bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping variability of soil water content and flux across 1–1000 m scales using the Actively Heated Fiber Optic method
Authors: Sayde Chadi , Buelga Javier Benitez , Rodriguez‐Sinobas Leonor , El Khoury Laureine , English Marshall , van de Giesen Nick , Selker John S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe Actively Heated Fiber Optic (AHFO) method is shown to be capable of measuring soil water content several times per hour at 0.25 m spacing along cables of multiple kilometers in length. AHFO is based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) observation of the heating and cooling of a buried fiber‐optic cable resulting from an electrical impulse of energy delivered from the steel cable jacket. The results presented were collected from 750 m of cable buried in three 240 m colocated transects at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths in an agricultural field under center pivot irrigation. The calibration curve relating soil water content to the thermal response of the soil to a heat pulse of 10 W m−1 for 1 min duration was developed in the lab. This calibration was found applicable to the 30 and 60 cm depth cables, while the 90 cm depth cable illustrated the challenges presented by soil heterogeneity for this technique. This method was used to map with high resolution the variability of soil water content and fluxes induced by the nonuniformity of water application at the surface.
Seismic moment tensor and b value variations over successive seismic cycles in laboratory stick‐slip experiments
Authors: Kwiatek Grzegorz , Goebel T. H. W. , Dresen Georg 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe formation of fault damage due to slip under high normal stresses can rarely be monitored under in situ conditions. To advance our understanding of microfracture processes, we investigated stick‐slip events on Westerly granite samples containing the following: (1) a planar saw cut fault and (2) a fault developed from a fresh fracture surface. We examined temporal changes of seismic moment tensors and b values of acoustic emission (AE) events. During experiment on the saw cut surface, small AEs exhibiting non‐double‐couple components were observed continuously and strong AEs displaying double‐couple components were visible only when approaching the slip onsets. Sliding on naturally fractured surfaces showed, in addition to double‐couple components, significant volumetric contributions, especially during the interslip periods and immediately after stick‐slip events indicating substantial shear‐enhanced compaction within a relatively broad damage zone. The obtained results shed light on how differences in fault structure control the kinematics of microseismicity during different periods of the seismic cycle.
Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: Evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the Main Frontal Thrust
Authors: Bollinger L. , Sapkota S. N. , Tapponnier P. , Klinger Y. , Rizza M. , Van der Woerd J. , Tiwari D. R. , Pandey R. , Bitri A. , Bes de Berc S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe return times of large Himalayan earthquakes are poorly constrained. Despite historical devastation of cities along the mountain range, definitive links between events and specific segments of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) are not established, and paleoseismological records have not documented the occurrence of several similar events at the same location. In east central Nepal, however, recently discovered primary surface ruptures of that megathrust in the A.D. 1255 and 1934 earthquakes are associated with flights of tectonically uplifted terraces. We present here a refined, longer slip history of the MFT's two overlapping strands (Patu and Bardibas Thrusts) in that region, based on updated geomorphic/neotectonic mapping of active faulting, two 1.3 km long shallow seismic profiles, and logging of two river‐cut cliffs, three paleoseismological trenches, and several pits, with constraints from 74 detrital charcoals and 14 cosmogenic nuclide ages. The amount of hanging wall uplift on the Patu thrust since 3650 ± 450 years requires three more events than the two aforementioned. The uplift rate (8.5 ± 1.5 mm/yr), thrust dip (25° ± 5°N), and apparent characteristic behavior imply 12–17.5 m of slip per event. On the Bardibas thrust, discrete pulses of colluvial deposition resulting from the coseismic growth of a flexural fold scarp suggest the occurrence of six or seven paleo‐earthquakes in the last 4500 ± 50 years. The coeval rupture of both strands during great Himalayan earthquakes implies that in eastern Nepal, the late Holocene return times of such earthquakes probably ranged between 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years.
Dynamic triggering of microearthquakes in three geothermal/volcanic regions of California
Authors: Aiken Chastity , Peng Zhigang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGeothermal/volcanic regions are most susceptible to local earthquake triggering by regional and remote earthquakes. Transient stresses caused by surface waves of these earthquakes can activate critically stressed faults. Though earthquakes can be triggered in geothermal/volcanic regions, it is less understood how these regions differ in their triggering responses to distant earthquakes. We conduct a systematic survey of local earthquakes triggered by distant earthquakes in three geothermal/volcanic regions of California: Long Valley Caldera, Coso Geothermal Field, and Geysers Geothermal Field. We examine waveforms of distant earthquakes with magnitudes ≥ 5.5 occurring between 2000 and 2012 and compute β statistics to confirm the significance of our findings. We find that Long Valley, Coso, and Geysers vary in triggering frequency—2.0%, 3.8%, and 6.8% in the 12 year period, respectively—and when compared to the triggering of deep tectonic tremors along the Parkfield‐Cholame section of San Andreas Fault (9.2% in the 12 year period). Stress triggering thresholds vary among the regions with Long Valley having the highest of ~5 kPa and ~1 kPa for the other regions. Because dynamic stresses from distant earthquakes are similar in these three regions, the varying triggering behavior likely reflects faults having a tendency to be at or near failure. This is compatible with Geysers having a higher a value in the Gutenberg‐Richter relationship and higher geothermal productivity than the other two regions. The observation of more frequent triggering of tremor than microearthquakes is consistent with recent laboratory studies on increasing triggerability with lower effective stress.
Snow particle speeds in drifting snow
Authors: Nishimura Kouichi , Yokoyama Chika , Ito Yoichi , Nemoto Masaki , Naaim‐Bouvet Florence , Bellot Hervé , Fujita Koji 
Published: August 2014

AbstractKnowledge of snow particle speeds is necessary for deepening our understanding of the internal structures of drifting snow. In this study, we utilized a snow particle counter (SPC) developed to observe snow particle size distributions and snow mass flux. Using high‐frequency signals from the SPC transducer, we obtained the sizes of individual particles and their durations in the sampling area. Measurements were first conducted in the field, with more precise measurements being obtained in a boundary layer established in a cold wind tunnel. The obtained results were compared with the results of a numerical analysis. Data on snow particle speeds, vertical velocity profiles, and their dependence on wind speed obtained in the field and in the wind tunnel experiments were in good agreement: both snow particle speed and wind speed increased with height, and the former was always 1 to 2 m s−1 less than the latter below a height of 1 m. Thus, we succeeded in obtaining snow particle speeds in drifting snow, as well as revealing the dependence of particle speed on both grain size and wind speed. The results were verified by similar trends observed using random flight simulations. However, the difference between the particle speed and the wind speed in the simulations was much greater than that observed under real conditions. Snow transport by wind is an aeolian process. Thus, the findings presented here should be also applicable to other geophysical processes relating to the aeolian transport of particles, such as blown sand and soil.
General Information on the Marine Environment
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Physicochemical Aspects

Chemical Composition of Seawater

Optical Properties of Seawater

Biological and Ecological Aspects

Primary and Secondary Metabolites

Ecomones: Vectors of Chemical Communication

Phenomena of Dependence

Main Types of Interspecific Relations

The Hierarchy of Ecological Levels and Space Distribution of Marine Organisms

Plant Biodiversity: Phylogeny of the Algae

Animal Biodiversity

Biochemical Characteristics of Sessile Animals

Estimation of Biomass
Basic Marine Pharmacology
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:The Hopes of the PastThe Realities of the PresentEthnopharmacologyThe Triptych: Biodiversity–Chemodiversity–PharmacodiversityMethodsFuture DirectionsBryostatin 1DidemninBand DehydrodidemninBDiscodermolideDolastatin 10Ecteinascidin‐743HalichondrinsKRN7000SqualamineZiconotide (SNX‐111; Prialt™)Marine Natural Products Marketed as Biological Tools
Documentary Resources
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Short Historical Background

Printed Documentation

Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents

Basic Works

Reference Works

Articles Published in Volumes not Entirely Dedicated to Marine Organisms

Scientific Journals and the Impact Factor

Scientific Journals Specializing in Developments

Articles about Development Published in other Scientific Journals

Proceedings of the Major International Symposia

General Articles on the Synthesis of Marine Natural Products

Electronic Documentation

“Static” Databases

“Dynamic” Databases

Searching for Information on the Internet
Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:Frustules: Fundamental Characteristics of DiatomsBases of Classification of DiatomsPrimary MetabolitesPhotosynthetic PigmentsMembrane LipidsTerpenic Hydrocarbons and Linear Polyunsaturated AlkenesOther Terpenic Derivatives: Description of the Two Biosynthetic PathwaysGeneraNitzschiaandPseudo‐nitzschia: Domoic Acid and AnalogsOther Molecules
Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) and Marine Spermatophyta
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:General AspectsElements of Classification of Marine MacroalgaeClassification of ChlorophyceaeChlorophylls, Carotenes, and XanthophyllsStorage Polysaccharides: StarchesCell‐Wall PolysaccharidesMatrix PolysaccharidesMembrane Lipids: Fatty Acids and SterolsOxylipinsBackground on the Secondary Metabolites of ChlorophyceaeTerpenesMeroterpenes of DasycladalesAromatic DerivativesAmino Acids, Amines, and BetainesPeptides and Depsipeptides: KahalalidesOther Nitrogen‐Containing DerivativesSulfur‐Containing DerivativesMarine Spermatophyta (Phanerogams)Mangrove Plants
Porifera (Sponges)–2
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:Secondary Metabolites of Hadromerida and ChondrosidaPerforating Power of Clionaidaelyso‐Phospholipids and Sulfated Sphingosines ofSpirastrella abataBrominated Acetylenic Derivatives ofDiplastrellaCyclic PeroxidesTerpenesUnconventional SterolsMacrolactones: Latrunculins and SpongistatinsAtypical Glycosides ofLatrunculia corticataOther Nitrogen‐Free ToxinsPeptides and DepsipeptidesPyrrole Derivatives and other Nitrogen‐Containing HeterocyclesAtypical NucleosidesSecondary Metabolites of LithistidaParticular Characteristics of Lithistid SpongesUnusual Halogenated Fatty AcidsNitrogen‐Containing Sesquiterpenes ofTheonellaSpecific Glycolipids ofTheonella swinhoei, Discodermia calyxandD. dissolutaLong‐Chain Polyacetylenic Derivatives ofTheonellasp3β‐Methoxysterols ofJereicopsis graphidiophora4‐Methylene Sterols and Sterones ofTheonellaMacrolidesExamples of Acetogenins: Discodermolide, Calyculins, and OnnamidesLinear Amides and PeptidesMono‐ and Bicyclic PeptidesSymbiotic Origin of Some PolypeptidesCyclic and Linear DepsipeptidesAtypical Nitrogenous DerivativesSecondary Metabolites ofSpirophoridaAtypical Sterols ofCinachyra, Microscleroderma, andScleritodermaCinachyrolide A, Enigmazole AMicrosclerodermins and AciculitinsExamples of Atypical Derivatives of Some Sponges of the TetillidaeSecondary Metabolites ofAgelasidaSterolsDiterpenes and CarotenoidsGracilioethers ofAgelas gracilisMerosesquiterpenes and Nitrogen‐Containing MeroditerpenesGalactosylceramides and GlycolipidsOroidin and RelatedC11N5Bromopyrrole AlkaloidsOroidin SeriesAgelastatin A SeriesOther SeriesPyrrole‐2‐carboxylic Acid DerivativesOther Examples of Nitrogen‐Containing HeterocyclesBetainesSecondary Metabolites ofHalichondridaA‐nor‐Steroids and Other Nonconventional SterolsConventional TerpenesNitrogen‐Containing Terpenes: Isonitriles and Related DerivativesOther TerpenesLong‐Chain Linear Polyamines and α,ω‐bis‐isothiocyanatesPolyethers: Halichondrins, Okadaic, and Glycookadaic AcidsVarious LipidsLinear Peptides of the Genera Auletta and CymbastelaDepsipeptides and Cyclic PeptidesUnusual Amino Acids and BetainesPyrrole, Imidazole, Pyridine, Isoquinoline, and Indole DerivativesPyrrole DerivativesImidazole DerivativesPyridine and Isoquinoline DerivativesIndole DerivativesHeterocycles Related to the Oroidin FamilyAtypical Halogenated and Sulfur‐Containing Derivatives
Cnidaria and Ctenophora–2
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:Membrane Constituents and Secondary Metabolites of Hexacorallia (Anthozoa)Fatty Acids, Oxylipins, and Acetylenic DerivativesSterols and EcdysteroidsTerpenesCarotenoids of Sea AnemonesAromatic DerivativesCeramides and Lipidic α‐Amino AcidsExamples of Nitrogenous Pigments: Zoanthoxanthins and CalliactinePalytoxins (PTXs)MycosporinesBetaines, Phosphobetaines, Purines, and Other Nitrogen‐Containing DerivativesZoanthamine AlkaloidsCytolysins, Neuropeptides, and Other Venoms of Sea AnemonesVenoms and Other Metabolites of MedusozoaSome Data on the Cubozoa and Other JellyfishBioluminescence of Jellyfish and Other CnidariaSome Results on the Secondary Metabolites of Other HydrozoaCtenophora
Nutrient intakes associated with elevated serum C‐reactive protein concentrations in normal to underweight breastfeeding women in Northern Kenya
Authors: Fujita Masako , Brindle Eleanor , Lo Yun‐jia , Castro Pamela , Cameroamortegui Felipe 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesLow‐grade elevation of C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a non‐specific inflammatory marker, used as a predictor for cardiovascular disease development and chronic inflammatory risks. Research investigating dietary influences on inflammation has focused primarily on the relationship between dietary characteristics, CRP elevation and BMI in the populations at greatest risk for cardiovascular disease, namely those in the overweight and obese ranges, often in clinical settings and/or among those middle aged or older, leaving little information about normal to underweight populations of reproductive age in ecological settings. This study evaluates impacts of dietary nutrients on serum CRP levels in a population of predominantly underweight to normal weight adult women experiencing the additional nutritional demands of lactation.MethodsData from non‐overweight breastfeeding Ariaal women of Kenya collected in 2006 were used (n = 194). Logistic regression models were applied using low‐grade CRP elevation (hsCRP > 3 mg/L) as the outcome variable and dietary nutrients, age, BMI, and serum retinol as predictors.ResultsModels showed that energy intake (Kcal) and age were positive predictors of CRP elevation while folate intake, total vitamin A intake, and serum retinol concentration were protective against CRP elevation. Unlike previous studies among higher BMI populations, this study found no significant effect of dietary lipids/fatty acids or BMI on CRP elevation.ConclusionsThe effects of specific dietary nutrients on inflammatory status may vary with BMI or, in women, reproductive status. Further research should investigate the role of dietary fats, fatty acids, and antioxidant vitamins across populations with a wide range of BMI, including postpartum women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:796–802, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of Radiographic and Symptomatic Hip Osteoarthritis in an Urban United States Community: The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study
Authors: Kim Chan , Linsenmeyer Katherine D. , Vlad Steven C. , Guermazi Ali , Clancy Mary M. , Niu Jingbo , Felson David T. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveThe last prevalence survey encompassing urban populations was part of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in the 1970s. The aim of the present study was to perform a prevalence survey of hip osteoarthritis (OA) among individuals in the Framingham Study Community cohort.MethodsIndividuals ages 50 years and older living in Framingham, Massachusetts in 2002–2005 were recruited by random digit dialing, with selection made regardless of whether joint pain or arthritis were reported. Anteroposterior radiographs of the long limbs of the lower extremities, including the pelvis, were obtained with individuals placed in a standing position. The radiographs were read by two trained physicians for the presence of radiographic hip OA, with all possible cases of radiographic hip OA confirmed by an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist. Radiographic hip OA was defined as a Kellgren/Lawrence radiographic severity grade of ≥2. Using a homunculus in which the hip joint was depicted, participants were asked whether they had hip pain on most days. Those who responded “yes” were defined as having hip pain. Symptomatic hip OA was defined as radiographic OA with ipsilateral hip pain. We defined a person as having hip OA if at least one of the hip joints was affected.ResultsOf 978 subjects studied (mean age 63.5 years; 56% women), the age‐standardized prevalence of radiographic hip OA was 19.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 16.7–23.0%) and the age‐standardized prevalence of symptomatic hip OA was 4.2% (95% CI 2.9–6.1%). Overall, men were observed to have a higher prevalence of radiographic hip OA (P < 0.0001) compared to women, but men did not have a higher prevalence of symptomatic hip OA compared to women (5.2% versus 3%; P = 0.08).ConclusionHip OA is a common condition in middle‐aged and older individuals in urban and suburban areas of the US.
Super‐Underweighting of Rare Events with Repeated Descriptive Summaries
Authors: Yechiam Eldad , Rakow Tim , Newell Ben R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTField studies suggest that providing summarized information concerning the prevalence of risks can increase risk taking when the hazard is rare. We study a simple experimental model of this phenomenon based on repeated descriptive summaries of past outcomes. Under cumulative prospect theory and experience‐sampling models, descriptions of rare events should increase the weighting of rare events. On the other hand, if individuals are sensitive to the frequency of events, then event summaries are expected to accentuate the underweighting of rare events despite adding descriptive information. These contrasting predictions were examined in three experiments using a multi‐alternative decision task with two sets of options: safe and risky. In all three experiments, repeated descriptive summaries of past outcomes from all alternatives or from a randomly drawn alternative were found to accentuate the underweighting of rare events by a similar amount. The results shed light on the role of frequency‐based judgments in the extreme underweighting of rare events and highlight that providing information about the incidence of rare hazards can have the unintended effect of increasing, rather than decreasing, people's propensity to take risks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modular Synthesis of Helicene‐Like Compounds Based on the Imidazolium Motif
Authors: Čížková Martina , Šaman David , Koval Dušan , Kašička Václav , Klepetářová Blanka , Císařová Ivana , Teplý Filip 
Published: August 2014

AbstractStraightforward synthesis of novel mono‐ and tricationic helical compounds based on the imidazolium core has been developed. The synthetic route based on double [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions of precursors with the imidazolium core motif is notably modular and reaches beyond established protocols used for the synthesis of imidazolium systems as well as beyond the reported protocols used to assemble compounds with helical frameworks. This approach opens rapid four‐step access to a cationic species featuring nine ortho‐annulated rings that represents the highest order helical nitrogen‐based cationic system reported to date.
Transformation/dissolution characteristics of a nickel matte and nickel concentrates for acute and chronic hazard classification
Authors: Skeaff James M , Beaudoin Robert 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
For the purposes of aquatic hazard classification under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification (UNGHS), we have examined the transformation/dissolution (T/D) characteristics of a Ni matte and 4 Ni concentrates at pH 6 using the United Nations (UN) Transformation/Dissolution Protocol (T/DP) for metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds. Among the analytes Ni, Co, and Cu, Ni was released into the T/D solutions in the highest concentrations and was thus the main driver in establishing the hazard classification. We applied an extrapolation-scaling approach to obtain concentrations of total dissolved Ni at low loadings of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L for derivation of chronic classification outcomes in the European Union (EU) classification, labeling, and packaging (CLP) scheme. The T/D data would classify the Ni matte as Acute 2-Chronic 2 under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) scheme, and Chronic 1 under the EU CLP. Three of the 4 Ni concentrates would classify as GHS Acute 2-Chronic 2 and EU CLP Chronic 2, whereas the 4th would classify as GHS Acute 3-Chronic 3 and EU CLP Chronic 3. In applying the critical surface area (CSA) approach to the Ni concentrates, acute and chronic hazard classification outcomes were the same as those derived from direct application of the T/D data to the GHS and EU schemes. Such agreement provided confidence that the CSA approach could yield scientifically defensible acute and chronic hazard classification outcomes. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:130–142. © 2014 SETAC
Key Points
Using T/D (Transformation/Dissolution) research, we have shown how an extrapolation-scaling approach can be used to derive chronic hazard classification outcomes under the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS) and the EU Classification, Packaging and Labelling Regulation (CLP) for a Ni matte and Ni concentrates. These outcomes are mandatory for producers users and importers of chemical substances to protect the environment and to secure and expand on their markets within the European Union and other jurisdictions. The approach was needed because of the requirement to estimate metal concentrations at T/D loadings of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L, which are unattainable under normal laboratory conditions. Based on extrapolation-scaling, the Ni matte would classify as EU CLP Chronic 1, while the chronic classification outcomes for three of the Ni concentrates would be CLP chronic 2 and one would be Chronic 3. These classification outcomes inform producers and users of the measures they neeed to take to protect the environment.