bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open practices and identity: Evidence from researchers and educators' social media participation
Authors: Veletsianos George 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe ways that emerging technologies and social media are used and experienced by researchers and educators are poorly understood and inadequately researched. The goal of this study is to examine the online practices of individual scholars in order to explore and understand the activities and practices that they enact when they use social media for scholarship. Using ethnographic data collection methods and basic interpretive analysis techniques, I describe two emergent phenomena evident in scholars' social media participation: scholarly practices enacted openly in digital spaces and the self that is disentangled from academic matters. These phenomena raise issues related to “sharing,” scholar identity, participation and social media as a place of gathering.
Does a university teacher need to change e‐learning beliefs and practices when using a social networking site? A longitudinal case study
Authors: Scott Karen M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWhile much of the e‐learning development at universities in the past 15 years has been on institutionally supportedLearningManagementSystems (LMSs), alternative educational technologies are being taken up following the rapid growth in emerging technologies, including social networking sites (SNSs). While teachers may choose educational technologies based on their beliefs, change in beliefs, and thus the technology teachers use, can be difficult. This longitudinal research examines how one teacher changed from teaching fully face‐to‐face to teaching through blended learning, initially using anLMS, then anSNS. The focus is the change in the teacher's e‐learning beliefs and practices following her initial reluctance to use anSNS, which she attributed to her gender, age and education. Four key findings are highlighted. Firstly, while it can be difficult for teachers to change their beliefs, critical unmet expectations can usefully stimulate dialogue and collaboration, leading to change in beliefs and practices. Secondly, development of e‐learning resources on anSNSmay follow an iterative process, involving experimentation. Thirdly, gender, age and prior experience may affect teachers taking up e‐learning, especially emerging technologies such as anSNS. Finally, this study has demonstrated the value of using longitudinal, qualitative research to understand change in a university teacher's e‐learning beliefs and practices over time.
The evolving small‐molecule fluorescent‐conjugate toolbox for Class A GPCRs
Authors: Vernall Andrea J , Hill Stephen J , Kellam Barrie 
Published: June 2013

The past decade has witnessed fluorescently tagged drug molecules gaining significant attraction in their use as pharmacological tools with which to visualize and interrogate receptor targets at the single‐cell level. Additionally, one can generate detailed pharmacological information, such as affinity measurements, down to almost single‐molecule detection limits. The now accepted utilization of fluorescence‐based readouts in high‐throughput/high‐content screening provides further evidence that fluorescent molecules offer a safer and more adaptable substitute to radioligands in molecular pharmacology and drug discovery. One such drug‐target family that has received considerable attention are the GPCRs; this review therefore summarizes the most recent developments in the area of fluorescent ligand design for this important drug target. We assess recently reported fluorescent conjugates by adopting a receptor‐family‐based approach, highlighting some of the strengths and weaknesses of the individual molecules and their subsequent use. This review adds further strength to the arguments that fluorescent ligand design and synthesis requires careful planning and execution; providing examples illustrating that selection of the correct fluorescent dye, linker length/composition and geographic attachment point to the drug scaffold can all influence the ultimate selectivity and potency of the final conjugate when compared with its unlabelled precursor. When optimized appropriately, the resultant fluorescent conjugates have been successfully employed in an array of assay formats, including flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, FRET and scanning confocal microscopy. It is clear that fluorescently labelled GPCR ligands remain a developing and dynamic research arena.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐5
The role of histamine in neurogenic inflammation
Authors: Rosa A C , Fantozzi R 
Published: June 2013

The term ‘neurogenic inflammation’ has been adopted to describe the local release of inflammatory mediators, such as substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide, from neurons. Once released, these neuropeptides induce the release of histamine from adjacent mast cells. In turn, histamine evokes the release of substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide; thus, a bidirectional link between histamine and neuropeptides in neurogenic inflammation is established. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent findings on the role of histamine in neurogenic inflammation, with particular regard to nociceptive pain, as well as neurogenic inflammation in the skin, airways and bladder.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/
10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue‐1
Review: The consequences of early institutionalization: can institutions be improved? – should they?
Authors: McCall Robert B. 
Published: June 2013

Background and scopeThe focus of this review is on institutionalized children, one of the most inequitably and severely treated groups of children. Although institutions vary, many share some common characteristics, including large groups, high children:caregiver ratios, many and changing caregivers and caregiver‐child interactions that lack warm, sensitive, contingently‐responsive and child‐directed behaviours. Resident children develop poorly physically, mentally and social‐emotionally, but those adopted from institutions display substantial catch‐up growth in many domains of development. If they are adopted at an early age, there have been no long‐term consequences of institutionalization yet measured; but if institutionalization is prolonged, they display higher rates of long‐term deficiencies and problems in many domains.MethodsThis review is based on a database search of the literature, focusing on the development of children while residents, and the development of post‐institutionalized children who have been transitioned from institutions to family care. It also draws on the reports and findings of the St. Petersburg–USAOrphanage intervention.FindingsA combination of theories pertaining to attachment (especially caregiver attachment to the infant–toddler), chronic stress and genetics may explain these outcomes. It appears that caregiver–child interactions are a major contributor to children's outcomes and interventions in institutions that improve such interactions produce substantial increases in children's physical, mental and social‐emotional development, including for children with disabilities.ConclusionsDeinstitutionalization and the creation of comprehensive professional child welfare systems emphasizing family care alternatives is a preferred goal, but this is likely to take many low‐resource countries decades to develop. If substantial numbers of children remain in institutions despite best efforts to find families for them, improving the institutions might help to provide all the children with the best care possible under the circumstances.
Columnar metaplasia in a surgical mouse model of gastro‐esophageal reflux disease is not derived from bone marrow‐derived cell
Authors: Aikou Susumu , Aida Junko , Takubo Kaiyo , Yamagata Yukinori , Seto Yasuyuki , Kaminishi Michio , Nomura Sachiyo 
Published: June 2013

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased in the last 25 years. Columnar metaplasia in Barrett's mucosa is assumed to be a precancerous lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, the induction process of Barrett's mucosa is still unknown. To analyze the induction of esophageal columnar metaplasia, we established a mouse gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) model with associated development of columnar metaplasia in the esophagus. C57BL/6 mice received side‐to‐side anastomosis of the esophagogastric junction with the jejunum, and mice were killed 10, 20, and 40 weeks after operation. To analyze the contribution of bone marrow‐derived cells to columnar metaplasia in this surgical GERD model, some mice were transplanted with GFP‐marked bone marrow after the operation. Seventy‐three percent of the mice (16/22) showed thickened mucosa in esophagus and 41% of mice (9/22) developed columnar metaplasia 40 weeks after the operation with a mortality rate of 4%. Bone marrow‐derived cells were not detected in columnar metaplastic epithelia. However, scattered epithelial cells in the thickened squamous epithelia in regions of esophagitis did show bone marrow derivation. The results demonstrate that reflux induced by esophago‐jejunostomy in mice leads to the development of columnar metaplasia in the esophagus. However, bone marrow‐derived cells do not contribute directly to columnar metaplasia in this mouse model.
How to approach endocrine assessment in severe obesity?
Authors: Seetho Ian W. , Wilding John P. H. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe increasing numbers of severely obese patients (body mass index BMI >40 kg/m2) represent a significant management challenge. These patients are at risk of obesity‐related complications that may be driven by changes in endocrine function. Their care may potentially be complex at times, and therefore, an appropriate assessment strategy will be relevant to timely diagnosis and management. In this article, we discuss an approach to the endocrine assessment of the severely obese patient. We consider the clinical question in three categories that may also represent different complexities in terms of subsequent management: (i) obesity as a consequence of structural lesions at the hypothalamic–pituitary region; (ii) obesity as a consequence of inherited and genetic syndromes; and (iii) functional neuroendocrine hormone abnormalities relating to obesity. The first two categories are associated with hypothalamic dysfunction, of which hypothalamic obesity is a consequence. Additionally, the implications and difficulties associated with imaging severely obese patients are discussed from an endocrinological perspective and we provide practical guidance on which to base practice.
Validity and reliability of radiological methods to assess proximal hip geometry in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Pons Christelle , Rémy‐Néris Olivier , Médée Béatrice , Brochard Sylvain 
Published: June 2013

AimThe aim of this systematic review was to assess the current validity and reliability of radiological methods used to measure proximal hip geometry in children with cerebral palsy.MethodA search was conducted using relevant keywords and inclusion/exclusion criteria of the MEDLINE, CINALH Plus, Embase, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, The Cochrane Library, and PsychINFO databases.ResultsThe migration percentage using X‐rays showed excellent reliability and concurrent validity with three‐dimensional (3D) measurements from computed tomography (CT) scans. The acetabular index, measured using X‐rays had good reliability but moderate concurrent validity with 3D CT measurements; 3D CT scan indexes had greater reliability. The measurement of the neck shaft angle using X‐rays showed excellent concurrent validity with measurements from 3D CT scans and excellent reliability. Regarding femoral anteversion, one study found an excellent correlation between two‐dimensional CT and clinical assessment and excellent reliability. Two others showed less evidence for the use of CT ultrasounds.InterpretationMost of the X‐ray‐based measurements showed good to excellent metrological properties. More metrological evidence is needed for the assessment of femoral anteversion. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound‐based measurements have great potential although very little metrological evidence is available.
The susceptibility of cladocerans in North Andean Patagonian lakes to volcanic ashes
Authors: Wolinski Laura , Laspoumaderes Cecilia , Bastidas Navarro Marcela , Modenutti Beatriz , Balseiro Esteban 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Explosive volcanic eruptions are one of the few natural phenomena that can produce global catastrophic effects. On 4 June 2011, an eruption in the Puyehue volcanic complex (40°35′S, 72°06′W, Chile) discharged massive amounts of ash and pumice into the surrounding landscape in Argentina (North Andean Patagonia). The ejected material affected nearby aquatic environments, producing an increase in total suspended solids.

We combined field data and laboratory experiment data to determine the effect of the volcanic ashes suspended in the water column on cladoceran populations.

During the summer of 2011–2012 (6 months after the eruption), zooplankton populations in these lakes decreased, mainly due to the disappearance of cladocerans. This decrease in zooplankton was not caused by food shortage; chlorophyll a concentrations in the lakes were higher than in previous years or in the following season, and no change in phytoplankton size was observed. By the following summer (2013), 18 months after the eruption, a recovery of cladoceran populations was observed, with a concomitant decrease in total suspended solids.

We performed a life‐table experiment, examining Daphnia commutata survival and fecundity at a series of ash concentrations. Ash concentrations of 2, 3, 5 and 8 mg L−1 negatively affected survival and fecundity. Populations exposed to 8 mg L−1 of ash cannot persist; these organisms fail to produce offspring because they die before reaching reproductive age.

We conclude that the disappearance of cladocerans was due to the presence of ash. As the sedimentation process occurs, ash concentrations decrease, favouring population recovery, as observed the following summer. When the lakes recovered their original transparency with low total suspended solids values, the cladoceran populations also returned to their historical abundances.

Previous data on other explosive volcanic eruptions and the present data indicate that immediately after ash fall, the zooplankton suffer reduced abundance, particularly of non‐selective filter feeders such as daphnids. However, recovery of zooplankton population growth can be expected within a few years.
Natural Resources Exports, Diversification and Economic Growth of CEMAC Countries: On the Impact of Trade with China
Authors: Diaw Diadié , Lessoua Albert 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper deals with the dynamics of growth in the countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), focusing on external trade, in particular with China. Its aim is to shed light on the increasing influence of China in Africa. It uses dynamic panel estimations to measure the impact of trade orientation on economic growth in the CEMAC countries and concludes that specialization in natural resources affects economic growth negatively. But this effect is somewhat mitigated by the orientation towards China. Moreover, the weak intraregional trade between CEMAC countries has failed to contribute to their economic growth.
Does State Street Lead to Europe? The Case of Financial Exchange Innovations
Authors: Komulainen Mari , Takalo Tuomas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe study whether financial exchange innovations are patentable in Europe. We find that exchange‐related patent applications surged after the State Street decision. The majority of the applications come from the USA, investment banks and exchanges being among the most active innovators. But the applications seldom result in valid patents, and the post‐grant opposition rate is very high. The evidence suggests that patentability standards for financial innovations have not weakened in Europe after the State Street decision and that the combination of inventive step and technical contribution requirements constitutes a major obstacle for applicants seeking financial patents in Europe.
The Short‐ and Medium‐Term Impacts of the Recession on the UK Income Distribution*
Authors: Brewer Mike , Browne James , Hood Andrew , Joyce Robert , Sibieta Luke 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe study the short‐ and medium‐term impacts of the recent recession on the distribution of net household income in the UK. We document trends in the distribution of income during and immediately after the economy's 6.3 per cent contraction between 2008Q1 and 2009Q2. We then use a tax and benefit microsimulation model combined with macroeconomic and demographic forecasts to project the distribution of income up to 2015–16. As in other countries, immediate impacts of the recession on net household incomes are remarkably hard to detect, but the pain was merely delayed until 2010–11 and beyond. We find that the major difference between income groups is in the timing of the reductions in income, rather than in their magnitude. For those in the middle and upper parts of the distribution, dependent mainly on labour market income, falls in real income happened largely between 2009–10 and 2011–12. For those towards the bottom, dependent more on benefit incomes, falls in real income will happen largely as a result of the post‐recession fiscal tightening between 2010–11 and 2015–16. We explore the sensitivity of the results to different scenarios for employment and earnings: the central and qualitative conclusions prove robust.
Fear in the dark? Community‐level effects of non‐lethal predators change with light regime
Authors: Forbes Coreen , Hammill Edd 
Published: June 2013

The total effect of predators on prey is a combination of direct consumption, and non‐consumptive effects (NCEs), such as predator‐induced changes to prey morphology, behaviour and life history. Past research into NCEs has tended to focus on pair‐wise interactions between predators and prey, while in natural ecosystems, species exist in complex communities with several trophic levels made up of multiple autotrophic and heterotropic species. To address how predator NCEs alter the photosynthetic and heterotrophic components of communities, we exposed microbial microcosms to one of three predator treatments: live predators (full predator effect), freeze‐killed predators (NCEs only) or no predators (control), and incubated them under either 12 h:12 h light:dark conditions or continual darkness. Under 12 h:12 h light:dark conditions, NCEs‐only communities never differed from predator‐free communities, but differed from live predator communities. Under conditions of continual darkness, the structure of NCEs‐only communities differed from predator‐free controls, but not from live predator communities, suggesting NCEs can be strong enough to structure communities. Predation threat may cause certain prey to induce defences, such as reductions in movement, which make them less competitive in a community setting. This reduction in competitive ability could lead to these species being driven to extinction through interspecific competition, resulting in similar communities to those in which live predators are present. Heterotrophic species whose rates of resource acquisition depend on movement rates may be affected to a greater extent than autotrophs by predator‐induced reductions in movement, accounting for our observed differences in predator NCEs in ‘dark’ and ‘light’ communities. Our results suggest that the community‐level consequences of fear are greater in the dark.SynthesisPredators affect prey through consumptive and non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) such as alterations to prey behaviour, morphology, and life history. However, predators and prey do not exist in isolated pairs, but in complex communities where they interact with many other species. Using a long term study (>10 predator generations), we show that predator NCEs alone can alter community structure under conditions of darkness, but not in a 12h:12h light:dark cycle. Our results demonstrate for the first time that although the community‐level consequences of predator NCEs may be dramatic, they depend upon the abiotic conditions of the ecosystem.
Stable azole drug resistance associated with a substrain of Candida albicans from an HIV‐infected patient
Authors: White TC , Pfaller MA , Rinaldi MG , Smith J , Redding SW 
Published: June 2013

Oral candidiasis is one of the earliest and most frequent complications of a failing immune system in HIV‐infected individuals. For several years, oral candidiasis has been treated effectively with azole drugs, the one most frequently used is fluconazole. Unfortunately, extensive use of the drug for treatment and prophylaxis has led to treatment failure in an increasing number of patients. In most of these cases, strains of C. albicans isolated from the infection are less susceptible to fluconazole.The development of azole resistance in strains of C. albicans has been studied biochemically and more recently with molecular techniques. One excellent example of the development of azole resistance in C. albicans has been documented in a series of 17 C. albicans isolates from a single patient over a 2‐year period. During this time, the patient experienced 14 episodes of oral candidiasis and was treated with increasing doses of fluconazole. Molecular and biochemical analyses confirms that the isolates are the same strain of C. albicans and that the resistance in these isolates is stable over 600 generations, suggesting that the changes in this strain are genetic in nature. In addition, the development of resistance is correlated with the identification of a substrain or variant of the original strain, as identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with the moderately repetitive probe, Ca3. The analysis of this series of isolates demonstrates that azole drug resistance is associated with several small genetic changes, each of which contributes to the overall resistance of the strain. Clearly, continual use of azole drugs by a patient can select for genetic changes that render oral candidiasis refractory to treatment.
Prevalence of six periodontal pathogens detected by DNA probe method in HIV vs non‐HIV periodontitis
Authors: Tenenbaum H , Elkaim R , Cuisinier F , Dahan M , Zamanian P , Lang JM 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of selected periodontal pathogens associated with HIV and non‐HIV related periodontal lesions.METHODS: Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from both HIV‐seropositive and HIV‐seronegative patients affected with periodontal disease. DNA probes were used to detect Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Bac‐teroides forsythus, Eikenella corrodent and Campylobacter rectus.RESULTS: A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia and B. forsythus (P < 0.05) were more prevalent in HIV‐seronegative patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis. Only G. rectus was slightly more prevalent in HIV‐seropositive subjects with periodontal diseases, but this was not significant.