bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droplet Breakup Theory as a Method to Predict the Processing Conditions of Polymer Blends
Authors: Hoang V. N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSumary: The droplet breakup theory has been investigated in predicting processing conditions of polymer blends. A ternary blend of polystyrene/styrene‐butadiene rubber/natural rubber (PS/SBR/NR) was used with a constant content of every component [PS/SBR/NR 80/(30/70) wt.%] while changing mixing temperature, time and rotor speed. The experimental design was applied to optimize mixing conditions where izod impact and tensile strength were the targets. The mixing conditions from theory calculation: 190 °C, 56.5 rpm, 3.47 ÷ 5.47 min. Suitable blending conditions resulting in the experiments were: 190 °C, 60 rpm, 5.44 min.
Assembling and Manipulating with Light
Authors: Ostendorf Andreas , Ksouri Sarah Isabelle , Aumann Andreas , Ghadiri Reza 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLaser assemblers offer a new processing technique to fabricate complex 3D‐microstructures. Based on Holographic Optical Tweezers (HOT) spherical microparticles can be manipulated with highest flexibility and precision. Using a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) the incident laser beam is rearranged into flexible light patterns in order to generate multiple spots which can be modified with a frame rate of several tens of Hertz. Additionally, non‐spherical particles manufactured e.g. by a 2‐photon‐polymerization (2PP) process can be utilized to realize more complex building blocks. A combination of contactless manufacturing by 2PP and manipulation by HOT provides the possibility of analyzing generated 2PP‐structures on its manipulative performances as well as the assembling of the 2PP‐preforms.
Human fetal sacrococcygeal extension or ‘tail’ in the second trimester: prenatal diagnosis, associated findings, and clinical outcome
Authors: Dobson Lori J. , Barnewolt Carol E. , Morash Donna , Connolly Susan A. , Estroff Judy A. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere are over 30 cases of prenatally diagnosed sacral extensions or human ‘tails’ in the literature, including isolated and syndromic etiologies. Most cases were reported to resolve by the second trimester and postnatal course was benign. Our objective was to describe the prenatal findings, associated anomalies, and clinical outcome of a series of seven fetuses diagnosed prenatally with fetal sacrococcygeal extension.MethodsIn a prospective study on a series of 4040 consecutive patients seen through our clinic in a 10‐year period, 7 patients had a sacrococcygeal extension identified on fetal imaging. Fetal sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, results of genetic testing, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.ResultsAll seven fetuses had associated anomalies, including neurologic, craniofacial, cardiac, spinal, renal, and musculoskeletal abnormalities, or abnormal ultrasound findings including growth restriction and abnormal umbilical cord Doppler. There were two cases of trisomy 13 and one case of Pfeiffer syndrome. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 19.3 weeks.ConclusionWhen a sacrococcygeal extension is seen on fetal imaging, work‐up should include detailed fetal imaging and karyotype, and fetal growth should be monitored. Our experience with fetal sacrococcygeal extension demonstrates variability in the underlying presentation and etiology, making counseling in a prenatal setting challenging. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High energy density nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) and barium titanate
Authors: Wen Fei , Xu Zhuo , Xia Weimin , Wei Xiaoyong , Zhang Zhicheng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThree series of poly (vinylidene fluoride‐chlorotrifluoroethylene)/barium titanate (BT) nanocomposites with varied compositions were fabricated via solution cast process followed by thermally treated in different ways. Quenching the composite samples at lower temperature could effectively enhance their dielectric constant, breakdown strength as well as the energy density. The highest energy density (13.6 J/cm3) is observed in the sample quenched from 200°C to −94°C with 5 vol% BT, which is much higher than nanocomposites reported in the current literature. The addition of ceramic particles leads to the improvement of dielectric permittivity and energy density measured under the same electric field. However, the dielectric breakdown strength and the energy density measured at breakdown strength of the resultant composites are reduced as a function of BT content. The fixed maximum electric displacement and reduction of saturation electric field suggest that the addition of ceramic particles with high dielectric constant may help increase the energy density of composites under low electric field but not for high electric field. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Quantification of local geometry and local symmetry in models of disordered materials
Authors: Cliffe Matthew J. , Goodwin Andrew L. 
Published: December 2012

Abstractmagnified imageWe suggest two metrics for assessing the quality of atomistic configurations of disordered materials, both of which are based on quantifying the orientational distribution of neighbours around each atom in the configuration. The first metric is that of geometric invariance: i.e., the extent to which the neighbour arrangements are as similar as possible for different atoms, allowing for variations in frame of reference. The second metric concerns the degree of local symmetry. We propose that for a set of configurations with equivalent pair correlations, ranking highly those configurations with low geometric invariance but with high local symmetry selects for structural simplicity in a way that does not rely on formal group theoretical language (and hence long‐range periodic order). We show that these metrics rank a range of SiO2 and a‐Si configurations in an intuitive manner, and are also significantly more sensitive to unphysical features of those configurations in a way that metrics based on pair correlations are not. We also report that implementation of the metrics within a reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) algorithm gives rise to an energy landscape that is too coarse (at least in this initial implementation) for amorphous structure ‘solution’.
Surface‐related defects of ZnO micro and nano crystals prepared by sol‐gel technique
Authors: Greulich‐Weber Siegmund , Azam Syed Jahanzeb , Brodehl Christoph , Baumgarten Tim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNano and micro crystalline ZnO were synthesized by two different sol‐gel routes. The nominally undoped ZnO crystals were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), photoluminescence (PL) and electron microscopy. These measurements are discussed together with surface and volume conductivity measured. Two intrinsic defects were observed having g factors close to that of the shallow donor in ZnO. A further defect was correlated with the conductivity of ZnO nanocrystals and is shown to be due to a surface‐related defect. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Delayed recombination and excited state ionization of the Ce3+ activator in the SrHfO3 host
Authors: Mihóková Eva , Jarý Vítězslav , Schulman Lawrence S. , Nikl Martin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe determine the thermal ionization energy of the excited state of Ce3+ in a SrHfO3 host by a contactless optical method based on the measurement and analysis of delayed recombination decay following UV excitation. We show the applicability of the method for microcrystalline powder samples. The method provides a consistent value of thermal ionization energy of about 0.25 eV, as previously determined by a ther‐ mally stimulated luminescence (TSL) study after UV illumination. We reveal a low temperature contribution to the delayed recombination signal and address its origin. This contribution indicates a complex interaction of the luminescence center with the host lattice neighborhood and the presence of temperature independent losses of fast scintillation light. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improving transient performance for output regulation problem of linear systems with input saturation
Authors: Zhang Bo , Lan Weiyao 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThis paper addresses the transient performance of output regulation problem for general linear system with input saturation. To improve the transient performance, the composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control technique is introduced to solve the output regulation problem. On the basis of the linear feedback control law that solves the output regulation problem, a state feedback CNF control law and an output feedback with feedforward CNF control law are constructed, respectively. The CNF control law consists of a linear feedback part and a nonlinear feedback part. Introducing the nonlinear feedback part does not change the solvability condition of the output regulation problem, but the transient performance can be improved significantly by appropriately choosing the linear feedback gain and the nonlinear feedback gain in the CNF control law. The effectiveness of the CNF control is illustrated by a disturbance rejection problem.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short and Long Term, In Vitro and In Vivo Correlations of Cellular and Tissue Responses to Mesoporous Silicon Nanovectors
Authors: Martinez Jonathan O. , Boada Christian , Yazdi Iman K. , Evangelopoulos Michael , Brown Brandon S. , Liu Xuewu , Ferrari Mauro , Tasciotti Ennio 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe characterization of nanomaterials and their influence on and interactions with the biology of cells and tissues are still partially unknown. Multistage nanovectors based on mesoporous silicon have been extensively studied for drug delivery, thermal heating, and improved diagnostic imaging. Here, the short‐ and long‐term changes occurring in human cells upon the internalization of mesoporous silicon nanovectors (MSV) are analyzed. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques as well as in vitro and in vivo biochemical, cellular, and functional assays, it is demonstrated that MSV do not cause any significant acute or chronic effects on cells and tissues. In vitro cell toxicity and viability are analyzed, as well as the maintenance of cell phase cycling and the architecture upon the internalization of MSV. In addition, it is evaluated whether MSV produce any pro‐inflammatory responses and its biocompatibility in vivo is studied. The biodistribution of MSV is followed using longitudinal in vivo imaging and organ accumulation is assessed using quantitative elemental and fluorescent techniques. Finally, a thorough pathological analysis of collected tissues demonstrates a mild transient systemic response in the liver that dissipates upon the clearance of particles. It is proposed that future endeavors aimed at understanding the toxicology of naked drug carriers should be designed to address their impact using in vitro and in vivo short‐ and long‐term evaluations of systemic response.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Low Carbon Bainitic Steel
Authors: Lan Hui Fang , Du Lin Xiu , Liu Xiang Hua 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA low carbon bainitic steel with microstructure of granular bainite (GB), acicular ferrite (AF), and bainitic ferrite (BF) is obtained under different deformation and cooling rate. The effect of deformation and cooling rate on microstructural characteristics such as the type of the matrix, the size, and area fraction of the martensite–austenite (M–A) constituents is investigated. In addition, the nanohardness of these three kinds of matrix as well as that of the M–A constituents in them is characterized. Further, the effect of matrix and M–A constituents on strength–toughness balance is studied. Results indicate that deformation expands the transformation region. The size as well as the area fraction of the M–A constituent decreases with the increasing of the cooling rate. After deformation, the area fraction of the M–A constituents increases. Nanohardness of GB, AF, and BF increases orderly, but that of the M–A constituents in them decreases accordingly. The nanohardness of the M–A constituent is significantly affected by its carbon concentration. AF is the optimum microstructure having superior strength–toughness balance.
Study on Isothermal Precipitation Behavior of Nano‐Scale (Nb,Ti)C in Ferrite/Bainite in 780 MPa Grade Ultra‐High Strength Steel
Authors: Wang Xiaonan , Zhao Yanfeng , Liang Bingjie , Du Linxiu , Di Hongshuang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn order to precisely control the nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate in hot‐rolled 780 MPa Nb–Ti microalloying C–Mn steel, isothermal precipitation behavior of nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate in the ultra‐high strength steel was investigated by the thermal simulation experiments. The results indicated that defects of deformed supercooled austenite became the preferential nucleation sites of nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate and ferrite, so there was a competition mechanism for austenitic defects between ferritic transformation and precipitate nucleation. Bainitic transformation could effectively freeze austenitic defects, and additional defects are formed because of volume expansion in bainitic transformation process, so bainitic transformation could promote precipitate nucleation. However, precipitate was impacted by both nucleation driving force and atom diffusibility, so the peak temperature of nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate was 550°C. On the basis of the above theoretical results, hot rolling experiments results showed that when the coiling temperature was 550°C, the yield strength and tensile strength were 710 and 790 MPa, respectively, and the microstructure of hot‐rolled steels was mainly bainitic ferrite, and a large number of <10 nm nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitates were obtained. Precipitation strengthening contribution to reached 325 MPa.
A comprehensive environmental assessment approach to engineered nanomaterials
Authors: Davis J. Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe anticipated benefits of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) should be weighed against their possible negative impacts. Comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) provides a means of evaluating such trade‐offs in a holistic and systematic manner. CEA consists of both a framework for organizing information and a process for using collective judgment to identify and prioritize the issues presented by ENMs. As a meta‐assessment approach, CEA is designed to assist both research planners and risk managers by building on various assessment and analytic tools used by risk assessors. Given the immature state of the science for ENMs, CEA is currently being primarily used for prioritizing research directions. Therefore, highlights of case studies of selected ENM applications are presented to illustrate how CEA has been applied thus far to help guide research efforts to support future assessment efforts. In addition, CEA is discussed in relation to topical subjects, such as sustainability, transparency, and stakeholder engagement. Finally, comparisons to other life cycle‐based assessment approaches directed at ENMs are noted. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:139–149. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1203This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Alkali Metal and Organo Group‐14 Element Ferrocenecarbo­selenoates: Synthesis and Structures
Authors: Takahashi Toshinori , Niyomura Osamu , Kato Shinzi , Ebihara Masahiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLithium, sodium, and potassium ferrocenecarboselenoates were synthesized in good yields by the reaction of ferrocenoyl chloride with the corresponding metal selenides. In air, the saltsquickly oxidized to give diferrocenoyl diselenide. The salts readily reacted with alkyl and organo‐germanium, ‐tin and ‐lead halides to give the corresponding Se‐alkyl and Se‐organo Group‐14 element ferrocenecarboselenoates [(FcCOSe)xMPh4–x (M = Ge, Sn, Pb; x = 1–3) in moderate to good yields. In contrast, the reaction of the sodium and potassium salts with trimethylsilyl chloride led to O‐trimethylsilyl ferrocenecarboselenoate FcCSeOSiMe3. Treatment of the O‐silyl ester with RbF and CsF led to rubidium and cesium ferrocenecarboselenoates, respectively, in good yields. The structures of FcCOSetBu, (FcCOSe)2SnPh2, and FcCOSePbPh3 were revealed by X‐ray molecular structure analysis.
Maternal and fetal tyrosinemia type I
Authors: Garcia Segarra N. , Roche S. , Imbard A. , Benoist J. F. , Grenèche M. O. , Davit‐Spraul A. , Ogier de Baulny H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA 22 year‐old woman with tyrosinemia type I (HT1) married her first cousin who is heterozygous for the same FAH mutation for which the patient is homozygous. During her pregnancy she was treated with diet (prescribed tyrosine intake 300 mg/day), and nitisinone (60 mg/day). Median plasma tyrosine levels were 560 μmol/L (range: 375–838, n = 21) and nitisinone 51 μmol/L (range: 41–57, n = 3) during pregnancy. She gave birth to a clinically healthy girl affected with tyrosinemia type 1. Birth was normal (birth weight 2615 g) and the baby had normal liver function, normal plasma alpha‐fetoprotein concentrations, low urinary excretion of phenolic acids and no detectable succinylacetone. At birth, the baby had hypertyrosinemia (860 μmol/L in blood cord) and nitisinone levels of 14 μmol/L. Following molecular confirmation of the diagnosis of HT1 specific treatment began on day 15 by which time she had detectable urinary succinylacetone.
Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops
Authors: Eggen Trine , Heimstad Eldbjørg S. , Stuanes Arne O. , Norli Hans Ragnar 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K
ow 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K
ow 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K
ow 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K
ow 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K
ow 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6–1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10–20 and 1.7–4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015–0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K
ow in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.
The Patient's Perspective on Carpal Tunnel Surgery Related to the Type of Anesthesia: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Davison Peter G. , Cobb Tyson , Lalonde Donald H. 
Published: December 2012

Background The purpose of this study was to provide prospective independently analyzed evidence on how patients feel about a carpal tunnel release (CTR) performed under local anesthesia only (no sedation or tourniquet) versus with local anesthesia, intravenous (IV) sedation, and a tourniquet. Methods This prospective cohort study compared 100 consecutive CTRs done with only lidocaine and epinephrine in Saint John, New Brunswick to 100 consecutive CTRs done with IV sedation in Davenport, Iowa. Patient perspectives on the anesthesia were captured in a blinded questionnaire 1 week postoperatively. Results For subsequent surgery, 93 % of wide awake patients would choose local anesthesia only and 93 % of sedated patients would choose sedation. Wide awake patients spent less time at the hospital ( M=2.6 h) than sedated patients ( M=4.0 h; p<.001). Preoperative blood work, electrocardiograms, and/or chest radiographs were done for 3 % of wide awake patients and 48 % of sedated patients ( p<0.001). Preoperative anxiety levels for wide awake patients were lower than for sedated patients ( p=0.007); postoperative anxiety was similar. There were no anesthesia complications in either group. Narcotics were used by 5 % of unsedated patients and 67 % of sedated patients ( p<0.001). Adequate pain control was reported by 89 % and 90 % of patients, respectively. Conclusions The majority of patients from both cohorts liked whichever method of anesthesia they received and would choose it again. However, sedated patients spent more time at the hospital, required more preoperative testing, and reported greater preoperative anxiety.
Applying stock indicators for assessment of a recreational surf clam (Donax deltoides) fishery in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Lewis Zac , Giri Khageswor , Versace Vincent L. , Scarpaci Carol 
Published: December 2012

The aim of this study was to apply indicators for monitoring the impacts of harvest in a recreational surf clam fishery. We investigated trends in abundance, biomass and size structure and proportion of sexual maturity for the pipi (Donax deltoides) in Venus Bay, Australia. The surf clam stock was sampled during the peak harvesting season in the Australian summer (November to February) at four sites exposed to varying degrees of recreational harvest. Sampling was based on three transects at each site; with 0.027 m3 (0.3 m × 0.3 m × 0.3 m) quadrats stratified within transects by tidal position. Restricted maximum likelihood mixed model analyses were used to examine fixed effect combinations after including a priori random effect for transect within site. Results demonstrated that relative abundance varied significantly (P = 0.0090) among sampling months but not among sites. Relative abundance declined across the peak summer harvest season. The proportion of maturity varied significantly (P = 0.00026) among sites whereas relative biomass varied significantly (P = 0.0043) among months by sites. Relative biomass and the proportion of maturity were considerably higher at the site exposed to minimal harvest compared to other sites. This study demonstrates that a suite of indictors including biomass, size–frequency and proportion of maturity are likely to provide a more accurate assessment of stock status in recreationally fished surf clam populations, than relative abundance. This highlights the need to develop methods to estimate relative biomass in surf clam populations that are not exploited commercially.