bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What happens to the manuscripts that have not been accepted for publication inOccupational and Environmental Medicine?
Authors: Nemery B 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the fate of manuscripts rejected byOccupational and Environmental Medicine(OEM).METHODSA Medline search was conducted, up to March 2001, to find out whether and where articles submitted toOEMin 1995, 1996, and 1997, but not accepted for publication, were published. The articles were matched by authors and title, sometimes using the abstract to help decide whether the published article was the one that had been previously submitted toOEM.RESULTSOut of 405 manuscripts rejected (44% of those submitted), 218 articles (54%) were traced in 72 different journals, with more than half being published in seven other major journals dealing with occupational and environmental health (rather than in specialty journals). Most papers were published within 2 years of their initial submission toOEM. Only a small proportion (10%) were published in a journal with a higher impact factor thanOEM(1.96 in 1999).CONCLUSIONMore than half the articles rejected byOEMfound their way into the scientific literature covered by Medline. This figure is comparable with the few available data from other journals. It would be interesting to know the fate of articles published byOEMbefore they were submitted to our journal.
Risk of birth defects by parental occupational exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields: a population based study
Authors: Blaasaas K G , Tynes T , Irgens Å , Lie R T 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To study the risk of birth defects by parental occupational exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields.Methods: The Medical Birth Registry of Norway was linked with census data on parental occupation. An expert panel constructed a job exposure matrix of parental occupational exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields. Exposure to magnetic fields was estimated by combining branch and occupation into one of three exposure levels: <4 hours, 4–24 hours, and >24 hours/week above approximately 0.1 μT. Risks of 24 categories of birth defects were compared across exposure levels. Out of all 1.6 million births in Norway in the period 1967–95, 836 475 and 1 290 298 births had information on maternal and paternal exposure, respectively. Analyses were based on tests for trend and were adjusted for parents' educational level, place of birth, maternal age, and year of birth.Results: The total risk of birth defects was not associated with parental exposure. Maternal exposure was associated with increased risks of spina bifida (p=0.04) and clubfoot (p=0.04). A negative association was found for isolated cleft palate (p=0.01). Paternal exposure was associated with increased risks of anencephaly (p=0.01) and a category of “other defects” (p=0.02).Conclusion: The present study gives an indication of an association between selected disorders of the central nervous system and parental exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields. Given the crude exposure assessment, lack of comparable studies, and the high number of outcomes considered, the results should be interpreted with caution.
Respiratory symptoms, lung function, and nasal cellularity in Indonesian wood workers: a dose-response analysis
Authors: Borm P J A , Jetten M , Hidayat S , van de Burgh N , Leunissen P , Kant I , Houba R , Soeprapto H 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: It was hypothesised that inflammation plays a dominant part in the respiratory effects of exposure to wood dust. The purpose of this study was to relate the nasal inflammatory responses of workers exposed to meranti wood dust to (a) levels of exposure, (b) respiratory symptoms and (c) respiratory function.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 1997 in a woodworking plant that used mainly meranti, among 982 workers exposed to different concentrations of wood dust. Personal sampling (n=243) of inhalable dust measurements indicated mean exposure in specific jobs, and enabled classification of 930 workers in three exposure classes (<2, 2–5, and >5 mg/m3) based on job title. Questionnaires were used to screen respiratory symptoms in the entire population. Lung function was measured with two different techniques, conventional flow-volume curves and the forced oscillation technique. Nasal lavage was done to assess inflammation in the upper respiratory tract.Results: A negative trend between years of employment and most flow-volume variables was found in men, but not in women workers. Current exposure, however, was not related to spirometric outcomes, respiratory symptoms, or nasal cellularity. Some impedance variables were related to current exposure but also with better function at higher exposure.Conclusions: Exposure to meranti wood dust did not cause an inflammation in the upper respiratory tract nor an increase of respiratory symptoms or decrease of lung function. These data do not corroborate the hypothesis that inflammation plays a part in airway obstruction induced by wood dust.
Out of hours management of occupational exposures to blood and body fluids in healthcare staff
Authors: Patel D , Gawthrop M , Snashall D , Madan I 
Published: July 2002

Aims:To assess and compare the out of hours and in hours management of occupational blood and body fluid exposures in a London teaching hospital.Methods:The occupational health and accident and emergency records of individuals presenting with occupational body fluid exposures over a six month period at a London teaching hospital were analysed retrospectively. Main outcome measures were the completeness of records, and the appropriate management of body fluid exposures using the Department of Health guidelines as the gold standard.Results:A total of 177 body fluid exposures were reported; 109 (61.58%) were initially assessed in the occupational health department, and 68 (38.42%) in the accident and emergency department. Of those originally assessed in the accident and emergency department, only 21 (30.88%) attended the occupational health department for follow up. Occupational health staff were more consistent in assessing and managing exposures, and in a higher proportion of cases gave more appropriate advice on post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against hepatitis B and HIV. Of the 11 individuals prescribed HIV PEP (all by accident and emergency staff), only three subsequently attended occupational health for follow up. In all three cases therapy was discontinued, as the source was HIV negative or the exposure low risk.Conclusions:Out of hours management of occupational body fluid exposures, particularly the prescribing of HIV PEP, was inconsistent with in hours practice. This may also be the case in other large inner city hospitals offering a similar service.
Unexplained hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis
Authors: Devendra D , Rowe P A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 23 year old girl was admitted to the medical admission unit with a three month history of malaise and generalised muscle cramps. Her general practitioner performed routine biochemistry and had revealed a potassium concentration of 2.0 mmol/l. She was investigated four years before for a similar electrolyte disturbance which was found to be inconclusive. She was currently taking the combined oral contraceptive pill. There was no history of diarrhoea or vomiting. There was no family history of endocrine disease. On examination the patient appeared well, her body mass index was 19, and her blood pressure was 118/70 mm Hg. She was euvolaemic clinically. She had no evidence of postural hypotension nor did she have any peripheral oedema. Her skin turgor was normal.
Systemic cholesterol crystal embolisation with pulmonary involvement: a fatal combination after coronary angiography
Authors: Walton T J , Samani N J , Andrews R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cholesterol crystal embolisation (CCE) is a rare but serious complication of invasive arterial procedures associated with a high mortality, and is a condition that medical staff undertaking invasive vascular procedures should be aware of. It is manifest as a multisystem disorder commonly involving the kidneys and peripheries, but rarely affecting the lungs. A case of fatal CCE with pulmonary involvement is reported, and similar published case reports are reviewed. The pathogenesis of lung involvement in CCE is unclear, but the combination is reported to be invariably fatal.
IMAGE-PROCESSING PROJECTS FOR AN ALGORITHMS COURSE
Authors: FINK EUGENE , HEATH MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Courses on algorithm analysis often include little programming, and do not emphasize application of advanced techniques to practical problems. On the other hand, students usually prefer hands-on learning, and may lack motivation to study theory. We augmented an algorithms course with a series of programming tasks, which involved application of the course material to image processing. These tasks motivated the students, and led to better understanding and retention of theoretical material. They also enabled the students to learn the basics of representing and manipulating images, along with the algorithm theory.
ON FINITENESS OF VASSILIEV INVARIANTS AND A PROOF OF THE LIN-WANG CONJECTURE VIA BRAIDING POLYNOMIALS
Authors: Stoimenow A. 
Published: July 2002

Using the new approach of braiding sequences we give a proof of the Lin-Wing conjecture, stating that a Vassiliev invariant ν of degree k has a value Oν (c(K)k) on a knot K, where c(K) is the crossing number of K and Oν depends on ν only. We extend our method to give a quadratic upper bound in k for the crossing number of alternating/positive knots, the values on which suffice to determine uniquely a Vassiliev invariant of degree k. This also makes orientation and mutation sensitivity of Vassiliev invariants decidable by testing them on alternating/positive knots/mutants only. We give an exponential upper bound for the number of Vassiliev invariants on a special class of closed braids.
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF LUNATE NECROSIS
Authors: Martini Abdul K. , Schiltenwolf Marcus 
Published: July 2002

The classifications of lunate necrosis used by Decoulxet al. (1957)3and Lichtmanet al. (1977)7and Lichtman and Degnan (1993),6respectively, do not refer to early changes in MRI nor to changes to the carpal architecture, but do attribute the onset of the disease to the presence of a fracture. A recent publication of Lichtman and Ross (1994)8did not solve the problem of a precise description of the disease. This necessitates a new, reliable classification based on the true natural course of the disease.In a prospective study of 49 patients and in a retrospective analysis of 125 lunate necrosis, the findings obtained prove the regular natural course of the disease. It starts with normal x-ray appearance but the intensity of the signal in T1-weighted MRI is decreased; a fracture line is part of the latter course and not the beginning. It precedes the collapse of the lunate, followed by the collapse of the carpus and the arthritis of the wrist.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ENTRAPMENT POINT OF UPPER EXTREMITY
Authors: Hirasawa Yasusuke , Okajima Seiichiro , Yoshioka Shinji 
Published: July 2002

The morphological study of cubital tunnel, carpal tunnel and the ulnar (Guyon) canal of adult cadavers was done using stereoscopy after injection of the resin into the brachial artery. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of the carpal tunnel was also performed for normal volunteers. In the area of sulcus nervi ulnaris at the elbow, the amount of fibrofatty tissue was extremely small in the nerve trunk, and the nerve was superficially located and found to run close to the hard bony tissue. At the distal margin of the bony sulcus of the ulnar nerve, the nerve ran on the base of hard collateral ligament, where it was covered with a hard ligamentous aponeurosis. The nutrient vessel to the epineurium of the nerve did not exist in the tunnel under the cover of aponeurosis and the nerve was fed by vessels at the entrance of the tunnel and by the recurrent vessels ascending from the musculature at the distal end of the tunnel. The thickness of the flexor retinaculum from the inlet to the midst of carpal tunnel increases and the thickness became maximum at the outlet. The images of MRI of the carpal tunnel were similar to the corresponding levels, and demonstrated the accuracy of imaging with the anatomical relationships. The ulnar canal itself had few bone elements, and there were neither tight connective tissue nor tendons on the palmar side except for the inlet portion.
MEAN-REVERTING STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY
Authors: FOUQUE JEAN-PIERRE , PAPANICOLAOU GEORGE , SIRCAR K. RONNIE 
Published: July 2002

We present derivative pricing and estimation tools for a class of stochastic volatility models that exploit the observed "bursty" or persistent nature of stock price volatility. An empirical analysis of high-frequency S&P 500 index data confirms that volatility reverts slowly to its mean in comparison to the tick-by-tick fluctuations of the index value, but it is fast mean-reverting when looked at over the time scale of a derivative contract (many months). This motivates an asymptotic analysis of the partial differential equation satisfied by derivative prices, utilizing the distinction between these time scales. The analysis yields pricing and implied volatility formulas, and the latter is used to "fit the smile" from European index option prices. The theory identifies the important group parameters that are needed for the derivative pricing and hedging problem for European-style securities, namely the average volatility and the slope and intercept of the implied volatility line, plotted as a function of the log-moneyness-to-maturity-ratio. The results considerably simplify the estimation procedure, and the data produces estimates of the three important parameters which are found to be stable within periods where the underlying volatility is close to being stationary. These segments of stationarity are identified using a wavelet-based tool. The remaining parameters, including the growth rate of the underlying, the correlation between asset price and volatility shocks, the rate of mean-reversion of the volatility and the market price of volatility risk can be roughly estimated, but are not needed for the asymptotic pricing formulas for European derivatives. The extension to American and path-dependent contingent claims is the subject of future work.
Exact equations of the nonlinear spline
Authors: Edwards John A. 
Published: July 2002

We define the spline interpolating function, and obtain in directly computable form the elementary set of nonlinear equations describing nonlinear spline curves. Using Newton's and Newton-like methods, we solve typical spline configurations, and hence infer that the procedure will reliably yield precise extremum-energy solutions to nonlinear splines of arbitrary (but presumably reasonable) size and complexity.
In order to distinguish between stable and unstable states of spline equilibria, we evaluate the energy change resulting from a perturbation, and we briefly discuss aspects of spline existence and uniqueness in relation to the solved examples. We demonstrate the abrupt transition which occurs at the threshold between spline existence and nonexistence, and conclude that proof of a spline's existence is implicit in the solution set of constants yielded by the method.
The procedure may be regarded on the one hand as a precise and efficient research instrument for investigating the properties of true splines and elastica, and on the other as an everyday method for obtaining “the smoothest interpolating curve of all.
Contact is always maintained with the physical analogue to the curve, the thin uniform elastic beam, since the four assignable parameters used in each spline interval comprise the necessary and sufficient three angles and one length dimension of the actual physical spline.
On an historical note, the method may be seen to offer progress in the search, begun in the late 17th century, for a definitive solution to the elastica problem.
Stochastic query optimization in distributed databases
Authors: Drenick P. E. , Smith E. J. 
Published: July 2002

Many algorithms have been devised for minimizing the costs associated with obtaining the answer to a single, isolated query in a distributed database system. However, if more than one query may be processed by the system at the same time and if the arrival times of the queries are unknown, the determination of optimal query-processing strategies becomes a stochastic optimization problem. In order to cope with such problems, a theoretical state-transition model is presented that treats the system as one operating under a stochastic load. Query-processing strategies may then be distributed over the processors of a network as probability distributions, in a manner which accommodates many queries over time.
It is then shown that the model leads to the determination of optimal query-processing strategies as the solution of mathematical programming problems, and analytical results for several examples are presented. Furthermore, a divide-and-conquer approach is introduced for decomposing stochastic query optimization problems into distinct subproblems for processing queries sequentially and in parallel.
On linear potential functions for approximating Bayesian computations
Authors: Santos Eugene 
Published: July 2002

Probabilistic reasoning suffers from NP-hard implementations. In particular, the amount of probabilistic information necessary to the computations is often overwhelming. For example, the size of conditional probability tables in Bayesian networks has long been a limiting factor in the general use of these networks.
We present a new approach for manipulating the probabilistic information given. This approach avoids being overwhelmed by essentially compressing the information using approximation functions called linear potential functions. We can potentially reduce the information from a combinatorial amount to roughly linear in the number of random variable assigments. Furthermore, we can compute these functions through closed form equations. As it turns out, our approximation method is quite general and may be applied to other data compression problems.
New file organization based on dynamic hashing
Authors: Scholl Michel 
Published: July 2002

New file organizations based on hashing and suitable for data whose volume may vary rapidly recently appeared in the literature. In the three schemes which have been independently proposed, rehashing is avoided, storage space is dynamically adjusted to the number of records actually stored, and there are no overflow records. Two of these techniques employ an index to the data file. Retrieval is fast and storage utilization is low.
In order to increase storage utilization, we introduce two schemes based on a similar idea and analyze the performance of the second scheme. Both techniques use an index of much smaller size. In both schemes, overflow records are accepted. The price which has to be paid for the improvement in storage utilization is a slight access cost degradation.
Computer scientists whose scientific freedom and human rights have been violated
Authors: Minker Jack 
Published: July 2002

This report had its genesis before the establishment in February 1980 of the Committee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights (CSFHR). In 1978 Paul Armer, chairman of the Committee on Computers and Public Policy (CCPP), asked Jack Minker of the University of Maryland to chair a Subcommittee on Human Rights and to prepare a report on the human rights of computer scientists. When CSFHR was formed it was natural to transfer this activity to it since one of the activities of CSFHR, as specified in its charter, is:
Gathering data on systematic violations of scientific freedom and human rights and fully publicizing such data.… Careful attention will be given to assuring the validity of all data.
Teaching “about programming”
Authors: Rosin Robert F. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the goals and organization of a course about programming designed to provide entering students in a graduate program with a cultural enrichment in their professional lives. The students are expected to have taken at least two programming courses prior to this one and, therefore, to be familiar with at least two programming languages, both as students and users.
Teaching someone how to program is similar to teaching him to play a musical instrument: neither skill can be taught—they must be learned. However, the teacher still serves several vital purposes: to present a set of rules for producing well-formed utterances; to offer numerous demonstrations of his own skill; and to function as an involved critic. Finally, the teacher is the source of information about the process in which the student is involved.
A language for treating geometric patterns in a two-dimensional space
Authors: Bracchi G. , Ferrari D. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper CADEP, a problem-oriented language for positioning geometric patterns in a two-dimensional space, is presented.
Although the language has been specifically designed for the automatic generation of integrated circuit masks, it turns out to be well suited also for such other placement problems as architecture design, urban planning, logical and block diagram representation.
The design criteria, the structure, and the specific features of CADEP are illustrated.
An interactive graphical display monitor in a batch-processing environment with remote entry
Authors: Bond Alan H. , Rightnour Jerry , Coles L. Steven 
Published: July 2002

A graphic monitor program is described. It was developed at Carnegie-Mellon University for the CDC G21 computer, which is a general purpose, batch-processing system with remote entry. The existing G21 system and the graphics hardware are described. The graphic monitor is a resident auxiliary monitor which provides comprehensive managerial capability over the graphical system in response to commands from the human user. It also will respond to commands from a user program through a similar interface, where routine calls take the place of manual actions. Thus the human and program can interact on a symmetrical and equal basis through the medium of the graphic monitor.
The choices made in designing the graphic monitor, given the constraints of the existing hardware and computer system, are discussed.
The structure of the monitor program and the human and program interfaces are described. There is also a transient swapping version with a small resident part, and provision for swapped used submonitors.
Optimization of expressions in Fortran
Authors: Busam Vincent A. , Englund Donald E. 
Published: July 2002

A method of optimizing the computation of arithmetic and indexing expressions of a Fortran program is presented. The method is based on a linear analysis of the definition points of the variables and the branching and DO loop structure of the program.
The objectives of the processing are (1) to eliminate redundant calculations when references are made to common sub-expression values, (2) to remove invariant calculations from DO loops, (3) to efficiently compute subscripts containing DO iteration variables, and (4) to provide efficient index register usage.
The method presented requires at least a three-pass compiler, the second of which is scanned backward. It has been used in the development of several FORTRAN compilers that have proved to produce excellent object code without significantly reducing the compilation speed.