bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture toughness of poly(lactic acid)/ ethylene acrylate copolymer/wood‐flour composite ternary blends
Authors: Afrifah Kojo A , Matuana Laurent M 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA fracture mechanics analysis based on the J‐integral method was adopted to determine the resistance of composites with various concentrations of wood‐flour and ethylene acrylate copolymer (EAC) to crack initiation (Jin) and complete fracture (Jf). The Jin and Jf energies of unmodified poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/wood‐flour composites showed the deleterious effect of incorporating wood fibers into the plastic matrix by significantly decreasing the fracture toughness of PLA as the wood‐flour content increased. The reduced fracture toughness of the matrix induced by adding brittle wood‐flour into PLA was well recovered by impact modification of the composites with EAC. Microscopic morphological studies revealed that the major mechanisms of toughening were through the EAC existing as separate domains in the bulk matrix of the composites which tended to act as stress concentrators that initiated local yielding of the matrix around crack tips and enhanced the toughness of the composites. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A process to provide harmonised criteria for the selection of indicators for pesticide risk reduction within the framework of the sustainable use directive
Authors: Calliera Maura , Marchis Alex , Bollmohr Silke , Sacchettini Gabriele , Lamastra Lucrezia , Capri Ettore 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn October 2009, the Council of the European Union adopted the Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides (EU 128/2009/EC). This directive establishes a framework to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides by reducing the risk and impacts of pesticide use on both human health and the environment, and promoting the use of integrated pest management and of alternative approaches or techniques. These risks thus need to be assessed using appropriate risk indicators. The OPERA Research Centre organised an expert working group and has had several consultations with stakeholders in order to identify a common way of thinking in evaluating and identifying the factors that should be considered in selecting each indicator. Harmonised criteria have been suggested to allow the selection of the most appropriate indicators, focusing on the use phase of pesticide, as requested by the sustainable use directive. The proposed methodology has led to a sharing of perspectives and knowledge between the experts involved, and some principles have been identified to help national regulatory institutions to estimate general trends in pesticide risk reduction.
Synthesis of graphene by surface wave plasma chemical vapor deposition from camphor
Authors: Kalita Golap , Sharma Subash , Wakita Koichi , Umeno Masayoshi , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Tanemura Masaki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe demonstrate synthesis of graphene using the solid precursor camphor in a microwave excited surface wave plasma chemical vapor deposition technique. Highly sublimely camphor was introduced into the plasma chamber in the vapor phase along with Ar and uniform plasma formation was obtained. Rapid deposition of a graphene film on Cu foil was achieved at a relatively low temperature (<600 °C). Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy clearly showed that the deposited film on Cu foil consist of few‐layer graphene. Fully flexible transparent electrode was fabricated by transferring the graphene film with excellent properties for device application. magnified imageSynthesis of large‐area graphene film from solid botanical derivative camphor (C10H16O) in a surface wave microwave plasma CVD technique.
Exact axisymmetric solutions of the deep‐ and shallow‐atmosphere Euler equations in curvilinear and plane geometries
Authors: Staniforth Andrew , Wood Nigel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA wide family of exact closed‐form axisymmetric solutions to the deep‐ and shallow‐atmosphere Euler equations is derived. These solutions are not only valid in general curvilinear geometry, but also in beta‐plane and beta–gamma‐plane geometries. A further generalisation of the generalised thermal wind equation is also derived. The enhanced generality of the exact solutions developed herein provides more flexibility in the specification of initial conditions for numerical model validation. This permits the construction not only of more challenging, balanced, shallow‐ and deep‐atmosphere solutions than has hitherto been possible, but also of more elaborate tests of the baroclinic wave type. Copyright © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A rainfall calibration methodology for impacts modelling based on spatial mapping
Authors: Di Giuseppe Francesca , Molteni Franco , Tompkins Adrian M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA spatially based precipitation bias correction is introduced that generalizes existing approaches. The method consists of projecting observed precipitation anomalies on to the model's modes of variability for a large set of model hindcasts to produce artificial mapped empirical orthogonal functions, which are used to bias correct forecasts. Similar to previous spatially based methods, the scheme can shift displaced anomalies, associated with the West African monsoon progression for example, to their correct location, and by construction produces a corrected field with a zero‐mean bias with respect to the observations. The new method has the advantage that it only applies corrections to modes of variability for which the model has proven skill, and does not rely on a one‐to‐one direct correspondence between the observational and model modes, a restriction of previous methods. By processing the precipitation fields in sequences of seven pentad averages, it is also possible to including variability on shorter than monthly time‐scales, important if the end product is to be used for end‐user impact‐focused research. The method is tested for various empirical orthogonal function‐defined climate macro regions within Africa and is shown to reduce biases while also improving threat skill scores over a range of thresholds and forecast lead times.
Development and validation of observing‐system simulation experiments at NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office
Authors: Errico Ronald M. , Yang Runhua , Privé Nikki C. , Tai King‐Sheng , Todling Ricardo , Sienkiewicz Meta E. , Guo Jing 
Published: October 2012

AbstractInitial design and validation of baseline Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) at NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) are described. The OSSEs mimic the procedures used to analyze global observations for specifying states of the atmosphere. As simulations, however, OSSEs are not only confined to already existing observations and they provide a perfect description of the true state being analyzed. These two properties of the simulations can be exploited to improve both existing and envisioned observing systems and the algorithms to analyze them. Preliminary to any applications, however, the OSSE framework must be adequately validated.This first version of the simulated observations is drawn from a 13 month simulation of nature produced by the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. These observations include simulated errors of both instruments and representativeness. Since the statistics of analysis and forecast errors are partially determined by these observational errors, their appropriate modelling can be crucial for validating the realism of the OSSE. That validation is performed by comparing the statistics of the results of assimilating these simulated observations for one summer month compared with the corresponding statistics obtained from assimilating real observations during the same time of year. The assimilation system is the three‐dimensional variational analysis (GSI) scheme used at both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and GMAO. Here, only statistics concerning observation innovations or analysis increments within the troposphere are considered for the validation.In terms of the examined statistics, the OSSE is validated remarkably well, even with some simplifications currently employed. In order to obtain this degree of success, it was necessary to employ horizontally correlated observation errors for both atmospheric motion vectors and some satellite observed radiances. The simulated observations with added observation errors appear suitable for some initial OSSE applications.
In Situ Control of Cell Substrate Microtopographies Using Photolabile Hydrogels
Authors: Magin Chelsea M. , Anseth Kristi S. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSubstratum topography can play a significant role in regulating cellular function and fate. To study cellular responses to biophysical cues, researchers have developed dynamic methods for controlling cell morphology; however, many of these platforms are limited to one transition between two predefined substratum topographies. To afford the user additional control over the presentation of microtopographic cues to cell populations, a photolabile, PEG‐based hydrogel system is presented in which precisely engineered topographic cues can be formed in situ by controlled erosion. Here, the ability to produce precisely engineered static microtopographies in the hydrogel surface is first established. Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) response to topographies with features of subcellular dimensions (∼5 to 40 μm) and with various aspect ratios increasing from 1:1 to infinity (e.g., channels) are quantified, and the dynamic nature of the culture system is demonstrated by sequentially presenting a series of topographies through in situ modifications and quantifying reversible changes in cell morphology in response to substratum topographies altered in real time.
Wind characteristics in the North and Baltic Seas from the QuikSCAT satellite
Authors: Karagali Ioanna , Peña Alfredo , Badger Merete , Hasager Charlotte Bay 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe QuikSCAT mission provided valuable daily information on global ocean wind speed and direction from July 1999 until November 2009 for various applications including numerical weather prediction, ocean and atmospheric modelling. One new and important application for wind vector satellite data is offshore wind energy, where accurate and frequent measurements are required for siting and operating modern wind farms. The greatest advantage of satellite observations rests in their extended spatial coverage. This paper presents analyses of the 10 year data set from QuikSCAT, for the overview of the wind characteristics observed in the North and Baltic Seas, where most of Europe's offshore wind farms operate and more will be constructed. Significant issues in data availability are identified, directly related to the flagging schemes. In situ observations from three locations in the North Sea are used for comparisons. Mean biases (in situ minus satellite) are close to zero for wind speed and ‐2.7° for wind direction with a standard deviation of 1.2 m s  − 1 and 15°, respectively. The impact of using QuikSCAT and in situ measurements extrapolated to 10 m for wind power density estimations is assessed, accounting for possible influences of rain‐contaminated retrievals, the sample size, the atmospheric stability effects and either fitting the Weibull distribution or obtaining the estimates from the time series of wind speed observations.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of electric vehicles in smart grids
Authors: Galus Matthias D. , Vayá Marina González , Krause Thilo , Andersson Göran 
Published: October 2012

The electrification of transportation is seen as one of the solutions to challenges such as global warming, sustainability, and geopolitical concerns on the availability of oil. From the perspective of power systems, an introduction of plug‐in electric vehicles presents many challenges but also opportunities to the operation and planning of power systems. On the one hand, if vehicles are considered regular loads without flexibility, uncontrolled charging can lead to problems at different network levels endangering secure operation of installed assets. However, with direct or indirect control approaches the charging of vehicles can be managed in a desirable way, e.g., shifted to low‐load hours. Furthermore, vehicles can be used as distributed storage resources to contribute to ancillary services for the system, such as frequency regulation and peak‐shaving power or help integrate fluctuating renewable resources. All these modes of operation need appropriate regulatory frameworks and market design if the flexibility of the vehicles is to be capitalized. In most of the proposed approaches, a so‐called aggregator could be in charge of directly or indirectly controlling the charging of vehicles and serve as an interface with other entities such as the transmission system operator or energy service providers. However, fully decentralized schemes without an aggregator are also conceivable, for instance, to provide primary frequency control. Communication also plays a key role, as in most of the control schemes a significant amount of information needs to be transmitted between vehicles and control entities. The management of electric vehicles as distributed resources fits well in the paradigm of smart grids, where an advanced use of communication technologies and metering infrastructure, increased controllability and load flexibility, and a larger share of fluctuating and distributed resources are foreseen.This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Systems Analysis > Systems and Infrastructure
Vacuum Evaporation of Pure Metals
Authors: Safarian Jafar , Engh Thorvald A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Theories on the evaporation of pure substances are reviewed and applied to study vacuum evaporation of pure metals. It is shown that there is good agreement between different theories for weak evaporation, whereas there are differences under intensive evaporation conditions. For weak evaporation, the evaporation coefficient in Hertz-Knudsen equation is 1.66. Vapor velocity as a function of the pressure is calculated applying several theories. If a condensing surface is less than one collision length from the evaporating surface, the Hertz-Knudsen equation applies. For a case where the condensing surface is not close to the evaporating surface, a pressure criterion for intensive evaporation is introduced, called the effective vacuum pressure, p
eff. It is a fraction of the vapor pressure of the pure metal. The vacuum evaporation rate should not be affected by pressure changes below p
eff, so that in lower pressures below p
eff, the evaporation flux is constant and equal to a fraction of the maximum evaporation flux given by Hertz-Knudsen equation as 0.844
$$ \dot{n}_{\hbox{Max} } $$
. Experimental data on the evaporation of liquid and solid metals are included.
Palmitoleic (16:1 cis‐9) and cis‐Vaccenic (18:1 cis‐11) Acid Alter Lipogenesis in Bovine Adipocyte Cultures
Authors: Burns T. A. , Kadegowda A. K. G. , Duckett S. K. , Pratt S. L. , Jenkins T. C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractOur objectives were to: (1) confirm elongation products of palmitoleic acid (16:1 cis‐9) elongation in vitro using stable isotopes and (2) evaluate if exogenous supplementation of palmitoleic acid, elongation products, or both are responsible for decreased desaturation and lipogenesis rates observed with palmitoleic acid supplementation in bovine adipocytes. Stromal vascular cultures were isolated from adipose tissue of two beef carcasses, allowed to reach confluence, held for 2 days, and differentiated with a standard hormone cocktail (day 0). On day 2, secondary differentiation media containing 1 of 4 fatty acid treatments [0 μM fatty acid (control), or 150 μM palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic, or cis‐vaccenic (18:1 cis‐11)] was added for 4 days. On day 6, cells were incubated with [13C] 16:1, [13C] 2, or [13C] 18:0 to estimate elongation, lipogenic, and desaturation rates using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Enrichment of [13C] 18:1 cis‐11 confirmed 18:1 cis‐11 is an elongation product of 16:1. Additionally, [13C] label was seen in 20:1 cis‐13 and cis‐9, cis‐11 CLA. Synthesis of [13C] 16:0 from [13C] 2 was reduced (P < 0.05) in palmitoleic acid and cis‐vaccenic acid‐treated compared with control cells following 36 h incubation. By 12 h of [13C] 18:0 incubation, cells supplemented with palmitoleic acid had reduced (P < 0.05) [13C] 18:1 cis‐9 compared with all other treatments. Gene expression and fatty acid results support isotopic data for lipogenesis and desaturation. Therefore, palmitoleic acid is actively elongated in vitro and its elongation product, cis‐vaccenic acid, can also reduce lipogenesis. However, inhibition of desaturation can be directly attributed to palmitoleic acid and not its elongation products, 18:1 cis‐11 or 20:1 cis‐13.
A distributed controller for a virtualized router
Authors: Mellah H. , Cherkaoui O. , Lemieux Y. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this paper, a distributed controller for a virtualized router is proposed. This controller enables the dynamic and automatic resource allocation between the different virtual routers (called slices) running on top of the physical router. The controller is designed on a two-layer architecture. A slice controller (one for each slice) estimates the relationship between the past performances and resource allocations of the slice using a linear model, and then determines the requested allocation for the slice to meet its target performance. The physical router consists of a set of modular linecards. A resource controller (one for each linecard), collects the resource allocation requests from the different slices using the resources it controls and determines the allocations based on the available capacities of the resources. Resources are allocated to slices to guarantee their target performances if possible, or provide service differentiation if the total requests from all the slices exceeds the capacities of the shared resources. We have found that the convergence of the controller depends on different parameters (such as the number of slices and the parameters of the linear model) and therefore some tuning of these parameters is needed for the system to achieve the stability.
Maternal Education, Birth Weight, and Infant Mortality in the United States
Authors: Gage Timothy B. , Fang Fu , O’Neill Erin , DiRienzo Greg 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This research determines whether the observed decline in infant mortality with socioeconomic level, operationalized as maternal education (dichotomized as college or more, versus high school or less), is due to its “indirect” effect (operating through birth weight) and/or to its “direct” effect (independent of birth weight). The data used are the 2001 U.S. national African American, Mexican American, and European American birth cohorts by sex. The analysis explores the birth outcomes of infants undergoing normal and compromised fetal development separately by using covariate density defined mixture of logistic regressions (CDDmlr). Among normal births, mean birth weight increases significantly (by 27–108 g) with higher maternal education. Mortality declines significantly (by a factor of 0.40–0.96) through the direct effect of education. The indirect effect of education among normal births is small but significant in three cohorts. Furthermore, the indirect effect of maternal education tends to increase mortality despite improved birth weight. Among compromised births, education has small and inconsistent effects on birth weight and infant mortality. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that the decrease in infant death by socioeconomic level is not mediated by improved birth weight. Interventions targeting birth weight may not result in lower infant mortality.
The intersection of identity development and peer relationship processes in adolescence and young adulthood: Contributions of the special issue
Authors: Galliher Renee V. , Kerpelman Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis analysis of the papers in the special section on the intersection of identity development and peer relationship processes calls attention to conceptual contribution this collection of papers makes to the literature on identity development. Together these ten papers build on strong theoretical foundations in identity development, which posit close relationship contexts as central to the development of self‐awareness and self‐representation. The complex and innovative methodologies employed across these studies allow for the analysis of intersecting and interacting influence of multiple relationship types, and facilitate the analysis of culture and gender as they relate to identity development and peer processes. Together, these papers make a powerful contribution to the current literature and provide a foundation for future research.
Comparison selection: An approach to the study of consumer judgment and choice
Authors: Simonson Itamar , Bettman James R. , Kramer Thomas , Payne John W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe introduce an alternative perspective on the study of consumer judgment and decision making, which is based on the notion that judgment and choice problems consist of comparisons that decision makers might select. Our new perspective proposes that if we can predict the likelihood that particular comparisons will become focal in a judgment or choice task, we will be able to gain a better understanding of and anticipate the resulting effect. Building on related literatures, we propose that comparison selection is driven by the task's latitude of acceptance (LOA) and comparison fluency (i.e., the overall ease of making that comparison). The task's LOA curve represents the range and concentration of potentially acceptable comparisons, whereas comparison fluency refers to the salience and ease of making the comparison. We illustrate our approach using previously studied problems (e.g., choice, variety seeking, the “jacket and calculator” problem, and contingent valuation) as well as new empirical tests.
Choice theories: What are they good for?
Authors: Johnson Eric J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSimonson et al. present an ambitious sketch of an integrative theory of context. Provoked by this thoughtful proposal, I discuss what is the function of theories of choice in the coming decades. Traditionally, choice models and theory have attempted to predict choices as a function of the attributes of options. I argue that to be truly useful, they need to generate specific and quantitative predictions of the effect of the choice environment upon choice probability. To do this, we need to focus on rigorously modeling and measuring the underlying processes causing these effects, and use the Simonson et al. proposal to provide some examples. I also present some examples from research in decision‐making and decision neuroscience, and argue that models that fail, and fail spectacularly are particularly useful. I close with a challenge: How would consumer researcher aid the design of real world choice environments such as the health exchanges under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act?
The influence of context and fluency
Authors: Arkes Hal R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSimonson et al. propose a framework that emphasizes the roles of context and fluency in perception and choice. The importance of context has been emphasized throughout a very long tradition of research, and fluency has been a more recent and active topic of investigation. Simonson et al. combine them in a way that should organize a multitude of studies and make new predictions possible. However I suggest two portions of their framework that might be pruned without jeopardizing the value of their model: their motion of “latitude of acceptance” and the System1/System 2 distinction.