bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Gas Exchange, Leaf Water Status, and Carbohydrate Partitioning During the Early Vegetative Stage on Drought Tolerance in Cowpea
Authors: Verbree David A. , Singh Bir B. , Payne William A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTwo contrasting responses to water stress have been reported among drought‐tolerant cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars. In Type 1 response, growth was arrested, moisture was conserved, and the unifoliates and trifoliates desiccated at approximately the same time. In Type 2 response, the unifoliates desiccated early and leaf moisture was conserved in the trifoliates to allow growth to continue slowly for the youngest trifoliate. The objective of this study was to evaluate these contrasting responses to water stress among six previously identified tolerant and susceptible cultivars and to elucidate the physiological basis for drought tolerance in cowpea with respect to gas exchange, leaf water status, and carbohydrate partitioning. Six cultivars previously identified as differing in type and level of drought tolerance were planted in a greenhouse with drought stress initiated 11 d after planting. Gas exchange, dry weight partitioning, and water status measurements were taken on each cultivar every 3 to 5 d during water stress. Water stress reduced net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gsw), and transpiration, increased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), but had no effect on leaf water content (LWC) of the trifoliates in all cowpea cultivars regardless of the type or level of drought tolerance. Results suggest that reduced Anet under water stress was likely due to end‐product inhibition rather than stomatal limitation to CO2 diffusion. This study found no evidence that the overall plant water status was improved by unifoliate senescence in certain drought‐tolerant cultivars as previously postulated. Rather, this appears to be a general stress response exhibited by certain cultivars.
Potential Involvement of Maternal Cytoplasm in the Regulation of Flowering Time via Interaction with Nuclear Genes in Maize
Authors: Tang Zaixiang , Hu Wenming , Huang Jian , Lu Xin , Yang Zefeng , Lei Shufeng , Zhang Yonghong , Xu Chenwu 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTFlowering time is a complex trait that controls adaptation of plants to their local environment in the outcrossing species maize (Zea mays L.). Previous studies have identified numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genetic sequences associated with flowering time. However, beyond the nuclear genome, the maternal cytoplasm may also be involved in the regulation of flowering time. The objectives of this study were to locate the associated QTL based on a special mating design and to verify the hypothesis that the maternal cytoplasm may also contribute to the variation in flowering time. In the present study, a reciprocal mating design was conducted to generate F2 mapping populations comprising 120 F2 plants from the direct cross (JB × Y53) and 120 F2 plants from the reciprocal cross (Y53 × JB). F2:3 mapping populations were further generated with 91 direct F2:3 families and 120 reciprocal F2:3 families (10 plants per family). The days to tassel (DTT) and the days to pollen shed (DPS) of the above F2 and F2:3 mapping populations were evaluated in the same field and at the same experimental station in 2007 and 2008. A genetic linkage map with 154 microsatellite markers was constructed that covered 1735 cM of the maize genome with an average marker spacing of 11.3 cM. A joint analysis method incorporating the cytonuclear interaction mapping approach was proposed and performed to detect the QTL affecting DTT and DPS. As a result, eight and 11 QTL were detected for DTT and DPS, respectively. Interestingly, although the cytoplasmic effects were not significant between the direct and reciprocal populations, the interactions among the cytoplasm and the QTL were detected for both DTT and DPS. In the present study, four and eight cytonuclear epistatic QTL significantly contributed to the variation in DTT and DPS, respectively. Importantly, most of these cytonuclear epistatic QTL cannot be detected using the interval mapping method. These results suggest that the maternal cytoplasm might also be involved in the regulation of flowering time by interacting with nuclear genes in maize.
Relative Effect of Drift and Selection in Diverging Populations within a Reciprocal Recurrent Selection Program
Authors: Lamkey C. M. , Lorenz A. J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe establishment of a solid heterotic pattern has been beneficial to maize (Zea mays L.) breeding in North America. It has been shown that genetic divergence between heterotic groups has increased over time, but the relative importance of drift versus selection for hybrid performance on the increased divergence is not known. Reciprocal recurrent selection is a systematic method of selection on hybrid performance, where two populations are selected and improved on the basis of the population‐cross performance. The University of Nebraska performed a replicated recurrent selection program (UNL‐RpRS) for eight cycles of selection. Three replicate programs were conducted in parallel for both reciprocal full‐sib selection (RFS) and S1‐progeny selection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of selection for hybrid performance on population divergence using the UNL‐RpRS as a model system. Genome‐wide divergence among the base populations increased over eight cycles of selection. Divergence was not, however, greater among base populations subjected to RFS compared with S1‐progeny selection. Moreover, Wright's fixation index (Fst) values among replicate populations within a base population and selection method were as large as Fst values between complementary populations selected for population cross performance using RFS. A small increase in divergence through RFS relative to S1‐progeny selection was observed when markers were filtered for high levels of adjacent linkage disequilibrium (LD), but the effect was consistent across replicates. We did not consistently detect effects of selection for hybrid performance on genome‐wide divergence between populations, suggesting selection was not a strong force in diverging populations in the UNL‐RpRS.
Yeast as a Biofertilizer Alters Plant Growth and Morphology
Authors: Lonhienne Thierry , Mason Michael G. , Ragan Mark A. , Hugenholtz Philip , Schmidt Susanne , Paungfoo‐Lonhienne Chanyarat 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIt has been previously demonstrated that dicotyledonous plants perform rhizophagy, a process in which live microbial cells are engulfed by root cells and digested to acquire the nutrients from the microbes. Here we tested the hypothesis that rhizophagy is a mechanism of nutrient acquisition that is not restricted to dicotyledonous plants. We report that the monocotyledonous species sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum x spontaneum), grown in controlled axenic conditions, incorporated yeast cells into root cells. This suggests that rhizophagy is an evolutionarily conserved trait that predates the divergence of dicot and monocot species. To explore the potential relevance and practical application of rhizophagy, we investigated brewers’ yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a waste product of the brewing industry, for its role as biofertilizer. The addition of live or dead yeast to fertilized soil substantially increased the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content of roots and shoots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and young sugarcane plants. Yeast addition to soil also increased the root‐to‐shoot ratio in both species and induced species‐specific morphological changes that included increased tillering in sugarcane and greater shoot biomass in tomato plants. These findings support the notion that brewers’ yeast is a cost‐effective biofertilizer that improves not only plant nutrition but also plant vigor during the early growth phase. It remains to be established which yeast‐derived substances trigger the observed plant growth effects, and how rhizophagy contributes to plant nutrient acquisition.
Multiple Resistant and Nutritionally Dense Germplasm Identified from Mini Core Collection in Peanut
Authors: Upadhyaya H.D. , Dwivedi S.L. , Vadez V. , Hamidou F. , Singh S. , Varshney R.K. , Liao B. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is extensively grown by resource‐poor farmers in the semiarid tropics where many abiotic and biotic stresses limit the crop's productivity and seed quality. Peanut cultivars with enhanced host‐plant resistance, adaptation to abiotic stress, input‐use efficiency, and yield potential will maximize yield gains and minimize inputs to sustain production. The peanut mini core collection was evaluated for agronomic traits in multienvironment trials at Patancheru, India. The published information on 184 mini core accessions revealed 28 accessions resistant to abiotic stress, 30 resistant to biotic stress, and 18 that were agronomically desirable but susceptible to stresses, while 16 were seed nutrient dense. The mini core is part of the composite collection, which was previously genotyped using SSRs. The agronomic evaluation, stress response, and nutritional information together with genotyping data were used to identify genetically diverse germplasm with agronomically beneficial traits: ICG 12625 (resistance to drought, low temperature, late leaf spot [LLS], Aspergillus flavus Link, bacterial wilt; high oil and good oil quality) and ICG 442 (resistance to drought, salinity, P deficiency); ICG 12625 and ICG 2381 (resistance to rust, A. flavus; good oil quality); ICG 12697 (resistance to LLS, rust, A. flavus) and ICG 6022 (resistance to early leaf spot [ELS], LLS); ICG 14710 (high oil, Fe, Zn) and ICG 7963 (high protein, Fe, Zn); ICG 11426 (resistance to ELS, LLS, rust) and ICG 5221 (high Fe and Zn and good oil quality). Accessions with adaptation to rainy and/or post‐rainy environments were ICG# 434, 5745, 8285, 10036, 11088, 11651, 12625, 15042, and 15419. These accessions are ideal genetic resources that may be used to develop agronomically superior and nutritionally enhanced peanut cultivars with multiple resistances to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Understanding and Contributing to the Enigma of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Assurance in the United States
Authors: Casey Ryan J. , Grenier Jonathan H. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY
This paper provides an empirical examination of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) assurance market in the United States. Various constituencies have found this market puzzling, as the level of assurance significantly lags international levels (Simnett et al. 2009; KPMG 2011). Results shed light on this enigma by demonstrating that, unlike their international counterparts, U.S. finance and utilities firms are not more likely (than firms in other industries) to obtain CSR assurance despite facing significant social and environmental risks. As these industries are highly regulated in the United States, regulatory oversight may be acting as a substitute for CSR assurance. We also find that highly leveraged firms are less likely to obtain CSR assurance, potentially due to stringent bank monitoring indirectly suppressing demand. Nonetheless, examining the capital market responses to CSR assurance makes the low demand even more puzzling. Specifically, CSR assurance is associated with lower cost of equity capital along with lower analyst forecast errors and dispersion. Furthermore, the reductions in cost-of-capital and forecast dispersion are significantly higher when CSR assurance is provided by an accounting firm. These results have implications for companies that are considering CSR assurance and accounting firms in developing and marketing their CSR assurance services.
The Impact of Strategic Relevance and Assurance of Sustainability Indicators on Investors' Decisions
Authors: Cheng Mandy M. , Green Wendy J. , Ko John Chi Wa 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY
In this study, we report two 2 × 2 between-subjects experiments that investigate the effect of strategic relevance of reported sustainability information and its assurance on nonprofessional investors' investment decisions. The first experiment manipulates strategic relevance of reported environmental, social, and governance (ESG) indicators between “high” and “low” by varying the company strategy (sustainability-based differentiation strategy versus cost leadership strategy unrelated to sustainability). The second experiment manipulates the strategic alignment of the ESG indicators (holding strategy constant). We also manipulate the presence (absence) of assurance in both experiments. Results from both experiments document that investors perceive ESG indicators to be more important, and are more willing to invest in the company if ESG indicators have higher strategic relevance. Experiment one also provides evidence that assurance increases investors' willingness to invest to a greater extent when ESG indicators have high relevance to the company strategy. Our findings suggest that the assurance of ESG indicators has a beneficial signaling role in communicating the importance of this reported information to investors.
The Interrelationships Between Information Technology Spending, CEO Equity Incentives, and Firm Value
Authors: Masli Adi , Richardson Vernon J. , Sanchez Juan Manuel , Smith Rodney E. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
We examine the interrelationships between information technology spending, CEO equity compensation incentives, and firm value. We present two related pieces of evidence. First, we find that CEO equity incentives are associated with IT spending, suggesting that CEOs with higher incentives are more likely to invest in a risky asset such as IT. Second, we find that the association between IT spending and business value is stronger for firms that grant CEOs higher equity incentives. Our study contributes to the CEO compensation and IT governance literatures.
Understanding Post-Implementation Support for Enterprise Systems: An Empirical Study of IT Personnel's Customer-Oriented Citizenship Behaviors
Authors: Deng Xuefei (Nancy) , Wang Tawei 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Post-implementation support for information systems (ISs) remains an important but under-explored topic. In this study, we focus on the customer service aspect of post-implementation support for enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and examine the antecedents and performance consequences of customer-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) performed by information technology (IT) personnel. We predict that characteristics of IT support tasks influence IT personnel's customer-oriented OCBs, which in turn exert both direct and moderating effects on their task efficiency. The analysis of 300 support tickets in relation to two ERP modules (Supplier Relationship Management and HR/Payroll Management) in a large enterprise provides mixed results. Task type was found to be associated significantly with the occurrence of OCBs, but the influence of task complexity was not significant. Moreover, OCBs were found to be negatively related to task efficiency, but the degree of the negative relation was contingent on task type and task complexity. The findings enhance our understanding of IT support services and extend the OCB literature on customer orientation. Practically, the results offer insights into managing IT support and IT workforce during the post-implementation stage of information systems.
An Examination of Management's Regulatory Filing Choices Surrounding Restatements
Authors: Plumlee Marlene A. , Yohn Teri Lombardi 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
A restatement suggests the existence of managerial errors and internal control weaknesses within the company. Disclosures of restatements highlight ineffective management and control systems such that management might act strategically in disclosing restatement and choose less transparent options. There are, however, external forces that likely encourage management to provide more transparent restatement disclosures, despite the fact that managerial ineffectiveness will be publicized. We examine the association between company and restatement characteristics and management's restatement filing choices to provide insight into external economic forces driving the choice. We document that more transparent filing is positively associated with the materiality of the restatement, an SEC investigation, the reporting of material internal control weaknesses, and leverage, and negatively associated with a CEO change. We also find that restatements filed via 8-Ks and via 10-K/As, after the SEC rule clarification in August 2004, are associated with significantly more negative market reactions than other restatements.
Association Between Glycemia and Mortality in Diabetic Individuals on Renal Replacement Therapy in the U.K.
Authors: Adler Amanda , Casula Anna , Steenkamp Retha , Fogarty Damian , Wilkie Martin , Tomlinson Laurie , Nitsch Dorothea , Roderick Paul , Tomson Charles R.V. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
In the U.K., one-third of patients receiving treatment with dialysis have diabetes. Guidelines from organizations representing patients with renal disease or diabetes advocate tight glycemic control in patients with end-stage renal disease, despite glucose-lowering trials having excluded these patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using national UK Renal Registry data, we tested whether glycemia as measured by hemoglobin (Hb) A1c (HbA1c) level is associated with death in adults with diabetes starting hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis between 1997 and 2006, and observed for at least 6 months. Of 7,814 patients, we excluded those who had died within 6 months; had received transplants; were lost/recovered; or lacked measures of HbA1c, ethnicity, or Hb. Categorizing HbA1c measured in the first 6 months of starting dialysis as &lt;6.5% (&lt;48 mmol/mol), 6.5–7.4% (48–57 mmol/mol) (reference value), 7.5–8.4% (58–68 mmol/mol), and ≥8.5% (≥69 mmol/mol), we adjusted in proportional hazards models for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, year, dialysis type, and Hb, and tested for interactions.

RESULTS
Of 3,157 patients observed for a median time of 2.7 years, 1,688 died. For patients ≥60 years of age, we found no association between HbA1c and death; among younger patients, relative to those with HbA1c values 6.5–7.4%, the hazard ratio for HbA1c level 7.5–8.4% was 1.2 (95% CI 0.9–1.5), and for HbA1c level &gt;8.5% was 1.5 (1.2–1.9). The projected difference in median survival time between younger patients with a reference HbA1c value versus &gt;8.5% was 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS
In the absence of trials, and confounding notwithstanding, these observational data support improved glycemic control in younger patients prior to and during dialysis.
Heart Rate–Corrected QT Interval Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: Cox Amanda J. , Azeem Amir , Yeboah Joseph , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Aggarwal Shivani R. , Bertoni Alain G. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Freedman Barry I. , Herrington David M. , Bowden Donald W. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
Heart rate–corrected QT (QTc) interval is associated with mortality in the general population, but this association is less clear in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We assessed the association of QTc interval with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the Diabetes Heart Study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 1,020 participants with type 2 diabetes (83% European Americans; 55% women; mean age 61.4 years) who were free of atrial fibrillation, major ventricular conduction defects, and antiarrhythmic therapy at baseline. QT duration was automatically calculated from a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Following American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation recommendations, a linear scale was used to correct the QT for heart rate. Using Cox regression, risk was estimated per 1-SD increase in QTc interval as well as prolonged QTc interval (&gt;450 ms) vs. normal QTc interval for mortality.

RESULTS
At baseline, the mean (SD) QTc duration was 414.9 ms (18.1), and 3.0% of participants had prolonged QTc. After a median follow-up time of 8.5 years (maximum follow-up time 13.9 years), 204 participants were deceased. In adjusted multivariate models, a 1-SD increase in QTc interval was associated with an 18% higher risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.18 [95% CI 1.03–1.36]) and 29% increased risk for CVD mortality (1.29 [1.05–1.59]). Similar results were obtained when QTc interval was used as a categorical variable (prolonged vs. normal) (all-cause mortality 1.73 [0.95–3.15]; CVD mortality 2.86 [1.35–6.08]).

CONCLUSIONS
Heart rate QTc interval is an independent predictor of all-cause and CVD mortality in this population with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that additional prognostic information may be available from this simple ECG measure.
The Association of Basal Insulin Glargine and/or n-3 Fatty Acids With Incident Cancers in Patients With Dysglycemia
Authors: Bordeleau Louise , Yakubovich Natalia , Dagenais Gilles R. , Rosenstock Julio , Probstfield Jeffrey , Chang Yu Pan , Ryden Lars E. , Pirags Valdis , Spinas Giatgen A. , Birkeland Kare I. , Ratner Robert E. , Marin-Neto Jose A. , Keltai Matyas , Riddle Matthew C. , Bosch Jackie , Yusuf Salim , Gerstein Hertzel C. ,   for the ORIGIN Trial Investigators
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
Epidemiologic studies linking insulin glargine and glucose-lowering therapies to cancers and n-3 fatty acids to cancer prevention have not been confirmed. We aimed to assess the effect of insulin glargine and n-3 fatty acids on incident cancers within the context of the ORIGIN (Outcome Reduction with Initial Glargine Intervention) trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The ORIGIN trial is an international, long-term, randomized two-by-two factorial study comparing insulin glargine with standard care and n-3 fatty acids with placebo (double blind) in people with dysglycemia at high risk for cardiovascular events. The primary outcome measure (cancer substudy) was the occurrence of any new or recurrent adjudicated cancer. Cancer mortality and cancer subtypes were also analyzed.

RESULTS
Among 12,537 people (mean age 63.5 years, SD 7.8; 4,388 females), 953 developed a cancer event during the median follow-up of 6.2 years. In the glargine and standard care groups, the incidence of cancers was 1.32 and 1.32 per 100 person-years, respectively (P = 0.97), and in the n-3 fatty acid and placebo groups, it was 1.28 and 1.36 per 100 person-years, respectively (P = 0.39). No difference in the effect of either intervention was noted within predefined subgroups (P for all interactions ≥0.17). Cancer-related mortality and cancer-specific outcomes also did not differ between groups. Postrandomization HbA1c levels, glucose-lowering therapies (including metformin), and BMI did not affect cancer outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin glargine and n-3 fatty acids have a neutral association with overall and cancer-specific outcomes, including cancer-specific mortality. Exposure to glucose-lowering therapies, including metformin, and HbA1c level during the study did not alter cancer risk.