bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noah Modelling of the Permafrost Distribution and Characteristics in the West Kunlun Area, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Chen Hao , Nan Zhuotong , Zhao Lin , Ding Yongjian , Chen Ji , Pang Qiangqiang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Noah land surface model (LSM) can simulate well the hydrological and thermal processes of permafrost in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) and provides more permafrost metrics than those of statistical empirical models. The aim of this study was to develop a prototype for permafrost modelling by Noah and validate the model with field data. This was accomplished by modifying Noah, introducing a new thermal roughness scheme, a parameter calibration method and extending the simulation depth to allow for soil heterogeneity. The modified Noah LSM was validated using observations from the Tanggula meteorological station. Key permafrost metrics were simulated, including mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) at the depth of zero annual amplitude (DZAA), active layer thickness (ALT) and ground ice content of the West Kunlun area in the QTP. The permafrost distribution of the West Kunlun was mapped using the simulated MAGT and compared to a permafrost distribution map based on field observations. Data from ten boreholes were used for verification. The simulation error of the MAGT is less than 1.0 °C for eight boreholes, and the ALT simulations have relative errors of less than 25 per cent for seven boreholes. The Kappa coefficient for the two maps is 0.70. Permafrost characteristics including the distribution of different permafrost types, DZAA, ALT, MAGT and ground ice content in the West Kunlun are strongly influenced by altitude and the local environment. Such permafrost modelling can be extended to the rest of the QTP. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the aggregation behaviour of DNA origami frames
Authors: Fischer Franziska , Henning‐Knechtel Anja , Mertig Michael 
Published: March 2015

We describe the design, synthesis and aggregation behaviour of a biomolecular breadboard in the form of a DNA origami frame. Our findings focus on determining the shortest thermal annealing protocol, yielding correctly folded frames. In addition, we investigate the frames’ chain formation behaviour due to base stacking. By minor alterations in the origami design, we can deliberately avoid or induce this behaviour and influence the relative orientation of frames in the chains.Aggregate formation of DNA origami frames using nucleic acid base stacking.
Robust cascaded automatic cruise control of electric vehicles
Authors: Reichhartinger M. , Horn M. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis article focuses on automatic cruise control for electrically driven vehicles. The objective is to track a given vehicle‐velocity profile. For this type of application, the so‐called wheel slip plays a key role, as it is a measure for the force transmitted from the wheel to the road. Conventional wheel‐ slip controllers are usually activated if the absolute value of the slip exceeds pre‐assumed thresholds. Furthermore, it is distinguished between a braking and acceleration maneuver using separately designed and implemented controllers. In contrast, the proposed concept requires neither an activation strategy for the slip controller nor a distinction between braking and acceleration. The cascaded control structure is based upon adaptive‐gains super twisting sliding‐mode algorithm, and the friction force estimator is realized as a second‐order sliding‐mode observer with constant gains. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed concept are demonstrated in numerical simulations using a complex multibody vehicle model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrepreneurial failure: Statistical and psychological explanations
Authors: Artinger Sabrina , Powell Thomas C. 
Published: March 2015

Research summary: Entrepreneurial start‐ups suffer high rates of business failure. Previous research on entrepreneurial failure has focused on two kinds of explanations: statistical and psychological. Statistical explanations attribute excess entry to random errors made by boundedly rational entrepreneurs attempting to estimate business opportunities in risky markets. Psychological explanations focus on entrepreneurial overconfidence and competition neglect. These explanations emerged independently and have not been tested or compared in the same study. In this experimental study, we distinguish entrepreneurial markets from other types of markets and test statistical and psychological hypotheses for all market types. We find that excess entry is significantly greater in small, risky markets than in other market types, and that confidence levels account for excess entry, over and above the effects of unbiased statistical errors.Managerial summary: How can we explain the fact that most entrepreneurial ventures fail within five years? Market risk, inadequate capital and inexperienced management certainly play a role. However, from an economic point of view, it seems odd that inexperienced, under‐funded people continue to engage in risky behavior that is widely known to fail. We conducted experiments that tested two explanations of entrepreneurial failure. The first explanation – the statistical hypothesis – argues that entrepreneurship involves high uncertainty, so random errors are inevitable and can produce excess entry (or under‐entry). The second explanation – the psychological hypothesis – says that entrepreneurs' mistakes are not random but skewed heavily toward excess entry; hence, their decisions are distorted by psychological factors such as overconfidence. Our experiments found support for both of these explanations. Random errors under uncertainty explained 60% of the excess entry in our experiments. However, the overconfidence hypothesis correctly predicted that excess entry exceeds under‐entry, and our psychological measures of overconfidence found support in the data. We also found that the markets that most often attract entrepreneurial investment – emerging markets with high uncertainty – were the markets most conducive to excess entry, due to a combination of psychological and market factors. Hence, we conclude that potential entrepreneurs should pay less attention to their own abilities and aspirations, and more attention to the external realities of competition in the marketplace. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lightweight, latency‐aware routing for data compression in wireless sensor networks with heterogeneous traffics
Authors: Wang You‐Chiun , Wei Chia‐Ting 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn many applications and scenarios, sensors have to regularly report what they monitor from the environment and quickly notify the sink node of event occurrence in the sensing field. An in‐network data reduction technique, such as data aggregation and data compression, can help diminish the amount of data sent from sensors, which not only saves the network bandwidth but also preserves sensors' energy. However, such technique does not consider packet latency because of the aggregation or compression operation. When some sensors generate regular reports in lower data rates, their packets have to spend longer time to be aggregated or compressed, resulting in higher packet delays. Besides, when events occur, the network could suffer from instant congestion due to the generation of numerous event notifications. Motivated with the aforementioned observations, the paper develops a lightweight, latency‐aware routing for data compression (L2DC) scheme to reduce packet latency when applying the compression technique, to reduce the amount of data generated from sensors. L2DC gives event notifications a higher priority over regular reports and eliminates unnecessary notifications to avoid bursty network congestion. In addition, L2DC facilitates the data compression process by allowing each sensor to determine whether to keep packets for compression locally or to send them to a neighbor to be compressed in a distributed manner. Our L2DC scheme can be easily built on most ad hoc and sensor routing protocols because it provides auxiliary redundant packet elimination and relay node selection mechanisms to reduce packet latency. By using the ad hoc on‐demand distance vector protocol as the example, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the L2DC scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossing the embryonic midline: molecular mechanisms regulating axon responsiveness at an intermediate target
Authors: Neuhaus‐Follini Alexandra , Bashaw Greg J. 
Published: March 2015

In bilaterally symmetric animals, the precise assembly of neural circuitry at the midline is essential for coordination of the left and right sides of the body. Commissural axons must first be directed across the midline and then be prevented from re‐crossing in order to ensure proper midline connectivity. Here, we review the attractants and repellents that direct axonal navigation at the ventral midline and the receptors on commissural neurons through which they signal. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms that commissural axons use to switch their responsiveness to midline‐derived cues, so that they are initially responsive to midline attractants and subsequently responsive to midline repellents. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:377–389. doi: 10.1002/wdev.185This article is categorized under:

Nervous System Development > Flies
Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Systems engineering meets quantitative systems pharmacology: from low‐level targets to engaging the host defenses
Authors: Androulakis Ioannis P. 
Published: March 2015

Quantitative systems pharmacology aims at systematizing, in a model‐based manner, the integration of systems biology and pharmacology in an effort to rationalize the process of assessing the ability of a drug to enhance well‐being by off‐setting the effects of a disease. Systems engineering, on the other hand, has enabled us to develop principles and methodologies for designing and operating engineered networks of structures exploring the integration of the underlying governing (design) laws. Although the computational tools which have resulted in major advances in the design, analysis, and operation of complex engineered structures have had tremendous success in the analysis of systems pharmacology models, it is argued in this opinion paper, that exploring the underlying conceptual foundation of complex systems engineering will enable us to move toward integrated models at the host level to explore, and possibly, induce synergies between low‐level drug targets and higher level, systemic, defense mechanisms. This is an approach which would require refocusing of the key activities; however, it is likely the more promising approach as we enter the new era of personalized and precision medicine. We finally argue for the development of an allostatic approach to quantitative systems pharmacology and the development of an integrated framework for considering drugs in their broader context, beyond their local site of action. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:101–112. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1294This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2014 for treatment of colorectal cancer
Authors: Watanabe Toshiaki , Itabashi Michio , Shimada Yasuhiro , Tanaka Shinji , Ito Yoshinori , Ajioka Yoichi , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Hyodo Ichinosuke , Igarashi Masahiro , Ishida Hideyuki , Ishihara Soichiro , Ishiguro Megumi , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Kokudo Norihiro , Muro Kei , Ochiai Atsushi , Oguchi Masahiko , Ohkura Yasuo , Saito Yutaka , Sakai Yoshiharu , Ueno Hideki , Yoshino Takayuki , Boku Narikazu , Fujimori Takahiro , Koinuma Nobuo , Morita Takayuki , Nishimura Genichi , Sakata Yuh , Takahashi Keiichi , Tsuruta Osamu , Yamaguchi Toshiharu , Yoshida Masahiro , Yamaguchi Naohiko , Kotake Kenjiro , Sugihara Kenichi ,   Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of death in Japan, where it accounts for the largest number of deaths from malignant neoplasms among women and the third largest number among men. Many new methods of treatment have been developed during recent decades. The Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum Guidelines 2014 for treatment of colorectal cancer (JSCCR Guidelines 2014) have been prepared as standard treatment strategies for colorectal cancer, to eliminate treatment disparities among institutions, to eliminate unnecessary treatment and insufficient treatment, and to deepen mutual understanding among health-care professionals and patients by making these guidelines available to the general public. These guidelines have been prepared as a result of consensuses reached by the JSCCR Guideline Committee on the basis of careful review of evidence retrieved by literature searches and taking into consideration the medical health insurance system and actual clinical practice in Japan. They can, therefore, be used as a guide for treating colorectal cancer in clinical practice. More specifically, they can be used as a guide to obtaining informed consent from patients and choosing the method of treatment for each patient. As a result of the discussions of the Guideline Committee, controversial issues were selected as clinical questions, and recommendations were made. Each recommendation is accompanied by a classification of the evidence and a classification of recommendation categories, on the basis of consensus reached by Guideline Committee members. Here we present the English version of the JSCCR Guidelines 2014.
Phase 1 study of ixazomib, an investigational proteasome inhibitor, in advanced non-hematologic malignancies
Authors: Smith David C. , Kalebic Thea , Infante Jeffrey R. , Siu Lillian L. , Sullivan Daniel , Vlahovic Gordana , Kauh John S. , Gao Feng , Berger Allison J. , Tirrell Stephen , Gupta Neeraj , Di Bacco Alessandra , Berg Deborah , Liu Guohui , Lin Jianchang , Hui Ai-Min , Thompson John A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryPurpose Ixazomib is an investigational proteasome inhibitor with demonstrated antitumor activity in xenograft models of multiple myeloma (MM), lymphoma, and solid tumors. This open-label, phase 1 study investigated intravenous (IV) ixazomib, in adult patients with advanced non-hematologic malignancies. Methods Patients received IV ixazomib twice-weekly for up to twelve 21-day cycles. The 0.125 mg/m2 starting dose was doubled (one patient/dose) until 1.0 mg/m2 based on dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in cycle 1. This was followed by 3 + 3 dose-escalation and expansion at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Primary objectives included safety and MTD assessment. Secondary objectives included assessment of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and disease response. Results Ixazomib was escalated from 0.125 to 2.34 mg/m2 to determine the MTD (n = 23); patients were then enrolled to MTD expansion (n = 73) and pharmacodynamic (n = 20) cohorts. Five patients experienced DLTs (1.0 and 1.76 mg/m2: grade 3 pruritic rash; 2.34 mg/m2: grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia, and grade 3 acute renal failure); thus, the MTD was 1.76 mg/m2. Drug-related grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) included thrombocytopenia (23 %), skin and subcutaneous (SC) tissue disorders (16 %), and fatigue (9 %). Among 92 evaluable patients, one (head and neck cancer) had a partial response and 30 had stable disease. Ixazomib terminal half-life was 3.8–7.2 days; plasma exposures increased dose-proportionally and drug was distributed to tumors. Inhibition of whole-blood 20S proteasome activity and upregulation of ATF-3 in tumor biopsies demonstrated target engagement. Conclusions In patients with solid tumors, ixazomib was associated with a manageable safety profile, limited antitumor activity, and evidence of downstream proteasome inhibition effects.
Neurophysiological modeling of bladder afferent activity in the rat overactive bladder model
Authors: Choudhary Mahipal , van Asselt Els , van Mastrigt Ron , Clavica Francesco 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome-based urinary dysfunction characterized by “urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia”. Earlier we developed a mathematical model of bladder nerve activity during voiding in anesthetized rats and found that the nerve activity in the relaxation phase of voiding contractions was all afferent. In the present study, we applied this mathematical model to an acetic acid (AA) rat model of bladder overactivity to study the sensitivity of afferent fibers in intact nerves to bladder pressure and volume changes. The afferent activity in the filling phase and the slope, i.e., the sensitivity of the afferent fibers to pressure changes in the post-void relaxation phase, were found to be significantly higher in AA than in saline measurements, while the offset (nerve activity at pressure ~0) and maximum pressure were comparable. We have thus shown, for the first time, that the sensitivity of afferent fibers in the OAB can be studied without cutting nerves or preparation of single fibers. We conclude that bladder overactivity induced by AA in rats is neurogenic in origin and is caused by increased sensitivity of afferent sensors in the bladder wall.
Corporate Social Responsibility Practice from 1800–1914: Past Initiatives and Current Debates
Authors: Husted Bryan W. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT:The history of the practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has largely been limited to the twentieth century, with a focus on the United States. This paper provides a brief introduction to CSR practice from the nineteenth century through World War I in the United Kingdom, United States, Japan, India, and Germany. The relevance of nineteenth-century CSR to current debates and research regarding the motivations for CSR, the business cases for CSR, stakeholder management, political CSR, industry self-regulation, and income inequality are also discussed.
Education in Disaster Management and Emergencies: Defining a New European Course
Authors: Khorram-Manesh Amir , Ashkenazi Michael , Djalali Ahmadreza , Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Friedl Tom , von Armin Gotz , Lupesco Olivera , Kaptan Kubilay , Arculeo Chris , Hreckovski Boris , Komadina Radko , Fisher Philipp , Voigt Stefan , James James , Gursky Elin 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveUnremitting natural disasters, deliberate threats, pandemics, and humanitarian suffering resulting from conflict situations necessitate swift and effective response paradigms. The European Union’s (EU) increasing visibility as a disaster response enterprise suggests the need not only for financial contribution but also for instituting a coherent disaster response approach and management structure. The DITAC (Disaster Training Curriculum) project identified deficiencies in current responder training approaches and analyzed the characteristics and content required for a new, standardized European course in disaster management and emergencies.MethodsOver 35 experts from within and outside the EU representing various organizations and specialties involved in disaster management composed the DITAC Consortium. These experts were also organized into 5 specifically tasked working groups. Extensive literature reviews were conducted to identify requirements and deficiencies and to craft a new training concept based on research trends and lessons learned. A pilot course and program dissemination plan was also developed.ResultsThe lack of standardization was repeatedly highlighted as a serious deficiency in current disaster training methods, along with gaps in the command, control, and communication levels. A blended and competency-based teaching approach using exercises combined with lectures was recommended to improve intercultural and interdisciplinary integration.ConclusionThe goal of a European disaster management course should be to standardize and enhance intercultural and inter-agency performance across the disaster management cycle. A set of minimal standards and evaluation metrics can be achieved through consensus, education, and training in different units. The core of the training initiative will be a unit that presents a realistic situation “scenario-based training.” (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:245-255)
Cold-Air Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Against Clostridium difficile Spores: A Potential Alternative for the Decontamination of Hospital Inanimate Surfaces
Authors: Claro Tânia , Cahill Orla J. , O’Connor Niall , Daniels Stephen , Humphreys Hilary 
Published: March 2015

AbstractClostridium difficile spores survive for months on environmental surfaces and are highly resistant to decontamination. We evaluated the effect of cold-air plasma against C. difficile spores. The single-jet had no effect while the multi-jet achieved 2–3 log10 reductions in spore counts and may augment traditional decontamination.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0):1–3
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia show association with amygdala volumes and neural activation during affective processing
Authors: Rahm Christoffer , Liberg Benny , Reckless Greg , Ousdal Olga , Melle Ingrid , Andreassen Ole A. , Agartz Ingrid 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesNegative symptoms in schizophrenia have been associated with structural and functional alterations of the amygdala. We hypothesised that there would be between-group differences in amygdala volume and neural activation patterns during processing of affective stimuli among patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. We further hypothesised correlations between neuroimaging metrics and clinical ratings of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsWe used structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess volume and neural activation of the amygdala in 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls.ResultsWe found no between-group differences in amygdala volume or neural activation. However, we found a significant negative correlation between emotional blunting and neural activation in the left amygdala during processing of positive affect. We also found a significant negative correlation between stereotyped thinking and the volume of right amygdala.ConclusionOur findings implicate the amygdala in a subgroup of negative symptoms in schizophrenia that are characterised by reduced expression with blunted affect and stereotyped thinking.