bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and Precise Measurement of Lithium Isotopes in Three Reference Materials Using Multi Collector‐Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shihong TIAN , Zengqian HOU , Aina SU , Kejun HOU , Wenjie HU , Zhenzhen LI , Yue ZHAO , Yanguang GAO , Yanhe LI , Dan YANG , Zhusen YANG 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLithium separation technique for three reference materials has been established together with precise determination of lithium isotope using a Neptune multi collector‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). The solutions of lithium element standard reference materials, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron single element, were used to evaluate analytical methods applied. Three separate stages of ion‐exchange chromatography were carried out using organic cation‐exchange resin (AG 50W‐X8). Lithium was enriched for the three stages using different eluants, which are 2.8 M HCl, 0.15 M HCl and 0.5 M HCl in 30% ethanol, respectively. The columns for the first and second stages are made of polypropylene, and those for the third stage are made of quartz. Total reagent volume for the entire chemical process was 35 mL for three reference materials. The recovery yielded for the three stages is 98.9–101.2% with an average of 100.0%, 97.6–101.9% with an average of 99.9%, and 99.8–103.3% with an average of 100.6%, respectively. The precision of this technique is conservatively estimated to be ±0.72–1.04‰ (2σ population), which is similar to the precision obtained by different authors in different laboratories with MC‐ICP‐MS. The δ7Li values (7Li/6Li relative to the IRMM‐016 standard) determined for andesite (AGV‐2) and basalt (BHVO‐2) are 5.68‰ (n= 18), 4.33‰ (n= 18), respectively. The δ7Li value (7Li/6Li relative to the L‐SVEC standard) determined for IRMM‐016 is –0.01‰ (n= 15). All these analytical results are in good agreement with those previously reported. In addition, the results for the same kinds of samples analyzed at the MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, are consistent with those obtained at the Plasma Laboratory, University of Maryland, within analytical uncertainty. According to these experiment results, it is concluded that this proposed procedure is a suitable method for determining the lithium isotopic composition of natural samples.
Noble gas isotopic fractionation between solar wind and the Sun, and implications for Genesis solar wind oxygen measurements
Authors: OZIMA M. , SUZUKI T. K. , YAMADA A. , PODOSEK F. A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract– We urge that He is the best case for a meaningful estimation of solar composition without measurement of solar wind (SW) composition; the value of such an estimation is that it may then be compared to the actual measurements, thereby leading to an empirical constraint on the degree of isotopic fractionation arising in SW and thence to how much fractionation may have affected the SW composition of other elements. We take primordial 3He/4He to be as identified in the so‐called Q component identified in meteoritic materials. In the Sun, however, 3He/4He is higher because of the augmentation of 3He by D‐burning, the nuclear conversion of primordial deuterium. After accounting for the D‐converted 3He, we estimate 3He/4He in the present Sun (post‐D burning He), and then, from the difference between this and the 3He/4He found in Genesis SW, we estimate the isotopic fractionation between them. Then, from noble gas systematics, we show that Genesis SW noble gases may be related to Q‐noble gases by a mass‐dependent Rayleigh‐type fractionation. We develop a kinetic description of isotopic fractionation of minor components in SW relative to the solar atmosphere, which is consistent with the Rayleigh‐type fractionation. This predicts fractionation in the O mass range, which is significantly different from the value used by Heber et al. (2011). The latter value corresponds to the premise that Ca‐Al‐rich inclusion O is the same as solar O, whence this work does not support that premise.
Use of dental loupes among dental trainers and trainees in the UK
Authors: Farook Shahme A. , Stokes Richard J. , Davis Anika K. J. , Sneddon Kenneth , Collyer Jeremy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroductionMagnification loupes are used in dentistry where increased visual performance is needed. The interest and use of loupes among dental practitioners and students appears to be growing. Despite this little quantitative data regarding the use of loupes in clinical practice and factors governing their purchase among dental trainers and trainees is available.ObjectiveTo determine the extent of use of loupes among dental trainers and trainees in the UK and identify what factors influence their choice of selection.MethodA proforma questionnaire was designed to collect the information required and was handed out dental trainers and trainees.ResultsUse of loupes is more common among the dental trainers (44%) than trainees (28%). Of the nonusers, increased interest among the trainees (83.6%) and trainers (50%) in purchasing loupes was noted. Price was found to be the most important factor during purchase. The majority of users opted for 2.5×; and a light source was a popular choice. Both users and nonusers in the study group had an affinity towards “through‐the‐lens” type. No significant variation in back/neck discomfort between the users and nonusers was found.ConclusionUse of loupes among dental trainers and trainees remains low. Reduction in price and provision of information could increase the number of loupe users.
Strain rates at high temporal resolution from curved inclusion trails in garnet, Passo del Sole, Central Swiss Alps
Authors: BERG C. A. , CARLSON W. D. , CONNELLY J. N. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractQuantitative strain rates at outcrop scale are very difficult to obtain, but they may be estimated from crystals with curved inclusion trails by calculating rotation rates from growth rates and corresponding deflections of the internal foliation. Garnet in a quartzose pelite at Passo del Sole in the central Swiss Alps is extraordinarily valuable for calculation of strain rates during Alpine orogenesis, because the unusual zoning patterns clearly define the kinetics of its nucleation and growth. Complex concentric zoning patterns can be correlated from one crystal to another in a hand sample, based on compositional and microstructural similarities; the ubiquity of these features demonstrates that all garnet crystals nucleated at nearly the same time. Compositional bands whose radial widths are proportional to crystal size provide evidence for growth governed by the kinetics of intergranular diffusion of locally sourced nutrients. Together, these constraints increase the reliability of estimates of rates of garnet growth, and the strain‐rate calculations that depend on them. To obtain growth rates, P–T conditions during garnet crystallization were modelled in a series of pseudosections, and compositional evolution was connected to rates of garnet growth by means of an independently determined heating rate. These growth rates, combined with measured amounts of curvature of inclusion trails, indicate that the time‐averaged strain rate at Passo del Sole during Alpine metamorphism was on the order of 10−14 s−1. Strain rates calculated using rotational v. non‐rotational models are similar in magnitude. The constraints on crystallization kinetics also allow direct calculation of strain rates during individual stages of garnet growth, revealing short‐term increases to values on the order of 10−13 s−1. These higher strain rates are correlated with the growth of concentric high‐Ca or high‐Mn zones in garnet, which implies that strain softening associated with the transient passage of fluids is responsible for acceleration of deformation during these intervals.
The C‐terminal domain of tetanus toxin protects motoneurons against acute excitotoxic damage on spinal cord organotypic cultures
Authors: Herrando‐Grabulosa Mireia , Casas Caty , Aguilera José 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe C‐terminal domain of tetanus toxin (Hc‐TeTx) has been suggested to act as a neuroprotective agent by activating signaling pathways related to neurotrophins and also to exert anti‐apoptotic effects. Here, we show the beneficial properties of the recombinant protein Hc‐TeTx to protect spinal motoneurons against excitotoxic damage. In vitro spinal cord organotypic cultures were used to assess acute glutamate excitotoxic damage. Our results indicate that Hc‐TeTx treatment improves motoneuron survival within a short therapeutical window (the first 2 h post‐injury). Within this interval, we found that p44/p42 MAP kinase (ERK1/2) and glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3β) signaling pathways play a crucial role in the neuroprotective effect. Moreover, we demonstrated that Hc–TeTx treatment initiate autophagy which is ERK1/2‐ and GSK3β‐dependent. These findings suggest a possible therapeutical tool to improve motoneuron survival immediately after excitotoxic insults or during the secondary injury phase that occurs after spinal cord trauma.
Suppression of pain‐related behavior in two distinct rodent models of peripheral neuropathy by a homopolyarginine‐conjugated CRMP2 peptide
Authors: Ju Weina , Li Qi , Allette Yohance M. , Ripsch Matthew S. , White Fletcher A. , Khanna Rajesh 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe N‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel (CaV2.2) is a clinically endorsed target in chronic pain treatments. As directly targeting the channel can lead to multiple adverse side effects, targeting modulators of CaV2.2 may prove better. We previously identified ST1‐104, a short peptide from the collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), which disrupted the CaV2.2–CRMP2 interaction and suppressed a model of HIV‐related neuropathy induced by anti‐retroviral therapy but not traumatic neuropathy. Here, we report ST2‐104 –a peptide wherein the cell‐penetrating TAT motif has been supplanted with a homopolyarginine motif, which dose‐dependently inhibits the CaV2.2–CRMP2 interaction and inhibits depolarization‐evoked Ca2+ influx in sensory neurons. Ca2+ influx via activation of vanilloid receptors is not affected by either peptide. Systemic administration of ST2‐104 does not affect thermal or tactile nociceptive behavioral changes. Importantly, ST2‐104 transiently reduces persistent mechanical hypersensitivity induced by systemic administration of the anti‐retroviral drug 2′,3′‐dideoxycytidine (ddC) and following tibial nerve injury (TNI). Possible mechanistic explanations for the broader efficacy of ST2‐104 are discussed.
The metal transporterSMF‐3/DMT‐1 mediates aluminum‐induced dopamine neuron degeneration
Authors: VanDuyn Natalia , Settivari Raja , LeVora Jennifer , Zhou Shaoyu , Unrine Jason , Nass Richard 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAluminum (Al3+) is the most prevalent metal in the earth's crust and is a known human neurotoxicant. Al3+has been shown to accumulate in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and epidemiological studies suggest correlations between Al3+exposure and the propensity to develop bothPDand the amyloid plaque‐associated disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although Al3+exposures have been associated with the development of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, the molecular mechanism involved in Al3+transport in neurons and subsequent cellular death has remained elusive. In this study, we show that a brief exposure to Al3+decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and cellularATPlevels, and confers dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration in the genetically tractable nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans). Al3+exposure also exacerbatesDAneuronal death conferred by the humanPD‐associated protein α‐synuclein.DAneurodegeneration is dependent onSMF‐3, a homologue to the human divalent metal transporter (DMT‐1), as a functional null mutation partially inhibits the cell death. We also show thatSMF‐3 is expressed inDAneurons, Al3+exposure results in a significant decrease in protein levels, and the neurodegeneration is partially dependent on thePD‐associated transcription factor Nrf2/SKN‐1 and caspase Apaf1/CED‐4. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the deletion ofSMF‐3 confers Al3+ resistance due to sequestration of Al3+into an intracellular compartment. This study describes a novel model for Al3+‐inducedDAneurodegeneration and provides the first molecular evidence of an animal Al3+transporter.
Defining evolutionary boundaries across parapatric ecomorphs of Black Salamanders (Aneides flavipunctatus) with conservation implications
Authors: Reilly Sean B. , Marks Sharyn B. , Jennings W. Bryan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe accurate delimitation of evolutionary population units represents an important component in phylogeographic and conservation genetic studies. Here, we used a combined population assignment and historical demographic approach to study a complex of ecomorphologically distinctive populations of Black Salamanders (Aneides flavipunctatus) that are parapatrically distributed and meet at a three‐way contact zone in north‐western California. We used mitochondrial tree‐based and multilocus clustering methods to evaluate a priori two‐ (Northern and Southern) and three (Northern, Coast and Inland) population hypotheses derived from previous studies. Mitochondrial results were consistent with the two‐ and three‐population hypotheses, while the nDNA clustering results supported only the two‐population hypothesis. Historical demographic analyses and mtDNA gene divergence estimates revealed that the Northern and Southern populations split during the Pliocene (2–5 Ma). Subdivision of the Southern population into Coast and Inland populations was estimated to be late Pleistocene (0.24 Ma), although our mtDNA results suggested a Pliocene divergence. Effective gene flow estimates (2Nem) suggest that either the two‐ or three‐population hypotheses remain valid. However, our results unexpectedly revealed that the Northern population might instead represent two parapatric populations that separated nearly 4 Ma. These results are surprising because the Pliocene divergence between these ecomorphologically conservative forms is similar or older than for the ecomorphologically divergent Coast and Inland sister populations. We conclude that Black Salamanders in north‐western California belong to at least three or four populations or species, and these all meet criteria for being Evolutionary Significant Units or ‘ESUs’ and therefore warrant conservation consideration.
Transcriptomics of coping strategies in free‐swimming Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda) larvae responding to abiotic stress
Authors: Sutherland Ben J. G. , Jantzen Stuart G. , Yasuike Motoshige , Sanderson Dan S. , Koop Ben F. , Jones Simon R. M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis is a marine ectoparasite of wild and farmed salmon in the Northern Hemisphere. Infections of farmed salmon are of economic and ecological concern. Nauplius and copepodid salmon lice larvae are free‐swimming and disperse in the water column until they encounter a host. In this study, we characterized the sublethal stress responses of L. salmonis copepodid larvae by applying a 38K oligonucleotide microarray to profile transcriptomes following 24 h exposures to suboptimal salinity (30–10 parts per thousand (‰)) or temperature (16–4 °C) environments. Hyposalinity exposure resulted in large‐scale gene expression changes relative to those elicited by a thermal gradient. Subsequently, transcriptome responses to a more finely resolved salinity gradient between 30 ‰ and 25 ‰ were profiled. Minimal changes occurred at 29 ‰ or 28 ‰, a threshold of response was identified at 27 ‰, and the largest response was at 25 ‰. Differentially expressed genes were clustered by pattern of expression, and clusters were characterized by functional enrichment analysis. Results indicate larval copepods adopt two distinct coping strategies in response to short‐term hyposaline stress: a primary response using molecular chaperones and catabolic processes at 27 ‰; and a secondary response up‐regulating ion pumps, transporters, a different suite of chaperones and apoptosis‐related transcripts at 26 ‰ and 25 ‰. The results further our understanding of the tolerances of L. salmonis copepodids to salinity and temperature gradients and may assist in the development of salmon louse management strategies.
Vertical partitioning between sister species of Rhizopogon fungi on mesic and xeric sites in an interior Douglas‐fir forest
Authors: Beiler Kevin J. , Simard Suzanne W. , LeMay Valerie , Durall Daniel M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractUnderstanding ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community structure is limited by a lack of taxonomic resolution and autecological information. Rhizopogon vesiculosus and Rhizopogon vinicolor (Basidiomycota) are morphologically and genetically related species. They are dominant members of interior Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) EMF communities, but mechanisms leading to their coexistence are unknown. We investigated the microsite associations and foraging strategy of individual R. vesiculosus and R. vinicolor genets. Mycelia spatial patterns, pervasiveness and root colonization patterns of fungal genets were compared between Rhizopogon species and between xeric and mesic soil moisture regimes. Rhizopogon spp. mycelia were systematically excavated from the soil and identified using microsatellite DNA markers. Rhizopogon vesiculosus mycelia occurred at greater depth, were more spatially pervasive, and colonized more tree roots than R. vinicolor mycelia. Both species were frequently encountered in organic layers and between the interface of organic and mineral horizons. They were particularly abundant within microsites associated with soil moisture retention. The occurrence of R. vesiculosus shifted in the presence of R. vinicolor towards mineral soil horizons, where R. vinicolor was mostly absent. This suggests that competition and foraging strategy may contribute towards the vertical partitioning observed between these species. Rhizopogon vesiculosus and R. vinicolor mycelia systems occurred at greater mean depths and were more pervasive in mesic plots compared with xeric plots. The spatial continuity and number of trees colonized by genets of each species did not significantly differ between soil moisture regimes.
A widely conserved molecular switch controls quorum sensing and symbiosis island transfer in Mesorhizobium loti through expression of a novel antiactivator
Authors: Ramsay Joshua P. , Major Anthony S. , Komarovsky Victor M. , Sullivan John T. , Dy Ron L. , Hynes Michael F. , Salmond George P. C. , Ronson Clive W. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryICEMlSymR7A of Mesorhizobium loti is an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) that confers the ability to form a nitrogen‐fixing symbiosis with Lotus species. Horizontal transfer is activated by TraR and N‐acyl‐homoserine lactone (AHL), which can stimulate ICE excision in 100% of cells. However, in wild‐type cultures, the ICE is excised at low frequency. Here we show that QseM, a widely conserved ICE‐encoded protein, is an antiactivator of TraR. Mutation of qseM resulted in TraR‐dependent activation of AHL production and excision, but did not affect transcription of traR. QseM and TraR directly interacted in a bacterial two‐hybrid assay in the presence of AHL. qseM expression was repressed by a DNA‐binding protein QseC, which also activated qseC expression from a leaderless transcript. QseC differentially bound two adjacent operator sites, the lower affinity of which overlapped the −35 regions of the divergent qseC‐qseM promoters. QseC homologues were identified on ICEs, TraR/TraM‐regulated plasmids and restriction‐modification cassettes, suggesting a conserved mode of regulation. Six QseC variants with distinct operators were identified that showed evidence of reassortment between mobile elements. We propose that QseC and QseM comprise a bimodal switch that restricts quorum sensing and ICEMlSymR7A transfer to a small proportion of cells in the population.
The impact of intrabony lesion size on biopsy preference among oral and maxillofacial surgeons
Authors: Johnson N.R. , Savage N.W. , Kazoullis S. , Batstone M.D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimThe management of intrabony lesions of the jaws may be markedly different depending on the exact nature of the pathology. The precise role of a biopsy prior to surgical treatment of mandibular radiolucencies remains controversial. This study aims to document the biopsy practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons for intrabony lesions of the jaws.Materials and methodsA survey was mailed to all Australian full or associate members of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. The first part asked questions in relation to demographic data. The second part asked members to examine orthopantomograms of two different lesions and which, if any, biopsy technique would be used prior to management. Data were analysed using a chi‐square test.ResultsEighty six of 136 (63.2%) surveys were returned. Only 10.0% of respondents indicated that they would perform a diagnostic incisional biopsy prior to removing the smaller lesion compared with 88.0% of respondents for the larger lesion (P‐value < 0.01). Fine needle aspiration biopsy was only used to exclude vascular lesions by a minority of members. Further investigations would be requested by more than 80.0% of surgeons, with the most popular being three‐dimensional imaging such as computed tomography or cone beam computed tomography.ConclusionThe use of a preoperative biopsy is not consistent between lesions of different sizes, with the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy continuing to be advocated to exclude vascular lesions. This is despite the widely different management required for various lesions of the jaws that may be identical on imaging.
Sublingual gland ranula secondary to tongue reconstruction with radial forearm flap
Authors: Xiong X. , Shao Z. , Zhang W. , Liu B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRanula seldom happens as a complication secondary to the surgery surrounding the sublingual gland. Here, we reported that a rare case of sublingual gland ranula after tongue reconstruction with radical forearm flap, saliva extravasation after trauma to the sublingual gland or the ducts was responsible for the occurrence of this ranula.