bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between living environment and human oral viral ecology
Authors: Robles-Sikisaka Refugio , Ly Melissa , Boehm Tobias , Naidu Mayuri , Salzman Julia , Pride David T 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The human oral cavity has an indigenous microbiota known to include a robust community of viruses. Very little is known about how oral viruses are spread throughout the environment or to which viruses individuals are exposed. We sought to determine whether shared living environment is associated with the composition of human oral viral communities by examining the saliva of 21 human subjects; 11 subjects from different households and 10 unrelated subjects comprising 4 separate households. Although there were many viral homologues shared among all subjects studied, there were significant patterns of shared homologues in three of the four households that suggest shared living environment affects viral community composition. We also examined CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) loci, which are involved in acquired bacterial and archaeal resistance against invading viruses by acquiring short viral sequences. We analyzed 2 065 246 CRISPR spacers from 5 separate repeat motifs found in oral bacterial species of Gemella, Veillonella, Leptotrichia and Streptococcus to determine whether individuals from shared living environments may have been exposed to similar viruses. A significant proportion of CRISPR spacers were shared within subjects from the same households, suggesting either shared ancestry of their oral microbiota or similar viral exposures. Many CRISPR spacers matched virome sequences from different subjects, but no pattern specific to any household was found. Our data on viromes and CRISPR content indicate that shared living environment may have a significant role in determining the ecology of human oral viruses.
Strong coupling of plant and fungal community structure across western Amazonian rainforests
Authors: Peay Kabir G , Baraloto Christopher , Fine Paul V A 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The Amazon basin harbors a diverse ecological community that has a critical role in the maintenance of the biosphere. Although plant and animal communities have received much attention, basic information is lacking for fungal or prokaryotic communities. This is despite the fact that recent ecological studies have suggested a prominent role for interactions with soil fungi in structuring the diversity and abundance of tropical rainforest trees. In this study, we characterize soil fungal communities across three major tropical forest types in the western Amazon basin (terra firme, seasonally flooded and white sand) using 454 pyrosequencing. Using these data, we examine the relationship between fungal diversity and tree species richness, and between fungal community composition and tree species composition, soil environment and spatial proximity. We find that the fungal community in these ecosystems is diverse, with high degrees of spatial variability related to forest type. We also find strong correlations between α- and β-diversity of soil fungi and trees. Both fungal and plant community β-diversity were also correlated with differences in environmental conditions. The correlation between plant and fungal richness was stronger in fungal lineages known for biotrophic strategies (for example, pathogens, mycorrhizas) compared with a lineage known primarily for saprotrophy (yeasts), suggesting that this coupling is, at least in part, due to direct plant–fungal interactions. These data provide a much-needed look at an understudied dimension of the biota in an important ecosystem and supports the hypothesis that fungal communities are involved in the regulation of tropical tree diversity.
EFFECT OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON TREE DEVELOPMENT AND THE VISUAL ASPECT OF AN OAK FOREST ON THE GOLAN HEIGHTS
Authors: Kaplan Didi , Gutman Mario 
Published: April 2013

An attempt to create an open woodland was made in Israel by opening large tracks of maquis thickets by hand, cutting out lower shrubs, and thinning, coppicing, and pruning desirable trees. Three treatments were compared: moderate, heavy, and control with no thinning.The effects of the treatments on the visual transparency of the forest were measured by a transparency index defined as the maximum distance from which a vertical post 1.8 meters high could be fully observed.In general, thinning caused a 38.0% increase in the diameter of all the trunks over a seven-year period for heavy thinning, compared with 26.4% and 12.8% in the moderate and control treatments, respectively. The difference between heavy and moderate thinning was not always significant.A combination of thinning and grazing successfully created an open woodland, without additional input of resources.The “transparency index” used in this study can be used as a quantitative measurement index for accessibility and aesthetics.
ABSCISIC ACID PRODUCTION BY PLEUROTUS FLORIDA CULTURED IN VARIOUS CONDITIONS AND ITS RELATION TO GROWTH
Authors: ÜNyayar Serpil , Topcuoglu Ş. Fatih , Bozcuk Suna 
Published: April 2013

The levels of endogenous free, bound, and total abscisic acid (ABA) and the changes in dry weight of the mycelium depending on the culture periods were examined inPleurotus florida (Basidiomycetes)cultured both in shaking and static media. The relationship between ABA production and the growth rate of the fungus was determined. Our findings show that this fungus synthesizes ABA as a secondary metabolite and the maximum total ABA is produced on the 24th day of the growth period in both shaking and static conditions. It was observed that, depending on the culture period, the dry weight of mycelium was enhanced in the primary metabolic phase, while it was constant in the secondary metabolic phase.These results show that there is a negative relationship between growth rate of the fungus and ABA synthesis.
FORAGING CHOICES OF BUMBLEBEES ON EQUALLY REWARDING ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS OF DIFFERENT COLORS
Authors: Keasar Tamar , Bilu Yonatan , Motro Uzi , Shmida Avi 
Published: April 2013

Laboratory-reared bumblebees were allowed to forage on 30 artificial flowers which were identical in morphology and reward schedule, but were marked by either a human-blue, a human-green, or a human-white landing surface. The probability of nectar rewards in the artificial flowers, and their spatial distribution, were manipulated experimentally. The bees' color choices in the different experimental treatments were compared.
The proportions of visits to the three colors deviated significantly from the expected random choice (1/3,1/3,1/3) for more than 50% of the bees. Of these bees, 38%, 32%, and 30% formed a preference for human-blue, human-green, and human-white, respectively. The frequency of nonrandom color choice, and the strength of the deviation from random choice, were highest when the different colors were placed in separate clusters, lower when they were placed in adjacent clusters, and lowest when they were randomly intermingled. Nonrandom color choice was also more pronounced when the bees were rewarded according to a constant schedule, rather than probabilistically. A statistically significant preference for human-blue was found during the bees' first three visits. The bees' tendency for “runs” of consecutive visits to the same flower color can partially account for their non- random color choices. Effects of innate preferences, early learning, generalization, and search-image formation on color choice are discussed.
A SHORT HISTORY OF STABILITY AND CHANGE IN PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS IN LAKE KINNERET
Authors: Berman Tom , Pollingher Utsa , Zohary Tamar 
Published: April 2013

From the beginning of detailed routine monitoring in 1968 (and probably before) until the end of 1993, annual and seasonal development of phytoplankton in Lake Kinneret showed a relatively constant pattern. In the late winter and early spring there were extensive blooms of the dinoflagellatePeridinium gatunense, followed in summer and autumn by much lower standing stocks of predominantly nannoplanktonic chlorophytes. AlthoughMicrocystisspp. were prominent (usually concomitant with the dinoflagellates) in the early 1970s, subsequently this genus and other cyanobacteria were generally unimportant contributors to phytoplankton biomass. Since early 1994, however, a marked change in seasonal phytoplankton development has been noted. There were record high blooms ofPeridiniumin 1994 and 1995; in the following years, 1996 and 1997, no dinoflagellate bloom appeared. In the late summer and fall of 1994 an exceptional bloom ofAphanizomenon ovalisporumoccurred; this was the first recorded instance of an outgrowth of a potentially toxic and N2,-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium in this lake. This organism has been observed in low numbers in each subsequent year. In 1995, 1996, and 1997Microcystisalso became prominent. Levels of primary production since 1994 have generally been higher than previous multi-annual averages.The quality of water in Lake Kinneret is to a large extent determined by the nature and activity of its phytoplankton community. Because of the lake's central role as a national supply source of good-quality water, the apparent breakdown of previously regular patterns of the annual and seasonal algal development is a cause for concern. Integrated research and monitoring are needed to fully explain the causes of the observed and ongoing changes and to provide guidelines for future management policies aimed at maintaining water quality in Lake Kinneret.
WILD ROBUSTA COFFEE (COFFEA CANEPHORA FROEHNER) SEEDLING RECRUITMENT AND SURVIVAL IN KIBALE NATIONAL PARK, UGANDA
Authors: Oryem-Origa Hannington , Magambo MichaelJ.S. , Kasenene M. John 
Published: April 2013

Survival of wild robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) seedlings on the forest understorey in Kibale National Park was monitored and analyzed in response to a number of mortality factors, such as fungal diseases, herbivory, desiccation, trampling, and litter of other plant species. A comparison was made with wild coffee seedlings germinated in the laboratory and transplanted in the Botanic Garden under two light conditions.There was a general decrease in the number of coffee seedlings with time under all treatments and in all sites. Seedling mortality rate was initially rapid but later slowed down to a steady rate. Seedling mortality was highest on plots with intact ground vegetation cover and lowest on plots without ground vegetation and leaf litter. In the Botanic Garden, seedlings grown on plots partially illuminated had a much lower mortality rate and longer half-life than those grown on fully illuminated plots.Fungal infection affected the largest percentage of coffee seedlings, followed by herbivory. Trampling had the least effect on coffee seedlings. The effects of all mortality factors on coffee seedlings decreased with age under all treatments.
15N NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF AMMONIUM ION ASSIMILATION BY SPIRODELA OLIGORRHIZA—LEMNACEAE—AS AFFECTED BY LIGHT AND CARBON SUPPLY IN GREEN AND EXTOLIATED PLANTS
Authors: Monselise Edna Ben-Izhak , Kost Daniel 
Published: April 2013

Nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production inSpirodela oligorrhizaplants exposed to 30 mM15NH4Cl was studied usingl5N NMR spectroscopy. Green and etiolated plants were studied under different light regimes and in the presence of added carbon, either as sucrose or as α-ketoglutarate. Etiolated plants are capable of ammonium assimilation and, as in green plants, this occurs via the glutamine synthetase/glutamine oxoglutarate amine transferase (GS/GOGAT) and the aspartate aminotransferase/asparagine synthetase pathways. The major assimilation products in both etiolated and green plants were glutamine and asparagine. Thus our results confirm that N-amides are key detoxification products when plants are exposed to external ammonium ion, and act as storage reservoirs or sinks for assimilated ammonium. In plants grown under continuous light, ammonium ion was taken up and assimilated to completion. L-methionine DL-sulfoximine, a GS inhibitor, inhibited ammonium ion assimilation but not its uptake. Addition of azaserine, a GOGAT inhibitor, resulted in the disappearance of α-amino signals, andl5N incorporation into the glutamine amide-N position only. This is evidence for the operation of the GS/GOGAT pathway, as opposed to the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) pathway, in both green and etiolated plants. Even in the dark and under various stress conditions, no sign of ammonium ion assimilation via the GDH pathway could be detected.The amount of amino acid metabolites strongly depended on the light regime and the extent of external carbon supply. Supply of α-ketoglutarate to the etiolated plants increased ammonium ion uptake and assimilation. Ornithine and arginine were also formed, consistent with the operation of the ornithine cycle.
DO LIGHT AND LITTER INFLUENCE THE RECRUITMENT OF CISTUS SPP. STANDS?
Authors: Trabaud Louis , Renard Philippe 
Published: April 2013

After a major disturbance (such as fire or soil upsetting), large numbers ofCistusspp. seedlings may appear and ensure population recruitment, but in the absence of such disturbances seedlings are rare or nonexistent in matureCistusstands. What are the causes? Two factors, little studied until now, have been examined: the influence of litter and of light reaching the soil surface. In two types of stands, one dominated by C.monspeliensisand the other byC. albidus, an experiment was undertaken by removing the vegetation cover and by the presence or absence of litter to examine the establishment of seedlings. The seed bank in the soil was also studied to determine its size. Seeds were also subjected to a temperature of 52 °C to simulate exposure to full sunlight in summer and determine whether this had any affect on their germination rate.Light and litter had no effect on the germination, irrespective of the quality or intensity of light reaching the soil or the presence or absence of litter; there were always few seedlings and there was no significant difference in numbers between treatments. There was a large seed bank in the soil and these seeds were capable of germinating following experimental conditions: the heat stress applied proved to be too slight to break seed dormancy, although they were viable because they germinated after scarification. In existingCistusspp. stands,Cistusspp. seeds germinate with difficulty, and lack of recruitment could lead to disappearance of local communities unless they are subjected to disturbances.
WATER ABSORPTION BY MUCILAGINOUS ACHENES OF ARTEMISIA MONOSPERMA: FLOATING AND GERMINATION AS AFFECTED BY SALT CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Huang Zhenying , Gutterman Yitzchak 
Published: April 2013

Artemisia monospermais a dominant perennial desert shrub occurring in active sand dunes and stabilized sand fields. A cyanobacterial crust develops on stabilized sand and, as a result, runoff water may occur after rains. The mucilaginous achenes may float on the runoff water and disperse into depressions or cracks.In these experiments, almost half of the achenes remained afloat on distilled water for 3 days and on different concentrations of salt solutions, more achenes remained afloat for longer. High concentrations of salt inhibit germination. NO,” may influence achene germination on cyanobacterial sand crust. Mucilaginous achenes absorb water within about 60 min, and after 120 min reach their water capacity. The achenes from which the mucilage has been removed can float for a longer period and germinate earlier than intact ones. Seedlings that developed from achenes with mucilage had greater vigor than those without.The ecological significances of mucilaginous achenes is discussed.
INstruct: a database of high-quality 3D structurally resolved protein interactome networks
Authors: Meyer Michael J. , Das Jishnu , Wang Xiujuan , Yu Haiyuan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Summary: INstruct is a database of high-quality, 3D, structurally resolved protein interactome networks in human and six model organisms. INstruct combines the scale of available high-quality binary protein interaction data with the specificity of atomic-resolution structural information derived from co-crystal evidence using a tested interaction interface inference method. Its web interface is designed to allow for flexible search based on standard and organism-specific protein and gene-naming conventions, visualization of protein architecture highlighting interaction interfaces and viewing and downloading custom 3D structurally resolved interactome datasets.
Availability: INstruct is freely available on the web at http://instruct.yulab.org with all major browsers supported.
Contact: haiyuan.yu@cornell.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Risk assessment for incident heart failure in individuals with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Schnabel Renate B. , Rienstra Michiel , Sullivan Lisa M. , Sun Jenny X. , Moser Carlee B. , Levy Daniel , Pencina Michael J. , Fontes João D. , Magnani Jared W. , McManus David D. , Lubitz Steven A. , Tadros Thomas M. , Wang Thomas J. , Ellinor Patrick T. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Benjamin Emelia J. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a strong risk factor for heart failure (HF); HF onset in patients with AF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors that predict HF in individuals with AF in the community are not well established.Methods and resultsWe examined clinical variables related to the 10‐year incidence of HF in 725 individuals (mean 73.3 years, 45% women) with documented AF in the Framingham Heart Study. Event rates for incident HF (n = 161, 48% in women) were comparable in women (4.30 per 100 person‐years) and men (3.34 per 100 person‐years). Age, body mass index, ECG LV hypertrophy, diabetes, significant murmur, and history of myocardial infarction were positively associated with incident HF in multivariable models (C‐statistic 0.71; 95% confidence interval 0.67–0.75). We developed a risk algorithm for estimating absolute risk of HF in AF patients with good model fit and calibration (adjusted calibration χ2 statistic 7.29; Pχ2 = 0.61). Applying the algorithm, 47.6% of HF events occurred in the top tertile in men compared with 13.1% in the bottom tertile, and 58.4% in women in the upper tertile compared with 18.2% in the lowest category. For HF type, women had a non‐significantly higher incidence of HF with preserved EF compared with men.ConclusionsWe describe advancing age, LV hypertrophy, body mass index, diabetes, significant heart murmur, and history of myocardial infarction as clinical predictors of incident HF in individuals with AF. A risk algorithm may help identify individuals with AF at high risk of developing HF.
Nursery habitat availability limits adult stock sizes of predatory coastal fish
Authors: Sundblad Göran , Bergström Ulf , Sandström Alfred , Eklöv Peter 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHabitat protection is a strategy often proposed in fisheries management to help maintain viable populations of exploited species. Yet, quantifying the importance of habitat availability for population sizes is difficult, as the precise distribution of essential habitats is poorly known. To quantify the contribution from coastal nursery habitats to exploited fish population sizes, we related adult density to the amount of nursery habitat available for 12 populations of the two dominant predatory fish species in a 40 000-km2 archipelago area of the Baltic Sea. Habitat distribution was mapped using three conceptually different techniques, Maxent, generalized additive models, and random forest, using spawning and 0-group point samples. Adult densities were estimated from gillnet surveys. Regressions demonstrated no evident effect from fishing, whereas habitat availability had a positive effect, explaining almost half of the variation in population sizes of both species. This result shows that a substantial proportion of the potential production of adult fish can be estimated by mapping essential nursery habitats distribution. Responses were non-linear, indicating that habitat protection has largest effects where there is little available habitat. By demonstrating the importance of habitat limitation of two exploited fish species, we provide quantitative support to the benefits of habitat protection for fisheries.
Strategic human asset management: evidence from North America
Authors: Ananthram Subramaniam , Nankervis Alan , Chan Christopher 
Published: April 2013

PurposeHuman resource management (HRM) theory has transitioned in recent decades towards “human capital” and “human assets” frameworks that emphasize strategic choice and “investment”, which are concepts borrowed from strategic management, accounting and economic theories. This paper aims to explore the perspectives of strategic human asset management theory, which involves strategic agility and knowledge management.Design/methodology/approachThe research was based on semi‐structured interviews with 30 senior executives of multinational firms in Canada and the USA in 2009, following the global financial crisis. The qualitative findings were analyzed using the NVivo software (version 8) package.FindingsThe research findings suggest that many North American multinational firms recognize the value of this new interpretation of HRM and are attempting to implement it through “strategic human asset management” in their own firms. The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for line managers and HR professionals in their human assets management imperatives.Research limitations/implicationsThe generalizability of the findings is limited by the relatively small sample size and qualitative nature of the study. However, they provide some interesting implications for HR professionals who wish to transform their role into that of a strategic business partner through innovative human asset management strategies.Originality/valueThe paper builds on previous research by exploring the applications of the concepts of strategic human asset management, strategic agility, and knowledge management within the context of US and Canadian multinational firms.
Sustainability as a learning challenge
Authors: Coleman Gill 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report and reflect on a decade‐long action experiment to devise a form of business education for sustainability that helps managers act as “pro‐sustainability” agents of change. It offers one example of practice in this evolving field, for scholarly scrutiny and discussion.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on action research principles, which engage theory with practice, and action with reflection. It is written as a reflective account of the author's experience.FindingsThis educational programme for managers locates itself as a form of business education for sustainability whilst simultaneously acknowledging that the managerialist assumptions underpinning this aspiration are part of the problem that change for sustainability needs to address. This raises challenges both for the tutor team and participants. Tentative conclusions are reached about the paradoxical nature of educational practice in this contested space, in the light of current trends in higher education.Originality/valueThe paper explores an innovative educational experiment in which the questions raised have wider significance for how managers are helped to bring about pro‐sustainability change.