bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fouling and Cleaning Studies in the Food and Beverage Industry Classified by Cleaning Type
Authors: Goode Kylee R. , Asteriadou Konstantia , Robbins Phillip T. , Fryer Peter J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFouling of food process plant surfaces and the subsequent cleaning needed is a significant industrial problem, and as the cost of water and chemical disposal increases, the problem is becoming more significant. Current literature on water‐based cleaning is reviewed here according to the classification of 3 types of cleaning problems. By doing this, it is hoped that new knowledge can be highlighted applicable to improving industrial cleaning. (i) For type 1 deposits (that can be cleaned with water alone)—Cleaning time appears related to Reynolds number and surface shear stress. An increase in Reynolds number seems to decrease cleaning time. Cleaning temperatures greater than 50 °C do not appear beneficial. (ii) For type 2 deposits (biofilms)—Removal behavior of biofilms seems to be dependent on the microbial aging time on the surface. Keeping a material hydrated on a surface enables easier removal of it with water. a. Water rinsing: Temperature and wall shear stress have varied effects on removal. b. Chemical rinsing: Flow and temperature were seen to have the biggest effect at the start of cleaning, but contact time was more important as cleaning progressed at a given sodium hydroxide solution flow and temperature. (iii) For type 3 deposits (that require a cleaning chemical)—For specifically, protein‐based systems excessive chemical forms a deposit difficult to remove. Increasing wall shear stress and temperature was most beneficial to cleaning rather than concentration. The action of temperature can reduce the use of a chemical for type 2 and type 3 soils. The findings suggest that the right combination of flow characteristics at a given temperature and concentration is crucial to achieving fast cleaning in all cases. There are a number of cleaning monitoring methods at various stages of commercialization that may be capable of monitoring bulk cleaning and cleaning at the surface. To optimize cleaning will require integration of measurement methods into the cleaning process.
The Issue of Undeclared Ingredients in Halal and Kosher Food Production: A Focus on Processing Aids
Authors: Al‐Mazeedi Hani M. , Regenstein Joe M. , Riaz Mian Nadeem 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Since the early 1900s the food industry has undergone major advances that have led to more than half of the shelves in a modern supermarket being stocked with packaged and processed foods. These boxed, canned, and frozen foods achieve their convenience by using a number of food ingredients and processing aids. The original sources and the details of their processing prior to inclusion in the final food product are not provided to consumers but will determine their acceptability for both halal and kosher food production. While additives are generally declared on a product label, processing aids are not shown on the ingredient statement and thus the consumer is not even aware of their presence. Some additives can be legally grouped into generic categories (such as spices) that also make it difficult for consumers to determine what exactly is in the products they buy and how these products have been processed. Thus, consumers need to put more pressure on the kosher and halal marketing system to use trademarked symbols that represent an organization that the consumer can hold accountable and which provides both the companies and the consumer with confidence in the kosher and/or halal status of the products being offered in the marketplace.
An Overview of the Authentication of Olive Tree and Oil
Authors: Ben‐Ayed Rayda , Kamoun‐Grati Naziha , Rebai Ahmed 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Adulteration of virgin olive oil with less expensive oils is a serious problem for the public and quality control evaluators of olive oil. That is why olive oil authenticity has become a major issue for producers, consumers, and policy makers. In order to avoid fraud to consumers, it is crucial to study the traceability of olive oil. This review covers 2 important techniques, analytical, and molecular methods, used to characterize olive oil and detect possible adulteration. Several analytical techniques are discussed for the detection of olive oil adulteration by analyzing minor and major compounds of olive oil. However, the chemical composition of olive oil can dramatically change due to the environmental and processing conditions. For this reason, the DNA‐based technologies are gaining greater attention now because they are not influenced by environmental conditions and provide an opportunity for direct comparison of different genetic materials. In this review, we emphasize the great potential of different authenticity methods and discuss their practical implementation in olive oil traceability.
Control of Salmonella Contamination of Shell Eggs—Preharvest and Postharvest Methods: A Review
Authors: Galiş Anca M. , Marcq Christopher , Marlier Didier , Portetelle Daniel , Van Ilie , Beckers Yves , Théwis André 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Salmonella Enteritidis is one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogen, its main reservoir being considered the shell egg. As the concerns related to the increasing human salmonellosis cases grow, the need for an application of preventive methods either at the farm level or during the processing steps is crucial for a better control of the foodborne outbreaks due to the consumption of this specific food product. This review focuses on the application of preventive methods at the farm level, on preharvest step, in order to reduce the risk of shell eggs contamination with Salmonella, especially S. Enteritidis, through a better control of the laying hens’ infection with this pathogen. As postharvest methods, a 1st approach is the egg storage conditions and the prevention of Salmonella spp. growth and multiplication. In addition, shell eggs may be subjected to eggshell decontamination, to reduce the risk of foodborne outbreaks. Several of these latter mentioned methods are already authorized to be put in place in different countries, as it is the case in the United States of America and Canada. Their efficacy has been proven and their use is regarded by some as mandatory for ensuring shell eggs safety for the consumers.
Blood Monocyte Count May Be a Predictor of Vascular Access Failure in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Tanaka Akihito , Ito Yuichi , Tanaka Takamori , Satozaki Satsuki , Hayashi Fumie , Tsuda Itsuyo 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIt has been reported that an increase in the counts of white blood cells (WBC) and their subpopulations is an independent predictor of atherosclerotic events and mortality. On the other hand, vascular access (VA) stenosis is caused by a progressive development of neointimal hyperplasia. We examined the relationship between VA failure and counts of peripheral WBC and their subpopulations in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The study population consisted of 82 patients undergoing regular HD. Twenty‐two patients, who were unstable, were excluded from the study. After one year, we examined the relationship between VA failure and the counts of peripheral WBC and their subpopulations. In the follow‐up period, 21 patients had complicated VA failure. The counts of WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils did not show a significant difference, but a monocyte count of ≥400/μL was shown to indicate a high probability of VA failure. Logistic regression analysis revealed that monocyte count was an independent risk factor of VA failure. The peripheral blood monocyte count may be a predictor of VA failure in HD patients.
Human Nonmercaptalbumin‐2: A Novel Prognostic Marker in Chronic Liver Failure
Authors: Stauber Rudolf E. , Spindelboeck Walter , Haas Josef , Putz‐Bankuti Csilla , Stadlbauer Vanessa , Lackner Carolin , Oettl Karl 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAlbumin is the major plasma protein with several important biological functions. Various disturbances of albumin function have been demonstrated in end‐stage liver disease. These functional disturbances may be related to oxidative modifications of albumin at cysteine‐34, including the irreversibly oxidized human nonmercaptalbumin‐2 (HNA2). The aim of the present study was to relate oxidative modification of albumin to short‐term prognosis in chronic liver failure. Patients with advanced cirrhosis (N = 39), acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (N = 15), and healthy controls (N = 15) were investigated. Three fractions of albumin were separated by high performance liquid chromatography according to the redox state of cysteine‐34. The HNA2 fraction was markedly increased in cirrhotic patients vs. controls and correlated with the degree of chronic liver failure as well as laboratory parameters of liver dysfunction. The HNA2 level tended to be a better predictor of short‐term mortality than the model for end stage liver disease with respect to both 30‐day mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 0.87 vs. 0.81, NS) and 90‐day mortality (AUROC 0.87 vs. 0.82, NS). In multivariate analysis of prognostic variables, HNA2 was the only remaining predictor of 90‐day mortality. Our results suggest that HNA2, a marker of chronic oxidative stress, is related to liver dysfunction and mortality in cirrhosis and may represent a novel biomarker of chronic liver failure.
Effect of Psychrotrophic Growth on the Milk Fat Fraction at Different Temperatures of Storage
Authors: Izidoro Thiago Braga , Pereira Juliano Gonçalves , Soares Vanessa Mendonça , de Almeida NogueiraPinto José Paes 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe use of cooling, without using adequate hygienic practices in primary milk production, allows for the growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms that produce the thermoresistant lipases that give milk a rancid flavor. This study aimed to verify how the variation in temperature influences the lipolytic metabolism of the psychrotrophic organisms. Samples of raw milk were collected and submitted to laboratorial analysis as follows: psychrotrophic bacteria count, lipolytic bacteria count, and free fatty acids dosage. Each sample was divided into 3 aliquots and then incubated at 4, 8, and 12 °C, respectively. For each temperature, analyses were repeated after 12, 24, and 48 h of storage. Despite the psychrotrophs growth increase, according to temperature rise, the lipolytic metabolism was not consistent and presented the lower index at 8 °C, suggesting an intensification of the proteolytic compensatory activity at this temperature.
Effect of Levosimendan on Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hospitalized Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure and Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Hou Zhi‐Qiang , Sun Zhao‐Xia , Su Chong‐Yi , Tan Hui , Zhong Xia , Hu Bo , Zhou Yi , Shang De‐Ya 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundOnly limited data of the long‐term effect of levosimendan on renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF) have been published previously. To date, there has been no similar study carried out in a Chinese population.Design and MethodsA prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, and double‐blind study was performed to investigate the effect of levosimendan on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in DHF patients with renal dysfunction during a 30‐day period. Sixty‐six patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and eGFR 15–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 24‐h infusion with levosimendan or placebo. The B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and eGFR were determined at baseline and day 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 after the start of treatment.ResultsThe eGFR levels were obviously enhanced following levosimendan, peaked at 3 days, sustained for at least 14 days, and returned to baseline by day 30 after starting infusion. In contrast, placebo did not induce any significant changes in eGFR levels during the follow‐up. In addition, levosimendan resulted in a distinct decrease in BNP levels in comparison with placebo, and the beneficial effect returned to baseline by day 14 and remained so at day 30 postinfusion.ConclusionsA 24‐h infusion with levosimendan transiently improved the renal dysfunction compared with placebo in patients with DHF, and its beneficial effects persisted for at least 14 days after the initiation of treatment.
State of Play of Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in Heart Failure
Authors: Parry Helen M. , Doney Alex S.F. , Palmer, Colin N.A. , Lang Chim C. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryHeart failure is a common disease with high levels of morbidity and mortality. A large body of evidence guiding treatment shows prognostic benefit with beta‐blockers and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, while diuretics are commonly prescribed for symptomatic benefit. Wide variation in drug response between clinically similar patients is a significant problem. Evidence suggests this may have a genetic component. Variation in candidate genes including the beta‐1, beta‐2, and alpha‐2 adrenergic receptors, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone pathway and genes involved in renal electrolyte handling with diuretics may be important. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially influencing drug response include the Arg 389 Gly variant and the Ser 49 Gly variant in the beta‐1 adrenergic receptor, the Arg 16 Gly, Gln 27 Glu, and Thr 164 Ile polymorphisms within the beta‐2 adrenergic receptor, an insertion at the 287th base pair in the angiotensin‐converting enzyme and the Gly 264 Ala mutation in the sodium chloride co‐transporter. However, research addressing the clinical significance of these polymorphisms has yielded conflicting results that have had no influence on clinical practice. Genome‐wide association studies may provide an alternative approach to discovering genetic variations influencing drug response, a relatively unchartered area in heart failure management. If future work in this area produces a strong case that variation in drug response has a specific and clinically meaningful genetic component, this could be used to guide drug dosing based on genotype; a step forward in the journey toward personally tailored medicine.
Severe uncertainty and info‐gap decision theory
Authors: Hayes Keith R. , Barry Simon C. , Hosack Geoffrey R. , Peters Gareth W. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Info‐gap decision theory (IGDT) seeks to provide a framework for rational decision‐making in situations of severe uncertainty. The theory proposes non‐probabilistic models of uncertainty and requires relatively small information inputs when compared to alternative theories of uncertainty.

Info‐gap decision theory has been criticised because it is based upon models that do not guarantee good decisions in situations of severe uncertainty, where severe means a ‘very large’ uncertainty space and very poor initial estimates of the unknown elements in this space.

This paper reviews the use of this method in ecology where it is receiving interest in applied environmental management applications. Paradoxically, ecological applications of IGDT focus almost exclusively on only one source of uncertainty in ecological problems, model parameter uncertainty, and typically ignore other sources, particularly model structure uncertainty and dependence between parameters, that can be just as severe.

Ecologists and managers contemplating the use of IGDT should carefully consider its strengths and weaknesses, reviewed here, and not turn to it as a default approach in situations of severe uncertainty, irrespective of how this term is defined. We identify four areas of concern for IGDT in practice: sensitivity to initial estimates, localised nature of the analysis, arbitrary error model parameterisation and the ad hoc introduction of notions of plausibility.
Residential aged care: The de facto hospice for New Zealand's older people
Authors: Connolly Martin J , Broad Joanna B , Boyd Michal , Kerse Ngaire , Gott Merryn 
Published: March 2013

AimTo describe short‐term mortality among residential aged care (RAC) residents in Auckland, New Zealand.MethodProspective follow‐up, 6828 residents (median age 86 years, 69.8% women) from census‐type survey (10/9/2008); 152 facilities. Mortality data from central sources.ResultsEight hundred and sixty‐one (12.6%) died by 6 months. Survival related to RAC length of stay before the survey: those resident <1 month (subgroup, n = 380) having 80.0% survival, 1–6 months 83.2% and >6 months 87.4% (P < 0.0001). In those admitted to private hospital from acute hospital (n = 104 of the subgroup of 380), 6‐month mortality was 36.5% (P < 0.0001 vs other ‘short stayers’). Significant mortality predictors were: private hospital admission from acute hospital (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.02), unscheduled GP visit during the prior 2 weeks (HR = 1.90), personal care disability (HR = 1.90) and acute hospital admission number during the previous 2 years (≥3; HR = 5.40).ConclusionsRAC mortality (especially post admission) is high. Training and resource in the sector should reflect this.
Decreased Levels of Folate Receptor‐β and Reduced Numbers of Fetal Macrophages (Hofbauer Cells) in Placentas from Pregnancies with Severe Pre‐Eclampsia
Authors: Tang Zhonghua , Buhimschi Irina A. , Buhimschi Catalin S. , Tadesse Serkalem , Norwitz Errol , Niven‐Fairchild Tracy , Huang Se‐Te J. , Guller Seth 
Published: March 2013

ProblemPre‐eclampsia (PE), a pregnancy complication of unknown etiology, is a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Previous studies have described placental genes that are up‐regulated in expression in PE, but few studies have addressed placental gene suppression in this syndrome.Method of studyGene profiling and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRTPCR) analyses were used to identify genes down‐regulated in placentas from women with severe preterm PE compared with gestational age‐matched normotensive controls with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate levels and patterns of cell type–specific protein expression in PE and sPTB group placentas.ResultsLevels of macrophage marker [folate receptor (FR)‐β, CD163, and CD68] mRNA and FR‐β protein were significantly down‐regulated in PE group placentas compared with the sPTB group. Numbers of Hofbauer cells (HBCs, fetal macrophages) and FR‐β protein in these cells were reduced in PE group placentas.ConclusionSevere PE is associated with decreased placental expression of FR‐β and a reduction in the number of HBCs. Reduced placental macrophage function is likely to play a key role in the pathophysiology of PE.
A national survey of anaesthetists (NAP5 Baseline) to estimate an annual incidence of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in the UK
Authors: Pandit J. J. , Cook T. M. , Jonker W. R. , O'Sullivan E. ,   on behalf of the 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Published: March 2013

SummaryAs part of the 5th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland concerning accidental awareness during general anaesthesia, we issued a questionnaire to every consultant and staff and associate specialist anaesthetist in the UK. The survey was designed to ascertain the number of new cases of accidental awareness that became known to them, for patients under their direct or supervised care, for a calendar year, and also to estimate how many cases they had experienced during their careers. The survey also asked about use of monitoring designed to measure the depth of anaesthesia. All local co‐ordinators responsible for each of 329 hospitals (organised into 265 ‘centres’) in the UK responded, as did 7125 anaesthetists (82%). There were 153 new cases of accidental awareness notified to respondents in 2011, an estimated incidence of 1:15 414, lower than the 1–2:1000 previously reported in prospective clinical trials. Almost half the cases (72, 47%) occurred at or after induction of anaesthesia but before surgery, with 46 (30%) occurring during surgery and 35 (23%) after surgery before full recovery. Awareness during surgery appeared to lead more frequently to pain or distress than at induction and emergence (62% vs 28% and 23%, respectively). Depth of anaesthesia monitors were available in 164 centres (62%), but routinely used by only 132 (1.8%) of anaesthetists. The disparity between the incidence of awareness as notified to anaesthetists and that reported in trials warrants further examination and explanation.
Autism before diagnosis: crying, feeding and sleeping problems in the first two years of life
Authors: Barnevik Olsson Martina , Carlsson Lotta Höglund , Westerlund Joakim , Gillberg Christopher , Fernell Elisabeth 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTo chart early registered regulatory problems (RP) in a representative group of young children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD).MethodsThe target group comprised 208 preschool children with ASD, whose records from the Child Health Centres (CHC) were reviewed regarding numbers of consultations for excessive crying, feeding and sleeping problems. The records from an age‐ and gender‐matched comparison group were obtained from the same CHCs as those of the index childrenResultsSignificant differences between the ASD and comparison groups were found for each domain studied and when domains were collapsed. Two or more consultations had occurred in 44% of the children in the ASD group and in 16% of the comparison group (p < 0.001). No correlations were found with regard to gender, later severity of autism, cognitive level or degree of hyperactivity.ConclusionRegulatory problems (RP) were much more common in children who later received a diagnosis of ASD. Children with many RP in infancy require attention from CHC and paediatric services and need to be followed with regard to development and family support.
Histamine‐induced vasodilatation in the human forearm vasculature
Authors: Sandilands Euan A. , Crowe Jane , Cuthbert Hayley , Jenkins Paul J. , Johnston Neil R. , Eddleston Michael , Bateman D. Nicholas , Webb David J. 
Published: March 2013

AimTo investigate the mechanism of action of intra‐arterial histamine in the human forearm vasculature.MethodsThree studies were conducted to assess changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) using venous occlusion plethysmography in response to intra‐brachial histamine. First, the dose–response was investigated by assessing FBF throughout a dose‐escalating histamine infusion. Next, histamine was infused at a constant dose to assess acute tolerance. Finally, a four way, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover study was conducted to assess FBF response to histamine in the presence of H1‐ and H2‐receptor antagonists. Flare and itch were assessed in all studies.ResultsHistamine caused a dose‐dependent increase in FBF, greatest with the highest dose (30 nmol min−1) infused [mean (SEM) infused arm vs. control: 26.8 (5.3) vs. 2.6 ml min−1 100 ml−1; P < 0.0001]. Dose‐dependent flare and itch were demonstrated. Acute tolerance was not observed, with an increased FBF persisting throughout the infusion period. H2‐receptor antagonism significantly reduced FBF (mean (95% CI) difference from placebo at 30 nmol min−1 histamine: −11.9 ml min−1 100 ml−1 (−4.0, −19.8), P < 0.0001) and flare (mean (95% CI) difference from placebo: −403.7 cm2 (−231.4, 576.0), P < 0.0001). No reduction in FBF or flare was observed in response to the H1‐receptor antagonist. Itch was unaffected by the treatments. Histamine did not stimulate vascular release of tissue plasminogen activator or von Willebrand factor.ConclusionHistamine causes dose‐dependent vasodilatation, flare and itch in the human forearm. H2‐receptors are important in this process. Our results support further exploration of combined H1‐ and H2‐receptor antagonist therapy in acute allergic syndromes.