bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru
Authors: Tinoco Yeny O. , Montgomery Joel M. , Kasper Mathew R. , Nelson Martha I. , Razuri Hugo , Guezala Maria C. , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Widdowson Marc‐Alain , Barnes John , Gilman Robert H. , Bausch Daniel G. , Gonzalez Armando E. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru.DesignTwo‐year serial cross‐sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre‐pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post‐pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post‐pandemic period).SampleBackyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period.Main outcome measuresWe assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT‐PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population‐based active surveillance cohort study in Peru.ResultsAmong 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre‐pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post‐pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human‐to‐swine transmission events in backyard farm settings.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that human‐to‐swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.
Diabetic foot disease is associated with reduced erythrocyte deformability
Authors: Cahn Avivit , Livshits Leonid , Srulevich Ariel , Raz Itamar , Yedgar Shaul , Barshtein Gregory 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe pathogenesis of diabetic foot disease is multifactorial and encompasses microvascular and macrovascular pathologies. Abnormal blood rheology may also play a part in its development. Using a cell flow analyser (CFA), we examined the association between erythrocyte deformability and diabetic foot disease. Erythrocytes from diabetic patients with no known microvascular complications (n = 11) and patients suffering from a diabetic foot ulcer (n = 11) were isolated and their average elongation ratio (ER) as well as the ER distribution curve were measured.Average ER was decreased in the diabetic foot patients compared with the patients with diabetes and no complications (1·64 ± 0·07 versus 1·71 ± 0·1; P = 0·036). A significant rise in the percentage of minimally deformable red blood cells RBCs in diabetic foot patients compared with the patients with no complications was observed (37·89% ± 8·12% versus 30·61% ± 10·17%; P = 0·039) accompanied by a significant decrease in the percentage of highly deformable RBCs (12·47% ± 4·43% versus 17·49% ± 8·17% P = 0·046).Reduced erythrocyte deformability may slow capillary flow in the microvasculature and prolong wound healing in diabetic foot patients. Conversely, it may be the low‐grade inflammatory state imposed by diabetic foot disease that reduces erythrocyte deformability. Further study of the rheological changes associated with diabetic foot disease may enhance our understanding of its pathogenesis and aid in the study of novel therapeutic approaches.
Long‐term consequences of pain, anxiety and agitation for critically ill older patients after an intensive care unit stay
Authors: Jeitziner Marie‐Madlen , Hamers Jan PH , Bürgin Reto , Hantikainen Virpi , Zwakhalen Sandra MG 
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectivesThis study investigated whether an intensive care unit (ICU) stay is associated with persistent pain, anxiety and agitation in critically ill older patients.BackgroundPatients hospitalised in the ICU are at risk for experiencing pain, anxiety and agitation, but long‐term consequences for older patients have rarely been investigated.DesignProspective nonrandomised longitudinal study.MethodsPain, anxiety and agitation, measured with a numeric rating scale (0–10), were assessed in older patients (≥65 years) hospitalised in the medical‐surgical ICU of a university hospital. Agitation during the ICU was assessed with the Richmond Agitation‐Sedation Scale. Data collection occurred during the ICU, one week after the stay and six and 12 months after hospital discharge. Data were collected from an age‐matched community‐based comparison group at recruitment and after six and 12 months. Study recruitment took place from December 2008–April 2011.ResultsThis study included 145 older patients (ICU group) and 146 comparison group participants. Pain was higher in the ICU group one week after discharge, although pain levels in general were low. Both groups reported no or low levels of pain after six and 12 months. Anxiety levels in general were low, although higher in the ICU group one week after ICU discharge. After six and 12 months, anxiety in both groups was comparable. Throughout the study, levels of agitation were similar in both groups.ConclusionsCritically ill older patients did not experience increased pain, anxiety or agitation 12 months after an ICU stay.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study positively shows that an ICU stay is not associated with persistent pain, anxiety and agitation thus providing additional information to older patients and their families when making intensive care treatment decisions. Adequate management of pain during and after an ICU stay may minimise the suffering of older patients.
Unruptured second‐trimester ovarian pregnancy
Authors: Elwell Kyler E. , Sailors Joseph L. , Denson Pamela K. , Hoffman Barbara , Wai Clifford Y. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOvarian ectopic pregnancies are rare, with the majority diagnosed in the first trimester and often treated due to symptoms related to ovarian rupture. We report our experience with the diagnosis, management, and histologic evaluation of an unruptured second‐trimester ovarian ectopic pregnancy. A 37‐year‐old woman presented with vague abdominal discomfort and irregular menses. Ultrasound detected a 16‐week 4‐day gestation with cardiac motion in the right adnexa and no evidence of an intrauterine pregnancy. Laparotomy with right salpingo‐oophorectomy was performed, with removal of an unruptured pregnancy from the ovary. Although intraoperative examination and postoperative histopathologic evaluation demonstrated the classic Speigelberg criteria, it did not assist in the preoperative diagnosis, nor impact the treatment of the ovarian ectopic pregnancy in this case.
Novel pathophysiological cause for post‐partum hemorrhage: Case report of post‐partum hemorrhage with occult abnormal artery diagnosed on pelvic angiography
Authors: Iwagaki Shigenori , Miyazaki Tatsuhiko , Mizuno Tomoko , Kondo Hiroshi , Morishige Ken‐Ichirou 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of post‐partum hemorrhage (PPH) caused by an occult abnormal artery detected shortly after delivery on pelvic angiography (PAG). Initially, a diagnosis of uterine atony was made because the apparent cause of hemorrhage was not detected via the usual obstetrical examination. An abnormal artery, however, was suspected on PAG and confirmed on pathology. This case suggests a novel cause of persistent PPH resistant to obstetric management. Obstetricians should be aware that an abnormal artery may cause PPH, and that radiology may be required for diagnosis.
Identification of magnetite in lunar regolith breccia 60016: Evidence for oxidized conditions at the lunar surface
Authors: Joy Katherine H. , Visscher Channon , Zolensky Michael E. , Mikouchi Takashi , Hagiya Kenji , Ohsumi Kazumasa , Kring David A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLunar regolith breccias are temporal archives of magmatic and impact bombardment processes on the Moon. Apollo 16 sample 60016 is an “ancient” feldspathic regolith breccia that was converted from a soil to a rock at ~3.8 Ga. The breccia contains a small (70 × 50 μm) rock fragment composed dominantly of an Fe‐oxide phase with disseminated domains of troilite. Fragments of plagioclase (An95‐97), pyroxene (En74‐75, Fs21‐22,Wo3‐4), and olivine (Fo66‐67) are distributed in and adjacent to the Fe‐oxide. The silicate minerals have lunar compositions that are similar to anorthosites. Mineral chemistry, synchrotron X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies demonstrate that the oxide phase is magnetite with an estimated Fe3+/ΣFe ratio of ~0.45. The presence of magnetite in 60016 indicates that oxygen fugacity during formation was equilibrated at, or above, the Fe‐magnetite or wüstite–magnetite oxygen buffer. This discovery provides direct evidence for oxidized conditions on the Moon. Thermodynamic modeling shows that magnetite could have been formed from oxidization‐driven mineral replacement of Fe‐metal or desulphurisation from Fe‐sulfides (troilite) at low temperatures (<570 °C) in equilibrium with H2O steam/liquid or CO2 gas. Oxidizing conditions may have arisen from vapor transport during degassing of a magmatic source region, or from a hybrid endogenic–exogenic process when gases were released during an impacting asteroid or comet impact.
Shock and annealing in aubrites: Implications for parent‐body history
Authors: Rubin Alan E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSeveral aubrites (e.g., LAP 03719, Bishopville, Khor Temiki, ALH 83015) contain orthopyroxene grains that exhibit more‐pronounced shock effects than associated olivine grains. The orthopyroxene grains in these samples have clinoenstatite lamellae on (100) and exhibit weak mosaic extinction, characteristic of shock stage S4; the olivine grains exhibit either sharp optical extinction, characteristic of shock stage S1 (as in LAP 03719), or undulose extinction (shock stage S2), as in Bishopville and ALH 83015. The Khor Temiki regolith breccia contains S1 and S2 olivine grains. Because literature data show that diffusion is much slower in orthopyroxene than in olivine, it seems likely that aubrites experienced postshock, impact‐induced annealing. After differentiation, the aubrite parent asteroid suffered major collisions that caused extensive brecciation of near‐surface materials and damaged orthopyroxene and olivine crystal lattices. As a result of these impact events, some aubrites were shocked and buried within warm ejecta blankets or beneath fallback debris under the crater floor. Entombed olivine crystal lattices healed (and became unstrained, reaching shock stage S1), but orthopyroxene lattices retained their S4‐level shock‐damaged features. Aubrites with S4 orthopyroxene and S2 olivine were probably very weakly shocked again after olivine was annealed to S1.
Local and Systemic Changes in Pain Sensitivity After 4 Weeks of Calf Muscle Stretching in a Nonpainful Population: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Bartholdy Cecilie , Zangger Graziella , Hansen Lisbeth , Ginnerup‐Nielsen Elisabeth , Bliddal Henning , Henriksen Marius 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundStretching is often used in clinical practice for a variety of purposes, including pain therapy. The possible mechanism behind the effect of stretching remains to be clarified.AimTo investigate whether 4 weeks of unilateral stretching of the calf muscles would affect local and central pain sensitivity.MethodThis study was a randomized assessor‐blinded clinical study. Healthy participants (age 18 to 40) were included and randomized. Participants in the intervention group were instructed to perform 2 stretching exercises targeting the calf muscles; 3 times 30 seconds, 7 days a week for 4 weeks on the dominant leg. Participants in the control group were instructed not to do any stretching for 4 weeks. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) and temporal summation (TS) of pressure pain were measured on the stretched calf, the contra‐lateral calf, and contra‐lateral lower arm using a computerized cuff algometer. Analyses of variance on the per‐protocol population (defined as participants that adhered to the protocol) were used to assess group differences in the changes from baseline.ResultForty healthy volunteers were included, of which 34 participants adhered to the protocol (15 intervention group/19 control group). No statistically significant group differences in the changes from baseline were found regarding PPT and TS measurements for the stretched calf, the contra‐lateral calf, and the arm.ConclusionFour weeks of regular stretching of the calf muscles does not affect pressure pain sensitivity, suggesting that pressure pain sensitivity is unaffected by stretching in a healthy population. The mechanisms underlying any benefits of regular stretching remain to be explained.
Estimating the Diurnal Cycle and Daily Insolation of Ultraviolet and Photosynthetically Active Radiation at the Sea Surface
Authors: Kuwahara Victor S. , Taguchi Satoru 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAccurate determination of the diurnal variability and daily insolation of surface (0+) and subsurface (0−) irradiance are essential to estimate several physical, chemical and biological processes occurring at the surface layer of marine environments. Natural downwelling PAR and spectral UVR were examined on eight occasions at 0+ and 0− to refine empirical models, particularly in the UVR spectrum. The diurnal variability in UVR and PAR were wavelength dependent and were modeled by a sinusoidal equation. The best fit for PAR at 0+ and 0− was the sinusoid power of n = 2 and n = 2.5, respectively. In the UVR spectrum, sinusoids increased as wavelengths decreased ranging from n = 2–5. Higher n values in the UV‐B spectrum suggest sharper increase/decrease near sunrise and sunset hours, ultimately reducing the final value of daily insolation at specified wavelengths. Calculated daily insolation of UV‐B/(UV‐A + PAR) ratio suggests that photoinhibition from exposure to UV‐B occurs within a shorter biologically effective day length than PAR, and is high during summer and low during winter. These results suggest that biogeochemical calculations based on diurnal models of irradiance measurements would benefit from accurate solar noon references and wavelength specificity, particularly in the UVR spectrum.
Synthesis and characterization of P
2
N
3
−
: An aromatic ion composed of phosphorus and nitrogen
Authors: Velian Alexandra , Cummins Christopher C. 
Published: May 2015

An aromatic phosphorus and nitrogen ring
In chemistry, the term “aromatic” denotes the energy stabilization associated with electrons being shared among atoms in a ring. Benzene is the best-known aromatic compound, although numerous related hydrocarbons also manifest the property. Velian and Cummins now report a rare instance of an inorganic aromatic compound: a negatively charged pentagonal ring composed of three nitrogen and two phosphorus atoms.

Science
, this issue p.
1001
Increasing Avermectin Production in Streptomyces avermitilis by Manipulating the Expression of a Novel TetR-Family Regulator and Its Target Gene Product
Authors: Liu Wenshuai , Zhang Qinling , Guo Jia , Chen Zhi , Li Jilun , Wen Ying 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Avermectins produced by
Streptomyces avermitilis
are commercially important anthelmintic agents. The detailed regulatory mechanisms of avermectin biosynthesis remain unclear. Here, we identified SAV3619, a TetR-family transcriptional regulator designated AveT, to be an activator for both avermectin production and morphological differentiation in
S. avermitilis
. AveT was shown to indirectly stimulate avermectin production by affecting transcription of the cluster-situated activator gene
aveR
. AveT directly repressed transcription of its own gene (
aveT
), adjacent gene
pepD2
(
sav_3620
),
sav_7490
(designated
aveM
), and
sav_7491
by binding to an 18-bp perfect palindromic sequence (
CGAAACG
KTKY
CGTTTCG
, where K is T or G and Y is T or C and where the underlining indicates inverted repeats) within their promoter regions.
aveM
(which encodes a putative transmembrane efflux protein belonging to the major facilitator superfamily [MFS]), the important target gene of AveT, had a striking negative effect on avermectin production and morphological differentiation. Overexpression of
aveT
and deletion of
aveM
in wild-type and industrial strains of
S. avermitilis
led to clear increases in the levels of avermectin production.
In vitro
gel-shift assays suggested that C-5–O-B1, the late pathway precursor of avermectin B1, acts as an AveT ligand. Taken together, our findings indicate positive-feedback regulation of
aveT
expression and avermectin production by a late pathway intermediate and provide the basis for an efficient strategy to increase avermectin production in
S. avermitilis
by manipulation of AveT and its target gene product, AveM.
Rapid Point-of-Contact Tool for Mapping and Integrated Surveillance of Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus Infection
Authors: Steel Cathy , Golden Allison , Stevens Eric , Yokobe Lindsay , Domingo Gonzalo J. , de los Santos Tala , Nutman Thomas B. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Elimination programs for
Wuchereria bancrofti
and
Onchocerca volvulus
are in critical need of sensitive, specific, and point-of-contact (POC) tools that can be used for surveillance years beyond cessation of mass drug administration when infection intensities are low. Previously, Wb123 and Ov16 were identified individually as potential filarial antigens for an antibody-based POC test. The present study compares single-antigen Wb123- and Ov16-based POC tests with an integrated configuration to detect antibodies to Wb123 and Ov16 simultaneously. Wb123 and Ov16 isolates were striped onto lateral flow strips containing anti-IgG4. Sera from
W. bancrofti
-,
O. volvulus
-, and other helminth-infected or -uninfected individuals were added to the strips with buffer. Strips were read for the appearance of a positive or negative test line for both antigens at 20 min and following drying. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for the single-antigen and biplex strips. Single and biplex lateral flow strips showed nearly identical results, with >90% sensitivity for Ov16 and >92% sensitivity for Wb123. Overall specificities for the single and biplex tests were 98% and 96% for Ov16 and Wb123, respectively. Biplex tests performed as well as the single-antigen tests regardless of the intensity of patient IgG4 response. The high sensitivity and specificity make these new biplex tests extremely useful for POC long-term surveillance following mass drug administration in Africa that should reduce time and cost in areas where bancroftian filariasis and onchocerciasis are coendemic.
Direct DNA Extraction from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Frozen Stocks as a Reculture-Independent Approach to Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Bjorn-Mortensen K. , Zallet J. , Lillebaek T. , Andersen A. B. , Niemann S. , Rasmussen E. M. , Kohl T. A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Culturing before DNA extraction represents a major time-consuming step in whole-genome sequencing of slow-growing bacteria, such as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. We report a workflow to extract DNA from frozen isolates without reculturing. Prepared libraries and sequence data were comparable with results from recultured aliquots of the same stocks.
First Case of Human Cerebral Taenia martis Cysticercosis
Authors: Brunet Julie , Benoilid Aurélien , Kremer Stéphane , Dalvit Constanza , Lefebvre Nicolas , Hansmann Yves , Chenard Marie-Pierre , Mathieu Bruno , Grimm Felix , Deplazes Peter , Pfaff Alexander W. , Abou-Bacar Ahmed , Marescaux Christian , Candolfi Ermanno 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Taenia martis
is a tapeworm affecting mustelids, with rodents serving as intermediate hosts. The larval stage (cysticercus) has been found before only rarely in humans or primates. We hereby describe a case of cerebral
T. martis
cysticercosis in a French immunocompetent patient, confirmed by DNA analyses of biopsy material.
Defining the Core Genome of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium for Genomic Surveillance and Epidemiological Typing
Authors: Fu Songzhe , Octavia Sophie , Tanaka Mark M. , Sintchenko Vitali , Lan Ruiting 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium is the most common
Salmonella
serovar causing foodborne infections in Australia and many other countries. Twenty-one
S
. Typhimurium strains from
Salmonella
reference collection A (SARA) were analyzed using Illumina high-throughput genome sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 21 SARA strains ranged from 46 to 11,916 SNPs, with an average of 1,577 SNPs per strain. Together with 47 strains selected from publicly available
S
. Typhimurium genomes, the
S
. Typhimurium core genes (STCG) were determined. The STCG consist of 3,846 genes, a set that is much larger than that of the 2,882
Salmonella
core genes (SCG) found previously. The STCG together with 1,576 core intergenic regions (IGRs) were defined as the
S
. Typhimurium core genome. Using 93
S
. Typhimurium genomes from 13 epidemiologically confirmed community outbreaks, we demonstrated that typing based on the
S
. Typhimurium core genome (STCG plus core IGRs) provides superior resolution and higher discriminatory power than that based on SCG for outbreak investigation and molecular epidemiology of
S
. Typhimurium. STCG and STCG plus core IGR typing achieved 100% separation of all outbreaks compared to that of SCG typing, which failed to separate isolates from two outbreaks from background isolates. Defining the
S
. Typhimurium core genome allows standardization of genes/regions to be used for high-resolution epidemiological typing and genomic surveillance of
S.
Typhimurium.