bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burnout in inpatient‐based versus outpatient‐based physicians: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Roberts Daniel L. , Cannon Keith J. , Wellik Kay E. , Wu Qing , Budavari Adriane I. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUNDBurnout is a syndrome affecting the entirety of work life and characterized by cynicism, detachment, and inefficacy. Despite longstanding concerns about burnout in hospital medicine, few data about burnout in hospitalists have been published.PURPOSEA systematic review of the literature on burnout in inpatient‐based and outpatient‐based physicians worldwide was undertaken to determine whether inpatient physicians experience more burnout than outpatient physicians.DATA SOURCESFive medical databases were searched for relevant terms with no language restrictions. Authors were contacted for unpublished data and clarification of the practice location of study subjects.STUDY SELECTIONTwo investigators independently reviewed each article. Included studies provided a measure of burnout in inpatient and/or outpatient nontrainee physicians.DATA EXTRACTIONFifty‐four studies met inclusion criteria, 15 of which provided direct comparisons of inpatient and outpatient physicians. Twenty‐eight studies used the same burnout measure and therefore were amenable to statistical analysis.DATA SYNTHESISOutpatient physicians reported more emotional exhaustion than inpatient physicians. No statistically significant differences in depersonalization or personal accomplishment were found. Further comparisons were limited by the heterogeneity of instruments used to measure burnout and the lack of available information about practice location in many studies.CONCLUSIONSThe existing literature does not support the widely held belief that burnout is more frequent in hospitalists than outpatient physicians. Better comparative studies of hospitalist burnout are needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:653–664. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
CO2‐Based Non‐ionic Surfactants: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐Poly(propylene carbonate) Block Copolymers
Authors: Hilf Jeannette , Schulze Patricia , Frey Holger 
Published: October 2013

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and propylene oxide (PO) is employed to generate amphiphilic polycarbonate block copolymers with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and a nonpolar poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) block. A series of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) di‐ and triblock copolymers, PPC‐b‐PEG and PPC‐b‐PEG‐b‐PPC, respectively, with narrow molecular weight distributions (PDIs in the range of 1.05–1.12) and tailored molecular weights (1500–4500 g mol−1) is synthesized via an alternating CO2/propylene oxide copolymerization, using PEG or mPEG as an initiator. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) are determined, ranging from 3 to 30 mg L−1. Non‐ionic poly(propylene carbonate)‐based surfactants represent an alternative to established surfactants based on polyether structures.
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Common properties of bounded linear operators AC and BA: Spectral theory
Authors: Zeng Qingping , Zhong Huaijie 
Published: October 2013

Let X, Y be Banach spaces, and B, be bounded linear operators satisfying the operator equation . Recently, as extensions of Jacobson's lemma, Corach, Duggal and Harte studied common properties of and in algebraic viewpoint and also obtained some topological analogues. In this note, we continue to investigate common properties of AC and BA from the viewpoint of spectral theory. In particular, we give an affirmative answer to one question posed by Corach et al. by proving that has closed range if and only if has closed range.
Developing Climate Change Strategy: A Framework for Managers
Authors: Birnik Andreas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAs scientific evidence about climate change mounts, it is becoming increasingly important for managers to develop climate change strategies that reduce risk and strengthen the competitiveness of their organizations. This article introduces a managerial framework to support the development of climate change strategy at the firm level. Topics discussed include the basic facts about climate change, the rationale for the development of climate change strategy, company case studies, findings from consumer research, evidence concerning performance impact of firm‐level climate change efforts, risk management, greenhouse gas (GHG) quantification, verification and reporting, GHG reduction initiatives, carbon offsets, organizational ownership of climate change efforts, and integrated reporting covering financial performance and organizational sustainability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models of Service Delivery for Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment and Counseling
Authors: Trepanier Angela M. , Allain Dawn C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIncreasing awareness of and the potentially concomitant increasing demand for cancer genetic services is driving the need to explore more efficient models of service delivery. The aims of this study were to determine which service delivery models are most commonly used by genetic counselors, assess how often they are used, compare the efficiency of each model as well as impact on access to services, and investigate the perceived benefits and barriers of each. Full members of the NSGC Familial Cancer Special Interest Group who subscribe to its listserv were invited to participate in a web‐based survey. Eligible respondents were asked which of ten defined service delivery models they use and specific questions related to aspects of model use. One‐hundred ninety‐two of the approximately 450 members of the listserv responded (42.7 %); 177 (92.2 %) had provided clinical service in the last year and were eligible to complete all sections of the survey. The four direct care models most commonly used were the (traditional) face‐to‐face pre‐ and post‐test model (92.2 %), the face‐to‐face pretest without face‐to‐face post‐test model (86.5 %), the post‐test counseling only for complex results model (36.2 %), and the post test counseling for all results model (18.3 %). Those using the face‐to‐face pretest only, post‐test all, and post‐test complex models reported seeing more new patients than when they used the traditional model and these differences were statistically significantly. There were no significant differences in appointment wait times or distances traveled by patients when comparing use of the traditional model to the other three models. Respondents recognize that a benefit of using alternative service delivery models is increased access to services; however, some are concerned that this may affect quality of care.
Available potential energy density for a multicomponent Boussinesq fluid with arbitrary nonlinear equation of state
Authors: Tailleux Rémi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this paper, the concept of available potential energy (APE) density is extended to a multicomponent Boussinesq fluid with a nonlinear equation of state. As shown by previous studies, the APE density is naturally interpreted as the work against buoyancy forces that a parcel needs to perform to move from a notional reference position at which its buoyancy vanishes to its actual position; because buoyancy can be defined relative to an arbitrary reference state, so can APE density. The concept of APE density is therefore best viewed as defining a class of locally defined energy quantities, each tied to a different reference state, rather than as a single energy variable. An important result, for which a new proof is given, is that the volume-integrated APE density always exceeds Lorenz’s globally defined APE, except when the reference state coincides with Lorenz’s adiabatically re-arranged reference state of minimum potential energy. A parcel reference position is systematically defined as a level of neutral buoyancy (LNB): depending on the nature of the fluid and on how the reference state is defined, a parcel may have one, none, or multiple LNB within the fluid. Multiple LNB are only possible for a multicomponent fluid whose density depends on pressure. When no LNB exists within the fluid, a parcel reference position is assigned at the minimum or maximum geopotential height. The class of APE densities thus defined admits local and global balance equations, which all exhibit a conversion to kinetic energy, a production term by boundary buoyancy fluxes, and a dissipation term by internal diffusive effects. Different reference states alter the partition between APE production and dissipation, but neither affects the net conversion between kinetic energy and APE, nor the difference between APE production and dissipation. We argue that the possibility of constructing APE-like budgets based on reference states other than Lorenz’s reference state is more important than has been previously assumed, and we illustrate the feasibility of doing so in the context of an idealized and realistic oceanic example, using as reference states one with constant density and another one defined as the horizontal-mean density field; in the latter case, the resulting APE density is found to be a reasonable approximation of the APE density constructed from Lorenz’s reference state, while being computationally cheaper.
Finding RR Lyrae Stars with SkyMapper: An Observational Test
Authors: Akhter S. , Da Costa G. S. , Keller S. C. , Schmidt B. P. , Bessell M. S. , Tisserand P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOne of the major science goals of the SkyMapper survey of the Southern Hemisphere sky is the determination of the shape and extent of the halo of the Galaxy. In this paper, we quantify the likely efficiency and completeness of the survey as regards the detection of RR Lyrae variable stars, which are excellent tracers of the halo stellar population. We have accomplished this via observations of the RR Lyrae-rich globular cluster NGC 3201. We find that for single-epoch uvgri observations followed by two further epochs of g, r imaging, as per the intended three-epoch survey strategy, we recover known RR Lyraes with a completeness exceeding 90%. We also investigate boundaries in the gravity-sensitive single-epoch two-colour diagram that yield high completeness and high efficiency (i.e., minimal contamination by non-RR Lyraes) and the general usefulness of this diagram in separating populations.
Why are the prevalence and diversity of helminths in the endemic Pyrenean brook newt Calotriton asper (Amphibia, Salamandridae) so low?
Authors: Comas M. , Ribas A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA cornerstone in parasitology is why some species or populations are more parasitized than others. Here we examine the influence of host characteristics and habitat on parasite prevalence. We studied the helminths parasitizing the Pyrenean brook newt Calotriton asper (n= 167), paying special attention to the relationship between parasites and ecological factors such as habitat, sex, ontogeny, body size and age of the host. We detected two species of parasites, Megalobatrachonema terdentatum (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) and Brachycoelium salamandrae (Trematoda: Brachycoeliidae), with a prevalence of 5.99% and 1.2%, respectively. Marginally significant differences were found in the prevalence between sexes, with females being more parasitized than males. The present results show significant differences in the body length of paedomorphic and metamorphic individuals, the former being smaller. Nevertheless, no significant correlations between parasite prevalence and either newt body length, ontogenetic stage or age were found. In comparison with other Salamandridae living in ponds, prevalence and diversity values were low. This may be due to a long hibernation period, the species' lotic habitat and its reophilous lifestyle, which probably do not allow for a high parasite load.
The impact of co-infections on the haematological profile of East African Short-horn Zebu calves
Authors: VAN WYK ILANA CONRADIE , GODDARD AMELIA , DE C. BRONSVOORT B. MARK , COETZER JACOBUS A. W. , HANDEL IAN G. , HANOTTE OLIVIER , JENNINGS AMY , LESOSKY MAIA , KIARA HENRY , THUMBI SAM M. , TOYE PHIL , WOOLHOUSE MARK W. , PENZHORN BANIE L. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThe cumulative effect of co-infections between pathogen pairs on the haematological response of East African Short-horn Zebu calves is described. Using a longitudinal study design a stratified clustered random sample of newborn calves were recruited into the Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) study and monitored at 5-weekly intervals until 51 weeks of age. At each visit samples were collected and analysed to determine the infection status of each calf as well as their haematological response. The haematological parameters investigated included packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC) and platelet count (Plt). The pathogens of interest included tick-borne protozoa and rickettsias, trypanosomes and intestinal parasites. Generalized additive mixed-effect models were used to model the infectious status of pathogens against each haematological parameter, including significant interactions between pathogens. These models were further used to predict the cumulative effect of co-infecting pathogen pairs on each haematological parameter. The most significant decrease in PCV was found with co-infections of trypanosomes and strongyles. Strongyle infections also resulted in a significant decrease in WBC at a high infectious load. Trypanosomes were the major cause of thrombocytopenia. Platelet counts were also affected by interactions between tick-borne pathogens. Interactions between concomitant pathogens were found to complicate the prognosis and clinical presentation of infected calves and should be taken into consideration in any study that investigates disease under field conditions.
The Online Africa Bibliography
Authors: Pearce Daniel 
Published: October 2013

With the publication of this, the 2012 volume, the online Africa Bibliography will hold just over 88,000 entries, dating from between 1990 and 2012. Nearly 55,000 additional archival entries remain in production, which together promise to enrich the online Bibliography's coverage of the period 1990–96 as well as take it back to 1984 and the origins of the print series. The transition of these records from the printed page to the online database involves a painstaking process – with each entry scanned, copyedited and individually tagged to support searching – but this work is providing a multiplicity of opportunities to enhance the intellectual value of the Bibliography and better achieve, in a contemporary context, the principles on which the Bibliography was launched thirty years ago.
Detection of reduced carbon in a basalt analogue for martian nakhlite: a signpost to habitat on Mars
Authors: Parnell John , McMahon Sean , Blamey Nigel J.F. , Hutchinson Ian B. , Harris Liam V. , Ingley Richard , Edwards Howell G.M. , Lynch Edward , Feely Martin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Nakhla meteorite represents basaltic rock from the martian upper crust, with reduced carbon indicative of the ingress of carbonaceous fluids. Study of a terrestrial analogue basalt with reduced carbon from the Ordovician of Northern Ireland shows that remote analysis could detect the carbon using Raman spectroscopy. Analysis of gases released by crushing detects methane-rich fluids in the basalt and especially in cross-cutting carbon-bearing veinlets. The results suggest that automated analysis on Mars could detect the reduced carbon, which may be derived from magmatic and/or meteoritic infall sources.
Delusional belief flexibility and informal caregiving relationships in psychosis: a potential cognitive route for the protective effect of social support
Authors: Jolley S. , Ferner H. , Bebbington P. , Garety P. , Dunn G. , Freeman D. , Fowler D. , Kuipers E. 
Published: October 2013

Aims.For people with psychosis, contact with informal caregivers is an important source of social support, associated with recovery, and with better outcomes following individual cognitive therapy (CBTp). In this study, we tested whether increased flexibility in delusional thinking, an established predictor of positive outcome following CBTp, was a possible mechanism underlying this effect.Methods.219 participants with delusions (mean age 38 years; 71% male; 75% White) were grouped according to the presence of a caregiver (37% with a caregiver) and caregiver level of expressed emotion (High/Low EE, 64% Low). Delusional belief flexibility was compared between groups, controlling for interpersonal functioning, severity of psychotic symptoms, and other hypothesised outcome predictors.Results.Participants with caregivers were nearly three times more likely than those without to show flexibility (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.0, p = 0.001), and five times more likely if the caregiving relationship was Low EE (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 2.0–13.0, p = 0.001). ORs remained consistent irrespective of controlling for interpersonal functioning and other predictors of outcome.Conclusions.This is the first evidence that having supportive caregiving relationships is associated with a specific cognitive attribute in people with psychosis, suggesting a potential cognitive mechanism by which outcomes following CBTp, and perhaps more generally, are improved by social support.
Implementation of Community-Based Alcohol Prevention in Karlsruhe, Germany
Authors: Piontek Daniela , Hannemann Tessa-Virginia , Kraus Ludwig 
Published: October 2013

Aims: The present paper aims at examining the implementation fidelity of a community-based substance use prevention program in the district of Karlsruhe (Germany). Methods: Based on an inventory assessing the formal implementation of preventive activities, communities were divided into two groups with high and low implementation fidelity, respectively. A school survey was conducted to assess the visibility, knowledge and participation in the intervention in grades 9 and 10. The sample size was 892 (response rate 21.7 %). Results: Each study group was composed of 16 communities. The major focus of the prevention activities was on the components „structure“, „communication/public relation“ and „youth protection“. More students in the group with high implementation fidelity had seen the intervention slogan (58.4 % vs. 44.6 %) and knew at least one program activity (47.8 % vs. 35.8 %). Only a minority of students had direct contact to the intervention in the past year with no differences between the two groups. Conclusions: The intervention focuses on networking and the establishment of decision-making. Differences between communities with high and low implementation fidelity vanish when adolescents are asked for program exposure. Overall program reach can be considered low.
Tiling array study of MNNG treated Escherichia coli reveals a widespread transcriptional response
Authors: Booth James A. , Thomassen Gard O. S. , Rowe Alexander D. , Weel-Sneve Ragnhild , Lagesen Karin , Kristiansen Knut I. , Bjørås Magnar , Rognes Torbjørn , Lindvall Jessica M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is known to trigger the adaptive response by inducing the ada-regulon – consisting of three DNA repair enzymes Ada, AlkB, AlkA and the enigmatic AidB. We have applied custom designed tiling arrays to study transcriptional changes in Escherichia coli following a MNNG challenge. Along with the expected upregulation of the adaptive response genes (ada, alkA and alkB), we identified a number of differentially expressed transcripts, both novel and annotated. This indicates a wider regulatory response than previously documented. There were 250 differentially-expressed and 2275 similarly-expressed unannotated transcripts. We found novel upregulation of several stress-induced transcripts, including the SOS inducible genes recN and tisAB, indicating a novel role for these genes in alkylation repair. Furthermore, the ada-regulon A and B boxes were found to be insufficient to explain the regulation of the adaptive response genes after MNNG exposure, suggesting that additional regulatory elements must be involved.
Enhanced photocatalytic activity induced by surface plasmon resonance on Ag‐loaded strontium titanate nanoparticles
Authors: Yan Xu , Sun Shaofang , Hu Bo , Wang Xiyou , Lu Wei , Shi Weidong 
Published: October 2013

Ag nanoparticles‐modified cubic‐like SrTiO3 (STO) are fabricated through a classical hydrothermal and photodeposition method. The prepared Ag‐STO heterogeneous exhibit an efficient photocatalytic activity (∼42% within 1 h reaction time) for degradation of tetracycline under visible‐light irradiation, and Ag deposition with 8 mM AgNO3 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity. It is considered that this excellent performance results from the surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the basic principle of the photocatalytic process on the Ag‐STO photocatalyst system is also discussed.
Calculation of Compensation and Damages in International Investment Law
Authors: Marboe Irmgard 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The importance of calculation and valuation matters in investment arbitration has long been underestimated. Only recently, there is a growing understanding that financial aspects play an equally important role for claimants and respondents as the purely legal bases of claims. Also for general preventive reasons the amounts awarded should as closely as possible reflect economic realities. The book tries to combine the various types of claims – based on expropriations, violations of international law (i.e. mostly BIT-violations) and contract breaches – with internationally accepted valuation standards and approaches. In doing so, it puts an emphasis on the specific function of compensation and damages. This functional approach is characteristic for the entire book, including the chapter on interest where the different functions of ‘pre-award interest’ and ‘post-award interest’ are highlighted. After a short general introduction in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 analyses the function of compensation and damages in international investment disputes. It shows that compensation upon expropriation serves a different function than damages after an unlawful act, be it a breach of a treaty, such as a BIT, or a contract. It concludes that an appropriate valuation approach should reflect these functions. Chapter 3 gives an outline of the legal framework of compensation and damages in international investment law. Starting from the standard of compensation upon expropriation under international law it analyses the difference between lawful and unlawful expropriations. It then examines the criteria of the calculation in cases of State responsibility and breaches of contract. Chapter 4 introduces some internationally recognized valuation standards and bases of value. Chapter 5 analyses how the three most important valuation approaches – the market approach, the income approach, and the asset based or cost approach – are reflected in the practice of international investment tribunals. Chapter 6 discusses the most important issues with regard to the determination of interest, namely the rate of interest, the period of interest, and the question of whether interest should be compounded, and underlines the difference between ‘pre-award interest’ and ‘post-award interest’. Chapter 7 summarizes the most important economic and legal principles and filters out some guidelines for application in practice.