bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genetics of speciation: are complex incompatibilities easier to evolve?
Authors: Fraïsse C. , Elderfield J. A. D. , Welch J. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractReproductive isolation can evolve readily when genotypes containing incompatible alleles are connected by chains of fit intermediates. Experimental crosses show that such Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) are often complex (involving alleles at three or more loci) and asymmetrical (such that reciprocal introgressions have very different effects on fitness). One possible explanation is that asymmetrical and complex DMIs are ‘easier to evolve’, because they block fewer of the possible evolutionary paths between the parental genotypes. To assess this argument, we model evolutionary divergence in allopatry and calculate the delays to divergence caused by DMIs of different kinds. We find that the number of paths is sometimes, though not always, a reliable predictor of the time to divergence. In particular, we find limited support for the idea that symmetrical DMIs take longer to evolve, but this applies largely to two‐locus symmetrical DMIs (which leave no path of fit intermediates). Symmetrical complex DMIs can also delay divergence, but only in a limited region of parameter space. In most other cases, the presence and form of DMIs have little influence on times to divergence, and so we argue that ease of evolution is unlikely to be important in explaining the experimental data.
Adoptive transfusion of tolerogenic dendritic cells prolongs the survival of liver allograft: a systematic review
Authors: Xia Meng Juan , Shan Juan , Li You Ping , Zhou Yan Ni , Guo Ying Jia , Sun Gui Xiang , Wu Wen Qiao , Feng Li 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo systematically review the effects of tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol‐DCs) induced by different methods on liver transplantation and their possible mechanisms of action.MethodsPubMed and EMbase were searched for relevant articles through 31 December 2013. The effects of Tol‐DCs on liver allograft survival were semiquantitatively evaluated, and the possible mechanisms by which Tol‐DCs prolong graft survival were analyzed.ResultsSeven articles were included, and classified according to methods of induction, sources, and methods of infusing Tol‐DCs. Tol‐DCs induced from immature DCs (imDCs), with cytokines, and by gene modification induced liver transplant tolerance for 33.1 ± 32.5 days (2.7‐fold vs. control), 26.17 ± 16.20 days (1.8‐fold vs. control), and 11.7 ± 1.6 days (2.3‐fold vs. control), respectively. DCs derived from recipient bone marrow, donor bone marrow, and donor spleen induced liver transplant tolerance for 51.0 ± 0.0 days (5.9‐fold vs. control), 21.4 ± 26.8 days (2.4‐fold vs. control), and 15.0 ± 0.0 days (2.3‐fold vs. control), respectively. The primary mechanisms by which Tol‐DCs induce liver transplant tolerance were the induction of T‐cell hyporeactivity and Th2 differentiation.ConclusionsTol‐DCs induced by three different methods could extend liver allograft survival, with imDCs showing optimal results. The optimal infusion method was intravenous injection of 1–2 × 106 Tol‐DC, similar to findings in renal transplantation. Tol‐DCs prolonged liver transplant tolerance more than renal transplant tolerance.
A Supply‐Use Approach to Waste Input‐Output Analysis
Authors: Lenzen Manfred , Reynolds Christian John 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIn this article, we extend Namakura and Kondo's waste input‐output (WIO) framework by incorporating a supply‐use formalism, resulting in waste supply‐use tables (WSUTs). We present the theoretical underpinnings of the WSUT and, in particular, the transition from Nakamura and Kondo's WIO form to the new WSUT form. Further, we offer a mathematical proof of the equivalence of WIO and WSUT multipliers. We illustrate the workings of the WSUT calculus using economic and waste data for the Australian economy in 2008–2009.
The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence Duration on Individual and Partner‐Related Sexual Risk Factors Among Women
Authors: Fontenot Holly B. , Fantasia Heidi Collins , Lee‐St. John Terrence J. , Sutherland Melissa A. 
Published: March 2014

IntroductionIntimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV among women, but less is known about mechanisms of this association and if length of relationship violence is a factor. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the duration of IPV and both individual and partner‐related sexual risk factors that may increase women's risk for STIs and HIV.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of data collected from the medical records of 2000 women. Four distinct categories defined the duration of partner violence: violence in the past year only, past year and during the past 5 years, past year plus extending for greater than 5 years, and no past year violence but a history of partner violence. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between the duration of partner violence and individual sexual risk behaviors (eg, number of sexual partners, drug and/or alcohol use, anal sex) and partner‐related sexual risk factors (eg, nonmonogamy, STI risk, condom nonuse).ResultsNearly 30% of the women in the study reported a history of partner violence during their lifetime. All of the individual risk factors, as well as partner‐related risk factors, were significantly associated (P < .05) with partner violence and duration of violence.DiscussionThe study findings extend the knowledge related to partner violence as a risk factor for STIs/HIV, highlighting the effects of partner violence duration on the health of women. Assessing for lifetime experiences of partner violence may improve outcomes for women and their families.
Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies and the vaccine problem
Authors: Chiodi F. , Weiss R. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite the great advances made in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection with antiretroviral drug treatment, a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine has yet to be developed. Here, we discuss why clinical trials and vaccine development for HIV have so far been disappointing, with an emphasis on the lack of protective antibodies. We review approaches for developing appropriate HIV immunogens and the stimulation of long‐lasting B‐cell responses with antibody maturation. We conclude that candidate reagents in the pipeline for HIV vaccine development are unlikely to be particularly effective. Although the major funders of HIV vaccine research and development are placing increasing emphasis on clinical product development, a genuine breakthrough in preventing HIV infection through vaccines is more likely to come from novel immunogen research.
A methodological review of research on the antecedents and consequences of workplace harassment
Authors: Neall Annabelle M. , Tuckey Michelle R. 
Published: March 2014

Workplace harassment is a well‐researched topic, especially in regard to the antecedents and consequences of the phenomenon. A number of criticisms of this body of research have been raised that influence our understanding of harassment, its causes, and effects. Accordingly, this methodological review was conducted to identify current methodological gaps and propose new strategies for advancing knowledge on harassment at work. A total of 234 samples, from 224 peer‐reviewed articles published over a 26‐year period (1987–2012 inclusive), which focused on the antecedents, consequences, or process of diverse forms of workplace harassment (e.g., bullying, abusive supervision, mobbing, and victimization), were systematically analysed for methodological content. Our analysis focused on identifying threats to construct, internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity, covering issues such as sample characteristics, research design, measurement, methods of data collection, and techniques to analyse data. Findings on the nature and extent of existing methodological limitations underpin suggestions to advance theory development in this area by improving study validity. These include adopting longitudinal and experimental designs, utilizing within‐person approaches, incorporating the perspectives of witnesses and perpetrators of harassment, developing combined group/organizational and individual levels of analysis, and focusing on the dynamic processes of workplace harassment.Practitioner points

Limitations in existing research have constrained what we know about workplace harassment, and how to prevent harassment and its negative consequences.

This paper provides a comprehensive resource for evaluating the quality of the ever‐growing body of research on workplace harassment, which covers issues such as bullying, abusive supervision, aggression, incivility, and other forms of victimization at work.
Backstage performances: a third grader's embodiments of pop culture and literacy in a public school classroom
Authors: Kontovourki Stavroula 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article examines the less visible ways in which popular culture enters the classroom and shapes children's embodied performances as students and literate subjects. Foregrounding snapshots from a case study of a low‐achieving, African American female student, I consider how popular culture is inscribed on students' bodies and becomes a means through which they perform their schooled selves, at the same time that school curricula are resources for constructing conceptualisations of popular culture images and texts. The examination of popular culture, literacy curricula and identities is informed by poststructural approaches to discourse, power and the body that allow the consideration of bodies as discursive means and as sites of inscription. This approach makes possible the examination of the politics of the curriculum, that is, the examination of the ways school curricula at their intersection with popular culture exert power onto students' bodies and produce norms and regularities that students take up, subvert and/or resist. From this perspective, I expose the ways in which the curriculum, popular culture and children's performances as gendered, literate and other types of subjects intertwine in the background of the official school space.
“How people read and write and they don't even notice”: everyday lives and literacies on a Midlands council estate
Authors: Jones Susan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article presents data from a British Academy‐funded study of the everyday literacy practices of three families living on a predominantly white working‐class council housing estate on the edge of a Midlands city. The study explored, as one participant succinctly put it, “how people read and write and they don't even notice”. This alludes to the ways in which everyday practices may not be recognised as part of a dominant model of literacy. The study considered too the ways in which these literacy practices are part of a wider policy context that also fails to notice the impact of austerity politics on everyday lives. An emphasis on quantitative measures of disadvantage and public discourse which vilifies those facing economic challenge can overshadow the resilience and resourcefulness of individuals and families in making meaning from their experiences. Drawing together consideration of everyday lives and the everyday literacies which are part of them, this article explores the impact of the current policy context on access to both economic and cultural resources, showing how literacy, as part of this context, should be recognised as a powerful means not only of constricting lives but also of constructing them.
Acetaminophen‐induced liver injury in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Michaut Anaïs , Moreau Caroline , Robin Marie‐Anne , Fromenty Bernard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlthough acetaminophen (APAP) is usually considered as a safe drug, this painkiller can lead to acute liver failure after overdoses. Moreover, there is evidence that the maximum recommended dosage can induce hepatic cytolysis in some individuals. Several predisposing factors appear to enhance the risk and severity of APAP‐induced liver injury including chronic alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which refers to a large spectrum of hepatic lesions linked to obesity. In contrast, obesity by itself does not seem to be associated with a higher risk of APAP‐induced liver injury. Since 1987, seven studies dealt with APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity in rodent models of NAFLD and five of them found that this liver disease was associated with higher APAP toxicity. Unfortunately, these studies did not unequivocally established the mechanism(s) whereby NAFLD could favour APAP hepatotoxicity, although some investigations suggested that pre‐existent induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) could play a significant role by increasing the generation of N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the toxic metabolite of APAP. Moreover, pre‐existent mitochondrial dysfunction associated with NAFLD could also be involved. In contrast, some investigations suggested that factors that could reduce the risk and severity of APAP hepatotoxicity in obesity and NAFLD include higher hepatic APAP glucuronidation, reduced CYP3A4 activity and increased volume of body distribution. Thus, the occurrence and the outcome of APAP‐induced liver injury in an obese individual with NAFLD might depend on a delicate balance between metabolic factors that can be protective and others that favour large hepatic levels of NAPQI.
Comment on “The origin of eucrites, diogenites, and olivine diogenites: Magma ocean crystallization and shallow magma processes on Vesta” by B. E. Mandler and L. T. Elkins‐Tanton
Authors: Barrat Jean‐Alix , Yamaguchi Akira 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMandler and Elkins‐Tanton () recently proposed an upgraded magma ocean model for the differentiation history of the giant asteroid 4 Vesta. They show that a combination of both equilibrium crystallization and fractional crystallization processes can reproduce the major element compositions of eucritic melts and broadly the range of mineral compositions observed in diogenites. They assert that their model accounts for all the howardites, eucrites, and diogenites (HEDs), and use it to predict the crustal thickness and the proportions of the various lithologies. Here, we show that their model fails to explain the trace element diversity of the diogenites, contrary to their claim. The diversity of the heavy REE enrichment exhibited by the orthopyroxenes in diogenites is inconsistent with crystallization of these cumulates in either shallow magma chambers replenished by melts from a magma ocean or in a magma ocean. Thus, proportions of the various HED lithologies and the crustal thickness predicted from this model are not necessarily valid.
Assessment of identity disequilibrium and its relation to empirical heterozygosity fitness correlations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Miller Joshua M. , Coltman David W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHeterozygosity fitness correlations (HFCs) have frequently been used to detect inbreeding depression, under the assumption that genome‐wide heterozygosity is a good proxy for inbreeding. However, meta‐analyses of the association between fitness measures and individual heterozygosity have shown that often either no correlations are observed or the effect sizes are small. One of the reasons for this may be the absence of variance in inbreeding, a requisite for generating general‐effect HFCs. Recent work has highlighted identity disequilibrium (ID) as a measure that may capture variance in the level of inbreeding within a population; however, no thorough assessment of ID in natural populations has been conducted. In this meta‐analysis, we assess the magnitude of ID (as measured by the g2 statistic) from 50 previously published HFC studies and its relationship to the observed effect sizes of those studies. We then assess how much power the studies had to detect general‐effect HFCs, and the number of markers that would have been needed to generate a high expected correlation (r2 = 0.9) between observed heterozygosity and inbreeding. Across the majority of studies, g2 values were not significantly different than zero. Despite this, we found that the magnitude of g2 was associated with the average effect sizes observed in a population, even when point estimates were nonsignificant. These low values of g2 translated into low expected correlations between heterozygosity and inbreeding and suggest that many more markers than typically used are needed to robustly detect HFCs.
Antifungal prophylaxis following heart transplantation: systematic review
Authors: Uribe Luis G. , Cortés Jorge A. , Granados Carlos E. , Montoya José G. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryPatients with heart transplantation have a high incidence of infectious complications, especially fungal infections. The aim of the systematic review was to determine the best pharmacological strategy to prevent fungal infections among patients with heart transplant. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies reporting the effectivenesss of pharmacologic strategies to prevent fungal infections in adult patient with a heart transplant. Our search yielded five studies (1176 patients), four of them with historical controls. Two studies used inhaled amphotericin B deoxycholate, three used itraconazole and one used targeted echinocandin. All studies showed significant reduction in the prophylaxis arm. Different products, doses and outcomes were noted. There is a highly probable benefit of prophylaxis use, however, better studies with standardised doses and comparators should be performed.
Fibroblasts isolated from a keratocystic odontogenic tumor promote osteoclastogenesis in vitro via interaction with epithelial cells
Authors: Wang H‐C , Jiang W‐P , Sima Z‐H , Li T‐J 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesInvestigate the role of the epithelial–mesenchymal interaction of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) in influencing osteoclastogenesis.Materials and MethodsFibroblasts isolated from KCOT fibrous capsule and normal gingival mucosa were, respectively, co‐cultured with human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs), and the supernatant was collected to make conditioned medium, in which the osteoclastogenesis of osteoclast precursor cell line Raw 264.7 was observed. Genes related to bone resorption (RANKL, OPG, COX‐2, and M‐CSF) were analyzed by real‐time PCR. Antibodies against human sRANKL and inhibitor of COX‐2: NS398 were added to conditioned medium to investigate the inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis.ResultsCompared with co‐cultured gingival fibroblasts and HIOECs (GE‐CM), the conditioned medium from co‐cultured KCOT fibroblasts and HIOECs (KE‐CM) induced more osteoclast‐like cell formation and increased NFATC1 mRNA in Raw264.7 cells (P < 0.05). Co‐cultured KCOT fibroblasts (KF) and HIOECs, respectively, expressed more COX‐2 mRNA than the co‐cultured gingival fibroblasts (GF) and HIOECs (P < 0.05). While the ratio of RANKL/OPG in HIOECs co‐cultured with KF was also significantly higher than that co‐cultured with GF (P < 0.05). The anti‐human sRANKL antibody in KE‐CM inhibited osteoclastogenesis of Raw264.7 cells; however, NS398 displayed little inhibition.ConclusionAn interesting phenomenon of osteoclastogenic effect of KE‐CM in vitro was investigated, which suggested an indispensable role of epithelial–mesenchymal interaction of KCOT in its bone destruction. It could be at least partly attributed to the up‐regulated ratio of RANKL/OPG in epithelium induced by KCOT fibroblasts, the aggressiveness of tumor as result of epithelial–mesenchymal interaction deserves exploration further.
Quantification of Ocular Biologically Effective UV Exposure for Different Rotation Angle Ranges Based on Data from a Manikin
Authors: Hu Liwen , Wang Fang , Ou‐Yang Nan‐Ning , Gao Na , Gao Qian , Ge Tiantian , Gao Yanyan , Liu Guangcong , Zheng Yang , Liu Yang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHuman outdoor activities are randomly orientated at different angles to the sun. To quantify the ocular UV and biologically effective UV (UVBE; i.e. the ocular UV irradiance exposure for photokeratitis (UVpker), photoconjunctivitis (UVpcon), and cataract (UVcat)) exposure for different rotation angle ranges, a rotating manikin was used to monitor the ocular UV exposure at different rotation angles in clear skies during July 2010 in Sanya, China. As a result, the ocular UV and UVBE irradiance was directly influenced by the rotation angle variations, primarily for the 120° rotation angle ranges facing the morning and afternoon sun when the solar elevation was lower than 60°; during these times, the UV and UVBE spectral irradiance decreased as the rotation angle increased. When compared to the 360° rotation angle ranges (which were considered to be the average exposure situation), the cumulative ocular UVBE for 60°, 120° and 180° rotation angle ranges were maximally 91% (UVcat), 94% (UVpker) and 121% (UVpcon); 71% (UVcat), 74% (UVpker) and 95% (UVpcon); 42%(UVcat), 45%(UVpker) and 55% (UVpcon) higher respectively. Meanwhile, the cumulative ocular UVBE for the 180° rotation angle ranges facing away from the sun were 46% (UVpker), 59% (UVpcon) and 45% (UVcat) lower.
Exploring the contribution of innovation intermediaries to the new product development (NPD) process: a typology and an empirical study
Authors: Colombo Gabriele , Dell'Era Claudio , Frattini Federico 
Published: March 2014

In the ‘knowledge economy’ upheld by the European Lisbon strategy, knowledge‐intensive services are considered a key driver for innovation and competitiveness. A category of knowledge‐intensive services that has become of utmost importance in the last few decades is new product development (NPD) services, which interconnect distant knowledge domains with the client firms. In addition to NPD service providers, web‐based innovation intermediaries have started to help innovative firms access dispersed bodies of knowledge. Despite the heterogeneity of their characteristics, however, a clear typology of the strategies used by traditional NPD service providers and web‐based intermediaries to interact with their knowledge sources and with their clients is missing. This typology would be very useful for those firms that are willing to collaborate with innovation intermediaries because it could highlight the typologies of NPD problems different intermediaries are apt to address and the managerial challenges that working with them entails. Developing such a classification framework is the main goal of this paper.The typology proposed in this paper suggests that innovation intermediaries should be distinguished based on the following: (1) the way they access their distributed knowledge sources and (2) the way they deliver value to their clients. By combining these two dimensions, four categories of innovation intermediaries are identified, which are named brokers, mediators, collectors and connectors. A multiple case study analysis involving four innovation intermediaries and 12 of their clients is presented in the paper. The analysis provides exploratory insights into (1) the typologies of NPD problems that each class of intermediaries addresses and (2) the managerial challenges that working with each of them entails. These preliminary findings call for further theoretical and empirical research into the complex interaction among innovation intermediaries, their dispersed sources of knowledge and their clients.