bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personally prescribed psychoactive drugs in overdose deaths among drug abusers: A retrospective register study
Authors: Rönkä Sanna , Karjalainen Karoliina , Vuori Erkki , Mäkelä Pia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsPsychoactive prescription drug (PPD) abuse‐related overdose deaths have increased in many countries in recent decades. We aimed to investigate the role of personally prescribed psychoactive drugs in abuse‐related overdose mortality and explore any associations with level of social disadvantage.Design and MethodsThis register linkage study included all 243 people who had died of abuse‐related drug‐induced poisoning in Finland in 2000 and 2008. Data on registered purchases of psychoactive drugs within one and three years of death were linked to data on the psychoactive drug/s contributing to death in each case. Social disadvantage was measured by receipt of income support, long‐term unemployment and disability pension.ResultsThirty‐six percent of those abusers who had died of a drug overdose had purchased a similarly acting drug within three years of death. In all overdoses, the proportion increased from 20% in 2000 to 49% in 2008 (P < 0.001). A similar increase was seen in purchases within one year of death; from one‐tenth in 2000 to one‐third of all cases in 2008 (P < 0.001). The majority (83%) of the deceased had received income support, while only 13–14% were long‐term unemployed or on disability pension. Disability pension recipients had significantly more prescribed psychoactive drug purchases than non‐recipients (P < 0.001 for three and one years within death).Discussion and ConclusionsPersonally prescribed PPDs pose a potential threat to people who abuse drugs. Health‐care services should invest greater effort in identifying people who abuse drugs and in monitoring their drug prescriptions. [Rönkä S, Karjalainen K, Vuori E, Mäkelä P. Personally prescribed psychoactive drugs in overdose deaths among drug abusers: A retrospective register study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:82–89]
Gender differences in socioeconomic inequality of alcohol‐attributable mortality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Probst Charlotte , Roerecke Michael , Behrendt Silke , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe present analysis contributes to understanding the societal distribution of alcohol‐attributable harm by investigating socioeconomic inequality and related gender differences in alcohol‐attributable mortality.Design and MethodsA systematic literature search was performed on Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ETOH from their inception until February 2013. Articles were included when they reported data on alcohol‐attributable mortality by socioeconomic status (SES), operationalised as education, occupation, employment status or income. Gender‐specific relative risks (RR) comparing low with high SES were pooled using random effects meta‐analyses. Gender differences were additionally investigated in random effects meta‐regressions.ResultsNineteen articles from 14 countries were included. For women, significant RRs across all measures of SES, except employment status, were found, ranging between 1.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–2.54; occupation] and 4.78 (95% CI 2.57–8.87; income). For men, all measures of SES showed significant RRs ranging between 2.88 (95% CI 2.45–3.40; income) and 12.25 (95% CI 11.45–13.10; employment status). While RRs for men were in general slightly higher, only for occupation this gender difference was above chance (P = 0.01). Results refer to deaths 100% attributable to alcohol.Discussion and ConclusionsThe results are predominantly based on data from high‐income countries, limiting generalisability. Alcohol‐attributable mortality is strongly distributed to the disadvantage of persons with a low SES. Marked gender differences in this inequality were found for occupation. Possibly male‐dominated occupations of low SES were more strongly related to risky drinking cultures compared with female‐dominated occupations of the same SES.
Low genetic diversity and high inbreeding of the endangered yews in Central Himalaya: implications for conservation of their highly fragmented populations
Authors: Poudel Ram C. , Möller Michael , Liu Jie , Gao Lian‐Ming , Baral Sushim R. , Li De‐Zhu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo assess patterns of genetic variation and levels of diversity in the endangered allopatrically distributed Taxus contorta, T. mairei and T. wallichiana in highly fragmented and degraded habitats of the Himalayas.LocationCentral Himalaya, particularly the area within the political boundary of Nepal and SW Xizang, China.MethodsWe used a multidisciplinary approach combining a transect study, population genetic analyses based on chloroplast DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite data, and ecological modelling to estimate the size‐class structure, genetic diversity and differentiation of populations and understand the potential fate of yew populations in the face of rapidly degrading habitats and abrupt climate change.ResultsFor all three species, the flat regression slopes of the size‐class distributions (SCD), and high permutation index values indicate unstable population structure with lower recruitment rates. The chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite data further reveal low genetic diversity, significant population differentiation and high inbreeding for yew species of this region. We identified two strong barriers of genetic discontinuities, where the presence of spatially different ecological environments caused an allopatric distribution of the species. The ecological model projection for the year 2080 forecasted a substantial decrease in size of suitable areas and a range shift towards the north.Main conclusionsThe spatial distribution of the genetic variation and diversity within and among the populations of each yew species was largely shaped by their peripheral position in their respective ranges, differences in their evolutionary histories, and the periodic and asynchronous climates experienced by the species, in addition to the severe impacts of anthropogenic activities. Several yew populations in Central Himalaya have already declined to sizes too small to be demographically sustainable. Improved conservation managements, both at the species and landscape levels, should be implemented for the protection of remnant populations.
Durability of the efficacy and safety of alogliptin compared with glipizide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 2‐year study
Authors: Del Prato S. , Camisasca R. , Wilson C. , Fleck P. 
Published: August 2014

AimsTo evaluate the long‐term durability of the efficacy of alogliptin compared with glipizide in combination with metformin in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on stable‐dose metformin.MethodsThis multicentre, double‐blind, active‐controlled study randomized 2639 patients aged 18–80 years to 104 weeks of treatment with metformin in addition to alogliptin 12.5 mg once daily (n = 880), alogliptin 25 mg once daily (n = 885) or glipizide 5 mg once daily, titrated to a maximum of 20 mg (n = 874). The primary endpoint was least square mean change from baseline in HbA1c level at 104 weeks.ResultsThe mean patient age was 55.4 years, the mean diabetes duration was 5.5 years and the mean baseline HbA1c was 7.6%. HbA1c reductions at week 104 were −0.68%, −0.72% and −0.59% for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg and glipizide, respectively [both doses met the criteria for non‐inferiority to glipizide (p<0.001); alogliptin 25 mg met superiority criteria (p=0.010)]. Fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased by 0.05 and 0.18 mmol/l for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg, respectively, and increased by 0.30 mmol/l for glipizide (p < 0.001 for both comparisons with glipizide). Mean weight changes were −0.68, −0.89 and 0.95 kg for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg and glipizide, respectively (p < 0.001 for both comparisons with glipizide). Hypoglycaemia occurred in 23.2% of patients in the glipizide group vs. 2.5 and 1.4% of patients in the alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg groups, respectively. Pancreatitis occurred in one patient in the alogliptin 25 mg group and three in the glipizide group.ConclusionsAlogliptin efficacy was sustained over 2 years in patients with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin alone.
Nitrogen as a key regulator of flowering in Fagus crenata: understanding the physiological mechanism of masting by gene expression analysis
Authors: Miyazaki Yuko , Maruyama Yosuke , Chiba Yukako , Kobayashi Masaki J. , Joseph Benesh , Shimizu Kentaro K. , Mochida Keiichi , Hiura Tsutom , Kon Hirokazu , Satake Akiko 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe role of resource availability in determining the incidence of masting has been widely studied, but how floral transition and initiation are regulated by the resource level is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that floral transition is stimulated by high resource availabiltiy in Fagus crenata based on a new technique, the expression analyses of flowering genes. We isolated F. crenata orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS T, LEAFY and APETALA1, and confirmed their functions using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. We monitored the gene expression levels for 5 years and detected a cycle of on and off years, which was correlated with fluctuations of the shoot‐nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen fertilisation resulted in the significantly higher expression of flowering genes than the control, where all of the fertilised trees flowered, whereas the control did not. Our findings identified nitrogen as a key regulator of mast flowering, thereby providing new empirical evidence to support the resource budget model.
Epilepsy surgery of the rolandic and immediate perirolandic cortex: Surgical outcome and prognostic factors
Authors: Delev Daniel , Send Knut , Wagner Jan , von Lehe Marec , Ormond D. Ryan , Schramm Johannes , Grote Alexander 
Published: August 2014

SummaryObjectiveHerein we present a single‐center retrospective study of patients who underwent epilepsy surgery for seizures arising from the sensorimotor (rolandic) cortex. The goal was to find prognostic factors associated with better seizure outcome and to evaluate both surgical and neurologic outcomes.Patients, methods, and materialsA total of 66 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria and were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups for analysis: patients with resections within rolandic cortex (RO group; n = 46), and patients with resections in immediate perirolandic cortex and simultaneous sensorimotor multiple subpial transections (IPR group; n = 20).ResultsFavorable postoperative seizure outcome (International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE]; ILAE1–ILAE3) was achieved in 42 patients (64%), 39 (59%) of whom were completely seizure‐free (ILAE1). The favorable seizure outcome in the RO group (72%) was better than in the IPR group (45%) (p = 0.04, relative risk [RR] 0.51 [0.28‐0.94, 95% CI]). Eighteen patients (34%) had a postoperative permanent neurologic deficit. Independent predictors for excellent seizure outcome (ILAE1) after multivariate regression analysis were complete resection of the lesion (p < 0.001), pathology (p = 0.009), age at surgery (p = 0.03), and the absence of preoperative simple partial seizures (p = 0.01).SignificanceWith a 64% favorable seizure outcome, surgery for intractable epilepsy arising from sensorimotor cortex is possible and can be worthwhile. The increased risk for postoperative neurologic deficits is higher than in other locations, and this must be discussed with patients in detail prior to surgery. Best postoperative results can be achieved in cases in which a complete resection is possible without damaging eloquent cortical areas.
Comparative study of two GH19 chitinase‐like proteins from Hevea brasiliensis, one exhibiting a novel carbohydrate‐binding domain
Authors: Martínez‐Caballero Siseth , Cano‐Sánchez Patricia , Mares‐Mejía Israel , Díaz‐Sánchez Angel G. , Macías‐Rubalcava Martha L. , Hermoso Juan A. , Rodríguez‐Romero Adela 
Published: August 2014

Plants express chitinase and chitinase‐like proteins (CLPs) belonging to the glycosyl hydrolases of the GH18 and GH19 families, which exhibit varied functions. CLPs in the GH18 family have been structurally and functionally characterized; however, there are no structures available for any member of the GH19 family. In this study, two CLPs of the GH19 family from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis (HbCLP1 and HbCLP2) were cloned, expressed and characterized. HbCLP1 was identical to the allergen Hev b 11.0101 previously described by others, while HbCLP2 was a novel isoform exhibiting an unusual half chitin‐binding domain before the catalytic domain. Sequence alignments showed that in the two proteins the catalytic residues Glu117 and Glu147 in HbCLP1 and HbCLP2, respectively, were mutated to Ala, accounting for the lack of activity. Nonetheless, both CLPs bound chitin and chitotriose (GlcNAc)3 with high affinities, as evaluated with chitin‐affinity chromatography and tryptophan fluorescence experiments. The chitin‐binding domains also bound chitotriose with even higher affinities. The crystal structures of the HbCLP1‐isolated domains were determined at high resolution. The analysis of the crystallographic models and docking experiments using (GlcNAc)6 oligosaccharides provides evidence of the residues involved in sugar binding. Endochitinase activity was restored in both proteins by mutating residues A117E (HbCLP1) and A147E (HbCLP2); the distance between the catalytic proton donor and the catalytic nucleophile in the in silico mutated residues was 9.5 Å, as occurs in inverting enzymes. HbCLP1 and HbCLP2 were highly thermostable and exhibited antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, suggesting their participation in plant defense mechanisms.DatabaseThe atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession numbers 4MST for the catalytic domain (CatD1) and 4MPI for the chitin‐binding domain (CBD1). Nucleotide sequence data are available in the GenBank database under the accession numbers KF648872 (chi‐L1) and KF648873 (chi‐L2).
A small cantilever beam test for determination of creep properties of materials
Authors: Zhuang F. K. , Tu S. T. , Zhou G. Y. , Wang Q. Q. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe application of small specimen creep test techniques in the evaluation of creep properties of materials in‐service has been increasing. To obtain the creep data accurately and conveniently, a new creep test method with small cantilever beam specimens is proposed. Analytical equations are derived that can convert the load to equivalent uniaxial stress and the displacement rate to equivalent uniaxial strain rate. Three types of the cantilever beam specimens are designed. The optimal configuration of the cantilever beam specimens is recommended with the aid of finite element method, which is further validated by the cantilever beam and uniaxial specimen tests. The results show that parameters obtained from the cantilever beam tests correspond reasonably well with those from uniaxial tests at low stress levels. With a relatively large equivalent gauge length, the cantilever beam specimen allows the small creep strain rate data obtained with a high accuracy.
Back to the future? Views of heads of schools of nursing about undergraduate specialization in mental health nursing
Authors: Happell Brenda , McAllister Margaret 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPreparation of nursing students for practice in mental health settings in Australia has been criticized since comprehensive education replaced preregistration specialist education. Current and projected workforce shortages have given rise to considering the reintroduction of specialization at preregistration level as a potential solution. Support of heads of schools of nursing would be essential for such an initiative to be considered. A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken involving in‐depth telephone interviews with heads of schools of nursing in Queensland. Participants generally favoured the concept of specialization in mental health nursing at undergraduate level. Data analysis revealed the following themes: meeting workforce needs, improving quality of care, employability of graduates, an attractive option for students, and what would have to go. Participants identified many benefits to mental health service delivery and consumer outcomes. How the initiative could be developed within an already overcrowded curriculum was identified as the major barrier. This level of support is encouraging if necessary changes to the educational preparation for mental health nursing practice are to be considered.
Educational barriers of nurses caring for sick and at‐risk infants in India
Authors: Campbell‐Yeo M. , Deorari A. , McMillan D.D. , Singhal N. , Vatsa M. , Aylward D. , Scotland J. , Kumar P. , Joshi M. , Kalyan G. , Dol J. 
Published: August 2014

AimTo gain ideas and information from healthcare providers to optimize the education and clinical practices of nurses caring for sick or at‐risk newborns in India.BackgroundImproving infant survival has been identified as a Millennium Development Goals; however, India still faces many challenges with 3.1 million neonatal deaths and 2.6 million stillbirths annually. Skilled nursing care has been associated with decreased morbidity and mortality in newborns. However, core competencies in newborn care education and training are lacking for nurses.MethodsQualitative data were collected from 12 focus groups with 101 newborn care providers from three areas of India as well as from a 2‐day stakeholders' meeting. Data analysis was undertaken using descriptive and thematic content analysis.ResultsPerceived challenges included limited manpower and high nurse turnover, lack of access to evidence‐based orientation to newborn care and problems with access to appropriate learner‐based, neonatal training. Relevant, ongoing education opportunities, led by nursing leaders were identified to be important solutions.ConclusionFindings provide insight into the current healthcare system in India with specific reference to the nursing care of at‐risk newborns. There is a lack of existing resources to provide standardized and specific orientation curricula for nurses.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyPolicy makers in health and education need to: support and enact learner‐based orientation and continuing educational opportunities as well as ongoing competency‐based education programmes; encourage nurse leader involvement and support; and provide sustainable system‐related supports. Nurses and other health providers need to work together to influence government policy.
The reform of Joint Labour Committees—the re‐commodification of labour?
Authors: Whitston Colin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reform of Joint Labour Committees in Ireland is analysed as a victory for neoliberalism within the shell of pluralist traditions in industrial relations: a floor of rights is transformed into an ‘iron ceiling’; worker voice is drastically reduced; reform is consistent with the re‐commodification of labour within the EU.
Evaluation of a Regional Approach to Standards for Plug‐in Battery Electric Vehicles in Future Light‐Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Regulations
Authors: MacPherson Nathan D. , Keoleian Gregory A. , Kelly Jarod C. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryRepresenting the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to plug‐in electric vehicles (PEV) in vehicle GHG emissions regulations is complex because of spatial and temporal variation in fueling sources and vehicle use. Previous work has shown that the environmental performance of PEVs significantly varies depending on the characteristics of the electricity grid and how the vehicle is driven. This article evaluates the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) GHG emissions accounting methodology in current and future standards for new electrified vehicles. The current approach employed by the EPA in their 2017–2025 model year light‐duty vehicle GHG regulation is compared with an accounting mechanism where the actual regional sales of PEVs, and the regional electricity emission factor in the year sold, are used to determine vehicle compliance value. Changes to the electricity grid over time and regional vehicle sales are included in the modeling efforts. A projection of a future GHG regulation past the 2017–2025 rule is used to observe the effect of such a regional regulation. The results showed that the complexity involved in tracking and accounting for regional PEV sales will not dramatically increase the effectiveness of the regulations to capture PEV electricity‐related GHG emissions in the absence of a major policy shift. A discussion of the feasibility and effectiveness of a regional standard for PEVs, and notable examples of region‐specific regulations instated in past energy policies, is also addressed.
Calcium contributes to photoprotection and repair of photosystem II in peanut leaves during heat and high irradiance
Authors: Yang Sha , Wang Fang , Guo Feng , Meng Jing‐Jing , Li Xin‐Guo , Wan Shu‐Bo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous calcium nitrate on photoinhibition and thylakoid protein level in peanut plants under heat (40 °C) and high irradiance (HI) (1,200 µmol/m2 per s) stress. Compared with control seedlings (cultivated in 0 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2 medium), the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in Ca2+‐treated plants showed a slight decrease after 5 h stress, accompanied by lower degree of PSII closure (1‐qP), higher non‐photochemical quenching, and lower level of membrane damage. Ca2+ inhibitors were used to analyze the varieties of antioxidant enzymes activity and PSII proteins. These results indicated that Ca2+ could protect the subunits of PSII reaction centers from photoinhibition by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. In the presence of both ethyleneglycol‐bis(2‐aminoethylether)‐tetraacetic acid and ascorbic acid (AsA), the net degradation of the damaged D1 protein was faster than that only treated with AsA. Our previous study showed that either the transcriptional or the translational level of calmodulin was obviously higher in Ca2+‐treated plants. These results suggested that, under heat and HI stress, the Ca2+ signal transduction pathway can alleviate the photoinhibition through regulating the protein repair process besides an enhanced capacity for scavenging reactive oxygen species.
Retrospective clinical evaluation of hypobaric spinal anaesthesia in dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery
Authors: De Gennaro C. , Vettorato E. , Corletto F. 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVETo evaluate intraoperative effects, complications, postoperative rescue analgesia requirement and presence of postoperative unilateral blockade after hypobaric spinal anaesthesia in dogs.METHODSRetrospective review of case records of dogs that underwent pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery and received hypobaric spinal anaesthesia. Cases that contained complete information on perioperative analgesia, end tidal anaesthetic agent, arterial blood pressure, postoperative urination, motor function and assessment at the sixth week re‐examination were selected.RESULTSTwenty‐four of forty‐eight records were sufficiently complete to meet the selection criteria. Local anaesthetic dose and volume of the solution administered were 0 · 22 (±0 · 06) mg/kg and 0 · 16 (±0 · 05) mL/kg, respectively. Fentanyl was administered intraoperatively in seven dogs (29%); mean ± sd end‐expired isoflurane was 1 · 09 ± 0 · 17%; hypotension was observed in nine dogs (37 · 5%). Unilateral blockade was documented in 18 dogs (75%); 6 dogs (25%) required methadone postoperatively; urinary retention was not observed. One dog developed steroid responsive meningitis arteritis.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEHypobaric spinal anaesthesia achieved unilateral postoperative pelvic limb motor blockade in dogs, although bilateral block occurred in a proportion of animals; intraoperative hypotension was not infrequent. Fentanyl and postoperative methadone might be required to control nociception and pain, despite technical success in performing spinal anaesthesia.