bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Thermal and Magnetic Properties of New Coordination Compounds based on Mn(NCS)2 with 2‐Chloropyrazine and 2‐Methylpyrazine as neutral Co‐Ligand
Authors: Wöhlert Susanne , Runčevski Tomče , Dinnebier Robert E. , Näther Christian 
Published: October 2013

AbstractReaction of manganese(II) thiocyanate with 2‐chloropyrazine leads always to the formation of a compound of composition Mn(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)4 (1‐Mn/Cl) that consists of discrete complexes, in which the manganese cation is coordinated by two terminal thiocyanato anions and four 2‐chloropyrazine ligands. In contrast, with 2‐methylpyrazine only an aqua complex of composition Mn(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine)2(H2O)2 (1‐Mn/CH3) is obtained that also consists of discrete octahedrally coordinated complexes. Moreover, a few single crystals of Mn(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)4·Mn(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)2(H2O)2·2‐chloropyrazine trisolvate (2‐Mn/Cl) and Mn(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine)2(H2O)2·Mn(NCS)2(H2O)4 (2‐Mn/CH3) were accidently obtained but no larger amounts are available. On heating, 1‐Mn/Cl and 1‐Mn/CH3 transforms into new compounds of composition Mn(NCS)2(L)2 (L = 2‐chloropyrazine) (4‐Mn/Cl) and 2‐methylpyrazine (3‐Mn/CH3). Surprisingly on further heating 1‐Mn/CH3 looses additional 2‐methylpyrazine ligands and transforms into a new compound of composition Mn(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine) (4‐Mn/CH3). Compound 4‐Mn/Cl is isotypic to its cobalt(II) analog and 4‐Mn/CH3 is isotypic to Cd(NCS)2(2‐methylpyrazine) reported recently and therefore, both structures were refined by the Rietveld method. The crystal structures of both compounds are strongly related. They consists of dimeric units, in which each two manganese cations are linked by pairs of μ‐1, 3‐bridging thiocyanato anions, which are further connected into layers by single μ‐1, 3‐bridging anionic ligands. In contrast to 4‐Mn/Cl, in 4‐Mn/CH3 these layers are further linked into a 3D coordination network by the 2‐methylpyrazine ligands. Magnetic measurements reveal that 1‐Mn/Cl, 1‐Mn/CH3, and 3‐Mn/CH3 shows only Curie‐ or Curie‐Weiss paramagnetism, whereas 4‐Mn/Cl and 4‐Mn/CH3 shows antiferromagnetic ordering at TN = 22.9 K and at 26.5 K. The results of these investigations are compared with those obtained for related compounds.
Simulating climate change: temperature extremes but not means diminish performance in a widespread butterfly
Authors: Bauerfeind Stephanie Sandra , Fischer Klaus 
Published: October 2013

AbstractClimate‐change induced shifts in species’ temporal and geographic niches have been well documented, while plastic and genetic responses to climatic change have received much less attention. Plastic responses to changes in temperature are generally well understood, though most experimental studies to date have used constant temperature regimes, the reliability of which is under debate. We here investigate plastic responses in the widespread butterfly Pieris napi to simulated climate change, using ecologically realistic diurnal temperature cycles and current and predicted temperature regimes including effects of a heat wave. Increasing the temperature mean by 3 °C predominantly affected developmental times, cold resistance and adult life span, while an increase in the diurnal temperature amplitude had very little effects. Immune function responded only weakly to different thermal regimes. The simulation of a prolonged heat wave severely impaired juvenile survival, body size and longevity, supporting the wide‐held notion that extreme weather events will be much more important for species’ performance and local survival than moderate increases in temperature means. Given that the frequency of extreme weather events is predicted to increase with climate change, even widespread species may be negatively affected.
A COPULA REGRESSION FOR MODELING MULTIVARIATE LOSS TRIANGLES AND QUANTIFYING RESERVING VARIABILITY
Authors: Shi Peng 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article proposes a claims reserving model for dependent lines of business with the accommodation of association among triangles by a copula function. We show that the family of elliptical copulas is a pretty convenient choice to capture the dependencies introduced by various sources, including the common calendar year effects. To quantify the associated reserving variability, we resort to parametric bootstrapping techniques for simulating the predictive distribution of outstanding liabilities and for calculating the three components of predictive uncertainty: the model error, the process error and the estimation error. Numerical analysis is performed for a portfolio of casualty insurance from a major U.S. insurer.
Low-methane yield sheep have smaller rumens and shorter rumen retention time
Authors: Goopy John P. , Donaldson Alastair , Hegarty Roger , Vercoe Philip E. , Haynes Fay , Barnett Mark , Oddy V. Hutton 
Published: October 2013

In the present study, following the measurement of methane emissions from 160 mature ewes three times, a subset of twenty ewes was selected for further emission and physiological studies. Ewes were selected on the basis of methane yield (MY; g CH4/kg DM intake) being low (Low MY: >1sdbelow the mean;n10) or high (High MY: >1sdabove the mean;n10) when fed a blended chaff ration at a fixed feeding level (1·2-fold maintenance energy requirements). The difference between the Low- and High-MY groups observed at the time of selection was maintained (P= 0·001) when remeasured 1–7 months later during digesta kinetics studies. Low MY was associated with a shorter mean retention time of particulate (P< 0·01) and liquid (P< 0·001) digesta, less amounts of rumen particulate contents (P< 0·01) and a smaller rumen volume (P< 0·05), but not apparent DM digestibility (P= 0·27) or urinary allantoin excretion (P= 0·89). Computer tomography scanning of the sheep's rumens after an overnight fast revealed a trend towards the Low-MY sheep having more clearly demarcated rumen gas and liquid phases (P= 0·10). These findings indicate that the selection of ruminants for low MY may have important consequences for an animal's nutritional physiology.
Sex differences in the composition of weight gain and loss in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Millward D. Joe , Truby Helen , Fox Kenneth R. , Livingstone M. Barbara E. , Macdonald Ian A. , Tothill Peter 
Published: October 2013

Sex differences in the ratio of fat mass (FM):fat-free mass (FFM) during weight change should differentially affect the extent of weight change during energy imbalance in men and women. In the present study, we determined FM and FFM contents by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and calculated the P-ratios (protein energy/total energy) of excess weight and weight loss during a randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss regimens. Overweight and obese women (n 210) and men (n 77) were studied at baseline and at 2 and 6 months during weight loss on four dietary regimens: Dr Atkins' New Diet Revolution; The Slim-Fast Plan; Weight-Watchers programme; Rosemary Conley's Diet and Fitness Plan. At baseline, the percentage of FFM (%FFM) and P-ratios of excess weight were 40 % and 0·071 for men and 27 % and 0·039 for women. At 2 months, men had lost twice as much weight as women and three times more FFM than women, indicating higher FFM content and P-ratios of weight loss for men, 0·052, than for women, 0·029, with no dietary effects. Between 2 and 6 months, the rate at which weight was lost decreased and the %FFM of weight loss decreased to similar low levels in men (7 %) and women (5 %): i.e. P-ratios of 0·009 and 0·006, respectively, with no dietary effects. Thus, for men compared with women, there were greater FFM content and P-ratios of weight change, which could partly, but not completely, explain their greater weight loss at 2 months. However, protein-conserving adaptations occur with increasing weight loss and over time, more extensively in men, eventually eliminating any sex difference in the composition of weight loss.
CIVIL UNREST AND THE CURRENT PROFILE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE, PAKISTAN
Authors: STHANADAR AFTAB ALAM , BITTLES ALAN H. , ZAHID MUHAMMAD 
Published: October 2013

SummaryInformation on the current prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in Malakand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan, was collected from 1192 rural couples. Some 66.4% of marriages were between couples related as second cousins or closer (F≥0.0156), equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) of 0.0338. The data suggest that the prevalence of consanguineous unions in Malakand has been increasing during the last decade, in response to the high levels of violence across KPK.
Use of milk amyloid A in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy ewes
Authors: Miglio Arianna , Moscati Livia , Fruganti Gabriele , Pela Michela , Scoccia Eleonora , Valiani Andrea , Maresca Carmen 
Published: October 2013

Subclinical mastitis (SM) is one of the most important diseases affecting dairy ewes worldwide, with negative impact on the animal health, farm income and public health. Animals with SM often remain untreated because the disease may not be revealed. Increase in somatic cell count (SCC) and positive bacteriology for mastitis pathogens in milk samples are indicative of SM but the evidence of only one of these alterations must suggest an uncertain SM (UM). UM is defined when positive bacteriological examination (Latent-SM) or SCC>500 000 cells/ml (non-specific-SM) are detected in milk. Nevertheless, SCC and bacteriological examination are expensive, time consuming and are not yet in use at the farm level in dairy ewes. Recently, a sensitive acute phase protein, amyloid A, displaying multiple isoforms in plasma and different body fluids including mammary secretion (milk amyloid A-MAA), has been investigated as a marker of mastitis in cows and, in a few studies, in sheep. The aim of this trial was to compare the concentration of MAA of single udder-halves in ewes with healthy udder-halves (HU-control group) and naturally occurring subclinical mastitis, both confirmed (SM group) and uncertain (UM groups: Latent-SM and non-specific-SM), for monitoring udder health. The reliability of a specific ELISA kit for the measurement of MAA was also tested. During a 3-month trial period, 153 udder halves were assigned to the experimental groups based on their health status: 25 with SM, 40 with UM (11 with latent-SM and 29 with non-specific-SM) and 88 HU. SCC and bacteriological analysis were performed to establish the control and subclinical mastitis groups. MAA concentrations in milk samples were measured using a specific commercially milk ELISA kit. The data were submitted to statistical analysis. Significant (P<0·05) differences among the groups SM, non-specific-SM and HU were detected with the SM having the highest level and HU the lowest. MAA concentration is affected by the udder health status and is a useful indicator of subclinical mastitis and increased SCC in sheep.
Reproductive biology of Benthosema pterotum (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the shelf region of the East China Sea
Authors: Sassa Chiyuki , Ohshimo Seiji , Tanaka Hiroshige , Tsukamoto Youichi 
Published: October 2013

Benthosema pterotum is a dominant myctophid in the shelf region of the East China Sea (ECS). They are a key species linking secondary producers and upper trophic levels. We examined the reproductive biology of B. pterotum in the ECS, based on 3065 specimens (10.7–54.8 mm standard length (SL)) sampled during cruises in 1999 and 2004–2009 to enable data over a 12 month cycle to be assessed. Between 14 and 30 mm SL, the ratio of females to males was ~1:1; it increased with SL, and all individuals ≥46 mm SL were females. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) at 50% sexual maturity of females and males was 3.91 and 0.24, respectively. Based on this criterion, females and males can mature at sizes larger than 28 mm and 24 mm SL, respectively. Although mature females having GSI ≥3.91 occurred over nine months (May–January), mean GSI of females peaked sharply during August–September, i.e. the primary spawning period. The hepatosomatic index peaked during April–July, and declined during August–September, indicating storage of materials and energy for reproduction. Based on data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys, small individuals of B. pterotum began to occur abundantly in autumn, and modal body lengths increased progressively during spring–summer, corresponding to the above reproductive seasonality. Oocytes at various sizes were found in mature ovaries, indicating that they are multiple spawners. Egg size at hydration ranged from 0.5 to 0.85 mm. Batch fecundity was positively correlated with SL, and ranged from 253 to 1942 eggs in fish from 30.1–54.8 mm SL.
JOHN CAGE IN SOVIET RUSSIA
Authors: Ivashkin Alexander 
Published: October 2013

AbstractJohn Cage's music was little known in the Soviet Union until the late 1960s, as official communist cultural policy would not allow his music to be performed or researched. This makes it all the more surprising that the only visit by the composer to Soviet Russia had become possible by 1988. The Soviet officials were planning a large festival of contemporary music in St Petersburg in 1988. With the changing climate Tikhon Khrennikov, the secretary of the All Soviet Union League of Composers, appointed by Stalin in 1948, was keen to be seen as a progressive at the time of Gorbachev's perestroika, and he approved the invitation for Cage to be present at the performances of his works in St Petersburg. This article includes interviews with the composer conducted by the author in 1987–1989, as well as recollections of the meetings with Cage at his home in New York City and in Moscow.
TIPPETT AND ELIOT
Authors: Soden Oliver 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMichael Tippett called T.S. Eliot his ‘spiritual and artistic mentor’, but the relationship between the two men has never been studied in detail. Eliot's numerous discussions with Tippett in the 1930s proved a lasting influence on the composer's beliefs about the coming-together of words and music. This article has three aims: first, to use Tippett's correspondence and writings to bring together the most accurate and complete biographical description of the relationship to date; second, to show that Tippett quoted from and alluded to the work of T.S. Eliot not only in his early pieces (as has hitherto been thought) but in much later compositions such as The Ice Break, The Mask of Time, and Byzantium; and third, to examine the libretto of Tippett's oratorio A Child of Our Time in the light of the composer's talks with Eliot. This article suggests that the inclusion in the oratorio of Negro spirituals was influenced by Eliot, and provides an analysis of the composer's own libretto through the lens of T.S. Eliot's essay ‘The Three Voices of Poetry’. Eliot's essay examines the number of voices in which the ‘I’ of a poem can speak, freed from the specificities of prose, and this article argues that Tippett, influenced by Eliot, harnessed the form of oratorio, freed from the specificities of opera, to allow it to speak in many voices.
Sacred Property and Public Property in the Greek City
Authors: Rousset Denis 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the ancient Greek city, was sacred land distinct from public land? Were there points of intersection or areas of overlap between the two or was there no distinction at all? First, evidence from Athens is examined through a discussion of N. Papazarkadas' recent monograph, Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens. Three criteria for classifying landed property as sacred are proposed in that study: the prohibition or authorization to cultivate sacred land; the use of revenues for cultic purposes; and the inalienability of sacred land. But this trio of criteria does not in fact allow us to establish a clear division between sacred land and public land. The evidence from other cities shows the existence of land defined simultaneously as ‘sacred and public’ and the possibility of co-ownership and joint possession between god and city; a distinct place within the city's total property could also be reserved for sacred property (either land or funds).
Anisotropy and polarization of space: Evidence from naïve optics and phenomenological psychophysics
Authors: Bianchi Ivana , Bertamini Marco 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAdditional evidence is presented concerning the anisotropy between vertical and horizontal encoding, which emerges from studies of human perception and cognition of space in plane mirror reflections. Moreover, it is suggested that the non-metric characteristic of polarization – that Jeffery et al. discuss with respect to gravity – is not limited to the vertical dimension.
Navigating through a volumetric world does not imply needing a full three-dimensional representation
Authors: Carbon Claus-Christian , Hesslinger Vera M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractJeffery et al. extensively and thoroughly describe how different species navigate through a three-dimensional environment. Undeniably, the world offers numerous three-dimensional opportunities. However, we argue that for most navigation tasks a two-dimensional representation is nevertheless sufficient, as physical conditions and limitations such as gravity, thermoclines, or layers of earth encountered in a specific situation provide the very elevation data the navigating individual needs.
Development of human spatial cognition in a three-dimensional world
Authors: Longstaffe Kate A. , Hood Bruce M. , Gilchrist Iain D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractJeffery et al. accurately identify the importance of developing an understanding of spatial reference frames in a three-dimensional world. We examine human spatial cognition via a unique paradigm that investigates the role of saliency and adjusting reference frames. This includes work with adults, typically developing children, and children who develop non-typically (e.g., those with autism).
Foreshortening affects both uphill and downhill slope perception at far distances
Authors: Ross Helen E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPerceived slope varies with the viewing distance, and is consistent with the effects of foreshortening. Distant viewing makes uphill slopes appear steeper and downhill slopes flatter than does near viewing. These effects are obvious to skiers and climbers in mountainous country. They have also been measured in outdoor experiments with controlled viewing distances. There are many other sources of slope illusions.
What is optimized in an optimal path?
Authors: Sparks Fraser T. , O'Reilly Kally C. , Kubie John L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn animal confronts numerous challenges when constructing an optimal navigational route. Spatial representations used for path optimization are likely constrained by critical environmental factors that dictate which neural systems control navigation. Multiple coding schemes depend upon their ecological relevance for a particular species, particularly when dealing with the third, or vertical, dimension of space.
Map fragmentation in two- and three-dimensional environments
Authors: Yamahachi Homare , Moser May-Britt , Moser Edvard I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe suggestion that three-dimensional space is represented by a mosaic of neural map fragments, each covering a small area of space in the plane of locomotion, receives support from studies in complex two-dimensional environments. How map fragments are linked, which brain circuits are involved, and whether metric is preserved across fragments are questions that remain to be determined.
Executive Function in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The NIH EXAMINER Battery
Authors: Schreiber Jane E. , Possin Katherine L. , Girard Jonathan M. , Rey-Casserly Celiane 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTheories of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increasingly highlight the role of neuropsychological impairment in ADHD; however, a consistent and identifiable pattern of performance on tests is not well established. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Executive Abilities: Measures and Instruments for Neurobehavioral Evaluation and Research (EXAMINER) battery provides measures of common variance across multiple executive function tests within specific domains and was used to characterize which executive functions are most affected in children with ADHD. Thirty-two children (24 male), ages 8–15 years (M = 12.02; SD = 2.29), diagnosed with ADHD and no comorbid disorder completed the NIH EXAMINER battery. Sixty age and gender matched healthy controls were chosen from a database of participants enrolled in the NIH EXAMINER multi-site study. Children with ADHD performed worse on the working memory score compared with the controls. No differences were found on the cognitive control or fluency scores. For children with ADHD, poorer working memory performance predicted parent report of child learning problems. Cognitive control and fluency scores did not predict learning problems. In summary, working memory emerges as a primary impairment in children with ADHD who have no comorbid disorders. Furthermore, working memory weaknesses may underlie the academic problems often seen in children with ADHD. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)
Long-term care – a review of global funding models (a working paper)
Authors: Elliott S. , Golds S. , Sissons I. , Wilson J. K. (Hamish) 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper looks at alternative long-term care (LTC) funding models and options. It analyses six global models and the potential applications to the UK. The paper provides a demographic overview for each of the six countries to illustrate the increasing global demand for LTC and the funding thereof which is becoming a global critical issue. It examines the approaches each country has taken to address the funding issue with varying degrees of public/private co-operation and partnerships. The authors hope that the lessons learned from these other markets will assist the UK as they try to come to grips with their growing social care funding issue.
Section 1. The Australian insecticide resistance management strategy
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryIn response to field pyrethroid failures against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in early 1983, an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy was introduced for insect control in summer crops in eastern Australia. The aims of this strategy were to contain the pyrethroid resistance problem, to prevent re-selection of historical endosulfan resistance (both curative IRM) and to avoid any future problems with organophosphate/carbamate resistance (preventative IRM). An alternation strategy was adopted which was based on the rotation of unrelated chemical groups on a per generation basis, along with a strong recommendation for the use of ovicidal mixtures. These chemical countermeasures were then integrated with other non-chemical control methods (biological and cultural) into a workable integrated pest management programme. The restrictions were applied to all Helicoverpa armigera susceptible crops (including cereals, oilseeds, grain legumes, tomatoes, tobacco and cotton) and even to other co-incident pest species. From its inception, compliance with the voluntary strategy has been exceptional.
Section 4. Pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance: selection and cross resistance studies
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryResistance to endosulfan and pyrethroids in Helicoverpa armigera in Australia was shown to be due to multiple rather than cross resistance. The independence of the endosulfan and pyrethroid resistance mechanisms vindicates the sequential use of these two groups in Stages I and II of the insecticide resistance management strategy, respectively. Within the cyclodienes, greatest resistance occurred to dieldrin with lower order cross resistance to endosulfan and endrin. Male and female moths expressed cyclodiene resistance equally.