bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gedegen en evenwichtig? Het NIOD-rapport nader beschouwd
Authors: Brouwer J.W.L. 
Published: September 2015

J.C.H. Blom, P. Romijn, Srebrenica, een 'veilig' gebied. Reconstructie, achtergronden, gevolgen en analyses van de val van een Safe Area, I, II, III, Bootsma, P., ed. D.C.L. Schoonoord, Dutchbat III en de bevolking. Medische aangelegenheden. Bevoorrading door de lucht C. Wiebes, Intelligence en de oorlog in Bosnië, 1992-1995. De rol van de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten B. Naarden, Beeld en Balkan. Waarneming en werkelijkheid in Zuidoost-Europa G. Duijzings, Geschiedenis en herinnering in Oost-Bosnië. De achtergronden van de val van Srebrenica. Thorough and balanced? A closer look at the NIOD report, J. W. L. BrouwerThis vast report contains many interesting chapters, notably on the fall of the Srebrenica enclave and the minor political scandals that subsequently erupted in the Netherlands. Unfortunately, the report was published in such haste that editing errors abound. This does not make the report easy reading. Furthermore, there are a number of contradictions between the conclusions in the first part and the final conclusions. Lastly, the strong condemnation of Dutch diplomacy in 1991-1993 and, in particular, the denunciation of the Foreign Minister, Mr Van den Broek, is inconsistent with the stated intentions of the authors to refrain from making any political judgements. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Srebrenica, een "veilig" gebied' (J. C. H. Blom, B. G J. de Graaff, D. C. L. Schoonoord).
De Nederlandse economie tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog bekeken vanuit een Vlaams/Belgisch perspectief
Authors: Buyst E. , Lefebvre W. 
Published: September 2015

H.A.M. Klemann, Nederland 1938-1948. Economie en samenleving in jaren van oorlog en bezettingThe Netherlands economy during World War II viewed from a Flemish/Belgian perspectiveHein Klemann’s book provides a general overview of the performance of the Dutch economy during World War II. It also deals with exploitation by the German war machine, production for the black market, price controls, and monetary and fiscal policies. The reconstructed macro-economic data, such as the evolution of real wages, is sometimes prone to serious methodological flaws. For other variables, such as agricultural production in 1945 and international trade, it is clear that more research is necessary to produce reliable indicators. Despite these critical remarks, Klemann’s book offers a valuable synthesis, and other countries, such as Belgium, can use it as a source of inspiration. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Nederland 1938-1948' (Hein Klemann).
Repliek
Authors: Meihuizen J. 
Published: September 2015

In response to Klemann and FaberThe investigation and prosecution of economic collaborators in the Netherlands was arbitrary; there were no clear-cut guidelines. Some cases were prosecuted while other similar cases were dismissed. The distribution of cases among the special courts, tribunals and investigative committees was also arbitrary. Compared to their political and military counterparts, economic collaborators were given milder sentences, and collaborators in the civil services were seldom, or hardly, punished at all. In this sense, there was inequality before the law. A similar inequality existed, moreover, with respect to the economic collaborators themselves; petty economic collaborators were generally arrested, whereas the ‘big shots’ were rarely detained. The recovery of the Dutch social structure, and particularly the interests of post-war economic reconstruction largely determined the proceedings. Klemann’s arguments are riddled with highly moral judgements. This is remarkable, since he criticises me for employing such judgements, which in his view should have no place in an historical work. Although I have consistently sought to avoid moral judgements, Klemann obviously confuses the judgements of officials of the special administration of criminal justice with mine. It is true that I have repeatedly reproduced these in the book, without intending to present them as my own. In his contribution Faber stresses, in my view correctly, that precise information about the number of dossiers in the Centraal Archief Bijzondere Rechtspleging (CABR) is missing. For future research, clear answers are indeed needed to answer the question on how many dossiers and suspects we are dealing with here. It is clearly in society’s best interest for more work to be carried out at the CABR and for the data that is found there to be stored in a database. The authorities should accept their responsibility in this matter and be prepared to fund the project. Onderdeel van het discussiedossier Noodzakelijk kwaad.
De representatieve fictie. Politieke vertegenwoordiging tussen oude orde en moderniteit
Authors: Sas N.C.F. van 
Published: September 2015

The representative fiction. Political representation between old order and modernityIn this article some connections are explored in Dutch thinking on political representation between the old order of the Dutch Republic and post-revolutionary modernity. Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, the framer of the Dutch constitution of 1814, has been dubbed — with almost equal justification — an enlightened conservative and the Netherlands’ first liberal. He tried to come to terms with the innovations of the revolution, whilst at the same time attempting to preserve much of the Old Constitution (even if only in name). This required some inspired constitutional juggling. Hogendorp’s formulation of the representative principle in 1814 is presented as a conscious attempt to connect the ‘representative fiction’ of the Old Constitution of the Republic, as it had been conceptualised since the Dutch Revolt, with the concept of representation laid down in the various Batavian constitutions (and constitutional projects) since 1795. In more general terms it is suggested that the professed antimodernity of much Restoration thinking was intimately linked to revolutionary modernity and in itself hardly less modern. Thus many anti-modernists of the Restoration were paradoxically exemplifying both the great breach and the underlying continuities of the revolutionary era. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
Eclectisch en toch nieuw. De uitvinding van het Belgisch parlement in 1830-1831
Authors: Smaele H. De 
Published: September 2015

Eclectic yet still new. The creation of the Belgian parliament in 1830-1831The Belgian Constitution of 1831 consisted mainly of clauses borrowed from older constitutions. Besides, most members of the Constituent Assembly were guided by the British parliamentary model, which was also promoted by French liberal authors as a welcome alternative to republicanism. Nevertheless, it departed from the British liberal model on some crucial issues and reverted to the French republican model once again. In this sense, the Belgian Constitution was indeed eclectic. Nevertheless, the combination was both refreshingly innovative and explicit in that it excluded the holistic concepts of ‘nation’ that were present in both the British and the French models. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
Het gezag van 'mijnheer de voorzitter' in de parlementaire cultuur van de negentiende eeuw
Authors: Turpijn J. 
Published: September 2015

The authority of ‘Mr. Speaker’ in nineteenth-century Dutch parliamentary cultureThe contemporary authority of the Speaker of the Second Chamber is obvious. His presence, for example, is repeatedly evoked with the enchanting mantra ‘Mister Speaker’ [‘Mijnheer de voorzitter’], even though the Speaker hardly ever has anything to say concerning content. In the nineteenth century — the so-called ‘age of parliamentarianism’ — presidential authority was not a matter of course and was an important subject of political debate that lasted for decades. This article investigates the struggle for authority through the words and deeds of representatives, Speakers and political commentators. This quest for exemplary chairmanship resulted in a number of parliamentary rules, rituals and (invented) traditions. These will prove that, far from being a matter of course, the authority of ‘Mr. Speaker’ was in fact a wily construction.This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
Geschiedenis in multiperspectief
Authors: Sas N.C.F. van 
Published: September 2015

Niek van Sas, History from a multiple of perspectives A number of reviewers found the lay-out and design of De metamorphose van Nederland rather unconventional. The book consists of a series of separate studies, written from various perspectives, that attempt for example to defend a specific thesis, to challenge some historiographical cliché, or to shift the contours of a debate. Ido de Haan would have liked to seen a firm conclusion containing a model for the political development of the Netherlands. Instead, the two opening articles explored the evolution of the Dutch state and nation from the Dutch Revolt to the present day. Lode Wils examined the book from a specifically Belgian angle. He firmly disagrees with the view that under different conditions the Dutch-Belgian United Kingdom of William I (1815-1830) might well have been saved. For his part, Wils overestimates Belgium’s importance to the Dutch self-image after 1830 when he tries to explain the supposed anti-democratic reaction that was such a distinctive feature of the Netherlands right up until the Second World War. This response is part of the discussion forum 'De metamorfose van Nederland' (N.C.F. van Sas).
The Dutch canon debate. Reflections of an American
Authors: Kennedy J.C. 
Published: September 2015

James C. Kennedy, The Dutch Canon Debate: Reflections of an American This article offers an overview of the American debate over the ‘History Standards’ in the mid-1990s as a spring board for reflection on current Dutch efforts to develop a historical ‘canon.’ For several reasons, various Dutch attempts at canon-building are more solidly traditionalist than is the case in the United States. This stems in part from the fact that for along time there has been an American ‘canon’ about which to argue, making the past contested ground. Perhaps the greatest advantage of having a ‘canon’ in the Netherlands is to stimulate Dutch historians to offer opposing interpretations of the national past. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over de zin of onzin van een nationale canon'.
'Vergeet de hartstocht niet', de zin van gevoeligheid in de politieke geschiedenis
Authors: Santing C. 
Published: September 2015

Catrien Santing, ‘Don’t forget feelings’; the importance of sensitivity in political historySince the history of mentality in the 1970s and 1980s, Dutch historians have hardly paid any attention at all to the study of emotions in the past. On the rare occasions that this didtake place, the argument was usually related to personal relations in the private sphere. Departing from recent American, English and German ‘emotion-studies’, this article proposes to systematically take the public expression, use and meaning of feelings into consideration, thereby arriving at a broader, more rounded view of political history. This article is part of the forum 'Debat over emoties'.
Het Oera Linda-boek. Falsificatie of mystificatie?
Authors: Prevenier W. 
Published: September 2015

G.T. Jensma, De gemaskerde God. François HaverSchmidt en het Oera Linda-boek Walter Prevenier, The Oera Linda book. Forgery or hoaxThe manuscript of the Oera Linda book first appeared on the scene in 1867. It professed to date from the 13th century and presented an account of Friesian history from 557 BC to 1256 AD. Goffe Jensma argues convincingly that the manuscript is in fact a forgery written in pseudo-Runes on paper produced after 1850. It is also evidently a hoax, devised to gain sympathy for a certain approach of 19th century religion. Jensma identifies no less than four authors: the intellectual writer Piet Paaltjens (the pseudonym of François Haversmidt), the material scribe Cornelis Over de Linden, the translator, and the editor Eelco Verwijs. Jensma is not totally convinced that the philologist Verwijs, who came from Holland, intended to make a fool of the chauvinistic members of the Friesian Academy, who believed the text to be authentic. Instead, he viewed the Oera Linda more as a playful parody on the fantastic historiography about the Friesian past written by 16th century Friesian humanists. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De gemaskerde God' (G.T. Jensma).
De Haagse School en het nationale landschap
Authors: Krul W. 
Published: September 2015

Wessel Krul, The Hague School and the national landscapeFrom the 1870s onward, the so-called ‘Hague School’ was credited with the invention of a type of landscape painting which was felt to be truly national, in the sense that it realistically depicted the atmospheric qualities of the Dutch countryside. This connection between painting and national identity retained its influence until far into the twentieth century. The main characteristics of the new landscape painting were said to be ‘simplicity and veracity’. These ideals, however, had already been propagated in Dutch art criticism for a very long time. Wessel Krul examines the relationship between the changing concept of national identity in the Netherlands and the evolution of landscape painting from the Biedermeier style of B.C. Koekkoek and his followers to the new ‘realism’ of the Hague School. The identification of the new landscape painting with modern national sentiments was closely connected with the rise of the progressive liberal movement in the 1870s. Although the idea seemed convincing to several generations, the conception of the Hague School as the ‘true expression’ of the Dutch nation was as much a myth as the attempts at nationalism in painting that preceded it. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
Hoe ons Nederland een groen hart kreeg en het ook weer verloor
Authors: Kooij P. 
Published: September 2015

Pim Kooij, The Green Heart of the Netherlands. A transient inventionAround 1960 in the Netherlands the ‘Green Heart’ was invented: this was the name given to a vast area of polders, cleared peat areas, ponds and villages, on the borders of the Randstad; a conurbation in the west of the Netherlands. Up until this point, there had been little appreciation for this type of manmade landscape, but now it became the icon of the Dutch green area. At the same time, however, the area became the focus of a bitter dispute because real estate developers, businessmen, politicians etc. were eager to start building activities. They launched a campaign to win the support of the general public for the idea of fragmenting the Green Heart area. By 2000 they had achieved their goal. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
'Geschiedenis is nu eenmaal altijd politiek.' De studie-Drooglever als symptoom van de moeizame omgang van Nederland met het koloniaal verleden en de complexe relatie met Indonesië. Discussie over Een daad van vrije keuze
Authors: Meijer H. 
Published: September 2015

‘History is by definition political’. The Drooglever study as a symptom of the uneasy relationship the Netherlands has with its colonial past and its complex relationship with IndonesiaIn December 1999, the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs, J.J. van Aartsen, complied with a request from parliament for an historical study into the referendum held in 1969 among the Papua population in the former Dutch New Guinea. The outcome of this ‘Act of Free Choice’ was manipulated and resulted in the territory becoming a permanent part of Indonesia, which is what Indonesia had coveted all along. The decision to carry out the study angered the Indonesian government and resulted in a deterioration of the already fragile bilateral relations between both countries. When Drooglever’s findings were published the Balkenende II (2003-2006) cabinet was confronted with a dilemma: how could it do justice to the study carried out by the historian P. J. Drooglever on the one hand, yet try to repair the political damage to its relations with Indonesia on the other. In the context of the complex Dutch-Indonesian relationship in general this article not only deals with Van Aartsen’s motives for accepting this controversial research, but also explains why Indonesia reacted as it did and outlines how the Balkenende government tried to deal with this thorny issue. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Een daad van vrije keuze' (P.J. Drooglever).
Doen geloven? Vroegmoderne katholieke catechese tussen pedagogische overmoed en pastoraal pessimisme
Authors: Put E. 
Published: September 2015

Make believe? The early modern Catholic catechism. Somewhere between educational exuberance and pastoral pessimism.A wealth of historical research has been carried out in the field of religious education; studies of religious writings, particularly catechisms and other manuals, have proved to be very productive. However, the impact of catechism teaching has been studied less intensively. This article focuses on the high hopes the Catholic Reform movement had for systematic religious education. The specific grammar of schooling, which was the result of this ambition, left a strong mark on religious life in the southern Netherlands. The impact on the way ordinary people experienced their belief is hard to measure. However there is strong evidence that, in spite of the educational exuberance of some priests, many others were rather pessimistic about the outcome of their pastoral work. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
Oorsprong, eenvoud en natuur. De bloeitijd van de kunstenaarskolonies, 1860-1910
Authors: Krul W. 
Published: September 2015

Back to basics, simplicity and nature. The Golden Age of artists’ colonies, 1860-1910During the nineteenth century, the Low Countries saw the rise of a large number of artists’ colonies in rural areas. The density of these colonies in the Netherlands and Belgium was the result of the marked contrast between the towns, which were gradually modernizing, and the seemingly unspoilt and completely traditional countryside. The colonies followed a standard pattern. The painters settled in villages in picturesque natural surroundings, preferably also with picturesque inhabitants, not too far removed from the main urban centres. An inn providing cheap lodgings was a basic requirement. Often, a slightly older artist with paternal leanings acted as a benevolent host. The ideas behind the colonies usually consisted of a mixture of Utopian expectations, national and historical reminiscences, a longing for medical and spiritual regeneration, and a veneration of ‘nature’, both in the landscape and in the supposed innocence of the local inhabitants. In general, the colonies were soon overtaken by tourism and suburbanization. Toward the end of the century, the accent came to rest more and more on experiments in lifestyle, and less on the arts as such. The ideologies of the fin de siècle aimed on the one hand to establish a new contact with ‘nature’, which was seen as a regenerative power, but on the other hand strove to overcome ‘nature’, which was also viewed as the source of baser instincts and the materialist aspects of life. This ambivalent conception of nature stimulated the founding of numerous colonies and at the same time made them superfluous, as the new spiritualism turned away from the visual representation of natural reality. The career of Piet Mondrian, a frequent visitor to several artists’ colonies, exemplifies this fundamental paradox. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
Het dilemma van een verleidelijk crossover boek
Authors: Schuurman A. 
Published: September 2015

Woud, A. van der, Een nieuwe wereld. Het ontstaan van het moderne Nederland (Amsterdam 2006) The Predicament of a Seductive Crossover BookAuke van der Woud’s new book is a must for everyone interested in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly the consequences of spatial change. His book has all the virtues and vices of a crossover book, that is one which appeals to two different audiences. It is a book based on new research written for the general reader. Therefore, it is not clear enough with regard to various scientific questions. More explicit attention for the role of industrial capitalism and the process of democracy would have enriched the book even more. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Een nieuwe wereld' (A. van der Woud).
De twee culturen
Authors: Krul W. 
Published: September 2015

Two Different CulturesIn his Een nieuwe wereld (2006), Auke van der Woud charts the rise of a new technological culture in the second half of the 19th century. He contrasts the optimism shown by the writers of this period with the pessimism which pervaded thinking on culture in the earlier part of the 20th century. In this commentary it is argued that technology is not a separate sphere of culture but that it is value-neutral, inducing optimism or pessimism according to the use made of it. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Een nieuwe wereld' (A. van der Woud).
Laveren tussen loyaal en formalistisch
Authors: Renders H. 
Published: September 2015

Meindert Fennema en Johan Rhijnsburger, Dr. Max Hirschfeld. Man van het grote geld (Amsterdam 2007). Hovering between Loyalty and BureaucracyHans Max Hirschfeld has often been the subject of discussion: he was Secretary General of the Ministry of Trade and Industry during World War II and, as such, a collaborator. Or should we regard him as a faithful and obedient civil servant who simply performed the task entrusted to him by his successive (political) superiors? The question is all the more intriguing because Hirschfeld was of German descent, even though he only lived in the land of his birth for four months of his life. Hirschfeld has been the subject of two successive biographies. In the opening article of this dossier on Meindert Fennema’s biography of Hirschfeld, Hans Renders describes the value that the biographical genre holds for history writing. Although there is certainly some criticism to be levelled at Fennema’s biography, he has succeeded in providing a balanced account of this sphinx-like man. This is indeed an achievement, as Hirschfeld’s private archive was destroyed upon his death. Thanks to the use of other sources, the biographer makes a convincing case that Hirschfeld’s thoughts and deeds were strongly influenced by the headstrong Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825). This review is part of the discussion forum 'Dr. Max Hirschfeld. Man van het grote geld' (Meindert Fennema en Johan Rhijnsburger).