bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female genital mutilation – why does it still exist in Africa?
Authors: Schmöker Annika , Nkulu Kalengayi Faustine Kyungu 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. FGM is practised in many parts of the world – including 28 African countries, some countries in the Middle East and Asia, and some population groups in Central and South America. Its prevalence rates range from 0.6% up to 97.9%, and it has been classified as a violation of human and children’s rights. Consequently, several countries have passed laws against the practice and many international programmes have been implemented to abandon it. Yet, FGM still prevails in many countries. This literature review aimed at identifying the underlying reasons for the perpetuation of FGM, ascertaining forces that foster its promotion and persistence and who is responsible for pushing its continuation. The main goal was to try to understand the underlying causes that make FGM resistant against initiatives and campaigns targeting its elimination. A literature search was carried out using several databases. All sources that approached the topic of FGM were incorporated including literature reviews, systematic reviews, qualitative and quantitative as well as mixed-method studies that described attitudes towards FGM and factors associated with its practice. Different factors that were interlinked could be identified at the individual, interpersonal, organisational/institutional as well as the community/societal level as the underlying causes of the perpetuation for FGM. These factors varied within and between different settings, and include individual characteristics such as parents’ level of education, place of residence, personal beliefs (aesthetics, health benefits, hygiene) about FGM as well as the medicalisation of FGM and the involvement of health care professionals at the institutional level. Cultural factors like gender inequality, social norms and pressure also played an important role. Surprisingly, no evidence that supported religious motives could be found in any of the three monotheistic religions. This review suggests that the reasons behind the performance of FGM differ between and within countries and contexts, but cannot be found in the scriptures even though it is mainly practiced by Muslims. Girls with low education living in small Muslim communities, in rural areas in Africa and whose parents especially the mother had a low educational level, were at increased risk of undergoing FGM. Successful actions to eliminate this practice require a balance between respect of culture and human rights. Practising communities should be involved in each step of every programme. Finally, it is crucial to target the young generations through education, women empowerment and reduction of gender inequality.
Comparison of Laser and Oven Annealing Effects on Hydrogen and Microstructure in Thin Film Silicon
Authors: Beyer W. , Bergmann J. , Breuer U. , Finger F. , Lambertz A. , Merdzhanova T. , Nickel N.H. , Pennartz F. , Schmidt T. , Zastrow U. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTLaser and oven annealing effects on hydrogen concentration, hydrogen diffusion and material microstructure in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films deposited on crystalline silicon substrates are compared. For laser annealing, a 6 W green (532 nm) continuous wave laser with 100 µm focus diameter was applied and samples of about 1 cm2were scanned in ambient with a line distance of 50 µm and at a speed of 1 – 100 mm/s. Hydrogen content and microstructure were measured by infrared spectroscopy, and hydrogen diffusion was investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements of depth profiles of deuterium and hydrogen in layered structures of deuterated and hydrogenated material. The results show that in both annealing experiments hydrogen diffuses predominantly in form of atoms although some formation of H2molecules cannot be excluded. By comparison of laser and oven treatment, an effective temperature describing the laser treated state can be defined. Furthermore, the temperature of the thin silicon film during laser treatment is estimated.
Mn-Co oxide/PEDOT as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution/reduction reactions
Authors: Davari Elaheh , Ivey Douglas G. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBifunctional electrocatalysts, which facilitate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), are vital components in advanced metal-air batteries. Results are presented for carbon-free, nanocrystalline, rod-like, Mn-Co oxide/PEDOT bifunctional electrocatalysts, prepared by template-free sequential anodic electrodeposition. Electrochemical characterization of synthesized electrocatalysts, with and without a conducting polymer (PEDOT) coating, was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). In addition, microstructural characterization was conducted using SEM, TEM, STEM and XPS. Mn-Co oxide/PEDOT showed improved ORR/OER performance relative to Mn-Co oxide and PEDOT. On the basis of rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments, Mn-Co oxide/PEDOT displayed the desired 4-electron transfer oxygen reduction pathway. Comparable ORR activity and superior OER activity relative to commercial Pt/C were observed.
Ion Solvation and the Search for a Correlation with Electrode Passivation
Authors: von Wald Cresce Arthur , Russell Selena M. , Fu Adele , Wikner Emily , Xu Kang , Gobet Mallory , Greenbaum Steven 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe solvation of cations and anions in a lithium-containing electrolyte was studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrochemical testing. The purpose of these experiments was to develop an understanding of the solvation of the small, hard Li+ cation and the more cryptic nature of the solvation of poorly-coordinating anions such as PF6- and BF4-. It has long been held that the passivation of graphitic anodes in lithium ion batteries is a solvation-driven process, meaning that whatever solvent molecules surround the Li+ cation will provide the raw material for the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Because the SEI is a critical component, and because a binary solvent system is normally used in lithium batteries, it is necessary to understand the competitive nature of lithium solvation. Conversely, the anion can be chemically active even if poorly coordinating; therefore, it was desired to see if a competitive solvation condition exists for the anion as well. Results indicate that Li+ has a strong preference for cyclic carbonates like ethylene carbonate (EC) over linear carbonates, where the anions had a mixed preference. It is thought that anion solvent preference might dictate oxidative chemistry that occurs on the cathode, while the anion also significantly participates in the formation of SEI on the anode.
Die sonographische Untersuchung des Kniegelenks beim Hund
Authors: Kramer M. , Ondreka N. , Nayseh K. 
Published: May 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Sonographie stellt ein kostengünstiges, nicht invasives und am wachen Patienten durchführbares Verfahren dar, das bei einer Lahmheit der Hintergliedmaße mit Lokalisation im Bereich des Kniegelenks wertvolle Befunde liefern kann. Der erste Teil dieses Artikels beschrieb neben technischen Voraussetzungen und Limitationen die sonographische Anatomie und einen standardisierten Untersuchungsgang für das Kniegelenk und stellte sonomorphologische Veränderungen bei Gelenkerguss, Ruptur des kranialen Kreuzbands und Meniskuspathologien dar. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der sonographischen Diagnostik weiterer, weniger häufig auftretender Erkrankungen des Kniegelenks in Form von Wundheilungsstörungen, Neoplasien, kongenitalen, entwicklungsbedingten, degenerativen und traumatischen Veränderungen.
Diagnostic and therapeutic status of haemophilia in Latin America
Authors: Montaño Cesar Alberto , Cruz Maria Sol , Lemos Felipe , Quiroz Alfredo , Rojas Gerardo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Latin American net of Prophylaxis and Immune Tolerance (RED LAPI) was established in 2010 and comprises a group of physicians dedicated to improving the diagnosis, treatment and quality of life of haemophilia patients in Latin America. The countries represented at RED LAPI are: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador and Panama. Analysis of the provision of care for haemophilia patients suggests a lack of consistent care both across and within Latin America countries. While some patients receive prophylaxis and immune tolerance induction (ITI), others are not even properly diagnosed, due to variation in patient’s health insurance. Few countries in Latin America have a national program that registers all patients’ information. Therefore, in many countries it is difficult to identify local, regional and national data regarding the number of diagnosed patients, type of hemophilia, severity, and the kind of treatment. With respect to patients with inhibitors, some countries rely on bypass agents for the treatment of bleeding episodes while a few are able to do ITI. This paper summarises available data obtained by a survey of RED LAPI members regarding the diagnosis and treatment of haemophilia in their countries, as well as the incidence of inhibitors and the treatments available to patients. Based on this analysis, the aim is to propose plans to improve the current situation of haemophilia patients in Latin America.
The perioperative management of haemophilia: easier said than done Joint assessment in haemophilia – current physiotherapist practice in the UK
Authors: Kurdi Madhuri S , Jadhav Ravikumar R , Ratkal Jaideep , Kaur Jasvinder , Ashwini H. R. , Hiregoudar Sheetal , Deva Radhika 
Published: May 2015

Abstarct
Haemophilia is the oldest known rare genetic bleeding disorder that disrupts the blood clotting process. Although the level of haemophilia care has improved substantially, the problems of management in developing countries are poor awareness, high costs of treatment, inadequate diagnostic and coagulation screening facilities and scarce factor concentrates for therapy. We present here the problems in the perioperative management of a case of haemophilia A in India. It portrays the current picture of haemophilia management in many developing countries around the world.
Anticoagulant activity of some Artemisia dracunculus leaf extracts
Authors: Durić Kemal , Kovac Besovic Elvira E , Niksic Haris , Muratovic Samija , Sofic Emin 
Published: May 2015

Platelet hyperactivity and platelet interaction with endothelial cells contribute to the development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The impact of platelet activity with different pharmacological agents, such as acetylsalicylic acid and coumarin derivatives, has been shown to be effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Artemisia dracunculus, L. Asteraceae (Tarragon) is used for centuries in the daily diet in many Middle Eastern countries, and it is well known for its anticoagulant activity. The present study investigates the presence of coumarins in tarragon leaves and subsequently determines the extract with a major amount of coumarin derivatives. The solvents of different polarities and different pH values were used for the purpose of purifying the primary extract in order to obtain fractions with the highest coumarin content. Those extracts and fractions were investigated for their anticoagulant activity by determining prothrombin time (PT) and the international normalized ratio (INR), expressed in relation to the coagulation time of the healthy person. Purified extracts and fractions obtained from plant residue after essential oil distillation, concentrated in coumarin derivatives, showed the best anticoagulant activity, using samples of human blood. INR maximum value (2.34) and consequently the best anticoagulant activity showed the methanol extract at concentration of 5%. The INR value of normal plasma in testing this extract was 1.05.
Opredelitev slovenskega dopolnilnega zdravstvenega zavarovanja kot storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena
Authors: Nikolić Bruno 
Published: May 2015

Dopolnilno zdravstveno zavarovanje je v slovenski zakonodaji opredeljeno kot dejavnost v javnem interesu, ki je neločljiv in bistven element sistema socialne varnosti ter kot tak uresničuje identične cilje kot obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje – finančno varnost prebivalstva pred visokimi zdravstvenimi izdatki ter primeren in pravičen dostop do učinkovite in kakovostne zdravstvene oskrbe. Države članice EU pogosto uvajajo različne regulatorne ukrepe, s katerimi varujejo javni interes na področju gospodarskih dejavnosti. Ti ukrepi so pogosto v nasprotju s pravnim redom EU (pravili o delovanju notranjega trga in konkurenčno zakonodajo), kar je z vidika EU načeloma nedopustno. Cilj članka je opredelitev slovenskega dopolnilnega zdravstvenega zavarovanja kot storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena, ki državam članicam širi meje avtonomnega urejanja oziroma omogoča sprejem regulatornih ukrepov, ki niso skladni s pravili o delovanju notranjega trga in konkurenčno zakonodajo EU.
National Interest and European Law in the Legislation and Juridical Practice on Health Care Services – In the Light of the Reforms of the Hungarian Health Care System
Authors: Hoffman István 
Published: May 2015

The priority of the national interest in the field of the health care policy is secured by the rules of the TFEU, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and by the secondary law as well. Although several market-type and pro-competitive solutions have appeared, they can have only limited influence on the national systems. The main reasons of the limited influence of the EU regulations are the primary responsibilities of the Member States, the widely applicable public health exceptions, and the limited application of the EU competition rules. Although the national legislation is the determinative, the EU regulations on the free movement of persons and services could be applied in the field of the health care services. This principle was recognized by the landmark decisions of the Court of Justice (ECJ). The Directive 2011/24/EU is based on these principles and a limited competition has evolved. Because the competition is limited and the creation of a single European health care area has just begun, the “silent revolution” of the public service provision has a minor importance. The practice of the ECJ has been focused on the use of the cross-border services and the Member States have had a broad margin for the organisation and management of this public service. The role of the European legislation on the competition is limited in this field as well. Therefore the strong centralization of the Hungarian health system from 2011 to 2013 may be in harmony with the EU legislation, although the competition at the national level is not promoted by the reformed Hungarian rules on health care.
Effect of Fracture Geometry on Well Production in Hydraulic-Fractured Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Lin Menglu , Chen Shengnan , Ding Wei , Chen Zhangxing (John) , Xu Jinze 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Tight oil production is emerging as an important new source of energy supply and has reversed a decline in US crude-oil production and western Canadian light-oil production. At present, the combination of the multistage hydraulic fracturing and horizontal wells has become a widely used technology in stimulating tight oil reservoirs. However, the ideal planar fractures used in the reservoir simulation are simplified excessively. Effects of some key fracture properties (e.g., fracture-geometry distributions and the permeability variations) are not usually taken into consideration during the simulation. Oversimplified fractures in the reservoir model may fail to represent the complex fractures in reality, leading to significant errors in forecasting the reservoir performance. In this paper, we examined the different fracture-geometry distributions and discussed the effects of geometry distribution on well production further. All fracture-geometry scenarios were confined by microseismic-mapping data. To make the result more reliable and relevant, a geomodel was first constructed for a tight oil block in Willesden Green oil field in Alberta, Canada. The simulation model was then generated on the basis of the geomodel and history matched to the production history of vertical production wells. A horizontal well was drilled in the simulation model, and different fracture-geometry scenarios were analyzed. Results indicated that the simulation results of simple planar fractures overestimated the oil rate and led to higher oil recoveries. In addition, if the secondary fracture can achieve the same permeability as the main fracture, a hydraulic fracture with branches can increase the well production (e.g., Scenario 2 under the conductivity ratio of 1:2) because of a larger effective contact area between matrix and fracture. Secondary fractures with low permeability can decrease the well productivity compared with wells with biwing planar fractures. Furthermore, the effect of hydraulic-fracture geometries on the cumulative production of the wells with higher main-fracture conductivity was more significant compared with those with lower main-fracture conductivity.
Nodal Analysis for SAGD Production Wells with Gas Lift
Authors: Duncan Grant J. , Young Scott A. , Moseley Phillip E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is an enhanced oil recovery process wherein a long horizontal steam injection well is located above a long horizontal production well. Injected steam forms a steam chamber above the SAGD well pair, heating the reservoir rock and reservoir fluids. Heated oil (or bitumen) plus condensed steam flow down the sides of the steam chamber towards the production well. The condensed steam and bitumen are then lifted to surface with a downhole pump or by gas lift. Due to a rapidly increasing number of SAGD well pairs, Suncor required a tool that could accurately model these challenging thermal production wells.
Nodal analysis for well performance is based on the principle that reservoir inflow and wellbore outflow can be independently characterized as functions of flow rate and pressure. Nodal analysis is used to design new wells and optimize production or injection on existing wells. Wellbore simulations are cheaper than instrumentation, meters or single well tests. Well evaluation software is the most popular engineering package in Suncor's production engineering toolkit because it is very accurate and easy to use. Over the past few years Suncor worked with their software provider to develop nodal analysis for SAGD production wells. Suncor can now model SAGD producers with electric submersible pumps (ESPs) and gas lift with a high degree of confidence.
The new SAGD nodal models quite closely match production rates, plus surface and downhole pressure and temperature data. Reliable and rigorous SAGD nodal models enable improved decisions with respect to SAGD field development and production optimization. Nodal analysis can be used as a predictive tool for production optimization, or for a better understanding of what is happening downhole with respect to temperature, pressure, and flow distribution within the wellbore.
This paper is a logical continuation of SPE 170054, Nodal Analysis for SAGD Production Wells with ESPs (ref 1). The main difference between modeling wells with gas lift rather than mechanical lift is that the gas lift models also account for steam lift. Steam lift occurs when some of the produced water (PW) in the emulsion flashes to steam as pressure is reduced. The resulting vapour significantly augments gas lift and reduces lift gas requirements.
The Testing of Surface Fire Retardants
Authors: Fanfarová Adelaida 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The article deals with the importance of testing and using of application of fire retardants for the needs of fire protection in practice. The experiment present the testing of test specimens by means of experimental scientific method of test of limited flame spread in the test bench under laboratory conditions. Based on the measured data are exactly and precisely evaluated different types of surface fire retardants. On test specimens made by wood were applied the tested fire retardants, which were directly exposed to open flame. The results of the experiment represents and expressed fire-technical characteristics that describe the behavior of wood specimens during the process of combustion: weight loss, time of ignition, time of spontaneous combustion and time of smolder. The acquired information reflects the effectiveness of fire retardants in protection against the fire.
Temperature Field Evolution in Wood Samples During the Flame Spread Experiments
Authors: Hasalová Lucie , Vaněk Petr , Jahoda Milan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Vertical, horizontal and 45° upward flame spread experiments over the small scale beech and pine wood samples were performed. Wood samples were of two geometries - square cross section prisms (15 x 15 mm) and a thin rectangular cross section prisms (5 x 40 mm) - and of three different lengths - 10, 15 and 30 cm. Samples were ignited by a heptane source fire extinguished immediately when the wood samples ignited. During the flame spread an internal temperature profiles along the centreline of the samples were measured by a set of thermocouples. Flame spread was observed in all sample positions except the horizontal orientation of the beech and pine square prism samples. Experimental data will serve for a validation of the pyrolysis models in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flame spread models.
Development of a Method for the Analysis of Microbial Load Reduction Factors on Dishes Cleaned by Hand and by Machine
Authors: Berger Sarah , Stamminger Rainer , Schünemann Wiebke M. , Lipski André 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a repeatable method for the measurement of microbial load reduction factors after hand and machine dishwashing processes that meet the requirements associated with consumer studies, based on non-pathogen test strains. Microorganisms were isolated from tableware, identified and cultured for this purpose, mixed with soiling agents and lyophilised for storage purposes. Detailed instructions for ambient conditions and disinfection, and preparation and application of soiling agents were defined. The method chosen in this study successfully led to repeatable results. The food matrix of the soiling agents used for the application of test strains shows to have a large impact. This is, therefore, the first repeatable method that enables the comparison of microbial load reduction factors after machine with hand dishwashing. In addition, the method was designed in a way that enables further consumer studies.