bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Survival and Competing Causes of Death in Patients With Early-Stage Hodgkin’s Disease Treated at Age 50 or Younger
Authors: Ng Andrea K. , Bernardo M. Patricia , Weller Edie , Backstrand Kendall H. , Silver Barbara , Marcus Karen C. , Tarbell Nancy J. , Friedberg Jonathan , Canellos George P. , Mauch Peter M. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: To analyze the long-term survival and the pattern and timing of excess mortality in patients with early-stage Hodgkin’s disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 1997, 1,080 patients age 50 or younger were treated for clinical stage IA to IIB Hodgkin’s disease. Overall survival was determined, and prognostic factors were assessed. Relative risk and absolute excess risk (AR) of mortality were calculated for the entire cohort and by prognostic groups (on the basis of B symptoms, mediastinal status, and number of sites, modified from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer). RESULTS: The median follow-up was 12 years. The 15- and 20-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were 84% and 78%, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models showed that number of involved sites (P = .006), mediastinal status (P = .02), and histology (P = .02) were independent predictors of death from all causes. The AR of mortality in patients with a favorable prognosis increased over time, whereas for those with an unfavorable prognosis, the AR peaked in the first 5 years, predominantly from Hodgkin’s disease. The relative risk of mortality from all causes, causes other than Hodgkin’s disease, second tumors, and cardiac disease remained significantly elevated more than 20 years after treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients treated for early-stage Hodgkin’s disease have a sustained excess mortality risk despite good control of the disease. Treatment reduction efforts in patients with early-stage, favorable-prognosis disease should continue, but for patients with an unfavorable prognosis, modified treatment may not be advisable. The excess mortality noted beyond two decades underscores the importance of long-term follow-up care in patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease.
Electronic Health Record–Based Screening for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Lenert Leslie , Rheingold Alyssa A. , Simpson Kit N. , Scherbakov Dmitry , Aiken Michael , Hahn Christine , McCauley Jenna L. , Ennis Naomi , Diaz Vanessa A. 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue, with a 25% lifetime prevalence. Screening for IPV in primary care is a recommended practice whose effectiveness is debated.ObjectiveTo assess the effect of an electronic health record (EHR)–based multifactorial intervention screening on the detection of IPV risk in primary care practice.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cluster randomized clinical trial used a stepped-wedge design to assign 15 family medicine primary care clinics in the Medical University of South Carolina Health System in the Charleston region to 3 matched blocks from October 6, 2020, to March 31, 2023. All women aged 18 to 49 years who were seen in these clinics participated in this study.InterventionA noninterruptive EHR alert combined with confidential screening by computer questionnaire using the EHR platform followed by risk assessment and a decision support template.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were the rate at which patients were screened for IPV across the clinics and the rate at which patients at risk for IPV were detected by screening procedures.ResultsThe study clinics cared for 8895 unique patients (mean [SD] age, 34.6 [8.7] years; 1270 [14.3%] with Medicaid or Medicare and 7625 [85.7%] with private, military, or other insurance) over the study period eligible for the screening intervention. The intervention had significant effects on the overall rate of screening for IPV, increasing the rate of screening from 45.2% (10 268 of 22 730 patient visits) to 65.3% (22 303 of 34 157 patient visits) when the noninterruptive alert was active (relative risk, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.44-1.49]; P &amp;lt; .001). The confidential screening process was more effective than baseline nurse-led oral screening at identifying patients reporting past-year IPV (130 of 8895 patients [1.5%] vs 9 of 17 433 patients [0.1%]).Conclusions and RelevanceThe intervention was largely effective in increasing screening adherence and the positive detection rate of IPV in primary care. A highly private approach to screening for IPV in primary care may be necessary to achieve adequate detection rates while addressing potential safety issues of patients experiencing IPV.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06284148
Visible‐light‐mediated Oxidative Debenzylation of 3‐
O
‐Benzyl‐1,2:5,6‐di‐
O
‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranose
Authors: Madani Amiera , Sletten Eric T. , Cavedon Cristian , Seeberger Peter H. , Pieber Bartholomäus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

This chapter presents the procedure for the visible‐light‐mediated oxidative debenzylation of 3‐O‐benzyl‐1,2:5,6‐
di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐d‐glucofuranose
. Benzyl ethers are important protective groups in the synthesis of carbohydrates due to their excellent stability over a wide range of conditions. However, benzyl ether cleavage requires harsh reduction/oxidation processes, such as catalytic hydrogenolysis, Birch reduction, or oxidation with ozone or BCl, that are hazardous, and poorly functional group tolerant. The photooxidative debenzylation strategy overcomes current limitations of benzyl ethers as protecting groups that arise from the harsh conditions necessary for their cleavage. The methodology enables the use of benzyl ethers as orthogonal protective group that is installed and removed throughout the synthesis of complex molecules and clears the path to the development of new synthetic routes in total synthesis.
Preparation of Pyrylium Tetrafluoroborate (Pyry‐BF
4
)
Authors: Gómez‐Palomino Alejandro , Ghiazza Clément , Busch Julia , Wagner Lucas , Cornella Josep 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

This chapter presents the procedure for the preparation of pyrylium tetrafluoroborate (Pyry‐BF
4
). A facile synthesis of Pyry‐BF
4
is developed to enable the chemoselective activation of aminoheterocycles and sulfonamides, which upon addition of different nucleophiles, permit direct modification of such scaffolds. Capitalizing on the high reactivity of Pyry‐BF
4
with NH
2
groups, a method is developed to enable the activation of the NH
2
groups in aminoheterocycles, to forge the corresponding pyrdinium salts. The use of Pyry‐BF
4
in combination with cheap and available MgCl
2
permits a mild substitution of the NH
2
group in primary sulfonamides to forge the corresponding sulfonyl chloride. Due to the mild conditions of the protocol, sulfonyl fluoride also enables the derivatization of complex sulfonamides as exemplified by the multitude of functional groups tolerated by the protocol.
Preparation of (S)‐3,3′‐Bis(1‐pyrrolidinylmethyl)‐5,5′,6,6′, 7,7′,8,8′‐octahydro‐1,1'‐bi‐2‐naphthol
Authors: Hong Yu , Zhu Yuan‐Yuan , Gu Shuang‐Xi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

This chapter presents the procedure for the preparation of (S)‐3,3' ‐Bis(1‐pyrrolidinylmethyl) ‐5,5',6,6', 7,7',8,8' ‐octahydro‐1,1' ‐bi‐2‐naphthol. 1,1'‐Bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) and its derivatives have been extensively used for asymmetric catalysis and fluorescent recognition of chiral molecules. Derivatives of the partially hydrogenated BINOL, H
8
BINOL, have also been studied and shown improved enantioselectivity over BINOL in many instances. Thus, H
8
BINOL derivatives are interesting ligands for asymmetric catalysis. The title compound, (S)‐1, was synthesized by a concise and facile one‐pot synthetic method. In the new procedure, environment‐friendly ethanol was used as an efficient solvent to replace the previously reported chloroform and dioxane solvents to prepare the H
8
BINOL derivative.
3‐Component Approach to 1,5‐Dihydro‐2
H
‐pyrrol‐2‐one Heterocycles
Authors: Massaro Nicholas P. , Pierce Joshua G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the procedure for the 3‐component approach to 1,5‐Dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐one heterocycles. Nitrogen‐containing heterocycles (N‐heterocycles) are a commonality among bioactive natural products often represented in alkaloids and other privileged scaffolds. A frequently observed motif is a 5‐membered N‐heterocycle, present in indoles, pyrroles, pyrrolidines and succinimides. The niche of 5‐membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic natural products has supplied potent anticancer therapies such as vinblastine, as well as treacherous poisons such as strychnine. In summary, N‐heterocycles such as pyrrolidinones have shown to be of significant relevance in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry. Furthermore, their extensive presence in natural products makes it of high importance to develop scalable, efficient, and modular approaches to pyrrolidone cores. The procedure described herein provides an attractive means to synthesize highly functionalized pyrrolidinones.
Large Scale Epoxide Opening by a Pendant Silanol
Authors: Thomas Annu Anna , Nagamalla Someshwar , Sathyamoorthi Shyam 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the procedure for the large scale epoxide opening by a pendant silanol. It focuses on the development of the di‐tert butyl silanol functional group into a synthetically useful auxiliary. Silanols only sporadically appeared in the organic synthesis literature. Silanols are excellent directing groups for Pd‐catalyzed C–H functionalization reaction. A gold‐catalyzed cyclization of silanols is developed onto pendant alkynes; these heterocycles serve as versatile precursors for Mukaiyama‐type aldol condensations. Alkenyl silanols readily cyclize into dioxasilinane organomercury compounds. As epoxides are very versatile and ubiquitous intermediates in organic synthesis, a silanol‐tethered ring opening of epoxides is developed as a first step in this direction.
Harnessing the Manipulation of Single Cells to Construct Biological Structures: Tools and Applications
Authors: Liu Congying , Chen Yuhe , Tong Rui , Wang Ziyang , Zhang Deyuan , Chen Huawei , Zhang Pengfei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractArtificial biological structures hold the promise for modeling cellular assembly in vitro and have advanced considerable studies in cell biology, disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine. Biological functions are derived from micro‐ and macroscale interactions of various cell types, and a structural property matching the tissue in vivo is required to enable precision biological function. Despite various types of tissues and organs are successfully constructed by conventional biofabrication technologies, they mostly only show a small fraction of structural features found in real tissues. Tools for single‐cell manipulation provide the approach to fabricate artificial tissues cell‐by‐cell, and have enabled the construction of biological structures with single‐cell and heterogeneous features, recapitulating the complexity in vivo. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the construction of biological structures through manipulating single cells, covering single‐cell technologies with operation principles and main advances, biological structures associated with informative explanations of single‐cell manipulation during construction, and representative applications mainly focusing on analysis and modeling. Current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also discussed.
Enhancement of Light–Matter Interaction Induced by Quantum‐Coherent Coupling Between Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance and Volume Plasmon Polariton
Authors: Chao Yu‐Chieh , Shih Chun‐Teng , Lin Jia‐Yu , Wu Jia‐Wei , Ho Chia‐Chun , Lai Meng‐Ching , Shen Ji‐Lin , Hsu Fang‐Chi , Chen Yang‐Fang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) are known for their robust light–matter interaction and ability to generate volume plasmon polaritons (VPPs). Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) enable to enhance this interaction through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), creating intense local electric fields. However, combining LSPR and VPPs in one device remains unexplored. This study proposes and demonstrates Au NP‐coupled‐HMMs (NPCHMMs), integrating Au NPs with HMMs to enhance random laser action and lower the lasing threshold. NPCHMMs boost emission intensity by ≈6 times compared to pure HMMs, with a ≈47% reduction in lasing threshold. Based on Fermi's golden rule, the calculated transition rate in NPCHMMs surpasses the algebraic sum of the individual transition rates derived from HMMs and Au NPs. It reveals the effect of the coherent coupling between the transition matrix elements of VPP and LSPR. This research indicates that NPCHMMs are a promising platform to create high‐performance optical and optoelectronic devices, such as lasers and phototransistors, for a wide range of application in many fields.
Cobalt Tetracationic 3,4‐Pyridinoporphyrazine for Direct CO2 to Methanol Conversion Escaping the CO Intermediate Pathway
Authors: Zhang Chanjuan , Follana‐Berná Jorge , Dragoe Diana , Halime Zakaria , Gotico Philipp , Sastre‐Santos Ángela , Aukauloo Ally 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMolecular catalysts offer a unique opportunity to implement different chemical functionalities to steer the efficiency and selectivity for the CO2 reduction for instance. Metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines are under high scrutiny since their most classic derivatives the tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and parent phthalocyanine (Pc), have been used as the molecular platform to install, hydrogen bonds donors, proton relays, cationic fragments, incorporation in MOFs and COFs, to enhance the catalytic power of these catalysts. Herein, we examine the electrocatalytic properties of the tetramethyl cobalt (II) tetrapyridinoporphyrazine (CoTmTPyPz) for the reduction of CO2 in heterogeneous medium when adsorbed on carbon nanotubes (CNT) at a carbon paper (CP) electrode. Unlike reported electrocatalysis with cobalt based phthalocyanine where CO was advocated as the two electron and two protons reduced intermediate on the way to the formation of methanol, we found here that CoTmTPyPz does not reduce CO to methanol. Henceforth, ruling out a mechanistic pathway where CO is a reaction intermediate.
Joint analysis of longitudinal count and binary response data in the presence of outliers
Authors: Sinha Sanjoy 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this article, we develop an innovative, robust method for jointly analyzing longitudinal count and binary responses. The method is useful for bounding the influence of potential outliers in the data when estimating the model parameters. We use a log‐linear model for the count response and a logistic regression model for the binary response, where the two response processes are linked through a set of association parameters. The asymptotic properties of the robust estimators are briefly studied. The empirical properties of the estimators are studied based on simulations. The study shows that the proposed estimators are approximately unbiased and also efficient when fitting a joint model to data contaminated with outliers. We also apply the proposed method to some real longitudinal survey data obtained from a health study.
Determination of amphetamines in hair samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Pires Bruno , Simão Ana Y. , Rosado Tiago , Barroso Mário , Gallardo Eugenia 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSeveral protocols for the analysis of amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) in hair have been developed over the years, with microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) being used for drugs like opiates, cocaine and ketamine. However, concerning ATS determination in hair samples, this approach has only been applied so far to amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MAMP). This study aimed at developing and validating a MEPS‐based procedure for the determination in hair of not only AMP and MAMP but also of 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)propan‐2‐yl (ethyl)amine (MDE) and N‐methyl‐1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐2‐aminobutane (MBDB) as well.Hair, 50 mg, was incubated with 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 45°C overnight, neutralization with 10 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and centrifugation followed. The design of experiments approach was used for MEPS optimization, with the final optimized conditions including conditioning (250 μL methanol and deionized water), loading (18 × 100 μL) and elution (7 × 100 μL 2% NH4OH in acetonitrile). The eluted extract was evaporated to dryness and underwent microwave‐assisted derivatization with N‐methyl‐bis(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA), and it was afterwards injected onto the gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS).The obtained recoveries ranged between 8% and 14% for AMP, 14% and 20% for MAMP, 10% and 15% for MDA, 18% and 28% for MDMA, 25% and 43% for MDE and 34% and 52% for MBDB, and the method was linear from 0.2 to 5.0 ng/mg. Precision and accuracy were in accordance with international method validation guidelines. This novel method involving MEPS coupled to GC–MS offers a swift, eco‐friendly and cost‐effective alternative to traditional procedures for detecting these AMPs in hair samples.
Effect of pressure on the phase stability, elastic anisotropy, and physical properties of CuZr structures
Authors: Zhang Yongmei , Wang Xiaopan , Gao Yuqi , Zhang Xiuqing 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe effect of hydrostatic pressure on the relative stabilities of the four main structures in CuZr has been estimated using first‐principles calculations. The results indicate that hydrostatic pressure induces the B19′ → B19 transformation at ~40 GPa and Cm → B19 transformation at ~68 GPa. At 0 GPa, these CuZr structures exhibit analogous values of B, G, and E and small difference in σ. However, the differences between these structures become appreciable in B, G, E, and σ values. 3D graphs of Young's modulus reflect the elasticity is directional. Pressure promotes the increase of elastic anisotropy degree of B2. For B19′ and Cm, the variation trends under pressure firstly decrease, then slightly increase, while that is opposite for B19. The quasi‐harmonic Debye model is used to evaluate the effects of temperature and pressure on the thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, Debye temperature, and Grüneisen parameter) of the CuZr structures.
Revealing the Structural Intricacies of Biomembrane‐Interfaced Emulsions with Small‐ and Ultra‐Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Vidallon Mark Louis P. , Williams Ashley P. , Moon Mitchell J. , Liu Haikun , Trépout Sylvain , Bishop Alexis I. , Teo Boon Mian , Tabor Rico F. , Peter Karlheinz , de Campo Liliana , Wang Xiaowei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractUtilizing cell membranes from diverse cell types for biointerfacing has demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing colloidal stability and incorporating biological properties, tailored specifically for various biomedical applications. However, the structures of these materials, particularly emulsions interfaced with red blood cell (RBC) or platelet (PLT) membranes, remain an underexplored area. This study systematically employs small‐ and ultra‐small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) with contrast variation to investigate the structure of emulsions containing perfluorohexane within RBC (RBC/PFH) and PLT membranes (PLT/PFH). The findings reveal that the scattering length density of RBC and PLT membranes is 1.5 × 10−6 Å−2, similar to 30% (w/w) deuterium oxide. Using this solvent as a cell membrane‐matching medium, estimated droplet diameters are 770 nm (RBC/PFH) and 1.5 µm (PLT/PFH), based on polydispersed sphere model fitting. Intriguingly, calculated patterns and invariant analysis reveal native droplet architectures featuring entirely liquid PFH cores, differing significantly from the observed bubble–droplet core system in electron microscopy. This highlights the advantage of SANS and USANS in differentiating genuine colloidal structures in complex dispersions. In summary, this work underscores the pivotal role of SANS and USANS in characterizing biointerfaced colloids and in uncovering novel colloidal structures with significant potential for biomedical applications and clinical translation.
Typification of some Asian Metzgeria (Metzgeriaceae) taxa described by Kuwahara
Authors: Zheng Tian‐Xiong 
Published: August 2024

AbstractYukinobu Kuwahara has described several Metzgeria taxa from Asia. However, most of these taxa have remained a mystery because their type specimens cannot be located in the herbarium where they were supposedly deposited in. This makes it difficult to effectively review the taxonomy of these taxa and Kuwahara's conception of the genus. In the present study, the unavailability of these types in NICH was formally investigated and addressed. These taxa are typified on the basis of newly located types or ordinary specimens identified by Kuwahara himself.
Introduction
Authors: Kapur S. Paul , Rajagopalan Rajeswari Pillai , Wueger Diana 
Published: August 2024

AbstractEditors S. Paul Kapur, Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, and Diana Wueger outline the volume, in which experts from the United States and India produced seven chapters on subjects central to nuclear safety and security: insider threats, organizational culture, emergency response and crisis communications, physical protection of nuclear facilities and materials, control of radioactive sources, and cybersecurity. The editors note common themes in the chapters, including the pitfalls of complex security systems; the advantages of eliminating rather than mitigating risk; the importance of political, social, and economic context to nuclear safety and security; the dangers of new technology; the difficulty of assessing safety and security; and the shortcomings of universal safety and security “best practices.” In addition, the editors highlight opportunities for further U.S.-India cooperation on issues such as cyber vulnerabilities, transportation security, organizational culture, evaluation of past safety and security failures, and secure supply chains.
Mitigating Insider Threats and Ensuring Personnel Reliability
Authors: Rajagopalan Rajeswari Pillai , Lynch Patrick , Burbach Todd 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses the human side of physical security, identifying and evaluating common practices used to mitigate insider threats, including personnel reliability programs, access controls, and defensive forces. Indian author Rajeswari Rajagopalan argues that insiders pose some of the most serious threats to the critical infrastructure of the nuclear enterprise. She points out that complacency can allow insider threats to take root and identifies two areas of improvement for personnel reliability programs: more thorough vetting of temporary workers and persistent monitoring of employees’ online activities. U.S. authors Todd Burbach and Patrick Lynch agree that insiders can pose significant threats to nuclear safety and security. They highlight the role of trustworthiness programs, which rely heavily on workforce cooperation, in mitigating insider threats.
The Role of Organizational Culture in Nuclear Security
Authors: Joshi Narendra Kumar , Lussier Cristina F. , Kaldenbach Karen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors discuss the importance of a strong security culture within the nuclear enterprise. Indian author N.K. Joshi argues that culture is a combination of values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors shared among an organization’s members and supported by its leaders. A strong security culture is one that is able to develop and maintain a close partnership between nuclear scientists and engineers and security professionals. U.S. authors Cristina Fekkes Lussier and Karen Kaldenbach argue that organizational culture consists of attitudes, values, and behaviors critical to operational success. They offer a detailed discussion of the Y-12 security breach and the corrective actions taken in its aftermath to demonstrate the vital importance of culture within the nuclear enterprise.