bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravenous versus intramuscular epinephrine administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a pilot study in piglets
Authors: Mauch Jacqueline , Ringer Simone K. , Spielmann Nelly , Weiss Markus 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundEarly epinephrine administration in cardiac arrest seems to be advantageous to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Because intravenous (i.v.) or intraosseous access is not always immediately available, this study compares efficacy of early intramuscular (i.m.) epinephrine administration with early and delayed i.v. epinephrine injection in an animal cardiac arrest model.MethodsPiglets anesthetized with sevoflurane were intoxicated by an i.v. ropivacaine infusion until circulatory arrest. After 1 min basic life support (chest compression and ventilation), epinephrine i.v. (10 μg·kg−1, group IV) or epinephrine i.m. (100 μg·kg−1, group IM) or normal saline (group NS) was applied. Further doses of epinephrine were given in group IV every 4 min and in group IM after 10 min if required. Twenty‐one minutes after circulatory arrest, i.v. epinephrine – as necessary – was given to all animals. Thus, group NS represents late epinephrine administration. Outcomes were survival and time to ROSC.ResultsTwenty‐four pigs aged 19.5 (median, interquartile range 16–22) days, weighing 5.4 (5.0–5.7) kg were investigated. Total amount of ropivacaine administered was 8.9 (8.1–10.1) mg·kg−1. Cardiac rhythm before starting CPR was pulseless electric activity and asystole in 15 and 9 pigs, respectively. Eight, seven, and four pigs survived in group IV, IM, and NS. Focusing on surviving animals, time to ROSC was 2, 4 and 19.5 min in group IV, IM, and NS.ConclusionsEarly i.m. epinephrine provided similar survival compared with early i.v. epinephrine and was superior to delayed epinephrine administration in resuscitation of ropivacaine‐induced cardiac arrest in piglets.
The STBUR questionnaire for predicting perioperative respiratory adverse events in children at risk for sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Tait Alan R. , Voepel‐Lewis Terri , Christensen Robert , O'Brien Louise M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn the absence of formal polysomnography (PSG), many children with symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) go unrecognized and thus may be at risk for perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAE).ObjectivesTo develop a simple practical tool to identify children with symptoms consistent with SDB who may be at risk for PRAE.MethodsThree‐hundred and thirty‐seven parents of children scheduled for surgery completed the Sleep‐Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD) questionnaire. Data regarding the incidence and severity of PRAE including airway obstruction and laryngospasm, were collected prospectively.ResultsThirty‐two (9.5%) children had a confirmed diagnosis of SDB by PSG and 90 (26.7%) had symptoms consistent with SDB based on the SRBD questionnaire. Principal component analysis identified five symptoms from the SRBD questionnaire that were strongly predictive of PRAE and which were incorporated into the STBUR tool (Snoring, Trouble Breathing, Un‐Refreshed). The likelihood of PRAE was increased by threefold (positive likelihood ratio 3.06 [1.64–5.96] in the presence of any 3 STBUR symptoms and by tenfold when all five symptoms were present (9.74 [1.35–201.8]). In comparison, the likelihood of PRAE based on a PSG‐confirmed diagnosis of SDB was 2.63 (1.17–6.23).ConclusionsChildren presenting for surgery with symptoms consistent with SDB may be at risk for PRAE. It is important therefore that anesthesia providers identify these individuals prior to surgery to avoid potential complications. The STBUR questionnaire appears promising as a simple, clinically useful tool for identifying children at risk for PRAE. Further studies to validate the STBUR questionnaire as a diagnostic tool may be warranted.
Association between awareness of harmful effects of smoking and smoking cessation advice provided by hospital chest physicians in Guangzhou, China: A multi‐institutional cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Tang Yan , Jiang Mei , Li De‐rong , Guan Wei‐jie , Liang Yi‐hua , Li Shi‐yue , Zheng Jin‐ping , Chen Rong‐chang , Zhong Nan‐shan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveIt is unknown which factors are associated with smoking cessation interventions initiated by hospital chest physicians in China. We examined physicians' awareness of negative effects of smoking on smoking cessation advice given.MethodsA cluster randomized cross‐sectional survey was conducted from July to August 2011 in hospital chest physicians (n = 354) in Guangzhou, China.ResultsOf those who responded (n = 354, 92%), 63.8% were aware of negative effects of smoking and 64.5% initiated smoking cessation programmes with their patients. Awareness differed among physicians depending on their hospital affiliation (χ2 = 54.7, P > 0.001), that is, primary (44.9%), secondary (55.1%) and tertiary hospitals (87.0%), (odds ratio = 1.732, 95% confidence interval: 1.072–2.797, P < 0.05). Physicians with less awareness prescribed smoking cessation medication less frequently (χ2 = 137.71, P < 0.001). Smoking cessation practice by physicians also depended on hospital affiliation (χ2 = 5.7, P > 0.001), (odds ratio = 4.074, 95% confidence interval: 1.399–11.860, P = 0.010). Smoking status of physicians was related to smoking cessation practice.ConclusionsPhysicians more aware of the health hazards of smoking provided more smoking cessation advice. Awareness correlated with hospital levels and smoking status. Physician's advice correlated with their smoking status and educational background, but not with the levels of hospital, position or department affiliation.
Citizenship Status and Patterns of Inequality in theUnitedStates andCanada
Authors: Aptekar Sofya 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThis study investigates inequalities in the distribution of citizenship status among immigrants inCanada and theUnitedStates between 1970 and 2001. It is motivated by a desire to probe deeper into the gap in citizenship rates between the two countries.MethodsLogistic regression analysis of census data is used to predict the odds of citizenship among the foreign born, controlling for a range of factors.ResultsThere has been a growing inequality in the distribution of citizenship in theUnitedStates, but not inCanada. Low rates of citizenship hide the appearance of a large disparity in citizenship between those with the lowest levels of education and everyone else. These results cannot be entirely ascribed to the presence of undocumented immigrants.ConclusionPersistent and large inequalities in citizenship leave the already disadvantaged unskilled immigrants without access to rights, representation, security, or job and educational opportunities.
Self‐Esteem and the Reproduction of Social Class
Authors: James Spencer L. , Amato Paul R. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveAlthough prior research has demonstrated the multiple pathways through which socioeconomic attainment occurs, one unexplored avenue regards the role of psychological mechanisms such as self‐esteem in this process.MethodsUsing three waves of data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,952), we employed structural equation models to examine the relationship between parenting practices and attitudes, socioeconomic status, offspring's self‐esteem, and the likelihood of offspring college attendance.ResultsSelf‐esteem was positively related to the likelihood of offspring's college attendance. Additionally, self‐esteem was found to be a modest mediator of the relationship between parental educational expectations and parental income, respectively, and the likelihood of offspring completing or being currently enrolled in college.ConclusionSelf‐esteem may constitute one previously unconsidered mechanism for reproducing the class structure in the United States.
The Gender Gap in High School Physics: Considering the Context of Local Communities
Authors: Riegle‐Crumb Catherine , Moore Chelsea 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesWe focus on variation in gender inequality in physics course‐taking, questioning the notion of a ubiquitous male advantage. We consider how inequality in high school physics is related to the context of students’ local communities, specifically the representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations in the labor force.MethodsThis study uses nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and its education component, the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Transcript Study.ResultsApproximately half of schools are characterized by either gender equality or even a small female advantage in enrollment in this traditionally male subject. Furthermore, variation in the gender gap in physics is related to the percent of women who are employed in STEM occupations within the community.ConclusionOur study suggests that communities differ in the extent to which traditionally gendered status expectations shape beliefs and behaviors.
The Aguacaliente Fault, source of the Cartago 1910 destructive earthquake (Costa Rica)
Authors: Alonso‐Henar Jorge , Montero Walter , Martínez‐Díaz José J. , Álvarez‐Gómez José A. , Insua‐Arévalo Juan M. , Rojas Wilfredo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOn 4 May 1910, the most destructive earthquake in the history of Costa Rica (Ms 6.4) destroyed the city of Cartago, a major city located in the Valle Central of Costa Rica. Using both palaeo‐seismological and morphotectonic analyses, we have found evidence that points to the Aguacaliente Fault (AF) as the source of this earthquake. This structure is a N100° E trending, strike‐slip fault situated to the south of Cartago and within a wide band of deformation. We excavated two trenches near Bermejo, south of Cartago. We found evidence of three surface ruptures within the last 1000 years on this fault. The age of the most recent rupture is consistent with the Cartago 1910 earthquake. TheAFis a seismogenic source capable of producing large earthquakes (Mw 6.5–6.9) with an estimated recurrence interval of about 500 years.
Prevalence of placenta praevia by world region: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cresswell Jenny A. , Ronsmans Carine , Calvert Clara , Filippi Véronique 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectives(i) To estimate the prevalence burden of placenta praevia in each world region, and (ii) to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity.MethodsSystematic review of the literature and random‐effects meta‐analysis. Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated using meta‐regression.ResultsThe overall prevalence of placenta praevia was 5.2 per 1000 pregnancies (95% CI: 4.5–5.9). However, there was evidence of regional variation (P = 0.0001); prevalence was highest among Asian studies (12.2 per 1000 pregnancies; 95% CI: 9.5–15.2) and lower among studies from Europe (3.6 per 1000 pregnancies; 95% CI: 2.8–4.6), North America (2.9 per 1000 pregnancies; 95% CI: 2.3–3.5) and Sub‐Saharan Africa (2.7 per 1000 pregnancies; 95% CI: 0.3–11.0). The prevalence of major placenta praevia was 4.3 per 1000 pregnancies (95% CI: 3.3–5.4).ConclusionThe prevalence of placenta praevia is low at around 5 per 1000 pregnancies. There is some evidence suggestive of regional variation in its prevalence, but it is not possible to determine from existing data whether this is due to true ethnic differences or other unknown factor(s).
The hybrid Four‐CBS‐Domain KINβγ subunit functions as the canonical γ subunit of the plant energy sensor SnRK1
Authors: Ramon Matthew , Ruelens Philip , Li Yi , Sheen Jen , Geuten Koen , Rolland Filip 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe AMPK/SNF1/SnRK1 protein kinases are a family of ancient and highly conserved eukaryotic energy sensors that function as heterotrimeric complexes. These typically comprise catalytic α subunits and regulatory β and γ subunits, the latter function as the energy‐sensing modules of animal AMPK through adenosine nucleotide binding. The ability to monitor accurately and adapt to changing environmental conditions and energy supply is essential for optimal plant growth and survival, but mechanistic insight in the plant SnRK1 function is still limited. In addition to a family of γ‐like proteins, plants also encode a hybrid βγ protein that combines the Four‐Cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS)‐domain (FCD) structure in γ subunits with a glycogen‐binding domain (GBD), typically found in β subunits. We used integrated functional analyses by ectopic SnRK1 complex reconstitution, yeast mutant complementation, in‐depth phylogenetic reconstruction, and a seedling starvation assay to show that only the hybrid KINβγ protein that recruited the GBD around the emergence of the green chloroplast‐containing plants, acts as the canonical γ subunit required for heterotrimeric complex formation. Mutagenesis and truncation analysis further show that complex interaction in plant cells and γ subunit function in yeast depend on both a highly conserved FCD and a pre‐CBS domain, but not the GBD. In addition to novel insight into canonical AMPK/SNF/SnRK1 γ subunit function, regulation and evolution, we provide a new classification of plant FCD genes as a convenient and reliable tool to predict regulatory partners for the SnRK1 energy sensor and novel FCD gene functions.
Wound biofilms: Lessons learned from oral biofilms
Authors: Mancl Kimberly A. , Kirsner Robert S. , Ajdic Dragana 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBiofilms play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of many chronic infections. Oral biofilms, more commonly known as dental plaque, are a primary cause of oral diseases including caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Oral biofilms are commonly studied as model biofilm systems as they are easily accessible; thus, biofilm research in oral diseases is advanced with details of biofilm formation and bacterial interactions being well elucidated. In contrast, wound research has relatively recently directed attention to the role biofilms have in chronic wounds. This review discusses the biofilms in periodontal disease and chronic wounds with comparisons focusing on biofilm detection, biofilm formation, the immune response to biofilms, bacterial interaction, and quorum sensing. Current treatment modalities used by both fields and future therapies are also discussed.
Conserved shell disguises diversity in Mesodontrachia land snails from the Australian Monsoon Tropics (Gastropoda: Camaenidae)
Authors: Criscione Francesco , Köhler Frank 
Published: April 2013

We comprehensively revise the taxonomy of the camaenid genus Mesodontrachia Solem, 1985, which is endemic to the Victoria River District and East Kimberley in the north‐western Australian Monsoon Tropics based on comparative analyses of key morphological features and mitochondrial DNA sequences. We examined newly collected samples from several collection sites spread over nearly 20 000 km2 of mostly inaccessible land, which represented all three currently known and three previously undescribed species. All species were initially identified as members of Mesodontrachia based on their similar, putatively typical shell. However, Mesodontrachia as so delimited was polyphyletic in a mitochondrial phylogeny with respect to several other camaenid genera from NW Australia. Contrary to the shell, we found considerable variation in the penial anatomy that was consistent with the mtDNA differentiation. To retain monophyletic taxa, we propose a revised taxonomy whereby Mesodontrachia is maintained as a monotypic taxon. In addition, four genera (Nodulabium, Ototrachia, Pseudomesodontrachia and Vincentrachia) and three species (P. gregoriana, O. compressa and N. solidum) are newly described. The shell of all these taxa is highly conserved and of little taxonomic utility. Shell similarity is attributed to a similar life style in a similar and harsh environment.
Physiological Changes Associated with de qi during electroacupuncture to LI4 and LI11: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Yu David Tai Wai , Jones Alice Yee Men 
Published: March 2013

Background Studies on the relationship between de qi intensity and activity changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are scarce. This study investigates the physiological responses associated with de qi. The relationship between de qi intensity and such responses was determined. Method This was a single-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 36 subjects (19 men, 17 women), aged 34.5±4.6 years, were randomly assigned to group 1 (electroacupuncture at 2 Hz, 0.4 ms to right LI4 and LI11 for 30 min), group 2 (electroacupuncture stimulation to bilateral patellae) or group 3 (sham electroacupuncture to right LI4 and LI11 but over Duoderm pads). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR variability by low/high frequency (LF/HF) were recorded 5 min before, during and 5 min after the intervention. Needle sensations were quantified by the Modified Massachusetts General Hospital Acupuncture Sensation Scale – Chinese version (C-MMASS) and the C-MMASS index was computed. Results A significant increase in LF/HF, MAP and HR was observed in group 1. A small and significant increase in LF/HF was observed in group 2 but the changes in MAP and HR in groups 2 and 3 were not significant. The C-MMASS index was highest in group 1 (5.3±1.3), moderate in group 2 (3.5±0.7) and lowest in group 3 (0.77±0.2). A positive correlation between de qi intensity and changes in LF/HF, MAP and HR was observed. Conclusions This study suggests that de qi is associated with physiological changes, and that de qi intensity increases with an increase in sympathetic discharge of the ANS.
Multiple overlapping stents as monotherapy in the treatment of ‘blister’ pseudoaneurysms arising from the supraclinoid internal carotid artery: a single institution series and review of the literature
Authors: Walsh Kevin M , Moskowitz Shaye I , Hui Ferdinand K , Spiotta Alejandro M 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThe ‘blister-type’ aneurysm is one of the most devastating cerebrovascular lesions. Flow diversion with stent reconstruction is an emerging treatment and has shown promising initial results.ObjectiveTo evaluate the experience of one institution using stent reconstruction for pseudoaneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery and to compare with a review of the literature.MethodsA retrospective review from one institution identified eight patients with ‘blister’ aneurysms over a 47-month period. The Raymond scale was used to classify the aneurysms. Clinical data were obtained using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. A literature review was performed and compared with our results. Clinical and angiographic data were obtained.ResultsAfter treatment, two aneurysms were Raymond class 1 (25%) and six were class 3 (75%). Of the class 3 aneurysms, two required retreatment, three (50%) progressed to complete occlusion and three (50%) had persistent aneurysm filling. Clinical data revealed two patients with mRS score of 0 (25%), five with mRS score of 1 (62.5%) and one with mRS score of 2 (12.5%). From the literature review, residual filling was evident in nine patients (64.3%) and complete occlusion in four (28.6%). On follow-up angiography, nine (64.3%) were occluded, two (14.3%) had residual neck filling and one (7.1%) had persistent aneurysm filling. Thirteen patients (92.9%) had an mRS score of 2 or better. Combining the available experience, patients demonstrated either improvement (n=9, 41%) or stability (n=11, 50%). Only two (9%) had progression requiring retreatment.ConclusionsEndovascular stent remodeling of ‘blister-type’ aneurysms is a safe and effective strategy.
High incidence of acute coronary occlusion in patients without protocol positive ST segment elevation referred to an open access primary angioplasty programme
Authors: Apps Andrew , Malhotra Aseem , Tarkin Jason , Smith Robert , Kabir Tito , Lane Rebecca , Mason Mark , Ali Omar , Rogers Paula , Banya Winston , Whitbread Mark , Ilsley Charles , Dalby Miles 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) programmes vary in admission criteria from open referral to acceptance of electrocardiogram (ECG) protocol positive patients only. Rigid criteria may result in some patients with acutely occluded coronary arteries not receiving timely reperfusion therapy.

Objective
To compare the prevalence of acute coronary occlusion and, in these cases, single time point biomarker estimates of myocardial infarct size between patients presenting with protocol positive ECG changes and those presenting with less diagnostic changes in the primary angioplasty cohort of an open access PPCI programme.

Methods
We retrospectively performed a single centre cross sectional analysis of consecutive patients receiving PPCI between January and August 2008. Cases were categorised according to presenting ECG—group A: protocol positive (ST segment elevation/left bundle branch block/posterior ST elevation myocardial infarction), group B: ST segment depression or T-wave inversion, or group C: minor ECG changes. Clinical characteristics, coronary flow grades and 12 h postprocedure troponin-I levels were reviewed.

Results
During the study period there were 513 activations of the PPCI service, of which 390 underwent immediate angiography and 308 underwent PPCI. Of those undergoing PPCI, 221 (72%) were in group A, 41 (13%) in group B and 46 (15%) in group C. Prevalence of coronary occlusion was 75% in group A compared with 73% in group B and 63% in group C. Median 12 h postintervention troponin-I (25th–75th percentile) for those with coronary occlusion was significantly higher in group A patients; 28.9 μg/l (13.2–58.5) versus 18.1 μg/l (6.7–32.4) for group B (p=0.03); and 15.5 μg/l (3.8–22.0) for group C (p&lt;0.001), suggesting greater infarct size in group A.

Conclusions
A number of patients referred to an open access PPCI programme have protocol negative ECGs but myocardial infarction and acute coronary artery occlusion amenable to angioplasty.