bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maleinisation of monounsaturated fatty acids by Rh‐catalysis
Authors: Eschig Steven , Schirp Claudia , Salthammer Tunga 
Published: March 2014

The Rhodium catalyzed maleinisation of monounsaturated fatty acids leads to cyclic 3,6‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐phthalic acid derivatives and acyclic maleinated byproducts, which are similar to the products formed by Ene‐reaction. Two different catalysts, RhCl3(H2O)3 and Rh(OAc)2, were investigated. It was found that Rh(OAc)2 shows a higher selectivity toward the cyclic products as well as higher conversions compared to RhCl3(H2O)3. Furthermore it was observed that the double bond configuration of the fatty acid influences the yields and the product composition of the maleinated products. The Rh(OAc)2‐catalysis leads mainly to the cyclic THPAs. If the cis‐configurated oleic acid is used, one cyclic main product is formed, whereas the trans‐configurated elaidic acid leads to three different isomers. Furthermore a decrease of the overall yield of the maleinated products was observed for elaidic acid, compared to oleic acid. In contrast to that, the RhCl3(H2O)3‐catalyst tends to result favorably in the formation of the acyclic products. If oleic acid is used, the formation of two different constitutional syn‐isomers was observed. In addition to that the maleinisation of elaidic acid gives also the anti‐form, so that four different products could be detected by NMR‐experiments.Practical applications: Fatty acid based 3,6‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐phthalic acid (THPA) derivatives are promising monomers for polycondensation processes. The substructure of the six‐membered carbon ring is of great interest for the hardness of the resulting polyesters. The mentioned THPA derivatives are commonly synthesized via Diels‐Alder reaction of conjugated fatty acids and maleic anhydride. The main disadvantage of this synthesis route is caused by monounsaturation of many natural fatty acids, e.g., oleic acid, or by the non‐conjugation of the most natural fatty acids, e.g., linoleic acid which requires a further step for conjugation. The Rh‐catalyzed maleinisation enables the synthesis of such cyclic structures using monounsaturated fatty acids, e.g., oleic acid. The resulting THPAs are considered to be biobased substitutes with good prospects, e.g., for phthalic acid anhydride, trimellitic acid and their di‐, tetra‐, or hexahydro‐derivatives, which are commonly used in polycondensation processes. These fatty acid based THPAs may open the door towards new advanced biobased products, e.g., for lacquers and coatings.The Rh‐catalyzed addition of maleic anhydride to oleic and elaidic acid was investigated. Two different catalysts were used. RhCl3(H2O)3 leads preferred to the acyclic products, whereas Rh(OAc)2 favors the formation of the cyclic products. The influence of the double bond configuration of the fatty acid component on the product composition is also discussed.
Elaboration of novel biosourced AA–BB polyamides with dangling chains from methyl ricinoleate
Authors: Rejaibi Majed , Bigot Sandra , Kébir Nasreddine , Burel Fabrice , Desilles Nicolas , Barrère Caroline , Hubert‐Roux Marie , Loutelier‐Bourhis Corinne , Lecamp Laurence 
Published: March 2014

The existence of entirely biobased AA–BB polyamides is very limited because of the low availability of biosourced diamines. In this work, saturated and unsaturated diamines, with dangling hexyl chain, were successfully synthesized from methyl ricinoleate. These new monomers were reacted with several diacids to prepare novel partially to totally biobased AA–BB polyamides. Linear polyamide analogues were also prepared from commercial monomers. The physico‐chemical properties of the obtained polymers were assessed by DSC and TGA analysis. An auto‐plasticizing effect owing to the dangling chains was evidenced. The new branched monomers and polymers are expected to be used when modification of the properties of existing polyamides are required.Practical applications: The new branched monomers and polymers are expected to be used as green and renewable plasticizers for modification of the properties of existing polyamides. Furthermore, the presence of the carbon–carbon double bonds in the main chains would be beneficial to perform polyamide chemical modifications at the molten state or to achieve cross‐linking reactions suitable for coating applications.Elaboration of new branched renewable polyamides
Analysis of Residence Time Distributions of Different Solid Biomass Fuels by using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Authors: Kruggel‐Emden Harald , Wirtz Siegmar 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe residence time distributions of different typical solid biomass fuels such as wood pellets, wood chips, and wood cubes are measured on a scaled model of a forward‐acting grate in continuous operation by using radio frequency identification (RFID). A variation of motion patterns, grate operational conditions, and bed material is performed. Based on the residence time distributions, diffusion coefficients are derived, which are a measure for mixing on the grate and are of importance as input parameters of fuel–bed models in CFD simulations of grate‐firing systems. RFID measurements have the advantage to be capable of tracking multiple particles without requiring visual contact. Residence time distributions are obtained without any artifacts introduced by the feeding equipment or manual charging. It is found that the diffusion coefficients obtained are in agreement with the results of other measurements performed in literature. The diffusion coefficients increase with enhanced stroke length and stroke velocity as well as with decreasing bed layer thickness and particle sizes. Particle shape has a strong influence on longitudinal mixing and the diffusion coefficients.
An energy‐aware engineered control plane for wavelength‐routed networks
Authors: Ricciardi Sergio , Wang Jiayuan , Palmieri Francesco , Careglio Davide , Dittman Lars 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite the significant degree of technological maturity reached by large‐scale optical transmission infrastructures, new critical issues are emerging as side effects associated to their energy consumption, environmental impact and related costs, now accounting for an important part of the networks’ operational expenditures. To face this problem, we propose a single‐stage routing and wavelength assignment scheme, based on several network engineering extensions to the Generalised Multi‐Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control plane protocols, mainly Open Shortest Path First, with new composed metrics and information transport facilities. It is structured according to a simple multi‐objective optimisation approach aiming at containing the network's energy consumption and ecological impact while balancing the overall load and maintaining an acceptable connection demand satisfaction rate. The proposed solution is able to operate effectively in wide area wavelength routing scenarios, where multiple heterogeneous equipment, ranging from pure photonic to opaque routing/switching, amplification and regeneration devices are deployed in a GMPLS‐empowered network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element formulation for global linear stability analysis of a nominally two‐dimensional base flow
Authors: Mittal Sanjay , GS Sidharth , Verma Abhishek 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYA stabilized finite element method, to carry out the linear stability analysis of a two‐dimensional base flow to three‐dimensional perturbations that are periodic along span, is presented. The resulting equations for the time evolution of the disturbance requires a solution to the generalized eigenvalue problem. The analysis is global in nature and is also applicable to non‐parallel flows. Equal‐order‐interpolation functions for velocity and pressure are utilized. Stabilization terms are added to the Galerkin formulation to admit the use of equal‐order‐interpolation functions and to eliminate node‐to‐node oscillations that might arise in advection‐dominated flows. The proposed formulation is tested on two flow problems. First, the mode transitions in the circular Couette flow are investigated. Two scenarios are considered. In the first one, the outer cylinder is at rest, while the inner one spins. Two linearly unstable modes are identified. The primary mode is real and represents the axisymmetric Taylor vortices. The second mode is complex and consists of spiral vortices. For the counter‐rotating cylinders, the primary transition is via the appearance of spiral vortices. Excellent agreement with results from earlier studies is observed. The formulation is also utilized to investigate the parallel and oblique modes of vortex shedding past a cylinder for the Re = 100 flow. It is found that the flow is associated with a large number of unstable oblique shedding modes. The parallel mode of vortex shedding is a special case of this family of modes and is associated with the largest growth rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal development of the hippocampus in the Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Hunsaker Michael R. , Scott Julia A. , Bauman Melissa D. , Schumann Cynthia M. , Amaral David G. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTNonhuman primates are widely used models to investigate the neural substrates of human behavior, including the development of higher cognitive and affective function. Due to their neuroanatomical and behavioral homologies with humans, the rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) provides an excellent animal model in which to characterize the maturation of brain structures from birth through adulthood and into senescence. To evaluate hippocampal development in rhesus macaques, structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained longitudinally at 9 time points between 1 week and 260 weeks (5 years) of age on 24 rhesus macaque monkeys (12 males, 12 females). In our sample, the hippocampus reaches 50% of its adult volume by 13 weeks of age and reaches an adult volume by 52 weeks in both males and females. The hippocampus appears to be slightly larger at 3 years than at 5 years of age. Male rhesus macaques have larger hippocampi than females from 8 weeks onward by approximately 5%. Interestingly, there was increased variability in hemispheric asymmetry for hippocampus volumes at younger ages than at later ages. These data provide a comprehensive evaluation of the longitudinal development of male and female rhesus macaque hippocampus across development from 1 week to 5 years of age. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elevation of endogenous anandamide impairs LTP, learning, and memory through CB1 receptor signaling in mice
Authors: Basavarajappa Balapal S. , Nagre Nagaraja N. , Xie Shan , Subbanna Shivakumar 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn rodents, many exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonyl glycerol (2‐AG), have been shown to play an important role in certain hippocampal memory processes. However, the mechanisms by which endogenous AEA regulate this processes are not well understood. Here the effects of AEA on long‐term potentiation (LTP), hippocampal‐dependent learning and memory tasks, pERK1/2, pCaMKIV, and pCREB signaling events in both cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) wild‐type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were assessed following administration of URB597, an inhibitor of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Acute administration of URB597 enhanced AEA levels without affecting the levels of 2‐AG or CB1R in the hippocampus and neocortex as compared to vehicle. In hippocampal slices, URB597 impaired LTP in CB1R WT but not in KO littermates. URB597 impaired object recognition, spontaneous alternation and spatial memory in the Y‐maze test in CB1R WT mice but not in KO mice. Furthermore, URB597 enhanced ERK phosphorylation in WT without affecting total ERK levels in WT or KO mice. URB597 impaired CaMKIV and CREB phosphorylation in WT but not in KO mice. CB1R KO mice have a lower pCaMKIV/CaMKIV ratio and higher pCREB/CREB ratio as compared to WT littermates. Our results indicate that pharmacologically elevated AEA impair LTP, learning and memory and inhibit CaMKIV and CREB phosphorylation, via the activation of CB1Rs. Collectively, these findings also suggest that pharmacological elevation of AEA beyond normal concentrations is also detrimental for the underlying physiological responses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Value of general surgical risk models for predicting postoperative morbidity and mortality in pancreatic resections for pancreatobiliary carcinomas
Authors: Haga Yoshio , Wada Yasuo , Saitoh Toshihiro , Takeuchi Hitoshi , Ikejiri Koji , Ikenaga Masakazu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe present study evaluated the utility of general surgical risk models to predict postoperative morbidity and mortality in the specialty field of pancreatic resections for pancreatobiliary carcinomas.MethodsWe investigated Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E‐PASS), its modified version (mE‐PASS), and Portsmouth Physiologic and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (P‐POSSUM) in 231 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy (Group A). We also analyzed E‐PASS and mE‐PASS in another cohort of the same procedures (Group B, n = 313).ResultsAreas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for detecting in‐hospital mortality in Group A were moderate at 0.75 for E‐PASS, 0.69 for mE‐PASS, and 0.69 for P‐POSSUM. The predicted mortality rates of the models significantly correlated with severity of postoperative complications (ρ = 0.17, P = 0.011 for E‐PASS; ρ = 0.15, and P = 0.027 for P‐POSSUM). The AUCs were also moderate in Group B at 0.68 for E‐PASS and 0.69 for mE‐PASS. The predicted mortality rates significantly correlated with severity of postoperative complications (ρ = 0.18, P = 0.0018 for E‐PASS; ρ = 0.17, and P = 0.0022 for mE‐PASS).ConclusionsThe present study suggests that the predictive powers of general risk models may be moderate in pancreatic resections. A novel model would be desirable for these procedures.
Magnetic current loop as a source model for finite thin‐wire antennas
Authors: Cavka Damir , Poljak Dragan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe paper deals with the concept of magnetic current loop as a source model for finite thin‐wire antennas. The formulation is based on the Pocklington integro‐differential equation with reduced kernel, which is handled by means of various numerical techniques, mostly using the Galerkin–Bubnov variant of Indirect Boundary Element Method. Extensive numerical experiments were carried out on various dipole and monopole antennas using different sources (delta gap, magnetic frill, and magnetic current loop), and results for input admittance are compared with measured data. The magnetic current loop source ensures accurate solution for input admittance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Storage life at 2 °C or −1.5 °C of vacuum‐packaged boneless and bone‐in cuts from decontaminated beef carcasses
Authors: Youssef Mohamed K , Gill Colin O , Yang Xianqin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe microbiological condition of beef produced at North American plants has been improved as a result of the use of effective carcass‐decontaminating treatments. The effect of these treatments on the storage life of beef has not been established. In this study, beef primal cuts in vacuum packs stored at −1.5 or 2 °C for up to 160 days were assessed for their microbiological and organoleptic properties.RESULTSThe odours of boneless cuts were acceptable after storage at either temperature for ≤160 days; and the flavours of steaks from boneless cuts stored at 2 or −1.5 °C for ≤70 or ≤120 days, respectively, were acceptable. The storage life of bone‐in cuts stored at 2 or −1.5 °C was, respectively, shorter or the same as that of boneless cuts stored at the same temperature. More than 20 microbial species that were mostly obligate aerobes were present on both types of cuts before storage. After storage for ≥30 days, the microflora was dominated by carnobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were present in the flora from early storage times.CONCLUSIONSA storage life of 120–140 days was attained by vacuum‐packaged beef primals from decontaminated carcasses stored at −1.5 °C. The bone‐in cuts stored at 2 °C were spoiled at earlier times, probably by Enterobacteriaceae. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of RecO deficiency in Lactococcus lactisNZ9000 on resistance to multiple environmental stresses
Authors: Zhang Mengru , Chen Jian , Zhang Juan , Du Guocheng 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDMultiple stresses could cause damage to DNA and other macromolecules. RecO, belonging to the family of DNA repair proteins, plays an important part in homologous recombination and replication repair. In order to explore the role of RecO in overcoming multiple stresses, a mutant of recO deletion is constructed in Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris NZ9000.RESULTSCompared with the mutant strain, the original strain L. lactis NZ9000 shows better performance in growth under multiple stresses. The survival rates of the original strain under acid, osmotic and chill stresses are 13.49‐, 2.78‐ and 60.89‐fold higher. In our deeper research on fermentation capability under osmotic stress, lactate dehydrogenase activity after 8 h fermentation, maximum lactate acid production, lactate yield and maximum lactate productivity of L. lactis NZ9000 are 1.63‐, 1.28‐, 1.28‐ and 1.5‐fold higher, respectively.CONCLUSIONResults indicate that RecO has positively improved the survival of L. lactis NZ9000, protected its key enzymes and enhanced its fermentation efficiencies. Our research confirms the role of RecO in enhancing tolerances to multiple stresses of L. lactis NZ9000, and puts forward the suggestion that RecO could be used in other industrial microorganisms as a new anti‐stress component to improve their resistance to various stresses. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant and anti‐fatigue activities of egg white peptides prepared by pepsin digestion
Authors: Sun Shuguo , Niu Huihui , Yang Tao , Lin Qinlu , Luo Feijun , Ma Meihu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDSome hydrolyzed peptides derived from food proteins possess antioxidant and anti‐fatigue activities. In this study, egg white protein powder (EWPP) was hydrolyzed with pepsin for various times, and four peptide fractions were separated from the hydrolysates by ultrafiltration. The antioxidant activity of the four peptide fractions was determined. The peptide fraction with the strongest antioxidant activity was used to evaluate its anti‐fatigue effect and probable mechanisms.RESULTSThe egg white peptides (EWPs) fraction with molecular weight 2–5 kDa (named EWPs2) showed stronger antioxidant activity than the other peptide fractions (P < 0.05). The swimming time to exhaustion of mice administered EWPs2 was longer (P < 0.05) than that of the control group. EWPs2 increased the levels of blood glucose (by 28.4–42.2%), muscle glycogen (by 6.4–10.6%) and liver glycogen (by 10.7–23.8%) and significantly decreased the levels of lactic acid in muscle and urea nitrogen in blood (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONAmong the four peptide fractions, EWPs2 possessed the strongest antioxidant activity and exhibited an anti‐fatigue effect. The experimental data could clarify partially the anti‐fatigue mechanisms of EWPs and provide an important basis for developing EWPs as safe and natural antioxidants and anti‐fatigue agents for wide use. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its metabolites, α‐hydroxymetoprolol and O‐desmethylmetoprolol, in human plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol associated with CYP2D6 genotypes
Authors: Bae Soo Hyeon , Lee Joeng Kee , Cho Doo‐Yeoun , Bae Soo Kyung 
Published: March 2014

A rapid and simple LC with MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its two CYP2D6‐derived metabolites, α‐hydroxy‐ and O‐desmethylmetoprolol, in human plasma was established. Metoprolol (MET), its two metabolites, and the internal standard chlorpropamide were extracted from plasma (50 μL) using ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Luna CN column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of distilled water and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total run time was 3.0 min per sample. Mass spectrometric detection was conducted by ESI in positive ion selected‐reaction monitoring mode. The linear ranges of concentration for MET, α‐hydroxymetoprolol, and O‐desmethylmetoprolol were 2–1000, 2–500, and 2–500 ng/mL, respectively, with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL for all analytes. The coefficient of variation for the assay's precision was ≤ 13.2%, and the accuracy was 89.1–110%. All analytes were stable under various storage and handling conditions and no relevant cross‐talk and matrix effect were observed. Finally, this method was successfully applied to assess the influence of CYP2D6 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of MET after oral administration of 100 mg to healthy Korean volunteers.
The outcome of free tissue transfers in patients with hematological diseases: 20‐year experiences in single microsurgical center
Authors: Lin Pao‐Yuan , Cabrera Rodrigo , Chew Khong‐Yik , Kuo Yur‐Ren 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundFree tissue transfers performed in patients with hematological diseases represent significant challenges for micro‐surgeons. There are rare literatures that address the outcome in these patients. Therefore, we collected our database, analyzed the outcome, reliability, and related‐management of microsurgical technique in the patients with hematological diseases.MethodsA retrospective chart review of 20 patients with hematological disorders who received free tissue transfers during 20‐years period in a single microsurgical center was done. Eleven patients who received head and neck reconstruction were found to have hyperfibrinogenemia. Seven patients with reactive thrombocytosis after trauma, and two patients with leukemia had soft tissue defects in the upper and lower extremities. Twenty‐six flaps were used for free tissue transfers. Intra‐operatively all patients received intravenous 5,000 Ud of heparin post immediate reperfusion. Anti‐coagulant medication such as Dextran‐40 or prostaglandin‐E1 (PGE1) was given postoperatively.ResultsTwenty‐three of the 26 free flaps survived without vascular compromise. Intra‐operatively all patients received intravenous 5,000 Ud of heparin post immediate reperfusion, and anti‐coagulant medication such as Dextran‐40 or prostaglandin‐E1 was given to the patients postoperatively. The three failed cases were found in patients with hyperfibrinogenemia and needed further reconstruction with another flap. The overall success rate was 88.5% (23/26).ConclusionsHematologic disorder is not a predicted factor of free flap failure. The key factors for success flap survival in patients with hematologic disorders include preoperative knowledge of the medical condition and monitoring potential post‐operative complications, aggressive hematologist consultations, and meticulous non‐traumatic surgical anastomosis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:505–510, 2014.