bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Salts and Brønsted Acids in Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Aqueous‐Phase Glucose Dehydration to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Wrigstedt Pauli , Keskiväli Juha , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe effect of salts and Brønsted acids on the Lewis acid (CrCl3⋅6 H2O)‐catalyzed glucose dehydration to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in aqueous media are described. We show that the reaction with bromide salts in place of chlorides leads to higher HMF yields. The influence of salts can be attributed to the anions in solution, specifically to the bromide anions enhancing the fructose dehydration step. Additionally, we demonstrate that the reaction kinetics are governed strongly by acidity. Although the fructose dehydration step is accelerated by the addition of Brønsted acids, even on a catalytic scale, a significant retardation of the glucose conversion rate results in a substantial drop in HMF yields. The suppression in glucose‐to‐fructose isomerization rate with increasing acidity is ascribed to the restrained formation of the chromium–glucose chelate complex during the reaction.
Across the Board: Licheng Sun
Authors: Sun Licheng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this series of articles the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. In this entry, Prof. Licheng Sun discusses how solar fuel production (such as water splitting) can be made more efficient and economic on an industrial scale. Recommended is the work by Prof. Xuping Sun, who use non‐noble metal–phosphorus‐based nanostructures as efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation from water.
Dietary inflammatory index and risk of pancreatic cancer in an Italian case–control study
Authors: Shivappa Nitin , Bosetti Cristina , Zucchetto Antonella , Serraino Diego , La Vecchia Carlo , Hébert James R. 
Published: December 2014

Previous studies have shown that various dietary components may be implicated in the aetiology of pancreatic cancer. However, the possible relationship between diet-related inflammation and the risk of pancreatic cancer has not yet been investigated. We examined the ability of a newly developed literature-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict the risk of pancreatic cancer in a case–control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2008. This included 326 incident cases and 652 controls admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals for non-neoplastic diseases, frequency-matched to cases by study centre, sex and age. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated and reproducible seventy-eight-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable OR adjusted for age, sex, study centre, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking and history of diabetes. Energy adjustment was performed using the residual method. Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e. representing a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, with the DII being used as both a continuous variable (ORcontinuous1·24, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·38) and a categorical variable (i.e. compared with the subjects in the lowest quintile of the DII, those in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles had, respectively, ORquintile2 v. 11·70, 95 % CI 1·02, 2·80; ORquintile3 v. 11·91, 95 % CI 1·16, 3·16; ORquintile4 v. 11·98, 95 % CI 1·20, 3·27; ORquintile5 v. 12·48, 95 % CI 1·50, 4·10;Ptrend= 0·0015). These data suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of pancreatic cancer.
Impact of voluntary food fortification practices in Ireland: trends in nutrient intakes in Irish adults between 1997–9 and 2008–10
Authors: Hennessy Áine , Hannon Evelyn M. , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert 
Published: December 2014

Because of the discretionary nature of voluntary food fortification in the European Union, there is a need to monitor fortification practices and consumption of fortified foods in order to assess the efficacy and safety of such additions on an ongoing basis. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional impact of changes in voluntary fortification practices in adults aged 18–64 years using dietary intake data from two nationally representative cross-sectional food consumption surveys, the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey (NSIFCS) (1997–9) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008–10). The supply of fortified foods increased between 1997–9 and 2008–10, resulting in a higher proportion of adults consuming fortified foods (from 67 to 82 %) and a greater contribution to mean daily energy intake (from 4·6 to 8·4 %). The overall nutrient profile of fortified foods consumed remained favourable, i.e. higher in starch and dietary fibre and lower in fat and saturated fat, with polyunsaturated fat, sugars and Na in proportion to energy. Women, particularly those of childbearing age, remained the key beneficiaries of voluntary fortification practices in Ireland. Continued voluntary fortification of foods has increased protection against neural tube defect-affected pregnancy by folic acid and maintained the beneficial impact on the adequacy of Fe intake. Increased consumption of fortified foods did not contribute to an increased risk of intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level for any micronutrient. Recent increases in voluntary fortification of foods in Ireland have made a favourable nutritional impact on the diets of adults and have not contributed to an increased risk of adverse effects.
Safeguarding biodiversity: what is perceived as working, according to the conservation community?
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , DeLuycker Anneke , Reyna-Hurtado Rafael A. , Serio-Silva Juan Carlos , Smith Thomas B. , Strier Karen B. , Goldberg Tony L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDramatic increases in human populations and per capita consumption, climate change, overexploitation of marine and freshwater resources, and deforestation have caused a litany of negative consequences for biodiversity. Such doom-and-gloom scenarios are widely known, frequently cited and frankly depressing. Although accurate assessments of threats have clear value for intervention planning, we believe there is also a need to reflect on successes. Such reflection provides balance to negative scenarios and may shift attention towards constructive, positive action. Here we use a systematic evaluation of 90 success stories provided by conservation scientists and practitioners to explore the characteristics of the projects perceived as being associated with success. Success was deemed to have occurred for 19.4% of the projects simply because an event had occurred (e.g. a law was passed) and for 36.1% of projects quantitative data indicated success (e.g. censuses demonstrated population increase). However, for most projects (63.9%) there was no evaluation and success was defined by the subjective opinion of the respondent. Conservation community members viewed successful projects most often as those being long-term (88%), small in spatial scale (52%), with a relatively low budget (68%), and involving a protectionist approach alone or in combination with another approach. These results highlight the subjectivity of definitions of success in conservation but also the characteristics of conservation efforts that the conservation community perceives as indicative of success.
Making nursing homes more community-oriented: insights from an exploratory study in Germany
Authors: HÄMEL KERSTIN 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTNursing homes have been criticised for restricting the lifestyle of older people in need of care. As concepts of elder care have changed and services in formal care have developed further, efforts towards deinstitutionalisation have led to the enhancement of community care models. This paper discusses how ideas of community care can also influence reform within institutional care. The study focuses on the challenges and obstacles of practice change arising in German nursing homes by opening up to civil society principles. Applying the model of organisational hybridisation, the concept of 12 German nursing homes regarding family and community partners' involvement were analysed through explorative qualitative interviews with nursing home directors. The nursing homes have conceived various forms of co-operation with community actors. Nevertheless, emerging tensions between state, market and civil society conceptions of the nursing homes limit practical change. The ‘organisational hybridisation’ has generated two general problems to be discussed here: first, the difficulty nursing homes have in opening their doors to new perceptions of care as well as to the interests of their community partners. Second, the fact that the nursing homes tend either to strive for an integration in community life or for the maintenance of a ‘sheltered zone’ for their residents implies that nursing homes' definition of ‘normality’ has a strong influence on their chosen concept of care.
Activated astrocytes enhance the dopaminergic differentiation of stem cells and promote brain repair through bFGF
Authors: Yang Fan , Liu Yunhui , Tu Jie , Wan Jun , Zhang Jie , Wu Bifeng , Chen Shanping , Zhou Jiawei , Mu Yangling , Wang Liping 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAstrocytes provide neuroprotective effects against degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and play a fundamental role in DA differentiation of neural stem cells. Here we show that light illumination of astrocytes expressing engineered channelrhodopsin variant (ChETA) can remarkably enhance the release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and significantly promote the DA differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)in vitro. Light activation of transplanted astrocytes in the substantia nigra (SN) also upregulates bFGF levelsin vivoand promotes the regenerative effects of co-transplanted stem cells. Importantly, upregulation of bFGF levels, by specific light activation of endogenous astrocytes in the SN, enhances the DA differentiation of transplanted stem cells and promotes brain repair in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Our study indicates that astrocyte-derived bFGF is required for regulation of DA differentiation of the stem cells and may provide a strategy targeting astrocytes for treatment of PD.
High-quality genome (re)assembly using chromosomal contact data
Authors: Marie-Nelly Hervé , Marbouty Martial , Cournac Axel , Flot Jean-François , Liti Gianni , Parodi Dante Poggi , Syan Sylvie , Guillén Nancy , Margeot Antoine , Zimmer Christophe , Koszul Romain 
Published: December 2014

AbstractClosing gaps in draft genome assemblies can be costly and time-consuming, and published genomes are therefore often left ‘unfinished.’ Here we show that genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (3C) data can be used to overcome these limitations, and present a computational approach rooted in polymer physics that determines the most likely genome structure using chromosomal contact data. This algorithm—named GRAAL—generates high-quality assemblies of genomes in which repeated and duplicated regions are accurately represented and offers a direct probabilistic interpretation of the computed structures. We first validated GRAAL on the reference genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as other yeast isolates, where GRAAL recovered both known and unknown complex chromosomal structural variations. We then applied GRAAL to the finishing of the assembly of Trichoderma reesei and obtained a number of contigs congruent with the know karyotype of this species. Finally, we showed that GRAAL can accurately reconstruct human chromosomes from either fragments generated in silico or contigs obtained from de novo assembly. In all these applications, GRAAL compared favourably to recently published programmes implementing related approaches.
Perfluorooctanoic acid binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and promotes adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Yamamoto Junpei , Yamane Takumi , Oishi Yuichi , Kobayashi-Hattori Kazuo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We examined the effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on adipose cells using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and found that PFOA increased adipocyte differentiation, triglyceride accumulation, and the mRNA level of factors related to adipocyte differentiation. In addition, PFOA bound to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ). These results suggest that PFOA promotes adipocyte differentiation as a PPAR γ ligand.
The Interplay of Morphology and Phonology
Authors: Inkelas Sharon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis book presents a phenomenon-oriented survey of the ways in which phonology and morphology interact, including ways in which morphology, i.e. word formation, demonstrates sensitivity to phonological information and in which phonological patterns can be sensitive to morphology. Chapters focus on morphologically conditioned phonology, process morphology, prosodic templates, reduplication, infixation, phonology-morphology interleaving effects, prosodic-morphological mismatches, ineffability and other cases in which phonology interferes with morphology, and paradigmatic effects of morphology on phonology, and vice versa. The overview points out theoretical issues on which particular phenomena bear. These include the debate over item-based vs. realizational approaches to morphology, the question of whether cyclic effects can be subsumed under paradigmatic effects, whether reduplication is phonological copying or morphological doubling, whether infixation and suppletive allomorphy are phonologically optimizing, and more. The book is intended to be used in graduate or advanced undergraduate courses or to have as a reference for those pursuing individual topics in the phonology-morphology interface. The overarching aim of the book is to bring together, and connect in as many ways as possible, the large and diverse set of topics that fall under the umbrella of the phonology-morphology interface.
Trends in CD4 Count at Presentation to Care and Treatment Initiation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2002–2013: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Siedner Mark J. , Ng Courtney K. , Bassett Ingrid V. , Katz Ingrid T. , Bangsberg David R. , Tsai Alexander C. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background.  Both population- and individual-level benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are contingent on early diagnosis and initiation of therapy. We estimated trends in disease status at presentation to care and at ART initiation in sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods.  We searched PubMed for studies published January 2002–December 2013 that reported CD4 cell count at presentation or ART initiation among adults in sub-Saharan Africa. We abstracted study sample size, year(s), and mean CD4 count. A random-effects meta-regression model was used to obtain pooled estimates during each year of the observation period.
Results.  We identified 56 articles reporting CD4 count at presentation (N = 295 455) and 71 articles reporting CD4 count at ART initiation (N = 549 702). The mean estimated CD4 count in 2002 was 251 cells/µL at presentation and 152 cells/µL at ART initiation. During 2002–2013, neither CD4 count at presentation (β = 5.8 cells/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], −10.7 to 22.4 cells/year), nor CD4 count at ART initiation (β = −1.1 cells/year; 95% CI, −8.4 to 6.2 cells/year) increased significantly. Excluding studies of opportunistic infections or prevention of mother-to-child transmission did not alter our findings. Among studies conducted in South Africa (N = 14), CD4 count at presentation increased by 39.9 cells/year (95% CI, 9.2–70.2 cells/year; P = .02), but CD4 count at ART initiation did not change.
Conclusions.  CD4 counts at presentation to care and at ART initiation in sub-Saharan Africa have not increased over the past decade. Barriers to presentation, diagnosis, and linkage to HIV care remain major challenges that require attention to optimize population-level benefits of ART.
Constitutional Change inEngland and the Diffusion of Regulatory Initiative, 1660–1714
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article places a new account of theEnglish state's changing framework for economic regulation alongside what economic historians have demonstrated about the phasing and arenas of economic growth between 1660 and 1714. It places studies of parliamentary legislation into a broader examination of the state's means of regulation (which included the privy council and parliament) and sets this account of regulatory actions against a new account of the changing ways in which petitions approached the state as a regulatory body and how the state responded to those approaches. It also offers a more textured account of the changing styles of economic regulation in this period and of the important (though neglected) role played by commercial interests groups. It argues that the executive colluded with these interests during the Restoration period to use the state to increase the scale ofEngland's overseas trade. With the rising importance of parliament after 1689 regulatory initiative diffused to either local interests which focused on infrastructure projects or trading interests bent on defeating regulating statutes in ways that would lead to deregulation as other constitutional means of regulation (especially the privy council) retreated from view. The state continued to regulate to protect manufacturing (which also provided customs revenue) and to support the monopoly of theEastIndiaCompany (which provided money and materiel for the wars againstLouisXIV). As such the article offers a broader and more agile means to understand the economic connotations of constitutional change in this critical period.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of vaginal infections during pregnancy: an observational study
Authors: Stout MJ , Frey HA , Tuuli MG , Cahill AG , Odibo AO , Roehl KA , Macones GA 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk for preterm birth associated with vaginal infections in pregnancies after a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), compared with women with no prior LEEP.DesignMulticentre retrospective cohort study.SettingUSA.PopulationWomen with LEEP between 1996 and 2006 were compared with two unexposed groups who had cervical biopsy or Pap test, without any other cervical procedure, in the same calendar year.MethodsThe first pregnancy progressing beyond 20 weeks of gestation in women with prior LEEP was compared with pregnancy in women without LEEP. Stratified analysis according to the presence or the absence of vaginal infection during pregnancy was used to investigate whether the risk for preterm birth differed according to the presence or the absence of infection. The interaction between LEEP and vaginal infection was investigated using multivariable logistic regression with interaction terms, as well as the Mantel–Haenszel test for homogeneity.Main outcome measuresSpontaneous preterm birth (<37 and <34 weeks of gestation).ResultsOf 1727 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 34.4% (n = 598) underwent LEEP prior to an index pregnancy. There was no increased risk for vaginal infections among women with LEEP compared with women without LEEP. Chlamydia infection and LEEP demonstrated significant interaction, suggesting that the presence of chlamydia infection in women with a history of LEEP augments the risk for preterm birth, compared with women with no history of LEEP.ConclusionsVaginal infections during pregnancy in women with a history of LEEP may be associated with an increased risk for preterm birth, compared with women with no history of LEEP.
The relationship between sleep quality and functional exercise capacity in COPD
Authors: Chen Rui , Tian Jing‐wei , Zhou Lu‐qian , Chen Xin , Yan Hai‐yan , Zeng Bin , Zhang Ming‐sheng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundPoor sleep is often associated with a series of health problems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the relationship between sleep quality and functional exercise capacity has not been previously investigated.AimsTo evaluate the relationship between quality of sleep and functional exercise capacity in clinically stable COPD.MethodsOne hundred three consecutive subjects with stable COPD were recruited. The subjects were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and divided into poor sleep group (PSQI >5) and good sleep group (PSQI ≤5). Subjects were also assessed with spirometry, 6‐min walk distance (6MWD), oxygen saturation (SPO2), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale and quadriceps muscle function.ResultsPoor sleep was present in 43.69% of the patients with COPD. Subjects with poor sleep had shorter 6MWD (t = −3.588, P < 0.001), greater age (t = 2.519, P = 0.013), worse quality of life (t = 5.487, P < 0.001) and more depression (t = 6.576, P < 0.001) or anxiety (t = 4.245, P < 0.001) symptoms. 6MWD showed significant negative correlations with the PSQI global score (r = −0.373, P < 0.001). Multiple stepwise regresion analysis showed that PSQI global score was an independent psychological predictor of 6MWD, and 6MWD was the only physical predictor of PSQI total score in patients with COPD.ConclusionThere is a close relationship between sleep quality and functional exercise capacity in patients with COPD.
Hybrid Uptakes of Neoliberal Conservation in Namibian Tourism‐based Development
Authors: Silva Julie A. , Motzer Nicole 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTNeoliberal conservation schemes involving nature‐based tourism are implemented throughout the developing world to address rural poverty. Drawing on socio‐economic surveys and in‐depth interviews, this article uses the case of Uibasen Conservancy in Namibia to investigate social responses to neoliberal conservation. We find that people's aspirations for upward economic and social mobility lead them to participate in neoliberal conservation projects in an attempt to combine economic opportunities created by nature‐based tourism with traditional livelihood strategies. In this case, certain aspects of neoliberal conservation are perceived as a source of hope for non‐elites seeking to achieve economic self‐sufficiency and to ascend social hierarchies. We find that intra‐community power struggles dominate discourses of discontent and local‐level conflict which consequently masks the disruptive and anomic forces of the global tourism industry. We additionally provide insight into specific social contexts that may increase the allure of neoliberal conservation and explain why marginalized individuals may embrace some neoliberal logics despite — or, perhaps, because of — their disruptive tendencies.