bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abusive and Hate speech Classification in Arabic Text Using Pre-trained Language Models and Data Augmentation
Authors: Badri Nabil , Kboubi Ferihane , Habacha Chaibi Anja 
Published: August 2024

Hateful content on social media is a worldwide problem that adversely affects not just the targeted individuals but also anyone whose content is accessible. The majority of studies that looked at the automatic identification of inappropriate content addressed the English language, given the availability of resources. Therefore, there are still a number of low-resource languages that need more attention from the community. This article focuses on the Arabic dialect, which has several specificities that make the use of non-Arabic models inappropriate. Our hypothesis is that leveraging pre-trained language models (PLMs) specifically designed for Arabic, along with data augmentation techniques, can significantly enhance the detection of hate speech in Arabic mono- and multi-dialect texts.
To test this hypothesis, we conducted a series of experiments addressing three key research questions: (RQ1) Does text augmentation enhance the final results compared to using an unaugmented dataset? (RQ2) Do Arabic PLMs outperform other models utilizing techniques such as fastText and AraVec word embeddings? (RQ3) Does training and fine-tuning models on a multilingual dataset yield better results than training them on a monolingual dataset?
Our methodology involved the comparison of PLMs based on transfer learning, specifically examining the performance of DziriBERT, AraBERT v2, and BERT-base-arabic models. We implemented text augmentation techniques and evaluated their impact on model performance. The tools used included fastText and AraVec for word embeddings, as well as various PLMs for transfer learning.
The results demonstrate a notable improvement in classification accuracy, with augmented datasets showing an increase in performance metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score) by up to 15–21% compared to non-augmented datasets. This underscores the potential of data augmentation in enhancing the models’ ability to generalize across the nuanced spectrum of Arabic dialects.
Preventive Treatment with a CD73 Small Molecule Inhibitor Enhances Immune Surveillance in K-Ras Mutant Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Strickland Lincoln N. , Liu Wendao , Hussein Usama , Mardik Nicolette , Chen Xian , Mills Tingting , Vornik Lana A. , Savage Michelle I. , Sei Shizuko , Clifford John , Eltzschig Holger K. , Brown Powel H. , Zhao Zhongming , McAllister Florencia , Bailey-Lundberg Jennifer M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Immunoprevention is an emerging consideration for solid tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We and others have shown that Kras mutations in genetic models of spontaneous pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), which is a precursor to PDAC, results in CD73 expression in the neoplastic epithelium and some populations of infiltrating immune cells, including macrophages and CD8 T cells. CD73 is an ecto-enzyme that converts extracellular adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, a critical immune inhibitory molecule in PDAC. We hypothesized inhibition of CD73 would reduce the incidence of PanIN formation and alter the immune microenvironment. To test our hypothesis, we used the KrasG12D; PdxCre1 (KC) genetically engineered mouse model and tested the utility of AB-680, a small molecule inhibitor targeting CD73, to inhibit PanIN progression. AB-680, or vehicle control, was administered using oral gavage delivery 3 days/week at 10 mg/kg, beginning when the mice were 2 months old and lasting 3 months. We euthanized the mice at 5 months old. In the KC model, we quantified significantly less pancreatitis, early and advanced PanIN, and quantified a significant increase in M1 macrophages in AB-680-treated mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of pancreata of AB-680-treated mice revealed increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and mature B cells. The scRNA-seq analysis showed that CD73 inhibition reduced M2 macrophages, acinar, and PanIN cell populations. CD73 inhibition enhanced immune surveillance and expanded unique clonotypes of TCR and BCR, indicating that inhibition of CD73 augments adaptive immunity early in the neoplastic microenvironment.
Prevention Relevance: Previous studies found PanIN lesions in healthy pancreata. Not all progress to PDAC, suggesting a window for enhanced antitumor immunity through immunoprevention therapy. CD73 inhibition in our study prevents PanIN progression, reduces immune-suppressive macrophages and expands TCR and BCR unique clonotypes, highlighting an encouraging therapeutic avenue for high-risk individuals.
The Earth in the Land: Internationalism, Regional Culturalism, and Cosmopolitanism in 1960s Films from Soviet Ukraine
Authors: Kuzma Konstanty 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the film history of the Ukrainian ssr, the Thaw is regarded as the era of the rebirth of a national Ukrainian cinema. Both films celebrating regional diversity and films merely drawing on local crews and infrastructure are said to have contributed to a national film culture. I look at three distinct approaches to the Soviet concept of multinationality to show that the rebirth of a national cinema was characterized by approaches that did not claim a distinct national identity for Ukraine. Instead, directors facing regional diversity either transcended Ukraine’s cultural environment (through internationalism), undercut it (through what I call regional culturalism), or ignored it altogether (through cosmopolitanism). With the help of this typology, I point to the complex cultural politics of the time. The Soviet Ukrainian films I discuss exemplarily were not part of a common national project at the time, though they may have contributed to it as time passed.
From asylums to deinstitutionalization and after: an analytic review
Authors: Balbuena Rivera Francisco 
Published: August 2024

Background: After a period of institution-based mental health care, in which the asylum system was the way in which the mental patients were treated, deinstitutionalization brought a set of significant changes and transformations in the conceptualization of mental illness and, by extension, the traditional therapeutic settings in which those in most need were assisted. However, this shift in the psychiatric domain was not only accompanied by valued achievements, but also by difficulties and challenges, as has been evidenced today. Aim/objective: The aim of this paper is thus to examine the pros and cons of the closure of asylums, and the subsequent implementation of deinstitutionalization over the 60 years or so of such important transformations in the field of psychiatry. Methods: In considering this question, I examine in detail recent works of literature based on scholarly knowledge. In addition, I identify various issues involved, as well as ways of confronting these so as to attempt to overcome the difficulties they present. Results and conclusions: As I show here, the changes in the treatment and care of the mentally ill after asylum and deinstitutionalization brought a new air of hope to patients and their families, but also had undesirable effects. The paper also considers how mental health professionals today try to solve these effects on behalf of patients and society as a whole.
Quality assurance for cancer patient safety: Clinical assessment for precise angles in linac during radiation therapy
Authors: Salahuddin Sana , Buzdar Saeed Ahmad , Iqbal Khalid , Azam Muhammad Adeel , Aslam Mamona , Altaf Saima , Ikhlaq Ayesha , Mustafa Muhammad Usman , Strigari Lidia 
Published: August 2024

Purpose: Quality assurance for stereotactic body radiation treatment requires that isocentric verification be ensured during gantry rotation at various angles. This study examined statistical parameters on Winston-Lutz tests to distinguish the deviation of angles from isocenter during gantry rotation using machine learning. Method: The Varian TrueBeam linac was aligned with the marked lines on the Ruby phantom. Eight images were captured while the gantry was rotating at a 45° shift. The statistical features were derived from IsoCheck EPID software. The decision tree model was applied to these Winston-Lutz tests to cluster data into two groups: precise and error angles. Results: At 90° and 270° angles, the gantry exhibits isocentric stability compared to other angles. In these angles, the most statistical features were inside the range. Most variations were observed at 0° and 180° angles. In most tests, the angles 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° showed reasonable performance and with less variation. Conclusion: The comprehensive statistical analyses for gantry rotation of angles assists expert radiotherapists in determining the contribution of each feature that highly affects gantry movement at specific angles. Misalignment between radiation isocenter and imaging isocenter, tuning of the beam at each angle, or a slight change in the position of the Ruby phantom can further improve the inaccuracy that causes the most variations. Better precision can effectively increase patient safety and quality during cancer treatment.
The Value of Marx in The Value of Everything
Authors: Tonak E. Ahmet 
Published: August 2024

This brief note concentrates solely on a section of the first part of The Value of Everything: Making and Taking in the Global Economy, specifically “Karl Marx on ‘Production’ Labour.” I discuss several issues: Mazzucato’s understanding of Marx’s distinction between productive and unproductive labor (henceforth PUPL), her terminological vagueness and mistakes, and some inaccurate bibliographic and factual information. JEL Classification: B0, B5, P1
Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting mechanical ventilation need among acutely intoxicated patients with impaired consciousness
Authors: Lashin Heba Ibrahim , Sobeeh Fatma Gaber , Sobh Zahraa Khalifa 
Published: August 2024

Background A considerable portion of acutely intoxicated patients is presented with impaired consciousness. Early identification of those patients who require advanced medical care, such as mechanical ventilation (MV), can improve their prognosis. Methods This study included 330 acutely intoxicated patients who were presented with impaired consciousness and admitted to Tanta University Poison Control Center, Egypt, in the period from January 2021 to December 2023. Patients were enrolled in derivation (257 patients) and validation (73 patients) cohorts. Patients’ data were analyzed to develop and validate a predictive nomogram to determine the probability of MV need in acutely intoxicated patients. Results Significant predictors for MV need were mean arterial blood pressure (OR = 0.96, p = .014), PaO2 (OR = 0.96, p = .001), pH (OR = 0.00, p < . 001), and glucose/potassium ratio (OR = 1.59, p = .030). These four parameters were used to formulate a bedside nomogram. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the proposed nomogram shows that area under the curve (AUC) = 95.7%, accuracy = 93.4%, sensitivity = 88.9%, and specificity = 95.1%. The internal validation for the developed nomogram was assessed using a bootstrapping method and calibration curve. Regarding external validation, AUCs for the developed nomogram probability was 96.5%, and for predicted probability using the developed nomogram was 97.8%. Conclusion The current study provides a validated nomogram that could be used as a reliable tool for the accurate prediction of MV need among acutely intoxicated patients with impaired consciousness. It could assist in the early identification of patients who will require MV, especially in low-income countries with limited resources.
Bitcoin as a Distinct Asset Class for Hedging and Portfolio Diversification: A DCC-GARCH Model Analysis
Authors: Singh Vikrant Vikram , Singh Harendra , Ansari Aleem 
Published: August 2024

Purpose: Bitcoin, the most popular form of virtual currency, currently holds the highest market capitalization among cryptocurrencies and serves as a benchmark for the typical cryptocurrency. The main goal of this research is to evaluate Bitcoin’s potential as a distinct asset class. This will be achieved by building upon previous studies and investigating its utility as both a hedging instrument and a tool for portfolio diversification. Methodology: In this study, Bitcoin is compared with other asset classes, such as key stock indices of India’s Nifty-50 and Sensex, and key currency pairs with the Indian Rupee, including the US dollar ($), Euro (€), Pound sterling (£), and Japanese Yen (¥). Gold, as one of the most precise commodities, is analyzed using descriptive statistics to verify and confirm its properties as a distinct asset class. Additionally, the study employs the DCC-GARCH model to ascertain whether Bitcoin qualifies as both a hedging instrument and a tool for portfolio diversification. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that Bitcoins constitute a unique and separate category within alternative assets and investment classes. Various descriptive statistics confirm that Bitcoins exhibit characteristics of an asset class. Additionally, the study reveals and verifies the hedging and portfolio diversification capabilities of Bitcoin based on the results of the DCC-GARCH model. Practical Implications: The findings of this study will prove useful for investors considering cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) as an alternative asset class for diversifying their portfolios and hedging against volatility. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the research paradigm of Bitcoin finance by providing a perspective from a developing nation on Bitcoin as an asset class, which differs from other asset classes such as Nifty-50, Sensex, USD–INR, EUR–INR, GBP–INR, JPY–INR, and gold. While previous research has predominantly focused on developed nation contexts, this study underscores the importance of examining Bitcoin’s role in portfolio diversification and hedging strategies. To enhance our understanding, this research presents daily observations of recent economic data spanning from 2011 to 2021. Assessing whether Bitcoin qualifies as an alternative investment and a distinct asset class is crucial, as it could significantly influence investment decisions and serve as a valuable tool for risk management and diversification purposes for investors.
Nurses’ Experiences in Communicating With Immigrant Populations During COVID-19: Insights and Suggestions for Future Health Crises
Authors: Mahic Seila , Nortvedt Line , Alpers Lise-Merete 
Published: August 2024

Introduction: When providing health information in a diverse society and during health crises, it is crucial that nurses can adapt their communication to immigrants, as this may have an impact on their health outcomes. This study seeks to identify how nurses experienced and assessed their communication and information work with immigrants during COVID-19 and to discuss measures to improve practice. Method: The study has an interpretive and explorative qualitative design, analyzing 10 semi-structured interviews with nurses from the municipal health service in Norway. Results: Three themes were created as follows: multilingual infection control teams and cooperation with volunteers, challenges when providing COVID-19 information, and the nurses’ suggestions for improvements in the event of a new pandemic or other health crisis. Discussion: Nurses’ cultural competence and their knowledge of immigrants’ health literacy can help them understand how immigrants think and behave during illness. It is important that nurses use discretion during health crises.
Temperature Is a Key Factor Governing the Toxic Impact of Ultra-Violet Radiation-Emitting Nail Dryers When Used on Human Skin Cells
Authors: Finn Elijah , Dussan Lucia , Rosenthal Scott , Simbulan-Rosenthal Cynthia , Rosenthal Dean , Sykora Peter 
Published: August 2024

The skin is the largest organ in the body and the only one to come into contact with solar UV radiation (UVR). UVA (320-400 nm) is a significant contributor to UV-related skin damage. The UVA spectrum makes up over 95% of solar-UV energy reaching the earth’s surface causing the majority of the visible signs of skin photoaging. Many consumer products also emit UVA, including nail dryers. There have been sporadic reports suggesting that these units may be contributing to skin cancer incidence. This notion was recently bolstered by a finding that nail dryer-irradiated mammalian skin cells develop a mutational signature consistent with UVA exposure. This report was surprising considering the comparatively low level of UVA to which the skin is exposed during nail treatments. In this research, we investigated how UVA-emitting devices caused cytotoxic/genotoxic impact after only low levels of UVA exposure. Our data showed that levels of UVA in the unit are highly variable and location dependent. We confirm previous reports that using prolonged exposure protocols could induce significant levels of DNA damage. It was also determined that UV-induced DNA damage only partially correlated with the level of UVA fluency. On investigation, we found that the unit had a rapid increase in internal temperature when in use. Exposing human cells to these elevated temperatures acted synergistically with UVA to magnify the cytotoxic and genotoxic impact of UV irradiation.
Ultrasound assessment of short peripheral catheter failure
Authors: Giustivi Davide , Celano Rosita , Cattalani Manuela , Camilli Claudia , Trombetta Lucia , Facchinetti Pietro , Bartoli Arianna , Bizzi Emanuele , Urso Francesco , Donadoni Mattia , Quici Massimiliano , La Cava Leyla , Calloni Maria , Martini Elena , Taino Alba , Cogliati Chiara , Gidaro Antonio 
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Short peripheral catheters (SPCs) are affected by a high complication rate that leads to catheter failure. Currently, the Visual Infusion Phlebitis score (VIP) is the most used tool to verify the presence of inflammatory complications (phlebitis and thrombophlebitis). However, ultrasound signs (US) may be an attractive alternative. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of US and VIP score = 1 in identifying and recognizing early signs of SPC failure. The time to positivity for US and VIP scores was assessed as a secondary outcome. Methods: An observational prospective study was conducted. In each patient, US (subcutaneous edema; fibroblastic sleeve; thrombophlebitis) and VIP of the exit site were performed every 24 h until 96 h after insertion. Compared to catheter failure, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive values in both US and VIP were calculated. Results: Two hundred patients were enrolled. The presence of ultrasonic pattern suggestive of edema at 72 h ( p = 0.018), fibroblastic sleeve at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h ( p < 0.001), thrombosis at 48 ( p < 0.001) and 72 h ( p = 0.005), and at least one of an abovementioned US at all checkpoints ( p < 0.001) were highly significant predictors of complications. Both US and VIP effectively detect inflammatory events; however, the US showed better sensitivity in overall checkpoints and earlier predictive ability than VIP (1.9 vs 0.47 days). Conclusions: An ultrasound inflammatory pattern is correlated with SPC failure. An ultrasound protocol—requiring minimal training—is more effective than VIP in recognizing early signs of device failure.
Recurrence Rates after Primary Femoral Hernia Open Repair a Systematic Review
Authors: Romano Lucia , Fiasca Fabiana , Mattei Antonella , Di Donato Giada , Venturoni Andrea , Schietroma Mario , Giuliani Antonio 
Published: August 2024

Purpose Femoral hernia accounts for 22% of groin hernia operations in women and for 1.1% in men. Numerous surgical approaches have been reported but there is no consensus. Many of the recurrence rates are reported in old literature, while recent reports are scarce. The aim of the present study was to review rates of recurrences in patients who underwent open repair of a primary femoral hernia. Methods We conducted a systematic search in the electronic literature, using the search terms “femoral hernia” and “recurrence”. We included studies published from 2002 that had as primary or secondary endpoint to evaluate the recurrence after surgery. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCT and by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Results Fifteen eligible articles were included in our systematic review. A total of 1087 procedures were performed according to the defined criteria. The metanalytic evaluation highlighted a higher probability of recurrence for non-mesh than mesh repairs (6.5% vs 1.9%; RR 0.924, 95% CI: 0.857 - 0.996). In patients treated in emergency settings the rate of recurrences was 3.7%; in patients who received elective repairs it was 0.71%. Six studies reported that most of recurrences occurred within the first post-operative year. Conclusion We found that crude recurrence rate after open repair of a primary femoral hernia is about 4%. This rate is higher in case of non-mesh techniques and in emergency surgery. Our results support the recommendation that femoral hernias should be repaired with mesh techniques.
The Feasibility of Condylar Screws for Occipitocervical Fusion in Arabs: Computed Tomography-Based Morphometric Study
Authors: Marwan Yousef , Jarragh Ali , Algarni Nizar , Sheikh Mehraj , Alsaeed Osama 
Published: August 2024

Study Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Objectives Occipitocervical fusion is indicated for various conditions. Some techniques require placement of screws in the occipital condyle. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphometric features of the occipital condyle among Arabs. Methods Computed tomography (CT)-based morphometric analysis of occipital condyles of 200 Arab skeletally mature patients (400 condyles) was done. Axial width of at least 8 mm and coronal height of at least 6.5 mm are the cutoff values for feasibility of condylar screw placement. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.0 ± 18.3 years. Males were 53.5% (107) of the sample. The mean axial condylar width and length were 8.5 ± 1.5 mm and 20.3 ± 2.6 mm, respectively, while the mean axial screw angle was 35.9° ± 5.5° from midline. The mean sagittal condylar length and height were 16.1 ± 1.9 mm and 8.8 ± 1.5 mm, respectively. The mean condylar coronal height was 8.2 ± 1.4 mm. Based on axial width and coronal height measurements, 150 (37.5%) condyles could safely fit a 3.5 mm condylar screw. One hundred and four (55.9% female condyles) condyles cannot fit a screw in females, while 46 (21.5% male condyles) condyles cannot fit a screw in males. Conclusions Condylar screw for occipitocervical fusion is feasible for the majority of Arabs in our sample; however, this applies to slightly less than half of the female condyles. Detailed preoperative radiological planning is critical to avoid complications related to occipital condyle screw placement.