bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deaths during apprehensions of agitated persons. A review of proposed pathophysiological theories
Authors: Tamsen Fredrik , Thiblin Ingemar 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The pathophysiology of sudden death during apprehension remains largely unclear. The most frequently discussed mechanisms are excited delirium, positional asphyxia, metabolic acidosis, acute and chronic drug abuse, and autonomic instability. As in most areas of forensic medicine, much of the knowledge comes from case reports, which are of little use in understanding causality. Experimental studies of some aspects have been performed, and they show somewhat divergent results and interpretations. The aim of this review is to summarize the different proposed theories, and to point out important issues for further research.
Distributional Patterns of Benthic Macro-invertebrate Fauna in the Glacier Fed Rivers of Indian Himalaya
Authors: Mishra Asheesh Shivam , Nautiyal Prakash , Semwal Vijay Prakash 
Published: June 2013

Large-scale distributional pattern for the benthic macro-invertebrate fauna was determined in the glacier fed Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan rivers and streams of India at the elevation range of 2000-3000 m asl. In Trans-Himalaya the family Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) alone (Chandra and Bhaga) or in combination with Chironomidae (Diptera) in similar proportions (Chenab) or Diptera alone (Miyar) dominated the assemblages. Its influence seems to extend to Rupin drainage in the Himalaya where Chironomidae alone dominated the assemblages. Except for this Himalayan river. Various families of Trichoptera attained highest abundance in other rivers of the Himalaya. Thus, Leptoceridae in combination with Limnephilidae (Alaknanada at Tapovan) and Heptageniidae and Baetidae (Alaknanada at Mana) is the only instance of similarity in abundant taxa by virtue of same river. The Mandakini was partially similar to Alaknanda by virtue of abundant Limnephilidae. The Bhagirathi was characterized by abundance of Philopotamidae. Thus, assemblages exhibit greater variability in the Himalayan rivers than Trans-Himalayan rivers and are hence entirely different, as also evident from the cluster analysis. This present hypothesis is not applicable to explain the macro-invertebrate assemblages in Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i1.8242 Our Nature Vol.11(1) 2013: 36-44
Temperature‐dependent shifts in phenology contribute to the success of exotic species with climate change
Authors: Wolkovich Elizabeth M. , Davies T. Jonathan , Schaefer Hanno , Cleland Elsa E. , Cook Benjamin I. , Travers Steven E. , Willis Charles G. , Davis Charles C. 
Published: June 2013

•Premise of the study:The study of how phenology may contribute to the assembly of plant communities has a long history in ecology. Climate change has brought renewed interest in this area, with many studies examining how phenology may contribute to the success of exotic species. In particular, there is increasing evidence that exotic species occupy unique phenological niches and track climate change more closely than native species.•Methods:Here, we use long‐term records of species’ first flowering dates from five northern hemisphere temperate sites (Chinnor, UK and in the United States, Concord, Massachusetts; Fargo, North Dakota; Konza Prairie, Kansas; and Washington, D.C.) to examine whether invaders have distinct phenologies. Using a broad phylogenetic framework, we tested for differences between exotic and native species in mean annual flowering time, phenological changes in response to temperature and precipitation, and longer‐term shifts in first flowering dates during recent pronounced climate change (“flowering time shifts”).•Key results:Across North American sites, exotic species have shifted flowering with climate change while native species, on average, have not. In the three mesic systems, exotic species exhibited higher tracking of interannual variation in temperature, such that flowering advances more with warming, than native species. Across the two grassland systems, however, exotic species differed from native species primarily in responses to precipitation and soil moisture, not temperature.•Conclusions:Our findings provide cross‐site support for the role of phenology and climate change in explaining species’ invasions. Further, they support recent evidence that exotic species may be important drivers of extended growing seasons observed with climate change in North America.
Actes manqués en sociopsychanalyse. Étude longitudinale et transversale
Authors: Prades Jean-Luc 
Published: June 2013

Cette étude s’appuie sur une remémoration par son auteur d’interventions sociopsychanalytiques auxquelles il avait le projet de participer ou qu’il a effectivement réalisées, depuis une vingtaine d’années, en sélectionnant deux types de causes : celles à partir desquelles l’intervention n’a pas eu lieu (intervention interdite) et celles qui ont contribué à son arrêt (intervention interrompue). L’idée sous-jacente est bien qu’en admettant que des interventions psychosociologiques puissent ne pas commencer où ne pas se poursuivre, on émet un certain nombre d’hypothèses pour l’expliquer. En voilà quelques-unes. Par exemple : qu’il n’existe pas d’intervention parfaite, réussie, finie ; qu’une intervention réussie (ou facile) n’est pas toujours celle qui apporte le plus, du point de vue de la connaissance psychosociologique (à l’inverse, une intervention difficile ou loupée est souvent instructive) ; que les accidents de parcours et les imprévus participent de sa définition ; que les contextes agissent sur l’intervention de façon souvent décisive et qu’ils sont susceptibles d’en modifier le cours ; enfin, que ce qui est important n’est pas tant ce que nous sommes capables de dissimuler de nos pratiques que ce que nous cachons à notre insu. Ainsi, par exemple, si nous savons bien qu’une intervention dont ne veut pas un intervenant a peu de chances d’aboutir ou de se poursuivre, qui prendra la peine de le dire ou même de se le dire ? Ce texte voudrait contribuer, pour changer, à défendre une conception inachevée de l’intervention, en majorant un peu ce qu’il y a de perte en elle.
L'expérience canadienne de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Goette Richard , Johnston LCol Paul 
Published: June 2013

La Seconde Guerre mondiale a été une expérience « totale » de façon infamante, le Canada n’y ayant pas fait exception. Bien qu’il ait été considéré comme un partenaire subalterne, le Canada a apporté une contribution substantielle à l’effort de guerre des Alliés proportionnellement à sa population. Cette contribution est l’élément le mieux connu au sujet du rôle du Canada dans la guerre. Ce qui est moins connu, c’est l’expérience canadienne de la guerre en elle-même. À vrai dire, le Canada est entré dans le conflit de manière typiquement canadienne, avec hésitation, tiraillé sur la question de sa propre identité, mais, en définitive, poussé vers l’avant par des événements plus importants et des partenaires plus puissants. Cette expérience a touché les points les plus sensibles de l’unité nationale canadienne. La guerre s’est avérée une expérience importante pour le Canada en tant qu’État, et ce, au-delà des événements qui sont habituellement retracés dans la littérature sur l’histoire militaire de ce pays.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of Seven Brands of Small-Volume Syringes Used for Intraocular Drug Delivery
Authors: Sampat Kapil M. , Wolfe Jeremy D. , Shah Mona K. , Garg Sunir J. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Little is known about the accuracy and precision of syringes used to deliver small-volume intravitreal injection of medication. The authors investigated the accuracy and reproducibility of seven brands of small-volume syringes used for intravitreal injection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This experimental laboratory investigation compared EXELint 1 cc TB, BD Luer-lok, BD 1 cc TB, Kendall Monoject TB, Nipro TB, Terumo 1 cc, and Terumo 0.5 cc syringes. A calibrated Pipetman served as a control. One hundred syringes of each brand delivered 0.05 mL and 0.10 mL distilled water onto a balance. One-sample
t
-test (
P
< .01) compared delivered and intended volumes.

RESULTS:
The Nipro TB was the most accurate syringe at 0.05 mL. All other brands over-delivered the target volume. At 0.10 mL, the BD Luer-lok and Nipro TB were the most accurate. BD Luer-lok over-delivered while Nipro TB under-delivered, but these deviations were not statistically significant. The Pipetman control was the most accurate and reproducible device at both volumes.

CONCLUSION:
Nipro TB was the most accurate syringe at both volumes. Terumo 0.5 cc gave the most reproducible results but lacked accuracy. These findings may affect treatment efficacy and explain variability in treatment responses. Industry-standardized delivery devices may increase the accuracy and reproducibility of medication delivery.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:385–389.]
La duda indefinida: a propósito del Carmen Campidoctoris, 105-128
Authors: Arizaleta Amaia 
Published: June 2013

Se comenta en esta nota el uso posible de elementos relacionados con la tradición alejandrina por parte del autor del Carmen Campidoctoris en el pasaje dedicado a la descripción de las armas del héroe, a partir de un examen de los textos de la Alexandreis y el Alexandre décasyllabique, vía la Historia scholastica.
Valoración de la mujer en la Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris
Authors: Martin Georges 
Published: June 2013

La Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris ofrece un interesante testimonio sobre la historia de las mujeres en la Edad Media. El autor deja transparentarse algunos rasgos de lo que fue, entre las elites leonesas y castellanas del siglo XII, su papel social y político, a la vez que sella la obra con el cuño de sus propias valoraciones y simpatías. Al hacerlo, nos permite profundizar y matizar, con su personal visión, nuestro conocimiento de la mentalidad eclesiástica de la época, informándonos además sobre la situación personal desde la que escribe y así sobre la historia compositiva de su obra.
O reino de Portugal na Chronica Adephonsi Imperatoris
Authors: Ferreira Maria do Rosário 
Published: June 2013

Ao arrepio tanto da tradição historiográfica portuguesa, que pretendeu ver em Afonso VII um temível adversário de Portugal, como de alguma opinião espanhola, que se foi lamentando pela profunda perda que a autonomia portuguesa teria representado para a Espanha, a presente leitura da questão portuguesa na Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris põe em relevo a benevolência com que os meios da época ideologicamente afectos ao Imperador encararam o reino de Portugal e a realeza dos seus governantes, como se a existência do reino ocidental fizesse parte de um plano político conjunto cujo objectivo principal era a derrota muçulmana.
Entre mythe et histoire : Le roman de Brutus et Dorothée dans le Victorial de Gutierre Díaz de Games (1436)
Authors: Fournès Ghislaine 
Published: June 2013

Cet article a pour but d’étudier à partir d’une double perspective « Le roman de Brutus et Dorothée » inséré dans le Victorial de Gutierre Díaz de Games. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, de retracer la circulation et la réception du mythe troyen dans la péninsule Ibérique, ceci afin de déterminer la part de création et d’originalité de ces pages, puis, dans un second temps, de mener à bien une analyse des motifs qui constituent ce mythe. Cette réécriture castillane de l’histoire de Brutus témoigne de la validité du mythe troyen au XVe siècle ainsi que de sa portée idéologique.
Exempla et sentences des Antiques dans la littérature politique du XVe siècle en Castille
Authors: Leroy Béatrice 
Published: June 2013

La communication se propose d’analyser les principaux traités de Diego de Valera (Défense des Femmes Vertueuses, Miroir de Véritable Noblesse, Doctrinal des Princes) ; la Suma de Política de Rodrigo Sánchez de Arevalo ; les Claros Varones de Castilla d’Hernando del Pulgar. Ces trois auteurs du XVe siècle castillan citent, autant ou plus que les textes des Testaments et la littérature ecclésiastique, les philosophes et les historiens grecs et latins, tirant de leurs exempla et de leurs conclusions des leçons de bon gouvernement, de comportement social et politique, de sagesse et de moralité.
Toponimia altomedieval castrense. Acerca del origen de algunos corónimos de España
Authors: Barroso Cabrera Rafael , Carrobles Santos Jesús , Morín de Pablos Jorge 
Published: June 2013

Cet article expose différents problèmes historiques concernant la toponymie militaire espagnole du haut moyen âge et son étroite relation avec la formation de nouvelles unités politiques autour des comtés frontaliers et des marches. Dans ce contexte, nous défendons l’idée que les termes « Castille » et « Catalogne » dérivent d'un système de forteresses rocheuses qui donnèrent lieu à ces deux entités politiques, ainsi que l’équivalence originaire des mots « espagnol » et « catalan ». Nous formulons également l'hypothèse que le gentilice « navarrais » provient sans doute d'un système de défense naturel dans les Pyrénées occidentales.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Potentiates Autoimmune-Mediated Neuroinflammation
Authors: Cox Gina Mavrikis , Kithcart Aaron P. , Pitt David , Guan Zhen , Alexander Jessica , Williams Jessica L. , Shawler Todd , Dagia Nilesh M. , Popovich Phillip G. , Satoskar Abhay R. , Whitacre Caroline C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multipotent cytokine that is associated with clinical worsening and relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The mechanism through which MIF promotes MS progression remains undefined. In this study, we identify a critical role for MIF in regulating CNS effector mechanisms necessary for the development of inflammatory pathology in a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Despite the ability to generate pathogenic myelin-specific immune responses peripherally, MIF-deficient mice have reduced EAE severity and exhibit less CNS inflammatory pathology, with a greater percentage of resting microglia and fewer infiltrating inflammatory macrophages. We demonstrate that MIF is essential for promoting microglial activation and production of the innate soluble mediators IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and inducible NO synthase. We propose a novel role for MIF in inducing microglial C/EBP-β, a transcription factor shown to regulate myeloid cell function and play an important role in neuroinflammation. Intraspinal stereotaxic microinjection of MIF resulted in upregulation of inflammatory mediators in microglia, which was sufficient to restore EAE-mediated inflammatory pathology in MIF-deficient mice. To further implicate a role for MIF, we show that MIF is highly expressed in human active MS lesions. Thus, these results illustrate the ability of MIF to influence the CNS cellular and molecular inflammatory milieu during EAE and point to the therapeutic potential of targeting MIF in MS.
The Role of JAK-3 in Regulating TLR-Mediated Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Innate Immune Cells
Authors: Wang Huizhi , Brown Jonathan , Gao Shegan , Liang Shuang , Jotwani Ravi , Zhou Huaxin , Suttles Jill , Scott David A. , Lamont Richard J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The role of JAK-3 in TLR-mediated innate immune responses is poorly understood, although the suppressive function of JAK3 inhibition in adaptive immune response has been well studied. In this study, we found that JAK3 inhibition enhanced TLR-mediated immune responses by differentially regulating pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells. Specifically, JAK3 inhibition by pharmacological inhibitors or specific small interfering RNA or JAK3 gene knockout resulted in an increase in TLR-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines while concurrently decreasing the production of IL-10. Inhibition of JAK3 suppressed phosphorylation of PI3K downstream effectors including Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and CREB. Constitutive activation of Akt or inhibition of GSK3β abrogated the capability of JAK3 inhibition to enhance proinflammatory cytokines and suppress IL-10 production. In contrast, inhibition of PI3K enhanced this regulatory ability of JAK3 in LPS-stimulated monocytes. At the transcriptional level, JAK3 knockout lead to the increased phosphorylation of STATs that could be attenuated by neutralization of de novo inflammatory cytokines. JAK3 inhibition exhibited a GSK3 activity-dependent ability to enhance phosphorylation levels and DNA binding of NF-κB p65. Moreover, JAK3 inhibition correlated with an increased CD4+ T cell response. Additionally, higher neutrophil infiltration, IL-17 expression, and intestinal epithelium erosion were observed in JAK3 knockout mice. These findings demonstrate the negative regulatory function of JAK3 and elucidate the signaling pathway by which JAK3 differentially regulates TLR-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells.
Distinct Chemokine Receptor Axes Regulate Th9 Cell Trafficking to Allergic and Autoimmune Inflammatory Sites
Authors: Kara Ervin E. , Comerford Iain , Bastow Cameron R. , Fenix Kevin A. , Litchfield Wendel , Handel Tracy M. , McColl Shaun R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMigration of Th cells to peripheral sites of inflammation is essential for execution of their effector function. The recently described Th9 subset characteristically produces IL-9 and has been implicated in both allergy and autoimmunity. Despite this, the migratory properties of Th9 cells remain enigmatic. In this study, we examined chemokine receptor usage by Th9 cells and demonstrate, in models of allergy and autoimmunity, that these cells express functional CCR3, CCR6, and CXCR3, chemokine receptors commonly associated with other, functionally opposed effector Th subsets. Most Th9 cells that express CCR3 also express CXCR3 and CCR6, and expression of these receptors appears to account for the recruitment of Th9 cells to disparate inflammatory sites. During allergic inflammation, Th9 cells use CCR3 and CCR6, but not CXCR3, to home to the peritoneal cavity, whereas Th9 homing to the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis involves CXCR3 and CCR6 but not CCR3. To our knowledge, these data provide the first insights into regulation of Th9 cell trafficking in allergy and autoimmunity.
Antibody and Antigen Contact Residues Define Epitope and Paratope Size and Structure
Authors: Stave James W. , Lindpaintner Klaus 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A total of 111 Ag–Ab x-ray crystal structures of large protein Ag epitopes and paratopes were analyzed to inform the process of eliciting or selecting functional and therapeutic Abs. These analyses illustrate that Ab contact residues (CR) are distributed in three prominent CR regions (CRR) on L and H chains that overlap but do not coincide with Ab CDR. The number of Ag and Ab CRs per structure are overlapping and centered around 18 and 19, respectively. The CR span (CRS), a novel measure introduced in this article, is defined as the minimum contiguous amino acid sequence containing all CRs of an Ag or Ab and represents the size of a complete structural epitope or paratope, inclusive of CR and the minimum set of supporting residues required for proper conformation. The most frequent size of epitope CRS is 50–79 aa, which is similar in size to L (60–69) and H chain (70–79) CRS. The size distribution of epitope CRS analyzed in this study ranges from ∼20 to 400 aa, similar to the distribution of independent protein domain sizes reported in the literature. Together, the number of CRs and the size of the CRS demonstrate that, on average, complete structural epitopes and paratopes are equal in size to each other and similar in size to intact protein domains. Thus, independent protein domains inclusive of biologically relevant sites represent the fundamental structural unit bound by, and useful for eliciting or selecting, functional and therapeutic Abs.
IL-23 Receptor Expression on γδ T Cells Correlates with Their Enhancing or Suppressive Effects on Autoreactive T Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis
Authors: Liang Dongchun , Zuo Aijun , Shao Hui , Born Willi K. , O’Brien Rebecca L. , Kaplan Henry J. , Sun Deming 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
We have previously reported that, depending on their activation status, mouse γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit the activity of IL-17+ autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. In this study, we showed that γδ T cells in naive C57BL/6 (B6) mouse do not express the IL-23R, whereas in immunized mice, it is expressed on &gt;50% of γδ T cells. In vitro studies showed that IL-23R expression on γδ T cells is modulated by their state of activation, as weakly activated γδ T cells expressed the IL-23R, but highly activated γδ T cells did not. Functional studies showed that IL-23R+ γδ T cells had the strongest suppressive effect on IL-17+ autoreactive T cells, and that this effect was inhibited when the IL-23R was blocked by anti–IL-23R Ab or in the presence of excessive amounts of exogenous IL-23. We conclude that the balance between the enhancing and inhibitory effects of γδ T cells is regulated by their level of IL-23R expression. The expression of variable IL-23R levels allows γδ T cells to have different regulatory effects on adaptive immune responses, conceivably as a result of αβ and γδ T cells competing for IL-23.
Mast Cell–Restricted, Tetramer-Forming Tryptases Induce Aggrecanolysis in Articular Cartilage by Activating Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and -13 Zymogens
Authors: Magarinos Natalia J. , Bryant Katherine J. , Fosang Amanda J. , Adachi Roberto , Stevens Richard L. , McNeil H. Patrick 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-6–null C57BL/6 mice lost less aggrecan proteoglycan from the extracellular matrix of their articular cartilage during inflammatory arthritis than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that this mast cell (MC)–specific mouse tryptase plays prominent roles in articular cartilage catabolism. We used ex vivo mouse femoral head explants to determine how mMCP-6 and its human ortholog hTryptase-β mediate aggrecanolysis. Exposure of the explants to recombinant hTryptase-β, recombinant mMCP-6, or lysates harvested from WT mouse peritoneal MCs (PMCs) significantly increased the levels of enzymatically active matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in cartilage and significantly induced aggrecan loss into the conditioned media, relative to replicate explants exposed to medium alone or lysates collected from mMCP-6–null PMCs. Treatment of cartilage explants with tetramer-forming tryptases generated aggrecan fragments that contained C-terminal DIPEN and N-terminal FFGVG neoepitopes, consistent with MMP-dependent aggrecanolysis. In support of these data, hTryptase-β was unable to induce aggrecan release from the femoral head explants obtained from Chloe mice that resist MMP cleavage at the DIPEN↓FFGVG site in the interglobular domain of aggrecan. In addition, the abilities of mMCP-6–containing lysates from WT PMCs to induce aggrecanolysis were prevented by inhibitors of MMP-3 and MMP-13. Finally, recombinant hTryptase-β was able to activate latent pro–MMP-3 and pro–MMP-13 in vitro. The accumulated data suggest that human and mouse tetramer-forming tryptases are MMP convertases that mediate cartilage damage and the proteolytic loss of aggrecan proteoglycans in arthritis, in part, by activating the zymogen forms of MMP-3 and MMP-13, which are constitutively present in articular cartilage.