bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Particle Physics
Authors: Olive K.A. 
Published: September 2014

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters.
All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.

Contents

Abstract, Contributors, Highlights and Table of Contents

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Introduction

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Particle Physics Summary Tables

Gauge and Higgs bosons

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Leptons

Acrobat PDF (167 KB)

Quarks

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Mesons

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Baryons

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Searches (Supersymmetry, Compositeness, etc.)

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Tests of conservation laws

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Reviews, Tables, and Plots

Detailed contents for this section

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Constants, Units, Atomic and Nuclear Properties

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Standard Model and Related Topics

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Astrophysics and Cosmology

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Experimental Methods and Colliders

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Mathematical Tools of Statistics, Monte Carlo, Group Theory

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Kinematics, Cross-Section Formulae, and Plots

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Particle Listings

Illustrative key and abbreviations

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Gauge and Higgs bosons

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Leptons

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Quarks

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Mesons: Light unflavored and strange

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Mesons: Charmed and bottom

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Mesons: Other

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Baryons

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Miscellaneous searches

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Index

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Search for CP violating signature of intergalactic magnetic helicity in the gamma-ray sky
Authors: Tashiro Hiroyuki , Chen Wenlei , Ferrer Francesc , Vachaspati Tanmay 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe existence of a cosmological magnetic field could be revealed by the effects of non-trivial helicity on large scales. We evaluate a CP (conjugation plus parity) odd statistic, Q, using gamma-ray data obtained from Fermi satellite observations at high galactic latitudes to search for such a signature. Observed values of Q are found to be non-zero; the probability of a similar signal in Monte Carlo simulations is ∼0.2 per cent. Contamination from the Milky Way does not seem to be responsible for the signal since it is present even for data at very high galactic latitudes. Assuming that the signal is indeed due to a helical cosmological magnetic field, our results indicate left-handed magnetic helicity and field strength ∼10−14 G on ∼10 Mpc scales.
Crystallographic Studies with Xenon and Nitrous Oxide Provide Evidence for Protein-dependent Processes in the Mechanisms of General Anesthesia
Authors: Abraini Jacques H. , Marassio Guillaume , David Helene N. , Vallone Beatrice , Prangé Thierry , Colloc’h Nathalie 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background:
The mechanisms by which general anesthetics, including xenon and nitrous oxide, act are only beginning to be discovered. However, structural approaches revealed weak but specific protein–gas interactions.

Methods:
To improve knowledge, we performed x-ray crystallography studies under xenon and nitrous oxide pressure in a series of 10 binding sites within four proteins.

Results:
Whatever the pressure, we show (1) hydrophobicity of the gas binding sites has a screening effect on xenon and nitrous oxide binding, with a threshold value of 83% beyond which and below which xenon and nitrous oxide, respectively, binds to their sites preferentially compared to each other; (2) xenon and nitrous oxide occupancies are significantly correlated respectively to the product and the ratio of hydrophobicity by volume, indicating that hydrophobicity and volume are binding parameters that complement and oppose each other’s effects; and (3) the ratio of occupancy of xenon to nitrous oxide is significantly correlated to hydrophobicity of their binding sites.

Conclusions:
These data demonstrate that xenon and nitrous oxide obey different binding mechanisms, a finding that argues against all unitary hypotheses of narcosis and anesthesia, and indicate that the Meyer–Overton rule of a high correlation between anesthetic potency and solubility in lipids of general anesthetics is often overinterpreted. This study provides evidence that the mechanisms of gas binding to proteins and therefore of general anesthesia should be considered as the result of a fully reversible interaction between a drug ligand and a receptor as this occurs in classical pharmacology.
The Belief in Goal Self‐Competence Scale (BiGSS) – Exploring a new way to support individual goal pursuit and document occupational therapy outcomes in paediatric practice
Authors: Ziviani Jenny , Poulsen Anne A. , Kotaniemi Katja , Law Mary 
Published: September 2014

AimThe Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is an outcome measure of clients' self perceptions of performance and satisfaction with occupational performance and is widely used in paediatric research. The aim of this study was to explore how a new outcome measure, the Belief in Goal Self‐Competence Scale (BiGSS), was perceived by paediatric occupational therapists to compliment the COPM as a way of documenting client confidence in goal pursuit.MethodsTwo hundred and forty‐one occupational therapists participated in an online survey through paediatric listserv groups and professional networks. Therapists' views about goal setting and the utility of the BiGSS were analysed descriptively and open ended questions were analysed thematically.ResultsOverall, goal setting was viewed as a highly important aspect of therapy (n = 221, 90.7%) although only 22% (n = 52) of respondents indicated using formal goal setting tools. For the subset of respondents who frequently used the COPM (n = 101, 42%) almost all (97.87%) indicated that they would find the BiGSS to be moderately or highly useful to their current practice. Suggestions for improvement of the measure involved wording and formatting.ConclusionThis study supports existing evidence that goal setting is highly valued by occupational therapists, however, formal tools are not always used. There was preliminary support for a measure such as the BiGSS as a means of documenting children's and families confidence in goal pursuit.
Specific language impairment in language‐minority children from low‐income families
Authors: Engel de Abreu Pascale M. J. , Cruz‐Santos Anabela , Puglisi Marina L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundRecent evidence suggests that specific language impairment (SLI) might be secondary to general cognitive processing limitations in the domain of executive functioning. Previous research has focused almost exclusively on monolingual children with SLI and offers little evidence‐based guidance on executive functioning in bilingual children with SLI. Studying bilinguals with SLI is important, especially in the light of increasing evidence that bilingualism can bring advantages in certain domains of executive functioning.AimsTo determine whether executive functioning represents an area of difficulty for bilingual language‐minority children with SLI and, if so, which specific executive processes are affected.Methods & ProceduresThis cross‐cultural research was conducted with bilingual children from Luxembourg and monolingual children from Portugal who all had Portuguese as their first language. The data from 81 eight‐year‐olds from the following three groups were analysed: (1) 15 Portuguese–Luxembourgish bilinguals from Luxembourg with an SLI diagnosis; (2) 33 typically developing Portuguese–Luxembourgish bilinguals from Luxembourg; and (3) 33 typically developing Portuguese‐speaking monolinguals from Portugal. Groups were matched on first language, ethnicity, chronological age and socioeconomic status, and they did not differ in nonverbal intelligence. Children completed a battery of tests tapping: expressive and receptive vocabulary, syntactic comprehension, verbal and visuospatial working memory, selective attention and interference suppression.Outcomes & ResultsThe bilingual SLI group performed equally well compared with their typically developing peers on measures of visuospatial working memory, but had lower scores than both control groups on tasks of verbal working memory. On measures of selective attention and interference suppression, typically developing children who were bilingual outperformed their monolingual counterparts. For selective attention, performance of the bilingual SLI group did not differ significantly from the controls. For interference suppression the bilingual SLI group performed significantly less well than typically developing bilinguals but not monolinguals.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis research provides further support to the position that SLI is not a language‐specific disorder. The study indicates that although bilingual children with SLI do not demonstrate the same advantages in selective attention and interference suppression as typically developing bilinguals, they do not lag behind typically developing monolinguals in these domains of executive functioning. This finding raises the possibility that bilingualism might represent a protective factor against some of the cognitive limitations that are associated with SLI in monolinguals.
Persistence of immune responses to the HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine in women aged 15–55 years and first‐time modelling of antibody responses in mature women: results from an open‐label 6–year follow‐up study
Authors: Schwarz T , Spaczynski M , Kaufmann A , Wysocki J , Gałaj A , Schulze K , Suryakiran P , Thomas F , Descamps D 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveEvaluation of the long‐term HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine immunogenicity persistence in women.DesignMulticentre, open‐label, long‐term follow‐up (NCT00947115) of a primary phase–III study (NCT00196937).SettingSix centres in Germany and Poland.Population488 healthy women (aged 15–55 years, age‐stratified into groups: 15–25, 26–45, and 46–55 years) who received three vaccine doses in the primary study.MethodsImmune responses were evaluated in serum and cervicovaginal secretion (CVS) samples 6 years after dose 1. Anti‐HPV‐16/18 geometric mean titres (GMTs) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and were used to fit the modified power‐law and piecewise models, predicting long‐term immunogenicity. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded.Main outcome measuresAnti‐HPV‐16/18 seropositivity rates and GMTs 6 years after dose 1.ResultsAt 6 years after dose 1, all women were seropositive for anti‐HPV–16 and ≥97% were seropositive for anti‐HPV–18 antibodies. GMTs ranged from 277.7 to 1344.6 EU/ml, and from 97.6 to 438.2 EU/ml, for anti‐HPV–16 and anti‐HPV–18, respectively. In all age groups, GMTs were higher (anti‐HPV–16, 9.3–45.1‐fold; anti‐HPV–18, 4.3–19.4‐fold) than levels associated with natural infection (29.8 EU/ml). A strong correlation between serum and CVS anti‐HPV‐16/18 levels was observed, with correlation coefficients of 0.81–0.96 (anti‐HPV–16) and 0.69–0.84 (anti‐HPV–18). Exploratory modelling based on the 6–year data predicted vaccine‐induced anti‐HPV‐16/18 levels above natural infection levels for at least 20 years, except for anti‐HPV–18 in the older age group (piecewise model). One vaccine‐related and two fatal SAEs were reported.ConclusionsAt 6 years after vaccination, immune responses induced by the HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine were sustained in all age groups.
Limited knowledge about folic acid and iodine nutrition in pregnant women reflected in supplementation practices
Authors: El‐mani Souad , Charlton Karen E. , Flood Victoria M. , Mullan Judy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimIn order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) and iodine deficiency in pregnancy, the National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that pregnant women supplement their diet with folic acid and iodine. This study aimed to identify the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women regarding intake of these nutrients in order to assess whether women are adequately exposed to this health message.MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐two conveniently sampled pregnant women residing in a regional area of New South Wales, Australia, completed a pretested questionnaire on knowledge and practices regarding nutritional supplement use during pregnancy and dietary sources of folic acid and iodine.ResultsEighty‐two per cent of women reported using supplements during their pregnancy, with the majority (67.7%) taking supplement brands containing both folic acid and iodine. Supplement use was significantly higher among women in the highest household income category (30.8 vs 69.2%; P = 0.001). Seventy‐six per cent of the participants correctly identified NTDs to be associated with inadequate intake of folic acid, whereas only 40% correctly identified health problems associated with inadequate iodine intake. Women's knowledge of dietary sources of folic acid and iodine was limited.ConclusionsA third of the pregnant women surveyed were not adhering to clinical recommendations for supplement use during pregnancy, and many had knowledge deficits with regard to the need for an adequate dietary intake of folic acid and iodine from both food and supplements during pregnancy.
Endogenous biotin‐binding proteins: an overlooked factor causing false positives in streptavidin‐based protein detection
Authors: Tytgat Hanne L. P. , Schoofs Geert , Driesen Michèle , Proost Paul , Van Damme Els J. M. , Vanderleyden Jos , Lebeer Sarah 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBiotinylation is widely used in DNA, RNA and protein probing assays as this molecule has generally no impact on the biological activity of its substrate. During the streptavidin‐based detection of glycoproteins in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with biotinylated lectin probes, a strong positive band of approximately 125 kDa was observed, present in different cellular fractions. This potential glycoprotein reacted heavily with concanavalin A (ConA), a lectin that specifically binds glucose and mannose residues. Surprisingly, this protein of 125 kDa could not be purified using a ConA affinity column. Edman degradation of the protein, isolated via cation and anion exchange chromatography, lead to the identification of the band as pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme of 125 kDa that binds biotin as a cofactor. Detection using only the streptavidin conjugate resulted in more false positive signals of proteins, also in extracellular fractions, indicating biotin‐associated proteins. Indeed, biotin is a known cofactor of numerous carboxylases. The potential occurence of false positive bands with biotinylated protein probes should thus be considered when using streptavidin‐based detection, e.g. by developing a blot using only the streptavidin conjugate. To circumvent these false positives, alternative approaches like detection based on digoxigenin labelling can also be used.
Inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma cells by insulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor and Kirsten rat sarcoma mutations: A mutation analysis with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide
Authors: Li Shaoming , Zhao Lei , Zhang Jiahui , Zou Zhiqiang , Du Peng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundKirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations are widespread in lung adenocarcinoma patients. The combined utilization of KRAS antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) may inhibit the proliferation of A549 cell lines of lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsPoint mutations of the KRAS gene in A549 cells were detected by polymerase chain reaction with special sequence primers (PCR‐SSP) and gene sequence analysis; ASODN was designed and synthesized according to the mutation specialty of KRAS; and the correlation of gene mutations and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Inhibition on the proliferation and morphostructure change were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and colony‐forming unit assays. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of KRAS and IGF‐IR proteins and cell apoptosis and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of KRAS and IGF‐IR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Male nude mice were used to form the mice‐human lung cancer model and show the inhibition of KRAS ASODN on A549 cells.ResultsPCR‐SSP and gene sequence analysis results showed that the codon 12 of KRAS had changed from GGT to GTT. KRAS ASODN or IGF‐IR ASODN could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis of A549 cells. However, the combined utilization of KRAS ASODN and IGF‐IR ASODN could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis more powerfully than exclusive use of KRAS ASODN or IGF‐IR ASODN.ConclusionThe two ASODNs can inhibit the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells through decreasing the expression of KRAS and IGF‐IR mRNA and protein.
Prevalence and clinical significance of BRAF V600E in Chinese patients with lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Zhenxiang , Jiang Leilei , Bai Hua , Wang Zhijie , Zhao Jun , Duan Jianchun , Yang Xiaodan , An Tongtong , Wang Jie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and prognostic role of v‐raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) V600E mutations in Chinese patients with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC), and to explore the possibility of BRAF V600E mutation detection in plasma DNA.MethodsData from 190 patients with lung ADCs treated at the Peking University Cancer Hospital from July 2011 to March 2012 were collected. The amplification refractory mutation system was used for BRAF V600E testing and denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation detection. In BRAF V600E‐mutant cases, paired plasma DNA was tested for mutation status of BRAF V600E and EGFR. The distribution and prognostic role of BRAF V600E mutations were analyzed using SPSS 13.0.ResultsAmong 190 patients with advanced lung ADC, eight (4.2%) cases carried BRAF V600E mutations. V600E mutations presented more frequently in women than in men (6 of 96, 6.3% vs. P = 0.1). BRAF and EGFR mutations were concomitantly presented in three patients. Five of the eight patients with BRAF V600E mutations had matched plasma DNA samples and V600E mutations were found in three plasma samples.ConclusionThe prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Chinese patients with lung ADC is 4.2%. Circulating plasma DNA may be used for BRAF V600E mutation analysis in lung adenocarcinoma.
A retrospective analysis of 509 consecutive interscalene catheter insertions for ambulatory surgery
Authors: Marhofer P. , Anderl W. , Heuberer P. , Fritz M. , Kimberger O. , Marhofer D. , Klug W. , Blasl J. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryEffective pain therapy after shoulder surgery is the main prerequisite for safe management in an ambulatory setting. We evaluated adverse events and hospital re‐admission using a database of 509 interscalene catheters inserted during ambulatory shoulder surgery. Adverse events were recorded for 34 (6.7%) patients (9 (1.8%) catheter dislocations diagnosed in the recovery room, 9 (1.8%) catheter dislocations at home with pain, 2 (0.4%) pain without catheter dislocation, 1 (0.2%) ‘secondary’ pneumothorax without intervention and 13 (2.6%) other). Twelve (2.4%) patients were re‐admitted to hospital (8 (1.6%) for pain, 2 (0.4%) for dyspnoea and 2 (0.4%) for nausea and vomiting), 9 of whom had rotator cuff repair. A well‐organised infrastructure, optimally trained medical professionals and appropriate patient selection are the main prerequisites for the safe, effective implementation of ambulatory interscalene catheters in routine clinical practice.
ST‐Segment Elevation of Right Precordial Lead (V4R) Is Associated with Multivessel Disease and Increased In‐Hospital Mortality in Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Tusun Eyyup , Uluganyan Mahmut , Ugur Murat , Karaca Gurkan , Osman Faizel , Koroglu Bayram , Murat Ahmet , Ekmekci Ahmet , Uyarel Hüseyin , Sahin Osman , Eren Mehmet , Bolca Osman 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundST segment elevation of chest lead V4R is associated with worse prognosis in acute inferior ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study tried to determine the relationship between ST elevation in the right precordial lead V4R and acute anterior STEMI.MethodsProspective study of 144 consecutive anterior STEMI patients: all had 15‐lead ECG recordings (12 conventional leads and V3R‐V5R) obtained. Patients were classified into two groups on the basis of presence (Group I, 50 patients) or absence (Group II, 94 patients) of ST‐segment elevation ≥0.5 mm in lead V4R.ResultsMultivessel involvement was significantly higher in Group I compared with Group II (54% and 23% respectively, P < 0.001). Major adverse cardiac events and in‐hospital mortality was also significantly higher for those in Group I (P < 0.02 for both). A significant correlation was found between in‐hospital mortality and those in Group I (P = 0.03, OR: 6.27, CI: 1.22–32.3). There was an independent relationship between in‐hospital mortality and V4R‐ST elevation (P = 0.03, OR: 11.64, CI: 1.3–27.4).ConclusionST segment elevation in chest lead V4R is associated with multivessel disease and increased in‐hospital mortality in patients with anterior STEMI that had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention to the left anterior descending artery.
Fibre types in primary ‘flight’ muscles of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)
Authors: Schroeder Kristen L. , Sylvain Nicole J. , Kirkpatrick Lisa J. , Rosser Benjamin W. C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is an endangered seabird that resides on the temperate southern coast of Africa. Like all penguins it is flightless, instead using its specialized wings for underwater locomotion termed ‘aquatic flight’. While musculature and locomotion of the large Antarctic penguins have been well studied, smaller penguins show different biochemical and behavioural adaptations to their habitats. We used histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize fibre type composition of the African penguin primary flight muscles, the pectoralis and supracoracoideus. We hypothesized the pectoralis would contain predominantly fast oxidative–glycolytic (FOG) fibres, with mainly aerobic subtypes. As the supracoracoideus and pectoralis both power thrust, we further hypothesized these muscles would have a similar fibre type complement. Our results supported these hypotheses, also showing an unexpected slow fibre population in the deep parts of pectoralis and supracoracoideus. The latissimus dorsi was also examined as it may contribute to thrust generation during aquatic flight, and in other avian species typically contains definitive fibre types. Unique among birds studied to date, the African penguin anterior latissimus dorsi was found to consist mainly of fast fibres. This study shows the African penguin has specialized flight musculature distinct from other birds, including large Antarctic penguins.