bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of 136 Edinburgh 7–8 year olds: a comparison with United Kingdom dietary reference values
Authors: Ruxton C. H. S. , Kirk T. R. , Belton N. R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEnergy and nutrient intakes were assessed in 136 children, aged 7–8 years and living in and around Edinburgh, using the 7 d weighed inventory technique. The results were compared with UK dietary reference values (DRV) for energy, macronutrients and micronutrients. NSP intakes were compared with a calculated reference value (CRV). Mean energy intakes were close to the estimated average requirement for both boys and girls. Mean percentages of food energy derived from fat and saturated fat were high in relation to DRV (37 and 14 compared with 35 and 11 respectively). Mean percentage of food energy derived from total carbohydrate was close to the DRV of 50 but intakes of starch appeared to be low and intakes of total sugars high (23 and 26% food energy respectively). Superficially, this suggests that there is a need to alter the balance of carbohydrate in favour of increasing starch and lowering total sugar. There was, however, a clear ‘fat-sugar seesaw’, i.e. children with a high percentage energy from total sugars had a low percentage energy from fat, and vice versa. In view of this finding, it is possible that efforts to reduce total sugar intake in children may result in a further increase in percentage energy from fat. Mean intakes of NSP were only 50% of the CRV, but this guideline may be set too high. Mean intakes of most micronutrients were above reference nutrient intakes. Reported low intakes of Zn and Se were treated with caution due to the perceived incompleteness of the data for these in the nutrient database. The authors concluded that targeting high intakes of total fat and saturated fat should be the health priorities in this age-group.
Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heatexposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention
Authors: Geraert P. A. , Padilha J. C. F. , Guillaumin S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe present study was performed in order to investigate the effect of chronic heat exposure (32",constant) on growth, body composition and energy retention of broiler chickens in relation to age. At 2and 4 weeks of age, fifty-four male Shaver broiler chickens were allocated to three treatments accordingto the following design: 22", ad lib. feeding (22AL); 32", ad lib. feeding (32AL); and 22", pair-feeding with the 32" group (22PF). Ambient temperature was kept constant at either 22 or 32" for 2 weeks. Heatexposure decreased feed intake by 14% YO between 2 and 4 weeks and by 24% YO between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Even with the same feed intake, chicks gained less weight at 32" than at 22", 55% less in young chickens and 22% less in older ones. Hot environmental conditions thus resulted in decreased feed efficiency; the feed:gain ratio was 2·85 at 32" compared with 2·06 at 22" in 22AL birds for the period4—6 weeks. Body composition appeared significantly affected by high ambient temperature. Feathering was reduced at 32" in absolute weight but not as a proportion of body weight. Heat-exposed birds showed a decrease in body protein content, protein gain and protein retention. Group 32AL birds were fatter than the pair-fed (22PF) or ad fib.-fed (22AL) groups at 22". The percentage of energy retained as fat was 79 in heat-exposed chickens compared with 64 in the control groups. The energy retained as protein:energy retained as fat for groups maintained at 22" (0·56) was twice that forthose maintained at 32" (0·28). These modifications should be investigated further in relation to metabolic and endocrinological changes.
Optimization of relativistic laser–ion acceleration
Authors: Schreiber J. , Bell F. , Najmudin Z. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Experiments have shown that the ion energy obtained by laser–ion acceleration can be optimized by choosing either the appropriate pulse duration or the appropriate target thickness. We demonstrate that this behavior can be described either by the target normal sheath acceleration model of Schreiber et al. or by the radiation pressure acceleration model of Bulanov and coworkers. The starting point of our considerations is that the essential property of a laser system for ion acceleration is its pulse energy and not its intensity. Maybe surprisingly we show that higher ion energies can be reached with reduced intensities.
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Outpatient Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Drekonja Dimitri M. , Filice Gregory A. , Greer Nancy , Olson Andrew , MacDonald Roderick , Rutks Indulis , Wilt Timothy J. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveEvaluate the effect of outpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs on prescribing, patient, microbial outcomes, and costs.DesignSystematic reviewMethodsSearch of MEDLINE (2000 through November 2013), Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies. We included English language studies with patient populations relevant to the United States (eg, infectious conditions, prescription services) evaluating stewardship programs in outpatient settings and reporting outcomes of interest. Data regarding study characteristics and outcomes were extracted and organized by intervention type.ResultsWe identified 50 studies eligible for inclusion, with most (29 of 50; 58%) reporting on respiratory tract infections, followed by multiple/unspecified infections (17 of 50; 34%). We found medium-strength evidence that stewardship programs incorporating communication skills training and laboratory testing are associated with reductions in antimicrobial use, and low-strength evidence that other stewardship interventions are associated with improved prescribing. Patient-centered outcomes, which were infrequently reported, were not adversely affected. Medication costs were generally lower with stewardship interventions, but overall program costs were rarely reported. No studies reported microbial outcomes, and data regarding outpatient settings other than primary care clinics are limited.ConclusionsLow- to moderate-strength evidence suggests that antimicrobial stewardship programs in outpatient settings improve antimicrobial prescribing without adversely effecting patient outcomes. Effectiveness depends on program type. Most studies were not designed to measure patient or resistance outcomes. Data regarding sustainability and scalability of interventions are limited.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0):1–11
GENDER-RELATED FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN'S HEALTH SEEKING FOR TUBERCULOSIS CARE IN EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OSHI DANIEL C. , OSHI SARAH N. , ALOBU ISAAC N. , UKWAJA KINGSLEY N. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThis is a qualitative, descriptive study to explore gender-related factors that influence health seeking for tuberculosis (TB) care by women in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. In-depth interviews based on interview guides were conducted with participants selected through purposive sampling in communities in the state. The results show that gender relations prohibit women from seeking care for symptoms of TB and other diseases outside their community without their husbands' approval. Gender norms on intra-household resource ownership and control divest women of the power to allocate money for health care seeking. Yet, the same norms place the burden of spending on health care for minor illnesses on women, and such repeated, out-of-pocket expenditures on health care at the village level make it difficult for women to save money for use for health care seeking for major illnesses such as TB, which, even if subsidized, still involves hidden costs such as transport fare. The opening hours of TB clinics do not favour their use by most women as they are open when women are usually engaged in income-generating activities. Attending the clinics may therefore entail opportunity costs for many women. People with chronic, infectious diseases such as TB and HIV are generally stigmatized and avoided. Women suffer more stigma and discrimination than men. Stigma and discrimination make women reluctant to seek care for TB until the disease is advanced. Policies and programmes aimed at increasing women's access to TB services should not only take these gender norms that disempower women into explicit consideration but also include interventions to address them. The programmes should integrate flexible opening hours for TB treatment units, including introduction of evening consultation for women. Interventions should also integrate anti-stigma strategies led by the community members themselves.
Progressive motility – a potential predictive parameter for semen fertilization capacity in bovines
Authors: Li Y. , Kalo D. , Zeron Y. , Roth Z. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryWe examined the association between progressive motility of spermatozoa andin vitrofertilization (IVF) competence of bovine ejaculates. Fresh semen was evaluated using a computerized sperm quality analyzer for bulls using progressive motility as the primary parameter. Ejaculates with high progressive motility (HPM; >81%) were compared with those with low progressive motility (LPM; <62%). Semen concentration and sperm velocity were lower (P< 0.05) in HPM versus LPM ejaculates. Volume and motile sperm concentration did not differ between groups (P> 0.05). Examination of sperm morphology revealed a higher proportion of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology (P< 0.01) in LPM versus HPM ejaculates, the predominant abnormal feature being a bent tail (P< 0.05). Sperm viability, acrosome integrity and DNA fragmentation did not differ between HPM and LPM samples. Mitochondrial membrane potential was higher (P< 0.01) in HPM versus LPM semen. Zinc concentrations in the seminal plasma correlated with progressive motility (R2= 0.463,P= 0.03). In addition, representative ejaculates from HPM and LPM groups were cryopreserved in straws and used for IVF. The proportions of embryos cleaved to 2- and 4-cell stages (88.1 ± 1.1 versus 80.5 ± 1.7,P= 0.001) and developed to blastocysts (33.5 ± 1.6 versus 23.5 ± 2.2,P= 0.026) were higher for HPM than LPM semen. The total cell number of embryos and blastocyst apoptotic index did not differ between groups. Although sperm progressive motility is associated with IVF competence, further examination is required to determine whether progressive motility can serve as a predictor of semen fertilization capacityin vivo.
Reversing roles: bringing men into the frame
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe attempt to secure maternity rights has been a major focus of decades of campaigning for women's equality. However, it is of concern that maternity rights might reinforce women's responsibility for childcare. This paper considers how we bring men back into the frame, through a critical assessment of the contrasting approaches in Europe and the US to claims by fathers for parenting rights. It is argued that the goal of equal participation of women in the workplace needs to be matched by equal participation of men in the home. This is only possible if the conception of equality is shaped by a conscious and explicit commitment to the social value of parenthood. Substantive equality can only be genuinely furthered if pregnancy and parenthood are appropriately distinguished. Whereas pregnancy is unique and should be treated as such, a true application of substantive equality requires a ‘levelling up’ option, extending women's parenting rights to fathers.
Gender, poverty and the development of the right to social security
Authors: Goldblatt Beth 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe international right to social security has been given limited attention as a vehicle for addressing women's poverty. This paper highlights some of the issues shaping women's poverty globally that require a more responsive right to social security. It discusses the nature and purpose of social security and examines the international law relating to this right, arguing that recent interpretations lack an adequate framework for ensuring women's interests are fully accommodated. The paper challenges the relationship between the right to social security and traditional conceptions of work that exclude women's labour. It also argues that the right must have application at the transnational level if it is to address the changing nature of women's work. Drawing on ideas of substantive equality, it proposes an approach to the development of the right from a gender perspective including a set of principles to be followed in applying the right.
Clay minerals and metal oxides strongly influence the structure of alkane-degrading microbial communities during soil maturation
Authors: Steinbach Annelie , Schulz Stefanie , Giebler Julia , Schulz Stephan , Pronk Geertje J , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid , Harms Hauke , Wick Lukas Y , Schloter Michael 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Clay minerals, charcoal and metal oxides are essential parts of the soil matrix and strongly influence the formation of biogeochemical interfaces in soil. We investigated the role of these parental materials for the development of functional microbial guilds using the example of alkane-degrading bacteria harbouring the alkane monooxygenase gene (alkB) in artificial mixtures composed of different minerals and charcoal, sterile manure and a microbial inoculum extracted from an agricultural soil. We followed changes in abundance and community structure of alkane-degrading microbial communities after 3 and 12 months of soil maturation and in response to a subsequent 2-week plant litter addition. During maturation we observed an overall increasing divergence in community composition. The impact of metal oxides on alkane-degrading community structure increased during soil maturation, whereas the charcoal impact decreased from 3 to 12 months. Among the clay minerals illite influenced the community structure of alkB-harbouring bacteria significantly, but not montmorillonite. The litter application induced strong community shifts in soils, maturated for 12 months, towards functional guilds typical for younger maturation stages pointing to a resilience of the alkane-degradation function potentially fostered by an extant ‘seed bank’.
DNA barcoding reveals diverse growth kinetics of human breast tumour subclones in serially passaged xenografts
Authors: Nguyen Long V. , Cox Claire L. , Eirew Peter , Knapp David J. H. F. , Pellacani Davide , Kannan Nagarajan , Carles Annaick , Moksa Michelle , Balani Sneha , Shah Sohrab , Hirst Martin , Aparicio Samuel , Eaves Connie J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGenomic and phenotypic analyses indicate extensive intra- as well as intertumoral heterogeneity in primary human malignant cell populations despite their clonal origin. Cellular DNA barcoding offers a powerful and unbiased alternative to track the number and size of multiple subclones within a single human tumour xenograft and their response to continued in vivo passaging. Using this approach we find clone-initiating cell frequencies that vary from ~1/10 to ~1/10,000 cells transplanted for two human breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer xenografts derived from three different patients. For the cell lines, these frequencies are negatively affected in transplants of more than 20,000 cells. Serial transplants reveal five clonal growth patterns (unchanging, expanding, diminishing, fluctuating or of delayed onset), whose predominance is highly variable both between and within original samples. This study thus demonstrates the high growth potential and diverse growth properties of xenografted human breast cancer cells.
Asymmetric parental genome engineering by Cas9 during mouse meiotic exit
Authors: Suzuki Toru , Asami Maki , Perry Anthony C. F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMammalian genomes can be edited by injecting pronuclear embryos with Cas9 cRNA and guide RNA (gRNA) but it is unknown whether editing can also occur during the onset of embryonic development, prior to pronuclear embryogenesis. We here report Cas9-mediated editing during sperm-induced meiotic exit and the initiation of development. Injection of unfertilized, mouse metaphase II (mII) oocytes with Cas9 cRNA, gRNA and sperm enabled efficient editing of transgenic and native alleles. Pre-loading oocytes with Cas9 increased sensitivity to gRNA ~100-fold. Paternal allelic editing occurred as an early event: single embryo genome analysis revealed editing within 3 h of sperm injection, coinciding with sperm chromatin decondensation during the gamete-to-embryo transition but prior to pronucleus formation. Maternal alleles underwent editing after the first round of DNA replication, resulting in mosaicism. Asymmetric editing of maternal and paternal alleles suggests a novel strategy for discriminatory targeting of parental genomes.
Bag6 complex contains a minimal tail-anchor–targeting module and a mock BAG domain
Authors: Mock Jee-Young , Chartron Justin William , Zaslaver Ma’ayan , Xu Yue , Ye Yihong , Clemons William Melvon 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Quality control of proteins is critical to cellular homeostasis. The BCL2-associated athanogene cochaperone 6 (Bag6) complex, which contains Bag6, transmembrane domain recognition complex 35 (TRC35), and ubiquitin-like 4A (Ubl4A), plays an essential role in targeting transmembrane domains either to the endoplasmic reticulum or degradation. Bag6 is a central hub for numerous activities, functionally linked to an array of cellular pathways, from immunoregulation to apoptosis. Here we define the molecular architecture of this heterotrimer, revealing distinct binding sites on Bag6 for TRC35 and Ubl4A. The truncated Bag6 complex defined in this study is sufficient to facilitate substrate transfer from small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α (SGTA) to TCR40. In addition, structural and biochemical characterization of the BAG domain of Bag6 demonstrate that it is not a canonical BAG domain.
Stochastic approach to the molecular counting problem in superresolution microscopy
Authors: Rollins Geoffrey C. , Shin Jae Yen , Bustamante Carlos , Pressé Steve 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Large and complex macromolecular assemblies—like RNA and DNA polymerases, the kinetochore, the ribosome, ATP synthase, and many others—are critical components of the cell. To fully characterize these molecular machines, it is not sufficient to rely solely on traditional structural methods, like cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography that provide great structural detail in vitro; we need experimental and theoretical tools that can describe the organization of these machines in their native cellular environment so as to better understand their function. Here we provide a strategy for extracting precisely this information directly from superresolution imaging data, a state-of-the-art technique for probing biological structures in living cells below the diffraction limit.
Activity-dependent inhibitory synapse remodeling through gephyrin phosphorylation
Authors: Flores Carmen E. , Nikonenko Irina , Mendez Pablo , Fritschy Jean-Marc , Tyagarajan Shiva K. , Muller Dominique 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Learning mechanisms rely on plasticity properties of excitatory synapses and an activity-dependent rewiring of excitatory networks. Inhibitory synapses also display plasticity properties, but it remains unknown whether and how excitatory activity and plasticity can affect the organization of inhibitory networks. Here we show that synaptic and neuronal activity directly regulates the number and function of perisomatic inhibitory synapses through a mechanism that involves the phosphorylation of gephyrin by the enzyme calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. The results identify a homeostatic mechanism through which cell activity can continuously adjust its excitation/inhibition balance.
Natural asynchronies in audiovisual communication signals regulate neuronal multisensory interactions in voice-sensitive cortex
Authors: Perrodin Catherine , Kayser Christoph , Logothetis Nikos K. , Petkov Christopher I. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Social animals often combine vocal and facial signals into a coherent percept, despite variable misalignment in the onset of informative audiovisual content. However, whether and how natural misalignments in communication signals affect integrative neuronal responses is unclear, especially for neurons in recently identified temporal voice-sensitive cortex in nonhuman primates, which has been suggested as an animal model for human voice areas. We show striking effects on the excitability of voice-sensitive neurons by the variable misalignment in the onset of audiovisual communication signals. Our results allow us to predict the state of neuronal excitability from the cross-sensory asynchrony in natural communication signals and suggest that the general pattern that we observed would generalize to face-sensitive cortex and certain other brain areas.
Transdermal deferoxamine prevents pressure-induced diabetic ulcers
Authors: Duscher Dominik , Neofytou Evgenios , Wong Victor W. , Maan Zeshaan N. , Rennert Robert C. , Inayathullah Mohammed , Januszyk Michael , Rodrigues Melanie , Malkovskiy Andrey V. , Whitmore Arnetha J. , Walmsley Graham G. , Galvez Michael G. , Whittam Alexander J. , Brownlee Michael , Rajadas Jayakumar , Gurtner Geoffrey C. 
Published: December 2014

Significance
Diabetes is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputations. There are no effective therapies to prevent diabetic ulcer formation and only modestly effective technologies to help with their healing. To enhance diabetic wound healing we designed a transdermal delivery system containing the FDA-approved small molecule deferoxamine, an iron chelator that increases defective hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha transactivation in diabetes by preventing iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen stress. This system overcomes the challenge of delivering hydrophilic molecules through the normally impermeable stratum corneum and both prevents diabetic ulcer formation and improves the healing of existing diabetic wounds. This represents a prophylactic pharmacological agent to prevent ulcer formation that is rapidly translatable into the clinic and has the potential to ultimately transform the care and prevention of diabetic complications.
B-cell repertoire responses to varicella-zoster vaccination in human identical twins
Authors: Wang Chen , Liu Yi , Cavanagh Mary M. , Le Saux Sabine , Qi Qian , Roskin Krishna M. , Looney Timothy J. , Lee Ji-Yeun , Dixit Vaishali , Dekker Cornelia L. , Swan Gary E. , Goronzy Jörg J. , Boyd Scott D. 
Published: December 2014

SignificanceHuman B cells secrete highly diverse antibody molecules to recognize and defend against infectious agents. Developing B cells independently rearrange their genomes to produce antibody-encoding sequences. It is uncertain to what degree genetic factors control antibody repertoires and the antibodies elicited by defined antigenic stimuli. Analysis of 134,000 antibody heavy chain sequences from genetically identical twins vaccinated with varicella-zoster vaccine indicates that twins show increased correlation in antibody gene segment usage, junctional features, and mutation rates in their antibody pools but show little similarity in clonal responses to an acute stimulus. Therefore, a shared germ-line genome sequence is correlated with overall convergence of antibody repertoires, but the particular antibody response to a given vaccination is less predictable.