bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal Cortical Abnormalities in Siblings of Index Patients With Vesicoureteral Reflux
Authors: Hunziker Manuela , Colhoun Eric , Puri Prem 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Screening siblings of index patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been proposed to identify children who are at risk for renal damage. However, screening siblings for VUR remains controversial. We investigated the prevalence of VUR and renal cortical abnormalities in the sibling population in a large cohort of families with VUR.

METHODS:
Between 1998 and 2012, parents of index patients with grade III to V VUR were asked permission to screen siblings &lt;6 years of age for VUR. Siblings were divided into 2 groups: siblings with a documented history of a previous urinary tract infection (UTI) and siblings who were screened for VUR and never had a UTI. A logistic regression model was used to determine independent risk factors associated with renal cortical abnormalities such as history of presentation, age, gender, and grade of VUR.

RESULTS:
There were 318 siblings in 275 families in the study. VUR was found after screening in 190 (60%) siblings and after a UTI in 128 (40%). Multivariate analysis revealed that siblings who had a previous UTI (odds ratio: 3.38), siblings with high grade reflux (odds ratio: 3.62), and siblings over 1 year of age (odds ratio: 2.84) were the most significant independent risk factors associated with renal cortical abnormalities.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is increased risk of renal cortical abnormalities in siblings with a previous UTI, siblings with high-grade VUR, and siblings over age 1 year. This information may help to counsel parents about the risk of VUR and reflux nephropathy in familial VUR.
Low-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Forst Deborah A. , Nahed Brian V. , Loeffler Jay S. , Batchelor Tracy T. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are a diverse group of primary brain tumors that often arise in young, otherwise healthy patients and generally have an indolent course with longer-term survival in comparison with high-grade gliomas. Treatment options include observation, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combined approach, and management is individualized based on tumor location, histology, molecular profile, and patient characteristics. Moreover, in this type of brain tumor with a relatively good prognosis and prolonged survival, the potential benefits of treatment must be carefully weighed against potential treatment-related risks.
We review in this article current management strategies for LGG, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. In addition, the importance of profiling the genetic and molecular properties of LGGs in the development of targeted anticancer therapies is also reviewed. Finally, given the prevalence of these tumors in otherwise healthy young patients, the impact of treatment on neurocognitive function and quality of life is also evaluated.
The Global Financial Crisis: U.S. Bankruptcies and Going-Concern Audit Opinions
Authors: Geiger Marshall A. , Raghunandan K. , Riccardi William 
Published: March 2014

SYNOPSIS
This study investigates whether auditors' going-concern modified opinion (GCO) decisions were less likely after the start of the recent “Global Financial Crisis” (GFC). Auditing regulators and the business press had complained that auditors did not provide adequate warning in their reports prior to many companies filing for bankruptcy during the GFC. Accordingly, we examine auditors' GCO opinions for financially stressed clients that subsequently entered into bankruptcy during the period from 2004 to 2010. We find that, after controlling for other factors related to GCOs, the propensity of auditors to issue a GCO prior to bankruptcy significantly increased after the onset of the GFC. Additional tests reveal similar results when we separately examine clients of the Big 4 and non-Big 4 firms, suggesting both sized firms significantly increased the likelihood of issuing a GCO to a subsequently bankrupt client after the start of the GFC. Our results should be of interest to regulators, investors, audit firms, academics, and standard setters as they evaluate U.S. auditor performance during the GFC, and in contemplation of changes to auditing standards as a result of the GFC.
Wie lassen sich Wertaussagen in Schulbüchern aufspüren?
Authors: Slopinski Andreas , Selck Torsten J. 
Published: March 2014

How Do We Detect Value Judgements in Textbooks? A Proposal, from the Field of Political Sciences, to Analyse Textbooks Quantitatively with Reference to the Example of European IntegrationDas Aufdecken und Analysieren von normativen Wertungen ist eine wichtige Aufgabe der Schulbuchforschung, der es jedoch bislang an geeigneten Verfahren mangelte, um reliable und valide Ergebnisse hervorzubringen. Allzu oft sind Schulbuchanalysen deskriptiv und subjektiv. Dieser Aufsatz erörtert das Potenzial der computerunterstützten quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse, um dieses Problem zu beheben. Basierend auf politikwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen argumentieren wir, dass sich vor allem das Softwarepaket “Wordfish” als Verfahren für die Analyse von Autorentexten hierfür anbieten würde.
Smith, Ricardo, Keynes : vie et mort du «prodigue» et du «projector»
Authors: Diatkine Daniel 
Published: March 2014

Cet article concerne la définition proposée par Keynes de «l'école classique». On sait que l'auteur de la Théorie Générale s'oppose explicitement à Marx sur ce point, puisqu'il exclue A. Smith du champ de l'analyse classique.
On se propose de rendre compte de cette exclusion en montrant qu'existent encore chez A. Smith les agents économiques désignés sous les termes de «prodigue» et de «projector», le premier confondant capital et revenu, le second employant mal le capital.
On montre ensuite comment ces deux types d'agents disparaissent de l'analyse ricardienne après l'adoption définitive du principe selon lequel «l'industrie est limitée par le capital», forme ricardienne de la loi de Say.
La théorie de la demande effective chez R.Torrens.
Authors: Benetti Carlo 
Published: March 2014

R. Torrens affirme que l'apport majeur de son principal ouvrage est la théorie de la demande effective et l'explication de la surproduction générale à laquelle elle conduit. Sa théorie s'oppose à la fois à la thèse de T.R. Malthus et à celle de J. Mill et J.B.Say (et donc de D. Ricardo).
En partant de la définition de la demande effective proposée par Torrens nous élaborons un schéma de reproduction au sein duquel les conditions de la surproduction générale peuvent être établies. A partir des résultats obtenus : (i) nous comparons les théories des prix et de la marchandise homothétique chez Torrens et chez Sraffa, (ii) nous soulevons le problème de l'incompatibilité entre la loi classique de la concurrence et la loi de la reproduction.
La théorie de la monnaie- marchandise chez Marx.
Authors: Benetti Carlo 
Published: March 2014

Nous montrons que la cohérence de la théorie marxiste de la monnaie- marchandise exige une réinterprétation du rôle de la thésaurisation. Contrairement à ce qu'affirme Marx ce type de demande de monnaie ne règle pas la quantité de monnaie en circulation. Il joue un tout autre rôle : il permet de déterminer la valeur de la monnaie de manière cohérente avec la définition qu'en donne Marx.
Ce résultat permet de mettre à jour les ambiguïtés de l'exposé de Marx, d'approfondir l'analyse de l'opposition entre la théorie marxiste et la théorie ricardienne de la monnaie, de montrer que la théorie marxiste et la théorie néoclassique contemporaine présentent des difficultés analogues malgré l'évidente différence de leur théorie de la valeur.
Le «finance motive» et la réinterprétation de la pensée de Keynes : un commentaire du texte d'Augusto Graziani
Authors: Cartelier Jean 
Published: March 2014

Three questions are discussed in the comment of Graziani's paper :
— it is suggested that the theory of endogenous money, expounded by A. Graziani, should be completed by the explicitation of the system of rules which is at its root ;
— the role of financial markets is not only to finance the planned expenditures but also to avoid the bankruptcies due to the discrepancies between expectations and realisations ;
— the "circuit approach" does not go very far into the study of the rules of circulation.
Marché classique et loi de Say
Authors: Duboeuf Françoise 
Published: March 2014

This paper aims at clarifying the relations between the caracteristics of the laws of value and the possibility of representing the market adjustment processes.
It starts with a simplified model of a smithian economy which produces three commodities. We first look for the necessary conditions for equilibrium. We examine what happens when the agents' choices generate a variation of one of the parameters of the model. We show then that the market mechanisms cannot easily assure the return to an equilibrium position. Particularly, the caracteristics inherent to the smithian theory of value and revenues generate perturbations.
Adam Smith and the Political Economy of American Independance
Authors: Hébert Robert F. 
Published: March 2014

It is generally recognized that Adam Smith argued in The Wealth of Nations in favor of independence for the American colonies. The explicit grounds on which Smith based this argument have not been held to close
scrutiny, however. In recent years, Donald Winch has attempted to right the
balance between studies of Smith's economics and his politics. Which raised
the following questions : Did Smith favor independence of the American
colonies on political or economic grounds ? Since Smith was not always
explicit in this regard, what particular grounds can be inferred from what is
generally known about Smith's politics and/or his economics ?
This paper analyzes and explains the grounds for Smith's argument in favor or American independence. It adopts a holistic approach that seeks to integrate Smith's political and economic thought, and utilizes a benefit-cost framework to explicate Smith's final position on the question of American independence.
Methods for assessing infestations of sunflower stem weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in sunflower stems
Authors: Prasifka Jarrad R. , Campbell James F. , Aiken Robert M. , Bradshaw Jeffrey D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), reduces sunflower, Helianthus annuus Linnaeus (Asteraceae), yields by spreading pathogens, damaging vascular tissues, and promoting lodging of sunflower plants. To assess weevil populations for host plant resistance and insecticide field trials, larvae are dissected out of stems and counted; a process that is slow and limits experimental designs. To improve efficiency of sunflower stem weevil sample processing, field-collected sunflower samples were used to evaluate whether digital radiographs (X-rays) of stem sections or population estimates from rearing out overwintering stem weevils are suitable substitutes for dissection of complete stems. Digital X-rays of small stem pieces (15 cm above soil level) split longitudinally were found to explain over 75% of the variation in numbers of weevil larvae from dissected stem samples (50 cm), but required less than one-fifth the time of manual dissection. Use of small emergence boxes to estimate weevil populations was similarly time efficient, but may not be easily related to weevils per plant because of parasitism and other mortality. Results suggest for large field trials with sunflower stem weevils, digital X-rays provide much more time-efficient larval population estimates.
A Novel Mechanism Underlying the Basic Defensive Response of Macrophages against Mycobacterium Infection
Authors: Iyoda Takuya , Takada Muneaki , Fukatsu Yoshinobu , Kumokoshi Shunsuke , Fujisawa Tatsuya , Shimada Tomokazu , Shimokawa Noriko , Matsunaga Takuya , Makino Kimiko , Doi Norio , Terada Hiroshi , Fukai Fumio 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Following inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), pathogens enter and grow inside macrophages by taking advantage of their phagocytic mechanisms. Macrophages often fail to eliminate intracellular M. tuberculosis, leading to the induction of host macrophage death. Despite accumulating evidence, the molecular mechanisms underlying M. tuberculosis infection–induced cell death remain controversial. In this study, we show the involvement of two distinct pathways triggered by TLR2 and β2 integrin in BCG infection–induced macrophage apoptosis. First, BCG infection induced activation of ERK1/2, which in turn caused phosphorylation/activation of the proapoptotic protein Bim in mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells. BCG-infected Raw cells treated with U0126, an MEK/ERK inhibitor, led to the suppression of Bim phosphorylation alongside a remarkable increase in the number of viable macrophages. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of Bim rescued the macrophages from the apoptotic cell death induced by BCG infection. Stimulation with Pam3CSK, a TLR2 agonist, induced macrophage apoptosis with a concomitant increase in the phosphorylation/activation of MEK/ERK and Bim. These observations indicate the important role of the TLR2/MEK/ERK/Bim pathway in BCG infection–induced macrophage apoptosis. Second, we used the β2 integrin agonists C3bi and fibronectin to show that the β2 integrin–derived signal was involved in BCG infection–induced apoptosis, independent of MEK/ERK activation. Interestingly, latex beads coated with Pam3CSK and C3bi were able to induce apoptosis in macrophages to the same extent and specificity as that induced by BCG. Taken together, two distinct pattern-recognition membrane receptors, TLR2 and β2 integrin, acted as triggers in BCG infection–induced macrophage apoptosis, in which MEK/ERK activation played a crucial role following the engagement of TLR2.
Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Microhardness of Composites Associated to Light Curing Characterizing Materials
Authors: Barcellos Daphne Câmara , Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Pleffken Patricia Rondon , de Araújo Maria Amélia Máximo , Valera Marcia Carneiro , Batista Graziela Robeiro 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study evaluated the microhardness and compressive strength of composite and light curing characterizing materials (LCCMs) by intrinsic technique.

Materials and methods
Eighty composite specimens with a cylindrical shape were prepared and divided into eight groups (n = 10): Group E—composite-Enamel shade (ES); Group T— composite-Translucent shade (TS); Group W—White Tetric Color Pigment (Ivoclar/Vivadent) LCCM; Group B—Black Tetric Color Pigment (Ivoclar/Vivadent) LCCM; Group E/W/E—TS/ White Tetric Color Pigment LCCM/ES; Group E/B/E—ES/ Black Tetric Color Pigment LCCM/ES; Group E/W/T—ES/White Tetric Color Pigment LCCM/TS; Group E/B/T—ES/Black Tetric Color Pigment LCCM/TS. The specimens were submitted to a microhardness and compressive strength tests. Data were subjected to ANOVA, Tukey tests (5%) and pearson correlation.

Results and conclusion
There were significant differences among the groups (p = 0.00). The Pearson correlation showed a p = 0.85. The mean values for microhardness: Group E—73.30a; Group T—66.47b; Group E/W/T—63.71bc; Group E/W/E—62.08bc; Group E/B/E—57.47c; Group E/B/T—55.61c; Group W—39.69d; Group B—37.87d. The mean values for compressive strength: Group E—493.12a; Group T—481.96a; Group E/B/E—359.45b; Group E/W/T—358.64b; Group E/B/T— 357.01b; Group E/W/E—353.73b; Group W—136.62c; Group B—41.22d. The use of LCCM by intrinsic technique reduced the microhardness and compressive strength of composite. There is a strong correlation between microhardness and compressive strength.

Clinical significance
The use of light curing characterizing materials combined with direct resin restorations can adversely reduce microhardness and compressive strength of direct esthetic restorations.

How to cite this article
Barcellos DC, Batista GR, Pleffken PR, Valera MC, Torres CRG, de Araújo MAM. Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Microhardness of Composites Associated to Light Curing Characterizing Materials. World J Dent 2014;5(1):6-10.
Analysis of Stress in the Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone of the Maxillary First Molars during Intrusion with Microscrew Implants: A 3D Finite Element Study
Authors: Pavithra AS , Prashanth GS , Shekar SE 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe objective of this study was to graphically display the pattern and magnitude of stress distribution along the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone of upper first molars on application of intrusive forces using microscrew implants.Materials and methodsA computer simulation of threedimensional model of maxillary first molars and second molars bilaterally with their periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, with microscrew implants, force element and a transpalatal arch were constructed on the basis of average anatomic morphology. Finite element analysis was done to evaluate the amount of stress and its distribution during orthodontic intrusive force.ResultsOverall maximum stress in this study was seen in the alveolar bone in the implant insertion area of 7.155 N/mm2.Maximum stress in the periodontal ligament was seen in middle third distocervical palatal root surface of the first molar (0.008993 N/mm2). Maximum stress in the enamel was seen in the distal aspect of the cementoenamel junction (0.423 N/mm2). Maximum stress in the dentin was observed in apical one-third of the mesiobuccal root surface of first molar (0.1785 N/mm2).ConclusionIn this study with the use of palatal implant and transpalatal arch, we found that there was no tipping observed during intrusion. This study demonstrates that significant true intrusion of maxillary molars could be obtained in a wellcontrolled manner by using fixed appliances with microscrew implant as bony anchorage.How to cite this articlePavithra AS, Prashanth GS, Mathew S, Shekar SE. Analysis of Stress in the Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone of the Maxillary First Molars during Intrusion with Microscrew Implants: A 3D Finite Element Study. World J Dent 2014;5(1):11-16.
Influence of Morphology of Maxillary Central Incisor on Expression of Torque using 2D Surface Scanning and Confirmation with 3D Photographic Model: An in vitro Study
Authors: Chachada Achint Devendra 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
The aim of present study was to evaluate the influence of convexity of upper central incisor on expression of torque. The variation in crown root angle of maxillary central incisor and the co-relation between crown root angle and convexity of crown of maxillary central incisor was also assessed. Thirty extracted maxillary central incisors and a central incisor bracket (American Orthodontics—Roth prescription 0.018 inch slot) were used for the study. The study was carried out in three parts. In first part, proximal radiographs of each sample were traced and crown to root angle was measured. In second part, labial surface each sample was scanned using cyclone scanning system (Renishaw) to obtain profile image of each sample which were analyzed using AutoCAD 2002 software. Convexity of labial surfaces at various heights, i.e. X + 1, X + 2, X + 3, X – 1, X – 2, X – 3 was measured. Third part consisted of preparation of 3D photographic model of one randomly selected sample using Stereo Scan 3D (Breuckmann) machine and 3D composite image of central incisor bracket using Esson optical profile projector. Torque values at X + 1, X + 2, X + 3, X – 1, X – 2, X – 3 were 2.27°, 5.08°, 8.96°, –5.01°, –8.35° and –12.33° respectively and mean value of crown to root angle of all 30 studied samples was 180.27°. It was concluded that when bracket is displaced 1, 2 or 3 mm incisally, there is increase in lingual root torque by an average value of 2.27°, 5.08° or 8.96° respectively while when bracket is displaced 1, 2 or 3 mm gingivally, there is decrease in lingual root torque or increase in labial root torque by an average value of 5.01°, 8.35° or 12.33° respectively. These findings were confirmed on analysis of 3D photographic model of one randomly selected sample.

How to cite this article
Chachada AD, Kamble RH. Influence of Morphology of Maxillary Central Incisor on Expression of Torque using 2D Surface Scanning and Confirmation with 3D Photographic Model: An in vitro Study. World J Dent 2014;5(1):21-27.
Palatal Injection: A Myth or a Reality in Maxillary Third Molar Extraction
Authors: Padhye Mukul , Shah Vaibhav , Shevale Vruturaj , Pawar Suraj , Desai Rujuta Ajit , Khosa Rishi , Keswani Ekta , Thakker Snehal 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Palatal injection, in spite of many modernized injection techniques, remains a painful experience for the patient. The aim of this study was to demonstrate if maxillary third molars could be extracted using only buccal infiltration of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride (HCl) with adrenaline 1:80,000 without the need for supplemental palatal injection.

Materials and methods
Three hundred patients were selected randomly and divided into two groups of 150 each. In the experimental group, 2 ml of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with 1:80000 adrenaline was injected into the buccal vestibule of the tooth to be extracted. Extraction was performed after a waiting period of 7 minutes postinjection. Equal number of 150 patients were used as control and were subjected to the same protocol, with additional palatal injection. Pain experienced during extraction of both groups were recorded using visual analog scale and faces pain scale. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze pain between both the groups.

Results
Statistical analysis of the two groups, experimental and control groups do not defer with respect to visual analog and faces pain score.

Conclusion
Palatal injection for extraction of maxillary third molar is not mandatory.

How to cite this article
Pawar S, Desai RA, Padhye M, Shevale V, Khosa R, Keswani E, Thakker S, Shah V. Palatal Injection: A Myth or a Reality in Maxillary Third Molar Extraction. World J Dent 2014;5(1):28-32.
GCF Adrenomedullin Levels in Healthy and Periodontitis Patients with or without Type 2—Diabetes Mellitus: Clinicobiochemical Study
Authors: Apoorva SM , Bhat Divya , Garg Akanksha , Suchetha A , Sapna N , Puzhankara Lakshmi 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Background
The literature suggests that periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus share a two-way relationship. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the levels of adrenomedullin (ADM) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontally healthy and periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes with different glycemic controls.

Methods
Ninety patients were included in the study and were divided into five groups based on CPI scores and ADA classification of diabetes. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured in all the subjects. GCF was collected from all the participants using micropipettes. ADM levels were measured in GCF samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
The results showed higher levels of ADM in patients with periodontitis as compared to healthy group. Significant correlation was present between PPD and CAL and ADM levels in all periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes.

Conclusion
Increase in GCF levels of ADM from periodontal health to disease and in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes with the worsening of glycemic control underlines the possible role of ADM in mounting a protective response to worsening disease state.

How to cite this article
Garg A, Suchetha A, Sapna N, Apoorva SM, Bhat D, Puzhankara L. GCF Adrenomedullin Levels in Healthy and Periodontitis Patients with or without Type 2—Diabetes Mellitus: Clinicobiochemical Study. World J Dent 2014;5(1):42-46.