bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the editing function in language data processing
Authors: Doyle L. B. 
Published: July 2002

In automatic abstracting, citation indexing, mechanical translation and other such procedures, editing is required whenever the automatic method leaves something to be desired. This paper discusses the economy of editing as a function of the amount of condensation of text in language processing operations, and then contends that editing can be regarded as an opportunity rather than as an unwelcome necessity.
“Heavy editing,” which goes beyond mere correction and improvement of computer output, is exemplified by the use of a concordance in preparing a survey article or lecture. Other opportunities for heavy editing are described, chief among them being interpretation and expansion of computer output in such processes as factor analysis. Applications are described, such as the quick, unbiased evaluation of a large volume of incoming mail or telegrams, yielding summary reports not possible for either humans or computers to produce alone.
Decentralizing a global naming service for improved performance and fault tolerance
Authors: Cheriton D. R. , Mann T. P. 
Published: July 2002

Naming is an important aspect of distributed system design. A naming system allows users and programs to assign character-string names to objects, and subsequently use the names to refer to those objects. With the interconnection of clusters of computers by wide-area networks and internetworks, the domain over which naming systems must function is growing to encompass the entire world.
In this paper we address the problem of a global naming system, proposing a three-level naming architecture that consists of global, administrational, and managerial naming mechanisms, each optimized to meet the performance, reliability, and security requirements at its own level. We focus in particular on a decentralized approach to the lower levels, in which naming is handled directly by the managers of the named objects. Client-name caching and multicast are exploited to implement name mapping with almost optimum performance and fault tolerance. We also show how the naming system can be made secure. Our conclusions are bolstered by experience with an implementation in the V distributed operating system.
Partitioned two-phase locking
Authors: Hsu Meichun , Chan Arvola 
Published: July 2002

In a large integrated database, there often exists an “information hierarchy,” where both raw data and derived data are stored and used together. Therefore, among update transactions, there will often be some that perform only read accesses from a certain (i.e., the “raw” data) portion of the database and write into another (i.e., the “derived” data) portion. A conventional concurrency control algorithm would have treated such transactions as regular update transactions and subjected them to the usual protocols for synchronizing update transactions. In this paper such transactions are examined more closely. The purpose is to devise concurrency control methods that allow the computation of derived information to proceed without interfering with the updating of raw data.
The first part of the paper presents a proof method for correctness of concurrency control algorithms in a hierarchically decomposed database. The proof method provides a framework for understanding the intricacies in dealing with hierarchically decomposed databases. The second part of the paper is an application of the proof method to show the correctness of a two-phase-locking- based algorithm, called partitioned two-phase locking, for hierarchically decomposed databases. This algorithm is a natural extension to the Version Pool method proposed previously in the literature.
“Topologies”—distributed objects on multicomputers
Authors: Schwan Karsten , Bo Win 
Published: July 2002

Application programs written for large-scale multicomputers with interconnection structures known to the programmer (e.g., hypercubes or meshes) use complex communication structures for connecting the applications' parallel tasks. Such structures implement a wide variety of functions, including the exchange of data or control information relevant to the task computations and/or the communications required for task synchronization, message forwarding/filtering under program control, and so on.Topologyis a programming and operating system construct that allows programmers to describe and efficiently implement such functionality as distributed objects with well-defined operational interfaces. As with abstract data types, topologies may be reused by any application desiring their functionality. However, in contrast to other research in parallel or distributed object-based operating systems, internally, a topology may be an entirely distributed implementation of the object's functionality, consisting of a communication graph and type-specific computations, which are triggered by messages traversing the graph. Sample computations may perform additions or minimizations of the values traversing a topology, thereby computing a global sum or minimum. Similarly, computations may concatenate or filter messages in order to implement program monitoring, I/O, file storage, or virtual terminal services.Topologies are implemented as an extension of the Intel iPSC hypercube's operating system kernel and have been used with several, large-scale parallel application programs.
REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPASE C AND PHOSPHOLIPASE D
Authors: Singer William D. , Brown H. Alex , Sternweis Paul C. 
Published: July 2002

This review focuses on two phospholipase activities involved in eukaryotic signal transduction. The action of the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes produces two well-characterized second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. This discussion emphasizes recent advances in elucidation of the mechanisms of regulation and catalysis of the various isoforms of these enzymes. These are especially related to structural information now available for a phospholipase C δ isozyme.Phospholipase D hydrolyzes phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid and the respective head group. A perspective of selected past studies is related to emerging molecular characterization of purified and cloned phospholipases D. Evidence for various stimulatory agents (two small G protein families, protein kinase C, aand phosphoinositides) suggests complex regulatory mechanisms, and some studies suggest a role for this enzyme activity in intracellular membrane traffic.
TOWARDS A UNIFIED EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Tibayrenc M. 
Published: July 2002

I propose here that evolutionary genetics, apart from improving our basic knowledge of the taxonomy and evolution of microbes (either eukaryotes or prokaryotes), can also greatly contribute to applied research in microbiology. Evolutionary genetics provides convenient guidelines for better interpreting genetic and molecular data dealing with microorganisms. The three main potential applications of evolutionary genetics in microbiology are (a) epidemiological follow-up (with the necessity of evaluating the stability off microbial genotypes over space and time); (b) taxonomy in the broad sense (better definition and sharper delimitation of preesently described taxa, research of hidden genetic subdivisions); and ( c) evaluation of the impact of the genetic diversity of microbes on their relevant properties (pathogenicity, resistance to drugs, etc). At present, two main kinds of population structure can be distinguished in natural microbial populations: (a) species that are not subdivided into discrete phylogenetic lineages (panmictic species or basically sexual species witth occasional bouts of short-term clonality fall into this category); (b) species that are strongly subdivided by either cryptic speciation or clonal evolution. Improvements in available statistical methods are required to refine these distinctions and to better quantify the actual impact of gene exchange in natural microbial populations. Moreover, a codified selection of markers with appropriate molecular clocks (in other words: adapted levels of resolution) is sorely needed to answer distinct questions that address different scales of time and space: experimental, epidemic, and evolutionary. The problems raised by natural genetic diversity are very similar for all microbial species, in terms of both basic and applied science. Despite this fact, a regrettable compartmentalization among specialists has hampered progress in this field. I propose a synthetic approach, relying on the statistical improvements and technical standardizations called for above, to settle a unified evolutionary genetics of microorganisms, valid whatever the species studied, whether eukaryotic (parasitic protozoa and fungi) or prokaryotic (bacteria). Apart from benefits for basic evolutionary research, the anticipated payoff from this synthetic approach is to render routine and commonplace the use of microbial evolutionary genetics in the fields of epidemiology, medicine, and agronomy.
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
Authors: Buonomano Dean V. , Merzenich Michael M. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionally most used. Alterations in cortical representations appear to underlie learning tasks dependent on the use of the behaviorally important peripheral inputs that they represent. The rules governing this cortical representational plasticity following manipulations of inputs, including learning, are increasingly well understood. In parallel with developments in the field of cortical map plasticity, studies of synaptic plasticity have characterized specific elementary forms of plasticity, including associative long-term potentiation and long-term depression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Investigators have made many important strides toward understanding the molecular underpinnings of these fundamental plasticity processes and toward defining the learning rules that govern their induction. The fields of cortical synaptic plasticity and cortical map plasticity have been implicitly linked by the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity underlies cortical map reorganization. Recent experimental and theoretical work has provided increasingly stronger support for this hypothesis. The goal of the current paper is to review the fields of both synaptic and cortical map plasticity with an emphasis on the work that attempts to unite both fields. A second objective is to highlight the gaps in our understanding of synaptic and cellular mechanisms underlying cortical representational plasticity.
Activation in Human MT/MST by Static Images with Implied Motion
Authors: Kourtzi Zoe , Kanwisher Nancy 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A still photograph of an object in motion may convey dynamic information about the position of the object immediately before and after the photograph was taken (implied motion). Medial temporal/medial superior temporal cortex (MT/MST) is one of the main brain regions engaged in the perceptual analysis of visual motion. In two experiments we examined whether MT/MST is also involved in representing implied motion from static images. We found stronger functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation within MT/MST during viewing of static photographs with implied motion compared to viewing of photographs without implied motion. These results suggest that brain regions involved in the visual analysis of motion are also engaged in processing implied dynamic information from static images.
Algorithmic Stability and Sanity-Check Bounds for Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation
Authors: Kearns Michael , Ron Dana 
Published: July 2002

In this article we prove sanity-check bounds for the error of the leave-oneout cross-validation estimate of the generalization error: that is, bounds showing that the worst-case error of this estimate is not much worse than that of the training error estimate. The name sanity check refers to the fact that although we often expect the leave-one-out estimate to perform considerably better than the training error estimate, we are here only seeking assurance that its performance will not be considerably worse. Perhaps surprisingly, such assurance has been given only for limited cases in the prior literature on cross-validation. Any nontrivial bound on the error of leave-one-out must rely on some notion of algorithmic stability. Previous bounds relied on the rather strong notion of hypothesis stability, whose application was primarily limited to nearest-neighbor and other local algorithms. Here we introduce the new and weaker notion of error stability and apply it to obtain sanity-check bounds for leave-one-out for other classes of learning algorithms, including training error minimization procedures and Bayesian algorithms. We also provide lower bounds demonstrating the necessity of some form of error stability for proving bounds on the error of the leave-one-out estimate, and the fact that for training error minimization algorithms, in the worst case such bounds must still depend on the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension of the hypothesis class.
Book
Authors: Steinfeld Jeffrey I. 
Published: July 2002

Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, by Paul T. Anastas and John C. WarnerGreen Chemistry: Frontiers in Benign Chemical Synthesis and Processes, ed. by Paul T. Anastas and Tracy C. WilliamsonGreen Chemistry: Designing Chemistry for the Environment, ed. by Paul T. Anastas and Tracy C. Williamson
Did Plotinus and Porphyry disagree on Aristotle's Categories?
Authors: De Haas Frans 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper I propose a reading of Plotinus Enneads VI.1-3 \[41-43] On the genera of being which regards this treatise as a coherent whole in which Aristotle's Categories is explored in a way that turns it into a decisive contribution to Plotinus' Platonic ontology. In addition, I claim that Porphyry's Isagoge and commentaries on the Categories start by adopting Plotinus' point of view, including his notion of genus, and proceed by explaining its consequences for a more detailed reading of the Categories. After Plotinus' integration of the Categories into the Platonic frame of thought Porphyry saw the possibilities of exploiting the Peripatetic tradition both as a means to support the Platonic interpretation of the Categories and as a source for solutions to traditional questions. His allegiance to a division of being into ten, and his emphasis on semantics rather than ontology can be explained from this orientation. In the light of our investigation the alleged disagreement between Plotinus and Porphyry on the Categories changes its appearance completely. There are differences, but these can be best explained as confirmation and extension of Plotinus' perspective on the Categories and its role in Platonism.
A LONG-TERM STUDY OF A SHORT-LIVED FISH: THE DEMOGRAPHY OF GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS
Authors: Wootton R.J. , Smith  
Published: July 2002

Abstract(1) We present the results of the first long-term investigation on the demography of a population of three-spined sticklebacks. This study describes the changes in the abundance of a population from a backwater of the Afon Rheidol in mid-Wales, based on mark-recapture data collected in October of each year from 1972 until 1998. (2) The population showed quasi-cyclical changes in abundance around a trend line with a period of approximately 6 years. Over the duration of the study there was a tendency for the population to decline. During the unusually dry summers of 1976, 1983, 1984 and 1989 the population was either at a minimum size or was below the estimated trend line. Estimates of stickleback densities varied between 7-28 m-2. (3) Analysis of length-frequency data showed there were two cohorts present. These were assumed to represent two age classes, 0+ and 1+ , with the population consisting largely of the 0+ class. Thus the population was essentially annual. (4) There was evidence of density-dependent mortality and growth of 0+ sticklebacks during and shortly after the spawning period.
THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF RANK IN GROOMING AND SUPPORT BEHAVIOR IN A CAPTIVE GROUP OF BONOBOS (PAN PANISCUS)
Authors: Vervaecke Hilde , De Vries Han , Van Elsacker Linda 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated dyadic grooming relationships in a captive group of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and questioned what social function grooming fulfils in the 'market of services and favors'. Hereto we examined which of two theoretical models - grooming for support (Seyfarth, 1977, 1980) or grooming according to the similarity principle (de Waal & Luttrell, 1986) - best accounted for the observed grooming distribution. Similarity in traits did not correlate with increased grooming or close proximity among the individuals. Therefore, the similarity hypothesis was rejected. Seyfarth's model of rank-related grooming was largely confirmed. The animals distributed their grooming according to the rank of the receivers. We found an exchange between grooming and receipt of support. There was more grooming up than down the hierarchy. However, not all predictions about rank-related competition over grooming were confirmed. We found that dyadic grooming reciprocity indeed increased with decreasing rank distance. Yet, there was no increase of grooming within the dyad with decreasing rank distance and high ranking individuals were not competed over at the highest rates. The observed correlation between grooming and support received represents an important fit with Seyfarth's prediction, but does not allow for conclusions about underlying causal processes. Other causal explanations, besides the 'groom to receive support' hypothesis, that could explain a similar correlation are discussed.
TOLERATED CO-FEEDING IN RELATION TO DEGREE OF KINSHIP IN JAPANESE MACAQUES
Authors: Belisle Patrick , Chapais Bernard 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We analyzed co-feeding in relation to degree of kinship in Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata), testing experimentally five categories of matrilineal kin dyads: mother-daughter, grandmother-granddaughter, sisters, aunt-niece and nonkin. In each test, two adult females with a clear dominance relationship had access to a box containing a limited quantity of highly prized food. The dominant female could easily prevent the subordinate from eating so that food was easily monopolizable, hence the use of the expression tolerated co-feeding. Rates of tolerated co-feeding increased steeply with degree of kinship. The aggression levels of dominant females towards subordinate females decreased with increasing degree of kinship and this effect was most apparent between mothers and daughters. The confidence level of subordinate females increased with degree of kinship and this effect became apparent above the aunt-niece kin class. Prior access to food by the subordinate female was a significant means of access to food, mostly beyond the grandmother-granddaughter kin category. The results point to a relatedness threshold for the preferential treatment of kin at r = 0.25 (grandmother-granddaughter and sister dyads), beyond which (r = 0.125: aunt-niece dyads), levels of tolerated co-feeding were comparable to those of nonkin females. The identity of this threshold with that found in previous studies on the same group for two different types of interactions suggests the existence of a generalized relatedness threshold for kin favoritism in Japanese macaques. Assuming that the costs of food defense by the dominant females were negligible and that tolerated co-feeding was altruistic, our results support the role of kin selection in the evolution of altruism in primates beyond the mother-offspring bond.
LEARNING BY INSTRUCTION OR SELECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN BIRD SONG
Authors: Nelson Douglas , Khanna Hitesh , Marler Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExperience can have both instructive and selective effects on vocal development in song birds. Learning by instruction occurs when one male imitates the song of another. Learning by selection occurs when a male chooses one or more songs to retain in his repertoire based on interaction with other individuals. These models of learning make different predictions about the degree of microgeographic variation in song present in wild populations of birds. If males are instructed by their immediate territory neighbors, then the songs of territory neighbors should be more similar than are the songs of non-neighbors. In contrast, if males select a song for retention that was learned elsewhere in the dialect, the songs of neighbors should be no more similar than are the songs of non-neighbors sampled from the same dialect. We compared the songs of males sampled in two sedentary populations and four migratory populations of four subspecies of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys. In the two sedentary nuttalli populations, males on neighboring territories sang very similar songs, indicating that males are instructed by their territory neighbors after they disperse short distances to their breeding territories. Learning by selection during territory establishment after natal dispersal appears to predominate in the four migratory populations: the songs of territory neighbors were no more similar than were the songs of non-neighbors. We conclude that the sedentary/migratory distinction in the annual cycle determines the form of vocal learning that occurs between territory neighbors.
Nematode assemblages from the moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. growing on different substrates in a balkanic durmast oak forest (Quercus dalechampii Ten.) on Mount Vitosha, Bulgaria
Authors: Penev Lyubomir , Lazarova Stela , Peneva Vlada 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSpecies and generic composition, trophic structure and some ecological parameters of nematode assemblages from the moss, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., in a durmast oak (Quercus dalechampii Ten.) forest were studied on three substrates (soil, stone and tree trunks). Nematode abundance was very variable between samples and substrates. Nematode assemblages varied in species composition but were similar in generic composition, diversity and trophic group structure. Bacterial feeders were the most abundant, frequent and diverse trophic group, while the proportion of omnivorous and predatory nematodes was remarkably low, i.e., the nematode assemblages present can be characterised as of the 'detritus foodweb' type. No clear substrate-dependent patterns in the distribution of single species were found, with the exception of Chiloplectus andrassyi which was typical and abundant for mosses growing on stones.La composition spécifique et générique, la structure trophique et quelques paramètres écologiques des communautés de nématodes vivant dans la mousse Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. poussant dans une forêt de chênes (Quercus dalechampii Ten.) ont été étudiés sur trois substrats: sol, rochers et troncs d'arbres. L'abondance des nématodes variait fortement suivant l'échantillon et le substrat. Les communautés de nématodes présentaient une composition spécifique variable, mais étaient très semblables en ce qui concerne la composition générique, la diversité et la structure des groupes trophiques. Les bactérivores représentaient le groupe trophique le plus abondant, fréquent et diversifié, tandis que la proportion des nématodes omnivores et prédateurs était remarquablement faible, c'est à-dire que les communautés de nématodes présentes peuvent être considérées du type 'réseau détritivore'. Aucun modèle net de dépendance envers le substrat n'a été observé dans la répartition des espèces à l'exception de Chiloplacus andrassyi, typique et abondant dans les mousses poussant sur les rochers.