bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voluntary standards, expert knowledge and the governance of sustainability networks
Authors: PONTE STEFANO , CHEYNS EMMANUELLE 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProducts certified according to their environmental and social sustainability are becoming an important feature of production, trade and consumption in the agro‐food sector. ‘Sustainability networks’ are behind the emergence and growth of these new product forms, often evolving into multi‐stakeholder initiatives that establish and manage base codes, standards, certifications and labels. As sustainability moves into the mainstream, understanding the governance of these networks is essential because they partly reshape the structure and characteristics of commodity flows. In this article, we examine the role of expert knowledge and process management in governing two multi‐stakeholder initiatives (the Marine Stewardship Council and the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil) and in shaping their distributional effects. We find that the ability of developing countries, especially small‐scale actors within them, to shape standard setting and management to their advantage depends not only on overcoming important structural differences in endowments and access to resources, but also on more subtle games. These include promoting the enrolment of one expert group or kind of expert knowledge over another, using specific formats of negotiation, and legitimating particular modes of engagement over others.
Forced transnationalism: transnational coping strategies and gendered stigma among Jamaican deportees
Authors: GOLASH‐BOZA TANYA 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOnce forcibly returned to their countries of citizenship, how and why do deportees engage in transnational relationships? Through analyses of 37 interviews with Jamaican deportees, I approach the question of why deportees engage in transnational practices and reveal that deportees use transnational ties as coping strategies to deal with financial and emotional hardship. This reliance on transnational ties, however, has two consequences: (1) male deportees who rely on transnational strategies to survive face a gendered stigma because they must relinquish the provider role and become dependants; and (2) the transnational coping strategies serve as a reminder of the shame, isolation and alienation that deportees experience because of their deportation. This consideration of the consequences of transnational relationships sheds light on why some migrants are transnational and others are not.
Transnational youth transitions: becoming adults between Vancouver and Hong Kong
Authors: TSE JUSTIN K. H. , WATERS JOHANNA L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the context of the academic interest shown in the enduring transnationalism of contemporary migrants and in the modes of transitions to adulthood in different global settings, in this article we examine the transnational lives of adolescents moving between Vancouver (Canada) and Hong Kong. While there is a lot of literature on the parents' political and economic calculations, there is very little on how adolescents in these situations articulate their geographical sensibilities. We draw on three periods of fieldwork undertaken in 2002, 2008 and 2010 during which we employed a transnational methodology to interview young people in Vancouver and Hong Kong. We argue that becoming an adult involves a process in which, in their discussions about the geographical and emotional distance between themselves and their families, young people articulate their own complex emotions towards specific places in their transnational social field. Their families sporadically interrupt the adolescents' otherwise independent lives with fragmented modes of supervision. By examining the complex intentions and emotions behind circular migration from the perspective of transnational youth in a community of split families, we advance the discussion on transnational geographies, particularly of the family in the context of a flexible global economy.
Memoir/manuals of South Korean pre‐college study abroad: defending mothers and humanizing children
Authors: ABELMANN NANCY , KANG JIYEON 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this article, we analyse the memoir/manuals of three ‘goose’ families. These are South Koreans whose children participate in pre‐college study abroad (PSA). One parent (typically the mother) accompanies the child while the other (usually the father) remains at home to support the venture. Although many South Koreans aspire to study abroad, both the mothers and children of goose families have attracted wide criticism – the mothers for being narrowly instrumental and too family centred, worried only about social reproduction and mobility and the children for forsaking their nation, foregoing their filial duties and, perhaps, failing abroad. These memoir/manuals defend the goose mother and protect the PSA child against such charges. As memoirs, they depict remarkable people worthy of documentation. As manuals, they offer (at least some) guidance for mothers and families contemplating this particular family strategy. The memoir/manuals open a window to the challenges and anxieties of PSA in South Korea today.
Health information outreach: a survey of U.S. academic libraries, highlighting a midwestern university's experience
Authors: Duhon Lucy , Jameson Jodi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and objectivesAs a result of their involvement in a campus health fair, the authors of this paper became interested in the extent to which other academic libraries were engaged in health information outreach (HIO). The authors present the results of a nationwide survey they conducted in 2010 and share a specific example of HIO at their own institution.MethodsThe authors conducted an online survey of approximately 1700 U.S. general academic and academic health science libraries with the objective to create a broad picture of HIO activity and its context within patron information‐seeking behavior.ResultsThe survey yielded a 21% response rate. Nearly 55% of all respondents indicated that their libraries did not participate in HIO, while 37% indicated that they did. Other responses yielded information on patron usage patterns concerning health information, specific types of HIO that libraries are involved in, and barriers to library involvement in HIO.ConclusionsAs libraries' traditional roles and information delivery methods evolve, librarians must do more to provide services that are relevant and accessible to users. Even as virtual services become more commonplace, librarians involved in HIO should consider also increasing their visibility by collaborating with others on campus.
Bioactivity evaluation of three calcium silicate‐based endodontic materials
Authors: Han L. , Okiji T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo compare white ProRoot MTA (WMTA), EndoSequence BC sealer (BC sealer) and Biodentine with regard to their ability to produce apatites and cause Ca and Si incorporation in adjacent human root canal dentine after immersion in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS).MethodologyRoot sections of human single‐rooted teeth were filled with one of the materials and immersed in PBS for 1, 7, 30 or 90 days (n = 5 each). Morphology and elemental composition of surface precipitates and interfacial dentine were analysed using a wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyser with image observation function. Ca‐ and Si‐incorporation depths in the interfacial dentine were measured. In addition, the amount of Ca ions released from the test materials was measured by EDTA titration.ResultsAll materials produced surface precipitates of acicular or lath‐like morphology with Ca/P ratio of 1.6 : 2.0. Within dentinal tubules, the three materials formed tag‐like structures that were frequently composed of Ca‐ and P‐rich and Si‐poor materials, suggesting intratubular precipitation. Ca‐ and Si‐incorporation depths were in the order of Biodentine > WMTA > BC sealer, with a significant difference between BC sealer and the others at several time‐points (P < 0.05, anova and Tukey's honestly significant difference test). The concentration of released Ca ions was in the order of Biodentine > WMTA > BC sealer with significant differences between the materials (P < 0.05).ConclusionsCompared with Biodentine and WMTA, BC sealer showed less Ca ion release and did not show Ca and Si incorporation as deeply in human root canal dentine when immersed in PBS for up to 90 days.
Ex vivo antimicrobial efficacy of strong acid electrolytic water against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm
Authors: Chen X. , Li P. , Wang X. , Gu M. , Zhao C. , Sloan A. J. , Lv H. , Yu Q. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimTo observe the antimicrobial effect of strong acid electrolytic water (SAEW) against an Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm when used as a root canal irrigant.MethodologyThe effect of SAEW, sodium hypochlorite (5.25%; NaOCl) and sodium chloride (0.9%; normal saline) on E. faecalis biofilm vitality on coverslips was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Thirty‐five root canals from extracted human teeth were sterilized prior to contamination with E. faecalis for four weeks. Bacterial samples were collected with sterile paper points and plated onto BHI agar plates for 48 h. Root canal walls were observed by scanning electron microscopy before and after instrumentation, together with root canal irrigation with SAEW, NaOCl or normal saline, with or without ultrasonic vibration. Antimicrobial effectiveness was established by counting colony‐forming units and analysed by two‐way anova.ResultsConfocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that SAEW decreased E. faecalis biofilm vitality, and the proportion of dead bacteria increased in accordance with increasing treatment time. Most bacteria in the biofilms were killed after 10‐min treatment. No significant difference was observed between SAEW and NaOCl groups at the same treatment time (P > 0.05) or in the susceptibility of E. faecalis to SAEW and NaOCl (P > 0.05) in extracted human teeth with or without ultrasonic activation. SAEW and NaOCl were more effective against E. faecalis biofilm than normal saline, and antimicrobial efficacy was significantly enhanced by ultrasonic vibration (P < 0.05).ConclusionsStrong acid electrolytic water effectively killed E. faecalis in a biofilm both on coverslips and in the root canals of extracted human teeth.
The Meanings of “Imagine” Part I: Constructive Imagination
Authors: Van Leeuwen Neil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this article (Part I), I first clarify what the words “imagine,”“imagining,” and “imagination” can mean. Each has (a) a constructive sense, (b) an attitudinal sense, and (c) an imagistic sense. Keeping the senses straight in the course of cognitive theorizing is important for both psychology and philosophy. I then discuss the roles that perceptual memories, beliefs, and genre truth attitudes play in constructive imagination, or the capacity to generate novel representations that go well beyond what’s prompted by one’s immediate environment.
Near‐Net‐Shaped Porous Ceramics for Potential Sound Absorption Applications at High Temperatures
Authors: Carlesso Mateus , Giacomelli Renan , Günther Stefan , Koch Dietmar , Kroll Stephen , Odenbach Stefan , Rezwan Kurosch 
Published: February 2013

We present an interesting processing route for obtaining alumina/mullite‐based ceramics with controlled porosity and airflow resistance leading to promising microstructures for application as sound absorbers. The use of ceramic materials aims for potential applications where high temperatures or corrosive atmospheres are predominant, e.g., in combustion chambers of gas turbines. For the production of the porous ceramics we combined freeze gelation and sacrificial templating processes to produce near‐net‐shaped parts with low shrinkage (<3%) based on environmental‐friendly and low cost conditions. The obtained microstructure presents a bimodal pore size distribution, with small pores derived from the freeze gelation process (~30 μm) connecting large pores (2–5 mm diameter) originated from the expanded polystyrene template particles. These connections, called “windows” in this study, show a significant impact on the sound absorption properties, allowing the pressure diffusion effect to take place, resulting in a significant improvement of the sound absorption coefficient. By varying the template particle content and the slurry solid content, it is possible to control the sound absorption behavior at different frequencies of the open‐celled ceramics. These ceramics feature a high open porosity, from 77% to 82%, combined with sufficient compressive strength ranging from 0.27 to 0.68 MPa and sound absorption coefficients of 0.30–0.99, representing a highly promising combination of properties for noise control and reduction at corrosive environments and high temperatures.
Oxidation and Crack Healing Behavior of a Fine‐GrainedCr2AlCCeramic
Authors: Li Shibo , Xiao Liou , Song Guiming , Wu Xiaomin , Sloof Wim G. , van der Zwaag Sybrand 
Published: February 2013

This work reports the oxidation and crack healing behavior of a fine‐grained (~2 μm)Cr2AlCMAXphase ceramic. The oxidation behavior was investigated in the temperature range 900°C–1200°C for times up to 100 h. The material showed a good oxidation resistance, owing to the formation of a dense and thin α‐Al2O3layer. The microstructure, composition and thickness of the oxide scale were characterized. Its oxidative crack healing behavior as a function of temperature, healing time, and initial crack size was studied systematically. The material showed excellent healing behavior. The main crack healing mechanism is the filling of the crack by oxides well adhering to the crack faces. The crack geometry before and after healing was characterized byX‐ray tomography. Three‐point bend tests showed the dependence of strength recovery at 1100°C as a function of initial crack length and healing time.
Formation of Sol–Gel In Situ Derived BTO/NZFO Composite Ceramics with Considerable Dielectric and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Xiao Bin , Dong Yanling , Ma Ning , Du Piyi 
Published: February 2013

The BT/NZFO composite ceramics derived by sol–gel in situ process were successfully prepared. The phase composition, morphology, and microstructure of the composite ceramics were determined and observed by X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), SEM, and EDS. Results showed that the Ni–Zn ferrite (NZFO) phase started to grow initially and then the BaTiO3 (BTO) phase grew among the interfaces of NZFO particles at high ferrite content. The observation of microstructure showed that the NZFO phase in large grain size is enwrapped by the BTO phase in small grain size, and the constituent phases existed in the form of solid solutions doped with Fe and Ti, respectively. The densification and microstructure depended on the volume fraction of ferrite (fNZFO). The appropriate sintering temperature was 1280°C–1300°C at which stable phase structure could be obtained for the BTO/NZFO composite. The maximum permittivity could achieve 86 000, and the initial permeability was as high as 162 when the ceramics was loaded with 95% ferrite and sintered at 1300°C for 12 h. The BT/NZFO composite ceramics exhibited impressive dielectric and magnetic properties, making it a potential candidate for wide applications in the integration of electronic devices.
Phase Separation Phenomenon and Mechanism of Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 Powders Prepared Using Chemical Coprecipitation Method
Authors: Chuang Chia‐Che , Hsiang Hsing‐I , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Yen Fu‐Su , Yoshimura Masahiro 
Published: February 2013

Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 (C60Z) powders were synthesized using the chemical coprecipitation method to investigate the phase separation mechanism. The phase separation of C60Z powders occurred during the heating step (>1100°C), suggesting that it might be a thermally activated process. The activation energy for the phase separation of C60Z was 398 (±20) kJ/mol and the Avrami parameter was ~1.0, indicating that the phase separation may be interface controlled. We suggested that Zr+4 diffusion played an important role in C60Z phase separation due to the ionic radius of Zr+4 being smaller than that of Ce+4. The C60Z powders tended to aggregate, which induced the driving force for the phase separation resulting from the surface energy difference between the particle surface and the interface. The phase separation behavior of C60Z powders was very similar to the initial stage of sintering. After high‐temperature treatment, more Zr+4 ions diffused to the interface between C60Z particles to lower the surface energy of the system than did Ce+4 ions, which resulted in the composition gradually being changed and phase separation. Therefore, the phase separation of C60Z powders can be effectively decreased by the addition of Al+3, which suppresses aggregation.
Color‐Tunable Up‐Conversion Emission and Infrared Photoluminescence and Dielectric Relaxation of Er3+/Yb3+ Co‐Doped Bi2Ti2O7 Pyrochlore Thin Films
Authors: Zhao Jianxiong , Zhang Qinyuan , Qin Ni , Li Baojun , Bao Dinghua 
Published: February 2013

The color‐tunable up‐conversion (UC) emission and infrared photoluminescence and dielectric relaxation of Er3+/Yb3+ co‐doped Bi2Ti2O7 pyrochlore thin films prepared by a chemical solution deposition method have been investigated. The pyrochlore phase structure of Bi2Ti2O7 can be stabilized by Er3+/Yb3+ co‐doping. Intense color‐tunable UC emission and infrared photoluminescence can be detected on the thin films excited by a 980 nm diode laser. Two UC emission bands centered at 548 and 660 nm in the spectra can be assigned to 2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transitions of Er3+ ions, respectively. A Stokes infrared emission centered at 1530 nm is due to 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions. The dependence of UC emission intensity on pumping power indicates that the UC emission of the thin films is a two‐photon process. The thin films also exhibit a relatively high dielectric constant and a low dissipation factor as well as a good bias voltage stability. Temperature‐ and frequency‐dependent dielectric relaxation has been confirmed. This study suggests that Er3+/Yb3+ co‐doped Bi2Ti2O7 thin films can be applied to new multifunctional photoluminescence dielectric thin‐film devices.
Sol–Gel Synthesis of Bioactive Glass‐Ceramic 45S5 and its in vitro Dissolution and Mineralization Behavior
Authors: Pirayesh Hamidreza , Nychka John A. 
Published: February 2013

Amorphous bioactive glasses such as 45S5 have been successfully used in bone‐filling therapy in non‐load bearing biomedical applications for decades. In this study, we challenge the predilection to amorphous over crystalline ceramics by investigating the effect of synthesis route on surface texture, in vitro dissolution, and mineral formation on powders produced by sol–gel and glass melt‐casting methods. Many reports have indicated bulk crystalline bioactive glass‐ceramics to be less bioactive than their amorphous counterparts as measured by the onset time for mineral formation. Bioactive glass 45S5 was synthesized using the sol–gel method followed by heat treatment to produce a semi‐crystalline structure and was compared against commercially available amorphous melt‐cast 45S5 powder. Gel‐derived samples were stabilized at 700°C making more than 80% of the structure crystalline. Dissolution of 45S5 glass‐ceramic in powder form(particle diameter 12 μm) was studied by in vitro immersion in simulated body fluid solution for various periods of time. The immersed powders were then analyzed through X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDS), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the onset time for surface mineralization, and were compared with the melt‐cast powder as a control. The rates of dissolution and onset time for mineral formation were similar for the gel‐derived powder as compared with the melt‐cast control; it is proposed that the higher surface area of the sol–gel powder overcame the penalty usually associated with lower dissolution rates of crystalline materials, implicating surface texture as a much more important determinant of dissolution and mineralization behavior than mere crystallinity.
Impedance Analysis of Dielectric Nanoparticles Enabled via a Self‐Assembled Monolayer
Authors: Siddabattuni Sasidhar , Schuman Thomas P. , Petrovsky Vladimir , Dogan Fatih 
Published: February 2013

Impedance spectroscopy has been shown to be a powerful tool to investigate the dielectric characteristics of powders suspended in suitable liquids. The electrical and dielectrical contributions of different components of the slurry can be extracted from the impedance spectra through measurement of frequency‐dependent relaxations. However, for ferroelectric powders that possess innate surface conductivity, such as BaTiO3, nanoparticles have sufficient conductivity to exclude low‐frequency fields that preclude impedance characterization of the particle core. In this work, the slurry technique is shown to be effective for dielectric characterization of not only micrometer‐sized particles through equivalent circuit modeling but also applicable to nanometer size dielectric particles upon remediating the conductive surface defect. Application of a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) onto the nanoparticle as a surface passivation layer reduces the surface conductivity, stabilizes the nanoparticles to dissolution, and allows a reproducible measurement and modeling of the nanoparticle dielectric characteristics including nanoparticle permittivity. The dielectric permittivity of surface passivated, ~40 nm diameter barium titanate particles was measured to be εr ~ 135.
Divergent and narrower climatic niches characterize polyploid species of European primroses inPrimulasect.Aleuritia
Authors: Theodoridis Spyros , Randin Christophe , Broennimann Olivier , Patsiou Theofania , Conti Elena 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimIt is hypothesized that the ecological niches of polyploids should be both distinct and broader than those of diploids – characteristics that might have allowed the successful colonization of open habitats by polyploids during the Pleistocene glacial cycles. Here, we test these hypotheses by quantifying and comparing the ecological niches and niche breadths of a group of European primroses.LocationEurope.MethodsWe gathered georeferenced data of four related species inPrimulasect.Aleuritiaat different ploidy levels (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and octoploid) and used seven bioclimatic variables to quantify niche overlap between species by applying a series of univariate and multivariate analyses combined with modelling techniques. We also employed permutation‐based tests to evaluate niche similarity between the four species. Niche breadth for each species was evaluated both in the multivariate environmental space and in geographical space.ResultsThe four species differed significantly from each other in mono‐dimensional comparisons of climatological variables and occupied distinct habitats in the multi‐dimensional environmental space. The majority of the permutation‐based tests either indicated that the four species differed significantly in their habitat preferences and ecological niches or did not support significant niche similarity. Furthermore, our results revealed narrower niche breadths and geographical ranges in species ofP. sect.Aleuritiaat higher ploidy levels.Main conclusionsThe detected ecological differentiation between the four species ofP. sect.Aleuritiaat different ploidy levels is consistent with the hypothesis that polyploids occupy distinct ecological niches that differ from those of their diploid relative. Contrary to expectations, we find that polyploid species ofP. sect.Aleuritiaoccupy narrower environmental and geographical spaces than their diploid relative. These results on the ecological niches of closely related polyploid and diploid species highlight factors that potentially contribute to the evolution and distribution of polyploid species.