bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factor of community‐onset spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Kim Jungok , Kang Cheol‐In , Joo Eun‐Jeong , Ha Young Eun , Cho Sun Young , Gwak Geum‐Youn , Chung Doo Ryeon , Peck Kyong Ran , Song Jae‐Hoon 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsDespite the high prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in hospital‐acquired infections, the clinical epidemiology of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in community‐onset spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with cirrhosis is not well understood. This study was performed to evaluate clinical features and risk factors for community‐onset SBP caused by FQ‐resistant E. coli.MethodsA case‐control control study was performed using cases of community‐onset SBP from June 2000 to August 2011 at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). Patients with FQ‐resistant E. coli were designated as case patients. A control group I (CG I) patient was defined as a person whose clinical sample yielded FQ‐susceptible E. coli, and a control group II (CG II) patient was defined as a person with a negative culture result.ResultsA total of 82 subjects with community‐onset SBP caused by E. coli were identified, of which 26 (31.7%) were FQ‐resistant E. coli infection. Fifty‐seven matched subjects were randomly selected for CG II. Compared with CG I, previous SBP episodes (OR, 4.91; 95% CI, 1.50–16.53; P = 0.010), prior use of FQ within 30 days (OR, 7.05; 95% CI, 1.17–42.38; P = 0.033), and third‐generation cephalosporin resistance (OR, 17.68; 95% CI, 1.67–187.26; P = 0.017) were significantly associated with FQ‐resistant E. coli. Compared with CG II, a previous SBP episode was significantly associated with FQ‐resistant E. coli (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.50–11.80; P = 0.006).ConclusionFQ‐resistant E. coli is a significant cause of community‐onset SBP, with relation to previous SBP episodes, recent FQ use and third‐generation cephalosporin resistance.
Role of immunohistochemistry for hepatitis D and hepatitis B virus in hepatitis delta
Authors: Kabaçam Gökhan , Wedemeyer Heiner , Savaş Berna , Keskin Onur , Dalekos George , Tabak Fehmi , Idilman Ramazan , Erhardt Andreas , Yalçın Kendal , Bozdayi Mithat A. , Bozkaya Hakan , Manns Michael , Dienes Hans , Yurdaydın Cihan ,   the HIDIT‐1 Study Group
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsImmunohistochemical assessment of liver tissue in chronic delta hepatitis (CDH) is underinvestigated. Aim of the study was (i) to assess variables associated with hepatitis D antigen (HDAg), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) staining in the liver.MethodsDemographic, biochemical and virologic data collected from the HIDIT 1 study were used. HBsAg, HBcAg and HDAg immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was semiquantitatively assessed.ResultsHepatitis D antigen immunohistochemical staining displayed positive correlations with age and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and negative correlations with serum HBsAg (P = 0.01 for all). HBsAg IHC displayed a negative correlation with gamma glutamyl transferase and positive correlations with serum HBV DNA, serum HBsAg levels and HBeAg serology (P < 0.001, P = 0.02 and P = 0.007 respectively). HBcAg staining was mainly nuclear and displayed negative correlations with serum HBsAg and histologic activity (P = 0.002 and P = 0.02 respectively). Pegylated IFN based treatment led to a decline of all IHC markers, however, these markers had no impact on treatment outcome.ConclusionsThese data suggest an association of liver injury with HDAg expression in CDH whereas the negative correlation between HBcAg expression and liver injury and the overall nuclear localization of HBcAg suggest that HBcAg does not contribute to liver injury in CDH. HDV cases with high level of HBV replication, high serum HBsAg levels, HBeAg positivity, that are probably in the earlier stages of disease (low gamma‐glutamyl transferase), had a more intense HBsAg staining profile. Overall, the data enforce the importance of HDAg and HBsAg in different phases of CDH infection.
The impact of gender and NASH on chronic kidney disease before and after liver transplantation
Authors: Fussner Lynn A. , Charlton Michael R. , Heimbach Julie K. , Fan Chun , Dierkhising Ross , Coss Elizabeth , Watt Kymberly D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsChronic kidney disease (CKD) after liver transplant (LT) is associated with increased long‐term mortality. The impact of gender on CKD before and after LT is unknown. To further define risk factors and analyse gender differences in the incidence and progression of CKD after liver transplant.MethodsFour hundred and fifty‐five consecutive adult primary solitary LT recipients were included. Iothalamate clearance tests performed over time were analysed.ResultsMean age was 51.4 ± 10.4 years with 63% males. A percentage of 29.1% of females and 21.1% of males had a GFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 10.2% of females and 5.9% of males had GFR<30 ml/min/1.73 m2 prior to transplant. At 1 year, 52.6% of recipients tested (69.6% females, 43.0% males) had GFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 7.3% (11.6% females, 4.9% males) had GFR<30 ml/min/1.73 m2. Pre‐LT GFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 [OR 3.28, (1.76–6.10), P ≤ 0.001], female gender (OR 2.96, (1.72–5.10), P < 0.001) and age [OR 1.09, (1.05–1.12), P < 0.001] were independently predictive of stage ≥3 CKD at 1 year post‐LT. Female gender [OR 2.52, (1.25–4.71), P = 0.004], age [OR 1.05, (1.02–1.08), P = 0.003] and NASH [OR 2.95, (1.06–8.21), P = 0.039] were independently predictive of ≥stage 3 CKD at 5 years post‐LT. Pre‐LT diabetes was associated with stage 4 CKD at 5 years [OR 2.91, (1.33–6.36), P = 0.008] post‐LT.ConclusionsIn addition to age and pre‐LT CKD, female gender and NASH are independent predictors of ≥stage 3 CKD post‐LT. Gender‐based approaches to optimize modifiable risk factors are needed to improved post‐transplant renal function.
The “End of History” 20 Years Later
Authors: FUKUYAMA FRANCIS 
Published: November 2013

Going through a protracted period of transition since the end of the Cold War, the world order in the making is neither what was nor what it is yet to become. It is in “the middle of the future.”To get our bearings in this uncertain transition, we explore the two grand post‐Cold War narratives—“The End of History” as posited by Francis Fukuyama and “The Clash of Civilizations” posited by the late Samuel Huntington. Mikhail Gorbachev looks back at his policies that brought the old order to collapse. The British philosopher John Gray critiques the supposed “universality” of liberalism and, with Homi Bhabha, sees a world of hybrid identities and localized cultures. The Singaporean theorist Kishore Mahbubani peels away the “veneer” of Western dominance. Amartya Sen, the economist and Nobel laureate, assesses whether democratic India or autocratic China is better at building “human capacity” in their societies.
The Empty Heaven of Democracy
Authors: LÉVY BERNARD‐HENRI 
Published: November 2013

Going through a protracted period of transition since the end of the Cold War, the world order in the making is neither what was nor what it is yet to become. It is in “the middle of the future.”To get our bearings in this uncertain transition, we explore the two grand post‐Cold War narratives—“The End of History” as posited by Francis Fukuyama and “The Clash of Civilizations” posited by the late Samuel Huntington. Mikhail Gorbachev looks back at his policies that brought the old order to collapse. The British philosopher John Gray critiques the supposed “universality” of liberalism and, with Homi Bhabha, sees a world of hybrid identities and localized cultures. The Singaporean theorist Kishore Mahbubani peels away the “veneer” of Western dominance. Amartya Sen, the economist and Nobel laureate, assesses whether democratic India or autocratic China is better at building “human capacity” in their societies.
Peeling Away the Western Veneer
Authors: MAHBUBANI KISHORE 
Published: November 2013

Going through a protracted period of transition since the end of the Cold War, the world order in the making is neither what was nor what it is yet to become. It is in “the middle of the future.”To get our bearings in this uncertain transition, we explore the two grand post‐Cold War narratives—“The End of History” as posited by Francis Fukuyama and “The Clash of Civilizations” posited by the late Samuel Huntington. Mikhail Gorbachev looks back at his policies that brought the old order to collapse. The British philosopher John Gray critiques the supposed “universality” of liberalism and, with Homi Bhabha, sees a world of hybrid identities and localized cultures. The Singaporean theorist Kishore Mahbubani peels away the “veneer” of Western dominance. Amartya Sen, the economist and Nobel laureate, assesses whether democratic India or autocratic China is better at building “human capacity” in their societies.
Can India Learn from China?
Authors: SEN AMARTYA 
Published: November 2013

Going through a protracted period of transition since the end of the Cold War, the world order in the making is neither what was nor what it is yet to become. It is in “the middle of the future.”To get our bearings in this uncertain transition, we explore the two grand post‐Cold War narratives—“The End of History” as posited by Francis Fukuyama and “The Clash of Civilizations” posited by the late Samuel Huntington. Mikhail Gorbachev looks back at his policies that brought the old order to collapse. The British philosopher John Gray critiques the supposed “universality” of liberalism and, with Homi Bhabha, sees a world of hybrid identities and localized cultures. The Singaporean theorist Kishore Mahbubani peels away the “veneer” of Western dominance. Amartya Sen, the economist and Nobel laureate, assesses whether democratic India or autocratic China is better at building “human capacity” in their societies.
Computational Study of the Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering from Silica‐Coated Silver Nanowires
Authors: DeVetter Brent M. , Bhargava Rohit , Murphy Catherine J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a popular vibrational spectroscopic technique that can have several applications in chemical and biological sensing. Within the last decade or so, our ability to chemically synthesize nanostructures has improved to the point that the rational design of a variety of SERS substrates is now viable. In this report, we describe a computational study using the finite element method (FEM) to investigate the effects of patchy silica coatings on silver nanowires. We found that varying the degree of silica coating on silver nanowires impacts the enhancement and may be explained through two processes. The first process is a consequence of changes in the dielectric environment surrounding the nanowire due to the silica. As additional layers of silica coat the nanowire, the localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanowire redshifts. The second process is a result of silica distorting the local electric field around the nanowire surface. Anisotropic silica coating can influence anticipated enhancement depending on its spatial localization with respect to excited plasmon modes in the nanowire. We propose that the design of nanostructures with patchy silica coatings can be a viable tool for increasing surface enhancement.
Protective immunity against malaria after vaccination
Authors: de Souza J. B. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryA good understanding of the immunological correlates of protective immunity is an important requirement for the development of effective vaccines against malaria. However, this concern has received little attention even in the face of two decades of intensive vaccine research. Here, we review the immune response to blood‐stage malaria, with a particular focus on the type of vaccine most likely to induce the kind of response required to give strong protection against infection.
The Role of Language in the Automatic Coding of Political Texts
Authors: Ruedin Didier 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAutomatic approaches to coding party manifestos and other political texts have become more widespread. This research note addresses the question to what extent the source language of a text affects the results. To do so, Swiss manifestos in German and French are coded automatically, comparing a keyword‐based dictionary approach and Wordscores. Because of language differences, both stemming and particularly stop words are important to obtain comparable results for Wordscores. If both are used, the predicted scores are almost identical in both languages. With the right preparations, the challenge of language differences can thus be overcome.
Social Capital and Local Socio‐economic Development: The Case of Czech Peripheries
Authors: Pileček Jan , Chromý Pavel , Jančák Vít 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe paper focuses on the relationship between social capital and local socio‐economic development in the case of Czech peripheries. First, based on individual‐level survey data, it examines relationships among various indicators of social capital encompassing three common dimensions: social networks, trust and civic norms and values. The results (correlations) confirm the existence of statistically significant and positive relationships. Second, the paper explores regional differences in social capital in typologically diverse peripheries and reaffirms an existing dichotomy: continuously settled vs. resettled model territories. Third, using chi‐square analysis, research findings stress the importance of personal characteristics (age, education and economic activity) for residents' amount of social capital. Therefore, social capital can be seen as an instrument in the activation of endogenous development potential of local communities, especially in peripheral regions.
Perioperative and transfusion outcomes in women undergoing cesarean hysterectomy for abnormal placentation
Authors: Brookfield Kathleen F. , Goodnough Lawrence T. , Lyell Deirdre J. , Butwick Alexander J. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundWomen with placenta increta (PI) and placenta percreta (PP) are at high risk of obstetric hemorrhage; however, the severity of hemorrhage and perioperative morbidity may differ according to the degree of placental invasion. We sought to compare blood component usage and perioperative morbidity between women with PI versus PP undergoing cesarean hysterectomy (CH).Study Design and MethodsWe identified 77 women who underwent CH for PI or PP from the NICHD MFMU Network Cesarean Registry, which sourced data from 19 centers from 1999 to 2002. We examined demographic, obstetric, and surgical data and rates of transfusion and perioperative morbidity. We performed statistical tests for between‐group analyses; p values less than 0.05 were significant.ResultsRates of intraoperative or postoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion were similar between groups (PI 84% vs. PP 88%; p = 0.7). We observed no between‐group differences in rates of fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion (intraoperative FFP—PI 30% vs. PP 41%; p = 0.3; postoperative FFP—PI 28% vs. PP 18%; p = 0.4) or platelet (PLT) transfusion (intraoperative PLTs—PI 14% vs. PP 29%; p = 0.2; postoperative PLTs—PI 9% vs. PP 9%; p = 1.0). Among the morbidities, a higher proportion of PP women underwent cystotomy (PI 14% vs. PP 38%; p = 0.02) and postoperative mechanical ventilation (PI 14% vs. PP 35%; p = 0.03).ConclusionRates of intraoperative RBC, FFP, and PLT transfusion are similar for PI and PP women, and perioperative outcomes are worse for PP women. We suggest the same mobilization transfusion medicine support for both groups, including blood ordering (type and cross‐match for CH) and availability of emergency blood protocols including fibrinogen‐containing preparations.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Single-Dose Primaquine in Papua New Guinean Children: Feasibility of Abbreviated High-Dose Regimens for Radical Cure of Vivax Malaria
Authors: Moore Brioni R. , Salman Sam , Benjamin John , Page-Sharp Madhu , Robinson Leanne J. , Waita Elizabeth , Batty Kevin T. , Siba Peter , Mueller Ivo , Davis Timothy M. E. , Betuela Inoni 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

Since conventional 14-day primaquine (PMQ) radical cure of vivax malaria is associated with poor compliance, and as total dose, not therapy duration, determines efficacy, a preliminary pharmacokinetic study of two doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight) was conducted in 28 healthy glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-normal Papua New Guinean children, aged 5 to 12 years, to facilitate development of abbreviated high-dose regimens. Dosing was with food and was directly observed, and venous blood samples were drawn during a 168-h postdose period. Detailed safety monitoring was performed for hepatorenal function and hemoglobin and methemoglobin concentrations. Plasma concentrations of PMQ and its metabolite carboxyprimaquine (CPMQ) were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using population pharmacokinetic methods. The derived models were used in simulations. Both single-dose regimens were well tolerated with no changes in safety parameters. The mean PMQ central volume of distribution and clearance relative to bioavailability (200 liters/70 kg and 24.6 liters/h/70 kg) were within published ranges for adults. The median predicted maximal concentrations (
C
max
) for both PMQ and CPMQ after the last dose of a 1.0 mg/kg 7-day PMQ regimen were approximately double those at the end of 14 days of 0.5 mg/kg daily, while a regimen of 1.0 mg/kg twice daily resulted in a 2.38 and 3.33 times higher
C
max
for PMQ and CPMQ, respectively. All predicted median
C
max
concentrations were within ranges for adult high-dose studies that also showed acceptable safety and tolerability. The present pharmacokinetic data, the first for PMQ in children, show that further studies of abbreviated high-dose regimens are feasible in this age group.
Histoplasma capsulatum Depends on
De Novo
Vitamin Biosynthesis for Intraphagosomal Proliferation
Authors: Garfoot Andrew L. , Zemska Olga , Rappleye Chad A. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

During infection of the mammalian host,
Histoplasma capsulatum
yeasts survive and reside within macrophages of the immune system. Whereas some intracellular pathogens escape into the host cytosol,
Histoplasma
yeasts remain within the macrophage phagosome. This intracellular
Histoplasma
-containing compartment imposes nutritional challenges for yeast growth and replication. We identified and annotated vitamin synthesis pathways encoded in the
Histoplasma
genome and confirmed by growth in minimal medium that
Histoplasma
yeasts can synthesize all essential vitamins with the exception of thiamine. Riboflavin, pantothenate, and biotin auxotrophs of
Histoplasma
were generated to probe whether these vitamins are available to intracellular yeasts. Disruption of the
RIB2
gene (riboflavin biosynthesis) prevented growth and proliferation of yeasts in macrophages and severely attenuated
Histoplasma
virulence in a murine model of respiratory histoplasmosis. Rib2-deficient yeasts were not cleared from lung tissue but persisted, consistent with functional survival mechanisms but inability to replicate
in vivo
. In addition, depletion of Pan6 (pantothenate biosynthesis) but not Bio2 function (biotin synthesis) also impaired
Histoplasma
virulence. These results indicate that the
Histoplasma
-containing phagosome is limiting for riboflavin and pantothenate and that
Histoplasma
virulence requires
de novo
synthesis of these cofactor precursors. Since mammalian hosts do not rely on vitamin synthesis but instead acquire essential vitamins through diet, vitamin synthesis pathways represent druggable targets for therapeutics.
Host-Pathogen Interaction and Signaling Molecule Secretion Are Modified in thedpp3Knockout Mutant of Candida lusitaniae
Authors: Sabra Ayman , Bessoule Jean-Jacques , Atanasova-Penichon Vessela , Noël Thierry , Dementhon Karine 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCandida lusitaniaeis an emerging opportunistic yeast and an attractive model to discover new virulence factors inCandidaspecies by reverse genetics. Our goal was to create adpp3Δ knockout mutant and to characterize the effects of this gene inactivation on yeastin vitroandin vivointeraction with the host. The secretion of two signaling molecules inCandidaspecies, phenethyl alcohol (PEA) and tyrosol, but not of farnesol was surprisingly altered in thedpp3Δ knockout mutant. NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) secretion were also modified in macrophages infected with this mutant. Interestingly, we found that the wild-type (WT) strain induced an increase in IL-10 secretion by zymosan-activated macrophages without the need for physical contact, whereas thedpp3Δ knockout mutant lost this ability. We further showed a striking role of PEA and tyrosol in this modulation. Last, theDPP3gene was found to be an essential contributor to virulence in mice models, leading to an increase in TNF-α secretion and brain colonization. Although reinsertion of a WTDPP3copy in thedpp3Δ knockout mutant was not sufficient to restore the WT phenotypesin vitro, it allowed a restoration of those observedin vivo. These data support the hypothesis that some of the phenotypes observed followingDPP3gene inactivation may be directly dependent onDPP3, while others may be the indirect consequence of another genetic modification that systematically arises when theDPP3gene is inactivated.
Prevalence and associated factors of microalbuminuria in Chinese individuals without diabetes: cross-sectional study
Authors: Xiao Jianzhong , Xing Xiaoyan , Lu Juming , Weng Jianping , Jia Weiping , Ji Linong , Shan Zhongyan , Liu Jie , Tian Haoming , Ji Qiuhe , Zhu Dalong , Ge Jiapu , Chen Gang , Chen Li , Guo Xiaohui , Zhao Zhigang , Li Qiang , Zhou Zhiguang , Yang Zhaojun , Shan Guangliang , He Jiang , Yang Wenying ,   for the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study Group
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of microalbuminuria (MAU) among Chinese individuals without diabetes and the relationship between MAU and metabolic factors, individual socioeconomic status (SES), and regional economic development level.DesignCross-sectional study of prevalence of MAU.Setting152 urban street districts and 112 rural villages from northeast, north, east, south central, northwest and southwest China.Participants46 239 participants were recruited using a multistage stratified sampling design from 2007 to 2008. A total of 41 290 participants without diabetes determined by oral glucose tolerance test were included in the present study. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio results of 35 430 individuals were available.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPositive detection of MAU was determined using an ACR of 22.1–299.9 mg/g in men 30.9–299.9 mg/g in women.ResultsThe prevalence of MAU in men was 22.4% and 24.5% in women. In developed, intermediate-developed and under-developed areas, the prevalence of MAU in men was 20.7%, 21.9% and 32.5%, respectively; in women the prevalence was 19.6%, 26.0% and 29.5%, respectively. The prevalence of MAU increased as the number of metabolic disorders present increased, and as the number of lower SES components increased (farmer, below university education level and low income). Prevalence of MAU in developed and intermediate developed areas had adjusted risk ratios of 0.52 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.60) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.76), respectively. Multivariate logistic analyses demonstrated MAU was strongly associated with older age, high-blood pressure, higher blood glucose low education level, low occupational level and residence in under-developed region.ConclusionsSeveral factors had independent correlations to MAU in China: older age, metabolic abnormalities, lower SES level and living in economically under-developed areas, which encourage the development of strategies to lower the risk for MAU in these susceptible populations.