bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relativistic electron precipitation induced by EMIC‐triggered emissions in a dipole magnetosphere
Authors: Kubota Yuko , Omura Yoshiharu , Summers Danny 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe perform test particle simulations of relativistic electrons interacting with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC)‐triggered emissions in the plasmasphere. EMIC‐triggered emissions are generated by energetic protons injected into the inner magnetosphere. EMIC‐triggered emissions are characterized by large wave amplitudes, rising‐tone frequencies, and coherent left‐hand circularly polarized waves. We study trajectories of relativistic radiation belt electrons drifting eastward interacting with longitudinally distributed EMIC‐triggered emissions. Some electrons are trapped by wave potentials and efficiently guided down to lower pitch angles. Repeated interactions occur due to the mirror motion and result in the scattering of particles into the loss cone. We use two EMIC wave models for the test particle simulations. One assumes that the wave amplitude is constant, and the other assumes a time‐dependent wave amplitude that characterizes subpackets. Both model waves are resonant with 0.5–6.0 MeV electrons and precipitate them. Electrons in the energy range 1.1–3.0 MeV are precipitated most efficiently. Approximately 50% of the total injected number of 1.1–3.0 MeV electrons are precipitated in a timescale of 2 min. We obtain the relativistic electron distribution in equatorial pitch angle and in pitch angle at the atmosphere. Further, we determine the timing and longitudinal location of the relativistic electron precipitation with respect to different particle energies.
Nonlinear Thf‐Fxlms Algorithm For Active Noise Control With Loudspeaker Nonlinearity
Authors: Ghasemi Sepehr , Kamil Raja , Marhaban Mohammad Hamiruce 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAdaptive algorithms are prevalently applied in the design of nonlinear active noise control (ANC) systems. The most important nonlinearity in ANC is the saturation effect produced by the electro‐acoustical sensors and transducers. The dominant saturation nonlinearity is in the transducers, which can be represented by a Wiener model. An effective solution to mitigate such nonlinear distortion is to employ the Nonlinear Filtered‐X Least Mean Square (NLFXLMS) algorithm. The controller compensates the nonlinearity using a model of the saturation effect represented by the scaled error function (SEF). However, the NLFXLMS is limited by two practical issues such that the degree of nonlinearity has to be known in advance and the SEF cannot be evaluated in real time. In this work, the NLFXLMS algorithm is modified by incorporating the tangential hyperbolic function (THF) to model the saturation effect of the loudspeaker. The proposed THF‐NLFXLMS algorithm, models the nonlinear secondary path and applies the estimated degree of nonlinearity in the control algorithm design. The results show that the Wiener secondary path, with saturation nonlinearity represented by SEF, can be modelled by THF with a certain degree of accuracy and can yield a reasonable estimate of the degree of nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable with the benchmark NLFXLMS and is superior to the conventional FXLMS as well as the second order Volterra algorithm of similar computational complexity with the proposed algorithm.
Adaptive Control for Simultaneous Stabilization and Tracking of Unicycle Mobile Robots
Authors: Miao Zhiqiang , Wang Yaonan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA novel time‐varying adaptive controller at the torque level is proposed to simultaneously solve the stabilization and the tracking problem of unicycle mobile robots with unknown dynamic parameters. The idea underlying the controller is intuitively simple: rather than switching between two different types of controllers according to the a priori knowledge of the reference velocities being persistently exciting or not, a new time‐varying signal is introduced to make the single controller capable of adaptively, smoothly, and gradually converting between stabilizer and tracker depending on the instantaneous and past information of the reference velocities. Our control development is based on Lyapunov's direct method and the backstepping technique. Adaptive control techniques are used to deal with parametric uncertainties. The outstanding feature of our controller is computationally simple due to its full use of the existing results on stabilization and tracking control for unicycle robots. With our approach, robots can globally follow a large class of paths including a straight line, a circle, a path approaching a set‐point, or just a set‐point using a single controller. Simulation results for a unicycle‐type mobile robot are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Optimal Distribution Control Of Non‐Linear Tire Force Of Electric Vehicles With In‐Wheel Motors
Authors: Li Boyuan , Du Haiping , Li Weihua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn over‐actuated control system has the advantage of being able to use redundant actuators to reconfigure the control system and it can realize fault tolerant control. In order to achieve improved vehicle stability and handling performance for electric vehicles with in‐wheel steering and driving motors, the control of the vehicle body slip angle and yaw rate is actually an over‐actuated control problem. To obtain the optimal solution for this control problem, this study proposes a two‐level tire force distribution control method, where the upper level controller calculates the desired lateral and longitudinal forces generated by friction on the tire of each wheel according to the driver's steering and driving inputs. The lower level controller maps the desired tire forces into the input of each steering actuator and driving actuator. Unlike the linear mapping method applied in most of the current research, this study develops a proportional‐integral (PI) controller for each actuator so that the non‐linear tire characteristics can be counteracted. In addition, since the PI controllers for eight actuators (four steering actuators and four driving actuators) have a total of 16 control gains to be determined, a genetic algorithm is applied to accurately determine these control gains. The simulation results are presented to validate the control performance of the proposed tire force allocation method.
A novel red‐emitting phosphor, KAl1‐xPO4Cl:Eux3+ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0)
Authors: Akojwar Ashish , Shinde K. N. , Singh Roshani , Dhoble S. J. , Kokode N. S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA series of phosphors KAl1‐xPO4Cl:Eux3+ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) was synthesized using a facile combustion method using urea as a fuel and their structural, morphological and photoluminescence properties were investigated. It was found that the particle size was in the range of 1–2 µm with an irregular shape. The f–f transitions of Eu3+ in the host lattice were assigned and discussed. The excitation and emission spectra indicated that this phosphor can be efficiently excited by ultraviolet (395 nm), and exhibit reddish orange emission corresponding to the 5D0→7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2) transitions of Eu3+. The impact of the Eu3+ concentration on the relative emission intensity was investigated, and the best doping concentration is 0.5. The present study suggests that the KAl0.5PO4Cl: Eu0.53+ phosphor is a strong candidate as a red component for phosphor‐ converted white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐rate volatile fatty acid (VFA) production by a granular sludge process at low pH
Authors: Tamis J. , Joosse B.M. , Loosdrecht M.C.M.van , Kleerebezem R. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTVolatile fatty acids (VFA) are proposed platform molecules for the production of basic chemicals and polymers from organic waste streams. In this study we developed a granular sludge process to produce VFA at high rate, yield and purity while minimizing potential operational costs. A lab‐scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was fed with 10 g l−1 glucose as model substrate. Inclusion of a short (2 min) settling phase before effluent discharge enabled effective granulation and very high volumetric conversion rates of 150–300 gCOD l−1 d−1 were observed during glucose conversion. The product spectrum remained similar at the tested pH range with acetate and butyrate as the main products, and a total VFA yield of 60–70% on chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis. The requirement for base addition for pH regulation could be reduced from 1.1 to 0.6 mol OH− (mol glucose)−1 by lowering the pH from 5.5 to 4.5. Solids concentrations in the effluent were 0.6 ± 0.3 g l−1 but could be reduced to 0.02 ± 0.01 g l−1 by introduction of an additional settling period of 5 min. The efficient production of VFA at low pH with a virtually solid‐free effluent increases the economic feasibility of waste‐based chemicals and polymer production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2248–2255. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GC‐FID determination and pharmacokinetic studies of oleanolic acid in human serum
Authors: Rada Mirela , Castellano José María , Perona Javier S. , Guinda Ángeles 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAnalytical interest of OA determination in human serum has increased owing to the increasing interest in pharmaceutical research by pharmaceutical properties. A simple, specific, precise and accurate GC method with flame ionization detector (FID) developed and validated for the determination of oleanolic acid (OA) in human serum (HS). To an aliquot of HS, internal standard was added and a combination of liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of diethyl ether‐isopropyl alcohol, filtration and consecutive GC resulted in separation and quantification of OA. The organic phase was analyzed using a GC system equipped with a 30 × 0.25 mm i.d. Rtx‐65TG capillary column and FID detection. Total chromatographic time was 10 min and no interfering peaks from endogenous components in blank serum were observed. The OA/internal standard peak area ratio was linearly fitted to the OA concentration (r = 0.992) over the range 10–1500 ng/mL. The mean serum extraction recovery of OA was 96.7 ± 1.0% and the lower limit of quantification based on 5 mL of serum was 10.7 ng/mL. The intra‐day coefficient of variation ranged from 1.3 to 3.6% and inter‐day varied from 1.4 to 4.5%. The developed method was used to study the pharmacokinetics of OA after oral administration in humans. The assay was simple, sensitive, precise and accurate for the use in the study of the mechanisms of absorption and distribution of OA in humans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry bioanalytical assay for a novel anticancer candidate – ZMC1
Authors: Lin Hongxia , Yu Xin , Eng Oliver S. , Buckley Brian , Kong Ah‐Ng Tony , Bertino Joseph R. , Carpizo Darren R. , Gounder Murugesan K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractZMC1 {azetidinecarbothioic acid, [1‐(2‐pyridinyl) ethylidene] hydrazide} is a lead compound being developed as one of the first mutant p53 targeted anti‐cancer drugs. Establishing a precise quantitative method is an integral component of this development. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive LC/MS/MS assay suitable for assessing purity, stability and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of ZMC1. Acetonitrile protein precipitation extraction was chosen for plasma sample preparation with satisfactory recovery (84.2–92.8%) for ZMC1. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Xterra C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using a gradient elution with mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. ZMC1 and internal standard 2‐amino‐6‐bromobenzothiazole were identified using selected‐ion monitoring mode at m/z 235.2/178.2 and m/z 231.0/150.0 at retention times of 5.2 and 6.3 min, respectively. The method was validated with a linearity range of 3.9–500.0 ng/mL in human plasma and showed acceptable reproducibility with intra‐ and interday precisions <5.9 and 10.5%, and accuracy within ±5.4% of nominal values. This analytical method together with basic stability data in plasma and plasma binding experiments provides a reliable protocol for the study of ZMC1 pharmacokinetics. This will greatly facilitate the pre‐clinical development of this novel anti‐cancer drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter tricuspid valve‐in‐valve in patients with transvalvular device leads
Authors: Eleid Mackram F. , Asirvatham Samuel J. , Cabalka Allison K. , Hagler Donald J. , Noseworthy Peter A. , Taggart Nathaniel W. , Rihal Charanjit S. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo describe the effects of percutaneously implanted valve‐in‐valve in the tricuspid position for patients with pre‐existing transvalvular device leads.MethodsIn this case series, we describe implantation of the Melody valve and SAPIEN XT valve within dysfunctional bioprosthetic tricuspid valves in three patients with transvalvular device leads.ResultsIn all cases, the valve was successfully deployed and device lead function remained unchanged. In 1/3 cases with 6‐month follow‐up, device lead parameters remain unchanged and transcatheter valve‐in‐valve function remains satisfactory.ConclusionsTranscatheter tricuspid valve‐in‐valve is feasible in patients with pre‐existing transvalvular devices leads. Further study is required to determine the long‐term clinical implications of this treatment approach. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Saccharose Inversion and Metastable Zone
Authors: Selbmann Stefanie , Herfurth Julia , Petersen Sandra , Ulrich Joachim 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn the production of beverages, cookies, and candies, citric acid is often used as preservative or flavoring agent. Due to the sensitivity in stability of saccharose concerning pH and temperature, it is necessary to know how these two parameters affect the inversion of sugar and therefore the changes in the characteristics of saccharose crystallization. It can be shown that the inversion speed increases with increasing temperature. Also, the exposure time to the acid as well as the amount of acid lead to an increased inversion and therefore need to be controlled in industrial processes. With a temperature difference of 10 °C, inversion increases by the use of 2.13 % citric acid, e.g., by more than 250 %. The metastable zone shifts, but does not change in its width while inversion takes place and the solubility and nucleation curves are shifted to lower temperatures.
Solubility Characteristics and Crystallization Behavior of Oxalic Acid in the Presence of Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Imura Naoko , Hirasawa Izumi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAcidic wastewater from industrial discharge is generally treated by neutralization. Before neutralization or water treatment, selective recovery of valuable compounds is necessary to reduce the environmental impact of this acid waste. As a contribution to the development of a novel acidic wastewater treatment, oxalic acid is set as target material which is found in acid waste from the metalworking industry. Crystallization of oxalic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid has rarely been reported. Since this acid waste also contains aluminum ions, the effect of sulfuric acid and aluminum ions on oxalic acid solubility and crystallization was clarified. As a result, sulfuric acid concentration affected the oxalic acid solubility, but aluminum ions had no influence. Oxalic acid was precipitated in columnar shape by cooling crystallization from sulfuric acid aqueous solution with aluminum ions.
Polymorphism, Size and Shape Control of Calcium Carbonate Crystals in the Presence of a Polyelectrolyte
Authors: Sonobe Yuko , Watamura Hiroto , Hirasawa Izumi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe effects of the presence of a polyelectrolyte on the polymorphism and particle size and shape of calcium carbonate crystals during reactive crystallization were investigated. Crystals were created by the single‐jet reaction crystallization method. When polyacrylic acid (PAA) was added, the polymorphism and particle size and shape were different for each molecular weight of PAA and each experimental method. When sodium carboxymethylcellulose was added, the polymorph became different from those made by adding PAA and the particle sizes and shapes were different for each concentration. As a result, it is suggested that the method to achieve supersaturation, such as type of feeding, feed rate, kinds of polyelectrolyte and their concentration, may affect the polymorphism and particle size and shape of calcium carbonate.
Non‐Equimolar Discrete Phases Formed in the System of Malic Acid Enantiomers
Authors: Isakov Anton I. , Kotelnikova Elena N. , Lorenz Heike 
Published: May 2015

AbstractX‐Ray diffractometry was employed to investigate the possibility of formation of non‐equimolar discrete compounds in the chiral system of malic acid S‐ and R‐enantiomers. Samples studied were mixtures of single enantiomers or an enantiomer and the various polymorphs of the racemic compound. From samples prepared via recrystallization of the melt and grinding of initial reactants, it is demonstrated that the malic acid enantiomers can form stable stoichiometric compounds in S:R ratios of 3:1 and 1:3. Compared to the known racemic and pure enantiomer phases, the corresponding compounds S3R/SR3 are characterized by a proper powder diffraction pattern and melting point.
Der Mensch, ein elektrisches Wesen
Authors: Kadenbach Bernhard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractUnser Körper besteht aus Zellen, die, wie auch die Organellen im Innern der Zellen von einer biologischen Membran umgeben sind. Diese besteht aus einer Lipiddoppelschicht, die für den elektrischen Strom undurchlässig ist. Über den meisten Membranen lebender Zellen liegt eine elektrische Spannung, bzw. ein elektrochemisches Potential. Alle Lebensäußerungen des Menschen erfordern Energie, die vor allem durch das Molekül ATP bereitgestellt wird. Die chemische Energie im ATP stammt aus der “kalten Verbrennung” unserer Nährstoffe in den Mitochondrien, wobei intermediär ein elektrochemisches Potential an der Innenmembran der Mitochondrien entsteht. Die ATP‐Synthase nutzt die Energie dieses Potentials zur Bildung von ATP. Übersteigt die Spannung einen bestimmten Wert, so bilden sich schädliche Sauerstoffradikale. Hohe ATP‐Gehalte in Mitochondrien verhindern die Bildung der Sauerstoffradikale durch Hemmung der Cytochrom‐c‐Oxidase, dem letzten Glied der Zellatmung. Bei Stresssituationen des Organismus wird diese ATP‐Hemmung aufgehoben, wodurch die Spannung ansteigt und Sauerstoffradikale entstehen, die als Ursache für zahlreiche Krankheiten gelten.
Pilzragout nach Chemiker Art
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDie Arbeitsgruppe von Wolfgang Steglich hat über viele Jahrzehnte die vielfältige Chemie der Höheren Pilze untersucht, in dem neue Inhaltsstoffe isoliert, deren Strukturen bestimmt und viele davon synthetisiert wurden. Sie entdeckten dabei neue heterozyklische Ringsysteme, wie die 2H‐Azepine und neue funktionelle Gruppen wie die Alkylazoxycarboxamides, von deren Existenz vorher niemand wusste. Die Höheren Pilze verdienen deswegen unsere ganze Wertschätzung nicht nur als eine besondere Delikatesse, sondern auch als besonders kreative Chemiker.
Isolation and characterization of living circulating tumor cells in patients by immunomagnetic negative enrichment coupled with flow cytometry
Authors: Lu Yusheng , Liang Haiyan , Yu Ting , Xie Jingjing , Chen Shuming , Dong Haiyan , Sinko Patrick J. , Lian Shu , Xu Jianguo , Wang Jichuang , Yu Suhong , Shao Jingwei , Yuan Bo , Wang Lie , Jia Lee 
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUNDThis study was aimed at establishing a sensitive and specific isolation, characterization, and enumeration method for living circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with colorectal carcinoma.METHODSQuantitative isolation and characterization of CTCs were performed through a combination of immunomagnetic negative enrichment and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Isolated CTCs were identified by immunofluorescence staining. The viability and purity of the sorted cells were determined by flow cytometry. Blood samples spiked with HCT116 cells (range, 3‐250 cells) were used to determine specificity, recovery, and sensitivity. The method was used to enumerate, characterize, and isolate living CTCs in 10 mL of blood from patients with colorectal carcinoma.RESULTSThe average recovery of HCT116 cells was 61% or more at each spiking level, and the correlation coefficient was 0.992. An analysis of samples from all 18 patients with colorectal carcinoma revealed that 94.4% were positive for CTCs with an average of 33 ± 24 CTCs per 10 mL of blood and with a diameter of 14 to 20 μm (vs 8‐12 μm for lymphoma). All patients were CD47+, with only 4.3% to 61.2% being CD44+. The number of CTCs was well correlated with the patient TNM stage and could be detected in patients at an early cancer stage. The sorted cells could be recultured, and their viability was preserved.CONCLUSIONSThis method provides a novel technique for highly sensitive and specific detection and isolation of CTCs in patients with colorectal carcinoma. This method complements the existing approaches for the de novo functional identification of a wide variety of CTC types. It is likely to help in predicting a patient's disease progression and potentially in selecting the appropriate treatment. Cancer 2015;121:3036–3045. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Can human eyes prevent perceptual narrowing for monkey faces in human infants?
Authors: Damon Fabrice , Bayet Laurie , Quinn Paul C. , Hillairet de Boisferon Anne , Méary David , Dupierrix Eve , Lee Kang , Pascalis Olivier 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTPerceptual narrowing has been observed in human infants for monkey faces: 6‐month‐olds can discriminate between them, whereas older infants from 9 months of age display difficulty discriminating between them. The difficulty infants from 9 months have processing monkey faces has not been clearly identified. It could be due to the structural characteristics of monkey faces, particularly the key facial features that differ from human faces. The current study aimed to investigate whether the information conveyed by the eyes is of importance. We examined whether the presence of Caucasian human eyes in monkey faces allows recognition to be maintained in 6‐month‐olds and facilitates recognition in 9‐ and 12‐month‐olds. Our results revealed that the presence of human eyes in monkey faces maintains recognition for those faces at 6 months of age and partially facilitates recognition of those faces at 9 months of age, but not at 12 months of age. The findings are interpreted in the context of perceptual narrowing and suggest that the attenuation of processing of other‐species faces is not reversed by the presence of human eyes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 637–642, 2015.