bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribuições para a História do sindicalismo docente, em Portugal: dos Grupos de Estudo, à afirmação e crise do movimento sindical docente
Authors: Tavares Manuel 
Published: May 2014

Este artigo incide sobre as origens do sindicalismo docente, em Portugal, fazendo um percurso histórico pelo associativismo do século XIX e pelas primeiras manifestações sindicais na I República. À luz da História, pretende analisar a emergência do sindicalismo docente, em Portugal, e os seus percursos nas décadas de 70 e 80 do século XX e apresentar algumas das razões que contribuíram para uma substancial alteração no sindicalismo docente a partir de meados da década de 80. Daremos particular atenção às raízes do sindicalismo docente contemporâneo que se encontram nos Grupos de Estudo do Pessoal Docente do Ensino Secundário (GEPDES) e que constituem um movimento de reflexão e de reivindicação, antecipatório dos sindicatos de professores que se constituem nos dias imediatamente a seguir à revolução dos cravos. O estudo empírico realizado por meio de entrevistas a quatro dos principais protagonistas deste movimento revela os objetivos, a consciência política dos seus membros, as possíveis influências do Partido Comunista e a importãncia deste movimento na emergência e afirmação do sindicalismo docente.Faz-se uma reflexão sobre as condições existentes em Portugal no pós- 25 de Abril de 1974 e sobre as condições que emergiram a partir da segunda metade da década de 80, sobretudo com o avanço de políticas economicistas e neoliberais, que contribuíram para uma certa decadência e crise do movimento sindical docente tal como para a crise das identidades profissionais dos professores. O sindicalismo docente constituiu-se como um movimento reflexivo afastando-se, progressivamente, das referências do movimento operário afirmando, ao mesmo tempo, a sua especificidade e autonomia.
Modeling the Altered Expression Levels of Genes on Signaling Pathways in Tumors as Causal Bayesian Networks
Authors: Neapolitan Richard , Xue Diyang , Jiang Xia 
Published: May 2014

This paper concerns a study indicating that the expression levels of genes in signaling pathways can be modeled using a causal Bayesian network (BN) that is altered in tumorous tissue. These results open up promising areas of future research that can help identify driver genes and therapeutic targets. So, it is most appropriate for the cancer informatics community.Our central hypothesis is that the expression levels of genes that code for proteins on a signal transduction network (STP) are causally related and that this causal structure is altered when the STP is involved in cancer. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed 5 STPs associated with breast cancer, 7 STPs associated with other cancers, and 10 randomly chosen pathways, using a breast cancer gene expression level dataset containing 529 cases and 61 controls. We identified all the genes related to each of the 22 pathways and developed separate gene expression datasets for each pathway. We obtained significant results indicating that the causal structure of the expression levels of genes coding for proteins on STPs, which are believed to be implicated in both breast cancer and in all cancers, is more altered in the cases relative to the controls than the causal structure of the randomly chosen pathways.
Preliminary Findings for the Effectiveness of Whole Green Coffee Powder (WGCP) versus Placebo in a Double-blind Withdrawal Design Study with Young Adults on Three Tasks of Executive Function
Authors: Manos Michael J. , Sidol Craig A. , Monaco Alicia , Frazier Thomas W. 
Published: May 2014

Objective This study compared relative effects of whole green coffee powder (WGCP) on cognitive functioning in neurotypical adults under three treatment conditions: placebo (A), low-dose 889.9 mg WGCP (B1), and moderate-dose 1334.4 mg WGCP (B2). Method Fourteen adults aged 18–25 years, acted as their own controls in three treatment conditions within a seven-session withdrawal design. Participants completed the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at each session. The Side Effects Behavior Monitoring Scale (SEBMS), used to assess stimulant effects in individuals with ADHD, was a secondary outcome measure to assess adverse events associated with caffeine intake delivered by capsule. Self-report of qualitative effects was collected. Results Results indicated that moderate doses of WGCP significantly improved sustained attention (vs placebo and low dose) and working memory (vs low dose only) but had no effect on response inhibition. Low doses of WGCP showed decreased sustained attention. Fifty percent of subjects reported positive subjective improvement in well-being. No side effects were reported. Conclusion Commercially available WGCP (ie, sold as GoBean®) in moderate doses improved executive functioning for sustained attention and working memory but had no effect on response inhibition. Implications for individuals with attention difficulties are discussed.
Atmospheric and ionospheric response to sudden stratospheric warming of January 2013
Authors: Jonah O. F. , de Paula E. R. , Kherani E. A. , Dutra S. L. G. , Paes R. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this work, we examine the atmospheric and ionospheric responses to the January 2013 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. To examine the atmospheric and ionospheric behavior during this event, three main parameters are used (1) Total Electron Content (TEC) collected from the International Global Positioning System and from the Brazilian Network of Continuous Monitoring stations, (2) daytime E × B vertical drift derived from the magnetometers located at the equatorial station Alta Floresta (9.9°S, 55.9°W, dip latitude 1.96°) and an off‐equatorial station Cuiaba (15.3°S, 56.0°W, dip latitude 7.10°), both in the Brazilian sector, (3) the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) meridional and zonal wind components measured by the Meteor Radar located at the southern midlatitude Santa Maria (29.4°S, 53.3°W, dip latitude 17.8°). We identify the anomalous variation in E × B drift based on later local‐time migration of peak value with SSW days. A novel feature of the present study is the identification of the similar migration pattern in the TEC anomaly, in spite that the simultaneous solar flux increases during the SSW event. Other novel features are the amplification of the 13–16 day period in the TEC anomaly during the SSW days and simultaneous amplification of this period in the meridional and zonal wind components in the MLT region, as far as 30°S. These aspects reveal the presence of coupled atmosphere‐ionosphere dynamics during the SSW event and the amplification of the lunar and/or solar tidal component, a characteristic which is recently reported from the electrojet current measurements.
The relationship between clouds and dynamics in Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones in the real world and a climate model
Authors: Govekar Pallavi D. , Jakob Christian , Catto Jennifer 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe representation of clouds over the Southern Ocean in contemporary climate models remains a major challenge. A major dynamical influence on the structure of clouds is the passage of extratropical cyclones. They exert significant dynamical influences on the clouds in the dynamically active frontal regions as well as in the dynamically suppressed regions ahead and behind the cyclones. A cyclone compositing methodology is applied to a reanalysis and vertical profiles of cloudiness from CloudSat/CALIPSO to quantify the relationship between clouds and dynamics in extratropical cyclones over the Southern Ocean. It is found that the range of cloud fraction, vertical motion, and relative humidity changes considerably with height. There is a strong quasi‐linear relationship between the three variables which changes with altitude. After establishing the observed relationships, the methodology is applied to the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator to evaluate the model's ability to simulate the identified cloud‐dynamics relationships. While the model is able to qualitatively reproduce the overall cloud structure, the circulation around the cyclone is generally too weak. As a result, the model fails to represent the observed cloud to dynamics relationship. This wrong relationship in the model leads to a misrepresentation of the cloud field manifested as either an error in the cloud fraction or as simulating the “right” clouds for the “wrong” reason. The result underscores the importance of relationship‐oriented model evaluation techniques over simple right or wrong assessments.
Long‐term trends and the effect of solar cycle variations on mesospheric winter temperatures over Longyearbyen, Svalbard (78°N)
Authors: Holmen Silje E. , Dyrland Margit E. , Sigernes Fred 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper gives an update on the long‐term trend in hydroxyl (OH*) airglow winter temperatures measured by a 1 m Ebert‐Fastie spectrometer in Longyearbyen, Svalbard (78°N, 16°E), from 1983 to 2013. The temperatures are derived through synthetic fits of measured airglow spectra of the OH*(6‐2) vibrational state. The data set is corrected for seasonal variations by subtracting the mean climatology. Also, solar cycle dependence is investigated. A solar response coefficient of 3.6 K ± 4.0 K/100 solar flux units (SFU) is calculated from F10.7 cm solar radio flux data. After subtraction of the climatology and solar response, the remaining long‐term trend is a near‐zero trend, −0.2 K ± 0.5 K/decade. Trend analysis of monthly temperatures indicates positive trends for November, January, and February and a negative trend for December, but the uncertainties are high.
“Stiffness Has Different Meanings, I Think, to Everyone”: Examining Stiffness From the Perspective of People Living With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Orbai Ana‐Maria , Smith Katherine C. , Bartlett Susan J. , De Leon Elaine , Bingham Clifton O. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveStiffness is a well‐recognized symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is frequently queried during clinic visits as an indicator of disease activity and was included in the 1961 and 1987 RA classification criteria. Little is known about how people with RA experience stiffness and its impact on their lives.MethodsWe conducted 4 focus groups including 20 people with RA (4–6 participants per group) from 1 academic clinical practice and 1 private practice to generate accounts of stiffness experiences. Qualitative inductive thematic data analysis was conducted.ResultsFive overarching themes were identified: relationship of stiffness with other symptoms, exacerbating or alleviating factors and self‐management, stiffness timing and location, individual meanings of stiffness experiences, and impact of stiffness on daily life.ConclusionFocus group discussions revealed individual stiffness experiences as diverse and complex. Several stiffness features were endorsed by a majority of participants, but few, if any, were universally experienced; thus, the significance of stiffness as an expression of the disease varied widely. Discussions yielded descriptions of how individual limits imposed by RA in general and stiffness in particular may change over time and were intertwined with adaptations to preserve participation in valued life activities. These results concerning the diversity of the stiffness experience, consequential adaptations, and its impact suggest that a more individualized approach to stiffness measurement may be needed to improve stiffness assessments.
Direct and Enantioselective Vinylogous Michael Addition of α‐Alkylidenepyrazolinones to Nitroolefins Catalyzed by Dual Cinchona Alkaloid Thioureas
Authors: Rassu Gloria , Zambrano Vincenzo , Pinna Luigi , Curti Claudio , Battistini Lucia , Sartori Andrea , Pelosi Giorgio , Casiraghi Giovanni , Zanardi Franca 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWhile several protocols exist for the asymmetric functionalization of pyrazolinones at the α‐position relying on nucleophilic addition or annulation procedures, use of α‐alkylidene electron‐rich analogues in asymmetric vinylogous coupling to carbon electrophiles is substantially an uncharted domain. We now report, for the first time, that alkylidenepyrazolinones carrying an enolizable carbon at the γ‐position efficiently participate in direct and asymmetric, catalytic vinylogous Michael‐type additions to nitroolefins providing the expected adducts in high yields, with complete γ‐site selectivity and with extraordinary levels of enantio‐, diastereo‐, and geometrical selectivities. Both enantiomeric adducts were equally accessed by employing a quasi‐enantiomeric quinine‐ or quinidine‐based thiourea catalyst pair.magnified image
H‐Phosphonate‐Mediated Amination of Quinoline N‐Oxides with Tertiary Amines: A Mild and Metal‐Free Synthesis of 2‐Dialkylaminoquinolines
Authors: Chen Xiaolan , Li Xu , Qu Zhibo , Ke Diandian , Qu Lingbo , Duan Likun , Mai Wenpeng , Yuan Jinwei , Chen Jianyu , Zhao Yufen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA synthetic strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 2‐dialkylaminoquinolines from easily available quinoline N‐oxides, tertiary amines, diisopropyl H‐phosphonate and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in one pot under metal‐free conditions at room temperature.magnified image
Palladium/Copper Bimetallic System‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling of Alkynes and Alkenes: Two Strategies to Suppress β‐H Elimination on Alkyl‐Palladium Center
Authors: Huang Liangbin , Wang Qian , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper describes two efficient strategies to suppress β‐H elimination during the palladium/copper bimetallic system‐mediated cross‐coupling between alkynamides and alkenes. Remote donor groups with the terminal olefins, such as toluenesulfonamide, phosphate, sulfone, etc., cooperate with the amide of alkynamides and chelate the palladium active center, to promote C(sp3)O bond formation by suppressing the β‐H elimination. Another strategy uses the rigid structure of norbornene to make an intermediate without a syn‐β‐hydrogen to achieve reductive elimination of the CCl bond.magnified image
Asymmetrische Palladium‐katalysierte allylische Alkylierung mit Dialkylzinkreagentien: ein bemerkenswerter Ligandeneffekt
Authors: Misale Antonio , Niyomchon Supaporn , Luparia Marco , Maulide Nuno 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWir berichten hier über eine zufällig entdeckte Palladium‐katalysierte asymmetrische allylische Alkylierung mit Diorganozinkreagentien, die eine breite Kompatibilität mit funktionellen Gruppen zeigt. Diese neuartige Transformation basiert auf einem bemerkenswerten Ligandeneffekt, der die Standard‐Umpolungsreaktivität von Allylpalladiumintermediaten in Gegenwart von Dialkylzinkverbindungen unterbindet. Die milden Bedingungen ermöglichen enantioselektive allylische Alkylierungen von racemischen Allyl‐Elektrophilen in Gegenwart empfindlicher funktioneller Gruppen.
Eine nachhaltige Synthese von Formiaten: Kombination der katalytischen Methanol‐Dehydrierung und Hydrogencarbonat‐Hydrierung
Authors: Liu Qiang , Wu Lipeng , Gülak Samet , Rockstroh Nils , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFormiatsalze sind wichtige Chemikalien, die in alltäglichen Produkten verwendet werden. Allerdings erfordert die aktuelle industrielle Großproduktion von Formiaten hohe CO‐Drücke und drastische Reaktionsbedingungen. Wir beschreiben hier einen neuen Prozess zur Synthese von Formiaten, der ohne die Verwendung gefährlicher Gase und Chemikalien auskommt. Mit Ruthenium‐Pincerkomplexen gelingt die gleichzeitige Methanol‐Dehydrierung und Hydrogencarbonat‐Hydrierung als ein “grüner” Prozess zu Formiaten mit exellenten TON (>18 000), TOF (>1300 h−1) und Ausbeuten (>90 %).
Terminologie von Metall‐organischen Gerüstverbindungen und Koordinationspolymeren (IUPAC‐Empfehlungen 2013)
Authors: Fischer Roland A. , Schwedler Inke 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIm Folgenden werden Begriffe, Definitionen und Empfehlungen für die Klassifizierung von Koordinationspolymeren, Netzwerken und Metall‐organischen Gerüstverbindungen (MOFs) erläutert. Es wird eine hierarchische Terminologie empfohlen, die vom Koordinationspolymer als Oberbegriff ausgeht. Koordinationsnetzwerke sind dann eine Untergruppe der Koordinationspolymere und MOFs wiederum eine Untergruppe der Koordinationsnetzwerke. Eines der Kriterien für MOFs sind potenzielle Hohlräume, ohne dass physikalische Messungen der Porosität oder anderer Eigenschaften per se erforderlich sind. Die Verwendung von Topologien und Topologiedeskriptoren wird zur Verbesserung der Kristallstrukturbeschreibung von MOFs und 3D‐Koordinationspolymeren dringend empfohlen.
Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation Using Dialkylzinc Reagents: A Remarkable Ligand Effect
Authors: Misale Antonio , Niyomchon Supaporn , Luparia Marco , Maulide Nuno 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA serendipitously discovered palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction with diorganozinc reagents, which displays broad functional group compatibility, is reported. This novel transformation hinges on a remarkable ligand effect which overrides the standard “umpolung” reactivity of allyl–palladium intermediates in the presence of dialkylzincs. Owing to its mild conditions, enantioselective allylic alkylations of racemic allylic electrophiles are possible in the presence of sensitive functional groups.
Multifunctional Redox Polymers: Electrochrome, Polyelectrolyte, Sensor, Electrode Modifier, Nanoparticle Stabilizer, and Catalyst Template
Authors: Deraedt Christophe , Rapakousiou Amalia , Wang Yanlan , Salmon Lionel , Bousquet Melanie , Astruc Didier 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSimple “click” polycondensation metallopolymers of redox‐robust bis(ethynyl)biferrocene (biFc) and di(azido) poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG400 and PEG1000) were designed for multiple functions including improvement of water solubility and biocompatibility, the introduction of mixed valency and sensing capabilities, and as nanoparticle stabilizers for catalysis.
Development of polynorbornene as a structural material for microfluidics and flexible BioMEMS
Authors: Hess‐Dunning Allison E. , Smith Russell L. , Zorman Christian A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPolynorbornene is a class of polymer that exhibits significant potential as a structural material in microelectromechanical systems owing to its dielectric constant and compatibility with silicon‐based microfabrication processes. A commercially available version of PNB (AvatrelTM 2585P) is particularly attractive for bioMEMS applications because of its low moisture absorption characteristics, photodefinability, and potential biocompatibility. This study furthers the advancement of PNB as an enabling structural material for microfluidics and flexible bioMEMS applications by developing the following key processing techniques: (1) oxygen plasma‐based surface modification for bonding PNB layers to glass substrates, and (2) the monolithic fabrication of free‐standing, mechanically flexible electrode arrays using silicon wafers as mechanical supports during fabrication. To further develop PNB for flexible, implantable bioMEMS applications, this study also includes an evaluation of: (1) the tensile properties of free standing structures after accelerated lifetime testing in phosphate‐buffered saline, and (2) the in vitro performance of free‐standing, mechanically flexible neural microelectrode array‐based neural interfaces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40969.
High‐performance thermosetting films based on an amino‐functionalized poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Lin Ching Hsuan , Chen Jui Chun , Huang Chu Ming , Juang Tzong Yuan 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWe have developed a sequence‐dependent synthesis of the amino‐functionalized poly(ether sulfone) P2. The amino groups of P2 act as reactive sites toward epoxy resins. After curing P2 with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cresol novolac epoxy (CNE), we obtained the flexible, light‐yellow, transparent, epoxy thermosetting films P2/DGEBA, and P2/CNE, respectively, having glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 258 and 274°C, respectively. In addition, we also prepared a flexible film after condensation of the amino groups of P2 with the anhydride groups of 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA); after imidization at 300°C for 1 h, the resulting P2/ODPA thermosetting film possessed a value of Tg of 340°C. These three thermosetting films also exhibited flame retardancy with a UL‐94 VTM‐0 grade. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40980.
Treg Cell Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Compromised by CTLA‐4 Promoter Methylation Resulting in a Failure to Activate the Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase Pathway
Authors: Cribbs Adam P. , Kennedy Alan , Penn Henry , Read Jordan E. , Amjadi Parisa , Green Patricia , Syed Khaja , Manka Szymon W. , Brennan Fionula M. , Gregory Bernard , Williams Richard O. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveFunctionally impaired Treg cells expressing abnormally low levels of CTLA‐4 have been well documented in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular defect underlying this reduced expression is unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the role of DNA methylation in regulating CTLA‐4 expression in Treg cells isolated from RA patients and to elucidate the mechanism of their reduced suppressor function.MethodsCTLA‐4 expression in Treg cells from RA patients and healthy controls was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Methylation of the CTLA‐4 gene promoter was analyzed by bisulfite‐specific PCR, followed by sequencing. Methylation‐dependent transcriptional activity of the CTLA‐4 gene promoter was measured by luciferase assay, and NF‐AT binding to the CTLA‐4 gene promoter was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The role of CTLA‐4 expression in controlling Teff cells was analyzed using an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction.ResultsDown‐regulation of CTLA‐4 expression in Treg cells from RA patients was caused by methylation of a previously unidentified NF‐AT binding site within the CTLA‐4 gene promoter. As a consequence, Treg cells were unable to induce expression and activation of the tryptophan‐degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), which in turn resulted in a failure to activate the immunomodulatory kynurenine pathway.ConclusionWe show for the first time that epigenetic modifications contribute to defective Treg cell function in RA through an inability to activate the IDO pathway. Therefore, this study sets a precedent for investigating potential therapeutic strategies aimed at reinforcing the IDO pathway in RA patients.