bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of the Australasian shrubby everlastings Ozothamnus and Cassinia (Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Gnaphalieae)
Authors: Schmidt‐Lebuhn Alexander N. , Constable Lee 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe first comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Australasian shrubby everlastings Ozothamnus, Cassinia, and their satellite genera is presented based on the nuclear ribosomal external and internal transcribed spacer and three chloroplast spacer regions (matK‐psbA, psbA‐trnH, ycf6‐pbsM). While the hypothesis of the monophyly of the sequence copies found in Cassinia cannot be rejected, sequences from Ozothamnus are found to be non‐monophyletic in three possible taxonomic circumscriptions of that genus. Cassinia, Calomeria, Odixia and Haeckeria are nested in a narrowly circumscribed Ozothamnus. Ozothamnus section Hebelaena, a sub‐shrubby group long recognized as potentially misplaced in the genus, is more heterogeneous than expected and is found to be potentially polyphyletic. Perhaps more surprisingly, a group of four species previously considered part of “core” Ozothamnus is found to be more closely related to other genera. It includes the subalpine “cascade everlastings” of south‐eastern Australia. Although many characters traditionally used for the delimitation of genera are homoplasious, connivent involucral bracts and presence of paleae are synapomorphies for Cassinia. Except for the robust shrubby habit, no morphological synapomorphy for core Ozothamnus/Cassinia is currently evident. Future studies are needed to test these results with additional data, to identify morphological and anatomical synapomorphies for individual clades and to resolve species‐level relationships with more extensive sampling to address the possibilities of incomplete lineage sorting or reticulate evolution.
Family Representatives in Family Firms
Authors: Chen En‐Te , Gray Stephen , Nowland John 
Published: November 2012

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueFamily control in family firms can extend beyond the direct involvement of family members, but identifying these mechanisms is difficult in most markets. We utilize unique disclosures made by Taiwanese firms to examine the role played by family representatives in listed family firms. Family representatives are non‐family members that represent the controlling family's indirect shareholdings in the firm. We examine whether family representatives are used in the same manner as family members and whether they provide net benefits or costs to shareholders.Research Findings/InsightsIn our sample of listed family firms, we find that omitting family representatives understates the influence of controlling families by 46 percent. We show that family representatives are associated with net costs to shareholders, but to a lesser extent than family members. We also find that controlling families use family members and family representatives differently. Family members are more involved in older family firms and in firms founded by the family. Family representatives are more involved in acquired and second generation family firms and in larger firms with more fixed assets.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe apply agency theory to the use of family representatives and show that family representatives are being used by controlling families to extend their influence within their firms, increasing agency costs to minority shareholders.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFor policymakers, our analysis shows that disclosure of family member and representative relationships within firms is important and value‐relevant to investors. Furthermore, our results suggest that firm performance could be improved by limiting the involvement of family members and family representatives in family firms.
Diel patterns of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration among phenological stages
Authors: Savage K. , Davidson E. A. , Tang J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractImproved understanding of the links between aboveground production and allocation of photosynthate to belowground processes and the temporal variation in those links is needed to interpret observations of belowground carbon cycling processes. Here, we show that combining a trenching manipulation with high‐frequency soil respiration measurements in a temperate hardwood forest permitted identification of the temporally variable influence of roots on diel and seasonal patterns of soil respiration. The presence of roots in an untrenched plot caused larger daily amplitude and a 2–3 h delay in peak soil CO2 efflux relative to a root‐free trenched plot. These effects cannot be explained by differences in soil temperature, and they were significant only when a canopy was present during the growing season. This experiment demonstrated that canopy processes affect soil CO2 efflux rates and patterns at hourly and seasonal time scales, and it provides evidence that root and microbial processes respond differently to environmental factors.
Serum RANTES level influences the response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Komase Kazuki , Maekawa Shinya , Miura Mika , Sueki Ryota , Kadokura Makoto , Shindo Hiroko , Shindo Kuniaki , Amemiya Fumitake , Nakayama Yasuhiro , Inoue Taisuke , Sakamoto Minoru , Yamashita Atsuya , Moriishi Kohji , Enomoto Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2012

AimPrediction of treatment responses to pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy is uncertain for genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C.MethodsIn this study, 96 patients were investigated for the correlation between 36 pretreatment serum chemokine/cytokine levels and PEG IFN/RBV treatment efficacy by a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) and a bead array.ResultsFirst, chemokines/cytokines were measured semiquantitatively by sandwich ELISA in 31 randomly‐selected patients and the serum regulated on activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) level was found to be significantly higher in the sustained virological response (SVR) group than the non‐SVR group (P = 0.048). Precise RANTES measurement in all 96 patients using a bead array confirmed this correlation (P = 0.002). However, the genetic RANTES haplotype was not significantly related to the serum level. The serum RANTES level was extracted by multivariate analysis (odds ratio = 4.09, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–16.5, P = 0.048) as an independent variable contributing to SVR.ConclusionThe serum RANTES level is an important determinant influencing the virological response to PEG IFN/RBV therapy in chronic hepatitis C.
Phenolic profile, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of black and red currants (Ribes spp.) from organic and conventional cultivation
Authors: Aneta Wojdyło , Jan Oszmiański , Magdalena Milczarek , Joanna Wietrzyk 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe effect of cultivation system on phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and antiproliferation activity in black and red currants was evaluated. Results from this study showed that Ribes fruit grown in organic system posses significantly higher total phenolics, especially anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) than fruit grown in conventional system. Phenolic compounds were systematically identified and characterised by UPLC/MS Q‐TOF. The mean value of total polyphenol content in organically grown currants was similar but statistically higher compared with the conventional cultivation (11831.0 and 1543.0 mg/kg of d.m., respectively). The total values of the anthocyanins in ‘Ben Hope’, ‘Ben Alder’, ‘Titania’ and ‘Rondom’ from organic and conventional farms were 1044.5 vs. 1012.4; 1568.3 vs. 1260.4; 1417.2 vs. 1382.2; and 51.8 vs. 57.9 mg kg−1 of d.m., respectively. Conventionally grown red currant had higher anthocyanin content than organically grown red currant (11.8%) but, however, organic fruits of red currant had 2.7 times higher content of oligomeric procyanidins than fruits coming from conventional cultivation. DPPH radical scavenging activity of currant varied from 28.29 to 37.08 mmol Trolox kg−1 (mean 31.20) for organic fruits and from 12.67 to 31.18 mmol Trolox kg−1 (mean 25.76) for conventional fruits. Moreover, all currants from organic cultivation possess higher ferric reducing capacity than conventionally grown fruits. It appeared that extracts of red Ribes cv. ‘Rondom’ coming from organic cultivation revealed stronger antiproliferative effect in comparison with conventional cultivation. However, a similar profile of activity was observed for ‘Ben Hope’, ‘Ben Alder’ and ‘Titania’ independently of the type of cultivation. These results indicate that the cultivation technique had important effect on the ranking of the cultivar systems.
Development of whey‐fruit‐based energy drink mixes using D‐optimal mixture design
Authors: Shiby Varghese Kochupurakkal , Radhakrishna Kolpe , Bawa Amarinder Singh 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe study deals with two whey‐fruit‐based energy drink mixes developed using freeze drying. D‐optimal mixture design with 2 factors at 5 levels was used for the optimisation of ingredients. The responses studied were overall acceptability and acidity of the formulations. The whey/grape juice and whey/pomegranate juice ratios selected on the basis of response analysis was 49:51 and 40:60, respectively. The energy drinks were freeze‐dried and packed in paper/Al foil/polythene (PFP) pouches were stored at ambient temperature as well as 37 ○C. Periodic evaluation revealed that whey‐grape and whey‐pomegranate energy drink mixes had a shelf life of 9 and 8 months, respectively. The addition of caffeine at 200 ppm level did not impart any adverse change in sensory quality.
The effects of temperature and pH on the extraction of oxalate and pectin from green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa L.), golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis L.), kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) and persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
Authors: Nguyễn Hà VHồng , Savage Geoffrey Peter 
Published: November 2012

SummaryOxalates and pectin were extracted from four locally grown fruits at three different pH levels, 6.9, 0.6 and −0.3, at two different temperatures, 21 and 80 °C. Green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa L. Hayward), golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis L. Hort 16A Zespri), kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta, CV. Takaka Green) and persimmon (Diospyros kaki) contained moderate levels of oxalates. Total and soluble oxalates were more efficiently extracted at 21 °C using 2 m HCL, while the highest amounts of pectin were extracted from the fruits at 80 °C using 0.2 m HCL. Extraction using 0.2 and 2 m HCL gave the highest yields of total oxalates, which ranged from 47.1 to 220.4 mg total oxalates per 100 g dry matter (DM) for persimmon and kiwiberry, respectively. Extraction using water at 21 °C gave soluble oxalate contents ranging from 21.2 mg 100 g−1 DM, for persimmon, to 105.0 mg 100−1 DM, for kiwiberry fruits. Extraction of pectin was not achieved efficiently using water at either temperature, while extraction using 2 m HCL gave lower values; optimal extractions of pectin were achieved at 80 °C using 0.2 m HCL.
Image‐guided biopsy of small renal masses in the era of ablative therapies
Authors: Salem Sepehr , Ponsky Lee E , Abouassaly Robert , Cherullo Edward E , Isariyawongse Justin P , MacLennan Gregory T , Nakamoto Dean , Haaga John R 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo further evaluate the accuracy, safety, and impact of image‐guided renal biopsies on clinical decision making and management of the indeterminate small renal masses.MethodsA total of 145 patients (males 99, females 46) with small renal masses suspicious for malignancy were evaluated during the study period. The patients' mean age was 67.2 (± 11.6) years. Computed tomography guided biopsies were carried out in all cases by an experienced interventional radiologist. An experienced genitourinary pathologist reviewed all pathological specimens. Patients' demographic characteristics, tumor histology and subsequent intervention, as well as periprocedural morbidities were recorded and analyzed.ResultsA total of 145 renal biopsy procedures were carried out. The small renal masses mean size was 2.4 ± 1.1 cm. Biopsy was diagnostic in 126 (86.9%) cases and non‐diagnostic in 19 (13.1%) cases. Of diagnostic biopsies, 107 (84.9%) were malignant, 84.1% of which were primary renal cell carcinoma. Histological subtyping and grading of tumor was possible in 100% and 52.2% of renal cell carcinomas, respectively. The major renal cell carcinoma subtype was clear cell (63.3%) followed by papillary (24.4%) and chromophobe (8.8%). Repeat biopsy was carried out in nine of 19 non‐diagnostic cases, and diagnosis was possible in 66.7%. Sensitivity of percutaneous renal biopsy was 91%, and its accuracy was 85.5%. Overall, patients' age, sex, tumor size, and location were not related to non‐diagnostic biopsy results and/or tumor pathology. No cases of hemorrhage, seeding of biopsy tract, infection or mortalities were observed.ConclusionsOur findings showed that image‐guided biopsy of indeterminate small renal masses is safe and can provide the correct diagnosis with a high degree of accuracy. Thus, this procedure can play an important role in establishing a histopathological diagnosis before treatment of enhancing small renal masses with ablative technologies. Furthermore, repeat biopsy can alter the clinical management of non‐diagnostic biopsies.
“Oh, you've got such a strong accent”: Language Identity Intersecting with Professional Identity in the Human Services in Australia
Authors: Harrison Gai 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLanguage operates as a form of differentially valued cultural capital that is an influential factor in educational and employment outcomes. English in particular represents a valuable form of linguistic capital in both the broader world market and many regional and local contexts. This article, focusing on one group of professionals, draws on an exploratory study carried out with overseas‐born bilingual social workers residing in Australia, who reflect on how their language identities intersect with their professional identities in the human services workplace. Although most informants identified tangible benefits associated with being bilingual, especially in terms of working with a diverse clientele, they were equally aware of how being categorized as a ‘non‐native’ speaker of English could diminish their professional credibility and thwart their chances of upward mobility in the workplace. In this regard, this article highlights inconsistencies in how difference is valued in the human services workplace, implicating a more covert process of linguistic othering.
Salvadoran Migrants in Australia: An Analysis of Transnational Families’ Capability to Care across Borders
Authors: Merla Laura 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I focus on the transnational care practices of Salvadoran refugees living in Perth (Western Australia) and who care for their ageing parents who have remained in their home country. The analysis is based on a conceptualization of transnational care as a set of capabilities that include, but are not limited to, mobility, social relations, time allocation, education and knowledge, paid work and communication (Merla and Baldassar, 2011). I focus in particular on the impact of Salvadoran refugees’ difficult access to, and use of, these capabilities on their capacity to fulfil their culturally defined sense of obligation to care for their ageing parents. Results show that extended transnational kinship networks play a major role in helping migrants overcome obstacles to transnational caregiving.
Sources of variation in larval parasitism of two sympatrically outbreaking birch forest defoliators
Authors: SCHOTT TINO , IMS ROLF A. , HAGEN SNORRE B. , YOCCOZ NIGEL G. 
Published: November 2012

1. Studies of insect communities rarely support the parasitoid–host regulation hypothesis. Spatio‐temporal variation in parasitoid prevalence due to complex food web interactions or abiotic factors may prevent parasitoids from regulating hosts.2. We examined the relative contribution of spatial (altitude) and temporal (years) sources to total variation in parasitoid prevalence rates in outbreaks of Epirrita autumnata Borkhausen and Operophtera brumata Linnaeus populations. We tested whether prevalence rates of generalist parasitoids were correlated between sympatric host populations and to what extent any of the parasitoids were host density dependent.3. Four larval parasitoids (two specialists and two generalists) exhibited significantly structured spatio‐temporal dynamics over years and altitudes. The prevalence rates of one of the generalists were spatio‐temporally correlated between the two host species, while for the other they were not.4. Three parasitoids showed tendencies for direct or delayed positive density dependence as expected from numerical and functional responses to their hosts. However, the effects were weak and minute compared to the variation attributed to year and altitude.5. We conclude that unknown aspects of the larval parasitoid ecology that co‐vary with altitude and year in the study system dominate their prevalence dynamics and thus act to hinder density‐dependent responses that could potentially regulate host populations.
Effects of selective LDL‐apheresis and pravastatin therapy on platelet function in familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: BRÖIJERSÉN A. , ERIKSSON M. , LARSSON P. T. , BECK O. , BERGLUND L. , ANGELIN B. , HJEMDAHL P. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Platelet function was studied in 10 patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia, following lipid‐lowering treatment with selective LDL‐apheresis and with the HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin. Platelet function was assessed before, and 2, 5 and 14 days after LDL‐apheresis, and before and after 4 weeks of pravastatin therapy. Both treatments significantly reduced total‐ and LDL‐cholesterol, whereas LDL‐apheresis also reduced VLDL‐cholesterol. Lp(a)‐levels were reduced by LDL‐apheresis and elevated by pravastatin treatment. Pravastatin therapy significantly enhanced platelet aggregability in vivo, as measured by ex vivo filtragometry. Plasma serotonin levels also increased. Other markers of in vivo activation of platelets, i.e. β‐thromboglobulin in plasma and urine, and 11‐dehydro‐thromboxane B2 in urine were unaltered. Adenosine diphosphate‐induced platelet aggregation in vitro remained unchanged during pravastatin therapy, and the platelet volume distribution was not affected. LDL‐apheresis reduced the mean platelet volume, as well as the percentage of large platelets, whereas the percentage of small platelets increased. Other measures of platelet function in vivo or in vitro were, however, unaltered following LDL‐apheresis.Thus, pravastatin therapy enhances certain aspects of platelet aggregability in vivo, whereas a single treatment with selective LDL‐apheresis does not consistently affect platelet aggregability during resting conditions. These results do not support the concept that reduction of LDL‐cholesterol improves platelet function in hypercholesterolaemic patients, at least not in the short‐term. However, the reduction of platelet volume after LDL‐apheresis may be beneficial for patients receiving this therapy regularly.
The D3cpv Cameleon reports Ca2+ dynamics in plant mitochondria with similar kinetics of the YC3.6 Cameleon, but with a lower sensitivity
Authors: LORO G. , RUBERTI C. , ZOTTINI M. , COSTA A. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryMitochondria are key organelles involved in many aspects of plant physiology and, their ability to generate specific Ca2+ signatures in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli has been reported as one of their roles. The recent identification of the mammalian mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter opens a new research area in plant biology. To study the mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, it is essential to have a reliable probe. Here we have reported the generation of an Arabidopsis transgenic line expressing the genetically encoded probe Cameleon D3cpv targeted to mitochondria, and compared its properties with the already known Cameleon YC3.6.
A review of the human activities impacting cetaceans in the eastern tropical Atlantic
Authors: Weir Caroline R. , Pierce Graham J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The eastern tropical Atlantic (ETA), extending from Mauritania south to Angola, is inhabited by at least 34 cetacean species. Knowledge of cetaceans and the human activities affecting them in the ETA is scant.

Available literature was reviewed over three eras of ETA cetacean research: the whaling era (1700s–1950s); the stranding and specimen era (1950s–70s); and the modern field research era (1980s–present). Eight human activities were documented to impact ETA cetacean species: directed takes (whaling and small cetaceans); by‐catch or entanglement in fishing gear; the ETA tuna purse seine fishery; overfishing; habitat loss and degradation; vessel strikes; marine ecotourism; and live captures for display. Climate change may represent a future threat.

Directed takes of small cetaceans were documented in 12 ETA countries, and incidental by‐catch (especially in gillnets) in at least nine countries. Additionally, unknown levels of cetacean mortality occur in ETA tuna purse seine fisheries. The use of cetaceans as ‘bushmeat’ was documented in 15 countries and involved at least 23 species. Little information could be found on cetacean mortality in Liberia, Benin, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe or the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Human activities were most frequently and widely reported to impact on common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus and Atlantic humpback dolphins Sousa teuszii, which are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic interactions due to their nearshore occurrence.

The lack of information on the scale of impacts and on cetacean abundance and population structure in the ETA currently hinders assessments of the sustainability of mortality levels.
Relationships between frailty, neighborhood security, social cohesion and sense of belonging among community‐dwelling older people
Authors: Cramm Jane M , Nieboer Anna P 
Published: November 2012

AimThe relationships between frailty and neighborhood social resources and neighborhood quality among community‐dwelling older people are poorly understood. We therefore enquired into these associations while controlling for important individual characteristics.MethodsOur cross‐sectional study included 945 out of 1440 (66% response rate) community‐dwelling older people (aged ≥70 years) in Rotterdam. The sample included approximately 430 older adults per district and was proportional with respect to neighborhood and age. Potential participants were mailed questionnaires, non‐respondents were first sent a reminder, then asked by telephone and finally visited at home to complete the questionnaire.ResultsAge, sex, marital status and level of education varied between the frail and non‐frail. A significantly larger proportion of the frail was female (64.4% vs 48.0%; P ≤ 0.001), fewer were married (22.1% vs 48.4%; P ≤ 0.001) and the frail were, on average, older than the non‐frail (78.8 vs 76.0 years; P ≤ 0.001). A significantly larger proportion of the frail were poorly educated (25.9% vs 18.6%; P ≤ 0.01). Multilevel regression analyses showed that older age (P < 0.001) was associated with higher likelihood of frailty and marital status (P < 0.001) with lower likelihood of frailty. Feeling more secure (P < 0.001) and having a stronger sense of social cohesion and neighborhood belonging (P < 0.05) seemed to protect against frailty.ConclusionThe results of this study support the importance of feeling safe, social cohesion and a sense of belonging within the neighborhood. These findings could have important implications for efforts to reduce frailty of older people within communities. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 759–763.