bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forensic Neuropsychology: A Selective Introduction
Authors: Gilandas AJ , Touyz SW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the last decade, neuropsychology has emerged as one of the fastest growing disciplines within clinical psychology. One of the most important roles for neuropsychologists is their contribution to the forensic sciences. The present paper reviews how lawyers may best utilize the services of clinical neuropsychologists. Suggestions are also offered to neuropsychologists on how better to meet the needs of lawyers. The following forensic science issues are discussed: the legal framework in which neuropsycbologists function; contributions psychologists may make towards answering basic medicolegal questions such as the elucidation of the nature, extent, and duration of head injury sequelae; criteria for acceptable neuropsychological reports; medicolegal aspects of severe head injury, minor head injury (posttraumatic syndrome), and pseudo-head injury (malingering). There are many causes of damage to the nervous system (for example, industrial toxins and medical malpractice) that are eligible for compensation. Examples will be confined to head injury since the basic forensic science principles remain the same, whatever the etiology of such brain damage.
The Case of the Lying Photographs: The Civil War Photography of George N. Barnard
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Photographic analysis has from time to time played an important role in criminal investigations. In the 1960s, for example, snapshots taken by the accused in England's “moor murders” were instrumental in locating the grave of one of the victims. More recently, scholars have begun to use the methods of photographic analysis to authenticate historic photographs. William Frassanito, for example, has analyzed the extant photographs of the battlefields of Antietam and Gettysburg to determine where the photographs were taken (and hence what the photographs actually portray).
Morphological Variations in Ulnar Supinator Crests and Fossae as Identifying Markers of Occupational Stress
Authors: Kennedy KAR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent morphometric studies of ulnae of prehistoric skeletal remains from populations known to have used spears, atlatls, and similar projectile weapons for hunting and warfare reveal a high incidence of hypertrophy of the ulnar crest, to which the supinator muscle is attached, along with pronounced depth of the adjacent supinator fossa, especially in the upper extremities of males. Similar features occur in the right ulnae of living persons of both sexes who are habitually engaged in certain occupational and athletic activities involving angular displacement of the forearm as a result of medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder, shoulder and arm rapid extension, and abrupt shifts from forearm supination to pronation. Aside from its forensic science implications in determination of right- or left-handedness as a trait peculiar to the individual, observation of these markers of stress on the proximal end of the ulna are significant in identification of skeletal remains of persons known to have engaged in specific brachial activities during life. The hiomechanics of these movement patterns and activities in which they occur, when properly interpreted, are relevant to forensic science problems of individual identification and paleoanthropological studies of occupational stress factors in extinct populations for which a skeletal record is available.
Chromophoric Labeling of Cannabinoids with 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-Sulfonyl Chloride
Authors: Maseda C , Fukui Y , Kimura K , Matsubara K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A simple and sensitive assay for the cannabinoids is presented using a dabsylation procedure. Dabsyl derivatives of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) and cannabinol (CBN) were prepared by reacting with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride (dabsyl chloride) in acetone in the presence of sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate buffer (pH 10). Crystalline dabsylcannabinoids gave intense absorption in the visible region. With these derivatives, analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were tested. These techniques gave good separation and nanogram detection of dabsyl-THC and -CBN by using n-hexane-ethyl acetate-diethylamine (20: 5: 1) for TLC and MeOH—H20 (95 : 5) at 450 nm for HPLC.
Determination of Chloroquine and Monodesethylchloroquine in Hair
Authors: Viala A , Deturmeny E , Aubert C , Estadieu M , Durand A , Cano JP , Delmont J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Using thin-layer and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, chloroquine and its major metabolite (monodesethylchloroquine) were identified in hair samples of numerous patients who received this antimalarial drug for several months. In two patients the amounts of chloroquine were, respectively, 310 and 145 mg/kg hair and those of the monodesethylchloroquine 23 and 11 mg/kg. The respective proportions (93 and 7%) are the same in the two subjects. The chloroquine percentage was near those in the spleen or stomach wall after poisoning. Other metabolites in hair are being identified. Hair analysis may provide a good toxicologic and forensic science complement to the blood, urine, and tissues. It may be useful for the control of chloroquine therapy.
Toxicological Findings in a Death Resulting from the Ingestion of Trimipramine
Authors: Meatherall RC , Guay DRP , Nokes JM , Keenan JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant trimipramine is presented. Whole blood concentrations of trimipramine and its metabolite N-desmethyltrimipramine were measured by gas-lqiuid chromatography and found to be 400 and 1130 ng/mL, respectively. These findings are compared to those of previous unpublished trimipramine fatalities and fatalities caused by other tricyclic antidepressants.
Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase in Human Hair Root Sheaths
Authors: Kimes DR , Tahir MA , Stolorow MD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) was observed in human hair root sheaths where hair sheaths and blood samples were collected from 150 donors. In each case, the hairs were typed first for EAP and then confirmed by typing the blood from the same donors. Of the 150 donors checked, EAP activity was found in 135 of the samples; the other 15 samples showed no activity because they contained no sheath cells. Of the 135 samples showing activity, 108 of those were typed accurately in EAP. The remaining 27 samples had EAP activity but with inconclusive findings. In this study, all six common phenotypes were encountered.
Detection of Drugs in Saliva of Impaired Drivers
Authors: Peel HW , Perrigo BJ , Mikhael NZ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study examined the feasibility of detecting drugs using saliva samples obtained from impaired drivers. Screening procedures on 1- to 2-mL samples were for cannabinoids, volatiles, benzodiazepines, and other acidic/neutral/basic drugs. Methodology consisted of enzyme multiple immunoassay technique (EMIT®) and temperature programmed gas chromatography with confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty-six samples were obtained from drivers arrested for suspicion of impaired driving. Other than alcohol, the major drugs detected were cannabinoids and diazepam. Cocaine was found in one case.
Psychosocial Dynamics of Child Abuse
Authors: Felthous AR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The problem of child abuse warrants steadfast social concern and attentive study by social scientists, forensic scientists, and mental health professionals. What moves adults to physically abuse children entrusted to their care? In the present inquiry, an overview of a substantial body of the literature is organized by exploring three dimensions of abuse: the parental relationship, the psychopathology of abusive parents, and the psychodynamics of motivation. None of these dimensions taken alone provides a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon of abuse. An integrative model is offered wherein child abuse is regarded as a function of three general factors: stresses on the parent, ego weaknesses of the parent, and vectors that direct the parent's violent impulses against the child.
Management of Forensic Psychiatry Patients Who Refuse Medication—Two Scenarios
Authors: Rodenhauser P , Heller A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An Ohio federal court set Wyatt-type standards for treatment rights of forensic psychiatry patients and ordered legal due process-type hospital hearings to protect patients from what the court considers harmful clinical practices. Experience with this legal method for management of patients who refuse medication is examined for its impact on staff and patient care. Under legal pressure Ohio has built new regional forensic psychiatry hospitals. In one, spurred by legal activism, the prevalence of patients refusing medication has become pandemic. In its typical 16-bed ward, when 2 or more patients refuse medication, danger escalates rapidly for patients and staff. The method adopted to manage these situations is to assess the emergency of danger to patient or others, and if warranted to administer medication despite objections. This emergency management is dramatic in improving patient behavior and defusing milieu tensions. The psychiatrist ordering emergency management, however, faces challenges from several quarters—patient advocates, outside patients' rights legal advocates, and the commissioner of mental health. The clinically managed process contrasts markedly also with the legally imposed one in its impact on the personal and professional integrity of the responsible psychiatrist. Both scenarios illustrate the task yet remaining—integration of the clinical and legal concerns into a multisystem resolution of diverse interests, values, ethics, and rights.
Incidence of Bite Marks in a Selected Juvenile Population: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rawson RD , Koot A , Martin C , Jackson J , Novosel S , Richardson A , Bender T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A study of the frequency of bite marks among sheltered children was conducted for a period of three months in the juvenile care facilities in Las Vegas, NV. The study demonstrated an incidence of 1 545 bite marks per 100 000 population. Analysis of the age, sex, and location of bite marks is presented. The study demonstrated an incidence comparable to diseases such as gonorrhea.
Review of Identification of Vegetable Fibers
Authors: Longhetti A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Though titled Identification of Vegetable Fibers, this book instead covers the identification vegetable plants from an examination of the stems and leaves. The vegetable fibers included are limited to flax, hemp, sunn hemp, ramie, jute, kenaf, roselle, sisal and abaca; that is, fibers most commonly used in the manufacture of rope and cordage. Excluded are such commonly occurring textile fibers as cotton and linen.
The Simultaneous Electrophoretic Analysis of Esterase D and Phosphoglucomutase Subtyping in Fresh Blood and in Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Adamo R , Kobilinksy L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM) subtyping and esterase D phenotyping were simultaneously performed by electrophoresis of bloodstained fibers using agarose and a Tris-maleic acid buffer system, pH 5.4. This method reduces anodal gel shrinkage and shortens development time when compared to the conventional electrophoretic technique for PGM subtyping which is performed at pH 7.4 using an agarose-starch substrate.
Picogram Analyses of Explosive Residues Using the Thermal Energy Analyzer (TEA®)
Authors: Fine DH , Yu WC , Goff EU , Bender EC , Reutter DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The thermal energy analyzer (TEA®), interfaced to both a gas and a high performance liquid chromatograph, has been shown to be selective to nitro-based explosives at a sensitivity of 4 to 5 pg injected on-column. Analyses of “real world” explosives, post-explosion debris, handswabs, and human plasma are presented. Because of the selectivity of the technique, there was no need for sample cleanup before analysis.
A Method of Matching Skulls with Photographic Portraits Using Landmarks and Measurements of the Dentition
Authors: McKenna JJI , Jablonski NG , Fearnhead RW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method of matching and identifying skulls to family snapshots or passport photographs is described. The technique depends on the recovery of teeth, particularly the maxillary anterior teeth, with the skull and the availability of an antemortem photograph showing those teeth. Measurements of the anterior dentition of unidentified skulls are used to determine the magnification factor necessary for the preparation of life-sized transparencies of photographs. Superimposition of dental landmarks in these transparencies leads to correlation of further cranial features, thus enabling a successful positive identification. Suggestions are made for a system of identification based on assessment of visible features of the dentition.
A Scientific Approach to Documenting Evidence for Accident Reconstruction
Authors: Van Kirk DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Accident investigators have not had a consistent method of viewing accidents to gather the necessary information to allow other forensic scientists, particularly those who specialize in reconstructing accidents, to render as accurate and complete an opinion as possible. This paper presents a step-by-step procedure for examining and documenting the accident scene for both rural and urban accidents, as well as impacts to the exterior of the vehicle and interior damage caused by secondary occupant impacts. Diagrams of camera angles and scene configurations are also shown, along with a detailed description of how to use them to record accident data. A check list for accident data for reconstruction is also presented.
A Review of Juvenile Delinquency: Concepts and Control
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is an excellent introductory text for practitioners and students who wish to gain an overview of the subject. The book has 13 well organized chapters that range from definition of a delinquent to research in delinquency prevention and treatment. Each chapter provides well chosen recent references that enable the interested reader to pursue areas of special interest. In addition to scholarly sources the authors provide appropriate quotes from such publications as the Washington Post, The New York Times, and Parade Magazine. The authors are aware of the need to keep the reader interested and make the materials relevant to general concerns. At the same time they do conclude.
The Motion of Floating and Submerged Objects in the Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, GA
Authors: Dilen DR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two mannikins, one designed to float and one designed to sink, were used to examine the ways in which human bodies move in a river. The floating mannikin was used to examine the movement of a body floating downstream on the surface and to determine the flow patterns of surface currents through bends in the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta, GA. The submerged mannikin was constructed to have a specific gravity of a deceased person (over a range of specific gravities) and was used to examine the motion of a body immediately upon entering the water. The submerged mannikin also was used to examine motion along the bottom of the river. Floating objects near each bank of the Chattahoochee River were found to remain along their respective banks as they moved downstream through the bends in the river. No mechanisms of transport from one bank to the other in the bends was found. The movement of a submerged dummy only occurred at very high river flows. The dummy remained stationary at the place where it reached the bottom for tests over a wide range of specific gravities and a moderate range of flow levels. A discussion of the river conditions (for example, bottom topography, bottom composition, flow rates, and hydraulics) is included. The results of the experiments offer initial guidelines and principles that can be used by officials and agencies involved in the search, rescue, and recovery of bodies in most rivers.
The Determination of Sex from Forcibly Removed Hairs
Authors: Mudd JL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The determination of sex from forcibly removed hairs in forensic science laboratories has, in the past, been based almost entirely on the presence or absence of the Y chromosome in the cells of the hair root sheath. Since the human male genotype is XY and the female is XX, a technique was devised that permits root sheath cells to be stained sequentially for the Y and then the X chromosome using quinacrine mustard. Following staining, the Y and the X chromosome fluorescence were observed, at pH 5.5 and 3.0, respectively, by epifluorescence. The X and Y chromosome counts obtained for a single hair root specimen were reported as a Y — X (Y minus X) score. The results reported show that specimens from males gave positive Y — X score while specimens from females gave negative Y — X scores. Results of an age study and blind trials were also reported.
Age Estimation from the Rib by Phase Analysis: White Males
Authors: Yaşar İşcan M , Loth SR , Wright RK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The determination of age at death is an important part of physical and forensic anthropology. Techniques now in use vary from direct observation of a bone to microscopic examination of a given segment. This study introduces the sternal end of the rib as a new site for age estimation by direct observation. The sample consisted of 118 white male ribs of verified age, sex, and race. The ribs were assigned to one of nine phases (0 through 8) based on changes noted at the costochondral junction. These included the formation of a pit, its depth and shape, configuration of the walls and rim surrounding it, and the overall texture and quality of the bone. Statistical analysis indicated that these changes were age related. It was further revealed that metamorphosis was most rapid and uniform from the mean age of 17 to 28 years (Phases 1 through 4). The rib morphology was more varied after age 39 (Phase 5) resulting in a wider range for the predicted age. Our study concluded that the sternal rib end may yield a similar degree of accuracy to the public symphysis and perhaps better than that for cranial sutural closure. Our technique also enables the forensic scientist to use the rib for corroboration with age estimations obtained by traditional methods.
A Review of Introduction to Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Peat MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is intended for use by both teachers and practicing professionals in forensic toxicology. It is divided into three sections, and the first section, “Principles for Forensic Toxicology,” includes information on the pharmacological and analytical principles necessary for the forensic toxicologist to fulfill his professional obligations. Chapters on the history of forensic toxicology and the pathology of poisoning are also included. The second section deals with the practice of forensic toxicology and describes the type of work involved in a routine forensic toxicology laboratory. The final section, “Applications of Forensic Toxicology,” includes chapters on data reporting and handling, interpretation of toxicological data, and appearing as an expert witness.
Pioneer Contributions of Harris Hawthorne Wilder, Ph.D., To Forensic Sciences
Authors: Stewart TD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In his youth Harris Hawthorne Wilder developed interests in both zoology and human anatomy. Following graduate study in Germany (1886–1891), he was appointed professor of zoology at Smith College but retained his dual interests throughout his career. As a result, he was instrumental in introducing to American audiences two new European developments in human identification; dermatoglyphics and face reconstruction on skulls. The details of his contributions in these two areas, summarized here, establish him as an important pioneer in American forensic sciences.
A Review of Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents
Authors: Devine FM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This revised edition of Mr. Hilton's treatise on document examination work is a valuable and welcome publication. Mr. Hilton has expanded on his original book in a number of areas of importance in the questioned document field. Specifically, chapters on the identification of signatures and forgery detection and the identification of hand-lettering and numerals have been enlarged. Information on typewriter identification has been enlarged to include data on proportionally spaced and single element machines as well as modern electronic typewriter devices.
Proficiency Testing in Forensic Toxicology: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Peat MA , Finnigan JS , Finkle BS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study has shown that a national proficiency testing program in forensic toxicology is feasible. Samples that resemble typical case specimens were prepared and shipped to approximately 100 laboratories. Participation varied between 61 and 73%. Tissue samples obtained from laboratory animals can be used to simulate those encountered by forensic toxicologists. This has been demonstrated using liver homogenates from animals administered pentobarbital and methaqualone and propoxyphene and acetaminophen. There was a large coefficient of variation however, for the quantitation of acetaminophen in liver. The qualitative data obtained during the course of this study showed a very low incidence of false positives. However, there was a disappointingly low percentage of positive responses for (a) low concentrations of secobarbital and (b) the opiate narcotics (morphine and codeine) in blood, despite the fact that sensitive immunoassay procedures are available for detecting these particular compounds in blood samples. The quantitative determination of drugs and metabolites, other than ethanol, shows wide interlaboratory variation. This variation is presumably not a result of the use of different analytical techniques, since gas liquid chromatography was used by the majority of participants to quantitate drugs and metabolites. Forensic toxicologists are willing to participate in a voluntary proficiency testing program conducted by an independent agency. The performance data developed in this study can serve as a baseline for current forensic toxicology laboratory functional capability in the assessment of future changes and improvements in analytical forensic toxicology.
A Case of Suicide Involving the Concomitant Intravenous Injection of Barbital and Oral Ingestion of Arsenic
Authors: Graham MA , Poklis A , Mackell MA , Gantner GE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of suicide involving the intravenous injection of barbital and the oral ingestion of arsenic trioxide is reported. The pathologic and toxicologic findings are discussed.