bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nasal versus oral aerosol delivery to the “lungs” in infants and toddlers
Authors: Amirav Israel , Borojeni Azadeh A. T. , Halamish Asaf , Newhouse Michael T. , Golshahi Laleh 
Published: January 2014

SummaryObjectivesThe oral route has been considered superior to the nasal route for aerosol delivery to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) in adults and children. However, there are no data comparing aerosol delivery via the oral and nasal routes in infants. The aim of this study was to compare nasal and oral delivery of aerosol in anatomically correct replicas of infants' faces containing both nasal and oral upper airways.MethodsThree CT‐derived upper respiratory tract (“URT”) replicas representing infants/toddlers aged 5, 14 and 20 months were studied and aerosol delivery to the “lower respiratory tract” (LRT) by either the oral or nasal route for each of the replicas was measured at the “tracheal” opening. A radio‐labeled (99mDTPA) normal saline solution aerosol was generated by a soft‐mist inhaler (SMIRespimat® Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) and aerosol was delivered via a valved holding chamber (Respichamber® TMI, London, Canada) and an air‐tight mask (Unomedical, Inc., McAllen, TX). A breath simulator was connected to the replicas and an absolute filter at the “tracheal” opening captured the aerosol representing “LRT” dose. Age‐appropriate mask dimensions and breathing patterns were employed for each of the airway replicas. Two different tidal volumes (Vt) were used for comparing the nasal versus oral routes.ResultsNasal delivery to the LRT exceeded that of oral delivery in the 5‐ and 14‐month models and was equivalent in the 20‐month model. Differences between nasal and oral delivery diminished with “age”/size. Similar findings were observed with lower and higher tidal volumes (Vt).ConclusionNasal breathing for aerosol delivery to the “LRT” is similar to, or more efficient than, mouth breathing in infant/toddler models, contrary to what is observed in older children and adults. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:276–283. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamics of biotypes B and Q of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and its impact on insecticide resistance
Authors: Horowitz Abraham Rami , Ishaaya Isaac 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a key pest in many agricultural crops, including vegetables, ornamentals and field crops. B. tabaci is known for its genetic diversity, which is expressed in a complex of biotypes or, as recently suggested, a complex of distinct cryptic species. The biotypes are largely differentiated on the basis of biochemical or molecular polymorphism and differ in characteristics such as host plant range, attraction by natural enemies, secondary symbionts and expression of insecticide resistance. An extensive survey of B. tabaci biotypes and their impact on insecticide resistance was conducted from 2003 to 2012 in cotton fields and other crops from several locations in Israel.RESULTSTwo biotypes of B. tabaci, B and Q, were identified, and some differences in the biotype dynamics were recorded from different areas. In northern Israel from 2003 to 2007, a higher proportion of the B biotype was consistently found in early season. However, by the end of the season a definite rise of the Q biotype was sampled, ranging from 60 to 100%, along with high resistance to the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen and to a lesser extent to the neonicotinoid insecticides. In fields located in the central part of Israel, the Q biotype was predominant throughout the seasons, with high resistance to pyriproxyfen. Since 2009, a significant shift in the biotype ratios has been observed: the B biotype has come to predominate over the Q biotype ranging up to 90% or more in most fields. At the same time, resistance to the IGR pyriproxyfen was reduced considerably.CONCLUSIONThe possible reasons for the change in the dynamics of B. tabaci biotypes, and its implications for resistance management, are discussed. Strong B. tabaci resistance to pyriproxyfen in Israel has been associated with the Q rather than with the B biotype. The B biotype is more competitive than the Q biotype under untreated conditions. Reduction in the acreage of cotton fields during recent years, along with a decrease in insecticide use, especially pyriproxyfen, has resulted in the expansion of the B biotype. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The politics of climate change in the UK
Authors: Carter Neil 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBetween 2006 and 2010 climate change rose rapidly up the UK political agenda and the Labour Government, with cross‐party support, introduced major changes in domestic climate and energy policy, including the landmark Climate Change Act 2008, which represented an important step toward the UK becoming a low carbon economy. Cross‐party consensus was initially sustained by the Conservative‐Liberal Democrat Coalition, before growing criticism from the political right began to turn climate change into an increasingly partisan issue, thereby weakening the commitment of David Cameron to climate leadership. The article examines the transition of climate change from low politics to high politics, assessing the role of public opinion, the media, business, environmental groups, and party competition in overcoming the obstacles to progressive climate change and energy policy. The roles of party politics and of individual political leadership are identified as critical factors in raising the profile of climate change and delivering radical policy change. The significance of the growing partisan divisions over climate change is assessed.This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy
Synthesis and Characterization of an Azobenzene‐Functionalized Ethene‐Bridged PMO
Authors: Gräfenstein Lydia , Venkatachalam Sabarinathan , van Wüllen Leo , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: January 2014

Abstract The azobenzene‐functionalized ethene‐bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) was synthesized in a three step process. After synthesizing the pure PMO the azobenzene switch was post synthetically grafted at the ethene bridge. The successful synthesis was verified by N2 sorption measurements, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and solid state MAS‐NMR spectroscopy. The switching process of the azobenzene was proven by UV/Vis measurements.
Inverse Opal SiO2 Photonic Crystals as Structurally‐Colored Pigments with Additive Primary Colors
Authors: Josephson David P. , Miller Matthew , Stein Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPorous silica, structured as three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) photonic crystal particles, is investigated as a pigment material with structural color. Brightly and uniformly colored 3DOM SiO2 powders were obtained by templating of a tetraethoxysilane‐containing precursor in polymeric colloidal crystals, pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere to maintain a small amount (ca. 5–8 wt %) of residual carbon as a background absorber, and particle size reduction. The color depended on placing optical stop bands in the appropriate range of the visible spectrum. This was achieved through selection of the polymer sphere diameter in the colloidal crystal template and fine‐tuning by the pyrolysis temperature, which controls the extent of condensation and shrinkage of the 3DOM SiO2 structure. The stop bands shifted to shorter wavelengths, and the chroma of these pigments increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature in the range from 475 to 900 °C. Using this temperature control, it was possible to obtain materials with a variety of colors and chroma using a single template sphere size. In addition, the assortment of spectral colors could be extended by mixing 3DOM SiO2 pigments with primary colors (red, green, blue) via a unique additive color‐mixing mechanism, which distinguishes these pigments from most conventional pigments that rely on subtractive color mixing. These approaches enable the preparation of pigments with multiple colors using a single material composition, providing opportunities to replace potentially harmful dyes and pigments with nontoxic and relatively inert silica.
Novel Carbons: Habits and Oddities
Authors: Boulfelfel Salah Eddine , Selli Daniele , Leoni Stefano 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCarbon is a surprising material in all respects. In this Review, we present results of metadynamics calculations for crystal structure prediction of novel carbon polymorphs with even and odd rings. So‐called superhard graphite results from cold‐compressing graphite. We review the results of molecular dynamics simulations on the graphite‐to‐diamond phase transition, that yields Oganov's M‐carbon. The latter, like some of the modifications predicted by metadynamics, features five‐ and seven‐membered odd rings. We identify the role of odd rings at times of phase nucleation, and we speculate on the preference for odd‐membered rings over even motifs in a context of nucleation and phase growth.
Effects of morphodynamics and across-shore physical gradients on benthic macroinfauna on two sandy beaches in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Santos Joaquim N.S. , Gomes Rafaela de S. , Vasconcellos Ruan Managna , Silva Débora de Souza , Araújo Francisco Gerson 
Published: January 2014

We examined the benthic macroinfauna at three strata during two seasons (winter and summer) on two sandy beaches (dissipative and reflective) in south-eastern Brazil. The hypothesis raised is that effects of morphodynamics and zonation determine the structure of macroinfauna, with dissipative beaches having comparatively higher species richness and density than the reflective beaches. Flamengo beach (dissipative) had higher species richness but lower density compared to Grumari beach (reflective). A high dissimilarity in assemblage structure (91.75%) was detected between the two beaches. Zonation in the occurrence of macroinfauna was detected for the two beaches in the two examined seasons. At Grumari beach, Emerita brasiliensis occurred mainly in stratum 1 (intertidal swept zone) while Saccocirus sp. occurred in stratum 2 (infralittoral at 0.5 m depth), whereas at Flamengo beach E. brasiliensis and Enoploides sp. had the highest density in stratum 1 (intertidal swept zone) whereas Scolelepis goodbodyi and Donax uncinata dominated in stratum 3 (infralittoral at 1.0 m depth). Scolelepis goodbodyi, Dispio uncinata, Enoploides sp., Nematoda and Trileptium sp. were associated with higher a Dean parameter and content of organic matter at Flamengo beach. In contrast, Hastula sp., Donax sp., Pisionidens indica, Hemipodus californiensis, Saccocirus sp. and Phyllodocidae were associated with the higher wave period and grain size of Grumari beach. The hypothesis that macroinfauna structure differs between the beaches and strata was confirmed, with the dissipative beaches having comparatively higher richness but lower density than the reflective beaches.
Kant's Only Possible Argument and Chignell's Real Harmony
Authors: Abaci Uygar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAndrew Chignell recently proposed an original reconstruction of Kant's ‘Only Possible Argument’ for the existence of God. Chignell claims that what motivates the ‘Grounding Premise’ of Kant's proof, ‘real possibility must be grounded in actuality’, is the requirement that the predicates of a really possible thing must be ‘really harmonious’, i.e. compatible in an extra-logical or metaphysical sense. I take issue with Chignell's reconstruction. First, the pre-Critical Kant does not present ‘real harmony’ as a general condition of real possibility. Second, the real harmony requirement is not what motivates the ‘Grounding Premise’ of the proof. Instead, this premise is sufficiently motivated by what Chignell labels the ‘content’ requirement. Finally, Kant's downgrading of the proof in his Critical period is not based on a concern regarding the real harmony of the predicates of God, but on his Critical restrictions on cognition in general and modal cognition in particular.
Can Positive Duties be Derived from Kant's Formula of Universal Law?
Authors: Kahn Samuel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAccording to the standard reading of Kant's formula of universal law (FUL), positive duties can be derived from FUL. In this article, I argue that the standard reading does not work. In the first section, I articulate FUL and what I mean by a positive duty. In the second section, I set out an intuitive version of the standard reading of FUL and argue that it does not work. In the third section, I set out a more rigorous version of the standard reading of FUL and argue that even this more rigorous version does not work.
Commentary on Chapter 15 of Patricia Kitcher's Kant's Thinker
Authors: Rosefeldt Tobias 
Published: January 2014

AbstractI argue that Patricia Kitcher's Kant-inspired account of self-consciousness overintellectualizes the requirements for rational cognition. Kitcher claims that a person can only believe something on the ground of another belief if she is able to recognize the grounding belief as grounding the first belief and as one of her own. I criticize this claim by arguing that (i) someone can believe something for a certain reason without recognizing this reason as a reason (the possibility of unreflected reasons), and that (ii) she can recognize something as a reason for something else without being able to self-ascribe either her original belief or the belief that grounds it (the possibility of reflected but not self-conscious reasons).
‘Kant our Contemporary’? Kitcher on the Fruitfulness of Kant's Theory of the Cognitive Subject
Authors: Sturm Thomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn chapter 15 of Kant's Thinker, Patricia Kitcher claims that we can treat Kant as ‘our contemporary’, and that his theory of apperception ‘offers “new” and plausible perspectives on issues of considerable recent interest’. I question this with respect to two of her four chosen topics. First, I address her attempt to show that Kant's theory of apperceptive self-knowledge is immune to sceptical doubts of the sort Barry Stroud presents. Second, I turn to her argument that this theory is superior to current accounts of the special authority of self-knowledge. Over and above specific weaknesses, it seems that Kitcher's considerations generally lack sufficient reflection on how philosophical arguments of the past can be relevant to current agendas.
The Nature of the ‘I Think’: Comments on Chapter 11 ofKant's Thinker
Authors: Wunderlich Falk 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe article deals with Kant's theory of the self in Patricia Kitcher'sKant's Thinkerin three respects: (1) I argue that it is doubtful whether accompanying representations with the ‘I think’ as such yields a principle for the categories since it does not require any strong kind of connection between them. (2) I discuss textual evidence for and against Kitcher's attempt to make sense of Kant's claim that the ‘I think’ requires the continued existence of cognizersper se. (3) I ask whether Kitcher's understanding of Kant's positive theory of the self leans towards minimal substantialism or towards functionalism.
Public law and the value of conceptual analysis
Authors: Mauthe Barbara 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to demonstrate the viability and potential of conceptual analysis as a methodological tool. It is argued that conceptual analysis represents a flexible and open method for connecting public law with analyses that are different, and even incommensurable with its own epistemology. The particular area that this paper seeks to connect public law with is that of feminist critiques. It is a journey that does not occur without some difficulty. Conceptual analysis is unknown within public law and therefore the notion requires defining and explaining. Public law has also been particularly resistant to the inclusion of feminist critiques and therefore the task of identifying suitable concepts is not straightforward. The outcome is, however, not only the identification of a new methodological tool for public lawyers but the capacity to broaden the range of material that can be incorporated within their analyses.
Legislating personhood: realising the right to support in exercising legal capacity
Authors: Flynn Eilionoir , Arstein-Kerslake Anna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the regulation of ‘personhood’ through the granting or denying of legal capacity. It explores the development of the concept of personhood through the lens of moral and political philosophy. It highlights the problem of upholding cognition as a prerequisite for personhood or the granting of legal capacity because it results in the exclusion of people with cognitive disabilities (intellectual, psycho-social, mental disabilities, and others). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) challenges this notion by guaranteeing respect for the right to legal capacity for people with disabilities on an equal basis with others and in all areas of life (Article 12). The paper uses the CRPD to argue for a conception of personhood that is divorced from cognition and a corresponding recognition of legal capacity as a universal attribute that all persons possess. Finally, a support model for the exercise of legal capacity is proposed as a possible alternative to the existing models of substituted decision-making that deny legal capacity and impose outside decision-makers.
High field magnetotransport and point contact Andreev reflection measurements on CuCr2Se4 and CuCr2Se3Br—Degenerate magnetic semiconductor single crystals
Authors: Borisov K. , Alaria J. , Coey J. M. D. , Stamenov P. 
Published: January 2014

Single crystals of the metallically degenerate fully magnetic semiconductors CuCr2Se4 and CuCr2Se3Br have been prepared by the Chemical Vapour Transport method, using either Se or Br as transport agents. The high-quality, millimetre-sized, octahedrally faceted, needle- and platelet-shaped crystals are characterised by means of high field magnetotransport (μ0H≤ 14 T) and Point Contact Andreev Reflection. The relatively high spin polarisation observed |P|&gt;0.56, together with the relatively low minority carrier effective mass of 0.25 me, and long scattering time 10−13 s, could poise these materials for integration in low- and close-to-room temperature minority injection bipolar heterojunction transistor demonstrations.
Social Capital in Voluntary Associations
Authors: Häuberer Julia 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT
Associations are likely to recruit resource rich individuals and they are places where individuals interact, and thus, are likely to exchange social resources. The paper asks which kinds of associations embed individuals holding many social resources. According to theoretical considerations, I distinguish between bridging and bonding associations. Bridging associations are likely to embed heterogeneous individuals while bonding associations embed homogeneous individuals. Therefore, the range of social resources available inside associations may be higher in bridging than in bonding associations. Thinking about the resource exchanging environment inside the associations, a further distinction of bonding associations seems reasonable: some aim at political goals outside the group (e.g., trade unions or professional organizations) and others focus on developing a nice atmosphere inside the group (apolitical bonding associations like elderly leisure associations). I analyze data from Eurobarometer 62.2 using multilevel analyses. Descriptive analyses indicate that active individuals have access to more social resources than inactive individuals. This relation varies for apolitical and political bonding associations according to the European countries. The multilevel analyses controlling for individual characteristics and country variables indicate that potential resources accessible to individuals active in associations depend on the focus of the associations. While bridging and apolitical bonding associations embed individuals accessing more social resources than non-active individuals, political bonding associations are not likely to embed resource rich individuals.
Flaring up of the compact cloud G2 during the close encounter with Sgr A*
Authors: Saitoh Takayuki R. , Makino Junichiro , Asaki Yoshiharu , Baba Junichi , Komugi Shinya , Miyoshi Makoto , Nagao Tohru , Takahashi Masaaki , Takeda Takaaki , Tsuboi Masato , Wakamatsu Ken-ichi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A compact gas cloud G2 is predicted to reach the pericenter of its orbit around the supermassive black hole (SMBH) of our Galaxy, Sagittarius A*. This event will give us a rare opportunity to observe the interaction between the SMBH and the gas around it. We report on the result of a fully three-dimensional simulation of the evolution of G2 during the first pericenter passage. The strong tidal force from the SMBH stretches the cloud along its orbit, and strongly compresses it in the vertical direction, resulting in its heating up and flaring up. The bolometric luminosity will reach a maximum of ∼ 100 L⊙. This flare should be easily observed in the near-IR.
Sugar and Auxin Signaling Pathways Respond to High-Temperature Stress during Anther Development as Revealed by Transcript Profiling Analysis in Cotton
Authors: Min Ling , Li Yaoyao , Hu Qin , Zhu Longfu , Gao Wenhui , Wu Yuanlong , Ding Yuanhao , Liu Shiming , Yang Xiyan , Zhang Xianlong 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Male reproduction in flowering plants is highly sensitive to high temperature (HT). To investigate molecular mechanisms of the response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) anthers to HT, a relatively complete comparative transcriptome analysis was performed during anther development of cotton lines 84021 and H05 under normal temperature and HT conditions. In total, 4,599 differentially expressed genes were screened; the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to epigenetic modifications, carbohydrate metabolism, and plant hormone signaling. Detailed studies showed that the deficiency in S-ADENOSYL-l-HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE1 and the inhibition of methyltransferases contributed to genome-wide hypomethylation in H05, and the increased expression of histone constitution genes contributed to DNA stability in 84021. Furthermore, HT induced the expression of CASEIN KINASEI (GhCKI) in H05, coupled with the suppression of starch synthase activity, decreases in glucose level during anther development, and increases in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level in late-stage anthers. The same changes also were observed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GhCKI overexpression lines. These results suggest that GhCKI, sugar, and auxin may be key regulators of the anther response to HT stress. Moreover, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR genes (PIFs), which are involved in linking sugar and auxin and are regulated by sugar, might positively regulate IAA biosynthesis in the cotton anther response to HT. Additionally, exogenous IAA application revealed that high background IAA may be a disadvantage for late-stage cotton anthers during HT stress. Overall, the linking of HT, sugar, PIFs, and IAA, together with our previously reported data on GhCKI, may provide dynamic coordination of plant anther responses to HT stress.