bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Interleukin‐10 in Endochondral Bone Formation in Mice: Anabolic Effect via the Bone Morphogenetic Protein/Smad Pathway
Authors: Jung Youn‐Kwan , Kim Gun‐Woo , Park Hye‐Ri , Lee Eun‐Ju , Choi Je‐Yong , Beier Frank , Han Seung‐Woo 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveInterleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is a pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine with a chondroprotective effect that is elevated in cartilage and synovium in patients with osteoarthritis. However, the role of IL‐10 during endochondral bone formation and its mechanism of action have not been elucidated.MethodsIL‐10–/– mice and IL‐10–treated tibial organ cultures were used to study loss and gain of IL‐10 functions, respectively, during endochondral bone formation. Primary chondrocytes from the long bones of mouse embryos were cultured with and without IL‐10. To assess the role of IL‐10 in chondrogenic differentiation, we conducted mesenchymal cell micromass cultures.ResultsThe lengths of whole skeletons from IL‐10–/– mice were similar to those of their wild‐type littermates, although their skull diameters were smaller. The tibial growth plates of IL‐10–/– mice showed shortening of the proliferating zone. Treatment with IL‐10 significantly increased tibial lengths in organ culture. IL‐10 also induced chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in primary chondrocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, IL‐10 activated STAT‐3 and the Smad1/5/8 and ERK‐1/2 MAP kinase pathways and induced the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) and BMP‐6 in primary chondrocytes. Furthermore, the blocking of BMP signaling attenuated the IL‐10–mediated induction of cyclin D1 and RUNX‐2 in primary chondrocytes and suppressed Alcian blue and alkaline phosphatase staining in mesenchymal cell micromass cultures.ConclusionThese results indicate that IL‐10 acts as a stimulator of chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic or hypertrophic differentiation via activation of the BMP signaling pathway.
Aberrant Muscle Antigen Exposure in Mice Is Sufficient to Cause Myositis in a Treg Cell–Deficient Milieu
Authors: Young Nicholas A. , Sharma Rahul , Friedman Alexandra K. , Kaffenberger Benjamin H. , Bolon Brad , Jarjour Wael N. 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveMyositis is associated with muscle‐targeted inflammation and is observed in some Treg cell–deficient mouse models. Because an autoimmune pathogenesis has been strongly implicated, the aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that abnormal exposure to muscle antigens, as observed in muscle injury, can induce autoimmune‐mediated myositis in susceptible hosts.MethodsFoxP3 mutant (scurfy) mice were mated to synaptotagmin VII (Syt VII) mutant mice, which resulted in a new mouse strain that combines impaired membrane resealing with Treg cell deficiency. Lymphocyte preparations from double‐mutant mice were adoptively transferred intraperitoneally, with or without purified Treg cells, into recombination‐activating gene 1 (RAG‐1)–null recipients. Lymph node cells from mice with the FoxP3 mutation were transferred into RAG‐1–null mice either 1) intraperitoneally in conjunction with muscle homogenate or purified myosin protein or 2) intramuscularly with or without cotransfer of purified Treg cells.ResultsFoxP3‐deficient mouse lymph node cells transferred in conjunction with myosin protein or muscle homogenate induced robust skeletal muscle inflammation. The infiltrates consisted predominantly of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, a limited number of macrophages, and no B cells. Significant inflammation was also seen in similar experiments using lymph node cells from FoxP3/Syt VII double‐mutant mice but was absent in experiments using adoptive transfer of FoxP3 mutant mouse cells alone. The cotransfer of Treg cells completely suppressed myositis.ConclusionThese data, derived from a new, reproducible model, demonstrate the critical roles of Treg cell deficiency and aberrant muscle antigen exposure in the priming of autoreactive cells to induce myositis. This mouse system has multifaceted potential for examining the interplay in vivo between tissue injury and autoimmunity.
Toll‐like Receptor 7–Stimulated Tumor Necrosis Factor α Causes Bone Marrow Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Zhuang Haoyang , Han Shuhong , Xu Yuan , Li Yi , Wang Hai , Yang Li‐Jun , Reeves Westley H. 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo define the pathogenesis of bone marrow (BM) involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsTumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels, cell death, and cellular damage in BM from SLE patients, controls, and mice with pristane‐induced lupus were analyzed using a morphometric technique and immunohistochemistry. The pathogenesis of BM abnormalities was studied in wild‐type (WT), TNFα−/−, Toll‐like receptor–deficient (TLR‐7−/−), interferon (IFN)–α/β/ω receptor–knockout (IFNAR−/−), and B cell–deficient (μmt) mice treated with pristane. Flow cytometry was used to examine TNFα production (by intracellular staining) and plasma cell/plasmablast development. CXCL12 expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsBM from SLE patients exhibited striking death of niche and hematopoietic cells associated with TNFα overproduction. BM from mice with a type I IFN–mediated lupus syndrome induced by pristane showed similar abnormalities. TNFα was produced mainly by BM neutrophils, many with phagocytosed nuclear material (lupus erythematosus cells). TNFα production was abolished in pristane‐treated TLR‐7−/− and μmt mice but was restored in μmt mice by infusing normal plasma. Pristane‐treated WT and IFNAR−/− mice developed anemia, BM hypocellularity, and extramedullary hematopoiesis, which were absent in TLR‐7−/− and TNFα−/− mice. Additionally, the expression of CXCL12, which is produced by stromal cells and mediates homing of hematopoietic cells and plasmablasts, was decreased in BM from pristane‐treated WT mice but was normal in BM from pristane‐treated TNFα−/− mice.ConclusionAlthough autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis are type I IFN dependent, lupus‐associated BM abnormalities were TLR‐7 and TNFα driven but type I IFN independent, suggesting that lupus is a disorder of innate immunity in which TLR‐7 activation by phagocytosed nuclei causes relentless type I IFN and TNFα production mediating glomerulonephritis and hematologic involvement, respectively.
Dual Role of Autophagy in Stress‐Induced Cell Death in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts
Authors: Kato Masaru , Ospelt Caroline , Gay Renate E. , Gay Steffen , Klein Kerstin 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of autophagy in the regulation of cell death in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs).MethodsRASFs and osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) were treated with thapsigargin (TG), an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Then, 3‐methyladenine was used as an autophagy inhibitor and bafilomycin A1 as a lysosome inhibitor. Polyubiquitinated proteins, p62, and autophagy induction were evaluated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. OASFs were transfected with small interfering RNA targeting autophagy‐linked FYVE protein (ALFY). Cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry and a caspase 3 activity assay.ResultsIn RASFs, the induction of autophagy by TG and MG132 was increased compared to that in OASFs. Whereas autophagy promoted a caspase 3–independent induction of cell death under ER stress, autophagy had a protective role in apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibition. Treatment of RASFs with 3‐methyladenine blocked TG‐induced cell death. ER stress induced a strong accumulation of p62‐positive polyubiquitinated protein aggregates, accompanied by the formation of large vacuoles in RASFs but not OASFs. Furthermore, TG‐induced p62 protein expression was increased, whereas TG‐induced ALFY expression was reduced, in RASFs compared to OASFs. ALFY knockdown promoted the accumulation of p62, the formation of polyubiquitinated protein aggregates, and cell death.ConclusionOur data provide the first evidence of a dual role of autophagy in the regulation of death pathways in RASFs. A reduced expression of ALFY and the formation of p62‐positive polyubiquitinated protein aggregates promote cell death in RASFs under severe ER stress.
Effect of the Substitution Pattern on the Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Emissions in Organoboron‐Based Biphenyls, Diphenylacetylenes, and Stilbenes
Authors: Yan Yi‐Qiao , Li Yan‐Bang , Wang Jian‐Wu , Zhao Cui‐Hua 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThree series of organoboron‐based molecules, including biphenyls 1a, 1b, 1c, diphenylacetylenes 2a, 2b, 2c, and stilbenes 3a, 3b, 3c, in which the electron‐accepting boryl and the electron‐donating amino groups are introduced at different positions, have been comprehensively investigated to explore the effect of the substitution pattern on the intramolecular charge‐transfer emissions. In cyclohexane solution, the change of substitution pattern from p,p′ to o,p′ by introduction of boryl at the lateral o‐position rather than the terminal p‐position leads to bathochromism in the absorption and emission spectra. With further variation of the amino position from the terminal p′‐position in o,p′‐substitution to the lateral o′‐position in an o,o′‐substitution pattern, a blueshift was observed in the absorption owing to the less‐efficient conjugation extension of the amino group as the result of sp3 hybridization. It is notable that the emission of the three series of molecules changes with completely different trends. Only the emission of the biphenyl is redshifted further from o,p′‐substituted 1b to o,o′‐substituted 1a, whereas o,o′‐substituted diphenylacetylene 2a maintains almost the same spectrum as that of o,p′‐substituted diphenylacetylene 2b and the fluorescence of o,o′‐substituted stilbene 3a is even blueshifted compared with o,p′‐substituted stilbene 3b. As a result, the o,o′‐substituted biphenyl 1a shows the longest emission wavelength despite the limited conjugation of the parent biphenyl skeleton. The long emission wavelength of 1a may arise from its extremely twisted structure, which would cause a significant structural relaxation in the exited state. In the solid state, 1a still keeps almost the longest emission wavelength. In addition, its quantum yield is also among the highest. The unusual properties, intense solid‐state emission together with long emission wavelength, and particularly large Stokes shift, which are difficult to attain by structural modification of other parent π‐conjugated frameworks, have been achieved by the introduction of boryl and amino groups at the o,o′‐positions of the biphenyl skeleton.
Culture and Accountants' Perceptions of Environmental Reporting Practice
Authors: Yusoff Haslinda , Othman Radiah , Yatim Normahiran 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to investigate and interpret the possible link between culture and the perceptions of accountants on corporate environmental reporting practices (ENRPs) on a two‐country basis, i.e. between Malaysia and Australia. Using Hofstede's (1980) and Gray's (1988) cultural value framework, the paper employs a qualitative approach through interviews conducted with corporate accountants in publicly listed companies in Malaysia and Australia. It is revealed that ENRPs in both countries are influenced by cultural values, in particular collectivism, high uncertainty avoidance, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy. Despite the fact that types of cultural and sub‐cultural dimension pertaining to reporting practice in Malaysia and Australia are similar, mixed findings are found when compared with national cultural values (Hofstede, 1980) and sub‐cultural values (Gray, 1988). The consistencies of cultural dimensions found in ENRP in these two countries and the orientation of the practice across nations indicate a promising move towards standardization and harmonization of successful implementation of environmental accounting and reporting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Silicon Nanowire Arrays – A New Catalyst for the Reduction of Nitrobenzene Derivatives
Authors: Xu Yajun , Wang Lei , Jiang Wenwen , Wang Hongwei , Yao Jianlin , Guo Qinghua , Yuan Lin , Chen Hong 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSilicon nanowire arrays (SiNWAs) are under extensive investigation for solar cells and biomedical applications. This study reports for the first time that hydrogen fluoride‐treated (H)‐SiNWAs are an efficient catalyst for the reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives. We show that SiNWAs, after hydrogen fluoride treatment, have a high catalytic activity in p‐nitrophenol (PNP) reduction. The conversion rate of PNP by H‐SiNWAs increases with time and is almost complete within 30 min, which thus indicates catalytic activity comparable to that of platinum nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of SiNWAs is closely related to the chemical composition and specific morphology of the surface. SiH bonds on the surface are essential for activity, and arrays with longer nanowires showed a higher catalytic activity. Moreover, the activity can be easily regenerated by hydrogen fluoride treatment. It was also found that H‐SiNWAs exhibit a similar catalytic activity for the reduction of other nitrobenzene derivatives such as p‐nitroaniline and sodium m‐nitrobenzenesulfonate. It is concluded that H‐SiNWAs may be considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to noble‐metal‐based catalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives.
Silver Nanoparticles for Olefin Production: New Insights into the Mechanistic Description of Propyne Hydrogenation
Authors: Vilé Gianvito , Baudouin David , Remediakis Ioannis N. , Copéret Christophe , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe gas‐phase partial hydrogenation of propyne was investigated over supported Ag nanoparticles (2–20 nm in diameter) prepared by using different deposition methods, activation conditions, loadings, and carriers. The excellent selectivities to propene attained over the catalysts, exceeding 90 %, are independent of the particle size but the activity is maximal over approximately 4.5 nm Ag particles. Certain kinetic fingerprints of Ag, such as the positive dependence on the alkyne pressure, the relatively low reaction order in H2, and the low apparent activation energy, deviate from those of conventional hydrogenation metals such as Pd and Ni, questioning the applicability of the classical Horiuti–Polanyi scheme. Periodic dispersion‐corrected density functional theory (DFT‐D) calculations and microkinetic analysis demonstrate the occurrence of an associative mechanism, which features the activation of H2 on the adsorbed propyne at structural step sites. By using the atomistic Wulff model, the number of B5 sites available on the Ag nanoparticles was estimated to be maximal in the size range of 3.5–4.7 nm. The rate of propene production correlates with the density of B5 sites, which suggests that the latter are potential active centers for the reaction. This alternative pathway broadens the mechanistic diversity of hydrogenation reactions over metal surfaces and opens new directions for understanding metals that do not readily activate H2.
Amperometric Sensing of H2O2 using Pt–TiO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Leonardi Salvatore Gianluca , Aloisio Davide , Donato Nicola , Russo Patrícia A. , Ferro Marta C. , Pinna Nicola , Neri Giovanni 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNanostructures made of titanium dioxide and/or platinum nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were synthesized by a simple and fast microwave‐assisted route and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. The composites consist of RGO sheets fully and homogeneously coated with a dense layer of 8 nm TiO2 and/or 2 nm Pt nanoparticles. Screen‐printed flexible sensors based on Pt–TiO2/RGO composites are applied for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The electrochemical characteristics of Pt/RGO, TiO2/RGO and Pt–TiO2/RGO‐modified screen printed electrodes are investigated and discussed. The developed sensor allows the detection of H2O2, with a linear response from 0 to 20 mM of H2O2 and a sensitivity of 40 μA mM−1 cm−2. The resulting device is also suitable for the analysis of this toxic compound in milk.
Impacts of nutrient competition on microalgae biomass production
Authors: White Lauren H. , Martin David W. , Witt Khendl K. , Vogt Frank 
Published: September 2013

Marine microalgae cells are key environmental players as they transform inorganic nutrients dissolved in oceans into biomass. Most prominent among these inorganic compounds is bicarbonate, which originates in considerable quantities from atmospheric CO2, a potent greenhouse gas. Because microalgae cells act as a sink of anthropogenic CO2, understanding phytoplankton's carbon sequestration is a crucial link between environmental chemistry and ecology.The impact of ambient chemical and physical parameters onto phytoplankton and their chemical composition have been investigated in some detail. However, species↔species interactions, namely their nutrient competition, require in‐depth investigations of the impact of competing species on the dynamics of biomass production as well as the amount of biomass produced. Experimental studies presented here have been based on two marine microalgae species, that is, Nannochloropsis oculata and Dunaliella parva. For investigating dynamic aspects of biomass production, the species growth rates have been measured, under otherwise identical conditions, in single‐species cultures as well as in competition situations. Depending on the species and nutrient type the cells compete for, growth rates in species mixtures were found to change from 50% to 200% of the corresponding single‐species cultures. Competition impacts regarding the maximum cell concentration in a culture were even more drastic as the cell production was reduced, in some cases, down to 11% of the corresponding single‐cell culture's growth rate. Furthermore, a slight but significant shift in cell size distributions toward smaller cell sizes was found in competition situations. This study demonstrates that biomass production is also driven by the cells' biological environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zwitterionic Base‐Stabilized Digermadistannacyclobutadiene and Tetragermacyclobutadiene
Authors: Yeong Hui‐Xian , Xi Hong‐Wei , Li Yongxin , Kunnappilly Sophy Bhasi , Chen Bozhen , Lau Kai‐Chung , Hirao Hajime , Lim Kok Hwa , So Cheuk‐Wai 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe syntheses of a zwitterionic base‐stabilized digermadistannacyclobutadiene and tetragermacyclobutadiene supported by amidinates and low‐valent germanium amidinate substituents are described. The reaction of the amidinate GeI dimer, [LGe:]2 (1, L=PhC(NtBu)2), with two equivalents of the amidinate tin(II) chloride, [LSnCl] (2), and KC8 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature afforded a mixture of the zwitterionic base‐stabilized digermadistannacyclobutadiene, [L2Ge2Sn2L′2] (3; L′=LGe:), and the bis(amidinate) tin(II) compound, [L2Sn:] (4). Compound 3 can also be prepared by the reaction of 1 with [LArSnCl] (5, LAr=tBuC(NAr)2, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) in THF at room temperature. Moreover, the reaction of 1 with the “onio‐substituent transfer” reagent [4‐NMe2‐C5H4NSiMe3]OTf (8) in THF and 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) at room temperature afforded a mixture of the zwitterionic base‐stabilized tetragermacyclobutadiene, [L4Ge6] (9), the amidinium triflate, [PhC(NHtBu)2]OTf (10), and Me3SiSiMe3 (11). X‐ray structural data and theoretical studies show conclusively that compounds 3 and 9 have a planar and rhombic charge‐separated structure. They are also nonaromatic.
From Nongelating to Gelating: Synthesis and Structural Self‐Assembling Property Relationships of a Homologous Series of Oligo(amide–triazole)s
Authors: Zhang Juntao , Chow Hak‐Fun , Chan Man‐Chor , Chow Gary Ka‐Wai , Kuck Dietmar 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA homologous series of oligo(amide–triazole)s (OAT) [OAT‐CO2H‐2 n and OAT‐COPrg‐(2 n+1)] with an increasing number of primary amide (CONH) and triazole hydrogen‐bonding functionalities was prepared by an iterative synthetic procedure. It was found that their self‐assembly and thermoreversible gelation strength had a strong correlation to the number of hydrogen‐bonding moieties in the oligomers. There also existed a threshold value of the number of CONH units, above which all the oligomers became organogelators. Hence, oligomers with ≤4 CONH units are devoid of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and also non‐organogelating, whereas those that contain >4 CONH units show intermolecular association and organogelating properties. For the organogelators, the Tgel value increases monotonically with increasing number of CONH units. On the basis of FTIR measurements, both the CONH and triazole CH groups were involved in the hydrogen‐bonding process. A mixed xerogel that consisted of a 1:1 weight ratio of two oligomers of different lengths (OAT‐CO2H‐6 and OAT‐CO2H‐12) was found to show microphase segregation according to differential scanning calorimetry, thus indicating that oligomers that bear a different number of hydrogen‐bonding units exhibited self‐sorting to maximize the extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the xerogel state.
Acetylene Dithiolate Linking up the [Tp′W(CO)(CN)] Moiety with RuII or PdII
Authors: Seidel Wolfram W. , Dachtler Woldemar , Semmler Julia , Tänzler Marco , Folk Manuel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA series of heterodinuclear complexes with acetylene dithiolate (acdt2−) as the bridging moiety were synthesised by a facile one‐pot procedure that avoided use of the highly elusive acetylene dithiol. Generation of the W–Ru complex [Tp′W(CN)(CO)(C2S2)Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)] (Tp’=hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) and the W–Pd complexes [Tp′W(CN)(CO)(C2S2)Pd(dppe)] and [Tp′W(CO)2(C2S2)Pd(dppe)][PF6] (dppe=1,2‐bis(diphenylphoshino)ethane), which exhibit a [W(η2‐κ2‐C2S2)M] core (M=Ru, Pd), was accomplished by using a transition‐metal‐assisted solvolytical removal of the Me3Si‐ethyl thiol protecting groups. All intermediate species of the reaction have been fully characterised. The highly coloured W–Ru complex [Tp′W(CN)(CO)(C2S2)Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)] shows reversible redox chemistry, as does the prototype complex [Tp′W(CO)2(C2S2)Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)][PF6]. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction and IR, EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopic studies in conjunction with DFT calculations prove the high electronic delocalisation of states over the acdt2− linker. Comparative studies revealed a higher donor strength and more pronounced dithiolate character of acdt2− in [Tp′W(CN)(CO)(C2S2)Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)] relative to [Tp′W(CO)2(C2S2)Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)]+. In addition, the influence of the overall complex charge on the metric parameters was investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies with the W–Pd complexes [Tp′WL2(C2S2)Pd(dppe)] (L=(CN−)(CO) or (CO)2). The central [W(C2S2)Pd] units exhibit high structural similarity, which indicates the extensive delocalisation of charge over both metals.