bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: Clinical Profile, Management, and Outcome
Authors: Mukherjee Bipasha , Dhobekar Mangesh 
Published: March 2013

Purpose To review clinical profile, management, and outcome in cases of traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). Methods A retrospective analysis of 28 patients with the diagnosis of traumatic NLDO during a 12-year period was done. Data regarding nature and pattern of injury, associated damage, clinical features, investigations, management, outcome, and follow-up were reviewed. Results Of the 28 patients reviewed in the study, 19 (68%) were male and 9 (32%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 30.1 years. The most common cause of traumatic NLDO was high-velocity blunt injury encountered in road traffic accidents (70%), and the most common pattern of injury was naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures (64%). Traumatic telecanthus was the most commonly associated periocular injury (54%). Twenty-one patients (75%) were investigated with computed tomography–dacryocystography. A total of 26 patients were treated with external dacryocystorhinostomy with (75%) or without (18%) silicon intubation and 2 (7%) patients underwent dacryocystectomy. General anesthesia was administered in 19 (68%) patients and local anesthesia in 9 (32%) patients. Mean follow-up period was 7.71 months (range 3 months to 6 years). Successful outcome was recorded in 25 out of 26 eyes (96%) operated with external dacryocystorhinostomy with or without silicone intubation. Conclusions Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fracture is the main cause of traumatic NLDO, commonly in young male individuals. Telecanthus is an important presenting feature. Computed tomography–dacryocystography is a useful imaging modality in preoperative assessment and surgical planning. External dacryocystorhinostomy with or without intubation under general anesthesia gives good surgical outcome.
Internet-based Perceptual Learning in Treating Amblyopia
Authors: Zhang Wenqiu , Yang Xubo , Liao Meng , Zhang Ning , Liu Longqian 
Published: March 2013

Purpose Amblyopia is a common childhood condition, which affects 2%–3% of the population. The efficacy of conventional treatment in amblyopia seems not to be high and recently perceptual learning has been used for treating amblyopia. The aim of this study was to address the efficacy of Internet-based perceptual learning in treating amblyopia. Methods A total of 530 eyes of 341 patients with amblyopia presenting to the outpatient department of West China Hospital of Sichuan University between February 2011 and December 2011 were reviewed. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Internet-based perceptual learning and conventional treatment in amblyopia. The efficacy was evaluated by the change in visual acuity between pretreatment and posttreatment. Results The change in visual acuity between pretreatment and posttreatment by Internet-based perceptual learning was larger than that by conventional treatment in ametropic and strabismic amblyopia (p<0.05), but smaller than that in anisometropic and other types of amblyopia (p<0.05). The improvement in visual acuity by Internet-based perceptual learning was larger for patients with amblyopia not younger than 7 years (p<0.05). The mean cure time of patients with amblyopia by Internet-based perceptual learning was 3.06 ± 1.42 months, while conventional treatment required 3.52 ± 1.67 months to reach the same improvement (p<0.05). Conclusions Internet-based perceptual learning can be considered as an alternative to conventional treatment. It is especially suitable for ametropic and strabismic patients with amblyopia who are older than 7 years and can shorten the cure time of amblyopia.
The Hip Sports Activity Scale (HSAS) for Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Naal Florian D. , Miozzari Hermes H. , Kelly Bryan T. , Magennis Erin M. , Leunig Michael , Noetzli Hubert P. 
Published: March 2013

Purpose To develop and validate a sports activity scale for patients with a diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Methods A nine level Hip Sports Activity Scale (HSAS) was constructed both in German and English languages. Fifty-nine consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for FAI at two centers in Switzerland and in the US completed a questionnaire set consisting of the HSAS, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scale and different hip joint-specific and generic outcome tools. For reliability assessment, the HSAS was completed twice about nine days apart. Evidence of reliability, validity and responsiveness was investigated by classical psychometric analyses. Results Reliability was excellent for both the German and the English versions with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. Evidence of convergent validity was supported by moderate to high correlations with the UCLA activity scale and with the joint-specific measures used. Evidence of divergent validity was supported by low correlations with the SF-12 Mental Component Scale and the WOMAC stiffness subscale. The standardised response mean was 0.69. Conclusions The HSAS is a reliable and valid tool to determine sports levels in patients suffering from FAI. Its use in future studies investigating outcomes in young patients with hip disease can be recommended. Level of Evidence Level III, Diagnostic Studies – An independent, masked comparison with an appropriate population of patients, but reference standard not applied to all study patients.
Experimental Validation of a Dynamic Model for Lightweight Robots
Authors: Gasparetto Alessandro , Moosavi Amir Kiaeian , Boscariol Paolo , Giovagnoni Marco 
Published: March 2013

Nowadays, one of the main topics in robotics research is dynamic performance improvement by means of a lightening of the overall system structure. The effective motion and control of these lightweight robotic systems occurs with the use of suitable motion planning and control process. In order to do so, model-based approaches can be adopted by exploiting accurate dynamic models that take into account the inertial and elastic terms that are usually neglected in a heavy rigid link configuration. In this paper, an effective method for modelling spatial lightweight industrial robots based on an Equivalent Rigid Link System approach is considered from an experimental validation perspective. A dynamic simulator implementing the formulation is used and an experimental test-bench is set-up. Experimental tests are carried out with a benchmark L-shape mechanism.
An analysis of the implementation of PEPFAR's anti‐prostitution pledge and its implications for successful HIV prevention among organizations working with sex workers
Authors: Ditmore Melissa Hope , Allman Dan 
Published: March 2013

IntroductionSince 2003, US government funding to address the HIV and AIDS pandemic has been subject to an anti‐prostitution clause. Simultaneously, the efficacy of some HIV prevention efforts for sex work in areas receiving US government funding has diminished. This article seeks to explain why.MethodsThis analysis utilizes a case story approach to build a narrative of defining features of organizations in receipt of funding from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and other US funding sources. For this analysis, multiple cases were compiled within a single narrative. This helps show restrictions imposed by the anti‐prostitution clause, any lack of clarity of guidelines for implementation and ways some agencies, decision‐making personnel, and staff on the ground contend with these restrictions.ResultsResponses to PEPFAR's anti‐prostitution clause vary widely and have varied over time. Organizational responses have included ending services for sex workers, gradual phase‐out of services, cessation of seeking US government HIV funds and increasing isolation of sex workers. Guidance issued in 2010 did not clarify what was permitted. Implementation and enforcement has been dependent in part on the interpretations of this policy by individuals, including US government representatives and organizational staff.ConclusionsDifferent interpretations of the anti‐prostitution clause have led to variations in programming, affecting the effectiveness of work with sex workers. The case story approach proved ideal for working with information like this that is highly sensitive and vulnerable to breach of anonymity because the method limits the potential to betray confidences and sources, and limits the potential to jeopardize funding and thereby jeopardize programming. This method enabled us to use specific examples without jeopardizing the organizations and individuals involved while demonstrating unintended consequences of PEPFAR's anti‐prostitution pledge in its provision of services to sex workers and clients.
Effect of p53 Genotype on Gene Expression and DNA Adducts in ENU‐Exposed Mice
Authors: Kulkarni Rohan , Petibone Dayton M. , Chang Ching‐Wei , Chen James J. , Tolleson William H. , Melchior William B. , Churchwell Mona I. , Beland Frederick A. , Morris Suzanne M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

P53, the tumour suppressor protein, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability and is regarded as the ‘guardian of the genome’. To study tissue differences in
p
53 loss‐of‐function mutations, we investigated the effect of
N
‐ethyl‐
N
‐nitrosourea (ENU), a highly potent mutagen, on gene expression at 4 and 24 h after exposure in the liver of
p53
+/+
,
p
53
+/−
and
p
53
−/−
mice. Quantitative PCR and a targeted array were used to analyse the expression of 84 genes known to be involved in the p53 pathway at each time point. In addition, the levels of O
6
‐ethyldeoxyguanosine, a major mutagenic DNA adduct, and the expression of
Mgmt
were determined at the 4‐ and 24‐h time points. Significant differences were found among the three genotypes for the expression of the functional gene groupings of apoptosis, cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation and DNA repair. Furthermore, the loss of O
6
‐ethyldeoxyguanosine from the DNA paralleled the expression of
Mgmt
in
p
53
+/+
and
p
53
+/−
mice. The data from this study will aid in understanding variation in the DNA damage response across tissues and the biological effects of loss of function in
p
53.
Application of Ecotoxicogenomics for Understanding Mode of Action of Chemicals and Species Extrapolation
Authors: Hajime Watanabe , Yasuhiko Kato , Taisen Iguchi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Chemicals released into the environment have a potential to affect various species; therefore, evaluation of the impacts of the chemicals on ecosystems is an urgent issue. However, strategies to evaluate impacts of chemicals on ecosystems have been very limited, because species in the environment are too diverse to establish common strategy for the evaluation. This difficulty can be overcome by applying genomic approaches because genomic information is conserved among various species. Recent advances in toxicogenomics, the integration of genomics into toxicology, can be applied to ecotoxicology, named ecotoxicogenomics. Application of ecotoxicogenomics to
Daphnia magna
, a small crustacean, proved that it can be used for classification of chemicals. Similar approaches can also be applied to other organisms such as algae. By taking into account gene annotations and other genomic information, these analyses can be helpful to extrapolate the effects of chemicals to other species.
Integrative Analysis of Microarray Data: A Path for Systems Toxicology
Authors: Rasche Axel , Yildirimman Reha , Herwig Ralf 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMicroarrays are the standard tool for a genome‐wide analysis of gene expression. Multiple studies exist that, for example, track changes of systems with respect to compound treatment or compare the treated versus the untreated states. Besides these single studies, integrative approaches that analyze many such studies in parallel have gained increasing attention because they constitute a crucial step for the identification of general biological processes to relevant the system under analysis and would, thus, lead to the identification of more stable and robust marker genes. For gene expression analysis, the Affymetrix arrays are a well‐established and widely used experimental system. In this chapter, we provide a basic understanding of this microarray technology and describe the design, pre‐processing, and analysis of the data. Standardized and automatic pre‐processing procedures are essential for the subsequent parallel analysis of many data sets. These procedures are greatly supported by storage and information systems collecting the essential information. As an example for an integrated analysis of a large number of toxicology data sets, we describe recent results on a meta‐analysis combining different chip platforms, different species, and treatments with different genotoxic and non‐genotoxic compounds. We show how general mechanisms, biological pathways, and endpoints of toxicity can be reconstructed by this approach.
Mitochondria‐Specific Mouse Gene Array and its Application in Toxicogenomics
Authors: Desai Varsha G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn recent years, mitochondria have gained significant attention in toxicology because of their involvement in several drug‐induced toxicities and in the pathogenesis of a number of degenerative diseases. Thus far, numerous molecular and biochemical assays have been developed and utilized to understand the association between mitochondria and drug toxicities or disease processes. However, the knowledge gained by these assays is inadequate to obtain a comprehensive outlook of the mitochondrial activity during toxic exposures and the underlying pathologies. High‐throughput technologies, such as DNA microarray, have great potential in advancing genomic research in toxicology. This technology allows expression profiling of thousands of genes in a single experiment. Building on this technology, a mitochondria‐specific mouse oligonucleotide microarray (MitoChip) was developed, which is described in this review. This review also discusses results generated using the MitoChip in studies that were designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of altered mitochondrial function induced by anti‐HIV drugs (zidovudine and lamivudine) and a weight‐loss dietary supplement (usnic acid) in mice. The results from these studies clearly demonstrate that the MitoChip is a valuable genomic tool and can help unravel the underlying molecular basis of impaired mitochondrial function in drug‐induced toxicities.
Use of Proteomic and Metabolomic Techniques in Ecotoxicological Research
Authors: Sepúlveda Maria S. , Ralston‐Hooper Kimberly J. , Sanchez Brian C. , Hopf‐Jannasch Amber , Baker Stephanie D. , Diaz Naomi , Adamec Jiri 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOver the last decade, the environmental sciences have witnessed an incredible movement towards the utilization of high through‐put molecular tools that are capable of detecting simultaneous changes of hundreds and even thousands of molecules and molecular components after exposure of organisms to different environmental stressors. These techniques have received lots of attention because they not only offer the potential to unravel novel mechanisms of physiological and toxic action, but they also are amenable for the discovery of biomarkers of exposure and effects. In this chapter we will review the state of knowledge of two of these holistic tools in ecotoxicological research: Proteomics and metabolomics. We will follow this review with a presentation of three of our own case studies utilizing proteomic and metabolomic tools: (i) Analysis of proteomic responses in fish exposed to different types of contaminants using GeneGo™; (ii) Comparison of proteomic and metabolomic responses in aquatic invertebrates exposed to herbicides; and (ii) Use of metabolomics to characterize egg quality in fish eating birds exposed to persistent organic pollutants. We will end with some ideas for future studies and research needs.
Metabolomics in Systems Toxicology: Towards Personalized Medicine
Authors: Schnackenberg Laura K. , Sun Jinchun , Beger Richard D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMetabolomics along with systems biology technologies such as transcriptomics and proteomics has the capability of providing translational diagnostic, prognostic and mechanistic biomarkers of drug‐induced injury. Metabolomics has several advantages over the other omics platforms, such as ease of sample preparation, data acquisition and use of biofluids collected through minimally invasive procedures in pre‐clinical and clinical studies. The role of metabolomics in systems toxicology is reviewed and examples of metabolomics in pre‐clinical and clinical studies are provided. The role of metabolomics in personalized medicine is provided with special sections focusing on drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions, metabolic fluxes and challenge tests.
Application of Metabonomic Approach in Target Organ Toxicity
Authors: Zira Athina , Theocharis Stamatios 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The report and understanding of interactions among genes, proteins and metabolites is of crucial importance in the classification of mechanisms involved in chemical/drug‐induced toxicity. Consequently, the application of the “omics” technologies (genomics, proteomics and metabonomics), and mainly metabonomics, is imperative in toxicological studies. Metabonomics has been widely used in established models of target organ toxicity in order to monitor the effect of the toxic agents and possibly identify novel biomarkers of toxicity. In the present review, the applications of metabonomics in toxicological studies have been reported. Although limitations from the use of this technology in toxicology still exist, its combination with genomics and proteomics could provide valuable information for the underlying mechanisms of target organ toxicity.
Mechanistic Investigation of
EMD
335823s Hepatotoxicity Using Multiple Omics Profiling Technologies
Authors: Sposny Alexandra , Schmitt Christina S. , Hewitt Philip G. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
We have used modern omics technologies (including Toxicogenomics, proteomics, metabonomics and profiling from FFPE tissues) to ascertain whether a systems biology approach would improve our understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of a compound.

Wistar rats were treated for up to 14 days with a non‐toxic dose (15 mg kg
−1
) or a high dose (350 mg kg
−1
) of a known hepatotoxic compound (EMD 335823), chosen to ensure significant hepatotoxicity (liver necrosis, fibrosis, and bile duct necrosis/hyperplasia).

Genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics identified animals with the most severe effects, in good agreement with pathological findings. Protein expression changes correlated well with gene expression changes, indicating that EMD 335823 regulated PPARα signaling. EMD 335823 is an aldose reductase inhibitor resulting in increased glucose metabolism and alterations in fatty acid metabolism. These disturbances result in lower energy resources, contributing to the pathogenesis of liver damage. Proteomics and metabonomics also showed clear separation of the most severely affected animals, although the limited numbers of molecules identified could not reveal the mechanism of toxicity alone.
The combination of omics technologies allowed a more detailed analysis and identification of potential mechanisms of action, improving the overall understanding of the compounds toxicity. Additionally, there are indications that a compound‐specific signature was visible earlier, when no histopathological changes occurred.
Unravelling Sex Differences in Drug‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Tong Weida , Shi Qiang , Salminen William , Chen Minjun , Fang Hong , Suzuki Ayako , Mendrick Donna L. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Liver toxicity accounts for 40% of failed drugs in clinical studies and approximately 21% of drugs that are removed from the market. It is suspected that drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is more common in females, thus impacting women's health to a higher degree. However, it is unclear how common this potential sex‐based sensitivity may be and the mechanisms underlying the differences. High‐content and high‐throughput molecular technologies such as DNA microarrays have contributed significantly to the understanding of health and disease at the molecular level. In 2001, DNA microarray studies began to emerge to investigate sex‐associated liver gene expression profiles under physiological and pathological conditions. This review is an analysis of clinical reports published to date to determine the weight of evidence in support of sex‐biased sensitivity to DILI. Sex differences related to disease susceptibility/progression and adverse drug events are discussed at the molecular level with emphasis on genomic data in an attempt to place the evidence in a biological context.
Commonality and Stochasticity in Systems Toxicology
Authors: Hirabayashi Yoko , Inoue Tohru 
Published: March 2013

Abstract“Systems toxicology” is “systems biology” applied to general toxicology, which is to elucidate a universal concept of biological interactions between living organisms and xenobiotics by global assays of transcriptomics, proteomics and other various applied omics studies, during various biological steps inin vivoresponses, in developmental, pubertal and senescent stages, and at the ontological or phylogenical level, in addition toin vitrocellular responses. The aim of the chapter is to focus on systems toxicology to incorporate a new biological concept that distinguishes commonality and stochasticity from those xenobiotic responses when one incorporates computational toxicological data from the gene chip microarray into systems toxicology. The multiplicity of biological reactions can be better understood when common gene expression profiles and stochastic gene expression profiles would be unsupervisedly analyzed computationally. Previous toxicological data have been analysed frequently with their average endpoints focused on the commonality. However, probabilistic stochasticity may be analysed as specific stochastic clusters that elucidate other aspects of biological diversity in future “systems toxicology”.
Systems Biology: Integrating ‘‐Omics'‐Oriented Approaches to Determine Foodborne Microbial Toxins
Authors: Singh Om V. , Nagaraj Nagathihalli S. , Gabani Prashant 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe possible origins of microbial toxins vary widely, and detection of these toxins in different food matrices is a major challenge for food industries and regulatory agencies. New methodologies are needed to quickly and precisely detect traces of micro‐organisms and their toxic metabolites. In post‐genomics era, systems biology approaches, ranging from genomic sequencing to transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomic profiling, may be an effective platform for developing tests to identify a variety of toxins in field applications; multiple functional ‘‐omics’ could be combined into a system‐wide approach for detecting toxins, which may also be useful in the study of microbial pathogenesis. Advances in systems biology are addressed in the current article, as well as possible uses of these high‐throughput platforms to ensure food and feed safety.