bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological and Grammatical Variation in Exemplar Models
Authors: Bybee Joan , Torres Rena 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Phonological and grammatical structure is shaped by usage patterns, as demonstrated by the effects of context and frequency on variation and change. We argue for an exemplar model of lexical representations, in which tokens of use are registered in memory, including phonetic detail as well as linguistic and social contextual information. Since variation is omnipresent in the input, it comes to be represented directly in cognitive representations, which are a record of speakers’ experience with language. Frequency of use and other lexical effects in sound change, which is gradual both phonetically and lexically, are built into exemplar models as the strengthening of exemplars by use and the clustering of exemplars based on phonetic and semantic similarities. The effects of particular lexical items and collocational discourse routines in morpho-syntactic variation and change, including the interaction of the particular and the general in grammaticization, are similarly modeled by the representation of specific instances of constructions and the gradient associations among related forms. Since variation in language use is pervasive and highly conditioned by context, exemplar models are particularly wellsuited to account for variation and change.
Nuclear Pitch Accents in Majorcan Catalan Declaratives: Phonology, Phonetics, Diachrony
Authors: Simonet Miquel 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The present paper reports on the findings of an acoustic study of nuclear pitch accents in Majorcan Catalan. A total of 10 speakers participated in a production experiment. Nuclear pitch accents were investigated by measuring relative pitch changes between several sequential temporal landmarks in and around nuclear stressed syllables in read-aloud declaratives. The results provide evidence for the presence of a low (L) tone associated with the nuclear stressed syllable for 9 of the 10 participants, and that of a high (H) trailing tone for only 4 of the participants. The implications of these results for a phonological analysis of Majorcan Catalan nuclear pitch accents, as well as the diachrony of nuclear pitch accents in Iberian Romance, are discussed.
Abstractness and Motivation in Phonological Theory
Authors: Baković Eric 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In this piece I adopt the standard textbook definition of abstractness in generative phonological theory, “the degree to which a UR [= underlying representation] of a morpheme may deviate from its associated PRs [= phonetic representations]” (Kenstowicz & Kisseberth 1979, p.179). I also adopt the perspective that a phonological analysis, independently of its degree of abstractness, is (only) as adequate as the motivation and evidence that can be produced in favor of it and against substantive alternatives. This is the focus of my remarks in this piece, featuring a thorough critique of the motivation and evidence for the abstract geminate rhotic representation of the intervocalic trill in Spanish (Harris 1969, 1983, 2001, 2002).
The Role of Abstraction in Syntax: From a Functionalist Perspective
Authors: Yoon Jiyoung 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the area of syntax, the notion of abstraction has been employed differently in the two major theoretical approaches of functionalist and formalist models. From the functional perspective, a typologically adequate linguistic model needs to look at universals without imposing too much abstraction on principles or representation. In contrast, the formalist model has been characterized by its tendency towards stating language universals in terms of abstract structures and principles. This paper argues that while these two traditionally opposing tendencies remain true, the difference between the functionalist and formalist models is the degree of abstraction, not a dichotomy of presence and absence of such a property. Functionalists also rely on a certain degree of abstraction in describing language depending on various functional-cognitive models within this approach. This paper also shows that the direction of Spanish functional syntax has been diverse and rich, employing a varying degree of abstraction of representation of language. The prediction for the future of the functionalist and formalist models is their eventual realignment, a process that may compromise their respective meaning-centered and the formcentered positions.
Linguistic Processing is Exemplar-Based
Authors: Eddington David 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In contrast to rule systems, analogy assumes massive storage of previously experienced linguistic material. Accordingly, linguistic processing involves access to and comparison with this database of stored instances. Computationally explicit models of analogy allow analogical models to be tested empirically. One such model is shown to be quite effective in predicting the gender of Spanish nouns given their phonological makeup, and in mirroring gender errors made by children. Dialectal differences in diminutive formation is also explored analogically. While rule models postulate differing underlying structures and constraint ranking, analogy accounts for the dialectal variants as due to differences in the diminutives that are stored in a speaker's mental lexicon. Morphology is the result of connections made between words that share semantic and phonological traits.
Where and What is Morphology?
Authors: Varela Soledad 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In contemporary linguistics the debate about the status and character of morphology is as recurrent as it is many-sided. Succinctly put, whereas some authors disperse morphological facts over the main grammatical components, others treat morphology as a subcomponent of the lexicon whose units interact in a regular and systematic way with phonology, syntax and semantics. I contend that it is this lexical status - which has been characterized as interfacial - that gives morphology its shape and character. This paper reviews the different ways the lexiconmorphology is conceived, and located within the grammar, by some of the most representative models put forward in recent years, and goes through the properties that are taken to define a linguistic component. In order to illustrate the interaction of phonology, semantics and syntax that takes place whenever lexicon-morphology is involved, a brief discussion is included of a case of word-formation that clearly reveals the interface nature of morphology.
Non-Past Concessive Sentences in Mexican Spanish and the Role of Position in Mood Alternation
Authors: Mira María Isabel Martínez 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Following a functionalist approach, the goal of this study was to determine whether iconicity/position of the subordinate clause (in our case, non-past concessive clauses) played a role in mood alternation in Mexican Spanish. Initially, it was hypothesized that speakers of this variety of Spanish would favor the placement of the concessive clause with the verb in the subjunctive before the main clause; this was related to a more iconic value of the subordinate construction when the concessive clause is preposed, together with Lunn’s concept of (lack of) ‘relevance’/evaluative function of the subjunctive. Two sets of data were analyzed: speakers’ judgments of grammatical concessive clauses, and the informal oral production of concessive structures in an interview setting. Results support our original prediction differently depending on the type of instrument and data set analyzed.
Gothic Loanwords in Spanish and Portuguese: Evidence for Sounds and Sound Changes
Authors: Acosta Diego de 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article aims to bridge existing scholarship on Gothic and early Ibero-Romance phonology by examining the adaptation of Visigothic loanwords in Hispano- and Luso-Romance. There are considerable challenges in establishing Visigothic provenance for an Ibero-Romance word, which are due to recognized indeterminacies in the history of the Gothic language and peoples, as well as the deceptively stable Latin textual record of the early Middle Ages. Nevertheless, an updated survey of putative Gothic loanwords and their adaptation in Ibero-Romance reveals definite patterns and yields important information about the changing pronunciation of Ibero-Romance, as well as the pronunciation of Visigothic, at the time of borrowing.
Sobre as origens da vogal radical /i/ em sigo~siga no verbo galego-português: Um fenómeno de contacto linguístico?
Authors: Dubert-García Francisco 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
It is admitted that the origin of the height of the radical vowel of Galician and Portuguese sigo~siga and cubro~cubra is problematic: the expected vowel in that context, through a regular phonological evolution, should be mid-high, not high. Given that Galician, Portuguese, and Spanish, share the unexpected height of the radical vowel, and that it seems the high vowel first appeared and was consolidated in the central dialects of the Peninsula, I will propose that forms like sigo and cubro were originated in those central dialects and were taken and spread into the occidental dialects by a language contact situation. As the contact was more prolonged and intense in Galicia than in Portugal, Galician promoted variants like pido~pides~pide~pida, shared with Spanish, diverging in this respect from Portuguese, which blocked their spreading.
Investigating L2 Acquisition of Spanish Vocalic Sequences
Authors: MacLeod Bethany 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
While previous studies have investigated the acquisition of Spanish vowels by English speakers, none has examined how sequences of vowels are acquired. This study considers the developmental path of acquisition of diphthongs and hiatus by English-speaking learners of Spanish. Previous studies have found that duration is a robust acoustic cue to the difference between a diphthong and a hiatus (Face & Alvord 2004, Hualde & Prieto 2002). This study investigates how the durational difference is manifest in the speech of L2 learners of Spanish and how its realization changes as a function of proficiency in Spanish. In addition, transfer of a phonological constraint in English barring homorganic consonant-glide (CG) onset clusters (Davis & Hammond 1995, Ohala & Kawasaki-Fukumori 1997) and phonetic transfer of the relative intensity values of English glides, which have been found to be lower in English (MacLeod 2008), onto production of Spanish glides are also investigated. A delayed-repetition task with English and Spanish tokens tested 4 groups of speakers: beginning learners, intermediate learners, native Spanish speakers, and native English speakers. The results show that the learners produce a durational difference similar to the native speakers (in that hiatus were, on average, longer than diphthongs), but that the duration of the individual vowels was longer in the speech of the learners as compared to the native speakers. Transfer of the phonological constraint against homorganic CG clusters was found to some extent since glides in homorganic CG clusters were marginally statistically significantly longer than those in non-homorganic clusters in the speech of the beginning learners, but not for native Spanish speakers. In contrast, phonetic transfer of the relative intensity norms of English onto Spanish was not found since the learners produced Spanish glides with a higher relative intensity than the native Spanish speakers. The salience of duration and intensity for English speakers are discussed in concert with general articulatory concerns, both of the vocalic sequences themselves and in terms of the surrounding consonants.
The Functions of Postverbal Pronominal Subjects in Spoken Peninsular Spanish and European Portuguese
Authors: Posio Pekka 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Although both constituent order and variation in the expression of pronominal subjects are well-established research topics in Hispanic and Lusophone linguistics, the placement of pronominal subjects has received relatively little attention in previous research. The goal of the present study is to fill this gap by examining postverbal pronominal subjects in spoken Peninsular Spanish and European Portuguese using data from the Corpus del Español and Corpus do Português, taking into account such factors as verb semantics and transitivity. It is shown that the factors affecting the placement of pronominal subjects differ from those related to nominal subjects, as pronouns typically represent old information in discourse. Pronominal subjects are relatively uncommon in the postverbal position in both languages, but especially in European Portuguese where they appear mostly in grammaticalized constructions (e.g. quotatives). The postverbal placement of pronominal subjects is often related to non-topical status of the subject and serves a backgrounding function in discourse. It is most frequently associated with twoargument verbs characterized by low transitivity.
Factors Influencing the Acquisition of Spanish Voiced Stop Spirantization during an Extended Stay Abroad
Authors: Alvord Scott M. , Christiansen Diane E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The purpose of the current study is to investigate the acquisition of spirantization of /b, d, ɡ/ in the Spanish of adult learners who have spent two years abroad in a Spanish-speaking country. In addition to whether or not participants acquired spirantization, this study seeks to discover the influence of certain factors (e.g. style, prior Spanish instruction, Spanish language use, attitude, motivational intensity, etc.) on their target-like pronunciation of /b, d, ɡ/. Two different tasks were administered, one formal (a reading list) and another less formal (a read story). Tokens of /b, d, ɡ/ were analyzed spectrographically for manner of articulation. The results show that the majority of the learners pronounced target-like /b, d, ɡ/ over 80% of the time. A logistic regression analysis shows that the following factors are significant in their contribution to the acquisition of spirantization: Cultural Integration, Spanish language use, Empathy, Music Instruction, High School Spanish Instruction, and Motivational Intensity.
Chunking and the Reduction of the Preposition para ‘to, for’ in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Huback Ana Paula 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article investigates the reduction and contraction of the preposition para ‘to, for’ in Brazilian Portuguese (para ~ pra). Although this is a widespread reduction, it does not affect each instance of para. Corpora analysis shows that the reduction is more frequent in certain expressions, such as para ela ‘to/for her’ (81%), para minha ‘to my’ (77%), para frente ‘forward’ (75%), para casa ‘to home’ (74%). This paper offers evidence that this reduction can be explained due to the frequency of co-occurrence. The concepts of string frequency (cf. Krug 1998) and relative frequency (Torres Cacoullos 2006) are tested. The analysis suggests that speakers have multiple clouds of exemplars for the same word (or string of words) and that detailed information is stored along with individual words. It is also argued that whole words or frequently used expressions can be the units of lexical storage, and this is why frequency effects can build up and affect word production and language change.
The Syllabification of the Spanish On-Glide: A Behavioral Study
Authors: Shelton Michael , Gerfen Chip , Palma Nicolás Gutiérrez 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper reports the findings of an experiment designed to test the syllabification of on-glides in Spanish by means of a behavioral task. Traditional approaches to Spanish syllabification assume that on-glides are syllabified with the vowel in the nucleus. However, findings from the developmental literature suggest that at least during early stages of acquisition an alternative onset syllabification is possible. The results of the present study reveal general support for the traditional nuclear approach to Spanish on-glides but also suggest the possibility of gradient syllabification patterns.
Conciliating States and Locations: Towards a More Comprehensive and In- Depth Account of the Spanish Copula Estar
Authors: Mangialavori Ma. Eugenia 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The case of estar may reveal how different proposals of study have failed to grasp grammatically relevant semantic features shared by its occurrences. The results of this study indicate that an integrative analysis of estar clauses would account not only for the consistent lexical properties observed - comprising (a)analogous lexical-syntactic structure predicting possible copular complements, (b)analogous selectional restrictions and (c)interpretative effects -, but also for the complementary distribution of two aspectually nontrivial verbal alternations (ser / estar and estar / haber). Our proposal lays on the standard syntactic structure of copular clauses - assumed to embrace locative clauses, against what traditional Spanish grammar suggests - in combination with (i) the structural analogy between estar’s alternative complements (APs and PPs) and (ii) the understanding of states as abstract spatial domains (be at). Thus, the eventual differences between clauses like ‘estoy triste’ and ‘estoy en casa’ could be accounted for by virtue of the semantic / syntactic properties of the lexical head selected.
Finalidade e domínio: a forma verbal nas orações finais introduzidas por para
Authors: Vesterinen Rainer 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The present paper deals with the occurrence of different verb forms in European Portuguese purpose clauses. A quantitative analysis is conducted in order to detect general tendencies in the use of the infinitive, the inflected infinitive and the subjunctive mood in this grammatical context. From a Cognitive Grammar perspective of linguistic analysis, it is argued that the occurrence of different verb forms can be explained by the concept of dominion. An additional analysis of the subjunctive mood and infinitival verb forms in other grammatical contexts suggests that the notion of dominion can offer a general explanation for the meaning of the subjunctive mood.
Explaining Variation And Change In Spanish Peripheral Fricatives
Authors: Mazzaro Natalia 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The variation between labial and velar fricatives ([f] > [x], e.g. [x]uego fuego ‘fire,’ [x]umar fumar ‘to smoke’) frequently occurs in disparate Spanish dialects (from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, New Mexico, among others) (Quilis 1993) and it is found in first language acquisition (Eblen 1982 and Greenlee 1992). The change [f] > [x] or [x] > [f] has also been observed in other languages such as English, Diola, Chinese, Tuareg, Hausa, among others (Foulkes 1997). Although the variation between [f] and [x] is so common cross-linguistically, there is no adequate understanding of the linguistic and social motivations that affect it. Using the variationist sociolinguistics framework (Labov 1972 and Weinreich, Labov & Herzog 1968), this study analyzes the variation of such fricatives in the speech of 25 native speakers of Corrientes (Argentine) Spanish. Results indicate that two main factors affect [f] > [x] variation in Spanish: i) phonetic context and ii) literacy (or lack of formal education).
Acquiring verbal morphology in Georgian
Authors: Lomashvili Leila 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Languages with polysynthetic morphology present excellent opportunities for the study of how complex inflectional systems are acquired. This paper investigates aspects of the acquisition of verbal morphology in Georgian, including person agreement morphemes, roots, and inflectional mini-paradigms. The paper aims to uncover the strategies that children use in the early segmentation of verb morphemes, and specifically, the role of phonological and prosodic factors in this process. The study evaluates the effect of semantic criteria in morpheme extraction, and it is argued that the phonological, prosodic, and semantic properties of morphemes interact in complex ways in the acquisition of verbal morphology.
The Structure of Job 3
Authors: Barbiero Gianni 
Published: March 2015

Hi 3 gliedert sich in drei Cantos: V. 3–10 (Verfluchung), V. 11–19 und 20–26 (zwei Klagen, durch למה eingeleitet). DieJob 3 is divided into three Cantos: vv. 3–10 (Cursing), vv. 11–19 and 20–26 (two Lamentations, introduced with למה). For its part, theJb 3 est divisé en trois chants : v. 3–10 (malédiction), v. 11–19 et 20–26 (deux lamentations, introduites par למה).
“I’ll be bound”
Authors: Eckert Lindsey 
Published: March 2015

Lindsey Eckert, “‘I’ll be bound’: John Clare’s ‘Don Juan,’ Literary Annuals, and the Commodification of Authorship” (pp. 427–454)
From 1826 to 1844, at least forty-seven of John Clare’s poems appeared in British literary annuals. Though these poems represent his most commercial work, Clare’s engagement with the annuals has remained largely neglected by scholars. This essay addresses this gap, and the intervention I make is twofold. First, I argue for the centrality of the literary annuals to Clare’s authorial career. Second, I suggest that Clare’s simultaneous dependence on and disdain for the annuals is essential to interpreting his invectives in “Don Juan” (composed 1841) against “poet whores” and the bad taste of female readers. I argue that annuals shaped Clare’s understanding of commerciality and, by extension, his asylum poem “Don Juan.” My focus sheds new light on our understanding of Clare’s authorship and his interactions with the literary marketplace.
Entropy in the Circuits
Authors: Larsen Erik 
Published: March 2015

Erik Larsen, “Entropy in the Circuits: McTeague’s Apocalyptic Posthumanism” (pp. 509–538)
This essay reinterprets Frank Norris’s novel McTeague: A Story of San Francisco (1899) as a depiction of the annihilating effects of entropy on human and material systems. Focusing on McTeague’s lengthy and underanalyzed conclusion, in which McTeague flees into the heart of Death Valley, I argue that Norris’s descriptions of the desert identify an irresistible and destructive force guiding the disintegration of individuals, relationships, and ultimately the Earth itself. Drawing on the record of cultural anxieties surrounding the laws of thermodynamics in the nineteenth century, the essay demonstrates how McTeague exemplifies an “apocalyptic posthumanism” with implications far more disruptive to human exceptionalism than those of traditional biological determinism. The essay also interprets social, biological, and material systems in the novel as attempting, unsuccessfully, to resist entropic decline by channeling and diversifying forces through systems resembling electrical circuits. In this context, gold is read as the “current” or “currency” subtending California’s economic and social worlds, but also that which drives them to greater and greater states of entropic disorder and eventual collapse.
List of the Publications in English of M. B. Ter Borg
Authors: Ter Borg Meerten B. 
Published: March 2015

Meerten B. ter Borg was senior lecturer in the sociology of religion and Professor of Non-Institutional Religion at Leiden University. He wrote many books and articles on implicit religion and sense-making, in Dutch. In English he published in Implicit Religion, Sociological Analysis and in the Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. This symposium is organized on the occasion of his retirement. As an emeritus he will devote himself to the study of the biology of religion and sense-making.
Four-fifths of Meerten ter Borg’s publications, including many articles and eight books, are written in Dutch and published in the Netherlands. This list concerns only the work that is written in English.