bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just say “no!” to lethal autonomous robotic weapons
Authors: Fleischman William M 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to consider the question of equipping fully autonomous robotic weapons with the capacity to kill. Current ideas concerning the feasibility and advisability of developing and deploying such weapons, including the proposal that they be equipped with a so-called “ethical governor”, are reviewed and critiqued. The perspective adopted for this study includes software engineering practice as well as ethical and legal aspects of the use of lethal autonomous robotic weapons.

Design/methodology/approach
– In the paper, the author survey and critique the applicable literature.

Findings
– In the current paper, the author argue that fully autonomous robotic weapons with the capacity to kill should neither be developed nor deployed, that research directed toward equipping such weapons with a so-called “ethical governor” is immoral and serves as an “ethical smoke-screen” to legitimize research and development of these weapons and that, as an ethical duty, engineers and scientists should condemn and refuse to participate in their development.

Originality/value
– This is a new approach to the argument for banning autonomous lethal robotic weapons based on classical work of Joseph Weizenbaum, Helen Nissenbaum and others.
Service recovery for moderate and high involvement services
Authors: Bambauer-Sachse Silke , Rabeson Landisoa Eunorphie 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to determine which level of tangible compensation for a service failure leads to high levels of customer satisfaction for moderate- versus high-involvement services as well as for different conditions of responsibility for the failure and failure severity.Design/methodology/approach– The study is based on a 4 (tangible compensation: gift, discount, credit for future consumption, refund) × 2 (responsibility for the failure: restaurant vs customer) × 2 (failure severity: low vs high) × 2 (involvement: moderate vs high) design using scenarios in a restaurant context.Findings– The results reveal that, for moderate-involvement services, all types of compensation are equally appropriate, except for when customers are responsible for a severe failure. In this condition, they expect tangible compensation of higher benefit. For high-involvement services, the more severe the failure, the higher the benefit of tangible compensation should be, independent of responsibility.Practical implications– The findings suggest that managers should consider the level of service involvement as well as responsibility for and severity of the failure when choosing the level of tangible compensation.Originality/value– The results of this study provide new insights into how to choose appropriate and efficient service recovery measures.
When innovation met renovation: back to the future of branding
Authors: Brown Stephen 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– Retro-marketing is rampant. Throwback branding is burgeoning. Newstalgia is the next big thing. Yet marketing thinking is dominated by the forward-facing discourse of innovation. The purpose of this paper is to challenge innovation’s rhetorical hegemony by making an exemplar-based case for renovation.Design/methodology/approach– If hindsight is the new foresight, then historical analyses can help us peer through a glass darkly into the future. This paper turns back time to the RMSTitanic, once regarded as the epitome of innovation, and offers a qualitative, narratological, culturally informed reading of a much-renovated brand.Findings– In narrative terms,Titanicis a house of many mansions. Cultural research reveals that renovation and innovation, far from being antithetical, are bound together in a deathless embrace, like steamship and iceberg. It shows that, although the luxury liner sank more than a century ago,Titanicis a billion-dollar brand and a testament to renovation’s place in marketing’s pantheon. It contends that the unfathomable mysteries of theTitanicprovide an apt metaphor for back-to-the-future brand management. It is a ship-shape simile heading straight for the iceberg called innovation. Survival is unlikely but the collision is striking.Originality/value– This paper makes no claims to originality. On the contrary, it argues that originality is overrated. Renovation, rather, rules the waves. It is a time to renovate our thinking about innovation. The value of this paper inheres in that observation.
On the Diachronic Development of a Hungarian Declarative Complementiser
Authors: Bacskai‐Atkari Julia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMy paper investigates the diachronic development of the Modern Hungarian finite declarative complementiser hogy ‘COMP’. In Old Hungarian, hogy could be combined with other complementisers, e.g. mint ‘than/as’, giving configurations like hogymint and minthogy, that is, complementiser combinations in general are attested both in the hogy+X and the reverse X+hogy orders, X standing for an unspecified complementiser. The rich variation of Old Hungarian complex complementisers is not fully reflected in Modern Hungarian: it is invariably only one of the orders that survived. I will show that it is always the one that fully grammaticalised into a single C head; this is ultimately tied to the original underlying order of hogy and X as separate C heads. I will also demonstrate that hogy came to be used as a general marker of finite subordination.
Simulation Detection in Handwritten Documents by Forensic Document Examiners
Authors: Kam Moshe , Abichandani Pramod , Hewett Tom 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study documents the results of a controlled experiment designed to quantify the abilities of forensic document examiners (FDEs) and laypersons to detect simulations in handwritten documents. Nineteen professional FDEs and 26 laypersons (typical of a jury pool) were asked to inspect test packages that contained six (6) known handwritten documents written by the same person and two (2) questioned handwritten documents. Each questioned document was either written by the person who wrote the known documents, or written by a different person who tried to simulate the writing of the person who wrote the known document. The error rates of the FDEs were smaller than those of the laypersons when detecting simulations in the questioned documents. Among other findings, the FDEs never labeled a questioned document that was written by the same person who wrote the known documents as “simulation.” There was a significant statistical difference between the responses of the FDEs and layperson for documents without simulations.
Association between Down syndrome and mortality in young children with critical illness: a propensity‐matched analysis
Authors: Gupta Punkaj , Rettiganti Mallikarjuna 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the outcomes among critically ill young children with Down syndrome using propensity score matching from a national database.MethodsPatients in the age group from one day through 24 months admitted to an intensive care unit during their hospital stay at a Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS)‐participating hospital (2004–2013) were included.ResultsOf the 293 697 patients who qualified for inclusion, 12 282 (4%) were classified in the Down syndrome group. Using propensity score matching, 10 477 patients with Down syndrome were matched one to one to patients without Down syndrome. Prior to matching, the mortality was significantly lower among the patients with Down syndrome (with vs. without Down syndrome, odds ratio (OR), 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–0.79; p < 0.001). After matching, the mortality was similar in both groups (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.87–1.07; p = 0.51). The mortality risk increased among the Down syndrome patients with increasing hospital length of stay (LOS).ConclusionIn this large, contemporary cohort, Down syndrome did not confer a significantly higher mortality risk among children with critical illness. However, children with Down syndrome followed a time‐dependent, differential mortality risk with increased risk noted in relation to increasing hospital LOS.
Therapeutic targeting of N‐cadherin is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma
Authors: Mrozik Krzysztof M. , Cheong Chee Man , Hewett Duncan , Chow Annie W.S. , Blaschuk Orest W. , Zannettino Andrew C.W. , Vandyke Kate 
Published: July 2015

SummaryElevated expression of the cell adhesion molecule N‐cadherin (cadherin 2, type 1, N‐cadherin (neuronal); CDH2) is associated with poor prognosis in newly‐diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In this study, we investigated whether targeting of N‐cadherin represents a potential treatment for the ~50% of MM patients with elevated N‐cadherin. Initially, we stably knocked‐down N‐cadherin in the mouse MM plasma cell (PC) line 5TGM1 to assess the functional role of N‐cadherin in MM pathogenesis. When compared with 5TGM1‐scramble‐shRNA cells, 5TGM1‐Cdh2‐shRNA cells had significantly reduced adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells. However, N‐cadherin knock‐down did not affect 5TGM1 cell proliferation or adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells. In the C57BL/KaLwRij murine MM model, mice intravenously inoculated with 5TGM1‐Cdh2‐shRNA cells showed significantly decreased tumour burden after 4 weeks, compared with animals bearing 5TGM1‐scramble‐shRNA cells. Finally, the N‐cadherin antagonist ADH‐1 had no effect on tumour burden in the established disease setting, whereas up‐front ADH‐1 treatment resulted in significantly reduced tumour burden after 4 weeks. Our findings demonstrate that N‐cadherin may play a key role in the extravasation of circulating MM PCs promoting bone marrow homing. Moreover, these studies suggest that N‐cadherin may represent a viable therapeutic target to prevent the dissemination of MM PCs and delay MM disease progression.
Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor enhances the anti-arthritic effect of glucocorticoids without decreasing bone mineral density in mice with collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: Suzuki M , Yoshida H , Hashizume M , Tanaka K , Matsumoto Y 
Published: July 2015

Summary
In a mouse arthritis model, we investigated whether interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) blockade would enhance the anti-arthritic effect of glucocorticoids (GCs). DBA/1J mice were immunized with type II collagen (CII), and were treated with prednisolone (PSL) and/or anti-mouse IL-6R antibody (MR16-1). Also, the effects of IL-6 on gene expression and the nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) were examined in cultured cells treated with dexamethasone (DEX). PSL reduced the arthritis score dose-dependently in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. The arthritis score in the PSL (3 mg/kg) + MR16-1 group was lower than in the PSL (3 mg/kg) group, and at the same level as in the PSL (6 mg/kg) group. Lumbar vertebra bone mineral density (BMD) was decreased significantly in CIA mice and was higher in the PSL (3 mg/kg) + MR16-1 group than in the PSL (6 mg/kg) group. In the in-vitro synovial cells, IL-6 pretreatment attenuated the inhibitory effect of DEX on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and inhibited the nuclear translocation of GR induced by DEX. In contrast, in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, IL-6 pretreatment exacerbated the decrease in expression of osteocalcin and the increase in expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) by DEX. We demonstrated that IL-6 signalling blockade by an anti-IL-6R antibody can augment the anti-arthritic effect of GCs and inhibit the bone loss they cause.
Quality of life after different procedures for regional control in oral cancer patients: cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Govers T.M. , Schreuder W.H. , Klop W.M.C. , Grutters J.P.C. , Rovers M.M. , Merkx M.A.W. , Takes R.P. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo examine health utilities in patients withcT1‐2oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma following different diagnostic and treatment modalities for the neck and to investigate the relation between shoulder morbidity and health utility.DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingTwo Dutch hospitals.ParticipantsFour subgroups of patients with oral cavity cancer who underwent watchful waiting, sentinel lymph node biopsy, elective supraomohyoid neck dissection or therapeutic modified radical neck dissection.Main outcome measuresPatients received the EuroQol‐5D‐3L questionnaire and the shoulder disability questionnaire. Mean health utility, visual analogue scale and shoulder disability scores were calculated.ResultsA total of 181 patients (62%) returned the questionnaires. Mean health utilities, adjusted for age, gender and time since treatment were 0.804, 0.863, 0.834 and 0.794 for the watchful waiting, sentinel lymph node biopsy, supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection subgroups, respectively. Mean shoulder disability scores (higher score means more shoulder complaints) for these subgroups were 8.64, 10.57, 18.92 and 33.66. Patients with shoulder complaints had a mean utility of 0.78 while patients without shoulder complaints had a mean utility of 0.90.ConclusionsThis study shows that more invasive procedures appear to result in lower health utility. The high health utility for patients after sentinel lymph node biopsy supports a role for this procedure in patients with oral cancer.
Parents Produce Explicit Cues That Help Toddlers Distinguish Joking and Pretending
Authors: Hoicka Elena , Butcher Jessica 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhile separate pieces of research found parents offer toddlers cues to express that they are (1) joking and (2) pretending, and that toddlers and preschoolers understand intentions to (1) joke and (2) pretend, it is not yet clear whether parents and toddlers consider joking and pretending to be distinct concepts. This is important as distinguishing these two forms of non‐literal acts could open a gateway to understanding the complexities of the non‐literal world, as well as the complexities of intentions in general. Two studies found parents offer explicit cues to help 16‐ to 24‐month‐olds distinguish pretending and joking. Across an action play study (n = 25) and a verbal play study (n = 40) parents showed more disbelief and less belief through their actions and language when joking versus pretending. Similarly, toddlers showed less belief through their actions, and older toddlers showed less belief through their language. Toddlers' disbelief could be accounted for by their response to parents' language and actions. Thus, these studies reveal a mechanism by which toddlers learn to distinguish joking and pretending. Parents offer explicit cues to distinguish these intentions, and toddlers use these cues to guide their own behaviors, which in turn allows toddlers to distinguish these intentional contexts.
Homeostasis of iron and hepcidin in erythropoietic protoporphyria
Authors: Bossi Krista , Lee Jingyun , Schmeltzer Paul , Holburton Eric , Groseclose Gale , Besur Siddesh , Hwang Sunil , Bonkovsky Herbert L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X‐linked protoporphyria (XLP) are genetic abnormalities of heme synthesis that result in excess production of protoporphyrin and that manifest as severe photosensitivity. These disorders are often associated with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Our aim was to determine whether hepcidin is increased in EPP/XLP patients, resulting in decreased enteral iron absorption and IDA.Material and methodsEight subjects with EPP, one with XLP and nine controls had baseline blood and urine samples collected, and thereafter were given oral ferrous sulphate (660 mg). Post‐iron blood and urine samples were collected at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Blood counts, serum cytokines, ferritin and iron studies were analysed at baseline. Serum iron studies, serum and urine hepcidin, and erythropoietin (Epo) were analysed at baseline and subsequent time points.ResultsAt baseline, EPP–XLP subjects had lower mean blood haemoglobin (13·9/15·3 g/dL) and serum ferritin (31·6/115 ng/mL) than controls. Serum iron levels increased markedly in both cohorts. Mean serum and urine hepcidin levels were significantly lower in the EPP–XLP group at 4 and 8 h post‐iron (serum – 4 h, 3·79/26·6, 8 h, 5·79/34·6 nM; urine – 4 h, 0·85/2·50, 8 h, 1·44/6·63 nM/mM creatinine). Serum cytokines and Epo were normal and not different between groups.ConclusionsWe conclude that serum and urine hepcidin are not inappropriately increased in EPP/XLP subjects at baseline and do not increase over time as serum iron increases after oral ferrous sulphate. Levels of serum cytokines and Epo are normal in EPP/XLP. The molecular basis for the iron‐deficient phenotype in EPP/XLP remains unknown.
Seasonal Variation, Cranial Autonomic Symptoms, and Functional Disability in Migraine: A Questionnaire‐Based Study in Tertiary Care
Authors: Shin Yong‐Won , Park Hyun‐Jung , Shim Ji‐Young , Oh Min‐Jung , Kim Manho 
Published: July 2015

Objective/BackgroundSeasonal variation of migraine attack frequency has been described as a phenomenon. We aimed to compare functional disability and the occurrence of cranial autonomic symptoms (CASs) in patients who reported a seasonal variation in their migraine attack frequency with those who did not.MethodsWe conducted a questionnaire‐based observational study on patients with migraine without aura who visited our institution from January 2005 to December 2013. Patient demographics, headache characteristics, and accompanying symptoms were recorded, and functional disability was evaluated by Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire.ResultsOf 4423 patients screened, 769 were eligible for analysis, and 104 (13.5%) of them reported seasonal variation. Several CAS features such as conjunctival injection (25.0% vs 14.0%), lacrimation (20.2% vs 10.8%), eyelid edema (20.2% vs 10.2%), forehead and facial sweating (22.1% vs 11.4%), and ptosis (23.1% vs 11.4%) were more prominent in this subset of patients. They showed higher MIDAS scores (15.4 ± 23.5) than the other migraineurs (10.4 ± 16.9), with a 1.77‐fold increased risk (95% confidence interval 1.06‐2.96) of severe functional disability (MIDAS score ≥21) after adjustment for age group, sex, headache frequency, intensity, and duration. The higher the number of CASs, the greater also was the proportion of patients with severe functional disability.ConclusionsPatients who reported seasonal variation in migraine also reported more CASs and had more severe functional disability. The profound functional disability in the migraineurs reporting seasonal variation or CAS also provides direction for proactive clinical management in these patients.
Use and reporting of restricted randomization: a review
Authors: Higham Ruchi , Tharmanathan Puvan , Birks Yvonne 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesRestricted randomization, such as blocking or minimization, allows for the creation of balanced groups and even distribution of covariates, but it increases the risk of selection bias and technical error. Various methods are available to reduce these risks but there is limited evidence about their current usage, and there are also indications that reporting of these methods may not be adequate. This review aims to identify how frequently different methods of restriction are being used and to assess the reporting of these methods against established reporting standards.Methods82 reports of randomized controlled trial were reviewed. For each trial, the reported method of randomization was recorded and the reporting of randomization was assessed. Where the method of randomization was not clear from the main paper, protocols and other published materials were also reviewed, and authors were contacted for further information.ResultsFor 11% of trials the method of randomization was not reported in either the paper or a published protocol, and in a further 39% of cases the report omitted key details so that the predictability of the method could not be evaluated. In total, 88% of trials appear to have used some form of restricted randomization, and all of those that report the exact methods used either blocking or minimization. 15% of trials reported using blocks of six or less and 4% used minimization with no random element reported, both of which are highly predictable.ConclusionOur results indicate that the majority of trials use some form of restriction, with many using relatively predictable methods that put them at greater risk of selection bias and technical error. Reporting of randomization methods often falls short of the minimum requirements set out by the CONSORT statement, leaving the reader unable to make an informed judgement about the risk of bias.
Increased water intake to reduce headache: learning from a critical appraisal
Authors: Price Amy , Burls Amanda 
Published: July 2015

Abstract Critically Appraised Topic (CAT): Water Intake to Reduce HeadacheClinical Bottom LineWater intake is a cost effective, non‐invasive and low‐risk intervention to reduce or prevent headache pain. Rationale: Chronic mild dehydration may trigger headache. Increased water intake could help. A small trial shows modest benefit; however, a larger methodologically sound randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm efficacy.Critically Appraised PaperSpigt, M., Weerkamp, N., Troost, J., van Schayck, C. P., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2012). ‘A randomized trial on the effects of regular water intake in patients with recurrent headaches.’ Family practice, 29(4), 370–5. Doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmr112Clinical scenarioPatients from primary care registered as ‘headache’, ‘tension headache’ and/or ‘migraine’ for more than one year who suffer at least two episodes of moderately intense headache or more than four mildly intense episodes of headache per month with a daily fluid intake of less than 2.5 litres per day.PICO (M)Patient/Problem = Headache > 1 year with 2 moderately intense or 4 mildly intense episodes per monthIntervention = 1.5 litres water per day + stress control and sleep hygieneComparison/Control = stress control and sleep hygieneOutcome = Reduce or eliminate headacheMethodology = Therapy RCTTable 1: Final Search Terms

TRIP Data Base: hits = 517 used filter Extended Primary research 4 found 1 paper applicable
'Water intake '[MeSH Terms] AND 'Headache '[All Fields]'
Best match to PICO, (2012) RCT

Selection Criterion and Overall Results102 headache patients in16 primary care clinics were randomized into control (n = 50) and intervention groups (n = 52) Inclusion criteria = two > episodes of moderately intense headache or five > mildly intense headaches per month and total fluid intake > 2.5 litres per day, Follow‐up @ 3 months. 79% intervention and 66% of controls completed RCT. Drinking more water resulted in a statistically significant improvement of 4.5 (confidence interval: 1.3–7.8) points on Migraine‐Specific Quality of Life (MSQOL). 47% in the intervention (water) group self‐reported improvement (6 > on a 10‐point scale) against 25% in controls. Drinking water did not reduce headache days.CommentsThe transparency from the author of this critically appraised paper enables others to use this study as a teaching tool and to learn from the shortcomings in the trial. The study was underpowered and contains methodological shortcomings. Participants were partially un‐blinded during the trial increasing the risk for bias. Only the subjective measures are statistically significant and attrition was significant. The intervention is low risk and of negligible cost. A methodologically sound RCT is recommended to evaluate if the intervention has beneficial effects.