bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les séniors et les jeunes évaluent-ils différemment les publicités ?
Authors: Malek Faten , Ben Dahmane Mouelhi Norchène , Droulers Olivier 
Published: March 2015

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’influence du contexte du programme télévisé, considéré comme source d’induction émotionnelle (neutre versus triste versus joyeux), en prenant en compte l’effet du vieillissement ou l’âge (adultes jeunes versus âgés) sur l’évaluation publicitaire. Une expérimentation a été réalisée auprès de 222 individus (séniors et jeunes) exposés à un programme télévisé et un écran publicitaire. Leurs réactions affectives ainsi que leurs attitudes envers les annonces insérées dans le programme ont été mesurées. Les résultats révèlent que les jeunes et les séniors réagissent différemment face à un stimulus émotionnel : l’appréciation du programme représente le pilier de l’évaluation publicitaire chez les personnes aînées alors que ce sont les réactions affectives qui occupent ce rôle chez les jeunes. Les auteurs recommandent aux médias-planneurs une approche différenciée selon la cible visée.
Blended near‐optimal alternative generation, visualization, and interaction for water resources decision making
Authors: Rosenberg David E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art systems analysis techniques focus on efficiently finding optimal solutions. Yet an optimal solution is optimal only for the modeled issues and managers often seek near‐optimal alternatives that address unmodeled objectives, preferences, limits, uncertainties, and other issues. Early on, Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) formalized near‐optimal as performance within a tolerable deviation from the optimal objective function value and identified a few maximally different alternatives that addressed some unmodeled issues. This paper presents new stratified, Monte‐Carlo Markov Chain sampling and parallel coordinate plotting tools that generate and communicate the structure and extent of the near‐optimal region to an optimization problem. Interactive plot controls allow users to explore region features of most interest. Controls also streamline the process to elicit unmodeled issues and update the model formulation in response to elicited issues. Use for an example, single‐objective, linear water quality management problem at Echo Reservoir, Utah, identifies numerous and flexible practices to reduce the phosphorus load to the reservoir and maintain close‐to‐optimal performance. Flexibility is upheld by further interactive alternative generation, transforming the formulation into a multiobjective problem, and relaxing the tolerance parameter to expand the near‐optimal region. Compared to MGA, the new blended tools generate more numerous alternatives faster, more fully show the near‐optimal region, and help elicit a larger set of unmodeled issues.
Magnetic Alfvén‐cyclotron fluctuations of anisotropic nonthermal plasmas
Authors: Navarro Roberto E. , Muñoz Víctor , Araneda Jaime , Viñas Adolfo F.‐ , Moya Pablo S. , Valdivia Juan A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRemote and in situ observations in the solar wind show that ion and electron velocity distributions persistently present deviations from thermal equilibrium. Ion anisotropies seem to be constrained by instability thresholds which are in agreement with linear kinetic theory. For plasma states below these instability thresholds, the quasi‐stable solar wind plasma sustains a small but detectable level of magnetic fluctuation power. These fluctuations may be related to spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations arising from the discreteness and thermal motion of charged particles. Here we study magnetic Alfvén‐cyclotron fluctuations propagating along a background magnetic field in a plasma composed of thermal and suprathermal protons and electrons via the fluctuation‐dissipation theorem. The total fluctuating magnetic power is estimated in a proton temperature anisotropy‐beta diagram for three different families of proton distribution functions, which can be compared to a number of recent measurements in the solar wind.
Control of the topside Martian ionosphere by crustal magnetic fields
Authors: Andrews D. J. , Edberg N. J. T. , Eriksson A. I. , Gurnett D. A. , Morgan D. , Němec F. , Opgenoorth H. J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe present observations from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument onboard Mars Express of the thermal electron plasma density of the Martian ionosphere and investigate the extent to which it is influenced by the presence of Mars's remnant crustal magnetic fields. We use locally measured electron densities, derived when MARSIS is operating in active ionospheric sounding (AIS) mode, covering an altitude range from ∼300 km to ∼1200 km. We compare these measured densities to an empirical model of the dayside ionospheric plasma density in this diffusive transport‐dominated regime. We show that small spatial‐scale departures from the averaged values are strongly correlated with the pattern of the crustal fields. Persistently elevated densities are seen in regions of relatively stronger crustal fields across the whole altitude range. Comparing these results with measurements of the (scalar) magnetic field also obtained by MARSIS/AIS, we characterize the dayside strength of the draped magnetic fields in the same regions. Finally, we provide a revised empirical model of the plasma density in the Martian ionosphere, including parameterizations for both the crustal field‐dominated and draping‐dominated regimes.
Discrimination between induced, triggered, and natural earthquakes close to hydrocarbon reservoirs: A probabilistic approach based on the modeling of depletion‐induced stress changes and seismological source parameters
Authors: Dahm Torsten , Cesca Simone , Hainzl Sebastian , Braun Thomas , Krüger Frank 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEarthquakes occurring close to hydrocarbon fields under production are often under critical view of being induced or triggered. However, clear and testable rules to discriminate the different events have rarely been developed and tested. The unresolved scientific problem may lead to lengthy public disputes with unpredictable impact on the local acceptance of the exploitation and field operations. We propose a quantitative approach to discriminate induced, triggered, and natural earthquakes, which is based on testable input parameters. Maxima of occurrence probabilities are compared for the cases under question, and a single probability of being triggered or induced is reported. The uncertainties of earthquake location and other input parameters are considered in terms of the integration over probability density functions. The probability that events have been human triggered/induced is derived from the modeling of Coulomb stress changes and a rate and state‐dependent seismicity model. In our case a 3‐D boundary element method has been adapted for the nuclei of strain approach to estimate the stress changes outside the reservoir, which are related to pore pressure changes in the field formation. The predicted rate of natural earthquakes is either derived from the background seismicity or, in case of rare events, from an estimate of the tectonic stress rate. Instrumentally derived seismological information on the event location, source mechanism, and the size of the rupture plane is of advantage for the method. If the rupture plane has been estimated, the discrimination between induced or only triggered events is theoretically possible if probability functions are convolved with a rupture fault filter. We apply the approach to three recent main shock events: (1) theMw4.3 Ekofisk 2001, North Sea, earthquake close to the Ekofisk oil field; (2) theMw4.4 Rotenburg 2004, Northern Germany, earthquake in the vicinity of the Söhlingen gas field; and (3) theMw6.1 Emilia 2012, Northern Italy, earthquake in the vicinity of a hydrocarbon reservoir. The three test cases cover the complete range of possible causes: clearly “human induced,” “not even human triggered,” and a third case in between both extremes.
Modification of the Local Cubic Law of fracture flow for weak inertia, tortuosity, and roughness
Authors: Wang Lichun , Cardenas M. Bayani , Slottke Donald T. , Ketcham Richard A. , Sharp John M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe classical Local Cubic Law (LCL) generally overestimates flow through real fractures. We thus developed and tested a modified LCL (MLCL) which takes into account local tortuosity and roughness, and works across a low range of local Reynolds Numbers. The MLCL is based on (1) modifying the aperture field by orienting it with the flow direction and (2) correcting for local roughness changes associated with local flow expansion/contraction. In order to test the MLCL, we compared it with direct numerical simulations with the Navier‐Stokes equations using real and synthetic three‐dimensional rough‐walled fractures, previous corrected forms of the LCL, and experimental flow tests. The MLCL performed well and the effective errors (δ) in volumetric flow rate range from −6.7% to 13.4% with an arithmetic mean of |δ| (<|δ|>) equal to 3.7%. The MLCL is more accurate than previous modifications of the LCL. We also investigated the error associated with applying the Cubic Law (CL) while utilizing modified aperture field. The δ from the CL ranges from −14.2% to 11.2%, with a slightly higher <|δ|> = 6.1% than the MLCL. The CL with the modified aperture field considering local tortuosity and roughness may also be sufficient for predicting the hydraulic properties of rough fractures.
On the formation of multiple local peaks in breakthrough curves
Authors: Siirila‐Woodburn Erica R. , Sanchez‐Vila Xavier , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe analysis of breakthrough curves (BTCs) is of interest in hydrogeology as a way to parameterize and explain processes related to anomalous transport. Classical BTCs assume the presence of a single peak in the curve, where the location and size of the peak and the slope of the receding limb has been of particular interest. As more information is incorporated into BTCs (for example, with high‐frequency data collection, supercomputing efforts), it is likely that classical definitions of BTC shapes will no longer be adequate descriptors for contaminant transport problems. We contend that individual BTCs may display multiple local peaks depending on the hydrogeologic conditions and the solute travel distance. In such cases, classical definitions should be reconsidered. In this work, the presence of local peaks in BTCs is quantified from high‐resolution numerical simulations in synthetic fields with a particle tracking technique and a kernel density estimator to avoid either overly jagged or smoothed curves that could mask the results. Individual BTCs from three‐dimensional heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields with varying combinations of statistical anisotropy, heterogeneity models, and local dispersivity are assessed as a function of travel distance. The number of local peaks, their corresponding slopes, and a transport connectivity index are shown to strongly depend on statistical anisotropy and travel distance. Results show that the choice of heterogeneity model also affects the frequency of local peaks, but the slope is less sensitive to model selection. We also discuss how solute shearing and rerouting can be determined from local peak quantification.
An exact analytical solution for steady seepage from a perched Aquifer to a low‐permeable sublayer: Kirkham‐Brock's legacy revisited
Authors: Kacimov A. R. , Obnosov Yu. V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn analytical solution is obtained for steady 2‐D potential seepage flow from a nonclogged and nonlined soil channel into a highly permeable porous layer, with phreatic surfaces tapering toward a horizontal interface with a subjacent low‐permeable formation. Along this boundary, a vertical component of the Darcian velocity vector equals the formation saturated hydraulic conductivity. The image of the physical flow domain in the hodograph plane is a circular polygon, a triangle or digon in a limiting case of a “phreatic jet” impinging on the low‐permeable substratum. The polygon is mapped onto an auxiliary half plane, where the complex physical coordinate and complex potential are reconstructed by the Polubarinova‐Kochina method, i.e., by solution of a Riemann BVP. The seepage flow rate from the channel, free surfaces, and a saturated (water‐logged) area are found for different thicknesses of the top layer, channel widths, and conductivity ratios of the two strata. In particular, the earlier results of Brock, Kirkham, and Youngs, which are based on a numerical solution, Dupuit‐Forchheimer (DF) approximation, and approximate potential model, are confirmed in the full 2‐D models. Sufficiently far from the channel, the phreatic surface and interface make a wedge. For a sufficiently deep substratum, three zones are analytically distinguished: an almost vertical 1‐D descending flow, an almost wedge‐configured 1‐D flow, and an essentially 2‐D zone in between, where neither a standard infiltration theory nor DF analysis are valid.
Occurrence of seawater intrusion overshoot
Authors: Morgan Leanne K. , Bakker Mark , Werner Adrian D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA number of numerical modeling studies of transient sea level rise (SLR) and seawater intrusion (SI) in flux‐controlled aquifer systems have reported an overshoot phenomenon, whereby the freshwater‐saltwater interface temporarily extends further inland than the eventual steady state position. Recently, physical sand‐tank modeling has shown overshoot to be a physical process. In this paper, we have carried out numerical modeling of SLR‐SI to demonstrate that overshoot can occur at the field scale within unconfined aquifers. This result is contrary to previous conclusions drawn from a restricted number of cases. In addition, we show that SI overshoot is plausible under scenarios of gradual sea level rise that are consistent with conditions predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Overshoot was found to be largest in flux‐controlled unconfined aquifers characterized by low freshwater flux, high specific yield, and large inland extent. These conditions result in longer timeframes for the aquifer to reach new steady state conditions following SLR, and the extended period prior to reequilibration of the groundwater flow field produces more extensive overshoot.
Estimating hydraulic conductivity of fractured rocks from high‐pressure packer tests with an Izbash's law‐based empirical model
Authors: Chen Yi‐Feng , Hu Shao‐Hua , Hu Ran , Zhou Chuang‐Bing 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHigh‐pressure packer test (HPPT) is an enhanced constant head packer test for characterizing the permeability of fractured rocks under high‐pressure groundwater flow conditions. The interpretation of the HPPT data, however, remains difficult due to the transition of flow conditions in the conducting structures and the hydraulic fracturing‐induced permeability enhancement in the tested rocks. In this study, a number of HPPTs were performed in the sedimentary and intrusive rocks located at 450 m depth in central Hainan Island. The obtained Q‐P curves were divided into a laminar flow phase (I), a non‐Darcy flow phase (II), and a hydraulic fracturing phase (III). The critical Reynolds number for the deviation of flow from linearity into phase II was 25−66. The flow of phase III occurred in sparsely to moderately fractured rocks, and was absent at the test intervals of perfect or poor intactness. The threshold fluid pressure between phases II and III was correlated with RQD and the confining stress. An Izbash's law‐based analytical model was employed to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of the tested rocks in different flow conditions. It was demonstrated that the estimated hydraulic conductivity values in phases I and II are basically the same, and are weakly dependent on the injection fluid pressure, but it becomes strongly pressure dependent as a result of hydraulic fracturing in phase III. The hydraulic conductivity at different test intervals of a borehole is remarkably enhanced at highly fractured zone or contact zone, but within a rock unit of weak heterogeneity, it decreases with the increase of depth.
Soil hydrology: Recent methodological advances, challenges, and perspectives
Authors: Vereecken H. , Huisman J. A. , Hendricks Franssen H. J. , Brüggemann N. , Bogena H. R. , Kollet S. , Javaux M. , van der Kruk J. , Vanderborght J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTechnological and methodological progress is essential to improve our understanding of fundamental processes in natural and engineering sciences. In this paper, we will address the potential of new technological and methodological advancements in soil hydrology to move forward our understanding of soil water related processes across a broad range of scales. We will focus on advancements made in quantifying root water uptake processes, subsurface lateral flow, and deep drainage at the field and catchment scale, respectively. We will elaborate on the value of establishing a science‐driven network of hydrological observatories to test fundamental hypotheses, to study organizational principles of soil hydrologic processes at catchment scale, and to provide data for the development and validation of models. Finally, we discuss recent developments in data assimilation methods, which provide new opportunities to better integrate observations and models and to improve predictions of the short‐term evolution of hydrological processes.
ESRof Organogermanium, Organotin and Organolead Radicals
Authors: Iley Jim 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe NeutralR3M•andR5M•Radicals (M = Ge,SnorPb)The Radical CationsR4M+•andR3MMR3+•The Radical AnionsR4M−•andR3MMR3−•The RadicalsR3MCH2•andR3MCH2CH2•
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) of Organometallic Compounds withCM(MGe,Sn,Pb) Bonds
Authors: Cauletti Carla , Stranges Stefano 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionTetrahedral HydridesAlkyl and Haloalkyl DerivativesUnsaturated Carbon DerivativesCompounds Containing Metal–Metal BondsComplex CompoundsCarbonyl Derivatives
Acidity, Complexing, Basicity andH‐Bonding of Organic Germanium, Tin and Lead Compounds: Experimental and Computational Results*In this chapter, full lines are used both for covalent chemical bonds as well as for partial bonds and for coordination.
Authors: Schulz Axel , Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOutlineIntroductionH‐BondingComplexing, Acidity and BasicityRelativistic EffectsComputational ChemistryAcknowledgements
Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Organic Derivatives of
Ge
,
Sn
and
Pb
Authors: Westaway Kenneth C , Joly Helen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Synthesis and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Organometallic Derivatives of Germanium (
Ge
)

The Synthesis and Uses of Labelled Organometallic Derivatives of Tin

Synthesis and Uses of Labelled Organometallic Derivatives of Lead
The Environmental Methylation of Germanium, Tin and Lead
Authors: Craig P. J. , Van Elteren J. T. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Methylation of Germanium Compounds Under Environmental or Model Environmental ConditionsThe Methylation of Tin Compounds Under Environmental or Model Environmental ConditionsThe Methylation of Lead Compounds Under Environmental or Model Environmental ConditionsGeneral ConclusionsReviews and Earlier Work
The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Black R. M. , Harrison J. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionHistorical DevelopmentSynthesisChemical and Physical PropertiesDecontaminationSpectroscopic AnalysisChromatographic AnalysisTrace Analysis of Nerve Agents and their Degradation Products in VerificationGeneric Detection of Nerve AgentsMechanism of ActionToxicodynamicsTherapy and PretreatmentStructure—Toxicity RelationshipsControl Under the Chemical Weapons Convention
NMRof Compounds Containing NH2, NO2and NOGroups
Authors: Randall Edward W. , Mitsopoulou Christiana A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionEffect of Alkyl Groups on the Functional GroupsNH2andNO2andNOEffect of Amino, Nitro and Nitroso Groups on theNMRSpectra of the Aromatic RingEffect of Aryl Groups on the Functional GroupsNH2,NO2andNONMRDeterminations of Structure in SolutionImaging
Hydrogen Bonding and Complex Formation Involving Compounds with Amino, Nitroso and Nitro Groups
Authors: Forlani Luciano 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionAmino GroupNitroso GroupNitro GroupCovalent Complexes Between Amines and Nitro Activated Aromatic DerivativesNon‐Covalent Interactions between Amines and Nitro Aromatic Derivatives
Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes of Phenols
Authors: Laurence C. , Berthelot M. , Graton J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionHydrogen‐Bond Basicity of PhenolsHydrogen‐Bond Acidity of PhenolsSelf‐Association of PhenolsIntramolecular Hydrogen BondsProperties of the ComplexesConstruction of Hydrogen‐Bond Basicity Scalesfrom PhenolsHydrogen Bonding and Protonation
Tautomeric Equilibria and Rearrangements Involving Phenols
Authors: Lukyanov Sergei M. , Koblik Alla V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionTautomerism in PhenolsRearrangements of PhenolsRearrangements ofO‐Substituted Phenol DerivativesRearrangements of Functionalized ArenesRearrangements of Non‐Aromatic CarbocyclesRearrangements of Heterocyclic Compounds
Analytical Aspects of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Zabicky Jacob 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionGas ChromatographyLiquid ChromatographyElectrophoresisBiosensorsElectrochemical MethodsUltraviolet‐Visible Detection MethodsInfrared and Raman Spectral MethodsNuclear Magnetic ResonanceMass SpectrometryMiscellaneous Methods
Calixarenes
Authors: Böhmer Volker 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroduction and DefinitionsSyntheses of CalixarenesConformational PropertiesReactions of the Hydroxy Groups in CalixphenolsModification of Calixphenols on the Wide RimFurther Reactions of CalixphenolsChemical Modification of CalixresorcinolsMolecules Consisting of Several Calixarene StructuresConclusions and OutlookAcknowledgement
Lead Structures in Lithium Organic Chemistry
Authors: Stey Thomas , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroductionDeltahedral [RLi]4Tetramers and [RLi]6HexamersLithium Organics with Cyclic CarbanionsAlkyllithiumsCo‐Complexation of Basic Lithium OrganicsConclusionAcknowledgment