bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second harmonic generation microscopy as a powerful diagnostic imaging modality for human ovarian cancer
Authors: Adur Javier , Pelegati Vitor B. , de Thomaz Andre A. , Baratti Mariana O. , Andrade Liliana A. L. A. , Carvalho Hernandes F. , Bottcher‐Luiz Fátima , Cesar Carlos Lenz 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this study we showed that second‐harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy combined with precise methods for images evaluation can be used to detect structural changes in the human ovarian stroma. Using a set of scoring methods (alignment of collagen fibers, anisotropy, and correlation), we found significant differences in the distribution and organization of collagen fibers in the stroma component of serous, mucinous, endometrioid and mixed ovarian tumors as compared with normal ovary tissue. This methodology was capable to differentiate between cancerous and healthy tissue, with clear cut distinction between normal, benign, borderline, and malignant tumors of serous type. Our results indicated that the combination of different image‐analysis approaches presented here represent a powerful tool to investigate collagen organization and extracellular matrix remodeling in ovarian tumors (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Binomial k‐Clique
Authors: Narayana Nithya Sai , Sane Sharad 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA finite collection C of k‐sets, where is called a k‐clique if every two k‐sets (called lines) in C have a nonempty intersection and a k‐clique is a called a maximal k‐clique if and C is maximal with respect to this property. That is, every two lines in C have a nonempty intersection and there does not exist A such that , and for all . An elementary example of a maximal k‐clique is furnished by the family of all the k‐subsets of a ‐set. This k‐clique will be called the binomial k‐clique. This paper is intended to give some combinatorial characterizations of the binomial k‐clique as a maximal k‐clique. The techniques developed are then used to provide a large number of examples of mutually nonisomorphic maximal k‐cliques for a fixed value of k.
Localization of Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone (GnRH), Gonadotropin‐Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH), Kisspeptin and GnRH Receptor and Their Possible Roles in Testicular Activities From Birth to Senescence in Mice
Authors: Anjum Shabana , Krishna Amitabh , Sridaran Rajagopala , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe changes in distribution and concentration of neuropeptides, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH), kisspeptin, and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor (GnRH‐R) were evaluated and compared with reproductive parameters, such as cytochrome P450 side‐chain cleavage (P450 SCC) enzyme activity, androgen receptors (AR) in the testis and serum testosterone levels, from birth to senescence in mice. The results showed the localization of these molecules mainly in the interstitial and germ cells as well as showed significant variations in immunostatining from birth to senescence. It was found that increased staining of testicular GnRH‐R coincided with increased steroidogenic activity during pubertal and adult stages, whereas decreased staining coincides with decreased steroidogenic activity during senescence. Similar changes in immunostaining were confirmed by Western/slot blot analysis. Thus, these results suggest a putative role of GnRH during testicular pubertal development and senescence. Treatment with a GnRH agonist ([DTrp6, Pro9‐NEt] GnRH) to mice from prepubertal to pubertal period showed a significant increase in steroidogenic activity of the mouse testis and provided further support to the role of GnRH in testicular pubertal maturation. The significant decline in GnRH‐R during senescence may be due to a significant increase in GnIH synthesis during senescence causing the decrease in GnRH‐R expression. It is considered that significant changes in the levels of GnRH‐R may be responsible for changes in steroidogenesis that causes either pubertal activation or senescence in testis of mice. Furthermore, changes in the levels of GnRH‐R may be modulated by interactions among GnRH, GnIH, and kisspeptin in the testis. J. Exp. Zool. 317A:630–644, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pectoral girdle and fin anatomy ofGogonasus andrewsaelong, 1985: Implications for tetrapodomorph limb evolution
Authors: Holland Timothy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRecently discovered material has yielded new information on the pectoral girdle and fin endoskeleton ofGogonasusandrewsae(Frasnian Gogo Formation, Kimberley Region, Western Australia). These elements permit the first comprehensive description of the anocleithrum, cleithrum, scapulocoracoid, and lepidotrichia. New autapomorphies ofGogonasusinclude a square exposed region on the supracleithrum, an unusual knob‐like process on the scapulocoracoid, a relatively small entepicondyle, and lepidotrichia with I‐beam‐shaped cross sections. Several poorly ossified regions on the scapulocoracoid and humerus indicate an early ontogenetic state, as with other immature tetrapodomorph fish specimens. A phylogenetic analysis indicates a more stemward position forGogonasusin a weakly supported clade with other “osteolepidid” taxa, compared to other recent studies placingGogonasuscrownward of osteolepidid fishes and the Tristichopteridae, as the sister taxon to the “Elpistosteglia” + Tetrapoda. A phylogenetic position among megalichthyid fishes is suggested forSterropterygion, while radiographs of the megalichthyidCladarosymblemashow a scythe‐like radius terminating distally with that of the intermedium. New data on the scapulocoracoid of the rhizodontidBaramedareveals a coroacoid crest and small supraglenoid foramen. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural adaptations for ram ventilation: Gill fusions in scombrids and billfishes
Authors: Wegner Nicholas C. , Sepulveda Chugey A. , Aalbers Scott A. , Graham Jeffrey B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFor ram‐gill ventilators such as tunas and mackerels (family Scombridae) and billfishes (families Istiophoridae, Xiphiidae), fusions binding the gill lamellae and filaments prevent gill deformation by a fast and continuous ventilatory stream. This study examines the gills from 28 scombrid and seven billfish species in order to determine how factors such as body size, swimming speed, and the degree of dependence upon ram ventilation influence the site of occurrence and type of fusions. In the family Scombridae there is a progressive increase in the reliance on ram ventilation that correlates with the elaboration of gill fusions. This ranges from mackerels (tribe Scombrini), which only utilize ram ventilation at fast cruising speeds and lack gill fusions, to tunas (tribe Thunnini) of the genus Thunnus, which are obligate ram ventilators and have two distinct fusion types (one binding the gill lamellae and a second connecting the gill filaments). The billfishes appear to have independently evolved gill fusions that rival those of tunas in terms of structural complexity. Examination of a wide range of body sizes for some scombrids and billfishes shows that gill fusions begin to develop at lengths as small as 2.0 cm fork length. In addition to securing the spatial configuration of the gill sieve, gill fusions also appear to increase branchial resistance to slow the high‐speed current produced by ram ventilation to distribute flow evenly and optimally to the respiratory exchange surfaces. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dopamine modulates the off pathway in light‐adapted mouse retina
Authors: Yang Jinnan , Pahng Joshua , Wang Guo‐Yong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDL‐2‐Amino‐4‐phosphonobutyric acid (APB) is often used as a tool to block On pathways in studies of interactions between On and Off pathways in retinas. APB is an agonist of mGluR6 receptors and hyperpolarizes the On cone bipolar cells and rod bipolar cells. How APB affects Off responses of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse retinas under dark and light adaptation is not clear. The light‐evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (light‐evoked EPSCs) from Off and On–Off RGCs cells were recorded using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording to assess how APB affects Off responses (light‐evoked Off EPSCs) of RGCs in dark‐ and light‐adapted mouse retinas. We found that APB differentially affected Off responses of RGCs in dark‐ and light‐adapted mouse retinas. Under dark adaptation, while the APB‐sensitive Off responses were blocked, APB increased the remaining Off responses (mainly from the secondary rod Off pathways) via removal of inhibition from On pathways to Off pathways. Under light adaptation, APB decreased Off responses. Glycinergic and GABAergic antagonists did not prevent the APB‐induced reduction of Off responses of RGCs; however, a dopaminergic type 1 receptor (D1) blocker (SCH 23390) and a hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channel blocker (ZD 7288) prevented the APB‐induced reduction of Off responses of RGCs under light adaptation. The results indicated afunctional circuit: On cone bipolar cells to Off cone bipolar cells via D1 receptors and HCN channels. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in in vivo knee contact forces through gait modification
Authors: Kinney Allison L. , Besier Thor F. , Silder Amy , Delp Scott L. , D'Lima Darryl D. , Fregly Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractKnee osteoarthritis (OA) commonly occurs in the medial compartment of the knee and has been linked to overloading of the medial articular cartilage. Gait modification represents a non‐invasive treatment strategy for reducing medial compartment knee force. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of gait modifications that were expected to alter medial contact force. A single subject implanted with a force‐measuring knee replacement walked using nine modified gait patterns, four of which involved different hiking pole configurations. Medial and lateral contact force at 25, 50, and 75% of stance phase, and the average value over all of stance phase (0–100%), were determined for each gait pattern. Changes in medial and lateral contact force values relative to the subject's normal gait pattern were determined by a Kruskal–Wallis test. Apart from early stance (25% of stance), medial contact force was most effectively reduced by walking with long hiking poles and wide pole placement, which significantly reduced medial and lateral contact force during stance phase by up to 34% (at 75% of stance) and 26% (at 50% of stance), respectively. Although this study is based on data from a single subject, the results provide important insight into changes in medial and lateral contact forces through gait modification. The results of this study suggest that an optimal configuration of bilateral hiking poles may significantly reduce both medial and lateral compartment knee forces in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 434–440, 2013
Highly reliable a‐IGZO TFTs on a plastic substrate for flexible AMOLED displays
Authors: Nakano Shintaro , Saito Nobuyoshi , Miura Kentaro , Sakano Tatsunori , Ueda Tomomasa , Sugi Keiji , Yamaguchi Hajime , Amemiya Isao , Hiramatsu Masato , Ishida Arichika 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe have successfully reduced threshold voltage shifts of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs) on transparent polyimide films against bias‐temperature stress below 100 mV, which is equivalent to those on glass substrates. This high reliability was achieved by dense IGZO thin films and annealing temperature below 300 °C. We have reduced bulk defects of IGZO thin films and interface defects between gate insulator and IGZO thin film by optimizing deposition conditions of IGZO thin films and annealing conditions. Furthermore, a 3.0‐in. flexible active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode was demonstrated with the highly reliable a‐IGZO TFT backplane on polyimide film. The polyimide film coating process is compatible with mass‐production lines. We believe that flexible organic light‐emitting diode displays can be mass produced using a‐IGZO TFT backplane on polyimide films.
A Platform for Preparation of Monodispersed Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer Microspheres with Core‐Shell Structures
Authors: Wang Shangli , Zhao Wei , Song Jing , Cheng Si , Fan Li‐Juan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA strategy to prepare stable monodispersed fluorescent microspheres is developed by modifying the Wessling method to synthesize poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV) on the surface of a highly crosslinked polymer core. The positively charged PPV polymer precursors (pre‐PPV) are adsorbed onto the core with negative charges on the surface and then the insoluble fluorescent PPVs form after thermal elimination. Each individual sphere is found to possess a very smooth surface with an even distribution of fluorescence by microscopic techniques. Very small coefficient of variance (CV) values of emission intensity (<4.0%) and size (<2.3%) are realized for microspheres prepared in the same batch. The spheres are demonstrated to have good thermal stability and photostability.
Anomalous electrical transport properties of PVA–Ag composite films below room temperature
Authors: Ghosh Pankaj , Ghatak Somenath , Mandal Mrinal K. , Meikap Ajit Kumar 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe direct current (dc) and alternate current (ac) electrical transport property of polyvinyl alcohol–silver (PVA–Ag) composites has been investigated within a temperature range of 77 ≤ T ≤ 300 K and in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz in the presence as well as in the absence of a transverse magnetic field up to 1 T. The dc conductivity follows variable range hopping model. The magnetoconductivity of the samples undergoes a change from negative to positive values with the incorporation of Ag in PVA matrix, which can be interpreted by the dominancy of the forward interference effect prevailing over the wave function shrinkage effect. The ac conductivity follows a power law of frequency, whereas the temperature dependence of frequency exponent “s” can be explained by correlated barrier hopping model. The dielectric behavior of the samples has been governed by the grain and interfacial grain boundary resistance and capacitance. Two activation behaviors are observed from the analysis of grain and interfacial grain boundary contributions. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1941–1950, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Single‐wall carbon nanotubes dispersion behavior and its effects on the morphological and mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Nasouri Komeil , Shoushtari Ahmad Mousavi , Kaflou Ali , Bahrambeygi Hossein , Rabbi Amir 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe dispersion behavior of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has important effects on morphological and mechanical properties of SWCNT composite nanofibers. The relationship of the dispersion conditions with morphological and mechanical characteristics for SWCNT / polyacrylonitrile (PAN) / polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) composite nanofibers have been examined. The SEM and TEM analyses of the nanofibers revealed that the deformation in the nanofiber structures increases with increasing concentration of SWCNTs. Tensile results showed that only 2 wt% SWCNT loading to the electrospun composite nanofibers gave rise to 10‐fold and 3‐fold increase in the tensile modulus and tenacity of nanofiber layers, respectively. Essentially, high mechanical properties and uniform morphology of the composite nanofibers were found at SWCNT concentration of ∼2 wt% due to their stable and individual dispersion. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1951–1959, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experts' opinions on the benefit of an incidental prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosomal aneuploidy: a qualitative interview survey
Authors: Pieters J. J. P. M. , Verhaak C. M. , Braat D. D. M. , van Leeuwen E. , Smits A. P. T. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveIncidental findings in prenatal diagnostic testing may or may not have clear prognostic significance for the phenotype. We studied experts' opinions of the benefit and disadvantage of an incidental prenatal diagnosis of a sex chromosomal aneuploidy (SCA).MethodsWe interviewed 16 experts in the field of counseling and treatment of people with SCA and asked 13 clinical geneticists and genetic associates about the clinical relevance of an incidental prenatal diagnosis of SCA.ResultsMost of the experts and clinical geneticists (87.5% and 76.9%, respectively) stated that an incidental prenatal diagnosis of SCA was a benefit for the child and the parents. They acknowledged the possibility of parental decisions to terminate pregnancy. Expert options in screening, training, and treatment of health, behavior, and fertility problems increase with an early diagnosis of SCA.ConclusionMost experts favored an incidental prenatal diagnosis of SCA despite the complex counseling issues and their acknowledgment of possible parental decisions to terminate pregnancy. They believed the benefits greatly outweigh the disadvantages. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The incident user design in comparative effectiveness research
Authors: Johnson Eric S. , Bartman Barbara A. , Briesacher Becky A. , Fleming Neil S. , Gerhard Tobias , Kornegay Cynthia J. , Nourjah Parivash , Sauer Brian , Schumock Glen T. , Sedrakyan Art , Stürmer Til , West Suzanne L. , Schneeweiss Sebastian 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTComparative effectiveness research includes cohort studies and registries of interventions. When investigators design such studies, how important is it to follow patients from the day they initiated treatment with the study interventions? Our article considers this question and related issues to start a dialogue on the value of the incident user design in comparative effectiveness research. By incident user design, we mean a study that sets the cohort's inception date according to patients' new use of an intervention. In contrast, most epidemiologic studies enroll patients who were currently or recently using an intervention when follow‐up began. We take the incident user design as a reasonable default strategy because it reduces biases that can impact non‐randomized studies, especially when investigators use healthcare databases. We review case studies where investigators have explored the consequences of designing a cohort study by restricting to incident users, but most of the discussion has been informed by expert opinion, not by systematic evidence. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Electrical characterization of defects introduced in n‐Si during electron beam deposition of Pt
Authors: Auret F. D. , Coelho S. M. M. , Nel J. M. , Meyer W. E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe have used deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and high resolution DLTS to characterize the defects introduced in epitaxially grown n‐type, P‐doped, Si during electron beam deposition (EBD) of Pt for Schottky contact formation. The identity of some of these defects could be established by comparing their properties to those of well‐known defects introduced by high energy electron irradiation of the same material. The most prominent EBD‐induced defects thus identified were the E‐center (VP center), the A‐center (VO center), interstitial carbon (Ci), and the interstitial carbon–substitutional carbon (CiCs) pair. EBD also introduced some defects that were not observed after high energy electron irradiation. DLTS depth profiling revealed that the main defects, VO and VP, could be detected up to 0.5 µm below the metal–Si interface. Shielding the sample from particles originating in the region of the electron beam significantly reduced defect introduction and resulted in Schottky contacts with improved rectification properties. Finally, we have found that exposing the sample to EBD conditions, without actually depositing metal, introduced a different set of electron traps, not introduced by the EBD process.
Hot pressing and nanostructuring of Bi90Sb10 alloys to concurrently improve mechanical and thermoelectric properties
Authors: Heinz Nicholas A. , Howell Sarah , Wang Heng , Ikeda Teruyuki , Snyder G. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe microstructure of Bi90Sb10 composites with separate additions of Ag and As was studied, and measurements of the room temperature transport properties were made to see the effects of hot pressing with and without precipitates. The most successful nanostructured Bi90Sb10 samples were those containing As when annealed for durations of 3 days or less near the solidus temperature. The transport measurements showing similar electrical resistivity and decreased thermal conductivity with the addition of precipitates at room temperature demonstrates the potential of this bulk nanostructuring and synthesis approach in this material system. With further study, this work could be helpful in creating similar complex nanostructured systems which have the potential to yield high‐efficiency thermoelectric materials for low temperature applications.
A reconsideration of the thermodynamics of phase‐change switching
Authors: Tominaga Junji , Wang Xiaomin , Kolobov Alexander V. , Fons Paul 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPhase‐change random access memory (PCRAM) holds great promise as a future non‐volatile memory technology. All PCRAM devices have an inextricable relationship with thermodynamics. To make a memory cell crystallize or amorphize by injecting and removing thermal energy as a repetitive memory cycle results in the generation of entropy. In the study and development of PCRAM, the entropic part in the total energy has been neglected in the thermo‐dynamical system. In this paper, we discuss entropic energy losses through simple calculations based on the Sackur–Tetrode equation and compare the results with those obtained by first‐principles computer simulations. In addition, using a structure specific entropy generation model, we verify how much input energy is wasted in phase‐change memory cells fabricated with a Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy‐layer or a simulation optimized [(GeTe)2(Sb2Te3)4]7 multilayer structure. According to a detailed analysis, the entropy derived from application of the Sackur–Tetrode equation is in good agreement with results derived from first‐principles simulations. Our experimental device fabricated using an entropy‐controlled phase‐change design resulted in significant efficiency improvements. Relative to a Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy‐layer device, the new multilayer device exhibited a 82% improvement in energy efficiency for a transition from the high‐ to the low‐resistivity state and with a 64% improvement in efficiency for a transition from the low‐ to the high‐resistivity state. This new entropic‐energy‐loss optimized device was able to return to the high‐resistivity state at approximately the same current as that required for the low‐resistivity state of the alloy device.
Stanford R. Ovshinsky – A sketch
Authors: Fritzsche Hellmut 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSome path breaking inventions of Stan Ovshinsky that benefitted society will be described. His electrical phase change memories are entering the market, poised to be used in many devices. His optical phase change memories are used in rewritable digital video discs. His pioneering work in thin film electronics led to flexible and light solar panels. His Nickel‐metal hydride batteries are the enabling batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles. His new alloys allow safe and efficient transport, storage, and release of hydrogen, satisfying the needs of a future hydrogen economy. His work has opened non‐crystalline semiconductors as a new field of material science.