bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ANOXEMIA AND CARBON‐DIOXIDE SATURATION ON COSTAL AND ABDOMINAL BREATHING
Authors: Gesell Robert , Moyer Carl 
Published: December 2014

The effects of lowered alveolar oxygen and of increased alveolar carbon dioxide on costal and abdominal breathing were recorded with six encircling bands.Lowered alveolar oxygen most commonly increased the circumference of the chest and abdomen at the end of expiration and decreased the intra‐thoracic pressure.This expansion of the chest and abdomen was tentatively attributed to an increased tension of the diaphragm and of the inspiratory muscles of the chest.Sometimes anoxemia increased the expiratory circumference of the abdomen and decreased that of the chest.This differential effect was tentatively attributed to a greater development of tension in the diaphragm which, through the lungs, exerted an inward traction on the chest.During recovery from anoxemia costal respiratory movements were inhibited more than abdominal respiratory movements. The upper costal segments were inhibited more than the lower costal segments. Upper costal apnea and abdominal hyperpnea were not uncommon. In one experiment upper costal apnea was accompanied by abdominal hyperpnea greater than the hyperpnea of the immediately preceding anoxemia.As abdominal respiratory movements diminished during recovery the costal movements increased. This unusual co‐ordination (?) of costal and abdominal breathing led to a smooth return to normal ventilation.The effects of carbon dioxide differed importantly from those of anoxemia. In most experiments there was a decrease in circumference of the chest and abdomen at the end of expiration and a corresponding rise in the intra‐thoracic pressures.It was tentatively suggested that carbon dioxide decreases the tonus of the inspiratory muscles by inhibiting prevailing reflexes which tend to increase lung volume, and that anoxemia increases the tonus of the inspiratory muscles by augmenting these same prevailing reflexes.
THE RELEASE OF A HISTAMINE‐LIKE SUBSTANCE FROM THE LUNGS OF GUINEA‐PIGS DURING ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Peat S. , Schild H. 
Published: December 2014

The claim made by Watanabe that the amount of gut‐contracting (guinea‐pig) substances present in guinea‐pig's lung extracts undergoes a large increase in animals sensitised 10–14 days previously, and also a large decrease after anaphylactic shock, has not been confirmed.Lung extracts prepared from batches of normal, sensitised and shocked animals show no detectable difference in their power to lower the blood‐pressure of the etherised and atropinised cat.In confirmation of Bartosch, Feldberg and Nagel, it has been found that a histamine‐like substance is released into the perfusate of isolated guinea‐pig's lungs during anaphylactic shock.Certain conditions governing the quantity of histamine‐like substance released during shock are described, and further evidence supporting the view that the substance is histamine is brought forward.A modified form of Einthoven's respiratory pump suitable for small animals is described.We are indebted to Dr. Raymond Williamson for advice in connection with the sensitisation of the animals, to Dr. Bayliss Ash for preparing the sheep serum and to Mr. H. F. Harding for making the drawing shown in fig. 1.The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.) The Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, to whom we express our thanks.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT: AN HORMONAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF PARTURITION. EFFECT ON THE FEMALE RAT OF THE ANTE‐NATAL ADMINISTRATION OF ŒSTRIN TO THE MOTHER
Authors: Hain A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. “Delayed” abortion (i.e. 36–72 hours after the last injection) following multiple injections of iestrin was less frequent in rats than in mice; very large amounts of cestrin were required; there was no “immediate” abortion (i.e. within 1–6 hours of the last injection). The gestation period was sometimes prolonged by 3–5 days after the injection of large quantities of oestrin.2. The subsequent injection of an extract of anterior pituitary or of an oestrin‐free extract of human pregnancy urine did not cause a significant increase in the percentage of “delayed” abortions which occurred when oestrin alone was injected There was an increase in the number of prolonged pregnancies.3. The synergism between œstrin and oxytocin demonstrated in the mouse does not, apparently, exist in the rat.4. The administration to pregnant rats of placentæ, hypophyses, uterus, and blood of parturient rats did not cause abortion.5. The process of parturition in the normal pregnant rat is described.6. A modification of the corpus urethrae involving a displacement of the urethra occurred in all surviving female foetuses born to rats injected with large quantities of cestrin late in pregnancy. The subsequent injection of oxytocin failed to cause abortion in animals in which this modification of the fcetal genitalia was induced.
DIFFUSION OF IODIDE INTO AND OUT OF THE VOLUNTARY MUSCLES OF THE FROG
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul 
Published: December 2014

1. Observations on the diffusion of iodide into the muscle when immersed in a Ringer's solution containing sodium iodide shows that in the case of fresh muscle only about one‐third of its muscle water seems to be involved in the diffusion process, the rest appearing to be shut off by membranes impermeable to iodide. In muscle in heat rigor, however, iodide can diffuse through nearly the whole of its muscle water.2. The diffusion constants of iodide through (a) fresh muscle of frog previously soaked in Ringer solution containing sodium iodide, and (b) muscle in heat rigor similarly treated, are determined and found to be 1·2 x 10−4 and 8·5 x 10−4 respectively. These values indicate that the surface through which diffusion occurs in the case of muscle in rigor is rather less than three times the surface through which iodide can diffuse in fresh muscle. These results support the direct estimations mentioned above.3. Diffusion constant of iodide through an agar jelly was found to be about 9 x 10−4.I am obliged to Dr. P. Eggleton for his continual help and advice in the conduct of this work.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Endowment Fund.
THE ELECTROMYOGRAM OF THE STRYCHNINE TETANUS IN THE GASTROCNEMIUS OF THE FROG
Authors: Smyth D. H. 
Published: December 2014

An electrical recording system for biological work is described, consisting of a valve amplifier and an oscillograph of the Blondell movingiron type.The electromyogram of the strychnine tetanus in the gastrocnemius of the frog is described. It consists of groups of oscillations, the frequency of the groups depending on the temperature of the spinal cord, and the frequency of the oscillations depending on the temperature of the leg.No evidence has been obtained of a rhythm which could be regarded as the rhythm of each discharge from the cord.The end of each tetanus appears to be brought about by central rather than by peripheral fatigue.I am indebted to Professor T. H. Milroy for his advice and criticism during this work.
THE POTENTIATION OF HISTAMINE AND TYRAMINE EFFECTS BY THE COMBINED ACTION OF ERGOTOXINE AND COCAINE
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Foggie P. , von Ludány G. 
Published: December 2014

In isolated perfused lungs—1. Cocaine enhances to a small extent the pressor action of adrenaline, but has no constant action on the pressor action of tyramine.2. Adrenaline steadily infused into the circulation for half an hour is sometimes effective in potentiating the pressor action of tyramine.3. The pressor response to tyramine may be present at a time when quantitatively similar doses of adrenaline are ineffective.4. Ergotoxine reverses or suppresses the pressor action of adrenaline, but has no significant effect on that of tyramine.5. In ergotoxinised preparations cocaine has no action on the adrenaline depressor response, but produces a marked potentiation of the tyramine pressor response.6. The histamine pressor response is not potentiated by cocaine in ergotoxinised preparations.7. Reasons are given for the opinion that tyramine exerts its action directly on the muscle of the pulmonary vascular bed.In the ergotoxinised non‐pregnant guinea‐pig uterus, cocaine enhances the contractions produced by tyramine or by histamine. No such enhancement takes place in the ergotoxinised guinea‐pig intestine or ergotoxinised cat's nictitating membrane.The expenses of this research have been defrayed in part by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.) from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, to whom we express our thanks.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED MAMMALIAN HEART UNDER PARTIAL ANOXIA
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Chang I. , Gregory R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. In gradually increasing anaerobiosis the heart continues to use glucose and lactate. Failure occurs when the oxygen tension has fallen to between 15 and 30 mm. Hg. The onset of failure is sudden.2. There is evidence of a production of lactic acid in the terminal stages of asphyxia.3. The survival time of the heart is prolonged by increased glucose concentration in the blood. The presence of lactate does not appear materially to affect the survival time.4. Glycogen depletion is prevented by moderate concentrations of glucose and lactate. High lactate alone prevents the depletion of glycogen. But with low lactate and normal glucose some glycogen breakdown can occur.5. The heart is able to immobilise I.A.A., since the addition of I.A.A. to the circulating blood in the heart‐oxygenator preparation does not inhibit glycolysis.6. Glycolysis is inhibited by the addition of I.A.A. to blood which is not afterwards circulated through the heart.7. Concentrations of I.A.A. up to 1 : 10,000 have no apparent effect on the usage of glucose and lactate by the heart in aerobic conditions.8. The time of survival in anaerobiosis is shortened by the presence of I.A.A. The presence of lactate appears to prolong the survival time, while the presence of glucose tends to shorten this time. But glucose prevents the depletion of glycogen under these conditions.9. The heart, when poisoned with I.A.A. and asphyxiated, continues to utilise glucose and lactic acid, and glycogen if the blood glucose and lactate is low.The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Professor C. Lovatt Evans for the excellent facilities, helpful criticism, and advice throughout the course of this work.The costs of this investigation were in part defrayed out of a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes and Beaverbrook Funds by the University of London to R.A.G., and of a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society to J.Y.B.
KINETICS OF CHOLINE ESTERASE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J. , Stedman E. , Stedman Ellen 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of hydrolysis of Ac.Ch. by esterase has been measured by chemical and by biological methods and the results obtained show a good agreement.2. With high concentrations of Ac.Ch. (more than 0·01 per cent.) the amount hydrolysed per sec. is constant.3. With low concentrations of Ac.Ch. (less than 0·001 per cent. or 5 x 10−5 molar) the amount of Ac.Ch. hydrolysed per sec. varies as (conc. Ac.Ch.)0·83.4. The amount of Ac.Ch. hydrolysed per sec. is approximately proportional to the esterase concentration.5. These results indicate that with the undiluted stock esterase solution the time for half hydrolysis of low concentrations of Ac.Ch. (1 in 10 million) is about 0·2 sec.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the authors desire to tender their thanks.
INCREASE OF RESISTANCE TO OXYGEN WANT IN ANIMALS ON CERTAIN DIETS
Authors: Campbell Argyll 
Published: December 2014

1. Compared with the normal diet, a pure carrot diet gives definite protection against acute oxygen want, in the case of the animals tested (rats, mice).2. A synthetic non‐protein diet with almost no fat and containing rice‐starch 70•5 per cent., yeast 3 per cent., salts 1•5 per cent., and 25 per cent. of cellulose gives some similar protection. If the cellulose is replaced by a similar percentage of kaolin or agar no protection is gained. The cellulose action therefore does not appear to be mechanical or merely adsorptive.3. Proteins enhance the effects of oxygen want, opposing the action of carrots. Specific dynamic action or toxic unoxidised by‐products may be concerned.4. The protection given by carrots is not due entirely to their low protein, low fat, and cellulose content, since carrots give much better protection than parsnips which also have similar low percentages of protein and fat. Also the cellulose content of the parsnips consumed is similar in absolute quantity to that in the carrot consumed.5. Carrots must either contain an extra substance which opposes the effects of oxygen want or they must lack some factor or factors which enhance oxygen want. Boiling for 15 minutes does not lower the protective power of the carrots. Similar diets with adequate carbohydrate, salts, and vitamins might be given a trial for patients with oxygen want. Body‐weight and vigour seem to be fairly well maintained on such a diet for at least a week in rats.6. It is possible that a detoxicating action in the intestine or elsewhere may play some part in the protection, and the anærobic fermentation of cellulose may also be indirectly concerned.I am indebted to Sir Robert Davis for facilities at Messrs. Siebe Gorman's premises, S.E.1; also to my colleagues, Dr. C. Rimington, Mr. T. A. Webster, and Mr. H. P. Marks, for some co‐operation, information re diet, and the estimations of liver glycogen respectively. Dr. O. Guggenheim of Basle kindly provided the sample of lactoflavin.
THE CHOLINE ESTERASE CONTENT OF THE MUSCLE OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND OF THE SERUM OF FOUR OTHER GROUPS OF CLINICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Jones Maxwell S. , Stadie William C. 
Published: December 2014

1. In one case of myasthenia gravis, the choline esterase content of affected muscle was found essentially the same as that of two specimens normal human muscle. Our findings are opposed to the hypothesis that myasthenia gravis is due to an excess of choline esterase in the muscle.2. The mean choline esterase content of the serum of 76 miscellaneous psychotic states was found to be slightly lower than the normal value.3. In 37 advanced phthisical patients the mean esterase value was markedly lower than normal.4. In 9 cases of advanced carcinoma there was also a marked lowering of the choline esterase of the serum.
BRONCHO‐AND VASO‐MOTOR RESPONSES OF GUINEA‐PIG LUNGS
Authors: Petrovskaia B. 
Published: December 2014

In isolated perfused lungs of the guinea‐pig perfused with recirculating Ringer‐Locke solution:1. Acetylcholine raises the intrapulmonary pressure and diminishes the venous outflow, both effects being abolished by atropine.2. Adrenaline frequently produces a fall in intrapulmonary pressure together with an increase in venous outflow. When no change in intrapulmonary pressure occurs a fall in venous outflow takes place. These results confirm those of Dale and Narayana. In addition it has been found that adrenaline may cause under certain conditions a slight but definite rise in intrapulmonary pressure; the latter phenome‐non may possibly depend upon the retention in the circulating perfusate of substances diffusing out from the lung tissues. It was found that ergotoxine converts this adrenaline intrapulmonary rise to a fall.3. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut cervical vagosympathetic nerves usually causes a rise in intrapulmonary pressure associated with a diminution or no change in outflow.4. Stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cut cervical sympathetic nerves produced a rise in intrapulmonary pressure without any associated change in the venous outflow in one experiment. In three experiments on ergotoxinised animals a fall in intrapulmonary pressure took place, again without any significant venous outflow change.5. Stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cervical vagi leads to a rise in intrapulmonary pressure together with a diminution or no change in the venous outflow.6. Ergotoxine reverses the bronchoconstriction produced by stimulation of the cervical vagi or cervical vagosympathetic nerves.7. Examination of variations in the venous outflow and intra‐pulmonary pressure, whether spontaneous or due to nerve stimulations or drug administrations, shows that the venous outflow alterations are not always dependent upon bronchomotor effects.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Endowment Committee, for which I wish to express my thanks.
ŒSTROGENIC AND ANDROGENIC SUBSTANCES IN ADVANCED PREGNANCY
Authors: Hain A. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. A study of the hormone concentration in the urine of 45 women in advanced pregnancy shows that marked differences exist between individuals, and cases should be considered individually.2. The averages show a marked rise in excretion of the various forms of cestrin during the 10th month preceded by a relatively low level.3. By far the greater portion of the cestrogenic substance excreted in pregnancy is found in a form which is separated with the cestriol fraction.4. There is no indication that very high values of cestrin are necesarily associated with the onset of labour either in the combined or “free” form.5. There is less androgen excreted by the pregnant than by the non‐pregnant woman.6. The androgens do not bear any quantitative relationship to the œstrogens.7. Certain facts suggest that, although the androgenic substance in urine of pregnancy has no cestrogenic action, it may augment the cestrogenic effect of the cestrogens. The expenses of this investigation were defrayed entirely by grants from the Medical Research Council.The author wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to Dr. Parkes for helpful criticism, and also to Dr. Callow. Without the valuable co‐operation of the Matrons of the Haig Ferguson Memorial Home and Bonnington Bank Home, the investigation could not have been made. Thanks are also due to Professor R. W.
Johnstone and Dr. Edwin Robertson for access to the case records.
THE REACTION OF FEMALE MONKEYS TO VARIOUS TYPES OF GONADOTROPIC EXTRACTS
Authors: De Fremery P. 
Published: December 2014

1. Gonadotropic substances of pituitary origin, extracted from hog's pituitary, human pituitary, and human menopausal urine, produce growth of the ovarian follicles, but no ovulation or luteinisation, in immature Macaca irus or Macaca mulatta.2. Gonadotropic substances of chorionic origin, extracted from human placenta and human pregnancy urine, are inactive in all these respects.3. No luteinisation occurs in follicles when, after previous stimulation by a pituitary preparation, a preparation of human pregnancy urine is administered.4. It is impossible to augment the activity of a pituitary preparation in immature female monkeys by the synergistic or the Maxwell technique.5. The pituitary glands of the experimental monkeys induced follicle ripening and luteinisation when implanted into the immature female rat.6. The serum of untreated immature animals contains no antiactivity against gonadotropic hormones of chorionic origin.7. It is possible to inhibit the activity of the gonadotropic hormones present in the human pituitary, by the simultaneous administration of serum of a goat treated for several months with gonadotropic preparations of human pregnancy urine. This serum does not inhibit the activity of hog pituitary extract.
DIET AND RESISTANCE TO OXYGEN WANT
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll 
Published: December 2014

1. The factors underlying the beneficial effect of a pure carrot diet in oxygen deficiency are somewhat complex, and include (a) low protein content (1 per cent.), (b) presence of fibre, (c) presence of glutamine, (d) some unknown factor. Fibre may act as an adsorbent, since good results have now been obtained also with charcoal, paper pulp, and kaolin, fed in synthetic diets for 6 days.2. Diets of parsnips, beetroot, apples, and bananas also give good protection, and probably for reasons similar to (1).3. Zein (obtained from Glaxo Laboratories) is the only protein so far tested which may constitute 50 per cent. of the diet and give protection against oxygen want, somewhat similar in extent to that of the carrot diet. Zein may contain some special factor or unknown amino‐acid. Gelatin gives less but some favourable effect and gluten is not altogether unfavourable, but casein and meat are bad proteins for a diet during oxygen want.4. In oxygen deficiency the unfavourable amino‐acids are histidine, which gives rise to histamine, and arginine, which gives origin to guanidine. Rats do not like diets containing much histidine or arginine. Collapse is a symptom of histamine poisoning and also of severe oxygen want. Cystine (keratin) is also unfavourable.5. Amino‐acids which appear to aid protection in some degree against oxygen want include tryptophane, tyrosine, lysine, and glutamic acid; alanine and leucine are neither unfavourable nor do they give any extra help. The zein effect is, however, not fully explained by these results.6. On the above evidence, suitable articles of diet for subjects exposed to the effects of oxygen want due either to disease or to high altitude are zein (but not whole maize), carrots, parsnips, beetroot, apples, bananas, starch, glucose, fat (lard), vitamins, and salts. Gelatin and gluten (flour) might be used also in very moderate quantity and milk in small quantity.I am indebted to Sir Robert Davis for facilities at Messrs. Siebe Gorman's premises; also to my colleague, Dr. H. King, for providing some of the amino‐acids; to Dr. C. Rimington for some co‐operation; and to my assistant, Mr. C. Pergande, for much help throughout this research.
THE CONTROL OF THE BLOOD‐FLOW THROUGH THE INTESTINE AS STUDIED BY THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Goetz Robert H. 
Published: December 2014

The response of the intestinal volume to adrenaline was registered with a new method simultaneously with the blood‐pressure, the blood‐flow through the skin, and the respiratory rate. The method is considered to give more accurate results than those previously described, and is described in detail.Neither the traditional view based on experiments by Oliver and Schäfer [1895], which credits adrenaline for having a more powerful constrictor action upon the intestinal vessels than anywhere else, nor the more recent opinion of Orahovats and Gotsev [1935] and of Gotsev [1937], that adrenaline constricts the intestinal volume in only 35 per cent. of all experiments, could be confirmed. The effect of adrenaline upon the intestinal vessels depends upon the applied dose. The smallest doses increase the volume only; after larger doses a feeble and transient early decrease takes place, followed by a prolonged dilatation. Contrary to the general accepted opinion, this dilatation was found throughout to dominate the picture obtained. No relation, however, could be detected between the effect of adrenaline on the intestinal vessels and the course of the blood‐pressure response. The results support the view that adrenaline acts as a blood distributor and not blood‐pressure augmentor hormone.Results communicated in a previous paper [1939] upon the effect of adrenaline on the skin vessels could be confirmed.