bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night
Authors: Szczebak Joseph T. , Henry Raymond P. , Al-Horani Fuad A. , Chadwick Nanette E. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYMany stony coral-dwelling fishes exhibit adaptations to deal with hypoxia among the branches of their hosts; however, no information exists on the respiratory ecophysiology of obligate fish associates of non-coral organisms such as sea anemones and sponges. This study investigated metabolic and behavioral interactions between two-band anemonefish (Amphiprion bicinctus) and bulb-tentacle sea anemones (Entacmaea quadricolor) at night. We measured the net dark oxygen uptake (, μmol O2 h−1) of fish–anemone pairs when partners were separate from each other, together as a unit, and together as a unit but separated by a mesh screen that prevented physical contact. We also measured the effects of water current on sea anemone and quantified the nocturnal behaviors of fish in the absence and presence of host anemones in order to discern the impacts of anemone presence on fish behavior. Net of united pairs was significantly higher than that of both separated pairs and united pairs that were separated by a mesh screen. Anemone increased with flow rate from 0.5 to 2.0 cm s−1, after which remained constant up to a water flow rate of 8.0 cm s−1. Furthermore, the percentage time and bout frequency of flow-modulating behaviors by fish increased significantly when anemones were present. We conclude that physical contact between anemonefish and sea anemones elevates the of at least one of the partners at night, and anemonefish behavior at night appears to oxygenate sea anemone hosts and to augment the metabolism of both partners.
Bumblebee calligraphy: the design and control of flight motifs in the learning and return flights ofBombus terrestris
Authors: Philippides Andrew , de Ibarra Natalie Hempel , Riabinina Olena , Collett Thomas S. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYMany wasps and bees learn the position of their nest relative to nearby visual features during elaborate ‘learning’ flights that they perform on leaving the nest. Return flights to the nest are thought to be patterned so that insects can reach their nest by matching their current view to views of their surroundings stored during learning flights. To understand how ground-nesting bumblebees might implement such a matching process, we have video-recorded the bees' learning and return flights and analysed the similarities and differences between the principal motifs of their flights. Loops that take bees away from and bring them back towards the nest are common during learning flights and less so in return flights. Zigzags are more prominent on return flights. Both motifs tend to be nest based. Bees often both fly towards and face the nest in the middle of loops and at the turns of zigzags. Before and after flight direction and body orientation are aligned, the two diverge from each other so that the nest is held within the bees' fronto-lateral visual field while flight direction relative to the nest can fluctuate more widely. These and other parallels between loops and zigzags suggest that they are stable variations of an underlying pattern, which enable bees to store and reacquire similar nest-focused views during learning and return flights.
Coordinating compass-based and nest-based flight directions during bumblebee learning and return flights
Authors: Collett Thomas S. , de Ibarra Natalie Hempel , Riabinina Olena , Philippides Andrew 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARY
Bumblebees tend to face their nest over a limited range of compass directions when learning the nest's location on departure and finding it on their approach after foraging. They thus obtain similar views of the nest and its surroundings on their learning and return flights. How do bees coordinate their flights relative to nest-based and compass-based reference frames to get such similar views? We show, first, that learning and return flights contain straight segments that are directed along particular compass bearings, which are independent of the orientation of a bee's body. Bees are thus free within limits to adjust their viewing direction relative to the nest, without disturbing flight direction. Second, we examine the coordination of nest-based and compass-based control during likely information gathering segments of these flights: loops during learning flights and zigzags on return flights. We find that bees tend to start a loop or zigzag when flying within a restricted range of compass directions and to fly towards the nest and face it after a fixed change in compass direction, without continuous interactions between their nest-based and compass-based directions of flight. A preferred trajectory of compass-based flight over the course of a motif, combined with the tendency of the bees to keep their body oriented towards the nest automatically narrows the range of compass directions over which bees view the nest. Additionally, the absence of interactions between the two reference frames allows loops and zigzags to have a stereotyped form that can generate informative visual feedback.
Molecular weight distributions of acetylated lignocellulosic biomasses recovered from an ionic liquid system
Authors: Qu Chen , Kishimoto Takao , Hamada Masahiro , Nakajima Noriyuki 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Recently, a method was presented for the dissolution and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of cell wall components in lignocellulosic biomass, which involves cell wall ball-milling, dissolution in ionic liquids (ILs), in situ acetylation, and the recovery of acetylated materials. However, the dissolution in ILs and the relatively long ball-milling times may partially degrade the plant cell wall components. In the present study, the molecular weight (MW) distributions of acetylated biomasses from fir (Abies sachalinensis), birch (Betula platyphylla), and bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) recovered from IL systems were examined by size exclusion chromatography. The effects of IL types, cosolvents, dissolution temperatures and times, and ball-milling times were evaluated. The MW of acetylated fir woods recovered from 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 30–80°C or from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 100°C for 2 h were similar to those materials that were recovered from the N-methylimidazole/dimethyl sulfoxide system. In contrast, a significant decrease in MW was observed with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]OAc) even at 30°C. The degradation of cell wall components in [Emim]OAc was reduced to some extent in the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide or pyridine. The MW decreased gradually with increased ball-milling time.
Infrared thermography for detailed registration of thermoregulation in premature infants
Authors: Heimann Konrad , Jergus Katrin , Abbas Abbas Khudair , Heussen Nicole , Leonhardt Steffen , Orlikowsky Thorsten 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate skin temperature by using different positions with non-contact infrared thermography (IRT) in multiple body areas of preterm infants for detailed information about temperature regulation and distribution.

Methods: The temperature of ten premature infants (median: 27 weeks; age 36 days; weight 1322 g) was determined via IRT (leg, back, arm, head, upper abdomen; diameter 1 cm, scale 0.00°C), and comparison was made with two conventional sensors. There were measurements of 10 min each: first incubator phase (I1), standardized skin-to-skin care (SSC) at the beginning (SSC1), after 90 min (SSC2), and then there was a second incubator phase (I2).

Results: From I1 to SSC1, patients cooled down (max. 0.62°C; both methods). From SSC1 to SSC2 temperature on central areas (abdomen, back) was maintained but rose distinctively on the head and leg (P<0.05). In the incubator (I2), temperature niveau in all IRT-areas was significantly lower than before SSC.

Conclusion: Via IRT, it is possible to detect fluctuations in temperature of premature infants. The cooling in I2 after SSC should be taken into account before routine daily care.
The SRY gene of the Y chromosome successfully identifies gender of endemic Mexican shrews (Mammalia: Soricomorpha)
Authors: Cervantes Fernando A. , Arcangeli Jésica , Morales Rogelio A. Alonso 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In shrews, it is difficult to identify the gender of an individual if it is not reproductively active. An alternative that has already been successfully tested in other mammals is using a molecular marker such as the SRY gene of the Y chromosome of males. This study aims to identify the sex in shrews through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the SRY gene of Mexican endemic shrews (Cryptotis, Sorex and Megasorex). PCR products were sequenced and compared through the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). Male tissues produced a 202-bp DNA fragment for Cryptotis, a 155-bp fragment for Sorex and a 189-bp fragment for Megasorex; no female sample of any of the three species produced a positive amplification. Therefore, the sex of these shrew species was successfully identified. This is particularly useful for immature individuals or incomplete specimens found in pitfall traps. These results may be valuable to ecological studies and benefit conservation actions of threatened taxa.
A direct comparison of quality of life in obese and Cushing's syndrome patients
Authors: Abraham Smita Baid , Abel Brent S , Rubino Domenica , Nansel Tonja , Ramsey Sheila , Nieman Lynnette K 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveObese (OB) individuals and patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) often have similar clinical presentations. While each group has reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL), it is not known whether the degree of impairment is different and might distinguish between them. The objective of this study was to compare HRQL in these two populations.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsThree hundred and twenty-seven OB patients (48.1±11.7 years; 72.5% women) with weight gain and at least two features of CS were recruited from an outpatient weight management clinic. Sixty-six untreated patients with CS (41.6±13.2 years; 78.8% women) presented to the NIH Clinical Center for evaluation. Subjects completed the SF-36 survey and a locally created symptom questionnaire.ResultsAfter adjusting for symptom count, OB patients had a significantly higher (better HRQL) mean physical component summary (PCS) score than CS patients (44.9±0.6 vs 35.4±1.5, P<0.0001). However, the mean mental component summary (MCS) score was lower (worse HRQL) in the OB group (41.6±0.6 vs 50.7±1.6, P<0.0001). Symptom count showed significant correlations with PCS and MCS scores. BMI correlated with PCS (r=−0.29) in OB but not in CS patients. BMI was not associated with MCS in either group.ConclusionHRQL is significantly different between OB and CS patients. Surprisingly, after adjusting for symptom count, OB patients showed worse mental health scores than the CS population. Significant differences in HRQL and symptom count may suggest which OB patients should be screened for CS.
Investigation of interactions between a NLO-dye and metal alkoxide precursors of hybrid materials
Authors: Lebeau Bénédicte , Sanchez Clément 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInteractions between the dye Red 17 (4-(amino-N, N-diethanol)-2-methyl-4'-nitroazobenzene) having nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and metallo-organic sol-gel precursors M(OR)n (M = Ti, Zr, Si and Sn; R = CnH2n+1) have been investigated by means of UV-VIS spectrophotometry and liquid state NMR (1H, 29Si and 119Sn) techniques. The presence of titanium, zirconium or tin alkoxides make strong modifications in the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the Red 17 in solution. On the contrary, when the Red 17 is grafted to alkoxysilyl groups, only minor changes were observed. The resulting bathochromic shift of about 30 nm observed with transition metal or tin alkoxides was found to be due to Lewis acid-base type interactions between the Red 17 and the metallic centre.
Role of Interstitials in As TED and Clustering in Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Harrison Scott A. , Edgar Thomas F. , Hwang Gyeong S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn recent years, experimental studies [1-3] have suggested that Si interstitials may play a role in facilitating As transient enhanced diffusion during pn junction formation in silicon. These studies contradict conventional models that assume vacancy-mediated As diffusion. Using density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation, we have examined the structure, stability, and diffusion of the neutral As-Sii pair. We find the lowest energy structure is comprised of an As and Sii atom pair that is aligned in the [110] direction while sharing a lattice site. We have calculated the binding energy as well as diffusion pathways and barriers for the neutral As-Sii pair. Our results suggest that the neutral As-Sii pair has a binding energy relative to neutral Sii and neutral As of 0.63 eV. We also find an overall diffusion activation energy of 3.3 eV, which is similar to experimental observations for As diffusion and preVious calculations for As-vacancy complex diffusion. These results clearly support that interstitials can contribute significantly to As transient enhanced diffusion, especially in regions where interstitials exist in excess. In addition, interstitial-mediated arsenic diffusion suggests that interstitials may also play a role in arsenic agglomeration.
The Electrical Phenomena of Non-planar Structure and Devices using Plasma Doping
Authors: Yang Jong-Heon , Baek In-Bok , Im Kiju , Ahn Chang-Geun , Baek Sungkweon , Cho Won-ju , Lee Seongjae 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe fabricated narrow fins structures and non-planar MOSFETs like FinFETs and triple-gate MOSFETs using plasma doping with substrate heating under 350··, and measured their I-V characteristics. Fins and MOSFETs using low-temperature doping process show good current drivability and low subthreshold slope. However, without post high-temperature thermal annealing, this process could not avoid generating defects and traps as well as mobile protons on the gate and gate oxide interface and junctions, and therefore degraded device reliability. The results of ultra-small MOSFET research show possibility of new memory devices with these traps and ions in devices.
Impacts of Diverse Fluvial Depositional Environments on Hydraulic Fracture Growth in Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Cuba Patricia H. , Miskimins Jennifer L. , Anderson Donna S. , Carr Mary M. 
Published: February 2013

Summary
In an attempt to enhance the understanding of fracture growth in fluvial systems, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of depositional environments and associated heterogeneities on hydraulic fracturing growth in fluvial tight gas reservoirs. A 3D geostatistical reservoir model, representing a 160-acre field area, was created based on a 3D meandering fluvial tight gas geologic model developed from outcrop. This detailed geologic model differentiates between sandstone-dominated channel-belt environments including point bars, crevasse channels, and crevasse splays, as well as the intervening overbank environments consisting of mudstone and coal deposits. Petrophysical properties and reservoir conditions used in the reservoir model were based on subsurface data from nearby producing fields with comparable fluvial systems.
Two different well locations were then chosen within the 3D model in an effort to capture various sandstone body distributions. A range of hydraulic fracture orientation planes, associated with the two well locations, were selected and loaded into a 3D hydraulic fracture modeling package. Eight cases, representing various stimulation-treatment sensitivities, were studied.
Results show that consideration of both vertical and lateral reservoir changes is critical to understanding fracture growth in fluvial systems. When comparing a layered system with no lateral variation to a system with lateral variation, 1-year cumulative production can vary by as much as 25%. Subtle lithofacies variations, present in significant quantities in these complex depositional systems, affect fracture growth and can affect well production by 25 to 50%. Additionally, how depletion is treated in the fracturing model (i.e., whether the entire interval is considered depleted or just a single sand body) can also have a significant effect on fracture propagation.
Online Homework Managers and Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Study of Their Impact on Student Learning in the Introductory Financial Accounting Classroom
Authors: Hahn William , Fairchild Chris , Dowis William B. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT:
The online homework manager (OHM) and the intelligent tutoring system (ITS) are two supplemental teaching tools available for accounting educators' use in the introductory financial accounting course. While research related to these systems is limited, prior studies find a tenuous performance advantage related to their use. To advance the literature in this area, this paper evaluates the performance benefit related to an OHM and an ITS, each employed independently as an additional study aid during the first course unit in one of two sections of the introductory financial accounting course. A third section used paper-and-pencil only and served as a control group. Results of tests on several performance measures did not identify a learning advantage associated with either the OHM or the ITS. Nor was a learning advantage identified when this study's results were compared to exam results from 14 previous semesters. Implications for accounting educators and future research directions are discussed.
Treatment of pyloric stenosis in a cat via pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I procedure)
Authors: Syrcle Jason A. , Gambino Jennifer M. , Kimberlin William W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Case Description—A 5-month-old 1.9-kg (4.2-lb) spayed female Siamese cat was evaluated because of a history of decreased appetite, regurgitation, vomiting, and lack of weight gain.
Clinical Findings—Radiographic findings included a fluid- and gas-distended stomach with a small accumulation of mineral opacities. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed severe fluid distention of the stomach with multiple hyperechoic structures present and revealed protrusion of the thickened pylorus into the gastric lumen, with normal pylorogastric serosal continuity. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed an abnormally shortened pyloric antrum and stenotic pyloric outflow orifice. Pyloric stenosis resulting in pyloric outflow obstruction was diagnosed.
Treatment and Outcome—A pylorectomy with end-to-end gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I procedure) was successfully performed, and a temporary gastrostomy tube was placed. Six days after surgery, the cat was eating and drinking normally, with the tube only used for administration of medications. The gastrostomy tube was removed 12 days after surgery. Results of follow-up examination by the referring veterinarian 3 weeks after surgery were normal. Occasional vomiting approximately 2 months after surgery was managed medically. Fifteen months after surgery, the owners reported that the cat seemed completely normal in appearance and behavior.
Clinical Relevance—Pyloric stenosis should be considered a differential diagnosis for young cats with pyloric outflow obstruction. The cat of this report was treated successfully with a Billroth I procedure. Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis of the excised tissue showed the stenosis to be associated with hypertrophy of the tunica muscularis.
Rural settlement pattern in Belarus
Authors: AntipovaCDFMR Ekaterina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article presents the analysis of the Belarusian rural settlement system over the period of the years 1959‒2009. Spatial and temporal shifts in the rural population distribution and settlement structure were found, and types of the Belarusian rural settlement pattern were developed. Distribution features and demographic development of a new form of the Belarusian rural communities - agrotowns - were discovered
Regional differences in the age structure of Poland’s population in the years 1999–2010: a multivariate approach
Authors: MierzejewskaCDFMR Lidia , ParysekCDFMR Jerzy J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the characteristic features of the modern world is the dynamics of demographic changes. Depending on their nature and intensity, they can be a driving force behind socio-economic development or doom it to stagnation or regression. There is no doubt, however, that a declining demographic potential, especially unfavourable changes in the age structure of the population (an ageing society), may contribute to economic difficulties in the given area, often leading to social problems. The aim of the research the results of which are presented in this article was to analyse regional differences in the age structure of Poland’s population in two time intervals, viz. the years 1999 and 2010, using multivariate techniques, and more specifically, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. They both make it possible to accommodate many features of the population age structure simultaneously, thus better illustrating the two situations (the years 1999 and 2010) and changes that took place in between, than univariate approaches
Spatial distribution and differences in migration patterns and revenues of gminas in the Kraków Metropolitan Area
Authors: RaźniakCDFMR Piotr , Winiarczyk-RaźniakCDFMR Anna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIndicators describing the migration of population and revenues of local administrative units of the Krakow Metropolitan Area are presented and compared in this paper. A review of ideas on how to determine the number of Polish metropolitan statistical areas is also presented. The rank of Polish metropolitan statistical areas in world city rankings made by international publications is examined. Revenues of gminas from their own sources and total revenues of gminas are studied in the paper. Changes in revenue over time and location-dependent differences in revenue are analysed. However, the available data only allow for an examination of gminas without separating urban gminas from rural ones Substantial differences exist in the influx of revenue, both in terms of temporal and spatial changes. In order to summarise and evaluate the relevant social and economic processes, net migration of population and total revenue of gminas in the study area have been analysed. Furthermore, a classification of areas has been developed to describe the relevant areas as being of a certain type
The Community Initiative LEADER I and the implementation and results of the Hungarian Pilot LEADER programme in rural development
Authors: RuszkaiCDFMR Csaba , KovácsCDFMR Tibor 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study is to present the basic methodological elements of the LEADER Community Initiative in rural development established in 1991 and its practical implementation in geography. The most important principle of the LEADER programme is the territorial approach and the appearance of local communities in a relevant subregional and landscape context. The determination and creation of a natural and cultural geographical framework is not at all an easy task, although the LEADER cautiously puts down basic principles and makes clear references to spatial definition of local action groups. The aim of LEADER I is to demonstrate the spatial segregation of these communities and to evolve a particular image and a kind of critical mass (population, resources) to build a relative self-sufficiency