bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustained growth of the Southern Ocean carbon storage in a warming climate
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Bracco Annalisa , Deutsch Curtis , Frenzel Hartmut , Long Matthew , Takano Yohei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigate the mechanisms controlling the evolution of Southern Ocean carbon storage under a future climate warming scenario. A subset of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models predicts that the inventory of biologically sequestered carbon south of 40°S increases about 18–34 Pg C by 2100 relative to the preindustrial condition. Sensitivity experiments with an ocean circulation and biogeochemistry model illustrates the impacts of the wind and buoyancy forcings under a warming climate. Intensified and poleward shifted westerly wind strengthens the upper overturning circulation, not only leading to an increased uptake of anthropogenic CO2 but also releasing biologically regenerated carbon to the atmosphere. Freshening of Antarctic Surface Water causes a slowdown of the lower overturning circulation, leading to an increased Southern Ocean biological carbon storage. The rectified effect of these processes operating together is the sustained growth of the carbon storage in the Southern Ocean, even under the warming climate with a weaker global ocean carbon uptake.
Storm time occurrence and spatial distribution of Pc4 poloidal ULF waves in the inner magnetosphere: A Van Allen Probes statistical study
Authors: Dai Lei , Takahashi Kazue , Lysak Robert , Wang Chi , Wygant John R. , Kletzing Craig , Bonnell John , Cattell Cynthia A. , Smith Charles W. , MacDowall Robert J. , Thaller Scott , Breneman Aaron , Tang Xiangwei , Tao Xin , Chen Lunjin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPoloidal ULF waves are capable of efficiently interacting with energetic particles in the ring current and the radiation belt. Using Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)) data from October 2012 to July 2014, we investigate the spatial distribution and storm time occurrence of Pc4 (7–25 mHz) poloidal waves in the inner magnetosphere. Pc4 poloidal waves are sorted into two categories: waves with and without significant magnetic compressional components. Two types of poloidal waves have comparable occurrence rates, both of which are much higher during geomagnetic storms. The noncompressional poloidal waves mostly occur in the late recovery phase associated with an increase of Dst toward 0, suggesting that the decay of the ring current provides their free energy source. The occurrence of dayside compressional Pc4 poloidal waves is found correlated with the variation of the solar wind dynamic pressure, indicating their origin in the solar wind. Both compressional and noncompressional waves preferentially occur on the dayside near noon at L∼5–6. In addition, compressional poloidal waves are observed at magnetic local time 18–24 on the nightside. The location of the Pc4 poloidal waves relative to the plasmapause is investigated. The RBSP statistical results may shed light on the in‐depth investigations of the generation and propagation of Pc4 poloidal waves.
Properties and drivers of fast interplanetary shocks near the orbit of the Earth (1995–2013)
Authors: Kilpua E. K. J. , Lumme E. , Andreeova K. , Isavnin A. , Koskinen H. E. J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a comprehensive statistical analysis spanning over a solar cycle of the properties and drivers of traveling fast forward and fast reverse interplanetary shocks. We combine statistics of 679 shocks between 1995 and 2013 identified from the near‐Earth (Wind and ACE) and STEREO‐A observations. We find that fast forward shocks dominate over fast reverse shocks in all solar cycle phases except during solar minimum. Nearly all fast reverse shocks are driven by slow‐fast stream interaction regions (SIRs), while coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the principal drivers of fast forward shocks in all phases except at solar minimum. The occurrence rate and median speeds of CME‐driven fast forward shocks follow the sunspot cycle, while SIR‐associated shocks do not show such correspondence. The strength of the shock (characterized by the magnetosonic Mach number and by the upstream to downstream magnetic field and density ratio) shows relatively little variations over solar cycle. However, the shocks were slightly stronger during the ascending phase of a relatively weak solar cycle 24 than during the previous ascending phase. The CME‐ and SIR‐driven fast forward shocks and fast reverse shocks have distinct upstream solar wind conditions, which reflect to their relative strengths. We found that CME‐driven shocks are on average stronger and faster, and they show broader distributions of shock parameters than the shocks driven by SIRs.
Copper (I) ion stabilized on fe3o4‐core ethylated branched polyethyleneimine‐shell as magnetically recyclable catalyst for ATRP reaction
Authors: Nabid Mohammad Reza , Bide Yasamin , Ghalavand Nastaran 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBranched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) was used to modify the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with silica layer, and then, it was treated with ethyl iodide to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2@Ethylated‐bPEI. In the next step, the yolk–shell structure was gained by selectively etching the SiO2 middle layer. Finally, copper(I) was introduced to the yolk–shell Fe3O4@Ethylated‐bPEI and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene, led to obtain the well‐defined polymer with relatively low polydispersity. The toxicity of the residual copper in the polymer product was a limiting issue for applicability of ATRP reactions especially for biological purposes. In this report, the copper content in the polymer was reduced to the excellent value of 1.1 ppm. Moreover, the magnetic isolation, recyclability, and remove the need for an external ligand were other advantages of the synthesized catalyst which makes it suitable for employing in ATRP reactions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42337.
Spontaneous formation of gold microplates during reduction‐coupled removal of noble metals using Dowex M4195 resin
Authors: Jermakowicz‐Bartkowiak Dorota , Cyganowski Piotr , Leśniewicz Anna , Tylus Wlodzimierz , Chȩcmanowski Jacek , Marcinowska Anna 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe present work reports the novel phenomenon of spontaneous formation of gold microplates. The effect is observed as a consequence of
,
,
, and
sorption on the Dowex M4195 resin. Therefore an attempt to explain the phenomenon mechanism is made. The research is covering sorption, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. The shapes of formed gold single plates are determined. The uptakes of Au(III), Pt(IV), Pd(II), and Re(VII) tests have been conducted using a batch method from single‐component metals solutions in 0.1M HCl. The sorption‐reduction phenomenon has been assessed by executed SEM, FTIR, XRD, and XPS studies. The greatest sorption capacity, combined with reduction‐coupled removal phenomenon, has been achieved for gold (5.5 mmol Au·g−1 at 9°C). Executed SEM and XRD analyzes prove formation of gold single crystals during present process, furthermore reduction of rhenium is indicated by XPS analysis. Based on the obtained FTIR and Raman's spectra, the reduction phenomenon is probably followed by resins’ functional groups oxidation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42425.
Evaluating habitat associations of a fish assemblage at multiple spatial scales in a minimally disturbed stream using low‐cost remote sensing
Authors: Cheek Brandon D. , Grabowski Timothy B. , Bean Preston T. , Groeschel Jillian R. , Magnelia Stephan J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Habitat heterogeneity at multiple scales is a major factor affecting fish assemblage structure. However, assessments that examine these relationships at multiple scales concurrently are lacking. The lack of assessments at these scales is a critical gap in understanding as conservation and restoration efforts typically work at these levels.
A combination of low‐cost side‐scan sonar surveys, aerial imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle, and fish collections were used to evaluate the relationship between physicochemical and landscape variables at various spatial scales (e.g. micro‐mesohabitat, mesohabitat, channel unit, stream reach) and stream–fish assemblage structure and habitat associations in the South Llano River, a spring‐fed second‐order stream on the Edwards Plateau in central Texas during 2012–2013.
Low‐cost side‐scan sonar surveys have not typically been used to generate data for riverscape assessments of assemblage structure, thus the secondary objective was to assess the efficacy of this approach.
The finest spatial scale (micro‐mesohabitat) and the intermediate scale (channel unit) had the greatest explanatory power for variation in fish assemblage structure.
Many of the fish endemic to the Edwards Plateau showed similar associations with physicochemical and landscape variables suggesting that conservation and restoration actions targeting a single endemic species may provide benefits to a large proportion of the endemic species in this system.
Low‐cost side‐scan sonar proved to be a cost‐effective means of acquiring information on the habitat availability of the entire river length and allowed the assessment of how a full suite of riverscape‐level variables influenced local fish assemblage structure.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Thule Inuit Mummies From Greenland
Authors: Lynnerup Niels 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTFourteen Thule Culture Inuit mummies are described here, including remarks on the cultural and archaeological setting of the Thule people. The mummy finds pertain to two mummy caches: six mummies found near Nuuk, at the site Pissisarfik, and eight mummies from Qilakitsoq. The latter find is the biggest mummy find in the Arctic. The mummies are all children and females. Although their state of preservation is uneven, much data about the Thule culture people has been gleaned from them. This includes the use of facial tattooing, Paleopathology and isotopic and genetic data. Anat Rec, 298:1001–1006, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification on Fresh Human Tissue: Macroscopic and Histological Aspects
Authors: Papageorgopoulou Christina , Shved Natallia , Wanek Johann , Rühli Frank J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTMany studies have been concerned with the ancient Egyptian mummification method; nevertheless, little effort has been made to explore it experimentally. The goal of this study is to apply evidence‐based diagnostic criteria and state‐of‐the art methodology in order to improve knowledge on soft tissues preservation and postmortem alterations. Two human lower limbs (LL) from a female donor were (1) “naturally” mummified by dry heat and (2) artificially in natron. At specific time intervals a macroscopic and radiological examination of the LL was performed and skin and muscle samples were taken for histological and biomolecular analysis. Temperature, humidity, pH, and weight of the LL were systematically measured. The mummification by dry heat was stopped after 7 days due to unexpected lack of mummification progress. The mummification in natron was completed successfully after 208 days. The humidity, the external temperature, and the pH were proven with Pearson correlation and principal component analysis as important factors for the mummification process. The steady removal of water from the tissues through the natron has prevented the putrefaction. This is also evident in the absence of bacteria or fungi through the microbiological analysis. The histological analysis revealed very good preservation of the skin and the muscle tissues. In the muscular sample certain degree of structural disintegration can be seen, particularly affecting the epimysium whilst in the skin samples the epidermis, especially the stratum corneum, is mostly affected. The samples show better preservation compared with ancient Egyptian sections and other mummified tissues from historic or forensic context. Anat Rec, 298:974–987, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Tres Ventanas Mummies of Peru
Authors: Wann L. Samuel , Lombardi Guido , Ojeda Bernadino , Benfer Robert A. , Rivera Ricardo , Finch Caleb E. , Thomas Gregory S. , Thompson Randall C. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT The Tres Ventanas mummies of Peru are thought to be among the oldest mummies in existence, dating to between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. A preliminary assessment is made of the potential of these mummies for use in future research on mummified remains. Although the Tres Ventanas cave and the four mummies were explored and then excavated by Frederic Engel in 1966–67, and the project is named in his honor as the “Engel Study Group”, the importance of both the physical remains and the context in which they were found has only come to light in the last few years. Most important is the paleopathological examination of these remains, since these mummies are found in a high altitude area of Peru where adaptation to the limited partial pressure of oxygen is perhaps a key component in broadening our understanding of human diversity in past populations. Anat Rec, 298:1026–1035, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bog Bodies
Authors: Lynnerup Niels 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn northern Europe during the Iron Age, many corpses were deposited in bogs. The cold, wet and anaerobic environment leads in many cases to the preservation of soft tissues, so that the bodies, when found and excavated several thousand years later, are remarkably intact. Since the 19th century the bog bodies have been studied using medical and natural scientific methods, and recently many bog bodies have been re‐examined using especially modern, medical imaging techniques. Because of the preservation of soft tissue, especially the skin, it has been possible to determine lesions and trauma. Conversely, the preservation of bones is less good, as the mineral component has been leached out by the acidic bog. Together with water‐logging of collagenous tissue, this means that if the bog body is simply left to dry out when found, as was the case pre‐19th century, the bones may literally warp and shrink, leading to potential pitfalls in paleopathological diagnostics. Bog bodies have in several instances been crucial in determining the last meal, as gut contents may be preserved, and thus augment our knowledge on pre‐historic diet by adding to, for example, stable isotope analyses. This article presents an overview of our knowledge about the taphomic processes as well as the methods used in bog body research. Anat Rec, 298:1007–1012, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mummy Restoration Project Among the Anga of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Beckett Ronald G. , Nelson Andrew J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTWe report on a unique Mummy restoration project among the anga of papua new guinea. Moimango was a village leader who had gone through the smoked body mummification process about 50 years ago. His smoked body has been displayed, alongside other ancestors, on a cliff niche gallery 308 m (1011 feet) above Koke Village. Although somewhat protected by an overhang, Moimango suffered a great deal of deterioration as he has been unprotected and exposed to the elements. The goals of our 2010 expedition to Koke Village was to assess the efficacy of restoration efforts applied to Moimango initiated by the authors and villagers of Koke in 2008. The restoration process used materials native to the local jungles. We examined Moimango for additional restoration challenges that may have arisen since the 2008 expedition. We discovered that many of the restoration techniques developed and applied in 2008 held up well. We found that the anatomical supports developed from native tapa and kumaka sap were still in place and effective, as well as our lichen eradication method of a suca slurry applied in 2008. Of particular importance was the stability of Moimago's head, which prior to restoration, was held in place by only the mummified muscle and integument of the lateral and posterior neck region. Endoscopic evaluation demonstrated disarticulated C1 and C2 vertebrae. New restoration challenges included construction of a new display chair, realignment and securing of the mandible, replacing and securing a loose tooth, repatching, and recoating with ritualistic red ochre clay. Anat Rec, 298:1013–1025, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Terahertz Imaging Modalities of Ancient Egyptian Mummified Objects and of a Naturally Mummified Rat
Authors: Öhrström Lena , Fischer Bernd M. , Bitzer Andreas , Wallauer Jan , Walther Markus , Rühli Frank 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTDuring the last few years, terahertz (THz) imaging has been used to investigate artwork and historic artifacts. The application of THz imaging to mummy investigations is very attractive since it provides spectroscopic information over a broad frequency range and its radiation has proven to be harmless to human cells. However, compared with the current standard imaging methods in mummy imaging—X‐ray and computed tomography (CT)—it remains a novel, emerging technique whose potential still needs to be fully evaluated. Here, ancient Egyptian mummified objects as well as a naturally mummified rat have been investigated by two different THz imaging systems: a broadband THz time domain imaging system and an electronic THz scanner. The obtained THz images are compared with conventional CT, X‐ray, and magnetic resonance images. While the broadband THz time domain setup permits analyses of smaller samples, the electronic THz scanner allows the recording of data of thicker and larger samples at the expense of a limited spectral bandwidth. Terahertz imaging shows clear potential for mummy investigations, although currently CT imaging offers much higher spatial resolution. Furthermore, as commercial mobile THz scanners become available, THz imaging could be applied directly in museums or at excavation sites. Anat Rec, 298:1135–1143, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short Review: The Use of Conventional X‐rays in Mummy Studies
Authors: Lynnerup Niels , Rühli Frank 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTX‐raying is arguably the most well‐known, non‐invasive technique for visualising the internal structures of ancient mummies and bog bodies. There are several factors such as the easy availability, the relative cheapness as well as the high spatial resolution, which speaks for this diagnostic modality in ancient mummy research. The aim of this short review is to address the advantages and pitfalls of this particular technique for such unique samples. We recommend that when results of X‐ray examination of mummies are presented, the specific recording data should be listed, and any given finds, for example, of Paleopathology, should be cross‐checked against other sources, for example, CT‐scanning, direct inspection (also by endoscopy), and so forth. Anat Rec, 298:1085–1087, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Critical Look at Mummy CT Scanning
Authors: Cox Samantha L. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTComputed tomography scanning of mummies has been conducted for almost 40 years, and has become an increasingly popular method of mummy study in the 21st century. However, most CT scan analyses published today still do little more than praise the technique's non‐destructive, non‐invasive properties. Despite the wealth of information contained within a modern, high definition scan, most researchers have yet to fully exploit the full potential of this technology. In addition, those that have utilized CT scanning in ancient remains continue to interpret mummified tissues as though they were living, without investigating how taphonomy and mummification could have effected the tissue images that are produced. Because of this, there is very limited information available for clear interpretation of mummy CT's. This article presents a critical assessment of the development of mummy CT scanning and presents the results of two Egyptian mummies CT'ed at the Penn Museum as an example of the potentials and pitfalls of high‐resolution scanning. Anat Rec, 298:1099–1110, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CT Examination of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses of Egyptian Mummies and Three Distinct Human Population Groups: Anthropological and Clinical Implications
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Lawson William , Mowbray Kenneth , Delman Bradley N. , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe interaction of nasal morphology and climatic conditions has resulted in diverse hard‐ and soft‐tissue configurations across human population groups. While the processes of skull pneumatization are not fully understood, the invasions of the paranasal sinuses [PNS] into the cranium have contributed to assorted morphologies. Human migratory patterns and the strong association with climatic variables through time and space may explain this diversity. This study examined four multiregional populations of which two are from Egypt but of widely divergent eras. Three Egyptian mummies [EG‐M] from the middle kingdom were CT scanned providing a unique opportunity to investigate the status of PNS anatomy within a time frame from 1567 BCE to 600 CE and compare it to a contemporary Egyptian [EG] (n = 12) population. Dry skulls of Inuit [IT] (n = 10) and East African [EA] (n = 8) provide out‐group comparisons, as one group represents an isolated geographic environment far different from that of Egypt and the other group inhabiting distinct environmental conditions albeit located within the same continent. Results showed EG‐M and EG frontal sinus volumes were diminutive in size with no statistically significant difference between them. Maxillary sinus size values of EG‐M and EG clustered together while IT and EA significantly differed from each other (P = 0.002). The multiregional groups exhibited population specific morphologies in their PNS anatomy. Ecogeographic localities revealed anatomical differences among IT and EA, while the potential time span of about 3,500 years produced only a negligible difference between the Egyptian groups. The small sample sizes incorporated into this research requires confirmation of the results by analyses of larger samples from each geographic region and with the integration of a larger group of Egyptian mummified remains. Anat Rec, 298:1072–1084, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regioselective Acetylation of C21 Hydroxysteroids by the Bacterial Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase I
Authors: Mosa Azzam , Hutter Michael C. , Zapp Josef , Bernhardt Rita , Hannemann Frank 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChloramphenicol acetyltransferase I (CATI) detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol and confers a corresponding resistance to bacteria. In this study we identified this enzyme as a steroid acetyltransferase and designed a new and efficient Escherichia‐coli‐based biocatalyst for the regioselective acetylation of C21 hydroxy groups in steroids of pharmaceutical interest. The cells carried a recombinant catI gene controlled by a constitutive promoter. The capacity of the whole‐cell system to modify different hydroxysteroids was investigated, and NMR spectroscopy revealed that all substrates were selectively transformed into the corresponding 21‐acetoxy derivatives. The biotransformation was optimized, and the reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of a computationally modeled substrate docking into the crystal structure of CATI.