bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for elucidation of inconclusive pancreatobiliary cytology
Authors: Vlajnic Tatjana , Somaini Gina , Savic Spasenija , Barascud Audrey , Grilli Bruno , Herzog Michelle , Obermann Ellen C. , Holmes Brittany J. , Ali Syed Z. , Degen Lukas , Bubendorf Lukas 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDEndoscopic fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and brush cytology are standard methods for the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary malignancies. Although the majority of cytological diagnoses are straightforward, there remains a difficult category of inconclusive cytology. This study explored the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to improve the diagnostic stratification between reactive and malignant cells in cases of inconclusive cytology.METHODSThe multiprobe FISH assay UroVysion was used for copy number assessment of chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and the 9p21 locus on Papanicolaou‐stained specimens with a diagnosis of inconclusive cytology (n = 50), adenocarcinoma (n = 31) and no evidence of malignancy (n = 9). The target cells were photographed and their coordinates saved on an automated stage prior to hybridization. A positive test was defined as increased copy number (> 2) of at least 2 chromosomes (3, 7, or 17) in at least 4 atypical cells, or loss of 9p21 in at least 12 cells.RESULTSFISH confirmed all 31 cytological diagnoses of pancreatobiliary adenocarcinomas, and was negative in the 9 patients with negative cytology. Among the 50 cases with inconclusive cytology, FISH detected 19 of 31 cases with a final diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, and was negative in all 19 cases with no final evidence of malignancy (sensitivity of 61.3%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 61.3%). Loss of 9p21 was found in 43 (86%) of all 50 FISH‐positive cases.CONCLUSIONSMultiprobe FISH combined with automated relocation of atypical cells is a powerful technique to clarify inconclusive cytology of the pancreatobiliary tract, allowing for a better distinction between reactive atypia and malignancy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:627–634. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Systematic comparison of adeno‐associated virus and biotinylated dextran amine reveals equivalent sensitivity between tracers and novel projection targets in the mouse brain
Authors: Wang Quanxin , Henry Alex M. , Harris Julie A. , Oh Seung Wook , Joines Kevin M. , Nyhus Julie , Hirokawa Karla E. , Dee Nick , Mortrud Marty , Parry Sheana , Ouellette Benjamin , Caldejon Shiella , Bernard Amy , Jones Allan R. , Zeng Hongkui , Hohmann John G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAs an anterograde neuronal tracer, recombinant adeno‐associated virus (AAV) has distinct advantages over the widely used biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). However, the sensitivity and selectivity of AAV remain uncharacterized for many brain regions and species. To validate this tracing method further, AAV (serotype 1) was systematically compared with BDA as an anterograde tracer by injecting both tracers into three cortical and 15 subcortical regions in C57BL/6J mice. Identical parameters were used for our sequential iontophoretic injections, producing injections of AAV that were more robust in size and in density of neurons infected compared with those of BDA. However, these differences did not preclude further comparison between the tracers, because the pairs of injections were suitably colocalized and contained some percentage of double‐labeled neurons. A qualitative analysis of projection patterns showed that the two tracers behave very similarly when injection sites are well matched. Additionally, a quantitative analysis of relative projection intensity for cases targeting primary motor cortex (MOp), primary somatosensory cortex (SSp), and caudoputamen (CP) showed strong agreement in the ranked order of projection intensities between the two tracers. A detailed analysis of the projections of two brain regions (SSp and MOp) revealed many targets that have not previously been described in the mouse or rat. Minor retrograde labeling of neurons was observed in all cases examined, for both AAV and BDA. Our results show that AAV has actions equivalent to those of BDA as an anterograde tracer and is suitable for analysis of neural circuitry throughout the mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1989–2012, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Central projections of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the macaque monkey
Authors: Hannibal J. , Kankipati L. , Strang C.E. , Peterson B.B. , Dacey D. , Gamlin P.D. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCircadian rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are entrained to the environmental light/dark cycle via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin and the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP). The ipRGCs regulate other nonimage‐forming visual functions such as the pupillary light reflex, masking behavior, and light‐induced melatonin suppression. To evaluate whether PACAP‐immunoreactive retinal projections are useful as a marker for central projection of ipRGCs in the monkey brain, we characterized the occurrence of PACAP in melanopsin‐expressing ipRGCs and in the retinal target areas in the brain visualized by the anterograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CtB) in combination with PACAP staining. In the retina, PACAP and melanopsin were found to be costored in 99% of melanopsin‐expressing cells characterized as inner and outer stratifying melanopsin RGCs. Two macaque monkeys were anesthetized and received a unilateral intravitreal injection of CtB. Bilateral retinal projections containing colocalized CtB and PACAP immunostaining were identified in the SCN, the lateral geniculate complex including the pregeniculate nucleus, the pretectal olivary nucleus, the nucleus of the optic tract, the brachium of the superior colliculus, and the superior colliculus. In conclusion, PACAP‐immunoreactive projections with colocalized CtB represent retinal projections of ipRGCs in the macaque monkey, supporting previous retrograde tracer studies demonstrating that melanopsin‐containing retinal projections reach areas in the primate brain involved in both image‐ and nonimage‐forming visual processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2231–2248, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroanatomical basis for cholinergic modulation of locomotor networks by sacral relay neurons with ascending lumbar projections
Authors: Finkel Eran , Etlin Alex , Cherniak Meir , Mor Yoav , Lev‐Tov Aharon , Anglister Lili 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSynaptic excitation by sacrocaudal afferent (SCA) input of sacral relay neurons projecting rostrally through the ventral white matter funiculi (VF neurons) is a potent activator of the hindlimb central pattern generators (CPGs) in rodent spinal cords lacking descending supraspinal control. Using electrophysiological recordings from the sacral and lumbar spinal segments, we show that the motor output of the lumbar segments produced by SCA stimulation is enhanced by exposing the sacral segments of the neonatal rat spinal cord to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor edrophonium (EDR). Histochemical and immunostaining of the sacral cord reveals expression of acetylcholinesterase activity, ability to synthesize acetylcholine, and/or innervation by cholinergic synaptic inputs in significant proportions of fluorescently back‐labeled sacral VF neurons. Moreover, the majority of the VF neurons express M2 muscarinic receptors, raising the possibility that the elevated acetylcholine levels resulting from inhibition of acetylcholinesterase act on such receptors. Indeed, sacral application of atropine or the M2‐type receptor antagonist methoctramine was found to reverse the effects of EDR. We suggest that variations in the sacral level of acetylcholine modulate the SCA‐induced locomotor rhythm via muscarinic receptor‐dependent mechanisms and that the modified activity of sacral VF neurons in the presence of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor can be partially ascribed to the cholinergic components associated with them. Thus, pharmacological manipulations of the sacral cholinergic system may be used to modulate the locomotor‐related motor output in the absence of descending supraspinal control. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3437–3455, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortical innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus in the non‐human primate (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Morecraft Robert J. , Stilwell‐Morecraft Kimberly S. , Solon‐Cline Kathryn M. , Ge Jizhi , Darling Warren G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe corticobulbar projection to the hypoglossal nucleus was studied from the frontal, parietal, cingulate, and insular cortices in the rhesus monkey by using high‐resolution anterograde tracers and stereology. The hypoglossal nucleus received bilateral input from the face/head region of the primary (M1), ventrolateral pre‐ (LPMCv), supplementary (M2), rostral cingulate (M3), and caudal cingulate (M4) motor cortices. Additional bilateral corticohypoglossal projections were found from the dorsolateral premotor cortex (LPMCd), ventrolateral proisocortical motor area (ProM), ventrolateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1), rostral insula, and pregenual region of the anterior cingulate gyrus (areas 24/32). Dense terminal projections arose from the ventral region of M1, and moderate projections from LPMCv and rostral part of M2, with considerably fewer hypoglossal projections arising from the other cortical regions. These findings demonstrate that extensive regions of the non‐human primate cerebral cortex innervate the hypoglossal nucleus. The widespread and bilateral nature of this corticobulbar connection suggests recovery of tongue movement after cortical injury that compromises a subset of these areas, may occur from spared corticohypoglossal projection areas located on the lateral, as well as medial surfaces of both hemispheres. Since functional imaging studies have shown that homologous cortical areas are activated in humans during tongue movement tasks, these corticobulbar projections may exist in the human brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3456–3484, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ablation of ErbB4 from excitatory neurons leads to reduced dendritic spine density in mouse prefrontal cortex
Authors: Cooper Margaret A. , Koleske Anthony J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDendritic spine loss is observed in many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, and likely contributes to the altered sense of reality, disruption of working memory, and attention deficits that characterize these disorders. ErbB4, a member of the EGF family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is genetically associated with schizophrenia, suggesting that alterations in ErbB4 function contribute to the disease pathology. Additionally, ErbB4 functions in synaptic plasticity, leading us to hypothesize that disruption of ErbB4 signaling may affect dendritic spine development. We show that dendritic spine density is reduced in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of ErbB4 conditional whole‐brain knockout mice. We find that ErbB4 localizes to dendritic spines of excitatory neurons in cortical neuronal cultures and is present in synaptic plasma membrane preparations. Finally, we demonstrate that selective ablation of ErbB4 from excitatory neurons leads to a decrease in the proportion of mature spines and an overall reduction in dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex of weanling (P21) mice that persists at 2 months of age. These results suggest that ErbB4 signaling in excitatory pyramidal cells is critical for the proper formation and maintenance of dendritic spines in excitatory pyramidal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3351–3362, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of a merit function for the visual perception of color uniformity in spot lights
Authors: Teupner Anne , Bergenek Krister , Wirth Ralph , Miñano Juan Carlos , Benítez Pablo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe objective of the present study is the development of an optimized evaluation method which describes color uniformity in the far field of light‐emitting diode (LED) spot lights related to visual perception of color and pattern. The merit function is requested to evaluate measurements and optical simulations of spot light systems. A human factor experiment was performed as a two‐alternative forced choice (2AFC) test. During the experiment, a pairs of spot lights with various spatial color distributions were shown successively to the subject. The subjects had to select the more even spot light of the pair shown.The perceived rank order of spot lights was calculated afterwards. It was compared with five different mathematical functions describing several aspects of spatial color uniformity based on the CIELAB color space. These are the widely used color difference ΔE, gradient, difference of color average, circular symmetry description, and linear smoothness. No single basic function fits the perception in a sufficient way because none of the function considers all visual aspects. For a better correlation between the visual perception and the merit function, a linear combination of four basic functions is proposed. The designed merit function for the color uniformity of spot lights USL is more effective for the prediction of the visual perception. A correlation value of 0.91 is reached. It enables a quantitative evaluation of those LED lighting systems and protects against individual subjective judgments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 287–296, 2015
Calcium influx and postsynaptic proteins coordinate the dendritic filopodium‐spine transition
Authors: Hu Hsiao‐Tang , Hsueh Yi‐Ping 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDendritic spines are the major locations of excitatory synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. The transformation from dendritic filopodia to dendritic spines has been recognized as one type of spinogenesis. For instance, syndecan‐2 (SDC2), a synaptic heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is highly concentrated at dendritic spines and required for spinogenesis. It induces dendritic filopodia formation, followed by spine formation. However, the molecular regulation of the filopodium‐spine transition induced by SDC2 is still unclear. In this report, we show that calcium is an important signal downstream of SDC2 in regulation of filopodium‐spine transition but not filopodia formation. SDC2 interacted with the postsynaptic proteins calmodulin‐dependent serine kinase (CASK) and LIN7 and further recruited NMDAR to the tips of filopodia induced by SDC2. Calcium influx via NMDAR promoted spine maturation because addition of EGTA or AP5 to the culture medium effectively prevented morphological change from dendritic filopodia to dendritic spines. Our data also indicated that F‐actin rearrangement regulated by calcium influx is involved in the morphological change, because the knockdown of gelsolin, a calcium‐activated F‐actin severing molecule, impaired the filopodium‐spine transition induced by SDC2. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that postsynaptic proteins coordinate to trigger calcium signalling and cytoskeleton rearrangement and consequently control filopodium‐spine transition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1011–1029, 2014
Opposing effects of hypoxia on catecholaminergic locus coeruleus and hypocretin/orexin neurons in chick embryos
Authors: Landry Jeremy P. , Hawkins Connor , Wiebe Sabrina , Balaban Evan , Pompeiano Maria 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTerrestrial vertebrate embryos face a risk of low oxygen availability (hypoxia) that is especially great during their transition to air‐breathing. To better understand how fetal brains respond to hypoxia, we examined the effects of low oxygen availability on brain activity in late‐stage chick embryos (day 18 out of a 21‐day incubation period). Using cFos protein expression as a marker for neuronal activity, we focused on two specific, immunohistochemically identified cell groups known to play an important role in regulating adult brain states (sleep and waking): the noradrenergic neurons of the Locus Coeruleus (NA‐LC), and the Hypocretin/Orexin (H/O) neurons of the hypothalamus. cFos expression was also examined in the Pallium (the avian analog of the cerebral cortex). In adult mammalian brains, cFos expression changes in a coordinated way in these areas. In chick embryos, oxygen deprivation simultaneously activated NA‐LC while deactivating H/O‐producing neurons; it also increased cFos expression in the Pallium. Activity in one pallial primary sensory area was significantly related to NA‐LC activity. These data reveal that at least some of the same neural systems involved in brain‐state control in adults may play a central role in orchestrating prenatal hypoxic responses, and that these circuits may show different patterns of coordination than seen in adults. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1030–1037, 2014
Changes in the social environment induce neurogenic plasticity predominantly in niches residing in sensory structures of the zebrafish brain independently of cortisol levels
Authors: Lindsey Benjamin W. , Tropepe Vincent 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe social environment is known to modulate adult neurogenesis. Studies in mammals and birds have shown a strong correlation between social isolation and decreases in neurogenesis, whereas time spent in an enriched environment has been shown to restore these deficits and enhance neurogenesis. These data suggest that there exists a common adaptive response among neurogenic niches to each extreme of the social environment. We sought to further test this hypothesis in zebrafish, a social species with distinct neurogenic niches within primary sensory structures and telencephalic nuclei of the brain. By examining stages of adult neurogenesis, including the proliferating stem/progenitor population, their surviving cohort, and the resulting newly differentiated neuronal population, we show that niches residing in sensory structures are most sensitive to changes in the social context, and that social isolation or novelty are both capable of decreasing the number of proliferating cells while increasing the number of newborn neurons within a single niche. Contrary to observations in rodents, we demonstrate that social novelty, a form of enrichment, does not consistently rescue deficits in cell proliferation following social isolation, and that cortisol levels do not negatively regulate changes in adult neurogenesis, but are correlated with the social context. We propose that enhancement or suppression of adult neurogenesis in the zebrafish brain under different social contexts depends largely on the type of niche (sensory or telencephalic), experience from the preceding social environment, and occurs independently of changes in cortisol levels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1053–1077, 2014
Follow your gut: Relaying information from the site of left–right symmetry breaking in the mouse
Authors: Saijoh Yukio , Viotti Manuel , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina 
Published: April 2014

SummaryA central unresolved question in the molecular cascade that drives establishment of left–right (LR) asymmetry in vertebrates are the mechanisms deployed to relay information between the midline site of symmetry‐breaking and the tissues which will execute a program of asymmetric morphogenesis. The cells located between these two distant locations must provide the medium for signal relay. Of these, the gut endoderm is an attractive candidate tissue for signal transmission since it comprises the epithelium that lies between the node, where asymmetry originates, and the lateral plate, where asymmetry can first be detected. Here, focusing on the mouse as a model, we review our current understanding and entertain open questions concerning the relay of LR information from its origin. genesis 52:503–514, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fitness dynamics within a poplar hybrid zone: II. Impact of exotic sex on native poplars in an urban jungle
Authors: Roe Amanda D. , MacQuarrie Chris J.K. , Gros‐Louis Marie‐Claude , Simpson J. Dale , Lamarche Josyanne , Beardmore Tannis , Thompson Stacey L. , Tanguay Philippe , Isabel Nathalie 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTrees bearing novel or exotic gene components are poised to contribute to the bioeconomy for a variety of purposes such as bioenergy production, phytoremediation, and carbon sequestration within the forestry sector, but sustainable release of trees with novel traits in large‐scale plantations requires the quantification of risks posed to native tree populations. Over the last century, exotic hybrid poplars produced through artificial crosses were planted throughout eastern Canada as ornamentals or windbreaks and these exotics provide a proxy by which to examine the fitness of exotic poplar traits within the natural environment to assess risk of exotic gene escape, establishment, and spread into native gene pools. We assessed postzygotic fitness traits of native and exotic poplars within a naturally regenerated stand in eastern Canada (Quebec City, QC). Pure natives (P. balsamifera and P. deltoides spp. deltoides), native hybrids (P. deltoides × P. balsamifera), and exotic hybrids (trees bearing Populus nigra and P. maximowiczii genetic components) were screened for reproductive biomass, yield, seed germination, and fungal disease susceptibility. Exotic hybrids expressed fitness traits intermediate to pure species and were not significantly different from native hybrids. They formed fully viable seed and backcrossed predominantly with P. balsamifera. These data show that exotic hybrids were not unfit and were capable of establishing and competing within the native stand. Future research will seek to examine the impact of exotic gene regions on associated biotic communities to fully quantify the risk exotic poplars pose to native poplar forests.
Spatial genetic structure in Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Beta macrocarpa reveals the effect of contrasting mating system, influence of marine currents, and footprints of postglacial recolonization routes
Authors: Leys Marie , Petit Eric J. , El‐Bahloul Yasmina , Liso Camille , Fournet Sylvain , Arnaud Jean‐François 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that contribute to population genetic divergence across a species' range is a long‐standing goal in evolutionary biology and ecological genetics. We examined the relative importance of historical and ecological features in shaping the present‐day spatial patterns of genetic structure in two related plant species, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Beta macrocarpa. Using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we surveyed 93 populations from Brittany (France) to Morocco – the southern limit of their species' range distribution. Whereas B. macrocarpa showed a genotypic structure and a high level of genetic differentiation indicative of selfing, the population genetic structure of B. vulgaris subsp. maritima was consistent with an outcrossing mating system. We further showed (1) a strong geographic clustering in coastal B. vulgaris subsp. maritima populations that highlighted the influence of marine currents in shaping different lineages and (2) a peculiar genetic structure of inland B. vulgaris subsp. maritima populations that could indicate the admixture of distinct evolutionary lineages and recent expansions associated with anthropogenic disturbances. Spatial patterns of nuclear diversity and differentiation also supported a stepwise recolonization of Europe from Atlantic‐Mediterranean refugia after the last glacial period, with leading‐edge expansions. However, cytoplasmic diversity was not impacted by postglacial recolonization: stochastic long‐distance seed dispersal mediated by major oceanic currents may mitigate the common patterns of reduced cytoplasmic diversity observed for edge populations. Overall, the patterns we documented here challenge the general view of reduced genetic diversity at the edge of a species' range distribution and provide clues for understanding how life‐history and major geographic features interact to shape the distribution of genetic diversity.