bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baffin Island snow extent sensitivity: Insights from a regional climate model
Authors: Berdahl Mira , Robock Alan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRecent modeling efforts suggest that the Little Ice Age (LIA) onset could be explained by a series of four large decadally‐spaced volcanic eruptions. At that time, glaciers on Baffin Island advanced and did not retreat until the past century, perhaps due to Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean sea ice feedbacks. To try to determine what parameters sustain snow cover, we investigate the relative impacts of changes in radiation and advection on minimum summer snow extent over Baffin Island. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to run eight 6 month long (April‐September), 10 km resolution simulations, in which we varied boundary condition temperatures, solar radiation, and sea ice cover. Although the Control Run underestimated cloud cover and thus produced an exaggerated diurnal 2 m temperature cycle, the relative changes of snow extent show that WRF accurately simulates snow expansion into the same regions as during the LIA. With an average temperature decrease from current temperatures by −3.9 ± 1.1 K, it only requires one season for the model to lower the snowline by comparable elevation changes seen during the descent into the LIA. WRF's maximum snow line sensitivity is 7 K/km, within the range of the typically assumed lapse rate of 5–7 K/km in the Canadian Arctic. Thus, if a shift in the Arctic climate greatly expanded sea ice coverage following large volcanic eruptions, this would have been enough to perpetuate an ice sheet on Baffin Island throughout the LIA.
Future projections of heat waves around Japan simulated by CMIP3 and high‐resolution Meteorological Research Institute atmospheric climate models
Authors: Nakano Masuo , Matsueda Mio , Sugi Masato 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFuture changes in heat wave characteristics around Japan are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) model outputs, and high‐resolution present‐day (1979–2003) and future (2075–2099) climate simulations under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B emission scenario. The high‐resolution simulations are conducted using 20, 60, and 180 km mesh atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), as well as a 5 km mesh regional climate model (RCM) nested within the 20 km mesh AGCM. The CMIP3 models project that the frequency of heat wave days (HWF) will increase 22.8, 22.3, and 26.5 d yr–1 in northern, eastern, and western Japan, respectively. The multimodel ensemble spread of future changes in HWF averaged around Japan is large (4–58 d yr–1). The spread is affected by the climate sensitivity of the models and the simulated magnitude of the interannual variation of the daily maximum temperature in present‐day climate. In the atmospheric model simulations, the 5 and 20 km mesh models can qualitatively simulate observed HWF distributions, which are affected by steep backbone mountain ranges in Japan. The 5 and 20 km mesh models project large (>30 d yr–1) increases in HWF in the coastal areas of Japan. The duration of heat wave days is projected to increase in areas with increasing HWF.
Development and evaluation of an ammonia bidirectional flux parameterization for air quality models
Authors: Pleim Jonathan E. , Bash Jesse O. , Walker John T. , Cooter Ellen J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAmmonia is an important contributor to particulate matter in the atmosphere and can significantly impact terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Surface exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere is a key part of the ammonia cycle. New modeling techniques are being developed for use in air quality models that replace current ammonia emissions from fertilized crops and ammonia dry deposition with a bidirectional surface flux model including linkage to a detailed biogeochemical and farm management model. Recent field studies involving surface flux measurements over crops that predominate in North America have been crucial for extending earlier bidirectional flux models toward more realistic treatment of NH3 fluxes for croplands. Comparisons of the ammonia bidirection flux algorithm to both lightly fertilized soybeans and heavily fertilized corn demonstrate that the model can capture the magnitude and dynamics of observed ammonia fluxes, both net deposition and evasion, over a range of conditions with overall biases on the order of the uncertainty of the measurements. However, successful application to the field experiment in heavily fertilized corn required substantial modification of the model to include new parameterizations for in‐soil diffusion resistance, ground quasi‐laminar boundary layer resistance, and revised cuticular resistance that is dependent on in‐canopy NH3 concentration and RH at the leaf surface. This new bidirectional flux algorithm has been incorporated in an air quality modeling system, which also includes an implementation of a soil nitrification model.
Impacts of climate change on surface ozone and intercontinental ozone pollution: A multi‐model study
Authors: Doherty R. M. , Wild O. , Shindell D. T. , Zeng G. , MacKenzie I. A. , Collins W. J. , Fiore A. M. , Stevenson D. S. , Dentener F. J. , Schultz M. G. , Hess P. , Derwent R. G. , Keating T. J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe impact of climate change between 2000 and 2095 SRES A2 climates on surface ozone (O)3 and on O3 source‐receptor (S‐R) relationships is quantified using three coupled climate‐chemistry models (CCMs). The CCMs exhibit considerable variability in the spatial extent and location of surface O3 increases that occur within parts of high NOx emission source regions (up to 6 ppbv in the annual average and up to 14 ppbv in the season of maximum O3). In these source regions, all three CCMs show a positive relationship between surface O3 change and temperature change. Sensitivity simulations show that a combination of three individual chemical processes—(i) enhanced PAN decomposition, (ii) higher water vapor concentrations, and (iii) enhanced isoprene emission—largely reproduces the global spatial pattern of annual‐mean surface O3 response due to climate change (R2 = 0.52). Changes in climate are found to exert a stronger control on the annual‐mean surface O3 response through changes in climate‐sensitive O3 chemistry than through changes in transport as evaluated from idealized CO‐like tracer concentrations. All three CCMs exhibit a similar spatial pattern of annual‐mean surface O3 change to 20% regional O3 precursor emission reductions under future climate compared to the same emission reductions applied under present‐day climate. The surface O3 response to emission reductions is larger over the source region and smaller downwind in the future than under present‐day conditions. All three CCMs show areas within Europe where regional emission reductions larger than 20% are required to compensate climate change impacts on annual‐mean surface O3.
Reply to “Reply to ‘Comment on “Hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range – A Pilot Study”’ by Michael A. Levi” by Gabrielle Pétron et al.
Authors: Levi Michael A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe reply by Pétron et al. (2012a) to my comment, Levi (2012), on their paper, Pétron et al. (2012a), defends their original conclusion: fugitive emissions in an area that they observed in 2008 were likely larger than those indicated by previous estimates. The reply also claims to have now better characterized the uncertainties in their and my approaches. In particular, they question the representative nature of a data set that Pétron et al. (2012) relied on, and that Levi retained, although they do not recalculate their estimates. Pétron et al. (2012) also claim to show that the analysis in Levi (2012) is flawed because, they argue, it implies the physically unrealistic conclusion that fugitive emissions from the natural gas operations that Pétron et al. (2012) studied may be negative. Pétron et al. (2012a) are reasonable to be skeptical of the data set that they highlight. I show in this reply that if that data set is indeed not representative of condensate tank flashing in the area under study, it is impossible to produce the results in Pétron et al. (2012a) that the authors now defend. I also show that the other critique of Levi (2012) offered by Pétron et al. (2012a), i.e., that Levi's analysis has physically unrealistic implications, relies on an incorrect interpretation of the formulas in that comment. Only one of two conclusions is possible: the results in Levi (2012) are correct, or the conclusions in both Levi (2012a) and Pétron et al. (2012a) are unjustified.
On the relation between large‐scale circulation pattern and heavy rain events over the Hawaiian Islands: Recent trends and future changes
Authors: Elison Timm Oliver , Takahashi Mami , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Diaz Henry F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present a statistical downscaling method in which the relationships between present‐day daily weather patterns and local rainfall data are derived and used to project future shifts in the frequency of heavy rainfall events under changing global climate conditions. National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data from wet season months (November to April) 1958–2010 are composited for heavy rain days at 12 rainfall stations in the Hawaiian Islands. The occurrence of heavy rain events (days with amounts above the 90th percentile estimated from all wet season rain days 1958–2010) was found to be strongly correlated with upper level cyclonic circulation anomalies centered northwest of Hawai‘i and south‐to‐north transport of water vapor in the middle troposphere. The statistical downscaling model (SD) developed in this study was able to reproduce the observed interannual variations in the number of heavy rain events based on cross‐validation resampling during the more recent interval 1978–2010. However, multidecadal changes associated with the mid‐1970s' climate shift were not well reproduced by the SD using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, likely due to inhomogenities in the presatellite period of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Application of the SD to two model scenarios from the CMIP3 database indicates a reduction of heavy rain events in the mid‐ to late 21st century. Based on these models, the likelihood of a widespread increase in synoptic heavy rain events in Hawai‘i as a result of anthropogenic climate change is low over the remainder of the century.
Development, importance, and effect of a ground truth correction for the Moon Mineralogy Mapper reflectance data set
Authors: Isaacson Peter J. , Petro Noah E. , Pieters Carle M. , Besse Sebastien , Boardman Joseph W. , Clark Roger N. , Green Robert O. , Lundeen Sarah , Malaret Erick , McLaughlin Stephanie , Sunshine Jessica M. , Taylor Lawrence A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe evaluate the effect and importance of a ground truth correction for the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) level 2 (reflectance) data set. This correction is derived from extensive laboratory characterizations of mature feldspathic lunar soils and is designed to improve the accuracy of 1 µm absorption features in M3 reflectance data. To evaluate the correction, the band strength across a subset of the feldspathic highlands terrane (FHT) is analyzed with M3 imaging spectroscopy data. Using M3 reflectance data and derived products, we find significant differences in band strength and shape between M3 observations collected over identical terrain but under different observational and operational conditions. The ground truth correction minimizes these differences in 1 µm band strengths and also brings the 1 µm band strengths measured with M3 data into closer agreement with laboratory measurements of lunar soil samples. Although the FHT region studied was found to have very low band strengths, the M3 ground truth correction results in overall stronger absorption features for all mature soils relative to uncorrected level 2 (reflectance) data for the same region. These differences between M3 data collected under different operational conditions and the effects of the ground truth correction, while minor in appearance, can have significant implications for interpretations of any regional soil analyses with M3 data that rely on absolute 1 µm absorption feature strength. The M3 ground truth correction corrects only wavelengths below ~1500 nm, and comparisons between corrected and uncorrected wavelengths must be done with caution.
Cross‐sector emergency planning for water supply utilities and healthcare facilities
Authors: Welter Gregory , Socher Myra , Needham Patricia , Bieber Steve , Bonnaffon Heidi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to outline the criticality of water supply in sustained operations of healthcare facilities, particularly during community emergencies, and to advocate for enhanced cross‐sector support from the water utilities in meeting this need. Information and ideas presented here were developed in the course of a regional project sponsored by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG) for development of emergency water supply operations plans for critical water uses in the Washington, DC, area.
Safety and underwater birth—what every risk manager should know
Authors: Veltman Larry , Doherty Diane 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUnderwater birthing has become a popular birth practice in some areas of the country. Although many of these deliveries occur in a home birth setting, the practice has also been implemented in hospitals and birthing centers. There is continued controversy about the risks and benefits of underwater birthing (as opposed to hydrotherapy during labor), and many risk managers are unaware of these potential risks and benefits. The purpose of this article is to review the significant risks and benefits of underwater birthing, to review relevant literature and several Professional Organizations' Position Statements regarding underwater birthing, and to provide a safety checklist for hospital risk managers who wish to consider adding underwater birthing to their current scope of perinatal care.
Tumor budding as a useful prognostic marker in T1‐stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Teramoto Hitoshi , Koike Masahiko , Tanaka Chie , Yamada Suguru , Nakayama Goro , Fujii Tsutomu , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Michitaka , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Kodera Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundEstablishing a new prognostic factor for early‐stage cancer may seem difficult due to the small number of disease‐specific deaths. Tumor budding has been recognized as a useful microscopic finding reflecting biological activity of the tumor.MethodsTumor budding stand for isolated single cancer cells and cell clusters scattered beyond the tumor margin at the invasive front. It was searched for in the resected esophagus with T1 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the correlation between the tumor budding, patient survival, and various pathologic factors were analyzed to verify whether tumor budding is a prognostic factor in superficial esophageal cancer.ResultsSeventy‐nine patients undergoing curative esophagectomy were assigned to frequent (n = 29) and rare (n = 50) groups according to the microscopically observed frequency of tumor budding in the tumor. Three‐year survival rates after esophagectomy were 48.8% for the frequent group and 94.5% for the rare group. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified this morphological variable as a significant independent prognostic factor.ConclusionsTumor budding reflects the biological activity of the tumor and may be a useful prognostic indicator even in early‐stage SCC of esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;108:42–46. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening for illicit and medicinal drugs in whole blood using fully automated SPE and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with TOF‐MS with data‐independent acquisition
Authors: Pedersen Anders Just , Dalsgaard Petur Weihe , Rode Andrej Jaroslav , Rasmussen Brian Schou , Müller Irene Breum , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian 
Published: April 2013

A broad forensic screening method for 256 analytes in whole blood based on a fully automated SPE robotic extraction and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with TOF‐MS with data‐independent acquisition has been developed. The limit of identification was evaluated for all 256 compounds and 95 of these compounds were validated with regard to matrix effects, extraction recovery, and process efficiency. The limit of identification ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg, and the process efficiency exceeded 50% for 73 of the 95 analytes. As an example of application, 1335 forensic traffic cases were analyzed with the presented screening method. Of these, 992 cases (74%) were positive for one or more traffic‐relevant drugs above the Danish legal limits. Commonly abused drugs such as amphetamine, cocaine, and frequent types of benzodiazepines were the major findings. Nineteen less frequently encountered drugs were detected e.g. buprenorphine, butylone, cathine, fentanyl, lysergic acid diethylamide, m‐chlorophenylpiperazine, 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone, mephedrone, 4‐methylamphetamine, p‐fluoroamphetamine, and p‐methoxy‐N‐methylamphetamine. In conclusion, using UHPLC–TOF‐MS screening with data‐independent acquisition resulted in the detection of common drugs of abuse as well as new designer drugs and more rarely occurring drugs. Thus, TOF‐MS screening of blood samples constitutes a practical way for screening traffic cases, with the exception of δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, which should be handled in a separate method.
A comparison of white light laryngostroboscopy versus autofluorescence endoscopy in the evaluation of vocal fold pathology
Authors: Caffier Philipp P. , Schmidt Bernd , Gross Manfred , Karnetzky Klaus , Nawka Tadeus , Rotter Andreas , Seipelt Matthias , Sedlmaier Benedikt 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo prove the diagnostic value of autofluorescence endoscopy (AFE) and white light laryngostroboscopy (WLS) versus the gold standard microlaryngoscopy with histopathological examination in differential diagnostics of laryngeal lesions for experienced phoniatricians and laryngologists, using the PENTAX SAFE‐3000 system.Study DesignExploratory cohort study.MethodsHigh‐resolution rigid WLS was executed in 32 consecutive patients with initial manifestation of benign, precancerous, and malignant vocal fold lesions. Fiberoptic blue light AFE (SAFE‐3000; λ = 408 nm) was subsequently performed by an experienced endoscopist in a blinded study setting. Findings were rated based on objective WLS and AFE parameters (e.g., phonatory vibration, mucosal wave propagation, and loss of autofluorescence). The clinically assumed WLS and AFE diagnoses were compared with the final histopathology of biopsied material taken during microlaryngoscopy.ResultsIn reference to histopathological diagnosis, WLS achieved a higher sensitivity (100% vs. 94%), specificity (94% vs. 69%), and accuracy (97% vs. 81%) than AFE diagnostics. The concordance between both endoscopic techniques was 87.5% (28/32 patients); additional AFE benefits were not detectable. Significant loss of autofluorescence was observed in malignant findings clinically clearly diagnosed by WLS, but also in chronic inflammation, severe dysplasia, granulomas, vascular polyps, and glottal papillomatosis.ConclusionsThe evaluation of vocal fold pathology by the clinically experienced examiner precisely applying WLS appears to be more reliable than diagnostics of mucosal tissue changes by means of AFE via the SAFE‐3000 system as a relatively nonspecific method. Microlaryngoscopy with histopathological examination and phonomicrosurgical excision of pathologic changes remains the gold standard. Laryngoscope, 2012
Synthesis and tailoring phase behavior of mesogen jacketed liquid crystalline copolymers based on 2, 5‐bis[(4‐alkoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrenes
Authors: Chen Sheng , Qiu Jun , Xie He‐Lou , Zhang Hai‐Liang 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBased on 2, 5‐bis[(4‐alkoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrenes (M‐OCm, m is the number of the carbons of alkyl tails, m = 1, 4, and 18), three series of binary copolymers with high‐molecular weights, {poly(M‐OC1‐co‐M‐OC4), poly(M‐OC1‐co‐M‐OC18), and poly(M‐OC4‐co‐M‐OC18)} have been prepared via free‐radical polymerization. The random nature of the copolymers was expected on the basis of the assumed similar reactivities because of the analogous monomers. The phase behaviors of copolymers were studied by DSC, POM, and one‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that liquid crystalline (LC) phase structures of copolymers, containing smectic phase, reentrant isotropic phase, columnar phase. and isotropic phase, were strongly depended on the composition and the alkyl length due to the competing among the steric effect, the microphase separation and the driving force of the entropy. When one of them occupied a dominant position, the LC phase structure can be presented for the copolymers. Otherwise, the LC phase structure is lost despite the pair of corresponding homopolymers forming mesogenic structure. Therefore, through copolymerization, LC behavior of the mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline polymers can be greatly varied. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2804–2816
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) and poly(4‐substituted‐ε‐caprolactone): Synthesis, characterization, and cellular uptake
Authors: Peng Kang‐Yu , Wang Shiu‐Wei , Lee Ren‐Shen 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTAmphiphilic diblock copolymers with various block compositions were synthesized on poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOz) as a hydrophilic block and poly(4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PMCL) or poly(4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PBCL) as a hydrophobic block. These PEtOz‐b‐PMCL and PEtOz‐b‐PBCL copolymers consisting of soft domains of amorphous PEtOz and PM(B)CL had no melting endothermal peaks but displayed Tg. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) values for the PEtOz‐b‐PMCL, and the PEtOz‐b‐PBCL aqueous solution were observed to shift to lower temperature than PEtOz homopolymers. Their aqueous solutions were characterized using fluorescence techniques and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The block copolymers formed micelles with critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range 0.6–11.1 mg L−1 in an aqueous phase. As the length of the hydrophobic PMCL or PBCL blocks elongated, lower CMC values were generated. The mean diameters of the micelles were between 127 and 318 nm, with PDI in the range of 0.06–0.21, suggesting nearly monodisperse size distributions. The drug entrapment efficiency and drug‐loading content of micelles depend on block polymer compositions. In vitro cell viability assay showed that PEtOz‐b‐PMCL has low cytotoxicity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)‐loaded micelles facilitated human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell uptake of DOX; uptake was completed within 2 h, and DOX was able to reach intracellular compartments and enter the nuclei by endocytosis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2769–2781