bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits:Like Products and Market Definition
Authors: NEVEN DAMIEN , TRACHTMAN JOEL P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper provides a legal–economic analysis of the Appellate Body decision inPhilippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits(Philippines–Spirits). InPhilippines–Spirits, the Panel and the Appellate Body had an opportunity to consider again the scope of ‘like products’ and of ‘directly competitive or substitutable products’ under Article III:2 of GATT. The Panel and Appellate Body followed the Border Tax Adjustments factors in order to determine whether the products were sufficiently similar. The Appellate Body explicitly extended its jurisprudence from other areas of Article III to a like-products determination under the first sentence of Article III:2: this analysis is to be focused on the degree of competition between the imported and domestic products. We observe that the effect of different taxation on domestic products is affected by the degree of substitution between products as well as competitive conditions, whereas the Appellate Body seems to focus on the former and ignore the latter. We also question some of the Panel and Appellate Body interpretations of the evidence regarding the degree of substitution between products. Overall, we find that even if there may be a segment in which foreign and domestic products compete, the reported evidence in this case would seem to be consistent with the view that for the bulk of the market, foreign and domestic items are distant substitutes.Putting aside the jurisprudence, a methodologically sound finding regarding substitution (and competition) seems necessary, but not sufficient, for a finding of inefficient discrimination. In order to find inefficient discrimination, there must also be a finding that the nonprotectionist benefits that may arise from the national regulation are not sufficient to justify the discriminatory action, otherwise, rational regulation that is globally efficient might be invalidated, inappropriately restricting the national right to regulate. In the present case, the Philippines articulated no nonprotectionist rationale for its distinctions. Existing WTO jurisprudence in this area prior to the Appellate Body decision inUS–Clove Cigarettes(in the context of Article 2.1 of the technical barriers to trade agreement) has only hinted at the additional focus on the justificatory role of nonprotectionist regulatory benefits, yet an explicit and appropriately contextualized reference to the nonprotectionist rationale, if any, of regulation seems to be a necessary part of decision-making.
United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China: Passing the Buck on Pass-Through
Authors: PRUSA THOMAS J. , VERMULST EDWIN 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn 2007, the United States reversed its long-standing policy prohibiting the simultaneous imposition of anti-dumping duties (ADDs) and countervailing duties (CVDs) against nonmarket economies. Subsequently, the United States has imposed concurrent ADDs and CVDs in numerous cases against China. China challenged a number of aspects of the US practice, most notably the double-remedies issue, which occurs when a domestic subsidy is offset by both an ADD and CVD. The Appellate Body (AB) correctly ruled that double remedies are inconsistent with the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and that the burden was on the investigating authorities to ensure that double remedies were not being imposed; however, the AB largely limited its discussion to measurement concerns, an approach that may have inadvertently opened the door to future double-remedies disputes involving other methods for computing normal value. Two other issues that are likely to have significant long-term ramifications are (i) the scope of the term ‘public body’ and (ii) the appropriate use of out-of-country benchmarks. On both issues, we believe the AB's conclusions and analysis were correct.
US – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam: A Stir-Fry of Seafood, Statistics, and Lacunae
Authors: BROUDE TOMER , MOORE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis unappealed Panel Report deals with now standard controversies involving US zeroing practices, but also involves a number of novel problems in administrative reviews of US anti-dumping orders that transcend zeroing issues. Most importantly, this dispute highlights the economic, legal, and statistical importance of sample-selection bias when calculating ‘all others’ rates for exporters that were not queried during dumping investigations. Sampling is particularly problematic in this dispute since US investigators found only zero and de minimis margins in the administrative reviews, a situation in which the relevant provision of the Anti-Dumping Agreement appears to provide no guidance (an apparent ‘lacuna’). The Panel did not directly deal with the key sample-selection issues in the case, and so we provide an alternative legal and statistical analysis. These issues are likely to become more important as the practice of zeroing is phased out in the United States. Indeed, sampling may well be the new zeroing.
‘Wresting meaning from the market’: a reassessment of Ludwig Lachmann's entrepreneur
Authors: ENDRES ANTHONY M. , HARPER DAVID A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract:We undertake a close textual study of the entire corpus of Ludwig Lachmann's publications from 1936 to 1991 and demonstrate that his theory of entrepreneurial behaviour is sufficiently distinctive to warrant ranking alongside the theories of Schumpeter and Kirzner. Lachmann's entrepreneurs are creatively constructive change-agents who discover, exploit and create gaps in capital structures. Entrepreneurs select and interpret specific market and institutional phenomena using pre-existent rules and mental ‘instruments’, extract meaning about capital-forming opportunities, and generate all subsequent capital combinations. Lachmannian entrepreneurs are problem-solvers and communicate problem ‘solutions’ by dissolving and reforming capital combinations. We examine 20th-century Lachmannian research that builds on these foundations – research that emphasizes the institutional and material embeddedness of entrepreneurial behaviour and that appreciates the capacity of Lachmann's approach to explain entrepreneurial success, imitation and failure in a dynamic endogenous process. To underscore the distinctiveness of the Lachmannian entrepreneur, we compare it with Schumpeterian and Kirznerian approaches.
The impact of non-adherence to medication in patients with schizophrenia on health, social care and societal costs. Analysis of the QUATRO study
Authors: King D. , Knapp M. , Patel A. , Amaddeo F. , Tansella M. , Schene A. , Koeter M. , Angermeyer M. , Becker T. 
Published: April 2013

Aims.For people with schizophrenia, non-adherence to antipsychotic medications may result in high use of health and other services. The objective of our research was to examine the economic consequences of non-adherence in patients with schizophrenia taking antipsychotic medication.Methods.Data were taken from QUATRO, a randomized controlled trial that drew a sample of adults with schizophrenia receiving psychiatric services in four European cities: Amsterdam, Leipzig, London and Verona. Trial inclusion criteria were a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, requiring on-going antipsychotic medication for at least 1-year following baseline assessment, and exhibiting evidence of clinical instability in the year prior to baseline. The patient-completed Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) was used to calculate the 5-point Morisky index of adherence. Generalized linear models (GLM) were developed to determine the effect of adherence on (i) health and social care and (ii) societal costs before and after treatment, taking into account other potential cost-influencing factors.Results.The effect of non-adherence on costs was mixed. For different groups of services, and according to treatment group assignment, non-adherence was both negatively and positively associated with costs.Conclusions.The impact of non-adherence on costs varies across the types of services used by individuals with schizophrenia.
NIH Support for the Emergence of Quantitative and Systems Pharmacology
Authors: Rogers M , Lyster P , Okita R 
Published: April 2013

The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored two workshops and the development of a white paper on the emergence of quantitative and systems pharmacology (QSP) as a discipline. In subsequent efforts to encourage this area, NIGMS modified existing research and training offerings. We highlight these changes and point out other new and existing initiatives at NIH that provide avenues for support of research and training in QSP.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e37; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.13; advance online publication 10 April 2013
Protection from age-related increase in lipid biomarkers and inflammation contributes to cardiovascular protection in Gilbert's syndrome
Authors: Wallner Marlies , Marculescu Rodrig , Doberer Daniel , Wolzt Michael , Wagner Oswald , Vitek Libor , Bulmer Andrew C. , Wagner Karl-Heinz 
Published: April 2013

Recent epidemiological and clinical data show protection from CVD (cardiovascular disease), all-cause mortality and cancer in subjects with GS (Gilbert's syndrome), which is characterized by a mildly elevated blood bilirubin concentration. The established antioxidant effect of bilirubin, however, contributes only in part to this protection. Therefore we investigated whether mildly elevated circulating UCB (unconjugated bilirubin) is associated with altered lipid metabolism. The study was performed on GS and age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (n=59 per group). Full lipoprotein profile, TAG (triacylglycerols), Apo (apolipoprotein)-A1, Apo-B, lipoprotein(a), the subfractions of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and selected pro-inflammatory mediators were analysed. A hyperbilirubinaemic rodent model (Gunn rats, n=40) was investigated to further support the presented human data. GS subjects had significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved lipid profile with reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C (LDL-cholesterol), TAG, low- and pro-atherogenic LDL subfractions (LDL-1+LDL-2), Apo-B, Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio and lower IL-6 (interleukin 6) and SAA (serum amyloid A) concentrations (P=0.094). When the control and GS groups were subdivided into younger and older cohorts, older GS subjects demonstrated reduced lipid variables (total cholesterol and LDL-C, TAG and LDL-C subfractions, Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio; P&lt;0.05; Apo-B: P&lt;0.1) compared with controls. These data were supported by lipid analyses in the rodent model showing that Gunn rat serum had lower total cholesterol (2.29±0.38 compared with 1.27±0.72 mM; P&lt;0.001) and TAG (1.66±0.67 compared with 0.99±0.52 mM; P&lt;0.001) concentrations compared with controls. These findings indicate that the altered lipid profile and the reduced pro-inflammatory status in hyperbilirubinaemic subjects, particularly in the older individuals, probably contribute additionally to the commonly accepted beneficial antioxidant effects of bilirubin in humans.
Growth and characterisation of Gd5(SixGe1−x)4 thin film
Authors: Hadimani R. L. , Nlebedim I. C. , Melikhov Y. , Jiles D. C. 
Published: April 2013

We report for the first time successful growth of magnetic thin films containing the Gd5(SixGe1−x)4 phase, which is expected to show giant magnetocaloric properties. The film was deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on a (001) silicon wafer at 200  °C from a polycrystalline Gd5Si2.09Ge1.91 target prepared by arc melting. PLD was achieved using a femto second laser with a repetition rate of 1 kHz, and a pulse energy of up to 3.5 mJ. The average film thickness was measured to be 400 nm using a Scanning Electron Microscopy and the composition of the film was analyzed using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and found to be close to the target composition. X-Ray Diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of Gd5Si2Ge2 monoclinic structure. Magnetic moment vs. magnetic field measurement confirmed that the film was ferromagnetic at a temperature of 200 K. The transition temperature of the film was determined from a plot of magnetic moment vs. temperature. The transition temperature was between 280 and 300 K which is close to the transition temperature of the bulk material.
Relations Between Feeding Intolerance and Stress Biomarkers in Preterm Infants
Authors: Moore Tiffany A. , Wilson Margaret E. , Schmid Kendra K. , Anderson‐Berry Ann , French Jeffrey A. , Berger Ann M. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Feeding intolerance (FI) in preterm infants is common but the etiology remains unclear. This study examined FI as a stress‐related disease involving brain–gut interactions and tested the model of allostatic load and complications of prematurity. Specific aims were to describe demographic/medical variables and biomarker levels at each time and over time for the sample; describe/compare variables and biomarker levels at each time for infants with/without FI; and compare biomarker interquartile/interpercentile distributions between infants with/without FI.Methods:Preterm infants <32 weeks' gestation were recruited. The primary outcome was FI by day 7 defined as a feeding withheld, discontinued, or decreased because the infant was not tolerating enteral feedings. Allostatic load was operationalized using cortisol and 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) from cord blood and from saliva and urine on days 1, 7, and 14. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed.Results:Seven of 31 infants enrolled met criteria for FI. Infants with FI had lower median urinary cortisol on day 1 (P = 0.007) and trended to have lower cortisol in the cord blood (P = 0.056). Interquartile distributions were significantly different between infants with/without FI for urinary cortisol on day 1 (P = 0.034) and trended for differences in 8‐OHdG on day 14 (P = 0.087). Interpercentile distributions were significantly different in salivary cortisol on day 14 (P = 0.034) and trended for differences in 8‐OHdG on day 1 (P = 0.079).Conclusions:Results support further testing of the model in a larger sample; investigation of the cellular mechanisms associated with the stress and the free radical/antioxidant systems; and inclusion of prenatal factors.
Genome-Wide Prediction of Nucleosome Occupancy in Maize Reveals Plant Chromatin Structural Features at Genes and Other Elements at Multiple Scales
Authors: Fincher Justin A. , Vera Daniel L. , Hughes Diana D. , McGinnis Karen M. , Dennis Jonathan H. , Bass Hank W. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The nucleosome is a fundamental structural and functional chromatin unit that affects nearly all DNA-templated events in eukaryotic genomes. It is also a biochemical substrate for higher order, cis-acting gene expression codes and the monomeric structural unit for chromatin packaging at multiple scales. To predict the nucleosome landscape of a model plant genome, we used a support vector machine computational algorithm trained on human chromatin to predict the nucleosome occupancy likelihood (NOL) across the maize (Zea mays) genome. Experimentally validated NOL plots provide a novel genomic annotation that highlights gene structures, repetitive elements, and chromosome-scale domains likely to reflect regional gene density. We established a new genome browser (http://www.genomaize.org) for viewing support vector machine-based NOL scores. This annotation provides sequence-based comprehensive coverage across the entire genome, including repetitive genomic regions typically excluded from experimental genomics data. We find that transposable elements often displayed family-specific NOL profiles that included distinct regions, especially near their termini, predicted to have strong affinities for nucleosomes. We examined transcription start site consensus NOL plots for maize gene sets and discovered that most maize genes display a typical +1 nucleosome positioning signal just downstream of the start site but not upstream. This overall lack of a –1 nucleosome positioning signal was also predicted by our method for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes and verified by additional analysis of previously published Arabidopsis MNase-Seq data, revealing a general feature of plant promoters. Our study advances plant chromatin research by defining the potential contribution of the DNA sequence to observed nucleosome positioning and provides an invariant baseline annotation against which other genomic data can be compared.
MERISTEM DISORGANIZATION1Encodes TEN1, an Essential Telomere Protein That Modulates Telomerase Processivity inArabidopsis
Authors: Leehy Katherine A. , Lee Jung Ro , Song Xiangyu , Renfrew Kyle B. , Shippen Dorothy E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTelomeres protect chromosome ends from being recognized as DNA damage, and they facilitate the complete replication of linear chromosomes. CST [for CTC1(Cdc13)/STN1/TEN1] is a trimeric chromosome end binding complex implicated in both aspects of telomere function. Here, we characterize TEN1 in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We report that TEN1 (for telomeric pathways in association with Stn1, which stands for suppressor of cdc thirteen) is encoded by a previously characterized gene, MERISTEM DISORGANIZATION1 (MDO1). A point mutation in MDO1, mdo1-1/ten1-3 (G77E), triggers stem cell differentiation and death as well as a constitutive DNA damage response. We provide biochemical and genetic evidence that ten1-3 is likely to be a null mutation. As with ctc1 and stn1 null mutants, telomere tracts in ten1-3 are shorter and more heterogeneous than the wild type. Mutants also exhibit frequent telomere fusions, increased single-strand telomeric DNA, and telomeric circles. However, unlike stn1 or ctc1 mutants, telomerase enzyme activity is elevated in ten1-3 mutants due to an increase in repeat addition processivity. In addition, TEN1 is detected at a significantly smaller fraction of telomeres than CTC1. These data indicate that TEN1 is critical for telomere stability and also plays an unexpected role in modulating telomerase enzyme activity.
Telomerase-Dependent 3′ G-Strand Overhang Maintenance Facilitates GTBP1-Mediated Telomere Protection from Misplaced Homologous Recombination
Authors: Lee Yong Woo , Kim Woo Taek 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
At the 3′-end of telomeres, single-stranded G-overhang telomeric repeats form a stable T-loop. Many studies have focused on the mechanisms that generate and regulate the length of telomere 3′ G-strand overhangs, but the roles of G-strand overhang length control in proper T-loop formation and end protection remain unclear. Here, we examined functional relationships between the single-stranded telomere binding protein GTBP1 and G-strand overhang lengths maintained by telomerase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In tobacco plants, telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (TERT) repression severely worsened the GTBP1 knockdown phenotypes, which were formally characterized as an outcome of telomere destabilization. TERT downregulation shortened the telomere 3′ G-overhangs and increased telomere recombinational aberrations in GTBP1-suppressed plants. Correlatively, GTBP1-mediated inhibition of single-strand invasion into the double-strand telomeric sequences was impaired due to shorter single-stranded telomeres. Moreover, TERT/GTBP1 double knockdown amplified misplaced homologous recombination of G-strand overhangs into intertelomeric regions. Thus, proper G-overhang length maintenance is required to protect telomeres against intertelomeric recombination, which is achieved by the balanced functions of GTBP1 and telomerase activity.
The influence of geomorphology on the role of women at artisanal and small‐scale mine sites
Authors: Malpeli Katherine C. , Chirico Peter G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe geologic and geomorphic expressions of a mineral deposit determine its location, size, and accessibility, characteristics which in turn greatly influence the success of artisans mining the deposit. Despite this critical information, which can be garnered through studying the surficial physical expression of a deposit, the geologic and geomorphic sciences have been largely overlooked in artisanal mining‐related research. This study demonstrates that a correlation exists between the roles of female miners at artisanal diamond and gold mining sites in western and central Africa and the physical expression of the deposits. Typically, women perform ore processing and ancillary roles at mine sites. On occasion, however, women participate in the extraction process itself. Women were found to participate in the extraction of ore only when a deposit had a thin overburden layer, thus rendering the mineralized ore more accessible. When deposits required a significant degree of manual labour to access the ore due to thick overburden layers, women were typically relegated to other roles. The identification of this link encourages the establishment of an alternative research avenue in which the physical and social sciences merge to better inform policymakers, so that the most appropriate artisanal mining assistance programs can be developed and implemented.
Antimicrobial Effects of Vapor Phase Thymol, Modified Atmosphere, and Their Combination against Salmonella spp. on Raw Shrimp
Authors: Zhou Siyuan , Sheen Shiowshuh , Pang Yu‐Hsin , Liu LinShu , Yam Kit L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract Salmonella contamination on raw shrimp is a big food safety concern in the United States currently. This research evaluated the inhibition effects of vapor phase thymol, modified atmosphere (MA), and their combination against Salmonella spp. on raw shrimp. Growth profiles of a Salmonella spp. cocktail (6 strains), inoculated onto the surface of raw shrimp, treated with vapor phase thymol at 3 levels (0, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/L), or MA (59.5% CO2 + 39.5% N2 + 1% O2), both alone and in combination, at 3 temperatures (8, 12, and 16 ºC), were determined. Lag time and maximum growth rate of Salmonella spp. under each treatment were obtained using Baranyi and Roberts models. Results indicated that both vapor phase thymol and MA treatments alone inhibited the growth potential of Salmonella spp. effectively, extending the lag time by 10% to 100% and reducing the maximum growth rate by 14% to 71% compared with controlled samples at experimental temperatures (8, 12, and 16 ºC). Combination treatments of vapor phase thymol and MA exhibited greater inhibition effectiveness than each individual treatment and a synergistic antimicrobial effectiveness could be observed on the lag time extension. To the maximum, at 12 ºC, lag time of Salmonella spp. was extended 59.6% more by the combination treatment of 0.8 mg/L thymol + MA (36.97 h) than those effects combined from 0.8 mg/L thymol treatment and MA treatment alone (23.16 h in total). This combination strategy could be potentially utilized for Salmonella inhibition during the long distance and temperature‐abused raw shrimp import process.Practical Application The vapor phase thymol + MA combination strategy could be potentially applied in temperature‐abused and long‐distance raw shrimp import process to retard the Salmonella spp. growth, therefore reducing its import rejection rate as well as enhancing its food safety level to the consumers’ concerns.