bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards understanding resprouting at the global scale
Authors: Pausas Juli G. , Pratt R. Brandon , Keeley Jon E. , Jacobsen Anna L. , Ramirez Aaron R. , Vilagrosa Alberto , Paula Susana , Kaneakua‐Pia Iolana N. , Davis Stephen D. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryUnderstanding and predicting plant response to disturbance is of paramount importance in our changing world. Resprouting ability is often considered a simple qualitative trait and used in many ecological studies. Our aim is to show some of the complexities of resprouting while highlighting cautions that need be taken in using resprouting ability to predict vegetation responses across disturbance types and biomes. There are marked differences in resprouting depending on the disturbance type, and fire is often the most severe disturbance because it includes both defoliation and lethal temperatures. In the Mediterranean biome, there are differences in functional strategies to cope with water deficit between resprouters (dehydration avoiders) and nonresprouters (dehydration tolerators); however, there is little research to unambiguously extrapolate these results to other biomes. Furthermore, predictions of vegetation responses to changes in disturbance regimes require consideration not only of resprouting, but also other relevant traits (e.g. seeding, bark thickness) and the different correlations among traits observed in different biomes; models lacking these details would behave poorly at the global scale. Overall, the lessons learned from a given disturbance regime and biome (e.g. crown‐fire Mediterranean ecosystems) can guide research in other ecosystems but should not be extrapolated at the global scale.
Unlocking the potential of lignocellulosic biomass through plant science
Authors: Marriott Poppy E. , Gómez Leonardo D. , McQueen‐Mason Simon J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe aim of producing sustainable liquid biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass remains high on the sustainability agenda, but is challenged by the costs of producing fermentable sugars from these materials. Sugars from plant biomass can be fermented to alcohols or even alkanes, creating a liquid fuel in which carbon released on combustion is balanced by its photosynthetic capture. Large amounts of sugar are present in the woody, nonfood parts of crops and could be used for fuel production without compromising global food security. However, the sugar in woody biomass is locked up in the complex and recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant cell wall, making it difficult and expensive to extract. In this paper, we review what is known about the major polymeric components of woody plant biomass, with an emphasis on the molecular interactions that contribute to its recalcitrance to enzymatic digestion. In addition, we review the extensive research that has been carried out in order to understand and reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance and enable more cost‐effective production of fuel from woody plant biomass.

Contents

Summary
1366

I.
Introduction
1366

II.
Lignocellulosic feedstocks
1367

III.
Measuring cell wall recalcitrance
1368

IV.
Cellulose
1368

V.
Hemicellulose
1369

VI.
Side‐chain substitution of xylans
1370

VII.
Pectin
1372

VIII.
Lignin
1372

IX.
Ferulic acid linkages
1376

X.
Final considerations
1377

Acknowledgements
1377

References
1377
Plant fitness in a rapidly changing world
Authors: Anderson Jill T. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryModern reliance on fossil fuels has ushered in extreme temperatures globally and abnormal precipitation patterns in many regions. Although the climate is changing rapidly, other agents of natural selection such as photoperiod remain constant. This decoupling of previously reliable environmental cues shifts adaptive landscapes, favors novel suites of traits and likely increases the extinction risk of local populations. Here, I examine the fitness consequences of changing climates. Meta‐analyses demonstrate that simulated future climates depress viability and fecundity components of fitness for native plant species in the short term, which could reduce population growth rates. Contracting populations that cannot adapt or adjust plastically to new climates might not be capable of producing sufficient migrants to track changing conditions.

Contents

Summary
81

I.
Introduction
81

II.
Fitness landscapes
82

III.
Recommendations for future studies
84

IV.
Evolutionary consequences
84

V.
Conclusions
85

Acknowledgements
85

References
85
A METAPOPULATION MODEL FOR FERAL HOGS IN GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK
Authors: LEVY BENJAMIN , COLLINS CHARLES , LENHART SUZANNE , MADDEN MARGUERITE , CORN JOSEPH , SALINAS RENÉ A. , STIVER WILLIAM 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFeral Hogs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species that have occupied the Great Smoky Mountains National Park since the early 1900s. Recent studies on vegetation, mast, and harvest history were important for our work. Using these data, a model with discrete time and space was formulated to represent the feral hog dynamics in the Park. Management strategies and key characteristics of the population were investigated. The model uses observed mast variation to help govern population dynamics and results indicate that Park control efforts have limited the growth of the population.
Timing is crucial for consequences of migratory connectivity
Authors: Bauer Silke , Lisovski Simeon , Hahn Steffen 
Published: October 2015

Migratory connectivity can have important consequences for individuals, populations and communities. We argue that most consequences not only depend onwhichsites are used but importantly also onwhenthese are used and suggest that the timing of migration is characterised by synchrony, phenology, and consistency. We illustrate the importance of these aspects of timing for shaping the consequences of migratory connectivity on individual fitness, population dynamics, gene flow and community dynamics using examples from throughout the animal kingdom.Exemplarily for one specific process that is shaped by migratory connectivity and the timing of migration – the transmission of parasites and the dynamics of diseases – we underpin our arguments with a dynamic epidemiological network model of a migratory population. Here, we quantitatively demonstrate that variations in migration phenology and synchrony yield disease dynamics that significantly differ from a time‐neglecting case.Extending the original definition of migratory connectivity into a spatio‐temporal concept can importantly contribute to understanding the links migratory animals make across the globe and the consequences these may have both for the dynamics of their populations and the communities they visit throughout their journeys.SynthesisMigratory connectivity quantifies the links migrant animals make across the globe and these can have manifold consequences – from individual fitness, population dynamics, gene flow to transmission of pathogens and parasites. We show through the use of empirical examples and a conceptual model that these consequences not only depend onwhichsites are used but importantly also onwhenthese are used. Therefore, we specify three dimensions of migration timing – phenology, synchrony and consistency, which describe the timing of migration 1) relative to development of key resources; 2) relative to the migration of other individuals; and 3) relative to previous migration events. Each of these dimensions can alter the consequences, but typically through different mechanisms.
Towards understanding the organisation of metacommunities in highly dynamic ecological systems
Authors: Datry Thibault , Bonada Núria , Heino Jani 
Published: October 2015

Community ecology recognises today that local biological communities are not only affected by local biotic interactions and abiotic environmental conditions, but also by regional processes (e.g. dispersal). While much is known about how metacommunities are organised in space in terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecological systems, their temporal variations remain poorly studied. Here, we address the question of the dynamics of metacommunities in highly variable systems, using intermittent rivers (IRs), those rivers which temporarily stop flowing or dry up, as a model system. We first review how habitat heterogeneity in space and time influences metacommunity organisation. Second, we compare the metacommunities in IRs to those in perennial rivers (PRs) and develop the idea that IRs could undergo highly dynamic shifts due to the temporal variability in local and regional community processes. Third, we develop the idea that in IRs, metacommunities of the wet and dry phases of IRs are closely intertwined, thereby increasing even more their respective temporal dynamics. Last, we provide a roadmap to stimulate further conceptual and empirical developments of metacommunity research and identify possible applications for improving the management of IRs and other highly dynamic ecological systems.SynthesisExtensive research has examined the importance of local biotic interactions, environmental filtering, and regional processes on community assembly. Movement of organisms between sites, i.e. dispersal, is a major set of processes within this framework. However, subsequent metacommunity organisation also varies over time in ecosystems because habitat characteristics such as configuration and composition continuously shift. Intermittent rivers are an ideal set of systems to examine these ideas because these freshwater systems temporarily cease flowing thereby limiting dispersal events. We proposed the hypothesis that metacommunities in dynamic ecosystems will undergo frequent shifts in structure and composition in response to the temporal variability in environmental filtering and dispersal. In addition to providing a roadmap for developing a more dynamic perspective for community ecology, these framework provides direct insights for the management of intermittent rivers.
Evaluating Guideline‐recommended Pain Medication Use Among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Fibromyalgia
Authors: Halpern Rachel , Shah Sonali N. , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Masters Elizabeth T. , Clair Andrew 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo compare pain medication treatment changes across cohorts of newly diagnosed patients with fibromyalgia (FM) treated with guideline‐recommended medications or opioids.Methods and DesignRetrospective claims data analysis examined adult commercial health plan members newly diagnosed withFM(initial diagnosis = index date) from January 2008 to February 2012. Patients had 6‐month pre‐index and 12‐month postindex periods and received pain medication within 6 months postindex; cohorts were based on the first postindex medication. Guideline‐recommended medication cohorts were anti‐epileptic drug (AED), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Short‐acting and long‐acting opioid (SAO,LAO) cohorts were also identified. Pairwise comparisons with theSAOcohort were conducted. Cox proportional hazards regressions modeled the likelihood of receiving guideline‐recommended therapy.ResultsThe final sample was 96,175 patients (mean age 47.3 years; 72.5% female), distributed intoSAO(57%),SSRI(22%),AED(10%),SNRI(6%),TCA(3%), andLAO(2%) cohorts. TheSAOcohort had the most discontinuation (49% vs. 6% to 22%,P< 0.01) and the least augmentation (29% vs. 35% to 50%,P< 0.01). Regression analyses indicated that patients with (vs. without) pre‐index guideline‐recommended medications were 2 to 4 times more likely to receive them postindex. Patients in the opioid cohorts were about half as likely to receive subsequent guideline‐recommended medications.ConclusionsOpioid use was widespread among patients withFM. Once patients received opioids postdiagnosis, the likelihood of receiving guideline‐recommended medications was small. These real‐world results indicate an opportunity may exist for improvedFMmanagement using recommended therapies in clinical practice.
Development of a novel recessive genetic male sterility system for hybrid seed production in maize and other cross‐pollinating crops
Authors: Wu Yongzhong , Fox Tim W. , Trimnell Mary R. , Wang Lijuan , Xu Rui‐ji , Cigan A. Mark , Huffman Gary A. , Garnaat Carl W. , Hershey Howard , Albertsen Marc C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryWe have developed a novel hybridization platform that utilizes nuclear male sterility to produce hybrids in maize and other cross‐pollinating crops. A key component of this platform is a process termed Seed Production Technology (SPT). This process incorporates a transgenic SPT maintainer line capable of propagating nontransgenic nuclear male‐sterile lines for use as female parents in hybrid production. The maize SPT maintainer line is a homozygous recessive male sterile transformed with a SPT construct containing (i) a complementary wild‐type male fertility gene to restore fertility, (ii) an α‐amylase gene to disrupt pollination and (iii) a seed colour marker gene. The sporophytic wild‐type allele complements the recessive mutation, enabling the development of pollen grains, all of which carry the recessive allele but with only half carrying the SPT transgenes. Pollen grains with the SPT transgenes exhibit starch depletion resulting from expression of α‐amylase and are unable to germinate. Pollen grains that do not carry the SPT transgenes are nontransgenic and are able to fertilize homozygous mutant plants, resulting in nontransgenic male‐sterile progeny for use as female parents. Because transgenic SPT maintainer seeds express a red fluorescent protein, they can be detected and efficiently separated from seeds that do not contain the SPT transgenes by mechanical colour sorting. The SPT process has the potential to replace current approaches to pollen control in commercial maize hybrid seed production. It also has important applications for other cross‐pollinating crops where it can unlock the potential for greater hybrid productivity through expanding the parental germplasm pool.
Permanent Deviation: Understanding Our Place in History with the Aid of Sartre's Critique, Volume Two
Authors: McBride William L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe unfinished, posthumously published second volume of Jean‐Paul Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason consists for the most part of a study of the evolution of the Soviet Union under the reign of Stalin. Essentially, Sartre sees this history as amounting to a lengthy deviation from the goal of socialism, a deviation (‘detour’) that he regards as thoroughly intelligible in light of social and historical circumstances. Some ten years after abandoning his work on this book, on the occasion of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), Sartre concluded that this ‘deviation’ was permanent. At the same time, Sartre believed, as he had stated already in Volume I of the Critique, that the post‐Stalinist era must be characterized as ‘One World’, a historical turning away from the plurality that had prevailed in all of past human history. The present essay attempts to capture Sartre's approach to history as ongoing ‘totalization’ – conflict‐filled, subject to contingency and chance and the frequent occurrence of ‘holes’, and nevertheless intelligible. Although Stalin died many decades ago (in 1953), and the Soviet Union itself no longer exists as such, it is argued here that Sartre's approach in this book is very useful as a key to the present time. Future history is indeed unpredictable, but Sartre's techniques of historical analysis remain valid. It is also contended, more controversially, that today the ideal of democracy may be in the process of following the path of socialism in the direction of permanent deviation.
Affectivity in Heidegger II: Temporality, Boredom, and Beyond
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn ‘Affectivity in Heidegger I: Moods and Emotions in Being and Time’, we explicated the crucial role that Martin Heidegger assigns to our capacity to affectively find ourselves in the world. There, our discussion was restricted to Division I of Being and Time (BT). Specifically, we discussed how Befindlichkeit as a basic existential (i.e., a structure of Dasein's being that constitutes both the manner in which Dasein exists and discloses itself) and moods as the ontic counterparts of Befindlichkeit (i.e., the pre‐reflective ways in which Dasein relates to and discloses the world) make circumspective engagement with the world possible. Indeed, according to Heidegger, it is primarily through moods that the world is ‘opened up’ and revealed to us as a world that is suffused with values and entities that already matter to us. In this companion essay, our aim is to expand our analysis of affectivity in the following ways: first, we revisit our discussion of Befindlichkeit in light of Heidegger's discussion of temporality in Division II of BT; second, we discuss the basic or fundamental mood (Grundstimmung) of boredom (Langeweile) and its ontological significance; we conclude by providing a brief characterization of how Heidegger's notion of mood changes in his later thinking.
Risk Factors for Stillbirth: Findings from a Population‐Based Case–Control Study, Haryana, India
Authors: Neogi Sutapa Bandyopadhyay , Negandhi Preeti , Chopra Sapna , Das Ankan Mukherjee , Zodpey Sanjay , Gupta Ravi Kant , Gupta Rakesh 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundStillbirth is a prevalent adverse outcome of pregnancy in India despite efforts to improve care of women during pregnancy. Risk factors for stillbirths include sociodemographic factors, medical complications during pregnancy, intake of harmful drugs, and complications during delivery. The objective of the study was to examine the risk factors for stillbirth with a focus on sex selection drugs (SSDs).MethodsA population‐based case–control study was undertaken in Haryana. Cases of stillbirths were identified from the Maternal Infant Death Review System portal of Haryana state for the months of August–September 2014. A consecutive birth from the same geographical area as the case was selected as the control. The sample size was 325 per group. Mothers were interviewed using a validated tool. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were conducted to examine the association between risk factors and stillbirth. Attributable risk proportions (ARP) and population attributable risk proportions (PARP) were estimated.ResultsThe sociodemographic profiles of the cases and controls were similar. History of intake of SSDs [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5, 4.5] emerged as a risk factor. Other significant factors were preterm <37 weeks (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.1, 6.0), history of previous stillbirths (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.1, 7.8), and complications during labour (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1, 5.3). Estimates of the ARP and PARP for intake of SSDs were 0.60 (95% CI 0.32, 0.77) and 0.1 (95% CI −0.13, 0.28), respectively.ConclusionsSSDs could be attributed as a risk factor in a fifth of the cases of stillbirths. The number needed to harm for the use of SSDs in causing adverse effect of stillbirths was 5, suggesting thereby that for every five mothers exposed to SSDs, one would have stillbirth. Greater efforts are required to inform people about the harmful effects of SSD consumption during pregnancy.
Laser‐cut Rb–Sr microsampling dating of deformational events in the Mont Blanc‐Aiguilles Rouges region (European Alps)
Authors: Egli Daniel , Müller Wolfgang , Mancktelow Neil 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSpatial control for in situ dating of mineral phases in fine‐grained rocks is a significant challenge in geochronology, and the precision of microsampling is a crucial factor in obtaining accurate results. In this study, a new microsampling approach to Rb–Sr geochronology has been applied to greenschist facies mylonitic shear zones in the Mont Blanc‐Aiguille Rouges region of the western European Alps. Using a laser‐ablation system for microsampling by laser cutting followed by conventional TIMS Rb–Sr isotopic analysis of μg‐sized samples provides an improved workflow for texturally controlled, quasi in situ dating of mineral phases. The automated cutting process minimizes material loss and the risk of handling errors, while facilitating sampling of complex shapes of almost any size, a significant improvement over earlier microscope‐mounted microdrills. The new Rb–Sr white mica–calcite ages of between 27 and 30 Ma indicate Oligocene deformation in Alpine shear zones from two specific areas in the Mont Blanc‐Aiguilles Rouges region.
Ten‐year retrospective review of transfusion practices in beating‐heart organ donors
Authors: Coberly Emily A. , Booth Garrett S. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDRecent studies suggest that restrictive transfusion strategies are equivocal or noninferior to liberal strategies in various patient populations; however, evidence for the optimal transfusion threshold or current transfusion practice in beating‐heart organ donors is lacking. A 10‐year retrospective analysis of blood product utilization in beating‐heart organ donors was performed to determine current transfusion practice.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSAn institutional review board–approved retrospective review of 439 beating‐heart organ donors from January 1, 2004, to October 1, 2014, was performed. For each donor, hemoglobin (Hb), platelet (PLT), prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR), and fibrinogen levels as well as all transfusion reaction reports were recorded from the time of declaration of brain death to organ procurement.RESULTSRed blood cell transfusion occurred in 304 donors (69.2%), with a trough Hb level of more than 8 g/dL in 63.2% and more than 10 g/dL in 15.8%; final Hb was more than 10 g/dL in 44.1% of transfused donors. PLT transfusion occurred in 165 donors (37.6%), with a trough PLT count of more than 50 × 109/L in 113 (68.5%) and more than 100 × 109/L in 15 (9.1%). Plasma transfusion occurred in 217 donors (49.4%), with a peak INR of less than 1.5 in 75 donors (34.6%) and a peak INR of 1.6 to 2.0 in 112 donors (51.6%). Only 17.4% of donors who received cryoprecipitate had fibrinogen levels measured, and results were all more than 200 mg/dL. Transfusion reactions were underreported (p = 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSThis study suggests potential suboptimal use of limited biologic resources in beating‐heart organ donors, as well as significant underreporting of suspected transfusion reactions. Additional studies are indicated to determine optimal transfusion thresholds in this population.
Kv3.3 potassium channels and spinocerebellar ataxia
Authors: Zhang Yalan , Kaczmarek Leonard K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe voltage‐dependent potassium channel subunit Kv3.3 is expressed at high levels in cerebellar Purkinje cells, in auditory brainstem nuclei and in many other neurons capable of firing at high rates. In the cerebellum, it helps to shape the very characteristic complex spike of Purkinje cells. Kv3.3 differs from other closely related channels in that human mutations in the gene encoding Kv3.3 (KCNC3) result in a unique neurodegenerative disease termed spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 (SCA13). This primarily affects the cerebellum, but also results in extracerebellar symptoms. Different mutations produce either early onset SCA13, associated with delayed motor and impaired cognitive skill acquisition, or late onset SCA13, which typically produces cerebellar degeneration in middle age. This review covers the localization and physiological function of Kv3.3 in the central nervous system and how the normal function of the channel is altered by the disease‐causing mutations. It also describes experimental approaches that are being used to understand how Kv3.3 mutations are linked to neuronal survival, and to develop strategies for treatment.
image