bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifiable diarrhoea risk factors in Egyptian children aged <5 years
Authors: MANSOUR A. M. , MOHAMMADY H. EL , SHABRAWI M. EL , SHABAAN S. Y. , ZEKRI M. ABOU , NASSAR M. , SALEM M. E. , MOSTAFA M. , RIDDLE M. S. , KLENA J. D. , MESSIH I. A. ABDEL , LEVIN S. , YOUNG S. Y. N. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYBy conducting a case-control study in two university hospitals, we explored the association between modifiable risk behaviours and diarrhoea. Children aged <5 years attending outpatient clinics for diarrhoea were matched by age and sex with controls. Data were collected on family demographics, socioeconomic indicators, and risk behaviour practices. Two rectal swabs and a stool specimen were collected from cases and controls. Samples were cultured for bacterial pathogens using standard techniques and tested by ELISA to detect rotavirus andCryptosporidiumspp. Four hundred cases and controls were enrolled between 2007 and 2009. The strongest independent risk factors for diarrhoea were: presence of another household member with diarrhoea [matched odds ratio (mOR) 4·9, 95% CI 2·8–8·4] in the week preceding the survey, introduction to a new kind of food (mOR 3, 95% CI 1·7–5·4), and the child being cared for outside home (mOR 2·6, 95% CI 1·3–5·2). While these risk factors are not identifiable, in some age groups more easily modifiable risk factors were identified including: having no soap for handwashing (mOR 6·3, 95% CI 1·2–33·9) for children aged 7–12 months, and pacifier use (mOR 1·9, 95% CI 1·0–3·5) in children aged 0–6 months. In total, the findings of this study suggest that community-based interventions to improve practices related to sanitation and hygiene, handwashing and food could be utilized to reduce the burden of diarrhoea in Egyptian children aged <5 years.
Phylogenomics ofAnnelida revisited: a cladistic approach using genome‐wide expressed sequence tag data mining and examining the effects of missing data
Authors: Kvist Sebastian , Siddall Mark E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present phylogenomic analyses of the most comprehensive molecular character set compiled forAnnelida and its constituent taxa, including over 347 000 aligned nucleotide sites for 39 taxa. The nucleotide data set was recovered using a pre‐existing amino acid data set of almost 48 000 aligned sites as a backbone fortBLASTn searches againstNCBI. In addition, orthology determinations of the loci in the original amino acid data set were scrutinized using anAll vsAllReciprocalBestHit approach, employingBLASTp, and examining for statistical interdependency among the loci. This approach revealed considerable sequence redundancy among the loci in the original data set and a new data set was compiled, with the redundancy removed. The newly compiled nucleotide data set, the original amino acid data set, and the new reduced amino acid data set were subjected to parsimony analyses and two forms of bootstrap resampling. The last‐named data set also was analysed using a maximum‐likelihood approach. There were two main objectives to these analyses: (i) to examine the general topology, including support, resulting from the analyses of the new data sets and (ii) to assess the consistency of the branching patterns across optimality criteria by comparison with previous probabilistic approaches. The phylogenetic hypotheses resulting from analyses of the three data sets are largely unsupported, reflecting the continued difficulty of finding numerous, reliable, and suitable loci for a group as ancient asAnnelida. Resulting parsimonious hypotheses disagree, in some respects, with the previous probabilistic approaches; Sedentaria and, in most cases, Errantia are not supported as monophyletic groups butPleistoannelida is recovered as a (unsupported) monophyletic group in one of the three parsimony analyses as well as the likelihood analysis. In addition, we performed missing data titration studies to estimate the impact of missing data on overall support and support for specific clades.
Characteristics of fever, etiologic factors, antibiotic use and prognosis in febrile dermatology inpatients
Authors: Göktay Fatih , Ceran Nurgül , Aydıngöz İkbal Esen , Mansur Ayşe Tülin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground  Generally, fever is observed in >30% of hospitalized patients. However, little is known about fever in dermatology inpatients.Objectives  The aim of this study was to investigate and document the incidence, characteristics, and etiologic factors of fever in febrile dermatology inpatients and to describe the practice of antibiotic use and prognosis in the same group.Methods  The medical records for 928 inpatients were retrospectively analyzed.Results  The incidence of fever was found to be 16.2%. Mean length of hospital stay was found to be longer in febrile patients. Of the 176 febrile episodes, 79 (44.9%) occurred in patients without infections, 43 (24.4%) in patients with community‐acquired infections, 25 (14.2%) in patients with healthcare‐associated infections, 18 (10.2%) in patients classified with fever of non‐infectious/infectious causes, and 11 (6.3%) in a group for whom the etiologic factors of fever were undetermined. Antibiotic treatment was started in 36.2% of febrile inpatients. The overall mortality rate was 0.6%.Conclusions  This is the first study to investigate febrile episodes in dermatology inpatients. Fever is a frequently encountered symptom in dermatology inpatients. Febrile episodes resulted from mostly non‐infectious entities, mainly consisting of inflammatory dermatologic disorders. Antibiotics were ordered in a higher percentage of patients in the febrile group. Dermatologists started prophylactic or empiric antibiotic therapy in febrile patients with non‐infectious or inflammatory diagnoses on the assumption that these patients had an increased risk for infection as a result of impaired skin integrity and use of immunosuppressive drug therapy. The overall mortality rate was very low in the study group of dermatology inpatients.
Restoration of klotho gene expression induces apoptosis and autophagy in gastric cancer cells: tumor suppressive role of klotho in gastric cancer
Authors: Xie Biao , Zhou Jianping , Shu Guoshun , Liu Dong-cai , Zhou Jiapeng , Chen Jinhui , Yuan Lianwen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
The loss of tumor suppressor gene expression is involved in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). Klotho is a recently identified tumor suppressor gene that epigenetically inactivated in gastric cancer. However, the signaling pathways involved in the suppressive role of klotho have rarely been reported in gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the involvement of klotho in gastric cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy as well as the associated signaling.

Methods
Methylation of klotho gene promoter in GC-7901, MNK-45 and AGS gastric cancer cells as well as GES-1 normal gastric epithelial cells was detected by bisulfate-based PCR. Restoration of klotho gene expression was established by applying a demethylating agent and delivering aklotho gene expression vector into GC-7901 cells. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis and cycling were analyzed by flow cytometry. Autophagy was measured by detecting LC3-I and LC3-II expression. Protein levels and phosphorylation were measured by Western blot assay.

Results
Methylation of klotho gene promoter and expression of the klotho gene were detected in GC cells. Restoration of klotho gene expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and increased LC3-I/LC3-II expression in GC cells. Restoration of klotho gene expression downregulated the phosphorylation levels of IGF-1 receptor, IRS-1, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR proteins. Both apoptosis and autophagy inhibitors blocked klotho-induced apoptosis and autophagy.

Conclusion
Klotho is a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer, which regulates IGF-1R phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy.
A murineZic3transcript with a premature termination codon evades nonsense-mediated decay during axis formation
Authors: Ahmed Jehangir N. , Ali Radiya G. , Warr Nicholas , Wilson Heather M. , Bellchambers Helen M. , Barratt Kristen S. , Thompson Amelia J. , Arkell Ruth M. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe ZIC transcription factors are key mediators of embryonic development and ZIC3 is the gene most commonly associated with situs defects (heterotaxy) in humans. Half of patient ZIC3 mutations introduce a premature termination codon (PTC). In vivo, PTC-containing transcripts might be targeted for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). NMD efficiency is known to vary greatly between transcripts, tissues and individuals and it is possible that differences in survival of PTC-containing transcripts partially explain the striking phenotypic variability that characterizes ZIC3-associated congenital defects. For example, the PTC-containing transcripts might encode a C-terminally truncated protein that retains partial function or that dominantly interferes with other ZIC family members. Here we describe the katun (Ka) mouse mutant, which harbours a mutation in the Zic3 gene that results in a PTC. At the time of axis formation there is no discernible decrease in this PTC-containing transcript in vivo, indicating that the mammalian Zic3 transcript is relatively insensitive to NMD, prompting the need to re-examine the molecular function of the truncated proteins predicted from human studies and to determine whether the N-terminal portion of ZIC3 possesses dominant-negative capabilities. A combination of in vitro studies and analysis of the Ka phenotype indicate it is a null allele of Zic3 and that the N-terminal portion of ZIC3 does not encode a dominant-negative molecule. Heterotaxy in patients with PTC-containing ZIC3 transcripts probably arises due to loss of ZIC3 function alone.
Assessment of the impact of the Odra river water levels on groundwater levels in Rzeczyca region
Authors: Chalfen Mieczysław , Głuchowska Beata , Pływaczyk Leszek 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Groundwater table levels in a river valley depend, among other factors, on meteorological and hydrogeological conditions, land use and water levels in watercourses. The primary role of a watercourse is to collect surface and groundwater, and it becomes an infiltrating watercourse at high water levels. Changes in groundwater levels and the range of these changes depend chiefly on the shape, height and duration of the flood wave in the river channel.
The assessment of flood wave impact on groundwater was based on long-term measurements of groundwater levels in the Odra valley and observations of water levels in the river channel. Simulations were performed with the use of in-house software FIZ (Filtracja i Zanieczyszczenia; Filtration and Contamination), designed for modelling unsteady water flows within a fully saturated zone. A two-dimensional model with two spatial variables was employed. The process of groundwater flow through a porous medium, non-homogeneous in terms of water permeability, was described with Boussinesq equation. The equation was solved with the use of finite element method. The model was applied to assess groundwater level fluctuations in the Odra valley in the context of actual flood waves on the river.
Variations in groundwater table in the valley were analysed in relation to selected actual flood water levels in the Odra in 2001-2003 and 2010. The period from 2001 to 2003 was used to verify the model. A satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the measured values was obtained. Based on simulation calculations, it was proved that flood waves observed in 2010 caused a rise in groundwater table levels in a belt of approximately 1000 metres from the watercourses. It was calculated that at the end of hydrological year 2009/2010, the highest growths, of up to 0.80 m, were observed on piezometers located close to the Odra river channel. The passage of several flood waves on the Odra caused an increase of subsurface retention by 3.0% compared to the initial state.
A strain dependent stiffness of stiff cohesionless and cohesive soils
Authors: Lipiński Mirosław J. , Wdowska Małgorzata K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the last three decades an interest has grown in prediction of soil stiffness. In case of dense cohesionless soils or natural overconsolidated cohesive soils the working strain to which soil stiffness is referred to covers the range 0.01-1.0%. On the basis of results of comprehensive experimental worked based on advanced triaxial tests results two formulae for Young’s modulus distribution accounting for strain range were derived for fine dense sand and heavy overconsolidated sandy clay. The formula for sand accounts also for stress level. In case of overconsolidated sandy clay, stress history, in the form of yield stress, is also accounted for.
A new species of Specklinia (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae) from Colombia
Authors: Kolanowska Marta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
During field work conducted in Colombia, a new species of the genus Specklinia Lindl., S. pereziana was found. The new species is described and illustrated. Information about its habitat and ecology is provided. Specklinia pereziana is similar to S. muricaudata, from which it differs in leaf shape and floral characters - the main differences between the species are discussed.
Arabis Recta Vill. (Brassicaceae) In Poland: Distribution, Habitats And Threat Assessment
Authors: Nobis Marcin , Nobis Agnieszka 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Arabis recta is one of the rarest species in Poland. It has been reported from 15 sites, mostly in the Nida Basin (Ma≥opolska Upland). The plant is a component of xerothermic grasslands but it can also grow in arable fields and fallows. In Poland, Arabis recta is considered to be threatened by natural succession and herbicide use. However, according to recent studies, it should be treated as an endangered species (EN category) in the country.
Comparative analysis of the chosen field-weakening methods for the Direct Rotor Flux Oriented Control drive system
Authors: Nguyen-Thac K. , Orlowska-Kowalska T. , Tarchala G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In this paper, an analysis of the induction motor control scheme based on the Direct Rotor Flux Oriented Control (DRFOC) for a whole speed range, including field-weakening (FW) regions is presented. Two field-weakening algorithms have been compared and verified through simulation with a 3.0 [kW] induction motor drive.
Recovery braking of variable-structure electronic commutator for BLDC motor
Authors: Biskup Tomasz 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Permanent magnet motors are more and more frequently used in various applications. In this group motors with a trapezoidal EMF deserve a special attention. They are characterized by a simple construction, high efficiency and high torque overload. A certain drawback of BLDC motors are difficulties with an operation at a speed above the nominal value. The article presents the results of investigations into the variablestructure electronic commutator designed for the drive of a small electric vehicle equipped with BLDC motors. Such a solution allows extending the standard range of the drive’s speed. The considerations contained in the article focus on the possibilities and effects of regeneration mode in the proposed topology of converter. A theoretical analysis has been presented as well as computer simulations carried out by means of Matlab- Simulink, which were then verified at a laboratory. The tests were finished with trials conducted using a small electric vehicle Elipsa.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Water Buffaloes Raised in the Notecka Forest Region (Poland)
Authors: Kobak Paulina , Pilarczyk Bogumiła 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection with gastrointestinal parasites in water buffaloes raised in the Notecka Forest region in the Wielkopolska Province (Poland). Coproscopic examinations were performed between January and June 2009. The mean prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the water buffalo herd was 44%. Gastrointestinal nematodes (10%) and flukes (Fasciola hepatica - 32% and Paramphistomum cervi - 11%) were found in the examined animals. The high prevalence of infection with gastrointestinal parasites was caused by the lack of an appropriate helminth control programme. Despite the fact that they are raised on marshy meadows, where good conditions for parasites’ development exist, these animals were not systematically dewormed. It is necessary to devise a helminth control programme for the studied water buffalo herd.
Effect of 2-Methoxyestradiol on Gonadotropin Secretion and Oxidative Status of Porcine Pituitary Cells In Vitro
Authors: Kosior-Korzecka Urszula , Radwańska Paulina , Wójcik Marta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) on GnRH-induced LH and FSH secretion by porcine pituitary cells in vitro. Moreover, the concentrations of superoxide anion radical (O2
-), as a possible mediator of 2-ME action, and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), as an oxidative stress indicator, were estimated. Pituitary cells were cultured in McCoy 5A medium with GnRH (positive control), with GnRH and 3.3×10-11-3.3×10-7M/L of 2-ME, or with GnRH and 2.7×10-9- 2.7×10-8 M/L of 17β-estradiol. The secretion of gonadotropins, as well as concentrations of superoxide anion and MDA were analysed after 2-72 h of the experiment. A positive correlation between 2-ME dose and FSH secretion from anterior pituitary cells (r=0.72, 0.95, 0.92, 0.90, 0.85, and 0.82 after 2, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively) was demonstrated. In contrast, a negative correlation between 2-ME concentration and LH secretion was observed (r=-0.82, -0.72, -0.85, -0.89, -0.93, and -0.79 after 2, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively). The concentration of O2
-. was increasing under the influence of the rising doses of 2-ME, whereas the mean level of MDA was not changing significantly.
Analysis of Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Selected Rural Households in the Lublin Region
Authors: Sroka Jacek , Szymańska Jolanta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article describes the analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection among people and animals from the selected rural households in the Lublin province. To identify the potential sources of infection, parasitological and/or PCR examinations of the samples of water, soil, cats’ faeces, and meat eaten by the household members were carried out. The study indicated high percentages of seropositive results among the household members (N=57) and domestic animals (N=94) - 61.4 % and 53.2%, respectively. In two households, the parasite was detected in drinking water. The study results seem to confirm the possibility of family character of toxoplasmosis, and point at the environmental conditions leading to the infection in rural environment.
Effect of Herbal Extracts on Some Haematological Parameters of Calves During Rearing
Authors: Bombik Teresa , Bombik Elżbieta , Frankowska Aneta , Trawińska Beata , Saba Leon 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Clinically healthy Polish Holstein-Friesian calves were divided into two groups: a control group (12 individuals) and an experimental group (12 individuals). The experimental group calves received a mixture of 20% water herbal extracts prepared from Urtica dioica, Hb., Hypericum perforatum, Hb., Melissa officinalis, Fol., Chamomillae recutita Anth., Calendula officinalis, Flos, and Plantago lanceolata, Fol. The mixture was given from the 2nd to 14th week of their life. Control calves received no addition of herbal extracts to their diet. Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, and mean corpuscular volume were determined in the 4th, 9th, and 14th week of the experiment. The beneficial effect of the herbal mixture on the level of the examined haematological parameters was demonstrated in all tested weeks. In the calves from experimental group, a significantly higher red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and corpuscular volume, and lower white blood cell count were found. There were no statistically significant differences in the haematocrit values between both groups.
Measurement of small values of hydrostatic pressure difference / Pomiar małych wartości różnicy ciśnień hydrostatycznych
Authors: Broda Krzysztof , Filipek Wiktor 
Published: February 2013

In order to describe the fluid flow through the porous centre, made of identical spheres, it is necessary to know the pressure, but in fact - the pressure distribution. For the flows in the range that was traditionally called laminar flow (i. e. for Reynolds numbers (Bear, 1988; Duckworth, 1983; Troskolański, 1957) from the range 0,01 to 3) it is virtually impossible with the use of the tools directly available on the market. Therefore, many scientists who explore this problem have concentrated only on the research of the velocity distribution of the medium that penetrates the intended centre (Bear, 1988) or pressure distribution at high hydraulic gradients (Trzaska & Broda, 1991, 2000; Trzaska et al., 2005). It may result from the inaccessibility to the measurement methods that provide measurement of very low hydrostatic pressures, such as pressure resulting from the weight of liquid located in the gravitational field (Duckworth, 1983; Troskolański, 1957). The pressure value c. 10 Pa (Troskolański, 1957) can be generated even by 1 mm height difference between the two levels of the free water surface, which in fact constitutes the definition of gauging tools of today measuring the level of the hydrostatic pressure.
Authors proposed a method of hydrostatic pressure measurement and devised a gauging tool. Then a series of tests was conducted aiming at establishing what is the influence of various factors, such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, velocity of measurement completion, etc. on the accuracy and method of measurements. A method for considerable reduction of hysteresis that occurs during measurement was also devised.
The method of measurement of small hydrostatic difference measurements allows for the accuracy of measurement of up to 0.5 Pa. Measurement results can be improved successfully by one order of magnitude, which for sure would entail necessary temperature stabilization of the tool. It will be more difficult though to compensate the influence of atmospheric pressure on the measurement process.
Energy Carriers Use in the World: Natural Gas – Conventional and Unconventional Gas Resources / Wykorzystanie Nośników Energii w Świecie: Zasoby Gazu Ziemnego w Złożach Konwencjonalnych i Niekonwencjonalnych
Authors: Siemek Jakub , Nagy Stanisław 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper discusses forecasts of energy carrier use with particular emphasis on the changing position of natural gas due to global climatic conditions and the increasing role of unconventional natural gas reservoirs. Allocation of natural gas resources in the world are discussed as well as global gas consumption and conditions for development of transport infrastructure and storage. The most important indicators of the energy security of countries are presented. The basic properties of unconventional deposits, and differences in the production/extraction of gas from the conventional and unconventional fields are given. In the paper are also discussed natural gas reserves in Poland, including possible non-conventional resources in the fields and issues of increasing the role of gas as an energy carrier in Poland in the background of the energy changes in Europe and the world.