bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding – and Misunderstanding – Social Mobility in Britain: The Entry of the Economists, the Confusion of Politicians and the Limits of Educational Policy
Authors: GOLDTHORPE JOHN H. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA consensus has developed in political and also media circles that in Britain over recent decades social mobility has been in decline. According to the consensus view, as construed in political circles, educational policy is seen as the crucial instrument for increasing mobility. This article shows how the consensus emerged from the research of a group of economists into intergenerational income mobility. It is argued that, primarily on account of various limitations of the available data, the economists’ finding of declining mobility is open to question; and, further, that, because no explicit distinction is made in their work between absolute and relative rates of mobility, its reception, among politicians especially, has been attended by considerable confusion. An alternative to the consensus view is put forward, based on extensive research by sociologists into social class mobility, which is seen as better capturing the intergenerational transmission of economic advantage and disadvantage. This research indicates that the only recent change of note is that the rising rates of upward, absolute mobility of the middle decades of the last century have levelled out. Relative rates have remained more or less constant back to the inter-war years. According to this alternative view, what can be achieved through education, whether in regard to absolute or relative mobility, appears limited.
Frontal Defects Contribute to the Genesis of Closing-in in Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Authors: De Lucia Natascia , Grossi Dario , Maria Fasanaro Angiola , Carpi Sabrina , Trojano Luigi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractClosing-in (CI) refers to copying drawings near to or superimposed on the original model, and is often observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Contrasting hypotheses have been suggested to explain CI, but no prospective study has directly verified these interpretations. We evaluated the role of frontal/executiveversusvisuo-spatial impairments in a prospective sample of AD patients, and also explored whether different types of CI are related to specific neuropsychological tasks. We enrolled 64 AD patients who underwent copying tasks and an extensive neuropsychological assessment of visuo-spatial and visuo-constructional skills, frontal/executive abilities and anterograde memory. AD patients with CI showed more severe impairment on frontal/executive functions than AD patients without CI. Moreover, the tendency to produce copies superimposed on the model was selectively associated with poor inhibitory control for irrelevant responses. On this basis, we suggest that different CI phenomena could be ascribed to distinctive frontal/executive defects. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–7)
Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern and soda intake are related to the development of adiposity: a prospective study in school-age children
Authors: Shroff Monal R , Perng Wei , Baylin Ana , Mora-Plazas Mercedes , Marin Constanza , Villamor Eduardo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveSnacking has been related to increased prevalence of overweight among school-age children in cross-sectional studies. It is uncertain, however, whether snacking influences the development of adiposity over time.DesignWe examined whether adherence to a snacking dietary pattern was associated with greater increases in children's BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference over a median 2·5-year follow-up. Dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis of an FFQ administered at recruitment in 2006. Anthropometric follow-up was conducted annually. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate rates of change in each indicator according to quartiles of adherence to the snacking pattern. We also examined change in BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference in relation to intake of the food items in the snacking pattern.SubjectsChildren (n 961) 5–12 years of age.SettingPublic schools in Bogotá, Colombia.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, sex, total energy intake and socio-economic status, children in the highest quartile of adherence to the snacking pattern had a 0·09 kg/m2 per year higher BMI gain than children in the lowest quartile (P trend = 0·05). A similar association was observed for mean change in subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio (highest v. lowest quartile difference = 0·012/year; P = 0·03). Of the food items in the snacking pattern, soda intake was positively and significantly associated with change in BMI (P trend = 0·01) and waist circumference (P trend = 0·04) in multivariable analysis.ConclusionsOur results indicate that snacking and soda intake are associated with development of adiposity in school-age children.
Quantification and Morphology Studies of Nanoporous Alumina Membranes: A New Algorithm for Digital Image Processing
Authors: Choudhari Khoobaram S. , Jidesh Pacheeripadikkal , Sudheendra Parampalli , Kulkarni Suresh D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA new mathematical algorithm is reported for the accurate and efficient analysis of pore properties of nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) membranes using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. NAA membranes of the desired pore size were fabricated using a two-step anodic oxidation process. Surface morphology of the NAA membranes with different pore properties was studied using SEM images along with computerized image processing and analysis. The main objective was to analyze the SEM images of NAA membranes quantitatively, systematically, and quickly. The method uses a regularized shock filter for contrast enhancement, mathematical morphological operators, and a segmentation process for efficient determination of pore properties. The algorithm is executed using MATLAB, which generates a statistical report on the morphology of NAA membrane surfaces and performs accurate quantification of the parameters such as average pore-size distribution, porous area fraction, and average interpore distances. A good comparison between the pore property measurements was obtained using our algorithm and ImageJ software. This algorithm, with little manual intervention, is useful for optimizing the experimental process parameters during the fabrication of such nanostructures. Further, the algorithm is capable of analyzing SEM images of similar or asymmetrically porous nanostructures where sample and background have distinguishable contrast.
W-band active loads and switching front-end MMICs for radiometer calibration
Authors: Weissbrodt Ernst , Schlechtweg Michael , Ambacher Oliver , Kallfass Ingmar 
Published: May 2013

A millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuit consisting of a W-band (75–100 GHz) single-pole-five-throw (SP5T) switch and multiple internal active and passive loads for radiometer calibration was designed and manufactured in a low noise 50 nm GaAs metamorphic high electron mobility transistor technology. This highly compact and integrated front-end device for radiometer systems is capable of ultra fast switching between two identical input ports (e.g. for polarimetric applications) and three internal calibration references. It allows an accurate multi-load calibration with noise temperatures between 220 and 1750 K at the output of the device. Compared to conventional calibration methods this marks a substantial advantage in terms of size, mass, power consumption, complexity, and repetition rate.
NLRP3 activation induces ASC-dependent programmed necrotic cell death, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation
Authors: Satoh T , Kambe N , Matsue H 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor that regulates innate immune responses by forming a protein complex, the inflammasome. It leads to production of proinflammatory cytokine productions such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β). We and others demonstrated that an induction of activated NLRP3 also induced cell death. However, little is known about the characteristics and mechanisms of the cell death and its involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions. In this study, we established cell lines in which NLRP3 was induced by doxycycline using a tetracycline-inducible expression (Tet-on) system. Using this system, the expression of NLRP3 mutants in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) patients was sufficient for the induction of necrotic cell death without lipopolysaccharide stimulation or generation of mature IL-1β. We also found that CA074-Me, a cathepsin B inhibitor, blocked cell death before oligomerization of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), whereas Z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, blocked the cell death after the oligomerization. Silencing of the ASC gene (Pycard) by small hairpin RNA treatment inhibited the NLRP3 mutant-induced cell death, but silencing of the caspase-1 gene (Casp1) did not. Taken together, these results indicated that ASC was indispensable for NLRP3-mediated programmed necrotic cell death, and that this type of cell death was distinct from ‘pyroptosis’, which requires caspase-1. Finally, we demonstrated in an in vivo model that the programmed necrotic cell death induced by activated NLRP3 could cause neutrophil infiltration, indicating a possible role of cell death in neutrophil infiltration of skin lesions in CAPS patients.
Quinquevalent phosphorus acids
Authors: Bałczewski Piotr , Skalik Joanna 
Published: May 2013

This chapter shows the most important achievements in the area compounds containing three P–O bonds (phosphates), two P–O and one P–C bonds (phosphonates) as well as one P–O and two P–C bonds (phosphinates) in addition to the phosphoryl group P=O. Each of the main sections has been divided in the same way, covering synthesis, reactions and biological aspects. In all three sections, there has been good coverage of the traditional subjects like new reagents, new methods of synthesis, total syntheses, stereocontrolled syntheses proceeding with good diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities. Practical aspects of phosphorus chemistry has been realized by analysis of biological and medicinal applications of active compounds.
In this year, a subsection concerning use of chiral phosphoric acids as catalysts in various chemical reactions, introduced in 2009 for the first time, has been maintained and expanded with new categories due to further, rapid progress in this area. In the subsection: reactions of phosphoric acids and their derivatives, total syntheses of valuable, biologically active compounds have been presented in the literature of the review period too.
Revisiting the hot matter in the center of gamma-ray bursts and
supernovae
Authors: Li Ang , Liu Tong 
Published: May 2013

Aims. Hot matter with nucleons can be produced in the inner region of
the neutrino-dominated accretion flow in gamma-ray bursts or during the proto-neutron star
birth in successful supernovae. The composition and equation of state of the matter depend
on the dynamic β equilibrium under various neutrino opacities. The strong
interaction between nucleons may also play an important role. We plan to extend the
previous studies by incorporating these two aspects in our model.
Methods. The modification of the β-equilibrium
condition from neutrino optically thin to thick was modeled by an equilibrium factor
χ ranging between the neutrino-freely-escaping case and the
neutrino-trapped case. We employed the microscopic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach
extended to the finite temperature regime to study the interacting nucleons.
Results. We show the composition and chemical potentials of the hot
nuclear matter for different densities and temperatures at each stage of
β equilibrium. We also compare our realistic equation of states with
those of the free-gas model. We find that it is important to properly describe the
neutrino opacity and the strong interaction between nucleons, and they should be taken
into account in model calculations.
Differentiating between Sampling‐ and Environment‐Related Mortality in Shortnose Sturgeon Larvae Collected Using Anchored D‐Frame Nets
Authors: Usvyatsov Sima , Watmough James , Litvak Matthew K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study provided the first attempt to differentiate between environmental‐ and sampling‐related mortality in larval Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum. Anchored D‐frame nets are widely used for sampling sturgeon larvae, but the associated larval mortality rates are not known. We assessed larval mortality (1) by examining the effect of net deployment period on mortality rate; (2) directly, by deploying live larvae in nets and observing survival over time; and (3) indirectly, by establishing the time of larval death based on body decomposition. Larval mortality in nets deployed for 12 and 24 h was similar: 50% of the nets contained no live larvae. After a 6‐h deployment, half of the nets contained 60% or more live larvae. After placement of live larvae in nets for 12 h, the nets retained 60.0 ± 20.4% (mean ± SE) of the deployed larvae. Of the retained larvae, only 6.5 ± 2.3% (mean ± SE) survived 12 h inside the net. Decomposition rates of dead larvae were examined both in a controlled environment and in the nets. Dead larvae that were deployed in nets decomposed faster than those in a controlled environment, with high decay after only 12 h of deployment. A discriminant function analysis differentiated well between larvae that had been dead for 9 h and larvae that had been dead for 21 or 32 h. The assessment of time of death based on decomposition was used to identify the cause of mortality for Shortnose Sturgeon larvae collected in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, during 2008–2010. We propose that in short to medium deployment periods (up to overnight), pristine and partly decayed larvae can be assigned to sampling mortality, while highly decayed larvae can be assigned to environment‐related mortality. Using this distinction, sampling and environmental sources of mortality accounted for at least 20–56% and 4–25%, respectively, of the sampled Shortnose Sturgeon larvae.Received June 13, 2012; accepted March 7, 2013
Catch-and-Release Rates of Sport Fishes in Northern Wisconsin from an Angler Diary Survey
Authors: Gaeta Jereme W. , Beardmore Ben , Latzka Alexander W. , Provencher Bill , Carpenter Stephen R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Recreational freshwater fisheries are key components of local economies in many regions. The quality of these fisheries can be affected not only by harvest but also by catch-and-release practices. Documenting catch and release among sport fish taxa is, therefore, important to fisheries researchers studying sport fishes and managers regulating these fisheries. We used an angler diary survey to assess taxon-specific effort, catch, harvest, release, and reason for release during the 2011 open-water season. Our study included information on 5,007 fishing trips taken by 652 anglers. These anglers visited 279 lakes spanning 11,761.5 km2 of northern Wisconsin. Muskellunge Esox masquinongy, black bass (i.e., Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu and Largemouth Bass M. salmoides), Northern Pike E. lucius, Walleye Sander vitreus, and panfish were released at rates of 99, 97, 86, 67, and 67%, respectively, when targeted by anglers. This study is the first to document black bass catch-and-release rates in the region and corroborates previous findings of Muskellunge and Walleye catch-and-release rates based on creel surveys. Voluntary catch and release was the most common reason for release. Our findings suggest that regulations may be much more generous than the harvest rates practiced by anglers and that catch-and-release angling practices may be an important factor affecting these sport fish populations.
Received July 18, 2012; accepted March 12, 2013
Survival and Traits of Reconditioned Kelt Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Yakima River, Washington
Authors: Hatch Douglas R. , Fast David E. , Bosch William J. , Blodgett Joseph W. , Whiteaker John M. , Branstetter Ryan , Pierce Andrew L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
We evaluated the traits and survival to release of reconditioned kelt steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Yakima River (Washington State, USA). From 2001 to 2011, we captured a total of 9,738 downstream-migrating kelts at an irrigation diversion facility, an average about 27% of each annual wild steelhead return. Captured kelts were reared for 4.5–10 months in an artificial environment, treated for diseases and parasites, and fed both krill and pellets. Surviving reconditioned fish were released into the Yakima River during the peak of the upstream migration of prespawn steelhead. Reconditioned steelhead kelts were predominantly (&gt;92%) female. Annual survival to release ranged from 20% to 62% and averaged 38% over the course of the study, the surviving reconditioned kelts showing increases in FL, weight, and Fulton's K condition factor compared with their preconditioning status. Kelts in good condition and those with bright coloration at the time of collection were more likely to survive than those of poorer status at collection. Postrelease timing of upstream migration by reconditioned kelts was spread over several months and correlated well with the run timing of prespawn migrants upstream. The empirical results we observed demonstrate the potential for kelt reconditioning to provide recovery benefits for repeat spawning imperiled wild populations in highly developed river systems.
Received July 17, 2012; accepted March 15, 2013
Alcohol, Tobacco, Cocaine, and Marijuana Use: Relative Contributions to Preterm Delivery and Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Janisse James J. , Bailey Beth A. , Ager Joel , Sokol Robert J. 
Published: May 2013

Background Pregnancy substance use is linked to low birth weight. However, less is known about relative contributions of various substances and whether effects are due to decreased gestational duration, restriction of fetal growth, or both. The study goal was to use causal modeling to evaluate the individual impact of alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and marijuana on gestational duration and fetal growth. Methods Participants were 3164 urban black women recruited at entry to prenatal care and followed to delivery, with all gestational dating ultrasound supported. Pregnancy substance use was assessed via self-report (alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and marijuana). Results Alcohol, cigarette, and cocaine use were all individually and negatively related to gestational age at delivery. However, only alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use predicted fetal growth, with effects for alcohol and cigarette greater and more discrepant for older women. Overall, heavy cigarette smoking had the greatest individual impact on birth weight (up to 431 g). Heavy levels of use of all 4 substances by older women decreased birth weight by 26% (806 g). Conclusions For perhaps the first time, reduced birth weight is apportioned both by type of substance and mechanism of effect. The use of alcohol and/or cigarettes was clearly more harmful to fetal growth than cocaine use. Findings demonstrate the need for continued emphasis on intervention efforts to address legal and illicit pregnancy substance use.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Colorimetric in situ Hybridization Using Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections and Digoxigenin-Labeled Hybridization Probes
Authors: Marcino Joe 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Two methods for colorimetric in situ DNA probe hybridization (CISH) assays on paraffin-embedded tissue sections were compared. The heated method used heat (90–100°C) to denature DNA in the sample prior to probe hybridization, while the unheated method used a standard hybridization temperature of 42°C. Both procedures were tested on tissue samples that harbored the mollusk protozoan pathogens Perkinsus marinus, P. chesapeaki, or Haplosporidium nelsoni, the protozoan and bacterial fish pathogens Myxobolus cerebralis (myxosporidean) or Renibacterium salmoninarum (bacterial), or the crab viral pathogen Callinectes sapidus reovirus. Samples were fixed in either formalin or Davidson's fixative and embedded in paraffin for histological examination. The heated method is labor intensive and highly prone to human error, while the unheated method is less labor intensive and can be completed in a shorter period of time. Both methods yielded similar hybridization results. The use of complex and expensive prehybridization buffers did not improve the performances of the tested CISH assays. Prehybridization heat denaturation of DNA in assayed samples increased both assay duration and loss of samples but did not improve hybridization signals.
Received September 27, 2012; accepted February 22, 2013
Correlates of Improved Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel: A Survey of Hospitals in Louisiana
Authors: Fricke Kayla L. , Gastañaduy Mariella M. , Klos Renee , Bégué Rodolfo E. 
Published: May 2013

Objective.To describe practices for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) with emphasis on correlates of increased vaccination rates.Design.Survey.Participants.Volunteer sample of hospitals in Louisiana.Methods.All hospitals in Louisiana were invited to participate. A 17-item questionnaire inquired about the hospital type, patients served, characteristics of the vaccination campaign, and the resulting vaccination rate.Results.Of 254 hospitals, 153 (60%) participated and were included in the 124 responses that were received. Most programs (64%) required that HCP either receive the vaccine or sign a declination form, and the rest were exclusively voluntary (36%); no program made vaccination a condition of employment. The median vaccination rate was 67%, and the vaccination rate was higher among hospitals that were accredited by the Joint Commission; provided acute care; served children, pregnant women, oncology patients, or intensive care unit patients; required a signed declination form; or imposed consequences for unvaccinated HCP (the most common of which was to require that a mask be worn on patient contact). Hospitals that provided free vaccine, made vaccine widely available, advertised the program extensively, required a declination form, and imposed consequences had the highest vaccination rates (median, 86%; range, 81%–91%).Conclusions.The rate of influenza vaccination of HCP remains low among the hospitals surveyed. Recommended practices may not be enough to reach 90% vaccination rates unless a signed declination requirement and consequences are implemented. Wearing a mask is a strong consequence. Demanding influenza vaccination as a condition of employment was not reported as a practice by the participating hospitals.