bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scrofula Mimicking Cutaneous Malignancy: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Garg MK , Garg Uma , Batra Ritika , Salaria Neha 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSince a long time scrofuloderma (SCF) was thought to be a common disease of childhood and was attributable toMyco bacterium tuberculosis. In 1951, a new entity nontuberculous scrofuloderma was described and it is caused by atypical mycobacteria namelyMycobacterium scrofulaceum. The clinical picture closely mimics tuberculous scrofuloderma but diagnosis should be established through culture isolation and identification, because drug susceptibility may be different in these cases.In this article, we report a case of a 22-year-old pregnant female patient who presented to us with scrofulaceous lesion on the right side of neck.How to cite this articleGarg U, Batra R, Salaria N, Garg MK. Scrofula Mimicking Cutaneous Malignancy: A Rare Case Report. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(2):68-70.
Skull Base Osteomyelitis Resulting in Petrous Internal Carotid Aneurysm
Authors: Radhakrishnan Suma R , Dahiya Vijeyta , Devarajan Ellezhuthil , Ramachandran K 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSkull base osteomyelitis typically occurs most often as a complication of malignant otitis externa secondary to pseudomonas infection. Common risk factors are increasing age, diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression. If it happens in the absence of external otitis it is called atypical or central type. Medical management is the mainstay of treatment. Surgical management is for a diagnostic biopsy and in some for debridement. Described below is a case report of a 75 years old male patient who was diagnosed to have skull base osteomyelitis and was started on intravenous antibiotics. Following an initial improvement of symptoms, after 4 weeks he developed ear and oropharyngeal bleed. Imaging revealed a massive aneurysm of petrous internal carotid artery with multiple brain infarcts and before we could intervene the patient expired. This case emphasizes a rarity in skull base osteomyelitis and the need for early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.How to cite this articleSuma R, Dahiya V, Chandni R, Devarajan E, Ramachandran K. Skull Base Osteomyelitis Resulting in Petrous Internal Carotid Aneurysm. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(2):71-73.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting as a Unifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma in the Body of the Mandible: A Rare Report
Authors: Shah Pratik Dipak , Mukherji Srijon 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a relatively rare and unique benign disease characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature dendritic cells which usually affects children and young adults. Jaws are involved in less than 10% of children with the disease.ObjectiveTo add on to the literature one more case of this rare and unique disease which accounts for less than 1% of all bone tumors and also to discuss its oral manifestation and management.SettingPrivate maxillofacial surgery institute, Kolkata, West Bengal.PatientA 2 years and 8 months old male child with solitary swelling over the lower left jaw since one and half months. Lesion was fixed to underlying bone and there was an expansion of buccal cortical plate at the body of mandible.ResultsEnucleation of the lesion performed after assessing history, clinical and radiological dertails and also considering patient's age. Postoperative biopsy result came as LCH presenting as a unifocal eosinophil granuloma. Appropriate surgical intervention resulted in a dramatic improvement in patient's clinical condition. At present, patient is disease-free and asymptomatic.ConclusionSurgical enucleation or curettage is a preferred treatment option for maxillary and mandibular lesion. Potential for the unifocal disease to become multifocal should not be underestimated as the disease can be unpredictable. We recommend long-term follow-up due to uncertainty of the disease.How to cite this articleShah PD, Mukherji S. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting as a Unifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma in the Body of the Mandible: A Rare Report. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(2):74-76.
De onderzoeksbevoegdheden van de Commissie scherpgesteld
Authors: de Vries Y. 
Published: March 2015

De onderzoeksbevoegdheden van de Commissie scherpgesteld
In dit artikel wordt, mede aan de hand van het arrest Deutsche Bahn van het Gerecht en het arrest Delta Pekárny van het EHRM, ingegaan op de vraag of de Commissie een voorafgaande rechterlijke machtiging nodig heeft voor het verrichten van inspecties onder Verordening (EG) nr. 1/2003. Ook worden de arresten Nexans, Prysmian en Schwenk besproken, die inzicht geven in de effectiviteit van de rechterlijke controle die de Unierechter uitoefent over het gebruik van de onderzoeksbevoegdheden van de Commissie. Deze arresten verduidelijken de rechten en plichten van ondernemingen en de Commissie bij inspecties en verzoeken om inlichtingen onder Verordening (EG) nr. 1/2003.Gerecht 6 september 2013, gevoegde zaken T-289/11, T-290/11 en T-521/11, Deutsche Bahn, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404, EHRM 2 oktober 2014, nr. 97/11, Delta Pekárny/Tsjechische Republiek, Gerecht 14 november 2012, zaak T-135/09, Nexans, ECLI:EU:T:2012:596, Gerecht 14 maart 2014, zaak T-306/11, Schwenk, ECLI:EU:T:2014:123
Spatial variability of solar quiet fields along 96° magnetic meridian in Africa: Results from MAGDAS
Authors: Bolaji O. S. , Rabiu A. B. , Bello O. R. , Yoshikawa A. , Yumoto K. , Odeyemi O. O. , Ogunmodimu O. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe have used chains of Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) magnetometer records of the horizontal (H) and vertical (Z) magnetic field intensities during September 2008 to August 2009 (year of deep minimum) across Africa to study their variability during the quietest international days, which coincidently associated with the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event in January 2009. This selection of the most international quiet days is indicative of 80% that are strongly associated with days when unusually strong and prolonged sudden SSW event occurs in January 2009. Interestingly, in January, a significant magnitude depletion of solar quiet (Sq) equivalent current was observed near noon hours around the magnetic equator (Addis Ababa, ABB) compared to any other months along with a consistent significantly reduced value across the Northern Hemisphere and moderate decrease at the Southern Hemisphere. Also, we found that Nairobi and Dar es Salaam at the Southern Hemisphere, which are close to ABB (dip equator), are strongly prone to westward electric field compared to the magnetic equator and Khartoum at the Northern Hemisphere. Significant negative values of MSq(Z) magnitudes observed near noon hours at Hermanus indicate the presence of induced currents that suggest ocean effects along with reversal to significant positive values in the afternoon, which subsided before 1800 LT in almost all the months, indicate stronger influence of ionospheric currents. On seasonal variability of Sq(H), a slight depression at ABB during September equinox is one of the evidences of seasonal Sq focus shift. Latitudinal variability of Sq near‐noon hours was also investigated.
Comparing generic models for interplanetary shocks and magnetic clouds axis configurations at 1 AU
Authors: Janvier M. , Dasso S. , Démoulin P. , Masías‐Meza J. J. , Lugaz N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractInterplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the manifestation of solar transient eruptions, which can significantly modify the plasma and magnetic conditions in the heliosphere. They are often preceded by a shock, and a magnetic flux rope is detected in situ in a third to half of them. The main aim of this study is to obtain the best quantitative shape for the flux rope axis and for the shock surface from in situ data obtained during spacecraft crossings of these structures. We first compare the orientation of the flux rope axes and shock normals obtained from independent data analyses of the same events, observed in situ at 1 AU from the Sun. Then we carry out an original statistical analysis of axes/shock normals by deriving the statistical distributions of their orientations. We fit the observed distributions using the distributions derived from several synthetic models describing these shapes. We show that the distributions of axis/shock orientations are very sensitive to their respective shape. One classical model, used to analyze interplanetary imager data, is incompatible with the in situ data. Two other models are introduced, for which the results for axis and shock normals lead to very similar shapes; the fact that the data for MCs and shocks are independent strengthens this result. The model which best fits all the data sets has an ellipsoidal shape with similar aspect ratio values for all the data sets. These derived shapes for the flux rope axis and shock surface have several potential applications. First, these shapes can be used to construct a consistent ICME model. Second, these generic shapes can be used to develop a quantitative model to analyze imager data, as well as constraining the output of numerical simulations of ICMEs. Finally, they will have implications for space weather forecasting, in particular, for forecasting the time arrival of ICMEs at the Earth.
Sensitivity of a global climate model to the critical Richardson number in the boundary layer parameterization
Authors: Zhang Ning , Gao Zhiqiu , Liu Yangang , Li Dan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe critical bulk Richardson number (Ricr) is an important parameter in planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes used in many climate models. This paper examines the sensitivity of a global climate model, the Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model, to Ricr. The results show that the simulated global average of PBL height increases nearly linearly with Ricr, with a change of about 114 m for a change of 0.5 in Ricr. The surface sensible (latent) heat flux decreases (increases) as Ricr increases. The influence of Ricr on surface air temperature and specific humidity is not significant. The increasing Ricr may affect the location of the Westerly Belt in the Southern Hemisphere. Further diagnosis reveals that changes in Ricr affect stratiform and convective precipitations differently. Increasing Ricr leads to an increase in the stratiform precipitation but a decrease in the convective precipitation. Significant changes of convective precipitation occur over the Intertropical Convergence Zone, while changes of stratiform precipitation mostly appear over arid land such as North Africa and Middle East.
Meteorological buoy observations from the central Iceland Sea
Authors: Harden B. E. , Renfrew I. A , Petersen G. N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present the first continuous in situ atmospheric observations from the central Iceland Sea collected from a meteorological buoy deployed for a 2 year period between 23 November 2007 and 21 August 2009. We use these observations to evaluate the ERA‐Interim reanalysis product and demonstrate that it represented low‐level meteorological fields and surface turbulent fluxes in this region very well. The buoy observations showed that moderate to strong winds were common from any direction, while wind speeds below 5 ms−1 were relatively rare. The observed low‐level air temperature and surface heat fluxes were related to the wind direction with cold‐air outbreaks most common from the northwest. Mean wintertime turbulent heat fluxes were modest (<60 Wm−2), but the range was substantial. High heat flux events, greater than 200 Wm−2, typically occurred every 1–2 weeks in the winter, with each event lasting on average 2.5 days with an average total turbulent heat flux of ∼200 Wm−2 out of the ocean. The most pronounced high heat flux events over the central Iceland Sea were associated with cold‐air outbreaks from the north and west forced by a deep Lofoten Low over the Norwegian Sea.
Impact of radiosonde observations on forecasting summertime Arctic cyclone formation
Authors: Yamazaki Akira , Inoue Jun , Dethloff Klaus , Maturilli Marion , König‐Langlo Gert 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe impact of Arctic radiosonde observations on the forecasting of the 2012 early August Arctic cyclone AC12—the “strongest” since records began—has been investigated using an observing system experiment (OSE). An atmospheric ensemble reanalysis (ALERA2) was used as the control experiment (CTL) to reproduce the development of the Arctic cyclone and surrounding large‐scale atmospheric fields. The OSE applies the same reanalysis as the CTL except for the exclusion of radiosonde observations from the German icebreaker Polarstern, which cruised near Svalbard during mid‐July to early August 2012. Comparison of the two reanalyses revealed a difference in the upper tropospheric circulation over northern mid‐Eurasia, just before the Arctic cyclone developed, in the form of a stronger tropopause polar vortex in the CTL. This indicated that the upper tropospheric field in the CTL had greater potential for baroclinic instability over mid‐Eurasia. Ensemble predictions were then conducted using the two reanalyses as initial values at which the tropopause polar vortex approached northern mid‐Eurasia. The CTL prediction reproduced the formation of the Arctic cyclone, but the OSE shows a significantly weaker one. These results indicate that the improved reproduction of upper tropospheric circulation in the Arctic region due to additional radiosonde observations from a mobile platform was indispensable for the prediction of AC12. In particular, observations being acquired far from the Arctic cyclone affect the prediction of the cyclone via the upper tropospheric circulation in the atmospheric west wind drift.
Identifying multiscale zonation and assessing the relative importance of polygon geomorphology on carbon fluxes in an Arctic tundra ecosystem
Authors: Wainwright Haruko M. , Dafflon Baptiste , Smith Lydia J. , Hahn Melanie S. , Curtis John B. , Wu Yuxin , Ulrich Craig , Peterson John E. , Torn Margaret S. , Hubbard Susan S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe develop a multiscale zonation approach to characterize the spatial variability of Arctic polygonal ground geomorphology and to assess the relative controls of these elements on land surface and subsurface properties and carbon fluxes. Working within an ice wedge polygonal region near Barrow, Alaska, we consider two scales of zonation: polygon features (troughs, centers, and rims of polygons) that are nested within different polygon types (high, flat, and low centered). In this study, we first delineated polygons using a digital elevation map and clustered the polygons into four types along two transects, using geophysical and kite‐based landscape‐imaging data sets. We extrapolated those data‐defined polygon types to all the polygons over the study site, using the polygon statistics extracted from the digital elevation map. Based on the point measurements, we characterized the distribution of vegetation, hydrological, thermal, and geochemical properties, as well as carbon fluxes, all as a function of polygon types and polygon features. Results show that nested polygon geomorphic zonation—polygon types and polygon features—can be used to represent distinct distributions of carbon fluxes and associated properties, as well as covariability among those properties. Importantly, the results indicate that polygon types have more power to explain the variations in those properties than polygon features. The approach is expected to be useful for improved system understanding, site characterization, and parameterization of numerical models aimed at predicting ecosystem feedbacks to the climate.
The behavior of trade‐wind cloudiness in observations and models: The major cloud components and their variability
Authors: Nuijens Louise , Medeiros Brian , Sandu Irina , Ahlgrimm Maike 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGuided by ground‐based radar and lidar profiling at the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO), this study evaluates trade‐wind cloudiness in ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and nine CMIP5 models using their single‐timestep output at selected grid points. The observed profile of cloudiness is relatively evenly distributed between two important height levels: the lifting condensation level (LCL) and the tops of the deepest cumuli near the trade‐wind inversion (2–3 km). Cloudiness at the LCL dominates the total cloud cover, but is relatively invariant. Variance in cloudiness instead peaks at the inversion. The IFS reproduces the depth of the cloud field and its variability, but underestimates cloudiness at the LCL and the inversion. A few CMIP5 models produce a single stratocumulus‐like layer near the LCL, but more than half of the CMIP5 models reproduce the observed cloud layer depth in long‐term mean profiles. At single‐time steps, however, half of the models do not produce cloudiness near cloud tops along with the (almost ever‐present) cloudiness near the LCL. In seven models, cloudiness is zero at both levels 10 to 65% of the time, compared to 3% in the observations. Models therefore tend to overestimate variance in cloudiness near the LCL. This variance is associated with longer time scales than in observations, which suggests that modeled cloudiness is too sensitive to large‐scale processes. To conclude, many models do not appear to capture the processes that underlie changes in cloudiness, which is relevant for cloud feedbacks and climate prediction.
Where large deep‐ocean waves break
Authors: van Haren Hans , Cimatoribus Andrea , Gostiaux Louis 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUnderwater topography like seamounts causes the breaking of large “internal waves” with associated turbulent mixing strongly affecting the redistribution of sediment. Here ocean turbulence is characterized and quantified in the lowest 100 m of the water column at three nearby sites above the slope of a deep‐ocean seamount. Moored high‐resolution temperature sensors show very different turbulence generation mechanisms over 3 and 5 km horizontal separation distances. At the steepest slope, turbulence was 100 times more energetic than at the shallowest slope where turbulence was still 10 times more energetic than found in the open ocean, away from topography. The turbulence on this extensive slope is caused by slope steepness and nonlinear wave evolution, but not by bottom‐friction, “critical” internal tide reflection or lee wave generation.
Brittle versus ductile deformation as the main control of the deep fluid circulation in oceanic crust
Authors: Violay M. , Gibert B. , Mainprice D. , Burg J.‐P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe brittle to ductile transition may strongly influence hydraulic properties of rocks at the depth and temperature ranges that hydrothermal fluids circulate. To examine this transition in the context of the oceanic crust, we conducted a series of deformation experiments on a natural basalt sample at in situ oceanic crust conditions. Dilatancy was measured during deformation. The method consisted in monitoring the volume of pore fluid that flows into or out of the sample at constant pore pressure. Mechanical and microstructural observations at experimental constant strain rate of 10−5 s−1 indicated that the basalt was brittle and dilatant up to 800°C. At higher temperature, the deformation mode became macroscopically ductile and samples compacted. These observations have important implications on heat transfer and fluid migration in oceanic crust.
Very shallow dyke intrusion and potential slope failure imaged by ground deformation: The 28 December 2014 eruption on Mount Etna
Authors: Bonforte Alessandro , Guglielmino Francesco 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOn 28 December 2014, eruptive activity resumed at Mount Etna with fire fountain activity feeding two lava flows on the eastern and southwestern upper flanks of the volcano. Unlike all previous summit activity, this eruption produced clear deformation at the summit of the volcano. GPS displacements and Sentinel‐1A ascending interferograms were calculated in order to image the ground deformation pattern accompanying the eruption. The displacements observed by GPS depict a local ground deformation pattern, affecting only the upper part of the volcano. Despite snow cover on the summit, differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) data allowed obtaining more detail on the ground deformation pattern on the upper eastern side of the volcano. Three‐dimensional GPS displacements inversion located a very shallow NE‐SW intrusion just beneath the New Southeast Crater. However, this model cannot justify all the deformation observed by DInSAR thus revealing a gravitational failure of the lava flow field.
Quantifying the net contribution of the historical Amazonian deforestation to climate change
Authors: Exbrayat Jean‐François , Williams Mathew 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRecent large‐scale carbon (C) emissions from deforestation have been estimated by combining remotely‐sensed land use change information with satellite‐based aboveground biomass (AGB) data. However, these estimates are constrained to the satellite era while regions such as the Amazon basin have been heavily impacted by deforestation before this period. Assessing the net contribution of past tropical deforestation to the growth in atmospheric CO2 is therefore challenging. We address this lack of data by constructing two maps of potential AGB with a machine learning algorithm trained on the relationship between AGB and climate and topography in intact forest landscapes of the Amazon basin. Reconstructions converge to a current deficit of 11.5–12% in AGB or a net loss of ~7–8 Pg C of AGB in the Amazon basin compared to current estimates. This represents a net contribution of ~1.8 ppm of atmospheric CO2 or 1.5% of the historical growth.
Estimate of Rayleigh‐to‐Love wave ratio in the secondary microseism by colocated ring laser and seismograph
Authors: Tanimoto Toshiro , Hadziioannou Céline , Igel Heiner , Wasserman Joachim , Schreiber Ulrich , Gebauer André 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUsing a colocated ring laser and an STS‐2 seismograph, we estimate the ratio of Rayleigh‐to‐Love waves in the secondary microseism at Wettzell, Germany, for frequencies between 0.13 and 0.30 Hz. Rayleigh wave surface acceleration was derived from the vertical component of STS‐2, and Love wave surface acceleration was derived from the ring laser. Surface wave amplitudes are comparable; near the spectral peak about 0.22 Hz, Rayleigh wave amplitudes are about 20% higher than Love wave amplitudes, but outside this range, Love wave amplitudes become higher. In terms of the kinetic energy, Rayleigh wave energy is about 20–35% smaller on average than Love wave energy. The observed secondary microseism at Wettzell thus consists of comparable Rayleigh and Love waves but contributions from Love waves are larger. This is surprising as the only known excitation mechanism for the secondary microseism, described by Longuet‐Higgins (1950), is equivalent to a vertical force and should mostly excite Rayleigh waves.