bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A closer look at the evidence for sex differences in the genetic and environmental influences on gambling in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent health: from disordered to ordered gambling
Authors: Slutske Wendy S. , Richmond‐Rakerd Leah S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground and aimsTo reconcile an inconsistency in the disordered gambling literature by revisiting a previous study that claimed to find evidence for large gender differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences.DesignUnivariate structural equation twin models were fitted to decompose the variation in gambling behavior into additive genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental influences.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsParticipants were 1196 same‐sex and unlike‐sex twins (18–28 years of age, 49% male, 51% female) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health).MeasurementsEight questions about normative and problematic gambling involvement were assessed by in‐person interview. Although disordered gambling symptoms were assessed, the number of individuals who were administered these questions precluded twin analysis, including analysis of potential gender differences. Of the eight questions, only three were deemed usable for twin analysis—these were all questions about normative gambling involvement.FindingsIndividual differences in (non‐disordered) gambling involvement were explained completely by family [C = 38% (30–46%)] and unique environmental factors [E = 62% (54–70%)]. There was no evidence for genetic factors (A = 0), nor was there evidence for sex differences (Δχ2 = 1.23, d.f. = 2, P = 0.54).ConclusionsThere appears to be no evidence for gender differences in the genetic contributions to disordered gambling. Family environment appears to play a significant role in explaining individual differences in (non‐disordered) gambling involvement among emerging adults.
Non‐medical use of prescription opioids during the transition to adulthood: a multi‐cohort national longitudinal study
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban , Schulenberg John E. , O'Malley Patrick M. , Patrick Megan E. , Kloska Deborah D. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine non‐medical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) patterns during the transition from adolescence to adulthood, and assess individual characteristics and other substance use behaviors associated with longitudinal patterns of NMUPO.DesignNationally representative samples of high school seniors in the United States (wave 1: modal age 18 years) were followed longitudinally across three biennial follow‐up waves (waves 2, 3 and 4: modal ages 19/20, 21/22 and 23/24 years).SettingData were collected via self‐administered questionnaires to high school seniors and young adults.ParticipantsThe longitudinal sample consisted of 27 268 individuals in 30 cohorts (high school senior years 1976–2005) who participated in all four waves.MeasurementsSelf‐reports of NMUPO and other substance use behaviors.FindingsApproximately 11.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.2%, 12.0%] of the sample reported past‐year NMUPO in at least one of the four waves. Among those who reported past‐year NMUPO in at least one wave, 69.0% (67.6%, 70.4%), 20.5% (19.3%, 21.7%), 7.8% (7.1%, 8.6%) and 2.7% (2.3%, 3.1%) reported NMUPO at one, two, three and four waves, respectively. Several wave 1 variables were associated with greater odds of multiple waves of NMUPO and individuals who reported more waves of NMUPO had greater odds of other substance use behaviors.ConclusionsAlthough most non‐medical use of prescription opioids among 18‐year‐olds in the United States appears to be non‐continuing, approximately one‐third of the sample reporting non‐medical use of prescription opioids appear to continue use beyond age 18 and have elevated odds of other substance use behaviors at ages 23/24.
Deliberate Drug Poisoning with Slight Symptoms on Admission: Are there Predictive Factors for Intensive Care Unit Referral? A three‐year Retrospective Study
Authors: Maignan Maxime , Pommier Philippe , Clot Sandrine , Saviuc Philippe , Debaty Guillaume , Briot Raphaël , Carpentier Françoise , Danel Vincent 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDeliberate drug poisoning leads to 1% of emergency department (ED) admissions. Even if most patients do not exhibit any significant complication, 5% need to be referred to an intensive care unit (ICU). Emergency physicians should distinguish between low‐ and high‐acuity poisoned patients at an early stage to avoid excess morbidity. Our aim was to identify ICU transfer factors in deliberately self‐poisoned patients without life‐threatening symptoms on admission. We performed a 3‐year retrospective observational study in a university hospital. Patients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of deliberate drug poisoning were included. Clinical and toxicological data were analysed with univariate tests between groups (ED stay versus ICU transfer). Factors associated with ICU admission were then included in a logistic regression analysis. Two thousand five hundred and sixty‐five patients were included. 63.2% were women, and median age was 40 (28–49). 142 patients (5.5%) were transferred to ICU. Cardiac drugs [adjusted OR (aOR) = 19.81; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 7.93–49.50], neuroleptics (aOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.55–4.97) and meprobamate (aOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.27–5.81) ingestions were significantly linked to ICU admission. A presumed toxic dose ingestion (aOR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.28–4.02), number of ingested tablets (aOR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.02 for each tablet) and delay between ingestion and ED arrival <2 hr (aOR = 2.85; 95%CI: 1.62–5.03) were also factors for ICU referral. The Glasgow Coma Scale was the only clinical feature associated with ICU admission (aOR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.44–1.70 for each point loss). These results suggest that emergency physicians should pay particular attention to toxicological data on ED admission to distinguish between low‐ and high‐acuity self‐poisoned patients.
Ibopamine challenge test can be used to differentiate glaucoma suspects from glaucoma patients
Authors: Ullrich Katja , Craig Jamie E , Landers John 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundMany countries face the challenge of a rising number of patients with or at risk of developing glaucoma. A test to differentiate between people who are unlikely to develop glaucoma and those at risk for the disease could be clinically useful. Ibopamine, when administered topically, temporarily increases aqueous production. Normal eyes with healthy trabecular meshwork show no significant change in intraocular pressure (IOP) following an ibopamine challenge; however, those with glaucoma demonstrate elevated IOP.DesignThe study was designed as a prospective case–control study in a tertiary hospital.ParticipantsPatients were recruited consecutively as they presented to glaucoma clinics at Flinders Medical Centre (n = 39); the sample included 18 glaucoma suspects and 21 patients with glaucoma. All patients had open anterior chamber angles and no evidence of secondary glaucoma.MethodsPatients underwent IOP measurements followed by instillation of ibopamine 2% solution and subsequent repeated IOP assessment. The difference between the baseline measurement and that taken at 45 min was determined and compared between groups.Main Outcome MeasureThe outcome measure was the positivity of the ibopamine challenge test, defined by an increase in IOP > 3 mmHg.ResultsWe observed a mean increase in IOP of 1.9 ± 1.6 mmHg or 12.5 ± 10.3%) for glaucoma suspects and 7.4 ± 4 mmHg or 52.4 ± 26.5% for glaucoma patients (P < 0.0001). Four glaucoma suspects (22%) and 19 glaucoma patients (90%) tested positive (P < 0.0001).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that ibopamine has potential as a test to differentiate glaucoma suspects from patients with glaucoma.
Guidelines and Incentives for Conservation Development in Local Land‐Use Regulations
Authors: REED SARAH E. , HILTY JODI A. , THEOBALD DAVID M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractEffective conservation of biological diversity on private lands will require changes in land‐use policy and development practice. Conservation development (CD) is an alternative form of residential development in which homes are built on smaller lots and clustered together and the remainder of the property is permanently protected for conservation purposes. We assessed the degree to which CD is permitted and encouraged by local land‐use regulations in 414 counties in the western United States. Thirty‐two percent of local planning jurisdictions have adopted CD ordinances, mostly within the past 10 years. CD ordinances were adopted in counties with human population densities that were 3.0 times greater and in counties with 2.5 times more land use at urban, suburban, and exurban densities than counties without CD ordinances. Despite strong economic incentives for CD (e.g., density bonuses, which allow for a mean of 66% more homes to be built per subdivision area), several issues may limit the effectiveness of CD for biological diversity conservation. Although most CD ordinances required a greater proportion of the site area be protected than in a typical residential development, just 13% (n = 17) of the ordinances required an ecological site analysis to identify and map features that should be protected. Few CD ordinances provided guidelines regarding the design and configuration of the protected lands, including specifying a minimum size for protected land parcels or encouraging contiguity with other protected lands within or near to the site. Eight percent (n =11) of CD ordinances encouraged consultation with a biological expert or compliance with a conservation plan. We recommend that conservation scientists help to improve the effectiveness of CD by educating planning staff and government officials regarding biological diversity conservation, volunteering for their local planning boards, or consulting on development reviews.Guías e Incentivos para el Desarrollo de la Conservación en Regulaciones de Uso Local de Suelos
A Strategy for Monitoring and Managing Declines in an Amphibian Community
Authors: GRANT EVAN H. CAMPBELL , ZIPKIN ELISE F. , NICHOLS JAMES D. , CAMPBELL J. PATRICK 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAlthough many taxa have declined globally, conservation actions are inherently local. Ecosystems degrade even in protected areas, and maintaining natural systems in a desired condition may require active management. Implementing management decisions under uncertainty requires a logical and transparent process to identify objectives, develop management actions, formulate system models to link actions with objectives, monitor to reduce uncertainty and identify system state (i.e., resource condition), and determine an optimal management strategy. We applied one such structured decision‐making approach that incorporates these critical elements to inform management of amphibian populations in a protected area managed by the U.S. National Park Service. Climate change is expected to affect amphibian occupancy of wetlands and to increase uncertainty in management decision making. We used the tools of structured decision making to identify short‐term management solutions that incorporate our current understanding of the effect of climate change on amphibians, emphasizing how management can be undertaken even with incomplete information.Estrategia para Monitorear y Manejar Disminuciones en una Comunidad de Anfibios
Understanding HPV tests and their appropriate applications
Authors: Cubie H. A. , Cuschieri K. 
Published: September 2013

Greater understanding of the role played by human papillomavirus (HPV) in the causation of disease has led to the development of an increasing number of HPV tests with different characteristics. The bewildering choice facing healthcare professionals and providers is daunting. Clearly, HPV testing is no longer simply of research interest, but can provide information that can be used for individual patient management and at the population level for cervical screening and vaccine surveillance. This review aims to provide the background to the development of HPV tests, to explain the different technologies and to discuss the challenges of the application of these optimally in the varied contexts of disease management.Few HPV tests are approved for clinical use and it is important that clinicians understand which test can be utilized, in what circumstances, with what specimens and the meaning of the report issued. HPV testing is no longer applicable only to cervical disease, and we have suggested additional areas, such as the oropharynx, in which HPV testing services might be implemented in the near future. New tests will continue to emerge and we have identified some of the indirect measures of HPV activity, or biomarkers, that could help in the risk stratification of HPV infection and associated disease.The challenges relating to the optimal application of the various HPV technologies are compounded by the lack of evidence regarding their performance in vaccinated populations. Currently published work, including modelling studies, has been undertaken in non‐immunized populations. We therefore end by addressing the issues regarding appropriate strategies and tests for immunized populations.
Spatially explicit analyses highlight idiosyncrasies: species extinctions and the loss of evolutionary history
Authors: Batista Mariana C. G. , Gouveia Sidney F. , Silvano Débora L. , Rangel Thiago F. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimScenarios of species extinction have been created to assess how the loss of species affects the loss of evolutionary history (EH). However, estimates of the rate of EH loss at regional scales are scarce. Here we provide the first estimate of projected EH loss of New World anurans encompassing both continental and regional scales.LocationNew World.MethodsWe implemented two distinct extinction scenarios to investigate variations in rates of EH loss, contrasted through a suboptimality index. The analytical procedure was carried out on a continental scale, comprising all 3017 New World anuran species, and on a regional scale, for each of the 3858 cells of the grid, according to the species assemblage within each cell.ResultsAbout 64% of the EH of the New World anurans would still exist even if half of the New World anurans go extinct, regardless of whether extinction is random or threatened species go extinct first. The extinction of all 951 threatened anuran species in the New World, or the same number of species chosen randomly from the 3017 total, would cause similar loss of EH. However, spatially explicit analyses that account for idiosyncrasies in the phylogenetic structure and threat status of each regional assemblage show that EH loss caused by extinction of threatened species is uneven across the continent.Main conclusionsConservation strategies that aim to mitigate pressures on EH loss must be designed with a focus on regional spatial scales, in order to embody the phylogenetic structure and threat status of species that are particular to each assemblage.
Receptor trafficking hypothesis revisited: Plasticity of AMPA receptors during established status epilepticus
Authors: Rajasekaran Karthik , Joshi Suchitra , Kozhemyakin Maxim , Todorovic Marko S. , Kowalski Samuel , Balint Corinne , Kapur Jaideep 
Published: September 2013

SummaryStatus epilepticus (SE) is associated with a dynamic plasticity of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors. The plasticity of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)–mediated glutamatergic transmission during established SE (ESE), after development of benzodiazepine resistance, was evaluated. There was increased frequency and inward rectification of AMPAR‐mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents at Schaffer collateral ‐ CA1 pyramidal neuron synapses during ESE. Surface expression of the GluA1 subunit increased, and this was a consequence of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor activation. Further, diminishing glutamate release by activation of somatostatin receptors prevented SE. These studies suggest that AMPAR‐mediated glutamatergic transmission is strengthened during ESE.
Antagomirs and microRNA in status epilepticus
Authors: Henshall David C. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryMicroRNAs are an important class of noncoding RNA, which function as posttranscriptional regulators of protein levels within cells. Emerging work has revealed that status epilepticus produces select changes to microRNA levels within the brain, which may impact levels of proteins involved in neuronal structure and excitability, gliosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. Animal studies show that targeting microRNAs using locked nucleic acid–modified oligonucleotides (“antagomirs”) can have potent effects on status epilepticus, seizure‐induced neuronal death, and the later emergence of recurrent spontaneous seizures. Accordingly, microRNA‐based therapeutics may have potential as a future treatment of status epilepticus.
Role of adenosine in status epilepticus: A potential new target?
Authors: Boison Detlev 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe homeostatic bioenergetic network regulator adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant of the brain that plays critical roles in seizure termination and postictal refractoriness. Adenosine homeostasis in the adult brain is largely under the control of metabolic clearance through adenosine kinase (ADK), expressed predominantly in astrocytes. The role of adenosine in status epilepticus (SE) appears to be a double‐edged sword. We demonstrated that the severity of an SE clearly depends on the expression levels of ADK. A genetic knockdown of ADK prevented SE in a mouse model, whereas transgenic overexpression of the enzyme aggravated the SE. Therefore, ADK inhibition or adenosine augmentation might be a therapeutic strategy to terminate or attenuate an SE. On the other hand, SE triggers a surge of endogenous adenosine, which may initiate secondary events leading to epileptogenesis. Two new findings point into this direction: (1) Elevated adenosine triggers changes in the epigenome; and (2) SE triggers transient changes in ADK expression, which have been linked to neurogenesis. Although the ADK/adenosine system is an attractive target for the attenuation of an SE, the same system may also trigger downstream events related to epileptogenesis.
The neurophysiologic types of nonconvulsive status epilepticus:EEGpatterns of different phenotypes
Authors: Sutter Raoul , Kaplan Peter W. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryProceeding from the proposed classification of status epilepticus syndromes byShorvon in 1994, we performed a systematic search for reports presenting electroencephalography (EEG) patterns of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) on all syndromes in the classification, where possible. Using the online medical search enginePubMed for 22 different search strategies,EEGpatterns supporting a diagnosis ofNCSEwere sought. From a total of 4,328 search results, 123 cases with correspondingEEGpatterns could be allocated to underlying epilepsy syndromes. Based on the characteristicEEGpatterns found for the differentNCSEsyndromes, we present a synthesis of the significantEEGmorphologies and evolutions in the individualNCSEsyndromes.
Gene therapy in status epilepticus
Authors: Walker Matthew C. , Schorge Stephanie , Kullmann Dimitri M. , Wykes Robert C. , Heeroma Joost H. , Mantoan Laura 
Published: September 2013

SummaryGene therapy in human disease has expanded rapidly in recent years with the development of safer and more effective viral vectors, and presents a novel approach to the treatment of epilepsy. Studies in animals models have demonstrated that overexpression of inhibitory peptides can modify seizure threshold, prevent the development of epilepsy, and modify established epilepsy. More recently there has been a flurry of studies using optogenetics in which light‐activated channels expressed in neurons can transiently change neuronal excitability on exposure to light, thereby enabling the development of closed loop systems to detect and stop seizure activity. The treatment of status epilepticus presents its own challenges. Because of both the delay in gene expression following transfection and also the necessity of using focal transfection, there are a limited number of situations in which gene therapy can be used in status epilepticus. One such condition is epilepsia partialis continua (EPC). We have used gene therapy in a model of EPC and have shown that we can “cure” the condition. Recent evidence suggesting that gene therapy targeting subcortical regions can modify generalized or more diffuse epilepsies, indicates that the range of situations in status epilepticus in which gene therapy could be used will expand.
FIRES and IHHE: Delineation of the syndromes
Authors: Nabbout Rima 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIdiopathic hemiconvulsion hemiplegia and epilepsy syndrome (IHHE) and febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) are rare epileptic syndromes characterized by the occurrence of status epilepticus in a previously healthy child during or closely after a febrile episode. In both syndromes, there is no evidence of central nervous system infection (encephalitis) and the etiology remains unclear. Treatment is disappointing, particularly in FIRES, except for a response to ketogenic diet (KD) in half of patients. In IHHS, children develop hemispheric brain atrophy with contralateral hemiplegia, epilepsy, and a variable degree of cognitive deficit. Patients with FIRES develop refractory epilepsy with severe cognitive deficit affecting the temporal and frontal lobe functions. The role of inflammation is hypothesized with a vicious circle involving inflammation and seizure activity facilitated by brain maturation putting them under the concept of “acute encephalopathy with inflammation‐mediated status epilepticus.”
Multimodal invasive monitoring in status epilepticus: What is the evidence it has a place?
Authors: Helbok Raimund , Claassen Jan 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThe underlying pathophysiology of status epilepticus (SE) remains mostly invisible to the clinician in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. In animal studies associated hemodynamic and brain neurochemical changes have been well described. In the last decade, bedside invasive neuromonitoring techniques allow the assessments of changes in focal and global cerebral physiology associated with ictal activity on the tissue level in humans. Recent studies demonstrate that laboratory research insufficiently replicates the complexity of the human condition. Herein we summarize the current knowledge gained from human studies integrating cortical electrographic and brain tissue metabolic and hemodynamic information into the current pathophysiologic concept of SE in humans. With increasing experience gained by the use of extended neuromonitoring, we are more and more able to understand associated hemodynamic and brain neurochemical changes in patients with SE. In the future, this information can potentially provide integrated pathophysiologic end points into SE treatment concepts.
Trafficking of NMDA receptors during status epilepticus: Therapeutic implications
Authors: Wasterlain Claude G. , Naylor David E. , Liu Hantao , Niquet Jerome , Baldwin Roger 
Published: September 2013

SummaryWe used two models of status epilepticus (SE) to study trafficking of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. SE is associated with increased surface expression of NR1 subunits of NMDA receptors, and with an increase of NMDA synaptic and extrasynaptic currents suggesting an increase in number of functional NMDA receptors on dentate granule cells. The therapeutic implications of these results are discussed.