bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First detection of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) from Bulgaria
Authors: Riehn K. , Lalkovski N. , Hamedy A. , Lücker Ernst 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe trematode Alaria alata, an intestinal parasite of different carnivore species is widely distributed throughout Europe. The mesocercarial stages of Alaria spp. may infect almost all vertebrate species, including humans, and, in particular, omnivorous scavengers such as wild boars serve as paratenic hosts for the parasite. The introduction of the A. alata mesocercariae migration technique (AMT) opened the way to a reliable detection of Alaria spp. mesocercariae in different body tissues of their paratenic hosts. For the first time, it was possible to detect vital A. alata mesocercariae from two Bulgarian wild boars by means of this new method. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination of the respective parasitic DNA allowed the unequivocal species identification of the parasites as A. alata. Isolation and molecular biological identification of the parasite's developmental stages make significant contributions to completion of data on both the distribution of Alaria spp. in stocks of European game and the relationship between different Eurasian Alaria spp. isolates.
Key methods of identifying the horizontal facial nerve during difficult middle-ear surgery
Authors: Syed M I , Madurska M , O'Reilly B F 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground:The key to avoiding damage to the horizontal facial nerve in middle-ear surgery is to formally identify the nerve in the early stages of the procedure.Methods:In the non-infected ear this can be achieved relatively easily by identifying the oval window niche. However, in the infected ear with cholesteatoma, the safest landmark to use is the processus cochleariformis, which can be identified by three different methods.Conclusion:In an infected ear that is full of granulation tissue and/or cholesteatoma, the horizontal facial nerve can be reliably identified by locating the processus cochleariformis using the three methods described. This avoids damage to the nerve and important structures around it.
Kant, the State, and Revolution
Authors: Maliks Reidar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper argues that, although no resistance or revolution is permitted in the Kantian state, very tyrannical regimes must not be obeyed because they do not qualify as states. The essay shows how a state ceases to be a state, argues that persons have a moral responsibility to judge about it and defends the compatibility of this with Kantian authority. The reconstructed Kantian view has implications for how we conceive authority and obligation. It calls for a morally demanding definition of the state and asserts that the primary personal responsibility is not to evaluate the morality of every single law but to evaluate the moral standing of the polity.
Freedom, Knowledge and Affection: Reply to Hogan
Authors: Stang Nicholas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn a recent paper, Desmond Hogan aims to explain how Kant could have consistently held that noumenal affection is not only compatible with noumenal ignorance (the doctrine that we have no knowledge of things in themselves) but also with the claim that experience requires causal affection of human cognitive agents by things in themselves. Hogan's argument includes the premise that human cognitive agents have empirical knowledge of one another's actions. Hogan's argument fails because the premise that we have empirical knowledge of one another's actions is ambiguous. On one reading, the argument is valid but its conclusion trivial. On the other, it is unsound on Kant's own view.
Grain Boundary Character Distribution of Nanocrystalline Cu Thin Films Using Stereological Analysis of Transmission Electron Microscope Orientation Maps
Authors: Darbal A.D. , Ganesh K.J. , Liu X. , Lee S.-B. , Ledonne J. , Sun T. , Yao B. , Warren A.P. , Rohrer G.S. , Rollett A.D. , Ferreira P.J. , Coffey K.R. , Barmak K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStereological analysis has been coupled with transmission electron microscope (TEM) orientation mapping to investigate the grain boundary character distribution in nanocrystalline copper thin films. The use of the nanosized (<5 nm) beam in the TEM for collecting spot diffraction patterns renders an order of magnitude improvement in spatial resolution compared to the analysis of electron backscatter diffraction patterns in the scanning electron microscope. Electron beam precession is used to reduce dynamical effects and increase the reliability of orientation solutions. The misorientation distribution function shows a strong misorientation texture with a peak at 60°/[111], corresponding to the Σ3 misorientation. The grain boundary plane distribution shows {111} as the most frequently occurring plane, indicating a significant population of coherent twin boundaries. This study demonstrates the use of nanoscale orientation mapping in the TEM to quantify the five-parameter grain boundary distribution in nanocrystalline materials.
Intravital Confocal and Two-Photon Imaging of Dual-Color Cells and Extracellular Matrix Mimics
Authors: Bal Ufuk , Andresen Volker , Baggett Brenda , Utzinger Urs 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe report our efforts in identifying optimal scanning laser microscope parameters to study cells in three-dimensional culture. For this purpose we studied contrast of extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics, as well as signal attenuation, and bleaching of red and green fluorescent protein labeled cells. Confocal backscattering, second harmonic generation (SHG), and autofluorescence were sources of contrast in ECM mimics. All common ECM mimics exhibit contrast observable with confocal reflectance microscopy. SHG imaging on collagen I based hydrogels provides high contrast and good optical penetration depth. Agarose is a useful embedding medium because it allows for large optical penetration and exhibits minimal autofluorescence. We labeled breast cancer cells' outline with DsRed2 and nucleus with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). We observed significant difference both for the bleaching rates of eGFP and DsRed2 where bleaching is strongest during two-photon excitation (TPE) and smallest during confocal imaging. But for eGFP the bleaching rate difference is smaller than for DsRed2. After a few hundred microns depth in a collagen I hydrogel, TPE fluorescence of DsRed2 becomes twice as strong compared to confocal imaging. In fibrin and agarose gels, the imaging depth will need to be beyond 1 mm to notice a TPE advantage.
On the cubic NLS on 3D compact domains
Authors: Planchon Fabrice 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe prove bilinear estimates for the Schrödinger equation on 3D domains, with Dirichlet boundary conditions. On non-trapping domains, they match the ${ \mathbb{R} }^{3} $ case, while on bounded domains they match the generic boundaryless manifold case. We obtain, as an application, global well-posedness for the defocusing cubic NLS for data in ${ H}_{0}^{s} (\Omega )$, $1\lt s\leq 3$, with $\Omega $ any bounded domain with smooth boundary.
Sex, Age, and Progression of Drug Use in Adolescents Admitted for Substance Use Disorder Treatment in the Northeastern United States: Comparison with a National Survey
Authors: Bracken Bethany K. , Rodolico John , Hill Kevin P. 
Published: February 2013

Background National adolescent drug use surveys are distributed in United States schools. Survey results determine trends in drug use and inform research and prevention efforts; however, students who have dropped out of school or were truant the day of the survey are excluded. Examining drug trends in a high-risk population (adolescents admitted for drug treatment) may better characterize drug users and their use patterns. Methods The current study examined questionnaires completed by 939 adolescents admitted for substance abuse treatment between 1995 and 2010. Results Age of first use (ranging from 13.2 years for alcohol to 15.1 years for cocaine) was significantly younger for cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis than for “harder” drugs such as cocaine and heroin, and adolescents increased their use of almost every substance (except inhalants) with increasing age. This was not true of national data. Additionally, in the national data, less than 1.5% of participants reported using any of the harder drugs more than 5 times, but in the McLean data, even for harder drugs, >10% of adolescents used >50 times. Conclusions In the high-risk sample examined here, progression to harder drugs is accelerated and increases with age regardless of sex. These data underscore the importance of prevention and immediate treatment when adolescent substance use is identified.
Greek City-States
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of city-states of polis in ancient Greece. It explains that a polis was a strongly institutionalized and centralized micro-state consisting of one city and its immediate hinterland, and that it had an advanced degree of urbanization whereby the majority of the population lived in the urban center. Aside from being the center of habitation, it was also the center of industry and trade, education and entertainment, political institutions, and defense. The chapter furthermore considers the relation between the poleis.
Greek Multicity States
Authors: Morris Ian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter, which explores the history of multi-city states in ancient Greece during the archaic and classical periods, explains that leaders of small city-states were forced to attempt to establish multi-city states because of increasing competition for scarce resources in an age of expanding population and pressures from neighboring cities. It analyzes why these attempts failed, arguing that it is more fruitful to consider state formation as an ongoing process of structural change than as a one-time event.
Carthage
Authors: Ameling Walter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of state formation in Carthage, explaining that the history of the Carthaginian state is one with a changing constitution, with new institutions emerging and old institutions losing importance. It investigates why Carthage did not go the way of many other poleis like those in Greece. The chapter also argues that the end of Carthage is inextricably bound up with the question of Roman imperialism and that while its ruling aristocracy died with its city, there was no doubt that the Carthaginians had identified themselves with their city, its history, and its traditions.
War and Warfare in Ancient Greece
Authors: Rawlings Louis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews some of the main elements of warfare conducted by the Greeks between the eighth and third centuries. The hybristic acts of the enemy have been regarded as sufficient provocation for war. Warriors have frequently been prompted by the chance for self-enrichment through booty. There has been enormous variety of warfare in Greece and beyond. The methods of warfare have undergone a number of significant developments. The evolutions in the tools of war have a variety of military, institutional and ideological ramifications. Many members of Greek communities might relish the opportunity for war. These developments gave the Greek and Macedonian armies the capacity to resist and then overcome the Persian Empire, and contributed to the essential character of warfare in the era of the Successors.
Warfare and Environment in the Ancient World
Authors: Hughes J. Donald 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter deals with ancient warfare and the environment. Hunting was often been considered as a form of warfare, and art frequently portrayed humans in battle with animals. Armed conflict had its direct influences on the environment. Along with damage to settled agriculture, warfare had affected other lands such as pastures, brush lands, and forests. It is noted that birds, pigs, bears, rodents, snakes, bees, wasps, scorpions, beetles, assassin bugs, and jellyfish have been employed as weaponized animals in ancient warfare, which, in the Mediterranean area and Near East, had vital environmental properties. The direct effects of battle have been shown by ancient historians, but just as important were the influences of the military-oriented organization of societies on the natural environment and resources.
Treating the Sick and Wounded
Authors: Salazar Christine F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the wounds caused by warfare. Treating those who had been wounded in combat was a way of acquiring medical knowledge and of developing new surgical techniques. The majority of wounds—made by swords, spears, javelins, or arrows—will have been to the arms and legs. The most fatal were those penetrating the chest, abdomen, or head. The possible treatments for these wounds are reported. It can be stated that the medical treatment of casualties itself did not change very drastically in the roughly ten centuries between classical Greece and late antiquity, based on its reflection in medical literature. The main changes were arterial ligature, more adventurous surgery, and a trend toward polypharmacy from Hellenistic times onwards.
Arguing for Media Psychology as a Distinct Field
Authors: Rutledge Pamela Brown 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe field of media psychology is a recent arrival to the academic world. In spite of apparent overlaps with other disciplines, such as media studies, communications, or sociology, media psychology serves a distinct and necessary role because it shifts the focus of inquiry from media-centric to human-centric. When the Internet replaced the one-to-many communication model of mass media with a many-to-many model, it created peer-to-peer connectivity and turned information distribution into a social system. Interconnectivity is blurring what we once perceived as distinct divisions among technologies. More profoundly, a networked society with real-time access has redefined the roles of media producer, consumer, and distributor, challenging many core beliefs about the world and our place in it. In this globally connected world, media technologies are inextricable from daily life. How individuals and society use these capabilities will be determined in large part by whether we, as a society, are preoccupied with the challenges or seek out the opportunities. Seeing potential demands a forward-looking science that can move beyond traditional models to embrace the complex social system of technology and human behavior. Media psychology bridges this gap. At its best, media psychology seeks to understand the intersection of human behavior and technology to connect the positive capabilities of technology with human needs and goals so that individuals and society can grow and flourish.
Media Psychology and Its History
Authors: Tuma Regina M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCurrently, media psychology appears to be a fragmented area of study, an appendage of sorts to many disciplines such as communication studies and even psychology. And yet, it is the case that this current state obscures a long history and tradition that leads to the development of media psychology within psychology as a discipline. The history of media psychology will be explored at two levels. First, it will be argued that the idea of media psychology emerges with the notion of mediation of reality by our senses in philosophy, the study of perception and cognition in early psychology. This tradition is then carried into a social psychology that is influenced by the study of perception and where the idea and role of media as instruments of culture, influence and cognition is further developed. The final section explores the status of media psychology within current research in psychology and social psychology.
Qualitative Research and Media Psychology
Authors: Polkinghorne Donald E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractQualitative research is a family of approaches designed to study people’s experiences. In media psychology it is used to study the experiences of receiving and creating media messages and for analyzing media messages. Qualitative research principles also can be used in content analysis to study message meanings. Ethnographers, grounded theory researchers, and phenomenological researchers developed techniques and procedures employed in contemporary qualitative research. Qualitative researchers produce descriptive findings by analyzing gathered and generated information. This analysis leads to a description of the structures that produce meaning and understanding of media-communicated events. The analyzed information is generated through interviews and focus groups and gathered from media presentations and documents.
Why It Is Hard To Believe That Media Violence Causes Aggression
Authors: Huesmann L. Rowell , Dubow Eric F. , Yang Grace 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch studies on how media violence influences aggressive and violent behaviors face unusual hurdles in having an impact on the public, journalists, and even other scientists. Despite the existence of compelling empirical evidence that media violence causes increased aggression in the observer or game player, intelligent people still doubt the effects. A fundamental reason is that the outcomes of such research have implications not only for public policy, but also for how one views oneself. Through several well-understood psychological processes, this leads to many people denying the results of the scientific research. There are four psychological processes that together can account for most denials of media violence effects: (1) the need for cognitive consistency; (2) reactance; (3) the “third-person effect”; and (4) desensitization. This chapter illustrates how these processes lead to disbelief. Finally, it offers conclusions and ideas for future directions of how research may contribute to public opinion and public policy.
The Role of Emotion in Media Use and Effects
Authors: Konijn Elly A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary of the existing media psychology literature regarding the role of emotions in media use and effects. Traditionally, emotions as an object of study from a media psychological perspective have largely been understood within the context of media entertainment research. General involvement mechanisms and affective dispositions of media users toward characters are addressed, as well as the effects of more specific displays of media violence, and frightening and otherwise disturbing materials. However, other branches of media-related emotion research can also be found, such as those related to persuasion and news effects. Most recently, emotions have become a hot topic, and an increased emphasis can be found on emotions as a mechanism underlying media use and effects. Likewise, studies in emotions have become omnipresent in online and computer-based communication, most notably including virtual humans expressing and detecting emotions. The newest trends in applying psychological emotion theories in modeling emotions in virtual humans are discussed. Although a review, this chapter goes beyond the boundaries of the extant knowledge base by raising new questions and providing innovative views on future research in media psychology.
The Psychology Underlying Media-Based Persuasion
Authors: Nabi Robin L. , Moyer-Gusé Emily 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAttempts at persuasion are as ubiquitous as the media often used to disseminate them. However, to explore persuasion in the context of media, we must first consider the psychological processes and mechanisms that underlie persuasive effects generally, and then assess how those strategies might apply in both traditional as well as more innovative media. This chapter overviews three dominant frameworks of persuasion (cognitive response models, expectancy value theories, and emotional appeals), along with three more subtle forms of influence (framing, narrative, and product placement) to explore how psychological theory and media effects research intersect to shed light on media-based persuasive influence.
A General Framework for Media Psychology Scholarship
Authors: Potter W. James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents a critical analysis of many of the assumptions and practices that characterize the media effects literature. The thesis argued here is that a Generating-Findings perspective has been useful in producing this literature, but that this perspective has outlived its usefulness. It is time to shift into a new perspective now that the media effects literature has grown so large and fragmented and now that the distribution technologies as well as the culture itself has changed so much over the past few decades. The suggested newer perspective on media research and scholarship—called the Mapping-Phenomenon perspective—builds off the strengths in the existing literature while moving beyond its limitations. This new perspective requires a clear conceptualization of “mass” media along with its four major components of industries, audiences, messages, and effects.
Engaging with Stories and Characters: Learning, Persuasion, and Transportation into Narrative Worlds
Authors: Green Melanie C. , Dill Karen E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although individuals often believe they are immune to media influence, a substantial body of research suggests that media presentations, including fictional narratives, can influence individuals’ attitudes and beliefs. The current chapter explores reasons why individuals fail to recognize media effects in their own lives, and explains the mechanisms by which media influence occurs. We highlight the operation of unconscious processes that can account for both pervasive media effects and a lack of awareness of these effects. We also focus specifically on transportation, the experience of cognitive and emotional immersion into a story. Transported readers experience emotions in response to a story, form connections with characters, and are more cognitively open to story claims.
The Political Narrative of Children's Media Research
Authors: McIntyre Jeff J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This narrative recounts the strategy and struggle of children’s media advocates who have engaged the media industry over proposed federal policy. Beginning with the issues surrounding scientific research, this chapter recounts the difficulties in translating research for policymakers and the media. This, in turn, can lead to political fights over interpretation of scientific terms and data—which sets the foundation for debates over funding and the use of the scientific research in the political arena. The political strategy of media industry and children’s media advocates is examined in a case study of the effort around the Federal Communications rulemaking on Children’s Television Obligations of Digital Television Broadcasters.
Historicizing the Cold War
Authors: Iriye Akira 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the process of historicizing the Cold War. It explains that the Cold War had no influence on major world affairs from the late nineteenth century onward and that, under such a view, the Cold War can only be considered as but a fraction of world history. It argues that if the Cold War is to be historicized, it is important to broaden the perspective and relativize the geopolitical story against the background of many other stories which comprise history. The chapter explores the role or contribution the Cold War in the three sub-periods after World War 2: 1945–70, 1970–90, and 1990 to the present.