bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Climate Change Actions, Targets and Performance of UK and US Retailers
Authors: Sullivan Rory , Gouldson Andy 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is often held that the UK has been something of a leader in its response to climate change, and that the USA has been more of a laggard. Whilst much of this debate relates to government policy, in this paper we consider whether this is true when it comes to corporate action on climate change. We use the retail sector to explore this question. This sector is important because of its own greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and because of the emissions it influences through its supply chains and value chains. On the basis of extensive reviews of corporate reports and other publically available data, we find that companies in the UK are some way ahead of their US counterparts in terms of the actions they are taking (in particular in relation to their willingness to focus on their supply‐chain‐related emissions), the ambition of the emission reduction targets that they are setting for themselves, and (while acknowledging the difficulties in making direct performance comparisons) the rates of improvement in their energy consumption and GHG emissions. We therefore conclude that at least some of the wider claims about the relative performance of the UK and the USA on climate change are mirrored in the manner in which corporations are responding to climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: Next‐Generation Materials for Energy‐Efficient Gas Separations
Authors: Pimentel Brian R. , Parulkar Aamena , Zhou Er‐kang , Brunelli Nicholas A. , Lively Ryan P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIndustrial separation processes comprise approximately 10 % of the global energy demand, driven largely by the utilization of thermal separation methods (e.g., distillation). Significant energy and cost savings can be realized using advanced separation techniques such as membranes and sorbents. One of the major barriers to acceptance of these techniques remains creating materials that are efficient and productive in the presence of aggressive industrial feeds. One promising class of emerging materials is zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), an important thermally and chemically stable subclass of metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The objectives of this paper are (i) to provide a current understanding of the synthetic methods that enable the immense tunability of ZIFs, (ii) to identify areas of success and areas for improvement when ZIFs are used as adsorbents, (iii) to identify areas of success and areas for improvement in ZIF membranes. A review is given of the state‐of‐the‐art in ZIF synthesis procedures and novel ZIF formation pathways as well as their application in energy efficient separations.
Development and validation of the family coping questionnaire for eating disorders
Authors: Fiorillo Andrea , Sampogna Gaia , Del Vecchio Valeria , Luciano Mario , Monteleone Alessio Maria , Di Maso Virginia , Garcia Cristina Segura , Barbuto Elvira , Monteleone Palmiero , Maj Mario 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo develop and validate a new instrument, the Family Coping Questionnaire for Eating Disorders (FCQ‐ED), specifically designed to assess the coping strategies of relatives of patients with eating disorders (EDs).MethodThe study was articulated in the following seven stages: (1) in‐depth analysis of scientific literature; (2) focus groups with expert researchers and clinicians in the fields of EDs and family assessment; (3) development of a pre‐final version of the questionnaire; (4) recruitment of relatives and patients with EDs; (5) data collection; (6) statistical analysis; (7) finalization of the questionnaire.ResultsThe final version of the questionnaire consists of 32 items, grouped in five subscales (“avoidance,” “coercion,” “collusion,” “information,” and “positive communication with the patient”), with a Cronbach's alpha ranging between 0.820 and 0.625. All Items with a Cohen's Kappa > 0.60 were included in the final version of the questionnaire. Factor analysis led to the identifications of two factors, the problem‐oriented and the emotion‐focused coping strategies.DiscussionThe final version of the questionnaire shows good psychometric properties, and it requires a short time to be completed. The five subscales correspond to those adopted by relatives of patients with schizophrenia, confirming that relatives of patients with EDs need to be supported and informed on how to cope with patient's disturbing behaviours. This questionnaire may be particularly useful for the development of psychoeducational packages for relatives of patients with EDs and the evaluation of the impact of family functioning on the course of the disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:298–304)
Act‐based Versus Harm‐based Sanctions for Environmental Offenders
Authors: Rousseau Sandra , Blondiau Thomas 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTWe investigate the design of harm‐based and act‐based sanctions for environmental offences. Empirical evidence concerning both criminal and administrative sanctions for Belgium clearly shows that the determination of harm‐based and act‐based sanctions for environmental offences is less straightforward than theory predicts. In criminal cases, harm‐based sanctions are influenced by offence‐related factors and specifically by the environmental harm caused, while the level of act‐based sanctions is found to be independent of offence characteristics. Further, offender characteristics have a similar impact on both types of sanction, with the exception of the treatment of corporate offenders. In administrative cases, both types of sanction positively depend on the seriousness of (potential) harm caused. We find that sanctions increase for repeat offenders and decrease for offenders who took actions to minimize (potential) damages. Moreover, the analysis provides evidence of multiple objectives pursued by enforcing authorities. While our results confirm the general insights from previous studies, they are innovative in the distinction made between harm‐based and act‐based sanctions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A risk score for predicting 30‐day mortality in heart failure patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Andersson Charlotte , Gislason Gunnar H. , Hlatky Mark A. , Søndergaard Kathrine Bach , Pallisgaard Jannik , Smith J. Gustav , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Larson Martin G. , Jensen Per Føge , Køber Lars , Torp‐Pedersen Christian 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundHeart failure is an established risk factor for poor outcomes in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery, yet risk stratification remains a clinical challenge. We developed an index for 30‐day mortality risk prediction in this particular group.Methods and resultsAll individuals with heart failure undergoing non‐cardiac surgery between October 23 2004 and October 31 2011 were included from Danish administrative registers (n = 16 827). In total, 1787 (10.6%) died within 30 days. In a simple risk score based on the variables from the revised cardiac risk index, plus age, gender, acute surgery, and body mass index category the following variables predicted mortality (points): male gender (1), age 56–65 years (2), age 66–75 years (4), age 76–85 years (5), or age >85 years (7), being underweight (4), normal weight (3), or overweight (1), undergoing acute surgery (5), undergoing high‐risk procedures (intra‐thoracic, intra‐abdominal, or suprainguinal aortic) (3), having renal disease (1), cerebrovascular disease (1), and use of insulin (1). The c‐statistic was 0.79 and calibration was good. Mortality risk ranged from <2% for a score <5 to >50% for a score ≥20. Internal validation by bootstrapping (1000 re‐samples) provided c‐statistic of 0.79. A more complex risk score based on stepwise logistic regression including 24 variables at P < 0.05 performed only slightly better, c‐statistic = 0.81, but was limited in use by its complexity.ConclusionsFor patients with heart failure, this simple index can accurately identify those at low risk for perioperative mortality.
Impact of chronic changes in arterial compliance and resistance on left ventricular ageing in humans
Authors: Wohlfahrt Peter , Redfield Margaret M. , Melenovsky Vojtech , Lopez‐Jimenez Francisco , Rodeheffer Richard J. , Borlaug Barry A. 
Published: October 2014

AimsLeft ventricular systolic elastance (Ees) and diastolic elastance (Eed) correlate with arterial elastance (Ea), but it is unknown how chronic changes in arterial compliance and resistance, which determine Ea, might differentially affect cardiac properties with ageing. We sought to characterize chronic changes in pulsatile and resistive arterial load and correlate them with longitudinal changes in LV structure and function in a prospective, community‐based study.Methods and resultsComprehensive echocardiography was performed in 722 subjects participating in a randomly selected community‐based study at two examinations separated by 4 years, allowing for assessment of LV Ees, Eed, and end‐diastolic volume (EDV), Ea, total arterial compliance, and systemic vascular resistance at both examinations. Chronic changes in resistance and heart rate were the dominant contributors to change in Ea. Changes in arterial compliance had little impact on changes in Ea, but were strongly associated with changes in Ees. The combination of increased resistance and decreased compliance was associated with the largest increase in LV diastolic stiffness, an effect that was mediated by a decrease in LVEDV. In contrast, subjects with both improved arterial compliance and decreased resistance displayed an increase in LVEDV over time, with no increase in LV Eed.ConclusionIncreases in pulsatile arterial load with ageing contribute more to LV systolic stiffening, while combined pulsatile and resistive loading changes are associated with positive and negative chamber remodelling and diastolic stiffness. Therapies designed to improve arterial resistance and particularly to enhance aortic compliance may hold promise to prevent or reverse cardiac ageing and its sequelae.
SDF1α‐induced interaction of the adapter proteins Nck and HS1 facilitates actin polymerization and migration in T cells
Authors: Lettau Marcus , Kabelitz Dieter , Janssen Ottmar 
Published: October 2014

Noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) is an adapter protein that comprises one SH2 (Src homology) domain and three SH3 domains. Nck links receptors and receptor‐associated tyrosine kinases or adapter proteins to proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Whereas the SH2 domain binds to phosphorylated receptors or associated phosphoproteins, individual interactions of the SH3 domains with proline‐based recognition motifs result in the formation of larger protein complexes. In T cells, changes in cell polarity and morphology during T‐cell activation and effector function require the T‐cell receptor‐mediated recruitment and activation of actin‐regulatory proteins to initiate cytoskeletal reorganization at the immunological synapse. We previously identified the adapter protein HS1 as a putative Nck‐interacting protein. We now demonstrate that the SH2 domain of Nck specifically interacts with HS1 upon phosphorylation of its tyrosine residue 378. We report that in human T cells, ligation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by stromal cell‐derived factor 1α (SDF1α) induces a rapid and transient phosphorylation of tyrosine 378 of HS1 resulting in an increased association with Nck. Consequently, siRNA‐mediated downregulation of HS1 and/or Nck impairs SDF1α‐induced actin polymerization and T‐cell migration.
Biosynthetically Distinct Cytotoxic Polyketides from Setophoma terrestris
Authors: El‐Elimat Tamam , Figueroa Mario , Raja Huzefa A. , Graf Tyler N. , Swanson Steven M. , Falkinham Joseph O. , Wani Mansukh C. , Pearce Cedric J. , Oberlies Nicholas H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSixteen polyketides belonging to diverse structural classes, including monomeric/dimeric tetrahydroxanthones and resorcylic acid lactones, were isolated from an organic extract of a fungal culture Setophoma terrestris (MSX45109) by bioactivity‐directed fractionation as part of a search for anticancer leads from filamentous fungi. Of these, six were new: penicillixanthone B (5), blennolide H (6), 11‐deoxyblennolide D (7), blennolide I (9), blennolide J (10), and pyrenomycin (16). The known compounds were: secalonic acid A (1), secalonic acid E (2), secalonic acid G (3), penicillixanthone A (4), paecilin B (8), aigialomycin A (11), hypothemycin (12), dihydrohypothemycin (13), pyrenochaetic acid C (14), and nidulalin B (15). The structures were elucidated by a set of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques: the absolute configurations of compounds 1–10 were determined by ECD spectroscopy combined with time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, whereas a modified Mosher's ester method was used for compound 16. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–15 against the MDA‐MB‐435 (melanoma) and SW‐620 (colon) cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 1, 4, and 12 were the most potent, with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 2.14 μM. When tested against a panel of bacteria and fungi, compounds 3 and 5 showed promising activity against the Gram‐positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus, with MIC values of 5 and 15 μg mL–1, respectively.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Proline Derivatives: Application in Synthesis of Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitor Telaprevir
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wen Xiaoan , Xu Qing‐Long , Sun Hongbin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA practical asymmetric synthesis of 3,4‐disubstituted proline derivatives has been realized with high stereoselectivity and moderate yield. The key steps involved are desymmetric ring‐opening reaction of commercially available anhydrides, intramolecular Strecker reaction and thermodynamically controlled cyanide hydrolysis. Based on this methodology, the synthesis of HCV protease inhibitor Telaprevir was achieved.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Methylthiolation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids by Using DMSO as the Sulfurizing Reagent
Authors: Fu Zhengjiang , Li Zhaojie , Xiong Qiheng , Cai Hu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBy using simple and readily available DMSO as a convenient and environmentally friendly source of sulfur, a practical approach for the Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative methylthiolation of 2‐nitrobenzoic acids was developed. A range of substituents on the aryl group of the ortho‐nitrobenzoic acid were compatible with this process.
Electrochemical Detection of Activated Protein C Using an Aptasensor Based on PAMAM Dendrimer Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Erdem Arzum , Congur Gulsah , Mese Fehmi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractElectrochemical aptasensing of APC was carried out using PAMAM dendrimer modified pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) for the first time herein. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer having 16 succinamic acid surface groups (generation 2, G2‐PS) modified PGEs were developed, and then were utilized for APC monitoring using differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The selectivity of single‐use aptasensor was tested against to other proteins; BSA and THR as well as to the affinity of APC binding to different DNA aptamer, or oligonucleotide. Voltammetric APC detection was also explored in a diluted fetal bovine serum resulting with a detection limit DL as 1.5 µg/mL.
Fabrication of a Single Layer and Bilayer Potentiometric Biosensors for Penicillin by Galvanostatic Entrapment of Penicillinase into Polypyrrole Films
Authors: Ismail Fatma , Adeloju Samuel B. , Moline Alexander N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA single layer and bilayer potentiometric biosensors for the detection of penicillin have been developed. The favourable conditions that were established for the polypyrrole‐penicillinase ((PPy‐P’nase) single layer biosensor were 0.03 M pyrrole, 50 U/mL P’nase, 0.01 M penicillin, applied current density of 0.9 mA/cm2 and a polymerisation time of 40 s. The optimum conditions for the formation of the outer layer of the bilayer were: (a) 0.1 M Py, 19 U/mL P’nase, 0.01 M pen, current density of 0.9 mA/cm2 and a polymerisation time of 40 s. The minimum detectable penicillin concentration with the bilayer potentiometric biosensor was 0.3 µM and the linear concentration range was 7.5–146 µM. The average percentage recovery of penicillin that was found in amoxycillin 500 mg was 113±24 %. The determination of penicillin in milk was fraught with problems of non‐specific binding of penicillin to the milk.
Effects of site geology on seismic ground motion: early history
Authors: Sánchez‐Sesma Francisco J. , Crouse C. B. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis is the 6th contribution in the series of Historical Notes on seminal concepts in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics. It documents the origins and early developments (from the 1880s through 1992) of the effects of site geology on seismic ground motion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic demand on light acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural components in European reinforced concrete buildings
Authors: Petrone Crescenzo , Magliulo Gennaro , Manfredi Gaetano 
Published: October 2014

SummaryIn this paper, a parametric study is conducted in order to evaluate the seismic demand on light acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural components caused by frequent earthquakes. The study is motivated by the inconsistent approach of current building codes to the design of nonstructural components; the extensive nonstructural damage recorded after recent low‐intensity earthquakes also encouraged such a study.A set of reinforced concrete frame structures with different number of stories, that is, 1 to 10 stories, are selected and designed according to Eurocode 8. The structures are subjected to a set of frequent earthquakes, that is, 63% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Dynamic nonlinear analyses are performed on the reference structures in order to assess the accuracy of the equations to predict seismic forces acting on nonstructural components and systems in Eurocode. It is concluded that the Eurocode equations underestimate the acceleration demand on nonstructural components for a wide range of periods, especially in the vicinity of the higher mode periods of vibration of the reference structures; for periods sufficiently larger than the fundamental period of the structure, instead, the Eurocode formulation gives a good approximation of the floor spectra. Finally, a novel formulation is proposed for an easy implementation in future building codes based on the actual Eurocode provisions. The proposed formulation gives a good estimation of the floor spectral accelerations and is able to envelope the floor spectral peaks owing to the higher modes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced OFDM for fragmented spectrum use in 5G systems
Authors: Loulou AlaaEddin , Renfors Markku 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTMost of the recent and emerging wireless systems have selected orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme as the basis for the physical layer due to its flexibility and robustness. OFDM is commonly considered also as the first candidate technology for advanced cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum use and fragmented coexistence scenarios, including the 5G system development. Nevertheless, OFDM has the problem of high‐power spectral sidelobes around the active subcarriers, which limit its feasibility in fragmented spectrum use and asynchronous frequency division multiple access operation. Therefore, various sidelobe suppression techniques have been proposed in the literature to mitigate these effects. This paper investigates four different suppression techniques: time‐domain windowing, cancellation carrier method, subcarrier weighting and polynomial cancellation coding, as well as their combinations. These methods are elaborated for a practical heterogeneous fragmented spectrum use scenario based on 5‐MHz 3GPP Long‐Term Evolution (LTE), proposing various enhancements to achieve effective suppression in narrow gaps with affordable complexity. In addition to the spectral characteristics, also, the possible side effects are evaluated in details, considering peak‐to‐average power ratio characteristics, error rate performance, computational complexity and resources usage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Çakraz Formation, Çamdağ area, NW Turkey: early/mid‐Permian age, Rotliegend (Germany) and Southern Alps (Italy) equivalent—a stratigraphic re‐assessment via palynological long‐distance correlation
Authors: Stolle Ellen 
Published: October 2014

The palynological record from the Permian part of the Çakraz Formation from the Çamdağ area of NW Turkey has been investigated in order to obtain a more precise age assessment than achieved in previous studies. The ‘Late Permian’ age and a possible age range beginning in the Roadian (mid Permian) were discussed before for sections of palynomorph‐bearing strata occurring within the formation. These deposits are now assigned to the late Cisuralian/Guadalupian and considered to be not older than early Kungurian, and not younger than Capitanian. The new age assessment was conducted via a long‐distance, intercontinental palynostratigraphic correlation from NW Turkey to South America, where results of radiometric datings were linked to some siliciclastic sections by absolute ages to the chronostratigraphy. Common conspicuous taxa in pollen‐dominated assemblages from both regions are Lueckisporites and Vittatina such as Lueckisporites virkkiae, L. latisaccus, L. stenotaeniatus, Vittatina corrugata, V. subsaccata and V. wodehousei. These species co‐occur in strata of the northern as well as southern palaeohemisphere settings (NW Turkey and S America). Thus, Lueckisporites latisaccus, L. stenotaeniatus and Vittatina corrugata are, as well as L. virkkiae or V. subsaccata, considered as being cosmopolitan.Due to the more precise palynological dating of part of the Çakraz Formation and surrounding deposits they are here broadly correlated with Permian continental successions from the Southern Alps, Italy, including the Val Daone Conglomerate and the Verrucano Lombardo/Val Gardena Sandstone (Gröden) red beds, and the Rotliegend deposits of Germany. These results support some earlier views regarding the age and stratigraphic equivalences with European deposits. The new age for the Çakraz Formation also supports recent considerations as middle Permian (part Guadalupian), and as Cisuralian for the lower parts of the formation, such as the fossil‐bearing section with plants and tetrapod traces further east in NW Turkey, where the unit also crops out. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.