bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical induction of metacarpal synostosis for treatment of ectrodactyly in a dog
Authors: Del Magno S. , Cinti F. , Dalpozzo B. , Bellei E. , Cloriti E. , Joechler M. , Pisoni L. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryEctrodactyly is a rare developmental anomaly of the distal part of the forelimb. It is characterized by the presence of an abnormal longitudinal soft tissue and osseous separation or cleft between the digits and the metacarpal bones. It can be associated with hypoplasia, aplasia and malformation of one or more bones of the antebrachium, carpus, metacarpus and digits. Unilateral ectrodactyly and moderate lameness were diagnosed in a young female dog. The dog was treated surgically with reconstruction of soft tissues and stabilization of the metacarpal bones by two nylon cerclage sutures. After three years a mild residual lameness was present. Radiographic signs of synostosis between the metacarpal bones II, III and IV with presence of a cleft between carpal bones II and III were observed.
Clinical assessment of a shaft screw for stabilization of the humeral condyle in dogs
Authors: Tivers M. S. , Grierson J. , Moores A. P. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryObjective: To report the use of a 4.5 mm shaft screw for the management of humeral condylar fractures (HCF) and incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC) in dogs, and to assess risk factors for complications.Methods: Dogs with HCF or IOHC that were managed with a 4.5 mm shaft screw with a minimum follow-up of six months from surgery were included. Data from the case records were used to identify risk factors for complications. Long-term follow-up was provided by an owner questionnaire and veterinary re-examination.Results: Forty-three elbows were treated in 40 dogs (14 IOHC, 29 HCF). Minor complications were seen in four cases (9%) and major complications in 10 cases (23%). There were no statistically significant risk factors for major complication. Infection resulted in shaft screw removal from three IOHC cases. Four of eight IOHC cases that had a lateral approach had a major complication compared with zero out of six dogs that had a medial approach, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.085). Nine of 12 IOHC cases and 20/23 HCF cases had excellent or good limb use at the time of long-term follow- up (median of 106 weeks, range 26–227 weeks). All fractures healed but IOHC fissure healing was inconsistent. Fatigue failure of shaft screws was not seen.Clinical significance: The use of shaft screws for the management of IOHC and HCF is associated with a relatively low rate of complications (compared to previous reports) and a good long-term outcome.
Magnetic resonance imaging for detection of late meniscal tears in dogs following tibial tuberosity advancement for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury
Authors: Lamb C. R. , Tivers M. S. , Li A. , Taylor-Brown F. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryTo document the use of and to estimate the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for detection of late meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injury treated with tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA).Medical records of dogs that had TTA followed by stifle MR imaging for suspected meniscal tear and subsequent arthrotomy were reviewed retrospectively. Magnetic resonance images were reviewed independently by an observer blinded to clinical information who classified menisci as torn, abnormal but intact, or normal. Magnetic resonance and surgical findings were compared.Eight stifles from large breed dogs were included. Six stifles had a medial meniscal tear identified in MR images and later confirmed surgically. In the remaining two stifles, the menisci appeared intact in MR images and no tear was identified at subsequent arthrotomy. Lateral menisci in all stifles appeared intact in MR images and were considered normal at surgery. Susceptibility artefacts associated with TTA implants were present in all images but did not adversely affect interpretation of intra-articular structures.Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be accurate for diagnosis of late meniscal tears. Artefacts associated with TTA implants did not prevent evaluation of critical intra-articular structures. Further investigation with MR imaging should be considered when late meniscal tear is suspected following TTA.
Quantifying color variation: Improved formulas for calculating hue with segment classification
Authors: Smith Stacey D. 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: Differences in color form a major component of biological variation, and quantifying these differences is the first step to understanding their evolutionary and ecological importance. One common method for measuring color variation is segment classification, which uses three variables (chroma, hue, and brightness) to describe the height and shape of reflectance curves. This study provides new formulas for calculating hue (the variable that describes the “type” of color) to give correct values in all regions of color space.• Methods and Results: Reflectance spectra were obtained from the literature, and chroma, hue, and brightness were computed for each spectrum using the original formulas as well as the new formulas. Only the new formulas result in correct values in the blue‐green portion of color space.• Conclusions: Use of the new formulas for calculating hue will result in more accurate color quantification for a broad range of biological applications.
An effective system to produce smoke solutions from dried plant tissue for seed germination studies
Authors: Coons Janice , Coutant Nancy , Lawrence Barbara , Finn Daniel , Finn Stephanie 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: An efficient and inexpensive system was developed to produce smoke solutions from plant material to research the influence of water‐soluble compounds from smoke on seed germination.• Methods and Results: Smoke solutions (300 mL per batch) were produced by burning small quantities (100–200 g) of dried plant material from a range of species in a bee smoker attached by a heater hose to a side‐arm flask. The flask was attached to a vacuum water aspirator, to pull the smoke through the water. The entire apparatus was operated in a laboratory fume hood.• Conclusions: Compared with other smoke solution preparation systems, the system described is easy to assemble and operate, inexpensive to build, and effective at producing smoke solutions from desired species in a small indoor space. Quantitative measurements can be made when using this system, allowing for replication of the process.
Stereotactic biopsy of brainstem lesions: Techniques, efficacy, safety, and disease variation between adults and children: A single institutional series and review
Authors: Manoj N. , Arivazhagan A. , Bhat D. I. , Arvinda H. R. , Mahadevan A. , Santosh V. , Devi B. Indira , Sampath S. , Chandramouli B. A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Background: Stereotactic biopsy of brainstem lesions have been performed with varying indications, with most of the literature reporting on children. Materials and Methods: The present study retrospectively analyzed all cases that underwent stereotactic biopsy for brainstem lesion in both adult and pediatric population between 1994 and 2009 in a single tertiary neurosurgical center. The clinical and radiological features, technique of the procedure, morbidity, diagnostic accuracy, spectrum of diagnosis, and variations in adult and pediatric population were analyzed. Results: Eighty-two patients were included in the study. Computed tomography (CT) was used as guidance in 73 (38 children and 35 adults) patients and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 9 (3 children and 6 adults). The biopsy was performed in a procedure room under local anesthesia in most adults, while children required sedation. Glioblastoma comprised 29.3% of all pathologies in children, compared with only 4.9% of the pathologies in adult population (P = 0.007). Tuberculosis was the next major diagnosis (9.8%). In 12 patients, initial biopsy was inconclusive. Following a repeat biopsy in 5 of these patients, a diagnosis was possible for 75/82 (91.5%) patients by STB. The location of the target, the choice of entry, the radiological characteristic of the lesion, enhancement pattern, and age group did not significantly correlate with the occurrence of inconclusive biopsy. Permanent complications occurred in two patients (2.4%). There was no mortality in this series. Conclusion: Stereotactic biopsy has an important role in brainstem lesions, more significantly in adults, due to wider pathological spectrum. It can be performed safely under local anesthesia through a twist drill craniostomy in most of the adults.
Chiari Type I malformation yielded to the diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome
Authors: Canpolat Aydin , Akçakaya Mehmet Osman , Altunrende Emre , Özlü Harun Mehmet , Duman Hakan , Ton Tuğrul , Akdemir Osman 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTChiari malformation Type I (CM-I) related to syndromic craniosynostosis in pediatric patients has been well-studied. The surgical management consists of cranial vault remodeling with or without posterior fossa decompression. There were also cases, in whom CM-I was diagnosed prior to the craniosynostosis in early childhood. We present a 16-year-old boy who admitted with symptoms related to CM-I. With careful examination and further genetic investigations, a diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome was made, of which the patient and his family was unaware before. The patient underwent surgery for posterior fossa decompression and followed-up for Crouzon’s syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the only case report indicating a late adolescent diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome through clinical symptoms of an associated CM-I.
On Condition Numbers for the Weighted Moore-Penrose Inverse and the Weighted Least Squares Problem involving Kronecker Products
Authors: Chen T. T. , Li W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe establish some explicit expressions for norm-wise, mixed and componentwise condition numbers for the weighted Moore-Penrose inverse of a matrix A ⊗ B and more general matrix function compositions involving Kronecker products. The condition number for the weighted least squares problem (WLS) involving a Kronecker product is also discussed.
Espacements
Authors: Ferro Antonino , Civitarese Giuseppe 
Published: February 2014

Le thème de la temporalité, si important en psychanalyse, représente un de ces carrefours où se croisent d’autres concepts extraordinairement importants tels que le setting, la subjectivité, les théories du travail clinique, l’interprétation et la conception des facteurs thérapeutiques, l’institution psychanalytique. Nous abordons ici le concept de l’espace-temps en relation avec la théorie du champ analytique de Bion. L’hypothèse que nous avançons est que le champ est l’instrument conceptuel qui permet de moduler de façon plus fine et plus sûre la distance qui s’établit entre le patient et l’analyste pour atteindre et étendre l’unisson émotionnel qui, selon nous, est le facteur thérapeutique central.
Éloge de l’humide. Vertu de l’intermédiaire, du pré-conscient et du clair-obscur
Authors: Jacques André 
Published: February 2014

Ce texte aborde de façon métaphorique la notion de préconscient en tant que « zone intermédiaire », et le rôle de cette instance dans le fonctionnement de l’appareil psychique. Un cas de figure tiré de l’histoire contemporaine et la référence à une facette de la société technologique actuelle, permettent d’illustrer la résistance de plusieurs à l’égard de cette zone claire-obscure de la psyché. La psychothérapie psychanalytique de groupe est évoquée comme moyen privilégié d’approcher l’« humide ».
Lacustrine turbidites as a tool for quantitative earthquake reconstruction: New evidence for a variable rupture mode in south central Chile
Authors: Moernaut Jasper , Daele Maarten Van , Heirman Katrien , Fontijn Karen , Strasser Michael , Pino Mario , Urrutia Roberto , De Batist Marc 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the long‐term earthquake recurrence pattern at subduction zones requires continuous paleoseismic records with excellent temporal and spatial resolution and stable threshold conditions. South central Chilean lakes are typically characterized by laminated sediments providing a quasi‐annual resolution. Our sedimentary data show that lacustrine turbidite sequences accurately reflect the historical record of large interplate earthquakes (among others the 2010 and 1960 events). Furthermore, we found that a turbidite's spatial extent and thickness are a function of the local seismic intensity and can be used for reconstructing paleo‐intensities. Consequently, our multilake turbidite record aids in pinpointing magnitudes, rupture locations, and extent of past subduction earthquakes in south central Chile. Comparison of the lacustrine turbidite records with historical reports, a paleotsunami/subsidence record, and a marine megaturbidite record demonstrates that the Valdivia Segment is characterized by a variable rupture mode over the last 900 years including (i) full ruptures (Mw ~9.5: 1960, 1575, 1319 ± 9, 1127 ± 44), (ii) ruptures covering half of the Valdivia Segment (Mw ~9: 1837), and (iii) partial ruptures of much smaller coseismic slip and extent (Mw ~7.5–8: 1737, 1466 ± 4). Also, distant or smaller local earthquakes can leave a specific sedimentary imprint which may resolve subtle differences in seismic intensity values. For instance, the 2010 event at the Maule Segment produced higher seismic intensities toward southeastern localities compared to previous megathrust ruptures of similar size and extent near Concepciόn.
Present‐day deformation of northern Pakistan from Salt Ranges to Karakorum Ranges
Authors: Jouanne F. , Awan A. , Pêcher A. , Kausar A. , Mugnier J. L. , Khan I. , Khan N. A. , Van Melle J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEpisodic GPS measurements are used to quantify the present‐day velocity field in the northwestern Himalaya from the southern Pamir to the Himalayan foreland. We report large postseismic displacements following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and several mm/yr thrusting of the central segment of the Salt Ranges and Potwar Plateau over the foreland, westward thrusting of Nanga Parbat above the Kohistan Plateau, and ~12 mm/yr SSE velocities of the Karakorum Ranges and of the Deosai and Kohistan Plateaus relative to the Indian Plate. Numerical simulations allow to determine a first approximation of slip along active faults: (1) substantial creep of ~87 mm/yr between 2006 and 2012 along the flat northeast of the Balakot‐Bagh Thrust affected by the 2005 earthquake; (2) ~5 mm/yr slip of the central segment of the Salt Ranges and Potwar Plateau, whereas their western boundaries are clearly inactive over the time span covered by our measurements; (3) 13 mm/yr ductile slip along the Main Himalayan Thrust modeled by a dislocation dipping 7° northward, locked at a depth of 15 km; and (4) ~20 mm/yr slip along the shear zone forming the western boundary of Nanga Parbat, between depths of 1.6 and 6.5 km. Residuals velocities suggest the existence of left‐lateral strike slip along the Jhelum Fault.
Design and Synthesis of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Taugerbeck Andreas , Booth Christopher J. 
Published: February 2014

The article contains sections titled:Introduction to the Chiral Nematic Phase and Its PropertiesFormulation and Application of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal MixturesApplications of Chiral Nematic PhasesClassification of Chiral Nematic Liquid‐Crystalline CompoundsAspects of Molecular Symmetry for Chiral Nematic PhasesTypeIChiral Nematic Liquid CrystalsAzobenzenes and Related MesogensAzomethine (Schiff's Base) MesogensStable Phenyl, Biphenyl, Terphenyl, and Phenylethylbiphenyl MesogensEster MesogensDerivatives of Chiral AlcoholsTypeIIChiral Nematic Liquid CrystalsTypeIIaTwin Systems Using Chiral Flexible SpacersTypeIIbMaterials Using Achiral Flexible Spacers and Chiral Terminal GroupsTypeIIcanddMaterials Using One or Two Chiral CoresTypeIIIChiral Nematic Liquid CrystalsCholesteryl EstersChiral Mesogens Derived from CyclohexaneChiral Heterocyclic MesogensAxially Chiral Liquid CrystalsAxially Chiral Alkenes and Overcrowded AlkenesAllenesTricyclo[4.4.0.03,8]decane or Twistane Derived MesogensSterically Hindered Biphenyl DerivativesSpirobiindane DerivativesConcluding Remarks
Virus Particle‐Based Liquid Crystals
Authors: Lydon John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The mesogenic properties of tobacco mosaic virus (
TMV
) were apparent as soon as reasonable quantities of pure material became available. The nematic phase formed by aqueous solutions was extensively investigated by Bernal and Fankuchen using optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction in the 1930s and 1940s. Early electron microscopy confirmed that the virus particles were long, thin, straight rods. Later, the work of Klug and others gave a detailed picture of the structure of the capsid protein and led to an understanding of the complex processes of self‐assembly of the virus
in vivo
. Because of its simple shape and monodispersity,
TMV
was used as the definitive test case for the Onsager theory. Mixtures of virus rods and polymer spheres produce interesting mesophases and have rich phase diagrams.

In addition to filamentous viruses such as
TMV
, there are “spherical” viruses (which are actually icosahedral). Examples are the virus responsible for poliomyelitis and the adenoviruses. These readily form cubic, colloidal liquid crystalline phases. When the particles are of optical dimensions, the ordered phase has the structure and iridescent properties of gem opal. Techniques have been developed to produce inverse opals using virus particles as sacrificial templates.

Viruses are the classic self‐ordering structures and infectious viruses will spontaneously assemble
in vitro
from their component proteins and nucleic acid. Using contemporary genetic engineering techniques, it is now virtually a routine matter to modify the molecular structures of the components and hence exert a considerable degree of control over the properties of the capsid. Genetically modified viruses offer a general route for the production of materials with complex nanoscale detail, for use either directly or as templates. It appears likely that modified viruses will feature prominently in the nanotechnology of the immediate future. The possible commercial exploitation of virus‐templated materials includes nanowires, high surface area materials for battery electrodes, detectors, catalytic material, light harvesting devices, quantum dots, and tunable photonic devices.
Structure and Properties of Side Group Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers
Authors: Ujiie Seiji , Orihara Hiroshi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe liquid crystalline behavior of side‐chain liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) resembles that of low‐molecular‐weight liquid crystals, because it is mainly dependent on interactions between mesogenic side groups. The flexibility of the polymer backbone and the length of the spacer are important factors determining the physical properties because the dynamic properties of the mesogenic groups are influenced by nonmesogenic parts of both the polymer backbone and the spacer chain. The orientational order of the mesogenic groups and the thermal stability of the liquid crystalline states increase when the side‐chain LCPs have a highly flexible polymer backbone and a long spacer.The influence of these structures on the physical properties of the side‐chain LCPs is examined in this chapter. The thermal, mechanical, optical, electric, and electronic properties of side‐chain LCPs depend on the orientational order and molecular dynamics properties of the side‐chain LCPs. The dielectric properties and electro‐optical effects provide important information about the dynamics and the orientational order. These properties are mainly determined by the characters of the mesogenic side groups, and in the side‐chain LCPs, the mesogenic side groups are dominantly assembled into strongly coupled units through the influence of the polymer backbone.In this chapter, the structure and properties of the side‐chain LCPs are discussed. In particular, their phase transitions, dielectric properties, and ferroelectric response are revealed.
Recent Advances in Nematic Liquid Crystal Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Tabiryan Nelson V. , Khoo Iam‐Choon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A critical review of recent advances in liquid crystal nonlinear optics is presented. We begin by reviewing the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the extraordinarily large nonlinear optical responses of this mesophase of liquid crystals, including laser‐induced director axis reorientation, order parameter, and birefringence modification and their dynamical characteristics.
Redox‐Active (Electrochromic) Liquid Crystals
Authors: Isoda Kyosuke , Yasuda Takuma , Funahashi Masahiro , Kato Takashi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Redox‐active liquid‐crystalline materials are expected to function as anisotropic redox‐active materials in the films. These materials can be applied into electrochromic and electronic devices. In this chapter, recent researches of redox‐active liquid‐crystalline materials such as TCNQ, viologen, truxene, oligothiophene, fullerene, and rotaxane derivatives and metallomesogens are overviewed.
Dismutatives und globales Minimumisomer der schwereren 1,4‐Dimetallatetrasilabenzole der Gruppe 14
Authors: Jana Anukul , Huch Volker , Repisky Michal , Berger Raphael J. F. , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: February 2014

AbstractArene mit schwereren Gruppe‐14‐Elementen zeigen oft bemerkenswerte Unterschiede in Struktur und Reaktivität. Wir berichten hier über unsere experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Isomeren Ge‐ und Sn‐haltiger Benzol‐analoger Verbindungen E2Si4R6 (E=Ge, Sn). Das Ge‐substituierte dismutative Isomer mit tricyclischem sechsgliedrigem Ringgerüst kann isoliert werden, lagert sich aber im Unterschied zum homonuklearen Si6‐Analogon sogar bei Raumtemperatur langsam zum Propellan‐artigen globalen Minimumisomer um. Bei E=Sn könnte das dismutative Isomer zwar ein Intermediat bei der Bildung der isolierbaren Propellan‐artigen Spezies sein, es kann jedoch nicht einmal bei tiefen Temperaturen nachgewiesen werden. Beispiellos große chemische Verschiebungsanisotropien in den 29Si‐NMR‐Spektren, die in der Reihe von Si6 über Ge2Si4 zu Sn2Si4 sukzessive ansteigen, können durch steigende paramagnetische Terme in den chemischen Verschiebungen erklärt werden. Deren Größe ist bedingt durch sinkende HOMO‐LUMO‐Abstände, die auch in den Absorptionsspektren ihren Niederschlag finden, sowie durch Form und Symmetrie der Grenzorbitale.
Modification of Fluorescent Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) Sensors/Switches To Produce Molecular Photo‐Ionic Triode Action
Authors: Huxley Allen J. M. , Schroeder Marc , Nimal Gunaratne H. Q. , Prasanna de Silva A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe fluorophore‐spacer1‐receptor1‐spacer2‐receptor2 system (where receptor2 alone is photoredox‐inactive) shows ionically tunable proton‐induced fluorescence off‐on switching, which is reminiscent of thermionic triode behavior. This also represents a new extension to modular switch systems based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) towards the emulation of analogue electronic devices.