bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introductory finite elements: Theory to implementation
Authors: Ferguson Gregory L. , Moore David 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method has been in practical use in industry for the last 25 or so years. Training seminars to teach FEA concept to practicing engineers using the various codes have existed for nearly the same time period. A particular drawback to the general methods used by the commercial FEA industry presupposes that an experienced engineer is looking for a design analysis tool. On the other hand, FEA now reaches a universal audience and its techniques are beginning to be taught in undergraduate engineering curricula. The problem in the academic setting is closing the loop between theory and practical use of FEA codes. For starters, schools may not have access to commercial codes, and if they do, faculty may not be well versed in the use of a particular code. Schools not having commercial codes are limited to using software that often come with textbooks. Even when commercial codes are available, there is a distinct lack of appropriate training aids that integrate the theory and practice for inexperienced practitioners. This article discusses how FEA is being taught at The University of Alabama (UA) in the undergraduate Mechanical Engineering department to circumvent this problem. A simple example will demonstrate the theory‐to‐practice connection using a commercially available code.
Formal assessment of the AN/EX structural engineering teaching laboratory
Authors: Belarbi A. , Behr R. A. , Karson M. J. , Effland G. E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA newly developed portable, computer‐assisted, structural engineering teaching laboratory, called AN/EX, has been incorporated into the civil engineering curriculum at the University of Missouri‐Rolla (UMR). A formal assessment of AN/EX was conducted to identify its effect on the abilities and attitudes of UMR civil engineering students. The assessment methodology is described. Opinion surveys indicated that AN/EX had a positive influence on student attitudes. Statistical analyses of test scores indicated that AN/EX did not undermine traditional problem solving skills, but it did have a positive influence on student abilities to solve synthesis‐oriented structural engineering problems.
Visualization enhancement by computer‐aided projection
Authors: Roorda J. , Roorda P. D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Engineering Graphics course at the University of Waterloo is designed to familiarize students with the theory of projection and descriptive geometry. The emphasis of the course is on three‐dimensional visualisation. Although much of the learning takes place via drawing board exercises, a computer‐aided projection (CAP) package was developed as an additional learning aid. It is a friendly, menu‐driven program that allows students to input simple, wire‐frame objects into a data file and to project the object onto the screen using oblique, orthographic, or perspective projection techniques. The program, written and compiled in C, is easy to use and has a built‐in dynamic facility that permits rapid on‐screen changes in perspective. Hardcopy laser printouts can be made of any projected results. The program is usable on a stand‐alone PC or on a networked system of PCs such as the WATSTAR network at the University of Waterloo.
DishPat and FeedPat: Test beds for students to investigate design alternatives for dish antennas
Authors: Simpson Ted 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwo programs are introduced to provide flexible and portable C‐language programs for investigating design and analysis alternatives for prime‐focus paraboloidal reflectors. FeedPat enables the study of the aperture illumination provided by a particular feed. DishPat computes the resulting radiation pattern and provides graphical output. Using simple piecewise‐constant numerical integration, DishPat employs square subareas which are easy to manage and may be readily extended to handle a variety of reflector outlines as well as feed offsets. Equivalent magnetic surface currents limit the validity of the radiation to the forward half‐space, but the loss in coverage is offset by the simplicity of the code. Not only useful for learning, the programs may be readily modified into practical design tools.
Numerical methods in engineering education: An example student project in convection heat transfer
Authors: Ribando Robert J. , O'Leary Gerald W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGood discipline‐specific projects wherein computational schemes may be applied are generally difficult to find and time‐consuming to develop. This article describes one such case study in the area of convective heat transfer involving what is known as a laminar, thermal entry‐length flow. The algorithm follows directly from first principles and is straightforward to implement, while demonstrating many of the principles of successful computational techniques.
Interactive neural‐network simulation: A textbook pattern‐recognition problem yields to art‐enhanced counterpropagation
Authors: Korn Granino A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe explain our motivation for truly interactive dynamic‐system simulation and apply DESIRE/NEUNET software to a classical textbook problem in neural‐network pattern recognition. Neural‐network designs which can distinguish two closely spaced spirals must discriminate precisely between complicated, nonconvex pattern clusters. This classical textbook problem is quite difficult. It was finally solved by an unconventional back‐propagation network using ad hoc layer skipping and, more accurately, by Boston University's ARTMAP algorithm. We discuss competitive learning and present a new accurate solution using a counterpropagation network whose novel competitive layer separates closely spaced patterns cleanly with the CLEARN algorithm, a very fast computer routine which emulates simplified adaptive‐resonance functionality.
Development of multimedia modules for education
Authors: Iskander Magdy F. , Catten J. Corey , Jameson Rex , Jones Antony , Balcells Albert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDevelopment of multimedia modules and courses for engineering education present a significant opportunity to modernize curricula and improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. In this article we review the various hardware and software components required to develop multimedia lessons and discuss the role of each component in the structure of a multimedia module. Examples of multimedia lessons developed for CD‐ROM distribution by the Center for Multimedia Education and Technology (CAEME) at the University of Utah are described. These include multimedia lessons in electromagnetics, the Calculus Castle, and the Physics Museum. It is shown that although extensive resources and expertise are often needed to develop these modules, development software and associated technologies are readily available and educators are encouraged to take advantage of these opportunities to reform, restructure, and improve engineering education.
ProDIM: Educational software for digital image processing
Authors: Ramírez Juan Manuel , García‐Aguilar Ramón A. , Báez‐López David 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present the educational software package ProDIM, created with the idea of supporting courses on digital image processing techniques. This package was implemented in Visual Basic, which is a visual programming language to create applications in a Windows environment. Operations available in ProDIM include manipulation in the space and frequency domains, such as 2‐D convolution, gray‐level transformations, linear filtering, histogram equalization, and morphologic filtering. Examples show how the package can be useful as a lecture aid and as a lab assistance tool. The image to be processed can be generated using the editor included, or can be imported using images in a BMP format. A graphical interface allows the user to activate available operations through a menu selection.
Experiments in machine learning using artificial neural networks for control and image compression
Authors: Watta Paul B. , Hassoun Mohamad H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article presents two computer projects which can be incorporated in an undergraduate course in artificial neural networks. These projects allow students to explore both the exciting possibilities and practical limitations of machine learning using the popular back‐prop algorithm. In the first project, a neural net is trained in real‐time to control a ball balanced on a beam by observing the actions of a human operator. In the second project, a bottle‐neck—type neural net is trained for the task of image compression. Once completed, both these projects can be used to visually demonstrate both the process and power of machine learning to a nontechnical audience, including, for example, non‐engineering undergraduate students, and even high‐school students.
A spreadsheet educational tool for microprocessor system
Authors: El‐Hajj Ali , Kabalan Karim Y. , Diab Hassan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article presents a spreadsheet simulation of a user‐defined central processing unit. The tool allows users to emulate their own instructions and visualize the graphical animation of the operation involved. The simulation environment, which is ideal for educational use, is characterized by its low cost, flexibility, and simplicity.
Regulation of endothelial progenitor cell differentiation and function by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 in an asymmetric dimethylarginine‐independent manner
Authors: Yuan Qiong , Bai Yong‐Ping , Shi Rui‐Zheng , Liu Si‐Yu , Chen Xu‐Meng , Chen Lei , Li Yuan‐Jian , Hu Chang‐Ping 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in the repair of vessels and angiogenesis and are useful in the treatment of ischemic diseases. The dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH)/asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) pathway is regulated by silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), leading to the senescence of endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we demonstrated that peripheral blood EPCs predominantly expressed DDAH2 that increased with EPC differentiation. EPC senescence and dysfunction were induced on interruption of DDAH2 expression, whereas the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase‐domain insert containing receptor (KDR) were downregulated. Moreover, SIRT1 expression increased with EPC differentiation. Interruption of SIRT1 inhibited DDAH2, VEGF, and KDR expression, but had no effect on the level of ADMA. From our data, we concluded that DDAH2 is involved in the differentiation of EPCs and regulates the senescence and function of EPCs through the VEGF/KDR pathway by activation of SIRT1.
A new bioassay identifies proliferation ratios of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts
Authors: Vaughan Melville B. , Odejimi Tobi D. , Morris Tracy L. , Sawalha Dima , Spencer Chelsea L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMyofibroblasts are resident cells of wound healing, contractures and fibroses; these tissues are often referred to as fibroproliferative. Whether myofibroblasts themselves proliferate is of interest. Since many in vitro cultures are heterogeneous, staining in situ is required to identify the myofibroblast. We have tested a newly available fluorescent staining kit using ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU) and click chemistry to identify EdU incorporation into the replicated DNA of proliferative cells. The proliferation stain was combined with the definitive myofibroblast immunostain for alpha smooth muscle actin (α‐sma). Fibroblasts were grown on coverslips and within attached collagen lattices. Cultures were pulsed with EdU 4 h prior to fixation. Different standard methods of fixation and permeabilization were used to test the effects of these variables on EdU and α‐sma labeling. Images of the stained samples were quantified as the total percentage of proliferative cells, as well as the proportion of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that were proliferating. Proliferative myofibroblasts were identified in both culture conditions and with all preparation methods tested. Proliferation within the fibroblast population was greater than within the myofibroblast population in both culture conditions. Fixation and permeabilization had little effect on EdU or α‐sma labeling. This method of identifying proliferative myofibroblasts will be useful in future studies of myofibroblast proliferation within heterogeneous populations.
Multisynchro: a novel approach for batch synchronization in scenarios of multiple asynchronisms
Authors: González‐Martínez José M. , de Noord Onno E. , Ferrer Alberto 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBatch synchronization has been widely misunderstood as being only needed when variable trajectories have uneven length. Batch data are actually considered not synchronized when the key process events do not occur at the same point of process evolution, irrespective of whether the batch duration is the same for all batches or not. Additionally, a single synchronization procedure is usually applied to all batches without taking into account the nature of asynchronism of each batch, and the presence of abnormalities. This strategy may distort the original trajectories and decrease the signal‐to‐noise ratio, affecting the subsequent multivariate analyses. The approach proposed in this paper, named multisynchro, overcomes these pitfalls in scenarios of multiple asynchronisms. The different types of asynchronisms are effectively detected by using the warping information derived from synchronization. Each set of batch trajectories is synchronized by appropriate synchronization procedures, which are automatically selected based on the nature of asynchronisms present in data. The novel approach also includes a procedure that performs abnormality detection and batch synchronization in an iterative manner. Data from realistic simulations of a fermentation process of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivation are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach in a context of multiple asynchronisms.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal‐Free Reduction of CO2 with Hydroboranes: Two Efficient Pathways at Play for the Reduction of CO2 to Methanol
Authors: Das Neves Gomes Christophe , Blondiaux Enguerrand , Thuéry Pierre , Cantat Thibault 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGuanidines and amidines prove to be highly efficient metal‐free catalysts for the reduction of CO2 to methanol with hydroboranes such as 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) and catecholborane (catBH). Nitrogen bases, such as 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), 7‐methyl‐1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (Me‐TBD), and 1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene (DBU), are active catalysts for this transformation and Me‐TBD can catalyze the reduction of CO2 to methoxyborane at room temperature with TONs and TOFs of up to 648 and 33 h−1 (25 °C), respectively. Formate HCOOBR2 and acetal H2C(OBR2)2 derivatives have been identified as reaction intermediates in the reduction of CO2 with R2BH, and the first CH‐bond formation is rate determining. Experimental and computational investigations show that TBD and Me‐TBD follow distinct mechanisms. The NH bond of TBD is reactive toward dehydrocoupling with 9‐BBN and affords a novel frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) that can activate a CO2 molecule and form the stable adduct 2, which is the catalytically active species and can facilitate the hydride transfer from the boron to the carbon atoms. In contrast, Me‐TBD promotes the reduction of CO2 through the activation of the hydroborane reagent. Detailed DFT calculations have shown that the computed energy barriers for the two mechanisms are consistent with the experimental findings and account for the reactivity of the different boron reductants.
A Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Fluorinated Naphthols
Authors: Hammann Jeffrey M. , Unzner Teresa A. , Magauer Thomas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHerein, we describe a transition‐metal‐free protocol for the conversion of simple 2‐allyl‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenols into substituted 5‐fluoronaphthalen‐1‐ols. The key events of this reaction include the selective activation of two CF bonds and formation of an intermediate hexatriene system, which undergoes a 6π electrocyclization, followed by rearomatization. This concept enables the rapid conversion (three steps) of various commercially available 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenols into novel fluorine‐containing naphthols, which are difficult to prepare by previous methods. The reported sequence was also extended to a one‐pot transformation of 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenols into 5‐fluoronaphthalen‐1‐ols.
Chloride‐Induced Aufbau of Perchlorinated Cyclohexasilanes from Si2Cl6: A Mechanistic Scenario
Authors: Tillmann Jan , Meyer Lioba , Schweizer Julia I. , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias , Holthausen Max C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA surprisingly simple preparative procedure, addition of Si2Cl6 to a solution of [nBu4N]Cl in CH2Cl2, leads to the formation of the chloride‐complexed cyclic dianions [Si6Cl12⋅2Cl]2−, [(SiCl3)Si6Cl11⋅2Cl]2−, or [1,y‐(SiCl3)2Si6Cl10⋅2Cl]2− (y=1, 3, 4), depending on the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants and the reaction temperature (25–85 °C). Below −40 °C the open‐chain oligosilane chloride adducts [Si3Cl9]−, [Si3Cl10]2−, [Si4Cl11]−, and [Si6Cl15]− are formed, again depending on the reaction conditions chosen. All species were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The underlying reaction mechanism is elucidated by DFT calculations. It incorporates all experimental findings and involves a few key elementary steps: 1) chloride‐induced liberation of SiCl3− or higher silanides, 2) their addition to neutral silanes yielding larger oligosilane chloride adducts, 3) dimerization of larger silanides to (substituted) cyclohexasilane dichloride adducts with inverse sandwich structure.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with brentuximab vedotin therapy: A report of 5 cases from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) project
Authors: Carson Kenneth R. , Newsome Scott D. , Kim Ellen J. , Wagner‐Johnston Nina D. , von Geldern Gloria , Moskowitz Craig H. , Moskowitz Alison J. , Rook Alain H. , Jalan Pankaj , Loren Alison W. , Landsburg Daniel , Coyne Thomas , Tsai Donald , Raisch Dennis W. , Norris LeAnn B. , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Sartor Oliver , Bennett Charles L. 
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUNDBrentuximab vedotin (BV) is an anti‐CD30 monoclonal antibody‐drug conjugate that was approved in 2011 for the treatment of patients with anaplastic large cell and Hodgkin lymphomas. The product label indicates that 3 patients who were treated with BV developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a frequently fatal JC virus‐induced central nervous system infection. Prior immunosuppressive therapy and compromised immune systems were postulated risk factors. In the current study, the authors reported 5 patients who developed BV‐associated PML, including 2 immunocompetent patients.METHODSCase information was obtained from clinicians (4 patients) or a US Food and Drug Administration database (1 patient).RESULTSAll 5 patients had lymphoid malignancies. Two patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas had not previously received chemotherapy. PML developed after a median of 3 BV doses (range, 2 doses‐6 doses) and within a median of 7 weeks after BV initiation (range, 3 weeks‐34 weeks). Presenting findings included aphasia, dysarthria, confusion, hemiparesis, and gait dysfunction; JC virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (2 patients) or central nervous system biopsy (3 patients); and brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with white matter abnormalities (5 patients). Four patients died at a median of 8 weeks (range, 6 weeks‐16 weeks) after PML diagnosis. The sole survivor developed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.CONCLUSIONSPML can develop after a few BV doses and within weeks of BV initiation. Clinicians should be aware of this syndrome, particularly when neurologic changes develop after the initiation of BV treatment. The decision to administer BV to patients with indolent cutaneous lymphomas should be based on consideration of risk‐benefit profiles and of alternative options. Cancer 2014;120:2464–2471. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Two‐graph analysis of pathological equivalent networks
Authors: Shi Guoyong 
Published: April 2014

SummaryRecently, abstract current mirror and voltage mirror elements have been proposed for behavioral modeling of active analog blocks. Such artificial elements and the traditionally used nullor element together are called pathological elements in the literature. Pathological elements are very useful in modeling and analysis of active network. Hence, researchers have been motivated to study symbolic analysis methods for networks containing pathological elements. However, so far, only nodal admittance matrix analysis has been formulated. In this work, an alternative two‐graph method is formulated, which has the advantage of providing a compact intermediate form for subsequent symbolic term generation. With a compact two‐graph representation, either a matrix method or a tree enumeration method can be employed. For completeness, the classical two‐graph theory has been extended in this paper to encompass all four types of dependent sources and all pathological elements. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the principle of compact symbolic term generation by the presented two‐graph method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurobiology of attachment to an abusive caregiver: Short‐term benefits and long‐term costs
Authors: Perry Rosemarie , Sullivan Regina M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTChildhood maltreatment is associated with adverse brain development and later life psychiatric disorders, with maltreatment from the caregiver inducing a particular vulnerability to later life psychopathologies. Here we review two complementary rodent models of early life abuse, which are used to examine the infant response to trauma within attachment and the developmental trajectories that lead to later life neurobehavioral deficits. These rodent models include being reared with an abusive mother, and a more controlled attachment‐learning paradigm using odor‐shock conditioning to produce a new maternal odor. In both of these rodent models, pups learn a strong attachment and preference to the maternal odor. However, both models produce similar enduring neurobehavioral deficits, which emerge with maturation. Importantly, cues associated with our models of abuse serve as paradoxical safety signals, by normalizing enduring neurobehavioral deficits following abuse. Here we review these models and explore implications for human interventions for early life maltreatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1626–1634, 2014.