bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Friction and wear of friction composites reinforced by natural fibres
Authors: Bakry M. , Mousa M. O. , Ali W. Y. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the present work, friction material composites were proposed to be used as automotive friction materials. The composites were reinforced by agricultural fibres of corn, palm, and sugar bars. The conventional friction materials based on asbestos cause serious lung diseases and being cancerous potential. The aim of the present work is to replace them by the proposed composites because they are environmentally friendly friction material for brake lining and clutch facings. Agricultural wastes of sugar bars, corn and palms fibres were prepared to obtain fibres of length less than 5 mm. The fibre materials were mixed by carbon, barium sulfate, silica, metallic powders and phenol formaldehyde. The proposed composites were pressed in the die at 105°C temperature. The produced specimens were subjected to machining processes to obtain the cylindrical form of 8 mm diameter. Experiments were carried out using test rig designed and manufactured to measure both friction and wear. It consists of a rotating hollow flat disc made of carbon steel, with an outside diameter of 250 mm and 16 mm thickness. The experiments investigated the effect of agriculture fibre wastes (corn, sugar bars, and palms fibres) on friction coefficient and wear. Wear mechanisms of the proposed composites were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy. The tribological properties of the proposed composites materials were compared to three commercial brake linings. Based on the experimental results it was found that, addition of agriculture fibre wastes (corn, sugar bars, and palms fibres) to composites materials increased friction coefficient and decreased wear. Friction coefficient slightly increased, while wear drastically decreased with increasing fibres content. The maximum friction value (0.58) was obtained by composites containing 30 wt.% iron and 25 wt.% sugar bar fibres. The corn fibres were more compatible with aluminum powder where it gave the highest friction coefficient and relatively lower wear compared to other composites. Wear resistance of the tested composites containing bunches and aluminum represented the lowest values among composites containing corn and bunches fibres. The lowest wear values were observed for composites containing 25 wt.% corn fibres and 30 wt.% aluminum and composites containing 20–25 wt.% sugar bar fibres.
Tribological behaviour of proposed polymeric bearing materials
Authors: Khashaba M. I. , Eatemad H. S. , Youssef M. M. , Ali W. Y. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe aim of the present work is to introduce new polymeric bearing materials. The proposed polymeric composites are consisting of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) and filled by fibres of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in concentration up to 25 wt.% as well as different types of natural oils such as (corn oil, olive oil, paraffin oil, glycerin oil, castor oil and sunflower oil) in concentration up to 10 wt.%. The frictional behavior of the proposed composites and wear resistance are investigated at different values of applied load. Based on the experimental observations, it was found that for composites free of oil, friction of PS and PE specimens decreased, while friction of PP specimens slightly increased with increasing PTFE content. PP composites filled by corn oil showed slight friction increase. Besides, friction coefficient displayed by PS and PE specimens filled by glycerin oil decreased with increasing oil content, while friction coefficient displayed by PP specimens showed consistent trend. It was noted that, PE filled with 7.5% glycerin oil and 20 wt.% PTFE displayed the minimum value of friction coefficient (0.07). This friction coefficient values recommend those composites to be used as bearing materials. PE filled by glycerin oil displayed relatively lower friction values due its common known good lubricating property. Friction of PE composites filled by paraffin oil drastically decreased with the increasing oil content. PP composites showed the lowest wear values. In addition to that, it was shown that wear displayed by composites filled by glycerin oil was higher than that containing corn oil, while wear of the tested composites filled with olive oil showed lower values than that displayed by corn oil filled composites. Composites containing 5.0–7.5% paraffin oil content showed good wear resistance which recommends them to be used as bearing material. Wear of PP, PS and PE composites filled with sunflower oil and 15 wt.% PTFE drastically decreased with increasing oil content. The minimum wear was displayed by PP and PE composites filled with 10% oil content.
Metallothionein 1 h tumour suppressor activity in prostate cancer is mediated by euchromatin methyltransferase 1
Authors: Han Yu‐Chen , Zheng Zhong‐Liang , Zuo Ze‐Hua , Yu Yan P , Chen Rui , Tseng George C , Nelson Joel B , Luo Jian‐Hua 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMetallothioneins (MTs) are a group of metal binding proteins thought to play a role in the detoxification of heavy metals. Here we showed by microarray and validation analyses that MT1h, a member of MT, is down‐regulated in many human malignancies. Low expression of MT1h was associated with poor clinical outcomes in both prostate and liver cancer. We found that the promoter region of MT1h was hypermethylated in cancer and that demethylation of the MT1h promoter reversed the suppression of MT1h expression. Forced expression of MT1h induced cell growth arrest, suppressed colony formation, retarded migration, and reduced invasion. SCID mice with tumour xenografts with inducible MT1h expression had lower tumour volumes as well as fewer metastases and deaths than uninduced controls. MT1h was found to interact with euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) and enhanced its methyltransferase activity on histone 3. Knocking down of EHMT1 or a mutation in MT1h that abrogates its interaction with EHMT1 abrogated MT1h tumour suppressor activity. This demonstrates tumour suppressor activity in a heavy metal binding protein that is dependent on activation of histone methylation. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of self‐reported smoking status in first trimester aneuploidy screening
Authors: Spencer Kevin , Cowans Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo review the accuracy of self‐reporting of smoking status in our first trimester screening population and to assess the levels of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and free‐β human chorionic gonadotropin (free‐hCGβ) in women who were classified for smoking status by serum cotinine concentrations and self‐reporting.MethodsCotinine concentration was determined in the stored serum 696 self‐reported smokers and 442 self‐reported non‐smokers. PAPP‐A and free‐hCGβ multiples of the medians (MoMs) determined at screening were reverted to uncorrected for self‐reported smoking status.ResultsA total of 21.7% of those self‐reporting as non‐smokers had increased serum cotinine concentrations (using a cut‐off of 13.7 ng/mL), indicating a positive smoking status. This under‐reporting meant that serum PAPP‐A and free‐hCGβ MoMs were greater reduced in smokers classified by cotinine levels (17.2% and 9.7%) than in those classified by self‐reporting (14.6% and 2.8%). Women who were classified as smokers at conception but had stopped at some time afterwards did not have significantly reduced marker MoMs to non‐smokers.ConclusionsSelf‐reporting results in under‐representation of smoking in our population, resulting in a significant bias and inflated screen‐positive rates. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRACE INEQUALITIES AND A QUESTION OF BOURIN
Authors: HAYAJNEH SAJA , KITTANEH FUAD 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe give an affirmative answer to one of the questions posed by Bourin regarding a special type of inequality referred to as subadditivity inequalities in the case of the Hilbert–Schmidt and the trace norms. We formulate the solution for arbitrary commuting positive operators, and we conjecture that it is true for all unitarily invariant norms and all commuting positive operators. New related trace inequalities are also presented.
Biosphere Reserves for conservation and development in Ukraine? Legal recognition and establishment of the Roztochya initiative
Authors: ELBAKIDZE MARINE , ANGELSTAM PER , SANDSTRÖM CAMILLA , STRYAMETS NATALIE , CROW SARAH , AXELSSON ROBERT , STRYAMETS GALYNA , YAMELYNETS TARAS 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThe Biosphere Reserve (BR) concept is an approach that simultaneously reconciles and promotes conservation of natural and cultural diversity, environmentally and socioculturally sustainable economic development, and research. This study focuses on the legal recognition of the BR concept as a tool for sustainable development (SD) in Ukraine, and what impact legislation has had on BR implementation. The BR concept has been incorporated into Ukrainian nature conservation legislation. However, interviews with locals engaged with the Roztochya BR initiative revealed that the aim to promote sustainability through stakeholder collaboration was poorly implemented. Legislative misplacement of the BR concept created misunderstandings among local people during the emergence of the Roztochya BR initiative. BR implementation may be improved by (1) choosing national terminology describing the concept carefully, because this affects stakeholder perceptions, (2) ensuring that legislation for BRs has a multi-sectoral character, and (3) ensuring that those who implement BR initiatives have the understanding, knowledge and will to lead and facilitate SD as a collaborative social learning process towards ecological, economic, social and cultural sustainability.
Cardiac tamponade as an initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a child
Authors: Sharda Navreet 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCardiac involvement is a rare initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. An 11-year-old girl was described to have massive haemorrhagic pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, which was later diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, in children presenting with cardiac tamponade, systemic lupus erythematosus should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses, as morbidity and mortality associated with cardiac tamponade can be dramatically reduced with early diagnosis and use of steroids.
Effect of a single dose of escitalopram on serotonin concentration in the non-human and human primate brain
Authors: Nord Magdalena , Finnema Sjoerd J. , Halldin Christer , Farde Lars 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed for treatment of psychiatric disorders. The exact mechanism underlying the clinical effects of SSRIs remains unclear, although increased synaptic serotonin concentrations have been hypothesized to be an initial step. [11C]AZ10419369 is a novel 5-HT1B receptor selective radioligand, which is sensitive to changes in endogenous serotonin concentrations. To assess whether a single dose of the SSRI escitalopram affects endogenous serotonin concentrations in serotonergic projection areas and in the raphe nuclei (RN), three cynomolgus monkeys and nine human subjects underwent PET examinations with [11C]AZ10419369 at baseline conditions and after escitalopram administration. In monkeys, the binding potential (BPND) was significantly lower post dose compared to baseline in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, occipital cortex, thalamus, midbrain and RN (p < 0.05). In humans, the BPND tended to decrease in RN post dose (p = 0.08). In all serotonergic projection areas, the BPND was conversely higher post dose compared to baseline. The increase was significant in a combined region of all projection areas (p = 0.01) and in occipital and temporal cortex (p < 0.05). SSRIs are generally assumed to elevate endogenous serotonin concentrations in projection areas, evoking the antidepressant effect. In the present study, a single, clinically relevant, dose of escitalopram was found to decrease serotonin concentrations in serotonergic projection areas in humans. Hypothetically, desensitization of inhibitory serotonergic autoreceptors will cause the serotonin concentration in projection areas to increase over time with chronic administration. Thus, the findings in the present study might aid in understanding the mechanism of SSRIs' delayed onset of clinical effect.
Factors Limiting Brook Trout Biomass in Northeastern Vermont Streams
Authors: Kratzer Jud F. , Warren Dana R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Habitat, water chemistry, and water temperature requirements and preferences have been well documented for stream-dwelling Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, but fisheries managers rarely know what factors limit Brook Trout abundance in their jurisdictions. We measured various habitat (width, depth,% pool, and wood abundance), water chemistry (pH and conductivity), and water temperature metrics and estimated Brook Trout biomass at 33 stream reaches in northeastern Vermont to determine what factors were most strongly related to Brook Trout biomass, with the ultimate goal of predicting whether adding wood to these streams could be expected to increase Brook Trout abundance. We fit generalized additive models to investigate potential linear and nonlinear relationships between Brook Trout biomass and the various habitat, chemistry, and temperature metrics. Akaike's information criterion was used to rank candidate models. The top-ranked model included the duration of water temperatures exceeding 20°C, total wood density, and maximum riffle depth, and it predicted that Brook Trout biomass could be expected to increase with increasing woody habitat as long as water temperature does not exceed 20°C for 200 h or more per summer. The model also predicted that the benefits of adding woody habitat would be more pronounced in streams with deeper riffles. The absence of stream pH and pool area from the top-ranked models was surprising. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the local relationships between fish biomass and stream habitat as well as the important influence of study design on the results and conclusions.
Received August 10, 2012; accepted October 23, 2012
Patricide: Basic Facts and Literature
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines available knowledge on patricide. It begins by presenting basic information about patricide and steppatricide victims, offenders, and incidents over the 32-year period of 1976–2007. Data shows that most male parricide victims were killed in single-victim, single-offender homicides. Multiple-victim and multiple-offender incidents were rare. Most fathers and stepfathers were killed by children over age 18. Offenders who killed stepfathers tended to be younger than those who killed fathers. The average age of steppatricide offenders was 23, compared to 26 for patricide offenders. Juvenile offenders were significantly more likely than their adult counterparts to use firearms to kill fathers (79% vs. 54%) and stepfathers (72% vs. 58%). The chapter also reviews the literature on patricide, focusing first on studies of adult or predominantly adult male patricide offenders, followed by studies of females who killed fathers. After the discussion of the adult literature, case studies of male and female adolescent parricide offenders are synthesized.
The Is and Ought of Sharing: The Equality Heuristic Across the Lifespan
Authors: Keller Monika , Gummerum Michaela , Canz Thomas , Gigerenzer Gerd , Takezawa Masanori 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter reports a series of studies comparing sharing behavior, moral judgment, and the negotiation of sharing in the dictator game, a nonstrategic fairness task in behavioral economics. Participants of five age groups of 9-, 12-, 14-, 17-year-olds and adults first made (hypothetical) individual decisions and then negotiated in groups of three persons of the same sex how much to share with an anonymous same-sex other group. Sharing equally was the modal choice across all age groups; the youngest and oldest participants offered somewhat less than the other age groups. Arguments in the group negotiations were scored according to a coding manual. The arguments for both fair offers and offers that deviated from equal splits became increasingly elaborate across age groups; groups that offered less than equal splits provided more and more different arguments. A second study including the same age groups assessed offers in an anonymous individual context and also moral judgments of what was evaluated as the fairest offer in this context. No differences in offers were found compared to the first study; across all age groups the majority of participants evaluated equal sharing as the morally right offer. Offers and fairness judgments were in general found to be highly consistent. However, the discrepancy between the fairness judgment and the actual offer, e.g., offering less than what was evaluated as fair, increased substantially in adolescence and in particular in adulthood.
When Will We Meet Again? Regularities of Social Connectivity and Their Reflections in Memory and Decision Making
Authors: Pachur Thorsten , Schooler Lael J. , Stevens Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDo we move through our social world in lawful ways? And how to describe the regularities that underlie the frequency with which we encounter the different members of our social networks? Based on records of daily social contact, this chapter shows that the probability of contact with another person follows three lawful regularities. Specifically, the probability of future contact is lawfully related to the frequency of past contact, the recency of the last contact and how the past contacts have been distributed over time. The dynamics between the probability of future contact and these aspects of past contact thus seem to follow general regularities that have also been found for word occurrence and document access. Moreover, the distribution of contact probability across the different network members is highly skewed, with frequent contact restricted to only very few individuals. The chapter discusses the possible implications of these regularities for the emergence of cooperation and point out that in an environment in which contact probability to most network members is very low, prominent cooperation heuristics such as tit-for-tat are unlikely to emerge. Moreover, the chapter discusses how memory might assist in assessing the probability of future contact. Specifically, the chapter shows that one plausible mechanism, based on memory activation, will lead to predictable errors in the estimations.
Fast Acceptance by Common Experience: Augmenting Schelling's Neighborhood Segregation Model With FACE-Recognition
Authors: Berg Nathan , Abramczuk Katarzyna , Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSchelling (1969, 1971a,b, 1978) observed that macro-level patterns do not necessarily reflect micro-level intentions, desires or goals. In his classic model on neighborhood segregation, which initiated a large and influential literature, individuals with no desire to be segregated from those who belong to other social groups, nevertheless, wind up clustering with their own type. Most extensions of Schelling's model have replicated this result. There is an important mismatch, however, between theory and observation that has received relatively little attention. Whereas Schelling-inspired models typically predict large degrees of segregation starting from virtually any initial condition, the empirical literature documents considerable heterogeneity in measured levels of segregation. This chapter introduces a mechanism that can produce significantly higher levels of integration and, therefore, brings predicted distributions of segregation more in line with real-world observation. As in the classic Schelling model, agents in a simulated world want to stay or move to a new location depending on the proportion of neighbors they judge to be acceptable. In contrast to the classic model, however, agents' classifications of their neighbors as acceptable or not depend lexicographically on recognition first and group type (e.g., ethnic stereotyping) second. The FACE-recognition model nests classic Schelling: when agents have no recognition memory, judgments about the acceptability of a prospective neighbor rely solely on his or her group type (as in the Schelling model). A very small amount of recognition memory eventually leads to different classifications that, in turn, produce dramatic macro-level effects resulting in significantly higher levels of integration. A novel implication of the FACE-recognition model concerns the large potential impact of policy interventions that generate modest numbers of face-to-face encounters with members of other social groups. The model describes a new co-evolutionary process in which individual-level classifications of others and the macro-structure of the social environment jointly and substantively influence one another.
The Mind as an Intuitive Pollster: Frugal Search in Social Spaces
Authors: Pachur Thorsten , Hertwig Ralph , Rieskamp Jörg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInferring latent event frequencies in the environment is a key cognitive function. Models of frequency judgments commonly assume that for such inferences, people rely on instance knowledge (e.g., people in a person's social network) processed in a compensatory fashion. The chapter examines the possible contribution and accuracy of noncompensatory processing of instance knowledge. For that purpose, the chapter extends the notion of ordered and limited search—which has received much attention in cue-based inference—to instance-based inference and propose the boundedly rational social-circle heuristic as one possible model. Unlike the common assumption of compensatory processing in models of instance-based inference, the social-circle heuristic is noncompensatory: it searches the social circles of a person's network for relevant instances sequentially and stops search as soon as a circle discriminates. In computer simulations, the chapter shows that despite its frugality, the social-circle heuristic competes favorably with more complex strategies, especially in environments with a skewed frequency distribution. In two empirical studies, the chapter shows that for predicting people's inferences concerning the relative frequency of real-world events, the heuristic provides a viable alternative to the usual assumption of compensatory instance processing. Finally, the chapter discusses how noncompensatory processing of instance knowledge might account for established regularities in social influence and how the social-circle heuristic relates to norm formation.