bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lean Management
Authors: Stapp Eric H. , Sabelhaus Cynthia M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Lean management is a philosophy that encompasses all activities from manufacturing to leadership to supply chain interaction. This philosophy includes a number of tools and methods for its implementation and has been responsible for saving costs and improving quality and profitability in U.S. organizations. Although the plan‐do‐check‐act (PDCA) cycle was not born in Japan, it is sometimes called the lean operating framework. While Kaizen is a philosophy of continuous improvement, Kaizen events or blitzes are discrete activities that bring people together to quickly improve the value stream. 5S is a workplace organization method. The name stems from five Japanese words:
seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke
. As the total quality management movement took hold in the 1970s and 1980s, a group of graphical quality control techniques arose as primary data collection and process improvement tools.
Safety Engineering
Authors: ReVelle Jack B. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
As workplace environments become more technologically complex, the necessity for protecting the workforce from safety and health hazards continues. This chapter addresses the topics and provides the information that engineering practitioners require to professionally perform their responsibilities with respect to the safety of the workforce. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) encourages each state to assume the fullest responsibility for the administration and enforcement of occupational safety and health programs. System safety techniques can provide meaningful predictions of the frequency and severity of accidents. Machine tools provide an example of commonplace conditions where only a limited number of items of personal protective gear are available for use. The type of operation, the size or shape of stock, the method of handling the physical layout of the work area, the type of material, and production requirements or limitations all influence selection of the appropriate safeguarding method(s) for the individual machine.
Patents
Authors: Burge David A. , Burge Benjamin D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter describes the four different types of patent applications that can be filed, the three different types of patents that can be obtained, and what rights are associated with the grant of a patent. It then focuses on topics such as inventions that qualify for patent protection and procedures that are involved in obtaining a patent. The discussion of patents presented in the chapter applies only to U.S. patents and principally to utility patents. For an invention to be patentable, it must meet several requirements set up to ensure that patents are not issued irresponsibly. Once an executed patent application has been received by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), the patent application is said to be pending, and a serial number and filing date are assigned to it by the USPTO. Patent rights cannot be enforced against infringers until a patent has issued.
Heat Transfer Fundamentals
Authors: Peterson G. P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe exchange of energy or heat resulting from the kinetic energy transferred through the direct impact of molecules is referred to as conduction and takes place from a region of high energy to a region of lower energy. Convection heat transfer is the mode of energy transport in which the energy is transferred by means of fluid motion. Heat transfer can occur in the absence of a participating medium through the transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves, characterized by a wavelength, λ, and frequency, <I>v</I>, which are related by <I>c = λv</I>. Energy transmitted in this fashion is referred to as radiant energy and the heat transfer process that occurs is called radiation heat transfer or simply radiation. Boiling and condensation are both forms of convection in which the fluid medium is undergoing a change of phase.
Temperature Measurement
Authors: Childs Peter R. N. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTemperature is the property that determines whether a system is in thermal equilibrium with other systems. If the temperature of two bodies in thermal contact with each other is the same, then there will be no net transfer of thermal energy. Despite the many types of temperature‐measuring systems, the choice for a given application is typically limited by a number of factors, including uncertainty, temperature range, thermal disturbance, level of contact, size of the sensor, transient response, sensor protection, availability, and cost. This chapter provides a review of a range of invasive, semi‐invasive, and noninvasive instrumentation along with an introduction to the measurement process, calibration, and traceability. Some applications permit the installation of a sensor on or within the medium of interest. Alternatively it may be desirable to observe the target remotely using an infrared pyrometer, a thermal imager, or other form of noninvasive method.
Heat Flux Measurement
Authors: Diller T. E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter reviews the most useful current heat flux instrumentation, particularly heat flux gauges. It also briefly discusses the optical methods, but these are generally research methods that require sophisticated equipment and data processing techniques. General principles for the proper use of heat flux gauges are discussed first, followed by the details of specific gauges along with some of their typical applications. Three classifications of gauges are considered based on measured temperature difference over space, the temperature change with time, and the power dissipated at a maintained temperature. The measurement methods are also categorized according to the type of temperature measurement. The three common techniques are thermocouples, resistance temperature devices (RTDs), and optical. Finally, the chapter discusses the calibration of heat flux gauges along with error analysis. There are a number of problems and complications that should be taken into account while planning for any heat flux measurements.
Heat Pipes
Authors: Ma Hongbin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The heat pipe is a device that utilizes the evaporation heat transfer in the evaporator and condensation heat transfer in the condenser in which the vapor flow from the evaporator to the condenser is caused by the vapor pressure difference and the liquid flow from the condenser to the evaporator is produced by the capillary force, gravitational force, electrostatic force, or other forces directly acting on it. A typical heat pipe consists of three sections: an evaporator or heat addition section, an adiabatic section, and a condenser or heat rejection section. For a heat pipe to function, the capillary pressure difference occurring in the heat pipe must always be greater than the summation of all the pressure losses occurring throughout the liquid and vapor flow paths. One of the simplest heat pipes is the thermosyphon. Cryogenic fluids are used in the cryogenic heat pipe.
Cooling Electric Equipment
Authors: Kraus Allan , Bar‐Cohen Avram , Wative Abhay A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo determine the temperature differences encountered in the flow of heat within electronic systems, it is necessary to recognize the relevant heat transfer mechanisms and their governing relations. In a typical system, heat removal from the active regions of the microcircuit(s) or chip(s) may require the use of several mechanisms, some operating in series and others in parallel, to transport the generated heat to the coolant or ultimate heat sink. Practitioners of the thermal arts and sciences generally deal with four basic thermal transport modes: conduction, convection, phase change, and radiation. This chapter discusses the heat transfer correlations in geometries peculiar to electronic equipment. Two thermoelectric effects are traditionally considered in the design and performance evaluation of a thermoelectric cooler: Seebeck effect and Peltier effect. Finally, the chapter describes the various thermal control techniques.
Refrigeration
Authors: O'Neal Dennis L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses primarily on refrigeration applications, which cover such diverse uses as food processing and storage, supermarket display cases, skating rinks, ice manufacture, and biomedical applications such as blood and tissue storage or hypothermia used in surgery. Most refrigeration systems utilize the vapor compression cycle to produce the desired refrigeration effect. There are four basic components in every vapor compression refrigeration system: compressors, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Refrigeration can be accomplished in either closed‐cycle or open‐cycle systems. Ammonia is a popular refrigerant for many industrial and large warehouse applications. Absorption systems offer three distinct advantages over conventional vapor compression refrigeration. For indirect refrigeration, the process or refrigeration load is cooled by an intermediate liquid, which is itself cooled by refrigerant typically in a conventional vapor compression cycle. Several defrost methods are used with refrigeration systems: hot refrigerant gas, air, and water.
Cryogenic Engineering
Authors: Weisend J. G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCryogenic engineering involves the technology required to both produce and maintain extremely low temperatures. It takes into account the unique properties of fluids and materials at cryogenic temperatures as well as the specific techniques required to operate safely and efficiently at these temperatures. Cryogenic engineering is broad based, using aspects of mechanical, electrical, chemical, and other engineering disciplines. Cryogenic fluids, or cryogens, may be defined as those whose boiling temperature at 1 bar (normal boiling point) is less than 120 K. Good cryogenic engineering practice includes never using materials at cryogenic temperatures unless their behavior at those temperatures is well understood and never extrapolating room temperature properties down to cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenic engineering at sub‐Kelvin temperatures poses a number of challenges. In particular, the heat capacities and available cooling at these temperatures is so small that even microwatt‐scale heat leaks can result in unacceptable temperature rises.
Indoor Environmental Control
Authors: Srebric Jelena 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Heating, ventilating, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) systems are major engineering systems that significantly affect the country's overall energy consumption and occupants' well‐being through control of indoor air parameters. The indoor environment parameters that are controlled by HVAC depend on the type of the building. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a significant role in occupants' well‐being, satisfaction, and health, due to the prolonged time periods spent indoors in a modern society. The building thermal loads represent the thermal energy that is removed (cooling loads) or added (heating loads) to a building in order to keep the occupants thermally comfortable, which is the primary function of an HVAC system. From the perspective of HVAC systems, building simulation programs can be classified as either building energy simulation programs or building airflow simulation programs.
Thermal Systems Optimization
Authors: Aute Vikrant C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThermal systems include all functional groups of equipment and working fluids that are designed for the purpose of managing temperature and humidity conditions inside various spaces or materials. The optimization of thermal systems usually includes a mixture of technology decisions and the optimization of specific properties of selected components. This chapter presents more advanced approximation‐assisted optimization (AAO) techniques to efficiently optimize computationally expensive heat exchanger models. It also presents two examples for chevron plate heat exchanger segment optimization and the new generation of air‐cooled heat exchanger optimization. There are two basic components, the optimization driver and the simulation tool. The chapter presents case studies that illustrate optimization strategies for various thermal systems. The computational cost is prohibitive when applying optimization algorithms to computationally expensive simulations such as models based on finite element (FE) or computational fluid dynamics (CFD). One way to address this problem is to use AAO techniques.
Combustion
Authors: Eddings Eric G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Combustion is rapid oxidation, usually for the purpose of changing chemical energy into thermal energy—heat. This energy usually comes from oxidation of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, or compounds containing C, H, and/or S. The purpose of combustion in industrial applications, for the most part, is to transform chemical energy, available in various types of fuels, to thermal energy or heat to be of use in the processing of gas or liquid streams or solid objects. This chapter examines how burner aerodynamics is often the most important factor. It describes the most commonly encountered firing systems for gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels. A firing system provides for mixing of fuel with an oxidizer (typically air) in a manner that promotes stable combustion and desired heat release rates. Combustion processes produce gaseous and particulate emissions that can be harmful to human health and the environment.
Gaseous Fuels
Authors: Reed Richard J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Gaseous fuels are generally easier to handle and burn than are liquid or solid fuels. Gaseous fossil fuels include natural gas (primarily methane and ethane) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) primarily propane and butane. Gaseous man‐made or artificial fuels are mostly derived from liquid or solid fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels have evolved from animal remains through eons of deep underground reaction under temperature and pressure, while solid fuel evolved from vegetable remains. Properties that concern most users of natural gases relate to the heat available from their combustion, flow characteristics, and burnability in a variety of burner types. Natural gases are classified as “sweet” or “sour,” depending on their content of sulfur compounds. Properties that concern most users of natural gases relate to the heat available from their combustion, flow characteristics, and burnability in a variety of burner types. LPGs are by‐products of natural gas production and of refineries.
Liquid Fossil Fuels from Petroleum
Authors: Reed Richard J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The major source of liquid fossil fuels is crude petroleum; other sources are shale and tar sands. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels—gasoline and methanol—can be made from coal and natural gas. Ethanol, some of which is used as an automotive fuel, is derived from vegetable matter. Properties of fuels reflect the characteristics of the crude. Paraffinic crudes have a high concentration of straight‐chain hydrocarbons, which may leave a wax residue with distillation. Aromatic and naphthenic crudes have concentrations of ring hydrocarbons. Asphaltic crudes have a preponderance of heavier ring hydrocarbons and leave a residue after distillation. Kerosene is used mainly in wick‐fed illuminating lamps and kerosene burners. The most important requirements of aircraft jet fuel relate to freezing point, distillation range, and level of aromatics. The chapter lists the properties of a residual fuel oil (DMF) from one shale pilot operation and of a shale crude oil.
Clean Power Generation from Coal
Authors: Butler James W. , Basu Prabir 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCoal has consistently accounted for about 40% of the world's total electricity generating capacity since the early 1970s, despite the steady growth of the total generation capacity. A number of technologies are available or under development to make the process of converting coal into a transmittable form of energy a less polluting process. These technical options can be broadly divided into the following three categories, based on which stage of the conversion process the pollutant reduction takes place: preconversion technology, In situ control technology, postconversion technologies. As emission standards become more stringent, new and cleaner ways of converting coal to usable forms of energy are being developed and implemented. Postconversion clean‐up is necessary for all types of coal‐fired plants to reduce their environmental impact. Coal produces more carbon dioxide than any other fossil fuel, and as such, the concern over global warming is a major issue with coal‐fired power plants.
Pumps, Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
Authors: Marchildon Keith , Mody David 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The continuous transport of a liquid requires a pump, and the continuous transport of a gas or vapor requires a fan, blower, or compressor. All of these devices are described by the general term fluid movers. Specialized fluid movers are required for the transport of liquid‐and‐gas mixtures and of slurries and suspensions of solids in liquid or gas. The vast majority are mechanically driven. A few eductors and ejectors use another fluid as the motive source This chapter is organized into two broad sections i.e.; on liquid transport and on gas transport, and within each section it describes the technology of both the dynamic and the positive‐displacement devices. In the case of gas compression, where pressure, volume, and temperature are all in flux, an outline of the relevant thermodynamics is provided. Dynamic devices include centrifugal, axial, mixed flow, and jet pumps.
Cogeneration
Authors: Caton Jerald A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief overview of cogeneration systems, which includes introductory comments, descriptions of basic systems and terminology, descriptions of prime movers and major equipment, some comments on technical designs, a summary of relevant regulations, descriptions of economic evaluations, and comments on financial and ownership aspects. A cogeneration system may be classified as either a topping‐cycle system or a bottoming‐cycle system. Cogeneration systems consist of several major pieces of equipment and many smaller components. The chapter describes the other major equipment (electrical equipment, heat recovery devices, absorption chillers, and balance of plant equipment). The selection of a prime mover for a cogeneration system involves the consideration of a variety of technical and nontechnical issues. The chapter includes overviews of the relevant federal regulations on electric power generation by cogenerators and the related environmental constraints. Cogeneration systems are attractive options for facilities where electrical power and thermal energy are used.
Fuel Cells
Authors: Mench Matthew M. , Zhang Feng‐Yuan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEarly development of fuel cells had a focus on use of coal to power fuel cells, but poisons formed by the gasification of the coal limited the fuel cell usefulness and lifetime. Potential applications of fuel cells can be grouped into four main categories: transportation, portable power, stationary or grid‐based power, and niche applications. Stationary and distributed power applications include power units for homes or auxiliary and backup power generation units. This chapter discusses the particular limitations and advantages of several different fuel cell systems. The operating principle of a fuel cell is similar to a common battery, except that a fuel (hydrogen, methanol, or other) and oxidizer (commonly air or pure oxygen) are brought separately into the electrochemical reactor from an external source, whereas a battery has stored reactants. The solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) represent high‐temperature fuel cell systems.
Fluid Power Systems
Authors: Alleyne Andrew 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe use of fluids for power delivery has been a part of human civilization for many centuries. One key advantage of fluid power systems is the high power density available. This chapter illustrates some of the basic hydraulic symbols and terms that is commonly encountered and is referred. The oil used in a hydraulic circuit is designed to withstand high pressures and large pressure drops without deterioration in performance. The primary other types of common fluids are synthetic ones, including phosphate ester or silicone‐based fluids. In a fluid power system, the hydraulic valve serves to restrict the flow of fluid through the system. This chapter details several of the components that make up a fluid power system. These components are useful only when they are combined and integrated into an overall system. There are some key nonlinearities that are common in fluid power systems and greatly affect their dynamic performance.
A Study on Processing, Characterization and Erosion Wear Response of Linz–Donawitz Slag Filled Epoxy Composites
Authors: Pati Pravat Ranjan , Satapathy Alok 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper reports a study on erosion response of epoxy composites filled with micro‐sized Linz–Donawitz (LD) slag particles. LD slag is a major solid waste generated in huge quantities during steel making. It comes from slag formers such as burned lime/dolomite and from oxidizing of silica, iron etc. while refining the iron into steel in the LD furnace. Although a number of ways for its utilization have been suggested in the past, its potential as a filler material in polymeric matrices has not yet been explored. In this work, composites of five different compositions (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 wt% of LD slag reinforced in epoxy resin) are prepared by a simple hand layup technique. The composites are characterized in regard to their density, porosity, micro‐hardness and strength properties. Erosion trials (ASTM G 76) are conducted on the composite samples following a well‐planned experimental schedule based on Taguchi's design of experiments. The study reveals that the impact velocity and LD slag content in the composites are the most significant among various factors that influence the wear rate. This work shows that LD slag, in spite of being a waste, possesses fairly good filler characteristics as it modifies the properties and improves the erosion resistance of the polymeric resin.
Nanothermite auf Sulfat‐Basis: ein weites Feld metastabiler Kompositmaterialien
Authors: Comet Marc , Vidick Geoffrey , Schnell Fabien , Suma Yves , Baps Bernard , Spitzer Denis 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn dieser Arbeit wurden Metallsulfate (Me=Ba, Bi, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, Zr) als Oxidationsmittel in reaktiven Mischungen mit Al‐Nanopulvern umgesetzt. Die resultierenden neuen Arten dieser Nanothermite zeigen im Vergleich zu konventionellen Al/Metalloxid‐Mischungen (1.5–4.8 kJ g−1) besonders hohe Reaktionswärmen, (4–6 kJ g−1), verbunden mit attraktiven Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeiten innerhalb einer gemeinsamen Größenordnung (200–840 m s−1 gegenüber 100–2500 m s−1 für die konventionellen Mischungen). Die dargestellten Gemische erwiesen sich als extrem unempfindlich gegenüber Reibung, was eine einfache und sichere Handhabung der Materialien ermöglicht. Das Hydratwasser des Sulfats erhöht die Reaktionswärme und beeinflusst signifikant die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber elektrostatischer Entladung und Stößen (Schlagempfindlichkeit). Die Reaktion von Al mit Wasser ist dabei leichter zu initiieren als die mit Sulfat. Dies führt zu zwei möglichen Zersetzungsmodi für Proben, die einer offenen Flamme ausgesetzt sind. Pyrotechnische Eigenschaften der Sulfate konnten auch für andere Schwefel‐Sauerstoff‐Verbindungen (SO32−, S2O32−, S2O82−) gezeigt werden. Dies öffnet ein weites Feld an neuen, metastabilen Kompositmaterialien.