bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Low Temperature Cycle Demonstration Plant
Authors: Mukherjee D. K. 
Published: April 2015

The merits of the turbocharged PFBC cycle are well known. Brown Boveri have been working in the past on a concept to commercialize this technology. As the leader of a team, with Foster Wheeler, Burns & Roe and Research Cottrell, Brown Boveri have conceived a turbocharged PFBC retrofit demonstration plant (20 MWe/40 MWe, net heat rate 11,000 BTU/kWh) which is discussed below.
Several old power stations in the USA have small coal-fired electric generating units which are inactive. The boilers are usually unreliable and their overhauling is uneconomical. The balance of the systems is quite often in a relatively good condition.
In this retrofit concept the existing conventional boiler is replaced by a field-assembled PFBC steam generator with pneumatic feed system. It is considered that the steam turbogenerator with its complete condensing plant, together with the coal handling and the storage system can be used.
The estimated total construction cost for the retrofit installation amounts to $28,000,000 for the 20 MWe and to $40,200,000 for the 40 MWe plant. This price is accurate to within plus/minus 20%. An extrapolation of these costs for a 80 MWe retrofit unit using barge transport for shop-fabricated and assembled components and applying coal-water slurry feed system result in an investment cost of $600/kW approximately.
The cost of a retrofit plant looks attractive and indicates that the PFBC turbocharged cycle is economical compared to the conventional plant with FGD, as has been reported before. Improved cost prediction for a 80 MWe unit is only possible if a conceptual design is carried out.
Coal-Fueled Gas Turbine Program
Authors: Crouse F. W. , Halow J. S. , Wilson J. S. 
Published: April 2015

The U.S. Department of Energy has initiated a program to stimulate the development of integrated coal-fueled gas turbine systems for generation of low-cost electric power. This paper describes the rationale and elements contained in this program. The incentives for the (DOE) coal-fueled gas turbine program are a perceived need for modular, low-cost electric generating capacity for the mid-to-late 1990’s, which will not increase the consumption of oil and the need for a low-cost option to long lead time conventional electric power generating systems. The coal-fueled gas turbine also offers the potential to repower existing electric generating facilities as well as for industrial cogeneration applications.
The primary fuels being considered are coal slurries and coal gasifier fuels under three program elements: (1) basic data studies, (2) systems and economic studies, and (3) component/system development. The basic data element is designed to address needed information on the effects of the coal and coal-derived combustion contaminants on turbine components. Basic combustion phenomena tests are being carried out by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center and by various industrial organizations to accomplish this goal. The systems and economic studies element of the program is an ongoing effort to provide program assessment and direction. Several major equipment manufacturers are parametrically examining various system configurations and fuel quality to determine process and economic implications. The component development element of the program is planned to start in 1984.
Ultimately, the success of the program will be measured by the extent of interest and willingness of the various industrial concerns to participate in the development of commercial systems. The industrial interest to date has been good, as shown by the willingness of private companies to provide cost sharing in each element of the program. This cost sharing criterion will continue as the program progresses.
Experience in the Operation of Air Filters in Gas Turbine Installations
Authors: Zaba T. , Lombardi P. 
Published: April 2015

Industrial gas turbines swallow air at a rate of approximately 14 to 16 kg/kWh. Even in clean environments the amount of solid particle ingestion is significant. A 70.000 kW gas turbine operating in a typical residential area could ingest 1.3 to 1.5 kg of solid contaminants in a 24 hour period. The same gas turbine operating in a typical mining or oil field region could ingest 33 to 39 kg of solid contaminants in a 24 hour period. Depending on the composition, size, quantity and condition (wet, dry, sticky) of the ingested particles, performance loss, due to the fouling of the compressor and/or turbine and hardware deterioration, due to erosion, corrosion and/or foreign object damage, can be experienced.
To protect against performance loss and hardware deterioration, industrial gas turbines are normally equipped with air inlet filtration systems. However, the effectiveness of the filtration system depends on how well it is matched to the contaminants and site conditions. Matching the filtration system to the contaminants and site conditions is usually a judgement decision based on experience and available information. This paper was written in an effort to enhance the equipment selection process by reviewing BBC’s experience with air inlet filtration systems.
A Report for the Engineering Status of Some Confirmation Tests in the Development of AGTJ-100A
Authors: Teshima Kiyomi , Ozaka Kenji , Koga Akinori , Aoki Sonao 
Published: April 2015

In the course of designing the turbine of the AGTJ-100A, some technical subjects needed to be confirmed, such as design technology and precise data of cooling engineering, aerodynamic effects of discharged air flow from blades and aerodynamic characteristics of gas passage, in order to attain smooth operation of the machine, and precautional vibration tests of blades with long spans.
A series of component tests were organized to support the design engineering and to confirm parts of the design data by the Engineering Department of “Engineering Research Association for Advanced Gas Turbines” and conducted by the associate manufactures by allotment.
A Contribution to the Study of the Design of an Industrial Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Papailiou K. D. , Bois G. 
Published: April 2015

The present work has had as a starting point an already existing high hub/tip ratio industrial centrifugal compressor design. An effort was undertaken to design a first new machine using theoretical methods, keeping, however, the overall geometrical dimensions, issued from the experience of the industry. The new design was manufactured and tested. The test results were found to be rather good, compared with the current industrial experience.
Additionally, a second new design was undertaken which had as aim to diminish the axial part length, leaving untouched the hub/tip ratio. If this effort was successful, it would mean that the length of the shaft for a multistage arrangement could be diminished and, thus the need for such a high hub/tip ratio, resulting from the shaft diameter. It was found, actually, possible to reduced the axial length of the inducer by a factor of two, approximately. The second new design was manufactured and the resulting machine, when tested, was found to have the same performances as the first new design.
A rather interesting point of the whole design procedure was the fact that a boundary layer calculation method was used in the blade-to-blade surface, which could take into account the influence of the Coriolis force and blade curvature on turbulence.
The impact of this influence on the whole design was found to be decisive.
The calculation procedure, the two designs and the overall test rests are described in the present work.
Development of the PGT 25 High Efficiency Gas Turbine: Part 1 — Outline of Machine Layout and Auxiliaries
Authors: Gusso R. , Mezzedimi V. 
Published: April 2015

This paper outlines the main features of the PGT 25 turbine and its auxiliares. The machine utilizes aero-derivative gas generators and has been primarily designed for mechanical drive applications; the prototype turbine and the first nine production units have been sized for matching with the LM 2500/30 gas generator, for a nominal shaft power between 21,300 KW and 22,100 KW.
The design shaft speed of 6,500 RPM has been selected for optimum matching of pipeline booster compressors for the range of powers of the PGT 25 turbine family.
The machine has been designed as a system of preassembled, shop tested modules to make transportation and installation as easy as possible.
Maintenance requirements have been given particular attention to provide the highest degree of availability.
Design Objectives and Experience With Processor Based Gas Turbine Controls
Authors: Lenz Hans D. 
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the control system requirements to reduce operating costs of gas turbine driven equipment, and the features and technologies available from up-to-date control systems to meet these requirements.
Modern control systems can affect the cost of operation in the following areas:
- Reduction of downtime.
- Optimizing of performance during all operating conditions.
- Long-term trending and failure diagnostics to maintain optimum efficiency and for preventive maintenance.
Advances in electronic technology, especially microprocessors, make it possible to achieve improvements in these areas. Programming methods, an important tool in the application of this technology, are discussed.
Applications of control systems are used to illustrate their effectiveness. Guidelines are presented to judge the value of different types of control systems in gas turbine and other applications and a look at future developments is presented.
The ALERT scale: an observational study of early prediction of adverse hospital outcome for medical patients
Authors: Roberts Daniel , Patrick Ward , Mojica Julie , Ostryzniuk Patricia , Patrick Margaret , MacKnight Chris , Kraut Allen , Shafer Leigh Anne 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesSome medical patients are at greater risk of adverse outcomes than others and may benefit from higher observation hospital units. We constructed and validated a model predicting adverse hospital outcome for patients. Study results may be used to admit patients into planned tiered care units. Adverse outcome comprised death or cardiac arrest during the first 30 days of hospitalisation, or transfer to intensive care within the first 48 h of admission.SettingThe study took place at two tertiary teaching hospitals and two community hospitals in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ParticipantsWe analysed data from 4883 consecutive admissions at a tertiary teaching hospital to construct the Early Prediction of Adverse Hospital Outcome for Medical Patients (ALERT) model using logistic regression. Robustness of the model was assessed through validation performed across four hospitals over two time periods, including 65 640 consecutive admissions.OutcomeReceiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC) and sensitivity and specificity analyses were used to assess the usefulness of the model.Results9.3% of admitted patients experienced adverse outcomes. The final model included gender, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Activities of Daily Living Score, Glasgow Coma Score, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and white cell count. The model was discriminative (ROC=0.83) in predicting adverse outcome. ALERT accurately predicted 75% of the adverse outcomes (sensitivity) and 75% of the non-adverse outcomes (specificity). Applying the same model to each validation hospital and time period produced similar accuracy and discrimination to that in the development hospital.ConclusionsUsed during initial assessment of patients admitted to general medical wards, the ALERT scale may complement other assessment measures to better screen patients. Those considered as higher risk by the ALERT scale may then be provided more effective care from action such as planned tiered care units.
The NHS Health Check programme: implementation in east London 2009–2011
Authors: Robson John , Dostal Isabel , Madurasinghe Vichithranie , Sheikh Aziz , Hull Sally , Boomla Kambiz , Page Helen , Griffiths Chris , Eldridge Sandra 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo describe implementation and results from the National Health Service (NHS) Health Check programme.DesignThree-year observational open cohort study: 2009–2011.ParticipantsPeople of age 40–74 years eligible for an NHS Health Check.Setting139/143 general practices in three east London primary care trusts (PCTs) serving an ethnically diverse and socially disadvantaged population.MethodImplementation was supported with education, IT support and performance reports. Tower Hamlets PCT additionally used managed practice networks and prior-stratification to call people at higher cardiovascular (CVD) risk first.Main outcomes measuresAttendance, proportion of high-risk population on statins and comorbidities identified.ResultsCoverage 2009, 2010, 2011 was 33.9% (31 878/10 805), 60.6% (30 757/18 652) and 73.4% (21 194/28 890), respectively. Older people were more likely to attend than younger people. Attendance was similar across deprivation quintiles and was in accordance with population distributions of black African/Caribbean, South Asian and White ethnic groups. 1 in 10 attendees were at high-CVD risk (20% or more 10-year risk). In the two PCTs stratifying risk, 14.3% and 9.4% of attendees were at high-CVD risk compared to 8.6% in the PCT using an unselected invitation strategy. Statin prescription to people at high-CVD risk was higher in Tower Hamlets 48.9%, than in City and Hackney 23.1% or Newham 20.2%. In the 6 months following an NHS Health Check, 1349 new cases of hypertension, 638 new cases of diabetes and 89 new cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were diagnosed. This represents 1 new case of hypertension per 38 Checks, 1 new case of diabetes per 80 Checks and 1 new case of CKD per 568 Checks.ConclusionsImplementation of the NHS Health Check programme in these localities demonstrates limited success. Coverage and treatment of those at high-CVD risk could be improved. Targeting invitations to people at high-CVD risk and managed practice networks in Tower Hamlets improved performance.
014 PP: COUPLE SEXUALITY IN YOUNG ONSET DEMENTIA (THE COSY STUDY)
Authors: Symmonds JN , Whitfield T , Pavitt A , Ducksbury R , Lee L , Walker Z 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionDementia is a devastating illness. The clinical criteria for dementia focus on cognitive and functional impairment. However patients' relationships are also affected, including their intimate and sexual relationships. These relationships are an important part of an adult life, particularly in young adults and are part of a person's identity and self-esteem. A great deal of research has explored the impact of late onset dementia on couples' relationships. This study aims to explore the impact of young onset dementia (YOD) on intimate and sexual relationships.Objectives(a) To explore the lived experiences of couples with YOD with regard to their sexual and intimate relationships; (b) To explore any issues in this area and to report what these problems are (for both the partner and the pwYOD); (c) To identify strategies that couples have found helpful in maintaining a close sexual and intimate relationship where one person has a diagnosis of YOD; (d) To identify issues frequently raised by study participants (as well as strategies/actions that have helped to maintain a close relationship) and (e) Use these issues to inform the development of an appropriate future clinical intervention. Where enough data is available, to relate the findings to: (i) The severity of the pwYOD's illness; (ii) The type of dementia; (iii) Gender and (iv) The type of relationship the couple had before the pwYOD developed dementia.MethodsWe are in the progress of interviewing patients and their partners, with the plan to recruit in total 10–20 individuals from 8–12 couples. We have completed five interviews with further interviews planned for the near future.Interviews will be transcribed and thematically analysed. To date, interviews have highlighted important challenges and needs, including the setup of group, individual, and couple interventions.
Metabolic Dependencies in RAS-Driven Cancers
Authors: Kimmelman Alec C. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The ability to inhibit the RAS oncogene has been the holy grail of oncology because of the critical role of this gene in a multitude of tumor types. In addition, RAS-mutant tumors are among the most aggressive and refractory to treatment. Although directly targeting the RAS oncogene has proven challenging, an alternative approach for treating RAS-driven cancers is to inhibit critical downstream events that are required for tumor maintenance. Indeed, much focus has been put on inhibiting signaling cascades downstream of RAS. Recent studies have shown that oncogenic RAS promotes a metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, shifting them toward an anabolic metabolism necessary to produce biomass to support unconstrained proliferation. These cancers also use a diverse set of fuel sources to meet their metabolic needs and have even developed a variety of mechanisms to act as metabolic scavengers to obtain necessary metabolic substrates from both extracellular and intracellular sources. Collectively, these adaptations can create “metabolic bottlenecks” whereby tumor cells rely on particular pathways or rate-limiting metabolites. In this regard, inhibiting individual or combinations of these metabolic pathways can attenuate growth in preclinical models. Because these dependencies are tumor selective and downstream of oncogenic RAS, there is the opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Although targeting tumor metabolism is still in the early days of translation to patients, our continued advances in understanding critical metabolic adaptations in RAS-driven cancers, as well as the ability to study this altered metabolism in relevant tumor models, will accelerate the development of new therapeutic approaches. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1828–34. ©2015 AACR.
See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers.”
Activated Clotting Time and Outcomes During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ducrocq Gregory , Jolly Sanjit , Mehta Shamir R. , Rao Sunil V. , Patel Tejas , Moreno Raul , Gao Peggy , Steg Philippe Gabriel 
Published: April 2015

Background—
Activated clotting time (ACT) is widely used to guide unfractionated heparin dosing during percutaneous coronary intervention. However, its value in predicting complications is controversial in the modern era. We sought to examine the relationship between ACT and outcomes in non–ST-segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome patients.

Methods and Results—

In the Fondaparinux With Unfractionated Heparin During Revascularization in Acute Coronary Syndromes (FUTURA/OASIS-8) trial, 2026 patients with non–ST-segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome treated with fondaparinux 2.5 mg/d and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to low-dose unfractionated heparin (50 U/kg) or standard-dose unfractionated heparin (85 U/kg or 60 U/kg with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, with ACT guidance). No difference was shown for major bleeding and there was a trend toward a reduction in ischemic events with standard-dose unfractionated heparin. To clarify the additional value of ACT guidance, we analyzed with logistic modeling peri–percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes according to peak ACT as a linear function. A threshold effect was then investigated. No linear correlation was found between ACT and thrombotic or bleeding events. In patients not receiving planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, a significant increase in rates of death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization was identified in patients with an ACT≤300 s (4.86% versus 2.78%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–3.21;
P
=0.03). No threshold was found for hemorrhagic complications in patients with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.

Conclusions—
Non–ST-segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with an ACT≤300 s are at increased risk of thrombotic complications. ACT, however, does not predict hemorrhagic complications.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00790907.
Complete Versus Culprit-Only Revascularization for ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Disease
Authors: Bangalore Sripal , Toklu Bora , Wetterslev Jørn 
Published: April 2015

Background—
The 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines for patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction gives a class III indication for nonculprit artery percutaneous coronary intervention at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention, driven by data from observational studies. However, more recent trials suggest otherwise.

Methods and Results—
We conducted PUBMED, EMBASE, and CENTRAL searches for randomized trials comparing complete versus culprit-only revascularization in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Efficacy outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events, as well as death, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. Safety outcomes were contrast-induced nephropathy, contrast volume used, and procedure time. Five trials with 1165 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Complete revascularization (68% during index percutaneous coronary intervention) was associated with significant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (rate ratio =0.48; 95% confidence interval =0.37–0.61), death (rate ratio =0.60; 95% confidence interval =0.38–0.97), cardiovascular death (rate ratio =0.38, 95% confidence interval =0.20–0.73), and repeat revascularization (rate ratio =0.42; 95% confidence interval =0.31–0.57) when compared with culprit-only revascularization. However, trial sequential analyses (similar to interim analysis of a randomized trial) powered for a 25% relative reduction showed firm evidence (cumulative z-curve crossed the monitoring boundary) only for major adverse cardiovascular events driven by a decrease in repeat revascularization with no firm evidence for reduction in death and myocardial infarction. Moreover, there was a significant increase in contrast volume use (mean difference 85.12 [70.41–83.00] ml) and procedure time (mean difference 16.42 [13.22–19.63] mins) with complete revascularization without increase in contrast-induced nephropathy.

Conclusions—
In patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction, immediate or staged complete revascularization results in significant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events driven largely by reduction in repeat revascularization with no firm evidence for the reduction in death or myocardial infarction when compared with culprit-only revascularization.