bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development
Authors: Blake Damer P. , Clark Emily L. , Macdonald Sarah E. , Thenmozhi Venkatachalam , Kundu Krishnendu , Garg Rajat , Jatau Isa D. , Ayoade Simeon , Kawahara Fumiya , Moftah Abdalgader , Reid Adam James , Adebambo Ayotunde O. , Álvarez Zapata Ramón , Srinivasa Rao Arni S. R. , Thangaraj Kumarasamy , Banerjee Partha S. , Dhinakar-Raj G. , Raman M. , Tomley Fiona M. 
Published: September 2015

SignificanceSixty billion chickens are produced worldwide each year, and all are at risk fromEimeria, parasites that cause coccidiosis. Control relies widely on chemoprophylaxis, but pressure to reduce drug use in farming urges development of cost-effective vaccines. Antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) offer promise as anticoccidial vaccine candidates, but experience with related apicomplexans such asPlasmodium, in which pre-existing antigenic diversity and incompatible population structure have undermined vaccine development, tempers confidence. Parasite genotyping identified enormous region-specific variation in haplotype diversity forEimeria tenellabut a contrastingly low level of polymorphism forEtAMA1. Although high levels of polyclonalEimeriainfection and hybridization indicate an ability to disseminate vaccine resistance rapidly, the low level ofEtAMA1 diversity promotes vaccine development.
Automated measurement of mouse social behaviors using depth sensing, video tracking, and machine learning
Authors: Hong Weizhe , Kennedy Ann , Burgos-Artizzu Xavier P. , Zelikowsky Moriel , Navonne Santiago G. , Perona Pietro , Anderson David J. 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Accurate, quantitative measurement of animal social behaviors is critical, not only for researchers in academic institutions studying social behavior and related mental disorders, but also for pharmaceutical companies developing drugs to treat disorders affecting social interactions, such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we describe an integrated hardware and software system that combines video tracking, depth-sensing technology, machine vision, and machine learning to automatically detect and score innate social behaviors, such as aggression, mating, and social investigation, between mice in a home-cage environment. This technology has the potential to have a transformative impact on the study of the neural mechanisms underlying social behavior and the development of new drug therapies for psychiatric disorders in humans.
Ion channel degeneracy enables robust and tunable neuronal firing rates
Authors: Drion Guillaume , O’Leary Timothy , Marder Eve 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Neurons need to be able to tune their firing rates to the input they receive. This requires a complex balance of different kinds of ion channels in the neuronal membrane, and most neurons express many more kinds of ion channels than are strictly necessary to produce spikes. We apply recently developed analysis techniques to uncover a hidden fragility in the spiking properties of neurons. Achieving a smooth relationship between input and output in a neuron is more difficult than previously thought, but reliable spiking rates can be achieved using multiple ion channel types with overlapping or degenerate properties. Our findings therefore suggest that biology exploits degeneracy to solve a difficult physiological tuning problem.
Identifying the causal mechanisms of the quiet eye
Authors: Gonzalez C. C. , Causer J. , Miall R. C. , Grey M. J. , Humphreys G. , Williams A. M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractScientists who have examined the gaze strategies employed by athletes have determined that longer quiet eye (QE) durations (QED) are characteristic of skilled compared to less‐skilled performers. However, the cognitive mechanisms of the QE and, specifically, how the QED affects performance are not yet fully understood. We review research that has examined the functional mechanism underlying QE and discuss the neural networks that may be involved. We also highlight the limitations surrounding QE measurement and its definition and propose future research directions to address these shortcomings. Investigations into the behavioural and neural mechanisms of QE will aid the understanding of the perceptual and cognitive processes underlying expert performance and the factors that change as expertise develops.
Penury Traps and Prosperity Tales
Authors: Fish M. Steven 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article examines why some countries remain poor while others are able to overcome poverty. It looks at some of the plausible causes of poverty and wealth, including culture, politics, economic statism, reliance on natural resources, reliance on foreign aid, and reliance on market-nurturing reform. The article considers some of the lessons that can be learned from China with respect to undertaking market-nurturing reforms. It also discusses four reasons that explain why more countries do not pursue a market-oriented strategy despite its manifest advantages: aversion to political risk, greed, laziness, and the enduring intellectual and ideological appeal of statism. Finally, it argues that countries that adopt good economic policies have the best chance of getting out of poverty.
A search for a keV signature of radiatively decaying dark matter with Suzaku XIS observations of the X-ray diffuse background
Authors: Sekiya Norio , Yamasaki Noriko Y. , Mitsuda Kazuhisa 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We performed the deepest search for an X-ray emission line at between 0.5 and 7 keV from non-baryonic dark matter by the Suzaku XIS. Dark matter associated with the Milky Way was selected as the target to obtain the best signal-to-noise ratio. From the Suzaku archive, we selected 187 data sets of blank-sky regions that were dominated by the X-ray diffuse background. The data sets were from 2005 to 2013. The instrumental responses were adjusted by multiple calibration data sets of the Crab Nebula. We also improved the technique of subtracting lines of instrumental origin. These energy spectra were well described by X-ray emission due to charge exchange around the Solar System, hot plasma in and around the Milky Way, and the superposition of extra-galactic point sources. A signal of a narrow emission-line was searched for, and the significance of detection was evaluated in consideration of the blind search method (the Look-elsewhere Effect). Our results exhibited no significant detection of an emission line feature from dark matter. The 3 σ upper limit for the emission line intensity between 1 and 7 keV was ∼ 10−2 photons cm−2 s−1 sr−1, or ∼ 5 × 10−4 photons cm−2 s−1 sr−1 per M⊙ pc−2, assuming a dark matter distribution with the Galactic rotation curve. The parameters of sterile neutrinos as candidates of dark-matter were also constrained.
Fasudil is an Effective Graft Vasodilator for Gastroepiploic Artery in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Watanabe Go , Yamaguchi Shojiro , Tomita Shigeyuki , Nishida Yuji 
Published: September 2015

Objective The gastroepiploic artery (GEA) has been used as an alternative arterial in situ graft for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, because of the large individual differences and the spastic nature of the GEA, caution has to be exercised during harvesting. We evaluated the usefulness of fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, as a vasodilator for right GEA (RGEA) graft after harvesting, compared with the conventional agents papaverine and verapamil-nitroglycerin. Methods Between June 2009 and January 2013, 30 patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent isolated CABG using RGEA graft were randomly assigned to fasudil (n = 10), papaverine (n = 10), or verapamil-nitroglycerin (n = 10) group. Fasudil (2.67 mmol/L), papaverine (1.0 mmol/L) mixed with heparinized blood, or verapamil-nitroglycerin (30 μmol/L each) was injected intraluminally into the RGEA graft after harvesting. Right GEA graft free flow (GFF), hemodynamic changes, and histopathology of RGEA were evaluated. Results Intraluminal injection of fasudil increased GFF significantly (P < 0.001) and markedly from 41.5 ± 31.5 mL/min at baseline to 149.3 ± 46.7 mL/min after injection. Papaverine increased GFF (P < 0.001) from 40.0 ± 35.8 to 64.9 ± 33.7 mL/min, and verapamil-nitroglycerin also increased GFF (P < 0.001) from 38.8 ± 32.1 to 79.0 ± 35.2 mL/min. The GFF was significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the fasudil group than in the other two groups. Histopathologically, fasudil treatment markedly increased the diameter of RGEA graft, while maintaining integrity of the multiple elastic lamellae. Blood pressure did not change significantly after drug injection in all groups. Conclusions Fasudil is more potent than papaverine or verapamilnitroglycerin in increasing GFF of RGEA graft for CABG.
Failed Cartilaginous Grafts in the Eyelid: A Retrospective Clinicopathological Analysis of 5 Cases
Authors: MacIntosh Peter W. , Jakobiec Frederick A. , Stagner Anna , Rashid Alia , Sutula Francis C. , Yoon Michael K. , Fay Aaron M. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose:
To analyze the clinical and histopathologic features of 5 failed autologous cartilaginous grafts to the lower eyelids and to analyze the reasons for these failures.

Methods:
In this retrospective case series, the data collected included patient ages, reasons for and duration of cartilaginous graft implants, sources of cartilaginous grafts, and clinical and histopathologic findings at time of graft removal using hematoxylin and eosin, elastic, Alcian blue, and Masson trichrome staining for analysis of tissue alterations.

Results:
Five cartilaginous, posterior lamellar lower eyelid grafts were complicated by eyelid thickening or retraction, graft extrusion, and entropion. Histopathologic findings included segmentation of the original single implant, stripped of its perichondrium, due to “kerfing,” sometimes with overlapping of the segments and scar formation between the segments. In place of the perichondrium that had been removed during the preparation the graft implants, a fibrous pseudoperichondrial capsule had formed. Pyknotic nuclei in varying degrees were typically found in the center of the grafts, despite a high degree of preservation of the extracellular matrix (collagenous, elastic, and proteoglycan components). No evidence of inflammation, cartilaginous vascularization, or necrosis was identified in any graft.

Conclusion:
Despite minimal reactive processes, kerfing (partial thickness cuts made in the graft to increase its pliancy) may be partially responsible for graft migration, deformation, and surgical failure. The consequences were graft fragmentation and overlapping of the multiple fragments. Graft migration can be exacerbated if a posterior lamellar graft is used to correct an anterior lamellar deficiency. Interference with the overall architectural integrity of the graft and its extracellular matrix appears to play no role in failure, despite removal of the perichondrium. Mild to moderate degrees of chondrocytic dropout in the absence of necrosis and inflammation are probably attributable to the thick and coarsely textured collagen of the fibrous pseudoperichondrial capsule that may impede diffusion of nutrients into the center of the graft.
Epistasis and destabilizing mutations shape gene expression variability in humans via distinct modes of action
Authors: Yang Ence , Wang Gang , Yang Jizhou , Zhou Beiyan , Tian Yanan , Cai James J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIncreasing evidence shows that, like phenotypic mean, phenotypic variance is also genetically determined, but the underlying mechanisms of genetic control over the variance remain obscure. Here, we conducted variance-association mapping analyses to identify expression variability QTLs (evQTLs), i.e., genomic loci associated with gene expression variance, in humans. We discovered that common genetic variations may contribute to increasing gene expression variability via two distinct modes of action—epistasis and destabilization. Specifically, the epistasis model explains a quarter of the identified evQTLs, of which the formation is attributed to the presence of “third-party” eQTLs that influence the level of gene expression in a fraction, rather than the entire set, of sampled individuals. The destabilization model explains the other three-quarters of evQTLs, which tend to be associated with mutations that disrupt the stability of the transcription process of genes. To show the destabilizing effect, we measured discordant gene expression between monozygotic twins, and time-course stability of gene expression in single samples using repetitive qRT-PCR assays. The destabilizing evQTL SNPs were found to be associated with more pronounced expression discordance between twin pairs and less stable gene expression in single samples. Together, our results suggest that common SNPs may work interactively or independently to shape the variability of gene expression in humans. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of genetic control over phenotypic variance and may have implications for the development of variability-centered analytic methods for quantitative trait mapping.
Growing neuronal islands on multi-electrode arrays using an Accurate Positioning-µCP device
Authors: Samhaber Robert , Schottdorf Manuel , Hady Ahmed El , Bröking Kai , Daus Andreas , Thielemann Christiane , Stühmer Walter , Wolf Fred 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundMulti-electrode arrays (MEAs) allow non-invasive multiunit recording in-vitro from cultured neuronal networks. For sufficient neuronal growth and adhesion on such MEAs, substrate preparation is required. Plating of dissociated neurons on a uniformly prepared MEA’s surface results in the formation of spatially extended random networks with substantial inter-sample variability. Such cultures are not optimally suited to study the relationship between defined structure and dynamics in neuronal networks. To overcome these shortcomings, neurons can be cultured with pre-defined topology by spatially structured surface modification. Spatially structuring a MEA surface accurately and reproducibly with the equipment of a typical cell-culture laboratory is challenging.New MethodIn this paper, we present a novel approach utilizing microcontact printing (μCP) combined with a custom-made device to accurately position patterns on MEAs with high precision. We call this technique AP-μCP (accurate positioning micro-contact printing).Comparison with existing MethodsOther approaches presented in the literature using μCP for patterning either relied on facilities or techniques not readily available in a standard cell culture laboratory, or they did not specify means of precise pattern positioning.ConclusionHere we present a relatively simple device for reproducible and precise patterning in a standard cell-culture laboratory setting. The patterned neuronal islands on MEAs provide a basis for high throughput electrophysiology to study the dynamics of single neurons and neuronal networks.
Structural constraints to information flow within cortical circuits: a TMS/EEG-dMRI study
Authors: Amico Enrico , Bodart Olivier , Gosseries Olivia , Heine Lizette , Rosanova Mario , Mierlo Pieter Van , Martial Charlotte , Massimini Marcello , Marinazzo Daniele , Laureys Steven 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used for more than 20 years to investigate brain function by perturbing and observing the consequent behavioral, pathophysiological and electrophysiological modulations. These latter, mainly measured by high-density electroencephalography (hd-EEG), revealed signatures of the functional organization in a brain network. In order to unveil the nature and the underlying mechanism of these signatures, we here mapped TMS-induced hd-EEG changes onto changes in information flow and brain structural architecture, using multimodal modeling of source reconstructed TMS/hd-EEG recordings and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) tractography in a cohort of awake healthy volunteers. We observed that the relationship between information flow and structural connections depend on the stimulation site and on the frequency of the TMS-induced brain rhythms. These findings highlight the importance of taking into account the dynamics of different local oscillations when investigating the mechanisms for integration and segregation of information in the human brain. Our whole-brain analysis sheds light on the function-structure organization of the brain network after TMS, and on the huge variety of information contained in it. TMS/EEG dMRI directed functional connectivity structural connectivity structure-function brain information flow
Characterizing and comparing phylogenies from their Laplacian spectrum
Authors: Lewitus Eric , Morlon Hélène 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPhylogenetic trees are central to many areas of biology, ranging from population genetics and epidemiology to microbiology, ecology, and macroevolution. The ability to summarize properties of trees, compare different trees, and identify distinct modes of division within trees is essential to all these research areas. But despite wide-ranging applications, there currently exists no common, comprehensive framework for such analyses. Here we present a graph-theoretical approach that provides such a framework. We show how to construct the spectral density profiles of phylogenetic trees from their Laplacian graphs. Using ultrametric simulated trees as well as non-ultrametric empirical trees, we demonstrate that the spectral density successfully identifies various properties of the trees and clusters them into meaningful groups. Finally, we illustrate how the eigengap can identify modes of division within a given tree. As phylogenetic data continue to accumulate and to be integrated into various areas of the life sciences, we expect that this spectral graph-theoretical framework to phylogenetics will have powerful and long-lasting applications.
Selection on heritable heterozygosity but no response to selection. Why?
Authors: Coulson Tim , Clegg Sonya 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe realisation that heterozygosity can be heritable has recently generated some elegant research. However, none of this work has discussed the fact that when heterozygote advantage occurs, heterozygosity can be heritable, yet allele frequencies remain at equilibrium and do not evolve with time. From a quantitative genetic perspective this means the character is heritable, is under selection, yet no response to selection is observed. We explain why this is the case, and discuss potential implications for the study of evolution in the wild.
Fractional series expansion method for fractional differential equations
Authors: Li Zheng-Biao , Zhu Wei-Hong 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new analytical technique called the fractional series expansion method for solving linear fractional differential equations (FDEs).Design/methodology/approach– This method is based on the idea of Kantorovich method, convergent series, and the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative.Findings– This work suggests a new analytical technique. The FDEs are described in Jumarie’s sense.Originality/value– It finds a new method for solving linear FDEs. The solution procedure is elucidated by two examples.
New approximate solutions of the Blasius equation
Authors: Bougoffa Lazhar , Wazwaz Abdul-Majid 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a reliable treatment for studying the Blasius equation, which arises in certain boundary layer problems in the fluid dynamics. The authors propose an algorithm of two steps that will introduce an exact solution to the equation, followed by a correction to that solution. An approximate analytic solution, which contains an auxiliary parameter, is obtained. A highly accurate approximate solution of Blasius equation is also provided by adding a third initial condition y
'

'
(0) which demonstrates to be quite accurate by comparison with Howarth solutions.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach consists of two steps. The first one is an assumption for an exact solution that satisfies the Blasius equation, but does not satisfy the given conditions. The second step depends mainly on using this assumption combined with the given conditions to derive an accurate approximation that improves the accuracy level.

Findings
– The obtained approximation shows an enhancement over some of the existing techniques. Comparing the calculated approximations confirm the enhancement that the derived approximation presents.

Originality/value
– In this work, a new approximate analytical solution of the Blasius problem is obtained, which demonstrates to be quite accurate by comparison with Howarth solutions.
Lie group analysis of chemical reaction effects on MHD free convection dissipative fluid flow past an inclined porous surface
Authors: Ramana Reddy G. Venkata , Chamkha Ali J 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study chemical reaction and heat and mass transfer effects on steady free convection flow in an inclined porous plate in the presence of MHD and viscous dissipation through the application of scaling group of transformation and numerical method.

Design/methodology/approach
– The fourth-order Runge-Kutta along with the shooting method is employed in the numerical solution of the governing equations.

Findings
– The magnetic field parameter, the permeability of porous medium and the viscous dissipation are demonstrated to exert a more significant effect on the flow field and, thus, on the heat transfer from the plate to the fluid.

Originality/value
– The problem is relatively original.
Sensitivity analysis of finite volume simulations of a breaking dam problem
Authors: Caron Pablo A. , Cruchaga Marcela A. , Larreteguy Axel E. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The present work is a numerical study of a breaking dam problem. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of turbulence and surface tension models in the prediction of the interface position in a long-term analysis. Additionally, dimensional effects are analyzed by carrying out both 2D and 3D simulations.Design/methodology/approach– Finite volume simulations performed with the different models are compared between them and contrasted with numerical results computed using other numerical techniques and experimental data.Findings– The reported numerical results are in general in good agreement with experimental results available in the literature. They are also consistent with numerical solutions of other authors obtained using different numerical techniques. The results show that the laminar simulations exhibit strong mesh size dependency, while the turbulence models seem to help in producing mesh-independent solutions. Surface tension modeling does not seem to play a relevant role in the interface evolution.Practical implications– Model validation.Originality/value– The value of the present work encompass the comparison of different flow conditions used to simulate a free surface problem and their validation by contrasting numerical results with experiments. Also, the results shown in the present work are a contribution to the understanding of the role of some specific aspects of the models in the simulation of the proposed problem.