bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated in‐chamber specimen coating for serial block‐face electron microscopy
Authors: TITZE B. , DENK W. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryWhen imaging insulating specimens in a scanning electron microscope, negative charge accumulates locally (‘sample charging’). The resulting electric fields distort signal amplitude, focus and image geometry, which can be avoided by coating the specimen with a conductive film prior to introducing it into the microscope chamber. This, however, is incompatible with serial block‐face electron microscopy (SBEM), where imaging and surface removal cycles (by diamond knife or focused ion beam) alternate, with the sample remaining in place.Here we show that coating the sample after each cutting cycle with a 1–2 nm metallic film, using an electron beam evaporator that is integrated into the microscope chamber, eliminates charging effects for both backscattered (BSE) and secondary electron (SE) imaging. The reduction in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) caused by the film is smaller than that caused by the widely used low‐vacuum method. Sample surfaces as large as 12 mm across were coated and imaged without charging effects at beam currents as high as 25 nA. The coatings also enabled the use of beam deceleration for non‐conducting samples, leading to substantial SNR gains for BSE contrast.We modified and automated the evaporator to enable the acquisition of SBEM stacks, and demonstrated the acquisition of stacks of over 1000 successive cut/coat/image cycles and of stacks using beam deceleration or SE contrast.
Beliefs About Cervical Cancer and Pap Test: A New Chilean Questionnaire
Authors: Urrutia Maria‐Teresa , Hall Rosemary 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to examine women's beliefs about cervical cancer and the Pap test in Chilean women.Design and MethodsThe questionnaire, developed following the guidelines by Robert de Vellis, is based on the Health Belief Model. The content validity index was 0.93 upon review by 10 Chilean experts. A cross‐sectional design was implemented to validate the questionnaire. The sample included 333 women recruited from a women's healthcare center in Santiago, Chile. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate validity and coefficient α to evaluate reliability.FindingsAfter six models were computed, the questionnaire was reduced from 53 to 28 items. The new questionnaire, CPC‐28 (in Spanish, Creencias, Papanicolaou, Cancer ‐28), includes six domains: the barriers domain to take a Pap test, the cues to action domain, the severity domain, the need to have a Pap test domain, the susceptibility to cervical cancer domain, and the benefit domain. The unexpected salient factor “need to have a Pap test” was found as part of the susceptibility domain proposed in the initial questionnaire. This finding is an important topic for future research. The CPC‐28 questionnaire explained 49% of the total variance, and the reliability was .735.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the CPC‐28 questionnaire will have important implications on research, education, and administration across disciplines.Clinical RelevanceNursing curricula and healthcare providers must stress the importance and reinforce the importance of prevention of cervical cancer and regular Pap test screenings.
Embracing uniqueness: The underpinnings of a positive climate for diversity
Authors: Groggins Ashley , Ryan Ann Marie 
Published: March 2013

Diversity initiatives do not necessarily yield sought‐after outcomes. Following Bamberger and Pratt's (2010 Acad. Manage. J. 53, 665) suggestion of pursuing exploration‐based unconventional research, we conducted a case study of a uniquely diverse organization. Using focus groups, interviews and reviews of organizational documents and artefacts, we describe what underlies a strong positive climate for diversity. The themes that emerged around centrality of diversity to identity, accommodation, respecting difference, continuous learning and structural inclusiveness indicated how diversity can be translated into attitudes (openness to change, openness to others, openness to error and perceived person‐environment fit) and competencies (efficacy for change, interpersonal competence, improvement capacity and actual person‐environment fit). Implications for promoting positive diversity climates that may enhance organizational effectiveness are discussed.Practitioner Points

Having a norm of accommodation can create attitudes of openness to change and help develop efficacy for change.

When respecting difference is essential to everyday functioning, interpersonal competence and openness to others is promoted.

Framing a diverse workplace as necessitating continuous learning can provide for openness to error that allows for organizational improvement.

To promote a positive diversity climate, attend to structural inclusiveness.
Entecavir versus lamivudine for hepatitis B prophylaxis in patients with haematological disease
Authors: Chen Fei W. , Coyle Luke , Jones Brett E. , Pattullo Venessa 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy may be associated with acute hepatitis, liver failure and/or death.AimTo audit the efficacy of entecavir as compared to lamivudine for the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation in patients with haematological disease receiving immunosuppression or chemotherapy.MethodsPatients treated for haematological disease with pretreatment serological evidence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (HBV surface antigen, HBsAg positive) or resolved HBV infection (HBsAg negative but HBV core antibody positive) are included in this study. Patients received lamivudine 100 mg or entecavir 0.5 mg daily. Hepatitis B serology, HBV DNA and ALT were audited at baseline, 6 months, year 1, 2 and 3. HBV reactivation was defined as a 1 log increase in HBV DNA from baseline or reversion to sAg positivity. The occurrence of jaundice, symptomatic hepatitis, liver failure or death were audited.ResultsOf the 40 patients included in the study, 65% (4 CHB and 22 resolved HBV) received entecavir and 35% (11 CHB and 3 resolved HBV) received lamivudine. One patient with resolved HBV experienced HBV seroreversion related to premature cessation of entecavir. Eight patients with CHB (two from entecavir group and six from lamivudine group) had detectable HBVDNA levels at baseline; one case of HBV reactivation related to probable lamivudine resistance was identified. No HBV related deaths occurred.ConclusionLamivudine and entecavir are both efficacious in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B reactivation. Entecavir should be used in preference to lamivudine in patients CHB with detectable baseline HBV DNA levels.
False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) from Japan and South Africa: Differences in growth and reproduction
Authors: Ferreira Inês M. , Kasuya Toshio , Marsh Helene , Best Peter B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAge and reproductive information for 65 false killer whales stranded in South Africa in 1981 are compared with similar material from 156 animals examined from drive fisheries in Japan in 1979 and 1980. Sizes at birth, sexual maturation, and physical maturity all indicated that both sexes were 10%–20% larger in Japan than South Africa. Females reached sexual maturation at similar ages (8–10.5 yr) in both populations, and although sample sizes were too small to establish male ages at puberty precisely the ranges in Japan (10.5–18.5 yr) and South Africa (5.25–17.5 yr) were not inconsistent. The initial ovulation rate for females from South Africa was 65% lower (and the apparent pregnancy rate 82% lower) than those from Japan and there were fewer animals ≤2 yr old within the school, but the magnitude of these differences suggests that the stranded school's reproductive performance was probably impaired. Collectively these comparisons and the literature indicate substantive size differences between false killer whales in different populations, although the patterns of growth appear similar. Firm conclusions about any geographical differences in reproduction require additional data.
Passionately internationalist: Fred Halliday and nationalism studies
Authors: Ozkirimli Umut 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this academic obituary is to briefly consider Fred Halliday's (1946‐2010) contribution to nationalism studies. The article will first discuss Halliday's understanding of nationalism, which he defines as a set of ideas that asserts that the world is divided into distinct peoples with a particular history and various entitlements, and his position in the theoretical debate on nationalism. It will then focus on Halliday's combat with the ethical doctrine of nationalism, more specifically the tension between the moral claims of the latter and what he loosely terms Enlightenment principles. The article will conclude by a brief discussion of Halliday's political commitments and his internationalism.
Madagascar's independence jubilee: a nation's holiday in times of crisis
Authors: Späth Mareike 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe fiftieth anniversary of Madagascar's independence in 2010 took place in the midst of political crisis. The transitory government staged large public parties to mark the Jubilee. Despite a public discussion about legitimacy and justification of this fact, the national holiday was lavishly celebrated. In Madagascar, Independence Day is also an important family event and emphasis was put on private celebrations including family feasts and reunions. As a result, it enhanced the participants' emotional attachment to their personal and local face‐to‐face milieu. This article asks how the golden jubilee was celebrated against a backdrop of political illegitimacy. I contrast official state‐led initiatives and individual agency in the private sphere and discuss how the national holiday has been appropriated and reinterpreted by the population as a family and community holiday. This article is based on qualitative ethnographical fieldwork in Antananarivo before, during and after the peak of the independence jubilee.
Age‐related changes in accommodation measured with a double‐pass system
Authors: Aldaba Mikel , Vilaseca Meritxell , Arjona Montserrat , Pujol Jaume 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPurposeTo measure the accommodative response in a wide age range population using the retinal image quality assessments provided by a double‐pass system.MethodsThe accommodative response was measured using a custom‐built double‐pass setup in 84 patients from 15 to 55 years of age. Patients were classified in four groups (A: 15–25 year old; B: 26–35; C: 36–45; D: 46–55). Accommodation was stimulated from 0 to 5 dioptres (D) with the push up method using an open field fixation test. The total accommodative response in the stimulated range, the accommodative stimulus‐response curve, the slope and the progression of optical quality with accommodation were measured.ResultsThe total accommodation obtained in groups A and B was high, with a mean value of 4 D or higher, whereas values in older individuals were significantly lower. The accommodative stimulus‐response curve and the slope were also high with a sudden decrease in patients over 35 years of age. The optical quality of the eye during accommodation did not change significantly.ConclusionsParticipants aged 15–35 years showed a good accommodative response. Thereafter, a significant decrease of the response in the total accommodation, stimulus response curve and slope was observed. The younger groups showed a larger accommodative response than previously published.
Prospects for genomic selection in forage plant species
Authors: Hayes Benjamin J. , Cogan Noel O. I. , Pembleton Luke W. , Goddard Michael E. , Wang Junping , Spangenberg German C. , Forster John W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractGenomic selection (GS) is a powerful method for exploitation of DNA sequence polymorphisms in breeding improvement, through the prediction of breeding values based on all markers distributed genome‐wide. Forage grasses and legumes provide important targets for GS implementation, as many key traits are difficult or expensive to assess, and are measured late in the breeding cycle. Generic attributes of forage breeding programmes are described, along with status of genomic resources for a representative species group (ryegrasses). Two schemes for implementing GS in ryegrass breeding are described. The first requires relatively little modification of current schemes, but could lead to significant reductions in operating cost. The second scheme would allow two rounds of selection for key agronomic traits within a time period previously required for a single round, potentially leading to doubling of genetic gain rate, but requires a purpose‐designed reference population. In both schemes, the limited extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD), which is the major challenge for GS implementation in ryegrass breeding, is addressed. The strategies also incorporate recent advances in DNA sequencing technology to minimize costs.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 signaling enhances TRPM1 calcium channel function and increases melanin content in human melanocytes
Authors: Devi Sulochana , Markandeya Yogananda , Maddodi Nityanand , Dhingra Anuradha , Vardi Noga , Balijepalli Ravi C. , Setaluri Vijayasaradhi 
Published: March 2013

SummaryMutations in TRPM1, a calcium channel expressed in retinal bipolar cells and epidermal melanocytes, cause complete congenital stationary night blindness with no discernible skin phenotype. In the retina, TRPM1 activity is negatively coupled to metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) signaling through Gαo and TRPM1 mutations result in the loss of responsiveness of TRPM1 to mGluR6 signaling. Here, we show that human melanocytes express mGluR6, and treatment of melanocytes with L‐AP4, a type III mGluR‐selective agonist, enhances Ca2+ uptake. Knockdown of TRPM1 or mGluR6 by shRNA abolished L‐AP4‐induced Ca2+ influx and TRPM1 currents, showing that TRPM1 activity in melanocytes is positively coupled to mGluR6 signaling. Gαo protein is absent in melanocytes. However, forced expression of Gαo restored negative coupling of TRPM1 to mGluR6 signaling, but treatment with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gi/Go proteins, did not affect basal or mGluR6‐induced Ca2+ uptake. Additionally, chronic stimulation of mGluR6 altered melanocyte morphology and increased melanin content. These data suggest differences in coupling of TRPM1 function to mGluR6 signaling explain different cellular responses to glutamate in the retina and the skin.
Venturing Beyond Analytic Philosophy's “Best” Arguments to the Implied Inadequacies of Its Metaphilosophical Intuitions
Authors: Margolis Joseph 
Published: March 2013

AbstractGary Gutting argues, in his recent book What Philosophers Know, that analytic philosophy provides a sizable collection of exemplary arguments that effectively yield a “disciplinary body of philosophical knowledge”—“metaphilosophy,” he names it—that is, specimens that define in a notably perspicuous way what we should understand as philosophical knowledge itself. He concedes weaknesses in the best‐known specimens, and he admits that, generally, even the best specimens do not provide answers to the usual grand questions. I admire his treatment of the matter but argue that the metaphilosophical issues are, normally, of a much grander gauge than that of his sort of specimen; that they require a much more open, informal sort of inquiry and exchange than that of the distinctive rigor of the classic specimens themselves; that analytic philosophy, not uncharacteristically, tends to ignore the metaphilosophical issue or takes the validity of its method of argument for granted; and that the issue itself invites an appraisal of competing second‐order conceptions of how philosophical argument proves fruitful. I proceed by way of the examination of cases drawn from Quine and Kripke.
On Two Main Themes in Gutting'sWhat Philosophers Know
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper addresses each of two ofGutting's three main contentions: that like anyone else, philosophers are entitled to begin with what they find obvious and that philosophy has produced a distinctive body of knowledge. I emphatically agree with the first contention and expand on it, defending a stronger claim. The second contention I dispute, in spirit if not in letter, on each of several grounds.
Rehabilitating Warranted Assertibility: Moral Inquiry and the Pragmatic Basis of Objectivity
Authors: Frega Roberto 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article defends a pragmatic conception of objectivity for the moral domain. I begin by contextualizing pragmatic approaches to objectivity and discuss at some length one of the most interesting proposals in this area,CherylMisak's conception of pragmatic objectivity. My general argument is that in order to defend a pragmatic approach to objectivity, the pragmatic stance should be interpreted in more radical terms than most contemporary proposals do. I suggest in particular that we should disentangle objectivity from truth, and I claim that moral inquiry is in most cases responsive to a normative standard that is closer to warranted assertibility than to truth. Using an argument that relies partly onHuwPrice's account of forms of normative assertion, I will show that a practice‐based account of warranted assertibility does the epistemic work required to defend objectivity while avoiding exposure to the criticisms that are usually addressed against this notion.
Intentionality and Compound Accounts of the Emotions
Authors: Blackman Reid D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMost philosophers of emotion endorse a compound account of the emotions: emotions are wholes made of parts; or, asIprefer to put it, emotions are mental states that supervene on other (mental) states. The goal of this paper is to ascertain how the intentionality of these subvening members relates to the intentionality of the emotions. Towards this end,Iproceed as follows. First,Idiscuss the problems with the accountJustinD'Arms andDanielJacobson offer of the intentionality of the emotions;Iargue their account is fundamentally misguided by virtue of being motivated by a misunderstanding of the nature of propositional attitudes. Second,Iargue againstPeterGoldie's claim that an affective component of an emotion contributes to its intentionality. Third,Ioffer my own compound account of emotions.Iargue (1) emotions are mental states that supervene on other mental states, (2) the mental states that constitute the subvenience base of emotion can have nonconceptual and/or conceptual representational content, and (3) an emotion's intentionality supervenes on (but is often not identical to) the intentionality of only one of its subvening members, specifically, the evaluative representation.
Age refinement of the Messinian salinity crisis onset in the Mediterranean
Authors: Manzi Vinicio , Gennari Rocco , Hilgen Frits , Krijgsman Wout , Lugli Stefano , Roveri Marco , Sierro Francisco J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe propose a revised age calibration of the Messinian salinity crisis onset in the Mediterranean at 5.971 Ma based on the recognition of an extra gypsum cycle in the transitional interval of the Perales section (Sorbas basin, Spain) and the revision of the magnetostratigraphy of the Monticino section (Vena del Gesso basin, Italy). This age re‐calibration allows to state more accurately that: (i) the interval encompassing theMSC‐onset is continuous, thus ruling out any erosional feature or stratigraphic hiatus related to a major sea‐level fall affecting the Mediterranean; (ii) the first gypsum was deposited during the summer insolation peak at 5.969 Ma associated with an eccentricity minimum and roughly coincident with glacial stageTG32; (iii) theMSC‐onset was preconditioned by the tectonically‐driven reduction of the hydrological exchanges with the Atlantic Ocean and finally triggered by glacial conditions in the northern hemisphere and by arid conditions in northern Africa.
Cardiac iron measurement and iron chelation therapy in patients with β thalassaemia major: experience from Taiwan
Authors: Lu M. ‐Y. , Peng S. S. F. , Chang H. ‐H. , Yang Y. ‐L. , Chen C. ‐A. , Jou S. ‐T. , Lin D. ‐T. , Lin K. ‐H. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe aims of our study were to evaluate (i) the relationship between cardiac T2* values and cardiac complications in Asian β‐thalassaemia major (TM) patients, and (ii) the association between cardiac T2* values and other parameters currently used to predict cardiac complications as a result of transfusion iron overload.MethodsWe examined the myocardial iron loads of 88 TM patients from Taiwan with cardiac T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and assessed the correlation between cardiac T2* values and serum ferritin levels, liver iron concentration and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We also determined the predictive value of these measurements for the development of arrhythmia.Results and conclusionIn our group of Taiwanese patients, the relative risk for arrhythmia was 10·36 when cardiac T2* values were less than 10 ms (compared with ≥10 ms) and 1·98 when serum ferritin levels increased >2500 ng mL−1 (compared with ≤2500 ng mL−1). Serum ferritin levels correlated with cardiac T2* values in patients with abnormal myocardial iron loads (T2* < 20 ms, r = −0·48, P = 0·004, n = 34), but LVEF (measured by echocardiography) gave no indication of excess myocardial iron deposition (r = −0·07, P = 0·52) or of the risk of developing arrhythmia.
Usefulness of maternal anti‐HPA‐1a antibody quantitation in predicting severity of foetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Sainio S. , Javela K. , Tuimala J. , Koskinen S. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo study the clinical usefulness of maternal anti‐HPA‐1a antibody levels in predicting severe foetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT).BackgroundRecent studies using an international anti‐HPA‐1a standard have shown a correlation between maternal antibody levels and neonatal thrombocytopenia. Cut‐off values for identifying high‐risk pregnancies have also been suggested.MaterialsIn 1986–2010, HPA‐1a alloimmunisation was confirmed in 84 women with 129 pregnancies. Maternal samples were obtained at delivery and during subsequent pregnancies. Anti‐HPA‐1a was quantified using a MAIPA assay with a detection limit of 0·8 IU mL‐1 (WHO reference serum 03/152). Antibody levels were compared with the severity of neonatal disease in the index and in the subsequent pregnancies.ResultsIn the index cases, the correlation between an anti‐HPA‐1a level and neonatal platelet count did not reach statistical significance (n = 77, P = 0·074). However, the platelet counts and antibody levels in cases with cutaneous (n = 45) or intracranial haemorrhage (n = 7) were significantly different from cases with no evidence of bleeding (n = 20). In the subsequent pregnancies, there was a stronger association between the second trimester anti‐HPA‐1a level and the foetal platelet count (n = 16, P = 0·046). The positive predictive value of the maternal antibody level for a foetal platelet count <20 × 109 L‐1 was 90%, but the negative predictive value only 31%.ConclusionAlthough a higher anti‐HPA‐1a level correlated with a more severe neonatal disease, barely detectable antibody levels were also observed in severely affected pregnancies. Cut‐off values with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to identify these foetuses could not be found. A previous obstetric history still remains the most useful predictive parameter for severe FMAIT in clinical practice.