bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Sampler for Determining Residual Oil Content of Surface Waters
Authors: Schatzberg Paul , Jackson Drew F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Residual oil contents of coastal and estuarine surface waters must be determined to establish an oil pollution data base, monitor changes in oil content with time and relate these changes to polluting sources. A simple flow-through device has been developed which, in conjunction with a skimmer and pump, can process 100 to 200 liters or more of surface water, removing any oil present in a separate phase. Thus concentrated, the oil can be extracted at a laboratory, its quantity and nature determined, and when related to the volume of water processed through the sampler, provide oil concentration data on a time-integrated basis.
Key to the development of this device was identification of a sorbent material which would quantitatively remove oil from a moving water stream and permit simple extraction of that oil in a laboratory. A laboratory apparatus was designed to generate a flowing water stream containing parts per million (ppm) quantities of oil. A number of sorbent materials were examined with this apparatus and several were found effective. Effort was concentrated on the most promising one. Experiments showed that 5–25 ppm oil in a flowing water stream is quantitatively absorbed by the sorbent. The concentrated oil is easily removed from the sorbent with carbon tetrachloride used as solvent and a Soxhlet extractor. The sorbent is regenerated by this process and can be reused many times. Concentration of the extracted oil is determined by infrared spectrophotometry.
An Optimal Prevention and Detection Model for Pollution Patrol
Authors: Olson David G. , Wright Gordon P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a flight scheduling model for sensor (infra-red and ultra-violet) equipped aircraft whose mission is the detection and prevention of harbor and coastal oil and hazardous material pollution. The objective of the model is to maximize the expected number of pollution incidents detected per pollution flight.
The model requires, as an input, parameters representing probabilities of pollution incidents occurring for different geographical sectors. These parameters are estimated using, coastwise and harbor, petroleum and hazardous material shipping statistics. The shipping statistics considered include movement of petroleum products along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts as well as the movement of such commodities in the intra-coastal waterway system and the Great Lakes. Particular port characteristics and past pollution incident statistics are also used to estimate required parameters of the scheduling model. The constraints in the model concern the availability of aircraft, flight hours, mission hours, and the significant environmental factors which affect the performance of the sensors.
Developing a Total Oil Spill Cleanup Capability in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Smith Forrest M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This is an 18-month progress report on the development of a total capability for rapid cleanup of oil spills in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area and 340 miles of ocean coastline outside the Bay by Clean Bay Inc., a ten-member, non-profit corporation formed on July 1, 1971. In the time span covered by this report, CBI:Devised a three-phase Master Plan for completion by July 1, 1974.Evolved an oil spill contingency plan through testing and revision.Developed first aid capability available to each member facility for small spill cleanup.Fostered closer working relationships with other West Coast oil spill cooperatives.Implemented a concerted approach to working with governmental agencies and environmental and wildlife organizations.
Major emphasis has been placed on preparedness for massive spills, with a supporting role in minor incidents in conjunction with the first aid capability of member companies. Clean Bay's Master Plan is geared to cleaning up a 100,000-barrel spill in seven days, with tanker lightering capability of up to 400,000 barrels.
Development of the “Next Generation” Chemical Dispersants
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In order to fully appreciate the development trend for the “next generation” chemical dispersants for oil spills, the current status of this field is briefly reviewed. Recent applications illustrate the specific beneficial potential role of chemical dispersants in the oil spill control, as well as their limitation.
The present mechanism of dispersing oil spills by the application of chemical dispersants is well understood and is the subject of many technical papers. While there is some variation in the relative performance and toxicity of the many commercially available products, they all require mixing after application. In instances wherein the dispersant has been marginally effective, inadequate mixing was usually the reason.
Thus, mixing is the limiting step rather than application. The mixing of an oil spill by boat propellers, fire hoses, etc., is laborious and time consuming. However, dispersant may be readily applied to large areas by aerial application similar to “crop dusting.” In some instances, the oil spill may even become inaccessible for convenient mixing (e.g., under piers, shallow water). Hence, the elimination (or minimizing) of the mixing step would be a major improvement in the dispersion process.
The “next generation” oil spill dispersants will require little or no mixing energy and will approach spontaneous emulsification. The mechanism of “self-mixing” will be outlined in this presentation. Performance data comparing this generic type of chemical dispersant with the more conventional systems commonly used will illustrate the major differences.
Another important aspect of this system is the resultant dispersed oil droplet size. The remaining concerns and other considerations requiring further study will be discussed.
Laboratory and Field Testing of Surface-Film Forming Chemicals for Use as Oil Collecting Agents
Authors: Barger William R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since it is desirable to minimize the area covered by oil spilled on water, and since all oil recovery devices operate more efficiently on thicker oil layers, there is much interest in chemicals which can slow the spreading of oil or even drive the oil back into a thicker layer after it has already spread. Forty-seven commercially available chemicals capable of controlling oil were examined in the laboratory during 1971 to determine which were practical oil collecting agents. A series of screening tests was developed, based upon physical properties and surface-chemical properties. The materials judged to be most useful by these tests are presently being evaluated in multicomponent field tests of oil recovery equipment. Both laboratory and field tests have indicated that such materials can aid in cleaning up spilled oil.
The Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants: A European View
Authors: Wilson K. W. , Cowell E. B. , Beynon L. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper represents a review of European approaches to the purpose and problems of testing the toxicity of hydrocarbons and dispersants. It was prepared by the authors following a meeting of a group of European ecologists, which was convened by the Dispersant Working Group of the UK Institute of Petroleum Co-ordinating Committee for the Prevention of Sea Pollution.
The paper deals with the aims of toxicity tests, and draws distinctions between those devised for toxicity ranking purposes, required by governments and industry for assessing the potential of new products, and those tests done for predicting possible ecological effects from the spillage of oil or use of dispersants.
The paper also discusses the principles guiding the two approaches, and compares the use of LD50 with tests examining recovery and survival.
Laboratory tests are examined in relation to field experiments and experience.
In discussing laboratory practice, chemical problems, standardisation, the selection of test organisms, sampling, experimental design data processing and data presentation are considered.
Sorbent System Development for Oil Spill Cleanup
Authors: Dorrler J. Stephen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In June of 1971, EPA awarded five research contracts designed to develop efficient unit operations for the removal of floating oil with the aid of sorbent materials. Each contract considered the following basic unit operations:Sorbent BroadcastingOil-Sorbent HarvestingOil-Sorbent SeparationVessel or Platform ConfigurationOil Storage or DisposalSorbent Reuse and/or Disposal
Of the five contracts awarded, one involved the utilization of material handling systems for oil recovery use, one consisted of a study optimizing the broadcasting and harvesting of sorbents, one involved the in situ generation of foamed sorbent material, and two involved the use of specially designed platforms for the unit operations under consideration.
Analysis of the research results indicate that mechanical sorbent systems can be used efficiently and effectively to recover spilled oil Recovery efficiencies better than 90 percent can be expected. Within design limitations, wave action will have little effect on oil-sorbent recovery. In practice, wave action actually increases oil removal rates by bringing the oil into more intimate contact with the sorbent. Wind will produce detrimental effects on the broadcasting unit operation. However, these effects can be minimized by proper field operating techniques.
This paper evaluates the unit operations developed by the five contractors and discusses the additional work required for prototype system development.
New Device for Removing Oil Slicks from the Surface of Water
Authors: Asper J. J. , Bolli P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the sponsorship of SEACLEAN S.A., Luxembourg, the Geneva Research Centre of Battelle carried out an analytical study on devices designed to remove oil slicks floating on water. The conclusion was that the majority of existing devices are not easily adaptable to marine operation. To overcome this disadvantage, Battelle has conceived a new device described in this paper. The system is composed of a rotating, multi-thread screw in a casing. The oil and water enter the system at a given speed and are trapped between the threads. As the pitch of the threads progressively diminishes, the oil thickens and is removed by a pump from a chamber situated at the end of the screw, while the water is removed through an aperture below the screw casing. Disordered motion of the waves is absorbed by the last stage of the screw and the whole device follows the movement of the swell.
This paper also describes the related laboratory development work and data on the performance of the device. The research team comprised:S. Arieh, J. H. Asper, P. Bolli,G. Goertz, G. Senn and R. Strub
Free Vortex Recovery of Floating Oil
Authors: Nebeker Eugene B. , Rodriguez Sergio E. , Mikolaj Paul G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A technique using a free vortex to recover oil from high sea, stream, and harbor waters is presented. Initial results of a current concept development program are given.
An oil slick will be drawn into the center of the vortex due to water flow induced by an impeller and other rotating hardware. As a result, a significant “captive radius” is demonstrated which draws in oil from appreciable distances from the device—useful around piers, ships, etc., in harbors. Upon approaching the vortex, the oil will submerge and accumulate within a center region of the vortex. This pocket will contain a concentrated mass of oil which can be removed by conventional pumping. Since oil collection is not directly performed by hardware, but rather by the induced vortex flow, essentially the same hardware was also used to collect sorbent materials of various sizes and shapes.
Tests were performed with a free vortex oil recovery device having an impeller diameter of two feet. Performance data were obtained both under quiescent water conditions and also under environmental conditions that simulated a severe sea state four with 20 knot winds and two knot currents. Oil recovery rates and oil/water ratios are reported for oil film thickness ranging between 1/16 to one inch thick using No. 2 Fuel Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, and a Residual Fuel Oil. Scaling considerations based on this test data indicated performance characteristics of larger sized prototypes.
Oil Recovery on the High Seas
Authors: Leigh James T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two prototype oil recovery systems currently under construction are described. Design goals for the systems include air transportability, recovery of a complete range of oil types at 2000 gpm in a sea state 4, use with a Coast Guard developed boom and Coast Guard boats and ships. One system utilizes a rotating disc-drum for oil removal. The drum is mounted in a unique catamaran which utilizes inflatable pontoon hull sections. Oil recovery rate is dependent on viscosity, slick thickness, current and wave conditions. In all conditions efficiency is expected to approach 100 percent. The second system utilizes a wave conforming weirbasin. Oil recovery rate is primarily dependent on slick thickness and current. Efficiency is expected to approach 100 percent for all conditions.
Physical Requirements for Oil Pollution Control Barriers
Authors: Milgram Jerome H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To be effective, an oil pollution control barrier must fulfill a number of requirements. It must have adequate strength to withstand wave and current forces in the sea. In addition to this, it must be adequately strong to withstand nonoperating loads such as those encountered in construction, packaging, launching, recovery and refurbishment for further use. The barrier must have seakeeping responses which are correct for the purpose of containing oil. Sway response of a barrier is needed to avoid large relative flow velocities in waves. Heavy response is needed so that the relative height of the oil on the barrier will not become too large allowing oil to pass over the barrier or become too low and allow oil to pass beneath the barrier. The roll angle of the barrier must be relatively small to prevent leakage as well. The above factors are considered in this paper. This consideration is based on full scale trials of barriers, theoretical studies and model tests.
Mechanical Control of Oil Spills Utilizing a Streamlined Boom
Authors: Wooten David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Conventional oil retention booms fail to contain oil in currents above one to two knots. A steamlined boom to operate in currents or while being towed in excess of two knots was designed and tested under varying current and combined wave-current conditions. The boom consists of airfoil-shaped sections which resemble hydrofoils operating at the water surface. The boom is designed so that the stagnation streamline at the leading edge of the foil is located beneath the oil spill under a range of dynamic current and wave conditions. Motion of the boom through the water (or the flow past the boom due to a net current) causes a bow wave which sweeps oil and water over the top of the leading edge of the boom and into a sump. Tests indicated that the streamlined boom profile has a drag coefficient of less than one-third that of conventional boom shapes. Collection efficiency measurements with oil indicate that collection efficiencies greater than 75 percent can be achieved at three knots.
Oil Water Separation by Ultrafiltration
Authors: Goldsmith Robert L. , Hossain Sohrab 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ultrafiltration with one-inch diameter tubular membranes produced highly-purified water from oil emulsions. For kerosene, No. 6 Fuel oil, Venezuelan crude and lubricating oil at input ratios of 100 ppm to 90 percent, treated water was uniformly free of visible oil and had less than ten ppm oil. Ultrafiltration rate depended on oil type, input ratio and operating conditions. Typically, rates were high (50–150 gal/day-ft-2), but decreased with time due to membrane fouling. Factors which increased emulsion stability or decreased concentration polarization (e.g. high feed circulation rate) minimized fouling. Membrane cleanup was simple and effective, with no loss in long-term membrane capacity in over 3000 continuous test hours, with cleanup each 72 hours.
Cost and physical requirements for systems of 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 gpm were estimated for membranes in tubular and spiral wound configurations. The latter, currently untested, is favored because of lower cost, weight, power, and space requirements. Field trials with actual oily wastes are recommended.
Drop Size Distributions in Oil Water Mixtures
Authors: Stokes Vijay K. , Harvey Andrew C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil drop size distribution in oil water mixtures is of importance in the design of separators that make use of settling or enhanced settling as in centrifuges. This paper describes an attempt to identify the parameters that affect the size distribution of drops in mechanically generated emulsions.
Oil/water mixtures were made by three different methods. On the basis of the results of these tests, a standard procedure for making mixtures was adopted. This paper presents the results of an extensive series of tests, with three different oils, in which the drop size distributions were measured by a Coulter Counter.
Large-Scale Experiments on the Spreading of Oil at Sea and its Disappearance by Natural Factors
Authors: Jeffery P. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes those considerations that are of importance in undertaking large-scale oil-spreading experiments. One such experiment involving a discharge of 120 tons of Iranian Light Crude Oil in the North Atlantic is described, and the spreading pattern observed is reported in detail. The observations continued over a period of four days, after which the bulk of the oil had disappeared by natural factors, leaving only a few patches of thicker oil, largely in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion, which was also rapidly disappearing. Blokker constants have been calculated for the observed spreading of the slick, and these are reasonably constant throughout the four-day period.
Distribution of Heavy Hydrocarbons in Some Atlantic Ocean Waters
Authors: Brown R. A. , Searl T. D. , Elliott J. J. , Phillips B. G. , Brandon D. E. , Monaghan P. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During 1971–72 ocean water samples were collected off tankers along two well traveled routes, including:U.S. Gulf Coast to East CoastCaribbean to East Coast
Approximately 400 samples were taken near the surface and at a depth of about 10 meters. At the time of collection, each sample was extracted with carbon tetrachloride. The extract was subsequently analyzed for hydrocarbon content and, in many cases, the hydrocarbons were characterized as to compound types. Nonvolatile or persistent hydrocarbons were found to be generally in the concentration range of .001 to .012 ppm (wt.). Some variations in the amount and composition were observed according to geographical location of the sample.
Sampling and analysis methods are briefly described.
Petroleum Residues in the Sargasso Sea and on Bermuda Beaches
Authors: Morris Byron F. , Butler James N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Petroleum residues (“tar lumps”) are found throughout the Atlantic Ocean. An estimate of the current standing stock of tar in the Northwest Atlantic is 86,000 metric tons, of which 66,000 tons are found in the Sargasso Sea. Although there are wide seasonal variations, the amount observed near Bermuda has not increased significantly from 1971 to 1972. Beach deposits also undergo wide variations (4 g/m to 1700 g/m), and seem to act, on the average, as collectors of tar from a strip of water about 20 km wide. Chemical characteristics of tar lumps (analyzed by gas chromatography) vary widely, but almost all have distinctive paraffinic wax components in the C30 to C40 range, implying that their origin is in crude oil sludge from tanker washings. The standing stock is probably between 20 to 50 percent of the total annual influx of petroleum from this source. Degradation of tar lumps at sea, after rapid losses by evaporation and dissolution, takes times of the order of years, probably because of their substantial content of high-melting point waxes and asphaltenes.
Design of a Refinery Dock to Prevent Oil Spills
Authors: Nieman L. D. , Cline W. G. , Woodford C. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The modern dock operated by Shell Oil Company as part of the Wood River Refinery in Illinois was designed to include features which minimize the possibility of oil spills. The dock is located on the Mississippi River near St. Louis. It is comprised of four floating sections and is designed to load and unload barges only. Solid pipe loading arms are used to make the connections between the floating dock manifold and the barge header. The primary loading valves on the floats can be operated manually or electrically from a local station or remotely from the dock control center. Each floating dock is equipped with a drainage system to prevent spillage into the river. An intercom system provides communication between the dock control center and the loading areas. The dock operator is also in direct radio and telephone contact with refinery operating personnel responsible for the transfer of oil. Operation of this facility has met the criteria of efficient operation and protection against spills.
Simulation of Movement of Oil Slicks in the Strait of Georgia Using Simple Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics
Authors: Murty T. S. , Khandekar M. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Hydrodynamical techniques were used to investigate the movement of oil slicks in the Strait of Georgia by assuming that the oil moves with the current and not with the wind. The divergence of the isobaths near Alden Bank probably makes the current branch while that southeast of Pt. Roberts narrows and intensifies the current. The effect of mutual interaction among several slicks both with and without a steering current such as a tidal or wind-generated current is found to be important in determining their trajectories. For oils with large viscosities, an oscillatory tidal current could give rise to an unstable situation in which the oil spreads in the form of long lines radiating out from the spill similar to the spokes in a bicycle wheel. Stratification of the water causes the oil plume to bifurcate and due to this phenomena, even if one branch of the plume carrying the oil goes away from the coast, the second branch carries oil to the coast.
Lake Champlain: A Case History on the Cleanup of #6 Fuel Through Five Feet of Solid Ice at Near-Zero Temperatures
Authors: Lamp'l Howard J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Lake Champlain: A case history on the cleanup of #6 fuel through five feet of solid ice at near-zero temperatures.
This is a report on the removal of 44,000 gallons of #6 fuel from Lake Champlain in March, 1971, while the lake was frozen to a depth of five feet in the area affected by the spill, The circumstances of the spill, the location and the adverse weather conditions presented a unique challenge to on scene personnel in their quest to remove thick, viscous oil from a frozen, high-amenity lake.
When confronted with this major spill (as classified by the National Contingency Plan) the on scene personnel had no precedence upon which to base their plan of attack. Improvisation was the keynote of the whole operation during the “life” of this spill. Many novel ideas and techniques were utilized, not only to remove the oil, but to contain it from further polluting the waters of Lake Champlain.