bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive Optical Imaging of UV‐Induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Murine Skin: Studies of Early Tumor Development and Vitamin D Enhancement of Protoporphyrin IX Production
Authors: Rollakanti Kishore R. , Anand Sanjay , Davis Scott C. , Pogue Brian W. , Maytin Edward V. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBetter noninvasive techniques are needed to monitor protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) levels before and during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. Our aim was to evaluate (1) multispectral fluorescent imaging of ultraviolet light (UV)‐induced cancer and precancer in a mouse model of SCC and (2) multispectral imaging and probe‐based fluorescence detection as a tool to study vitamin D (VD) effects on aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐induced PpIX synthesis. Dorsal skin of hairless mice was imaged weekly during a 24‐week UV carcinogenesis protocol. Hot spots of PpIX fluorescence were detectable by multispectral imaging beginning at 14 weeks of UV exposure. Many hot spots disappeared after cessation of UV at week 20, but others persisted or became visible after week 20, and corresponded to tumors that eventually became visible by eye. In SCC‐bearing mice pretreated with topical VD before ALA application, our optical techniques confirmed that VD preconditioning induces a tumor‐selective increase in PpIX levels. Fluorescence‐based optical imaging of PpIX is a promising tool for detecting early SCC lesions of the skin. Pretreatment with VD can increase the ability to detect early tumors, providing a potential new way to improve efficacy of ALA‐PDT.
It Is Much Bigger Than What We Thought: New Estimate of Trade Diversion
Authors: Cheong Juyoung , Kwak Do Won , Tang Kam Ki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEstimates of the trade diversion (TD) effect of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) tend to be much smaller than that of the trade creation (TC) effect. This paper examines two sources of estimation bias of the TD effect. The first bias arises from the failure to recognise that the concept of TD is inapplicable for a substantial proportion of PTAs, and thus, previous studies wrongly count cases where trade cannot be diverted as cases where trade is not diverted. The second bias arises from the difficulty in controlling for multilateral resistance and other unobserved time‐varying country heterogeneity when estimating both TC and TD effects simultaneously due to perfect multicollinearity. This paper corrects these two biases using a new measure of TD which provides a better mapping between the concept and data characteristics. Removing the two sources of bias leads to a multifold increase in the estimate of the TD effect. It is found that the total TD effect is comparable to the TC effect in dollar terms.
How Has Globalisation Affected Inflation in China?
Authors: Zhang Chengsi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates how globalisation has affected inflation in China. We estimated standard Phillips curve inflation equations and examined whether globalisation has affected the structure of inflation dynamics as captured by the Phillips curve. Empirical results suggest that the globalisation of the Chinese economy has changed the behaviour of inflation dynamics. In particular, the impact of domestic and global output gaps on domestic inflation in China has changed significantly since 1994. Before 1994, the domestic output gap was a major factor in driving domestic inflation. After 1994, however, the global output gap plays a significant and more important role in affecting domestic inflation. The finding implies that Chinese monetary authorities should specifically take into account the developments in global output in their monetary policymaking process.
Seagrass (Zostera marina) Colonization Promotes the Accumulation of Diazotrophic Bacteria and Alters the Relative Abundances of Specific Bacterial Lineages Involved in Benthic Carbon and Sulfur Cycling
Authors: Sun Feifei , Zhang Xiaoli , Zhang Qianqian , Liu Fanghua , Zhang Jianping , Gong Jun 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Seagrass colonization changes the chemistry and biogeochemical cycles mediated by microbes in coastal sediments. In this study, we molecularly characterized the diazotrophic assemblages and entire bacterial community in surface sediments of a
Zostera marina
-colonized coastal lagoon in northern China. Higher nitrogenase gene (
nifH
) copy numbers were detected in the sediments from the vegetated region than in the sediments from the unvegetated region nearby. The
nifH
phylotypes detected were mostly affiliated with the
Geobacteraceae
,
Desulfobulbus
,
Desulfocapsa
, and
Pseudomonas
. Redundancy analysis based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that the distribution of
nifH
genotypes was mostly shaped by the ratio of total organic carbon to total organic nitrogen, the concentration of cadmium in the sediments, and the pH of the overlying water. High-throughput sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA genes also indicated the presence of
Geobacteraceae
and
Desulfobulbaceae
phylotypes in these samples. A comparison of these results with those of previous studies suggests the prevalence and predominance of iron(III)-reducing
Geobacteraceae
and sulfate-reducing
Desulfobulbaceae
diazotrophs in coastal sedimentary environments. Although the entire bacterial community structure was not significantly different between these two niches,
Desulfococcus
(
Deltaproteobacteria
) and
Anaerolineae
(
Chloroflexi
) presented with much higher proportions in the vegetated sediments, and
Flavobacteriaceae
(
Bacteroidetes
) occurred more frequently in the bare sediments. These data suggest that the high bioavailability of organic matter (indicated by relatively lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratios) and the less-reducing anaerobic condition in vegetated sediments may favor
Desulfococcus
and
Anaerolineae
lineages, which are potentially important populations in benthic carbon and sulfur cycling in the highly productive seagrass ecosystem.
Genome-Wide Screening Identifies Six Genes That Are Associated with Susceptibility to Escherichia coli Microcin PDI
Authors: Zhao Zhe , Eberhart Lauren J. , Orfe Lisa H. , Lu Shao-Yeh , Besser Thomas E. , Call Douglas R. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

The microcin PDI inhibits a diverse group of pathogenic
Escherichia coli
strains. Coculture of a single-gene knockout library (BW25113;
n
= 3,985 mutants) against a microcin PDI-producing strain (
E. coli
25) identified six mutants that were not susceptible (Δ
atpA
, Δ
atpF
, Δ
dsbA
, Δ
dsbB
, Δ
ompF
, and Δ
ompR
). Complementation of these genes restored susceptibility in all cases, and the loss of susceptibility was confirmed through independent gene knockouts in
E. coli
O157:H7 Sakai. Heterologous expression of
E. coli
ompF
conferred susceptibility to
Salmonella enterica
and
Yersinia enterocolitica
strains that are normally unaffected by microcin PDI. The expression of chimeric OmpF and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the K
47
G
48
N
49
region within the first extracellular loop of
E. coli
OmpF is a putative binding site for microcin PDI. OmpR is a transcriptional regulator for
ompF
, and consequently loss of susceptibility by the Δ
ompR
strain most likely is related to this function. Deletion of AtpA and AtpF, as well as AtpE and AtpH (missed in the original library screen), resulted in the loss of susceptibility to microcin PDI and the loss of ATP synthase function. Coculture of a susceptible strain in the presence of an ATP synthase inhibitor resulted in a loss of susceptibility, confirming that a functional ATP synthase complex is required for microcin PDI activity. In
trans
expression of
ompF
in the Δ
dsbA
and Δ
dsbB
strains did not restore a susceptible phenotype, indicating that these proteins are probably involved with the formation of disulfide bonds for OmpF or microcin PDI.
Roles of Thermophiles and Fungi in Bitumen Degradation in Mostly Cold Oil Sands Outcrops
Authors: Wong Man-Ling , An Dongshan , Caffrey Sean M. , Soh Jung , Dong Xiaoli , Sensen Christoph W. , Oldenburg Thomas B. P. , Larter Steve R. , Voordouw Gerrit 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Oil sands are surface exposed in river valley outcrops in northeastern Alberta, where flat slabs (tablets) of weathered, bitumen-saturated sandstone can be retrieved from outcrop cliffs or from riverbeds. Although the average yearly surface temperature of this region is low (0.7°C), we found that the temperatures of the exposed surfaces of outcrop cliffs reached 55 to 60°C on sunny summer days, with daily maxima being 27 to 31°C. Analysis of the cooccurrence of taxa derived from pyrosequencing of 16S/18S rRNA genes indicated that an aerobic microbial network of fungi and hydrocarbon-, methane-, or acetate-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria was present in all cliff tablets. Metagenomic analyses indicated an elevated presence of fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in these samples. This network was distinct from the heterotrophic community found in riverbeds, which included fewer fungi. A subset of cliff tablets had a network of anaerobic and/or thermophilic taxa, including methanogens,
Firmicutes
, and
Thermotogae
, in the center. Long-term aerobic incubation of outcrop samples at 55°C gave a thermophilic microbial community. Analysis of residual bitumen with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer indicated that aerobic degradation proceeded at 55°C but not at 4°C. Little anaerobic degradation was observed. These results indicate that bitumen degradation on outcrop surfaces is a largely aerobic process with a minor anaerobic contribution and is catalyzed by a consortium of bacteria and fungi. Bitumen degradation is stimulated by periodic high temperatures on outcrop cliffs, which cause significant decreases in bitumen viscosity.
Characterization of a Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Pneumonic Plague for Evaluation of Vaccine Efficacy
Authors: Fellows Patricia , Price Jessica , Martin Shannon , Metcalfe Karen , Krile Robert , Barnewall Roy , Hart Mary Kate , Lockman Hank 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

The efficacy of a recombinant plague vaccine (rF1V) was evaluated in cynomolgus macaques (CMs) to establish the relationship among vaccine doses, antibody titers, and survival following an aerosol challenge with a lethal dose of
Yersinia pestis
strain Colorado 92. CMs were vaccinated with a range of rF1V doses on a three-dose schedule (days 0, 56, and 121) to provide a range of survival outcomes. The humoral immune response following vaccination was evaluated with anti-rF1, anti-rV, and anti-rF1V bridge enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Animals were challenged via aerosol exposure on day 149. Vaccine doses and antibody responses were each significantly associated with the probability of CM survival (
P
< 0.0001). Vaccination also decreased signs of pneumonic plague in a dose-dependent manner. There were statistically significant correlations between the vaccine dose and the time to onset of fever (
P
< 0.0001), the time from onset of fever to death (
P
< 0.0001), the time to onset of elevated respiratory rate (
P
= 0.0003), and the time to onset of decreased activity (
P
= 0.0251) postinfection in animals exhibiting these clinical signs. Delays in the onset of these clinical signs of disease were associated with larger doses of rF1V. Immunization with ≥12 μg of rF1V resulted in 100% CM survival. Since both the vaccine dose and anti-rF1V antibody titers correlate with survival, rF1V bridge ELISA titers can be used as a correlate of protection.
Identification and Functional Analysis of Novel Nonstructural Proteins of Human Bocavirus 1
Authors: Shen Weiran , Deng Xuefeng , Zou Wei , Cheng Fang , Engelhardt John F. , Yan Ziying , Qiu Jianming 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a single-stranded DNA parvovirus that causes lower respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. In this study, we identified novel splice acceptor and donor sites, namely, A1′ and D1′, in the large nonstructural protein (NS1)-encoding region of the HBoV1 precursor mRNA. The novel small NS proteins (NS2, NS3, and NS4) were confirmed to be expressed following transfection of an HBoV1 infectious proviral plasmid and viral infection of polarized human airway epithelium cultured at an air-liquid interface (HAE-ALI). We constructed mutant pIHBoV1 infectious plasmids which harbor silent mutations (sm) smA1′ and smD1′ at the A1′ and D1′ splice sites, respectively. The mutant infectious plasmids maintained production of HBoV1 progeny virions at levels less than five times lower than that of the wild-type plasmid. Importantly, the smA1′ mutant virus that does not express NS3 and NS4 replicated in HAE-ALI as effectively as the wild-type virus; however, the smD1′ mutant virus that does not express NS2 and NS4 underwent an abortive infection in HAE-ALI. Thus, our study identified three novel NS proteins, NS2, NS3, and NS4, and suggests an important function of the NS2 protein in HBoV1 replication in HAE-ALI.

IMPORTANCE
Human bocavirus 1 infection causes respiratory diseases, including acute wheezing in infants, of which life-threatening cases have been reported.
In vitro
, human bocavirus 1 infects polarized human bronchial airway epithelium cultured at an air-liquid interface that mimics the environment of human lower respiratory airways. Viral nonstructural proteins are often important for virus replication and pathogenesis in infected tissues or cells. In this report, we identified three new nonstructural proteins of human bocavirus 1 that are expressed during infection of polarized human bronchial airway epithelium. Among them, we proved that one nonstructural protein is critical to the replication of the virus in polarized human bronchial airway epithelium. The creation of nonreplicating infectious HBoV1 mutants may have particular utility in vaccine development for this virus.
Pathogenesis and Transmission of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N2 and H5N8 Viruses in Ferrets and Mice
Authors: Pulit-Penaloza Joanna A. , Sun Xiangjie , Creager Hannah M. , Zeng Hui , Belser Jessica A. , Maines Taronna R. , Tumpey Terrence M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus, first detected in January 2014 in poultry and wild birds in South Korea, has spread throughout Asia and Europe and caused outbreaks in Canada and the United States by the end of the year. The spread of H5N8 and the novel reassortant viruses, H5N2 and H5N1 (H5Nx), in domestic poultry across multiple states in the United States pose a potential public health risk. To evaluate the potential of cross-species infection, we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of two Asian-origin H5Nx viruses in mammalian animal models. The newly isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses were able to cause severe disease in mice only at high doses. Both viruses replicated efficiently in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of ferrets; however, the clinical symptoms were generally mild, and there was no evidence of systemic dissemination of virus to multiple organs. Moreover, these influenza H5Nx viruses lacked the ability to transmit between ferrets in a direct contact setting. We further assessed viral replication kinetics of the novel H5Nx viruses in a human bronchial epithelium cell line, Calu-3. Both H5Nx viruses replicated to a level comparable to a human seasonal H1N1 virus, but significantly lower than a virulent Asian-lineage H5N1 HPAI virus. Although the recently isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses displayed moderate pathogenicity in mammalian models, their ability to rapidly spread among avian species, reassort, and generate novel strains underscores the need for continued risk assessment in mammals.

IMPORTANCE
In 2015, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have caused outbreaks in domestic poultry in multiple U.S. states. The economic losses incurred with H5N8 and H5N2 subtype virus infection have raised serious concerns for the poultry industry and the general public due to the potential risk of human infection. This recent outbreak underscores the need to better understand the pathogenesis and transmission of these viruses in mammals, which is an essential component of pandemic risk assessment. This study demonstrates that the newly isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses lacked the ability to transmit between ferrets and exhibited low to moderate virulence in mammals. In human bronchial epithelial (Calu-3) cells, both H5N8 and H5N2 viruses replicated to a level comparable to a human seasonal virus, but significantly lower than a virulent Asian-lineage H5N1 (A/Thailand/16/2004) virus. The results of this study are important for the evaluation of public health risk.
Diseases Transmitted by Man’s Best Friend: The Dog
Authors: Jacob Jerry , Lorber Bennett 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

The relationship between dogs and humans is ancient and mutually beneficial. Dogs have served people well as companions, workmates, guides, and protectors. However, on occasion, dogs may injure humans through biting or may transmit pathogens resulting in a large number of problems ranging from a trivial rash to life-threatening bacteremia. Given that there are more than 80 million pet dogs in the United States, it is worth knowing the potential problems that can result from canine exposure. Annually, almost 5 million people in the United States suffer a dog bite. Dog bite wounds become infected up to 15% of the time. In those who have had a splenectomy, a dog bite may transmit the bacterium
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
, leading to life-threatening bacteremia. Other illnesses that humans can acquire from dog contact include ringworm, diarrheal disease (salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, and intestinal parasites), leptospirosis, brucellosis, Q fever, visceral larva migrans, and echinococcosis. Evidence exists that the family dog may serve as a reservoir for uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
that can lead to urinary tract infections among human household contacts. In this article we discuss dog-related infectious diseases as well as measures to minimize dog-associated illness (e.g., do not disturb sleeping dogs; HIV-infected persons who wish to acquire a puppy should have the dog’s stool checked for
Cryptosporidium
).
Perinatal consequences of a category 1 caesarean section at term
Authors: Grace Leah , Greer Ristan M , Kumar Sailesh 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo characterise maternal demographics, obstetric risk factors and neonatal outcomes associated with term category 1 caesarean sections (CS).Design and setting and main outcome measuresRetrospective study of term singleton pregnancies delivering at a major tertiary unit in Brisbane, Australia. Category 1 CS were defined as one that required a decision-to-delivery time interval of <30 min when there was an immediate threat to the life of a woman or fetus. Neonatal outcomes analysed were gestation at delivery, birth weight, Apgar scores, acidosis at birth, need for resuscitation, admission to neonatal intensive care and neonatal seizures and death.ResultsA total of 30 719 women delivering at term were included. Of these, 1179 (3.8%) women required a category 1 CS. A further 3527 women underwent non-category 1 CS. Most category 1 CS were performed for non-reassuring fetal status (65.9%, 777/1179). The indications for non-category 1 CS were for failure to progress (46.5%, 1641/3527) and non-reassuring fetal status (19%, 671/3527). Maternal age, body mass index and medical disease did not differ significantly between the two cohorts. Caucasian women were equally as likely to undergo a category 1 CS as a non-category 1 CS, while indigenous women and women of Asian ethnicity were more likely to undergo a category 1 CS. Significantly higher (p<0.001) perinatal complications were seen in the category 1 CS cohort—Apgar scores <7 at 1 min (20.4%, 241/1179 vs 10.7%, 377/3527) and 5 min (5.8%, 68/1179 vs 1.9%, 67/3527), umbilical arterial pH<7.2 (23.7%, 279/1179 vs 9.1%, 321/3527), neonatal resuscitation (59.9%, 706/1179 vs 51.8%, 1828/3527), neonatal intensive care unit admission (9.8%, 116/1179 vs 2.5%, 87/3527) and seizures (0.8%, 10/1179 vs 0.3%, 9/3527), respectively.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate significantly poorer outcomes associated with term category 1 CS compared with non-category 1 emergency CS.
The sensitization of laser-induced heat of Er3+ doped Y2O3 nanocrystals by codoped with Mn2+
Authors: Bai Yunfeng , Luan Minjie , Li Linjun , He Zhelong , Li Dongyu 
Published: July 2015

Low threshold power density cw laser-induced heat has been observed in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] codoped [Formula: see text] nanocrystals under excitation by a 980 nm IR laser. Codoped [Formula: see text] remarkably reduces the power density threshold of laser-induced heat compared with [Formula: see text] doped [Formula: see text] nanocrystals. When the excitation power density exceed [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] codoped [Formula: see text] nanocrystals emit strong blackbody radiation. The thermal emission of [Formula: see text] should originate from the multiphonon relaxation between neighboring energy levels. One additional UC-PL enhancement is observed. The UC-PL intensity can be enhanced by an order of magnitude through high temperature calcination caused by light into heat.
Galectin-Binding O-Glycosylations as Regulators of Malignancy
Authors: Dimitroff Charles J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Cancer cells commonly display aberrant surface glycans and related glycoconjugate scaffolds. Compared with their normal counterparts, cancer cell glycans are variably produced and often structurally distinct, serving as biomarkers of cancer progression or as functional entities to malignancy. The glycan signature of a cancer cell is created by the collaborative activities of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, nucleotide-sugar transporters, sulfotransferases, and glycan-bearing protein/lipid scaffolds. In a coordinated fashion, these factors regulate the synthesis of cancer cell glycans and thus are considered correlates of cancer cell behavior. Functionally, cancer cell glycans can serve as binding targets for endogenous lectin effectors, such as C-type selectins and S-type galectins. There has been a recent surge of important observations of the role of glycosytransferases, specifically α2,6 sialyltransferases, in regulating the length and lectin-binding features of serine/threonine (O)-glycans found on cancer cells. The capping activity of O-glycan–specific α2,6 sialyltransferases, in particular, has been found to regulate cancer growth and metastasis in a galectin-dependent manner. These findings highlight the functional importance of cancer cell O-glycans and related galectin-binding features in the virulent activity of cancer and raise the prospect of targeting cancer cell glycans as effective anticancer therapeutics. Cancer Res; 75(16); 3195–202. ©2015 AACR.