bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ Attitudes toward Inclusive Education in Public Elementary Schools in the Northern Part of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Authors: Marzo Maricris A. , Pascua Juanita B. 
Published: April 2013

Inclusive education means that students with disabilities are members of the general education classes and do not belong to any other separate, specialized environment based on the characteristics of their disability. This study is conducted to determine the teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education in public elementary schools in the northern part of Nueva Vizcaya. The study used descriptivecorrelational survey method of research. The researchers used structured questionnaire in gathering the needed data. The study found out that the teachers have a high acceptance of the idea of inclusive education. The overall attitude of the teachers towards inclusive education was comparable regardless of age, class size and length of service. Teachers who were handling bigger class sizes possess more favorable attitude or they feel so fortunate to be a great help to children with disabilities to feel important and accepted by their non – disabled peers. Teachers who were newer in service were more reluctant on the inclusion of inclusive education probably because they have not been trained or have not acquired the variety and latitude of experiences that were vital in teaching children with disabilities as compared to their counterparts who have rendered more years of services in teaching special children. Keywords - inclusive education, attitudes, descriptive–correlation, northern part of Nueva Vizcaya
Research and Development Implementation in the Kalinga-Apayao State College, Philippines
Authors: Buen Perfelia R. 
Published: April 2013

This study looked into the Implementation of Research and Development Program of KASC from 2007 to 2011. The R and D profile of KASC was analyzed based on documents along Manpower Resources, Financial Capability, Facilities Development, Administrative Support and Research Outputs. KASC has a strong manpower resource for research with 75 faculty and non-teaching staff who are conducting researches. There were budgetary allocations for R and D activities which were released following accounting and auditing rules. On research outputs, the KASC R and D garnered 46 awards from its 458 researches conducted within the period and published in regular publications by the institution. Four technologies were issued registration by the Bureau of Patents. On the level of attainment of the goals and objectives of the R and D programs of KASC, majority of the research goals and objectives were perceived to be moderately attained. For the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered by the researchers, the Problems on financial capability were perceived to be much serious while other areas were perceived to be moderately serious. Keywords - research, development, profile responsiveness
The Dawn of Social Enterprise as Economic Model
Authors: Golosino Ernesto O. 
Published: April 2013

The plunge of giant economies around the world brought about by the notorious financial crisis created a scenario of despair, anxiety, anguish and uncertainty. Such is the complete turnaround of what capitalism advocated. In his famous book “The Wealth of the Nations” Adam Smith seemed madly in love with free enterprise as a new weapon to advance societies and depart from antiquity. His passion was later on proved wrong by the emergence and resurrection of two horrific U.S Financial Crisis. So, what lies ahead for capitalistic economies? On the other end, cooperatives steadily carve its name under the shade of capitalism. It runs unnoticed due to its unique approach. With the fall of free enterprise, society started to admire the humble yet persevering paradigm of cooperation. With this exciting phenomenon, the researcher wish to ascertain the primordial role played by cooperatives as it shape simple communities into selfreliant enterprise and determine the economic contributions of social enterprise. The researcher utilized qualitative method benchmarked from the contentions of many scholars. The results indicated that cooperative is a thriving industry with holistic intent; that is capability building for its members and setting aside profit as individual pursuit. Keywords - Economics, social enterprise, new economic model, cooperatives, Philippines
A Model of Catholicity for Catholic Schools
Authors: Tudy Randy A. 
Published: April 2013

Using qualitative and quantitative methods, this study was designed to establish a model of the Catholicity of Catholic Basic schools in Davao Provinces, Philippines. The outputs of focus group discussions were analysed and used to construct the framework of the study and the basis for the survey instrument. The data gathered were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) which produced four factors on Catholicity and seven factors for External Factors. The identified factors were loaded into the proposed model and analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The findings revealed a significant influence of the External Factors to Catholicity affirming the study’s theoretical foundation. All seven observed variables showed positive contribution to External Factors(Latent Variable). Moreover, the findings showed significant contributions of the four observed variables to Catholicity (Latent Variable). Thus, the model measures Catholicity looking at the four observed variables and is further influenced by External Factors measured in terms of the seven observed variables. Based on the SEM findings which were supported by related literature and studies, the model of the Catholicity of Catholic Basic Education Schools in Davao Provinces will help schools remain faithful to their identity and mission as Catholic institutions. Keywords - Basic Education Catholic Culture, Catholicity, Structural Equation Mode, Digos City, Philippines
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Introduction
Authors: Stanford S Clare 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Adrenaline and noradrenaline belong to a family of molecules known as ‘catecholamines’. They are both released from the adrenal gland and neurons in the central nervous system. Noradrenaline is also released from the majority of postganglionic, sympathetic neurons in the peripheral (autonomic) nervous system. Conversion of the amino acid, tyrosine, to
l
‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine is the rate‐limiting step in the pathway for synthesis of both of these catecholamines. This biosynthetic pathway is regulated by several hormones and neurotransmitters, which act through intracellular messengers and help to ensure that the rate of catecholamine synthesis matches the rate of their release. Adrenaline and noradrenaline have important roles in mediating peripheral autonomic function and the maintenance of a stable internal body state (‘homoeostasis’). In the brain, their distribution and functional interactions underlie their strong influence on arousal state (attention/vigilance/alarm) and its integration with the autonomic system.

Key Concepts:

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are members of the catecholamine family of neurotransmitters and hormones.

In the brain, the cell bodies of noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons are clustered in the brainstem and are the source of an extensive network of diffuse projections to nearly all other brain regions and the spinal cord.

The rate of synthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline is highly regulated and ensures that their intracellular store is maintained under normal physiological conditions.

In the periphery, release of noradrenaline and adrenaline from postganglionic sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla mediate sympathoadrenal (autonomic) responses in the target organs.

In the brain, adrenaline and noradrenaline contribute to the integration of autonomic, cognitive and emotional arousal.
Caenorhabditis elegansEmbryo: Establishment of Asymmetry
Authors: Espiritu Eugenel B , Rose Lesilee S 
Published: April 2013

AbstractInCaenorhabditis elegans, asymmetry is established in the one‐cell embryo in response to the position of the sperm provided centrosome. Asymmetric contraction of actin and myosin at the cortex leads to the localisation of the conserved PAR (partitioning defective) polarity proteins into anterior and posterior cortical domains. The PAR proteins and associated protein kinases generate cytoplasmic gradients of polarity mediators, which in turn regulate the anterior/posterior cytoplasmic localisation of downstream cell fate regulators. The PAR proteins also regulate a conserved G protein pathway that coordinates the division plane with the anterior/posterior axis. Thus, the first division is asymmetric and the daughter cells have different developmental fates. During the next few divisions, anterior/posterior asymmetries and cell–cell signalling events establish the dorsal/ventral and left–right axes of the embryo and further refine cell fates.Key Concepts:TheC. elegansembryo exhibits an invariant pattern of asymmetric cell divisions that generates diverse cell types.Asymmetric divisions are regulated by the conserved PAR proteins, which become localised in anterior and posterior cortical domains during polarity establishment after fertilisation.Polarity establishment occurs in response to an unknown cue associated with the sperm centrosome, which causes an actomyosin cortical flow that localises the anterior PAR proteins.PAR polarity cues create a cytoplasmic gradient of the polarity mediators MEX‐5 and MEX‐6, which act together with other polarity mediators to generate the asymmetric localisation of cell fate determinants.Asymmetric localisation of cell fate determinants is accomplished mainly through protein degradation and translational regulation.The localisation of cell fate determinants combined with cell–cell signalling events leads to specification of different developmental programmes in cells of the early embryo.A conserved G protein pathway functions with the microtubule motor dynein to position the mitotic spindle on the polarity axis during asymmetric divisions.
Brachiopoda
Authors: Bitner Maria Aleksandra , Cohen Bernard L 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Brachiopods are predominantly sessile, filter‐feeding marine invertebrates, with a ciliated, tentaculate feeding and respiratory organ called the lophophore. Their body is enclosed in a shell consisting of two unequal valves oriented dorsally and ventrally. Brachiopods appeared first in the Lower Cambrian and were dominant members of Palaeozoic benthic communities until the Permo–Triassic mass extinctions. Today represented by approximately 110 genera, brachiopods are considered a minor phylum; they live in all oceans, from the poles to the tropics, in a broad depth range from intertidal to abyssal. Brachiopods make up the two main clades: the articulate rhynchonelliforms with calcitic valves joined by a mineralised hinge, and the inarticulate linguliforms and craniiforms, whose valves are joined only by soft tissues. Articulated forms give the phylum its common name: ‘lamp shells’. In some recent molecular analyses, inarticulate brachiopods and phoronids form a single clade.

Key Concepts:

Brachiopods are sessile, filter‐feeding marine invertebrates with a bivalved shell and are quite distinct from bivalve molluscs.

Brachiopods first appeared in the Lower Cambrian and were dominant members of Palaeozoic benthic communities until the Permo–Triassic mass extinctions.

Brachiopods are considered to be a relict group but live in all oceans and in a broad depth range.

Brachiopods are divided into two main groups according to the presence or absence of a mineralised tooth‐and‐socket hinge between the two valves.

A lophophore in the form of two arms lined with ciliated tentacles serves as a feeding and respiratory organ.

Based on some molecular analyses, phoronids may belong within Brachiopoda, forming a single clade with inarticulate brachiopods.
Mitochondrial Genome: Evolution
Authors: Stoneking Mark 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Mitochondria, organelles that are responsible for producing energy for cell metabolism and also involved in cell death and ageing, contain their own genome. This genome has several unusual properties including a high copy number, a maternal and haploid mode of inheritance and a rapid rate of evolution. Recent advances in next‐generation sequencing methods have made it feasible to obtain complete
mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA)
genome sequences quickly and at low‐cost, providing new insights into human mtDNA variation and evolution. These methods also enable much more detailed studies of heteroplasmy across the entire mtDNA genome, which may be important in mtDNA‐associated diseases and cancer. It is also feasible to obtain complete mtDNA genome sequences from Neanderthals and other archaic humans, thereby providing further insights into human evolution.

Key Concepts:

Mitochondria have their own genome, which has a separate origin from the nuclear genome.

The mitochondrial genome has several unusual properties compared with the nuclear genome, including high copy number, maternal and haploid mode of inheritance and a rapid rate of evolution.

Next‐generation sequencing and other technical advances make it feasible to obtain complete mtDNA genome sequences rapidly and at low cost from large samples of individuals and are providing new insights into mtDNA variation and heteroplasmy.

MtDNA analyses support the hypothesis of a recent African origin of modern humans.

Archaic humans, such as Neandertals and Denisovans, did not contribute mtDNA to modern humans.
Roma (Gypsies): Genetic Studies
Authors: Morar Bharti , Azmanov Dimitar N , Kalaydjieva Luba 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Roma, also known as Gypsies, are a transnational founder population, resembling a mosaic of socially and genetically divergent groups. Common origins from a small group of related founders result in sharing of maternal and paternal lineages and of ancient disease‐causing mutations across endogamous Romani groups in different countries. Genetic differentiation between groups, with an impact on genetic epidemiology, is the product of bottleneck events, random genetic drift and differential admixture and correlates with the migrational history of the Roma in Europe. Genetic studies are concordant with linguistic data, which provide support for the Indian origins of the Gypsies and suggest a single founding population that originated in north/northwestern India.Key Concepts:The Roma/Gypsies are a European population of Asian descent (most likely from the north‐western part of the Indian subcontinent), with origins documented by the presence of Indian maternal, paternal and autosomal lineages in parallel with admixture from autochthonous Europeans.The genetic history of the Roma is a string of bottleneck events starting with the founding of the proto‐Roma by a small group of Asian ancestors and followed by more recent population fissions reflecting the early migrations within Europe and the splits into multiple endogamous groups.The current genetic profile of the Roma has been shaped by founder effects, genetic drift and differential admixture. The social organisation, similar to thejatisof India, with limited gene flow between Romani groups, has resulted in marked genetic substructure.Autosomal recessive disorders occur at relatively high frequency and are usually characterised by limited mutational heterogeneity. They include disorders caused by mutations ‘imported’ from surrounding populations, which may reach high frequencies due to founder effect and drift as well as ‘private’ population‐specific mutations leading to novel rare disorders.The socially defined Romani group is the basic unit and starting point for medical genetic research due to limited diversity and common sharing of founder disease‐causing mutations between apparently unrelated families.
Chlorophyll Metabolism
Authors: Brzezowski Pawel , Grimm Bernhard 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

The two pathways of chlorophyll biosynthesis and chlorophyll catabolism in plants are located in distinct cellular compartments. Although the entire biosynthesis of chlorophyll from the formation of the first committed metabolic precursor, 5‐aminolevulinic acid, occurs in plastids, chlorophyll breakdown starts in plastids and ends with the storage of nonfluorescent breakdown products in vacuoles. Photosynthetic organisms developed a complex control over chlorophyll metabolism to adapt the need for chlorophyll to continuously changing environmental conditions and to avoid damage caused by intermediates accumulation. The balance between the most efficient way of harvesting the light energy available to the organism and damage or death caused by excess light energy or accumulating chlorophyll intermediates due to deregulation of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, seems to employ one of the most sophisticated regulatory mechanisms seen in nature. Chlorophyll metabolism in the broad range of photosynthetic organisms including photosynthetic bacteria, algae and higher plants is outlined in the following report.

Key Concepts:

Chlorophyll (Chl)
a
is the key pigment involved in the primary reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll for light absorption, excitation energy transfer and photooxidative charge separation to ultimately provide primary biomass and energy for almost all living beings and, additionally, supply oxygen for respiration.

Chlorophyll is always bound to chlorophyll‐binding proteins of the photosynthetic core complexes of photosystem I and II and their antenna complexes.

Chlorophyll biosynthesis always ensures the appropriate supply of the pigment, and chlorophyll catabolism prevents the accumulation of free chlorophyll during breakdown of photosynthetic complexes.

Control of chlorophyll metabolism avoids accumulation of photoreactive metabolic and catabolic intermediates and free chlorophyll.
Ultraconserved Elements (
UCEs
) in the Human Genome
Authors: Lee Alison P , Venkatesh B 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are
deoxyribonucleic acid
sequences of at least 200 base pairs in length and perfectly conserved in human, mouse and rat genomes. Exonic UCEs are significantly associated with splicing regulator genes, whereas nonexonic UCEs are significantly associated with transcriptional regulator genes. UCEs are highly conserved among all jawed vertebrates, with primitive instances having originated in the ancestral vertebrate genome and subsequently constrained in jawed vertebrates. UCEs are under extreme purifying selection and are implicated in functions such as transcriptional enhancers, exons of noncoding
ribonucleic acid
transcripts, alternatively spliced ‘poison cassette exons’ and cryptic introns that regulate the expression of certain classes of proteins. UCEs may have maintained their perfect identity over a long period of evolution due to the layering of multiple functions on the same element and increased selective constraint.

Key Concepts:

Human genome contains ultraconserved elements (UCEs) that are 200 bp or longer and 100% identical in mouse and rat genomes.

The majority of UCEs were present in the last common ancestor of jawed vertebrates.

UCEs have experienced high purifying selection, possibly due to the ‘multiplexing’ of multiple functions on the same element.

UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants in the human genome.

UCEs may be protein‐coding sequence, transcriptional enhancers, exons of noncoding RNA, alternatively spliced ‘poison cassette exons’ and/or adjacent flanking sequence of cryptic introns.

The majority of UCEs are transcribed as either protein‐coding transcripts or ncRNA transcripts.

A fraction of transcribed UCEs are aberrantly expressed in human cancers. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in UCEs are associated with increased risk to human diseases.
G
+
C
Content Evolution in the Human Genome
Authors: Li Wentian 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

The proportion of guanine (G) or cytosine (C) nucleotide bases in the human genome is approximately 40%. Fluctuating relatively to this averaged G+C content, there are large chromosomal regions with alternatingly high and low local G+C contents. The (G+C)‐rich genomic regions are typically gene rich, replicated earlier and higher in recombination activities. Many aspects of the evolution of base composition leading to the local G+C variations in the human genome have been debated, including the origin of the alternating G+C structure, whether (G+C)‐rich regions have been vanishing or emerging, what are the main mutational or nonmutational mechanisms driving the G+C content, whether G+C content is determined by neutral evolution or selection or both. A particularly promising scenario for G+C evolution is to consider the open and closed chromatin structures which naturally provide a differential mutational environment for different chromosome regions.

Key Concepts:

Human genome is characterised by alternatingly high and low G+C regions.

Such pattern of alternatingly high and low G+C regions is not unique for the human genome. It is also present in species which diverged from a common ancestor a few hundred millions years ago.

Both mutational and nonmutational mechanisms could be responsible for shaping the G+C content in human. The former creates new alleles with a changed G+C content, the latter biased transmits existing polymorphic alleles towards either higher or lower G+C.

The suggestion of natural selection playing a crucial role in maintaining high G+C regions is based on the observation that high G+C regions are also high in several biological activities (translation, transcription and recombination).

Chromatin structure may provide a differential mutational environment by being accessible (open) or inaccessible (closed) to other protein molecules.
The
GB
Viruses: An Update of Their Biology, Molecular Virology and Significance
Authors: Karayiannis P 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

In the quest to identify further viruses associated with hepatitis, three new viruses were cloned and assigned to the
Flaviviridae
family in the mid‐1990s. These were named the GB virus A (GBV‐A), GBV‐B and GBV‐C/hepatitis G virus (HGV). A more recent member is GBV‐D. Of these, GBV‐B, which is not a human pathogen, is associated with hepatitis in tamarins (
Saguinus
sp). GBV‐A, ‐C/HGV and ‐D, in turn, infect primates, humans and frugivorous bats. These three viruses, unlike GBV‐B, are characterised by the lack of an identifiable core protein and do not appear to be associated with any signs and symptoms of disease. Moreover, the liver does not appear to be the primary site of replication for GBV‐A and GBV‐C/HGV. Instead, the lymphoid system seems to be their primary target. The current review deals with what is known of the natural history, virology and molecular biology of these viruses.

Key Concepts:

GBV‐A, GBV‐B, GBV‐C/HGV and GBV‐D are members of the
Flaviviridae
family.

GBV‐B causes hepatitis only in tamarins (
Saguinus
sp).

GBV‐A, ‐C/HGV and ‐D are not associated with hepatitis.

GBV‐A and ‐C/HGV appear to replicate primarily in lymphocytes.

GBV‐A, ‐C/HGV and ‐D do not have an identifiable core‐encoding region in their genome.

GBV‐A and ‐C/HGV cause persistent infection.

Loss of GBV‐C/HGV viraemia is associated with the development of anti‐E2 antibodies.