bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of ciliary bands in larvae of the living isocrinid sea lily Metacrinus rotundus
Authors: Amemiya Shonan , Hibino Taku , Nakano Hiroaki , Yamaguchi Masaaki , Kuraishi Ritsu , Kiyomoto Masato 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEmbryos and larvae of an isocrinid sea lily, Metacrinus rotundus, are described by scanning electron microscopy. Around hatching (35 h after fertilization), the outer surface of the gastrula becomes ubiquitously covered with short cilia. At 40 h, the hatched swimming embryo develops a cilia‐free zone of ectoderm on the ventral side. By 3 days, the very early dipleurula larva develops a cilia‐free zone ventrally, densely ciliated regions laterally, and a sparsely ciliated region dorsally. At this stage, the posterior and anterior ciliary bands first appear: the former runs along a low ridge separating the densely from the sparsely ciliated epidermal regions, while the latter is visible, at first discontinuously, along the boundary between the densely ciliated lateral regions and the cilia‐free ventral zone. In the late dipleurula larva (5 days after fertilization), the anterior and posterior loops of ciliary bands are well defined. The transition from the dipleurula to the semidoliolaria larva occurs at 6 days as the posterior loop becomes rearranged to form incompletely circumferential ciliary bands. The larva becomes competent to settle at this stage. The arrangement of the ciliary bands on the semidoliolaria is maintained during the second week of development, while the larva retains its competence to settle. The larval ciliary patterns described here are compared with those of stalkless crinoids and eleutherozoan echinoderms. The closest morphological similarities are between M. rotundus and the basal eleutherozoan class Asteroidea.
e‐Leadership in higher education: The fifth “age” of educational technology research
Authors: Jameson Jill 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA discussion of the relative lack of research into e‐leadership in educational technology in education is followed by an outline of selected prior literature in the field. The paper proposes that, as part of a natural evolution of educational technology research, considerably more attention needs to be focused on research and development in e‐leadership. Building on selected prior literature, an updated framework of principles for effective “e‐leadership” of educational technology is proposed, with specific reference to higher education, building on selected insights derived from e‐leadership literature and on the author's experience of 30 years of professional practice, scholarship and research into educational technologies and leadership in education. The paper proposes the development of a new fifth “age” of educational technology research in which it is argued that more critical, selective, strategic e‐leadership approaches to the adoption and use of educational technology need to be progressed through research, development and training as the field matures.
Distributed leadership and digital collaborative learning: A synergistic relationship?
Authors: Harris Alma , Jones Michelle , Baba Suria 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the synergy between distributed leadership and digital collaborative learning. It argues that distributed leadership offers an important theoretical lens for understanding and explaining how digital collaboration is best supported and led. Drawing upon evidence from two online educational platforms, the paper explores the challenges of leading and facilitating digital collaborative learning. The paper concludes that distributed leadership is integral to effective digital collaboration and is an important determinant of productive collaboration in a virtual environment.
Leveraging informal leadership in higher education institutions: A case of diffusion of emerging technologies in a southern context
Authors: Ng'ambi Dick , Bozalek Vivienne 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the last decade, emerging technologies and transformative practices have diffused into higher education social systems in ways that formal leadership styles are increasingly stretched to both keep abreast of and to manage. While many scholars have argued for the importance of the role of leadership styles in shaping the strategic direction of institutions, there is a paucity of research on the role that informal leaders, and more particularly opinion leaders and change agents, can play in enabling wide‐scale adoption of innovations in higher education institutions. This paper focuses on the ways in which leadership in higher education can best extend their influence to accelerate the diffusion of transformational educational practices using emerging technologies by leveraging informal leaders. To illustrate how this could be achieved, we report on a study of 22 public higher education institutions in South Africa involving 259 participants who responded to an online survey. The survey focused on the uses of emerging technologies to transform the teaching and learning practices and the nature of institutional support such initiatives received. The findings reveal that for emerging technologies to be diffused in institutional social systems, more transformative and less transactional leadership is required. The paper proposes a model for accelerating the diffusion of emerging technologies in higher education institutions and concludes that leveraging informal leadership is particularly critical in accelerating the uptake of emerging technologies practices.
Bowen, William G (2013) Higher education in the digital agePrinceton University Press (Princeton & Oxford) isbn 978‐0‐691‐15930‐0 172 pp £18.95 http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10053.html
Authors: Stewart Bonnie 
Published: October 2013

SummaryLess an exploration of massive open online courses (moocs) and their strengths and weaknesses than an explanation of their cost‐cutting appeal to senior administrators, this book effectively introduces and outlines the arguments that hold sway in higher education today. Even if it is likely to be relevant to you, I advise that you will probably find only parts of it of interest or use.Bonnie Stewart
Leone, Sabrina (2013) Characterisation of a personal learning environment as a lifelong learning toolSpringer (Berlin) isbn 978‐1‐4614‐6274‐3 102 pp e‐book £35.99 (paper £44.99) http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/learning+%26+instruction/book/978‐1‐4614‐6273‐6
Authors: Smyth Robyn 
Published: October 2013

SummaryLeone's little book is a highly academic exposition of Moodle 2.0, the personal learning environment (ple), and of its potential to improve learner‐learner interaction, co‐creation, and sharing of both the formal and the informal knowledge needed for modern learners to be highly engaged. It could be worth borrowing if you are dedicated to innovation in online learning and/or want to know the theory behind the software.Robyn Smyth
TLR3 and MDA5 signalling, although not expression, is impaired in asthmatic epithelial cells in response to rhinovirus infection.
Authors: Parsons K. S. , Hsu A. C. , Wark P. A. B. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundRhinoviruses (RV) are the most common acute triggers of asthma, and airway epithelial cells are the primary site of infection. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) have been found to have impaired innate immune responses to RV. RV entry and replication is recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), specifically toll‐like receptor (TLR)3 and the RNA helicases; retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I) and melanoma differentiation‐associated gene 5 (MDA5).ObjectiveOur aim was to assess the relative importance of these PRRs in primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBEC) from healthy controls and asthmatics following RV infection and determine whether deficient innate immune responses in asthmatic pBECs were due to abnormal signalling via these PRRs.MethodsThe expression patterns and roles of TLR3 and MDA5 were investigated using siRNA knock‐down, with subsequent RV1B infection in pBECs from each patient group. We also used BX795, a specific inhibitor of TBK1 and IKKi.ResultsAsthmatic pBECs had significantly reduced release of IL‐6, CXCL‐8 and IFN‐λ in response to RV1B infection compared with healthy pBECs. In healthy pBECs, siMDA5, siTLR3 and BX795 all reduced release of IL‐6, CXCL‐10 and IFN‐λ to infection. In contrast, in asthmatic pBECs where responses were already reduced, there was no further reduction in IL‐6 and IFN‐λ, although there was in CXCL‐10.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceImpaired antiviral responses in asthmatic pBECs are not due to deficient expression of PRRs; MDA5 and TLR3, but an inability to later activate types I and III interferon immune responses to RV infection, potentially increasing susceptibility to the effects of RV infection.
Increased soluble CD36 is linked to advanced steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: García‐Monzón Carmelo , Lo Iacono Oreste , Crespo Javier , Romero‐Gómez Manuel , García‐Samaniego Javier , Fernández‐Bermejo Miguel , Domínguez‐Díez Agustín , Rodríguez de Cía Javier , Sáez Alicia , Porrero José Luís , Vargas‐Castrillón Javier , Chávez‐Jiménez Enrique , Soto‐Fernández Susana , Díaz Ainhoa , Gallego‐Durán Rocío , Madejón Antonio , Miquilena‐Colina María Eugenia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundSoluble CD36 (sCD36) clusters with insulin resistance, but no evidence exists on its relationship with hepatic fat content. We determined sCD36 to assess its link to steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.Materials and methodsTwo hundred and twenty‐seven NAFLD, eighty‐seven CHC, and eighty‐five patients with histologically normal liver (NL) were studied. Steatosis was graded by Kleiner's histological scoring system. Serum sCD36 and hepatic CD36 expression was assessed by immunoassay and immunohistochemistry, respectively.ResultsIn NAFLD, serum sCD36 levels were significantly higher in simple steatosis than in NL (361·4 ± 286·4 vs. 173·9 ± 137·4 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0·001), but not in steatohepatitis (229·6 ± 202·5 pg/mL; P = 0·153). In CHC, serum sCD36 levels were similar regardless of the absence (428·7 ± 260·3 pg/mL) or presence of steatosis (387·2 ± 283·6 pg/mL; P = 0·173). A progressive increase in serum sCD36 values was found in NAFLD depending on the histological grade of steatosis (P < 0·001), but not in CHC (P = 0·151). Serum sCD36 concentrations were independently associated with advanced steatosis in NAFLD when adjusted by demographic and anthropometric features [odds ratio (OR), 1·001; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·000 to 1·002; P = 0·021] and by metabolic variables (OR, 1·002; 95% CI, 1·000 to 1·003; P = 0·001). Interestingly, a significant correlation was observed between hepatic CD36 and serum sCD36 (ρ = 0·499, P < 0·001).ConclusionsIncreased serum sCD36 is an independent factor associated with advanced steatosis in NAFLD.
Happiness, religion and economic transition
Authors: Florea Alin I. , Caudill Steven B. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn an important paper, Lelkes (2006) examines the impact of transition on happiness in Hungary using two Hungarian household survey datasets for the years 1992 and 1998. In particular, Lelkes examines the impact of religious behaviour on self‐reported well‐being. Using ordered logit models, Lelkes estimates and presents the marginal effect associated with membership in the highest ‘fully satisfied’ category, and finds that religious people have a consistently higher probability of being ‘fully satisfied’ than others. This effect is stable in the 1992 and 1998 samples. The goal of this article is to expand and extend Lelkes' earlier work in several ways. First, we use a different dataset. Second, we examine the effect of religious behaviour on well‐being after transition not only for Hungary, but also for Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Third, unlike Lelkes, we have access to information indicating whether respondents report being financially better off after transition. With a different dataset, additional country samples, and a measure of financial well‐being, we are able to confirm and extend Lelkes' finding that religious behaviour is associated with improved well‐being after transition in all countries we examine.
Emergent effects of ground beetles size diversity on the strength of prey suppression
Authors: ROUABAH ABDELHAK , LASSERRE‐JOULIN FRANÇOISE , AMIAUD BERNARD , PLANTUREUX SYLVAIN 
Published: October 2013

Determining how multiple predators provide better prey suppression is a key step towards developing conservation biological control strategies. While numerous previous studies have demonstrated that diverse predator assemblages can be more effective in controlling pest populations, others have shown that it is the presence or absence of competitively superior species that is critical to pest biological control (i.e. selection effect).
The present study investigated how increasing ground beetle body size diversity increases prey suppression. A mesocosm experiment was conducted to compare invertebrate prey suppression between nine created ground beetle assemblages. Size diversity of these assemblages was manipulated according to three diversity levels: low, medium, and high diversity.
Partitioning of the diversity effects revealed that increasing the ground beetle size diversity had no effect on the strength of prey suppression. The absence of an effect of ground beetle size diversity may be because of the absence of resource partitioning among different‐sized ground beetles. The amount and range of prey consumed increased with increasing ground beetle body size. Thus, prey suppression was strongly strengthened by the presence of large ground beetles in the assemblages.
The present results suggest that for biological pest control, Agri‐managers should emphasise practices that promote the presence of large carabids. This is not only because promoting the presence of large carabids could be at least as effective as conserving a diverse ground beetle community, but also because large ground beetles are more vulnerable to environmental disturbances and to predation than ground beetles of the other size classes.
Predicting species distributions for conservation decisions
Authors: Guisan Antoine , Tingley Reid , Baumgartner John B. , Naujokaitis‐Lewis Ilona , Sutcliffe Patricia R. , Tulloch Ayesha I. T. , Regan Tracey J. , Brotons Lluis , McDonald‐Madden Eve , Mantyka‐Pringle Chrystal , Martin Tara G. , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Maggini Ramona , Setterfield Samantha A. , Elith Jane , Schwartz Mark W. , Wintle Brendan A. , Broennimann Olivier , Austin Mike , Ferrier Simon , Kearney Michael R. , Possingham Hugh P. , Buckley Yvonne M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly proposed to support conservation decision making. However, evidence of SDMs supporting solutions for on‐ground conservation problems is still scarce in the scientific literature. Here, we show that successful examples exist but are still largely hidden in the grey literature, and thus less accessible for analysis and learning. Furthermore, the decision framework within which SDMs are used is rarely made explicit. Using case studies from biological invasions, identification of critical habitats, reserve selection and translocation of endangered species, we propose that SDMs may be tailored to suit a range of decision‐making contexts when used within a structured and transparent decision‐making process. To construct appropriate SDMs to more effectively guide conservation actions, modellers need to better understand the decision process, and decision makers need to provide feedback to modellers regarding the actual use of SDMs to support conservation decisions. This could be facilitated by individuals or institutions playing the role of ‘translators’ between modellers and decision makers. We encourage species distribution modellers to get involved in real decision‐making processes that will benefit from their technical input; this strategy has the potential to better bridge theory and practice, and contribute to improve both scientific knowledge and conservation outcomes.
Bats and birds increase crop yield in tropical agroforestry landscapes
Authors: Maas Bea , Clough Yann , Tscharntke Teja 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHuman welfare is significantly linked to ecosystem services such as the suppression of pest insects by birds and bats. However, effects of biocontrol services on tropical cash crop yield are still largely unknown. For the first time, we manipulated the access of birds and bats in an exclosure experiment (day, night and full exclosures compared to open controls in Indonesian cacao agroforestry) and quantified the arthropod communities, the fruit development and the final yield over a long time period (15 months). We found that bat and bird exclusion increased insect herbivore abundance, despite the concurrent release of mesopredators such as ants and spiders, and negatively affected fruit development, with final crop yield decreasing by 31% across local (shade cover) and landscape (distance to primary forest) gradients. Our results highlight the tremendous economic impact of common insectivorous birds and bats, which need to become an essential part of sustainable landscape management.
Insect photoperiodism: effects of temperature on the induction of insect diapause and diverse roles for the circadian system in the photoperiodic response
Authors: Saunders David S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis review considers the effects of temperature on insect diapause induction and the photoperiodic response, and includes constant temperature, temperature cycles, pulses and steps in daily light–dark cycles, constant darkness and in constant light, all with reference to various circadian‐based “clock” models. Although it is a comparative survey, it concentrates on two species, the flesh fly Sarcophaga argyrostoma and its pupal parasite Nasonia vitripennis, which possess radically different photoperiodic mechanisms, although both are based upon the circadian system. Particular attention is given to the effects of daily thermoperiod in darkness and to low and high temperature pulses in conjunction with a daily light–dark cycle, treatments that suggest that S. argyrostoma “measures” night length with a “clock” of the external coincidence type. However, N. vitripennis responds to seasonal changes in photoperiod with an internal coincidence device involving both “dawn” and “dusk” oscillators. Other species may show properties of both external and internal coincidence. Although the precepts of external coincidence have been well formulated and supported experimentally, those for internal coincidence remain obscure.
Manual corneal thickness measurements of healthy equine eyes using a portable spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography device
Authors: Pirie C. G. , Alario A. F. , Barysauskas C. M , Gradil C. , Uricchio C. K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyCorneal thickness measurements of the equine globe using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) have not been reported.ObjectivesTo determine corneal thickness measurements and the intra‐ and interoperator reliability of a portableSD‐OCTdevice in equine eyes.Study designProspective observational study.MethodsHorses free of ocular disease were used for this study. Gentle manual restraint, in combination with detomidine hydrochloride and a head stand, were employed to ensure proper animal positioning. Corneal pachymetry measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal 3 times by 2 operators in succession. A 6 mm corneal pachymetry protocol was performed using a portableSD‐OCTdevice. All measurements were obtained manually by one operator (C.G.P.) using the integrated calliper function. Measurements included epithelial thickness, stromal thickness,Descemet's membrane thickness and total corneal thickness. All recorded measurements were analysed to determine both intra‐ and interoperator reliability.ResultsThirty horses with a mean age of 10.6 ± 6.4 years were examined. Mean epithelial, stromal,Descemet's membrane and total corneal thickness values obtained were, respectively, 174.7 ± 13.6, 599.2 ± 45.4, 38.4 ± 15.3 and 812.0 ± 44.1 μm for operator Aand 175.9 ± 12.9, 599.2 ± 44.9, 38.4 ± 15.0 and 812.9 ± 42.9 μm for operator B. A positive correlation was found betweenDescemet's membrane thickness and age, wherebyDescemet's membrane thickness increased by 2 μm/year (P<0.0001). The coefficients of variation for both operators were <4% for all measurements. Intraclass correlations ranged from 0.92 to 0.98.ConclusionsManual corneal thickness measurement using a portableSD‐OCTdevice provides epithelial, stromal, Descemet's membrane and total corneal thickness measurements with clinically acceptable intra‐ and interoperator reliability in healthy equine eyes.
Galectin‐7, induced by cis‐urocanic acid and ultraviolet B irradiation, down‐modulates cytokine production by T lymphocytes
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi , Hiromasa Kana , Kabashima‐Kubo Rieko , Yoshioka Manabu , Nakamura Motonobu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUrocanic acid (UCA) is an epidermal chromophore that undergoes trans to cis isomerization after UVB irradiation. cis‐UCA is a potent inhibitor of cutaneous acquired immunity. The aim of this study was to explore the genes, which are upregulated by cis‐UCA in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and investigated its role in vitro using human T‐lymphocyte cell line, Jurkat cells. DNA microarray analysis and real‐time PCR investigation revealed that cis‐UCA, not trans‐UCA, increased the expression of a gene encoding a β‐galactoside‐binding lectin, galectin‐7, LGALS7B. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that galectin‐7 was highly expressed in the epidermis in the patients with actinic keratosis. Galectin‐7 administration upregulated apoptosis and inhibited the expression of interleukin‐2 (IL2) and interferon‐γ (IFNG) mRNA in Jurkat cells. Taken together, galectin‐7 may play important roles in downregulating the functions of T lymphocytes after UVB irradiation and can be developed into novel immunosuppressive therapies for inflammatory skin diseases.