bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Left Atrial Abnormality on ECG and Vascular Brain Injury on MRI in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Kamel Hooman , Bartz Traci M. , Longstreth W.T. , Okin Peter M. , Thacker Evan L. , Patton Kristen K. , Stein Phyllis K. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Heckbert Susan R. , Kronmal Richard A. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Soliman Elsayed Z. 
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—
Emerging evidence suggests that atrial disease is associated with vascular brain injury in the absence of atrial fibrillation.

Methods—

The Cardiovascular Health Study prospectively enrolled community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years. Among participants who underwent MRI, we examined associations of ECG left atrial abnormality with brain infarcts and leukoaraiosis. P-wave terminal force in lead V
1
was the primary measure of left atrial abnormality; P-wave area and duration were secondary predictors. We excluded participants with atrial fibrillation before or on their index ECG. Primary outcomes were incident infarcts and worsening leukoaraiosis from initial to follow-up scan ≈5 years later. Secondary outcomes were prevalent infarcts and degree of leukoaraiosis on initial MRI. Relative risk (RR) and linear regression models were adjusted for vascular risk factors.

Results—

Among 3129 participants with ≥1 scan, each SD increase in P-wave terminal force in lead V
1
was associated with a 0.05-point (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0003–0.10) higher baseline white matter grade on a 10-point scale. P-wave terminal force in lead V
1
was associated with prevalent infarcts of any type (RR per SD, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04–1.16) and more so with prevalent nonlacunar infarcts (RR per SD, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.08–1.38). Among 1839 participants with 2 scans, P-wave terminal force in lead V
1
was associated with worsening leukoaraiosis (RR per SD, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01–1.18), but not with incident infarcts (RR per SD, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.93–1.20). Sensitivity analyses adjusting for incident atrial fibrillation found similar results. P-wave area and duration were not associated with outcomes.

Conclusions—
ECG left atrial abnormality is associated with vascular brain injury in the absence of documented atrial fibrillation.
Toward Improved Forecasts of Sea-Breeze Horizontal Convective Rolls at Super High Resolutions. Part II: The Impacts of Land Use and Buildings
Authors: Chen Guixing , Zhu Xinyue , Sha Weiming , Iwasaki Toshiki , Seko Hiromu , Saito Kazuo , Iwai Hironori , Ishii Shoken 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Horizontal convective rolls form in coastal areas around Sendai Airport during sea-breeze events. Using a building-resolving computational fluid dynamics model nested in an advanced forecast system with a data assimilation scheme, the authors perform a series of sensitivity experiments to investigate the impacts of land use and buildings on these rolls. The results show that the roll positions, intensities, and structures are significantly affected by variations in land use and the presence of buildings. Land-use heterogeneity is responsible for generating rolls with evident regional features. Major rolls tend to develop downwind of warm surfaces, and they dominate over neighboring rolls; thus, a heterogeneity-scale mode is imposed on the inherent roll wavelength. The roll’s rapid growth is attributable to warm surfaces that initiate a strong coupling among turbulent thermals, convective updrafts, pressure perturbations, and secondary flows in sea breezes. The heterogeneity-induced features differ considerably from the nearly homogeneous features that form over uniform surfaces. Additionally, the wake flow behind buildings helps organize near-surface warm air into streamwise bands that drive streaky ejections. The building-induced turbulence acts to modify secondary flows and displace roll updrafts toward building wakes. Such effects are most effective over villages with scattered houses that are aligned with the ambient wind. Building signatures are elongated in downwind open areas due to sustained secondary circulations. An analysis of turbulent kinetic energy shows that both land use and buildings regulate energy generation and transport, resulting in a clear response in roll growth. Thus, including complex surfaces in forecast models helps determine detailed characteristics and structures of roll convection over coastal regions.
A Novel Therapy for Laryngotracheal Stenosis
Authors: Gu Jian , Mao Xiaohui , Li Cong , Ao Huafei , Yang Xizhi 
Published: February 2015

Purpose: The purpose of our article was to explore the effect of ethosomes containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with different sizes on laryngotracheal stenosis treatment. Methods: The physical characteristics of ethosomes containing 5-FU were investigated, including size, shape, and entrapment percentage. The effect of ethosomes containing 5-FU was evaluated on the airway stenosis rabbit model. The formation of fibrous/scar tissue was investigated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and the permeation depth was observed under fluorescence microscope. Results: The mean sizes of 5-FU ethosomes extruded by D = 50 nm and D = 100 nm pore were 60 ± 10 nm and 110 ± 13 nm, respectively. The 5-FU entrapment percentage of ethosomes was determined to be 15% (D = 60 ± 10 nm) and 32% (D = 110 ± 13 nm). After being treated by ethosomes containing 5-FU (D = 60 ± 10 nm), the fibroblast and collagenous fiber distributed sparsely in the deep scar tissue. The permeation capability of ethosomes containing 5-FU (D = 60 nm) was significantly better than ethosomes (D = 110 nm). Besides, the 5-FU ethosomes resulted in less stenosis than 5-FU only. Conclusions: Topical administration of 5-FU ethosomes may be a novel candidate therapy for laryngotracheal stenosis treatment.
Malaysian medical students’ perceptions of a film to promote psychiatry as a career
Authors: Vasudevan Umadevi , Bharathy Arokiamary , Jun Min Koay , Panikulam Joseph Jacob , Saleem Fahad , Hassali Azmi , Russell Vincent 
Published: February 2015

Objective: We aimed to evaluate perceptions of a Royal College of Psychiatrists promotional film among Malaysian medical students. Methods: Year 3 ( n=108) and Year 5 ( n=108) students completed separate standard measures of attitudes to psychiatry: the ATP 30 and Balon scales, respectively. A questionnaire was also administered recording students’ socio-demographic information, career preferences, perceptions of the film’s effectiveness and its influence on career choice. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of responses were performed. Results: The overall response rate was 95.5%. Mean career preference ranking for psychiatry was higher for Year 5 than for Year 3 ( p=0.025). For most Year 3 (64.8%) and Year 5 (58.3%) respondents the film conveyed a positive image of psychiatry. Fewer perceived it as influencing career choice: 31.4% for Year 3 and 27.2% for Year 5. Higher scores on both attitudinal scales correlated positively with increasing likelihood of students rating the film positively (Year 3: p=0.000; Year 5: p=0.003). Thematic content analysis suggested possible socio-cultural influences on students’ perceptions. Conclusions: Despite conveying a positive image of psychiatry, promotional films may have limited impact in changing students’ attitudes towards psychiatry and in increasing interest in psychiatry as a career.
Testifying in a mock court: the experiences of forensic advanced trainees
Authors: Ng Lillian Lywan , Friedman Susan Hatters 
Published: February 2015

Objectives: We aimed to examine the experiences of advanced trainees in forensic psychiatry as they practise testifying as expert witnesses in a mock court setting. Methods: Five advanced trainees (including the first author) submitted court-ordered forensic reports in advance of attending the mock court. Senior colleagues had roles of Judge, prosecution and defence lawyers. House officers and medical students were summoned as jury. Over a year, each trainee had the experience of direct and cross-examination by opposing legal teams. Following the mock trial, each participant was given immediate feedback and subsequently asked to complete a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The experience of participating in a mock court has learning value for advanced trainees specialising in forensic psychiatry in anticipation of giving evidence in a court of law. Constructive feedback enabled attendees to gain valuable education in a supportive setting. Of particular value was guidance in the use of technical language in presenting evidence in a court setting, knowledge of the breadth of questions that could be put forth to an expert witness, desensitisation training in an adversarial albeit simulated setting, and acquiring skills in staying calm under pressure. Conclusions: The importance of a well-written report, good preparation and anxiety management were significant learning points.
Complications of Minimally Invasive Calcaneal Osteotomy Versus Open Osteotomy
Authors: Kendal Adrian R. , Khalid Ali , Ball Tom , Rogers Mark , Cooke Paul , Sharp Robert 
Published: February 2015

Background: Calcaneal osteotomy is an established technique for correcting hindfoot deformity. Patients traditionally receive an osteotomy through the open lateral approach to the calcaneus. To reduce the rate of wound complications associated with a direct open lateral approach, a minimally invasive surgical (MIS) technique has been adopted. This uses a low-speed, high-torque burr to perform the same osteotomy under radiographic guidance. We hypothesized that the new MIS calcaneal osteotomy would be a safe alternative to open calcaneal osteotomy while obtaining the same displacement. Methods: The safety of the new MIS technique was investigated with a case controlled study on all patients who underwent displacement calcaneal osteotomy at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre from 2008 to 2014. The primary outcome measure was 30 day postoperative complication rate. Secondary outcome measures included operating time, duration of stay, fusion rates, and calcaneal displacement. Eighty-one patients underwent calcaneal osteotomy as part of their corrective surgery, 50 in the Open approach group and 31 in MIS group. The average age was 47.7 years (range 16-77) for the Open group and 50.1 (range 21-77) in the MIS group. Results: A mean calcaneal displacement of 9.4 mm (SD = 1.16, 8 to 11 mm) and 10.2 mm (SD = 1.06, 8 to 13 mm) was achieved through the MIS and Open approaches, respectively. There were significantly fewer wound complications in the MIS group (6.45%) compared to the Open group (28%, P = .022). The MIS group was associated with significantly lower rate of wound infection (3% versus 20%, P = .044). Three patients in the Open group experienced sural peripheral neuropathy. The average length of stay was 3.8 days following MIS and 4.3 days following open calcaneal osteotomy. Nonunion occurred in only 1 patient in the MIS group and none in the open group. Conclusions: MIS calcaneal osteotomy was found to be a safe technique. It was technically as effective as calcaneal osteotomy performed through an open lateral approach but was associated with significantly fewer wound complications and fewer nerve complications. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative study.
Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner After Sequential Sectioning Restores Knee Kinematics
Authors: Plaweski Stephane , Belvisi Baptiste , Moreau-Gaudry Alexandre 
Published: February 2015

Background: Various surgical techniques to treat posterolateral knee instability have been described. To date, the recommended treatment is an anatomic form of reconstruction in which the 3 key structures of the posterolateral corner (PLC) are addressed: the popliteofibular ligament, the popliteus tendon, and the lateral collateral ligament. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to identify the role of each key structure of the PLC in kinematics of the knee and to biomechanically analyze a single-graft, fibular-based reconstruction that replicates the femoral insertions of the lateral collateral ligament and popliteus to repair the PLC. The hypothesis was that knee kinematics can be reasonably restored using a single graft with a 2-strand “modified Larson” technique. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were used in this study. We conducted sequential sectioning of the popliteofibular ligament (PFL) and then subsequently the popliteal tendon (PT), the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). We then reconstructed the ACL first and then the posterolateral corner using the modified Larson technique. A surgical navigation system was used to measure varus laxity and external rotation at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° with a 9.8-N·m varus stress and 5-N·m external rotation force applied to the tibia. Results: In extension, varus laxity increased only after the sectioning of the lateral collateral ligament. At 30° of flexion, external rotation in varus and translation of the lateral tibial plateau increased after the isolated popliteofibular ligament section. From 60° to 90° of flexion, translation and mobility of the lateral plateau section increased after sectioning of the PFL. After reconstruction, we observed a restoration of external varus rotation in extension and translation of the lateral tibial plateau at 90° of flexion. This technique provided kinematics similar to the normal knee. Conclusion: The PFL has a key role between 30° and 90° of flexion, and the lateral collateral ligament plays a role in extension. Reconstruction with the modified Larson technique restores these 2 complementary stabilizers of the knee. Clinical Relevance: Although there are many different techniques to reconstruct the PLC-deficient knee, this study indicates that a single-graft, fibular-based reconstruction of the LCL and PT may restore varus and external rotation laxity to the knee.
Nitrogen-doped ZnO Rods Synthesized from an Ammine–Hydroxo Zinc Complex
Authors: Ihara Taiki , Katsumata Ken-ichi , Watanabe Tomoaki , Okada Kiyoshi , Matsushita Nobuhiro 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
N-Doped ZnO rods were hydrothermally prepared from an aqueous ammine–hydroxo zinc complex precursor without any postheat treatment. The absorption edge in the diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectra of the prepared rods exhibited a red shift with increasing reaction time. The N1s peak characteristic of zinc nitride compounds was observed in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the sample prepared at 100 °C for 6 h, indicating that the ZnO rods contained N.
Facile Noncovalent Formulation of Organo-soluble Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide/Semiconducting Polymer Assembly
Authors: Park Young Ho , Seo Jun-Seok , Park Sung Young , Lee Ji-Hoon , In Insik 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Noncovalent approach for formulating organo-soluble assembly of chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with hydrophobic semiconducting polymer was demonstrated for the first time by utilizing a mixed solvent system.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivities of a Stable Primary-alkyl-substituted Sulfenic Acid
Authors: Ishihara Michihiro , Abe Noriaki , Sase Shohei , Goto Kei 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A primary-alkyl-substituted sulfenic acid was synthesized and isolated by taking advantage of a cavity-shaped steric protection group and characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The reactivities of the sulfenic acid toward various reagents were investigated, and it was demonstrated experimentally and theoretically that the addition of a sulfenic acid to a simple alkene to produce the corresponding sulfoxide is thermodynamically more favorable than the reverse reaction, i.e. syn-β-elimination of a sulfoxide.
Which Skills Matter in the Market for CEOs? Evidence from Pay for CEO Credentials
Authors: Falato Antonio , Li Dan , Milbourn Todd 
Published: February 2015

Market-based theories predict that differences in CEO skills lead to potentially large differences in pay, but it is challenging to quantify the CEO skill premium in pay. In a first step toward overcoming this empirical challenge, we code detailed biographical information for a large sample of CEOs for a panel of S&P 1500 firms between 1993 and 2005 to identify specific reputational, career, and educational credentials that are indicative of skills. Newly appointed CEOs earn up to a 5% or $280,000 total pay premium per credential decile, which is concentrated among CEOs with better reputational and career credentials, those with the very best credentials, and those who run large firms. Consistent with the unique economic mechanism of market-based theories, CEO credentials have a positive impact on firm performance. The performance differential for newly appointed CEOs is up to 0.5% per credential decile and is also concentrated among CEOs with better reputational and career credentials and those at large firms. Credentials are positively correlated with unobserved CEO heterogeneity in pay and performance, which further validates our hypothesis that boards use them as publicly observable signals of otherwise hard-to-gauge CEO skills. In all, our results offer direct evidence in support of market-based explanations of the overall rise in CEO pay.This paper was accepted by Itay Goldstein, finance.
The Effect of Social Interaction on Economic Transactions: Evidence from Changes in Two Retail Formats
Authors: Goldfarb Avi , McDevitt Ryan C. , Samila Sampsa , Silverman Brian S. 
Published: February 2015

Examining changes in two different retail formats, we show that consumers alter their purchases depending on the retail environment. In both settings, the change in behavior coincides with a reduction in the interpersonal interaction required to complete a transaction. As such, we contend that the format changes reduced a “social friction” that would otherwise inhibit consumers due to an implicit cost associated with ordering certain items in social settings. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Evaluating Hedge Funds with Pooled Benchmarks
Authors: O’Doherty Michael S. , Savin N. E. , Tiwari Ashish 
Published: February 2015

The evaluation of hedge fund performance is challenging given the flexible nature of hedge funds’ strategies and their lack of operational transparency. As a result, inference about skill is inevitably contaminated by the error in the benchmark model. To address this concern, we propose a model pooling approach to develop a fund-specific benchmark obtained by pooling a set of diverse attribution models. The weights assigned to the individual models in the pool are based on the log score criterion, an information-theoretic measure of the conditional performance of a model. We illustrate the advantages of a pooled benchmark over alternative approaches, including the Fung and Hsieh [Fung W, Hsieh DA (2004) Hedge fund benchmarks: A risk-based approach. Financial Analysts J. 60:65–80] model, stepwise regression methods, and style-adjusted methods in the contexts of a real-time investment strategy, hedge fund replication, and fund failure prediction.This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
Brand Performance Volatility from Marketing Spending
Authors: Fischer Marc , Shin Hyun S. , Hanssens Dominique M. 
Published: February 2015

Although volatile marketing spending, as opposed to even-level spending, may improve a brand’s financial performance, it can also increase the volatility of performance, which is not a desirable outcome. This article analyzes how revenue and cash-flow volatility are influenced by own and competitive marketing spending volatility, by the level of marketing spending, by the responsiveness to own marketing spending, and by competitive response. From market response theory, we derive propositions about the influence of these variables on revenue and cash-flow volatility. In addition, we extend the Dorfman–Steiner theorem to derive the optimal level and volatility of expenditures if volatility effects are taken into account. Based on a large sample of 99 pharmaceutical brands in four clinical categories and four European countries, we test for the empirical relevance of the propositions and assess the magnitude of the different sources of marketing-induced performance volatility. We find broad support for the predicted volatility effects. Volatility elasticities are significant and may be as large as 1.10 for cash-flow variance with respect to marketing responsiveness. The findings imply that common volatility-increasing marketing practices such as price promotions or volatile advertising plans may be effective at the top line, but they could turn out to be ineffective after all costs are taken into account. Optimal marketing volatility needs to trade off sales effectiveness and extra costs resulting from marketing volatility.This paper was accepted by Pradeep K. Chintagunta, marketing.
The Association Between Belief in God and Fertility Desires in Slovenia and the Czech Republic
Authors: Cranney Stephen 
Published: February 2015

CONTEXTResearch on the association between religiosity and fertility—and, particularly, on the effects of secularization on fertility desires and outcomes—has been concerned primarily with mechanisms that are fundamentally institutional and are embedded in formal religious structures. Supplementary explanations focused on noninstitutional dimensions of religiosity have never been tested.METHODSConventional ordinary least‐squares regression was used to test the association between belief in God (i.e., a personal God or some sort of life force) and fertility desires among 2,251 women aged 18–45 in Slovenia and 951 women aged 15–44 in the Czech Republic who participated in the European Family and Fertility Survey in the mid‐1990s.RESULTSIn both samples, substantial proportions of women either were nonbelievers or believed in God but were not institutionally religious. Belief in God was independently associated with fertility desires even in analyses controlling for self‐reported religiosity. Women who believed in a personal God wanted approximately 0.2 more children, and those who believed in a life force wanted approximately 0.1 more children, than nonbelievers. Results were similar across several alternative measures of religiosity.CONCLUSIONSAt least some of the connection between religiosity and fertility apparently is attributable to metaphysical beliefs. Future research on the effect of secularization on fertility decline should investigate the potentially distinct effects of different dimensions of religiosity.