bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsiveness to Change of Self-Report and Device-Based Physical Activity Measures in the Living Well With Diabetes Trial
Authors: Lee Winnie Y.H. , Clark Bronwyn K. , Winkler Elisabeth , Eakin Elizabeth G. , Reeves Marina M. 
Published: September 2014

Background:This study evaluated the responsiveness to change in physical activity of 2 self-report measures and an accelerometer in the context of a weight loss intervention trial.Methods:302 participants (aged 20 to 75 years) with type 2 diabetes were randomized into telephone counseling (n = 151) or usual care (n = 151) groups. Physical activity (minutes/week) was assessed at baseline and 6-months using the Active Australia Survey (AAS), the United States National Health Interview Survey (USNHIS) walking for exercise items, and accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M; ≥1952 counts/minute). Responsiveness to change was calculated as responsiveness index (RI), Cohen’s d (postscores) and Cohen’s d (change-scores).Results:All instruments showed significant improvement in the intervention group (P < .001) and no significant change for usual care (P > .05). Accelerometer consistently ranked as the most responsive instrument while the least responsive was the USHNIS (responsiveness index) or AAS (Cohen’s d). RIs for AAS, USNHIS and accelerometer did not differ significantly and were, respectively: 0.45 (95% CI: 0.26–0.65); 0.38 (95% CI: 0.20–0.56); and, 0.49 (95% CI: 0.23–0.74).Conclusions:Accelerometer tended to have the highest responsiveness but differences were small and not statistically significant. Consideration of factors, such as validity, feasibility and cost, in addition to responsiveness, is important for instrument selection in future trials
Moderators of the Relationship Between Physical Activity Enjoyment and Physical Activity in Children
Authors: Remmers Teun , Sleddens Ester F.C. , Kremers Stef P.J. , Thijs Carel 
Published: September 2014

Background:Physical activity (PA) enjoyment may be an important determinant of long-term habitual, self-sustained PA behavior in children. The objective of the current study was to contribute toward a better understanding of how children’s PA enjoyment is associated with PA behavior by examining the influence of age, gender, BMI, and impulsivity as theoretically hypothesized moderators of this relationship.Methods:PA was measured in 171 children (77 boys, 91 girls) using accelerometers, and PA enjoyment was assessed with the validated Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in 9-year-old children from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, the Netherlands. Linear regressions were fitted. Moderation was tested by adding interaction terms between PA enjoyment and the potential moderators.Results:We found a significant 3-way interaction (PA enjoyment × gender × impulsivity) for all intensities of PA behavior. In boys, impulsivity strengthened the relationship between PA enjoyment and PA behavior, whereas in girls impulsivity weakened this relationship.Conclusion:In girls, this may be explained by the relative automatic occurrence of PA behavior in impulsive girls (independent of PA enjoyment). In boys, the possibility that impulsivity is associated with hyperactivity may explain this moderation. The current study may encourage researchers to investigate these interactions in future studies.
Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence in 2 Diverse Samples of Young Children
Authors: Barnett Lisa M. , Robinson Leah E. , Webster E. Kipling , Ridgers Nicola D. 
Published: September 2014

Background:The purpose was to determine the reliability of an instrument designed to assess young children’s perceived movement skill competence in 2 diverse samples.Methods:A pictorial instrument assessed 12 perceived Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) based on the Test of Gross Motor Development 2nd edition. Intra-Class Correlations (ICC) and internal consistency analyses were conducted. Paired sample t tests assessed change in mean perceived skill scores. Bivariate correlations between the intertrial difference and the mean of the trials explored proportional bias.Results:Sample 1 (S1) were culturally diverse Australian children (n = 111; 52% boys) aged 5 to 8 years (mean = 6.4, SD = 1.0) with educated parents. Sample 2 (S2) were racially diverse and socioeconomically disadvantaged American children (n = 110; 57% boys) aged 5 to 10 years (mean = 6.8, SD = 1.1). For all children, the internal consistency for 12 FMS was acceptable (S1 = 0.72, 0.75, S2 = 0.66, 0.67). ICCs were higher in S1 (0.73) than S2 (0.50). Mean changes between trials were small. There was little evidence of proportional bias.Conclusion:Lower values in S2 may be due to differences in study demographic and execution. While the instrument demonstrated reliability/internal consistency, further work is recommended in diverse samples.
A pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a split-dose bowel preparation for inpatient colonoscopy: a single-center experience
Authors: Yang Dennis , Summerlee Robert , Rajca Brian , Williamson Jonathan B , LeLaurin Jennifer , McClellan Lasheaka , Collins Dennis , Sultan Shahnaz 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesFeasibility of using split-dose bowel preparation in an inpatient setting has not been extensively studied. We conducted a single-centre multiphase study to (1) understand the perceived barriers to split-dose administration among nursing and providers, (2) develop and implement a split-dose electronic order set and (3) evaluate the use and impact of split-dose administration on 100 consecutive colonoscopies.MethodsNurse/provider interviews were conducted to understand perceived concerns and potential barriers to split-dose preparation. Next, an order set containing specific nursing instructions was developed, disseminated and implemented into the electronic health record as the default order set for inpatient colonoscopies. Finally, 100 consecutive inpatients undergoing colonoscopy were interviewed to determine prep consumption, tolerability and rate of procedural delays due to inadequate preparation.ResultsSurvey results indicated perceived concerns about inpatients’ ability to tolerate and complete the preparation, insufficient nursing support and complexity of preparation administration. Based on this, prep orders were adjusted to accommodate nursing concerns prior to implementation. 54% of inpatients actually completed the bowel preparation in split doses (SPLIT group); the remainder had the conventional full dose preparation (NON-SPLIT). Less procedural delay and a lower rate of additional laxatives use (13% vs 30.4%) were seen in the SPLIT versus NON-SPLIT group. Split-dose preparation was well tolerated among inpatients.ConclusionsSplit-dose bowel preparation can be implemented for inpatients undergoing colonoscopy. This multiphase study demonstrates the steps used to implement split-dose preparation at our institution and may provide others with strategies that they could use at their institutions.
A Reconciliation of Packed Column Permeability Data: Deconvoluting the Ergun Papers
Authors: Quinn Hubert M. 
Published: September 2014

In his 1952 publication, Ergun made the following proclamation: “Data of the present investigation and those presented earlier have been treated accordingly, and the coefficients k1 and k2 have been determined by the method of least squares. The values obtained are k1 = 150 and, k2 = 1.75, representing 640 experiments.” In this paper, we demonstrate that because his experimental methodology was flawed, the corrected values, which his experimental results would otherwise have established for these coefficients, are significantly higher. This is, in part, because Ergun’s reporting of his measured data was ambiguous with respect to the embedded coefficients k1 and k2. In addition, this ambiguity made it difficult for any subsequent researcher to figure out the true meaning of his empirical results which, in turn, resulted in his choice of the values for these coefficients being accepted by default in the scientific community.
Corneal Biomechanical Changes after Crosslinking for Progressive Keratoconus with the Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology
Authors: Steinberg Johannes , Katz Toam , Mousli Aiham , Frings Andreas , Casagrande Maria K. , Druchkiv Vasyl , Richard Gisbert , Linke Stephan J. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose.To evaluate the effect of corneal crosslinking in progressive keratoconus by applying in vivo corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology.Design.Longitudinal retrospective study.Subjects and Controls.Seventeen eyes of patients treated with corneal crosslinking for progressive keratoconus.Methods.Corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology analyses (research software version 6.07r08) of subjects with progressive keratoconus before and 3 months after corneal crosslinking (CXL) were reviewed retrospectively.t-test (for normal distribution) and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test (if not normally distributed) were used to test for statistically significant differences between pre- and post-CXL analyses.Results.We demonstrated statistically significant differences for the intraocular pressure (median: +3 mmHg,P =0.004), the central corneal pachymetry (pachy; mean: −35 µm,P<0.001), the timespan between the air impulse release and the first applanation of the cornea (A1time; median: +0.12 ms,P<0.05), and the timespan between the air impulse release and the second applanation of the cornea (A2time; median: −37 ms,P<0.05).Conclusions.With the A1time and the A2time, we identified two parameters that demonstrated a statistically significant improvement of the biomechanical properties of the cornea after CXL. Despite the known initial decrease of the pachymetry after CXL, none of the analyzed parameters indicated a progression of the keratoconus.
An Epidemiologic Investigation of Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk in Africa
Authors: Hou Ningqi , Ndom Paul , Jombwe Johashaphat , Ogundiran Temidayo , Ademola Adeyinka , Morhason-Bello Imran , Ojengbede Oladosu , Gakwaya Antony , Huo Dezheng 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background: Physical activity (PA) is modifiable and linked to decreased breast cancer risk but its impact has not been investigated among indigenous African populations.
Methods: From 2011 to 2013, 558 cases and 1,014 controls were recruited into the African Breast Cancer Study in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda, and completed a culturally tailored PA questionnaire that assesses habitual PA the year before diagnosis/interview. PA sub-scores (housework, occupational, and leisure PA) and a total PA score were calculated (metabolic equivalent of task, MET-hours/day). Multiple logistic regressions were performed, adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), study sites, and menopausal status. The models were then stratified by BMI and study site, respectively.
Results: The overall PA score among controls (17.8 MET-hours/day on average) was mainly composed by housework PA and occupational PA with little leisure PA (7.0, 10.3, and 0.5 MET-hours/day, respectively). Multivariable analyses showed that PA was significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk in both pre- and postmenopausal women (up to 60% risk reduction), with a dose-responsive relationship (Ptrend &lt; 0.001). The inverse association was strong among lean women, less strong but still significant among overweight women, but not existing among obese women. The inverse association held for all intensity-level and domains of PA.
Conclusions: PA of African women mainly consists of housework and work-related activities. The preliminary data show that PA may be significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk.
Impact: An inverse association between PA and breast cancer risk was observed among indigenous African women, a unique and understudied population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2748–56. ©2014 AACR.
Modulation of Alpha Activity in the Parieto-occipital Area by Distractors during a Visuospatial Working Memory Task: A Magnetoencephalographic Study
Authors: Ichihara-Takeda Satoe , Yazawa Shogo , Murahara Takashi , Toyoshima Takanobu , Shinozaki Jun , Ishiguro Masanori , Shiraishi Hideaki , Ikeda Nozomu , Matsuyama Kiyoji , Funahashi Shintaro , Nagamine Takashi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Oscillatory brain activity is known to play an essential role in information processing in working memory. Recent studies have indicated that alpha activity (8–13 Hz) in the parieto-occipital area is strongly modulated in working memory tasks. However, the function of alpha activity in working memory is open to several interpretations, such that alpha activity may be a direct neural correlate of information processing in working memory or may reflect disengagement from information processing in other brain areas. To examine the functional contribution of alpha activity to visuospatial working memory, we introduced visuospatial distractors during a delay period and examined neural activity from the whole brain using magnetoencephalography. The strength of event-related alpha activity was estimated using the temporal spectral evolution (TSE) method. The results were as follows: (1) an increase of alpha activity during the delay period as indicated by elevated TSE curves was observed in parieto-occipital sensors in both the working memory task and a control task that did not require working memory; and (2) an increase of alpha activity during the delay period was not observed when distractors were presented, although TSE curves were constructed only from correct trials. These results indicate that the increase of alpha activity is not directly related to information processing in working memory but rather reflects the disengagement of attention from the visuospatial input.
Size Precedes View: Developmental Emergence of Invariant Object Representations in Lateral Occipital Complex
Authors: Nishimura Mayu , Scherf K. Suzanne , Zachariou Valentinos , Tarr Michael J. , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Although object perception involves encoding a wide variety of object properties (e.g., size, color, viewpoint), some properties are irrelevant for identifying the object. The key to successful object recognition is having an internal representation of the object identity that is insensitive to these properties while accurately representing important diagnostic features. Behavioral evidence indicates that the formation of these kinds of invariant object representations takes many years to develop. However, little research has investigated the developmental emergence of invariant object representations in the ventral visual processing stream, particularly in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) that is implicated in object processing in adults. Here, we used an fMR adaptation paradigm to evaluate age-related changes in the neural representation of objects within LOC across variations in size and viewpoint from childhood through early adulthood. We found a dissociation between the neural encoding of object size and object viewpoint within LOC: by age of 5–10 years, area LOC demonstrates adaptation across changes in size, but not viewpoint, suggesting that LOC responses are invariant to size variations, but that adaptation across changes in view is observed in LOC much later in development. Furthermore, activation in LOC was correlated with behavioral indicators of view invariance across the entire sample, such that greater adaptation was correlated with better recognition of objects across changes in viewpoint. We did not observe similar developmental differences within early visual cortex. These results indicate that LOC acquires the capacity to compute invariance specific to different sources of information at different time points over the course of development.
“Me & My Brain”: Exposing Neuroscience's Closet Dualism
Authors: Mudrik Liad , Maoz Uri 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOur intuitive concept of the relations between brain and mind is increasingly challenged by the scientific world view. Yet, although few neuroscientists openly endorse Cartesian dualism, careful reading reveals dualistic intuitions in prominent neuroscientific texts. Here, we present the “double-subject fallacy”: treating the brain and the entire person as two independent subjects who can simultaneously occupy divergent psychological states and even have complex interactions with each other—as in “my brain knew before I did.” Although at first, such writing may appear like harmless, or even cute, shorthand, a closer look suggests that it can be seriously misleading. Surprisingly, this confused writing appears in various cognitive-neuroscience texts, from prominent peer-reviewed articles to books intended for lay audience. Far from being merely metaphorical or figurative, this type of writing demonstrates that dualistic intuitions are still deeply rooted in contemporary thought, affecting even the most rigorous practitioners of the neuroscientific method. We discuss the origins of such writing and its effects on the scientific arena as well as demonstrate its relevance to the debate on legal and moral responsibility.
DRD4 Long Allele Carriers Show Heightened Attention to High-priority Items Relative to Low-priority Items
Authors: Gorlick Marissa A. , Worthy Darrell A. , Knopik Valerie S. , McGeary John E. , Beevers Christopher G. , Maddox W. Todd 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Humans with seven or more repeats in exon III of the DRD4 gene (long DRD4 carriers) sometimes demonstrate impaired attention, as seen in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and at other times demonstrate heightened attention, as seen in addictive behavior. Although the clinical effects of DRD4 are the focus of much work, this gene may not necessarily serve as a “risk” gene for attentional deficits, but as a plasticity gene where attention is heightened for priority items in the environment and impaired for minor items. Here we examine the role of DRD4 in two tasks that benefit from selective attention to high-priority information. We examine a category learning task where performance is supported by focusing on features and updating verbal rules. Here, selective attention to the most salient features is associated with good performance. In addition, we examine the Operation Span (OSPAN) task, a working memory capacity task that relies on selective attention to update and maintain items in memory while also performing a secondary task. Long DRD4 carriers show superior performance relative to short DRD4 homozygotes (six or less tandem repeats) in both the category learning and OSPAN tasks. These results suggest that DRD4 may serve as a “plasticity” gene where individuals with the long allele show heightened selective attention to high-priority items in the environment, which can be beneficial in the appropriate context.
Characterization of Low-Level Winds of Southern and Coastal Delaware
Authors: Hughes Christopher P. , Veron Dana E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWinds across the Delaware Peninsula transport pollutants, modify the temperature, and play a critical role within the state’s agricultural and tourism industries. The low-level winds inland and near Delaware’s coastline are characterized using observations from eight meteorological stations operated by the Delaware Environmental Observing System and the National Data Buoy Center from 2005 through 2012. The low-level winds have pronounced dominant directions during the summer (southwest/southeast) and winter (northwest) seasons, with the greatest spatial and temporal variability occurring in the summer. This inhomogeneity was further investigated with a set of simulations of the low-level winds over the Delaware Bay and surrounding landmass using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for a subset of days from 2006 through 2012. The model was run with three nests, with the inner nest having a 2-km horizontal resolution. The randomly selected days were organized by synoptic type and season. Mesoscale wind events such as the sea-breeze circulation introduce significant variability in the local wind field of coastal Delaware—an effect that is seen in both observed and modeled data. Southerly winds off Delaware’s coast frequently shift counterclockwise up the Delaware Bay in alignment with the bay coastline. Long-term data from station B44009 (1984–2012) indicate a May decrease (0.03 m s−1 yr−1; significance p = 0.026) and an October increase (0.04 m s−1 yr−1; p = 0.006) of the mean wind speed. Results suggest that the local wind regime is multifaceted and contains significant seasonal, diurnal, and spatial variations.
The Relationship between Hurricane Potential Intensity and CAPE
Authors: Garner Stephen 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The theoretical minimum eyewall pressure of tropical cyclones can be computed from convective available potential energy (CAPE) if the buoyancy in the CAPE is allowed to feed back on the surface pressure via hydrostatic balance. The relationship between this so-called hurricane CAPE and the surface pressure is exploited by a widely used algorithm for hurricane potential intensity (PI). For the observed atmosphere, the algorithm is shown to yield significantly weaker pressure intensity (20%–25%) and velocity intensity (5%–10%) than the most familiar analytical formulas. This discrepancy is found to come mostly from thermodynamic approximations in the formulas.
The CAPE–PI algorithm makes a significant adjustment to the hurricane CAPE by subtracting the environmental CAPE. Most of the environmental profile becomes irrelevant as a result. Other steady-state theories retain the influence of the full environmental column. The impact of this choice on the pressure and velocity PI is analyzed. Another important choice—whether to allow the eyewall kinetic energy to contribute to the surface pressure perturbation—is also analyzed and quantified. The analytical formula for the velocity is updated with full moist thermodynamics and compared to the algorithm. The latter emerges as an excellent overall diagnostic of the underlying model. An exact algorithm for the velocity is also derived, based on its relationship to the radial derivative of hurricane CAPE. The thermodynamic efficiency often invoked to interpret velocity PI is identified as a marginal efficiency measured at the point of maximum energy dissipation rate and is contrasted with the global efficiency, which has a direct connection with the pressure intensity.
Timing Uncertainty of the Lightning Imaging Sensor
Authors: Bitzer Phillip M. , Christian Hugh J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe timing uncertainty of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), on orbit, is not currently accurately known. This is due to an imprecise value of the frame rate in the literature; the conceptual design value of 500 frames per second (fps) is often quoted. As researchers explore more ways to apply LIS data—in particular, the utility of group-level data, which correspond to strokes—a more precise value of the frame rate and timing uncertainty is important for proper understanding and use of the data. In this study, the average on-orbit frame rate was documented. From this, the timing uncertainty for LIS data was determined. Using on-orbit LIS data, the average frame rate of LIS is 558.58 fps and the timing uncertainty for LIS groups and events is 250 μs. It is shown that this uncertainty is associated with the quantization of the time of each frame. Further, the source time of optical pulses from lightning can have a bias that is not currently accounted for in the LIS data. This study shows how this correction can be on the order of the timing uncertainty, and a method in which this correction can be determined is outlined.