bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐layer scree/snow‐avalanche triggered by rockfall (Eastern Alps): Significance for sedimentology of scree slopes
Authors: Sanders Diethard , Widera Lukas , Ostermann Marc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRockfalls that trigger scree‐laden snow avalanches are common in mountain ranges, but the resulting avalanche development and its role in understanding the sedimentology of scree slopes are rarely described in detail. On Riepenwand (2774 m above sea‐level, Kalkkögel range, Alps), on 6 May 2011 a 5800 m3 rockfall of dolostone detached from the flank of a gorge in the upper part of the mountain. After first collapsing into the gorge, the fragmented rock mass fell down freely for 150 m onto a talus covered by coarse‐granular snow. Rockfall impact triggered a medium‐scale avalanche that developed: (i) a lower layer A of entrained, pure snow; and (ii) an upper layer B of clay‐sized to boulder‐sized fragments mixed with snow. This ‘two‐layer scree/snow avalanche’ halted in the distal slope segment of the talus. Boulders within layer B mainly came to rest in the distal part of the avalanche deposit. Fragments smaller than cobble‐size grade did not show obvious downslope segregation. With snowmelt, the rockfall fragments dispersed in layer B were concentrated to a clast‐supported veneer that was draped over the older talus surface upon slower melting of avalanche layer A. In the grain‐size fraction ≤16 mm, a mean of 5 wt% matrix (silt‐sized to clay‐sized grains) of the rockfall‐derived scree of layer B is similar to a mean matrix content of 7 wt% within stratified talus slopes of the Kalkkögel range. This similarity suggests that a major share of matrix – widespread in stratified talus – stems from rockfalls. The characteristics of the scree veneer as melt‐lag of a scree‐laden snow avalanche will be blurred with time. Fossil talus successions may contain a substantial proportion of scree carried down by snow avalanches. The formation of a distinct sedimentary facies of snow avalanche‐deposited scree is impeded by processes of redeposition and deposit modification on talus.
T cell Suppression In Vitro During Toxoplasma gondii Infection is the Result of IL‐2 Competition Between Tregs and T cells Leading to Death of Proliferating T cells
Authors: Salinas N. , Olguín J. E. , Castellanos C. , Saavedra R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA reduced proliferation to T cell mitogens is observed in vitro in murine cells isolated during the acute phase of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate this suppression, which is interleukin (IL)‐2 dependent. In this work, we analysed the mechanism of this Treg‐mediated suppression. We found that removal of antigen‐presenting cells (APC) from spleen cells from infected mice did not modify suppression but further elimination of Tregs led to a restored proliferation, demonstrating that Tregs mediate suppression in the absence of APC. Production of IL‐2 by T cells from infected animals was abolished but partially restored when Tregs were removed. However, IL‐2 levels and T cell proliferation were restored when Tregs and T cells were separated by transwells, indicating that Tregs require close proximity with T cells to induce suppression. Tregs from infected mice were able to reduce proliferation of CTLL‐2 cells in the classical IL‐2 bioassay, strongly suggesting that Tregs compete with T cells for IL‐2. We found that T cells from infected mice died after a few rounds of division in vitro, but addition of recombinant IL‐2 or removal of Tregs abolished this effect. Our results showed that suppression of T cell proliferation during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection is the result of death of proliferating T cells by Treg‐mediated IL‐2 competition. Thus, immunosuppression is due to death of proliferating T cells as a consequence of low IL‐2 availability.
Upregulation of Membrane‐Bound CD40L on CD4+ T cells in Women with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Belkhir R. , Gestermann N. , Koutero M. , Seror R. , Tost J. , Mariette X. , Miceli‐Richard C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEpigenetic deregulation of genes encoded on the X chromosome as reported for CD40L in lupus could explain the female predominance of autoimmune diseases. We compared CD40L expression on CD4+ T cells from primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) women and healthy controls and investigated DNA methylation patterns of the promoter and enhancer regions of CD40L. The expression of CD40L on activated CD4+ T cells was higher in patients with pSS than controls after phorbolmyristate acetate and ionomycin activation (P = 0.02). CD40L mRNA level in CD4+ T cells did not differ between patients with pSS and controls and was similar in both groups in cultures treated with the demethylating agent 5‐azacytidine C. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed no significant differences in methylation profiles between patients and controls. Inducible membrane‐bound CD40L on CD4+ T cells is increased in patients with pSS but was not related to epigenetic deregulation by demethylation patterns of the regulatory regions of CD40L.
Psychometric evaluation and normative data of the Swedish version of the 10‐item perceived stress scale
Authors: Nordin Maria , Nordin Steven 
Published: October 2013

The perceived stress scale (PSS) has been translated to several languages and validated in many cultures. The longer 14‐item version (PSS‐14), has been translated to Swedish and validated for Swedish use. However, the Swedish version of the shorter 10‐item version (PSS‐10) has not been validated before. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the Swedish version of the PSS‐10 with regard to reliability and validity, and to provide normative data. Data from 3,406 individuals who took part in the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study in Sweden were used. The respondents constitute a random sample, aged 18 to 79 years, and stratified for age and sex. They responded to the Swedish version of the PSS‐10 as well as to the hospital anxiety and depression scale, and the Shirom Melamed burnout questionnaire for assessment of construct validity. The results show that the PSS‐10 provides approximately normally distributed data, has good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.84), and has good construct validity with anxiety (r = 0.68), depression (r = 0.57), and mental/physical exhaustion (r = 0.71). The favorable psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the PSS‐10 suggest use of the instrument for assessing perceived stress in Swedish and similar populations.
Mental health among people with psoriasis undergoing patient education in climate therapy
Authors: Langeland E. , Robinson H. S. , Moum T. , Larsen M. H. , Wahl A. K. 
Published: October 2013

This study investigated the mental health of people with psoriasis undergoing patient education in climate therapy. A prospective design included a baseline assessment and two follow‐ups after a 3‐week patient education program. Participants were 254 adults. Positive mental health was measured by the mental health continuum short form (0–70), and negative mental health by the emotional distress subscale (1–4) of the health education impact questionnaire. Paired‐samples t‐tests were used to evaluate changes in mental health from baseline to follow‐up. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the ability of socio‐demographic and clinical variables and emotional distress to predict changes in positive mental health. To predict change in negative mental health we repeated the same analysis but with a change in negative mental health as a dependent variable and positive mental health as an independent variable. The results show that positive mental health and health‐related emotional distress improved significantly from before to after the intervention by 7.1 points, p < 0.001 and 0.21 points, p < 0.001) respectively. At the second follow‐up, health‐related emotional distress remained significantly improved compared with baseline levels by 0.11 points, p = 0.004. The longer participants had lived with psoriasis ( β = 146, p = 0.027), and the presence of co‐morbid health problems (β = 111, p = 0.051) the greater the improvement in the positive mental health immediately after the intervention. No predictors were identified for negative mental health. This study indicates that the promotion of positive mental health needs to be integrated into the climate therapy program, and sustained in their home context.
Poll of Polls: A Compositional Loess Model
Authors: Bergman Jakob , Holmquist Björn 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTA large number of polls on party preferences are published today. In order to obtain an estimate of the changes in political opinion, the polls may be combined into a poll of polls. We discuss a method for combining polls using the fact that they are compositions and respecting the properties of the compositional sample space (the simplex). The method is easily implemented and the estimate may be computed in linear time. We provide an example with Swedish data from year 2007 to 2010. The method also allows us to present the deviations between the estimated compositions and the observed. In the data set, we note, for example, differences between different polling institutes.
Is a Brownian Motion Skew?
Authors: Lejay Antoine , Mordecki Ernesto , Torres Soledad 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe study the asymptotic behaviour of the maximum likelihood estimator corresponding to the observation of a trajectory of a skew Brownian motion, through a uniform time discretization. We characterize the speed of convergence and the limiting distribution when the step size goes to zero, which in this case are non‐classical, under the null hypothesis of the skew Brownian motion being an usual Brownian motion. This allows to design a test on the skewness parameter. We show that numerical simulations can be easily performed to estimate the skewness parameter and provide an application in Biology.
From Embodied to Disembodied Professionalism? Discussing the Implications of Medico‐Managerial Management in Welfare Service Work
Authors: Hirvonen Helena 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWelfare service work is traditionally understood to comprise embodied, situational and social practices of care that are central to a worker's professional self‐image. Over the past few decades, public management reforms have called for reassessment of welfare service workers' professional accountability through practices of medico‐managerial service management. These practices promote the production of transparency and accountability in welfare service work through checking‐based trust and disembodied professional practices. This article argues that the changes in the nature of trust toward welfare service professionals have implications for care work cultures and workers' professional agency that has traditionally built on the idea of the embodied, situational and social practice of welfare service work. Drawing on an interview study with Finnish welfare service workers (n = 25), the article analyses frontline workers' descriptions of medico‐managerial management in the social and healthcare sector. The results point to the significance of embodied practices of care in creation of client trust and for workers' professional self‐images. The conclusion is that while disembodied professionalism offers opportunities for workers' self‐management and evaluation of accountability and transparency of service processes, it may disregard the importance of embodied practices for the workers' professional self‐images and client relations.
Race and Religion: Voting Behavior and Political Attitudes
Authors: Lockerbie Brad 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between religion and voting behavior and political attitudes. Moreover, this work examines the distinction between black and white evangelicals.MethodsThis article makes use of regression and logit analysis of the American National Election Studies of 1992 through 2008.ResultsIdentification with a particular tradition is important, along with attitudes concerning the authorship of the Bible. Moreover, affiliation with an evangelical tradition works in opposite directions for African Americans and whites. African‐American evangelicals, perhaps because of the messages on economics and civil rights that are preached in the traditional black church, are more likely than other African Americans to vote Democratic. Looking at differences concerning political issues, however, shows much less clarity than does voting behavior. The differences between African‐American and white evangelicals are largely nonexistent, except on issues that deal specifically with race.ConclusionThe relationship between religion and voting behavior in presidential elections is more complex than previously thought.
An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks inEngland andWales
Authors: Gregory A. S. , Kirk G. J. D. , Keay C. A. , Rawlins B. G. , Wallace P. , Whitmore A. P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIt is estimated that half the soil carbon globally is in the subsoil, but data are scarce. We updated estimates of subsoil organic carbon (OC) inEngland andWales made by Bradleyet al. (2005) using soil and land‐use databases and compared the results with other published data. We estimated that the soils ofEngland andWales contained 1633, 1143 and 506 Tg of OC at 0–30, 30–100 and 100–150 cm depths, respectively. Thus, half of the soilOCwas found below 30 cm depth. Peat soils accounted for the largest proportion, containing 44% of all theOCbelow 30 cm despite their small areal extent, followed by brown soils, surface‐water gley soils, ground‐water gley soils and podzolic soils. Peat soils had more than 25% of their profileOCper unit area in the 100–150 cm depth, whereas most other soils had <8% at this depth. The differences between soil types were consistent with differences in soil formation processes. Differences in depth distributions between land uses were small, but subsoilOCstocks in cultivated soils were generally smaller than in soils under grassland or other land uses. Data on subsoilOCstocks in the literature were scarce, but what there was broadly agreed with the findings of the above database exercise. There was little evidence by which to assess how subsoilOCstocks were changing over time.
Word Order and Prosodic‐Structure Constraints in Tagalog
Authors: Sabbagh Joseph 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper is concerned with two apparently unrelated word‐order facts in Tagalog: In interrogative sentences, frontedwh‐phrases follow the complementizer (Comp–WhP order), and in both interrogative and noninterrogative sentences, the subject follows the verb (verb‐initial order). It is argued that neither of these word orders reflects a word order that is expected on the basis of the syntactic structure alone. Instead, a unified explanation for these word orders is proposed, according to which they arise as the result of a lowering operation that applies at Phonological Form (PF) and is prosodically driven. Specifically, lowering applies in order to satisfy a prosodic‐structure constraint, Weak Start, which requires elements that are relatively high on the prosodic hierarchy to be preceded by elements that are equal to or lower than them on the prosodic hierarchy. The word orders discussed herein therefore involve a mismatch between syntax and phonology, and lowering provides a means by which syntactic principles as well as principles relating to prosodic‐structure can be simultaneously upheld.
Development of columnar jointing in albite rhyolite in a rapidly cooling volcanic environment (Rupnica, Papuk Geopark, Croatia)
Authors: Balen Dražen , Petrinec Zorica 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Rupnica locality became the first protected geosite in Croatia in 1948 owing to a well‐exposed phenomenon of columnar jointing developed in albite rhyolite. According to the geochemical signature, melt that originated at mid‐crustal depths (10–15 km) reached a shallow emplacement level as a high‐temperature lava. Non‐destructive statistical analysis conducted at the geosite revealed that relatively narrow (29.4 ± 6.3 cm) predominantly four‐ and five‐sided columns, tightly packed striae (4.8 ± 2.1 cm) and small‐amplitude wavy sets of columns (wavelength of 32.5 ± 6.7 cm) dominate the exposed part of the Rupnica. A number of features quantified through this statistical approach, together with petrography, geochemistry and the geology of the geosite's surroundings, suggest the rapid cooling of a (sub)surface acidic lava body and the behaviour of the evolving volcanic system, developing columnar jointing under the combined influence of large‐scale constitutional supercooling and thermal contraction processes.
Analysis of Interaction and Co‐editing Patterns amongst OpenStreetMap Contributors
Authors: Mooney Peter , Corcoran Padraig 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOpenStreetMap (OSM) is a very well known and popular Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) project on the Internet. In January 2013 OSM gained its one millionth registered member. Several studies have shown that only a small percentage of these registered members carry out the large majority of the mapping and map editing work. In this article we discuss results from a social‐network based analysis of seven major cities in OSM in an effort to understand if there is quantitative evidence of interaction and collaboration between OSM members in these areas. Are OSM contributors working on their own to build OSM databases in these cities or is there evidence of collaboration between OSM contributors? We find that in many cases high frequent contributors (“senior mappers”) perform very large amounts of mapping work on their own but do interact (edit/update) contributions from lower frequency contributors.
A Pattern‐Based Approach for Matching Nodes in Heterogeneous Urban Road Networks
Authors: Yang Bisheng , Luan Xuechen , Zhang Yunfei 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article presents an approach to hierarchical matching of nodes in heterogeneous road networks in the same urban area. Heterogeneous road networks not only exist at different levels of detail (LoD), but also have different coordinate systems, leading to difficulties in matching and integrating them. To overcome these difficulties, a pattern‐based method was implemented. Based on the authors' previous work on detecting patterns of divided highways, complex road junctions, and strokes to eliminate the LoD effect of road networks, the proposed method extracts the local networks around each node in a road network and uses them as the matching units for the nodes. Second, the degree of shape similarity between the matching units is measured using a Minimum Road Edit Distance based on a transformation. Finally, the proposed method hierarchically matches the nodes in a road network using the Minimum Road Edit Distance and eliminates false matching nodes using M‐estimators. An experiment involving matching heterogeneous road networks with different LoDs and coordinate systems was carried out to verify the validity of the proposed method. The method achieves good and effective matching regardless of differences in LoDs and road‐network coordinate systems.
The magnitude of diabetes and its association with obesity in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya: results from a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Oti Samuel O. , van de Vijver Steven J. M. , Agyemang Charles , Kyobutungi Catherine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes and to examine the relationship of obesity with raised blood glucose in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsWe used data from a cross‐sectional population‐based survey, conducted in 2008–2009, involving a random sample of 5190 (2794 men and 2396 women) adults aged ≥18 years living in two slums – Korogocho and Viwandani – in Nairobi.ResultsThe prevalence (weighted by sampling and response rates) of diabetes was 4.8% (95%CI 4.0–5.7) in women and 4.0% (95%CI 3.3–4.7) in men. Less than a quarter of those found to have diabetes were aware of their condition among which just over half of men and three‐quarters of women reported being on any treatment in the 12 months preceding the survey. Overall, fewer than 5% of all people with diabetes had their blood sugar under control. Obesity and overweight were significantly associated with increased odds (1.7, 95%CI 1.1–2.6) of raised blood glucose only among women while adjusting for important covariates.ConclusionThe prevalence of diabetes in this impoverished population is moderately high, while the levels of awareness, treatment and control are quite low. In this population, obesity is an important risk factor for raised blood glucose particularly among women. Prevention and control strategies that target modifiable risk factors for diabetes and increase access to treatment and control in such disadvantaged settings are urgently needed.
Survey of animal bite injuries and their management for an estimate of human rabies deaths in N’Djaména, Chad
Authors: Frey J. , Mindekem R. , Kessely H. , Doumagoum Moto D. , Naïssengar S. , Zinsstag J. , Schelling E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the annual human rabies incidence as a baseline prior to mass dog vaccination campaigns in N'Djaména, Chad.MethodsSurvey of animal bites, involving 50% of all healthcare providers in N'Djaména, from September 2008 to April 2009. Of 86 people exposed to a suspected rabid animal, 50% received post‐exposure vaccination and a further 8% had their wound cleaned. We estimated annual incidence of bites from suspected rabid animals of 12.9/100 000 and an incidence of 0.7 human rabies deaths/100 000, resulting in 7 estimated deaths (95% confidence interval 4–10 deaths) per year in N'Djaména. 14% of bite victims sought help from veterinarians.ConclusionsCloser cooperation between physicians and veterinarians warrants more effective rabies control. The high proportion (42%) of potentially exposed people without post‐exposure vaccination or wound treatment necessitates urgent attention.