bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Installation, Hookup, and Commission Phase of Ghana's Fast-Tracked Jubilee Project
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Editorial Manager Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 23456, ’Jubilee Development Installation, Hookup, and Commissioning and Ready for Startup,’ by Laurent Culembourg, Kosmos Energy, Cory Weinbel, SPE, Anadarko Petroleum, Keith Mutimer, Tullow Oil, Frederic Chauvin, Technip, and Andrew McDonald, consultant, prepared for the 2012 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 30 April-3 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The Jubilee Field Development, 60 km offshore Ghana, began Phase 1 production just 3.5 years after field discovery. Here is highlighted the successful execution of the in-country installation, hookup, and commissioning (IHUC) phase of the project in conjunction with operations readiness and assurance activities to bring the production system safely to an on-time ready-for-startup (RFSU) condition. Success was found through integration of a multipartner project team and the management of critical interfaces.
Introduction
The Jubilee partners, along with the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC), decided to develop the field using a phased approach. The integrated project team (IPT) developed a plan to target just less than 300 million bbl in Phase 1 with a 17-well subsea system and a 120,000-BOPD floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) unit. Phase 1 was approved in Au-gust 2008, and first oil was achieved in November 2010.
The overall project schedule was aggressive, with critical path activities occurring primarily within the IHUC phase of the project.
Despite efforts to plan and meet the aggressive schedule, the IPT still encountered some significant challenges onshore and offshore Ghana during the IHUC phase. The key to resolving these issues successfully was linked with the execution strategy and the experienced team’s ability to develop a response plan and implement it successfully.
IHUC Planning, Organization, and Execution Strategy
The Jubilee Leadership Team (JLT) recognized that the IPT organization and interfaces with the unit operator needed to evolve with the progression of the project. As such, the development activities were divided into the following four phases, with governance models designed for each:
Phase 1—FPSO construction and subsea procurement
Phase 2—IHUC
Phase 3—Startup
Phase 4—Steady state
Contracting Strategy and Resources
A contracting strategy was put in place to favor IPT control over schedule imperatives with the following elements:
Selecting world-class contractors with records of delivering on-time projects with excellent engineering
Incentives for meeting, and penalties for failing to meet, critical milestones
Separating the scope of umbilical, riser, and flowline (URF) activities that could be performed off the critical path from those that had to be done on the critical path and negotiating different incentives/penalties for each
Guide to Borehole-Enlargement-Tool Selection
Authors: Denney Dennis 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Senior Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 142431, ’A Practical, Application-Based Guide to Borehole-Enlargement- Tool Selection,’ by J. McCarthy, SPE, J. Rebellon, SPE, S. Barton, SPE, and R. Rambhai, National Oilwell Varco, prepared for the 2011 Brazil Offshore Conference and Exhibition, Macae, Brazil, 14-17 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Borehole enlargement (BHE) has become commonplace. Still, it can be very demanding from planning and execution points of view, particularly in deepwater basins. To address the needs of challenging applications, a variety of tools has been developed. The two primary BHE methods use either eccentric or concentric tools. Depending on the type of well that is being drilled and the formation characteristics, the engineer must choose the optimal bottomhole assembly (BHA) and drilling parameters for successful BHE. Understanding the application is critical in delivering a successful BHE operation.
Introduction
BHE technology has enabled exploiting complex and unconventional reservoirs. Heavier and larger casing strings are set at greater depths, allowing operators to obtain improved recovery rates from the reservoirs. Each application must be analyzed thoroughly to provide the best design. Proper selection of BHE technology is critical. Improper selection of BHE technology can lead to complete loss of the well.
For this paper, a BHE tool is one that can expand a borehole beyond the diameter at which it can pass through. Typically, this means creating a borehole larger than the inner diameter of the casing already in place. BHE tools are defined by their pass-through diameter and their expanded diameter, or drill size. BHE tools can pass through casing (or other restriction) to create a larger-diameter hole than the restriction and then can be retrieved safely from the well.
To select the appropriate BHE technology, the engineer must understand the intricacies of the application and configure the drilling system to provide the best results in an economical and safe manner. Several factors affect this selection, some of which are set before the operation begins. Factors such as economics, rig capabilities, borehole quality, and drive type or system used to drill the well must be reviewed during the selection process.
BHE Technology
Fig. 1 shows the two primary categories of BHE tools: eccentric and concentric. Tools can be placed in the drillstring at two locations (at the bit or up in the drillstring). A third category of tools, the hole opener, often is thought of as a BHE tool, but these tools cannot generate a borehole larger than the minimum restriction of a well, so they do not fit the definition used here. However, they are sometimes used in conjunction with BHE tools, as a secondary cutting structure to provide a solid platform for the BHE device.
Many hole-enlargement products are available, each of which fits a particular application. The simplest are the fixed-cutter designs.
Remotely Operated Valve Eliminates Intervention in Well Barrier Placement
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: February 2015

Technology Update
In offshore deepwater and extended-reach wells, placing and removing deep-set barriers is often challenging largely because of the distances and depths involved. With operations more complicated in deviated and lateral wells, the challenges multiply. Often, coiled tubing or tractor systems are needed to set and retrieve deep-set barriers, increasing the expense, the time to complete the operation, and the inherent environmental and personnel risks.
Although placing the second, shallow-set barrier may be easier, it still involves elements of risk and significant expense because of the rig time needed. In some cases, up to 15 interventions are required during the completion phase of a well’s construction, thus resulting in considerable costs and increased safety risks.
However, if the barriers were deployed as an integral part of the completion string, and the well could be plugged or unplugged remotely, as often as required, no well intervention would be needed. The potential savings in rig time and the reduced risk would be significant, and having this capability could change the way that wells are completed.
A New Way to Complete Wells
A major step toward achieving this was taken in 2008 when Halliburton-Red Spider successfully deployed the eRED valve, a remotely operated ball valve that could be deployed on a lock or bridge plug to replace traditional plug and prong barriers.
The valve’s primary advantage was its remote operability that enabled it to be opened and closed as often as needed, each time eliminating an intervention. When the well completion is finished, the assembly is retrieved before the well is brought online. The valve has been used in about 200 jobs with more than 400 remote actuations successfully performed.
It soon became clear that a tubing-mounted, fullbore version of the valve would provide greater benefits because it would not require retrieval. Thus, the eRED-LV valve (Fig. 1) was developed, which enables operators to set or remove well barriers at any time without intervention or the use of surface control lines. With retrieval unnecessary, additional savings in rig time are achieved.
Condition and Performance Monitoring of Subsea Production Systems
Authors: JPT staff _ 
Published: February 2015

Young Technology Showcase
Integrity management involves availability, access, and the analysis of necessary information. Even though you identify what is wrong, you need someone who is able to correct the issue and who has the correct spare part. Operators are focused on maintaining production and they prefer to conduct maintenance at planned intervals. When things start to fail, procedures exist for whom to call, how to troubleshoot, and what to do next.
The goal of a condition and performance monitoring (CPM) system is to detect irregularities and the details associated with them before a production alarm situation is reached. That way, the appropriate action can be taken to ensure equipment availability (Fig. 1).
The increase in field complexity and the decrease in the number of control room operators makes it necessary to think differently when it comes to integrity management. Integrated operations combine the operator and vendor in a common team for troubleshooting and solving issues. CPM is a solution developed by FMC Technologies to avoid unplanned production stops.
How It Works
Data collectors receive directly tagged information from subsea control systems. While the topside control system is primarily focused on production critical data, the CPM data collector also assesses equipment performance and internal housekeeping data from smart instrumentation and the control system itself. The data is also streamed to a location where the operator and the support organization can access it. The CPM software performs a combined analysis on the data stream and on historical data to present a picture of the current condition and performance of the field. All data is added to a historical database for later access. The graphical user interface is designed to help fault-finding and to enhance understanding of the condition of the equipment. The analysis process uses steady-state and dynamic models of the equipment performance to detect changes. Knowledge from the customer support organization and vendors is used to develop algorithms targeting relevant known failure modes and performance issues.
Maternal Deprivation of Lewis Rat Pups Increases the Severity of Experi-mental Periodontitis in Adulthood
Authors: Breivik Torbjørn , Gundersen Yngvar , Murison Robert , Turner Jonathan D , Muller Claude P , Gjermo Per , Opstad Kristian 
Published: February 2015

Background and Objective:
Early life adverse events may influence susceptibility/resistance to chronic inflammatory diseases later in life by permanently dysregulating brain-controlled immune-regulatory systems. We have investigated the impact of infant-mother separation during early postnatal life on the severity of experimental periodontitis, as well as systemic stress and immune responses, in adulthood.

Material and Methods:
Pups of periodontitis resistant Lewis rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily during postnatal days 2-14 (termed maternal deprivation; MD), separated for 15 min daily during the same time period (termed handling; HD), or left undisturbed. As adults, their behaviour was tested in a novel stressful situation, and ligature-induced periodontitis applied for 21 days. Two h before sacrifice all rats were exposed to a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to induce a robust immune and stress response.

Results:
Compared to undisturbed controls, MD rats developed significantly more periodontal bone loss as adults, whereas HD rats showed a tendency to less disease. MD and HD rats exhibited depression-like behaviour in a novel open field test, while MD rats showed higher glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) expression in the hippocampus, and HD rats had altered methylation of genes involved in the expression of hippocampal Gr. LPS provoked a significantly lower increase in circulating levels of the cytokine TGF-1β in MD and HD rats, but there were no significant differences in levels of the stress hormone corticosterone.

Conclusion:
Stressful environmental exposures in very early life may alter immune responses in a manner that influences susceptibility/resistance to periodontitis.
The Effects of Independent Expert Recommendations on Juror Judgments of Auditor Negligence
Authors: Grenier Jonathan H. , Lowe D. Jordan , Reffett Andrew , Warne Rick C. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARY
Audit firms claim that they are subject to unreasonable litigation risk and that legal reforms are needed. One frequently proposed reform is to utilize independent (i.e., court-appointed) experts to examine case facts and provide recommendations to the court. This study provides theory and evidence to examine the general effects of such recommendations on jurors' judgments and, also, more specifically, to inform critics' concerns that jurors will merely “rubber stamp” independent experts' recommendations. Results of an experiment indicate that independent experts' recommendations shift jurors' judgments in the direction of the recommendation, but that such effects depend on jurors' perceptions of the experts' credibility. Further, consistent with critics' concerns, independent experts' recommendations reduce jurors' sensitivity to specific case facts in some, but not all, contexts. Specifically, when the experts conclude that the auditors were negligent, jurors' negligence judgments are insensitive to variation in specific case facts (the auditors' use versus nonuse of a specialist), but are sensitive to such variation when the experts conclude that the auditors were not negligent. Implications for theory, practice, and regulation are discussed.
Data Availability: Available from the authors upon request.
Using Construal Level Theory to Motivate Accounting Research: A Literature Review
Authors: Weisner Martin M. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
This study reviews extant literature on construal level theory (CLT) of psychological distance (Liberman and Trope 1998; Trope and Liberman 2003). According to CLT, the concept of psychological distance constitutes a common meaning shared by four interrelated dimensions: temporal distance, social distance, spatial distance, and hypotheticality. The core premise is that psychological distance is tied to the level of mental construal (i.e., mental representation), such that more distant objects (or situations) are construed at a higher level and higher-level construals evoke thoughts of more distant objects (Trope and Liberman 2010). CLT further suggests that mental construals influence evaluation, prediction, and behavior (Trope, Liberman, and Wakslak 2007). In spite of the fact that CLT is considered a prominent contemporary theory and comprehensive framework for judgment and decision-making, behavioral accounting research, with few exceptions, has largely ignored the theory's predictions and insights. However, as accounting, auditing, and business in general become increasingly global and geographically dispersed, the perspectives provided by CLT should no longer be ignored. This study aims at illustrating CLT's potential for investigating hitherto unexplained phenomena within the accounting domain and argues that CLT provides the potential for a superior understanding of the heuristics and biases in judgment and decision-making that are associated with distance-affected decision environments. The paper reviews the findings reported in 88 articles (and one book chapter) with an emphasis on publications that apply CLT in contexts that are of particular interest to accounting researchers. CLT's underlying theoretical logic, its commonalities, and its differences with related theories and models are explained through a detailed review of the insights gained from basic CLT research. Commonly applied methods associated with experimental manipulations are highlighted, and broad, CLT-based research questions pertaining to various accounting domains are offered.
Occlusal Caries Extension in Relation to Visual and Radiographic Diagnostic Criteria: Results from a Microcomputed Tomography Study
Authors: Bücher K , Galler M , Seitz M , Hickel R , Kunzelmann K-H , Kühnisch J 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARY

Objective
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate occlusal caries extension in relation to visual and radiographic diagnostic criteria and their clinical value to indicate operative or preventive dental care.

Methods
A total of 196 third molars with clinically sound occlusal fissures or noncavitated lesions were collected. Before microcomputed tomography (μCT) investigation, each tooth was examined visually and radiographically. Kühnisch's μCT-based caries-extension index (CE index) was used to determine the caries depth on a numeric scale (0 = sound; 0.01-0.99 = enamel caries; 1.0-1.99 = dentin caries). Sensitivities (SEs), specificities (SPs), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az value) were also calculated.

Results
Based on μCT data, the following mean CE index values and standard deviations (SDs) were documented according to the visual criteria: sound = 0.6 (0.4); first visible signs = 0.9 (0.4); established lesions = 1.3 (0.3); microcavities = 1.4 (0.2); dentin exposure = 1.5 (0.2); and large cavities = 1.5 (0.3). The radiographic categories according to Marthaler (enamel caries [D0-2], caries in the outer half of dentin [D3], and caries in the inner half of dentin [D4]) were related to CE index values of 0.9 (0.4), 1.4 (0.2) and 1.6 (0.4), respectively. Caries detected visually or radiographically showed an SE of 84% and an SP of 85% (Az = 0.85). When both methods were used to predict dentin involvement simultaneously, SE = 27%, SP = 100%, and Az = 0.63; this combined visual and radiographic approach was associated with a perfect specificity and no false-negative decisions. The proportion of false-positive diagnoses was moderately high, and lesion extension in these cases was mainly limited to the outer 20% of the dentin.

Conclusions
Our results might be useful for differentiating between preventive and operative dental care for pits and fissures.
Conclusion. Les mécanismes du soulèvement des bourrelets
Authors: Birot Pierre 
Published: February 2015

Conclusion : the mechanisms of uplift. In the most cases (excepting northern Ghats and perhaps south african bulge), the mechanisms of uplift will be sought into light infracrustal roots, proceeding either directly from heating, either from transformation of ec/ogites into gabbros. The models must take into account the rythm of uplift, as registered by geomorphological-geological research.
Some mechanisms of uplift of the bulges have been discussed. M.F. André suggests that asthenosphere is pushed beneath the continental bulge by subsidence of the dead cooling Labrador dorsal. Y. Battiau-Queney invokes the excess of lithostatic preasure in the new oceanic lithosphere respect to the continental one. P. Birot tests a model where the light roots of the bulges result from the thermal thinning of continental lithosphère «eaten» by warmer asthenosphere. But the process probably exceeds the imparted geological time. Better achievement is obtained by the model of Mlle Fleitout where the heating of the cold continental lower lithosphere proceeds from its replacing by advection of infra-oceanic matter.
Prediction of Clinical Response After 1 Year of Infliximab Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Disease Activity at 3 Months: Posthoc Analysis of the RISING Study
Authors: Takeuchi Tsutomu , Miyasaka Nobuyuki , Inui Takashi , Yano Toshiro , Yoshinari Toru , Abe Tohru , Koike Takao 
Published: February 2015

Objective.To investigate the probability of clinical remission (REM) or low disease activity (LDA) after 1 year of infliximab (IFX) therapy based on disease activity at 3 months in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Methotrexate-refractory patients with RA received 3 mg/kg of IFX at weeks 0, 2, and 6, followed by 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg every 8 weeks from Week 14 (W14) to Week 46. Correlation of disease activity at W14 with disease activity at W54 and probability of REM/LDA at W54 were analyzed in each dosing group.Results.Disease activities at W14 were significantly correlated with both disease activity at W54 and probability of REM/LDA at W54 in patients continuing 3 mg/kg as well as in those receiving 6 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg therapy from W14. Results showed that, if approximate REM or LDA had not been achieved by W14, > 50% of patients continuing 3 mg/kg therapy would not be able to achieve REM or LDA at W54. However, even in patients with high or moderate disease activity at W14, dose escalation to 6 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg enabled many to achieve REM/LDA.Conclusion.Disease activity at W14 in standard-dose IFX therapy enabled the prediction of longterm clinical response at continued standard dose, as well as subsequent escalated-dose regimens. Disease activity at W14 was hypothesized to be an important index for IFX treatment strategy.
Feasibility and Domain Validation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Flare Core Domain Set: Report of the OMERACT 2014 RA Flare Group Plenary
Authors: Bartlett Susan J. , Bykerk Vivian P. , Cooksey Roxanne , Choy Ernest H. , Alten Rieke , Christensen Robin , Furst Daniel E. , Guillemin Francis , Halls Serena , Hewlett Sarah , Leong Amye L. , Lyddiatt Anne , March Lyn , Montie Pamela , Orbai Ana Maria , Pohl Christoph , Voshaar Marieke Scholte , Woodworth Thasia G. , Bingham Clifton O. 
Published: February 2015

Objective.The Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Flare Group was established to develop an approach to identify and measure RA flares. An overview of our OMERACT 2014 plenary is provided.Methods.Feasibility and validity of flare domains endorsed at OMERACT 11 (2012) were described based on initial data from 3 international studies collected using a common set of questions specific to RA flare. Mean flare frequency, severity, and duration data were presented, and domain scores were compared by flare status to examine known-groups validity. Breakout groups provided input for stiffness, self-management, contextual factors, and measurement considerations.Results.Flare data from 501 patients in an observational study indicated 39% were in flare, with mean (SD) severity of 6.0 (2.6) and 55% lasting > 14 days. Pain, physical function, fatigue, participation, and stiffness scores averaged ≥ 2 times higher (2 of 11 points) in flaring individuals. Correlations between flare domains and corresponding legacy instruments were obtained: r = 0.46 to 0.93. A combined definition (patient report of flare and 28-joint Disease Activity Score increase) was evaluated in 2 other trials, with similar results. Breakout groups debated specific measurement issues.Conclusion.These data contribute initial evidence of feasibility and content validation of the OMERACT RA Flare Core Domain Set. Our research agenda for OMERACT 2016 includes establishing duration/intensity criteria and developing criteria to identify RA flares using existing disease activity measures. Ongoing work will also address discordance between patient and physician ratings, facilitate application of flare criteria to clinical care, elucidate the role of self-management, and finalize recommendations for RA flare measurement.