bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partnerships for Parks and Physical Activity
Authors: Shulaker Bianca D. , Isacoff Jennifer W. , Cohen Deborah A. , Marsh Terry , Wier Megan , Bhatia Rajiv 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. Given the need for comprehensive and multidisciplinary active living interventions, this article describes an innovative partnership for park design and evaluation. Design. The Trust for Public Land partnered with the RAND Corporation and the San Francisco Department of Public Health to generate context-sensitive active park design, establish evaluation methods, and build the framework for future collaboration. Setting. These partners worked together from 2009 to 2012 to design, renovate, and study parks in San Francisco, California. Subjects. The three partnering organizations are the focus of this article. Intervention. The Trust for Public Land's Parks for People–Bay Area Program raised more than $16 million to renovate three San Francisco parks, which served as the intervention for a study that initially brought the three partnering organizations together. Measures. The authors, who represent the three partners, collaborated to develop the lessons learned. Analysis. This article is a description and commentary about a partnership that emphasized community involvement and rigorous evaluation. Results. Lessons learned and elements for successful partnerships include collaborating with organizations with differing expertise, deciding upon goals initially, finding a common language, involving local communities, and recognizing the importance and appropriate role of evaluations. Conclusion. The model for collaboration and community involvement presented supports and encourages other organizations to use strategic, multidisciplinary partnerships and highlights the importance of evaluation.
Prioritizing School Intramural and Interscholastic Programs Based on Observed Physical Activity
Authors: Bocarro Jason N. , Kanters Michael A. , Edwards Michael B. , Casper Jonathan M. , McKenzie Thomas L. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To examine which school sports engage children in more physical activity. Design. Observational, cross-sectional study examining differences between intramural (IM) and interscholastic (IS) sports. Setting. Athletic facilities at two schools with IM sports and two schools with IS sports in Wake County, North Carolina. Subjects. Middle-school children (N = 6735) Measures. Percentage of children observed in sedentary, moderate, and vigorous activity assessed by the System for Observation Play and Leisure Among Youth (SOPLAY). Energy expenditure and physical activity intensity were also estimated by using MET values. Analysis. T-tests; generalized linear model using cumulative logit link function. Results. IM sports had higher MET values than IS sports (t = −3.69, p < .001), and IM sports ranked in four of the top five sports in terms of average MET values. Regression models found a significant interaction between school sport delivery model and gender, with boys significantly less physically active in IS programs than boys in IM programs (B = –.447, p < .001) but more physically active (B = .359, p < .001) than girls in IM sports. Conclusion. Regardless of sport type, IM sports generated more physical activity than IS sports among boys but not girls. Soccer, basketball, and track, regardless of school delivery approach, provide the highest physical activity levels. Results suggest that school administrators consider reassessing their programs to more efficiently use diminishing resources to increase students' physical activity levels.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Elementary School Practices and Children's Physical Activity during School
Authors: Carlson Jordan A. , Mignano Alexandra M. , Norman Gregory J. , McKenzie Thomas L. , Kerr Jacqueline , Arredondo Elva M. , Madanat Hala , Cain Kelli L. , Elder John P. , Saelens Brian E. , Sallis James F. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To examine school socioeconomic status (SES) in relation to school physical activity-related practices and children's physical activity. Design. A cross-sectional design was used for this study. Setting. The study was set in 97 elementary schools (63% response rate) in two U.S. regions. Subjects. Of the children taking part in this study, 172 were aged 10.2 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.5) years; 51.7% were girls, and 69.2% were White non-Hispanic. Measures. School physical education (PE) teachers or principals responded to 15 yes/no questions on school physical activity-supportive practices. School SES (low, moderate, high) was derived from the percent of students eligible for free and reduced-price lunch. Children's moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during school was measured with accelerometers. Analysis. School level analyses involved linear and logistic regression; children's MVPA analyses used mixed effects regression. Results. Low-SES schools were less likely to have a PE teacher and had fewer physical activity-supportive PE practices than did high-SES schools (p < .05). Practices related to active travel to school were more favorable at low-SES schools (p < .05). Children attending high-SES schools had 4.4 minutes per day more of MVPA during school than did those at low-SES schools, but this finding was not statistically significant (p = .124). Conclusion. These findings suggest that more low- and moderate-SES elementary schools need PE teachers in order to reduce disparities in school physical activity opportunities and that PE time needs to be supplemented by classroom teachers or other staff to meet guidelines.
Childcare Outdoor Renovation as a Built Environment Health Promotion Strategy: Evaluating the Preventing Obesity by Design Intervention
Authors: Cosco Nilda G. , Moore Robin C. , Smith William R. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of Preventing Obesity by Design (POD), a childcare center outdoor renovation intervention. Design. Pre-post intervention evaluation. Setting. North Carolina licensed childcare centers (N = 27). Subjects. Preschool children. Intervention. Outdoor renovation, teacher training. Measures. Behavior mapping, Preschool Outdoor Environment Measurement Scale (POEMS), center director interview. Analysis. Descriptive statistics, ordinary least squares and logistic regressions calculated to assess levels of association between environmental change, children's physical activity (PA), social behaviors, and environmental quality. Qualitative interview data analyzed to help understand intervention impact. Results. Behavior mapping showed that site layout attributes, such as the form (i.e., “single loop” and “double loop”) of pathways (functioning as circulation routes and wheeled toy settings), are associated with higher levels of PA. Teacher interaction was associated with decreased children's PA. Absence of teacher or lack of child/child interaction was associated with increased PA. POEMS assessment of environmental quality was higher after renovation. POEMS domains (Physical Space and Teacher/Caregiver Roles) were positively associated with PA. After renovation, 68% of center directors reported positive changes in children's behavior and 40% mentioned edible plant installations as greatest success. Conclusion. Built environment renovation of childcare center outdoors, including looped pathways installation, coupled with teacher training, may support increased PA. Renovation, including food gardens, may be a key to success for preschool health promotion and support change in childcare policy.
Multistate Evaluation of Safe Routes to School Programs
Authors: Stewart Orion , Moudon Anne Vernez , Claybrooke Charlotte 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. State Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programs provide competitive grants to local projects that support safe walking, bicycling, and other modes of active school travel (AST). This study assessed changes in rates of AST after implementation of SRTS projects at multiple sites across four states. Design. One-group pretest and posttest. Setting. Florida, Mississippi, Washington, and Wisconsin. Subjects. Convenience sample of 48 completed SRTS projects and 53 schools affected by a completed SRTS project. Intervention. State-funded SRTS project. Measures. AST was measured as the percentage of students walking, bicycling, or using any AST mode. SRTS project characteristics were measured at the project, school, and school neighborhood levels. Analysis. Paired-samples t-tests were used to assess changes in AST. Bivariate analysis was used to identify SRTS project characteristics associated with increases in AST. Data were analyzed separately at the project (n = 48) and school (n = 53) levels. Results. Statistically significant increases in AST were observed across projects in all four states. All AST modes increased from 12.9% to 17.6%; walking from 9.8% to 14.2%; and bicycling from 2.5% to 3.0%. Increases in rates of bicycling were negatively correlated with baseline rates of bicycling. Conclusion. State-funded SRTS projects are achieving one of the primary program goals of increasing rates of AST. They may be particularly effective at introducing bicycling to communities where it is rare. The evaluation framework introduced in this study can be used to continue tracking the effect of state SRTS programs as more projects are completed.
Occupational health disparities: A state public health‐based approach
Authors: Stanbury Martha , Rosenman Kenneth D. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThis report used employment and public health surveillance data in Michigan to characterize work‐related race/ethnic health disparities.MethodsU.S. Census data were used to calculate the percent by race/Hispanic ethnicity in occupational groups ranked by three measures for potential work‐related health risks. Disparities by race/ethnicity were generated from occupational health surveillance data.ResultsBlacks and Hispanics were over‐represented in lower wage–higher manual–labor occupations and in highest risk occupations. Blacks were at greater risk of silicosis, work‐related asthma, and work‐related burns than whites, and Hispanics had higher rates of work‐related acute fatal injuries and pesticide injury than non‐Hispanics.ConclusionsMichigan employment data indicated that blacks and Hispanics were overly represented in lower paid and more hazardous jobs. Occupational health surveillance data confirmed disparate risks for some illnesses and injuries. This approach can be used in other states to bring awareness to policy makers and direct interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:596–604, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adult lipids associated with early life growth in traditional melanesian societies undergoing rapid modernization: A longitudinal study of the mid‐20th century
Authors: Weitz Charles A. , Friedlaender Françoise Y. , Friedlaender Jonathan S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBoth poor fetal development and accelerated post‐natal growth have been linked to adult dyslipidemias in many studies conducted in developed societies. It is not known, however, whether these relationships only characterize populations with typical Western diets or if they also may develop in groups at the early stages of a dietary transition. Our longitudinal study of traditional rural populations in the Southwest Pacific during a period of extremely rapid modernization in diet and life‐styles shows a nascent association between child growth retardation, subsequent growth acceleration, and adult lipid values in spite of a continuing prevalence of very low lipid levels. However, our results do not entirely conform to results from populations with “modern” diets. Outcome (i.e., young adult) cholesterol and triglyceride levels are more consistently related to initial measures of body fat and growth in body fat measures than with stature, while outcome apo A‐1 is more consistently related to initial stature or stature growth than to measures of body fat. We suggest this may reflect a pattern characteristic of the initial stages of “modernization” associated with dietary change, with stronger and more pervasive relationships emerging only later as populations complete the dietary transition. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:551–558, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of large‐scale genetic structure in complex demographic and historical scenarios: The mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosome pools of the Iberian Atlantic façade
Authors: Pardiñas Antonio F. , Roca Agustín , García‐Vazquez Eva , López Belén 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTGenetic structural patterns of human populations are usually a combination of long‐term evolutionary forces and short‐term social, cultural, and demographic processes. Recently, using mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosome loci, various studies in northern Spain have found evidence that the geographical distribution of Iron Age tribal peoples might have influenced current patterns of genetic structuring in several autochthonous populations. Using the wealth of data that are currently available from the whole territory of the Iberian Peninsula, we have evaluated its genetic structuring in the spatial scale of the Atlantic façade. Hierarchical tree modeling procedures, combined with a classic analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), were used to model known sociocultural divisions from the third century BCE to the eighth century CE, contrasting them with uniparental marker data. Our results show that, while mountainous and abrupt areas of the Iberian North bear the signals of long‐term isolation in their maternal and paternal gene pools, the makeup of the Atlantic façade as a whole can be related to tribal population groups that predate the Roman conquest of the Peninsula. The maintenance through time of such a structure can be related to the numerous geographic barriers of the Iberian mainland, which have historically conditioned its settlement patterns and the occurrence of genetic drift processes. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:617–626, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogenetic comparative methods complement discriminant function analysis in ecomorphology
Authors: Barr W. Andrew , Scott Robert S. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIn ecomorphology, Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) has been used as evidence for the presence of functional links between morphometric variables and ecological categories. Here we conduct simulations of characters containing phylogenetic signal to explore the performance of DFA under a variety of conditions. Characters were simulated using a phylogeny of extant antelope species from known habitats. Characters were modeled with no biomechanical relationship to the habitat category; the only sources of variation were body mass, phylogenetic signal, or random “noise.” DFA on the discriminability of habitat categories was performed using subsets of the simulated characters, and Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS) was performed for each character. Analyses were repeated with randomized habitat assignments. When simulated characters lacked phylogenetic signal and/or habitat assignments were random, <5.6% of DFAs and <8.26% of PGLS analyses were significant. When characters contained phylogenetic signal and actual habitats were used, 33.27 to 45.07% of DFAs and <13.09% of PGLS analyses were significant. False Discovery Rate (FDR) corrections for multiple PGLS analyses reduced the rate of significance to <4.64%. In all cases using actual habitats and characters with phylogenetic signal, correct classification rates of DFAs exceeded random chance. In simulations involving phylogenetic signal in both predictor variables and predicted categories, PGLS with FDR was rarely significant, while DFA often was. In short, DFA offered no indication that differences between categories might be explained by phylogenetic signal, while PGLS did. As such, PGLS provides a valuable tool for testing the functional hypotheses at the heart of ecomorphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:663–674, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Plasma Cell Signature in Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Streicher Katie , Morehouse Christopher A. , Groves Christopher J. , Rajan Bhargavi , Pilataxi Fernanda , Lehmann Kim P. , Brohawn Philip Z. , Higgs Brandon W. , McKeever Kathleen , Greenberg Steven A. , Fiorentino David , Richman Laura K. , Jallal Bahija , Herbst Ronald , Yao Yihong , Ranade Koustubh 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveProduction of pathogenic autoantibodies by self‐reactive plasma cells (PCs) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. We undertook this study to investigate the prevalence of PCs and their relationship to known pathogenic pathways to increase our understanding of the role of PCs in disease progression and treatment response.MethodsWe developed a sensitive gene expression–based method to overcome the challenges of measuring PCs using flow cytometry. Whole‐genome microarray analysis of sorted cellular fractions identified a panel of genes, IGHA1, IGJ, IGKC, IGKV4‐1, and TNFRSF17, expressed predominantly in PCs. The sensitivity of the PC signature score created from the combined expression levels of these genes was assessed through ex vivo experiments with sorted cells. This PC gene expression signature was used for monitoring changes in PC levels following anti‐CD19 therapy, for evaluating the relationship between PCs and other autoimmune disease–related genes, and for estimating PC levels in affected blood and tissue from patients with multiple autoimmune diseases.ResultsThe PC signature was highly sensitive and capable of detecting a change in as few as 360 PCs. The PC signature was reduced more than 90% in scleroderma patients following anti‐CD19 treatment, and this reduction was highly correlated (r = 0.80) with inhibition of collagen gene expression. Evaluation of multiple autoimmune diseases revealed that 30–35% of lupus and rheumatoid arthritis patients had increased levels of PCs.ConclusionThis newly developed PC signature provides a robust and accurate method of measuring PC levels in the clinic. Our results highlight subsets of patients across multiple autoimmune diseases who may benefit from PC‐depleting therapy.
Unilateral disruptions in the default network with aging in native space
Authors: Razlighi Qolamreza R. , Habeck Christian , Steffener Jason , Gazes Yunglin , Zahodne Laura B. , MacKay‐Brandt Anna , Stern Yaakov 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundDisruption of the default‐mode network (DMN) in healthy elders has been reported in many studies.MethodsIn a group of 51 participants (25 young, 26 elder) we examined DMN connectivity in subjects' native space. In the native space method, subject‐specific regional masks (obtained independently for each subject) are used to extract regional fMRI times series. This approach substitutes the spatial normalization and subsequent smoothing used in prevailing methods, affords more accurate spatial localization, and provides the power to examine connectivity separately in the two hemispheres instead of averaging regions across hemispheres.ResultsThe native space method yielded new findings which were not detectable by the prevailing methods. The most reliable and robust disruption in elders' DMN connectivity were found between supramarginal gyrus and superior‐frontal cortex in the right hemisphere only. The mean correlation between these two regions in young participants was about 0.5, and dropped significantly to 0.04 in elders (P = 2.1 × 10−5). In addition, the magnitude of functional connectivity between these regions in the right hemisphere correlated with memory (P = 0.05) and general fluid ability (P = 0.01) in elder participants and with speed of processing in young participants (P = 0.008). These relationships were not observed in the left hemisphere.ConclusionThese findings suggest that analysis of DMN connectivity in subjects' native space can improve localization and power and that it is important to examine connectivity separately in each hemisphere.
Biochemical, Structural, and Genetic Characterization of Tridecaptin A1, an Antagonist of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Lohans Christopher T. , van Belkum Marco J. , Cochrane Stephen A. , Huang Zedu , Sit Clarissa S. , McMullen Lynn M. , Vederas John C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBacillus circulans NRRL B‐30644 (now Paenibacillus terrae) was previously reported to produce SRCAM 1580, a bacteriocin active against the food pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. We have been unable to isolate SRCAM 1580, and did not find any genetic determinants in the genome of this strain. We now report the reassignment of this activity to the lipopeptide tridecaptin A1. Structural characterization of tridecaptin A1 was achieved through NMR, MS/MS and GC‐MS studies. The structure was confirmed through the first chemical synthesis of tridecaptin A1, which also revealed the stereochemistry of the lipid chain. The impact of this stereochemistry on antimicrobial activity was examined. The biosynthetic machinery responsible for tridecaptin production was identified through bioinformatic analyses. P. terrae NRRL B‐30644 also produces paenicidin B, a novel lantibiotic active against Gram‐positive bacteria. MS/MS analyses indicate that this lantibiotic is structurally similar to paenicidin A.
Multifunctional TiO2 Microflowers with Nanopetals as Scattering Layer for Enhanced Quasi‐Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Shih Pei‐Chieh , Peng Jia‐De , Lee Chuan‐Pei , Lin Ryan Yeh‐Yung , Chu Te‐Chun , Vittal R. , Ho Kuo‐Chuan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHigh‐surface‐area (118 m2 g−1) microflower‐like TiO2 (MF‐TiO2), consisting of TiO2 nanopetals, is synthesized for the photoanode of a quasi‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell (QSSDSSC). The QSSDSSC with the MF‐TiO2 film scattering layer (SL) shows an efficiency (η) of 5.30 %, whereas its counterpart with a commercial SL shows an η of 3.90 %.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of a Variety of Transition Metal Incorporated DNA Double Helices
Authors: Samanta Pralok K. , Pati Swapan K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBy using density functional theory calculations, the structural, energetic, magnetic, and optical properties for a variety of transition metal (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) ions incorporated modified‐DNA (M–DNA) double helices has been investigated. The DNA is modified with either hydroxypyridone (H) or bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine (S–en) metalated bases. We find the formation of extended MO network leading to the ferromagnetic interactions for the case of H–DNA for all the metal ions. More ordered stacking arrangement was found for S–en–DNA. We calculate the exchange coupling constant (J) considering Heisenberg Hamiltonian for quantitative description of magnetic interactions. The ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions are obtained by varying different transition metal ions. The extent of the magnetic interaction depends on the number of transition metal ions. Optical profiles show peaks below 2 eV, a clear signature of spin‐spin coupling.