bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do different dispersal modes shape the species–area relationship? Evidence for between‐group coherence in the Macaronesian flora
Authors: Aranda Silvia C. , Gabriel Rosalina , Borges Paulo A. V. , Santos Ana M. C. , Hortal Joaquín , Baselga Andrés , Lobo Jorge M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimWe explore the island species–area relationships (ISARs) of several plant groups differing in dispersal ability. We examine whether: (i) the ISAR slope is higher for less dispersive groups (diminishing from not‐wind‐dispersed seed plants to wind‐dispersed seed plants, pteridophytes and bryophytes); and (ii) the regional richness is higher than that predicted by the ISAR of its constituent islands for groups with lower dispersal ability. Additionally, we relate both patterns to the compositional dissimilarity (beta diversity) between islands.LocationThe Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands.MethodsISARs were estimated using the conventional power model. Differences in slopes among taxa were analysed through ANCOVA tests. We assessed the deviation of the total richness of the Macaronesian flora from that predicted by the ISAR and calculated several measures of beta diversity (turnover, nestedness‐resultant dissimilarity and nestedness). Analyses were repeated after excluding the two Canarian islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, which have unique climatic and geological conditions in the region.ResultsAll ISAR models were significant except for pteridophytes (for which it was significant when excluding Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). ISAR slopes did not differ among taxa. Regional richness followed ISAR predictions for bryophytes and pteridophytes when Lanzarote and Fuerteventura were excluded, while the total number of Macaronesian seed plants (particularly not‐wind‐dispersed species) always fell above the ISAR. Turnover was higher in seed plants than in bryophytes and pteridophytes, and the opposite occurred with nestedness.Main conclusionsDifferences in dispersal ability influence the compositional dissimilarity between these islands, but not the rate of species increase with area. This may be because ISAR slopes are mostly determined by within‐island processes of species accumulation, while differences in dispersal generate different between‐island patterns. The lack of relationship between the ISAR slope and species replacement or nestedness prevents its use as a proxy for beta diversity.
Towards an understanding of the pattern of biodiversity in the oceans
Authors: Beaugrand Grégory , Rombouts Isabelle , Kirby Richard R 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimLatitudinal gradients in diversity intrigue scientists, and various hypotheses have been proposed to explain why the diversity of so many taxonomic groups increases from the poles to the equator. These hypotheses range from null models to environmental factors, and biotic interactions to those that include patterns of dispersal and speciation. Here, we formulate a new theory based upon the concept of the niche sensu Hutchinson and the principle of competitive exclusion, which shows that the latitudinal diversity gradient in the marine environment may result from an interaction between the thermal tolerances of species and climatic variability.LocationThe global ocean.MethodsWe design a bioclimatic model that creates pseudospecies from strict stenotherms to large eurytherms and subsequently allows them to colonize a global ocean provided they can tolerate fluctuations in temperature. We test 74 ecologically realistic scenarios that are then correlated with observed patterns of species richness for foraminifers and copepods, two important oceanic planktonic groups.ResultsWe found that the model accounted for 96% of the latitudinal gradient in foraminifers and 85% for copepods. Our model both reveals how patterns of biodiversity may develop, and suggests why some taxonomic groups appear not to follow the general pattern. While climate ultimately selected species that could establish in any given habitat, we saw a strong mid‐domain effect (MDE) in the niche space. We believe this negates some shortcomings of the MDE that is often assumed to occur in the geographical space.Main conclusionsBy showing the strong effect of temperature on biodiversity and revealing how it enables the development of a planetary gradient in marine biodiversity, our results offer a way to better understand why temperature is so often positively correlated with global patterns in species richness on a global scale.
Antigen 85A and mycobacterial DNA‐binding protein 1 are targets of immunoglobulin G in individuals with past tuberculosis
Authors: Osada‐Oka Mayuko , Tateishi Yoshitaka , Hirayama Yukio , Ozeki Yuriko , Niki Mamiko , Kitada Seigo , Maekura Ryoji , Tsujimura Kunio , Koide Yukio , Ohara Naoya , Yamamoto Taro , Kobayashi Kazuo , Matsumoto Sohkichi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDevelopment of accurate methods for predicting progression of tuberculosis (TB) from the latent state is recognized as vitally important in controlling TB, because a majority of cases develop from latent infections. Past TB that has never been treated has a higher risk of progressing than does latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in patients who have previously received treatment. Antibody responses against 23 kinds of M. tuberculosis proteins in individuals with past TB who had not been medicated were evaluated. These individuals had significantly higher concentrations of antibodies against Antigen 85A and mycobacterial DNA‐binding protein 1 (MDP1) than did those with active TB and uninfected controls. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed colocalization of tubercle bacilli, antigen 85 and MDP1 inside tuberculous granuloma lesions in an asymptomatic subject, showing that M. tuberculosis in lesions expresses both antigen 85 and MDP1. Our study suggests the potential usefulness of measuring antibody responses to antigen 85A and MDP1 for assessing the risk of TB progression.
Safety results from a pooled analysis of randomized, controlled phase II and III clinical trials and interim data from an open‐label extension trial of the interleukin‐12/23 monoclonal antibody, briakinumab, in moderate to severe psoriasis
Authors: Langley R.G. , Papp K. , Gottlieb A.B. , Krueger G.G. , Gordon K. B. , Williams D. , Valdes J. , Setze C. , Strober B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground  Anti‐interleukin‐12/23 treatment (anti‐IL‐12/23) has recently demonstrated significant efficacy for moderate to severe psoriasis, yet potential safety signals warrant further investigation.Objectives  Expand safety findings for the anti‐IL‐12/23, briakinumab, beyond individual phase II and III clinical trials.Methods  Safety data pooled from five phase II and III clinical trials (parent studies) and an open‐label extension study (OLE), through 22 October 2010; patients with ≥1 dose of briakinumab in a parent study or the OLE are included. All parent study briakinumab treatment groups were combined with the OLE population, which received 100‐mg briakinumab every 4 weeks. Adverse events (AEs) were collected from the first dose of briakinumab, whether in a parent study or the OLE, through 45 days post‐last dose.Results  Two thousand five hundred and twenty patients (4704 patient‐years drug exposure) received ≥1 dose of briakinumab during the interim period: 5.6% withdrew due to AEs. Serious infections occurred in 1.3% and malignancies in 2.6% (including 1.0% basal cell carcinoma, 0.8% squamous cell carcinoma). Twenty‐seven major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred, seven in one parent study and 20 in the OLE (incidence = 0.57 events/100 PY). Four cardiovascular risk factors were retrospectively found to be significant predictors for MACE during briakinumab exposure: history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, body mass index (≥30) and baseline blood pressure (systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90).Conclusions  Pooled briakinumab safety results from five parent studies and an OLE suggest increased rates of infections, malignancies and MACE, and that patients receiving anti‐IL‐12/23 treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis should be monitored for these potential safety signals.
Citizens against Europe? Civil Society and Eurosceptic Protest in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Denmark*
Authors: FITZGIBBON JOHN 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article seeks to broaden the study of Euroscepticism by developing a basic system of analysis for investigating civil‐society‐based opposition to European integration. Existing studies of Euroscepticism have almost exclusively focused on examining political parties and, as a result, theoretical approaches to understanding opposition to European integration have been strongly influenced by the party‐based literature. By drawing from the body of work on both party‐based Euroscepticism and European civil society, this article formulates a series of hypotheses and applies them to the case studies of Ireland, the United Kingdom and Denmark. Its main conclusion is that civil‐society‐based Euroscepticism generally conforms to the hard/soft model of opposition to the EU, but that this Euroscepticism is drawn from a more mainstream societal base than its party equivalent. Additionally, this study argues that civil‐society‐based Euroscepticism can be interpreted as a form of grass‐roots civic engagement with the EU that mobilizes mainly around the salience of EU‐related referendums.
Laying Sound Foundations for Social Identity Theory‐Inspired European Union Attitude Research: Beyond Attachment and Deeply Rooted Identities
Authors: Mols Frank , Weber Martin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature examining the influence of social identification on European Union (EU) attitudes. Broadly speaking, this literature can be divided into two strands. One strand examines the way social identity affects support for EU integration quantitatively, using opinion poll data. The other draws (often loosely) on social constructivism, using qualitative research methods. Social Identity Theory (SIT) is increasingly invoked in both these literatures and this development is to be welcomed. However, so far engagement with SIT has been rather tentative, drawing largely on theoretically impoverished versions of SIT. It is argued in this article that this practice has resulted in SIT's theoretical potential being underutilized. At other times, this has resulted in theoretical confusion because SIT explanations are being used alongside other theories whose premises clash with core SIT assumptions. We conclude that more in‐depth engagement with SIT's basic and core tenets will enable quantitative EU identity researchers to move beyond ‘attachment’ to territorial identities, and allow qualitative EU identity researchers to move beyond ‘shared history’, ‘deeply rooted identities’ and ‘resonance’.
Explaining Policy Conflict across Institutional Venues: European Union‐Level Struggles over the Memory of the Holocaust
Authors: Littoz‐Monnet Annabelle 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAfter the 2004 eastern enlargement, the European Union has become a terrain of competition between different memory narratives. At the core of the debate is the status of the Holocaust and its role in the identity‐definition process of European societies. This article asks why similar memory debates have resulted in different policy outcomes when taking place in different institutional settings at the EU level. It finds, along with Schattschneider's analysis of policy conflicts, that the choice of the venue of the conflict determined what the conflict was about and how people were divided. Policy outcomes were determined by which of the different possible conflicts gained the dominant position and this, in turn, depended on ‘losers’ in the policy debate being able to choose the right venue for the defence of their concerns.
Separating stimulus‐driven and response‐related LRP components with Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE)
Authors: Stürmer Birgit , Ouyang Guang , Zhou Changsong , Boldt Annika , Sommer Werner 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWhen the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) is recorded in stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) tasks, two processes may overlap in the LRP, stimulus‐driven response priming and activation based on response selection rules. These overlapping processes are hard to disentangle with standard analytical tools. Here, we show that Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE), based on latency variability, separates the overlapping LRP components from a Simon task into stimulus‐driven and response‐related components. SRC affected LRP amplitudes only in the stimulus‐driven component, whereas LRP onsets were affected only in the response‐locked component. Importantly, the compatibility effect in reaction times was more similar to the effect in the onsets of the RIDE‐derived response‐locked LRP component than in the unseparated LRP. Thus, RIDE‐separated LRP components are devoid of distortions inherent to standard LRPs.
An electrophysiological analysis of contextual and temporal constraints on parafoveal word processing
Authors: Barber Horacio A. , van der Meij Maartje , Kutas Marta 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDuring natural reading, parafoveal information is processed to some degree. Although isolated words can be fully processed in the parafovea, not all sentence reading experiments have found evidence of semantic processing in the parafovea. We suggest a possible reconciliation for these mixed results via two ERP studies in which volunteers read sentences presented word by word at fixation, flanked bilaterally by the next word to its right and the previous word to its left. Half the words in the right parafovea of critical triads and in the fovea for the subsequent triad were semantically incongruent. The conditions under which parafoveal words elicit canonical visual N400 congruity effects suggest that they are processed in parallel with foveal words, but that the extraction of semantic information parafoveally is a function of contextual constraint and presentation rate, most likely under high contextual constraint and at slower rates.
Comparing P300 modulations: Target‐to‐target interval versus infrequent nontarget‐to‐nontarget interval in a three‐stimulus task
Authors: Steiner Genevieve Z. , Brennan Michelle L. , Gonsalvez Craig J. , Barry Robert J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study examined temporal determinants of the P300 component of the ERP in a three‐stimulus visual oddball task. Frequent standards, with equiprobable targets and infrequent nontargets, were utilized. We tested whether the infrequent nontarget‐to‐nontarget interval (infrequent NNI) influences P300 amplitudes and latencies analogously to the target‐to‐target interval (TTI). EEG was recorded from 27 participants, and response time and P300 effects of TTIs and infrequent NNIs were assessed. Increases in TTI augmented target P300 amplitudes and decreased latencies and response times. However, this modulation of P300 amplitude was weak for manipulations of infrequent NNI. P300 latencies increased initially before decreasing across infrequent NNI levels. Together, these findings support the notion that the P300 has an underlying temporal mechanism that is modulated by motivationally significant events. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Attachment and the investment model: Predictors of relationship commitment, maintenance, and persistence
Authors: ETCHEVERRY PAUL E. , LE BENJAMIN , WU TSUI‐FENG , WEI MEIFEN 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis research examines adult attachment and the investment model. Study 1 tests anxiety and avoidance predicting romantic relationship commitment, mediated by satisfaction, alternatives, and investments. Additional studies added outcomes of relationship maintenance (Study 2) and persistence (Study 3). In all 3 studies, satisfaction, alternatives, and investments mediated the associations between anxiety and avoidance and relationship commitment. A direct effect of avoidance on commitment remained. The investment model variables mediated the effect of anxiety and avoidance on accommodation and willingness to sacrifice (Study 2) and relationship persistence (Study 3). Direct effects remained for avoidance on accommodation and anxiety on persistence. The mediated model was supported for men and women, proximal and long‐distance relationships, and college student and community samples.
The parasomnias: Mechanisms and treatment
Authors: Tinuper Paolo , Bisulli Francesca , Provini Federica 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAlthough parasomnias should be considered benign conditions without a deleterious impact on sleep quality and quantity, especially in children, it is important to recognize and properly diagnose these phenomena. Moreover, parasomnias may be misdiagnosed as epileptic seizures, in particular seizures with a predominant complex motor behavior as seizures occurring in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), leading to unnecessary and expensive investigations and prolonged and unsuccessful treatment. In this article we describe the clinical and neurophysiologic features of the most common parasomnias, giving the most reliable elements of differential diagnosis between parasomnias and epileptic nocturnal seizures, namely the typical seizures occurring in NFLE. The diagnostic value of history‐taking, video‐polysomnography, home video recording, and diagnostic scales is discussed. Next we describe the intriguing aspect of the frequent coexistence, in the same family and even in the same patients, of epileptic and parasomniac attacks, giving a common neurophysiologic interpretation. Finally some brief indications to the treatment of parasomnias are suggested.
Migraine in the borderland of epilepsy: “Migralepsy” an overlapping syndrome of children and adults?
Authors: Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité Dorothée , Parisi Pasquale 
Published: November 2012

SummaryGowers gave migraine a place in the borderland of epilepsy, justified by many relations and the fact that distinction of these two diseases is difficult. Gowers based his ideas on clinical histories from his patients, and he concluded that in extremely rare instances one may develop while the other goes on. In modern times, patient testimonies of the problem of differentiating migraine from epilepsy are given in health‐chat Websites. It shows clearly that distinction between the two conditions is still problematic and that migralepsy is either nonexisting or extremely rare as Gowers noticed.
Cardiac syncope
Authors: Anderson Joseph , O’Callaghan Peter 
Published: November 2012

SummaryClinicians who diagnose and manage epilepsy frequently encounter diagnoses of a nonneurological nature, particularly when assessing patients with transient loss of consciousness (T‐LOC). Among these, and perhaps the most important, is cardiac syncope. As a group, patients with cardiac syncope have the highest likelihood of subsequent sudden death, and yet, unlike sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) for example, it is the norm for these tragic occurrences to be both easily predictable and preventable. In the 12 months following initial presentation with cardiac syncope, sudden death has been found to be 6 times more common than in those with noncardiac syncope (N Engl J Med 309, 1983, 197). In short, for every patient seen with T‐LOC, two fundamental aims of the consultation are to assess the likelihood of cardiac syncope as the cause, and to estimate the risk of future sudden death for the individual. This article aims to outline for the noncardiologist how to recognize cardiac syncope, how to tell it apart from more benign cardiovascular forms of syncope as well as from seizures and epilepsy, and what can be done to predict and prevent sudden death in these patients. This is achieved through the assessment triad of a clinical history and examination, risk stratification, and 12‐lead electrocardiography (ECG).
Chronic Hypertrophic Ganglioneuritis Mimicking Spinal Nerve Neoplasia: Clinical, Imaging, Pathologic Findings, and Outcome after Surgical Treatment
Authors: Ródenas Sergio , Summers Brian A. , Saveraid Travis , Denning Andrew , Marioni‐Henry Katia 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo report the clinical, imaging, pathologic findings, surgical planning, and long‐term outcome after surgery in a dog with neurologic deficits because of a hypertrophic ganglioneuritis that compressed the spinal cord.Study DesignClinical report.AnimalAn 8‐year‐old male intact Yorkshire terrier.MethodsThe dog had ambulatory tetraparesis and neurologic examination was consistent with a C1‐C5 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed enlargement of the left C2 spinal nerve causing compression of the spinal cord. The main differential diagnosis was spinal nerve neoplasia with compression and possibly spinal cord invasion. On ultrasonography, there was enlargement of the spinal nerve and fine needle aspiration did not show evidence of neoplasia. Fascicular biopsy of the spinal nerve was consistent with enlargement because of chronic inflammation (hypertrophic neuritis).ResultsHemilaminectomy followed by durotomy and rhizotomy allowed resection of an intradural‐extramedullary mass that was the enlarged left C2 spinal nerve. Histopathology was consistent with a hypertrophic ganglioneuritis. Thirteen months later the dog remained free of clinical signs.ConclusionHypertrophic neuritis affecting the spinal nerves may be misdiagnosed as spinal nerve neoplasia that in dogs is usually malignant with a poor prognosis. Focal spinal nerve lesions with compression of the spinal cord evident on MRI may be inflammatory and are not necessarily a neoplastic condition.
Effects of a Cross‐linked Hyaluronic Acid Based Gel on the Healing of Open Wounds in Dogs
Authors: Hadley Heather S. , Stanley Bryden J. , Fritz Michele C. , Hauptman Joe G. , Steficek Barbara A. 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo compare effects of a cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA) based gel (CMHA‐S) to a standard wound management protocol on the healing of acute, full‐thickness wounds in dogs.Study DesignA prospective, controlled, experimental study.AnimalsPurpose‐bred, adult, female beagles (n = 10).MethodsTwo 2 × 2 cm wounds were surgically created bilaterally on the trunk of each dog and each side randomized to treatment (CMHA‐S) or control (CON) groups. Total and open wound areas were measured with digital image planimetry at 15 time points. From these data, percent contraction and percent epithelialization were calculated. Tissue biopsies were obtained at 6 time points and histologic features were scored.ResultsTotal wound area was significantly larger and percent contraction was significantly less in CMHA‐S compared to CON wounds at all data points between days 9 and 18. At day 25, and for the remainder of the study, CMHA‐S wounds were smaller and contracted more than CON wounds, reaching significance at day 32. Percent epithelialization was significantly less in CMHA‐S compared to CON wounds at all data points after day 11. Histologically, fibroblastic cellular infiltration was significantly higher in CMHA‐S wounds at day 21.ConclusionsCMHA‐S wounds healed more slowly than CON wounds. This HA‐based gel is not indicated in acute, full‐thickness skin wounds in dogs as administered in this study. However, treatment may be beneficial in the mid‐to‐late repair stage of healing, or if scar minimization is desired. Further studies to evaluate the effects of the CMHA‐S gel on canine wounds are indicated.