bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the Effect of Hexane Extracts and Dry Powder of Ocimum Leaves and Flowers on the Percentage of Mortality of Adult Southern Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Madhloom Haiman W. , Rashid Yousif D. , Barry Najeha M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A brief introduction about the aim of the study: The results showed that Ocimum flower hexane extract and Ocimum flower powder had more effect than Ocimum leaf hexane extract and Ocimum flower powder, 1% of Ocimum flower hexane extract had significant mortality at seven days (93.33%), while 1 g flower extract weight gave (73.33%) mortality. Hexane extract of Ocimum flowers had the least mortality after seven days at 0.25% concentration (30.00%), while Ocimum flower powder had the lowest mortality after seven days (26.67%) at 0.25 g. The highest mortality (70.00%) was obtained in the Ocimum leaf extract at 1% concentration after seven days, while the lowest mortality percentage of the same extract (26.67%) was after seven days at the concentration of 0.25%. The results of the study showed that the mortality rate increased with increasing concentration and time.
Effect of some Organic Acids and Plants Extract on Growth of Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Al-Sweidawi Noor M. M. , Al-Warshan Salim H. S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to identify fungi associated with peanut seeds in different areas of Anbar, Diyala, and Kirkuk provinces and the effect of plant extracts from pine and cupressus fruits, in addition to organic acids (salicylic and butyric) in reducing the radial growth of A. flavus fungus on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and the biomass of the fungus in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium. The results showed the presence of several fungi associated with the seeds, including 14 species belonging to 12 genus. The genus Aspergillus sp. showed the highest occurrence rate in the examined samples at 61.5%, with A. flavus being the most prevalent species at 42.6%. Chemical analysis using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) on 30 A. flavus isolates revealed that 60% of them produced aflatoxins at various concentrations. The results indicated the effectiveness of alcoholic plant extracts and organic acids in inhibiting radial growth of A. flavus on PDA medium by 100% at a concentration of 2 mg/L for plant extracts and 0.01 mg/L for organic acids. Additionally, the additions of alcoholic plant extracts and organic acids significantly reduced the biomass of the fungus in PDB medium, with salicylic acid treatment alone showing an 88.3% reduction compared to the control treatment, followed by butyric acid treatment at 87.8%. Alcoholic plant extracts recorded reductions of 77.4% and 72.4% for cupressus and pine, respectively. Moreover, the results of combinations of alcoholic plant extracts and organic acids showed a significant effect on reducing fungal biomass, although not to the same extent as individual organic acid treatments, and no significant differences were observed among all the applied addition treatments.
Molecular Identification of Dwarf Honey Bees (Apis florea Fabricius) Distributed in the Eastern Region of Iraq
Authors: Alhissnawi Muntasser Sabah , Karrem Ali A. , AL-Abedy Aqeel N. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 17 isolates of the dwarf honey bee collected from the north and west of some Iraqi areas, reaching higher elevations in the districts of Kifri, Kalar, and Darbandikhan in the plains of Iraq. these isolates were molecularly identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that all the characterized isolates in this study belong to the red dwarf honey bee species, Apis florea. The identified isolates showed a high level of similarity (100%) within each group, with isolates 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 17 being identical to each other. It was also found that isolates 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 14 had a similarity of 100% to each other. The characterized isolates in this study showed a genetic distance from other characterized isolates such as those identified in India, Thailand, Japan, and China. The genetic information within the mitochondrial 16S rDNA genes provided in this paper have crucial data for understanding the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of A. florea. The study also provides important genetic information about A. florea in Iraq and contributes to the understanding of its genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships.
First record of Endophytic binucleate Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Halophyte Plants Trachomitum venetum and Study of its Enzymatic Properties in Basrah, Iraq
Authors: Awad Lina K. , Fayyadh Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The aims of the present work were to study endophytic fungi isolated from halophyte Trachomitum venetum which were spread in the saline areas in the city of Basrah. Binucleate Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from roots of Trachomitum venetum, the fungus was identified basis on its morphological features and the number of nuclei in mycelium cells’ it turns out it’s binucleate and molecular based on amplification of the ITS gene region and the nucleotide sequence of the fungus was deposited in the Genebank under the accession number KX118360.1. The ability of the fungus to produce Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Amylase, Cellulase, Protease, Lipase and Pectinase enzymes were examined, the results showed that R. solani has the ability to produce PPO and does not have the ability to produce other enzymes. The metabolites of the fungal filtrate were identified using GC-MS technology and the results showed that this fungus produces 16 compounds as extracellular secondary metabolites, the most important of which are n-Hexadecanoic acid, 2(5H)-Furanone and Octadecanoic acid. This is the first study for isolating binucleate R. solani from halophyte plant T. venetum in Iraq.
Effect of Spraying with Salicylic Acid (SA) on the Yield of Several Cultivars of Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., under Protected Cultivation Conditions
Authors: Abd Gaith Ibrahim , Khaliph Omer Ismail , Abed Basim M. , Al-Jaf Idrees H. M. , Madhan AlFahdawy Harith Sadaa , Khalaf AlFahdawy Mohammed Ismail , Abdulmajeed Amer Hashim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study examined the growth and yield of four cucumber varieties—Marketmore 76, Beit Alpha, Ocucmol (st), and Lahoba361034,—during the 2022 growing season in a greenhouse owned by the Horticulture Department of the College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad. The cultivars were tested under three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.25, 0.5) mg. L-1. The results showed the superiority of Lahoba361034 cultivar in most traits, as it gave the highest average number of fruits per plant (15 fruits. plant-1), fruit weight (90.9 g), and yield per plant (1.354 kg. plant-1), while the cultivar Ocucmol (st) was superior in fruit diameter and fruit length gave an average of 33.39 mm and 15.53 cm, respectively. As for the levels of salicylic acid, the results showed the superiority of the high concentration of salicylic acid (0.5 mg.L-1) in all the studied traits, as it gave the highest average in the characteristic of fruit diameter (33.36 mm), fruit length (14.93 cm), and number of fruits per plant (15.08 fruits. plant-1), fruit weight (94.2 gm) and yield per plant (1.431 kg. plant-1), while the comparison treatment (0 mg SA. L-1) gave the lowest mean for most traits. The interaction treatment between the cultivar Lahoba361034 and the high concentration (0.5 mg. L-1) showed superiority in the average number of fruits per plant (17 fruits. Plant-1), fruit weight (100.6 gm), and yield per plant (1.703 kg).
The Effect of Adding Nano NPK Fertilizer EM1 biofertilizer and Spraying with Algae Extract on some Growth Characteristics and Yield of Date Palm Variety Khastawi
Authors: Al-Mohammadi Murad M. I. , Al-Dolaimi Rasmi M. H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in Anbar Governorate, during the growing season 2023, in the geographical location 33°25′15.9″N 43°45’18.7″E, on date palm trees, Khastawi variety, 16 years old, to determine the role of adding nano-fertilizer (20:20:20) at concentrations 0, 50, 100 g of palm trees and the EM1 bio fertilizer at a concentration of 0 and 20 ml L-1, and spraying with algae extract (SEFLEFF ORIGIN) at a concentration of 0, 1, 2 ml L-1 in some growth and yield characteristics. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, one tree for each treatment. The results showed that there were significant differences for all study factors in terms of leaf area, chlorophyll content of the leaves, percentage of dry matter in the leaves, diameter and length of the fruit, weight of the fruit, cluster weight, and the yield at a concentration of nano fertilizer of 100 g (F2), bio fertilizer of 20 ml L-1 (E1), and algae extract of 2 ml L-1 (A2) The results also indicated that significant differences were achieved for the study factors when the triple interaction (F2E1A2) was achieved for the traits leaf area, chlorophyll content of the leaves, the percentage of dry matter in the leaves, the diameter and length of the fruit, and the weight of the fruit, with the exception of the trait cluster weight, which did not achieve any significant difference with the control treatment.
Response of Gazania (Gazania splendens L.) Plants to Foliar Application with Bio Health and Salicylic Acid on some Growth and Flowering Traits
Authors: Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Abed Basim Mohammed , Abd Gaith lbrahim , ALTaey D. K. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research was done in the lath house as the growing season 2020-2021 on Gazania plants, To investigate the impact of ground addition of Biostimulator (Bio health) at concentrations (0, 2 and 4 g L-1), respectively, and spraying with growth regulator (Salicylic acid) at concentrations (0, 5 and 10 ml L-1), respectively. The findings indicated that the addition of Bio health, especially at concentration (4 g L-1) contributed to achieving the best results for all vegetative and flowering growth traits (plant height, leaves number, vegetative dry weight, off springs number, leaf content of chlorophyll, total carbohydrates content of leaves, flowers number, flower fresh weight, flower diameter, flower peduncle length), they were (11.91 cm, 36.82 leaf plant-1, 8.12 g, 7.60 off spring plant-1, 11.12 mg g-1, 7.44%, 6.65 flower plant-1, 2.33 g, 7.58 cm and 8.33 cm), respectively. Spraying with Salicylic acid achieved significant effect, especially (1 ml L-1) concentration, that gave the highest values for the traits (plant height, leaves number, vegetative dry weight, off springs number, leaf content of chlorophyll, total carbohydrates content of leaves, flowers number and flower diameter), they were (11.61 cm, 35.05 leaf plant-1, 8.26 g, 7.35 off spring plant-1, 11.39 mg g-1, 7.49%, 6.51flower plant-1and 7.72 cm), respectively.
Effect of CPPU and Cobalt on the Growth and Productivity of Two Potato Cultivars Under Field Conditions
Authors: Al-Enzi Ahmed H. A. , Almohammedi Omar H. M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Field experiment was conducted at the research station, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, in the Al-Buaytha area located at longitude E43.3265 and latitude N33.4537 for the spring 2023 and autumn 2023 seasons. The aim was to determine the growth and productivity of two potato cultivars under the influence of foliar spray with the growth regulator CPPU and cobalt. The experiment was conducted using a split-split plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors. The first factor included the cultivars (Rudolf and EL Beida). The second factor foliar spray with the growth regulator CPPU at three concentrations (0, 3, and 6 mg L-1). The third factor foliar spray with cobalt at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mg L-1). In the spring season, treatment with CPPU at 6 mg L-1 enhanced plant traits: tubers per plant (9.82), marketable yield per plant (1.03), yield per plant (1.15), and total marketable yield (54.81). This effect was not observed in the autumn season, where tuber weight average was highest for CPPU-treated Rudolf plants (137.06 g/plant). At a concentration of 10 mg L-1, cobalt spray significantly increased the number of tubers per plant, at 9.159 tubers plant-1 for the spring season, with an average tuber weight of 134.80 g plant-1 for the autumn season, and a marketable yield of 0.978 kg plant-1 for the spring season. Additionally, the yield per plant was 1.065 kg plant-1 for the spring season, and the total marketable yield was 52.20 tons ha-1 for the spring season.
Effects of Mycorrhiza inoculation and Seaweed Extracts on the Growth and Flowering of Zinnia elegans L.
Authors: Ahmed Chnoora Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was assayed to study the impact of mycorrhiza and liquid seaweed extracts on the growth of Zinnia elegans L. This experiment was designed according to (R.C.B.D) with three replicates and two factors. The first factor inoculated two levels of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) (30, and 0 g/plant), and the second factor was seaweed extract foliar application with three levels of (0, 1, and 2ml/L). The results indicated that soil mycorrhiza fungi inoculation treatments significantly improved root length (45.29cm), root dry matter percentage (12.13%), root surface area (29.67ds2), and percentage of roots mycorrhiza infection (85.667%). Moreover, treating the plants with mycorrhiza led to improved flower characteristics such as early flowering (32.444 days), flower diameter (8.378cm), and flower stem diameter (4.722 mm). In addition, the seaweed extracts at a concentration of 2ml/L significantly affected most traits, while the percentage of nitrogen in leaves was influenced by both (1 and 2ml/L) concentrations were 2.773% and 2.762% respectively. Additionally, mycorrhiza treatments notably increased chemical components in the leaves; Chlorophyll intensity (23.982 spad unit), Nitrogen (2.864%), Phosphorus (0.378%), and Potassium (4.659%) concentrations. Finally, the interaction between mycorrhiza inoculation and foliar application of seaweed extracts at 2ml/L per plant maintained a significant effect on the quality of flower production of Zinnia elegans in the open field.
Application of Calcium and Zinc Improves Vegetative Growth Characteristics and Plant Hormones in Strawberry
Authors: Rasheed Al-Karawi Hussein Nory , Habeeb Hussein 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of calcium and zinc spraying, as well as their potential interaction, on several vegetative growth characteristics and the content of plant hormones in strawberry plants. The study encompassed nine treatments, wherein plants were subjected to various degrees of calcium application using calcium chloride (0, 3, 6) g/l. These treatments were administered individually or in combination with three levels of zinc application using zinc sulfate (0, 2, and 4) g/l. The results showed that treating plants with 6 g/l of calcium via spraying improved plant height, fruit weight and elevated calcium and zinc levels in the leaves. The treatment of 3 g/l calcium increased the fruit yield and the amount of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins significantly. On the other hand, the application of 4 g/l zinc via spraying led to elevating the concentration of zinc, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin in the leaves as well as increased plant height. Additionally, applying 2 g/l of zinc resulted in a rise in the number of fruits and fruit weight. The application of zinc at 2 or 4 g/l led to a decline in the calcium concentration of the leaves.
Effect of Bio Fertilization and Boron Spraying on Growth and Green Pod Yield of Three Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Al-Hameed Ahmad Mohanad Abd , Hassan Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis , lbraheem Fathel F. R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul during the winter season 2019-2020 to study the effect of three factors: three cultivars of broad bean (Histal, Fava da orto, and Luz de otono) and the bacterial biofertilizer (Bacillus subtillis) at two concentrations (without spraying and 1 ml L1) and spraying with boron at three concentrations (without adding and 30 and 60 mg L1) within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the Histal cultivar gave the highest significant values in the number of branches per plant and the leaf area of the plant, while the Fava da Orto cultivar gave the highest significant values in the total pods yield. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the biofertilization and non-biofertilization treatments in all the studied traits. The concentration of 30 mg/L boron gave the highest significant value in the number of seeds per pod. The treatment of 1 ml/L of biofertilizer with 30 mg/L of boron in the Fava da Orto cultivar gave the highest significant values in the leaf area of the plant and the total pods yield.
The Effect of the Growth Stimulant Bio 20 and Thinning on the Activity of the Invertase and Cellulase Enzymes and some Chemical Characteristics of Date Palm Fruits Phoenix dactylifera L. Al-Shwaithi Cultivar
Authors: Kazem Zainab Fadel , Al-Asadi Ahmed Dinar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted during the 2023 growing season in one of the private orchards in Thi-Qar Governorate, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying fruits with concentrations of the growth stimulant Bio 20 (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1 and the percentages of fruit thinning (0, 15, and 30)%, and their interactions in the activity of invertase and cellulose enzymes and some chemical characteristics of date palm fruits, Al-Shwaithi cultivar at the rutab stage. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment according to a Completely Randomized Block Design with six replicates to calculate the studied characteristics. Concentrations of the growth stimulant Bio 20 were sprayed and the thinning process was carried out after (21) days of pollination and upon completion of fruit set, and at (6 sprays) between one and the other (14 days) until the fruits complete growth and begin their coloring stage. The results can be summarized as follows: The results of the study showed that spraying with the growth stimulant Bio 20 achieved a significant increase in the activity of the invertase and cellulase enzymes and most of the chemical characteristics, and the concentration (4 ml L-1) recorded the highest averages for these enzymes (12.51 and 23.50) units g-1 m-1, respectively, and total soluble solids (73.83%) and dry matter (59.74%). In addition, the concentration (4 ml L-1) recorded the lowest averages with a significant difference in the percentage of water content (40.26%). The results also showed that the thinning percentage (30%) achieved a significant increase in: The activity of invertase and cellulase enzymes reached averages of (13.72 and 25.50) units g-1 min-1, respectively, and total soluble solids (69.86%) and dry matter (59.50%), In addition, it recorded the lowest averages with a significant difference for the percentage of water content (40.50%). As for the effect of the interaction treatment between the concentration of the growth stimulant Bio 20 (4 ml L-1) and the thinning percentage (30%), it was significant in giving the highest averages of activity of the invertase and cellulase enzymes and chemical characteristics during the rutab stage.
The Effect of Humic Acid on some Chemical Characteristics of the Leaves of Date Palm off Shoots of Nabut Seif Cultivar Resulting from Tissue Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Khalef Al-Asadi Ahmed D. , Falih Al-Zubaidy Batool H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
College of Agriculture and Marshes (COAM), Thi Qar University, conducted this study for the season 2018-219 to explore the effect of sodium chloride, humic acid and their interrelationship on some chemical characteristics of leaves of date palm offshoots of the Nabut Saif cultivar obtained from tissue culture. The study involved (12 treatments), each with three replicates. Considering that they were derived from 36 offshoots of the Nabut Seif cultivar, similar in size, length, number of leaves and three years old. The experiment was designed as a factorial experiment according to the complete randomized block design (C.R.B.D) and with two factors: the first factor is the use of four concentrations of sodium chloride salt (0, 5, 10, and 15) dsm-1 while the second factor is three concentrations of humic acid 80% (0, 10 and 20) ml L-1, and both factors were added to the soil in ten separate applications in between every 15 days, besides, the study showed the following results: The sodium chloride had a considerable impact on the elevation of the concentration of total soluble carbohydrate, proline and the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in the leaves in response to its increasing level added to the soil, with the concentration of 10 dsm-1 recorded the highest average for each carbohydrates (25.24 µg g-1), proline (5.27 µg With respect to the impact of humic acid, this was substantial since it increased the levels of total soluble carbohydrates, proline, and the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme with an increase in the applied concentration, the concentration treatment (20 ml L-1) achieved the highest averages of carbohydrates (25.26 µg g-1), proline (5.60 µg g-1). The interaction treatments of the study factors significantly affected all the characteristics studied by increasing their mean values whereby the interaction of sodium chloride at a concentration of (10 dci) and humic acid at a concentration of (20 ml L-1) excelled and achieved the highest means of carbohydrates (26.32 µg g-1), proline (6.16 μg g-1).
Variance Estimation and Genotypic, Phenotypic Correlation and Broad Heritability Percentage in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Al-Jaf Idrees H. M. , Mubarak Anmar K. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , ALTaey Duraid K. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During the spring season of 2022, a field study was undertaken in one of the villages in the city of Ramadi, employing three genetic structures of cucumber: Marketmore 76, Ocucmmol (st), and Lahoba361034. The cultivars were introduced into a full diallel crossbreeding programme, yielding three reciprocal hybrid seeds and three reverse hybrid seeds, as well as the parent seeds (3 males + 6 hybrids). The study used a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates to investigate phenotypic, genetic, and environmental variability, broad sense heritability, and genetic and phenotypic connections among the traits investigated. The results showed that the values of discrepancies differed between the studied qualities, and the values of genetic and phenomenal variation were greater than the values of environmental variation for most attributes and most of the qualities evaluated had the greatest broad sense heritability values. The genetic correlation was a high-morale positive between the plant’s quotient, the fruit length and the fruit weight. Plant yield, on the other hand, had a substantial negative genetic association with the nodes number before the first female flower. Plant yield correlated positively but not significantly with the number of first fruit holding, plant length, and leaf area. As for the phenotypic correlation the Plant yield was positively and strongly connected with fruit weight, but highly negatively and significantly correlated with the nodes number before the first female flower. Plant yield was likewise negatively and insignificantly linked with the sex ratio characteristic.