bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in socioeconomic inequalities in obesity prevalence among economically-active working-age adults in Scotland between 1995 and 2011: a population-based repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: Zhu Jin , Coombs Ngaire , Stamatakis Emmanouil 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesObesity has been an alarming public health issue in the UK. Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity have been well-studied, however limited studies addressed inequality trends over time and none of them in Scotland.MethodsWe used nationally-representative data from the Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) across four time points between 1995 and 2010/2011. Respondents were economically active adults aged 16–65 years (N=27 059, 12 218 men). Socioeconomic position (SEP) was assessed by highest educational qualification, occupational social class and household income (2003 and 2010/2011 only) as well as a composite SEP score. We carried out sex-stratified logistic regression analyses (adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, self-rated general health and physical activity) and we computed the relative index of inequality (RII).ResultsBetween 1995 and 2010/2011, obesity prevalence increased in both men (from 17% in 1995 to 30.2% in 2010/2011, 2010/2011 OR of obesity compared with 1995=2.07; 95% CI 1.83 to 2.34) and women (from 18.4% to 30.2%; OR=1.85; 95% CI 1.66 to 2.07). Increase in obesity prevalence was observed across all socioeconomic strata, within which the most rapid increase was among males from the highest socioeconomic groups. RII showed that educational inequalities in obesity narrowed for both men (p=0.007) and women (p=0.008). Income inequalities in obesity between 2003 and 2010/2011 in women were also reduced (p=0.046) on the relative scale.ConclusionsObesity prevalence in Scotland increased substantially between 1995 and 2010/2011, although socioeconomic inequalities have decreased due to the more rapid increase in the higher socioeconomic strata.
Compromised communication: a qualitative study exploring Afghan families and health professionals’ experience of interpreting support in Australian maternity care
Authors: Yelland Jane , Riggs Elisha , Szwarc Josef , Casey Sue , Duell-Piening Philippa , Chesters Donna , Wahidi Sayed , Fouladi Fatema , Brown Stephanie 
Published: June 2015

IntroductionDifficulties associated with communication are thought to contribute to adverse perinatal outcomes experienced by refugee background women living in developed countries. This study explored Afghan women and men's experience of language support during pregnancy, labour and birth, and health professionals’ experiences of communicating with clients of refugee background with low English proficiency.MethodsInterviews were conducted with (1) Afghan women and men in the first year after having a baby in Australia, by multilingual, bicultural researchers and (2) midwives and medical practitioners providing care to families of refugee background. Analysis was conducted thematically.ResultsSixteen Afghan women, 14 Afghan men, 10 midwives, five medical practitioners and 19 community-based health professionals (refugee health nurses, bicultural workers, counsellors) providing maternity or early postnatal care participated. Midwife and medical informants concurred that accredited interpreters are generally booked for the first pregnancy visit, but not routinely used for other appointments. Very few Afghan participants reported access to on-site interpreters. Men commonly interpreted for their wives. There was minimal professional interpreting support for imaging and pathology screening appointments or during labour and birth. Health professionals noted challenges in negotiating interpreting services when men were insistent on providing language support for their wives and difficulties in managing interpreter-mediated visits within standard appointment times. Failure to engage interpreters was apparent even when accredited interpreters were available and at no cost to the client or provider.ConclusionsImproving identification of language needs at point of entry into healthcare, developing innovative ways to engage interpreters as integral members of multidisciplinary healthcare teams and building health professionals’ capacity to respond to language needs are critical to reducing social inequalities in maternal and child health outcomes for refugee and other migrant populations.
Blend Sign on Computed Tomography
Authors: Li Qi , Zhang Gang , Huang Yuan-Jun , Dong Mei-Xue , Lv Fa-Jin , Wei Xiao , Chen Jian-Jun , Zhang Li-Juan , Qin Xin-Yue , Xie Peng 
Published: June 2015

Background and Purpose—
Early hematoma growth is not uncommon in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and is an independent predictor of poor functional outcome. The purpose of our study was to report and validate the use of our newly identified computed tomographic (CT) blend sign in predicting early hematoma growth.

Methods—
Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent baseline CT scan within 6 hours after onset of symptoms were included. The follow-up CT scan was performed within 24 hours after the baseline CT scan. Significant hematoma growth was defined as an increase in hematoma volume of >33% or an absolute increase of hematoma volume of >12.5 mL. The blend sign on admission nonenhanced CT was defined as blending of hypoattenuating area and hyperattenuating region with a well-defined margin. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the presence of the blend sign on nonenhanced admission CT and early hematoma growth.

Results—
A total of 172 patients were included in our study. Blend sign was observed in 29 of 172 (16.9%) patients with intracerebral hemorrhage on baseline nonenhanced CT scan. Of the 61 patients with hematoma growth, 24 (39.3%) had blend sign on admission CT scan. Interobserver agreement for identifying blend sign was excellent between the 2 readers (κ=0.957). The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the time to baseline CT scan, initial hematoma volume, and presence of blend sign on baseline CT scan to be independent predictors of early hematoma growth. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of blend sign for predicting hematoma growth were 39.3%, 95.5%, 82.7%, and 74.1%, respectively.

Conclusions—
The CT blend sign could be easily identified on regular nonenhanced CT and is highly specific for predicting hematoma growth.
Język polski w Niemczech. Wpływ języka niemieckiego na polszczyznę Polonii niemieckiej
Authors: Blaszczyk Izabela Maria 
Published: June 2015

Polish in Germany. The influence of German on the speech of Polish heritage speakers (Polonia) illustrated by the example of the use of the conditionalPolish in Germany has hardly been analyzed systematically so far, although a large population with Polish ancestry can be found there. This paper reveals how Polish heritage speakers in Germany characteristically use the conditional. The study’s findings are the result of an initial analysis of the ‘Hamburg Corpus of Bilingualism of Polish in Germany’ (HamCoPoliG). The article concludes by comparing these specific results with current, general research on heritage speakers’ use of conditional forms and shows that not all phenomena can be explained by the influence of German. Język polski w Niemczech. Wpływ języka niemieckiego na polszczyznę Polonii niemieckiejJęzyk polski Polonii niemieckiej stanowi zagadnienie, które do tej pory prawie wcale nie było systematycznie badane, mimo że Polonia jest w Niemczech liczna. Poniższy artykuł przedstawia sposób stosowania trybu przypuszczającego przez osoby drugiej lub trzeciej generacji Polonii (tzw. heritage speakers) w Niemczech. Wyniki badania opierają się na analizie korpusu „Hamburg Corpus of Polish in Germany” (HamCoPoliG). Wyniki tej analizy są porównywane z obecnymi badaniami na temat stosowania form trybu przypuszczającego u osób bilingwalnych. Pierwsze wnioski wskazują na to, że w przypadku stosowania trybu przypuszczającego w porównaniu z polszczyzną standardową zachodzi niewiele zmian, które da się wytłumaczyć wpływem języka niemieckiego.
Quantitative Precipitation Estimation from a C-Band Dual-Polarized Radar for the 8 July 2013 Flood in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Boodoo Sudesh , Hudak David , Ryzhkov Alexander , Zhang Pengfei , Donaldson Norman , Sills David , Reid Janti 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A heavy rainfall event over a 2-h period on 8 July 2013 caused significant flash flooding in the city of Toronto and produced 126 mm of rain accumulation at a gauge located near the Toronto Pearson International Airport. This paper evaluates the quantitative precipitation estimates from the nearby King City C-band dual-polarized radar (WKR). Horizontal reflectivity Z and differential reflectivity ZDR were corrected for attenuation using a modified ZPHI rain profiling algorithm, and rain rates R were calculated from R(Z) and R(Z, ZDR) algorithms. Specific differential phase KDP was used to compute rain rates from three R(KDP) algorithms, one modified to use positive and negative KDP, and an R(KDP, ZDR) algorithm. Additionally, specific attenuation at horizontal polarization A was used to calculate rates from the R(A) algorithm. High-temporal-resolution rain gauge data at 44 locations measured the surface rainfall every 5 min and produced total rainfall accumulations over the affected area. The nearby NEXRAD S-band dual-polarized radar at Buffalo, New York, provided rain-rate and storm accumulation estimates from R(Z) and S-band dual-polarimetric algorithm. These two datasets were used as references to evaluate the C-band estimates. Significant radome attenuation at WKR overshadowed the attenuation correction techniques and resulted in poor rainfall estimates from the R(Z) and R(Z, ZDR) algorithms. Rainfall estimation from the Brandes et al. R(KDP) and R(A) algorithms were superior to the other methods, and the derived storm total accumulation gave biases of 2.1 and −6.1 mm, respectively, with correlations of 0.94. The C-band estimates from the Brandes et al. R(KDP) and R(A) algorithms were comparable to the NEXRAD S-band estimates.
Otolaryngology Consult Carts
Authors: Royer Mark C. , Royer Allison K. 
Published: June 2015

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an otolaryngology consult cart system to ensure prompt delivery to the bedside of all the unique equipment and medications required for emergent and urgent otolaryngology consults. Method: An otolaryngology practice responsible for emergency room and hospital consult coverage sought to create a cart containing all equipment, medications, and supplies for otolaryngology consults. Meetings with hospital administration and emergency room, nursing, pharmacy, central processing, and operating room staff were held to develop a system for the emergent delivery of the cart to the needed location, sterilization and restocking of equipment between uses, and appropriate billing of supplies. Results: Two months were required from conception to implementation. All equipment was purchased new, including flexible scopes and headlights. The cart is sterilized, restocked, and maintained by central processing after each use. The equipment is available to handle all airway emergencies as well as all common otolaryngology consults and is delivered bedside in less than 5 minutes. Conclusion: The development of a self-contained otolaryngology consult cart requires coordination with a wide variety of hospital departments. This system, while requiring initial monetary and time investment, has resulted in improved patient care, cost containment, and surgeon convenience.
Modeling Types of Pedal Applications Using a Driving Simulator
Authors: Wu Yuqing , Boyle Linda Ng , McGehee Daniel , Roe Cheryl A. , Ebe Kazutoshi , Foley James 
Published: June 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine variations in drivers’ foot behavior and identify factors associated with pedal misapplications. Background: Few studies have focused on the foot behavior while in the vehicle and the mishaps that a driver can encounter during a potentially hazardous situation. Method: A driving simulation study was used to understand how drivers move their right foot toward the pedals. The study included data from 43 drivers as they responded to a series of rapid traffic signal phase changes. Pedal application types were classified as (a) direct hit, (b) hesitated, (c) corrected trajectory, and (d) pedal errors (incorrect trajectories, misses, slips, or pressed both pedals). A mixed-effects multinomial logit model was used to predict the likelihood of one of these pedal applications, and linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to examine the response time and pedal duration given the various experimental conditions (stimuli color and location). Results: Younger drivers had higher probabilities of direct hits when compared to other age groups. Participants tended to have more pedal errors when responding to a red signal or when the signal appeared to be closer. Traffic signal phases and locations were associated with pedal response time and duration. The response time and pedal duration affected the likelihood of being in one of the four pedal application types. Conclusion and Application: Findings from this study suggest that age-related and situational factors may play a role in pedal errors, and the stimuli locations could affect the type of pedal application.
Short-term course and outcome of acute and transient psychotic disorders: Differences from other types of psychosis with acute onset
Authors: Castagnini Augusto C , Munk-Jørgensen Povl , Bertelsen Aksel 
Published: June 2015

Background: The category of ‘acute and transient psychotic disorders’ (ATPDs) appeared in the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10), but its distinctive features remain uncertain. Aim: To examine the course and outcome of ATPDs, pointing out differences from other types of psychosis. Methods: A one-year follow-up investigation of patients enrolled at the former World Health Organization (WHO) Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health in Aarhus (Denmark) for the WHO collaborative study on acute psychoses. Results: Of 91 patients aged 15–60 years presenting with acute psychosis, 47 (51.6%) were diagnosed with ATPD, and it occurred more commonly in females; yet, the other acute psychoses featured mainly mood disorders and affected equally both genders. After 1 year, the ATPD diagnosis did not change in 28 cases (59.6%); the remaining developed either affective psychoses (27.7%), or schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (12.8%). Nearly, all patients with unchanged diagnosis of ATPD enjoyed full recovery, while those with other types of acute psychosis had significantly higher rates of recurrence or incomplete remission. Duration of illness within 4 weeks and stressful events in the 3 months before symptom onset predicted 1-year favourable clinical outcome for acute psychoses. Conclusion: Although ATPDs fared better over the short-term than other acute psychoses, their diagnostic stability is relatively low.
A response to my colleagues
Authors: van Huyssteen J. Wentzel 
Published: June 2015

In November of 2014, Princeton Theological Seminary honored me with an outstanding academic Retirement Symposium to celebrate my 23 years of tenure there. In this article I respond to various challenging and exciting themes and issues raised by colleagues Niels Henrik Gregersen, Michael Welker, Agustin Fuentes, Celia Deane-Drummond, and David Fergusson. My colleagues raised a surprisingly rich series of challenging questions covering a wide range of issues and topics that have fascinated me throughout my career. Overtly present in all these questions are concerns about the integrity of theology proper, what is required to make theology theological, as well as the much broader and more fluid boundaries that I draw for a philosophical theology that has conceptual problem-solving at the very heart of its own academic integrity. What also comes through in an exciting way are discussions about my most recent work in theological anthropology, as challenged directly by contemporary developments in evolutionary anthropology and paleoanthropology. At the heart of this is my current research and writing on the evolution of the moral sense, the religious sense, and, from a theological point of view, questions about the imago Dei, christology, original sin, evil, and suffering.
Surgery for aortic regurgitation and aortic root dilatation in Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Kaku Yuji , Aomi Shigeyuki , Tomioka Hideyuki , Yamazaki Kenji 
Published: June 2015

Background Special consideration may be required for surgical treatment in Takayasu arteritis because inflammation may cause serious complications such as valve detachment or dilatation of the residual aorta. We evaluated our surgical outcome of treatment for aortic regurgitation and aortic root dilatation in Takayasu arteritis. Methods Between December 1983 and January 2013, 22 cardiac operations were performed in 20 patients with aortic regurgitation due to Takayasu arteritis. Aortic valve replacement was carried out in 6 patients, and aortic root replacement in 16. Of these 16 patients, composite graft replacement was undertaken in 6, composite graft replacement plus coronary artery bypass grafting in 2, composite graft replacement plus total or partial arch replacement in 7, and valve-sparing aortic root replacement with hemiarch replacement in one. Results The operative mortality (within 30 days) was 4.5% and the 5-year survival rate was 90.9%. Early surgical reintervention was not required in any patient. Neither valve detachment nor composite graft detachment was noted. Two patients required redo aortic root replacement due to pseudoaneurysm formation and severe aortic regurgitation during follow-up. Late dilatation of the residual thoracoabdominal or abdominal aorta was observed in 2 patients, and both were treated surgically. Conclusions The early surgical outcome was acceptable but surgical reintervention was required because of late dilatation of the residual aorta or recurrent aortic regurgitation due to annular dilatation, and longstanding careful follow-up will be needed.
Does walking improve disability status, function, or quality of life in adults with chronic low back pain? A systematic review
Authors: Lawford Belinda J , Walters Julie , Ferrar Katia 
Published: June 2015

Objective: To establish the effectiveness of walking alone and walking compared to other non-pharmacological management methods to improve disability, quality of life, or function in adults with chronic low back pain. Data sources: A systematic search of the following databases was undertaken: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Pedro, SportDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The following keywords were used: ‘back pain’ or ‘low back pain’ or ‘chronic low back pain’ and ‘walk*’ or ‘ambulation’ or ‘treadmill*’ or ‘pedometer*’ or ‘acceleromet*’ or ‘recreational’ and ‘disability’ or ‘quality of life’ or ‘function*’. Review methods: Primary research studies with an intervention focus that investigated walking as the primary intervention compared to no intervention or any other non-pharmacological method in adults with chronic low back pain (duration >3 months). Results: Seven randomised controlled trials involving 869 participants were included in the review. There was no evidence that walking was more effective than other management methods such as usual care, specific strength exercises, medical exercise therapy, or supervised exercise classes. One study found over-ground walking to be superior to treadmill walking, and another found internet-mediated walking to be more beneficial than non-internet-mediated walking in the short term. Conclusion: There is low quality evidence to suggest that walking is as effective as other non-pharmacological management methods at improving disability, function, and quality of life in adults with chronic low back pain.
Long-term outcomes after reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Authors: John Seby , Singhal Aneesh B , Calabrese Leonard , Uchino Ken , Hammad Tariq , Tepper Stewart , Stillman Mark , Mills Brittany , Thankachan Tijy , Hajj-Ali Rula A 
Published: June 2015

Background Long-term outcomes of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) have not been systematically investigated. Methods The following validated questionnaires were mailed to patients recruited from the RCVS registries of two academic hospitals: headache screening form, Headache Impact Test, Migraine Disability Assessment Test, Barthel Index (BI), EuroQoL (EQ-5D-5L) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results Of the 191 patients in the registries, 109 could be contacted and 45 responded. Median follow-up time after symptom onset was 78 months. After RCVS resolution, 24 (53%) patients continued to have headache, but the majority (88%) reported improvement in its severity. Thirteen of the 24 patients with persistent headache had a history of migraine prior to RCVS diagnosis. The majority (97.5%) of respondents were functionally independent based on BI scores. EQ-5D-5L showed better scores in the domains of mobility, self-care and usual activities, as compared to pain and anxiety/depression. Patients with persistent headache had significantly higher levels of EQ-5D-5L pain scores. PHQ-9 scores revealed only one patient (3%) with severe depression. Conclusion More than half of RCVS patients will continue to have chronic headaches of mild to moderate intensity that are distinct from the “thunderclap” headaches at RCVS onset. The vast majority regain complete functional ability. However, pain and anxiety/depression are frequent, often aggravated by concomitant chronic headaches, and may be associated with lower quality of life.