bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localized within‐ and between‐tree variation in nematode distribution during latent state of pine wilt disease makes the disease status cryptic
Authors: Hoshizaki K. , Nakabayashi Y. , Mamiya Y. , Matsushita M. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, an epidemic disease that has severely damaged pine forests in East Asia. The disease has spread to northern areas in Asia and parts of Europe. To prevent disease spread as the forefront of damage prevention, a better understanding of infection status is highly important. Not all infected trees show disease symptoms, and such asymptomatic PWN‐carrying trees are likely to be overlooked and can become a pathogen reservoir. To elucidate PWN infection status in asymptomatic trees, we performed PWN inspection of branches and trunks in 21 test trees in two different conditions: trees that had experienced PWN inoculation and those with suspected PWN infection that had experienced transient foliage discoloration. We detected PWNs in eight test trees (38%) and in 13 (1.5%) of a total of 843 samples. The difference in these percentages suggests that nematode inhabitation was highly localized within the trees, possibly owing to the restricted migration of PWNs. Our data demonstrated that trees that were once weakened but recovered their vigour can persist, as the asymptomatic carriers, in the forest. The implications for disease control are also discussed.
Characterisation of lubricin in synovial fluid from horses with osteoarthritis
Authors: Svala E. , Jin C. , Rüetschi U. , Ekman S. , Lindahl A. , Karlsson N. G. , Skiöldebrand E. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryReason for performing studyThe glycoprotein lubricin contributes to the boundary lubrication of the articular cartilage surface. The early events of osteoarthritis involve the superficial layer where lubricin is synthesised.ObjectivesTo characterise the glycosylation profile of lubricin in synovial fluid from horses with osteoarthritis and study secretion and degradation of lubricin in anin vitroinflammation cartilage model.Study designIn vitrostudy.MethodsSynovial fluid samples collected from horses with joints with normal articular cartilage and structural osteoarthritic lesions; with and without osteochondral fragments, were analysed for the lubricin glycosylation profiles. Articular cartilage explants were stimulated with or without interleukin‐1β for 25 days. Media samples collected at 3‐day intervals were analysed by quantitative proteomics, western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsO‐glycosylation profiles in synovial fluid revealed both Core 1 and 2O‐glycans, with Core 1O‐glycans predominating. Synovial fluid from normal joints (49.5 ± 1.9%) contained significantly lower amounts of monosialylated Core 1O‐glycans compared with joints with osteoarthritis (53.8 ± 7.8%, P = 0.03) or joints with osteochondral fragments (57.3 ± 8.8%, P = 0.001). Additionally, synovial fluid from normal joints (26.7 ± 6.7%) showed higher amounts of disialylated Core 1O‐glycan than from joints with osteochondral fragments (21.2 ± 4.9%, P = 0.03). AC‐terminal proteolytic cleavage site in lubricin was found in synovial fluid from normal and osteochondral fragment joints and in media from interleukin‐1β stimulated and unstimulated articular cartilage explants.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration of a change in the glycosylation profile of lubricin in synovial fluid from diseased equine joints compared with that from normal joints. We demonstrate an identical proteolytic cleavage site of lubricin bothin vitroandin vivo. The reduced sialation of lubricin in synovial fluid from diseased joints may affect the boundary lubricating ability of the superficial layer of articular cartilage and could be one of the early events in the progression of osteoarthritis.
Land use change emission scenarios: anticipating a forest transition process in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Aguiar Ana Paula Dutra , Vieira Ima Célia Guimarães , Assis Talita Oliveira , Dalla‐Nora Eloi L , Toledo Peter Mann , Oliveira Santos‐Junior Roberto Araújo , Batistella Mateus , Coelho Andrea Santos , Savaget Elza Kawakami , Aragão Luiz Eduardo Oliveira Cruz , Nobre Carlos Afonso , Ometto Jean Pierre H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFollowing an intense occupation process that was initiated in the 1960s, deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon have decreased significantly since 2004, stabilizing around 6000 km2 yr−1 in the last 5 years. A convergence of conditions contributed to this, including the creation of protected areas, the use of effective monitoring systems, and credit restriction mechanisms. Nevertheless, other threats remain, including the rapidly expanding global markets for agricultural commodities, large‐scale transportation and energy infrastructure projects, and weak institutions. We propose three updated qualitative and quantitative land‐use scenarios for the Brazilian Amazon, including a normative ‘Sustainability’ scenario in which we envision major socio‐economic, institutional, and environmental achievements in the region. We developed an innovative spatially explicit modelling approach capable of representing alternative pathways of the clear‐cut deforestation, secondary vegetation dynamics, and the old‐growth forest degradation. We use the computational models to estimate net deforestation‐driven carbon emissions for the different scenarios. The region would become a sink of carbon after 2020 in a scenario of residual deforestation (~1000 km2 yr−1) and a change in the current dynamics of the secondary vegetation – in a forest transition scenario. However, our results also show that the continuation of the current situation of relatively low deforestation rates and short life cycle of the secondary vegetation would maintain the region as a source of CO2 – even if a large portion of the deforested area is covered by secondary vegetation. In relation to the old‐growth forest degradation process, we estimated average gross emission corresponding to 47% of the clear‐cut deforestation from 2007 to 2013 (using the DEGRAD system data), although the aggregate effects of the postdisturbance regeneration can partially offset these emissions. Both processes (secondary vegetation and forest degradation) need to be better understood as they potentially will play a decisive role in the future regional carbon balance.
Daclatasvir and asunaprevir for recurrent hepatitis C following living donor liver transplantation with HIV co‐infection
Authors: Tanaka Tomohiro , Akamatsu Nobuhisa , Kaneko Junichi , Arita Junichi , Tamura Sumihito , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: October 2015

Antiviral treatment in liver transplant recipients co‐infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV remains a challenge. We herein report a case of HCV recurrence that was successfully treated using interferon‐free anti‐HCV therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir. A 48‐year‐old man underwent antiviral therapy with a 24‐week course of daclatasvir and asunaprevir for biopsy‐proven recurrent HCV 15 months after living donor liver transplantation, following non‐response to pre‐emptive antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Anti‐HIV and immunosuppressive regimens were modified safely. Renal function was feasibly preserved. The anti‐HCV effect was remarkable with an undetectable viral load confirmed within 2 weeks, and this patient achieved a sustained virological response after 12 weeks of post‐transplantation treatment. No serious adverse events were observed. This case indicates that daclatasvir and asunaprevir for recurrent HCV in a HIV co‐infected recipient after liver transplantation is safe and effective.
Vitamin A dietary supplementation reduces the mortality of velogenic Newcastle disease significantly in cockerels
Authors: Okpe Godwin Chinedu , Ezema Wilfred Sunday , Shoyinka Shodeinde Vincent Olumuyiwa , Okoye John Osita Arinze 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThis project was undertaken to find ways of reducing mortalities and economic losses due to velogenic Newcastle disease (VND) in areas where the disease is enzootic. Four groups of cockerels of 44 birds each were used for this experiment. The birds in groups 1 and 2 received no dietary vitamin A supplementation, whereas groups 3 and 4 received 300 iu and 600 iu of vitamin A per kilogram of commercial feed, respectively, from 1 week of age till the end of the experiment. At 6 weeks of age, the birds in groups 2, 3 and 4 were inoculated intraocularly with a VND virus (duck/Nigeria/Plateau/Kuru/113/1991). The birds in Group 1 were given phosphate‐buffered saline intraocularly. Clinical signs appeared in Group 2 birds on day 3 PI and in groups 3 and 4 on day 5 PI. The clinical signs included a drop in feed and water consumption, depression, diarrhoea, torticollis and paralysis in all the infected groups. The average body weights of all groups were significantly different from one another on day 14 PI with Group 2 birds having the lowest body weight. Mortalities were highest in Group 2 birds (0%, 93.18%, 72.73% and 56.82% in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively). The antibody response in all the groups was significantly different from one another on days 14 and 21 PI. Group 2 birds had the lowest titres on those 2 days and showed more severe atrophy of the bursa, spleen, thymus and fibrin deposition in the spleen and thymus than the birds in groups 3 and 4. The above observations show that vitamin A dietary supplementation delayed the onset of clinical signs and significantly reduced body weight loss, atrophy of the bursa, spleen and thymus, and mortalities by 36%. It also significantly potentiated haemagglutination inhibition antibody response.
Stock‐Based Compensation in a Concentrated Ownership Setting: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Liang Jia‐Wen , Chin Chen Lung 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStock‐based compensation has been viewed as an important mechanism for tying managers’ wealth to firm performance, and thus alleviating the agency conflict between the shareholders and the managers when ownership is diffused. However, in a concentrated ownership structure, controlling owners are usually the management of the firm; they can engage in self‐dealing activities to the detriment of minority shareholders’ interests. Yet, outside investors may anticipate the problem and discount the share price for the entrenchment behaviors they observe. In this study, we investigate how controlling owners trade off the benefits and the costs of using stock‐based compensation. Based on a sample of Taiwanese firms, our evidence shows that stock‐based compensation is negatively related to the agency problem embedded in a concentrated ownership structure. This relationship is evident among firms with more frequent equity offerings. Overall, our empirical evidence suggests that controlling owners consider the negative price effects of stock‐based compensation and trade off these costs with the benefits of expropriating minority shareholders’ interests, particularly when firms seek more external equity capital. Our results hold after controlling for selection bias and share collateral by controlling owners.
Tunnel technique versus coronally advanced flap with acellular dermal matrix graft in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions
Authors: Ozenci Ilknur , Ipci Sebnem Dirikan , Cakar Gokser , Yilmaz Selcuk 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this randomized controlled clinical study was to evaluate the outcomes of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) graft in combination with tunnel technique (TUN) on root coverage, aesthetics, and patient satisfaction and to compare with coronally advanced flap (CAF)+ADM in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions.Material and MethodsA total of 20 patients with 58 Miller Class I multiple recessions ≥3 mm were included and divided into TUN+ADM and CAF+ADM groups. At baseline and 12 months, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession height (RH) and width (RW), keratinized tissue height (KT), gingival thickness, and complete and mean root coverage (CRC, MRC) were evaluated. Patient satisfaction and root coverage aesthetic scores (RES) were also assessed.ResultsMean root coverage was 75.72% in TUN+ADM and 93.81% in CAF+ADM. Intragroup comparisons revealed significant differences at 12 months for all parameters in both groups (p < 0.05). Intergroup differences were found to be statistically significant for RH and RW reduction, KT increase, CAL gain, MRC, CRC, and RES in favour of CAF+ADM group (p < 0.05).ConclusionBoth techniques were effective in root coverage of multiple recessions; however, better clinical results were achieved with CAF and ADM combination.
Relationship Between Pneumocystis carinii Burden and the Degree of Host Immunosuppression in an Airborne Transmission Experimental Model
Authors: Khalife Sara , Chabé Magali , Gantois Nausicaa , Audebert Christophe , Pottier Muriel , Hlais Sani , Pinçon Claire , Chassat Thierry , Pierrot Christine , Khalife Jamal , Aliouat‐Denis Cécile‐Marie , Aliouat El Moukhtar 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTo quantitatively assess the risk of contamination by Pneumocystis depending on the degree of immunosuppression (ID) of the exposed rat hosts, we developed an animal model, where rats went through different doses of dexamethasone. Then, natural and aerial transmission of Pneumocystis carinii occurred during cohousing of the rats undergoing gradual ID levels (receivers) with nude rats developing pneumocystosis (seeders). Following contact between receiver and seeder rats, the P. carinii burden of receiver rats was determined by toluidine blue ortho staining and by qPCR targeting the dhfr monocopy gene of this fungus. In this rat model, the level of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes remained significantly stable and different for each dose of dexamethasone tested, thus reaching the goal of a new stable and gradual ID rat model. In addition, an inverse relationship between the P. carinii burden and the level of circulating CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes was evidenced. This rat model may be used to study other opportunistic pathogens or even co‐infections in a context of gradual ID.
Intracellular mechanisms underlying lipid accumulation (white opaque substance) in gastric epithelial neoplasms: A pilot study of expression profiles of lipid‐metabolism‐associated genes
Authors: Enjoji Munechika , Kohjima Motoyuki , Ohtsu Kensei , Matsunaga Kazuhisa , Murata Yusuke , Nakamuta Makoto , Imamura Kentaro , Tanabe Hiroshi , Iwashita Akinori , Nagahama Takashi , Yao Kenshi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:White opaque substance (WOS) is a novel endoscopic finding in gastric neoplasms, indicating the intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs). However, gastric lipid metabolism has not been extensively investigated, even in normal mucosa. We investigated the expression profiles of lipid‐metabolism‐associated genes in gastric neoplasms.Methods:Thirty‐four patients with early gastric cancer or adenoma were enrolled in this study. Paired biopsy samples from tumor and adjacent non‐tumor areas were obtained and analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Endoscopically resected specimens were evaluated histopathologically.Results:Genes associated with β‐oxidation (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, and hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase), lipoprotein excretion (apolipoprotein B, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2), fatty acid transport (fatty acid‐binding protein), construction of triglycerides in the endoplasmic reticulum (acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1), and LD degradation/lipolysis (comparative gene identification‐58, adipose triglyceride lipase) were significantly downregulated in neoplasms compared with non‐tumor areas. Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 (negative regulator of glycolysis) and adipophilin (LD surface component) were also repressed. Conversely, expression levels of genes associated with de novo lipogenesis (sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1c, acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) were significantly enhanced in neoplasms. There was no significant difference in gene expression levels between carcinomas and adenomas, or between WOS‐positive and WOS‐negative neoplasms.Conclusion:Gene expression profiles in neoplasms suggest a predominance of lipid storage (lipogenesis/LD formation) over consumption (β‐oxidation/excretion/lipolysis). Lipid accumulation and WOS in gastric epithelial neoplasms may be caused by impaired mitochondrial oxidation, lipoprotein excretion, and LD degradation.
Changes in Relationship‐Specific Attachment in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy
Authors: Burgess Moser Melissa , Johnson Susan M. , Dalgleish Tracy L. , Lafontaine Marie‐France , Wiebe Stephanie A. , Tasca Giorgio A. 
Published: October 2015

Emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT; Johnson, The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy (1st/2nd edition). Brunner‐Routledge, New York, 2004) is an effective treatment of relationship distress (Johnson et al., Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1999; 6, 67). However, less is known about EFT's impact on couples' relationship‐specific attachment bond. Using hierarchical linear modeling with a sample of 32 couples, we examined session‐by‐session changes in couples' relationship‐specific attachment anxiety and avoidance and pre‐ to posttherapy changes in their relationship‐specific attachment behaviors. Couples significantly decreased in relationship‐specific attachment avoidance, and those who completed a blamer softening significantly decreased in relationship‐specific attachment anxiety. Couples' attachment behavior significantly increased toward security. Finally, session‐by‐session decreases in relationship‐specific attachment anxiety and avoidance were significant associated with increases in relationship satisfaction across sessions. These results provide empirical support for the attachment‐based assumptions of EFT.Video abstract accessible by clicking here
Differences in pigmentation between life cycle stages in Scrippsiella lachrymosa (dinophyceae)
Authors: Persson Agneta , Smith Barry C. , Cyronak Tyler , Cooper Emily , DiTullio Giacomo R. 
Published: October 2015

Various life cycle stages of cyst‐producing dinoflagellates often appear differently colored under the microscope; gametes appear paler while zygotes are darker in comparison to vegetative cells. To compare physiological and photochemical competency, the pigment composition of discrete life cycle stages was determined for the common resting cyst‐producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella lachrymosa. Vegetative cells had the highest cellular pigment content (25.2 ± 0.5 pg · cell−1), whereas gamete pigment content was 22% lower. The pigment content of zygotes was 82% lower than vegetative cells, even though they appeared darker under the microscope. Zygotes of S. lachrymosa contained significantly higher cellular concentrations of β‐carotene (0.65 ± 0.15 pg · cell−1) than all other life stages. Photoprotective pigments and the de‐epoxidation ratio of xanthophylls‐cycle pigments in S. lachrymosa were significantly elevated in zygotes and cysts compared to other stages. This suggests a role for accessory pigments in combating intracellular oxidative stress during sexual reproduction or encystment. Resting cysts contained some pigments even though chloroplasts were not visible, suggesting that the brightly colored accumulation body contained photosynthetic pigments. The differences in pigmentation between life stages have implications for interpretation of pigment data from field samples when sampled during dinoflagellate blooms.
Contamination of multidose butorphanol vials in small animal general practices
Authors: Bell A. , Yamaoka T. T. , Akil L. , Watson D. , Devine C. 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVESTo assess and quantify medetomidine contamination of butorphanol multidose vials in small animal general practices and determine if practice policies and procedures regarding drug handling, as determined by questionnaire, impact upon contamination level.METHODSSamples of butorphanol were withdrawn from in‐use vials in participating practices in June and July 2013. Samples were analysed using high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.RESULTSForty‐one samples were obtained from 31 practices. Contamination was detected in 29 samples from 10 mL vials. The mean (αsd) contamination was 0 · 275 (α0 · 393) µg/mL; maximum contamination in any vial was 2 · 034 µg/mL. There was no correlation between volume of the vial used and the level of contamination. None of the survey factors predicted contamination levels of the vials.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEContamination of butorphanol multidose vials with medetomidine was common but the level of contamination was insufficient to cause detrimental effects in dogs if butorphanol were to be administered alone. The potential for sporadic higher levels of contamination must be taken into account, especially when using 50 mL vials when sedating critically ill cases, because there is a risk of clinical side effects.
Clinical and Demographic Correlates of Ejaculatory Dysfunctions Other Than Premature Ejaculation: A Prospective, Observational Study
Authors: Paduch Darius A. , Polzer Paula , Morgentaler Abraham , Althof Stanley , Donatucci Craig , Ni Xiao , Patel Ankur B. , Basaria Shezhad 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Ejaculatory dysfunctions other than premature ejaculation are commonly encountered in specialized clinics; however, their characterization in community-dwelling men is lacking.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and associated distress of four ejaculatory dysfunctions: delayed ejaculation (DE), anejaculation (AE), perceived ejaculate volume reduction (PEVR) and/or decreased force of ejaculation (DFE) as a function of demographic and clinical characteristics in men.

Methods
Observational analysis of 988 subjects presenting with one or more types of ejaculatory dysfunctions other than premature ejaculation who screened for a randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy of testosterone replacement on ejaculatory dysfunction. Demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed as potential risk factors using regression analysis.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures used were ejaculatory dysfunction prevalence and scores (3-item Men’s Sexual Health Questionnaire Ejaculatory Dysfunction-Short Form [MSHQ-EjD-SF]), and bother (MSHQ-EjD-SF Bother item) and sexual satisfaction/enjoyment (International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire Q7, Q8) as a function of subject’s age, race, body mass index (BMI) and serum testosterone levels (measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry).

Results
Mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of the participants was 52 years (11). Eighty-eight percent of the men experienced more than one type of ejaculatory dysfunction and 68% considered their symptoms to be bothersome. Prevalence of the ejaculatory dysfunctions was substantial across a range of age, race, BMI, and serum testosterone categories. Prevalence of PEVR and DFE were positively associated with age (&lt;40 years vs. 60–70 years: PEVR: odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32–7.06; DFE: OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.46–5.28) while DFE was associated with BMI (≥30 kg/m2 vs. &lt; 25 kg/m2: OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.062–3.05). All ejaculatory dysfunctions were more prevalent in black men.

Conclusion
The majority of the participants experienced multiple ejaculatory dysfunctions and found them to be highly bothersome. Ejaculatory dysfunctions were prevalent across a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics.