bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do alcohol use disorders impact on long term outcomes from intensive care?
Authors: McPeake Joanne M , Shaw Martin , O’Neill Anna , Forrest Ewan , Puxty Alex , Quasim Tara , Kinsella John 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Introduction
There is limited evidence regarding the impact of alcohol use disorders on long term outcomes from intensive care. The aims of this study were to analyse the nature and complications of alcohol related admissions to intensive care and determine whether alcohol use disorders impact on survival at six months post ICU discharge.

Method
This was an 18 month prospective observational cohort study in a 20 bedded mixed ICU, in a large teaching hospital in Scotland. On admission patients were allocated to one of three alcohol groups: low risk, harmful/hazardous, or alcohol dependency.

Results
34.4% of patients were admitted with an alcohol use disorder. Those with an alcohol related admission (either harmful/hazardous or alcohol dependent) had an increased odds of developing septic shock during their admission, compared with the low risk group (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.13-2.47, p = 0.01). After adjustment for all lifestyle factors which were significantly different between the groups, alcohol dependence was associated with more than a twofold increased odds of ICU mortality (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.2-4.69, p = 0.01) and hospital mortality (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.28-4.621, p = 0.004). After adjustment for deprivation category and age, alcohol dependence was associated with an almost two fold increased odds of mortality at six months post ICU discharge (HR 1.86; CI 1.30-2.70, p = 0.001).

Conclusion
Alcohol use disorders are a significant risk factor for the development of septic shock in intensive care. Further, alcohol dependency is independently associated with poorer long term outcomes from intensive care.
Anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibody (ACPA)-negative RA shares a large proportion of susceptibility loci with ACPA-positive RA: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association study in a Japanese population
Authors: Terao Chikashi , Ohmura Koichiro , Kochi Yuta , Ikari Katsunori , Okada Yukinori , Shimizu Masakazu , Nishina Naoshi , Suzuki Akari , Myouzen Keiko , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Takahashi Meiko , Takasugi Kiyoshi , Murasawa Akira , Mizuki Shinichi , Iwahashi Mitsuhiro , Funahashi Keiko , Natsumeda Masamitsu , Furu Moritoshi , Hashimoto Motomu , Ito Hiromu , Fujii Takao , Ezawa Kazuhiko , Matsubara Tsukasa , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Kubo Michiaki , Yamada Ryo , Taniguchi Atsuo , Yamanaka Hisashi , Momohara Shigeki , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Mimori Tsuneyo , Matsuda Fumihiko 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Although susceptibility genes for anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been successfully discovered by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), little is known about the genetic background of ACPA-negative RA. We intended to elucidate genetic background of ACPA-negative RA.

Method
We performed a meta-analysis of GWAS comprising 670 ACPA-negative RA and 16,891 controls for 1,948,138 markers, followed by a replication study of the top 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using 916 cases and 3,764 controls. Inverse-variance method was applied to assess overall effects. To assess overlap of susceptibility loci between ACPA-positive and -negative RA, odds ratios (ORs) of the 21 susceptibility markers to RA in Japanese were compared between the two subsets. In addition, SNPs were stratified by the p-values in GWAS meta-analysis for either ACPA-positive RA or ACPA-negative RA to address the question whether weakly-associated genes were also shared. The correlations between ACPA-positive RA and the subpopulations of ACPA-negative RA (rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive and RF-negative subsets) were also addressed.

Results
Rs6904716 in LEMD2 of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus showed a borderline association with ACPA-negative RA (overall p = 5.7 × 10−8), followed by rs6986423 in CSMD1 (p = 2.4 × 10−6) and rs17727339 in FCRL3 (p = 1.4 × 10−5). ACPA-negative RA showed significant correlations of ORs with ACPA-positive RA for the 21 susceptibility SNPs and non-HLA SNPs with p-values far from significance. These significant correlations with ACPA-positive RA were true for ACPA-negative RF-positive and ACPA-negative RF-negative RA. On the contrary, positive correlations were not observed between the ACPA-negative two subpopulations.

Conclusion
Many of the susceptibility loci were shared between ACPA-positive and -negative RA.
An acoustic data transmission system based on audio data hiding: method and performance evaluation
Authors: Cho Kiho , Choi Jae , Kim Nam Soo 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Acoustic data transmission (ADT) forms a branch of the audio data hiding techniques with its capability of communicating data in short-range aerial space between a loudspeaker and a microphone. In this paper, we propose an acoustic data transmission system extending our previous studies and give an in-depth analysis of its performance. The proposed technique utilizes the phases of modulated complex lapped transform (MCLT) coefficients of the audio signal. To achieve a good trade-off between the audio quality and the data transmission performance, the enhanced segmental SNR adjustment (SSA) algorithm is proposed. Moreover, we also propose a scheme to use multiple microphones for ADT technique. This multi-microphone ADT technique further enhances the transmission performance while ensuring compatibility with the single microphone system. From a series of experimental results, it has been found that the transmission performance improves when the length of the MCLT frame gets longer at the cost of the audio quality degradation. In addition, a good trade-off between the audio quality and data transmission performance is achieved by means of SSA algorithm. The experimental results also reveal that the proposed multi-microphone method is useful in enhancing the transmission performance.
The potential role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in fibrotic diseases
Authors: Gao Qiaoyan , Li Yan , Li Mingcai 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
IL-33, a new member of the IL-1F, is widely expressed throughout the body and can be up-regulated by stimulation with proinflammatory factors. It has been identified as a functional ligand for the plasma membrane receptor complex that is a heterodimer consisting of membrane-bound ST2L, which is a member of the IL-1R family, and IL-1RAcP. IL-33 is crucial for the induction of Th2 immune responses. Additionally, under other circumstances, it can also act as an endogenous danger signal. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that IL-33 may be related to the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. It has proinflammatory effects in some fibrotic diseases but has anti-inflammatory effects in others. In this review, the biologic characteristics of IL-33 and the role of the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in various fibrotic diseases will be discussed. We hope this overview will provide new insights for the treatment of these diseases.
Students’ Independent Work Facilitation
Authors: Субботина  , Subbotina I. , Майер  , Mayer Aleksey , Ромашина  , Romashina Svetlana 
Published: April 2015

Facilitation pedagogy potential has been revealed in this
paper based on material related to students’ independent work
management in a higher education institution. Teacher’s facilitation
influence realization directions, allowing transfer students’ independent
activity from tutor maintenance to controlled independent
work and then to self-checking with use of mark and rating estimates
system, have been shown.
Students’ Activity Increase As Important Task of Foreign Language Teaching Process
Authors: Полушина  , Polushina Lyubov , Давыдова  , Davydova Lyudmila 
Published: April 2015

The principle that student’s educational work efficiency
depends on his cognitive activity development and independence
is conventional. A student’s activity is formed in the course of active,
developing character of teaching. The activity is in close
connection with student’s independence. Students’ educational
work activation can be considered as teacher’s purposeful activity
on improvement of the teaching’s contents, forms, methods and
techniques. The process of students’ cognitive activity formation
is the twofold one. It involves both students’ activity and obligatory
activation which can be considered as motivation proceeding
through methods, procedures, means applied by the teacher for the
purpose of students’ motivation to active work on foreign language
learning.
Features of application of biostimulating threads in patients of different age groups
Authors: Груздев  , Gruzdev D. , Кодяков  , Kodyakov A. 
Published: April 2015

Currently, cosmetic market presents a wide variety of threads for skin rejuvenation. A special place among them is occupied by biostimulation threads, providing aesthetic effect is not due to the mechanical movement of soft tissues and their fixation, and by improving skin state. The set of threads in the soft tissue causes three different anti-aging effects: lifting, reinforcing and biostimulation. Data from clinical practice show that each specific sample of threads is characterized by a vivid manifestation of any one of the effects and moderates manifestation of the other two.
The prevailing aesthetic effect can be used as an integral indicator, because other private characteristic and properties of threads depend on it. On the basis of this for clinical practice the authors use the classification with the division of all cosmetic threads into three types: lifting, reinforcing and biostimulating.
Biostimulating threads occupy a special position, because they provide aesthetic effect, which isn’t based on mechanical movement and retention of the soft tissues, but to stimulate the natural rejuvenation processes. Standard set consists of a hollow flexible needle guide (25-31 G, 2.5 to 12 cm) and freely posted in her thread, the tail section which, coming out of the cut needle, fixed with a piece of foam or foam rubber.
The article proposes ways of application of biostimulating threads depending on the age of the patients, schema of installation of the mesothreads from polydioxanone, discusses the possibility of their use in complex methods.
Comparing Russian and Asian schools on mesothreads use, the authors suggest that the process of opti-mization of the considered methods of skin rejuvenation is far from its completion.
Arm’s Length Financing and Innovation: Evidence from Publicly Traded Firms
Authors: Atanassov Julian 
Published: April 2015

Using a large panel of U.S. companies, I document that firms that rely more on arm’s length financing, such as public debt and equity, innovate more and have higher-quality innovations than firms that use other sources, such as relationship-based bank financing. I hypothesize that one possible reason for this finding is the greater flexibility and tolerance to experimentation associated with arm’s length financing. I find support for this hypothesis by showing that firms with more arm’s length financing have greater volatility of innovative output, and are more likely to innovate in new technological areas. Furthermore, focusing only on bank financing, I demonstrate that firms have more novel innovations if they borrow from multiple banks, use predominantly credit lines, and have less intense covenants. I address potential endogeneity concerns by using instrumental variable analysis, and by showing that innovation increases significantly after new public debt offerings and seasoned equity offerings, but does not change after new bank loans. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Political Values, Culture, and Corporate Litigation
Authors: Hutton Irena , Jiang Danling , Kumar Alok 
Published: April 2015

Using one of the largest samples of litigation data available to date, we examine whether the political culture of a firm determines its propensity for corporate misconduct. We measure political culture using the political contributions of top managers, firm political action committees, and local residents. We show that firms with a Republican culture are more likely to be the subject of civil rights, labor, and environmental litigation than are Democratic firms, consistent with the Democratic ideology that emphasizes equal rights, labor rights, and environmental protection. However, firms with a Democratic culture are more likely to be the subject of litigation related to securities fraud and intellectual property rights violations than are Republican firms, whose party ideology stresses self-reliance, property rights, market discipline, and limited government regulation. Upon litigation filing, both types of firms experience similar announcement reaction, which suggests that the observed relationship between political culture and corporate misconduct is unlikely to reflect differences in expected litigation costs. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2106 . This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, finance.
Factors influencing the infant feeding choices of HIV-positive mothers at a level two hospital in Cape Town
Authors: Morgan Jenna J , Jeggels June D 
Published: April 2015

Background/Aims: Following the decision by the South African Department of Health in 2012 to withdraw the provision of free infant formula milk to HIV-exposed infants, policy makers have grappled with the need to develop guidelines to help HIV-positive mothers decide whether they should breastfeed their babies. The objectives of this study were to assess the infant feeding choices of HIV-positive mothers and to determine factors influencing their behaviours prior to the process of withdrawing the provision of free infant formula milk. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed in this study, including the use of a survey to collect descriptive data on a consecutive sample (n=100). Data analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS Version 20. Results: More than half (54%) of the participants indicated that their infants were exclusively breastfed, and 46% of the participants reported exclusively formula feeding. There was no statistical difference between both groups with regards to: race; employment status; obstetric history; HIV disclosure status; knowledge and awareness of infant feeding recommendations or policies regarding breastfeeding promotion. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that health-care workers are the main providers of counselling on infant feeding. Inconsistent messages from health professionals, health facility practices and government policies were also observed.
Validation of New Cancer Biomarkers: A Position Statement from the European Group on Tumor Markers
Authors: Duffy Michael J , Sturgeon Catharine M , Sölétormos György , Barak Vivian , Molina Rafael , Hayes Daniel F , Diamandis Eleftherios P , Bossuyt Patrick M M 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiomarkers are playing increasingly important roles in the detection and management of patients with cancer. Despite an enormous number of publications on cancer biomarkers, few of these biomarkers are in widespread clinical use.CONTENTIn this review, we discuss the key steps in advancing a newly discovered cancer candidate biomarker from pilot studies to clinical application. Four main steps are necessary for a biomarker to reach the clinic: analytical validation of the biomarker assay, clinical validation of the biomarker test, demonstration of clinical value from performance of the biomarker test, and regulatory approval. In addition to these 4 steps, all biomarker studies should be reported in a detailed and transparent manner, using previously published checklists and guidelines. Finally, all biomarker studies relating to demonstration of clinical value should be registered before initiation of the study.SUMMARYApplication of the methodology outlined above should result in a more efficient and effective approach to the development of cancer biomarkers as well as the reporting of cancer biomarker studies. With rigorous application, all stakeholders, and especially patients, would be expected to benefit.
Navigating the essay: Making writing multi-sensory
Authors: Hatfield Jackie , Horsman Tina , Szumko Jacqueline 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this article we present multi-sensory materials for teaching academic writing, specifically paragraph structure. We aim to give an overview of multi-sensory teaching and explain why it is that paragraphing is both important and difficult. We will demonstrate some of the materials we have developed and how we use them, showing examples of students’ work. Coloured text is used in this article to emphasize the main technique discussed. As specialist teachers, these ideas were originally developed for neurodiverse students, but we argue that they will be equally beneficial to any student.
Behavioral Biases Meet the Market: The Case of Magazine Subscription Prices
Authors: Oster Sharon M. , Scott Morton Fiona M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Using data from American magazines, we explore the relationship between newsstand and subscription prices and magazine characteristics. In particular, we distinguish between magazines that provide benefits in the future (investment magazines) versus those that are simply fun to read now (leisure magazines). A consumer with a present bias at the newsstand discounts the future payoff of the investment good but fully values the leisure good. This difference does not exist for subscriptions. Thus, the ratio of the subscription to newsstand willingness to pay for a magazine should differ between investment and leisure goods. We find that for magazines whose payoff is in the future, subscriptions are relatively more costly, ceteris paribus. This finding suggests that publishers reflect the present bias preferences of consumers in their price setting behavior.
Managed Care and Physician Incentives: The Effects of Competition on the Cost and Quality of Care
Authors: Cooper David J. , Rebitzer James B 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
We analyze the effect that competition between HMOs has on the cost and quality of medical services. Our key result is that increasing competition enhances consumer utility while also moderating the impact of managed care on quality and costs. Indeed, we find that heightened competition between HMOs can cause an overall increase in care quality and costs. This result derives from an important, but overlooked, feature of the managed care market place. Plans differentiate themselves by the size and depth of their provider network. The resulting competition to attract physicians exerts a moderating effect on the incentive contracts HMOs write with providers.
The Determinants of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Investments
Authors: Civan Abdulkadir , Maloney Michael T. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Our maintained hypothesis is that drug development responds to the intensity of consumer demand. We look at the distribution of drug development by disease and link this to the economic harm caused by disease as measured by mortality. Mortality data represent the net effect of human frailty and the efficacy of the existing drugs on the market. If people continue to die from a given condition then existing drugs are not perfect and there are potential profits from developing a more effective compound. We aggregate economic harm worldwide and into three broad regions: the United States, other developed countries, and underdeveloped countries. We find that economic harm motivates the distribution of drug development across diseases, but it is economic harm in the United States alone that matters.
Measurement Error in Schooling: Evidence from Samples of Siblings and Identical Twins
Authors: Light Audrey , Flores-Lagunes Alfonso 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The value of sibling data for identifying the causal effect of schooling on wages hinges on our ability to eliminate biases due to the mismeasurement of schooling. Analysts typically assume errors in schooling reports are "classical." In this study, we use generalized method of moments to estimate the parameters of a range of measurement error models, including forms of both classical and mean-reverting error models; we estimate the models using a sample of identical twins and a sample of non-twin siblings. The results of likelihood ratio-type tests reveal that variants of classical measurement error models fit both datasets about as well as more flexible models.
Tariff Evasion and Customs Corruption: Does Pre-Shipment Inspection Help?
Authors: Anson Jose , Cadot Olivier , Olarreaga Marcelo 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper provides a new approach to the evaluation of pre-shipment inspection (PSI) programs as ways of improving tariff-revenue collection and reducing fraud when customs administrations are corrupt. We build a model highlighting the contribution of private surveillance firms to the generation of information and describing how incentives for underinvoicing and collusive behaviour between importers and customs are affected by the introduction of PSI. It is shown theoretically that the introduction of PSI has an ambiguous effect on the level of fraud. Empirically, our econometric results suggest that the introduction of PSI services increased underinvoicing in Argentina and Indonesia, and reduced it in the Philippines.
Implications of Changes in Men's and Women's Labor Force Participation for Real Compensation Growth and Inflation
Authors: Anderson Katharine , Barrow Lisa , Butcher Kristin F. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
During the 1990s economic expansion, the United States enjoyed both low inflation and low unemployment. Juhn, Murphy, and Topel (2002) point out that low unemployment for men in the 1990s was accompanied by historically high non-employment suggesting that the 1990s economy was not as strong as unemployment might indicate. We include women in the analysis and examine whether Phillips curve relationships between real compensation growth, changes in inflation, and labor market slackness are the same for men and women and whether measures of “non-employment” better capture underlying labor resource utilization. From 1965 to 2002 the increase in women’s labor force participation more than offsets the decline for men, and low unemployment rates in the 1990s were accompanied by historically low overall non-employment rates. We find that women’s measures of labor market slackness do as well as men’s in explaining real compensation growth and changes in inflation after 1983.
Negative Self Selection into Self-employment among African Americans
Authors: Kawaguchi Daiji 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper attempts to shed light on the mechanism behind the lower rate of self-employment (SE) among African Americans compared with whites. Both consumer discrimination and discrimination in the credit market, combined with anti-discrimination law enforcement in the salary/wage (SW) sector, explain why African Americans, those with high earning capacity in particular, are less likely to be SE because the cost of being discriminated against is high. Borjas and Bronars (1989) tested negative self-selection into SE among African Americans using Heckman's sample-selection correction under certain excluded variable assumptions. Using matched CPS panel data, this paper tests the same prediction without relying on any excluded variable assumptions. More specifically, current SW workers are divided into future SW and SE workers, and the distributions of the current earnings of these two groups are compared. The analysis reveals both positive and negative self-selection into SE among whites, but almost only negative self-selection among African Americans. This finding is consistent with the theoretical predictions of consumer and credit market discrimination against African-American self-employed workers and confirms Borjas and Bronars (1989)'s empirical results.