bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facility Risk Profile: A Methodology Of Putting Various Risk Assessment Information To Work
Authors: Saleem Omer , Kovach Steve 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Various risk assessment methodologies are used across the oil & gas industry to identify potential risks, for example Integrated Hazard Identification (IHAZID), Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) and Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) etc. Many times results of such detailed assessments reside with local SME functions (e.g. engineering, health environment and safety (HES) or process safety (PS) etc.) and are not widely communicated, understood and used by line functions e.g. operations, maintenance and different levels of organization to make risk based decisions.
A "Facility Risk Profile" process has been developed and implemented for Chevron's San Joaquin Valley Business Unit (SJVBU) in California. The Facility Risk Profile is a methodology to systematically use information from various risk identification processes, to analyze and communicate results to various functions and levels of organization to allow risk based decision making. This methodology is especially useful for upstream oil & gas organizations where multiple geographically separated facilities are owned and operated by sub-organizations. Collection, comparison and communication of various types of risk information across sub-organizations would allow common ownership and resource prioritization. In summary this methodology comprises of:
Common enterprise-wide risk assessment values and language that allows for the organization to effectively communicate assessed risks. Gathering, analyzing and grouping data from existing risk identification processes (e.g. iHAZID and HAZOP) to identify high consequence scenarios across multiple sub-organizations and facilities. Use gathered data to facilitate discussions of cross functional workgroups (e.g. drilling, pipeline, and abandonment etc.) and capture any perceived catastrophic process safety (PS) risks "not already identified". Facilitated sessions with leadership to prioritize high consequence risks across various sub-facilities and identify the top ten process safety risks for the business unit (BU). Use the top 10 BU PS risks as a BU risk profile to align annual Business Planning to prioritize resources and activities. Conduct this exercise at a regular frequency (annual or every other year) depending on the complexity of facilities, workforce turnover rate and activity levels (could be indicated by annual capital and operating $$ spend rates).
Observed benefits of proposed Facility Risk Profile exercise include communication and ownership of high consequence risks across the BU leadership and refreshing the level of awareness to high consequence PS risks across the organization.
HSE and Well Integrity: Friends or Foes?
Authors: Wilson Valerie A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) is a defined and recognizable term and requirement in the Oil and Gas Industry, and has been for decades. Well Integrity on the other hand has become the Industry's "catch" phrase over the past few years. With increasing company and regulatory requirements surrounding Well Integrity how are companies handling the co-mingling of their HSE and Well Integrity systems? Oil and gas operations must not only be safe but also be seen as safe. This paper will discuss the optimal reporting lines for HSE and Well Integrity Teams, as well as, commonalities and differences in the roles they play in an organization. A survey was conducted through posting the link at: http://www.wellintegrity.net/ and distribution to Well Integrity professionals which results will be discussed throughout this paper. This paper will also discuss human factors that affect the success and implementation of a Well Integrity program and statistics collected by different industry groups to examine if there are trends to illustrate that HSE and/or Well Integrity are being effective.
Enhancing Social Knowledge Management to Drive Performance Improvement
Authors: Valiyev Tural , Wild Elizabeth 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Industry is increasingly realizing the role knowledge management plays in enhancing operational effectiveness. Effective knowledge management promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an organisation's knowledge-based assets. These assets may include tools and templates, documents, policies, procedures, good practice and case studies.
In the past, knowledge management in BP's social practitioner discipline lacked a structured and disciplined approach. Valuable knowledge was passed on informally from team to team or through meetings and virtual forums, but not recorded for others to draw on. Skilled people (eg long term contractors on large projects) took knowledge with them when they moved on. This caused loss of lessons learned while planning and executing projects or running complex operations, making it difficult for new businesses to access the knowledge unless they could contact the individuals involved.
This paper explains BP's efforts over the past two years to develop and formalise knowledge management mechanisms for social practitioners and others involved in social risk and impact management. BP has developed and tested a range of mechanisms, including virtual networks and distribution lists, group subject matter experts on social issues, inclusion of social topics in a 10 year career roadmap for environmental practitioners, e-classroom trainings, social capability development for people who lead early environmental and social project screenings, recorded knowledge-sharing workshops, face to face forums, peer support, share points, intranet sites and electronic Q and A systems.
The paper explains how BP's efforts to improve and standardize social knowledge management are based on the interaction of three elements: people, process and technology. The authors highlight the need to draw on other disciplines, e.g. environment, project and operations personnel, external affairs, supply chain management and security, to achieve an integrated approach.
Review of Sound and Marine Life Guidelines for Marine Seismic Operations
Authors: Martin Nikki C. , John Karen St. , Gill C. G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Potential impacts from anthropogenic sound on marine life, including from geophysical operations, have received ever-increasing attention in recent years from regulators, environmental non-governmental organizations, fishing organizations and the public. As a result, many national government agencies and international agencies have developed a range of guidelines and regulations aimed at mitigating these potential impacts.
Regulations vary between countries and regional authorities, and in several locations there are no official guidelines in place. Regulations are frequently amended, often in reaction to public demand and overly conservative estimates of potential impacts. Operating globally, the geophysical industry faces many challenges as it seeks to understand and properly implement the disparate and changing regulatory requirements.
The geophysical industry is committed to conducting offshore activities in an environmentally responsible manner, including compliance with mitigation and monitoring guidelines and regulations. More than four decades of worldwide seismic surveying and various scientific research indicate that the risk of direct physical injury to marine mammals is extremely low. In addition, there is no scientific evidence that demonstrates biologically significant negative impacts on marine life populations. Nevertheless, the members of the International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC) support measures that are proportionate to the potential risk and based on the best available science to minimize any potential impact of their operations.
IAGC proactively engages with government agencies in their development of regulations and IAGC also supplies guidance to its members where none exist, including its guidance documents Recommended Mitigation Measures for Cetaceans during Geophysical Operations (1) and Guidance for Marine Life Visual Observers (2), both published in 2011, and Guidance on the Use of Towed Passive Acoustic Monitoring during Geophysical Operations (3), published in January 2014.
This paper will review the current status of guidelines globally and serve as an update to the 2008 SPE paper on this topic (4). In addition, this paper discusses how guidelines have evolved since 2008, how they have impacted the geophysical industry, and the actions IAGC has undertaken to address the issue.
Dealing With Cumulative Environmental Risk in Unlocking Access to Constrained Resources in Frontier Areas and Unconventional Resources
Authors: Wright Nigel H 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Constrained access to oil and gas reserves is one of the top risks for future oil and gas. The best energy opportunities are in frontier areas and in new unconventional resources, but these often overlap with environmentally sensitive or refuge areas.Advances in technology have brought these high risk areas within business radar of companies, but have catapulted new environmental risk dimensions (potential "show stoppers") to the forefront of corporate opportunity ranking.
A comparison will be made of pioneering approaches to deal with cumulative risk in offshore polar zones and new onshore unconventional energy. In new frontier Arctic areas, increasing levels of cumulative noise pollution can disrupt the ecological sounds cape of marine species upon which they depend for their survival. In contrast, advances in fracking technology onshore have brought into stakeholder focus the widespread and cumulative risks of unconventional energy both in terms of surface multiple drill site infrastructure and subsurface invisible cumulative risks to critical subsurface water resources. A critique of new techniques, current research and innovations into the development a 3D risk-scape for the marine environment to assess the significance of human imposed sound pollution on former pristine bioacoustic habitat, will be presented. Unlocking access to these energy resources will require industry to demonstrate how marine species and unique habitats can be safeguarded from mu cumulative threats over the next 20 years. Cutting edge approaches to lifecycle evaluation of unconventional energy development using GIS data bases and mapping to measure and communicate overall impact to stakeholders, will be illustrated using case selected case histories. Insights will be given into subsurface modelling and monitoring techniques to reduce long term risk to critical water resources.
The first stage of unlocking access to sensitive reserves is to achieve "preferred bidder" status for new acreage, which will be judged on corporate delivery of environmental and safety performance past promises made around the globe. Industry needs to convince stakeholders, that cumulative environmental risks in escalating development can be managed using new innovative techniques to safeguard the sustainability of key species, or face lockout of some vital areas.
The Expanding Role of Natural Gas: Comparing Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Siveter R. , Castañeda J. , Emmert A. , Lee A. , Juez J. Martin , Stephenson T. , Riera-Palou X. , Ritter K. , Smith G. R. , Verduzco L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Natural gas is experiencing a period of strong growth. Increased resource estimates, and improvements in production and transport technologies are allowing it to fill an expanding role in energy supply, and in important demand sectors such as electricity generation. In the USA, a rapid increase in production from ‘unconventional’ sources (e.g. shale) has resulted in an abundance of low-priced natural gas, encouraging a shift from coal to gas in power generation. Since natural gas is a fuel with inherently lower carbon content than coal, that shift has contributed to a significant decline in USA greenhouse gas emissions.
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas systems is one of the many, real and perceived, factors concerning natural gas development and the industry's social licence to operate. A wealth of recent data on GHG emissions from contemporary natural gas systems is now emerging. This information will facilitate both the accurate comparison of alternative technologies and the management of emissions so that gas resources can be developed prudently, to displace other, more carbon emission-intensive options and contribute to economic growth.
This paper draws on material from an IPIECA workshop in 2012, and focuses on the expanding role of natural gas, the new resource base estimates, its GHG footprint compared to other energy sources, and projected demands from different sectors.
From a Multi-National to a Generative Safety Culture - A Road Map
Authors: Doherty Brett A. , Price Jeffrey J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this Paper the "Safety Culture" of a large national liquefied natural gas (LNG) company, is explored. The impetus for the paper stems from a company vision for a highly developed dynamic sustainable "Safety Culture" continually developing to meet the challenges associated with a potentially hazardous environment and a multicultural / multinational workforce.
The paper commences with an analysis of the understanding of "Safety Culture", the tools used to improve ‘Safety Culture’ and an analyses of the results gathered from the company’s "Safety Culture" assessment.
Historical and current analysis of the organisations cultural assessment(s) are then reviewed, along with employee climate surveys, and information gathered from employee forums and discussion group, to determine where the organisation sits in the Safety Culture Ladder.
Findings from the cultural assessment are then cross referenced with international recommended practice, specifically the "International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, "A guide to selecting appropriate tools to improve HSE Culturei" to outline a bespoke toolkit for culture improvement specific to the organisation. This ultimately will allow the development of a dynamic, sustainable, safety culture which will build on the Company’s safety performance.
Congo: A Process Safety Approach For The Refurbishment Of Old Facilities"
Authors: Rosa L. La , Petrone A. , Rainaldi I. , Bosco M. , Gallo G. , Cherubin P. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Aging and mature oil and gas assets may pose serious problems when it comes to ensure integrity of Process and Operations. Depending on age, repair history, deterioration (even not necessarily associated with time), and all the other factors that influence the beginning, evolution and mitigation of its degradation many equipment may be out of compliance with Safety standards or with original manufacturer’s specification. This may result in an increasing likelihood of failure and urge the company to make a partial or total refurbishment of the plant to prevent Major Accident Hazards.
It is therefore apparent that management of equipment integrity especially in old facilities requires an effective Process Safety Management approach that can support at managerial level the decisions and the actions that need to be under taken with respect to the asset itself: the alternatives can consist in elaborating dedicated studies to justify continued service, re-rating, fix, refurbish or scrapping the equipment.
This paper describes how integrity issues related to old facilities in Congo have been managed in the framework of the Company Process Safety Management System through the application of BART (Base line risk Assessment tool) BART is a Process Safety risk management tool supported by dedicated software that combines a simplified quantitative risk assessment (QRA) with a bow-tie model a to identify and assess any potential hazards and associated risks, that may arise from process activities in onshore and offshore oil & gas installations.
In the aging assets in Congo, the application of BART has provided a clear picture of the risk level of the plant: the need for some actions already included in the HSE risk register has been confirmed and further recommendations to improve the overall safety of the installations (in addition to those already implemented or foreseen) have been suggested.
In the overall, this application has once again confirmed the soundness of BART methodology and its important role as a tool for assurance and verification within the Company Process Safety Management y framework.
Addressing the Social and Community Impacts of Shale Gas Development
Authors: Reider Susan , Wasserstrom Robert 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Regulators, legislators, local officials and social scientists have become increasingly concerned about the social and community impacts of shale gas development. Drawing on a long tradition of research about western energy boomtowns, researchers have identified four major categories of community impact: economic volatility, instability and de-diversification; rapid (and harmful) industrialization of rural areas; community "corrosion" (uneven costs and benefits); and psycho-social disruption. Many of these impacts involve conflict – among landowners, within communities, between communities and companies. Most of them will be unfamiliar to US oil and gas companies, because they evolved outside of current regulatory frameworks. But they are already shaping policy debates over shale gas development in Pennsylvania, New York and Colorado, as well as the federal government.
Mitigating the risk of conflict in shale gas plays would appear to be a high priority for both industry and government. New tools will be needed to avoid or mitigate social conflict, including a detailed understanding of existing social cleavages and mechanisms of solidarity in rural communities. Yet many of these tools have been used in overseas oil and gas operations for at least two decades: in most major capitol projects, for example, companies analyze the baseline socioeconomic conditions that give rise to potential (or existing) conflict. Such assessments provide an essential first step in anticipating and addressing community-level impact. Using case studies from two Marcellus Shale regions, this paper will present a model for analyzing community-level impacts and recommend appropriate measures to avoid or mitigate them.
Managing Socio-economic Risk in Frontier Areas: A Case Study of Oil Development in the Falkland Islands
Authors: Wagner Jay , Dowse Susan , Jones Murray 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Oil and gas activities raise important socio-economic questions for host governments, local communities and project proponents alike. If not identified and managed in a timely and effective manner, socio-economic issues - such as labour market effects, population influx, revenue management, social investment and socio-cultural change - can result in significant non-technical risk to projects including local opposition, permitting and project delays, inadequate delivery of benefits and reduced scope to prevent and/or mitigate negative impacts.
These issues are particularly important where oil and gas projects take place in remote and environmentally and socially sensitive areas. Addressing socio-economic impacts early on can provide companies with timely identification of socio-economic, cultural and environmental issues at strategic and project level, as part of corporate planning, due diligence and risk management. Independent socio-economic impact studies can help resource companies (and host governments) plan projects more effectively, especially in relation to socio-economic impact management, social investment and overall stakeholder engagement.
This paper explores the rationale, process and outcomes of an Independent SocioEconomic Impact Study of a proposed offshore oil development in the Falkland Islands. Arguing that the management of socio-economic issues is essential to any project’s approach to non-technical risk (NTR) management, the paper discusses the value of socio-economic impact studies as a means to manage socio-economic impacts. It also discusses key lessons of the Falkland Island study and its relevance to other projects around the world.
Towards Integrated Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Ulfsnes Amund , Møskeland Thomas , Frost Tone Karin , Hepsø Vidar , Gramvik Geir , Brönner Ute , Rylandsholm Pål 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A large part of the earth’s remaining offshore oil and gas reserves are found in environmentally sensitive areas where (extraction) operations and discharges to the environment can have negative consequences for the ecosystem. The offshore oil and gas industry needs to adapt to this reality, and develop new more prudent ways of working.
On the Norwegian Continental Shelf, oil and gas operations often take place in areas with cold water corals, deep sea sponge aggregations or spawning grounds for sand eel and other benthic resources. In order to minimize the risk of negative impacts from operations in these sensitive areas, monitoring of discharges and of the vulnerable environmental resources is required.
Two systems providing decision support in this new risk reality are under development. The first is a system for real time integration, analysis and visualization of multi sensor environmental data, operational data and modeled data. This system is applicable for oil and gas operations in general, but the initial focus has been on drilling operations in sensitive areas.
The second is a system for real time modeling and risk assessment of drilling operations. This includes combining state-of-the-art models for hydrodynamic and discharge modeling. The model output will be combined and fed into risk assessment computations.
The two systems combined will support decision making in order to minimize risk of negative effects on vulnerable resources during oil and gas operations.
Analysis, visualization of real-time data from different data sources and modeling in real time enables the operator to continuously assess the potential impact to the environment and to control the operation such that the risk to the environment is minimized.
To support different roles and to optimize the decision making process different graphical user interfaces are made available, presenting data in different contexts and at different aggregation levels. For example geographic representation and plotting of time series have proven to be particularly useful.
For companies operating in environmentally sensitive areas, these systems represent decision making tools, enabling them to better plan and manage their operations.
Intelligently integrated into daily operations this represents a large step towards Integrated Environmental Monitoring, which key industry players consider to be a pre requisite to obtaining license to operate in new unexplored sensitive areas.