bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Death Review Processes: A Six‐Country Comparison
Authors: Vincent Sharon 
Published: June 2013

This paper compares and contrasts child death review (CDR) structures and processes in six countries – Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, England and Wales. It presents findings from a comparative study based on analysis of data from 18 case studies. Data were collected through a combination of documentary analysis, interviews and observations. The study found that CDR processes vary according to: where the function is located and whether review is undertaken at state, local or national level; whether review is rooted in legislation; the focus of review; whether dedicated funding is provided; whether families are involved in the process; and whether structures are supported by useful data systems. It was not possible to evaluate the effectiveness of different review systems but the findings suggest that structure makes little difference in terms of determining the extent to which CDR findings inform prevention effort and activity. While factors such as lack of funding, lack of national data, or lack of legislation may hinder the work of CDR teams, CDR findings have informed prevention initiatives despite such barriers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘It presents findings from a comparative study based on analysis of data from 18 case studies’Key Practitioner MessagesStandardisation and aggregation of data at national or state level are crucial for effective CDR.A model of individual review, cross‐case review and themed review can result in real learning and practice change.A public health model of CDR offers the most potential in terms of prevention.Families can contribute key information but participation must be managed sensitively and take account of cultural issues.‘A model of individual review, cross‐case review and themed review can result in real learning and practice change.’
Hydrogen Bonding or Stacking Interactions in Differentiating Duplex Stability in Oligonucleotides Containing Synthetic Nucleoside Probes for Alkylated DNA
Authors: Gahlon Hailey L. , Sturla Shana J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOligonucleotides that hybridize to modified DNA are useful chemical tools to probe the noncovalent interactions that stabilize DNA duplexes. In an effort to better understand the interactions that influence the specificity of hybridization probes for O6‐alkylguanine lesions, we examined a series of synthetic nucleoside analogues (BIM, Benzi, and Peri) with respect to their ability to stabilize duplex DNA comprised of native or damaged DNA oligonucleotides. The base‐modified nucleoside analogues contained systematically varied hydrogen‐bonding and π‐stacking properties. The nucleoside probes were incorporated into DNA and paired opposite canonical bases (A, T, C, or G), O6‐methylguanine (O6‐MeG), O6‐benzylguanine (O6‐BnG), or a stable abasic site analogue (tetrahydrofuran, THF). On the basis of the free energy of duplex formation, the highest degree of stabilization was observed when Peri was paired opposite O6‐MeG. The thermodynamic data suggest that the smaller probes stabilize DNA duplexes more through hydrogen bonding, whereas the larger probes, with a greater capacity to π stack, contribute to duplex stabilization more on the basis of base stacking. These results demonstrate that increased helix stability could be achieved when BIM, Benzi, or Peri were paired opposite damage‐containing DNA rather than unmodified DNA (that is, O6‐MeG rather than G). This knowledge is expected to be useful in the design and development of nucleoside analogues for uses in DNA‐based technologies.
Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Epicoccamide D, a Naturally Occurring Mannosylated 3‐Acyltetramic Acid
Authors: Loscher Sebastian , Schobert Rainer 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe endofungal metabolite epicoccamide D was synthesised in eighteen steps and 17 % yield as the first member of the family of natural glycotetramic acids. The modular character of the synthesis opens access also to analogues featuring different sugars and spacers. It comprises several high‐yielding key steps. The β‐D‐mannosyl group was introduced by using an α‐D‐glucosyl imidate donor with subsequent oxidative‐reductive epimerisation at C‐2′. The pyrrolidine ring was closed quantitatively by a Lacey‐Dieckmann condensation of an N‐(β‐ketoacyl)‐N‐methyl alaninate. The resulting 3‐[ω‐(β‐D‐mannosyl)octadec‐2‐enoyl]tetramic acid was hydrogenated in the presence of the rhodium catalyst (R,R)‐[Rh(Et‐DUPHOS)][BF4] to establish the (7S)‐stereocentre. This was possible only after blocking the acyltetramic acid as a BF2‐chelate to prevent capture of the metal catalyst. We also assigned the hitherto unknown configuration of the natural product as being 5S,7S by comparison of its 13C NMR spectroscopic and optical rotation data with those of our two synthetic 5S,7R/S‐diasteromers.
Highly Efficient Asymmetric Additions of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes Triply Activated by Chiral Phosphoramide‐Zn(II) Complexes Derived From Cinchona Alkaloids
Authors: Shen Bin , Huang Huayin , Bian Guangling , Zong Hua , Song Ling 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTNew chiral phosphoramide ligands derived from cinchona alkaloids were developed, which react with diethylzinc to form chiral phosphoramide‐Zn(II) complexes containing two Lewis bases and one Lewis acid. These trifunctional complexes can serve as highly efficient chiral catalysts for triple activation of enantioselective addition reactions of diethylzinc with aldehydes to give desired alcohol products with excellent yields and enantiomeric excess (ee) values up to 99%.Chirality 25:561‐566, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructured Plate Heat Exchanger Reactors for High Temperature Applications
Authors: Kolb Gunther , Braune Torsten , Schürer Jochen , Tiemann David 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMicrochannel reactors and heat exchangers have been developed by application of a novel laser welding technique, which generates durable sealing of the reactors for operating temperatures up to 1000 °C. A microreactor for exhaust gas cleaning purposes has been operated for 35 000 h in a laboratory environment. Results from the operation of a diesel oxidative steam reformer in combination with a hot gas driven evaporator are presented.
Objective Bayesian analysis of spatial models with separable correlation functions
Authors: Ren Cuirong , Sun Dongchu , Sahu Sujit K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper considers general linear models for Gaussian geostatistical data with multi‐dimensional separable correlation functions involving multiple parameters. We derive various objective priors, such as the Jeffreys‐rule, independence Jeffreys, and usual and exact reference priors for the model parameters. In addition, we relax and simplify the assumptions in Paulo (2005) for the propriety of the posteriors in the general setup. We show that the frequentist coverage of posterior credible intervals for a function of range parameters do not depend on the regression coefficient or error variance. These objective priors and a proper flat prior based on ML estimates are compared by examining the frequentist coverage of equal‐tailed Bayesian credible intervals. An illustrative example is given from the field of complex computer model validations.The Canadian Journal of Statistics41: 488–507; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
A reduced computational and geometrical framework for inverse problems in hemodynamics
Authors: Lassila Toni , Manzoni Andrea , Quarteroni Alfio , Rozza Gianluigi 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe solution of inverse problems in cardiovascular mathematics is computationally expensive. In this paper, we apply a domain parametrization technique to reduce both the geometrical and computational complexities of the forward problem and replace the finite element solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations by a computationally less‐expensive reduced‐basis approximation. This greatly reduces the cost of simulating the forward problem. We then consider the solution of inverse problems both in the deterministic sense, by solving a least‐squares problem, and in the statistical sense, by using a Bayesian framework for quantifying uncertainty. Two inverse problems arising in hemodynamics modeling are considered: (i) a simplified fluid–structure interaction model problem in a portion of a stenosed artery for quantifying the risk of atherosclerosis by identifying the material parameters of the arterial wall on the basis of pressure measurements; (ii) a simplified femoral bypass graft model for robust shape design under uncertain residual flow in the main arterial branch identified from pressure measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Properties of Surfactant‐Free Water‐Dispersible Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanocrystals: A Material for Low‐Cost Photovoltaics
Authors: Kush Priya , Ujjain Sanjeev Kumar , Mehra Navin Chand , Jha Pika , Sharma Raj Kishore , Deka Sasanka 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA simple, yet novel hydrothermal method has been developed to synthesize surfactant‐free Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystal ink in water. The environmentally friendly, 2–4 nm ultrafine particles are stable in water for several weeks. Detailed X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of single‐crystalline‐kesterite‐phase Cu2ZnSnS4. Elemental mapping by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry corroborated the presence of all four elements in a stoichiometric ratio with minor sulfur deficiency. Finally, Raman spectroscopy ruled out the possible presence of impurities of ZnS, Cu2SnS3, SnS, SnS2, Cu2−xS, or Sn2S3, which often interfere with the XRD and optical spectra of Cu2ZnSnS4. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the as‐synthesized samples confirmed that the oxidation states of the four elements match those of the bulk sample. Optical absorption analyses of thin film and solution samples showed high absorption efficiency (>104 cm−1) across the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions and a band gap Eg of 1.75 eV for the as‐synthesized sample. A non‐ohmic asymmetric rectifying response was observed in the I–V measurement at room temperature. The nonlinearity was more pronounced for this p‐type semiconductor when the resistance was measured against temperature in the range 180–400 K, which was detected in the hot‐point probe measurement.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Nitriles by Aerobic Oxidative Reaction of Alcohols and Ammonium Formate
Authors: Yadav Dilip Kumar T. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of nitriles through an aerobic oxidative reaction of alcohols and ammonium formate with copper as a homogeneous catalyst under a normal air atmosphere and solvent‐free conditions. This protocol uses the air as a green oxidant and ammonium formate as the nitrogen source. A wide range of substrates were well tolerated in the reaction that gave water as a byproduct.
On the relation between social class and prejudice: The roles of education, income, and ideological attitudes
Authors: Carvacho Héctor , Zick Andreas , Haye Andrés , González Roberto , Manzi Jorge , Kocik Caroline , Bertl Melanie 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPrejudice is more prevalent among members of the working class than among members of the middle or upper class. It is still a matter of discussion whether education works to suppress prejudice among upper class members or, on the contrary, to enhance genuinely tolerant attitudes. We propose that (i) two indicators of social class—income and education—independently predict prejudice toward multiple targets as follows: lower levels of income and education are associated with higher levels of prejudice. (ii) The connection between social class and prejudice is explained by the endorsement of system‐legitimating ideological attitudes, namely right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). We tested these hypotheses in four studies using cross‐sectional surveys in Europe (Studies 1 and 2, Ns = 11 330 and 2640) and longitudinal data from Germany and Chile (Studies 3 and 4, Ns = 343 and 388). Results show that education and income exert independent negative effects on prejudice. The effect of education is stronger than the effect of income, which is not stable across countries. The relationships between income and prejudice and education and prejudice are mediated by RWA and SDO. We conclude that people of the working class generally endorse an ideological configuration that is well suited for legitimating the social system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social psychological perspectives on the legitimation of social inequality: Past, present and future
Authors: Costa‐Lopes Rui , Dovidio John F. , Pereira Cícero Roberto , Jost John T. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis introductory article for the special issue entitled “Social Psychological Perspectives on the Legitimation of Social Inequality” reviews various theoretical frameworks applied to the study of this topic. Legitimation of social inequality occurs through individual‐level, group‐level, and system‐level processes. In societies in which egalitarianism and fairness are core cultural values, legitimation permits differential treatment of people on the basis of their social group memberships while allowing people to maintain positive self‐images, to reinforce group‐based hierarchies and to justify a status quo that systematically benefits some individuals and groups more than others. In this article, we focus on three major theoretical perspectives in social psychology that have inspired most of the research featured in this special issue, and we offer a general overview of the articles to follow, expanding upon their connections to one another and to the theme of the issue. We highlight the promise of research on legitimation of social inequality not only for developing a deeper and more integrative theoretical understanding of intergroup relations but also for guiding interventions to achieve social equality in practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of the flow structure by progressive bedforms in the Kinoshita meandering channel
Authors: Abad Jorge D. , Frias Christian E. , Buscaglia Gustavo C. , Garcia Marcelo H. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTAn in‐house fully three‐dimensional general‐purpose finite element model is applied to solve the hydrodynamic structure in a periodic Kinoshita‐generated meandering channel. The numerical model solves the incompressible Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations for mass and momentum, while solving the k − ε equations for turbulence. The free surface is described by the rigid‐lid approximation (using measured water surface data) for flat (smooth‐bed) and self‐formed (rough‐bed) conditions. The model results are compared against experimental measurements in the ‘Kinoshita channel’, where three‐dimensional flow velocities and turbulence parameters were measured. This validation was carried out for the upstream‐valley meander bend orientation under smooth (flat bed) conditions. After validation, several simulations were carried out to predict the hydrodynamics in conditions where either it was not possible to perform measurements (e.g. applicability of the laboratory acoustic instruments) and to extrapolate the model to other planform configurations. For the flat smooth‐bed case, a symmetric (no skewness) planform configuration was modeled and compared to the upstream‐skewed case. For the self‐formed rough‐bed case, prediction of the hydrodynamics during the progression of bedforms was performed. It appears that the presence of bedforms on a bend has the following effects: (i) the natural secondary flow of the bend is disrupted by the presence of the bedforms, thus depending on the location of the dune, secondary flows might differ completely from the traditional orientation; (ii) an increment on both the bed and bank shear stresses is induced, having as much as 50% more fluvial erosion, and thus a potential increment on the migration rate of the bend. Implications on sediment transport and bend morphodynamics are also discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exponentially Smoothing the Skewed Laplace Distribution for Value‐at‐Risk Forecasting
Authors: Gerlach Richard , Lu Zudi , Huang Hai 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTValue‐at‐risk (VaR) is a standard measure of market risk in financial markets. This paper proposes a novel, adaptive and efficient method to forecast both volatility and VaR. Extending existing exponential smoothing as well as GARCH formulations, the method is motivated from an asymmetric Laplace distribution, where skewness and heavy tails in return distributions, and their potentially time‐varying nature, are taken into account. The proposed volatility equation also involves novel time‐varying dynamics. Back‐testing results illustrate that the proposed method offers a viable, and more accurate, though conservative, improvement in forecasting VaR compared to a range of popular alternatives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical Genetic Analysis of Serological Measures of Common, Chronic Infections in Alaska Native Participants in the GOCADAN Study
Authors: Rubicz Rohina , Zhu Jianhui , Laston Sandra , Cole Shelley A. , Voruganti V. Saroja , Ebbesson Sven O. E. , Howard Barbara V. , MacCluer Jean W. , Davidson Michael , Umans Jason G. , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Göring Harald H. H. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper describes genetic investigations of seroreactivity to five common infectious pathogens in the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives (GOCADAN) study. Antibody titers and seroprevalence were available for 495 to 782 (depending on the phenotype) family members at two time points, approximately 15 years apart, for Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1), and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV‐2). Seroprevalence rates indicate that infections with most of these pathogens are common (≥20% for all of them, >80% for H. pylori, CMV, and HSV‐1). Seropositive individuals typically remain seropositive over time, with seroreversion rates of <1% to 10% over ∼15 years. Antibody titers were significantly heritable for most pathogens, with the highest estimate being 0.61 for C. pneumoniae. Significant genome‐wide linkage evidence was obtained for C. pneumoniae on chromosome 15 (logarithm of odds, LOD score of 3.13). These results demonstrate that individual host genetic differences influence antibody measures of common infections in this population, and further investigation may elucidate the underlying immunological processes and genes involved.
Sensorimotor‐independent prefrontal activity during response inhibition
Authors: Cai Weidong , Cannistraci Christopher J. , Gore John C. , Leung Hoi‐Chung 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA network of brain regions involving the ventral inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula (vIFG/AI), presupplementary motor area (pre‐SMA) and basal ganglia has been implicated in stopping impulsive, unwanted responses. However, whether this network plays an equal role in response inhibition under different sensorimotor contexts has not been tested systematically. Here, we conducted an fMRI experiment using the stop signal task, a sensorimotor task requiring occasional withholding of the planned response upon the presentation of a stop signal. We manipulated both the sensory modality of the stop signal (visual versus auditory) and the motor response modality (hand versus eye). Results showed that the vIFG/AI and the preSMA along with the right middle frontal gyrus were commonly activated in response inhibition across the various sensorimotor conditions. Our findings provide direct evidence for a common role of these frontal areas, but not striatal areas in response inhibition independent of the sensorimotor contexts. Nevertheless, these three frontal regions exhibited different activation patterns during successful and unsuccessful stopping. Together with the existing evidence, we suggest that the vIFG/AI is involved in the early stages of stopping such as triggering the stop process while the preSMA may play a role in regulating other cortical and subcortical regions involved in stopping. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2119–2136, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating brain community structure abnormalities in bipolar disorder using path length associated community estimation
Authors: GadElkarim Johnson J. , Ajilore Olusola , Schonfeld Dan , Zhan Liang , Thompson Paul M. , Feusner Jamie D. , Kumar Anand , Altshuler Lori L. , Leow Alex D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article, we present path length associated community estimation (PLACE), a comprehensive framework for studying node‐level community structure. Instead of the well‐known Q modularity metric, PLACE utilizes a novel metric, ΨPL, which measures the difference between intercommunity versus intracommunity path lengths. We compared community structures in human healthy brain networks generated using these two metrics and argued that ΨPL may have theoretical advantages. PLACE consists of the following: (1) extracting community structure using top‐down hierarchical binary trees, where a branch at each bifurcation denotes a collection of nodes that form a community at that level, (2) constructing and assessing mean group community structure, and (3) detecting node‐level changes in community between groups. We applied PLACE and investigated the structural brain networks obtained from a sample of 25 euthymic bipolar I subjects versus 25 gender‐ and age‐matched healthy controls. Results showed community structural differences in posterior default mode network regions, with the bipolar group exhibiting left‐right decoupling. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2253–2264, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex differences in μ‐opioid receptor expression in trigeminal ganglia under a myositis condition in rats
Authors: Zhang X. , Zhang Y. , Asgar J. , Niu K.Y. , Lee J. , Lee K.S. , Schneider M. , Ro J.Y. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundPeripheral opioid receptor expression is up‐regulated under inflammatory conditions, which leads to the increased efficacy of peripherally administered opioids. Sex differences in the effects of inflammation, cytokines and gonadal hormones on μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) expression in trigeminal ganglia (TG) are not well understood.MethodsMOR mRNA and protein levels in TG from male and female Sprague Dawley rats following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced muscle inflammation were assessed. Cytokine‐induced changes in MOR mRNA expression from TG cultures prepared from intact and gonadectomized male and female, and gonadectomized male rats with testosterone replacement were examined. Behavioural experiments were then performed to examine the efficacy of a peripherally administered MOR agonist in male, female and gonadectomized male rats under a myositis condition.ResultsCFA and cytokine treatments induced significant up‐regulation of MOR expression in TG from male, but not from female, rats. The cytokine‐induced up‐regulation of MOR mRNA expression was prevented in TG from orchidectomized (GDX) male rats, which was restored with testosterone replacement. Peripherally administered DAMGO, a specific MOR agonist, significantly attenuated CFA‐induced masseter mechanical hypersensitivity only in intact male rats.ConclusionsCollectively, these data indicate that testosterone plays a key role in the regulation of MOR in TG under inflammatory conditions, and that sex differences in the anti‐hyperalgesic effects of peripherally administered opioids are, in part, mediated by peripheral opioid receptor expression levels.