bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lightweight Network FLA-Detect for Steel Surface Defect Detection
Authors: Wang Jingzhe , Wang Yue , Sun Aixi , Zhang Yu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Rapid and accurate defect detection is crucial for enhancing product quality in the steel industry. This paper proposes a steel surface defect detection network, FLA-Detect, to address these challenges. Three key improvements are integrated into FLA-Detect. To achieve a lightweight model, a new structure called FC2f has been introduced, significantly reducing the model's parameters Additionally, a lightweight attention mechanism named Large Separable Kernel Attention (LSKA) is incorporated, enhancing the accuracy of small target defect detection and improving network robustness. To further enhance feature extraction and model deployment feasibility, a new downsampling structure called AMDown is designed. The performance of FLA-Detect is validated through comparative ablation experiments on the NEU-DET dataset, followed by generalization validation on the GC10 dataset. These experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of FLA-Detect.
Large Language Models for Source Code Vulnerability Detection: A DiverseVul Analysis
Authors: Dias Tiago , Gonçalves José , Maia Eva , Praça Isabel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Software's pervasive impact and increasing reliance in the era of digital transformation raises concerns about vulnerabilities. The emergence of code assistants for code generation further aggravates this issue, emphasizing the critical need for prioritizing software security. In recent research, DL has become a very promising instrument for vulnerability detection, with most recent approaches utilizing LLMs for Software Vulnerability Detection. The data utilized in this context is curated from real-world projects or synthetically, with the latter achieving great metric scores but poor performance in a real context. Driven by this issue, DiverseVul has been curated to be the largest dataset containing C/C++ vulnerable and non-vulnerable functions extracted from real-world projects. This work intends to explore this dataset by using it to fine-tune three LLMs (i.e.: CodeBERT, CodeGPT, and NatGen), evaluating their performance on vulnerability detection. During data processing, several erroneous data points were found, motivating the creation of a refined version of the dataset. Moreover, to establish a comparable baseline, the same models were fine-tuned on the RCVEFixes dataset, which is a refined version of the CVEFixes dataset containing only C/C++ functions. The results show that the best-performing models were CodeBERT trained on DiverseVul with 69% F1-Score and NatGen trained on RVCEFixes with 53%. It can be concluded that the performance of CodeBERT trained on DiverseVul is generally higher than average literature using similar techniques.
Single-Institution Retrospective Review of Immunologic Profiles and Infection Patterns in Patients with Down Syndrome
Authors: Satnarine Travis , Pundit Valishti , de Almeida Alana Xavier , Wyke Matthew , Gebbia APRN Jennifer , Kleiner MD Gary , Gans Melissa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the immunologic deficiencies in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) who were evaluated by immunologists to evaluate extent of immune dysfunction in DS patients. A retrospective review was conducted, approved by the University of Miami and Jackson Health Systems institutional review boards (study #20230956). Electronic medical records from 2010 to 2023 were searched, identifying 35 patients for review. After excluding duplicates and patients without DS diagnosis, 17 patient records were reviewed. Data collected included demographic information, history of infections, and immunologic laboratory parameters. The cohort comprised 17 patients, with a mean age of 7.4 years at immunologic evaluation. The most common recurrent infections were otitis media (29%), viral upper respiratory infections (24%), and bacterial lower respiratory infections (24%). 15/17 (88%) of these patients had a documented laboratory immunological abnormality. Immunologic findings showed that 9/17 (53%) had absolute lymphopenia, 6/10 (60%) had T-cell, B-cell and/or Natural Killer lymphopenia, 7/14 (50%) had low IgG, low IgA, and/or low IgM. Pneumococcal titers were non-protective in 9/12 (75%) of patients after primary vaccination, with 50% achieving protective titers after booster vaccination. Recommendations included additional Pneumococcal vaccination 8/12 (67%) and immunoglobulin replacement therapy 1/17 (6%). This study highlights significant immune dysfunction in DS patients, underscoring the need for routine immunologic evaluations. The findings advocate for enhanced clinical guidelines to include immunologic assessments and treatments, aiming to improve health outcomes for individuals with DS.
Life’s Essential 8 predicts the risk of periodontitis: A nomogram
Authors: Guo Linxu , Luo Zhixin , Deng Ke , Li An , Du Mi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background: Life’s Essential 8 (LE8), a metric to quantify cardiovascular health, comprises eight elements of health behaviours and lifestyles. There is an interest to understand the distinct effects of individual LE8 elements on periodontal health and whether LE8 predict the risk of periodontitis.
Methods: Pooled cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2009–2014 were used (n = 8,519). Periodontitis was classified into two groups (no/mild and moderate/severe). LE8 score (range 0–100), determined by eight metrics (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure), was categorized as low (0–49), moderate (50–79), and high (80–100). The LE8–periodontitis association was investigated by multivariable logistic regression and population attributable fraction (PAF). Prediction models for periodontitis using LE8 score were developed, and the performance was tested by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curve.
Results: Negative associations were found between LE8 score and periodontitis. Participants with low and moderate LE8 scores had higher risks of periodontitis than those with high LE8 scores (odds ratios [OR] = 4.182 [95%CI = 3.553–4.921], and 2.274 [95%CI = 2.020–2.560], respectively). The PAF analysis showed that 37.794% of periodontitis cases can be attributed to low LE8, among which the effects of blood pressure (PAF = 24.892%), nicotine exposure (PAF = 20.557%), blood lipids (PAF = 19.627%), and diet quality (PAF = 9.252%) were found to be significant. The models constructed using the four LE8 components of blood pressure, nicotine exposure, blood lipids, and diet quality could predict the risk of periodontitis (AUC = 0.744 [0.733, 0.755]).
Conclusion: Worse cardiovascular health, indicated by lower LE8 score, was related to periodontitis risk, and the LE8 score significantly predicted the periodontal health status.
Longitudinal analysis of body weight reveals homeostatic and adaptive traits linked to lifespan in diversity outbred mice
Authors: Raj Anil , Prateek G.V. , Chen Zhenghao , Wright Kevin , Francesco Andrea , Jojic Vladimir , Churchill Gary 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Dense temporal measurements of physiological health using simple and consistent assays are essential to characterize biological processes associated with aging and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions on these processes. We measured body weight in 960 genetically diverse mice, every 7-10 days over the full course of their lifespan. We used a state space model to characterize the trajectories of body weight throughout life and derived 10 novel traits capturing the dynamics of body weight that are both associated with lifespan and heritable. Genetic mapping of these traits identified 12 genomic loci, none of which were previously mapped to body weight. We observed that the ability to stabilize body weight, despite fluctuations in energy intake and expenditure, is positively associated with lifespan and mapped to a genomic locus linked to energy homeostasis. Our results highlight the importance of dense longitudinal measurements of physiological traits for monitoring health and aging.
Deubiquitinase USP5 regulates RIPK1 driven pyroptosis in response to myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury
Authors: Sun Wenjing , Lu Hongquan , Ma Lingkun , Ding Cong , Wang Hailan , Chu Yingjie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediated pyroptosis plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the precise mechanisms regulating pyroptosis remain unclear. In the study, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of pyroptosis in myocardial I/R injury.
Methods
In the present study, we analyzed the effects of USP5 on the RIPK1 kinase activity mediated pyroptosis in vitro after H/R (hypoxia/reoxygenation) and in vivo in a MI/R mouse model. TTC and Evan’s blue dye, Thioflavin S and immunohistochemistry staining were performed in wild-type, RIPK1flox/flox Cdh5-Cre and USP5 deficiency mice. CMEC cells were transfected with si-USP5. HEK293T cells were transfected with USP5 and RIPK1 overexpression plasmid or its mutants. The levels of USP5, RIPK1, Caspase-8, FADD and GSDMD were determined by Western blot. Protein interactions were evaluated by immunoprecipitation. The protein colocalization in cells was monitored using a confocal microscope.
Results
In this study, our data demonstrate that RIPK1 is essential for limiting cardiomyocyte endothelial cell (CMEC) pyroptosis mediated by caspase-8 in response to myocardial I/R. Additionally, we investigate the role of ubiquitin-specific protease 5 (USP5) as a deubiquitinase for RIPK1. Mechanistically, USP5 interacts with RIPK1, leading to its deubiquitination and stabilization.
Conclusions
These findings offer new insights into the role of USP5 in regulating RIPK1-induced pyroptosis.
Influential Factors for Medical Students’ Classroom Concentration—Evaluation With Speech Recognition and Face Recognition Technology
Authors: Chai Xiaohan , Yang Jingwen , Liu Yunsong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Statement of the Problem. The classroom concentration of medical students is an important factor in promoting their mastery of knowledge. Multiple teaching characteristics, such as speaking speed, voice volume, and question use, are confirmed to be influential factors.
Purpose. This research aims to analyze how teachers’ linguistic characteristics affect medical students’ classroom concentration based on a speech recognition toolkit and face recognition technology.
Materials and Methods: A speech recognition toolkit, WeNet, is used to recognize sentences during lectures in this study. Face recognition technology (FRT) is used to detect students’ concentration in class. The study involved 80 undergraduate students majoring in stomatology. The classroom videos of 5 class hours in the dental anatomy course were collected in October 2022. Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the impact of time and teachers’ linguistic characteristics on students’ concentration.
Results. As a result of regression analysis, the explanatory power of the effect of the linguistic characteristics was 7.09% (F = 83.82, P < 0.001), with time, volume and question being significant influencing factors (P < 0.01). The local polynomial smooth of the scatter between the concentration degree and the use of questions with time appears to fluctuate cyclically and suggests a potential inverse relationship between the use of questions and the concentration degree.
Conclusions. The results of this study support the significant positive influence of volume and questioning technique, the negative influence of time, and the insignificant influence of speaking speed and the interval between sentences on students’ concentration. This study also suggested that teachers may adjust their questioning frequency based on their observation of students’ concentration.
From Bottleneck to Breakthrough: Superior Performance of AngPPIS, DisPPIS, and SecPPIS Models in PPI Prediction
Authors: Wu Wenyan , Chen Lianglong , Tang Wenru , Yao Feng , Huang Chao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

In the current field of medical research, particularly in the development of targeted medications for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, tasks are often accomplished through protein-protein interactions (PPI). Consequently, mastering intracellular protein interactions is becoming increasingly important. This study developed three innovative deep learning models: SecPPIS, DisPPIS, and AngPPIS specifically designed to predict features related to proteins' secondary structures, spatial distances, and spatial angles, respectively. Our models underwent comprehensive training and testing, assessing their practicality through their performance in real-world applications. Compared with existing technologies our models demonstrated superior performance levels. These achievements provide effective technical support for the study of protein interactions and related drug development.
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Antibodies Among Hiv- Infected Individuals Attending Lautech Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State
Authors: Opaleye Oladele Oluyinka , OLAYINKA Adenike Titilayo , OGUNNIRAN James Akinwumi , AKANBI Anuoluwapo Olusola , OLAYINKA Oluwajoba Akintunde , AMOO-ADEBOYE Basirat Opemipo , OLUFEMI-AWORINDE Kehinde Joyce 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background: Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is an opportunistic infection of public health concern globally among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). This study focused on the prevalence, of and risk factors for HSV among PLWHIV to help them live a healthier life.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Retroviral Clinic of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomosho between December 2021 and June 2022. A total of 208 consenting individuals were enrolled in the study. Type-specific anti- HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected using ELISA. Risk factors and the prevalence of HSV type 2 were analysed using SPSS version 23.
Results: The prevalence rates of HSV-2 IgG among 104 PLWHIV and 104 non-HIV were 40.4% and 0% respectively. The Prevalence of HSV-2 IgM among 104 PLWHIV and 104, non-HIV was 7.7% and 4.8%, respectively. A significant HSV-2 prevalence was reported among those with one or more sexual partners (p=0.049). The percentages of Females and males who were positive for HSV-2 IgG were 40.0% and 41.0%, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that PLWHIV are prone to contracting HSV infection and vice-versa. Thus, it is difficult to improve the health of people living with HIV, and efforts to reduce HIV infection are abortive. This study also, showed, that HSV-2 is a burden among PLWHIV in Ogbomoso. Hence, public sensitization, to HSV-2 among HIV infected individuals is important.
Artificial intelligence for breast cancer screening in mammography (AI-STREAM): Preliminary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study
Authors: Chang Yun Woo , Ryu Jung Kyu , An Jin Kyung , Choi Nami , Ko Kyung Hee , Han Kyunghwa , Park Young Mi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Several studies have shown that artificial intelligence (AI) improves mammography screening accuracy. Meanwhile, prospective evidence, particularly in a single-read setting, is lacking. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of breast radiologists, with and without an AI-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) for interpreting screening mammograms in a real-world, single-read setting. A prospective multicenter cohort study in six academic hospitals participant in South Korea’s national breast cancer screening program was done, where women aged ³40 years were eligible for enrollment between February 2021 and December 2022. The primary outcome was screen-detected breast cancer diagnosed at a one-year follow-up. The primary analysis compared cancer detection rate (CDRs) and recall rates (RRs) of breast imaging specialized radiologists, with and without AI assistance. The exploratory, secondary analysis compared CDRs and RRs of general radiologists, with and without AI, as well as radiologists versus standalone AI. Of 25,008 women who were eligible for enrollment, 24,543 women were included in the final cohort (median age 61 years [IQR 51-68]), with 140 (0.57%) screen-detected breast cancers. The CDR was significantly higher by 13.8% for breast radiologists with AI-CAD (n=140 [5.70 ‰]) versus those without AI (n=123 [5.01 ‰]; p <0.001), with no significant difference in RRs (p =0.564). Similar trends were observed for general radiologists, with a significant 26.4% higher CDR in those with AI-CAD (n=120 [4.89 ‰]) versus those without AI (n=95 [3.87 ‰]; p <0.001). The CDR of standalone AI (n=128 [5.21 ‰]) was also significantly higher than that of general radiologists without AI (p=0.027), with no significant differences in RRs (p =0.809). This preliminary result from a prospective, multicenter cohort study provided evidence of significant improvement in CDRs without affected RRs of breast radiologists when using AI-CAD, as compared to not using AI-CAD, when interpreting screening mammograms in a radiologist’s standard single reading setting. Furthermore, AI-CAD assistance could potentially improve radiologist’s reading performance, regardless of experience (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT0524591).
Isolated Carbon(I) Species Featuring a Carbone Cation Radical
Authors: Ong Tiow-Gan , Chan Yi-Chen , Xiao He-Xin , Qin Lei , Shen Jiun-Shian Shen , Yang Chen-Rui , Yap Glenn P. A. , Ching Wei-Min , Chen Wen-Ching , Chiang Yun-Wei , Frenking Gernot , Zhoa Lili 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Carbynes, characterized by radical and carbene attributes, possess three non-bonding electrons and have garnered significant scientific interest. The high reactivity and complex hybridization of valence orbitals in carbynes have impeded the isolation of free carbon(I) species, presenting a substantial challenge in carbon chemistry. Carbodicarbenes are divalent carbon (0) species with two electron lone-pairs, which are in principle capable of losing an electron to generate a radical cation C(I), a species containing three non-bonded electrons, similar to the frontier orbital of a carbyne without vacant orbital. Herein, we describe the isolation of a crystalline cation radical C(I) as [1-CDC]•+, prepared by a novel approach involving single electron transfer (SET) between carbodicarbene and nitro-aromatic compound to generate stable radical ionic pair. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray crystallography with quantum chemical analysis shows that the unpaired electron of [1-CDC]•+ resides in the p(π) AO of secondary carbon with some delocalization to the NHC ligands. Exploring the reactivity of this novel C(I) cation radical revealed its capacity to mediate a variety of C-O and C-C cross-coupling reactions with electron-deficient aryl halides. These findings not only expand the understanding of carbon(I) radical chemistry but also open new avenues for new methodologies in organic synthesis and catalysis via radical manifold.
Effect of waste pretreatments on growth parameters, bioconversion and quality of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Authors: Ornela Magatsing Falone , Kankeu Junior N. , Mube Hervé K. , Dzepe Daniel , Hako Blaise T. , Mbida Arthur M. , Djouaka Rousseau , Tchuinkam Timoleon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Rapid population growth is leading to changes in the global food system. Food insecurity arise because the current production system doesn’t solve the actual food shortage. Yet, the world population generates enormous amounts of waste which could become useful biomass by Black soldier fly larvae transformation. It is obvious that the type of waste has an impact on the development and quality of the black soldier fly larvae. However, the effect of pretreatment of waste on the larvae is poorly known. In this study, Waste were collected from a restaurant in Dschang, Cameroon and were treated diversely: crushed, heated, fermented, and then used to feed 5- day-old larvae of H. illucens. Mature larvae were later harvested from the substrate, then boiled in water at 100°C to take the growth parameters, and were crushed for bromatological analysis. In almost all treatments, larvae reached maturity after 15 days of feeding. Crushing of the organic waste yield the highest mortality rate (11.33%). Fermentation of the waste produced the highest consumption index (3.04) and the lowest bioconversion rate (12.49) conversely, crushing of the waste recorded the lowest consumption index (1.74) and the highest bioconversion rate (20.14). Treatment of substrate influenced Crude protein, organic matter and ash levels. Concerning abiotic parameters of substrate, lowest temperature was recorded in crushing treatment. In conclusion, waste pretreatment by crushing, heating and fermentation positively influences growth parameters, bioconversion of substrate and especially the quality of the larvae. Waste should be treated prior to the larval rearing.
Management of Refractory Immune Thrombocytopenia with Fostamatinib: A Case Report
Authors: Noor Khutaija , Qadri Henna Ahmadi , Hussein Atif Mahmoud 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterized by autoantibodies targeting platelets, resulting in a prolonged reduction in platelet count that can persist for more than a year. Symptoms of thrombocytopenia can range from bleeding to asymptomatic. ITP can be idiopathic or caused by various factors such as pregnancy, autoimmune conditions, medications, and infections. Refractory ITP affects a subset of patients who do not respond to standard treatments or relapse after splenectomy, resulting in a fourfold increase in mortality risk compared to the general population, with 50% of deaths due to bleeding and 50% due to infections. Additional tests may identify underlying causes such as autoimmune disorders or infections. The incidence of ITP in adults is approximately 66 per 1,000,000 annually, with chronic refractory cases occurring at approximately 10 per 1,000,000. Fostamatinib, an oral spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, offers a treatment option by reducing antibody-mediated platelet destruction. However, it is accompanied by side effects such as diarrhea, hypertension, nausea, elevated liver function tests, and neutropenia.
Primary Objective: To assess the effectiveness and challenges of using fostamatinib for the treatment of refractory ITP through a detailed case report.
Methods: This is a case report of a 66-year-old female who presented with symptoms, was diagnosed with ITP, and did not respond to treatment such as rituximab, splenectomy, IV immunoglobulin, and dexamethasone. The patient was started on 100 mg of fostamatinib twice daily in a clinical setting.
Results: Early detection of refractory ITP is critical due to its life-threatening condition. Management includes fostamatinib which has been proven to be effective when patient platelet levels return to the normal range.
Conclusions: This case report highlights the importance of fostamatinib and its slow response in clinically improving the patient’s symptoms and maintaining a normal platelet range with adjunctive therapy with low-dose steroids.