bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consortia-mediated bioprocessing of cellulose to ethanol with a symbiotic Clostridium phytofermentans/yeast co-culture
Authors: Zuroff Trevor R , Xiques Salvador Barri , Curtis Wayne R 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Background
Lignocellulosic ethanol is a viable alternative to petroleum-based fuels with the added benefit of potentially lower greenhouse gas emissions. Consolidated bioprocessing (simultaneous enzyme production, hydrolysis and fermentation; CBP) is thought to be a low-cost processing scheme for lignocellulosic ethanol production. However, no single organism has been developed which is capable of high productivity, yield and titer ethanol production directly from lignocellulose. Consortia of cellulolytic and ethanologenic organisms could be an attractive alternate to the typical single organism approaches but implementation of consortia has a number of challenges (e.g., control, stability, productivity).

Results
Ethanol is produced from α-cellulose using a consortium of C. phytofermentans and yeast that is maintained by controlled oxygen transport. Both Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdt-1 and Candida molischiana “protect” C. phytofermentans from introduced oxygen in return for soluble sugars released by C. phytofermentans hydrolysis. Only co-cultures were able to degrade filter paper when mono- and co-cultures were incubated at 30°C under semi-aerobic conditions. Using controlled oxygen delivery by diffusion through neoprene tubing at a calculated rate of approximately 8 μmol/L hour, we demonstrate establishment of the symbiotic relationship between C. phytofermentans and S. cerevisiae cdt-1 and maintenance of populations of 105 to 106 CFU/mL for 50 days. Comparable symbiotic population dynamics were observed in scaled up 500 mL bioreactors as those in 50 mL shake cultures. The conversion of α-cellulose to ethanol was shown to improve with additional cellulase indicating a limitation in hydrolysis rate. A co-culture of C. phytofermentans and S. cerevisiae cdt-1 with added endoglucanase produced approximately 22 g/L ethanol from 100 g/L α-cellulose compared to C. phytofermentans and S. cerevisiae cdt-1 mono-cultures which produced approximately 6 and 9 g/L, respectively.

Conclusion
This work represents a significant step toward developing consortia-based bioprocessing systems for lignocellulosic biofuels production which utilize scalable, environmentally-mediated symbiosis mechanisms to provide consortium stability.
Zygmunt Bauman. Individual and society in the liquid modernity
Authors: Palese Emma 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Starting from the postmodern, the philosophical and sociological speculation by Zygmunt Bauman, opens - through the analysis of the phenomenon of globalization – to the meta-level of life, and then circumscribes the most recent thinking on political life, until reaching the liquid modernity: overcoming postmodernity itself. As a result individual, society, ethics, power, religion become those words impregnated with a liquidity capable of condensing in itself the most significant aspects of the present reality: a dimension in which the lasting gives way to the transient, the need to the desire, and the necessity to the utility.
Deformations of elliptic fiber bundles in positive characteristic
Authors: Partsch Holger 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe study the deformation theory of elliptic fiber bundles over curves in positive characteristics. As applications, we give examples of nonliftable elliptic surfaces in characteristics 2 and 3, which answer a question of Katsura and Ueno. Also, we construct a class of elliptic fibrations, whose liftability is equivalent to a conjecture of Oort concerning the liftability of automorphisms of curves. Finally, we classify deformations of bielliptic surfaces.
The convergence of the product γ˜
p-1
h
0
b

n-1 in the Adams spectral sequence
Authors: Zhao Hao , Wang Xiangjun , Zhong Linan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Let p be a prime with p ≥ 7 and q=2(p-1). In this paper we prove the existence of a nontrivial product of filtration p + 2 in the stable homotopy groups of spheres

π

(

p
n

+

p
3

-
p
-
2
)
q
-
6

S

${\pi _{(p^{n}+p^{3}-p-2)q-6}S}$

. This nontrivial product is shown to be represented up to a nonzero scalar by
the product element

γ
˜

p
-
1

h
0

b

n
-
1

∈

Ext

𝒜

p
+
2
,
(

p
n

+

p
3

-
p
-
2
)
q
+
p
-
4

(
ℤ
/
p
,
ℤ
/
p
)

$
{\protect \widetilde{\gamma }_{p-1}h_{0}b_{n-1}\in {\rm Ext}_{\mathcal {A}}^{p+2,(p^{n}+p^{3}-p-2)q+p-4}(\mathbb {Z}/p,\mathbb {Z}/p)}
$

in the Adams spectral sequence where n ≥ 1 and n ≥ 4.
A uniform bound for geodesic periods of eigenfunctions on hyperbolic surfaces
Authors: Reznikov Andre 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We consider periods along closed geodesics
and along geodesic circles for eigenfunctions of the Laplace–Beltrami
operator on a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface. We obtain uniform bounds
for such periods as the corresponding eigenvalue tends to infinity. We
use methods from the theory of automorphic functions and, in
particular, the uniqueness of the corresponding invariant
functionals on irreducible unitary representations of PGL2(ℝ).
What sources do adolescents turn to for information about their health concerns?
Authors: Baheiraei Azam , Khoori Elham , Foroushani Abbas Rahimi , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Ybarra Michele L. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Background: Adolescents are developmentally normatively interested in information about sexuality and other health-related issues. In the absence of available health programming, identifying the sources of information that youth are currently accessing will help adolescent health researchers understand where youth ‘are,’ thereby informing where and how future interventions can be targeted. This is particularly important in resource-limited settings, such as Iran, where funding for public health programming is scant. This study aimed to examine primary and preferred sources of adolescents’ health information queries and identify health topics in which they are most interested.
Methods: In 2011, a random sample of 915 adolescents, aged 14–18 years, completed anonymous, self-administered questionnaires.
Results: Mothers (51.11%) and same-sex friends (40.11%) were both the primary as well as the preferred source of health information for adolescents. More than one in three adolescents identified media information sources, including books (39.6%) and the Internet (37.9%), as their primary and preferred sources. The most common topic adolescents sought information about was sexuality issues. Younger adolescents preferred receiving information from parents, whereas older adolescents preferred friends as sources for information [X2=9.3, p=0.009]. No age differences were noted in using media sources (p>0.05).
Conclusions: These findings indicate future interventions should integrate some if not all of these sources [both people (mothers, same-sex friends) and media (books, the Internet)] to deliver evidenced-based health information.
A Covariate Residual-Based Cointegration Test Applied to the CDS-Bond Basis
Authors: Game Aaron , Wu Jason 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper proposes a residual-based cointegration test with improved power. Based on the idea of Hansen (1995) and Elliot and Jansson (2003) in the unit root testing case, stationary covariates are used to improve the power of the residual-based augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test. The asymptotic null distribution contains difficulty to estimate nuisance parameters for which there is no obvious method of estimation; therefore, we propose a bootstrap methodology to obtain test critical values. Local-to-unity asymptotics and Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the power of the test in large and small samples, respectively. These exercises show that the addition of covariates increases power relative to the ADF and Johansen tests, and that the power depends on the long-run correlation between the covariates and the cointegration candidates. The new test is used to test for cointegration between Credit Default Swap (CDS) and corporate bond spreads for a panel of US firms during the 2007–2009 financial crisis. The new test finds stronger evidence for cointegration between the two spreads for more firms, relative to ADF and Johansen tests.
The effects of cement and natural zeolite additives on problematic clay soils
Authors: Turkoz Murat , Vural Pinar 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Dispersive and expansive soils are considered problematic, and these soil properties cause serious problems for many engineering structures. For many years, comprehensive studies have been carried out with the aim of improving the swelling and dispersive qualities of soils by using additives. Each feature in the literature associated with the improvement of the dispersive and swell properties of clay soil with additives was separately evaluated. In this study, the effect of cement and natural zeolite additives on the characteristics of dispersibility and swelling potential of clay soils were investigated. A fixed percentage of cement (3%) plus different percentages of natural zeolite (1%, 3%, 6%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were mixed with four different clay soil samples. In this context, first, the physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were determined. Next, the swell percentage, swell pressure, crumb, pinhole and unconfined compressive strength tests at different curing times were performed on samples with and without the additive by compressing the sample to achieve particular compaction characteristics. Significant strength value increases depended on curing time, and the properties were improved with the mixture of cement and zeolite additives, depending on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values of clay soil samples with different plasticity characteristics that exhibit dispersive and swell properties. This study not only showed that a mixture of cement and zeolite additives improved the dispersive and swell properties of clay soil samples with four different plasticity characteristics, depending on their SAR and ESP values, but also significant increases in strength values were observed.
Effects of aging on PuO2·xH2O particle size in alkaline solution
Authors: Delegard C. H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBetween 1944 and 1989, 54.5 metric tons of the United States´ weapons-grade plutonium and an additional 12.9 metric tons of fuels-grade plutonium were produced in and separated from irradiated uranium metal fuel at the Hanford Site. Acidic high-activity wastes containing around 600 kg of plutonium were made alkaline and discharged to underground storage tanks from separations, isolation, and recycle processes to yield average plutonium concentration of about 0.003 g/L (or ∼ 0.0002 wt. %) in the ∼ 200 million liter tank waste volume. The plutonium is largely associated with low-solubility metal hydroxide/oxide sludges where its low concentration and intimate mixture with neutron-absorbing elements (e.g., iron) are credited in nuclear criticality safety. However, concerns have been expressed that plutonium, in the form of hydrated plutonium oxide, PuO2·xH2O, could undergo sufficient crystal growth through dissolution and reprecipitation in the alkaline tank waste to potentially become separable from neutron absorbing constituents by settling or sedimentation. Thermodynamic considerations and laboratory studies of systems chemically analogous to tank waste show that the plutonium, precipitated in the alkaline tank waste by neutralization from acid solution, probably entered as 2–5-nm PuO2·xH2O crystallite particles that, because of the low concentration of the neutral Pu(IV) dissolved species and opposition from radiolytic processes, grow from that point at exceedingly slow rates.
Die Leipziger Journalistenausbildung in der Ära Ulbricht
Authors: Schemmert Christian , Siemens Daniel 
Published: April 2013

Vorspann
Die Universität Leipzig war das Zentrum der akademischen Journalistenausbildung in der DDR. Die Fakultät für Journalistik, umgangssprachlich auch „Rotes Kloster“ genannt, sollte die ostdeutschen Massenmedien mit ebenso gut ausgebildeten wie linientreuen Fachleuten versorgen, die geeignet waren, gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Konsens zu stiften oder zu stärken. Die Autoren können zeigen, wie groß der Konformitätsdruck war, der auf den - nicht selten idealistischen - Studenten lastete, wie wichtig SED und Staatssicherheit das Thema Journalistenausbildung nahmen und wie komplex sich die politisch-sozialen Beziehungen gestalteten, in deren Zentrum die Fakultät für Journalistik stand.
Clathrates and semiclathrates of Type-I: crystal structure and superstructures
Authors: Kirsanova Maria A. , Shevelkov Andrei V. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The review surveys the crystal chemistry of inorganic compounds belonging to the structure type of clathrate-I. The compounds of this family exhibit an unexpected variety of both chemical composition and features of the crystal structure. The basic crystal structure of clathrate-I and different variants of its modification, such as siting, position splitting, and superstructure formation including transformation to semiclathrates, are considered in terms of the group-subgroup relationship.
4K-GM Cryocooler Performance and Thermal Conductivity of HoxEr1-xN
Authors: Nakano Takanori , Hirayama Yusuke , Izawa Takushi , Nakagawa Takashi , Fujimoto Yasushi , Masuyama Shinji , Irie Toshio , Nakamura Eiji , Yamamoto Takao A. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTHoxEr1-xN (x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75) samples were synthesized by nitriding of HoxEr1-x alloy bars and their thermal conductivity κ were measured. The measured κ values were comparable to those of stainless steel and Er3Ni. Ho0.5Er0.5N showed the highest κ of the present three samples. The thermal diffusivity calculated from the κ and the specific heat indicates that Ho0.5Er0.5N is a very promising regenerator material for the cryocoolers. The electrical resistivity ρ was also measured as a function of temperature.
Study of Perturbation Designs for the Partially Separable Objective Function With Gradient-Based Optimizations in History Matching
Authors: Ding D. Y. , McKee F.. 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Assisted history matching is widely used to constrain reservoir models by integrating well-production data and/or 4D seismic data. However, history matching generally requires a large number of reservoir simulations, which are very CPU time-consuming, in the optimization procedure. In this paper, we present a new technique that allows us to reduce the number of reservoir simulations for the gradient-based optimization method in history matching.
The new method is based on the partial separability of the objective function with local components referred to the wells and/or the seismic zones. How to choose a good perturbation design for the gradient computation is the main issue. In this paper, the graph-coloring algorithm is applied to determine “independent” components and parameters for a partially separable function, and analytical test functions are proposed for the selection of perturbation designs. This method can significantly reduce the number of reservoir simulations for a partially separable objective function in history matching.
Effects of isoflurane with and without dexmedetomidine or remifentanil on heart rate variability before and after nociceptive stimulation at different multiples of minimum alveolar concentration in dogs
Authors: Voigt Anne M. , Bergfeld Carina , Beyerbach Martin , Kästner Sabine B. R. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the influence of 3 anesthetic protocols and multiples of minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) on heart rate variability (HRV) with and without nociceptive stimulation in dogs.
Animals—6 healthy adult Beagles.
Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized 3 times: with isoflurane alone, with isoflurane and a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (IsoD; 3 μg/kg/h, IV), and with isoflurane and a constant rate infusion of remifentanil (IsoR; 18 μg/kg/h, IV). Individual MAC was determined via supramaximal electrical stimulation. Sinus rhythm–derived intervals between 2 adjacent R-R intervals were exported from ECG recordings. Selected HRV time and frequency domain variables were obtained (at 2-minute intervals) and analyzed offline with signed rank tests before and after stimulation at 0.75, 1.0, and 1. 5 MAC for each anesthetic session.
Results—The isoflurane session had the overall lowest prestimulation SDNN (SD of all R-R intervals) values. Prestimulation SDNN values decreased significantly with increasing MAC in all sessions. For the IsoD session, SDNN (milliseconds) or high-frequency power (milliseconds2) was inversely correlated with MAC (Spearman rank correlation coefficient for both variables, −0.77). In the isoflurane and IsoR sessions, heart rate increased significantly after stimulation. In the IsoD session, poststimulation SDNN was increased significantly, compared with prestimulation values, at 0.75 and 1.0 MAC.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of SDNN and high-frequency power values, anesthetic levels between 0.75 and 1.5 MAC within the same anesthetic protocol could be differentiated, but with a large overlap among protocols. Usefulness of standard HRV variables for assessment of anesthetic depth and nociception in dogs is questionable.
Effects of serum and autologous conditioned serum on equine articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1 β
Authors: Carlson Eric R. , Stewart Allison A. , Carlson Kelly L. , Durgam Sushmitha S. , Pondenis Holly C. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effects of autologous equine serum (AES) and autologous conditioned serum (ACS) on equine articular chondrocyte metabolism when stimulated with recombinant human (rh) interleukin (IL)-1β.
Sample—Articular cartilage and nonconditioned and conditioned serum from 6 young adult horses.
Procedures—Cartilage samples were digested, and chondrocytes were isolated and formed into pellets. Chondrocyte pellets were treated with each of the following: 10% AES, 10% AES and rhIL-1β, 20% AES and rhIL-1β, 10% ACS and rhIL-1β, and 20% ACS and rhIL-1β, and various effects of these treatments were measured.
Results—Recombinant human IL-1β treatment led to a decrease in chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan synthesis and collagen II mRNA expression and an increase in medium matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression. When results of ACS and rhIL-1β treatment were compared with those of AES and rhIL-1β treatment, no difference was evident in glycosaminoglycan release, total glycosaminoglycan concentration, total DNA content, or matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity. A significant increase was found in chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan synthesis with 20% AES and rhIL-1β versus 10% ACS and rhIL-1β. The medium from ACS and rhIL-1β treatment had a higher concentration of IL-1β receptor antagonist, compared with medium from AES and rhIL-1β treatment. Treatment with 20% ACS and rhIL-1β resulted in a higher medium insulin-like growth factor-I concentration than did treatment with 10% AES and rhIL-1β. No difference in mRNA expression was found between ACS and rhIL-1β treatment and AES and rhIL-1β treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Minimal beneficial effects of ACS treatment on proteoglycan matrix metabolism in equine chonrocytes were evident, compared with the effects of AES treatment.
Noninvasive measurements of body composition and body water via quantitative magnetic resonance, deuterium water, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in cats
Authors: Zanghi Brian M. , Cupp Carolyn J. , Pan Yuanlong , Tissot-Favre Delphine G. , Milgram Norton W. , Nagy Tim R. , Dobson Howard 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution methods for measurement of total body water (TBW), lean body mass (LBM), and fat mass (FM) in healthy cats and to assess QMR precision and accuracy.
Animals—Domestic shorthair cats (58 and 32 cats for trials 1 and 2, respectively).
Procedures—QMR scans of awake cats performed with 2 units were followed by administration of D2O tracer (100 mg/kg, PO). Cats then were anesthetized, which was followed by QMR and DXA scans. Jugular blood samples were collected before and 120 minutes after D2O administration.
Results—QMR precision was similar between units (coefficient of variation < 2.9% for all measures). Fat mass, LBM, and TBW were similar for awake or sedated cats and differed by 4.0%, 3.4%, and 3.9%, respectively, depending on the unit. The QMR minimally underestimated TBW (1.4%) and LBM (4.4%) but significantly underestimated FM (29%), whereas DXA significantly underestimated LBM (9.2%) and quantitatively underestimated FM (9.3%). A significant relationship with D2O measurement was detected for all QMR (r2 > 0.84) and DXA (r2 > 0.84) measurements.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—QMR was useful for determining body composition in cats; precision was improved over DXA. Quantitative magnetic resonance can be used to safely and rapidly acquire data without the need for anesthesia, facilitating frequent monitoring of weight changes in geriatric, extremely young, or ill pets. Compared with the D2O dilution method, QMR correction equations provided accurate data over a range of body compositions.
Evaluation of total white blood cell count as a marker for proviral load of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle from herds with a high seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus
Authors: Alvarez Irene , Gutiérrez Gerónimo , Gammella Mariela , Martínez Cecilia , Politzki Romina , González Cintia , Caviglia Luciana , Carignano Hugo , Fondevila Norberto , Poli Mario , Trono Karina 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine the reference interval for WBC counts in Holstein dairy cows from herds with high seroprevalence for anti–bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antibodies, analyze the correlation of total WBC counts and blood proviral load (bPVL) in BLV-infected animals, and determine whether total WBC count can be used a hematologic marker for in vivo infection.
Animals—307 lactating cows from 16 dairy herds with high BLV seroprevalence.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected for assessment of plasma anti–BLV p24 antibody concentration (all cows), manual determination of WBC count (161 BLV-seronegative cows from 15 herds), and evaluation of bPVL (146 cows from another herd).
Results—The WBC count reference interval (ie, mean ± 2 SD) for BLV-seronegative dairy cows was 2,153 to 11,493 cells/μL. Of the 146 cows used to analyze the correlation between WBC count and bPVL, 107 (73%) had WBC counts within the reference interval; of those cows, only 21 (19.6%) had high bPVL. Most cows with high WBC counts (35/39) had high bPVL. Mean WBC count for cows with high bPVL was significantly higher than values for cows with low or undetectable bPVL. White blood cell counts and bPVL were significantly (ρ = 0.71) correlated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data have provided an updated reference interval for WBC counts in Holstein cows from herds with high BLV seroprevalence. In dairy cattle under natural conditions, WBC count was correlated with bPVL; thus, WBC count determination could be a potential tool for monitoring BLV infection levels in attempts to control transmission.