bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Disproportionation of [Ni(tacn)]2+ in Ni2+ and [Ni(tacn)2]2+ Crystallographically Demonstrated (tacn=1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane)
Authors: Amendola Valeria , Boiocchi Massimo , Fabbrizzi Luigi , Fusco Nadia , Valeri Elisa 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFrom an EtOH/H2O solution, 0.3 M each of Ni2+ and cyclic triamine tacn (2; tacn=1,4,7‐triazacyclononane), after 10 min refluxing and cooling at room temperature, copious and comparable amounts of blue crystals (containing the complex [Ni(tacn)(H2O)3]2+) and pink crystals (containing in the same cell both [Ni(H2O)6]2+ and [Ni(tacn)2]2+) precipitated. This unusual behaviour is ascribed to the fact that at the refluxing temperature the three species are present at the equilibrium in similar concentrations, which are frozen on cooling, due to the inertness of the macrocyclic complexes [Ni(tacn)(H2O)3]2+ and [Ni(tacn)2]2+.
π‐Extented Conjugated Polymers Entailing Pechmann Dye Moieties for Solution‐Processed Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Cai Zhengxu , Liu Zitong , Luo Hewei , Qi Penglin , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we report the design, synthesis and semiconducting behavior of two conjugated D‐A polymers BPDDTE and BPDBDTE which entail BPD, a Pechmann dye framework, as electron accepting moieties and (E)‐1,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethane with and without alkyl chains as electron donating moieties. They both show very narrow bandgaps below 1.3 eV. Based on the characterization of the field‐effect transistors, thin film of BPDDT exhibits ambipolar semiconducting properties with hole and electron mobilities reaching 0.245 and 0.095 cm2·V????????????1·s−1, respectively, after thermal annealing. Similarly, BPDBDTE with more alkylchains shows ambipolar semiconducting behavior with hole mobility and electron mobilities reaching 0.109 and 0.081 cm2·V−1·s−1. Furthermore, BPDBDTE shows good solubilities in several common organic solvents and thus is easily solution‐processible. Thus, BPDBDTE is potentially processible with inkjet printing and roll‐to‐roll printing techniques.
Rosuvastatin Reduces Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Jiang Fangyong , Yang Jin , Zhang Linchao , Li Rongshan , Zhuo Liuan , Sun Liping , Zhao Qin 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundStatins reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but no clinical studies have investigated the role of statins in ischemia‐reperfusion injury after PCI.HypothesisRosuvastatin could reduce ischemia‐reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with PCI.ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of rosuvastatin on ischemia‐reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome after PCI and evaluated short‐term prognosis.MethodsPatients scheduled for emergent PCI were given either rosuvastatin for ≥6 months (10 mg/d, every night; n = 55) or no statins (control group; n = 65). Serum superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) were determined before and after PCI, as well as left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume. Major adverse cardiac events were observed at follow‐ups for 6 months.ResultsSuperoxide dismutase activity in the rosuvastatin‐treated group was higher than that of the control group; serum levels of malondialdehyde were lower. BNP and hs‐CRP levels in the rosuvastatin‐treated group were lower than that of the control group. Four weeks after PCI, the left ventricular ejection fraction in the treatment group was higher than that of the control group, and the left ventricular end‐diastolic volume was lower. At the 6‐month follow‐up, there was no difference in major adverse cardiac events between the 2 groups.ConclusionsRosuvastatin before PCI reduced ischemia‐reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome, which suggests the importance of application of rosuvastatin before PCI for early intervention.
Photochemistry and Photophysics at Extended Seams of Conical Intersection
Authors: Blancafort Lluís 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe role of extended seams of conical intersection in excited‐state mechanisms is reviewed. Seams are crossings of the potential energy surface in many dimensions where the decay from the excited to the ground state can occur, and the extended seam is composed of different segments lying along a reaction coordinate. Every segment is associated with a different primary photoproduct, which gives rise to competing pathways. This idea is first illustrated for fulvene and ethylene, and then it is used to explain more complex cases such as the dependence of the isomerisation of retinal chromophore isomers on the protein environment, the dependence of the efficiency of the azobenzene photochemical switch on the wavelength of irradiation and the direction of the isomerisation, and the coexistence of different mechanisms in the photo‐induced Wolff rearrangement of diazonaphthoquinone. The role of extended seams in the photophysics of the DNA nucleobases and the relationship between two‐state seams and three‐state crossings is also discussed. As an outlook, the design of optical control strategies based on the passage of the excited molecule through the seam is considered, and it is shown how the excited‐state lifetime of fulvene can be modulated by shaping the energy of the seam.
Hydroxyethyl acrylate‐based copolymer‐immobilized liposomes as UV and thermo dual‐triggerable carriers
Authors: Kim Jin‐Chul 
Published: August 2014

UV‐ and temperature‐triggerable liposomes were prepared by modifying the surface of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) liposomes with poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate–co‐coumaryl acrylate–co‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) (P(HEA–CA–EHA)). P(HEA–CA–EHA)s were prepared by a free radical polymerization using reaction mixtures where HEA/CA/EHA molar ratio was 97.5:0.5:2 and 97:1:2. The CA residue of P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97.5:0.5:2) and that of P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97:1:2) were readily dimerized under the irradiation of UV light (254 nm, 6 W). P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97:1:2) exhibited a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 37°C but P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97.5:0.5:2) showed no LCST. EPC liposomes incorporating the copolymers of which EPC/copolymer ratio was 200:1–10:1 were prepared by bath‐type sonication. The fluorescence quenching degree was 65–92%, depending on the EPC/copolymer ratio. The liposomes released their content in response to the irradiation of the UV light, and the photo‐sensitivity of liposomes incorporating P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97:1:2) was somewhat higher than that of liposomes incorporating P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97.5:0.5:2). Liposomes incorporating P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97:1:2) exhibited a temperature‐responsive release, but liposomes bearing P(HEA–CA–EHA) (97.5:0.5:2) did not. The UV‐ and temperature‐triggered release property of the liposomes was possibly due to the photo‐ and thermo‐sensitive property of the copolymer immobilized on the liposomal surface.Practical applications: The liposomes incorporating P(HEA‐CA‐EHA) could be applied in controlled release drug delivery, releasing the cargo in response to ultra‐violet light irradiation and to temperature change.UV (panel A) and thermo (panel B)‐triggered release from liposome incorporating P(HEA–CA–EHA). EPC to copolymer ratio was 1:0 (●), 200:1 (○), 100:1 (▾), 50:1 (Δ), 20:1 (▪), and 10:1 (□) in panel (A). Temperature of release medium was 25°C (○), 36°C (Δ), and 44°C (●) in panel (B).
Supramolecular Control of Reactivity and Catalysis – Effective Molarities of Recognition‐Mediated Bimolecular Reactions
Authors: Di Stefano Stefano , Cacciapaglia Roberta , Mandolini Luigi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractReactivity data relating to bimolecular reactions of compounds featuring complementary recognition sites are critically surveyed and discussed in terms of effective molarity (EM) as an absolute measure of the efficiency of the intracomplex reactions. Comparison of experimentally determined EM values with idealized values estimated for strain‐free cyclizations on the basis of the number of internal rotors in the linker allowed quantification of the penalties of imperfect design in terms of entropy and strain.
A Common Synthetic Protocol for the Cyclic and Acyclic Core of Migrastatin, Isomigrastatin, and Dorrigocin via a Chiral β‐Hydroxy‐γ‐butyrolactone Intermediate
Authors: Gade Narendar Reddy , Iqbal Javed 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA facile synthetic route has been developed for the synthesis of the cyclic and acyclic cores of migrastatin, isomigrastatin, and dorrigocin. The common synthetic route goes via a β‐hydroxy‐γ‐butyrolactone intermediate that is obtained by a PdII‐catalysed asymmetric allylic intramolecular cyclization of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylhex‐5‐enoic acid following a protocol developed by White and coworkers.
Electrochemical Determination of Homocysteine at Disposable Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Eksin Ece , Erdem Arzum 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the case of disruption of Hcy metabolism, the blood level of Hcy increases and it causes particularly the cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Thus, the sensitive analysis of Hcy levels in biological fluids is very important. Hcy analysis was performed herein using very practical and cost‐effective protocol using differential pulse voltammetry and graphite electrode. Detection limit of Hcy was found to be 1.21 µM in the linear range from 2 µM to 20 µM. The electrochemical Hcy detection in artificial urine medium was also successfully performed even in the presence of L‐Cysteine, L‐Methionine and Glutathione.
Dietary Intake According to the Course of Symptoms of Eating Disorders in a School‐based Follow‐up Study of Adolescents
Authors: Aparicio‐Llopis Estefania , Canals Josefa , Arija Victoria 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study examines dietary intake according to the course of risk of eating disorder (rED) in a sample of school‐age followed from preadolescence to adolescence. An initial sample of 1 336 adolescents completed the Children's Eating Attitudes Test, and we selected a group with rED and a control group randomly. Two years later, 162 adolescents completed the Eating Attitudes Test and were classified into three groups according to the course of symptoms (no rED = 57; remission of rED = 62; persistent rED = 43). Dietary intake was assessed using a 3‐day food record and 24‐h recalls over 3 days. The results showed that girls with persistent rED reduced their energy and nutrient intake, with a 67.5% at risk of inadequate vitamin and mineral intake. Boys with persistent rED maintained their dietary intake, with a 25% at risk of inadequate vitamin and mineral micronutrient intake. Therefore, early detection of rED is necessary to prevent the exacerbation of nutritional problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Peatland restoration: controls on sediment production and reductions in carbon and pollutant export
Authors: Shuttleworth E. L. , Evans M. G. , Hutchinson S. M. , Rothwell J. J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPeatlands are an important store of soil carbon, and play a vital role in global carbon cycling, and when located in close proximity to urban and industrial areas, can also act as sinks of atmospherically deposited heavy metals. Large areas of the UK's blanket peat are significantly degraded and actively eroding which negatively impacts carbon and pollutant storage. The restoration of eroding UK peatlands is a major conservation concern, and over the last decade measures have been taken to try to control erosion and restore large areas of degraded peat. This study utilizes a sediment source fingerprinting approach to assess the effect of restoration practices on sediment production, and carbon and pollutant export in the Peak District National Park, southern Pennines (UK). Suspended sediment was collected using time integrated mass flux samplers (TIMS), deployed across three field areas which represent the surface conditions exhibited through an erosion–restoration cycle: (i) intact; (ii) actively eroding; and (iii) recently re‐vegetated. Anthropogenic pollutants stored near the peat's surface have allowed material mobilized by sheet erosion to be distinguished from sediment eroded from gully walls. Re‐vegetation of eroding gully systems is most effective at stabilizing interfluve surfaces, switching the locus of sediment production from contaminated surface peat to relatively ‘clean’ gully walls. The stabilization of eroding surfaces reduces particulate organic carbon (POC) and lead (Pb) fluxes by two orders of magnitude, to levels comparable with those of an intact peatland, thus maintaining this important carbon and pollutant store. The re‐vegetation of gully floors also plays a key role in decoupling eroding surfaces from the fluvial system, and further reducing the flux of material. These findings indicate that the restoration practices have been effective over a relatively short timescale, and will help target and refine future restoration initiatives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment budgets for a sediment‐laden river: the lower Wei River in the period 1960–1990
Authors: Shao Wenwei , Shi Changxing , Fan Xiaoli , Zhou Yuanyuan , Bai Jianbin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFluvial sediment delivery is the main form of sediment transfer from the land to the sea, but this process is currently undergoing significant variations due to the alteration of catchment and base level controls related to climate change and human activities, especially the widespread construction of dams. Using the lower Wei River as an example and an integrated approach, this study investigates the variation of fluvial sediment delivery, as well as the connectivity under the effects of both controls. Based on hydrological records and channel cross‐section surveys, sediment budgets were constructed for two periods (1960–1970, 1970–1990) after the dam was closed in 1960. In the period 1960–1969, due to the elevated base level (327.2 ± 1.62 m) caused by the dam, the aggradation rate was 0.451 × 108 t yr‐1 in the channel and 0.716 × 108 t yr‐1 on the floodplain, indicating that the positive lateral connectivity between these locations was enhanced. As a consequence, serious sediment storage resulted in a sediment delivery ratio (SDR) that was smaller than that occurring before 1960. In the period 1970–1990, sweeping soil and water conservation (SWC) measures were implemented, resulting in a reduction of the connectivity between the trunk and tributaries, and a decrease of ~31% in the mean sediment input. In addition, together with the base level fluctuation in the range of 327.47 ± 0.49 m, the annual variation in sediment storage was primarily dependent on the water–sediment regime affected by the SWC. The negative lateral connectivity was enhanced between the channel and floodplain via bank erosion. Consequently, the aggradation rate was reduced by 89% on the floodplain and by 96% in the channel. Sediment output continued to decrease primarily due to the SWC practices and climate changes in this period, whereas the SDR increased due to the enhanced longitudinal connectivity between the upstream and downstream. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the geomorphological potential of freely available and accessible structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry using a smartphone
Authors: Micheletti Natan , Chandler Jim H. , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe test the acquisition of high‐resolution topographic and terrain data using hand‐held smartphone technology, where the acquired images can be processed using technology freely available to the research community. This is achieved by evaluating the quality of digital terrain models (DTM) of a river bank and an Alpine alluvial fan generated with a fully automated, free‐to‐use, structure‐from‐motion package and a smartphone integrated camera (5 megapixels) with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data used to provide a benchmark. To evaluate this approach a 16.2‐megapixel digital camera and an established, commercial, close‐range and semi‐automated software are also employed, and the product of the four combinations of the two types of cameras and software are compared. Results for the river bank survey demonstrate that centimetre‐precision DTMs can be achieved at close range (10 m or less), using a smartphone camera and a fully automated package. Results improve to sub‐centimetre precision with either higher‐resolution images or by applying specific post‐processing techniques to the smartphone DTMs. Application to an entire Alpine alluvial fan system shows the degradation of precision scales linearly with image scale, but that (i) the expected level of precision remains and (ii) difficulties in separating vegetation and sediment cover within the results are similar to those typically found when using other photo‐based techniques and laser scanning systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are nanosized or dissolved metals more toxic in the environment? A meta-analysis
Authors: Notter Dominic A. , Mitrano Denise M. , Nowack Bernd 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Recently, much has been written about the extreme urgency of elaborating the regulations for engineered nanomaterials. Such regulations are needed both from lawmakers, to protect people from potentially adverse effects, and from industry representatives, to prove that nanoproducts are produced carefully and with caution to avoid possible lawsuits. However, developing regulations has proven to be a difficult task, and an ambiguous topic where errors can easily occur. In the present study, the authors present a meta-analysis of 3 different nanomaterials (nano-Ag, nano-ZnO, and nano-CuO) in which data from ecotoxicity studies and published half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values are compared for both the nano form and the corresponding dissolved metal. A ratio equal to 1 means that the particle is as toxic as the dissolved metal ion, whereas a lower ratio signifies that the nano form is less toxic than the dissolved metal based on total metal concentrations. The results show that for 93.8% (Ag), 100% (Cu), and 81% (Zn) of the ratios considered, the nano form is less toxic than the dissolved metal in terms of total metal concentration. Very few of the studies surveyed found a ratio of EC50 values for (dissolved/nano) that was larger than 2 (Ag: 1.1%; Cu: 0%; Zn: 2.8%). Hence, a reduction in existing metal concentration thresholds by a factor of 2 in current freshwater and soil regulations for ecotoxicity may be sufficient to protect organisms and compartments from the nano form of these metals as well. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2733–2739. © 2014 SETAC
The preparation and properties of three types of microcapsules of sweet orange oil using alginate and chitosan as wall material
Authors: Xiao Zuobing , He Long , Zhu Guangyong 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA microcapsule of sweet orange oil was prepared by the gelation of sodium alginate with Ca2+. Orthogonal experiments were designed to investigate the encapsulation efficiency (EE) to be adopted as the target index. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: sodium alginate concentration 2% (w/v), CaCl2 concentration 1.5% (w/v), ratio of core material to wall material 1.5:1, and emulsifying agents 0.1% (w/v) Tween80 and 0.1% (w/v) glyceryl monostearate. Under these conditions, the highest EE was 76.1%. Chitosan was added to prepare chitosan‐coated calcium alginate (CCCA) and chitosan–calcium alginate complex (CCAC) gel beads. The influence of the addition of chitosan on microcapsule's morphology, EE and release characteristic was the focus of study. For these three types of microcapsules, the results showed that both surface smoothness and EE in descending order were CCAC, CCCA and calcium alginate (CA) gel beads, while the order of release rate was CA, CCCA and CCAC gel beads. These three types of microcapsules could be used in chewing gum, puffed food and other food products to control release and prevent volatilization of flavour because of their different characteristics or properties. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensions of Employee Satisfaction as Determinants of Organizational Commitment in the Hotel Industry
Authors: García‐Almeida Desiderio Juan , Fernández‐Monroy Margarita , De Saá‐Pérez Petra 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn today's dynamic environment, the role of employees and their level of organizational commitment are becoming increasingly important for business success, which is especially relevant for the service industry in general and for the tourism sector in particular because of problems associated with employee turnover, loyalty strategies with the customer, and so forth. Employee satisfaction is considered an essential ingredient for developing organizational commitment. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of different facets of employee job satisfaction, that is, job conditions, reward system, relations with superiors and co‐workers, organizational human resources (HR) policies, on employees’ organizational commitment in the hotel industry. The research hypotheses are tested with a sample of 760 hotel employees on Gran Canaria, Spain. The results show the relevance of the working conditions, direct rewards, relationships with managers, and the HR policies in order to develop a high level of organizational commitment.