bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy intake from human milk covers the requirement of 6-month-old Senegalese exclusively breast-fed infants
Authors: Agne-Djigo Anta , Kwadjode Komlan M. , Idohou-Dossou Nicole , Diouf Adama , Guiro Amadou T. , Wade Salimata 
Published: April 2013

Exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months is advised by the WHO as the best practice to feed infants. Yet, some studies have suggested a gap between energy requirements and the energy provided by human milk for many infants at 6 months. In order to assess the adequacy of WHO recommendations in 6-month-old Senegalese lactating infants, a comprehensive study was designed to measure human milk intake by the dose-to-the mother2H2O turnover method. Infants' energy intakes were calculated using daily breast milk intake and the energy content of milk was estimated on the basis of creamatocrit. Of the fifty-nine mother–infant pairs enrolled, fifteen infants were exclusively breast-fed (Ex) while forty-four were partially breast-fed (Part). Infants' breast milk intake was significantly higher in the Ex group (993 (sd135) g/d,n15) compared with the Part group (828 (sd222) g/d,n44,P= 0·009). Breast milk energy content as well as infants' growth was comparable in both groups. However, infants' energy intake from human milk was significantly higher (364 (sd50) kJ/kg per d (2586 (sd448) kJ/d)) in the Ex group than in the Part group (289 (sd66) kJ/kg per d (2150 (sd552) kJ/d),P< 0·01). Compared with WHO recommendations, the results demonstrate that energy intake from breast milk was low in partially breast-fed infants while exclusively breast-fed 6-month-old Senegalese infants received adequate energy from human milk alone, the most complete food for infants. Therefore, advocacy of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months should be strengthened.
AnIchthyosaurus brevicepscollected by Mary Anning: new information on the species
Authors: MASSARE JUDY A. , LOMAX DEAN R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn ichthyosaur in the collections of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge (CAMSMX.50187) was collected in the nineteenth century by the renowned fossil collector Mary Anning, but has never been adequately described in the literature. As an Anning specimen, it is certainly from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis, west Dorset. The near complete presacral skeleton is lying on its left side and includes a complete skull, one complete and one partial forefin, pectoral bones, all six elements of the pelvic girdle, and both hindfins. The centra in the anterior caudal region, however, are from another individual and may have replaced the original ones. The specimen is identified asIchthyosaurusbased on the morphology of the humerus and forefin. It is assigned toI. brevicepson the basis of the relatively short snout, large eye, and tall neural spines. This is the only known specimen ofI. brevicepsto preserve a complete pelvis. Notably, the ilium is longer than the pubis and ischium, and the pubis is longer than the ischium. This individual is the largestI. brevicepsreported in the literature, with jaw length of 33.5 cm and estimated length from snout to tail bend of 1.6 m.
The differences in cellulolytic activity of the Arctic soils of Calypsostranda, Spitsbergen
Authors: Świtoniak Marcin , Melke Jerzy , Bartmiński Piotr 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the differences in cellulolytic activity of soils around the coastal lowlands of the southwestern part of Wedel Jarlsberg Land (west Spitsbergen). Two positions (Calypso and Skilvika) representing typical soil types in this area were chosen for investigation. Within the area of Calypso, arctic brown soils formed from loamy sands with a significant addition of coarser gravel and pebble fractions occur. The Skilvika position represents the arctic gley soils of a loamy texture, with significant content of silt, associated with the occurrence of cell grounds created under the strong influence of cryogenic processes. Cellulolytic activity of the soils was determined by a gravimetric method involving estimation of a weight loss of cellulosic material buried in the surface soil horizons. The investigation showed significant differences in the cellulose decomposition rate between the two research locations. The cellulolytic activity of arctic brown soils –0,412–0,656 g*g−1*year−1 during the vegetation season (Olson's k = 0,231–0,563), was twice higher than the activity in the case of Skilvika gley soils –0,185–0,310g*g−1*year−1 during vegetation season (k = 0,089–0,131). This should be attributed, among other factors, to the grain size distribution, thereby determining more favourable water-air conditions of soils within the area of Calypso.
Eye evolution and its functional basis
Authors: NILSSON DAN-E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEye evolution is driven by the evolution of visually guided behavior. Accumulation of gradually more demanding behaviors have continuously increased the performance requirements on the photoreceptor organs. Starting with nondirectional photoreception, I argue for an evolutionary sequence continuing with directional photoreception, low-resolution vision, and finally, high-resolution vision. Calculations of the physical requirements for these four sensory tasks show that they correlate with major innovations in eye evolution and thus work as a relevant classification for a functional analysis of eye evolution. Together with existing molecular and morphological data, the functional analysis suggests that urbilateria had a simple set of rhabdomeric and ciliary receptors used for directional photoreception, and that organ duplications, positional shifts and functional shifts account for the diverse patterns of eyes and photoreceptors seen in extant animals. The analysis also suggests that directional photoreception evolved independently at least twice before the last common ancestor of bilateria and proceeded several times independently to true vision in different bilaterian and cnidarian groups. This scenario is compatible withPax-gene expression in eye development in the different animal groups. The whole process from the first opsin to high-resolution vision took about 170 million years and was largely completed by the onset of the Cambrian, about 530 million years ago. Evolution from shadow detectors to multiple directional photoreceptors has further led to secondary cases of eye evolution in bivalves, fan worms, and chitons.
Single Particle Tracking Analysis of the Chloroplast Division Protein FtsZ Anchoring to the Inner Envelope Membrane
Authors: Johnson Carol B. , Tang Leung K. , Smith Aaron G. , Ravichandran Akshaya , Luo Zhiping , Vitha Stanislav , Holzenburg Andreas 
Published: April 2013

AbstractReplication of chloroplast in plant cells is an essential process that requires co-assembly of the tubulin-like plastid division proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 at mid-chloroplast to form a ring structure called the Z-ring. The Z-ring is stabilized via its interaction with the transmembrane protein ARC6 on the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts. Plants lacking ARC6 are defective in plastid division and contain only one or two enlarged chloroplasts per cell with abnormal localization of FtsZ: instead of a single Z-ring, many short FtsZ filaments are distributed throughout the chloroplast. ARC6 is thought to be the anchoring point for FtsZ assemblies. To investigate the role of ARC6 in FtsZ anchoring, the mobility of green fluorescent protein–tagged FtsZ assemblies was assessed by single particle tracking in mutant plants lacking the ARC6 protein. Mean square displacement analysis showed that the mobility of FtsZ assemblies is to a large extent characterized by anomalous diffusion behavior (indicative of intermittent binding) and restricted diffusion suggesting that besides ARC6-mediated anchoring, an additional FtsZ-anchoring mechanism is present in chloroplasts.
Average spectral efficiency of multi‐modulation cellular systems
Authors: Acuña José , Cuiñas Iñigo 
Published: April 2013

Fourth generation systems are proposed to create extended wireless networks by applying frequency reuse techniques based on a cellular scheme. However, the total bandwidth needed depends on the channel bandwidth and the signal‐to‐interference protection ratio. The procedure to compute the performance of such interference‐limited cellular systems is introduced in this study for systems with various modulation schemes (quadrature phase shift keying, 16 and 64 quadrature amplitude modulation), founding the percentage of the cell area that could be managed with each modulation, considering full load sectors. The conditions to share the same subcarriers between two users in next to base stations are also presented. The total bandwidth required to deploy a network with three sectored cells with 10 MHz channel results to be 360 MHz. This is a big issue since the size of the bands is generally 200 MHz, and it could limit the expected performance of these systems.
3D phenotyping and quantitative trait locus mapping identify core regions of the rice genome controlling root architecture
Authors: Topp Christopher N. , Iyer-Pascuzzi Anjali S. , Anderson Jill T. , Lee Cheng-Ruei , Zurek Paul R. , Symonova Olga , Zheng Ying , Bucksch Alexander , Mileyko Yuriy , Galkovskyi Taras , Moore Brad T. , Harer John , Edelsbrunner Herbert , Mitchell-Olds Thomas , Weitz Joshua S. , Benfey Philip N. 
Published: April 2013

SignificanceImproving the efficiency of root systems should result in crop varieties with better yields, requiring fewer chemical inputs, and that can grow in harsher environments. Little is known about the genetic factors that condition root growth because of roots’ complex shapes, the opacity of soil, and environmental influences. We designed a 3D root imaging and analysis platform and used it to identify regions of the rice genome that control several different aspects of root system growth. The results of this study should inform future efforts to enhance root architecture for agricultural benefit.
ROOT ULTRAVIOLET B-SENSITIVE1/WEAK AUXIN RESPONSE3 Is Essential for Polar Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yu Hong , Karampelias Michael , Robert Stephanie , Peer Wendy Ann , Swarup Ranjan , Ye Songqing , Ge Lei , Cohen Jerry , Murphy Angus , Friml Jirí , Estelle Mark 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe phytohormone auxin regulates virtually every aspect of plant development. To identify new genes involved in auxin activity, a genetic screen was performed for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants with altered expression of the auxin-responsive reporter DR5rev:GFP. One of the mutants recovered in the screen, designated as weak auxin response3 (wxr3), exhibits much lower DR5rev:GFP expression when treated with the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and displays severe defects in root development. The wxr3 mutant decreases polar auxin transport and results in a disruption of the asymmetric auxin distribution. The levels of the auxin transporters AUXIN1 and PIN-FORMED are dramatically reduced in the wxr3 root tip. Molecular analyses demonstrate that WXR3 is ROOT ULTRAVIOLET B-SENSITIVE1 (RUS1), a member of the conserved Domain of Unknown Function647 protein family found in diverse eukaryotic organisms. Our data suggest that RUS1/WXR3 plays an essential role in the regulation of polar auxin transport by maintaining the proper level of auxin transporters on the plasma membrane.
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma deregulates stomatal control of photosynthesis in Vitis vinifera
Authors: Vitali M. , Chitarra W. , Galetto L. , Bosco D. , Marzachì C. , Gullino M.L. , Spanna F. , Lovisolo C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFlavescence dorée (FD) is among the major grapevine diseases causing high management costs; curative methods against FD are unavailable. In FD‐infected plants, decrease in photosynthesis is usually recorded, but deregulation in stomatal control of leaf gas exchange during FD infection and recovery is unknown. We measured the seasonal time course of gas exchange rates in two cultivars (‘Barbera’ and ‘Nebbiolo’) during the term of 1 year when grapevines experienced a water stress and another with no drought, with difference in gas exchange rates in response to FD infection and recovery as assessed by symptom observation and phytoplasma detection through PCR analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was also evaluated at the time of maximum symptom severity in ‘Barbera’, the cultivar showing the most severe stress response to FD infection, causing the highest damage in vineyards of north‐western Italy. In FD‐infected plants, net photosynthesis and transpiration gradually decreased during the season, more during the no drought year than during drought. During recovery, healthy (PCR negative) plants infected 2 years before, but not those infected an year before, regained the gas exchange performances to the level as measured before infection. The relationships between stomatal conductance and the residual leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) discriminated healthy versus FD‐infected and recovered plants; at the same ci, FD‐infected leaves had higher non‐photochemical quenching than healthy ones. We conclude that metabolic, not stomatal, leaf gas exchange limitation in FD‐infected and recovered grapevines is the basis of plant response to FD disease. In addition, we also suggest that such response is dependent upon water stress, by showing that water stress superimposes on FD infection in terms of stomatal and metabolic non‐stomatal limitations to carbon assimilation.
Controlled Ovarian Hyper‐stimulation during IVF treatment does not increase the risk of preterm delivery compared to the transfer of frozen–thawed embryos in a natural cycle
Authors: Rallis Anthia , Tremellen Kelton 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundPreterm delivery rates are significantly higher for IVF‐conceived pregnancies compared with naturally conceived pregnancies, even following adjustment for relevant confounding factors. Furthermore, preterm delivery is reportedly more common in pregnancies from fresh embryo, rather than frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET), suggesting that the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) environment may initiate preterm labour.AimsAs prior studies have confirmed a positive correlation between the numbers of corpora lutea generated during COH and serum relaxin levels, a reported trigger for cervical remodelling and preterm labour, the aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that preterm delivery rates will therefore be lower in mono‐follicular FET cycles compared to multi‐follicular COH/IVF cycles (primary hypothesis). Our secondary hypothesis was that COH/IVF cycles yielding higher numbers of oocytes will be associated with higher rates of preterm birth and subsequent lower birth weight than those producing lower numbers of oocytes.MethodsRetrospective review of 702 singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF treatment (COH/IVF and FET) during the years 2008–2009 at a single private IVF centre in Adelaide, South Australia.ResultsThere was no significant difference in rates of preterm labour between women undergoing COH with fresh embryo transfers compared with frozen embryo transfers (FETs), (11.59 vs 10%, P = 0.6011), nor was there any difference in the median gestation at delivery (39.4 vs 39.1 weeks, respectively, P = 0.1538). The rate of preterm delivery in both the fresh and frozen embryo transfer cohorts was higher than that observed in the general obstetric population (6.76%). A weak but marginally statistically significant correlation was observed between the number of oocytes retrieved following COH and gestation at delivery (r = 0.089, P = 0.048).ConclusionsWhile a woman's response to COH was weakly negatively correlated with gestation at delivery, this relationship was not of major clinical importance as the rate of preterm delivery and the median gestation at delivery were not significantly different between pregnancies resulting from fresh or FETs in our study cohort.
Effects of trichostatinAon histone acetylation and methylation characteristics in early porcine embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Cong Peiqing , Zhu Kongju , Ji Qianqian , Zhao Haijing , Chen Yaosheng 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUntil now, the efficiency of animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has remained low. Efforts to improve cloning efficiency have demonstrated a positive role of trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of deacetylases, on the development of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos in many species. Here, we report the effects ofTSAon pre‐implantation development of porcineNTembryos. Our results showed that treatment of reconstructed porcine embryos with 50 nmol/L TSAfor 24 h after activation significantly improved the production of blastocysts (P < 0.05), while treating donor cells with the same solution resulted in increases in cleavage rates and blastomere numbers (P < 0.05). However,TSAtreatment of both donor cells andSCNTembryos did not improve blastocyst production, nor did it increase blastomere numbers. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we found thatTSAtreatment ofNTembryos could improve the reprogramming of histone acetylation at lysine 9 of histone 3 (H3K9) and affect nuclear swelling of transferred nuclei. However, no apparent effect ofTSAtreatment onH3K9dimethylation (H3K9me2) was observed. These findings suggest a positive effect ofTSAtreatment (either treatingNTembryos or donor cells) on the development of porcineNTembryos, which is achieved by improving epigenetic reprogramming.
Cytoreduction plus low‐dose aspirin versus cytoreduction alone as primary prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with high‐risk essential thrombocythaemia: an observational study
Authors: Alvarez‐Larrán Alberto , Pereira Arturo , Arellano‐Rodrigo Eduardo , Hernández‐Boluda Juan‐Carlos , Cervantes Francisco , Besses Carlos 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe effectiveness of low‐dose aspirin in the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with high‐risk essential thrombocythaemia (ET) treated with cytoreductive drugs is not well established. The risk‐benefit balance of low‐dose aspirin plus cytoreductive therapy compared with cytoreduction alone was retrospectively analysed in 247 patients with high‐risk ET without prior thrombosis. Follow‐up was 763 and 685 person‐years for cytoreduction plus low‐dose aspirin and cytoreduction alone, respectively. The rate of thrombosis was not significantly reduced in patients on cytoreduction plus aspirin (14·4 events per 1000 person‐years) when compared with those on cytoreduction alone (24·8 events per 1000 person‐years; P = 0·2). However, in the subgroup of patients older than 60 years, the addition of low‐dose aspirin was associated with a significantly lower rate of thrombosis (8·6 vs. 29·2 thrombosis per 1000 person‐years for combined treatment and cytoreduction alone, respectively, P = 0·02). The rate of major bleeding was significantly higher with combined therapy than with cytoreduction alone both in the whole series (14·4 vs. 1·4 haemorrhagic events per 1000 person‐years, respectively, P = 0·006) and in the subgroup of patients older than 60 years. In conclusion, low‐dose aspirin benefits high‐risk ET patients older than 60 years receiving cytoreductive therapy as primary prophylaxis of thrombosis.
National assessment of validity of coding of acute mastoiditis: a standardised reassessment of 1966 records
Authors: Stalfors J. , Enoksson F. , Hermansson A. , Hultcrantz M. , Robinson Å. , Stenfeldt K. , Groth A. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate the internal validity of the diagnosis code used at discharge after treatment of acute mastoiditis.DesignRetrospective national re‐evaluation study of patient records 1993–2007 and make comparison with the original ICD codes.SettingAll ENT departments at university hospitals and one large county hospital department in Sweden.ParticipantsA total of 1966 records were reviewed for patients with ICD codes for in‐patient treatment of acute (529), chronic (44) and unspecified mastoiditis (21) and acute otitis media (1372).Main outcome measuresICD codes were reviewed by the authors with a defined protocol for the clinical diagnosis of acute mastoiditis. Those not satisfying the diagnosis were given an alternative diagnosis.ResultsOf 529 records with ICD coding for acute mastoiditis, 397 (75%) were found to meet the definition of acute mastoiditis used in this study, while 18% were not diagnosed as having any type of mastoiditis after review. Review of the in‐patients treated for acute media otitis identified an additional 60 cases fulfilling the definition of acute mastoiditis. Overdiagnosis was common, and many patients with a diagnostic code indicating acute mastoiditis had been treated for external otitis or otorrhoea with transmyringeal drainage.ConclusionsThe internal validity of the diagnosis acute mastoiditis is dependent on the use of standardised, well‐defined criteria. Reliability of diagnosis is fundamental for the comparison of results from different studies. Inadequate reliability in the diagnosis of acute mastoiditis also affects calculations of incidence rates and statistical power and may also affect the conclusions drawn from the results.
The Influence of the EU and the ECHR on ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty Regimes’: Assessing the Impact of European Integration on the British and Swedish Judiciaries
Authors: Tabarelli Marco 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe paper analyses the consequences of European integration processes upon the judicial systems of the so‐called ‘parliamentary sovereignty regimes’, focusing on the British and Swedish judiciaries. The aim is to understand if the influences coming from European integration, favouring the expansion of domestic judicial power, have prevailed, or the traditional distrust of such countries in judicial power has prevented the empowerment of the domestic courts. The influences on the judicial systems are evaluated distinguishing judicial capacity, judicial attitudes and judicial independence. The paper argues that the political relevance of judges has strongly increased. However, while European integration has deeply transformed the formal means at disposal of judges, because of political and judicial culture the changes in actual judges' behaviour have been much more limited. Moreover, the paper highlights some unexpected ways in which European integration can affect the domestic political systems (eg favouring certain legislative reforms or legal principles).
Relationship between student nurses’ self‐efficacy and psychomotor skills competence
Authors: Karabacak Ükke , Serbest Şehriban , Kan Öntürk Zehra , Eti Aslan Fatma , Olgun Nermin 
Published: April 2013

This study aimed to determine the general self efficacy levels of students studying for undergraduate degree in nursing and to examine the relationship between skills development and self efficacy.The research was conducted in a descriptive way. The sample consisted of 100 students. Data were collected via the use of a student introduction form, Self‐Efficacy Scale (SES) and an intramuscular (IM)injection procedure checklist; the forms were filled in by 100% of the nursing students. The mean general self‐efficacy score of the students in the study was high. the self‐efficacy levels of our students were high, and no correlation was observed between personal characteristics and self‐efficacy; therefore, education in injection technique had the same influence on all students’ self‐efficacy.