bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Europe on fire three thousand years ago: Arson or climate?
Authors: Zennaro Piero , Kehrwald Natalie , Marlon Jennifer , Ruddiman William F. , Brücher Tim , Agostinelli Claudio , Dahl‐Jensen Dorthe , Zangrando Roberta , Gambaro Andrea , Barbante Carlo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe timing of initiation of human impacts on the global climate system is actively debated. Anthropogenic effects on the global climate system are evident since the Industrial Revolution, but humans may have altered biomass burning, and hence the climate system, for millennia. We use the specific biomarker levoglucosan to produce the first high‐temporal resolution hemispheric reconstruction of Holocene fire emissions inferred from ice core analyses. Levoglucosan recorded in the Greenland North Greenland Eemian ice core significantly increases since the last glacial, resulting in a maximum around ~2.5 ka and then decreasing until the present. Here we demonstrate that global climate drivers fail to explain late Holocene biomass burning variations and that the levoglucosan maximum centered on ~2.5 ka may be due to anthropogenic land clearance.
Statistical analysis of thermospheric density response to solar wind sector structure
Authors: Guo Dongjie , Lei Jiuhou , Dou Xiankang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe global averaged thermospheric mass density data during 1967–2007 are analyzed to investigate thermospheric response to solar wind sector structure. Well‐defined solar wind sectors have polarities of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) toward (+Bx, −By) or away (−Bx, +By) from the Sun for multiple days. In March, thermospheric mass densities increase from the away to toward polarities, with a maximum density perturbation of ~23% at 400 km with respect to the 11 day averages; they decline from the toward to away polarities, and the maximum reduction at 400 km can reach 12%, which is associated with a weakened heating effect of the geomagnetic activity. In September, thermospheric densities respond in an opposite way to the same sector structure as compared with the March results. In solstice seasons, thermospheric density variations in response to solar wind sector structure are typically smaller than 10% relative to the 11 day averages. Besides the seasonal dependence, relative density changes tend to become greater at higher altitude and lower solar activity. However, during solar minimum the density variations at 550 km are not substantially larger than those at 400 km due to the possible descending of the transition altitude between helium and atomic oxygen. Moreover, the corotating interaction region (CIR) has a high probability to occur around the sector boundary. Consequently, the CIR effects account for one third of the density enhancement at 400 km during ineffective‐effective sectors, whereas the density reduction associated with effective‐ineffective sectors can be impaired by about 50%, which is independent of altitude.
Short‐term variations of the inner radiation belt in the South Atlantic anomaly
Authors: Zou Hong , Li Chenfang , Zong Qiugang , Parks George K. , Pu Zuyin , Chen Hongfei , Xie Lun , Zhang Xianguo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLong‐term variations of South Atlantic anomaly (SAA) are generally derived by fitting a Gaussian‐like function to an averaged distribution of the proton flux at a certain altitude accumulated over time periods for a month or longer. These data do not show the short‐term variation of SAA arising from geomagnetic storm effects whose time scale is less than a month. To investigate the short‐term variations, the features of SAA for the high‐energy protons detected by NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites during 1998–2008 have been investigated with a 5 day running average method. It is found that the two SAA parameters for three proton channels reflect the maximal proton flux in SAA and the extension of SAA decreases several percent during geomagnetic storms. Possible reasons for the decreases of the two SAA parameters for high‐energy protons are discussed. Proton losses at the outer boundary of the inner radiation belt can be explained by the field line curvature scattering mechanism, while the decrease of the proton flux near the center of SAA is probably caused by the enhanced neutral atmospheric density during geomagnetic storms. The study of the behavior of high‐energy protons in SAA is useful for understanding of storm time and long‐term variations of the radiation environment near Earth and for constructing dynamic radiation belt models.
Crop–Weed Competition
Authors: Gallandt Eric R , Weiner Jacob 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Competition from weeds is the most important of all biological factors that reduce agricultural crop yield. This occurs primarily because weeds use resources that would otherwise be available to the crop. The magnitude of yield loss is affected by numerous agronomic and environmental factors, most importantly, weed density and time of emergence relative to the crop. Practices that (1) reduce the density of weeds, (2) maximise occupation of space or uptake of resources by the crop or (3) establish an early‐season size advantage of the crop over the weeds will minimise the competitive effects of weeds on crops. Longer term management of crop–weed competition can be achieved through crop rotations, specifically crop sequences that reduce the weed seed bank, and therefore seedling density, and prevent proliferation of perennial weeds.

Key Concepts

Plant growth requires sunlight, water and nutrients, which in turn are converted into biomass that captures additional resources.

In crop or weed monocultures, increasing density increases total production to a maximum that is determined by the resource status of the site, generally with a corresponding decrease in per plant mass.

In crop–weed mixtures, increasing weed density results in large initial reductions in crop yield, again reaching an asymptote of maximum yield loss that varies among crop species, environments and weed cohorts.

Farmers manage crop–weed competition by (1) reducing weed density (i.e. ‘weeding’), (2) establishing an early‐season competitive advantage to the crop and (3) maximising resource capture by the crop using competitive species, competitive cultivars, high sowing densities, optimal spatial arrangement, intercropping complimentary species or transplanting.
Tip Cells in Angiogenesis
Authors: Dallinga Marchien G , Boas Sonja EM , Klaassen Ingeborg , Merks Roeland HM , van Noorden Cornelis JF , Schlingemann Reinier O 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

In angiogenesis, the process in which blood vessel sprouts grow out from a pre‐existing vascular network, the so‐called endothelial tip cells play an essential role. Tip cells are the leading cells of the sprouts; they guide following endothelial cells and sense their environment for guidance cues. Because of this essential role, the tip cells are a potential therapeutic target for anti‐angiogenic therapies, which need to be developed for diseases such as cancer and major eye diseases. The potential of anti‐tip cell therapies is now widely recognised, and the surge in research this has caused has led to improved insights in the function and regulation of tip cells, as well as the development of novel
in vitro
and
in silico
models. These new models in particular will help understand essential mechanisms in tip cell biology and may eventually lead to new or improved therapies to prevent blindness or cancer spread.

Key Concepts

Sprouting angiogenesis is led by tip cells, which can sense their environment and direct the sprouting process.

Tip cells are followed by stalk cells, which have a more proliferative phenotype.

The number of tip cells is regulated by lateral inhibition between the tip cells and the stalk cells; the tip cells prevent the adjacent cells from becoming tip cells and thereby optimise the number of tip cells.

The tip cell and stalk cell phenotype are definite, and stalk cells can overtake tip cells through stochastic cellular and environmental differences, the stalk cells then become tip cells and force the former tip cells to become stalk cells.

Tip cells exist in human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures and can therefore be studied
in vitro
.
Ribosome Profiling: Principles and Variations
Authors: Wei Saisai , Qian Shu‐Bing 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Ribosome profiling provides a snapshot of ribosome positions and density across the transcriptome at a sub‐codon resolution. By sequencing the entire set of ribosome‐protected mRNA fragments, this powerful approach has been successfully used to measure ribosome dynamics and reveal the hidden coding potential of transcriptome. Since its conceptual inception, ribosome profiling has evolved into a versatile method with many innovative variations. It has been applied to study translation in diverse cell types, adapted to capture specific subsets of ribosomes and further improved to address translational regulation in multicellular organisms. The continuous development of ribosome profiling technologies over the coming decade promises a broad view of translational regulation of gene expression.

Key Concepts

Ribosome profiling reveals a global translation snapshot.

Ribosome profiling is applicable to diverse cell types.

Profiling of specific ribosomes permits analysis of nascent chains.

Profiling of initiating ribosomes allows the identification of alternative start codon.

Ribosome profiling can be adapted to probe translation
in vivo
.
Cognitive Processes Involved in Stereotyping
Authors: Fiske Susan T. , Dupree Cydney H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Social psychologists have studied stereotypes since the start of the twentieth century. Investigation proceeded at first descriptively, then in a process‐oriented manner that evolved with the broader field into increasingly cognitive explanations, and now marrying those approaches to social neuroscience. The illustrative case is stereotype content, first studied in the 1930s, then dormant as more process‐oriented topics dominated, and recently revisited in several models including the stereotype content model reviewed here. Fundamental dimensions of social cognition, including stereotypes, depend on inferred intentions for good or ill (warmth) and ability to enact them (competence). These dimensions follow, respectively, from inferred cooperation/competition and from inferred societal status. In turn, the warmth‐by‐competence space predict emotional prejudices and discriminatory tendencies, as evidenced by laboratory experiments, social neuroscience, random sample surveys, and cross‐cultural comparison.
Controlling the Influence of Stereotypes on One's Thoughts
Authors: Forscher Patrick S. , Devine Patricia G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Research on reducing or controlling implicit bias has been characterized by a tension between the two goals of reducing lingering intergroup disparities and gaining insight into human cognition. The tension between these two goals has created two distinct research traditions, each of which is characterized by different research questions, methods, and ultimate goals. We argue that the divisions between these research traditions are more apparent than real and that the two research traditions could be synergistic. We attempt to integrate the two traditions by arguing that implicit bias, and the disparities it is presumed to cause, is a public health problem. On the basis of this perspective, we identify shortcomings in our current knowledge of controlling implicit bias and provide a set of recommendations for future research.
Creativity in Teams
Authors: Thompson Leigh L. , Wilson Elizabeth Ruth 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Organizations want to be more creative, but improving creativity remains an elusive process. We examine the study of creativity in teams and groups beginning with the intuitive assertion that teams are more creative than individuals and review decades of research that suggest otherwise: Individuals are actually
more
creative than their groups. We then focus on the key cognitive and social factors that thwart team creativity, such as conformity pressure, and highlight techniques for improving the creative performance of groups, such as brainwriting (rather than brainstorming), quantity goals (versus quality goals), and rotating (rather than stable) membership. We conclude with paradoxical tactics for and consequences of improving creativity.
Delusions
Authors: Coltheart Max 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

A delusional belief is a belief adopted on the basis of insufficient evidence and held strongly in the face of much counterevidence. Some people with a delusional condition have a single delusional belief—this is
monothematic delusion
and much is now understood about what cause the various kinds of monothematic delusion. I describe six kinds of monothematic delusions. Other people with a delusional condition have many different delusional beliefs about a wide variety of topics—this is
polythematic delusion
, and what could be the causes of polythematic delusional conditions is still very poorly understood.
Depression
Authors: Gotlib Ian H. , Furman Daniella J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a costly, prevalent, and recurrent psychiatric disorder that can involve significant impairment across multiple domains of functioning. In this essay, we provide an overview of the theory and research associating aberrant information processing and neural structure and function with the etiology and maintenance of MDD. We begin by highlighting the foundational work that characterizes depressed persons' cognitive and neural responses to valenced stimuli. We then examine recent efforts to clarify the nature of the temporal relation between depression and these cognitive and neural anomalies, focusing on research designed to identify abnormalities that are present before the onset on MDD and to examine the consequences of manipulating cognitive and neural anomalies. Finally, we describe several areas and questions to be examined in future research that we believe will lead both to a more comprehensive psychobiological understanding of MDD and to improvements in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder. In particular, we focus on the need for innovation in diagnosis, better characterization of symptom heterogeneity in MDD, on extending neural research in MDD to the study of abnormalities in larger‐scale brain networks, and on elucidating the mechanisms that underlie the successful effects of training programs designed to reduce cognitive biases in depression.
Dissociation and Dissociative Identity Disorder (
DID
)
Authors: Huntjens Rafaële J. C. , Dorahy Martin J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Dissociative experiences are thought to occur acutely (e.g., during or immediately following trauma) or chronically and are considered to reduce the subjective distress accompanying stressful events. Growing evidence is consistent with a model that distinguishes between two qualitatively different types of phenomena—“compartmentalization” and “detachment.”
Compartmentalization
involves a deficit in the ability to deliberately control processes or actions that would normally be amendable to such control (e.g., amnesia and dissociative identities).
Detachment
refers to an experienced state of disconnection from the self or the environment (e.g., depersonalization, derealization, and numbing).

In the present contribution, we discuss both detachment and compartmentalization phenomena. In addition, we discuss both dissociation as an acute response to trauma and persistent dissociation in the form of the most severe and chronic of the dissociative disorders, dissociative identity disorder (DID). We attend to the burgeoning empirical literature on memory processing and dissociation given the central role of these cognitive operations in the development and maintenance of the dissociative disorders, and more broadly, posttraumatic symptomatology.
We end with a more general appeal for more transdiagnostic studies of dissociative phenomena, both in the areas of detachment and compartmentalization, emphasizing that dissociative disorders are not a category of mysterious diagnoses that need to be understood outside of well‐known cognitive operations.
Divorce
Authors: Härkönen Juho 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
There is by now a large literature on divorce which seeks to understand the underlying reasons behind trends in divorce rates and establish the predictors of divorce as well as its consequences for adults and children. Early research examined divorce over time and across societies, and developed conceptual models to understand which factors affect partners' decisions to divorce. Recent cutting edge research has expanded on this literature and examined the multiple causes and consequences of divorce, heterogeneity in causes and effects, and the role of new demographic trends such as the increase in cohabitation. Future advances can build on (i) the use of new data, cutting edge methods, and cross‐fertilization across disciplines, (ii) continued focus on emerging demographic realities, (iii) heterogeneity of divorces and their consequences, (iv) the mechanisms and processes that predict divorce and can help in understanding its effects, and (v) focus on cross‐national differences and societal contexts.
Funerary Practices, Funerary Contexts, and Death in Archaeology
Authors: Lorentz Kirsi O. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Archaeologists have excavated mortuary contexts and the remains of the dead since the beginning of activity within their discipline. The study of these remains has taken place under different rubrics, including burial archaeology, mortuary archaeology, archaeology of the dead, funerary archaeology, osteoarchaeology, human bioarchaeology, and archaeology of death. The study of mortuary contexts and accompanying artifacts has largely taken place in separation from the study of the human remains. Does the study of the remains of the dead, and the contexts within which these are found, constitute an archaeology of death, or an archaeology of funerary remains, as tacitly implied by the titles of numerous publications focusing on such remains? Recently it has been claimed that we have never had an archaeology of death (Robb). Indeed a search for published archaeological research focusing on the concept of death, and the variation of conceptualizations of death in past societies, currently produces scant results. Archaeological publications with titles that refer to
funerary
remains tend to focus on selected aspect(s) of funerary practice, mostly those related to the disposal of the dead, whether through burial or other means. If we take the term
funerary
to mean that which pertains to funeral rites or burial, it is clear that a wider range of evidence needs to be considered for a comprehensive funerary archaeology to emerge. This essay focuses on the current status and future potential of archaeological research on funerary practices, contexts, and death. Calls for bringing the human body, the corpse, and the skeleton into the center stage in studies of mortuary archaeology have already been made by many, and attempted by a few. Key issues for future archaeological research on death and funerary practice include ensuring a true research emphasis on past conceptualizations of death, considering a wider range of evidence pertaining to death and funerary practice (not just burial or other body disposal contexts), and as necessitated by the latter, finding a way to successfully integrate research traditionally conducted within widely different disciplinary realms.
Immigrant Health Paradox
Authors: Markides Kyriakos S. , Rote Sunshine 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

With rising rates of immigration around the globe we have seen increased interest in the socioeconomic situation of immigrants as well as their health status and health care needs, and their impact on the host countries' health care system. Much of the research has focused on immigrants of non‐Western origin to the three traditional immigration destinations—the United States, Canada, and Australia. While earlier research was often focused on the negative impact of immigration on immigrants' health and mental health, research in the last couple decades has consistently found evidence of relatively good health among most immigrants especially “voluntary” immigrants from non‐Western origins to western nations, a finding often referred to as an
immigrant health paradox
. Most interest in immigrant health in the United States has focused primarily on immigrants from Latin America, especially Mexico. Immigrants tend to have better health and mortality profiles than the native born, especially from the same racial/ethnic group. While there are some exceptions to these findings, which we note in the current entry, the preponderance of evidence indicates that selection processes are pivotal for understanding the paradox. Sociocultural resources have also been implicated; however, most of this line of research is still underdeveloped. In the current investigation we outline (a) foundational research, (b) cutting edge research, and (c) key issues for future research. We argue that better health among immigrants is not necessarily paradoxical. Most “voluntary” immigrants arrive in their country of destination with good health and a positive outlook on life. However, the finding that longer stays in the United States deplete health likely reflects acculturation forces. More research is needed to more adequately capture acculturative stress processes, changes in lifestyle factors (smoking, diet, and exercise), and the sociocultural resources that protect immigrants from being vulnerable to premature mortality.
Insight
Authors: Erickson Brian , Kounios John 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Insight, also known as the
Aha
phenomenon, is the sudden awareness of the solution to a problem. In contrast, analysis is problem solving by consciously and deliberately manipulating the elements of a problem. The Gestalt psychologists began studying insight about a century ago. On the basis of their research with complex “insight problems,” they characterized insight as a reinterpretation or restructuring of one's representation of a stimulus or situation after a period of unconscious processing. The emergence of cognitive psychology later during the twentieth century led to another period of advancement in insight research during the 1980s and 1990s. This work further characterized the unconscious nature of the processing leading up to an insight. More recently, the development of techniques for measuring and manipulating brain function has sparked a new renaissance in insight research. Cognitive neuroscience research has highlighted the key role of the right hemisphere and has discovered a number of neural precursors to insight, including its origins in patterns of resting‐state brain activity and in neural preparatory activity immediately before a problem is presented. The latest trend is work aimed at developing techniques to enhance insight, including recent research showing that direct stimulation of the right hemisphere can facilitate the solving of insight problems. Cognitive neuroscience approaches should continue to fuel rapid advances and may lead to the development of practical technologies for insight enhancement.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Boldrin Michele , Levine David K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Intellectual property is a propaganda term used by proponents of copyrights and patents to promote the idea that government‐enforced monopolies over ideas and parts of ideas share the beneficial effects of property. In fact, economic research shows that both copyrights and patents do more economic harm than good. In many areas, including copyright and software patents, the only reasonable policy conclusion is abolition. In other areas such as pharmaceutical products, a complex web of regulation and laws have grown around patent protection, and the best method of unraveling this web is still to be found.