bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ectopic A-lattice seams destabilize microtubules
Authors: Katsuki Miho , Drummond Douglas R. , Cross Robert A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNatural microtubules typically include one A-lattice seam within an otherwise helically symmetric B-lattice tube. It is currently unclear how A-lattice seams influence microtubule dynamic instability. Here we find that including extra A-lattice seams in GMPCPP microtubules, structural analogues of the GTP caps of dynamic microtubules, destabilizes them, enhancing their median shrinkage rate by >20-fold. Dynamic microtubules nucleated by seeds containing extra A-lattice seams have growth rates similar to microtubules nucleated by B-lattice seeds, yet have increased catastrophe frequencies at both ends. Furthermore, binding B-lattice GDP microtubules to a rigor kinesin surface stabilizes them against shrinkage, whereas microtubules with extra A-lattice seams are stabilized only slightly. Our data suggest that introducing extra A-lattice seams into dynamic microtubules destabilizes them by destabilizing their GTP caps. On this basis, we propose that the single A-lattice seam of natural B-lattice MTs may act as a trigger point, and potentially a regulation point, for catastrophe.
Special microwave‐assisted one‐pot synthesis of low loading Pt–Ru alloy nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide for methanol oxidation
Authors: Zhao Di , Shi Mei‐Qin , Liu Wei‐Ming , Chu You‐Qun , Ma Chun‐An 
Published: January 2014

In this reported work, low loading Pt–Ru alloy nanoparticles (PtRu NPs) have been highly dispersed on reduced graphene oxide (PtRu/RGO) via an auto‐power adjusting microwave‐assisted one‐pot reaction process. The transmission electron microscopy result shows that PtRu NPs with a mean size of ∼ 2.99 nm decorated uniformly on RGO. The prepared PtRu/RGO is used as an electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Compared with the commercial carbon‐supported Pt–Ru alloy electrocatalyst, the PtRu/RGO composites demonstrate higher electrochemical active surface area and excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the MOR, such as higher peak current density, lower onset potential and long‐term stability. It is deduced that the good performance of the PtRu/RGO towards methanol oxidation could be attributed to the characterised RGO support which provides more effective support and enhances the utilisation of the PtRu clusters, and to the highly dispersed small Pt–Ru alloy NPs resulting from the special microwave heating mode and lower synthesis temperature, which subsequently leads to a valid bifunctional mechanism between Pt and Ru. The present study proves that the PtRu/RGO composites could be a promising alternative catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells and this effective preparation method can be widely applied to other metal/bimetal NPs.
Preoperative Predictors of Patient Satisfaction with Outcome after Cervical Laminoplasty
Authors: Kimura Atsushi , Endo Teruaki , Inoue Hirokazu , Seichi Atsushi 
Published: January 2014

Study design Prospective cohort study. Objective The purpose of the present study was to identify the predictors of patient satisfaction with outcome after cervical laminoplasty for compressive cervical myelopathy. Methods A cohort of 143 patients with compressive myelopathy who underwent cervical double-door laminoplasty between 2008 and 2011 was studied prospectively. The principal outcome was patient satisfaction with outcome at 1 year after surgery. Patient satisfaction was graded on an ordinal scale from 1 to 7. Subjective health-related quality of life (QOL) and objective disease-specific outcome was measured by Short Form-36 (SF-36) and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, respectively, before surgery and at 1-year follow-up. We evaluated the association between patient satisfaction at 1-year follow-up and various baseline parameters, including patient demographics, duration of symptoms, comorbidities, imaging findings, JOA score, and SF-36 scores. Results A total of 116 patients completed subjective and objective follow-up for a minimum of 1 year. Of 116 patients, 95 patients (81.9%) were satisfied with the outcome (“satisfied a little” or more). The unsatisfied group (“neutral” or less) showed significantly lower baseline SF-36 scores in bodily pain (BP), general health perceptions (GH), and vitality (VT) domains compared with the satisfied group. At the 1-year follow-up, SF-36 scores showed significant differences between the groups in all eight domains, whereas the JOA score showed no significant difference. Conclusions Lower baseline QOL measured by SF-36 scores, specifically in BP, GH, and VT domains, are associated with lower satisfaction with outcome after cervical laminoplasty.
A Brief Review of General Relativity
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief summary of the basic aspects of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Although not aimed to be comprehensive, a step-by-step presentation of the fundamental principles of relativity is provided. Following this spirit, a pragmatic presentation of all the relativistic concepts and quantities that are used in the rest of the book is resented. Our introduction to general relativity is based on a balance between the differential-geometry approach, which is nowadays regarded as the most elegant and physically appropriate one, and the coordinate-components approach, which is nevertheless fundamental for converting formal and compact equations into relations involving quantities that may be measured or computed.
Linear and Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Waves
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the conditions under which nonlinear hydrodynamical waves are produced and to the study of the flow properties across such waves. Special emphasis is given to the mathematics of hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations, showing that the relativistic-hydrodynamics equations can be cast in both quasi-linear hyperbolic form and in conservative form. Attention is focused to the discussion of rarefaction and shock waves, which are treated to highlight the similarities and also the differences with Newtonian physics. Within this framework, the Riemann problem for the relativistic-hydrodynamics equations in flat spacetime is studied in great detail, both for one-dimensional and multidimensional flows. The chapter is completed by two more advanced topics, namely the stability of nonlinear waves and the properties of discontinuous solutions in full general relativity.
Relativistic Hydrodynamics of Non-Selfgravitating Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter, which opens the last part of the book, is devoted to the analysis of physical systems whose associated total mass and energy is sufficiently small so as to be neglected and thus not providing a source for the right-hand side of the Einstein equations. In practice, cases are considered in which the spacetime can be considered fixed and the flow dynamics is that of a relativistic test fluid. Several such physical systems are studied, including similar and self-similar flows, relativistic blast waves, spherical flows onto a compact object, spherical and non-spherical accretion onto a moving black hole, fluids in circular motion around a black hole, geometrically thick tori, relativistic accreting disks, relativistic jets and relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Introduction—Words? What Words?
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the book as a whole. It begins with a detailed critical review of historical approaches to Words, focusing, in particular, on the rationale for listedness and lexical word formation, and attempting to show that from both a phonological and syntactic perspective, that move is conceptually and theoretically problematic. This is followed by a preliminary presentation of the specifics of the system to be used throughout the book, eventually to be justified in detail in Chapters 6–10. Specifically, roots are introduced as a phonological index, and two distinct functors are introduced—a categorial functor (C-functor), responsible for the division of the categorial space, and a semantic functor (S-functor) responsible for valuing otherwise null terminals to project — once valued and thus categorized — as segments of Extended Projections. Extended Projections are likewise defined as a universally fixed set of segments of Extended Projections dominating a categorial core (C-core). The chapter ends with an outline and discussion of the general organization of the book.
Embedding Syntactic Events within Nominals
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides detailed empirical evidence for the presence of a verbal or an adjectival Extended Projection within Argument Structure Nominals (AS-nominals), which is in turn responsible for the emergence of event interpretation within such nominals. Arguments are based primarily on Hebrew and on English, with some additional evidence coming from French. Data arguing against the existence, specifically, of verbal structure within derived nominals, based primarily on Chomsky (1970) for English and on Siloni (1996) for Hebrew is reviewed in detail, and while some of it is found lacking, some facts are provided with an alternative explanation. Direct evidence for verbal structure within AS-nominals is based, in Hebrew, on the distribution of object markers, by-phrases, and adverbs, as well as on constituent structure distinctions between AS-nominals and other nominals, derived or otherwise. For English, further evidence is based on ellipsis, on the limited distribution of adverbs, and on the distinct properties of de-verbal nominalizations and de-adjectival nominalizations, the latter valid in French as well. Finally, evidence is presented for adverbial raising to adjectives in English derived nominals, leading the way to an account of the limitations on the distribution of adverbs in English derived nominals.
Conclusion
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary of the major results presented in the book, as well as an overview of their significance, particularly in light of past and future research agendas. A summary is presented of the syntactic, semantic, and phonological properties of the main building blocks proposed in this book: roots, C-functors, S-functors, and Extended Projections. In view of the conclusions reached regarding the role of phonological indices and phonological realization in the syntactic derivation, this chapter urges a re-evaluation of the role of some aspects of phonology in the syntactic derivation. It specifically questions the claim that is sometimes put forward that phonology as a whole cannot be part of narrow syntax.
Introduction: Listening to Music
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter outlines the purpose and scope of the book. Despite the relative neglect of music by contemporary theologians, it is urged that it can bear its own kind of witness to some of the pivotal theological currents and counter-currents that have shaped and informed modernity. The term ‘modernity’ receives clarification, and some comments are offered about an increasingly influential account of modernity’s origins. The concept of ‘music’ is elucidated, and the book is sitauted with respect to what is sometimes called the ‘the history of ideas’. It is explained that the book does not pretend to offer any kind of comprehensive survey or all-inclusive narrative, but comprises samples of what can be done when we are prepared to ‘listen’ in a concentrated way in a few critical areas.
Disquieting Conversations: Bach, Modernity, and God
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter consists of a constructive (yet critical) conversation with two of the finest and most stimulating studies of Bach currently available, John Butt’s, Bach’s Dialogue with Modernity and Karol Berger’s Bach’s Cycle, Mozart’s Arrow. Both situate Bach in relation to the emergence of modernity. The chapter focuses on three main loci raised by these books: subjectivity and creativity, openness and order, and time and eternity, and on the ways these are embodied in Bach’s work. It is argued that Butt offers a far more theologically nuanced reading than Berger of Bach in his time, especially with regard to the time–eternity relation. Concluding comments are made about the implications of Bach’s output for the way the role of theology is conceived in today’s late modern context.
The Nature of Music: Rameau, Rousseau, and ‘Natural Theology’
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe enterprise known as ‘natural theology’ has been at various times a conspicuous feature of the intellectual landscape of modernity. Recent years have witnessed a flurry of writing on the topic, some holding that the arts hold out great potential for natural theology today. This chapter interrogates the concepts of the ‘natural’ and ‘nature’ by attending to one of the most famous and informative debates in music history: that between Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764), the leading composer of the French Enlightenment, and the philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78), both of whom appealed to the concept of ‘nature’ to ground their theory of music. The chapter concludes with comments on the roles that music might play in a theology that could legitimately call itself ‘natural’. Music is thus shown not only to provide a means of clarification but to open up a variety of fresh possibilities for the theologian.
Music and God-Talk (2): Interaction in Action
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter develops the preceding discussion of Cook in a theological context. How might an engagement with music, and discourse about music, contribute to the formation of theological language, and to a more faithful and fruitful ‘indwelling’ of theological language already in use, and one that is sensitive to the challenges of modernity? It is argued that theology is committed to a certain understanding of the ‘primacy’ of language by virtue of God’s own self-presentation in Jesus Christ. At the same time, this need not diminish the distinctive attributes and capacities of music as they interact with language. Music—in, with, and through theological language—can enable a fuller participation in the realities which that language mediates and in which it is caught up. This is expanded with particular attention to doctrine, and the chapter concludes with some reflections on the wider issues at stake concerning creation and ontology.
The Phonology of Swedish
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis book provides a comprehensive overview of Swedish phonology. There are two chapters on respectively vowels and consonants, describing the alternations and distributions of allophones and providing new, motivated phonemic charts. The rules and processes that are primarily segmental in nature are collected in one chapter, which includes both fully productive processes, and partly petrified ones. Among the most interesting segmental processes are the sandhi process of retroflexion, where interaction of several conditioning factors (quantity, morphology, phonation) accounts for the distribution, and the rule of d-continuization whereby a /d/ is realized as [r] in words that lack phonological stress. Most previous interest in Swedish phonology concerns the prosodic level and several chapters are devoted to an account for the interaction of stress, tone, prosodic structure and morphological structure. The minimal prosodic word is shown to be the domain of syllabification, of culminativity by stress, and of the assignment of a lexical tone from suffix to primary stress. Unlike English, Swedish only admits one stress per minimal prosodic word. Moreover, Swedish stress information is largely specified in morphemes (as stressed, or as subcategorizing for a stress). Together with a phonological stress rule, these factors greatly constrain word formation in Swedish, as well as account for the rather spectacular process of nickname formation. The argument for this organization of things is extensively laid out in two chapters focussing on the stress and accent distribution, respectively. Another chapter lays out the quantity system of Swedish, where stressed syllables must be heavy, but by virtue of containing either a long vowel or a long consonant. There is a chapter on the orthographic representation and comments on orthography are also given in the chapters on vowels and consonants. The book aims at providing new analyses where motivated, but at the same time endeavours not to be too theory dependent in presentation.
Vowels
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe vowel chapter goes over all vocalic phonemes and allophones and ends in a phonemic chart. Vowel quantity is taken to be predictable in Swedish, hence the long and short variants of each vowel can be considered allophones of the same phoneme. There are nine distinct vowel phonemes, all occurring with long and short variants. For two phonemes, /e/ and /ɛ/, neutralize in the short variant, as [ɛ]. The alternations between long and short alternant, as well as the rule-governed vowel alternations provide important cues to the phonemic system defended at the end of the chapter. For instance, the lowering of /ø/ and /ɛ/ before a retroflex (including /r/) motivate the height separation between /ɑ/, which is [low] and /ø/ and /ɛ/ which are [mid].
Consonants
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere are eighteen consonant phonemes in Swedish. Sixteen of these occur in both a short and a long variant, and that distinction is phonemic. This is to say that consonants may be lexically specified with a mora. Among the most interesting properties of the consonant system is the double specification of aspiration and voicing in the obstruents, an instance of overspecification. Swedish also has crowd of palatal and velar voiceless fricatives: /s/, /ʂ/ and /ɕ/. The phoneme /ʂ/ exhibits a lot of allophonic variation, where the typical prevocalic realization is [ɧ] and the postvocalic is [ʂ].
Segmental processes
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter contains a discussion of the most important synchronic processes that are primarily segmental in character, though very often there is a prosodic component, too, in the environment for the application of some segmental rule. Some of the minor regular processes are discussed already in the vowels and consonants chapters. One of the most interesnting rules is retroflexion, where an /r/ coalesces with a following laminal coronal consonant. The chapter also discusses vowel lowering (of /e/ and /ɛ/), vowel centralization of short /ø/, nasal assimilation, excrescence of /ɡ/, and a set of rules relating to /d/: postnasal d-deletion, assimilation of /d/, and continuization of /d/. Furthermore, there is the spread glottis assimilation (also known as devoicing in the literature), and another couple of small rules. The last sections of the chapter take up rules that are no longer fully productive, but which describe large generalizations in the lexicon, e.g. palatalization of velar consonants, ablaut and umlaut, and regressive spreading of nasality.
The prosodic word
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs in much current literature, prosodic structure is here taken to be recursive. The discussion of the prosodic hierarchy in Swedish must neessarily begin with the prosodic word which is an important point of alignment of morphological and prosodic structure. In this chapter the centrals generalizations of the minimal prosodic word are laid out, i.e. domain of syllabification, domain on culminativity (1 stress), and a few other properties relating to segment sequencing and rhythm. These properties can be used to diagnose the boundaries of the minimal prosodic word. Interestingly, the minimal prosodic word is also the domain within which a suffix can assign a lexical tone to a stressed syllable. This fact turns out to be a major key to understanding the regular inhibition of accent 2 under certain conditions. The chapter also describes the maximal prosodic word when it is distinct from the minimal prosodic word, and how word accent is culminative in that domain. The chapter also briefly touches on the formation of prosodic word domains in syntax.
The prosodic foot and stress patterns
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe prosodic foot turns out to be defective in Swedish. There is no evidence for more than a single foot per minimal prosodic word, and since stressed syllables in Swedish are mandatorily heavy, all of the foot is taken up by a single syllable. The evidence for the foot, beyond stress, is found in the distribution of /h/ and prosodic minimality. The latter part of the chapter presents patterns of stress clash resolution and the Swedish version of the rhythm rule. There is a discussion of how stress can be diagnosed in Swedish, with the help of compound formation and vocative chant. The notion of rhythmic prominence and patterns of stress alternations are also briefly discussed.
Segmental quantity and prosodic weight
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSwedish has mandatory stress to weight, i.e. a requirement on stressed syllables to be heavy. This is a difference with respect to English. This prosodic constraint is met by segmentals in two basic ways, by placing two moras on a vowel, or by placing one on the vowel and onte on the following consonant. Some consonants are underlyingly specified for a mora, while vowel length is predictable. The chapter reviews the discussion and arguments for underlying vowel length as well as for underlying consonant length. The phonological behaviour of vowels under different conditions, such as consonant suffixation is also covered.
Prosodic status of morphemes in the lexicon: stress
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA major theme of this book is the lexcial specification of prosodic information, and the consequences that this has for the understanding of word formation and the shape of the lexicon in Swedish. It also help for the understanding of the stress system as such. Thus, there are four types of morphemes: tonic (i.e. stressed), pretonic, posttonic and unspecified. Given the previously introduced constraints on Culminativity within the minimal prosodic word, this system now predicts that certain combinations of morphemes should be better formed than others, and those predictions are shown to be borne out. Where no stress is in place, a phonological routine will provide stress at the right edge of the word, where however a posttonic morpheme can steer stress to the preceding syllable. This system explains the pattern of how “Germanic” and “foreign” morphemes combine or don’t combine in Swedish, as a purely prosodic phenomenon.
Prosodic status of morphemes in the lexicon: tone
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTone is specified in most syllabic suffixes. This is here demonstrated via an analysis of the interaction of tone with less than well-formed structures, such as anacrusis, i.e. words that begin with unstressed syllables. While the stress properties of morphemes largely determine the shape of words, the tonal properties of morphemes provide a source of information on prosodic wellformedness. When a suboptimal structure arises, tone may fail to be assigned from a suffix to a preceding stress, thus giving us a window on markedness and unmarkedness of prosodic structure. Parallel patterns between suffixation in Central Swedish and compound accent in South Swedish are demonstrated. It is shown that there is a lexical distinction relating to strength of accent assignment between tonal suffixes.