bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integrated assessment for wind energy in Lake Michigan coastal counties
Authors: Nordman Erik , VanderMolen Jon , Gajewski Betty , Isely Paul , Fan Yue , Koches John , Damm Sara , Ferguson Aaron , Schoolmaster Claire 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The benefits and challenges of onshore and offshore wind energy development were assessed for a 4-county area of coastal Michigan. Economic, social, environmental, and spatial dimensions were considered. The coastal counties have suitable wind resources for energy development, which could contribute toward Michigan's 10% renewable energy standard. Wind energy is cost-effective with contract prices less than the benchmark energy price of a new coal-fired power plant. Constructing a 100 MW wind farm could have a $54.7 million economic impact. A patchwork of township-level zoning ordinances regulates wind energy siting. Voluntary collaborations among adjacent townships standardizing the ordinances could reduce regulatory complexity. A Delphi Inquiry on offshore wind energy in Lake Michigan elicited considerable agreement on its challenges, but little agreement on the benefits to coastal communities. Offshore turbines could be acceptable to the participants if they reduced pollution, benefited coastal communities, involved substantial public participation, and had minimal impact on property values and tourism. The US Coast Guard will take a risk-based approach to evaluating individual offshore developments and has no plans to issue blanket restrictions around the wind farms. Models showed that using wind energy to reach the remainder of the 10% renewable energy standard could reduce SO2, NOx, and CO2 pollution by 4% to 7%. Turbines are highly likely to impact the area's navigational and defense radar systems but planning and technological upgrades can reduce the impact. The integrated assessment shows that responsible wind energy development can enhance the quality of life by reducing air pollution and associated health problems and enhancing economic development. Policies could reduce the negative impacts to local communities while preserving the benefits to the broader region. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;X:000–000. ©2014 SETAC Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:287–297. © 2014 SETAC
Key Points
Michigan's coastal counties have wind resources that are suitable for utility-scale energy development. Wind energy is cost-effective with contract prices less than the benchmark energy price of a new coal-fired power plant. The integrated assessment shows that responsible wind energy development can enhance the quality of life by reducing air pollution and associated health problems and enhancing economic development. State and local policies could reduce the negative impacts to local communities while preserving the benefits to the broader region.
Improved depiction of Indian summer monsoon in latest high resolution NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis
Authors: Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Pokhrel Samir , Saha Subodh K. , Dhakate Ashish , Hazra Anupam 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe improvements in representing the Indian summer monsoon features are assessed using the latest coupled global reanalysis, the climate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR) from National Centre for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) with respect to widely used NCEP‐reanalysis 2 (NCEP2). To validate the reanalysis product corresponding observations are also used. CFSR is more realistic in terms of spatial pattern of seasonal mean rainfall, first and second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of interannual variability as compared with NCEP2 reanalysis. Percentage of total variance was explained by northward and westward propagating intraseasonal oscillation modes in CFSR that are better captured than those from NCEP2 reanalysis. Northward propagating mode is well depicted in CFSR as compared with that of NCEP2 and may be attributed to the strong vertical shear of zonal wind and strong meridional gradient of specific humidity in CFSR. Distribution of the north–south and east–west spectra of CFSR suggests much better conformity with observation as compared with NCEP2. Surface wind patterns of CFSR are having relatively small errors compared to Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds. CFSR has some success in simulating observed sea surface temperature (SST)–rainfall relationship as well as in depicting the coupled ocean‐atmosphere phenomena of El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in terms of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) teleconnections. Overall monsoon features in CFSR are much closer to the observation as compared with NCEP2, and these may be because of the realistic representation of ocean–atmosphere feedback owing to the coupled model‐based reanalysis. This study will help in establishing the credibility of the CFSR in terms of realistic representation of Indian summer monsoon as compared with widely used atmospheric only reanalysis.
Food allergy, a summary of eight cases in the UK criminal and civil courts: effective last resort for vulnerable consumers?
Authors: Gowland M. Hazel , Walker Michael J 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFood allergy has a forensic context. The authors describe eight cases in the UK courts involving fatalities, personal injury or criminal non‐compliance with food law from mainly ‘grey’ literature sources. The potentially severe consequences for people with food allergy of contraventions of labelling law have led to enforcement action up to criminal prosecution for what might otherwise be regarded as ‘trivial’ non‐compliance. The authors suggest there should be central collation of such cases. Non‐compliances should be followed up in a more rapid and robust manner. Evidence of fraud in the catering supply chain supports recent calls for zero tolerance of food fraud. Businesses must guard against gaps in allergen management, for which there are readily available sources of training and guidance, but also against fraudulent substitution in the supply chain, about which training and guidance should be developed. New allergen labelling legislation and case law appear to place responsibility on food businesses even for the forensically problematic area of allergen cross‐contamination. The courts can be an effective last resort for vulnerable consumers; however, there is evidence of knowledge and skill gaps in both the investigation and prosecution of potentially serious incidents of food allergen mismanagement and mislabelling. Thorough investigation of food allergy deaths is required with a tenacious and skilled approach, including early realisation that samples of the food and/or stomach contents from a post mortem examination should be retained and analysed. The supply chain must be rigorously examined to find out where adulteration or contamination with the fatal allergen occurred. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The mechanicochemical modification of high polymers
Authors: Ceresa R. J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is presented a review of the published work on gelatinization of polymers, polymers with fillers, mixed polymers, block copolymers, and polymers crosslinked by mechanical treatment. Some new applications of these mechanicochemical processes for elastomers, plastomers, resins, modified and nonmodified polymers are proposed and discussed. Systems such as natural rubber‐acenaphthalene, polymethyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile, epoxide resin‐methyl methacrylate, starch‐styrene, and ethylcellulose‐polyvinylacetate have been characterized. A technique relating to the purification of polymer modified by copolymer which is usually present is given. The properties of polymers, modified by mechanicochemical processes (notably the systems mentioned above), are related to their chemical structure.
Effect of organic internal complexes of some metals of variable valence on the kinetics of polymerization of vinylic compounds
Authors: Szántó I. , Gál K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBecause of the important part played by variable valence metals in polymerization processes taking place in oxidation‐reduction systems it is very interesting to investigate the effect of these metals on polymerization processes occurring in a system not of an oxidation‐reduction nature. In the present study we have investigated the retarding action of iron, chromium, cobalt, manganese, and copper acetylacetonates on the polymerization of vinyl acetate, styrene, and methylmethacrylate. The greatest effect of these compounds was observed in the case of vinyl acetate polymerization. In the course of investigating the kinetics of this reaction we were able to shed light on the influence of aldehyde peroxide impurities on the polymerization process of pure vinyl acetate. Detailed kinetic investigations were also made on the polymerization of vinyl acetate from various sources. On one specimen of vinyl acetate measurements were made of the retarding effects of various concentrations of iron acetylacetonate at various temperatures of reaction. The activation energy of the retardation process was computed.The results of our experiments showed that at concentrations of 1.0 × 105−5.0 × 10−6 mole/1 copper acetylacetonate was not an inhibitor but a strong retarder of the process. The retarding effect of copper benzoate was also investigated. It was found that copper linked through an ionic bond is a weak inhibitor.
Structure des Polyesters Durcis
Authors: Bohdanecký M. , Mleziva J. , Šternschuss A. , Zvonař V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLa copolymérisation du styrène avec des polyesters non‐saturés a été étudiée au moyen d'un procédé décrit précédemment. On a élucidé l'effet d'acides modificateurs non polymérisants (phthalique, succinique, endométhylène‐tétrahydrophtalique) sur la copolymérisation. On a aussi étudié l'effet d'affaiblissement des liens fumariques en rapport avec les quantités d'acides modificateurs, de styrène et de plastifiant et avec la longueur de la chaǐne glycolique. La concentration des groupes fumariques a toujours été trouvée moindre que celle prédite de la composition du mélange initial. La composition du copolymère dépend de la concentration en acide modificateur, de la longueur de la chaǐne glycolique et du poids moléculaire du polyester. Les différences sont attribuées à des effets stériques. Les résultats des études antérieures sont discutés de ce point de vue.
Les Combinaisons d'Insertion du Potassium dans le Graphite Utilisées Comme Catalyseurs de Polymérisation
Authors: Parrod J. , Beinert G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLes métaux alcaline sont des initiateurs classiques de polymérisation. Le sodium et le potassium ont été utilisés depuis longtemps, a l'échelle industrielle, dans la fabrication du caoutchouc synthétique. L'emploi de lithium, quoique plus récent, a reçu une grande impulsion lors de la découverte de son action initiatrice dans la polymérisation de l'isoprene en un caoutchouc semblable au produit naturel. Nous avons trouvé que ces substances initient la polymérisation de nombreux monomères. Nous avons entrepris une étude comparative des produits formés à partir de styrène, de butadiène et d'isoprène. Les différences non encore expliquées sont de différences légères, sous le rapport de l'effet du potassium métal et des composés d'inclusion du type (C8K)n et (C24K)n. Polystyrènes: Nous sommes capables de montrer que les courbes de distribution du poids moléculaire de ces produite ont une certaine similitude (měme type d'équations). Cependant, il suit de cette étude que le potassium contenant des graphites facilite la formation de polymères avec des poids moléculaires plus élevés. Ainsi par exemple le poids moléculaire moyen d'une des fractions obtenues à l'aide du C24K atteint une valeur de 5 × 106. D'autre part, dans les trois cas de C8K, C24K et K, le degré de conversion n'était pas le měme et montrait que la vitesse de réaction diminue lorsqu'on utilise du potassium inclue dans du graphite, au lieu du potassium pur finement divisé. Le caractère hétérogène de la réaction est encore compliqué par le fait que le polymère enrobe le catalyseur. Plus important que le degré de conversion, est la concentration en monomère dans la masse solide. Polybutadiène: Une étude du spectre d'absorption infrarouge montre que dans les trois cas nous sommes eu présence de polymères à structures simultanées trans 1,2 et 1,4, mais pas à structures eis 1,4. La quantité relative de ces structures diffère d'un produit à l'autre. Da été montré par analyse quantitative de spectre d'absorption que le potassium contenant du graphite ne favorise pas la formation des structures 1,4. Isoprènes: Les structures des polymères obtenus dans ce cas avec les trois catalyseurs ont été déterminées comme dans le cas précédent. Le spectre d'absorption montre que l'addition a lieu en position trans 1,2, 1,3 et 1,4. Ici aussi aucune addition cis 1,4 n'a été montrée. Comme dans le cas du polybutadiène, une analyse quantitative des spectres montre que le potassium inclus dans du graphite ne favorise pas les structures 1,4. Il est remarquable que les graphites contenant du potassium et mélangés avec des quantités considérables de noir animal conservent leurs propriétés initiatrices de polymérisation (polymérisation de butadiène et de l'isoprene). Ceci suppose l'inclusion directe des particules chargées dans le polymère au cours de sa formation.
Réactions entre les Amines Aromatiques et le Polychlorure de Vinyle
Authors: Wolkober Z. , Holly T. , Thurzo G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLa réaction des amines aromatiques et du chlorure de polyvinyle n'est jusqu'à présent pas élucidée, puisque l'atome de chlore est trés fortement lié et qu'il existe par ailleurs une trés forte tendance à la décomposition intermoléculaire du PCV. En accord avec nos expériences, toutes les amines substituées à l'atome d'azote réagissent avec le PCV à des températures au‐dessus de 100°C. La composition de ces produits dépend de la durée et de la température de réaction ainsi que du rapport amine‐PCV. On peut produire une structure réticulaire par des petites quantités d'amines. Si les amines sont utilisées en quantités équimoléculaires ou en large excès, les produits peuvent ětre solubles dans l'alcool et l'acide acétique. Pour un excès d'amine mais à température plus basse, une décomposition partielle des chaǐnes de PCV a lieu avec un poids moléculaire de ±25.000 (mesuré par diffusion ou méthode de dialyse). Les produits subissent une diazotation et se combinent aux colorants. On a obtenu un colorant polyazique, qui pourrait servir comme matériel de coloration du PCV. Afin d'élucider, les cinétiques de la réaction entre l'aniline et le PCV, nous avons déterminé les valeurs des constante de vitesses de réaction à différentes températures. Ces expériences fournissent une énergie d'activation de la réaction plus petite lorsqu'il y a un excès d'aniline que pour le décomposition intermoléculaire du PCV. On a trouvé qu'une réaction similaire peut avoir lieu avec d'autres amines substitutées, mais que la vitesse dépend de la nature du substituant.
Grafting of methyl methacrylate to polypropylene and polyethylene
Authors: Lazár M. , Rado R. , Pavlineč J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn a study of chemical modification of hydrocarbon polymers an investigation was made of the grafting of methyl methacrylate onto polypropylene and polyethylene. The grafting process was carried out both through preliminary polymer hydroperoxide formation and through chain transfer reactions. Polymer hydroperoxide‐induced grafting proceeds via direct free radical initiation of side chain growth and via hydrogen atom transfer from the hydrocarbon polymer to the polymethyl methacrylate radical. Here the contributions to the chain transfer from the initiator and the methyl methacrylate radical were determined for the separate polymers. Since the grafting was carried out in swollen polymers the effect of viscosity of the medium on the course of the grafting of methyl methacrylate was examined. During the grafting of methyl methacrylate to polyethylene and polypropylene the possibility of crosslinking of these polymers arises. Of particular interest is crosslinking of polypropylene, in view of the fact that the direct reaction induced by ionizing radiation or by hydroperoxide decomposition is connected with certain complications brought about by degradation of the polymer backbone. In the case in question, the formation of a crosslinked structure is due to recombination of the growing methyl methacrylate chains. The crosslinking of the graft polymer is hindered by the chain transfer reaction and by disproportionation during chain termination. In the case of methyl methacrylate, the ratio between recombination and disproportionation is favorable to crosslinkage of the graft polymers, a fact which has been confirmed experimentally. Based on the data concerning the chain transfer reactions and the conditions of formation and decomposition of polymer hydroperoxides a discussion has been presented of the most favorable procedures for grafting methyl methacrylate onto polypropylene and polyethylene and for the formation of crosslinked graft polymers.
Donor‐acceptor interactions in cationic polymerization. IV. Role of nonpolar compounds in the cationic polymerization of isobutylene
Authors: Zlámal Z. , Kazda A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractComparison of changes in electrical conductivities and in molecular weight of polyisobutene produced in the medium studied shows that, as in the case of polar compounds, nonpolar compounds also affect the course of the cationic polymerization of isobutene, in the first place through their influence on the ionization of the active complex. The difference between hexane and benzene‐both having approximately the same dielectric constant‐shows that π‐electrons of the aromatic ring cause an increase of the specific conductivity of the system at low concentrations of the aromatic compounds; only at higher concentrations of benzene is there a decrease in the specific conductivity induced by a decrease in the dielectric constant. The dependence of the molecular weight of polyisobutene on the content of nonpolar compound is inversely proportional to the conductivity curve, which proves that the termination reaction in the case studied is a reaction involving free ions and not ion pairs.
Chemical interaction and mechanism of activation of binary systems of vulcanization accelerators
Authors: Dogadkin B. A. , Fel'dshteǐn M. S. , Belyaeva E. N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe efficiency and mechanism of the combined action of vulcanization accelerators are considered from the standpoint of their chemical structure. An investigation of the vulcanization of various types of butadiene‐styrene and natural rubbers showed that double accelerator systems may be divided into three groups; namely: systems with mutual activation of the accelerators, systems with activation of one of the accelerators, and systems with additive action of the accelerators. The vulcanization kinetics of the first two (nonadditive) groups of accelerators differ from those for the separate application of the accelerators by a retardation in the initial period and a sharp increase in rate of the main period of the vulcanization process. During interaction of accelerators of which one contains the benzothiazolyl group and the other is a hydrogen donor the formation of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole is observed. Formation of this compound may also be noted on interaction of the accelerators in the rubber medium, the yield in this case being considerably higher than on separate interaction of the accelerators with the rubber. In the presence of sulfur (disulfide‐sulfenamide or disulfide‐organic nitrogenous base systems) a considerable rise in the yield of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole is observed, accompanied by the formation of hydrogen sulfide and its subsequent interaction with the disulfide. The activity of double accelerator systems is the higher, the more intensive the formation of 2‐mercaptothiazole. The mutual activation of the accelerators is explained by the formation of intermediate complexes, decomposing to free radicals that initiate the interaction between sulfur and rubber and polymerization processes of the latter. A scheme of such reactions is presented.
Destruction of poly‐ϵ‐caprolactam by an exchange reaction between amide linke
Authors: Wichterle O. , Šittler E. , Čefelin P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe course of the cross amidation reaction in the system polycaprolactam‐low molecular amide has been followed by measuring changes in viscosity. Conversion curves were plotted from data on the decrease in viscosity of a solution of the polyamide in the low molecular amide at the reaction temperature. Conventional reagents for the hydrolytic and catalytic polymerization of the caprolactam were employed as catalysts.
ApoE: The role of conserved residues in defining function
Authors: Frieden Carl 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe amino acid sequences of apolipoprotein E (apoE) from 63 different mammalian species have been downloaded from the protein database. The sequences were compared to human apoE4 to determine conserved and non‐conserved sequences of amino acids. ApoE4 is the major risk factor for the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease while apoE3, which differs from apoE4 by a single amino acid change at position 112, poses little or no risk for the development of this disease. Thus, the two proteins appear to be structurally and functionally different. Seven highly conserved regions, representing approximately 47 amino acids (of 299) have been found. These regions are distributed throughout the protein and reflect ligand binding sites as well as regions proposed to be involved in the propagation of the cysteine–arginine change at position 112 to distant regions of the protein in the N‐ and C‐terminal domains. Highly non‐conserved regions are at the N‐ and C‐terminal ends of the apoE protein.
Brief Reports: Controlling the Survival of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Small Molecule-Based Targeting of Topoisomerase II Alpha
Authors: Ben-David Uri , Cowell Ian G. , Austin Caroline A. , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Pluripotent-specific inhibitors (PluriSIns) make a powerful tool to study the mechanisms controlling the survival of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we characterize the mechanism of action of PluriSIn#2, a compound that selectively eliminates undifferentiated hPSCs, while sparing various other cell types derived from them. Toxicogenomic analysis predicts this compound to be a topoisomerase inhibitor. Gene expression analyses reveal that one of the human topoisomerase enzymes, topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A), is uniquely expressed in hPSCs: TOP2A is highly expressed in undifferentiated cells, is downregulated during their differentiation, and its expression depends on the expression of core pluripotency transcription factors. Furthermore, siRNA-based knockdown of TOP2A in undifferentiated hPSCs results in their cell death, revealing that TOP2A expression is required for the survival of these cells. We find that PluriSIn#2 does not directly inhibit TOP2A enzymatic activity, but rather selectively represses its transcription, thereby significantly reducing TOP2A protein levels. As undifferentiated hPSCs require TOP2A activity for their survival, TOP2A inhibition by PluriSIn#2 thus causes their cell death. Therefore, TOP2A dependency can be harnessed for the selective elimination of tumorigenic hPSCs from culture. Stem Cells 2015;33:1013–1019