bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound prediction of perinatal outcome: the unrecognised value of sibling data
Authors: Morken N–H , Skjaerven R , Wilcox AJ 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo identify high‐risk fetuses at the first routinely performed ultrasound examination by making use of information from the mother's previous pregnancy.DesignA population‐based cohort study.SettingNorway, 1999–2009.PopulationAll singleton first live births and their second‐born siblings registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (166 786 eligible sibling pairs).MethodsOdds ratios were calculated by logistic regression.Main outcome measuresVery small for gestational age (vSGA; birthweight ≤−1.96 standard deviations) and perinatal death (stillbirth at ≥22 weeks of gestation or death within 28 days of life).ResultsSmall fetal size at ultrasound (i.e. a fetus smaller than expected by last menstrual period, LMP) is only weakly predictive of vSGA or perinatal death; however, if the firstborn sibling was vSGA at birth, ultrasound measures in the next pregnancy become strongly informative of risk. The smaller the fetal size on ultrasound, the higher its risk of vSGA (3–18%; Ptrend < 0.0001) and perinatal death (4–19 per thousand, Ptrend = 0.012). In contrast, if the first baby was not vSGA, small fetal size on ultrasound is uninformative.ConclusionsWhen the firstborn baby is vSGA, discrepancies between fetal size on ultrasound and LMP become highly predictive of risk of vSGA and perinatal mortality in the second‐born infant. The value of combining these routinely collected clinical data has not previously been recognised.
Novel Approaches in Gluten‐Free Breadmaking: Interface between Food Science, Nutrition, and Health
Authors: Capriles Vanessa D. , Arêas José Alfredo G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe evidence that celiac disease is one of the commonest food intolerances in the world is driving an increasing demand for gluten‐free foods. However, gluten is a structure‐building protein essential for formulating leavened baked goods. Therefore, obtaining high‐quality gluten‐free bread (GFB) is a technological challenge. This review focuses on contemporary approaches in gluten‐free baking that allow improvements at the structure, texture, acceptability, nutritive value, and shelf life of GFB. Gluten‐free breadmaking is a relatively new, emerging research topic that is attracting worldwide attention in order to develop different kinds of GFB, including regional varieties. Several approaches have been used to understand and improve GFB systems by evaluating different flours and starch sources, ingredients added for nutritional purposes, additives, and technologies or a combination of these elements. Some studies aimed to assess or improve GFB's technological or nutritional properties, while others had multiple objectives. Several studies used food science tools in order to improve technological and sensory quality of GFB, together with nutritional value. Some GFBs are vehicles of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Furthermore, extensive research on interfacing food science, nutrition, and health is needed so that a GFB with both good technological and nutritional properties can be prepared and made more available to those with celiac disease, which will help them adhere to a strict gluten‐free diet, increase social inclusion, and improve their quality of life.
Effect of Food Matrix on Saltiness Perception—Implications for Sodium Reduction
Authors: Kuo Wan‐Yuan , Lee Youngsoo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEnhancing sodium release from the food matrix, thus increasing saltiness perception, is a promising strategy to reduce the amount of salt needed in foods. However, the complex nature of the effect of the food matrix on saltiness perception makes it difficult to control saltiness perception when designing food products. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the food matrix effects on saltiness perception of sodium chloride. The effects are discussed in the order of 3 stages in saltiness perception: release of sodium from food matrix into oral cavity (1st stage), delivery of sodium within oral cavity (2nd stage), and detection of sodium by the taste receptor cells (TRCs) (3rd stage). In the 1st stage, the food matrix affects the initial availability of sodium to be released, and also affects the spontaneous and facilitated migration of sodium from the matrix into the oral cavity. In the 2nd stage, the food matrix affects the availability of sodium and the mixing efficiency of sodium with saliva. The relationship between food matrix and oral processing of food that may affect the sodium release (1st stage) and the delivery (2nd stage) is also discussed. In the 3rd stage, the food matrix affects the physical availability of sodium for the TRCs, the physiological activity of TRCs, and the central activities involved in the perception process. Based on the understanding of complex nature of the matrix effects on saltiness perception discussed in this review, the properties of food matrix may be controlled effectively to enhance saltiness perception and achieve sodium reduction.
Bacterial role in pine wilt disease development – review and future perspectives
Authors: Nascimento Francisco X. , Hasegawa Koichi , Mota Manuel , Vicente Cláudia S. L. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryMutualistic and beneficial relationships between nematodes and bacteria are highly present in nature, mostly occurring because of nutritional dependence and pathogen protection, and intrinsically related with the environment, the ecological conditions and the nematode life stages. Thirty‐four years have passed since the first hypothesis suggesting a bacterial role in pine wilt disease (PWD), associated with the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In 1980, researchers reported that bacteria associated with the PWN could produce toxins that lead to PWD development in pine seedlings. It was also suggested a double vector system for PWD, where bacteria were vectored by the PWN and the PWN vectored by an insect from the Monochamus genus. Presently, the specific involvement of bacteria in such complex disease is still controversial, even though the increased number of studies focused on the potential bacteria role has increased considerably. This review is an up‐to‐date comprehensive perspective and brings new insights on the role of PWN‐associated bacteria in PWD.
Interactive transmission of two phytoplasmas by the vector insect
Authors: Rashidi M. , D'Amelio R. , Galetto L. , Marzachì C. , Bosco D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhytoplasmas are wall‐less bacteria associated with many plant diseases of wild and cultivated plants, transmitted by hemipteran insects. In nature, vectors can acquire more than one phytoplasma by feeding on multiple‐infected source plants or sequentially on plants infected by different phytoplasmas. The acquisition of multiple phytoplasmas may lead to their interaction in the insects. In this work, nymphs of the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus were allowed to feed sequentially on Flavescence dorée (FDP)‐infected and chrysanthemum yellows (CYP)‐infected source plants and vice‐versa. Following the acquisition feeding, the titre of the two phytoplasmas in the insect was measured over time. FDP and CYP transmission capability of the doubly infected leafhoppers was studied by transmission to Vicia faba and to artificial feeding medium. Both phytoplasmas were acquired by the vector regardless of the feeding order and FDP titre, but not CYP titre, was affected by double infection. FDP and CYP persisted in the insect for life. Only CYP was consistently and efficiently transmitted by doubly infected leafhoppers. Consistently, FDP was seldom detected in the salivary glands and never in the artificial feeding medium of doubly infected leafhoppers. In conclusion, competition between CYP and FDP affected only salivary gland colonisation, while it had almost no effect on phytoplasma acquisition. Competition among phytoplasma strains in an evolutionary time scale may explain the greater ability of CYP to colonise the insect body and be transmitted.
Molecular biology and pathogenicity of phytoplasmas
Authors: Marcone C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhytoplasmas are a large group of plant‐pathogenic wall‐less, non‐helical, bacteria associated with diseases, collectively referred to as yellows diseases, in more than a thousand plant species worldwide. Many of these diseases are of great economic importance. Phytoplasmas are difficult to study, in particular because all attempts at culturing these plant pathogens under axenic conditions have failed. With the introduction of molecular methods into phytoplasmology about two decades ago, the genetic diversity of phytoplasmas could be elucidated and a system for their taxonomic classification based on phylogenetic traits established. In addition, a wealth of information was generated on phytoplasma ecology and genomics, phytoplasma–plant host interactions and phytoplasma–insect vector relationships. Taxonomically, phytoplasmas are placed in the class Mollicutes, closely related to acholeplasmas, and are currently classified within the provisional genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ based primarily on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Phytoplasmas are characterised by a small genome. The sizes vary considerably, ranging from 530 to 1350 kilobases (kb), with overlapping values between the various taxonomic groups and subgroups, resembling in this respect the culturable mollicutes. The smallest chromosome, about 530 kb, is known to occur in the Bermuda grass white leaf agent ‘Ca. Phytoplasma cynodontis’. This value represents the smallest mollicute chromosome reported to date. In diseased plants, phytoplasmas reside almost exclusively in the phloem sieve tube elements and are transmitted from plant to plant by phloem‐feeding homopteran insects, mainly leafhoppers and planthoppers, and less frequently psyllids. Most of the phytoplasma host plants are angiosperms in which a wide range of specific and non‐specific symptoms are induced. Phytoplasmas have a unique and complex life cycle that involves colonisation of different environments, the plant phloem and various organs of the insect vectors. Furthermore, many phytoplasmas have an extremely wide plant host range. The dynamic architecture of phytoplasma genomes, due to the occurrence of repetitive elements of various types, may account for variation in their genome size and adaptation of phytoplasmas to the diverse environments of their plant and insect hosts. The availability of five complete phytoplasma genome sequences has made it possible to identify a considerable number of genes that are likely to play major roles in phytoplasma–host interactions. Among these, there are genes encoding surface membrane proteins and effector proteins. Also, it has been shown that phytoplasmas dramatically alter their gene expression upon switching between plant and insect hosts.
Changeable naevi in people at high risk for melanoma
Authors: Abbott Nicola CD , Pandeya Nirmala , Ong Natalie , McClenahan Phil , Smithers B Mark , Green Adele , Soyer H Peter 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNaevi may change in size, shape and colour due to multiple inherent and external factors. We observed naevi changing size in adults at high risk of melanoma, and assessed associations of change with demographic factors, skin type, sites of naevi and history of melanoma.MethodsIn total, 29 participants with a personal or first‐degree family history of melanoma or those deemed at high risk with multiple naevi of variable morphologies had all melanocytic naevi 0.5–1 cm imaged and their maximum diameter recorded. Maximum diameters from repeat imaging of naevi 12 months later were compared to baseline measurements. Newly appearing naevi ≥5 mm and naevi that grew or decreased in size by 20% or more were defined as changeable naevi. Associations between changeable naevi and participants' age, sex, skin type, body sites of naevi and personal and family history of melanoma were assessed.ResultsThere was no difference in changeable naevus rates among sex, age or skin type. Among the body sites, the head and neck were most likely to have changeable naevi, and the upper limbs the least likely. A family history of melanoma almost tripled the likelihood of having changeable naevi compared with those without both personal and family melanoma history.ConclusionsNaevi can continue to change in size throughout adulthood, showing both increases and decreases in size as well as the appearance of new naevi. This has important clinical implications, in particular for sequential body imaging used for the detection of melanoma.
A Phase IB multicentre dose‐determination study of BHQ880 in combination with anti‐myeloma therapy and zoledronic acid in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma and prior skeletal‐related events
Authors: Iyer Swaminathan P. , Beck Joseph Taddeus , Stewart A. Keith , Shah Jatin , Kelly Kevin R. , Isaacs Randi , Bilic Sanela , Sen Suman , Munshi Nikhil C. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryDickkopf‐1 (DKK1), expressed by myeloma cells, suppresses osteoblast function and plays a key role in bone disease in multiple myeloma. BHQ880, a human neutralizing IgG1 anti‐DKK1 monoclonal antibody, is being investigated for its impact on multiple myeloma‐related bone disease and as an agent with potential anti‐myeloma activity. The primary objectives of this Phase IB study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of BHQ880 and to characterize the dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) of escalating doses in combination with anti‐myeloma therapy and zoledronic acid. Twenty‐eight patients were enrolled and received BHQ880 at doses of 3–40 mg/kg. No DLTs were reported, therefore, the MTD was not determined. The recommended Phase II dose was declared as 10 mg/kg, based mainly on saturation data. There was a general trend towards increased bone mineral density (BMD) observed over time; specific increases in spine BMD from Cycle 12 onwards irrespective of new skeletal‐related events on study were observed, and increases in bone strength at the spine and hip were also demonstrated in some patients. BHQ880 in combination with zoledronic acid and anti‐myeloma therapy was well tolerated and demonstrated potential clinical activity in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.
Treatment of malignant phaeochromocytoma with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine: own experience and overview of the contemporary literature
Authors: Deutschbein Timo , Fassnacht Martin , Weismann Dirk , Reincke Martin , Mann Klaus , Petersenn Stephan 
Published: August 2014

SummaryObjectiveMalignant phaeochromocytomas are rare and highly aggressive tumours. This retrospective study evaluated the outcome of combined chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine (also known as CVD regimen).MethodsPatients with histologically and radiologically confirmed malignant phaeochromocytoma who were treated with the CVD regimen for progressive disease were retrospectively identified from chart review. Treatment cycles were usually repeated at 21‐day intervals, with cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m2), vincristine (1·4 mg/m2) and dacarbazine (600 mg/m2) on day 1, and dacarbazine only (600 mg/m2) on day 2. The main outcome measures were best response during treatment and progression‐free survival.ResultsEight patients (4 males; median age 55·5 (range 31–77) years) with progressive disease underwent a median of 6 (range 3–11) cycles. Best treatment responses were as follows: partial response, n = 2 (25%); stable disease, n = 3 (38%); and progressive disease, n = 3 (38%). The median progression‐free survival was 5·4 (range 2·5–26·8) months. After the initial administration of 6 cycles, two patients received a second course of chemotherapy with another 6 cycles after new progressive disease had been detected. Subsequently, these patients were progression‐free for another 6·0 and 6·4 months. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms and fatigue were the most common adverse events.ConclusionAlthough objective tumour response rates were lower than previously reported in small series, the CVD regimen allowed disease stabilization for a substantial period of time and may therefore be considered as a treatment option in advanced stages. To improve disease outcome, however, new therapeutic approaches and larger multicentre studies are needed.
How does obesity affect fertility in men – and what are the treatment options?
Authors: Stokes Victoria J. , Anderson Richard A. , George Jyothis T. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryAdiposity is associated with reduced fertility in men. The aetiology is multifactorial, with obese men at greater risk of suffering from impaired spermatogenesis, reduced circulating testosterone levels, erectile dysfunction and poor libido. The diagnosis and treatment of reduced fertility observed in obese men therefore requires insight into the underlying pathology, which has hormonal, mechanical and psychosocial aspects. This article summarises the current epidemiological, experimental and clinical trial evidence from the perspective of a practicing clinician. The following conclusions and recommendations can be drawn: Obesity is associated with low serum testosterone concentrations, but treatment with exogenous testosterone is likely to adversely impact on fertility. It is important to discuss this with men prior to initiation of testosterone therapy. Obesity adversely affects sperm concentration and may affect sperm quality. However, whether or not weight loss will correct these factors remain to be established. Oestrogen receptor modulators (and aromatase inhibitors) are unlicensed in the treatment for male hypogonadism and/or infertility. These treatments should hence be considered experimental approach until ongoing clinical trials report their outcomes.
Predicting the conservation status of data‐deficient species
Authors: Bland Lucie M. , Collen Ben , Orme C. David L. , Bielby Jon 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThere is little appreciation of the level of extinction risk faced by one‐sixth of the over 65,000 species assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Determining the status of these data‐deficient (DD) species is essential to developing an accurate picture of global biodiversity and identifying potentially threatened DD species. To address this knowledge gap, we used predictive models incorporating species’ life history, geography, and threat information to predict the conservation status of DD terrestrial mammals. We constructed the models with 7 machine learning (ML) tools trained on species of known status. The resultant models showed very high species classification accuracy (up to 92%) and ability to correctly identify centers of threatened species richness. Applying the best model to DD species, we predicted 313 of 493 DD species (64%) to be at risk of extinction, which increases the estimated proportion of threatened terrestrial mammals from 22% to 27%. Regions predicted to contain large numbers of threatened DD species are already conservation priorities, but species in these areas show considerably higher levels of risk than previously recognized. We conclude that unless directly targeted for monitoring, species classified as DD are likely to go extinct without notice. Taking into account information on DD species may therefore help alleviate data gaps in biodiversity indicators and conserve poorly known biodiversity.Predección del Estado de Conservación de Especies con Deficiencia de Datos
SED CONTRA
Authors: Wellbery David E. , Dutt Carsten 
Published: August 2014

Sollte ein Etikett erwünscht sein, dann darf nachfolgender Beitrag als neo‐idea‐listische Positionsbestimmung verstanden werden. Er knüpft an die internationale Diskussion zum deutschen Idealismus an, die seit ungefähr fünfundzwanzig Jahren aktuelle Fragestellungen der analytischen Philosophie mit Begriffskonstruktionen zumal der Philosophie Hegels produktiv zusammen denkt.1 Eine Chance sowie eine Herausforderung stellt die erneute Aktualität der idealistischen Philosophie für die Literaturwissenschaft insofern dar, als sich deren Begriff ursprünglich im Umfeld idealistischen Denkens herauskristallisierte. Auf diese intellektuelle Situation ant‐worten die hier zur Diskussion gestellten Überlegungen. Sie setzen sich zum Ziel, die Idee der Literaturwissenschaft zu bestimmen. Mehr kann man innerhalb des engen Rahmens eines Diskussionsbeitrags nicht in Angriff nehmen.Mit dem Begriff “Idee” ist eine konstitutive Norm gemeint, an der sich die Praxis des Literaturwissenschaftlers orientiert. Um plausibel zu machen, dass eine Idee geleitete Literaturwissenschaft überhaupt vorstellbar ist, muss zunächst die Konstitution des Gegenstandes dieser Wissenschaft, das heißt: der Literatur, erörtert werden. Man kann einen wissenschaftlichen Gegenstand durch Definitionen oder durch Beispiele einführen. Aus Gründen, die später klar werden sollen, schlage ich den zweiten Weg ein und verlasse mich auf die Evidenz des Exemplarischen. Es werden also zunächst drei Sätze zitiert, an denen sich die hier vertretene Ansicht von Literatur aufzeigen lässt. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird dann die besondere Form von Intentionalität, welche die Sätze aufweisen, unterschieden. Schließlich wird im dritten Abschnitt eine Formulierung der Idee von Literaturwissenschaft vorgeschlagen, die an Begriffsvorgaben der idealistischen Ästhetik anschließt.
Advantages and disadvantages of PTK
Authors: DOBROWOLSKI D 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) became more popular laser assisted procedure in cornel surgery in recent years. Superficial degenerations, corneal dystrofies, stromal opacities can be easily removed increasing visual comfort for the patients. Procedure however, should be carefully planed considering not only depth of stromal involvement as well as the condition of the ocular surface. Presentation includes actual guidelines for PTK and overview of potential complications of the surgery.
Laboratory work‐up and specialized investigations
Authors: PLEYER U 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBased on the anatomical involvement of the eye intraocular inflammation is classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. All subtypes of uveitis are potentially related to infectious and noninfectious etiologies. This presentation will assist the participants in accurately diagnosing uveitis in a step latter approach including physical and laboratory investigations. In addition, a tailored approach based on confounding clinical observations with specialized investigations will help to further differentiate clinical entities. In cases of suspected intraocular infections the option of intraocular fluid evaluation for antibody testing and polymerase chain testing against the causative agent will be presented. Taken together, this part of the course will provide a rational decision‐making strategy for diagnosis of patients with uveitis.
Therapeutic management of uveitis
Authors: DICK A 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis talk will overview the contemporary therapeutic approaches to treatment of non‐infectious non‐infective ocular inflammatory disease. Treatment of non‐infectious uveitis has over past 15 years expanded from the use of traditional therapies including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to the deployment of targetting the immune response with biologic therapies with monoclonal antibodies and immunoadhesins. Such use will be exemplified with case reports during the talk. Evidence of efficacy of immunosuppressants in the treatment of uveitis, the role of predicting steroid responsiveness, the use of monotherapy with immunosuppression and finally the pathways and evidence of success of biologic therapy will be provided.