bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
Authors: Warnock James N. , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGene therapy has faced many challenges over the past 20 years as it has made its way toward clinical realization. In 2012, theEMAapproved the first gene therapy for European markets, marking a landmark for the technology. Other gene therapies will inevitably follow with an increasing number now progressing to late‐stage clinical trials. To date, manufacturing processes have been able to produce enough viral vectors to satisfy the demands of these studies. However, current processes need to be scaled up if commercial demand is to be met, especially for therapies that treat diseases with large patient populations.
Introduction to Biomanufacturing
Authors: Witcher Mark F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to biopharmaceutical manufacturing covering the essential elements of the overall manufacturing enterprise. Because of the complexity of biopharmaceuticals, the manufacturing facility must be designed with a basic understanding of the overall enterprise and how it functions. Biopharmaceutical manufacturing uses relatively simple processes composed of unit operations (UOs), which employs relatively simple pieces of equipment as compared to other industries, particularly to those found in the chemical and petrochemical industries. However, the constituents within the UOs are significantly more complex.With the aim of cultivating understanding of how the overall manufacturing enterprise is operated and controlled, the chapter begins with a brief description of the constituents used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes, it then identifies and describes the three basic elements of biopharmaceutical manufacturing enterprise of process, facility, and infrastructure, and finally it provides a framework for evaluating and controlling the facility and process UOs.
Paraphilias and Sexual Crimes—An Overview
Authors: Aggrawal Anil 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The chapter outlines a comprehensive examination of sex crimes, sex offenders, victims of sex crimes as well as intervention and treatment strategies. The range of paraphilias discussed is wide ranging from sexual abuse and fetishism to necrophilia and sadomasochism. Emphasizing the physical and psychological aspects of sexuality itself, the chapter presents detailed comparisons of legal and medical definitions, historical aspects, current incidence, and geographical prevalence of these offenses. It also explores the potential causes, discusses etiological theories and reviews psychopathology.
Forensic Aspects of Horseracing
Authors: Morris Tim 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The sport of horseracing has a long history, including a strong association with betting. This association, in particular, has introduced the risk of corruption, which is controlled by regulation. Challenges faced by regulators include assuring horse identity, controlling doping and medication, preventing prohibited practices, assuring horse welfare, and controlling corrupt betting. Forensic tools used to aid regulators include visual methods of identification, electronic ID transponders, DNA technology for parentage verification, laboratory analysis for drug detection, and modern intelligence and analysis tools
Eyewitness Testimony: Admissibility and Legal Challenges
Authors: Newirth Karen A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractScientific researchers in the area of eyewitness memory and perception have long challenged the standard judicial analysis for evaluating the admissibility and treatment of eyewitness identification evidence in criminal trials. In the last several years, the high courts of several states have begun to recognize this research and alter their approach to considering this prevalent yet highly unreliable form of evidence. This article surveys the two most dramatic revisions from the high courts of New Jersey, Oregon, and the proposed revision currently pending in Massachusetts.
Wrongful Convictions and the Role of Forensic Science
Authors: Garrett Brandon L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Advances in forensic technology played a central role in securing over 300 exonerations of convicts using DNA testing, and many more criminal defendants are cleared by forensic evidence in the early stages of criminal investigations. However, a careful study of what contributes to such wrongful convictions in the first place can shed light on how forensic testing and testimony can contribute accurate information to prevent errors. This chapter presents the findings of a study of the role that the presentation of forensic evidence played in the criminal trials of DNA exonerees, in order to explore the types of flawed testimony and errors that can contribute to wrongful convictions, and the lessons that can be learned from those errors in order to strengthen the use of forensic science.
Fire Modeling and Its Application in Fire Investigation
Authors: Carpenter Douglas J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIndividuals involved in the forensic investigation and analysis of fire and explosion incidents are usually tasked with rendering opinions as to the origin, cause, responsibility, and/or prevention of such incidents so that future incidents can be avoided or prevented. The essence of the investigation of fire and explosion incidents is embodied in the use of the scientific method, which has traditionally been used in the physical sciences and it forms the basis for legitimate scientific and engineering investigations. The combustion and fire sciences involve complex phenomena, and the advancement of these sciences has helped to build a technical foundation for the discipline. The challenge for the fire investigator is the practical application of fundamental knowledge to the investigation of fires. Such fundamental knowledge can be exploited through the development of models to overcome some of the complexities of the combustion phenomena that limit practical application. Mathematical fire modeling provides the fire investigator with tools for the testing of hypotheses associated with the origin and cause of a particular fire event. Even when the origin and cause of the fire is not at issue, these modeling tools can also be used to evaluate the factors that caused damage to property or injury to people. This article provides an overview of mathematical fire modeling and its application to the investigation of fire and explosion incidents.
Strategic and Operational Prepositioning in Case of Seasonal Natural Disasters: A Perspective
Authors: Apte Aruna 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article discusses prepositioning as a strategic and operational process and addresses shortcomings in current predisaster planning for humanitarian logistics in case of seasonal natural disaster. A distinction is made between strategic and operational approaches. Strategic prepositioning occurs long before the disaster strikes, involves the acquisition or expansion of assets for increasing capacity, and establishes contractual agreements and protocols for collaboration. Operational prepositioning deals with the issues of inventory levels, the location of warehouses, and the functionality of disaster centers for the humanitarian operations that take place when a disaster is imminent or has already struck. The examples described in the article illustrate the development of optimization models and solution processes that can be used to analyze and address similar disaster situations.
Decision Rule Preference Model
Authors: Greco Salvatore , Matarazzo Benedetto , Słowiński Roman 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present the methodology of Multiple‐Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA) based on preference modeling in terms of “if,then” decision rules. The basic assumption of the decision rule approach is that the decision maker (DM) accepts to give preferential information in terms of examples of decisions and looks for simple rules justifying her decisions. An important advantage of this approach is the possibility of handling inconsistencies in the preferential information, resulting from hesitations of the DM. The proposed methodology is based on the elementary, natural and rational principle of dominance. It says that if action is at least as good as action on each criterion from a considered family, then is also comprehensively at least as good as . From a methodological point of view, the set of decision rules constituting the preference model is induced from the preferential information using a knowledge discovery technique properly modified, so as to handle the dominance principle. The mathematical basis of the decision rule approach to MCDA is the Dominance‐based Rough Set Approach (DRSA) developed by the authors. We present some basic applications of this approach, starting by multiple‐criteria classification problems, and then going through decision under uncertainty, hierarchical decision making, classification problems with partially missing information, problems with imprecise information modeled by fuzzy sets, until multiple‐criteria choice and ranking problems.
Alloys
Authors: Xiong Ding‐Bang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article treats the current state of fundamental understanding, development, and applications of alloys, with emphasis on alloy chemistry rather than physical metallurgy. First, alloy phases and phase diagrams are treated from a computational viewpoint. Next, technical alloys, including steels, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, superalloys, and titanium alloys, are reviewed; structural intermetallics are treated as a paradigm for theoretical predictive methods. A review of important specialty alloys follows, including hard and soft magnetic alloys, superconductors, shape memory, and magnetostrictive alloys, hydrogen storage alloys, thermoelectric alloys, solders, and alloy coatings. A brief survey of current advanced alloy preparation and characterization methods concludes the article.
High‐Pressure Synthesis of Solids
Authors: Azuma Masaki , Ohtaka Osamu , Kumada Nobuhiro 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHigh pressure, including hydrothermal condition and high‐oxygen pressure, is one of the independent axes of the three‐dimensional space in which materials exist. The variety of known compounds therefore increases by employing high‐pressure synthesis. Both classical and modern aspects of high‐pressure synthesis will be outlined, taking diamond, rock crystals (α‐quartz), perovskites, and some other materials as examples.
Agreement between upper respiratory diagnoses from self‐report questionnaires and medical records in an occupational health setting
Authors: Weakley Jessica , Webber Mayris P. , Ye Fen , Zeig‐Owens Rachel , Cohen Hillel W. , Hall Charles B. , Kelly Kerry , Prezant David J. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe Fire Department of the City of New York World Trade Center Health Program (FDNY‐WTCHP) monitors and treats WTC‐related illnesses through regular physical exams, self‐administered health questionnaires and treatment visits, as indicated.MethodsWe measured positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of self‐reported diagnoses of GERD and rhinosinusitis from the health questionnaires in relation to FDNY physician diagnoses from the medical record.ResultsSelf‐reported GERD had PPV and NPV of 54.0% and 95.7%, respectively; for rhinosinusitis, the PPV and NPV were 48.2% and 91.9%. These characteristics improved considerably (PPV 78.0% GERD and PPV 76.5% rhinosinusitis) in a subpopulation receiving medications from the FDNY‐WTCHP.ConclusionThe PPV of self‐reported diagnoses demonstrates only modest value in predicting physician diagnoses, although high NPVs suggest benefit in ruling out disease. In subgroups selected for their higher disease prevalence, self‐reported diagnoses may be considerably more useful. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1181–1187, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Industry contributions to aggregate workplace injury and illness rate trends: 1992–2008
Authors: Ruser John W. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundAggregate workplace injury and illness rates have generally declined over the past quarter century. Assessing which industries contributed to these declines is hampered by industry coding changes that broke time series data.Materials and methodsRatios were estimated to convert older incidence rate data to current industry codes and to create long industry time series from data of the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. These data were used to assess contributions to aggregate trends from within‐industry incidence rate trends and across‐industry hours shifts.ResultsHours shifts toward safer industries do not explain aggregate incidence rate declines. Rather declines resulted from within‐industry declines. The top 20 contributors out of 307 industries account for 40 percent of the decline and include both goods‐producing and service‐providing industries.ConclusionThese data help focus future research on industries responsible for rate declines and factors hypothesized as contributing to declines. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1149–1164, 2014. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Frontiers in the bioarchaeology of stress and disease: Cross‐disciplinary perspectives from pathophysiology, human biology, and epidemiology
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTOver the last four decades, bioarchaeology has experienced significant technical growth and theoretical maturation. Early 21st century bioarchaeology may also be enhanced from a renewed engagement with the concept of biological stress. New insights on biological stress and disease can be gained from cross‐disciplinary perspectives regarding human skeletal variation and disease. First, pathophysiologic and molecular signaling mechanisms can provide more precise understandings regarding formation of pathological phenotypes in bone. Using periosteal new bone formation as an example, various mechanisms and pathways are explored in which new bone can be formed under conditions of biological stress, particularly in bone microenvironments that involve inflammatory changes. Second, insights from human biology are examined regarding some epigenetic factors and disease etiology. While epigenetic effects on stress and disease outcomes appear profoundly influential, they are mostly invisible in skeletal tissue. However, some indirect and downstream effects, such as the developmental origins of adult health outcomes, may be partially observable in bioarchaeological data. Emerging perspectives from the human microbiome are also considered. Microbiomics involves a remarkable potential to understand ancient biology, disease, and stress. Third, tools from epidemiology are examined that may aid bioarchaeologists to better cope with some of the inherent limitations of skeletal samples to better measure and quantify the expressions of skeletal stress markers. Such cross‐disciplinary synergisms hopefully will promote more complete understandings of health and stress in bioarchaeological science. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:294–308, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Face and content validity of sheep heads in endoscopic rhinology training
Authors: Awad Zaid , Touska Philip , Arora Asit , Ziprin Paul , Darzi Ara , Tolley Neil Samuel 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to assess the face and content validity of the sheep head model in endoscopic rhinology training.MethodsThis study was a prospective evaluation study. Experienced otolaryngologists and trainees were recruited to complete 7 endoscopic rhinology tasks on pre‐prepared sheep heads. All participants completed a validated 20­item questionnaire using a 5‐point Likert scale to assess the model across 4 domains: face validity (FV), global content (GC), task‐specific content (TSC), and curriculum applicability (CTR).ResultsParticipants, including 25 experienced otolaryngologists and 45 trainees, completed all tasks. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups’ ratings for FV, GC, or CTR (p = 0.50.7, 0.278, and 0.157, respectively). The model achieved median face validity of 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 4 to 5) with the agreement of experienced surgeons and trainees alike (95% and 90%, respectively). The median global content was 4 (IQR: 4 to 5 and agreement of 88% and 87%. There was some variation in the rating of task‐specific content. A total of 6 tasks achieved validity with the agreement of experienced otolaryngologists. The highest‐rated tasks were “examination under anesthesia” and “foreign body retrieval.” Participants agreed on curriculum incorporation, transferability, and recommendation to trainees (median: 5; IQR: 4 to 5 and 95% to 97% agreement).ConclusionThe sheep head model achieved face and content validity for endoscopic rhinology training. It is safe, affordable, and can aid early‐years trainees in acquiring a range of basic endoscopic rhinology skills.
The nasal floor pedicled flap: a novel technique for use in skull base reconstruction
Authors: Daraei Pedram , Oyesiku Nelson M. , Patel Zara M. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundSkull base reconstruction can be accomplished using various donor sites. Vascularized tissue, commonly the nasoseptal flap, is the most effective option for large defects or high flow leaks. In cases where the septum cannot be used, a mucoperiosteal flap from the nasal floor, pedicled from the sphenopalatine artery, is a viable option without reported outcomes. The aim of this work was to describe this flap and to report successful outcomes in a cohort of patients.MethodsRetrospective chart review of patients seen by the senior author from 2011 to 2013 requiring skull base reconstruction for defects with cerebrospinal fluid leak.ResultsA total of 108 patients underwent endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Ten patients had reconstruction with use of a pedicled nasal floor flap. Mean age was 53.3 years. Defects involved the ethmoid roof in 5 patients, sellar floor in 2, clivus in 2, and planum sphenoidale in 1. Reasons why the septal flap could not be used were intentional sacrifice due to disease involvement, sacrifice for proper exposure, or previous septal perforation. Mean length of follow‐up was 10.2 (range, 4 to 25) months. No patient developed cerebrospinal fluid leaks postoperatively.ConclusionNasal floor pedicled flaps are an effective alternative to nasoseptal flaps for reconstruction of the skull base, and have not been previously described in the literature. Outcomes are promising in our small cohort of patients. If the septum must be sacrificed, attention should be paid to the nasal floor, which provides a large mucoperiosteal flap that can be consistently exposed and elevated by the experienced surgeon.
High‐dose sublingual immunotherapy in patients with uncontrolled allergic rhinitis sensitized to pollen: a real‐life clinical study
Authors: Irani Carla , Saleh Roula Abi , Jammal Mouin , Haddad Fady 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundHigh‐dose pollen sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is indicated in patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis (AR), especially those who are unable to control their disease with pharmacotherapy. We explore the use of high‐dose SLIT in patients with severe AR and sensitized to pollen, in real‐life clinical practice. We also analyzed the effect on asthma.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study conducted at the Allergy outpatient clinic at Hotel Dieu de France Hospital (HDF), Beirut, Lebanon. The cohort, composed of 118 patients between 7 and 55 years old, was regularly evaluated at inclusion, at 12 months, and at 36 months. Fifty‐five percent of AR patients had associated controlled asthma. Patients received a standardized pollen extract (Staloral 300IR). The pollen combination was 1 to 3 pollens, the most commonly used were Parietaria judaica, Cupressaceae, 5 grasses, and Oleaceae. In a previous study, those were the main allergenic pollens correlated to AR in the same population. Global assessment of the effect of SLIT was measured using a rhinitis total symptom score (RTSS), a rhinitis medication consumption score (RMCS), a global asthma score (ASS), and an asthma medication consumption score (AMCS).ResultsUsing a t test we found that the average scores at inclusion, 12 months, and 36 months, respectively, were as follows: RTSS: 31.32, 16.39 (p < 0.041), and 13.35 (p < 0.041); RMCS: 6.96, 1.96 (p < 0.0162), and 1.61 (p < 0.0162); ASS: 4.62, 1.96 (p < 0.0005), and 1.33 (p < 0.0005); and AMCS: 2.35, 0.78 (p < 0.0005), and 0.7 (p < 0.0005).ConclusionOur study showed favorable results of SLIT to aeroallergens in patients with uncontrolled AR. The effect is also applicable to the subgroup of patients suffering from concomitant, controlled asthma.
Comparison of radiographic and clinical characteristics of low‐risk and high‐risk cystic fibrosis genotypes
Authors: Ferril Geoffrey R. , Nick Jerry A. , Getz Anne E. , Barham Henry P. , Saavedra Milene T. , Taylor‐Cousar Jennifer L. , Nichols David P. , Curran‐Everett Douglas , Kingdom Todd T. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundPatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit a wide range of disease severity, and can be broadly stratified into high‐risk and low‐risk groups based on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation class. Patients with a low‐risk genotype are often diagnosed as adults, with milder disease and lower sweat chloride values. The aim of the current study was to better understand radiographic and clinical characteristics of sinus disease in adult CF patients within this risk category.MethodsAdult CF patients were retrospectively compared to a control group of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. CF diagnostic testing and pulmonary characteristics were compared between high‐risk and low‐risk CF groups, and sinus CT findings were compared among all 3 groups.ResultsWhen comparing CF cohorts (n = 25 and 30, respectively), earlier age at diagnosis (p < 0.001), higher sweat chloride values (p < 0.001), lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) values (p < 0.001), and a higher prevalence of pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.001) were found in the high‐risk genotype group. A significantly increased incidence of sinus hypoplasia/aplasia and bony sclerosis was seen when comparing both CF groups to the control cohort (n = 30), as well as when comparing the high‐risk and low‐risk CF genotype cohorts.ConclusionThe current study describes clinicopathologic findings of sinus disease in adult CF patients in the context of genotype severity. Our data demonstrate that while patients within a low‐risk genotype cohort have generally milder lung disease, they retain classic radiographic findings of CF sinus disease that can help raise the index of suspicion for undiagnosed CF.