bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative developmental data in a phylogenetic framework
Authors: Giannini Norberto Pedro 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFollowing the embryonic period of organogenesis, most development is allometric growth, which is thought to produce most of the evolutionary morphological divergence between related species. Bivariate or multivariate coefficients of allometry are used to describe quantitative developmental data and are comparable across taxa; as such, these coefficients are amenable to direct treatment in a phylogenetic framework. Mapping of actual allometric coefficients onto phylogenetic trees is supported on the basis of the evolving nature of growth programs and the type of character (continuous) that they represent. This procedure depicts evolutionary allometry accurately and allows for the generation of reliable reconstructions of ancestral allometry, as shown here with a previously published case study on rodent cranial ontogeny. Results reconstructed the signature allometric patterns of rodents to the root of the phylogeny, which could be traced back into a (minimum) Paleocene age. Both character and statistical dependence need to be addressed, so this approach can be integrated with phylogenetic comparative methods that deal with those issues. It is shown that, in this particular sample of rodents, common ancestry explains little allometric variation given the level of divergence present within, and convergence between, major rodent lineages. Furthermore, all that variation is independent of body mass. Thus, from an evolutionary perspective, allometry appears to have a strong functional and likely adaptive basis. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 558–566, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis: a cosmic catastrophe
Authors: HOLLIDAY VANCE T. , SUROVELL TODD , MELTZER DAVID J. , GRAYSON DONALD K. , BOSLOUGH MARK 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper we review the evidence for the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH), which proposes that at ∼12.9k cal a BP North America, South America, Europe and the Middle East were subjected to some sort of extraterrestrial event. This purported event is proposed as a catastrophic process responsible for: terminal Pleistocene environmental changes (onset of YD cooling, continent‐scale wildfires); extinction of late Pleistocene mammals; and demise of the Clovis ‘culture’ in North America, the earliest well‐documented, continent‐scale settlement of the region. The basic physics in the YDIH is not in accord with the physics of impacts nor the basic laws of physics. No YD boundary (YDB) crater, craters or other direct indicators of an impact are known. Age control is weak to non‐existent at 26 of the 29 localities claimed to have evidence for the YDIH. Attempts to reproduce the results of physical and geochemical analyses used to support the YDIH have failed or show that many indicators are not unique to an impact nor to ∼12.9k cal a BP. The depositional environments of purported indicators at most sites tend to concentrate particulate matter and probably created many ‘YDB zones’. Geomorphic, stratigraphic and fire records show no evidence of any sort of catastrophic changes in the environment at or immediately following the YDB. Late Pleistocene extinctions varied in time and across space. Archeological data provide no indication of population decline, demographic collapse or major adaptive shifts at or just after ∼12.9 ka. The data and the hypotheses generated by YDIH proponents are contradictory, inconsistent and incoherent.
The relative controls on forest fires and fuel source fluctuations in the Holocene deciduous forests of southern Wisconsin, USA
Authors: MUELLER JOSHUA R. , LONG COLIN J. , WILLIAMS JOSEPH J. , NURSE ANDREA , MCLAUCHLAN KENDRA K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractReconstructing fire regimes and fuel characteristics is an important aspect of understanding past forest ecosystem processes. Fuel sources and fire regimes in the upper Midwestern United States have been shown to be sensitive to regional climatic variability, such as drought periods on millennial timescales. Yet, records documenting the connections between disturbance activity and the corresponding fuel source fluctuations in mesic deciduous forests and prairie/oak savanna in this region are limited. Thus, it has been difficult to provide a framework to evaluate changes in moisture availability on fire activity and the relationships with fuel source fluctuations in this region. We present high‐resolution charcoal analyses of lake sediments from four sites in southern Wisconsin (USA) to characterize fire activity and fuel source fluctuation in mesic deciduous forests and prairie/oak savanna over the last 10 000 years. We found that fire occurrence across the four study sites has been asynchronous throughout the Holocene, because of site‐specific differences that have strongly influenced local fire regimes. Additionally, we found that during periods of high fire activity the primary fuels were from arboreal sources, and during periods of low fire activity the primary fuels were from non‐arboreal sources. However, fluctuations in fuel sources did not always correspond to changes in vegetation, or changes in fire frequency.
Quaternary climatic instability in south‐east Australia from a multi‐proxy speleothem record
Authors: WEBB M. , DREDGE J. , BARKER P. A. , MÜLLER W. , JEX C. , DESMARCHELIER J. , HELLSTROM J. , WYNN P. M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMilankovitch‐scale Quaternary climatic oscillations within south‐east Australia are known to be characterized by relatively arid glacial and wet interglacial stages. However, terrestrial proxy records of environmental change are scarce, based largely on river terraces, dune sediments and pollen sequences. Here we present a speleothem‐based palaeoclimate record from Yarrangobilly caves, south‐east Australia. The oxygen isotopic composition of calcite (δ18Ocalcite) is taken to represent rainfall amount and used as an aridity index. High‐resolution trace element profiles and UV fluorescence support interpretations based on δ18Ocalcite, allowing further designation of key phases of speleothem growth into periods of relative aridity and moisture excess. A hiatus of approximately 37 ka duration divides the record into two key phases of growth which can be mapped onto marine isotope stages 5c–a and 3, respectively. Increasing aridity in the latter half of MIS 5 led to cessation of speleothem growth for the duration of MIS 4. Growth recommences during MIS 3, associated with greater moisture availability, enhanced vegetation and augmented biogeochemical cycling. This speleothem record provides a unique context of terrestrial environmental change and depicts hydrological conditions which fluctuate markedly over the 70‐ka period covering the time of megafauna extinction and human arrival on the continent.
Analytical phenolic composition and sensory assessment of selected rare Greek cultivars after extended bottle ageing
Authors: Kallithraka Stamatina , Kotseridis Yorgos , Kyraleou Maria , Proxenia Niki , Tsakiris Argirios , Karapetrou Garifalia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Hellenic vineyard embraces a large number of native cultivars, which are mostly unexploited for their ageing potential. Therefore, it was thought that analyzing some quality parameters of 14 red wines produced by rare native varieties would be of great importance in obtaining a general picture of their potential for commercial use. Various analytical methods were applied to the selected wines, at bottling and after 8 years of ageing, in an attempt to provide reliable answers to this issue. In addition, it was of interest to investigate the alteration of the phenolic content and color parameters of the wines after extended bottle storage and to evaluate the overall changes with respect to their sensory properties.RESULTSMost of the oligomeric phenolic compounds identified in the wines studied diminished after 8 years of bottle storage, while significant correlations were obtained between wine chemical composition and sensory data.CONCLUSIONSAfter 8 years of bottle storage some of the unexploited varieties (Vitis vinifera) were found to be worthy of further study and use for the production of quality wines. Wines with the best sensory characteristics were those made by Limniona, Mavrotragano, Bakouri, Thrapsa and Mavrothiriko, in accordance (more or less) with the results of chemical analyses. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Perception of sparkle in anti‐glare display screens
Authors: Ferwerda James A. , Stillwell Alicia , Hovagimian Howard , Kosik Williams Ellen M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a series of psychophysical experiments to quantify the relationships between anti‐glare (AG) glass treatments and perceived sparkle in emissive displays. The experiments show the following: (1) that a new measure, pixel power deviation, correlates well with perceived sparkle; (2) that for a given AG treatment, sparkle is worse on high‐pitch displays; (3) that tests of sparkle using small samples provide a conservative bound on perceived sparkle in display‐sized samples; and (3) that sparkle visibility is affected by the content of displayed images. The goal of these efforts is to enable the development of AG glass treatments for emissive displays that effectively reduce front surface reflections while preserving high image quality.
Use of micellar liquid chromatography to analyze darunavir, ritonavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir in plasma
Authors: Peris‐Vicente Juan , Villarreal‐Traver Mónica , Casas‐Breva Inmaculada , Carda‐Broch Samuel , Esteve‐Romero Josep 
Published: August 2014

Danuravir, ritonavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir are together prescribed against AIDS as a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. Micellar liquid chromatography has been applied to determine these four antiretroviral drugs in plasma. The sample preparation is shortened to the dilution of the sample in a micellar solution, filtration, and injection. Clean‐up steps are avoided, due to the solubilization of plasma matrix in micellar media. The drugs were analyzed in <20 min using a mobile phase of 0.06 M sodium dodecyl sulfate/2.5% 1‐pentanol (pH 7) running under isocratic mode through a C18 column at 1 mL/min at room temperature. Absorbance wavelength detection was set at 214 nm. The method was successfully validated following the ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline in terms of selectivity, limit of detection (0.080–0.110 μg/mL), limit of quantification (0.240–0.270 μg/mL), linearity between 0.25 and 25 μg/mL (r2 > 0.995), accuracy (89.3–103.2%), precision (<8.2%) and robustness (<7.5%). Real plasma sample from patients taking this therapy were analyzed. This is the first paper showing the simultaneous detection of this four drugs. Therefore, the methodology was proven useful for the routine analysis of these samples in a hospital laboratory for clinical purposes.
In vivo regional ventilation mapping using fluorinated gas MRI with an x‐centric FGRE method
Authors: Ouriadov Alexei V. , Fox Matthew S. , Couch Marcus J. , Li Tao , Ball Iain K. , Albert Mitchell S. 
Published: August 2014

PurposeInert fluorinated gas lung MRI is a new and promising alternative to hyperpolarized gas lung MRI; it is less expensive and does not require expensive isotopes/polarizers. The thermally polarized nature of signal obtained from fluorinated gases makes it relatively easy to use for dynamic lung imaging and for obtaining lung ventilation maps. In this study, we propose that the sensitivity and resolution of fluorine‐19 (19F) in vivo images can be improved using the x‐centric pulse sequence, thereby achieving a short echo time/pulse repetition time. This study is a transitional step for converting to more sustainable gases for lung imaging.MethodsA 19F‐resolution phantom was used to validate the efficiency of performing the x‐centric pulse sequence on a clinical scanner. Ventilation maps were obtained in the lungs of five normal rats with a washout approach (adapted from Xe‐enhanced computed tomography [Xe‐CT] regional ventilation mapping), using mixtures of either sulfur hexafluoride/oxygen or perfluoropropane/oxygen and a two‐breath x‐centric method.ResultsFractional ventilation (r) values obtained in this study (0.35–0.46 interval) were in good agreement with previously published values for 3He/129Xe. Calculated r gradients agreed well with published gradients obtained in rats with Xe‐CT measurements.ConclusionsThese results suggest that fluorinated gases can be reliably used in vivo in dynamic lung studies as an alternative to 3He/129Xe. Magn Reson Med 74:550–557, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining the use of blast resistant modules within API 753 zones 1 and 2
Authors: Skelton David B. 
Published: August 2014

On March 23, 2005, a vapor cloud explosion at a Texas City oil refinery injured more than 180 people and claimed 15 lives. The deaths were a result of a blast pressure wave striking contractor trailers located near the explosion fuel source. Accident investigation determined the trailers were sited inappropriately close to relief device outlets which contributed heavily to the loss of lives. As a result, API Recommended Practice (RP) 753 [API RP 753, Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Portable Buildings, First Edition, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 2007] was drafted in 2007. API RP 753 provides guidance to reduce the risk of injury as a result of fire, explosion, or toxic release for inhabitants of portable buildings located in the proximity of refineries, petrochemical and chemical operations, natural gas liquids, extraction plants, and other industries.This article outlines a conceptual methodology to evaluate blast resistant modules for use in potentially hazardous locations. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 137–140, 2015
A broker‐based cooperative security‐SLA evaluation methodology for personal cloud computing
Authors: Na Sang‐Ho , Huh Eui‐Nam 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn underlying cloud computing feature, outsourcing of resources, makes the service‐level agreement (SLA) a critical factor for quality of service (QoS), and many researchers have addressed the question of how an SLA can be evaluated. Lately, security SLAs have also received much attention to guarantee security in a user perspective and provide optimal and efficient security service in the security paradigm shifting by cloud computing, such as security as a service. The quantitative measurement of security metrics is a considerably difficult problem and might be considered one of the multi‐dimensional aspects of security threats. To address these issues, we provide a novel cooperative security‐SLA evaluation model for the personal cloud service environment including a multi‐dimensional approach to analyze security threats depending on services type as well as a cooperative model to reach a general consensus of priorities, that is, indicators depending on services type and security metrics based on cloud brokers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the effects of austenite phase transformation on welding residual stresses in non-load carrying longitudinal welds
Authors: Hensel Jonas , Nitschke-Pagel Thomas , Dilger Klaus 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResidual stresses affect the fatigue strength of welded structures and components. A common sample type used for studies on residual stress effects is the fillet-welded longitudinal gusset. This sample type shows in fatigue tests significant residual stress effects. But the mechanisms of residual stress generation are not clarified for this sample type yet. High tensile residual stresses in the surface layer near the weld toe could not be proven by experimental methods but are generally assumed. Here presented are results from experimental and numerical investigations on welding residual stress generation. Specimens with single and multilayer fillet welds have been produced as well as simplified curved multilayer deposition welds studying residual stress build-up. Temperature measurements have been conducted during welding examining the influence of austenite phase transformation. Residual stresses have been determined by means of X-ray diffraction at the surface as well as by neutron diffraction over specimen thickness. Further, the mechanisms of residual stress build-up have been evaluated by finite element calculations. It could be shown that the austenite phase transformation has significant effect on the residual stresses near the weld toe also for this sample type.
A tumor DNA complex aberration index is an independent predictor of survival in breast and ovarian cancer
Authors: Vollan Hans Kristian Moen , Rueda Oscar M. , Chin Suet-Feung , Curtis Christina , Turashvili Gulisa , Shah Sohrab , Lingjærde Ole Christian , Yuan Yinyin , Ng Charlotte K. , Dunning Mark J. , Dicks Ed , Provenzano Elena , Sammut Stephen , McKinney Steven , Ellis Ian O. , Pinder Sarah , Purushotham Arnie , Murphy Leigh C. , Kristensen Vessela N. , Brenton James D. , Pharoah Paul D.P. , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Aparicio Samuel , Caldas Carlos 
Published: August 2014

Complex focal chromosomal rearrangements in cancer genomes, also called “firestorms”, can be scored from DNA copy number data. The complex arm‐wise aberration index (CAAI) is a score that captures DNA copy number alterations that appear as focal complex events in tumors, and has potential prognostic value in breast cancer. This study aimed to validate this DNA‐based prognostic index in breast cancer and test for the first time its potential prognostic value in ovarian cancer. Copy number alteration (CNA) data from 1950 breast carcinomas (METABRIC cohort) and 508 high‐grade serous ovarian carcinomas (TCGA dataset) were analyzed. Cases were classified as CAAI positive if at least one complex focal event was scored. Complex alterations were frequently localized on chromosome 8p (n = 159), 17q (n = 176) and 11q (n = 251). CAAI events on 11q were most frequent in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cases and on 17q in estrogen receptor negative (ER−) cases. We found only a modest correlation between CAAI and the overall rate of genomic instability (GII) and number of breakpoints (r = 0.27 and r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Breast cancer specific survival (BCSS), overall survival (OS) and ovarian cancer progression free survival (PFS) were used as clinical end points in Cox proportional hazard model survival analyses. CAAI positive breast cancers (43%) had higher mortality: hazard ratio (HR) of 1.94 (95%CI, 1.62–2.32) for BCSS, and of 1.49 (95%CI, 1.30–1.71) for OS. Representations of the 70‐gene and the 21‐gene predictors were compared with CAAI in multivariable models and CAAI was independently significant with a Cox adjusted HR of 1.56 (95%CI, 1.23–1.99) for ER+ and 1.55 (95%CI, 1.11–2.18) for ER− disease. None of the expression‐based predictors were prognostic in the ER− subset. We found that a model including CAAI and the two expression‐based prognostic signatures outperformed a model including the 21‐gene and 70‐gene signatures but excluding CAAI. Inclusion of CAAI in the clinical prognostication tool PREDICT significantly improved its performance. CAAI positive ovarian cancers (52%) also had worse prognosis: HRs of 1.3 (95%CI, 1.1–1.7) for PFS and 1.3 (95%CI, 1.1–1.6) for OS. This study validates CAAI as an independent predictor of survival in both ER+ and ER− breast cancer and reveals a significant prognostic value for CAAI in high‐grade serous ovarian cancer.
DELINQUENT FATHERS AND PHILOLOGYLUN YU13.18 AND RELATED TEXTS
Authors: Weingarten Oliver 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInvestigating textual parallels between pre-Qin writings such asHan FeiziandLüshi chunqiuand Confucius's statement inLun yu13.18 that “a father covers up for his son and a son for his father,” this article argues that theLun yupassage is most likely derived from the version inLüshi chunqiuor a closely related version. This has several consequences for scholarly interpretations of theLun yu. It serves as a reminder that theLun yuis a heterogeneous collection of textual units drawn from sometimes unexpected sources. It also demonstrates that theLun yushould be read not in isolation but against the widest possible background of pre-Qin and Han parallels.In the final part, the article reviews some of the comparisons between Confucius inLun yu13.18 and Socrates in Plato's “Euthyphro,” cautioning against over-interpretations of the extremely terse statement attributed to Confucius. A more fruitful way of readingLun yu13.18, it is argued, would be to historicize the passage by contextualizing it within the social and legal history of the late Warring States and Han periods.
EFFECTS OF NH4+–N/NO3−–N RATIOS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS, DRY MATTER YIELD AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION OF SPINACH
Authors: XING SUZHI , WANG JIANFEI , ZHOU YI , BLOSZIES SEAN A. , TU CONG , HU SHUIJIN 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYMost plants prefer nitrate (NO3−–N) to ammonium (NH4+–N). However, high NO3−–N in soil and water systems is a cause of concern for human health and the environment. Replacing NO3−–N in plant nutrition regimes with an appropriate amount of NH4+–N may alleviate these concerns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different NH4+–N/NO3−–N ratios on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, Rubisco activity, net photosynthetic rate, dry matter yield and NO3−–N accumulation in spinach grown hydroponically. The NH4+–N/NO3−–N percentage ratios were 0:100 (control), 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. Chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, initial activity and activation state of Rubisco and net photosynthetic rate in spinach leaves were all reduced by increased NH4+–N/NO3−–N ratios. Significant correlation existed between these measurements. However, no statistical differences in dry matter yield were revealed between the 0:100 and 25:75 treatments. Leaf nitrate concentrations were reduced by 38% at the 25:75 treatment relative to the 0:100 treatment. These findings suggest that lowering the relative proportion of NO3−–N in fertilizer could effectively reduce NO3−–N contents in leafy vegetables without decreasing their yields.
Human rights and collective emancipation: The politics of food sovereignty
Authors: DUNFORD ROBIN 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article develops contextually grounded accounts of emancipation in general and notions of collective rights based emancipation in particular by identifying a form of emancipatory politics in which collectives demand rights for themselves. The article develops the idea of collective, rights based emancipation by focusing on the practices of two related social movements, the Landless Workers Movement (MST) and la Via Campesina. The MST and Via Campesina seek to replace existing rights to ‘food security’ with a human right to ‘food sovereignty’. While food security agendas emphasise the role of international governance agencies in providing food on behalf of others, food sovereignty is secured by peasant social movements themselves. Furthermore, practices of active citizenship and democratic organisational structures, built through the grassroots and transnational struggles through which peasants raise their demand for human rights, are vital in enacting rights to food sovereignty. In instances where victims are not entirely silenced and powerless, this combination of a demand for human rights and the development of practices of citizenship that enable people to demand and secure rights for themselves provides a contextually grounded emancipatory alternative to interventionist politics that, however well intentioned, risk reinforcing the dependence of purportedly powerless victims.