bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Therapeutic Strategies for Stricturing Crohn’s Disease in Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: de Carvalho Matheus Ferreira , Carlos Alexandre de Sousa , Kum Angelo So Taa , Bestetti Alexandre Moraes , Gomes Igor Logetto Caetité , de Oliveira Luiza Bicudo , Baroni Luiza Martins , Bernardo Wanderley Marques , de Moura Eduardo Guimarães Hourneaux 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Current drugs are not effective for treating the primary fibrotic component of CD. Recommended invasive treatments include endoscopic balloon dilation, surgery with resection, or strictureplasty. This meta-analysis compared invasive treatment techniques for CD-related strictures in the pediatric population.

Methods
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases were searched from inception to December 2023. This meta-analysis was performed as per the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The outcome was measured by the rate of stenosis recurrence and the adverse events of the techniques. Eligibility criteria were studies that involved the analysis of the recurrence rate of stenosis in pediatric patients with CD requiring surgical intervention after undergoing any of the previously proposed therapies. Additionally, adverse events were analyzed.

Results
Three studies comprising a total of 106 endoscopic balloon dilations demonstrated a combined rate of stricture recurrence in patients with CD requiring surgical intervention of 0.171 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.110-0.255). Three studies comprising a total of 49 surgical resections demonstrated a pooled event rate of 0.100 (95% CI, 0.038-0.240). Finally, 2 studies comprising a total of 38 strictureplasties demonstrated a pooled event rate of 0.347 (95% CI, 0.070-0.789). Concerning adverse events, the most common occurrences were found after surgical resection.

Conclusions
Surgical resection is the best option for treating strictures in pediatric CD patients in terms of recurrence rate, compared with endoscopic balloon dilation and strictureplasty. Nevertheless, surgical resection is associated with more adverse events.
The Prevalence and Characteristics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-related Ocular Involvement in Children
Authors: Ben-Tov Amir , Achler Tomer , Patalon Tal , Gazit Sivan , Yanai Henit , Shulman Shiri , Assa Amit 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Ocular manifestations (OMs) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are uncommon, particularly in children. We aimed to explore the prevalence and characteristics of IBD-associated OM in a large cohort study.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed using the Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS) database. The eligible population included all patients diagnosed with IBD as children (&lt;18 years) between January 2005 and July 2023.

Results
Out of 2567 children with IBD (males 55%, Crohn’s disease 64%), 78 (3%) were diagnosed with OM at any time during the disease course. In 54 patients (69%), the ocular disease occurred after IBD diagnosis with a median time of 2.6 (0.47-7) years between the 2 events, whereas in 24 patients (31%), ocular involvement preceded IBD diagnosis with a median time of 2.1 (0.6-5.7) years. The presence of ocular involvement was associated with increased usage of systemic corticosteroids (P &lt; .001) and biologic agents (P = .04). There were 55 patients with ocular involvement during childhood who were ever diagnosed with IBD. In this population, ocular involvement was also associated with increased usage of systemic corticosteroids (P &lt; .001). The prevalence of OM among patients with IBD did not change significantly over time (P = .75), with a prevalence of 2.3% at the end of the study period.

Conclusions
The prevalence of ocular involvement in children with IBD is rare and steady; it is also associated with a greater usage of systemic corticosteroids and biologic agents, potentially representing a more severe disease course.
Navigating environmental cooperation on air pollution amid political competition in East Asia
Authors: Uji Azusa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
East Asian countries have recently upgraded their regional cooperation for clean air through the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia, with elaborate arrangements for monitoring and capacity-building assistance for multiple pollutants. This represents a departure from the earlier informal regimes with vague arrangements on acid deposition. However, despite this notable shift, this formalization in the regional governance for clean air remains largely unexplored in the existing literature. This study fills this gap by analysing the dynamics of formalization through aid from theories of regime complexity and legalization. It focuses on the decade from 2012 to 2021, employing documentary analysis and interviews. The results reveal that governments actively pursue their state interests by adjusting institutional arrangements through regime competition and selection that drive formalization. Sharing cognition of the hazardousness of multiple pollutants achieved through interactions between regional and global institutions serves as a catalyst for reaching an agreement on the arrangements.
Variations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders affect ARF1 function and cortical development
Authors: Ishiguro Tomoki , Noda Mariko , Nishikawa Masashi , Nagata Koh-ichi , Ito Hidenori 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of small GTPases that regulate vesicle trafficking and actin dynamics in cells. Recent genetic analyses have revealed associations between variations in ARF genes and neurodevelopmental disorders, although their pathophysiological significance remains unclear. In this study, we conducted biochemical, cell biological and in vivo analyses of ARF1 variants linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. The mant-GDP dissociation assay revealed that ARF1-p.R19C, -p.F51L, -p.R99C and -p.R99H exhibit higher GDP/GTP exchange activity compared to ARF1 wild type (WT). The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) increased the GTPase activity of WT, p.R19C, p.Y35H, p.F51L, p.P131L and p.P131R, but not of p.Y35D, p.T48I, p.R99C and p.R99H. The transient expression of p.R99C, p.R99H and p.K127E in mammalian cells resulted in the disruption of the Golgi apparatus. In utero electroporation-mediated gene transfer into the cortical neurons of embryonic mice demonstrated that p.R99C, p.R99H and p.K127E cause a migration defect. Expression of these variants resulted in the expansion of the Golgi apparatus in migrating cortical neurons. These findings suggest that the ARF1 variants linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically p.R99C, p.R99H and p.K127E, disrupt the structure of the Golgi apparatus, thereby leading to a developmental defect of cortical neurons.
Social Capital, Government Expenditures, and Growth
Authors: Ponzetto Giacomo A M , Troiano Ugo Antonio 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper shows that social capital increases economic growth by raising government investment in human capital through better political incentives and selection. We provide empirical evidence that a greater share of output is spent on public education where social capital is higher, both across countries and across U.S. states. We develop a theoretical model of stochastic endogenous growth with imperfect political agency. Only some people correctly anticipate the future returns to current spending on public education. Greater social diffusion of information makes this knowledge more widespread among voters. As a result, social capital alleviates myopic political incentives to underinvest in human capital. It also helps voters select politicians who ensure high productivity in public education. Through this mechanism, we show that social capital raises the equilibrium growth rate of output and reduces its volatility.
Optimal outbreeding is shaped during larval life history in the splash pool copepod Tigriopus californicus
Authors: Olsen Kevin C , Escareno Medina Luis D , Barreto Felipe S , Edmands Suzanne , Burton Ronald S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Inbreeding and outbreeding depression are dynamic forms of selection critical to mating system evolution and the efficacy of conservation biology. Most evidence on how the relative severity and timing of these forces are shaped is confined to self-fertilization, distant outcrossing, and intermediate “optimal outcrossing” in hermaphrodites. We tested the notion that closed population demographics may reduce and delay the costs of inbreeding relative to distant outbreeding in an intertidal copepod with separate sexes and a biphasic larval/post-metamorphic life history (Tigriopus californicus). At three lifecycle stages (fecundity, metamorphosis, and post-metamorphosis), we quantified the effects of inbreeding and outbreeding in crosses with varying degrees of recent common ancestry. Although inbreeding and outbreeding depression have distinct genetic mechanisms, both manifested the same stage-specific consequences for fitness. Inbreeding and outbreeding depression were not apparent for fecundity, post-metamorphic survival, sex ratio, or the ability to acquire mates, but inbreeding between full siblings and outbreeding between interpopulation hybrids reduced the fraction of offspring that completed metamorphosis by 32% and 47%, respectively. On average, the effects of inbreeding on metamorphic rate were weaker and nearly twice as variable among families than those of outbreeding, suggesting genetic load was less pervasive than the incompatibilities accrued between divergent populations. Overall, our results indicate the transition from larval to juvenile life stages is markedly susceptible to both inbreeding and outbreeding depression in T. californicus. We suggest stage-specific selection acting concurrently with the timing of metamorphosis may be an instrumental factor in shaping reproductive optima in species with complex life histories.
Abduction and analogies in linguistic reconstruction inferences
Authors: Barés Gómez C , Nepomuceno Á , Salguero Lamillar F J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyse the kind of inference used in the reconstruction of proto-languages. Hypothesis is at the core of this reconstruction process and this, together with the structure of reasoning involved, indicates abductive reasoning. We analyse abductive reasoning, and specify its nuances and particularities. The novelty we introduce is the importance of context as we focus on a form of abduction that goes beyond the context in which the scientific work is being developed by incorporating contexts from other sciences. Therefore, an intercontextual chain of inference can be part of abductive reasoning processes and the resulting hypothesis remains provisional. Several disciplines, such as archaeology, history and linguistics, play a cognitive role in the reconstruction of proto-languages, thus requiring more than one context. We use the case of the reconstruction of proto-Semitic and the unexpected fact of the Ugarit and Ebla discoveries (plus Amorite names). This sample may shed light on the use of abduction to explain certain scientific practices.
When MIDAS Meets LASSO: The Power of Low-Frequency Variables in Forecasting Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall
Authors: Luo Yi , Xue Xiaohan , Izzeldin Marwan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We propose a new framework for the joint estimation and forecasting of Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) that integrates low-frequency variables. By maximizing the Asymmetric Laplace likelihood function with an Adaptive Lasso penalty, the most informative variables are selected on a rolling-window basis. In the empirical analysis, realized volatility, term spread, and housing starts serve as the strongest predictors of future tail risk. The out-of-sample backtesting results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms other benchmarks, and achieves minimum loss in the joint forecasting of both the one-day-ahead and multi-day-ahead extreme S&P500 VaR and ES.
Global Transit, Imperial Performativity, and Survival: European Jewish Refugees in the Philippines Under US Tutelage and Japanese Occupation, 1937–1946
Authors: Pegelow Kaplan Thomas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
By late 1941, some 1,300 Jews had escaped from National Socialist-controlled Europe to the Philippines. This essay problematizes the existing historiography on this rescue by going beyond examinations of its mechanisms and the politics of memory. Instead, it introduces a rereading of the refugees’ struggles by focusing on their continued being-in-transit and mandated imperial performativity, which allows for analysing transnational spaces shaped by their seemingly mundane everyday practices, from walking to cooking.
During the early years, American, Filipino, and Jewish community leaders expected the performance of imperial norms and policed interactions between the refugees and native Filipinos. Some of the refugees succeeded. Some even managed to open shops. Others failed or rebelled and soon found themselves in peril. The late 1941 invasion by Japanese forces subjected Philippine society to new racial hierarchies. Jewish refugees, suspected of collaborating with the enemy, had to engage in different imperial performances in order to survive. By late 1946, many Jewish survivors had managed to leave, mostly to the United States, where they encountered new challenging power asymmetries of a different kind.
Triangulating text relationship in literary retranslation: The Great Gatsby in Chinese
Authors: Ding Guoqi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the scenario of literary retranslation, the presence of a previous translation necessarily has influence on retranslators. Systemic analyses of relevant features are needed to reveal the potential influence that an earlier translation exerts on a later one and the strategies the latter takes as a response. Starting with the assumption that a distinctive translation can be identified with a set of consistent features, this study examines the relationship between translations with The Great Gatsby and its nine Chinese versions as a case in point, with a novel method of corpus triangulation. For the discovery of the most effective set of distinctive features, a multi-class Support Vector Machine algorithm is applied on twenty-one linguistic features related to vocabulary, grammar, and textuality for the classification of samples from the nine versions. A principal components analysis then follows to verify the multi-dimensionality of a translation and the intertwinement of its features. Finally, further aided with a sentiment analysis, we examine the faithfulness of translations and their distances from each other. Through cross-validation, this study finds: (1) With the shared source text, different translations show a certain, and in some pairs striking, degree of resemblance both in terms of linguistic features and in the sentiment-based narrative plot; (2) the dependency relation between retranslations and earlier ones is usually manifested in measurable linguistic features; (3) linguistic features of a text are normally combined in a complicated manner and features of different categories inextricably intertwined; (4) the trend of proximity proposed by the Retranslation Hypothesis is discernible in the retranslations; and (5) cross-validation between the examination of linguistic features and sentiment analysis proves to be an effective approach for measuring the distance between translations and the closeness of a translation to the original.
Faecal incontinence
Authors: Baeten Coen I.M. , Baeten Cornelius G.M.I. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Faecal incontinence is the uncontrolled loss of faeces. It has an enormous social and economic impact and may significantly impair quality of life. Even though faecal incontinence is a common complaint in (ageing) adults, with high incidence rates up to 40% in a western population. In this chapter, we explain the current knowledge of anatomical and functional working mechanisms in controlling faeces. There are many causes of failing this system, but they usually result in two manifestations; passive faecal loss and urge faecal incontinence. The work-up of patients with faecal incontinence normally exist of a thorough anamnesis and physical examination. In addition, several anorectal diagnostic tools can be used to explain the origin of the problem. Treatment of faecal incontinence normally starts with non-invasive therapy, but invasive treatment may be necessary when passive treatment fails. The most common used treatments will be discussed in this chapter.
Clostridioides difficile infection
Authors: Crawford Carl V. , Dawod Enad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The last two decades have seen Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) grow to become the most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea across the globe. It spans a spectrum of disease ranging from mild diarrhoea to toxic megacolon and even death. This worrisome trend has coincided with the emergence of a virulent C. difficile strain that carries a higher morbidity and mortality than strains recorded before 2000. This epidemic strain, now endemic in North America, is the most identified pathogen responsible for nosocomial infectious diarrhoea leading to outbreaks in hospitals and long-term care facilities. This chapter reviews the changing epidemiology of CDI and presents key aspects of the pathophysiology of the infection to assist to assist the surgeon in clinical and surgical decision-making to care for the patient with CDI.
Anatomy
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on basic anatomy that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. A thorough and detailed knowledge of the pituitary gland and female reproductive tract anatomy is important in order to diagnose and manage obstetric and gynaecological conditions. The structure of the pelvic floor and bladder is particularly relevant for the subspecialty of urogynaecology. Knowledge of the nerve innervation for the lower limb is particularly important as this will help you to understand nerve injuries from operative procedures. To further complement your understanding of the relevant anatomy, it is important to attend theatre and ask a senior colleague to demonstrate the clinically relevant anatomy at an operation, whether this be at laparoscopic surgery or open surgery.
Genetics
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on the genetics that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. An understanding of the basic concepts that underpin genetics is important in the practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. The various modes of inheritance will help counsel patients with a personal or family history of a genetic condition and help facilitate the respect referral to a geneticist. An awareness of neural tube defects is important within the context of antenatal care as well as reducing the risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. For the MRCOG part 1 examination, an understanding of molecular genetics including DNA transcription, DNA translation and gene amplification techniques is important when trying to understand applied clinical genetics.
Physiology
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on single best answer questions that test knowledge on the physiology that is relevant for the MRCOG part 1 examination. A robust understanding of the basic physiological processes that underpin the practice of obstetrics and gynaecology is important. Examples of applied physiology include acid base balance, cell biology, and the impact of disease on pregnancy and vice versa. It is important to consider the physiological changes that occur in pregnancy and the fine balance of when this becomes abnormal. An understanding of fluid balance in the postoperative period is also of particular importance.
Sample paper 1
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains 100 single best answer questions as a practice paper. The questions aim to test a variety of areas within obstetrics and gynaecology. The question content is not necessarily reflective of how the topics may appear in paper one and paper two of the actual examination. The aim of the sample paper is to provide you with a broad range of questions to test your knowledge. It is recommended you prioritise how long you take to complete the paper, as you would in the actual examination.
Laparoscopic Principles
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all of laparoscopy. Instead, it aims to highlight key points for understanding laparoscopic operating principles and instrumentation. The chapter opens with patient positioning, camera options, and maneuvers to establish pneumoperitoneum. This is followed by the physiologic consequences of insufflation. Emphasis in the latter portion of the chapter is on commonly tested facts about trocars, types of minimally invasive biopsies, energy devices, hemostatic, and anastomotic options.
Skin and Soft Tissue
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers pathology from the epidermal keratinocytes down to the subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle of extremities and torso compartments. The cellular architecture of the epidermis and dermis is first summarized. Commonly tested infectious and inflammatory entities of soft tissue are listed, followed by principles of surgical wound coverage, and a few high yield facts on aesthetic surgery. The next portion of the chapter systematically goes through the diagnosis and management of melanoma, basal and squamous skin cancers, and sarcomas. It concludes with brief mention of select, highly testable, malignant and benign soft tissue pathology.
Adrenal
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The anatomic adrenal gland zones and their associated endocrine function are listed. The approach to an incidental adrenal mass, including pivotal imaging characteristics, metabolic workup and indications for resection occupies the next section of the chapter. Diagnosis and treatment of pathology at the glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis are described for examination purposes. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma is next. The chapter closes with operative detail of adrenalectomy, and a list of commonly tested pituitary pathology.