bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Neural Stem Cells Survive Long Term in the Midbrain of Dopamine-Depleted Monkeys After GDNF Overexpression and Project Neurites Toward an Appropriate Target
Authors: Wakeman Dustin R. , Redmond D. Eugene , Dodiya Hemraj B. , Sladek John R. , Leranth Csaba , Teng Yang D. , Samulski R. Jude , Snyder Evan Y. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Transplanted multipotent human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs) significantly improved the function of parkinsonian monkeys in a prior study primarily by neuroprotection, with only 3%–5% of cells expressing a dopamine (DA) phenotype. In this paper, we sought to determine whether further manipulation of the neural microenvironment by overexpression of a developmentally critical molecule, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in the host striatum could enhance DA differentiation of hfNSCs injected into the substantia nigra and elicit growth of their axons to the GDNF-expressing target. hfNSCs were transplanted into the midbrain of 10 green monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine. GDNF was delivered concomitantly to the striatum via an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 vector, and the fate of grafted cells was assessed after 11 months. Donor cells remained predominantly within the midbrain at the injection site and sprouted numerous neurofilament-immunoreactive fibers that appeared to course rostrally toward the striatum in parallel with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers from the host substantia nigra but did not mature into DA neurons. This work suggests that hfNSCs can generate neurons that project long fibers in the adult primate brain. However, in the absence of region-specific signals and despite GDNF overexpression, hfNSCs did not differentiate into mature DA neurons in large numbers. It is encouraging, however, that the adult primate brain appeared to retain axonal guidance cues. We believe that transplantation of stem cells, specifically instructed ex vivo to yield DA neurons, could lead to reconstruction of some portion of the nigrostriatal pathway and prove beneficial for the parkinsonian condition.
Investigation of α-Cellulose Content of Sugarcane Scrappings and Bagasse as Tablet Disintegrant
Authors: Bakre Lateef Gbenga  , Odumala Kehinde Fatimah  
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the physicochemical and disintegrant properties of α – cellulose obtained from sugarcane scrapings and bagasse. The mechanical and release properties of paracetamol tablets containing the extracted celluloses and two standard disintegrants- corn starch B.P and microcrystalline cellulose – were determined using crushing strength, friability, disintegration time, the time taken for 50% (T50) and 90% (T90) drug dissolution as assessment parameter. α – cellulose obtained from sugarcane scrapings and bagasse possess better flow properties than cornstarch and microcrystalline cellulose and are capable of absorbing up to five times their own weight in water and swell considerably. α – cellulose obtained from sugarcane scrapings and bagasse have high moisture sorption capacity and they formed relatively softer tablets which became increasingly harder as their concentration increased. All the tablets formulated with cellulose derived from sugarcane scrapings and bagasse passed the official disintegration test for uncoated tablets. Cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse had superior disintegrant property to cornstarch and microcrystalline cellulose while cellulose obtained from sugarcane scrapings showed comparable disintegrant property to microcrystalline cellulose. Tablets containing 2.5% w/w cellulose derived from sugarcane scrapings and 5.0% w/w cellulose derived from sugarcane bagasse gave more optimum result as tablet disintegrant. Formulations containing cellulose derived from sugarcane scrapings and bagasse show faster drug release (lower T50 and T90) than tablets containing corn starch and microcrystalline cellulose. There was a linear correlation between T90 and disintegration time (r = 0.976, p< 0.05) for tablets formulated with cellulose derived from sugarcane scrapings. Results show that α – cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse and scrapings are potentially useful as disintegrants in tablet formulations.
The Effect of Compensation Committee on CEO Compensation Contracts: Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Kun , Xiao Xing 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Since 2002, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has required companies listed in China to set up compensation committees. In response to this requirement, this paper examines the relationship between CEO compensation and the establishment and independence of such committees. Our results show that the existence of compensation committees (and their greater independence) can improve both the level of pay and the pay-performance sensitivity of CEO compensation in SOEs, supporting the optimal contracting argument. In contrast, when managerial power is stronger than that of the compensation committee, pay increases but not the pay-performance sensitivity, with the committee’s independence having no significant impact on compensation contracts. These findings are in line with the managerial power argument. Our results indicate that the CSRC’s requirement that listed companies form independent compensation committees is effective under certain conditions.
Synthesis and Application of Glycopolymers
Authors: Babiuch Krzysztof , Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: April 2014

Multimeric representations of carbohydrates play a pivotal role in many biological processes. Polymer chemists aim at copying these biologically active biopolymers by the design of glycopolymers, synthetic polymers with pendant sugars. This article is focused on the synthetic methods as well as applications of these macromolecules. Since the first description of glycopolymers in the late 1950s, a myriad of glycopolymer structures have been reported. The first glycopolymer was prepared via free radical polymerization, but soon other techniques including ionic chain polymerization, ring‐opening polymerization, and ring‐opening methatesis polymerization followed. The arrival of living radical polymerization techniques caused a surge in publications on glycopolymers. Although most polymerization techniques have been employed to create glycopolymers, atom‐transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization dominate the literature. Architectures reported range from simple homopolymers to block copolymers, endfunctional glycopolymers, and stars and gels. Immobilization of initiators or RAFT agents led to bioactive surfaces. In recent years, the focus has shifted from the pure interest in the synthesis to the investigation of the biological activity of these glycopolymers. While the direct synthesis using glycomonomers dominated the literature for years, recent times saw the increased use of postmodification procedures. Reactive polymers were conjugated with sugars using an array of reactions including click chemistry and various reactions based on thiol‐ or amino sugars.This article gives a brief historical account on the synthesis of glycopolymers and outline briefly the different techniques—direct synthesis and postmodification—to design glycopolymers. The main focus will be, however, the advancements in applications of glycopolymers since around 2010, which contributed to the existing knowledge on how the structure of the glycopolymer affects the binding with lectin.
A fictitious domain method for lithosphere‐asthenosphere interaction: Application to periodic slab folding in the upper mantle
Authors: Cerpa Nestor G. , Hassani Riad , Gerbault Muriel , Prévost Jean‐Herve 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present a new approach for the lithosphere‐asthenosphere interaction in subduction zones. The lithosphere is modeled as a Maxwell viscoelastic body sinking in the viscous asthenosphere. Both domains are discretized by the finite element method, and we use a staggered coupling method. The interaction is provided by a nonmatching interface method called the fictitious domain method. We describe a simplified formulation of this numerical technique and present 2‐D examples and benchmarks. We aim at studying the effect of mantle viscosity on the cyclicity of slab folding at the 660 km depth transition zone. Such cyclicity has previously been shown to occur depending on the kinematics of both the overriding and subducting plates, in analog and numerical models that approximate the 660 km depth transition zone as an impenetrable barrier. Here we applied far‐field plate velocities corresponding to those of the South‐American and Nazca plates at present. Our models show that the viscosity of the asthenosphere impacts on folding cyclicity and consequently on the slab's dip as well as the stress regime of the overriding plate. Values of the mantle viscosity between 3 and 5 × 1020 Pa s are found to produce cycles similar to those reported for the Andes, which are of the order of 30–40 Myr (based on magmatism and sedimentological records). Moreover, we discuss the episodic development of horizontal subduction induced by cyclic folding and, hence, propose a new explanation for episodes of flat subduction under the South‐American plate.
An Enantioselective Recyclable Polystyrene‐Supported Threonine‐Derived Organocatalyst for Aldol Reactions
Authors: Henseler Andrea H. , Ayats Carles , Pericàs Miquel A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA series of primary amino acids covalently supported onto polystyrene through alkyne–azide cycloaddition reactions has been synthesized and evaluated as catalysts in asymmetric aldol reactions. A polymer‐supported threonine behaves as an easily recyclable, highly reactive and stereoselective (up to 99% ee) catalyst in the aldol reaction of both cyclic and acyclic ketone donors with aromatic aldehydes in aqueous environments. While cyclic ketones react with anti diastereoselectivity, syn adducts are predominantly obtained with acyclic substrates. The heterogenized threonine catalyst has been used for the sequential synthesis of a small library of enantiopure aldol products.magnified image
Worker assessments of organizational practices and psychosocial work environment are associated with musculoskeletal injuries in hospital patient care workers
Authors: Reme Silje Endresen , Shaw William S. , Boden Leslie I. , Tveito Torill H. , O'Day Elizabeth Tucker , Dennerlein Jack T. , Sorensen Glorian 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundHospital patient care (PC) workers have high rates of workplace injuries, particularly musculoskeletal injuries. Despite a wide spectrum of documented health hazards, little is known about the association between psychosocial factors at work and OSHA‐recordable musculoskeletal injuries.MethodsPC‐workers (n = 1,572, 79%) completed surveys assessing a number of organizational, psychosocial and psychological variables. Associations between the survey responses and injury records were tested using bivariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsA 5% of the PC‐workers had at least one OSHA‐recordable musculoskeletal injury over the year, and the injuries were significantly associated with: organizational factors (lower people‐oriented culture), psychosocial factors (lower supervisor support), and structural factors (job title: being a patient care assistant).ConclusionsThe results show support for a multifactorial understanding of musculoskeletal injuries in hospital PC‐workers. An increased focus on the various dimensions associated with injury reports, particularly the organizational and psychosocial factors, could contribute to more efficient interventions and programs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:810–818, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lifetime and current pesticide exposure among Latino farmworkers in comparison to other Latino immigrants
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Nguyen Ha T. , Summers Phillip , Talton Jennifer W. , Holbrook Lourdes Carrillo , Walker Francis O. , Chen Haiying , Howard Timothy D. , Galván Leonardo , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundPesticide exposure poses a health risk for farmworkers. This analysis documents lifetime and current pesticide exposure of North Carolina Latino migrant farmworkers, with comparison to non‐farmworker Latino immigrants.MethodsDuring May to October 2012, 235 Latino farmworkers and 212 Latino non‐farmworkers completed interviews with items to construct measures of lifetime, current residential and occupational pesticide exposure.ResultsFarmworkers experience levels of lifetime and residential pesticide exposure that are consistently greater than among non‐farmworkers. Farmworkers report a large number of occupational pesticide exposures. Lifetime exposure and current residential pesticide exposure are related to social determinants. Education is inversely related to lifetime pesticide exposure for farmworkers and non‐farmworkers; farmworkers with H‐2A visas report greater residential pesticide exposure than those without H‐2A visas.ConclusionsOccupational safety policy needs to consider these patterns of lifetime exposure when setting standards. Health care providers should be aware of the lifetime and current exposure of this vulnerable population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:776–787, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NMR Fingerprints of the Drug‐like Natural‐Product Space Identify Iotrochotazine A: A Chemical Probe to Study Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Grkovic Tanja , Pouwer Rebecca H. , Vial Marie‐Laure , Gambini Luca , Noël Alba , Hooper John N. A. , Wood Stephen A. , Mellick George D. , Quinn Ronald J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe NMR spectrum of a mixture of small molecules is a fingerprint of all of its components. Herein, we present an NMR fingerprint method that takes advantage of the fact that fractions contain simplified NMR profiles, with minimal signal overlap, to allow the identification of unique spectral patterns. The approach is exemplified in the identification of a novel natural product, iotrochotazine A (1), sourced from an Australian marine sponge Iotrochota sp. Compound 1 was used as a chemical probe in a phenotypic assay panel based on human olfactory neurosphere‐derived cells (hONS) from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease patients. Compound 1 at 1 μM was not cytotoxic but specifically affected the morphology and cellular distribution of lysosomes and early endosomes.
Determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in biological and pharmaceutical samples by a quantum dot‐assisted chemiluminescence system using response‐surface methodology
Authors: Imani‐Nabiyyi Amin , Sorouraddin Mohammad H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA simple and highly sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method is reported for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NH). It was found that the weak CL from the reaction of luminol and KIO4 in an alkaline medium could be highly amplified by cysteine‐capped cadmium telluride quantum dots (QDs) and the enhanced CL was effectively quenched by NH and this finding was utilized as a basis for the determination of NH. The QDs were synthesized in aqueous medium and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV‐vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A possible mechanism was proposed for the CL system based on radical identification experiments, along with CL spectrum of the system. The experimental parameters were optimized by the reliable response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the proposed method allowed the determination of NH over the range of 5.0 × 10‐10–2.0 × 10‐7 mol/L (r2 = 0.9993, n = 10). The precision (RSD%) of the method, obtained from five replicate determinations of 2.0 and 150 nmol/L NH, was found to be 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of NH in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine and serum samples with results corroborated with the aid of those obtained from a standard method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and sensitive fluorescence method for the determination of trace ozone in air using acridine red as a probe
Authors: Liu Qingye , Lin Chenyin , Zhang Xinghui , Wen Guiqing , Liang Aihui 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe ozone in an air sample was trapped by H3BO3‐LK solution to produce iodine (I2) that interacted with excess I– to form I3–. In pH 4.0 acetate buffer solutions, the I3– reacted with acridine red to form acridine red–I3 ion association particles that resulted in the fluorescence peak decreased at 553 nm. The decreased value ΔF553 nm is linear to the O3 concentration in the range 0.08–53.3 × 10–6 mol/L, with a detection limit of 4 × 10–8 mol/L. This fluorescence method was used to determine ozone in air samples, and the results were in agreement with that of indigo carmine spectrophotometry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the antioxidant activity of some thiazolidinedione, imidazolidinedione and rhodanine derivatives having a flavone core
Authors: Berczyński Paweł , Kładna Aleksandra , Piechowska Teresa , Kruk Irena , Bozdağ‐Dündar Oya , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Ceylan‐Unlusoy Meltem , Ertan Rahmiye 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA series of flavonyl‐2,4‐thiazolidinedione, imidazolidinedione and rhodanine derivatives were tested for their antioxidant activity as scavengers of oxygen free radicals. Free radical scavenging activities, including superoxide anion radical , hydroxyl radical (HO•) and 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical have been evaluated using chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping with 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐1‐oxide as a spin trap. Potassium superoxide in dimethylsulfoxide and 18‐crown‐6 ether were used for the production of . Hydroxyl radical was generated using the Fenton reaction. Ten of the eleven examined compounds exhibited decrease in chemiluminescence, but there were large differences in the decrease, ranging from 16% to 89%; also, two of these compounds increased light emission by about 200%. On the contrary, all compounds tested exhibited 30–68% scavenging HO• and 25–96% scavenging the DPPH• radical respectively. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallelpilzwelten
Authors: Thines Marco 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOomyceten sind eine Gruppe von Organismen, die wie Pilze aussehen, aber näher mit Braun‐ und Kieselalgen verwandt sind. Sie sind in nahezu in allen Lebensräumen der Erde zu finden, ihr Artenreichtum ist jedoch nur wenig erforscht. Neue Arten kann man nicht nur im Regenwald oder der Arktis, sondern auch vor der eigenen Haustür entdecken. Bekannt sind die Oomyceten in erster Linie als Verursacher von Pflanzenkrankheiten. Der Erreger der Kraut‐ und Knollenfäule (Phytophthora infestans) gelangte zu trauriger Berühmtheit, weil er die große Irische Hungersnot Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts auslöste, der hundertausende Iren zum Opfer fielen. Der hohe Gehalt an wertvollen omega‐3‐Fettsäuren in zahlreichen Oomyceten könnte jedoch in Zukunft für die Menschheit nutzbringend sein und helfen, Fischbestände zu schonen.
Die Auferstehung Christi aus medizinischer Sicht
Authors: Ledochowski Maximilian , Fuchs Dietmar 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEs wurde öfters spekuliert, dass Christus durch die Kreuzigung nicht gestorben ist. Aus der Schilderung “einer der Soldaten stieß mit dem Speer in seine Seite, und sogleich floß Blut und Wasser heraus”, geht ziemlich eindeutig hervor, dass Jesus einen Pleuraerguss gehabt haben muss, als er gekreuzigt wurde. Es ist heute allgemein anerkannt, dass ein ausgedehnter Pleuraerguss zu Hypoxie und schließlich zum Erstickungstod führen kann, wenn nicht rechtzeitig eine Entlastungspunktion durchgeführt wird. Man kann spekulieren, dass mit dem Lanzenstich des Longinus nicht der sichere Tod, sondern ein lebensrettender “therapeutischer” Eingriff durchgeführt wurde, der Jesus Christus das Überleben ermöglichte.
Determination of free serotonin and its metabolite 5‐HIAA in blood human samples with consideration to pre‐analytical factors
Authors: Yubero‐Lahoz Samanta , Rodríguez Joan , Faura Anna , Pascual Julio , Oliveras Anna , Cao Higini , Farré Magí , de la Torre Rafael 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSignificant differences have been reported over the years in measuring physiological levels of free circulating serotonin (f5‐HT) in platelet‐poor plasma (PPP). This work shows that there are crucial pre‐analytical factors in sample manipulation that can provoke an artifactual release of 5‐HT from platelets, and that, even when the sample is accurately processed to obtain PPP, f5‐HT levels are approximately 2.8 times higher than those of f5‐HT in blood. An alternative methodology consisting of ex vivo blood microdialysis coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection is proposed and validated. It is considered the most accurate technique to measure physiological circulating f5‐HT and its metabolite 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (f5‐HIAA), owing to its sensitivity (limits of quantification of 0.08 ng/mL) and reliability since there is no sample manipulation. The f5‐HT and f5‐HIAA levels in blood and in PPP were studied in control subjects, hypertensive and end‐stage renal disease patients, who have a deregulated serotonergic system. This work reveals that blood is the best matrix to determine f5‐HT concentrations, and the clinical relevance of the accuracy of f5‐HT determination is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of 3 D Platinum Dendrites with a Clean Surface as Highly Stable Electrocatalysts
Authors: Wu Tian , Zhou Hui Ming , Xia Bao Yu , Xiao Peng , Yan Ya , Xie Ming Shi , Wang Xin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPt nanostructures are intensively studied for many environmental and energy applications. Their synthesis normally involves capping agents/organic species or the assistance of templates/substrates, making the preparation process complicated. Therefore, it is still challenging to obtain Pt nanostructures with clean surface through a one‐step surfactant‐free method. We report herein the preparation of 3 D Pt nanodendrites with clean surface by a facile inorganic species assisted strategy. The possible specific adsorption of iron and nitrate ions would assist the growth of this 3 D Pt nanostructure. Thanks to its unique 3 D morphology composed of interconnected 1 D Pt nanorods/wires, the unsupported 3 D Pt nanodendrites exhibit higher stability and activity than commercial carbon black supported Pt nanoparticles and Pt black electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and oxidation of small fuel molecules.
Surfactant‐Induced Substrate Selectivity in the Palladium‐Nanoparticle‐Mediated Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Aldehydes in Water
Authors: La Sorella Giorgio , Canton Patrizia , Strukul Giorgio , Scarso Alessandro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA hundred‐fold substrate selectivity was observed in the competitive chemoselective hydrogenation of seven α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes from C4 to C10 in water with palladium nanoparticles stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfonate as the surfactant. The medium makes the longer lipophilic substrates hundreds of times more reactive than the shorter more hydrophilic ones, whereas in an organic medium almost no difference is observed.