bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using an Age‐Specific Nursing Model to Tailor Care to the Adolescent Surgical Patient
Authors: Monahan Janean Carter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA surgical experience can be stressful for any patient. When the patient is an adolescent, however, the surgical experience can create significant stress, which is related to normal adolescent development. Perioperative nursing care should address what adolescent patients perceive as stressful and should provide a safe environment so that a successful surgical outcome can be achieved. To accomplish this, a nursing model specific to perioperative nursing practice should be developed to guide nurses when providing care to adolescents. The Adolescent Perioperative System Stability Model based on the Neuman Systems Model provides a framework for defining scope of practice and organizing nursing care that is appropriate for the adolescent during a surgical experience. In addition to guiding nursing practice, this model provides direction and guidance for future studies of adolescents in the perioperative setting.
Clinical Issues‐June 2014
Authors: Ogg Mary J. 
Published: May 2014

This MonthCell phone use in the ORKey words: cell phones, smartphones, distraction.Lidocaine toxicityKey words: medication toxicity, medication allergy, lidocaine, local anesthetics, adverse reactions.Transporting supplies from the sterile processing department to the ORKey words: sterile supplies, sterile processing department, supply transport, contamination, lift, elevator.
Theory of mind understanding and empathic behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Peterson Candida 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper begins with a review of past research on theory of mind and empathy in children with ASD. Using varied operational definitions of empathy ranging from physiological heart rate through story vignettes to reports by privileged observers (e.g., teachers) of children's empathic behavior, results of previous studies are limited and contradictory. Thus new evidence is needed to answer two key questions: Are children with ASD less empathic than typically developing children? Do individual differences in theory of mind (ToM) understanding among children with ASD predict differences in their behavioral empathy? An original empirical study of 76 children aged 3–12 years (37 with ASD; 39 with typical development) addressed these. Results showed that children with ASD were significantly less empathic, according to their teachers, than typically developing children. However, this was not because of their slower ToM development. Findings showed equally clearly that ToM understanding was unrelated to empathy in children with ASD. The same was true for typically developing children once age and verbal maturity were controlled. Indeed, even the subgroup of older children with ASD in the sample who passed false belief tests were significantly less empathic than younger preschoolers who failed them.
Cyclosporine A combined with medium/low dose prednisone in progressive IgA nephropathy
Authors: Xu Lin , Liu Zhong‐Cheng , Guan Guang‐Ju , Lv Xue‐Ai , Luo Qing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine A (CsA) combined with medium/low dose prednisone in the treatment of progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Ninety‐six patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were enrolled in a prospective controlled clinical study. They were assigned into two groups and initially given either 0.6–0.8 mg/kg/day prednisone (maximum 40 mg/day) plus 3 mg/kg/day CsA (CsA group), or 1 mg/kg/day prednisone (maximum 60 mg/day) alone (steroid group). During therapy, the dose of prednisone was reduced in both groups and the dose of CsA was gradually tailed off over the first 3 months and maintained at 2 mg/kg/day in the CsA group. Urinary protein excretion, serum biochemical indexes, clinical efficacy and side effects of CsA were assayed. A significant decline in mean 24‐hour urinary protein excretion (p < 0.05) was observed 1 month after treatment in patients in the CsA group, which was observed 2 months after treatment in the steroid group. The decline in mean 24‐hour urinary protein excretion in the CsA group was more significant than in the steroid group. Serum albumin level increased significantly in the CsA group 2 months after therapy (p < 0.05). Moreover, at the end of the course, a higher remission rate was observed in patients with Lee's Grade III IgAN after combined treatment with prednisone and CsA (p < 0.05). No significant difference in clinical efficacy was observed in patients with Lee's Grade IV and Grade V IgAN between the two groups (p > 0.05). CsA at a dose of 2–3 mg/kg/day in combination with medium/low dose prednisone was effective in inducing remission of IgAN, especially for patients with Lee's Grade III IgAN, and is a safe and effective choice for short‐term treatment of patients with progressive IgAN.
Path planning of the hybrid parallel robot for ankle rehabilitation
Authors: Rakhodaei Hamid , Saadat Mozafar , Rastegarpanah Alireza , Abdullah Che Zulkhairi 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new configuration for ankle rehabilitation using a 9-DOF (degree of freedom) hybrid parallel robot. The robot contains nine linear actuators serially connecting two movable platforms and one stationary platform. The optimization is based on the singularity and dynamic analysis of the robot. The obtained data of the ankle motions from a series of experiments were applied to the model in order to investigate the motion of the end-effector and the force required for each actuator in a particular path. The end-effector tracking simulation results validated the proposed theoretical analysis of the required rehabilitation path of the foot.
First norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of green seaweed (Enteromorpha spp.) in South Korea
Authors: PARK J. H. , JEONG H. S. , LEE J. S. , LEE S. W. , CHOI Y. H. , CHOI S. J. , JOO I. S. , KIM Y. R. , PARK Y. K. , YOUN S. K. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYIn February 2012, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in school A; a successive outbreak was reported at school B. A retrospective cohort study conducted in school A showed that seasoned green seaweed with radishes (relative risk 7·9, 95% confidence interval 1·1–56·2) was significantly associated with illness. Similarly, a case-control study of students at school B showed that cases were 5·1 (95% confidence interval 1·1–24·8) times more likely to have eaten seasoned green seaweed with pears. Multiple norovirus genotypes were detected in samples from students in schools A and B. Norovirus GII.6 isolated from schools A and B were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Green seaweed was supplied by company X, and norovirus GII.4 was isolated from samples of green seaweed. Green seaweed was assumed to be linked to these outbreaks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported norovirus outbreak associated with green seaweed.
Diclofenac is toxic to the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis: widening the diversity of raptors threatened by NSAID misuse in South Asia
Authors: SHARMA ANIL K. , SAINI MOHINI , SINGH SHAMBHU D. , PRAKASH VIBHU , DAS ASIT , BHARATHI DASAN R. , PANDEY SHAILEY , BOHARA DAULAL , GALLIGAN TOBY H. , GREEN RHYS E. , KNOPP DIETMAR , CUTHBERT RICHARD J. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThree Critically Endangered Gyps vultures endemic to South Asia continue to decline due to the use of diclofenac to treat livestock. High nephrotoxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures, leading to death, has been established by experiment and observation, in four out of five Gyps vulture species which occur in South Asia. Declines have also been observed in South Asia’s four other non-Gyps vulture species, but to date there has been no evidence about the importance of diclofenac as a potential cause. Neither is there any evidence on the toxicity of diclofenac to the Accipitridae other than vultures. In this study, gross and microscopic lesions and diclofenac tissue levels in Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis found at a cattle carcass dump in Rajasthan, India, show evidence of the toxicity of diclofenac for this species. These findings suggest the possibility that diclofenac is toxic to other accipitrid raptors and is therefore a potential threat to much wider range of scavenging species in South Asia.
Sex Definitions and Gender Practices
Authors: CREGAN KATE 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:In recent years the Australian parliament has been considering the rights to protection from discrimination of intersex and gender identity disorder (GID) people. In 2013 such protections were made law in the amendment to the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, which in turn has influenced Senate inquiries into the medical treatment of intersex people. This year’s Australian report describes the purview and the potential ramifications of the inquiry of the Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs, published in October 2013, into the involuntary or coerced sterilization of intersex people in Australia.
The problems that exist when considering the anatomic variability between the channels that permit interventricular shunting
Authors: Bailliard Frédérique , Spicer Diane E. , Mohun Timothy J. , Henry G. William , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough steps are being taken to produce a universally acceptable coding system for categorisation of the congenitally malformed hearts, obstacles remain in the search for consensus. One of the groups of lesions continuing to produce the greatest problems is those that permit interventricular shunting. The difficulties relate partly to the words used to describe the group itself, as those using Germanic languages describe the holes as ventricular septal defects, whereas those using Romance languages consider them to represent interventricular communications. The two terms, however, are not necessarily synonymous. Further disagreements relate to whether the lesions placed within the group should be sub-categorised on the basis of their geographical location within the ventricular mass, as opposed to the anatomic nature of their borders. In reality, attention to both the features is necessary if we are to recognise the full extent of phenotypic variability. In this review, we first review the evolution and theories of analysis naming the channels that permit interventricular shunting. We then demonstrate that embryologic techniques provide evidence that the changing morphology of the developing murine heart parallels the anatomy of the different lesions encountered in the congenitally malformed human heart. We suggest that, with attention paid to the temporal development of the normal murine heart, combined with a strict definition of the plane of separation between the right and left ventricular cavities, it will be feasible to produce a categorisation that is acceptable to all.
Universalising Aspirations: Community and Social Service in the Ismaʻili Imagination in Twentieth-Century South Asia and East Africa
Authors: MUKHERJEE SOUMEN 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTaking the example of the Ismaʻilis in colonial South Asia and East Africa, this article examines some aspects of the complexities involved in the identity formation of communities seeking gradual redefinitions in a deterritorialised global context, reformulating notions of community membership in the process. The Ismaʻili case illustrates an intertwined history of the development of community identity, and a language of social service that became the hallmark of the community under a religious leadership that virtually redefined its position through a vigorous and increasing emphasis on the idiom of social commitment. At one level, this thrust marks a passage from the translocal to the global context, intelligible in terms of the conceptual rubric of global assemblages. At another level, the article also seeks to evaluate the nature of the community's diasporic experience in Africa. It suggests that the ideational framework and praxis of social service — and in more recent times grander developmental endeavours addressing the needs of both Ismaʻilis and non-Ismaʻilis across the world — both reflect, and are mutually constitutive of, more fundamental experiments with identity and repositioning of religious authority that the Ismaʻilis first witnessed in colonial South Asia and East Africa. This article is thus an effort to retrieve some of the continuities and ruptures in the historical process.
Contribution of food sources to the vitamin B12 status of South Indian children from a birth cohort recruited in the city of Mysore
Authors: Christian Anna M , Krishnaveni Ghattu V , Kehoe Sarah H , Veena Sargoor R , Khanum Rumana , Marley-Zagar Ella , Edwards Phil , Margetts Barrie M , Fall Caroline HD 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveThere is evidence that subclinical vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is common in India. Vegetarianism is prevalent and therefore meat consumption is low. Our objective was to explore the contribution of B12-source foods and maternal B12 status during pregnancy to plasma B12 concentrations.DesignMaternal plasma B12 concentrations were measured during pregnancy. Children’s dietary intakes and plasma B12 concentrations were measured at age 9·5 years; B12 and total energy intakes were calculated using food composition databases. We used linear regression to examine associations between maternal B12 status and children’s intakes of B12 and B12-source foods, and children’s plasma B12 concentrations.SettingSouth Indian city of Mysore and surrounding rural areas.SubjectsChildren from the Mysore Parthenon Birth Cohort (n 512, 47·1 % male).ResultsThree per cent of children were B12 deficient (<150 pmol/l). A further 14 % had ‘marginal’ B12 concentrations (150–221 pmol/l). Children’s total daily B12 intake and consumption frequencies of meat and fish, and micronutrient-enriched beverages were positively associated with plasma B12 concentrations (P=0·006, P=0·01 and P=0·04, respectively, adjusted for socio-economic indicators and maternal B12 status). Maternal pregnancy plasma B12 was associated with children’s plasma B12 concentrations, independent of current B12 intakes (P<0·001). Milk and curd (yoghurt) intakes were unrelated to B12 status.ConclusionsMeat and fish are important B12 sources in this population. Micronutrient-enriched beverages appear to be important sources in our cohort, but their high sugar content necessitates care in their recommendation. Improving maternal B12 status in pregnancy may improve Indian children’s status.
Sub-15-nm patterning of asymmetric metal electrodes and devices by adhesion lithography
Authors: Beesley David J. , Semple James , Krishnan Jagadamma Lethy , Amassian Aram , McLachlan Martyn A. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , deMello John C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCoplanar electrodes formed from asymmetric metals separated on the nanometre length scale are essential elements of nanoscale photonic and electronic devices. Existing fabrication methods typically involve electron-beam lithography—a technique that enables high fidelity patterning but suffers from significant limitations in terms of low throughput, poor scalability to large areas and restrictive choice of substrate and electrode materials. Here, we describe a versatile method for the rapid fabrication of asymmetric nanogap electrodes that exploits the ability of selected self-assembled monolayers to attach conformally to a prepatterned metal layer and thereby weaken adhesion to a subsequently deposited metal film. The method may be carried out under ambient conditions using simple equipment and a minimum of processing steps, enabling the rapid fabrication of nanogap electrodes and optoelectronic devices with aspect ratios in excess of 100,000.
Polarization fatigue of organic ferroelectric capacitors
Authors: Zhao Dong , Katsouras Ilias , Li Mengyuan , Asadi Kamal , Tsurumi Junto , Glasser Gunnar , Takeya Jun , Blom Paul W. M. , de Leeuw Dago M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe polarization of the ferroelectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE) decreases upon prolonged cycling. Understanding of this fatigue behavior is of great technological importance for the implementation of P(VDF-TrFE) in random-access memories. However, the origin of fatigue is still ambiguous. Here we investigate fatigue in thin-film capacitors by systematically varying the frequency and amplitude of the driving waveform. We show that the fatigue is due to delamination of the top electrode. The origin is accumulation of gases, expelled from the capacitor, under the impermeable top electrode. The gases are formed by electron-induced phase decomposition of P(VDF-TrFE), similar as reported for inorganic ferroelectric materials. When the gas barrier is removed and the waveform is adapted, a fatigue-free ferroelectric capacitor based on P(VDF-TrFE) is realized. The capacitor can be cycled for more than 108 times, approaching the programming cycle endurance of its inorganic ferroelectric counterparts.
Effects of Surgically Implanting Radio Transmitters in Juvenile Largemouth Bass
Authors: Thompson Brandon C. , Porak Wesley , Allen Micheal S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRecent advances in the technology of miniature radio transmitters have allowed researchers to study smaller fish, including juveniles, for which behavioral information is lacking. Transmitters selected should have minimal effects on tagged fish so that inferences may be made about untagged individuals. Our objective was to evaluate the short‐term effects of surgically inserted dummy transmitters (1.2–2.7% of the fish's body weight) on growth and predator avoidance in 90–120‐mm hatchery‐reared Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. We compared growth and predator avoidance between tagged and untagged (control) fish in tanks. Mortality of tagged and control fish was variable by tank and was most commonly caused by columnaris, a fish disease widespread in aquaculture. A slight impairment of growth for tagged fish (difference of as much as 1.19% body weight gained per day) was observed during experiments run for 21 and 30 d. At the conclusion of each growth experiment, most fish had shed their suture and incisions had completely healed. No incidents of transmitter expulsion occurred in either growth experiment. During the predation trials, 49% of both tagged fish and controls were eaten by predators, suggesting that the radio tags did not affect the fish's vulnerability to predation. Despite some mortality observed in the laboratory and slight growth impairment in tagged fish, predation studies implied that the ability to avoid predators was not affected in tagged individuals. Therefore, we conclude that surgical implantation of radio transmitters can be a valid tagging technique for examining the behavior of juvenile Largemouth Bass in short‐term field studies.
Advantages and Challenges of Genetic Stock Identification in Fish Stocks with Low Genetic Resolution
Authors: Araujo H. Andres , Candy John R. , Beacham Terry D. , White Bruce , Wallace Colin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGenetic stock identification (GSI) is widely applied to mixed‐stock fisheries for many commercially exploited species. However, the accuracy of GSI depends on the level of differentiation among stocks. To evaluate our ability to estimate contributions in mixed‐stock fisheries of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, a species with limited population genetic differentiation, we analyzed 46 odd‐year Pink Salmon stocks belonging to a baseline of genotypes from southern British Columbia, the Fraser River, and Puget Sound. Samples were obtained without replacement from the baseline (known mixtures), and 16 microsatellite loci were used for analysis with two software packages (cBayes and ONCOR) to evaluate the accuracy of using this marker set to identify the correct region, subregion, and spawning site. The correct subregion was identified for Pink Salmon from southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. However, incorrect assignments were observed for the Fraser River subregions and the stock‐specific estimates. In addition, we used simulated baselines with the average genetic differentiation index FST ranging from 0.0007 to 0.04 (the range of FST values observed in Pink Salmon stocks) to identify biases in the GSI software programs. The results suggested that stock‐level genetic identification is subject to significant biases (>15%) when the average FST among baseline stocks is less than 0.01. ONCOR was more accurate than cBayes in identifying the correct stock at small mean FST values (<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the software packages at larger FST values. Our results can help to improve GSI methods and to identify their limitations, especially for stocks with low genetic separation.
Proximate Composition and Energy Density of Stream‐Maturing Adult Steelhead during Upstream Migration, Sexual Maturity, and Kelt Emigration
Authors: Penney Zachary L. , Moffitt Christine M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn anadromous salmonids, muscle tissue provides the primary source of energy to support spawning migrations and spawning. We examined changes in the lipid content, protein content, and energy density of white muscle collected from stream‐maturing Snake River–Columbia River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss during several phases of reproduction. At a basinwide scale, we estimated that between early freshwater entry and postspawning (kelt) emigration, the lipid content of white muscle was reduced by 94% to levels less than 1% of wet tissue weight. Lipid was depleted more rapidly than protein during the reproductive cycle and afterward provided the only remaining somatic energy source for the postspawning migration. We found that protein content was consistently higher in sexually mature male steelhead than in females, suggesting that energy allocation prior to reproduction varies between the sexes. In kelts, the lipid content, protein content, and energy density of white muscle were significantly higher in good‐condition individuals than in poor‐condition fish. Fork length was positively correlated with both protein content and energy density in kelts, suggesting that larger kelts have higher somatic energy than smaller kelts. We found no evidence of significant interannual variation in lipid, protein, and energy density of sexually mature steelhead and steelhead kelts. Postspawning survival of steelhead is likely limited by the low energy density of kelts, and our data lend support to observations of low iteroparity rates in this and other populations of inland stream‐maturing steelhead.
Development of a Multimetric Index for Fish Assemblages in a Cold Tailwater in Tennessee
Authors: Ivasauskas Tomas J. , Bettoli Phillip W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTailwaters downstream of hypolimnetic‐release hydropeaking dams exhibit a unique combination of stressors that affects the structure and function of resident fish assemblages. We developed a statistically and biologically defensible multimetric index of fish assemblages for the Caney Fork River below Center Hill Dam, Tennessee. Fish assemblages were sampled at five sites using boat‐mounted and backpack electrofishing gear from fall 2009 through summer 2011. A multivariate statistical approach was used to select metrics that best reflected the downstream gradients in abiotic variables. Five metrics derived from boat electrofishing samples and four metrics derived from backpack electrofishing samples were selected for incorporation into the index based on their high correlation with environmental data. The nine metrics demonstrated predictable patterns of increase or decrease with increasing distance downstream of the dam. The multimetric index generally exhibited a pattern of increasing scores with increasing distance from the dam, indicating a downstream recovery gradient in fish assemblage composition. The index can be used to monitor anticipated changes in the fish communities of the Caney Fork River when repairs to Center Hill Dam are completed later this decade, resulting in altered dam operations.