bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood transfusion requirements for endoscopic sinonasal inverted papilloma resections
Authors: Habib Al-Rahim R , Hathorn Iain , Sunkaraneni Vishnu S , Srubiski Aviva , Javer Amin R 
Published: July 2013

Background Endoscopic resection of sinonasal Inverted Papilloma (SNIP) tumors has been shown to reduce intra-operative blood loss and recovery time compared to open approaches. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and requirements of blood transfusion for endoscopic SNIP surgeries. Methods An individual retrospective cohort study of endoscopic SNIP surgeries over a 10-year period was performed. Age, sex, pre-existing co-morbidity, use of anti-coagulants, tumor type and stage, time of surgery, estimated blood loss and the requirement for blood transfusion were recorded. Results 82 patients were included (57 males, 25 females). 4 (5%) Stage 1, 7 (8.5%) Stage 2, 62 (75.5%) Stage 3 and 9 (11%) Stage 4 SNIP tumors were identified according to the Krouse staging system. 3 (4%) patients required blood transfusion. 3 of the 9 (33%) Stage 4 tumors required blood transfusion. Stage 4 tumors were significantly associated with blood transfusion (p < 0.05). Higher staged tumors were associated with greater blood loss (p < 0.05) than lower staged cases. No other tumor stage required blood transfusion and no other pre-operative variable was associated with requirement for blood transfusion. Conclusion Endoscopic SNIP resections rarely require blood transfusions. No pre-operative factor other than tumor stage is associated with the requirement for blood transfusion. We would therefore suggest that only Stage 4 SNIP tumors require pre-operative type and screen.
Pyrene removal from contaminated soils by modified Fenton oxidation using iron nano particles
Authors: Jorfi Sahand , Rezaee Abbas , Moheb-ali Ghasem-ali , Jaafarzadeh Nemat alah 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
The problems related to conventional Fenton oxidation, including low pH required and production of considerable amounts of sludge have led researchers to investigate chelating agents which might improve the operating range of pH and the use of nano iron particle to reduce the excess sludge. The pyrene removal from contaminated soils by modified Fenton oxidation at neutral pH was defined as the main objective of the current study.

Methods
Varying concentrations of H2O2 (0-500 mM) and iron nano oxide (0-60 mM), reaction times of 0.5-24 hours and variety of chelating agents including sodium pyrophosphate, sodium citrate, ethylene diamine tetraacetic, fulvic and humic acid were all investigated at pyrene concentration levels of 100 – 500 mg/kg.

Results
By applying the following conditions (H2O2 concentration of 300 mM, iron nano oxide of 30 mM, sodium pyrophosphate as chelating agent, pH 3 and reaction time of 6 hours) the pyrene removal efficiency at an initial concentration of 100 mg/kg was found to be 99%. As a result, the pyrene concentration was reduced from 100 to 93 mg/kg once the above optimum conditions are met.

Conclusions
In this research, the modified Fenton oxidation using iron nano oxide at optimum conditions is introduced as an efficient alternative method in lab scale for chemical remediation or pre-treatment of soils contaminated by pyrene at neutral pH.
Communication and Trust in the Care Provided to a Dying Parent: A Nationwide Study of Cancer-Bereaved Youths
Authors: Bylund Grenklo Tove , Kreicbergs Ulrika C. , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A. , Nyberg Tommy , Steineck Gunnar , Fürst Carl Johan 
Published: July 2013

PurposeTo assess children's trust in the care provided to a dying parent during the final week of life in relation to end-of-life medical information about disease, treatment, and death.MethodsThis nationwide population-based survey included 622 (73%) of 851 youths who, 6 to 9 years earlier, at age 13 to 16 years, lost a parent to cancer. We asked about the children's reception of end-of-life professional information and trust in the care provided. We also asked about depression and several potential risk factors of distrust in the care provided.ResultsA majority (82%) reported moderate/very much trust in the care provided. Compared with children who received end-of-life medical information before their loss, the risk of distrust in the care provided was higher in those who received no information (risk ratio [RR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.1), in those who only received information afterward (RR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.7 to 5.9), and in those who did not know or remember if end-of-life medical information was provided (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5). Those reporting distrust in the care provided had an RR of 2.3 (95% CI, 1.5 to 3.5) for depression. Furthermore, the risk of distrust in the care provided was higher among children reporting poor efforts to cure (RR, 5.1; 95% CI, 3.6 to 7.3), and/or a poor relationship with the surviving parent (RR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0 to 4.1).ConclusionOur study suggests that children's trust in the care provided to a dying parent was highest when they received end-of-life medical information before their loss.
Did the elimination of lead from petrol reduce crime in the USA in the 1990s?
Authors: Hall Wayne 
Published: July 2013

This article assesses the evidence for the hypothesis that a decline in all types of crime since the early 1990s in the USA was an unintended consequence of removing lead from petrol between 1975 and 1985. It describes ecological and econometric studies that have generally but not always found correlations between lead exposures in childhood and some types of crime 20 years later; a small number of epidemiological studies that have found a dose-response relationship between lead exposure in childhood and self-reported and officially recorded criminal offences in young adulthood; and evidence for the biological plausibility of a causal relationship. The major anomaly in the evidence is that the associations reported in ecological studies are much stronger (explaining 56-90% of the variation in crime rates) than the weaker relationships found in the cohort studies (that typically explain less than 1% of the variance in offending). Suggestions are made for research that will better assess the contribution that reduced lead exposure has made to declining crime rates in the USA.
Human rights organizations’ use of the Internet as a communication medium in Egypt
Authors: Ayyad Khayrat 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This study examines how human rights organizations (HROs) use various Internet platforms as a communication tool in Egypt. It attempts to investigate four issues: (1) main themes related to human rights posted on the websites of HROs in Egypt; (2) visual and technical aspects utilized in these websites; (3) websites use of interactive communication facilities with different publics; and (4) perceptions of HRO directors about the Internet as an effective communication tool to reach out to the target publics. The researcher analysed websites of the main 34 human rights organizations in Egypt to explore how they employ these websites as suitable communication tools. A questionnaire was designed to examine how personnel and executives of HROs perceive the value of the Internet.
Findings of the study show that the HROs in Egypt use all available means to reveal violations of human rights, including their Internet sites. These bodies are mainly concerned with issues relating to basic human rights such as rights to be treated equally and not to be violated in custodies and prisons. The HROs use their websites also to present and manifest issues related to people’s rights to express their opinions through assemblies and media. The websites of the HROs applied some visual aspects in their presentations of issues related to human rights and neglected others. The analysed websites are poorly presented in terms of using tables, graphics, audio and video clips. Lack of visual and technical aspects used in the websites may be understood in terms of limited resources available to them. As for using feedback facilities by the websites of HROs, findings indicate that mutual communication and interactivity are far from being applied through the websites.
Findings also show that nearly all respondents recognize that the most important usage of the Internet is for e-mails to contact HROs’ members and to provide information to their publics. Building relationships with audiences was among the common uses of the Internet as a communication medium. On the other hand, respondents approached for this research did not perceive categories of interactive communication as common uses of the Internet. They also believed that the key objective of using the Internet is to reinforce concepts of human rights. Participants in the study also perceived that their websites had the potential to provide new advantages to their organizations such as flexibility to avoid state control and censorship that are usually imposed by the government in Egypt. Despite the fact that governments may impose censorship through procedures of licences and regulations or filtering Internet content through control of the servers, they believed that the Internet is still the most free medium in comparison to other traditional mass media.
Re-membering through film practices: Diasporic film culture and identity beyond the ‘homeland’
Authors: Smets Kevin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Contributing to the expanding field of cinema and diaspora studies, this article reports on a critical media ethnographic study of the Moroccan diaspora in Antwerp (Belgium) and its engagements with ‘homeland’ films. Unlike most previous studies on diasporic film culture, this case focuses on how a diasporic group deals with a relatively small homeland film industry. It was found that Moroccan films are especially linked to memories and nostalgia as well as to active social positionings vis-à-vis various socio-cultural formations. Hence, the notion of ‘re-membering’ is introduced to capture this dual engagement with homeland films. Further, the relative marginal position of ‘homeland’ films among the diaspora is used to reflect on the centrality of national homelands in conceptualizations of diaspora. Based on this study, sub- and supranational as well as local and religious belongings are highlighted as crucial markers of diasporic identity.
Writing out otherness
Authors: Coorlawala Uttara Asha 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Increasingly, global–local situations call for theory to honour culturally diverse discourses and histories. This article is concerned with the ways that critical writings affect material concerns of dancers. The article stages crises of alterity; writing from the underside, I call attention to the need to acknowledge multiple subjectivities and locations. Alterity compels Asian artists to negotiate whiteness as praxis, and as theories of performance. However, even as writings valorize resistance and interventions of performance, by what theories are we restraining performers?2 Is the dancer-as-subaltern3 always to be the data that validates western theory and theorizing – regardless of the origin and commitments of the writer? How may the other, redefine himself or herself and be heard? I attend to the discomforts of participant-observation when writing about performances; to the discomforts produced by dichotomizing gazes on bodies that perform nationality. I attend to the performance of pluralities of Asianness from within the glass walls of a hothouse inside Euro-American dance discourse. Much has been said about intertexts and performance, but what about tacit knowledge that flies below the radar of ‘the cultural’?4 We need to consider intracultural epistemologies of perception such as the Natya Shastra discourses. This article asks how do we write non-violently so that identities can travel amidst moving spaces, cultural, personal, theoretical, performative spaces.
Innovativeness of MNC subsidiaries in Brazil: The effects of global and local integration
Authors: Marin Anabel , Costa Ionara 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Recent evidence coming from the spillover literature convincingly shows that only innovative subsidiaries generate positive effects in host emerging economies. However, we know little about what encourages multinational subsidiaries to become innovative in these types of contexts. In this article, we shed light on this question by exploring how different degrees of subsidiaries’ integration into the host economy and their corporation, and changes over time regarding these two types of integration, are associated with the intensity of innovative activity of subsidiaries in Brazil. Our findings indicate that local integration by itself is not associated with high innovative intensity. Indeed, only subsidiaries that are simultaneously integrated into their global corporation as well as into the host economy are highly innovative. Furthermore, when dynamic effects are added to the analysis, we find that substantial improvements in subsidiaries’ innovative behaviour occur in subsidiaries which have moved over time towards higher levels of local and corporate integration.
Technology transfer and innovation: The role of the Brazilian TTOs
Authors: Dos Santos Marli Elizabeth Ritter , Torkomian Ana Lúcia Vitale 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Currently, Brazil is going through a very particular moment, in which we can recognize a paradigm shift in the role of economic actors – universities, companies and government – which are working together to generate the technological innovation necessary for the country’s sovereignty. This integration is of crucial importance because although the country is responsible for a significant part of world scientific production, the transformation of knowledge into wealth has yet to achieve similar success. This article aims to discuss the context of universities–companies–government cooperation in Brazil, giving special attention to the Technology Transfer Office (TTO), established in the country under the Technological Innovation Law, which is named as Technological Innovation Nucleus (NIT). Its function is to serve as a facilitator-interface to provide corporate access to universities, and to encourage technology transfer through licensing and/or through the creation of spin-offs,.
The Relationship Between Parents’ and Children’s Television Viewing
Authors: Bleakley Amy , Jordan Amy B. , Hennessy Michael 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE:To examine the effect of parental television viewing on children’s television viewing compared with traditional predictors such as household television access, parental rules, and demographic characteristics of the child, parent, and household.METHODS:An online survey using national samples of 1550 parents with children in 3 age groups (children ≤5 years, children aged 6–11 years, and adolescents aged 12–17 years), weighted to be representative of US parents with children in each age group. Adolescents (n = 629) of participating parents were also surveyed.RESULTS:Parent television time is associated with child television time and had a stronger relationship to child time than access to television in the home or the child’s bedroom, as well as parental rules about television viewing and coviewing. This pattern persisted across all age groups of children.CONCLUSIONS:Educating parents about the relationship between their own and their child’s viewing may be a useful strategy for interventions that aim to reduce children’s excessive television viewing. Additionally, health professionals can engage parents in a discussion about how family television time is associated with increased television time for children.
Preventing Dental Caries in Children &lt;5 Years: Systematic Review Updating USPSTF Recommendation
Authors: Chou Roger , Cantor Amy , Zakher Bernadette , Mitchell Jennifer Priest , Pappas Miranda 
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Screening and preventive interventions by primary care providers could improve outcomes related to early childhood caries. The objective of this study was to update the 2004 US Preventive Services Task Force systematic review on prevention of caries in children younger than 5 years of age.

METHODS:
Searching Medline and the Cochrane Library (through March 2013) and reference lists, we included trials and controlled observational studies on the effectiveness and harms of screening and treatments. One author extracted study characteristics and results, which were checked for accuracy by a second author. Two authors independently assessed study quality.

RESULTS:
No study evaluated effects of screening by primary care providers on clinical outcomes. One good-quality cohort study found pediatrician examination associated with a sensitivity of 0.76 for identifying a child with cavities. No new trials evaluated oral fluoride supplementation. Three new randomized trials were consistent with previous studies in finding fluoride varnish more effective than no varnish (reduction in caries increment 18% to 59%). Three trials of xylitol were inconclusive regarding effects on caries. New observational studies were consistent with previous evidence showing an association between early childhood fluoride use and enamel fluorosis. Evidence on the accuracy of risk prediction instruments in primary care settings is not available.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is no direct evidence that screening by primary care clinicians reduces early childhood caries. Evidence previously reviewed by the US Preventive Services Task Force found oral fluoride supplementation effective at reducing caries incidence, and new evidence supports the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in higher-risk children.
A Low Electron Voltage Approach to Increase Spatial Resolution of Temperature Mapping in Thermal Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Wu Xiaowei , Hull Robert 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThermal scanning electron microscopy is a new temperature mapping technique based on thermal diffuse scattering in electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope. It provides both nano-scale resolution and far-field non-contact temperature mapping capabilities no other methods can adequately combine. While a calculated spatial resolution of less than 100 nm has already been realized using 20 keV electrons, lower energy incident electrons should enable still higher spatial resolution (even down to 10 nm). In this paper, the feasibility of this approach is examined.
Advanced Characterization Techniques for Nanoparticles for Cancer Research: Applications of SEM and NanoSIMS for Locating Au Nanoparticles in Cells
Authors: Kempen Paul J , Hitzman Chuck , Sasportas Laura S , Gambhir Sanjiv S , Sinclair Robert 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe ability of nano secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to locate and analyze Raman active gold core nanoparticles (R-AuNPs) in a biological system is compared with the standard analysis using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The same cell with R-AuNPs on and inside the macrophage was analyzed with both techniques to directly compare them. SEM analysis showed a large number of nanoparticles within the cell. Subsequent NanoSIMS analysis showed fewer R-AuNPs with lower spatial resolution. SEM was determined to be superior to NanoSIMS for the analysis of inorganic nanoparticles in complex biological systems.
Effect of Silver thickness and Annealing on Optical and Electrical Properties of Nb2O5/Ag/Nb2O5 Multilayers as Transparent Composite Electrode on Flexible Substrate
Authors: Dhar Aritra , Alford T. L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTMultilayer structures of Nb2O5/Ag/Nb2O5 have been deposited onto flexible substrates by sputtering at room temperature to develop indium free composite transparent conductive electrodes. The optical and electrical properties of the multilayers are measured by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Hall measurement and four point probe and the effect of Ag thickness has been studied. The critical thickness of Ag to form a continuous conducting layer is found to be 9.5 nm and the multilayer stack has been optimized to obtain a sheet resistance of 7.2 Ω/sq and an average optical transmittance of 86 % at 550 nm. The Haacke figure of merit (FOM) has been calculated for the films, and the multilayer with 9.5 nm thick Ag layer has the highest FOM with 31.5 x 10-3 Ω/sq, which is one of the best FOM reported till date for room temperature deposition on flexible substrates. The multilayered samples are annealed in vacuum, forming gas, air and O2 environments and the optical and electrical properties are compared against the as-deposited samples.
Exothermic and Recursive Reaction of Self-Sinterable Silver Ink for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Shin Dong-Youn , Chun Sangki 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTFor the construction of highly conductive printed electrodes on a polymeric substrate with a low glass transition temperature, the development of a low temperature sinterable conductive ink has been a crucial issue in printed electronics and display applications. In this work, we introduce a novel type of self-sinterable silver ink, whose sintering is triggered at a low temperature and completed with the aid of its own exothermic reaction, and propose its exothermic reaction mechanism. Although individual components of this self-sinterable silver ink, Ag2O and silver carboxylate, exhibit endothermic behaviors, their mixture form shows a strong exothermic reaction when heated at 150 °C. It is found that the dissociated form of the used silver carboxylate contributes to the reduction of Ag2O to Ag through its recursive reaction and produces silver nanoparticles. The major source of an exothermic reaction results from the nucleation and fusion of silver nanoparticles.
Biosensor based on DNA directed immobilization of enzymes onto optically sensitive porous Si
Authors: Shtenberg Giorgi , Massad-Ivanir Naama , Moscovitz Oren , Engin Sinem , Sharon Michal , Fruk Ljiljana , Segal Ester 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTOptical biosensor for monitoring proteolytic activity is constructed by DNA-directed immobilization of enzymes onto porous Silicon nanostructures. This sensor configuration allows both protease recycling and easy surface regeneration for subsequent biosensing analysis by means of mild dehybridization conditions. We demonstrate real-time analysis of minute quantities of proteases paving the way for substrate profiling and the identification of cleavage sites. The biosensor is compatible with common proteomic methods and allows for a successful downstream mass spectrometry analysis of the reaction products.
Modeling Energy Consumption in Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment in North Africa
Authors: Skouteris George , Arnot Tom C. , Jraou Mouna , Feki Firas , Sayadi Sami 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT: Two pilot‐scale membrane bioreactors were operated alongside a full‐sized activated sludge plant in Tunisia in order to compare specific energy demand and treated water quality. Energy consumption rates were measured for the complete membrane bioreactor systems and for their different components. Specific energy demand was measured for the systems and compared with the activated sludge plant, which operated at around 3 kWh m−3. A model was developed for each membrane bioreactor based on both dynamic and steady‐state mass balances, microbial kinetics and stoichiometry, and energy balance. Energy consumption was evaluated as a function of mixed‐liquor suspended solids concentration, net permeate fluxes, and the resultant treated water quality. This work demonstrates the potential for using membrane bioreactors in decentralised domestic water treatment in North Africa, at energy consumption levels similar or lower than conventional activated sludge systems, with the added benefit of producing treated water suitable for unrestricted crop irrigation.