my experience during my eight years as a Board member, the greatest challenges I identified that the original Board left for the new Board involved international inspections, inspection of broker-dealers, and the need to speed up the issuance of PCAOB auditing standards to replace the interim standards adopted by the Board early in its existence.
A Perspective on the PCAOB—Past and Future
Authors: Wedemeyer Phil D. 
Published: August 2014

SYNOPSIS
The auditing of financial statements of public companies in the United States is now a regulated industry, and the primary instrument of its regulation is the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), an entity created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The PCAOB is one element of a politicized regulatory structure and, as a result, future developments in auditing will continue to be difficult to predict. SOX requirements for PCAOB inspections of audit firms substantially increased the possibility that an audit will be subsequently evaluated despite the absence of identified errors in audited financial statements. The SOX requirement for an auditor's opinion on internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR) immediately increased audit costs and continues to generate heated political debate. In addition, certain aspects of audit quality and PCAOB inspections as well as reporting and audit standards have, or will, affect the conduct of audits and the activities of audit firms. The net effect of these changes has been to increase the cost of audits, particularly as a result of increased review, other quality control activities, and the performance of audits of ICFR, where required. In return, the quality of audits in terms of compliance with audit standards has improved significantly. However, the business models of audit firms and the processes for education and certification of accountants have remained substantially unchanged and are major influences on the quality of audits.
Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel after application of a caries infiltrant
Authors: Mews Laura , Kern Matthias , Ciesielski Robert , Fischer-Brandies Helge , Koos Bernd 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To examine differences in the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets on differently mineralized enamel surfaces after applying a caries infiltrant or conventional adhesive.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 320 bovine incisors were assigned to eight pretreated groups, and the shear force required for debonding was recorded. Residual adhesive was evaluated by light microscopy using the adhesive remnant index. Statistical analysis included Kolmogorov-Smirnov, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Scheffé tests.

Results:
The highest bond strength (18.8 ± 4.4 MPa) was obtained after use of the caries infiltrant. More residual adhesive and fewer enamel defects were observed on infiltrated enamel surfaces. Brackets on demineralized enamel produced multiple enamel defects.

Conclusions:
Acceptable bond strengths were obtained with all material combinations. A caries-infiltrant applied before bracket fixation has a protective effect, especially on demineralized enamel.