bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mood Disorders
Authors: Freeman Andrew J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Mood disorders are recurrent conditions that affect a broad range of individuals. The type of mood episode present determines the type of mood disorder diagnosed. Mania and hypomania—long‐lasting periods of elation, energy, and irritability—are the hallmarks of bipolar disorder. Depressive episodes—long‐lasting periods of sadness and anhedonia—are the hallmarks of depressive disorders. Individuals with bipolar disorder often experience both types of moods, whereas most individuals only experience a single pole—unipolar depression. Unipolar depression and bipolar disorders display overlapping etiologies and treatments. However, specific differences in the etiology and treatment of the disorders exist and must be attended to. Both types of disorders are heritable, tend to onset in adolescence and early adulthood, are typically recurrent, and can be addressed with efficacious treatments.
Top Management Teams
Authors: Hambrick Donald C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term “top management team” (TMT) has been adopted by organization and strategy theorists to refer to the relatively small group of most influential executives at the apex of an organization – usually the general manager (see CEO) and his or her direct reports. The term does not necessarily imply a formalized management‐by‐committee arrangement, but rather simply the constellation of, say, the top 3–10 executives. A scholarly interest in TMTs emerged in the early 1980's and has been prominent ever since. Stemming from a realization that top management typically is a shared activity, researchers have moved beyond an examination of individual leaders to a wider focus on senior leadership groups. The underlying assumption is that the collective dispositions and interactions of top managers affect the choices they make. The available evidence as to whether the characteristics of the individual top executive or of the entire top team are better predictors of organizational outcomes clearly supports the conclusion that the top team has greater effect.
SWOT
Analysis
Authors: Sammut‐Bonnici Tanya , Galea David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A SWOT analysis evaluates the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and threats in an organization's environment. The internal analysis identifies resources, capabilities, core competencies and competitive advantages, using a functional approach to review finance, management, infrastructure, procurement, production, distribution, marketing, reputational factors and innovation. The internal analysis is critical in identifying the source of competitive advantage. It pinpoints the resources that need to be developed in order to remain competitive. The external analysis identifies market opportunities and threats by looking at the competitors' environment, the industry environment and the general environment. The competitors' environment is an analysis of the resources and functions of each rival firm. The industry environment is reviewed through the five forces framework of competitive rivalry, new entrants, suppliers, buyers and product substitution. The external environment is analyzed in terms of political, economic, sociocultural, technological, ecological, demographic, ethical, and regulatory implications. The objective of a SWOT analysis is to use the knowledge an organization has about its environments and to formulate its strategy accordingly. This article provides a toolkit of templates to conduct a SWOT analysis and discusses practical insights on how to formulate strategic decisions.
Uric acid improves glucose‐driven oxidative stress in human ischemic stroke
Authors: Amaro Sergio , Llull Laura , Renú Arturo , Laredo Carlos , Perez Belén , Vila Elisabet , Torres Ferrán , Planas Anna M. , Chamorro Ángel 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveA study was undertaken to test in a subgroup reanalysis of the URICO‐ICTUS trial whether uric acid is superior to placebo in improving the functional outcome in patients with acute stroke and hyperglycemia.MethodsPatients were part of the URICO‐ICTUS trial, a double‐blind study that compared the administration of uric acid versus placebo in stroke patients treated with alteplase within 4.5 hours of onset. The effect of therapy on the rate of excellent outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2) in each tertile of admission glucose was assessed with multivariate adjusted models in 409 of the 421 randomized patients who had available pretreatment glucose levels. The effect of therapy on infarct growth was assessed in 72 patients who had longitudinal multimodal brain imaging.ResultsUric acid was associated with an increased rate of excellent outcome in patients with glucose levels in the upper tertile range (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–8.3). However, the effect was not apparent for patients in the middle tertile (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.8–3.6) or lower tertile of glucose (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.5–2.6). Uric acid therapy was more effective than placebo in limiting infarct growth in the upper tertile range (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.04) but not in the middle tertile (p = 0.95) or lower tertile of glucose (p = 0.30). Uric acid also proved superior to placebo in reducing infarct growth in patients with early recanalization.InterpretationUric acid therapy was associated with reduced infarct growth and improved outcome in patients with hyperglycemia during acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2015;77:775–783
Blocking of plasma kallikrein ameliorates stroke by reducing thromboinflammation
Authors: Göb Eva , Reymann Stephan , Langhauser Friederike , Schuhmann Michael K. , Kraft Peter , Thielmann Ina , Göbel Kerstin , Brede Marc , Homola György , Solymosi László , Stoll Guido , Geis Christian , Meuth Sven G. , Nieswandt Bernhard , Kleinschnitz Christoph 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveRecent evidence suggests that ischemic stroke is a thromboinflammatory disease. Plasma kallikrein (PK) cleaves high–molecular‐weight kininogen to release bradykinin (BK) and is a key constituent of the proinflammatory contact‐kinin system. In addition, PK can activate coagulation factor XII, the origin of the intrinsic coagulation cascade. Thus, PK triggers 2 important pathological pathways of stroke formation, thrombosis and inflammation.MethodsWe investigated the consequences of PK inhibition in transient and permanent models of ischemic stroke.ResultsPK‐deficient mice of either sex challenged with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion developed significantly smaller brain infarctions and less severe neurological deficits compared with controls without an increase in infarct‐associated hemorrhage. This protective effect was preserved at later stages of infarctions as well as after permanent stroke. Reduced intracerebral thrombosis and improved cerebral blood flow could be identified as underlying mechanisms. Moreover, blood–brain barrier function was maintained in mice lacking PK, and the local inflammatory response was reduced. PK‐deficient mice reconstituted with PK or BK again developed brain infarctions similar to wild‐type mice. Important from a translational perspective, inhibition of PK in wild‐type mice using a PK‐specific antibody was likewise effective even when performed in a therapeutic setting up to 3 hours poststroke.InterpretationPK drives thrombus formation and inflammation via activation of the intrinsic coagulation cascade and the release of BK but appears to be dispensable for hemostasis. Hence, PK inhibition may offer a safe strategy to combat thromboembolic disorders including ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2015;77:784–803
Neuroanatomical predictors of awakening in acutely comatose patients
Authors: Kowalski Robert G. , Buitrago Manuel M. , Duckworth Josh , Chonka Zachary D. , Puttgen H. Adrian , Stevens Robert D. , Geocadin Romergryko G. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveLateral brain displacement has been associated with loss of consciousness and poor outcome in a range of acute neurologic disorders. We studied the association between lateral brain displacement and awakening from acute coma.MethodsThis prospective observational study included all new onset coma patients admitted to the Neurosciences Critical Care Unit (NCCU) over 12 consecutive months. Head computed tomography (CT) scans were analyzed independently at coma onset, after awakening, and at follow‐up. Primary outcome measure was awakening, defined as the ability to follow commands before hospital discharge. Secondary outcome measures were discharge Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), modified Rankin Scale, Glasgow Outcome Scale, and hospital and NCCU lengths of stay.ResultsOf the 85 patients studied, the mean age was 58 ± 16 years, 51% were female, and 78% had cerebrovascular etiology of coma. Fifty‐one percent of patients had midline shift on head CT at coma onset and 43 (51%) patients awakened. In a multivariate analysis, independent predictors of awakening were younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.039, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.002–1.079, p = 0.040), higher GCS score at coma onset (OR = 1.455, 95% CI = 1.157–1.831, p = 0.001), nontraumatic coma etiology (OR = 4.464, 95% CI = 1.011–19.608, p = 0.048), lesser pineal shift on follow‐up CT (OR = 1.316, 95% CI = 1.073–1.615, p = 0.009), and reduction or no increase in pineal shift on follow‐up CT (OR = 11.628, 95% CI = 2.207–62.500, p = 0.004).InterpretationReversal and/or limitation of lateral brain displacement are associated with acute awakening in comatose patients. These findings suggest objective parameters to guide prognosis and treatment in patients with acute onset of coma. Ann Neurol 2015;77:804–816
Synthesis of fluorosilicone monomer and application in hydrophobic surface of acrylic copolymer
Authors: Han Dongxiao , Zhu Liqun , Chen Yichi , Li Weiping , Wang Xianming , Ning Liang 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA kind of fluorosilicone monomer with polymerizable vinyl group and fluorine and silicon components has been designed and synthesized. A series of acrylic copolymers were prepared using the monomer and normal acrylic monomers. The effects of the monomer on the surface properties and thermostability of the copolymers were studied. The chemical structure of the monomer and the copolymers were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 19F NMR. MALDI‐TOF‐MS was used to monitor the molecular weight variation during the monomer synthesis process. Thermal properties of the copolymers were analyzed by DSC and TGA. Surface properties of the copolymer films were characterized by static water contact angles, AFM, and XPS. Results showed that the fluorosilicone monomer with the expected structure was synthesized and had been copolymerized into the copolymers. The monomer contributed to a uniform hydrophobic film with no influence on the surface roughness. The thermostability of the copolymers was improved by the monomer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41926.
Coordination of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions in the Inverted Cucurbit[7]uril Supramolecular Assemblies Formed in the Presence of [ZnCl4]2− and [CdCl4]2−
Authors: Li Qing , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Zhu Qian‐Jiang , Xue Sai‐Feng , Tao Zhu , Xiao Xin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA convenient method to isolate inverted cucurbit[7]uril (iQ[7]) from a mixture of water‐soluble Q[n]s was established by eluting the soluble mixture of Q[n]s on a Dowex (H+ form) column so that iQ[7] could be selected as a ligand for coordination and supramolecular assembly with alkaline earth cations (AE2+) in aqueous HCl solutions in the presence of [ZnCl4]2− and [CdCl4]2− anions as structure‐directing agents. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that both iQ[7]–AE2+–[ZnCl4]2−–HCl and iQ[7]–AE2+–[CdCl4]2−–HCl interaction systems yielded supramolecular assemblies, in which the [ZnCl4]2− and [CdCl4]2− anions presented a honeycomb effect, and this resulted in the formation of linear iQ[7]/AE2+ coordination polymers through outer‐surface interactions of Q[n]s.
Monensin, a small molecule ionophore, can be used to increase high mannose levels on monoclonal antibodies generated by Chinese hamster ovary production cell‐lines
Authors: Pande Sandhya , Rahardjo Ayu , Livingston Brittney , Mujacic Mirna 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAsparagine‐linked glycosylation of the constant region of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) plays an important role in their stability and efficacy and is a critical product quality attribute that needs to be consistent between various process changes and production lots. Exact product quality match is also of the utmost importance for the development of biosimilar protein therapeutics. This poses a process development challenge since mAb glycosylation profiles can fluctuate easily with changes in process parameters. Therefore, there is a need to identify methods to modulate glycosylation levels on therapeutic antibodies during a production run in order to maintain consistent product quality profiles between different drug lots. Here, we demonstrate the use of a small molecule ionophore, monensin, to increase high mannose levels on multiple therapeutic human immunoglobulins (IgGs) in both plate‐based small scale production models as well as in production bioreactors. This method is simple to implement and readily applicable for multiple production cell lines. Moreover, high mannose levels can be increased without significant negative impact on titer or cell culture performance. As such, monensin gives us a manipulable product quality lever. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1383–1394. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a novel tissue stabilization gel to facilitate clinical sampling for translational research in surgical trials
Authors: Sutton P A , Jones R P , Morrison F , Goldring C E , Park B K , Palmer D H , Malik H Z , Vimalachandran D , Kitteringham N R 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
The aim was to establish the feasibility of using a tissue stabilization gel (Allprotect™) as an alternative to liquid nitrogen to facilitate collection of clinical samples for translational research.

Methods
Tumour samples from patients undergoing surgery for primary or metastatic colorectal cancer were either snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or stored in Allprotect™ under a number of different conditions. Sample integrity was compared across different storage conditions by assessing biomolecule stability and function. DNA quality was assessed spectrophotometrically and by KRas genotyping by pyrosequencing. Total RNA retrieval was determined by nanodrop indices/RNA integrity numbers, and quality assessed by reverse transcription–PCR for two representative genes (high-mobility group box 1, HMGB1; carboxylesterase 1, CES1) and two microRNAs (miR122 and let7d). Western blot analysis of HMGB1 and CES1 was used to confirm protein expression, and the metabolic conversion of irinotecan to its active metabolite, SN-38, was used to assess function.

Results
Under short-term storage conditions (up to 1 week) there was no apparent difference in quality between samples stored in Allprotect™ and those snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Some RNA degradation became apparent in tissue archived in Allprotect™ after 1 week, and protein degradation after 2 weeks.

Conclusion
In hospitals that do not have access to liquid nitrogen and –80°C freezers, Allprotect™ provides a suitable alternative for the acquisition and stabilization of clinical samples. Storage proved satisfactory for up to 1 week, allowing transfer of samples without the need for specialized facilities. Surgical relevanceAccess to clinical material is a fundamental component of translational research that requires significant infrastructure (research personnel, liquid nitrogen, specialized storage facilities). The aim was to evaluate a new-to-market tissue stabilization gel (Allprotect™), which offers a simple solution to tissue preservation without the need for complex infrastructure.Allprotect™ offers comparable DNA, RNA and protein stabilization to tissue snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for up to 1 week. Degradation of biomolecules beyond this highlights its role as a short-term tissue preservative.Allprotect™ has the potential to increase surgeon participation in translational research and surgical trials requiring tissue collection.
Five-year results from the prospective European multicentre cohort study on radiofrequency segmental thermal ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins
Authors: Proebstle T M , Alm B J , Göckeritz O , Wenzel C , Noppeney T , Lebard C , Sessa C , Creton D , Pichot O 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis was a prospective study of radiofrequency segmental thermal ablation (RFA) for the treatment of incompetent varicose great saphenous veins (GSVs). The present report describes long-term follow-up at 5 years.MethodsThe 5-year follow-up of this multicentre European study included assessment of the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and GSV occlusion and reflux on duplex imaging.ResultsA total of 225 patients had 295 GSVs treated by RFA, achieving an initial vein occlusion rate of 100 per cent. With 80·0 per cent compliance, Kaplan–Meier analyses showed a GSV occlusion rate of 91·9 per cent and a reflux-free rate of 94·9 per cent at 5 years. Among the 15 GSVs noted with reflux during follow-up, only three showed full recanalization of the GSV at 1 week, 6 months and 3 years. Of the 12 legs with partial recanalization, reflux originated at the saphenofemoral junction in ten, with a mean length of the patent segment of 5·8 (range 3·2–10) cm; only six patients were symptomatic. Mean(s.d.) VCSS scores improved from 3·9(2·1) at baseline to 0·6(1·2), 0·9(1·3) and 1·3(1·7) at 1, 3 and 5 years.ConclusionAt 5 years RFA proved to be an efficient endovenous treatment for incompetent GSVs in terms of sustained clinical and anatomical success for the vast majority of treated patients.
Randomized clinical trial of autologous skin cell suspension combined with skin grafting for chronic wounds
Authors: Hu Z -C , Chen D , Guo D , Liang Y -Y , Zhang J , Zhu J -Y , Tang B 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Treatment of chronic wounds using traditional surgical procedures is challenging because of the low graft take rates. This study investigated the combination approach of split-thickness autografts with harvested skin cell suspension for chronic wound treatment.

Methods
This randomized clinical trial enrolled patients with chronic wounds between March 2012 and December 2013. Patients who were assigned randomly to the active treatment received a split-thickness autograft combined with harvested skin cell suspension. Control patients received the split-thickness autograft alone. The primary outcome was the rate of complete wound closure by postoperative day 28. Analysis was by intention to treat. Patients who achieved wound closure were followed up for a minimum of 6 months to evaluate the quality of healing.

Results
A total of 88 patients were included, 44 in each group. More patients achieved complete wound closure in the skin cell group than in the control group (41 versus 34 patients; P = 0·035). Complete wound closure was observed at a median of 14 (95 per cent c.i. 12·0 to 16·0) days in the skin cell group and 20 (15·7 to 24·3) days in the control group (P = 0·001). The skin cell group had significantly fewer complications (4 versus 11 patients; P = 0·047). The autografted sites displayed better physical attributes and a reduced tendency for wound recurrence in the skin cell group.

Conclusion
Complementary split-thickness autologous skin grafting with autologous skin cells harvested using ReCell® (Avita Medical, Cambridge, UK) technology improved the healing rate of chronic wounds. Registration number: UMIN000011966 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr).
Natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery
Authors: Atallah S , Martin-Perez B , Keller D , Burke J , Hunter L 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) represents one of the most significant innovations in surgery to emerge since the advent of laparoscopy. A decade of progress with this approach has now been catalogued, and yet its clinical application remains controversial.

Methods
A PubMed search was carried out for articles describing NOTES in both the preclinical and the clinical setting. Public perceptions and expert opinion regarding NOTES in the published literature were analysed carefully.

Results
Two hundred relevant articles on NOTES were studied and the outcomes reviewed. A division between direct- and indirect-target NOTES was established. The areas with the most promising clinical application included direct-target NOTES, such as transanal total mesorectal excision and peroral endoscopic myotomy. The clinical experience with distant-target NOTES, such as for appendicectomy and cholecystectomy, showed feasibility; however, NOTES-specific morbidity was introduced and this represents an important limitation.

Conclusion
NOTES experimentation in the preclinical setting has increased substantially. There has also been a significant increase in the application of NOTES in humans in the past decade. Enthusiasm for NOTES should be tempered by the risk of incurring NOTES-specific morbidity. Surgeons should carefully consider patient preferences regarding this new minimally invasive option, as opinions are not unanimously supportive of NOTES. As technical limitations are overcome, the clinical application of NOTES is predicted to increase. It is paramount that, when this complex technique is performed on humans, it is applied judiciously by appropriately trained experts with outcomes recorded in a registry.
Innovation in income-poor environments
Authors: Oppong F C 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
At the core of surgical development in any economic environment lies innovation. Innovation in high-income countries (HICs) often derives from research, whereas innovation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) may be spontaneous owing to a desperate drive to meet a local need. The local needs are substantial because of the unequal access to healthcare in LMICs.

Methods
The experience of the author in working in LMICs through Operation Hernia, a medical charity, provides a backdrop for this review. Other published innovative devices and models are discussed.

Results
Innovation in income-poor countries has provided cost-effective but efficient solutions to local health needs. Some innovations have been enhanced and adopted worldwide.

Conclusion
HICs can learn more from innovative strategies adopted in LMICs.