bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of gas migration in damaged and resealed claystone
Authors: Zhang Chun-Liang 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The excavation damaged zone (EDZ) around a radioactive waste repository will act as a potential escape route for gases produced from anoxic corrosion of waste containers and other metallic components within the underground facility. For assessment of the impact of the gases on the repository safety, the gas-flow behaviour of the EDZ has to be characterized, understood and predicted. This issue has been recently investigated for the Callovo-Oxfordian and Opalinus claystones at the GRS laboratory. Various kinds of gas-flow experiments were carried out by flushing nitrogen gas through cracked and resealed claystone samples under different hydromechanical conditions. Extensive results obtained include: (a) gas permeability of fractured claystones in relation to fracture closure under loads; (b) effects of gas humidity on the sealing and gas permeability of fractures; (c) gas-flow behaviour in water-saturated and resealed fractures characterized by three key parameters, namely gas-breakthrough pressure, permeability and shut-in pressure; (d) relationships of the gas parameters to the intrinsic permeability of the resealed claystone and the applied confining stress, as well as relationships between the gas parameters; and (e) the impact of gas-pressure rise on the reopening of the closed pathways and/or creation of new ones in resealed claystone.
Gas and water permeability of concrete
Authors: Villar M. V. , Martín P. L. , Romero F. J. , Gutiérrez-Rodrigo V. , Barcala J. M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Concrete is used as a barrier on surface or near-surface facilities for the final disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste, where gas can be generated and affect the hydraulic properties and the processes taking place in concrete. In this framework, gas-transport properties of concrete samples were investigated using two different laboratory test set-ups: a non-steady-state equipment working under low injection pressures; and a newly fine-tuned steady-state set-up working under different pressures.

Permeability decreased with water content increase but was also greatly affected by the hydraulic history of concrete (i.e. if it had been previously dried or wetted). The intrinsic permeability determined with gas flow was about two orders of magnitude higher than that determined with liquid water (10
−16
v. 10
−18
m
2
), probably due to the chemical reactions taking place during saturation (carbonation). The relative gas permeability of concrete increased sharply for water degrees of saturation smaller than 50%.

The boundary conditions also affected the gas permeability, which seemed to be mostly conditioned by the back pressure and the confining pressure, on the whole decreasing as the effective pressure increased. It is considered that the Klinkenberg effect was not relevant in the range of pressures applied.
EC FORGE project: updated consideration of gas generation and migration in the safety case
Authors: Norris Simon 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A safety case for a geological disposal facility (GDF) is a set of claims concerning the environmental safety of the disposal of radioactive waste in a GDF, substantiated by a structured collection of arguments and evidence. Such a safety case needs to address environmental safety at the time of disposal and in the long term, after wastes have been emplaced and the facility has been closed.

Waste-derived gas generation and its subsequent migration is an important component of a safety case, and was the focus of research in the integrated, multidisciplinary, European Commission ‘
F
ate
O
f
R
epository
G
as
E
s’ project (FORGE) – a pan-European project with links to international radioactive waste management organizations, regulators and academia, specifically designed to tackle the key research issues associated with the generation and movement of repository gases. FORGE was targeted to address gas issues through a series of laboratory- and field-scale experiments, including the development of new methods for upscaling allowing the optimization of concepts through detailed scenario analysis.

This paper summarizes the overall understanding on the implications of gas generation and migration for the safety functions of the engineered barrier system (EBS) and the host rock, as informed by the output of the FORGE project. Achievements and recommendations from the FORGE project are noted, emphasizing that FORGE has provided confidence in the basic physical understanding and modelling approaches relevant to GDF-derived gas that can be applied for different concepts – such understanding, and the derived component and system models, can be used in a safety case to address regulatory guidance.
Geology and landscape in SW England in the late eighteenth century, as recorded in the travel journals of William George Maton (1774–1840)
Authors: Mather John D. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

In the summer of 1794 William George Maton, together with his friends Charles Hatchett and Thomas Rackett, embarked on a tour into Cornwall visiting the more southerly parts of Dorset and Devon
en route
. Rackett and Maton completed a second tour two years later, covering the rest of Dorset and Devon together with Somerset. An account of the tours was subsequently published by Maton, providing a contemporary description of SW England during the latter part of the eighteenth century. This was perhaps the first description of the region by scientifically aware travellers. They explored valleys, descended mines, visited smelters and collected minerals and must be regarded as among the earliest geotourists. Many sites which they visited, such as Roche Rock in Cornwall, Kent's Cavern in Devon and Wookey Hole in Somerset, became major attractions for geoscientists in the following centuries. Discussions in the text suggest that the travellers looked at the rocks with neptunist eyes. Maton summarized the geological and mineralogical references on a map which used shading with lines rather than colour to differentiate individual strata. Although rudimentary and inaccurate, the map is of considerable historic importance.
Molecular Insights into Pediatric Brain Tumors Have the Potential to Transform Therapy
Authors: Gajjar Amar , Pfister Stefan M. , Taylor Michael D. , Gilbertson Richard J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
High-throughput genomic technologies have shed light on the biologic heterogeneity of several pediatric brain tumors. The biology of the four common pediatric brain tumors—namely medulloblastoma; ependymoma; high-grade glioma (HGG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma; and low-grade glioma—is highlighted in this CCR Focus article. The discovery that medulloblastoma consists of four different subgroups, namely WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4, each with distinct clinical and molecular features, has affected the treatment of children with medulloblastoma. Prospective studies have documented the efficacy of SMO inhibitors in a subgroup of patients with SHH medulloblastoma. Efforts are ongoing to develop specific therapies for each of the subgroups of medulloblastoma. Similar efforts are being pursued for ependymoma, HGG, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma where the disease outcome for the latter two tumors has not changed over the past three decades despite several prospective clinical trials. Developing and testing targeted therapies based on this new understanding remains a major challenge to the pediatric neuro-oncology community. The focus of this review is to summarize the rapidly evolving understanding of the common pediatric brain tumors based on genome-wide analysis. These novel insights will add impetus to translating these laboratory-based discoveries to newer therapies for children diagnosed with these tumors.
See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Discoveries, Challenges, and Progress in Primary Brain Tumors.”
Clin Cancer Res; 20(22); 5630–40. ©2014 AACR.
Inhibition of PI3Kβ Signaling with AZD8186 Inhibits Growth of PTEN-Deficient Breast and Prostate Tumors Alone and in Combination with Docetaxel
Authors: Hancox Urs , Cosulich Sabina , Hanson Lyndsey , Trigwell Cath , Lenaghan Carol , Ellston Rebecca , Dry Hannah , Crafter Claire , Barlaam Bernard , Fitzek Martina , Smith Paul D. , Ogilvie Donald , D'Cruz Celina , Castriotta Lillian , Wedge Stephen R. , Ward Lara , Powell Steve , Lawson Mandy , Davies Barry R. , Harrington Elizabeth A. , Foster Emily , Cumberbatch Marie , Green Stephen , Barry Simon T. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Loss of PTEN protein results in upregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which appears dependent on the PI3Kβ isoform. Inhibitors of PI3Kβ have potential to reduce growth of tumors in which loss of PTEN drives tumor progression. We have developed a small-molecule inhibitor of PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ (AZD8186) and assessed its antitumor activity across a panel of cell lines. We have then explored the antitumor effects as single agent and in combination with docetaxel in triple-negative breast (TNBC) and prostate cancer models. In vitro, AZD8186 inhibited growth of a range of cell lines. Sensitivity was associated with inhibition of the AKT pathway. Cells sensitive to AZD8186 (GI50 &lt; 1 μmol/L) are enriched for, but not exclusively associated with, PTEN deficiency. In vivo, AZD8186 inhibits PI3K pathway biomarkers in prostate and TNBC tumors. Scheduling treatment with AZD8186 shows antitumor activity required only intermittent exposure, and that increased tumor control is achieved when AZD8186 is used in combination with docetaxel. AZD8186 is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kβ with activity against PI3Kδ signaling, and has potential to reduce growth of tumors dependent on dysregulated PTEN for growth. Moreover, AZD8186 can be combined with docetaxel, a chemotherapy commonly used to treat advanced TBNC and prostate tumors. The ability to schedule AZD8186 and maintain efficacy offers opportunity to combine AZD8186 more effectively with other drugs. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(1); 48–58. ©2014 AACR.
Phenomapping for Novel Classification of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Shah Sanjiv J. , Katz Daniel H. , Selvaraj Senthil , Burke Michael A. , Yancy Clyde W. , Gheorghiade Mihai , Bonow Robert O. , Huang Chiang-Ching , Deo Rahul C. 
Published: November 2014

Background—
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome in need of improved phenotypic classification. We sought to evaluate whether unbiased clustering analysis using dense phenotypic data (phenomapping) could identify phenotypically distinct HFpEF categories.

Methods and Results—

We prospectively studied 397 patients with HFpEF and performed detailed clinical, laboratory, ECG, and echocardiographic phenotyping of the study participants. We used several statistical learning algorithms, including unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis of phenotypic data (67 continuous variables) and penalized model-based clustering, to define and characterize mutually exclusive groups making up a novel classification of HFpEF. All phenomapping analyses were performed by investigators blinded to clinical outcomes, and Cox regression was used to demonstrate the clinical validity of phenomapping. The mean age was 65±12 years; 62% were female; 39% were black; and comorbidities were common. Although all patients met published criteria for the diagnosis of HFpEF, phenomapping analysis classified study participants into 3 distinct groups that differed markedly in clinical characteristics, cardiac structure/function, invasive hemodynamics, and outcomes (eg, phenogroup 3 had an increased risk of HF hospitalization [hazard ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–9.1] even after adjustment for traditional risk factors [
P
<0.001]). The HFpEF phenogroup classification, including its ability to stratify risk, was successfully replicated in a prospective validation cohort (n=107).

Conclusions—
Phenomapping results in a novel classification of HFpEF. Statistical learning algorithms applied to dense phenotypic data may allow improved classification of heterogeneous clinical syndromes, with the ultimate goal of defining therapeutically homogeneous patient subclasses.
Lifestyle‐Based Prediction Model for the Prevention of CVD: The Healthy Heart Score
Authors: Chiuve Stephanie E. , Cook Nancy R. , Shay Christina M. , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Albert Christine M. , Manson JoAnn E. , Willett Walter C. , Rimm Eric B. 
Published: November 2014

Background

Clinical practice focuses on the primary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease (
CVD)
through the modification and pharmacological treatment of elevated risk factors. Prediction models based on established risk factors are available for use in the primary prevention setting. However, the prevention of risk factor development through healthy lifestyle behaviors, or primordial prevention, is of paramount importance to achieve optimal population‐wide CV health and minimize long‐term
CVD
risk.

Methods and Results

We developed a lifestyle‐based
CVD
prediction model among 61 025 women in the Nurses’ Health Study and 34 478 men in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study, who were free of chronic disease in 1986 and followed for ≤24 years. Lifestyle factors were assessed by questionnaires in 1986. In the derivation step, we used the Bayes Information Criterion to create parsimonious 20‐year risk prediction models among a random two thirds of participants in each cohort separately. The scores were validated in the remaining one third of participants in each cohort. Over 24 years, there were 3775 cases of
CVD
in women and 3506 cases in men. The Healthy Heart Score included age, smoking, body mass index, exercise, alcohol, and a composite diet score. In the validation cohort, the risk score demonstrated good discrimination (Harrell's C‐index, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [
CI],
0.71, 0.74 [women]; 0.77; 95%
CI,
0.76, 0.79 [men]), fit, and calibration, particularly among individuals without baseline hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.

Conclusions

The Healthy Heart Score accurately identifies individuals at elevated risk for
CVD
and may serve as an important clinical and public health screening tool for the primordial prevention of
CVD
.
Distinctive Roles of Air–Sea Coupling on Different MJO Events: A New Perspective Revealed from the DYNAMO/CINDY Field Campaign*
Authors: Fu Xiouhua , Wang Wanqiu , Lee June-Yi , Wang Bin , Kikuchi Kazuyoshi , Xu Jingwei , Li Juan , Weaver Scott 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Previous observational analysis and modeling studies indicate that air–sea coupling plays an essential role in improving MJO simulations and extending MJO forecasting skills. However, whether the SST feedback plays an indispensable role for the existence of the MJO remains controversial, and the precise physical processes through which the SST feedback may lead to better MJO simulations and forecasts remain elusive.
The DYNAMO/Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011 (CINDY) field campaign recently completed over the Indian Ocean reveals a new perspective and provides better data to improve understanding of the MJO. It is found that among the five MJO events that occurred during the DYNAMO/CINDY field campaign, only two MJO events (the November and March ones) have robust SST anomalies associated with them. For the other three MJO events (the October, December, and January ones), no coherent SST anomalies are observed. This observational scenario suggests that the roles of air–sea coupling on the MJO vary greatly from event to event.
To elucidate the varying roles of air–sea coupling on different MJO events, a suite of hindcast experiments was conducted with a particular focus on the October and November MJO events. The numerical results confirm that the October MJO is largely controlled by atmospheric internal dynamics, while the November MJO is strongly coupled with underlying ocean. For the November MJO event, the positive SST anomalies significantly improve MJO forecasting by enhancing the response of a Kelvin–Rossby wave couplet, which prolongs the feedback between convection and large-scale circulations, and thus favors the development of stratiform rainfall, in turn, facilitating the production of eddy available potential energy and significantly amplifying the intensity of the model November MJO.
Relationship of apelin, procalcitonin, and fetuin-A concentrations with carotid intima-media thickness in acromegaly
Authors: Topsakal S , Akin F , Turgut S , Yaylali GF , Herek D , Ayada C 
Published: November 2014

Background Acromegaly is characterized by excess growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations. There is conflicting evidence as to whether acromegaly is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Apelin is an adipose tissue-derived peptide that may be associated with hyperinsulinemia. Fetuin-A is a hepatocyte produced plasma glycoprotein that has an important role as a calcification inhibitor. The aim of this study was to examine apelin, fetuin-A, and procalcitonin concentrations and to assess their relationship with carotid intima medial thickness (cIMT) in subjects with acromegaly. Methods Apelin, fetuin-A, and procalcitonin serum concentrations were measured in 37 (20 inactive and 17 active) subjects with acromegaly and 30 control subjects, along with carotid intima medial thickness. Results The concentrations of apelin, fetuin-A, and procalcitonin were increased in subjects with acromegaly. There were significant correlations between apelin, fetuin-A, and procalcitonin in subjects with acromegaly. Carotid intima medial thickness values were similar between control subjects and subjects with acromegaly. Conclusions Carotid intima medial thickness was not increased in subjects with acromegaly. It is possible that the increased apelin and fetuin-A concentrations observed play a protective role against the development of atherosclerosis in subjects with acromegaly.
Quantitative estimation of improvements in the efficiency of district heating substation control system
Authors: Martinaitis V , Biekša D , Rogoža A , Savickas R 
Published: November 2014

Evaluation of energy performance of buildings is becoming increasingly applicable and constantly requires more and more precise forecasting of energy savings, which could be further interpreted in the economic evaluations of building renovation. Despite the development of a wide range of energy auditing methodologies and software tools, one important component has still not garnered enough attention and has no quantitative evaluation method. This component is energy savings attributed to improved performance of the heating control system. Currently, these savings are evaluated on the basis of arbitrary indices that have been extrapolated from real modernization projects. This approach is simplification and usually has no actual energy savings estimations. This article presents a method for the evaluation of energy savings attributed to improved performance of the district heating substation control system. The idea is based on employing the specific heat losses ( H) of a building. Theoretically, the evaluated H values represent ideal work performance of the heating control system and the actual collected data represent the current state of efficiency of the control system. The estimation of possible energy saving potential between ideal and actual H values results in quantitative energy savings due to the improved performance of the heating control system. This article presents in detail the method application sequence. It provides additional explanation on actual data processing mechanisms by applying regression analysis in order to determine base temperature and accumulated duration curves. Practical application : None of the energy audit methodologies or software tools answer the question on the amount of energy that can be saved due to improved performance of the heating control system. The method presented in this article is simple, saves on time and enables energy auditors to have a quantifiably based groundwork for estimation of possible energy savings attributed to improved performance of the heating control system.
Effect of the cognitive-motor dual-task using auditory cue on balance of surviviors with chronic stroke: a pilot study
Authors: Choi Wonjae , Lee GyuChang , Lee Seungwon 
Published: November 2014

Objective: To investigate the effect of a cognitive-motor dual-task using auditory cues on the balance of patients with chronic stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation center. Subjects: Thirty-seven individuals with chronic stroke. Interventions: The participants were randomly allocated to the dual-task group ( n=19) and the single-task group ( n=18). The dual-task group performed a cognitive-motor dual-task in which they carried a circular ring from side to side according to a random auditory cue during treadmill walking. The single-task group walked on a treadmill only. All subjects completed 15 min per session, three times per week, for four weeks with conventional rehabilitation five times per week over the four weeks. Main measures: Before and after intervention, both static and dynamic balance were measured with a force platform and using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Results: The dual-task group showed significant improvement in all variables compared to the single-task group, except for anteroposterior (AP) sway velocity with eyes open and TUG at follow-up: mediolateral (ML) sway velocity with eye open (dual-task group vs. single-task group: 2.11 mm/s vs. 0.38 mm/s), ML sway velocity with eye close (2.91 mm/s vs. 1.35 mm/s), AP sway velocity with eye close (4.84 mm/s vs. 3.12 mm/s). After intervention, all variables showed significant improvement in the dual-task group compared to baseline. Conclusion: The study results suggest that the performance of a cognitive-motor dual-task using auditory cues may influence balance improvements in chronic stroke patients.
Hospital-based bereavement services following the death of a child: A mixed study review
Authors: Donovan Leigh A , Wakefield Claire E , Russell Vera , Cohn Richard J 
Published: November 2014

Background: There has been a breadth of research on the grief experience of parents following the death of a child. However, the role and impact of hospital-based bereaved services remain unclear. Aim: To identify services offered to bereaved families in perinatal, neonatal, and pediatric hospital settings and summarize the psychosocial impact of these services and published recommendations for best practice hospital-based bereavement care. Design: Systematic review of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and methodological quality appraised in accordance with the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, and PsychINFO were searched to find studies describing hospital-based bereavement services/interventions for parents, siblings, and grandparents. Results: In all, 14 qualitative, 6 quantitative, and 10 mixed method studies were identified. Nine descriptive articles were also included. Qualitatively, family members described feeling cared for and supported by staff, a reduction in sense of isolation, and improved coping and personal growth. Quantitatively, bereavement services have most effect for parents experiencing more complex mourning. It is recommended that bereavement services be theoretically driven and evidence based, offer continuity of care prior to and following the death of a child, and provide a range of interventions for the “whole family” and flexibility in service delivery. Conclusions: There is a role for transitional hospital-based services/interventions for families in the lead up to and following the death of a child. Further mixed method research is required to inform best practice bereavement care guidelines in the perinatal, neonatal, and pediatric hospital settings.