bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People's Participation: A Framework
Authors: Firdausi Ali A 
Published: March 2013

The concept of peoples’ participation in development endeavor has been defined and implemented differently by different users of the term across the globe. Emphasis on involving local community in development projects started with USAID's Foreign Assistance Act (1966) and has, since then, been followed by all International aid Agencies. However, the parameters of real participation have been debated along with various criteria such as: involvement of the local community in decision making, implementation strategies, sharing of direct and indirect benefits and monitoring and evaluation of the projects. Similarly, the participants’ profile has also been debated based upon the nature of their stakes in the common goals of the community. The functional modalities of participation such as leadership, managerial skills, legal rights and responsibilities are considered, equally, important for invoking meaningful participation. People's participation (PP) as an instrument of social reengineering should, essentially ensure appropriate support conducive to attainment of a community-decided common goal and adaptation of an efficient code of conduct. It should also help the community in integrating cultural diversity and maintaining the social system. Experiences in most of the State-sponsored development projects have shown that the involvement of community is sub-optimal. While this being so, the involvement of NGOs as intermediary agencies is expected to accelerate the pace of project implementation and ensure quality and sustainability. The process of people's participation, therefore, requires a triangular partnership among local community, NGOs and Government Agencies. It is essential that a model is developed to identify the stages of the project cycle and define the role and expectations of the stakeholders at each stage. The scope for re-engineering of the stages and re-positioning of the stakeholders, as per the local requirements would ensure meaningful and sustainable involvement of local people, which will increase the longevity of the development endeavors.
Business Intelligence
Authors: Chandrasekhar S. 
Published: March 2013

Business Intelligence (BI) will play a major role in coming years as with the convergence of Communication & Information Technology there is intense competition. Geographic barriers are slowly getting dismantled & the whole world is getting integrated. Those business will be able to survive who can convert vast amount of data that is collected using the ERP, SCM, CRM systems into knowledge about its customers, competitors & suppliers. This is what the business intelligence about. In the past the BI tools were expensive & beyond the reach of many companies. Hence this technology was implemented by large scale organizations. With advancement in time there are tools available to cater to SME sector. IDC, FROST & SULLIVAN who are two well known technology forecasters have predicted that BI market will have a CAGR of 30% & majority of BI implementation will be in SME sector. The paper introduces the concepts of HI, a case studies of BI applications in a new product introduction. At FORE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT we have developed a BI tool to cater to SME/Education segement. Some details are also given.
A Comparative Study of Popular Search Techniques With The Measure of Number of Tardy Jobs In A Job Shop Environment
Authors: Dominic P.D.D. 
Published: March 2013

Job shop scheduling (JSS) problems consist of a set of machines and a collection of jobs to be scheduled. Each job consists of several operations with specified processing order. In this paper, Job Shop Model problem is scheduled by using Genetic Algorithm (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA) and Hybrid Simulated Annealing (HSA). Those three are considered as different treatments of each problem and are compared with the objective measure of number of tardy jobs in a job shop environment. The conclusion is that the performance measure Number of tardy jobs is minimum in the most of the cases under Genetic Algorithm when compared with other two algorithms.
Performance Appraisal Practices in Indian Universities: A Study of Awareness Level and Perceived Significance
Authors: Punia B. K. , Siwatch Renu 
Published: March 2013

Performance appraisal is a very critical HRD mechanism to provide specific documentation regarding current and future personnel actions. Performance appraisal in the university system has attained particular significance in the changed educational scenario. In higher education, the mechanism of performance appraisal is not as rigid as it is found in the industrial organisations. Performance of faculty as such cannot be well managed until and unless the organisation adopts a well organised system of performance evaluation. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of an organisation cannot give required and actual benefit or results until the employees are well aware about the existing appraisal system of the organisation. Due to its non-linkage with faculty promotion matters, many a times the faculty is not even aware of the prevalence and the significance of existing performance evaluation mechanism. To explore the views of Indian academia the study has been carried out with a sample size of 500 faculty members from different universities in the country. It has been found that the faculty members working in the central universities, residential universities and general universities have shown the high level of awareness about the existing system as compared to the state university, technical/special character university and affiliating university faculty members. The variations in the views of central and state university respondents have been found statistically significant across gender, designation, designation experience and the organisation category. The newly appointed faculty members working in central universities, special character universities, and residential universities have attributed more significance to existing appraisal system. Significant variations in the perceived significance have emerged on designation experience, organisation experience, and the organisation structure dimensions.
Correction of Hypermobile Flatfoot in Children by Molded Insert
Authors: Bordelon R. Luke , Lusskin Ralph 
Published: March 2013

One hundred feet in 50 children between the ages of 3 and 9 years with a diagnosis of idiopathic hypermobile flatfoot had a custom-molded insert ordered. A specific method of casting, correcting the various components of the deformity was utilized. An 1/8-inch polypropolene insert was fabricated from the positive cast. The insert was worn in leather shoes with a long counter, steel shank, and Thomas heel. The flatfoot was evaluated and classified by measurement of the talometatarsal angle on a standing lateral X-ray. The insert was fabricated so that the standing lateral talometatarsal angle was corrected to neutral with the insert on the foot and the foot in the shoe. The preliminary reports indicate that a correction can be obtained at the rate of 0.41° per month or approximately 5° per year. There was no significant loss of motion of the foot or the ankle. Perhaps this regimen may be utilized in those children with a hypermobile flatfoot for whom treatment is advised.
Radiographic Measurements of the Normal Adult Foot
Authors: Steel Maxwell W. , Johnson Kenneth A. , DeWitz Myrna A. , Ilstrup Duane M. 
Published: March 2013

Various radiographic measurements of the normal adult foot have been reported in both early and recent literature; however, a complete description of radiographic quantitative data has yet to be reported. The purpose of this study is to describe the range of the normal foot using standard radiographic techniques that can be applied to the clinical setting. This should provide the data necessary for the accurate interpretation of foot radiographs. This study demonstrates the wide variation in bony relationships of the normal adult foot. When certain recognized criteria of radiographic measurements were evaluated, some were found to be defined as too narrow or inaccurate. Most importantly, because of this wide range, surgical procedures to produce radiographic homogeneity are not indicated. Treatment should be directed specifically toward areas of pain and not radiographic appearance.
Acute Management of Major Trauma Involving the Foot and Ankle with Hoffmann External Fixation
Authors: Kenzora John E. , Edwards Charles C. , Browner Bruce D. , Gamble James G. , DeSilva Jivaka B. 
Published: March 2013

Massive trauma involving the foot was treated by external fixation in 33 cases and followed for 1 to 3 years. Amputations were performed in seven (21%) because of uncontrollable deep sepsis in two and massive injury in five. The other 26 (79%) had functionally acceptable feet at follow-up, but all had some stiffness and cosmetic deformity. Complications attributed to the Hoffman external fixation were limited to three pin tract infections. We recommend Hoffmann external fixation when it is necessary to: 1) stabilize major open fracture dislocations; 2) maintain length where bone is lost or extensively comminuted; 3) prevent soft tissue contractures; 4) control joint position for delayed ankle arthrodesis; and 5) provide easy access for soft and bone tissue reconstructions.
Surgical Treatment of Stenosing Tenosynovitis at the Ankle
Authors: Trevino Saul , Gould Nathaniel , Korson Roy 
Published: March 2013

Twelve cases of stenosing tenosynovitis about the ankle (eight posterior tibial and four peroneal), with at least 2 to 4 years of follow-up, have been successfully relieved of their symptoms and returned to increased activity by utilizing a simplified comprehensive surgical technique. Surgery consists of: 1) appropriate treatment to the tendon itself whether intact, partially ruptured, or completely ruptured; 2) deepening of the constricted groove; 3) fashioning of new pulleys from available sheath and retinaculum; and 4) construction of a new sheath from regional deep fascia. Postoperative management includes non-weightbearing, soft bandages, and home exercise therapy for 1 month, followed thereafter by intensive home therapy buildup of the involved muscle and orthoses. Pathology findings included thickening of the tendon sheath, varying degrees of fibrosis of the tendon itself, with or without rupture, and reactive hypertrophy of the bone at the involved groove.
Stenosing Tenosynovitis of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon at the Great Toe
Authors: Gould Nathaniel 
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the previously overlooked entity, stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon in the sesamoid area of the great toe. Nine patients have been tabulated and successfully treated during the past 4 years, with an average 2½-year follow-up. Trauma seems to be the causative factor. Five cases had accompanying pathology. Three cases responded to inflation of the tendon sheath with 1% lidocaine anesthesia, but the remainder required tenolysis of the sheath plus surgery to the accompanying pathology for relief. Early recognition of this problem and prompt inflation with lidocaine may be the only required treatment if this is the only entity. Chronic cases will respond to tenolysis. A plantar full visualization surgical approach is recommended.
Biomechanical Approach to the Treatment of Foot Problems
Authors: Mann Roger A. 
Published: March 2013

A biomechanical approach is essential to proper diagnosis of foot and ankle problems. With full knowledge of how the average or neutral foot and/or ankle functions, one can then readily “spot” variations from these “norms”, and thus gain significant clues in solving your patient's complaints. This requires careful observation and recording of attitudes in stance, gait at various speeds, and ranges of motion in small and larger joints. The author has attempted to point out the pertinent methods of such examinations, the range of “norms” based on scientific data, and how to interpret the variations from these “norms”. Furthermore, once your diagnosis has been established, this biomechanical analysis of your patients’ specific complaints and findings, coupled with your patients’ activities and goals, will influence your office and pre-surgical planning.
Ganglia of the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Kliman Michael E. , Freiberg Arnis 
Published: March 2013

This report documents the treatment of 33 foot and ankle ganglia. The average patient age was 3d years ( versus 25 years for patients with ganglia about the wrist joint). Twenty-one ganglia were treated operatively and nine recurred. Three patients suffered cutaneous nerve injury. The other 12 ganglia were treated by aspiration and steroid injection. There were four recurrences, one of which was cured by a second injection. Two of the four recurrences were small and asymptomatic and required no treatment. There were no complications with aspiration and injection. In view of the high recurrence rates and inconvenience of ganglionectomy in the foot, aspiration and steroid injection is a more safe, simple, and effective treatment. We feel that surgery should generally be reserved for failures of nonoperative treatment.
Hoffman Procedure in the Ulcerated Diabetic Neuropathic Foot
Authors: Jacobs Richard L. 
Published: March 2013

Twelve diabetic patients with varying degrees of insen-sitivity of the foot presented with problems of forefoot ulceration beneath one or more metatarsal heads. This was associated with local abscess formation. Some of these patients had previously been subjected to surgical procedures such as ray resection or single metatarsal head resection for earlier problems and were left with areas of increased pressure in the weightbearing surface of the forefoot. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was started by the Infectious Diseases service in each case. Blood flow to the extremity was evaluated by pulse volume recordings and measurement of Doppler pressures at various levels down the extremity. Vascular reconstruction was indicated in two of these patients. After this reconstruction, circulation was deemed adequate to perform the Clayton (Clayton, M.L.: Surgery of the forefoot in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin. Orthop. 16:136–140, 1960) modification of the Hoffman (Hoffman, P.: An operation for severe grades of contracted or clawed toes. Am. J. Orthop. 9:441–449, 1911) procedure. This procedure was also done on 10 other patients with more adequate circulation. Although the time of healing was prolonged in some instances, all feet healed and the patients were successfully graduated to full weightbearing with extra depth shoes with soft neoprene rubber insoles. This procedure should be considered instead of transmetatarsal amputation in some patients with problems of ulceration and abscess formation of the forefoot if circulation is adequate, or can be restored to adequate levels by vascular reconstruction.
The Evolutionary Basis of Some Clinical Disorders of the Human Foot: A Comparative Survey of the Living Primates
Authors: Olson Todd R. , Seidel Michael R. 
Published: March 2013

The living primates are a highly diverse group of essentially arboreal animals whose feet are variously adapted for grasping, climbing, and leaping in trees. One of the most remarkable aspects of the anatomical variation in the feet of the extant primates is that this diversity can be arranged in a graduated sequence ranging from the primitive transtarsal-opposition type of grasping foot found in the lemurs, through the specialized transmeta-tarsal-adduction type that characterizes the higher primates, to'the unique nongrasping foot of humans. The comparative study of this graded series makes it possible, without recourse to the fossil record, to appreciate the adaptive and functional stages through which the human foot passed in its evolution. It is hypothesized that the initial stage of human erect posture was characterized by a foot which was adapted to both hallucial grasping and short distance bipedal walking. In many respects, the structure of the foot of this primitive human was probably similar to that of the living highland gorilla. When compared with the feet of our closest living relatives, the African apes, the human foot is characterized by two major evolutionary specializations: the longitudinal and transverse arches, and the parallel first and second metatarsals. These two morphological adaptations, together with several associated specializations, are the structural basis of the bipedal human foot. Reconstructing the evolutionary and adaptive history of these specializations creates a better understanding of some of the more common clinical podiatric disorders. The modern human foot is structurally so well adapted to prolonged bipedal walking and standing that even slight deviations from its evolutionarily established pattern will produce debilitating clinical manifestations. In most cases, successful treatment of such disorders involves restoration of the foot's basic adaptive configuration.
Ankle Diastasis without Fracture
Authors: Edwards George S. , DeLee Jesse C. 
Published: March 2013

Ankle diastasis without associated fracture occurs in a latent form in which the diastasis is detected only by stress radiographs, and in a frank form with the diastasis visible on routine, unstressed radiographs. Whereas latent ankle diastasis requires no reduction and can be treated by cast immobilization, frank diastasis requires anatomical reduction of the ankle mortise. The method of reduction depends upon the particular type of frank diastasis. We have identified four types of frank ankle diastasis without fracture. Type I injuries demonstrate straight lateral fibular subluxation without plastic deformation of the fibula and are best treated by open reduction, removal of any interposed soft tissue, and stabilization with a tibiofibular screw. Type II injuries present with straight lateral subluxation of the fibula due to plastic deformation of the distal fibula and may require a fibular osteotomy for reduction prior to internal fixation. Plastic deformation of the fibula as a cause of ankle diastasis has not been previously reported. The uncommon type III injury consists of posterior rotatory subluxation of the fibula. In type IV injuries the talus is dislocated superiorly, resulting in divergence of the tibia and fibula. Type III and IV injuries can usually be treated by closed manipulation and plaster immobilization. The authors treated four type I and two type II patients by open reduction and internal fixation. Both type II injuries required fibular osteotomy to restore the normal tibiofibular relationship. Good results were obtained in four patients. Fair results secondary to stiffness and pain on activity were present in two patients. All patients maintained anatomical reduction of the ankle mortise following removal of the tibiofibular screw.
The Effect of Simulated Tibial Deformities on the Ankle Joint during the Gait Cycle
Authors: Wagner Kendall S. , Tarr Richard R. , Resnick Charles , Sarmiento Augusto 
Published: March 2013

The effect of angular deformities of the tibial shaft on the area, location, and shape of the ankle joint contact during the normal extremes in the gait cycle was studied with the use of a cadaveric model. Six lower limbs were first examined radiographically and found to be free of pathology. These specimens were then stripped of soft tissues proximal to the ankle joint and had a custom-designed universal joint-plate inserted into the tibia at the proximal, middle, or distal third level. An anterior ankle arthrotomy was performed, and pressure sensitive film was inserted into the tibiotalar joint. Load was then applied with the ankle set in dorsiflexion or plantarflexion via metal wedges, and tibial deformities of 5, 10, and 15° were simulated in varus, valgus, anterior bow, and posterior bow. Contact area and location changes were noted to be of greater magnitude with proximal and distal third tibial deformities than with middle third deformities. Varus and valgus deformities showed smaller contact area changes than anterior or posterior bow deformities. Contact area changes tended to be larger in dorsiflexion compared to plantarflexion for each level and degree of tibial angulation. Posterior bow deformities at all levels resulted in greater changes in contact area and shape than other deformities. The role of subtalar compensation, stiffness of the foot-ankle complex, and geometric factors are all thought to influence the changes noted. On the basis of this experimental study it would appear that angular deformity of the tibia less than 10° would not significantly alter ankle joint contact.
Roentgenographic and Mathematical Analysis of First Metatarsal Osteotomies for Metatarsus Primus Varus: A Comparative Study
Authors: Jahss Melvin H. , Troy Allen I. , Kummer Frederick 
Published: March 2013

The operative effectiveness of five different first metatarsal osteotomies for nonarthritic hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus were objectively evaluated roentgenographically. The series consisted of 120 feet (75 patients) seen over a 5-year period. The osteotomies were biplanar neck, Chevron, biplanar basilar, basilar concentric, and basilar concentric combined with a lateral closing wedge. All the osteotomies except for the Chevron had varying degrees of plantar displacement of the distal fragment and crossed Kirschner wire fixation. The operative techniques and failures are discussed. Special x-ray studies confirmed misleading pseudocorrections caused by bandage compression and intraoperative and early postoperative roentgenographic distortion. The Chevron gave the least correction, 2°, and did not permit plantar displacement to obviate late metatarsal transfer lesions. The biplanar neck osteotomies were technically the simplest, giving 86% satisfactory corrections, averaging 4.3°. The biplanar basilar osteotomies yielded the most erratic results. The poor results were due to medial tilt during fixation, thereby negating any correction. The technical difficulties with the basilar concentric osteotomy were overcome by the addition of a small lateral closing wedge. This procedure gave by far the most consistently good results with corrections of up to 12°, averaging 7.9°.
Monarticular Nontraumatic Synovitis of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint: A New Diagnosis?
Authors: Mann Roger A. , Mizel Mark S. 
Published: March 2013

Seven patients presented with forefoot pain in the metatarsal head region, with an average age of 57 years, and no history of trauma. Six had pain in the second metatarsophalangeal joint, while one patient had pain in the third. Physical examination demonstrated generalized thickening of the involved metatarsophalangeal joint along with warmth and tenderness to compression. Range of motion was decreased in flexion and two patients had a subluxed metatarsophalangeal joint. All patients demonstrated some instability of the joint with dorsoplantar stress. Palpation of the intermetatarsal space demonstrated some evidence of irritation of the common digital nerve. The toe demonstrated some thickening. Roentgenograms demonstrated some widening of the metatarsophalangeal joint in four of these patients. One patient responded to conservative treatment, and the remaining six patients underwent synovectomy. In three cases the common digital nerve was resected. Follow-up was 16 months, and four of the six patients operated on felt their symptoms were completely relieved, one patient felt that the symptoms were improved, and one patient believed her surgery was of no benefit. Synovial tissue in all cases revealed pathologic changes of chronic synovitis. The etiology of this synovitis is unknown. The excessive synovium resulted in the joint thickening, which probably accounts for the neuritic symptoms, the generalized thickening of the toe, and the instability of the joint. Because of the poor response to conservative treatment, perhaps earlier synovectomy is the treatment of choice for this entity.