bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forecasting the Erika Oil Spills
Authors: Daniel Pierre , Josse Patrick , Dandin Philippe , Gouriou Vincent , Marchand Michel , Tiercelin Claudine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 12, 1999, the Erika tanker broke in two sections at about 30 miles from the Brittany coast in the Bay of Biscay, France. The two parts of the wreck sank a few hours after the break. Some 15,000 tons of heavy fuel were released into the marine environment. It is the most serious discharge that has occurred in France since 1980 (Tanio, 6,000 tons). The nature of the incident, the kind and quantity of oil spilled, and the prevailing weather conditions posed considerable response problems. The spilled oil drifted for 2 weeks before reaching the coast. Three different models were implemented by CEntre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux (CEDRE) within a couple of hours of the Erika sinking. On December 14, it appeared that the forecast of the MOTHY model was closer to reality.
The MOTHY model was developed by Météo-France (the French national weather service) to simulate the movement of pollutants in three dimensions. MOTHY is an integrated system that includes hydrodynamic coastal ocean modeling and real-time atmospheric forcing from a global model. Pollutants can be oil or floating objects. CEDRE contributes to the improvement and validation of the model using both experiments and interventions during actual pollution events. New developments, exercises, and training are jointly conducted. In the event of marine pollution, Météo-France sends meteorological forecasts and pollutant drift forecasts to CEDRE. This response system has been operational since February 1994.
The MOTHY model was used routinely for several weeks after the ship broke up. The model predicted that the coastline was at risk and that the beaching of the main slick would occur after 2 weeks. Diffuse pollution reached the coastline 1 or 2 days before the main slicks, about 200 km west of the main beaching. Hindcast runs and backward integration of the model explained this unexpected arrival of oil. Some pollution was still arriving onshore several weeks after the initial release. This longer-term pollution came from the wrecks, but also of older pollution by the coastal detachment and deposit tides. Using the model in conjunction with remote sensing information allowed operators to develop and then execute a response strategy rather than react only to observed information.
The Lake Barre Oil Spill Nrda: From Response To Restoration
Authors: Lorentz Warren P. , Hall Jerry , Finley Heather , Hanifen Jim , Hamilton Derek , Pace Linda , Penn Tony , Kern John , Goatcher Buddy , Markarian Ralph , Piehler Chris 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A release of approximately 6,561 barrels of crude oil from a Texaco pipeline into Lake Barre in May 1997 injured marsh, birds, and aquatic fauna. Texaco was proactive in dealing with the trustees in the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process and stayed directly involved throughout; resulting in a cooperative assessment. The trustees focused quickly on the key injuries that required assessment. There was early agreement to conduct a cooperative, restoration-based NRDA, and to design field studies for the injured marsh to provide inputs for scaling using habitat equivalency analysis (HEA). It also was agreed that for this incident, field studies to assess bird and aquatic faunal injury would not be cost-effective or likely improve the accuracy of injury estimates. Although agreement on a common quantification approach for faunal injury was not reached, the two sides agreed on how much restoration was appropriate.
The parties developed an extensive list of restoration alternatives, and although the trustees retained the final decision making authority, there were no significant disagreements on how various alternatives ranked according to restoration selection criteria. The selected project is planting saltmarsh vegetation on a platform of dredged material placed on East Timbalier Island by the Coastal Wetland Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) program. No CWPPRA funds were available for planting. In scaling the restoration, Texaco will only get credit for the ecological services provided by their planting above that which would occur in the absence of planting. Factors such as erosion rates expected with and without planting and the rate of natural colonization of marsh in the absence of planting were considered in the scaling calculations.
The trustees and Texaco jointly briefed attorneys for both sides throughout the NRDA process, but were not active participants in meetings regarding technical matters. These briefings ensured a quick transition from the injury assessment and restoration project selection process to settlement negotiations. A consent decree was lodged with the court in September 1999. Texaco will implement the restoration and the monitoring plan, and pay all trustee assessment and restoration oversight costs as part of the settlement.
Trends in Rescinding Seafood Harvest Closures Following Oil Spills
Authors: Mauseth Gary S. , Challenger Gregory E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the past 5 years, there have been numerous cases of seafood harvest closures following oil spills in the United States. This paper examines seven oil spills and the methods and criteria used for closing fisheries and subsequently rescinding seafood harvesting restrictions. In examining these cases, each respective state has assumed the lead.
In general, individual states often have little to no experience in dealing with reopening a fishery due to an oil spill. Concerns include health risk to consumers and tainting of product that could reach the market and a loss in market confidence. Key technical issues that are uniform throughout many of the cases examined are: variability of acceptable benzo[a]pyrene equivalents with each spill; a slow reopening process because of continued lack of national standards and criteria; a desire for each state to develop their own criteria which may or may not be based on prior experience of other states in other oil spills; expanded scope of sampling programs in space, magnitude, and duration despite the lack of findings of spill-related health risks to seafood in previous spills; continued scrutiny of non-hydrocarbon chemical contaminants in the spilled material; and non-oil spill related failures of either health or marketability criteria that often do not result in the continued closure of the fishery. Several recent cases have benefited from past experience and offer alternatives to previous fishery closure and reopening strategies. This report will compare and contrast many of the parameters required for reopening of fisheries, including human health risk variables, inclusion or exclusion of alkylated homologs of PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) equivalents, and contaminants of concern.
A 3-D Integrated Contingency Plan: Transitioning From Information Overload Into Selective Information Analysis1
Authors: Johnson Richard C. , Baribeau Amy L. , Michaud Patrick R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Contingency plans are designed to assist responders during a response and to meet regulatory requirements. More often, these plans are unusable by responders—overloaded with information or streamlined to the point of ineffectiveness. There is simply more information than can be organized into a usable paper plan.
To successfully aid responders, plans must be transitioned from a paper to an electronic medium using a three-dimensional (3-D) Integrated Planning Model. This model uses the three core components found in every plan and structures them along a horizontal axis in a database. Then all individual plans are stacked on top of each other along a vertical axis to maximize information sharing. While the database configuration described above would improve search capabilities, the stringent and restrictive controls for plan submission to a single point centralized database would greatly reduce the number of entities that would be willing to participate.
There are many initiatives underway throughout the country to develop electronically based plans. Several contain some or all of the components of a 3-D Integrated Planning Model. However, a common vision of a 3-D Integrated Planning Model and resource commitment is still needed at the national level to maximize the benefit. These ongoing efforts by individual entities typically represent the building blocks of much better response tools.
What is needed is a 3-D Integrated Contingency Plan model that takes the synergy of these building blocks and puts them together to build a “house” of tools for responders to use. This house is a reality and is a project called “e-Plan.” The benefits of e-Plan are many including a significant cost saving to plan holders. This is a one-time opportunity to develop a national standard for collecting, moving, and archiving important contingency plan data, and the chance to make major strides in improving preparedness and ability to respond.
Treatment of Waste From the Erika Spill
Authors: Scherrer Pierre , Couvreur Jean-François 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
After the Erika oil spill, about 200,000 tons of waste were collected on the coast. It took about 6 months to gather the waste in four heavy storage sites and to select an adequate treatment process. Eventually, most of the waste will be washed with diesel and cold water. The oil content of the sand after washing will be lower than the specified limits as defined by the authorities in order to be reused as a road or building material. The more difficult to wash waste will be either thermally desorbed or pyrolysed on site. It is expected that all of the waste treatment will be completed within 2 years.
Emergency Restoration for the Western Snowy Plover Following the New Carissa Spill1
Authors: Mangan Larry , Palermo Kerrie , Kritz Kevin , Phillips Carrie , Stern Mark , Sleeger Preston , Mauseth Gary S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Emergency restoration measures for the western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) were implemented during 1999 by the natural resource trustees and the responsible party in response to the M/V New Carissa oil spill near Coos Bay on the Oregon coast. Measures included public education, increased law enforcement, plover nest protection, predator control, and snowy plover habitat creation. An evaluation of the measures indicated that these actions may have contributed to a productive breeding year for the plovers. Potential benefits and rish associated with conducting emergency restoration are discussed. Overall, the authors believe that in certain circumstances, there can be both resource and financial incentives in taking immediate restorative actions where resources are threatened with damage from an oil spill.
Compensatory Restoration of Mangrove Habitat Following the Tampa Bay Oil Spill
Authors: Mauseth Gary S. , Urquhart-Donnelly Jane S. , Lewis Roy R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1993, an incident involving three vessels near the entrance to Tampa Bay, near St. Petersburg, Florida, resulted in a discharge approximately 300,000 gallons of No. 6. fuel oil into the waters off Egmont Key. The oil contacted the shores from Egmont Key to locations approximately 14 miles to the north. Oil also entered Boca Ciega Bay through John's Pass and impacted four small islands that supported mature overwash mangrove forest. A cooperative damage assessment process was developed between the Responsible Parties (RPs) and the trustees for the natural resources: the state of Florida, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Through the cooperative process, several alternatives for primary and compensatory restoration were developed.
In considering alternatives to compensate for impacts to epibenthic communities, fish and bird habitats, wetlands, and mangrove communities, the trustees and the RPs considered purchase of shoreline habitat and restoration of mangrove forest at several sites. The RP developed a proposal to purchase and deed into public ownership in perpetuity, a 10.67-acre parcel of land on the west bank of Cross Bayou in Boca Ciega Bay that had been used as a disposal site for dredge spoil in the past. This site consisted of approximately 5.0 acres of uplands, 4.4 acres of mangrove forest, and 1.4 acres of nonmangrove intertidal and subtidal habitat. The objective of the project was to establish a typical Tampa Bay mangrove forest and a roadside buffer free of exotic plant species. The secondary goals were to establish a typical Tampa Bay salt marsh dominated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina spp.) as a successional precursor to mangrove recruitment by seeds and seedlings. Tidal exchange through the site was reestablished to improve water quality and increase export of mangrove detritus and import of high-quality tidal waters. The project was designed and constructed by the RPs with the approval and supervision of the trustees. The project was completed and title transferred to Pinellas County, Florida in summer 1999.
A monitoring program was developed and performance criteria established by trustee representatives and the RPs. The monitoring program currently is being conducted and has met performance criteria to date. This project demonstrates the positive result of trustees and the RPs working together to provide compensation to the environment.
The Old New Carissa: A Study in Patience
Authors: Gallagher John J. , Hile Howard B. , Miller Judith A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The events surrounding the stranding of the wood chip carrier M/V New Carissa off Coos Bay, Oregon in February 1999 drew the attention of the world, principally because of the unique methods employed to mitigate the threat of pollution and the dramatic method employed to dispose of her forebody. As a major oil spiller, she is hardly a blip on the screen, but as an attention-getter in the United States and as perhaps presenting the most persistent response problems ever encountered, she was undoubtedly at the top of the charts. As of this writing, 1½ years after her grounding, her stern is still aground off the beach.
Despite her relative insignificance as an oil spill incident, New Carissa was signally important in the world of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) compliance matters in two areas. First, the complex nature of the salvage-/wreck-removal operations and the interrelation of those efforts to the conventional Unified Command responsibilities significantly complicated the operation. Secondly, her unusually long life as an ongoing response operation imposed unique pressures on the Unified Command structure. Both factors imposed significant emphasis on the interpretation and implementation of the laws and regulations governing OPA 90 spill responses. In spite of the difficulties, the two most important objectives were achieved: safety of life and protection of the environment. In extremely dangerous operations, there was no serious injury and, at the end of the day, the fragile environment involved suffered little damage.
In this paper, the authors look at some of the significant events that generated stresses and strains in relationships following the major activities involved in disposing of the vessel's forebody.
THE SCAT COORDINATOR: A LIAISON BETWEEN RESPONSE AND RESTORATION
Authors: Wehrenberg Fred 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over the past decade, the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) process has become an integral component during the response phase of an oil spill. SCAT data are used to formulate plans for shoreline cleanup and to provide a basis for determining when to cease operations. The SCAT data and observations are often the only and/or most complete documentation of shoreline impact for the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). While the response phase and the NRDA may proceed simultaneously, they have different goals and application, and are usually conducted by separate teams. A distinct lack of interaction between response activities and damage assessment-based restoration activities frequently exists, though the data can be collected to satisfy the requirements of both. To bridge this gap, the SCAT Coordinator can integrate an understanding of common objectives during the development of cleanup guidelines, constraints, and endpoints combined with knowledge of the goal of reducing the overall magnitude of resource injury and the time necessary for environmental recovery. As a representative of either the Responsible Party (RP) or a government agency, the SCAT Coordinator also can provide a quality control function, thus ensuring that the data are recorded correctly and are accessible to support the RP in the NRDA.
SALVORS AND THE INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM: WHERE DO THEY FIT IN?1
Authors: Deal Timothy Y. , Reiter Gary , Fairbanks Dick , Umbdenstock Bob 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and implementing regulations are largely silent on the importance of salvage in protecting the marine environment during a spill or the substantial threat of a spill. Recent responses have clearly confirmed that salvage can be the primary form of marine pollution control and that it must become a conspicuous component of any Incident Command System (ICS) exercise, actual or training. ICS documentation and National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (NPREP) exercises still do not give appropriate prominence to salvage operations. Important organizational and management issues must be addressed so that a Unified Command can integrate effective salvage response with its management of spill control and cleanup operations.
Important factors influence relationships between public representatives, the responsible party (RP), and the salvor. The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and State On-Scene Coordinator (SOSC) represent OPA 90's demand for public oversight of response operations. The RP is obligated to deliver competent salvage assistance immediately. Salvors respond to dynamic conditions and contract terms defining payment may influence their approach.
Public representatives generally are not experienced in the commercial, technical, and practical aspects of salvage. Salvors, who historically have had exclusive control over salvage operations, may be constrained by multi-jurisdictional organization that emphasizes consensus decision making.
For effective use of an ICS integrating salvage, all parties must appreciate the others' motivations. For the FOSC and SOSC, this entails an appreciation for the technical and contractual pressures on the commercial salvor. For the salvors, it is learning to work in a public environment. The challenge is to use ICS flexibility to its fullest advantage. Salvors' proper fit into the organization can maximize the response synergy the Unified Command can deploy.
This paper identifies obstacles to the integration of salvage into ICS and offers recommendations to improve ICS organizational relationships to maximize the benefits of professional salvage services.
ALASKA INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (AIMS) GUIDE FOR OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE
Authors: Chelgren-Koterba Pamela , Iwamoto Larry , Hutton Charlene , Lautenberger Carl 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January 2000, the ad hoc Alaska Statewide Oil and Hazardous Substance Incident Management System workgroup submitted standardized spill response management guidelines (Alaska Incident Management System, AIMS #1) to the Alaska Regional Response Team (ARRT) for their review, use, and feedback. These guidelines are a landmark step in response management systems because they merge the concepts of the National Contingency Plan (NCP#2) with NIIMS #3, received acceptance by both government and industry users in Alaska, have been customized to meet Alaska's unique needs, are consistent with the latest update being prepared by the States/British Columbia Task Force FOG #4 update workgroup, and will yield substantial savings to all users by providing guidelines for adoption and maintenance of a single system for the Alaska spill response community.
USE OF THE INTERNET TO SUPPORT INCIDENT OPERATIONS
Authors: Pavia Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spills seriously strain the normal abilities of organizations to gather, process, and distribute information. Added to the problems of supporting local multiagency decisions within the Unified Command (UC), there often are pressures from groups not directly involved in response operations and the public for rapid access to information about the spill.
A UC can provide Command Post staff, official personnel not on-scene, and the public with specifically tailored information by establishing Incident Internet Operations. Incident-specific Internet sites can disseminate information about the response rapidly to the general public and specify target audiences inside and outside the Command Post. The Hazardous Materials Response Division, Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration worked with the U.S. Coast Guard to successfully deploy an Incident Internet Operations site during the M/V New Carissa incident. Examples of Incident Internet Operations from the New Carissa incident and other spills are available for viewing on-line at http://www.incidentnews.gov.
INTEGRATED PLANNING FROM THE MOUNTAINS TO THE SEA: ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING IN THE CARIBBEAN
Authors: Zengel Scott , Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline , White Mark , Benggio Brad , Mosher Eric , Lopez Felix , Touw Steve 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Sensitivity mapping recently completed for Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the British Virgin Islands combines information on natural resources for both coastal and inland areas, covering both U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency jurisdictions. This planning and response tool includes detailed Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps for the coastal zones of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the British Virgin Islands. Reach Sensitivity Index (RSI) maps for small rivers and streams in Puerto Rico have been developed, and sensitive biological and human-use resources have been mapped throughout inland and upland habitats for the entire project area.