bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reprise and Conclusion
Authors: Loewer Barry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the discussion of laws and argues that the PDA account is the best account so far developed. It is shown that it satisfies the conditions that earlier chapters enumerated by an adequate account of laws of nature. Hawking asked, “What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?” The PDA’s answer to his question is that the fire is the activity of science. Reality’s structure provides the fuel, and science, by finding a systematization satisfying certain conditions developed during its history, ignites it to yield fundamental ontology and laws.
Translating Rome
Authors: Ostacchini Luisa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This final chapter considers Ælfric’s presentation of Rome, the most culturally significant city of the early medieval imagination. In the Lives of Saints, there is not one single ‘Rome’, but rather four different and interrelated images of the city. Rome was at once the metaphorical keystone of the Christian church; the imagined embodiment of imperial ambition; a real, geographical locale; and a font of sainthood which nourished England’s own cult of saints. Throughout the Lives, Ælfric diminishes Rome’s physical reality while emphasizing the city’s symbolic importance, thereby emphasizing commonality between Rome and England despite the considerable geographic and cultural lacuna between the two places. Rome serves as the heart of Ælfric’s imagined European Christian community, representing the idealized imperial, scholastic, and ecclesiastical achievements that all of the universal church, and particularly England, might share in.
What Literature Does Not Say
Authors: Khair Tabish 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It makes the argument, already outlined in my reading of Chekov’s story in the previous chapter, that literature is not just about language, though of course it cannot exist without language. The chapter looks at the different ways in which ‘stories’ are used and read in literature and in other disciplines, with the focus on anthropology in this case. It stresses the role of stories in literature but suggests that literature cannot be simply conflated with storytelling. It focusses on how literature works, not just through what it says but also what it does not and sometimes cannot say, and illustrates this with readings of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights and Robert Macfarlane’s Underland. The focus is on highlighting the role of seemingly ‘non-linguistic’ elements, such as silence, gap, or noise, in literature.
The Example of Gorboduc
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Translating manuscript into print was not a straightforward matter. The conventions are not the same; in particular, the presentation of verse and prose is different in script and in type, and it is clear that printers sometimes misunderstood the prosody of their copy text. This is an issue because English Renaissance drama is generally a verse medium, but even more because editors since the eighteenth century have had a strong bias in favor of verse, and have systematically transformed or revised anything that can be represented as verse. Modern Shakespeare includes a great deal more verse than seventeenth-century Shakespeare.
From Stage to Page
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
How do we know what the relation was between the texts that have come down to us as books and what playgoers saw in Shakespeare’s theater? Readings are performances too, especially readings aloud, as they typically were until the last century. But reading performances are inflected by the decisions made by the editor of the book. In texts like Tamburlaine or The Spanish Tragedy, which acknowledge that they have been rewritten to be printed, the reader is not experiencing the same play that Marlowe’s or Kyd’s audiences saw. All printed texts, including Shakespeare’s, have gone through some editorial process.
Conclusion
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
For the ancients, drama was both a codification of the culture through its legends and mythology, and a source of entertainment; for many subsequent centuries that vital tradition was ossified into a small corpus of classic drama, whether ignored and discarded as pagan, or useful primarily for the study of classical languages. In English universities, however, for many decades the ancient plays were not simply texts for study but living drama; in the culture at large they served as models for new drama. Now the tradition survives chiefly in the form of books.
Critical Concepts in the Study of Learning and Memory
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Uner Oyku 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Concepts are crucial in all scientific fields. They permit researchers to conceive of the phenomena studied in certain ways and, as the history of science teaches, they can prevent researchers from seeing these phenomena in other ways. This chapter reviews and analyzes 16 concepts critical to the study of learning and memory: learning, plasticity, memory, encoding, consolidation, coding and representation, working memory, persistence (storage), retrieval, remembering, transfer, context, forgetting, inhibition, memory systems, and phylogeny and evolution. Of course, many other important concepts exist, but these are essential. Psychology and neuroscience seem to accrue new concepts and rarely is a concept abandoned.
Attention and Memory
Authors: Sherman Brynn E. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Attention plays an important and pervasive role in human perception, filtering complex sensory input based on what is most salient or relevant, and gating the entry of this information into conscious awareness. In addition to modulating processing of the current environment, the control of attention over perception has downstream consequences for processing of the past and future, determining what information is available for memory encoding and retrieval. This interaction between attention and memory is bidirectional, as goals, episodes, and knowledge held in memory in turn inform attentional selection and vigilance. These bidirectional interactions can be found across different types of memory and their underlying brain systems. This chapter catalogs the ways in which attention and memory interact, focusing on working memory, episodic memory, and learning. By reviewing the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying these interactions, the chapter reconceptualizes attention as serving a broader role in the organization of the mind, and memory as being fundamentally selective and interwoven with perception.
Rehearsal Processes
Authors: Ward Geoff 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews rehearsal processes in human memory. It considers the different types and functions of rehearsal; the different methods used to examine rehearsal; and the role of rehearsal in classic short-term and working memory tasks and theories, including the Brown–Peterson task, immediate free recall, immediate serial recall, and the complex span task. A variety of different types of rehearsal have been proposed, including: maintenance (or articulatory) rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, attentional refreshing, covert retrieval, and short-term consolidation. Theorizing about rehearsal can be highly contentious, and the chapter discusses theories that assume rehearsal enhances later accessibility, theories that assume rehearsal merely maintains items in a highly accessible state, and theories that propose that there is no causal link between rehearsal and recall. The chapter considers the relationship between rehearsals and later recall, the relationship between rehearsals and repetitions, and whether rehearsal and recall are underpinned by the same retrieval mechanisms. The chapter concludes with a summary of the current points of contention and a personal viewpoint—that rehearsal is most likely to enhance recall to the extent that retrieval enhances later retrieval, because rehearsal and recall are underpinned by the very same mechanisms.
Context Reinstatement
Authors: Manning Jeremy R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Context reinstatement is the process by which humans incorporate thoughts from their past into their current mental state. This chapter is concerned with characterizing the cognitive and neuropsychological underpinnings of context reinstatement. Modern theories of context reinstatement are inextricably tied to theories of how humans process and perceive the present. The primary goal of this chapter is to present a conceptual framework for characterizing how experiences unfold in time and how people’s mental states at each moment relate to their experiences. This framework allows researchers to compare, contrast, and test different theories of context reinstatement. A second component of this chapter is concerned with two fundamental properties of how people’s experiences unfold and how people perceive and remember them: scale invariance and event segmentation. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the proposed role of context reinstatement in facilitating a range of important memory-related cognitive functions.
Memory Reconsolidation
Authors: Nadel Lynn , Sederberg Per B. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Memory reconsolidation refers to the phenomenon whereby a previously consolidated memory—that is, one that is resistant to interference or disruption—becomes labile due to reactivation, initiating a short window during which that memory can be modified. With a wide range of potential clinical and educational applications, reconsolidation has been demonstrated across multiple domains and timescales, including fear, motor, and episodic memory. This chapter clarifies the psychological processes involved in reconsolidation, making connections to underlying physiological mechanisms, with the goal of providing a framework for understanding why and when reconsolidation takes place. Drawing on reviews of both human and relevant animal studies, this chapter highlights the importance of both context and predictions for determining whether new experiences give rise to new learning or the updating of previously learned associations.
Schema, Inference, and Memory
Authors: Varga Nicole L. , Morton Neal W. , Preston Alison R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Understanding how knowledge structures, or schemas, are formed and how they influence memory and inference has posed long-standing challenges for cognitive scientists. Recent neuroscientific work has helped elucidate the role of schemas in cognition by quantifying their formation and expression in novel situations. This chapter reviews evidence that the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediate schema formation. This evidence suggests that bidirectional hippocampus-mPFC interactions support formation of representations that integrate commonalities and emphasize goal-related differences among related events. Consistent with this theory, recent studies have found evidence that hippocampus supports schema formation by binding current experience with reactivated memories. New data further suggest that mPFC guides formation of hippocampal schemas by biasing encoding toward goal-relevant information while compressing irrelevant features that differ across events. By representing the commonalities and differences among previously and newly acquired information, schemas extend beyond direct experience to support flexible behaviors, such as inferential reasoning.
Prospective Cognition and Its Links with Memory
Authors: Addis Donna Rose , Tanguay Annick F. N. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The past decade has seen a reconceptualization of explicit memory that closely links it with prospective cognition. This chapter provides a brief historical perspective on prospection within memory research, an overview of the major modes of prospective cognition, and a comprehensive review of research examining episodic and semantic contributions to future-oriented thinking. It considers taxonomic issues in this emerging subfield, as well as the factors that appear to modulate the degree to which episodic and/or semantic memory are involved in prospection, including contextual specificity and psychological distance, while emphasizing the notion that most prospective thoughts are hybrid representations comprising episodic details and multiple types of semantic knowledge.
The Rational Analysis of Memory
Authors: Gershman Samuel J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The idea that memory might obey rational design principles has been explored from many different perspectives. This chapter surveys rational models of memory, which posit that memory is optimized to store information that will be needed in the future, subject to the constraint that information can only be stored with a limited amount of precision. This optimization problem can be formalized using the framework of rate-distortion theory, which addresses the trade-off between memory precision and task performance. The design principles that emerge from this framework shed light on numerous regularities of memory, as well as how cognitive and environmental factors shape these regularities.
Memory in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. , Benear Susan L. , Ngo Chi T. , Olson Ingrid R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During the past five decades, there has been a tremendous effort to better understand the nature of memory in infancy and early childhood. These findings are beginning to address the puzzle of how it is possible to build an impressive semantic memory during periods of development when episodic memories for events are unlikely to be retained (infantile amnesia, ages 0–2 years) or are fragile and fragmentary (childhood amnesia, ages 2–8 years). This chapter discusses three relevant issues: (a) how the nontrivial mnemonic capacities of infants fit with the facts of infantile amnesia, (b) the contribution of changes in key component processes of episodic memory to the lifting of childhood amnesia between ages 2 and 8 years, and (c) what is known about the development of the neural underpinnings of memory. The chapter highlights the importance of the reciprocal relationship between research on memory development and theories and models of mature memory systems—that is, how current knowledge about development may constrain building viable models, and how contemporary models provide guidance for understanding memory development.
The Mnemonic Consequences of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Vakil Eli 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of the effects of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) on various aspects of memory, including working memory, episodic and semantic memory/contextual memory, prospective memory, skill learning, and memory self-awareness. In addition to reviewing the cognitive sequelae of TBI, the chapter also discusses approaches to memory assessment in TBI and memory remediation. TBI inflicts diffuse injury, including to the white matter (diffuse axonal injury), which is reflected in heterogeneous patterns of impairment across participants. Furthermore, neuroimaging findings consistently demonstrate the vulnerability of the frontal lobes. Memory processes that require strategic and effortful elaboration appear particularly susceptible to TBI. By focusing on these processes, the sensitivity of memory assessment and the efficiency of memory remediation could benefit significantly.
Memory, Depression, and Anxiety
Authors: Hitchcock Caitlin , Dalgleish Tim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Impairments in working memory and autobiographical memory are integral to the experience of depression and anxiety. Within working memory, those experiencing poor mental health have a reduced ability to store and manipulate both visual and spatial information, relative to their healthy counterparts. Working memory is particularly impaired for emotional material. As such, novel interventions have emerged to improve working memory deficits, with the most promising results found for emotional working memory programs. Autobiographical memory has long been understood to play a key role in the onset and perpetuation of depression and anxiety. Voluntary retrieval of autobiographical memories of single-incident events is impaired, as is retrieval of memories that are positive in emotional valence. Both depression and anxiety are associated with increased involuntary retrieval of autobiographical memories. This chapter discusses how gold-standard treatments target autobiographical memories, and introduces science-driven memory interventions that seek to improve treatment options for depression and anxiety.
Principles of Expertise for Skill Learning
Authors: Healy Alice F. , Kole James A. , Proctor Robert W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Expertise in any domain is attained through extensive practice. The best practice methods depend on several factors, among which are the three primary phases of training: acquisition, retention, and transfer. This chapter considers nine principles that promote skill learning, all of which have considerable empirical support. Four of the principles involve complicating learning, whereas five involve simplifying it. Complications that have been shown to be beneficial include desirable difficulties, cognitive antidote, variability of practice, and strategic use of knowledge. Beneficial simplifications include focus of attention, mental practice, rules, functional task, and stimulus–response compatibility. Which principle or set of principles to use in a particular training situation necessarily depends on which particular task is being learned and which parameters of the task can be manipulated. Nevertheless, the principles provide useful guidelines for consideration when designing a training regimen to optimize skill learning.
Emerson, Reluctant Feminist
Authors: Eckel Leslie Elizabeth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As a student of his freethinking aunt Mary Moody Emerson, collaborator with Margaret Fuller on The Dial, and contributor to the intellectual community that Elizabeth Peabody created at her bookstore in Boston, Emerson nonetheless published books and presented lectures that are startlingly antifeminist. In Emerson’s writing, only men are “representative” individuals, while women represent the emasculating forces of social conformity. This chapter confronts these contradictions as it explores Emerson’s private journals and public writings, asking why Emerson was reluctant to declare his support for women’s rights. Was Emerson oblivious to the power and potential of the women upon whom he relied, or did he minimize their influence to carve out space for his own radicalism? This chapter highlights Emerson’s hesitation to advocate for women’s equality with men, arguing that his ambivalence invites reconsideration in relation to twenty-first-century feminist concerns with self-determination, intersectional identity, and reproductive rights.
Lydia Jackson Emerson
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Lidian Jackson Emerson (1802–1892) has been almost entirely overshadowed by her famous husband, but she was viewed differently by her contemporaries. Elizabeth Peabody said of her, “We had a beautiful talk about a variety of most intellectual and spiritual things—And I should think she had a rare characteristic of genius—inexhaustible originality.” One of the first to perceive Transcendentalism’s limitations, she reasoned that if the self was of preeminent importance, then people could find no meaning in anything greater than themselves. Lidian convinced her husband to redirect his rarefied philosophy toward the plight of enslaved African Americans. And her “Transcendental Bible”—a satirical rewriting of the gospel from the perspective of the reformers who visited her house—remains unparalleled in its portrait of Transcendentalism’s smug self-satisfaction and its imagining of a road not taken by the movement headquartered in her house.
Nature’s President
Authors: Stancliff Michael 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
When news of Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation finally came to those assembled at the Boston Music Hall late on January 1, 1863, Emerson read “Boston Hymn” to mark the occasion, heralding the executive order as the “word of the Lord,” a substitution that casts Lincoln in a divine light. Emerson’s praise of Lincoln provides a key for understanding the tensions and contradictions that bind nature and civilization as interdependent categories in his canon. Moreover, the Western orientation of the poem’s free-labor geography recalls Emerson’s admiration for John C. Fremont, whose exploits as a Western explorer in the 1840s and 50s captured the attention of a new Republican Party seeking its first presidential candidate. This chapter traces Emerson’s enthusiasm for presidents from Fremont’s 1856 campaign to Lincoln’s death in 1865, grounding his Transcendental theory of emancipation in the antislavery platform of the Republican Party and the settler-colonial discourse of racial progress.
Emerson and Caribbean Emancipation
Authors: Schoolman Martha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay reassesses Emerson’s “Address on the Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Negroes in the British West Indies,” with an emphasis on the staggered hemispheric emancipation process as it stood in 1844. By emphasizing the address’s engagement with the complexities and reversals of the emancipation process, this essay works to shift critical attention from abolitionist radicalism as an abstract ideal that shone with occasional purity over the course of the emancipation era, to the abolitionist movement’s confrontation with a proliferation of semi-emancipated resistance formations that we can see repeated and revised across the long hemispheric nineteenth century. This reading of the address tracks Emerson’s specific engagement with Haiti’s second revolutionary era in the 1840s before turning to the ambiguities of US emancipation, which Emerson well understood as itself partial and reversible as demonstrated by the treatment of free Black mariners from Massachusetts when they entered Southern US ports.
“The Calamity of the Next Ages”
Authors: Hanlon Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes up the resonance of Emerson’s ideas for thinkers who were public advocates for racial justice after 1865. It examines a set of lectures Emerson gave during 1862 and 1863, during which he projected the possibilities for a multi-ethnic postwar American democracy: “Perpetual Forces” (1862), “American Civilization” (1862), and “Fortune of the Republic” (1863). During the last of these, Emerson imagined that “a new era of equal rights [might] dawn on the universe as a result of the war” wherein legislators might “write laws for the benefit of men” (LL 2:335). This chapter will treat such projections, to which Emerson gave voice only as his active, independent career was coming to an end, as a keynote that would find resonance among the coming generation of civil rights advocates in the Reconstruction-era United States.
Environmental Authoritarianism
Authors: Eaton Sarah , Kostka Genia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical review of the environmental authoritarianism (EA) literature. The history of this contested concept is first reviewed before a turn to ongoing debate over whether autocrats are better environmental stewards than leaders in democracies. The argument is made that the study of EA lacks firm theoretical foundations and could benefit from closer engagement with the growing literature on authoritarian survival. Using case study analysis, the chapter then highlights the potential that a focus on authoritarian survival strategies—co-optation, legitimization, and repression—has for better understanding the varieties of environmental authoritarianism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of key variables such as state capacity, level of corruption, leadership, and national wealth that shape autocrats’ ability to make use of these strategies in the environmental domain.