bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of green technology for extraction of nickel from spent catalyst and its optimization using response surface methodology
Authors: Chauhan Garima , Pant Kamal K. , Nigam Krishna D.P. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Strict environmental legislation and increasing energy demand are the foretokens to edify the need of an eco-friendly sustainable method of metal extraction from spent catalysts. The present study practices an eco-friendly chelation technology for extraction of nickel from spent catalyst. Experiments were carried out with chelating agents diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), in addition to our previous published data on (S,S)-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid [(S,S)-EDDS] and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), by adopting the “one variable at a time” (OVAT) approach. However, OVAT does not take into account the interaction effect of process variables and cannot be regarded as an accomplished approach for multivariate analysis. Therefore, an attempt has been made to explore the applicability of response surface methodology (RSM) in order to minimize experimental efforts and provide elaborated quality of information to overcome the limitations of OVAT. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was coupled with RSM to optimize the process parameters using statistical analysis. The quantitative evaluation of the data shows that the molar ratio of chelating agent to Ni, solid to liquid ratio, and time, exert a significant influence on Ni extraction. A high value of regression coefficient (R2>0.97) substantiated a well fitted quadratic empirical model. The present optimization study may prove utilitarian for hydroprocessing industries intending to extract metals from spent catalyst which may reduce processing costs also.
The Effect of Social Contingencies on Nursing Students’ Reactions During a Rural Clinical Placement
Authors: Kerr Ron , Hemmings Brian C. , Kay Russell 
Published: April 2013

AbstractStudents’ feedback of their practicum experiences are typically documented only in terms of established nursing competencies and learning objectives. How nursing students cope with social contingencies (e.g., personal health) while away on clinical placement is not commonly reported in the literature. A sample of Australian student nurses was surveyed as a way of contributing new knowledge about what and how social contingencies could impact on a practicum experience. An analysis of the survey data provided by 244 students revealed that of the 14 contingencies used, financial pressure, accommodation, and geographic location, were rated as having the most influence. All of these social contingencies were examined by a principal components analysis. Three factors were identified and interpreted as professional organization, home organization, and personal organization. Three subscales were then derived using these factors and other measures were also calculated. Bivariate and multivariate relationships were subsequently determined. One key finding was that the first year students, compared to their more senior counterparts, expressed less stress during their practicum. The first year students, as opposed to their more experienced peers, also attached less importance to the professional organizational contingencies. The implications of the study for university administrators, nursing education faculty, and managers of clinical facilities conclude the paper.
Machine Vision Approach for Automating Vegetation Detection on Railway Tracks
Authors: Yella Siril , Nyberg Roger G. , Payvar Barsam , Dougherty Mark , Gupta Narendra K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe presence of vegetation on railway tracks (amongst other issues) threatens track safety and longevity. However, vegetation inspections in Sweden (and elsewhere in the world) are currently being carried out manually. Manually inspecting vegetation is very slow and time consuming. Maintaining an even quality standard is also very difficult. A machine vision-based approach is therefore proposed to emulate the visual abilities of the human inspector. Work aimed at detecting vegetation on railway tracks has been split into two main phases. The first phase is aimed at detecting vegetation on the tracks using appropriate image analysis techniques. The second phase is aimed at detecting the rails in the image to determine the cover of vegetation that is present between the rails as opposed to vegetation present outside the rails. Results achieved in the current work indicate that the machine vision approach has performed reasonably well in detecting the presence/absence of vegetation on railway tracks when compared with a human operator.
On the selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol with Pd/Au-nanoparticles in batch and flow
Authors: Alex Hannes , Steinfeldt Norbert , Jähnisch Klaus , Bauer Matthias , Hübner Sandra 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNanoparticles (NP) have specific catalytic properties, which are influenced by parameters like their size, shape, or composition. Bimetallic NPs, composed of two metal elements can show an improved catalytic activity compared to the monometallic NPs. We, herein, report on the selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol catalyzed by unsupported Pd/Au and Pd NPs at atmospheric pressure. NPs of varying compositions were synthesized and characterized by UV/Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The NPs were tested in the model reaction regarding their catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability in batch and continuous procedure. Additionally, in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements were performed in order to get insight in the process during NP catalysis.
EXAFS investigation on U(VI) immobilization in hardened cement paste: influence of experimental conditions on speciation
Authors: Macé Nathalie , Wieland Erich , Dähn Rainer , Tits Jan , Scheinost Andreas C. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the coordination environment of U(VI) in cementitious materials. The EXAFS measurements were carried out on U(VI)-doped samples prepared under varying conditions, such as samples from sorption, hydration and diffusion experiments, and using different cementitious materials, such as crushed hydrated hardened cement paste (HCP) and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H). The samples had U(VI) loadings ranging from 1700 μg/g to 45000 μg/g. Applying principal component analysis (PCA) on 13 EXAFS spectra (each spectra corresponding to aminimum of five different scans) of the low loading samples, one single species is obtained indicating a similar U(VI) coordination environment for both HCP and C-S-H samples. This result confirms that C-S-H phases control the uptake of U(VI) in the complex cement matrix. The coordination environment structure of this species is similar to a U(VI) surface complex or to U(VI) in uranyl silicate minerals (two axial O atoms at 1.82 ± 0.02 Å; four equatorial O atoms at 2.25 ± 0.01 Å; one Si atom at 3.10 ± 0.03 Å). At high U(VI) loading, PCA revealed a second U(VI) species, with a coordination environment similar to that of U(VI) in calcium uranate (two axial O atoms at 1.94 ± 0.04 Å; five equatorial O atoms at 2.26 ± 0.01 Å; four Ca atoms at 3.69 ± 0.05 Å and five U atoms at 3.85 ± 0.04 Å).
This study suggest that, at low U(VI) loading, U(VI) is bound to C-S-H phases in HCP while at high U(VI) loading, the immobilization of U(VI) in cementitious materials is mainly controlled by the precipitation of a calcium uranate-type phase.
Wehrmacht, Partisanenkrieg und Rückzugsverbrechen an der nördlichen Ostfront im Herbst und Winter 1943
Authors: Kilian Jürgen 
Published: April 2013

Vorspann
Die Forschung zur Rolle der Wehrmacht im Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion hat sich bisher stark auf dessen frühe Phase konzentriert. Jürgen Kilians Aufsatz verlagert den Fokus dagegen auf die Zeit nach 1943. Am Beispiel der vor Leningrad operierenden 18. Armee zeichnet er ein differenziertes Bild von Handlungsoptionen und Verhaltensweisen der Besatzungsstreitkräfte. Trotz aller Schattierungen dominierten letztlich weiterhin die Charakteristika des nationalsozialistischen Vernichtungskriegs. Insbesondere bei der Partisanenbekämpfung und der Politik der „verbrannten Erde“ wurde auf das Kriegsvölkerrecht und die Zivilbevölkerung keine Rücksicht genommen.
Keine „Atempause“
Authors: Eikel Markus 
Published: April 2013

Vorspann
Bonn erhielt keine Atempause. Kaum hatte die Bundesregierung die schweren Herausforderungen der frühen 1970er Jahre hinter sich, wartete im Sommer 1976 die nächste: Ein westdeutsch-palästinensisches Kommandounternehmen hatte ein Flugzeug entführt und verlangte die Freilassung seiner Gesinnungsgenossen, die in israelischen und deutschen Gefängnissen einsaßen. Was tun? Die Bundesregierung hatte sich zuvor prinzipiell auf eine unnachgiebige Linie festgelegt, musste diesen Kurs nun aber überdenken. Vor allem Rücksichten auf Israel geboten dies, wo man zeitweise geneigt schien, den Forderungen der Terroristen nachzukommen. Markus Eikel, Mitarbeiter des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes in Den Haag, analysiert diesen dramatischen Konsultationsprozess, der mit der israelischen Befreiungsaktion im ugandischen Entebbe ein abruptes Ende fand. Die Bundesregierung war damit aus dem Schneider, sie brauchte keine Entscheidung zu treffen und konnte an ihrer Position der Unnachgiebigkeit festhalten.
Studies of Corrosion of Al Thin Films using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Chee See Wee , Ross Frances M. , Duquette David , Hull Robert 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTA fundamental understanding of the processes that occur during early stages of corrosion is traditionally limited by the dearth of techniques that probe the liquid-solid interface with both high spatial resolution and microstructural detail such as grain size and orientation. Here, we demonstrate that with a microfluidic liquid flow cell holder, we can track the progress of corrosion in situ in Al thin films with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To mitigate the loss of resolution caused by imaging through liquid, we developed a method in which the liquid is temporarily de-wetted from the entire windowed area by switching the liquid stream from pure water to a mixture of ethanol and water. In the de-wetted region, we then collected images of the film microstructure with high spatial resolution over regular intervals while maintaining a low electron flux over the imaged area to minimize beam-induced effects. For as-deposited films, we find that the corrosion progresses in a fractal manner, consistent with reported behavior for films studied in water with low iron and chloride concentrations. For films that were subjected to rapid thermal annealing, we observe a higher density of pitting events, which we attribute to defects created by thermal stress in the oxide film. Furthermore, we observe that the pits can form at multiple locations in a single grain and are not confined to grain boundaries.
Temperature Effects in Al 5083 with a Bimodal Grain Size
Authors: Magee Andrew C. , Ladani Leila J. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTAn Al 5083 alloy with a bimodal grain size has been previously synthesized using a low-temperature milling process and consolidation via cold isostatic pressing (CIP). This material has been shown to exhibit greatly improved strength when compared to conventional aluminum alloys. Additionally, this material has shown sensitivity to test conditions. In this work, we studied the effects of temperature on the strain rate sensitivity of this material by examining its elastic and plastic properties though uniaxial tension tests conducted under a variety of conditions at temperatures up to 473 K. Serrated stress-strain curves were observed, indicating dynamic strain aging. Strain rate sensitivity was found to depend non-monotonically on the test temperature.
Mechanical stability and clinical applicability assessment of novel orthodontic mini-implant design
Authors: Song Ha Na , Hong Christine , Banh Robert , Ohebsion Tania , Asatrian Greg , Leung Ho-Yin , Wu Benjamin M , Moon Won 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To compare the stability and clinical applicability of a novel orthodontic mini-implant design (N2) with the most widely used commercially available (CA) design.

Materials and Methods:
Two groups of mini-implants were tested: a CA design (1.5-mm diameter, 6-mm length) and N2 (3-mm diameter, 2-mm length, tapered shape). Implants were inserted in bone blocks of cortical bone simulation with varying densities (20 pounds per cubic foot [pcf], 30 pcf, and 40 pcf). A torque test was used to measure maximum insertion torque (MIT) and maximum removal torque (MRT). Compression and tension force vectors were applied at angles of 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40° using customized load pins to determine primary stability.

Results:
Mean MIT and MRT were higher in the N2 than the CA design at all three cortical bone densities except MRT in 20 pcf bone (not statistically significant). The mean compression force required to displace the N2 at all distances and angulations was greater for the N2 than the CA design. At all displacement distances, the highest mean tension force required for N2 displacement was at 10° angulation, whereas at 30° and 40°, the mean tension force required to displace the CA design was greater.

Conclusions:
The primary stability of the N2 is superior to that of the CA design and is promising for both orthodontic and orthopedic clinical applicability, especially under compression force. The short length of the N2 reduces risk of damage to anatomic structures and root proximity during placement and orthodontic treatment. The stability of the N2 may be compromised in areas of high bone density and highly angulated tension force.
Cardiopulmonary effects of intravenous fentanyl infusion in dogs during isoflurane anesthesia and with concurrent acepromazine or dexmedetomidine administration during anesthetic recovery
Authors: Keating Stephanie C. J. , Kerr Carolyn L. , Valverde Alexander , Johnson Ron J. , McDonell Wayne N. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of IV fentanyl administration in dogs during isoflurane anesthesia and during anesthetic recovery with or without dexmedetomidine or acepromazine.
Animals—7 sexually intact male purpose-bred hound-type dogs aged 11 to 12 months.
Procedures—Dogs received a loading dose of fentanyl (5 μg/kg, IV) followed by an IV infusion (5 μg/kg/h) for 120 minutes while anesthetized with isoflurane and for an additional 60 minutes after anesthesia was discontinued. Dogs were randomly assigned in a crossover design to receive dexmedetomidine (2.5 μg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL) IV after anesthesia ceased. Cardiopulmonary data were obtained during anesthesia and for 90 minutes after treatment administration during anesthetic recovery.
Results—Concurrent administration of fentanyl and isoflurane resulted in significant decreases in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac index and a significant increase in Paco2. All but Paco2 returned to pretreatment values before isoflurane anesthesia was discontinued. During recovery, dexmedetomidine administration resulted in significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac index, and mixed venous oxygen tension and a significant increase in arterial blood pressure, compared with values for saline solution and acepromazine treatments. Acepromazine administration resulted in significantly lower blood pressure and higher cardiac index and Po2 in mixed venous blood than did the other treatments. Dexmedetomidine treatment resulted in significantly lower values for Pao2 and arterial pH and higher Paco2 values than both other treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fentanyl resulted in transient pronounced cardiorespiratory effects when administered during isoflurane anesthesia. During anesthetic recovery, when administered concurrently with an IV fentanyl infusion, dexmedetomidine resulted in evidence of cardiopulmonary compromise and acepromazine transiently improved cardiopulmonary performance.
Fecal calprotectin concentrations in adult dogs with chronic diarrhea
Authors: Grellet Aurélien , Heilmann Romy M. , Lecoindre Patrick , Feugier Alexandre , Day Michael J. , Peeters Dominique , Freiche Valérie , Hernandez Juan , Grandjean Dominique , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jorg M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate fecal calprotectin concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic diarrhea, to identify cutoff values for fecal calprotectin concentrations for use in differentiating dogs with chronic diarrhea and a canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) < 12 from dogs with chronic diarrhea and a CCECAI ≥ 12, and to evaluate the association between histologic evidence of intestinal mucosal changes and fecal calprotectin concentrations in dogs with chronic diarrhea.
Sample—Fecal samples from 96 adult dogs (27 dogs with chronic diarrhea and 69 healthy control dogs).
Procedures—Severity of clinical signs was evaluated on the basis of the CCECAI scoring system. Endoscopy was performed in all dogs with chronic diarrhea, and mucosal biopsy specimens were evaluated histologically. Fecal calprotectin concentration was quantified via radioimmunoassay.
Results—Fecal calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with chronic diarrhea than in healthy control dogs. Fecal calprotectin concentrations were also significantly higher in dogs with a CCECAI ≥ 12, compared with concentrations for dogs with a CCECAI between 4 and 11. Fecal calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with chronic diarrhea associated with histologic lesions, compared with concentrations in control dogs, and were significantly correlated with the severity of histologic intestinal lesions. Among dogs with chronic diarrhea, the best cutoff fecal calprotectin concentration for predicting a CCECAI ≥ 12 was 48.9 μg/g (sensitivity, 53.3%; specificity, 91.7%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fecal calprotectin may be a useful biomarker in dogs with chronic diarrhea, especially dogs with histologic lesions.
In vitro effects of three formulations of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on coagulation and platelet function in horses
Authors: Blong April E. , Epstein Kira L. , Brainard Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the in vitro effects of 3 hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions on viscoelastic coagulation testing and platelet function in horses.
Sample—Blood samples collected from 7 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Blood samples were diluted with various crystalloid and HES solutions to approximate the dilution of blood in vivo that occurs with administration of a 10 and 20 mL/kg fluid bolus to a horse (1:8 and 1:4 dilutions, respectively). Diluted samples were analyzed through optical platelet aggregometry, platelet function analysis, thromboelastography, and dynamic viscoelastic coagulometry. Colloid osmotic pressure and concentrations of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII:C were also determined for each sample.
Results—For all HES products, at both dilutions, the colloid osmotic pressure was significantly higher than that in the respective carrier solutions. At the 1:4 dilution, nearly all HES solutions resulted in significant alterations in platelet function as measured via the platelet function analyzer and dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer. Significant decreases in platelet aggregation and factor concentrations were also evident. Fewer HES-associated changes were identified at the 1:8 dilutions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dilution of blood samples with all HES solutions resulted in changes in viscoelastic coagulation and platelet function that did not appear to be attributable to dilution alone. In vivo evaluations are necessary to understand the clinical impact of these in vitro changes.
Noninvasive measurements of body composition and body water via quantitative magnetic resonance, deuterium water, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in awake and sedated dogs
Authors: Zanghi Brian M. , Cupp Carolyn J. , Pan Yuanlong , Tissot-Favre Delphine G. , Milgram Norton W. , Nagy Tim R. , Dobson Howard 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and deuterium oxide (D2O) methods for measurement of total body water (TBW), lean body mass (LBM), and fat mass (FM) in healthy dogs and to assess QMR accuracy.
Animals—58 Beagles (9 months to 11.5 years old).
Procedures—QMR scans were performed on awake dogs. A D2O tracer was administered (100 mg/kg, PO) immediately before dogs were sedated, which was followed by a second QMR or DXA scan. Jugular blood samples were collected before and 120 minutes after D2O administration.
Results—TBW, LBM, and FM determined via QMR were not significantly different between awake or sedated dogs, and means differed by only 2.0%, 2.2%, and 4.3%, respectively. Compared with results for D2O dilution, QMR significantly underestimated TBW (10.2%), LBM (13.4%), and FM (15.4%). Similarly, DXA underestimated LBM (7.3%) and FM (8.4%). A significant relationship was detected between FM measured via D2O dilution and QMR (r2 > 0.89) or DXA (r2 > 0.88). Even though means of TBW and LBM differed significantly between D2O dilution and QMR or DXA, values were highly related (r2 > 0.92).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—QMR was useful for determining body composition in dogs and can be used to safely and rapidly acquire accurate data without the need for sedation or anesthesia. These benefits can facilitate frequent scans, particularly in geriatric, extremely young, or ill pets. Compared with the D2O dilution method, QMR correction equations provided accurate assessment over a range of body compositions.
Evaluation of three approaches for performing ultrasonography-guided anesthetic blockade of the femoral nerve in calves
Authors: De Vlamynck Caroline A. , Pille Frederik , Hauspie Stijn , Saunders Jimmy H. , Van der Stede Yves , Gasthuys Frank , Vlaminck Lieven E. M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Objective—To develop a practical ultrasonography-guided injection approach to anesthetic blockade of the femoral nerve in calves and to assess the method's accuracy.
Animals—13 cadavers of 4-week-old male Holstein Friesian calves.
Procedures—Detailed topographic and anatomic cross-sectional evaluation of the relevant topography in 3 cadavers was performed to identify optimal injection approaches to the femoral nerve. Three approaches (ventral paravertebral, dorsal paravertebral, and ileal) were evaluated by simulated ultrasonography-guided perineural injection of methylene blue dye in 10 cadavers. Ultrasonographic image quality, number of needle redirections required for correct needle positioning, and injection success as defined through a 3-point grading system were recorded.
Results—The dorsal paravertebral approach yielded the best results, compared with the ileal and ventral paravertebral approaches, to properly and adequately stain the targeted nerve.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The dorsal paravertebral injection technique appeared to be the best choice for performing a femoral nerve block in calves, although this technique will need to be further evaluated in live calves to determine its effectiveness and clinical usefulness. Diagnostic perineural anesthesia of the femoral nerve in cattle might be helpful in identifying quadriceps muscle involvement in those with complex spastic paresis.