bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement effect of electrical properties in post‐annealed wafer‐bonded Ge(001)‐OI substrate
Authors: Yamasaka Shuto , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Yoshitake Osamu , Kikkawa Jun , Izunome Koji , Sakai Akira 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe investigated the electrical properties of non‐doped wafer‐bonded germanium‐on‐insulator substrates (Ge(001)‐OI) post‐annealed in various ambiences using a pseudo‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistor. The transistor operation in the Ge(001)‐OI without post‐annealing was observed in the n‐channel mode with hysteresis in the channel conductance versus gate voltage curves. The n‐channel transistor operation was depletion type, with a large threshold voltage shift from the ideal threshold voltage (∼0 eV). Upon post‐annealing the Ge(001)‐OI, the behavior of the hysteresis and threshold voltage shift caused by interface defects was improved, which strongly depended on the post‐annealing condition. Post‐annealing in a N2 ambience yielded the most effective improvement, which included some O2 gas. This improvement is presumably because oxygen vacancies near the Ge/SiO2 interfaces are reduced by the oxygen supply during the post‐annealing treatment.
Wire metamaterial based on semiconductor matrices
Authors: Atrashchenko A. , Nashchekin A. , Mitrofanov M. , Ulin V. P. , Evtikhiev V. P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this Letter, we have presented a new approach for the fabrication of nanowire media (wire metamaterials) by electrochemical methods. AIIIBV porous matrices (a host medium) were prepared by anodic electrochemical etching of industrial substrates. The host medium has been filled via electrochemical deposition with a metal and by means of annealing process. We have shown that this technique can be used to fabricate a nanowire medium with unique parameters (such as aspect ratio, high electric permittivity and strong χ(3) nonlinearity near the fundamental absorption edge of the host media). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aircraft‐based observations of air–sea turbulent fluxes around the British Isles
Authors: Cook Peter A. , Renfrew Ian A. 
Published: February 2014

Observations of turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture from low‐level aircraft data are presented. Fluxes are calculated using the eddy covariance technique from flight legs typically ∼40 m above the sea surface. Over 400 runs of 2 min (∼12 km) from 26 flights are evaluated. Flight legs are mainly from around the British Isles although a small number are from around Iceland and Norway. Sea‐surface temperature (SST) observations from two on‐board sensors (the ARIES interferometer and a Heimann radiometer) and a satellite‐based analysis (OSTIA) are used to determine an improved SST estimate. Most of the observations are from moderate to strong wind speed conditions, the latter being a regime short of validation data for the bulk flux algorithms that are necessary for numerical weather prediction and climate models. Observations from both statically stable and unstable atmospheric boundary‐layer conditions are presented. There is a particular focus on several flights made as part of the DIAMET (Diabatic influence on mesoscale structures in extratropical storms) project.Observed neutral exchange coefficients are in the same range as previous studies, although higher for the momentum coefficient, and are broadly consistent with the COARE 3.0 bulk flux algorithm, as well as the surface exchange schemes used in the ECMWF and Met Office models. Examining the results as a function of aircraft heading shows higher fluxes and exchange coefficients in the across‐wind direction, compared to along‐wind (although this comparison is limited by the relatively small number of along‐wind legs). A multi‐resolution spectral decomposition technique demonstrates a lengthening of spatial scales in along‐wind variances in along‐wind legs, implying the boundary‐layer eddies are elongated in the along‐wind direction. The along‐wind runs may not be able to adequately capture the full range of turbulent exchange that is occurring because elongation places the largest eddies outside of the run length.
HARQ–ARQ interaction method for LTE‐based mobile satellite communication system
Authors: Hong Tae Chul , Kang Kun‐Seok , Ku Bon‐Jun , Ahn Do‐Soeb 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYHybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) of the terrestrial long‐term evolution (LTE) system are designed considering the very short propagation delay of terrestrial environment. Therefore, when HARQ and ARQ are applied to the LTE‐based mobile satellite communication system, the inefficiency is caused by the long propagation delay of satellite environment. This paper proposes the interaction method between HARQ and ARQ for the decrease of inefficiency in the LTE‐based mobile satellite communication system. The existing concept of layered architecture about HARQ and ARQ is also maintained in our interaction method. Simulation results reveal that our proposed scheme can provide the larger spectrum efficiency than that of the non‐interaction scheme in all environments. The performance improvement can be up to 2.04 times through the interaction method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The approaches to contextual transaction trust computation in e‐Commerce environments
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Wang Yan , Zhang Xiuzhen 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn e‐commerce environments, the reputation of sellers is a crucial issue to potential buyers in making decisions. Most existing trust evaluation models compute a single value to reflect the general trust level of a seller without taking any transaction context into account. With such a simple trust evaluation model, a buyer may be easily deceived by a malicious seller in a transaction where the notorious value imbalance problem is involved, namely, the malicious seller can accumulate a high level of trust by selling cheap products and then start to deceive buyers by inducing them to purchase expensive products. In this article, we first present a trust vector consisting of four trust values (termed as CTT values), the computation of each of which is based on both past transactions and the forthcoming transaction. In addition, in the computation of CTT values, the parameters, such as product category, price range, and time range, can be specified and adjusted by the buyer, yielding different sets of trust values that can outline the seller's reputation profile. As a result, the value imbalance problem potentially existing in a forthcoming transaction can be identified. The computation of CTT values requires the pre‐computation of aggregates over large‐scale ratings and transaction data with necessary combinations of three dimensions (i.e., product category, price, and time), so as to deliver prompt responses to a buyer's query on different CTT values. In solving this challenging problem, we propose three new data structures and algorithms that mainly focus on efficient computation of CTT values. Our experiments conducted on both eBay data sets and large‐scale synthetic data sets illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of our proposed approaches when responding to a buyer's CTT queries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel image steganography scheme based on morphological associative memory and permutation schema
Authors: Nazari Sara , Eftekhari‐Moghadam Amir‐Masoud , Moin Mohammad‐Shahram 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSteganography is the art and science of hiding a message in a carrier, in such a manner that no one, except the sender and intended recipient, can guess the existence of the message; it is a form of security through obscurity. Often, steganography algorithms using discrete cosine transform are detectable through steganalysis attacks. To reduce detectability of the stego, we propose an image steganography algorithm in transform domain based on morphological associative memory, permutation approach, and matrix encoding. In our proposed algorithm, in order to insert a secret message in the cover image, first, we map the cover image to a morphological representation containing morphological coefficients, and then bits of secret message are inserted into the image by permutation approach and matrix encoding. Permutation approach leads to unique distribution of secret message in the carrier, and the use of matrix encoding minimizes the number of coefficients needed to be changed because of inserting secret message. In our experiments, we compared the quality of stego, time complexity, and robustness of our method with state‐of‐art image steganography algorithms (F5 and morphological steganography) with an equal payload. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is able to produce insignificant visual distortion compared with other traditional approaches. To test the robustness of our proposed algorithm, we used wavelet‐based and block‐based steganalysis methods. The obtained results showed a high level of robustness of our algorithm against steganalysis attacks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Vipassana Meditation Course Effects on Subjective Stress, Well‐being, Self‐kindness and Mindfulness in a Community Sample: Post‐course and 6‐month Outcomes
Authors: Szekeres Roberta A. , Wertheim Eleanor H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractResidential Vipassana meditation courses, which teach mindfulness skills, are widely available globally but under‐evaluated. This study examined effects of a standardized, community‐based Vipassana course, on subjective stress, well‐being, self‐kindness and trait mindfulness in a community sample. Participants completed self‐report measures of these variables at pre‐course and post‐course (n = 122), and outcomes were compared to a control group of early enrollers (EEs) (n = 50) who completed measures at parallel time points before course commencement. Six‐month follow‐up was undertaken in the intervention group (n = 90). Findings, including intention‐to‐complete analyses, suggested positive effects of the Vipassana course in reducing subjective stress and increasing well‐being, self‐kindness and overall mindfulness (present‐moment awareness and non‐reaction). Although some reductions in post‐course gains were found at follow‐up, particularly in stress, follow‐up scores still showed improvements compared to pre‐course scores. Mindfulness change scores between pre‐course and 6‐month follow‐up were moderately to highly correlated with outcome variable change scores, consistent with the idea that effects of the Vipassana course on stress and well‐being operate, at least partially, through increasing mindfulness. The present research underscores the importance of undertaking further investigations into Vipassana courses’ effects and applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model refactoring using examples: a search‐based approach
Authors: Ghannem Adnane , El Boussaidi Ghizlane , Kessentini Marouane 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTOne of the important challenges in model‐driven engineering is how to improve the quality of the models' design in order to help designers understand them. Refactoring represents an efficient technique to improve the quality of a design while preserving its behavior. Most of existing work on model refactoring relies on declarative rules to detect refactoring opportunities and to apply the appropriate refactorings. However, a complete specification of refactoring opportunities requires a huge number of rules. In this paper, we consider the refactoring mechanism as a combinatorial optimization problem where the goal is to find good refactoring suggestions starting from a small set of refactoring examples applied to similar contexts. Our approach, named model refactoring by example, takes as input an initial model to refactor, a set of structural metrics calculated on both initial model and models in the base of examples, and a base of refactoring examples extracted from different software systems and generates as output a sequence of refactorings. A solution is defined as a combination of refactoring operations that should maximize as much as possible the structural similarity based on metrics between the initial model and the models in the base of examples. A heuristic method is used to explore the space of possible refactoring solutions. To this end, we used and adapted a genetic algorithm as a global heuristic search. The validation results on different systems of real‐world models taken from open‐source projects confirm the effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of Consensus Gene Signature and Intermodular Connectivity Defining Self-Renewal of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Kim Jeffrey J. , Khalid Omar , Namazi AmirHosien , Tu Thanh G. , Elie Omid , Lee Connie , Kim Yong 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Molecular markers defining self-renewing pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been identified by relative comparisons between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Most of analysis has been done under a specific differentiation condition that may present significantly different molecular changes over others. Therefore, it is currently unclear if there are true consensus markers defining undifferentiated human ESCs (hESCs). To identify a set of key genes consistently altered during differentiation of hESCs regardless of differentiation conditions, we have performed microarray analysis on undifferentiated hESCs (H1 and H9) and differentiated EBs and validated our results using publicly available expression array datasets. We constructed consensus modules by Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis and discovered novel markers that are consistently present in undifferentiated hESCs under various differentiation conditions. We have validated top markers (downregulated: LCK, KLKB1, and SLC7A3; upregulated: RhoJ, Zeb2, and Adam12) upon differentiation. Functional validation analysis of LCK in self-renewal of hESCs using LCK inhibitor or gene silencing with siLCK resulted in a loss of undifferentiation characteristics—morphological change, reduced alkaline phosphatase activity, and pluripotency gene expression, demonstrating a potential functional role of LCK in self-renewal of hESCs. We have designated hESC markers to interactive networks in the genome, identifying possible interacting partners and showing how new markers relate to each other. Furthermore, comparison of these datasets with available datasets from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revealed that the level of these newly identified markers was correlated to the establishment of iPSCs, which may imply a potential role of these markers in gaining of cellular potency. Stem Cells 2014;32:1468–1479
Concise Review: Cancer Cells Escape from Oncogene Addiction: Understanding the Mechanisms Behind Treatment Failure for More Effective Targeting
Authors: Pellicano Francesca , Mukherjee Leena , Holyoake Tessa L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Oncogene addiction describes the dependence of some cancers on one or a few genes for their survival. Inhibition of the corresponding oncoproteins can lead to dramatic responses. However, in some cases, such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a disease characterized by the presence of the abnormal fusion tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL, cancer stem cells may never acquire addiction to the oncogene that drives disease development. The suggested mechanism(s) for treatment failure include a quiescent stem cell population capable of reinstating disease, high levels of oncoprotein expression, or acquired mutations in the oncogene. In this review, we discuss the evidence for oncogene addiction in several solid tumors and their potential escape mechanism(s) with a particular focus on CML stem cells. Stem Cells 2014;32:1373–1379
An anticipated shear design method for reinforced concrete beams strengthened with anchoraged carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer by using neural network
Authors: Tanarslan H. M. , Kumanlioglu A. , Sakar G. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYUsing externally bonded carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) for strengthening has been turned into a popular decision owing to its mechanical leads. Consequently, design guidelines and researchers have established several analytical equations to predict the contribution of FRP to ultimate shear capacity. The developed analytical equations projected the influence of FRP reinforcements within certain limits. However, not mentioned parameters such as the shear span‐to‐depth ratio and anchorage application influence the ultimate behavior of strengthened specimens. Accordingly, distant predictions between test results and code predictions are observed for the specimens in whom anchorage is applied. As an alternative method, artificial neural network (NN) can be used to predict the contribution of anchoraged carbon FRP to shear strength of deficient reinforced concrete beams. Accordingly, two NN models with back‐propagation are developed in this study. Unlike the existing design codes, the model considers the effect of anchorage and the shear span‐to‐depth ratio at the ultimate state. Artificial NN model is trained, validated and tested using the literature of 79 reinforced concrete beams. Then, NN results are compared with those ‘theoretical’ predictions calculated directly from International Federation for Structural Concrete, the American guideline (ACI 440.2R) and the Australian guideline. Within all theoretical predictions of design guidelines, fib14 provided the best predictions according to experimental results. Consequently, 25% of fib14 predictions are within ±10% of the experimental results, and also, 65% of the fib14 predictions are within ±25% of the measured values. Besides, executed comparisons indicated that the NN model is more exact than the guideline equations with respect to the experimental results and can be applied effectively within the range of parameters covered in this study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability and seismic analyses of leaning towers: the case of the minaret in Jam
Authors: Clemente Paolo , Saitta Fernando , Buffarini Giacomo , Platania Laura 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYThe leaning Minaret of Jam, one of the tallest in the world, was declared as the Afghanistan's first World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2002. The global stability analysis of the tower against soil collapse is first evaluated in the present configuration, in the hypothesis of increasing bending moment at the base section, assuming elastic‐perfect plastic behavior for the soil. Then, a finite element model is set up, which is used for the modal analysis and then for the seismic push‐over analysis, based on both single and multi‐modal approaches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of humic acid on the toxicity of nano‐ZnO and Zn2+ to the Anabaena sp.
Authors: Tang Yulin , Li Shuyan , Lu Yao , Li Qian , Yu Shuili 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study explored the effects of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (nano‐ZnO) and Zn2+ to Anabaena sp. Typical chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including effective quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency and maximal electron transport rate, were measured by a pulse‐amplitude modulated fluorometer. Results showed that nano‐ZnO and Zn2+ could inhibit Anabaena sp. growth with the EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) of 0.74 ± 0.01 and 0.3 ± 0.01 mg/L, respectively. In the presence of 3.0 mg/L of HA, EC50 of nano‐ZnO increased to 1.15 ± 0.04 mg/L and EC50 of Zn2+ was still 0.3 ± 0.01 mg/L. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that HA prevented the adhesion of nano‐ZnO on the algae cells due to the increased electrostatic repulsion. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and cellular lipid peroxidation were significantly limited by HA. Nano‐ZnO had more damage to the cell membrane than Zn2+ did, which could be proven by the malondialdehyde content in Anabaena sp. cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 895–903, 2015.
Modeling marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) habitat using LiDAR‐derived canopy data
Authors: Hagar Joan C. , Eskelson Bianca N. I. , Haggerty Patricia K. , Nelson S. Kim , Vesely David G. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTLiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an emerging remote‐sensing tool that can provide fine‐scale data describing vertical complexity of vegetation relevant to species that are responsive to forest structure. We used LiDAR data to estimate occupancy probability for the federally threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in the Oregon Coast Range of the United States. Our goal was to address the need identified in the Recovery Plan for a more accurate estimate of the availability of nesting habitat by developing occupancy maps based on refined measures of nest‐strand structure. We used murrelet occupancy data collected by the Bureau of Land Management Coos Bay District, and canopy metrics calculated from discrete return airborne LiDAR data, to fit a logistic regression model predicting the probability of occupancy. Our final model for stand‐level occupancy included distance to coast, and 5 LiDAR‐derived variables describing canopy structure. With an area under the curve value (AUC) of 0.74, this model had acceptable discrimination and fair agreement (Cohen's κ = 0.24), especially considering that all sites in our sample were regarded by managers as potential habitat. The LiDAR model provided better discrimination between occupied and unoccupied sites than did a model using variables derived from Gradient Nearest Neighbor maps that were previously reported as important predictors of murrelet occupancy (AUC = 0.64, κ = 0.12). We also evaluated LiDAR metrics at 11 known murrelet nest sites. Two LiDAR‐derived variables accurately discriminated nest sites from random sites (average AUC = 0.91). LiDAR provided a means of quantifying 3‐dimensional canopy structure with variables that are ecologically relevant to murrelet nesting habitat, and have not been as accurately quantified by other mensuration methods. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Ambient Temperature Sn–C Bond Cleavage Reaction Involving the Sn‐n‐butyl Group. Weak F···F Interactions in the Solid State Structure of [{nBu2SnO2C–C6H4‐4‐CF3}2O]2
Authors: Gopal Kandasamy , Kundu Subrata , Metre Ramesh K. , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe reaction of bis(tri‐n‐butyltin)oxide, [nBu3Sn]2O, with HO2C–C6H4–4‐CF3 (RfTol‐CO2H) affords a coordination polymer [nBu3SnO2C–RfTol]n (1). 1 undergoes hydrolysis in the presence of atmospheric moisture, at room temperature, resulting in the formation of the diorgano stannoxane [{nBu2SnO2C–RfTol}2O]2 (2). The transformation of 1 to 2 is accompanied by a Sn–C bond cleavage reaction. Formation of 2 also occurs in a direct reaction, involving [nBu3Sn]2O and RfTol–CO2H in the presence of water. 2 can also be prepared in a 1:1 reaction of di‐n‐butyltin oxide, [nBu2SnO]n with RfTol–CO2H. The conversion of 2 from 1 was monitored by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy over a period of eight days. The molecular structure of 2 reveals a tetranuclear assembly consisting of two pairs of structurally distinct six‐coordinate tin atoms. Extensive hydrogen‐bonding interactions (C‐H···O, C‐H···F) and weak F···F interactions involving organo‐fluorine atoms in the crystal structure result in the formation of a three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture for 2.