bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stochastic modeling of dynamic power management policies in server farms with setup times and server failures
Authors: Song Aibo , Wang Wei , Luo Junzhou 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYServer farms generally consume an enormous amount of energy, which not only increases the running cost but also simultaneously enhances their greenhouse gas emissions. One way to improve the energy efficiency in server farms is dynamical powering on/off servers. However, this method suffers from many setup time to turn the servers back on, which would have a negative impact on a job's response time and waste yet additional energy. This situation is further exacerbated by the unreliability of the servers, which has become the norm in today's server farms. In this paper, we investigate the impact of dynamical powering on/off servers on energy and performance in a typical server farm environment. Prior work has analyzed similar models for a single server, but no analytical results are known for multiservers. We mainly use the matrix geometric method to analyze this model, and system performance measures are explicitly developed in terms of computable forms. An energy‐performance trade‐off model is derived to determine the optimal management policy for the server farms. Finally, we discuss some extensions of our model to show its robustness and to point out avenues for future research. Numerical examples are provided at several points throughout the paper to illustrate the correctness of our analysis results and to validate the optimization approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity and localization studies of a potential photodynamic therapy agent inDrosophila
Authors: Yoho Joshua , Stroh Colette , Swavey Shawn , Kango‐Singh Madhuri 
Published: February 2014

SummaryPhotodynamic therapy utilizes light, a photosensitizer, and molecular oxygen as a treatment modality for a variety of cancers. We have recently combined ruthenium(II) polypyridyl groups with a zinc(II) centered porphyrin as a new photosensitizer for the treatment of melanoma.In‐vitrostudies have indicated that this photosensitizer is toxic to melanoma cells when irradiated with low energy light; however, it is nontoxic to normal cells under similar conditions. To determine the toxicity and cell viability of this compoundin‐vivowe present, herein, a study usingDrosophila melanogaster. In the absence of light, the new photosensitizer shows no discernible effects to fly larvae at various concentrations of compound and stages of larval development. When the larvae were fed the photosensitizer it was observed, by fluorescence microscopy, that the compound passes through the cell membrane and localizes in the cytosol at lower concentrations and the nucleus at slightly higher concentrations indicating that the compound is not immediately metabolized. genesis 52:309–314, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Bimetallic Activation of White Phosphorus by trans‐[RhCl(CO)(dppm)]2 Results in a Tetrahedro‐Rh2P2 Moiety
Authors: Caporali Maria , Gonsalvi Luca , Mirabello Vincenzo , Ienco Andrea , Manca Gabriele , Zanobini Fabrizio , Peruzzini Maurizio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe reaction of trans‐[RhCl(CO)(dppm)]2 with P4 carried out at room temperature showed that bimetallic cooperation resulted in the cleavage of P4, giving a μ,η2‐P2 (μ‐κ2:κ2‐P2) ligand coordinated to the two metal centres. The new complex cis‐[Rh2(CO)2(μ‐dppm)2(μ,η2‐P2)] has been fully characterised in solution by NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The Rh–Rh distance of 2.723(18) Å is consistent with the presence of a metal–metal single bond, which was supported by theoretical analysis showing that the HOMO of the complex has metal–metal bond character. A literature survey revealed that, in most cases, the P2 unit acts as a P24– ligand, and also in the case at hand the diphosphenyl ligand behaves as an eight‐electron donor with all the π* combinations occupied and donates into four empty metal combinations.
Antioxidant activities and interactions of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols within canola and soybean oil emulsions
Authors: Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Logan Amy , Bakota Erica L. 
Published: February 2014

The effect of differing concentrations and ratios of α‐ and γ‐TOH on oxidative stability over time was determined by measuring the development of hydroperoxides and volatile secondary oxidation products (hexanal) within a series of oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsion systems produced from both canola oil (CO) and soybean oil (SBO). Overall rates for hydroperoxide and hexanal formation were lower in CO than in SBO. In CO emulsions, γ‐TOH was a stronger antioxidant than α‐TOH, and their interaction in mixtures was additive. In SBO emulsions, α‐TOH was a better antioxidant at lower concentrations, while γ‐TOH was better at higher concentrations. The interaction between α‐ and γ‐TOH was synergistic at low concentrations, but either additive or antagonistic at higher concentrations, depending on the concentration and ratio of the two TOHs. In both CO and SBO emulsions, α‐TOH became less effective at higher concentrations, while γ‐TOH activity increased with increasing concentrations.Practical applications: Tocopherols are widely used natural antioxidants in human and pet foods, cosmetics, and supplements. This work provides information about the different antioxidant activities of α‐ and γ‐TOH and their interactions in o/w emulsions made with two of the most widely produced and utilized vegetable oils. This information can be applied to determine the best levels and ratios of tocopherols to protect emulsions depending on the type of oil that is used.
Hybrid Composites of LiMn2O4–Graphene as Rechargeable Electrodes in Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Sreelakshmi K. V. , Sasi Soorya , Balakrishnan A. , Sivakumar N. , Nair A. Sreekumar , Nair Shantikumar V. , Subramanian K. R. V. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this study spinel‐lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) powders were prepared by using a simple sol–gel method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and further combined with a conductive additive, graphene, to produce a composite electrode material for improved performance. The effects of the variation in the ratios of binder (PVA) to LiMn2O4 precursor on the particle size and electrochemical behavior of the composite were studied. Particle sizes of <200 nm were obtained. An energy density of 17.36 Wh kg−1 was obtained at an operating voltage of 3.2 V for the pure LiMn2O4 sample tested against a graphene electrode. For simultaneously improving power density (current Li batteries have a low power density as a disadvantage) along with energy density, the LiMn2O4–graphene composite was chosen as an electrode material. LiMn2O4–graphene composite electrodes were prepared by electrophoretic co‐deposition. The ratio of LiMn2O4–graphene composite was optimized to 1:1 during the electrode study based on its electrochemical performance. An average energy density of 30 Wh kg−1, a specific capacity of 49 mAh g−1, and an enhanced power density of 800 W kg−1 at a discharge current of 0.5 A g−1 were obtained. Discharge behavior improved evidently for tests performed on composite electrodes with increased LiMn2O4 (1:1.3 graphene/LiMn2O4). An improved average energy density of 59.6 Wh kg−1 was obtained along with a power density of 697 W kg−1. The electrodes showed good performance during study of a button cell device. Such electrodes are well suited for hybrid energy storage devices having good energy and power density and bridging the gap between batteries and supercapacitors.
Manufacturing of Thermoelectric Nanomaterials (Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3/Bi1.75Te3.25) and Integration into Window Glasses for Thermoelectricity Generation
Authors: Inayat Salman B. , Rader Kelly R. , Hussain Muhammad M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe embed thermoelectric nanomaterials into window glass to generate thermoelectricity from the temperature gradient between the solar‐heated outdoors and the relatively cold indoor temperature. Until now thermoelectric generators have been built on a single side of a substrate, therefore requiring the two temperature environments to exist on the same side of the substrate. For this application, substantially thick window glass (>5 mm) serves as the interface for which the hot side is on the exterior side of the window and the cold side on the interior side. We demonstrate thermopiles made of nanomaterials integrated through the glass. With meticulous engineering, 300 W of power can be generated from a 9 m2 window for a temperature gradient of 20 °C, which is typical in hot climates, such as the desert areas in the Middle East and African Sahara. A thermoelectric window can be a supplementary power source for waste heat recovery in green building technology.
Evolution and degradation of flat‐top mesas in the hyper‐arid Negev, Israel revealed from 10Be cosmogenic nuclides
Authors: Boroda Ronen , Matmon Ari , Amit Rivka , Haviv Itai , Arnold Maurice , Aumaître Georges , Bourlès Didier L. , Keddadouche Karim , Eyal Yehuda , Enzel Yehouda 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMesas are ubiquitous landforms in arid and semiarid regions and are often characterized by horizontal stratified erodible rocks capped by more resistant strata. The accepted conceptual model for mesa evolution and degradation considers reduction in the width of the mesa flat‐top plateau due to cliff retreat but ignores possible denudation of the mesa flat‐top and the rates and mechanism of erosion. In this study we examine mesas in the northeastern hyperarid Negev Desert where they appear in various sizes and morphologies and represent different stages of mesa evolution. The variety of mesas within a single climatic zone allows examination of the process of mesa evolution through time. Two of the four sites examined are characterized by a relatively wide (200–230 m) flat‐top and a thick caprock whereas the other two are characterized by a much narrower remnant flat‐top (several meters) and thinner caprock. We use the concentration of the cosmogenic nuclide 10Be for: (a) determining the chronology of the various geomorphic features associated with the mesa; and (b) understanding geomorphic processes forming the mesa. The 10Be data, combined with field observations, suggest a correlation between the width of flat‐top mesa and the denudation and cliff retreat rates. Our results demonstrate that: (a) cliff retreat rates decrease with decreasing width of the flat‐top mesa; (b) vertical denudation rates increase with decreasing width of the flat‐top mesa below a critical value (~60 m, for the Negev Desert); (c) the reduction in the width of the flat‐top mesa is driven mainly by cliff retreat accompanied by extremely slow vertical denudation rate which can persist for a very long time (>106 Ma); and (d) when the width of the mesa decreases below a certain threshold, its rate of denudation increases dramatically and mesa degradation is completed in a short time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of river channel morphology and bank characteristics on water surface boundary delineation using high‐resolution passive remote sensing and template matching
Authors: Güneralp İnci , Filippi Anthony M. , Hales Billy 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAccurate mapping of water surface boundaries in rivers is an important step for monitoring water stages, estimating discharge, flood extent, and geomorphic response to changing hydrologic conditions, and assessing riverine habitat. Nonetheless, it is a challenging task in spatially and spectrally heterogeneous river environments, commonly characterized by high spatiotemporal variations in morphology, bed material, and bank cover. In this study, we investigate the influence of channel morphology and bank characteristics on the delineation of water surface boundaries in rivers using high spatial resolution passive remote sensing and a template‐matching (object‐based) algorithm, and compare its efficacy with that of Support Vector Machine (SVM) (pixel‐based) algorithm. We perform a detailed quantitative evaluation of boundary‐delineation accuracy using spatially explicit error maps in tandem with the spatial maps of geomorphic and bank classes. Results show that template matching is more successful than SVM in delineating water surface boundaries in river sections with spatially challenging geomorphic landforms (e.g. sediment bar structures, partially submerged sediment deposits) and shallow water conditions. However, overall delineation accuracy by SVM is higher than that of template matching (without iterative hierarchical learning). Vegetation and water indices, especially when combined with texture information, improve the accuracy of template matching, for example, in river sections with overhanging trees and shadows – the two most problematic conditions in water surface boundary delineation. By identifying the influence of channel morphology and bank characteristics on water surface boundary mapping, this study helps determine river sections with higher uncertainty in delineation. In turn, the most suitable methods and data sets can be selectively utilized to improve geomorphic/hydraulic characterization. The methodology developed here can also be applied to similar studies on other geomorphic landforms including floodplains, wetlands, lakes, and coastlines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetrical river valleys in response to tectonic tilting and strike‐slip faulting, northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Ke , Ma Zhanwu , Grapes Rodney , Peng Zhuolun 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, a particularly important area to understand the mechanism of plateau formation, is characterized by large transpressional arcuate faults. There is debate on the amount of Quaternary sinistral displacement on the major Haiyuan Fault. Previously unrecognized systemic asymmetrical valleys have developed between the Haiyuan and Xiangshan faults. Southeast tilting and sinistral displacement on the northeast side of the Haiyuan Fault resulted in southeast migration of large rivers and asymmetrical widening of their valleys, leaving a systematic distribution of tilted strath terraces along their northwest sides. Where asymmetrical widening created by tilting kept pace with sinistral displacement, rivers have not been deflected, and the increase in valley width downstream from the fault should equate to total lateral displacement since river formation (e.g. Yuan River, a 7 km asymmetrical valley with a c. 2.2 Ma paleomagnetic age). Where river deflection and asymmetrical valley growth are coeval, valley width is less than total horizontal displacement (e.g. Hebao River, a c. 2.1 km asymmetrical valley with c. 2 km deflection). All rivers north of the Haiyuan Fault converge to cut across the Xiangshan Mountains as a gorge. Northeast thrusting of the upthrown side of the Xiangshan Fault has resulted in degradation and related strath terrace formation as the valleys asymmetrically widened. A probable earthquake‐induced landslide caused by movement on the Xiangshan Fault in latest Pleistocene blocked the gorge causing aggradation along all rivers and their tributaries. Deposition terraces were formed after the landslide dam was breached. Together with previous research on the Xiangshan Fault, it is concluded that there has been c. 7 km of Quaternary sinistral displacement on the Haiyuan and Xiangshan faults along the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau since the formation of rivers that intersect them. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodium‐based fire resistant geopolymer for passive fire protection
Authors: Sakkas K. , Nomikos P. , Sofianos A. , Panias D. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThis paper primarily deals with the examination of the performance under thermal loading of a fire resistant sodium‐based geopolymer from Ferronickel slag. In addition, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties of material and their respective variation with time were measured. It is shown that the material presents good mechanical strength and excellent physical and thermal properties. The behaviour of the material on fire was tested by subjecting it to thermal loading with the modification of a standardized passive fire protection test. Two different fire scenarios were investigated: (1) the least intensive standard ISO 834 fire load curve and (2) the most severe Rijkswaterstaat fire load curve. The material behaviour was excellent under its exposure at the ISO 834 fire load curve, showing optimal thermal insulating function and very good structural integrity. Under the Rijkswaterstaat fire load curve, the material showed again a very good thermal insulating function while at the same time suffered from creeping phenomena at the extremely high temperature of 1300°C that affected drastically its structural integrity. As a conclusion, the sodium‐based geopolymer from FeNi slag may be an appropriate material for passive fire protection systems under cellulosic fires but inappropriate against more intense fire incidents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing ice and temperature simulations by four dynamic lake models in Harp Lake: past performance and future predictions
Authors: Yao H. , Samal N. R. , Joehnk K. D. , Fang X. , Bruce L. C. , Pierson D. C. , Rusak J. A. , James A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe physical dynamics of lake temperature and ice phenology are important in the modelling and management of temperate aquatic ecosystems. One‐dimensional hydrothermal lake models have not been well evaluated in terms of how they simulate ice dynamics in particular. We chose four models (Hostetler, Minlake, Simple Ice Model or SIM and General Lake Model) to test and compare their performance modelling water temperature and ice dynamics using 16 years of field data from Harp Lake, an extensively studied inland lake in south‐central Ontario. Each model produced satisfactory water temperature profiles over the simulated period, with small differences in the model performance. Model fits for ice phenology and ice thickness were, however, considerably lower than those for water temperature, with Minlake generating the best agreement with observed ice‐on and ice‐off dates as well as ice thickness, followed by SIM. The responses of lake ice dynamics to future climate scenarios were simulated by running each of the four models for 91 years, from 2010 to 2100. The predicted decrease in ice season length was significantly different among models, varying between 30 and 81 days, with an average of 48 days. Corresponding decreases in ice thickness varied between 0.11 and 0.20 m, averaging 0.17 m. This study demonstrates that uncertainty due to model performance and selection is considerable, and further testing and refinement of hydrothermal lake dynamic models are needed to improve predictive abilities for ice dynamics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Producing meaningful improvements in problem behavior of children with autism via synthesized analyses and treatments
Authors: Hanley Gregory P. , Jin C. Sandy , Vanselow Nicholas R. , Hanratty Laura A. 
Published: February 2014

Problem behaviors like self‐injury, aggression, or disruption will likely require intervention at some point in the life of a person diagnosed with autism. Behavioral intervention has been proven to be effective for addressing these problems, especially when a functional assessment is conducted. Comprehensive treatment for problem behavior is, however, often fractured across studies, resulting in a dearth of studies that show socially validated improvements in these problem behaviors or illustrate the assessment and treatment process from start to finish. In this article, we describe an effective, comprehensive, and parent‐validated functional assessment and treatment process for the severe problem behaviors of 3 children with autism. After an 8‐ to 14‐week outpatient clinic consultation, no problem behavior was observed at the clinic and in the home. Furthermore, behavior that did not occur during baseline (e.g., functional communication, delay and denial tolerance, and compliance with instructions) occurred with regularity.Video Abstract
In vivo biocompatibility versus degree of conversion of resin‐reinforced cements in different time periods
Authors: Lacerda‐Santos Rogério , De Farias Maria Isabel Serpa Simões , De Carvalho Fabiola Galbiatti , Pithon Matheus Melo , Alves Pollianna Muniz , Tanaka Orlando Motohiro , Guênes Gymenna Maria Tenório 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study focused on test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the degree of conversion and biocompatibility of different resin reinforced glass ionomer cements (RRGICs). Forty‐eight male Wistar rats were used, distributed into four groups (n = 12), as follows: Group C (Control, polyethylene), Group FOB (Fuji Ortho Band), Group UBL (Ultra band Lok), and Group MCG (Multicure Glass), in subcutaneous tissue. The events of edema, necrosis, granulation tissue, multinuclear giant cells, young fibroblasts, and collagen formation were analyzed at 7, 15, and 30 days. The degree of conversion was evaluated by the Fourier method. Biocompatibility and degree of conversion were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests, and ANOVA and Tukey's test, respectively (P < 0.05). It was observed that, there was significant difference between Groups FOB and UBL for the presence of young fibroblasts at 15 days (P = 0.034) and between the Control and MCG Groups for the presence of multinucleated giant cells at 30 days (P = 0.009). Monomer conversion increased progressively until day 30, with significant difference between Group FOB and Groups UBL and MCG (P = 0.013) at 15 days. The null hypothesis was partially accepted, Fuji Ortho Band showed a less monomer conversion and a smaller number of young fibroblasts in the time of 15 days. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:335–340, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of impaired functional status at hospital discharge and subsequent rehospitalization
Authors: Hoyer Erik H. , Needham Dale M. , Atanelov Levan , Knox Brenda , Friedman Michael , Brotman Daniel J. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVETo determine whether functional status near the time of discharge from acute care hospitalization is associated with acute care readmission.PATIENTS AND METHODSRetrospective cohort study of 9405 consecutive patients admitted from an acute care hospital to an inpatient rehabilitation facility between July 1, 2006 and December 31, 2012. Patients' functional status at admission to the rehabilitation facility was assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score, and divided into low, middle, or high functional status. The main outcome was readmission to an acute care hospital within 30 days of acute care discharge (for all patients and by subgroup according to diagnostic group: medical, orthopedic, or neurologic).RESULTSThere were 1182 (13%) readmissions. FIM score was significantly associated with readmission, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for low and middle versus high FIM score category of 3.0 (2.5‐3.6; P < 0.001) and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3‐1.8; P < 0.001), respectively. This relationship between FIM score and readmission held across diagnostic category. Medical patients with low functional status had the highest readmission rate (OR: 29%; 95% CI: 25%‐32%) and an adjusted OR for readmission of 3.2 (95% CI: 2.4‐4.3, P < 0.001) compared to medical patients with high FIM scores.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEFor patients admitted to an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility, functional status near the time of discharge from an acute care hospital is strongly associated with acute care readmission, particularly for medical patients with greater functional impairments. Reducing functional status decline during acute care hospitalization may be an important strategy to lower readmissions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:277–282. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine