bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorbed O2 on the Graphite‐Induced Growth of Ultra‐Long Single‐Crystalline 6H–SiC Nanowires
Authors: Chu Yanhui , Li Hejun , Luo Huijuan , Li Lu 
Published: July 2014

Large‐scale ultra‐long 6H–SiC nanowires were in situ synthesized on the as‐prepared SiC–Si ceramic substrate using graphite as the carbon source and substrate as the silicon source via improving the adsorbed O2 content on the graphite precursors using milling technology. The as‐grown nanowires were typical single crystal of hexagonal 6H–SiC with diameters of 50–100 nm and lengths of up to several millimeters (or even centimeters). Vapor‐solid mechanism was proposed for the growth mode of the as‐grown ultra‐long 6H–SiC nanowires. This study not only provided new insight into the growth mode for in situ synthesizing 6H–SiC nanowires on silicon‐based ceramics, but also suggested a new design methodology for synthesizing ultra‐long nanowires.
Plasmon‐Assisted Precipitation of PbS Quantum Dots in Glasses Containing Ag Nanoparticles
Authors: So Byoungjin , Liu Chao , Heo Jong 
Published: July 2014

PbS QDs of ~ 5nm diameter were precipitated in glasses containing Ag nanoparticles after 3 min of 1.5‐W continuous‐wave laser illumination at λ = 532 nm. Photoluminescence spectra of the PbS QDs recorded in the 1.3~1.6 μm wavelength region revealed conversion of photon energy to thermal energy by surface plasmon resonance. Laser‐assisted local heating around Ag NPs can provide a new method to control the spatial distribution of QDs in glasses.
Oculomotor executive function abnormalities with increased tic severity in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Jeter Cameron B. , Patel Saumil S. , Morris Jeffrey S. , Chuang Alice Z. , Butler Ian J. , Sereno Anne B. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundReports conflict as to whether Tourette syndrome (TS) confers deficits in executive function. This study's aim was to evaluate executive function in youths with TS using oculomotor tasks while controlling for confounds of tic severity, age, medication, and severity of comorbid disorders.MethodFour saccade tasks requiring the executive functions of response generation, response inhibition, and working memory (prosaccade, antisaccade, 0‐back, and 1‐back) were administered. Twenty youths with TS and low tic severity (TS‐low), nineteen with TS and moderate tic severity (TS‐moderate), and 29 typically developing control subjects (Controls) completed the oculomotor tasks.ResultsThere were small differences across groups in the prosaccade task. Controlling for any small sensorimotor differences, TS‐moderate subjects had significantly higher error rates than Controls and TS‐low subjects in the 0‐back and 1‐back tasks. In the 1‐back task, these patients also took longer to respond than Controls or TS‐low subjects.ConclusionsIn a highly controlled design, the findings demonstrate for the first time that increased tic severity in TS is associated with impaired response inhibition and impaired working memory and that these executive function deficits cannot be accounted for by differences in age, medication or comorbid symptom severity.
Medical students’ attitudes on and experiences with evidence‐based medicine: a qualitative study
Authors: Ghojazadeh Morteza , Hajebrahimi Sakineh , Azami‐Aghdash Saber , Pournaghi Azar Fatemeh , Keshavarz Majid , Naghavi‐Behzad Mohammad , Hazrati Hakimeh 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThis qualitative study was designed to determine the attitudes towards and experiences of medical students on evidence‐based medicine (EBM).MethodsThe study was conducted using the phenomenological method. Medical students’ attitudes about and experiences with evidence‐based medicine were determined through semi‐structured interviews. Forty senior medical students were chosen by purposive sampling from medical sciences students of Tabriz University and Shahid Beheshti University. The context of interviews was analysed using the content analysis method.ResultsMedical students’ attitudes and experiences were ascertained through four main questions, and their answers were divided in to 12 categories and 31 subcategories. According to the subjects of the study, two basic concepts that they understood about EBM were its being up to date and requiring research skills. To the question what is necessary for EBM, the students’ answers were summarized as follows: access to information, teamwork and faculty members who could provide modeling and organizational support. Students reported having used EBM for problem solving, thinking and self‐confidence. On the other hand, lack of equipment and facilities, human factors and organizational factors were considered the main barriers to EBM use.ConclusionAccording to the results of this study, providing suitable conditions and appropriate planning to address identified barriers and encouraging students can promote EBM practice. Also, more extensive EBM integration in medical curricula and clinical settings by leading faculty members would prompt medical students to use EBM in their daily practice.
Active Shooters in Health Care Settings: Prevention and Response through Law and Policy
Authors: Hodge James G. , Nelson Kellie 
Published: July 2014

In September 2010 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, one of the nation's elite academic hospitals located in East Baltimore, Maryland, Paul Warren Pardus entered the facility to visit his mother, a patient. During a discussion with her doctor in a hospital hallway, Pardus became “overwhelmed” about the care and condition of his mother, pulled a handgun from his waistband, and shot the doctor in the chest. Pardus then locked himself and his mother in her room, shot and killed her, and committed suicide.Dr. Gabe Kelen, a national expert on emergency preparedness and director of the Johns Hopkins emergency department, admitted several years later that this tragic event “really got us thinking in a very serious way.” Together with colleagues at the Johns Hopkins Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response (CEPAR), Kelen conducted research on the threat and impact of “active shooters” in health care settings.
MRS in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Early Differentiation of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Zhang Bing , Ferman Tanis J. , Boeve Bradley F. , Smith Glenn E. , Maroney‐Smith Mandie , Spychalla Anthony J. , Knopman David S. , Jack Clifford R. , Petersen Ronald C. , Kantarci Kejal 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEMild cognitive impairment (MCI) precedes both Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia and with Lewy bodies (DLB). We investigated proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) characteristics of MCI patients who progressed to DLB compared to those who progressed to AD dementia or remained stable.METHODSConsecutive MCI patients who underwent single voxel MRS at baseline and progressed to DLB (n = 10) were identified during a median follow‐up period of 18 months. From the same cohort, we identified age‐ and sex‐matched MCI patients who progressed to AD dementia (n = 27) or remained stable (n = 20) during a similar follow‐up period. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and informed consent was from every subject.RESULTSMCI patients who progressed to AD dementia were characterized by lower N‐acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr ratio in the posterior cingulate voxel compared to those who progressed to DLB (P = .001). Decreased NAA/Cr in the posterior cingulate voxel differentiated MCI patients who progressed to DLB from those who progressed to AD with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of .85 (P < .001) on logistic regression analysis.CONCLUSIONSMRS may be useful in differentiating MCI patients with prodromal AD dementia from those with prodromal DLB for early disease‐specific interventions.
Prognostic Value of A Qualitative Brain MRI Scoring System After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Hirsch Karen G. , Mlynash Michael , Jansen Sofie , Persoon Suzanne , Eyngorn Irina , Krasnokutsky Michael V. , Wijman Christine A.C. , Fischbein Nancy J. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo develop a qualitative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system for comatose cardiac arrest patients that can be used in clinical practice.METHODSConsecutive comatose postcardiac arrest patients were prospectively enrolled. Routine MR brain sequences were scored by two independent blinded experts. Predefined brain regions were qualitatively scored on the fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) sequences according to the severity of the abnormality on a scale from 0 to 4. The mean score of the raters was used. Poor outcome was defined as death or vegetative state at 6 months.RESULTSSixty‐eight patients with 88 brain MRI scans were included. Median time from the arrest to the initial MRI was 77 hours (IQR 58‐144 hours). At 100% specificity, the “cortex score” performed best in predicting unfavorable outcome with a sensitivity of 55%‐60% (95% CI 41‐74) depending on time window selection. When comparing the “cortex score” with historically used predictors for poor outcome, MRI improved the sensitivity for poor outcome over conventional predictors by 27% at 100% specificity.CONCLUSIONSA qualitative MRI scoring system helps assess hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury severity following cardiac arrest and may provide useful prognostic information in comatose cardiac arrest patients.
Carotid MRI Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage at 3T and 1.5T
Authors: Scott McNally J. , Yoon Hyo‐Chun , Kim Seong‐Eun , Narra Krishna K. , McLaughlin Michael S. , Parker Dennis L. , Treiman Gerald S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSECarotid intraplaque hemorrhage leads to plaque progression and ischemic events.Detection can be accomplished with 3T T1w sequences, but may be limited by false‐positive lipid/necrosis. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to determine if magnetization‐prepared rapid acquisition with gradient‐echo (MPRAGE) detects intraplaque hemorrhage versus lipid/necrosis; (2) if 3T MPRAGE image quality is retained at 1.5T; and (3) to determine observer agreement.METHODSMPRAGE positive areas were compared to hemorrhage and lipid/necrosis areas from 100 carotid endarterectomy slides in 12 subjects using multivariable linear regression. Image quality was determined between 3T and 1.5T in 716 carotid arteries using t‐tests and multivariable linear regression. Kappa analysis was used to determine agreement.RESULTSIntraplaque hemorrhage, not lipid/necrosis, was a significant predictor of MPRAGE positive area before and after adjusting for confounders (slope = .52 vs. .51, P < .001).Image quality at 3T was slightly lower than 1.5T (mean 3.87 vs. 4.34, P < .0001). 3T image quality remained slightly decreased before and after adjusting for confounders (slope = –.46 vs. –.41, P < .001). Kappa values for inter‐/intraobserver agreement were .807/.919 at 3T and .803/.871 at 1.5T.CONCLUSIONSCarotid MPRAGE detects intraplaque hemorrhage, not lipid/necrosis. 3T image quality was retained at 1.5T with very good observer agreement.
Microtubule nucleating and severing enzymes for modifying microtubule array organization and cell morphogenesis in response to environmental cues
Authors: Nakamura Masayoshi 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn higher plants, reorientation of cortical microtubule arrays has been postulated to be of importance for modifying cell growth to adapt to environmental conditions. However, the process of microtubule reorientation is largely unknown. Recent genetic and live cell imaging studies of microtubule dynamics shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of microtubule molecular nucleation and severing apparatuses, which are required for array reorientation in response to blue light signaling. Branching nucleation from γ‐tubulin complexes creates a small population of discordant microtubules that are acted on by KATANIN‐mediated severing in two ways. KATANIN releases microtubules from nucleation sites and rapidly amplifies discordant microtubules by severing at microtubule crossovers. In this review, I focus on the molecular details of these two enzymes, which enable microtubule array transition.
Polyphosphate accumulation is driven by transcriptome alterations that lead to near‐synchronous and near‐equivalent uptake of inorganic cations in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
Authors: Kikuchi Yusuke , Hijikata Nowaki , Yokoyama Kaede , Ohtomo Ryo , Handa Yoshihiro , Kawaguchi Masayoshi , Saito Katsuharu , Ezawa Tatsuhiro 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi accumulate a massive amount of phosphate as polyphosphate to deliver to the host, but the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, the dynamics of cationic components during polyphosphate accumulation were investigated in conjunction with transcriptome analysis.

Rhizophagus sp. HR1 was grown with Lotus japonicus under phosphorus‐deficient conditions, and extraradical mycelia were harvested after phosphate application at prescribed intervals. Levels of polyphosphate, inorganic cations and amino acids were measured, and RNA‐Seq was performed on the Illumina platform.

Phosphate application triggered not only polyphosphate accumulation but also near‐synchronous and near‐equivalent uptake of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, whereas no distinct changes in the levels of amino acids were observed. During polyphosphate accumulation, the genes responsible for mineral uptake, phosphate and nitrogen metabolism and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis were up‐regulated.

The results suggest that inorganic cations play a major role in neutralizing the negative charge of polyphosphate, and these processes are achieved by the orchestrated regulation of gene expression. Our findings provide, for the first time, a global picture of the cellular response to increased phosphate availability, which is the initial process of nutrient delivery in the associations.
The flower of Hibiscus trionum is both visibly and measurably iridescent
Authors: Vignolini Silvia , Moyroud Edwige , Hingant Thomas , Banks Hannah , Rudall Paula J. , Steiner Ullrich , Glover Beverley J. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Living organisms can use minute structures to manipulate the reflection of light and display colours based on interference. There has been debate in recent literature over whether the diffractive optical effects produced by epoxy replicas of petals with folded cuticles persist and induce iridescence in the original flowers when the effects of petal pigment and illumination are taken into account.

We explored the optical properties of the petal of Hibiscus trionum by macro‐imaging, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and visible and ultraviolet (UV) angle‐resolved spectroscopy of the petal.

The flower of Hibiscus trionum is visibly iridescent, and the iridescence can be captured photographically. The iridescence derives from a diffraction grating generated by folds of the cuticle. The iridescence of the petal can be quantitatively characterized by spectrometric measurements with several square‐millimetres of sample area illuminated.

The flower of Hibiscus trionum has the potential to interact with its pollinators (honeybees, other bees, butterflies and flies) through iridescent signals produced by its cuticular diffraction grating.
Clinical Feasibility of Exercise‐Based A‐V Interval Optimization for Cardiac Resynchronization: A Pilot Study
Authors: CHOUDHURI INDRAJIT , MACCARTER DEAN , SHAW RACHAEL , ANDERSON STEVE , ST. CYR JOHN , NIAZI IMRAN 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundOne‐third of eligible patients fail to respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Current methods to “optimize” the atrio‐ventricular (A‐V) interval are performed at rest, which may limit its efficacy during daily activities. We hypothesized that low‐intensity cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) could identify the most favorable physiologic combination of specific gas exchange parameters reflecting pulmonary blood flow or cardiac output, stroke volume, and left atrial pressure to guide determination of the optimal A‐V interval.MethodsWe assessed relative feasibility of determining the optimal A‐V interval by three methods in 17 patients who underwent optimization of CRT: (1) resting echocardiographic optimization (the Ritter method), (2) resting electrical optimization (intrinsic A‐V interval and QRS duration), and (3) during low‐intensity, steady‐state CPX. Five sequential, incremental A‐V intervals were programmed in each method. Assessment of cardiopulmonary stability and potential influence on the CPX‐based method were assessed.ResultsCPX and determination of a physiological optimal A‐V interval was successfully completed in 94.1% of patients, slightly higher than the resting echo‐based approach (88.2%). There was a wide variation in the optimal A‐V delay determined by each method. There was no observed cardiopulmonary instability or impact of the implant procedure that affected determination of the CPX‐based optimized A‐V interval.ConclusionsDetermining optimized A‐V intervals by CPX is feasible. Proposed mechanisms explaining this finding and long‐term impact require further study.
The oldest mammals from Antarctica, early Eocene of the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island
Authors: Gelfo Javier N. , Mörs Thomas , Lorente Malena , López Guillermo M. , Reguero Marcelo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNew fossil mammals found at the base of Acantilados II Allomember of the La Meseta Formation, from the early Eocene (Ypresian) of Seymour Island, represent the oldest evidence of this group in Antarctica. Two specimens are here described; the first belongs to a talonid portion of a lower right molar assigned to the sparnotheriodontid litoptern Notiolofos sp. cf. N. arquinotiensis. Sparnotheriodontid were medium‐ to large‐sized ungulates, with a wide distribution in the Eocene of South America and Antarctica. The second specimen is an intermediate phalanx referred to an indeterminate Eutheria, probably a South American native ungulate. These Antarctic findings in sediments of 55.3 Ma query the minimum age needed for terrestrial mammals to spread from South America to Antarctica, which should have occurred before the final break‐up of Gondwana. This event involves the disappearance of the land bridge formed by the Weddellian Isthmus, which connected West Antarctica and southern South America from the Late Cretaceous until sometime in the earliest Palaeogene.
Threats to xylem hydraulic function of trees under ‘new climate normal’ conditions
Authors: ZWIENIECKI MACIEJ A. , SECCHI FRANCESCA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractClimate models predict increases in frequency and intensity of extreme environmental conditions, such as changes to minimum and maximum temperatures, duration of drought periods, intensity of rainfall/snowfall events and wind strength. These local extremes, rather than average climatic conditions, are closely linked to woody plant survival, as trees cope with such events over long lifespans. While the xylem provides trees with structural strength and is considered the most robust part of a tree's structure, it is also the most physiologically vulnerable as tree survival depends on its ability to sustain water supply to the tree crown under variable environmental conditions. Many structural, functional and biological tree properties evolved to protect xylem from loss of transport function because of embolism or to restore xylem transport capacity following embolism formation. How ‘the new climate normal’ conditions will affect these evolved strategies is yet to be seen. Our understanding of xylem physiology and current conceptual models describing embolism formation and plant recovery from water stress, however, can provide insight into near‐future challenges that woody plants will face. In addition, knowledge of species‐specific properties of xylem function may help guide mitigation of climate change impacts on woody plants in natural and agricultural tree communities.
Civic Hackathons: Innovation, Procurement, or Civic Engagement?
Authors: Johnson Peter , Robinson Pamela 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAt all levels, governments around the world are moving toward the provision of open data, that is, the direct provision to citizens, the private sector, and other third parties, of raw government datasets, controlled by a relatively permissible license. In tandem with this distribution of open data is the promotion of civic hackathons, or “app contests” by government. The civic hackathon is designed to offer prize money to developers as a way to spur innovative use of open data, more specifically the creation of commercial software applications that deliver services to citizens. Within this context, we propose that the civic hackathon has the potential to act in multiple ways, possibly as a backdoor to the traditional government procurement process, and as a form of civic engagement. We move beyond much of the hype of civic hackathons, critically framing an approach to understanding civic hackathons through these two lenses. Key questions for future research emphasize the emerging, and important, nature of this research path.
Big Data and U.S. Public Policy
Authors: Stough Roger , McBride Dennis 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the growing recognition of the phenomenon called “Big Data” and the policy implications it poses. It is argued that a core policy issue is personal and organizational privacy. At the same time there is a belief that analysis of “Big Data” offers potentially to provide public sector policy makers with extensive new information that would inform policy at unprecedentedly detailed levels. Despite this potential to improve the policy‐making process data often contain individual identifiable information that would negatively impact American core values such as privacy. This makes the use of these data almost impossible. The paper recognizes that there may be a way to strip individual data from Big Data sets thereby making their analysis more policy useful. This approach is not at this time technically feasible but research is ongoing.
Methylamine-Sensitive Amperometric Biosensor Based on (His)6-TaggedHansenula polymorphaMethylamine Oxidase Immobilized on the Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Stasyuk Nataliya Ye. , Smutok Oleh V. , Zakalskiy Andriy E. , Zakalska Oksana M. , Gonchar Mykhailo V. 
Published: July 2014

A novel methylamine-selective amperometric bienzyme biosensor based on recombinant primary amine oxidase isolated from the recombinant yeast strainSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand commercial horseradish peroxidase is described. Two amine oxidase preparations were used: free enzyme (AMO) and covalently immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AMO-nAu). Some bioanalytical parameters (sensitivity, selectivity, and storage stability) of the developed biosensors were investigated. The sensitivity for both sensors is high:1450 ± 113and700 ± 30 A−1·M−1·m−2for AMO-nAu biosensor, respectively. The biosensors exhibit the linear range from 15 μM to 150 μM (AMO-nAu) and from 15 μM to 60 μM (AMO). The developed biosensor demonstrated a good selectivity toward methylamine (MA) (signal for dimethylamine and trimethylamine is less than 5% and for ethylamine 15% compared to MA output) and reveals a satisfactory storage stability. The constructed amperometric biosensor was used for MA assay in real samples of fish products in comparison with chemical method. The values obtained with both approaches different methods demonstrated a high correlation.