bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Psychiatric Illness among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at a Tertiary Care Center in India
Authors: Yadav Prashant , Gupta Ashish Kumar , Gautam Aditya Kumar , Arya Sumit , Kumar Adesh , Mishra Arun Kumar , Gupta Sandeep 
Published: August 2024

Introduction:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious multisystemic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Both common mental disorders (CMD) and TB are global public health problems that have a considerable impact on human health. Moreover, TB and CMDs share common risk factors including poverty, drug addiction, and homelessness and the coexistence of CMD and TB leads to difficult management of TB.

Materials and Methods:
This was a hospital-based longitudinal study, carried out between June 2021 and December 2022. In this study, 147 pulmonary TB patients were included as per inclusion and exclusion criteria, and psychiatric illness was evaluated by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.

Results:
The mean age of study participants was 37.59 ± 15.37 years, there were 99 (67.3%) were male and 48 (32.7%) were female. Psychiatric illness was found in 77 (52.38%) pulmonary TB patients. Among psychiatric illness, anxiety was found in 33 (22.4%) participants and 21 (14.3%) participants had depression. Mixed anxiety and depression were found in 20 (13.6%) patients and 03 (2%) participants had severe psychosis. The association of psychiatric illness with age group and gender was not significant (P = 0.734, 0.203, respectively). There were 105 (71.40%) patients who had <12 standard education and 42 (28.60%) had >12 standard education and their association with psychiatric illness was statistically significant (P = 0.044). Adverse drug reactions were found among 80 (54.42%) patients and the association between adverse drug reactions and psychiatric illness was significant (P = 0.031).

Conclusion:
Psychiatric illness is one of the important domains to be evaluated in timely manner in TB patients and early intervention is needed for better management of the TB because the severity, social factors, and chronicity of the disease make them susceptible to develop psychiatric illness.
Adverse Effects of Gliptins in Type 2 Diabetics in Morocco
Authors: Guerboub Ahmed Anas , Louday Loubna , Issouani Jade , Errahali Yassine 
Published: August 2024

Introduction:
Gliptins are a relatively recent class of oral antidiabetic agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to identify the adverse effects of gliptins in patients with type 2 diabetes, compare the tolerability of these drugs with data from the literature, and determine patients’ behavior in the face of these adverse effects with a view to optimizing their management.

Methods:
Our study is cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical, involving 100 patients aged over 20 years, followed at the Endocrinology Department of the Military Hospital Mohammed V.

Results:
The average age of the patients was 63 years, with a sex ratio F/H of 1.13. The median age of diabetes in the patients was 13 years, with an average blood glucose level of 1.64 and an average hemoglobin A1c of 8.26. The comorbidities were 30% cardiovascular disease, 25% hypertension, and 14% dyslipidemia, and 30% of patients had no comorbidities. Forth-six percent of patients reported adverse events and 54% did not report any adverse event. Twenty-eight percent of the adverse events were gastrointestinal, 18% skin disorders, 14% urinary tract infections, 12% hypoglycemia, 12% nervous system disorders, 8% airway infections, and 8% general disorders.

Conclusion:
This study shows that gliptins remain a safe option as the side effects seem fairly well tolerated by patients. Adverse events may impact patient compliance and pose a problem of adherence to treatment. Thus, it would be advantageous to develop therapeutic education for diabetic patients to detect and manage adverse effects.
The Prevalence of Comorbidities Associated with Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alnajashi Hind , Wali Abdullah , Aqeeli Ali , Magboul Almothanna , Alfulayt Mohammed , Baasher Abdullah , Alzahrani Samer 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune mediated demyelinating illness of the central nervous system. This study looks at various comorbidities associated with MS, focusing on their impact on disease progression. Understanding comorbidities in MS is important as it can impact treatment selection and overall disease management and prognosis.

Aims and Objectives:
Our aim is to show the prevalence of comorbidities along with MS. This research focuses on the comorbidities associated with MS and their impact on disease progression in the Arab Gulf region, with a special emphasis on Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Material and Methods:
A retrospective record review was conducted from July 2022 to July 2023. The study included 286 patients, selected based on a definitive MS diagnosis in accordance with McDonald’s 2017 criteria. Data collected included demographic information, MS type, duration of diagnosis, type of disease modifying therapy (DMT) used, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and type of comorbidities.

Results:
The majority of the patients were female (70%) with an average age of 36 years. Most patients had relapsing remitting MS, and the majority were on DMTs, with fingolimod being the most common. Nearly half of the patients had comorbidities, with mood disorders, diabetes mellitus (DM), migraine, and hypertension (HTN) being prevalent. A significant positive association was found between the EDSS scores and both DM and HTN, but there was no significant link with migraine.

Conclusion:
The findings indicate that individuals with MS have an increased risk of developing comorbidities such as migraine, DM, and HTN. Emphasizing a healthy lifestyle could potentially reduce the incidence of DM and HTN and their related vascular complications. The research also notes the prevalence of mood disorders among the MS population, although it remains inconclusive whether these are separate comorbid conditions or inherent symptoms of MS.
Anatomical and Radiological Findings of Abnormal Calcified Structures within and around the Foramen Transversarium and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Chakravarthi Kosuri Kalyan , Nelluri Venumadhav , Reghunadhan Deepthynadh , Sugavasi Raju 
Published: August 2024

Background:
The foramen transversarium is a vital anatomical structure found in the cervical vertebrae of the spine. Typically, it serves as a passageway for important neurovascular structures, including the vertebral artery and vein, as well as the vertebral nerve. However, abnormal calcification or ossification of soft tissues in and around this area can lead to various clinical implications. Understanding the presence and implications of abnormal ossified structures in and around the foramen transversarium is crucial for clinicians involved in the diagnosis and management of cervical spine disorders.

Aims:
Accordingly, this present study was designed to evaluate the abnormal ossified structures anatomically and radiologically within and around the foramen transversarium.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted on 182 (26 sets of cervical vertebrae) dried human cervical vertebrae obtained from the respective departments of anatomy and on 190 (95 males and 95 females) adult patients who visited the radiology department for neck-related problems such as stiff neck, neck/shoulder pain, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, visual disturbances, and cognitive impairment.

Results:
Among 182 examined cervical vertebrae, unilateral complete accessory foramen transversarium was found in 23 vertebrae (12.63%), bilateral complete in 19 (10.44%), bilateral incomplete in 6 (3.29%), unilateral complete double in 4 (2.19%), and unilateral complete absence of foramen transversarium in 3 (1.64%). Stenosis due to aberrant osteophytes was noted in 9 vertebrae (4.9%). Out of 190 patients, three males presented with cervical kyphosis, severe spinal canal stenosis, and spinal cord compression due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and osteophyte complexes at C3–C6, with the most significant compression at C5–C6.

Conclusion:
A thorough understanding of abnormal ossifications in and around the foramen transversarium is crucial for the management of cervical spine disorders; imaging modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are crucial for recognizing and intervening in these cases, which is essential to prevent adverse neurological outcomes associated with vertebral artery involvement.
The evaluation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 immunohistochemical expression and methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase in glioblastoma patients and their impact on survival rates
Authors: Moneim Rabab A. , Ayad Essam E. , Salama Mohamed M. M. , Ghattas Sylvia W. M. , Hashem Wedad M. B. , el Zawahry Ibrahim Mohamed Sherif , Hasan Hesham F. , Abdel-Rafei Mohamed K. , Khalifa Sara El Sayed , Khairy Rasha A. 
Published: August 2024

IntroductionGlioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive lethal glial tumor with a dismal prognosis. The success of different therapeutic approaches depends mainly on genetic heterogeneity. Mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 gene and hypermethylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) are potential biomarkers for predicting GBM prognosis and response to treatment.AimThis study aimed to investigate IDH1 immunohistochemical expression and MGMT promoter methylation status in a subset of Egyptian patients diagnosed with GBM and their correlation with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).MethodsThis study was conducted on 30 archived paraffin blocks of GBM patients with available clinical and follow-up data. The patient’s medical files were revised to document their clinical data, and immunostaining was done for detecting IDH1 expression. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to assess MGMT promoter methylation. Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests were used to assess OS and PFS.ResultsOut of the 30 GBM cases, 46.7% showed positive IDH1 immunostaining, and 63.3% were MGMT-methylated. Positive IDH1 immunostaining and methylated MGMT cases were significantly associated with better OS and PFS, 6- and 12-month follow-up postchemotherapy (P<0.05). In contrast, the extent of surgery was only associated with PFS (P<0.05), but not with OS (P>0.05).ConclusionThis study highlights the value of investigating IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation as potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of patients with GBM and the possibility of developing future targeted therapy. However, further studies on larger scales are needed to validate these findings.
A Retrospective Study of the Histopathological Spectrum of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Authors: Patel Varniraj , Ahuja Rhea , Arava Sudheer K. , Khandpur Sujay , Bhari Neetu , Gupta Vishal , Ramam M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
There are no recent studies with a focus on the histopathology of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL).

Objectives:
To describe the histopathological spectrum of ENL.

Materials and Methods:
Digital records from the pathology department were searched, and 125 slides were included. The histopathologic findings were recorded using a pre-designed proforma.

Results:
Several patterns were noted with the most common being a superficial and deep, perivascular and peri-appendageal, well-circumscribed dermal infiltrate that was seen in 70 (56.0%) biopsies. Other dermal patterns included a similar but loose infiltrate in 19 (15.2%) biopsies, diffuse dermal involvement in 9 (7.2%), top-heavy in 9 (7.2%), and bottom-heavy infiltrates in 12 (9.6%). Subcutaneous tissue was included in 107 biopsies. Extension of dermal infiltrates to the subcutis was noted in 71 (66.4%) biopsies and predominant involvement of the subcutis was noted in 6 (4.8%) biopsies, with lobular involvement in 60 (56.1%), septal involvement in 3 (2.8%), and septo-lobular involvement in 14 (13.1%). In 30 (28.0%) biopsies, the subcutaneous fat was uninvolved. The infiltrates contained neutrophils and foamy histiocytes in variable proportions, along with lymphocytes and plasma cells. Eosinophils were noted occasionally. Medium and/or small vessel vasculitis was noted in 11 (8.8%) biopsies. Fite-Faraco staining was available for 112 biopsies and revealed mainly fragmented and granular acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 29 (25%) biopsies.

Limitations:
Our study had a retrospective design; we could not compare the lesional age and clinical characteristics of patients with the histological features.

Conclusion:
ENL is characterized by dermal infiltrates composed of foamy histiocytes and neutrophils in varying proportions arrayed in different dermal patterns. Extension of dermal infiltrates into the subcutis was frequent but absent in some. Predominant or exclusive involvement of the subcutis was rare. Vasculitis was noted in a small minority, while AFB were demonstrated in about a quarter of cases.
Evaluation of risk factors for childhood myopia progression: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Chen Chun-Wen , Yao Jing-Yan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Myopia is a global public issue with a dramatically increasing incidence. Myopia is currently characterized by its earlier onset, quick development in preschool (0–5 years old), and continued progression particularly during the coronavirus-19 epidemic phase. It has been established that myopia experienced during childhood earlier resulted in vision impairment. In order to intervene in myopia development and offer a novel tool for earlier detection, the review attempts to identify known environmental and genetic risk factors for juvenile myopia (6–18 years old). Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were thoroughly searched for articles on myopia that had been published within the previous 10 years. The searches were carried out separately by two experts. The study’s inclusion criteria were met by 28 articles. All studies that examined the link between risk factors and myopia were recruited. Parental myopia, near work, time spent outdoors, and a high level of education are all significant risk factors for juvenile myopia. It is clear that there is a strong environmental connection, especially in high myopia; nevertheless, more research is needed to identify any potential links between myopia and screen use. Myopia’s genesis and mechanism are ambiguous and unclear. Further genetic studies could aid in examining genes to comprehend the development of myopia.
Side Effects, Discontinuation, and Failure Rates of Copper T Intrauterine Contraceptive Device in Kano, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf Murtala , Zakari Muhammad , Darma Badriyya Aliyu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Context:
Intrauterine contraceptive device is one of the long-term reversible contraceptives that has gained popularity over the years globally. It is a procedure that has complications which can be mild to severe and may lead to discontinuation of the method.

Aims:
To determine the complications, discontinuation and failure rate of IUCD in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano.

Study Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Methodology:
This was a cohort study of women who had IUCD inserted at family planning clinic of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, between November 2018 and February 2019. Women were followed up for a period of 6 months to determine the complications, discontinuation, and failure rate within the period.

Statistical Analysis:
Microsoft Excel was used to obtain frequencies and percentages, and the data were represented using simple statistical tables. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 23.0.

Results:
Women in the age group of 30–39 years use IUCD more (64.29%) than other age group. Women of higher parity (5–9) constitute 60.71% of the clients. Complications were observed in 10 clients (17.86%). The most common complication was menorrhagia among 4 clients (7.14%): 2 clients (3.57%) developed abdominal pain and 2 (3.57%) had intermenstrual bleeding. The least complications were dyspareunia and hypomenorrhea observed in 1 client each (1.79%). Four clients opted for IUCD removal giving a discontinuation rate of 7.14%.

Conclusion:
Few of the clients have complications, and none become pregnant, with a low discontinuation rate indicating that IUCD is a safe and efficient contraceptive method.
Recent and Upcoming Therapies for Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Authors: Gokalani Rutul , Saiyed Mahira , Dey Amit , Sheikh Firdous 
Published: August 2024

abstract
The article encompasses the present and future pharmacotherapies involved in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is divided into three sections: recent treatment modalities of the last decade, upcoming approved drugs to be available in India, and near future drugs under clinical trials. It highlights the oral hyperglycaemic agents and insulin options available in India, their potential effects on diabetes outcomes and the clinical trials. India is a fast and dynamic adopter of novel treatments and newer technologies with off-patent and in-patent modalities. Medicinal novelties surround T2D, but technological advancements have touched newer heights with surreal support of artificial intelligence-based innovations, especially in type 1 diabetes management.
Perspectives of Female Physicians Who Lead in the Public Health Sector in India – A Qualitative Study
Authors: Saxena Sangeeta , Tisdell Elizabeth , Aumiller Betsy 
Published: August 2024

abstract

Introduction:
This qualitative, research studies female physicians in leadership roles to identify reasons for their underrepresentation.

Materials and Methods:
Fourteen female physicians in leadership positions in India’s federal and state ministries of health were purposively sampled and interviewed online.

Results:
Female physician face cultural, organisational and structural barriers. Familial expectations and imbibed, internalised responsibility to prioritise family hold them back. The rigid bureaucracy makes their workplaces non-inclusive. Microaggressions and implicit gender bias abound. A formalised training system and a performance-based reward system are absent. The enabling factors are family support, incidental learning, being emotionally intelligent and passion for their work.

Conclusions:
Action at the societal, medical education and public health system structural level can motivate female physicians to assume for leadership positions.
Virtual Supervision in Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kang Chaerim , Shin Christopher J. , Han Ji Yun , Jarmale Spandana N. , Scott Ingrid U. , Sanders Karen M. , Greenberg Paul B. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Background Despite the increased use of telemedicine, the evidence base on virtual supervision in graduate medical education (GME) is not well described.
Objective To systematically review the impact of virtual supervision on trainee education, patient care, and patient satisfaction in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited specialties.
Methods Two databases (PubMed, EMBASE) were searched from database inception to December 2022. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed, full-text, English-language articles reporting the use of virtual supervision in GME in ACGME-accredited specialties. Exclusion criteria were studies involving direct supervision, supervisors who were not credentialed physicians, or non-GME trainees. Two investigators independently extracted data and appraised the methodological quality of each study using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The reporting of this systematic review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.
Results Of 5278 records identified, 26 studies met the eligibility criteria. Virtual supervision was predominantly utilized in operating rooms and inpatient settings, facilitating clinical examinations or surgical procedures through videoconferencing software in specialties such as dermatology, neurosurgery, and orthopedics. However, some studies reported technical challenges that hindered effective teaching and communication. Based on self-reported surveys, supervisor and trainee satisfaction with virtual supervision was mixed, while patient satisfaction with the care was generally high. The MMAT ratings suggested limitations in sampling strategy, outcome measurement, and confounding factors.
Conclusions Virtual supervision was applicable to various specialties and settings, facilitating communication between supervisors and trainees, although there were some technological challenges.
Perspectives of US Medical Residency and Fellowship Applicants on No-Stakes Campus Visits
Authors: Garner Hillary W. , Christiansen John D. , Blumenfeld Sophia G. , Heckman Michael G. , Christiansen Ashley M. , Makhtin Maya , Mauricio Elizabeth A. , West Colin P. , Carey William A. , Sadosty Annie T. , Tolaymat Leila M. 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
Background Virtual interviews may limit an applicant’s ability to ascertain the culture of a training program. No-stakes campus visits (NSCVs) have been offered but their value is unknown.
Objective The purpose of our study was to determine factors that influence applicants’ rank lists and determine barriers to and perceptions of NSCVs and their impact on applicants’ final rank lists.
Methods All interviewed applicants of graduate medical education (GME) programs who agreed to participate in the study were emailed a survey after the 2023 National Resident Matching Program Match. The survey contained sections on demographics, perspectives on factors affecting ranking decisions, and perceptions of NSCVs.
Results Of 796 applicants, 183 (22.9%) who interviewed at 16 different Mayo Clinic GME programs responded to the survey. Of 131 respondents who answered whether they accepted an NSCV offer, 39 (29.8%) accepted. Of 35 respondents who answered whether they thought attending NSCVs impacted their rank, 19 (54.3%) were either uncertain or said yes. Of 34 respondents who answered whether the NSCV influenced their ranking of the program, 16 (47.1%) said their rank did not change, 12 (35.3%) said they ranked the program higher, and 5 (14.7%) said they ranked the program lower. For respondents who did not attend NSCVs, financial burden and lack of time were primary reasons.
Conclusions NSCVs are perceived positively by most respondents. Many either believed they influenced their position on the program’s rank list or were unsure. Most respondents said NSCVs either improved or did not change their ranking of the program.