bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon Fuel in High Performance Explosives
Authors: Anderson Paul E. , Cook Paula , Davis Andy , Mychajlonka Kyle , Mileham Melissa 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn an effort to improve the insensitive munition (IM) response but maintain performance of aluminized formulations, silicon was investigated as a possible replacement for aluminum. An RDX‐based silicon explosive was developed in which nearly 90 % reaction of silicon to silicon dioxide was realized by 7 volume expansions as measured by the 2.54 cm diameter copper cylinder expansion test. In spite of the low nitramine loading in the formulation (79 wt.‐%), the corresponding Gurney constant for the explosive was 2.81±0.02 km s−1, which is superior to Composition A‐3 under the same experimental conditions (91 % RDX, 2.69±0.02 km s−1). Energy calculations from detonation calorimetry also indicate reaction of the silicon, which was further confirmed by both silicon metal and silicon dioxide in the analyzed residue. The energy release, despite it being equivalent to a highly loaded explosive, was found to lag behind the rate of A‐3. This indicates silicon oxidation may occur sometime after lighter gas reactions in the reaction front, but is fast enough to impart work in the copper cylinder test.
Clinical Outcomes After Unplanned Extubation in a Surgical Intensive Care Population
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hyun , Lee Hyung‐Chul , Jeon Young‐Tae , Hwang Jung‐Won , Lee Hannah , Oh Hye‐Won , Park Hee‐Pyoung 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundClinical outcome after unplanned extubation (UE) in patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) has not been fully investigated. In this study we assessed in‐hospital mortality of patients with UE and determined whether UE is a predictor of in‐hospital mortality. Finally, we sought to identify predictors of reintubation after UE in mechanically ventilated patients in the SICU.MethodsMedical charts of patients (n = 4,407) admitted to the SICU between October 2007 and December 2011 were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsEighty‐five episodes of UE occurred in 81 patients. Patients with UE required emergency surgery more frequently and had higher ICU and hospital mortality rates, reintubation rate, and APACHE II scores and longer mechanical ventilation (MV) and ICU stay than patients without UE (P < 0.05 for all associations). Multivariate analysis revealed that reintubation (odds ratio [95 % confidence interval]: 4.14 [2.58–6.67]; P < 0.001), APACHE II scores (1.14 [1.12–1.17]; P < 0.001), emergency surgery (1.73 [1.18–2.53]; P = 0.005), and chronic neurologic disease (2.11 [1.30–3.41]; P = 0.002) were associated with hospital mortality. Reintubation was necessary in 17 patients. On multivariate analysis, a score on the Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS, 0.48 [0.31–0.76]; P = 0.001), PaO2/FiO2 ratio (0.99 [0.99–1.00]; P = 0.048), and MV duration before UE (1.46 [1.08–1.98]; P = 0.014) were independently associated with reintubation after UE.ConclusionsOur results indicated that although patients with UE had high in‐hospital mortality, UE was not directly associated with in‐hospital mortality. Reintubation, chronic neurologic disease, emergency operation, and higher APACHE II score were related to increased in‐hospital mortality. A low RASS score, a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and long MV duration before UE were related to reintubation after UE.
Long‐Term Outcome of Patients with Acute Cholecystitis Receiving Antibiotic Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Chih‐Hung , Chou Hao‐Chang , Liu Kao‐Lang , Lien Wan‐Ching , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Wu Yao‐Ming 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have followed patients who received antibiotic treatment for acute cholecystitis (AC). The present retrospective study investigated recurrence rates of AC and analyzed factors associated with recurrence after antibiotic treatment in adult AC patients.MethodsWe analyzed patients treated with antibiotics for AC between October 1, 2004, and November 30, 2010. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors associated with early recurrence. Generalized additive models were applied to detect the nonlinear effects of continuous covariates.ResultsThe study included 226 patients (mean age: 62.2 years; 144 men [63.7 %]). The average duration of parenteral antibiotics was 8.0 days. Second‐generation cephalosporins were administered to 199 patients (88.1 %). The Kaplan–Meier plot indicated that recurrences were more frequent within 100 days of AC; these were defined as early recurrences. The recurrence rate was 13.7 % (31/226) at a median follow‐up of 308.5 days (early recurrences: 19/226 [8.4 %]). The duration of parenteral antibiotic use significantly correlated with early recurrence (hazard ratio: 0.83; 95 % confidence interval, 0.73–0.95; p = 0.005). Generalized additive models revealed that patients using parenteral antibiotics longer than 8 days were less likely to suffer from early recurrence.ConclusionsThe rate of recurrence of AC in patients who received antibiotics alone was low. The recurrence rate was higher within 100 days of AC. Because of the inherent limitations of a retrospective study, further research is needed to identify factors associated with early recurrence.
Use of Spiral Computed Tomography Volumetry for Determining the Operative Approach in Patients with Graves’ Disease
Authors: Choi June Young , Lee Kyu Eun , Koo Do Hoon , Kim Kyu Hyung , Kim Eun young , Bae Dong Sik , Jung Sung Eun , Youn Yeo‐Kyu 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe purposes of the present study were to assess (1) the correlation between the weight of the postoperative thyroid specimen and the spiral computed tomography (CT) volumetry results of the thyroid gland in patients with Graves’ disease, and (2) the utility of CT volumetry for determining the operative approach.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2010, a total of 56 patients with Graves’ disease underwent total or subtotal thyroidectomy. An enhanced spiral CT was taken in all patients prior to the operation. From 2.5 mm‐thick slices of the thyroid gland, the surface area was calculated to measure the volume of the thyroid gland. The glandular volume was compared to the weight of the postoperative thyroid specimen.ResultsA total of 42 and 14 patients underwent total and subtotal thyroidectomy, respectively. The mean weight of the postoperative thyroid specimen was 43.9 ± 33.4 g, and the mean volume obtained by CT volumetry was 44.2 ± 32.8 mL. A good correlation was observed between the weight of the postoperative thyroid specimen and the volume calculated by CT (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). When 100 mL was set as the higher cut‐off value of the thyroid volume for minimally invasive thyroid surgery, the estimated blood loss showed a significant difference between the >100 mL and the ≤100 mL groups (608.3 ± 540.8 vs. 119.7 ± 110.4 mL; p = 0.036).Conclusions: Spiral CT volumetry may be used to measure the thyroid volume reliably in patients with Graves’ disease. For cases in which surgery is indicated in patients with Graves’ disease, CT volumetry provides useful information from which to determine the operative approach. One hundred milliliter or less of thyroid volume in CT volumetry is recommended to perform minimally invasive thyroid surgery.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of N,N‐Dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl Polyoxyethylene Amine‐Based Surfactants: Amine Oxide, Betaine and Sulfobetaine
Authors: Hou Liya , Zhang Huinian , Chen Hui , Xia Qibo , Huang Dongyang , Meng Li , Liu Xuefeng 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNonionic–zwitterionic hybrid surfactants, namely N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl polyoxyethylene (3) amine oxide, and the corresponding betaine and/or sulfobetaine, have been synthesized. Their molecule structures were characterized by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Compared to the structurally related conventional amine oxide, betaine and sulfobetaine, the critical micelle concentrations of the three hybrid surfactants are one order of magnitude smaller than those of traditional ones. The polyoxyethylene segment between the hydrophilic head group and the hydrophobic tail makes the surface activities of the hybrid surfactants superior to their structure‐related counterparts.
Leben mit chronischer spinaler Muskelatrophie
Authors: Brandt C. , Brandt I. 
Published: October 2013

Zusammenfassung
Eines der höchsten Ziele der individuellen menschlichen Entwicklung ist es, erwachsen zu werden, sein Leben selbstständig und eigenverantwortlich in die Hand zu nehmen und vielleicht sogar seinen Beitrag für die Gemeinschaft zu leisten. Dies kann aufgrund einer schweren Körperbehinderung, z. B. wenn wegen einer Muskelerkrankung nicht einmal die Gabel zum Essen gehalten werden kann, als praktisch schwierig und für nicht umsetzbar angesehen werden. Ins Erwachsenenalter zu kommen und auch Erwachsen zu sein, d. h. eigenverantwortlich und selbstbestimmt zu leben, ist aber durchaus möglich, auch wenn die rein körperliche Kraft dazu fehlt.
Wir berichten über unser Leben mit einer spinalen Muskelatrophie (SMA) vom Typ II, 3 Survival-motor-neuron-2(SMN2)-Genkopien, ein Leben voller Herausforderungen und Abhängigkeiten und doch ein ganz normales Leben.
Klinik und Genetik syndromaler und nichtsyndromaler Kraniosynostosen
Authors: Rachwalski M. , Wollnik B. , Kress W. 
Published: October 2013

Zusammenfassung
Kraniosynostosen gehören mit einer Inzidenz von 1:2000 bis 1:3000 Geburten zu den häufigsten kraniofazialen Anomalien. Die durch die vorzeitige Verknöcherung einer oder mehrerer Schädelnähte verursachte Wachstumshemmung kann zu schweren Deformitäten des Schädel- und Gesichtsskeletts führen. Dies sorgt nicht nur für eine große ästhetische Beeinträchtigung, sondern hat auch funktionelle Auswirkungen für die Patienten. Hierzu können u. a. gehören: intrakranielle Drucksteigerung, Atrophie des N. opticus, Atem-, Hör- und Entwicklungsstörungen. Trotz großer Anstrengungen konnten bisher nur für einen Teil der autosomal-dominanten syndromalen Kraniosynostosen die ursächlichen Gene, z. B „fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-3“ (FGFR1-3), „twist basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1“ (TWIST1) etc., gefunden werden. Die Ätiologie der nichtsyndromalen Kraniosynostosen bleibt weiterhin ungeklärt. Aufgrund der verbreiteten Anwendung neuer Sequenziertechnologien zur Identifizierung neuer kausaler Gene bei Patienten mit Kraniosynostose kann in den nächsten Jahren mit der Entschlüsselung vieler weiterer krankheitsverursachender Gene gerechnet werden. Insbesondere die syndromalen Formen der Kraniosynostose bedürfen aufgrund ihrer klinischen Komplexität einer interdisziplinären Betreuung. Die einzige Therapieoption besteht derzeit in der kraniofazialen Chirurgie, welche aber die genetisch determinierten pathologischen Wachstumsmuster der komplexen syndromalen Kraniosynostosen langfristig oft nicht beheben kann.
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE IN A CONTEXT OF FRAGMENTATION
Authors: Lang Andrew 
Published: October 2013

AbstractOver a decade ago, an important debate began concerning the proper role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in an international legal universe characterized by a large and rapidly increasing number of specialized courts and tribunals. What functions can and should the Court perform in response to the fragmentation of international law, and the proliferation of international tribunals? Initial proposals, especially those emerging in the late 1990s, were hierarchical and centralist in their orientation, and have justifiably fallen out of favour. This article uses the current international legal disputes about Australia's plain packaging tobacco legislation as the basis for an exploration of the possibilities for an alternative, non-centralist vision for the ICJ, which is sensitive both to the institutional limits of the international judiciary, and to the benefits of a fundamentally pluralist international legal order.
THE EUROPEAN PATENT: AN OLD AND VEXING PROBLEM
Authors: Pila Justine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn December 2012, the European Parliament supported the creation of a European patent with unitary effect. For the next year at least, the international patent community will be on the edge of its proverbial seat, waiting to see whether the proposal becomes a reality. If it does, it will be a significant event in both the long and rich history of patent law, and in the equally rich and understudied history of attempts to create a European patent system. In this article I consider the three post-war European patent initiatives of the most direct and enduring relevance in that regard with a view to answering the following questions. First, what drove them? Second, what issues confronted them? And third, how were those issues resolved and with what ultimate effect? In the concluding section I relate the discussion back to the present by offering some remarks on the current European patent proposal in light of the same.
GOVERNING SHARED OFFSHORE ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTHERN SEAS
Authors: Roeben Volker 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThrough the joint ‘North Seas Countries Offshore Grid Initiative’ the states bordering the North Seas are establishing shared large-scale offshore electricity infrastructure in order to exploit their offshore wind energy resources. The article argues that this international governance of oceans space comes about legally because international law, European law and national law each fulfil a specific function. The climate regime provides the normative impetus, the law of the sea allocates competences, and European law contains principles of cooperation, which are then implemented through coordinated national law. International law, European law and national law thus become functionally integrated. This analysis has significance beyond shared offshore electricity infrastructure. It illustrates the way in which the functional integration of international law, European law and national law is emerging as a distinct legal institution in its own right, separate and distinct from the various legal orders themselves.
The relative anthelmintic efficacy of plant-derived cysteine proteinases on intestinal nematodes
Authors: Luoga W. , Mansur F. , Buttle D.J. , Duce I.R. , Garnett M.C. , Lowe A. , Behnke J.M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe examined thein vitroandin vivoefficacy of plant cysteine proteinases (CPs) derived from pineapple (Ananas comosus) and kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa), and compared their efficacy as anthelmintics to the known effects of CPs from the latex of papaya (Carica papaya) against the rodent intestinal nematode,Heligmosomoides bakeri.Both fruit bromelain and stem bromelain had significantin vitrodetrimental effects onH. bakeribut in comparison, actinidain from kiwi fruit had very little effect. However,in vivotrials indicated far less efficacy of stem bromelain and fruit bromelain than that expected from thein vitroexperiments (24.5% and 22.4% reduction in worm burdens, respectively) againstH. bakeri.Scanning electron microscopy revealed signs of cuticular damage on worms incubated in fruit bromelain, stem bromelain and actinidain, but this was far less extensive than on those incubated in papaya latex supernatant. We conclude that, on the basis of presently available data, CPs derived from pineapples and kiwi fruits are not suitable for development as novel anthelmintics for intestinal nematode infections.
Fibrous dysplasia of the nasal bone: case reports and literature review
Authors: Wong G , Randhawa P , Stephens J , Saleh H 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroduction:Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia commonly affects the larger mandible and the maxillary bones. Although involvement of the frontal, temporal and sphenoid bones has been described, fibrous dysplasia of the nasal bone has not been previously described; the two cases reported here have been made rarer by their isolated involvement. Clinical management is dependent on disease activity and patient symptoms.Objective:To present two cases of isolated fibrous dysplasia of the nasal bone: a 46-year-old woman with gradual widening of the nasal bridge and a 47-year-old man with an incidental finding of a nasal bone mass.Method:Two case reports.Results:The 46-year-old woman underwent excision of the lesion while the 47-year-old man opted for watchful waiting.Conclusion:We have presented the first case reports of fibrous dysplasia of the nasal bone. The care of these patients should be customised to their needs and wishes.
Changes in the epiphytic lichen biota in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands affected by a colony of grey heron (Ardea cinerea): a case study from northern Poland
Authors: ŻÓŁKOŚ Katarzyna , KUKWA Martin , AFRANOWICZ-CIEŚLAK Renata 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBird colonies affect all elements of inhabited ecosystems, such as the soil, floristic composition and phytocoenosis structure, including the lichen biota. To date, the few papers focusing on changes in the composition of lichen vegetation caused by bird colonies are concerned with saxicolous ornithocoprophilous communities. The aim of this study was to define the impact of the grey heron in two breeding colonies on epiphytic lichens on Scots pines presently inhabited by birds, as well as those recently abandoned. Analysis of the lichen biota showed that the species composition and number of lichens were significantly modified in the functioning colony and the post-colony areas when compared with the control plots never inhabited by grey heron. Within the functioning and post-colony areas, mainly species with a wide ecological amplitude and those characteristic of fertile habitats dominated, while acidophilous and ubiquitous taxa occurred in the control plots. Multivariate analyses (for species abundance and ecological characteristics) showed that lichens growing within the functioning colony and post-colony areas differed significantly from those in the control area in their habitat requirements, as they demanded nutrient-rich, low or moderately moist and deacidified bark. Within the control plots, lichens preferring a relatively acidic and slightly nitrified substratum occurred. The direct impact of bird excrement and the fertilized bark could cause significant modifications in qualitative and quantitative species composition compared to the epiphytic lichen biota usually occurring on Scots pines.
Ecological extinction of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys in China
Authors: Fan Peng-Fei , Fei Han-Lan , Luo Ai-Dong 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe conducted an interview survey around and within Mengla and Shangyong Nature Reserves, Mengla County, Yunnan, China, in December 2008 to ascertain whether gibbons were present in the area, and in December 2011 we surveyed two sites in the Reserves for the northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys. We found no signs of the existence of gibbons during the survey. Illegal hunting was common at both sites. Only 36 individuals in nine groups were recorded in Mengla and Shangyong Nature Reserves in the 1980s, and this small and fragmented population was probably unable to survive the pressure of hunting. No white-cheeked gibbon was recorded in Huanglianshan Nature Reserve in a survey carried out by other researchers in 2003. Gibbons have a very low chance of survival in unprotected forest, and we conclude that the white-cheeked gibbon is extinct, or at least ecologically extinct, in China.
“Meaningful Adjacencies”: Disunity and the Commemoration of 9/11 in John Adams'sOn the Transmigration of Souls
Authors: BLIM DAN 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough responses to 9/11 have often called for unity, the process of memorializing it has proven extremely contentious. This article examines the role of disunity in modern memorialization, focusing specifically on John Adams'sOn the Transmigration of Souls, a work commissioned and premiered by the New York Philharmonic in 2002 to commemorate the victims of the World Trade Center terrorist attack. Drawing on critical theories of memorialization and on audience surveys I conducted at several performances ofOn the Transmigration of Souls, I suggest that disunity serves the process of memorializing by mirroring the experience of traumatic memory, by acknowledging loss and absence, and by negotiating regional, racial, gendered, religious, and political differences. Disunity thus encourages reflection on how multiple perspectives recast the act of memorialization. Such reflection, I argue, can inform both performance and scholarship of musical memorials toward what Judith Butler calls the “ethical responsibility” of mourning.
‘Candidatus Competibacter’-lineage genomes retrieved from metagenomes reveal functional metabolic diversity
Authors: McIlroy Simon J , Albertsen Mads , Andresen Eva K , Saunders Aaron M , Kristiansen Rikke , Stokholm-Bjerregaard Mikkel , Nielsen Kåre L , Nielsen Per H 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The glycogen-accumulating organism (GAO) ‘Candidatus Competibacter’ (Competibacter) uses aerobically stored glycogen to enable anaerobic carbon uptake, which is subsequently stored as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). This biphasic metabolism is key for the Competibacter to survive under the cyclic anaerobic-‘feast’: aerobic-‘famine’ regime of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) wastewater treatment systems. As they do not contribute to phosphorus (P) removal, but compete for resources with the polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO), thought responsible for P removal, their proliferation theoretically reduces the EBPR capacity. In this study, two complete genomes from Competibacter were obtained from laboratory-scale enrichment reactors through metagenomics. Phylogenetic analysis identified the two genomes, ‘Candidatus Competibacter denitrificans’ and ‘Candidatus Contendobacter odensis’, as being affiliated with Competibacter-lineage subgroups 1 and 5, respectively. Both have genes for glycogen and PHA cycling and for the metabolism of volatile fatty acids. Marked differences were found in their potential for the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and Entner–Doudoroff glycolytic pathways, as well as for denitrification, nitrogen fixation, fermentation, trehalose synthesis and utilisation of glucose and lactate. Genetic comparison of P metabolism pathways with sequenced PAOs revealed the absence of the Pit phosphate transporter in the Competibacter-lineage genomes—identifying a key metabolic difference with the PAO physiology. These genomes are the first from any GAO organism and provide new insights into the complex interaction and niche competition between PAOs and GAOs in EBPR systems.