bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaemia only causes a small reduction in the upper critical temperature of sea bass: is oxygen delivery the limiting factor for tolerance of acute warming in fishes?
Authors: Wang Tobias , Lefevre Sjannie , Iversen Nina K. , Findorf Inge , Buchanan Rasmus , McKenzie David J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo address how capacity for oxygen transport influences tolerance of acute warming in fishes, we investigated whether a reduction in haematocrit, by means of intra-peritoneal injection of the haemolytic agent phenylhydrazine, lowered upper critical temperature of sea bass. A reduction in haematocrit from 42±2 to 20±3% (mean ± s.e.m.) caused a significant but minor reduction in upper critical temperature, from 35.8 ± 0.1 to 35.1±0.2°C, with no correlation between individual values for haematocrit and upper thermal limit. Anaemia did not influence the rise in oxygen uptake between 25 and 33°C, because the anaemic fish were able to compensate for reduced blood oxygen carrying capacity with a significant increase in cardiac output. Therefore, in sea bass the upper critical temperature, at which they lost equilibrium, was not determined by an inability of the cardio-respiratory system to meet the thermal acceleration of metabolic demands.
Air breathing in the Arctic: influence of temperature, hypoxia, activity and restricted air access on respiratory physiology of Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis)
Authors: Lefevre Sjannie , Damsgaard Christian , Nilsson Göran E. , Pascale Desirae R. , Stecyk Jonathan A. W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) is an air-breathing fish native to Alaska and the Bering Sea islands, where it inhabits lakes that are ice-covered in the winter, but enters warm and hypoxic waters in the summer to forage and reproduce. To understand this species’ respiratory physiology under these conditions, and the selective pressures that maintain the ability to breathe air, we acclimated fish to 5°C and 15°C and used respirometry to measure: standard oxygen uptake (SṀO2) in normoxia (19.8 kPa PO2) and hypoxia (2.5 kPa), with and without access to air, partitioning of SṀO2 in normoxia and hypoxia, maximum ṀO2 and partitioning after exercise, and critical oxygen tension (Pcrit). Additionally, the effects of temperature acclimation on haematocrit, haemoglobin oxygen affinity and gill morphology were assessed. SṀO2 was higher, but air breathing was not increased, at 15°C or after exercise at any temperature. Both 5°C- and 15°C-acclimated fish increased air breathing to compensate and fully maintain SṀO2 in hypoxia. Fish were able to maintain SṀO2 through aquatic respiration when air was denied in normoxia, but when air was denied in hypoxia SṀO2 was reduced by approximately 30-50%. Pcrit was relatively high (5 kPa) and there were no differences in Pcrit, gill morphology, haematocrit or haemoglobin oxygen affinity between temperatures. Overall, Alaska blackfish depends on air breathing in hypoxia, and additional mechanisms must thus be utilised to survive hypoxic submergence during the winter, such as hypoxia-induced enhancements in blood oxygen carrying capacity and binding, behavioural hypoxia avoidance and metabolic rate suppression.
Metabolism and water loss rate of the haematophagous insect,Rhodnius prolixus: effect of starvation and temperature
Authors: Rolandi Carmen , Iglesias Mónica S. , Schilman Pablo E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHaematophagous insects suffer big changes in water needs under different levels of starvation. Rhodnius prolixus is the most important haematophagous vector of Chagas disease in the north of South America and a model organism in insect physiology. Although, there are some studies on patterns of gas exchange and metabolic rates, there is little information regarding water loss in R. prolixus. We investigated if there is any modulation of water loss and metabolic rates under different requirements for saving water. We measured simultaneously CO2 production, water emission and activity on individual insects in real time by open-flow respirometry at different temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C) and post-feeding days (0, 5, 13 and 29). We found: 1) a clear drop in the metabolic rate between 5-13 days after feeding that cannot be explained by activity and 2) a decrease in water loss rate with increasing starvation level, by a decrease in cuticular water loss during the first 5 days after feeding and a drop in the respiratory component thereafter. We calculated the surface area of the insects and estimated cuticular permeability. In addition, we analyzed the pattern of gas exchange; change of cyclic to continuous pattern was affected by temperature and activity, but it was not affected by the level of starvation. Modulation of metabolic and water loss rates with temperature and starvation could help R. prolixus to be more flexible in tolerating different periods of starvation, which is adaptive in a changing environment with the uncertainty of finding a suitable host.
Total body water and water turnover rates in the estuarine diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) during the transition from dormancy to activity
Authors: Harden Leigh Anne , Duernberger Kimberley Anne , Jones T. Todd , Williard Amanda Southwood 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWater and salt concentrations in an animal’s body fluids can fluctuate with changing environmental conditions, posing osmoregulatory challenges that require behavioral and physiological adjustments. The purpose of this study was to investigate body water dynamics in the estuarine diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin), a species that undergoes seasonal dormancy in salt marsh habitats. We conducted a field study to determine the total body water (TBW%), water turnover rate (WTR), and daily water flux (DWF) of female terrapins in southeastern North Carolina pre- and post-emergence from winter dormancy. Terrapins were injected with [2H]deuterium on two occasions and washout of the isotope was monitored by taking successive blood samples during the period of transition from dormancy to activity. The WTR and DWF of ‘dormant’ terrapins were significantly lower than those of ‘active’ terrapins (WTR’dormant’= 49.70 ± 15.94 ml day-1, WTR’active’ = 100.20 ± 20.36 ml day-1, DWF’dormant’= 10.52 ± 2.92 %TBW day-1, DWF’active’ = 21.84 ± 7.30 %TBW day-1). There was no significant difference in TBW% between ‘dormant’ and ‘active’ terrapins (75.05 ± 6.19% and 74.54 ± 4.36%, respectively). Results from this field study provides insight into the terrapin’s ability to maintain osmotic homeostasis while experiencing shifts in behavioral and environmental conditions.
Buzzing during biosonar-based interception of prey in the delphinids Tursiops truncatus and Pseudorca crassidens
Authors: Wisniewska Danuta M. , Johnson Mark , Nachtigall Paul E. , Madsen Peter T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Echolocating bats and toothed whales probe their environment with ultrasonic sound pulses, using returning echoes to navigate and find prey in a process that appears to have resulted from a remarkable convergence of the two taxa. Here we report the first detailed quantification of echolocation behaviour during prey capture in the most studied delphinid species, a false killer whale and a bottlenose dolphin. Using acoustic DTAGs, we demonstrate that just prior to prey interception these delphinids change their acoustic gaze dramatically by reducing inter-click intervals and outputs &gt;10-fold in a high-repetition-rate, low output buzz. Buzz click rates of 250-500 Hz for large, but agile animals, suggest that sampling rates during capture are scaled with the whales’ manoeuvrability. These observations support the growing notion that fast sonar sampling accompanied by low output level is critical for high-rate feedback to inform motor patterns during prey interception in all echolocating toothed whales.
Seasonal influenza: Controversies, conumdrums and consensus
Authors: Greener Mark 
Published: November 2014

Even during non-pandemic years, influenza infects 18% of unvaccinated people. Most recover after a few days’ rest. However, deaths from complications caused by seasonal flu range from about 600 to around 13 000 during an epidemic. Patients are usually infectious for about 6 or 7 days, beginning a day or so before symptoms emerge. School nurses should suggest that otherwise healthy children and members of staff should rest at home until they are non-longer infectious and feel better. During this time, they should keep warm and drink plenty of water. Children or adults with comorbidities should see their doctor, who might suggest antivirals. Ironically, routinely suggesting antipyretics might encourage flu's spread. School nurses could educate children and staff about good hygiene and establish policies that limit transmission. Currently, many people who would benefit from vaccination are not immunised. So, school nurses can stress the importance of vaccination to appropriate adults (including teachers and other staff) and children. However, it is too early to ascertain the uptake and effectiveness of the childhood vaccine programme. While controversy surrounds some elements of management—especially neuraminidase inhibitors—vaccination and good hygiene remain the foundations of management for this perennial problem.
Improving reproductive outcomes in the modern dairy cow — getting it right part 2
Authors: Whitfield Lisa 
Published: November 2014

Introduction: In continuing the discussion on how to improve reproduction outcomes in the modern dairy cow, which occurred at the Ceva reprodAction BRED Workshop presented by R Pursley, P Fricke and A Valenza in May 2014, we will now look at some of the synchrony programmes currently being applied in practice.
Politicizing hospitality: The emergency food assistance landscape in Thessaloniki
Authors: Kravva Vasiliki 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The ethnographic focus of this article is on municipal strategies for the ‘immediate management of poverty’ (gia tin amesi antimetopisi tis ftohias) in the city of Thessaloniki, in northern Greece. These involve several food assistance practices: two daily soup kitchens, two social markets and a food bank. Diefthinsi Koinonikis Politikis/The Department of Social Policy also called Pronoia/Welfare sustains a dormitory for homeless people, clothing banks and provides health services to poor, unemployed people, who have no health insurance (aporoi, anergoi, anasfalistoi). Although municipal policies aim to comfort poverty, hunger and deprivation, it is argued that there is a failure in meeting the basic prerequisites of hospitality and fair treatment as claimed. The landscape of food assistance in the city is characterized by tensions and contradictions: internal divisions, antagonistic discourses and power relations seem to be present at all stages. All of the above create a complicated picture of food assistantship and provision, and it remains questionable whether the Municipality’s initiatives provide long-term solutions to the growing problems of poverty and hunger. The main argument supported is the overall disempowerment of food assistance experience, which inevitably leads to an inability to provide comfort and to ‘host’ as initially aimed. The ethnographic case presented becomes the starting point for the analysis of the ethics of food production and consumption and the right to food, a deeply politicized issue and a basic human right, according to international conventions. Consequently, issues of power, exclusion and inequality are posed and problematized. Overall, the article adds to the documentation and the discussion of emergency food assistance in Greece.
A ‘Gift from God’? Georgian hospitality between tradition and pragmatism
Authors: Curro Costanza 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Conceptualizations of hospitality have often been framed along with binary oppositions, envisaging this phenomenon either as a philosophical universal abstraction or as a social practice, to be approached mainly from a functionalist perspective. As a result, hospitality has been presented as an ambivalent and paradoxical phenomenon, hard to understand and enact in everyday life because of irreconcilable contradictions lying at its heart. This article highlights how such dichotomies appear to be fundamental features of Georgian hospitality. Hospitality is perceived and defined as a national tradition, following norms reproduced throughout time and space. Hospitality features are attached indifferently both to individuals and to households, and to the Georgian nation as a unitary entity. However, tradition is intertwined with pragmatism. Far from being a timeless cultural institution, hospitality stems from social actors’ changing meanings and purposes, embedded in specific spatial and temporal contexts. As a form of reciprocal exchange, hospitality establishes social networks that develop upon relationships of solidarity and trust. However, hospitality has a competitive nature, which fosters exclusiveness and reproduces inequality. Drawing upon anthropological literature and ethnographic data collected in Georgia and London, this article attempts to deconstruct mutual oppositions through which hospitality is often analysed. The apparently inherent ambivalence detectable in hospitality does not turn this phenomenon into an unsolvable conundrum. Instead, pointing at Bourdieu’s notions of habitus and misrecognition, the article suggests that ambivalence can be handled not through a series of radical antinomies, but by focusing on social actors’ understandings and agency.
Postcards as a source of data in hospitality research
Authors: Cleave Paul 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Postcards have a long association with holidays, leisure and travel. These constitute a rich and diverse source of data for researchers with interests in many fields – for example, social and food history, human geography, tourism, ethnography, anthropology and hospitality. The aim of this research is to show how postcards from the early twentieth century provide a visual record and historical legacy of commercial food production, traditional dishes and domesticity. A selection of early twentieth-century photographic picture postcards depicting food in the context of regional tourism and hospitality are utilized to demonstrate provincial culinary identity as well as differentiation in the counties of Devon and Cornwall in the south-west of England.
On Lagrange’s four squares theorem with almost prime variables
Authors: Tsang Kai-Man , Zhao Lilu 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In 1994, Brüdern and Fouvry [1] initiated the
investigation of Lagrange’s four squares theorem with almost prime
variables. In this paper, we prove that every sufficiently large
integer, congruent to 4 modulo 24, can be represented as a sum
of four squares of integers, each of which has at most four prime
factors. Instead of the four-dimensional vector sieve developed by
Brüdern and Fouvry [1], we establish this result by
combining the three-dimensional sieve and the switching principle.
On modular approaches to grammar: Evidence from Polish
Authors: Czaplicki Bartłomiej 
Published: November 2014

AbstractModularity of grammar has been explicitly or tacitly assumed in many generative analyses. Modules are separate computational systems that perform specific tasks and make use of domain-specific information. It is argued that the concept is difficult to maintain in the light of evidence from Polish. I look at palatalization effects before vowels and conclude that phonological regularities must have access to morphosyntactic information. In addition, certain regularities in the selection of diminutive allomorphs suggest that morphology must have access to phonetic information. As domain specificity, the core concept of modular approaches, is compromised, modularity does not seem a likely candidate for a universal property of grammar.
The effects of length and complexity on constituent ordering in written English
Authors: Wang Hua , Liu Haitao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBased on the written part of the British Component of International Corpus of English (ICE-GB), this paper investigates the interrelationship between length and complexity of sentential constituents and their positions in the sentence. Results show that length and complexity affect sentential constituent ordering. Within the sentence, the longest and the most complex constituents tend to occur in the final position, and the relatively shorter and less complex constituents tend to be in the initial position. However, for sentential constituents in other positions, the length-complexity-position relationship appears to be random. Possible explanations for the findings are provided from different perspectives, especially from the distribution of given and new information.
Evaluation of genotype–phenotype relationships in patients referred for endocrine assessment in suspected Pendred syndrome
Authors: Soh Lip Min , Druce Maralyn , Grossman Ashley B , Differ Ann-Marie , Rajput Liala , Bitner-Glindzicz Maria , Korbonits Márta 
Published: November 2014

DesignPatients with Pendred syndrome have genotypic and phenotypic variability, leading to challenges in definitive diagnosis. Deaf children with enlarged vestibular aqueducts are often subjected to repeated investigations when tests for mutations in SLC26A4 are abnormal. This study provides genotype and phenotype information from patients with suspected Pendred syndrome referred to a single clinical endocrinology unit.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 50 patients with suspected Pendred syndrome to investigate the correlation between genetic, perchlorate discharge test (PDT) and endocrine status.ResultsEight patients with monoallelic SLC26A4 mutations had normal PDT. Of the 33 patients with biallelic mutations, ten of 12 patients with >30% discharge developed hypothyroidism. In our cohort, c.626G>T and c.3-2A>G result in milder clinical presentations with lower median perchlorate discharge of 9.3% (interquartile range 4–15%) compared with 40% (interquartile range 21–60%) for the remaining mutations. Eight novel mutations were detected. All patients with PDT <30% remained euthyroid to date, although the majority are still under the age of 30. There was a significant correlation between PDT and goitre size (R=0.61, P=0.0009) and the age of onset of hypothyroidism (R=−0.62, P=0.0297). In our population, the hazard of becoming hypothyroid increased by 7% per percentage point increase in PDT (P<0.001).ConclusionThere is a correlation between SLC26A4 genotype and thyroid phenotype. If results hold true for larger patient numbers and longer follow-up, then for patients with monoallelic mutations, PDT could be unnecessary. Patients with biallelic mutations and PDT discharge >30% have a high risk of developing goitre and hypothyroidism, and should have lifelong monitoring.
Establishing Restricted Expression of Caveolin-1 in HIV Infected Cells and Inhibition of Virus Replication
Authors: Lo Yung-Tsun , Nadeau Peter E , Lin Shanshan , Mergia Ayalew 
Published: November 2014

Background:
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the major protein of the caveolae and plays a role in multiple cellular functions and implicated to have anti-HIV activity. Regulated expression of Cav-1 is important for safe and effective use in order to exploit Cav-1 for HIV therapeutic applications.

Methods:
A series of Cav-1 and GFP expression vectors were constructed under the control of the HIV LTR for conditional expression or CMV promoter and the expression of Cav-1 was monitored in the presence or absence of Tat or HIV infection in order to establish the restricted expression of Cav-1 to HIV infected cells.

Results:
Cav-1 expression was evident under the control of the HIV LTR in the absence of Tat or HIV infection as demonstrated by immunoblot. Placing two internal ribosomal entry sequences (IRES) and a Rev response element, RRE (5’~ LTR-IRES-GFP-RRE-IRES-Cav-1~3’) resulted in no expression of Cav-1 in the absence of Tat with effective expression in the presence of Tat. Transduction of HIV permissive cells with this construct using a foamy virus vector show that Cav-1 was able to inhibit HIV replication by 82%. Cells that received LTR-IRES-GFP-RRE-IRES-Cav-1 remain healthy in the absence of Tat or HIV infection.

Conclusion:
These results taken together reveal the inclusion of two IRES establishes a significant reduction of leak through expression of Cav-1 in the absence of Tat or HIV infection. Such regulated expression will have therapeutic application of Cav-1 for HIV infection as well as broad applications which can be beneficial for other host-targeted interventions as therapeutics.
Flap Decisions and Options in Soft Tissue Coverage of the Lower Limb
Authors: Jordan Daniel J , Malahias Marco , Hindocha Sandip , Juma Ali 
Published: November 2014

The lower extremities of the human body are more commonly known as the human legs, incorporating: the foot, the lower or anatomical leg, the thigh and the hip or gluteal region.The human lower limb plays a simpler role than that of the upper limb. Whereas the arm allows interaction of the surrounding environment, the legs’ primary goals are support and to allow upright ambulation. Essentially, this means that reconstruction of the leg is less complex than that required in restoring functionality of the upper limb. In terms of reconstruction, the primary goals are based on the preservation of life and limb, and the restoration of form and function. This paper aims to review current and past thoughts on reconstruction of the lower limb, discussing in particular the options in terms of soft tissue coverage.This paper does not aim to review the emergency management of open fractures, or the therapy alternatives to chronic wounds or malignancies of the lower limb, but purely assess the requirements that should be reviewed on reconstructing a defect of the lower limb.A summary of flap options are considered, with literature support, in regard to donor and recipient region, particularly as flap coverage is regarded as the cornerstone of soft tissue coverage of the lower limb.
Long-term (30 days) toxicity of NiO nanoparticles for adult zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Kovrižnych Jevgenij A. , Sotníková Ružena , Zeljenková Dagmar , Rollerová Eva , Szabová Elena 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Nickel oxide in the form of nanoparticles (NiO NPs) is extensively used in different industrial branches. In a test on adult zebrafish, the acute toxicity of NiO NPs was shown to be low, however longlasting contact with this compound can lead to its accumulation in the tissues and to increased toxicity. In this work we determined the 30-day toxicity of NiO NPs using a static test for zebrafish Danio rerio. We found the 30-day LC50 value to be 45.0 mg/L, LC100 (minimum concentration causing 100% mortality) was 100.0 mg/L, and LC0 (maximum concentration causing no mortality) was 6.25 mg/L for adult individuals of zebrafish. Considering a broad use of Ni in the industry, NiO NPs chronic toxicity may have a negative impact on the population of aquatic organisms and on food web dynamics in aquatic systems.