bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declines in violence and police arrest among female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India, following a comprehensive HIV prevention programme
Authors: Beattie Tara S , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Isac Shajy , Mohan HL , Simic‐Lawson Milena , Ramesh BM , Blanchard James F , Moses Stephen , Watts Charlotte H , Heise Lori 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionFemale sex workers (FSWs) frequently experience violence, harassment and arrest by the police or their clients, but there is little evidence as to the impact that such factors may have on HIV risk or whether community interventions could mitigate this impact.MethodsAs part of the evaluation of the Avahan programme in Karnataka, serial integrated behavioural and biological assessment (IBBA) surveys (four districts) (2005 to 2011) and anonymous polling booth surveys (PBS) (16 districts) (2007 to 2011) were conducted with random samples of FSWs. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess 1) changes in reported violence and arrests over time and 2) associations between violence by non‐partners and police arrest and HIV/STI risk and prevalence. Mediation analysis was used to identify mediating factors.Results5,792 FSWs participated in the IBBAs and 15,813 participated in the PBS. Over time, there were significant reductions in the percentages of FSWs reporting being raped in the past year (PBS) (30.0% in 2007, 10.0% in 2011, p<0.001), being arrested in the past year [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.57 (0.35, 0.93), p=0.025] and being beaten in the past six months by a non‐partner (clients, police, pimps, strangers, rowdies) [AOR 0.69 (0.49, 0.95), p=0.024)] (IBBA). The proportion drinking alcohol (during the past week) also fell significantly (32.5% in 2005, 24.9% in 2008, 16.8% in 2011; p<0.001). Violence by non‐partners (being raped in the past year and/or beaten in the past six months) and being arrested in the past year were both strongly associated with HIV infection [AOR 1.59 (1.18, 2.15), p=0.002; AOR 1.91 (1.17, 3.12), p=0.01, respectively]. They were also associated with drinking alcohol (during the past week) [AOR 1.98 (1.54, 2.53), p<0.001; AOR 2.79 (1.93, 4.04), p<0.001, respectively], reduced condom self‐efficacy with clients [AOR 0.36 (0.27, 0.47), p<0.001; AOR 0.62 (0.39, 0.98), p=0.039, respectively], symptomatic STI (during the past year) [AOR 2.62 (2.07, 3.30), p<0.001; AOR 2.17 (1.51, 3.13), p<0.001, respectively], gonorrhoea infection [AOR 2.79 (1.51, 5.15), p=0.001; AOR 2.69 (0.96, 7.56), p=0.060, respectively] and syphilis infection [AOR 1.86 (1.04, 3.31), p=0.036; AOR 3.35 (1.78, 6.28), p<0.001, respectively], but not with exposure to peer education, community mobilization or HIV testing uptake. Mediation analysis suggests that alcohol use and STIs may partially mediate the association between violence or arrests and HIV prevalence.DiscussionViolence by non‐partners and arrest are both strongly associated with HIV infection among FSWs. Large‐scale, comprehensive HIV prevention programming can reduce violence, arrests and HIV/STI infection among FSWs.
Molar pregnancy presenting with hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Glick Matthew Michael , Dick Edward Lewis 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common complaints in pregnancy, occurring in more than 50% of pregnant women. Occasionally, the vomiting becomes severe and persistent enough to develop into the syndrome called hyperemesis gravidarum and sometimes requires hospitalization. A 20-year-old woman presented with hyperemesis gravidarum, which was later found to be associated with a molarpregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is reported to occur in as many as 26% of molar pregnancies. Increases in the level of serum [3-human chorionic gonadotropin may be the mechanism of hyperemesis gravidarum in molar pregnancy. Hyperthyroid states linked to molar pregnancy may further exacerbate hyperemesis gravidarum. Physicians should be aware of this possibility of molar pregnancy in all patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and be familiar with the appropriate management to monitor and prevent .an often-fatal trophoblastic neoplasm.
Determination of hypercoagulable state in acute bronchospasm
Authors: Pandit Hema B , Spillert Charles R , Shih Richard D. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The issue of hypercoagulability in acute asthmatic attacks is controversial. Thismay be due to lack of an appropriate test to monitor overall coagulation. Currenthematologic tests do not account for the cellular fraction of blood that haspro coagulant activity. Our study uses a clotting assay called the modified recalcification time test that is performed with whole blood to ensure the contribution of all chemical and cellular mediators in the coagulation process, particularly tissue factor. Venous blood samples were obtained from 12 adult patients with acute exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease andcompared with samples from 12 age-matched healthy control subjects. By use of the modified recalcification time, the presence of a relative hypercoagulable state was demonstrated in patients with acute bronchospasm. Furthermore, there is an identifiable difference in modified recalcification time value between the patients with acute attacks who required hospital admission versus those discharged from the emergency department.
Domestic violence: Effect on pregnancy outcome
Authors: Fernandez F Miguel , Krueger Paul M 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
A predominantly white, suburban, indigent population of pregnancy women were followed up to determine the incidence of domestic violence and its effect on preterm delivery, low birth weight, and outcome of pregnancy (infant admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. A total of 489 gravidas were screened for domestic violence and drug and alcohol abuse. Patients were assigned to the control group if they had no substance abuse and no domestic violence and to the study group if they had no substance abuse but were victims of domestic violence. Of the total study population, 20% were victims of domestic violence. Among patients suffering domestic violence, 22 % had preterm deliveries as compared with 9% of patients without domestic violence (P= .002). Sixteen percent of patientsin the study group had low-birth-weight babies compared with 6% of women in the control group (P= .002). No significant relationship was found between domestic violence and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Therefore, domestic violence is a risk factor for preterm delivery and low-birth-weight infants.
An osteopathic approach to asthma
Authors: Rowane William A , Rowane Michael P 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Asthma has become a serious challenge to clinical medicine today, with an increase in incidence, morbidity, and mortality over the past two decades. Asthma continues to be a problem despite increased knowledge of the pathophysiology of asthma coupled with the development of a variety of new and innovative medications that can be used to treat asthma. Five areas involving asthma management are reviewed and involve a failure to do the following: (1) identify disease instability and progression; (2) adopt an optimal pharmacologic treatment plan; (3) identify and help the patient avoid environmental triggers; (4) evaluate and treat certain disruptive psychodynamic issues; and (5) use essential nonpharmacologic modes of therapy such as osteopathic manipulation, nutritional considerations, physical training, and controlled breathing techniques that may help to favorably modify the asthma disease process.
Hybrid casts: a comparison of different casting materials
Authors: Philbin Terry M , Gittins Mark E 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Casting and splinting materials used in orthopedics have historically consisted of plaster of Paris and, more recently, fiberglass. Plaster is cost-effective and malleable enough to help to hold reductions. Fiberglass is stronger and lighter, but more expensive. The hybrid cast of plaster and fiberglass optimizes the advantages of both materials in fracture management; it is sufficiently strong, yet still cost-effective.
Product Development of Malunggay (Moringga Oleifera) and Sweet Potato (Ipomea Batatas) for Pastry and Fillings
Authors: Aller Margie C. , Villarin Manolito D. , Pascual Pet Roey L. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study used the experimental method that involved 90 taste panelists composed of culinary arts teachers, food technologist, culinary arts students, homemakers, faculty and staff. The sensory attributes studied the specific criteria on color, flavor, texture, and over-all acceptability. Findings of the study revealed that 75mL camote leaves decoction and 24g dried “malunggay” leaf powder formulation on the “malunggay-camote” pastry shell got the highest mean score in all sensory attributes considered due to higher amount of variables added to the formulation. There were significant differences on the 75mL camote leaves decoction added with 24g dried “malunggay” leaves powder, level of acceptability in terms of flavor and over-all acceptability. On the hedonic mean acceptability score of “malunggay-camote” boat tart product, 75mL camote decoction added with 24g dried malunggay leaves powder is the most acceptable formulation. DOST chemical result showed the aerobic plate count <25x102 EAPC*/g, Escherichia coli Count, <1.0x10 cfu/g. Total Coliform Count <1.0 x 10 cfu/g, Mold and Yeast Count 2.0x10 cfu/g. The microbial results in cfu/g for S. aureus (coagulase+) was <102, MYC <102, SPC/APC cfu/g <104, Coliforms, <50. These results are within the acceptable limit, therefore the product is safe for human consumption.
Heavy‐ion dominance near Cluster perigees
Authors: Ferradas C. P. , Zhang J.‐C. , Kistler L. M. , Spence H. E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTime periods in which heavy ions dominate over H+ in the energy range of 1–40 keV were observed by the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS)/COmposition DIstribution Function (CODIF) instrument onboard Cluster Spacecraft 4 at L values less than 4. The characteristic feature is a narrow flux peak at around 10 keV that extends into low L values, with He+ and/or O+ dominating. In the present work we perform a statistical study of these events and examine their temporal occurrence and spatial distribution. The observed features, both the narrow energy range and the heavy‐ion dominance, can be interpreted using a model of ion drift from the plasma sheet, subject to charge exchange losses. The narrow energy range corresponds to the only energy range that has direct drift access from the plasma sheet during quiet times. The drift time to these locations from the plasma sheet is > 30 h, so that charge exchange has a significant impact on the population. We show that a simple drift/loss model can explain the dependence on L shell and MLT of these heavy‐ion‐dominant time periods.
Constraining the geometries of small‐scale heterogeneities: A case study from the Mariana region
Authors: Korenaga Jun 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new array‐based method for seismic waveform data is developed to detect small‐scale heterogeneities in the mantle and constrain their possible locations and sizes. Detecting small‐scale heterogeneities using scattered waves has been challenging because scattered phases usually suffer from low signal‐to‐noise ratios, and determining the shapes of such heterogeneities is even more difficult because of isochronal artifacts. In the proposed method, the problem of the low signal‐to‐noise ratio is addressed by adopting dual bootstrap stacking, which can detect weak signals even with a limited number of seismic traces, as well as by ensuring reproducibility among multiple events. The locations of detected scatterers and their sizes and shapes are then estimated using a new kind of hierarchical cluster analysis that could minimize the effect of isochronal artifacts. The new method is applied to a previously analyzed data set of Mariana earthquakes to facilitate a comparison with conventional methods. In the middle to lower mantle beneath the Mariana Trench region, a total of 39 scatterers are identified via S‐to‐P scattering, with their potential volumes ranging from <8 × 104 to ∼1 × 106 km3.
Concentric gravity waves over northern China observed by an airglow imager network and satellites
Authors: Xu Jiyao , Li Qinzeng , Yue Jia , Hoffmann Lars , Straka William C. , Wang Cuimei , Liu Mohan , Yuan Wei , Han Sai , Miller Steven D. , Sun Longchang , Liu Xiao , Liu Weijun , Yang Jing , Ning Baiqi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe first no‐gap OH airglow all‐sky imager network was established in northern China in February 2012. The network is composed of six all‐sky airglow imagers that make observations of OH airglow gravity waves and cover an area of about 2000 km east and west and about 1400 km south and north. An unusual outbreak of Concentric Gravity Wave (CGW) events were observed by the network nearly every night during the first half of August 2013. These events were coincidentally observed by satellite sensors from Fengyun‐2 (FY‐2), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Aqua, and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)/Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (NPP). Combination of the ground imager network with satellites provides multilevel observations of the CGWs from the stratosphere to the mesopause region. In this paper, two representative CGW events in August 2013 are studied in detail: first is the CGW on the night of 13 August 2013, likely launched by a single thunderstorm. The temporal and spatial analyses indicate that the CGW horizontal wavelengths follow freely propagating waves based on a GW dispersion relation within 300 km from the storm center. In contrast, the more distant observed gravity wave field exhibits a smaller horizontal wavelength of ~20 km, and our analysis strongly suggest this wave field represents a ducted wave. A second event, exhibiting multiple CGWs, was induced by two very strong thunderstorms on 9 August 2013. Multiscale waves with horizontal wavelengths ranging from less than 10 km to 200 km were observed.
Modeling forest carbon cycle response to tree mortality: Effects of plant functional type and disturbance intensity
Authors: Frasson Renato Prata de Moraes , Bohrer Gil , Medvigy David , Matheny Ashley M. , Morin Timothy H. , Vogel Christoph S. , Gough Christopher M. , Maurer Kyle D. , Curtis Peter S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNatural and anthropogenic disturbances influence ecological succession and impact the carbon cycle. Understanding disturbance effects and ecosystem recovery is essential to carbon modeling. We hypothesized that (1) species‐specific disturbances impact the carbon cycle differently from nonspecific disturbances. In particular, disturbances that target early‐successional species will lead to higher carbon uptake by the postrecovery, middle‐ and late‐successional community and (2) disturbances that affect the midsuccessional deciduous species have more intense and long‐lasting impacts on carbon uptake than disturbances of similar intensity that only affect the early‐successional species. To test these hypotheses, we employed a series of simulations conducted with the Ecosystem Demography model version 2 to evaluate the sensitivity of a temperate mixed‐deciduous forest to disturbance intensity and type. Our simulation scenarios included a control (undisturbed) case, a uniform disturbance case where we removed 30% of all trees regardless of their successional status, five cases where only early‐successional deciduous trees were removed with increasing disturbance intensity (30%, 70%, 85%, and 100%), and four cases of midsuccessional disturbances with increasing intensity (70%, 85%, and 100%). Our results indicate that disturbances affecting the midsuccessional deciduous trees led to larger decreases in carbon uptake as well as longer recovery times when compared to disturbances that exclusively targeted the early‐successional deciduous trees at comparable intensities. Moreover, disturbances affecting 30% to 100% of early‐successional deciduous trees resulted in an increased carbon uptake, beginning 6 years after the disturbance and sustained through the end of the 100 year simulation.
From soilscapes to landscapes: A landscape‐oriented approach to simulate soil organic carbon dynamics in intensively managed landscapes
Authors: Papanicolaou A. N. (Thanos) , Wacha Kenneth M. , Abban Benjamin K. , Wilson Christopher G. , Hatfield Jerry L. , Stanier Charles O. , Filley Timothy R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMost available biogeochemical models focus within a soil profile and cannot adequately resolve contributions of the lighter size fractions of organic rich soils for enrichment ratio (ER) estimates, thereby causing unintended errors in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage predictions. These models set ER as constant, usually equal to unity. The goal of this study is to provide spatiotemporal predictions of SOC stocks at the hillslope scale that account for the selective entrainment and deposition of lighter size fractions. It is hypothesized herein that ER values may vary depending on hillslope location, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) conditions, and magnitude of the hydrologic event. An ER module interlinked with two established models, CENTURY and Watershed Erosion Prediction Project, is developed that considers the effects of changing runoff coefficients, bare soil coverage, tillage depth, fertilization, and soil roughness on SOC redistribution and storage. In this study, a representative hillslope is partitioned into two control volumes (CVs): a net erosional upslope zone and a net depositional downslope zone. We first estimate ER values for both CVs I and II for different hydrologic and LULC conditions. Second, using the improved ER estimates for the two CVs, we evaluate the effects that management practices have on SOC redistribution during different crop rotations. Overall, LULC promoting less runoff generally yielded higher ER values, which ranged between 0.97 and 3.25. Eroded soils in the upland CV were up to 4% more enriched in SOC than eroded soils in the downslope CV due to larger interrill contributions, which were found to be of equal importance to rill contributions. The chronosequence in SOC storage for the erosional zone revealed that conservation tillage and enhanced crop yields begun in the 1980s reversed the downward trend in SOC losses, causing nearly 26% of the lost SOC to be regained.
Arctic Freshwater Synthesis: Introduction
Authors: Prowse T. , Bring A. , Mård J. , Carmack E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn response to a joint request from the World Climate Research Program's Climate and Cryosphere Project, the International Arctic Science Committee, and the Arctic Council's Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, an updated scientific assessment has been conducted of the Arctic Freshwater System, entitled the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis (AFS). The major reason for joint request was an increasing concern that changes to the Arctic Freshwater System have produced, and could produce even greater, changes to biogeophysical and socioeconomic systems of special importance to northern residents and also produce extra‐Arctic climatic effects that will have global consequences. Hence, the key objective of the AFS was to produce an updated, comprehensive, and integrated review of the structure and function of the entire Arctic Freshwater System. The AFS was organized around six key thematic areas: atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial hydrology, terrestrial ecology, resources and modeling, and the review of each coauthored by an international group of scientists and published as separate articles in this special section of Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. This Introduction reviews the motivations for, and foci of, previous studies of the Arctic Freshwater System, discusses criteria used to define the domain of the Arctic Freshwater System, and details key characteristics of the definition adopted for the AFS.
Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans
Authors: Carmack E. C. , Yamamoto‐Kawai M. , Haine T. W. N. , Bacon S. , Bluhm B. A. , Lique C. , Melling H. , Polyakov I. V. , Straneo F. , Timmermans M.‐L. , Williams W. J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low‐salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle, and Pacific Ocean inflows; (2) the disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and (3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of freshwater; these include stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification, and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g., wind and ice drift stresses, solar radiation, and heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g., river discharge, sediment transport, and erosion), and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, and altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modeled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual, and decadal time scales and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial, and cryospheric systems.
The dual role of soil crusts in desertification
Authors: Assouline S. , Thompson S. E. , Chen L. , Svoray T. , Sela S. , Katul G. G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVegetation cover in dry regions is a key variable in determining desertification. Soils exposed to rainfall by desertification can form physical crusts that reduce infiltration, exacerbating water stress on the remaining vegetation. Paradoxically, field studies show that crust removal is associated with plant mortality in desert systems, while artificial biological crusts can improve plant regeneration. Here it is shown how physical crusts can act as either drivers of or buffers against desertification depending on their environmental context. The behavior of crusts is first explored using a simplified theory for water movement on a uniform, partly vegetated slope subject to stationary hydrologic conditions. Numerical model runs supplemented with field data from a semiarid Long‐Term Ecological Research site are then applied to represent more realistic environmental conditions. When vegetation cover is significant, crusts can drive desertification, but this process is potentially self‐limiting. For low vegetation cover, crusts mitigate against desertification by providing water subsidy to plant communities through a runoff‐runon mechanism.