bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolutionary ecology of alternative migratory tactics in salmonid fishes
Authors: Dodson Julian J. , Aubin‐Horth Nadia , Thériault Véronique , Páez David J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTExtensive individual variation in spatial behaviour is a common feature among species that exhibit migratory life cycles. Nowhere is this more evident than in salmonid fishes; individual fish may complete their entire life cycle in freshwater streams, others may migrate variable distances at sea and yet others limit their migrations to larger rivers or lakes before returning to freshwater streams to spawn. This review presents evidence that individual variation in migratory behaviour and physiology in salmonid fishes is controlled by developmental thresholds and that part of the variation in proximal traits activating the development of alternative migratory tactics is genetically based. We summarize evidence that alternative migratory tactics co‐exist within populations and that all individuals may potentially adopt any of the alternative phenotypes. Even though intra‐specific genetic divergence of migratory tactics is uncommon, it may occur if female competition for oviposition sites results in spawning segregation of alternative phenotypes. Because of their polygenic nature, alternative migratory tactics are considered as threshold traits. Threshold traits have two characteristics: an underlying 'liability' trait that varies in a continuous fashion, and a threshold value which is responsible for the discreetness observed in phenotypic distribution. We review evidence demonstrating that body size is an adequate proxy for the liability trait controlling the decision to migrate, but that the same phenotypic outcome (anadromy or residency) may be reached by different developmental pathways. The evidence suggesting a significant heritable component in the development of alternative migratory tactics is subsequently reviewed, leading us to conclude that alternative migratory tactics have considerable potential to respond to selection and evolve. We review what is known about the proximal physiological mechanisms mediating the translation of the continuous value of the liability trait into a discontinuous migratory tactic. We conclude by identifying several avenues for future research, including testing the frequency‐dependent selection hypothesis, establishing the relative importance of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in explaining some geographic gradients in migratory behaviour and identifying the physiological and genetic basis of the switching mechanisms responsible for alternative migratory tactics.
Regulatory T cell phenotype and function 4 years after GAD–alum treatment in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Pihl M , Åkerman L , Axelsson S , Chéramy M , Hjorth M , Mallone R , Ludvigsson J , Casas R 
Published: January 2013

SummaryGlutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) was effective in preserving insulin secretion in a Phase II clinical trial in children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. In addition, GAD-alum treated patients increased CD4+CD25hi forkhead box protein 3+ (FoxP3+) cell numbers in response to in-vitro GAD65 stimulation. We have carried out a 4-year follow-up study of 59 of the original 70 patients to investigate long-term effects on the frequency and function of regulatory T cells after GAD-alum treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with GAD65 for 7 days and expression of regulatory T cell markers was measured by flow cytometry. Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25hiCD127lo) and effector T cells (CD4+CD25–CD127+) were further sorted, expanded and used in suppression assays to assess regulatory T cell function after GAD-alum treatment. GAD-alum-treated patients displayed higher frequencies of in-vitro GAD65-induced CD4+CD25+CD127+ as well as CD4+CD25hiCD127lo and CD4+FoxP3+ cells compared to placebo. Moreover, GAD65 stimulation induced a population of CD4hi cells consisting mainly of CD25+CD127+, which was specific of GAD-alum-treated patients (16 of 25 versus one of 25 in placebo). Assessment of suppressive function in expanded regulatory T cells revealed no difference between GAD-alum- and placebo-treated individuals. Regulatory T cell frequency did not correlate with C-peptide secretion throughout the study. In conclusion, GAD-alum treatment induced both GAD65-reactive CD25+CD127+ and CD25hiCD127lo cells, but no difference in regulatory T cell function 4 years after GAD-alum treatment.
Ridge dimensional changes following single‐tooth extraction in the aesthetic zone
Authors: Farmer Mark , Darby Ivan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of this study were to investigate the magnitude of the dimensional changes following extraction of a single tooth in the aesthetic zone over a 6‐ to 8‐week healing period and to examine the degree and pattern of resorption of the buccal bone plate during this time frame.Materials and methodsTwenty subjects who were to have a single tooth in the aesthetic zone extracted and replaced by an implant after a 6–8 week healing period were selected for this study. Hard and soft tissue measurements of the extraction site were obtained pre‐extraction and were repeated 6–8 weeks post‐extraction at defined points using a key.ResultsAfter a 6‐ to 8‐week healing period, the total ridge thickness in the crestal midline reduced by 15% of the original value. The buccal plate resorbed in an “inverted V shape”. Forty‐two percentage of subjects had lost 4 mm or more of buccal bone in the midpoint of the extraction socket.DiscussionAfter a 6‐ to 8‐week healing period post‐extraction, there were significant reductions in the hard and soft tissue dimensions of the ridge, most notably on the most coronal mid‐buccal aspect. All implants placed required simultaneous augmentation as a result.
Is colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis life saving? A systematic review
Authors: Stewart D. B. , Hollenbeak C. S. , Wilson M. Z. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimIt is unclear whether colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis (FCDC) leads to a improvement in survival compared with continued medical therapy for this moribund population.MethodSelected studies from 1994–2010 were identified through a comprehensive search theme applied to MEDLINE (OvidSP and PubMed), EMBASE and by hand searching. Data regarding mortality rates between medically and surgically treated patients were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using a Newcastle–Ottawa Scale score. A meta‐analysis of the odds ratios for mortality between surgical and medical treatment for FCDC was conducted using the Mantel–Haenszel method and fixed‐effects modelling.ResultsFive hundred and ten patients with FCDC were identified in six studies. The pooled adjusted odds ratio of mortality comparing surgery with medical therapy was 0.70 (0.49–0.99), suggesting that surgery provided a survival benefit.ConclusionEmergent colectomy for patients with FCDC provides a survival advantage compared with continuing antibiotics. Though there is selection bias of patients having surgery, the results of this systematic review suggest that colectomy has a therapeutic role in treating severe forms of C. difficile colitis.
Visuo‐tactile integration and body ownership during self‐generated action
Authors: Rognini G. , Sengül A. , Aspell J. E. , Salomon R. , Bleuler H. , Blanke O. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough there is increasing knowledge about how visual and tactile cues from the hands are integrated, little is known about how self‐generated hand movements affect such multisensory integration. Visuo‐tactile integration often occurs under highly dynamic conditions requiring sensorimotor updating. Here, we quantified visuo‐tactile integration by measuring cross‐modal congruency effects (CCEs) in different bimanual hand movement conditions with the use of a robotic platform. We found that classical CCEs also occurred during bimanual self‐generated hand movements, and that such movements lowered the magnitude of visuo‐tactile CCEs as compared to static conditions. Visuo‐tactile integration, body ownership and the sense of agency were decreased by adding a temporal visuo‐motor delay between hand movements and visual feedback. These data show that visual stimuli interfere less with the perception of tactile stimuli during movement than during static conditions, especially when decoupled from predictive motor information. The results suggest that current models of visuo‐tactile integration need to be extended to account for multisensory integration in dynamic conditions.
Modelling as a tool for analysing the temperature‐dependent future of the Colorado potato beetle in Europe
Authors: Jönsson Anna Maria , Pulatov Bakhtiyor , Linderson Maj‐Lena , Hall Karin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA warmer climate may increase the risk of attacks by insect pests on agricultural crops, and questions on how to adapt management practice have created a need for impact models. Phenological models driven by climate data can be used for assessing the potential distribution and voltinism of different insect species, but the quality of the simulations is influenced by a range of uncertainties. In this study, we model the temperature‐dependent activity and development of the Colorado potato beetle, and analyse the influence of uncertainty associated with parameterization of temperature and day length response. We found that the developmental threshold has a major impact on the simulated number of generations per year. Little is known about local adaptations and individual variations, but the use of an upper and a lower developmental threshold gave an indication on the potential variation. The day length conditions triggering diapause are known only for a few populations. We used gridded observed temperature data to estimate local adaptations, hypothesizing that cold autumns can leave a footprint in the population genetics by low survival of individuals not reaching the adult stage before winter. Our study indicated that the potential selection pressure caused by climate conditions varies between European regions. Provided that there is enough genetic variation, a local adaption at the northern distribution limit would reduce the number of unsuccessful initiations and thereby increase the potential for spreading to areas currently not infested. The simulations of the impact model were highly sensitive to biases in climate model data, i.e. systematic deviations in comparison with observed weather, highlightening the need of improved performance of regional climate models. Even a moderate temperature increase could change the voltinism of Leptinotarsa decemlineata in Europe, but knowledge on agricultural practice and strategies for countermeasures is needed to evaluate changes in risk of attacks.
Impact of agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon: simulation of Australian wheat systems
Authors: Zhao Gang , Bryan Brett A. , King Darran , Luo Zhongkui , Wang Enli , Song Xiaodong , Yu Qiang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics at a high spatial and temporal resolution in response to different agricultural management practices and environmental conditions can help identify practices that both sequester carbon in the soil and sustain agricultural productivity. Using an agricultural systems model (the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator), we conducted a high spatial resolution and long‐term (122 years) simulation study to identify the key management practices and environmental variables influencing SOC dynamics in a continuous wheat cropping system in Australia's 96 million ha cereal‐growing regions. Agricultural practices included five nitrogen application rates (0–200 kg N ha−1 in 50 kg N ha−1 increments), five residue removal rates (0–100% in 25% increments), and five residue incorporation rates (0–100% in 25% increments). We found that the change in SOC during the 122‐year simulation was influenced by the management practices of residue removal (linearly negative) and fertilization (nonlinearly positive) – and the environmental variables of initial SOC content (linearly negative) and temperature (nonlinearly negative). The effects of fertilization were strongest at rates up to 50 kg N ha−1, and the effects of temperature were strongest where mean annual temperatures exceeded 19 °C. Reducing residue removal and increasing fertilization increased SOC in most areas except Queensland where high rates of SOC decomposition caused by high temperature and soil moisture negated these benefits. Management practices were particularly effective in increasing SOC in south‐west Western Australia – an area with low initial SOC. The results can help target agricultural management practices for increasing SOC in the context of local environmental conditions, enabling farmers to contribute to climate change mitigation and sustaining agricultural production.
Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome with recurrent cerebral infarcts caused by a novel INSR mutation
Authors: Mohanan Saritha , Chandrashekar Laxmisha , Semple Robert K. , Thappa Devinder M. , Parameswaran Narayanan , Negi Vir S. , Ramassamy Sivaranjini 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRabson–Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by extreme insulin resistance and certain characteristic phenotypic features. The primary defect lies in the insulin receptor and involves biallelic mutations that lead to a loss of function through various postulated defects. We present a 9‐year‐old female patient with RMS complicated by multiple cerebral infarcts, in whom genetic analysis revealed a novel insulin receptor mutation.
Moderators of the effect of weight on job‐related outcomes: a meta‐analysis of experimental studies
Authors: Roehling Mark V. , Pichler Shaun , Bruce Tamara A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study provides the first meta‐analytic testing of (1) several proposed moderators of the relationship between employee weight and job‐related outcomes (e.g., target gender, target qualifications, and rater gender); and (2) the effect of specific design features on the variation in results obtained across relevant experimental studies (e.g., weight manipulation and amount of job‐relevant information). The results indicate that there are important moderators of the relationship between people's weight and job‐related outcomes. However, design feature may significantly influence the obtained results. In particular, inconsistent experimental findings regarding the hypothesized moderating role of target sex appear to be explained by limitations in the way in which target weight was manipulated in some studies. Directions for future research are identified.
Health professionals' and students' perceptions of elder abuse
Authors: Dow Briony , Hempton Courtney , Cortes‐Simonet Emanuel N , Ellis Kathryn A , Koch Susan H , LoGiudice Dina , Mastwyk Maree , Livingston Gill , Cooper Claudia , Ames David 
Published: January 2013

AimThis study aimed to compare perceptions about elder abuse among health professionals and students in the same health disciplines.MethodsThe Caregiving Scenario Questionnaire (CSQ) was disseminated to Australian health professionals from two metropolitan health services and to university health care students.ResultsOne hundred and twenty health professionals and 127 students returned surveys. Significantly more students than health professionals identified locking someone in the house alone all day and restraining someone in a chair as abusive.ConclusionThere is a need for further definition clarification and education about detection and management of elder abuse for health students and professionals in Australia. Student education should include consideration of the real‐life situations likely to be encountered in practice. Education for both students and health professionals should include strategies for carers to manage difficult situations such as the one described in the CSQ.
Antihypertensive Therapy and Cerebral Hemodynamics in Executive Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hajjar Ihab , Hart Meaghan , Chen Yu‐Ling , Mack Wendy , Novak Vera , C. Chui Helena , Lipsitz Lewis 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo compare the effects of three antihypertensive medications on cerebral hemodynamic and cognitive function in hypertensive individuals with executive dysfunction.DesignDouble‐blind randomized clinical trial.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsFifty‐three individuals aged 60 and older with hypertension and executive dysfunction.InterventionLisinopril, candesartan, or hydrochlorothiazide for 1 year.MeasurementsCerebral blood flow velocity (BFV; transcranial Doppler ultrasonography during rest, sitting, standing, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia), cognition, and blood pressure were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Linear mixed models were used to compare the three groups.ResultsOf the 53 participants, 47 had successful insonation (mean age 72; 70% white; 57% women). There was a tendency toward an increase in BFV in the candesartan group and a decrease in the lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide groups (between‐group P = .57) that was significant in those with low BFV at baseline (<median 27.6 cm/s, between‐group P = .03). The candesartan group also had the greatest improvement in executive function (Trail Making Test Part B improved by 17.1 seconds, vs hydrochlorothiazide improved by 4.2 seconds and lisinopril worsened by 14.4 seconds, P = .008). Carbon dioxide vasoreactivity and vasomotor range declined significantly in the lisinopril (within‐group P = .001 for vasoreactivity and .02 for vasomotor range) and hydrochlorothiazide groups (within‐group P = .10 and .009, respectively) but not in the candesartan group (within‐group P = .25 and .38, respectively; between‐group P = .30 and .46, respectively).ConclusionAngiotensin receptor blockers may preferentially preserve cerebral hemodynamics and executive function in individuals with executive dysfunction. These findings warrant further investigation in a larger trial.
Pain and Anxiety Mediate the Relationship Between Dizziness and Falls in Older People
Authors: Menant Jasmine C. , Wong Alfred , Sturnieks Daina L. , Close Jacqueline C.T. , Delbaere Kim , Sachdev Perminder S. , Brodaty Henry , Lord Stephen R. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo identify medical, psychological, and physiological mediators of the relationship between dizziness and falls in older adults.DesignSecondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsFive hundred sixteen community‐dwelling adults aged 73 to 92.MeasurementsParticipants completed questionnaires related to health and psychological well‐being and underwent a tilt table blood pressure test, the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA; vision, reaction time, proprioception, postural sway, and quadriceps strength), and leaning balance tests. Prospective falls data were collected using monthly calendars for 12 months. Participants were categorized into dizzy and nondizzy groups based on self‐report of dizziness, vertigo, and light‐headedness.ResultsTwo hundred seventeen (42%) participants reported vertigo or dizziness (10%), light‐headedness (16%), or both (16%). The dizzy participants were significantly more likely to report neck and back pain, past transient ischemic attacks, and feeling dizzy upon upright tilting. They also had poorer balance and less strength and scored higher on measures of depression and anxiety (P < .05). There were no blood pressure measurement–related differences between the groups. Dizziness increased the risk of multiple falls in an unadjusted analysis (relative risk (RR) = 1.55, 95% confidence interval = 1.08–2.23). After controlling for PPA scores, neck and back pain and anxiety were mediators that reduced the RR of the relationship between dizziness and faller status the most (14%) in a modified Poisson regression model.ConclusionSuffering from neck and back pain and anxiety were mediators of the relationship between dizziness and falls after controlling for poor sensorimotor function and balance. Older people with dizziness might benefit from interventions targeting these mediators such as pain management and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Silencing Brassinosteroid Receptor BRI1 Impairs Herbivory‐elicited Accumulation of Jasmonic Acid‐isoleucine and Diterpene Glycosides, but not Jasmonic Acid and Trypsin Proteinase Inhibitors in Nicotiana attenuata
Authors: Yang Da‐Hai , Baldwin Ian T. , Wu Jianqiang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe brassinosteroid (BR) receptor, BR insensitive 1 (BRI1), plays a critical role in plant development, but whether BRI1‐mediated BR signaling is involved in plant defense responses to herbivores was largely unknown. Here, we examined the function of BRI1 in the resistance of Nicotiana attenuata (Solanaceae) to its specialist insect herbivore Manduca sexta. Jasmonic acid (JA) and JA‐isoleucine conjugate (JA‐Ile) are important hormones that mediate resistance to herbivores and we found that after wounding or simulated herbivory NaBRI1 had little effect on JA levels, but was important for the induction of JA‐Ile. Further experiments revealed that decreased JAR (the enzyme for JA‐Ile production) activity and availability of Ile in NaBRI1‐silenced plants were likely responsible for the low JA‐Ile levels. Consistently, M. sexta larvae gained more weight on NaBRI1‐silenced plants than on the control plants. Quantification of insect feeding‐induced secondary metabolites revealed that silencing NaBRI1 resulted in decreased levels of carbon‐rich defensive secondary metabolites (hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, chlorogenic acid, and rutin), but had little effect on the nitrogen‐rich ones (nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors). Thus, NaBRI1‐mediated BR signaling is likely involved in plant defense responses to M. sexta, including maintaining JA‐Ile levels and the accumulation of several carbon‐rich defensive secondary metabolites.
Mechanisms of neuroprotection by hemopexin: modeling the control of heme and iron homeostasis in brain neurons in inflammatory states
Authors: Hahl Peter , Davis Taron , Washburn Cecilia , Rogers Jack T. , Smith Ann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHemopexin provides neuroprotection in mouse models of stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage and protects neurons in vitro against heme or reactive oxygen species (ROS) toxicity via heme oxygenase‐1 (HO1) activity. To model human brain neurons experiencing hemorrhages and inflammation, we used human neuroblastoma cells, heme–hemopexin complexes, and physiologically relevant ROS, for example, H2O2 and HOCl, to provide novel insights into the underlying mechanism whereby hemopexin safely maintains heme and iron homeostasis. Human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP), needed for iron export from neurons, is induced ~twofold after heme–hemopexin endocytosis by iron from heme catabolism via the iron‐regulatory element of hAPP mRNA. Heme–hemopexin is relatively resistant to damage by ROS and retains its ability to induce the cytoprotective HO1 after exposure to tert‐butylhydroperoxide, although induction is impaired, but not eliminated, by exposure to high concentrations of H2O2 in vitro. Apo‐hemopexin, which predominates in non‐hemolytic states, resists damage by H2O2 and HOCl, except for the highest concentrations likely in vivo. Heme–albumin and albumin are preferential targets for ROS; thus, albumin protects hemopexin in biological fluids like CSF and plasma where it is abundant. These observations provide strong evidence that hemopexin will be neuroprotective after traumatic brain injury, with heme release in the CNS, and during the ensuing inflammation. Hemopexin sequesters heme, thus preventing unregulated heme uptake that leads to toxicity; it safely delivers heme to neuronal cells; and it activates the induction of proteins including HO1 and hAPP that keep heme and iron at safe levels in neurons.