bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Intake Accelerates Parasympathetic Reactivation After High-Intensity Exercise
Authors: Peçanha Tiago , Paula-Ribeiro Marcelle , Campana-Rezende Edson , Bartels Rhenan , Marins João Carlos Bouzas , de Lima Jorge Roberto Perrout 
Published: March 2014

It has been shown that water intake (WI) improves postexercise parasympathetic recovery after moderateintensity exercise session. However, the potential cardiovascular benefit promoted by WI has not been investigated after high-intensity exercise.Purpose:To assess the effects of WI on post high-intensity parasympathetic recovery.Methods:Twelve recreationally active young men participated in the study (22 ± 1.4 years, 24.1 ± 1.6 kg.m−2). The experimental protocol consisted of two visits to the laboratory. Each visit consisted in the completion of a 30-min high-intensity [~80% of maximal heart rate (HR)] cycle ergometer aerobic session performing randomly the WI or control (CON, no water consumption) intervention at the end of the exercise. HR and RR intervals (RRi) were continuously recorded by a heart rate monitor before, during and after the exercise. Differences in HR recovery [e.g., absolute heart rate decrement after 1 min of recovery (HRR60s) and time-constant of the first order exponential fitting curve of the HRR (HRRτ)] and in postexercise vagalrelated heart rate variability (HRV) indexes (rMSSD30s, rMSSD, pNN50, SD1 and HF) were calculated and compared for WI and CON.Results:A similar HR recovery and an increased postexercise HRV [SD1 = 9.4 ± 5.9 vs. 6.0 ± 3.9 millisecond, HF(ln) = 3.6 ± 1.4 vs. 2.4 ± 1.3 millisecond2, for WI and CON, respectively; p < .05] was observed in WI compared with CON.Conclusion:The results suggest that WI accelerates the postexercise parasympathetic reactivation after high-intensity exercise. Such outcome reveals an important cardioprotective effect of WI.
Evaluation of Ceftaroline, Vancomycin, Daptomycin, or Ceftaroline plus Daptomycin against Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an
In Vitro
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model of Simulated Endocardial Vegetations
Authors: Werth Brian J. , Barber Katie E. , Ireland Cortney E. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and daptomycin has few adequate therapeutic options. Ceftaroline (CPT) is bactericidal against daptomycin (DAP)-nonsusceptible (DNS) and vancomycin-intermediate MRSA, but supporting data are limited for IE. This study evaluated the activities of ceftaroline, vancomycin, daptomycin, and the combination of ceftaroline plus daptomycin against DNS MRSA in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs). Simulations of ceftaroline-fosamil (600 mg) every 8 h (q8h) (maximum concentration of drug in serum [
C
max
], 21.3 mg/liter; half-life [
t
1/2
], 2.66 h), daptomycin (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) (
C
max
, 129.7 mg/liter;
t
1/2
, 8 h), vancomycin (1 g) q8h (minimum concentration of drug in serum [
C
min
], 20 mg/liter;
t
1/2
, 5 h), and ceftaroline plus daptomycin were evaluated against 3 clinical DNS, vancomycin-intermediate MRSA in a two-compartment,
in vitro
, PK/PD SEV model over 96 h with a starting inoculum of ∼8 log
10
CFU/g. Bactericidal activity was defined as a ≥3-log
10
CFU/g reduction from the starting inoculum. Therapeutic enhancement of combinations was defined as ≥2-log
10
CFU/g reduction over the most active agent alone. MIC values for daptomycin, vancomycin, and ceftaroline were 4 mg/liter, 4 to 8 mg/liter, and 0.5 to 1 mg/liter, respectively, for all strains. At simulated exposures, vancomycin was bacteriostatic, but daptomycin and ceftaroline were bactericidal. By 96 h, ceftaroline monotherapy offered significantly improved killing compared to other agents against one strain. The combination of DAP plus CPT demonstrated therapeutic enhancement, resulting in significantly improved killing versus either agent alone against 2/3 (67%) strains. CPT demonstrated bactericidal activity against DNS, vancomycin-intermediate MRSA at high bacterial densities. Ceftaroline plus daptomycin may offer more rapid and sustained activity against some MRSA in the setting of high-inoculum infections like IE and should also be considered.
Novel Functions of an Iron-Sulfur Flavoprotein from Trichomonas vaginalis Hydrogenosomes
Authors: Smutná Tamara , Pilarová Katerina , Tarábek Ján , Tachezy Jan , Hrdý Ivan 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Iron-sulfur flavoproteins (Isf) are flavin mononucleotide (FMN)- and FeS cluster-containing proteins commonly encountered in anaerobic prokaryotes. However, with the exception of Isf from
Methanosarcina thermophila
, which participates in oxidative stress management by removing oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, none of these proteins has been characterized in terms of function.
Trichomonas vaginalis
, a sexually transmitted eukaryotic parasite of humans, was found to express several iron-sulfur flavoprotein (TvIsf) homologs in its hydrogenosomes. We show here that in addition to having oxygen-reducing activity, the recombinant TvIsf also functions as a detoxifying reductase of metronidazole and chloramphenicol, both of which are antibiotics effective against a variety of anaerobic microbes. TvIsf can utilize both NADH and reduced ferredoxin as electron donors. Given the prevalence of Isf in anaerobic prokaryotes, we propose that these proteins are central to a novel defense mechanism against xenobiotics.
Simplified Equations Using Two Concentrations To Calculate Area under the Curve for Antimicrobials with Concentration-Dependent Pharmacodynamics: Daptomycin as a Motivating Example
Authors: Pai Manjunath P. , Russo Alessandro , Novelli Andrea , Venditti Mario , Falcone Marco 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

The effects of several antimicrobial agents are predicted by the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the MIC (AUC/MIC). Peak (
C
p
) and trough (
C
t
) concentrations are often measured clinically as surrogates of AUC because actual computation of AUC from 1 or 2 samples requires sophisticated mathematical methods. Given that the effects of daptomycin are predicted by AUC/MIC, our objective was to compare simple equation calculated AUC based on
C
p
and
C
t
to model integrated AUC. A standard population pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate 5,000 daptomycin concentration-time profiles after 5 doses of 6 mg/kg of body weight/day (0.5-h infusions). The AUC for the 24-h period was computed by integration and by equations with 110
C
p
-
C
t
combination pairs. The
C
p
time points were in 15-min increments between 0.5 h and 3 h and
C
t
in 15-min increments within an hour of the end of the dosing interval for each dose. The precision and bias of the calculated AUC relative to the integrated AUC were determined to identify
C
p
-
C
t
pairs associated with the lowest bias and highest precision. The equations were further validated using two daptomycin concentration-time data sets from healthy volunteers and critically ill patients. The precision and bias of calculated AUC were based primarily on
C
p
, and use of a daptomycin
C
p
1.5 h to 3 h from the start of infusion was associated with a bias of <10% and an
R
2
of >0.95. Data from the healthy volunteers and critically ill patients also demonstrated declining bias with use of
C
p
≥1.5 h from the start of infusion with relatively good precision. Simplified equations using a daptomycin
C
p
approximately 2 h from the start of infusion and a
C
t
within an hour of the end of the dosing interval should yield precise and unbiased estimates of daptomycin AUC.
Clostridium difficile Extracytoplasmic Function σ Factor σ
V
Regulates Lysozyme Resistance and Is Necessary for Pathogenesis in the Hamster Model of Infection
Authors: Ho Theresa D. , Williams Kyle B. , Chen Yan , Helm Richard F. , Popham David L. , Ellermeier Craig D. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Clostridium difficile
is a clinically important pathogen and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. Expression of the
C. difficile
gene
csfV
, which encodes σ
V
, an extracytoplasmic function σ factor, is induced by lysozyme, which damages the peptidoglycan of bacteria. Here we show that σ
V
is required for lysozyme resistance in
C. difficile
. Using microarray analysis, we identified the
C. difficile
genes whose expression is dependent upon σ
V
and is induced by lysozyme. Although the peptidoglycan of wild-type
C. difficile
is intrinsically highly deacetylated, we have found that exposure to lysozyme leads to additional peptidoglycan deacetylation. This lysozyme-induced deacetylation is dependent upon σ
V
. Expression of
pdaV
, which encodes a putative peptidoglycan deacetylase, was able to increase lysozyme resistance of a
csfV
mutant. The
csfV
mutant strain is severely attenuated compared to wild-type
C. difficile
in a hamster model of
C. difficile
-associated disease. We conclude that the σ
V
signal transduction system, which senses the host innate immune defense enzyme lysozyme, is required for lysozyme resistance and is necessary during
C. difficile
infection.
Cost-effectiveness of enhancing adherence with oral bisphosphonates treatment in osteoporotic women: an empirical approach based on healthcare utilisation databases
Authors: Scotti Lorenza , Arfè Andrea , Zambon Antonella , Merlino Luca , Corrao Giovanni 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveAdherence with bisphosphonates therapy is generally low. Enhancing adherence with bisphosphonates would be effective in achieving the full benefits of therapy albeit a growth in the expenditure for supporting incremented drug use is expected. The cost-effectiveness of enhancing adherence with oral bisphosphonates in a large population of osteoporotic women has been assessed in the current study.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingHealthcare utilisation databases of Lombardy Region, Italy.ParticipantsA cohort of 28 558 women aged 45 years or more, resident in the Italian Region of Lombardy, who were newly treated with oral bisphosphonates during 2003–2004, was followed for 6 years after index prescription.Outcome measuresFracture-free survival time, healthcare cost and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of enhancing adherence, that is, the additional cost that would be spent every year for gaining one fracture-free year as a consequence of enhancing adherence at a certain level.ResultsEnhanced adherence from 33% (baseline) to 80%, increased both fracture-free survivals from 970 to 973 years and healthcare costs from €118 000 to €265 000 every 1000 woman-years, with ICER value of €53 000 (95% CI €49 000 to €58 000). ICER values were lower for older women (€50 000; 95% CI €42 000 to €58 000) and for those suffering from at least a chronic comorbidity (€25000; 95% CI 95% CI €7000 to €47 000).ConclusionsEnhancing adherence with oral bisphosphonates offers important benefits in reducing the risk of fracture, although at a substantial cost.
Quantum stochastic dynamics in multi-photon optics
Authors: Castro Santis Ricardo 
Published: March 2014

Multi-photon models are theoretically and experimentally important because in them quantum properly phenomena are verified; as well as squeezed light and quantum entanglement also play a relevant role in quantum information and quantum communication (see Refs. 18–20).In this paper we study a generic model of a multi-photon system with an arbitrary number of pumping and subharmonics fields. This model includes measurement on the system, as could be direct or homodyne detection and we demonstrate the existence of dynamics in the context of Continuous Measurement Theory of Open Quantum Systems (see Refs. 1–11) using Quantum Stochastic Differential Equations with unbounded coefficients (see Refs. 10–15).
Fluid evolution in the El-Sid gold deposit, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Zoheir Basem , Moritz Robert 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Auriferous quartz (±carbonate) veins in the El-Sid mine cut through the western margin of the Fawakhir granitic intrusion and the immediate country ophiolites. Gold mineralization is spatially and temporally associated with ENE–WSW fault/shear zones developed late in the deformational history of the area. Field and microscopic studies suggest two distinct ore stages; namely an early gold-Fe–As-sulphide, and a late gold-base metal mineralization. New microthermometric and Raman data suggest gold deposition as a result of a complex history of fluid immiscibly, dilution of low-salinity aqueous-carbonic fluids in the early mineralization stage, while wall-rock alteration and pressure loss precipitated Au from intermediate-salinity aqueous ore fluids during the late stage. Fluid inclusion isochoric reconstructions, combined with oxygen and sulphur isotope data, indicate conditions of 320±20 °C and 1.3±0.2 kbar for the early gold-Fe–As-sulphide mineralization, and
c.
200±15 and 0.6±0.9 kbar for the late gold-Zn–Pb–Cu-sulphide stage. The clockwise evolution path in pressure-temperature space likely documents gold mineralization under post-peak metamorphic conditions. The calculated sulphide δ
34
S
H2S
equilibrium values −9.04‰ to –4.75‰, may refer to a variable redox state of sulphur in the ore fluids from the early to late mineralization stages. The stable isotope signature of the vein quartz and calcite suggest mixed magmatic and metamorphic fluid sources (δ
18
O
H2O
=+4.9‰ to +7.4‰). Unusually low δ
13
C values of calcite in the late mineralization (−13.9‰ to −14.7‰) may reflect input of magmatic CO
2
and/or oxidized carbonaceous material in the infiltrating fluid.
Characterization of Genipin-Modified Dentin Collagen
Authors: Nagaoka Hiroko , Nagaoka Hideaki , Walter Ricardo , Boushell Lee W. , Miguez Patricia A. , Burton Andrew , Ritter André V. , Yamauchi Mitsuo 
Published: March 2014

Application of biomodification techniques to dentin can improve its biochemical and biomechanical properties. Several collagen cross-linking agents have been reported to strengthen the mechanical properties of dentin. However, the characteristics of collagen that has undergone agent-induced biomodification are not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a natural cross-linking agent, genipin (GE), on dentin discoloration, collagen stability, and changes in amino acid composition and lysyl oxidase mediated natural collagen cross-links. Dentin collagen obtained from extracted bovine teeth was treated with three different concentrations of GE (0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.5%) for several treatment times (0–24 h). Changes in biochemical properties of NaB3H4-reduced collagen were characterized by amino acid and cross-link analyses. The treatment of dentin collagen with GE resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent pigmentation and stability against bacterial collagenase. The lysyl oxidase-mediated trivalent mature cross-link, pyridinoline, showed no difference among all groups while the major divalent immature cross-link, dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine/its ketoamine in collagen treated with 0.5% GE for 24 h, significantly decreased compared to control (P< 0.05). The newly formed GE-induced cross-links most likely involve lysine and hydroxylysine residues of collagen in a concentration-dependent manner. Some of these cross-links appear to be reducible and stabilized with NaB3H4.
Emergence, Involution, and Progression to Carcinoma of Mutant Clones in Normal Endometrial Tissues
Authors: Mutter George L. , Monte Nicolas M. , Neuberg Donna , Ferenczy Alex , Eng Charis 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Sporadic somatic inactivation of genes such as PTEN within histologically normal endometrium (latent precancers) is an early step in endometrial carcinogenesis. We have used clone-specific mutations of PTEN to determine the fate of latent precancers over time in women who do (high risk) and do not (low risk) develop endometrial neoplasia. PTEN immunohistochemistry was performed on 45 occurrences of endometrial neoplasia and their paired antecedent benign biopsies, along with age matched sample pairs from 167 patients who did not develop a neoplasm. When PTEN-deficient cells were present at both time points, DNA sequencing was performed to determine whether they were single or multiple independent events. Loss of PTEN protein in isolated glands was common in the initial normal biopsies of high- and low-risk groups (42% and 27%, respectively, P = 0.066). Protein-deficient glands have a tendency to disappear over time in low-risk women (P = 0.047) and, even when “persistent,” are infrequently (19%, 3/16) confirmed to be the same clone. Similarly, only a small proportion (6.7%, 1/15) of latent precancers seen in high-risk women are the direct progenitors of subsequent neoplasia. There is a high rate of latent precancer turnover in both low- and high-risk patients, with rare long-term persistence of unique clones, which may or may not progress to a histologic lesion. The temporal dynamics of clonal emergence, persistence, and involution are sufficiently complex that in the individual patient, the presence of a latent precancer has an unknown contribution to long-term cancer risk. Cancer Res; 74(10); 2796–802. ©2014 AACR.
Idiosyncratic Grammars: Syntactic Processing in Second Language Comprehension Uses Subjective Feature Representations
Authors: Lemhöfer Kristin , Schriefers Herbert , Indefrey Peter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLearning the syntax of a second language (L2) often represents a big challenge to L2 learners. Previous research on syntactic processing in L2 has mainly focused on how L2 speakers respond to “objective” syntactic violations, that is, phrases that are incorrect by native standards. In this study, we investigate how L2 learners, in particular those of less than near-native proficiency, process phrases that deviate from their own, “subjective,” and often incorrect syntactic representations, that is, whether they use these subjective and idiosyncratic representations during sentence comprehension. We study this within the domain of grammatical gender in a population of German learners of Dutch, for which systematic errors of grammatical gender are well documented. These L2 learners as well as a control group of Dutch native speakers read Dutch sentences containing gender-marked determiner–noun phrases in which gender agreement was either (objectively) correct or incorrect. Furthermore, the noun targets were selected such that, in a high proportion of nouns, objective and subjective correctness would differ for German learners. The ERP results show a syntactic violation effect (P600) for objective gender agreement violations for native, but not for nonnative speakers. However, when the items were re-sorted for the L2 speakers according to subjective correctness (as assessed offline), the P600 effect emerged as well. Thus, rather than being insensitive to violations of gender agreement, L2 speakers are similarly sensitive as native speakers but base their sensitivity on their subjective—sometimes incorrect—representations.
Reach Out and Touch Someone: Anticipatory Sensorimotor Processes of Active Interpersonal Touch
Authors: Ebisch Sjoerd J. H. , Ferri Francesca , Romani Gian Luca , Gallese Vittorio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAnticipating the sensorimotor consequences of an action for both self and other is fundamental for action coordination when individuals socially interact. Somatosensation constitutes an elementary component of social cognition and sensorimotor prediction, but its functions in active social behavior remain unclear. We hypothesized that the somatosensory system contributes to social haptic behavior as evidenced by specific anticipatory activation patterns when touching an animate target (human hand) compared with an inanimate target (fake hand). fMRI scanning was performed during a paradigm that allowed us to isolate the anticipatory representations of active interpersonal touch while controlling for nonsocial sensorimotor processes and possible confounds because of interpersonal relationships or socioemotional valence. Active interpersonal touch was studied both as skin-to-skin contact and as object-mediated touch. The results showed weaker deactivation in primary somatosensory cortex and medial pFC and stronger activation in cerebellum for the animate target, compared with the inanimate target, when intending to touch it with one's own hand. Differently, in anticipation of touching the human hand with an object, anterior inferior parietal lobule and lateral occipital-temporal cortex showed stronger activity. When actually touching a human hand with one's own hand, activation was stronger in medial pFC but weaker in primary somatosensory cortex. The findings provide new insight on the contribution of simulation and sensory prediction mechanisms to active social behavior. They also suggest that literally getting in touch with someone and touching someone by using an object might be approached by an agent as functionally distinct conditions.
Revising the Regulations on Social Organizations
Authors: Ming Wang , Jinping Jin , Chuanjin Tao , Haoming Huang , Jianyin Ma 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This paper is the first from the “Salon Series on the Creation of Legislation on the Right of Association and Social Organizations”. This was a series of salons jointly hosted by Tsinghua University’s ngo Research Center, the Philanthropy and ngo Support Center, and the editorial office of the China Nonprofit Review. In 2013, China’s three main sets of regulations on social organizations are all to undergo major revisions. This is part of the requirements laid out in the State Council Institutional Reform and Transformation of Functions Plan. But what is the thinking behind these revisions? Just what connection do the revisions to these regulations have to the legislation process to create a basic law for social organizations and the formulation of a law on the right of association? These were the kinds of questions that formed the discussion on which this paper is based. Four experts came together during this salon to explore the context for the revision to the three sets of regulations, the necessity of these revisions, the level of difficulty in making the revisions, and the fundamental problems that may be faced. They call for the government to guarantee that social organizations will become genuine entities in their own right, to guarantee the separation of the functions of the government from those of social organizations, and to create the right conditions within which a basic law for social organizations may become a reality.