bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No More Mere Conduit? Abandoning Net Neutrality and Its Possible Consequences on Internet Service Providers' Content Liability
Authors: Hynönen Kalle 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications issued in May 2012 a report dealing with non‐neutral practices of the European Internet access providers. According to the report, peer‐to‐peer and voice over IP traffic are being blocked or throttled widely, and various other signs of practices that go beyond the presumably neutral role of an Internet access provider are reported. This essay discusses these non‐neutral practices from the perspective of the content liability exemption provided in the article 12 of the e‐commerce directive and asks how far the limits set out in the article can be stretched in connection with voluntarily adopted “non‐neutral” practices before the liability exemption is lost. Moreover, the essay takes a prospective look and asks what would be the effects of losing the mere conduit defence especially from copyright liability perspective, and can the risk of losing the safe harbour work as a safeguard for preserving the openness of the Internet. While it is difficult to give a definite answer at this stage, this essay suggests that a strict interpretation of the article 12 requirements might in some cases well lead to loss of the liability exemption.
Compelling to Disclose Software Interoperable Information: A Risk for Innovation or a Balanced Solution?
Authors: Otero Begoña Gonzalez 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSoftware interoperability has been declared matter of public interest by the European Commission in its European Digital Agenda because of its obvious intrinsic value and, therefore, it is in the interest of society to support it. The most significant ex ante intellectual property rules on interoperability in IT markets are presently located in the area of copyright law. Ideally, copyright law should provide market participants with clear indications as to the ability to access and use interoperability information. However, none of the Actions of the European Digital Agenda address copyright in general nor the Software Directive in particular in the matter of interoperability. This essay will discuss whether the regulation established by the Software Directive can jeopardize the public interest. Subsequently, due to the impact of the Microsoft CFI decision, it will be analyzed whether a compulsory licensing approach is the best solution in order to guarantee access to interoperable information. Closing, some recommendations over both the interoperable information regulation of the Software Directive and the licensing approach that might help in keeping a fair balance between the copyright holder of the computer program and competitors in the ICT sector for the sake of interoperability and innovation.
Intraoperative monitoring: Normative range associated with normal postoperative glottic function
Authors: Caragacianu Diana , Kamani Dipti , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisDespite increasing use of intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM), there is limited information on normative electrophysiologic electromyographic (EMG) parameters. The objective of this study was to define normative parameters of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery associated with normal postoperative vocal cord function.Study DesignProspective data collection in a tertiary care center.MethodsQuantitative analysis of evoked waveform amplitude and threshold was performed on 125 patients with 167 nerves at risk. Values were displayed as a mean with 5th percentile and 95th percentiles (5th–95th). Postoperative vocal cord function in all patients was documented.ResultsAll patients had normal postoperative laryngeal function (group I–normal) except for two patients who had postoperative transient vocal cord paralysis (group II–abnormal/outlier). The final amplitude between 247 and 3607 μV at the end of dissection/end of surgery was associated in all group I patients with a normal postoperative neural function. Final intraoperative amplitude measures for group II averaged just 97.5 μV, significantly different than our normative ranges obtained for group I, and fell outside of the group I 5% to 95% percentile range (P = .016). Final amplitude adequately predicted postoperative RLN impaired function immediately after surgery.ConclusionsWe propose IONM EMG data criteria that predict normal postoperative vocal cord function monitoring and provide information about nerve functioning at the end of the operation, thereby allowing adaptation of the surgical strategy when a bilateral procedure is indicated to avoid bilateral nerve paralysis.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 123:3026–3031, 2013
Long‐term results of endoscopic sinus surgery–oriented treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis with asthma
Authors: Chen Feng‐Hong , Zuo Ke‐Jun , Guo Yu‐Biao , Li Zhi‐Ping , Xu Geng , Xu Rui , Shi Jian‐Bo 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisThe aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)–oriented multimodality treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with asthma and its impact on asthma.Study DesignProspective, nonrandomized cohort.MethodsTwenty‐seven CRS patients with asthma who underwent FESS with postoperative topical corticosteroid spray were evaluated preoperatively; 25 of them were evaluated 1 year and 3 years postoperatively. CRS was evaluated by visual analogue scale, clinical control of CRS, and objective measurement endoscopy Lund‐Kennedy scores. Asthma was assessed by subjective asthma control test and asthma control level, also by objective antiasthma medication use and pulmonary function tests.ResultsVAS scores of general symptoms (8.09 ± 0.87 preoperatively) were significantly improved at 1 year (2.94 ± 2.21) and 3 years (3.77 ± 2.16) postoperation (P = .000). No difference in these items was found between 1 year and 3 years (P = .463). Endoscopy Lund‐Kennedy scores at 1 year (4.34 ± 3.09) and 3 years (5.80 ± 3.38) postoperatively were significantly better (9.33 ± 2.03 preoperatively, P = .000), and there was no difference between 1 year and 3 years of follow‐up (P > .05). Significantly, asthma control level improved postoperatively (P = .025). However, antiasthma drug and pulmonary function showed no significant change postoperatively (P > .05).ConclusionsFESS‐oriented multimodality treatment improves CRS with asthma significantly and persistently. Asthma control level improved. Antiasthma medication use and pulmonary function remained stable.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:24–28, 2014
Effect of astaxanthin on vocal fold wound healing
Authors: Mizuta Masanobu , Hirano Shigeru , Hiwatashi Nao , Tateya Ichiro , Kanemaru Shin‐ichi , Nakamura Tatsuo , Ito Juichi 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisOur previous study demonstrated that a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced during the early phase of vocal fold wound healing. In the current study, we investigated the effect of astaxanthin, which is a strong antioxidant, on the regulation of oxidative stress and scarring during vocal fold wound healing.Study DesignProspective animal experiment with control.MethodsSprague‐Dawley rats were dosed with astaxanthin (Ast‐treated group, 100 mg/kg/day) or olive oil (sham‐treated group) by oral gavage daily from preinjury day 1 to postinjury day 4. After vocal folds were injured under the endoscope, larynges were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical examinations on postinjury days 1, 3, 5, and 56, and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on postinjury days 1 and 3.ResultsThe expression of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal, which is an oxidative stress marker, was reduced significantly in the lamina propria of the Ast‐treated group as compared to the sham‐treated group. Histological examination showed significantly less tissue contraction with favorable deposition of hyaluronic acid in the lamina propria of the Ast‐treated group compared to the sham‐treated group. Real time PCR revealed significantly upregulated mRNA expression of basic fibroblast growth factor on postinjury day 1 and procollagen type I in the Ast‐treated group compared to the sham‐treated group.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that astaxanthin has the potential to prevent vocal fold scarring by regulating oxidative stress during the early phase of vocal fold wound healing.Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 124:E1–E7, 2014
Level IIB lymph node metastasis in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Single‐institution case series and review of the literature
Authors: Gross Brian C. , Olsen Steven M. , Lewis Jean E. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Moore Eric J. , Olsen Kerry D. , Price Daniel L. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the incidence of level IIB lymph node metastasis in patients with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate the need for elective and therapeutic neck dissection of level IIB.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study and review of the literature.MethodsPatients with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (N = 65) were primarily treated with surgery at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) from 2004 through 2010. Neck dissection specimens were analyzed by a pathologist, and metastases to level IIB were reported. In addition, 18 previously published studies, totaling 1,114 neck dissections, were reviewed.ResultsLevel IIB lymph node metastases were present in 4% and 17% of elective and therapeutic neck dissections, respectively. Ipsilateral IIB metastasis was more common than contralateral IIB metastasis in elective and therapeutic neck dissection specimens. Level IIB lymph node metastasis was not significantly associated with level IIA nodal metastasis, level III nodal metastasis, clinical primary tumor stage, clinical nodal stage, or pathologic confirmation of extracapsular spread in either laryngeal or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionsThe rate of occult IIB metastasis in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is exceedingly low. In a clinically node‐negative case, the ipsilateral and contralateral level IIB nodal packet should not be dissected. For clinically node‐positive cases, ipsilateral level IIB dissection should be performed; contralateral IIB dissection should be performed only when indicated.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 123:3032–3036, 2013
Tympanoplasty with intact canal wall mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma: Long‐term hearing outcomes
Authors: Wilson Kevin F. , London Nyall R. , Shelton Clough 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo review long‐term hearing results after intact canal wall mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty for treatment of cholesteatoma and to identify factors associated with improved hearing outcomes.Study DesignA retrospective analysis of all cases of cholesteatoma treated with intact canal wall mastoidectomy at a single institution by the senior author over a period of 9 years, for which at least 2 years of follow‐up data exist.MethodsPatient and disease information was collected retrospectively and analyzed.ResultsThere were 148 patients with 156 affected ears treated and followed for a median of 5.3 years (interquartile range, 3.6–7.4 years). The majority of the operations (144/156, 92%) were staged. Hearing data were available for 150 ears. The overall postoperative mean air‐bone gap was ≤20 dB in 64% of patients. This was maintained long term in most patients, with 59% of patients still with an air‐bone gap ≤20 dB at a median follow‐up of 5.3 years. The presence of an intact stapes did not affect initial hearing outcomes, but the group with an intact stapes had improved long‐term hearing results compared to those without an intact stapes (71% vs. 42% air‐bone gap ≤20 dB, P < .001). The presence of a malleus handle also led to superior long‐term hearing outcomes (72% vs. 48% air‐bone gap ≤20 dB, P = .005).ConclusionsLong‐term hearing results from intact canal wall mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty are excellent, with the majority of patients maintaining a small air‐bone gap long term. The presence of a stapes and/or malleus handle confers improved long‐term hearing outcomes.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 123:3168–3171, 2013
The effect of geniglossal advancement on airway flow using a computational flow dynamics model
Authors: Fletcher Aaron , Choi Jiwoong , Awadalla Maged , Potash Andrea E. , Wallen Tanner J. , Fletcher Steven , Chang Eugene H. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder caused by partial or complete collapse of the pharyngeal airway. Genioglossal advancement (GGA) is a well‐tolerated surgical procedure intended to address hypopharyngeal collapse, yet there are few studies that monitor changes in airflow dynamics at this site. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) utilizes airflow simulation to predict changes in airflow after anatomic manipulation.Study DesignWe investigated the change in volume and airflow dynamics of the pharyngeal airway after GGA in a cadaveric model.MethodsWe performed serial GGA from 1 mm (control) to 3, 7, and 9 mm on a lightly preserved cadaver. After each intervention, we performed high‐resolution computed tomography scans, reconstructed the pharyngeal airway, and quantified airspace volume and CFD analysis with both laminar and large eddy simulation models.ResultsAirway volume increased with linear GGA. In both CFD simulation models, velocity increased and pressure decreased after 9‐mm advancement secondary to increased airway diameter and less abrupt changes in airway geometry.ConclusionsThese results suggest that GGA may be effective in increasing airway volume and flow to address hypopharyngeal obstruction in OSA.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 123:3227–3232, 2013
Normal values of median nerve cross‐sectional area obtained by ultrasound along its course in the arm with electrophysiological correlations, in 100 Asian subjects
Authors: Bathala Lokesh , Kumar Pavan , Kumar Krishna , Shaik Ahammad Basha , Visser Leo H. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The objective of this study is to obtain normative cross‐sectional area (CSA) values for median nerve by ultrasound at predetermined sites and correlate them with electrophysiological variables in healthy Asian subjects. Methods: The median nerve was examined ultrasonographically in 100 healthy volunteers, mean age 39 years (range, 18–75 years). CSA of the median nerve was measured at wrist, mid‐forearm, mid‐arm, and axilla. All subjects underwent simultaneous standardized nerve conduction studies. Results: The mean median nerve CSAs ± SD at the distal wrist crease was 7.2 ± 1 mm2; mid‐forearm 4.8 ± 0.9 mm2; mid‐arm 6.1 ± 1 mm2; axilla 5.9 ± 0.9 mm2. The CSA at the wrist was the largest compared with other levels (P < 0.001), and it increased with advancing age (P < 0.002). Conclusions: These normative data show that median nerve CSA is not uniform along its length. There are differences between gender, and values increase with advancing age. Muscle Nerve 49: 284–286, 2014
When a mother has cancer: pathways to relational growth for mothers and daughters coping with cancer
Authors: Bekteshi Venera , Kayser Karen 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundMost research on daughters of women with cancer have focused on the daughters' adjustment to the cancer with little attention given to the impact of the cancer on the relationships between mothers and daughters.MethodsGuided by the feminist relational‐cultural theory, this study examines mothers' perceptions of their cancer experience on their relationships with daughters, focusing on their emotional connections, ruptures or disconnections in the relationships, and relational competencies. By using the grounded theory, 29 in‐depth interviews of mothers with cancer were analyzed.ResultsAlthough most of the participants reported closer relationships with their daughters as a result of the cancer experience, emotions such as fear, anger, or guilt were frequently cited. Mothers were able to work through these emotions with their daughters through four relational competencies: (a) anticipatory empathy (sensitivity about the impact of cancer on each other); (b) authenticity (full presence without fear of abandonment); (c) mutual empathy (caring and emotional support); and (d)mutual empowerment (capacity to empower one another).ConclusionThe concept of post‐traumatic relational growth is introduced to describe how mothers transformed the stressful experience of cancer into an experience in which they grew emotionally in relationship with their daughters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryogenic Soil Activity along Bioclimatic Gradients in Northern Sweden: Insights from Eight Different Proxies
Authors: Klaus Marcus , Becher Marina , Klaminder Jonatan 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTCryogenic soil activity caused by differential soil movements during freeze‐thaw cycles is of fundamental importance for Arctic ecosystem functioning, but its response to climate warming is uncertain. Eight proxies of cryogenic soil activity (including measurements of soil surface motion, vegetation and grey values of aerial photographs) were examined at eight study sites where non‐sorted patterned ground spans an elevation gradient (400–1150 m asl) and a precipitation gradient (300–1000 mm yr‐1) near Abisko, northern Sweden. Six proxies were significantly correlated with each other (mean |r| = 0.5). Soil surface motion increased by three to five times along the precipitation gradient and was two to four times greater at intermediate elevations than at low and high elevations, a pattern reflected by vegetation assemblages. The results suggest that inferences about how cryogenic soil activity changes with climate are independent of the choice of the proxy, although some proxies should be applied carefully. Four preferred proxies indicate that cryogenic soil activity may respond differently to climate warming along the elevation gradient and could be greatly modified by precipitation. This underlines the strong but spatially complex response of cryogenic processes to climate change in the Arctic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plant protection in Poland on the eve of obligatory integrated pest management implementation
Authors: Matyjaszczyk Ewa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntegrated pest management (IPM) will be obligatory in all European Union (EU) member states from January 1, 2014. Successful IPM implementation will depend not only on the sound guidelines and goodwill of the farmers, but also on conditions in farmers' environment.RESULTSThis paper presents the most important factors influencing IPM implementation in Poland.CONCLUSIONThe most favorable aspects on the eve of obligatory IPM implementation are the relatively low use of plant protection products and popularity of some non‐chemical methods of pest control, such as sowing cereal in mixture. The most important challenges are the improvement of advisory service and the crop structure with almost three‐quarters of sown area covered by cereals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A Typology of Actional‐Operational Modes in Earth Science and Implications for Science Literacy Instruction
Authors: WILSON AMY ALEXANDRA 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTFramed in theories of social semiotics, this multiple case study describes and categorizes the actional‐operational modes used by three middle school earth science teachers throughout the course of one school year. Data included fieldnotes, photographs, and video recordings of classroom instructions as well as periodic interviews with the teachers. A constant comparative analysis of the data resulted in the creation of a typology of actional‐operational modes according to how they fulfilled the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions of communication. Six categories of actional‐operational modes were identified: gesture, embodied representation, moving objects on flat surfaces, moving objects through three‐dimensional space, material representations, and observed phenomena. Multimodal concordance charts were used to identify the affordances and productive constraints of each of these modes. The study offers implications for how fundamental science literacy instruction might be reconceptualized to more rigorously account for actional‐operational texts, including building students’ multimodal representational competence and providing comprehension strategy instruction in ways that consider these modes’ unique features. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:524–549, 2013
Design and implementation of a dynamic symbolic execution tool for windows executables
Authors: Chen Ting , Zhang Xiao‐song , Zhu Cong , Ji Xiao‐li , Guo Shi‐ze , Wu Yue 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYDynamic symbolic execution, or DSE for short, has become a promising technique in software testing. However, the implementation details of DSE have not been described in depth in existing works. Although some open‐source DSE tools are available nowadays, to design and implement a specific DSE tool from scratch is necessary for some reasons. To this end, we implement a Smart Fuzzing Tool for Windows Native Executables, or SMAFE for short, which utilizes Pin and STP for instrumentation and constraint solving, respectively. Advantages of Pin and STP make SMAFE portable. The major contribution of this paper is our detailed description of the implementation of DSE, including symbolization of inputs, tracking of symbols, synchronization of overlapped symbols, environment modeling, and so on. A practical case study validates the effectiveness of SMAFE. Then, the experiments with two benchmark sets present that the code coverage is above 90% on average. Benefits from this paper are at least twofold: moderating learning curve for scholars and shortening the development circle for practitioners. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heuristic expansion of feature mappings in evolving program families
Authors: Nunes Camila , Garcia Alessandro , Lucena Carlos , Lee Jaejoon 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYEstablishing explicit mappings between features and their implementation elements in code is one of the critical factors to maintain and evolve software systems successfully. This is especially important when developers have to evolve program families, which have evolved from one single core system to similar but different systems to accommodate various requirements from customers. Many techniques and tools have emerged to assist developers in the feature mapping activity. However, existing techniques and tools for feature mapping are limited as they operate on a single program version individually. Additionally, existing approaches are limited to recover features on demand, that is, developers have to run the tools for each family member version individually. In this paper, we propose a cohesive suite of five mapping heuristics addressing those two limitations. These heuristics explore the evolution history of the family members in order to expand feature mappings in evolving program families. The expansion refers to the action of automatically generating the feature mappings for each family member version by systematically considering its previous change history. The mapping expansion starts from seed mappings and continually tracks the features of the program family, thus eliminating the need of on demand algorithms. Additionally, we present the MapHist tool that provides support to the application of the proposed heuristics. We evaluate the accuracy of our heuristics through two evolving program families from our industrial partners. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.