bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Shorea platyclados (Dipterocarpaceae)
Authors: Ng Chin Hong , Lee Chai Ting , Lee Soon Leong , Tnah Lee Hong , Ng Kevin Kit Siong 
Published: June 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in Shorea platyclados (Dipterocarpaceae) for DNA profiling and genetic diversity assessment of this tropical timber species.• Methods and Results: Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and characterized in S. platyclados using a genomic library enriched for dinucleotide (CT) repeats. The primers amplified dinucleotide repeats with 3–14 alleles per locus across four natural populations. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.292 to 1.000 and from 0.301 to 0.894, respectively. No significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was detected in the 15 loci. Four loci pairs displayed linkage disequilibrium.• Conclusions: These highly polymorphic markers are adequate for DNA profiling and studies of population genetics in S. platyclados.
Evolutionary Rates and Hbv: Issues of Rate Estimation with Bayesian Molecular Methods
Authors: Bouckaert Remco , Alvarado-Mora Mónica V , Pinho João R Rebello 
Published: June 2013

Background HBV infection is a public health problem affecting approximately 2 billion people and leading to >350 million chronic carriers of the virus worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis can give valuable insight to help in clarifying the history of viral infections around the world and in elucidating routes of transmission of the different viral strains present in the infected host population. These analyses rely on an accurate estimate of the rate of mutations. Methods In this study, we investigated the robustness of rate estimations based on Bayesian analysis obtained so far and examined, in particular, the choice of prior for the substitution rate. Results Most previous studies have concentrated on estimating the parameters of simple demographic models for HBV, such as exponential growth and constant population size. Here, we introduce a method that automatically partitions the genome in components that show a different rate of mutation and fit different substitution models. Conclusions In conclusion, we find that, due to inaccuracy in the sampling dates from the samples where viral sequences were obtained, lack of a sufficiently large geographical and time spread of available and trustworthy sample dates, sensitivity to priors and model misspecification and rate estimation based on molecular methods, are not reliable. We suggest that rate estimates taking into account calibration points based on relevant historical events are more robust due to the lack of trustworthy sampling dates. For example, the known history of colonization of the Americas should be used to accurately study the current diversity of genotype F, which is the most frequent genotype in almost all Spanish speaking countries in South America.
Subgenotype A1 of HBV – Tracing Human Migrations in and Out of Africa
Authors: Kramvis Anna , Paraskevis Dimitrios 
Published: June 2013

Background HBV subgenotype A1 is the dominant genotype A strain in Africa, with molecular characteristics differentiating it from A2, which prevails elsewhere. Outside Africa, A1 is confined to areas with migration history from Africa, including India and Latin America. The aim of this study was to reconstruct A1 phylogeny on a spatial scale in order to determine whether A1 can be used to track human migrations. Methods A phylogenetic comparison of A1 was established using neighbour-joining analysis of complete genomes, and the Bayesian method, implemented in BEAST, was performed on the S region of isolates from 22 countries. Migration events were estimated by ancestral state reconstruction using the criterion of parsimony. Results From the tree reconstruction, nucleotide divergence calculations and migration analysis, it was evident that Africa was the source of dispersal of A1 globally, and its dispersal to Asia and Latin America occurred at a similar time period. Strains from South Africa were the most divergent, clustering in both the African and Asian/American clades and a South African subclade was the origin of A1. The effect of the 9th to 19th century trade and slave routes on the dispersal of A1 was evident and certain unexpected findings, such as the co-clustering of Somalian and Latin American strains, and the dispersal of A1 from India to Haiti, correlated with historical evidence. Conclusions Phylogeographic analyses of subgenotype A1 can be used to trace human migrations in and out of Africa and the plausible sites of origin and migration routes are presented.
Régularisation sur fond de dérégulation
Authors: Brun François 
Published: June 2013

La régularisation des personnes immigrées dont la présence sur le territoire est jugée illégale est-elle une mesure de gauche ? On pourrait le penser au regard des circulaires de régularisation publiées depuis 1981, quasi toutes prises sous un gouvernement de gauche. Mais à quel prix pour les immigrés et avec quel contrepoids dans la balance ? Une plus grande fermeté vis-à-vis des entrants ? Une plus grande précarisation des non régularisés dont on profite néanmoins du travail ?
Rendez-vous manqué avec « les beurs »
Authors: Masclet Olivier 
Published: June 2013

Si nombre d’immigrés et plus encore de leurs enfants se sont engagés dans des associations en France, la Marche pour l’égalité et contre le racisme leur a donné une visibilité saluée par l’ensemble des organisations – syndicales et politiques – de gauche. Mais leur ont-elles pour autant ouvert leurs portes ou créé les conditions d’une égalité d’accès aux postes politiques ? 30 ans après la Marche, la question reste ouverte.
La justice au hasard de quelques raisons juridiques de supprimer les jurys populaires
Authors: Barraud Boris 
Published: June 2013

Si le bien-fondé de la présence de jurés populaires parmi les cours d’assises – et, plus généralement, au cœur des rouages de la justice – semble de prime abord indiscuté et indiscutable, qui s’attarde quelques instants sur la question comprend combien il s’agit en réalité d’une parfaite illusion d’optique. Un juge, dès lors qu’il a apporté la preuve de son indépendance et de sa compétence, profite d’une toute autre légitimité qu’un citoyen tiré au sort dans le melting-pot populaire ; car le tirage au sort ne possède rien de commun avec la démocratie. Partant, discuter l’utilité et l’efficacité des jurys ne relève nullement d’un acte de subversion, c’est faire preuve de réalisme et d’objectivité. Rendre la justice est une affaire suffisamment sérieuse pour ne pas être abandonnée aux mains maladroites du hasard. Ces quelques pages s’en vont le démontrer.
Les premières pensées métaphysiques de Bovelles en 1504, annonciatrices du Livre du sage
Authors: Faye Emmanuel 
Published: June 2013

Bien que les traités de Charles de Bovelles de 1511, qui comprennent le Livre du sage , ne mentionnent pas la métaphysique dans leur titre, ses écrits antérieurs de l’année 1504 portent explicitement sur des questions métaphysiques. En outre, nous pouvons observer une continuité évidente entre ces premières pensées et les écrits ultérieurs du volume de 1511. Dans cette perspective, nous publions ici pour la première fois la traduction française, avec l’original latin, du chapitre 7 de l’ Introduction métaphysique , et du chapitre 5 de l’ Opuscule des notions communes qui regardent la métaphysique .
La crise de la phénoménologie – Intuition, spéculation, spectralisation
Authors: Vioulac Jean 
Published: June 2013

Deux principes phénoménologiques s’opposent : l’un qui réduit tout donné au pôle singulier de la subjectivité vivante (Husserl), l’autre qui le réduit au pôle universel du concept (Hegel), et cette opposition définit la crise de la modernité occidentale. La revendication du sujet à la plénitude du sens impose donc une prise de position par rapport à tout le destin de la métaphysique occidentale : la subjectivité ne peut être posée comme source de droit que si est frappé d’illégitimité l’objectivisme en tant que tel. Mais cette critique de l’autonomie formelle de la rationalité se heurte elle-même à son effectivité dans un dispositif qui est accomplissement de la métaphysique. À la fondation de droit de tout phénomène sur la subjectivité vivante s’oppose donc sa fondation de fait sur la logique spéculative de l’autoeffectuation du concept : c’est-à-dire le dispositif capitaliste de production (Marx). Dès lors, il s’agit de se confronter au régime de phénoménalité propre à ce dispositif spéculatif : il s’avère alors que le capitalisme induit une crise de la phénoménalité elle-même, produite comme spectralité (Derrida) dans l’horizon du spectacle (Debord).
Reciprocal Relationship between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and T Cells
Authors: Nagaraj Srinivas , Youn Je-In , Gabrilovich Dmitry I. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells that play a major role in the regulation of immune responses in many pathological conditions. These cells have a common myeloid origin, relatively immature state, common genetic and biochemical profiles, and, most importantly, the ability to inhibit immune responses. Although initial studies of MDSCs were almost exclusively performed in tumor-bearing mice or cancer patients, in recent years, it became clear that MDSCs play a critical role in the regulation of different types of inflammation that are not directly associated with cancer. In this review we discuss the nature of the complex relationship between MDSCs and the different populations of CD4+ T cells.
Awareness of, responsiveness to and practice of patients’ rights at Uganda’s national referral hospital
Authors: Kagoya Harriet R. , Kibuule Dan , Mitonga-Kabwebwe Honoré , Ekirapa-Kiracho Elizabeth , Ssempebwa John C. 
Published: June 2013

Background: The realisation of patients’ rights in resource-constrained and patient-burdened public health care settings in Uganda remains an obstacle towards quality health care delivery, health care seeking behaviour and health outcomes. Although the Uganda Patients’ Charter of 2009 empowers patients to demand quality care, inequitable access and abuse remain common. Aim: The study aimed to assess level of awareness of, responsiveness to and practice of patients’ rights amongst patients and health workers (HWs) at Uganda’s national referral hospital, Mulago Hospital in Kampala. Methods: A three-phase cross-sectional questionnaire-based descriptive survey was conducted amongst 211 patients, 98 HWs and 16 key informants using qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The study was conducted in May–June 2012, 2.5 years after the launch of the Uganda Patients’ Charter. Results: At least 36.5% of patients faced a challenge regarding their rights whilst seeking health care. Most of the patients (79%) who met a challenge never attempted to demand their rights. Most patients (81.5%) and HWs (69.4%) had never heard of the Uganda Patients’ Charter. Awareness of patients’ rights was significantly higher amongst HWs (70%) than patients (40%) (p < 0.01). Patients’ awareness was associated with education level (x2 = 42.4,p < 0.001), employment status (x2 = 33.6, p < 0.001) and hospital visits (x2 = 3.9, p = 0.048). For HWs it was associated with education level (x2 = 155.6, p < 0.001) and length of service (x2 = 154.5, p <0.001).Patients feel powerless to negotiate for their rights and fear being discriminated against based on their ability to bribe HWs with money to access care, and political, socio-economic and tribal status. Conclusion and recommendations: Awareness of, responsiveness to and practice of patients’ rights remains limited at Mulago Hospital. There is a need for urgent implementation of an integrated multilevel, multichannel, patient-centred approach that incorporates social services and addresses intrinsic patient, HW and health system factors to strengthen patients’ rights issues at the hospital.
An observational study of complications in chickenpox with special reference to unusual complications in an apex infectious disease hospital, Kolkata, India
Authors: Kole AK , Roy R , Kole DC 
Published: June 2013

Background:
Chickenpox can cause serious complications and even death in persons without any risk factors.

Aims:
To observe the different complications with special reference to unusual complications of chickenpox and their outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was a prospective observational study where 300 patients suffering from chickenpox were evaluated with special reference to unusual complications and outcomes.

Results:
The usual complications of chickenpox commonly observed were acute hepatitis in 30 (10%) and cerebellar ataxia in 22 patients (7.3%), whereas common unusual complications were acute pancreatitis in 45 (15%), hemorrhagic rash in 10 (3.3%), Guillain-Barrι syndrome in 4 (1.3%), disseminated intravascular coagulation in 4 (1.3%), necrotizing fasciitis in 4 (1.3%), and acute renal failure in 3 patients (1%). It had been observed that most of these unusual complications occurred in patients without any risk factor. A total of 18 patients (6%) died in this study and of them 12 patients (4%) died due to unusual complications.

Conclusions:
Compulsory childhood varicella vaccination including vaccination of risk groups and susceptible individuals are all essential to reduce the incidence of chickenpox, associated complications, and subsequent death.
HIV counseling and testing in a tertiary care hospital in Ganjam district, Odisha, India
Authors: Dash M , Padhi S , Sahu S , Mohanty I , Panda P , Parida B , Sahoo MK 
Published: June 2013

Background:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing (HCT) conducted at integrated counseling and testing centers (ICTCs) is an entry point, cost-effective intervention in preventing transmission of HIV.

Objectives:
To study the prevalence of HIV among ICTC attendees, sociodemographic characteristics, and risk behaviors of HIV-seropositive clients.

Materials and Methods:
It was hospital record-based cross-sectional study of 26,518 registered ICTC clients at a tertiary care hospital in Ganjam district, Odisha, India over a 4-year period from January 2009 to September 2012.

Results:
A total of 1732 (7.5%) out of 22,897 who were tested for HIV were seropositive. Among HIV-seropositives, 1138 (65.7%) were males, while 594 (34.3%) were females. Majority (88.3%) of seropositives were between the age group of 15-49 years. Client-initiated HIV testing (12.1%) was more seropositive compared to provider-initiated (2.9%). Among discordant couples, majority (95.5%) were male partner/husband positive and female partner/wife negative. Positives were more amongst married, less educated, low socioeconomic status, and outmigrants (P<0.0001). Risk factors included heterosexual promiscuous (89.3%), parent-to-child transmission 5.8%, unknown 3.1%, infected blood transfusion 0.8%, homosexual 0.5%, and infected needles (0.5%).

Conclusions:
There is need to encourage activities that promote HCT in all health facilities. This will increase the diagnosis of new HIV cases. The data generated in ICTC provide an important clue to understand the epidemiology in a particular geographic region and local planning for care and treatment of those infected with HIV and preventive strategies for those at risk especially married, young adults, and outmigrants to reduce new infections.
Transcription activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinase genes and their tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) in acute coronary syndrome patients
Authors: Dabek J , Glogowska-Ligus J , Szadorska B 
Published: June 2013

Background:
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a consequence of coronary vessel atherosclerosis and they are a leading cause of death in industrialized countries. One of the ACS causative factors is the deranged ratio equilibrium of the matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (MMPs/TIMPs).

Aims:
Assessment of transcriptional activity of metalloproteinase genes using Human Genome-U133A oligonucleotide microarrays and selection of candidate genes differentiating ACS patients from healthy subjects and finally, QRT-PCR (quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction) confirmation of the results.

Settings and Design:
The study involved 67 ACS patients, admitted on a consecutive basis, to the Cardiology Clinic as well as 24 healthy subjects (control).

Materials and Methods:
Ribonucleic acid isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed by QRT-PCR. Transcriptional activity of the analyzed gene was assessed with TaqMan gene expression assays.

Statistical Analysis:
U Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the results.

Results:
Homogeneity of the investigated group was assessed through hierarchical clusterization whereas the nine genes differentiating ACS patients from healthy persons were selected using the Bland-Altman technique. Among these genes three (platelet derived growth factor D, NUAK family SNF1-like kinase 1 and peroxisomal biogenesis factor 1) showed decreased transcriptional activity whereas the remaining six genes (MMP-2 and MMP-9, CDK5RAP3, transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 1, adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 and TIMP-2) were increased. MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 were further characterized by QRT-PCR.

Conclusions:
The obtained results permit to conclude that the increased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) is responsible for disturbed equilibrium of the metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitors system and as a consequence, for destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque and occurrence of the acute coronary syndrome in the investigated group of patients.
Newer Glass Ionomer Cements having Strontium Ions and the Effect of their Release on Acidic Medium
Authors: Farooq Imran , Hassan Umair , Mahdi Sarosh , Ullah Rizwan , Rana Hajra 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are mostly used in restorative dentistry. Their efficacy is enhanced as compared to other direct restorative materials because they release various ions like fluoride (F–), strontium (Sr+2) and calcium (Ca+2) when they are exposed to an acidic environment. Newer GICs often have Sr+2 in place of Ca+2 ions as part of their powder component. Both ions (F– and Sr+2) have a synergistic effect on the remineralization process. These elements are not dependent on each other. Either one has an effect on remineralization. A combination of Sr+2 and F– might provide more benefits than either of these elements individually. An attempt has been made in this article to discuss the composition, setting reaction and bonding mechanism of GIC with the tooth surface and to cover the effects of release of Sr+2 and F– ions from GIC on the tooth structure.

How to cite this article
Hassan U, Farooq I, Mahdi S, Ullah R, Rana H. Newer Glass Ionomer Cements having Strontium Ions and the Effect of their Release on Acidic Medium. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(2):57-60.
Infraocclusion Treated with Removable Prosthesis on Occlusal Surface of Severely Attritioned Teeth
Authors: Tasaka Akinori , Ueda Takayuki , Sakurai Kaoru 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
A 66-year-old man visited our department with the chief complaint of poor esthetics due to loss of a fixed partial denture in a maxillary incisor tooth and difficulty in mastication due to an ill-fitting, mandibular removable partial denture. An analysis of the occlusal vertical dimension resulted in a diagnosis of infraocclusion. After increasing vertical dimension with a provisional restoration and treatment denture which covered the attritioned surface, a definitive prosthesis was applied. Untreated loss of molars and severe attrition of the remaining teeth caused infraocclusion in this patient, which increased occlusal loading on the incisor teeth and induced detachment of the prosthesis in the maxillary incisors. Esthetic appearance was improved and masticatory dysfunction restored by increasing vertical dimension and oral rehabilitation. Mildly invasive prosthetic treatment involved application of a removable partial denture which covered the attritioned surface, not only infraocclusion but masticatory dysfunction and poor esthetics were also treated.

How to cite this article
Tasaka A, Ueda T, Sakurai K. Infraocclusion Treated with Removable Prosthesis on Occlusal Surface of Severely Attritioned Teeth. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(2):66-71.
A Behavioural Model of E-Banking Usage in Italy
Authors: Capece Guendalina , Campisi Domenico 
Published: June 2013

E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. “Pure online” banks are characterized by the absence of physical windows and front-office personnel. Traditional banks are still integrating traditional distribution channels with online ones; the scenario is therefore still evolving over time. Despite the intrinsic potentialities, Italy is far from being a leader in the usage of innovative online instruments in the banking system and will struggle with new innovation waves. In this paper, we measure the potential effective e-banking usage. Furthermore, we investigate the behaviour of users and adopters, identifying the major causes influencing satisfaction and usage and the impact of these different causes on the intensity of utilization. The analysis is based on a panel of 495 real users, thus allowing the profiling of the Italian adopter to discover the causes of usage and outline strategies for the growth of e-banking services in Italy.
Observation of Arctic island barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) migratory movement delay due to human induced sea-ice breaking
Authors: Dumond Mathieu , Sather Shane , Harmer Rob 
Published: June 2013

The seasonal migration of the Dolphin and Union caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) herd between Victoria Island and the mainland (Nunavut/Northwest Territories, Canada) relies on the formation of sea-ice that connects the Island to the mainland from late-October to early-June. During an aerial survey of the Dolphin and Union caribou herd in October 2007 on southern Victoria Island, Nunavut, Canada, we documented the short-term effects of the artificial maintenance of an open water channel in the sea-ice on caribou migratory movements during staging along the coast.
Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) on northwest Victoria Island, Northwest Territories
Authors: Davison Tracy , Williams Judy 
Published: June 2013

An aerial population survey of Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) and muskoxen (Ovibus moschatus) on Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, was conducted in July 2010. The population estimate of adult Peary caribou was 150 ± 104 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) was not significantly different than the 2005 estimate of 66 ± 61 (P < 0.05). There was also an estimate of 430 ± 214 (95% CI) adult Dolphin-Union caribou (R. t. groenlandicus x pearyi) in the study area. However, these caribou represent only a small portion of the Dolphin-Union herd. The population estimate of 11 442 ± 1637 (95% CI) adult muskoxen is not significantly different than the 2005 estimate of 12 062 ± 2156 (P < 0.05).