bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GHG emissions of forest‐biomass supply chains to commercial‐scale liquid‐biofuel production plants in Finland
Authors: Jäppinen Eero , Korpinen Olli‐Jussi , Ranta Tapio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCommercial‐scale liquid‐biofuel production utilizing forest‐based biomass would require feedstock supply from a large geographical area. Feedstock composition, supply chains' arrangements, and the resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are location dependent, and case‐specific assessments are needed if one is to guarantee the fulfillment of GHG reduction requirements by a specific biofuel product. This work assessed GHG emissions derived from the feedstock supply and transportation chain to three possible commercial‐scale biodiesel plant locations in Finland (Rauma, Porvoo, and Kemi) at site‐specific level. The supply of 7.2 PJ yr−1 (approximately 1 million m3solid) of forest biomass (harvesting residues, stumps, and small‐diameter energy wood) was assessed for each location, including four distinct scenarios for truck and railway transportation and two scenarios for biomass availability. Biomass availability and transportation‐network assessments were conducted through utilization of geographical information system methods, and the GHG emissions were assessed by means of life‐cycle assessment. The results showed that the GHG emissions of the supply chains can be effectively reduced through use of railway transportation from distant supply areas. Furthermore, even though the supply‐chain GHG emissions differed by up to 30% between the case‐study locations, the GHG emissions of the feedstock supply chain, from roadside stores of uncomminuted biomass to comminuted biomass delivered to the plants, were relatively low (2–4%) when compared with the GHG emissions of fossil diesel.
Climate envelope models suggest spatio‐temporal co‐occurrence of refugia of African birds and mammals
Authors: Levinsky Irina , Araújo Miguel B. , Nogués‐Bravo David , Haywood Alan M. , Valdes Paul J. , Rahbek Carsten 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAimStudies investigating the theory of tropical refugia for vertebrates have previously focused on a handful of species or a single taxonomic group. We sought to identify the potential location of cross‐taxonomic refugia of African birds and mammals in the Last Glacial Maximum, and used historic climate data to hindcast the location of past ranges of species based on their current distributions.LocationMainland sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsUsing current distributions of 537 mammal and 1265 bird species, we modelled the past distribution of species, taking advantage of recently available reconstructions of climate for the Last Glacial Maximum. Modelled historical ranges were verified individually using standard techniques for evaluating the precision of bioclimatic envelope models. Potential refugia were identified as those areas with a higher overlap of climatically suitable ranges (i.e. levels of species richness) than expected based on randomizing of the modelled past climatically suitable ranges in the sub‐Saharan domain and on the level of resource availability (by modelling past species richness patterns as would be expected given the water–energy theory).ResultsOur models show that during the Last Glacial Maximum areas of high concentration of climatically suitable ranges of birds and mammals tend to aggregate, more than can be accounted for random placement of ranges and resource availability (ecological processes), in the same six areas: Upper Guinea, the Cameroon Highlands, the Congo Basin, the Ethiopian Highlands, the Angola–Namibia area and the south‐east part of South Africa.Main conclusionsThe unusually high aggregation of predicted suitable ranges for birds and mammals in six relatively small geographical areas corresponds to the location of some of the previously suggested refugia. We interpret this – and the similarity of patterns obtained for both birds and mammals – as a strong indication of the existence of refugia in those areas. The results also illustrate the usefulness of bioclimatic envelope models, coupled randomization techniques and macroecological models, for the reconstruction of geographical distribution patterns in the past.
Impact of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen on the clinical course of hepatitis C virus carriers in a hyperendemic area in Japan: A community‐based cohort study
Authors: Tsubouchi Naoko , Uto Hirofumi , Kumagai Kotaro , Sasaki Fumisato , Kanmura Shuji , Numata Masatsugu , Moriuchi Akihiro , Oketani Makoto , Ido Akio , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Kusumoto Kazunori , Shimoda Kazuya , Stuver Sherri O. , Tsubouchi Hirohito 
Published: February 2013

AimSubjects positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAb) and negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are considered to have occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of occult HBV infection on aggravation of the clinical course in hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers.MethodsA prospective cohort study was performed in 400 subjects who were positive for anti‐HCV antibody and negative for HBsAg. Among these subjects, 263 were HCV core antigen positive or HCV RNA positive (HCV carriers). We examined whether the presence of HBcAb affected the clinical course in these HCV carriers from 1996–2005.ResultsThe HBcAb positive rates were 53.6% and 52.6% in HCV carriers and HCV RNA negative subjects, respectively. There were no differences in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cumulative mortality associated with liver‐related death between HCV carriers who were positive and negative for HBcAb. In multivariate analysis, age (≥65 years) and alanine aminotransferase level (≥31 IU/L) emerged as independent risk factors for HCC development and liver‐related death, but the HBcAb status was not a risk factor. In addition, increased serum hepatic fibrosis markers (measured from 2001–2004) were not associated with HBcAb status.ConclusionIn our cohort study, the presence of HBcAb had no impact on HCC development, liver‐related death and hepatic fibrosis markers in HCV carriers. Thus, our results indicate that occult HBV infection has no impact on the clinical course in HCV carriers.
‘Letting them loose!’ A different approach to a biochemistry post‐exam training session
Authors: Flint Lisa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis feature looks at changing the format of a well‐established information skills session for first‐year biochemistry students at UCL, to improve its design, delivery and the overall learning experience for the students. After reviewing current literature, active learning methods were explored and an idea of a research‐based quiz based on famous scientists was devised. After a brief introduction to the library resources available, the students were ‘let loose’ to research their particular scientist and answer a series of questions. Feedback was gained and evaluated and concluded that the session was well received by students. The feature also raises the discussion of generic verses subject‐based information skills training.H.S.
The NHS Lanarkshire Intranet site (FirstPort) and its effectiveness as a knowledge management tool
Authors: Herbert Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe use of intranets as knowledge management tools in the NHS has been applied with varying success. This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of the NHS Lanarkshire intranet site FirstPort as a knowledge management tool and to capture opinions on what would be required of a new FirstPort 2 site to be launched in the summer of 2012. The research was conducted in June 2011 by Paul Herbert as part of MSc in Health Informatics at the University of Sheffield, supervised by Nigel Ford. At the time of the study, Paul was working at NHS Lanarkshire and he was able to give his employers a useful set of recommendations. He moved to his present post with Healthcare Improvement Scotland in June 2012. This article is the first in the Dissertations into Practice series to investigate web‐based tools for information and communication inside the NHS, but there are more in the pipeline.AM
International trends in health science librarianship. Part 5 Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Berry Beverley , Rodrííguez‐Jiménez Teresa M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis is the 5th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship in Latin America and the Caribbean in the first decade of the 21st century. The invited authors are from Argentina, Bermuda and Mexico. Future issues will track trends in Central Europe and the Middle East.JM
Searching MEDLINE for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health literature: questionable sensitivity
Authors: Sladek Ruth M. , Tieman Jennifer J. , Tyndall Jess , Phillips Paddy A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe extent to which existing and future research can impact on reducing health disparities relates not only to the evidence available, but the ability to find that evidence. Our objective is to quantify experts' literature searching effectiveness with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's health.MethodsNine journals were dual reviewed, and a ‘gold standard’ set of relevant articles was identified. Health librarians (n = 25) completed a standardised searching task using OVID MEDLINE, and results were compared with the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity and precision rates were calculated.ResultsThe gold standard comprised 136 of 1469 (9.3%) records from nine journals. Searches achieved a mean sensitivity of 53.2% (median = 64.7%, range 0.0–93.4%), specificity of 97.4% (median = 99.4%, range 52.6–100%) and precision of 83.3% (median = 91.0%, range 16.7–100%). Self‐estimates of search sensitivity (post hoc) were significantly higher than observed (M = 78.9%, t = 4.812, P < 0.001).ConclusionsEven expert searchers struggle to find the relevant peer‐reviewed literature in MEDLINE.ImplicationsA search filter may improve searching effectiveness for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health literature. Assessment of health librarians' searching competencies warrants further professional debate and consideration.
M‐finance and consumer redress for the unbanked in South Africa
Authors: Anong Sophia T. , Kunovskaya Irina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe paper describes the nature and impact of mobile financial services (m‐finance) and consumer protection in developing countries. Specifically, it explores consumer redress in South Africa's m‐finance, a sector responsible for rapidly drawing unbanked consumers in developing countries into the financial mainstream. The Actor–Network Theory is used to identify key actors of transformational m‐finance in South Africa. Complaint procedures of the identified providers are reviewed and evaluated against the 2007 recommendation by the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) on consumer dispute resolution and redress. The research shows that although South Africa is not an OECD member, the legal and self‐regulatory environments have fostered what appear to be good consumer redress intentions by businesses. All providers in the study had consumer information on internal redress channels and some even provided additional information on alternative dispute resolution services in the country. Some shortcomings, however, were the lack of standard designs for online complaint forms and not providing expected time frames for the resolution process and possible solutions.
Gender, fashion consumer group, need for touch and Korean apparel consumers' shopping channel preference
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Cho Siwon 
Published: February 2013

AbstractShopping preferences are affected by the culture in which an individual grows up as well as by individual differences in consumers such as differences in gender, fashion leadership and need for touch. The current study examined the influence of consumers' need for touch and fashion leadership on preference for shopping outlets (e.g. touch and non‐touch shopping channels) between genders and within a particular culture. The purpose of this study was to examine gender, fashion consumer group, need for touch and Korean apparel consumers' shopping channel preference. Participants were a convenience sample of 262 Korean college students who were recruited in Changwon, South Korea. A questionnaire was compiled that included a request for demographic information, the Need For Touch scale, the Measure of Fashion Innovativeness and Opinion Leadership, and items assessing preference for touch and non‐touch shopping channels for clothing. Women and men did not differ in overall need for touch or instrumental need for touch. Fashion change agents and fashion followers did not differ in their preference for touch and non‐touch shopping channels. Preference for touch shopping channels was more greatly affected by variables such as need for touch, gender, and fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership than preference for non‐touch shopping channels. Preference for non‐touch shopping channels was virtually unaffected by the variables examined in the current study. Implications for theory and research are provided.
Differential effects of insemination volume and substance on reproductive changes in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: Niño E. L. , Tarpy D. R. , Grozinger C. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMating causes dramatic changes in female insects at the behavioural, physiological and molecular level. The factors driving these changes (e.g. seminal proteins, seminal volume) and the molecular pathways by which these factors are operating have been characterized only in a handful of insect species. In the present study, we use instrumental insemination of honey bee queens to examine the role of the insemination substance and volume in triggering post‐mating changes. We also examine differences in gene expression patterns in the fat bodies of queens with highly activated ovaries to determine if events during copulation can cause long‐term changes in gene expression. We found that the instrumental insemination procedure alone caused cessation of mating flights and triggered ovary activation, with high‐volume inseminated queens having the greatest ovary activation. Hierarchical clustering grouped queens primarily by insemination substance and then insemination volume, suggesting that while volume may trigger short‐term physiological changes (i.e. ovary activation) substance plays a greater role in regulating long‐term transcriptional changes. The results of gene ontology analysis and comparison with previous studies suggest that both insemination substance and volume trigger molecular post‐mating changes by altering overlapping gene pathways involved in honey bee reproduction. We also discuss the effects on two genes (vitellogenin and transferrin) involved in reproduction and defence responses.
IL‐22, not simply a Th17 cytokine
Authors: Rutz Sascha , Eidenschenk Céline , Ouyang Wenjun 
Published: February 2013

SummaryInterleukin‐22 (IL‐22) has important functions in host defense at mucosal surfaces as well as in tissue repair. It is unique as a cytokine that is produced by immune cells, including T‐helper (Th) cell subsets and innate lymphocytes, but acts only on non‐hematopoietic stromal cells, in particular epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and hepatocytes. Although IL‐22 is beneficial to the host in many infectious and inflammatory disorders, depending on the target tissue it can be pathogenic due to its inherent pro‐inflammatory properties, which are further enhanced when IL‐22 is released together with other pro‐inflammatory cytokines, in particular IL‐17. To avoid pathology, IL‐22 and IL‐17 production have to be controlled tightly and independently. While common factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and retinoid orphan receptor γt (RORγt) drive the expression of both cytokines, other factors, such as c‐Maf act specifically on IL‐22 and enable the separate expression of either cytokine. Here, we discuss the production of IL‐22 from various T‐cell populations as well as protective versus pathogenic roles of IL‐22. Finally, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular regulation of IL‐22 in T cells.
Th9 cells: differentiation and disease
Authors: Kaplan Mark H. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryCD4+ T‐helper cells regulate immunity and inflammation through the acquisition of potential to secrete specific cytokines. The acquisition of cytokine‐secreting potential, in a process termed T‐helper cell differentiation, is a response to multiple environmental signals including the cytokine milieu. The most recently defined subset of T‐helper cells are termed Th9 and are identified by the potent production of interleukin‐9 (IL‐9). Given the pleiotropic functions of IL‐9, Th9 cells might be involved in pathogen immunity and immune‐mediated disease. In this review, I focus on recent developments in understanding the signals that promote Th9 differentiation, the transcription factors that regulate IL‐9 expression, and finally the potential roles for Th9 cells in immunity in vivo.
CD4+ T‐cell subsets and host defense in the lung
Authors: Kolls Jay K. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryCD4+ T‐helper subsets are lineages of T cells that have effector function in the lung and control critical aspects of lung immunity. Depletion of these cells experimentally or by drugs or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans leads to the development of opportunistic infections as well as increased rates of bacteremia with certain bacterial pneumonias. Recently, it has been proposed that CD4+ T‐cell subsets may also be excellent targets for mucosal vaccination to prevent pulmonary infections in susceptible hosts. Here, we review recent findings that increase our understanding of T‐cell subsets and their effector cytokines in the context of pulmonary infection.
NF‐κB: roles and regulation in different CD4+ T‐cell subsets
Authors: Oh Hyunju , Ghosh Sankar 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) family of transcription factors plays important roles in various biological processes including apoptosis, stress response, immunity, and inflammation. NF‐κB signaling is involved in both immune cell development and function, and it is critical in modulation of the immune response through the transcriptional regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression. An area of great interest in T‐cell‐mediated adaptive immunity is the ability of naive CD4+ T cells generated in the thymus to differentiate into various subsets including T‐helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, Th9, follicular helper T (Tfh), Th22, and regulatory T (Treg) cells, upon encountering different pathogens and microenvironments. In this review, we discuss the role of NF‐κB pathway in the development and functional divergence of the different helper T‐cell subsets as well as in regulatory T cells.
Th1‐ and Th2‐like subsets of innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Bernink Jochem , Mjösberg Jenny , Spits Hergen 
Published: February 2013

SummaryInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a family of effectors in innate immunity and regulators of tissue remodeling that have a cytokine and transcription factor expression pattern that parallels that of the T‐helper (Th) cell family. Here, we discuss how ILCs can be categorized and summarize the current knowledge of Th1‐ and Th2‐like ILCs with regard to the molecular mechanisms of development, effector functions, and their interplay with other cell types.
Th17 cell development: from the cradle to the grave
Authors: Zúñiga Luis A. , Jain Renu , Haines Christopher , Cua Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryT cells surviving the clonal selection process emigrate from the thymus to the periphery as immature naive T cells. In the periphery, upon activation under specific cytokine milieus, naive T cells adopt specific effector phenotypes, e.g. T‐helper 1 (Th1), Th2, or Th17, and acquire diverse functions to control a myriad of pathogens, tissue injuries, and other immunological insults. Interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) is one of the key cytokines that shapes the development and function of Th17 cells with characteristic expression of retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor γ‐t (RORγt), IL‐17, IL‐22, and granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). More recently, emerging data suggest that IL‐23 also promotes development of ‘natural Th17’ (nTh17) cells that arise from the thymus, analogous to natural regulatory T cells (nTreg). We are just beginning to understand the unique thymic developmental path of nTh17 cells, which are distinct from antigen‐experienced memory Th17 cells. In this review, we explore the differentiation and function of inducible, natural, and memory Th17 subsets, which encompass a broad range of immune functions while maintaining tissue hemostasis, and highlight the participation of IL‐23 during the life cycle of Th17 cells.
CD4+ T‐cell subsets in transplantation
Authors: Liu Zhongmin , Fan Huimin , Jiang Shuiping 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe identification of T‐helper 9 (Th9), Th17, Th22 cells as distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells has extended the Th1/Th2 paradigm in the adaptive immunity. In the past decade, many studies in animal models and clinical transplantation have demonstrated that interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is involved in allograft rejection. It appears that Th17 cells together with Th1 and Th2 cells play an important role in mediating allograft rejection. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the contribution of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and follicular T‐helper (Tfh) cells in allograft rejection. We also discuss the regulation of CD4+ T‐cell subsets by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of transplantation tolerance.
Work demands, social support, and job satisfaction in eating disorder inpatient settings: A qualitative study
Authors: Davey Amanda , Arcelus Jon , Munir Fehmidah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this qualitative study, we aimed to investigate work demands experienced by health‐care workers in an adult eating disorder inpatient service. We also aimed to investigate the use of social support and job satisfaction in this setting. Twelve health‐care workers from an eating disorder inpatient ward, including nurses, health‐care support workers, and occupational therapists, participated in semistructured interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. A number of work demands were discussed relating to therapeutic care, physical care, and organizational demands. Most participants discussed social support at work as being highly valuable, formally and informally, whereas external support was viewed as less important. Despite the challenges of caring for patients with eating disorders, the majority of participants reported good patient‐related job satisfaction, but poor job satisfaction in relation to organizational factors. Eating disorder inpatient care is complex and demanding, necessitating effective teamwork, communication, and support systems among health‐care workers. Interventions should be developed to target barriers to care, including time constraints, administrative workload, and insufficient allocation of staff.