bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myelomeningocele: surgical trends and predictors of outcome in the United States, 1988–2010
Authors: Kshettry Varun R. , Kelly Michael L. , Rosenbaum Benjamin P. , Seicean Andreea , Hwang Lee , Weil Robert J. 
Published: April 2014

Object
Myelomeningocele repair is an uncommonly performed surgical procedure. The volume of operations has been decreasing in the past 2 decades, probably as the result of public health initiatives for folate supplementation. Because of the rarity of myelomeningocele, data on patient or hospital factors that may be associated with outcome are scarce. To determine these factors, the authors investigated the trends in myelomeningocele surgical repair in the United States over a 23-year period and examined patient and hospital characteristics that were associated with outcome.

Methods
The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for 1988–2010 was queried for hospital admissions for myelomeningocele repair. This database reports patient, hospital, and admission characteristics and surgical trends. The authors used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to assess associations between patient and hospital characteristics and in-hospital deaths, nonroutine discharge, long hospital stay, and shunt placement.

Results
There were 4034 hospitalizations for surgical repair of myelomeningocele. The annual volume decreased since 1988 but plateaued in the last 4 years of the study. The percentages of myelomeningocele patients with low income (30.8%) and Medicaid insurance (48.2%) were disproportionately lower than those for the overall live-born population (p < 0.0001). More operations per 10,000 live births were performed for Hispanic patients (3.2) than for white (2.0) or black (1.5) patients (p < 0.0001). Overall, 56.6% of patients required shunt placement during the same hospital stay as for surgical repair; 95.0% of patients were routinely discharged; and the in-hospital mortality rate was 1.4%. Nonwhite race was associated with increased in-hospital risk for death (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.3) independent of socioeconomic or insurance status.

Conclusions
Overall, the annual surgical volume of myelomeningocele repairs decreased after public health initiatives were introduced but has more recently plateaued. The most disproportionately represented populations are Hispanic, low-income, and Medicaid patients. Among nonwhite patients, increased risk for in-hospital death may represent a disparity in care or a difference in disease severity.
Carrying Living Water for the Healing of God's People: Women Leaders in the Fifohazana Revival and the Reformed Church in Madagascar
Authors: Sigg Michèle Miller 
Published: April 2014

For over one hundred years the Fifohazana Revival has played a key role in the spread of Christianity in Madagascar. The Fifohazana is an indigenous Christian movement that seeks to serve Malagasy society through the preaching of the Gospel and a holistic ministry of healing in community. This article summarises the findings of a study that explored the role of women leaders as holistic healers in the Fifohazana revival movement and the Reformed Church (FJKM) in Madagascar. Based on interviews with four women ministering in the Fifohazana or the Reformed Church, including a rising leader in the revival movement, this study highlights the importance of women leaders as radical disciples and subversive apostles in the Fifohazana revival movement and in the Reformed Church. As such, these women have been instrumental in bringing renewal into the church through the work of the Holy Spirit in the holistic healing ministry of the Fifohazana.
Comparative development of rare cases of a polycarpellate gynoecium in an otherwise monocarpellate family, Leguminosae
Authors: Paulino Juliana Villela , Prenner Gerhard , Mansano Vidal Freitas , Teixeira Simone Pádua 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of the study: Apocarpy (i.e., free carpels) is considered to be the basal condition for ovary development in angiosperms. Yet it only occurs in 10% of angiosperm species, of which another 10% are monocarpellate. Most legume flowers are monocarpellate. Species with polycarpellate gynoecia occur in about 15 genera with most representatives in Mimosoideae. In the present study, we analyze legumes with polycarpellate flowers with the aim of improving our understanding of gynoecium evolution.• Methods: Flowers of nine legume species from five genera were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).• Key results: In Leguminosae, carpels usually form as individual primordia or protuberances. Inga congesta differs slightly from this pattern in that the central apex bulges outward before the formation of individual carpel primordia. While legumes usually develop entirely plicate carpels, flowers of Acacia celastrifolia and Inga bella show an intermediate type of carpel morphology with a distal plicate zone and a small proximal ascidiate zone. Carpels in Inga congesta and Archidendron glabrum are sometimes slightly fused at the ovary base. The orientation of carpel clefts seems to reflect the floral symmetry. They are directed to the floral center in mimosoids and caesalpinioids, whereas in Swartzia dipetala carpel clefts are oriented to the adaxial side.• Conclusions: Polycarpelly arose at least seven times independently in Leguminosae. The polycarpellate condition appears to be correlated with polyandry, and in most instances, it is accompanied by a profound change in floral organization from a closed to an open system.
Climate niche modeling in the perennial Glycine (Leguminosae) allopolyploid complex
Authors: Harbert Robert S. , Brown Anthony H. D. , Doyle Jeff J. 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of study: Polyploid plants, when compared with diploids, show similar molecular, morphological, physiological, and ecological tendencies across unrelated groups, but the degree to which these form “rules” of polyploid evolution are unclear. The Glycine (Leguminosae) allopolyploid complex affords the opportunity to test whether polyploidy in similar genetic backgrounds produces similar effects on geographical range or climatic space.• Methods: We used information on locality presence of four closely related Glycine allopolyploid species and their diploid progenitors to build models of the potentially available Australian ranges based on climate using Maxent3.3.3k. Principal coordinate analysis was used to characterize the multidimensional climate space occupied by each species.• Key results: Each of the four Glycine allopolyploids showed intermediacy in potential geographical space and in ecological space, relative to its diploid progenitors. The four allopolyploids did not have consistently larger ranges than their progenitors, though all four occupied a portion of climate niche space not available to its progenitors. The polyploids also differed in their exploitation of potentially available geographical range. Australian ranges and environmental space did not correlate with greater colonizing ability in these polyploids.• Conclusions: The four Glycine allopolyploids do not show many common range‐ or climate‐related features, other than intermediacy. Thus, despite their similar genetic and evolutionary backgrounds, polyploidy has not produced convergent ecological effects.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Indian tobacco, Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae)1
Authors: Hughes P. William , Jaworski Allison F. , Davis Corey S. , Aitken Susan M. , Simons Andrew M. 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of the study: Nuclear microsatellite markers were developed for Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae), an obligately self‐fertilizing plant species, for use in the study of temporal fluctuation in allele frequency and of the genetic structure within and among populations.• Methods and Results: We developed 28 primer pairs for L. inflata, all of which amplify CT dinucleotide repeats. We evaluated amplification of these loci in 53 L. inflata individuals at three sites in eastern North America and found that 24 loci showed microsatellite polymorphism. We also found that 16 loci amplified successfully in L. cardinalis, and 11 amplified successfully in L. siphilitica.• Conclusions: These primers will be useful for assessing allelic diversity within and among populations of L. inflata, and show potential for use in congeneric species.
Application of a novel and automated branched DNA in situ hybridization method for the rapid and sensitive localization of mRNA molecules in plant tissues
Authors: Bowling Andrew J. , Pence Heather E. , Church Jeffrey B. 
Published: April 2014

• Premise of the study: A novel branched DNA detection technology, RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH), originally developed for use on human clinical and animal tissues, was adapted for use in plant tissue in an attempt to overcome some of the limitations associated with traditional ISH assays.• Methods and Results: Zea mays leaf tissue was formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) and then probed with the RNAscope ISH assay for two endogenous genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Results from both manual and automated methods showed tissue‐ and cell‐specific mRNA localization patterns expected from these well‐studied genes.• Conclusions: RNAscope ISH is a sensitive method that generates high‐quality, easily interpretable results from FFPE plant tissues. Automation of the RNAscope method on the Ventana Discovery Ultra platform allows significant advantages for repeatability, reduction in variability, and flexibility of workflow processes.
Limited Evolution but Increasing Trends of Primary Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations in Therapy-Naive HIV-1-Infected Individuals in India
Authors: Neogi Ujjwal , Gupta Soham , Palchaudhuri Riya , Rao Shwetha D , Shastri Suresh , Diwan Vishal , Laishram Ranbir S , De Costa Ayesha , Shet Anita 
Published: April 2014

Background After the rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings, surveillance of primary drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among ART-naive individuals has important public health benefits. Although a highly successful national ART programme initiated by the Government of India exists, data on the prevalence of primary DRMs is scarce. The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence, pattern and spectrum of population-based primary DRMs in therapy-naive HIV-1-infected individuals using clinical strains and database sequences from seven HIV prevalent states of India. Methods Drug resistance genotyping was performed on either plasma RNA or whole-blood genomic DNA using a validated in-house method on 170 HIV-1-positive therapy-naive individuals. An additional 679 database-derived sequences from four other states were included in the analysis. The WHO-recommended list of mutations (SDRM_2009) for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were used for interpretation of DRMs. Trends of primary DRMs before and after the ART rollout were studied. Results The overall prevalence of primary DRMs was 2.6% in the selected states of India when clinical isolates as well as database-derived sequences were combined. Common mutations included T69D and D67N (NRTI mutations), and L100I, K101E, K103N and Y181C (NNRTI mutations). There was a significant increase in NNRTI mutations over time. Conclusions The overall DRM prevalence in this study was low. However, an increasing trend in primary NNRTI resistance has been observed during the past decade. Establishment of HIV drug resistance threshold surveillance will be useful in understanding further trends of transmitted resistance.
Prevalence in the Usa of Rilpivirine Resistance-Associated Mutations in Clinical Samples and Effects on Phenotypic Susceptibility to Rilpivirine and Etravirine
Authors: Picchio Gaston R , Rimsky Laurence T , Van Eygen Veerle , Haddad Mojgan , Napolitano Laura A , Vingerhoets Johan 
Published: April 2014

Background The prevalence of rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in the USA, and their effect on phenotypic susceptibility to rilpivirine and etravirine, was evaluated in clinical samples from HIV-1-infected patients. Methods In total, 15,991 samples submitted to Monogram Biosciences (South San Francisco, CA, USA) for routine resistance testing between January 2010 and June 2011 were assessed for the presence of known rilpivirine RAMs K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C and M230I/L; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) RAMs K103N, L100I and L100I+K103N; and the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) RAMs M184I/V and their combinations with rilpivirine RAMs. Phenotypic susceptibility (PhenoSenseGT® assay; Monogram Biosciences) was evaluated, with reduced susceptibility defined as fold change (FC) in 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50)>2.0 for rilpivirine and FC>2.9 for etravirine. Results Of the 15,991 samples, 17% harboured ≥1 rilpivirine RAMs. The prevalence of most rilpivirine RAMs and combinations of NNRTI RAMs of interest was low (≤3%), except for Y181C (7%). Rilpivirine RAMs were often associated with reduced rilpivirine phenotypic susceptibility. Median FC values >2.0 were observed for clinical isolates with rilpivirine RAMs K101P, E138Q/R, Y181C/I/V, Y188L or M230L, and for the combination of E138K with M184I/V, and K101E with M184I. Most rilpivirine FC values >2.0 were associated with etravirine FC values >2.9 for individual rilpivirine RAMs and those combined with M184I/V. There was no relationship between the presence of K103N and rilpivirine FC. However, the L100I+K103N combination (without rilpivirine RAMs), at <2% prevalence, was associated with a rilpivirine FC>2.0. Conclusions Based on 15,991 US clinical samples from HIV-1-infected patients, the frequency of most known rilpivirine RAMs apart from Y181C was low.
Phylogenetic Evidence of HIV-1 Sequence Evolution in Subjects with Persistent Low-Level Viraemia
Authors: Vardhanabhuti Saran , Taiwo Babafemi , Kuritzkes Daniel R , Eron Joseph J , Bosch Ronald J 
Published: April 2014

Background Persistent low-level viraemia (LLV) during the treatment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with emergent drug resistance mutation (DRM); however, insight into its driver is limited. The objectives were to study HIV-1 pol sequence evolution in subjects with persistent LLV and evaluate factors associated with sequence changes. Methods HIV-1 pol sequences from 54 treatment-naive subjects undergoing first-line lopinavir/ritonavir- or efavirenz-containing ART were obtained at pre-ART and end of LLV. HIV-1 sequence evolution was evaluated using phylogenetic analysis and Hamming distance calculation. DRMs were interpreted based on the International AIDS Society-USA 2011 update. Results Subjects with new DRM during LLV had greater HIV-1 evolution across pol from the pre-ART to end of LLV compared with subjects without DRM. Evolution over non-DRM sites was similar between groups. Higher degree of genetic evolution was positively associated with higher HIV-1 RNA levels during LLV, both at DRM and non-DRM sites. Conclusions The magnitude of LLV was the primary driver of evolution rate at DRM as well as non-DRM sites. Higher viral load was associated with DRM emergence in these subjects. These findings provide insights that may be applicable to the management of patients with persistent LLV during ART.
Recent Trends in Early Stage Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Australia
Authors: McManus Hamish , Hoy Jennifer F , Woolley Ian , Boyd Mark A , Kelly Mark D , Mulhall Brian , Roth Norman J , Petoumenos Kathy , Law Matthew G ,   the Australian HIV Observational Database
Published: April 2014

Background There have been improvements in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) over the past 15 years. The aim of this analysis was to assess whether improvements in ART have resulted in improvements in surrogates of HIV outcome. Methods Patients in the Australian HIV Observational Database who initiated treatment using mono/duo therapy prior to 1996, or using cART from 1996 onwards, were included in the analysis. Patients were stratified by era of ART initiation. Median changes in CD4+ T-cell count and the proportion of patients with detectable HIV viral load (>400 copies/ml) were calculated over the first 4 years of treatment. Probabilities of treatment switch were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 2,753 patients were included in the analysis: 28% initiated treatment <1996 using mono/duo therapy and 72% initiated treatment ≥1996 using cART (30% 1996–1999, 12% 2000–2003, 11% 2004–2007 and 19% ≥2008). Overall CD4+ T-cell count response improved by later era of initiation ( P<0.001), although 2000–2003 CD4+ T-cell count response was less than that for 1996– 1999 ( P=0.007). The average proportion with detectable viral load from 2 to 4 years post-treatment commencement by era was: <1996 mono/duo 0.69 (0.67–0.71), 1996–1999 cART 0.29 (0.28–0.30), 2000–2003 cART 0.22 (0.20–0.24), 2004–2007 cART 0.09 (0.07–0.10) and ≥2008 cART 0.04 (0.03–0.05). Probability of treatment switch at 4 years after initiation decreased from 53% in 1996–1999 to 29% after 2008 ( P<0.001). Conclusions Across the five time-periods examined, there have been incremental improvements for patients initiated on cART, as measured by overall response (viral load and CD4+ T-cell count) and also increased durability of first-line ART regimens.
First report ofCotesia vanessae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in North America
Authors: Hervet V.A.D. , Murillo H. , Fernández-Triana J.L. , Shaw M.R. , Laird R.A. , Floate K.D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report for the first time the occurrence of the well-known Eurasian and north African parasitoidCotesia vanessae(Reinhard) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in North America. Specimens were reared fromChrysodeixis chalcites(Esper) andTrichoplusia ni(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) recovered from several locations in southwestern Ontario, Canada, and detected by DNA sequencing from oneAutographa californica(Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in southern Alberta, Canada.
Momentum Conservative Schemes for Shallow Water Flows
Authors: Pudjaprasetya S. R. , Magdalena I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe discuss the implementation of the finite volume method on a staggered grid to solve the full shallow water equations with a conservative approximation for the advection term. Stelling & Duinmeijer [15] noted that the advection approximation may be energy-head or momentum conservative, and if suitable which of these to implement depends upon the particular flow being considered. The momentum conservative scheme pursued here is shown to be suitable for 1D problems such as transcritical flow with a shock and dam break over a rectangular bed, and we also found that our simulation of dam break over a dry sloping bed is in good agreement with the exact solution. Further, the results obtained using the generalised momentum conservative approximation for 2D shallow water equations to simulate wave run up on a conical island are in good agreement with benchmark experimental data.
Use of the Quality Improvement (QI) Knowledge Application Tool in Assessing Pediatric Resident QI Education
Authors: Glissmeyer Eric W. , Ziniel Sonja I. , Moses James 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Assessing the effectiveness of quality improvement curricula is important to improving this area of resident education.

Objective
To assess the ability of the Quality Improvement Knowledge Application Tool (QIKAT) to differentiate between residents who were provided instruction in QI and those who were not, when scored by individuals not involved in designing the QIKAT, its scoring rubric, or QI curriculum instruction.

Methods
The QIKAT and a 9-item self-assessment of QI proficiency were administered to an intervention and a control group. The intervention was a longitudinal curriculum consisting of 8 hours of didactic QI training and 6 workshops providing just-in-time training for resident QI projects. Two uninvolved faculty scored the QIKAT.

Results
A total of 33 residents in the intervention group and 27 in the control group completed the baseline and postcurriculum QIKAT and self-assessment. QIKAT mean intervention group scores were significantly higher than mean control group scores postcurriculum (P &lt; .001). Absolute QIKAT differences were small (of 15 points, intervention group improved from a mean score of 12.8 to 13.2). Interrater agreement as measured by kappa test was low (0.09). Baseline self-assessment showed no differences, and after instruction, the intervention group felt more proficient in QI knowledge than controls in 4 of 9 domains tested.

Conclusions
The QIKAT detected a statistically significant improvement postintervention, but the absolute differences were small. Self-reported gain in QI knowledge and proficiency agreed with the results of the QIKAT. However, QIKAT limitations include poor interrater agreement and a scoring rubric that lacks specificity. Programs considering using QIKAT to assess curricula should understand these limitations.
Fostering Reciprocity in Global Health Partnerships Through a Structured, Hands-On Experience for Visiting Postgraduate Medical Trainees
Authors: Umoren Rachel A. , Einterz Robert M. , Litzelman Debra K. , Pettigrew Ronald K. , Ayaya Samuel O. , Liechty Edward A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundGlobal health programs that allow international experiences for US learners should also enable reciprocal learning experiences for international learners, particularly if that is a need identified by the partner institution.MethodsA partnership between Indiana University and Moi University, Kenya, has successfully hosted 41 visiting Kenyan internal medicine and pediatrics registrars at Indiana University since 2006. The program's logistics, curriculum, and evaluation are described.ResultsThe registrars rotated through nephrology, cardiology, hematology and oncology, infectious diseases, and intensive care, as well as related ambulatory experiences, functioning on a level comparable to fourth-year medical students. They showed significant improvement in pretest and posttest scores on a standardized National Board of Medical Examiners examination (P  =  .048). International learners experienced culture shock, yet they felt the Indiana University elective was helpful and would recommend it to future participants.ConclusionsGlobal health programs can reciprocate the benefits derived for US students and residents by offering learning experiences to international learners if that is an expressed need from the international partner. Barriers to those experiences can be overcome, and the hands-on, elective experience has the potential to positively affect the knowledge and attitudes of participants as well as the home nation.
Aggregate Effects of Behavioral Anomalies: A New Research Area
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Gallus Jana 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Much recent research in economics focuses on exploring behavioral anomalies, i.e., systematic deviations from the assumptions of the rationally self-interested model of man. Laboratory studies are used to identify seeming inconsistencies with micro-economic theory on the level of individuals. Since economics is a social science, this article proposes that the next crucial step consists in shifting the focus to the macro-level. It examines the process through which behavioral anomalies are aggregated to a societal outcome. Since individuals are reactive when they interact with others and face institutional constraints, the aggregation process may lead to different outcomes than what has been observed in individual-level studies: the respective anomalies may disappear, or they may become stronger on the macro-level. The discussion demonstrates that there are a great number of aspects to be analyzed. The paper presents fragments of what could become a more extensive field of research.