bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redox‐Switchable Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Catalyst Design, Synthesis, and Study
Authors: Arumugam Kuppuswamy , Varnado C. Daniel , Sproules Stephen , Lynch Vincent M. , Bielawski Christopher W. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHigh yielding syntheses of 1‐(ferrocenylmethyl)‐3‐mesitylimidazolium iodide (1) and 1‐(ferrocenylmethyl)‐3‐mesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (2) were developed. Complexation of 2 to [{Ir(cod)Cl}2] (cod=cis,cis‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene) or [Ru(PCy3)Cl2(CH‐o‐O‐iPrC6H4)] (Cy=cyclohexyl) afforded 3 ([Ir(2)(cod)Cl]) and 5 ([Ru(2)Cl2(CH‐o‐O‐iPrC6H4)]), respectively. Complex 4 ([Ir(2)(CO)2Cl]) was obtained by bubbling carbon monoxide through a solution of 3 in CH2Cl2. Spectroelectrochemical IR analysis of 4 revealed that the oxidation of the ferrocene moiety in 2 significantly reduced the electron‐donating ability of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand (ΔTEP=9 cm−1; TEP=Tolman electronic parameter). The oxidation of 5 with [Fe(η5‐C5H4COMe)Cp][BF4] as well as the subsequent reduction of the corresponding product [5][BF4] with decamethylferrocene (Fc*) each proceeded in greater than 95 % yield. Mössbauer, UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy analysis confirmed that [5][BF4] contained a ferrocenium species, indicating that the iron center was selectively oxidized over the ruthenium center. Complexes 5 and [5][BF4] were found to catalyze the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of diethyl diallylmalonate with observed pseudo‐first‐order rate constants (kobs) of 3.1×10−4 and 1.2×10−5 s−1, respectively. By adding suitable oxidants or reductants over the course of a RCM reaction, complex 5 was switched between different states of catalytic activity. A second‐generation N‐heterocyclic carbene that featured a 1′,2′,3′,4′,5′‐ pentamethylferrocenyl moiety (10) was also prepared and metal complexes containing this ligand were found to undergo iron‐centered oxidations at lower potentials than analogous complexes supported by 2 (0.30–0.36 V vs. 0.56–0.62 V, respectively). Redox switching experiments using [Ru(10)Cl2(CH‐o‐O‐iPrC6H4)] revealed that greater than 94 % of the initial catalytic activity was restored after an oxidation–reduction cycle.
On the “Tertiary Structure” of Poly‐Carbenes; Self‐Assembly of sp3‐Carbon‐Based Polymers into Liquid‐Crystalline Aggregates
Authors: Franssen Nicole M. G. , Ensing Bernd , Hegde Maruti , Dingemans Theo J. , Norder Ben , Picken Stephen J. , Alberda van Ekenstein Gert O. R. , van Eck Ernst R. H. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Vis Mark , Reek Joost N. H. , de Bruin Bas 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe self‐assembly of poly(ethylidene acetate) (st‐PEA) into van der Waals‐stabilized liquid‐crystalline (LC) aggregates is reported. The LC behavior of these materials is unexpected, and unusual for flexible sp3‐carbon backbone polymers. Although the dense packing of polar ester functionalities along the carbon backbone of st‐PEA could perhaps be expected to lead directly to rigid‐rod behavior, molecular modeling reveals that individual st‐PEA chains are actually highly flexible and should not reveal rigid‐rod induced LC behavior. Nonetheless, st‐PEA clearly reveals LC behavior, both in solution and in the melt over a broad elevated temperature range. A combined set of experimental measurements, supported by MM/MD studies, suggests that the observed LC behavior is due to self‐aggregation of st‐PEA into higher‐order aggregates. According to MM/MD modeling st‐PEA single helices adopt a flexible helical structure with a preferred trans‐gauche syn‐syn‐anti‐anti orientation. Unexpectedly, similar modeling experiments suggest that three of these helices can self‐assemble into triple‐helical aggregates. Higher‐order assemblies were not observed in the MM/MD simulations, suggesting that the triple helix is the most stable aggregate configuration. DLS data confirmed the aggregation of st‐PEA into higher‐order structures, and suggest the formation of rod‐like particles. The dimensions derived from these light‐scattering experiments correspond with st‐PEA triple‐helix formation. Langmuir–Blodgett surface pressure–area isotherms also point to the formation of rod‐like st‐PEA aggregates with similar dimensions as st‐PEA triple helixes. Upon increasing the st‐PEA concentration, the viscosity of the polymer solution increases strongly, and at concentrations above 20 wt % st‐PEA forms an organogel. STM on this gel reveals the formation of helical aggregates on the graphite surface–solution interface with shapes and dimensions matching st‐PEA triple helices, in good agreement with the structures proposed by molecular modeling. X‐ray diffraction, WAXS, SAXS and solid state NMR spectroscopy studies suggest that st‐PEA triple helices are also present in the solid state, up to temperatures well above the melting point of st‐PEA. Formation of higher‐order aggregates explains the observed LC behavior of st‐PEA, emphasizing the importance of the “tertiary structure” of synthetic polymers on their material properties.
An Endoperoxide‐Based Hybrid Approach to Deliver Falcipain Inhibitors Inside Malaria Parasites
Authors: Oliveira Rudi , Newton Ana S. , Guedes Rita C. , Miranda Daniela , Amewu Richard K. , Srivastava Abhishek , Gut Jiri , Rosenthal Philip J. , O'Neill Paul M. , Ward Stephen A. , Lopes Francisca , Moreira Rui 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe emergence of artemisinin‐resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia has reinforced the urgent need to discover novel chemotherapeutic strategies to treat and control malaria. To address this problem, we prepared a set of dual‐acting tetraoxane‐based hybrid molecules designed to deliver a falcipain‐2 (FP‐2) inhibitor upon activation by iron(II) in the parasite digestive vacuole. These hybrids are active in the low nanomolar range against chloroquine‐sensitive and chloroquine‐resistant P. falciparum strains. We also demonstrate that in the presence of FeBr2 or within infected red blood cells, these molecules fragment to release falcipain inhibitors with nanomolar protease inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies were performed to better understand the molecular interactions established between the tetraoxane‐based hybrids and the cysteine protease binding pocket residues. Our results further indicate that the intrinsic activity of the tetraoxane partner compound can be masked, suggesting that a tetraoxane‐based delivery system offers the potential to attenuate the off‐target effects of known drugs.
A meshless boundary method for Stokes flows with particles: Application to canalithiasis
Authors: Boselli F. , Obrist D. , Kleiser L. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYWe propose to couple the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) to the force coupling method (FCM). The resulting method is an efficient, easy to program, meshless method for flows at low Reynolds numbers with finite‐size particles. In such an approach, the flow domain is extended across the solid particle phase, and the flow is approximated by a superposition of singular Stokeslets positioned outside the flow domain and finite‐size multipoles collocated with the particle. To improve the efficiency of the coupling, we propose new MFS quadratures for the computation of the volume integrals required for the FCM. These are exact and do not require the expensive evaluation of Stokeslets. The proposed method has been developed in the context of investigations of the fluid dynamics of canalithiasis, that is, a pathological condition of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children’
Authors: Robertson Jeanette 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Offringa M, Newton R. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003031. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003031.pub2.
Commentary on ‘Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis’
Authors: Santos Alexandra F. , Lack Gideon 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in the issue of EBCH, first published as: Choo KJL, Simons FER, Sheikh A. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007596. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007596.pub3.
Commentary on ‘Propofol versus thiopental sodium for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus—Still no answer’
Authors: Buchhalter Jeffrey , Stang Antonia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Prabhakar H, Bindra A, Singh GP, Kalaivani M. Propofol versus thiopental sodium for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD009202. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009202.pub2.
A Comprehensive Study on Triplesalen‐Based [MnIII6FeIII]3+ and [MnIII6FeII]2+ Complexes: Redox‐Induced Variation of Molecular Magnetic Properties
Authors: Hoeke Veronika , Krickemeyer Erich , Heidemeier Maik , Theil Hubert , Stammler Anja , Bögge Hartmut , Weyhermüller Thomas , Schnack Jürgen , Glaser Thorsten 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe synthesis and structural, mass spectrometric, FT‐IR, Mössbauer, and UV/Vis spectroscopic, electrochemical, and DC and AC magnetic properties of three [MnIII6FeIII]3+ (short for [{(talen)MnIII3}2{FeIII(CN)6}]3+) compounds {[MnIII6FeIII(MeOH)6]Cl3·11MeOH·H2O (1a), [MnIII6FeIII(MeOH)6]Cl3·3MeOH·H2O (1b), and [MnIII6FeIII(MeOH)6](PF6)2(OAc)·11MeOH (3)} and the one‐electron reduced congener [MnIII6FeII(MeOH)4](BPh4)2·3MeOH·toluene (2) are presented. The half‐wave potential of the FeIII/FeII couple in [MnIII6FeIII/II]3+/2+ is E1/2 = –0.06 V versus Fc/Fc+. The overall molecular structures of the complexes resemble those of the already published [MnIII6Mc]3+ compounds (Mc = CrIII, CoIII, MnIII, FeIII). The [MnIII6FeII]2+ dication, however, exhibits shorter Mn–NC≡N bonds than the tricationic [MnIII6Mc]3+ complexes, as well as a higher degree of aromaticity of the central benzene ring of the triplesalen ligand. The electronic absorption spectrum of [MnIII6FeII]2+ differs considerably from the superimposable spectra of tricationic [MnIII6Mc]3+ complexes in exhibiting lower‐energy ligand field transitions due to stronger π‐donation of the surrounding ligands and weaker absorption features in the 27000–35000 cm–1 region, due to a weaker keto‐enamine character of the central phloroglucinol unit. AC susceptibility measurements indicate single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behavior for 1a and 3. Analysis of the DC magnetic data (μeff vs. T, VTVH) of these compounds by a full‐matrix diagonalization of the spin‐Hamiltonian including isotropic exchange, zero‐field splitting with full consideration of the relative orientation of the D‐tensors, and Zeeman interaction reveals JMn,Mn = –1.00 to –1.15 cm–1 (Ĥex = –2JijŜi·Ŝj), JFe,Mn = +0.50 to +0.80 cm–1, and DMn = –3.5 cm–1. These values are similar to those previously found for [MnIII6FeIII][FeIII(CN)6]. For 2, the simulations indicate very weak antiferromagnetic MnIII–MnIII interactions within the trinuclear triplesalen subunits (JMn,Mn(1) = –0.20 cm–1) as well as across the central diamagnetic FeII ion (JMn,Mn(2,cis) = –0.06 cm–1, JMn,Mn(2,trans) = –0.18 cm–1), whereas DMn = –3.5 cm–1. The JMn,Mn(1) coupling in 2 is much less antiferromagnetic than in the tricationic [MnIII6Mc]3+ compounds; this is interpreted in terms of a stronger ferromagnetic contribution to the exchange interaction due to more efficient spin‐polarization through the central benzene ring, the aromatic nature of which is more pronounced.
Modified Fry Cyanation of a Chiral Pyridinium Salt: Asymmetric Syntheses of (–)‐Coniine and (–)‐Solenopsin A
Authors: Vu Van Ha , Jouanno Laurie‐Anne , Cheignon Adèle , Roisnel Thierry , Dorcet Vincent , Sinbandhit Sourisak , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of chiral 2‐cyano‐Δ4‐tetrahydropyridine 5 was carried out in 85 % yield through a modified two‐step Fry reductive cyanation of pyridinium salt (+)‐3c that used lithium triethylborohydride as the hydride donor. An alkylation–reduction sequence provided 2‐alkyl‐substituted tetrahydropyridines (+)‐10a and (+)‐10b in 72–75 % yield after chromatographic purification. This protocol has been applied to the asymmetric syntheses of piperidine alkaloids (–)‐coniine and (–)‐solenopsin A.
BF3·OEt2‐Promoted Intramolecular Nucleophilic Substitution; Synthesis of Dibenzopyranones and Coumarins from Biaryltriazenes
Authors: Shang Xiaobo , Xu Lijun , Yang Weijun , Zhou Jun , Miao Maozhong , Ren Hongjun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA simple and highly efficient reaction promoted by Lewis acid has been demonstrated for the synthesis of dibenzopyranones. The metal‐free annulation can tolerate a series of functional groups and also allows the synthesis of coumarins and phenanthridinones in good to excellent yields.
Criminal victimisation fosters conservatism among people living in areas with high unemployment rates: A multilevel longitudinal study
Authors: Roccato Michele , Vieno Alessio , Russo Silvia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractUsing a multilevel, longitudinal model, we tested the mugging thesis, which states that ‘a conservative is a liberal who has been mugged’, in a national sample of Italians (N = 457, nested in 54 counties) surveyed four times between October 2002 and January 2007. We predicted participants' increase in conservatism as a function of the cross‐level interactions between criminal victimisation on the one hand and the unemployment and the crime rates for their areas of residence on the other. Conservatism increased among victimised participants living in areas characterised by high unemployment rates, but not among those living in areas with low unemployment rates. The cross‐level interaction between victimisation and crime rate did not influence our dependent variable. The strengths, implications and limitations of this research are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meaning in music: Deviations from expectations in music prompt outgroup derogation
Authors: Maher Paul James , Van Tilburg Wijnand Adriaan Pieter , Van Den Tol Annemieke Johanna Maria 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEncountering stimuli that violate expectations can elicit compensatory behavior. One notable result of such compensatory responses is the derogation of outgroups. The present research investigated for the first time if music that defies expectations fosters the derogation of outgroups. In Study 1, exposure to unconventional relative to conventional music increased wagers placed in favor of an ingroup winning a hypothetical rugby match against an outgroup. In extension of this finding, Study 2 revealed that unconventional music led to lower allocated budgets for support of a minority. Study 3 confirmed that music led to harsher punishments of a hypothetical outgroup offender after being exposed to an unconventional edit of a music piece relative to its regular version. The consequences of these findings are discussed in relation to intergroup relations and theories of meaning maintenance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A CWENO ghost fluid method for compressible multimaterial flow
Authors: Lahooti Mohsen , Pishevar Ahmadreza 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYIn this work a new ghost fluid method (GFM) is introduced for multimaterial compressible flow with arbitrary equation of states. In previous researches, it has been shown that accurate wave decomposition at the interface by solving a Riemann problem alleviates the shortcomings of the standard GFM in dealing with the impingement of strong waves onto the interface but these Riemann‐based GFM are not consistent with the framework of the central WENO scheme in which the emphasis is to avoid solving Riemann problems at control volume faces and enjoy the black box property (being independent of equation of state). The aim of this work is to develop a new GFM that is completely consistent with the methodology behind central schemes; that is, it enjoys a black box property. The capabilities of the proposed GFM method is shown by solving various types of multimaterial compressible flows including gas–gas, gas–water and fluid–solid interfaces interacting with strong shock waves in one and two space dimensions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation scaling with temperature in warm and cold climates: An analysis of CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Li Guangqi , Harrison Sandy P. , Bartlein Patrick J. , Izumi Kenji , Colin Prentice I. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe investigate the scaling between precipitation and temperature changes in warm and cold climates using six models that have simulated the response to both increased CO2 and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) boundary conditions. Globally, precipitation increases in warm climates and decreases in cold climates by between 1.5%/°C and 3%/°C. Precipitation sensitivity to temperature changes is lower over the land than over the ocean and lower over the tropical land than over the extratropical land, reflecting the constraint of water availability. The wet tropics get wetter in warm climates and drier in cold climates, but the changes in dry areas differ among models. Seasonal changes of tropical precipitation in a warmer world also reflect this “rich get richer” syndrome. Precipitation seasonality is decreased in the cold‐climate state. The simulated changes in precipitation per degree temperature change are comparable to the observed changes in both the historical period and the LGM.
Structure and Dynamic of Three Indole Alkaloids from the Campylospermum Genus (Ochnaceae)
Authors: Njock Gaétan Bayiha Ba , Bartholomeusz Trixie Ann , Bikobo Dominique Ngono , Foroozandeh Mohammadali , Shivapurkar Rupali , Christen Philippe , Pegnyemb Dieudonné Emmanuel , Jeannerat Damien 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA new indole alkaloid, calanthumindole (4), and three known biflavonoids, amentoflavone, sequoiaflavone, and podoscarpusflavone B, were isolated from Campylospermum calanthum (Ochnaceae). Calanthumindole is a new indole alkaloid of the serotobenine family characterized by the presence of a CC bond between atoms C(7′) and C(8′) of the furan ring. This is the first compound to have a fully unsaturated furan ring among the members of this family. The combination of NMR and DFT allowed the determination and comparison of the 3D structures and relevant conformational characteristics of serotobenine (1), flavumindole (2), and calanthumindole (4).
A Fused Benzocyclooctene Ring System via an Aromatic Cope Rearrangement: Thermal Reactions of trans‐1‐Aryl‐2‐ethenylcyclobutanecarbonitriles
Authors: Ávila‐Zárraga José Gustavo , Vázquez‐Sánchez Adrián , Maldonado Luis Ángel 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe results of an aromatic Cope rearrangement of a trans‐1‐aryl‐2‐ethenylcyclobutanecarbonitrile are reported (Scheme). The use of this rearrangement for the construction of the fused benzocyclooctene ring system and a preliminary study of the electronic requirements to favor such a transformation are also described.
Highly Diastereoselective Total Syntheses of (+)‐7‐Epigoniodiol, (−)‐8‐Epigoniodiol, and (+)‐9‐Deoxygoniopypyrone
Authors: Kumaraswamy Gullapalli , Satish Kumar Rangaraju 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn expedient concise total synthesis of (+)‐7‐epigoniodiol, (−)‐8‐epigoniodiol, and (+)‐9‐deoxygoniopypyrone is accomplished. The key transformations include a catalytic hydroxylation and base‐mediated N‐(acetyl)oxazolidinone addition reactions, which could set the consecutive OH motif that is either syn,syn or syn,anti with high diastereoselectivity. Moreover, this approach envisioned to facilitate the synthesis of other representatives of the family with structural and stereochemical variation.
New Cytotoxic Triterpenoids from the Aerial Parts of Euphorbia sieboldiana
Authors: Zhang Bei‐Bei , Jiang Qian , Liao Zhi‐Xin , Liu Chao , Liu Shi‐Jun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPhytochemical investigation of the EtOH extract of Euphorbia sieboldiana led to the isolation of four new oleanane‐type triterpenoids, (1β,2α,3β,19β)‐1,2,3,19‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid, (1β,3β,19β)‐1,3,19‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid, (1β,2α,3β,16β,19β)‐1,2,3,16,19‐pentahydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid, and (1β,2α,3β,19β,23)‐1,2,3,19,23‐pentahydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid, along with 16 known compounds. Their structures were established by extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, as well as other spectral analyses. Biological evaluation of the four new triterpenoids revealed potent cytotoxic activities against HeLa and Hep‐G2 cells.
Five New Nortriterpenoids from the Stems of Schisandra neglecta
Authors: Liang Cheng‐Qin , Hu Jing , Shi Yi‐Ming , Shang Shan‐Zhai , Du Xue , Zhan Rui , Wang Wei‐Guang , Xiong Wen‐Yong , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Zhang Hong‐Bin , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFive new nortriterpenoids, schicagenins D–F (1–3, resp.) and negleschidilactones A and B (4 and 5, resp.), together with eleven known ones, were isolated from the stems of Schisandra neglecta. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. All the compounds were evaluated for their activities regarding insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 differentiated adipocytes. None of them showed a significant bioactivity at 10 μM concentration.
Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of a Densely Functionalized Tetrahydropyridine in the Presence of [1,1′‐Binaphthalene]‐2,2′‐diol/Indium(III) Chloride (binol/InCl3) or Simple Brønsted Acids as Catalysts
Authors: Kończyk Anna A. , Szawkało Joanna , Maurin Jan K. , Czarnocki Zbigniew 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe highly functionalized tetrahydropyridine 4 was obtained in an indium(III) chloride catalyzed multi‐component reaction from benzaldehyde, 4‐methoxyaniline, and ethyl acetoacetate (=ethyl 3‐oxobutanoate) in the presence of [1,1′‐binaphthalene]‐2,2′‐diol (binol). It was found that binol played a beneficial role in this reaction, allowing a substantial decrease of the amount of indium salt. Also, simple organic Brønsted acids may serve as effective organocatalysts in this process.
An Efficient Synthesis of Novel Benzo‐Fused Macrocyclic Dilactams
Authors: Mekky Ahmed E. M. , Ahmed Ahmed A. M. , Elwahy Ahmed H. M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA facile synthetic approach was adopted towards the synthesis of benzo‐fused macrocyclic lactams 2a–2g via the base‐catalyzed condensation reaction of 2,2′‐[alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis[benzaldehydes] 3a–3c with N,N′‐substituted bis[2‐cyanoacetamide] derivatives 7a–7c (Scheme 2). The latter compounds were obtained by the reaction of the appropriate diamines 6a–6c with ethyl 2‐cyanoacetate (4). Attempts to prepare the oxaaza macrocycles 2 by alternative pathways were also investigated. The novel pyrazolo‐fused macrocycles 13a and 13b were obtained in 48 and 52% yield, respectively, upon treatment of 2d and 2g with NH2NH2⋅H2O at 100° (Scheme 4).
Convenient Synthesis of Various Substituted Homotaurines from Alk‐2‐enamides
Authors: Nai Youfeng , Xu Jiaxi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractVarious substituted homotaurines (=3‐aminopropane‐1‐sulfonic acids) 6 were readily synthesized in satisfactory to good yields via the Michael addition of thioacetic acid to alk‐2‐enamides 3 (→4), followed by LiAlH4 reduction (→5) and performic acid oxidation (Scheme 1). The configuration of ‘anti’‐disubstituted homotaurine ‘anti’‐6h was deduced from the 3‐(acetylthio)alkanamide (=S‐(3‐amino‐1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxopropyl) ethanethioate)‘anti’‐4h formed in the Michael addition, which was identified via the Karplus equation analysis, and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The current route is an efficient method to synthesize diverse substituted homotaurines, including 1‐, 2‐, and N‐monosubstituted, as well as 1,2‐, 1,N‐, 2,N‐, and N,N‐disubstituted homotaurines (Table).