bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From experimental zoology to big data: Observation and integration in the study of animal development
Authors: Bolker Jessica , Brauckmann Sabine 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe founding of the Journal of Experimental Zoology in 1904 was inspired by a widespread turn toward experimental biology in the 19th century. The founding editors sought to promote experimental, laboratory‐based approaches, particularly in developmental biology. This agenda raised key practical and epistemological questions about how and where to study development: Does the environment matter? How do we know that a cell or embryo isolated to facilitate observation reveals normal developmental processes? How can we integrate descriptive and experimental data? R.G. Harrison, the journal's first editor, grappled with these questions in justifying his use of cell culture to study neural patterning. Others confronted them in different contexts: for example, F.B. Sumner insisted on the primacy of fieldwork in his studies on adaptation, but also performed breeding experiments using wild‐collected animals. The work of Harrison, Sumner, and other early contributors exemplified both the power of new techniques, and the meticulous explanation of practice and epistemology that was marshaled to promote experimental approaches. A century later, experimentation is widely viewed as the standard way to study development; yet at the same time, cutting‐edge “big data” projects are essentially descriptive, closer to natural history than to the approaches championed by Harrison et al. Thus, the original questions about how and where we can best learn about development are still with us. Examining their history can inform current efforts to incorporate data from experiment and description, lab and field, and a broad range of organisms and disciplines, into an integrated understanding of animal development. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 277–291, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term variability of the East African ‘short rains’ and its links to large‐scale factors
Authors: Nicholson Sharon E. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThis study utilizes a new 139‐year rainfall record for East Africa to evaluate the relationship between the ‘short rains’ of October–November and four tropical indices. These indices include the zonal winds at the surface and 200 mb over the central equatorial Indian Ocean, Niño 3.4 and the Indian Ocean Zonal Mode (IOZM). The relationships with these indices are time dependent, as are the relationships among the indices. These change markedly on a decadal timescale, consistent with regime changes indicated by other authors, and the links to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the IOZM appear to be weaker than those suggested by previous studies. The zonal winds show the strongest and most consistent relationships with October–November rainfall. However, the relationships are very different for wet and dry years, and the zonal winds play a stronger role in producing wet conditions. Further, several factors appear to act in tandem to produce extremely wet years, but appear to act largely independently in producing drought. The links to drought have been markedly weaker since 1982. These links were also very weak roughly between 1920 and 1960, when apparently the Walker cell over the Indian Ocean was very weak and the Pacific Walker cell particularly strong. At that time, ENSO appeared to drive most of the variability of October–November rainfall, interannual variability was weak, and the rainfall was below average during most of that period. When the zonal circulation in the Indian Ocean sector became well‐developed c. 1961 and the Pacific cell weakened, both the rainfall and its interannual variability markedly increased. Overall, this study stresses the time dependence of the various relationships with East African October–November rainfall. This has strong implications for seasonal forecasting.
Communicating across cultures: proceedings of a workshop to assess health literacy and cross‐cultural communication skills
Authors: Patel Bhavini 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundDescribed here are the design and proceedings of a workshop that was conducted as part of the 2014 Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia's Medicines Management Conference in Darwin in September 2014.AimTo pilot an on‐line self‐assessment tool to allow participants to gauge their cultural responsiveness and communication skills, and subsequently participate in interactive sessions to improve their knowledge and skills in these areas.MethodsThe assessment tool was developed by building on previous work undertaken to develop and trial a Cultural Competency self‐assessment tool. The tool is made of a total of 50 items. Items 1–14 focused on demographic details, details of the patient population the participant serves and any prior training undertaken in the areas of health literacy or cultural responsiveness. The remaining items focused on five specific areas: personal responsibility; valuing and understanding diversity; appreciating dynamics between diverse cultures; understanding organisational strategies to improve cultural and communication competence; and providing culturally and linguistically competent services. Participants were sent an e‐mail request to complete the on‐line tool 4 weeks before the workshop. Participants were asked to bring a copy of their self‐assessment to the workshop. The facilitators collated results and developed a feedback presentation. The workshop included group feedback from the self‐assessment process, followed by facilitated small group work where participants were asked to reflect on areas where they did not score highly and develop a learning plan. Groups were provided with copies of relevant pharmacy professional standards to assist in this process. The second session was facilitated by elders from an Aboriginal community who provided a presentation exploring the impact of different world‐views on people accessing and adhering to biomedical treatments including medicines. The last session involved the group developing plain English explanations of common scenarios they had difficulty with.ResultsParticipants achieved a range of learning outcomes. These included assistance in assessing and understanding the impact of functional health literacy on the ability of patients and carers to make informed choices, an appreciation of the effect of different world‐views on participation and utilisation of healthcare services including medicines, and improved ability to convert health jargon into plain English to achieve better, shared understanding with patients and carers. Finally, participants were able to design a personal development plan to improve their cultural competence and communication skills.ConclusionsParticipants gained insights and practical skills in health literacy and cross‐cultural communication skills, and at the same time a model for future educational initiatives was explored and developed.
The MotherSafe experience: demystifying perceptions regarding treating pregnant or breastfeeding mothers
Authors: Hill Majella 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
MotherSafe is a state‐wide service operating in New South Wales, Australia. MotherSafe offers counselling services for pregnant or breastfeeding mothers regarding the potential effects of exposure to medications, radiation, possible environmental hazards, street drugs or household products, as well as the effects of occupation upon pregnancy and breastfeeding outcomes. Consumers call MotherSafe to check advice having been given by healthcare professionals, only to find that the advice has been unnecessarily alarming to the woman, and in many cases it is incorrect purely because the advice that has been provided is based upon a construct that has considered the pregnancy categorisation of the drug as an absolute fact, or upon an assumption that information relevant to pregnancy is also applicable to breastfeeding as well. Outlined here are a series of issues that should be considered in the provision of advice on these issues as they relate to pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as a summary of the resources available to inform evidence‐based advice.
Effect of Mesoscale Ordering on the Density of States of Polymeric Semiconductors
Authors: Gemünden Patrick , Poelking Carl , Kremer Kurt , Daoulas Kostas , Andrienko Denis 
Published: March 2015

A multiscale simulation scheme, which incorporates both long‐range conformational disorder and local molecular ordering, is proposed for predicting large‐scale morphologies and charge transport properties of polymeric semiconductors. Using poly(3‐hexylthiophene) as an example, it is illustrated how the energy landscape and its spatial correlations evolve with increasing degree of structural order in mesophases with amorphous, uniaxial, and biaxial nematic ordering. It is shown that the formation of low‐lying energy states in more ordered systems is mostly due to larger (on average) conjugation lengths and not due to electrostatic interactions. The proposed scheme is general and can be applied to a wide range of polymeric organic materials.
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Cheminformatics Research at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics Cambridge
Authors: Fuchs Julian E. , Bender Andreas , Glen Robert C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Centre for Molecular Informatics, formerly Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics (UCMSI), at the University of Cambridge is a world‐leading driving force in the field of cheminformatics. Since its opening in 2000 more than 300 scientific articles have fundamentally changed the field of molecular informatics. The Centre has been a key player in promoting open chemical data and semantic access. Though mainly focussing on basic research, close collaborations with industrial partners ensured real world feedback and access to high quality molecular data. A variety of tools and standard protocols have been developed and are ubiquitous in the daily practice of cheminformatics. Here, we present a retrospective of cheminformatics research performed at the UCMSI, thereby highlighting historical and recent trends in the field as well as indicating future directions.
Separation of cellular and BOLD contributions to T2* signal relaxation
Authors: Ulrich Xialing , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. 
Published: March 2015

PurposeThe development of a reliable clinical technique for quantitative measurements of the parameters defining the BOLD effect, i.e., oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and deoxygenated cerebral blood volume, dCBV, is needed to study brain function in health and disease. Herein we propose such a technique that is based on a widely available gradient recalled echo (GRE) MRI.Theory and MethodsOur method is based on GRE with multiple echoes and a model of signal decay (Yablonskiy, MRM 1998) that takes into account microscopic cellular (R2), mesoscopic (BOLD), and macroscopic (background field gradients) contributions to the GRE signal decay with additional accounting for physiologic fluctuations.ResultsUsing 3 Tesla MRI, we generate high resolution quantitative maps of R2*, R2, R2′, and tissue concentration of deoxyhemoglobin, the latter providing a quantitative version of SWI. Our results for OEF and dCBV in gray matter are in a reasonable agreement with the literature data.ConclusionThe proposed approach allows generating high resolution maps of hemodynamic parameters using clinical MRI. The technique can be applied to study such tissues as gray matter, tumors, etc.; however, it requires further development for use in tissues where extra‐ and intracellular compartments possess substantially different frequencies and relaxation properties (e.g., white matter). Magn Reson Med 75:606–615, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of boron clustering on the emitter quality of implanted silicon solar cells: an atom probe tomography study
Authors: Raghuwanshi Mohit , Lanterne Adeline , Le Perchec Jérôme , Pareige Philippe , Cadel Emmanuel , Gall Samuel , Duguay Sébastien 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe use of ion implantation doping instead of the standard gaseous diffusion is a promising way to simplify the fabrication process of silicon solar cells. However, difficulties to form high‐quality boron (B) implanted emitters are encountered when implantation doses suitable for the emitter formation are used. This is due to a more or less complete activation of Boron after thermal annealing. To have a better insight into the actual state of the B distributions, we analyze three different B emitters prepared on textured Si wafers: (1) a BCl3 diffused emitter and two B implanted emitters (fixed dose) annealed at (2) 950°C and at (3) 1050°C (less than an hour). Our investigations are in particular based on atom probe tomography, a technique able to explore 3D atomic distribution inside a material at nanometer scale. Atom probe tomography is employed here to characterize B atomic distribution inside textured Si solar cell emitters and to quantify clustering of B atoms. Here, we show that implanted emitters annealed at 950 °C present maximum clusters due to poor solubility at lower temperature and also highest emitter saturation current density (J0e = 1000 fA/cm2). Increasing the annealing temperature results in greatly improved J0e (131 fA/cm2) due to higher solubility and a consequently lower number of clusters. BCl3 diffused emitters do not contain any B clusters and presented the best emitter quality. From our results, we conclude that clustering of B atoms is the main reason behind higher J0e in the implanted boron emitters and hence degraded emitter quality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Acid Hydrolysis of Sterol Glycosides from Foods Rich in Δ7‐Sterols
Authors: Münger Linda H. , Jutzi Sabrina , Lampi Anna‐Maija , Nyström Laura 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, we present the difference in sterol composition of extracted steryl glycosides (SG) hydrolyzed by either enzymatic or acid hydrolysis. SG were analyzed from foods belonging to the plant families Cucurbitaceae (melon and pumpkin seeds) and Amaranthaceae (amaranth and beetroot), both of which are dominated by Δ7‐sterols. Released sterols were quantified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) and identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). All Δ7‐sterols identified (Δ7‐stigmastenyl, spinasteryl, Δ7‐campesteryl, Δ7‐avenasteryl, poriferasta‐7,25‐dienyl and poriferasta‐7,22,25‐trienyl glucoside) underwent isomerization under acidic conditions and high temperature. Sterols with an ethylidene or methylidene side chain were found to form multiple artifacts. The artifact sterols coeluted with residues of incompletely isomerized Δ7‐sterols, or Δ5‐sterols if present, and could be identified as Δ8(14)‐sterols on the basis of relative retention time, and their MS spectra as trimethylsilyl (TMS) and acetate derivatives. For instance, SG from melon were composed of 66 % Δ7‐stigmastenol when enzymatic hydrolysis was performed, whereas with acid hydrolysis only 8 % of Δ7‐stigmastenol was determined. The artifact of Δ7‐stigmastenol coeluted with residual non‐isomerized spinasterol, demonstrating the high risk of misinterpretation of compositional data obtained after acid hydrolysis. Therefore, the accurate composition of SG from foods containing sterols with a double bond at C‐7 can only be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis or by direct analysis of the intact SG.
Missense-Mutationen in Transkriptionsfaktoren
Authors: Ibrahim Daniel Murad 
Published: March 2015

Zusammenfassung
Transkriptionsfaktoren sind entscheidende Regulatoren der Embryonalentwicklung, da sie die Genexpression in jeder Zelle kontrollieren. Mutationen in Transkriptionsfaktoren liegen häufig angeborenen Entwicklungsdefekten zugrunde, jedoch ist die funktionelle Einschätzung der Pathogenität einzelner Transkriptionsfaktorvarianten anspruchsvoll, da die molekulare Funktionsweise von Transkriptionsfaktoren nicht vollkommen verstanden ist. Besonders Gain-of-Function-Mutationen führen häufig zu neuen, unerwarteten Phänotypen, deren funktionelle Charakterisierung eine Herausforderung darstellt. Die im letzten Jahrzehnt entwickelte ChIP-seq-Technologie ermöglicht es, die molekularen Mechanismen zu unterscheiden, welche Transkriptionsfaktor-assoziierten Krankheiten zugrunde liegen. Dieser Artikel fasst die molekularen Pathomechanismen diverser Transkriptionsfaktormutationen zusammen und versucht einen molekularbiologischen Rahmen für die Bewertung neuer Transkriptionsfaktormutationen zu geben.
Target fabrication for the POLAR experiment on the Orion laser facility
Authors: Spindloe C. , Wyatt D. , Haddock D. , East I. , Cross J.E. , Danson C.N. , Falize E. , Foster J.M. , Koenig M. , Gregori G. 
Published: March 2015

This article describes the fabrication of a suite of laser targets by the Target Fabrication group in the Central Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory for the first academic-access experiment on the Orion laser facility (Hopps et al., Appl. Opt. 52, 3597–3601 (2013)) at Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE). This experiment, part of the POLAR project (Falize et al., Astrophys. Space Sci. 336, 81–85 (2011); Busschaert et al., New J. Phys. 15, 035020 (2013)), studied conditions relevant to the radiation-hydrodynamic processes occurring in a remarkable class of astrophysical star systems known as magnetic cataclysmic variables. A large number of complex fabrication technologies and research and development activities were required to field a total of 80 high-specification targets. Target design and fabrication procedures are described and initial alignment and characterization data are discussed.
Why are lions killing us? Human–wildlife conflict and social discontent in Mbire District, northern Zimbabwe
Authors: Matema Steven , Andersson Jens A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn emerging perspective on Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Zimbabwe is that increased authoritarianism in governance has enabled elite capture of wildlife resources and silenced local people's voices. This paper qualifies this perspective, showing how ordinary people continue to raise their concerns about local governance. In the Mbire district, people's interpretations of an upsurge in lion attacks on livestock and people in early 2010 took on a dimension of social commentary on the evolving governance arrangements in the district and beyond. Beneath an apparent human–wildlife conflict lie complex human–human conflicts about access to, and governance of, wildlife resources. Interpretations of the lion attacks built on two distinct epistemologies – a local religious discourse on spirit lions and an ecological one – but invariably construed outsiders as the ones accountable for local problems. This construction of outsiders is also a salient feature of Zimbabwean political discourse. Local voices thus constitute a widely understood discourse of protest.
Health-seeking behaviour and community perceptions of childhood undernutrition and a community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) programme in rural Bihar, India: a qualitative study
Authors: Burtscher Doris , Burza Sakib 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveSince 2009, Médecins Sans Frontières has implemented a community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) programme in rural Biraul block, Bihar State, India that has admitted over 10 000 severely malnourished children but has struggled with poor coverage and default rates. With the aim of improving programme outcomes we undertook a qualitative study to understand community perceptions of childhood undernutrition, the CMAM programme and how these affected health-seeking behaviour.DesignSemi-structured and narrative interviews were undertaken with families of severely malnourished children, non-undernourished children and traditional and allopathic health-care workers. Analysis of transcripts was by qualitative content analysis.SettingBiraul, Bihar State, India, 2010.SubjectsOne hundred and fifty people were interviewed in individual or group discussions during fifty-eight interviews.ResultsUndernutrition was not viewed as a disease; instead, local disease concepts were identified that described the clinical spectrum of undernutrition. These concepts informed perception, so caregivers were unlikely to consult health workers if children were ‘only skinny’. Hindu and Muslim priests and other traditional health practitioners were more regularly consulted and perceived as easier to access than allopathic health facilities. Senior family members and village elders had significant influence on the health-seeking behaviour of parents of severely malnourished children.ConclusionsThe results reaffirm how health education and CMAM programmes should encompass local disease concepts, beliefs and motivations to improve awareness that undernutrition is a disease and one that can be treated. CMAM is well accepted by the community; however, programmes must do better to engage communities, including traditional healers, to enable development of a holistic approach within existing social structures.
An obesogenic island in the Mediterranean: mapping potential drivers of obesity in Malta
Authors: Cauchi Daniel , Rutter Harry , Knai Cecile 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in Malta is among the highest in the world. Although increasingly recognised as a public health problem with substantial future economic implications for the national health and social care systems, understanding the context underlying the burden of obesity is necessary for the development of appropriate counter-strategies.DesignWe conducted a contextual analysis to explore factors that may have potentially contributed to the establishment of an obesogenic environment in Malta. A search of the literature published between 1990 and 2013 was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Twenty-two full-text articles were retrieved. Additional publications were identified following recommendations by Maltese public health experts; a review of relevant websites; and thorough hand searching of back issues of theMalta Medical Journalsince 1990.SettingMalta.SubjectsWhole population, with a focus on children.ResultsResults are organised and presented using the ANalysis Grid for Elements Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework. Physical, economic, policy and socio-cultural dimensions of the Maltese obesogenic environment are explored.ConclusionsMalta’s obesity rates may be the result of an obesogenic environment characterised by limited infrastructure for active living combined with an energy-dense food supply. Further research is required to identify and quantify the strength of interactions between these potential environmental drivers of obesity in order to enable appropriate countermeasures to be developed.