bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is There a Correlation Between Androgens and Sexual Desire in Women?
Authors: Wåhlin-Jacobsen Sarah , Pedersen Anette Tønnes , Kristensen Ellids , Læssøe Nanna Cassandra , Lundqvist Marika , Cohen Arieh S. , Hougaard David M. , Giraldi Annamaria 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Introduction
For women, the correlation between circulating androgens and sexual desire is inconclusive. Substitution with androgens at physiological levels improves sexual function in women who experience decreased sexual desire and androgen deficiency from surgical menopause, pituitary disease, and age-related decline in androgen production in the ovaries. Measuring bioactive testosterone is difficult and new methods have been proposed, including measuring the primary androgen metabolite androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G).

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate a possible correlation between serum levels of androgens and sexual desire in women and whether the level of ADT-G is better correlated than the level of circulating androgens with sexual desire.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study including 560 healthy women aged 19–65 years divided into three age groups. Correlations were considered to be statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05.

Main Outcome Measure
Sexual desire was determined as the total score of the sexual desire domain of the Female Sexual Function Index. Total testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone (FT), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and ADT-G were analyzed using mass spectrometry.

Results
Sexual desire correlated overall with FT and androstenedione in the total cohort of women. In a subgroup of women aged 25–44 years with no use of systemic hormonal contraception, sexual desire correlated with TT, FT, androstenedione, and DHEAS. In women aged 45–65 years, androstenedione correlated with sexual desire. No correlations between ADT-G and sexual desire were identified.

Conclusions
In the present study, FT and androstenedione were statistically significantly correlated with sexual desire in the total cohort of women. ADT-G did not correlate more strongly than circulating androgens with sexual desire and is therefore not superior to measuring circulating androgens by mass spectrometry.
On to the ‘rough ground’: introducing doctoral students to philosophical perspectives on knowledge
Authors: Rehg Ellen , SmithBattle Lee 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDoctoral programmes in nursing are charged with developing the next generation of nurse scholars, scientists, and healthcare leaders. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) endorses the inclusion of philosophy of science content in research‐focused doctoral programmes. Because a philosophy course circumscribed to the natural or social sciences does not address the broad forms of knowledge that are relevant to nursing practice, we have developed and co‐taught a course on the philosophy of knowledge that introduces students to competing claims regarding the nature of knowledge, truth, and rationality. In addressing broad themes related to science and knowledge of the body, health and illness, and ethics, the course equips students to tread the rough and shifting ground of nursing scholarship and practice. Providing doctoral students with this philosophical footing is intended to give future scholars, researchers, and healthcare leaders the intellectual skills to critically reflect on knowledge claims, to challenge the hegemony of science, and to recognize the disciplinary forms of knowledge that are left out or trivialized. Our pedagogical approach to knowledge development does not denigrate scientific knowledge, but elevates forms of inquiry and notions of clinical knowledge that are too often marginalized in doctoral education and the academy in general.
Jewish Responses to the Problem of Evil: Traditional Texts in Contemporary Categories
Authors: Goldschmidt Tyron 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis essay outlines answers to the problem of evil (the problem of making sense of how a good God can permit evil) from Jewish perspectives. The essay uses traditional Jewish sources to illustrate theodicies (explanations of why God allows evil) familiar in other religious traditions, and introduces a few less familiar Jewish theodicies besides. Other responses to the problem of evil (skeptical theism and antitheodicy) are also considered. Jewish responses are not usually framed in contemporary philosophical categories, and mine is an attempt at categorization. The traditional Jewish sources might show some promise of contributing to contemporary philosophical debate.
Methanol-Induced Axial Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Northern Canadian Liquids Pipeline
Authors: Padgett Barbara N. , Chebaro Mohamed R. , Norfleet David M. , Beavers John A. , Ironside Scott D. 
Published: December 2014

Three in-service leaks on a crude oil pipeline operating in Canada were investigated to identify their metallurgical cause(s). The releases were found to be associated with cracks originating from the internal surface of the pipeline. Further similarities between the releases included: (1) the axial directionality of the cracks, (2) the short crack length, (3) the crack location adjacent to girth welds, (4) the circumferential location of the cracks and (5) the intergranular crack morphologies. A comprehensive metallurgical investigation concluded that the likely crack-initiating mechanism was methanol-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC). While this SCC mechanism is extremely rare in buried petroleum pipelines, all other plausible causes were considered and eliminated. Methanol-induced SCC, similar to other forms of SCC, requires three contributing factors: (1) a susceptible material, (2) a corrosive environment and (3) sufficient tensile stresses.
Although much research has been performed on the effects of ethanol on pipeline steels, published data on the effects of methanol is very scarce. A laboratory research program using slow strain rate (SSR) testing was initiated to determine if pipeline steels are susceptible to methanol-induced SCC and identify the conditions necessary to reproduce it in a laboratory environment. This paper outlines the major findings from this program.
Considerations for Hydrodynamic Slug Analysis in Pipelines
Authors: Galatro Daniela , Fürtbauer Daniel , Hu Xiangyu , Nerucci David-Emilio , Marín Flavio 
Published: December 2014

Hydrodynamic slugs in pipelines are usually analyzed by using a steady-state flow assurance simulator as a first approximation. The pipelines are then modeled in transient simulation software to get more accurate values. Comparisons between an empirical and a mechanistic method are made in this work by running simulations in steady-state simulators in order to explain the differences in the calculated slug properties. It has been demonstrated that both methods cannot accurately estimate the maximum slug length in pipelines since the relative errors are significant; nevertheless the mechanistic model is more accurate than the empirical one with lower relative errors.
Additionally, slug sizes for operational slugging have been analyzed by using a new alternative pseudo transient approach to the Lagrangian slug tracking scheme. The model expresses an unsteady state mass balance in a pipeline, formulated utilizing the slip velocity written in terms of the void fraction and superficial gas velocity. Our model includes a constitutive equation for slip velocity, elevation changes to represent the hydraulic profile of the pipeline, a method for the calculation of the maximum slug length, a modified correlation for the slug length calculation and the variation of the fluid density along the pipeline profile. The results yielded by this model have been compared with field data and results performed by using a transient simulation software, showing fairly accurate values.
Traceable, Verifiable and Complete Pipeline Records
Authors: Naylor Joe , Lang Eric , Benson Tennille 
Published: December 2014

Recent U.S. federal regulatory initiatives have focused on the requirement that pipeline operators know their systems and have documented records demonstrating the basis for establishment of MAOP. This has involved the location and cataloging of pipeline records, and verification of the existence of traceable, verifiable and complete pipeline records.
This paper provides a review of materials useful for compliance with the recently emphasized records requirements, including historic and recent regulatory requirements along with a concise summary of currently effective regulations. The requirement for traceable, verifiable and complete records is discussed and a proposed elaboration of the concepts is presented. Best practices for records management are outlined, and a methodology is proposed for quality ranking of located documents. Finally, common records problems are discussed and some possible technical approaches are suggested to address typical records issues.
Mechanical Integrity Evaluation of Unequal Wall Thickness Transition Joints in Transmission Pipeline
Authors: Huo Xiaotong , Kenny Shawn , Martens Michael 
Published: December 2014

Transition welds joining pipe segments of unequal wall thickness are typically designed using back-bevel butt welds in accordance with industry recommended practices. An alternative approach, for joining transition pieces, would be the use of a counterbore-taper design, which has been successively utilized by TransCanada PipeLines.
In comparison with the back-bevel joint design, the counterbore-taper design provides a simple geometry that facilitates the welding process for joints of unequal wall thickness, improves the NDT quality and reliability, and increases the process efficiency for welding and NDT tasks. The counterbore-taper design reduces the effect of stress concentrations at the weldment and enhances fatigue life.
A parameter study, using continuum based finite element methods, was conducted to comparatively examine the mechanical performance of a pipe joint, using back-bevel and counterbore-taper designs, with unequal wall thickness and different material grade. The parameters examined include pipe diameter, D/t ratio, axial force and moment. The numerical study assessed the mechanical stress response, including stress path, initial yield and onset of plastic collapse, for back-bevel and counterbore-taper joint designs.
Based on these preliminary investigations, the performance of each transition joint design was evaluated and guidance on the selection of the joints design method was provided.
Probability Calculation of Equipment Impact Based on Reliability Method
Authors: Lu Jiang , Wu Wen , Zhang Zhenyong , Zhang Jinyuan 
Published: December 2014

In order to apply the Reliability Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) methodology to evaluate the equipment impact on the onshore natural gas transmission pipelines in China, a research project was undertaken by China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation (CPPE) based on the framework developed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER) in “Guidelines for Reliability Based Design and Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines” (sponsored by PRCI). The objective of the project was to collect native data and calibrate the probability models[1] in order to make it suitable for the situations in China where there is dense population and many newly-built high pressure and large diameter pipelines.
The equipment impact model consists of two components: a) the impact probability model which calculates the frequency of mechanical interference by excavation equipment; and b) the failure model which calculates the probability of failure in a given impact. A detailed survey was undertaken in 2012 in order to collect the data required to calculate the impact frequency and the load applied by an excavator to a pipeline. The survey data for impact frequency calculation was gathered based on 19,300km of transmission pipelines from 4 operating companies in China. They reflect current prevention practices and their effectiveness. The frequencies of basic events summarized in this survey used to calculate the probabilities of the fault tree are generally agreement with the data summarized in PRCI’s report. The impact frequencies calculated by the fault tree under typical prevention measures are 400%, 200%, 20% and 0% higher than that in PR-244-9910 report for class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4 areas respectively, which is due to dense population and more construction activities. Bucket digging forces of 321 types of excavators from 20 manufacturers were gathered. The survey data of the forces are slightly higher than that in the PR-244-9729 report as a whole due to the increase in mechanical efficiency of excavators in recent years. The excavator maximum quasi-static load model was calibrated correspondingly. Equipment impact probability calculation and model sensitivity analysis results are described to present several characteristics of onshore transmission natural gas pipelines in China.
Leveraging HCA Results in an Advanced Pipeline Risk Assessment Model
Authors: Huisman Otto , Almandoz Ricardo , Schuster Thomas , Caballero Adriana Andrade , Forero Leonardo Martinez 
Published: December 2014

Pipeline risk analysis is a common step carried out by operators in their overall Pipeline Integrity Management Process. There is a growing realization among operators of the need to adopt more proactive risk management approaches. This has brought about increased demand for more quantitative models to support risk reduction decision-making. Consequences of failure are a key component of these models where enhanced quantitative approaches can be deployed.
Impacts to the environment and upon populations are key issues which both operators and regulatory bodies seek to minimize. Pipeline risk models and High Consequence Area (HCA) analyses play an increasingly important role in this context by allowing operators to identify a range of potential scenarios and the relative impact to receptors based upon the best available data sources.
This paper presents the process and results of an HCA analysis project carried out by ROSEN for a major South American state-owned pipeline operator (hereafter referred to as ‘the Client’). This analysis was implemented using automated GIS processing methods and includes HCA analyses for approximately 2354 km of pipeline. The analysis was based on industry standards for both liquid and gas pipelines (i.e. American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Society of mechanical Engineers (ASME)), but customized for the specific needs of the Client and the South American geographical context.
A key use for the results of this analysis is to serve as input for the pipeline risk assessment model jointly developed by ROSEN Integrity Solutions, MACAW Engineering and the Client. The methodology for development of this model is briefly discussed, and operational uses of HCA results are illustrated. The benefits of this project include, but are not limited to, identifying areas that could be severely impacted should a pipeline failure occur, being able to assess the risk profile of credible threats in HCAs, but also being able to prioritize preventative and mitigation measures at HCAs to either reduce the likelihood of failure or the impact of failure upon various receptors.
Regulatory Next Steps in Addressing Pipeline Seam Weld Challenges
Authors: Nanney Steve 
Published: December 2014

Since the beginning of pipeline transportation operations, pipe seam integrity and mitigation measures to prevent pipe seam leaks and failures have been a challenge for the industry and government regulators. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration’s (PHMSA) Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) has investigated leaks and failures, issued advisory bulletins, funded research projects, and developed regulations for integrity assurance of pipe seams during pipeline design, construction, and operations and maintenance (including integrity management).
This report will discuss PHMSA’s pipe seam efforts to date, framing leak and failure history, past advisory bulletins, United States (U.S.) Legislative and Executive actions (statutory actions), recent U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) findings, accident investigation findings, and ongoing research for pipe long seam welds. PHMSA will review challenges and summarize past and possible future regulatory considerations based on the research findings to date and pipe seam incidents.
In 2011 PHMSA initiated a long seam research project titled “Comprehensive Study to Understand Longitudinal ERW Seam Failures.” The program goals are to assist PHMSA in favorably closing U.S. NTSB Recommendations P-09-01 [1] and P-09-02 [1], which were issued after the Carmichael, Mississippi pipeline electric resistance welded (ERW) seam rupture, and recommended that PHMSA conduct a comprehensive study of ERW pipe properties and implement measures to assure that they do not fail in service.
The research objectives for Phase 1 were to review current ERW seam integrity assessment methods (hydrostatic testing and in-line inspection using a crack-detection tool) to understand measures needed to consistently identify subcritical seam defects in order to act in time to prevent ERW seam ruptures. Phase 2 objectives are to develop hydrotest protocols, improve anomaly characterization criteria, develop seam defect growth models, and develop seam integrity management techniques. Phase 1 was completed in early January 2014, and Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in late fall 2014. To date, this study has led to 17 technical reports. These reports are publically available on the following PHMSA website: http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/matrix/PrjHome.rdm?prj=390.
Development and Production of Heavy Gauge X80 and High Strength X90 Pipeline Steels Utilizing TMCP/Optimized Cooling Process
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Bai Xuejun , Stalheim Douglas , Li Shaopo , Ding Wenhua 
Published: December 2014

Along with the increasing demand of oil and natural gas by various world economies, the operating pressure of the pipeline is also increasing. Large diameter heavy wall X80 pipeline steel is widely used in the long distance high pressure oil and gas transportation in China today. In addition, development of X90/X100 has begun in earnest to support the growing energy needs of China. With the wide use of X80 steels, the production technology of this grade has become technically mature in the industry. Shougang Group Qinhuangdao Shouqin Metal Materials Co., Ltd. (SQS) since 2008 has been steadily developing heavier thicknesses and wider plate widths over the years. This development has resulted in stable mass production of X80 pipeline steel plate in heavy wall thicknesses for larger pipe OD applications.
The technical specifications of X80 heavy wall thickness and X90/X100 14.8–19.6 mm wall thicknesses, large OD (48″) requiring wide steel plates for the 3rd West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Project and the third line of Kazakhstan-China Main Gas Pipeline (The Middle Asia C Line) and the demonstration X90/X100 line (part of the 3rd West-East Project) in China required changes to the SQS plate mill process design. Considering the technology capability of steelmaking and the plate mill in SQS, a TMCP+OCP (Optimized Cooling Process) was developed to achieve stable X80 and X90/X100 mechanical properties in the steel plates while reducing alloy content.
This paper will describe the chemistry, rolling process, microstructure and mechanical properties of X80 pipeline steel plates produced by SQS for 52,000 mT of for the 3rd West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Project and 5,000 mT for the Middle Asia C Line Project along with 1000 tons of 16.3 mm X90/X100 for the 3rd West-East demonstration pipeline. The importance of the slab reheating process and rolling schedule will be discussed in the paper. In addition, the per pass reductions logic used during recrystallized rough rolling, and special emphasis on the reduction of the final roughing pass prior to the intermediate holding (transfer bar) resulting in a fine uniform prior austenite microstructure will be discussed. The optimized cooling (two phase cooling) application after finish rolling guarantees the steady control of the final bainitic microstructure with optimum MA phase for both grades. The plates produced by this process achieved good surface quality, had excellent flatness and mechanical properties. The pipes were produced via the JCOE pipe production process and had favorable forming properties and good weldability. Plate mechanical properties successfully transferred into the required final pipe mechanical properties. The paper will show that the TMCP+OCP produced X80 heavy wall and 16.3 mm X90 wide plates completely meet the technical requirements of the three pipeline projects.
Strain Based Design Versus Preheat for Hotbit Pipelines
Authors: King Graeme , Phiri Ian , Greenslade John 
Published: December 2014

The first buried hot bitumen (hotbit) pipeline is now operating successfully in the Alberta oil sands north of Fort McMurray and more are on the way. These hotbit pipelines are designed to transport raw, undiluted bitumen to a central refining plant at temperatures up to 140°C. They are constructed in winter when the ground is frozen allowing heavy construction equipment to travel across the watery muskeg terrain without sinking. Construction continues even when atmospheric temperatures fall as low as −30°C. Hotbit pipelines are buried with more than 1.2 m of cover, which can prevent them from expanding when they are heated from their locked-in installation temperature to their operating temperature of 140°C. Large longitudinal compressive stresses induced by this restrained thermal expansion combined with high hoop tensile stresses due to internal pressure produce stresses in the pipe wall that exceed the maximum allowable combined stress of 90%SMYS specified in North American pipeline codes (ASME B31.4 and CSA Z662).
Two methods are available to handle these high combined stresses in hotbit pipelines. The first method is to expand the pipe during construction by preheating it to a temperature of approximately 90°C and then locking in the expansion by backfilling the pipeline trench before the pipe has had a chance to cool. By limiting the positive temperature differential between installation and operation to approximately 50°C, this method keeps thermally induced axial compressive stresses low enough that the combined stress does not exceed the allowable limit of 90%SMYS specified by pipeline codes.
In the second method, the pipeline is still constructed in winter but without preheating. Temperature differentials and thermally induced axial compressive forces are much higher than in the first method and carefully engineered restraint is require to prevent the pipe from failing by pushing out of the ground at bends or by either lateral or upheaval buckling of long straight sections in muskeg swamps and bogs. This method requires strain-based design principles to show that, when the pipeline is first heated to its operating temperature, large thermally induced compressive stresses in the pipe wall are acceptable because they dissipate without causing failure when the pipe steel yields.
Both methods are technically acceptable but require specialized pipeline engineering skills to implement them successfully. The first method incurs the cost of preheating and increased construction costs due to reduced pipe lay rates while the second method incurs the cost of more robust restraint systems, particularly at bends. Details of both methods are presented and discussed to determine which of the two methods has the least cost and the least risk.