bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hide‐and‐seek in vegetation: time‐to‐detection is an efficient design for estimating detectability and occurrence
Authors: Bornand Christophe N. , Kéry Marc , Bueche Lena , Fischer Markus 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Ecology and conservation require reliable data on the occurrence of animals and plants. A major source of bias is imperfect detection, which, however, can be corrected for by estimation of detectability. In traditional occupancy models, this requires repeat or multi‐observer surveys. Recently, time‐to‐detection models have been developed as a cost‐effective alternative, which requires no repeat surveys and hence costs could be halved.

We compared the efficiency and reliability of time‐to‐detection and traditional occupancy models under varying survey effort. Two observers independently searched for 17 plant species in 44 100 m2 Swiss grassland quadrats and recorded the time‐to‐detection for each species, enabling detectability to be estimated with both time‐to‐detection and traditional occupancy models. In addition, we gauged the relative influence on detectability of species, observer, plant height and two measures of abundance (cover and frequency).

Estimates of detectability and occupancy under both models were very similar. Rare species were more likely to be overlooked; detectability was strongly affected by abundance. As a measure of abundance, frequency outperformed cover in its predictive power. The two observers differed significantly in their detection ability.

Time‐to‐detection models were as accurate as traditional occupancy models, but their data easier to obtain; thus they provide a cost‐effective alternative to traditional occupancy models for detection‐corrected estimation of occurrence.
Evidence‐based Narratives to Improve Recall of Opioid Prescribing Guidelines: A Randomized Experiment
Authors: Kilaru Austin S. , Perrone Jeanmarie , Auriemma Catherine L. , Shofer Frances S. , Barg Frances K. , Meisel Zachary F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectivesPhysicians adopt evidence‐based guidelines with variable consistency. Narratives, or stories, offer a novel dissemination strategy for clinical recommendations. The study objective was to compare whether evidence‐based narrative versus traditional summary improved recall of opioid prescribing guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP).MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized controlled experiment to compare whether narrative versus summary promoted short‐term recall of six themes contained in the ACEP opioid guideline. The experiment was modeled after the free‐recall test, an established technique in studies of memory. At a regional conference, emergency physicians (EPs) were randomized to read either a summary of the guideline (control) or a narrative (intervention). The fictional narrative was constructed to match the summary in content and length. One hour after reading the text, participants listed all content that they could recall. Two reviewers independently scored the responses to assess recall of the six themes. The primary outcome was the total number of themes recalled per participant. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of responses in each study arm that recalled individual themes and the proportion of responses in each arm that contained falsely recalled or extraneous information.ResultsNinety‐five physicians were randomized. Eighty‐two physicians completed the experiment, for a response rate of 86%. The mean of the total number of themes recalled per participant was 3.1 in the narrative arm versus 2.0 in the summary arm (difference = 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6 to 1.7). For three themes, the proportion of responses that recalled the theme was significantly greater in the narrative arm compared to the summary arm, with the differences ranging from 20% to 51%. For one theme, recall was significantly greater in the summary arm. For two themes, there was no statistically significant difference in recall between the arms. In the summary arm, 54% of responses were found to contain falsely recalled or extraneous information versus 21% of responses in the narrative arm (difference = 33%, 95% CI = 14% to 53%).ConclusionsPhysicians exposed to a narrative about opioid guidelines were more likely to recall guideline content at 1 hour than those exposed to a summary of the guidelines. Future studies should examine whether the incorporation of narratives in dissemination campaigns improves guideline adoption and changes clinical practice.
Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research
Authors: Yong R , Ranjitkar S , Townsend GC , Smith RN , Evans AR , Hughes TE , Lekkas D , Brook AH 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe field of dental phenomics provides many opportunities to elucidate the roles of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors in craniofacial development. To date, research findings have helped to clarify the pathogenesis of many conditions, aiding diagnosis and clinical management. This paper provides an overview of dental phenomics research in some commonly encountered oral diseases in everyday clinical practice, as well as research relating to craniofacial growth and development. Clinically, advances in cariology and periodontology have led to better diagnostic capabilities and treatment provision. In the study of growth and development, important information regarding the varying clinical presentation and pathogenesis of many disorders is now apparent through the accurate quantification of phenotypes. Improvements in two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) imaging and analytical techniques have allowed for accurate dental phenotyping, and efforts are ongoing to apply thesein vitrotechniques to thein vivosetting. The field of dental phenomics represents an exciting avenue that links research findings to practical application, and collaboration between researcher and clinicians will help advance the field further.
A Family‐Based Robust Multivariate Association Test Using Maximum Statistic
Authors: Hsieh Tsung‐Jen , Chang Shu‐Hui , Tai John Jen 
Published: February 2014

SummaryFor characterizing the genetic mechanisms of complex diseases familial data with multiple correlated quantitative traits are usually collected in genetic studies. To analyze such data, various multivariate tests have been proposed to investigate the association between the underlying disease genes and the multiple traits. Although these multivariate association tests may have better power performance than the univariate association tests, they suffer from loss of testing power when the genetic models of the putative genes are misspecified. To address the problem, in this paper we aim to develop a family‐based robust multivariate association test. We will first establish the optimal multivariate score tests for the recessive, additive, and dominant genetic models. Based on these optimal tests, a maximum‐type robust multivariate association test is then obtained. Simulations are conducted to compare the power of our method with that of other existing multivariate methods. The results show that the robust multivariate test does manifest the robustness in power over all plausible genetic models. A practical data set is applied to demonstrate the applicability of our approach. The results suggest that the robust multivariate test is more powerful than the robust univariate test when dealing with multiple quantitative traits.
Decreased diversity of nasal microbiota and their secreted extracellular vesicles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis based on a metagenomic analysis
Authors: Choi E.‐B. , Hong S.‐W. , Kim D.‐K. , Jeon S. G. , Kim K.‐R. , Cho S.‐H. , Gho Y. S. , Jee Y.‐K. , Kim Y.‐K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory process in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and bacteria have been considered to be a cause. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that bacteria‐derived extracellular vesicles (EV) appear to be an important causative agent of inflammatory diseases. Here, we aimed to evaluate the diversity of nasal microbiota and their secreted EV in patients with CRS.MethodsNasal lavage (NAL) fluid samples were obtained from five patients with CRS with polyposis, three patients with CRS without polyposis, and three non‐CRS controls. After preparation of bacteria and EV from samples using differential centrifugation, genomic DNA was extracted and 16S‐rDNA amplicons were subjected to high‐throughput pyrosequencing on a Roche 454 GS‐FLX platform.ResultsMetagenomics showed that bacteria composition was positively correlated with EV composition. Samples from patients with CRS had greater bacterial abundance and lower diversity, both from bacteria and the EV portion of samples, compared with non‐CRS samples. At each phylogenetic level, Bacteroidetes decreased while Proteobacteria increased in the CRS group at the phylum level. At the genus level, Prevotella spp. decreased in the CRS group, while Staphylococcus spp. increased from both bacteria and EV. Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus and its secreting EV compositions were higher in samples from CRS with polyps compared with CRS without polyps.ConclusionsThese results suggest that patients with CRS have altered nasal microbiota and decreased diversity in bacterial compositions as well as increased S. aureus abundance in those patients with polyps.
Omalizumab therapy is associated with reduced circulating basophil populations in asthmatic children
Authors: Hill D. A. , Siracusa M. C. , Ruymann K. R. , Tait Wojno E. D. , Artis D. , Spergel J. M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBasophils have been implicated in promoting the early development of TH2 cell responses in some murine models of TH2 cytokine‐associated inflammation. However, the specific role of basophils in allergic asthma remains an active area of research. Recent studies in animal models and human subjects suggest that IgE may regulate the homeostasis of human basophil populations. Here, we examine basophil populations in children with severe asthma before and during therapy with the IgE‐directed monoclonal antibody omalizumab. Omalizumab therapy was associated with a significant reduction in circulating basophil numbers, a finding that was concurrent with improved clinical outcomes. The observation that circulating basophils are reduced following omalizumab therapy supports a mechanistic link between IgE levels and circulating basophil populations, and may provide new insights into one mechanism by which omalizumab improves asthma symptoms.
Mobile Simulation Unit: taking simulation to the surgical trainee
Authors: Pena Guilherme , Altree Meryl , Babidge Wendy , Field John , Hewett Peter , Maddern Guy 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundSimulation‐based training has become an increasingly accepted part of surgical training. However, simulators are still not widely available to surgical trainees. Some factors that hinder the widespread implementation of simulation‐based training are the lack of standardized methods and equipment, costs and time constraints. We have developed a Mobile Simulation Unit (MSU) that enables trainees to access modern simulation equipment tailored to the needs of the learner at the trainee's workplace.MethodsFrom July 2012 to December 2012, the MSU visited six hospitals in South Australia, four in metropolitan and two in rural areas. Resident Medical Officers, surgical trainees, Fellows and International Medical Graduates were invited to voluntarily utilize a variety of surgical simulators on offer. Participants were asked to complete a survey about the accessibility of simulation equipment at their workplace, environment of the MSU, equipment available and instruction received. Utilization data were collected.ResultsThe MSU was available for a total of 303 h over 52 days. Fifty‐five participants were enrolled in the project and each spent on average 118 min utilizing the simulators. The utilization of the total available time was 36%. Participants reported having a poor access to simulation at their workplace and overwhelmingly gave positive feedback regarding their experience in the MSU.ConclusionThe use of the MSU to provide simulation‐based education in surgery is feasible and practical. The MSU provides consistent simulation training at the surgical trainee's workplace, regardless of geographic location, and it has the potential to increase participation in simulation programmes.
Early oral feeding following laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Kim Hyung Ook , Lee Sung Ryol , Choi Won Joon , Kim Hungdai 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundEarly oral feeding (EOF) following colorectal surgery can accelerate patient recovery and shorten hospital stay. However, some patients are intolerable to postoperative early oral feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerability of EOF following laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery and the effects of intravenous lidocaine.MethodsThe cohort in this randomized, placebo‐controlled trial (ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT01346917) comprised of 77 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. For patients randomized to the lidocaine group, a loading dose of 1 mg/kg lidocaine prior to skin incision, and a continuous dose of 1 mg/kg/h lidocaine with 90 mg ketorolac (non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug) (in normal saline, total 240 mL) was administered for 24 h. Patients randomized to the placebo group received a loading dose of 5 mL saline and a continuous dose of 90 mg ketorolac in 240 mL saline. The primary outcome measure was prevalence of postoperative nausea/vomiting and intolerance to EOF.ResultsAltogether, 68 patients completed the study and were analyzed. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were higher in the control group but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.054). Tolerability of EOF was 96.9% in the lidocaine group and 91.7% in the control group (P = 0.62). There was no difference in postoperative pain, opioid consumption, bowel function recovery or postoperative hospital stay.ConclusionPerioperative intravenous lidocaine administered for laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery might reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, a high tolerability to EOF following colorectal surgery can be achieved by laparoscopic surgery alone without other supportive treatment.
Patients' recollection and understanding of informed consent: a literature review
Authors: Sherlock Anne , Brownie Sonya 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo explore patients' recollection and understanding of the proposed medical procedures for which they have consented.MethodsSix databases were searched from January 1995 to March 2013 for articles using the MeSH terms ‘informed consent’, ‘patients’ and ‘comprehension’, and the free text search term ‘patient understanding’. This search identified 354 articles. Once duplicates (n = 213) were removed, the remaining 141 articles were screened, resulting in 13 high‐quality studies that met the inclusion criteria.ResultsWhen asked to reflect on the consenting process, between 21% and 86% of patients were able to recall the potential risks and complications of their medical procedure. The degree of understanding of the consenting process decreased with age. Some patients were of the opinion that the primary purpose of the consent procedure was to protect hospitals and doctors.PatientsLevel of education, literacy and language competency, combined with physicians' ability to effectively explain the medical procedure and the inherent risks and complications, were important determinants of patients' capacity to provide fully informed consent. The use of education materials delivered in written form or embedded in an interactive multimedia process led to improvements in patients' understanding of the implications of surgery.ConclusionsThis review found that patients' recollection and understanding of the medical procedure, risks and complications is often low, particularly among older individuals. The use of interactive multimedia and written material that are easy‐to‐read and comprehend, and prepared for individual patients has been shown to increase patient awareness, recollection and understanding of the consenting procedure.
Rent, Real Estate, and Flood Mitigation in New Orleans East
Authors: Baxter Vern 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper presents results from a study of environmental harm created in the collision of real estate speculation and the political process that governed extension of the urban frontier of New Orleans into its eastern wetlands. Near term concerns of rent‐seeking real estate capital and the contested politics of urban infrastructure expansion challenged a fragmented state charged with regulatory oversight and protection of investments in land and citizens. The paper engages theoretically the relative inattention of urban political ecology theory to rent as a way to theorize how capital flows through land, and argues for increased attention to the problem of land rent and the multiple scales of political engagement that manage ecological crisis immanent in the metabolism of nature and society under capitalism.
On the Performativity of Pill Pricing: Theory and Reality in the Economics of Global Pharmaceuticalization
Authors: Christophers Brett 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOne often‐highlighted contemporary phenomenon in the pharmaceuticals industry is the use of “tiered pricing”, where essential medicines are sold more cheaply in low‐income than high‐income countries to widen access. With economists having for decades championed the applicability of such pricing to pharmaceuticals, this could be interpreted as a textbook case of “economic performativity”—the economic world increasingly conforming to economic models. In reality, however, tiered pharmaceutical pricing remains rare. Yet this article nonetheless urges retention of the performativity concept, albeit suitably reworked. For, insofar as the industry demonstrates nominal commitment to the model and to the social principles associated with it, it performs valuable political work. Moreover, it does help perform the pharmaceutical economy, by reproducing it in its existing form: repeatedly questioning the model's workability, Western manufacturers are able to continue to avoid putting it widely into practice and, in the process, jeopardizing the profits generated by conventional pricing.
Cerebral perfusion pressure in women with preeclampsia is elevated even after treatment of elevated blood pressure
Authors: Sonneveld Milan J. , Brussé Ingrid A. , Duvekot Johannes J. , Steegers Eric A.P. , Grune Frank , Visser Gerhard H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is elevated in preeclampsia, and may predispose to cerebrovascular complications and progression to eclampsia. We estimated zero flow pressure (ZFP) and CPP using simultaneously obtained arterial blood pressure and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in 10 women with preeclampsia, all treated with methyldopa with or without nifedipine, and 18 healthy pregnant controls. Mean ± SD ZFP was lower in women with preeclampsia than in controls (16.8 ± 10.9 vs. 31.7 ± 15.0 mmHg, p = 0.01) whereas CPP was considerably higher (82.3 ± 17.7 vs. 55.0 ± 11.7 mmHg, p < 0.001), as was the cerebral flow index (41.9 ± 18.0 vs. 25.6 ± 11.2, p = 0.02). There was a significant correlation between blood pressure and CPP in women with preeclampsia, but not in controls. Women with preeclampsia may have an increased cerebral perfusion due to a reduced ZFP and increased CPP despite treatment with antihypertensive medication. More rigorous antihypertensive therapy, aimed at reducing CPP, could result in a decrease in cerebral complications in women with preeclampsia.
Possible Benefits of Catheters With Lateral Holes in Coronary Thrombus Aspiration: A Computational Study for Different Clot Viscosities and Vacuum Pressures
Authors: Soleimani Sajjad , Dubini Gabriele , Pennati Giancarlo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAccording to a number of clinical studies, coronary aspiration catheters are useful tools to remove a thrombus (blood clot) blocking a coronary artery. However, these thrombectomy devices may fail to remove the blood clot entirely. Few studies have been devoted to a systematic analysis of factors affecting clot aspiration. The geometric characteristics of the aspiration catheter, the physical properties of the thrombus, and the applied vacuum pressure are crucial parameters. In this study, the aspiration of a blood clot blocking a coronary bifurcation is computationally simulated. The clot is modeled as a highly viscous fluid, and a two‐phase (blood and clot) problem is solved. The effects of geometric variations in the tip of the coronary catheter, including lateral hole size and location, are investigated considering different aspiration pressures and clot viscosities. A Bird–Carreau model is adopted for blood viscosity, while a power law model is used to describe the clot rheology. Computational results for blood clot aspiration show that the presence of holes in the lateral part of the tip of the catheter can be beneficial depending on clot viscosity, hole features, and applied aspiration pressure. In general, the holes are beneficial when the clot viscosity is low, while aspiration catheters without any extra lateral holes exhibit better performance for higher clot viscosity. However, when higher aspiration pressures are applied, the catheters tend to behave relatively similarly in removing clots with various viscosities, reducing the role of the clot viscosity.
Review article: HCV genotype 3 – the new treatment challenge
Authors: Ampuero J. , Romero‐Gómez M. , Reddy K. R. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundOver the past several years, hepatitis C therapy has been pegylated interferon and ribavirin based. Although protease inhibitor‐based therapy has enhanced response rates in genotype 1, the recent advances in therapy have demonstrated a challenge in genotype 3, a highly prevalent infection globally.AimTo provide a comprehensive summary of the literature evaluating the unique characteristics and evolving therapies in genotype 3.MethodsA structured search in PubMed, the Cochrane Library and EMBASE was performed using defined key words, including only full text papers and abstracts in English.ResultsHCV genotype 3 is more prevalent in Asia and among intra‐venous drug users. Furthermore, it interferes with lipid and glucose metabolism, and the natural history involves a more rapid progression of liver disease and a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). New therapies with protease inhibitors have focused on genotype 1 largely and have demonstrated enhanced responses, but have limited activity against genotype 3. Thus far, in clinical trials, NS5B and NS5A inhibitors have performed more poorly in genotype 3, while a cyclophilin inhibitor, alisporivir, has shown promise.ConclusionsAs treatments for HCV have evolved, genotype 3 has become the most difficult to treat. Furthermore, genotype 3 has special characteristics, such as insulin resistance and alterations in lipid metabolism, which may partly explain the lower treatment responses. A great deal of emphasis on advancing therapy is needed in this population that appears to have a more rapid progression of liver disease and a higher incidence of HCC.