bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking responsive regulation transnational: Strategies for international organizations
Authors: Abbott Kenneth W. , Snidal Duncan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractResponsive Regulation(RR) introduced important new ways of thinking about regulation. ButRRwas designed for domestic settings in which a single agency had clear jurisdiction, full regulatory capacity, and extensive information, and could (contingently) deploy stringent sanctions against well‐defined targets. Under globalization, many regulatory problems have shifted to the transnational arena, characterized by multiple regulators, public and private, with limited capacities, authority, and information, and modest sanctioning ability; globalized production also renders the targets of regulation diffuse and difficult to identify.RRholds important lessons for transnational regulation, but it must be adapted to these challenging conditions. Some components of transnationalRRare already emerging, including numerous private and public–private schemes that regulate business through voluntary norms: “transnational regulatory standard‐setting” (TRSS). Alone, however,TRSSschemes face serious limitations. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are best positioned to “takeRRtransnational” by supporting and working with the nascentTRSSsystem. Two regulatory strategies are particularly promising: collaboration and orchestration. In “regulatory collaboration,”IGOspromote business self‐regulation, much as inRR; they can escalate in response to defection by deploying reputational and market sanctions. In “orchestration,”IGOssupport and steer intermediaries, includingTRSSschemes andNGOs, which use their material and ideational capacities to regulate target behavior. Orchestration cumulates regulatory competencies, creates avenues of escalation, and provides many benefits ofRR“tripartism.”
Ecological restoration and enabling behavior: a new metaphorical lens?
Authors: Moore Kathleen D. , Moore Jonathan W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEcological restoration practices are changing rapidly, dramatically, and in complex ways, with higher and higher stakes both for the restoration industries themselves and for the future of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Even as ecosystem degradation has accelerated, restoration has grown into a transnational, multibillion dollar industry. These changes create an imperative for correspondingly rapid and dramatic changes in the metaphoric lenses through which we view restoration projects. In this Policy Perspectives paper, we explore a metaphor that views ecological restoration through the lens of co‐dependency theories about enabling behaviors in the lives of addicts. The metaphor raises questions about the nature of the relation between restoration practices and an industrial growth economy “addicted” to cheap fuel and consumer goods. It suggests some policy changes that might prevent development of co‐dependencies between restoration industries and ecologically destructive practices.
Rates of visual field progression in clinical glaucoma care
Authors: Heijl Anders , Buchholz Patricia , Norrgren Gunilla , Bengtsson Boel 
Published: October 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate rates of visual field progression and factors associated with progression rate in open‐angle glaucoma in clinical glaucoma care.Methods:  We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with manifest primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) followed ≥ 5 years with ≥5 SITA Standard fields. Exclusion criteria were minimal. Demographics, intraocular pressure values (IOP), treatment and treatment changes, and visual field (VF) data were recorded. VF progression rates were calculated as slopes of mean deviation (MD) over time.Results:  Five hundred and eighty‐three patients were eligible. Three hundred and sixty‐seven (62%) had POAG and 221 (38%) PEXG. Median MD at study start was −10.0 dB. Mean follow‐up time was 7.8 years (SD ± 1.2); mean number of VF tests was 8.9 (SD ± 2.8). Progression rates varied very much among patients with a mean of −0.80 dB/year (SD ± 0.82; median rate, −0.62), and 5.6% of patients progressed at rates worse than −2.5 dB per year A negative slope of MD values was observed in 89% of patients. Mean IOP of all visits decreased over the study period from 20.15 to 18.10 mmHg. Higher age and mean IOP, and more intensive treatment were associated with more rapid progression, while PEXG and IOP variation were not, if treatment intensity was taken into account.Conclusion:  Rates of visual field progression in manifest glaucoma with field loss in ordinary clinical care were highly variable. Progression rates rapid enough to influence quality of life were common.
Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of SiC/SiO2 Nanochains Heterostructure by Catalyst‐Free Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Wei Jian , Li Kezhi , Chen Jin , Yuan Hudie , He Geping , Yang Chunli 
Published: October 2012

The SiC/SiO2 nanochains heterostructure with double amorphous layers was successfully synthesized by a catalyst‐free chemical vapor deposition process at 1280°C. The SiC/SiO2 nanochains experience an apparent regular periodic structure, whose SiO2 beads with diameters of about 160 nm are positioned on the SiC strings beside one another. Their growth mechanism could be mainly ascribed to Rayleigh instability and vapor‐solid mechanism. The double layers structure of amorphous silica on the surface of the strings results from the different silica deposition stages. SiC nanowires with diameters of 20–50 nm were also found accompanied with the SiC/SiO2 nanochains and not changed into the chains‐shaped morphology because of their small diameters and much higher additive surface pressure of bending silica melt layer on the nanowires.
Formation Process of AlN Through Precursors and Its Application to Joining AlN Ceramics
Authors: Kai Ayako , Kamita Yasunobu , Miki Toshikatsu 
Published: October 2012

Formation process of AlN from urea and aluminum chloride hexa‐hydrate (N/Al = 60) under nitrogen is investigated. An aluminum hexa‐urea complex crystallizes on mixing the two raw materials at room temperature. The complexes react with excess urea and/or its decomposed products, such as biuret above 160°C, and form an amorphous phase containing Al, N, C, and O around 400°C after releasing volatile products. The resultant amorphous phase undergoes changes as the temperature increases, and then crystalline carbon with a fullerene‐like XRD pattern forms at 850°C. AlN crystallization follows the decomposition of the fullerene‐like crystals. At the AlN precursor stage, a large number of radicals (g = 2.0029 and S = 1/2) are detected by ESR. The radicals are assumed to be due to dangling bonds with an unpaired electron in amorphous carbon. Joining AlN ceramics is conducted using the 850°C product at the AlN precursor stage as the filler material, and is successfully achieved at temperatures above 1000°C. The shear strengths of the joints formed at 1500°C are 88 ± 29 MPa.
Improved Cooperative Emission in Ytterbium‐Doped Oxyfluoride Glass‐Ceramics ContainingCaF2Nanocrystals
Authors: Imanieh Mohammad H. , Martín Inocencio R. , Eftekhari Yekta Bijan , Marghussian Vahak K. , Shakhesi Saeed 
Published: October 2012

The effect of alumina content and heat treatment time, on microstructure and cooperative emission of oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics were investigated. Two values (1.8 and 2.18) were selected forSiO2/Al2O3ratio. The results indicated that alumina content had a significant effect on the phase separation and the viscosity of the glasses. Although crystallization happened in the glass withSiO2/Al2O3ratio of 2.18 via spinodal decomposition phase separation, the other glass was crystallized in a homogeneous glass phase. Accordingly, the size and volume concentration of nanoCaF2crystalline phase which precipitates during the heat treatment depends on the glass's alumina content. Furthermore, the crystal size was raised dramatically with duration of heat treatment time in the high‐containing aluminum oxide. In the other glass specimen, i.e., in the glass with aSiO2/Al2O3ratio of 2.18, only a slight increase in the crystal size was observed by raising the heat treatment time. Increasing the time of heat treatment led to the incorporation ofYb3+ions intoCaF2crystalline phase. Moreover, cooperative emission coming from a pair of excitedYb3+ions was obtained and increased significantly with the heat treatment time. The results showed that the optimum heat treatment time was 48 h.
Mixed Network Effect of Broadband Near‐Infrared Emission in Bi‐Doped B2O3‐GeO2 Glasses
Authors: Zhang Na , Sharafudeen K. N. , Dong Guoping , Peng Mingying , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: October 2012

We report on the mixed network effect of broadband near‐infrared (NIR) emission of Bi‐doped borogermanate glasses. On excitation with 808 nm laser diode (LD) radiation, the fluorescence emission intensity at 1235 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 200 nm was found to vary with B2O3 content, which agrees well with the variation tendency of the absorption intensity at 500 and 700 nm. The peak position and the intensity of the NIR emission depend strongly on the excitation wavelength. Two kinds of bismuth centers are proposed to coexist in the Bi‐doped borogermanate glasses: Bi0 and Bi+, which contribute to the NIR emissions at 1240 and 1095 nm, respectively.
Effect of the Sintering Additive on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hi‐NicalonTM SiC Fibers in a HfB2 Matrix
Authors: Silvestroni Laura , Guicciardi Stefano , Nygren Mats , Melandri Cesare , Sciti Diletta 
Published: October 2012

This study is focused on the effect of the sintering additive on the microstructure and properties of HfB2 composites reinforced with SiC Hi–Nicalon fibers. The materials were spark plasma sintered with addition of 5–10 vol% of Si3N4 or ZrSi2. The fibers morphology was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and remarkable differences were observed depending on the additive. Local hardness and Young's modulus were measured by nanoindentation to investigate the fiber mechanical behavior. The introduction of 20 vol% SiC short fibers into the HfB2 matrix increased the fracture toughness up to 5.4 MPa m1/2 for the material sintered with ZrSi2. The room temperature flexural strength of the materials containing fibers slightly decreased when ZrSi2 was used, but with the addition of Si3N4 an improvement of more than the 40%, as compared to the unreinforced material was observed.
Investigation of the Structure and Electrical Properties of (KxNa0.96−xLi0.04)(Nb0.96−yTaySb0.04)O3 Piezoelectric Ceramics Modified with Manganese
Authors: Mgbemere Henry E. , Hinterstein Manuel , Schneider Gerold A. 
Published: October 2012

The effect of high doping levels of manganese (Mn) on the structure and electrical properties of (KxNa1−x)NbO3 (KNN) ceramics containing Li, Ta, and Sb has been investigated. The samples were measured using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction whereas Rietveld refinement with Fullprof was used to determine the structural information as a function of temperature. Temperature‐dependent dielectric measurement was used to compare the phase transition temperatures. The results show that Mn decreases the temperature range of phase coexistence between the orthorhombic and tetragonal phase from ~180°C to ~120°C. The Curie temperature remained unchanged with Mn addition while the dielectric constant and dielectric loss increased with Mn addition. High amounts of Mn led to a reduction in both piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. The remnant polarization, remnant strain, and piezoelectric coefficient values decreased from 24 μC/cm2, 0.000824, 338 ± 37 pm/V to 13 μC/cm2, 0,00014 and 208 ± 27 pm/V, respectively for the undoped and 5 mol% Mn‐doped sample.
Left Ventricular Scar Burden Specifies the Potential for Ventricular Arrhythmogenesis: An LGE‐CMR Study
Authors: SCOTT PAUL A. , ROSENGARTEN JAMES A. , MURDAY DAVID C. , PEEBLES CHARLES R. , HARDEN STEPHEN P. , CURZEN NICK P. , MORGAN JOHN M. 
Published: October 2012

Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Arrhythmias. Introduction: The extent of left ventricular (LV) scar, characterized by late gadolinium enhancement cardiac MRI (LGE‐CMR), has been shown to predict the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients. However, the specificity of LGE‐CMR for sudden cardiac death (SCD) versus non‐SCD is unclear. The aim of this retrospective, observational study was to evaluate this relationship in a cohort of ICD recipients.
Methods and Results

: We included consecutive patients who had undergone LGE‐CMR before ICD implantation over a 4‐year period (2006–2009). Scar (defined as myocardium with a signal intensity ≥50% of the maximum in scar tissue) was characterized in terms of percent scar and number of transmural LV scar segments in a 17‐segment model. The endpoints were appropriate ICD therapy and all‐cause mortality. Sixty‐four patients (average age 66 ± 11 years, 51 male, median LVEF 30%) were included. During 42 ± 13 months follow‐up, appropriate ICD therapy occurred in 28 patients (44%), and 14 patients (22%) died. Number of transmural scar segments (P = 0.005) and percentage LV scar (P = 0.03) were both significantly associated with appropriate ICD therapy. However, neither number of transmural scar segments (P = 0.32) or percent LV scar (P = 0.59) was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality.
Conclusion

: In this observational study, in medium‐term follow‐up, the extent of LV scar characterized by LGE‐CMR was strongly associated with the occurrence of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias but not all‐cause mortality. We hypothesize that scar quantification by LGE‐CMR may be more specific for SCD than non‐SCD, and may prove a valuable tool for the selection of patients for ICD therapy. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 430‐436, April 2013)
Rethinking theory of mind in high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Scheeren Anke M. , de Rosnay Marc , Koot Hans M. , Begeer Sander 
Published: October 2012

Background:  The sociocommunicative problems in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are traditionally linked to impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to ascribe mental states to others. Although ToM impairments are consistently reported in young children with ASD, findings on more advanced ToM understanding in older individuals with high‐functioning ASD (HFASD) are less straightforward. Therefore, we assessed the advanced ToM abilities of a large sample of school‐aged children and adolescents with HFASD (n = 194; 6–20 years) and compared them to a typically developing (TD) comparison group (n = 60).Methods:  Participants’ advanced ToM was assessed with five social stories containing second‐order false beliefs, display rules, double bluff, faux pas, and sarcasm.Results:  Participants with HFASD performed equally well on each of the ToM stories as their TD peers. Consistent age effects were noticed with adolescents outperforming the children. Furthermore, advanced ToM was positively associated with participants’ age, verbal abilities, and general reasoning abilities.Conclusions:  Counter to what the ToM theory of ASD would predict, school‐aged children and adolescents with HFASD seem to be able to master the theoretical principles of advanced mental state reasoning. However, they may still fail to apply these theoretical principles during everyday social interactions.
Comparison of efficacy and side‐effect profile of oral PUVA vs. oral PUVA sol in the treatment of vitiligo: a 36‐week prospective study
Authors: Singh S. , Khandpur S. , Sharma V.K. , Ramam M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground Both Oral PUVA and PUVA sol have been successfully used in vitiligo treatment. However, there is paucity of studies comparing the two therapies, especially under subtropical conditions of abundant sunlight where PUVA sol is more feasible.Objectives To compare the efficacy and side effects of oral PUVA versus oral PUVA sol therapy in generalized vitiligo.Methods Comparative prospective clinical trial conducted on consecutive patients of generalized vitiligo. Response to treatment was assessed using change in Lund & Browder (L & B) score for assessment of reduction in body surface area of involvement, patient global assessment (PGA) of improvement in vitiligo, investigator’s global assessment (IGA) of extent of repigmentation, and quality of life (QOL) assessment using Tjioe et al questionnaire.Results Thirty five patients were recruited‐ 18 in PUVA and 17 in PUVA sol group. Mean percentage change in L & B score at 36 weeks was 46.4% in PUVA and 26.1% in PUVA sol group (P = 0.06), mean PGA score in PUVA was 4.58 ± 2.23 and in PUVA sol group was 6 ± 2.08 (P = 0.13), mean IGA score was 3.08 ± 1.68 in PUVA and 1.79 ± 0.57 in PUVA sol group (P = 0.11). QOL scores were significantly higher in PUVA group as compared to the PUVA sol group (P = 0.04). Side effects were comparable in two groups except for phototoxic side effects which were significantly more in PUVA group.Conclusions PUVA is more efficacious than PUVA sol and also provides greater psychological benefit in treatment of generalized vitiligo but is associated with more phototoxic adverse effects.
Efficacy and safety of systemic methotrexate vs. acitretin in psoriasis patients with significant palmoplantar involvement: a prospective, randomized study
Authors: Janagond A.B. , Kanwar A.J. , Handa S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground  Palmoplantar psoriasis (PP) is a chronic, inflammatory and proliferative dermatosis of the palms and/or soles with significant morbidity. It is notoriously difficult to treat and unresponsive to traditional topical agents.Material and methods  This was a prospective, randomized study involving 111 patients of psoriasis with significant palmoplantar disease. Patients meeting the eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups. Patients in Group I received methotrexate in doses of 0.4 mg/kg weekly, and patients in Group II received acitretin in doses of 0.5 mg/kg daily. Patients were evaluated by modified PPPASI (m‐PPPASI) score for palm and sole involvement at baseline, at two weekly intervals for the first 4 weeks and then four weekly for next 8 weeks. Treatment protocol was continued for a period till patient achieved 75% reduction in m‐PPPASI from baseline or 12 weeks whichever was earlier.Results  There was a statistically significant difference in reduction of m‐PPPASI of patients on methotrexate at weeks 8 and 12. The mean m‐PPPASI at week 8 was 15.38 ± 6.08 in methotrexate group and 17.23 ± 5.25 in acitretin group (P = 0.04). The mean m‐PPPASI at week 12 was 10.30 ± 5.97 in methotrexate group and 12.40 ± 5.31 in acitretin group (P = 0.03). Marked improvement (m‐PPPASI 75) was achieved in 12 (24%) patients in methotrexate group compared with 4 (8%) in acitretin group which was statistically significant (P = 0.029). Adverse events were generally mild and were seen in 14 patients in methotrexate group and 15 patients in acitretin group (P = 0.080).Conclusion  Methotrexate is relatively inexpensive, safe and efficacious drug for the treatment of psoriasis patients with significant palmoplantar involvement. Acitretin can be used as an alternative therapy and with a good safety profile.
Effects of Temperature and Moisture Variables on Brown Rust Epidemics in Sugarcane
Authors: Barrera Wilmer , Hoy Jeffrey , Li Bin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEpidemics of brown rust in sugarcane, caused by Puccinia melanocephala, vary in severity between seasons. Natural epidemics were studied to determine the effects of temperature and moisture variables on epidemic onset, severity and decline. Variables were monitored with disease severity in two cultivars, each grown at a different location in Louisiana. Maximum daily temperature was the variable most correlated with seasonal epidemic development and decline. Disease severity was high during 2009 and low during 2010. This contrast allowed evaluation of the effects of conducive and limiting environmental conditions on severity. Lower severity resulted from a combination of unfavourable temperature and leaf wetness conditions that delayed onset then reduced the rate of disease increase. An accumulation of 23–25 days with leaf wetness periods of at least 7 h after the daily minimum temperature exceeded 17°C preceded the onset of disease on young leaves in both severe and mild epidemics. Severe epidemics in both cultivars declined once maximum ambient daily temperature was 32°C or higher. Low and high limiting temperatures determined the initiation and decline of an epidemic, respectively, under Louisiana climatic conditions. The availability of leaf wetness was then an important determinant of disease severity during the epidemic.
Changes in cetacean presence, relative abundance and distribution over 20 years along a trans‐regional fixed line transect in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea
Authors: Arcangeli Antonella , Marini Luca , Crosti Roberto 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFrom 1989 to 1992, systematic cetacean surveys were carried out twice weekly along a trans‐regional fixed transect in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea, utilising passenger ferries as research platforms. Using the same protocol and supervised by the same investigators, the research restarted in 2007, providing the opportunity to compare consistent data over a long 20‐year period. The monitored transect (Civitavecchia‐Golfo Aranci) runs along a strategic area just outside the southeastern border of the Pelagos Sanctuary. Over the last two decades, an increasing trend of temperature and salinity, in the deep and intermediate layers, has been documented in the region, as well as general changes over the Mediterranean basin. These changes, together with the increasing impact of some pressures (e.g. maritime traffic) may have led to changes in oceanographic and anthropogenic features and, subsequently, in cetacean presence and distribution. The research aimed to verify whether any changes occurred in the pattern of cetacean occurrence over the 20‐year period along the representative transect in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. Data from 90 summer weekly runs undertaken in the 1990s were compared with data obtained from 95 runs undertaken in the 2000s. Each ferry run was considered an independent statistical unit: the encounter rate (ER = number of sightings per hour spent on effort) was calculated to compare relative abundance between periods, years and months. Spatial analysis was performed on geographical data using Kernel analysis to map the distribution of sightings. Logistic regression (GLM) was performed to compare habitat preference. Total encounter rate in the 1990s (ER = 0.59 ± CI 0.08) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) compared with the 2000s (ER = 0.94 ± CI 0.15). The same seven out of eight species known for their regular presence in the Mediterranean Sea were sighted in both the investigated periods. The most common species were striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Neither the pilot whale nor any other rare or occasional species were sighted during the 6 years of the study. Despite the time span, no dramatic changes were observed for any species, bar fin whale, in terms of distribution, relative abundance, group size or habitat preference. Sightings of fin whale have surprisingly increased (+300%, P< 0.001), and their spatial and temporal distribution and habitat preference showed a radical difference between the two periods. The 2000s surveys confirmed the existence of high density areas of cetaceans, especially of fin whale, and the consequent necessity of specific legislative acts for cetacean conservation.