bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restoring Trust in US Elections through Effective Election Administrator Messaging
Authors: Brown Mitchell , Hale Kathleen , Jordan Soren , Williamson Ryan D 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During the 2020 election cycle, numerous national, state, and local organizations mounted campaigns designed to counter mis- and disinformation about election activities and to foster public trust in election processes. Local and state election offices focused intently on creating and disseminating accurate messages about when, where, and how to vote. Despite these efforts, trust in the 2020 election remained confoundingly low. This research analyzes this disconnect between messages from election offices and public trust by testing messages collected from election officials around the country using focus groups and a national panel survey experiment. We find that in focus groups, neutral messages that evoke local connections tested better than other types of messages. Further, messenger characteristics influenced whether participants trusted the messages. Using messages based on these findings, we fielded a survey experiment during the 2022 midterm election cycle, finding that the interaction between baseline trust, racial identification, and identification with the messenger moves trust.
Prognostic value of first 24-hour urine output in patients with acute myocardial infarction in intensive care units: a retrospective study based on the MIMIC-IV database
Authors: Bao Lilian , Ge Junbo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Purpose
To investigate the effect of first 24-hour (24-h) urine output (UO) on in-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units due to acute myocardial infarction.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study based on the medical information mart for intensive care IV database involving patients admitted to intensive care units due to acute myocardial infarction. Patients were classified as low UO (LUO), high UO (HUO), and middle UO with a first 24-h UO below 800 ml, over 2500 ml, or in between, respectively. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was 1-year mortality.

Results
A total of 4337 patients were involved. Taking middle UO group as reference, after adjusting for confounders including age, gender, height, weight, comorbidity, occurrence of cardiogenic shock, revascularization, blood pressure, creatinine, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and use of loop diuretics, LUO was independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality [odds ratio 4.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.12–5.26], while HUO was an independent protective factor (odds ratio 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35–0.77). In the multivariant Cox regression model, LUO was an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality (hazard ratio 2.65, 95% CI: 2.16–3.26), while HUO did not show significant association.

Conclusion
In patients admitted to intensive care units due to acute myocardial infarction, first 24-h UO &lt;800 ml was a strong predictor for higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality, while first 24-h UO over 2500 ml was associated with lower in-hospital mortality but not long-term mortality.
Should we hate hate speech regulation? The argument from viewpoint discrimination
Authors: Bishop Sebastien 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to philosophers like James Weinstein, our democratic values give us a compelling reason to tolerate hate speech. In fact, they argue that even if hate speech causes significant harms, our democratic values nonetheless sometimes call for a hands-off approach. In particular, they evoke the democratic value of citizens being free to criticize and voice dissent towards the laws that bind them. This paper seeks to establish two key points. First, that upon closer examination, the kind of arguments that Weinstein presents against hate speech regulation is less than convincing. Secondly, that by building on Weinstein's discussion of the concept of viewpoint discrimination, we can construct a more convincing objection to hate speech regulation. That said, this more convincing objection falls short of calling for the abolition of all hate speech regulation, instead highlighting the need for transparency and consistency in the way governments regulate harmful speech.
Do Cognitive Subtypes Exist in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis? Results From the EU-GEI Study
Authors: Gifford George , Avila Alessia , Kempton Matthew J , Fusar-Poli Paolo , McCutcheon Robert A , Coutts Fiona , Tognin Stefania , Valmaggia Lucia , de Haan Lieuwe , van der Gaag Mark , Nelson Barnaby , Pantelis Christos , Riecher-Rössler Anita , Bressan Rodrigo , Barrantes-Vidal Neus , Krebs Marie-Odile , Glenthøj Birte , Ruhrmann Stephan , Sachs Gabriele , Rutten Bart P F , van Os Jim , EU-GEI High Risk Study  , McGuire Philip 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Cognition has been associated with socio-occupational functioning in individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P). The present study hypothesized that clustering CHR-P participants based on cognitive data could reveal clinically meaningful subtypes.

Study Design
A cohort of 291 CHR-P subjects was recruited through the multicentre EU-GEI high-risk study. We explored whether an underlying cluster structure was present in the cognition data. Clustering of cognition data was performed using k-means clustering and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise. Cognitive subtypes were validated by comparing differences in functioning, psychosis symptoms, transition outcome, and grey matter volume between clusters. Network analysis was used to further examine relationships between cognition scores and clinical symptoms.

Study Results
No underlying cluster structure was found in the cognitive data. K-means clustering produced “spared” and “impaired” cognition clusters similar to those reported in previous studies. However, these clusters were not associated with differences in functioning, symptomatology, outcome, or grey matter volume. Network analysis identified cognition and symptoms/functioning measures that formed separate subnetworks of associations.

Conclusions
Stratifying patients according to cognitive performance has the potential to inform clinical care. However, we did not find evidence of cognitive clusters in this CHR-P sample. We suggest that care needs to be taken in inferring the existence of distinct cognitive subtypes from unsupervised learning studies. Future research in CHR-P samples could explore the existence of cognitive subtypes across a wider range of cognitive domains.
Blouch: Bayesian Linear Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Models for Comparative Hypotheses
Authors: Grabowski Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Relationships among species in the tree of life can complicate comparative methods and testing adaptive hypotheses. Models based on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process permit hypotheses about adaptation to be tested by allowing traits to either evolve toward fixed adaptive optima (e.g., regimes or niches) or track continuously changing optima that can be influenced by other traits. These models allow estimation of the effects of both adaptation and phylogenetic inertia—resistance to adaptation due to any source—on trait evolution, an approach known as the “adaptation-inertia” framework. However, previous applications of this framework, and most approaches suggested to deal with the issue of species non-independence, are based on a maximum likelihood approach, and thus it is difficult to include information based on prior biological knowledge in the analysis, which can affect resulting inferences. Here, I present Blouch, (Bayesian Linear Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Models for Comparative Hypotheses), which fits allometric and adaptive models of continuous trait evolution in a Bayesian framework based on fixed or continuous predictors and incorporates measurement error. I first briefly discuss the models implemented in Blouch, and then the new applications for these models provided by a Bayesian framework. This includes the advantages of assigning biologically meaningful priors when compared to non-Bayesian approaches, allowing for varying effects (intercepts and slopes), and multilevel modeling. Validations on simulated data show good performance in recovering the true evolutionary parameters for all models. To demonstrate the workflow of Blouch on an empirical dataset, I test the hypothesis that the relatively larger antlers of larger-bodied deer are the result of more intense sexual selection that comes along with their tendency to live in larger breeding groups. While results show that larger-bodied deer that live in larger breeding groups have relatively larger antlers, deer living in the smallest groups appear to have a different and steeper scaling pattern of antler size to body size than other groups. These results are contrary to previous findings and may argue that a different type of sexual selection or other selective pressures govern optimum antler size in the smallest breeding groups.
Efficacy of intrauterine device procedural analgesics
Authors: Grossman Kara , McKown Erin , Cushing Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nearly half of all pregnancies worldwide are unintended. Intrauterine devices are an effective, long-acting form of pregnancy prevention that require minimal maintenance, and also can be used in patients with menorrhagia. However, they are underused because of pain associated with their insertion. Topical and local anesthesia are good options for reducing procedural pain in select patients. IUD placement falls within the scope of practice for physician associates/assistants (PAs) practicing in family medicine, internal medicine, and women's health. PAs should be aware of these additional analgesia options available to patients in order to increase use of effective contraception.
Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception for Preventing Severe Maternal Morbidity
Authors: Bullard Kimberley A. , Ramanadhan Shaalini , Caughey Aaron B. , Rodriguez Maria I. 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the cost effectiveness of Medicaid covering immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) as a strategy to reduce future short interpregnancy interval (IPI), severe maternal morbidity (SMM), and preterm birth.

METHODS:
We built a decision analytic model using TreeAge software to compare maternal health and cost outcomes in two settings, one in which immediate postpartum LARC is a covered option and the other where it is not, among a theoretical cohort of 100,000 people with Medicaid insurance who were immediately postpartum and did not have permanent contraception. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which represents the incremental cost increase per an incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained from one health intervention compared with another. Secondary outcomes included subsequent short IPI, defined as time between last delivery and conception of less than 18 months, as well as SMM, preterm birth, overall costs, and QALYs. We performed sensitivity analyses on all costs, probabilities, and utilities.

RESULTS:
Use of immediate postpartum LARC was the cost-effective strategy, with an ICER of −11,880,220,102. Use of immediate postpartum LARC resulted in 299 fewer repeat births overall, 178 fewer births with short IPI, two fewer cases of SMM, and 34 fewer preterm births. Coverage of immediate postpartum LARC resulted in 25 additional QALYs and saved $2,968,796.

CONCLUSION:
Coverage of immediate postpartum LARC at the time of index delivery can improve quality of life and reduce health care costs for Medicaid programs. Expanding coverage to include immediate postpartum LARC can help to achieve optimal IPI and decrease SMM and preterm birth.
Clinical effect of individualized 3D printing guide assisted placement of upper cervical pedicle screw
Authors: Niu Guoqi , Li Chao , Zhou Gong , Chen Hui , Nie Hu , Liu Tao , Jiang Weili , Cheng Jiawei , Liu Lutan , Zhu Jun , Yu Ruochen , Yang Yi , Mo Tiande , Bai Jianzhong 
Published: July 2024

Background:
The upper cervical vertebrae are adjacent to important anatomical structures, with high variability and thin pedicle, leading to difficulties in screw placement. We investigate the clinical effect of individualized 3D printing guide assisted upper cervical pedicle screw placement.

Methods:
Eighteen patients with upper cervical spine injury requiring surgical treatment were included in our hospital from May 2010 to May 2020. These patients were divided into the guide plate assisted screw implantation group ([guide plate assisted screw implantation group] Group A, N = 10) and the traditional operation group (traditional operation group [Group B], N = 8). All patients were followed up for more than 2 years. Screw implant accuracy, cervical spine Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) score, Ameri can Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, operation time, and intraoperative blood loss were compared between the two groups.

Results:
A total of 72 atlantoaxial pedicle screws were implanted, 40 in group A and 32 in group B. The accuracy rate of screw implantation was 97.50% in group A and 81.25% in group B (P < 0.05). The operation time in group A (189.7 ± 16.1 mins) and group B (242.1 ± 23.2 mins), P < 0.05. The intraoperative blood loss in group A (216.0 ± 49.7 mL) and group B (385.0 ± 23.5 mL), P < 0.05. The intraoperative fluoroscopic times were 8.7 ± 1.1 in group A and 30.0 ± 3.3 in group B (P < 0.05). One week after operation, the JOA, Asia and VAS scores of group A were significantly better than those of group B, but there was no significant difference between the two groups at the last follow-up.

Conclusion:
Individualized 3D printing guide assisted placement of upper cervical pedicle screws can significantly improve the accuracy of screw implantation and postoperative function of patients, and reduce the times of X-ray fluoroscopy, operation time, and intraoperative blood loss, which is a safe and effective approach and worthy of clinical promotion.
Overt Scientific Bias and Clandestine Acts by Trusted Scientists: The Flawed Application of the Linear No-threshold Model
Authors: Cardarelli John J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Health Physics Society (HPS) released a video documentary on the history of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model in April 2022. It exposed many scientific and ethical failings of many leaders, influential scientists, and organizations that have resulted in the current system of radiological protection. Since then, the society received many comments; most were supportive, while a few criticized the video documentary as delivering an anti-LNT message. Shortly thereafter, many emails discovered via an independent Freedom of Information Act request revealed multiple layers of coordination between prominent people in the field of radiation protection to coopt the leadership within the HPS and suppress information they perceived or assumed to be contrary to a pro-LNT message. Many of these emails were published by JunkScience.com, an independent organization that exposes faulty scientific data and analyses used to advance special interests and hidden agendas. This Forum article is intended to document in the peer-reviewed literature the JunkScience.com findings of clandestine acts by trusted scientists within the radiation protection community. The emails exposed strong personal biases, actions taken by leaders within the National Commission on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) to “save the Society” from its “downward spiral,” and actions taken by NCRP and HPS members serving on a National Academies of Sciences committee to suppress scientific information relevant to the debate about health effects in low-dose environments. These anti-science actions harm our entire profession and the trust that Congress bestows on our scientific organizations expecting to receive objective recommendations based on sound science. It is important that these events are recorded in the scientific literature from a historical perspective. The radiation protection community will be judged not by what is revealed in this article but by what actions are taken from here.
Indoor Radon Concentrations in Severe Cold Area and Cold Area and Impact of Energy-saving Design on Indoor Radon in China
Authors: Wu Yunyun , Song Yanchao , Hou Changsong , Cui Hongxing , Shang Bing , Sun Haoran 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study investigated indoor radon concentrations in modern residential buildings in the Cold Area and Severe Cold Area in China. A total of 19 cities covering 16 provinces were selected with 1,610 dwellings measured for indoor radon concentration. The arithmetic mean and geometric mean of indoor radon concentration were 68 Bq m−3 and 57 Bq m−3, respectively. It was found that indoor radon concentrations were much higher in the Severe Cold Area than those in the Cold Area. The indoor radon concentrations showed an increasing trend for newly constructed buildings. It was estimated that the average effective dose from inhalation of indoor radon is 2.15 mSv and 1.60 mSv for the Severe Cold Area and Cold Area, respectively. The more and more rigid energy-saving design for residential buildings in the Severe Cold Area and Cold Area has an obvious impact on the increased trend of indoor radon due to extremely low air exchange rate in China.
Process Evaluation of a Work Stress Prevention Approach in Primary Education
Authors: Bakhuys Roozeboom Maartje C. , Niks Irene M.W. , van Zwieten Marianne H.J. , Wiezer Noortje M. , Boot Cécile R.L. , Schelvis Roosmarijn M.C. 
Published: July 2024

Objective
Participatory organizational-level interventions carry a risk of implementation failure. The current study evaluates the implementation of a work stress prevention approach in primary education and reflects on the use of real-time feedback as implementation strategy to prevent this risk.

Methods
The process evaluation was conducted at four primary schools in the Netherlands. A framework for evaluating organizational-level interventions was applied using mixed methods.

Results
Results show the implementation level varied between schools and was hindered by the intervention context, school size, and planning of the approach. Management commitment and employee involvement seemed important factors for successful implementation. Real-time feedback seemed valuable to further improve implementation, but not to prevent implementation failure.

Conclusions
Collecting data on implementation factors before the active phase of the approach, may provide the possibility to anticipate on implementation problems earlier.
Outcome of treatment modalities for spontaneous esophageal rupture: a meta-analysis and case series
Authors: Pan Jiajian , Ge Yong , Feng Tianci , Zheng Chengwen , Zhang Xueqiu , Feng Shoujie , Sun Teng , Zhao Feng , Sha Zhengbu , Zhang Hao 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Current treatment modalities for spontaneous esophageal perforation remain controversial because of their rarity.

Objective:
To describe our institution’s experience in managing patients with spontaneous esophageal rupture and conduct a meta-analysis of existing studies to determine the best evidence-based treatment options.

Methods:
The authors enrolled patients with spontaneous esophageal rupture who underwent their first treatment at our institution. The authors also identified studies through a systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases before 1 April 2024, for inclusion in the meta-analysis.

Results:
This case series included data from 17 patients with delayed diagnosis who were treated with esophageal stents, with an immediate mortality rate of 5.9%. In addition to the cases from our institution, the authors obtained 944 patients from 46 studies in the final analysis. The combined immediate mortality rate was 11% (95% CI: 0.08–0.15). The combined reintervention rate was 11% (95% CI: 0.05–0.19). The combined immediate mortality was 6% (95% CI: 0.04–0.09) after primary closure, 14% (95% CI: 0.02–0.32) after T-tube drain repair, 2% (95% CI: 0.00–0.15) after esophagectomy, 8% (95% CI: 0.03–0.15) after stent placement, and 22% (95% CI: 0.03–0.47) after conservative treatment. The subgroup analysis based on the timing of the intervention showed that the immediate mortality rate in patients initiating treatment within 24 h of rupture was 3% (95% CI: 0.01–0.08), whereas that in patients initiating treatment >24 h later was 12% (95% CI: 0.08–0.18).

Conclusion:
Outcomes are best after esophagectomy, and primary closure or esophageal stenting is a good option compared with other treatment modalities. Prognosis is related to the timing of intervention, and accurate diagnosis and treatment within 24 h significantly reduces the risk of death in patients. Patients with delayed diagnosis may have a better prognosis with stent placement.
Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of European ancestry
Authors: Zhou Lin , Gao Huiyu , Zhang Jiabin , Xu Qian , Wang Qiang , Wang Li , Tan Ying , Luo Ziyuan , Zhou Junjie , Shuai Hui , Cai Xiang , Zheng Yongbo , Wang Shan , Duan Xi , Wu Tao 
Published: July 2024

Background:
The relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and cancer remains controversial. The authors aimed to assess the association between Metabolic Syndrome and cancer risk at different locations using a Mendelian randomization approach.

Methods:
The authors extracted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MetS and its components from public databases for populations of European ancestry. Causal effects were estimated using inverse variance weighting, MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO. Sensitivity analyses were performed using Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots. In addition, the authors calculated the Statistical power. Finally, the authors applied the False Discovery Rate (FDR) to correct our results.

Results:
IVW methods showed that Genetically predicted Metabolic Syndrome may be a potential risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (P=0.031, P-FDR=0.093). Metabolic Syndrome was not causally associated with cancers at other sites (lung, thyroid, breast, prostate, kidney, bladder, colorectal, esophagus, and stomach). In further analyses, WC may increase the risk of lung (P=0.003, P-FDR=0.018), and esophageal (P=0.011, P-FDR=0.066) cancers and decrease the risk of prostate cancer (P=0.006, P-FDR=0.001). Furthermore, hypertension may reduce the risk of Hepatic cancer (P=0.014, P-FDR=0.084).

Conclusion:
Our study suggests that genetically predicted Metabolic Syndrome may increase the risk of some cancers. Prevention and treatment of Metabolic Syndrome may help to prevent the development of related cancers.