bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Energy X‐Ray Diffraction Study of the Inhomogeneous Zr43Cu43Al7Ag7 Bulk‐Metallic Glasses
Authors: Chuang Chih‐Pin , Liaw Peter K. , Kai Ji‐Jung , Dmowski Wojtek , Huang Jia‐Hong , Yu Ge‐Ping 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn the present work, the microscopic structure of an as‐cast Zr43Cu43Al7Ag7 bulkmetallic glass (BMG) had been investigated in detail. The structure analyses are performed using the laboratory X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, and transmission‐electron microscopy (TEM). The results from different techniques are compared and discussed. The specimen shows a typical amorphous hallo using the conventional laboratory XRD. However, tiny crystalline particles, roughly ≈10 nm in size, are found in the sample by the high‐energy XRD as well as the TEM. The standard laboratory XRD measurement is not adequate to differentiate amorphous from a nano‐composite phase. The high‐energy XRD method is an essential technique to determine the glassy nature of a BMG.
ITO‐Free and Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Device Based on High Transparent and Conductive Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotube Thin Films
Authors: Salvatierra Rodrigo V. , Cava Carlos E. , Roman Lucimara S. , Zarbin Aldo J. G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of thin films of polyaniline/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites is reported, as well as their utilization as transparent electrodes in ITO‐free organic photovoltaic devices. These films are generated by interfacial synthesis, which provides them with the unique ability to be deposited onto any substrate as transparent films, thus enabling the production of flexible solar cells using substrates like PET. Very high carbon nanotube loadings can be achieved using these films without significantly affecting their transparency (≈80–90% transmittance at 550 nm). Sheet resistances as low as 300 Ω/□ are obtained using secondary polyaniline doping in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These films present excellent mechanical stability, exhibiting no lack in performance after 100 bend cycles. Flexible and completely ITO‐free organic photovoltaic devices are built using these films as transparent electrodes, and high efficiencies (up to 2.27%) are achieved.
Highly Conductive, Flexible, Polyurethane‐Based Adhesives for Flexible and Printed Electronics
Authors: Li Zhuo , Zhang Rongwei , Moon Kyoung‐Sik , Liu Yan , Hansen Kristen , Le Taoran , Wong C. P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFlexible interconnects are one of the key elements in realizing next‐generation flexible electronics. While wire bonding interconnection materials are being deployed and discussed widely, adhesives to support flip‐chip and surface‐mount interconnections are less commonly used and reported. A polyurethane (PU)‐based electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) is developed to meet all the requirements of flexible interconnects, including an ultralow bulk resistivity of ≈1.0 × 10−5 Ω cm that is maintained during bending, rolling, and compressing, good adhesion to various flexible substrates, and facile processing. The PU‐ECA enables various interconnection techniques in flexible and printed electronics: it can serve as a die‐attach material for flip‐chip, as vertical interconnect access (VIA)‐filling and polymer bump materials for 3D integration, and as a conductive paste for wearable radio‐frequency devices.
Super‐Aligned Carbon Nanotube Films as Current Collectors for Lightweight and Flexible Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Ke , Luo Shu , Wu Yang , He Xingfeng , Zhao Fei , Wang Jiaping , Jiang Kaili , Fan Shoushan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT) current collectors with excellent flexibility, extremely low density (0.04 mg cm−2), and tunable thickness are fabricated by cross‐stacking continuous CNT films drawn from super‐aligned CNT arrays. Compared with metal current collectors, better wetting, stronger adhesion, greater mechanical durability, and lower contact resistance are demonstrated at the electrode/CNT interface. Electrodes with CNT current collectors show improvements in cycling stability, rate capability, and gravimetric energy density over those with metal current collectors. These results suggest that CNT films can function as a promising type of current collector for lightweight and flexible lithium ion batteries with high energy density.
Experimental Investigation of Stretch Blow Molding, Part 1: Instrumentation in an Industrial Environment
Authors: Salomeia Yannis M. , Menary Gary H. , Armstrong Cecil G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn spite of intensive research, computational modeling of the injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) still cannot match the accuracy of other polymer processes such as injection molding. There is a lack of understanding of the interdependence among the machine parameters set up by the operators, process parameters, material behavior, and the resulting final thickness distribution and performance of the molded product. The work presented in this paper describes a set of instrumentation tools developed for investigation of the ISBM process in an industrial setting. Results are presented showing the pressure and air temperature evolution inside the mold, the stretch rod force and displacement history, and the moment of contact of the polymer with seven discrete locations on the mold. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E771–E783, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21320
A Black Box Method for Gate Location Optimization in Plastic Injection Molding
Authors: Li Zheng , Wang Xicheng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDetermination of the gate location is an important issue in mold design. In this paper, a black box method is proposed to optimize gate locations. This method is based on the Gaussian process model and the sample guidance function named multiplex generalized expected improvement. The stochastic‐process correlation between different gate locations is calculated based on the flow path. Regardless of a product's geometry, this method can be used on a product with any complex shape. The injection pressure, warpage, residual stress, and weld lines are taken as the optimization objectives. A physical programming method is used to solve the multiobjective problem. Numerical examples with complex shapes are given, and the numerical results show that this method has a high efficiency and practicability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E793–E808, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21322
Non‐Hydrazine Solutions in Processing CuIn(S,Se)2 Photovoltaic Devices from Hydrazinium Precursors
Authors: Zhou Huanping , Hsu Chia‐Jung , Hsu Wan‐Ching , Duan Hsin‐Sheng , Chung Choong‐Heui , Yang Wenbing , Yang Yang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe report an approach for the fabrication of CuIn(S,Se)2‐based photovoltaic devices from hydrazinium precursors in non‐hydrazine solvents, specifically a ethanolamine/dimethyl sulfoxide (EA/DMSO) mixture. For the first time, both Cu hydrazinium precursor and Cu‐In hydrazinium precursor are found with good solubility in non‐hydrazine solvents, producing molecular‐level blending of metal precursors. Sulfur loss in Cu hydrazinium precursor is compensated for by either introduction of excessive S/Se or the formation of S/Se‐bridged Cu‐In compounds. The success of dissolving Cu‐In hydrazinium precursor is ascribed to the coordinated S group and strong intramolecular interaction within non‐hydrazine solvents. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman characterization indicate the formation of the CuIn(S,Se)2 phase after annealing. Through introducing different amounts of excess S/Se, the ratio between CuInS2 and CuInSe2, as well as the morphology of the resulted CuIn(S,Se)2 film can be controlled. Optimized devices exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 3.8% with a CISS absorber layer of only around 300 nm thickness, which is comparable to N2H4‐based devices of similar thickness.
Brief communication: The effects of disuse on the mechanical properties of bone: What unloading tells us about the adaptive nature of skeletal tissue
Authors: Schlecht Stephen H. , Pinto Deborrah C. , Agnew Amanda M. , Stout Sam D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobilization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis. Investigating the effects disuse has on the structural properties of bone provides a unique opportunity to better understand how mechanical loads influence the adaptation and maintenance of skeletal tissue. Here, we report results from an examination of multiple indicators of bone metabolism (e.g., mean osteon density, mean osteon size, bone mass, and bone area distribution) within the major long bones of individuals with distinct activity level differences. Results are based on a sample comprising two subjects that suffered from long‐term quadriplegia and 28 individuals of comparable age that had full limb mobility. Although limited in sample size, our findings suggest bones associated with long‐term disuse have lower osteon densities and larger osteon areas compared to individuals of normal mobility, reflecting dramatically lower remodeling rates potentially related to reduced strain levels. Moreover, immobilized skeletal elements demonstrate a reduced percentage of cortical area present resulting from endosteal resorption. Differences between mobility groups in the percentage of cortical area present and bone distribution of all skeletal elements, suggests bone modeling activity is negligible in the unloaded adult skeleton. Additional histomorphometric comparisons reveal potential intraskeletal differences in bone turnover rates suggesting remodeling rates are highest within the humeri and femora. Addition of more immobilized individuals in the future will allow for quantitative statistical analyses and greater consideration of human variation within and between individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optical excitation of acoustic surface plasmons in metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Hrton M. , Poyli M.A. , Silkin V.M. , Aizpurua J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAcoustic surface plasmons are low energy collective excitations occurring at metallic surfaces. These excitations show a linear dispersion which can be described using realistic quantum‐mechanical models. The response function of Ag(111) films is calculated and an effective dielectric function of the films is obtained. With use of this dielectric function the scattering of silver nanoparticles in the infrared range is calculated, with focus on the possibility of excitation of localized acoustic surface plasmons. Our calculations show that it is possible to excite optically localized acoustic surface plasmons in silver spheres, although the efficiency is very low.
18F Labeling of Arenes
Authors: Tredwell Matthew , Gouverneur Véronique 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMolecular imaging has witnessed an upsurge in growth, with positron emission tomography leading the way. This trend has encouraged numerous synthetic chemists to enter the field of 18F‐radiochemistry and provide generic solutions to address the well‐recognized challenges of late‐stage fluorination. This Minireview focuses on recent developments in the 18F‐labeling of aromatic substrates.
Effect of Al‐alkyl cocatalyst on ethylene polymerization behavior using silyl chromate (SC)/SiO2 catalyst
Authors: Li Liuzhong , Wu Yuxiang , Dong Qi , Hao Aiyou , Cheng Ruihua , Zhong Lei , Liu Boping 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTCr/SiO2 catalysts are important industrial ethylene polymerization catalysts, mainly including Phillips catalyst (also called oxo chromium/SiO2) and silyl chromate/SiO2 systems (named as SC/SiO2, also called UCC S‐2 catalyst). Compared with Phillips catalyst, SC/SiO2 catalyst is not fully investigated. In this work, SC/SiO2 catalyst was prepared, and triethylaluminum or triisobutylaluminium was used as cocatalyst for ethylene homopolymerization. The effects of cocatalysts on polymerization kinetics and polymer microstructure were investigated. It is found that the kinetic curves using SC/SiO2 catalyst in the presence of triethylaluminum or triisobutylaluminium seem to be a hybrid type composed of two types of basic polymerization kinetics: one is a fast built‐up and fast decay type, and the other is a slow built‐up and slow decay type, which indicates the existence of two types of polymerization active sites. Plausible mechanisms of the formation and transformation of active sites were proposed to rationalize the unique polymerization behavior. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of borax addition on the structural modification of bentonite in biodegradable alginate‐based biocomposites
Authors: Benli Birgül 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFunctionalized next generation biodegradable polymeric systems (bioplastics) that have better compatibility, enhanced relaxation, and thermal properties were designed using bentonite‐added alginate biocomposite films in the presence of borax. A series of bentonite‐added biocomposite films crosslinked with CaCl2 were characterized by using methods like XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTA/DSC, DMA, and AFM. A plausible structural mechanism with Ca2+ crosslinking gel formation known as egg‐box and borate ion complexes was proposed to elucidate the interactions between borax and bentonite/alginate biocomposites. Enhanced compatibility and hybrid properties of raw fillers were confirmed by mineral processing steps involving hydrocyclone purification for bentonite and recrystallization steps for borax. The structure of bentonite and also bentonite hybrid biocomposites were clearly improved upon small additions of borax into the matrix. The presence of borax was found to provide a more intercalated or exfoliated morphology for a given hybrid biocomposite structure. Borate ions dissociated in aqueous solution provided a better effect on the intercalation of bentonite by imparting new hydrogen bonding sites, diol‐complexes, and didiol‐crosslinking gels. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Self‐segregating hyperbranched polymer/silver nanoparticle hybrids in thermoplastic polyurethane films
Authors: Orlicki Joshua A. , Zander Nicole E. , Martin George R. , Kosik Wendy E. , Derek Demaree J. , Leadore Julia L. , Rawlett Adam M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSelf‐segregating hyperbranched polymer (HBP) additives have been utilized to concentrate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at the air interface of polyurethane films. The limited spontaneous surface migration of the AgNPs was enhanced through the addition of appropriately functionalized HBPs. Both amine and thiol terminated additives were employed to allow interaction of the HBP with the nanoparticles. Both types of additives increased surface concentration of silver modestly, though the thiol‐terminated HBPs demonstrated nearly a seven‐fold enhancement of surface migration. It was also found that wholly‐aliphatic HBPs demonstrated only slightly reduced ability to bias AgNP concentration as compared to HBPs functionalized with perfluorinated chains. In addition, films containing 1% total silver concentration were tested for antimicrobial activity using the ASTM‐E 2180 protocol. Significant reduction of the microorganisms was observed for all samples, 6‐log reduction was achieved for the gram‐negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, the gram‐positive bacteria S. aureus, and the fungi C. albicans. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thin film of a porphyrin‐end‐functionalized poly(cyclohexane)/fullerene‐end‐functionalized poly(4‐diphenylaminostyrene) blend: Control of microphase separation in a light‐harvesting system for polymer solar cells
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue , Kanasashi Anna , Tsuchiya Kosuke , Ogino Kenji 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThin films of a tetraphenylporphyrin‐end‐functionalized polycyclohexane zinc complex (ZnTPP‐PCHE)/fullerene‐C60 (C60) end‐functionalized poly(4‐diphenylaminostyrene) (C60‐PDAS) were prepared to investigate their potential as a light‐harvesting system for polymer solar cells (PSCs). The microphase separation in the ZnTPP‐PCHE/C60‐PDAS blends had a significant effect on the optical properties; the absorption band of the microphase separation structure that overlaps the visible‐light region was considerably enhanced with an increase in the C60 concentration in the polymer film, although both pristine ZnTPP‐PCHE and C60‐PDAS thin films had only weak absorption bands in that region. Therefore, this polymer blend is considered to be suitable for use as a light‐harvesting system for PSCs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Sol–gel process of alkoxysilane in emulsifier‐involved aqueous emulsions: A one‐pot synthetic route to emulsions of core‐shell composite particles and their applications
Authors: Niu Lin , Xia Zhengbin , Lei Liang , Zhang Yanhong , Zhong Li 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this work, a one‐pot route to prepare emulsions of silica/polymer core‐shell composite particles was developed through the direct sol–gel processing of alkoxysilane on the surface of newly synthesized template polymer particles in emulsifier‐involved aqueous emulsions. It included two continuous steps: first, the polymer emulsions were synthesized through emulsion polymerization, and second, the template particles in the emulsions were directly coated with silica via sol–gel reaction of precursors without adding ethanol or removing emulsifiers. The size and morphology of the composite particles were characterized, and the results showed that the silica/polymer composite particles with core‐shell structure could be prepared only on the basis of cationic template emulsions, and the in situ‐coating reaction of sol–gel precursors carried on easier with the increasing of the positive charge density on the surface of template particles. The films formed from the composite emulsions were found to have superior optical and flame‐retardant properties compared to polymer films, owing to the core‐shell composite microstructure of the particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Multimethodological Approach for the Investigation of Archaeological Ditches – Exemplified by the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár Near Vráble (Slovakia)
Authors: Nowaczinski E. , Schukraft G. , Hecht S. , Rassmann K. , Bubenzer O. , Eitel B. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTBuried or refilled archaeological ditches offer great opportunities in terms of reconstructing past human activities and human–nature interactions. The Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvár in southwestern Slovakia offers excellent opportunities for this kind of geoarchaeological study. Based on previous magnetic prospection further geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical investigations were carried out focusing on the three existing semi‐elliptical early Bronze Age ditches. Afterwards an appropriate assortment of methods was chosen and successfully applied to two of the ditches in order to reconstruct their lateral and vertical geometries. Alongside interesting archaeological outcomes for the Fidvár site our results highlight the advantageous combination of geophysical and geochemical data. Only this multimethodological approach allowed both a universal and precise reconstruction of the archaeological features. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General Information to Obtain Spherical Particles with Ordered Mesoporous Structures
Authors: Kimura Tatsuo , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: October 2012

AbstractConditions for the synthesis of aluminum organophosphonate (AOP) and aluminophosphate (AlPO) spheres containing periodic mesopores were optimized and demonstrated to be general morphological controls for the surfactant‐assisted synthesis of mesoporous materials. High‐quality AOP and AlPO spheres with uniform mesopores were obtained at low and high temperatures, respectively. The aerosol‐assisted synthesis of materials with uniform mesopores was categorized by using the difference in relative density of soluble AOP and AlPO oligomers that interact with ethylene oxide (EO) units in EOnPOmEOn triblock copolymer (PO=propylene oxide). Then, ordered mesoporous structures are constructed with the adequate amount of species in resultant frameworks, and the number of interactive points in soluble species determines the resultant density of the frameworks after self‐assembly. Consequently, temperature‐dependent synthesis, which allows controlled infiltration of soluble species to match the density of resultant frameworks, is required for the formation of ordered mesoporous structures under morphological control.
Optimizing α for better statistical decisions: A case study involving the pace‐of‐life syndrome hypothesis
Authors: Mudge Joseph F. , Penny Faith M. , Houlahan Jeff E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSetting optimal significance levels that minimize Type I and Type II errors allows for more transparent and well‐considered statistical decision making compared to the traditional α = 0.05 significance level. We use the optimal α approach to re‐assess conclusions reached by three recently published tests of the pace‐of‐life syndrome hypothesis, which attempts to unify occurrences of different physiological, behavioral, and life history characteristics under one theory, over different scales of biological organization. While some of the conclusions reached using optimal α were consistent to those previously reported using the traditional α = 0.05 threshold, opposing conclusions were also frequently reached. The optimal α approach reduced probabilities of Type I and Type II errors, and ensured statistical significance was associated with biological relevance. Biologists should seriously consider their choice of α when conducting null hypothesis significance tests, as there are serious disadvantages with consistent reliance on the traditional but arbitrary α = 0.05 significance level.
Endotoxin removal and prevention for pre‐clinical biologics production
Authors: Serdakowski London Anne , Kerins Brendan , Tschantz William R. , Mackay Kasey 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe removal of endotoxin from protein solutions and its prevention are key to the success of recombinant protein production due to the possible pyogenic response in mammals caused by contaminated samples. In the pre‐clinical situation, protein production is often carried out in a non‐good manufacturing practice (GMP) setting, utilizing bacterial DNA for transient transfection and non‐validated cleaning techniques. Here, we present our findings evaluating various options for endotoxin removal, and propose strategies for endotoxin prevention with emphasis on chromatographic separations, endotoxin‐removing membranes and on‐column wash strategies.