bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge transfer in IT offshoring relationships: the roles of social capital, efficacy and outcome expectations
Authors: Zimmermann Angelika , Ravishankar M. N. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractInformation technology (IT) development in global organisations relies heavily on the transfer of tacit and complex knowledge from onshore units to offshore subsidiaries. A central concern of such organisations is the development of social capital, which is known to facilitate the smooth transfer of knowledge. However, only a few studies in IS research have explicitly examined the role of social capital for knowledge transfer in an IT offshoring context. In this paper, we argue that such knowledge transfer mechanisms can be understood better by considering social capital in concert with knowledge senders' efficacy and outcome expectations, two of the potentially key motivational drivers of knowledge transfer. We develop our arguments through a qualitative case study of a large German multinational company. German IT developers in this firm provided in‐depth accounts of their experience with offshore colleagues in an Indian captive subsidiary unit. Drawing on our analysis, we develop a model that depicts the influence of social capital, efficacy and outcome expectations on onshore IT developers' ability and willingness to transfer knowledge to offshore colleagues. Through the model, we also explain how social capital, efficacy and outcome expectations are interrelated and generate three interlocked, self‐reinforcing circles of knowledge transfer success in IT offshoring relationships.
Trauma Exposure Predicts Alcohol, Nicotine, and Drug Problems Beyond the Contribution of PTSD and Depression in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Data from the Heart and Soul Study
Authors: Waldrop Angela E. , Cohen Beth E. 
Published: July 2013

Background and ObjectivesThis study examined the role of lifetime trauma exposure in a longitudinal study of adults with cardiovascular disease to determine the unique contribution of trauma exposure to risk for drug and alcohol problems and smoking.MethodsData were drawn from the Heart and Soul Study, a prospective cohort study designed to determine the mechanisms of associations between psychological factors and increased risk of cardiovascular events in high‐risk patients (n = 1,022).ResultsLifetime exposure to a higher number of trauma types predicted substance use outcomes beyond risk explained by PTSD and depression. In addition, across trauma types, interpersonal traumas were most strongly associated with substance use problems.ConclusionsOur results suggest that, though PTSD and depression play a role in the association between trauma exposure and substance use, many other factors also contribute; therefore focusing on these psychological comorbidities alone is not sufficient.Scientific SignificanceThe integration of mental health care and/or case management support with primary and specialty medical care may improve detection and treatment for patients with substance use and comorbid mental and physical health problems. Screening for trauma exposure is an important part of good clinical care. (Am J Addict 2014;23:53–61)
Perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain in children and adolescents undergoing elective surgical procedures: a quantitative systematic review
Authors: Chieng Ying Jia Shermin , Chan Wai Chi Sally , Klainin‐Yobas Piyanee , He Hong‐Gu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine the relationship between perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain in children and adolescents undergoing elective surgical procedures and the differences in children's perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain among subgroups of demographics.BackgroundWhile anxiety and pain are regarded as two common problems experienced by children and adolescents perioperatively and the relationship between them has been reported in previous studies, there has been no review paper examining this phenomenon.DesignA quantitative systematic review.Data sourcesNine electronic databases were searched for studies published in English from the inception date of the databases to December 2010, using various combinations of search terms of ‘adolescents', ‘anxiety’, ‘child’, ‘pain’, ‘surgery’ and ‘correlation/relationship’.Review methodsUsing the Joanna Briggs Institute's comprehensive systematic review strategies, relevant studies were independently appraised and extracted by two reviewers using the standardized critical appraisal instruments and data extraction tool from Joanna Briggs Institute Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument.ResultsTen studies were included in this review from 943 studies initially retrieved. Children and adolescents who had higher level of perioperative anxiety experienced a higher level of postoperative pain. Inconclusive evidence was found regarding differences of perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain between demographic subgroups of gender, age and past surgical experience.ConclusionResults of this review inform healthcare providers of the role perioperative anxiety plays on children's and adolescents' postoperative pain and indicate the need to use interventions to reduce perioperative anxiety and, therefore, optimize their postoperative pain management during the perioperative period.
Examining clinical supervision as a mechanism for changes in practice: a research protocol
Authors: Dilworth Sophie , Higgins Isabel , Parker Vicki , Kelly Brian , Turner Jane 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimThis paper describes the research protocol for a study exploring if and how clinical supervision facilitates change in practice relating to psychosocial aspects of care for Health Professionals, who have been trained to deliver a psychosocial intervention to adults with cancer.BackgroundThere is a recognized need to implement care that is in line with clinical practice guidelines for the psychosocial care of adults with cancer. Clinical supervision is recommended as a means to support Health Professionals in providing the recommended psychosocial care.DesignA qualitative design embedded within an experimental, stepped wedge randomized control trial.MethodsThe study will use discourse analysis to analyse audio‐recorded data collected in clinical supervision sessions that are being delivered as one element of a large randomized control trial. The sessions will be attended primarily by nurses, but including physiotherapists, radiation therapists, occupational therapists. The Health Professionals are participants in a randomized control trial designed to reduce anxiety and depression of distressed adults with cancer. The sessions will be facilitated by psychiatrists experienced in psycho‐oncology and the provision of clinical supervision.DiscussionThe proposed research is designed specifically to facilitate exploration of the mechanisms by which clinical supervision enables Health Professionals to deliver a brief, tailored psychosocial intervention in the context of their everyday practice. This is the first study to use discourse analysis embedded within an experimental randomized control trial to explore the mechanisms of change generated within clinical supervision by analysing the discourse within the clinical supervision sessions.
Does a customer by any other name tip the same?: The effect of forms of address and customers' age on gratuities given to food servers in the United States
Authors: Seiter John S. , Weger Harry 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study examined whether different forms of address used by food servers were related to customers' tipping behavior. Food servers addressed diners who paid with credit cards by their first names, titles plus last names, sir/ma'am, or no address. Results indicated that when food servers personalized their service by addressing their customers by name, they earned significantly higher tips than when they used less immediate forms of address, although customers' estimated age mediated these results.
The relationship between learning goal orientation, goal setting, and performance: a longitudinal study
Authors: Taing Meng U. , Smith Tiffany , Singla Neha , Johnson Russell E. , Chang Chu‐Hsiang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn an educational setting, we examined the relationship of learning goal orientation with goal setting and performance over time. At the first time point, we assessed levels of trait learning goal orientation and asked participants to set performance goals. At each follow‐up time point, we reported to participants their current course grade and allowed them to revise their goals. Learning goal orientation was associated with both setting higher goals and maintaining higher performance over time. Additionally, the relationship of learning goal orientation and performance was found to be mediated by goal setting.
Estimating Suspended Solids from Turbidity in the Robeson Creek, NC Watershed
Authors: Line D.E. , Hall K.R. , Blackwell J.D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this project was to assess the effect of estimating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations from turbidity on TSS loads for streams in the Robeson Creek watershed. Discharge was monitored continuously and base‐flow grab and storm event composite samples were collected and analyzed for TSS and turbidity from five sites during five years of monitoring. For base‐flow samples, the TSS‐turbidity relationship for all five sites was poor indicating that TSS concentrations in base flow cannot be estimated from a TSS‐turbidity relationship. To test the effect of analyzing fewer samples, TSS from every third and the first 20 samples collected from each site was used to develop TSS‐turbidity relationships. In addition, the TSS‐turbidity relationship developed from the most downstream site was used to estimate TSS concentrations from turbidity measured at the other four sites. For four of the five sites, analyzing every third sample for TSS and using the TSS‐turbidity relationship to estimate the missing TSS concentrations would result in mean TSS loads that were not significantly different from the observed. Using the TSS‐turbidity relationship from the outlet to estimate TSS from turbidity measured at the other four sites resulted in significantly different mean TSS loads at three of the four sites. These results indicate that estimating TSS concentrations from turbidity using a TSS‐turbidity relationship developed from a subset of the overall dataset should be done with great caution.
Phylogeography of two closely related species of Nolana from the coastal Atacama Desert of Chile: post‐glacial population expansions in response to climate fluctuations
Authors: Ossa Paulina G. , Pérez Fernanda , Armesto Juan J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the impact of Quaternary climate cycles on the coastal Atacama Desert flora by assessing phylogeographical patterns of the desert shrub Nolana crassulifolia (Solanaceae) and its congener Nolana incana.LocationThe latitudinal aridity gradient from the southern margin of the coastal Atacama Desert to the mediterranean semi‐arid region of Chile (25–33° S).MethodsTwo cpDNA regions were sequenced for 130 individuals in 15 populations of these two closely related species, covering their entire distribution range (1000 km) along the arid to semi‐arid Chilean coast. We explored haplotype relationships in a statistical parsimony network, and assessed population genetic diversity, population differentiation and phylogeographical structure. In addition, we conducted demographic analyses and spatial analysis of genetic variation, identified barriers to gene flow with Monmonier's algorithm, and used Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction to estimate divergence dates between lineages.ResultsWe found a total of 14 haplotypes – four of them shared by both species – and high levels of genetic differentiation among populations, but no past distribution breaks that could account for major vicariant events. Genetic diversity decreased continuously from north to south, with loss of haplotypes and a greater number of monomorphic populations in the southern range. Landscape analysis revealed greater genetic differentiation in the northernmost populations of both species.Main conclusionsThe documented north–south gradient of declining genetic diversity, the origin and location of ancestral haplotypes in northern sites, and the loss of haplotypes from southern populations all support the hypothesis of post‐glacial range expansion of Nolana southwards during arid/warmer cycles in the Atacama. The higher genetic diversity and greater differentiation of northern populations of both Nolana species support the hypothesis that populations survived in northern arid sites during wetter/colder episodes of the glacial cycles. We suggest that Quaternary arid phases in the Atacama promoted southward expansion of the coastal desert vegetation.
Dispersal pathways across the Pacific: the historical biogeography of Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae, Asparagales)
Authors: Birch Joanne L. , Keeley Sterling C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the origin and pathways of expansion of the austral genus Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae, Asparagales) and to reconstruct the historical biogeography of the genus across the Pacific.LocationAustralia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, South America, Pacific archipelagos (Austral Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, Marquesas Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Society Islands and Vanuatu) and the Mascarene Islands.MethodsBiogeographical patterns were determined using the Asteliaceae phylogeny, divergence dating, and ancestral area reconstruction techniques. All Asteliaceae genera, including 46 of 47 ingroup taxa, were sampled. Divergence times were estimated using a relaxed molecular clock model, calibrated according to Astelia s.l. fossil data from New Zealand. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using statistical dispersal–vicariance (S‐DIVA) and dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) models.ResultsAsteliaceae originated in Australia and Astelia s.l. (including Collospermum) underwent its greatest radiation in New Zealand. Within Astelia s.l., every node along the backbone of the phylogeny was assigned to New Zealand, with the earliest of these dated to 27.1 Ma (95% HPD: 17.6–40.0 Ma). Five range expansions from Australia and New Zealand to islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans were identified for Astelia s.l. New Zealand origins are identified for all Pacific taxa, with the earliest divergence of a Pacific taxon, that of the New Caledonian A. neocaledonica, at 7.6 Ma (95% HPD: 1.1–15.3 Ma). There were six dispersals from New Zealand, including four to Pacific archipelagos, and independent dispersals to Australia and South America. Additionally, stepping‐stone pathways from New Zealand included dispersal to the western Pacific (Fiji, Samoa and Vanuatu) and – independently – to the eastern/northern Pacific (Austral Islands, Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands).Main conclusionsThe Asteliaceae originated in Australia, but the largest genus, Astelia s.l., radiated most extensively in New Zealand, beginning at c. 27.1 Ma. Both western and eastern Pacific islands were colonized via direct and stepping‐stone dispersal pathways from New Zealand.
Consensus in the search for areas of endemism
Authors: Aagesen Lone , Szumik Claudia , Goloboff Pablo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFor ambiguous data sets, methods to determine areas of endemism based on an optimality criterion may result in large numbers of candidate areas, and thus some kind of consensus technique is required to summarize those results. This paper presents a formal description of two possible algorithms or rules for area consensus, which merge candidate areas if they share a user‐defined percentage of the species that define each candidate area. The two consensus rules summarize ambiguity in different ways. Applying the ‘tight’ rule will result in consensus areas defined by species present in nearly all cells, but in cases where there is significant conflict the result may be a high number of distinct consensus areas. The ‘loose’ consensus rule is more agglomerative and will result in fewer consensus areas, combining areas when overlapping distribution patterns exist. Depending on the aim and scale of the analysis, the two consensus rules can be used either to delimit areas of endemism with sharp boundaries or to identify diffuse and gradually replacing biogeographical patterns. These two different approaches are discussed and demonstrated using real data.
Metabolic syndrome and gingival inflammation in Caucasian children with a family history of obesity
Authors: Kâ Khady , Rousseau Marie‐Claude , Lambert Marie , Tremblay Angelo , Tran Simon D. , Henderson Mélanie , Nicolau Belinda 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are associated with gingival inflammation in children.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional analysis from the baseline visit of the QUebec Adipose and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth cohort, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the natural history of obesity in children of Quebec, Canada. The analytic sample includes 448 children aged 8–10 years, 39% of whom were overweight or obese. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation recommendations. Gingival inflammation was defined by the level of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and the extent of gingival bleeding. Sex‐specific linear regression analyses estimated the associations between MetS and gingival inflammation, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsTwenty‐five children had MetS. Boys with MetS compared to those without, had a 49.5% (p‐value = 0.001) higher GCF TNF‐α level and 13.7% (p‐value = 0.033) more sites with gingival bleeding. Moreover, for three of the five components of MetS – waist circumference, fasting plasma triglycerides, systolic blood pressure – an increase was associated with increased GCF TNF‐α level in boys. No such findings were seen in girls.ConclusionAn association between MetS and gingival inflammation was observed as early as in childhood, and may differ by sex.
Ecological divergence and speciation between lemur (Eulemur) sister species in Madagascar
Authors: Blair M. E. , Sterling E. J. , Dusch M. , Raxworthy C. J. , Pearson R. G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractUnderstanding ecological niche evolution over evolutionary timescales is crucial to elucidating the biogeographic history of organisms. Here, we used, for the first time, climate‐based ecological niche models (ENMs) to test hypotheses about ecological divergence and speciation processes between sister species pairs of lemurs (genus Eulemur) in Madagascar. We produced ENMs for eight species, all of which had significant validation support. Among the four sister species pairs, we found nonequivalent niches between sisters, varying degrees of niche overlap in ecological and geographic space, and support for multiple divergence processes. Specifically, three sister‐pair comparisons supported the null model that niches are no more divergent than the available background region. These findings are consistent with an allopatric speciation model, and for two sister pairs (E. collaris–E. cinereiceps and E. rufus–E. rufifrons), a riverine barrier has been previously proposed for driving allopatric speciation. However, for the fourth sister pair E. flavifrons–E. macaco, we found support for significant niche divergence, and consistent with their parapatric distribution on an ecotone and the lack of obvious geographic barriers, these findings most strongly support a parapatric model of speciation. These analyses thus suggest that various speciation processes have led to diversification among closely related Eulemur species.
Considering the Balance: Development of a Scale to Assess Patient Views on Trade‐Offs in Competing Health Outcomes
Authors: Case Siobhan M. , Towle Virginia R. , Fried Terri R. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesTo describe the development of a scale assessing participant attitudes regarding two commonly encountered trade‐offs: quality versus quantity of life and present versus future health.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsThree hundred and fifty‐seven community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older.MeasurementsAn initial set of 20 items rated on a 5‐point Likert scale of agreement was reduced using principal components analysis. Construct validity was evaluated through comparison of the scale with other tools addressing the same trade‐offs and analysis of participant characteristics associated with attitudes favoring quality over quantity of life and present over future health. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach alpha. Test–retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).ResultsThe scale consists of two subscales, each addressing one trade‐off, with a total of 10 items. All factor loadings were 0.5 and greater, and subscale scores were significantly different (P ≤ .05) in the expected directions when comparing with other tools and with participant race, education, and religious identity. Internal consistency was good (Cronbach α 0.85 and 0.84), and test–retest reliability was fair (ICCs 0.63 and 0.47). Subscale score medians fell near the middle of each scale, with narrow interquartile ranges, but more than 15% of the sample scored at an extreme of each subscale.ConclusionThis new scale captures views on two common trade‐offs in health care. Although test–retest reliability was modest, its high validity suggests that this tool can be used to familiarize people with common trade‐offs and further explore influences on attitudes.