bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐history constraints in grassland plant species: a growth‐defence trade‐off is the norm
Authors: Lind Eric M. , Borer Elizabeth , Seabloom Eric , Adler Peter , Bakker Jonathan D. , Blumenthal Dana M. , Crawley Mick , Davies Kendi , Firn Jennifer , Gruner Daniel S. , Stanley Harpole W. , Hautier Yann , Hillebrand Helmut , Knops Johannes , Melbourne Brett , Mortensen Brent , Risch Anita C. , Schuetz Martin , Stevens Carly , Wragg Peter D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPlant growth can be limited by resource acquisition and defence against consumers, leading to contrasting trade‐off possibilities. The competition‐defence hypothesis posits a trade‐off between competitive ability and defence against enemies (e.g. herbivores and pathogens). The growth‐defence hypothesis suggests that strong competitors for nutrients are also defended against enemies, at a cost to growth rate. We tested these hypotheses using observations of 706 plant populations of over 500 species before and following identical fertilisation and fencing treatments at 39 grassland sites worldwide. Strong positive covariance in species responses to both treatments provided support for a growth‐defence trade‐off: populations that increased with the removal of nutrient limitation (poor competitors) also increased following removal of consumers. This result held globally across 4 years within plant life‐history groups and within the majority of individual sites. Thus, a growth‐defence trade‐off appears to be the norm, and mechanisms maintaining grassland biodiversity may operate within this constraint.
Effects of spawning Pacific salmon on the isotopic composition of biota differ among southeast Alaska streams
Authors: REISINGER ALEXANDER J. , CHALONER DOMINIC T. , RÜEGG JANINE , TIEGS SCOTT D. , LAMBERTI GARY A. 
Published: January 2013

Summary1. Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.) transport marine nutrients to fresh waters and disturb sediments during spawning. The relative importance of nutrient fertilisation and benthic disturbance by salmon spawners can be modulated by environmental conditions (e.g. biological, chemical and physical conditions in the catchment, including human land use).2. To determine the importance of the environmental context in modifying the uptake and incorporation of salmon‐derived material into stream biota, we measured the nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic composition of benthic algae (i.e. epilithon) and juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in seven streams across a timber‐harvest gradient (8–69% catchment area harvested), both before and during the salmon run. Conditional bootstrap modelling simulations were used to assess variability in the response of epilithon and juvenile coho salmon to spawning salmon.3. In response to spawning salmon, epilithon exhibited enrichment in both δ15N (mean: 1.5‰) and δ13C (2.3‰). Juvenile coho were also enriched in both δ15N (0.7‰) and δ13C (1.4‰). Conditional bootstrap models indicate decreased variation in data as spatial replication increases, suggesting that the number of study sites can influence the results of Pacific salmon isotope studies.4. Epilithon isotopic enrichment was predicted by environmental conditions, with δ15N enrichment predicted by stream temperature and timber harvest (R2 = 0.87) and δ13C enrichment by discharge, sediment size, timber harvest and spawner density (R2 = 0.96). Furthermore, we found evidence for a legacy effect of salmon spawners, with pre‐spawner δ15N and δ13C of both epilithon and juvenile coho predicted by salmon run size in the previous year.5. Our results show that the degree of incorporation of salmon‐derived nitrogen and carbon differs among streams. Furthermore, the environmental context, including putative legacy effects of spawning salmon, can influence background isotopic concentrations and utilisation of salmon‐derived materials in southeast Alaska salmon streams. Future studies should consider the variation in isotopic composition of stream biota when deciding on the number of study sites and samples needed to generate meaningful results.
African Colonial Economies: Land, Labor, and Livelihoods
Authors: Ochonu Moses 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn what ways and through what mechanisms and policy instruments did colonial regimes seek to draw Africans into the colonial economy as laborers, wage earners, taxpayers, and consumers of foreign manufactured goods? How successful were colonial efforts to reform access to agricultural land as a way of establishing a foundation for colonial agriculture, undermining preexisting but disfavored African land tenure practices, compelling taxation, and mobilizing African labor? This essay responds to these and related questions, surveying the main debates, key conceptual turns, and points of discussion on a critical aspect of colonial economic management in Africa: the commoditization of land and labor by colonial regimes and its consequences. The essay discusses the intertwinements of land and labor mobilization regimes, and the ways in which African maneuvers, initiatives, and strategies of self‐preservation produced outcomes that confounded and at times defeated colonial intentions in matters of land and labor.
Validation of the prognostic grouping of the seventh edition of the tumor‐nodes‐metastasis classification using a large‐scale prospective cohort study database of prostate cancer treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Kimura Tomokazu , Onozawa Mizuki , Miyazaki Jun , Kawai Koji , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Hinotsu Shiro , Akaza Hideyuki 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveIn the TNM seventh edition, a prognostic grouping for prostate cancer incorporating prostate‐specific antigen and Gleason score was advocated. The present study was carried out to evaluate and validate prognostic grouping in prostate cancer patients.MethodsThe 15 259 study patients treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy were enrolled in the Japan Study Group of Prostate Cancer. Overall survival was stratified by tumor–nodes–metastasis, Gleason score and prostate‐specific antigen, and extensively analyzed. The accuracy of grouping systems was evaluated by the concordance index.ResultsThe 5‐year overall survival in prognostic grouping‐I, IIA, IIB, III and IV was 90.0%, 88.3%, 84.8%, 80.6% and 57.1%, respectively. When considering subgroup stratification, the 5‐year overall survival of subgroups prognostic grouping‐IIA, IIB, III and IV was 80.9∼90.5%, 75.4∼91.8%, 75.7∼89.0% and 46.9∼86.2%, respectively. When prognostic grouping‐IIB was subclassified into IIB1 (except IIB2) and IIB2 (T1–2b, prostate‐specific antigen >20, Gleason score ≥8, and T2c, Gleason score ≥8), the 5‐year overall survival of IIB2 was significantly lower than that of IIB1 (79.4% and 87.3%, P < 0.0001). Also, when prognostic grouping‐IV was subclassified into IV1 (except IV2) and IV2 (M1, prostate‐specific antigen >100 or Gleason score ≥8), the 5‐year overall survival of prognostic grouping‐IV1 was superior to that of IV2 (72.9% and 49.5%, P < 0.0001). Prognostic groupings were reclassified into modified prognostic groupings, divided into modified prognostic grouping‐A (prognostic grouping‐I, IIA, and IIB1), modified prognostic grouping‐B (prognostic grouping‐IIB2 and III), modified prognostic grouping‐C (prognostic grouping‐IV1) and modified prognostic grouping‐D (prognostic grouping‐IV2). The concordance index of prognostic grouping and modified prognostic grouping for overall survival was 0.670 and 0.685, respectively.ConclusionPrognostic grouping could stratify the prognosis of prostate cancer patients. However, there is considerable variation among the prognostic grouping subgroups. Thus, the use of a modified prognostic grouping for patients treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy is advisable.
Role of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor in the treatment of metastatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma: A case report
Authors: Kohno Jin , Matsui Yoshiyuki , Yamasaki Toshinari , Shibasaki Noboru , Kamba Tomomi , Yoshimura Koji , Sumiyoshi Shinji , Mikami Yoshiki , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEpithelioid angiomyolipoma has malignant potential; however, no effective therapy has been established for advanced cases. A 50‐year‐old woman with a history of right nephrectomy for epithelioid angiomyolipoma was referred to our institution. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple tumors in her lung, liver and pelvic cavity. The liver and pelvic tumor specimens obtained by needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of epithelioid angiomyolipoma recurrence. The patient was treated with everolimus (10 mg/day). Three months later, pulmonary lesions disappeared; liver and pelvic tumors significantly shrank in size, but the pelvic tumor gradually enlarged again. We carried out surgical resection of the residual liver and pelvic cavity tumors. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor seems to be effective for treating epithelioid angiomyolipoma, its long‐term effects remain unknown. Thus, aggressive administration of a multidisciplinary treatment including molecular target therapy and surgical resection is required to improve the prognosis of epithelioid angiomyolipoma.
The MYSTerious MOZ, a histone acetyltransferase with a key role in haematopoiesis
Authors: Perez‐Campo Flor M. , Costa Guilherme , Lie‐a‐Ling Michael , Kouskoff Valerie , Lacaud Georges 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe MOnocytic leukaemia Zing finger (MOZ; MYST3 or KAT6A1) gene is frequently found translocated in acute myeloid leukaemia. MOZ encodes a large multidomain protein that contains, besides others, a histone acetyl transferase catalytic domain. Several studies have now established the critical function of MOZ in haematopoiesis. In this review we summarize the recent findings that underscore the relevance of the different biological activities of MOZ in the regulation of haematopoiesis.
SMAD regulatory networks construct a balanced immune system
Authors: Malhotra Nidhi , Kang Joonsoo 
Published: January 2013

SummaryA balanced immune response requires combating infectious assaults while striving to maintain quiescence towards the self. One of the central players in this process is the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), whose deficiency results in spontaneous systemic autoimmunity in mice. The dominant function of TGF‐β is to regulate the peripheral immune homeostasis, particularly in the microbe‐rich and antigen‐rich environment of the gut. To maintain intestinal integrity, the epithelial cells, myeloid cells and lymphocytes that inhabit the gut secrete TGF‐β, which acts in both paracrine and autocrine fashions to activate its signal transducers, the SMAD transcription factors. The SMAD pathway regulates the production of IgA by B cells, maintains the protective mucosal barrier and promotes the balanced differentiation of CD4+ T cells into inflammatory T helper type 17 cells and suppressive FOXP3+ T regulatory cells. While encounters with pathogenic microbes activate SMAD proteins to evoke a protective inflammatory immune response, SMAD activation and synergism with immunoregulatory factors such as the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid enforce immunosuppression toward commensal microbes and innocuous food antigens. Such complementary context‐dependent functions of TGF‐β are achieved by the co‐operation of SMAD proteins with distinct dominant transcription activators and accessory chromatin modifiers. This review highlights recent advances in unravelling the molecular basis for the multi‐faceted functions of TGF‐β in the gut that are dictacted by fluid orchestrations of SMADs and their myriad partners.
Indirect pulp treatment vs antibiotic sterilization of deep caries in mandibular primary molars
Authors: Trairatvorakul Chutima , Sastararuji Treesa 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundCalcium hydroxide indirect pulp treatment (CH‐IPT) and antibiotic sterilization using a mixture of three antibiotics (3Mix‐MP) of deep caries are similar non‐invasive vital pulp treatments. No studies have compared their clinical and radiographic success rates in primary molars.AimTo compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of CH‐IPT and 3Mix‐MP in carious lesions approaching the pulp of mandibular primary molars.DesignEighty‐two mandibular primary molars from 50 children, aged 3–8 years, with carious lesions approaching the pulp, and meeting the inclusion criteria, were randomly assigned for either treatment. After treatment, blinded clinical/radiographic evaluation was performed at 6–11 and 12–29 month recalls.ResultsAt 6–11 months, the overall success rates of CH‐IPT and 3Mix‐MP were 82% and 81% (P = 0.91), respectively. At 12–29 months, the success rates were 94% and 78% (P = 0.08), respectively. The most frequently observed failure at the 12–29 month recall was internal resorption (one CH‐IPT tooth and three 3Mix‐MP teeth).ConclusionThere was no statistically significant difference in overall success rates between CH‐IPT and 3Mix‐MP in treating deep caries approaching the pulp in mandibular primary molars at either 6–11 month or 12–29 month follow‐up.
WHAT DETERMINES RELIGIOUS SCHOOL CHOICE? THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM RURAL BANGLADESH
Authors: Asadullah M. Niaz , Chakrabarti Rupa , Chaudhury Nazmul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at the determinants of school selection in rural Bangladesh, focusing on the choice between registered Islamic and non‐religious schools. Using a unique dataset on secondary school‐age children from rural Bangladesh, we find that madrasah enrolment falls as household income increases. At the same time, more religious households, and those that live further away from a non‐religious school are more likely to send their children to madrasahs. However, in contrast to the theory, we find that Islamic school demand does not respond to the average quality of schools in the locality.
Comparison of alternating pressure mattresses and overlays for prevention of pressure ulcers in ventilated intensive care patients: a quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Manzano Francisco , Pérez Ana‐María , Colmenero Manuel , Aguilar María‐Mar , Sánchez‐Cantalejo Emilio , Reche Ana‐María , Talavera Juan , López Francisca , Barco Sonia Frías‐Del , Fernández‐Mondejar Enrique 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the effectiveness of alternating pressure air mattresses vs. overlays to prevent pressure ulcers in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units.BackgroundPressure ulcers prevention is an important issue in the nursing of critically ill patients. It is not clear whether alternating pressure air mattresses are more effective than overlays to prevent pressure ulcers.DesignProspective quasi‐experimental study.MethodsA prospective quasi‐experimental study was conducted among patients in the medical–surgery intensive care unit of a university hospital on mechanical ventilation ≥24 hours during two time periods (2001 and 2006). Overlays were used in 2001 and mattresses in 2006. Primary outcome was the incidence of pressure ulcers grade ≥II (according to the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel) during intensive care unit stay.ResultsThe study included 221 patients (116 in 2001 and 105 in 2006). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups except for a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, total and first‐day respiratory Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score on day 1 in overlay group. There was significantly lower incidence density in the mattress vs. overlay group (12·41 cases/1000 days vs. 18·67 cases/1000 days of stay). The multivariate analyses showed the use of the mattress to be a protective factor against pressure ulcer onset.ConclusionThis quasi‐experiment study that alternative pressure air mattresses were more effective than alternating pressure air overlays in preventing pressure ulcers in mechanically ventilated critical care patients.
Detection of emamectin benzoate tolerance emergence in different life stages of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L
Authors: Jones P G , Hammell K L , Gettinby G , Revie C W 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEmamectin benzoate has been used to treat sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Recent evidence suggests a reduction in effectiveness in some locations. A major challenge in the detection of tolerance emergence can be the typically low proportion of resistant individuals in a population during the early phases. The objectives of this study were to develop a method for determining differences in temporal development of tolerance between sea lice life stages and to explore how these differences might be used to improve the monitoring of treatment effectiveness in a clinical setting. This study examined two data sets based on records of sea lice abundance following emamectin benzoate treatments from the west coast of Scotland (2002–2006) and from New Brunswick, Canada (2004–2008). Life stages were categorized into two groups (adult females and the remaining mobile stages) to examine the trends in mean abundance and treatment effectiveness. Differences in emamectin benzoate effectiveness were found between the two groups by year and location, suggesting that an important part of monitoring drug resistance development in aquatic ectoparasites may be the need to focus on key life stages.
Co‐infection patterns of infectious salmon anaemia and sea lice in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in southern Chile (2007–2009)
Authors: Valdes‐Donoso P , Mardones F O , Jarpa M , Ulloa M , Carpenter T E , Perez A M 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInfectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) caused a large epidemic in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chile in 2007–2009. Here, we assessed co‐infection patterns of ISAV and sea lice (SL) based on surveillance data collected by the fish health authority. ISAV status and SL counts in all Atlantic salmon farms located in the 10th region of Chile were registered monthly from July 2007 through December 2009. Each farm was categorized monthly according to its ISAV and SL status. A multinomial time‐space scan test using a circular window was applied to identify disease clusters, and a multivariate regression model was fitted to quantify the association between disease‐clustering and farm‐management factors. Most of the identified clusters (9/13) were associated with high SL burdens. There were significant associations (P < 0.05) between management factors and ISAV/SL status. Areas in which good management practices were associated with a reduced disease risk were identified. The findings of this study suggest that certain management practices can effectively reduce the risk of SL and ISAV in the face of an epidemic and will be helpful towards creating an effective disease control programme in Chile.
Antibody screening identifies 78 putative host proteins involved in Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection or propagation in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L
Authors: Gotesman M , Soliman H , El‐Matbouli M 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) is the aetiological agent of a serious and notifiable disease afflicting common and koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., termed koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). Significant progress has been achieved in the last 15 years, since the initial reports surfaced from Germany, USA and Israel of the CyHV‐3 virus, in terms of pathology and detection. However, relatively few studies have been carried out in understanding viral replication and propagation. Antibody‐based affinity has been used for detection of CyHV‐3 in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and PCR‐based techniques, and immunohistological assays have been used to describe a CyHV‐3 membrane protein, termed ORF81. In this study, monoclonal antibodies linked to N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)‐activated spin columns were used to purify CyHV‐3 and host proteins from tissue samples originating in either CyHV‐3 symptomatic or asymptomatic fish. The samples were next analysed either by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and subsequently by electrospray ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) or by ESI‐MS analysis directly after purification. A total of 78 host proteins and five CyHV‐3 proteins were identified in the two analyses. These data can be used to develop novel control methods for CyHV‐3, based on pathways or proteins identified in this study.
Effects of channel shape on propagation characteristics of flood flows through a valley
Authors: Takemura Y. , Fukuoka S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of the planar, longitudinal, and cross‐sectional form (channel shape) of a river channel on the propagation of a flood flow is important for proper river improvement and management. This paper shows that the propagation characteristics of a discharge hydrograph of a flood flow are closely related to temporal changes in the mean velocity. We defined the storage volume of a flood flow produced by a decrease in the mean velocity as the ‘retarding storage volume of a flood flow’. By using observed data and unsteady two‐dimensional flow analysis of a flood of the Go River valley in June 1999, the propagation mechanics of the discharge hydrograph is described in relation to the channel shape, storage volume, and retarding storage volume.
Food label usage and reported difficulty with following a gluten‐free diet among individuals in the USA with coeliac disease and those with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity
Authors: Verrill L. , Zhang Y. , Kane R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with coeliac disease (CD) and those with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (GS) have reported difficulty following a gluten‐free diet (GFD); however, few studies have explored the link between the food label, gluten‐free (GF) claims and the difficulty associated with following a GFD.MethodsThe present study surveyed adults with CD (n = 1,583) and adults with GS (n = 797) about their reported difficulty following a GFD, including assessing the role of food labels and GF claims, as well as other factors known to contribute to this difficulty. A two‐sample t‐test and chi‐squared tests for equality of means or proportions were used for the descriptive data and ordinal logistic regression (OLR) was used to model associations.ResultsOn average, individuals with GS reported slightly more difficulty following the GFD than did participants with CD. According to the OLR results, reading the food label often was significantly associated with less reported difficulty following a GFD, whereas consuming packaged processed foods and looking for GF claims more often were significantly associated with more reported difficulty for both respondent groups.ConclusionsIndividuals with GS may rely more heavily on the GF claim for information about a product's gluten content. Individuals with CD, on the other hand, may be more experienced food label readers and may rely more on the ingredient list for finding GF foods. More studies are needed aiming to understand the role of the food label in facilitating consumers' ability to follow a GFD.