bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Image-Based Deformation Measurement in the Centrifuge Environment
Authors: Stanier S. A. , White D. J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This paper describes a new apparatus and techniques for performing deformation measurements using particle image velocimetry in the centrifuge environment. The new system includes camera, lighting, and control equipment that facilitates image capture at least 30 times faster than that in legacy systems. Methods for optimizing the addition of artificial seeding on the exposed plane of a geotechnical model are also set out. These techniques ensure that the precision of the deformation calculations is optimized even in models with multiple layers of different soils, fully harnessing the method's capabilities. An example application of a flat footing penetrating sand overlying clay is used to illustrate the performance of the equipment and the artificial seeding optimization technique. Deformation fields at the point of peak resistance during punch-through are presented in the form of vector fields, normalized displacement contours, and shear strain contours. It is shown that the advances in equipment and artificial seeding allow both macroscopic and grain-scale deformation features to be identified. These analyses highlight not only the benefits of the new technology, but also the need for carefully optimized experimental procedures to maximize the measurement precision.
Failure Analysis of a Shaft-Coupling Bracket
Authors: Olanrewaju O. A. , Adeoye M. O. , Olawale J. O. , Shittu M. D. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A failure investigation was conducted on a shaft-coupling bracket used in mounting horizontal and vertical shafts of a wire-conductor stranding machine. The investigation was conducted using a systematic approach by assembling background information; performing visual, fractographic, and metallographic examinations; performing chemical analysis; and conducting mechanical testing. The result indicates that the bracket was produced from gray cast iron, subjected to cyclic loading, and the fracture surface shows transgranular fracture features with the presence of beach marks ridges and striation markings. The stranding machine cycled 600 times a day, 200 days a year, and the shaft-coupling bracket failed after a period between 4.5 and 5 years. We concluded that the bracket failed as a result of high-cycle, low-load fatigue, which was initiated in a highly stressed graphite flakes region, propagated under the application of reversed stresses, and eventually fractured after it reached between 540 000 to 600 000 cycles. To prevent a future occurrence, it was recommended that the component should be made out of ductile iron and replaced after a life of 500 000 cycles.
Frieda Hempel and the Historical Imagination
Authors: Tunbridge Laura 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe recreation of Jenny Lind's first American concert by soprano Frieda Hempel in 1920 was a popular success, but raised a number of questions for critics. Examining its reception—and that of the concert on tour in Britain—shines light on postwar attitudes toward music history, as manifest in responses to particular repertoires, and to sound recordings. Hempel's hybrid programs, which included operatic coloratura arias, lieder, and American popular song, ran counter to the trend elsewhere toward specialization. At the same time, they resonated with attempts to cultivate a newly minted sociocultural group, the middlebrow. And, while the Lind project on many levels strove for historical accuracy, on others it overturned ideas of authentic performance. An altogether more complex picture of vocal performance in the age of mechanical reproduction thus emerges.
A Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Genes Associated with Fusarium Ear Rot Resistance in a Maize Core Diversity Panel
Authors: Zila Charles T , Samayoa L Fernando , Santiago Rogelio , Butrón Ana , Holland James B 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Fusarium ear rot is a common disease of maize that affects food and feed quality globally. Resistance to the disease is highly quantitative, and maize breeders have difficulty incorporating polygenic resistance alleles from unadapted donor sources into elite breeding populations without having a negative impact on agronomic performance. Identification of specific allele variants contributing to improved resistance may be useful to breeders by allowing selection of resistance alleles in coupling phase linkage with favorable agronomic characteristics. We report the results of a genome-wide association study to detect allele variants associated with increased resistance to Fusarium ear rot in a maize core diversity panel of 267 inbred lines evaluated in two sets of environments. We performed association tests with 47,445 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) while controlling for background genomic relationships with a mixed model and identified three marker loci significantly associated with disease resistance in at least one subset of environments. Each associated SNP locus had relatively small additive effects on disease resistance (±1.1% on a 0–100% scale), but nevertheless were associated with 3 to 12% of the genotypic variation within or across environment subsets. Two of three identified SNPs colocalized with genes that have been implicated with programmed cell death. An analysis of associated allele frequencies within the major maize subpopulations revealed enrichment for resistance alleles in the tropical/subtropical and popcorn subpopulations compared with other temperate breeding pools.
Characterization and Prediction of Haploinsufficiency Using Systems-Level Gene Properties in Yeast
Authors: Norris Matthew , Lovell Simon , Delneri Daniela 
Published: September 2013

AbstractVariation in gene copy number can significantly affect organism fitness. When one allele is missing in a diploid, the phenotype can be compromised because of haploinsufficiency. In this work, we identified associations between Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene properties and genome-scale haploinsufficiency phenotypes from previous work. We compared the haploinsufficiency profiles against 23 gene properties and found that genes with higher level of connectivity (degree) in a protein–protein interaction network, higher genetic interaction degree, greater gene sequence conservation, and higher protein expression were significantly more likely to be haploinsufficient. Additionally, haploinsufficiency showed negative relationships with cell cycle regulation and promoter sequence conservation.
A review of methods for determining stress fields from earthquakes focal mechanisms; Application to the Sierentz 1980 seismic crisis (Upper Rhine graben)
Authors: Maury Julie , Cornet François H. , Dorbath Louis 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms is one of the few tools available for determining principal stress directions at seismogenic depths. Various methods have been proposed for performing such inversions. For three of the most commonly used methods, including one that has been proposed by Jacques Angelier, we discuss the physical assumptions and the error determination and then we propose an extension for one of the methods. All four methods are then applied for evaluating the stress field in the Upper Rhine graben. They are applied to seismic data recorded with a temporary monitoring network that was deployed 12 hours after the magnitude Mw = 4.4 Sierentz earthquake, which occurred on July 15, 1980. While differences in principal stress directions can be as much as 28° depending on the method used for the principal stress direction determination (orientation of the minimum principal stress has been found to range from N051°E with a 27° plunge to N090° E with a 20° plunge), the 90% confidence level associated with each method varies from 11° to 27°. Moreover, these various methods yield fairly diverse values for the R factor that characterizes relative differences between principal stress magnitudes (from R = 0.7 with a 0.2 90% confidence level to R = 0.3 with a 0.2 90% confidence level). Furthermore all three methods leave some focal mechanisms unexplained. These are then declared to be the result of heterogeneity and are not considered for the inversion. It is concluded that earthquake focal mechanisms inversions lack resolution for stress field evaluation at depth if no proper attention is given to the event independence hypothesis. When proper attention is given to this hypothesis, a resolution of the order of 15° may be achieved. The minimum principal stress orientation derived with these various focal mechanisms inversions differs by 4 to 36° from the orientation determined from borehole breakouts observed in Basel, in a 5 km deep well (N054°E ± 14°), located some 20 km from Sierentz. The solution that fits best borehole breakout observations is that which satisfies the minimum number (three) of prerequisite physical assumptions.
Rupture propagation in strong earthquake sources and tectonic stress field
Authors: Rebetsky Yu. L. , Tatevossian R.E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Problems of physical basis of earthquake source mechanics are discussed. Results of stress state reconstruction based on the cataclastic analysis of discontinuous dislocations in some seismotectonic active earth crust domains are presented. Common features of the stress state in areas of preparation of strong earthquake in this century are revealed. It is demonstrated that the distribution of the effective isotropic pressure and of the maximal shear stress in areas of earthquake source preparation is characterized by essential heterogeneity. The main part of the source is always associated to crust domain under low effective confining pressure. Specific role of crust domains characterized by high stress gradients is recognized. The nucleation point of the earthquake is usually associated to such domains. Based on some strong earthquake case studies it is demonstrated that usually the rupture propagates from the region of high gradients of stresses toward the crust domains characterized by low effective compression.
Strain localization due to structural softening during pressure sensitive rate independent yielding
Authors: Le Pourhiet Laetitia 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAfter giving a complete analytical solution for the strain softening model associated to Mohr-Coulomb non associated elasto-plastic flow rule (MC-model), the paper demonstrates that this rheology possesses a finite limit load which allows solving for strength drop as a boundary value problem. The MC-model produces a non-dimensional strength drop, which depends on three parameters: the orientation of the shear band versus the least principal stress axis outside the band α0, the peak friction angle φ and the dilatation angle Ψ. The maximum reduction of strength obtained with that strain-softening model is on the order of the confining stress p0. For this weakest regime, the effective friction of the shear band drops from μini = 0.85 at peak to μss = 0.64 at the end of the softening phase. In this model, which considers thick shear bands, the weakest regime is not obtained for an orientation corresponding to the exact Coulomb orientation. Instead, the orientation of the weakest shear zone systematically deviates from the coulomb orientation by an angle, which rises with its internal friction angle. The characteristic shear strain needed to achieve steady state is quantified semi analytically and in the range of parameters valid for Earth, this strain is found to be of the order of 7–8%. These numbers are typical of what is observed in the laboratory, which give us confidence on that MC-model is a good and probably the simplest model to localize strain in numerical codes aimed at modeling the brittle part of the Earth.
Are there any active faults within the Lepontine dome (central Alps)?
Authors: Allanic Cécile , Gumiaux Charles 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn metamorphic chain areas characterized by low seismicity, the evidence of neotectonic activity is generally very poor. However, direct evidences of seismogenic faults are reported hereafter in the Lepontine dome (Central Alps) considered in the literature as tectonically quiescent. Identification of aligned cluster of microseismic events guided morphotectonic researches. The latter revealed clear clues of recent faulting, i.e. marked scarps, perturbation of the drainage system or shift of terminal moraines. Thus, thanks to combination of seismological, geological and morphological data, we accurately locate four seismogenic faults and determine precisely their kinematic from fault-stria data and focal mechanisms. Three roughly NW-SE seismogenic dextral-normal faults were evidenced: the first close to the Simplon fault zone, the second in the middle northern part of the dome and the third one to the north of Bellinzona. They are part of a regional Riedel-shear zone system linked to the Insubric line. Dextral strike-slip component increases when strike of fault planes approaches the E-W orientation (corresponding to pure strike-slip) and respectively normal component increases when strike of fault planes is close to NW-SE. The second system highlighted corresponds to WSW-ENE normal faults mainly distributed on the whole northern flank of the dome along a zone of 10 km wide. They are roughly parallel to the Rhône and Bedretto valleys and exploit pre-existing basement fabric. These data coherent at all scales provide new constraints on the current stress regime going on in the Lepontine Dome and could have implications for future seismic hazard studies in the broader area.
Transient active deformation in Tainan tableland using persistent scatterers SAR interferometry
Authors: Wu Yu-Yia , Hu Jyr-Ching , Lin Geng-Pei , Chang Chung-Pai , Tung Hsin , Lu Chih-Heng 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Persistent scatterers SAR interferometry (PS-InSAR) was employed to monitor surface deformation in and around the Tainan tableland using 20 advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) images from the ENVISAT satellite taken during the period from 2005 May 19 to 2008 September 25. In our study, we have found that the uplift rate of the northern Tainan tableland is faster than the southern tableland. The slant range displacement (SRD) rate for the area north along the precise leveling array is about 5 to 10 mm/yr with respect to the western edge of the Tainan tableland, whereas the SRD rate for the area south of the leveling array is about 1 to 5 mm/yr. In addition, the uplifted area extends eastward to the Tawan lowland with a maximum SRD rate of nearly 10 mm/yr, which is almost the same as the rate of the Tainan tableland. Results of this study differ from those suggested in previous researches that employed ERS-1/2 radar images taken from 1996 to 1999 and the differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) technique. Our findings indicated that the Tawan lowland no longer subsides with respect to the western edge of the Tainan tableland, and that both northern and southern areas are experiencing uplift.
Cell-mediated Immunity in Diabetes Mellitus Lymphocyte Transformation by Insulin and Insulin Fragments in Insulin-treated and Newly-diagnosed Diabetics
Authors: MacCuish A C , Jordan Jennifer , Campbell C J , Duncan L J P , Irvine W J 
Published: September 2013

Using a radioisotope labeling technic, the ability of bovine and porcine insulin antigens to induce lymphocyte transformation was tested with cells from the peripheral blood of thirty nondiabetic controls, fifty established insulin-dependent diabetics with no evidence of insulin allergy, and ten newly diagnosed diabetics (five untreated, five insulin-treated for less than three weeks). Lymphocytes from twenty-six (42 per cent) of the diabetics showed significant blastogenesis to bovine or porcine insulin, as compared with two (7 per cent) of controls; the phenomenon was shown by both established and newly diagnosed patients including four who had never received insulin. The results indicate that cellular hypersensitivity to insulin, as judged by an in vitro test, is relatively common in insulin-treated diabetics without in vivo evidence of allergy, and suggest that hypersensitivity may also be present in untreated diabetics.
Lymphocytes from twenty-one of the twenty-six diabetics who responded to intact insulin were further tested using bovine and porcine insulin A chain and bovine B chain as antigens. The A chain of either insulin induced significant blastogenesis in only one diabetic but bovine B chain induced significant blastogenesis in fourteen (67 per cent) of the patients tested. These results suggest that B chain is the major antigenic site determining cellular hypersensitivity to insulin.
Enzymes of Glucose Metabolism and of the Citrate Cleavage Pathway in Adipose Tissue of Normal and Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Belfiore Francesco , Rabuazzo Agata M , Napoli Elena , Borzi Vito , Vecchio Luigi Lo 
Published: September 2013

Enzyme activities operative in glucose degradation and citrate cleavage pathway were studied in the adipose tissue of twenty-four patients with adult-onset diabetes and normal body weight, aged 59±9 years, and twenty-four matched controls.
In normal tissue, type II (heat-inactivated) hexokinase moderately predominated over type I (heat-resistant). 6-Phosphofructokinase had an extremely low activity, which was by far the lowest among the ten glycolytic enzyme activities investigated, and which therefore might greatly limit the glycolytic rate. The level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) was elevated above that occurring in other tissues. This, especially if considered together with the low 6-phosphofructokinase activity, would suggest a major role of pentose cycle in glucose degradation. Of the citrate cleavage pathway enzymes, ATP citrate-lyase, although having a lower activity than malate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), was readily measurable, which contrasts with previous data by others. This finding is consistent with the occurrence of lipogenetic capacity in human adipose tissue.
In diabetic tissue, there was a decreased activity, both on a protein and on a wet-weight basis, of enzymes concerned with the glucose entry into metabolic pathways, namely hexokinase (both type I and, especially, type II) and pentose cycle dehydrogenases, as well as of pyruvate kinase. This could be connected with the defective glucose utilization by adipose tissue in diabetes. Beside the above-mentioned dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) was also diminished. The reduction of these NADPH-forming enzymes, which supply reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis, would suggest a depressed lipogenesis.
Antiketogenic Action of Fructose, Glyceraldehyde, and Sorbitol in the Rat in Vivo
Authors: Rawat A K , Menahan L A 
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and antiketogenic properties of fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol.
Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol were readily metabolized and exhibited an antiketogenic effect in both blood and liver when injected intramuscularly to starved (forty-eight hours) rats.
Sorbitol had the most pronounced antiketogenic effect and produced an 80 to 90 per cent decrease in the blood ketone bodies sixty minutes after administration. Fructose and glyceraldehyde were equally effective and produced about a 60 to 70 per cent decrease in ketone bodies. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hepatic ketone bodies. In liver, sorbitol was found to be most effective in its antiketogenic action. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids remained unchanged after injection of all three antiketogenic substrates.
Fructose, glyceraldehyde, or sorbitol caused increased blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and fructose was the most effective of the three substrates.
Fructose administration resulted in a significant decrease in hepatic lactate/pyruvate and β-OH-butyrate/acetoacetate concentration ratios, whereas sorbitol caused an increase in the concentration ratio of these two substrat pairs.
Decreases in blood and liver ketone body levels were associated with lowering of liver acetyl-CoA concentration. However, the decrease in hepatic acetyl-CoA produced upon the administration of antiketogenic substrates was not pronounced.
Sorbitol administration resulted in the most pronounced increase in hepatic α-glycerophosphate concentration. Fructose or glyceraldehyde also caused an increase in α-glycerophosphate content. Administration of each of the three antiketogenic substrates produced an increase in hepatic dihydroxyacetone phosphate concentration.
All three antiketogenic compounds increased liver glycogen and blood glucose concentrations. No significant changes were observed in hepatic ATP, ADP, or AMP concentrations sixty minutes after the injections of any of the antiketogenic substrates.
Although decreased liver acetyl-CoA levels were associated with the antiketogenic effects of the compounds tested, the increased liver α-glycerophosphate content best explains the differences between fructose or glyceraldehyde and sorbitol.
Relationship Between Insulin Response to Oral Glucose Load and Creatinine Clearance
Authors: Yasuda Keigo , Sato Tokutaro , Furuyama Takashi , Yashinaga Kaoru 
Published: September 2013

In order to investigate the relationship between insulin response to oral glucose load and renal function, a 100-gm. oral glucose tolerance test was performed in twenty-two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, whose creatinine clearances ranged form 5 to 96 ml. per minute. Glucose areas during oral glucose load were little affected by the creatinine clearance in this study. Insulin area during oral glucose load increased in proportion to the decrease in creatinine clearance. The ratio of insulin area to glucose area correlated closely with creatinine clearance and a linear relationship was obtained (y = 1.46 – 0.01x, r = -0.82, p &lt; 0.001). There were also significant correlations with serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and PSP (r = 0.6, 0.63, and -0.62, respectively).
These results show that the impaired renal function has a significant influence on the plasma insulin levels, and it seems likely that such influence becomes manifest below ∼ 60 ml. per minute of creatinine clearance.
Studies of the Rate of Regression of the Glomerular Lesions in Diabetic Rats Treated with Pancreatic Islet Transplantation
Authors: Michael Mauer S , Steffes Michael W , Sutherland David E R , Najarian J S , Michael Alfred F , Brown David M 
Published: September 2013

Diabetes was induced in Lewis rats with streptozotocin. Six to eight months later glomeruli showed mesangial thickening: IgG, IgM and C3 were seen in large quantities in the mesangium by immunofluorescent microscopy. Ten animals then had successful pancreatic transplantation resulting in normal glucose and insulin levels within one to three weeks.
Biopsies obtained within the first two weeks following transplantation demonstrated a significant reduction in mesangial thickening and in mesangial staining for IgG, IgM and C3. Three to four weeks after transplantation C3 staining was no longer detected. A gradual reduction in mesangial IgG and IgM localization continued so that by nine weeks following islet transplantation only minimal staining for immunoglobulins was present. Although mesangial thickening was reduced, this abnormality could still be detected in most animals six to nine weeks after transplantation. Three rats showed improvement in glomerular morphology within two weeks despite persistent hyperglycemia. These rats had normal insulin levels at this time. Islet transplantation in inbred diabetic rats effectively returns glucose and insulin levels to normal and results in rapid regression of the light microscopic and immunopathologic glomerular lesions. These studies support the concept of reversible mesangial dysfunction in diabetic rats.