bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gimme that old time religion: the influence of the healthcare belief system of chiropractic's early leaders on the development of x-ray imaging in the profession
Authors: Young Kenneth John 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundChiropractic technique systems have been historically documented to advocate overutilization of radiography. Various rationales for this have been explored in the literature. However, little consideration has been given to the possibility that the healthcare belief system of prominent early chiropractors may have influenced the use of the diagnostic modality through the years. The original rationale was the visualisation of chiropractic subluxations, defined as bones slightly out of place, pressing on nerves, and ultimately causing disease. This paradigm of radiography has survived in parts of the chiropractic profession, despite lacking evidence of clinical validity. The purpose of this paper is to compare the characteristics of the chiropractic technique systems that have utilised radiography for subluxation detection with the characteristics of religion, and to discover potential historical links that may have facilitated the development of those characteristics.DiscussionTwenty-three currently or previously existing technique systems requiring radiography for subluxation analysis were found using a search of the internet, books and consultation with experts. Evidence of religiosity from the early founders' writings was compared with textbooks, published papers, and websites of subsequently developed systems. Six criteria denoting religious thinking were developed using definitions from various sources. They are: supernatural concepts, claims of supremacy, rules and rituals, sacred artefacts, sacred stories, and special language. All of these were found to a greater or lesser degree in the publicly available documents of all the subluxation-based chiropractic x-ray systems.SummaryThe founders and early pioneers of chiropractic did not benefit from the current understanding of science and research, and therefore substituted deductive and inductive reasoning to arrive at conclusions about health and disease in the human body. Some of this thinking and rationalisation demonstrably followed a religion-like pattern, including BJ Palmer's use of radiography. Although access to scientific methods and research education became much advanced and more accessible during the past few decades, the publicly available documents of technique systems that used radiography for chiropractic subluxation detection examined in this paper employed a historically derived paradigm for radiography that displayed characteristics in common with religion.
A review of J. R. Martin (ed.), Interviews with M.A.K. Halliday: Language Turned Back on Himself. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. xiv + 288 pp. £70.00 (hbk), £22.99 (pbk)
Authors: Chang Chenguang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis book review provides a chapter-by-chapter overview of a collection of interviews with M.A.K. Halliday, the founder of systemic functional linguistics (SFL), and comments on its special features and relevance to linguists and students in the field.
In vitro conversion of glycerol to lactate with thermophilic enzymes
Authors: Jaturapaktrarak Chalisa , Napathorn Suchada Chanprateep , Cheng Maria , Okano Kenji , Ohtake Hisao , Honda Kohsuke 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background

In vitro reconstitution of an artificial metabolic pathway has emerged as an alternative approach to conventional in vivo fermentation-based bioproduction. Particularly, employment of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic enzymes enables us a simple preparation of highly stable and selective biocatalytic modules and the construction of in vitro metabolic pathways with an excellent operational stability. In this study, we designed and constructed an artificial in vitro metabolic pathway consisting of nine (hyper)thermophilic enzymes and applied it to the conversion of glycerol to lactate. We also assessed the compatibility of the in vitro bioconversion system with methanol, which is a major impurity in crude glycerol released from biodiesel production processes.

Results
The in vitro artificial pathway was designed to balance the intrapathway consumption and regeneration of energy and redox cofactors. All enzymes involved in the in vitro pathway exhibited an acceptable level of stability at high temperature (60°C), and their stability was not markedly affected by the co-existing of up to 100 mM methanol. The one-pot conversion of glycerol to lactate through the in vitro pathway could be achieved in an almost stoichiometric manner, and 14.7 mM lactate could be produced in 7 h. Furthermore, the in vitro bioconversion system exerted almost identical performance in the presence of methanol.

Conclusions
Many thermophilic enzymes exhibit higher stability not only at high temperatures but also in the presence of denaturants such as detergents and organic solvents than their mesophilic counterparts. In this study, compatibilities of thermophilic enzymes with methanol were demonstrated, indicating the potential applicability of in vitro bioconversion systems with thermophilic enzymes in the conversion of crude glycerol to value-added chemicals.
Malignant pleural effusions and the role of talc poudrage and talc slurry: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mummadi Srinivas , Kumbam Anusha , Hahn Peter Y. 
Published: October 2014

Background:Malignant Pleural Effusion (MPE) is common with advanced malignancy. Palliative care with minimal adverse events is the cornerstone of management. Although talc pleurodesis plays an important role in treatment, the best modality of talc application remains controversial. Objective:To compare recurrence rates, rates of respiratory and non-respiratory complications between thoracoscopic talc insufflation/poudrage (TTI) and talc slurry (TS). Data sources and study selection:MEDLINE (PubMed, OVID), EBM Reviews (Cochrane database of Systematic Reviews, ACP Journal Club, DARE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Methodology Register, Health Technology Assessment and NHS Economic Evaluation Database), EMBASE and Scopus. Randomized controlled trials published between 01/01/1980 - 10/1/2014 and comparing the two strategies were selected. Results:Twenty-eight potential studies were identified of which 24 studies were further excluded, leaving four studies. No statistically significant difference in the risk of recurrent pleural effusions was observed between TS and TTI groups (RR 0.72; 95 % CI 0.50-1.05; Q statistic, 3.58). There was a higher risk of post procedural respiratory complications in the TTI group compared to the TS group (RR 1.91, 95% CI= 1.24-2.93, Q statistic 3.15). No statistically significant difference in the incidence of non-respiratory complications between the TTI group and the TS group was observed (RR 0.88, 95% CI= 0.72-1.07, Q statistic 4.61).Conclusions:There is no difference in MPE recurrence based on patient centered outcomes between talc poudrage and talc slurry treatments. Respiratory complications are more common with talc poudrage via thoracoscopy.
A double mobility acetabular implant for primary hip arthroplasty in patients at high risk of dislocation
Authors: Vasukutty NL , Middleton RG , Young P , Uzoigwe C , Barkham B , Yusoff S , Minhas THA 
Published: October 2014

Introduction Dislocation following total hip replacement continues to be a problem for which no completely satisfactory solution has been found. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the incidence of hip dislocations with varying degrees of success, including elevated rim liners, constrained liners and large diameter bearings. We present our experience with the double mobility acetabular component in patients at high risk of instability. Methods This was a retrospective review of 65 primary total hip arthroplasties in 55 patients (15 men, 40 women), performed between October 2005 and November 2009. The majority (80%) of patients had at least two and 26% had at least three risk factors for instability. The mean age was 76 years (range: 44–92 years). The patients were followed up for a mean duration of 60 months (range: 36–85 months). Results Fourteen patients died and one was lost to follow-up, leaving fifty hips for final assessment. Until the final follow-up appointment, no patients had dislocation and none required revision surgery. The mean Oxford hip score improved from 45.0 to 26.5 (p<0.0001). The mean Merle d’Aubigné pain score improved from 1.4 to 4.9 (p<0.0001), the walking score from 2.3 to 3.1 (p<0.07) and the absolute hip function score from 5.4 to 10.8 (p<0.0001). There were no clinical or radiographic signs of loosening. Conclusions The double mobility acetabular component was successful at preventing dislocation during early to medium-term follow-up. However, as data are still lacking with regard to polyethylene wear rates at the additional bearing surface, it would be prudent to restrict the use of this implant to selected patients at high risk of instability.
An audit of the complications of intercostal chest drain insertion in a high volume trauma service in South Africa
Authors: Kong VY , Oosthuizen GV , Sartorius B , Keene C , Clarke DL 
Published: October 2014

Introduction Intercostal chest drain (ICD) insertion is a commonly performed procedure in trauma and may be associated with significant morbidity. Methods This was a retrospective review of ICD complications in a major trauma service in South Africa over a four-year period from January 2010 to December 2013. Results A total of 1,050 ICDs were inserted in 1,006 patients, of which 91% were male. The median patient age was 24 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 20–29 years). There were 962 patients with unilateral ICDs and 44 with bilateral ICDs. Seventy-five per cent (758/1,006) sustained penetrating trauma and the remaining 25% (248/1006) sustained blunt trauma. Indications for ICD insertion were: haemopneumothorax (n=338), haemothorax (n=314), simple pneumothorax (n=265), tension pneumothorax (n=79) and open pneumothorax (n=54). Overall, 203 ICDs (19%) were associated with complications: 18% (36/203) were kinked, 18% (36/203) were inserted subcutaneously, 13% (27/203) were too shallow and in 7% (14/203) there was inadequate fixation resulting in dislodgement. Four patients (2%) sustained visceral injuries and two sustained vascular injuries. Forty-one per cent (83/203) were inserted outside the ‘triangle of safety’ but without visceral or vascular injuries. One patient had the ICD inserted on the wrong side. Junior doctors inserted 798 ICDs (76%) while senior doctors inserted 252 (24%). Junior doctors had a significantly higher complication rate (24%) compared with senior doctors (5%) (p<0.001). There was no mortality as a direct result of ICD insertion. Conclusions ICD insertion is associated with a high rate of complications. These complications are significantly higher when junior doctors perform the procedure. A multifaceted quality improvement programme is needed to improve the situation.
Appendicectomies performed >48 hours after admission to a dedicated acute general surgical unit
Authors: March B , Gillies D , Gani J 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionAcute general surgical units (AGSUs) are changing the way in which acute appendicitis is managed. In the AGSU at John Hunter Hospital, some patients wait more than 48 hours from admission to undergo an appendicectomy, usually because they are not unwell enough to precipitate an operation before that time. We analysed this subgroup of appendicectomy patients to determine how effectively they are being managed and how this might be improved.MethodsA retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted of all patients who received an appendicectomy while admitted under the AGSU at John Hunter Hospital in the five years between January 2009 and December 2013.ResultsA total of 1,039 appendicectomies were performed in the study period, with 81 patients (7.8%) waiting >48 hours for their operation (delayed appendicectomy group). Overall, the negative appendicectomy (NA) rate was 21.6%; the NA rate in delayed appendicectomies was 50.62% and a non-therapeutic operation occurred in 47% of this group (n=38). No significant difference was found in the incidence of perforation/gangrenous appendicitis between patients having surgery in <48 hours and the delayed appendicectomy groups (11.2% vs 9.9%, p=0.85). A combination of negative diagnostic imaging result, a normal white cell count and normal C-reactive protein (ie a negative ‘triple test’) was the best predictor of a negative appendicectomy (p=0.0158, negative predictive value: 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.99), in the delayed appendicectomy group.ConclusionsIn the delayed appendicectomy group, the incidence of perforation/gangrenous appendicitis was not significantly different from that found in patients having appendicectomy performed sooner. However, the NA and non-therapeutic operation rates were unacceptably high. An appendix triple test can improve diagnostic accuracy significantly without an unacceptable rise in the rates of perforation/gangrenous appendicitis.
Parental perception of acute scrotal pain in children
Authors: Ubee SS , Hopkinson V , Srirangam SJ 
Published: October 2014

Introduction Acute scrotal pain (ASP) remains one of the more common urological emergencies in the paediatric age group. Acute testicular torsion is the only true urological emergency, where delay in presentation or management can lead to loss of the affected testicle. Since prompt presentation, diagnosis and treatment are critical for testicular salvage, multiple patient and hospital specific factors may influence orchidectomy rates. Parental awareness of the sequelae of ASP may be a significant factor in delayed presentation of children to hospital. We examine the awareness among parents of the implications of ASP in this snapshot study. Methods A prospective study was planned, and all boys between the ages of 2 and 16 years presenting to the unit with ASP and undergoing emergency scrotal exploration were considered for inclusion in the study. The accompanying parents/guardians of all these boys were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their awareness of ASP and its potential consequences. Results Over a period of 26 months (July 2010 to September 2012), 76 boys were eligible for the study. The response rate was 81.6%. Only a third (30%) presented to hospital within six hours of onset of pain and just under a quarter (22%) of the cohort attended the emergency department directly. Parents overwhelmingly (96%) felt that there ought to be increased public awareness of the condition. The majority of parents questioned (n=41, 66%) did not fully appreciate the implications of ASP. Conclusions This is a first snapshot study demonstrating the apparent lack of awareness among parents about the implications of ASP, which could influence the rate of testicular salvage.
Inheritance of basic density and microfibril angle and their variations among full-sib families and their parental clones in Picea glehnii
Authors: Tanabe Jun , Tamura Akira , Ishiguri Futoshi , Takashima Yuya , Iizuka Kazuya , Yokota Shinso 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Picea glehnii is one of the most important plantation species in Hokkaido, Japan. Basic density (BD) and microfibril angle (MFA) of the S2 layer in latewood tracheid in 16 full-sib families and their six parental clones planted in Hokkaido were examined to clarify among-family and clonal variations of wood properties and their inheritance from parents to offspring. Mean values of BD and MFA in full-sib families and parental clones were 0.36 and 0.35 g cm-3 and 16.1° and 10.7°, respectively. Estimated repeatabilities of BD and MFA in juvenile wood (jW) were higher than those in mature wood. In addition, larger genetic coefficient of variation was detected for jW, indicating that improvement of jW properties is important to Hokkaido’s tree breeding program. Parent-offspring correlation coefficients were positive and significant in all properties. These results suggest that the influence of parental clones on wood properties is inheritable to offspring. Moreover, there were no significant differences between reciprocal crosses of wood properties, suggesting that plus-tree clones with good wood properties can be used as either female or male parents for producing offspring. There is a possibility of improving wood properties in P. glehnii by crossing clones with desirable properties.
Reacted copper(II) concentrations in earlywood and latewood of micronized copper-treated Canadian softwood species
Authors: Xue Wei , Kennepohl Pierre , Ruddick John N.R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance was used in conjunction with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to quantify total copper and reacted copper retentions in MCQ and MCA treated Canadian red pine sapwood and western hemlock heartwood. Total copper retentions were distinctly different between earlywood and latewood of both softwood species examined. Earlywood of red pine sapwood had higher total copper content than the latewood, while western hemlock heartwood had higher total copper contents in latewood than earlywood. The reacted copper concentrations were similar in earlywood and latewood, reflecting a similar capacity of each to solubilize and complex the reacted copper.
Chemical and ultrastructural changes of ash wood thermally modified (TMW) using the thermo-vacuum process: II. Immunocytochemical study of the distribution of noncellulosic polysaccharides
Authors: Kim Jong Sik , Gao Jie , Terziev Nasko , Allegretti Ottaviano , Daniel Geoffrey 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Following structural and cytochemical studies (Part I) on thermally modified ash wood (TMW) by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process, changes in the distribution of noncellulosic polysaccharides have been investigated in TMW treated for 3 h at 220°C (TMW3 h, 220°C) by means of immunogold localization methods. Pectins (homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I) and xyloglucan were significantly degraded in compound middle lamella (CML), including the middle lamella cell corner regions (CMLcc), of all xylem cells after thermal modification. Xylan and mannan degradation were also visible in fiber cell walls. In particular, degradation of mannan was very significant and showed variation between cell wall regions even within the same cell wall. The degradation of pectins was more significant than that of hemicelluloses. In summary, results suggest that each noncellulosic polysaccharide may have a different degradation process in ash TMWs.
An Integrated Methodology for the Emergency Logistics Centers Location Selection Problem and its Application for the Turkey Case
Authors: Tuzkaya Umut Rifat , Yilmazer Kadriye Busra , Tuzkaya Gulfem 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUrgent response is vitally important after unpredictable disasters and it is highly dependent to the location of the emergency centers. Considering this importance degree, in this study, a location selection methodology for emergency logistics centers (ELCs) is proposed. There are various influencing factors or criteria to choose the most convenient locations for ELCs. However, we focused on some of the most important and prior criteria to obtain a more feasible approach and less calculation intensity. The main point is ranking and weighting the convenient locations or cities for constructing an ELC in a region or country. The alternative locations are chosen through the mostly natural disaster-prone cities. Decision criteria are determined according to the expert opinions. Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) methods are integrated to determine the convenient locations considering the relations between criteria and alternative locations. Afterwards, a real life application of the proposed methodology is realized for the Turkey case. Finally, results are examined and analyzed in terms of their sensitivity on the criteria weight changes.
First and second thermodynamic law analyses applied to a solar dish collector
Authors: Madadi Vahid , Tavakoli Touraj , Rahimi Amir 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The energy and exergy performance of a parabolic dish collector is
investigated experimentally and theoretically. The effect of receiver type,
inlet temperature and mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid (HTF), receiver
temperature, receiver aspect ratio and solar radiation are investigated. To
evaluate the effect of the receiver aperture area on the system performance, three
aperture diameters are considered. It is deduced that the fully opened
receivers have the greatest exergy and thermal efficiency. The cylindrical
receiver has greater energy and exergy efficiency than the conical one due
to less exergy destruction. It is found that the highest exergy destruction
is due to heat transfer between the sun and the receivers and counts for
35 % to 60 % of the total wasted exergy. For three selected receiver
aperture diameters, the exergy efficiency is minimum for a specified HTF
mass flow rate. High solar radiation allows the system to work at higher HTF
inlet temperatures. To use this system in applications that need high
temperatures, in cylindrical and conical receivers, the HTF mass flow rates
lower than 0.05 and 0.09 kg/s are suggested, respectively. For
applications that need higher amounts of energy content, higher HTF mass
flow rates than the above mentioned values are recommended.
Expression of ephrinB2 and EphB4 in a neonatal rat model of periventricular white matter damage
Authors: Zhu Lihua , Qian Lijuan , Wang Shiyu , Wang Ting , Jiang Li 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Background: Periventricular white matter damage (PWMD), also termed periventricular leukomalacia, is the predominant neurologic lesion in preterm infants. It appears to relate in part to the development of the vascular supply to the cerebral white matter. We investigated whether, in case of severe hypoxia-ischemia, the vascular system would be subject to severe damage or remodeled.

Aims: To evaluate microvessel density (MVD) and the use of ephrinB2 and its receptor EphB4 to mark arterioles and venules to establish the correct anatomic assignment of the remodeled vessels in a hypoxia-induced PWMD rat model.

Methods: Postnatal day 3 rats underwent permanent ligation of the right common carotid artery followed by 6% O2 for 4 h (hypoxia-ischemia) or sham operation and normoxic exposure (sham). MVD and levels of ephrinB2 and EphB4, which are respectively regarded as relatively specific molecular markers of arteries and veins, were determined at postnatal day 7.

Results: Compared with sham rats, MVD, ephrinB2 and EphB4 levels were higher in the brains of hypoxic-ischemic rats. Similar percentages of vessels expressed ephrinB2 and EphB4 in sham rats, but expression of ephrinB2 was greater in brains injured by hypoxia-ischemia.

Conclusions: Following hypoxic-ischemic injury to the rat brain, microvessels were remodeled and more arterioles than venules were acquired.