bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English in a Nigerian linguistic landscape
Authors: ADETUNJI AKIN 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTStudies on Nigerian contexts have not been greatly documented in the linguistic landscape (LL) literature, despite the country's sociolinguistic significance in Africa. This qualitative study, examines how sign‐producers putlayering, an aspect of linguistic landscaping, to meaning‐making uses in Ìbàdàn, a major Nigerian city. By analyzing and illustrating with purposively sampled photographic data, answers were sought to two main questions: (1) how meaningful is layering to the Ìbàdàn linguistic landscape; (2) how does this situation of layered signs align with the literature on layering in linguistic landscape research?
English in advertising in Colombia
Authors: MARTINEZ FRANCIA 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to show and analyze the presence of English on commercial signs in Colombia, a predominantly Spanish‐speaking country from the Expanding Circle (Kachru 1985). It also explores the use of pop culture and social media images and references, as well as the proliferation of copycats or quasi clones in commercial ads (Kasanga 2010; Bolton 2012). The analysis and two small surveys reveal that the presence of English seems to have mainly a decorative and symbolic function, accompanied on occasion with whimsical humor. This paper aims to contribute to the documentation of English in advertising in the Colombian and South American context.
What limits performance during whole‐body incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans?
Authors: Morales‐Alamo David , Losa‐Reyna José , Torres‐Peralta Rafael , Martin‐Rincon Marcos , Perez‐Valera Mario , Curtelin David , Ponce‐González Jesús Gustavo , Santana Alfredo , Calbet José A. L. 
Published: August 2015

Key points
At the end of an incremental exercise to exhaustion a large functional reserve remains in the muscles to generate power, even at levels far above the power output at which task failure occurs, regardless of the inspiratory O2 pressure during the incremental exercise.
Exhaustion (task failure) is not due to lactate accumulation and the associated muscle acidification; neither the aerobic energy pathways nor the glycolysis are blocked at exhaustion.
Muscle lactate accumulation may actually facilitate early recovery after exhaustive exercise even under ischaemic conditions.
Although the maximal rate of ATP provision is markedly reduced at task failure, the resynthesis capacity remaining exceeds the rate of ATP consumption, indicating that task failure during an incremental exercise to exhaustion depends more on central than peripheral mechanisms.
AbstractTo determine the mechanisms causing task failure during incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE), sprint performance (10 s all‐out isokinetic) and muscle metabolites were measured before (control) and immediately after IE in normoxia (: 143 mmHg) and hypoxia (: 73 mmHg) in 22 men (22 ± 3 years). After IE, subjects recovered for either 10 or 60 s, with open circulation or bilateral leg occlusion (300 mmHg) in random order. This was followed by a 10 s sprint with open circulation. Post‐IE peak power output (Wpeak) was higher than the power output reached at exhaustion during IE (P < 0.05). After 10 and 60 s recovery in normoxia, Wpeak was reduced by 38 ± 9 and 22 ± 10% without occlusion, and 61 ± 8 and 47 ± 10% with occlusion (P < 0.05). Following 10 s occlusion, Wpeak was 20% higher in hypoxia than normoxia (P < 0.05), despite similar muscle lactate accumulation ([La]) and phosphocreatine and ATP reduction. Sprint performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis were greater after 60 s compared with 10 s occlusions, despite the higher [La] and [H+] after 60 s compared with 10 s occlusion recovery (P < 0.05). The mean rate of ATP turnover during the 60 s occlusion was 0.180 ± 0.133 mmol (kg wet wt)−1 s−1, i.e. equivalent to 32% of leg peak O2 uptake (the energy expended by the ion pumps). A greater degree of recovery is achieved, however, without occlusion. In conclusion, during incremental exercise task failure is not due to metabolite accumulation or lack of energy resources. Anaerobic metabolism, despite the accumulation of lactate and H+, facilitates early recovery even in anoxia. This points to central mechanisms as the principal determinants of task failure both in normoxia and hypoxia, with lower peripheral contribution in hypoxia.
Insights into the Hydrocarbon Tolerance of Two
Devosia
Isolates,
D. chinhatensis
Strain IPL18
T
and
D. geojensis
Strain BD-c194
T
, via Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis
Authors: Hassan Yousef I. , Lepp Dion , Li Xiu-Zhen , Zhou Ting 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was among the most commonly used pesticides after the Second World War. The extensive use of this hydrocarbon for almost six decades has created a contamination problem on a global scale, and bioremediation methods are being extensively explored. The reported ability of some
Devosia
species to grow in the presence of appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons (2,000 mg/kg of contaminated soil) is attracting closer attention. Here, we report the
de novo
genome assembly of two hydrocarbon-tolerating
Devosia
isolates,
D. chinhatensis
strain IPL18
T
and
D. geojensis
strain BD-c194
T
, as a first step toward understanding the metabolic pathways involved in their environmental adaptation and tolerance toward hydrocarbons.
Parental perceptions of avoidability of their child's emergency department visit
Authors: Singhal Astha , Caplan Daniel J , Jones Michael P , Kuthy Raymond A , Momany Elizabeth T , Buresh Christopher T , Damiano Peter C 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesTo identify the factors associated with paediatric emergency department (ED) visits and parental perceptions of the avoidability of their child's ED visit.DesignCross-sectional study by performing secondary analysis of 2010–2011 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey data.SettingState-wide representative population-based sample of families with at least one child in the state of Iowa in the USA.Patients/participantsAmong the eligible households, 2386 families completed the survey, yielding a cooperation rate of 80%.Exposure/interventionPresence of a medical home.Main outcome measuresChild visiting an ED in the past year; parents believing that ED care could have been provided in a primary-care setting.ResultsAmong children who needed medical care in the past year, 26% visited an ED. Younger children, non-Hispanic black children, non-Hispanic others, children whose parents were not married, children who were from food-insecure households and had poorer health status were more likely to visit an ED. Having a medical home was not associated with ED visits (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.04), even after stratifying by the child's health status. About 69% of parents who took their child to an ED agreed that ED care could have been provided in a primary-care setting. Parents of children with public insurance, those who were not referred to the ED and those who could not get routine care appointments were more likely to report a primary-care preventable ED visit.ConclusionsThe majority of parents believed that paediatric ED visits could be avoided if adequate primary-care alternatives were available. Expanding access to primary care could lead to a reduction in avoidable ED visits by children.
Contribution of modifiable risk factors for hypertension and type-2 diabetes in Peruvian resource-limited settings
Authors: Bernabé-Ortiz Antonio , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M , Gilman Robert H , Checkley William , Smeeth Liam , Miranda J Jaime ,   CRONICAS Cohort Study Group
Published: August 2015

BackgroundIt is important to understand the local burden of non-communicable diseases including within-country heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to characterise hypertension and type-2 diabetes profiles across different Peruvian geographical settings emphasising the assessment of modifiable risk factors.MethodsAnalysis of the CRONICAS Cohort Study baseline assessment was conducted. Cardiometabolic outcomes were blood pressure categories (hypertension, prehypertension, normal) and glucose metabolism disorder status (diabetes, prediabetes, normal). Exposures were study setting and six modifiable factors (smoking, alcohol drinking, leisure time and transport-related physical activity levels, TV watching, fruit/vegetables intake and obesity). Poisson regression models were used to report prevalence ratios (PR). Population attributable risks (PAR) were also estimated.ResultsData from 3238 participants, 48.3% male, mean age 45.3 years, were analysed. Age-standardised (WHO population) prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 24% and 16%, whereas for prediabetes and type-2 diabetes it was 18% and 6%, respectively. Outcomes varied according to study setting (p<0.001). In multivariable model, hypertension was higher among daily smokers (PR 1.76), heavy alcohol drinkers (PR 1.61) and the obese (PR 2.06); whereas only obesity (PR 2.26) increased the prevalence of diabetes. PAR showed that obesity was an important determinant for hypertension (15.7%) and type-2 diabetes (23.9%).ConclusionsThere is an evident heterogeneity in the prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension and diabetes within Peru. Prehypertension and prediabetes are highly prevalent across settings. Our results emphasise the need of understanding the epidemiology of cardiometabolic conditions to appropriately implement interventions to tackle the burden of non-communicable diseases.
Influence of cardiovascular risk factors on infarct size and interaction with mechanical ischaemic postconditioning in ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Pichot Sophie , Mewton Nathan , Bejan-Angoulvant Theodora , Roubille Francois , Rioufol Gilles , Giraud Céline , Boussaha Inesse , Lairez Olivier , Elbaz Meyer , Piot Christophe , Angoulvant Denis , Ovize Michel 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that mechanical postconditioning (PostC) significantly reduces infarct size (IS) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Our objective was to assess the influence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on IS and their interaction with ischaemic PostC in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).MethodsThe study population was constituted from the clinical database pooling of four previously published PostC prospective, multicentre, randomised, open-label controlled trials with identical inclusion criteria. Patients with STEMI, presenting within 12 h of symptoms onset referred for percutaneous coronary intervention, were included. Mechanical ischaemic PostC was performed by four repeated cycles of inflation–deflation of the angioplasty balloon within 1 min of reflow, while the control group underwent no intervention. IS was assessed by measuring total creatine kinase release over 72 h.Results173 patients, aged 58±12 years, 76% males, 48% anterior infarct were included (82 in the PostC group, 91 in the control group). IS was significantly reduced in the PostC compared to the control group (71.7±41.6 vs 88.2±54.5×103arbitrary units; p=0.027). After adjustment for abnormally contracting segments, older patients had smaller IS and smokers had larger IS. Gender, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity did not have any significant effect on IS. Multivariate regression analysis showed that none of the traditional risk factors had a significant impact on the cardioprotective effect of mechanical ischaemic PostC.ConclusionsThe present analysis suggests that the cardioprotective effect of mechanical PostC is not influenced by traditional CV risk factors that are prevalent in patients with STEMI.
Recommendations for Benchmarking Preclinical Studies of Nanomedicines
Authors: Dawidczyk Charlene M. , Russell Luisa M. , Searson Peter C. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Nanoparticle-based delivery systems provide new opportunities to overcome the limitations associated with traditional small-molecule drug therapy for cancer and to achieve both therapeutic and diagnostic functions in the same platform. Preclinical trials are generally designed to assess therapeutic potential and not to optimize the design of the delivery platform. Consequently, progress in developing design rules for cancer nanomedicines has been slow, hindering progress in the field. Despite the large number of preclinical trials, several factors restrict comparison and benchmarking of different platforms, including variability in experimental design, reporting of results, and the lack of quantitative data. To solve this problem, we review the variables involved in the design of preclinical trials and propose a protocol for benchmarking that we recommend be included in in vivo preclinical studies of drug-delivery platforms for cancer therapy. This strategy will contribute to building the scientific knowledge base that enables development of design rules and accelerates the translation of new technologies. Cancer Res; 75(19); 4016–20. ©2015 AACR.
Younger Stroke Patients With Large Pretreatment Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions May Benefit From Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Gilgen Marc D. , Klimek Dariusz , Liesirova Kai T. , Meisterernst Julia , Klinger-Gratz Pascal P. , Schroth Gerhard , Mordasini Pasquale , Hsieh Kety , Slotboom Johannes , Heldner Mirjam R. , Broeg-Morvay Anne , Mono Marie-Luise , Fischer Urs , Mattle Heinrich P. , Arnold Marcel , Gralla Jan , El-Koussy Marwan , Jung Simon 
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—
Lesion volume on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) before acute stroke therapy is a predictor of outcome. Therefore, patients with large volumes are often excluded from therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of endovascular treatment in patients with large DWI lesion volumes (>70 mL).

Methods—
Three hundred seventy-two patients with middle cerebral or internal carotid artery occlusions examined with magnetic resonance imaging before treatment since 2004 were included. Baseline data and 3 months outcome were recorded prospectively. DWI lesion volumes were measured semiautomatically.

Results—

One hundred five patients had lesions >70 mL. Overall, the volume of DWI lesions was an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome, survival, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (
P
<0.001 each). In patients with DWI lesions >70 mL, 11 of 31 (35.5%) reached favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale score, 0–2) after thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b-3 reperfusion in contrast to 3 of 35 (8.6%) after thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 0-2a reperfusion (
P
=0.014). Reperfusion success, patient age, and DWI lesion volume were independent predictors of outcome in patients with DWI lesions >70 mL. Thirteen of 66 (19.7%) patients with lesions >70 mL had symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage with a trend for reduced risk with avoidance of thrombolytic agents.

Conclusions—
There was a growing risk for poor outcome and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage with increasing pretreatment DWI lesion volumes. Nevertheless, favorable outcome was achieved in every third patient with DWI lesions >70 mL after successful endovascular reperfusion, whereas after poor or failed reperfusion, outcome was favorable in only every 12th patient. Therefore, endovascular treatment might be considered in patients with large DWI lesions, especially in younger patients.
Clarivein® mechano-chemical ablation an interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial dose-finding study
Authors: Lam YL , Toonder Irwin M , Wittens Cees HA 
Published: August 2015

Objectives The ClariVein® system is an endovenous technique that uses mechano-chemical ablation to treat incompetent truncal veins. This study was conducted to identify the ideal Polidocanol dosage and form for mechano-chemical ablation in order to occlude the great saphenous vein. When adhering to safe dosage levels, sclerosants with higher concentrations potentially limit the extent of treatment. It has been demonstrated that this problem may be overcome by using Polidocanol as a microfoam. This paper was established on findings of a preliminary analysis. Material and methods The initial study was a single-blinded multicenter randomized controlled trial where patients are allocated to three treatment arms. Group 1 consisted of mechano-chemical ablation +2% Polidocanol liquid, group 2: mechano-chemical ablation +3% Polidocanol liquid and group 3: mechano-chemical ablation +1% Polidocanol foam Results Eighty-seven, 34 males and 53 females (60.9%), mean age 55 years s.d. 16.0 (range 24–84), were enrolled in the study. Treatment length was 30 cm (range 10–30) for 95.2% of the patients. Mean operating time was 16 minutes (range 5–70). The mean saphenofemoral junction diameter (7.7 mm) was similar in all three groups. At 6 weeks post-treatment duplex ultrasound showed that 25 out of 25 = 100%, 27 out of 28 = 96.4% and 13 out of 23 = 56.5% were occluded in the mechano-chemical ablation + 2% Polidocanol liquid, mechano-chemical ablation + 3% Polidocanol liquid and mechano-chemical ablation + 1% Polidocanol microfoam respectively ( p < 0.001). However, stricter scrutiny showed that the anatomical success rate defined as occlusion of at least 85% of the treated length to be 88.0%, 85.7% and 30.4% respectively ( p < 0.001). Conclusion Mechano-chemical ablation using ClariVein® combined with 1% Polidocanol microfoam is significantly less effective and should not be considered as a treatment option of incompetent truncal veins. Further investigation to determine the ideal Polidocanol liquid dosage with mechano-chemical ablation is advocated and is being conducted accordingly.
Heterogeneity of peripheral blood monocytes, endothelial dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mikołajczyk T P , Osmenda G , Batko B , Wilk G , Krezelok M , Skiba D , Sliwa T , Pryjma J R , Guzik T J 
Published: August 2015

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. SLE patients have increased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, although the mechanisms of this observation remain unclear. Considering the emerging role of monocytes in atherosclerosis, we aimed to investigate the relationship between subclinical atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and the phenotype of peripheral blood monocytes in SLE patients. Methods We characterized the phenotype of monocyte subsets defined by the expression of CD14 and CD16 in 42 patients with SLE and 42 non-SLE controls. Using ultrasonography, intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid arteries and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) as well as nitroglycerin-induced dilation (NMD) were assessed. Results Patients with SLE had significantly, but only modestly, increased IMT when compared with non-SLE controls (median (25th/75th percentile) 0.65 (0.60/0.71) mm vs 0.60 (0.56/0.68) mm; p < 0.05). Importantly, in spite of early atherosclerotic complications in the studied SLE group, marked endothelial dysfunction was observed. CD14dimCD16+proinflammatory cell subpopulation was positively correlated with IMT in SLE patients. This phenomenon was not observed in control individuals. Interestingly, endothelial dysfunction assessed by FMD was not correlated with any of the studied monocyte subsets. Conclusions Our observations suggest that CD14dimCD16+monocytes are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE, although the mechanism appears to be independent of endothelial dysfunction.
Discoid lupus erythematosus with squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature in Indian patients
Authors: Fernandes M S , Girisha B S , Viswanathan N , Sripathi H , Noronha T M 
Published: August 2015

We report a case of a patient with localized discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) who was found to have high-grade squamous dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) over the upper lip. This report also consists of a brief review of 16 other cases of DLE with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) we came across while going through the literature in an Indian scenario. Incidence of SCC over DLE in the Indian population is found to be 0.98% to 3.4% with a male-to-female ratio of 1.6:1. The latent period between onset of DLE and development of SCC was 9.59 ± 5.6 years. There was history of chronic sun exposure in 81.8% of patients, which indicates a possible role of prolonged ultraviolet light exposure in malignant transformation. The lips were the most commonly affected area (28.57%), with the upper lip being more commonly involved than the lower lip. We also observed that the latent period (5 ± 2.7 years) in lip tumours was shorter than that in other sites (11.22 ± 6.78 years), indicating a more rapid transformation in lips ( p value = 0.038). Well differentiated was the most common (46.2%) type of SCC noted. Lymph node involvement was found in three of 17 cases (25%) and one case (8.3%) had recurrence of lesions after excision. We conclude that in India though SCC is rare per se, its occurrence in the context of DLE is not uncommon and is aggressive in nature.
Transportation Modeling as a Didactic Tool
Authors: Ohnmacht Timo , von Arx Widar , Schick Norbert , Wegelin Philipp , Frölicher Jonas 
Published: August 2015

Background. Interconnections of settlement, transportation, and society are extremely varied, complex, and context-specific. The Simulation Game HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND TRANSPORT (HST) aims to assist in the training and continuing education of transportation students and professionals with the transportation modeling software VISUM. Aim. The key research questions are as follows: Can transportation models be used as didactic tools to improve the teaching on causal chains between land use and transport? Why and how does transport modeling enhance students learning in transportation planning and settlement structure? What are the self-reported learning outcomes and how do they vary from conventional didactic settings such as chalk-and-talk teaching, case studies, closed exercises, and desk research? Method. A case study is used to evaluate the game’s ability to simulate the complexity of actual human settlement and transportation. We focus on self-reported learning and how the expert game encourages students to discover knowledge. Results. This expert game successfully replicated complex and context-specific scenarios that actual urban planning committees might face. Participants revealed that they unearthed interrelations between settlement, transportation, and society similar to those found in the relevant academic literature. Conclusions. The results affirm the game’s effectiveness as an educational tool for transportation engineering, urban planning, and transportation modeling students and professionals. Recommendation. This research suggests that properly incorporating policy games into the curriculum can enhance students’ learning in transportation planning and settlement structure.