bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Red Crag Shell Portrait: a Comment on the Report of the Committee
Authors: Christy Miller 
Published: October 2013

I have read with much interest the Report of the Committee appointed on 12th February, 1913, to examine such evidence as exists bearing upon the question whether the shell from the Red Crag of Walton-on-the-Naze (a single valve of Pectunculus glycimeris which belonged to the late Mr Henry Stopes, and has rude human features engraved upon it) is a genuine work of art of the Crag or pre-Crag period or a modern fabrication; and I desire to offer a few remarks thereon.I may say at the outset that I have been familiar with this very puzzling shell for a long period; for I was present, on the 6th September, 1881, in the Anthropological Section of the British Association, during its Jubilee Meeting at York, when Mr. Stopes exhibited the shell and read an account of its known history. As to the Walton Cliffs and the Red Crag sections appearing therein, I knew them well years before.The Committee has not only examined minutely and discussed fully in its Report the shell itself, the amount of staining it presents, the manner of the cutting of the lines incised upon it, the amount of sand lodged in them, and other points of interest which it presents, but has also enquired exhaustively into the history of the discovery of the shell, so far as this can now be ascertained. It has done all this with an amount of care and thoroughness which deserves high praise.
Some Suggestions for Organised Research on Flint Implements
Authors: Schwartz Alfred 
Published: October 2013

The flint implements with which we are concerned as prehistoriaus, and to which we look for evidence of the existence of early man and of the degree of culture to which he had attained, may owe their origin either to the agency of nature or to that of man.It is of the greatest importance to us that we should be able to distinguish clearly between the products of these two agencies, and the problem of differentiating between them can be approached from two distinct directions. Thus, in dealing with the origin of a given group of implements, we may bring to bear upon the problem our knowledge as to the manner in which flint is fractured and fissured by natural forces, or we may seek for traces of humanity in the method exhibited in the flaking of the implement, the contours of its edges, the evidence of specific design, and the traces of the usage to which the tools have been put.In approaching the problem from the standpoint of natural forces, we are faced with the fact that our knowledge of the character and the magnitude of the natural forces which have acted, or are acting, upon the flints in question is extremely limited.
The Clay with Flints
Authors: Jamieson Colonel A. W. 
Published: October 2013

I have the pleasure to submit for your information some conclusions which I have arrived at after two years' work among the flints of Hampshire, in a district contained between the Meon, West Sussex, and the south of the Isle of Wight. The point I wish to urge is that in very great probability the earliest pages of the History of the Stone Age will be found written, not in pits of transported gravel but at the fountain head and parent source of these gravels—the Clay with Flints of the chalk downs. That has been my hypothesis, and as I went along I found things fitting into it. I feel convinced that Professor Prestwich had some such idea when he recommended Mr. Benjamin Harrison to devote his attention to the flints of the North Downs at their highest points.I would ask you to undertake a flight of imagination and to place yourselves in some modern aerial contrivance a few hundred feet above Alton in Hampshire, and to survey the horizon north, south and west. You will find below you the western extremity of the Wealden Pericline in the form of a truncated cone fading away to the horizon of Tertiaries which once wrapped round and spread over it, but which now have shrunk away to form the London and Hampshire Basins north and south of the Pericline. What was once a deposit of Reading Beds became in Eo., Mio, Plio. and Pleistocene time a smear of Remanié over the entire surface, before the excavation of the chalk valleys, a residue which we call Clay with Flints, and which is known in France as the Argile à Silex.
On the Further Discoveries of Flint Implements of Man Beneath: the Base of the Red Crag of Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to give an account of the various diggings which have been carried on beneath the base of the Red Crag of Suffolk by means of money grants from the Royal Society of London, and to accurately describe and figure the further flint implements of man which have been discovered in the sub-crag detritus bed, since the appearance of Sir Ray Lankester's memoir in the Philosophical Transactions (series B., Vol. 202, pp. 283–336) and to show by such a description that a series of flaked flints have now been recovered constituting a true Pliocene human “culture.”An account will also be given of the characteristics of these newly-discovered implements, and the conclusions which may be legitimately drawn from them regarding their past history and its bearing upon the deposit in which they are found.The excavations which have been conducted and which have resulted in these new discoveries being made, extended over the period intervening between April, 1912, and November, 1913, and were carried out at the following places:—Tattingstone Hall Farm, Tattingstone; Thorington Hall, Wherstead; The Back Hamlet, Ipswich; Messrs. Bolton and Laughlin's brickfield, Ipswich; The Nursery, Martlesham; Pettistree and Sutton Hall Farms, near Woodbridge; and the Valley Farm, Boyton, near Woodbridge.
Middle Glacial and Pre-Crag Implements in South Norfolk
Authors: Kendall H. G. O. 
Published: October 2013

Being in the neighbourhood of Lopham, in July, 1914, I made such examination of the neighbouring flint and gravel pits as time allowed. In the majority of cases the pits are only dug to a moderate depth, the lower strata above the chalk being left untouched. A large pit at Diss, on the northern slope of the Waveney Valley, showed very fine sections of glacial deposits, including some very large, much-abraded flints.At Hargham, Garboldisham, West Harling Heath, and Banham was a cohesive, argillaceous, red sand, beneath the humus, some four or five feet in depth and containing a considerable number of flints. Most of these are in a vertical position. At Hargham a stratified gravel was visible beneath the aforesaid. At West Harling the red material was interdigitated, vertically, with chalk rubble containing flints. Here, and more numerously at Garboldisham, were humanly-chipped flints, apparently intermediate in age between the pre-Crag industry and the Pleistocene Palæoliths.
Spade-Work in North-West Suffolk
Authors: Caton Louisa L. F. 
Published: October 2013

In the summer of 1913 I discovered a barrow in a remote spot in North-West Suffolk, a few miles from Thetford, and as it did not appear to have been opened I determined to excavate it. I started digging on January 14th, 1914, and between then and April was working on the site for 145 hours. The barrow was roughly circular with a diameter of 40 feet. The soil was sandy, resting on gravel, with stones and gravel at a depth of 2½ feet round the circumference of the barrow, which was dug over to a depth of 4 feet, though no relics were found below 3 feet from the surface.A little to the east of the centre a small urn was found in a rabbit burrow in 1906, and here I discovered a large funeral pyre with charcoal and potsherds. The charcoal was kindly identified by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., F.G.S., as that of oak, part of it probably representing a gnarled root, while there was also a carbonised half acorn; and the potsherds by Mr. A. G. Wright, of Colchester Museum, as portions of a Bronze Age cinerary urn.
A Workshop Floor Near Porthcurno, Cornwall
Authors: Marsden J. G. 
Published: October 2013

Forming the Western boundary of the beautiful cove of Porthcurno is a bold headland, known as Pedn-mên-an-mere; it is some 3½ miles S.E. of Land's End. On its summit stands a “Wireless” mast, which, with the attached hut, is enclosed in a wire fence. Outside the fence the surface is covered with gorse and heather except for two small bare patches about 15 yards apart, from which the turf has been removed, and several spots where masses of granite come to the surface. On one of these bare patches I found many flakes and one or two rough implements; on the other not a trace of flint. I therefore decided to dig up the former, and have found about 1,500 pieces of flint and chert, the former largely predominating.As far as can be judged from its appearance, the ground had never been opened up before; in most places the depth of the soil was only a few inches, and nowhere more than fifteen. The flints were almost invariably lying flat and near the surface. I could not see any sign of a definite stratum.
High-Level Finds in the Upper Thames Valley
Authors: Smith Reginald A. 
Published: October 2013

The implements which Mr. G. W. Smith has been good enough to exhibit at my suggestion are a selection from no less than one hundred and seventy in his collection from a small and shallow pit on high ground overlooking the Thames, near Tilehurst Station, 3 miles north-west of the centre of Reading. It is perhaps unfamiliar ground to members of this Society, but has been well studied in the past, and the following list, together with other papers quoted in the text, will put the reader in possession of the principal facts at present ascertained as to the geology and flint-finds of the neighbourhood:—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., LIV., 600 (sketch-map of the high gravels near Reading, Tilehurst and Goring Heath being marked alike).Q.J.G.S., XLIX., 311, from which the accompanying section of the Thames Valley is derived (Fig. 8).Q.J.G.S., XLVIII., 40, where the Tilehurst plateau-gravel is described as glacial.Proc. Geol. Assoc., XV., 157 and 308.Proc. Geol. Assoc., VIII., 348 (heights given, above the river and Ordnance datum, of flint-finds).Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archæological Journal, II., 16 (Treacher).Trans. Berks Archæol. and Archit. Soc., 1881–2 (Stevens).
The Implements and Cores of Crayford
Authors: Chandler R. H. 
Published: October 2013

The well-known brick-earth deposits of Crayford, in Kent (forming part of the so-called 50-ft., or middle terrace of the Thames), have for many years yielded flint implements of Mousterian type, and more recently (1910-12) I have succeeded in finding the cores from which such implements were struck.In the closing decades of the last century long, slender knives of fine quality flint were abundant, but since the writer first came to have the pits under observation (in 1903) implements of all kinds have been rare, and many winters go by with only the discovery of a few simple flakes.References up till 1889 are given in the “Geology of London,” and, in 1905, Messrs. Hinton and Kennard brought them up to date in their paper on “The Relative Ages of the Stone Implements of the Lower Thames Valley,” This valuable paper was the first to attribute the characteristic Crayford implement to the Mousterian period, on account of the similarity in workmanship to those from Le Moustier.
Chipped Flints from below the Boulder Clay at Hertford
Authors: Kendall H. G. O. 
Published: October 2013

It has been to me a fascinating occupation to follow in the foot-steps of my mentor, the veteran prehistorian, Worthington G. Smith, in the study of flint implements in parts of the Lea valley in mid-Herts. At times, I have had the honour of supplementing, in a small way, his well known labours.One day, in 1903, I had a little while to wait for the train at Hertingfordbury, near Hertford, just above the junction of the rivers Mimram and Lea. Mr. Smith had found implements at Hertford; but none had, as yet, been discovered at Hertingfordbury. A large gravel pit, on the west side of the road, looked tempting. A very hasty search in the failing light revealed a flint (Fig. 62B) of promising appearance in the tough, upper, ochreous gravel, at 10ft. depth from the surface. By strenuous exertions: with hands, to extract it; and with feet, to keep my balance on a tiny ledge, I managed to secure the stone: and catch the train ! This was in the early days of my flint-hunting. But I have never found another quite like it. It has the appearance of an adze, of kite-shaped outline, with an obtusely pointed basal end, for mounting. Very few implements from the river drift, show, to my thinking, any signs of having been made for mounting.
The Dating of Surface Flint Implements and the Evidences of the Submerged Peat Surface
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine 
Published: October 2013

It is admitted by all workers in prehistory that the human implements which are found upon the surface do not all belong to the Neolithic period, although, until recently, they have always been called Neolithic. It therefore seems better to define them clearly as a Surface Series, without prejudice to their date.Beyond this point of general agreement, differences of opinion are strongly marked. Some workers would boldly place the majority of the Surface Series in the Later Palæolithic period, or “Cave Age,” while others are unable to accept this view.It must be admitted that we have very little knowledge of remains belonging to a strictly-defined Neolithic period. We know that “Neolithic” implements continued to be extensively used during the Early Bronze Age, and even in later times.
Scraper-Core Industries in North Wilts
Authors: Kendall H. G. O. 
Published: October 2013

Hackpen Hill, 888-ft., is the highest ridge of the Marlborough Downs properly so called, and has already been described in my paper on the Palæoliths found on its summit. The southern hills, overlooking the Pewsey Valley, rise to 965-ft. The top of the hill, hough narrow, is flat, and bears pockets of Tertiary remains, the ub-soil being of a clayey nature almost throughout.Until recently, five large fields were tilled, and seventeen years ago a sixth was still under the plough. The space covered by these was 1½ miles in length; and on an average, about ⅓ mile in width, two of the fields stretching a little way down the dip slope of the hill.
On Some Flint Implements Beneath Blown Sand in Northern France
Authors: Chandler R. H. 
Published: October 2013

The implements forming the subject of this note were found at the base of the Blown Sand Dunes which extend along the coast of Pas de Calais and attain, in the neighbourhood of Etaples, a height of 60 metres.The principal sites are grouped about the outstanding pinacle of sand immediately opposite the Etaples Military Cemetery, and are on the east of the road to Boulogne and about one mile out of Etaples.This pinacle of sand is the highest dune seen from the road (it reaches up to about 50 metres) and it is in the dunes ranging north and south of this pinacle, where the wind has scooped out hollows in the western face, and reached down to the underlying chalk and gravel, that the implements and flakes occur so abundantly.Generally speaking there are low dunes bordering the Canche River, but on the east of the main road they rise in a fairly pronounced range to between 40 and 50 metres, then they fall away to about 25-30 metres and rise again, ¼ to ½ a mile further inland to about 60 metres.
An Implement from Higham, Suffolk
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2013

In 1900 an implement was found on the surface at Broom Covert, Higham, Suffolk, which has generously been presented to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, by F. H. Barclay, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., the Warren, Cromer.It is of considerable interest, and I propose briefly to describe it. It is slightly lustrous, milk-white with some light indigo-coloured mottlings, quite unworn, and presumably a true surface-find not derived from a deposit.The specimen, which is 4½-in. long and 1½-in. across at the widest part is a well-formed lateral burin (Fig. 1). The working edge has been renewed, probably more than once. At the final renewal, after striking the burin-blow, the face then produced was modified by the removal of some small flakes at the anterior end (Fig. 1 c). The striking platform was reduced by subsequent trimming, giving the butt-end a neat semi-oval outline.
A Surface Site in S.E. Devon
Authors: Woods Gertrude Macalpine 
Published: October 2013

This lies about 2½ miles S.W. of Seaton, on Beer Head, which is an isolated and the most westerly mass of chalk in England, at a height of approximately 450-ft. O.D., at the extreme top and S.W. edge of the catchment basin of the Axe.Up to the present, all artifacts found have been picked up in 4 or 5 large ploughed fields on a plateau immediately behind the part of Beer Head known as South Down. These fields are divided from the cliff-edge by a strip of undisturbed turf only a few hundred yards in width. An aerial photograph shows this apparently level turf to be a network of small divisions and boundaries of various shapes, and several parallel curved lines or rows, all of which continue to where the cliff breaks away and which are untraceable from ground level.
An Unusual Implement of Neolithic form Found at Bawdsey, Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The specimen to which this note refers was found by Mr. Stephen Notcutt, of Ipswich, who has kindly allowed me to illustrate, and to describe it. This important implement was lying among some largish stones upon the beach, exposed at low water, at the mouth of the River Deben, Bawdsey, Suffolk, and was derived, in all probability, from some ancient bed of gravel occurring higher up the valley.It will be realised by an examination of the coloured illustration (Plate XII.), the publication of which has been made possible by certain generous donations to the Illustration Fund, that this specimen conforms to a well-known type of axe (the “Thames Pick”) of the Early Neolithic period, and. at the same time, exhibits a colouration such as, so far as my knowledge extends, has only been found, hitherto, in Suffolk associated with flint implements referable to the Lower Palæolithic-Chellean-phase.
Report on a Skeleton Found Buried in an Extended Supine Position at Mundford and Assigned by the Finders to the Bronze Period
Authors: Keith Arthur 
Published: October 2013

This skeleton is almost complete, the only part of importance which is missing being the region of the forehead and upper part of the face. The skeleton is that of a particularly robustly built man, about 5-ft. 5-in. or 5-ft. 6-in. in height, (1.660 M) aged about 60, with severe rheumatic changes in the spine and extreme disease of the teeth. Most of his characters are those of men whose remains are found in round barrows and other British burials which contain earthenware beakers of the bronze age. He is not a representative specimen of the “beaker” type, but most of his features resemble those of that type.The maximum length of the skull I estimate to have been 188 m.m.; its greatest width is 147 m.m., the width being 78.2% of the length. It is quite true that the skull is longer than is usually the case in beaker men, yet its form as seen in profile, the fulness of the cerebellar region and particularly the massive size of the great enternal occipital crest for the attachment of the neck, are “beaker” features.The vault is high, its highest point above the ear-passages when the skull is oriented in the Frankfort plane, being 122 m.m. The height of the skull also favours his relationship to the beaker type.
A Remarkable Quartzite Implement
Authors: Brotherton Bertram , Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The gravel-pit in which the implement was found in November, 1929, is known as the Bilford Pit, and is situated about a mile due east of the river Severn, in the Bilford Road, and a mile and a half due north from the centre of Worcester City. The surface level is 100 feet O.D., and the pit is owned and worked by the Worcester Corporation.The area in the immediate vicinity of Worcester could not have been exempt from some of the effects of the abnormal climate that prevailed over the British Islands during the Ice Age, yet we have at present no clear evidence of an invasion of the district by ice-sheets. The drift deposits around Worcester comprise a great variety of pebbles, beds of sand, and a few boulders. The pebbles are similar to those obtained from the Permian and Bunter conglomerates, and the pebble-beds of the Lickey and Clent district (about sixteen miles to the north of Worcester). They include yellow, brown, and liver-coloured quartzites, vein quartz, sandstone, chert, limestone, slate and various igneous rocks.The occurence of marine shells, Cretaceous flints, Liassic fossils, and other drift materials in the gravels extending from Cheshire to Gloucestershire, led Murchison to believe they were laid down by a marine current flowing from the north. Few geologists now accept this explanation.
Early Iron Age Settlement on Jack's Hill, Great Wymondley, Herts
Authors: Tebbutt C. F. 
Published: October 2013

In January, 1930, my brother started work on a garage on the west side of the Great North Road between Baldock and Stevenage, in the parish of Great Wymondley, and 180 yards south of the milestone indicating 34 miles to London. A hole in the chalk containing black soil and pottery was found in sinking a petrol tank.It was a bowl-shaped pit (see Plate XXXV., Pit 1), showing in section on the chalk wall just dug, its greatest width being 8 ft., and the depth 5 ft. from the surface. Above the solid chalk was 2 ft. of soil, shading evenly from yellow at the base to dark yellow at the surface, and showing no variation or disturbance over the pit, as if the whole top-soil had been laid down after the pit had been filled in. I was fortunate in having Mr. T. C. Lethbridge, F.S.A., to help me clear this and the other pits, and on the first day we had the help and advice of Dr. Cyril Fox. F.S.A., and Mr. Louis Clarke, F.S.A.By digging down from the surface we found that the pit was irregular in shape and extended 6 ½ ft. back from the chalk face. The filling was of dark soil varying in colour.There were three layers which, from the quantity of wood ash in them, might have been hearths. In the filling were numerous brook pebbles cracked and blackened by fire (potboilers probably), and many potsherds.
Flint Implements from the “Stone Bed” of the North Norfolk Coast
Authors: Sainty J. E. 
Published: October 2013

The sub-crag “stone bed” has been described by many writers and there is now a general consensus of opinion that it represents the non-floatable débris of the Tertiary land surface spread out by the advancing Crag sea and sealed in beneath the sands, clays and gravels of the shelly crag. In Norfolk the stone bed rests immediately upon the chalk. At the present time, when most of the formerly numerous chalk pits are no longer worked, sections are scarce. The best available opportunities for examining the stone bed are provided by the cliff section from Weybourne to Sheringham, and the beach and foreshore exposures from Beeston to East Runton.At Weybourne, to the east of the old coast-guard cottages, the chalk rises abruptly from beneath the chalky boulder-clay of the Great Eastern glaciation which cuts down below tide-level to the westward; and soon attains a height of about twenty feet above the pebble-bank. For the first few hundred yards the chalk is very disturbed, flints from the stone bed, patches of very shelly crag and fragments of chalk being inextricably mixed in the upper portion, though the chalk four feet below the surface shows the flint layers apparently undisturbed. In about three hundred yards the stone bed becomes continuous, with varying thicknesses of the crag gravels and sands separating it from the glacial beds above. In thickness the stone bed varies from six to nine inches, occasionally reaching a foot, and tending to become rather thicker as it stretches eastward.