bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOAA Local Climate Analysis Tool (LCAT): Data, Methods, and Usability
Authors: Timofeyeva-Livezey Marina , Horsfall Fiona , Hollingshead Annette , Meyers Jenna , Dupigny-Giroux Lesley-Ann 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
NOAA’s NWS implemented the new Local Climate Analysis Tool (LCAT) on 1 July 2013. The tool supports the delivery of climate services by quickly providing information to help with climate-sensitive decisions and to facilitate the development of local climate studies and assessments. LCAT provides its users with the ability to conduct local climate variability and change analyses using scientific techniques and the most trusted data, identified through consultation and approval with NOAA subject matter experts. LCAT data include climate-relevant surface observations for individual stations, regional divisions, and gridded reanalysis output. LCAT methods include trend-fitting techniques to assess the local rate of climate change, frequency and conditional probability analyses, and correlation studies to identify existing relationships between local climate and modes of climate variability, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The tool produces customized output for individual users through a web-interface. These include graphical and tabular numeric data that can be either saved in the LCAT online environment or exported in standard formats for further analysis. For each query, LCAT provides an explanation for all graphical output to help users interpret the scientific results. LCAT also offers training modules explaining usability, data, scientific methods, and potential applications, with emphasis on the tool’s appropriate and inappropriate uses. Examples of LCAT applications include guidance for planning, resources management, and assessment purposes. LCAT has the potential for expansion to include a wide variety of datasets for broader application in environmental and socioeconomic decision support.
Sorption-Caused Attenuation and Delay of Water Vapor Signals in Eddy-Covariance Sampling Tubes and Filters
Authors: Nordbo Annika , Kekäläinen Pekka , Siivola Erkki , Mammarella Ivan , Timonen Jussi , Vesala Timo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAdsorption and desorption (together called sorption) processes in sampling tubes and filters of eddy-covariance stations cause attenuation and delay of water vapor signals, leading to an underestimation of water vapor fluxes by tens of percent. The aim of this work was (i) to quantify the effects on sorption in filters and tubes of humidity, flow rate, and dirtiness and (ii) to test a recently introduced sorption model that facilitates correction of fluxes. Laboratory measurements on the transport of water vapor pulses through tubes and filters were carried out, and eddy-covariance field measurements were also used.In the laboratory measurements, the effects of sorption processes were evident, and filters caused a similar attenuation and delay of the signal as tubes. Filters could have a larger impact than a long tube, whereas the flow rate had a much smaller impact on the flux loss than the sorption processes (Reynolds numbers 2120–3360). The sorption model represented well the water vapor pulses in a wide range of conditions. As for the field measurements, the transfer function (TF) derived from the sorption model represented well the observations. Fitting parameters were found to depend strongly on the relative humidity and correlate with the signal delay. Having a more complex shape, TF of the sorption model represented much better the measured TFs than, for example, a Lorentzian or adjusted Gaussian TF, leading on average to a 4% unit difference in the flux corrections. Use of this more complex TF is recommended and its implementation is assisted by the codes provided in appendix B.
Predictors of Perioperative Complications in Higher Risk Children after Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Prospective Study
Authors: Thongyam Anchana , Marcus Carole L. , Lockman Justin L. , Cornaglia Mary Anne , Caroff Aviva , Gallagher Paul R. , Shults Justine , Traylor Joel T. , Rizzi Mark D. , Elden Lisa 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveRetrospective studies have limitations in predicting perioperative risk following adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Few prospective studies exist. We hypothesized that demographic and polysomnographic (PSG) variables would predict respiratory and general perioperative complications.Study DesignProspective, observational cohort study.SettingPediatric tertiary center.Subjects and MethodsConsecutive children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for OSAS within 12 months of PSG were evaluated for complications occurring within 2 weeks of surgery.ResultsThere were 329 subjects, with 27% <3 years old, 24% obese, 16% preterm, and 29% with comorbidities. In this higher risk population, 28% had respiratory complications (major and/or minor), and 33% had nonrespiratory complications. Significant associations were found between PSG parameters and respiratory complications as follows: apnea hypopnea index (rank‐biserial correlation coefficient [r] = 0.174, P =. 017), SpO2 nadir (r = −0.332, P <. 0005), sleep time with SpO2 <90% (r = 0.298, P <. 0005), peak end‐tidal CO2 (r = 0.354, P <. 0005), and sleep time with end‐tidal CO2 >50 mm Hg (r = 0.199, P =. 006). Associations were also found between respiratory complications and age <3 years (r = −0.174, P =. 003) or black race (r = 0.123, P =. 039). No significant associations existed between PSG parameters and nonrespiratory complications. A model using age <3 years, SpO2 nadir, and peak CO2 predicted respiratory complications better than the American Academy of Pediatrics or American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation guidelines but was imperfect (area under the curve = 0.72).ConclusionThus, PSG predicted perioperative respiratory, but not nonrespiratory, complications in children with OSAS. Age <3 years or black race are high‐risk factors. Present guidelines have limitations in determining the need for postoperative admission.
Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Race with Complications after Tonsillectomy in Children
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil , Shapiro Nina L. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo determine if disparities exist for revisits and complications after pediatric tonsillectomy.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of multistate databases.SettingAmbulatory surgery.MethodsCases of pediatric tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy were extracted from state ambulatory surgery databases and linked to state emergency department databases and inpatient databases for California, Iowa, Florida, and New York for 2010 and 2011. Revisit rates and diagnoses within 14 days were analyzed for potential associations of these complications with sex, race, and median household income quartile.ResultsThere were 79,520 cases of pediatric tonsillectomy that were extracted (50.3% male; mean age, 7.5 years). Overall, 6419 patients (8.1%) incurred a revisit after the procedure. Revisit rates for posttonsillectomy bleeding, acute pain, and fever/dehydration were 2.1%, 1.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, increasing household income quartile was significantly associated with a decreasing rate of all complications: revisits (odds ratio [OR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84‐0.89), posttonsillectomy bleeding (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86‐0.96), acute pain (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.84), and fever/dehydration (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89‐0.98). Female sex was associated with a decreased rate of posttonsillectomy hemorrhaging (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73‐0.91). Black and Hispanic children had an increased risk for a revisit after tonsillectomy (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.22; and OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09‐1.26, respectively) and increased odds for acute pain at the revisit (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.10‐1.67; and OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.57, respectively) relative to white children. Race was not associated with the rate of hemorrhage posttonsillectomy.ConclusionSignificant disparities, particularly with respect to household income, exist in the incidence of revisits and complications after pediatric tonsillectomy. The disparate burden of increased revisits and acute pain diagnoses after tonsillectomy deserve further attention.
Anatomical and clinical factors favoring the performance of saphenous ablation and microphlebectomy or sclerotherapy as a single-stage procedure
Authors: Kokkosis AA , Schanzer H 
Published: October 2014

Objective To identify the anatomical and clinical parameters that predict lack of regression of superficial varicosities after ablation of the great saphenous vein. Methods Symptomatic patients treated with endovenous ablation from August 2006 to July 2013, by a single surgeon, were included. Recorded parameters included age, sex, size, and extent of varicosities (class I–IV) (patient standing), and diameter and length (patient supine) of treated great saphenous vein. Varicose vein classification was defined as: class I ≤6 mm and localized to thigh or leg, class II ≤6 mm and present in the thigh and leg (extensive), class III >6 mm and localized to the thigh or leg, and class IV >6 mm and extensive. “Excellent” results were defined as complete resolution of varicosities, “good” results as incomplete resolution, and “poor” results as no improvement. Results A total of 267 patients and 302 consecutive limbs were included in the study. There were 175 females (65.5%), and the mean age was 54 years old (22–92). The CEAP classification was as follows: C2 (81.5%), C3 (6.3%), C4 (7.9%), C5 (2.0%), and C6 (2.3%). Great saphenous vein diameters was significantly larger in patients with C3–C6 (proximal 0.84 ± 0.25 versus 0.65 ± 0.21, p = < 0.0001, distal 0.58 ± 0.18 versus 0.44 ± 0.13, p < 0.0001) or class III–IV varicose veins (proximal 0.85 ± 0.25 versus 0.75 ± 0.27, p = 0.012, distal 0.62 ± 0.62 versus 0.50 ± 0.17, p < 0.0001). Class III–IV limbs had a “good/poor” result 69.8% of the time, as compared to 51.9% of the limbs class I–II varicose veins (p = 0.002). Conclusions Advanced chronic venous disease (C3–C6) patients have larger diameter great saphenous veins, reflecting the progressive nature of the disease. Patients with more severe varicosities regardless of CEAP class were more likely to require a secondary procedure. The severity of the varicosities may not correlate with the degree of venous disease, but it is an indication of which patients should undergo secondary procedures, possibly with a one-stage approach.
Psychological Factors and Personality Traits Associated With Patients in Chronic Foot and Ankle Pain
Authors: Shivarathre Deepak Gubbi , Howard Nicholas , Krishna Sowmya , Cowan Chris , Platt Simon R. 
Published: October 2014

Background: The impact of psychosocial factors and personality traits in chronic pain is well established. However, there has been limited literature analyzing the influence of psychological issues in chronic foot and ankle pain. The aim of our study was to identify the association of certain psychosocial factors and personality traits in individuals with chronic painful foot and ankle disorders. Methods: Patients with chronic foot and ankle pain were recruited from the specialist foot and ankle clinic. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised (EPQ-R), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), and Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) scale were administered in the form of questionnaires. An age- and sex-matched cohort of healthy volunteers served as the control group. Sample size was determined after power calculation, and a total of 90 participants were recruited with informed consent with 45 participants in each arm. Results were analyzed and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: Patients with chronic foot and ankle pain had significantly higher neuroticism scores than the control group ( P < .05). The study also revealed greater prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic pain ( P < .05). Conclusion: The study showed a significant association of anxiety, depression, and neuroticism in patients presenting with chronic foot and ankle pain. Clinicians should recognize the influence of these specific psychological issues to provide a more holistic approach to the clinical problem. Level of Evidence: Level III, case control study.
Comparison of the carbon footprint of different patient diets in a Spanish hospital
Authors: Vidal Rosario , Moliner Enrique , Pikula Andrej , Mena-Nieto Angel , Ortega Agustín 
Published: October 2014

Objectives Mitigating climate change requires management strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in any sector, including the health system. Carbon footprint calculations should play a key role in quantifying and communicating these emissions. Food is among the categories with low accuracy because the carbon footprint for food is still under development. We aimed to quantify the carbon footprint of different diets. Methods Average carbon footprint for a normal diet was based on detailed composition data in Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital (Huelva, Spain). In addition, the carbon footprints of 17 other therapeutic diets were estimated using a streamlined variation of each diet published by Benidorm Clinical Hospital (Spain). Results The carbon footprint was calculated for 18 hospital diets for a variety of patients. The reference menu corresponds to the normal diet provided to patients who do not have special dietary requirements. This menu has a low carbon footprint of 5.083 CO2 eq/day. Conclusions Hospital diets contribute to the carbon footprint of a hospital. The type of diet has a significant impact on the greenhouse gas emissions. A Mediterranean diet is associated with lower environmental impact than diets with more meat, in particular red meat.
Emergency single‐balloon enteroscopy in overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: Efficacy and safety
Authors: Pinto-Pais Teresa , Pinho Rolando , Rodrigues Adélia , Fernandes Carlos , Ribeiro Iolanda , Fraga José , Carvalho João 
Published: October 2014

We aimed to evaluate the impact of emergency single‐balloon enteroscopy (SBE) on the diagnosis and treatment for active overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).MethodsSBE procedures for OGIB were retrospectively reviewed and sub‐divided according to the bleeding types: active‐overt and inactive‐overt bleeding. The patient's history, laboratory results, endoscopic findings and therapeutic interventions were registered. Emergency SBE was defined as an endoscopy that was performed for active‐overt OGIB, within 24 hours of clinical presentation.ResultsBetween January 2010 and February 2013, 53 SBEs were performed in 43 patients with overt OGIB. Seventeen emergency SBEs were performed in 15 patients with active overt‐OGIB procedures (group A), which diagnosed the bleeding source in 14: angiodysplasia (n  = 5), ulcers/erosions (n  = 3), bleeding tumors (gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), n  = 3; neuroendocrine tumor, n  = 1), and erosioned polyps (n  = 2). Endoscopic treatment was performed in nine patients, with one or multiple hemostatic therapies: argon plasma coagulation (n  = 5), epinephrine submucosal injection (n  = 5), hemostatic clips (n  = 3), and polypectomy (n  = 2). Twenty‐eight patients with inactive bleeding (group B) were submitted to 36 elective SBEs, which successfully diagnosed 18 cases. The diagnostic yield in group A (93.3%) was significantly higher than in group B (64.3%)—Fisher's exact test, p  = 0.038.ConclusionThis study revealed an important role of emergency SBE in the diagnosis of bleeding etiology in active overt OGIB.
Compressive sensing imaging for general synthetic aperture radar echo model based on Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Sun Bing , Cao Yufeng , Chen Jie , Li Chunsheng , Qiao Zhijun 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A general echo model is derived for the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with high resolution based on the scalar form of Maxwell’s equations. After analyzing the relationship between the general echo model in frequency domain and the existing model in time domain, a compressive sensing (CS) matrix is constructed from random partial Fourier matrices for processing the range CS SAR imaging. Simulations validate the orthogonality of the proposed CS matrix and the feasibility of CS SAR imaging based on the general echo model.
Implications of Prenatal Steroid Perturbations for Neurodevelopment, Behavior, and Autism
Authors: Gore Andrea C. , Martien Katherine M. , Gagnidze Khatuna , Pfaff Donald 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe prenatal brain develops under the influence of an ever-changing hormonal milieu that includes endogenous fetal gonadal and adrenal hormones, placental and maternal hormones, and exogenous substances with hormonal activity that can cross the placental barrier. This review discusses the influences of endogenous fetal and maternal hormones on normal brain development and potential consequences of pathophysiological hormonal perturbations to the developing brain, with particular reference to autism. We also consider the effects of hormonal pharmaceuticals used for assisted reproduction, the maintenance of pregnancy, the prevention of congenital adrenal hypertrophy, and hormonal contraceptives continued into an unanticipated pregnancy, among others. These treatments, although in some instances life-saving, may have unintended consequences on the developing fetuses. Additional concern is raised by fetal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals encountered universally by pregnant women from food/water containers, contaminated food, household chemicals, and other sources. What are the potential outcomes of prenatal steroid perturbations on neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, including autism-spectrum disorders? Our purposes here are 1) to summarize some consequences of steroid exposures during pregnancy for the development of brain and behavior in the offspring; 2) to summarize what is known about the relationships between exposures and behavior, including autism spectrum disorders; 3) to discuss the molecular underpinnings of such effects, especially molecular epigenetic mechanisms of prenatal steroid manipulations, a field that may explain effects of direct exposures, and even transgenerational effects; and 4) for all of these, to add cautionary notes about their interpretation in the name of scientific rigor.
Using the ECG in the early detection of right ventricular myocardial infarction
Authors: Spiers Christine 
Published: October 2014

The diagnosis, management and treatment of right ventricular myocardial infarction (MI) is significantly different to the more commonly encountered acute MI which primarily involves the left ventricle. A right ventricular MI often occurs concommitantly as an inferior or posterior wall acute MI, thereby endangering a larger area of myocardium. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a powerful clinical tool in the diagnosis of acute MI. However, the standard 12-lead ECG does not provide an effective view of the right ventricular wall. It is therefore important to carefully interpret the standard 12-lead ECG if right ventricular MI is suspected. In this article the addition of right precordial leads is recommended to improve diagnosis and the research supporting this practice is discussed. The classic symptoms that are associated with inferior or posterior wall infarction: hypotension, raised jugular venous distension and clear lung fields are also strong indicators of right ventricular MI. Early diagnosis is essential as the haemodynamic consequences and management of right ventricular MI and an infarction primarily affecting the left ventricle may be markedly different. This article will discuss the importance of ensuring that the correct treatments are provided as there may be serious adverse affects if a a misdiagnosis is made and incorrect treatment given.
Conceptions of Transitional Justice in Somalia: Findings of Field Research in Mogadishu
Authors: Abdullahi (Baadiyow) Abdurahman M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This article is part of a larger research project on popular conceptions of transitional justice in Somalia and is based on a 2012 survey of 30 individuals currently living in Mogadishu who directly experienced or witnessed gross human rights violations after 1991. Their testimonies indicate that targeted and random murders, gang violence against civilians, and rape were the most commonly experienced violations. The article then presents a summary and analysis of opinions on the most “acceptable” mechanisms for redressing past injustices. While the Somali clan culture of collective responsibility for crimes remains in existence, the research found that more than half of the respondents believe in individual responsibility for the crimes that have been committed. In terms of addressing past violations, our interviewees gave precedence to the role of traditional authorities over modern ones (national and international actors), and to some form of Shari'a legal redress over exclusive reliance on customary law (xeer) or international law. However, the most common popular conception of Shari'a is legalistic and focused on hudud punishments rather than on holistic Islamic approaches to justice. Our survey showed that modern understandings of transitional justice are limited among the general population and mostly confined to a small number of members of the educated elite in Somalia.
Adipokines in metabolic processes regulating during obesity treatment
Authors: Litvinova Larisa Sergeevna , Vasilenko Maria Alexandrovna , Zatolokin Pavel Anatol'evich , Aksenova Natalya Nikolaevna , Fattakhov Nikolay Sergeevich , Vaysbeyn Igor Zinov'evich , Mironyuk Natalya Ivanovna , Kirienkova Elena Vital'evna 
Published: October 2014

Bariatric surgery serves as a model for the assessment of the relationship between body mass index (BMI) reduction and changes in adipokine production and for exploring the endocrine function of the pancreas in patients who do not have the proximal part of the small intestine. Aim. of the study was to assess the biochemical parameters and plasma levels of adipokines [adiponectin, adipsin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), resistin and visfatin], insulin, C-peptide, ghrelin and incretins [glucose insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)] in patients with morbid obesity after surgery (gastric bypass) and therapeutic correction. Materials and methods. A total of 75 patients (34 men and 41 women; age range: 24?67 years) diagnosed as obese were divided into two groups according to the treatment they received. Biochemical analysis was performed to estimate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism rates and plasma levels of adipokines (adiponectin, adipsin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin, visfatin), insulin, C-peptide, ghrelin and incretins (GIP and GLP-1) using the flow fluorometry. Results. Surgical treatment of obesity resulted in a significant decrease in BMI (from 45.67?9.87 to 32.45?5.35 kg/m2, p