bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ATTACHMENT AND CAREGIVER–INFANT INTERACTION: A REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONAL‐ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Authors: Tryphonopoulos Panagiota D. , Letourneau Nicole , Ditommaso Enrico 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe relationship between maternal–infant interaction and attachment quality to infant developmental outcomes has long been established. As children mature, problems stemming from troubled caregiver–infant relations may result in referral to mental health or child protection services. The accurate and appropriate assessment of attachment is critical for early recognition of problematic relations and for informing suitable treatment modalities. Evaluating the quality of attachment poses a challenge for researchers and clinicians seeking to explore the association between infant development and the quality of early caregiving experiences. Although providing a definitive answer to the question of which of these assessment procedures is the single universal standard for measuring attachment quantity is beyond the scope of this article, readers will be provided with a description and comparison of strengths and limitations of the most commonly used measures of attachment, including the Strange Situation Procedure (M.D.S. Ainsworth, M.C. Blehar, E. Waters, & S. Wall, 1978), Attachment Q‐Sort (E. Waters & K.E. Deane, 1985), Toddler Attachment Sort (TAS‐45; J. Kirkland, D. Bimler, A. Drawneek, M. McKim, & A. Scholmerich, 2004), CARE‐Index (P. Crittenden, 1985), Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE; E. Bronfman, E. Parsons, & K. Lyons‐Ruth, 1999), Massie–Campbell Scale of Mother–Infant Attachment Indicators During Stress Scale (Attachment During Stress Scale; H.N. Massie & B.K. Campbell, 1983), and the Risky Situation Procedure (D. Paquette & M. Bigras, 2010).
Multiliteracies Pedagogy
Authors: Hepple Erika , Sockhill Margaret , Tan Ashley , Alford Jennifer 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn addressing literacy in high school education, it is important to foreground the particular issues faced by growing numbers of English Language Learners (ELLs). In our increasingly culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms, this is a matter for all literacy teachers, as well as ELL specialists. In Australia, teachers of ELLs are experimenting with Multiliteracies pedagogy which provides rich opportunities to explore language learning experiences and outcomes that stretch beyond exercises in reproduction in written and oral modes only. This paper documents the practice of a high school teacher who uses a claymation project, producing a movie by stop‐motion filming of clay figures, with a class of low‐level English literacy learners. Drawing on observations of three particular students, the paper outlines a number of possibilities of this approach for English language learners. These include increased individual agency; enhanced engagement through collaboration; and the opportunity to explore various elements of multimodal text design.
microRNA-103a Functions as a Mechanosensitive microRNA to Inhibit Bone Formation Through Targeting Runx2
Authors: Zuo Bin , Zhu JunFeng , Li Jiao , Wang ChuanDong , Zhao XiaoYing , Cai GuiQuan , Li Zheng , Peng Jianping , Wang Peng , Shen Chao , Huang Yan , Xu Jiake , Zhang XiaoLing , Chen XiaoDong 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in regulating osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. However, the role of miRNA in osteoblast mechanotransduction remains to be defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether miRNAs regulate mechanical stimulation–triggered osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through modulation of Runx2, the master transcription factor for osteogenesis. We first investigated the role of mechanical loading both in a mouse model and in an osteoblast culture system and the outcomes clearly demonstrated that mechanical stimuli can regulate osteogenesis and bone formation both in vivo and in vitro. Using bioinformatic analyses and subsequent confirmation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that multiple miRNAs that potentially target Runx2 were responding to in vitro mechanical stimulation, among which miR-103a was fully characterized. miR-103a and its host gene PANK3 were both downregulated during cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS)-induced osteoblast differentiation, whereas Runx2 protein expression was upregulated. Overexpression of miR-103a significantly decreased and inhibition of miR-103a increased Runx2 protein level, suggesting that miR-103a acts as an endogenous attenuator of Runx2 in osteoblasts. Mutation of putative miR-103a binding sites in Runx2 mRNA abolishes miR-103a–mediated repression of the Runx2 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) luciferase reporter activity, suggesting that miR-103a binds to Runx2 3′UTR. Osteoblast marker gene profiling and osteogenic phenotype assays demonstrated that miR-103a negatively correlates with CMS-induced osteogenesis. Further, the perturbation of miR-103a also has a significant effect on osteoblast activity and matrix mineralization. More importantly, we found an inhibitory role of miR-103a in regulating bone formation in hindlimb unloading mice, and pretreatment with antagomir-103a partly rescued the osteoporosis caused by mechanical unloading. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-103a is the first identified mechanosensitive miRNA that regulates osteoblast differentiation by directly targeting Runx2, and therapeutic inhibition of miR-103a may be an efficient anabolic strategy for skeletal disorders caused by pathological mechanical loading. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
First proof of pharmacology in humans of a novel glucagon receptor antisense drug
Authors: van Dongen Marloes G. J. , Geerts Bart F. , Morgan Erin S. , Brandt Teresa A. , de Kam Marieke L. , Romijn Johannes A. , Cohen Adam F. , Bhanot Sanjay , Burggraaf Jacobus 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients cause excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP), suggesting that attenuation of hepatic glucagon action could be a therapeutic strategy for T2DM. In this study we evaluated the safety, tolerability, PK, and pharmacodynamics in healthy human volunteers of single and multiple doses (50–400 mg) ISIS 325568, a 2′‐O‐MOE antisense (ASO) developed to reduce hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR) mRNA expression. In the multiple dose cohorts, treatment consisted of eight doses of ISIS 325568 or placebo over 6‐weeks. Drug effects were assessed using serial fasting glucagon measurements and the glycemic response to a glucagon challenge at baseline and at the end of 6‐week treatment. ISIS 325568 was not associated with clinically relevant changes. Dose‐dependent predominantly mild injection site reactions were the most common side‐effect. Active treatment caused a gradual increase in fasting glucagon levels and, compared to placebo, a significantly blunted glucagon‐induced increase in plasma glucose AUC (24%, P < 0.0001) and HGP (13%, P = 0.007) at the 400 mg/week dose. Six weeks treatment with ISIS 325568 in healthy volunteers attenuated glucagon‐stimulated HGP and glucose excursions, supporting further evaluation of the GCGR antisense approach in patients with T2DM.
Liver injury associated with ketoconazole: Review of the published evidence
Authors: Greenblatt H. Karl , Greenblatt David J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe azole antifungal agent ketoconazole has been available since 1981 for the treatment of fungal infections. In 2013, the American Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency issued warnings or prohibitions against the clinical use of oral ketoconazole due to the risk of liver injury which may lead to liver transplantation or death. From the available published evidence it is difficult to determine the actual incidence or prevalence of liver injury during clinical use of ketoconazole as an antifungal. Hepatic injury, when it occurs, is generally evident as asymptomatic and reversible abnormalities of liver function tests. However, serious liver injury has been reported. Alternatives to ketoconazole (such as itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, and terbinafine) are available, but improved safety with respect to liver injury risk is not clearly established. We are not aware of published reports of significant ketoconazole‐associated liver injury in volunteer study participants when ketoconazole has been used as a CYP3A inhibitor in the context of clinical research on drug metabolism. Possible alternatives to ketoconazole as prototype CYP3A inhibitors include ritonavir and potentially itraconazole, but not clarithromycin.
Clinical trials in Huntington's disease: Interventions in early clinical development and newer methodological approaches
Authors: Sampaio Cristina , Borowsky Beth , Reilmann Ralf 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTSince the identification of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene, knowledge has accumulated about mechanisms directly or indirectly affected by the mutated Huntingtin protein. Transgenic and knock‐in animal models of HD facilitate the preclinical evaluation of these targets. Several treatment approaches with varying, but growing, preclinical evidence have been translated into clinical trials. We review major landmarks in clinical development and report on the main clinical trials that are ongoing or have been recently completed. We also review clinical trial settings and designs that influence drug‐development decisions, particularly given that HD is an orphan disease. In addition, we provide a critical analysis of the evolution of the methodology of HD clinical trials to identify trends toward new processes and endpoints. Biomarker studies, such as TRACK‐HD and PREDICT‐HD, have generated evidence for the potential usefulness of novel outcome measures for HD clinical trials, such as volumetric imaging, quantitative motor (Q‐Motor) measures, and novel cognitive endpoints. All of these endpoints are currently applied in ongoing clinical trials, which will provide insight into their reliability, sensitivity, and validity, and their use may expedite proof‐of‐concept studies. We also outline the specific opportunities that could provide a framework for a successful avenue toward identifying and efficiently testing and translating novel mechanisms of action in the HD field. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Effects of MEK inhibitors GSK1120212 and PD0325901 in vivo using 10‐plex quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics
Authors: Paulo Joao A. , McAllister Fiona E. , Everley Robert A. , Beausoleil Sean A. , Banks Alexander S. , Gygi Steven P. 
Published: September 2014

Multiplexed isobaric tag based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics strategies can comprehensively analyze drug treatments effects on biological systems. Given the role of mitogen‐activated protein/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK) signaling in cancer and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐dependent diseases, we sought to determine if this pathway could be inhibited safely by examining the downstream molecular consequences. We used a series of tandem mass tag 10‐plex experiments to analyze the effect of two MEK inhibitors (GSK1120212 and PD0325901) on three tissues (kidney, liver, and pancreas) from nine mice. We quantified ∼6000 proteins in each tissue, but significant protein‐level alterations were minimal with inhibitor treatment. Of particular interest was kidney tissue, as edema is an adverse effect of these inhibitors. From kidney tissue, we enriched phosphopeptides using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and quantified 10 562 phosphorylation events. Further analysis by phosphotyrosine peptide immunoprecipitation quantified an additional 592 phosphorylation events. Phosphorylation motif analysis revealed that the inhibitors decreased phosphorylation levels of proline‐x‐serine‐proline (PxSP) and serine‐proline (SP) sites, consistent with extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibition. The MEK inhibitors had the greatest decrease on the phosphorylation of two proteins, Barttin and Slc12a3, which have roles in ion transport and fluid balance. Further studies will provide insight into the effect of these MEK inhibitors with respect to edema and other adverse events in mouse models and human patients.
What Counts as Evidence?
Authors: Dougherty Stahl Katherine A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEach disciplinary community has its own criteria for determining what counts as evidence of knowledge in their academic field. The criteria influence the ways that a community's knowledge is created, communicated, and evaluated. Situating reading, writing, and language instruction within the content areas enables teachers to explicitly instruct students what counts as evidence in each disciplinary Discourse. The Common Core State Standards call for readers to use text evidence to reflect their comprehension of the texts they read. This article presents what counts as evidence when analyzing and evaluating literary, social studies, and scientific texts, as well as hypermedia.
Quantification and Compositional Diversity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Profile in Nigella sativa L. Germplasm
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Sajjad , Ghafoor Abdul , Ullah Inam , Ahmad Habib 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNigella sativa L. is an annual underutilized crop of enormous significance, it contains more than 100 bioactive constituents having both pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Nigella sativa L. germplasm consisting of 32 genotypes was quantified for palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic and linolenic acid and results obtained varied in percentage. Lipid extracted by chloroform methanol 2:1 (24–37 %) was higher compared to n‐hexane (18–35 %) and chloroform methanol 1:3 (18–34 %). Extraction with solvent chloroform methanol 2:1 yielded a higher quantity of oil contents, hence recommended. The polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher than monounsaturated fatty acids. Stearic and palmitic acids were positively correlated as were stearic and linoleic acids. It is inferred that breeding for increased stearic acid, linolenic acid and reduced palmitic acid can be achieved through modern breeding methods. The genotypes rich in oil and oleic‐linoleic acid, viz., Pk‐020545, Pk‐020576, Pk‐020609, Pk‐020620, Pk‐020654, Pk‐020699, Pk‐020720, Pk‐020780, Pk‐020874 and Pk‐020878, have been suggested for crop improvement programs and could augment the supply of edible oil as well as a biofuel substitute with large scale cultivation.
Lithological Facies Identification in Iranian Largest Gas Field: A Comparative Study of Neural Network Methods
Authors: Kakouei Aliakbar , Masihi Mohsen , Sola Behnam Sedaee , Biniaz Ebrahim 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:
Determination of different facies in an underground reservoir with the aid of various applicable neural network methods can improve the reservoir modeling. Accordingly facies identification from well logs and cores data information is considered as the most prominent recent tasks of geological engineering. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the five artificial neural networks (ANN) approaches with identification of various structures in a rock facies and evaluate their capability in contrast to the labor intensive conventional method. The selected networks considered are Backpropagation Neural Networks (BPNN), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN), Competitive Learning (CL) and Learning Vector Quantizer (LVQ). All these methods have been applied in four wells of South Pars field, Iran. Data of three wells were employed for the networks training purpose and the fourth one was used to test and verify the trained network predictions. The results have demonstrated that all approaches have the ability of facies modeling with more than 65% of precision. According to the performed analysis, RBF, CL and LVQ methods could model the facies with the accuracy between 66 and 68 percent while PNN and BPNN techniques are capable of making predictions with more than 72% and 88.5% of precision, respectively. It can be concluded that the BPNN can generate most accurate results in comparison to the other type of networks but it is important to note that the other factors such as consuming the amount of time taken, simplicity and the less adjusted parameters as well as the acquired precisions should be considered. As a result, the model evaluation analysis used in this study can be useful for prospective surveys and cost benefit facies identification.
Experiences during the first four years of a postpartum perineal clinic in the USA
Authors: Brincat Cynthia , Crosby Erin , McLeod Anne , Fenner Dee E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the characteristics of patients seen at a postpartum perineal clinic in the USA during the first 4 years of its existence, and to identify factors contributing to the clinic's success.MethodsIn a retrospective study, the charts of patients presenting to the clinic between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2011, were reviewed for presenting complaint, findings, treatment, number of visits, and referral source. Strategies that led to successful clinic implementation were reviewed.ResultsA total of 247 patients were seen during the 4‐year period. Indications for referral included lacerations, pain, urinary and fecal incontinence, and fistulas. The most common referral indication was a third‐ or fourth‐degree laceration, which affected 154 (62.3%) patients. Overall, 53 (21.5%) patients required a procedure, of whom 20 (8.1%) underwent surgery. Most women were counseled about pelvic floor exercises, and 39 (15.8%) were referred for pelvic floor physical therapy. Nurse‐led triage, patient education, and follow‐up were key to the success of the program.ConclusionThe postpartum perineal clinic is sustainable and offers an opportunity for early assessment and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction after a complicated vaginal delivery.
Myxosporean parasites of marine fishes: their distribution in the world's oceans
Authors: MACKENZIE K. , KALAVATI C. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYMyxosporeans are among the most common parasites of marine fish. Their economic importance is mainly as pathogens of both wild and farmed fish, but they have also been used as biological tags in population studies of their fish hosts. Here we review the literature and show the distribution of different families of Myxosporea infecting marine fishes in the world's oceans – the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific and Indian. We also analyse their distribution in different orders of marine fishes. New families, genera and species of marine Myxosporea are continually being described and many more await description. Some regions, in particular the North Atlantic, have been more thoroughly investigated than others, so the analyses we present may not reflect the true distributions and we acknowledge that these may change considerably as other regions are investigated more fully. The distribution of myxosporean families in different taxonomic groups of marine fishes can indicate phylogenetic relationships between parasite and host and suggest the origins of different myxosporean taxa. We present some examples, while recognizing that new molecular information on phylogenetic relationships within the Myxozoa will lead to major changes in classification.
Researching Australian, New Zealand and Papua New Guinean Law
Authors: Hinchcliff Carole L. , Fitzgibbons Megan , Davies Claudia 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper Carole Hinchcliff, Megan Fitzgibbons and Claudia Davies review free resources that can be used when researching the law in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. Background descriptions of the countries' legal systems are provided, along with brief descriptions of websites which provide access to the legislation and case law of the relevant jurisdictions. The article is based on a presentation developed by Carole, and subsequently delivered by Megan and Claudia, at the International Federation of Library Association (IFLA) meeting in August, 2013.
Vortical ciliary flows actively enhance mass transport in reef corals
Authors: Shapiro Orr H. , Fernandez Vicente I. , Garren Melissa , Guasto Jeffrey S. , Debaillon-Vesque François P. , Kramarsky-Winter Esti , Vardi Assaf , Stocker Roman 
Published: September 2014

Significance
The fitness of corals and their ability to form large reefs hinge on their capacity to exchange oxygen and nutrients with their environment. Lacking gills or other ventilating organs, corals have been commonly assumed to depend entirely on ambient flow to overcome the mass transport limitations associated with molecular diffusion. Here, we show that corals are not enslaved to ambient flow but instead, can actively enhance mass transport by producing intense vortical flows with their epidermal cilia. By vigorously stirring the water immediately adjacent to their surface, this active process allows corals to increase mass transport and thus, can be a fundamental survival mechanism in regions or at times of weak ambient flow.
Equilibrium simulations of proteins using molecular fragment replacement and NMR chemical shifts
Authors: Boomsma Wouter , Tian Pengfei , Frellsen Jes , Ferkinghoff-Borg Jesper , Hamelryck Thomas , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten , Vendruscolo Michele 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Chemical shifts are the most fundamental parameters measured in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Since these parameters are exquisitely sensitive to the local atomic environment, they can provide detailed information about the three-dimensional structures of proteins. It has recently been shown that using such information directly as input in molecular simulations based on the molecular fragment replacement strategy can help the process of protein structure determination. Here, we show how to implement this strategy to determine not only the structures of proteins but also their thermal fluctuations, thereby broadening the scope of chemical shifts in structural biology.
Progressive increase in mtDNA 3243A>G heteroplasmy causes abrupt transcriptional reprogramming
Authors: Picard Martin , Zhang Jiangwen , Hancock Saege , Derbeneva Olga , Golhar Ryan , Golik Pawel , O’Hearn Sean , Levy Shawn , Potluri Prasanth , Lvova Maria , Davila Antonio , Lin Chun Shi , Perin Juan Carlos , Rappaport Eric F. , Hakonarson Hakon , Trounce Ian A. , Procaccio Vincent , Wallace Douglas C. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Mitochondria generate signals that regulate nuclear gene expression via retrograde signaling, but this phenomenon is rendered more complex by the quantitative differences in the percentage of mutant and normal mtDNAs that can exist within patient cells. This study demonstrates that depending upon its relative cytoplasmic levels, a single mtDNA point mutation can cause a discrete set of cellular transcriptional responses within cells of the same nuclear background. This qualitative regulation of nuclear gene expression by quantitative changes in mtDNA mutant levels challenges the traditional “single mutation–single disease” concept and provides an alternative perspective on the molecular basis of complex metabolic and degenerative diseases, cancer, and aging.