bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E‐Learning
Authors: Eom Sean B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMore than six million students, nearly a third of the total enrollment at degree‐granting postsecondary institutions in the United States, were taking at least one online course in 2010. Many, including faculty members, are frightened by e‐learning's meteoric rise on college campuses and continued growth and view the spread of e‐learning with trepidation. The success of online courses is dependent on a set of interrelated elements interacting together. This entry introduces e‐learning from a system's view. We view e‐learning as a system of input, process, and output to optimize e‐learning outcomes and student satisfaction. We begin with the introduction of the concept of e‐learning. The remainder of this entry is divided into several sections: an overview and technological elements of e‐learning systems, the process and outputs of e‐learning systems, and conclusion. With the technological advancements in computers and telecommunication technologies, the costs and qualities of technological inputs to e‐learning systems have become less expensive, easier to deploy, and more powerful. However, delivering online education on a massive scale is doomed to fail. The role of technology is quite minimal. The success of e‐learning is critically dependent on the role of the instructor.
Geographical Information Systems
Authors: Pick James B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

A geographical information system (
GIS
) consists of a database of attributes, spatial information, geospatial operators that link the two, user interface, and analytical, statistical and modeling features.
GISs
have grown rapidly in this century in business, government, and mass consumption markets. Location has become pervasive with mobile devices. By industry,
GIS
is often applied in natural resources, transportation, utilities, supply chain, agriculture, real estate, newspapers, and banking/finance. The benefits of
GIS
beyond nonspatial
IS
are improved accuracy of decision making, recognition of geography in operations and management, improved problem solving through geographic analysis, and ability to geo‐design future solutions.
The Digital Divide: its Continued Relevance
Authors: Kvasny Lynette 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the United States the digital divide entered the public discourse in the mid‐1990s. Over the next two decades, a number of national, regional, and local interventions were implemented to bring information and communication technologies (ICT) to populations who would otherwise go lacking in access to these resources. Some argued that these gains in broadening access to ICT suggested a closing of the digital divide and that the United States was now a nation online. However, as access increased, new and evolving divides in the quality of access, the skills to effectively use online resources, and the availability of culturally salient online content emerged. This article discusses these new and evolving divides, and argues for the continued relevance of the digital divide as an issue for policy makers, educators, researchers, and communities.
Business Process Management
Authors: Brocke Jan vom , Rosemann Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBusiness process management (BPM) is dedicated to analyzing, designing, implementing, and continuously improving organizational processes. While early contributions were focusing on the (re‐)design of single processes, contemporary research calls for a more holistic view on the management of organizational processes. To that end, BPM is understood as an integrated set of corporate capabilities related to strategic alignment, governance, methods, technology, people, and culture. This article outlines the emergence of BPM, presents major principles of process‐thinking, describes the essential capability areas of BPM, and discusses context‐awareness as a major success factor of business process management.
Service Delivery Standards (
ITIL
,
COBIT
,
ETOM
,
ISO
/
IEC
20000, Etc.)
Authors: Ding Yi 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

This article provides a discussion of a list of popular service delivery standards including
ITIL
,
COBIT
, e
TOM
, and
ISO/IEC
20000. We started with a discussion of key IT service characteristics and challenges of IT services management. Then, we listed and discussed a list of IT service delivery standards and their key components that can help IT service providers ensure the consistent quality of their service delivery.
IT
Leadership
Authors: Brown Carol V. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

An executive IT leadership position, often with a Chief Information Officer (
CIO
) title, emerged in the 1980s as organizations became increasingly dependent on IT for business operations and strategic initiatives. This article focuses on what we have learned about the IT executive role beginning with conceptual and descriptive research from the 1990s. More recent researchers have developed frameworks for categorizing IT executive roles and IT leadership approaches using a contingency lens and field‐based data. Future studies could benefit from research designs that take a more holistic view of the IT leadership context within a given organization, as well as the potential impacts on the IT executive role due to changes in the technology landscape.
Social Network Services
Authors: Helms Remko 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSocial network services (SNS) emerged roughly 15 years ago and have deeply penetrated in our personal and work life. Companies providing SNSs typically offer the opportunity to create a profile, create friend lists, and communicate with friends. In practice, there is a lot of variety in these sites in terms of audience served and functionality supported. The business model of SNSs providers is not selling the service to their customers but to use the generated content of their customers to sell to third parties for advertising and marketing purposes. SNS is a broad field that has many different aspects such as, for instance, privacy issues and technology adoption aspects. Therefore, SNSs are also broadly researched by the academic community.
Capitalism
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article identifies the underlying economic questions, that is faced by every society, regarding the allocation of its scarce resources. It then provides a description of the four fundamental elements of the economic system known as capitalism, and each element's role in answering these questions. The competing conservative and liberal economic philosophies are then explored, each in terms of its views on capitalism. Some of the roles of government by which the system of capitalism is supported are also examined.
EUMerger Policy
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe development of the regulatory control of mergers in the EU is presented in this article. The primary legal foundation, the 2004 EC Merger Regulation, is examined along with the reorganization of the EU's merger control unit and its procedures. The new standard for evaluating a proposed merger, which is the likelihood of the merger significantly impeding effective competition, is discussed along with some of its applications. Parallels and areas of continued divergence with US merger policy are also presented.
M
icrosoft Antitrust Case:
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article presents an examination of the antitrust case brought by the US Department of Justice against the Microsoft Corporation. The article addresses the primary issues of market definition, market power and anticompetitive behavior which were central to the case. The economic arguments behind the government's positions and Microsoft's defenses are provided. The decisions of the US District and Circuit courts with respect to the legality of Microsoft's behavior regarding the monopolizing of the operating system market, attempting to monopolize the browser market and the tying of its operating system to its browser are also provided.
Structure‐Conduct‐Performance Paradigm
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article provides a description of the basic model of industry analysis that is used in the field of industrial organization economics. The article focuses on the two competing views of industry behavior and public policy toward business which have evolved from the paradigm. The traditional Structuralist School view of the causal flow of the paradigm's elements is examined and empirical research supporting this view is presented. The article then presents some of the consequences of this view in terms of the antitrust policy prescriptions which it supports. Some theoretical and empirical shortcomings of this view, and competing evidence supporting the alternative Chicago School view, are then examined.
Firm Financial Structure
Authors: Belanger Joseph P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A firm's financial structure consists of the liabilities, equity, and other inputs that provide resources for operations. Within the firm's financial structure is its capital structure, that comprises of funded debt and equity. The more broadly defined firm financial structure includes these components of capital along with all other sources, such as accounts payable and accrued wages arising from purchases of goods, services, and labor. As such, the financial structure includes all of the firm's available resources whereas the firm's capital structure relates solely to resources made available to the firm from financing activities with lenders and stockholders. The firm's financial structure tends to reflect the nature of its underlying industry.
Dumping
Authors: Jones Kent A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

According to the traditional definition, dumping is the practice of PRICE DISCRIMINATION in international trade, in which the exporter charges a lower price for a specific product in the export market than in his home market. World Trade Organization rules, as embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Article VI, recognizes two additional definitions of dumping, which can be applied if the exporter's home price is deemed inappropriate as a basis for comparison:

charging a lower price for a product in one export market than in another export market; and

charging a price that does not cover the cost of production, including a “reasonable” addition for selling cost and profit.

US international trade law generalizes the definition of dumping as the sale of an imported product at “less than fair value,” according to the applicable basis of price comparison. According to GATT rules, if an investigation finds that dumping has taken place and “injures” a domestic industry, the importing country can impose an antidumping duty in the amount of the difference between the export price and the “fair value” price.
Internal Organization of the Firm
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Management decisions about the boundary (size) of the firm, internal organization of the firm, and the internal systems for aligning incentives of all stakeholders of the firm are critical to enable the firm to create the most value given its resources and market opportunities. Internal organization defines who makes which decisions, who controls which information, and whose goals are or are not aligned with the objectives of the firm. Within any organizational structure there is a trade‐off between the amount of information in each business unit and the need for coordinated decisions across units. As firms increase in scale, per unit costs decrease due to economies of scale and scope. On the other hand, as the firm grows in size multiple principal‐agent problems arise which result in residual loss. Internal organization of firms falls into four basic structures: the Unitary
functional
structure (or U‐form), the
multidivisional
structure (or the M‐form), the
matrix
structure and the
network
structure.
Factor Productivity
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Factor productivity is defined as the units of output per unit of factor input. Factors of production are land, labor, and capital. The productivity of these factors together with their prices (rents, wages, and interest rates) drive firm decisions such as the level of output to produce and the mix of inputs to use in the production process. Average product and marginal product are the most common productivity metrics. Factor productivity derives from several sources such as intrinsic qualities of the factor, the availability and productivity of complementary inputs, and the technology or production process used in converting inputs to outputs. Profit ‐maximization and cost minimization are related to factor productivity because they involve comparisons of the marginal revenue generated by the input and the marginal cost to hire the input, across the range of potential inputs.
Imperfect Information
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Imperfect information affects markets when the parties to a market transaction do not have complete knowledge of their own and the other party's characteristics, payoffs and decisions which affect the potential value of the transaction. This includes cases of asymmetric information, which can lead to adverse selection and moral hazard problems. It particularly affects markets such as insurance, labor, finance and product markets where the quality of a good is not discernible to a buyer. Imperfect information can result in market failure and can be mitigated by a variety of market and non‐market mechanisms.
Reservation Wage
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

A worker's
reservation wage
is the minimum wage that the worker requires in order to participate in the labor market. It represents the monetary value of an hour of leisure (broadly defined as any non‐labor‐market activity) to the worker. If the wage offer does not meet or exceed the worker's reservation wage, then the worker's utility is maximized by remaining unemployed. The reservation wage of any given worker is determined by both micro‐ and macroeconomic factors that affect the worker's marginal utility of leisure or marginal utility of consumption when the worker is unemployed, (i.e., personal preferences, household production activities, unemployment benefits, and other non‐labor income.).
Transfer Pricing
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Transfer pricing refers to the intra‐firm pricing of goods and services sold or moved from one division of an organization to another. These products may be intermediate inputs used in the production of the firm's final product, or services provided by one division to another. It is often associated with the existence of separate profit centers within a firm. The challenge with transfer pricing is to determine the price which will lead to efficient production levels in both the buying and selling divisions, and lead to profit maximization for the firm as a whole. In theory, this price depends upon the marginal costs and benefits of production of the intermediate input and final output. In practice, this pricing depends upon the structure and existence of external markets, the organizational structure that determines the relationships in the internal markets and, in the case of multi‐national corporations, tax differences between the countries in which the internal buyers and sellers are located.
Business Entities
Authors: Petty Ross D. , Mandel Richard P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The ability to protect personal assets and control how much an individual must risk when starting a business has encouraged business formation and innovation ever since the Industrial Revolution. This article describes the various forms of business entities available to entrepreneurs, comparing them on a number of factors including limitation of personal liability but also including such factors as governance, taxation, continuity, ease of formation and transferability.
Cost of Capital
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The required returns by debt and equity investors represent a cost to the firms raising capital to finance their projects. Debt is generally less costly than equity because debt investors are exposed to lower risk. To estimate the net present value of future opportunities, the firm's management discounts expected future cash flows at the weighted average cost of capital, taking into account the relative weights of different sources of capital and the costs of each.
Efficient Markets Hypothesis
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The efficient markets hypothesis suggests that available information is quickly reflected in prices, making it difficult to consistently make abnormal profits based on information that is also available to other investors. Weak‐form efficiency is when prices fully reflect historical price and volume information. A market is said to be semi‐strong form efficient when prices fully reflect all publicly available information. If prices fully reflect all public and private information, it is strong‐form efficient.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective C5 Sulfenylation of Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles with Thiols
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Wang Shaohua , Jiang Yi , He Peiling , Zhang Qi , Cao Hua 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed regioselective sulfenylation of imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles with thiols is described via intermolecular CS bond formation using O2 as an oxidant. Both alkyl and (hetero)aryl thiols are employed as coupling partners, and the sulfenylation products were furnished in good yields. The reaction is also compatible with disulfides.
Office surgery for paranasal sinus recirculation
Authors: DelGaudio John M. , Ochsner Matthew C. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundCircular flow of mucus between adjacent openings of a single paranasal sinus is known as recirculation, and can cause persistent sinonasal symptoms. Removing the bridging tissues allows the surgical ostium to connect to the natural ostium. This procedure prevents the circular flow between the 2 ostia, and allows the mucociliary system to provide for physiologic drainage of the sinuses. Traditionally this has taken place in the operating room; however, performing this procedure in the office is possible, even when there is significant intervening bone. Here we report a series patients with recirculation successfully treated in the office.MethodsA prospective study of 10 patients endoscopically diagnosed with recirculation, 9 involving the maxillary sinus and 1 involving the sphenoid. Symptoms included facial pressure, mucus stasis, congestion, and recurrent sinusitis. All patients had previous sinus surgery. All patients were treated in the office under topical ± local anesthesia. The bridging tissues between ostia were removed, 6 of which consisted of mucosal bands within the middle meatus, 1 with mucosa and intervening bone within the middle meatus, 2 with mucosa and inferior turbinate bone between ostia in the inferior and middle meatus, and 1 involving bone of the face of the sphenoid sinus.ResultsAll 10 patients had significant improvement or resolution of the symptoms associated with recirculation, with no further endoscopic evidence of mucus recirculation.ConclusionThis case series demonstrates that mucus recirculation can be successfully treated in the office setting, even across bony structures. This leads to significant savings to the healthcare system and less missed work/school compared to an operating room procedure.
Clinical phenotypes as predictors of the outcome of skipping around DMD exon 45
Authors: Findlay Andrew R. , Wein Nicolas , Kaminoh Yuuki , Taylor Laura E. , Dunn Diane M. , Mendell Jerry R. , King Wendy M. , Pestronk Alan , Florence Julaine M. , Mathews Katherine D. , Finkel Richard S. , Swoboda Kathryn J. , Howard Michael T. , Day John W. , McDonald Craig , Nicolas Aurélie , Le Rumeur Elisabeth , Weiss Robert B. , Flanigan Kevin M. ,   for the United Dystrophinopathy Project
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveExon‐skipping therapies aim to convert Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) into less severe Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) by altering pre‐mRNA splicing to restore an open reading frame, allowing translation of an internally deleted and partially functional dystrophin protein. The most common single exon deletion—exon 45 (Δ45)—may theoretically be treated by skipping of either flanking exon (44 or 46). We sought to predict the impact of these by assessing the clinical severity in dystrophinopathy patients.MethodsPhenotypic data including clinical diagnosis, age at wheelchair use, age at loss of ambulation, and presence of cardiomyopathy were analyzed from 41 dystrophinopathy patients containing equivalent in‐frame deletions.ResultsAs expected, deletions of either exons 45 to 47 (Δ45–47) or exons 45 to 48 (Δ45–48) result in BMD in 97% (36 of 37) of subjects. Unexpectedly, deletion of exons 45 to 46 (Δ45–46) is associated with the more severe DMD phenotype in 4 of 4 subjects despite an in‐frame transcript. Notably, no patients with a deletion of exons 44 to 45 (Δ44–45) were found within the United Dystrophinopathy Project database, and this mutation has only been reported twice before, which suggests an ascertainment bias attributable to a very mild phenotype.InterpretationThe observation that Δ45–46 patients have typical DMD suggests that the conformation of the resultant protein may result in protein instability or altered binding of critical partners. We conclude that in DMD patients with Δ45, skipping of exon 44 and multiexon skipping of exons 46 and 47 (or exons 46–48) are better potential therapies than skipping of exon 46 alone. Ann Neurol 2015 Ann Neurol 2015;77:668–674
Affinity Enhancement by Dendritic Side Chains in Synthetic Carbohydrate Receptors
Authors: Destecroix Harry , Renney Charles M. , Mooibroek Tiddo J. , Carter Tom S. , Stewart Patrick F. N. , Crump Matthew P. , Davis Anthony P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDendritic side chains have been used to modify the binding environment in anthracene‐based synthetic carbohydrate receptors. Control of length, charge, and branching enabled the positioning of side‐chain carboxylate groups in such a way that they assisted in binding substrates rather than blocking the cavity. Conformational degeneracy in the dendrimers resulted in effective preorganization despite the flexibility of the system. Strong binding was observed to glucosammonium ions in water, with Ka values up to 7000 M−1. Affinities for uncharged substrates (glucose and N‐acetylglucosamine) were also enhanced, despite competition from solvent and the absence of electrostatic interactions.
Interface Engineering of a CoOx/Ta3N5 Photocatalyst for Unprecedented Water Oxidation Performance under Visible‐Light‐Irradiation
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Shen Shuai , Liu Guiji , Qi Yu , Zhang Fuxiang , Li Can 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCocatalysts have been extensively used to promote water oxidation efficiency in solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion, but the influence of interface compatibility between semiconductor and cocatalyst has been rarely addressed. Here we demonstrate a feasible strategy of interface wettability modification to enhance water oxidation efficiency of the state‐of‐the‐art CoOx/Ta3N5 system. When the hydrophobic feature of a Ta3N5 semiconductor was modulated to a hydrophilic one by in situ or ex situ surface coating with a magnesia nanolayer (2–5 nm), the interfacial contact between the hydrophilic CoOx cocatalyst and the modified hydrophilic Ta3N5 semiconductor was greatly improved. Consequently, the visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic oxygen evolution rate of the resulting CoOx/MgO(in)–Ta3N5 photocatalyst is ca. 23 times that of the pristine Ta3N5 sample, with a new record (11.3 %) of apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) under 500–600 nm illumination.