bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dualistic Forms
Authors: Rehding Alexander 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores some of the consequences of Riemann's harmonic dualism that were not pursued by Riemann himself. The question of musical forms is one that Riemann intriguingly leaves unresolved—despite the fact that he is considered a formalist theorist, his ideas about musical form remain comparatively underdeveloped. The root of the problem is assumed to be related to the skepticism with which harmonic dualism is widely regarded. In exploring the idea of a dualistically based concept of form, the article takes Riemannian ideas further than Riemann did and (re-)constructs a Riemannian theory of forms based on the concept of harmonic symmetries.
On a Transformational Curiosity in Riemann'sSchematisirung der Dissonanzen
Authors: Gollin Edward 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the less examined aspect of Riemann's Skizze, the Schematirisung der Dissonanzen. The article focuses in particular on Riemann's category of Doppelklänge, by examining the conceptual origin of the category in the Skizze and its relation to Riemann's harmonic theories. Doppelklänge are dissonant chords that arise through a combination of two consonant triads in a coordinate relationship. While the Doppelklänge category is short-lived, it nevertheless fascinating for its relation to Riemann's taxonomy of harmonic relations. Specifically, Riemann classifies Doppelklänge according to the Harmonieschritte that relate their component Klänge, reflecting within those dissonant chordal structures the same relations that organize harmonic progression in music. The article then examines how an explicitly transformational reinterpretation of Riemann's Doppelklänge can offer analytic insights into tonal, post-tonal and transitional musical repertoires such as by Chopin, William Grant Still, and Ravel. The article ends by providing an appendix that presents a translation of Schematirisung der Dissonanzen.
Tonal Interpretation, Transformational Models, and the Chromatic Calls to Repent in Franck'sLe chasseur maudit
Authors: Cook Robert C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of Cesär Franck's Le chasseur maudit, which serves as an extended and elegant reflection on the potential and limitations of various analytical frameworks. This article is placed with respect to notions of chromatic music, specifically on the idea that chromaticism poses analytical difficulties that Riemannian and neo-Riemannian perspectives are particularly well suited to address. After discussing the work from both linear and functional perspectives, and examining the conceptual problems that attend each, the article then demonstrates how a contextual, neo-Riemannian view can capture the work's important gestures, and offers a balance between a desire to understand the work as a reflection of an orderly and coherent relational system, and the need to engage the aural experience of the music.
Happiness
Authors: Davies Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a definite and positive view of Aquinas about happiness. Aquinas distinguished between what he calls actus hominis (an act of a human being) and actus humanus (a human action). Actions are often bodily processes through which people go, but some of them occur without thinking about them at all while others involve reflection. Aquinas believed that human action is deliberative and goal-directed. It typically results from a process of practical reasoning. Aquinas argued that human action is essentially directed to what people take to be good, attractive, satisfying, and fulfilling. He thought of it as always happiness-oriented. Aquinas's theory of human action focuses on the desire for happiness. Aquinas held that thinking, knowing, and understanding are categorically different from sensations that are private property. Aquinas has a general or defining notion of happiness. He takes happiness to be the perfection of the totality of a well-lived human life. The English word ‘happiness’ can be used to translate at least two different Latin terms that include felicitas and beatitudo. Aquinas makes the use of both of these words to describe happiness. He speaks of felicitas when he means happiness enjoyed by people before death. He takes beatitudo as the ultimate good for people that include the union with God after death.
The Cavellian Turn
Authors: Rhu Lawrence F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article is all about the works and viewpoints of Stanley Cavell, an American philosopher who increasingly followed his vocation through the examples of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Responsiveness amounts to the primary virtue in Cavell's Transcendental philosophy: a willingness to hear and heed the summons of thought and feeling as it becomes manifest in the unfolding of our lives. The article describes the way Cavell followed Emerson. He pointedly put Emerson first among the philosophers under review in Cities of Words (2004). For Cavell, Platonic forms and other definitive features of Platonic idealism were secondary in the epistolary instruction that he offered in “documents of a certain intimacy,” which constituted the chapters of his book. The article states that there were many turns in the plot of the story of Cavell's inheriting and transmitting American Transcendentalism.
Aesthetics
Authors: Wilson G. Terence 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
For centuries, literary critics have made a division between poetry and prose, believing that poetry focuses on complex interactions between sound and sense, while prose centers on lucid significance. However, this article states that the major Transcendentalists believed that no clear distinction existed between poetry and prose. Supposing that the poetic is at one with the organic, they concluded that prose, if it approached the powers of nature, could qualify as poetry. Hence, the general aesthetics of American Transcendentalism are not confined to poetry but rather include poetry and prose alike. The aesthetic theories of Transcendentalists were vast and deep. They touched all the natural elements and resources and they were defined beautifully elucidating the aesthetic concepts of the Transcendentalists. Emerson tried to write about the world in his earliest book, Nature. Margaret Fuller and Henry David Thoreau, too, persistently worked to transform creatures into conceits and tropes into flora and fauna.
Science and Technology
Authors: Walls Laura Dassow 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article enlarges upon the impact of specific sciences on Transcendentalism. It explores how the popularity of botany both enlarged and limited the world of intellectual women such as Mary Moody Emerson and Sarah Ripley and how Thoreau turned his own love of botany into a new science that would eventually be called “ecology”. Apart from discussing how the Transcendentalists reacted when Charles Darwin used evolution to blow the snug universe to smithereens, the article also talks about how every graduate of Harvard was taught how natural philosophy (now called physics) complemented moral philosophy, completing a satisfying view of a universe designed by an artful God. Considering Emerson and Thoreau the article states that the connections between science and Transcendentalism run so deep as to be definitive.
Designing and Conducting Interventions to Enhance Physical and Mental Health Outcomes
Authors: Westmaas J. Lee , Gil-Rivas Virginia , Silver Roxane Cohen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHealth-focused interventions can prevent the devastating effects of many illnesses by encouraging changes in behavior. Interventions that recognize the multiple influences on behavior will have the greatest likelihood of success, but increased sensitivity to their costs, convenience, and reach has led to innovative new treatments, for example internet programs for post-traumatic stress disorder or smoking cessation. Nonetheless, although the landscape in which interventions can be delivered has changed, attention to principles of design and methodology remain the same. This chapter describes proven scientific methods in designing and evaluating interventions, and illustrates how understanding the causes of illnesses and health, and using theoretically driven and multilevel approaches to develop interventions, can save lives by promoting health and preventing illness.
Physician–Patient Communication
Authors: Hall Judith A. , Roter Debra L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the various aspects of physician–patient communication. It begins with a discussion of relationship-centered medicine, which considers the relationship as part of the therapeutic picture, depending not just on the patient’s attributes (values, background, etc.) but also on those of the physician in a dynamic relation with the patient. It then discusses the theoretical and philosophical basis of the therapeutic relationship, the assessment of physician–patient communication, quantitative approaches to interaction analysis, correlates of physician–patient communication, and the clinical outcomes of communication.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Temoshok Lydia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) issues, developments, research, and clinical/policy implications for the United States. The first section focuses on psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and biobehavioral HIV research. It summarizes critical information and biomedical research on HIV, and then reviews in some detail examples of PNI and biobehavioral HIV/AIDS research, especially research on plausible PNI mechanisms in HIV progression that is conversant with the basic science discoveries starting in the mid-1990s. The second section considers the much more voluminous record of psychosocial and behavioral clinical research, including interventions. It argues that this research, which has addressed almost exclusively two main areas— HIV behavioral prevention and adherence to HIV medications— would be more successful in terms of impacting these areas if this research and these interventions were better informed by biomedical research. Thus, a critical consideration of the impact of this research, as well as future research directions, will necessarily include references to significant biomedical research in the areas of HIV prevention and treatment.
Behavior Genetic Perspectives on Cli nical Personality Assessment
Authors: South Susan C. , Krueger Robert F. , Markon Kristian E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores how the field of behavior genetics—the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in human behavior—can aid and inform personality assessment. These two fields of study are often quite distinct: personality assessment applies to the study of a singular individual; behavior genetics typically is used to describe population-level individual differences. However, behavior genetic methodology has been vital in helping to understand how genetic and environmental influences transact in the development of personality. Nature and nurture are both important contributors to variation in human personality and newer methodologies from both behavior and molecular genetics hold great promise for understanding how different etiological factors interact in the development of personality. The article considers biometric models and the important contributions from decades of behavior genetic research into personality, and how research using newer biometric moderation models allows for group-specific estimates of heritability and environmental influences on personality. It also examines how twin studies work and what they have taught us about personality, as well as what adoption studies have taught us about personality.
Test Theory and Personality Measurement
Authors: Drasgow Fritz , Chernyshenko Oleksandr S. , Stark Stephen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews traditional approaches for the psychometric analysis of responses to personality inventories, including classical test theory item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and item response theory. These methods, which can be called “dominance” models, work well for items assessing moderately positive or negative trait levels, but are unable to describe adequately items representing intermediate (or average) trait levels. This necessitates a shift to an alternative family of psychometric models, known as ideal point models, which stipulate that the likelihood of endorsement increases as respondents' trait levels get closer to an item's location. The article describes an ideal point model for personality measures using single statements as items, reanalyzes data to show how the change of modeling framework improves fit, and discusses the pairwise preference format for use in personality assessment. It also considers two illustrative ideal point models for unidimensional and multidimensional pairwise preferences and shows that, after correcting for unreliability, correlations of personality traits assessed with single statements, unidimensional pairs, and multidimensional pairs are very close to unity.
Construct Validation of Personality Measures
Authors: Smith Gregory T. , Cyders Melissa A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOver the last century, both validation theory and personality theory have made enormous strides, and progress in the two domains has been closely linked. A great deal of the history of validation theory in psychology has been driven by the need to assess personality-based dysfunction; at the same time, progress in understanding how to validate measures of unobservable personality constructs has led to improvements in personality theory and assessment. This article presents an overview of this history and then discusses recent advances in construct validation theory of personality measures. One important, recent advance is a growing appreciation of the need to make measures of unidimensional, rather than multidimensional, constructs the focus of both construct validation and theory validation. The article provides examples of the kinds of advances in knowledge that have been realized in personality and psychopathology research following the introduction of construct validity and also following appreciation of the need to focus on homogeneous psychological entities. Finally, it highlights the need to validate measures in relation to humans' day-to-day and moment-to-moment reactions and behaviors.
Incorporating Base Rate Information in Daily Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Finn Stephen E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhat are your chances of being hit by lightning? Of winning the lottery? Of developing schizophrenia? The probabilities of these events, usually expressed in a percentage, are called base rates. Base rates are often calculated in clinical settings. They have important implications for a wide variety of issues in clinical practice. Although sometimes overlooked, base rates affect the prediction of behaviors (for example, suicide), the interpretation of test data (for example, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 scores), and decision making regarding diagnosis. This article discusses the need for practitioners to consider the relative frequency of phenomena (base rates) in particular clinical settings in order to make diagnoses and interpret psychological test scores appropriately. First, it explains what base rates are, and then discusses base rates and predictive power, implications of base rates for clinical practice and test use, and how to use base rates in daily clinical decision making.
Personality Disorders Assessment Instruments
Authors: Widiger Thomas A. , Boyd Sara E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the assessment of personality disorder, focusing in particular on self-report inventories and semistructured interviews. It summarizes the convergent validity reported in sixty-eight studies among five semistructured interviews, one rating form, and ten self-report inventories. The article also explores discriminant validity; the boundaries with Axis I disorders; the boundaries with normal personality functioning; the boundaries among the personality disorders; and culture, ethnicity, and gender bias.
The Assessment of Psychopathology in Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Gray-Little Bernadette 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs accurate assessment is critical to diagnosis and treatment, understanding the association between race or ethnicity and the assessment of psychopathology has important practical significance. However, detecting and mitigating racial bias in assessment is a profoundly complex challenge. This article examines several conceptual issues germane to assessing minority groups in the United States, and reviews efforts to address ethnic and racial bias in frequently used adult-assessment instruments. It discusses ethnic identity and acculturation, assessment of psychopathology by means of the clinical interview and psychological testing, self-epressive assessment of psychopathology using projective tests, the Rorschach inkblot test, picture-story tests, and sentence completion and figure-drawing tests.
Writing Clinical Reports
Authors: Ownby Raymond L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPsychological assessment is a key aspect of professional practice and one that distinguishes psychology from other disciplines. Reporting the results of assessments is thus an important professional function, but surveys suggest that many consumers of reports are dissatisfied. Three concepts from psycholinguistics are particularly relevant to writing clinical reports: the given-new contract, coherence, and cohesion. This article reviews problems with psychological reports and discusses the expository process model, which uses insights from basic psycholinguistic research to inform reporting practices.
How to Use Computer-Based Reports
Authors: Butcher James N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractComputers have become an indispensable component in psychological assessment in most health-care, forensic, mental health, and personnel settings. This article addresses several aspects of the use of computer-based psychological test reports. It describes the rationale and value of using computerized psychological tests in clinical assessment. Computer-based psychological test results can be obtained quite rapidly, saving practioners' valuable time for use in early clinical sessions. The methods of computer test data processing that practitioners can employ are varied and include the following data-entry methods: mail-in service, in-office computer processing, fax-processing option, and Internet-based test applications. The article also considers shortened or abbreviated forms of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), computer adaptive testing, MMPI-2 feedback as an intervention, and use of computer-based psychological reports in forensics.
Interacting with Animals
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses a theory that has often been called deontological, but now is increasingly called Kantian because of its origins in the theory of Immanuel Kant. It starts with a characterization of two ways in which differences between human beings and nonhuman animals might be drawn in moral theory: thinking about what is good and thinking about right and obligation. Two general types of argument have therefore been used by philosophers in their attempts either to justify or criticize our uses of animal. This article argues that since animals cannot give consent, we should adopt the norm that we should “interact” with other animals in ways that are mutually beneficial and fair, and allow them to live something reasonably like their own sort of life. It is also implausible, this argument states, to hypothesize that an animal would consent to painful scientific experimentation.
Human Animals and Nonhuman Persons
Authors: Chan Sarah , Harris John 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article starts with the assumption that the term “person” in the everyday sense is generally taken to be synonymous with the term “human”. Philosophers tend to use the word “person” in the more abstract sense of entities as someone who possess a particular moral status and about whom particular moral claims may be made on the basis of that status. This article considers whether a nonhuman animal or any other entity could, under certain specifiable conditions, be a person. It approaches this subject through personhood theory and asks why certain attributes are thought so important to being a person. It then asks what this account requires of nonhuman animals in order to be deemed persons. It also explores the implications of nonhuman animal personhood.
Keeping Pets
Authors: Bok Hilary 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article defines “pets” as nonhuman animals that people take into their homes and accept as members of the household. It assumes that cats and dogs are happy living in human households and have better lives than they would if they were in the wild. There is welcomed companionship and often a genuine friendship across species. There can of course be many failures and problems such as animal aggression and human cruelty and neglect. In some circumstances, the fact that humans can understand in ways their pets cannot creates a situation in which we should require more of ourselves in the way of care and patience than we would require in the case of a competent adult human. It suggests that it is a mistake to regard duties to nonhuman animals as situated in a hierarchy of moral status in which animals with high-level capacities occupy a higher rank.
Vegetarianism
Authors: Rachels Stuart 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article takes up a series of moral problems about industrial farming, which it assesses as a form of cruelty to animals, as well as environmentally destructive, harmful to rural regions, and with serious consequences for human health. It lays out and attempts to document the pertinent facts behind these claims, especially facts about the farming of pigs, cows, chickens, turkeys, and seafood. It attempts to explain why the industrial system has been remarkably successful as a dominant economic force. It argues that we should boycott industrially produced meat and should not kill animals for food even if the means are humane. It eventually concludes that in practice we should all be vegetarians.
Anthropology, Colonialism, and Eugenics
Authors: Levine Philippa 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article traces what catalyzed the ideas of eugenic policies, what gave them weight in an increasingly precise scientific environment. It draws an explicit link between this interest and the development of eugenics. It presents the association between the emergence of anthropology and a growing interest in dying race theory. It provides the basic concepts of the term “savage” as it seems to have become widespread. The idea of the savage fed assumptions that are discussed here under eugenics relate to topics such as reproductive capacity, the idea of generational throwbacks, and crucially what role the environment plays in promoting or preventing development. The article thus reflects an older anxiety about environment rather than heredity, thus destabilizing not only the twin powers of civilization and colonialism, but also the new hereditarian orthodoxy out of which eugenics was born and is growing.