bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of p & q elliptic problems with critical exponent
Authors: Figueiredo Giovany M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the existence and multiplicity of nontrivial solutions to the following class of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$p \& q$\end{document} elliptic problems with critical exponent

where \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{N}$\end{document} is a bounded smooth domain, N ≥ 3, λ is a positive parameter and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$a:\mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$\end{document} is a function of C1 class. Here 1 < γ < N, γ < s < γ* or 1 < s < γ, where γ will be stated later.
Simultaneous imaging of dual‐frequency electrical conductivity using a combination of MREIT and MREPT
Authors: Kim Hyung Joong , Jeong Woo Chul , Sajib Saurav Z. K. , Kim Min‐Oh , Kwon Oh In , Je Woo Eung , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: February 2013

PurposeTo propose a single magnetic resonance scan conductivity imaging technique providing dual‐frequency characteristics of tissue conductivity.MethodsUsing a modified spin‐echo pulse sequence, the magnetic flux density induced by externally injected currents and the
phase map with injected current effects removed were acquired simultaneously. The low‐frequency conductivity was reconstructed from the measured magnetic flux density by the projected current density method, while the high‐frequency conductivity was reconstructed using the
maps. Three different conductivity phantoms were used to demonstrate low‐ and high‐frequency conductivity characteristics.ResultsA conductivity spectrum at two frequencies was successfully acquired with the proposed scheme. Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography is advantageous for seeing an anomaly itself wrapped with a thin insulating membrane. In addition, if the membrane is porous, the membrane property can be quantitatively visualized with magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography. Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography does not detect such membranes, which enable it to probe things inside an insulating membrane.ConclusionConsidering these pros and cons and also the fact that the conductivity of biological tissue changes with frequency, a dual‐frequency conductivity imaging incorporating both magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography and magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography in future animal and human experiments is suggested. Magn Reson Med 71:200–208, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Androgen receptors in muscle fibers induce rapid loss of force but not mass: Implications for spinal bulbar muscular atrophy
Authors: Oki Kentaro , Wiseman Robert W. , Breedlove S. Marc , Jordan Cynthia L. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionTestosterone (T) induces motor dysfunction in transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress wild‐type androgen receptor (AR) in skeletal muscles. Because many genes implicated in motor neuron disease are expressed in skeletal muscle, mutant proteins may act in muscle to cause dysfunction in motor neuron disease.MethodsWe examined contractile properties of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles in vitro after 5 and 3 days of T treatment in motor‐impaired Tg female mice.ResultsBoth muscles showed deficits in tetanic force after 5 days of T treatment, without losses in muscle mass, protein content, or fiber number. After 3 days of T treatment, only SOL showed a deficit in tetanic force comparable to that of 5 days of treatment. In both treatments, EDL showed slowed twitch kinetics, whereas SOL showed deficits in the twitch/tetanus ratio.ConclusionsThese results suggest calcium‐handling mechanisms in muscle fibers are defective in motor‐impaired mice. Muscle Nerve 47: 823–834, 2013
Saure Oberflächen als neuartige Kontaktbiozide
Authors: Lackner Maximilian , Maninger Silke , Guggenbichler Josef‐Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSchon bei geringer H+‐Konzentration auf festen Materialien entstehen für Bakterien lebensfeindliche Bedingungen. Auf Polymeren gelingt dies mit Metalloxiden in Kombination mit Hydrophilierung.
Neuartige Redox‐Biochemie im Meeresboden
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractElementarer Schwefel in einer Schlüsselrolle beim Abbau von Methan und bakterielle Filamente als Elektronenleiter zwischen den Hälften einer Redoxreaktion — diese beiden Entdeckungen zeigen wieder einmal, dass wir über die Welt unter den Ozeanen noch viel zu wenig wissen.
Jugend und Technik
Authors: Hartmann K. W. Heinrich 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMan würde den Herausgeber mit Recht der Voreingenommenheit schelten, wenn in diesen, den Nachwuchsfragen gewidmeten Heften nicht auch die Hitler‐Jugend, der stärkste Erziehungsfaktor der Gegenwart, bevorzugt zu Wort käme. Hauptbannführer Hartmann, der zu den engsten Mitarbeitern des Reichs Jugendführers gehört, vermittelt dem Leser die Gedanken und Bestrebungen der Hitler‐Jugend. Mancher Leser wird aus dem stark gekürzten Beitrag zur Frage des technischen Nachwuchses mit Überraschung erkennen, daß die stummen Bitten und Forderungen, die er bei sich der Hitler‐Jugend vorgetragen hat, gehört sind und daß sie dabei sind, in Erfüllung zu gehen: Die von politischer Notwendigkeit diktierte typisierende Gemeinschaftserziehung mit ihrer Einseitigkeit, die den Ausgriff des aufgeweckten und begabten Jungen vielfach verstümmelte und verdrängte, wird nun durch die gebieterische Pflege der individuellen Eigenschaften und Einzelbegabungen ergänzt werden. JMe Erziehung zur Gemeinschaft wird künftig mit der Erziehung zur Persönlichkeit verbunden sein. Die Jungen sollen Zeit zum eigenen Schaffen, Kraft zur Einsamkeit und Mut zum Abstandhalten gewinnen.
Einer der Gründe für den geringen Physikernachwuchs
Authors: Wien M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIm folgenden sind aus den nachgelassenen Papieren von M. Wien die ebenfalls fertigen Schlußteile des Berichtes, der auf S. 55 abzudrucken begonnen worden war, unter neuer Überschrift wiedergegeben. Wien untersucht nun die Gründe für das zahlenmäßige Zurückgehen der deutschen Physikerschaft und macht Vorschläge, wie eine Zunahme des Physikerstudiums” erzielt werden könne. Manches dieser vor sechs Jahren niedergeschriebenen Darstellung ist überholt oder doch ergänzungsbedürftig, doch glaubt der Herausgeber, den Bericht wiederzugeben und es späteren Beiträgen überlassen zu sollen, einen Vergleich mit dem heutigen Stand zu ziehen.
Grundlagenforschung und Zweckforschung
Authors: Niemeier G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAus dem “Europäischen Wissenschaftsdienst” Jg. 2 1942 Nr. 11 übernehmen die “Phys Blätter” einen Aufsatz des Straßburger Geographen u. Gründungsdekans der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Niemeier. Es taucht dabei eine Anzahl neuer Beispiele aus Chemie und Biologie auf, die das Bild von dem Wert der Forschung vervollständigen, das in den früheren Beiträgen gezeichnet wurde. Es sind dieselben Erkenntnisse, die hier ausgesprochen werden, und dieselben Warnungen, die anklingen: “Grundlagenforschung ist der tiefe Born, aus dem immer wieder grundlegend wichtige Anregungen und Erkenntnisse für die zweckgerichtete angewandte Forschung und für die Technik herausfließen.” “Auf vielen, wenn nicht auf den meisten Gebieten der Naturwissenschaften war Deutschland während der letzten 100 Jahre in Europa das führende Land, das Kraft‐ und Strahlungszentrum des Abendlandes.”
Wissenschaft und Krieg
Authors: Clark A. H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn der “Nature” Bd. 149 von 1942 veröffentlichte der Amerikaner Austin H. Clark einen Aufsatz, der dem deutschen Leser einen gewissen Einblick in die große Wertschätzung gibt, die die amerikanisch‐englische Öffentlichkeit den wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten im Kriege entgegenbringt. Wir stellen beim Lesen dieses Aufsatzes über “Wissenschaft und Krieg” überrascht fest, daß die Frage, ob Wissenschaft im Krieg getrieben werden soll, eigentlich gar nicht behandelt ist. Sie steht als selbstverständlich bejaht hinter der Kulisse, vor der eine Reihe von Fragen betrachtet wird. Es genügt daher auch, im folgenden nur einen Ausschnitt des Aufsatzes zu geben, insbesondere die Darstellung über die Entwicklung der Wissenschaft in England und Amerika und über die Wichtigkeit des öffentlichen Interesses für die Forschung zunächst zurückzustellen.
Die Neuordnung des preußischen höheren Schulwesens von 1924
Authors: Doermer L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIm Jahre 1924 kam eine preußische Schulreform heraus, die mit erschreckender Deutlichkeit das Abgleiten der exakten Naturwissenschaften zu erkennen gab. Der Bericht darüber des damals in Hamburg tätigen Schulmannes spiegelt die Reform in aller ihrer Bedenklichkeit wieder. Zwar ist der Autor maßvoll in seiner Ablehnung, die nicht so scharfe Worte findet, wie sie im Bericht S. 208 zu finden sind, aber trotzdem kommt seine Einstellung, bei der er auch die positiven Punkte der Denkschrift würdigt, klar genug zum Ausdruck. Sie steigert sich dort, wo es um die Übungen geht, die Prof. Doermer mit ganzem Einsatz gepflegt hat und die nun stark beschnitten werden sollen, zu der dräuenden Frage: „Weiß das Unterrichtsministerium nichts davon, daß die naturwissenschaftlichen Übungen heute geradezu die Grundlage für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht sind und sein müssen?”︁ (Das Referat, das in der Z. f. angewandte Chemie 38. 511—14. 1925 veröffentlicht wurde, ist wesentlich gekürzt worden.)
Bedeutung der Mathematik und Physik für die Erziehung
Authors: Kerst B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDie Ausführungen von Studienrat Kerst sind aus dem gleichen Heft wie der vorstehende Aufsatz von Prof. Günther entnommen. Der Autor war zuletzt im Sachs. Volksbildungsministerium als Oberregierungsrat tätig. Er war ein alter Kämpfer der NSDAP und zugleich energischer Verfechter der Mathematik und Physik im höheren Schulwesen. Er erkannte, daß Wehrwille und Pflege des deutschen Kulturgutes die beiden wichtigen Gesichtspunkte sind, die die Förderung der deutschen Wissenschaft zur staatspolitischen Pflicht machen. Es sind die ganz ähnlichen Gedankengänge, wie sie dem Leser in dem Beitrag von Prof. Thomson (Phys. B1. 1. 51. 1944) entgegentraten.
Schulreform 1938 und Nachwuchs
Authors: Hamel Georg 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDer Aufsatz ist ein Auszug aus dem Bericht: „Hochschule, höhere Schule und wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs”︁, abgedruckt in den Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, Dez. 1938. Er bringt Vorschläge darüber, wie den Auswirkungen der Verkürzung der Schulzeit auf der höheren Schule, wie sie die Neuordnung des höheren Schulwesens von 1938 bringt, begegnet werden muß, um trotzdem einen hochwertigen Nachwuchs für die wissenschaftlichen Gebiete zu sichern.
In vitro hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity study of poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) for biomedical applications
Authors: Bauer Marius , Schroeder Susann , Tauhardt Lutz , Kempe Kristian , Schubert Ulrich S. , Fischer Dagmar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSince poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazolines) (PMeOx) attract high attention for the potential use in drug delivery, cytotoxicity, and hemocompatibility of a set of PMeOxs with molar masses in the range from 2 to 20 kDa are systematically investigated under standardized conditions in terms of molar mass, concentration and time dependency. PMeOx polymers are well tolerated in red blood cell aggregation and hemolysis assays without any damaging effects even at high concentrations up to 80 mg/mL. Only in long term cytotoxicity tests PMeOx polymers moderately influence cell viability in a time, concentration, and molar mass dependent manner. Referring to these results it can be concluded that PEtOx could be promising nonionic hydrophilic polymers for many biomedical applications without any cyto‐ and hemotoxic effects at typically used therapeutic doses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Spirometric reference values in urban children in madagascar: Poverty is a risk factor for low lung function
Authors: Wolff Peter Th. , Arison Lala , Rahajamiakatra Abel , Raserijaona Francis , Niggemann Bodo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundStudies about children with respiratory diseases in Africa are impeded by the dearth of reliable data for the vast majority of countries on the continent. This study was conducted to establish representative reference values, therefore allowing a more accurate evaluation of lung function in Malagasy children.MethodsOne thousand two hundred thirty‐six students from three public and five private schools aged 8–12 years were recruited. A total of 1,093 children were healthy, had a valid lung function measurement and were thus deemed evaluable for this study. Lung function data were collected on consecutive days in Antananarivo, Madagascar's capital, using spirometry and a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire.ResultsThe lung volumes found were substantially lower compared to Caucasian and African equations. The mean Z‐score (Stanojevic) for the forced vital capacity (FVC) found was −1.45 and −0.93 for the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) with significant differences between private and public schools (FVC: P = 0.0023, FEV1: P = 0.0004).ConclusionsThe equations established for school children in Madagascar's capital Antananarivo showed lung function values were lower than reference values for the same age group seen not only in European, but also in African American and African children. The unique ethnicity of the Malagasy people, which combines Southeast‐Asian with substantial African influences, the heavy burden of pollution and poverty may explain these differences. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:76–83. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of crystallins for a role in the vertebrate eye lens
Authors: Slingsby Christine , Wistow Graeme J. , Clark Alice R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe camera eye lens of vertebrates is a classic example of the re‐engineering of existing protein components to fashion a new device. The bulk of the lens is formed from proteins belonging to two superfamilies, the α‐crystallins and the βγ‐crystallins. Tracing their ancestry may throw light on the origin of the optics of the lens. The α‐crystallins belong to the ubiquitous small heat shock proteins family that plays a protective role in cellular homeostasis. They form enormous polydisperse oligomers that challenge modern biophysical methods to uncover the molecular basis of their assembly structure and chaperone‐like protein binding function. It is argued that a molecular phenotype of a dynamic assembly suits a chaperone function as well as a structural role in the eye lens where the constraint of preventing protein condensation is paramount. The main cellular partners of α‐crystallins, the β‐ and γ‐crystallins, have largely been lost from the animal kingdom but the superfamily is hugely expanded in the vertebrate eye lens. Their structures show how a simple Greek key motif can evolve rapidly to form a complex array of monomers and oligomers. Apart from remaining transparent, a major role of the partnership of α‐crystallins with β‐ and γ‐crystallins in the lens is to form a refractive index gradient. Here, we show some of the structural and genetic features of these two protein superfamilies that enable the rapid creation of different assembly states, to match the rapidly changing optical needs among the various vertebrates.
Enhanced efficiency in InGaN‐based photovoltaic devices combined with nanocrystalline Bi2O3/P3HT heterojunction structures
Authors: Lai Chun‐Feng , Chang Chung‐Chieh , Wen Min‐Hsueh , Lin Chung‐Kwei , Wu Mau‐Kuen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study experimentally investigates the ability of Bi2O3/P3HT heterojunction thin films to improve the power‐conversion efficiency of InGaN‐based photovoltaic (PV) devices. InGaN‐based PV devices combined with Bi2O3/P3HT heterojunctions were prepared using the pulsed laser deposition method. The Bi2O3/P3HT heterojunction creates carriers that combine with excitons through the light‐absorbance process, which enhances the power‐conversion efficiency of InGaN PV devices by approximately 36%. Thus, these Bi2O3/P3HT heterojunctions can provide an efficiency improvement in InGaN PV devices and other related solar‐cell applications.
Tailoring broadband gain incorporating quantum dot fluctuations for a GaInNAs semiconductor optical amplifier
Authors: Sun X. , Vogiatzis N. , Rorison J. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt has been observed experimentally that the band edge photoluminescence (PL) of GaxIn1‐xNyAs1‐yquantum well (QW) materials is broadened due to compositional fluctuations with N distribution. These fluctuations can be modelled as quantum dot‐like region at the conduction band minimum in as‐grown GaInNAs/GaAs QWs. We have developed a rate‐equation approach to describe the distribution of electrons in the QW and QD‐like fluctuations which include the carrier recombination from both the conventional 2D QW layer and the inhomogeneous dot‐like fluctuations. The electron dynamics in the QW and QDs states are examined and the resulting carrier population and broadband gain is derived for a single QW. This is then applied to the design of a broadband gain multi‐QW semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon markets: a historical overview
Authors: Calel Raphael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe global carbon trade has in a short space of time grown into a market worth over $175 billion a year. The history of carbon markets is a great political success story, and today they form an integral part of international climate change policy. Yet we only have a very limited understanding of how well these markets work in practice. Studying the incoming evidence and piecing it together with past emissions trading experiences can teach us a lot about how carbon markets work, and how they can fail. This article reviews the history of emissions trading and the rise of carbon markets as a basis for better understanding what is happening now. Viewing these markets in a historical light reveals that many of the current problems have precedent, and that we are perhaps not learning enough from past experiences. If carbon market policies were more geared toward systematic evaluation, and more open to incorporating past lessons into new policy, carbon markets would stand a greater chance of helping achieve the transition to a low‐carbon economy. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:107–119. doi: 10.1002/wcc.208This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
High‐throughput molecular dynamics simulations: toward a dynamic view of macromolecular structure
Authors: Hospital Adam , Gelpi Josep Ll 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulation is nowadays the eligible theoretical technique to account for macromolecular flexibility. Molecular simulations, from ab initio to coarse‐grained representation levels, allow having a direct visualization of macromolecular dynamic behavior and its influence in molecular recognition. In the postgenomic era, where most bioinformatics studies should be performed genome‐wide, molecular simulations should not be an exception. However, moving MD simulations to the high‐throughput regime is not a trivial issue. High‐performance computing systems (highly parallel supercomputers or graphical processing units‐based systems) allow performing large and complex simulations at a significantly reduced time. Besides, data storage strategies have also been largely improved. However, system preparation and trajectory analysis are still performed almost manually and become highly limited by the need of human intervention. A number of projects, like Dynameomics, BioSimGrid, or MoDEL have addressed the issue of high‐throughput MD. Such initiatives have released tools that have meant a significant progress in the field. The extension of structural studies, mainly molecular simulations, to the high‐throughput regime, will allow matching genomic‐wide studies now performed.This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Methods
Joint interpretation of sequential pumping tests in unconfined aquifers
Authors: Mao Deqiang , Yeh Tian‐Chyi J. , Wan Li , Wen Jet‐Chau , Lu Wenxi , Lee Cheng‐Haw , Hsu Kuo‐Chin 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
Joint interpretation of sequential pumping tests
Variably saturated flow assumption for flow in unconfined aquifers
Estimation of unsaturated parameters
Mechano‐sensing and transduction by endothelial surface glycocalyx: composition, structure, and function
Authors: Fu Bingmei M. , Tarbell John M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe endothelial cells (ECs) lining every blood vessel wall are constantly exposed to the mechanical forces generated by blood flow. The EC responses to these hemodynamic forces play a critical role in the homeostasis of the circulatory system. To ensure proper EC mechano‐sensing and transduction, there are a variety of mechano‐sensors and transducers that have been identified on the EC surface, intra‐ and trans‐EC membrane and within the EC cytoskeleton. Among them, the most recent candidate is the endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG), which is a matrix‐like thin layer covering the luminal surface of the EC. It consists of various proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and plasma proteins, and is close to other prominent EC mechano‐sensors and transducers. The ESG thickness was found to be in the order of 0.1–1 µm by different visualization techniques and in different types of vessels. Detailed analysis on the electron microscopy (EM) images of the microvascular ESG revealed a quasi‐periodic substructure with the ESG fiber diameter of 10–12 and 20 nm spacing between adjacent fibers. Atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers were applied to investigate the mechanical properties of the ESG on the cultured EC monolayers and in solutions. Enzymatic degradation of specific ESG glycosaminoglycan components was used to directly elucidate the role of the ESG in EC mechano‐sensing and transduction by measuring the shear‐induced productions of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, two characteristic responses of the ECs to the flow. The unique location, composition, and structure of the ESG determine its role in EC mechano‐sensing and transduction. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:381–390. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1211This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Physiology > Organismal Responses to Environment
Chemical Vapor Transport Reactions – A Historical Review
Authors: Binnewies Michael , Glaum Robert , Schmidt Marcus , Schmidt Peer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSince their first recognition in mineral forming processes some 150 years ago chemical vapor transport reactions (CVTR) have attracted continuous scientific interest. Due to the pioneering work of Harald Schäfer quantitative understanding and exploitation of transport reactions for crystal growth, synthesis, investigation of high‐temperature gas species, and thermodynamic studies have become possible. Renewed interest in CVT is triggered by the demand of material sciences for novel compounds with tailor‐made physical properties and by the need for efficient recycling strategies for various metals from industrial waste.