bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetate Exposure Determines the Diauxic Behavior of Escherichia coli during the Glucose-Acetate Transition
Authors: Enjalbert Brice , Cocaign-Bousquet Muriel , Portais Jean-Charles , Letisse Fabien 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Growth of
Escherichia coli
on glucose in batch culture is accompanied by the excretion of acetate, which is consumed by the cells when glucose is exhausted. This glucose-acetate transition is classically described as a diauxie (two successive growth stages). Here, we investigated the physiological and metabolic properties of cells after glucose exhaustion through the analysis of growth parameters and gene expression. We found that
E. coli
cells grown on glucose in batch culture produce acetate and consume it after glucose exhaustion but do not grow on acetate. Acetate is catabolized, but key anabolic genes—such as the genes encoding enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt—are not upregulated, hence preventing growth. Both the induction of the latter anabolic genes and growth were observed only after prolonged exposure to low concentrations of acetate and could be accelerated by high acetate concentrations. We postulate that such decoupling between acetate catabolism and acetate anabolism might be an advantage for the survival of
E. coli
in the ever-changing environment of the intestine.

IMPORTANCE
The glucose-acetate transition is a valuable experimental model for comprehensive investigations of metabolic adaptation and a current paradigm for developing modeling approaches in systems microbiology. Yet, the work reported in our paper demonstrates that the metabolic behavior of
Escherichia coli
during the glucose-acetate transition is much more complex than what has been reported so far. A decoupling between acetate catabolism and acetate anabolism was observed after glucose exhaustion, which has not been reported previously. This phenomenon could represent a strategy for optimal utilization of carbon resources during colonization and persistence of
E. coli
in the gut and is also of significant interest for biotechnological applications.
Acetate Dissimilation and Assimilation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Depend on Carbon Availability
Authors: Rücker Nadine , Billig Sandra , Bücker René , Jahn Dieter , Wittmann Christoph , Bange Franz-Christoph 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosispersists inside granulomas in the human lung. Analysis of the metabolic composition of granulomas from guinea pigs revealed that one of the organic acids accumulating in the course of infection is acetate (B. S. Somashekar, A. G. Amin, C. D. Rithner, J. Troudt, R. Basaraba, A. Izzo, D. C. Crick, and D. Chatterjee, J Proteome Res 10:4186–4195, 2011, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr2003352), which might result either from metabolism of the pathogen or might be provided by the host itself. Our studies characterize a metabolic pathway by whichM. tuberculosisgenerates acetate in the cause of fatty acid catabolism. The acetate formation depends on the enzymatic activities of Pta and AckA. Using actyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) as a substrate, acetyl-phosphate is generated and finally dephosphorylated to acetate, which is secreted into the medium. Knockout mutants lacking either theptaorackAgene showed significantly reduced acetate production when grown on fatty acids. This effect is even more pronounced when the glyoxylate shunt is blocked, resulting in higher acetate levels released to the medium. The secretion of acetate was followed by an assimilation of the metabolite when other carbon substrates became limiting. Our data indicate that during acetate assimilation, the Pta-AckA pathway acts in concert with another enzymatic reaction, namely, the acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) reaction. Thus, acetate metabolism might possess a dual function, mediating an overflow reaction to release excess carbon units and resumption of acetate as a carbon substrate.IMPORTANCEDuring infection, host-derived lipid components present the major carbon source at the infection site. β-Oxidation of fatty acids results in the formation of acetyl-CoA. In this study, we demonstrate that consumption of fatty acids byMycobacterium tuberculosisactivates an overflow mechanism, causing the pathogen to release excess carbon intermediates as acetate. The Pta-AckA pathway mediating acetate formation proved to be reversible, enablingM. tuberculosisto reutilize the previously secreted acetate as a carbon substrate for metabolism.
The DNA-Binding Protein from Starved Cells (Dps) Utilizes Dual Functions To Defend Cells against Multiple Stresses
Authors: Karas Vlad O. , Westerlaken Ilja , Meyer Anne S. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Bacteria deficient in the DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps) are viable under controlled conditions but show dramatically increased mortality rates when exposed to any of a wide range of stresses, including starvation, oxidative stress, metal toxicity, or thermal stress. It remains unclear whether the protective action of Dps against specific stresses derives from its DNA-binding activity, which may exclude destructive agents from the chromosomal region, or its ferroxidase activity, which neutralizes and sequesters potentially damaging chemical species. To resolve this question, we have identified the critical residues of
Escherichia coli
Dps that bind to DNA and modulate iron oxidation. We uncoupled the biochemical activities of Dps, creating Dps variants and mutant
E. coli
strains that are defective in either DNA-binding or ferroxidase activity. Quantification of the contribution of each activity to the protection of DNA integrity and cellular viability revealed that both activities of Dps are required in order to counteract many differing stresses. These findings demonstrate that Dps plays a multipurpose role in stress protection via its dual activities, explaining how Dps can be of vital importance to bacterial viability over a wide range of stresses.

IMPORTANCE
The DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps) protects bacterial cells against many different types of stressors. We find that DNA binding and iron oxidation by Dps are performed completely independently of each other. Both biochemical activities are required to protect
E. coli
against stressors, as well as to protect DNA from oxidative damage
in vitro
. These results suggest that many stressors may cause both oxidative stress and direct DNA damage.
Injuries in national Olympic level judo athletes: an epidemiological study
Authors: Kim Keun-Suh , Park Ki Jun , Lee Jaekoo , Kang Byung Yong 
Published: July 2015

PurposeTo present an epidemiological study of injuries found among South Korea's National level Judo athletes as a foundation for future injury prevention and skill enhancement in this group.MethodsThis study is a prospective study on a 4-year injury assessment held from January 2010 to December 2013 at the training centre in South Korea for National Level athletes. Athlete's weight class, gender, injury location and injury grade (grade I=1–3 treatment days, grade II=4–7 treatment days, and grade III ≥8 treatment days) were analysed.ResultsThere were a total of 782 injuries recorded during this period, equalling to four injuries per athlete annually. Almost half of these injuries (47%) were grade I injuries. Injury occurrence was the highest in the Lower body (44.2%). This was then followed by injuries in the upper body (29.8%), trunk (20.3%) and head and neck (5.6%). Men and women showed similar, non-significantly different trends in the proportion of body parts injured. Women experienced more grade III injuries than males (p=0.0228). Comparison between women in different weight classes also showed that heavyweights incurred more grade III injuries than lightweights (p=0.0087). Lightweights had a higher rate of injury than heavyweights in males and females, although this was statistically significant only among males (p<0.001).ConclusionsMany body regions are prone to injury in the elite judo population. Women, especially those in the heavyweight classification, were more prone to severe injuries. Lightweights experienced more injuries than heavyweights among male athletes. Specifically, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to address the impact of rapid weight loss practices on injury risk to implement effective preventive measures.
Outcomes of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine's distributed medical education programmes: protocol for a longitudinal comparative multicohort study
Authors: Hogenbirk John C , French Margaret G , Timony Patrick E , Strasser Roger P , Hunt Dan , Pong Raymond W 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionThe Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) has a social accountability mandate to serve the healthcare needs of the people of Northern Ontario, Canada. A multiyear, multimethod tracking study of medical students and postgraduate residents is being conducted by the Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research (CRaNHR) in conjunction with NOSM starting in 2005 when NOSM first enrolled students. The objective is to understand how NOSM's selection criteria and medical education programmes set in rural and northern communities affect early career decision-making by physicians with respect to their choice of medical discipline, practice location, medical services and procedures, inclusion of medically underserved patient populations and practice structure.Methods and analysisThis prospective comparative longitudinal study follows multiple cohorts from entry into medical education programmes at the undergraduate (UG) level (56–64 students per year at NOSM) or postgraduate (PG) level (40–60 residents per year at NOSM, including UGs from other medical schools and 30–40 NOSM UGs who go to other schools for their residency training) and continues at least 5 years into independent practice. The study compares learners who experience NOSM UG and NOSM PG education with those who experience NOSM UG education alone or NOSM PG education alone. Within these groups, the study also compares learners in family medicine with those in other specialties. Data will be analysed using descriptive statistics, χ2tests, logistic regression, and hierarchical log-linear models.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Boards of Laurentian University (REB #2010-08-03 and #2012-01-09) and Lakehead University (REB #031 11-12 Romeo File #1462056). Results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, presented at one or more scientific conferences, and shared with policymakers and decision-makers and the public through 4-page research summaries and social media such as Twitter (@CRaNHR, @NOSM) or Facebook.
Intralaryngeal thyroarytaenoid lateralisation using the Fast‐Fix 360 system: a canine cadaveric study
Authors: Stegen Ludo , Kitshoff Adriaan M. , Van Goethem Bart , Vandekerckhove Peter , de Rooster Hilde 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionLaryngeal paralysis is a condition in which failure of arytaenoid abduction results in a reduced rima glottidis cross‐sectional area. The most commonly performed surgical techniques rely on unilateral abduction of the arytaenoid, requiring a lateral or ventral surgical approach to the larynx.Aims and objectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate a novel minimally invasive intralaryngeal thyroarytaenoid lateralisation technique, using the Fast‐Fix 360 meniscal repair system.Materials and methodsLarynges were harvested from large breed canine cadavers. With the aid of Kirschner wires placed between the centre of the vocal process and the centre of an imaginary line between the cranial thyroid fissure and the cricothyroid articulation, the mean insertion angle was calculated.ResultsThe Fast‐Fix 360 delivery needle inserted intralaryngeally (n=10), according to a simplified insertion angle (70°), resulted in thyroid penetration (>2.5 mm from margin) in all patients. The Fast‐Fix was applied unilaterally at 70° with the first toggle fired on the lateral aspect of the thyroid cartilage and inside the laryngeal cavity on retraction. The suture was tightened. Preprocedural (61.06±9.21 mm2) and postprocedural (138.37±26.12 mm2) rima glottidis cross‐sectional area was significantly different (P<0.0001). The mean percentage increase in rima glottidis cross‐sectional area was 125.96 per cent (±16.54 per cent).ConclusionIntralaryngeal thyroarytaenoid laterlisation using the Fast‐Fix 360 meniscal repair system ex vivo increased the rima glottidis cross‐sectional area significantly.
High-resolution brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements
Authors: Hahn David , Wojtan Chris 
Published: July 2015

We present a method for simulating brittle fracture under the assumptions of quasi-static linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). Using the boundary element method (BEM) and Lagrangian crack-fronts, we produce highly detailed fracture surfaces. The computational cost of the BEM is alleviated by using a low-resolution mesh and interpolating the resulting stress intensity factors when propagating the high-resolution crack-front.
Our system produces physics-based fracture surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution, taking spatial variation of material toughness and/or strength into account. It also allows for crack initiation to be handled separately from crack propagation, which is not only more reasonable from a physics perspective, but can also be used to control the simulation.
Separating the resolution of the crack-front from the resolution of the computational mesh increases the efficiency and therefore the amount of visual detail on the resulting fracture surfaces. The BEM also allows us to re-use previously computed blocks of the system matrix.
Piko
Authors: Patney Anjul , Tzeng Stanley , Seitz Kerry A. , Owens John D. 
Published: July 2015

We present Piko, a framework for designing, optimizing, and retargeting implementations of graphics pipelines on multiple architectures. Piko programmers express a graphics pipeline by organizing the computation within each stage into spatial bins and specifying a scheduling preference for these bins. Our compiler, Pikoc, compiles this input into an optimized implementation targeted to a massively-parallel GPU or a multicore CPU.
Piko manages work granularity in a programmable and flexible manner, allowing programmers to build load-balanced parallel pipeline implementations, to exploit spatial and producer-consumer locality in a pipeline implementation, and to explore tradeoffs between these considerations. We demonstrate that Piko can implement a wide range of pipelines, including rasterization, Reyes, ray tracing, rasterization/ray tracing hybrid, and deferred rendering. Piko allows us to implement efficient graphics pipelines with relative ease and to quickly explore design alternatives by modifying the spatial binning configurations and scheduling preferences for individual stages, all while delivering real-time performance that is within a factor six of state-of-the-art rendering systems.
miR-634 Activates the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway and Enhances Chemotherapy-Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Fujiwara Naoto , Inoue Jun , Kawano Tatsuyuki , Tanimoto Kousuke , Kozaki Ken-ichi , Inazawa Johji 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Some tumor-suppressing miRNAs target multiple oncogenes concurrently and therefore may be useful as cancer therapeutic agents. Further, such miRNAs may be useful to address chemotherapeutic resistance in cancer, which remains a primary clinical challenge in need of solutions. Thus, cytoprotective processes upregulated in cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy are a logical target for investigation. Here, we report that overexpression of miR-634 activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by direct concurrent targeting of genes associated with mitochondrial homeostasis, antiapoptosis, antioxidant ability, and autophagy. In particular, we show how enforced expression of miR-634 enhanced chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity in a model of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, where resistance to chemotherapy remains clinically problematic. Our findings illustrate how reversing miR-634–mediated cytoprotective processes may offer a broadly useful approach to improving cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 75(18); 3890–901. ©2015 AACR.
Impact of Smoking and Excess Body Weight on Overall and Site-Specific Cancer Mortality Risk
Authors: Meyer Julia , Rohrmann Sabine , Bopp Matthias , Faeh David 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Background: Smoking and excess body weight are major preventable risk factors for premature death. This study aimed at analyzing their single and combined association with site-specific cancer mortality.
Methods: Our study population comprised 35,784 men and women of ages 14 to 99 years, who participated in population-based health surveys conducted 1977–1993 in Switzerland and were followed up for mortality until 2008. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were calculated for different cancer sites, and population attributable fractions were derived.
Results: The hazard ratio of dying from cancer (all sites) was 2.32 (95% confidence interval, 2.04–2.63) for heavy smokers (vs. never smokers) and 1.15 (1.01–1.32) for obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2] vs. normal weight individuals. Heavy smoking (≥20 cigarettes/day) was associated with increased mortality due to cancer of the lung, upper aero-digestive tract, pancreas, bladder, liver, and the total of remaining sites. Obesity was associated with higher risk of dying from cancer of the liver and the female genital tract (essentially corpus or cervix uteri and ovary). More than 20% of all cancer deaths in our population were attributable to ever smoking and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2).
Conclusions: Smoking was a much stronger risk factor for cancer than excess body weight. For lung, liver, and pancreatic cancer, the combination of excess body weight and smoking lead to cumulated higher risks.
Impact: Our findings support recommendations for obese persons to quit smoking despite potential postcessation weight gain. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1516–22. ©2015 AACR.
Intrathecal Administration of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Well Tolerated in a Patient with Leptomeningeal Disease from Metastatic Melanoma: A Case Report
Authors: Glitza Isabella C. , Haymaker Cara , Bernatchez Chantale , Vence Luis , Rohlfs Michelle , Richard Jessie , Lacey Carol , Mansaray Rahmatu , Fulbright Orenthial J. , Ramachandran Renjith , Toth Christopher , Wardell Seth , Patel Sapna P. , Woodman Scott E. , Hwu Wen-Jen , Radvanyi Laszlo G. , Davies Michael A. , Papadopoulos Nicholas E. , Hwu Patrick 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD) from melanoma have very poor outcomes and few treatment options. We present a case of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in a patient with LMD from metastatic melanoma. The patient developed LMD after previous treatments with surgery, high-dose bolus interleukin-2 (HD IL2), and systemic TIL infusion and experienced radiographic progression after intrathecal IL2 (i.t. IL2) therapy. The patient received weekly treatment with increasing numbers of i.t. TIL followed by twice-weekly i.t. IL2. The patient received three i.t. TIL infusions and did not experience any toxicities beyond those expected with i.t. IL2 therapy. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated increased inflammatory cytokines following the i.t. treatments. Subsequent imaging demonstrated disease stabilization, and neurological deficits also remained stable. The patient expired 5 months after the initiation of i.t. TIL therapy with disease progression in the brain, liver, lung, and peritoneal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, but without LMD progression. These results demonstrate the safety of i.t. administration of TIL in melanoma patients with LMD and support the feasibility of conducting a prospective clinical trial to determine this therapy's clinical benefit among these patients. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(11); 1201–6. ©2015 AACR.
Przełączanie kodów czy kod mieszany? Aktualny stan bilingwizmu staroobrzędowców w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim
Authors: Głuszkowski Michał 
Published: July 2015

Code-switching or a mixed code? The present situation of the old believers' bilingualism in the Suwałki–Augustów region Old Believers’ in the Suwałki–Augustów region constitute a bilingual community. They simultaneously use the Polish language and the Russian dialect. We observe numerous cases of code-switching, i.e. intersentential switches and functionally meaningful intrasentential switches between two languages (between clauses or phrases in a clause), as well as code-mixing, i.e. switches inside simpler units. According to Peter Auer, the phenomenon of code-mixing may bring to the origin of a fused lect. The text is an attempt to describe the present situation of the Polish Old Believers’ bilingualism and answer the question if their dialect has already become a mixed code. The analysis is basing on the linguistic and sociolinguistic material gathered during scientific expeditions to the Old Believers’ settlements in North-Eastern Poland in the years 1999–2011. Актуальная ситуация билингвзма старообрядцев в сувальско-августовском регионеСтарообрядцы в сувальско-августовском регионе образуют двуязычную общину. Они попеременно пользуются польским языком и русским диалек­том. В их речи наблюдаются многочисленные случаи переключения кодa, т.е. смены языка высказывания между предложениями, на стыке придаточных предложений и других функционально значимых синтаксических единиц, а также смешение кодов, т.е. смены языка внутри меньших единиц. Согласно положениям П. Ауэра, смешение кодов может привести к образованию сме­шанного кода (fused lect). Данная статья является попыткой определить со­стояние билингвизма польских старообрядцев, а также дать ответ на вопрос о возможном образовании смешанного кода на основании русского говора. Анализ опирается на языковые и социолингвистические данные, собранные во время научных экспедиций в старообрядческих местностях северо-восточной Польши в 1999–2011 гг.
Белорусская песенная строфика как предмет лингво-музыкальной диалектологии
Authors: Кутырёва-Чубаля [Kutyriowa-Czubala] Галина [Galina] 
Published: July 2015

Belarusian stanzaic prosody as a topic of the lingua-musical dialectology Stanzaic prosody of ritual songs detects both synchronous as well as polymorphic or bistructural correlations of the two song components – poetic text and tune. Tune often has its own actual segmentation (which does not match the text) and its own syntagmatics. Therefore, the verse-quantitative (according to number of verses in the strophe) classification of song forms accepted so far in musical folklore is unproductive and slightly informative. Paradigmatics of melodious forms is more complex and diverse. The same poetic text in tunes of various internal architectonics has different tension, euphony and semantics. This article discusses four of them: 1) repeating, 2) reprise-symmetrical forms, 3) polymorphic forms based on bistructural properties (opposition) of text/tune, 4) implicative forms, variations of question-and-reciprocal ones. Each of the structural-compositional paradigms has its spatial distribution (areal) and is located in the chronological order of forms.