bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise and Heritable Genome Editing in Evolutionarily Diverse Nematodes Using TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 to Engineer Insertions and Deletions
Authors: Lo Te-Wen , Pickle Catherine S , Lin Steven , Ralston Edward J , Gurling Mark , Schartner Caitlin M , Bian Qian , Doudna Jennifer A , Meyer Barbara J 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Exploitation of custom-designed nucleases to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at genomic locations of choice has transformed our ability to edit genomes, regardless of their complexity. DSBs can trigger either error-prone repair pathways that induce random mutations at the break sites or precise homology-directed repair pathways that generate specific insertions or deletions guided by exogenously supplied DNA. Prior editing strategies using site-specific nucleases to modify the Caenorhabditis elegans genome achieved only the heritable disruption of endogenous loci through random mutagenesis by error-prone repair. Here we report highly effective strategies using TALE nucleases and RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases to induce error-prone repair and homology-directed repair to create heritable, precise insertion, deletion, or substitution of specific DNA sequences at targeted endogenous loci. Our robust strategies are effective across nematode species diverged by 300 million years, including necromenic nematodes (Pristionchus pacificus), male/female species (Caenorhabditis species 9), and hermaphroditic species (C. elegans). Thus, genome-editing tools now exist to transform nonmodel nematode species into genetically tractable model organisms. We demonstrate the utility of our broadly applicable genome-editing strategies by creating reagents generally useful to the nematode community and reagents specifically designed to explore the mechanism and evolution of X chromosome dosage compensation. By developing an efficient pipeline involving germline injection of nuclease mRNAs and single-stranded DNA templates, we engineered precise, heritable nucleotide changes both close to and far from DSBs to gain or lose genetic function, to tag proteins made from endogenous genes, and to excise entire loci through targeted FLP-FRT recombination.
William Schweiker, Theological Ethics and Global Dynamics: In the Time of Many Worlds. and Samuel Wells, God’s Companions: Reimagining Christian Ethics.
Authors: Roberts Stephen 
Published: August 2013

William Schweiker, Theological Ethics and Global Dynamics: In the Time of Many Worlds. Blackwell, Oxford, 2004, pp. xxv + 239, ISBN: 1405113448.

Samuel Wells, God’s Companions: Reimagining Christian Ethics. Blackwell, Oxford, 2006, pp. xviii + 232, ISBN: 1405120142.
Christopher B. Kaiser, Toward a Theology of Scientific Endeavour: The Descent of Science. and Peter E. Hodgson, Theology and Modern Physics.
Authors: Bodycomb John 
Published: August 2013

Christopher B. Kaiser, Toward a Theology of Scientific Endeavour: The Descent of Science. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2007, pp. xi + 261, ISBN: 9780754641599 (hbk), 9780754641605 (pbk).

Peter E. Hodgson, Theology and Modern Physics. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2005, pp. xiv + 282, ISBN: 0754636224 (hbk), 0754636232 (pbk).
Minidrillstem Tests To Characterize Formation Deliverability in the Bakken
Authors: Kurtoglu B.. , Kazemi H.. , Boratko E.C.. C. , Tucker J.. , Daniels R.. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Characterization of reservoir deliverability is fundamental for the economic development of any field. In the Bakken, there is a need for reliable pressure-transient tests to provide the effective formation permeability of the fracture/matrix system in this formation for deliverability calculations. This effective permeability can then be compared with laboratory-measured core permeability of the matrix rock samples. This comparison is the basis for planning early-production options and subsequent enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) decisions. This comparison is particularly important because of the influence of massive hydraulic-fracture stimulation on reservoir performance.
Determining well-deliverability potential by conventional drill-stem tests (DSTs) or traditional wireline formation tests (WFTs) in the past has resulted in mixed success in the Bakken. On the other hand, the mini-DST has increased the reliability of pressure-transient tests because the formation interval of interest is produced at a precise constant rate into a chamber between two inflated packers with negligible wellbore-storage effects. Also, the operation of a mini-DST tool requires much less time than the classical DST, and multiple zones can be tested sequentially to assess the individual-zone deliverability. The mini-DST tool uses the conventional WFT configured with a dual-packer module and downhole pump. Tests are conducted by inflating the dual-packer module to isolate a 3-ft interval of the wellbore. The formation fluid is pumped out from the packer-isolated wellbore interval to conduct pressure-drawdown and -buildup tests in the interval. An overlay of all the pressure-drawdown and -buildup results from various intervals is compared on a single plot to identify the most productive interval. Finally, conventional pressure-transient analyses are performed to interpret all pressure-drawdown and -buildup tests.
In this paper, we present several field tests that were analyzed both by the preceding procedure and by numerical simulation.
The analyses of several mini-DST results have provided insight into a better understanding of the flow mechanism in the Bakken both during primary production and in forecasting various improved-recovery and EOR proposals. The results can also serve as a basis for test design in similar low-permeability reservoirs elsewhere.
Study on the Volumetric Behavior of Base Oils, Brines, and Drilling Fluids Under Extreme Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Zamora Mario , Roy Sanjit , Slater Kenneth , Troncoso John 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Drilling-fluid densities vary significantly over wide ranges of temperature and pressure, a concern that is particularly critical in deepwater, Arctic, and high-pressure/high-temperature. The variations can affect well integrity, well design, regulatory compliance, and drilling efficiency.
Drilling-fluid densities depend on the compressibility and thermal expansion of the fluids (liquids) and solids used in their formulation. Suitable pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) correlations for these fluids previously have been fairly inaccessible, primarily because of continually changing base fluids and blends, and the lack of readily available test equipment.
This study was conducted to measure the volumetric behavior under extreme temperatures and pressures of a broad range of the oils, synthetics, and brines currently used in industry to prepare oil-, synthetic-, and water-based drilling fluids. It follows a recent study that successfully qualified the commercially available test equipment.
For the most part, tests for this study were run at temperatures from 36 to 600°F and pressures from atmospheric to 30,000 psi, ranges that generally exceed those provided in other published studies. Correlation coefficients are provided for reference and to demonstrate their use in a compositional, material-balance model to accurately predict drilling-fluid density as a function of temperature and pressure. Tests run on field drilling fluids are included to demonstrate how these data can be used in procedures and software to predict equivalent static density and hydrostatic pressure during drilling operations.
Incorporating Geomechanical and Dynamic Hydraulic-Fracture-Property Changes Into Rate-Transient Analysis: Example From the Haynesville Shale
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Qanbari F. , Nobakht M. , Heffner L. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
It is well-known that many unconventional reservoirs experience porosity and permeability changes with pressure change during production. In recent work, authors have incorporated geomechanical modeling into production-analysis procedures to account for stress sensitivity of permeability of unconventional gas reservoirs, such as shale gas. Such corrections are necessary both for deriving accurate estimates of reservoir and hydraulic-fracture properties from rate-transient analysis (RTA) and for developing accurate long-term forecasts.
It is possible with some shale-gas reservoirs that dynamic changes may occur in both the induced hydraulic fracture and matrix permeability, which could have a substantial impact on shale-gas productivity. The stress dependence of shale-gas permeability has been quantified in the laboratory by several researchers, but measurements of this kind for propped or unpropped fractures under in-situ conditions are less routinely acquired. For the latter, a variety of mechanisms, caused in part or wholly by stress changes in the induced hydraulic fracture, could lead to conductivity changes.
In the current work, we investigate the impact of both stress-dependent matrix permeability and fracture-conductivity changes on rate-transient signatures and derived reservoir and hydraulic-fracture properties. Stress-dependent matrix permeability is incorporated into RTA by use of modified pseudopressure and pseudotime formulations, and fracture-conductivity changes are approximated by applying a time-dependent (dynamic) skin effect.
We demonstrate that when RTA incorporates both matrix permeability changes and dynamic skin, the resulting rate-transient signature looks very similar to those of other shale plays (longterm transient linear flow). Uncorrected data appear to have a very short transient-linear-flow period, followed by apparent boundary-dominated flow. The impact of the applied corrections on the estimates of system permeability and fracture half-length is demonstrated, as is the impact on production forecasts.
Fractured-Well Performance Under Anomalous Diffusion
Authors: Raghavan R.. , Chen C.. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
It is shown that pressure distributions in a fractal network that are descriptive of flow in porous media produced through fractured wells may be obtained by computing integrals of the form ∫x∞λaKv(λ)dλ, where a ≠ 0 is a constant. A simple series solution for computing this integral in terms of well-known expressions is provided. Solutions for the pressure distribution are derived in terms of the Laplace transform, and the viability of the computations is demonstrated. Potential extensions of the derived solutions are noted.
Amisulpride versus Risperidone in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia
Authors: Ranjan S , Vyas JN 
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Amisulpride and risperidone are both atypical antipsychotic having different receptor affinity characteristics. Although there are many studies comparing the efficacy of both drugs with conventional antipsychotics, studies comparing the efficacy of amisulpride with risperidone are less. There are no such studies published till yet from Nepal. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of amisulpride with that of risperidone in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia in Nepal. Methods: 100 patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were randomly put on flexible dose of amisulpride (200-1000mg/day) or risperidone (2-10mg/day) for six weeks after three to six day placebo wash-out period. Efficacy was assessed by changes in score of Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS). Safety assessment was done by adverse event reporting, physical examination, blood pressure, heart rate monitoring and applying modified Simpson-Angus Scale for extra pyramidal symptoms. Results: Most of the patients in both group responded equally to medication. 84% of amisulpride receiving patients versus 86% in risperidone group responded to treatment. Both drugs were safe and caused comparable extra pyramidal symptoms (amisulpride/risperidone: 14/16). However, risperidone caused more weight gain than amisulpride (64% vs. 12%). Conclusion: Amisulpride and risperidone are equally effective in the treatment of acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Both drugs were well tolerated. Amisulpride was associated with less weight gain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i1.8417 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2013: 15-19
Effect of Nanoclay Surface Modifier Chemical Reactivity on Morphology and Rheological Properties of PP/PA6 Blend Nanocomposite
Authors: Pircheraghi G. R. , Nazockdast H. , Salehi M. M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
An attempt was made to explore the role of nanoclay surface modifier chemical reactivity on the morphology and the rheological properties of a polypropylene/polyamide6 (PP/PA6 75/25) nanocomposite blend. The Na-MMT surface was modified with two types of cations; a) diamine cation (D-Clay), and b) a combination of diamine and quaternary alkylammonium cations (A-Clay) via cation exchange reaction. The nanocomposites samples compatibilized with PP-g-MA were prepared by melt compounding in an internal mixer. The XRD patterns indicated the intercalated/exfoliated microstructure for both nanocomposite samples. The SEM results showed a significant decreases in the PA6 droplet size, from 3.2 μm of the simple blend to the 0.4 μm in the D-Clay containing sample. Moreover, in the sample containing A-Clay the average droplet size was found to be 1 μm. The D-Clay containing sample showed the rheological properties similar to a simple blend in high frequencies with a nonterminal behavior in low frequencies storage modulus. This was explained by locating of D-Clay layers in the interphase and hence, significantly reducing the effective interfacial tension, α/R. In contrast, the sample containing A-Clay showed an increased complex viscosity and storage modulus within a range of frequencies, which was attributed to presence of a large amount of A-Clay layers in the PP matrix. These types of nanoclay partitioning were explained by the possibility of chemical reaction between amine group of nanoclay surface modifier and maleic group of PP-g-MA compatibilizer or in-situ formed block copolymer. Consequently, the D-Clay layers bounded with PP-g-MA is preferentially located in the interphase, while, the non reactive nanoclay layers (containing alkylammonium cations) is dispersed in the PP matrix by assistance of PP-g-MA. These findings were also evidenced by TEM micrograph of both nanocomposite samples.
Thermal Mold Design in Consideration of the Temperature Control Fluid Flow
Authors: Hopmann C. , Nikoleizig P. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The striving for injection molded parts with an increasing functional density leads to more complex molds, which are more and more designed with injection molding simulation. Nowadays, software allows the operator to analyse not only the filling stage, but also the thermal activity within both, the mold and the part during the whole process cycle. However, commercial simulation software for injection molding does not offer the visualisation of the flow of the temperature control medium to get a reliable determination of the pressure drop and the local heat transfer coefficients (HTC). For this reason the potential of an exact implementation of the local HTC towards the temperature control medium, for improving the prediction precision of the thermal design, has been analysed at the Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV), Aachen. In order to use prior calculated HTCs from Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) simulations inside injection molding simulations, the development of an analogous model was required. An isolation layer between cooling channel and mold was therefore introduced, which allows to set a local heat transfer by varying the geometric dimensions of the layer. Several cooling channel layouts, which differ in geometric aspects (e.g. bends, diameter or fragmentation/consolidation of parallel channels) were studied with this set-up.
Experimental Assessment of Dispersion Failure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics in a Twin Screw Extruder
Authors: Hirata K. , Ishida H. , Hiragohri M. , Nakayama Y. , Kajiwara T. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
To investigate the conditions necessary for glass fiber bundle dispersion in the polymer compounding process, we developed a method for experimentally quantifying dispersion failure in this study. We employed a co-rotating twin-screw extruder in our experiment and investigated the dependence of frequency of occurrence of dispersion failure on screw configurations (a forward kneading disk (FKD) and a backward mixing screw (BMS) with different screw configurations), throughput (Q), and screw speed (Ns). From our experiments, we found that increasing the production rate promotes the occurrence of dispersion failure when a FKD is used. Dispersion failure is markedly suppressed when a BMS is used. We thus found that the production rate could be increased by using a BMS with a large length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio.
Melt Processing of Wood Cellulose Tissue and Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Composites
Authors: Ariño R. , Boldizar A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The difficulty of feeding cellulose fibers together with the polymer into the melt processing equipment is a serious disadvantage for the production of cellulose-containing composites on a large scale. In the present work, a continuous method of feeding cellulose in the form of a tissue into a twin-screw extruder through an opening downstream of the extruder cylinder was studied. With this method, composites with different fiber contents were obtained. The tissues used were one made mainly of softwood fibers and another mainly of hardwood fibers. In order to better understand how to improve the fiber dispersion by melt mixing, a second extrusion was performed with a single screw extruder with a barrier-flighted screw and also with the twin-screw used to compound the tissue with the polymer. The compounds produced were then injection molded into test bars. The test bars containing the softwood tissue exhibited some fiber aggregates also after a second extrusion, whereas no fiber aggregates were observed in samples made with the tissue containing hardwood fibers and two passes through the twin screw. The fiber length was in general reduced by each melt processing stage and the shortest fiber length was observed after two extrusions with the twin-screw and injection molding. The tensile modulus increased with increasing fiber content. A higher stiffness was obtained with more softwood fibers in the tissue whereas more hardwood fibers gave a higher tensile strength and greater elongation at break.
A total evidence approach to understanding phylogenetic relationships and ecological diversity in Selaginella subg. Tetragonostachys
Authors: Arrigo Nils , Therrien James , Anderson Cajsa Lisa , Windham Michael D. , Haufler Christopher H. , Barker Michael S. 
Published: August 2013

• Premise of the Study: Several members of Selaginella are renowned for their ability to survive extreme drought and “resurrect” when conditions improve. Many of these belong to subgenus Tetragonostachys, a group of ∼45 species primarily found in North and Central America, with substantial diversity in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. We evaluated the monophyly and the age of subgenus Tetragonostachys and assess how drought tolerance contributed to the evolution of this clade.• Methods: Our study included most Tetragonostachys species, using plastid and nuclear sequences, fossil and herbarium records, and climate variables to describe the species diversity, phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and climatic niche evolution in the subgenus.• Key Results: We found that subgenus Tetragonostachys forms a monophyletic group sister to Selaginella lepidophylla and may have diverged from other Selaginella because of a Gondwanan–Laurasian vicariance event ca. 240 mya. The North American radiation of Tetragonostachys appears to be much more recent and to have occurred during the Early Cretaceous–late Paleocene interval. We identified two significant and nested ecological niche shifts during the evolution of Tetragonostachys associated with extreme drought tolerance and a more recent shift to cold climates. Our analyses suggest that drought tolerance evolved in the warm deserts of southwest North America and may have been advantageous for colonization of cold and dry boreal climates.• Conclusions: Our investigation provides a foundation for future research addressing the genomics of ecological niche evolution and the potential role of reticulate evolution in Selaginella subgenus Tetragonostachys.
Climate drives vein anatomy in Proteaceae
Authors: Jordan Gregory J. , Brodribb Timothy J. , Blackman Christopher J. , Weston Peter H. 
Published: August 2013

• Premise of study: The mechanisms by which plants tolerate water deficit are only just becoming clear. One key factor in drought tolerance is the ability to maintain the capacity to conduct water through the leaves in conditions of water stress. Recent work has shown that a simple feature of the leaf xylem cells, the cube of the thickness of cell walls divided by the lumen width (t/b)3, is strongly correlated with this ability.• Methods: Using ecologically, phylogenetically, and anatomically diverse members of Proteaceae, we tested the relationships between (t/b)3 and climate, leaf mass per unit area, leaf area, and vein density. To test relationships at high phylogenetic levels (mostly genus), we used phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic single and multiple regressions based on data from 50 species. We also used 14 within‐genus species pairs to test for relationships at lower phylogenetic levels.• Key results: All analyses revealed that climate, especially mean annual precipitation, was the best predictor of (t/b)3. The variation in (t/b)3 was driven by variation in both lumen diameter and wall thickness, implying active control of these dimensions. Total vein density was weakly related to (t/b)3 but unrelated to either leaf area or climate.• Conclusions: We conclude that xylem reinforcement is a fundamental adaptation for water stress tolerance and, among evergreen woody plants, drives a strong association between rainfall and xylem anatomy. The strong association between (t/b)3 and climate cannot be explained by autocorrelation with other aspects of leaf form and anatomy that vary along precipitation gradients.