bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Court and deprivation of liberty: where are we now?
Authors: Brindle Nick 
Published: November 2015

SummaryDeciding on where the tipping point between restrictions and deprivation arises in care settings has important legal implications, but until recently case law has not much helped to resolve these challenging issues. An important milestone has been the Supreme Court judgment in the so-called Cheshire West case. This judgment, handed down in March 2014, set a low threshold to apply (the ‘acid test’) in deciding when someone may be being deprived of their liberty and therefore that additional legal authorisation is required. The application of the acid test is not straightforward and its effects are wide-ranging. In this article, I discuss the evolution of the concept of deprivation of liberty in health and social care, the implications of the judgment and the application of the acid test. I also briefly highlight the interface between the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Mental Health Act 1983.
CBT: helping work out why you feel as you do (formulation)
Authors: Colvin Lucie , Williams Christopher 
Published: November 2015

SummaryCognitive—behavioural therapy (CBT) provides a structure to inform safe and effective practice. It can be helpful for understanding and working with patients, but it can have a wider potential benefit, offering clinicians and teams a self-reflective approach to how they respond to the challenge of working in busy clinical and managerial environments.
From the Editor's desk
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep 
Published: November 2015

Is medical illness a myth?The National Institute of Health's (NIH's) emphasis on mental illness as
a brain disorder has transformed psychiatric research and attitudes
towards mental illness. Despite the departure of the Director of the
National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel, to join Google Life
Sciences (http://www.nih.gov/about/director/09152015_statement_insel.htm),
the move away from symptom-based diagnoses in favour of more
neuroscientific rationales for diagnosis is necessary and likely to be
sustained. The absence of demonstrable organic pathology in mental
illnesses motivated the NIH programmes, yet essentially all behaviours
and adaptations to context will have physiological correlates; Google and
other software and technology companies may well offer better and more
powerful methods for assessing pathophysiology and making diagnoses in
the future. Such shifts in diagnostic practice require much disciplined
research, and seem to not obviate the need for compassionate, caring and
emotionally intelligent clinicians who are able to contain and negotiate
meanings and experiences, and transform conversations and care packages
to positive outcomes for patients.
Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental
health-related stigma and discrimination in the medium and long term:
Systematic review
Authors: Mehta N. , Clement S. , Marcus E. , Stona A.-C. , Bezborodovs N. , Evans-Lacko S. , Palacios J. , Docherty M. , Barley E. , Rose D. , Koschorke M. , Shidhaye R. , Henderson C. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundMost research on interventions to counter stigma and discrimination has
focused on short-term outcomes and has been conducted in high-income
settings.AimsTo synthesise what is known globally about effective interventions to
reduce mental illness-based stigma and discrimination, in relation first
to effectiveness in the medium and long term (minimum 4 weeks), and
second to interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodWe searched six databases from 1980 to 2013 and conducted a
multi-language Google search for quantitative studies addressing the
research questions. Effect sizes were calculated from eligible studies
where possible, and narrative syntheses conducted. Subgroup analysis
compared interventions with and without social contact.ResultsEighty studies (n = 422 653) were included in the
review. For studies with medium or long-term follow-up (72, of which 21
had calculable effect sizes) median standardised mean differences were
0.54 for knowledge and −0.26 for stigmatising attitudes. Those containing
social contact (direct or indirect) were not more effective than those
without. The 11 LMIC studies were all from middle-income countries.
Effect sizes were rarely calculable for behavioural outcomes or in LMIC
studies.ConclusionsThere is modest evidence for the effectiveness of anti-stigma
interventions beyond 4 weeks follow-up in terms of increasing knowledge
and reducing stigmatising attitudes. Evidence does not support the view
that social contact is the more effective type of intervention for
improving attitudes in the medium to long term. Methodologically strong
research is needed on which to base decisions on investment in
stigma-reducing interventions.
Semiotics Approaches in Processes of Visual and Advertising Communications
Authors: Бердичевский  , Berdichevskiy E. 
Published: November 2015

In article semiotics basics of process of development of visual and advertizing
communications are covered. Concepts of a sign, a symbol, a code
are concretized. Types of coding and decoding are analyzed. The new version
of tables of emotional characteristics of lines and elementary figures
is offered. Schematic diagrams of vizualyalny communication in relation to
advertizing communication are considered. The technique of creation of an
advertizing logo on the basis of semantic and semiotics fields, a design key
and decoding from it various options is offered. The example of concrete
development is presented.
Oxidative Degradation of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Medium Catalyzed by Lab Prepared Nickel Hydroxide
Authors: Saeed Muhammad , Jamal Muhammad Asghar , Haq Atta-ul- , Ilyas Mohammad , Younas Mohammad , Shahzad Muhammad Azhar 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This study explores the lab prepared nickel hydroxide catalyzed oxidative degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) in aqueous medium using batch reactor. Nickel hydroxide was prepared by reaction of sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and nickel sulphate hexahydrate in distilled water. The catalytic oxidative degradation of Methylene Blue was explored in terms of various parameters like effect of time, hydrogen peroxide, temperature, initial concentration of dye, catalyst dosage and effect of speed of agitation on degradation of Methylene Blue. Experimental data was subjected to kinetics analysis using Curve Expert software. Degradation reaction was taking place according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. According to this mechanism the reactants adsorb at the surface of catalyst in first step followed by chemical reaction between adsorbed reactants in second step. Catalyst was heterogeneous in nature which was separated by simple filtration easily.
Marginal Causation and Injurer Shirking
Authors: Grady Mark F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIs the negligence cause-in-fact doctrine efficient? The traditional test has come under increasing criticism by economists and others. Some have suggested switching from the time-honored “but-for” test to “proportional liability,” or “proportional causation,” would advance both efficiency and fairness. The traditional but-for test requires that the plaintiff show that it was more likely than not that the defendant’s untaken precaution, when viewed ex post, would have prevented the plaintiff’s injury. Proportional causation also posits some untaken precaution that was a breach of duty by the defendant. The doctrine then asks the trier of fact to estimate the probability by which the untaken precaution would have prevented the injury. In the most commonly discussed version the plaintiff then recovers his or her actual damages deflated by the “percentage of effectiveness” estimated by the jury or other trier of fact. In comparison to proportional causation, the traditional but-for test is sometimes called “the all-or-nothing rule” because it awards full damages or nothing at all, whereas the proportional rule awards some damages in all cases in which the other elements of negligence are satisfied. This Essay argues that these two causation rules are both currently applied in different situations and are complements in reducing the social costs of accidents.
Defamation case law in Hong Kong: A corpus-based study
Authors: Cheng Le , Cheng Winnie , Li Jian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDefamation law is a long-standing research focus. Previous studies on defamation law have pointed out the importance of balancing two fundamental issues in law, namely, protection of reputation and freedom of speech. The present corpus-based legal study, using ConcGram 1.0 as the analytical tool, examined the phraseological profile of reported cases on defamation in Hong Kong in order to find out the types of defense and the approach to meaning in the defamation case law in Hong Kong. Regarding defenses to a defamation claim, the results show that fair comment, qualified privilege, and justification are the most prevalent types, that unintentional defamation is not used at all, and that there has been a noticeable shift from fair comment to honest comment. As for the approach to meaning, the ordinary and natural approach is found to be a pivotal means of solving the threshold problem in defamation cases, that is, whether the words involved are defamatory or not.
Nozzle Admittance and Damping Analysis Using the LEE Method
Authors: Mu-xin Wang , Pei-jin Liu , Wen-jing Yang , Xiang-geng Wei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe nozzle admittance is very important in the theoretical analysis of nozzle damping in combustion instability. The linearized Euler equations (LEE) are used to determine the nozzle admittance with consideration of the mean flow properties. The acoustic energy flux through the nozzle is calculated to evaluate the nozzle damping upon longitudinal oscillation modes. Then the parametric study, involving the nozzle convergent geometry, convergent half angle and nozzle size, is carried out. It is shown that the imaginary part of the nozzle admittance plays a non-negligible role in the determination of the nozzle damping. Under the conditions considered in this work (
Influence of the Bi 6s
2 lone electron pair on elastic properties of monoclinic Bi4B2O9
Authors: Schreuer Jürgen , Mühlberg Manfred , Burianek Manfred , Wallrafen Franz 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The coefficients of thermal expansion and the complete set of elastic stiffness coefficients of monoclinic Bi4B2O9 were determined as functions of temperature employing dilatometry and, respectively, a combination of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and the plate resonance technique. Thermal expansion as well as elasticity of Bi4B2O9 exhibit a pronounced anisotropy, with the directions of the maximum longitudinal elastic stiffness and of the minimal longitudinal thermal expansion running almost parallel to [1̅02]. Further, between 100 K and 535 K the principal axes system of the linear thermal expansion rotates by more than 30° around the 2-fold symmetry axis. The deviations from Cauchy-relations show a similar behavior. Both, the anisotropy and the temperature induced changes of the investigated properties are mainly controlled by the stereochemically active Bi 6s
2 lone electron pairs. At room temperature their Wang–Liebau vectors possess preferred components within a plane that runs almost perpendicular to [1̅02]. A systematic analysis of the elastic behavior of bismuth oxides using the quasi-additivity rule for elastic S-factor reveals a general trend: With decreasing relative amount of Bi2O3 the Bi3+ cations tend to align their stereochemically active lone electron pairs in planes or eventually in one direction. With respect to the elastic behavior of the compound the alignment of the easliy deformable lone electron pairs is unfavorable and causes an elastic softening.
Redetermination of the crystal structure of the Ag3Sn intermetallic compound
Authors: Rossi Paul Josef , Zotov Nikolay , Mittemeijer Eric Jan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Ambiguity exists in the literature on the crystal structure of Ag3Sn: no agreement on neither the type of orthorhombic distortion nor the presence of ordering exists. Therefore, the exact crystal structure of Ag3Sn has been reinvestigated using high resolution X-ray powder dffraction. By applying Rietveld refinements, it could be shown that Ag3Sn is orthorhombic, with an ordered crystal structure of β-Cu3Ti-type (space group Pmmn). The lattice parameters of a Sn-rich and an Ag-rich sample are a=4.78233(1) Å, b=5.99752(1) Å, c=5.16393(1) Å and a=4.78291(2) Å, b=5.98854(2) Å, c=5.15686(2) Å, respectively. The lattice parameters indicate κ-type orthorhombic distortion.
Outcomes After Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in Infants 90 Days Old or Younger
Authors: Hester Gabrielle , Hersh Adam L. , Mundorff Michael , Korgenski Kent , Wilkes Jacob , Stoddard Gregory , Byington Carrie L. , Srivastava Rajendu 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are an increasingly common cause of pediatric hospital visits among infants. The optimal evaluation strategy for younger infants with SSTI is unknown because there is little information about outcomes including risks of concomitant bacterial infections and treatment failure. This study was designed to determine rates of concomitant invasive bacterial infection and hospital revisits for treatment failure as well as factors associated with treatment failure in infants presenting with SSTI.

METHODS:
Retrospective study of patients ≤90 days of age who received care from the 22 emergency departments and hospitals in the Intermountain Healthcare system from July 1, 2004 to December 31, 2011, with a primary discharge diagnosis of SSTI. Concomitant bacterial infections were defined as urinary tract infection (UTI; culture-confirmed) or invasive bacterial infection (IBI; culture-confirmed bacteremia and/or meningitis). Treatment failure was defined as any unplanned change in care at hospital revisit within 14 days of discharge.

RESULTS:
The study included 172 infants; 29 (17%) were febrile, and 91 (53%) had ≥1 sterile site culture performed. One case of bacteremia in a febrile infant was identified giving an overall proportion with UTI/IBI of 0.58% (95% confidence interval 0.01%–3.2%). Sixteen infants (9.3%; 95% confidence interval 5.4%–14.7%) returned for treatment failure. Perianal location (P = .03) and private insurance status (P = .01) were associated with more treatment failures compared with other locations or payer types. No patients returned for missed UTI/IBI.

CONCLUSIONS:
Concomitant bacterial infections were rare in infants with SSTI, with none identified in afebrile infants. Treatment failure of SSTI leading to hospital revisit was common.
An Examination of Physician-, Caregiver-, and Disease-Related Factors Associated With Readmission From a Pediatric Hospital Medicine Service
Authors: Wallace Sowdhamini S. , Keller Stacey L. , Falco Carla N. , Nead Jennifer A. , Minard Charles G. , Nag Pratip K. , Quinonez Ricardo A. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and reasons for pediatric hospital medicine readmissions. We also aimed to describe characteristics of potentially preventable cases and the reliability of classification.METHODS:Retrospective descriptive study from December 2008 through June 2010 in a large academic tertiary care children’s hospital in Houston, Texas. Children were included if they were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge from the pediatric hospital medicine service. Reasons for readmission were grouped into three categories: physician-related, caretaker-related, and disease-related. Readmissions with physician- or caretaker-related reasons were considered potentially preventable.RESULTS:The overall readmission rate was 3.1%, and a total of 204 subjects were included in the analysis. Lymphadenitis and failure to thrive had the highest readmission rates with 21%, and 13%, respectively. Twenty percent (n = 41/204) of readmissions were preventable with 24% (n = 10/41) being physician-related, 12% (n = 5/41) caregiver-related, and 63% (n = 26/41) for mixed reasons. When comparing classification of readmissions into preventable status, there was moderate agreement between 2 reviewers (K = 0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.28–0.60). Among patients with preventable readmission, the probability of having had a readmission by 7 days and 15 days was 73% and 78%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Reliable identification of preventable pediatric readmissions using individual reviewers remains a challenge. Additional studies are needed to develop a reliable approach to identify preventable readmissions and underlying modifiable factors. A focused review of 7-day readmissions and diagnoses with high readmission rates may allow use of fewer resources.
A Pilot Study of the Pediatric Oral Medications Screener (POMS)
Authors: Jacobsen Laura , Patel Amee , Fox Meghan , Miller Sara , Bradford Kathleen , Jhaveri Ravi 
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVE:
Oral medications are commonly used to treat acute and chronic conditions, but formal evaluation of a child’s pill-swallowing ability rarely occurs. In this pilot study, the Pediatric Oral Medication Screener (POMS) was used to physically assess a child’s pill swallowing ability and identify children who would benefit from a targeted intervention.

METHODS:
We identified children 3 to 17 years old admitted to a general pediatric service over a 3-month period in 2014. Patients were asked to swallow several different-sized placebo formulations. If subjects did not meet age-based goals, they were referred for pill swallowing interventions (POMS+). Follow-up parental surveys were performed for patients completing the intervention.

RESULTS:
The prospective pilot study recruited 34 patients. Twenty-eight patients (82%) passed the screening, and a majority of this group started or continued taking pill medications. Six did not pass the screen. Three of the 6 completed the intervention, improved their pill swallowing ability, and were taking oral pill medications at discharge. Parent prediction of pill swallowing was accurate only 56% of the time. Follow-up survey of the 3 families who completed POMS+ reported satisfaction with the program, and 2 of the patients had continued success with swallowing pills 5 months later.

CONCLUSIONS:
The POMS was effective at identifying children who could benefit from an intervention to improve pill-swallowing ability. Our analysis demonstrated that POMS has the potential to improve patient satisfaction and discharge planning.
A New Way to Accelerate the Distraction of the Transpalatal Suture in Growing Dogs Using Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2
Authors: Guiran Zhao , Ying Wang , Guijun Wang , Chengyue Wang , Yusheng Yao 
Published: November 2015

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the administration of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) of the transverse palatal suture in growing dogs. Study Design A total of 36 growing dogs were used in this study. The experimental animals were treated with different elastic force and rhBMP-2. The bone regeneration was determined with X-ray, histology, and clinical evaluation. The computed values underwent statistical analyses using analysis of variance. Results The maxillary complex was most noticeably advanced with an applied elastic force of 600 g (22.4 ± 5.0 mm) and 800 g + rhBMP-2 (24 ± 5.1 mm). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 varied with different elastic force. These changes were statistically significant when 600 g and 800 g + rhBMP-2 were applied within 2 weeks of distraction when compared with controls ( P < .05). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that TSDO in the growing dog should be safe and well tolerated when inducing bony lengthening of the maxilla. rhBMP-2 plays an important role in bone regeneration using TSDO.
Everybody's Authority
Authors: Cecire Natalia 
Published: November 2015

The incursion of the unwanted thus seems to be part of the risk of thinking with others, part of the vulnerability of opening oneself, one's words and one's thoughts, to anyone who might venture upon them.—Jodi Dean, “Blogging Theory”Ah, the peace and quiet that follows a “block” on twitter.—Saree Makdisi,TwitterOne day in 2012, while a presidential election campaign was in full swing, i wrote a blog post and hit “publish.” the post was pretty niche, I thought—the ninth in a series of posts that I had been tagging “puerility,” all incipient ideas for a future project that would draw on childhood studies, the history of statistics, and poetics. With “puerility,” I sought to describe a ludic epistemological mode that draws its power from its very willingness to disclaim power and embrace provisionality—an ambivalence often figured through, and associated with, boyhood. My previous blogging on puerility had mused over the Google N-gram Viewer and the widespread propensity to describe it as a “fun” “toy,” the foulmouthed parodyTwitteraccount @MayorEmanuel, and Wes Anderson's 2012 filmMoonrise Kingdom.The new post was about election predictions and a recent media flap around the statistician Nate Silver.
MONITORAMENTO AMBIENTAL NA ZONA DE AMORTECIMENTO DO PARQUE ESTADUAL DE PORTO FERREIRA, PORTO FERREIRA – SP.
Authors: Lucca André Luis Teixeira De , Dickfeldt Ernesto Pedro , Evangelista Sonia Aparecida de Souza 
Published: November 2015

RESUMOAtividades de monitoramento ambiental foram implantadas na Zona de Amortecimento do Parque Estadual de Porto Ferreira com o objetivo de identificar ações antrópicas conflitantes e buscar a minimização dos seus efeitos negativos. Entre os anos de 2006 a 1015 foram identificadas 26 ações conflitantes em relação à flora, fauna, solo, recursos hídricos e ar. O apoio do Conselho Consultivo contribuiu com discussões e encaminhamentos na perspectiva de favorecer a manutenção dos processos ecológicos, a adequação e a sustentabilidade ambiental na região da unidade de conservação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Uso do Solo. Ações Antrópicas. Plano de Manejo.