bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy intake and expenditure assessed ‘in‐season’ in an elite European rugby union squad
Authors: Bradley Warren J. , Cavanagh Bryce , Douglas William , Donovan Timothy F. , Twist Craig , Morton James P. , Close Graeme L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRugby union (RU) is a complex high‐intensity intermittent collision sport with emphasis placed on players possessing high lean body mass and low body fat. After an 8 to 12‐week pre‐season focused on physiological adaptations, emphasis shifts towards competitive performance. However, there are no objective data on the physiological demands or energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) for elite players during this period. Accordingly, in‐season training load using global positioning system and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), alongside six‐day assessments of EE and EI were measured in 44 elite RU players. Mean weekly distance covered was 7827 ± 954 m and 9572 ± 1233 m with a total mean weekly sRPE of 1776 ± 355 and 1523 ± 434 AU for forwards and backs, respectively. Mean weekly EI was 16.6 ± 1.5 and 14.2 ± 1.2 megajoules (MJ) and EE was 15.9 ± 0.5 and 14 ± 0.5 MJ. Mean carbohydrate (CHO) intake was 3.5 ± 0.8 and 3.4 ± 0.7 g.kg−1 body mass, protein intake was 2.7 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.5 g.kg−1 body mass, and fat intake was 1.4 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.3 g.kg−1 body mass. All players who completed the food diary self‐selected a ‘low’ CHO ‘high’ protein diet during the early part of the week, with CHO intake increasing in the days leading up to a match, resulting in the mean EI matching EE. Based on EE and training load data, the EI and composition seems appropriate, although further research is required to evaluate if this diet is optimal for match day performance
Ability of PROMIS Pediatric Measures to Detect Change in Children With Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Musculoskeletal Surgery
Authors: Mulcahey Mary J. , Haley Stephen M. , Slavin Mary D. , Kisala Pamela A. , Ni Pengsheng , Tulsky David S. , Jette Alan M. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed to provide patient-reported outcome measures that are designed as being universally relevant across health conditions, low burden, and precise. A major problem for research and clinical practice in cerebral palsy (CP) is the void of outcomes instruments that are capable of evaluating the wide range of abilities and broad age spectrum inherent in this clinical population. Given the tremendous potential of PROMIS, the research questions for this study were “How do PROMIS pediatric computer adaptive tests and short forms detect change in children with CP following elective musculoskeletal surgery?” and “How do PROMIS instruments compare to the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Cerebral Palsy Module Version 3.0 (PedsQL CP), Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI), the Timed Up and Go (TUG), and the Gross Motor Functional Measure (GMFM).”

Methods:
PROMIS Pediatric computer adaptive tests and short forms and the PedsQL, PODCI, TUG, and GMFM were administered before and after surgery. Effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM) were calculated. Floor and ceiling effects were evaluated and, exposure rates for the PROMIS item banks were examined.

Results:
ES and SRM for all PROMIS Pediatric Measures were nonsignificant. PedsQL CP detected significant, positive change in mobility at 6 (ES=0.26; SRM=0.31) and 12 (ES=0.36; SRM=0.36) months; pain at 12 months (ES=0.29; SRM=0.34); and fatigue at 6 (ES=0.24; SRM=0.22) and 12 (ES=0.36; SRM=0.41) months. Significant negative changes were detected by the PODCI (ES=−0.20; SRM=−0.26), GMFM (ES=−0.13; SRM=−0.24), and TUG (ES=−0.29; SRM=−0.25). Ceiling effects were high. Exposure to an appropriate range of the PROMIS Mobility item bank was limited.

Conclusions:
PROMIS measures were less able to detect change than other measures. PROMIS measures may be improved by tailoring start/stop rules or by adding items to include content appropriate for children with mobility impairments.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—diagnostic study.
A Reliable and Valid Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill for the Application of a Pavlik Harness Based on International Expert Consensus
Authors: Bradley Catharine S. , Moktar Joel , Maxwell Alexandra , Wedge John H. , Murnaghan Michael L. , Kelley Simon P. 
Published: June 2015

Background:
The use of competency-based training is increasing in medical education as it offers individualized learning opportunities to master required skills. Inherent to this method of teaching is the need for standardized and objective assessments of skill mastery. In orthopaedic surgery, educational programs have focused on surgical skills with lesser emphasis on nonoperative techniques. Accordingly, formal evaluation tools specific to Pavlik Harness application do not exist, despite its widespread use and potential complications from inappropriate application. This study sought to develop a reliable and valid evaluation tool based on international expert consensus to standardize and evaluate Pavlik Harness application for developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Methods:
Consensus was sought from 10 content experts using Delphi methodology. Resulting items formed the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS). Thirty-five participants were selected into 3 a priori groups (expert, intermediate and novice) based on Pavlik Harness experience. On 2 occasions, 3 content experts assessed randomized and deidentified videotapes of each participant applying a Pavlik Harness to an infant model using the OSATS and global rating scales (GRS). The reliability and validity of the OSATS was determined with intraclass (ICC) and Pearson correlations and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:
Consensus was obtained after 2 rounds of structured surveying and resulted in a 25-item OSATS. The reliability of the OSATS was excellent with an ICC of 0.96 for interrater and 0.98 for test-retest reliability. Construct validity was excellent with high correlations between OSATS and GRS (>0.90). In addition, the OSATS discriminated between expert, intermediate, and novice users.

Conclusions:
We have developed a competency-based evaluation tool for Pavlik Harness application based on consensus from international experts. The OSATS has been shown to be a reliable and valid method for assessing Pavlik Harness application that can discriminate between expert, intermediate, and novice users.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
When Does Pre‐IPO Financial Reporting Trigger Post‐IPO Legal Consequences?
Authors: Billings Mary Brooke , Lewis‐Western Melissa Fay 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPrior research suggests that the fear of litigation precludes most managers from manipulating earnings in the initial public offering (IPO) setting. Yet, managers' restraint is perhaps unwarranted: research has not yet linked instances of aggressive pre‐IPO reporting to increased litigation risk. This paper investigates when aggressive IPO reporting triggers legal consequences. Examining 2,037 IPOs, we find that even when ex post evidence indicates the presence of earnings inflation, litigation is more likely to occur when investors have relied on the suspect earnings during the pricing process. Why might investors rely on some firms' abnormal accruals when valuing the IPO and yet discount the abnormal accruals of other firms? Our analyses suggest that IPO investors incorporate abnormal accrual information into IPO prices in situations where accruals are more likely to reflect information and where other sources of information to help investors make pricing decisions are lacking or are less reliable. In these situations, we find that abnormal accruals do positively correlate with future performance, validating investors' use of this information when pricing these offerings. Yet, when ex post performance reveals that these pre‐IPO abnormal accruals were in fact inflated, we find that litigation emerges to allow harmed shareholders to recover losses incurred dating back to the pricing process—importantly, investors are only harmed if they used those abnormal accruals in pricing the IPO. Collectively, our evidence indicates that litigation in response to earnings inflation does indeed surface in the IPO setting—but only when investors need it to settle the score.
Beyond stress: describing the experiences of families during neonatal intensive care
Authors: Wraight Catherine L. , McCoy Jennifer , Meadow William 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo determine whether parents of critically ill premature infants feel that neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) therapy is worthwhile, independent of their infant's outcome.MethodsThe parent(s) of ventilated infants in the NICU were interviewed. Prominent themes were identified within the text of transcribed interviews and the frequency of each theme tabulated.ResultsThe parents of 10 infants were interviewed. All parents experienced stress and understood the uncertain future of their infants. Parents remained optimistic and uniformly expressed that NICU intervention was ‘worth it’. No parent described concern about ‘torture’, ‘cruelty’ or ‘futile care’.ConclusionAlthough parents experience significant stress while their infant is in the NICU, their emotional experiences are much more broad. They feel confident in their decision to give their child a chance, a responsibility to be informed and to make the best decisions they can and remain hopeful for a good outcome regardless of their child's condition.
Cannabinoid–dopamine interactions in the physiology and physiopathology of the basal ganglia
Authors: García Concepción , Palomo‐Garo Cristina , Gómez‐Gálvez Yolanda , Fernández‐Ruiz Javier 
Published: June 2015

Endocannabinoids and their receptors play a modulatory role in the control of dopamine transmission in the basal ganglia. However, this influence is generally indirect and exerted through the modulation of GABA and glutamate inputs received by nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, which lack cannabinoid CB1 receptors although they may produce endocannabinoids. Additional evidence suggests that CB2 receptors may be located in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and that certain eicosanoid‐related cannabinoids may directly activate TRPV1 receptors, which have been found in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, thus allowing in both cases a direct regulation of dopamine transmission by specific cannabinoids. In addition, CB1 receptors form heteromers with dopaminergic receptors which provide another pathway to direct interactions between both systems, in this case at the postsynaptic level. Through these direct mechanisms or through indirect mechanisms involving GABA or glutamate neurons, cannabinoids may interact with dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia and this is likely to have important effects on dopamine‐related functions in these structures (i.e. control of movement) and, particularly, on different pathologies affecting these processes, in particular, Parkinson's disease, but also dyskinesia, dystonia and other pathological conditions. The present review will address the current literature supporting these cannabinoid–dopamine interactions at the basal ganglia, with emphasis on aspects dealing with the physiopathological consequences of these interactions.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc
Luminal 5‐HT stimulates colonic bicarbonate secretion in rats
Authors: Kaji I , Akiba Y , Said H , Narimatsu K , Kaunitz J D 
Published: June 2015

Background and PurposeThe bioactive monoamine 5‐HT, implicated in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders, is abundantly synthesized and stored in rat proximal colonic mucosa and released to the gut lumen and subepithelial space. Despite much data regarding its expression and function, the effects of luminal 5‐HT on colonic anion secretion have not been fully investigated.Experimental ApproachWe measured short‐circuit current (Isc) as an indicator of ion transport in mucosa‐submucosa or mucosa‐only preparations of rat proximal colon. Total CO2 output was measured in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the localization of 5‐HT4, NOS1 and NOS2.Key ResultsLuminal 5‐HT gradually increased the amplitude and sustained the elevation of Isc. Luminal 5‐HT‐evoked ΔIsc was acetazolamide sensitive and HCO3− dependent, consistent with cytosolic carbonic anhydrase‐dependent electrogenic HCO3− secretion, while not affected by tetrodotoxin (TTX), atropine or indomethacin. Pretreatment with the selective 5‐HT4 antagonist GR113808, but not antagonists for 5‐HT3, 5‐HT6 or 5‐HT7, inhibited luminal 5‐HT‐evoked ΔIsc. Furthermore, luminal cisapride and tegaserod increased Isc to the same extent as did 5‐HT in the presence of indomethacin and TTX. Removal of the submucosa or pretreatment with NOS inhibitors enhanced luminal 5‐HT‐evoked ΔIsc, suggesting that NO synthesized in the submucosa suppresses mucosal anion secretion. NOS1 and NOS2 were immunostained in the submucosal neurons and glial cells respectively. Luminal 5‐HT‐evoked HCO3− secretion was confirmed in vivo, inhibited by co‐perfusion of GR113808, but not by ondansetron.Conclusions and ImplicationsA novel apical 5‐HT4‐mediated HCO3− secretory pathway and an NO‐dependent inhibitory mechanism are present in the proximal colon. Luminal 5‐HT‐evoked HCO3− secretion may be important for the maintenance of mucosal integrity by regulating luminal pH.
The thymoprotective function of leptin is indirectly mediated via suppression of obesity
Authors: Sreenivasan Jayasree , Schlenner Susan , Franckaert Dean , Dooley James , Liston Adrian 
Published: June 2015

SummaryLeptin is an adipokine that regulates metabolism and plays an important role as a neuroendocrine hormone. Leptin mediates these functions via the leptin receptor, and deficiency in either leptin or its receptor leads to obesity in humans and mice. Leptin has far reaching effects on the immune system, as observed in obese mice, which display decreased thymic function and increased inflammatory responses. With expression of the leptin receptor on T cells and supporting thymic epithelium, aberrant signalling through the leptin receptor has been thought to be the direct cause of thymic involution in obese mice. Here, we demonstrate that the absence of leptin receptor on either thymic epithelial cells or T cells does not lead to the loss of thymic function, demonstrating that the thymoprotective effect of leptin is mediated by obesity suppression rather than direct signalling to the cellular components of the thymus.
A novel pathway for outer membrane protein biogenesis in Gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Jeeves Mark , Knowles Timothy J. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe understanding of the biogenesis of the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria is of critical importance due to the emergence of bacteria that are becoming resistant to available antibiotics. A problem that is most serious for Gram‐negative bacteria, with essentially few antibiotics under development or likely to be available for clinical use in the near future. The understanding of the Gram‐negative bacterial outer membrane is therefore critical to developing new antimicrobial agents, as this membrane makes direct contact with the external milieu, and the proteins present within this membrane are the instruments of microbial warfare, playing key roles in microbial pathogenesis, virulence and multidrug resistance. To date, a single outer membrane complex has been identified as essential for the folding and insertion of proteins into the outer membrane, this is the β‐barrel assembly machine (BAM) complex, which in some cases is supplemented by the Translocation and Assembly Module (TAM). In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Dunstan et al. have identified a novel pathway for the insertion of a subset of integral membrane proteins into the Gram‐negative outer membrane that is independent of the BAM complex and TAM.
Development of a grower‐conducted inoculum detection assay for management of grape powdery mildew
Authors: Thiessen L. D. , Keune J. A. , Neill T. M. , Turechek W. W. , Grove G. G. , Mahaffee W. F. 
Published: June 2015

Management of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and other polycyclic diseases often relies on calendar‐based pesticide application schedules that assume the presence of inoculum. An inexpensive, loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was designed to quickly detect airborne inoculum of E. necator to determine when to initiate a fungicide application programme. Field efficacy was tested in 2010 and 2011 in several commercial and research vineyards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon from pre‐bud break to véraison. In each vineyard, three impaction spore traps were placed adjacent to the trunk. One trap was maintained and used by the grower to conduct the LAMP assay (G‐LAMP) on‐site and the other two traps were used for laboratory‐conducted LAMP (L‐LAMP) and quantitative PCR assay (qPCR). Using the qPCR as a gold standard, L‐LAMP was comparable with qPCR in both years, and G‐LAMP was comparable to qPCR in 2011. Latent class analysis indicated that qPCR had a true positive proportion of 98% in 2010 and 89% in 2011 and true negative proportion of 96% in 2010 and 64% in 2011. An average of 3·3 fewer fungicide applications were used when they were initiated based on spore detection relative to the grower standard practice. There were no significant differences in berry or leaf incidence between plots with fungicides initiated at detection or grower standard practice plots, suggesting that growers using LAMP to initiate fungicide applications can use fewer fungicide applications to manage powdery mildew compared to standard practices.
Exhumation patterns along shallow low‐angle normal faults: an example from the Altotiberina active fault system (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Caricchi Chiara , Aldega Luca , Barchi Massimiliano R. , Corrado Sveva , Grigo Domenico , Mirabella Francesco , Zattin Massimiliano 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA multi‐method approach (palaeothermal and thermochronological analyses; thermal modelling) is applied to reconstruct the exhumation history of the Altotiberina Fault (ATF), a representative example of crustal‐scale active low‐angle normal faulting in the Northern Apennines (Italy). Thermal maturity and thermochronological data yield similar burial histories but different exhumation patterns for the sedimentary successions in the hangingwall and the footwall of the ATF. Since 3.8 Ma, the ATF footwall has exhumed at rates of 0.90 mm a−1. Exhumation led to bending and deactivation of the ATF uppermost portion as a result of tectonic unloading and isostatic adjustment, followed by migration of extension and the development of a set of domino‐like, east‐dipping normal faults, rooting on the buried portion of the ATF. ATF activity and isostatic rebound exhumed Triassic rock units from depths of about 4 km. We suggest that isostatic instability is accommodated at shallow crustal levels, in a similar way to what is observed on larger structures at mid‐low crustal levels.
Cumulative risks and cessation of exclusive breast feeding: Australian cross-sectional survey
Authors: Ayton Jennifer , van der Mei Ingrid , Wills Karen , Hansen Emily , Nelson Mark 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of cessation of exclusive breast feeding at each month up to 6 months and document key factors and cumulative risks associated with exclusive breastfeeding cessation for children aged from 0 to 6 months.MethodsSecondary analysis using a national representative sample of 22 202 mother and infant pairs derived from the 2010 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare cross-sectional survey, the Australian Infant Feeding Survey.ResultsAmong breastfed infants, 49% had ceased exclusive breast feeding before they had reached 2 months of age. In the final Cox proportional hazards model, cessation of exclusive breast feeding was most strongly associated with partners preferring bottle feeding (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.69 to 20.6) or having no preference (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.42), regular dummy use (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.39) and maternal obesity (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.35). Living within the most disadvantaged areas of Australia (quintile 1) was not strongly associated with cessation (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14) compared with least disadvantaged areas. Having three risk factors significantly increased the risk of cessation by 31% (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.6).ConclusionsThe prevalence of early cessation of exclusive breast feeding is alarmingly high with 50% of infants no longer exclusively breast fed by age 2 months. Given that not one factor is associated with cessation of exclusive breast feeding, the greatest public health impact is likely to be achieved when multiple risk factors are modified or prevented.
Are plasma cell-rich inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa manifestations of IgG4-related disease?
Authors: Cottom Hannah , Mighell Alan J , High Alec , Bateman Adrian C 
Published: June 2015

AimThe aim of this study was to characterise plasma cell infiltrates, in terms of IgG4 positivity, in specific and non-specific plasma cell-rich chronic inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa. Exploring the possibility that specific plasma cell-rich oral inflammatory conditions have association with or represent an oral manifestation of immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD).MethodsTen patients with plasma cell-rich chronic inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa were identified (seven—plasma cell mucositis and three—non-specific diffuse oral mucosal inflammation with ulceration). For each patient, the clinical record and H&E-stained sections were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry for IgG and IgG4 antibodies was performed on sections from the corresponding paraffin block, permitting calculation of the mean number of IgG4+ plasma cells per high-power field (HPF) and the IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cell ratio.ResultsIn all the cases, only one histological hallmark of IgG4-RD—a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate—was seen. Review of the medical histories did not reveal any features representing other manifestations of IgG4-RD. The number of IgG4+ plasma cells exceeded 100 per HPF in half of the cases. Only two cases had an IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cell ratio of >40%; both of which were in the non-specific oral inflammatory group.ConclusionsOur study suggests that plasma cell mucositis does not meet microscopic criteria for IgG4-RD. It importantly reinforces the opinion that IgG4+ plasma cells are major components of chronic inflammation in the oral cavity and the pertinence of correct contextual interpretation of histopathological features with clinical findings.