bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case History: Innovative Milling Operation of Stuck Wellhead Tubing Master Valve using Coiled Tubing at South Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Buhassan Shaker , Zefzafy Ibrahim , Al-Shehri Ayedh , Al-Mukhaitah Abdulaziz , Thawaiqib Abdulaziz 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Milling a stuck partially opened wellhead tubing master valve (TMV) becomes inevitable to access the wellbore if all repairing attempts had failed. Typically, the milling can be accomplished by utilizing a milling machine, mounted on a wellhead, equipped with motors and special mills. In this case history, CT was selected to fully satisfy standard well control requirements. Different sizes of mills were utilized to provide access through the double disc gate valve to facilitate setting downhole barriers to replace the defective TMV with a new one safely and successfully. The post-job visual inspection of the milled bore showed regular cut of this gate valve. This paper highlights the extensive planning and preparation work performed to execute the job safely and successfully. The paper will also focus on the thorough risk assessment procedure and contingency plans to ensure all well control requirements are fully covered. This unique operation has showed that milling TMV using CT is proved to be a viable option addressing well control issues while performing the milling operation. The paper will also present many lessons learned to be applied in future similar jobs.
Petrel Workflow for Adjusting Geomodel Properties for Simulation
Authors: Hoffman David R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
During the initialization phase of a simulation modeling project, one of the most critical problems to overcome is the inevitable disconnect between the geomodel properties and reservoir performance in completion intervals. These disconnects can be the result of incorrect perforations, simple data errors, and/or poor reservoir characteristics. Poor reservoir characteristics, in turn, can be the result of sparse or clustered well control, erroneous petrophysical interpretations, or improper model property distribution. A simple Petrel-based workflow is described which can be used to automatically modify geomodel properties in model cells associated with completion intervals. Using the modified model properties, the numerical simulation model can be initialized and the simulation engineer can work on other early-modeling issues, while the modified property can be used to isolate property modeling errors for further evaluation and correction in the geomodel.
The workflow makes the basic assumption that if an interval has been perforated at any time in the well history, then that portion of the reservoir is assumed to meet minimum reservoir criteria for pay. Using the historical well events, a pseudo-log is created and used to generate a Petrel model property. This property is then used to evaluate and/or modify reservoir properties in completion zones. If a completed zone has reservoir properties which do not meet pay cut-off criteria, that interval is modified by the workflow so that it passes the pay cut-off without changing other parts of the geomodel. In the Awali Field model tested, the modified cells constituted less than 1% of the total model volume and the modified geomodel eliminates "non-connection" errors in the simulation model (however, the reservoir quality issues still exist). Using property filters, the modified cells can then be used to by the geomodeler to isolate the problem areas of the model for further evaluation and correction. Although this methodology is presented using Petrel as the geomodeling platform, the same approach could be easily adapted to most geocellular modeling applications.
Systematic Approach to Integrate a Comprehensive Surface and Subsurface Well Integrity Management System
Authors: Al Muailu H. A. , Al Syed S. , Al Omairen K. , Al Yateem K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Proactive well integrity up-keep is an important health, safety, security and environment (HSSE) factor in the industry. Any lapse in well integrity can cause unintentional leaks, which can result in well control situation in terms of safety. This could also lead to acquifer contamination, which is a health and environmental concern. As both subsurface and surface are continuously exposed to deteriorating conditions associated with producing corrosive subterranean fluids from the well and the increasing age of wellstock, the possibility of incidents increases with time. At this point, developing a reliability management system of existing wellbores and wellheads is crucial to ensure optimum HSSE compliance. The objective of such a system is to optimize productivity and add value, by enlisting the causes and the available tools and methods against given well conditions, to ultimately extend the life of the wells, reduce HSSE concerns while reducing operating costs associated with post incident rectification, cleanup and improve reliability.
This paper presents an integrated approach that Saudi Aramco employed to address surface and subsurface well integrity by the incorporation of these types of management systems. In this approach, subsurface integrity issues are addressed through careful well design, continuous monitoring, and re-use of existing wellbores. This approach also provides a wider investigation of surface assets by revealing solutions to surface integrity problems, including unsecured wellheads, leaking wellheads and Christmas trees and limitation of offshore platform design.
To provide a broader insight of well integrity, this paper also focuses on the operational and well intervention phases of a well's life, and discusses evolution of the well integrity management system. The data management processes used to monitor the well integrity system is also discussed.
Overview of Material Balance Equation (MBE) in Shale Gas & Non-Conventional Reservoir
Authors: Singh Vikash Kumar 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Material balance has long been used in reservoir engineering practice as a simple yet powerful tool to determine the Original-Gas-In-Place (G). The conventional format of the gas material balance equation is the simple straight line plot of p/Z versus cumulative gas production (Gp) which can be extrapolated to zero p/Z to obtain G. The method was developed for a "volumetric" gas reservoir. It assumes a constant pore volume of gas and accounts for the energy of gas expansion, but it ignores other sources of energy such as the effects of formation compressibility, residual fluids expansion and aquifer support. In this paper, overview will presented on new format of the gas material balance equation is presented which recaptures the simplicity of the straight line while accounting for all the drive mechanisms. It uses a p/Z** instead of p/Z. The effect of each of the mentioned drive mechanisms appears as an effective compressibility term in the new gas material balance equation. Also, the physical meaning of the effective compressibility’s are explained and compared with the concept of drive indices. Furthermore, the gas material balance is used to derive a generalized rigorous total compressibility in the presence of all the above-mentioned drive mechanisms, which is very important in calculating the pseudo-time used in rate transient analysis of production data.
This Paper will represent another two method of MBE for unconventional reserve.one is appropriate for estimating OGIP and second is appropriate for making Reservoir prediction. These techniques are differing from MBE of conventional gas reservoir in which effect of absorbed gas are included. For calculating OGIP, the assumption of equilibrium between free gas and absorbed gas phase is required. No additional assumptions are required for reservoir prediction.
Designing a High Performance Computational Platform for Simulation of Giant Reservoir Models
Authors: Hayder M. Ehtesham , Baddourah Majdi , Harbi Badr , Al-Zawawi Ahmed S. , Abouheit Fouad , Zamil Khalid , Nahdi Umar 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Simulation of high resolution reservoir models is useful to gain insight into oil and gas reservoirs. Nowadays, massive comprehensive reservoir simulation models can be built with detailed geological and well log data. These models require a very large high performance computing (HPC) platform for conducting reservoir simulation. Saudi Aramco has developed a state-of-the-art simulator, GigaPOWERS™, which is capable of simulating multibillion cell reservoir models. This paper provides an overview of challenges related to constructing, HPCs and visualizing the simulation output of giant reservoir models, and how the computational platform at Saudi Aramco is designed to overcome these challenges.
A large HPC platform can be designed for reservoir simulation by connecting multiple Linux clusters in a simulation grid. Such an environment can provide the necessary capacity and computational power to solve multi-billion cell reservoir models. Such a simulation grid for reservoir simulation has been designed in the Saudi Aramco EXPEC Computer Center. In this study, we provide the benchmark results of multiple giant fields to evaluate the performance of the Saudi Aramco simulation grid for reservoir simulation. Communication and I/O routines in the simulator may add a considerable overhead in computation on such a computing platform. Connectivity between clusters on our simulation grid is tuned to maintain a high level of scalability in simulation. Excellent scalability results have been obtained for computations of giant simulation models on the simulation grid.
Simulation models of the order of one billion cells pose a challenge to pre- and post-processing applications to load and process data in a reasonable time. Remote visualization, Level of Detail and Load on Demand algorithms were implemented in these applications and data formats were revised to efficiently process and visualize massive simulation models.
Air Quality Control Initiatives
Authors: Al-Ameer Hassan , Al-Alawi Hijji , Al-Balawi Abdulrahman 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The intent of this paper is to share the successful operational story in controlling air quality at Saudi Aramco, Uthmaniyah Gas Plant. Obligation with environmental regulations becomes, nowadays a challenge to the industry fields. UGP was committed to comply with the government and Saudi Aramco environmental standards by implementing several ideas to enhance the air quality. The first idea is Wet Hydrocarbon Recovery System which eliminates the continuous use of burn pit for Wet HC from eth blow down system and re-injects back into the HC crude lines. Beside this modification will allow UGP to comply with environmental regulations by eliminating the continuous flaring of Wet HC, it will reserve the life time of the burn pits and protect the ground water aquifer from contaminations. The second idea is upgrading the Sulfur units from CLAUS process to SUPERCLAUS process to achieve 98.7 % of sulfur recovery and reduce SO2 emissions by installing new condenser with coalser and changing the type of converters’ catalysts. All of these modifications resulted in decreasing the SO2 emissions by 25 %. The third idea is Flare Gas Recovery System which the system will recover the flare gases from the flare headers and then compressed the gas to 260 psig for feeding the plant low pressure sour gas header. The ultimate goal of this idea is to avoid visible smoke and flame from flaring system and comply with environmental regulations. The system is very attractive not only reducing flares’ emissions but also it would recover the valuable gases being wasted to the flare stack. This paper discusses, in details, all ideas objectives, processes and benefits.
Filter Cake Cleanup Using HCl/Glycolic Acid System
Authors: Elkatatny S. M. , Al Moajil A. M. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Cleanup of filter cake generated by high density drilling fluids (1.5 SG) that are based on manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) particles as a weigthing material was investigated using a mixture of HCl and glycolic acids. Manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) has a specific gravity of 4.8, which means that it can be used to drill deep wells. Because of the hetrogenouty of the filter cake, it was suggested in the literature to degrade the top layer of the filter using an enzyme and dissolve the remaining filter cake using organic acid. HCl at concentrations greater than 5 wt% HCl releases chlorine gas, a toxic and corrosive gas.
A Breaker fluid was developed, which combined low and safe concentration of HCl and glycolic acid. Solubility tests conducted at 250°F indicated that glycolic acid alone did not dissolve the filter cake. However, a combination of 7 wt% glycolic acid and 1 wt% HCl dissolved 90% of the filter cake.
The acid mixture was tested in a modified HPHT filter press. Indiana limestone and Berea sandstone cores were used at 250°F. The cleaning fluid was very effective in removing filter cake, removal efficiency was nearly 90% and the return permeability was 100%. The filtrate into limestone and Berea cores did not cause any damage.
Comprehensive Reservoir Assessment and Refracturing Improve Saudi Arabian Gas Well Deliverability
Authors: Rahim Zillur , Al-Anazi Hamoud , Waspada Dwi , Al-Kanaan Adnan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is a widely used and proven technology in the industry to enhance oil and gas production, particularly in tight formations. Recent improvements in fracture fluid chemistry, proppant types, drilling strategy, and well completion technology have significantly contributed in optimizing reservoir and field development. Consequently, well evaluation and comprehensive analysis of reservoir parameters and production data is necessary to ascertain that the most appropriate stimulation treatment is selected to provide the level of productivity expected from the wells. The evaluation consists of assessing reservoir geology, open hole logs, pressure transient data, production performance, and reservoir fluid properties along with drilling and fracturing parameters. Such assessments help improve and optimize the stimulation technique for any given reservoir and field conditions, addressing specific challenges in that area, and determining remedial plans on any well that did not show expected results in terms of productivity enhancement.
Saudi Arabian gas wells are routinely stimulated to enhance and sustain production. The current strategy to drill horizontal wells and induce multiple hydraulic fractures has contributed to improved gas recovery. Due to the reservoir heterogeneity and challenges in creating optimal hydraulic fractures, some wells show high post-treatment production rate and fall into early decline.
A critical and intense work on the underperforming wells has been conducted using data mainly from geology, open hole logs, cores, fluid properties, and pressure transient tests to understand and quantify reservoir characteristics, fracture properties, and flow capacity of these wells and come up with plans to improve production. Evaluations of many wells are depicted in this paper where expected production was not achieved. The results have shown that short fracture half-lengths, limited vertical coverage, and poor fracture fluid cleanup are some of the main contributors to suboptimal post-fracture productivity. The main remedial plans to restore well productivity included the addition of perforations, re-perforations and refracturing. The refracturing treatments are designed different than the initial treatments to include some of the newer fracturing fluids, perforation strategy, and pumping schedule. This paper summarizes the well conditions, complete evaluation processes, and the remedial procedures undertaken for each well to ensure full potential. Pre- and post-remedial action program indicates the success of refracturing program.
Illuminating the Reservoir: Magnetic NanoMappers
Authors: Al-Shehri Abdullah A. , Ellis Erika S. , Felix Servin Jesus M. , Kosynkin Dmitry V. , Kanj Mazen Y. , Schmidt Howard K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The ability to map injected fluids in hydrocarbon reservoirs with high resolution is a key goal for reservoir engineering and optimization. Saudi Aramco is developing tools and methodologies to map floodfront, locate bypassed oil, monitor the oil-water contact and detect super-k zones and fracture corridors prior to early water breakthrough at producing wells. Magnetic NanoMappers (MNM) is a new approach exploiting the use of Magnetic Nano-Particles (MNP) as contrast agents for mapping the floodfront inside the hydrocarbon reservoir. This approach takes advantage of the fact that electromagnetic (EM) waves speed slow down when they pass through magnetic media. Localizing MNP within injected fluids could provide a detailed map of fluids movements. Lab tests have recently demonstrated that the capability of MNM to locate MNP volumes hidden within a 2,000 liter tank (reservoir model) with high resolution. This paper will outline the MNM concept, laboratory testbed, results and future plans.
Sexual Function, Activity, and Satisfaction among Women Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis
Authors: Mor Maria K. , Sevick Mary Ann , Shields Anne Marie , Green Jamie A. , Palevsky Paul M. , Arnold Robert M. , Fine Michael J. , Weisbord Steven D. 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
Past studies that demonstrated that sexual dysfunction is common among women receiving chronic hemodialysis did not distinguish sexual dysfunction/difficulty from sexual inactivity. This study sought to differentiate these in order to elucidate the prevalence of true “sexual dysfunction” in this population.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
As part of a clinical trial of symptom management strategies in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis, female sexual function was prospectively assessed monthly for 6 months and quarterly thereafter using the Female Sexual Function Index, to which questions were added differentiating sexual dysfunction/difficulty from sexual inactivity. Beginning in month 7, patients were asked three questions about sexual activity, difficulty, and satisfaction monthly.

Results
Of the women enrolled in the clinical trial,125 participants completed 1721 assessments between 2009 and 2011. Scores on 574 of 643 (89%) quarterly Female Sexual Function Index assessments were consistent with sexual dysfunction, due largely to sexual inactivity, which was reported on 525 (82%) quarterly assessments. When reported (n=1663), the most frequently described reasons for sexual inactivity were lack of interest in sex (n=715; 43%) and lack of a partner (n=647; 39%), but rarely sexual difficulty (n=36; 2%). When reported (n=1582), women were moderately to very satisfied with their sexual life on 1020 (64%) assessments and on 513 of 671 (76%) assessments in which lack of interest was cited as a reason for sexual inactivity. Women indicated an interest in learning about the causes of and treatment for sexual dysfunction on just 5% of all assessments.

Conclusions
Although many women receiving chronic hemodialysis are sexually inactive, few describe sexual difficulty. Most, including those with a lack of interest in sex, are satisfied with their sexual life and few wish to learn about treatment options. These findings suggest that true sexual dysfunction is uncommon in this population and that treatment opportunities are rare.
The Changing Face of Auditor Reporting in the Broker-Dealer Industry
Authors: Bedard Jean C. , Cannon Nathan , Schnader Anne L. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARY
The broker-dealer (BD) industry is facing increasing scrutiny because of the recent financial crisis and well-publicized scandals. As is often the case for public companies, a root cause of the problems underlying scandals in the BD sector is ineffective internal controls. This paper describes the current regulatory environment for auditors of BDs, focusing on Congressional actions taken, as well as guidance for auditors in preparing their reports on clients' internal controls and compliance with regulations as required by the SEC. We describe aspects of current attestation standards contributing to uncertainty with respect to the level of assurance that auditors should obtain when evaluating their clients' internal controls for purposes of SEC reporting, and evidence from regulators on the variability in audit quality. Then, we describe the SEC's proposed changes to BD reporting and the PCAOB's proposal for related attestation standards. We conclude with some thoughts about the implications of these proposals for auditing and reporting in this important industry sector.
Effect of extraction conditions of paprika oleoresins on their free radical scavenging and anticancer activity
Authors: Šaponjac Vesna , Četojević-Simin Dragana , Ćetković Gordana , Čanadanović-Brunet Jasna , Djilas Sonja , Mandić Anamarija , Tepić Aleksandra 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Ground spice paprika was extracted with hexane, by conventional Soxhlet procedure (SX oleoresin), and with supercritical carbon dioxide at three different pressures — 20, 30 and 40 MPa (SF20, SF30 and SF40 oleoresins). The effect of extraction method and conditions on the colour intesity of paprika oleoresins, content of α-tocopherol, as well as antioxidant and antiproliferative activity was examined. Hexane showed highest selectivity for paprika pigments (886.02 ASTA), while α-tocopherol showed highest solubility (3846.9 mg kg−1) in supercritical carbon dioxide at 20 MPa. All paprika oleoresins exhibited good superoxide anion radical scavenging activity SF30 being the best superoxide anion radical scavenger. Cell growth activity was evaluated in vitro in human cell lines:cervix epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29). The highest antiproliferative activity was exhibited by SX in MCF7 cell line (IC50=14.28 mg mL−1). Extract SF40 produced significant and selective antiproliferative action towards HeLa cell line. These results suggest that paprika oleoresins, due to high antiradical and tumor cell-inhibiting activity, can be regarded as functional food ingredients.
Determination of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) based on a novel BZ oscillating reaction system catalyzed by a macrocyclic complex
Authors: Zeng Qingling , Chen Lulu , Song Xianyi , Hu Gang , Hu Lin 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper reports a new method for determination of VB6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) by its perturbation effects on a novel Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ) oscillating system. This novel BZ system, in which malic acid serves as the substrate, contains an enzyme-like complex, macrocyclic complex {[CuL](ClO4)2}, as catalyst. The ligand L in the complex is 5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene. Results show that the addition of pyridoxine hydrochloride can perturb the oscillation amplitude and period, and the change of the oscillation amplitude is linearly proportional to the concentration of pyridoxine hydrochloride in the range of 5×10−7−2.5×10−4 M. The obtained RSD with seven samples is 3.073%. An assay of pharmaceutical tablets of vitamin B6 was evaluated. Some foreign ions were studied with respect to their possible influence on the determination of pyridoxine hydrochloride. The factors which influence this reaction include the concentration of reactant, the temperature of the reaction, property of catalyst, etc. Furthermore, the possible reaction mechanism has been proposed using the Field-Körös-Noyes (FKN) model.