bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of sulfonylurea and insulin overdose
Authors: Klein‐Schwartz Wendy , Stassinos Gina L. , Isbister Geoffrey K. 
Published: November 2015

The most common toxicity associated with sulfonylureas and insulin is hypoglycaemia. The article reviews existing evidence to better guide hypoglycaemia management. Sulfonylureas and insulin have narrow therapeutic indices. Small doses can cause hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed and persistent. All children and adults with intentional overdoses need to be referred for medical assessment and treatment. Unintentional supratherapeutic ingestions can be initially managed at home but if symptomatic or if there is persistent hypoglycaemia require medical referral. Patients often require intensive care and prolonged observation periods. Blood glucose concentrations should be assessed frequently. Asymptomatic children with unintentional sulfonylurea ingestions should be observed for 12 h, except if this would lead to discharge at night when they should be kept until the morning. Prophylactic intravenous dextrose is not recommended. The goal of therapy is to restore and maintain euglycaemia for the duration of the drug's toxic effect. Enteral feeding is recommended in patients who are alert and able to tolerate oral intake. Once insulin or sulfonylurea‐induced hypoglycaemia has developed, it should be initially treated with an intravenous dextrose bolus. Following this the mainstay of therapy for insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia is intravenous dextrose infusion to maintain the blood glucose concentration between 5.5 and 11 mmol l–1. After sulfonylurea‐induced hypoglycaemia is initially corrected with intravenous dextrose, the main treatment is octreotide which is administered to prevent insulin secretion and maintain euglycaemia. The observation period varies depending on drug, product formulation and dose. A general guideline is to observe for 12 h after discontinuation of intravenous dextrose and, if applicable, octreotide.
Experimental Spinal Stenosis in Cats: New Insight in Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus Development
Authors: Klarica Marijan , Jukić Tomislav , Miše Branko , Kudelić Nenad , Radoš Milan , Orešković Darko 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn our new experimental model of cervical stenosis without inflammation we have tested hypothesis that cranio‐spinal communication impairment could lead to hydrocephalus development. Spinal and cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space separation was obtained with positioning of plastic semiring in epidural space at C2 level in cats. Brain ventricles planimetry, and CSF pressure recording in lateral ventricle (LV) and lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) were performed in acute and subchronic experiments. In all experiments opening CSF pressures were normal. However, in acute experiments, an infusion of artificial CSF into the LV led to increase of CSF pressure and significant gradient pressure development between LV and LSS due to limited pressure transmission. After 3 or 6 weeks spinal cord atrophy was observed at the site of cervical stenosis, and pressure transmission from LV to LSS was improved as a consequence of spinal tissue atrophy. Planimetry of both the coronal brain slices and the ventricles’ surface showed that control ventricular surface was 0.6 ± 0.1% (n = 5), and 1.6 ± 0.2% (n = 4) in animals with subchronic cervical stenosis (P < 0.002). These results support the mentioned hypothesis claiming that CSF volume cranio‐spinal displacement impairment could start pathophysiological processes leading to development of hydrocephalus.
A comparative approach to assess drivers of success in mammalian conservation recovery programs
Authors: Crees Jennifer J. , Collins Amy C. , Stephenson P. J. , Meredith Helen M. R. , Young Richard P. , Howe Caroline , Price Mark R. Stanley , Turvey Samuel T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe outcomes of species recovery programs have been mixed; high‐profile population recoveries contrast with species‐level extinctions. Each conservation intervention has its own challenges, but to inform more effective management it is imperative to assess whether correlates of wider recovery program success or failure can be identified. To contribute to evidence‐based improvement of future conservation strategies, we conducted a global quantitative analysis of 48 mammalian recovery programs. We reviewed available scientific literature and conducted semistructured interviews with conservation professionals involved in different recovery programs to investigate ecological, management, and political factors associated with population recoveries or declines. Identifying and removing threats was significantly associated with increasing population trend and decreasing conservation dependence, emphasizing that populations are likely to continue to be compromised in the absence of effective threat mitigation and supporting the need for threat monitoring and adaptive management in response to new and potential threats. Lack of habitat and small population size were cited as limiting factors in 56% and 42% of recovery programs, respectively, and both were statistically associated with increased longer term dependence on conservation intervention, demonstrating the importance of increasing population numbers quickly and restoring and protecting habitat. Poor stakeholder coordination and management were also regularly cited by respondents as key weaknesses in recovery programs, indicating the importance of effective leadership and shared goals and management plans. Project outcomes were not influenced by biological or ecological variables such as body mass or habitat, which suggests that these insights into correlates of conservation success and failure are likely to be generalizable across mammals.
Relation of infant motor development with nonverbal intelligence, language comprehension and neuropsychological functioning in childhood: a population‐based study
Authors: Serdarevic Fadila , van Batenburg‐Eddes Tamara , Mous Sabine E. , White Tonya , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Verhulst Frank C. , Ghassabian Akhgar , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWithin a population‐based study of 3356 children, we investigated whether infant neuromotor development was associated with cognition in early childhood. Neuromotor development was examined with an adapted version of Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination between 9 and 20 weeks. Parents rated their children's executive functioning at 4 years. At age 6 years, children performed intelligence and language comprehension tests, using Dutch test batteries. At age 6–9 years, neuropsychological functioning was assessed in 486 children using the validated NEPSY‐II–NL test battery. We showed that less optimal neurodevelopment in infancy may predict poor mental rotation, immediate memory, shifting, and planning; but not nonverbal intelligence or language comprehension.
Chronic critical illness: the price of survival
Authors: Marchioni Alessandro , Fantini Riccardo , Antenora Federico , Clini Enrico , Fabbri Leonardo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe evolution of the techniques used in the intensive care setting over the past decades has led on one side to better survival rates in patients with acute conditions and severely impaired vital functions. On the other side, it has resulted in a growing number of patients who survive an acute event, but who then become dependent on one or more life support techniques. Such patients are called chronically critically ill patients.Materials & MethodsNo absolute definition of the disease is currently available, although most patients are characterized by the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation. Mortality rates are still high even after dismissal from intensive care unit (ICU) and transfer to specialized rehabilitation care settings.ResultsIn recent years, some studies have tried to clarify the pathophysiological characteristics underlying chronic critical illness (CCI), a disease that is also characterized by severe endocrine and inflammatory impairments, partly accounting for the almost constant set of symptoms.DiscussionCurrently, no specific treatment is available. However, a strategic early therapeutic approach on ICU admission might try to prevent the progress of the acute disease towards chronic critical illness.
Nutrient loading alters the performance of key nutrient exchange mutualisms
Authors: Shantz Andrew A. , Lemoine Nathan P. , Burkepile Deron E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNutrient exchange mutualisms between phototrophs and heterotrophs, such as plants and mycorrhizal fungi or symbiotic algae and corals, underpin the functioning of many ecosystems. These relationships structure communities, promote biodiversity and help maintain food security. Nutrient loading may destabilise these mutualisms by altering the costs and benefits each partner incurs from interacting. Using meta‐analyses, we show a near ubiquitous decoupling in mutualism performance across terrestrial and marine environments in which phototrophs benefit from enrichment at the expense of their heterotrophic partners. Importantly, heterotroph identity, their dependence on phototroph‐derived C and the type of nutrient enrichment (e.g. nitrogen vs. phosphorus) mediated the responses of different mutualisms to enrichment. Nutrient‐driven changes in mutualism performance may alter community organisation and ecosystem processes and increase costs of food production. Consequently, the decoupling of nutrient exchange mutualisms via alterations of the world's nitrogen and phosphorus cycles may represent an emerging threat of global change.
GBA‐associated parkinsonism and dementia: beyond α‐synucleinopathies?
Authors: Pilotto A. , Schulte C. , Hauser A. K. , Biskup S. , Munz M. , Brockmann K. , Schaeffer E. , Synofzik M. , Maetzler W. , Suenkel U. , Srulijes K. , Gasser T. , Berg D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground and purposeTo date the role of GBA mutations beyond α‐synucleinopathies in the parkinsonism−dementia spectrum is still unclear. The aim of the study was to screen for GBA mutations in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).MethodsIn all, 303 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP (n = 157), CBS (n = 39), PPA (n = 35) and bvFTD (n = 72) and 587 neurologically healthy controls were screened for the most common GBA mutations.ResultsGBA mutations were detected in one healthy control and four patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP (n = 1), probable CBS (n = 2) and PPA (n = 1, with concomitant C9orf72 expansion). Overall the prevalence of GBA mutations was low in non‐α‐synucleinopathies but significantly higher in the CBS subgroup compared to controls.ConclusionAlthough numbers are small, our findings indicate that the clinical phenotype of GBA‐associated neurodegenerative disease is more heterogeneous than previously assumed, including phenotypes not usually associated with underlying α‐synucleinopathies. This may be of relevance, once causal therapeutic strategies for GBA‐associated neurodegenerative disease are developed.
Do Insectivorous Birds use Volatile Organic Compounds from Plants as Olfactory Foraging Cues? Three Experimental Tests
Authors: Koski Tuuli‐Marjaana , Laaksonen Toni , Mäntylä Elina , Ruuskanen Suvi , Li Tao , Girón‐Calva Patricia Sarai , Huttunen Liisa , Blande James D. , Holopainen Jarmo K. , Klemola Tero 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSome insectivorous birds orient towards insect‐defoliated trees even when they do not see the foliar damage or the herbivores. There are, however, only a few studies that have examined the mechanisms behind this foraging behaviour. Previous studies suggest that birds can use olfactory foraging cues (e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by defoliated plants), indirect visual cues or a combination of the two sensory cues. VOCs from insect‐defoliated plants are known to attract natural enemies of herbivores, and researchers have hypothesized that VOCs could also act as olfactory foraging cues for birds. We conducted three experiments across a range of spatial scales to test this hypothesis. In each experiment, birds were presented with olfactory cues and their behavioural responses or foraging outcomes were observed. In the first experiment, two different VOC blends, designed to simulate the volatile emissions of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) after defoliation by autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) larvae, were used in behavioural experiments in aviaries with pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). The second experiment was a field‐based trial of bird foraging efficiency; the same VOC blends were applied to mountain birches, silver birches (B. pendula) and European white birches (B. pubescens) with plasticine larvae attached to the trees to serve as artificial prey for birds and provide a means to monitor predation rate. In the third experiment, the attractiveness of silver birch saplings defoliated by autumnal moth larvae versus intact controls was tested with great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in an aviary. Birds did not orient towards either artificial or real trees with VOC supplements or towards herbivore‐damaged saplings when these saplings and undamaged alternatives were hidden from view. These findings do not support the hypothesis that olfactory foraging cues are necessary in the attraction of birds to herbivore‐damaged trees.
Tensile, creep and fatigue behaviours of short fibre reinforced polymer composites at elevated temperatures: a literature survey
Authors: Eftekhari M. , Fatemi A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTPolymer composites are suitable alternatives to metals in some applications as they are cost effective, lightweight and corrosion resistant. Short fibre reinforced polymer composites (SFRPCs) are typically subjected to complex loadings in applications, including static, cyclic, thermal and their combinations. These applications may also involve harsh environmental conditions such as elevated temperature and moisture which can dramatically affect mechanical properties. In this paper, a broad survey of the literature on mechanical behaviour of SFRPCs at elevated temperatures is presented. The mechanical behaviours included consist of tensile, creep, isothermal fatigue, thermo‐mechanical fatigue and creep–fatigue interaction. Environmental effects such as moisture and ageing at elevated temperatures are also included. The studies reviewed include experimental works, modelling works and failure mechanisms studies. A critical assessment of the information from the literature presented for each type of behaviour is also provided.
Joint surgery in von Willebrand disease: a multicentre cross‐sectional study
Authors: van Galen K. P. M. , Meijer K. , Vogely H. C. , Eikenboom J. , Schutgens R. E. G. , Cnossen M. H. , Fijnvandraat K. , van der Bom J. G. , Laros‐van Gorkom B. A. P. , Leebeek F. W. G. , Mauser‐Bunschoten E. P. ,   the WiN study group
Published: November 2015

BackgroundJoint bleeds are reported by 23% of von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients and associated with orthopaedic surgery. Limited data are available on joint surgery in VWD.AimTo assess the prevalence, indications, management and complications of joint surgery in VWD patients.Methods804 VWD patients with historically lowest von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity ≤30 U dL−1 completed a questionnaire on joint bleeds, joint damage and orthopaedic surgery. We retrieved additional medical file data of patients who underwent surgery on large joints (shoulder, elbow, hip, knee or ankle).Results116 out of 804 patients (14%) reported large joint surgery. Compared to VWD patients without previous orthopaedic surgery, these 116 patients reported more frequently a history of joint bleeds and joint damage (41% vs. 20%, P < 0.001 and 61% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). Medical file data on 126 large joint surgeries in 79 VWD patients revealed that this surgery was associated with joint damage due to prior joint bleeds in 24% of the procedures. Preoperative clotting factor correction (CFC) to prevent bleeding was administered in most cases (81%). Documentation on postoperative bleeding was found in 23 surgeries (18%).ConclusionsLarge joint surgery is reported by 14% of VWD patients, related to joint bleeds in 24% and seems associated with bleeding complications frequently despite perioperative CFC.
Daptomycin antibiotic lock therapy for hemodialysis patients with Gram‐positive bloodstream infections following use of tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters: retrospective single center analysis
Authors: Yen Hung‐Wen , Yang Wu‐Chang , Tarng Der‐Cherng , Yang Chih‐Yu , Chuang Chiao‐Lin , Huang Ling‐Ju , Lin Pei‐Yu , Wang Chih‐Chun , Li Szu‐Yuan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCatheter‐related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a major complication in hemodialysis patients. We assessed the efficacy of systemic daptomycin (DPT) plus DPT antibiotic lock therapy (DPT‐ALT) for catheter salvage in patients with Gram‐positive CRBSIs. This is a retrospective study of hemodialysis patients with tunneled and cuffed hemodialysis catheters. All patients were from a single institution in Taipei and received systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT for the treatment of Gram‐positive CRBSI. Successful resolution of CRBSI was implemented. Resolution of fever within 48 hours, negative result of repeated blood cultures after resolution of fever, no clinical evidence of CRBSI relapse and no need for catheter removal were measured. Fifteen hemodialysis patients received DPT‐ALT for CRBSI, nine with coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CONS), two with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), three with methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and one with polymicrobial infections. Systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT cured 11 patients (73.3%). Treatment failed in all three MRSA cases (two with MRSA and one with MRSA + Enterococcus faecalis). Retrospective design and small sample size were the limitations of this study. Systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT appears to be a promising treatment for CRBSI from CONS and MSSA, but not for MRSA CRBSI. Systemic DPT plus DPT‐ALT should be considered for patients with CRBSIs caused by certain species.
YouTube as a patient‐information source for root canal treatment
Authors: Nason K. , Donnelly A. , Duncan H. F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo assess the content and completeness of Youtube™ as an information source for patients undergoing root canal treatment procedures.MethodologyYouTube™ (https://www.youtube.com/) was searched for information using three relevant treatment search terms (‘endodontics’, ‘root canal’ and ‘root canal treatment’). After exclusions (language, no audio, >15 min, duplicates), 20 videos per search term were selected. General video assessment included duration, ownership, views, age, likes/dislikes, target audience and video/audio quality, whilst content was analysed under six categories (‘aetiology’, ‘anatomy’, ‘symptoms’, ‘procedure’, ‘postoperative course’ and ‘prognosis’). Content was scored for completeness level and statistically analysed using anova and post hoc Tukey's test (P < 0.05).ResultsTo obtain 60 acceptable videos, 124 were assessed. Depending on the search term employed, the video content and ownership differed markedly. There was wide variation in both the number of video views and ‘likes/dislikes’. The average video age was 788 days. In total, 46% of videos were ‘posted’ by a dentist/specialist source; however, this was search term specific rising to 70% of uploads for the search ‘endodontic’, whilst laypersons contributed 18% of uploads for the search ‘root canal treatment’. Every video lacked content in the designated six categories, although ‘procedure’ details were covered more frequently and in better detail than other categories. Videos posted by dental professional (P = 0.046) and commercial sources (P = 0.009) were significantly more complete than videos posted by laypeople.ConclusionsYouTube™ videos for endodontic search terms varied significantly by source and content and were generally incomplete. The danger of patient reliance on YouTube™ is highlighted, as is the need for endodontic professionals to play an active role in directing patients towards alternative high‐quality information sources.
Immune system disturbances in Clouston syndrome
Authors: Pietrzak Aldona , Grywalska Ewelina , Gerkowicz Agnieszka , Krasowska Dorota , Chodorowska Grażyna , Michalska‐Jakubus Małgorzata , Roliński Jacek , Wawrzycki Bartłomiej , Radej Sebastian , Dybiec Ewa , Wroński Jacek , Sobczyńska‐Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Rudzki Marcin , Hadj‐Rabia Smail 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundClouston syndrome belongs to the family of ectodermal dysplasias. So far, a defective immune response has not been reported in Clouston syndrome. We report, for the first time, immunological particularities of a large multigenerational Polish family with Clouston syndrome.MethodsFive members of the same family with Clouston syndrome, aged 6–76 years, and 20 healthy volunteers, aged 19–73 years, were enrolled in the study. In all participants, the ability of neutrophils to phagocytize opsonized Escherichia coli was assessed. Granulocyte oxidative burst was determined quantitatively, and an isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the detection of lymphocyte subsets were performed. All patients with Clouston syndrome underwent microscopic assessment of hair shafts, x‐rays of the skull and hand bones, extra‐ and intraoral examination, and panoramic x‐rays.ResultsCompared to the controls, all patients with Clouston syndrome presented with significantly reduced phagocytic activities of granulocytes and monocytes (P < 0.05). The percentages of granulocytes and monocytes being positive for oxidative burst were also significantly reduced in all patients with Clouston syndrome (P < 0.05). No disturbances in the percentages and absolute counts of T CD3+, T CD3+/CD4+, T CD3+/CD8+, natural killer, and B CD19+ cells were found.ConclusionAlthough this study expands knowledge about Clouston syndrome, it also raises many questions. The results provide evidence of significantly reduced phagocytic activity and oxidative bursts of cells playing crucial roles in a nonspecific immune response. Further studies are required to understand the underlying mechanism of the hereby described abnormalities.
Restraint Reduction at a Pediatric Psychiatric Hospital: A Ten‐Year Journey
Authors: Azeem Muhammad Waqar , Reddy Bhagya , Wudarsky Marianne , Carabetta Linda , Gregory Francis , Sarofin Michelle 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundRestraints are used as one of the safety interventions for children and adolescents in various community, hospital, and treatment settings. Although considered safety interventions, restraints are known to have many adverse effects on children and staff, including injuries; even reports of death are noted in the literature.ObjectiveIn an effort to reduce the use of restraints and to provide trauma‐informed care in a 52‐bed Pediatric Psychiatric Hospital, a quality improvement project was launched.InterventionsPrimary prevention principles based on trauma‐informed and strength‐based care were utilized to provide care for children and adolescents. Hospital leadership played an instrumental role in bringing positive culture change. Staff involvement and training in restraint reduction and prevention tools played a key role in this project. Debriefing and problem solving were effective interventions for the prevention of restraints. Involvement of youth and family in treatment planning built stronger relationships with staff and paved the way for better communication and trust, and improved understanding of strengths and needs of children and adolescents.ResultsOver a 10‐year period, mechanical restraints decreased by 100%, from 485 in 2005 to “zero” in 2014 and none in the last 3 years. Physical restraints decreased by 88%, from 3,033 in 2005 to 379 in 2014.