bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faut-il des règles de politique budgétaire ?
Authors: Mathieu Catherine , Sterdyniak Henri 
Published: April 2013

En raison de la crise des dettes publiques, les projets visant à instaurer des règles budgétaires sont revenus au premier plan. Cette étude analyse leurs justifications et les spécifications proposées, dans un cadre néo-classique, puis dans un cadre keynésien. Il n’y a aucune preuve qu’au cours de la dernière période, les déficits publics aient été la conséquence de l’indiscipline budgétaire et aient induit des taux d’intérêt trop élevés. Aucune des règles budgétaires proposées n’est économiquement satisfaisante, c’est-à-dire capable d’indiquer la politique optimale face à tous les chocs. L’étude propose une analyse des expériences de règles budgétaires nationales (comme la règle d’or au Royaume-Uni) ou européennes (comme le Pacte de stabilité et de croissance) ; elle montre qu’elles n’ont pas fonctionné avant et pendant la crise. La dernière section discute du projet européen, le « Pacte budgétaire », qui risque de paralyser les politiques budgétaires et d’empêcher la stabilisation économique. L’urgence aujourd’hui n’est pas d’augmenter la discipline des finances publiques mais de remettre en question les évolutions économiques qui rendent les déficits publics nécessaires.
Late-Recognized Primary Congenital Glaucoma
Authors: Walton David S. , Nagao Karina , Yeung Helen H. , Kane Steven A. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:
To describe a cohort of children with late-recognized primary congenital glaucoma (LRPCG), including age of presentation, age-related diagnostic signs, clinical abnormalities, and results of glaucoma surgery.

Methods:
The medical records of 31 patients (49 eyes) with PCG recognized after 1 year of age were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were confirmed to have PCG based on their increased intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior segment abnormalities including findings on gonioscopy, and the absence of other causes of childhood glaucoma. The outcome of glaucoma surgery was reviewed and success measured by assessment of the relative control of IOP, occurrence of significant complications, and need for additional glaucoma surgery.

Results:
Average age at diagnosis of glaucoma was 4.7 years (36% diagnosed at > 4 years of age). The most common initial diagnostic signs were corneal enlargement (46%, average age of 2.0 years), photophobia (20%, average age of 3.3 years), and suspected poor visual acuity (32%, average age of 9.9 years). Corneal cloudiness was not an initial sign for any patient. Haab’s striae were present in 60% of the affected 49 eyes. Gonioscopy findings were abnormal in 82%, but the ciliary body band was seen in 81% and the scleral spur was visible in 47%. Sixty-one goniotomy procedures were performed for 39 eyes with overall success in 95% (37 eyes) and complete success in 65% (27 eyes). The final visual acuity was 20/200 or worse in 31% (15 eyes) and 20/40 or better in 60% (29 eyes).

Conclusions:
An awareness of and familiarity with the subtle diagnostic signs of LRPCG can enable its differentiation from primary juvenile glaucoma and contribute to earlier recognition and treatment. Glaucoma surgery is often required for LRPCG and goniosurgery is the recommended initial procedure.

[J Pediatric Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013;50(4): 234–238.]
Galectin 1 Modulates Plasma Cell Homeostasis and Regulates the Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Anginot Adrienne , Espeli Marion , Chasson Lionel , Mancini Stéphane J. C. , Schiff Claudine 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Galectin-1 (GAL1) is an S-type lectin with multiple functions, including the control of B cell homeostasis. GAL1 expression was reported to be under the control of the plasma cell master regulator BLIMP-1. GAL1 was detected at the protein level in LPS-stimulated B cells and was shown to promote Ig secretion in vitro. However, the pattern of GAL1 expression and function of GAL1 in B cells in vivo are still unclear. In this study, we show that, among B cells, GAL1 is only expressed by differentiating plasma cells following T-dependent or T-independent immunization. Using GAL1-deficient mice we demonstrate that GAL1 expression is required for the maintenance of Ag-specific Ig titers and Ab-secreting cell numbers. Using an in vitro differentiation assay we find that GAL1-deficient plasmablasts can develop normally but die rapidly, through caspase 8 activation, under serum starvation–induced death conditions. TUNEL assays show that in vivo–generated GAL1-deficient plasma cells exhibit an increased sensitivity to apoptosis. Taken together, our data indicate that endogenous GAL1 supports plasma cell survival and participates in the regulation of the humoral immune response.
Programmed Death Receptor-1/Programmed Death Receptor Ligand-1 Blockade after Transient Lymphodepletion To Treat Myeloma
Authors: Kearl Tyce J. , Jing Weiqing , Gershan Jill A. , Johnson Bryon D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Early phase clinical trials targeting the programmed death receptor-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway to overcome tumor-mediated immunosuppression have reported promising results for a variety of cancers. This pathway appears to play an important role in the failure of immune reactivity to malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma patients, as the tumor cells express relatively high levels of PD-L1, and T cells show increased PD-1 expression. In the current study, we demonstrate that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with a PD-L1–specific Ab elicits rejection of a murine myeloma when combined with lymphodepleting irradiation. This particular combined approach by itself has not previously been shown to be efficacious in other tumor models. The antitumor effect of lymphodepletion/anti–PD-L1 therapy was most robust when tumor Ag–experienced T cells were present either through cell transfer or survival after nonmyeloablative irradiation. In vivo depletion of CD4 or CD8 T cells completely eliminated antitumor efficacy of the lymphodepletion/anti–PD-L1 therapy, indicating that both T cell subsets are necessary for tumor rejection. Elimination of myeloma by T cells occurs relatively quickly as tumor cells in the bone marrow were nearly nondetectable by 5 d after the first anti–PD-L1 treatment, suggesting that antimyeloma reactivity is primarily mediated by preactivated T cells, rather than newly generated myeloma-reactive T cells. Anti–PD-L1 plus lymphodepletion failed to improve survival in two solid tumor models, but demonstrated significant efficacy in two hematologic malignancy models. In summary, our results support the clinical testing of lymphodepletion and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as a novel approach for improving the survival of patients with multiple myeloma.
Human Fc Receptor–Like 5 Binds Intact IgG via Mechanisms Distinct from Those of Fc Receptors
Authors: Franco Andrea , Damdinsuren Bazarragchaa , Ise Tomoko , Dement-Brown Jessica , Li Huifang , Nagata Satoshi , Tolnay Mate 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Fc receptor–like (FCRL) 5 regulates B cell Ag receptor signaling and has been reported to bind aggregated IgG. Using surface plasmon resonance, we analyzed the interaction of native IgG samples with FCRL5, revealing a complex binding mechanism, where isotype is just one factor. FCRL5 bound IgG1 and IgG4 with ∼1 μM KD, whereas the interaction with IgG3 was a magnitude weaker. However, IgG2 samples displayed a wide range of affinities, indicating that additional factors affect binding. We used a panel of 19 anti-FCRL5 mAbs with defined reactivity to identify domains involved in ligand binding. Six mAbs blocked IgG binding, indicating critical roles of FCRL5 domains 1 and 3, as well as epitopes at the domain 1/2 and domain 2/3 boundaries. We found that only glycosylated IgG containing both Fab arms and the Fc region bound with high affinity. Furthermore, the presence of sialic acid in the IgG carbohydrate altered FCRL5 binding. The interaction of IgG and FCRL5 consisted of two kinetic components, suggesting a complex binding mechanism. We established that the IgG-Fc and IgG-F(ab′)2 fragments bind FCRL5 independently but with low affinity, revealing the mechanism behind the two-step binding of whole IgG. This complex binding mechanism is distinct from that of Fc receptors, which bind through the Fc. We propose that FCRL5 is a new type of receptor that recognizes intact IgG, possibly enabling B cells to sense Ig quality. Recognition of undamaged IgG molecules by FCRL5 could allow B cells to engage recently produced Abs.
Genome-wide Analysis of Immune System Genes by Expressed Sequence Tag Profiling
Authors: Giallourakis Cosmas C. , Benita Yair , Molinie Benoit , Cao Zhifang , Despo Orion , Pratt Henry E. , Zukerberg Lawrence R. , Daly Mark J. , Rioux John D. , Xavier Ramnik J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractProfiling studies of mRNA and microRNA, particularly microarray-based studies, have been extensively used to create compendia of genes that are preferentially expressed in the immune system. In some instances, functional studies have been subsequently pursued. Recent efforts such as the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements have demonstrated the benefit of coupling RNA sequencing analysis with information from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for transcriptomic analysis. However, the full characterization and identification of transcripts that function as modulators of human immune responses remains incomplete. In this study, we demonstrate that an integrated analysis of human ESTs provides a robust platform to identify the immune transcriptome. Beyond recovering a reference set of immune-enriched genes and providing large-scale cross-validation of previous microarray studies, we discovered hundreds of novel genes preferentially expressed in the immune system, including noncoding RNAs. As a result, we have established the Immunogene database, representing an integrated EST road map of gene expression in human immune cells, which can be used to further investigate the function of coding and noncoding genes in the immune system. Using this approach, we have uncovered a unique metabolic gene signature of human macrophages and identified PRDM15 as a novel overexpressed gene in human lymphomas. Thus, we demonstrate the utility of EST profiling as a basis for further deconstruction of physiologic and pathologic immune processes.
Cd72c Is a Modifier Gene that Regulates Faslpr-Induced Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Xu Miduo , Hou Rong , Sato-Hayashizaki Aya , Man Rongyong , Zhu Chenghua , Wakabayashi Chisato , Hirose Sachiko , Adachi Takahiro , Tsubata Takeshi 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Although modifier genes are extensively studied in various diseases, little is known about modifier genes that regulate autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune disease caused by the Faslpr mutation depends on the genetic background of mouse strains, suggesting a crucial role of modifier genes. MRL/MpJ-Faslpr (MRL/lpr) and AKR/lpr mice develop severe and mild lupus-like autoimmune disease, respectively, whereas this mutation does not cause disease on C57BL/6 (B6) or C3H background. Both MRL and AKR carry the same haplotype of the Cd72 gene encoding an inhibitory BCR coreceptor (CD72c), and CD72c contains several amino acid substitutions and a deletion in the extracellular region compared with CD72a and CD72b. To address the role of Cd72c locus in the regulation of Faslpr-induced autoimmune disease, we generated B6.CD72c/lpr and MRL.CD72b/lpr congenic mice. Introduction of the chromosomal interval containing Cd72c did not cause disease in B6 mice by itself, but caused development of lupus-like disease in the presence of Faslpr on B6 background, clearly demonstrating that this interval contains the modifier gene that regulates Faslpr-induced autoimmune disease. Conversely, MRL.CD72b/lpr congenic mice showed milder disease compared with MRL/lpr mice. We further demonstrated that Cd72c is a hypofunctional allele in BCR signal inhibition and that CD72 deficiency induces severe autoimmune disease in the presence of Faslpr. These results strongly suggest that the Cd72c is a crucial modifier gene that regulates Faslpr-induced autoimmune disease due to its reduced activity of B cell signal regulation.
Key Sectors in the Moroccan Economy: An Application of Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Tounsi Said , Ezzahid El hadj , Alaoui Aicha El , Nihou Abdelaziz 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The exploration of the structural features and sectoral interdependences of and in an economy is fundamental for the understanding of its modes of functioning and of its transformations over time. Input-output analysis is largely used to fulfill this objective. Furthermore, information provided by the Leontief inverse matrix is useful for the identification of key sectors. This identification may guide policy makers in setting an adequate industrial strategy. In this paper, the classification of productive sectors is performed by using the Unweighted Rassmussen Approach. The ordering of sectors depends on the intensity of their links with other sectors. Two results ought to be highlighted. First, key sectors of the Moroccan economy (sectors that are classified in category II) reduced to two sectors in 2007 instead of four sectors in 1998. Second, the ordering of sectors is highly sensitive to the precision of the data and to the year in which the classification is realized.
Ductile Biodegradable Mg‐Based Metallic Glasses with Excellent Biocompatibility
Authors: Yu Hai‐Jun , Wang Jun‐Qiang , Shi Xue‐Tao , Louzguine‐Luzgin Dmitri V. , Wu Hong‐Kai , Perepezko John H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMagnesium‐based metallic glasses (MMGs) show intriguing potentials for application as implantable biomaterials owing to their disordered atomic structure, good biodegradability, low elastic modulus, high strength, and large elasticity. However, despite of all these advantages, their brittleness is their Achilles’ heel, which severely limits their application as biomedical materials. In the current study, a significantly improved ductility of MMGs under bending and tensile loading through minor alloying with rare‐earth element ytterbium (Yb) at an atomic concentration of 2 and 4% is reported. The enhanced ductility is attributed to the increased density of shear bands close to fracture end and larger plastic zones on the fracture surface. In comparison with that of Yb‐free control, in vitro cell culture study confirms an improved biocompatibility of MMGs alloyed with Yb as determined by MTT, live‐dead, and cytoskeleton staining assays, respectively.
Arsonium‐Containing Lipophosphoramides, Poly‐Functional Nano‐Carriers for Simultaneous Antibacterial Action and Eukaryotic Cell Transfection
Authors: Le Gall Tony , Berchel Mathieu , Le Hir Sophie , Fraix Aurore , Salaün Jean Yves , Férec Claude , Lehn Pierre , Jaffrès Paul‐Alain , Montier Tristan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractGene therapy of diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF) would consist of delivering a gene medicine towards the lungs via the respiratory tract into the target epithelial cells. Accordingly, poly‐functional nano‐carriers are required in order to overcome the various successive barriers of such a complex environment, such as airway colonization with bacterial strains. In this work, the antibacterial effectiveness of a series of cationic lipids is investigated before evaluating its compatibility with gene transfer into human bronchial epithelial cells. Among the various compounds considered, some bearing a trimethyl‐arsonium headgroup demonstrate very potent biocide effects towards clinically relevant bacterial strains. In contrast to cationic lipids exhibiting no or insufficient antibacterial potency, arsonium‐containing lipophosphoramides can simultaneously inhibit bacteria while delivering DNA into eukaryotic cells, as efficiently and safely as in absence of bacteria. Moreover, such vectors can demonstrate antibacterial activity in vitro while retaining high gene transfection efficiency to the nasal epithelium as well as to the lungs in mice in vivo. Arsonium‐containing amphiphiles are the first synthetic compounds shown to achieve efficient gene delivery in the presence of bacteria, a property particularly suitable for gene therapy strategies under infected conditions such as within the airways of CF patients.
Characterization of the draping behavior of jute woven fabrics for applications of natural‐fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: El‐Sabbagh Ahmed , Taha Iman 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the draping behavior of jute woven fabric to study the feasibility of using natural fabrics in place of synthetic glass‐fiber fabrics. Draping behavior describes the in‐mold deformation of fabrics, which is vital for the end appearance and performance of polymer composites. The draping coefficient was determined with a common drapemeter for fabrics with densities of 228–765 g/m2 and thread counts under different humidity and static dynamic conditions. The results were compared to glass‐fiber fabrics with close areal densities. Characterization of the jute fabrics was carried out to fill the knowledge gap about natural‐fiber fabrics and to ease their modeling. The tensile and bending stiffnesses and the shear coupling were also characterized for a plain woven jute fabric with a tensile machine, Shirley bending tester, and picture frame, respectively. As a case study, the draping and resin‐transfer molding of the jute fabric over a complex asymmetric form was performed to measure the geometrical conformance. The adoption of natural fibers as a substitute for synthetic fibers, where the strength requirements are satisfied, would thus require no special considerations for tool design or common practices. However, the use of natural fibers would lead to weight and cost reductions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1453–1465, 2013
Chemosynthesis and characterization of fully biomass‐based copolymers of ethylene glycol, 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid, and succinic acid
Authors: Yu Zuolong , Zhou Jiadong , Cao Fei , Wen Binbin , Zhu Xuan , Wei Ping 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate‐co‐ethylene succinate) (PEFS) copolymers of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and succinic acid with 11.98–91.32 mol % FDCA composition were synthesized via melt polycondensation in the presence of ethylene glycol using tetrabutyl titanate as a catalyst. PEFSs' molecular weight, thermal properties, and molar composition were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, intrinsic viscosity, 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements. From experimental conditions, we obtained random copolymers with number‐average molecular weights exceeding 25,600, determined by GPC and 1H NMR analyses. DSC analysis revealed that PEFS copolymers' melting temperatures differed depending on EF units' percentage. TGA studies confirmed that all PEFS copolymers' thermal stability exceeded 300°C. From WAXD analysis, it is observed that the PEFS copolymer crystal structure was similar to that of PES when EF unit was 11.98 mol % and to that of PEF when EF units were 74.35 and 91.32 mol %. These results benefit this novel biodegradable copolymer to be used as a potential biomaterial. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1415‐1420, 2013
Facile preparation of well‐defined near‐monodisperse chitosan/sodium alginate polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (CS/SAL NPs) via ionotropic gelification: A suitable technique for drug delivery systems
Authors: Liu Peng , Zhao Xubo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPolymeric nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for drug delivery systems. We prepared chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (SAL) polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (CS/SAL NPs) via a simple and mild ionic gelation method by adding a CS solution to a SAL solution, and investigated the effects of molecular weight of the added CS, and the SAL:CS mass ratio on the formation of the polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles. The well‐defined CS/SAL NPs with near‐monodisperse particle size of about 160 nm exhibited a pH stable structure, and pH responsive properties with a negatively or positively charged surface. The so‐called “electrostatic sponge” structure of the polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles enhanced their drug‐loading capacity towards the differently charged model drug molecules, and favored controlled release. We also found that the drug‐loading capacity was influenced by the nature of the drugs and the drug‐loading media, while drug release was affected by the solubility of the drugs in the drug‐releasing media. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of the polyelectrolytes in the polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles were maintained by ionic interactions. These results indicate that CS/SAL NPs can represent a useful technique for pH‐responsive drug delivery systems.
Chemical Looping Combustion of Petroleum Coke with CuFe2O4 as Oxygen Carrier
Authors: Wang B. , Zhao H. , Zheng Y. , Liu Z. , Zheng C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUtilizing petroleum coke as fuel in an efficient and environmentally friendly way is a great challenge. Within the technological framework of chemical looping combustion, the reaction of the oxygen carrier CuFe2O4 with a typical high‐sulfur petroleum coke (designated as JS) was performed, focusing on the conversion of the JS coke, the oxygen transfer from CuFe2O4, and the reaction characteristics involved. Simultaneously, the evolution of sulfur and minerals present in JS was also considered. Thermogravimetric analysis of the reaction of CuFe2O4 with JS demonstrated the reaction superiority of CuFe2O4, with its reactivity being close to that of CuO. The preferred CuFe2O4 oxygen excess number Φ for JS conversion was determined as unity. Furthermore, both the experimental means, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction analysis, and the thermodynamic simulation of the reaction of CuFe2O4 with JS indicated that the main reduced counterparts of CuFe2O4 were Cu and Fe3O4. Most of the organic sulfur dominant in JS coke reacted with the reduced CuFe2O4 to form Cu2S, and the side product Fe2SiO4 should also be noted for its detrimental effect on the reactivity of CuFe2O4.
Influence of the Reactor Configuration on the Enantioselectivity of a Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Liese Andreas , Kragl Udo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDie optische Reinheit eines Produkts am Reaktorausgang hängt nicht nur von der Enantioselektivität des Katalysators ab, sondern auch von der Reaktorkonfiguration. Für die kinetische Racematspaltung werden verschiedene Reaktortypen in Hinblick auf den erzielbaren Enantiomerenüberschuss (ee) bei einem bestimmten Umsatz verglichen. Während für den kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktor ein hoher ee nur bei Enantioselektivitäten (E‐Werte) von größer 190 erhalten wird, gelingt dies unter Batch‐, Fed‐batch‐ und Strömungsrohrbedingungen schon beiE‐Werten von 35.