bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: 2014 Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Wilcox Ryan A. 
Published: July 2014

Disease overview: Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS).Diagnosis: The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data.Risk‐adapted therapy: TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, and blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a “risk‐adapted,” multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin‐directed therapies is preferred, as both disease‐specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced‐stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or blood involvement are generally approached with biologic‐response modifiers or histone deacetylase inhibitors prior to escalating therapy to include systemic, single‐agent chemotherapy. Multiagent chemotherapy (e.g., CHOP) may be employed for those patients with extensive visceral involvement requiring rapid disease control. In highly selected patients, allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation may be considered. Am. J. Hematol. 89:837–851, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An osteosclerotic form of Robinow syndrome
Authors: Bunn Kieran J. , Lai Angeline , Al‐Ani Azza , Farella Mauro , Craw Susan , Robertson Stephen P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRobinow syndrome (RS) is a clinically and genetically heterogenous condition primarily characterized by short stature, mesomelia, genital hypoplasia, oral abnormalities, and a facial gestalt that includes hypertelorism, a short nose, and a broad mouth. The disorder exists in both a dominant and a more severe recessive form. Here two unrelated cases of sporadic RS are described with the additional finding of axial and appendicular osteosclerosis. These two patients, coupled with three additional patients previously described in the literature, may represent a distinct sub‐phenotype of this condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical management of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery: an evidence‐based review and recommendations
Authors: Gan Eng Cern , Thamboo Andrew , Rudmik Luke , Hwang Peter H. , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Javer Amin R. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundAllergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a subset of polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis that is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic mucin with fungal hyphae within the sinuses and a Type I hypersensitivity to fungi. The treatment of AFRS usually involves surgery in combination with medical therapies to keep the disease in a dormant state. However, what constitutes an optimal medical regimen is still controversial. Hence, the purpose of this article is to provide an evidence‐based approach for the medical management of AFRS.MethodsA systemic review of the literature on the medical management of AFRS was performed using Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Review Databases up to March 15, 2013. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients >18 years old; AFRS as defined by Bent and Kuhn; post–sinus surgery; studies with a clearly defined end point to evaluate the effectiveness of medical therapy in postoperative AFRS patients.ResultsThis review identified and assessed 6 medical modalities for AFRS in the literature: oral steroids; topical steroids; oral antifungals; topical antifungals; immunotherapy; and leukotriene modulators.ConclusionBased on available evidence in the literature, postoperative systemic and standard topical nasal steroids are recommended in the medical management of AFRS. Nonstandard topical nasal steroids, oral antifungals, and immunotherapy are options in cases of refractory AFRS. No recommendations can be provided for topical antifungals and leukotriene modulators due to insufficient clinical research reported in the literature.
Novel approach to the Dember effect
Authors: Meriuts Andrey V. , Gurevich Yuri G. 
Published: July 2014

In this paper it is demonstrated that the precise physical nature of the Dember effect is a concentration gradient of nonequilibrium carriers under nonuniform illumination. We used the fact that any photo‐EMF (electromotive force) can only exist in the presence of nonequilibrium charge carriers, when there are two different Fermi quasilevels. That is why the Dember EMF (as the photo‐EMF of any nature ) is not identified as a voltage drop arising between the device contacts in open circuit. Moreover, a correct definition of the EMF is only possible if the problem is solved in a closed circuit. It is shown that the Dember EMF does not depend on the difference of electron‐to‐hole diffusion coefficients and it is not linked to ambipolar diffusion. Additionally, it is found that the sign of the EMF depends on the ratio between the recombination rates on the contacts, which can be detected from the spectral characteristic of the Dember EMF.
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BN‐Phenanthrin: Cyclotetramerisierung eines 1,2‐Azaborinderivats
Authors: Müller Matthias , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Bettinger Holger F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie Thermolyse des 9‐Azido‐9‐borafluorens in Heptanlösung bildet das Tetramer des BN‐Phenanthrins. Die Isolierung des Selbstabfangprodukts liefert den Hinweis für die Beteiligung des BN‐Arins bei der Thermolyse. Dessen Bildung kann durch Stickstoffabspaltung und Ringerweiterung erklärt werden.
Selective Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Aqueous CO2 to CO by Solvated Electrons
Authors: Zhang Linghong , Zhu Di , Nathanson Gilbert M. , Hamers Robert J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractReduction of CO2 by direct one‐electron activation is extraordinarily difficult because of the −1.9 V reduction potential of CO2. Demonstrated herein is reduction of aqueous CO2 to CO with greater than 90 % product selectivity by direct one‐electron reduction to CO2.− by solvated electrons. Illumination of inexpensive diamond substrates with UV light leads to the emission of electrons directly into water, where they form solvated electrons and induce reduction of CO2 to CO2.−. Studies using diamond were supported by studies using aqueous iodide ion (I−), a chemical source of solvated electrons. Both sources produced CO with high selectivity and minimal formation of H2. The ability to initiate reduction reactions by emitting electrons directly into solution without surface adsorption enables new pathways which are not accessible using conventional electrochemical or photochemical processes.
Synthesis of Triazole‐linked Homonucleoside Polymers through Topochemical Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Pathigoolla Atchutarao , Sureshan Kana M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThere is a great deal of interest in developing stable modified nucleic acids for application in diverse fields. Phosphate‐modified DNA analogues, in which the phosphodiester group is replaced with a surrogate group, are attractive because of their high stability and resistance to nucleases. However, the scope of conventional solution or solid‐phase DNA synthesis is limited for making DNA analogues with unnatural linkages. Other limitations associated with conventional synthesis include difficulty in making larger polymers, poor yield, incomplete reaction, and difficult purification. To circumvent these problems, a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) synthesis of a 1,5‐triazole‐linked polymeric ssDNA analogue from a modified nucleoside through topochemical azide–alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) is reported. This is the first solvent‐free, catalyst‐free synthesis of a DNA analogue that proceeds in quantitative yield and does not require any purification.
Synthesis of the Highly Glycosylated Hydrophilic Motif of Extensins
Authors: Ishiwata Akihiro , Kaeothip Sophon , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExtensin, the structural motif of plant extracellular matrix proteins, possesses a unique highly glycosylated, hydrophilic, and repeating Ser1Hyp4 pentapeptide unit, and has been proposed to include post‐translational hydroxylation at proline residue and subsequent oligo‐L‐arabinosylations at all of the resultant hydroxyprolines as well as galactosylation at serine residue. Reported herein is the stereoselective synthesis of one of the highly glycosylated motifs, Ser(Galp1)‐Hyp(Araf4)‐Hyp(Araf4)‐Hyp(Araf3)‐Hyp(Araf1). The synthesis has been completed by the application of 2‐(naphthyl)methylether‐mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery to the stereoselective construction of the Ser(Galp1) and Hyp(Arafn) fragments as the key step, as well as Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis for the backbone pentapeptide.
N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Indoles
Authors: Hovey M. Todd , Check Christopher T. , Sipher Alexandra F. , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA convergent and efficient transition‐metal‐free catalytic synthesis of 2‐aryl‐indoles has been developed. The interception of a highly reactive and transient aza‐ortho‐quinone methide by an acyl anion equivalent generated through N‐hetereocyclic carbene catalysis is central to this successful strategy. High yields and a wide scope as well as the streamlined synthesis of a kinase inhibitor are reported.
A Multifunctional Nanomicelle for Real‐Time Targeted Imaging and Precise Near‐Infrared Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tian Jiangwei , Ding Lin , Ju Huangxian , Yang Yongchao , Li Xilan , Shen Zhen , Zhu Zhi , Yu Jun‐Sheng , Yang Chaoyong James 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSimultaneous targeted cancer imaging, therapy and real‐time therapeutic monitoring can prevent over‐ or undertreatment. This work describes the design of a multifunctional nanomicelle for recognition and precise near‐infrared (NIR) cancer therapy. The nanomicelle encapsulates a new pH‐activatable fluorescent probe and a robust NIR photosensitizer, R16FP, and is functionalized with a newly screened cancer‐specific aptamer for targeting viable cancer cells. The fluorescent probe can light up the lysosomes for real‐time imaging. Upon NIR irradiation, R16FP‐mediated generation of reactive oxygen species causes lysosomal destruction and subsequently trigger lysosomal cell death. Meanwhile the fluorescent probe can reflect the cellular status and in situ visualize the treatment process. This protocol can provide molecular information for precise therapy and therapeutic monitoring.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐Supported Ionogels with a High Ionic Liquid Loading
Authors: Horowitz Ariel I. , Panzer Matthew J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe immiscibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and ionic liquids (ILs) was overcome to create PDMS‐supported IL gels (ionogels) with IL loadings of up to 80 % by mass through a simple sol–gel reaction at room temperature. By stirring a mixture of a functionalized PDMS oligomer, formic acid, and an IL (or lithium‐in‐IL solution), a resin was formed that could be cast to create a freestanding, flexible ionogel. PDMS‐supported ionogels exhibited favorable ionic conductivity (ca. 3 mS cm−1) and excellent mechanical behavior (elastic modulus: ca. 60 kPa; fatigue life: >5000 cycles; mechanically stable at temperatures up to 200 °C). The activation energy of ionic conductivity was shown to be nearly identical for the ionogel and the neat IL, in contrast to ionogel systems wherein the scaffold material is miscible with the IL. This similarity indicates that IL/scaffold chemical interactions are key to the understanding of ionogel electrical performance, especially at elevated temperatures.
Functionalized Graphene as a Gatekeeper for Chiral Molecules: An Alternative Concept for Chiral Separation
Authors: Hauser Andreas W. , Mardirossian Narbe , Panetier Julien A. , Head‐Gordon Martin , Bell Alexis T. , Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe propose a new method of chiral separation using functionalized nanoporous graphene as an example. Computational simulations based on density functional theory show that the attachment of a suitable chiral “bouncer” molecule to the pore rim prevents the passage of the undesired enantiomer while letting its mirror image through.
Mild and Versatile Nitrate‐Promoted CH Bond Fluorination
Authors: Lou Shao‐Jie , Xu Dan‐Qian , Xu Zhen‐Yuan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA novel and facile CH bond fluorination proceeds under remarkably mild conditions (close to room temperature in most cases). Both aromatic and olefinic C(sp2)H bonds with a wide range of electronic properties are selectively fluorinated in the presence of a catalytic amount of simple, cheap, and nontoxic nitrate as the promoter. A PdII/PdIV catalytic cycle that is initiated by an in situ generated cationic [Pd(NO3)]+ species was proposed based on preliminary mechanistic studies.
Synthesis of (+)‐Discodermolide by Catalytic Stereoselective Borylation Reactions
Authors: Yu Zhiyong , Ely Robert J. , Morken James P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe marine natural product (+)‐discodermolide was first isolated in 1990 and, to this day, remains a compelling synthesis target. Not only does the compound possess fascinating biological activity, but it also presents an opportunity to test current methods for chemical synthesis and provides an inspiration for new reaction development. A new synthesis of discodermolide employs a previously undisclosed stereoselective catalytic diene hydroboration and also establishes a strategy for the alkylation of chiral enolates. Furthermore, this synthesis of discodermolide provides the first examples of the asymmetric 1,4‐diboration of dienes and borylative diene–aldehyde couplings in complex‐molecule synthesis.
Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic behavior of copper complexes with fluorosubstituted β‐ketoimine ligands
Authors: Xie Guangyong , Song Wen , Li Tingcheng , Xu Xiaohang , Lan Zhi , Li Yongsheng , Zhang Aiqing 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA series of β‐ketoimine ligands with various fluorine substitutions on the N‐aryl ring and the corresponding copper complexes were synthesized. The fluorosubstituents exerted significant effects on the structures and catalytic activities of the copper complexes. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the copper(II) central ions were coordinated by two trans‐oriented β‐ketoimino ligands with delocalized double bonds. Complex 2b (with mono‐o‐fluorosubstitution on the N‐aryl moiety) adopted a central symmetric square planar structure, whereas complex 2f (with bis‐o‐fluorosubstitution) had a distorted square planar structure with a dihedral angle of 28.2°. The CuN bond length in 2f was appreciably shorter than that in 2b. When activated by modified methylaluminoxane, the copper complexes effectively polymerized methyl acrylate. Furthermore, substitution with more fluorine atoms resulted in a higher activity. The catalytic activity of the pentafluorosubstituted complex 2h reached 57.5 kg (mol of Cu)−1·h−1 under optimized conditions; this was the highest value reported up to this point for copper complexes in acrylic monomer polymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41178.
Properties of electrically responsive hydrogels as a potential dynamic tool for biomedical applications
Authors: Adesanya Kehinde , Vanderleyden Els , Embrechts Anika , Glazer Piotr , Mendes Eduardo , Dubruel Peter 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTHydrogels with electric responsive properties are gaining research focus due to increasing demand for miniaturized devices that can be precisely controlled using an external stimulus. Such systems are well suited due to their ability to expand and contract when in contact with different types of fluid. This study reports on the synthesis of a “smart” electroresponsive network, using a neutral, “non‐smart,” biocompatible hydrogel forming building block, Pluronic F127 (PF127), as a starting molecule. The PEO–PPO–PEO copolymer was modified with telechelic methacrylic end functionalities to form a triblock linear prepolymer with crosslinkable end groups (crosslinker). This bifunctional prepolymer, PF127 bismethacrylate (PF127BMA), was copolymerized covalently with anionic methacrylic acid sodium salt groups into a nonsoluble 3D hydrogel network in the presence of redox initiators. The polyelectrolyte domains in the pluronic hydrogel afforded controllable swelling capabilities with volumetric expansion exceeding 8500% in deionized water or 1400% in Krebs solution. The hydrogels were further assessed for their mechanical and electroactive response as a function of increasing acid salt content. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41195.
Aliphatic Amine Discrimination by Pentafluorophenyl Dibromo BODIPY
Authors: Sekhar Adiki Raja , Kaloo Masood Ayoub , Sankar Jeyaraman 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTwo new fluorescent BODIPY dyes have been designed and synthesized. They dyes differ in their meso substituents, which have different electronic properties. Their selective reactivity towards an Ar‐SN2 reaction has been explored as a potential basis for colorimetric and fluorescent discrimination of primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines. This dual‐mode, instantaneous recognition event is unprecedented.
Synthesis of Pyrrolophenanthridine Alkaloids Based on C(sp3)H and C(sp2)H Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Tsukano Chihiro , Muto Nobusuke , Enkhtaivan Iderbat , Takemoto Yoshiji 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAssoanine, pratosine, hippadine, and dehydroanhydrolycorine belong to the pyrrolophenanthridine family of alkaloids, which are isolated from plants of the Amaryllidaceae species. Structurally, these alkaloids are characterized by a tetracyclic skeleton that contains a biaryl moiety and an indole core, and compounds belonging to this class have received considerable interest from researchers in a number of fields because of their biological properties and the challenges associated with their synthesis. Herein, a strategy for the total synthesis of these alkaloids by using CH activation chemistry is described. The tetracyclic skeleton was constructed in a stepwise manner by C(sp3)H functionalization followed by a Catellani reaction, including C(sp2)H functionalization. A one‐pot reaction involving both C(sp3)H and C(sp2)H functionalization was also attempted. This newly developed strategy is suitable for the facile preparation of various analogues because it uses simple starting materials and does not require protecting groups.
Serial transverse enteroplasty to facilitate enteral autonomy in selected children with short bowel syndrome
Authors: Wester T , Borg H , Naji H , Stenström P , Westbacke G , Lilja H E 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) was first described in 2003 as a method for lengthening and tapering of the bowel in short bowel syndrome. The aim of this multicentre study was to review the outcome of a Swedish cohort of children who underwent STEP.

Methods
All children who had a STEP procedure at one of the four centres of paediatric surgery in Sweden between September 2005 and January 2013 were included in this observational cohort study. Demographic details, and data from the time of STEP and at follow-up were collected from the case records and analysed.

Results
Twelve patients had a total of 16 STEP procedures; four children underwent a second STEP. The first STEP was performed at a median age of 5·8 (range 0·9–19·0) months. There was no death at a median follow-up of 37·2 (range 3·0–87·5) months and no child had small bowel transplantation. Seven of the 12 children were weaned from parenteral nutrition at a median of 19·5 (range 2·3–42·9) months after STEP.

Conclusion
STEP is a useful procedure for selected patients with short bowel syndrome and seems to facilitate weaning from parenteral nutrition. At mid-term follow-up a majority of the children had achieved enteral autonomy. The study is limited by the small sample size and lack of a control group.
Toxicity of Thiophenes from Echinops transiliensis (Asteraceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae
Authors: Nakano Hiroshi , Ali Abbas , Ur Rehman Junaid , Mamonov Leonid K. , Cantrell Charles L. , Khan Ikhlas A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStructureactivity relationships of nine thiophenes, 2,2′: 5′,2″‐terthiophene (1), 2‐chloro‐4‐[5‐(penta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl]but‐3‐yn‐1‐yl acetate (2), 4‐(2,2′‐bithiophen‐5‐yl)but‐3‐yne‐1,2‐diyl diacetate (3), 4‐[5‐(penta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl]but‐3‐yne‐1,2‐diyl diacetate (4), 4‐(2,2′‐bithiophen‐5‐yl)‐2‐hydroxybut‐3‐yn‐1‐yl acetate (5), 2‐hydroxy‐4‐[5‐(penta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl]but‐3‐yn‐1‐yl acetate (6), 1‐hydroxy‐4‐[5‐(penta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl]but‐3‐yn‐2‐yl acetate (7), 4‐(2,2′‐bithiophen‐5‐yl)but‐3‐yne‐1,2‐diol (8), and 4‐[5‐(penta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl]but‐3‐yne‐1,2‐diol (9), isolated from the roots of Echinops transiliensis, were studied as larvicides against Aedes aegypti. Structural differences among compounds 3, 5, and 8 consisted in differing AcO and OH groups attached to C(3″) and C(4″), and resulted in variations in efficacy. Terthiophene 1 showed the highest activity (LC50, 0.16 μg/ml) among compounds 1–9, followed by bithiophene compounds 3 (LC50, 4.22 μg/ml), 5 (LC50, 7.45 μg/ml), and 8 (LC50, 9.89 μg/ml), and monothiophene compounds 9 (LC50, 12.45 μg/ml), 2 (LC50, 14.71 μg/ml), 4 (LC50, 17.95 μg/ml), 6 (LC50, 18.55 μg/ml), and 7 (LC50, 19.97 μg/ml). These data indicated that A. aegypti larvicidal activities of thiophenes increase with increasing number of thiophene rings, and the most important active site in the structure of thiophenes could be the tetrahydro‐thiophene moiety. In bithiophenes, 3, 5, and 8, A. aegypti larvicidal activity increased with increasing number of AcO groups attached to C(3″) or C(4″), indicating that AcO groups may play an important role in the larvicidal activity.
Leaf n‐Alkanes as Characters Differentiating Coastal and Continental Juniperus deltoides Populations from the Balkan Peninsula
Authors: Rajčević Nemanja , Janaćković Pedja , Dodoš Tanja , Tešević Vele , Bojović Srdjan , Marin Petar D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe composition of the cuticular n‐alkanes isolated from the leaves of nine populations of Juniperus deltoides R.P.Adams from continental and coastal areas of the Balkan Peninsula was characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In the leaf waxes, 14 n‐alkane homologues with chain‐lengths ranging from C22 to C35 were identified. n‐Tritriacontane (C33) was dominant in the waxes of all populations, but variations between the populations in the contents of all n‐alkanes were observed. Several statistical methods (ANOVA, principal component, discriminant, and cluster analyses) were used to investigate the diversity and variability of the cuticular‐leaf‐n‐alkane patterns of the nine J. deltoides populations. This is the first report on the n‐alkane composition for this species. The multivariate statistical analyses evidenced a high correlation of the leaf‐n‐alkane pattern with the geographical distribution of the investigated samples, differentiating the coastal from the continental populations of this taxon.