bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sub‐dissociative dose intranasal ketamine for limb injury pain in children in the emergency department: A pilot study
Authors: Yeaman Fiona , Oakley Ed , Meek Robert , Graudins Andis 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aims to conduct a pilot study examining the effectiveness of intranasal (IN) ketamine as an analgesic for children in the ED.MethodsThe present study used an observational study on a convenience sample of paediatric ED patients aged 3–13 years, with moderate to severe (≥6/10) pain from isolated limb injury. IN ketamine was administered at enrolment, with a supplementary dose after 15 min, if required. Primary outcome was change in median pain rating at 30 min. Secondary outcomes included change in median pain rating at 60 min, patient/parent satisfaction, need for additional analgesia and adverse events being reported.ResultsFor the 28 children included in the primary analysis, median age was 9 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6–10). Twenty‐three (82.1%) were male. Eighteen (64%) received only one dose of IN ketamine (mean dose 0.84 mg/kg), whereas 10 (36%) required a second dose at 15 min (mean for second dose 0.54 mg/kg). The total mean dose for all patients was 1.0 mg/kg (95% CI: 0.92–1.14). The median pain rating decreased from 74.5 mm (IQR 60–85) to 30 mm (IQR 12–51.5) at 30 min (P < 0.001, Mann–Whitney). For the 24 children who contributed data at 60 min, the median pain rating was 25 mm (IQR 4–44). Twenty (83%) subjects were satisfied with their analgesia. Eight (33%) were given additional opioid analgesia and the 28 reported adverse events were all transient and mild.ConclusionsIn this population, an average dose of 1.0 mg/kg IN ketamine provided adequate analgesia by 30 min for most patients.
Expression analysis of chlorophyllid α binding protein, a secretory, red fluorescence protein in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Chen Lin , Yang Rui , Hu Xiao‐Long , Xiang Xing‐Wei , Wu Xiao‐Feng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractChlorophyllid α binding protein (chbp) was recently characterized by its ability to bind the prosthetic group of chlorophylls and little information is known regarding its expression. In the present study, we found that chpb was expressed highly and exclusively in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori. The expression level of chbp was very high in the newly molted fifth instar larvae followed by gradual decline in the same instar. Our results demonstrated that CHBP was a secretory protein and located mainly in the apical of midgut epithelial cells. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis results showed that chpb highly expressed in the anterior midgut, threefold and sixfold higher compared with that of the middle midgut and posterior midgut, respectively, and chpb expression declined in darkness. In addition, the expression of chbp was affected by high‐dose virus or bacterium infection.
Prevalence and significance of autoantibodies in patients with alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Lian Min , Hua Jing , Sheng Li , Qiu De Kai 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and significance of serum autoantibodies in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) patients.MethodsIn total, 90 male patients diagnosed with ALD or ALD overlapping with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were included and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data and laboratory findings were collected. Anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA), anti‐mitochondrial antibody (AMA) and anti‐smooth muscle antibody (SMA) were detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay.ResultsAutoantibodies were found in 69.6% (48/69) of patients with ALD and 66.7% (14/21) of those with ALD overlapping with CHB. The prevalence of total ANA in ALD patients was 63.8% (44/69). High titers of autoantibodies and multi‐autoantibodies were found to be more often associated with cirrhosis than non‐cirrhosis. There was a significant difference in the levels of globulin, white blood cell and platelet count (P < 0.05) between patients with positive and negative autoantibodies. However, the values of the other parameters were similar in the two groups. Patients with ALD more frequently had positive autoantibodies than those with CHB alone (69.6% vs 37.5%, P < 0.01). And 10.4% of ALD patients with positive autoantibodies had systemic autoimmune or vascular diseases, which was not found in the CHB patients.ConclusionsAutoantibodies are frequently present in patients with ALD and correlate to advanced liver disease. A high prevalence of autoantibodies in ALD may indicate that alcoholic‐associated immune disturbance occurs during the development of the disease.
Admission Heart Rate Predicts Mortality Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Observational Study
Authors: Noman Awsan , Balasubramaniam Karthik , Das Rajiv , Ang Donald , Kunadian Vijay , Ivanauskiene Taida , Zaman Azfar G. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe prognostic value of admission heart rate (HR) on long‐term mortality in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains uncertain in the modern era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). This study aimed to assess the predictive value of admission HR on long‐term mortality following PPCI and the influence of beta‐blockers on postdischarge survival.MethodsRetrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 2310 PPCI‐treated STEMI patients at a regional tertiary center between March 2008 and June 2010.ResultsPatients were classified according to admission HR into either low (≤70 beat per minute [bpm], n = 1015) or high HR group (>70 bpm, n = 1295). At a median follow‐up of 559 days, all‐cause mortality was 7.0% in the low HR group compared to 12.7% in the high‐HR group. In the Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for several confounders, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all‐cause mortality in the high HR group was 1.59 (1.15–2.20; P = 0.005). Every 10‐bpm increase in admission HR was associated with 17% increase in all‐cause mortality. Beta‐blockers on discharge was associated with a reduction in postdischarge mortality only in the high HR group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [0.31–0.77; P = 0.002]), but not in the low HR group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74 [0.37–1.49; P = 0.33]).ConclusionsElevated admission heart rate in PPCI‐treated STEMI patients is associated with long‐term all‐cause mortality. Beta blocker therapy improved postdischarge survival in patients with elevated admission heart rate.
Linking the pattern to the mechanism: How an introduced mammal facilitates plant invasions
Authors: Barrios‐Garcia M. Noelia , Simberloff Daniel 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNon‐native mammals that are disturbance agents can promote non‐native plant invasions, but to date there is scant evidence on the mechanisms behind this pattern. We used wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a model species to evaluate the role of non‐native mammals in promoting plant invasion by identifying the degree to which soil disturbance and endozoochorous seed dispersal drive plant invasions. To test if soil disturbance promotes plant invasion, we conducted an exclosure experiment in which we recorded emergence, establishment and biomass of seedlings of seven non‐native plant species planted in no‐rooting, boar‐rooting and artificial rooting patches in Patagonia, Argentina. To examine the role of boar in dispersing seeds we germinated viable seeds from 181 boar droppings and compared this collection to the soil seed bank by collecting a soil sample adjacent to each dropping. We found that both establishment and biomass of non‐native seedlings in boar‐rooting patches were double those in no‐rooting patches. Values in artificial rooting patches were intermediate between those in boar‐rooting and no‐rooting treatments. By contrast, we found that the proportion of non‐native seedlings in the soil samples was double that in the droppings, and over 80% of the germinated seeds were native species in both samples. Lastly, an effect size test showed that soil disturbance by wild boar rather than endozoochorous dispersal facilitates plant invasions. These results have implications for both the native and introduced ranges of wild boar, where rooting disturbance may facilitate community composition shifts.
Cinnabar is Different from Mercuric Chloride in Mercury Absorption and Influence on the Brain Serotonin Level
Authors: Wang Qi , Yang Xiaoda , Zhang Baoxu , Yang Xiuwei , Wang Kui 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe toxicity of cinnabar, a naturally occurring mercury sulphide (HgS), has long been referred to soluble mercury chloride (HgCl2). To investigate whether the speciation of mercury plays a role in its disposition and toxicity, we hereby investigated and compared cinnabar with soluble HgCl2 and pure insoluble HgS in mice on mercury absorption, tissue distribution and in relation to the biological effects. The male C57BL/6J mice were treated by oral administration of various doses of cinnabar, with 0.01 g/kg of HgCl2 for comparison, or the same dose of cinnabar or pure HgS (0.1 g/kg), once a day for 10 consecutive days. The total mercury contents in serum and tissue (brain, kidney, liver) were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). The biological effects investigated involved monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, 5‐HT) in brain as an indicator of therapeutic function, and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) as a marker of hepatic damage, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine as markers for renal function. The mercury absorption of cinnabar or HgS was much less than that of HgCl2. The mercury levels in brains of the cinnabar group were only slightly changed and kept in a steady‐state with the dose elevated. Cinnabar or HgS suppressed brain 5‐HT levels. HgCl2 could not cause any changes in brain 5‐HT although the mercury level increased considerably. The results revealed that cinnabar or HgS is markedly different from HgCl2 in mercury absorption, tissue distribution and influence on brain 5‐HT levels, which suggests that the pharmacological and/or toxicological effects of cinnabar undertake other pathways from mercuric ions.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congener (BDE‐100) Induces Mitochondrial Impairment
Authors: Pereira Lílian Cristina , de Souza Alecsandra Oliveira , Dorta Daniel Junqueira 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBrominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE‐100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy‐producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE‐100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE‐100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate‐stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N‐ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE‐100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE‐100.
Non‐Fatal Suicidal Self‐Poisonings in Children and Adolescents over a 5‐Year Period (2007–2011)
Authors: Zakharov Sergey , Navratil Tomas , Pelclova Daniela 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyse non‐fatal suicidal self‐poisonings in children and adolescents and to identify commonalities that might direct preventive health efforts. From the database of the Czech Toxicological Information Center, the inquiries due to non‐fatal suicidal self‐poisonings in children (9–13 years old) and adolescents (14–18 years old) in 2007–2011 were evaluated. From 10,492 calls about suicide attempts, 2393 concerned children and adolescents (13.5% and 86.5%, respectively). Most suicide attempts were committed during the spring (31.3%). Among toxic agents, drugs were used in 97.8% of the cases. 63% of cases involved monopoisonings and combinations of more than three drugs (10.3%) were rare. The most frequent ingestions appeared using drugs affecting the nervous system and anti‐inflammatory non‐steroids. The dose was evaluated as toxic in 73.4% of the cases and as severely toxic in 3.0% of the cases. The symptoms of moderate and severe intoxications were present in 10.5% of the cases. First aid was provided in 5.6%, and gastric lavage was performed in 21.9% of the cases. Antidotes were indicated in 13.3% and secondary elimination methods in 4.4% of the cases. Mostly, one or two easily accessible drugs were used in suicide attempts, with paracetamol and ibuprofen were the most common ones. Only one in 10 children applied a non‐toxic dose. One‐fifth of the patients received medical care within 60 min. and one‐third later than 4 hr after exposure. The time criterion for gastric lavages was fulfilled in less than half of the cases, and in every fourth case, the procedure was performed when it was unlikely to be beneficial.
Differential Myotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Pre‐synaptic Neurotoxins from Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and Irian Jayan Death Adder (Acanthophis rugosus) Venoms
Authors: Chaisakul Janeyuth , Parkington Helena C. , Isbister Geoffrey K. , Konstantakopoulos Nicki , Hodgson Wayne C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPre‐synaptic PLA2 neurotoxins are important components of many Australasian elapid snake venoms. These toxins disrupt neurotransmitter release. Taipoxin, a pre‐synaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), causes necrosis and muscle degeneration. The present study examined the myotoxic and cytotoxic activities of venoms from the Papuan taipan (O. scutellatus) and Irian Jayan death adder (Acanthophis rugosus), and also tested their pre‐synaptic neurotoxins: cannitoxin and P‐EPTX‐Ar1a. Based on size‐exclusion chromatography analysis, cannitoxin represents 16% of O. scutellatus venom, while P‐EPTX‐Ar1a represents 6% of A. rugosus venom. In the chick biventer cervicis nerve‐muscle preparation, A. rugosus venom displayed significantly higher myotoxic activity than O. scutellatus venom as indicated by inhibition of direct twitches, and an increase in baseline tension. Both cannitoxin and P‐EPTX‐Ar1a displayed marked myotoxic activity. A. rugosus venom (50–300 μg/ml) produced concentration‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in a rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6), while 300 μg/ml of O. scutellatus venom was required to inhibit cell proliferation, following 24‐hr incubation. P‐EPTX‐Ar1a had greater cytotoxicity than cannitoxin, inhibiting cell proliferation after 24‐hr incubation in L6 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased after 1‐hr incubation with A. rugosus venom (100–250 μg/ml), O. scutellatus venom (200–250 μg/ml) and P‐EPTX‐Ar1a (1–2 μM), but not cannitoxin (1–2 μM), suggesting venoms/toxin generated cell necrosis. Thus, A. rugosus and O. scutellatus venoms possess different myotoxic and cytotoxic activities. The proportion of pre‐synaptic neurotoxin in the venoms and PLA2 activity of the whole venoms are unlikely to be responsible for these activities.
Antinociceptive and Anti‐inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract, Fractions and 8‐Methoxylapachenol from Sinningia allagophylla Tubers
Authors: Barbosa Felipe L. , Mori Lídia S. , Riva Dilamara , Stefanello Maria Élida A. , Zampronio Aleksander R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study investigated the antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract (EESAl), fractions and the compound 8‐methoxylapachenol (8ML) obtained from the tubers of Sinningia allagophylla. Male Swiss mice were treated with EESAl (3–300 mg/kg) or vehicle by oral route (p.o.) 1 hr before the injection of formalin 2.5% or carrageenan (Cg) into the hind paw. EESAl (3–30 mg/kg) reduced the inflammatory phase of the nociceptive behaviour induced by formalin (around 65% for all doses). EESAl (3–300 mg/kg, p.o.) also reduced Cg‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia and oedema in a dose‐dependent fashion but did not change the hot‐plate latency or the motor performance of the animals. Oral administration of petroleum ether fraction (PE, 3 mg/kg), but not in the methanolic fraction (30 mg/kg), reduced both Cg‐induced oedema and hyperalgesia. Compound 8ML isolated from PE (1.8 mg/kg, p.o.) abolished Cg‐induced hyperalgesia but also did not change hot‐plate latency or motor performance of the animals. 8ML administration into the paw (0.75–750 pg) dose‐dependently reduced Cg‐induced hyperalgesia. 8ML (750 pg) also blocked the hyperalgesia induced by tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but failed to change the hyperalgesia induced by cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant‐1 (CINC‐1) and dopamine (Dopa). These results suggest that EESAl has an important antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activity, the former one related, at least in part, to the reduction in the hyperalgesia. Similarly, 8ML reduced Cg‐induced oedema and mechanical hyperalgesia and seems to act in peripheral sites and on the prostaglandin rather than on the sympathetic component of the Cg‐inflammatory hyperalgesia.
Reduction in Sympathetic Nerve Activity as a Possible Mechanism for the Hypothermic Effect of Oseltamivir, an Anti‐influenza Virus Drug, in Normal Mice
Authors: Ono Hideki , Iwajima Yui , Nagano Yuko , Chazono Kaori , Maeda Yasuhiro , Ohsawa Masahiro , Yamamoto Shohei 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOseltamivir, an anti‐influenza virus drug, has strong antipyretic effects in mice (Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31, 2008, 638) and patients with influenza. In addition, hypothermia has been reported as an adverse event. The prodrug oseltamivir is converted to oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), an active metabolite of influenza virus neuraminidase. In this study, core body temperature was measured in mice, and oseltamivir and OC were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p). Low i.c.v. doses of oseltamivir and OC dose‐dependently produced hypothermia. Zanamivir (i.c.v.), another neuraminidase inhibitor, did not produce hypothermia. These results suggested that the hypothermic effects of oseltamivir (i.p. and i.c.v.) and OC (i.c.v.) are not due to neuraminidase inhibition. OC (i.p.) did not lower body temperature. Although mecamylamine (i.c.v.) blocked the hypothermic effect of nicotine‐administered i.c.v., the hypothermic effects of oseltamivir and OC (i.c.v.) were not blocked by mecamylamine (i.c.v.). The effect of oseltamivir (i.p.) was markedly increased by s.c.‐pre‐administered mecamylamine and also hexamethonium, a peripherally acting ganglionic blocker, suggesting their potentiating interaction at peripheral sites. The hypothermic effect of nicotine (i.c.v.) was decreased by lower doses of oseltamivir (i.c.v.), suggesting the anti‐nicotinic action of oseltamivir. These results suggest that oseltamivir (i.p.) causes hypothermia through depression of sympathetic temperature regulatory mechanisms via inhibition of nicotinic receptor function and through unknown central mechanisms.
Cytodiagnosis of erosive melanoma and basal cell carcinoma of the skin using cutaneous tissue smear
Authors: Özden M. G. , Maier T. , Bek Y. , Ruzicka T. , Berking C. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Background
Cytomorphological assessment of erosive skin tumours offers a rapid and minimally invasive way to obtain a diagnosis. However, the studies so far conducted on this method have been relatively small.

Aim
To conduct a large retrospective study on cytomorphological assessment of erosive skin tumours.

Methods
In this study, 86 cytological smears prepared from erosive cutaneous tumours clinically suspicious for melanoma were examined to test the diagnostic accuracy and practicability of cytomorphological evaluation of such tumours, and to compare the assessments of two investigators with different experience levels. In a subgroup of tumours, cytological assessment was compared with dermoscopic evaluation.

Results
There was agreement in the cytological and histopathological results for 68 of 86 cases (79%) assessed by the experienced investigator and in 64 of 86 cases (74%) assessed by the inexperienced investigator. The diagnosis was confirmed cytologically in 39 and 34 of 42 melanomas, and in 28 and 27 of 35 basal cell carcinomas, respectively. The sensitivity of the cytodiagnosis was not significantly different between the two investigators. The dermoscopic evaluation showed good agreement with the cytological results for melanoma (82.4%), although use of dermoscopy was only possible for 49.9% of the lesions because of difficulties with the samples.

Conclusions
Cytological assessment of erosive melanoma and BCC lesions is a useful tool for gaining additional information on clinically uncertain skin tumours, and shows good agreement between different investigators.
Clinical scoring and instrumental analysis to evaluate skin types
Authors: Mercurio D. G. , Segura J. H. , Demets M. B. A. , Maia Campos P. M. B. G. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundThe biology of the skin is very complex, and there are a number of methods used to classify the different skin types. It is possible to measure or quantify the characteristics of the specific skin types, using a variety of techniques that can objectively evaluate the properties of the skin in a noninvasive manner.AimTo clinically characterize different skin types by dermatological evaluation and biophysical and skin imaging techniques, and to evaluate the relationship between the different characteristics.MethodsThe study recruited 26 volunteers. Clinical scoring was performed by a dermatologist who classified the volunteers' skin as normal or dry (group 1) and combination or oily (group 2). Objective measurements included skin microrelief, pH, oiliness, water content of the stratum corneum and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).ResultsPositive correlations were found between the level of skin oiliness and skin texture obtained from both instrumental analysis and clinical scoring. The combination and oily skin types had higher clinical scores for shine intensity, oiliness and tendency to pigmentation, and also had higher objective scores for sebum secretion, TEWL and roughness.ConclusionsBiophysical and skin imaging techniques are effective tools to help characterize skin type and assist in clinical dermatology. We found that different skin types had different characteristics related to skin microrelief, oiliness and TEWL, and therefore require specific dermatological treatments.