bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on silk secretion in the trichoptera (F. Limnephilidae): I. Histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the silk glands
Authors: Engster Maryann S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs part of a study on trichopteran silk secretion, the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the silk glands of two species of limnephilid trichopteran larvae, Pycnopsyche guttifer (Walk.) and Neophylax concinnus McL., were investigated. The silk glands consist of three anatomically distinct regions: a long, posterior silk‐secreting region; a shorter, anterior conducting tube; and a terminal press/common duct. In Pycnopsyche, there is also a modified bulbous region between the secreting and conducting areas. Each anatomical region has a distinct cell type. There are two structurally and histochemically different components of the secretion in the glandular lumen: a core and a peripheral layer. Both components are produced all along the gland and are principally proteinaceous. However, the peripheral layer is also PAS and alcian blue (pH. 2.5) positive and shows β‐metachromasia with toluidine blue (pH 3.5), indicating the presence of both neutral and acidic polysaccharides.
Epidemiology of hepatitis D in patients infected with hepatitis B virus in bucharest: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Popescu G.A. , Otelea D. , Gavriliu L.C. , Neaga E. , Popescu C. , Paraschiv S. , Fratila M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEpidemiological analyses indicate a decreasing level of hepatitis D (HDV) infections in most developed countries during the last 15 years. Romania, however, is one of the European countries that still has high morbidity from HDV; this study was performed in order to estimate the HDV prevalence in the Bucharest area. Three thousand four hundred sixty‐one hepatitis B (HBV) infected patients were invited to participate and 1,094 were recruited. Serum anti‐HDV IgG was detected in 223 patients indicating a hepatitis D seroprevalence of 20.4% (95% CI = 18.1–22.9) in patients chronically infected with HBV, less than that seen in previous studies. Seroprevalence was not gender related, but patients over 40 years were more likely to have anti‐HDV antibodies, RR = 1.9 (1.2; 3.0). Detectable hepatitis D viraemia was found in 67.7% of the patients who were positive for anti‐HDV. The HDV genotype was characterized for 40 isolates; all were very similar and belonged to genotype 1. Serum HBV‐DNA was detectable less frequently in patients positive for anti‐HDV than in patients infected with HBV alone: 68.5% versus 89.3%, OR 3.9 (1.7; 10.0), but the extent of this HDV replicative dominance varies with the sensitivity of the HBV‐DNA detection. 19.3% of the subjects who tested positive for anti‐HDV IgG had a HBV‐DNA level higher than four logs. This high prevalence prompts the need for better HBV vaccination coverage and measures to prevent super infection with HDV in patients infected with HBV. J. Med. Virol. 85:769–774, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis E virus antigen detection as an early diagnostic marker: Report from India
Authors: Majumdar Manasi , Singh Mini P. , Pujhari Sujit Kumar , Bhatia Deepak , Chawla Y. , Ratho R.K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is implicated in many outbreaks of viral hepatitis in the Indian subcontinent. The conventional diagnosis of such outbreaks rests on the detection of anti‐HEV IgM antibodies. However, IgM antibodies develop after 4–5 days of infection. An early‐diagnostic marker is imperative for timely diagnosis of the outbreak and also initiation of control measures. This study aimed to determine the use of hepatitis E virus antigen detection as an early diagnostic marker in an outbreak in comparison to anti‐HEV IgM and RT‐PCR analyses. Forty samples were collected during a suspected outbreak of viral hepatitis due to HEV. A total of 36 samples were positive for one or more HEV markers. The positivity for anti‐HEV IgM, HEV antigen, and RT‐PCR was 91.6%, 69.4%, and 47.2% respectively. RT‐PCR and HEV antigen detection gave the highest positive results (100%) in the first 3 days of illness. Positive HEV PCR declined to 54% by Days 4–7, whereas HEV antigen and IgM detection were 88% and 100%, respectively. Sequencing of representative HEV samples indicated that the strains responsible for this outbreak belonged to genotype I, subtype 1a. HEV antigen was found to be an early diagnostic marker of acute infection. HEV antigen was detected in three additional cases in the early phase (1–3 days), and they had no detectable anti‐HEV IgM antibodies. These three samples were also positive for HEV RNA. After Day 7, anti‐HEV IgM was the main diagnostic indicator of infection. J. Med. Virol. 85:823–827, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced prefrontal serotonin 2A receptor signaling in the subchronic phencyclidine mouse model of schizophrenia
Authors: Santini Martin A. , Ratner Cecilia , Aznar Susana , Klein Anders B. , Knudsen Gitte M. , Mikkelsen Jens D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPrefrontal serotonin 2A receptors (5‐HT2ARs) have been linked to the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia. Many antipsychotics fully occupy 5‐HT2AR at clinical relevant doses, and activation of 5‐HT2A receptors by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and LSD‐like drugs induces a schizophrenia‐like psychosis in humans. Subchronic phencyclidine (PCP) administration is a well‐established model for schizophrenia‐like symptoms in rodents. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether subchronic PCP administration changes expression, binding, or functionality of cortical 5‐HT2ARs. As a measure of 5‐HT2AR functionality, we used the 5‐HT2AR agonist 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine (DOI)‐induced head‐twitch response (HTR) and mRNA expression of the immediate‐early genes (IEGs) activity‐related cytoskeletal associated‐protein (Arc), c‐fos, and early growth response protein 2 (egr‐2) in the frontal cortex. Mice were treated with PCP (10 mg/kg) or saline for 10 days, followed by a 5‐day washout period. The PCP pretreatment increased the overall induction of HTR and frontal cortex IEG mRNA expression following a single challenge with DOI. These functional changes were not associated with changes in 5‐HT2AR binding. Also, binding of the 5‐HT1AR and the 5‐HT transporter was unaffected. Finally, basal mRNA level of Arc was increased in the prefrontal cortex after subchronic PCP administration as revealed with in situ hybridization. Together these findings indicate that PCP administration produces changes in the brain that result in an increase in the absolute effect of DOI. Therefore, neurotransmission involving the 5‐HT2AR could contribute to the behavioral deficits observed after PCP treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Humus balancing in Central Europe—concepts, state of the art, and further challenges
Authors: Brock Christopher , Franko Uwe , Oberholzer Hans‐Rudolf , Kuka Katrin , Leithold Günter , Kolbe Hartmut , Reinhold Jürgen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumus‐balancing methods are simple tools for the assessment of interactions between agricultural land use and soil organic matter (SOM). Aside from this commonality, approaches for humus balancing differ considerably with regard to their specific aim, scope, and methodical approach. The term “humus balance” covers both simple models to quantify SOM change in arable soils, or soil organic C (SOC) change in particular, and models that refer to the optimization of soil productivity in arable soils by calculating organic‐fertilizer demand, without quantifying SOM or SOC change. This situation naturally has caused much discussion and misunderstandings. Against this background, the aim of this review is to systematically explore the different methodical approaches to humus balancing in order to contribute to a more sophisticated discussion of this model family, its opportunities, and limitations. As humus balancing has long history as well as special actual relevance in Germany, and, lately Switzerland, we focus on these countries and discuss the different approaches that are presently available and applied there. We argue that humus balances can be roughly categorized into “ecological” and “agronomical” approaches based on their specific concepts and methodology. Ecological humus balances comprise a strong link to quantitative SOM change, while humus balances of the agronomical family refer to the maintenance of soil productivity without a quantitative link to SOM change. Lately, some models have been presented that link the two concepts. However, we identify that humus‐balancing methods often are insufficiently validated, partly because the validation of agronomical humus balances is not easily possible without a very comprehensive field‐experimental basis. Further, the comparability of different approaches even within the two concept families is low at present, indicating the need for a comparative model evaluation for a proper assessment of the methods.
Effect of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) on soil‐phosphorus availability and organic acids
Authors: Possinger Angela R. , Byrne Loren B. , Breen Nancy E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs a cover crop, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) may increase soil‐P availability. Buckwheat was grown in low‐P and P‐fertilized field plots, and organic anions were measured in rhizosphere soil. Soil‐P availability was not affected by buckwheat, but the concentration of rhizosphere tartrate2– was significantly higher (p < 0.005) in low‐P vs. P‐fertilized plots. This suggests that organic‐anion root exudation may have a role in buckwheat‐rhizosphere P dynamics.
Respectful Language: How Dialogue Supports Moral Development of Leaders and Respectful Culture
Authors: Chapman Laura M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article outlines key ideas from a small‐scale piece of research undertaken as a study for a dissertation into language use in learning organizations. The inquiry focuses on how language use may be used in reflection when understood as ethical leadership action. Anecdotal evidence suggested that an eye on the bottom line and a compliance approach imposed by legislation during a period of recession had a negative effect on dialogue, with exchanges being less courteous and less generous during daily dealings. The aim of this study was to find out what professionals working in the field of learning and development understand the term respectful language to mean. The study explored theories based on reflection and drawn on experience. It modeled ethical practice by way of presenting the ideas of a diverse community of practice. The findings are presented as an interpretation based on rich narratives, which practitioners may find useful to aid their dialogue in a tough economic climate.
Effect of extraction, pasteurization and cold storage on flavonoids and other secondary metabolites in fresh orange juice
Authors: Bai Jinhe , Manthey John A , Ford Bryan L , Luzio Gary , Cameron Randall G , Narciso Jan , Baldwin Elizabeth A 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundFresh orange juice is perceived to be more wholesome than processed juice. Fresh juice may have nutrients and phytonutrients that differ from pasteurized or processed juice.Results‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges were extracted using a commercial food service juicer, pasteurized or not, resulting in fresh‐commercial juice (FCJ) or pasteurized FCJ (FCPJ) for comparison with pasteurized processed juice (PPJ) in 2009, and gently hand‐squeezed ‘Valencia’ juice (HSJ) in 2010 for nutrient and phytonutrient content. Regardless of pasteurization, FCJ/FCPJ contained 25–49% lower insoluble solids than the PPJ, while in HSJ the insoluble solids content was between that of FCJ and PPJ. The major orange juice flavonoid glycosides were twofold higher in PPJ than in FCJ/FCPJ and HSJ, indicating that the extraction and finishing process led to more peel tissue in the juice than fresh juice extraction methods. The total phenolic content (TPC) in the juices followed a similar pattern to the flavonoid glycoside content. The polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), associated with peel oil, occurred at the highest levels in the FCJ/FCPJ and lowest in HSJ. Limonoids and alkaloids occurred at higher levels in PPJ and HSJ than in FCJ/FCPJ.ConclusionThe high peel oil content of FCJ/FCPJ resulted in higher PMF levels compared to PPJ and HSJ, while flavonoid glycosides, limonoids and alkaloids, which occur at high concentrations in the inner peel albedo, occurred at higher concentrations in PPJ. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Identification of primary and secondary filler structures in a polymer matrix by atomic force microscopy images analysis methods
Authors: Morozov I.A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSegmentation algorithms have been developed to study the surface of filled rubbers using atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The analysis reveals two types of segments in the material: micropellets (large, dense inclusions of a insufficiently ground filler) and aggregates (small primary filler inclusions). The proposed approach allows us to find the minimum size of a representative area, starting from the filler distribution can be treated as homogeneous (mesoscale). Secondary structures (clusters) created by aggregates are identified and their fractal parameters are calculated. The validity of the approach for the analysis of rubbers filled with carbon black is demonstrated. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Vertical confinement and interface effects on the microstructure and charge transport of P3HT thin films
Authors: Jimison Leslie H. , Himmelberger Scott , Duong Duc T. , Rivnay Jonathan , Toney Michael F. , Salleo Alberto 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUsing X‐ray diffraction‐based pole figures, we present quantitative analysis of the microstructure of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) thin films of varying thicknesses, which allows us to determine the crystallinity and microstructure at the semiconductor‐dielectric interface. We find that the interface is approximately one fourth as crystalline as the bulk of the material. Furthermore, the use of a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) enhances the density of interface‐nucleated crystallites by a factor of ∼20. Charge transport measurements as a function of film thickness correlate with interface crystallinity. Hence, we establish the crucial role of SAMs as nucleating agents for increasing carrier mobility in field‐effect devices. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Determining changes in the distribution and abundance of a Rhyzopertha dominica phosphine resistance allele in farm grain storages using a DNA marker
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Daniels Emily V , Nayak Manoj K , Ebert Paul R , Schlipalius David I 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), is a highly destructive pest of stored grain that is strongly resistant to the fumigant phosphine (PH3). Phosphine resistance is due to genetic variants at the rph2 locus that alter the function of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) gene. This discovery now enables direct detection of resistance variants at the rph2 locus in field populations.RESULTSA genotype assay was developed for direct detection of changes in distribution and frequency of a phosphine resistance allele in field populations of R. dominica. Beetles were collected from ten farms in south‐east Queensland in 2006 and resampled in 2011. Resistance allele frequency increased in the period from 2006 to 2011 on organic farms with no history of phosphine use, implying that migration of phosphine‐resistant R. dominica had occurred from nearby storages.CONCLUSIONIncreasing resistance allele frequencies on organic farms suggest local movement of beetles and dispersal of insects from areas where phosphine has been used. This research also highlighted for the first time the utility of a genetic DNA marker in accurate and rapid determination of the distribution of phosphine‐resistant insects in the grain value chain. Extending this research over larger landscapes would help in identifying resistance problems and enable timely pest management decisions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Eccentric Loading of Fluorogen with Aggregation‐Induced Emission in PLGA Matrix Increases Nanoparticle Fluorescence Quantum Yield for Targeted Cellular Imaging
Authors: Geng Junlong , Li Kai , Qin Wei , Ma Lin , Gurzadyan Gagik G. , Tang Ben Zhong , Liu Bin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA simple strategy is developed to prepare eccentrically or homogeneously loaded nanoparticles (NPs) using poly (DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) as the encapsulation matrix in the presence of different amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the emulsifier. Using 2,3‐bis(4‐(phenyl(4‐(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)‐phenyl)amino)‐phenyl)‐fumaronitrile (TPETPAFN), a fluorogen with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics, as an example, the eccentrically loaded PLGA NPs show increased fluorescence quantum yields (QYs) as compared to the homogeneously loaded ones. Field emission transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence lifetime measurements reveal that the higher QY of the eccentrically loaded NPs is due to the more compact aggregation of AIE fluorogens that restricts intramolecular rotations of phenyl rings, which is able to more effectively block the non‐radiative decay pathways. The eccentrically loaded NPs show far red/near infrared emission with a high fluorescence QY of 34% in aqueous media. In addition, by using poly([lactide‐co‐glycolide]‐b‐folate [ethylene glycol]) (PLGA‐PEG‐folate) as the co‐encapsulation matrix, the obtained NPs are born with surface folic acid groups, which are successfully applied for targeted cellular imaging with good photostability and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the developed strategy is also demonstrated for inorganic‐component eccentrically or homogeneously loaded PLGA NPs, which facilitates the synthesis of polymer NPs with controlled internal architectures.
Seasonal small‐scale spatial variability in alpine snowfall and snow accumulation
Authors: Scipión D. E. , Mott R. , Lehning M. , Schneebeli M. , Berne A. 
Published: February 2013

Key PointsData are based on weather radar and laser scansSpatial variability of snowfall and snow accumulation variabilitySnow accumulation variability is governed by small‐processes close to the ground
A study of verbal and nonverbal communication in Second Life – the ARCHI21 experience
Authors: Wigham Ciara R. , Chanier Thierry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThree-dimensional synthetic worlds introduce possibilities for nonverbal communication in computer-mediated language learning. This paper presents an original methodological framework for the study of multimodal communication in such worlds. It offers a classification of verbal and nonverbal communication acts in the synthetic worldSecond Lifeand outlines relationships between the different types of acts that are built into the environment. The paper highlights some of the differences between the synthetic world's communication modes and those of face-to-face communication and exemplifies the interest of these for communication within a pedagogical context.We report on the application of the methodological framework to a course inSecond Lifewhich formed part of the European project ARCHI21. This course, for Architecture students, adopted a Content and Learning Integrated Learning approach (CLIL). The languages studied were French and English. A collaborative building activity in the students’ L2 is considered, using a method designed to organise the data collected in screen recordings and to code and transcribe the multimodal acts. We explore whether nonverbal communication acts are autonomous inSecond Lifeor whether interaction between synchronous verbal and nonverbal communication exists. Our study describes how the distribution of the verbal and nonverbal modes varied depending on the pre-defined role the student undertook during the activity. We also describe the use of nonverbal communication to overcome verbal miscommunication where direction and orientation were concerned. In addition, we illustrate how nonverbal acts were used to secure the context for deictic references to objects made in the verbal mode. Finally, we discuss the importance of nonverbal and verbal communication modes in the proxemic organisation of students and the impact of proxemic organisation on the quantity of students’ verbal production and the topics discussed in this mode.This paper seeks to contribute to some of the methodological reflections needed to better understand the affordances of synthetic worlds, including the verbal and nonverbal communication opportunitiesSecond Lifeoffers, how students use these and their impact on the interaction concerning the task given to students.
Electronic Health Record–Based Detection of Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile Infection Relapse
Authors: Hebert Courtney , Du Hongyan , Peterson Lance R. , Robicsek Ari 
Published: February 2013

Objective.A major challenge in treating Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is relapse. Many new therapies are being developed to help prevent this outcome. We sought to establish risk factors for relapse and determine whether fields available in an electronic health record (EHR) could be used to identify high-risk patients for targeted relapse prevention strategies.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Large clinical data warehouse at a 4-hospital healthcare organization.Participants.Data were gathered from January 2006 through October 2010. Subjects were all inpatient episodes of a positive C. difficile test where patients were available for 56 days of follow-up.Methods.Relapse was defined as another positive test between 15 and 56 days after the initial test. Multivariable regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with CDI relapse.Results.Eight hundred twenty-nine episodes met eligibility criteria, and 198 resulted in relapse (23.9%). In the final multivariable analysis, risk of relapse was associated with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02 per year [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.03]), fluoroquinolone exposure in the 90 days before diagnosis (OR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.11–2.26]), intensive care unit stay in the 30 days before diagnosis (OR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.30–0.75]), cephalosporin (OR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.19–2.71]), proton pump inhibitor (PPI; OR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.05–2.29]), and metronidazole exposure after diagnosis (OR, 2.74 [95% CI, 1.64–4.60]). A prediction model tuned to ensure a 50% probability of relapse would flag 14.6% of CDI episodes.Conclusions.Data from a comprehensive EHR can be used to identify patients at high risk for CDI relapse. Major risk factors include antibiotic and PPI exposure.