bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Losses of NO and N2O emissions from Venezuelan and other worldwide tropical N‐fertilized soils
Authors: Marquina Sorena , Donoso Loreto , Pérez Tibisay , Gil Jenie , Sanhueza Eugenio 
Published: June 2013

AbstractN fertilization significantly increases N2O and NO soil fluxes to the atmosphere. In spite of the expansion of agricultural activities in tropical managed soils from the developing world, there is little information about the loss of applied nitrogen (LAN) as NO and N2O from these areas. In this work, we determined LAN‐N2O and LAN‐NO from different crops during the growing season at a sandy soil experimental field and two active farms with loamy and clay soils, respectively. Tillage (T) and no‐tillage (NT) farming were separately evaluated. All of the evaluated areas were located in the Venezuela savanna region. A large range of LAN‐N2O (0.30–6.1%) and LAN‐NO (0.26–2.1%) were recorded, with overall average values of 1.9% and 0.9%, respectively. LAN values were mainly affected by soil texture and rainfall pattern, which affected soil moisture and water‐filled pore space. Also, soil management (T and NT) and the chemical composition of the N fertilizer played important roles. The overall average of LAN‐N2O is about two times higher than the IPCC default value of 1%; therefore, our results suggest that a higher factor should be considered for cropping systems in tropical savanna regions.
Thermal performance of nanoscale InGaP/GaAs collector‐up heterojunction bipolar transistors investigated by the advanced optimization technique
Authors: Tseng Hsien‐Cheng , Wu Jeng‐Ming 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe effects of thermal‐dissipation structure on the thermal performance of nanoscale InGaP/GaAs collector‐up heterojunction bipolar transistors were investigated by using the advanced hybrid optimization technique, a combination of the three‐dimensional finite‐element method for temperature‐distribution analysis and the technology computer‐aided design tool for power‐performance evaluation. Through adequately locating the thermal‐dissipation structure at the rear side of the transistor and via effective thickness‐thinning procedures, which reduce foundry cost, the thermal coupling between collector fingers has been greatly ameliorated and a power‐added efficiency of 45% is achieved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of East Coast Lows on rainfall patterns and inter‐annual variability across the East Coast of Australia
Authors: Pepler Acacia , Coutts‐Smith Aaron , Timbal Bertrand 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Eastern Seaboard (ESB) of Australia is a distinct climate entity, with little relationship between rainfall in this area and the major drivers of rainfall elsewhere in Australia such as the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One potential cause is the influence of East Coast Lows (ECLs), major coastal weather systems that can produce a significant proportion of rainfall in this region. In this article, a novel approach is used to separate the ECL component of rainfall on the ESB from other sources of rainfall. This method is used to quantify the influence of ECLs on rainfall in this region, with ECLs responsible for 23% of rainfall in the ESB and 40% of widespread heavy rain events. While ECLs are particularly important in the southern ESB and during the cool season (May–October) they can occur in any month, particularly in northern areas of the ESB. ECLs are identified as a significant factor in the weakened relationship between ENSO and rainfall in the ESB, particularly in southern parts; however, these are not the only factor, with local topographic effects also likely to play a role. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
ADAMTS5 is required for biomechanically‐stimulated healing of murine tendinopathy
Authors: Bell Rebecca , Li Jun , Shewman Elizabeth F. , Galante Jorge O. , Cole Brian J. , Bach Bernard R. , Troy Karen L. , Mikecz Katalin , Sandy John D. , Plaas Anna H. , Wang Vincent M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA recently developed murine model of tendinopathy, induced by TGF‐β1 injection, has been used to examine the reparative capacity of tendinopathic Achilles in Adamts5−/− mice. After TGF‐β1 injection and 2 weeks of treadmill exercise, the Achilles from Adamts5−/− mice exhibited a reduction in maximum tensile stress of approximately 60%. However, in contrast to wild type mice previously characterized by this model, Adamts5−/− mice subjected to further treadmill exercise were unable to reverse this biomechanical deficit. This nonreparative phenotype was accompanied by a major deficiency, relative to wild‐type, in expression of Col1a1 and Col3a1 and an abnormally elevated expression of a wide range of integrins. In addition, the tendinopathic Adamts5−/− mice showed a persistent accumulation of chondrogenic cells in the tendon body and an aggrecan‐rich fibrocartilaginous matrix within disorganized collagen fiber bundles. Moreover, consistent with the compromised biomechanical properties of the Achilles in the Adamts5−/− mice, in vivo gait analysis revealed a strong trend (p = 0.07) towards increased swing time of the injected limb in Adamts5−/− relative to wild‐type mice. These findings demonstrate that a deficiency in ADAMTS5 promotes a chondrogenic response to TGF‐β1 injection that is not reversed by treadmill exercise. Hence, repair of biomechanically compromised tendons exhibiting midsubstance chondroid accumulation requires ADAMTS5. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1540–1548, 2013
Cryptotephrochronology of the Eemian and the last interglacial–glacial transition in the North East Atlantic
Authors: ABBOTT PETER M. , AUSTIN WILLIAM E. N. , DAVIES SIWAN M. , PEARCE NICHOLAS J. G. , HIBBERT FIONA D. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe Eemian interglacial and the onset of the subsequent glacial period serve as the most recent analogue for the natural operation of the climate system during the current interglacial. Pronounced climatic oscillations occurred during this period, but their nature and pattern are poorly understood due to dating limitations and unknown phase relationships between different regions and archives. Tephrochronology offers considerable potential for precise correlation of disparate palaeoclimatic archives preserving evidence of these rapid climatic transitions through the tracing of common isochronous tephra horizons. We outline the identification of three previously unknown cryptotephra horizons within a marine core from the Rockall Trough, North East Atlantic. This sequence preserves a high‐resolution record of this interval and shard size, geochemical heterogeneity and the co‐variance of shard concentrations with ice‐rafted debris data are utilized to demonstrate that primary airfall was the most likely transport and depositional pathway. The main geochemical populations of these horizons have similar transitional alkali major and trace element compositions, suggesting that they were derived from a common Icelandic source, potentially the Öræfajökull volcanic system. These tephra horizons represent additions to the North Atlantic event stratigraphy for this period and tentative correlations to Icelandic terrestrial deposits are proposed for two horizons.
Leaving the third dimension: no measurable evidence for cognitive aftereffects of stereoscopic 3D movies
Authors: Bombeke Klaas , Van Looy Jan , Szmalec Arnaud , Duyck Wouter 
Published: June 2013

AbstractStereoscopic 3D (S‐3D) is becoming an increasingly important display technology. Parallel to this, concern about the potential negative effects of exposure to S‐3D movies has been growing. Some manufacturers place disclaimers on their TVs advising people to limit the time they watch S‐3D. However, surprisingly little experimental research has been conducted estimating the genuineness of these concerns. Therefore, an experiment was designed to assess the potential impact of viewing an S‐3D movie on visual, spatial, and general attention performance. To mimic the real‐world experience of watching a movie in the living room, participants (N = 61) watched a full movie in either 2D or S‐3D. Our results do not show evidence for cognitive aftereffects of S‐3D movies. A second experiment (N = 32) that focused on possible aftereffects on visual attention also failed to find reliable effects. We therefore conclude that cognitive functioning is not altered by watching an S‐3D movie, at least not to an extent that is measurable through well‐established cognitive tasks.
Optically active Babinet planar metamaterial film for terahertz polarization manipulation
Authors: Zalkovskij Maksim , Malureanu Radu , Kremers Christian , Chigrin Dmitry N. , Novitsky Andey , Zhukovsky Sergei , Tang Peter T. , Jepsen Peter U. , Lavrinenko Andrei V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA planar Babinet‐inverted dimer metamaterial possessing strong optical activity is proposed and characterized. An original fabrication method to produce large area (up to several cm2) freely suspended flexible metallic membranes is implemented to fabricate the metamaterial. Its optical properties are characterized by terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy, revealing anisotropic transmission with high optical activity. A simple coupled resonator model is applied to explain the principal optical features of the dimers, with predictive power of positions and number of resonances through a parametrical model. The model is validated for correct polarization‐dependent quantitative results on the optical activity in transmission spectra. The fabrication method presented in this work as well as the slit dimer design has great potential for exploitation in terahertz optics.
A new index for the verification of accuracy and timeliness of weather warnings
Authors: Wilson Laurence J. , Giles Andrew 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTA new scoring index is proposed for the verification of the Canadian weather warning program. Called weather warning index (WWI), the new measure is designed to be sensitive to two attributes of warnings, their timeliness and accuracy, and to summarize the verification information into a single value for a representative set of regions of Canada and for several weather elements for which warnings are issued. Given the opposing nature of the two attributes (long lead times are likely to be associated with lower accuracy), it was necessary to carefully balance the score to keep it proper in a general sense. The design decisions for the WWI are presented and discussed, and the score computation is illustrated with sensitivity experiments using 3 years of warning forecasts and observations. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
An assessment of the SEEPS and SEDI metrics for the verification of 6 h forecast precipitation accumulations
Authors: North Rachel , Trueman Matthew , Mittermaier Marion , Rodwell Mark J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAn evaluation of the performance of the Stable Equitable Error in Probability Space (SEEPS) and the Symmetric Extremal Dependence Index (SEDI) as monitoring metrics for 6 h precipitation forecasts from regional NWP is presented. These scores provide complementary assessments of forecast performance. SEEPS quantifies general performance in the prediction of dry weather and precipitation amount. SEDI focuses on higher threshold events. By using the climatological distribution of precipitation at each location to define thresholds, both scores assess the locally important aspects of the forecast. Both scores can also be aggregated over climatologically diverse regions to obtain an area‐mean performance measure. From the perspective of forecast system development, an important aspect of both scores is their resistance to hedging. Each score is calculated for forecasts coming from two model systems, one a 12 km regional configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM), the other is the independent European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global model; here interpolated to a 25 km grid. Results suggest that SEEPS can be meaningfully applied to 6 h accumulations. Diurnal variations in SEEPS highlight timing errors in the development of convection. A decomposition in the contributions to SEEPS highlights the over‐prediction of drizzle near midday, and difficulties to predict convection during the evening. SEDI results suggest that performance trends in 90% percentile events are detectable over a 3 year period. However, results do suggest that higher model resolution improves the skill and frequency bias for higher percentile events. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown copyright, the Met Office
Travelling waves of a predator–prey model with a spatiotemporal delay
Authors: Gan Qintao 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the existence of traveling waves to a predator–prey model with a spatiotemporal delay. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations, the local stability of a positive steady state and each of boundary steady states are established, and the existence of Hopf bifurcation at the positive steady state is also discussed. By constructing a pair of upper–lower solutions and by using the cross‐iteration method as well as the Schauder's fixed‐point theorem, the existence of a traveling wave solution connecting the semi‐trivial steady state and the positive steady state is proved. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the main theoretical results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Favorable effect of moderate dose caffeine on the skeletal system in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Folwarczna Joanna , Pytlik Maria , Zych Maria , Cegieła Urszula , Kaczmarczyk‐Sedlak Ilona , Nowińska Barbara , Śliwiński Leszek 
Published: June 2013

ScopeCaffeine, a methylxanthine present in coffee, has been postulated to be responsible for an increased risk of osteoporosis in coffee drinkers; however, the data are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a moderate dose of caffeine on the skeletal system of rats with normal and decreased estrogen level (developing osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency).Methods and resultsThe experiments were carried out on mature nonovariectomized and ovariectomized Wistar rats, divided into control rats and rats receiving caffeine once daily, 20 mg/kg p.o., for 4 wk. Serum bone turnover markers, bone mass, mass of bone mineral, calcium and phosphorus content, histomorphometric parameters, and bone mechanical properties were examined. Caffeine favorably affected the skeletal system of ovariectomized rats, slightly inhibiting the development of bone changes induced by estrogen deficiency (increasing bone mineralization, and improving the strength and structure of cancellous bone). Moreover, it favorably affected mechanical properties of compact bone. There were no significant effects of caffeine in rats with normal estrogen levels.ConclusionIn conclusion, results of the present study indicate that low‐to‐moderate caffeine intake may exert some beneficial effects on the skeletal system of mature organisms.
Intersubject local SAR variation for 7T prostate MR imaging with an eight‐channel single‐side adapted dipole antenna array
Authors: Ipek Özlem , Raaijmakers Alexander J. , Lagendijk Jan J. , Luijten Peter R. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. 
Published: June 2013

PurposeSurface transmit arrays used in ultra‐high field body MRI require local specific absorption rate (SAR) assessment. As local SAR cannot be measured directly, local SAR is determined by simulations using dielectric patient models. In this study, the inter‐patient local SAR variation is investigated for 7T prostate imaging with the single‐side adapted dipole antenna array.MethodFour‐dedicated dielectric models were created by segmenting Dixon water–fat separated images that were obtained from four subjects with a 1.5T scanner and the surface array in place. Electromagnetic simulations were performed to calculate the SAR distribution for each model. Radio frequency (RF) exposure variations were determined by analyzing the SAR10gdistributions (1) with one element active, (2) using a Q‐matrix eigenvalue/eigenvector approach, (3) with the maximum potential SAR in each voxel, and (4) for a phase shimmed prostate measurement.ResultsMaximum potential local SAR levels for 1 W time‐averaged accepted power per transmit channel range from 4.1 to 7.1 W/kg.ConclusionThese variations show that one model is not sufficient to determine safe scan settings. For the operation of the surface array conservative power settings were derived based on a worst‐case SAR evaluation and the most SAR‐sensitive body model.Magn Reson Med 71:1559–1567, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermoelectric properties of single walled carbon nanotube networks in polycarbonate matrix
Authors: Piao Mingxing , Kim Gyutae , Kennedy Gary P. , Roth Siegmar , Dettlaff‐Weglikowska Urszula 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe report on single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) used as a filler material for polycarbonate (PC) composites in this paper. Thin flexible composite films were prepared by solvent casting with a viscous dispersion of SWCNTs in a polymer matrix. The interaction of SWCNTs with PC was studied by Raman spectroscopy. Our investigations focus on the electrical conductivity and thermopower of the carbon nanotube network formed within the matrix. In this paper, we demonstrate that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes in the polymer composite profoundly modifies the electrical properties of the polymer composite in proportion with the SWCNT concentration. Although, the electrical conductivity of the composite increases by 16 orders of magnitude upon adding 1 wt% of SWCNTs, the Seebeck coefficient, which characterizes the thermoelectric properties, appears to be dominated by the type of polymer matrix and decreased slightly throughout the tested filler loading. A reasonable Seebeck coefficient of 65 µV K−1 was determined for these SWCNT composite films and, thus, suggests that thermoelectric power generation would be a good application for them. We also demonstrated that both the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient of SWCNTs embedded in a polymer can be efficiently modified by means of chemical treatments. In this way, flexible composite films exhibiting positive and negative Seebeck coefficients were fabricated. Assembling these films into a sandwich structure with alternating p/n junctions should produce a higher potential difference when a temperature gradient is applied across a multilayer thermoelectric device.
Mixture randomized item‐response modeling: a smoking behavior validation study
Authors: Fox J.‐P. , Avetisyan M. , van der Palen J. 
Published: June 2013

Misleading response behavior is expected in medical settings where incriminating behavior is negatively related to the recovery from a disease. In the present study, lung patients feel social and professional pressure concerning smoking and experience questions about smoking behavior as sensitive and tend to conceal embarrassing or threatening information. The randomized item‐response survey method is expected to improve the accuracy of self‐reports as individual item responses are masked and only randomized item responses are observed.We explored the validation of the randomized item‐response technique in a unique experimental study. Therefore, we administered a new multi‐item measure assessing smoking behavior by using a treatment–control design (randomized response (RR) or direct questioning). After the questionnaire, we administered a breath test by using a carbon monoxide (CO) monitor to determine the smoking status of the patient. We used the response data to measure the individual smoking behavior by using a mixture item‐response model. It is shown that the detected smokers scored significantly higher in the RR condition compared with the directly questioned condition. We proposed a Bayesian latent variable framework to evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy of the questionnaire using the randomized‐response technique, which is based on the posterior densities of the subject's smoking behavior scores together with the breath test measurements. For different diagnostic test thresholds, we obtained moderate posterior mean estimates of sensitivity and specificity by observing a limited number of discrete randomized item responses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switchable Transport Strategy to Deposit Active Fe/Fe3C Cores into Hollow Microporous Carbons for Efficient Chromium Removal
Authors: Liu Dong‐Hai , Guo Yue , Zhang Lu‐Hua , Li Wen‐Cui , Sun Tao , Lu An‐Hui 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMagnetic hollow structures with microporous shell and highly dispersed active cores (Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles) are rationally designed and fabricated by solution‐phase switchable transport of active iron species combined with a solid‐state thermolysis technique, thus allowing selective encapsulation of functional Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles in the interior cavity. These engineered functional materials show high loading (≈54 wt%) of Fe, excellent chromium removal capability (100 mg g−1), fast adsorption rate (8766 mL mg−1 h−1), and easy magnetic separation property (63.25 emu g−1). During the adsorption process, the internal highly dispersed Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles supply a driving force for facilitating CrVI diffusion inward, thus improving the adsorption rate and the adsorption capacity. At the same time, the external microporous carbon shell can also efficiently trap guest CrVI ions and protect Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles from corrosion and subsequent leaching problems.
Contemplative Science: An Insider Prospectus
Authors: Britton Willoughby B. , Brown Anne‐Catharine , Kaplan Christopher T. , Goldman Roberta E. , DeLuca Marie , Rojiani Rahil , Reis Harry , Xi Mandy , Chou Jonathan C. , McKenna Faye , Hitchcock Peter , Rocha Tomas A. , Himmelfarb Josh , Margolis David M. , Niles Halsey F. , Eckert Allison M. , Frank Tana 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the potential far‐reaching consequences of contemplative higher education for the fields of science and medicine.
Birthing Internal Images: Employing the Cajita Project as a Contemplative Activity in a College Classroom
Authors: Kanagala Vijay , Rendón Laura I. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses the growing interest in employing contemplative teaching and learning practices in college classrooms. The authors introduce the cajita project, a contemplative activity, which they have employed in their classrooms to help students become reflective, socially conscious scholar–practitioners in student affairs.