bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasticization effect of hydrogenated transgenic soybean oil on nitrile‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Wang Zhao , Han Yue , Huang Zhaohui , Zhang Xing , Zhang Liqun , Lu Yonglai , Tan Tianwei 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTNitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds were prepared with different amounts of hydrogenated transgenic soybean oil (HTSO) as renewable plasticizers. For comparison, similar compounds were prepared with petroleum‐based dioctyl‐phthalate (DOP), one of the most common plasticizers for NBR. Four HTSOs with different degree of hydrogenation were used, of which three HTSOs are prepared by hydrogenation reaction at different reaction conditions and one is commercial available. The plasticization effects of HTSO and of DOP were studied by Mooney viscometry, capillary rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rubber processing analysis (RPA). The results showed that all the HTSOs had better plasticization effect than DOP on NBR. The swelling index result showed that the highly‐hydrogenated‐HTSO plasticized NBR vulcanizate have higher crosslinking density than the low‐hydrogenated ones. It is worthy to mention that, the introduction of high‐hydrogenated‐HTSO greatly improved both the processability of the NBR compounds and the mechanical performance of the final products, which is hard to achieve for most of the plasticizers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40643.
Application of cubic equation of state models in prediction of vapor–liquid equilibria for binary polyvinyl acetate/solvent solutions
Authors: Ahmadloo Ebrahim , Sobhanifar Najmeh 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe cubic equation of state (CEoS) is a powerful method for calculation of (vapor + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) in polymer solutions. Using CEoS for both the vapor and liquid phases allows one to calculate the non‐ideality of polymer solutions based on a single EoS approach. In this research, vapor–liquid equilibria calculations of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)/solvent solutions were performed. In this approach, eight models containing PRSV and SRK CEoS separately combined with four mixing rules namely vdW1, vdW2, Wong–Sandler (WS), and Zhong–Masuoka (ZM) were applied to calculations of bubble point pressure. For the better prediction, the adjustable binary interaction parameters existing in any mixing rule were optimized. The results were very acceptable and satisfactory. Absolute average deviations (%AAD) between predicted results and experimental bubble point pressure data were calculated and presented. The capability of two cubic equations of state had a good agreement with experimental data and predict the correct type of phase behavior in all cases, but the performance of the PRSV + vdW2 was more reliable than the other models with 2.65% in AAD for total of solution systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40651.
Orange peel‐derived pectin jelly and corn starch‐based biocomposite film with layered silicates
Authors: Çokaygil Zerrin , Banar Müfide , Seyhan A. Tuğrul 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTOrange peel‐derived pectin jelly/corn starch‐based biocomposite films with and without layered silicates (LSs) were prepared using melt extrusion followed by film die casting. To enhance interfacial compatibility, corn starch and LSs were chemically modified. Regardless of chemical modification or LS weight content, different pectin jelly‐to‐starch weight ratios (63/37, 60/40, 57/43, and 54/46) were considered to formulate the ingredients of biocomposite films in light of Taguchi‐based predictions. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanned electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were systematically used to characterize corn starch, LSs, and biocomposite films. Among all the films considered, pectin jelly/modified (15%) starch‐based biocomposite film (54/46 w/w) containing 0.25 wt % of pristine LSs was found to be the most promising in terms of texture structure and mechanical integrity. Furthermore, creep recovery, hydrophobicity, and water vapor and oxygen gas transmission rates of the most promising biocomposite film were experimentally determined. Based on the findings obtained, the overall performance of the biocomposite film was evaluated and weighed against the overall performance of a low‐density polyethylene film. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40654.
Direkte Bestimmung der Druckabhängigkeit der Thermospannung flüssigen Quecksilbers
Authors: Schmutzler R. , Hensel F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMessungen der absoluten Thermospannung des flüssigen Quecksilbers bei Drucken bis zu 1000 bar und bei Temperaturen zwischen 20°C und 120°C wurden ausgeführt. Zur genauen Ermittlung der relativ kleinen Druckkoeffizienten der Thermospannung [(∂S/∂p)T = 1.98 · 10−4 V/°K bar bei 20°C und (∂S/∂p)T) = 2,78 · 10−4 V/°K bar bei 100°C] wurde die Spannung eines Thermoelements gemessen, dessen beide Schenkel aus flüssigem Quecksilber bestehen, wobei nur der Druck in den beiden Schenkeln um einen kleinen Betrag Δp verschieden ist. Diese neu entwickelte Meßmethode kann auch zur Untersuchung anderer Metalle benutzt werden.
Untersuchungen zur Fehlordnung des γ‐CuJ
Authors: Herzog G. W. , Krischner H. , Wabl M. R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDie Bildungsenergie für Schottkyfehler sowie für oktaedrische und tetraedrische Frenkelfehler in den γ‐Phasen der Cu‐I‐Halogenide wird näherungsweise unter der Voraussetzung eines starren Gitters berechnet. Sie beträgt für Schottkyfehler und Oktaederfehler 40 bis 50 kcal/mol und liegt für Tetraederfehler in der Größenordnung von Null kcal/mol. Durch Anwendung derselben Näherung auf NaCl, KCl und AgBr und durch Vergleich mit experimentellen Werten wird ihre Zulässigkeit überprüft.Der aus der niedrigen Fehlerbildungsenergie für Tetraederfehler vermutete hohe Fehlordnungsgrad der Cu‐Ionen wird durch Röntgen‐Zählrohraufnahmen an pulverförmigem γ‐CuJ nachgewiesen. Aus dem Vergleich beobachteter und berechneter Strukturfaktoren werden Schottky‐ und Oktaederfehler über 2% ausgeschlossen, nicht aber Tetraederfehler. Die beste übereinstimmung zwischen beobachteten und berechneten Strukturfaktoren (3 bzw. 4%) wird mit Fehlordnungsmodellen erzielt, bei denen ein hoher Prozentsatz der Cu‐Ionen nicht zur Interferenz beiträgt.
Sound Absorption in Liquid Acetic Acid in the Frequency Range Between 0.3 to 1.5 GHz
Authors: Bader F. , Plaß K. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe sound absorption of liquid acetic acid has been measured in the frequency range between 0.3 to 1.5 GHz. In this frequency range a relaxation step has been found with a relaxation frequency of about 700 MHz. The molecular processes which possibly cause the measured acoustical relaxation are discussed.
Polarisation der Elektronenbanden von Aromaten 9. Mitteilung: Benzo(b)phenazin, Benzo(b)phenazin‐N‐oxid, Benzo(b)phenazin‐N.N' ‐dioxid
Authors: Bergmann D. , Kräßig R. , Kummer F. , Seiffert W. , Zimmermann H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDie Elektronen‐ und Polarisationsspektren von Benzo(b)phenazin‐N.N'‐dioxid I, Benzo(b)phenazin‐N‐oxid II und von Benzo(b)phenazin III wurden gemessen und mit Hilfe semiempirischer Modellrechnungen nach der Methode von Pariser, Parr und Pople (PPP) klassifiziert. Die angeregten Elektronenzustände von I bis III wurden untereinander korreliert und an die Terme des Tetracens IV angeschlossen. Die intensiven Banden der Heterocyclen lassen sich mit dem Perimetermodel! von Platts als1La‐,1Lb‐und1Bb‐Übergänge deuten. Einige weitere schwache Banden in den Spektren der N‐Oxide I und II stehen in enger Beziehung zur Anregung der NO‐Gruppen. Die π‐Elektronendichten und π‐Bindungsordnungen von I bis IV werden mitgeteilt.
Orientational Intermolecular Potentials in Ionic Hydration Shells from Micro‐dynamic Data
Authors: Hertz H. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFrom the probability to find two molecular particles bound to one another for a sufficiently long time a lower limit of binding potential is derived. The effective potentials regard variation of the distance as well as the orientation of the molecules. The afore‐mentioned probabilities can be obtained from self‐diffusion data and molecular reorientation times. For water an effective mean potential Ē ≥ 1320 cal/mol with an estimated maximum depth Emax ≥ 2320 cal/mol was obtained. With proper modification of the model one finds flatter potentials in the hydration sphere of structure breaking ions and deeper potentials in the hydration shell of structure forming ions. Some numerical examples are given. Relations regarding correlated motions are presented which also give informations about the depth of the potential.
Gitterschwingungsspektren. VIII. Mitteilung [1] IR‐ und FIR‐Spektren von Barium‐ und Strontiumhalogenidmonohydraten
Authors: Lutz H. D. , Klüppel H.‐J. , Fehér M. , Bursian S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDie IR‐Spektren (33–4000 cm−1) der Erdalkalimetallhalogenid‐Monohydrate: SrCl2 H2O, SrBr2 · H2O, SrJ2 · H2O, BaCl2 · H2O, BaBr2 · H2O und BaJ2 · H2O sowie der deuterierten und partiell deuterierten Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt und unter Zugrundelegung einer Faktorgruppenanalyse zugeordnet. Die aus den inneren Schwingungen der H2O‐Moleküle berechneten Kraftkonstanten zeigen. daß die Stärke der OH‐Bindungen des Kristallwassers (Valenzkraftkonstanten) von der Größe des Kationenfeldes abhängig ist, während die Deformationskraftkonstanten vornehmlich von den schwachen Wasserstoffbrücken zu den Halogenidionen beeinflußt werden. Die Translationsschwingungen der Erdalkalimetallhalogenid‐Monohydrate, deren Schwingungsformen aus den Symmetriekoordinaten abgeleitet wurden, werden beim Übergang von den Strontium‐ zu den Bariumverbindungen trotz zunehmender Masse der Metallionen zu höheren Wellenzahlen verschoben.
Das n1–6/n2–6‐Potential
Authors: Schramm Bernhard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractZur Beschreibung makroskopischer Eigenschaften der Materie wird ein zwischenmolekulares Potential mit vier freien Parametern vor‐geschlagen, das durch Verknüpfung von zwei Lennard‐Jones‐n‐6‐Potentialen am Minimum entsteht. Am Beispiel von Argon wird gezeigt, daß ein solches Potential die Beschreibung des zweiten Virialkoeffizienter. und der Viskosität im Rahmen der heute vorliegenden Meßgenauigkeit gestattet.
Theorie des Energieübertragungsprozesses Schwingung—Rotation
Authors: Hess Peter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAusgehend von der Annahme, daß es beim Energieübertragungsprozeß Schwingung—Rotation auf das Verhältnis von Rotationszeit zu Schwingzeit ankommt, wird eine Theorie dieses Übergangsprozesses entwickelt. Der Isotopeneffekt wird bei den Systemen CH4CD4, SiH4SiD4, PH3PD3, AsH3AsD3 und C2H4C2D4 richtig beschrieben. Heraus fällt nur das System NH3ND3. Am Beispiel des Methans wird gezeigt, daß die Theorie auch die richtige Temperaturabhängigkeit der Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten liefert. Der Einfluß des Wechselwirkungspotentials wird in Form eines konstanten Faktors erfaßt, der evtl. noch andere Anteile enthält.
Spectra of Matrix Isolated Metal Atoms and Clusters
Authors: Meyer B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe matrix isolation spectra of all of the 40 presently known atomic metal species show strong matrix effects. The transition energies are increased, the bands are broad and exhibit splitting of sublevels which are degenerate in the gas phase. Several models have been proposed for splitting of levels, but basic effects are not yet understood, and spectra cannot be predicted, yet it is possible to correlate gas phase and matrix in many of the systems. Selective production of diatomics and clusters via thermal and optical annealing of atomic species can be monitored by optical spectra, but yields spectroscopically complex systems which, however, especially in the case of transition metals, can be used as precursors in novel chemical reactions. A combination of absorption, emission, ir, Raman, ESR, and other methods is now quickly yielding data which will help correlate the increasing wealth of existing data.
Infra‐Red Laser‐Induced Photochemistry in Matrices
Authors: Poliakoff M. , Davies B. , Mcneish A. , Tranquille M. , Turner J. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIR laser irradiation of 13C18O enriched Fc(CO)4, isolated in Ar, Xe and CH4 matrices at 20 K provides the first examples of selective IR laser‐induced reactions in the solid state. The reactions display not only isotopic and stereo‐chemical selectivity but also selectivity between molecules isolated in different substitutional sites in the matrix.
Electrolytic Growth and Dissolution of Oxide Layers on Silicon in Aqueous Solutions of Fluorides
Authors: Genscher H. , Lübke M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe growth and dissolution of oxide layers on silicon has been studied under illumination and in the dark by analyzing current transients at different voltages in solutions of NH4F of various concentrations at pH values between 1 and 4.5. When the oxidation rate of the silicon at high enough anodic bias and, for n‐type specimens, high enough illumination intensity exceeds the rate of oxide dissolution in the fluoride, the film grows until it has reached a thickness where the dissolution is rate‐determining for the net process. At higher voltages the current begins to oscillate. The data give some insight into the composition of the oxide layers and their electronic and ionic properties.
Absolute Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Electrically Conducting Liquids
Authors: Assael M. J. , Charitidou E. , Georgiadis G. P. , Wakeham W. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA new instrument for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of electrically conducting liquids by the transient hot‐wire method is described. The instrument has features in common with earlier versions but employs a novel technique for the insulation of the hot‐wire. Absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of water, methanol and ethanol are reported at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range 295 — 350 K. The overall uncertainty in the reported thermal conductivity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. The data for water are consistent with internationally recommended reference values of slightly inferior accuracy.
13C NMR Study of the Interaction of N,N‐Dimethylamides and N,N‐Dimethylamidines with the Nitroxide Radical
Authors: Wawer Iwona , Kotodziejski Waclaw 
Published: March 2014

Abstract13C NMR contact shifts δ induced by the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine nitroxide radical (TMPN) were measured for N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA) and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in several solvents and for 5 different N,N‐dimethylamidines in acetone‐d6. The shifts δ were straight linear functions of the TMPN concentration CR and were dependent on the electron acceptor properties of the solvents, thus proving the electron donor‐acceptor nature of the interactions between the radical and the other components of a solution. It was found that the radical induced contact shift enables one to detect differences in the electron acceptor properties of methyl groups within a diamagnetic molecule. In particular the different linear relationships between ln(dδ/dCR) and the solvent acceptor number AN was obtained for each methyl group of DMA. In all the compounds studied the N‐methyl group in the conformation antiperiplanar to the double bond (C = O in amides, C = N in amidines) appeared to be a better electron acceptor site than the N‐methyl group in the synperiplanar conformation. On the basis of dδ/dCR values some conjugation between the aromatic ring and C = N bond π‐electrons in arylacetamidines and in arylformamidines is suggested.
Isotopenselektive Dissoziation von SF6 mit einem Dauerlicht‐CO2‐Laser
Authors: D'Ambrosio C. , Fusz W. , Kompa K. L. , Schmid W. E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSF6 was dissociated by a focussed cw CO2 laser at the 10P20 and 10P32 lines. Isotope selectivity > 10 was observed at 0.25 to 0.5 mbar. Collisions play no role in the focus, whose radius is smaller than the mean free path length. But most of the reaction occurs in the conical region of the beam, with radius up to 1 mm. Although collisions are not negligible in this part of the beam, they are not sufficient to destroy selectivity. — Both isotopes diffuse into the beam only after preheating to more than 1000 K. So, obviously, selective excitation is possible at such a high temperature. — Analytical formulas were derived for the radial (r) distribution of temperature T and its dependence on laser power P, molecule density n and absorption cross section σ. Because of the temperature dependence of σ and n and of the heat conductivity, T depends only on the 7th root of σnPlnr. This temperature distribution was used for a numerical calculation of the conversion rate, which was then compared with the experimental yields. The observed conversion can only be explained, if the vibrational temperature is about 110 K higher than the translational. — The observed quantum yield is much smaller than for pulsed excitation. But optimization by means of our formulas shows that it could be raised by orders of magnitude, so that application for practical isotope separation is conceivable.
The Reactions of Fluorine Atoms with Normal and Deuterated Methanols
Authors: Khatoon Tayyaba , Hoyermann K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe reactions of fluorine atoms with normal and deuterated methanols have been studied at low pressure using a fast discharge flow reactor. Samples were withdrawn continuously via a molecular beam sampling system and were analyzed by a mass‐spectrometer. — The rate constants have been determined relative to the reactionmagnified imagefor the reactions (1)–(4) were found as k1a/k1b = 0.40/0.60; k2a/k2b = 0.37/0.63; k3a/k3b = 0.39/0.61; and k4a/k4b = 0.36/0.64.
Direct Determination of CH2(ã1A1) Removal Rates by C2H2 and C6H6
Authors: Hack W. , Koch M. , Wagner H. Gg. , Wilms A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGas phase reactions of CH2(ã1A1) with benzene C6H6 and acetylene C2H2 were investigated at room temperature. CH2(ã1A1) was generated by laser photolysis of CH2CO at λL = 308 nm and the reactions were monitored directly by measuring the removal of CH2(ã1A1) with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF). For the measurement of the formation rate of 3CH2 by physical deactivation LMR detection was used. The total removal of CH2(ã1A1) was found to be very efficient with rate constants of 2.4 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.2 (in 1014 cm3/mol s) for C6H6 and C2H2, respectively. The physical deactivation of 1CH2 to 3CH2 is about 30 resp. 22 percent of the total removal rate. Activation rates of 3CH2 to 1CH2 are give
Unusually Slow Formation of Ion‐pair Charge‐transfer Complex Between 4,4′‐bipyridinium and Tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐phenyl] borate in Organic Solutions
Authors: Nagamura Toshihiko , Sakai Kenkichi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract4,4′‐Bipyridinium salts with tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐phenyl]borate anion (abbreviated to TFPB−) showed a charge‐transfer (CT) absorption above 350 nm with a discrete peak at about 475 nm in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane and at 420 nm in methanol. The absorbance of a CT band increased very gradually to the equilibrium dependent on temperature. The CT fluorescence showed similar very slow growth. The observed time‐dependences of absorbance and fluorescence were well explained by the temperature‐dependent formation and dissociation of CT complexes. Very slow growth was attributed to the unusually small pre‐exponential factor, which was most probably due to the extraordinary bulkiness of TFPB−
Multinuclear Spin‐Lattice Relaxation Time Studies of Supercooled Aqueous LiCl‐Solutions
Authors: Lang E. W. , Prielmeier F. X. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent deuteron (2H) spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements in undercooled 11 m LiCl/D2O solutions are supplemented by proton (1H) and lithium (6Li)—T1 as well as self‐diffusion coefficient measurements in undercooled 11 m LiCl/H2O solutions. The motional model for orientational fluctuations, proposed recently to interpret the 2H — T1 experiments, is slightly modified and is shown to describe the relaxation time curves of all nuclei (2H, 1H, 6Li) with only one adjustable parameter for light and heavy water. Self‐diffusion coefficients serve to calculate the contribution to the relaxation rates from positional fluctuations of the spin‐bearing particles. It is found that D(1H) > D(7Li) and that the proton mobility is less strongly slowed down when the temperature is lowered towards the glass temperature. Possible relations between this excess proton mobility and a recently observed excess proton conductivity are discussed.
Cyclic Voltammograms of Thin Film Cobalt Phthalocyanine Derivatives, Assignment of Each Cathodic Wave Formation of Protonated Species of Cobalt(I) Phthalocyanines
Authors: Kusuda Kusuke , Shiraki Kaneto , Yamaguchi Hidemasa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCyclic voltammograms(cvs) of thin films of (29H, 31H,‐phthalocyaninato‐N29, N30, N31, N32)cobalt(II): CoPc (1), CoPc(COOH)4 (2), and monomeric CoPc(COOH)8 (3) shown in Fig. 1 have been investigated. Cv of 2 on a glassy carbon electrode, in a N2 saturated 1 M sulfuric acid solution, shows four cathodic waves at 0.10 V (a), —0.20 V (b), —0.48 V (c), and —0.73 V (d) vs. see. Each wave is assigned as follows; both a and b: redox of central Co(II)/α‐form of HCo(I)Pc(COOH)4 (4), c: redox of 4/H2Co(I)Pc(COOH)4 (6), d: formation of H3Co(I)Pc(COOH)4 (7). Incomplete air oxidation of 7 gives a film β‐form of HCoPc(COOH)4 (5) which showed a cathodic wave at — 0.56 V vs. see (d) to give 7. Chemical reduction of 2 with Na2S was followed by cv of thin film of the reaction mixture. Protonation of the product gives semistable film of 5. These assignments are based on the visible spectra, color change and cv behavior of the thin films of 2 under polarization at various potentials. Cv of 3 shows four reversible cathodic waves corresponding to that of 2. Reversibility of the forth wave (e) seemed to relate strongly with the character and the number of the substituent on the macrocyclic ring.
Impedance Studies of Copper in Alkaline Solutions, Especially During Electroless Plating
Authors: Wanner Michael , Wiese Harm , Weil Konrad Georg 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn impedance study of the electrochemical double layer of copper in an electroless copper plating bath was performed. Of the bath components (formaldehyde, ethylenediamine‐tetraacetic acid (EDTA), CuEDTA2−, NaOH, Na2SO4, and NaHCOO) only the influence of hydroxide on the double layer is visible from capacitance data. The estimated surface coverage of hydroxide at the mixed potential of the electroless plating process is about 10%. On copper single crystal surfaces the OH−‐adsorption shows specific characteristics. Due to a surface reconstruction these characteristics, however, disappear with time after the immersion of the electrode. During the deposition process high electrode capacitances are measured (200–500 μF/cm2). They are mainly caused by a surface roughness on the microscopic scale. When the deposition process is terminated, the surface relaxes within about 10 minutes. The addition of cyanide or Gafac (a mixture of organic esters of phosphoric acid) to the electroless plating bath markedly influences the capacitance data. However, always a correlation between the deposition rate and the electrode capacitance is observed. If, on the other hand, at potentiostatic cupric ion reduction formaldehyde in the plating bath is substituted by ethylenediamine, which also catalyzes the CuEDTA2−‐reduction, the capacitance values decrease with increasing deposition current. Presumably, in the first case the nucleation rate dominates the deposit growth, while in the second case the opposite is true.