bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BASIC STUDY REVEALS HOW DIFFERENT CRUDE OILS INFLUENCE DISPERSANT PERFORMANCE
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Previous research has shown that crude oils contain various amounts of indigenous surface active agents that stabilize water-in-oil emulsions. It is also known that crude oils stabilize such emulsions to different extents. One aspect of the study was to investigate the relationship between the emulsion forming tendency of the various crude oils and the level of performance of a chemical dispersant on the particular crude oil.
The results of the extensive laboratory test program indicated that dispersant effectiveness is a function of both dispersant type and the specific crude oil. However, there is no apparent correlation between the degree of emulsion-forming tendency of the crude oil, which is a function of the indigenous surfactant content, and effectiveness.
A “clean” hydrocarbon, tetradecane (C14), was also tested in order to evaluate the absence of any indigenous surfactants on performance. It was found that tetradecane exhibited a higher level of effectiveness compared to the crude oils for each of the dispersants tested.
In essence, the indigenous surfactants in the crude oil, in every instance, reduce dispersant effectiveness but to an unpredictable level. This is probably due to the fact that these agents present in crude oil promote a water-in-oil emulsion. Since the chemical dispersant is formulated to produce an oil-in-water dispersion, the interference of these crude oil surfactants is apparent. Hence, tetradecane would be an ideal test oil since the degree of dispersion of tetradecane by a particular dispersant represents the maximum dispersion effectiveness for that product.
In order to establish more definitively the role of the indigenous surfactants, this surfactant phase was successfully separated from nine crude oils representative of different emulsion forming tendencies. It was found that the amount of surfactant residue extracted from the crude oil did correlate with the emulsion forming tendency of the crude oil.
Finally, the above separated surfactant residue was added to tetradecane at the same concentrations as in the respective crude oil. As expected, in every instance, the surfactant residue decreased dispersant performance compared to “pure” tetradecane.
DATA ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS IN COLD WATER
Authors: To N. M. , Brown H. M. , Goodman R. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tests on dispersant effectiveness in cold water have been performed, for a number of years, using nonbreaking, regular waves in the Esso wave basin. Oil concentration measurements in the water column have been used to study the kinematics of oil dispersion under regular waves.
Data analysis procedures are designed to determine, based on the concentration measurements, the rate of oil dispersion in both horizontal and vertical directions into the water column. Oil dispersion rates are used in a two-dimensional, kinematic, finite difference model to simulate the diffusion and advection of oil in water. The model predicts the amount of oil that dispersed and later resurfaced from the measured concentration history. Based on the model results, a material balance of the oil is obtained. Effectiveness of the dispersant is assessed by the amount of oil remaining after each test.
Results of the data analysis provide an insight into the oil dispersion mechanism and a method of improving the accuracy of the numerical model. Effectiveness of different dispersants and different application methods may be compared using this methodology.
MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF DEPOSITIONAL ACCURACY IN DISPERSANT SPRAYING FROM LARGE AIRPLANES
Authors: Lindblom Gordon P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Aerial application of dispersants has progressed to include very large airplanes, such as the Hercules C-130, for which a portable spray unit has been developed. This unit, which can be rapidly placed in the cargo aircraft (without any mechanical alterations) was flight tested with spraying of a dispersant concentrate in 1982. The tests measured actual deposition of chemical under various conditions.
The most definitive data were collected using a “deposition track,” positioned on the ground across the flight path of the airplane. The dyed dispersant was recovered from this track and the data converted to amount per unit area, and to percent of total pumped fluid on-target. The results led to correlation of depositional accuracy in terms of the air shear experienced by the sprayed fluid. The data has been further used to develop a mathematical prediction for design of dispersant treatment procedures using high-speed airplanes. Use of these considerations in operational planning can improve dispersant dosage control by preventing both under-treatment and wasteful off-target drift.
ADVANCE PLANNING FOR DISPERSANT USE
Authors: Lindstedt-Siva June 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersant use is most effective in the early stages of an oil spill, yet because there is thought to be so much case-by-case variation, decisions about whether and where to use dispersants have been made only after a spill occurs. These decisions require, at a minimum, hours, and may require days. Two major efforts to shorten this decisionmaking process have recently been completed. A multidisciplinary, multiagency task force under the auspices of the American Society for Testing and Materials developed ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine environments. The guidelines for 13 different marine and coastal habitat types consider dispersant use both to protect and to clean the habitat. They also identify those habitats that should be most protected in the event of a spill. These guidelines should be useful references for regional response teams and other spill response planners as they develop site-specific dispersant use plans. The second project was developed by an American Petroleum Institute task force and contractor with input from federal and state government agencies. It is a site-specific method for planning whether to use dispersants in marine environments. It divides an offshore region into “dispersant use zones” based on ecological considerations. The method was applied to selected areas offshore southern California as a test.
INJECTION OF OIL SPILL CHEMICALS INTO A BLOWING WELL
Authors: Audunson Tore , Johansen Øistein , Koines Johnny 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As part of the research program Dispersion of Oil on Sea (DOOS), a subproject has been carried out to develop an all-weather method for oil spill cleanup.
The aim of the subproject was to evaluate the possibility of injecting oil spill chemicals into a blowing well. Different completion systems were studied as well as different methods for injection of chemicals. The idea behind the method is to improve the oil spill situation by reducing the response time as well as by providing a method usable in all weather conditions. The method will be of special value for wells located near the coast or in other sensitive areas (e.g., arctic regions).
The work concludes that it is possible, and with only a limited need for development of new equipment, to inject chemicals into a blowing well. The injection should be done in the annulus, or through a separate tube. From the annulus the chemical will be inserted into the tubing through a valve.
A PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY OF IN-SITU BURNING OF SPREADING OIL SLICKS
Authors: Buist I. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental and theoretical preliminary feasibility study was conducted on the use of in-situ burning as a countermeasure for oil spills spreading on open water. This technique theoretically has the potential to remove a considerable percentage of the oil from such spills, providing ignition can be effected within several hours of the incident.
EXPERIMENTAL SPILLS OF CRUDE OIL IN PACK ICE
Authors: Buist I. A. , Dickins D. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A field research program was carried out to investigate the fate of crude oil spilled in dynamic pack, or broken, ice. The presence of ice dramatically reduced the spreading of 1 m3 test spills compared with that expected on open water. Evaporation of the oil and subsequent property changes could be adequately predicted using conventional theories.
CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP OF A MAJOR OIL WELL BLOWOUT IN TEXAS
Authors: Quina Christopher L. , Thebeau Larry C. , Bond Charles C. , Hammack Patrick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1985, an estimated 326,000 barrels (13.04 million gallons) of 42 gravity crude oil, 32,600 barrels (1,304,000 gallons) of salt water and paraffin, and 176 million cubic feet of gas were released into the environment from the blowout of the Ray Richey and Co., Inc. well Ora B. Jones #3. The well site is seven miles southeast of Ranger, Texas, in Eastland County. The well was reported to have blown out because of insufficient weight on the formation, or insufficient application of drilling muds, as the drill stem casing was being withdrawn from the well. Fear of upper elevation formation fracturing necessitated the installation of a more versatile blowout preventer (BOP). For about six days, the well emitted a vertical aerosol of oil and gas that reached heights of 75 feet and resulted in the contamination of a one square mile area surrounding the well site. Horizontal diversion of the oil to an adjacent stock pond and diversion of the gas to constructed flare pits was achieved after the higher capacity BOP was installed. Eleven days elapsed before emergency crews were able to divert flow from the well to on-site storage tanks and flare pits. The responsible party assumed full and immediate responsibility for the incident. Contracted cleanup, emergency and site safety crews were on the site within hours of the initial release. This article addresses the activities of the various regulatory agencies involved with the site, and how they interacted with the responsible party's contracted mitigative crews, for what may be considered a model for future oil spills of this type. Cleanup and environmental restoration methodologies also are addressed.
AN OIL SPILL AFFECTING CORAL REEFS AND MANGROVES ON THE CARIBBEAN COAST OF PANAMA
Authors: Cubit John D. , Getter Charles D. , Jackson Jeremy B. C. , Garrity Stephen D. , Caffey Hugh M. , Thompson Ricardo C. , Weil Ernesto , Marshall Michael J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 1986, more than 50,000 barrels of medium weight crude oil were spilled into the largest complex of coral reefs and mangroves on the central Caribbean coast of Panama. Considerable amounts of oil came ashore at Punta Galeta, where a long-term environmental sciences program of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute provided extensive baseline information for investigating the effects of the oil spill. Immediate mortality was most apparent for organisms living at the seaward edge of the reef flats and on drying substrata above mean water level. By June 1986, a number of reef species were reduced in abundance, and a bloom of microalgae grew over much of the reef flat that had been directly exposed to the oil at low tide. The abundances of some fast-growing algae appeared to have recovered by September 1986, but the slower-growing corals, zoanthids, and calcareous algae were at the lowest abundances recorded. Defoliation and mortality of mangroves, particularly Rhizophora mangle, was severe on windward coasts, and other areas where the oil penetrated into sediments around the mangrove roots. Oysters and other organisms living on mangrove roots also suffered severe mortality. The types of habitats and organisms affected were obviously dependent on the particular weather conditions during the oil spill. Studies are continuing to follow succession and other changes in seagrass meadows, coral reefs, mangrove forests, and associated habitats that were affected by the oil.
ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANT OIL SPILL INCIDENTS FROM SHIPS, 1976–19851
Authors: Bao-Kang Pu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The most important objectives of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have been improving maritime safety and preventing marine pollution. The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), which is responsible for coordinating IMO's activities in preventing and controlling marine pollution from ships, agreed that spills of 100 tons of oil or more should be regarded as “significant.”1 Analyses of significant oil spills (more than 100 metric tons) from ships have helped develop spill statistics, categories of spill incidents, geographical data on spills, and so on.
Analyses for the past 10 years show that about 75 percent of the incidents were caused by grounding, collision, and breakdown; about 8 percent were caused by operational errors while loading, discharging, or washing tanks; and about 17 percent were due to rough weather, fire, and other causes. These analyses suggest that measures can be taken to prevent oil pollution from ships chiefly by improving safety standards for ship construction, equipment, and operation.
This paper analyzes several incidents to understand the causes, actions taken, and results of oil spills in different circumstances and with different types of oil. It also examines IMO's achievements in combating oil pollution and the difficulties that have been met in implementing Annex I of the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78).
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LOW-PRESSURE SEAWATER FLUSHING OF OILED SEDIMENTS
Authors: Howard S. , Little D. I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to assess the field effectiveness and biological effects of low-pressure saltwater flushing of a thin (&lt;4 mm) oil layer applied to a very fine intertidal sand. On average approximately 85 percent of the applied medium fuel oil mousse was found to be recoverable. Hydrocarbon analyses indicated negligible oil incorporation into flushed plots. The technique is believed to have been effective partly because the water table was successfully raised (by up to 20 cm), and also because the surface 3 to 4 cm was sufficiently disturbed to liberate oil that had penetrated the surface layer during the 2 hours between oil application and flushing. Counts of Arenicola marina casts in “oiled” plots were significantly lower (P = 0.02) than in the “oiled and then flushed” plots. The technique is likely to work with viscous oils deposited in 10 mm thick Strandlines on accessible sloping shores, where the sediment is greater than 4 cm thick and reasonably firm. The technique is likely to be unsuccessful on very coarse sands and gravels, fluid muds, and low shear strength sands, because of erosion and mixing of sediments and oil.
OIL-HOLDING CAPACITIES AND REMOVAL COEFFICIENTS FOR DIFFERENT SHORELINE TYPES TO COMPUTER SIMULATE SPILLS IN COASTAL WATERS
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two components have been developed and integrated into a coastline oil spill simulation model: (1) an oil holding capacity for different shoreline types to represent the amount of oil that can be brought onto the shoreline, and (2) a removal coefficient to reflect the amount of oil that can be removed from a beach during a rising tide. The oil holding capacity changes with oil viscosity. The combination of these two factors, delineated for seven shoreline types and tied to chemical weathering and surf zone transport submodels, enables the basic prediction of oil motion and persistence within most marine environments.
FUEL OIL EFFECTS ON MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA ROOTS1
Authors: Booker Fitzgerald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To investigate the toxic action of petroleum on root tissue of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel., the acute effects of weathered No. 2 fuel oil on plasmalemma permeability were studied. A mixture of fuel oil and deionized water was weathered outdoors for four days, after which the fuel oil was decanted off. Root tissue samples (1 g, wet weight) were exposed to weathered fuel oil, heavy mineral oil, mineral oil plus 1% weathered fuel oil, or deionized water (control) for 10 minutes. Tissue samples were placed subsequently in 25 mL of 0.5 mM sodium phosphate solutions buffered at pH 6.8. Tissue viability and conductivity, soluble carbohydrates, ribose, and free amino acids in the solutions were monitored. Five hours after treatment, the colon-metric viability assay of extracts from roots treated with fuel oil had 68% less absorbance than controls, indicating that weathered fuel oil significantly reduced viability in the treated roots. Significantly higher levels of conductivity, soluble carbohydrates, ribose, and free amino acids were also observed in the buffered solutions of the fuel oil exposed roots. The apparent result of the observed responses to fuel oil exposure was altered plasmalemma permeability. In the mineral oil, as well as the mineral oil plus fuel oil treatments, however, the detected levels of conductivity, carbohydrates, and amino acids were not significantly different from controls. But, the viability assays of extracts from roots treated with mineral oil or mineral oil plus fuel oil had decreased absorbances of 41% and 55%, respectively, indicating some reduced tissue viability.
AN EVALUATION OF EPA SHEEN TESTS FOR DRILLING FLUID DISCHARGE1
Authors: Jones Maurice , Otto Gordon H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has prohibited the discharge of “free oil” in offshore drilling discharges and proposed new procedures to detect such oil. A statistically designed series of experiments was performed to evaluate three proposed sheen test procedures: EPA's Gulf of Mexico, Alaska, and cup protocols. Seventy-four independent observers conducted over 6,360 sheen tests. The experiments evaluated the effects of freshwater and saltwater test media, two lighting types, two mud types, and two oil types (diesel and mineral) at five concentrations (including a blank). The cup and Gulf tests had relatively high false positive rates. The Alaska procedure had a lower false positive rate, but did not detect oil concentrations of 5% reliably under some test conditions. As a result, none of the three procedures used can be considered satsifactory for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit compliance.
COMPARISON OF FEDERAL GUIDELINES FOR NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF A MAJOR OIL SPILL, ISLAND PARK, NEW YORK1
Authors: Ott Gary L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Federal guidelines that outline a process for natural resource damage assessment have recently been published. The guidelines provide two types of assessment procedures that are referred to as Type A assessments and Type B assessments. The Type A procedures are for simplified assessments and use a computer model to measure in monetary terms compensation for injury to marine and coastal natural resources through the use of average values and approximations. The proposed Type A computer model was used to analyze a major oil spill that occurred in Island Park, New York, where the federal on-scene coordinator had attempted to evaluate the magnitude and severity of the spill. In this one instance, both field observations and the proposed Type A computer model characterized this major oil spill as having a limited impact on the environment.
Oil and chemical spills are generally characterized only by the size of the release. Conceivably, the proposed Type A model could be used as a tool for characterizing a spill by its potential to injure natural resources. The ability to focus on the environmental impacts of a spill may help analyze response actions that reduce natural resource damages.
THE NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS (NRDAM/CME)1
Authors: Grigalunas Thomas A. , Opaluch James J. , French Deborah , Reed Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the Natural Resouce Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environments (NRDAM/CME) developed by the authors for the U.S. Department of the Interior. The NRDAM/CME is to be used for type A, simplified assessments of damages to natural resources in coastal and marine environments under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. Given limited information supplied by an authorized official after a discharge or release covered by the act, the model simulates the physical fates, biological effects, and economic damages resulting from the incident.
THE UNDERGROUND OIL SPILL AT KOTZEBUE, ALASKA: UNKNOWN CAUSE, ELUSIVE CURE
Authors: Janssen John H. , Kane Douglas L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1980, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) became aware of a problem with oil seeping into the elementary school basement of the northwest Alaska coastal community of Kotzebue. After initial investigation, it was determined that 100,000 to 200,000 gal (378,000 to 756,000 L) of #1 fuel oil (diesel) was contaminating an underground area estimated at up to 10 acres (4 ha). The fuel had been in the ground for 25 to 30 years, and may have been associated with fuel storage or handling in the 1950s. ADEC learned that many local residents had been collecting fuel from backyard sumps for years. Many gathered enough to heat their homes, and others sold their excesses of recovered oil.
More recently, oil has been observed leaching into Kotzebue Sound from time to time, posing a potential threat to local fisheries. ADEC has since been involved in recovering the oil, using the limited funds available to mitigate the potential environmental and safety problems. Problems experienced in collection of the fuel included a seasonally frozen groundwater aquifer above the permafrost and inconsistent monitoring of the primary collection sump in the school basement. By the fall of 1984, about 40,000 gal (151,000 L) of fuel had been recovered by a variety of methods. A large quantity of oil remains underground, but recovery has been severely reduced, mainly by recent funding constraints and sporadic collection conditions associated with the cold climate and permafrost.
The 1986 Alaska state legislature appropriated $50,000 so that ADEC could install monitoring and collection wells and conduct pressure tests of all fuel lines that might be still contributing to the problem. Continuing this cleanup depends on future funding.
A COMPARISON OF SOIL-GAS SAMPLING METHODS USED AT TWO HARBOR SITES
Authors: Owens Victor H. , Sexton Walter J. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Underground oil spills leaking into navigable waterways at Baltimore, Maryland, and Hilo, Hawaii, were investigated using soil-gas sampling methods. Gas extraction methods were used in Hilo with mixed but favorable results. Component adsorption methods were used in Baltimore with highly favorable results. In comparing the two soil-gas sampling methods and results, the component adsorption method was found to be superior in detecting the presence or absence of underground diesel oil. The gas extraction method produced results that were somewhat limited in use because of lack of sensitivity to the components of diesel oil. Interpretation of data from both methods was found to be complicated by the presence of surface spill contamination leading to false indications of underground oil.