bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing core outcomes in graduates: psychometric evaluation of the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit‐Nursing Knowledge and Skills Test
Authors: Long Debbie A. , Mitchell Marion L. , Young Jeanine , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimTo develop and psychometrically test the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit‐Nursing Knowledge and Skills Test – a multiple‐choice test for measuring the key nursing knowledge and skills required for safe, competent practice.BackgroundIntensive care graduate nurse residency or orientation programmes are key strategies in the development of safe and competent practitioners. Essential to these programmes is an evaluation of knowledge and skills. Multiple‐choice examinations provide a valuable way of evaluating broad knowledge and skills; however, there has been limited work in this area to date.DesignPsychometric evaluation.MethodsThe instrument was administered to 79 nurses from four paediatric intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand over 18 months between 2008–2010. Internal consistency using Kuder‐Richardson 20, item analysis and construct validity using the ‘known groups’ technique were explored.ResultsKuder‐Richardson 20 reliability estimate for the 109‐item test was 0·85. Instrument scores were significantly higher amongst nurses with postgraduate education and more years of paediatric intensive care experience. Item difficulty indices ranged from 0·08 to 1, with a mean item difficulty of 0·66. Item discrimination ranged from 0·2–0·8.ConclusionTesting of the instrument demonstrated encouraging psychometric properties. With additional refinement, this tool could provide educators and managers with an instrument to assist in the assessment of knowledge and skill acquisition. The instrument requires further testing in different samples of paediatric intensive care nurses to enable validation in other settings and cross‐cultural comparisons.
Sustainability: an evolutionary concept analysis. Exploring Nursing's role within the sustainability movement
Authors: McMillan Kimberly 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimThis paper aimed to explore the evolution of the concept of sustainability to facilitate further knowledge development in the discipline of nursing.BackgroundThe concept of ‘sustainability’ emerged in the 1950s as a result of the environmental movement. The concept has been adapted by the discipline of management and is increasingly discussed in the context of health care. The concept remains ambiguous in the discipline of nursing, resulting in a struggle to articulate the role of nursing in the sustainability movement.DesignRodgers evolutionary method of concept analysis was used.Data sourcesLiterature was searched from 1987–2011, including English, peer reviewed texts in the databases CINAHL and ABI/INFORM global. Two book chapters and grey literature were also included.Review methodsReferences were read and analysed according to antecedents, attributes, consequences, surrogate terms and related terms.ResultsDefining antecedents, attributes and consequences highlight the complexity and diversity of the concept. Attributes include: sustainability as a condition of change, as process, as outcome, as dependent of multiple stakeholders, and as social consciousness. ‘Sustainability’ is a fragile concept highly dependent on the processes and stakeholders involved in its fruition. There is a distinct difference in the level of concept clarity between the disciplines of management and nursing.ConclusionsThe complexities associated with the concept of ‘Sustainability’ have led to its ambiguity. Nursing must, however, work to further clarify the concept to fully understand nursing's potential role in the sustainability movement.
Peer Acceptance in the School Class and Subjective Health Complaints: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Almquist Ylva B. , Modin Bitte , Augustine Lilly 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDFeeling accepted by peers is important for young people's health but few studies have examined the overall degree of acceptance in school and its health consequences. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether health complaints among Swedish students can be attributed to the acceptance climate in their school class even when the health effects of their own (individual) acceptance score have been taken into account.METHODSThe data used were from the Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children (HBSC) study for the years 2001 to 2002, 2005 to 2006, and 2009 to 2010, consisting of 13,902 5th‐, 7th‐, and 9th‐grade Swedish students nested into 742 school classes. The statistical analyses were performed by means of linear regression multilevel analysis.RESULTSThe results indicated that the variation in subjective health complaints could be ascribed partly to the school‐class level (boys: 5.0%; girls: 13.5%). Peer acceptance at the individual level demonstrated a clear association with health: the lower the acceptance, the higher the complaint scores. For girls, but not for boys, the overall degree of peer acceptance in the school class demonstrated a contextual effect on health, net of acceptance at the student level. Interaction analyses also revealed an increasingly favorable health among poorly accepted girls as the acceptance climate in the school class declined.CONCLUSIONSA lower overall degree of peer acceptance in the school class is associated with poorer health among girls. However, girls who themselves feel poorly accepted are not as negatively affected health‐wise by a poor acceptance climate, as are well‐accepted girls.
How School Healthy Is Your State? A State‐by‐State Comparison of School Health Practices Related to a Healthy School Environment and Health Education
Authors: Brener Nancy D. , Wechsler Howell , McManus Tim 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool Health Profiles (Profiles) results help states understand how they compare to each other on specific school health policies and practices. The purpose of this study was to develop composite measures of critical Profiles results and use them to rate each state on their overall performance.METHODSUsing data from state Profiles surveys conducted in 2010, the authors examined 12 key practices: 6 related to a healthy school environment and 6 related to health education. States were divided into quartiles based on the percentage of schools in the state that engaged in the practice, and then rank‐ordered based on the sum of their quartile scores.RESULTSWhereas some states have low ranks or high ranks in both sets of practices, others have a relatively low rank in one set but a high rank in the other. States with the lowest overall sums tend to be in the west and midwest, whereas states with the highest sums tend to be in the east.CONCLUSIONSThis study identifies states whose school health policies and practices should be emulated and other states whose policies and practices are in urgent need of improvement.
Colonization of Fusarium Wilt‐Resistant and Susceptible Watermelon Roots by a Green‐Fluorescent‐Protein‐tagged Isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum
Authors: Lü Guiyun , Guo Shaogui , Zhang Haiying , Geng Lihua , Martyn Raymond D. , Xu Yong 
Published: September 2013

AbstractInteractions between watermelon and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum race 1 (Fon‐1) were studied to determine the differences in infection and colonization of watermelon roots in cultivars resistant to and susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The roots of watermelon seedlings were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the GFP‐tagged isolate, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize colonization, infection and disease development. The initial infection stages were similar in both the resistant and susceptible cultivars, but the resistant cultivar responded differentially after the pathogen had penetrated the root. The pathogen penetrated and colonized resistant watermelon roots, but further fungal advance appeared to be halted, and the fungus did not enter the taproot, suggesting that resistance is initiated postpenetration. However, the tertiary and secondary lateral roots of resistant watermelon also were colonized, although not as extensively as susceptible roots, and the hyphae had penetrated into the central cylinder of lateral roots forming a dense hyphal mat, which was followed by a subsequent collapse of the lateral roots. The initial infection zone for both the wilt‐susceptible and wilt‐resistant watermelon roots appeared to be the epidermal cells within the root hair zone, which the fungus penetrated directly after forming appressoria. Areas where secondary roots emerged and wounded root tissue also were penetrated preferentially.
Arthrinium phaeospermum, Phoma cladoniicola and Ulocladium consortiale, New Olive Pathogens in Italy
Authors: Lo Piccolo Sandra , Mondello Vincenzo , Giambra Selene , Conigliaro Gaetano , Torta Livio , Burruano Santella 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn recent years, leaf necrosis and twig dieback in the olive crop have been detected in Sicily (Italy). In this article, we identify the predominant fungal species associated with symptomatic leaves and twigs, using morphological features and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, as Alternaria alternata, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Phoma cladoniicola and Ulocladium consortiale. The pathogenicity of these four species was tested on olive plants cv. Biancolilla. All species were pathogenic on leaves, but only U. consortiale produced cortical lesions on twigs, thus suggesting its main role in the Olea europaea twig dieback. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. phaeospermum, P. cladoniicola and U. consortiale as olive pathogens.
Melatonin enhances the recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips of American elm (Ulmus americana L.)
Authors: Uchendu Esther E. , Shukla Mukund R. , Reed Barbara M. , Saxena Praveen K. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractClimate change and global migrations of people and goods have exposed trees to new diseases and abiotic challenges that threaten the survival of species. In vitro germplasm storage via cryopreservation is an effective tool to ensure conservation of tree species, but plant cells and tissues are exposed to multiple stresses during the cryopreservation process. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential of melatonin to improve survival through the process of cryopreservation. Shoot tips of in vitro‐grown plantlets and dormant winter buds of American elm were successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (LN) at −196°C under controlled environmental conditions following melatonin treatment and cold acclimation with either vitrification or encapsulation–vitrification protocols. Explants had optimal regrowth following cryopreservation when treated with the plant vitrification solution#2 (PVS2) for 10 min. Supplementation of both preculture and regrowth media with melatonin significantly enhanced regrowth of frozen shoots compared with the untreated control (P < 0.05). Approximately 80–100% of shoot explants grew under optimized conditions using melatonin‐enriched media. Shoot tips of dormant winter buds consistently produced nearly 100% regrowth with both techniques. The main steps of the optimized protocol are 14‐day cold‐acclimated cultures exposed to preculture medium with 0.1–0.5 μm melatonin for 24 hr, application of PVS2 for 10 min, rapid cooling in LN, rapid rewarming, removal of cryoprotectants, and recovery on a medium supplemented with 0.1–0.5 μm melatonin. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the antioxidant melatonin for long‐term storage of naturally resistant elm germplasm.
Review of Adult Protection Reports Resulting in “No Further Action” Decisions
Authors: Campbell Martin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn Scotland, the Adult Support and Protection Act of 2007 mandates effective interagency policies and activities to prevent harm to individuals unable to safeguard their own well‐being, property, and rights because they are affected by “disability, mental disorder, illness or physical or mental infirmity.” In this paper, the author examined the high proportion of adult protection referrals that resulted in “No Further Action” (NFA) decisions (these are referrals that did not lead to a full adult protection investigation). The review involved examining police referral data from 15 areas in Scotland as well as referral reports received over a 3‐month period in one representative area. Data sources were case files, national reports, and Freedom of Information requests. Interviews conducted with key personnel were supplemented with statistical data with a view to making recommendations. Screening criteria for referral, main contributory factors in referral, and reasons for NFA decisions were analyzed. It was found that, typically, more than 40% of adult protection referrals made by the police to adult protection teams resulted in NFA decisions. Variations in the interpretation of threshold criteria were observed, and there was a perception of overreporting. The high proportion of NFA outcomes has implications for Scottish policy and practice and may offer lessons for international applications. While overreporting of cases may have implications for resources and impact on the process, the dangers of underreporting may have more detrimental implications for adults with intellectual disabilities. More robust data and recording processes are needed to determine how effectively different systems are protecting adults who are most at risk.
In situ genetic association for serotiny, a fire‐related trait, in Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster)
Authors: Budde Katharina B. , Heuertz Myriam , Hernández‐Serrano Ana , Pausas Juli G. , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Verdú Miguel , González‐Martínez Santiago C. 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Wildfire is a major ecological driver of plant evolution. Understanding the genetic basis of plant adaptation to wildfire is crucial, because impending climate change will involve fire regime changes worldwide. We studied the molecular genetic basis of serotiny, a fire‐related trait, in Mediterranean maritime pine using association genetics.

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) set was used to identify genotype : phenotype associations in situ in an unstructured natural population of maritime pine (eastern Iberian Peninsula) under a mixed‐effects model framework. RR‐BLUP was used to build predictive models for serotiny in this region. Model prediction power outside the focal region was tested using independent range‐wide serotiny data.

Seventeen SNPs were potentially associated with serotiny, explaining approximately 29% of the trait phenotypic variation in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. Similar prediction power was found for nearby geographical regions from the same maternal lineage, but not for other genetic lineages.

Association genetics for ecologically relevant traits evaluated in situ is an attractive approach for forest trees provided that traits are under strong genetic control and populations are unstructured, with large phenotypic variability. This will help to extend the research focus to ecological keystone non‐model species in their natural environments, where polymorphisms acquired their adaptive value.
Medical Innovations: Their Diffusion, Adoption, and Critical Interrogation
Authors: Blume Stuart S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe 1950s and 1960s were a ‘golden age’ of medical progress: an era of high expectations, widespread faith, and life‐saving innovations. In the 1970s, as it gradually became clear that medicine's technological advance also contributed to the rising costs of health care, policy makers began to question the ways in which new technologies diffused. Sociologists soon found that professional and institutional interests, the search for competitive advantage, and processes of ‘institutional isomorphism’ played major roles. By the end of the millennium, as a result of growing patient (and ‘health care consumer’) activism, and of globalization, the context in which new technologies were developed, introduced, and used had become politicized, and technologies had become more heterogeneous. The patient perspective offered a new vantage point from which to study medical technology in use, and one which fitted many sociologists' normative and methodological commitments. Many recent sociological studies highlight failures, contradictions, and the (often concealed) interests involved in the promotion of new drugs and other medical technologies. However, resources for studies aligned with dominant interests, perspectives, and claims are more readily available.
Biological Pre‐emption: “Race”, Class, and Genomics
Authors: Williams Johnny E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractGenomics is a complex field of study involving researchers and practitioners immersed in the social milieu from which their genetic theories and comprehensions in part emerge. Genomic researchers' embeddedness in social formations with distinct ideologies predisposes them to construct hypotheses about genetics with value‐laden assumptions. Given genomics' inseparability from social influences this article explores how its use with marginalized groups has eugenic implications. Several important links between eugenics and genomics are identified suggesting eugenic implications in genomics.
Introduction to Special Issue: Bound to be peaceful? The changing approach of Western European small states to peace
Authors: Goetschel Laurent 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDespite a changed international political context in the post‐Cold War period, Western European small states remain firmly engaged in peace policy. One would be tempted to describe them as “natural born” peacemakers. This article shows a different approach to small states' peace policies. Using a typology from the literature on the role of norms and ideas, it argues that the type of peace engagement followed by small states has changed considerably during recent decades. More precisely, a shift has occurred in their peace policies from normative to cognitive ideas. This may be explained through their closer cooperation with international organisations (such as theEU), loss of significance of traditional role concepts such as neutrality, and the changed content of peace policies. Two consequences result from it: firstly, cognitive ideas are less linked to historically deep‐rooted identities and therefore more prone to change; secondly, there fewer comparative advantages accrue to small states in promoting cognitive ideas. Thus, though small states remain very active peacebuilders, they have become less “natural” peacemakers than they used to be.
Multidrug‐resistant TB in Zambia: review of national data from 2000 to 2011
Authors: Kapata Nathan , Chanda‐Kapata Pascalina , Bates Matthew , Mwaba Peter , Cobelens Frank , Grobusch Martin P. , Zumla Alimuddin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundMultidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) is posing a great threat to global TB control. The burden in Zambia is not well defined because routine surveillance data are scarce. We reviewed national MDR‐TB data for the last decade to inform future public health policy with respect to MDR‐TB in Zambia.MethodRetrospective review of national surveillance of MDR‐TB data, TB programme and laboratory reports between 2000 and 2011.ResultsThe total number of DSTs performed during this 11‐year period was 2 038 and accounted for 2.6% (2 038/78 639) of all the retreatment cases notified. The total number of diagnosed MDR‐TB cases for this period was 446, of which 56.3% (251/446) were male and 41.7% (186/446) female. Only one child was found to have MDR‐TB. Poly‐drug resistance accounted for 18.9% (172/911) of the DR‐TB cases and 8.4% of the total DSTs. 8.8% (80/911) of the DR‐TB cases showed either rifampicin mono‐ or poly‐resistance other than MDR‐TB. No XDR‐TB was reported. There were no data available on DR‐TB and HIV co‐infection. Only 65 MDR‐TB patients were notified and put on second‐line treatment according to WHO guidelines.ConclusionsMultidrug‐resistant tuberculosis may be an emerging challenge in Zambia. There is a need to invest in improving the capacity of the TB programme to detect and manage MDR‐TB.
A Quantum Question Order Model Supported by Empirical Tests of anA Prioriand Precise Prediction
Authors: Wang Zheng , Busemeyer Jerome R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractQuestion order effects are commonly observed in self‐report measures of judgment and attitude. This article develops a quantum question order model (theQQmodel) to account for four types of question order effects observed in literature. First, the postulates of theQQmodel are presented. Second, ana priori, parameter‐free, and precise prediction, called theQQequality, is derived from these mathematical principles, and six empirical data sets are used to test the prediction. Third, a new index is derived from the model to measure similarity between questions. Fourth, we show that in contrast to theQQmodel, Bayesian and Markov models do not generally satisfy theQQequality and thus cannot account for the reported empirical data that support this equality. Finally, we describe the conditions under which order effects are predicted to occur, and we review a broader range of findings that are encompassed by these very same quantum principles. We conclude that quantum probability theory, initially invented to explain order effects on measurements in physics, appears to be a powerful natural explanation for order effects of self‐report measures in social and behavioral sciences, too.
A Quantum Probability Perspective on Borderline Vagueness
Authors: Blutner Reinhard , Pothos Emmanuel M. , Bruza Peter 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe term “vagueness” describes a property of natural concepts, which normally have fuzzy boundaries, admit borderline cases, and are susceptible to Zeno's sorites paradox. We will discuss the psychology of vagueness, especially experiments investigating the judgment of borderline cases and contradictions. In the theoretical part, we will propose a probabilistic model that describes the quantitative characteristics of the experimental finding and extends Alxatib's and Pelletier's () theoretical analysis. The model is based on a Hopfield network for predicting truth values. Powerful as this classical perspective is, we show that it falls short of providing an adequate coverage of the relevant empirical results. In the final part, we will argue that a substantial modification of the analysis put forward by Alxatib and Pelletier and its probabilistic pendant is needed. The proposed modification replaces the standard notion of probabilities by quantum probabilities. The crucial phenomenon of borderline contradictions can be explained then as a quantum interference phenomenon.
Poincaré–Lelong equation via the Hodge–Laplace heat equation
Authors: Ni Lei , Tam Luen-Fai 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a method of solving the Poincaré–Lelong equation, mainly via the study of the large time asymptotics of a global solution to the Hodge–Laplace heat equation on$(1, 1)$-forms. The method is effective in proving an optimal result when$M$has nonnegative bisectional curvature. It also provides an alternate proof of a recent gap theorem of the first author.
Residues and duality for singularity categories of isolated Gorenstein singularities
Authors: Murfet Daniel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe study Serre duality in the singularity category of an isolated Gorenstein singularity and find an explicit formula for the duality pairing in terms of generalised fractions and residues. For hypersurfaces we recover the residue formula of the string theorists Kapustin and Li. These results are obtained from an explicit construction of complete injective resolutions of maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules.