bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sporadic adult‐onset leucodystrophy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia with no mutations in the known targeted genes
Authors: Fernández‐Vega Ivan , Pérez de Heredia‐Goñi Katti , Santos‐Juanes Jorge , Goñi Imizcoz Miguel , Zaldumbide Laura , Zarranz Juan Jose , Ferrer Isidro 
Published: May 2015

AimsAdult‐onset orthochromatic leucodystrophy, associated with pigmented macrophages and hereditary diffuse leucoencephalopathy with spheroids, are two disorders with similar clinical manifestations, radiological characteristics and neuropathological findings. Mutations in the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene are the hallmark of this spectrum of disease. Furthermore, polycystic membranous lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leucoencephalopathy is caused by mutations in two genes, DAP12 and TREM2, which encode proteins involved in the same pathways as CSF1R. We describe a case of sporadic adult‐onset orthochromatic leucodystrophy associated with pigmented macrophages diagnosed by biopsy without harbouring mutations in the known targeted genes.Methods and resultsA 51‐year‐old woman, with no familial history of neurological diseases, developed a progressive neurological deterioration showing inappropriate behaviour, ataxia, spasticity, axial dystonia and agitation. Radiological images and a stereotaxic biopsy were conclusive with adult‐onset orthochromatic leucodystrophy associated with pigmented macrophages. Genetic analysis did not show mutations in either CSF1R, DAP12 or TREM2.ConclusionsWe add support to the idea that all these entities are closely related diseases linked to a convergent metabolic pathway, but caused by different genes or perhaps by the combination of individually non‐pathogenic variations of selected genes. Genetic defects are still barely known in a substantial number of adult leucodystrophies.
The role of CD5 expression in thymic carcinoma: possible mechanism for interaction with CD5+ lymphoid stroma (microenvironment)
Authors: Hosaka Naoki , Ohe Chisato , Miyasaka Chika , Nakano Yorika , Sakaida Noriko , Uemura Yoshiko , Saito Yukihito , Ikehara Susumu , Tsubura Airo , Takahashi Hakuo 
Published: May 2015

AimsMost thymic carcinomas express the lymphocyte marker CD5 aberrantly. This study was performed to examine the role of the self‐reactive CD5 antigen in thymic carcinoma.Methods and resultsWe examined CD5 expression in thymic carcinoma in relation to the lymphoid stroma. All cases of thymic carcinoma examined expressed CD5. A number of CD5+ lymphocytes were also present in the stroma of thymic carcinoma. The CD5+ tumour areas were predominantly in contact with the lymphoid stroma, and the expression level was significantly lower in tumour cells than lymphocytes. Although p53 and Bcl‐2 expression levels were significantly higher in thymic carcinoma than normal thymic epithelial cells (TECs), they did not differ between CD5+ and CD5− areas. E‐cadherin expression in thymic carcinoma was comparable with that of normal TECs, and it also did not differ between these areas. In contrast, both Ki‐67 index and mitotic activity were significantly higher in thymic carcinoma than normal TECs, and they were significantly higher in CD5+ than CD5− areas.ConclusionsCD5 may be induced by interaction with CD5+ lymphoid stroma, and may be related to tumour proliferation. CD5 induction may also be a significant and/or specific effect of the tumour microenvironment of the thymus.
Combined ATRX/IDH1 immunohistochemistry predicts genotype of oligoastrocytomas
Authors: Hewer Ekkehard , Vajtai Istvan , Dettmer Matthias S , Berezowska Sabina , Vassella Erik 
Published: May 2015

AimsTo assess whether in oligoastrocytomas ATRX deficiency, as a surrogate of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway, has a role in predicting the presence or absence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 1p and 19q, the genetic signature of oligodendroglial differentiation and a favourable prognostic marker.Methods and resultsA series of 54 oligoastrocytomas were investigated by immunohistochemistry as well as microsatellite analysis for LOH 1p19q. Genetic findings were correlated with morphological assessment.ConclusionsATRX deficiency was mutually exclusive with LOH. Conversely, ATRX‐proficient tumours immunoreactive for R132H‐mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) showed a high rate (85%) of LOH. A more oligodendroglioma‐like morphology was associated with a higher rate of LOH even in the morphologically ambiguous group of oligoastrocytomas. Our findings support the concept that oligoastrocytomas represent a morphological grey zone, rather than a group of truly ‘mixed’ or ‘intermediate’ tumours. More precise classification of diffuse gliomas may also improve grading of borderline cases. We propose an immunohistochemical algorithm for classification of morphologically ambiguous diffuse gliomas.
Acid hydrolysis of kappa‐carrageenan as a way of gaining new substances for freezing process modification and protection from excessive recrystallisation of ice
Authors: Kamińska‐Dwórznicka Anna , Antczak Andrzej , Samborska Katarzyna , Lenart Andrzej 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe effects of κ‐carrageenan and its hydrolysates on modification of the freezing process and also on inhibition of excessive recrystallisation of ice in sucrose solutions during storage were compared. Acid hydrolysis of κ‐carrageenan was carried out using sulphuric (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Most effective in the hydrolysis process turned out to be H2SO4, which degraded κ‐carrageenan to a molecular mass of around 3 × 106 Da, after 1.5 h of hydrolysis. Addition of 0.005% of the new poligeenan (degraded carrageenan), to a sucrose solution (30%), frozen at −20 °C, caused a nearly 50% reduction in the phase‐change stages, and consequently, the total time of freezing was shorter. Significant retardation of recrystallisation was observed for both types of poligeenan, but a stronger effect was observed for the oligosaccharides obtained after HCl hydrolysis, and after 96 h of storage at −8 °C, the equivalent diameter of ice crystals was not greater than 11 μm.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of schoolchildren in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2009
Authors: Gattás Vera L. , Cardoso Maria Regina A. , Mondini Gabriela , Machado Clarisse M. , Luna Expedito J. A. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundChildren play an important role in maintaining the transmission of influenza. Evidence suggests that vaccination of school‐age children can reduce transmission to unvaccinated household contacts. We evaluated the direct and indirect effectiveness of the 2009 inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in vaccinated schoolchildren and their unvaccinated household contacts.MethodsThis was a double‐blind cluster randomized trial involving 10 schools and 1742 schoolchildren as well as 5406 household contacts. The schools were randomly assigned to receive the influenza vaccine or the control vaccine. After vaccination, the schoolchildren and household contacts were followed for 6 months to identify cases of acute respiratory infection (ARI). Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed for the diagnosis of influenza.ResultsA total of 632 ARI cases were detected. Of those, 103 tested positive for influenza virus (influenza virus A[H1N1]pdm09 virus in 55 and seasonal influenza viruses in 48). The effectiveness of the vaccine in protecting against seasonal influenza virus infection was 65·0% for the household contacts (95% CI, 19·6–84·3) and 65·0% for the schoolchildren (95% CI, 20·9–84·5).ConclusionVaccination of schoolchildren significantly protected them and their household contacts against seasonal influenza.
Matrix metalloproteinases and risk stratification in patients undergoing surgical revascularisation for critical limb ischaemia
Authors: De Caridi Giovanni , Massara Mafalda , Spinelli Francesco , David Antonio , Gangemi Sebastiano , Fugetto Francesco , Grande Raffaele , Butrico Lucia , Stefanelli Roberta , Colosimo Manuela , de Franciscis Stefano , Serra Raffaele 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCritical limb ischaemia (CLI) is the most advanced form of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and it is often associated with foot gangrene, which may lead to major amputation of lower limbs, and also with a higher risk of death due to fatal cardiovascular events. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) seem to be involved in atherosclerosis, PAD and CLI. Aim of this study was to evaluate variations in MMP serum levels in patients affected by CLI, before and after lower limb surgical revascularisation through prosthetic or venous bypass. A total of 29 patients (7 females and 22 males, mean age 73·4 years, range 65–83 years) suffering from CLI and submitted to lower extremity bypass (LEB) in our Institution were recruited. Seven patients (group I) underwent LEB using synthetic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft material and 22 patients (group II) underwent LEB using autogenous veins. Moreover, 30 healthy age‐sex‐matched subjects were also enrolled as controls (group III). We documented significantly higher serum MMPs levels (P < 0·01) in patients with CLI (groups I and II) with respect to control group (group III). Finally, five patients with CLI (17·2%) showed poor outcomes (major amputations or death), and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test showed very high levels of MMP‐1 and MMP‐8. MMP serum levels seem to be able to predict the clinical outcomes of patients with CLI.
On Visualisation as Power
Authors: Corrigan Philip 
Published: May 2015

Meanings Offering three texts-as-images (to illustrate photogrammar), a sketch is made of analogies between Foucault's pastoral powers and the grammar of the picturesque and the picturable as part of an investigation of the dialexis of Authority and Difference. Picturing, it is argued, works not only in the depicting but in the photogrammar of what and whom is shown how, they thus encourage ways of seeing and saying more general than any one re-presentation. Critique begins with the stress on these selecting and dividing practices but must then move to a study of orthogonality (who is projecting whom) as a particular form of Authority in relation to Difference. Comme toujours, distanciation that makes this feature of cartography clear begins with making strange what is obvious (hence innocence, naivété) and being a little gauche (hence stupidity). Memories We forget, or at least I do. In close analogy with W. B. Yeats' poem for ‘Unknown Instructors’, I acknowledge here the influence of Jean Luc Godard and, in part through him, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reviewing Godard's work, in a retrospective in Toronto (February-March, 1988) I was struck by the meanings and questions and methods I had taken from his work, especially from Les Carabiniers (1962) in the closing scene where these Rifle- men return with their booty: their postcards acting as the real; equally from the Godard-Gorin Letter to Jane (1972), how the struggle for new questions instead of old answers has to be a difference done differently. But, sentimentally, nothing surpasses (and in this reviewing I wept again) Alphaville (1965) for its insight into Authority as grammar, and as Terror. Thank you.
Effect of specialization on genetic parameters of studbook–entry inspection in Dutch Warmblood horses
Authors: Rovere G. , Madsen P. , Norberg E. , van Arendonk J.A.M. , Ducro B.J. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryRecent studies on data from the Dutch Warmblood Studbook (KWPN) have shown that the ongoing specialization of horses for either dressage (DH) or show jumping (JH) has led to a decreasing genetic relationship between the two subpopulations. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the specialization process on the genetic parameters of traits measured in the studbook–entry inspection of KWPN during the last fifteen years. Data from 18 125 DH and 23 800 JH recorded from 1998 until 2013 were used to analyse 13 traits scored in both DH and JH. Analyses were performed in a Bayesian framework. Firstly, variance components were estimated based on the whole data set. Secondly, genetic correlations between traits measured in DH or JH were estimated using bivariate analyses. Thirdly, three time periods were defined and genetic correlations between subpopulations were estimated within each period. Heritability was moderate (0.17–0.39) for both DH and JH. Genetic correlations between traits measured in DH or JH were not different from one considering the posterior standard deviation of the estimation; however, in most of the traits, a clear trend in reduction of the genetic correlation for traits expressed in DH and JH and an increase in their posterior standard deviation for recent years was observed. These results suggest that specialization could lead to differences in traits measured in DH and JH in the recent years.
Application of Combined Far‐Infrared Radiation and Air Convection for Drying of Instant Germinated Brown Rice
Authors: Nachaisin Mali , Jamradloedluk Jindaporn , Niamnuy Chalida 
Published: May 2015

AbstractShorter drying time and reduced energy consumption for instant germinated brown rice drying were evaluated to ensure that the quality of the final product was not compromised. Energy consumption, moisture content, color, morphology, rehydration, texture and sensory evaluation were determined during drying with a combination of far‐infrared radiation and hot air. Far‐infrared intensities from 1 to 5 kW/m2 were combined with a 40C temperature and 1 m/s air velocity. Drying rate increased with far‐infrared intensity, hence reducing the total drying time. The mathematical model was validated by comparing the simulated results with temperature and moisture content to described the drying behavior of instant germinated brown rice (R2 = 0.999). The total color difference (ΔE) varied from 2.9 to 4.2. Increasing far‐infrared intensity decreased hardness, chewiness and gumminess, but increased the rehydration of instant germinated brown rice. The effective moisture diffusivity increased with the far‐infrared intensity varying from 0.39 × 10−11 to 3.6 × 10−10 m2/s. The specific energy consumption at 5 kW/m2 far‐infrared intensity was 2.90 kWh/kg of water removed, resulting in a 66% energy saving when compared to 1 kW/m2 far‐infrared intensity.Practical ApplicationsAs an excellent source of nutrients, germinated brown rice has gained more attention than white rice. However, information on instant rice obtained from germinated brown rice is scarce. An alternative technique about instant germinated brown rice preparation was therefore proposed in this work. This study gives a method for the preparation for instant germinated brown rice, which would be a good choice for production of instant germinated brown rice in the industry.
Metamorphic imprint of accretion and ridge subduction in the Pan‐African Damara Belt, Namibia
Authors: Cross C. B. , Diener J. F. A. , Fagereng Å. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRidge subduction is an inescapable plate tectonic process, but has only been documented in modern circum‐Pacific environments and not yet been recognized from suture zones associated with supercontinent assembly, likely because its imprint is obliterated by later collision. The formation of the Pan‐African Damara Belt of central Namibia involved northward subduction of the Khomas Sea underneath the Congo Craton, prior to final suturing of the Congo and Kalahari Cratons. The accretionary history of the Belt is preserved in the Southern and Southern Marginal Zones, which consist of turbiditic metasedimentary and intercalcated mafic rocks with MORB affinity. Two localities in the Kuiseb and Gaub canyons reveal that aluminous metapelites contain a fabric‐defining assemblage of fine‐grained muscovite, chlorite, biotite, quartz and graphite that is overprinted by randomly oriented porphyroblasts and poikiloblasts of garnet, staurolite, kyanite and biotite. Associated metamafic rocks consist of hornblende, chlorite, epidote, rutile and quartz, with actinolite cores preserved in amphibole porphyroblasts. Metamorphic conditions for the fabric‐defining assemblage are estimated at ∼10 kbar and 540–560 C, whereas peak metamorphism likely occurred at 10–10.5 kbar and 600 C. Consequently, these rocks preserve a two‐stage prograde metamorphic history, where initial tectonic burial was followed by relatively rapid, near‐isobaric heating without attendant deformation to peak metamorphic conditions. We propose that initial burial occurred through subduction and underplating to the accretionary prism, before ridge subduction and opening of a slab window heated the rocks to peak metamorphic conditions. The exceptional preservation of the tectono‐thermal imprint of the accretionary orogenic stage is due to the relatively soft, largely aborted collision that characterized the Damara orogeny, which can be attributed to the confined extent of the Khomas Sea.
Inhibition of microglial activation contributes to propofol‐induced protection against post‐cardiac arrest brain injury in rats
Authors: Wang Wei , Lu Rui , Feng Da‐yun , Liang Li‐rong , Liu Bing , Zhang Hui 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt has been suggested that propofol can modulate microglial activity and hence may have potential roles against neuroinflammation following brain ischemic insult. However, whether and how propofol can inhibit post‐cardiac arrest brain injury via inhibition of microglia activation remains unclear. A rat model of asphyxia cardiac arrest (CA) was created followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CA induced marked microglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region, revealed by increased OX42 and P2 class of purinoceptor 7 (P2X7R) expression, as well as p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Morris water maze showed that learning and memory deficits following CA could be inhibited or alleviated by pre‐treatment with the microglial inhibitor minocycline or propofol. Microglial activation was significantly suppressed likely via the P2X7R/p‐p38 pathway by propofol. Moreover, hippocampal neuronal injuries after CA were remarkably attenuated by propofol. In vitro experiment showed that propofol pre‐treatment inhibited ATP‐induced microglial activation and release of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β. In addition, propofol protected neurons from injury when co‐culturing with ATP‐treated microglia. Our data suggest that propofol pre‐treatment inhibits CA‐induced microglial activation and neuronal injury in the hippocampus and ultimately improves cognitive function.
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We proposed a possible mechanism of propofol‐mediated brain protection after cardiac arrest (CA). CA induces P2X7R upregulation and p38 phosphorylation in microglia, which induces release of TNF‐α and IL‐1β and consequent neuronal injury. Propofol could inhibit microglial activation and alleviate neuronal damage. Our results suggest propofol‐induced anti‐inflammatory treatment as a plausible strategy for therapeutic intervention in post‐CA brain injury.
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and S6 Kinase mediate diazoxide preconditioning in primary rat cortical neurons
Authors: Dutta Somhrita , Rutkai Ibolya , Katakam Prasad V. G. , Busija David W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe examined the role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in delayed diazoxide (DZ)‐induced preconditioning of cultured rat primary cortical neurons. Neurons were treated for 3 days with 500 μM DZ or feeding medium and then exposed to 3 h of continuous normoxia in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium with glucose or with 3 h of oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by normoxia and feeding medium. The OGD decreased viability by 50%, depolarized mitochondria, and reduced mitochondrial respiration, whereas DZ treatment improved viability and mitochondrial respiration, and suppressed reactive oxygen species production, but did not restore mitochondrial membrane potential after OGD. Neuroprotection by DZ was associated with increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), mTOR, and the major mTOR downstream substrate, S6 Kinase (S6K). The mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and Torin‐1, as well as S6K‐targeted siRNA abolished the protective effects of DZ. The effects of DZ on mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production were not affected by rapamycin. Preconditioning with DZ also changed mitochondrial and non‐mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates. We conclude that in addition to reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, DZ protects against OGD by activation of the Akt‐mTOR‐S6K pathway and by changes in mitochondrial respiration.
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Ischemic strokes have limited therapeutic options. Diazoxide (DZ) preconditioning can reduce neuronal damage. Using oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD), we studied Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling and mitochondrial respiration in neuronal preconditioning. We found DZ protects neurons against OGD via the Akt/mTOR/S6K pathway and alters the mitochondrial and non‐mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. This suggests that the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway and mitochondria are novel stroke targets.
Hypothalamic Agouti‐Related Peptide mRNA is Elevated During Natural and Stress‐Induced Anorexia
Authors: Dunn I. C. , Wilson P. W. , D'Eath R. B. , Boswell T. 
Published: May 2015

As part of their natural lives, animals can undergo periods of voluntarily reduced food intake and body weight (i.e. animal anorexias) that are beneficial for survival or breeding, such as during territorial behaviour, hibernation, migration and incubation of eggs. For incubation, a change in the defended level of body weight or ‘sliding set point’ appears to be involved, although the neural mechanisms reponsible for this are unknown. We investigated how neuropeptide gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the domestic chicken responded to a 60–70% voluntary reduction in food intake measured both after incubation and after an environmental stressor involving transfer to unfamiliar housing. We hypothesised that gene expression would not change in these circumstances because the reduced food intake and body weight represented a defended level in birds with free access to food. Unexpectedly, we observed increased gene expression of the orexigenic peptide agouti‐related peptide (AgRP) in both incubating and transferred animals compared to controls. Also pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA was higher in incubating hens and significantly increased 6 days after exposure to the stressor. Conversely expression of neuropeptide Y and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript gene was unchanged in both experimental situations. We conclude that AgRP expression remains sensitive to the level of energy stores during natural anorexias, which is of adaptive advantage, although its normal orexigenic effects are over‐ridden by inhibitory signals. In the case of stress‐induced anorexia, increased POMC may contribute to this inhibitory role, whereas, for incubation, reduced feeding may also be associated with increased expression in the hypothalamus of the anorexigenic peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide.