bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic Analysis in Environmental Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Castro‐Puyana María , Luisa Marina M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is presented as an efficient and potent alternative to other chromatographic techniques, such as liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC), to analyze organic pollutants in environmental samples. Despite the insufficient sensitivity associated with the use of CE with optical detection, the latest developments on the use of alternative detection systems and/or sample preconcentration techniques together with its efficiency and versatility have demonstrated the potential of CE to face the determination of pollutants at trace levels. Other interesting characteristics of CE in the field of environmental analysis include its enormous possibilities to achieve stereoselective analysis of chiral compounds and the low amount of reagents needed (green analytical technique). Nowadays, a large number of research works have been published dealing with the use of CE as a powerful technique for pollutants analysis. This article presents the fundamentals of CE techniques as well as the main developments and applications performed in environmental analysis during the past 10 years. The CE determination of a large variety of organic pollutants, including pesticides, phenols, pharmaceuticals, nitroaromatic compounds, amines, and so on, is described.
Analytical Perspectives on the Use of Dried Blood Spots and Mass Spectrometry in Newborn Screening
Authors: Chace Donald H. , De Jesús Víctor R. , Haynes Christopher A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNewborn screening is a public health program that aims to detect genetic disorders shortly after birth so that diagnosis and treatment can be provided early and therefore provides the best possible outcome for affected infants. Dried blood spots are a unique specimen that is utilized by all laboratory‐based methods in newborn screening. The volume of blood available for each test is less than 10 μL and therefore requires microsampling analytical techniques. The concentration of metabolites obtained from a dried blood spot ranges from a few hundred micromolar for some amino acids to femtomolar for hormones such as thyroxine. Tandem mass spectrometry is uniquely suited to sensitively and selectively detect many metabolites of different chemical classes using a single analytical method (amino acids, l‐carnitine and fatty acylcarnitines, and succinylacetone). Metabolic profiles of these metabolites provide both quantitative and qualitative information that helps detect the largest number of disorders in a newborn screening panel with fewer false results than many historic technologies it has replaced. Mass spectrometry is also a versatile tool that confirms diseases detected by other screening methods and will continue to expand.
Electroanalytical Methods Based on Hybrid Nanomaterials
Authors: Yáñez‐Sedeño Paloma , Villalonga Reynaldo , Pingarrón José M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHybrid nanomaterials, defined as an intentional combination of at least a nanomaterial with one or more materials, at an atomic or a nanometer level of mixture, complementing each other to have new or improved functions and properties which component materials did not possess, provide new possibilities for electroanalytical methods The relevant functional properties of nanomaterials can be tuned, in an unimaginable manner, by rational combination with other materials. This fact opens an exciting door for sensor and biosensor technology, which is well supported by the advances in other areas such as surface science, organic and inorganic synthesis, polymer and biomolecular chemistry, and nanotechnology. This article provides a general sight state of the art on the use of nanosized hybrid materials as transduction, amplification, and labeling elements for the establishment of original electrochemical methods of analysis, exemplified with some of the most relevant research published in the past 5 years. The article is divided into two main categories: (i) electrochemical sensors based on hybrid nanomaterials of inorganic–organic, inorganic–inorganic, and organic–organic composition hybrid nanomaterials; (ii) electrochemical biosensors making use of metal nanostructures, carbon nanomaterials, metal and nonmetal oxide nanomaterials, and soft‐nanomaterials hybrids.
Structured Materials for Sensing Applications
Authors: Zhang Qiang M. , Islam Molla R. , Li Xue , Xu Wenwen , Gao Yongfeng , Wei Menglian , Ahiabu Andrews , Hyson Kimberly , Serpe Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Sensing of small molecules, macromolecules, and biomolecules is of utmost importance for protecting human health and ensuring our well‐being. Therefore, a tremendous amount of research goes into the development of novel sensing motifs with increased sensitivity and selectivity to analytes, with very short analysis times, and ease of usability. Of these technologies, photonic materials receive a lot of attention. Perhaps most interesting are structured materials for sensing, owing to their visual colors that change in the presence of analytes. This is very convenient, as the naked eye can be used as the ‘detector’. In this review, we cover many examples of structured materials for sensing applications, ending with examples of other significant sensing technologies, including those based on porous silicon and conducting polymers.
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Biosensors
Authors: Jiang Jian‐Hui , Tang Hao 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Bioanalytical chemistry and biosensor research have achieved great success since the first biosensor development in the 1960s. Biosensor has its unique advantages to achieve fast, real‐time analysis at a low cost with small integrated and portable device compared with conventional analytical techniques. It represents a promising tool for clinic diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and many other areas. While only small part of biosensors have been applied for practical and commercial applications, technical challenges and economic barrier are needed to be overcome for many biosensors toward practical applications. This article covers principles, basic types, construction of biosensor, current situation, and research trends of biosensors.
Historical Pigments: A Survey of Analytical Chemical Archaeometric Usage and Terminology for Forensic Art Analysis
Authors: Edwards Howell G.M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe adoption of mineral pigments for artistic expression can be traced back to the paintings of the Magdalenian and Cro‐Magnon cultures of about 25 000 years BCE, wherein a limited range of oxides such as pyrolusite, goethite, and hematite were utilized along with the first synthetic pigment, carbon, to decorate cave dwellings with surprisingly lifelike images. The growth of chemistry created a new palette of colors, culminating in the preparation of organic dyes and pigments in the mid‐nineteenth century. The historical usage of mineral pigments largely based on metal sulfides, oxides, carbonates, sulfates, and nitrates followed by early natural organic extracts from botanical and insect species such as dragon's blood, indigo, gamboge, and cochineal that were later partially superseded by a wide range of synthetic azo dyes is described, where possible alongside their accepted date of first adoption in artworks; while this is relatively easy to define in the case of synthetic materials, it is rather more conjectural for the establishment of an historical timeline for naturally occurring minerals. The characterization of pigments using analytical chemical techniques applied to artworks and artifacts can therefore be used to identify an out‐of‐context material in an otherwise perfectly acceptable work of art sufficient to render an appellation of ‘fake’ being applied to the object. However, unrecorded later restoration whereby an artwork has been retouched using modern, more stable pigments replacing their more fugitive analogues can cause problems in this respect. In this article, the mineral pigments used are tabulated along with their synthetic counterparts that frequently have precise dates for their appearance in the chemical literature giving rise to a contextual and chronological aspect to analytical science applied to artworks – aforensic arttheme. Much work has recently been discussed in the analytical discrimination between natural mineral pigments used historically and their more recent synthetic counterparts: here, terminological differences are critically important and often lacking – hence, the confused usage of terms such as cinnabar and vermilion, lapis lazuli and ultramarine, which are to be found in artists' manuals and contemporary texts.
Incarcerated Populations and Mental Status
Authors: Roof Jason G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMental health providers in correctional settings will experience unique environments and a patient population that are substantially different than other practice locations. A history of mental health care and correctional facilities in the United States is presented to establish the basis by which challenges of treating mentally ill in a setting designed for punishment. Lawsuits and shifting public opinion brought change to correctional systems establishing the constitutional rights of inmates to receive mental health care while incarcerated. Correctional Psychiatry is differentiated from Forensic Psychiatry and differences, including change in confidentiality are discussed. The need for adequate mental health care in correctional settings is substantial and mental health providers in correctional settings will find novel challenges with the system, correctional officers, and their patients.
Aggression: Gender Differences in
Authors: Nicholls Tonia L. , Greaves Caroline , Greig Duncan , Moretti Marlene M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article offers abroad review of trends in sex differences in aggression. We begin by operationalizing aggression and violence and discussing developmental trajectories and pathways to aggression and violence. We then report on the prevalence and incidence of aggression among females and critique assertions that female aggression is increasing. Next, sex differences and similarities in aggressive and violent behavior are examined. This is followed by a critical examination of whether risk and protective factors are sex‐specific. We close with a brief exploration of clinical implications of the extant research literature for prevention and intervention, and reflections on gaps in knowledge and directions for future research.
Mental Status: Examination
Authors: Hall Ryan C.W. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The mental status exam is the equivalent of the physical exam for mental health practitioners. It contains both objective observations and subjective reporting from the patient. It allows the evaluee's mental state at the time of evaluation to be documented and preserved. The mental status is generally reported in the order of physical/superficial observations to more detailed internal thought process and capabilities. Multiple tests, screens, or scales can be used to assist the evaluator in determining a person's mental status. The mental status can be used for a variety of purposes such as formulating a diagnosis, accessing malingering, determining violence risk to self or others, and justifying a billing code. It needs to be remembered though that a mental status is just one part of a comprehensive examination or clinical encounter and there can be variation in the information noted depending on the context of the evaluation.
Head Injury: Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Bresler Scott A. , Martell Daniel A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article provides a brief, yet detailed overview of the science underlying the assessment of head injury and its various symptomatic manifestations. Specific strategies for pinpointing neurocognitive deficits associated with head injury are discussed. These include neurological evaluation, various neuroimaging techniques, and neuropsychological testing. Some of the newer diagnoses are explained, and a brief discussion of sports related head injuries is presented herein.
Boron: Polyhedral Carboranes
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A. , Chakrabarti Amartya 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Carboranes are compounds in which carbon, boron, and hydrogen atoms are present in polyhedral cages. The cages are stabilized by multicentered bonds, which gives the carboranes unique chemical and structural properties. Many of these compounds are chemically and thermally stable enough to allow their use as boron delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) in cancer treatment and as molecular assemblies. Carborane polymers are now being widely used as thermally stable compounds in different applications.
Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Ortega Daniel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMagnetism, which is an intrinsic property of every atom, has a profound influence on living organisms. Magnetism of nanoparticles plays a strong role in certain specific applications of health care. More particularly, several magnetic inorganic oxides, such as iron oxides, which are biocompatible, have been extensively used for several medical applications in their nanometric form. These applications/perspectives include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement, hyperthermia treatment of cancer, targeted drug delivery, biological separation or sensing, as well as magnetically aided cell and gene therapies. This article examines these applications through the understanding of the problems involved and the current and future possibilities for resolving them.
Three‐Domain Heme‐c‐Cu Nitrite Reductases
Authors: Antonyuk Svetlana V , Eady Robert R , Samar Hasnain S 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNitrite reductases (NiRs) catalyze the first committed step in denitrification, requiring one electron and two protons for the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide. NiRs containing two types of copper centers have been studied extensively from several organisms demonstrating that the three substrates (electron, proton, and nitrite) are gated during turnover. Recently structures of a new class of NiRs containing two types of copper centers and ac‐type cytochrome have been determined providing new insight into coupling of donor protein (cytochrome) and Cu1‐Cu2NiRs.
Iron RegulatorAft2fromSaccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Poor Catherine B , Wegner Seraphine V 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIron, which is an essential metal but also toxic at elevated levels, is regulated by the transcriptional regulators Aft1 and Aft2 in yeast. Aft1 and Aft2 bind to the iron responsive element under iron deficiency to activate genes responsible for iron import, iron relocalization, and altered metabolism.In vivostudies have revealed many players in this regulation, such as the nuclear importer and exporter of Aft1 and Aft2 for their iron‐dependent localization, the role of mitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster synthesis, and how the iron signal is transmitted to Aft1 and Aft2. On the other hand, a variety of spectroscopic, biochemical, and structural studies have revealed important details on the iron regulation of Aft1 and Aft2 at the molecular level. Aft1 and Aft2 have two metal binding sites: a structural zinc‐binding site and a regulatory iron‐binding site. Iron binding to Aft1 and Aft2 leads to protein dimerization and dissociation from the iron regulatory element, which results in the deactivation of the iron regulon.
Dihydroorotase Domain of HumanCAD
Authors: Ruiz‐Ramos Alba , Grande‐García Araceli , Ramón‐Maiques Santiago 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDHO is a zinc‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes the third step of the pathway forde novobiosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, the reversible cyclization ofN‐carbamoyl‐l‐aspartate (CA‐asp) to dihydroorotate (CA‐asp2−+ H+↔ dihydroorotate−+ H2O). In animals, DHO is integrated into CAD, a multienzymatic complex catalyzing the first three steps of thede novopyrimidine pathway. CAD is a 1.5 MDa homohexamer formed by the self‐association of a 243 kDa polypeptide composed of four contiguous functional domains: glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS; EC 6.3.5.5), aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC; EC 2.1.3.2), and DHO.
Fungal Pro‐tyrosinase
Authors: Fujieda Nobutaka , Itoh Shinobu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn this article, we summarize the biochemical and structural properties focusing on the maturation process of fungal pro‐tyrosinase (PTY). This process consists of two steps: the copper uptake and proteolytic cleavage of the C‐terminal domain of pro‐tyrosinase. On the basis of the comparison ofmelBpro‐tyrosinase fromAspergillus oryzaewith pro‐tyrosinase fromAgaricus bisporus, we can see that the distinct phenylalanine residues from C‐terminal domains are anchored into the active site of the copper‐binding site and prevent the substrate binding as ‘placeholder’ of the phenol substrate. Such shielding mode of active site is common among type III copper proteins such as hemocyanin. On the other hand, their C‐terminal domains have an unusual long loop structure with CXXC motifs in common; these are involved in the copper uptake step. We discuss the difference in the copper incorporation step between PTYs.
N
‐Terminal Domain of the
Cu(I)
‐Binding Protein
CusB
Authors: Ucisik Melek N , Merz Jr Kenneth M 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

CusB is the membrane fusion protein of the Cu(I)/Ag(I) extrusion pump system CusCFBA in
Escherichia coli
. Although several crystal structures exist for the Cu(I)/Ag(I) binding protein CusB, its N‐terminus region could never be characterized by spectroscopic techniques due to its intrinsic disorder. CusB N‐terminus is of utmost importance as it facilitates the uptake of Cu(I) and Ag(I) ions from the periplasm and thus plays an essential role in survival of
E. coli
cells in media containing high concentrations of these ions. It was shown experimentally to chelate the metal nearly as well as the full‐length CusB in
in vivo
studies on the survival of
E. coli
cells at elevated Cu(I) concentrations. Metal transfer was also shown to occur between the CusB N‐terminus and the periplasmic metallochaperone of the CusCFBA system, CusF. Experimental and computational studies performed on this protein domain conclude that its observed structural disorder is only minimally impacted upon metal binding. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed some secondary structural motifs within the disorder and observed that complexation with CusF mostly relieves the observed disorder.
Dinuclear Iron Cluster‐Containing OxygenaseCmlA
Authors: Knoot Cory J , Makris Thomas M , Lipscomb John D 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCmlA is a tailoring enzyme from the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)‐based biosynthetic pathway for chloramphenicol expressed inStreptomyces venezuelae. The enzyme is a monooxygenase that catalyzes the β‐hydroxylation ofl‐para‐aminophenylalanine (l‐PAPA) covalently tethered to the NRPS CmlP. Spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic studies reveal an oxo‐bridged dinuclear iron cluster in the active site that binds and activates O2. The structure shows that the subunits of the homodimeric CmlA are composed of a 248 residue N‐terminal domain with a novel fold and a 284 residue C‐terminal domain with a metallo‐β‐lactamase (MBL) fold where the diiron cluster is bound. Oxygenase activity has not been previously observed for a diiron cluster in an MBL fold and no other diiron cluster enzyme is known to catalyze β‐hydroxylation. In the diferrous state, the diiron cluster is reactive with O2, but the reaction is very slow in the absence of the CmlP–l‐PAPA complex. Thus, CmlA is regulated so that O2is activated only when substrate is bound. CmlA is the first diiron cluster‐containing enzyme known to be active in an NRPS pathway, but a gene search reveals numerous homologs of CmlA that are likely to catalyze similar reactions during biosynthesis of other natural products.
Physical assault, physical threat, and verbal abuse perpetrated against hospital workers by patients or visitors in six U.S. hospitals
Authors: Pompeii Lisa A. , Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Lipscomb Hester J. , Dement John M. , Smith Claudia D. , Upadhyaya Mudita 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundAn elevated risk of patient/visitor perpetrated violence (type II) against hospital nurses and physicians have been reported, while little is known about type II violence among other hospital workers, and circumstances surrounding these events.MethodsHospital workers (n = 11,000) in different geographic areas were invited to participate in an anonymous survey.ResultsTwelve‐month prevalence of type II violence was 39%; 2,098 of 5,385 workers experienced 1,180 physical assaults, 2,260 physical threats, and 5,576 incidents of verbal abuse. Direct care providers were at significant risk, as well as some workers that do not provide direct care. Perpetrator circumstances attributed to violent events included altered mental status, behavioral issues, pain/medication withdrawal, dissatisfaction with care. Fear for safety was common among worker victims (38%). Only 19% of events were reported into official reporting systems.ConclusionsThis pervasive occupational safety issue is of great concern and likely extends to patients for whom these workers care for. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1194–1204, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: Evidence from women's health initiative memory study
Authors: Chen Jiu‐Chiuan , Wang Xinhui , Wellenius Gregory A. , Serre Marc L. , Driscoll Ira , Casanova Ramon , McArdle John J. , Manson JoAnn E. , Chui Helena C. , Espeland Mark A. 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the putative adverse effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5: PM with aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm) on brain volumes in older women.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of 1,403 community‐dwelling older women without dementia enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, 1996–1998. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at the age of 71–89 years in 2005–2006 to obtain volumetric measures of gray matter (GM) and normal‐appearing white matter (WM). Given residential histories and air monitoring data, we used a spatiotemporal model to estimate cumulative PM2.5 exposure in 1999–2006. Multiple linear regression was employed to evaluate the associations between PM2.5 and brain volumes, adjusting for intracranial volumes and potential confounders.ResultsOlder women with greater PM2.5 exposures had significantly smaller WM, but not GM, volumes, independent of geographical region, demographics, socioeconomic status, lifestyles, and clinical characteristics, including cardiovascular risk factors. For each interquartile increment (3.49μg/m3) of cumulative PM2.5 exposure, the average WM volume (WMV; 95% confidence interval) was 6.23cm3 (3.72–8.74) smaller in the total brain and 4.47cm3 (2.27–6.67) lower in the association areas, equivalent to 1 to 2 years of brain aging. The adverse PM2.5 effects on smaller WMVs were present in frontal and temporal lobes and corpus callosum (all p values <0.01). Hippocampal volumes did not differ by PM2.5 exposure.InterpretationPM2.5 exposure may contribute to WM loss in older women. Future studies are needed to determine whether exposures result in myelination disturbance, disruption of axonal integrity, damages to oligodendrocytes, or other WM neuropathologies. Ann Neurol 2015;78:466–476