bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction: Synthesis‐Controlled Density of Catalytic Centers and Impact on ORR
Authors: Cong Kun , Ritter Marcel , Stumpf Steffi , Schröter Bernd , Schubert Ulrich S. , Ignaszak Anna 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis work demonstrates a rapid and scalable route for the preparation of N‐doped carbon spheres of 80–120 nm via pyrolysis of polypyrrole as the only carbon and nitrogen source. The resulting porous catalyst has a nitrogen doping level of 6–8 at%. Electrochemical studies show that N‐doped C is very active toward oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolyte and the mechanism of ORR process is controlled by the surface concentration of catalytic active sites that promote either a direct four‐electron or two‐electron process. An interesting observation is that we can generate precursors for the N‐doped carbon with desirable particle size, shape and with the preferential structure (linear polypyrrole from the αα coupling during slow polymerization or cross‐linked polypyrrole from αβ coupling during fast polymerization) that promotes the formation of favorable catalytic sites for O2 reduction. The XPS analysis in conjunction with RDE voltammetry highlights the effect of polymer precursor synthesis on the chemical structure and a resulting electrochemical activity of the N‐doped carbon materials.
Innovative Holistic Teaching in a Canadian Neonatal Perinatal Residency Program
Authors: Daboval Thierry , Ferretti Emanuela , Moore Gregory P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEthically complex and challenging cases confront health care professionals in neonatal‐perinatal medicine more often than in most other subspecialties in medicine. Neonatologists regularly encounter situations where crucial life‐or‐death decisions need to be made in the best interest of an infant and its family. While physicians and their professional societies seem to dictate this best interest standard by weighing the risk of mortality and morbidities, parents may have other perspectives to be considered.Our review of programs for teaching ethics in Canadian neonatal‐perinatal residency programs has revealed that 90 percent of them incorporated formal and informal medical ethics education, meeting the Royal College of Physician and Surgeons of Canada requirements, but that the teaching strategies, topics covered, and time devoted to teaching ethics are not standardized. Lectures and case presentations—the pedagogic strategy used by most programs—are not ideal for teaching communication skills. We propose, therefore, a holistic approach to teaching and training that imparts (1) a traditional understanding of ethical theory and reasoning, (2) advanced skills in communication and counseling, and (3) a disposition to engage in self‐reflection and to be aware of the emotional and spiritual dimensions of neonatal‐perinatal medicine.
French Lessons
Authors: Gusmano Michael K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDuring the past year, I have worked with colleagues in the United States and France to compare the countries’ rates of hospital readmission for patients sixty‐five years of age and older. The comparison with France can help shed light on a debate about one feature of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Our study highlights the complexity of hospital readmissions and raises the concern that we may be creating a significant problem if we pressure hospitals financially to discharge patients as quickly as possible and penalize them again for the foreseeable consequence of this action.
Policy‐Making and Systemic Complexity
Authors: Bedau Mark A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSynthetic biology has spawned a debate about how society and the international community should go about policy‐making, especially given the potential for both transformative benefits and existential threats. One of the significant contributions of “The Ethics of Synthetic Biology: Next Steps and Prior Questions,” by Kaebnick, Gusmano, and Murray, is its exploration of the difficulties of devel­oping policy that appropriately addresses the risks and benefits of synthetic biology. In this comment I want to develop this point further and emphasize how the proper methodology for addressing synthetic biology's ethical and public policy issues are affected by the unpredictable and complex causal webs in synthetic biology (which have analogs in other new and emerging technologies).
Will the Needs‐Based Planning of Health Human Resources Currently Undertaken in Several Countries Lead to Excess Supply and Inefficiency?
Authors: Basu Kisalaya , Pak Maxwell 
Published: November 2014

SummaryRecently, the emphasis on health human resources (HHR) planning has shifted away from a utilization‐based approach toward a needs‐based one in which planning is based on the projected health needs of the population. However, needs‐based models that are currently in use rely on a definition of ‘needs’ that include only the medical circumstances of individuals and not personal preferences or other socio‐economic factors. We examine whether planning based on such a narrow definition will maximize social welfare. We show that, in a publicly funded healthcare system, if the planner seeks to meet the aggregate need without taking utilization into consideration, then oversupply of HHR is likely because ‘needs’ do not necessarily translate into ‘usage.’ Our result suggests that HHR planning should track the healthcare system as access gradually improves because, even if health care is fully accessible, individuals may not fully utilize it to the degree prescribed by their medical circumstances. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust Dynamic Comfort Modeling for Motorcycle Riding
Authors: Barone Stefano , Lo Iacono Giovanni 
Published: November 2014

AbstractComfort modeling is considered a prerequisite in motorcycle design, primarily to address safety concerns and to position the product on the market. However, a comprehensive methodology for comfort modeling during the earliest development phases of a motorcycle model is still missing. Anthropometrical variation is the main noise factor to consider in comfort modeling in relation to the unavoidable variability of body segments. However, comfort is a subjective concept influencing riders’ choice of motorcycle model. This work is a generalization of the robust ergonomic design methodology aimed at designing products whose ergonomic performance is insensitive to anthropometrical variation. This work further develops the methodology, by considering dynamic aspects involved in the driver–motorcycle interaction. Moreover, this article proposes a generalized robustness criterion and presents a full simulation study with purposely developed software. The result is a generalized ergo‐dynamic assessment of a motorcycle model, either physical or digital, replacing common static ergonomic evaluations.
Surface‐expressed insulin receptors as well as IGF‐I receptors both contribute to the mitogenic effects of human insulin and its analogues
Authors: Lundby Anders , Bolvig Pernille , Hegelund Anne Charlotte , Hansen Bo F. , Worm Jesper , Lützen Anne , Billestrup Nils , Bonnesen Christine , Oleksiewicz Martin B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is a medical need for new insulin analogues. Yet, molecular alterations to the insulin molecule can theoretically result in analogues with carcinogenic effects. Preclinical carcinogenicity risk assessment for insulin analogues rests to a large extent on mitogenicity assays in cell lines. We therefore optimized mitogenicity assay conditions for a panel of five cell lines. All cell lines expressed insulin receptors (IR), IGF‐I receptors (IGF‐IR) and hybrid receptors, and in all cell lines, insulin as well as the comparator compounds X10 and IGF‐I caused phosphorylation of the IR as well as IGF‐IR. Insulin exhibited mitogenicity EC50 values in the single‐digit nanomolar to picomolar range. We observed correlations across cell types between (i) mitogenic potency of insulin and IGF‐IR/IR ratio, (ii) Akt phosphorylation and mitogenic potency and (iii) Akt phosphorylation and IR phosphorylation. Using siRNA‐mediated knockdown of IR and IGF‐IR, we observed that in HCT 116 cells the IR appeared dominant in driving the mitogenic response to insulin, whereas in MCF7 cells the IGF‐IR appeared dominant in driving the mitogenic response to insulin. Together, our results show that the IR as well as IGF‐IR may contribute to the mitogenic potency of insulin. While insulin was a more potent mitogen than IGF‐I in cells expressing more IR than IGF‐IR, the hyper‐mitogenic insulin analogue X10 was a more potent mitogen than insulin across all cell types, supporting that the hyper‐mitogenic effect of X10 involves the IR as well as the IGF‐IR. These results are relevant for preclinical safety assessment of developmental insulin analogues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Silylation of Alcohols, Phenols and Oximes Using N‐Chlorosaccharin as an Efficient Catalyst under Mild and Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Aghapour Ghasem , Kazemi Moghaddam Ali , Nadali Samaneh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEfficient silylation of OH group in alcohols, phenols and oximes is described using a catalytic amount of N‐chlorosaccharin and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) under mild and solvent‐free conditions. This silylation reaction can be carried out with excellent and interesting various selectivities.
Template‐free Fabrication of Hierarchical Macro‐/mesoporous N‐doped TiO2/graphene Oxide Composites with Enhanced Visible‐light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Dai Gaopeng , Wang Xin , Liu Suqin , Iiang Ying , Liu Ke 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHierarchical macro‐/mesoporous N‐doped TiO2/graphene oxide (N‐TiO2/GO) composites were prepared without using templates by the simple dropwise addition mixed solution of tetrabutyl titanate and ethanol containg graphene oxide (GO) to the ammonia solution, and then calcined at 350 °C. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in an aqueous solution under visible‐light irradiation. The results show that N‐TiO2/GO composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity. GO content exhibited an obvious influence on photocatalytic performance, and the optimal GO addition content was 1 wt%. The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the synergetic effects of three factors including the improved visible light absorption, the hierarchical macro‐mesoporous structure, and the efficient charge separation by GO.
Removal of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) from wastewater using immobilized modified prepared activated sludge (MPAS)
Authors: Ramteke Lokeshkumar P , Gogate Parag R 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDImprovements in biological oxidation approaches are required due to significant problems associated with this simple and commonly used approach. The work presents use of immobilized modified prepared activated sludge using modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐alginate beads for removal of BTX and modifications based on the use of Fenton chemistry as pretreatment scheme.RESULTSImproved synthesis processes for immobilized sludge beads have been developed based on understanding the effect of PVA and alginate loadings. Stable beads with high levels of sludge activity were shown to give similar levels of COD removal efficiency compared with free sludge. In the case of Fenton pretreatment, 40 min of treatment was found to increase BOD5:COD value to about 0.31. Maximum COD efficiency of 93.1% was obtained using a biological process on a Fenton‐treated sample which is significantly higher than that obtained with the untreated sample. The immobilized sludge was reused over nine batches without substantial loss in BTX degradation ability. Kinetic studies have also been presented.CONCLUSIONAn improved and promising approach for treatment of BTX containing wastewater with proven efficacy of the bioactivity and mechanical stability of the immobilized sludge, has been presented with better results based on Fenton pretreatment. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one from maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings
Authors: Li Chunying , Lu Zhicheng , Zhao Chunjian , Yang Lei , Fu Yujie , Shi Kunming , He Xin , Li Zhao , Zu Yuangang 
Published: November 2014

We evaluated an ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction method for the extraction of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one from etiolated maize seedlings. We performed single‐factor and central composite rotatable design experiments to optimize the most important parameters influencing this technique. The best results were obtained using 1.00 M 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide as the extraction solvent, a 50°C extraction temperature, a 20:1 liquid/solid ratio (mL/g), a 21 min treatment time, 590 W microwave power, and 50 W fixed ultrasonic power. We performed a comparison between ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction and conventional homogenized extraction. Extraction yields of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one by the ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction method were 1.392 ± 0.051 and 0.205 ± 0.008 mg/g, respectively, which were correspondingly 1.46‐ and 1.32‐fold higher than those obtained by conventional homogenized extraction. All the results show that the ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction method is therefore an efficient and credible method for the extraction of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one from maize seedlings.
Investigation of Crystal Morphology and Shock Sensitivity of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine Suspension by Rheology
Authors: Hudson Robert J. , Moniruzzaman Mohammed , Gill Philip P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCrystal morphology and shock sensitivity of a series of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) particles suspended from ethylene glycol were investigated. Flow rheology was employed to measure the rheological properties of the suspensions at constant temperature; it was observed that the stress‐shear rate and viscosity behavior of the suspensions were controlled by the particle morphology. The viscosity of the RDX suspensions changed with the roundness/smoothness of RDX crystals at all applied shear rates. The suspensions containing crystals with smoother morphology showed reduced viscosity. When the viscosity data was compared to the shock sensitivity results from the RS‐RDX Round Robin study, a good correlation was obtained. This study has validated the use of flow rheology to indicate the morphology and shock sensitivity of crystalline particles.
TEX – 4,10‐Dinitro‐2,6,8,12‐tetraoxa‐4,10‐diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,9.03,11]‐dodecane – Review of a Promising High Density Insensitive Energetic Material
Authors: Koch Ernst‐Christian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe title compound 4,10‐dinitro‐2,6,8,12‐tetraoxa‐4,10‐diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,903,11]‐dodecane – often referred to as TEX – is a very promising newcomer in the field of insensitive explosives. It is easily synthesized with good yield from cheap starting materials. TEX offers a respectable high ambient temperature crystal density (1.985 g cm−3) and hence good detonation velocity and pressure but is fairly insensitive towards mechanical and thermal stimuli. It has a large critical diameter and is advantageously used in large charges. 76 references to the public domain are given.
Bis(10‐methylacridinium)s as a Versatile Platform for Redox‐Active Functionalized Dyes and Novel Structures
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Takeda Takashi , Ohta Eisuke , Wada Kazuhisa , Katoono Ryo , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu 
Published: November 2014

Abstract10‐Methylacridinium is a stable aromatic cation exhibiting yellow‐orange color and strong green fluorescence (FL), and can be used as a versatile building block in constructing a wide variety of novel π‐electron systems. The dications with the two chromophores connected by a proper π spacer undergo reversible “dyrex” (dynamic redox) behavior, and C–C bond formation/cleavage is accompanied by their redox reactions. The prototype is biphenyl‐2,2′‐diylbis(10‐methylacridinium), which exhibits electrochromic response with ON/OFF switching of FL during the reversible interconversion with the di(spiroacridan)‐type electron donor. Slight structural alteration under the concept of “MFMS” (maximum function on the minimum skeleton) endowed the dyrex system with metal‐binding or chiroptical properties, which could be modified by the redox reactions. Some of the di(spiroacridan) derivatives generated from bis(10‐methylacridinium)s have extreme structural parameters, such as the greatest C–C bond length ever reported.
Compositional reasoning about active objects with shared futures
Authors: Din Crystal Chang , Owe Olaf 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Distributed and concurrent object-oriented systems are difficult to analyze due to the complexity of their concurrency, communication, and synchronization mechanisms. The
future mechanism
extends the traditional method call communication model by facilitating sharing of references to futures. By assigning method call result values to futures, third party objects may pick up these values. This may reduce the time spent waiting for replies in a distributed environment. However, futures add a level of complexity to program analysis, as the program semantics becomes more involved. This paper presents a model for asynchronously communicating objects, where return values from method calls are handled by futures. The model facilitates invariant specifications over the locally visible communication history of each object. Compositional reasoning is supported and proved sound, as each object may be specified and verified independently of its environment. A kernel object-oriented language with futures inspired by the ABS modeling language is considered. A compositional proof system for this language is presented, formulated within dynamic logic.
Synergies between observational and modeling studies at the Takayama site: toward a better understanding of processes in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Ito Akihiko , Saitoh Taku M. , Sasai Takahiro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper reviews past and ongoing ecological studies at the Takayama forest site, one of Japan's long‐term research sites with intensive studies; the emphasis here is on the synergies between observational and modeling studies. This synergism has been encouraged because global environmental change is a complicated and interdisciplinary issue that requires this type of collaboration. The increasing amount and quality of observational data available from this site helps researchers to better constrain their model simulations because substantial uncertainties remain in the behavior of models in their current form. In addition, modeling studies encourage observational research by integrating observational data within a comprehensive framework. They do this by demanding more long‐term and high‐quality data related to specific ecological processes, and by identifying high‐priority processes and parameters that should be studied. We describe the types of modeling studies that have been conducted and how observational data from the Takayama site have improved the accuracy of these models. Many terrestrial ecosystem models have been applied to data from the site, both to validate the present forms of the models and to refine the structure and parameterization of the models. The development of new or improved terrestrial ecosystem models will be further facilitated by the requirements to simulate atmosphere–ecosystem exchanges and internal biogeochemical processes, as well as simulating their responses to a changing environment. We conclude by discussing the remaining research gaps and opportunities for deepening our understanding of terrestrial ecosystems through future collaborative studies.
Biogeochemical nitrogen properties of forest soils in the Japanese archipelago
Authors: Urakawa Rieko , Ohte Nobuhito , Shibata Hideaki , Tateno Ryunosuke , Hishi Takuo , Fukushima Keitaro , Inagaki Yoshiyuki , Hirai Keizo , Oda Tomoki , Oyanagi Nobuhiro , Nakata Makoto , Toda Hiroto , Kenta Tanaka , Fukuzawa Karibu , Watanabe Tsunehiro , Tokuchi Naoko , Nakaji Tatsuro , Saigusa Nobuko , Yamao Yukio , Nakanishi Asami , Enoki Tsutomu , Ugawa Shin , Hayakawa Atsushi , Kotani Ayumi , Kuroiwa Megumi , Isobe Kazuo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis data paper provides some biogeochemical nitrogen (N) properties and related chemical properties of forest soils from 39 sites throughout the Japanese archipelago. The data set was collected and analyzed under the GRENE (Green Network of Excellence) environmental information project and the ReSIN (Regional and comparative Soil Incubation study on Nitrogen dynamics in forest ecosystems) project. The sites cover 44°20′N to 26°50′N and the climate ranges from cool‐temperate zone to subtropical zone. At each site, litter on forest floor and soil samples (three or four layers to 50 cm depth) were collected between August and November in 2010–2013 from five soil profiles. From the litter layer samples, the stocks and concentrations of total carbon (C) and N were measured. From the mineral soil samples, bulk density, pH (H2O), total C and N concentrations, net and gross rates of N mineralization, nitrification and concentrations of water‐soluble substances were measured. The measurements are relevant for other biogeochemical N studies in forest ecosystems and the data set provides basic information on the N pool and fluxes with related chemical properties of forest soils across the Japanese archipelago. The average rates of net and gross N transformation at 20 °C across the sites were 0.26 ± 0.47 mgN kg−1 soil d−1 for net N mineralization, 0.25 ± 0.45 mgN kg−1 soil d−1 for net nitrification, 4.06 ± 0.47 mgN kg−1 soil d−1 for gross N mineralization, and 1.03 ± 1.29 mgN kg−1 soil d−1 for gross nitrification (average ± SD).
The Impact of customizable Market Interfaces on Trading Performance
Authors: Teschner Florian , Kranz Tobias T. , Weinhardt Christof 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOne reason for market failure is the inherent complexity that excludes non-sophisticated users. Market complexity can be reduced by adapting the market rules or by simplifying the user interface. Just recently researchers started to address this topic and identified the need to merge market and interface design. Thus far it remains unclear how to design user-centric market interfaces. In a prediction market for economic variables, traders can customize their trading interface according to their informational needs. Surprisingly, we show that on average an increase in information reduces trading performance. An explanation for this effect might lie in cognitive theory. Displaying more information increases the participants’ cognitive load and hence might reduce trading performance. We are able to distinguish between trading behaviour and performance and thereby provide insight into the interplay between information and decision making. Finally, we also track the influence of individual information elements and identify those that improve or decrease trading performance.