bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real‐World Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes of a Zotarolimus‐Eluting Stent: Final 3‐Year Report of the RESOLUTE International Study
Authors: BELARDI JORGE A. , WIDIMSKÝ PETR , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF , MAURI LAURA , ALBERTAL MARIANO ,   on Behalf of the RESOLUTE International Investigators
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectivesWe evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the Resolute™ zotarolimus‐eluting stent (R‐ZES) in real‐world clinical practice through 3 years.BackgroundA randomized comparison of the R‐ZES and the XIENCE V™ everolimus‐eluting stent showed no difference in any outcomes through 3‐year follow‐up in high‐volume academic centers. RESOLUTE International is a confirmatory trial designed to evaluate the R‐ZES in real‐world clinical practice.MethodsRESOLUTE International is a single arm, observational trial that enrolled 2,349 patients from 88 centers with only a few inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary end‐point was the composite of cardiac death and target vessel myocardial infarction (TV‐MI) at 1 year. Secondary end‐points include target lesion failure (TLF), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and their components, and stent thrombosis (ST).ResultsAt 3 years 97.2% of patients completed clinical follow‐up. The mean age was 63.4 ± 11.2 years, 77.8% were male, and 30.4% had diabetes. The average number of stents per patient was 1.6 ± 1.0; and mean stent length was 30.9 ± 20.5 mm. Dual antiplatelet therapy was used in 91.1% of patients at 1 year, 43.0% at 2 years, and 34.6% at 3 years. Cardiac death and TV‐MI occurred in 161 patients (7.0%). There were 6 (0.3%) very late ST events for a total ST rate of 1.1% through 3 years. The rates of clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR), TVR, and TLF were 5.7%, 7.4%, and 11.4%, respectively.ConclusionsThe safety and effectiveness of the R‐ZES through 3 years in this real‐world all‐comer study was consistent with previously reported all‐comer trials. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:515‐523)
The Impact of Stent Strut Porosity on Reducing Flow in Cerebral Aneurysms
Authors: Rayepalli Sagar , Gupta Rishi , Lum Chee , Majid Arshad , Koochesfahani Manoochehr 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEFlow diversion techniques are increasingly used to treat cerebral aneurysms. The optimal stent porosity to achieve aneurysm obliteration would allow clinicians to treat aneurysms more effectively. We sought to determine the optimal porosity threshold in an in vitro flow model that would lead to stagnation of flow in an aneurysm.METHODSUsing a 3‐dimensional (3‐D) sidewall aneurysm glass model and a 2‐dimensional (2‐D) cavity model, we measured the total kinetic energy (TKE) in the cavity and aneurysm using digital particle image velocimetry by adjusting for the surface area of a metal mesh across the cavity. Additionally, we assessed how a gap between the mesh and 2‐D cavity impacted circulatory patterns within a cavity.RESULTSIn the 3‐D aneurysm model, we noted a 90.4% reduction in TKE after placement of a stent. In the 2‐D cavity model, we adjusted the porosity between 39.1% and 64.8% and noted a reduction in the TKE by 99.75% and 93.9%, respectively. When there was a gap between the mesh and entry into the cavity, unfavorable circulatory conditions occurred with the development of counterclockwise flow that had increased TKE within the cavity.CONCLUSIONSThe current model demonstrates a method to evaluate the optimal porosity threshold to achieve thrombosis of an aneurysm as a primary modality. Moreover, a gap may occur between the stent and the aneurysm that may create unfavorable circulatory conditions by increasing flow into the aneurysm.
The effects of group psychoeducational programme on family burden in caregivers ofIranian patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Fallahi Khoshknab M. , Sheikhona M. , Rahgouy A. , Rahgozar M. , Sodagari F. 
Published: August 2013

Accessible summaryThis randomized‐controlled trial investigated the effect of group psychoeducation therapy on family burden in caregivers of Iranian patients with schizophrenia.Results of this study on 71 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia showed that a 4‐week group psychoeducational programme was significantly effective in reducing family burden by more than one third.Findings showed that group psychoeducational programme for caregiver and family of patients with schizophrenia is beneficial for reducing family burden.AbstractThis study was aimed at assessing the impact of group psychoeducation therapy on family burden in caregivers ofIranian patients with schizophrenia during the acute phase of the disease. Using a randomized‐controlled trial design, 71 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either a 4‐week group psychoeducational programme (n= 36) or the control group (n= 35). Family burden was assessed byFamilyBurdenIndexSchedule (FBIS) at the beginning, and after a month of psychoeducation therapy as a follow‐up.FBISassesses family burden in six different dimensions with score ranging from 0 to 48, higher scores indicating higher burdens. At baseline mean,FBISscore was not significantly different between the cases and the controls. After the intervention, the mean totalFBISscore was significantly lower in the case group compared with the control group (P< 0.001). In the intervention group,FBISscore change was significant through the study in all dimensions as well as the total score (P< 0.001). A significant reduction in family burden has been achieved by implementing group psychoeducational programmes for inpatients with acute phase schizophrenia inIranian population.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Asian Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data
Authors: LI Rong , WEN Jun 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe phylogeny of Asian Schefflera was inferred from sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, and six plastid regions (the ndhF gene, the trnL‐trnF region, the rps16 intron, the atpB‐rbcL intergenic spacer, the rpl16 intron, and the psbA‐trnH intergenic spacer). Phylogenetic analyses of the combined plastid and internal transcribed spacer data with parsimony and Bayesian methods strongly support the monophyly of Asian Schefflera. The genus is supported to be closely related to Heteropanax and Tetrapanax with the small tropical continental Asian genus Heteropanax as its sister. Within Asian Schefflera, four distinct subclades were identified: (i) the widely distributed Asian Heptapleurum group with no styles in the gynoecium; (ii) the main Agalma group with racemose or spicate inflorescence units with a few umbellate taxa; (iii) the Schefflera hypoleuca group; and (iv) the Schefflera heptaphylla group. In a broader phylogenetic framework of Araliaceae, Asian Schefflera is hypothesized to have originated in continental Asia at 57.41 Mya (95% high posterior density interval of 40.33–76.06 Mya) in the early Tertiary and radiated into the now SE Asia, eastern Himalaya, and E Asia at 46.11 Mya (95% high posterior density interval of 33.02–60.69 Mya). Its subsequent diversification in Asia may have been driven largely by the collision of the Indian plate with the Asian plate in the middle Eocene and the collision of the Australian margin with the Eurasian margin in the early Miocene.
AMead‐Chomsky Comparison Reveals a Set of Key Questions on the Nature of Language and Mind
Authors: Gallagher Timothy J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe social psychologistGeorgeHerbertMead and the cognitive linguistNoamChomsky both investigated the nature of language and mind during the 20thcentury. They approached the issues broadly, pursuing both philosophical and scientific lines of reasoning and evidence. This comparative analysis ofMead andChomsky identifies fourteen questions that summarize their collective effort, and which animated much of the debate concerning language and mind in the 20thcentury. These questions continue to be relevant to 21stcentury inquiries. This paper identifies which questions have been resolved and which have not, and discusses each in the context of relevant literature. The net result is a set of questions that inform interdisciplinary‐minded inquiries today into the nature of language and mind.
Investigation of Elastic Modulus of Xanthan and Locust Bean Gum at Different Concentrations of Mixture Using Cascade Model
Authors: Gunasekaran Sundaram , Yoon Won Byong 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSmall amplitude oscillatory shear tests were performed to measure the elastic modulus of 1:1 xanthan–locust bean gum (X/L) mixed gels prepared with different total polymer concentrations (C = 0.1% to 3%). The critical concentration of X/L mixture was determined to be 0.15%. Based on the elasticity exponent (t) values, the concentration–modulus power–law relationship suggested the existence of two concentration regimes – a low concentration regime (0.15 ≤ C ≤ 0.5%) with tlow = 3.88 and a high concentration regime (0.5 ≤ C ≤ 3.0%) with thigh = 1.47. The elastic active network chain of X/L mixed gels was determined by the cascade model, and compared with the similar calculation based on the classical rubber elastic theory. The cascade model clearly showed the existence of nonideality parameter and enthalpic contribution to the X/L mixed gel.Practical applicationsThe concentration dependence at the highest interaction might be useful for developing highly concentrated xanthan and locust bean gum mixture gels. Most studies of xanthan and locust bean gum mixtures focused only on the lower concentration regime. In this study the modulus at a higher concentration increased but eventually saturated.
Effect of Clenbuterol on Tracheal Mucociliary Transport in Horses Undergoing Simulated Long‐Distance Transportation
Authors: Norton J.L. , Jackson K. , Chen J.W. , Boston R. , Nolen‐Walston R.D. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPneumonia is observed in horses after long‐distance transportation in association with confinement of head position leading to reduction in tracheal mucociliary clearance rate (TMCR).Hypothesis/ObjectivesClenbuterol, a beta‐2 agonist shown to increase TMCR in the horse, will ameliorate the effects of a fixed elevated head position on large airway contamination and inflammation in a model of long‐distance transportation model.AnimalsSix adult horses.MethodsA cross‐over designed prospective study. Horses were maintained with a fixed elevated head position for 48 hours to simulate long‐distance transport, and treated with clenbuterol (0.8 μg/kg PO q12h) or a placebo starting 12 hours before simulated transportation. TMCR was measured using a charcoal clearance technique. Data were collected at baseline and 48 hours, and included TMCR, tracheal wash cytology and quantitative culture, rectal temperature, CBC, fibrinogen, and serum TNFα, IL‐10, and IL‐2 levels. There was a 18–21 day washout between study arms, and data were analyzed using regression analysis and Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests.ResultsTracheal mucociliary clearance rate was significantly decreased after transportation in both treatment (P = .002) and placebo (P = .03) groups. There was a significant effect of treatment on TMCR, with the treatment group showing half the reduction in TMCR compared with the placebo group (P = .002). Other significant differences between before‐ and after‐transportation samples occurred for serum fibrinogen, peripheral eosinophil count, quantitative culture, tracheal bacteria, and degenerate neutrophils, though no treatment effect was found.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTreatment with clenbuterol modestly attenuates the deleterious effects of this long‐distance transportation model on tracheal mucociliary clearance.
Linking conceptual mechanisms and transcriptomic evidence of plasticity‐driven diversification
Authors: Young Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2013

The East African cichlid fishes provide text book examples of adaptive radiation. Diversification and speciation of cichlids associate with variation in diet and trophic morphologies among other ecological, behavioural and morphological phenotypes (Kocher 2004). Numerous case studies in cichlids reveal a role of developmental plasticity in generating jaw ecomorphs in response to variation in feeding ecology that can facilitate niche exploitation and subsequent diversification (e.g. Meyer 1987). Specifically, genetic divergence among such environmentally induced morphs can occur via reproductive isolation due to divergence in habitat and resource use in combination with genetic assimilation of environmentally induced phenotypes (West‐Eberhard 2003; Pfennig et al. 2010). Expansion of this conceptual model has been hampered in part by the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of plasticity in nonstandard model systems and the associated lack of evidence linking the molecular mechanisms of plasticity to those that generate phenotypic divergence among populations and taxa. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Gunter et al. (2013) identify the transcriptional mechanisms of diet‐induced lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) plasticity in the cichlid fish Astatoreochromis alluaudi. Natural populations of A. alluaudi exhibit variation in jaw morphology in relation to diet hardness. Among the plastic responses to diet are adjustments to the LPJ ranging from a robust molariform morph in response to a hard diet to a more gracile papilliform morph in response to a soft diet (Fig. 1). Gunter and colleagues induced developmental plasticity of the A. alluaudi jaw using diet manipulations and compared LPJ transcriptomic profiles of the resulting morphs. In this foundational work, the authors identify 187 differentially expressed genes that underlie the development and maintenance of diet‐induced LPJ morphologies. This list includes a wide range of genes spanning from broad‐acting transcription factors to signalling molecules and structural genes. Here, I examine the ontogeny of the molecular response to mechanical strain imposed by diet hardness and discuss the role of the stages of this response in the evolution of plasticity and plasticity‐driven diversification.Phenotypic plasticity in the lower pharyngeal jaws of the cichlid fish Astatoreochromis alluaudi. A mechanically stimulating diet such as hard‐shelled snails induces a molariform phenotype with larger molar‐like teeth set in a larger, denser jaw, in comparison with the papilliform phenotype, which develops in response to a soft, nutritionally equivalent diet of pulverized snails. Photographs were kindly provided by Helen Gunter.image
Contributions of the σW, σM and σX regulons to the lantibiotic resistome of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Kingston Anthony W. , Liao Xiaojie , Helmann John D. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryIn Bacillus subtilis, the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors σM, σW and σX all contribute to resistance against lantibiotics. Nisin, a model lantibiotic, has a dual mode of action: it inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding lipid II, and this complex also forms pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. These activities can be separated in a nisin hinge‐region variant (N20P M21P) that binds lipid II, but no longer permeabilizes membranes. The major contribution of σM to nisin resistance is expression of ltaSa, encoding a stress‐activated lipoteichoic acid synthase, and σX functions primarily by activation of the dlt operon controlling d‐alanylation of teichoic acids. Together, σM and σX regulate cell envelope structure to decrease access of nisin to its lipid II target. In contrast, σW is principally involved in protection against membrane permeabilization as it provides little protection against the nisin hinge region variant. σW contributes to nisin resistance by regulation of a signal peptide peptidase (SppA), phage shock proteins (PspA and YvlC, a PspC homologue) and tellurite resistance related proteins (YceGHI). These defensive mechanisms are also effective against other lantibiotics such as mersacidin, gallidermin and subtilin and comprise an important subset of the intrinsic antibiotic resistome of B. subtilis.
Chemical properties of upland forest soils in the Catskills region
Authors: Johnson Chris E. 
Published: August 2013

The Catskills forest provides a valuable array of ecosystem services for local and regional populations, including the provision of forest products, wildlife habitats, and high‐quality water. These services depend on chemical and biological processes that occur in forest soils. In 2011, we sampled soils in 25 headwater catchments in the Catskills region to quantify the pools of soil nutrients and examine the variation in soil properties in the region. The average soil depth in the 50 excavated pits was 56.6 cm. Average soil mass was 205 kg/m2. The pools of soil carbon and nitrogen averaged 58.5 and 3.95 Mg/ha, respectively. The thin organic horizons accounted for less than 1% of soil mass, but included 14% of the soil carbon and 11% of soil nitrogen. Catskills forest soils are highly acidic, with mean pH ranging between 3.9 and 4.75. Base saturation was high (>60%) in organic horizons and low (12–31%) in mineral soils. The pool of exchangeable calcium is approximately equivalent to 20 years of calcium export from headwater streams, raising concerns regarding the ability of these catchments to maintain current stream calcium concentrations. The data and samples collected in this study provide a baseline for future soil monitoring in the region.
Differential expression of transglutaminase genes in patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Currò M , Matarese G , Isola G , Caccamo D , Ventura VP , Cornelius C , Lentini M , Cordasco G , Ientile R 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveGingival epithelium plays a key role in the protection of oral tissues from microbial challenge, especially during the periodontal disease. This study was aimed to evaluate levels of mRNA transcripts of different forms of transglutaminase in the human gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis and relative controls.Subjects and MethodsThis study included 22 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 22 healthy controls. For each patient, the values of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. Gene expression of transglutaminase 1, transglutaminase 2, transglutaminase 3, and metalloprotease 2 was evaluated by real‐time PCR, while that of Factor XIIIA and metalloprotease 9 by RT‐PCR.ResultsThe values of all the clinical parameters were significantly higher in the CP group than in the healthy control group (P < 0.05). In the CP group, the mRNA expression of transglutaminase 1 and transglutaminase 3 was significantly decreased in comparison with healthy control group. A slight nonsignificant changes of transglutaminase 2 gene expression were observed in samples from CP patients in comparison with controls.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that transglutaminase gene expression may be modified in response to chronic injury in the damaged gingival and emphasizes the key role of these enzymes in gingival remodelling/healing and adaptive processes.
Metabolic engineering of β‐carotene in orange fruit increases its in vivo antioxidant properties
Authors: Pons Elsa , Alquézar Berta , Rodríguez Ana , Martorell Patricia , Genovés Salvador , Ramón Daniel , Rodrigo María Jesús , Zacarías Lorenzo , Peña Leandro 
Published: August 2013

SummaryOrange is a major crop and an important source of health‐promoting bioactive compounds. Increasing the levels of specific antioxidants in orange fruit through metabolic engineering could strengthen the fruit's health benefits. In this work, we have afforded enhancing the β‐carotene content of orange fruit through blocking by RNA interference the expression of an endogenous β‐carotene hydroxylase gene (Csβ‐CHX) that is involved in the conversion of β‐carotene into xanthophylls. Additionally, we have simultaneously overexpressed a key regulator gene of flowering transition, the FLOWERING LOCUS T from sweet orange (CsFT), in the transgenic juvenile plants, which allowed us to obtain fruit in an extremely short period of time. Silencing the Csβ‐CHX gene resulted in oranges with a deep yellow (‘golden’) phenotype and significant increases (up to 36‐fold) in β‐carotene content in the pulp. The capacity of β‐carotene‐enriched oranges for protection against oxidative stress in vivo was assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans as experimental animal model. Golden oranges induced a 20% higher antioxidant effect than the isogenic control. This is the first example of the successful metabolic engineering of the β‐carotene content (or the content of any other phytonutrient) in oranges and demonstrates the potential of genetic engineering for the nutritional enhancement of fruit tree crops.
Collective De Se Thoughts and Centered Worlds
Authors: Liao Shen‐yi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTwo lines of investigation into the nature of mental content have proceeded in parallel until now. The first looks at thoughts that are attributable to collectives, such as bands' beliefs and teams' desires. So far, philosophers who have written on collective belief, collective intentionality, etc. have primarily focused on third‐personal attributions of thoughts to collectives. The second looks at de se, or self‐locating, thoughts, such as beliefs and desires that are essentially about oneself. So far, philosophers who have written on the de se have primarily focused on de se thoughts of individuals.This paper looks at where these two lines of investigations intersect: collective de se thoughts, such as bands' and teams' beliefs and desires that are essentially about themselves. There is a surprising problem at this intersection: the most prominent framework for modeling de se thoughts, the framework of centered worlds, cannot model a special class of collective de se thoughts. A brief survey of this problem's solution space shows that collective de se thoughts pose a new challenge for modeling mental content.
Detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in community‐based annual lung cancer screening: Chiba Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Lung Cancer Screening Study Group
Authors: Sekine Yasuo , Fujisawa Takehiko , Suzuki Kiminori , Tsutatani Shuko , Kubota Kazuko , Ikegami Hiroshi , Isobe Yuji , Nakamura Mitsugu , Takiguchi Yuichi , Tatsumi Koichiro 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveDetection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial in the management of COPD. The aim of this study was to establish the utility of a community‐based lung cancer screening for detecting COPD.MethodsIn Japan, community‐based lung cancer screening for residents who are 40 years or older using chest radiography is well established. A screening system in Chiba City, Japan, was used to detect COPD. The criteria to consider COPD at screening included age of 60 years or older, a smoking history and chronic respiratory symptoms. Participants fulfilling these criteria were referred for diagnostic evaluation consisting of pulmonary function testing (PFT) and chest computed tomography (CT).ResultsOf 89 100 Chiba City residents who underwent lung cancer screening, 72 653 residents were 60 years or older. Among them, 878 (1.0%) were identified with suspected COPD and referred for further evaluation. Of those identified, a total of 567 residents (64.6%, 567/878) underwent further evaluations, and 161 (28.4%) were reported to have COPD, with 38.5% of them requiring COPD treatment. To verify the diagnoses from the secondary evaluation centres, PFT and CT data were collected from 228 study participants, and 24.9% were diagnosed with COPD. CT findings classified according to the Goddard classification revealed that 20.1% of these participants had moderate to severe emphysema.ConclusionsCOPD screening added to a community‐based lung cancer screening programme may be effective in the detection of patients with COPD.