bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THINKING HISTORICALLY WHEN THE MARGINS BECOME THE CENTER: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AS HISTORICAL CRITIQUE IN MARTIN JAY'S ESSAYS FROM THE EDGE
Authors: Toews John E. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis review of Martin Jay's recent published collection of essays examines his ongoing rethinking, supplementation, and revision of central themes—the negative and positive dialectics of historical totalization, the varieties and uses of conceptions of experience, the nature of visual cultures and scopic regimes, and the ambiguities of truth‐construction in the public realm—that have been the focus of his major works since the 1970s. It argues that his more recent work indicates a gradual shift toward an affirmation of the kinds of paratactic and deconstructive thinking of Adorno and Derrida as models for producing appropriate forms of historical consciousness and historical critique in the present, and it raises the question of how the issues of historical truth‐telling, consensual collective identity, ethical action, and the cultural role of the critical intellectual are reformulated in this process.
THE FINAL PHASE?
Authors: Spiegel Gabrielle M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis essay reviews the recent book by Carolyn Dean that seeks to elucidate the ways in which complaints about a “surfeit of memory” and the privileging of Jewish victimization during the Holocaust as unique and as the emblem of radical evil in our times has shaped discussions of victims in general, creating an environment in which groups vie for victim status as a means of validating their grievances and making claims for justice. The hostility to such claims has, Dean argues, created antivictim discourses that end up generating aversion toward victims, primarily by denying the validity of their claims to suffering and, in the case of Jews, projecting them as “perpetrators” in their neglect of the suffering of others. At the same time, Dean argues, the demand that victims narrate their suffering in the aesthetically constrained style of “minimalism” equally undermines the legitimacy of victims' memories by demanding that they be presented in an already mastered form, thereby erasing the very trauma that, in principle, such narratives seek to represent.At stake in the debates concerning Holocaust memorial consciousness and its proper modes of representation, this article suggests, are larger historiographical and ethical issues about how to integrate the horrors of the past and the traumatic experience of terror into the normal protocols of historical writing, which rely on distance, objectivity, and interpretive critique as governing procedures. To incorporate terror into historical representation will mean acknowledging and accepting as historiographically legitimate the differing status of analytically recuperated “facts” and victim testimony and finding a way to theorize the reality of “voices” from the past without assuming the necessary “truth” of what they convey.
DOES INHUMANITY BREED HUMANITY? INVESTIGATION OF A PARADOX
Authors: De Baets Antoon 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis essay investigates the thesis that inhumanity breeds humanity. Many questions arise when we try to corroborate it: Can we say anything at all about the inhumanity of human beings? Why did large‐scale inhumanity occurring before 1700 not elicit a human rights regime? Was the human rights take‐off from 1760 to 1800 triggered by instances of inhumanity, and why did the take‐off not last? Why did the human rights idea eclipse after 1800 only to reemerge after 1945? Were war and genocide the sole causes of the human rights revival after 1945 or were there also other factors? Was the breakthrough in 1977 of human rights as a mass movement related to any inhumanity? And, finally, is the contemporary enthusiasm for human rights, with 1998 as its stepping stone, sufficient to make atrocities unthinkable for good? I conclude that, at several moments in history, inhumanity did propel humanity, but also that there are many other instances in which inhumanity only gave birth to more inhumanity. If the inhumanity thesis were necessarily true, we would need more human rights catastrophes to inspire more human rights progress. And that would be a self‐defeating paradox.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH ECONOMIC HISTORY?
Authors: Sewell William H. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTIn this polemical book, Francesco Boldizzoni argues that economic history is so moribund as to require resurrection. He maintains that economic history has been converted into a subfield of economics and has embraced the antihistorical and a priori intellectual style of mainstream economics departments: it has, in effect, ceased to be a form of history. Boldizzoni hopes to force a recognition of contemporary economic history's bankruptcy and to show the way toward a revitalization.He criticizes both economic history as retrospective econometrics, as in the work of Robert Fogel, and economic history as a branch of the new institutional economics, as in the work of Douglas North. Boldizzoni suggests that economic history should return to the sort of research and models that prevailed earlier in its own history—models based on induction from observed economic life rather than on deduction from the theories of contemporary microeconomics. He particularly singles out the work of Witold Kula, Moses Finley, and the Annales historians for emulation, but also praises the perspectives of economic sociology and economic anthropology.Boldizzoni's call for a return to a more inductive form of economic history is welcome, and his discussions of his heroes should remind us that economic history was once a vibrant and creative part of the history profession. But the book's advice is more useful for historians working on premodern than on modern economic life. The claim that self‐governing markets and interest‐maximizing individual actors are pure figments of economists' imaginations seems far less certain for recent than for premodern times. And his insistence that each society has its own distinct form of economic life that must be discovered inductively leaves unconceptualized the world‐spanning forces of capitalist development that increasingly shape societies everywhere. Boldizzoni's critique and his positive suggestions are certainly valuable, but he by no means supplies a sufficient recipe for economic history's resurrection as a vibrant field.
CoEnzyme Q10 and Riboflavin: The Mitochondrial Connection
Authors: Markley Herbert G. 
Published: October 2012

Objective.— We conducted a short review of relevant literature which contends that migraine is associated with a wide‐spread metabolic abnormality of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, leading to the use of riboflavin and coenzyme Q10 as prophylactic therapy for migraine.Background.— Riboflavin and coenzyme Q10 supplementation has been recommended widely as safe and effective prophylactic therapy for migraine. The background neurophysiological studies that led to the development of this therapy, which are extremely complex, deserve wider distribution.Methods.— A brief review of the relevant literature was conducted and summarized.Results.— Brain energy metabolism in migraine has been found to be abnormal in all types of migraine, making the migrainous brain hyper‐responsive to many stimuli. The metabolic abnormalities are more severe in the more‐severe types of migraine, such as hemiplegic migraine and migrainous stroke, but they are present both during and between attacks. The metabolic abnormality in migraine extends beyond the brain to platelets and muscles, as proven by techniques of biochemistry, muscle morphology, and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. There are strong similarities between migraine and certain inborn errors of metabolism, the metabolic encephalomyopathies, in which patients suffer genetic abnormalities in mitochondrial energy production to produce lactic acidosis, stroke, and migraine headaches. The theory of migraine as a mitochondrial disorder seems to have abundant evidence. However, aside from the genetic abnormalities discovered for the familial hemiplegic migraines, molecular genetic studies in migraine have been negative until recently, when whole genome sequencing has now reported positive results.Conclusion.— Arising from these extensive neurophysiological studies, the treatment of metabolic encephalomyopathies with pharmacological doses of riboflavin and coenzyme Q10 has shown positive benefits. The same treatment has now been applied to migraine, adding clinical support to the theory that migraine is a mitochondrial disorder.
Pain, Emotion, Headache
Authors: Bussone Gennaro , Grazzi Licia , Panerai Alberto E. 
Published: October 2012

Pain has been considered as part of a defensive strategy whose specific role is to signal an immediate active danger to the organism. This definition fits well for acute pain. It does not work well, however, for chronic pain that is maintained even in absence of an ongoing, active threat. Currently, acute and chronic pain are considered to be separate conditions.What follows is a review of the different theories about pain and its history. Different hypotheses regarding pain mechanisms are illustrated. New data emerging from scientific research on chronic pain (migraine in particular) involving innovative imaging techniques are reported and discussed.
Comparative stroke risk of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Hsieh Cheng‐Yang , Lai Edward Chia‐Cheng , Yang Yea‐Huei Kao , Lin Swu‐Jane 
Published: October 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Patients with epilepsy have higher stroke‐related morbidity and mortality, leading to the suspicion that the increased stroke events may be associated with antiepileptic drug (AED) exposure. We evaluated the comparative risk of stroke in adult patients with epilepsy receiving phenytoin (PHT), valproic acid (VPA), or carbamazepine (CBZ) to help determine the stroke risk for Asian patients with specific AED exposure.Methods:  We conducted a population‐based, retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The cohort consists of adult patients with epilepsy who were new to PHT, CBZ, or VPA monotherapy and without prior stroke history. Patients were followed for 5 years. The event of interest was a hospitalization or emergency visit due to stroke. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the comparative risk of AEDs. Subanalyses included an evaluation of different subtypes of stroke, the propensity score matched technique, the intention‐to‐treat approach, and stratification analyses.Key Findings:  Patients receiving PHT had a significantly higher stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–2.47), followed by VPA (adjusted HR 1.27; 95% CI 0.78–2.07), when compared with CBZ. The results of all subanalyses showed a consistent trend of higher stroke risk with PHT use. In addition, there appeared to be a dose–response relationship between stroke risk and PHT prescriptions.Significance:  The stroke risk was higher in PHT but not significantly different in VPA as compared to CBZ. Physicians should reconsider using PHT for patients with epilepsy who already have a higher risk of stroke.
The Obama Trigger: Presidential Approval and Tea Party Membership
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Parent T. Wayne 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveThis article utilizes national polling data to identify factors driving Tea Party membership.MethodsFirst, in order to clearly define the Tea Party movement, the researchers will report Tea Party demographics drawn from the Blair‐Rockefeller Poll, which includes a national sample of 3,406 respondents. Second, the researchers will create a logit model to predict Tea Party membership.ResultsIn addition to party identification and ideology, Tea Party membership (10.6 percent of the sample) is impacted both by fiscally conservative policy preferences and by presidential approval. To a lesser degree, age and a belief in biblical literalism are also significant indicators in the model.ConclusionsThe Tea Party is a distinct entity from the Republican Party and is triggered, not only by current economic attitudes, but, specifically, by opposition to President Obama.
Two Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata Exhibiting Reduced Sensitivity to Amphotericin B Both Harbor Mutations in
ERG2
Authors: Hull Claire M. , Bader Oliver , Parker Josie E. , Weig Michael , Gross Uwe , Warrilow Andrew G. S. , Kelly Diane E. , Kelly Steven L. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Two novel isolates of
Candida glabrata
exhibiting reduced sensitivity to amphotericin B (MIC, 8 μg ml
−1
) were found to be
ERG2
mutants, wherein Δ
8
-sterol intermediates comprised >90% of the total cellular sterol fraction. Both harbored an alteration at Thr
121
in ERG2; the corresponding residue (Thr
119
) in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is essential for sterol Δ8-Δ7 isomerization. This constitutes the first report of
C. glabrata
harboring mutations in
ERG2
and exhibiting reduced sensitivity to amphotericin B.
Interplay between the QseC and QseE Bacterial Adrenergic Sensor Kinases in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenesis
Authors: Moreira Cristiano G. , Sperandio Vanessa 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

The bacterial adrenergic sensor kinases QseC and QseE respond to epinephrine and/or norepinephrine to initiate a complex phosphorelay regulatory cascade that modulates virulence gene expression in several pathogens. We have previously shown that QseC activates virulence gene expression in
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium. Here we report the role of QseE in
S
. Typhimurium pathogenesis as well as the interplay between these two histidine sensor kinases in gene regulation. An
S
. Typhimurium
qseE
mutant is hampered in the invasion of epithelial cells and intramacrophage replication. The Δ
qseC
strain is highly attenuated for intramacrophage survival but has only a minor defect in invasion. However, the Δ
qseEC
strain has only a slight attenuation in invasion, mirroring the Δ
qseC
strain, and has an intermediary intramacrophage replication defect in comparison to the Δ
qseE
and Δ
qseC
strains. The expressions of the
sipA
and
sopB
genes, involved in the invasion of epithelial cells, are activated by epinephrine via QseE. The expression levels of these genes are still decreased in the Δ
qseEC
double mutant, albeit to a lesser extent, congruent with the invasion phenotype of this mutant. The expression level of the
sifA
gene, important for intramacrophage replication, is decreased in the
qseE
mutant and the Δ
qseEC
double mutant grown
in vitro
. However, as previously reported by us, the epinephrine-dependent activation of this gene occurs via QseC. In the systemic model of
S
. Typhimurium infection of BALB/c mice, the
qseC
and
qseE
mutants are highly attenuated, while the double mutant has an intermediary phenotype. Altogether, these data suggest that both adrenergic sensors play an important role in modulating several aspects of
S
. Typhimurium pathogenesis.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Darmbrand Cases in Post-World War II Germany
Authors: Ma Menglin , Li Jihong , McClane Bruce A. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Clostridium perfringens
type C strains are the only non-type-A isolates that cause human disease. They are responsible for enteritis necroticans, which was termed Darmbrand when occurring in post-World War II Germany. Darmbrand strains were initially classified as type F because of their exceptional heat resistance but later identified as type C strains. Since only limited information exists regarding Darmbrand strains, this study genetically and phenotypically characterized seven 1940s era Darmbrand-associated strains. Results obtained indicated the following. (i) Five of these Darmbrand isolates belong to type C, carry beta-toxin (
cpb
) and enterotoxin (
cpe
) genes on large plasmids, and express both beta-toxin and enterotoxin. The other two isolates are
cpe
-negative type A. (ii) All seven isolates produce highly heat-resistant spores with
D
100
values (the time that a culture must be kept at 100°C to reduce its viability by 90%) of 7 to 40 min. (iii) All of the isolates surveyed produce the same variant small acid-soluble protein 4 (Ssp4) made by type A food poisoning isolates with a chromosomal
cpe
gene that also produce extremely heat-resistant spores. (iv) The Darmbrand isolates share a genetic background with type A chromosomal-
cpe
-bearing isolates. Finally, it was shown that both the
cpe
and
cpb
genes can be mobilized in Darmbrand isolates. These results suggest that
C. perfringens
type A and C strains that cause human food-borne illness share a spore heat resistance mechanism that likely favors their survival in temperature-abused food. They also suggest possible evolutionary relationships between Darmbrand strains and type A strains carrying a chromosomal
cpe
gene.
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli modulates the spatial organization of neuroepithelial cell proliferation in the developing chick optic tectum
Authors: Rapacioli Melina , Botelho Joao , Cerda Gustavo , Duarte Santiago , Elliot Matías , Palma Verónica , Flores Vladimir 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli pathway plays an important regulatory role on the neuroepithelial cells (NEc) proliferation in the dorsal regions of the developing vertebrate Central Nervous System. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of the Shh/Gli signaling pathway activation on the proliferation dynamics and/or the spatial organization of the NEc proliferation activity during early stages of the developing chick optic tectum (OT). In ovo pharmacological gain and loss of hedgehog function approaches were complemented with in vivo electroporation experiments in order to create ectopic sources of either Shh or Gli activator (GliA) proteins in the OT. NEc proliferating activity was analyzed at ED 4/4.5 by recording the spatial co-ordinates of the entire population of mitotic NEc (mNEc) located along OT dorsal-ventral sections. Several space signals (numerical sequences) were derived from the mNEc spatial co-ordinate records and analyzed by different standardized non-linear methods of signal analysis.

Results

In ovo pharmacologic treatment with cyclopamine resulted in dramatic failure in the OT expansion while the agonist purmorphamine produced the opposite result, a huge expansion of the OT vesicle. Besides, GliA and Shh misexpressions interfere with the formation of the intertectal fissure located along the dorsal midline. This morphogenetic alteration is accompanied by an increase in the mNEc density. There is a gradient in the response of NEcs to Shh and GliA: the increase in mNEc density is maximal near the dorsal regions and decrease towards the OT-tegmental boundary. Biomathematical analyses of the signals derived from the mNEc records show that both Shh and GliA electroporations change the proliferation dynamics and the spatial organization of the mNEc as revealed by the changes in the scaling index estimated by these methods.

Conclusions
The present results show that the Shh/Gli signaling pathway plays a critical role in the OT expansion and modelling. This effect is probably mediated by a differential mitogenic effect that increases the NEc proliferation and modulates the spatial organization of the NEc proliferation activity.
Aspergillus-PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage for detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
Authors: Buess Michael , Cathomas Gieri , Halter Jörg , Junker Lilian , Grendelmeier Peter , Tamm Michael , Stolz Daiana 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a frequent and serious infectious complication in immunocompromised patients. Culture and cytology in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have a high specificity but low sensitivity for the diagnosis of IFD as assessed by histology. Molecular methods are expected to allow a rapid diagnosis of IFD with a high sensitivity. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of conventional nested PCR in the bronchoalveolar fluid to diagnose IFD in severely immunocompromised patients.

Methods
Consecutive immunosuppressed patients undergoing bronchoscopy for suspected pulmonary infection in a tertiary care hospital were included. Patients were classified as having “proven”, “probable”, “possible”, and “no” IFD based on definitions of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (EORTC/NIAID) and on clinical grounds. Conventional nested PCR for aspergillus fumigatus, flavus, niger, glaucus, terreus and tomarrii were applied to 2.5 ml bronchoalveolar fluid.

Results
A total of 191 patients were included. Mean age was 51 y, 61% were male. There were 129 patients with hematological conditions, 26 solid organ transplant recipients, 24 auto-immune disorders, and 12 HIV. According to the EORTC/NIAID classification, there were 53 patients with potential IFD: 3 (2%) had proven, 8 (4%) probable, 42 (22%) possible and 138 (72%) no IFD. A total of 111 (58%) of the patients - 10 (90.9%) proven or probable IFD, 32 (76.2%) possible IFD and 69 (50%) “no” IFD) were on anti-fungal therapy at the time of bronchoscopy. Conventional nested PCR for Aspergillus was positive in 55 cases (28.8%). According to these results, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for “proven” IFD was 0%, 71%, 0%, 98%, respectively and “probable” IFD was 36%, 72%, 7%, 95%, respectively. In 53 (28%) cases there was a strong clinical suspicion of IFD in the chest-x-ray and/or chest-CT irrespective of the EORTC/NIAID classification. However, from those, only 15 (28%) had a positive conventional nested PCR.

Conclusion
In our experience, conventional nested Aspergillus PCR in the BAL seems to be of limited usefulness for detection of invasive fungal disease in immunocompromised patients due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of the method.