bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling swash‐zone hydrodynamics and shear stresses on planar slopes using Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Torres‐Freyermuth Alec , Puleo Jack A. , Pokrajac Dubravka 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA numerical model solving the Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes equations, with a volume of fluid‐tracking scheme and turbulence closure, is employed for estimating hydrodynamics in the swash zone. Model results for run‐up distance, water depth, and near‐bed velocity are highly correlated (r2 > 0.97) with ensemble‐averaged dam‐break‐driven swash data. Moreover, modeled bed shear stresses are within 20% of estimates derived from measured velocity profiles. Dam‐break‐driven swash simulations are conducted to determine the effect of foreshore characteristics (bed roughness and foreshore slope) on bore‐induced swash‐zone hydrodynamics and bed shear stresses. Numerical results revealed that the boundary layer vanishes during flow reversal, grows during the backwash, and becomes depth limited at the end of the swash cycle. In general, the uprush experiences larger shear stresses but for a shorter duration than the backwash. Some variability in this pattern is observed depending on the bed roughness, foreshore slope, and cross‐slope location in the swash zone, implying that large spatial gradients in shear stresses can occur on the foreshore. The mean tangential force per unit area supplied to the bed is offshore directed for the simulated cases, with the exception of the mild‐slope (1:25) cases, owing to the skewed nature of swash flows. The temporal evolution of the momentum balance inside the swash zone shows an important contribution to the total force from turbulence and advection at the early/final stage of the swash cycle, whereas the local acceleration does not appear to be a significant contribution.
Clay mineralogy of surface sediments as a tool for deciphering river contributions to the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela)
Authors: Bout‐Roumazeilles V. , Riboulleau A. , du Châtelet E. Armynot , Lorenzoni L. , Tribovillard N. , Murray R. W. , Müller‐Karger F. , Astor Y. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe mineralogical composition of 95 surface sediment samples from the Cariaco Basin continental shelf and Orinoco delta was investigated in order to constrain the clay‐mineral main provenance and distribution within the Cariaco Basin. The spatial variability of the data set was studied using a geo‐statistical approach that allows drawing representative clay‐mineral distribution maps. These maps are used to identify present‐day dominant sources for each clay‐mineral species in agreement with the geological characteristics of the main river watersheds emptying into the basin. This approach allows (1) identifying the most distinctive clay‐mineral species/ratios that determine particle provenance, (2) evaluating the respective contribution of local rivers, and (3) confirming the minimal present‐day influence of the Orinoco plume on the Cariaco Basin sedimentation. The Tuy, Unare, and Neveri Rivers are the main sources of clay particles to the Cariaco Basin sedimentation. At present, the Tuy River is the main contributor of illite to the western part of the southern Cariaco Basin continental shelf. The Unare River plume, carrying smectite and kaolinite, has a wide westward propagation, whereas the Neveri River contribution is less extended, providing kaolinite and illite toward the eastern Cariaco Basin. The Manzanares, Araya, Tortuga, and Margarita areas are secondary sources of local influence. These insights shed light on the origin of present‐day terrigenous sediments of the Cariaco Basin and help to propose alternative explanations for the temporal variability of clay mineralogy observed in previously published studies.
High‐frequency internal waves near the Luzon Strait observed by underwater gliders
Authors: Rudnick Daniel L. , Johnston T. M. Shaun , Sherman Jeffrey T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTidal flow through the Luzon Strait produces large internal waves that propagate westward into the South China Sea and eastward into the Pacific. Underwater gliders gathered sustained observations of internal waves during seven overlapping missions from April 2007 through July 2008. A particular focus is the high‐frequency internal waves, where the operational definition of high involves periods shorter than a glider profile taking 3–6 h. Internal wave vertical velocity is estimated from measurements of pressure and glider orientation through two methods: (1) use of a model of glider flight balancing buoyancy and drag along the glider path and (2) high‐pass filtering of the observed glider vertical velocity. By combining high‐frequency vertical velocities from glider flight with low‐frequency estimates from isopycnal depth variations between dives, a spectrum covering five decades of frequency is constructed. A map of the standard deviation of vertical velocity over the survey area shows a decay from the Luzon Strait into the Pacific. The growth of high‐frequency vertical velocity with propagation into the South China Sea is observed through two 2‐week time series stations. The largest observed vertical velocities are greater than 0.2 m s−1 and are associated with displacements approaching 200 m. The high‐frequency waves are observed at regular intervals of 1 day as they ride on diurnal tidal internal waves generated in the Strait.
Hydrology of early Mars: Valley network incision
Authors: Matsubara Yo , Howard Alan D. , Gochenour J. Parker 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWidespread occurrences of valley networks on Mars provide geomorphic evidence for an active hydrologic cycle. To constrain the climatic conditions capable of forming the valley networks, a hydrological model was used to analyze the valley incision depth and volume of eroded valleys. Because the absolute magnitudes of precipitation, runoff, and evaporation are uncertain, we have used the ratio of these quantities (the X‐ratio) to express climatic conditions. The spatial distribution and strength of the correlations between (1) the estimated depth and volume of eroded material and (2) estimated flood magnitude and valley gradients were investigated as a function of the assumed X‐ratio. We also conducted an analysis of conditions required to have appreciable discharge in selected valley networks, which provided the most definitive constraint on Martian paleoclimate. The other methods show a relatively weak dependency of incision depths and volumes upon the assumed X‐ratio. The multiple regression analyses indicate that incision depth is strongly influenced by gradient and weakly related to modeled flood discharge. The factors determining relative depth of incision depend partly on the type of channel bed. However, postflow modification of the valley networks by mass wasting, cratering, aeolian infilling, and ice‐related processes precludes direct determination of bed morphology. Our hydrological analyses suggest that climatic conditions on early Mars were at least as moist as those that occurred in the Great Basin region of the U.S. when large lakes were present during the Pleistocene in terms of the balance of runoff and lake evaporation.
Analysing conjoint data with OLS and PLS regression: a case study with wine
Authors: Jaeger Sara R , Mielby Line H , Heymann Hildegarde , Jia Yilin , Frøst Michael B 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis paper presents a case study with wine where two statistical methods for the analysis of rating‐based conjoint analysis data were applied. Traditionally, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is used to estimate the relative importance of the experimental factors and the part‐worth utilities of factor levels. Partial least squares (PLS) regression, which is a popular tool in sensory and consumer science, can also be used for the analysis of interval‐level conjoint data.RESULTSUsing conjoint analysis, purchase intentions for Californian red and white wine were obtained from a convenience sample of young US adults (n ≈ 250). OLS and PLS regression uncovered the same systematic patterns in the data: negative utility associated with more expensive wine, and positive utility associated with famous wine regions. While OLS regression provided more accessible top‐line results, an advantage of PLS regression was the graphical format of results. This provided easy insight to individual differences in the importance attached to the factors driving purchase intention.CONCLUSIONOLS and PLS regression can complement each other in the analysis of interval‐level conjoint data. Dual analysis can help to ensure that the right insights are drawn from the study and communicated to internal/external clients. It may also facilitate communication within project teams. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Low‐temperature conditioning induces chilling tolerance in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and regulating en‐dogenous hormones levels
Authors: Yang Qingzhen , Zhang Zhengke , Rao Jingping , Wang Yuping , Sun Zhenying , Ma Qiushi , Dong Xiaoqing 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo understand the mechanisms leading to the enhanced chilling tolerance of kiwifruit by low‐temperature conditioning (LTC, 12 °C for 3 days), this study investigated the effect of LTC on chilling tolerance and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and endogenous hormones.RESULTSLTC significantly alleviated chilling injury in kiwifruit. Fruits treated with LTC maintained lower respiration and ethylene production and higher firmness. Furthermore, this treatment inhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide and the increase in membrane permeability and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase under chilling stress. The treatment also maintained higher levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR), lower gibberellic acid (GA3) levels and higher ABA/GA3 and ABA/IAA ratios.CONCLUSIONThe results suggested that LTC alleviated chilling injury in kiwifruit by improving antioxidant enzyme activities and maintaining higher levels of endogenous ABA, IAA and ZR, lower GA3 levels and higher ABA/GA3 and ABA/IAA ratios. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Renewable Aromatic–Aliphatic Copolyesters Derived from Rapeseed
Authors: Kreye Oliver , Oelmann Stefan , Meier Michael A. R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNovel (co)polyesters are synthesized from rapeseed‐derived renewable starting materials. Aliphatic monomers are obtained from oleic and erucic acid via thiol‐ene addition, whereas ferulic acid is used for the synthesis of aromatic monomers. Copolyesters with different ratios of these monomers are prepared via base‐catalyzed transesterification reactions under neat conditions. Both monomer and polymer synthesis are optimized to achieve a high yield using environmentally benign synthetic procedures. A focus is put on applying less‐toxic reagents (i.e., avoiding halogenated compounds) and on minimizing the produced waste, in order to meet the requirements of green chemistry. The resulting thioether‐bearing (co)polyester series is analyzed, and finally oxidized to sulfone analogues. The thermal properties before and after oxidation are then compared.
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Metabolite identification of a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor, HM781‐36B, and a pharmacokinetic study by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Eunyoung , Kim Hankyong , Suh Kweehyun , Kwon Sechang , Lee Gwansun , Park Na Hyun , Hong Jongki 
Published: April 2013

RATIONALEHM781‐36B (1‐[4‐[4‐(3,4‐dichloro‐2‐fluorophenylamino)‐7‐methoxyquinazolin‐6‐yloxy]‐piperidin‐1‐yl]prop‐2‐en‐1‐one hydrochloride) is a new anticancer drug to treat advanced solid tumors in clinical trial. In order to understand the behavior of HM781‐36B in vitro and in vivo we validated an analytical method for HM781‐36B and its major metabolites in plasma.METHODSIn vivo and in vitro metabolism of HM781‐36B was studied in dog plasma, urine and feces as well as using human and dog liver microsomes with extraction by ethyl acetate or methyl tert‐butyl ether, respectively, and successfully separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography diode‐array detection mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/MS). Ten metabolites were identified by LC/ESI‐ion trap mass spectrometry (MS, MS2, MS3 and MRM) and LC/Q‐TOF‐MS/MS for exact mass measurement. For accurate characterization of the major metabolites, authentic standards (M1, M2, M4, and M10) were synthesized.RESULTSTen metabolites of HM781‐36B in an in vitro mixture were separated and identified by LC/ESI‐MSn. The MS/MS spectral patterns of the parent drug and metabolites exhibited two characteristic ions (A‐ and B‐type ions) attributed to the cleavage of the ether bond between the piperidine ring and the quinazoline ring, providing important information on the site of chemical conversion during the metabolism. Six hydroxylated derivatives including dehalogenation and demethylation, two N‐oxide forms, a demethylated form and de‐acryloylpiperideine metabolites were observed.CONCLUSIONSThe LC/ESI‐ion trap MSn technique was effective in obtaining structural information and yielded diagnostic ions for the identification of diverse metabolites. The multiple metabolic pathways of HM781‐36B were suggested in in vitro and in vivo samples and the dihydroxylation (M1) and demethylation (M2) appeared to be the major metabolites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of Highly Stretchable Conductors via Morphological Control of Carbon Nanotube Network
Authors: Lin Lin , Liu Siyao , Fu Sirui , Zhang Shuangmei , Deng Hua , Fu Qiang 
Published: April 2013

AbstractStretchable conductors, which can keep their excellent electrical conductivity while highly stretched, have been investigated extensively due to their wide range of applications in flexible and stretchable electronics, wearable displays, etc.; however, their preparation is often complicated and expensive. Herein, an efficient method to prepare high performance stretchable conductors through morphological control of conductive networks formed with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in an elastomer matrix is reported. It is observed that an interface‐mediated method could be used to align randomly oriented filler during stretching and to induce buckling of CNTs during relaxation. Further morphological studies indicate the possible formation of a wavy CNT structure induced by cyclic pre‐straining. Subsequent thermal annealing is observed to collapse the oriented network and improve the local contacts between conductive networks. Through such a simple procedure, a conductivity of nearly 1000 S m−1 and a stretchability of 200% can be achieved for composites containing 20 wt% CNTs. CNTs are observed to buckle over a large area in polymer bulk, and the combination of pre‐straining and thermal annealing modifies the conductive network in the elastomer matrix. As a general method, this could be used for easy fabrication of high‐performance stretchable conductors for arbitrary‐shaped objects on a large scale.
Cross‐Linked g‐C3N4/rGO Nanocomposites with Tunable Band Structure and Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Li Yibing , Zhang Haimin , Liu Porun , Wang Dan , Li Ying , Zhao Huijun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCross‐linked rather than non‐covalently bonded graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites with tunable band structures have been successfully fabricated by thermal treatment of a mixture of cyanamide and graphene oxide with different weight ratios. The experimental results indicate that compared to pure g‐C3N4, the fabricated CN/rGO nanocomposites show narrowed bandgaps with an increased in the rGO ratio. Furthermore, the band structure of the CN/rGO nanocomposites can be readily tuned by simply controlling the weight ratio of the rGO. It is found that an appropriate rGO ratio in nanocomposite leads to a noticeable positively shifted valence band edge potential, meaning an increased oxidation power. The tunable band structure of the CN/rGO nanocomposites can be ascribed to the formation of C−O−C covalent bonding between the rGO and g‐C3N4 layers, which is experimentally confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and X‐ray photoelectron (XPS) data. The resulting nanocomposites are evaluated as photocatalysts by photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and 4‐nitrophenol under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The results demonstrate that the photocatalytic activities of the CN/rGO nanocomposites are strongly influenced by rGO ratio. With a rGO ratio of 2.5%, the CN/rGO‐2.5% nanocomposite exhibits the highest photocatalytic efficiency, which is almost 3.0 and 2.7 times that of pure g‐C3N4 toward photocatalytic degradation of RhB and 4‐nitrophenol, respectively. This improved photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the improved visible light utilization, oxidation power, and electron transport property, due to the significantly narrowed bandgap, positively shifted valence band‐edge potential, and enhanced electronic conductivity.
Role of the P2Y13 Receptor in the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Osteoblasts and Adipocytes
Authors: Biver Galadrielle , Wang Ning , Gartland Alison , Orriss Isabel , Arnett Timothy R. , Boeynaems Jean-Marie , Robaye Bernard 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that extracellular nucleotides, signaling through purinergic receptors, play a significant role in bone remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express functional P2Y receptors whose expression level is regulated during osteoblast or adipocyte differentiation. P2Y13-deficient mice were previously shown to exhibit a decreased bone turnover associated with a reduction in the number of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts on the bone surfaces. We therefore examined whether P2Y13R activation was involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MSC. Our study demonstrated that ADP stimulation of P2Y13R+/+ (but not P2Y13R-/-) adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) increased significantly the formation of alkaline phosphatase-colony-forming units (CFU-ALP) as well as the expression of osteoblastic markers (osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen I) involved in the maturation of preosteoblasts into osteoblasts. The number of CFU-ALP obtained from P2Y13R-/- BMSC and the level of osteoblastic gene expression after osteogenic stimulation were strongly reduced compared to those obtained in wild-type cell cultures. In contrast, when P2Y13R-/- BMSCs were incubated in an adipogenic medium, the number of adipocytes generated and the level of adipogenic gene expression (PPARγ2 and Adipsin) were higher than those obtained in P2Y13R+/+ MSC. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase of the number of bone marrow adipocytes in tibia of P2Y13R-/- mice. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the P2Y13R plays an important role in the balance of osteoblast and adipocyte terminal differentiation of bone marrow progenitors. Therefore, the P2Y13 receptor can be considered as a new pharmacological target for the treatment of bone diseases like osteoporosis. STEM Cells 2013;31:2747–2758
Why I believe nanoparticles are crucial as a carrier for targeted drug delivery
Authors: Baker James R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNanoparticles are the only materials small enough to target cells in the body, and therefore are crucial to targeted drug delivery. Issues with the synthesis, consistency, and bioactivity of these molecules are still being addressed, but base on current proof of concept studies there is a reason to believe that the ‘holy grail’ of targeted drug delivery might someday be achieved using nanoparticle‐based systems. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1226This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Survival of native and autumn‐translocated elk in a recovering western Washington population
Authors: McCorquodale Scott M. , Danilson Chris D. , Davison Michael A. , Bohannon Jennifer S. , Madsen W. Chris , Cook Rachel C. , Cook John G. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe documented survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Nooksack herd of Northwest Washington, USA, 2000–2008, following a temporary harvest moratorium. To increase Nooksack elk abundance, 77 adult female elk were radiocollared and translocated from the Mt. St. Helens Wildlife Area (MSHWA) during October 2003 (n = 38) and October 2005 (n = 39). We used known‐fate models to explore survival among radiocollared native adult females (n = 26), translocated adult females (n = 77), and native branch‐antlered males (n = 24) in the Nooksack herd using 16 candidate models. The best model assumed similar survival for native and translocated female elk, except for a 1‐year reduction in survival for the 2003 translocation cohort. The best model assumed that survival for branch‐antlered Nooksack males differed during the harvest moratorium (pre‐2007) and after limited permit‐controlled hunting resumed in 2007. Under the best model, we estimated that annual survival for all adult female elk was 0.93 (95% CI = 0.90–0.95), except that 2003 MSHWA‐translocated elk survival was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.51–0.82) during the first year post‐translocation. We estimated male survival was 0.92 (95% CI = 0.76–0.99) prior to 2007 and was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.50–0.82) during 2007–2008. We did not detect a difference in mean body fat between translocated elk that died during the first year after translocation and those that survived (P = 0.39), although there were proportionally more very lean elk among those that died in the first post‐translocation year. Elk that died in their first post‐translocation year had marginally higher body temperatures at handling than those that survived (105.3°F ± 0.6° [SE; 40.7° C ± 0.3°] and 104.2° ± 0.2° [40.1° C ± 0.1°], respectively; P = 0.07). Despite the lower first‐year survival of elk translocated in 2003, we concluded that the 2 translocations contributed substantively to Nooksack elk restoration. We discuss strategic aspects of autumn translocation that appeared to promote success. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Dentine method: Aging white‐tailed deer by tooth measurements
Authors: Cooper Susan M. , Sieckenius Shane S. , Silva Andrea L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe ability to age white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is essential for population management, but field‐aging techniques based on visual assessment of tooth‐wear patterns lack accuracy. We used regression analysis to relate tooth measurements to age of 54 known‐age wild South Texas (USA) male deer captured from 2002 to 2012. Using 9 animals/age class, from 2.5 to 7.5 years old, we measured cusp height and widths of each layer of enamel or dentine within each cusp of the third premolar (P3) on both left and right sides of the lower jaws. We found a linear relationship between age and dentine width (D), particularly within the anterior buccal cusp of P3 on the right jaw (r2 = 0.727). The regression equation, Age = 1.819 + (1.755 × D) provided a predictive aging model. We validated this model with 140 jaws from different known‐age male deer within the same age range and from the same locations. Placement within the correct year class was achieved for 48% of male deer, and 90% were classified within 1 year of their actual age. This accuracy was greater than that achieved by 27 Wildlife Society members who correctly aged 28% of a subsample of the same jaws by tooth‐wear patterns. Thus, using tooth measurements to age deer provided more accurate age estimation than visual tooth‐wear methods. The dentine method is particularly useful for deer ≥3.5 years old. This technique may need to be calibrated with measurements from local known‐aged deer before being used to age animals from regions beyond South Texas. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.