bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of 2-cyano-3-ferrocenylacrylonitrile with malononitrile: formation of 4-ferrocenylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives and sodium polymeric complexes containing carbanionic ligands
Authors: Klimova Elena Ivanovna , García Marcos Martínez , Sánchez García Jessica Jazmin , Apan Teresa Ramírez , Churakov Andrei V. , Beletskaya Irina Petrovna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The reactions of 2-cyano-3-ferrocenylacrylonitrile with malononitrile in a EtOH/H2O or MeOH/H2O medium in the presence of Na2CO3 afforded 6-alkoxy-2-amino-4-ferrocenylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles 3a,b (multi-component condensation), 6-alkoxy-2-amino-4-ferrocenyl-3-ferrocenylmethyl-3,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles 4a,b (multi-component cyclodimerization) and Na+ polymeric complexes: {[Na+(2-ferrocenyl(tetracyano)propenyl)–L]∞5a,b and [Na+(2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-ferrocenyl-6-pyridyl-dicyanomethyl)–L]∞6a,b, where L = ethanol, methanol. Complexes with L = acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, acetone, ethyl acetate were prepared by recrystallization. The structures of the compounds 3b, 4b and Na+ polymeric complexes were established by the spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis. Two compounds 3a and 4a were tested in vitro against six human tumor cell lines U-251, PC-3, K-562, HCT-15, MCF-7 and SKLU-1 to assess their in vitro antitumor activity. The results suggest biological specificity towards PC-3, K-562 and HCT-15 cells for compound 3a, and towards PC-3 cell for compound 4a at doses of 50 μM, which are lower than cis-platin.
Advantages of polymer-supported multivalent organocatalysts for the Baylis-Hillman reaction over their soluble analogues
Authors: Barak-Kulbak Einav , Goren Kerem , Portnoy Moshe 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Immobilization of well-defined catalytic units onto insoluble support promises significant benefits, but frequently results in a reduced activity and selectivity of the heterogenized catalysts. Recently, we showed that introduction of a dendritic spacer between the support and the units could remedy the compromised activity and/or selectivity of heterogenized catalysts and, in particular, of the systems based on N-alkylated imidazoles. These catalysts exhibit an outstanding multivalency effect on the activity in the Baylis-Hillman reaction, while preserving very high chemoselectivity. In order to better understand this remarkable effect, we decided to synthesize and examine soluble analogues of the supported systems. These soluble catalysts display poor chemoselectivity, although it improves with the increase of the dendritic generation. Though the consumption of the limiting aldehyde reactant (conversion) displays the opposite trend, experiments demonstrated that the chemoselectivity is generation-dependent rather than conversion-dependent. A hydrophobic “pocket” effect was implicated as responsible for the differences between the polystyrene-bound and the soluble catalysts. An MS analysis of the crude reaction mixture revealed that the formation of multiple adducts, which incorporate several enone and several nitrobenzaldehyde fragments into a single molecular structure (as opposed to one-to-one stoichiometry of the Baylis-Hillman reaction), is responsible for the decline in the chemoselectivity.
Phosphonium grafted styrene–divinylbenzene resins impregnated with iron(III) and crown ethers for arsenic removal
Authors: Negrea Adina , Popa Adriana , Ciopec Mihaela , Lupa Lavinia , Negrea Petru , Davidescu Corneliu M. , Motoc Marinela , Mînzatu Vasile 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In the present work a polymer with phosphonium pendant groups impregnated with crown ether (dibenzo-18-crown-6) and loaded with iron ions was investigated for arsenic removal through adsorption from aqueous solutions. The impregnated polymer was loaded with iron ions due to the high affinity of arsenic to it. The characterization of the surface modification of the obtained new adsorbent material was performed on the basis of energy dispersive X-ray analysis; scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The arsenic adsorption was investigated, including effect of pH, arsenic initial concentration, the shaking time and temperature. The effect of the pH was examined over the range 2–11. The adsorption of As(V) increases with pH increasing reaching a maximum at pH higher than 8. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were carried out to study the adsorption performance of the obtained material in the removal process of arsenic from aqueous solutions. For the studied materials the equilibrium data closely fitted Langmuir model and was achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 32.6 μg As(V)/g of material. The pseudo-second order kinetic model is suitable for describing the adsorption system. The obtained results show that the studied adsorbent can be used with efficiency in the arsenic removal from underground water even from low influent arsenic concentration solutions.
Language contact and variation patterns in Walser German subordination
Authors: Negro Silvia Dal 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Walser German is an archaic variety of Alemannic still spoken in few isolated communities in the Italian Alps. These dialects are characterized by extreme variability, language contact and decay. Moreover, they have developed independently from one another, partly because of different sociolinguistic conditions and partly because lack of contact from one another. Today, this variety of linguistic outcomes and sociolinguistic contexts offers us wealth of linguistic material that can help us reconstruct the development of innovative syntactic structures in subordination and of a mixed system of complementizers.
The syntax of subordination in Cimbrian and the rationale behind language

contact
Authors: Bidese Ermenegildo , Padovan Andrea , Tomaselli Alessandra 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The aim of this contribution is twofold: (i) providing a detailed description of subordination in Cimbrian and (ii) discussing the concept of language contact in terms of feature transfer. As has been recently pointed out, Cimbrian declarative and relative clauses display a unique pattern among the German dialects w.r.t. embedding. In fact, different complementizers trigger different syntax as regards the position of the finite verb. In our contribution, we extend the analysis to adverbial clauses for the first time and also investigate the double pattern of embedding in indirect wh-questions. Our data suggest that contact-induced syntactic change can be explained in terms of transfer of single abstract features.
On the variability of Texas German wo as a complementizer
Authors: Boas Hans C. , Pierce Marc , Brown Collin L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper investigates the multiple functions of wo in the complementizer position of relative and non-relative clauses in Texas German (= TxG), a critically endangered diaspora dialect of German, in order to determine whether its distribution is unique or comparable to that of wo in Standard German. We further attempt to determine whether the different functions of wo in the complementizer position are due to internal or external factors. Finally, we address the question of whether the variability of wo is perhaps indicative of the imminent demise of TxG.
An Empirical Study on the Wake Around a Squatting Worker in a Confined Space
Authors: Ojima June 
Published: October 2014

An Empirical Study on the Wake Around a Squatting Worker in a Confined Space: Jun OJIMA. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health—ObjectivesWhen an air current flows from behind a worker, the contaminant level in the breathing zone may increase due to the wake around the worker. Researchers have been investigating about this wake, and much knowledge has been provided about the wake that appears around a standing worker. However, the wake around a squatting worker has not been addressed. This study aimed to describe the wake in front of a worker squatting in a confined space by using a model worker and a chamber and investigate the conditions in which this wake develops easily.MethodsA mannequin was employed as a model worker and was placed in the chamber to simulate a squatting worker in a confined space. Then, air was sent from behind under various conditions with a fan, and the wake was observed.ResultsA wake appeared when smoke was emitted at 0–0.1 m from the point just below the breathing zone, and most of the wake region was in the range between the point just below the model worker's breathing zone and body. A wake did not appear when a fan of 0.15 m in diameter was used. The flow rate and velocity of the airflow were almost irrelevant with respect to wake development.ConclusionsThe following are recommended based on the results of the present study. i) The distance between a source of contaminants and the point just below the breathing zone should be more than 0.2 m. ii) An air duct with a cross‐section of less than 0.02 m2is desirable to avoid producing a wake.
Near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the prediction of carbon and nitrogen in an Oxisol
Authors: Camacho-Tamayo Jesús H. , Rubiano S. Yolanda , Hurtado S. María del Pilar 
Published: October 2014

The characterization of soil properties through laboratory analysis is an essential part of the diagnosis of the potential use of lands and their fertility. Conventional chemical analyzes are expensive and time consuming, hampering the adoption of crop management technologies, such as precision agriculture. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the prediction of the carbon and nitrogen of Typic Hapludox. In the A and B horizons, 1,240 samples were collected in order to determine the total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) contents, obtain the NIR spectral curve, and build models using partial least squares regression. The use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and statistical techniques allowed for the quantification of the TC with adequate models of prediction based on a small number of samples, an residual prediction deviation RPD greater than 2.0, an R2 greater than 0.80 and a low root mean square error RMSE. For TN, models with a good level of prediction were not obtained. The results based on the NIR models were able to be integrated directly into the geostatistical evaluations, obtaining similar digital maps from the observed and predicted TC. The use of pedometric techniques showed promising results for these soils and constitutes a basis for the development of this area of research on soil science in Colombia.
Nutrient uptake of the criolla potato (Solanum phureja var. Galeras) for the determination of critical nutritional levels
Authors: Suarez M. Carlos A. , Torres B. Jaime 
Published: October 2014

Based on the nutrient uptake of the criolla potato (Solanum phureja var. Galeras), the critical nutritional levels were determined on a farm in the Carrizal district of the municipality of Granada (Cundinamarca). Five fertilizing treatments were used: 0 fertilization (control), commercial control (CC), proposed recommendation + 50% (PR + 50%), proposed recommendation (PR), proposed recommendation - 50% (PR - 50%); organized with a random complete block design with three repetitions and repeated measurements over time; in each one, the material and nutrient absorption were evaluated in four phonological stages; in which the harvest, yield and profitability were measured. It was observed that the dry material increased rapidly until 113 days after planting (dap) and was higher in treatments CC and PR + 50% with 8,818 and 7,743 kg ha-1 , respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu and B did not present significant differences over time after 77 dap in treatments CC and PR + 50%. There were no significant differences in yield for treatments CC and PR + 50% but there were significant differences between these treatments and the others. The economic analysis showed that treatment CC had the highest profitability, confirming this as the critical level for the Galeras variety in Granada (Cundinamarca).
The effect of high iron doses (Fe2+) on the growth of broccoli plants (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)
Authors: Peña-Olmos Jaime E. , Casierra Posada Fánor , Olmos-Cubides Misael A. 
Published: October 2014

Tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions in Tunja (Colombia) in order to evaluate the effect of Fe2+ toxicity on the growth of broccoli plants. 'Legacy' hybrid Brassica oleracea var. Italica plantlets were grown in glass containers with a nutritive solution. Iron sulfate was added to the substrate in order to produce excess iron at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1; a control without iron sulfate applications was used. The following evaluations were made: leaf area, total dry weight of the plants, distribution of dry mass (DM) in the different organs, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and the root:shoot ratio. The total DM decreased drastically in the plants subjected to excess Fe2+, the growth indices progressively decreased with increases in the Fe2+ concentrations in the substrate and the distribution of DM in the organs varied as a function of the needs of the plants, with 15.85 and 11.10% less DM in the roots of the plants subjected to Fe2+ than in the control plants, at 100 and 250 mg L-1, respectively.
La gestión del conocimiento y la calidad de la docencia de postgrado en las universidades: un estudio exploratorio
Authors: Rodríguez-Ponce Emilio , Cohen-Hornickel Wladimir , Pedraja-Rejas Liliana , Araneda-Guirriman Carmen , Rodríguez-Ponce Juan 
Published: October 2014

La investigación tiene por objetivo explorar y analizar si el proceso de gestión del conocimiento tiene un impacto significativo sobre la calidad de la docencia de postgrado. Para este fin, se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 48 directivos de universidades chilenas; posteriormente, se comprobó la fiabilidad de los datos recogidos; luego, se llevó a cabo un Análisis de Componentes Principales para las dimensiones de la gestión del conocimiento y un Análisis de Regresión Lineal Simple para ver su impacto sobre la docencia de postgrado. Los resultados del estudio muestran que la gestión del conocimiento tiene una capacidad explicativa del 38,4% sobre la calidad de la docencia de postgrado. En consecuencia, el modelo planteado es estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,01). De este modo, se concluye que la gestión del conocimiento tiene un impacto positivo en la calidad de la docencia de postgrado.
Properties of Dopants in ZnGeP2, CdGeAs2, AgGaS2 and AgGaSe2
Authors: Bairamov B.H. , Rud' V.Yu. , Rud' Yu.V. 
Published: October 2014

Ternary-chalcopyrite structure ZnGeP2, CdGeAs2 (II-IV-V2) and AgGaS2, AgGaSe2 (I-III-VI2) compounds are currently of technological interest. They show the most promise for practical nonlinear optical applications in the areas of high-efficiency optical parametric oscillators and frequency up-converters for the infrared (ir) range as well as for widespectral-range optoelectronic devices. (See also the article by Schunemann, Schepler, and Budni in this issue.) However extensive realization of their potential has still not been achieved. One of the principal difficulties in the way to obtaining high-device-quality ZnGeP2, CdGeAs2, AgGaS2, and AgGaSe2 single crystals is undesired optical absorption in their transparency range near the fundamental band edge induced by lattice-related defects. This article summarizes selected aspects of dopant-incorporation techniques of these crystals including dopant choice of dopant material and monitoring of dopant incorporation as done in our laboratory.In general for the ternary chalcopyrite compounds, doping-incorporation processes are more complicated in comparison to those of binary zinc-blende III-V compounds. The most common sources of dominant incorporation of acceptors and donors in as-grown chalcopyrites are believed to appear from (1) nonstoichiometric melts as well as by doping with different elements during the growth process and (2) incomplete removal of disorder on the cation sublattice during subsequent cooling. Furthermore the chalcopyrite structure II-IV-V2 undergoes a disorder-order phase transition upon cooling through approximately 1220 K for ZnGeP2 and 900 K for CdGeAs2. At these transition temperatures, solidification can be complicated also by supercooling phenomena, and the crystals transform from the cubic zinc-blende structure (where Zn atoms randomly fill cation sites) to the ordered chalcopyrite structure (e.g., when Zn and Ge occupy alternating cation sites in ZnGeP2).
Is Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia? A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Gil‐Montoya José A. , Sanchez‐Lara Ines , Carnero‐Pardo Cristobal , Fornieles Francisco , Montes Juan , Vilchez Rosa , Burgos J. S. , Gonzalez‐Moles M. A. , Barrios Rocío , Bravo Manuel 
Published: October 2014

Background: Dementia is a multi‐etiologic syndrome characterized by multiple cognitive deficits but not always by the presence of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is associated with multiple non‐modifiable risk factors but few modifiable factors. Epidemiologic studies have shown an association between periodontitis, a potentially modifiable risk factor, and cognitive impairment. The objective of this study is to determine whether clinical periodontitis is associated with the diagnosis of cognitive impairment/dementia after controlling for known risk factors, including age, sex, and education level.Methods: A case‐control study was conducted in Granada, Spain, in two groups of dentate individuals aged >50 years: 1) cases with a firm diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia of any type or severity and 2) controls with no subjective memory loss complaints and a score >30 in the Phototest cognitive test (screening test for cognitive impairment). Periodontitis was evaluated by measuring tooth loss, plaque and bleeding indexes, probing depths, and clinical attachment loss (AL).Results: The study included 409 dentate adults, 180 with cognitive impairment and 229 without. A moderate and statistically significant association was observed between AL and cognitive impairment after controlling for age, sex, education level, oral hygiene habits, and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.049). No significant association was found between tooth loss and cognitive impairment.Conclusion: Periodontitis appears to be associated with cognitive impairment after controlling for confounders such as age, sex, and education level.
Antimicrobial Activity of Platelet‐Rich Plasma and Other Plasma Preparations Against Periodontal Pathogens
Authors: Yang Li‐Chiu , Hu Suh‐Woan , Yan Min , Yang Jaw‐Ji , Tsou Sing‐Hua , Lin Yuh‐Yih 
Published: October 2014

Background: In addition to releasing a pool of growth factors during activation, platelets have many features that indicate their role in the anti‐infective host defense. The antimicrobial activities of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and related plasma preparations against periodontal disease–associated bacteria were evaluated.Methods: Four distinct plasma fractions were extracted in the formulation used commonly in dentistry and were tested for their antibacterial properties against three periodontal bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The minimum inhibitory concentration of each plasma preparation was determined, and in vitro time‐kill assays were used to detect their abilities to inhibit bacterial growth. Bacterial adhesion interference and the susceptibility of bacterial adherence by these plasma preparations were also conducted.Results: All plasma preparations can inhibit bacterial growth, with PRP showing the superior activity. Bacterial growth inhibition by PRP occurred in the first 24 hours after application in the time‐kill assay. PRP interfered with P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans attachment and enhanced exfoliation of attached P. gingivalis but had no influences on F. nucleatum bacterial adherence.Conclusions: PRP expressed antibacterial properties, which may be attributed to platelets possessing additional antimicrobial molecules. The application of PRP on periodontal surgical sites is advisable because of its regenerative potential and its antibacterial effects.
Radial Nerve Mobilization Reduces Lateral Elbow Pain and Provides Short-Term Relief in Computer Users§
Authors: Arumugam Vanitha , Selvam Senthil , MacDermid Joy C 
Published: October 2014

Study Design :Prospective Experimental Study.Background :Computer users may be at risk of lateral elbow pain. It is theorized that adverse mechanical tension can arise in the radial nerve with sustained keyboarding due to sustained static work of the elbow extensor muscles. Neural mobilization has been suggested as a potential treatment.Purpose :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of neural mobilization of the radial nerve on a single occasion in terms of its ability to reduce lateral elbow pain.Methods and Analysis :Forty-one computer professionals (Mean age 46.7; S.D. 12.77), who had experienced lateral elbow pain for a mean of 2.87 months were recruited. The participants rated the pain using a verbal, numeric rating scale (NRS). Radial nerve tension was tested using the Upper limb Tension Test (ULTT) for radial nerve in both upper extremities. The radial nerve was mobilized using a series of 8 oscillations and repeated 3 times with a one minute rest in between. The NRS and ULLT were repeated after treatment and the scores compared using a paired t-test by the first author.Results :The mean NRS scores decreased significantly from 5.7 (1.1) to 3.8 (1.4) (p<0.000; t value=8.07).Conclusion :A single session of 3 neural mobilization resulted in a reduction of pain in computer users with lateral elbow pain. A long-term randomized trial is needed to determine the effects sustained over-time.
Trabeculectomy Improves Vessel Response Measured by Dynamic Vessel Analysis (DVA) in Glaucoma Patients
Authors: J Michael Selbach , Schallenberg Maurice , Kramer Sebastian , Anastassiou Gerasimos , Steuhl Klaus-Peter , Vilser Walthard , Kremmer Stephan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose :
To determine the effects of surgical IOP reduction (trabeculectomy) on retinal blood flow parameters in glaucoma patients using Dynamic Vessel Analysis (DVA).

Methods :
26 eyes of 26 patients with progressive primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) despite maximal topical therapy were examined before and after trabeculectomy. The responses of the retinal vessels to flickering light provocation were measured with DVA the day before surgery and 4 to 6 weeks after trabeculectomy. Between 3 and 4 weeks before surgery all local therapies were stopped and a systemic therapy with acetazolamide and conservative free topic steroidal eye drops was started.

Results :
In 19 patients (73%), an inadequate response to the flicker stimulation was measured preoperatively. In these patients, the maximum dilation of arteries and veins was reduced significantly as compared to healthy eyes. In this group, the maximum dilation of the arteries following the flicker provocation improved from 1.4% before to 3.8% following trabeculectomy (p<0.01). In retinal veins, this parameter increased from 3.1% to 4.6% (p<0.05). In the 7 patients whose arterial and venous reactions to flickering light provocation preoperatively did not differ from healthy eyes, there was no significant change after surgery. The initial baseline values of arteries and veins (MU) did not deviate significantly in both groups.

Conclusion :
POAG patients with progressive disease and impaired vascular regulation profit from IOP lowering trabeculectomy concerning vascular reactivity and dilative reserve, indicating a possible improvement of retinal perfusion following effective IOP control. Future studies with long-term follow-up must determine the clinical importance of these findings for the treatment of glaucoma patients.