bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The significance of Notch ligand expression in the peripheral blood of children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)
Authors: Bai Zhen Jiang , Li Yi Ping , Huang Jie , Xiang Yong Jun , Lu Chun Yu , Kong Xiao Xing , Tian Jian Mei , Wang Jiang Huai , Wang Jian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a virus-induced infectious disease that usually affects infants and children, has an increased incidence in China in recent years. This study attempted to investigate the role of the Notch signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of HFMD.

Methods
Eighty-two children diagnosed with HFMD were enrolled into this study. The HFMD group was further divided into the uncomplicated HFMD and HFMD with encephalitis groups. The control group included 40 children who underwent elective surgery for treatment of inguinal hernias.

Results
Children with HFMD displayed significantly reduced CD3+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cell subsets, but substantially enhanced CD3−CD19+ cell subset (p < 0.05 versus control subjects). The expression levels of Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4 in the peripheral blood of the HFMD group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in CD3+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3−CD19+ cell subsets, but not in Notch ligand expression, between the uncomplicated HFMD and HFMD with encephalitis groups. Dll4 expression in HFMD subjects correlated negatively with the CD3+ and CD3+CD8+ cell subsets (p < 0.05), but positively with the CD3−CD19+ cell subset (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Dll4 expression in HFMD with encephalitis subjects correlated positively with total white blood cell (WBC) counts and total protein contents in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The Notch ligand Dll4 exhibits a strong correlation with the CD3+, CD3+CD8+ and CD3−CD19+ cell subsets in children with HFMD, indicating that the Notch signaling may be involved in the development of HFMD by affecting the number and status of peripheral lymphocytes.
MRI segmentation analysis in temporal lobe and idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Goldberg Hila , Weinstock Arie , Bergsland Niels , Dwyer Michael G , Farooq Osman , Sazgar Mona , Poloni Guy , Treu Cierra , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Ramanathan Murali , Zivadinov Robert 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) patients have each been associated with extensive brain atrophy findings, yet to date there are no reports of head to head comparison of both patient groups. Our aim was to assess and compare between tissue-specific and structural brain atrophy findings in TLE to IGE patients and to healthy controls (HC).

Methods
TLE patients were classified in TLE lesional (L-TLE) or non-lesional (NL-TLE) based on presence or absence of MRI temporal structural abnormalities. High resolution 3 T MRI with automated segmentation by SIENAX and FIRST tools were performed in a group of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (11 L-TLE and 15 NL-TLE) and in15 IGE as well as in 26 HC. Normal brain volume (NBV), normal grey matter volume (NGMV), normal white matter volume (NWMV), and volumes of subcortical deep grey matter structures were quantified. Using regression analyses, differences between the groups in both volume and left/right asymmetry were evaluated. Additionally, laterality of results was also evaluated to separately quantify ipsilateral and contralateral effects in the TLE group.

Results
All epilepsy groups had significantly lower NBV and NWMV compared to HC (p < 0.001). L-TLE had lower hippocampal volume than HC and IGE (p = 0.001), and all epilepsy groups had significantly lower amygdala volume than HC (p < = 0.004). In L-TLE, there was evidence of atrophy in both ipsilateral and contralateral structures.

Conclusions
Our study revealed that TLE and IGE patients demonstrated similar overall tissue-specific brain atrophy, although specific structures differences were appreciated. L-TLE also appeared to behave differently than NL-TLE, with atrophy not limited to the ipsilateral side.
The Performance: A Reading at PW12 (Winter 2012)
Authors: Jaeger Peter 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This short text takes the form of a series of modular units focussing on performance readings at PW12, held at the Arnolfini gallery during the winter of 2012. The text consists of parodic aphorisms interspersed with direct quotations taken from the performance. This unusual configuration defamiliarizes the standard research essay format, and brings the readings in question into a more dialogic relation with the critical components of the aphorisms. There is also a tendency here towards the performative inscription of theory. To this end, the article offers a burlesque of critical prose which is sympathetic to the indeterminate poetics of the performances, as well as to the pluralistic character of the event.
Singing about the death of Muhammad al-Durrah and the emotional mobilization for protest
Authors: Ensel Remco 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This article examines a couple of Arabic-language songs about the death of the young Muhammad al-Durrah on the second day of the Second Intifada, September 2000. The songs as well as the videos that have been uploaded confirm the iconic status of al-Durrah and demonstrate the significance of the incident as a means for emotional mobilization in anti-Israeli protest. Following the World War I studies by historian George Mosse, I propose in this article to identify the central motif of the songs as a nationalistic myth of the fallen martyr.
Frequency and morphological irregularity are independent variables. Evidence from a corpus study of Spanish verbs
Authors: Fratini Viviana , Acha Joana , Laka Itziar 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present the results of the first corpus analysis of Spanish verbs where the correlation between morphological irregularity and frequency was considered. In English, irregular verbs are more frequent than regular ones (Ullman, 1999 and Michel et al., 2011). We tested whether this frequency-irregularity relation observed in English would also hold in a more complex morphological system like Spanish. Results show that frequency and morphological irregularity do not correlate in Spanish. This pattern of results represents a challenge for the Dual-Mechanism model of morphology (Pinker and Prince 1988; Pinker and Ullman 2002), where all irregulars are argued to be stored whole in memory and are predicted to be more frequent than regulars.
Predicting Sorption Isotherms and Net Isosteric Heats of Sorption of Maize Grains at Different Temperatures
Authors: Talla André 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn Sub-Saharan Africa, drying maize on their stem was the traditional technique frequently used; this technique must be improved to avoid contaminations and to increase the quality of drying. However, the method of storage is accountable for the most significant losses after harvest, because mildew develops when the conditions of storage (too high temperature and moisture of the air) do not tally with the final content of the dried product. Sorption isotherms of products are most important to model moisture uptake during storage and distribution. Sorption isotherms of intermediate moisture content maize grains were determined using the gravimetric static method of saturated salt solutions at 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, and GAB equation was applied to discuss the results. This model correctly describes the evolutions of maize sorption isotherms, with maximum deviation of 0.0080 kg water/kg db. The net isosteric heat of sorption was determined also, using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, and it was varied from 463 kJ/kg to 1,264 kJ/kg, decreasing with increasing moisture content. This effect was well described by an exponential function with a regression coefficientR2> 97%. The monolayer moisture content was found to decrease with increasing temperature. These results can be used to predict the potential changes in the stability of maize grains and later for the development of a system of suitable drying.
A Note on Complementary Goods Mergers between Oligopolists with Market Power: Cournot Effects, Bundling and Antitrust
Authors: Masson Robert T. , Dalkir Serdar , Eisenstadt David 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAntitrust policy in the US and EU toward non-horizontal mergers between oligopolists is based on a strong presumption of Cournot effects and/or improvements in consumer welfare through post-merger bundling. We show that complementary goods mergers between firms that possess market power in their respective components markets do not always assure either. The analysis underscores the importance of fully specifying the nature of pre-merger rivalry among all market participants and the assumed distribution of consumer preferences when making predictions about the likely effects of such transactions.
Investigation of the effect of microstructural parameters on the initial yield surface of non-isothermal composites
Authors: Ye Junjie , Qiu Yuanying , Zhai Zhi , Chen Xuefeng , Fan Yuchen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the effects of microstructural parameters on the initial yield surface of non-isothermal composites were investigated. The fiber phase was assumed to be a linear elastic material, and the matrix was assumed to be a non-linear material. Incorporating the Bodner-Partom viscoplastic constitutive model into a high-fidelity generalized method of cells allowed the initial yield surfaces of non-isothermal composites with different microscopic arrays and fiber cross-section shapes to be studied. Moreover, working temperature effects on initial yield surface are also discussed. The results show that the initial yield stress in the σxx–σyyplane of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites tends to decrease with increasing working temperature. Furthermore, the effects of fiber arrays and fiber off-axis angles on initial yield stress show similar variation at different working temperature conditions.
Editorial on Future Jet Technologies
Authors: Gal-Or Benjamin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAdvanced jet engines do not operate in an application vacuum. Their optimal use in advanced military applications drives much of their basic innovative research and development, especially when new needs arise in the rapidly changing domains of stealth-agile, fighter aircraft and tailless-stealth, Jet-Steered, Unmanned Air Vehicles (JS-UAV). For these reasons we periodically update this Journal with new trends that affect, and sometimes control, research and development of future jet-engines. One relevant example is the recently unmasked RQ-180 stealth-tailless drone, which is an improved version of the smaller, RQ-170 captured by Iran. Most important, with the new X-47B/C tailless-stealth JS-UAV, it is to dominate future uses of fuel-efficient jet-engines, especially for operating in dusty environments. The RQ-180 has been secretly designed and funded since 2008. It is based on a classified, 1986, parent Israeli Patents 78402, which protect hundreds design and testing trade secrets taken from 1986 to 1997 by the United States Government (USG) via classified contracts with USG-Contractors Boeing, Lockheed, General Dynamics and General Electric, as revealed by a December 6, 2013 Aviation Week [1–3] and U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Case 2014-5028, Docket 12 [4]. The new RQ-180 design explains the recent U.S. Air Force ISR shift away from “permissive” environments – such as Iraq and Afghanistan, where non-stealthy Global Hawk and General Atomics' Reaper operate – toward new missions in highly “contested” or strongly “denied” enemy airspaces.
Self-Incompatibility in Brassicaceae: Identification and Characterization of SRK-Like Sequences Linked to the S-Locus in the Tribe Biscutelleae
Authors: Leducq Jean-Baptiste , Gosset Célia C , Gries Rita , Calin Kevin , Schmitt Éric , Castric Vincent , Vekemans Xavier 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic system that prevents self-fertilization in many Angiosperms. Although plants from the Brassicaceae family present an apparently unique SI system that is ancestral to the family, investigations at the S-locus responsible for SI have been mostly limited to two distinct lineages (Brassica and Arabidopsis-Capsella, respectively). Here, we investigated SI in a third deep-branching lineage of Brassicaceae: the tribe Biscutelleae. By coupling sequencing of the SI gene responsible for pollen recognition (SRK) with phenotypic analyses based on controlled pollinations, we identified 20 SRK-like sequences functionally linked to 13 S-haplotypes in 21 individuals of Biscutella neustriaca and 220 seedlings. We found two genetic and phylogenetic features of SI in Biscutelleae that depart from patterns observed in the reference Arabidopsis clade: (1) SRK-like sequences cluster into two main phylogenetic lineages interspersed within the many SRK lineages of Arabidopsis; and (2) some SRK-like sequences are transmitted by linked pairs, suggesting local duplication within the S-locus. Strikingly, these features also were observed in the Brassica clade but probably evolved independently, as the two main SRK clusters in Biscutella are distinct from those in Brassica. In the light of our results and of what has been previously observed in other Brassicaceae, we discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications on SI plant populations of the high diversity and the complex dominance relationships we found at the S-locus in Biscutelleae.
Biology of Green Sulfur Bacteria
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F 
Published: June 2014

AbstractGreen sulfur bacteria have gained much attention because of a number of highly interesting features including unique structures of the photosynthetic apparatus and the presence of chlorosomes as very powerful light antenna that can capture minute amounts of light. This has important ecological consequences, because the efficient light‐harvesting determines the ecological niche of these bacteria at the lowermost part of stratified environments where the least of light is available. Furthermore, the strict dependency on photosynthesis to provide energy for growth and the obligate phototrophy of green sulfur bacteria together with their characteristic sulfur metabolism have provoked much interest in their physiology, ecology and genomics. The oxidation of sulfide as their outmost important photosynthetic electron donor involves the deposition of elemental sulfur globules outside the cells and separates the process of sulfide oxidation to sulfate into two parts. This is the basis for stable syntrophic associations between green sulfur bacteria and sulfur‐ and sulfate‐reducing bacteria in which the sulfur compounds are recycled. The green sulfur bacteria are distantly related to other bacteria and represent the phylum Chlorobi, though the known representatives are taxonomically treated as Chlorobiaceae with the generaChlorobium,Chlorobaculum,ProsthecochlorisandChloroherpeton.Key Concepts:Green sulfur bacteria depend on light for life due to their obligate phototrophic metabolism.Green sulfur bacteria perform a highly efficient photosynthesis due to the presence of light harvesting organelles, the chlorosomes, which are filled with special bacteriochlorophyll molecules.Green sulfur bacteria inhabit the lowermost part of the photic environments due to their efficient light capture.Green sulfur bacteria inhabit the lowermost part of the chemocline in the stratified environment due to their sensitivity to oxygen, their high sulfide tolerance and their dependence in light.Green sulfur bacteria are important drivers of oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in the stratified, sulfide‐containing environment receiving low irradiation.
Arthropod‐borne Viruses
Authors: Vanlandingham Dana L , McElroy Horne Kate 
Published: June 2014

AbstractArthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) may infect and replicate in haematophagus insects and arachnids when the arthropods take a bloodmeal from an infected vertebrate. Following an appropriate incubation period, the arthropod may transmit the amplified virus to susceptible vertebrates when the arthropod takes a subsequent bloodmeal. Of more than 500 recognised arboviruses, almost 100 cause a wide variety of illnesses in humans, livestock, and/or wildlife species ranging from subclinical infection to mild febrile disease, haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or death. Arboviruses have wide geographic distributions which are largely dependent upon their vectors, and different arboviruses can be found on all continents including Antarctica. Since very few specific antiviral therapies or arbovirus vaccines exist, control focuses primarily on vector elimination and education on arthropod avoidance. Arbovirus prevalence has increased dramatically during the past 3 decades, with viral emergence and re‐emergence driven by urbanisation, increased international travel and commercial transportation, and expanding vector distribution.Key Concepts:Arboviruses infect and replicate in insects and ticks and may be transmitted during blood feeding to susceptible vertebrates, including humans.‘Arbovirus’ is an ecological term, and the recognised arboviruses are found in the familiesTogaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae, and Asfarviridae.Most arboviruses are single‐stranded RNA viruses.Infection with an arbovirus may be asymptomatic or may cause fever, haemorrhage, encephalitis, with or without sequelae and death.Currently licensed human vaccines only exist for yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV).Arbovirus prevalence in specific regions fluctuates, but emergence and re‐emergence has caused an increase in human infections over the past 30 years.
Mutation–Selection Balance
Authors: Trotter Meredith V 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn organism's genome is continually being altered by mutations, the vast majority of which are harmful to the organism or its descendants, because they reduce the bearer's viability or fertility. Consequently, in every generation, natural selection acts to weed out these deleterious mutations. The opposing processes of mutation and selection balance each other so that the frequency in a population of a deleterious mutation remains at an equilibrium value determined by the strength of selection and the frequency of mutation. The classic model of mutation–selection balance assumes a single biallelic locus under constant selection. In reality, selection and mutation can vary in time and space, loci can have multiple alleles, and the genome comprises many loci. Mutation–selection balance across the genome depends on factors such as linkage, recombination, mating system, epistasis, pleiotropy and the distribution of fitness effects of new mutations. Mutation–selection dynamics also inform genetic variance for quantitative traits under stabilising selection.Key Concepts:A deleterious mutation at a single locus has an expected equilibrium frequency determined by the rate at which it is produced by mutation, and the rate at which selection removes it from the population.The decrease in population fitness due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations under mutation–selection balance is called mutational load.In finite populations, deleterious mutations can depart from their equilibrium frequency, be lost or go to fixation, all by stochastic drift.Equilibrium expectations under the neutral model of mutation–selection balance provide important null hypotheses for measuring selection in natural populations.Mutation–selection dynamics at multiple loci depend on many factors such as dominance, recombination rate, linkage, epistasis, pleiotropy, mating system and population size.Variation at quantitative genetic traits can also be maintained by a balance between stabilizing selection and mutation.
Macromolecular Interactions: Aptamers
Authors: Rodesch Matthew J , Ozers* Mary Szatkowski , Warren Christopher L 
Published: June 2014

AbstractShort nucleic acids can fold into unique three‐dimensional configurations, known as aptamers, to elicit binding of a specific target. The structure of an aptamer, such as stem‐loops, g‐quadruplexes and pseudoknots, directs its ability to recognise and discriminate specific targets. There are significant advantages to aptamers over antibodies, including ease and cost of production as well as lack of immunogenicity. Traditionally, aptamers have been generated by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. Aptamers have been developed against a range of targets including proteins, small molecules, intracellular targets, cell‐surface receptors and whole cells, and have thus far resulted in one Food and Drug Administration‐approved therapeutic. Although technical challenges as well as a restrictive intellectual property landscape have hindered the progress of aptamers for direct therapeutic use, they have gained applications as conjugate vehicles for targeted delivery of other therapeutic molecules, in molecular imaging, and as biosensors in increasingly sophisticated detection and monitoring devices.Key Concepts:Nucleic acid aptamers specifically bind a target molecule, including proteins and small molecules, serving as the functional equivalent of chemical antibodies.Aptamers can adopt a multitude of unique three‐dimensional configurations that are required for specific binding of targets.Aptamers are superior to antibodies with regard to ease of production and lack of immunogenicity.Aptamers are traditionally discovered using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment.Aptamers have been used for a variety of applications including direct therapeutics, vehicles for targeted delivery of compounds, biosensors, diagnostic imaging and nanomachinery.
Molecular Genetics of Human Facial Dysostoses
Authors: Czeschik Johanna Christina , Wieczorek Dagmar 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHuman facial dysostoses comprise mandibulofacial (MFDs) and acrofacial dysostoses (AFDs). Both types are characterised by similar craniofacial dysmorphisms, which are assumed to be caused by an abnormal development of the neural crest cells. Craniofacial anomalies consist of downslanting palpebral fissures, lower eyelid coloboma with or without absence of lower eyelashes medial to the defect, hypoplasia of the zygomatic complex, micrognathia and microtia often associated with hearing loss. The facial anomalies are associated with limb anomalies in the AFDs, which are preaxial, postaxial or cannot be classified into one of these groups.The molecular basis for most of the MFDs and AFDs is unknown. For Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1, POLR1DandPOLR1C) and MFD type Hutterite (TCOF1), the molecular basis is known which is also true for three of the AFDs, Nager syndrome (SF3B4), Miller syndrome (DHODH) and AFD type Guion‐Almeida (EFTUD2).Key Concepts:In human facial dysostoses, the development of the structures of the first and second branchial arches is disturbed.Facial dysostoses can be subdivided into those with normal extremities, the mandibulofacial dysostoses (MFDs), and those with anomalies of limbs, the acrofacial dysostoses.TCOF1mutations are causal for Treacher Collins syndrome and MFD type Hutterite.POLR1DandPOLR1Cmutations are causal for Treacher Collins syndrome.SF3B4mutations are causal for Nager syndrome.EFTUD2mutations are causal for ADGA.DHODHmutations are causal for Miller syndrome.EVCandEVC2mutations are causal for Weyers syndrome.
An anisotropic ink based on crystalline nanocellulose: Potential applications in security printing
Authors: Chindawong Chakkresit , Johannsmann Diethelm 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPolymer dispersions containing crystalline nanocellulose have been used as birefringent inks. When printed onto dark paper, the letters are darker than the background if viewed without polarizers, while they are brighter than the background if viewed with crossed polarizers. This type of contrast inversion can have applications in security printing and optical authentication. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41063.