bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Oscillating Vesicles: Spontaneous Cyclic Structural Changes of Synthetic Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Tamate Ryota , Ueki Takeshi , Shibayama Mitsuhiro , Yoshida Ryo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA large variety of synthetic vesicles has been created for potential engineering applications and as model systems which mimic living organisms. In most cases, the structure is designed to be thermodynamically stable. However, mimicking dynamic behaviors of living vesicles still remains undeveloped. Herein, we present a synthetic vesicle which shows autonomous disintegration–reconstruction cycles without any external stimuli and which is similar to those in living organisms, such as in the nuclear envelope and synaptic vesicles. The vesicle is composed of a diblock copolymer which has a hydrophilic and a thermosensitive segment. The thermosensitive segment includes a redox moiety that acts as a catalyst for an oscillatory chemical reaction and also controls the aggregation temperature of vesicles. Furthermore, autonomous fusion of vesicles is also observed during the cycles.
Shifting Chemical Equilibria in Flow—Efficient Decarbonylation Driven by Annular Flow Regimes
Authors: Gutmann Bernhard , Elsner Petteri , Glasnov Toma , Roberge Dominique M. , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo efficiently drive chemical reactions, it is often necessary to influence an equilibrium by removing one or more components from the reaction space. Such manipulation is straightforward in open systems, for example, by distillation of a volatile product from the reaction mixture. Herein we describe a unique high‐temperature/high‐pressure gas/liquid continuous‐flow process for the rhodium‐catalyzed decarbonylation of aldehydes. The carbon monoxide released during the reaction is carried with a stream of an inert gas through the center of the tubing, whereas the liquid feed travels as an annular film along the wall of the channel. As a consequence, carbon monoxide is effectively vaporized from the liquid phase into the gas phase and stripped from the reaction mixture, thus driving the equilibrium to the product and preventing poisoning of the catalyst. This approach enables the catalytic decarbonylation of a variety of aldehydes with unprecedented efficiency with a standard coil‐based flow device.
Preparation and characterization of PAM/SA tough hydrogels reinforced by IPN technique based on covalent/ionic crosslinking
Authors: Li Yali , Wang Chaoxia , Zhang Wan , Yin Yunjie , Rao Qingqing 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn order to fabricate tough hydrogels with superior formability, polyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAM/SA) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels were produced with ionically crosslinked SA interpenetrated in covalently crosslinked PAM. TGA results show that the heat resistance of PAM/SA IPN hydrogel is improved as compared to that of the individual component. Swelling studies indicate that increasing either chemical crosslinker content or ionic crosslinking via adding more N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) or SA results in lower ESR. It is concluded by tensile test that loosely crosslinked PAM coupled with tightly crosslinked SA improve mechanical strength for hydrogels based on covalent/ionic crosslinking. PAM/SA hydrogels via “one‐pot” method can form different complex shapes with mechanical properties comparable to conventional double network (DN) gels. The fracture strength of PAM0.05/SA20 reaches level of MPa, approaching 2.0 MPa. The work strives to provide method to tune mechanical and physical properties for hydrogels, which is hopefully to guide the design of hydrogel material with desirable properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41342.
The influence of process parameters on the properties of electrospun PLLA yarns studied by the response surface methodology
Authors: Maleki Homa , Gharehaghaji Ali Akbar , Criscenti Giuseppe , Moroni Lorenzo , Dijkstra Pieter J. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPoly (l‐lactide) (PLLA) fibrous yarns were prepared by electrospinning of polymer solutions in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol. Applying spinning from two oppositely charged needles the spontaneous formed triangle of fibers at a grounded substrate could be assembled into fibrous yarns using a device consisting of a take‐up roller and twister. The effect of processing parameters on the morphology, diameter and mechanical properties of PLLA yarns was investigated by the response surface methodology (RSM). This method allowed evaluating a quantitative relationship between polymer concentration, voltage, take‐up rate and distance between the needles' center and the take‐up unit on the properties of the electrospun fibers and yarns. It was found that at increasing concentrations up to 9 wt % uniform fibers were obtained with increasing mean diameters. Conversely, the fiber diameter decreased slightly when the applied voltage was increased. The take‐up rate had a significant influence on the yarn diameter, which increased as the take‐up rate decreased. The tensile strength and modulus of the yarns were correlated with these variables and it was found that the polymer concentration had the largest influence on the mechanical properties of the yarns. By applying the RSM, it was possible to obtain a relationship between processing parameters which are important in the fabrication of electrospun yarns. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41388.
Dimerization of Conjugated Radical Cations: An Emerging Non‐Covalent Interaction for Self‐Assembly
Authors: Zhang Dan‐Wei , Tian Jia , Chen Lan , Zhang Liang , Li Zhan‐Ting 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAromatic stacking has played a significant role in the design of discrete supramolecular systems. However, for many years, the stacking of conjugated radical cations has been considered only as a novelty due to its weakness. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the stacking of conjugated radical cations, particularly those formed by bipyridinium or tetrathiafulvalene, can be enhanced remarkably when they are incorporated into rationally designed, preorganized frameworks or entrapped into a confined space. This Focus Review highlights the recent advance in its application as an emerging non‐covalent force for the construction of various supramolecular structures.
Markov Chain Approach to Probabilistic Guidance for Swarms of Autonomous Agents
Authors: Açıkmeşe Behçet , Bayard David S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMotivated by biological swarms occurring in nature, there is recent interest in developing swarms comprised completely of engineered agents. The main challenge for developing swarm guidance laws compared to earlier formation flying and multi‐vehicle coordination approaches is the sheer number of agents involved. While formation flying applications might involve up to 10 to 20 agents, swarms are desired to contain hundreds to many thousands of agents. In order to deal with the sheer size, the present paper makes a break with past deterministic methods, and considers the swarm as a statistical ensemble for which guidance can be performed from a probabilistic point of view. The probability‐based approach takes advantage of the law of large numbers, and leads to computationally tractable and implementable swarm guidance laws. Agents following a probabilistic guidance algorithm make statistically independent probabilistic decisions based solely on their own state, which ultimately guides the swarm to the desired density distribution in the configuration space. Two different synthesis methods are introduced for designing probabilistic guidance laws. The first is based on the Metropolis‐Hastings (M‐H) algorithm, and the second is based on using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The M‐H approach ensures convergent swarm behavior subject to enforced desired motion constraints, while the LMI approach additionally ensures exponential convergence with a prescribed decay rate, and allows minimization of a cost function that reflects fuel expenditure. In addition, both algorithms endow the swarm with the property of self‐repair, and the capability to strictly enforce zero‐probability keep‐out regions. This last property requires a slight generalization of the Perron‐Frobenius theory, and can be very useful in swarm applications that contain regions where no agents are allowed to go. Simulation examples are given to illustrate the methods and demonstrate desired properties of the guided swarm.
Heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation associated with isolated split‐hand/foot malformation with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity in two unrelated families
Authors: Sowińska‐Seidler Anna , Badura‐Stronka Magdalena , Latos‐Bieleńska Anna , Stronka Michał , Jamsheer Aleksander 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundSplit‐hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous limb abnormality characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the central rays of the autopod. SHFM1, which is one out of seven known SHFM loci, maps to 7q21.2‐q21.3. SHFM1 is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance, although recessive inheritance has been described for a single family carrying a homozygous DLX5 missense variant. In most cases, SHFM1 results from heterozygous deletions encompassing DLX5/DLX6 genes or from inversions and translocations separating the genes from their limb specific enhancers. Recently, a single Chinese family with dominant SHFM1 was shown to result from a heterozygous DLX5 missense mutation.MethodsIn this study, we report on four male individuals from two unrelated Polish families (one sporadic and one familial case) presenting with isolated SHFM. We tested both probands for known molecular causes of SHFM, including TP63, WNT10B, DLX5 mutations and copy number changes using 1.4 M array CGH.ResultsSanger sequencing of DLX5 revealed a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation c.G115T(p.E39X) in both index patients. Segregation studies demonstrated that the variant was present in all affected family members but also in three apparently healthy relatives (two females and one male).ConclusionThis is the first report of a heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation resulting in incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant isolated SHFM1. Data shown here provides further evidence for the contribution of DLX5 point mutations to the development of ectrodactyly and suggest the possibility of sex‐related segregation distortion with an excess of affected males. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:764–771, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Systemic Approach to Improving the Engagement of Fathers in Child Safeguarding
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Smail Pat , Butler Dan 
Published: September 2014

Increasing the involvement of fathers in child safeguarding is an issue which has seen relatively little practice innovation in mainstream services. This article concerns a bold attempt to improve practice in this domain through a systemic approach. Key findings are presented from an evaluation of a Fatherhood Institute project in six English local authorities. The intervention was positively received and the self‐efficacy of children's services staff improved on most measures as a result of training. However, not all planned aspects of the project could be implemented. The article reflects on the challenge of achieving practice change in these areas – both child safeguarding and engaging fathers – where established practices are deep‐rooted. There is also reflection on the challenge of public service innovation in a context of austerity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘A bold attempt to improve practice in this domain through a systemic approach’Key Practitioner Messages

Improving father engagement requires cultural change in organisations.
Achieving change in child safeguarding is challenging in the face of austerity and competing demands.
A systemic approach involves work with managers, as well as practitioners, and improvement of bureaucratic systems, as well as face‐to‐face interaction.
Training needs to focus on skills, as well as knowledge.‘Training needs to focus on skills as well as knowledge’
Investigation of the Impact of Water on the Enantioselectivity Displayed by CALB in the Kinetic Resolution of δ‐Functionalized Alkan‐2‐ol Derivatives
Authors: Yang Bin , Lihammar Richard , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIt is shown that the low enantioselectivity of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)‐catalyzed transesterification of a δ‐functionalized alkan‐2‐ol to its acetate does not correlate at all with the high enantioselectivity of the CALB‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the corresponding acetate in water. This lack of correlation is unusual and for unfunctionalized alkan‐2‐ol derivatives there is a very good correlation between the enantioselectivity of transesterification of the alcohol and hydrolysis of the corresponding acetate (E>200 in both cases). The results confirm previous predictions from molecular modeling. The water effect was mimicked by CALB variant Ala281Ser, which showed an enhanced enantioselectivity in transesterification of δ‐functionalized alkan‐2‐ols compared to wild‐type CALB.
Synthesis of Unsymmetric Bipyridine–PtII–Alkynyl Complexes through Post‐Click Reaction with Emission Enhancement Characteristics and Their Applications as Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Yongguang , Tsang Daniel Ping‐Kuen , Chan Carmen Ka‐Man , Wong Keith Man‐Chung , Chan Mei‐Yee , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo unsymmetric bipyridine–platinum(II)–alkynyl complexes have been synthesised by a post‐click reaction. These metal complexes are found to exhibit emission enhancement properties. The photoluminescence quantum yield can be significantly increased from 0.03 in solution to 0.72 in solid‐state thin films. Efficient solution‐processable organic light‐emitting diodes have been fabricated by utilizing these complexes as phosphorescent dopants. A high external quantum efficiency of up to 5.8 % has been achieved.
An experimental study of dynamic jet behaviour in a scaled cold flow spray dryer model using PIV
Authors: Pawar Sandip K. , Abrahams Ruud H. M. , Deen Niels G. , Padding Johan T. , van der Gulik Gert‐Jan , Jongsma Alfred , Innings Fredrik , Kuipers J. A. M. (Hans) 
Published: September 2014

AbstractResearch on the dynamic flow behaviour in spray dryers has a long history. Interest in describing these flows originates from problems like roof and wall fouling. The aim of the present study is to experimentally investigate the dynamic jet behaviour and turbulent flow in a scaled‐down cold flow model of a spray dryer in order to better understand and optimize spray drying units. Dynamic jet behaviour and turbulent flow features (i.e., RMS velocities) were studied by particle image velocimetry (PIV) using water as the continuous phase. To obtain more insight in the jet dynamics, we analyzed the turning point, the width and shape, and the velocity profiles of the turbulent jet at different heights and the turbulence characteristics. We found that at higher Reynolds numbers, the jet penetrates further along the downward direction with a time‐averaged profile which is symmetric at the centre. In addition, we investigated the effect of the expansion ratio via proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Outcomes of different characteristics of the dynamic jet, like steady, transient, regular, and complex precession, can be collapsed by proper scaling. These results can be used for validation of computational fluid dynamics simulations and facilitate the design (identification of jet operation boundaries) of new spray dryer configurations.
Physician‐reported barriers to referring cancer patients to specialists: Prevalence, factors, and association with career satisfaction
Authors: Kwon Daniel H. , Tisnado Diana M. , Keating Nancy L. , Klabunde Carrie N. , Adams John L. , Rastegar Afshin , Hornbrook Mark C. , Kahn Katherine L. 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUNDQuality care for patients with cancer often requires access to specialty providers, but little is known about barriers to referring cancer patients for specialized care. Referral barriers may also lessen physician career satisfaction. The study was aimed at determining what factors are associated with these barriers and whether greater barriers are associated with low career satisfaction.METHODSThis cross‐sectional study examined 1562 primary care physicians (PCPs) and 2144 specialists responding to the multiregional Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium physician survey. The prevalence of physician‐reported barriers to referring cancer patients for more specialized care (restricted provider networks, preauthorization requirements, patient inability to pay, lack of surgical subspecialists, and excessive patient travel time) was assessed. The 5 items were averaged to calculate a barrier score. A multivariate linear regression was used to determine physician and practice setting characteristics associated with the barrier score, and a multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association of the barrier score with physician career satisfaction.RESULTSThree in 5 physicians reported always, usually, or sometimes encountering any barrier to cancer patient specialty referrals. In adjusted analyses of PCPs and specialists, international medical graduates, physicians practicing in solo or government‐owned practices, and physicians with <90% of their patients in managed care plans had higher barrier scores than others (P < .05). High barrier scores were associated with lower physician career satisfaction among PCPs and specialists (P < .05).CONCLUSIONSMany physicians experience barriers to specialty referral for cancer patients. Uniform systems for providing and tracking timely referrals may enhance care and promote physician career satisfaction. Cancer 2015;121:113–122. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Understanding Quantum Confinement of Charge Carriers in Layered 2D Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Even Jacky , Pedesseau Laurent , Katan Claudine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLayered hybrid organic perovskites (HOPs) structures are a class of low‐cost two‐dimensional materials that exhibit outstanding optical properties, related to dielectric and quantum confinement effects. Whereas modeling and understanding of quantum confinement are well developed for conventional semiconductors, such knowledge is still lacking for 2D HOPs. In this work, concepts of effective mass and quantum well are carefully investigated and their applicability to 2D HOPs is discussed. For ultrathin layers, the effective‐mass model fails. Absence of superlattice coupling and importance of non‐parabolicity effects prevents the use of simple empirical models based on effective masses and envelope function approximations. An alternative method is suggested in which 2D HOPs are treated as composite materials, and a first‐principles approach to the calculation of band offsets is introduced. These findings might also be relevant for other classes of layered 2D functional materials.
Continuous‐Flow Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Revolutionary Reduction of the Amino Acid Excess
Authors: Mándity István M. , Olasz Balázs , Ötvös Sándor B. , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA highly efficient continuous‐flow technique for the synthesis of peptides was developed. The method allows the application of only 1.5 equivalents of amino acids during coupling, while yielding virtually quantitative conversions. A mesoscale reactor was constructed which permits the use of high temperature and pressure during the synthesis. A complete reaction parameter optimization was carried out. Under the optimum conditions, the couplings of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids were achieved with 1.5 amino acid equivalents with quantitative conversions. As a demonstration of the efficiency of the methodology, difficult sequences and β‐peptide foldamers with alicyclic side‐chains were synthetized in excellent yields and with lower costs thanks to the lower amounts of amino acid and solvent used. By this the synthesis is highly economic and sustainable. Importantly, exotic and expensive artificial amino acids were incorporated into peptidic sequences by the utilization of a reasonable number of amino acid equivalents. The synthesis can be performed in quantities of microgram to gram in an automated way.
Examining convergence of retrospective and ecological momentary assessment measures of negative affect and eating disorder behaviors
Authors: Wonderlich Joseph A. , Lavender Jason M. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Peterson Carol B. , Crow Scott J. , Engel Scott G. , Le Grange Daniel , Mitchell James E. , Crosby Ross D. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveData gathered via retrospective forms of assessment are subject to various recall biases. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is an alternative approach involving repeated momentary assessments within a participant's natural environment, thus reducing recall biases and improving ecological validity. EMA has been used in numerous prior studies examining various constructs of theoretical relevance to eating disorders.MethodThis investigation includes data from three previously published studies with distinct clinical samples: (a) women with anorexia nervosa (N = 118), (b) women with bulimia nervosa (N = 133), and (c) obese men and women (N = 50; 9 with current binge eating disorder). Each study assessed negative affective states and eating disorder behaviors using traditional retrospective assessments and EMA. Spearman rho correlations were used to evaluate the concordance of retrospective versus EMA measures of affective and/or behavioral constructs in each sample. Bland–Altman plots were also used to further evaluate concordance in the assessment of eating disorder behaviors.ResultsThere was moderate to strong concordance for the measures of negative affective states across all three studies. Moderate to strong concordance was also found for the measures of binge eating and exercise frequency. The strongest evidence of concordance across measurement approaches was found for purging behaviors.DiscussionOverall, these preliminary findings support the convergence of retrospective and EMA assessments of both negative affective states and various eating disorder behaviors. Given the advantages and disadvantages associated with each of these assessment approaches, the specific questions being studied in future empirical studies should inform decisions regarding selection of the most appropriate method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:305–311)