bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matching simple modules of condensation algebras
Authors: Noeske Felix 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe revise the matching algorithm of Noeske (LMS J. Comput. Math. 11 (2008) 213–222) and introduce a new approach via composition series to expedite the calculations. Furthermore, we show how the matching algorithm may be applied in the more general and frequently occurring setting that we are only given subalgebras of the condensed algebras which each contain the separable algebra of one of their Wedderburn–Malcev decompositions.
Bacterial Cell Surface Deformation under External Loading
Authors: Chen Yun , Norde Willem , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTViscoelastic deformation of the contact volume between adhering bacteria and substratum surfaces plays a role in their adhesion and detachment. Currently, there are no deformation models that account for the heterogeneous structure and composition of bacteria, consisting of a relatively soft outer layer and a more rigid, hard core enveloped by a cross-linked peptidoglycan layer. The aim of this paper is to present a new, simple model to derive the reduced Young’s modulus of the contact volume between adhering bacteria and substratum surfaces based on the relationship between deformation and applied external loading force, measured using atomic force microscopy. The model assumes that contact is established through a cylinder with constant volume and does not require assumptions on the properties and dimensions of the contact cylinder. The reduced Young’s moduli obtained (8 to 47 kPa) and dimensions of the contact cylinders could be interpreted on the basis of the cell surface features and cell wall characteristics, i.e., surfaces that are more rigid (because of either less fibrillation, less extracellular polymeric substance production, or a higher degree of cross-linking of the peptidoglycan layer) had shorter contact cylinders and higher reduced Young’s moduli. Application of an existing Hertz model to our experimental data yielded reduced Young’s moduli that were up to 100 times higher for all strains investigated, likely because the Hertz model pertains to a major extent to the more rigid peptidoglycan layer and not only to the soft outer bacterial cell surface, involved in the bond between a bacterium and a substratum surface.IMPORTANCEThe viscoelastic properties of the bond between an adhering bacterium and a substratum surface play a role in determining bacterial detachment. For instance, removal of an oral biofilm proceeds according to a viscoelastic failure model, and biofilm left behind after toothbrushing has been found to possess expanded bond lengths between adhering bacteria due to viscoelastic deformation. Current elastic deformation models are unable to distinguish between the soft outer bacterial cell surface and the hard core of a bacterium, enveloped by a peptidoglycan layer. Therefore, here we present a simple model to calculate the Young’s modulus and deformation of the contact volume between an adhering bacterium and a substratum surface that accounts for the heterogeneous structure of a bacterium.
Who needs a shot … a review of tetanus immunity in the West of Ireland
Authors: Moughty Adrian , Donnell John O , Nugent Mary 
Published: December 2012

IntroductionTetanus is a rare disease but, in the era of widespread vaccination, largely a preventable one. Immunization programmes in childhood are felt to offer lifelong immunity but it is known that with increased age immunity wanes. We sought to assess immunity in a sample of patients presenting for conditions unrelated to injury to the emergency department covering an area in the West of Ireland.MethodsA convenience sample of 216 patients, who presented to the emergency department for complaints unrelated to injury, requiring blood tests for their management was obtained. Using the Protetanus QuickStick® all samples were analysed.ResultsNo statistical difference between men and women in terms of tetanus immunity (p=0.94) but significant reduction in immunity with increasing age (p<0.001). Those non-immune tended to be older with mean age of 66 years compared to mean age of 46 year for immune. Using logarithmic regression analysis an increase in age of 10 years was associated with 50% reduction in immunity.DiscussionNational guidelines should incorporate this data and explicitly advocate the use of booster doses of tetanus toxoid outside of the normal vaccination programme especially in the elderly.
Solid-phase synthesis of N-(buta-2,3-dien-1-yl)amides by the Crabbé reaction
Authors: Leikoski Tuomo , Wrigstedt Pauli , Matikainen Jorma , Sipilä Jussi , Yli-Kauhaluoma Jari 
Published: December 2012

The Crabbé homologation of polymer-supported propargylamine with paraformaldehyde, CuI, and dicyclohexylamine in 1,4-dioxane at 100 °C, followed by cleavage with dilute trifluoroacetic acid, furnishes N-(buta-2,3-dien-1-yl)amides as isolable products. The N-acyltriazene linker on Merrifield resin serves simultaneously as a protecting group for the nucleophilic primary amine. The product diversity is achieved by altering the acyl chloride in the acylation of the triazene linker. In addition to being a new route to nitrogen-containing allenes, our solid-phase method enables immobilization of these reactive cumulated dienes for further synthetic operations.
PLASMONIC-BASED DEVICES FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: MYNBAEV DJAFAR K. , SUKHARENKO VITALY 
Published: December 2012

To meet the demand of delivering ever-increasing Internet traffic, optical network must response by increasing its transmission capacity. Since transmission capacity of an individual fiber is still well exceed the capacity of transmitters (TXs) and receivers (RXs), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), in which many TXs and RXs at the transmitting ends of a fiber are used to send and receive many signals, becomes the necessary technology for increasing the transmission capacity of each link of an optical network. This trend, however, demands for increasing density not only the TXs and RXs, but all other components at the sending and receiving ends of communications links. As the number of wavelengths in WDM configuration getting greater, the number of all these components that must be placed on one board has to increase too; hence, the density of packaging comes to micro- and even nano-scale. The TXs and RXs are produced in arrays on a chip quite similar to production of VLSI electronic circuits. At that scale, traditional optical operations used today in an optical-communications technology, such as launching light into optical fiber from TXs and directing light from optical fiber into RXs, multiplexing and demultiplexing individual channels (wavelengths), and electro-optical (E/O) and opto-electrical (O/E) conversions become problems primarily because of the diffraction limit. The problems associated with the diffraction limit are particularly acute for optical interconnects. One of the possible solutions to all these—and some other—problems could be the use of plasmonics. In the last years, the optical-communications industry shows a great interest in developing this topic, as the growing number of publications and practical results can attest. This paper consists of two parts. The first part reviews the current trends in application of plasmonics in optical communications and the second part discusses the theoretical foundation of the proposed WDM demultiplexer and offers the scheme of possible implementation of the device.
Taphonomy and significance of rare chalk (Late Cretaceous) echinoderms preserved as beach clasts, north Norfolk, UK
Authors: Donovan S. K. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Fossil echinoderms derived from the Chalk occur rarely as clasts eroded from erratic rafts on the beaches of north Norfolk and are almost invariably represented by the holasteroid echinoid
Echinocorys scutata
(Leske). A small collection of other echinoderms from the Overstrand to Cromer coast includes the crinoid
Austinocrinus bicoronatus
(von Hagenow), and the echinoids
Temnocidaris
(
Stereocidaris
) sp., phymosomatid sp. and
Galerites
sp. Most preserve at least some evidence of corrasion and/or bioerosion. The echinoids are preserved either as
steinkerns
or are otherwise protected by flint; the crinoid columnal had lost much of its surface detail due to corrasion. The known stratigraphic ranges of these species suggest that they are derived from the local part of the Norfolk Chalk, spanning the upper Campanian to lower Maastrichtian interval.
The linguliform brachiopod
Discinisca
in the Lower Jurassic Charmouth Mudstone Formation of Dorset and Alum Shale Member of Yorkshire
Authors: Andrew Chris , Howe Paddy , Paul Christopher R.C. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

New, well-preserved examples of the linguliform brachiopod
Discinisca holdeni
are reported from the Belemnite Marl and Green Ammonite members of the Lower Jurassic Charmouth Mudstone Formation, near Golden Cap, Dorset. Five specimens are attached to ammonites; two are attached to
Tragophylloceras numismale
and one plus another two possible specimens to
Polymorphites evolutus
. Three specimens are attached to a rhynchonellid brachiopod
Scalpellirhynchia scalpellum
? In addition,
Discinisca infraoolithica
is described attached to the ammonite
Dactylioceras
cf.
athleticum
from the Alum Shale Member of the Whitby Mudstone Formation of Yorkshire. An example of
D. infraoolithica
attached to the bivalve
Dacryomya
reveals previously unreported fine curved ridges on the pedicle valve.
Discinisca
spp. probably attached to the ammonite shells
post mortem
, but might have been attached to the rhynchonellid and bivalve when the latter were alive.
Plumbogummite from Upper Teesdale, County Durham, Northern Pennines, UK
Authors: Cotterell T. F. , Young B. , Starkey R. E. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

The uncommon, lead-aluminium phosphate hydroxide mineral plumbogummite is reported here, for the first time in the Pennine orefields, derived from a highly oxidized lead-rich vein at Grasshill mines, Upper Teesdale, Co. Durham. The plumbogummite is undoubtedly supergene in origin, but whether it formed along with associated pyromorphite through natural,
in situ
weathering, or is a post-mining, dump-formed alteration product is unclear.
Human Papillomavirus DNA Is Rarely Detected in Colorectal Carcinomas and Not Associated with Microsatellite Instability: The Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Burnett-Hartman Andrea N. , Feng Qinghua , Popov Viorica , Kalidindi Anisha , Newcomb Polly A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Background: Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types-16 and -18 is an established cause of cervical and other cancers. Some studies report detection of oncogenic HPV DNA in colorectal carcinomas, with prevalence estimates as high as 84%. However, other studies report detecting no HPV DNA in colorectal tumors.
Methods: To evaluate the prevalence of HPV in colorectal cancer subsets, we conducted a case–case comparison study. This study included 555 cases of incident colorectal cancer from the Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), ages 20 to 74 years and diagnosed between 1998 and 2002. Standardized interviews were used to elicit demographics and risk factor data. Tumor DNA was assayed for HPV-16 and -18 DNA using real-time PCR. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was assessed using a standard 10-marker panel and confirmed with immunohistochemical staining. Prevalence estimates were calculated for the overall sample, and stratified by patient and tumor characteristics. Fisher exact test was used to compare prevalence between strata.
Results: HPV-16 DNA was detected in 2% of colorectal tumors, but no HPV-18 DNA was detected. HPV-16 prevalence did not vary between cases according to sex, age, race, smoking-status, or MSI-status (P &gt; 0.05). HPV-16 prevalence in rectal carcinomas was 5% compared with 1% in colon carcinomas (P = 0.03).
Conclusions: Among a large sample of colorectal carcinomas, prevalence of HPV-16 and -18 was very low. Prior studies detecting high HPV prevalence in colorectal carcinomas are likely the result of contamination from the anal canal or clinical processing.
Impact: HPV is unlikely to play a large role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(2); 317–9. ©2012 AACR.
An Early Appointment to Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation at Hospital Discharge Improves Attendance at Orientation
Authors: Pack Quinn R. , Mansour Mouhamad , Barboza Joaquim S. , Hibner Brooks A. , Mahan Meredith G. , Ehrman Jonathan K. , Vanzant Melissa A. , Schairer John R. , Keteyian Steven J. 
Published: December 2012

Background—
Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR) decreases mortality rates but is underutilized. Current median time from hospital discharge to enrollment is 35 days. We hypothesized that an appointment within 10 days would improve attendance at CR orientation.

Methods and Results—

At hospital discharge, 148 patients with a nonsurgical qualifying diagnosis for CR were randomized to receive a CR orientation appointment either within 10 days (early) or at 35 days (standard). The primary end point was attendance at CR orientation. Secondary outcome measures were attendance at ≥1 exercise session, the total number of exercise sessions attended, completion of CR, and change in exercise training workload while in CR. Average age was 60±12 years; 56% of participants were male and 49% were black, with balanced baseline characteristics between groups. Median time (95% confidence interval) to orientation was 8.5 (7–13) versus 42 (35 to NA [not applicable]) days for the early and standard appointment groups, respectively (
P
<0.001). Attendance rates at the orientation session were 77% (57/74) versus 59% (44/74) in the early and standard appointment groups, respectively, which demonstrates a significant 18% absolute and 56% relative improvement (relative risk, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.37;
P
=0.022). The number needed to treat was 5.7. There was no difference (
P
>0.05) in any of the secondary outcome measures, but statistical power for these end points was low. Safety analysis demonstrated no difference between groups in CR-related adverse events.

Conclusions—
Early appointments for CR significantly improve attendance at orientation. This simple technique could potentially increase initial CR participation nationwide.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01596036.
Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Carnosine, an Endogenous Neuroprotective Agent for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bae Ok-Nam , Serfozo Kelsey , Baek Seung-Hoon , Lee Ki Yong , Dorrance Anne , Rumbeiha Wilson , Fitzgerald Scott D. , Farooq Muhammad U. , Naravelta Bharath , Bhatt Archit , Majid Arshad 
Published: December 2012

Background and Purpose—
An urgent need exists to develop therapies for stroke that have high efficacy, long therapeutic time windows, and acceptable toxicity. We undertook preclinical investigations of a novel therapeutic approach involving supplementation with carnosine, an endogenous pleiotropic dipeptide.

Methods—
Efficacy and safety of carnosine treatment was evaluated in rat models of permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mechanistic studies used primary neuronal/astrocytic cultures and ex vivo brain homogenates.

Results—
Intravenous treatment with carnosine exhibited robust cerebroprotection in a dose-dependent manner, with long clinically relevant therapeutic time windows of 6 hours and 9 hours in transient and permanent models, respectively. Histological outcomes and functional improvements including motor and sensory deficits were sustained on 14th day poststroke onset. In safety and tolerability assessments, carnosine did not exhibit any evidence of adverse effects or toxicity. Moreover, histological evaluation of organs, complete blood count, coagulation tests, and the serum chemistry did not reveal any abnormalities. In primary neuronal cell cultures and ex vivo brain homogenates, carnosine exhibited robust antiexcitotoxic, antioxidant, and mitochondria protecting activity.

Conclusions—
In both permanent and transient ischemic models, carnosine treatment exhibited significant cerebroprotection against histological and functional damage, with wide therapeutic and clinically relevant time windows. Carnosine was well tolerated and exhibited no toxicity. Mechanistic data show that it influences multiple deleterious processes. Taken together, our data suggest that this endogenous pleiotropic dipeptide is a strong candidate for further development as a stroke treatment.
Performance Characteristics of Distinct Lightning Detection Networks Covering Belgium
Authors: Poelman Dieter R. , Schulz Wolfgang , Vergeiner Christian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This study reports results from electric field measurements coupled to high-speed camera observations of cloud-to-ground lightning to test the performance of lightning location networks in terms of its detection efficiency and location accuracy. The measurements were carried out in August 2011 in Belgium, during which 57 negative cloud-to-ground flashes, with a total of 210 strokes, were recorded. One of these flashes was followed by a continuing current of over 1 s—one of the longest ever observed in natural negative cloud-to-ground lightning. Lightning data gathered from the lightning detection network operated by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium [consisting of a network employing solely Surveillance et Alerte Foudre par Interférométrie Radioélectrique (SAFIR) sensors and a network combining SAFIR and LS sensors], the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID), Vaisala’s Global Lightning Detection network GLD360, and the Met Office’s long-range Arrival Time Difference network (ATDnet) are evaluated against this ground-truth dataset. It is found that all networks are capable of detecting over 90% of the observed flashes, but a larger spread is observed at the level of the individual strokes. The median location accuracy varies between 0.6 and 1 km, except for the SAFIR network, locating the ground contacts with 6.1-km median accuracy. The same holds for the reported peak currents, where a good correlation is found among the networks that provide peak current estimates, apart from the SAFIR network being off by a factor of 3.
An Intraseasonal Prediction Model of Atlantic and East Pacific Tropical Cyclone Genesis
Authors: Henderson Stephanie A. , Maloney Eric D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A real-time statistical model based on the work of Leroy and Wheeler is developed via multiple logistic regression to predict weekly tropical cyclone activity over the Atlantic and east Pacific basins. The predictors used in the model include a climatology of tropical cyclone genesis for each ocean basin, an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, and two indices representing the propagating Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The Atlantic model also includes a predictor representing the variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Main Development Region (MDR). These predictors are suggested as useful for the prediction of tropical cyclogenesis based on previous work in the literature and are further confirmed in this study using basic statistics. Univariate logistic regression models are generated for each predictor in each region to ensure the choice of prediction scheme. Using all predictors, cross-validated hindcasts are developed out to a seven-week forecast lead. A formal stepwise predictor selection procedure is implemented to select the predictors used in each region at each forecast lead.
Brier skill scores and reliability diagrams are used to assess the skill and dependability of the models. Results show an increase in model skill over the time-varying climatology at predicting tropical cyclogenesis by the inclusion of the MJO out to a three-week forecast lead for the east Pacific and a two-week forecast lead for the Atlantic. The importance of ENSO and MDR SST for Atlantic genesis prediction is highlighted, and the uncertain effects of ENSO on east Pacific tropical cyclogenesis are revisited.
Laparoscopic splenectomy: operative technique and outcome in three cats
Authors: O’Donnell Erica , Mayhew Philipp , Culp William , Mayhew Kelli 
Published: December 2012

Clinical summary: The clinical findings, treatment and outcome for three cats that underwent laparoscopic splenectomy using bipolar vessel-sealing devices for resection of diffuse splenic disease are described. In each case, a three-portal laparoscopic technique was used. The spleen was manipulated and its mesentery and associated vessels sequentially cauterized and ligated to enable removal through a portal incision with minimal hemorrhage. Each of the three patients recovered from anesthesia without incident and was able to be discharged to the owner the next day. Practical significance: Laparoscopic splenectomy may be a safe and effective alternative to celiotomy in a select group of cats requiring splenectomy.
Flea Control in Cats
Authors: Siak Meng , Burrows Mandy 
Published: December 2012

Practical relevance: Flea allergic dermatitis is one of the most common skin diseases of cats presented for veterinary attention. It is therefore important for the practitioner to be able to design an appropriate flea management plan for their patients. Clinical challenges: There is no ‘one size fits all’ flea control programme for cats. Successful flea management requires an understanding of flea biology and knowledge of the mode of action of commercial flea products, of which there is a wide range available. Management of owner expectations can often present a challenge. Cat owners generally attribute a persistence of fleas after the administration of routine flea control to be a reflection of product failure. Owners may also be sceptical that fleas are responsible for the clinical signs of overgrooming in their cat and perceive a lack of response to flea adulticide treatment to be evidence of this fact. Evidence base: This article reviews an extensive body of published literature to update some concepts in flea control and discuss how judicious use of traditional and newer flea products can contribute to an integrated flea control strategy for cats.
Mast Cell Tumors in Cats
Authors: Henry Carolyn , Herrera Chamisa 
Published: December 2012

Practical relevance: Feline mast cell tumors (MCTs) are frequently encountered in general practice. MCTs are the most common splenic tumor, second most common skin tumor and third most common intestinal tumor in cats. Treatment and prognosis can vary dramatically with location and histologic classification. Clinical challenges: While a cytologic or histologic diagnosis is often easy to obtain, the various histologic classifications, lack of a relevant grading scheme, and disparity in behavior depending on anatomic location make prognostication for cases of feline MCTs confusing. This is quite different from canine MCTs, where there is an established grading system which correlates clinically with prognosis and an accepted standard of care. Audience: Due to its prevalence, general practitioners encounter MCTs regularly. In many instances, referral for diagnosis and treatment is not necessary. Evidence base: Historically, there has been limited clinical evidence upon which to determine optimal treatment of MCTs in cats. Most recommendations are based on limited case reports or retrospective studies. With the recent introduction of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors to the veterinary market, there has been new research on the use of these drugs in cats, and new treatment options are on the horizon.