bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fixation for Metacarpal Neck Fracture: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Malasitt Pramote , Owen John R. , Tremblay Marc-Antoine , Wayne Jennifer S. , Isaacs Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2015

Background There is no robust evidence of the best operative treatment for displaced unstable metacarpal neck fractures. Numerous constructs are used in the fixation of metacarpal neck fractures. Currently, two common methods are dorsal locking plate and K-wire fixation. A new metacarpal sled fixation system for metacarpal neck fracture was designed to provide fracture stability but limit dissection and avoid exposed hardware. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical integrity of the metacarpal sled versus standard locking plate fixation and retrograde K-wire fixation in a simulated porcine metacarpal fracture model. Methods Transverse metacarpal neck fractures were created in 30 porcine second metacarpals. The specimens were randomly fixed with locking plates, metacarpal sleds, or retrograde K-wires. Constructs were then loaded to failure in three-point bending. Stiffness and peak load were measured from the load-to-failure deflection curve. Data were analyzed via ANOVA, followed by Tukey–Kramer's post hoc pairwise comparison. Results The K-wire group had the highest initial stiffness followed by the sled group and then the plate group. Statistical difference was only found between K-wires and plate. Peak load for the K-wire group was lowest, followed by sled, and then by plate. A statistically significant difference was observed between the peak loads of the K-wires and plate, as well as the sled and plate. However, a difference in peak load was not detected between the K-wires and sled. Conclusions For transverse metacarpal neck fractures, a metacarpal sled construct provides similar fixation to K-wires with limited dissection and without exposed hardware or the potential for soft tissue tethering. The new low profile construct using a minimally invasive technique would be suitable for unstable metacarpal neck fractures.
Back to Basics: Procedural Sedation
Authors: Spruce Lisa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPatients undergoing surgery frequently receive procedural sedation from RNs in the perioperative setting. With appropriate training, perioperative RNs can administer procedural sedation safely and effectively, helping to eliminate the pain and anxiety often experienced by patients. Facility sedation protocols should provide guidance on training requirements, the RN's role, the credentialing process, the medications the RN may use, and when anesthesia personnel should be consulted. Creating these protocols is guided by state scope of practice laws, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Interpretive Guidelines, and accreditation requirements. Training, physician guidance, and appropriate protocols give the necessary support for perioperative nurses to provide safe and effective procedural sedation.
Pathophysiology of Pain: Implications for Perioperative Nursing
Authors: Rodriguez Les 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe pathophysiology of pain is a complex process that varies according to duration (eg, acute, chronic) or type (eg, nociceptive, neuropathic, psychogenic). Perioperative nurses should understand the pathways that lead to pain to better assist in managing patients’ pain symptoms. Approaching pain from a patient‐centered stance includes acknowledging that pain is defined entirely by the subjective experience of the patient, which may not be proportional with the level of tissue damage. This article provides a brief description of the pathophysiology of pain and the components of nociceptive and neuropathic pain pathways to aid the perioperative nurse in pain management.
Considerations for Complementary and Alternative Interventions for Pain
Authors: Schulenburg Julia 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNurses play an important role in pain management. When considering strategies for effective pain management, nurses must consider and be able to provide information about complementary and alternative therapies. Awareness of alternative interventions for pain extends across herbal therapies, energy medicine, and mind‐body exercises. Treatment regimens that integrate conventional therapies with alternative therapies based on the medical systems of non‐Western cultures may affect outcomes positively through medical interactions. Nurses should question patients and families about complementary health practices to determine whether they may affect postsurgical recovery and also to determine the level of openness to alternative practices that have evidence of success or equivalency in managing pain.
Web Resources for Model Organism Studies
Authors: Tang Bixia , Wang Yanqing , Zhu Junwei , Zhao Wenming 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
An ever-growing number of resources on model organisms have emerged with the continued development of sequencing technologies. In this paper, we review 13 databases of model organisms, most of which are reported by the National Institutes of Health of the United States (NIH; http://www.nih.gov/science/models/). We provide a brief description for each database, as well as detail its data source and types, functions, tools, and availability of access. In addition, we also provide a quality assessment about these databases. Significantly, the organism databases instituted in the early 1990s—such as the Mouse Genome Database (MGD), Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD), and FlyBase—have developed into what are now comprehensive, core authority resources. Furthermore, all of the databases mentioned here update continually according to user feedback and with advancing technologies.
The Right to Strike in Vietnam’s Private Sector
Authors: LY KHANH Trinh 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article addresses the right to strike in the context of the new Labour Code and amended Trade Union Law of Vietnam.1 It analyses major problems posed today by wildcat strikes in Vietnam’s private sector. It argues that the ongoing approaches of the Vietnamese government and its social partners in strike resolution are ineffective and inconsistent with International Labour Standards. Finally, it suggests a model for the prevention and settlement of such strikes.
The role of adjunctive antibiotics in the treatment of skin and soft tissue abscesses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fahimi Jahan , Singh Amandeep , Frazee Bradley W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo perform a review and meta-analysis on the effect of antibiotics on treatment of skin and soft tissue abscesses (SSTAs) after incision and drainage.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. For RCTs, we included studies comparing any antibiotic (treatment) to placebo (control). For observational studies, treatment was the use of appropriate antibiotics effective against bacterial isolate, and control was the use of inappropriate (ineffective) or no antibiotics. Outcome was treatment success during follow-up. Two investigators reviewed records, assessed quality (according to Cochrane and Newcastle-Ottawa tools), and extracted treatment success rates. Primary analysis was the effect of treatment among RCTs. Secondary analyses included the effect of treatment in 1) observational studies of confirmed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection (MRSA-only) and 2) all studies after 1998 (MRSA-era). We used random effects modelling, except when no heterogeneity was present when we used fixed effects.ResultsWe screened 1,968 records. Twelve were included (five RCTs, seven observational studies), representing 1,969 subjects. Seven enrolled from emergency departments, two from surgical clinics, and three from ambulatory clinics. Three enrolled children only. Pooled relative risk (RR) of treatment success among RCTs was 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97−1.08). Pooled RR in the secondary analyses was 1.05 (95% CI 0.96−1.15) in MRSA-only and 0.99 (95% CI 0.98−1.01) in MRSA-era.ConclusionDespite limitations in pooling available data, there is no clear evidence to support antibiotic use in treating uncomplicated SSTAs.
Who Said Anything About Justice? Bail Court and the Culture of Adjournment
Authors: Myers Nicole Marie 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The criminal court is supposed to be a place of adversarial justice; however, these formal legal values do not appear to translate into practice. The courtroom workgroup, though made up of formal adversaries with widely divergent roles and objectives, is a community of workers whose shared interests include getting through the day as quickly and efficiently as possible. Using data from 142 days of bail court observation in Ontario the author argues that a “culture of adjournment” has taken over the bail process. Rather than the court being run by an efficient adversarial group of people processing criminal cases through the system, the courtroom has developed a culture that emphasizes the importance of expeditiously disposing of the daily docket over distributing justice.
Flow control over an airfoil using virtual Gurney flaps
Authors: Feng Li-Hao , Choi Kwing-So , Wang Jin-Jun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFlow control over a NACA 0012 airfoil is carried out using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator at the Reynolds number of 20 000. Here, the plasma actuator is placed over the pressure (lower) side of the airfoil near the trailing edge, which produces a wall jet against the free stream. This reverse flow creates a quasi-steady recirculation region, reducing the velocity over the pressure side of the airfoil. On the other hand, the air over the suction (upper) side of the airfoil is drawn by the recirculation, increasing its velocity. Measured phase-averaged vorticity and velocity fields also indicate that the recirculation region created by the plasma actuator over the pressure surface modifies the near-wake dynamics. These flow modifications around the airfoil lead to an increase in the lift coefficient, which is similar to the effect of a mechanical Gurney flap. This configuration of DBD plasma actuators, which is investigated for the first time in this study, is therefore called a virtual Gurney flap. The purpose of this investigation is to understand the mechanism of lift enhancement by virtual Gurney flaps by carefully studying the global flow behaviour over the airfoil. First, the recirculation region draws the air from the suction surface around the trailing edge. The upper shear layer then interacts with the opposite-signed shear layer from the pressure surface, creating a stronger vortex shedding from the airfoil. Secondly, the recirculation region created by a DBD plasma actuator over the pressure surface displaces the positive shear layer away from the airfoil, thereby shifting the near-wake region downwards. The virtual Gurney flap also changes the dynamics of laminar separation bubbles and associated vortical structures by accelerating laminar-to-turbulent transition through the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability mechanism. In particular, the separation point and the start of transition are advanced. The reattachment point also moves upstream with plasma control, although it is slightly delayed at a large angle of attack.
Aspect-ratio effects on rotating wings: circulation and forces
Authors: Carr Zakery R. , DeVoria Adam C. , Ringuette Matthew J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe employ experiments to study aspect ratio ($\def\AR{A\mkern-8muR}\AR$) effects on the vortex structure, circulation and lift force for flat-plate wings rotating from rest at 45° angle of attack, which represents a simplified hovering-wing half-stroke. We use the time-varying, volumetric $\AR =2$ data of Carr et al. (Exp. Fluids, vol. 54, 2013, pp. 1–26), reconstructed from phase-locked, phase-averaged stereoscopic digital particle image velocimetry (S-DPIV), and an $\AR =4$ volumetric data set matching the span-based Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}$) of $\AR =2$. For $\AR =1{-}4$ and $\mathit{Re}_{\mathit{span}}$ of $O$($10^{3}$–$10^{4}$), we directly measure the lift force. The total leading-edge-region circulation for $\AR =2$ and 4 compares best overall using a span-based normalization and for matching rotation angles. The total circulation increases across the span to the tip region, and is larger for $\AR =2$. After the startup, the total circulation for each $\AR$ has a similar slope and a slow growth. The first leading-edge vortex (LEV) and the tip vortex (TV) for $\AR =4$ move past the trailing edge, followed by substantial breakdown. For $\AR =2$ the outboard, aft-tilted LEV merges with the TV and resides over the tip, although breakdown also occurs. Where the LEV is ‘stable’ inboard, its circulation saturates for $\AR =2$ and the growth slows for $\AR =4$. Aft LEV tilting reduces the spanwise LEV circulation for each $\AR$. Both positive and negative axial flow are found in the first LEV for $\AR =2$ and 4, with the positive component being somewhat larger. This yields a generally positive (outboard) average vorticity flux. The average lift coefficient is essentially constant with $\AR$ from 1 to 4 during the slow growth phase, although the large-time behaviour shows a slight decrease in lift coefficient with increasing $\AR$. The S-DPIV data are used to obtain the lift impulse and the spanwise and streamwise components contributing to the lift coefficient. The spanwise contribution is similar for $\AR =2$ and 4, due to similar trailing-edge vortex interactions, LEV saturation behaviour and total circulation slopes. However, for $\AR =2$ the streamwise contribution is much larger, because of the stronger, coherent TV and aft-tilted LEV, which will create a relatively lower-pressure region over the tip.
Numerical study of oblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction considering sidewall effects
Authors: Wang Bo , Sandham Neil D. , Hu Zhiwei , Liu Weidong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLarge-eddy simulations are conducted to uncover physical aspects of sidewall-induced three-dimensionality for a moderately separated oblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) at $M=2.7$. Simulations are run for three different aspect ratios of the interaction zone. The swept SWBLI on the sidewalls and the corner flow behaviour are investigated, along with the main oblique SWBLI on the bottom wall. As the aspect ratio decreases to unity, the separation and reattachment points on the central plane are observed to move upstream simultaneously, while the bubble length initially increases and then stabilizes to a length 30 % larger than for the infinite-span quasi-two-dimensional case. A distorted incident shock and a three-dimensional (3D) bottom-wall separation pattern are observed, with a patch of attached flow between the central and corner separations. The 3D flow structure is found to be induced by the swept SWBLI formed on the sidewalls. The location of the termination point of the incident shock near the sidewall is limited by a sweepback effect, allowing the definition of a penetration Mach number $M_{p}$ that is shown to correlate well with the spanwise extent of the core flow. The structure and strength of the incident shock are modified significantly by the swept SWBLI on the sidewalls, along with a compression wave upstream and a secondary sidewall shock downstream, leading to a highly 3D pressure field in the main flow above the main SWBLI on the bottom wall. The reflection of the swept SWBLI from the bottom wall leads to a corner compression wave and strong transverse flow close to the bottom wall. A physical model based on the quasi-conical structure of the swept SWBLI on the sidewall is proposed to estimate the 3D SWBLI pattern on the bottom wall, in which the swept SWBLI features and the aspect ratio of the interaction zone are considered to be the critical factors.
Combined use of clozapine and ECT: a review
Authors: Grover Sandeep , Hazari Nandita , Kate Natasha 
Published: February 2015

ObjectiveThis paper aims to review the available evidence for the use of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in combination.MethodologyElectronic searches were carried out to identify reports describing the combined use of clozapine and ECT.ResultsForty reports including 208 patients were identified. The majority of reports were in the form of case reports and case series, with few retrospective and open-label studies. The majority of patients were aged between 18 and 65 years and diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Most of the patients refractory to clozapine were started on ECT as an augmentation therapy; however, in some reports, both ECT and clozapine were started concurrently, and in few cases clozapine was started after ECT. In terms of effectiveness, 37.5–100% patients improved in short-term, and sustained long-term improvement (3 weeks to 24 months) was described in few studies. In terms of the side-effect profile, five patients each had delirium and tachycardia and only four patients were described to have prolonged seizures. Overall, the combination was considered effective and safe.ConclusionThere is evidence for the effectiveness and safety of the clozapine–ECT combination and it should be used in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia who do not respond to clozapine.
RESPONSES OF WHEAT PLANTS UNDER POST-ANTHESIS STRESS INDUCED BY DEFOLIATION: I. CONTRIBUTION OF AGRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS TO GRAIN YIELD
Authors: DODIG DEJAN , SAVIĆ JASNA , KANDIĆ VESNA , ZORIĆ MIROSLAV , VUCELIĆ RADOVIĆ BILJANA , POPOVIĆ ALEKSANDRA , QUARRIE STEVE 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYWhen water stress develops post-anthesis, wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) plants have to rely increasingly on remobilization of previously stored assimilates to maintain grain filling. In two-year field trials, we studied more than 20 agronomic and developmental traits in 61 wheat genotypes (27 F4:5 families, 17 parents used for the crosses and 17 standards), comparing plants that were defoliated (DP) by cutting off all leaf blades 10 days after anthesis with intact control plants (CP). Estimated contributions of stem and sheath assimilate reserves to grain weight/spike were from 10–54% and from 24–84% in CP and DP plants, respectively. Stem-related traits were among key traits determining stem reserve contribution (SRC). The most important genetic variables in differentiating genotypes for stress tolerance were biomass/stem, stem reserves mobilization efficiency and grain filling rate (GFR). Balance among traits related to yield maintenance in DP were more important than their high values. In general F4:5 families (FAM), that had been crossed to combine typical breeding traits such as biomass and yield components, showed better tolerance under moderate stress than standards and parents.
Bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve palsy following tonsillectomy: a very rare and difficult complication of a common procedure
Authors: Trinidade A , Philpott C M 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectives:Tonsillectomy is one of the most commonly performed otolaryngological procedures. Bilateral palsy of the glossopharyngeal nerve is an exceedingly rare complication that can result in significant morbidity. This case report aimed to raise awareness of this complication and outline management strategies.Case report:A 31-year-old woman who underwent routine tonsillectomy presented with progressive numbness of the palate, dysgeusia, xerostomia, paraesthesia of the tongue and the feeling of something in her throat within 2 weeks of surgery. She reported the post-operative onset of snoring. Examination revealed a symmetrically low, ‘dropped’ soft palate. Over time, her symptoms have lessened, but dysgeusia and snoring remain.Conclusion:The position of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the tonsillar bed makes it prone to injury during tonsillectomy, especially if ‘hot’ methods are used. Bilateral injury can result in significant morbidity that can be difficult to treat. Patients should be warned about this risk and care should be taken to minimise it.
Byrd's dead reckoning on his 1926 North Pole flight
Authors: Newsom G. H. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTRichard Byrd claimed to have reached the North Pole in his 1926 flight, based mostly on his dead reckoning navigation. His technique of finding distance traveled from observations with a drift indicator can ideally be quite accurate, as shown by simulations of his dead reckoning with a navigation log. But under real-world conditions, especially those of Byrd's flight, significant errors can easily occur. Since we do not have a copy of Byrd's navigation log from the flight, we cannot assess such errors, and there is some evidence that Byrd did not keep a navigation log. However, that would not necessarily lead to less accurate dead reckoning.
Familiality and SNP heritability of age at onset and episodicity in major depressive disorder
Authors: Ferentinos P. , Koukounari A. , Power R. , Rivera M. , Uher R. , Craddock N. , Owen M. J. , Korszun A. , Jones L. , Jones I. , Gill M. , Rice J. P. , Ising M. , Maier W. , Mors O. , Rietschel M. , Preisig M. , Binder E. B. , Aitchison K. J. , Mendlewicz J. , Souery D. , Hauser J. , Henigsberg N. , Breen G. , Craig I. W. , Farmer A. E. , Müller-Myhsok B. , McGuffin P. , Lewis C. M. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundStrategies to dissect phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) have mainly relied on subphenotypes, such as age at onset (AAO) and recurrence/episodicity. Yet, evidence on whether these subphenotypes are familial or heritable is scarce. The aims of this study are to investigate the familiality of AAO and episode frequency in MDD and to assess the proportion of their variance explained by common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP heritability).MethodFor investigating familiality, we used 691 families with 2–5 full siblings with recurrent MDD from the DeNt study. We fitted (square root) AAO and episode count in a linear and a negative binomial mixed model, respectively, with family as random effect and adjusting for sex, age and center. The strength of familiality was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). For estimating SNP heritabilities, we used 3468 unrelated MDD cases from the RADIANT and GSK Munich studies. After similarly adjusting for covariates, derived residuals were used with the GREML method in GCTA (genome-wide complex trait analysis) software.ResultsSignificant familial clustering was found for both AAO (ICC = 0.28) and episodicity (ICC = 0.07). We calculated from respective ICC estimates the maximal additive heritability of AAO (0.56) and episodicity (0.15). SNP heritability of AAO was 0.17 (p = 0.04); analysis was underpowered for calculating SNP heritability of episodicity.ConclusionsAAO and episodicity aggregate in families to a moderate and small degree, respectively. AAO is under stronger additive genetic control than episodicity. Larger samples are needed to calculate the SNP heritability of episodicity. The described statistical framework could be useful in future analyses.
The Broken Ladder: Why Education Provides No Upward Mobility for Migrant Children in China
Authors: Xiong Yihan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper attempts to explain why education fails to facilitate upward mobility for migrant children in China. By comparing a public school and a private migrant school in Shanghai, two mechanisms are found to underpin the reproduction of the class system: the ceiling effect, which is at work in public schools, and the counter-school culture, which prevails in private migrant schools. Both mechanisms might be understood as adaptations to the external circumstances of – and institutional discrimination against – migrants rather than as resistance to the prevailing institutional systems. Thus, the functioning of these mechanisms further strengthens the inequality embodied in the system.