bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early years education, language and social background: A decade of changing policy and practice
Authors: Mroz Maria , Letts Carolyn 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn recent years educationalists have been concerned that children from more socially deprived areas of the UK come to formal schooling at age five with poor language skills. In 2001 responses by early years professionals (responsible for children aged 0–5 years), to a questionnaire and follow-up interview, found that their general levels of training in language development were low. Since 2001 training has increased in the sector and there have been new initiatives around promoting language development in the early years. This paper aims to reflect on the educational context in the Early Years Foundation Stage (children aged 3–5) a decade ago; to consider how this context has changed; and, to discuss what potential impact the changes may have had on the training of Foundation Stage professionals in relation to children with speech, language and communication needs. It will draw on results from a large sample of children aged 2;0 to 7;6 years that were tested for language comprehension and production in 2010 as part of the standardisation of a redeveloped language test (New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS): Edwards et al. 2011). There is some evidence from this study that the percentage of children from low socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds who have speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) or language delay may be decreasing.
Cryptanalysis of matrix conjugation schemes
Authors: Myasnikov Alex D. , Ushakov Alexander 
Published: March 2014

Abstract.
In this paper we cryptanalyze two protocols: the Grigoriev–Shpilrain
authentication protocol and a public key cryptosystem due to Wang, Wang, Cao, Okamoto and Shao.
Both of these protocols use the computational hardness of some variations of the conjugacy search problem
in a class of noncommutative monoids. We devise a practical heuristic algorithm
solving those problems.
As a conclusion we claim that these protocols are insecure for the proposed parameter values.
Infinite secret sharing – Examples
Authors: Dibert Alexander , Csirmaz László 
Published: March 2014

Abstract.
The
motivation for extending secret sharing schemes to cases when either the
set of players is infinite or the domain from which the secret and/or the
shares are drawn is infinite or both, is similar to the case when switching
to abstract probability spaces from classical combinatorial probability. It
might shed new light on old problems, could connect seemingly unrelated
problems, and unify diverse phenomena.
Definitions equivalent in the finitary case could be very much different
when switching to infinity, signifying their difference. The standard
requirement that qualified subsets should be able to determine the secret
has different interpretations in spite of the fact that, by assumption, all
participants have infinite computing power. The requirement that unqualified
subsets should have no or limited information on the secret suggests that
we also need some probability distribution. In the infinite case events with
zero probability are not necessarily impossible, and we should decide
whether bad events with zero probability are allowed or not.
In this paper, rather than giving precise definitions, we enlist an abundance
of hopefully interesting infinite secret sharing schemes. These
schemes touch quite diverse areas of mathematics such as projective
geometry, stochastic processes and Hilbert spaces. Nevertheless our main
tools are from probability theory. The examples discussed here serve as
foundation and illustration to the more theory oriented companion paper
[arXiv:1310.7423].
Using a Centrifuge to Determine Moisture Properties of Lightweight Fine Aggregate for Use in Internal Curing
Authors: Miller A. E. , Barrett T. J. , Zander A. R. , Weiss W. J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Internally cured (IC) concrete is frequently produced using pre-wetted lightweight aggregate (LWA). One important aspect associated with preparing quality IC concrete is being able to determine the absorbed moisture and surface moisture associated with the LWA which enables aggregate moisture corrections to be made for the concrete mixture. ASTM 1761-13b specifies the use of the “paper towel method” to define a surface dry state for pre-wetted LWA; however, this can be time consuming and hard to perform at the batching plant. This paper proposes an alternative method for obtaining a surface dry state of the aggregate based on spinning the pre-wetted LWA in a centrifuge. It is shown that using a centrifuge (with bowl radius of 11.4 cm) for 3 min at 2000 rpm permits a surface dry state to be obtained consistently which enables surface and absorbed moisture to be determined accurately and rapidly. The moisture values obtained using the centrifuge correspond well with those obtained using the paper towel method.
Nanoindentation Test Integrated with Numerical Simulation to Characterize Mechanical Properties of Rock Materials
Authors: Ban Hoki , Karki Pravat , Kim Yong-Rak 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
It is important to determine the mechanical properties of rock materials accurately from the viewpoint of the design, analysis, and modeling of various transportation infrastructure systems. Conventional methods have some drawbacks, including relatively inaccurate measurements, cumbersome testing-analysis processes, and high variability in measurements. A nanoindentation test integrated with a numerical modeling technique has been validated in other fields as an efficient and accurate tool for the characterization of the key mechanical properties of various irregularly shaped materials, such as the rock materials in this study. This paper presents an integrated experimental-numerical effort based on the nanoindentation measurement and finite-element modeling of a representative rock material, limestone. The experimental efforts, including specimen fabrication and laboratory tests, are presented, and the corresponding analyses of test results combined with the finite-element technique and linear interpolation to evaluate the property measurements are discussed. The elastic properties estimated from the nanoindentation test are similar to the simulation results, demonstrating the validity of the test method and modeling approach. The success of the proposed approach should facilitate the better design of mixtures and structures based on the more accurate characterization of the core material properties.
A Complex Regulatory Network Coordinating Cell Cycles DuringC. elegansDevelopment Is Revealed by a Genome-Wide RNAi Screen
Authors: Roy Sarah H , Tobin David V , Memar Nadin , Beltz Eleanor , Holmen Jenna , Clayton Joseph E , Chiu Daniel J , Young Laura D , Green Travis H , Lubin Isabella , Liu Yuying , Conradt Barbara , Saito R Mako 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe development and homeostasis of multicellular animals requires precise coordination of cell division and differentiation. We performed a genome-wide RNA interference screen in Caenorhabditis elegans to reveal the components of a regulatory network that promotes developmentally programmed cell-cycle quiescence. The 107 identified genes are predicted to constitute regulatory networks that are conserved among higher animals because almost half of the genes are represented by clear human orthologs. Using a series of mutant backgrounds to assess their genetic activities, the RNA interference clones displaying similar properties were clustered to establish potential regulatory relationships within the network. This approach uncovered four distinct genetic pathways controlling cell-cycle entry during intestinal organogenesis. The enhanced phenotypes observed for animals carrying compound mutations attest to the collaboration between distinct mechanisms to ensure strict developmental regulation of cell cycles. Moreover, we characterized ubc-25, a gene encoding an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme whose human ortholog, UBE2Q2, is deregulated in several cancers. Our genetic analyses suggested that ubc-25 acts in a linear pathway with cul-1/Cul1, in parallel to pathways employing cki-1/p27 and lin-35/pRb to promote cell-cycle quiescence. Further investigation of the potential regulatory mechanism demonstrated that ubc-25 activity negatively regulates CYE-1/cyclin E protein abundance in vivo. Together, our results show that the ubc-25-mediated pathway acts within a complex network that integrates the actions of multiple molecular mechanisms to control cell cycles during development.
Outcomes of Combined Cardiovascular Risk Factor Management Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes: The ACCORD Randomized Trial
Authors: Margolis Karen L. , O’Connor Patrick J. , Morgan Timothy M. , Buse John B. , Cohen Robert M. , Cushman William C. , Cutler Jeffrey A. , Evans Gregory W. , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Grimm Richard H. , Lipkin Edward W. , Narayan K.M.Venkat , Riddle Matthew C. , Sood Ajay , Goff David C. 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE
To compare effects of combinations of standard and intensive treatment of glycemia and either blood pressure (BP) or lipids in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
ACCORD enrolled 10,251 type 2 diabetes patients aged 40–79 years at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Participants were randomly assigned to hemoglobin A1c goals of &lt;6.0% (&lt;42 mmol/mol; intensive glycemia) or 7.0–7.9% (53–63 mmol/mol; standard glycemia) and then randomized a second time to either 1) systolic BP goals of &lt;120 mmHg (intensive BP) or &lt;140 mmHg (standard BP) or 2) simvastatin plus fenofibrate (intensive lipid) or simvastatin plus placebo (standard lipid). Proportional hazards models were used to assess combinations of treatment assignments on the composite primary (deaths due to CVD, nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], and nonfatal stroke) and secondary outcomes.

RESULTS
In the BP trial, risk of the primary outcome was lower in the groups intensively treated for glycemia (hazard ratio [HR] 0.67; 95% CI 0.50–0.91), BP (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.55–1.00), or both (HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.52–0.96) compared with combined standard BP and glycemia treatment. For secondary outcomes, MI was significantly reduced by intensive glycemia treatment and stroke by intensive BP treatment; most other HRs were neutral or favored intensive treatment groups. In the lipid trial, the general pattern of results showed no evidence of benefit of intensive regimens (whether single or combined) compared with combined standard lipid and glycemia treatment. The mortality HR was 1.33 (95% CI 1.02–1.74) in the standard lipid/intensive glycemia group compared with the standard lipid/standard glycemia group.

CONCLUSIONS
In the ACCORD BP trial, compared with combined standard treatment, intensive BP or intensive glycemia treatment alone improved major CVD outcomes, without additional benefit from combining the two. In the ACCORD lipid trial, neither intensive lipid nor glycemia treatment produced an overall benefit, but intensive glycemia treatment increased mortality.
Predictive and Explanatory Factors of Change in HbA1c in a 24-Week Observational Study of 66,726 People With Type 2 Diabetes Starting Insulin Analogs
Authors: Home Philip D. , Shen Chunduo , Hasan Mohammad I. , Latif Zafar A. , Chen Jian-Wen , González Gálvez Guillermo 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE
Individualization of therapy choices requires the prediction of likely response. Predictor and explanatory factors of change in HbA1c were studied using data from a large observational study of starting insulin analog therapy (the A1chieve study).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Univariate analyses were performed for insulin-naive people and prior insulin users in the A1chieve study. Statistically significant factors were carried forward to baseline factor–only multivariate analyses (“predictor” analysis), and separately using all significant factors (“explanatory” analysis). Power was considered in terms of the variance explained.

RESULTS
Geographical region, baseline HbA1c level, lipid levels, and baseline insulin dose were the most powerful predictors of HbA1c change (mean change −2.1% [−23 mmol/mol]) observed in the univariate analysis (r2 &gt; 0.010, P &lt; 0.001). However, although the predictor and explanatory multivariate models explained 62–82% of the variance in HbA1c change, this was mainly associated with baseline HbA1c (r2 = 0.544–0.701) and region (r2 = 0.014–0.037). Other factors were statistically significant but had low predictive power (r2 &lt; 0.010); in the explanatory analysis, this included end-of-study hypoglycemia (insulin-naive group), insulin dose, and health-related quality of life (r2 &lt; 0.001–0.006, P ≤ 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS
Many factors can guide clinicians in predicting the response to starting therapy with insulin analogs, but many are interdependent and thus of poor utility. The factor explaining most of the variance in HbA1c change is baseline HbA1c level, with each increase of 1.0%-units (11 mmol/mol) providing a 0.7–0.8%-units (8–9 mmol/mol) greater fall. Other factors do not explain much of the remaining variance, even when including all end-of-trial measures.
Trace formulae and applications to class numbers
Authors: Raulf Nicole 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this paper we compute the trace formula for Hecke operators acting on automorphic forms on the hyperbolic 3-space for the group PSL2($\mathcal{O}_K $) with $\mathcal{O}_K $ being the ring of integers of an imaginary quadratic number field K of class number H K > 1. Furthermore, as a corollary we obtain an asymptotic result for class numbers of binary quadratic forms.
Acute kidney injury due to multiple wasp stings in an eightyear- old child
Authors: Dhakal Ajaya Kumar , Basnet Nabin Bahadur , Shrestha Devendra 
Published: March 2014

Wasp stings are not uncommon in Nepal. The manifestations of stings are usually benign and localised at the site of stings. However, susceptible individuals may present with multi-systemic and potentially fatal complications. We report here a child who developed acute kidney injury, nine days after multiple wasp stings. The renal function recovered with supportive management including two sessions of haemodialysis. This case report highlights that management of wasp stings should be done in consultation with centre which has facilities for dialysis.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 145-147DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9965Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
Application of the Experimental Results to the Modified Halpin-Tsai Micromechanical Model to Evaluate the Clay Dispersion in Clay-Reinforced Polyethylene Nanocomposites
Authors: Uyanık N. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)- and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-based polymer nanocomposites (PNC) containing organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared by melt mixing process. Itaconic acid (IA) and monomethyl itaconate (MMI) grafted polyethylene (PE) were used as compatibilizers. Na-MMT was modified by dodecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecyl-ammonium chlorides and then the compatibilizers were synthesized in solution reaction. 5 wt% organoclay and different concentration of compatibilizers (5, 10, and 15 wt%) were used for the PNC preparations to compare the effects of compatibilizers. The interlayer spacings, d001, and the mechanical properties of samples were measured by XRD analysis and universal testing machine, respectively. The experimental tensile moduli were used in Halpin-Tsai micro mechanical model to obtain “l/t” ratios and the results were compared experimental d001 values obtained from XRD data. It was found that the experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated results.
Development of 12 chloroplast microsatellite markers in Vigna unguiculata (Fabaceae) and amplification in Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Pan Lei , Li Yi , Guo Rui , Wu Hua , Hu Zhihui , Chen Chanyou 
Published: March 2014

• Premise of the study: Vigna unguiculata is an economically important legume, and the complexity of its variability and evolution needs to be further understood. Based on publicly available databases, we developed chloroplast microsatellite primers to investigate genetic diversity within V. unguiculata and its related species Phaseolus vulgaris.• Methods and Results: Twelve polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in 62 V. unguiculata individuals. The number of alleles per locus varied between two and four, the unbiased haploid diversity per locus ranged from 0.123 to 0.497, and the polymorphism information content varied from 0.114 to 0.369. In cross‐species amplifications, nine of these markers showed polymorphism in 29 P. vulgaris individuals.• Conclusions: The newly developed chloroplast microsatellite markers exhibit variation in V. unguiculata as well as their transferability in P. vulgaris. These markers can be used to investigate genetic diversity and evolution in V. unguiculata and P. vulgaris.
Analytical model of rotating two‐cell convection at Saturn
Authors: Goldstein J. , Hill T. W. , Waite J. H. , Burch J. L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe use an analytical model of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling to show that an asymmetric ring current (RC) pressure with an m=1 longitudinal dependence can initiate a rotating two‐cell interchange potential. The model extends prior similar work by considering both cold plasma interchange and warm plasma pressure. This model predicts that within 7 h the magnitude of the interchange potential equals the RC seed potential. Within 13 to 26 h, the model reproduces the degree of cold density nonaxisymmetry at the outer density gradient of the Enceladus plume, as observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer. The interchange growth time bears a strong dependence on the particular value of height‐integrated ionospheric conductivity and a weaker dependence on the magnitude of the initial RC perturbation. The model also extends prior work by including an outer boundary. We discuss the qualitative effect of a realistically shaped magnetopause that is anchored to the nonrotating frame. For high‐m interchange, the magnetopause presence has no significant effect. In contrast, low‐m interchange modes experience a rotating, asymmetric boundary condition that alternately enhances and inhibits interchange growth each rotation period. Several published studies have proposed interchange‐driven, rotating two‐cell convection; our results suggest that an asymmetric RC pressure distribution, coupled to Saturn's ionosphere, is one possible means of generating it. Our model predicts that the two‐cell interchange potential should be long‐lived and relatively insensitive to subsequent ring current injections, because after two Saturnian rotations the interchange potential is an order of magnitude larger than the seed potential that initiated it.
Spatial variability of phosphorus sorption dynamics in Louisiana salt marshes
Authors: Marton John M. , Roberts Brian J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhosphorus (P) biogeochemistry has been studied in multiple wetland ecosystems, though few data exist on P sorption in U.S. Gulf Coast marshes. There also is a limited understanding of how oil spills in coastal zones can influence P dynamics in wetland soils. In this study, we measured P sorption potential, using the P sorption index (PSI), soil properties, and P saturation at increasing distances from the marsh edge in oiled and unoiled marshes in three regions along the southeastern Louisiana coast (Terrebonne Bay, western, and eastern Barataria Bay). Individual PSI values were highly variable, ranging from 19.5 to 175.6 mg P 100 g−1 and varying by at least a factor of five within each of the three regions, and did not significantly differ between regions or between oiled and unoiled marshes. Soil pH, organic matter, total N, N:P ratio, moisture content, cation exchange capacity, and P saturation differed between regions, and all soil parameters showed great variability between and within individual marshes. Extractable iron was the strongest predictor of PSI across all regions, explaining between 51 and 95% of the variability in individual regions. PSI increased with distance from marsh edge in Terrebonne Bay where other soil properties exhibited similar trends. Results suggest mineral composition of marsh soils, influenced by elevation‐inundation gradients, are critical in dictating P loading to estuaries and open waters, and overall marsh functioning. Further, within 2 years of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, oiled marshes are able to sorb phosphorus at comparable levels as unoiled marshes.
Estimating the human contribution to groundwater depletion in the Middle East, from GRACE data, land surface models, and well observations
Authors: Joodaki Gholamreza , Wahr John , Swenson Sean 
Published: March 2014

AbstractData from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are used to estimate monthly changes in total water storage across the Middle East during February 2003 to December 2012. The results show a large negative trend in total water storage centered over western Iran and eastern Iraq. Subtracting contributions from the Caspian Sea and two large lakes, Tharthar and Urmiah, and using output from a version of the CLM4.5 land surface model to remove contributions from soil moisture, snow, canopy storage, and river storage, we conclude that most of the long‐term water loss is due to a decline in groundwater storage. By dividing the region into seven mascons outlined along national boundaries and fitting them to the data, we find that the largest groundwater depletion is occurring in Iran, with a mass loss rate of 25 ± 3 Gt/yr during the study period. The conclusion of significant Iranian groundwater loss is further supported by in situ well data from across the country. Anthropogenic contributions to the groundwater loss are estimated by removing the natural variations in groundwater predicted by CLM4.5. These results indicate that over half of the groundwater loss in Iran (14 ± 3 Gt/yr) may be attributed to human withdrawals.
Probability Density Function of Bubble Size Based Reagent Dosage Control for Flotation Process
Authors: Zhu Jianyong , Gui Weihua , Yang Chunhua , Liu Jinping , Tang Yongbo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAs an effective measurement of bubble stability, bubble size structure is believed to be closely related to flotation performance. Reagent dosage has a very important influence on bubble size. A novel probability density function (PDF) of bubble size based reagent dosage control method is proposed in the paper. First, froth images acquired by camera with big and tiny blobs are segmented by use of an improved two‐pass watershed algorithm. With non‐Gaussian features, the PDF of the bubble size is hence approximated by the estimator based on B‐spline such that the PDF of the bubble size is characterized by a weight vector of the B‐spline. Finally, a PDF‐based reagent dosage control algorithm is proposed to make the output PDF track the given PDF according to the linear matrix inequality technique, which is established to solve its stability condition by Lyapunov stability analysis. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.