bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Storage and Electrochemistry Applications
Authors: Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTop‐down methods are of key importance for large‐scale graphene and graphene oxide preparation. Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite has lately gained much interest because of the simplicity of execution, the short process time, and the good quality of graphene that can be obtained. Here, we test three different electrolytes, that is, H2SO4, Na2SO4, and LiClO4, with a common exfoliation procedure to evaluate the difference in structural and chemical properties that result for the graphene. The properties are analyzed by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We then tested the graphene materials for electrochemical applications, measuring the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rates with a Fe(CN)63−/4− redox probe, and their capacitive behavior in alkaline solutions. We correlate the electrochemical features with the presence of structural defects and oxygen functionalities on the graphene materials. In particular, the use of LiClO4 during the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite allowed the formation of highly oxidized graphene with a C/O ratio close to 4.0 and represents a possible avenue for the mass production of graphene oxide as valid alternative to the current laborious and dangerous chemical procedures, which also have limited scalability.
Pd(II)‐Catalyzed CH Activation of Styrylindoles: Short, Efficient, and Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Carbazoles
Authors: Saunthwal Rakesh K. , Patel Monika , Kumar Sonu , Danodia Abhinandan K. , Verma Akhilesh K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA novel PdII‐catalyzed approach for the direct synthesis of highly functionalized carbazoles from unprotected styrylindoles has been developed. The reaction features a variety of olefin substrates, which are readily switchable by subtle tuning of the reaction conditions. Investigations of the mechanism suggest that the CH activation proceeds via enamine formation.
Study on Multiphase Discrete Random Medium Model and its GPR Wave Field Characteristics
Authors: Shi‐Li GUO , Meng‐En JI , Pei‐Min ZHU , Xiu‐Zhong LI 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAsphalt concrete is a typical multiphase discrete random medium, which is composed of aggregate, asphalt mortar and air with different volume fraction. Aggregate, asphalt mortar and air usually have different sizes, shapes, dielectric properties, and distribute randomly in space. This paper is based on random medium theory, (1) we measured the dielectric constants of the asphalt concrete samples, and computed the statistical characteristics (such as mean values, standard deviations) of spatial random distribution of dielectric constants and the volume fraction of each component; (2) we calculated the autocorrelation function of asphalt concrete based on Wiener‐Khintchine theorem, and extracted its characteristic parameters (such as autocorrelation length, autocorrelation angle), and then classified the type of random media; (3) we developed the modeling algorithm of multiphase discrete random medium under quantization constrain, and constructed multiphase discrete random medium model based on intermixed elliptic autocorrelation function. Additionally, we studied the propagation characteristics of ground penetrating radar wave in multiphase discrete random medium model and compared the model with homogeneous medium model and continuous random medium model using numerical simulation. The calculated results show that the autocorrelation functions of a large number of asphalt concrete sections are approximate to ellipsoidal autocorrelation functions, which provide the foundation for using random medium theory to describe asphalt concrete. The multiphase discrete random medium model not only describes the statistical characteristics of spatial random distribution of asphalt concrete, but also describe the volume fractions of its compositions. For multiphase discrete random medium model and continuous random medium model, ground penetrating radar wave has strong scattering phenomenon. Random and disorderly scattering waves overlie and interfere with each other, which resulting random perturbations and noise in received waves. The reflected waves from anomalous body are with distortion and discontinuity and reduce the signal to noise ratio and resolution of ground penetrating radar data. When multiphase discrete random medium model and continuous random medium model have the same given model parameters, ground penetrating radar waves have stronger scattering in continuous random medium model. The study reveals that the multiphase discrete random medium model can describe asphalt concrete more comprehensive and precise than homogeneous medium model and continuous random medium model. The multiphase discrete random medium model also provides a new way for studying similar media or materials. The radar profile is more consistent with the field measured data, and more conducive to guide the interpretation of the ground penetrating radar profile data.
The molecular landscape of extraskeletal osteosarcoma: A clinicopathological and molecular biomarker study
Authors: Jour George , Wang Lu , Middha Sumit , Zehir Ahmet , Chen Wen , Sadowska Justyna , Healey John , Agaram Narasimhan P , Choi Lisa , Nafa Khedoudja , Hameed Meera 
Published: October 2015

AbstractExtraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOSA) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm representing <5% of osteosarcomas and <1% of all soft‐tissue sarcomas. Herein, we investigate the clinicopathological and molecular features of ESOSA and explore potential parameters that may affect outcome. Thirty‐two cases were retrieved and histomorphology was reviewed. Clinical history and follow‐up were obtained through electronic record review. DNA from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue was extracted and processed from 27 cases. Genome‐wide DNA copy number (CN) alterations and allelic imbalances were analyzed by single nucleotide polymorphism array using Affymetrix OncoScan FFPE Assay. Massive high‐throughput deep parallel sequencing was performed using a customized panel targeting 410 cancer genes. Log rank, Fisher's exact test and Cox proportional hazards were used for statistical analysis. In this series of 32 patients (male n = 12, female n = 20), the average age was 66 years (19–93) and median follow up was 24 months (range 6–120 months). Frequent genomic alterations included CN losses in tumour suppressor genes including CDKN2A (70%), TP53 (56%) and RB1 (49%). Mutations affecting methylation/demethylation, chromatin remodeling and WNT/SHH pathways were identified in 40%, 27%, and 27%, respectively. PIK3CA and TERT promoter variant mutations were identified in 11% of the cases. Cases harbouring simultaneous TP53 and RB1 biallelic CN losses were associated with worse overall survival and local recurrence (p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively). CDKN2A losses and positive margins were also associated with worse overall survival (p = 0.002; p = 0.03, respectively). Our findings suggest that age above 60, positive margin status, simultaneous biallelic TP53 and RB1 losses and CDKN2A loss are associated with a worse outcome in ESOSA. Comparison between conventional paediatric osteosarcoma and ESOSA shows that, while both share genetic similarities, there are notable dissimilarities and mechanistic differences in the molecular pathways involved in ESOSA.
Identification of germline genetic mutations in patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Salo‐Mullen Erin E. , O'Reilly Eileen M. , Kelsen David P. , Ashraf Asad M. , Lowery Maeve A. , Yu Kenneth H. , Reidy Diane L. , Epstein Andrew S. , Lincoln Anne , Saldia Amethyst , Jacobs Lauren M. , Rau‐Murthy Rohini , Zhang Liying , Kurtz Robert C. , Saltz Leonard , Offit Kenneth , Robson Mark E. , Stadler Zsofia K. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDPancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is part of several cancer predisposition syndromes; however, indications for genetic counseling/testing are not well‐defined. In the current study, the authors sought to determine mutation prevalence and characteristics that are predictive of an inherited predisposition for PAC.METHODSA total of 175 consecutive patients with PAC who underwent clinical genetics assessment at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 2011 and 2014 were identified. Clinical data, family history, and germline results were evaluated.RESULTSAmong 159 patients with PAC who pursued genetic testing, 24 pathogenic mutations were identified (15.1%; 95% confidence interval, 9.5%‐20.7%), including BRCA2 (13 mutations), BRCA1 (4 mutations), p16 (2 mutations), PALB2 (1 mutation), and Lynch syndrome (4 mutations). BRCA1/BRCA2 prevalence was 13.7% in Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) patients (95 patients) and 7.1% in non‐AJ patients (56 patients). In AJ patients with a strong, weak, or absent family history of BRCA‐associated cancers, the mutation prevalence was 16.7%, 15.8%, and 7.4%, respectively. The mean age at the time of diagnosis in all mutation carriers was 58.5 years (range, 45‐75 years) compared with 64 years (range, 27‐87 years) in those not carrying a mutation (P = .02). Although BRCA2 was the most common mutation identified, no patients with early‐onset PAC (diagnosed at age ≤ 50 years) harbored a BRCA2 mutation and the mean age at diagnosis in BRCA2 carriers was equivalent to that of individuals who were not mutation carriers (P = .34). Mutation prevalence in patients with early‐onset disease (21 patients) was 28.6%, including BRCA1 (2 mutations), p16 (2 mutations), MSH2 (1 mutation), and MLH1 (1 mutation).CONCLUSIONSMutations in BRCA2 account for > 50% of patients with PAC with an identified susceptibility syndrome. AJ patients were found to have high BRCA1/BRCA2 prevalence regardless of personal/family history, suggesting that ancestry alone indicates a need for genetic evaluation. With the exception of BRCA2‐associated PAC, an inherited predisposition for PAC is associated with an earlier age at PAC diagnosis, suggesting that this subset of patients may also represent a population warranting further evaluation. Cancer 2015;121:4382–8. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Cardiovascular toxicity after antiangiogenic therapy in persons older than 65 years with advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Jang Sekwon , Zheng Chaoyi , Tsai Huei‐Ting , Fu Alex Z. , Barac Ana , Atkins Michael B. , Freedman Andrew N. , Minasian Lori , Potosky Arnold L. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDSorafenib and sunitinib are oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) approved in 2005 and 2006, respectively, for the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A population‐based, observational cohort study of the cardiovascular risk of VEGFR TKI therapy in elderly RCC patients was conducted.METHODSUsing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, this study analyzed patients who were 66 years old or older and were diagnosed with RCC from 2000 to 2009. The incidence of cardiovascular adverse events, including congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy (CHF/CM), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and cardiovascular deaths, was examined through December 2010. A Cox proportional hazards model was created to calculate the hazard ratio (HR), and adjustments were made for age, sex, comorbidity, and the use of other systemic therapy.RESULTSA total of 171 of 670 patients who received sunitinib or sorafenib had cardiovascular events. The incidence rates for CHF/CM, AMI, and stroke were 0.87, 0.14, and 0.14 per 1000 person‐days, respectively. Sunitinib or sorafenib use was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (HR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‐1.87) and especially stroke (HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.52‐5.31) in comparison with 788 patients diagnosed with advanced RCC from 2007 to 2009 who were eligible for Part D but did not receive either agent. In subgroup analyses, patients who were 66 to 74 years old at diagnosis had the highest increased risk of stroke associated with the use of either or both drugs.CONCLUSIONSSunitinib and sorafenib might be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and particularly stroke. Cancer 2016;122:124–130. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
The neuropeptide SIFamide in the brain of three cockroach species
Authors: Arendt Andreas , Neupert Susanne , Schendzielorz Julia , Predel Reinhard , Stengl Monika 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe sequence as well as the distribution pattern of SIFamide in the brain of different insects is highly conserved. As a general rule, at least four prominent SIFamide‐immunoreactive somata occur in the pars intercerebralis. They arborize throughout the brain and the ventral nerve cord. Whereas SIFamide is implicated in mating and sleep regulation in Drosophila, other functions of this peptide remain largely unknown. To determine whether SIFamide plays a role in the circadian system of cockroaches, we studied SIFamide in Rhyparobia (= Leucophaea) maderae (Blaberidae), Periplaneta americana (Blattidae), and Therea petiveriana (Polyphagidae). Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry revealed identical SIFamide sequences (TYRKPPFNGSIFamide) in the three species. In addition to four large immunoreactive cells in the pars intercerebralis (group 1), smaller SIFamide‐immunoreactive somata were detected in the pars intercerebralis (group 2), in the superior median protocerebrum (group 3), and in the lateral protocerebrum (group 4). Additional cells in the optic lobe (group 5) and posterior protocerebrum (group 6) were stained only in P. americana. Almost the entire protocerebrum was filled with a beaded network of SIFamide‐immunoreactive processes that especially strongly invaded the upper unit of the central body. Double‐label experiments did not confirm colocalizations with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) or the circadian coupling peptide pigment‐dispersing factor (PDF). In contrast to locusts, colocalization of SIFamide and histamine immunoreactivity occurred not in group 1, but in group 4 cells. Because the accessory medulla displayed SIFamide immunoreactivity and injections of SIFamide delayed locomotor activity rhythms circadian time‐dependently, SIFamide plays a role in the circadian system of cockroaches. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1337–1360, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational Insights into Excited‐State Proton‐Transfer Reactions in Azo and Azomethine Dyes
Authors: Savarese Marika , Brémond Éric , Antonov Liudmil , Ciofini Ilaria , Adamo Carlo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractState of the art density functional theory approaches are employed to provide an accurate description of the photophysical properties of azodyes and Schiff bases displaying intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding features. These compounds exist as tautomeric mixtures at the ground state and, in the case of Schiff bases, an excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs upon excitation. The experimentally observed photophysical properties are discussed here in light of the theoretical findings. To rationalize the different experimentally observed radiative behavior of the azo and azomethine structures, a nonradiative decay pathway that is possibly active in such systems is determined. The characterization of this deactivation path, tested for two related compounds exhibiting different fluorescence quantum yields, enables us to disentangle the different and contrasting effects governing the excited‐state behavior of these molecular systems.
Effects of maturity on physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.)
Authors: Tran Xuan T. , Parks Sophie E. , Roach Paul D. , Golding John B. , Nguyen Minh H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aril around the seeds of Gac fruit is rich in fatty acids and carotenoids (lycopene and β‐carotene). Understanding how these qualities are affected by fruit maturity at harvest may identify indices for quality assessment. Some physical and chemical properties of Gac fruit were determined for fruit harvested between 8 and 16 weeks after pollination (WAP). Fruit respiration rates and ethylene production rates were assessed after harvest and up to 20 days in storage at 20°C. Fruit harvested at 14 WAP had the highest oil (0.27 ± 0.02 g/g DW), lycopene content (0.45 ± 0.09 mg/g FW), and β‐carotene content (0.33 ± 0.05 mg/g FW) which declined by 16 WAP. External skin color and aril TSS were indicative of oil and carotenoid contents in aril. Skin color, TSS and potentially firmness were good indices of fruit quality. Harvesting less mature fruit at 12 WAP would be practical as the fruit were firmer and more capable of transport; however, quality during postharvest ripening may be limited. Fruits continued to ripen after they were harvested and an ethylene peak in the least mature fruit may reflect a climacteric behavior but this needs further investigation.
Nutritional composition of raw fresh cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) kernels from different origin
Authors: Rico Ricard , Bulló Mònica , Salas‐Salvadó Jordi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe total dietary fiber, sugar, protein, lipid profile, sodium, and energy contents of 11 raw cashew kernel (Anacardium occidentale L.) samples from India, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mozambique, and Vietnam were determined. Total fat was the major component accounting for 48.3% of the total weight, of which 79.7% were unsaturated FA (fatty acids), 20.1% saturated FA, and 0.2% trans FA. Proteins, with 21.3 g/100 g, were ranked second followed by carbohydrates (20.5 g/100 g). The average sodium content was 144 mg/kg. Fourteen FA were identified among which oleic acid was the most abundant with a contribution of 60.7% to the total fat, followed by linoleic (17.77%), palmitic (10.2%), and stearic (8.93%) acids. The mean energy content was 2525 kJ/100g. Furthermore, the sterol profile and content, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals of four raw cashew kernel samples from Brazil, India, Ivory Coast, and Vietnam were determined. β‐Sitosterol with 2380 ± 4 mg/kg fat was the most occurring sterol. Glutamic acid, with 4.60 g/100 g, was the amino acid with highest presence, whereas tryptophan with 0.32 g/100 g was the one with lower presence. Vitamin E with an average contribution of 5.80 mg/100 g was the most abundant vitamin. Potassium with a mean value of 6225 mg/kg was the mineral with highest amount in cashew samples.
Reduction of Foxp3+ T cell subsets involved in incidence of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hu Yongxian , Cui Qu , Ye Yishan , Luo Yi , Tan Yamin , Shi Jimin , Huang He 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFoxp3+ T cells (CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Treg) have been demonstrated to play roles in the maintenance of tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo‐HSCT). We have found that Foxp3+ γδTCR+ Treg cells (γδTregs) exerted regulatory functions. In the current study, patients were recruited and divided as non‐cGVHD, limited cGVHD and extensive cGVHD groups. Healthy volunteers were recruited as healthy group. Treg cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Serum cytokine levels of IL‐2, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interferon‐γ and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) were evaluated by ELISA. The results showed that percentages of CD4+ Tregs, CD8+ Tregs and γδTregs were all significantly increased in non‐cGVHD group compared with those in healthy group, limited cGVHD group and extensive cGVHD group. Moreover, compared with extensive cGVHD group, percentages of these three types of Tregs were significantly increased in limited cGVHD group. The levels of TGF‐β1 increased dramatically in non‐cGVHD group compared with other groups. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the increased levels of TGF‐β1 and IL‐2 were positively associated with increased Treg subsets, indicating that TGF‐β1 and IL‐2 participated in the expansion process of Foxp3+ Tregs in vivo. Our findings support that increasing the number of Tregs following allo‐HSCT would be a preferential strategy for controlling cGVHD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow and frost: implications for spatiotemporal infiltration patterns – a review
Authors: Lundberg Angela , Ala‐Aho Pertti , Eklo OleMartin , Klöve Björn , Kværner Jens , Stumpp Christine 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVast regions of the northern hemisphere are exposed to snowfall and seasonal frost. This has large effects on spatiotemporal distribution of infiltration and groundwater recharge processes as well as on the fate of pollutants. Therefore, snow and frost need to be central inherent elements of risk assessment and management schemes. However, snow and frost are often neglected or treated summarily or in a simplistic way by groundwater modellers. Snow deposition is uneven, and the snow is likely to sublimate, be redistributed and partly melt during the winter influencing the mass and spatial distribution of snow storage available for infiltration, the presence of ice layers within and under the snowpack and, therefore, also the spatial distribution of depths and permeability of the soil frost. In steep terrain, snowmelt may travel downhill tens of metres in hours along snow layers. The permeability of frozen soil is mainly influenced by soil type, its water and organic matter content, and the timing of the first snow in relation to the timing of sub‐zero temperatures. The aim with this paper is to review the literature on snow and frost processes, modelling approaches with the purpose to visualize and emphasize the need to include these processes when modelling, managing and predicting groundwater recharge for areas exposed to seasonal snow and frost. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipoteichoic acid modulates inflammatory response in macrophages after phagocytosis of titanium particles through Toll‐like receptor 2 cascade and inflammasomes
Authors: Naganuma Yasushi , Takakubo Yuya , Hirayama Tomoyuki , Tamaki Yasunobu , Pajarinen Jukka , Sasaki Kan , Goodman Stuart B. , Takagi Michiaki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractToll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization domain‐like receptors with a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes have been presumed to participate in the pathogenesis of aseptic implant loosening. The aim of this study is to analyze the cellular localization of TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes in the periprosthetic tissue from aseptically loose hip implants as well as the expression of these molecules in macrophages stimulatedin vitrowith titanium particles (Ti) coated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Using immunohistochemistry, immunoreactivity of TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes was found in macrophages within the foreign body granulomatosis. Using RAW264.7 cells, stimulation with Ti increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of TLR2 and TNF‐α. Stimulation with LTA‐coated Ti enhanced mRNA levels of NLRP3 and IL‐1β, whereas reinforced secretion of IL‐1β was not detected in spite of marked release of TNF‐α. Finally, the same cells with silenced Irak2, an adaptor protein in the TLR2 cascade, suppressed this NLRP3 upregulation. This study suggests that TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes are factors involved in cross‐talk mediating the foreign body type response to wear particles. In addition, discrepant behavior in the release between TNF‐α and IL‐1β release may explain the variable pathomechanisms of aseptic implant loosening without acute inflammatory reactions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 435–444, 2016.