bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream
Authors: Warren D. R. , Harvey C. J. , McClure M. M. , Sanderson B. L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Declining abundance of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha across the Pacific Northwest is an issue of great concern ecologically, culturally, and economically. Growth during the first summer is vitally important for juvenile Chinook Salmon, as it influences not only life history decisions (to smolt or not to smolt) but also subsequent river and ocean survival. Using Ecopath with Ecosim, we developed a food web model for a representative stream in the Salmon River basin, Idaho, to evaluate potential species-specific and food web effects of three management strategies: (1) adding salmon carcasses or carcass analogs to promote primary production and detrital availability that were lost due to declining salmon returns; (2) removal of nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, which are competitors with and predators on juvenile Chinook Salmon; and (3) stocking hatchery Chinook Salmon into streams to supplement wild production. Overall, juvenile Chinook Salmon responded strongly to increases in basal resources. Removal of Brook Trout had little effect on potential production for juvenile Chinook Salmon, but the responses of sculpins Cottus spp. were strong, primarily due to the sculpins’ high degree of dietary overlap with and predation by Brook Trout. Supplementation with hatchery-origin juveniles depressed the production of wild juvenile Chinook Salmon, especially at the densities commonly applied to streams in this region. Our results suggest that efforts to enhance basal resources are likely to be the most effective in promoting the production of juvenile Chinook Salmon and nearly all food web groups considered in our model system. Removal of nonnative Brook Trout is unlikely to substantially affect salmon but could have a disproportionately large effect on nongame species, which are generally overlooked in single-species management approaches.
Received October 2, 2013; accepted March 24, 2014
Otolith Daily Increment Deposition in Age-0 Smallmouth Bass Reared in Constant and Fluctuating Water Temperatures
Authors: Hill Angela A. , Bestgen Kevin R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We reared embryos and larvae of Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu in constant and diel fluctuating water temperatures (mean of 20°C) to clarify when otolith first daily increments were deposited and the periodicity of increment formation. Unlike the results of previously published studies, we found that first-increment formation began at hatching rather than 7–11 d later at swim-up. We confirmed that increment deposition was daily and extended the daily increment validation period from 21 d to 30 d posthatch. Accurate and precise age estimation was possible for Smallmouth Bass reared in both constant and fluctuating temperature environments, as age estimates rarely varied more than 1 d from true age. We also found consistent estimated ages using either left or right sagittae and showed relationships for Smallmouth Bass total length as a function of age, and otolith diameter as a function of total length. Otolith daily increment counts allow accurate and precise estimates of Smallmouth Bass age, which enables determination of hatch date, timing of spawning, and growth rate. These findings may assist with the management of this species, as well as provide information that can be used to disadvantage reproductive success of invasive Smallmouth Bass.
Received October 31, 2013; accepted March 28, 2014
Effects of Seawalls and Piers on Fish Assemblages and Juvenile Salmon Feeding Behavior
Authors: Munsch Stuart H. , Cordell Jeffery R. , Toft Jason D. , Morgan Erin E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Shoreline modifications, such as seawall armoring and piers, are ubiquitous along developed waterfronts worldwide, and recent research suggests that their ecological effects are primarily negative. We utilized snorkel surveys to quantify the effects of seawalls and piers on fish in nearshore habitats of an urbanized estuary in Puget Sound, Washington. We observed 17 species of fish and 4 species of crab during April–August 2012 at sites modified by seawalls and piers and at reference beach sites with minimal anthropogenic structures. Species assemblages at modified sites were significantly different from those at reference beaches. At modified sites, fish distribution and assemblage structure varied with proximity to the shade cast by piers; overall fish abundances were reduced under piers, and the greatest abundances were observed at high tides in areas directly adjacent to piers. Juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. were the dominant fish species, and piers reduced their presence and feeding, indicating that areas under piers provide less-valuable habitat to salmon species. Piers may interrupt movements of juvenile salmon when they use shallow waters along shorelines to migrate from freshwater to marine habitats, as juvenile salmon tend to avoid shade under piers, especially at high tides. Our results show that shoreline modifications can alter species assemblage structure, thus potentially creating novel combinations and abundances of species, and can reduce habitat function for species that utilize these and similar habitats elsewhere.
Received December 27, 2013; accepted March 27, 2014
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Spring Chinook Salmon from the Upper Willamette River, Oregon
Authors: Johnson Marc A. , Friesen Thomas A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Effective management of Pacific salmon requires an accurate understanding of both population genetic diversity and structure. Spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the upper Willamette River (UWR), Oregon, are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and although this evolutionarily significant unit is recognized to be distinct from other Columbia River stocks, genetic relationships among its constituent hatchery and wild populations remain obscure. We used genotypic data from 13 microsatellite loci to test whether hatchery populations of UWR spring Chinook Salmon are most similar to wild populations within the same subbasin, or whether hatchery populations from different subbasins are more similar to each other than to local wild populations. We also tested for differences between the genetic diversities of hatchery and wild populations, as measured through heterozygosity and allelic richness. Our results suggest that populations are weakly structured among subbasins and, in all cases, hatchery populations are genetically most similar to local wild populations. We also found heterozygosity to be higher (P = 0.009) in hatchery populations (median, 81.5%) than in wild populations (median, 75.2%), but observed no significant difference with respect to allelic richness (P = 0.406). We conclude that hatchery-origin UWR spring Chinook Salmon represent genetically appropriate founder populations for ongoing reintroduction programs and recommend that the conservation and recovery of this stock proceed through management actions developed specifically for each subbasin. We further recommend that current restrictions on hatchery stock transfers among UWR subbasins be continued to preserve extant population genetic structure.
Received January 8, 2014; accepted April 29, 2014
Long-Term Population Response of Triploid Grass Carp Stocked in Piedmont and Coastal Plain Reservoirs to Control Hydrilla
Authors: Kirk James P. , Manuel Kenneth L. , Lamprecht Scott D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The triploid Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella has been used to control hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata infestations in southern U.S. reservoirs for several decades. After eliminating hydrilla in the water column, Grass Carp must be maintained in sufficient densities to control hydrilla regrowth from the tuber banks in the hydrosoil. We monitored the long-term response of triploid Grass Carp populations that had eliminated hydrilla within the water column in two Piedmont (Lake Norman and Mountain Island Lake, North Carolina) and two Coastal Plain reservoirs (the Santee Cooper system comprising Lakes Marion and Moultrie, as well as the connecting canal in South Carolina). Triploid Grass Carp stocked in Lake Norman and Mountain Island Lake exhibited both slow growth and erratic, but potentially high, mortality. Due to erratic survival in the two Piedmont reservoirs, we could not estimate mortality using a catch curve. Fish stocked into the Santee Cooper system not only grew larger and faster, they also persisted (i.e., significant numbers of age-16–21 fish were collected during sampling in 2011). We hypothesize that Piedmont reservoirs without hydrilla in the water column and with little naturally occurring aquatic vegetation have a very low carrying capacity for triploid Grass Carp. Consistent, long-term survival of triploid Grass Carp in the Santee Cooper system may be due to available food provided by hydrilla regrowth in the water column, floating vegetation, and less-palatable, native, submersed vegetation. Hydrilla management in systems with residual plant food could involve estimating an average mortality rate and maintaining enough fish (i.e., about one fish per four hectares of surface area) to control hydrilla regrowth. In Piedmont reservoirs, possible management alternatives could include maintenance stockings based upon (1) yearling stocking rates that were successful in the past, (2) stockings determined from indirect measures of mortality such as from von Bertalanffy growth equation parameters, or (3) stockings derived from measures or indices of abundance such as counts conducted at night by bowfishers.
Received January 28, 2014; accepted April 20, 2014
A giant radio halo in the cool core cluster CL1821+643
Authors: Bonafede A. , Intema H. T. , Brüggen M. , Russell H. R. , Ogrean G. , Basu K. , Sommer M. , van Weeren R. J. , Cassano R. , Fabian A. C. , Röttgering H. J. A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Giant radio haloes are Mpc-size sources found in some merging galaxy clusters. The synchrotron emitting electrons are thought to be (re)accelerated by plasma turbulence induced by the merging of two massive clusters. Cool core galaxy clusters have a low-temperature core, likely an indication that a major merger has not recently occurred. CL1821+643 is one of the strongest cool core clusters known so far. Surprisingly, we detect a giant radio halo with a largest linear size of ∼1.1 Mpc. We discuss the radio and X-ray properties of the cluster in the framework of the proposed models for giant radio haloes. If a merger is causing the radio emission, despite the presence of a cool core, we suggest that it should be off-axis, or in an early phase, or a minor one.
Biologic therapy improves psoriasis by decreasing the activity of monocytes and neutrophils
Authors: Yamanaka Keiichi , Umezawa Yoshinori , Yamagiwa Akisa , Saeki Hidehisa , Kondo Makoto , Gabazza Esteban C. , Nakagawa Hidemi , Mizutani Hitoshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTherapy with monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and the interleukin (IL)‐12/23 p40 subunit has significantly improved the clinical outcome of patients with psoriasis. These antibodies inhibit the effects of the target cytokines and thus the major concern during their use is the induction of excessive immunosuppression. Recent studies evaluating the long‐term efficacy and safety of biologic therapy in psoriasis have shown no significant appearance of serious adverse effects including infections and malignancies. However, the immunological consequence and the mechanism by which the blockade of a single cytokine by biologics can successfully control the activity of psoriasis remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of biologic therapy on cytokine production of various lymphocytes and on the activity of monocytes and neutrophils in psoriatic patients. Neutrophils, monocytes and T cells were purified from heparinized peripheral venous blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and γ‐interferon, TNF‐α and IL‐17 production from lymphocytes was measured by flow cytometer. The activation maker of neutrophils and the activated subsets of monocytes were also analyzed. Biologic therapy induced no significant changes in the cytokine production by lymphocytes from the skin and gut‐homing T cells. However, neutrophil activity and the ratio of activated monocyte population increased in severely psoriatic patients were normalized in psoriatic patients receiving biologic therapy. The present study showed that biologic therapy ameliorates clinical symptoms and controls the immune response in patients with psoriasis.
Photodynamic therapy using a novel irradiation source, LED lamp, is similarly effective to photodynamic therapy using diode laser or metal‐halide lamp on DMBA‐ and TPA‐induced mouse skin papillomas
Authors: Takahashi Hidetoshi , Nakajima Susumu , Ogasawara Koji , Asano Ryuji , Nakae Yoshinori , Sakata Isao , Iizuka Hajime 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is useful for superficial skin tumors such as actinic keratosis and Bowen disease. Although PDT is non‐surgical and easily‐performed treatment modality, irradiation apparatus is large and expensive. Using 7, 12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12‐ο‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced mouse skin papilloma model, we compared the efficacy of TONS501‐ and ALA‐PDT with a LED lamp, a diode laser lamp or a metal‐halide lamp on the skin tumor regression. TONS501‐PDT using 660 nm LED lamp showed anti‐tumor effect at 1 day following the irradiation and the maximal anti‐tumor effect was observed at 3 days following the irradiation. There was no significant difference in the anti‐tumor effects among TONS501‐PDT using LED, TONS501‐PDT using diode laser, and 5‐aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA)‐PDT using metal‐halide lamp. Potent anti‐tumor effect on DMBA‐ and TPA‐induced mouse skin papilloma was observed by TONS501‐PDT using 660 nm LED, which might be more useful for clinical applications.
Molecular epidemiological characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates originating from food poisoning outbreaks that occurred in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Suzuki Yasunori , Omoe Katsuhiko , Hu Dong‐Liang , Sato'o Yusuke , Ono Hisaya K. , Monma Chie , Arai Teruyoshi , Konishi Noriko , Kato Rei , Hirai Akihiko , Nakama Akiko , Kai Akemi , Kamata Yoichi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStaphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), one of the commonest food‐borne diseases, results from the ingestion of one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced in foods by Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, 203 S. aureus strains originating from 83 outbreaks that had occurred in Tokyo were examined for their coagulase type and genotype of SEs to analyze their molecular epidemiological characteristics. The representative subsets of the 83 S. aureus isolates were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and S. aureus pathogenicity island (SaPI) scanning. The isolates were integrated into eight specific clonal complexes (CC) s; CC81, CC8, CC6, CC5, CC508, CC59, CC20 and CC30. The profiles of the coagulase type, SE/SEl genotype and the suspected type of enterotoxin‐encoding mobile genetic element (MGE) indicated a correlation with each CC. SaPI scanning showed fixed regularity between the distributions of genomic islands, including SaPIs, and the phylogenetic lineage based on MLST. These results indicate that the S. aureus isolates, which classified into eight CCs, have distinguishable properties concerning specific coagulase type, enterotoxin genotype and MGE type. Strains of S. aureus harboring these particular elements possess the potential to cause SFP.
Resting and daily energy expenditures during reproduction are adjusted in opposite directions in free‐living birds
Authors: Welcker Jorg , Speakman John R. , Elliott Kyle H. , Hatch Scott A. , Kitaysky Alexander S. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Reproduction is energetically expensive, and daily energy expenditure (DEE) often peaks during the period of rearing young. The ‘potentiation’ hypothesis predicts that high DEE needs to be sustained by a corresponding up‐regulation of metabolic machinery; thus, a concomitant increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is expected. Alternatively, the ‘compensation’ hypothesis predicts that DEE and RMR are regulated independently and animals may maintain low RMR to maximize the energy available for reproduction. This might particularly be the case if DEE was limited, for example, by extrinsic food supply or intrinsic physiological factors.

We tested these hypotheses in free‐living seabirds by manipulating their energy demands (experimentally reduced or increased brood size) and supplies (providing supplemental food), and simultaneously measuring their DEE and RMR (by the doubly labelled water method and an indirect hormonal proxy, respectively).

In support of the ‘compensation’ hypothesis, metabolic rates were adjusted independently and in opposite directions with an increase in DEE and a decrease in the hormonal proxy for RMR in individuals rearing young compared to birds with removed broods. Energy expenditure of unfed birds with chicks appeared to be limited as experimental brood enlargement did not cause an increase in DEE. Supplemental feeding did not allow DEE to exceed this apparent limitation.

We propose that a reduction in the resting metabolism is a strategy to increase allocation of energy to reproduction when DEE is constrained and that this constraint is unlikely to be related to food supply.
Microbial community of the deep‐sea brine Lake Kryos seawater–brine interface is active below the chaotropicity limit of life as revealed by recovery of mRNA
Authors: Yakimov Michail M. , La Cono Violetta , Spada Gina L. , Bortoluzzi Giovanni , Messina Enzo , Smedile Francesco , Arcadi Erika , Borghini Mireno , Ferrer Manuel , Schmitt‐Kopplin Phillippe , Hertkorn Norbert , Cray Jonathan A. , Hallsworth John E. , Golyshin Peter N. , Giuliano Laura 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWithin the complex of deep, hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) of the Mediterranean Ridge, we identified a new, unexplored DHAL and named it ‘Lake Kryos’ after a nearby depression. This lake is filled with magnesium chloride (MgCl2)‐rich, athalassohaline brine (salinity > 470 practical salinity units), presumably formed by the dissolution of Messinian bischofite. Compared with the DHAL Discovery, it contains elevated concentrations of kosmotropic sodium and sulfate ions, which are capable of reducing the net chaotropicily of MgCl2‐rich solutions. The brine of Lake Kryos may therefore be biologically permissive at MgCl2 concentrations previously considered incompatible with life. We characterized the microbiology of the seawater–Kryos brine interface and managed to recover mRNA from the 2.27–3.03 M MgCl2 layer (equivalent to 0.747–0.631 water activity), thereby expanding the established chaotropicity window‐for‐life. The primary bacterial taxa present there were Kebrit Deep Bacteria 1 candidate division and DHAL‐specific group of organisms, distantly related to Desulfohalobium. Two euryarchaeal candidate divisions, Mediterranean Sea Brine Lakes group 1 and halophilic cluster 1, accounted for > 85% of the rRNA‐containing archaeal clones derived from the 2.27–3.03 M MgCl2 layer, but were minority community‐members in the overlying interface‐layers. These findings shed light on the plausibility of life in highly chaotropic environments, geochemical windows for microbial extremophiles, and have implications for habitability elsewhere in the Solar System.
Hospital Diagnostic Aggregation and Risk‐Adjusted Quality
Authors: Li Chun Lok K. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo demonstrate the importance of diagnostic aggregation when assessing hospitals.Data SourcesPatient data from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Database (VAED), 1999/2000 to 2004/2005. Financial statements from public hospitals, 2002/2003 to 2004/2005.Study DesignRisk‐adjusted quality computed for each hospital using two aggregation levels. Each is then used to estimate the relationship between hospital efficiency and quality using two‐stage DEA/Tobit model by Wilson and Simar (2006).Data CollectionSelected variables from the VAED were obtained from the Department of Health in Victoria, then linked anonymously with financial statements.Principal FindingsHospital quality and, in some cases, its relationship with efficiency differs depending on aggregations.ConclusionsPatient risk adjustment should be conducted using more than one aggregation level whenever possible.
Which Components of Medical Homes Reduce the Time Burden on Families of Children with Special Health Care Needs?
Authors: Miller Jane E. , Nugent Colleen N. , Russell Louise B. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo examine which components of medical homes affect time families spend arranging/coordinating health care for their children with special health care needs (CSHCNs) and providing health care at home.Data Sources2009–2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS‐CSHCN), a population‐based survey of 40,242 CSHCNs.Study DesignNS‐CSHCN is a cross‐sectional, observational study. We used generalized ordered logistic regression, testing for nonproportional odds in the associations between each of five medical home components and time burden, controlling for insurance, child health, and sociodemographics.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsMedical home components were collected using Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative definitions.Principal FindingsFamily‐centered care, care coordination, and obtaining needed referrals were associated with 15–32 percent lower odds of time burdens arranging/coordinating and 16–19 percent lower odds providing health care. All five components together were associated with lower odds of time burdens, with greater reductions for higher burdens providing care.ConclusionsThree of the five medical home components were associated with lower family time burdens arranging/coordinating and providing health care for children with chronic conditions. If the 55 percent of CSHCNs lacking medical homes had one, the share of families with time burdens arranging care could be reduced by 13 percent.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning
Authors: Hugar Basappa S. , Praveen Shivaramareddy , Hosahally Jayanth S. , Kainoor Sunilkumar , Shetty Akshith Raj S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPoisoning, both accidental and intentional, is a significant contributor to the mortality and morbidity throughout the world. The commonest pesticide poisoning is organophosphates followed by phosphides. Ingestion of phosphides can induce severe gastrointestinal irritation leading to hemorrhage and ulcerations. Gastrointestinal hemorrhages and ulcerations beyond the duodenum have not been reported in the literature. Here, we report a case of severe hemorrhages and ulcerations in stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum observed in a 45‐year‐old male who had consumed five tablets of Celphos® (each 3 g with 56% aluminum phosphide and 44% Ammonium carbonate) to commit suicide. He started vomiting after consumption, and the vomitus was blood‐tinged. Once the treatment was instituted, he was stable for a day and thereafter his condition gradually deteriorated. He died on the 4th day of hospitalization, and autopsy revealed features of multiorgan failure and extensive gastrointestinal hemorrhages.