bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ontario Christian Gleaners: A Case Study of a Stakeholder-Engaged Organizational Strategy
Authors: van Duren Erna , Hansen Sterne Rita 
Published: April 2014

The Ontario Christian Gleaners (OCG) gathers, dries, and distributes produce destined to be waste and creates value by processing dried soup mixes and fruit snacks using volunteer labour. This case study examines the roles of relationships in the OCGs strategy, operations, and management using a strategic management framework that incorporates value creation and trading. Data was collected from secondary sources, site visits, and interviews. The case examines how relationships with primary and secondary stakeholders are managed to create value. Primary stakeholders are individuals, groups, and organizations with formal, regular, contractual or transactional relationships with an organization. At OCG they include donors of vegetables and fruit, supplies like pails, and services like free waste tipping; communities that receive the dried soups, fruits, shipping barrels, and pails; mission and relief organizations that raise funding and distribute the food and the volunteers who donate their time. Secondary stakeholders do not have regular relationships with an organization but may be affected by its actions or affect its actions indirectly through their activities in the market or society. At OCG secondary stakeholders include those who receive soup; interest groups such as food businesses, consumer or environmental organizations; the earth that supplies the agricultural and food resources; the media; the government that oversees the charitable status requirements and food safety legislation; food banks and others who have similar missions to feed the hungry; and finally educational, social, and health institutions who have goals that intersect with those of the OCG.
Swords into ploughshares: John Herschel's
progressive view of astronomical and imperial
governance
Authors: GREEN MUSSELMAN ELIZABETH 
Published: July 2002

Stargazing Knight Errant, beware of the day
When the Hottentots catch thee observing away!
Be sure they will pluck thy eyes out of their sockets
To prevent thee from stuffing the stars in thy pocketsIf Herschel should find a new star at the Cape,
His perils no longer would pain us
He will salt the star's tail to prevent its escape
And call it ‘The Hottentot Venus’.Astronomy has long been recognized as a tool of empire. Its service
to navigation and
geography have made it indispensable to European expansion. Britain in
particular
excelled at this brand of control; each day when the sun set on the British
empire, its
telescopes continued to enhance imperial power.While the above claims are no longer controversial, we have hardly begun
to understand
the extent to which imperialism subsequently changed the nature of the
physical sciences.
MOVING FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTRE:
THE NON-BRITISH IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Clark Emily 
Published: July 2002

Life and religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758.
By A. J. B. Johnston. London: McGill-Queen's
University Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1996. Pp. xxxii+227. ISBN 0-7735-1525-9.
£12.95.The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's first city government,
1769–1803. By Gilbert
C. Din and John E. Harkins. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
Pp. xvii+330. ISBN 0-8071-2042-1. £42.75.Revolution, romanticism, and the Afro-Creole protest tradition in Louisiana,
1718–1868. By Caryn
Cossé Bell. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+325. ISBN
0-8071-2096-0. £32.95.Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement and political culture in colonial
America, 1717–1775. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1996. Pp. xii+257. ISBN 0-8122-1548-6. £15.95.Britannia lost the war of American independence but still reigns over the historiography
of colonial North America. This is a problem now that historians of early America have
embarked on an attempt to apply an Atlantic world perspective to colonial
development. The complex web of human, cultural, economic, and political encounters
and exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas spreads well beyond the
familiar terrain of Britain and its thirteen mainland colonies. While the histories of
Indians and enslaved Africans are beginning to find their way into the historical
narrative of early America to challenge the British hegemony, non-British Europeans
remain virtually invisible, except as opponents in the imperial wars that punctuated the
colonial era. These four books illustrate obstacles that must be overcome to remedy this
gap and offer glimpses of the rewards to be gained by drawing the history of continental
Europeans previously treated as peripheral into the centre of the major debates
currently shaping early American history.
Extent of digestion and rumen condition as factors affecting

passage of liquid and digesta particles in sheep
Authors: de VEGA A. , POPPI D. P. 
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were carried out at Mt. Cotton, The University
of

Queensland, from November

1992 to July 1993, to study the effect of extent of digestion or feed type

(grass or legume) on particle

kinetics in the rumen. Small (0·5–1·18 mm) Yb-labelled

grass or legume particles, either digested or

undigested, were injected into the rumen of sheep fed on different diets,
and

their retention time in

the reticulo-ruminal compartment measured. In Expt 1, four intact wethers
were

fed on either

pangola grass hay, chaffed lucerne hay, pelleted lucerne hay or commercial

pelleted concentrate.

Digested particles from the faeces of animals fed on pangola or lucerne
and

undigested material from

the same diets were wet-sieved and the fraction 0·5–1·18
mm

collected, labelled with Yb-acetate and

injected into the animals together with a solution of Cr-EDTA. Faecal samples

were taken and

analysed for marker concentrations. In Expt 2, four similar animals, fitted
with

duodenal and ruminal

cannulae, were fed on different proportions of pangola grass hay and lucerne
hay,

and Cr-EDTA and

the above mentioned labelled particles were injected through the rumen
cannula.

Samples were taken from the duodenum and analysed for marker concentrations.The results indicated that diet characteristics rather than extent of

digestion or particle type had

the greatest influence on rates of passage of both liquid and particulate

phases. Different proportions

of pangola and lucerne did not result in marked differences in either the

volumes of rumen contents

or the rates of passage of the solid phase marker but altered the rates
of

passage of Cr-EDTA.

Increasing the proportion of legume increased intake and decreased retention

time markedly, with no additive effects on digestibility.Particles of the same small size escaped with the same fractional passage

rate within each diet,

irrespective of type (grass or legume) or status (undigested or digested),

indicating identical kinetics within each rumen type.It was concluded that rumen conditions as influenced by diet type have
most

influence on water and

particle kinetics and that extent of digestion of the small particles used
in

our experiments was not

important. Particles of legume or grass of the same size behaved similarly

within a diet type.
Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus on
the nutritive value of pasture for sheep
Authors: WAGHORN G. C. , SHELTON I. D. 
Published: July 2002

The extent to which condensed tannins (CT) in Lotus corniculatus
were able to affect protein degradation and the nutritive value of pasture were
evaluated at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1992
in an indoor feeding trial with sheep and using in vitro incubations.
The feeding trial involved three
groups of seven young wether sheep held indoors in metabolism crates for the
32-day experimental
period with one group fed freshly cut ryegrass/clover pasture (Pasture
group) whilst the other two
groups received a mixture of c. 37% freshly cut Lotus
corniculatus and 63% pasture (dry matter
(DM) basis). One of the latter groups was given twice daily oral drenches of
polyethylene glycol
(PEG) to bind with and remove the effects of the CT (PEG group) whilst the
remaining sheep (Tannin
group) were not drenched. Intakes of sheep given the mixed diets were
constrained to that of the
pasture group. The CT concentration in the lotus was 26·1 g/kg
DM so that the mixed diets contained
c. 10g CT/kg DM. Effects of CT on digestion and sheep performance
were minimal. Apparent
digestibility of N was lower in the Tannin group (76·4%) than PEG
(79·8%) or Pasture (79·4%)
sheep (P<0·001), but there were no differences in DM
digestibility (75%) or wool growth from mid-side patches. Rumen ammonia and
soluble protein concentrations appeared to be similar in PEG and
Tannin sheep and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were similar in all
groups (100 mmol/l).For incubations in vitro, several ratios of Lotus corniculatus:
pasture were used to determine the
effects of CT on precipitation of soluble proteins and the net yield of
ammonia and gas with and
without PEG. Homogenates of Lotus corniculatus leaves and pasture
showed that 50% of soluble
protein was precipitated by 1·3% CT in homogenate DM and there was
a substantial decrease in in
vitro degradation to ammonia when lotus leaf accounted for 33% or more of
DM with pasture. This
work emphasises the need for caution when extrapolating from in vitro to
the in vivo situation and
suggests that 1% CT from Lotus corniculatus may be insufficient to
affect the nutritive value of fresh forages for sheep.
DETERMINANTS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY II: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Authors: ODDENS B. J. 
Published: July 2002

Psychological determinants of contraceptive use were investigated in Great Britain and Germany, using national data obtained in 1992. It was hypothesised that current contraceptive use among sexually active, fertile women aged 15-45 was related to their attitude towards the various contraceptive methods, social influences, perceptions of being able to use a method correctly and consistently, a correct estimation of fertility, and communication with their partner. Effects of age and country were also taken into account.The attitude of respondents towards the various contraceptive methods was ambivalent and no method was seen as ideal. On medical methods (OCs, IUDs and sterilisation) many respondents expressed doubts as to their safety for health. Social influences most frequently concerned the use of OCs. Respondents considered themselves able to use oral contraceptives correctly, but expressed general fear about intrauterine devices and sterilisation, and many women believed they were not able to use condoms and periodic abstinence consistently.Multifactorial analyses revealed that current contraceptive use was principally determined by social influences, attitude and self-efficacy with respect to medical methods. Age and country, and, for use of unreliable methods, fertility awareness also played a role. Communication with the partner was less relevant.Contraceptive choice (and the use of non-medical methods) depended greatly on encouragement to use and being in favour of medical methods. A lack of social support for use of medical methods and a negative attitude towards them was related to higher use rates of condoms, periodic abstinence, withdrawal and reliance on ‘luck’. In the case of withdrawal and/or no method, underestimation of fertility played an additional role.Contraceptive choice appears to be determined more by a general like or dislike of medical methods rather than on a weighing of the merits of individual available methods.
Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History
Authors: Blackburn Stuart 
Published: July 2002

This [the Valluvar legend] is one of the traditions which are so repugnant to inveterate popular prejudice that they appear too strange for fiction, and are probably founded on fact. (Robert Caldwell 1875:132).If we now recognize that literary history is more than a history of literature, it is perhaps less widely accepted that the writing of literary history is an important subject for literary historiography. Yet literary histories are a rich source for understanding local conceptions of both history and literature. More accessible than archaeology, more tangible than ethnology, literary histories are culturally constructed narratives in which the past is reimagined in the light of contemporary concerns. Certainly in nineteenth-century India, the focus of this essay, literary history was seized upon as evidence to be advanced in the major debates of the time; cultural identities, language ideologies, civilization hierarchies and nationalism were all asserted and challenged through literary histories in colonial India. Asserted and challenged by Europeans, as well as Indians.
Neuroticism and polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene
Authors: DEARY I. J. , BATTERSBY S. , WHITEMAN M. C. , CONNOR J. M. , FOWKES F. G. R. , HARMAR A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is evidence for an association between two different polymorphisms of the
human serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) and the personality trait of neuroticism and affective
disorder.Methods. We studied the association between neuroticism and polymorphisms in the 5HTT-linked
promoter region and in a variable number tandem repeat region (VNTR) of the 5-HTT gene in 204
people aged over 60 derived from a random sample of men and women in the general population.
Approximately half of the subjects were in the top 20% of neuroticism scorers and half in the
bottom 20%.Results. There were no significant differences in allelic or genotypic frequencies between the high
and low neuroticism scorers. There was highly significant linkage disequilibrium between the two
5-HTT gene polymorphisms, and haplotype analysis showed no association between neuroticism
level and haplotype.Conclusions. Reports of an association between two 5-HTT gene polymorphisms and the
personality trait of neuroticism are not supported by these results.
Historiography and International Relations
Authors: LITTLE RICHARD 
Published: July 2002

Stafano Guzzini, Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The Continuing Story of a Death Foretold, London and New York, Routledge, 1998Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1998The philosopher and mathematician, Alfred North Whitehead, cautioned many years ago that ‘A science which hesitates to forget its founders is lost’. If this injunction is true, then there would appear to be very little hope for the study of international relations. Although there is considerable debate about who constitute the founding fathers – names as different as Thucydides, Grotius and Kant come to mind – without doubt, interest in the seminal thoughts about international relations of such figures has never been higher.
SECOND LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY, PHONETICS, AND TYPOLOGY
Authors: Archibald John 
Published: July 2002

In this paper, I address the nature of the mental representation of an interlanguage grammar.
The focus will be on the necessity of positing some sort of hierarchical constituent structure to
account for L2 phonology. I discuss relevant data from the domains of the acquisition of
segments, syllables, moras, and metrical structure. The interaction of these domains is
discussed.In addition, I look at the acquisition of onset clusters and argue that the acquisition of liquids
is correlated with the acquisition of consonantal sequences. Evidence from language change,
language typology, and language acquisition suggests that there is a causal relationship between
the two. The theoretical framework of feature geometry and derived sonority gives us the
apparatus to explain what the second-language learners are doing.
A new frog of the genus Hylodes (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Nascimento Luciana B. , Pombal José P. , Haddad Célio F. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species of leptodactylid frog is described from Parque das Mangabeiras, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, south‐eastern Brazil. The new species is a member of the Hylodes lateristrigatus group, and is characterized by medium size, snout rounded in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view, presence of vocal slits and sacs, upper surface of finger and toe discs with well‐developed scutes, a weakly developed stripe on the upper lip, dorsum, arm, leg, and foot dark brown with small irregular brown and black dots, and absence of red and yellow spots in live specimens. The descriptions of the tadpoles and vocalizations, and information on natural history are provided. Hylodes perplicatus (Miranda‐Ribeiro), previously considered a member of the H. nasus species group, is transferred to the H. lateristrigatus species group.
Parasite resistance and genetic variation in the endangered Gila topminnow
Authors: Hedrick Philip W. , Kim Timothy J. , Parker Karen M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn recent years, it has become apparent that introduced or novel pathogens or parasites may have a significant negative impact on endangered species. Here we examine experimentally the effect of an exotic fluke from guppies on the endangered Gila topminnow. Populations from different sources showed variable responses (although statistically non‐significant) to the fluke and, in particular, the most homozygous population had high fluke infections and high subsequent mortality. Homozygotes for a MHC (major histocompatibility complex) gene had lower (although statistically non‐significant) survival when infected with flukes than did heterozygotes. An inbred line from one of the populations had statistically significant lower survival and higher fluke infection than did a simultaneous outbred control. Overall, Gila topminnows appear quite susceptible to infection by the non‐native fluke compared to other related species. In addition, it was shown that Gila topminnows can be infected by casual contact with infected guppies. This is another example of the potential detrimental effects of a parasite on an endangered species, a threat that may constitute a particular problem for species with low genetic variation, either in general, for important MHC genes, or for populations with a past history of inbreeding.
Null Mutation of PCLN-1/Claudin-16 Results in Bovine Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
Authors: Hirano Takashi , Kobayashi Naohiko , Itoh Tomohito , Takasuga Akiko , Nakamaru Teruhiko , Hirotsune Shinji , Sugimoto Yoshikazu 
Published: July 2002

Inherited chronic renal diseases are associated with failures in glomerular filtration and tubular resorption. Such failures invariably result from defects in selective filtration and absorption in surface renal epithelium. Recently, we described an autosomal recessive chronic interstitial nephritis with diffuse zonal fibrosis (CINF) in cattle. Bovine CINF, characterized by increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and urinary proteins, leads to lethality before puberty, usually within the first 6 months or year of life. Here, we demonstrate that the first four exons of PCLN-1/Claudin-16(CL-16), which encodes a member of the claudin family of tight junction proteins, were deleted in CINF-affected cattle. CL-16was expressed preferentially in kidneys of normal cattle, but transcripts were totally absent in affected offspring. This observation suggests that the lack of CL-16 protein contributes to the dysfunction of paracellular renal transport systems.[The CL-16cDNA sequence has been deposited at GenBank under accession no. AB030082.]
Mechanically Stimulated TCH3 Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Involves Protein Phosphorylation and EIN6 Downstream of Calcium
Authors: Wright Andrew J. , Knight Heather , Knight Marc R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Mechanical signals are important both as environmental and endogenous developmental cues in plants. Among the quickest measurable responses to mechanical stimulation (MS) in plants is the up-regulation of specific genes, including TCH3, in Arabidopsis. Little is known about the signaling events and components that link perception of mechanical signals to gene expression in plants. Calcium has been identified previously as being potentially involved, and a role for ethylene has also been suggested. Using the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, we determined that MS up-regulation ofTCH3 expression requires protein kinase activity in young Arabidopsis seedlings. Our data from studies on the Arabidopsisein6 mutant demonstrate that the EIN6 protein is also required, but that its role in mechanically induced TCH3expression appears to be independent of ethylene. Challenge of seedlings with protein phosphatase inhibitors calyculin A and okadaic acid stimulated TCH3 expression even in the absence of MS, implying protein phosphatase activity acting to negatively regulateTCH3 gene expression. This phosphatase activity acts either downstream or independently of EIN6. EIN6 and protein kinase activity, on the other hand, operate downstream of calcium to mediate mechanically stimulated TCH3 expression.
The Impact of Alteration of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels on C6-Aldehyde Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves
Authors: Zhuang H. , Hamilton-Kemp T. R. , Andersen R. A. , Hildebrand D. F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
C6-aldehydes are synthesized via lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase action on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) substrates in plant leaves. The source pools and subcellular location of the processes are unknown. A close relationship is found between the composition of PUFA and the composition of C6-aldehydes. In the current study, this relationship was tested using the Arabidopsis PUFA mutant lines act1, fad2, fad3 fad5, fad6, and fad7. The results indicate that C6-aldehyde formation is influenced by the alteration of C18 PUFA levels. Mutants act1 and fad5, which are deficient in C16 unsaturated fatty acids, had wild-type levels of C6-aldehyde production. Mutants deficient in the chloroplast hexadecenoic acid/oleic acid desaturase (fad6) or hexadecadienoic acid/linoleic acid desaturase (fad7) had altered C6-aldehyde formation in a pattern similar to the changes in the PUFA. Mutations that impair phosphatidylcholine desaturase activity, such as fad2 and fad3, however, resulted in increased E-2-hexenal formation. The enzymes involved in C6-aldehyde production were partially characterized, including measurement of pH optima. The differences in C6-aldehyde formation among the fatty acid mutants of Arabidopsis appeared not to result from alteration of lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase pathway enzymes. Investigation of the fatty acid composition in leaf phospholipids, glycolipids, and neutral lipids and analysis of the fatty acid composition of chloroplast and extrachloroplast lipids indicate that chloroplasts and glycolipids of chloroplasts may be the source or major source of C6-aldehyde formation in Arabidopsis leaves.