bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Argument by Elimination
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to the moral error theorist, moral judgments aim at the truth but systematically fail to secure it. This chapter pursues a strategy of arguing by elimination: building toward establishing moral error theory by refuting some alternative views. First, a case is offered against noncognitivism, the view that moral judgments do not even aim to say true things about the world and therefore cannot be convicted of erroneously doing so. Second, a case is advanced against non-objectivism, the view that moral facts exist but are not objective. Third, a two-part case is pressed against moral non-naturalism: that non-naturalism in general is implausible and that the moral non-naturalist struggles to account for how humans would have epistemological access to a realm of non-natural moral facts. If all these arguments are sound, then moral facts are objective and naturalistic or they don’t exist at all.
The Argument from Moral Responsibility
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Of the philosophers who are skeptical of the existence of moral responsibility, many remain optimistic that morality could carry on healthily with all reference to responsibility abolished. This chapter casts doubt on this optimism. Various arguments against moral responsibility are briefly outlined and accepted for the sake of argument to succeed. The chapter examines the effect that skepticism about moral responsibility should have on other kinds of moral judgment, such as axiological judgments (good and bad), deontological judgments (obligatory and permissible), and aretaic judgments (virtue and vice). Consideration is also given to what the abolition of responsibility would mean for the practices of apologizing and forgiving and for the emotion of guilt. It is concluded that the abolition of moral responsibility would have a far-reaching impact throughout the rest of moral discourse, such that being an error theorist about responsibility commits one to a more general moral error theory.
Defenses of Moral Fictionalism
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends moral fictionalism from several objections, with discussion structured around the critical appraisal of three alternative views: metaphorist fictionalism, abolitionism, and conservationism. Metaphorist fictionalism recommends eliminating erroneous ontological commitment by modeling moral discourse on metaphorical language, by which we say false things in order to convey truths. Metaphorist fictionalism is ultimately rejected as the best form of moral fictionalism, but its discussion helps to show that certain common objections to moral fictionalism are misguided. The moral abolitionist maintains that morality does more harm than good, generally speaking, and that it should therefore be eliminated. The moral conservationist maintains that morality does more good than harm, generally speaking, and that it should therefore be retained; but the conservationist thinks that these benefits are available only if moral judgments remain items of belief. Arguments are offered against both abolitionism and conservationism, in favor of moral fictionalism.
A Religious History of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the debates about the place of Egypt in African and Western civilizations, emphasizing the position of Egypt at the crossroads between Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean worlds. The chapter traces the changes in Egyptian cosmologies, deities, ethics, and ritual practices from the unification of Egypt to the New Kingdom. The religious reforms of Akhenaten and the resistance to them are particularly important to this chapter. The growing interaction with Nubia is examined, both as a source of religious innovation and as a place of Egyptian influence. The changing roles of women in religious ritual are also examined.
A deep learning architecture for metabolic pathway prediction
Authors: Baranwal Mayank , Magner Abram , Elvati Paolo , Saldinger Jacob , Violi Angela , Hero Alfred O 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Understanding the mechanisms and structural mappings between molecules and pathway classes are critical for design of reaction predictors for synthesizing new molecules. This article studies the problem of prediction of classes of metabolic pathways (series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell) in which a given biochemical compound participates. We apply a hybrid machine learning approach consisting of graph convolutional networks used to extract molecular shape features as input to a random forest classifier. In contrast to previously applied machine learning methods for this problem, our framework automatically extracts relevant shape features directly from input SMILES representations, which are atom-bond specifications of chemical structures composing the molecules.

Results
Our method is capable of correctly predicting the respective metabolic pathway class of 95.16% of tested compounds, whereas competing methods only achieve an accuracy of 84.92% or less. Furthermore, our framework extends to the task of classification of compounds having mixed membership in multiple pathway classes. Our prediction accuracy for this multi-label task is 95.62%. We analyze the relative importance of various global physicochemical features to the pathway class prediction problem and show that simple linear/logistic regression models can predict the values of these global features from the shape features extracted using our framework.

Availability and implementation
https://github.com/baranwa2/MetabolicPathwayPrediction.
Biopsychosocial phenotypes in people with HIV in the CHARTER cohort
Authors: Tang Bin , Ellis Ronald J , Vaida Florin , Umlauf Anya , Franklin Donald R , Dastgheyb Raha , Rubin Leah H , Riggs Patricia K , Iudicello Jennifer E , Clifford David B , Moore David J , Heaton Robert K , Letendre Scott L 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Neuropsychiatric complications such as neurocognitive impairment and depression are common in people with HIV despite viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy, but these conditions are heterogeneous in their clinical presentations and associated disability. Identifying novel biopsychosocial phenotypes that account for neurocognitive performance and depressive and functional symptoms will better reflect the complexities encountered in clinical practice and may have pathological and therapeutic implications. We classified 1580 people with HIV based on 17 features, including 7 cognitive domains, 4 subscales of the Beck depression inventory-II, 5 components of the patient’s assessment of own functioning inventory, and dependence in instrumental and basic activities of daily living. A two-stage clustering procedure consisting of dimension reduction with self-organizing maps and Mahalanobis distance-based k-means clustering algorithms was applied to cross-sectional data. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the phenotypes, and their prediction on the biopsychosocial phenotypes was evaluated using multinomial logistic regression. Four distinct phenotypes were identified. Participants in Phenotype 1 overall did well in all domains. Phenotype 2 had mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms and the most substance use disorders. Phenotype 3 had mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment, moderate depressive symptoms, and the worst daily functioning; they also had the highest proportion of females and non-HIV conditions that could affect cognition. Phenotype 4 had mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment but with relatively good mood, and daily functioning. Multivariable analysis showed that demographic characteristics, medical conditions, lifetime cocaine use disorder, triglycerides, and non-antiretroviral therapy medications were important variables associated with biopsychosocial phenotype. We found complex, multidimensional biopsychosocial profiles in people with HIV that were associated with different risk patterns. Future longitudinal work should determine the stability of these phenotypes, assess factors that influence transitions from one phenotype to another, and characterize their biological associations.
Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Drinking and Environmental Waters by Headspace Gas Chromatography
Authors: Mo Weifei , Hu Hongmei , Yu Jiangmei , Zhang Tongtong , Liu Qin , Li Mengyan , Zhang Xiaoning , Li Tiejun , Guo Yuanming 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHs) are annually produced and released into the environment, posing a threat to public health. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive and automated method based on headspace and gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection was described for the determination of VHHs in different concentration levels in water samples. The proposed headspace GC method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 10-mL water sample containing 20% w/v sodium chloride placed in a 20-mL vial and stirred at 60°C for 35 min, and then 14 VHHs were well separated on DB-35 MS capillary column with a split ratio of 12.5: 1. The limits of detection were in the low μg/L level, ranging between 0.01 and 0.6 μg/L. Finally optimized method was applied for determination 14 VHHs in drinking and environmental waters. The total mean concentrations of VHHs were 34.962, 26.183, 3.228 and 647.344 μg/L in tap water, purified water with 1-year-old filter element, seawater and effluents, respectively. However, no VHHs was detected in purified water with a new filter element. The main composition is different among different water matrix, which may be attributed to their different sources.
DGA domain embedding with deep metric learning
Authors: Yang Yifan , Li Xionglve , Yang Tao , Hou Bingnan , Zeng Lingbin , Cai Zhiping , Kuang Wenyuan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Botnets currently use domain-generation algorithms to produce fast-flux domains that enable them to evade detection. Accurately categorizing these botnet domains is crucial to develop cybersecurity solutions against botnet threats. However, existing methods, requiring labeled data, are ineffective against new botnets. To address this issue, we propose Domain2Vec, a metric learning-based approach that can explore new botnets. Domain2Vec integrates a framework of metric learning, which uses individual domains from known botnets for categorization of unknown botnet domains. The training involves an attention-based encoder, and it includes a constraint to ensure that samples with the same labels are closer in the embedding space. The categorization uses the encoder to project domain names into appropriate representations (numerical vectors), even for domains from new botnets. Finally, Domain2Vec uses numerical vectors to explore botnets. Experiments showed that Domain2Vec performs well on domain retrieval and clustering tasks without labeled data, outperforming the state of the art by 13% and 100%, respectively. Real-world tests demonstrate that Domain2Vec can effectively identify unreported malicious domains and monitor botnet activities.
Coronavirus disease 2019–related myocardial injury is associated with immune dysregulation in symptomatic patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities
Authors: Ćorović Andrej , Zhao Xiaohui , Huang Yuan , Newland Stephen R , Gopalan Deepa , Harrison James , Giakomidi Despina , Chen Shanna , Yarkoni Natalia S , Wall Christopher , Peverelli Marta , Sriranjan Rouchelle , Gallo Arianna , Graves Martin J , Sage Andrew , Lyons Paul A , Sithole Nyarie , Bennett Martin R , Rudd James H F , Mallat Ziad , Zhao Tian X , Nus Meritxell , Tarkin Jason M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Aims
While acute cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are well described, less is known about longer-term cardiac sequelae. For many individuals with cardiac signs or symptoms arising after COVID-19 infection, the aetiology remains unclear. We examined immune profiles associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in patients with unexplained cardiac injury after COVID-19.

Methods and results
Twenty-one participants {mean age 47 [standard deviation (SD) 13] years, 71% female} with long COVID-19 (n = 17), raised troponin (n = 2), or unexplained new-onset heart failure (n = 2), who did not have pre-existing heart conditions or recent steroid/immunosuppression treatment, were enrolled a mean 346 (SD 191) days after COVID-19 infection in a prospective observational study. Cardiac MRI and blood sampling for deep immunophenotyping using mass cytometry by time of flight and measurement of proteomic inflammatory markers were performed. Nine of the 21 (43%) participants had MRI abnormalities (MRI(+)), including non-ischaemic patterns of late gadolinium enhancement and/or visually overt myocardial oedema in 8 people. One patient had mildly impaired biventricular function without fibrosis or oedema, and two had severe left ventricular (LV) impairment. MRI(+) individuals had higher blood CCL3, CCL7, FGF-23, and CD4 Th2 cells, and lower CD8 T effector memory (TEM) cells, than MRI(−). Cluster analysis revealed lower expression of inhibitory receptors PD1 and TIM3 in CD8 TEM cells from MRI(+) patients than MRI(−) patients, and functional studies of CD8 T αβ cells showed higher proportions of cytotoxic granzyme B+(GZB+)-secreting cells upon stimulation. CD8 TEM cells and CCL7 were the strongest predictors of MRI abnormalities in a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model (composite area under the curve 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.88–1.0). CCL7 was correlated with diffuse myocardial fibrosis/oedema detected by quantitative T1 mapping (r = 0.47, P = 0.04).

Conclusion
COVID-19-related cardiac injury in symptomatic patients with non-ischaemic myocarditis-like MRI abnormalities is associated with immune dysregulation, including decreased peripheral CD8 TEM cells and increased CCL7, persisting long after the initial infection.
Effect of patent complete revascularization on the akinetic myocardial segments
Authors: Kim Min-Seok , Kim Min-Jeong , Jeong Hyeon Ju , Hwang Seong Wook , Kim Ki-Bong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were (i) to examine the changes in echocardiographic parameters and (ii) to compare the fate of myocardial segments with akinesia and without akinesia on preoperative echocardiography after coronary artery bypass grafting.

METHODS
One hundred one patients who underwent complete revascularization, who were assessed by preoperative, before discharge, postoperative 3- and 12-month echocardiographic examinations, and who showed all patent grafts at postoperative 1-year angiograms were included. Echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed, and a 16-segment model was adopted for regional analysis of the left ventricle. A total of 1616 segments were analysed based on a 6-point scale: 1 = normal (N = 1083), 2 = mild hypokinesia (N = 2), 3 = moderate hypokinesia (N = 74), 4 = severe hypokinesia (N = 150), 5 = akinesia without thinning (N = 259) and 6 = akinesia with thinning (N = 48).

RESULTS
The serial left ventricular ejection fraction measured preoperatively, before discharge, at postoperative 3- and 12-months were 0.48 ± 0.14, 0.49 ± 0.12, 0.49 ± 0.10 and 0.54 ± 0.10, respectively. The left ventricular ejection fraction significantly increased over time during the postoperative 12 months (P &lt; 0.001). Wall motion scores tended to decrease over time in both segment groups with akinesia and without akinesia (P &lt; 0.001), and improvement of the wall motion was significantly higher in the segment group with akinesia than in the segment group without akinesia (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
The left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion improved over time during the postoperative 12 months, regardless of the presence of an akinetic segment. Complete revascularization including akinetic myocardium should be considered when performing coronary artery bypass grafting.
Economics and antitrust enforcement at the EU: an update
Authors: Katsoulacos Y , Makri G 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We extend the dataset, revise, and improve the methodology applied in empirically measuring the role of economics in antitrust enforcement by European Commission’s DG for Competition (EC’s DGCOMP), first examined in Katsoulacos and Makri (2021, this journal). Infringement decisions from 1992 to 2021 are now examined, including a number of important digital and hi-tech market decisions from 2018 to 2021. The revised methodology significantly clarifies the role of potential assessment screens in identifying eight (rather than five) potential Legal Standards, also taking into account the Quick Look standards. Additionally, we now distinguish evidence presented depending on the burden of proof. Thus, we capture the role of economic analysis and evidence applied by DGCOMP, in proving that conduct is anti-competitive, through the new Cumulative Economic Analysis Indicator, as distinguished from the role of efficiency analysis presented by defendants and then assessed by DGCOMP, which is now independently measured; combined, these define a new indicator of the Total Economic Evidence presented during assessment. The quality of enforcement by DGCOMP, measured by the closeness of the weighted average Cumulative Economic Analysis Indicator empirically identified for different conduct types to its theoretically optimal (decision error minimizing) level, is captured and its evolution is considered and compared to other Competition Authorities.
Managing Long-term Orofacial Contractures and Microstomia Through Intraoral Stretching
Authors: Arguello Lori Ann , Kerr Kathleen Mary 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Microstomia and orofacial contractures continue to garner interest regarding the effectiveness of treatment methodologies utilized to impact functional change. Oral splints are an accepted tool in the management of microstomia. However, the concepts of which oral splints to use, timing of initiation, and duration of treatment have not gained a consensus. This article reviews approaches to oral splinting and an alternative intraoral approach using splints designed to provide a graded, low load, multidirectional, and prolonged stretch specifically in facial burn survivors including those with mature scars. Two participants participated in a trial using oral splints placed inside the mouth at established contracture points. Participants were requested to use the splints for 1 h twice daily. Participants were photographed weekly producing 9 facial expressions, and distance between 13 facial landmarks was measured to evaluate change in tissue length. Numerical changes observed from beginning to end of the trial indicate positive and negative alterations, signifying lengthening or shortening of tissue. Negative changes denote reduction in distance between endpoints, while positive changes signify an increase. Participants verbalized functional improvements in oral motor and psychosocial function posttreatment. To date, oral splints can be custom fabricated for each individual patient. However, few oral splints are created to provide multidirectional stretch focusing on problem areas across the mid and lower face. The intraoral splints and regimen described here have the capability of providing a stretching intervention that could be applicable in various stages of burn recovery.
Biased Retention of Environment-Responsive Genes Following Genome Fractionation
Authors: Beringer Marc , Choudhury Rimjhim Roy , Mandáková Terezie , Grünig Sandra , Poretti Manuel , Leitch Ilia J , Lysak Martin A , Parisod Christian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The molecular underpinnings and consequences of cycles of whole-genome duplication (WGD) and subsequent gene loss through subgenome fractionation remain largely elusive. Endogenous drivers, such as transposable elements (TEs), have been postulated to shape genome-wide dominance and biased fractionation, leading to a conserved least-fractionated (LF) subgenome and a degenerated most-fractionated (MF) subgenome. In contrast, the role of exogenous factors, such as those induced by environmental stresses, has been overlooked. In this study, a chromosome-scale assembly of the alpine buckler mustard (Biscutella laevigata; Brassicaceae) that underwent a WGD event about 11 million years ago is coupled with transcriptional responses to heat, cold, drought, and herbivory to assess how gene expression is associated with differential gene retention across the MF and LF subgenomes. Counteracting the impact of TEs in reducing the expression and retention of nearby genes across the MF subgenome, dosage balance is highlighted as a main endogenous promoter of the retention of duplicated gene products under purifying selection. Consistent with the “turn a hobby into a job” model, about one-third of environment-responsive duplicates exhibit novel expression patterns, with one copy typically remaining conditionally expressed, whereas the other copy has evolved constitutive expression, highlighting exogenous factors as a major driver of gene retention. Showing uneven patterns of fractionation, with regions remaining unbiased, but with others showing high bias and significant enrichment in environment-responsive genes, this mesopolyploid genome presents evolutionary signatures consistent with an interplay of endogenous and exogenous factors having driven gene content following WGD-fractionation cycles.
Operation warp speed: Harbinger of American industrial innovation policies
Authors: Bonvillian William B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Operation warp speed (OWS) was a crash effort from 2020 to 2021 to undertake the late-stage development, production, and distribution of vaccines for the coronavirus pandemic. The vaccines were developed, approved, and available in a record time of 8 months using an industrial policy approach. Mainstream economists have long opposed industrial policy approaches as market interference, unless they can be justified by clear market failures. The nation has long had industrial economic policies in such areas as defense, health, transport, and agriculture. However, interventionist policies on the non-defense innovation side of the economy after the research stage have generally been avoided. OWS was a departure, an industrial innovation policy. OWS built a new organization with officials from major health science, regulatory, public health, and research agencies as well as the Defense Department. Elements of its program included: supporting a portfolio of different technology platforms, guaranteed contracts that enable production to evolve alongside development, flexible contracting mechanisms that enabled rapid procurement and intervention into supply chains, rapid technology certification that assured the new vaccines of rapid market entry, mapping supply chains and filling gaps to assure rapid production and distribution, and major product distribution. The elements applied in OWS amount to a new tool kit potentially relevant to other areas, and the USA is now pursuing a series of these in other technology fields.