bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Constraints on Simulated Transpiration Variability over Southeastern Australian Forests
Authors: Decker M. , Pitman A. J. , Evans J. P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA land surface scheme with and without groundwater–vegetation interactions is used to explore the impact of rainfall variability on transpiration over drought-vulnerable regions of southeastern Australia. The authors demonstrate that if groundwater is included in the simulations, there is a low correlation between rainfall variability and the response of transpiration to this variability over forested regions. Groundwater reduces near-surface water variability, enabling forests to maintain transpiration through several years of low rainfall, in agreement with independent observations of vegetation greenness. If groundwater is not included, the transpiration variability matches the rainfall variability independent of land cover type. The authors’ results suggest that omitting groundwater in regions where groundwater sustains forests will 1) probably overestimate the likelihood of forest dieback during drought, 2) overestimate a positive feedback linked with declining transpiration and a drying boundary layer, and 3) underestimate the impact of land cover change due to inadequately simulating the different responses to drought for different land cover types.
Internal Wave Reflection on Shelf Slopes with Depth-Varying Stratification
Authors: Hall Rob A. , Huthnance John M. , Williams Richard G. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Reflection of internal waves from sloping topography is simple to predict for uniform stratification and linear slope gradients. However, depth-varying stratification presents the complication that regions of the slope may be subcritical and other regions supercritical. Here, a numerical model is used to simulate a mode-1, M2 internal tide approaching a shelf slope with both uniform and depth-varying stratifications. The fractions of incident internal wave energy reflected back offshore and transmitted onto the shelf are diagnosed by calculating the energy flux at the base of slope (with and without topography) and at the shelf break. For the stratifications/topographies considered in this study, the fraction of energy reflected for a given slope criticality is similar for both uniform and depth-varying stratifications. This suggests the fraction reflected is dependent only on maximum slope criticality and independent of the depth of the pycnocline. The majority of the reflected energy flux is in mode 1, with only minor contributions from higher modes due to topographic scattering. The fraction of energy transmitted is dependent on the depth-structure of the stratification and cannot be predicted from maximum slope criticality. If near-surface stratification is weak, transmitted internal waves may not reach the shelf break because of decreased horizontal wavelength and group velocity.
Self-esteem, oral health behaviours, and clinical oral health status in Chinese adults: An exploratorystudy
Authors: Chin Luzy Siu-Hei , Chan Joanne Chung-Yan 
Published: October 2012

Objectives: This is an exploratory study to examine the relations among self-esteem, oral health behaviours and clinical oral health status in Chinese adults. In addition, gender differences in clinical oral health status and oral health behaviours were explored. Methods: Participants were 192 patients from a private dental clinic in Hong Kong aged between 18 and 67 years. Prior to oral health examination, participants completed a questionnaire about their oral health behaviours and the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. A dentist and a registered dental hygienist examined their tooth condition and clinical oral health status. Results: Participants with high self-esteem had better clinical oral health status than participants with low self-esteem despite no difference in their oral health behaviours. Male participants flossed less frequently than female participants but there was no difference in their clinical oral health status. Linear regression analyses showed that only self-esteem was, but gender, age, and tooth conditions were not, a significant predictor of clinical oral health status. Conclusions: In general, Chinese adults in Hong Kong had satisfactory oral health behaviours. Chinese adults with high self-esteem had better clinical oral health status than those with low self-esteem. However, oral health behaviours did not differ by level of self-esteem. Implications for implementing psychosocial elements in oral health education were discussed.
Benchmarking small power energy consumption in office buildings in the United Kingdom: A review of data published in CIBSE Guide F
Authors: Menezes Anna Carolina , Cripps Andrew , Buswell Richard A , Bouchlaghem Dino 
Published: October 2012

CIBSE’s Guide F is a widely recognised guidance document on energy efficiency in buildings, which includes energy consumption benchmarks for small power equipment in offices. In its recently published 3rd edition, existing power demand benchmarks for office equipment were revised to better represent appliances found in contemporary office buildings. Other key sources of data such as typical operating hours for equipment, however, have been omitted. This paper compares the benchmarks published in both the 2nd and 3rd editions of Guide F against a set of measurements of small power loads in a real UK office building. Load profiles for the monitored equipment are also presented to supplement the information included in the new Guide F. Practical application: With the increasing demand for more realistic predictions of operational energy use in buildings, small power should not be disregarded since it typically accounts for more than 20% of total energy used in offices. Furthermore, small power loads can have a significant impact on the cooling loads of a building. This paper reviews existing benchmarks, focusing on the new update to CIBSE Guide F, comparing available benchmarks against newly gathered monitored data. Detailed load profiles for individual office equipment are also provided, which can be used by designers to inform better predictions of small power consumption in office buildings.
A review on predicted mean vote and adaptive thermal comfort models
Authors: Yau YH , Chew BT 
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a literature review of the Fanger’s predicted mean vote and adaptive thermal comfort models developed in different buildings and climates. An important premise of this paper is the fact that Fanger’s model underestimates the thermal impression in the actual case and thus is no longer valid for use in certain climates. As a consequence, many researchers have developed adaptive models from field studies for different climates and countries. However, there is still no adaptive model that can be applied in designing air-conditioning systems for different buildings in all tropical climate countries. Based on this comprehensive review, an internationally recognized adaptive model is needed to achieve better thermal conditions in a variety of buildings such as hospitals, offices, factories, lecture halls, museums, hotels and libraries in the tropics. Practical application: The new conclusions from the comprehensive review on an adaptive thermal comfort model in buildings in the tropics could be used as an important guide for building service engineers and researchers. Their intentions are to minimize energy usage in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings such as hospitals, offices and lecture halls operating in the tropics while maintaining an acceptable thermal comfort level and thus improving the performance and well-being of the occupants.
Infrared Fiber Optic Probe Evaluation of Degenerative Cartilage Correlates to Histological Grading
Authors: Hanifi Arash , Bi Xiaohong , Yang Xu , Kavukcuoglu Beril , Lin Ping Chang , DiCarlo Edward , Spencer Richard G. , Bostrom Mathias P.G. , Pleshko Nancy 
Published: October 2012

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative cartilage disease, results in alterations of the chemical and structural properties of tissue. Arthroscopic evaluation of full-depth tissue composition is limited and would require tissue harvesting, which is inappropriate in daily routine. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a modality based on molecular vibrations of matrix components that can be used in conjunction with fiber optics to acquire quantitative compositional data from the cartilage matrix. Purpose: To develop a model based on infrared spectra of articular cartilage to predict the histological Mankin score as an indicator of tissue quality. Study Design: Comparative laboratory study. Methods: Infrared fiber optic probe (IFOP) spectra were collected from nearly normal and more degraded regions of tibial plateau articular cartilage harvested during knee arthroplasty (N = 61). Each region was graded using a modified Mankin score. A multivariate partial least squares algorithm using second-derivative spectra was developed to predict the histological modified Mankin score. Results: The partial least squares model derived from IFOP spectra predicted the modified Mankin score with a prediction error of approximately 1.4, which resulted in approximately 72% of the Mankin-scored tissues being predicted correctly and 96% being predicted within 1 grade of their true score. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that IFOP spectral parameters correlate with histological tissue grade and can be used to provide information on tissue composition. Clinical Relevance: Infrared fiber optic probe studies have significant potential for the evaluation of cartilage tissue quality without the need for tissue harvest. Combined with arthroscopy, IFOP analysis could facilitate the definition of tissue margins in debridement procedures.
The Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Due to Posterior Capsular Contracture on Passive Glenohumeral Joint Motion
Authors: Gates Jeffrey J. , Gupta Akash , McGarry Michelle H. , Tibone James E. , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: October 2012

Background: To date, no study has investigated the biomechanical consequences of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) at values seen in symptomatic athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical changes that occur with a full spectrum of GIRD in a cadaveric model with passive loading. We hypothesized that there is a critical percentage of GIRD that will result in a decrease in posterior glenohumeral translation and shift of the humeral head apex at the extreme ranges of motion. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six specimens were tested using the following conditions: (1) native state (“intact”); (2) after external rotation (ER) stretch (“stretched”); and (3) GIRD of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. For each condition, maximum ER, maximum internal rotation (IR), and total range of motion were measured. Kinematic data were obtained to determine the position of the humeral head apex (HHA), the highest point on the articular surface of the humeral head, relative to the geometric center of the glenoid. The amount of translation was measured in the anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior directions. Results: External rotation significantly increased compared with the intact condition for the stretched and 5% GIRD states, and IR decreased significantly beginning with 5% GIRD. At maximum ER, the HHA shifted significantly in the superior direction compared with the intact condition for all GIRD states, and at maximum IR, the HHA shifted significantly in the inferior direction compared with the intact and stretched conditions starting at 10% GIRD. The amount of posterior translation decreased significantly starting at 10% GIRD, and the amount of inferior translation decreased significantly starting at 20% GIRD. Conclusion: Biomechanical changes of passive glenohumeral joint motion occur in the glenohumeral joint with as little as 5% GIRD. Clinical Relevance: Biomechanical changes of passive glenohumeral joint motion are noted with as little as 5% GIRD in this cadaveric model, and as the amount of GIRD increases, more substantial effects are noted.
Arthroscopic Repair of Concomitant Type II SLAP Lesions in Large to Massive Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Kim Sung-Jae , Lee In-Sung , Kim Sung-Hwan , Woo Chan-Myoung , Chun Yong-Min 
Published: October 2012

Background: There are no studies examining superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) repair combined with repair of large to massive rotator cuff tears, and it is unclear whether a combined SLAP repair would lead to better outcomes than biceps tenotomy. Hypothesis: Tenotomy and rotator cuff repair would lead to better outcomes compared with those of combined SLAP and rotator cuff repair. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Our study population consisted of 36 patients who had undergone either combined SLAP and rotator cuff repair (when the biceps was too healthy to cut; group R = 16 patients) or tenotomy and rotator cuff repair (when any fraying or partial tear existed in the biceps tendon; group T = 20 patients) for concomitant type II SLAP lesions and large to massive rotator cuff tears. The cuff repair was performed in a single row for both groups. Outcomes were assessed by comparing range of motion as well as Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) scores between the 2 groups. Results: At the 2-year follow-up, both groups demonstrated significant improvements in functional shoulder scores and range of motion. However, group T had better SST scores (group T, 9.3 ± 1.6; group R, 7.8 ± 1.9; P = .012), ASES scores (group T, 88.6 ± 8.9; group R, 80.4 ±8.9; P = .009), UCLA scores (group T, 29.6 ± 3.0; group R, 26.0 ± 4.2; P = .007), and forward flexion (group T, 145.9° ± 13.0°; group R, 132.5° ± 15.3°; P = .008). The mean tear size and the degree of preoperative muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration on magnetic resonance imaging were similar between the groups. Conclusion: For patients with concomitant type II SLAP lesions and large to massive rotator cuff tears, the outcomes of simultaneous arthroscopic SLAP and rotator cuff repair were inferior to those of arthroscopic biceps tenotomy and cuff repair in terms of functional shoulder scores and range of motion. Biceps tenotomy and rotator cuff repair may be a more reliable method to address concomitant type II SLAP lesions and large to massive rotator cuff tears in patients, although a randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm the results.
Levels of NT-proBNP, markers of low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction during spironolactone treatment in patients with diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Nielsen Stine E , Schjoedt Katrine J , Rossing Kasper , Persson Frederik , Schalkwijk Casper G , Stehouwer Coen DA , Parving Hans-Henrik , Rossing Peter 
Published: October 2012

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade may reduce levels of biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the effect of spironolactone added to standard RAAS blockade on these biomarkers in an analysis of four original studies. Materials and methods: The studies were double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies in 46 type 1 and 23 type 2 diabetic patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and randomised to additional treatment with spironolactone 25 mg and placebo daily for 60 days. Outcome measures: Changes in inflammatory (hsCRP, s-ICAM, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, Serum amyloid A, IL1β), endothelial dysfunction (sE-selectin, s-ICAM1, s-VCAM1, VWF, p-selectin, s-thrombomodulin) and NT-proBNP after each treatment period. Results: During spironolactone treatment, u-albumin excretion rate was reduced from 605 (411–890) to 433 (295–636) mg/24 h, as previously reported. Markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction did not change; only changes in NT-proBNP (reduced by 14%, p=0.05) and serum amyloid A (reduced by 62%, p=0.10) were borderline significant. Discussions: Our results indicate that the renoprotective effect of spironolactone when added to RAAS blockade is not mediated through anti-inflammatory pathways since markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are not affected during treatment.
De novo sequencing and analysis of the Ulva linza transcriptome to discover putative mechanisms associated with its successful colonization of coastal ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Ye Naihao , Liang Chengwei , Mou Shanli , Fan Xiao , Xu Jianfang , Xu Dong , Zhuang Zhimeng 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
The green algal genus Ulva Linnaeus (Ulvaceae, Ulvales, Chlorophyta) is well known for its wide distribution in marine, freshwater, and brackish environments throughout the world. The Ulva species are also highly tolerant of variations in salinity, temperature, and irradiance and are the main cause of green tides, which can have deleterious ecological effects. However, limited genomic information is currently available in this non-model and ecologically important species. Ulva linza is a species that inhabits bedrock in the mid to low intertidal zone, and it is a major contributor to biofouling. Here, we presented the global characterization of the U. linza transcriptome using the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, with the aim of uncovering the genomic mechanisms underlying rapid and successful colonization of the coastal ecosystems.

Results

De novo assembly of 382,884 reads generated 13,426 contigs with an average length of 1,000 bases. Contiguous sequences were further assembled into 10,784 isotigs with an average length of 1,515 bases. A total of 304,101 reads were nominally identified by BLAST; 4,368 isotigs were functionally annotated with 13,550 GO terms, and 2,404 isotigs having enzyme commission (EC) numbers were assigned to 262 KEGG pathways. When compared with four other full sequenced green algae, 3,457 unique isotigs were found in U. linza and 18 conserved in land plants. In addition, a specific photoprotective mechanism based on both Lhc SR and Psb S proteins and a C4-like carbon-concentrating mechanism were found, which may help U. linza survive stress conditions. At least 19 transporters for essential inorganic nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur) were responsible for its ability to take up inorganic nutrients, and at least 25 eukaryotic cytochrome P450s, which is a higher number than that found in other algae, may be related to their strong allelopathy. Multi-origination of the stress related proteins, such as glutamate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutases, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and heat-shock proteins, may also contribute to colonization of U. linza under stress conditions.

Conclusions
The transcriptome of U. linza uncovers some potential genomic mechanisms that might explain its ability to rapidly and successfully colonize coastal ecosystems, including the land-specific genes; special photoprotective mechanism based on both Lhc SR and Psb S; development of C4-like carbon-concentrating mechanisms; muti-origin transporters for essential inorganic nutrients; multiple and complex P450s; and glutamate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutases, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and heat-shock proteins that are related to stress resistance.
Nitrilases in nitrile biocatalysis: recent progress and forthcoming research
Authors: Gong Jin-Song , Lu Zhen-Ming , Li Heng , Shi Jin-Song , Zhou Zhe-Min , Xu Zheng-Hong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOver the past decades, nitrilases have drawn considerable attention because of their application in nitrile degradation as prominent biocatalysts. Nitrilases are derived from bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and plants. In-depth investigations on their natural sources function mechanisms, enzyme structure, screening pathways, and biocatalytic properties have been conducted. Moreover, the immobilization, purification, gene cloning and modifications of nitrilase have been dwelt upon. Some nitrilases are used commercially as biofactories for carboxylic acids production, waste treatment, and surface modification. This critical review summarizes the current status of nitrilase research, and discusses a number of challenges and significant attempts in its further development. Nitrilase is a significant and promising biocatalyst for catalytic applications.
Control of lipid metabolism by adipocyte FGFR1-mediated adipohepatic communication during hepatic stress
Authors: Yang Chaofeng , Wang Cong , Ye Min , Jin Chengliu , He Weimin , Wang Fen , McKeehan Wallace L , Luo Yongde 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Endocrine FGF19 and FGF21 exert their effects on metabolic homeostasis through fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and co-factor betaKlotho (KLB). Ileal FGF19 regulates bile acid metabolism through specifically FGFR4-KLB in hepatocytes where FGFR1 is not significant. Both FGF19 and FGF21 activate FGFR1-KLB whose function predominates in adipocytes. Recent studies using administration of FGF19 and FGF21 and genetic ablation of KLB or adipocyte FGFR1 indicate that FGFR1-KLB mediates the response of adipocytes to both FGF21 and FGF19. Here we show that adipose FGFR1 regulates lipid metabolism through direct effect on adipose tissue and indirect effects on liver under starvation conditions that cause hepatic stress.

Methods
We employed adipocyte-specific ablations of FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes in mice, and analyzed metabolic consequences in adipose tissue, liver and systemic parameters under normal, fasting and starvation conditions.

Results
Under normal conditions, the ablation of adipose FGFR1 had little effect on adipocytes, but caused shifts in expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism. Starvation conditions precipitated a concurrent elevation of serum triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, and increased hepatic steatosis and adipose lipolysis in the FGFR1-deficient mice. Little effect on glucose or ketone bodies due to the FGFR1 deficiency was observed.

Conclusions
Our results suggest an adipocyte-hepatocyte communication network mediated by adipocyte FGFR1 that concurrently dampens hepatic lipogenesis and adipocyte lipolysis. We propose that this serves overall to mete out and extend lipid reserves for neural fuels (glucose and ketone bodies), while at the same time governing extent of hepatosteatosis during metabolic extremes and other conditions causing hepatic stress.