bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thromboprophylaxis patterns and determinants in critically ill patients: a multicenter audit
Authors: Lauzier François , Muscedere John , Deland Éric , Kutsogiannis Demetrios Jim , Jacka Michael , Heels-Ansdell Diane , Crowther Mark , Cartin-Ceba Rodrigo , Cox Michael J , Zytaruk Nicole , Foster Denise , Sinuff Tasnim , Clarke France , Thompson Patrica , Hanna Steven , Cook Deborah ,   the Co-operative Network of Critical Care Knowledge Translation for Thromboprophylaxis (CONECCKT-T) Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Heparin is safe and prevents venous thromboembolism in critical illness. We aimed to determine the guideline concordance for thromboprophylaxis in critically ill patients and its predictors, and to analyze factors associated with the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), as it may be associated with a lower risk of pulmonary embolism and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia without increasing the bleeding risk.

Methods
We performed a retrospective audit in 28 North American intensive care units (ICUs), including all consecutive medical-surgical patients admitted in November 2011. We documented ICU thromboprophylaxis and reasons for omission. Guideline concordance was determined by adding days in which patients without contraindications received thromboprophylaxis to days in which patients with contraindications did not receive it, divided by the total number of patient-days. We used multilevel logistic regression including time-varying, center and patient-level covariates to determine the predictors of guideline concordance and use of LMWH.

Results
We enrolled 1,935 patients (62.3 ± 16.7 years, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] II score 19.1 ± 8.3). Patients received thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin (UFH) (54.0%) or LMWH (27.6%). Guideline concordance occurred for 95.5% patient-days and was more likely in patients who were sicker (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 1.75 per 10-point increase in APACHE II), heavier (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.05, 1.65 per 10-m/kg2 increase in body mass index), had cancer (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.81, 5.72), previous venous thromboembolism (OR 3.94, 95% CI 1.46,10.66), and received mechanical ventilation (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.32,2.52). Reasons for not receiving thromboprophylaxis were high risk of bleeding (44.5%), current bleeding (16.3%), no reason (12.9%), recent or upcoming invasive procedure (10.2%), nighttime admission or discharge (9.7%), and life-support limitation (6.9%). LMWH was less often administered to sicker patients (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48, 0.89 per 10-point increase in APACHE II), surgical patients (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24, 0.72), those receiving vasoactive drugs (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35, 0.64) or renal replacement therapy (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.05, 0.23).

Conclusions
Guideline concordance for thromboprophylaxis was high, but LMWH was less commonly used, especially in patients who were sicker, had surgery, or received vasopressors or renal replacement therapy, representing a potential quality improvement target.
Developmental pathways from childhood conduct problems to early adult depression: findings from the ALSPAC cohort
Authors: Stringaris Argyris , Lewis Glyn , Maughan Barbara 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundPathways from early-life conduct problems to young adult depression remain poorly understood.AimsTo test developmental pathways from early-life conduct problems to depression at age 18.MethodData (n= 3542) came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Previously derived conduct problem trajectories (ages 4–13 years) were used to examine associations with depression from ages 10 to 18 years, and the role of early childhood factors as potential confounders.ResultsOver 43% of young adults with depression in the ALSPAC cohort had a history of child or adolescent conduct problems, yielding a population attributable fraction of 0.15 (95% CI 0.08–0.22). The association between conduct problems and depression at age 18 was considerable even after adjusting for prior depression (odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.24–1.94). Early-onset persistent conduct problems carried the highest risk for later depression. Irritability characterised depression for those with a history of conduct problems.ConclusionsEarly-life conduct problems are robustly associated with later depressive disorder and may be useful targets for early intervention.
Contribution of neural cell death to depressive phenotypes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Authors: Chen Cheng , Wang Yun , Zhang Juan , Ma Lian , Gu Jiang , Ho Guyu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMajor depression disorder (MDD) or depression is highly prevalent in diabetic patients, where the depressive symptoms are more severe and less responsive to antidepressant therapies. The underlying mechanism is little understood. We hypothesized that the pathophysiology of comorbid depression was more complex than that proposed for MDD and that neural cell death played a role in the disease severity. To test this hypothesis, we generated streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. These mice had blood glucose 3 fold above controls and exhibited depressive phenotypes as judged by a battery of behavioral tests, thus confirming the comorbidity in mice. Immunohistological studies showed markedly increased TUNEL positive cells in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the comorbid mice. The apoptosis were supported by increased caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 proteins in the brain regions. In addition, the serum BDNF level of comorbid mice was reduced, further supporting the neurodenerative change. Mechanistic analyses showed an increased expression of mitochondrial fission genes fission protein 1 (Fis1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and a decreased expression of mitochondrial fusion genes mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and optical atrophy 1 (Opa1). Representative assessment of proteins Drp1 and Mfn2 mirrored the mRNA changes. The data demonstrated that neural cell death was associated with the depressive phenotype of comorbid mice and that a fission-dominant expression of genes and proteins mediating mitochondrial dynamics played a role in the hyperglycemia-induced cell death. The study provides new insight into the disease mechanism and may lend evidence of developing novel therapeutics aiming at neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics to treat comorbid depression with diabetes.
On the Performance of Sparse Process Structures in Partial Postponement Production Systems
Authors: Chou Mabel C. , Chua Geoffrey A. , Zheng Huan 
Published: April 2014

Production postponement, the strategy to hold reserved production capacity that can be deployed based on actual demand signals, is often used to mitigate supply-demand mismatch risk. The effectiveness of this strategy depends crucially on the ease, or flexibility, in deploying the reserved capacity to meet product demands. Existing literature assumes that the reserved capacity is fully flexible, i.e., capable of being deployed to meet the demand of any item in a multiproduct system. Little is known if reserved capacity is held at many different locations, with each location having only a limited range of flexibility on production options. This paper examines how effective the production postponement strategy is in this environment. When the amount of reserved capacity is small (i.e., postponement level near 0%), no amount of flexibility can reap significant benefits. When the reserved capacity is high (i.e., postponement level near 100%), it is well known that a sparse structure such as a 2-chain can perform nearly as well as a fully flexible structure. Hence, process flexibility beyond 2-chain has little impact on the effectiveness of production postponement strategy in these two extreme environments. Interestingly, in a symmetric system, we prove that the performance of 2-chain, vis-à-vis the full flexibility structure, has a wider gap when postponement level (i.e., amount of reserved capacity) is moderate, and thus process flexibility beyond 2-chain matters and affects appreciably the performance of the production postponement strategy. Fortunately, adding a little more flexibility, say turning a 2-chain into a 3-chain, the system can perform almost as well as a full flexibility structure for all postponement levels. This is important as first stage production capacity can be allocated as if the reserve capacity is fully flexible. Our analysis hinges on an exact analytical expression for the performance of d-chain, obtained from solving a related class of random walk problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper with analytical results on the performance of d-chain for d > 2.
Designing clinical trials in trauma surgery
Authors: Perry D. C. , Griffin X. L. , Parsons N. , Costa M. L. 
Published: April 2014

The surgical community is plagued with a reputation for both failing to engage and to deliver on clinical research. This is in part due to the absence of a strong research culture, however it is also due to a multitude of barriers encountered in clinical research; particularly those involving surgical interventions. ‘Trauma’ amplifies these barriers, owing to the unplanned nature of care, unpredictable work patterns, the emergent nature of treatment and complexities in the consent process. This review discusses the barriers to clinical research in surgery, with a particular emphasis on trauma. It considers how barriers may be overcome, with the aim to facilitate future successful clinical research. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:123–9.
Single-visit endovenous laser treatment and tributary procedures for symptomatic great saphenous varicose veins
Authors: Alder LS , Rahi MA 
Published: April 2014

Introduction Endovenous ablation of saphenous varicose veins has decreased morbidity and recovery time compared with open surgery. This study assessed the outcome and mid-term patient satisfaction of single-visit endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) alone, EVLT combined with phlebectomies and endovenous chemical ablation. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all patients (n=91) in 2008–2009 who underwent single-visit day-case EVLT using local anaesthesia under a single surgeon. Postoperative venous ultrasonography at 2 and 14 months was reviewed. A telephone questionnaire was carried out to assess recurrence of symptoms and quality of life at 42 months. Results Overall, 124 limbs underwent day-case EVLT under local anaesthesia using an 810nm diode laser at a continuous setting of 14W. Forty-eight of these underwent EVLT alone while fifty underwent EVLT with phlebectomies and twenty-six underwent EVLT with endovenous chemical ablation. Ninety-one per cent of limbs underwent two-month postoperative imaging. All had satisfactory great saphenous vein (GSV) ablation (anterior thigh vein patency: n=1). The majority (84%) of limbs underwent 14-month imaging with a 98% GSV ablation rate. Three per cent had anterior thigh vein and saphenofemoral junction incompetence. Recurrence of GSV patency and reflux was <1%. The response rate to the questionnaire was 60%: 95% of respondents confirmed improvement following treatment, 62% remained symptom free at 42 months while 65% of patients with a return of symptoms deemed them mild. The questionnaire was scored out of 56 for symptoms and quality of life. Those with symptoms scored significantly higher. Conclusions At 42 months, the majority of limbs remained asymptomatic. The short-term GSV ablation rates were excellent. Overall mid-term review of patients has shown a well received single-visit service with concomitant phlebectomy or endovenous ablation, and good ablation and patient satisfaction rates.
Involving public and patients in research
Authors: Kasivisvanathan V , Williams Kate 
Published: April 2014

What does patient and public involvement (PPI) in research mean? The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) defines ‘patient and public’ as patients, potential patients, their carers, people who use health and social care services, and organisations that represent people who use these services. 1 The term ‘involvement’ refers to an active partnership between patients and public and researchers in the research process.
Review
Authors: Hickman Lisa Nichols 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Media Ecology and Religious Pluralism: Engaging Walter Ong and Jacques Dupuis toward Effective Interreligious Dialogue, Marinus Iwuchukwu (2010) Kohn, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co. Kg, 248 pp., ISBN: 9783838320373, p/bk, $112.00
Urihi A: A Terra-Floresta Yanomami
Authors: Welch James R. 
Published: April 2014

Review of Urihi A: A Terra-Floresta Yanomami. Bruce Albert and William Milliken with Gale Goodwin Gomez. São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental, 2009. 207 pp., illustrations, tables, bibliography, appendices, index. Paperback ISBN: 978‐85 85994‐72‐3.
Environmental Social Sciences: Methods and Research Design
Authors: Spoon Jeremy 
Published: April 2014

Review of Environmental Social Sciences: Methods and Research Design. Ismael Vaccaro, Eric Alden Smith, and Shankar Aswani, eds. 2010. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 396, 41 b/w illustrations, 20 tables. US$49.99 (paperback). ISBN 9780521125710.
We Probably Thought That Would Be True: Perceiving Complex Emotional States in Nonhumans
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Annett Cynthia 
Published: April 2014

Review of:Do Fish Feel Pain? Victoria Braithwaite. 2010. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 256. $35.00 (hardcover). ISBN 9780199551200.How Animals Grieve. Barbara J. King. 2013. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp. 208, 7 halftones. $25.00 (cloth). ISBN 9780226436944.
Small medullary thyroid carcinoma: post-operative calcitonin rather than tumour size predicts disease persistence and progression
Authors: Saltiki Katerina , Rentziou Gianna , Stamatelopoulos Kimon , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Stavrianos Charalambos , Lambrinoudaki Eirini , Alevizaki Maria 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveRecently, small medullary thyroid carcinomas (smallMTCs; ≤1.5 cm) are frequently diagnosed, occasionally as incidental findings in surgical specimens. Their clinical course varies. We examined tumour size as a predictor of clinical behaviour.DesignA retrospective study.MethodsA total of 128smallMTC patients (35.2% males and 45% familial) were followed up for 0.9–30.9 years. According to tumour size (cm), patients were classified into four groups: group 1, 0.1–0.5 (n=33); group 2, 0.6–0.8 (n=33); group 3, 0.8–1.0 (n=29) and group 4, 1.1–1.5 (n=33).ResultsPre- and post-operative calcitonin levels were positively associated with the tumour size (P<0.001). Capsular and lymph node invasion were more frequent in groups 3 and 4 (P<0.03); the stage was more advanced and the outcome was less favourable with an increasing tumour size (P<0.001). Groups 1 and 2 patients were more frequently cured (group 1, 87.8%; group 2, 72.7%; group 3, 68.9%; and group 4, 48.5%;P=0.002). The 10-year probability of lack of disease progression according to the tumour size differed between patients with tumour sizes of 0.1–1.0 and 1.1–1.5 cm (96.6%, 81.3%,x2=4.03,P=0.045 for log-rank test). Post-operative calcitonin was the only predictor significantly associated with the 10-year progression of disease. Post-operative calcitonin levels ≥4.65 pg/ml predicted disease persistence (sensitivity 93.8% and specificity 90%) and ≥14.5 pg/ml predicted disease progression (sensitivity 100%, specificity 82%, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis).ConclusionsTumour size may be of clinical importance only in patients with MTCs >1 cm in size. Post-operative calcitonin is a more important predictor than size for disease progression.
Synthesis of All-Conjugated ABA and AB-type Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers and Their Application in All-Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jin , Higashihara Tomoya 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, we report the synthesis of all-conjugated donor-acceptor block copolymers via a externally initiated Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation (KCTP) method. In the first step, electron acceptor blocks, poly(naphthalene diimide)s (PNDIs), were prepared via the Stille coupling polycondensation. Then, P3HT blocks were polymerized by KCTP initiated by Ni(COD)2 activated PNDI complexes. Therefore, a series of ABA (P3HTs were initiated from both ends of PNDI) and AB-type (P3HT was initiated from one end of PNDI) block copolymers were successfully synthesized. Before fabrication of all-polymer solar cells, the morphologies and crystalline behaviors of the block copolymers were extensively investigated as a function of thermal annealing and the main chain composition of PNDI block. As a control, the crystalline behaviors of the physical blends of P3HT and PNDIs were also reported. Finally, all-polymer solar cells were fabricated by using the block copolymers as the single active component or as surfactants. A PCE of 0.11 % with Voc=0.46 V, Jsc=0.50 mA/cm2, and FF=0.46 was recorded by using the donor-acceptor all-conjugated block copolymer as the single active component.
Biomass growth response to spatial pattern of variable‐retention harvesting in a northern Minnesota pine ecosystem
Authors: Palik Brian J. , Montgomery Rebecca A. , Reich Peter B. , Boyden Suzanne B. 
Published: April 2014

Variable‐retention harvesting (VRH) is an approach for sustaining complex structure in managed forests. A criticism of VRH is that ecological benefits may come at a cost of reduced growth of regeneration, due to competition with residual trees. However, the spatial pattern of retention, i.e., dispersed or aggregated, in VRH systems can be manipulated to minimize suppression of regeneration, and resource limitation to regeneration might be mitigated by reduction of woody shrubs. Continued growth of the residual cohort will compensate for growth reduction of regeneration, although this may differ with retention pattern. We examined aboveground whole‐stand biomass growth of trees in a VRH experiment in Pinus resinosa forest in Minnesota, USA. Treatments included dispersed retention, aggregated retention, and an uncut control, as well as a shrub treatment (reduced density or ambient). We addressed the following hypotheses: (1) biomass growth of a cohort of planted pine seedlings will be highest with aggregated rather than dispersed retention, (2) biomass growth of the planted seedlings will increase with shrub reduction, and (3) biomass growth of the residual overstory will be higher with dispersed rather than aggregated retention.Aboveground biomass growth of the planted pines ranged from 0.4 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the overstory‐control–ambient‐shrub treatment to 23 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the aggregated‐retention–shrub‐reduction treatment. The difference between the control and the retention treatments was significant (P < 0.0001), but not between dispersed and aggregated retention (P = 0.97). Thus, our first hypothesis was not supported. In all treatments, biomass growth was significantly higher (>100% increase) with shrub reduction (P = 0.001), supporting our second hypothesis. Biomass growth of residual trees ranged from 2404 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the uncut‐control–ambient‐shrub treatment to 1043 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the aggregated‐retention–shrub‐reduction treatment. Differences were significant between the control and retention treatments (P = 0.003), and marginally higher with dispersed vs. aggregated retention (P = 0.09), lending support to our third hypothesis. Our results suggest that managers have flexibility in application of VRH and can expect similar stand‐level biomass growth of planted regeneration regardless of retention pattern, but somewhat higher stand‐level biomass growth of retained trees with dispersed retention.
Intravenous Moderate Sedation as an Adjunct for Periodontal Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis of 964 Cases
Authors: Holtzclaw Dan J. , Hinze Fritz , Burnham James K. , Toscano Nicholas J. , Shumaker Nicholas 
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Numerous articles have documented the safety of intravenous moderate sedation when used as an adjunct for dental procedures. These articles have traditionally focused on surgical procedures and demonstrate significant differences in duration for periodontal versus oral surgery cases. Periodontal procedures typically last longer than oral surgery procedures, and, when using intravenous moderate sedation, these time differences can be critical because longer procedures require additional medication use and place patients in prolonged periods of altered consciousness.Case Series: The goal of this retrospective review is to analyze intravenous moderate sedation records from multiple private practicing periodontists to evaluate a variety of data and how they relate to periodontal procedures. Evaluated data included patient demographics, procedure type, procedure duration, medication dosages, fluid administration, hemodynamic changes, respiratory changes, and complications. Intravenous sedation cases performed during the past 5 years at five private periodontal practices were evaluated.Conclusions: Intravenous moderate sedation using fentanyl and versed is a safe and effective adjunct for periodontal surgical procedures with minimal complications. Predictable changes in hemodynamic and respiratory levels will ensue when using these agents. Finally, practitioners using intravenous moderate sedation should schedule an additional 30 minutes of procedure time to account for preoperative and postoperative patient management.
Diagnostic Error - Mini Review and Case Report of Patient Death Resulting from Delayed Diagnosis of Acute Prostatitis
Authors: Mrkoci Dragica K. , Chretien Katherine C. 
Published: April 2014

A 57-year old man presenting with frequent and painful urination and negative initial urinalysis for infection was given a diagnosis of benign prostate hypertrophy, which was never revised by subsequent providers. Instead, the patient continued to be treated for urinary retention and pain. A potent NSAID, Toradol (ketorolac), was included in his regimen. One day prior to his demise, the patient was diagnosed with prostatic abscess and admitted for treatment with intravenous antibiotics. However the patient died on hospital day one from massive GI bleeding. Autopsy revealed an underlying peptic ulcer.
This case shines a light on diagnostic error: missed, wrong, or delayed diagnosis. It also uncovers the multifaceted nature of diagnostic errors and highlights the importance of system- related interventions, in particular, better communication between health care providers. Based on malpractice claims data, diagnostic error is the most frequent and costly of all medical mistakes, yet it remains one of the least studied areas of patient safety. While the field has some barriers to study, many opportunities exist for impact in the field of diagnostic errors
Do Critical Audit Matter Paragraphs in the Audit Report Change Nonprofessional Investors' Decision to Invest?
Authors: Christensen Brant E. , Glover Steven M. , Wolfe Christopher J. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARY:
Both U.S. and international standard setters have recently proposed changes to the standard audit report, including a requirement to include a critical audit matter (CAM) paragraph. We examine how nonprofessional investors react to an audit report's CAM paragraph that is centered on the audit of fair value estimates. We perform an experiment with nonprofessional investors who are business school graduates who invest in individual stocks and analyze company financial data. We find that investors who receive a CAM paragraph are more likely to change their investment decision than are investors who receive a standard audit report (an information effect) or investors who receive the same CAM paragraph information in management's footnotes (a source credibility effect). We also find that the effect of a CAM paragraph is reduced when it is followed by a paragraph offering resolution of the critical audit matter. Our findings should be of interest to regulators and standard setters as they consider the feasibility of CAM paragraphs and whether and how to convey the resolution of critical audit matters.