bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of a new N‐substituted pantothenamide bound to pantothenate kinases from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hughes Scott J. , Antoshchenko Tetyana , Kim Kyung Phil , Smil David , Park Hee‐Won 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPantothenate kinase (PanK) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in Coenzyme A biosynthesis, catalyzing the ATP‐dependent phosphorylation of pantothenate. We solved the co‐crystal structures of PanKs from Staphylococcus aureus (SaPanK) and Klebsiella pneumonia (KpPanK) with N‐[2‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)ethyl] pantothenamide (N354‐Pan). Two different N354‐Pan conformers interact with polar/nonpolar mixed residues in SaPanK and aromatic residues in KpPanK. Additionally, phosphorylated N354‐Pan is found at the closed active site of SaPanK but not at the open active site of KpPanK, suggesting an exchange of the phosphorylated product with a new N354‐Pan only in KpPanK. Together, pantothenamides conformational flexibility and binding pocket are two key considerations for selective compound design. Proteins 2014; 82:1542–1548. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel high performance AlGaN/GaN based enhancement‐mode metal‐oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Brown Raphael , Al‐Khalidi Abdullah , Macfarlane Douglas , Taking Sanna , Ternent Gary , Thayne Iain , Wasige Edward 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper presents first results of a new high performance enhancement‐mode (E‐mode) gallium nitride (GaN) based metal‐oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOS‐HEMT) that employs an ultrathin 3 nm aluminium gallium nitride (Al0.25G0.75aN) barrier layer and relies on an induced two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) for operation. Devices have been demonstrated on both sapphire and silicon substrates. Single finger devices on a sapphire substrate were fabricated using 10 nm and 20 nm, and on a silicon substrate using 30 nm of plasma enhanced chemical vapour‐deposited (PECVD) silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the gate dielectric. They demonstrated threshold voltages of +3 V, +2 V, +0.8 V and very high maximum drain currents of over 620 mA/mm, 550 mA/mm and 450 mA/mm, respectively. These results show that the proposed device concept can be a building block for future power electronic devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strain relief mechanisms and growth behavior of superlattice distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Wille Ada , Reuters Benjamin , Finken Matthias , Heyroth Frank , Schmidt Georg , Heuken Michael , Kalisch Holger , Vescan Andrei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this work, the successful use of AlN/GaN superlattices (SL) as the low‐index λ/4 layer of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) is demonstrated. DBR samples were grown with MOVPE on 2 inch sapphire substrates and a standard GaN buffer structure. The samples were characterized using high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and white‐light reflectometry. With this concept, effective Al contents of 30% in the low‐index layers of the DBR can be realized without the occurrence of layer cracking or relaxation. This is attributed to a staircase propagation of the TD in the DBR structure. By kinking into the in‐plane direction, the TD is able to relieve in‐plane strain on a micro‐scale. In this way, relaxation or cracking of the whole layer can be prohibited. A study of growth rate optimization was performed. As a result, the growth rate of the DBR was increased maintaining the high interface quality and optical performance. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of light extraction efficiency for gallium nitride‐based coaxial microwall light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Nami Mohsen , Rishinaramangalam Ashwin , Feezell Daniel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this work, the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of gallium nitride‐based coaxial microwall LEDs is examined as a function of microwall length, cross‐section geometry, aspect ratio, and number. Commercial ray tracing software is used to model the structures. We demonstrate that the LEE significantly decreases as the microwall length increases. To reduce this effect, we suggest the use of surface roughening and a tapered cross‐section geometry. The dependence of LEE on microwall aspect ratio is also studied and reveals that a trade‐off exists between LEE and effective active region area. Finally, we examine arrays of adjacent microwalls and show that the light extraction efficiency decreases as the number of microwalls increases due to reabsorption. Microwall LEDs may approach state‐of‐the‐art LEEs but only for limited geometries and with the addition of surface roughing. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation into low‐temperature photoluminescence internal quantum efficiency and defect‐recombination in InGaN light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Ji Xiaoli , Ma Jun , Wei Xuecheng , Duan Ruifei , Wang Junxi , Yi Xiaoyan , Zeng Yiping , Wang Guohong , Yang Fuhua , Li Jinmin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper is focused on the temperature‐dependence of photoluminescence (PL) internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and defect‐recombination in InGaN light‐emitting diodes. It is found low‐temperature PL‐IQE is remarkably lower than 100% for some samples, suggesting the existence of residual defect‐recombination under low temperature. Theoretical analysis deduces that defect‐recombination cannot be frozen out at low temperature, because it follows T1/2 temperature‐dependent defect‐capture coefficient without defect‐activation energy. The empirical formulas describing temperature‐dependence of defect‐recombination lifetime and PL‐IQE are correspondingly revised. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An altruistic cross‐layer recovering mechanism for ad hoc wireless networks
Authors: Arce Pau , Guerri Juan Carlos 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVideo streaming services have restrictive delay and bandwidth constraints. Ad hoc networks represent a hostile environment for this kind of real‐time data transmission. Emerging mesh networks, where a backbone provides more topological stability, do not even assure a high quality of experience. In such scenario, mobility of terminal nodes causes link breakages until a new route is calculated. In the meanwhile, lost packets cause annoying video interruptions to the receiver. This paper proposes a new mechanism of recovering lost packets by means of caching overheard packets in neighbor nodes and retransmit them to destination. Moreover, an optimization is shown, which involves a video‐aware cache in order to recover full frames and prioritize more significant frames. Results show the improvement in reception, increasing the throughput as well as video quality, whereas larger video interruptions are considerably reduced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient delivery‐guaranteed geographic routing in 3D wireless sensor networks with holes
Authors: Liu Bing‐Hong , Cheng Yuan‐Po , Wen Chien‐Hong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn many applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a 3D environment with obstacles, in which case a great deal of holes exist in 3D wireless sensor networks constructed. Recently, several geographic routing protocols are proposed for 3D wireless sensor networks. Each of them, however, cannot guarantee packet delivery or demands a long routing path to turn around a hole. In this paper, we first introduce a method of constructing a guide to the navigation on the surface of a hole. Subsequently, a geographic routing protocol termed the Greedy‐Guide_Navigation‐Greedy protocol (GGNG) that can always route a packet to turn around a hole with the help of the guide is proposed. GGNG guarantees packet delivery and can be extended toward a mobile sensor network in a limited 3D space. Simulations show that the path stretch of each routing protocol to GGNG in approximately 90 % of the cases is between 1.02 and 189.24. In addition, the number of messages transmitted by a node surrounding a hole in the guide construction is approximately three. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Attitudes Toward White Privilege and Religious Beliefs in Predicting Social Justice Interest and Commitment
Authors: Todd Nathan R. , McConnell Elizabeth A. , Suffrin Rachael L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe current study examines links among attitudes toward White privilege, religious beliefs, and social justice interest and commitment for White Christian students. Two distinct patterns of results emerged from a path analysis of 500 White Christian students. First, a willingness to confront White privilege was positively associated with the sanctification of social justice (i.e., attributing spiritual significance to working for social justice) and both were positively associated with social justice interest and commitment. Second, awareness of White privilege was negatively associated with religious conservatism, and religious conservatism was negatively associated with social justice interest. These patterns show that White privilege attitudes directly (i.e., willingness to confront White privilege) and indirectly (i.e., awareness of White privilege through religious conservatism) predicted social justice interest and commitment. Moreover, religious beliefs demonstrated opposite patterns of association with social justice interest and commitment such that the sanctification of social justice positively predicted social justice interest and commitment whereas religious conservatism negatively predicted social justice interest. Overall, findings demonstrate direct and indirect links between White privilege attitudes, religious beliefs, and social justice interest and commitment. Limitations and implications for future community psychology research and collaboration also are discussed.
Lumbo-sacral motion conserved after isthmic reconstruction: Long-term results
Authors: de Bodman C. , Bergerault F. , de Courtivron B. , Bonnard C. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical and radiological results of repair of the interarticularis pars defect by a modified Buck's repair technique in patients with symptomatic spondylolysis with grade 1 spondylolisthesis. Summary of background data These patients with painful spondylolisthesis are the most eligible for direct repair of the defect rather than lumbo-sacral fusion in an attempt to save motion segments. Methods Forty-six patients with symptomatic spondylolysis with grade 1 spondylolisthesis and normal L4–L5 and L5–S1 disks, following the failure of conservative treatment, underwent surgery between 1988 and 2010. All interventions involved direct pars repair by a modified Buck's repair technique with internal fixation of the defect using screws and cancellous bone grafting. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to evaluate the functional outcome. Healing of the pars defect was assessed by plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Motion of the L4–L5 and L5–S1 segments was measured with dynamic radiographs in flexion and extension. Results Thirty-five patients were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 10 years. Functional outcome was excellent in 22 patients (ODI ≤ 10) and good for 8 patients (10 < ODI ≤ 20); five patients continued to have pain (ODI >20). Isthmus bone union occurred in 32 of 35 patients (91.4 %). L4–L5 motion was conserved with a mean angle of 11.8° (0–22); the mean lumbo-sacral angle was 9.9° (0–21). Conclusion Direct repair of spondylolisthesis was described to avoid fusion in young patients with slight slipping and painful symptoms. A modified Buck's repair technique allows the conservation of L4–L5 motion with a rate of consolidation comparable to other series. The anatomy and stability of the spine were normalized by restoring the continuity of the loose posterior elements using this modified Buck's technique.
Expression of miR-15/107 Family MicroRNAs in Human Tissues and Cultured Rat Brain Cells
Authors: Wang Wang-Xia , Danaher Robert J. , Miller Craig S. , Berger Joseph R. , Nubia Vega G. , Wilfred Bernard S. , Neltner Janna H. , Norris Christopher M. , Nelson Peter T. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The miR-15/107 family comprises a group of 10 paralogous microRNAs (miRNAs), sharing a 5′ AGCAGC sequence. These miRNAs have overlapping targets. In order to characterize the expression of miR-15/107 family miRNAs, we employed customized TaqMan Low-Density micro-fluid PCR-array to investigate the expression of miR-15/107 family members, and other selected miRNAs, in 11 human tissues obtained at autopsy including the cerebral cortex, frontal cortex, primary visual cortex, thalamus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and skeletal muscle. miR-103, miR-195 and miR-497 were expressed at similar levels across various tissues, whereas miR-107 is enriched in brain samples. We also examined the expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved miR-15/107 miRNAs in three distinct primary rat brain cell preparations (enriched for cortical neurons, astrocytes and microglia, respectively). In primary cultures of rat brain cells, several members of the miR-15/107 family are enriched in neurons compared to other cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to mature miRNAs, we also examined the expression of precursors (pri-miRNAs). Our data suggested a generally poor correlation between the expression of mature miRNAs and their precursors. In summary, we provide a detailed study of the tissue and cell type-specific expression profile of this highly expressed and phylogenetically conserved family of miRNA genes.
Geochemistry of Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Baikal region and their geodynamic setting exemplified by the Khamar-Daban Ridge and Olkhon Island
Authors: Antipin V.S. , Gorlacheva N.V. , Makrygina V.A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Comparative study of geological and isotope-geochemical features of the Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and Olkhon Island located in the Baikal region has revealed their close age and composition. Besides, they were referred to as syncollisional S-type formations derived from gneiss-schistose substratum of metamorphic sequences.
Granitoids of the Solzan massif in the Khamar-Daban Ridge, as well as the Sharanur complex on Olkhon Island, occur in the autochthonous and allochthonous facies. They primarily consist of migmatites, plagiogranites, gneiss granites, and K–Na-granites. The magmatic rocks of the Sharanur complex include subalkaline granosyenites and quartz syenites spatially proximal to K–Na-granites. In the north of the island we investigated alkaline syenites which might be related to the Budun massif of basic rocks. On Olkhon Island in the Tashkiney valley, the surveyors recognized the geochemical type of pegmatoid rare-metal granites bearing beryllium mineralization. As was found, they are distinguished from Be-muscovite and spodumene pegmatites of the Khamar-Daban by high Rb, Cs, Sn, Nb, Ta, and W but low Li concentrations, which is probably due to Li-enrichment in the protolith of the Kornilova Formation relative to the Olkhon sequence. This points to the inheritance of the protolith composition at all stages of syncollisional granite formation.
The geochemical study has shown similarity of calc-alkaline and subalkaline granitoids of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and Olkhon Island and their affinity in age and average composition of the regional continental crust. In addition, it has revealed the evidence for the existence of the Olkhon–Khamar-Daban block occurring as a single terrane in the Baikal region.
Origin and evolution of Neogene alkali-basaltic magmas in the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system (Heven lava plateau, northern Mongolia)
Authors: Tsypukova S.S. , Perepelov A.B. , Demonterova E.I. , Pavlova L.A. , Travin A.V. , Puzankov M.Yu. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Heven lava plateau in the Hövsgöl field of the South-Baikal igneous province formed in the Early–Middle Miocene between 20 and 15.5 Ma. It consists of Early Miocene hawaiites and trachybasalts and Middle Miocene basanites erupted, correspondingly, during two major events in its history. The Heven alkali-basaltic lavas are compositionally similar to their counterparts from other volcanic fields in the southern flank of the Baikal rift system and are richer in Ba, K, Pb, and Sr than oceanic island basalts (OIB). The basanitic, hawaiitic, and trachybasaltic magmas were generated at pressures from 25 to 15 kbar and at temperatures in the range from 1434 to 1358 ºC. The magma sources occurred at 74 to 41 km in asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle and were ~200 ºC hotter than the ambient lithospheric mantle in the surrounding areas and the continental geotherm. The crystallization history of dark-colored began with liquidus highly magnesian olivine and Cr-spinel, and then several other parageneses formed successively as pressures and temperatures decreased: Ol + Cpx and Ol + Cpx + TiMgt ± Pl phenocrysts and subphenocrysts, Cpx + TiMgt + Ilm + Pl microphenocrysts, and finally interstitial Ne + Kfs alkali aluminosilicates. There were two crystallization stages with different mineral chemistry trends. The chemistry of minerals changed as the rising magmas first reached the crust–mantle region and then moved to shallow depths, erupted, and solidified. The generation of the Heven hawaiite–trachybasalt and basanite magmas was controlled by the depth of the reservoirs and the melt fraction in garnet-bearing asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle associated with progressive and regressive dynamics of the lower heterogeneous mantle plume consisting of PREMA and EMI components.
Structurally and superficially bound gold in pyrite from deposits of different genetic types
Authors: Tauson V.L. , Kravtsova R.G. , Smagunov N.V. , Spiridonov A.M. , Grebenshchikova V.I. , Budyak A.E. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The gold distribution in 32 pyrite samples and some samples of other ore minerals is studied using the method of statistical samplings of analytical data for single crystals. The samples were recovered from deposits of different genetic types within the largest gold provinces of Russia and Uzbekistan. The contents of uniformly distributed gold and the ratios of its structurally to superficially bound forms have been determined. According to the Au–As diagram for the chemical states of gold, uniformly distributed gold in pyrite is chemically bound in the overwhelming majority of cases. The previous experimental data suggest that it is partly incorporated into pyrite and partly into the structures of nanosized nonautonomous phases on the surface of the pyrite crystals. Micro- and nanoparticles of native gold might appear during postgrowth transformations of these phases. Data on the other ore minerals suggest that the dependence of the content of uniformly distributed gold on the size or specific surface area of the crystal and the superficial position of its considerable part are common to the ore minerals. It is shown for pyrite that the observed features are commonly found at deposits of different genetic types, only with differences in the slope and determination coefficients of the dependences. The size dependences of the contents of gold and other elements in pyrite are genetically significant, because they give an insight into the ore-forming processes. The data on structurally bound gold permit comparative evaluation of gold concentrations in ore fluids forming gold deposits of different genetic types.
Rethinking the Relevance or Irrelevance of Directors’ Duties in China: The Intersection between Culture and Laws
Authors: CHAN Raymond Siu Yeung , HO Daniel , YOUNG Angus 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates how culture affects people’s attitudes towards directors’ duties in the People’s Republic of China by surveying a sample of Chinese business executives. If cultural practices lead people to behave differently from what the law prescribes, it is a serious regulatory oversight. Our results suggest that Chinese cultural values do matter when it comes to the perception of breaches of directors’ duties. Specifically, we find that respondents who identify with moral-discipline related traditional Chinese values are more lenient to the chairman breaching his director's duties, whereas respondents who subscribe to modern Chinese values are less receptive to the director failing to report the chairman’s contravention of his director’s duties. These results suggest that it is imperative for China’s law-makers to rethink their approach to regulating directors’ duties instead of the wholesale transplantation of laws from Western countries.
“Legal at the Time”?: Companies, Governments and Reparations for Mauritian Slavery
Authors: Croucher Richard , Michel Didier 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article critiques the “legal at the time” argument used by states and companies which historically practised slavery to defend themselves against claims for restitution, examining the Mauritian case. Although slavery was largely legal there before its abolition by the British, torts were common under slavery and, during the years of historic rupture, 1794–1839, when the local élite defied first French and then English law, generated systemic unlawful activity. Most types of legal action for restitution for slavery face formidable difficulties; pursuing reparations supported by broad legal arguments may therefore be a more viable route. Slavery may be argued to have been an illegitimate endeavour in itself. While sympathetic to that view, this article does not pursue it but rather seeks to demonstrate that the “legal at the time” argument against reparations contains significant lacunae even within its restricted terms. It also shows that French constitutional law offers possibilities in the form of rights that are not time-bound.
Detection of tomato leaf curl virus resistance and inheritance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: SINGH R. K. , RAI N. , SINGH M. , SAHA S. , SINGH S. N. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYTomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) is a major viral disease in tomato that causes quantitative and qualitative losses to the crop. One hundred and fifty three tomato genotypes were screened for three consecutive years (2006–09) under glasshouse and field conditions for TLCV resistance. The incidence of disease was higher during the Rabi season as compared to the Kharif season trials. The reactions of different genotypes were studied by artificial inoculation. Based on the coefficient of infection, nine genotypes (viz. EC-520049 (Solanum chmielewskii), EC-520058, EC-520060 and EC-520061 (S. habrochaites), EC-520070, EC-520071, EC-520077, EC-520079 (S. pimpinellifolium) and H-88-78-1(S. lycopersicum; a derivative of S. habrochaites f. glabratum) were found to be highly resistant in both environments. H-88-78-1 was used for inheritance studies during 2008–10. Using F2 Mendelian segregation, populations showed a 3 (resistant):1 (susceptible) ratio for TLCV disease and were proposed to have both additive and dominant non-allelic gene interactions for various traits.