bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
,(Ent)konfessionalisierung‘ (1935) und ,Konfessionalisierung‘ (1981)
Authors: Zwierlein Cornel 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
This article is a contribution to the historical understanding of the confessionalization paradigm overwhelmingly successful in the German and also in the international historiography since it was first formulated in 1981 by Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard. The standard accounts of the genesis of this concept refer back no further than to Ernst Walter Zeeden’s Post-War concept of confessions’ formation (Konfessionsbildung|) developed in the 1960s. The argument developed here seeks out earlier roots in the Pre-War-Period. Interpreting confessionalization as a theoretical discourse in the sense set out by A. J. Greimas and P. Zima possessing its own discursive structure, its typical actors and modalities, a comparison is developed between this theoretical| discourse of the 1980s and the ideological| discourse of deconfessionalization and confessionalization presented in the Nazi Period after 1935. The suggestion is not made that there are direct ‘Nazi relics’ in Schilling’s and Reinhard’s confessionalization discourse in the sense of complete identities of meanings and certainly there are no ideological continuities. But the comparison of the discourses does show structural similarities regarding the notion of ‘confessionalization’ in terms of its being brought about spontaneously or by design, of its assumption of functional comparability between the confessions, of its description of the state-church relationship, and of its concentration on social disciplining as the major modernization element of confessionalization.
Insurance in Private International Law
Authors: Seatzu Francesco 
Published: November 2014

This book provides a much-needed analysis of this very important subject for international business lawyers,including discussion of the jurisdictional and choice of laws issues arising from cross-border contracts of insurance and reinsurance concluded by electronic means.
This book is the first published in England to devote itself to a detailed analysis of the choice of laws rules in the E.C. Insurance Directives. It is aimed at academics and practitioners, at private international lawyers and at insurance lawyers. The private international law rules of the E.C. Insurance Directives deal with the applicable law to insurance contracts covering risks situated within the EU. They do not deal with the applicable law to reinsurance contracts and insurance contracts covering risks situated outside the EU. This should be ascertained by reference to the choice of laws provisions in the 1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. Detailed discussion of these rules is also provided, and proposals for reform suggested.
EU Law Reform: Cross-Border Civil and Commercial Procedural Law and Cross-Border Insolvency Law
Authors: Rammeloo S.F.G. 
Published: November 2014

EU Law Reform: Cross-Border Civil and Commercial Procedural Law and Cross-Border Insolvency Law
Business contractors increasingly find themselves involved in a private or commercial law relationship with cross-border elements. In case commercial disputes have to be adjudicated in court proceedings questions to be answered are: the court of which legal order has competence, the law of which country shall be applied, and is a court order from a foreign legal order enforceable or not? The strive for a (European) Single Market presupposes the breaking down of (procedural as well as substantive) legal barriers emanating from the cross-border nature of private law relationships, notably business transactions.This contribution, concentrating on tomorrow’s European PIL in notably the area of civil procedural law, highlights the first and the third question from the perspective of the upcoming entry into force (10 January 2015) of EU Regulation No. 1215/2012 concerning jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and the proposed amendments to EU Regulation No. 1346/2000 on cross-border Insolvency Proceedings.
Macular Degeneration Drug Prescribing Patterns After Step Therapy Introduction in Medicare Advantage
Authors: Liu Angela , Anderson Kelly E. , Levy Joseph , Johnson Thomas V. , Polsky Daniel , Anderson Gerard 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceIn Medicare Advantage (MA), step therapy for physician-administered drugs is an approach to lowering drug spending. The impact of step therapy in MA on prescribing behavior and the magnitude of any changes has not been analyzed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of step therapy on macular degeneration drug prescribing patterns for 3 large MA insurers.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a retrospective encounter-based analysis using 20% nationally representative MA outpatient and carrier encounter records for 2017 to 2019. Participants were MA beneficiaries who were 65 years or older and had received a macular degeneration drug administration. Macular degeneration drug administrations for beneficiaries of MA Aetna, Humana, and UnitedHealthcare (UHC) insurers were assessed. Humana implemented macular degeneration step therapy in 2019, setting bevacizumab as the plan-preferred drug, and aflibercept and ranibizumab as the plan-nonpreferred drugs. Aetna and UHC, which did not implement macular degeneration step therapy, served as the control group. Data analyses were performed from May 2024 to December 2024.ExposuresA macular degeneration drug administration subject to a step therapy policy.Main Outcome and MeasuresA binary indicator of whether the drug administered was bevacizumab. Linear probability models and a difference-in-differences framework were used to quantify changes in prescribing patterns before and after the introduction of step therapy for MA insurers that did and did not implement step therapy. To empirically measure the impact of step therapy, the first administration of a treatment episode was assessed, followed by switching patterns.ResultsA total of 18 331 MA beneficiaries, 21 683 treatment episodes, and 171 985 drug administrations were included across the control and treatment groups. The difference-in-differences regressions found a 7.8% (95% CI, 4.9%-10.7%; P &amp;lt; .001) greater probability of being prescribed bevacizumab for the first administration due to step therapy. The predicted probabilities of preferred-drug administration in the treatment group increased from 0.61 to 0.70 between the periods before and after step therapy implementation for the first administration. Step therapy was not significantly associated with an increased rate of medication switching (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.71-1.06; P = .15).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this retrospective encounter-based analysis indicate that step therapy is associated with a greater probability of prescribing the plan-preferred drug for the first administration. The analysis failed to find a statistically significant greater rate of medication switching within a treatment episode. Step therapy changed macular degeneration prescribing patterns, but step therapy alone did not transition all administrations to the plan-preferred drug.
VEGFA gene variants are associated with breast cancer progression
Authors: Furriol Jessica , Wik Elisabeth , Aziz Sura , Askeland Cecilie , Knutsvik Gøril , Akslen Lars A 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAngiogenesis is recognized as a hallmark of cancer, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of the angiogenic process and is related to cancer progression. Anti‐VEGF therapy has been tried but with limited success and without useful stratification for angiogenesis markers. Further, the landscape of VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breast cancer and their clinical relevance is not well studied, and their relation to tissue‐based angiogenesis markers has not been explored. Here, we studied a selection of VEGFA SNPs in nontumor lymph nodes from a population‐based breast cancer cohort (n = 544), and their relation to clinicopathologic variables, vascular tissue metrics, and breast cancer‐specific survival. Two of the SNP candidates (rs833068GA genotype and rs25648CC genotype) showed associations with angiogenesis tissue markers, and the VEGFA rs833068GA genotype was associated with breast cancer‐specific survival among ER‐negative cases. We also found trends of association between the rs699947CA genotype and large tumor diameter and ER‐negative tumors, and between the rs3025039CC genotype and large tumor diameter. Our findings indicate some associations between certain VEGF SNPs, in particular the rs833068GA genotype, and both vascular metrics and patient survival. These findings and their potential implications need to be validated by independent studies.
Concurrent Amorphization and Nanocatalyst Formation in Cu‐Substituted Perovskite Oxide Surface: Effects on Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Jeon SungHyun , Jung Wan‐Gil , Bae Hohan , Ahn Sejong , Koo Bonjae , Yu WonJeong , Kim Seunghyun , Oh DongHwan , Kim Uisik , Barnett Scott A. , Seo Jongsu , Kim Bong‐Joong , Jung WooChul 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe activity and durability of chemical/electrochemical catalysts are significantly influenced by their surface environments, highlighting the importance of thoroughly examining the catalyst surface. Here, Cu‐substituted La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3‐δ is selected, a state‐of‐the‐art material for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), to explore the real‐time evolution of surface morphology and chemistry under a reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Remarkably, in a pioneering observation, it is discovered that the perovskite surface starts to amorphize at an unusually low temperature of approximately 100 °C and multicomponent metal nanocatalysts additionally form on the amorphous surface as the temperature raises to 400 °C. Moreover, this investigation into the stability of the resulting amorphous layer under oxidizing conditions reveals that the amorphous structure can withstand a high‐temperature oxidizing atmosphere (≥650 °C) only when it has undergone sufficient reduction for an extended period. Therefore, the coexistence of the active nanocatalysts and defective amorphous surface leads to a nearly 100% enhancement in the electrode resistance for the ORR over 200 h without significant degradation. These observations provide a new catalytic design strategy for using redox‐dynamic perovskite oxide host materials.
Applying machine learning to primate bioacoustics: Review and perspectives
Authors: Cauzinille Jules , Favre Benoit , Marxer Ricard , Rey Arnaud 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of computational bioacoustics as well as signal and speech processing techniques in the analysis of primate vocal communication. We explore the potential implications of machine learning and deep learning methods, from the use of simple supervised algorithms to more recent self‐supervised models, for processing and analyzing large data sets obtained within the emergence of passive acoustic monitoring approaches. In addition, we discuss the importance of automated primate vocalization analysis in tackling essential questions on animal communication and highlighting the role of comparative linguistics in bioacoustic research. We also examine the challenges associated with data collection and annotation and provide insights into potential solutions. Overall, this review paper runs through a set of common or innovative perspectives and applications of machine learning for primate vocal communication analysis and outlines opportunities for future research in this rapidly developing field.
Neuronal diversity in the caudate nucleus: A comparative study between camel and human brains
Authors: Almasaad Juman M. , Bataineh Ziad M. , Zaqout Sami 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCaudate nucleus (CN) neurons in camels and humans were examined using modified Golgi impregnation methods. Neurons were classified based on soma morphology, dendritic characteristics, and spine distribution. Three primary neuron types were identified in both species: rich‐spiny (Type I), sparsely‐spiny (Type II), and aspiny (Type III), each comprising subtypes with specific features. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences in soma size, dendritic morphology, and spine distribution between camels and humans. The study contributes to our understanding of structural diversity in CN neurons and provides insights into evolutionary neural adaptations.
Analysis and comparison of the coupled coil structures in dual‐load magnetic coupled resonance wireless power transfer systems
Authors: Cai Jun , Yan Ying , Cheok Adrian David , Zhang Xin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe dual‐load magnetic coupled resonance wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has the advantages of integrated conversion function, higher power density, and higher energy utilization rate. Reasonable coil structure selection and design is a challenge in the dual load WPT system. This article conducts electromagnetic analysis on three types of coil structures: circular–circular, rectangular–circular, and rectangular–rectangular, and uses Ansys Maxwell software to analyze and compare the magnetic field distribution intensity and transmission characteristics of each structure when the coil is offset. The analysis results showed that the rectangular–rectangular coils have stronger offset characteristics. Therefore, the double‐load MCR‐WPT system ultimately adopts the rectangular–rectangular coil structure. The transmitting and receiving coils of the WPT system were wound and tested, and the dual‐load WPT system with rectangular–rectangular coupling coil structures are constructed for experimental verification.
Water phase transition and signal nulling in 3D dual‐echo adiabatic inversion‐recovery UTE (IR‐UTE) imaging of myelin
Authors: Athertya Jiyo S. , Shin Soo Hyun , Malhi Bhavsimran Singh , Lo James , Sedaghat Sam , Jang Hyungseok , Ma Yajun , Du Jiang 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPurposeThe semisolid myelin sheath has very fast transverse relaxation and is invisible to conventional MRI sequences. UTE sequences can detect signal from myelin. The major challenge is the concurrent detection of various water components.MethodsThe inversion recovery (IR)–based UTE (IR‐UTE) sequence employs an adiabatic inversion pulse to invert and suppress water magnetizations. TI plays a key role in water suppression, with negative water magnetizations (negative phase) before the null point and positive water magnetizations (positive phase) after the null point. A series of dual‐echo IR‐UTE images were acquired with different TIs to detect water phase transition. The effects of TR in phase transition and water suppression were also investigated using a relatively long TR of 500 ms and a short TR of 106 ms. The water phase transition in dual‐echo IR‐UTE imaging of myelin was investigated in five ex vivo and five in vivo human brains.ResultsAn apparent phase transition was observed in the second echo at the water signal null point, where the myelin signal was selectively detected by the UTE data acquisition at the optimal TI. The water phase transition point varied significantly across the brain when the long TR of 500 ms was used, whereas the convergence of TIs was observed when the short TR of 106 ms was used.ConclusionThe results suggest that the IR‐UTE sequence with a short TR allows uniform inversion and nulling of water magnetizations, thereby providing volumetric imaging of myelin.
Demographic Differences in Emergency Room Epistaxis Treatment Patterns and Outcomes
Authors: Herrera Kevin , Mojica Marcela Moran , Sintigo Karla Marlene , Hur Kevin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjectiveInvestigate the association between demographic characteristics and emergency department (ED) epistaxis management and outcomes.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTriNetX US collaborative database.MethodsAdults presenting to the ED for epistaxis were retrospectively followed for 7 days. Spanish‐speaking patients were propensity score matched to English‐speaking patients by demographics and medical history. Outcomes included use of nasal decongestant, nasal packing or cautery, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, endoscopic control of hemorrhage, hospital admission, and mortality. The analysis was also performed with stratification by race and ethnicity.ResultsSpanish‐speaking patients were less likely to receive nasal packing or cautery [odds ratio, OR: 0.78; 95% confidence interval, CI: (0.68; 0.90)] or diagnostic nasal endoscopy [OR: 0.72; 95% CI: (0.52; 0.98)] compared to English‐speaking patients. Black patients were more likely to receive treatment with a nasal decongestant spray [OR: 1.31; 95% CI: (1.27, 1.36)], but less likely to receive any other treatment compared to White patients. Asian patients were less likely to undergo nasal packing or cautery [OR: 0.90; 95% CI: (0.82; 0.99)], but had more ED visits [(1.37; 1.32) P < .01] compared to White patients. Hispanic patients were less likely to be admitted [OR: 0.93; 95% CI: (0.87; 0.98)], and averaged fewer ED visits [(1.27; 1.30) P = <.0001] compared to non‐Hispanic patients.ConclusionWhile demographic trends in ED epistaxis management are nuanced, our results suggest that Spanish‐speaking, Black, Asian, and Hispanic patients are less likely to receive diagnostic and epistaxis control procedures. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of these differences.
Front Cover Image
Authors: McGruddy Rose A. , Smeele Zoe E. , Manley Brian , Masucci James D. , Haywood John , Lester Philip J. 
Published: August 2024

The cover image is based on the article RNA interference as a next‐generation control method for suppressing Varroa destructor reproduction in honey bee (Apis mellifera) hives by Rose A. McGruddy et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.8193.
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Unveiling the unexpected sinking and embedding dynamics of surface supported Mo/S clusters on 2D MoS2 with active machine learning
Authors: Zhao Luneng , Ren Yanhan , Shi Xiaoran , Liu Hongsheng , Yu Zhigen , Gao Junfeng , Zhao Jijun 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSurface‐supported clusters forming by aggregation of excessive adatoms could be the main defects of 2D materials after chemical vapor deposition. They will significantly impact the electronic/magnetic properties. Moreover, surface supported atoms are also widely explored for high active and selecting catalysts. Severe deformation, even dipping into the surface, of these clusters can be expected because of the very active edge of clusters and strong interaction between supported clusters and surfaces. However, most models of these clusters are supposed to simply float on the top of the surface because ab initio simulations cannot afford the complex reconstructions. Here, we develop an accurate graph neural network machine learning potential (MLP) from ab initio data by active learning architecture through fine‐tuning pre‐trained models, and then employ the MLP into Monte Carlo to explore the structural evolutions of Mo and S clusters (1–8 atoms) on perfect and various defective MoS2 monolayers. Interestingly, Mo clusters can always sink and embed themselves into MoS2 layers. In contrast, S clusters float on perfect surfaces. On the defective surface, a few S atoms will fill the vacancy and rest S clusters float on the top. Such significant structural reconstructions should be carefully taken into account.
Bürgergeld per Mausklick? Der weite Weg zur digitalen Teilhabe für alle
Authors: Stilling Gwendolyn 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDas neue Bürgergeld soll „zukunftsfest“ ausgestaltet, einfach und digital zugänglich sein: Die Digitalisierung soll „eine einfache, nutzerorientierte und barrierefreie Beantragung“ ermöglichen, heißt es zuversichtlich im Gesetz, wobei die persönliche Betreuung daneben weiterhin wichtig bleibe. Per Mausklick zur Leistung oder zum persönlichen Beratungstermin? Das klingt zu schön, um wahr zu sein. Die Potenziale der Digitalisierung für die Beschleunigung von Verwaltungsverfahren und Bürokratieabbau liegen auf der Hand. In der Praxis ergeben sich jedoch zwei große Hürden: Zum einen fehlt es nach wie vor vielen Leistungsberechtigten an den technischen Voraussetzungen, die durch das in der Höhe zu niedrige Bürgergeld nicht kompensiert werden können. Zum anderen fehlt es vielfach an konkretem Anwendungswissen und digitaler Praxis.
„Ich bin nicht bedürftig“: Verzicht als Abgrenzung
Authors: Eckhardt Jennifer 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag stellt auf Grundlage der Sozialstaatskonstruktionen von Personen, die auf Sozialleistungen verzichten, den Nichtbezug als Abgrenzung vom Sozialstaat und von der Kategorisierung als bedürftig dar und ermittelt das Interventionspotenzial des Bürgergelds in diesem Kontext. Die zugrunde liegende qualitative Studie rekonstruiert sozialstaatliche Adressierungen, Positionszuweisungen und Responsibilisierungen und damit den spezifischen Orientierungsrahmen des Sozialstaats, innerhalb dessen die Menschen ein Verhältnis zu sich selbst entwickeln und in dem sie sich zu den von ihnen wahrgenommenen Erwartungshaltungen positionieren. Auf dieser Grundlage ermittelt der Beitrag die spezifischen subjektiven Sozialstaatskonstruktionen und die Art und Weise, wie sich im Rahmen der Praktik des Verzichts von diesen Konstruktionen abgegrenzt wird. Insgesamt wird so deutlich, dass das Bürgergeld zwar Potenzial hat die Erreichbarkeit der Sozialleistungen zu verbessern, dass seine aktuelle Ausgestaltung jedoch kaum in der Lage dazu ist, auch die für ihre inklusive Zugänglichkeit notwendige Annehmbarkeit, Anpassbarkeit und Angemessenheit der Leistungen anzuheben.
Weniger Haben als Soll. Differenzen zwischen de jure und de facto Umverteilung für arme Familien im europäischen Vergleich
Authors: Frericks Patricia , Höppner Julia 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDie vielleicht bedeutendste Aufgabe wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Handels ist die Bekämpfung von Armut. Dabei gelten insbesondere Unterstützungsmaßnahmen für bedürftige Familien mit Kindern als grundsätzlich unumstritten. Allerdings erhalten arme Familien nicht nur Leistungen, sondern sie werden auch zur Bekämpfung von Armut innerhalb der eigenen Familie finanziell in die Pflicht genommen. Für die Bekämpfung von Armut ist bedeutsam zu verstehen, in welchem Maße Familien die ihnen zustehenden Leistungen tatsächlich in Anspruch nehmen und die von ihnen eingeforderten Abgaben erbringen. Der Beitrag untersucht deswegen in europäisch vergleichender Perspektive, ob und zu welchem Grad die de facto Umverteilung der de jure Umverteilung entspricht. Auf Basis des Mikrosimulationsmodells der Europäischen Union EUROMOD und der EU-SILC-Daten analysieren wir Differenzen zwischen dem tatsächlichen und simulierten verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen, den Sozialleistungen sowie den Steuern und Sozialversicherungsbeiträgen von armutsgefährdeten Familien in acht europäischen Ländern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es in allen acht Ländern deutliche Unterschiede zwischen der de jure und der de facto Umverteilung gibt, die dazu führen, dass armutsgefährdete Familien geringere Einkommen haben als vorgesehen. Dies ist vor allem auf die Nichtinanspruchnahme von Sozialleistungen zurückzuführen, aber auch Unterschiede zwischen den eingeforderten und den tatsächlich geleisteten Steuern und Sozialversicherungsbeiträgen spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Wir zeigen dabei Länderdifferenzen auf.