bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subtle direct effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on insect eggs
Authors: KERR EMILY D. , PHELAN CONAN , WOODS H. ARTHUR 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOcean acidification is an important consequence of rising levels of atmospheric CO2. The chemistry of acidification is, however, general and may disturb pH in terrestrial systems. The present study examines the effects of rising CO2 on insect eggs, which may be vulnerable to acidification because they are small, have (at least initially) poorly developed physiological systems, and support important developmental events. Newly‐laid eggs of the moth Manduca sexta are exposed to levels of CO2 between 0 and 2200 p.p.m., in air, and effects on yolk pH, total developmental time, and survival are measured. Altered CO2 has no effect, over several hours, on the pH of egg yolk, suggesting that yolk fluids are well buffered. By contrast, there is a large developmental change in yolk pH. Eggs exposed to eight different levels of CO2 for the duration of development show a small but significant parabolic response in development time. Eggs develop fastest at intermediate levels of CO2, between 400 and 1200 p.p.m., and slower at 0, 1600 and 2000 p.p.m. These results suggest that future rises in CO2 may not have strong direct effects on insect development.
Teaching Quality Control with Chocolate Chip Cookies
Authors: Baker Ardith 
Published: August 2013

SummaryChocolate chip cookies are used to illustrate the importance and effectiveness of control charts in Statistical Process Control. By counting the number of chocolate chips, creating the spreadsheet, calculating the control limits and graphing the control charts, the student becomes actively engaged in the learning process. In addition, examining and interpreting the control charts within the context of the cooking making process encourage the student to think critically in order to solve problems.
Involvement of the glutamate receptorAtGLR3.3 in plant defense signaling and resistance toHyaloperonospora arabidopsidis
Authors: Manzoor Hamid , Kelloniemi Jani , Chiltz Annick , Wendehenne David , Pugin Alain , Poinssot Benoit , Garcia‐Brugger Angela 
Published: August 2013

SummaryLike their animal counterparts, plant glutamate receptor‐like (GLR) homologs are intimately associated withCa2+influx through plasma membrane and participate in various physiological processes. In pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMP)‐/elicitor‐mediated resistance,Ca2+fluxes are necessary for activating downstream signaling events related to plant defense. In this study, oligogalacturonides (OGs), which are endogenous elicitors derived from cell wall degradation, were used to investigate the role ofArabidopsisGLRs in defense signaling. Pharmacological investigations indicated thatGLRs are partly involved in free cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]cyt) variations, nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression of defense‐related genes byOGs. In addition, wild‐typeCol‐0 plants treated with the glutamate‐receptor antagonist 6,7‐dinitriquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (DNQX) had a compromised resistance toBotrytis cinereaandHyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Moreover, we provide genetic evidence that AtGLR3.3 is a key component of resistance againstH. arabidopsidis. In addition, someOGs‐triggered immune events such as defense gene expression,NOandROSproduction are also to different extents dependent on AtGLR3.3. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the involvement ofGLRs in elicitor/pathogen‐mediated plant defense signaling pathways inArabidopsis thaliana.
The impact of a reservoir on the physicochemical properties of water in a mountain river
Authors: Soja Roman , Wiejaczka Łukasz 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe article presents the changes in the physicochemical properties (temperature, conductivity and pH) of the water in the Ropa River in the Polish Carpathians that were caused by the Klimkówka Reservoir, which was commissioned for operation in 1994. The study uses data mainly from daily measurements of the physicochemical properties of the water in the Ropa River. The measurements were taken during the period prior to the reservoir being built (1982–1993) and from the period after the dam became operational (1994–2006). The measurements were conducted 16 km downriver from the dam. The conducted analysis shows that the Klimkówka Reservoir radically changed the thermal conditions and the annual cycle for water conductivity in the Ropa River. The pH of the water in the Ropa River experienced the smallest changes.
Quality assurance of proton beams using a multilayer ionization chamber system
Authors: Dhanesar Sandeep , Sahoo Narayan , Kerr Matthew , Taylor M. Brad , Summers Paige , Zhu X. Ronald , Poenisch Falk , Gillin Michael 
Published: August 2013

Purpose:The measurement of percentage depth‐dose (PDD) distributions for the quality assurance of clinical proton beams is most commonly performed with a computerized water tank dosimetry system with ionization chamber, commonly referred to as water tank. Although the accuracy and reproducibility of this method is well established, it can be time‐consuming if a large number of measurements are required. In this work the authors evaluate the linearity, reproducibility, sensitivity to field size, accuracy, and time‐savings of another system: the Zebra, a multilayer ionization chamber system.Methods:The Zebra, consisting of 180 parallel‐plate ionization chambers with 2 mm resolution, was used to measure depth‐dose distributions. The measurements were performed for scattered and scanned proton pencil beams of multiple energies delivered by the Hitachi PROBEAT synchrotron‐based delivery system. For scattered beams, the Zebra‐measured depth‐dose distributions were compared with those measured with the water tank. The principal descriptors extracted for comparisons were: range, the depth of the distal 90% dose; spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) length, the region between the proximal 95% and distal 90% dose; and distal‐dose fall off (DDF), the region between the distal 80% and 20% dose. For scanned beams, the Zebra‐measured ranges were compared with those acquired using a Bragg peak chamber during commissioning.Results:The Zebra demonstrated better than 1% reproducibility and monitor unit linearity. The response of the Zebra was found to be sensitive to radiation field sizes greater than 12.5 × 12.5 cm; hence, the measurements used to determine accuracy were performed using a field size of 10 × 10 cm. For the scattered proton beams, PDD distributions showed 1.5% agreement within the SOBP, and 3.8% outside. Range values agreed within −0.1 ± 0.4 mm, with a maximum deviation of 1.2 mm. SOBP length values agreed within 0 ± 2 mm, with a maximum deviation of 6 mm. DDF values agreed within 0.3 ± 0.1 mm, with a maximum deviation of 0.6 mm. For the scanned proton pencil beams, Zebra and Bragg peak chamber range values demonstrated agreement of 0.0 ± 0.3 mm with a maximum deviation of 1.3 mm. The setup and measurement time for all Zebra measurements was 3 and 20 times less, respectively, compared to the water tank measurements.Conclusions:Our investigation shows that the Zebra can be useful not only for fast but also for accurate measurements of the depth‐dose distributions of both scattered and scanned proton beams. The analysis of a large set of measurements shows that the commonly assessed beam quality parameters obtained with the Zebra are within the acceptable variations specified by the manufacturer for our delivery system.
Experimentally studied dynamic dose interplay does not meaningfully affect target dose in VMAT SBRT lung treatments
Authors: Stambaugh Cassandra , Nelms Benjamin E. , Dilling Thomas , Stevens Craig , Latifi Kujtim , Zhang Geoffrey , Moros Eduardo , Feygelman Vladimir 
Published: August 2013

Purpose:The effects of respiratory motion on the tumor dose can be divided into the gradient and interplay effects. While the interplay effect is likely to average out over a large number of fractions, it may play a role in hypofractionated [stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)] treatments. This subject has been extensively studied for intensity modulated radiation therapy but less so for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), particularly in application to hypofractionated regimens. Also, no experimental study has provided full four‐dimensional (4D) dose reconstruction in this scenario. The authors demonstrate how a recently described motion perturbation method, with full 4D dose reconstruction, is applied to describe the gradient and interplay effects during VMAT lung SBRT treatments.Methods:VMAT dose delivered to a moving target in a patient can be reconstructed by applying perturbations to the treatment planning system‐calculated static 3D dose. Ten SBRT patients treated with 6 MV VMAT beams in five fractions were selected. The target motion (motion kernel) was approximated by 3D rigid body translation, with the tumor centroids defined on the ten phases of the 4DCT. The motion was assumed to be periodic, with the period T being an average from the empirical 4DCT respiratory trace. The real observed tumor motion (total displacement ≤8 mm) was evaluated first. Then, the motion range was artificially increased to 2 or 3 cm. Finally, T was increased to 60 s. While not realistic, making T comparable to the delivery time elucidates if the interplay effect can be observed. For a single fraction, the authors quantified the interplay effect as the maximum difference in the target dosimetric indices, most importantly the near‐minimum dose (D99%), between all possible starting phases. For the three‐ and five‐fractions, statistical simulations were performed when substantial interplay was found.Results:For the motion amplitudes and periods obtained from the 4DCT, the interplay effect is negligible (<0.2%). It is also small (0.9% average, 2.2% maximum) when the target excursion increased to 2–3 cm. Only with large motion and increased period (60 s) was a significant interplay effect observed, with D99% ranging from 16% low to 17% high. The interplay effect was statistically significantly lower for the three‐ and five‐fraction statistical simulations. Overall, the gradient effect dominates the clinical situation.Conclusions:A novel method was used to reconstruct the volumetric dose to a moving tumor during lung SBRT VMAT deliveries. With the studied planning and treatment technique for realistic motion periods, regardless of the amplitude, the interplay has nearly no impact on the near‐minimum dose. The interplay effect was observed, for study purposes only, with the period comparable to the VMAT delivery time.
A synthetic diamond diode in volumetric modulated arc therapy dosimetry
Authors: Zani Margherita , Bucciolini Marta , Casati Marta , Talamonti Cinzia , Marinelli Marco , Prestopino Giuseppe , Tonnetti Alessia , Verona‐Rinati Gianluca 
Published: August 2013

Purpose:The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior of a single crystal diamond diode (SCDD) for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) dose verifications. This delivery technique is one of the most severe test of a dosimeter performance due to the modulation of the dose rate achieved by simultaneously changing the velocity of the gantry and the position of the collimator leaves. The performed measurements with VMAT photon beams can therefore contribute to an overall global validation of the device to be used in dose distribution verifications.Methods:The SCDD response to 6 MVRX has been tested and compared with reference ionization chambers and treatment planning system (TPS) calculations in different experiments: (a) measurements of output factors for small field sizes (square fields of side ranging between 8 mm and 104 mm) by SCDD and A1SL ionization chamber; (b) angular dependence evaluation of the entire experimental set‐up by SCDD, A1SL, and Farmer ionization chambers; and (c) acquisition of dose profiles for a VMAT treatment of a pulmonary disease in latero‐lateral and gantry‐target directions by SCDD and A1SL ionization chamber.Results:The output factors measured by SCDD favorably compare with the ones obtained by A1SL, whose response is affected by the lack of charged particle equilibrium and by averaging effect when small fields are involved. From the experiment on angular dependence, a good agreement is observed among the diamond diode, the ion chambers, and the TPS. In VMAT profiles, the absorbed doses measured by SCDD and A1SL compare well with the TPS calculated ones. An overall better agreement is observed in the case of the diamond dosimeter, which is also showing a better accuracy in terms of distance to agreement in the high gradient regions.Conclusions:Synthetic diamond diodes, whose performance were previously studied for conformal and IMRT radiotherapy techniques, were found to be suitable detectors also for dosimetric measurements in volumetric arc therapy treatments.
Noncontiguous Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium septicum Strain DSM 44393
T
Authors: Sassi Mohamed , Robert Catherine , Raoult Didier , Drancourt Michel 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

The rapidly growing
Mycobacterium septicum
rarely causes pulmonary infections. We report here the draft genome sequence of
M. septicum
strain DSM 44393
T
, isolated from catheter-related bacteremia and initially identified as a member of
Mycobacterium fortuitum
.
Genome Sequence of Klebsiella oxytoca SA2, an Endophytic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Isolated from the Pioneer Grass
Psammochloa villosa
Authors: Chen Mingyue , Lin Li , Zhang Yanming , Sun Li , An Qianli 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Klebsiella oxytoca
strain SA2 is an endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the pioneer grass
Psammochloa villosa
, which grows in the moving sand dunes of Ordos Plateau, China. The SA2 genome sequence provides the genetic background for understanding its endophytic lifestyle and survival in association with grass in nitrogen-poor environments.
Complete Genome Sequence of an MLB2 Astrovirus from a Turkish Child with Diarrhea
Authors: Mitui Marcelo Takahiro , Bozdayi Gulendam , Matsumoto Takashi , Dalgic Buket , Nishizono Akira , Ahmed Kamruddin 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT
Only two complete genome sequences of MLB2 astroviruses are available, one from an Indian child with diarrhea and another from plasma of an American child. Here we report the complete MLB2 genome sequence from a Turkish child with diarrhea. This MLB2 astrovirus genome sequence shows high nucleotide identity with the American MLB2.
Republished: Novel insights into immune and inflammatory responses to respiratory viruses
Authors: Schwarze Jürgen , Mackenzie Karen J 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) can lead to severe disease at all ages, but with the exception of influenza vaccination, prevention is not available for most respiratory viruses, hence, effective, disease-limiting therapy is urgently required. To enable the development of novel effective therapeutic approaches, we need to improve understanding of the pathological mechanisms of viral LRTI. Here, we will discuss recently gained new insight into early, innate immune and inflammatory responses to respiratory viruses by airway epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells. Following virus recognition, these cells generate a range of mediators, including innate interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth and differentiation factors which have pivotal roles in effective virus control, and the development of inflammation and disease in viral LRTI.
Immunosuppressive Drug Azathioprine Reduces Aneurysm Progression Through Inhibition of Rac1 and c-Jun-Terminal-N-Kinase in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Marinković Goran , Hibender Stijntje , Hoogenboezem Mark , van Broekhoven Amber , Girigorie Arginell F. , Bleeker Natascha , Hamers Anouk A.J. , Stap Jan , van Buul Jaap D. , de Vries Carlie J.M. , de Waard Vivian 
Published: August 2013

Objective—
In aortic aneurysms the arterial vessel wall is dilated because of destruction of its integrity, which may lead to lethal vessel rupture. Chronic infiltration of inflammatory cells into the vessel wall is fundamental to aneurysm pathology. We aim to limit aneurysm growth by inhibition of inflammation and reducing endothelial cell (EC) activation with immunosuppressive drug azathioprine (Aza).

Approach and Results—
Aza and its metabolite 6-mercaptopurine have anti-inflammatory effects on leukocytes. We here demonstrate that treatment of ECs with 6-mercaptopurine inhibits cell activation as illustrated by reduced expression of interleukin-12, CCL5, CCL2, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and inhibition of monocyte–EC adhesion. The underlying mechanism of 6-mercaptopurine involves suppression of GTPase Rac1 activation, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of c-Jun-terminal-N-kinase and c-Jun. Subsequently, the effect of Aza was investigated in aneurysm formation in the angiotensin II aneurysm mouse model in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. We demonstrated that Aza decreases de novo aortic aneurysm formation from an average aneurysm severity score of 2.1 (control group) to 0.6 (Aza group), and that Aza effectively delays aorta pathology in a progression experiment, resulting in a reduced severity score from 2.8 to 1.7 in Aza-treated mice. In line with the in vitro observations, Aza-treated mice showed less c-Jun-terminal-N-kinase activation in ECs and reduced leukocyte influx in the aortic wall.

Conclusions—
The immunosuppressive drug Aza has an anti-inflammatory effect and in ECs inhibits Rac1 and c-Jun-terminal-N-kinase activation, which may explain the protective effect of Aza in aneurysm development and, most importantly for clinical implications, aneurysm severity.
Future Changes in Structures of Extremely Intense Tropical Cyclones Using a 2-km Mesh Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Wada Akiyoshi , Sugi Masato 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Recent studies have projected that global warming may lead to an increase in the number of extremely intense tropical cyclones. However, how global warming affects the structure of extremely intense tropical cyclones has not been thoroughly examined. This study defines extremely intense tropical cyclones as having a minimum central pressure below 900 hPa and investigates structural changes in the inner core and thereby changes in the intensity in the future climate. A 2-km mesh nonhydrostatic model (NHM2) is used to downscale the 20-km mesh atmospheric general circulation model projection forced with a control scenario and a scenario of twenty-first-century climate change. The eyewall region of extremely intense tropical cyclones simulated by NHM2 becomes relatively smaller and taller in the future climate. The intense near-surface inflow intrudes more inward toward the eye. The heights and the radii of the maximum wind speed significantly decrease and an intense updraft area extends from the lower level around the leading edge of thinner near-surface inflows, where the equivalent potential temperature substantially increases in the future climate. Emanuel’s potential intensity theory suggests that about half of the intensification (increase in central pressure fall) is explained by the changes in the atmospheric environments and sea surface temperature, while the remaining half needs to be explained by other processes. It is suggested that the structural change projected by NHM2, which is significant within a radius of 50 km, is playing an important role in the intensification of extremely intense tropical cyclones in simulations of the future climate.
Overflow Waters at the Iceland–Faroe Ridge Observed in Multiyear Seaglider Surveys
Authors: Beaird N. L. , Rhines P. B. , Eriksen C. C. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This paper presents new observations of the overflow waters downstream of the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC) and the Iceland–Faroe Ridge (IFR). Between 2006 and 2009, over 17 400 hydrographic profiles were collected during quarterly deployments in the region by autonomous gliders, providing previously unrealized spatial resolution to observations downstream of the FBC. Observations show that the second sill of the FBC coincides with the largest changes in the overflow plume, including significant thinning, widening, and entrainment. Between the second sill and a topographic feature 75 km downstream, the plume bifurcates with the densest portion (65% of the transport), descending below 1000 m. On the IFR, near-bottom velocities are directed alongslope with speeds averaging 21.5 cm s−1. Observations indicate that 80% of baroclinic velocities associated with mesoscale variability of the overflow plume are smaller than the alongslope topographically induced circulation. Evidence of overflow is found at all locations on the Atlantic flank of the IFR. However, the meridionally oriented portion at 13°W has anomalously warm bottom water and divides FBC and eastern IFR overflow from overflow found in the Western Valley. Individual Seaglider sections identify IFR overflow in a narrow current (8–14 km wide) along the Iceland shelf with a mean transport of 0.43 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) with significant variability from days to weeks. A lower-bound estimate of 0.8 Sv of total IFR overflow is presented. These results provide constraints on regional models that inform the representation of this crucial, yet underresolved, region in large-scale ocean and climate models.
Divergent Eddy Heat Fluxes in the Kuroshio Extension at 144°–148°E. Part II: Spatiotemporal Variability
Authors: Bishop Stuart P. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) provided 16 months of observations to quantify divergent eddy heat flux (DEHF) from a mesoscale-resolving array of current- and pressure-equipped inverted echo sounders. KESS observations captured a regime shift from a stable to unstable state. There is a distinct difference in the spatial structure of DEHFs between the two regimes. The stable regime had weak downgradient DEHFs. The unstable regime exhibited asymmetry along the mean path with strong downgradient DEHFs upstream of a mean trough at ~147°E. The spatial structure of DEHFs resulted from episodic mesoscale processes. The first 6 months were during the stable regime in which fluxes were associated with eastward-propagating 10–15-day upper meanders. After 6 months, the Kuroshio Extension underwent a regime shift from a stable to unstable state. This regime shift corresponded with a red shift in mesoscale phenomena with the prevalence of ~40-day deep externally generated eddies. DEHF amplitudes more than quadrupled during the unstable regime. Cold-core ring (CCR) formation, CCR–jet interaction, and coupling between ~40-day deep eddies were responsible for asymmetry in downgradient fluxes in the mean maps not observed during the stable regime. The Kuroshio Extension has prominent deep energy associated with externally generated eddies that interact with the jet to drive some of the biggest DEHF events. These eddies play an important role in the variability of the jet through eddy–mean flow interactions. The DEHFs that result from vertical coupling act in accordance with baroclinic instability. The interaction is not growth from an infinitesimal perturbation, but from the start is a finite-amplitude interaction.