bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Transparent Conductive Thin Film Electrodes Based on Ag Nanowire on Transparent Substrates Using the Spray Method for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Giusti Gaël , Langley Daniel , Jiménez Carmen , Puyoo Etienne , Muthukumar Anusha , Appert Estelle , Consonni Vincent , Bellet Daniel 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTMaterials with a remarkable combination of high electrical conductivity as well as optical transparency are playing a key role for opto-electronic devices. In addition to these specific electro-optical properties, transparent conductive materials should, for many applications, be lightweight, flexible, low-cost, non toxic and compatible with mass production techniques. In these regards, the use of Ag nanowire (Ag NW) networks appears to be a promising approach. In this study, Ag NW electrodes were fabricated by a novel spray injection method. The number of pulses was varied resulting in different network morphologies. Coatings were systematically characterised structurally, electrically and optically via SEM, four-point probe measurements and spectrophotometry, respectively. Semi uniform layers of nanowires with large haze coefficients have been obtained over large areas. Thermal annealing was shown to increase the nanowire film conductance resulting in 16 Ω/sq surface resistance and up to 73% maximal total transmittance. Films showed average optical transparencies superior to that of ITO over the 250-2500 nm range. Finally, encapsulation of Ag NWs within a matrix of ZnO nanoparticles greatly enhanced the thermal stability of these networks.
Methane Combustion Using CeO2-CuO Fibers Catalysts
Authors: Berutti Felipe A. , Reolon Raquel P. , Alves Annelise K. , Bergmann Carlos P. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe use of three-way catalysts is an accepted method to minimize NOx and CO emissions generated by internal combustion engines. These catalysts are generally formed by the support, stabilizers, promoters metal and transition metals, the most used metals of the platinum group. The use of cerium as a promoter is usually related to its ability to store oxygen and structural aspects such as the property of increasing the dispersion of metals and slow change of phase of the stabilizing support. On the other hand, the metal copper was explored as a possible replacement for palladium and platinum in the reduction of NO by CO. In this work, fibers of cerium oxide doped with copper were obtained from an acetate solution of cerium and coppers nitrates and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). This solution went through the process of electrospinning to produce nanostructured fibers. After heat treatment, cerium oxide fibers were obtained. These fibers were characterized structurally by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), had their specific surface area determined by BET method, were subjected to thermogravimetric test to determine their thermal decomposition and were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The catalytic activity was assessed by the amount of O2consumed and CO and CO2formed for the combustion of methane and air. SEM images show fibers oriented randomly in the substrate. TEM images show that the diameter of the fibers is approximately 100 nm and the size of its crystallites are around 20 nm. In the presence of the catalyst, the combustion reaction started around 500°C, with the consumption of methane and oxygen and the formation of CO and/or CO2. There was no emission of NO and NOx gases during the tests with catalysts.
Porous Metal Oxides as Catalysts
Authors: Hu Boxun , Brooks Christopher , Kreidler Eric , Suib Steven L. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPorous CoO/Mn2O3 Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) catalysts have been studied in CO hydrogenation. These CoO/Mn2O3 catalysts have been synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation method. These mesoporous catalysts have pore diameters of 2-25 nm and a surface area of 9.0 m2/g. The gas and liquid products have been analyzed by an online gas chromatograph. The solid products were characterized by gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy. These microsize cobalt catalysts exhibit good activity with 72.1% CO conversion and they are very stable in a 48 h stream test at 280ºC. The selectivity to paraffins is above 95%. Few wax products were synthesized with a yield of less than 2%. The size effects of the cobalt catalysts have been studied by scanning electron microscopy.
Nonthermal Bioplasma Diagnostics and its Applications to the Microbial and Living Cells
Authors: Choi Eun-Ha , Park Gyungsoon , Baik Ku Y. , Jung Ran J. , Kaushik Nagendra K. , Cho Guangsup , Lee Geon J. , Park Bong J. , Park Byoungchoo , Kwon Gi C. , Uhm Han S. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the nonthermal bioplasma sources and their characteristics as well as their interactions with biological cells. The electron temperature and plasma density are measured to be about 1.5 eV and 3×1012 cm-3 , respectively, for the direct palsma jet under Ar gas flow. The hydroxyl radical density has also been investigated and measured to be maximum value of about 3 ×1015 cm-3 and 8 ×1014 cm-3 in the direct plasma jet and dielectric barrier discharge bioplasma, respectively, by the ultraviolet optical absorption spectroscopy. Herein, we have investigated the basic interactions of these nonthermal bioplasma with the living organisms in morphological and biomolecular aspects. We found that the secondary electron emision coefficient of the biological surface has been drastically increased by atmospheric bioplasma, which indicates the biological surface to be oxidized especially by the hydroxyl (OH) radical species. In order to elucidate the basic mechanisms for the cell shrinking and apoptosis leading to a cell death by the nonthermal bioplasma, the cell membrane potential has been estimated based on the ROS density as well as cell capacitances. It is also found that the molecular electron energy band structure in the biological cells have been shifted closer toward the vacuum surface and accordingly their central energy of molecular band becomes small by the nonthermal bioplasma due to cell oxidation caused by OH radicals.
Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Irradiation on Yeast Growth
Authors: Kitazaki Satoshi , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu , Hayashi Nobuya 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe investigated effects of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma irradiation on growth characteristics of bread yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisie). Nitric oxide of 400 ppm and O3above 200 ppm are produce by the DBD plasmas. DBD plasma irradiation of 50 and 100 s enhances the growth of yeast in the lag phase, whereas 150 s irradiation suppresses the growth. There is an optimum duration of plasma irradiation for the growth promotion.
Influence of Atmospheric Pressure Torch Plasma Irradiation on Plant Growth
Authors: Akiyoshi Yusuke , Hayashi Nobuya , Kitazaki Satoshi , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTGrowth enhancement characteristics of plants are investigated using an atmospheric discharge plasma. Atmospheric pressure plasma torch is consisted of alumina ceramics tube and the steel mesh electrodes wound inside and outside of the tube. The growth enhancement was observed in the length of stem and root of plants after the plasma irradiation to seeds. The stem length increases approximately 2.8 times after the cultivation time of 24 h. And the effect is found to be maintained for 40 h, after sowing seeds. The mechanism of the growth enhancement would be the redox reaction inside plant cells induced by oxygen radicals.
The Behavior of a TiO2 Nanoparticle under Extreme Conditions
Authors: Lowther J. E. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTCompressibility of anatase nano particles of TiO2 changes from the bulk counterpart. This has been associated with amorphization and compaction. The behavior of such systems under extreme conditions is examined using a shell partial distribution function and some comparison made with rutile and baddeylite polytypes based nano structures. Particle energies of rutile and baddeylite nano particles appear to be rather size independent as compared to the anatase polytypes. The latter is associated with large relaxations and re-bonding in the relatively soft anatase phase of nano TiO2.
Targeting Vulnerable Life-Stages of Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) with Prescribed Burns
Authors: Wong Bryant M. , Houseman Gregory R. , Hinman Sarah E. , Foster Bryan L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThere is growing interest in whether invasive species may be controlled by utilizing management strategies that target vulnerable life stages. We manipulated the timing of fire and measured its effects on sericea lespedeza germination and seedling survival. Although fire strongly decreased germination in the laboratory, fire increased germination under field conditions. Additionally, fire caused small decreases in seedling survival in the field. Therefore, controlled burns are likely to encourage spread of sericea lespedeza and are unlikely to effectively control this invasive species. Although targeting vulnerable life stages is a promising strategy for invasive species control, our results illustrate that system-specific studies may be needed to unravel potentially complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors before effective control strategies can be devised.
Determinants of Chinese and European Privet (Ligustrum sinenseandLigustrum vulgare) Invasion and Likelihood of Further Invasion in Southern U.S. Forestlands
Authors: Wang Hsiao-Hsuan , Grant William E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractChinese and European privets are among the most aggressive invasive shrubs in forestlands of the southern United States. We analyzed extensive field data collected by the U.S. Forest Service covering 12 states to identify potential determinants of invasion and to predict likelihood of further invasion under a variety of possible management strategies. Results of multiple logistic regression, which classified 75% of the field plots correctly with regard to species presence and absence, indicated probability of invasion is correlated positively with elevation, adjacency (within 300 m) to waterbodies, mean extreme maximum temperature, site productivity, species diversity, natural regeneration, wind disturbance, animal disturbance, and private land ownership and is correlated negatively with slope, stand age, site preparation, artificial regeneration, distance to the nearest road, fire disturbance, and public land ownership. Habitats most at risk to further invasion (likelihood of invasion > 10%) under current conditions occur throughout Mississippi, with a band stretching eastward across south-central Alabama, and in eastern Texas and western Louisiana. Invasion likelihoods could be reduced most by conversion to public land ownership, followed by site preparation, fire disturbance, artificial regeneration, and elimination of animal disturbance. While conversion of land ownership may be neither feasible nor desirable, this result emphasizes the opportunity for reducing the likelihood of invasions on private lands via increased use of selected management practices.
Road Survey of the Invasive Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in Virginia
Authors: McAvoy Thomas J. , Snyder Amy L. , Johnson Nels , Salom Scott M. , Kok Loke T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTree-of-heaven is an invasive, nonnative species that invades newly disturbed areas and forms large monospecific stands. It was surveyed from a vehicle along 5,175 km of roads in Virginia in 2004, 2005, 2010, and 2011. Fifty-eight percent of every 1.6-km road segment had at least one tree-of-heaven. Mean density of tree-of-heaven throughout the roads surveyed in Virginia was 39 km−1. The interaction between road classification (interstate, primary, and secondary) and physiographic region (mountain, piedmont, and tidewater) was significant; consequently, the density of tree-of-heaven along the different road classifications depended on the effect of the physiographic region and vice versa. Tree-of-heaven was fairly evenly distributed throughout Virginia ranging from 39 to 78% of 1.6-km road segments infested, but had a greater variation in density. Current areas with low densities could increase in density in the future. The highest density of tree-of-heaven was along interstate highways in the mountains (85 km−1), followed by the tidewater (63 km−1), and piedmont (46 km−1) regions. Primary roads had a moderate density of tree-of-heaven with a range of 24 to 36 km−1. Secondary roads had lower densities with 12 km−1and 41 km−1in the tidewater and mountain regions, respectively. Tree-of-heaven spreads primarily by wind-dispersed seeds from female trees, and populations bordering roadsides could serve as seed sources for further local and landscape spread.
A Global View of Direct Access and Patient Self-Referral to Physical Therapy: Implications for the Profession
Authors: Bury Tracy J. , Stokes Emma K. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundInternational policy advocates for direct access, but the extent to which it exists worldwide was unknown.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to map the presence of direct access to physical therapy services in the member organizations of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) in the context of physical therapist practice and health systems.DesignA 2-stage, mixed-method, descriptive study was conducted.MethodsA purposive sample of member organizations of WCPT in Europe was used to refine the survey instrument, followed by an online survey sent to all WCPT member organizations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and content analysis was used to analyze open-ended responses to identify themes.ResultsA response rate of 68% (72/106) was achieved. Direct access to physical therapy was reported by 58% of the respondents, with greater prevalence in private settings. Organizations reported that professional (entry-level) education equipped physical therapists for direct access in 69% of the countries. National physical therapy associations (89%) and the public (84%) were thought to be in support of direct access, with less support perceived from policy makers (35%) and physicians (16%). Physical therapists' ability to assess, diagnose, and refer patients on to specialists was more prevalent in the presence of direct access.LimitationsThe findings may not be representative of the Asia Western Pacific (AWP) region, where there was a lower response rate.ConclusionsProfessional legislation, the medical profession, politicians, and policy makers are perceived to act as both barriers to and facilitators of direct access. Evidence for clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and examples of good practice are seen as vital resources that could be shared internationally, and professional leadership has an important role to play in facilitating change and advocacy.
Natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a meta-analysis
Authors: Gross Bradley A. , Du Rose 
Published: November 2012

Object
The purpose of this report was to provide overall arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemorrhage rates and, with enhanced statistical power, to elucidate significant risk factors for hemorrhage.

Methods
The authors performed a meta-analysis via the PubMed database through January 2012 using the terms “AVM,” “arteriovenous malformation,” “natural history,” “bleed,” and “hemorrhage.” Additional studies were identified through reference searches in each reviewed article. English language studies providing annual hemorrhage rates for AVMs were included. Data extraction, performed independently by the authors, included demographic data, hemorrhage rates, and hazard ratios for hemorrhage risk factors. The analysis was performed using a random effects model.

Results
Nine natural history studies with 3923 patients and 18,423 patient-years of follow-up were identified for analysis. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 3.0% (95% CI 2.7%–3.4%). The rate of hemorrhage was 2.2% (95% CI 1.7%–2.7%) for unruptured AVMs and 4.5% (95% CI 3.7%–5.5%) for ruptured AVMs. Prior hemorrhage (HR 3.2, 95% CI 2.1–4.3), deep AVM location (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4–3.4), exclusively deep venous drainage (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–3.8), and associated aneurysms (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6–2.0) were statistically significant risk factors for hemorrhage. Any deep venous drainage (HR 1.3, 95% CI 0.9–1.75) and female sex (HR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6–2.1) demonstrated a trend toward an increased risk of hemorrhage that was not statistically significant. Small AVM size and older patient age were not significant risk factors for hemorrhage.

Conclusions
Arteriovenous malformations with prior hemorrhage, deep location, exclusively deep venous drainage, and associated aneurysms have greater annual hemorrhage rates than their counterparts, influencing surgical decision making and the selection of radiosurgery for these lesions.
Inhibition of glioblastoma and enhancement of survival via the use of mibefradil in conjunction with radiosurgery
Authors: Sheehan Jason P. , Xu Zhiyuan , Popp Britney , Kowalski Leigh , Schlesinger David 
Published: November 2012

Object
The survival of patients with high-grade gliomas remains unfavorable. Mibefradil, a T-type calcium channel inhibitor capable of synchronizing dividing cells at the G1 phase, has demonstrated potential benefit in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents for gliomas in in vitro studies. In vivo study of mibefradil and radiosurgery is lacking. The authors used an intracranial C6 glioma model in rats to study tumor response to mibefradil and radiosurgery.

Methods
Two weeks after implantation of C6 cells into the animals, each rat underwent MRI every 2 weeks thereafter for 8 weeks. After tumor was confirmed on MRI, the rats were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups. Tumor volumes were measured on MR images. Experimental Group 1 received 30 mg/kg of mibefradil intraperitoneally 3 times a day for 1 week starting on postoperative day (POD) 15; Group 2 received 8 Gy of cranial radiation via radiosurgery delivered on POD 15; Group 3 underwent radiosurgery on POD 15, followed by 1 week of mibefradil; and Group 4 received mibefradil on POD 15 for 1 week, followed by radiosurgery sometime from POD 15 to POD 22. Twenty-seven glioma-bearing rats were analyzed. Survival was compared between groups using Kaplan-Meier methodology.

Results
Median survival in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 35, 31, 43, and 52 days, respectively (p = 0.036, log-rank test). Two animals in Group 4 survived to POD 60, which is twice the expected survival of untreated animals in this model. Analysis of variance and a post hoc test indicated no tumor volume differences on PODs 15 and 29. However, significant volume differences were found on POD 43; mean tumor volumes for Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 250, 266, 167, and 34 mm3, respectively (p = 0.046, ANOVA). A Cox proportional hazards regression test showed survival was associated with tumor volume on POD 29 (p = 0.001) rather than on POD 15 (p = 0.162). In vitro assays demonstrated an appreciable and dose-dependent increase in apoptosis between 2- and 7-μM concentrations of mibefradil.

Conclusions
Mibefradil response is schedule dependent and enhances survival and reduces glioblastoma when combined with ionizing radiation.
Association between biomechanical parameters and concussion in helmeted collisions in American football: a review of the literature
Authors: Forbes Jonathan A. , Awad Ahmed J. , Zuckerman Scott , Carr Kevin , Cheng Joseph S. 
Published: November 2012

Object
The authors' goal was to better define the relationship between biomechanical parameters of a helmeted collision and the likelihood of concussion.

Methods
The English-language literature was reviewed in search of scholarly articles describing the rotational and translational accelerations observed during all monitored impact conditions that resulted in concussion at all levels of American football.

Results
High school players who suffer concussion experience an average of 93.9g of translational acceleration (TA) and 6505.2 rad/s2 of rotational acceleration (RA). College athletes experience an average of 118.4g of TA and 5311.6 rad/s2 of RA. While approximately 3% of collisions are associated with TAs greater than the mean TA associated with concussion, only about 0.02% of collisions actually result in a concussion. Associated variables that determine whether a player who experiences a severe collision also experiences a concussion remain hypothetical at present.

Conclusions
The ability to reliably predict the incidence of concussion based purely on biomechanical data remains elusive. This study provides novel, important information that helps to quantify the relative insignificance of biomechanical parameters in prediction of concussion risk. Further research will be necessary to better define other factors that predispose to concussion.
Estimating glacier snow accumulation from backward calculation of melt and snowline tracking
Authors: Hulth John , Rolstad Denby Cecilie , Hock Regine 
Published: November 2012

AbstractEstimating precipitation to determine accumulation is challenging. We present a method that combines melt modelling and snowline tracking to determine winter glacier snow accumulation along snowlines. The method assumes that the net accumulation is zero on the transient snowlines and the maximum winter accumulation at the snowline can be calculated backwards with a temperature-index melt model. To verify the method, the accumulation model is applied for the year 2004 on Storglaciären, Sweden, for which extensive meteorological and mass-balance data are available. The measured mean snowline accumulation is 0.94 ± 0.10mw.e. for 2004. Modelled accumulation, using backward melt modelling, at the same snowlines is 0.82 ± 0.25 m w.e. The accumulation model is also compared with an often used linear regression accumulation model which yields a mean snowline accumulation of 1.02 ± 0.38 m w.e. The reduction in standard error from 0.38 m w.e. to 0.25 m w.e. shows that the backward melt modelling applied at snowlines can provide a better spatial representation of the accumulation pattern than the regression model. Importantly, the applied method requires no field measurements of accumulation during the winter and snowlines can be readily traced in remotely sensed images.
A set of plastid microsatellite loci for the genus Dyckia (Bromeliaceae) derived from 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Krapp Florian , Wöhrmann Tina , Pinangé Diego Sotero de Barros , Benko‐Iseppon Ana Maria , Huettel Bruno , Weising Kurt 
Published: November 2012

• Premise of the study: Phylogeographical analyses of Dyckia (Bromeliaceae) suffer from low levels of sequence variation. Plastid microsatellite markers were developed to achieve a better‐resolved genus‐wide plastid genealogy of Dyckia.• Methods and Results: Approximately 84% of the D. marnier‐lapostollei plastome was sequenced using 454 technology. Flanking primer pairs were designed for 34 out of 36 chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) detected, and 12 loci were further characterized by genotyping Dyckia samples at the level of populations and species. Three, five, and six cpSSRs were polymorphic among four individuals of D. limae, 12 individuals of D. dissitiflora, and 12 of D. pernambucana, respectively, with two to three alleles per locus and species. All loci were polymorphic among 19 different Dyckia species, with three to 10 alleles per locus. Ten primer pairs cross‐amplified with bromeliad genera from five subfamilies.• Conclusions: The set of 12 cpSSR markers provides a toolbox to analyze phylogeographical patterns of Dyckia species.