bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Care of Youth Aging Out of Foster Care
Authors:   COUNCIL ON FOSTER CARE, ADOPTION, AND KINSHIP CARE AND COMMITTEE ON EARLY CHILDHOOD, Jaudes Paula K. , Szilagyi Moira Ann , Fierson Walter , Harmon David A. , High Pamela , Jaudes Paula K. , Jones V. Faye , Lee Paul J. , Nalven Lisa Maxine , Prock Lisa Albers , Sagor Linda Davidson , Schulte Elaine E. , Springer Sarah H. , Tonniges Tom , High Pamela E. , Donoghue Elaine , Fussell Jill J. , Gleason Mary Margaret , Jaudes Paula K. , Jones Veronnie F. , Rubin David , Schulte Elaine E. 
Published: November 2012

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed July 2023.
Youth transitioning out of foster care face significant medical and mental health care needs. Unfortunately, these youth rarely receive the services they need because of lack of health insurance. Through many policies and programs, the federal government has taken steps to support older youth in foster care and those aging out. The Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008 (Pub L No. 110-354) requires states to work with youth to develop a transition plan that addresses issues such as health insurance. In addition, beginning in 2014, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Pub L No. 111-148) makes youth aging out of foster care eligible for Medicaid coverage until age 26 years, regardless of income. Pediatricians can support youth aging out of foster care by working collaboratively with the child welfare agency in their state to ensure that the ongoing health needs of transitioning youth are met.
Measurement of thermal conductivity of building insulation foams by modulated differential scanning calorimetry — Critical review & observations
Authors: Masson J.-F. , Bundalo-Perc S. , Mukhopadhyaya P. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The rise in energy prices, the need to conserve energy and the pressure to protect the environment promote the development of innovative eco-friendly thermal insulating foams for building applications. In this quest, a rapid and accurate method to measure the thermal conductivity of new foams is required during the research and product development stage. Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) provides thermal conductivity values from heat capacity measurements on cylindrical samples less than about 20 mg in weight. This method is the basis of the ASTM E1952 standard method “Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry”. In this work, the MDSC and the ASTM E1952 test methods are applied to thermal insulating foams used in construction applications. Measurements on polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyisocyanurate insulations demonstrate that MDSC possesses excellent repeatability, but its application through ASTM E 1952 provides inaccurate thermal conductivity values. Two sources of errors were identified, 1) the use of nitrogen as a purge gas, and 2) the use of an equation that inaccurately relates the measured heat capacity to thermal conductivity. Methods around these difficulties exist, but they remain untested with insulating foams.
Carbon Nanotubes in Physiological Environment
Authors: Cué R. , Del Bosque G. , Sanchez A. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTTo fully accomplish all promises and hopes on clinical applications of carbon nanotubes, it is crucial to understand their interactions with physiological environment. One of these applications is polymer fillers, and it is important to review the toxicology of carbon nanotubes themselves because some polymer matrices may be biodegradable. Therefore, the interactions with organic molecules such as water, electrolytes, and proteins are reviewed and results of multiple studies on cellular interaction, cytotoxicity, immune response, biodistribution, and biopersistence are further presented. Finally, a section describing the interaction of polymer matrices with carbon nanotube reinforcements and the physiological environment is presented.
In vitro Evaluation of Arabinoxylan Gels as an Oral Delivery System for Insulin
Authors: Carvajal-Millan E. , Berlanga-Reyes C. , Rascón-Chu A. , Martínez-López A. L. , Márquez-Escalante J. A. , Campa-Mada A. C. , Martínez-Robinson K. G. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTArabinoxylan gels are receiving increasing attention as oral delivery systems of biomolecules for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this research was to evaluate arabinoxylan gels as an oral delivery system for insulin, representing a painless therapy for diabetics. Gels at two concentrations of arabinoxylan were prepared (2.5 and 3.5 % w/v). One concentration of insulin (0.05 % w/v) entrapped in the arabinoxylan gels was investigated. At the end of gelation elasticity (G’) values were 11 and 20 for gels at 2.5 and 3.5% (w/v) in arabinoxylan, respectively. The presence of insulin in the gels did not affect the values of G’. The apparent diffusion coefficient for insulin decreased from 1.30 x 10-7 to 1.09 x 10-7 cm2/s when the concentration of arabinoxylan in the gel increased from 2.5 to 3.5% (w/v). The percentage of proteolysis for insulin entrapped in the gels at 2.5 and 3.5% in arabinoxylan (w/v) were 35 and 17%, respectively, in relation to 100% hydrolysis of insulin in solution. Results indicate that arabinoxylan gels could be potential candidates as oral delivery systems for insulin.
Nanopore Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials with Properties of Cell Regeneration: Physicochemical and Morphological Characterization
Authors: Hernandez M. A. , Rojas F. , Hernández F. , Salgado M. A. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTOrganic nanoparticles were deposited on LTA, ZSM5, FAU, clinoptilolite zeolites and montmorillonite clay forming a group of hybrid materials. The nanoparticles were analyzed by GC-Mass and proceed from the active phase of a plant constituted by 1.2 benzenedicarboxylic acid (66.1%), mono (2 ethilester) (66.1%), hexadecanoic acid (74.9%), and Y-isosterol (81.4%). Each of the hybrid materials was characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS. Additionally; the materials obtained were analyzed by high resolution adsorption (HRAD). The N2adsorption isotherms at 76 K obtained in the presence or absence of nanoparticles showed an Ia character for (LTA, FAU and ZSM5) synthetic zeolites, whilst (clinoptilolite) natural zeolite and clay (montmorillonite) showed a type II-IV character. The adsorption capacity of these substrates was analyzed by means of the Lagnmuir, de Boer, and Gursvitch rule approachs. The supermicropores present were measured by the NLDFT approach. The results indicated that the growth of nanoparticles in zeolites resulted in the emergence and opening of emerging pores of different geometry. However, in the case of ZSM5 and LTA zeolites their porosities were blocked by the nanoparticles.
Absorbency of Superabsorbent Polymers in Cementitious Environments
Authors: Esteves Luis P. , Jensen Ole M. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTOptimal use of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in cement-based materials relies on knowledge on how SAP absorbency is influenced by different physical and chemical parameters. These parameters include salt concentration in the pore fluid, temperature of the system and SAP particle size. The present work shows experimental results on this and presents a new technique to measure the swelling of SAP particles. This new technique is compared with existing techniques that have been recently proposed for the measurement of pore fluid absorption by superabsorbent polymers. It is seen that the concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, OH-, and SO2-, in the exposure liquid influences the maximum absorption of SAP. Even very low concentrations of these may reduce the absorption to a third of the value measured in pure water at room temperature. Additionally, the influence of the SAP absorption on the ionic composition of the exposure liquid is investigated with atomic absorption spectroscopy. The paper provides the reader with knowledge about the absorption capacity of SAP in a cementitious environment, and how the absorption process may influence the cement pore fluid.
A New Smart Additive of Reinforced Concrete Based on Modified Hydrotalcites: Preparation, Characterization and Anticorrosion Applications
Authors: Yang Zhengxian , Fischer Hartmut , Polder Rob 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTA carbonate form of Mg-Al-hydrotalcite and its p-aminobenzoate (pAB) modified derivative (i.e.,Mg(2)Al-pAB) were synthesized and characterized by means of XRD and FT-IR. The anticorrosion behavior was evaluated based on open circuit potential (OCP) of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution and chloride-exchange experiments. The preliminary results shown in this study demonstrated that ion-exchange indeed occurred between chlorides and the intercalated pAB anions in Mg(2)Al-pAB structure, thereby reducing the free chloride concentration in simulated concrete pore solution. The simultaneously released inhibitive pAB anions were found to exhibit the envisaged inhibiting effect and caused corrosion initiation of the steel shifting to a higher chloride concentration than without the modified hydrotalcites.
Water Cement Ratio – A Fresh Relook
Authors: Babu K. Ganesh , Prasad R. Durga 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe paper attempts to present a panoramic view of the water cement ratio strength relations adopted by a few national bodies and look at the appropriateness of them while keeping in mind the enormous number of variables that could influence them. These relations are also compared with a couple of databases reported to assess the efficacy of each of these in ensuring a reasonable prediction capability. This in a way will pave the way for an effective use of the cement in concrete leading to significant optimization of the concrete composite.
Electrically flat/optically rough substrates for efficiencies above 10% in n-i-p thin-film silicon solar cells
Authors: Söderström Karin , Bugnon Grégory , Haug Franz-Josef , Ballif Christophe 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSubstrates with extremely low roughness to allow the growth of good-quality silicon material but that nevertheless present high light trapping properties are presented. In a first application, silver reflectors are used in single and tandem-junction amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells. High initial (stable) efficiencies of 10.4 % (8.1 %) for single-junction a-Si:H cells on glass and 11.1 % (9.2 %) for tandem-junction a-Si:H/a-Si:H cells on plastic are obtained. A second application better suited to multi-junction solar cells based on microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) solar cells is presented: the substrate consists of rough zinc oxide (ZnO) grown on a flat silver reflector which is covered with a-Si:H; polishing of this structure yields an a-Si:H/ZnO interface that provides high light scattering even though the cell is deposited on a flat interface. We present results of ∼ 4-μm-thick μc-Si:H solar cells prepared on such substrates with high open-circuit voltages of 520 mV. A large relative efficiency gain of 20% is observed compared to a co-deposited cell grown directly on an optimized textured substrate.
Light Wavelength Effects on Performance of a-Si:H PIN Photodiodes
Authors: Wu Shu-Hsien , Kuo Yue , Lin Chi-Chou 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTLight effects on the performance of the a-Si:H PIN photodiode has been studied. The leakage current-voltage and capacitance-voltage curves under the red, green and blue light illuminations were measured. The apparent charge storage density in the negative voltage range was quantified from the capacitance-voltage curve; charges in the positive voltage range were estimated from the leakage current-voltage curve. A comparison of charge storage capacities of diodes with different intrinsic layer thicknesses is also presented. The diode under the long wavelength light illumination condition stored more charges than that under the short wavelength light illumination condition because the former could penetrate the intrinsic a-Si:H layer deeper than the latter could. The leakage current and charge storage capacity of the diode are determined by the generation of electron-hole pairs, the depletion of charges in the intrinsic layer, and the supply of charges from the electrodes. The number of incident photons is critical to the process.
Effect of Nickel Silicide Induced Dopant Segregation on Vertical Silicon Nanowire Diode Performance
Authors: Lu W. , Pey K. L. , Singh N. , Leong K. C. , Liu Q. , Gan C. L. , Lo G. Q. , Kwong D. -L. , Tan C. S. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTIn this work, Dopant Segregated Schottky Barrier (DSSB) and Schottky Barrier (SB) vertical silicon nanowire (VSiNW) diodes were fabricated on p-type Si substrate using CMOS-compatible processes to investigate the effects of segregated dopants at the silicide/silicon interface and different annealing processes on nickel silicide formation in DSSB VSiNW diodes. With segregated dopants at the silicide/silicon interface, VSiNW diodes showed higher on-current, due to an enhanced carrier tunneling, and much lower leakage current. This can be attributed to the altered energy bands caused by the accumulated Arsenic dopants at the interface. Moreover, DSSB VSiNW diodes also gave ideality factor much closer to unity and exhibited lower electron SBH (ΦBn) than SB VSiNW diodes. This proved that interfacial accumulated dopants could impede the inhomogeneous nature of the Schottky diodes and simultaneously, minimize the effect of Fermi level pinning and ionization of surface defect states. Comparing the impact of different silicide formation annealing using DSSB VSiNW diodes, the 2-step anneal process reduces the silicide intrusion length within the SiNW by ~ 5X and the silicide interface was smooth along the (100) direction. Furthermore, the 2-step DSSB VSiNW diode also exhibited much lower leakage current and an ideality factor much closer to unity, as compared to 1-step DSSB VSiNW diode.
Very Thin Micromorph Tandem Solar Cells Deposited at Low Substrate Temperature
Authors: de Jong M.M. , Rath J.K. , Schropp R.E.I. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAs an alternative to crystalline silicon or thin film solar cells on rigid glass substrates, we aim to fabricate amorphous silicon (a-Si)/nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) tandem thin film solar cells on cheap flexible substrates. We have chosen polycarbonate as the superstrate and adapted the a-Si and nc-Si deposition processes for deposition at a maximum temperature of 130°. Because a-Si deposited at low temperatures has a high band gap, we were able to fabricate very thin (<1.2 μm) a-Si/nc-Si solar cells, because the high band gap of the a-Si shifts the current generation more towards the bottom cell, allowing for a much thinner (900 nm) bottom cell. The somewhat lower Jsc of the complete cell is partly compensated by a higher Vocwhich results in an initial conversion efficiency of 9.5% for the low temperature tandem solar cells on glass.
VLS Growth of III-V Semiconductor Nanowires on Graphene Layers
Authors: Tateno K. , Takagi D. , Zhang G. , Gotoh H. , Hibino H. , Sogawa T. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTGaP, GaAs, and InP nanowires were grown on graphitic layers by the vapor-liquid-solid method in a metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy chamber. On graphene/SiC(0001), Au particles as catalyst were formed at the steps by controlling the Au deposition rate and the annealing temperature in a low-energy electron microscopy system. GaP nanowires were grown on this substrate, and it was found that vertical nanowires were formed at the steps of the surface. We also performed GaP, GaAs, and InP nanowire growth on graphite substrates. Free-standing nanowires were obtained for all three materials, although they were vertically, diagonally, and laterally-oriented at the same time. The results suggested that the growth at the steps is the key to growing nanowires vertically on graphene surface.
Multi-Electron-Transfer Catalysts Needed for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Vickers James , Lv Hongjin , Zhuk Petro F. , Geletii Yurii V. , Hill Craig L. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe report a study on catalytic water oxidation by cobalt in oxygen ligand environments because such systems are as promising as any in the water oxidation component of solar fuel production. We have re-examined the catalytic activity of Co(II) in aqueous solution using either [Ru(bpy)3]3+ as a stoichiometric oxidant or in visible-light-driven reactions with persulfate as a sacrificial electron acceptor. In both systems a distinctive induction period is observed. A simple kinetic model is proposed that describes the experimental data well. The presence of an induction period is explained by relatively slow formation of the true catalyst from aquacobalt(II).
Magnetic properties of Exchange-spring DyFe2/YFe2 Superlattices by Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Berche Pierre-Emmanuel , Djedai Saoussen , Talbot Etienne 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTMonte Carlo simulations are used to perform an atomic scale modelling of the magnetic properties of epitaxial exchange-coupled DyFe2/YFe2 superlattices. These samples, extremely well-researched experimentally, are constituted by a hard ferrimagnet DyFe2 and a soft ferrimagnet YFe2 antiferromagnetically coupled. Depending on the layers and on the temperature, the field dependence of the magnetization depth profile is complex. In this work, we reproduce by Monte Carlo simulations hysteresis loops for the net and compound-specific magnetizations at different temperatures, and assess the quality of the results by a direct comparison to experimental hysteresis loops.
Creation of Novel Nano-Bio Conjugates for Life Sciences Using Gas-Liquid Phases Plasmas
Authors: Kaneko Toshiro , Hatakeyama Rikizo 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and/or biomolecules such as DNA are synthesized using a novel plasma technique combined with introduction of ionic liquids or aqueous solution for application to life sciences.First, we successfully generate the gas-liquid interfacial discharge plasma (GLIDP) using an ionic liquid, in which the large sheath electric field is formed on the ionic liquid and the plasma ion irradiation to the ionic liquid with high energy is realized.Second, it is found that the high energy ion irradiation to the ionic liquid is effective for the synthesis of the AuNPs. Furthermore, the controlled ion irradiation to the ionic liquid including a carboxyl group can realize the density-controlled synthesis of the AuNPs on the CNTs by dissociation of the ionic liquid and the controlled functionalization of the CNTs by the dissociated carboxyl group.Third, the size- and morphology-controlled AuNPs covered with DNA are synthesized using the GLIDP with aqueous solution, where DNA prevents the AuNPs from further clustering, resulting in the small-sized AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs conjugated with DNA can be encapsulated into the CNTs using the DC electric field. The CNTs work as vectors to deliver DNA into living cells because the CNTs have the unique ability to easily penetrate cell membranes with low cytotoxicity.
Cell colonization of scaffolds for tissue engineering enhanced by means of plasma processes
Authors: Favia P. , Sardella E. , Salama R.A.H. , Giampietro V. R. , Intranuovo F. , Nardulli M. , Gristina R. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSynthetic biodegradable polymers are commonly used as scaffolds for tissue engineering despite their poor cell adhesion compared to natural polymers. One of the problems in using biodegradable scaffolds is that a higher cell colonization at the scaffold periphery and inadequate colonization at its center is generally noted. Such aspects could seriously compromise the in vivo regeneration of a damaged tissue and, in turn, the success of the implant. Plasma processes have been lately proven as promising scaffold modification techniques. The current work aims at enhancing cell colonization in the core of polymer scaffolds via plasma deposition of coatings with different chemical characteristics. The versatility and ability of plasma processes to modify only the outermost layer of a material can render them competitive with respect to wet chemistry approaches in the field of biomedical materials. In this paper some of the results obtained by plasma processing of 3D interconnected porous polymer scaffolds for Tissue Engineering will be shown. In particular, it will be shown how it is possible to enhance cell adhesion, growth and colonization in porous Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds where gradient of surface compositions are induced from the external (e.g., hydrophobic, slightly cell-repulsive) to the internal (e.g., hydrophilic, cell-adhesive) side of the scaffolds. 3D scaffolds were modified with several RF (13.56 MHz) deposition and treatment plasma processes. Materials were characterized by means of XPS, and FT-IR techniques. Cell-growth experiments were run with cell-lines to check the efficiency of several treatments to enhance/accelerate cell in-growth inside scaffolds.
Enhanced Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell by the Novel Composite TiO2/POEM Photoanodes
Authors: Liu Chung-Te , Wang Ying-Chiao , Dong Rui-Xuan , Ho Kuo-Chuan , Lin Jiang-Jen 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTA novel polymer dispersant, poly(oxyethylene)-segment imide (POEM) in the structure was incorporated in the nanocrystalline TiO2 film as the electrode. The uses of the dispersants could disperse TiO2 by decreasing the van der waals force among the nanoparticles, observed by TEM. The resultant TiO2/POEM film as the photoanode rendered the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with enhanced performance. By comparing to the traditional photoanode composing of polyethylene glycol (PEG) dispersed TiO2, the POEM dispersed TiO2 provided large surface area and high roughness in the dye adsorbed film. Furthermore, the fabricated TiO2/POEM photoanode has a better light-scattering property which contributes to the improvement for the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and the power-conversion efficiency (_) of the DSSC to be 19.1 mA cm-2 and 8.7%, respectively. The performance is superior to 13.2 mA cm-2 and 7.34% for a DSSC with the photoanode containing TiO2/PEG.
Postfire Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Invasion at High Elevations in Wyoming
Authors: Mealor Brian A. , Cox Samuel , Booth D. Terrance 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe invasive annual grass downy brome is the most ubiquitous weed in sagebrush systems of western North America. The center of invasion has largely been the Great Basin region, but there is an increasing abundance and distribution in the Rocky Mountain States. We evaluated postfire vegetation change using very large–scale aerial (VLSA) and near-earth imagery in an area where six different fires occurred over a 4-yr period at elevations ranging from 1,900 to over 2,700 m. The frequency of downy brome increased from 8% in 2003 to 44% in 2008 and downy brome canopy cover increased from < 1% in 2003 to 6% in 2008 across the entire study area. Principal component analyses of vegetation cover indicate a shift from plant communities characterized by high bare soil and forbs immediately postfire to communities with increasing downy brome cover with time after fire. The highest-elevation sampling area exhibited the least downy brome cover, but cover at some midelevation locations approached 100%. We postulate that the loss of ground-level shade beneath shrubs and conifers, accompanied by diminished perennial vegetative cover, created conditions suitable for downy brome establishment and dominance. Without a cost-effective means of landscape-scale downy brome control, and with infestation levels and climate warming increasing, we predict there will be continued encroachment of downy brome at higher elevations and latitudes where disturbance creates suitable conditions.