bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OSCAR Is a Receptor for Surfactant Protein D That Activates TNF-α Release from Human CCR2+ Inflammatory Monocytes
Authors: Barrow Alexander D. , Palarasah Yaseelan , Bugatti Mattia , Holehouse Alex S. , Byers Derek E. , Holtzman Michael J. , Vermi William , Skjødt Karsten , Crouch Erika , Colonna Marco 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSurfactant protein D (SP-D) is critical for maintenance of lung homeostasis and provides a first line of defense to pathogens at mucosal surfaces. Polymorphisms in the SP-D–encoding gene SFTPD have been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ulcerative colitis. Identification of the immunoreceptors that bind SP-D is essential for understanding its contribution to lung homeostasis and mucosal defense. We located a putative binding motif for the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) within the SP-D collagenous domain. An OSCAR-Fc fusion protein specifically bound to the collagenous region of recombinant SP-D and captured native SP-D from human bronchoalveolar lavage. OSCAR localized in an intracellular compartment of alveolar macrophages together with SP-D. Moreover, we found OSCAR on the surface of interstitial lung and blood CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes, which secreted TNF-α when exposed to SP-D in an OSCAR-dependent fashion. OSCAR and SP-D did not exclusively colocalize in lung, as they were also highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of human aorta, supporting a role for this interaction in atherosclerosis. Our results identify the OSCAR:SP-D interaction as a potential therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung as well as other diseases involving tissue accumulation of SP-D, infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, and release of TNF-α.
Blimp-1, an Intrinsic Factor that Represses HIV-1 Proviral Transcription in Memory CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Kaczmarek Michaels Katarzyna , Natarajan Malini , Euler Zelda , Alter Galit , Viglianti Gregory , Henderson Andrew J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
CD4+ T cell subsets differentially support HIV-1 replication. For example, quiescent CD4+ memory T cells are susceptible to HIV-1 infection but do not support robust HIV-1 transcription and have been implicated as the primary reservoir of latent HIV-1. T cell transcription factors that regulate maturation potentially limit HIV-1 transcription and mediate the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. We report that B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), a critical regulator of B and T cell differentiation, is highly expressed in memory CD4+ T cells compared with naive CD4+ T cells and represses basal and Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription. Blimp-1 binds an IFN-stimulated response element within HIV-1 provirus, and it is displaced following T cell activation. Reduction of Blimp-1 in infected primary T cells including CD4+ memory T cells increases RNA polymerase II processivity, histone acetylation, and baseline HIV-1 transcription. Therefore, the transcriptional repressor, Blimp-1, is an intrinsic factor that predisposes CD4+ memory T cells to latent HIV-1 infection.
Tapping CD4 T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy: The Choice of Personalized Genomics
Authors: Zanetti Maurizio 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Cellular immune responses that protect against tumors typically have been attributed to CD8 T cells. However, CD4 T cells also play a central role. It was shown recently that, in a patient with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma, CD4 T cells specific for a peptide from a mutated region of ERBB2IP could arrest tumor progression. This and other recent findings highlight new opportunities for CD4 T cells in cancer immunotherapy. In this article, I discuss the role and regulation of CD4 T cells in response to tumor Ags. Emphasis is placed on the types of Ags and mechanisms that elicit tumor-protective responses. I discuss the advantages and drawbacks of cancer immunotherapy through personalized genomics. These considerations should help to guide the design of next-generation therapeutic cancer vaccines.
cGAS and Ifi204 Cooperate To Produce Type I IFNs in Response to Francisella Infection
Authors: Storek Kelly M. , Gertsvolf Nina A. , Ohlson Maikke B. , Monack Denise M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Type I IFN production is an important host immune response against viral and bacterial infections. However, little is known about the ligands and corresponding host receptors that trigger type I IFN production during bacterial infections. We used a model intracellular pathogen, Francisella novicida, to begin characterizing the type I IFN response to bacterial pathogens. F. novicida replicates in the cytosol of host cells and elicits a robust type I IFN response that is largely TLR independent, but is dependent on the adapter molecule STING, suggesting that the type I IFN stimulus during F. novicida infection is cytosolic. In this study, we report that the cytosolic DNA sensors, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and Ifi204, are both required for the STING-dependent type I IFN response to F. novicida infection in both primary and immortalized murine macrophages. We created cGAS, Ifi204, and Sting functional knockouts in RAW264.7 macrophages and demonstrated that cGAS and Ifi204 cooperate to sense dsDNA and activate the STING-dependent type I IFN pathway. In addition, we show that dsDNA from F. novicida is an important type I IFN stimulating ligand. One outcome of cGAS–STING signaling is the activation of the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome in response to F. novicida infection. Whereas the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome is beneficial to the host during F. novicida infection, type I IFN signaling by STING and IFN regulatory factor 3 is detrimental to the host during F. novicida infection. Collectively, our studies indicate that cGAS and Ifi204 cooperate to sense cytosolic dsDNA and F. novicida infection to produce a strong type I IFN response.
Not All Low TSH is Graves’ Disease!
Authors: Bhagwat Nikhil M , Chadha Manoj D , Joshi Ameya S , Varthakavi Premlata K , Dalwadi Pradip P , Sharma Bharat R , Tayde Parimal , Chavan Jagdish A , Pawal Pratibha T 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrine disorders. Low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is not uncommon finding in routine evaluation of thyroid disease. Thyroid imaging with radioisotope is an important modality of investigation to identify different causes of low TSH. In this review article, we have highlighted different causes of low TSH apart from Graves’ disease and how to differentiate among them with the help of thyroid radioisotopes scan.

How to cite this article
Dalwadi PP, Tayde P, Sharma BR, Chavan JA, Pawal PT, Joshi AS, Chadha MD, Bhagwat NM, Varthakavi PK. Not All Low TSH is Graves’ Disease! Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(1):30-34.
Emergency Thyroidectomy: A Rare Case
Authors: Gupta Nitin 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPrimary thyroid lymphoma is a rare tumor of the thyroid gland, accounting for 1 to 2% of all thyroid malignancies. The mainstay of treatment for lymphamas is chemoradiation but thyroidectomy is required for patients with large thyroid gland presenting with obstructive symptoms, such as stridor. We present here such a case of a 54-year-old female who had presented in the emergency department of our institute with a huge neck swelling and stridor. Emergency thyroidectomy was done to relieve stridor.How to cite this articleGupta N, Varshney S. Emergency Thyroidectomy: A Rare Case. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(1):47-49.
Reconstruction of Chronic Peroneal Tendon Tears
Authors: Parekh Selene G , Gross Christopher E , Kildow Beau J 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Peroneal tendon tears are one of many causes of chronic lateral ankle pain. The goal of surgery is to restore function and provide dynamic stabilization. Surgical repair is indicated for tears comprising of less than 50% of the cross-sectional area of the tendon. If the peroneal tear is greater than 50% and the tissue bed remains mobile, an allograft reconstruction may be performed. In this case report, reconstruction using a peroneal tendon allograft was performed on a 21-year-old female with chronic lateral ankle pain and weakness after retearing her peroneal brevis 10 weeks status postprimary repair. Technique involved excising the portion of diseased tendon and anastomosing the proximal and distal ends to a peroneal tendon allograft. Six weeks postoperation, patient regained full range of motion and strength with minimal pain.

How to cite this article
Gross CE, Kildow BJ, Parekh SG. Reconstruction of Chronic Peroneal Tendon Tears. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(2):60-64.
The Creation of an Enduring Legend of the National Hero: A Comparison of Tadeusz Kościuszko and George Washington
Authors: Burczak Michał 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The word “legend” is of Latin origin. The verb legere means “to read, gather, or select.” Samuel Johnson’s dictionary of the English language, edited in 1802, gives, inter alia, the following definition of the word “legend”: “a chronicle of the lives of saints; any memorial or relation, an incredible unauthentick narrative.” In Samuel Linde’s six-volume dictionary of the Polish language, published in 1807, the first work of such lexicographic magnitude compiled by a Polish scholar, the word “legend” (legienda) is concisely summarized as a chronicle of the lives of saints. While modern English and Polish twenty-first-century lexicons seem to agree that a legend is a story from earlier times of people or events that may or may not be true or a story of an important person who is known for doing something extremely well, some Polish dictionaries define it in broader terms, claiming that a legend is a narrative about famous people or events that is often exaggerated.
The Image of Tadeusz Kościuszko in Postwar Polish Education
Authors: Wojdon Joanna , Tyszkiewicz Jakub 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo examine changes in educational policy in Poland after World War II, reflected by the image of Tadeusz Kościuszko, we are analyzing school textbooks. We are doing this for two reasons. First, textbooks in Poland, as in many other countries, have long been the predominant “pedagogical tool,” used every day by virtually all teachers and students—hence they have a huge impact not just on the teaching process1 but also on society in general, and in the case of history textbooks, an impact on collective memory.3 This impact is even greater when there is only one textbook available for each grade, or when the choice is limited—which was the case in Poland between 1949 and 1989. Even today, textbooks are still regarded as both an interpretation of school curricula and a compendium of knowledge for students, as well as a basic pedagogical tool for teachers. Their importance is reflected in heated debates on the possibility of free e-textbooks being distributed by the Ministry of Education. The authors of this article are aware that some teachers may use textbooks critically, and even under communism some did not follow official guidance and interpretations, but most likely such an attitude was not predominant. Thus, school textbooks have a great impact on Polish society and show us what most Polish people learned about Kościuszko.
Importancia de la invariancia de medida de la confianza a través del tiempo. El caso de España
Authors: Coromina Lluis 
Published: February 2015

La confianza social y política son factores del capital social. El artº se basa en la precisión de su medida y comparación a lo largo del tiempo. Se lleva a cabo un análisis factorial de grupos múltiples (AFCGM), teniéndose en cuenta diferentes niveles de invariancia de medida. Se usan datos españoles de la ESE entre el año 2002 y 2008. Se comparan las medias de factores latentes de la confianza social y política en los diferentes años. Los resultados muestran una estabilidad de la confianza social y política durante el periodo estudiado, a excepción del 2004 con un mayor nivel de confianza política, y del 2006 con un nivel más elevado de confianza social. Finalmente, se compara esta medida con la media compuesta tradicional, demostrando la inexactitud de esta última para la comparación entre grupos.
Efficient Generation of Megakaryocytes From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Food and Drug Administration-Approved Pharmacological Reagents
Authors: Liu Yanfeng , Wang Ying , Gao Yongxing , Forbes Jessica A. , Qayyum Rehan , Becker Lewis , Cheng Linzhao , Wang Zack Z. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are rare hematopoietic cells in the adult bone marrow and produce platelets that are critical to vascular hemostasis and wound healing. Ex vivo generation of MKs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides a renewable cell source of platelets for treating thrombocytopenic patients and allows a better understanding of MK/platelet biology. The key requirements in this approach include developing a robust and consistent method to produce functional progeny cells, such as MKs from hiPSCs, and minimizing the risk and variation from the animal-derived products in cell cultures. In this study, we developed an efficient system to generate MKs from hiPSCs under a feeder-free and xeno-free condition, in which all animal-derived products were eliminated. Several crucial reagents were evaluated and replaced with Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological reagents, including romiplostim (Nplate, a thrombopoietin analog), oprelvekin (recombinant interleukin-11), and Plasbumin (human albumin). We used this method to induce MK generation from hiPSCs derived from 23 individuals in two steps: generation of CD34+CD45+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for 14 days; and generation and expansion of CD41+CD42a+ MKs from HPCs for an additional 5 days. After 19 days, we observed abundant CD41+CD42a+ MKs that also expressed the MK markers CD42b and CD61 and displayed polyploidy (≥16% of derived cells with DNA contents &gt;4N). Transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that megakaryocytic-related genes were highly expressed. Additional maturation and investigation of hiPSC-derived MKs should provide insights into MK biology and lead to the generation of large numbers of platelets ex vivo.
Characterization and Angiogenic Potential of Human Neonatal and Infant Thymus Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Wang Shuyun , Mundada Lakshmi , Johnson Sean , Wong Joshua , Witt Russell , Ohye Richard G. , Si Ming-Sing 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are involved in angiogenesis during thymus regeneration. We have previously shown that MSCs can be isolated from enzymatically digested human neonatal and infant thymus tissue that is normally discarded during pediatric cardiac surgical procedures. In this paper, we demonstrate that thymus MSCs can also be isolated by explant culture of discarded thymus tissue and that these cells share many of the characteristics of bone marrow MSCs. Human neonatal thymus MSCs are clonogenic, demonstrate exponential growth in nearly 30 population doublings, have a characteristic surface marker profile, and express pluripotency genes. Furthermore, thymus MSCs have potent proangiogenic behavior in vitro with sprout formation and angiogenic growth factor production. Thymus MSCs promote neoangiogenesis and cooperate with endothelial cells to form functional human blood vessels in vivo. These characteristics make thymus MSCs a potential candidate for use as an angiogenic cell therapeutic agent and for vascularizing engineered tissues in vitro.
“First, do no harm”: legal guidelines for health programmes affecting adolescents aged 10–17 who sell sex or inject drugs
Authors: Conner Brendan 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionThere is a strong evidence base that the stigma, discrimination and criminalization affecting adolescent key populations (KPs) aged 10–17 is intensified due to domestic and international legal constructs that rely on law‐enforcement‐based interventions dependent upon arrest, pre‐trial detention, incarceration and compulsory “rehabilitation” in institutional placement. While there exists evidence and rights‐based technical guidelines for interventions among older cohorts, these guidelines have not yet been embraced by international public health actors for fear that international law applies different standards to adolescents aged 10–17 who engage in behaviours such as selling sex or injecting drugs.DiscussionAs a matter of international human rights, health, juvenile justice and child protection law, interventions among adolescent KPs aged 10–17 must not involve arrest, prosecution or detention of any kind. It is imperative that interventions not rely on law enforcement, but instead low‐threshold, voluntary services, shelter and support, utilizing peer‐based outreach as much as possible. These services must be mobile and accessible, and permit alternatives to parental consent for the provision of life‐saving support, including HIV testing, treatment and care, needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy, safe abortions, antiretroviral therapy and gender‐affirming care and hormone treatment for transgender adolescents. To ensure enrolment in services, international guidance indicates that informed consent and confidentiality must be ensured, including by waiver of parental consent requirements. To remove the disincentive to health practitioners and researchers to engaging with adolescent KPs aged 10–17 government agencies and ethical review boards are advised to exempt or grant waivers for mandatory reporting. In the event that, in violation of international law and guidance, authorities seek to involuntarily place adolescent KPs in institutions, they are entitled to judicial process. Legal guidelines also provide that these adolescents have influence over their placement, access to legal counsel to challenge the conditions of their detention and regular visitation from peers, friends and family, and that all facilities be subject to frequent and periodic review by independent agencies, including community‐based groups led by KPs.ConclusionsControlling international law specifies that protective interventions among KPs aged 10–17 must not only include low‐threshold, voluntary services but also “protect” adolescent KPs from the harms attendant to law‐enforcement‐based interventions. Going forward, health practitioners must honour the right to health by adjusting programmes according to principles of minimum intervention, due process and proportionality, and duly limit juvenile justice and child protection involvement as a measure of last resort, if any.
A Sonographic Technique to Evaluate the Anterior Bundle of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow
Authors: Ferreira Fernando B. M. D. , Fernandes Eloy D. A. , Silva Flavio D. , Vieira Magno C. , Puchnick Andrea , Fernandes Artur R. C. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to test a sonographic technique used to view the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), describe its sonographic characteristics in healthy volunteers, and verify these characteristics by determining interobserver variability and their correlations in cadavers.MethodsSonographic studies of the anterior bundle of the UCL were performed on 48 elbows of asymptomatic healthy volunteers. The participants were examined by 3 experts, who identified the insertion sites of the anterior bundle and subjectively evaluated its echogenicity and echo texture. A sonographic examination of the anterior bundle of the UCL in a cadaveric elbow was performed, and the same aspects were evaluated.ResultsIn all cases, the anterior bundle of the UCL appeared as a triangular structure in the coronal plane and had a hyperechoic homogeneous echo texture in most of these cases. The cadaveric elbow had the same sonographic characteristics as the volunteers.ConclusionsAs shown by examining the interobserver variability and determining the correlation with cadaveric tissue, sonography proved to be a reliable tool for evaluating the normal aspects of the anterior bundle of the UCL.
Sonography of Cat Scratch Disease
Authors: Melville David M. , Jacobson Jon A. , Downie Brian , Biermann J. Sybil , Kim Sung Moon , Yablon Corrie M. 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesTo characterize the sonographic features of cat scratch disease and to identify features that allow differentiation from other causes of medial epitrochlear masses.MethodsAfter Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, patients who underwent sonography for a medial epitrochlear mass or lymph node were identified via the radiology information system. Patients were divided into 2 groups: cat scratch disease and non–cat scratch disease, based on pathologic results and clinical information. Sonograms were retrospectively reviewed and characterized with respect to dimension, shape (round, oval, or lobular), symmetry, location (subcutaneous or intramuscular), multiplicity, echogenicity (anechoic, hypoechoic, isoechoic, hyperechoic, or mixed), hyperechoic hilum (present or absent), adjacent anechoic or hypoechoic area, hyperemia (present or absent), pattern of hyperemia if present (central, peripheral, or mixed), increased posterior through‐transmission (present or absent), and shadowing (present or absent). Sonographic findings were compared between the patients with and without cat scratch disease.ResultsThe final patient group consisted of 5 cases of cat scratch disease and 16 cases of other causes of medial epitrochlear masses. The 2 sonographic findings that were significantly different between the cat scratch disease and non–cat scratch disease cases included mass asymmetry (P = .0062) and the presence of a hyperechoic hilum (P = .0075). The other sonographic findings showed no significant differences between the groups.ConclusionsThe sonographic finding of an epitrochlear mass due to cat scratch disease most commonly is that of a hypoechoic lobular or oval mass with central hyperemia and a possible adjacent fluid collection; however, the presence of asymmetry and a hyperechoic hilum differentiate cat scratch disease from other etiologies.