bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective Consequentialism and the Rationales of ‘ “Ought” Implies “Can” ’
Authors: Andrić Vuko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper argues that objective consequentialism is incompatible with the rationales of ‘ “ought” implies “can” ’ – with the considerations, that is, that explain or justify this principle. Objective consequentialism is the moral doctrine that an act is right if and only if there is no alternative with a better outcome, and wrong otherwise. An act is obligatory if and only if it is wrong not to perform it. According to ‘ “ought” implies “can” ’, a person is morally obligated to φ only if the person can φ. The rationales of ‘ “ought” implies “can” ’ include considerations related to intuitive plausibility, action‐guidance, blameworthiness and fairness, and the nature of practical reasons.
Co‐Location Synergies: Specialised Versus Diverse Logistics Concentration Areas
Authors: van den Heuvel Frank , van Donselaar Karel , de Langen Peter , Fransoo Jan 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTAlthough anecdotal evidence suggests that co‐location can bring about several benefits for co‐located logistics companies, implying the need to incorporate such considerations in location decisions, these benefits have hardly been analysed empirically. This paper provides detailed insights for decision making by precisely analysing the synergies attained through the co‐location of logistics firms in specialised and diverse logistics concentration areas. The paper analyses whether co‐location in logistics concentration areas that specialise in fresh produce provides additional benefits over co‐location in diverse logistics concentration areas that do not specialise in any particular type of products. A survey of managers of 127 logistics firms located in logistics concentration areas tested for differences in synergies through co‐location in specialised versus diverse logistics concentration areas. Logistics firms co‐located in fresh produce logistics parks share knowledge, combine transport and storage capacities, and trade products more than logistics firms co‐located in diverse logistics concentration areas.
Involvement of central relaxin‐3 signalling in sodium (salt) appetite
Authors: Smith Craig M. , Walker Lesley L. , Chua Berenice E. , McKinley Michael J. , Gundlach Andrew L. , Denton Derek A. , Lawrence Andrew J. 
Published: July 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Sodium appetite is controlled by conserved neuronal transmitter–receptor systems. Here, we tested the contribution made by relaxin family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3), the cognate G‐protein‐coupled receptor for the neuropeptide relaxin‐3.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Intracerebroventricular infusion of an RXFP3 antagonist reduced in a dose‐dependent manner the volume of 0.3 m NaCl consumed by sodium‐depleted C57Bl/6J (wild‐type) mice. This effect was absent in sodium‐depleted Rxfp3 knockout mice, and RXFP3 antagonist infusion did not alter water consumption in wild‐type mice subjected to multiple thirst tests, indicating both the pharmacological and the physiological specificity of observed effects. Our findings identify endogenous relaxin‐3–RXFP3 signalling as a modulator of sodium appetite.

Overconsumption of highly salted foods is common in Western diets and contributes significantly to metabolic disorders such as hypertension, renal dysfunction and diabetes. Sodium appetite, or the desire of terrestrial animals to seek and consume sodium‐containing salts, is a behaviour mediated by a set of evolutionarily conserved neuronal systems. In these studies, we tested whether this instinctive behavioural drive is influenced by the G‐protein‐coupled relaxin family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3), the cognate receptor for the neuropeptide relaxin‐3, because relaxin‐3–RXFP3 signalling can modulate arousal, motivation and ingestive behaviours. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of the selective RXFP3 antagonist, R3(B1‐22)R, reduced in a dose‐dependent manner the volume of 0.3 m NaCl solution consumed when offered to sodium‐depleted C57Bl/6J wild‐type mice, relative to vehicle‐treated control animals. Notably, i.c.v. R3(B1‐22)R infusion did not alter 0.3 m NaCl consumption relative to vehicle in sodium‐depleted Rxfp3 knockout mice, confirming the pharmacological specificity of this effect. Furthermore, i.c.v. R3(B1‐22)R did not alter the volume of water consumed by wild‐type mice in three tests where water drinking was the normal physiological response, suggesting that the ability of R3(B1‐22)R to reduce activated salt appetite is specific and not due to a generalized reduction in drinking behaviour. These findings identify, for the first time, that endogenous relaxin‐3–RXFP3 signalling is a powerful mediator of salt appetite in mice and further elucidate the functional role of the relaxin‐3–RXFP3 system in the integrative control of motivated behaviours.
Host Sialic Acids: A Delicacy for the Pathogen with Discerning Taste
Authors: Haines-Menges Brandy L. , Whitaker W. Brian , Lubin J.B. , Boyd E. Fidelma 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTSialic acids, or the more broad term nonulosonic acids, comprise a family of nine-carbon keto-sugars ubiquitous on mammalian mucous membranes as terminal modifications of mucin glycoproteins. Sialic acids have a limited distribution among bacteria, and the ability to catabolize sialic acids is mainly confined to pathogenic and commensal species. This ability to utilize sialic acid as a carbon source is correlated with bacterial virulence, especially, in the sialic acid rich environment of the oral cavity, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. This chapter discusses the distribution of sialic acid catabolizers among the sequenced bacterial genomes and examines the studies that have linked sialic acid catabolism with increasedin vivofitness in a number of species using several animal models. This chapter presents the most recent findings in sialobiology with a focus on sialic acid catabolism, which demonstrates an important relationship between the catabolism of sialic acid and bacterial pathogenesis.
Undecidable Propositional Bimodal Logics and One-Variable First-Order Linear Temporal Logics with Counting
Authors: Hampson Christopher , Kurucz Agi 
Published: July 2015

First-order temporal logics are notorious for their bad computational behavior. It is known that even the two-variable monadic fragment is highly undecidable over various linear timelines, and over branching time even one-variable fragments might be undecidable. However, there have been several attempts at finding well-behaved fragments of first-order temporal logics and related temporal description logics, mostly either by restricting the available quantifier patterns or by considering sub-Boolean languages. Here we analyze seemingly “mild” extensions of decidable one-variable fragments with counting capabilities, interpreted in models with constant, decreasing, and expanding first-order domains. We show that over most classes of linear orders, these logics are (sometimes highly) undecidable, even without constant and function symbols, and with the sole temporal operator “eventually.”
We establish connections with bimodal logics over 2D product structures having linear and “difference” (inequality) component relations and prove our results in this bimodal setting. We show a general result saying that satisfiability over many classes of bimodal models with commuting “unbounded” linear and difference relations is undecidable. As a byproduct, we also obtain new examples of finitely axiomatizable but Kripke incomplete bimodal logics. Our results generalize similar lower bounds on bimodal logics over products of two linear relations, and our proof methods are quite different from the known proofs of these results. Unlike previous proofs that first “diagonally encode” an infinite grid and then use reductions of tiling or Turing machine problems, here we make direct use of the grid-like structure of product frames and obtain lower-complexity bounds by reductions of counter (Minsky) machine problems. Representing counter machine runs apparently requires less control over neighboring grid points than tilings or Turing machine runs, and so this technique is possibly more versatile, even if one component of the underlying product structures is “close to” being the universal relation.
Conservation Science and Contemporary Art: Thinking about Tenerife
Authors: A’Bear Luke , Hayward James Curtis , Root-Bernstein Meredith 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
Art has long been seen as a way to illustrate conservation science for public outreach, especially to children. However, art has a greater role to play as a partner in interdisciplinary practice. Here we explore four examples where early-career conservationists have used the production of artwork inspired by contemporary art movements to engage critically and emotionally through the formalisms of art with conservation issues on the island of Tenerife. The authors suggest that the production of art by conservationists and as conservation (and vice versa) is key to learning to translate between art and science, leading to broader interdisciplinarity.
Interdecadal Difference of Interannual Variability Characteristics of South China Sea SSTs Associated with ENSO
Authors: Yang Yali , Xie Shang-Ping , Du Yan , Tokinaga Hiroki 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) persists into post-ENSO September over the South China Sea (SCS), the longest correlation in the World Ocean. Slow modulations of this correlation are analyzed by using the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS). ENSO’s influence on SCS SST has experienced significant interdecadal changes over the past 138 years (1870–2007), with a double-peak structure correlation after the 1960s compared to a single-peak before the 1940s. According to the ENSO correlation character, the analysis period is divided into four epochs. In epoch 3, 1960–83, the SST warming and enhanced precipitation over the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, rather than the Indian Ocean basinwide warming, induce easterly wind anomalies and warm up the SCS in the summer following El Niño. Besides the Indian Ocean effect, during epochs 2 (1930–40) and 4 (1984–2007), the Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern of atmospheric circulation anomalies helps sustain the SCS SST warming through summer (June–August) with easterly wind anomalies. The associated increase in shortwave radiation and decrease in upward latent heat flux cause the SCS SST warming to persist into the summer. Meanwhile, the rainfall response around the SCS to ENSO shows interdecadal variability, with stronger variability after the 1980s. The results suggest that both the remote forcing from the tropical Indian Ocean and the PJ pattern are important for the ENSO teleconnection to the SCS and its interdecadal modulations.
Temporal Downscaling of TRMM Rain-Rate Images Using Principal Component Analysis during Heavy Tropical Thunderstorm Seasons
Authors: Mahmud M. Rizaludin , Matsuyama Hiroshi , Hosaka Tetsuro , Numata Shinya , Hashim Mazlan 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper examines the utility of principal component analysis (PCA) in obtaining accurate daily rainfall estimates from 3-hourly Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data during heavy precipitation in a humid tropical environment. A large bias during heavy thunderstorms in humid tropical catchments is indicated by the TRMM satellite and is of profound concern because it is a conspicuous constraint for practical hydrology applications and requires proper treatment, particularly in areas with sparse rain gauges. The common procedure of calculating daily rainfall estimates by direct accumulation (DA) of a series of 3-hourly rainfall estimates caused a large bias because of temporal uncertainties, upscaling effects, and different mechanisms. In this study, PCA was used to transform correlated 3-hourly rain-rate images into a minimum effective principal component and to compute the corresponding rain-rate proportion based on correlation strength. This study was conducted on 91 rainy days of various intensity, acquired from three different years, during the wettest season on the eastern coast of peninsular Malaysia. Results showed that PCA reduced the bias and daily root-mean-square error by an average of 62% and 22%, respectively, compared with the DA approach. The PCA transformation was able to produce more precise daily rainfall estimates compared to the DA approach without the use of any rain gauge references. However, the performance was varied by the threshold selection and rainfall intensity. The results of this study indicate that PCA can be a useful tool in effective temporal downscaling of TRMM satellite data during heavy thunderstorm seasons in areas where rain gauges are sparse and satellite data are pivotal as a secondary source of rainfall data.
Localized vs. synchronized exports across a highly renewable pan‐European transmission network
Authors: Rodriguez Rolando A. , Dahl Magnus , Becker Sarah , Greiner Martin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Background
A future, highly renewable electricity system will be largely based on fluctuating renewables. The integration of wind and solar photovoltaics presents a major challenge. Transmission can be used to lower the need for complementary generation, which we term backup in this article.

Methods
Generation data based on historical weather data, combined with real load data, determine hourly mismatch timeseries for all European countries, connected by physical power flows. Two localized export schemes determining the power flows are discussed, which export only renewable excess power, but no backup power, and are compared to a synchronized export scheme, which exports renewable excess power and also backup power.

Results
Compared to no or very limited power transmission, unconstrained power flows across a highly renewable pan‐European electricity network significantly reduce the overall amount of required annual backup energy, but not necessarily the required backup capacities.

Conclusions
The reduction of the backup capacities turns out to be sensitive to the choice of export scheme. Results suggest that the synchronized export of local backup power to other countries is important to significantly save on installed backup capacities.
Effects of Ramadan fasting on glucose homeostasis and adiponectin levels in healthy adult males
Authors: Gnanou Justin V. , Caszo Brinnell A. , Khalil Khalifah M. , Abdullah Shahidah L. , Knight Victor F. , Bidin Mohd Z. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Background
Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes during the fasting phase of the fast-fed cycle. Ramadan fasting involves prolonged fasting for up to twelve hours and thus could lead to increased secretion of adiponectin by adipocytes. However, studies on the role of adiponectin on glucose and body weight homeostasis during Ramadan fasting is still a matter of controversy. Thus the specific aim of this study was to assess the effect of fasting during Ramadan on the adiponectin levels, body weight and glucose homeostasis in healthy male Malaysian subjects.

Methods
Twenty healthy male (19–23 years) Muslim subjects were followed up during the fasting month of Ramadan. Anthropometry and blood samples were taken one week before and during the fourth week of fasting. Plasma glucose, insulin and adiponectin were estimated and insulin sensitivity indices were estimated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment.

Results
Subjects experienced a significant decrease in body weight (2.4 %, p < 0.001) and body mass index (5.5 %, p < 0.01). There was also a significant decrease of 12.3 %, 52.8 % and 45.6 % of plasma glucose, insulin and adiponectin respectively (p < 0.01). The drop in adiponectin was positively correlated with the decrease in body weight (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in insulin resistance (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
These results indicate that Ramadan fasting in young healthy individuals has a positive impact on the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. It also shows that adiponectin levels dropped along with significant loss in weight. We feel caloric restriction during the Ramadan fasting is in itself sufficient to improve insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals.
Salt tectonics of the eastern border of the Leinetal Graben, Lower Saxony, Germany, as deduced from seismic reflection data
Authors: Tanner David C. , Musmann Patrick , Wawerzinek Britta , Buness Hermann , Krawczyk Charlotte M. , Thomas Rüdiger 
Published: July 2015

To study the salt-related tectonic evolution of the Leinetal Graben, located in the southernmost part of the Central European Basin (CEB) in Germany, we acquired two (1.8- and 3.2-km-long) P-wave reflection seismic profiles across the eastern border faults of the graben. The profiles were acquired with a minivibro along a 1.8-km active spread, densely sampled by geophones spaced at 5 m. The resulting sections showed stratigraphic and fault geometries to a depth of approximately 1200 m. Using two deep boreholes for calibration, we interpreted Mesozoic strata down to the Triassic Zechstein salt and the faults that affected these strata. We recognized two sets of faults: (1) steep, planar faults that are closely clustered and terminated in the Zechstein salt (type 1) and (2) shallow faults that connected between the first set of faults and have very variable dip, depending on the lithology they intersect (type 2). We discovered that the faults do not cross cut the Zechstein salt, but instead they decoupled at this layer. The present-day structure can be interpreted using a two-stage tectonic model. Either there was “downbuilding” during the Triassic, “rafting” of lower Buntsandstein blocks on the Zechstein salt, or both. This resulted in a proto-Leinetal Graben Zechstein diapir surrounded by depocenters. During the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary inversion phase, the diapir collapsed, first along type 1 steep faults that detached in the salt layer, and later along type 2 faults; the latter formed as the result of continued extension. Recognition of such early halokinesis was important for the understanding of the behavior of the salt in the CEB and salt tectonics in general.
Radioactive Iodine Therapy Did Not Significantly Increase the Incidence and Recurrence of Subsequent Breast Cancer
Authors: Ahn Hwa Young , Min Hye Sook , Yeo Yohwan , Ma Seung Hyun , Hwang Yunji , An Jee Hyun , Choi Hoon Sung , Keam Bhumsuk , Im Seock-Ah , Park Do Joon , Park In Ae , Noh Dong-Young , Youn Yeo-Kyu , Chung June-Key , Cho Bo Youn , Park Sue K. , Park Young Joo 
Published: July 2015

Context:
Previous studies on the extent to which radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for thyroid cancer increases the risk of subsequently developing breast cancer have given conflicting results.

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RAI treatment on breast cancer development and recurrence among female patients with primary thyroid cancer.

Design:
This was a retrospective cohort study. The risk of subsequent breast cancer associated with RAI and its dose in hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidential intervals (CIs) were calculated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models.

Patients:
A total of 6150 patients with thyroid cancer enrolled between 1973 and 2009 were followed until December 2012. Of these, 3631 (59.0%) received RAI therapy. During the follow-up period, 99 primary breast cancers were diagnosed.

Main Outcome Measure:
Risk of breast cancer development according to RAI therapy and RAI dose during treatment for primary thyroid cancer.

Results:
RAI therapy did not significantly increase the incidence of subsequent breast cancer among female patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22–1.06) when a 2-year latency period was accounted for. High-dose RAI (≥120 mCi) was associated with a reduced incidence of subsequent breast cancer (HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05–0.62) in the cohort with a 2-year latency period.

Conclusions:
The long-term follow-up results of this study suggest that RAI treatment for patients with thyroid cancer may not increase the risk or recurrence of breast cancer.
Crooke's Changes In Cushing's Syndrome Depends on Degree of Hypercortisolism and Individual Susceptibility
Authors: Oldfield Edward H. , Vance Mary Lee , Louis Robert G. , Pledger Carrie L. , Jane John A. , Lopes Maria-Beatriz S. 
Published: July 2015

Context:
Although Crooke's changes in the pituitary corticotrophs were initially described in 1935, the prevalence in which the changes occur in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) has not been established.

Objective:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and assess clinical features associated with the presence or absence of Crooke's changes in a large set of patients with CS.

Design:
Information from a prospective computer database and retrospective chart review was analyzed.

Setting:
The setting was an academic medical center.

Patients:
Consecutive patients (N = 213) who received surgery with a preoperative diagnosis of Cushing's disease are included.

Intervention:
The patients received pituitary surgery and specimens obtained underwent pathological analysis.

Main Outcome Measure:
The presence or absence of Crooke's changes was determined by histopathological analysis of the normal pituitary tissue included with the specimen obtained at surgery. Cortisol production was measured by 24-hour urine cortisol production.

Results:
Crooke's changes occurred in 144 of 177 patients (81%) with a histologically demonstrated ACTH-staining tumor and in 74% of 213 patients diagnosed with CS who had pituitary surgery. The presence of Crooke's changes correlated with the finding of an ACTH-staining tumor removed at surgery and with the degree of hypercortisolism. Among patients with histologically established ACTH-staining tumors the prevalence of Crooke's changes was particularly high in patients with a 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC) of at least 4-fold the upper limit of normal, in which 91% of patients had Crooke's changes, compared with 74% of patients whose maximum UFC was less than 4-fold the upper limit of normal (P = .008).

Conclusions:
Crooke's changes occur in 75–80% of patients with CS, and depend on the degree of hypercortisolism and individual variability. Almost all patients with UFC at least 4-fold the upper limit of normal have them, whereas with less severe hypercortisolism the expression of Crooke's changes varies from person to person.