bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Mechanism of Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in Mice: III. In Vitro Analysis of Memory T Cells Involved in Augmentation of DTH Responses
Authors: Tamura Shin‐Ichi , Kojima Asato , Egashira Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe memory of delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH), manifested by the augmented responsiveness upon challenge with alum‐absorbed ovalbumin (OA), was induced in mice primed 7 days, 21 days, or 90 days previously with 1 μg of reduced and alkylated OA. The memory cells involved in the augmentation of DTH responses were analyzed in the in vitro induction system of T cells which mediate DTH against OA. Spleen cells from the primed mice generated DTH‐effector T cells (DTH‐Te) in a significantly accelerated fashion, compared with unprimed spleen cells, when cultured with OA. The accelerated generation of DTH‐Te in vitro was induced antigen specifically and was dependent on a certain T cell population in the primed spleen. The T cell population was found in the spleen of primed mice for at least 3 months after priming, corresponding to the persistence of DTH‐memory in vivo. Moreover, it was fractionated in the high‐density layer by discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation. The high‐density cell population decreased in density with increase in the time of culture and developed into DTH‐Te, which were separated in the low‐density layer on day 4 of culture. These results indicate that the T cells involved in the accelerated generation of DTH‐Te in vitro are long‐lived DTH‐memory T cells, which are probably precursor cells, capable of differentiating into DTH‐Te upon challenge with the antigen.
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of the Genomes of Virulent and Avirulent Marek's Disease Viruses
Authors: Hirai Kanji , Ikuta Kazuyoshi , Kato Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe DNAs from virulent strain BC‐1 and avirulent strain C2(A) of Marek's disease virus (MDV) were compared by electrophoresis on 0.5% agarose gels of the products obtained with the restriction endonucleases Bam H1, Sal 1, and Sma 1. The patterns of the fragments of the DNAs from these two strains were very similar, but showed some significant differences in the number and mobility of the DNA bands. The DNA fragments obtained with the restriction endonucleases, and especially Sma 1, were mostly present in equal molar ratios, but a few of those obtained with Bam H1 and Sal 1 were present in submolar amounts. In addition, several fragments obtained with Bam H1 and Sal 1 were present in greater than molar quantities, suggesting the presence of reiterated sequences in MDV DNA. The terminal fragments of MDV DNA were identified by their sensitivity to lambda 5′‐exonuclease. The terminal fragments obtained with Bam H1 A and Sal 1B showed heterogeneous electrophoretic mobility and contained sequences with high content of guanosine and cytosine, suggesting the presence of reiterated sequences at the end of the MDV DNA molecule.
Attachment of Mycoplasma hominis and M. orale to Human Diploid Lung Fibroblasts
Authors: Kihara Kojo , Yamada Kenichiro , Sasaki Tsuguo , Shintani Miharu , Okumura Hideo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe process of attachment of Mycoplasma hominis and M. orale to HAIN‐55 cells, derived from normal embryonic human lung, was investigated quantitatively. The attachment reached its maximum within about 2–4 hr at 37 C and increased linearly as a function of the number of organisms present in the system. The relative attachment efficiency of M. hominis was approximately 1% under our experimental conditions. Trypsin and EDTA were effective in detaching particles of M. hominis and M. orale from the surfaces of HAIN‐55 cells. Therefore it was suggested that some proteinaceous substance and salt bridges might be involved in the attachment of these mycoplasmas to HAIN‐55 cells.
Phenotypic Change of an SV40‐Transformed Mouse Macrophage Line, BB‐W‐531–2, Induced by Different Cultural Methods
Authors: Takayama Hisao , Tanigawa Takahiko , Takagi Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simian virus 40 (SV40)‐transformed macrophage clone which was established from BALB/cAnN mouse bone marrow cells was used to study the effect of different cultural conditions on the expression of macrophage properties. The macrophage clone, BB‐W‐531–2 line, expressed and maintained the macrophage properties, immune phagocytosis or Fc‐ and complement receptors, under the growth‐inhibiting conditions of confluent density and of cultivation on bacteriologic dishes with reduced adhesiveness. However, the cells lost their ability to express the macrophage properties dependent upon cell density after repeated culture splits in the growing phase. These cells regained that ability when they were cocultured with cells having macrophage properties. These results suggest that there is a possible correlation between reduced multiplication and the expression of macrophage properties, and that macrophage properties which have been suppressed or blocked may be induced by diffusible factor(s) produced by macrophages.
Characterization of Two Inducible Bacteriophages, α1 and α2, Isolated from Clostridium botulinum Type A 190L and Their Deoxyribonucleic Acids
Authors: Kinouchi Takemi , Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo inducible bacteriophages, α1 and α2, isolated from Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L and their deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) were purified and characterized. Phage αl, which is unable to form plaques on any strain of C. botulinum, was produced in large quantities after treatment with mitomycin C (MC), whereas phage α2, which was induced in much lower quantities than phage αl, propagated in cultures of type A strain Hall. The phage DNAs were exclusively synthesized after induction with MC. αl and α2 DNAs had sedimentation coefficients of 34.0 and 30.6 S, corresponding to molecular weights of 31.9 × 106 and 23.5 × 106, respectively. The buoyant density in CsCl was 1.682 g/cm3 for al DNA and 1.680 g/cm3 for α2 DNA. Based on thermal denaturation characteristics, the genomes of both phages were shown to be double‐stranded DNAs. Agarose gel electrophoretic profiles of the phage DNAs digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI revealed nine fragments for al DNA and six fragments for α2 DNA. The molecular weights of the phage DNAs as determined by restriction enzyme analysis were 30.55 × 106 for α1 DNA and 25.83 × 106 for α2 DNA. Nontoxigenic mutants obtained from strain 190L could, like the toxigenic parent strain, produce the two phages after treatment with MC. Lysogenic conversion to toxigenicity by phage α2 was not observed with the nontoxigenic mutants. It seems likely that there is no relationship between either phage genome and the toxigenicity of C. botulinum type A.
Adherence of Fimbriate and Non‐Fimbriate Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica to Human Epithelial Cells
Authors: Old David C. , Robertson Janet 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStrains of Yersinia enterocolitica from different O serogroups were tested for their ability to adhere to cultured epithelial cells (H. Ep 2) after growth of bacteria in broth at 22 C or 37 C. Strains that adhered to H. Ep 2 cells generally did so better after growth at 22 C than at 37 C. The data indicate that the ability to produce either of the mannose‐resistant (MR) hemagglutinins, MR/Y or Kl, each associated with fimbriae, does not correlate with ability to adhere to epithelial cells in this particular in vitro model.
Relationship between Pigment Producibility and Drug Resistance in Serratia marcescens
Authors: Muto Yumiko , Tsuji Akiyoshi , Kaneko Yasuko , Goto Sachiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAmong the clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens, non‐pigmented cells appeared more frequently from pigmented, drug‐resistant strains than from pigmented, drug‐sensitive strains. Transfer of R plasmid from Escherichia coli to pigmented strains caused spontaneous loss of pigment producibility, whereas such spontaneous loss never occurred in fresh cultures of drug‐sensitive strains. The non‐pigmented strain was a better recipient of R plasmid from E. coli than was the pigmented strain. R plasmid was transferred from the non‐pigmented strain to the pigmented strain at a higher frequency than from E. coli to the pigmented strain. The results of the present investigation suggest that transfer of R plasmid may be one of the reasons for the significant increase of non‐pigmented, drug‐resistant strains of S. marcescens in nature.
Selective and Differential Media for Isolation and Tentative Identification of Each Species of Pityrosporum Residing on Normal or Diseased Human Skin
Authors: Ushijima Tsutomu , Takahashi Megumi , Ozaki Yoshikatsu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSelective and differential media were designed for each species of Pityrosporum; P. pachydermatis, P. ovale, and P. orbiculare in order to make feasible a quantitative cultivation.Medium for P. pachydermatis (medium A) was composed of 1% trypticase peptone (BBL), 0.5% yeast extract (BBL), 0.3% glucose, 0.2% NaCl, 1.2% KH2 PO4 (anhydrous), 1.5% agar, 0.01% ampicillin, and 0.025% cycloheximide with a pH of 5.5. Medium for P. ovale (medium B) was medium A supplemented with 0.05% sodium acetate (anhydrous), 0.2% Tween 80, and 0.025% (selective medium) or 0.075% (differential medium) sodium laurate. Medium for P. orbiculare was medium B (devoid of laurate) supplemented with 2% olive oil, 0.25% glycerol, 0.25% gall powder, 0.05% sodium palmitate, 0.05% sodium stearate, 0.05% sodium oleate and 8% (selective medium) or 10% (differential medium) sodium lactate and an increase in Tween to 1%.For isolation of Pityrosporum, specimens were suspended in 0.1% Tween 80 solution and inoculated onto agar plates of three selective media. The plates were incubated aerobically at 37 C for 8–10 days under conditions of prevention of water loss from the media. The plating efficiency of each selective medium, expressed as a ratio of cultural counts to microscopic counts was generally over 70%. Species of Pityrosporum could also be identified when we inoculated the cell suspension onto differential agar plates and incubated the preparations at 37 C for 7 days.
Characterization of Solubilized Products from the Cell Wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Autoplast Formation
Authors: Ohno Naohito , Yadomae Toshiro , Miyazaki Toshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe structure of the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae R36a was investigated by means of chemical analysis of the solubilized products formed during autoplast formation. By autoplast formation, almost all of the cell wall components were solubilized as the end products within several hours. Analysis of the solubilized products revealed that the pneumococcal cell wall consists of three macromolecular components, teichoic acid‐glycopeptide I (TA‐GP I), teichoic acid‐glycopeptide II (TA‐GP II), and glycopeptide (GP III). The molecular size of TA‐GP I was larger than that of TA‐GP II. TA‐GP I and TA‐GP II were constituted of similar components, galactosamine, 2‐acetamido‐4‐amino‐2, 4, 6‐trideoxyhexose, glucose, ribitol, choline, phosphate, and peptidoglycan components, but the ratio of teichoic acid to glycopeptide in TA‐GP II was higher than that in TA‐GP I. TA‐GP II was solubilized more slowly than TA‐GP I and GP III during autoplast formation. The assembly of the cell wall by TA‐GP I and II, and GP III is discussed in connection with the action of autolysin.
Further Studies of the Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae Possessing Strong Adjuvanticity: II. Serological Relationship between the Adjuvant Polysaccharide and O3 Antigen of Klebsiella
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Hasegawa Takaaki , Mori Masashi , Yamaki Kenichi , Mizuta Kazutaka , Nakashima Izumi , Naito Setsuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe serological specificity of the neutral polysaccharide possessing extraordinarily strong adjuvanticity originally isolated from the culture supernatant of Klebsiella K1 strain Kasuya has been investigated. Among all of the reference strains (K1–K82) of Klebsiella obtained from the International Escherichia and Klebsiella Center, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, only 13 strains have been shown to produce the adjuvant polysaccharide by the passive hemagglutination inhibition test. All of these 13 strains belong to the 03 group, and the strains which belong to other O groups or O groups of which were not identifiable did not produce it. The gel precipitation test has demonstrated that the adjuvant polysaccharide is antigenically identical to O3 antigen isolated from the cells of the decapsulated mutant (strain LEN 1) of Klebsiella K1 strain Kasuya and to O9 antigen of Escherichia coli isolated from either the culture supernatant or the cells, which has already been shown to be antigenically and structurally identical to the O3 antigen of Klebsiella.
Cell Surface Expression of I‐A Products Is Required for Contact Sensitivity Induction by Trinitrophenyl‐Coupled Epidermal Cells
Authors: Ikezawa Zenro , Sato Masahiro , Nagai Ryukichi , Okuda Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTrinitrophenyl (TNP)‐coupled epidermal cells (EC) injected subcutaneously (s.c.) were more capable of inducing contact sensitivity (CS) to 2, 4, 6‐trinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene (TNCB) than similarly substituted spleen cells (TNP‐SC). Furthermore, the intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of TNP‐EC also induced CS responses, whereas the i.v. or i.p. injection of TNP‐SC failed to induce them. Treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (Cy; 50 mg/kg) or anti I‐J serum allowed animals injected with TNP‐SC i.v. to develop significant CS responses, suggesting that Cy‐sensitive and I‐J positive regulatory cells were involved in the induction of unresponsiveness by the i.v. injection of TNP‐SC. Mapping studies of the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC) region demonstrated that identity at the I‐A subregion alone between EC donor and recipient mice was sufficient for the induction of CS by TNP‐EC given i.v. Blocking experiments using antisera in the absence of complement indicated that I‐A subregion‐encoded antigens on the surface of TNP‐EC apparently are involved in the induction of CS, and are not simply phenotypic markers on the surface of accessory cells.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile from Different Sources
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Nakashio Satoshi , Mikawa Masato , Yamakawa Kiyotaka , Okumura Seiichi , Nishida Shoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 79 Clostridium difficile strains from healthy young and elderly adults, elderly patients without gastrointestinal disease, elderly patients receiving antibiotics without gastrointestinal complications, and elderly patients with antibiotic‐associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis were tested for their susceptibilities to 24 antimicrobial agents. All of the 79 strains were inhibited by low concentrations of rifampicin, metronidazole, fusidic acid, vancomycin, ampicillin, and penicillin G. The strains were highly resistant to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and cycloserine and often resistant to neomycin, cefoxitin, and cefalexin. Wide variations in the susceptibility of C. difficile strains to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were found. Strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and lincomycin were more frequently found among strains isolated from elderly adults than those isolated from young adults, with particularly high frequency among strains isolated from elderly patients receiving antibiotics. None of the 23 strains isolated from healthy young adults was resistant to chloramphenicol. All of the 14 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol were sensitive to tetracycline and all of the 15 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Only one out of 19 tetracycline‐resistant strains was highly toxigenic, whereas 42 (70%) of 60 sensitive strains were highly toxigenic.
Group H Streptococcal Bacteriocins Having No Relation to Bacterial Transformation
Authors: Ito Takako 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe culture filtrate of group H streptococcus strain Challis produced a competence factor (CF) for bacterial transformation as well as a bactericidal factor(s) against Wicky cells. Strain 36658, in the same streptococcal group, also produced the bactericidal factor(s) but not CF. The effect of the Challis bacteriocin was limited to strains Wicky and 58, whereas the 36658 bacteriocin affected 67% of 49 strains tested. Strain 58, one of the indicator strains, was affected by the bactericidal activity of these bacteriocins but not by CF activity, and failed to transform. No relationship between the bacteriocin‐producing strains and indicator strains was observed. Both Challis and 36658 bacteriocin activities decreased markedly either when the bacteriocins were heated at 50 C for 30 min or with the addition of a protein synthesis inhibitor, but showed different sensitivities to trypsin, papain and lipase. The bacteriocins were of at least protein nature and their molecular weight was roughly estimated as 100,000 daltons by membrane filtration experiments. The 36658 bacteriocin is a new type of streptocin previously not reported. The possible absence of bacteriophage or phage‐like particles in the preparations is discussed.
Purification and Characterization of Spirosomes in Lactobacillus brevis
Authors: Ueki Yukihide , Masuda Kuniyoshi , Kawata Tornio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSpirosomes, very fine spiral particles, were isolated from a protoplastlysate of Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 8287 by differential centrifugation and purified further by potassium tartrate density gradient centrifugation. The purified spirosome preparation showed a maximum peak around 275 nm on the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and it consisted of about 94.5% protein. The buoyant density in CsCl of the spirosomes was 1.320 g/cm3. The spirosomes were composed mainly of a single protein (spirosin) with an apparent molecular weight of about 95,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein of the spirosomes was found to be composed predominantly of neutral amino acids accompanied by approximately equal amounts of acidic and basic amino acids. The spirosomes showed one antigenic determinant in the immunodiffusion test. The spirosomes were readily degraded by the action of proteolytic enzymes and lost their antigenicity, but they were not affected by treatment with either deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease. The spiral structure of the spirosome was also found to be disintegrated by treatment with 1 m guanidine hydrochloride, 4 m urea or 0.1% SDS, but not by the action of deoxycholate, non‐ionic detergents or mercaptoethanol, as observed in the electron microscope.
Regulatory Mechanism of Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in Mice: IV. Effect of Suppressor T Cells on the Development of Memory T Cells Involved in Accelerated Generation of DTH‐Effector Cells In Vitro
Authors: Tamura Shin‐Ichi , Kojima Asato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of suppressor T cells (Ts) on the induction and the subsequent development of memory T cells for delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) was examined. The memory cells were induced in the spleens of mice primed previously with a low dose of reduced and alkylated ovalbumin (RA‐OA), and they generated DTH‐effector T cells (DTH‐Te) in a significantly accelerated fashion when cultured with OA in vitro. Ts were obtained from the spleens of mice which received OA‐coupled spleen cells i.v. 4 days previously, and they inhibited antigen‐specifically the induction of DTH responses in the recipient mice sensitized with alum‐absorbed OA only when transferred within 5 weeks before sensitization. The spleen cells from mice given Ts together with the priming antigen 7 weeks before culture failed to generate DTH‐Te in an accelerated manner on restimulation with OA in vitro. The memory cells from primed mice also did not cause accelerated generation of DTH‐Te, when cultured with Ts in the presence of OA in vitro. These results indicate that both the induction of the memory cells by priming with antigen in vivo and the subsequent development of memory cells to DTH‐Te by restimulation in vitro are inhibited independently by Ts. This corresponded well with the effect of Ts on the development of DTH‐memory in vivo.
Regulatory Mechanism of Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in Mice: V. Augmentor Cells for DTH Responses
Authors: Kojima Asato , Tamura Shin‐Ichi , Egashira Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMice primed with 1 μg of reduced and alkylated ovalbumin (RA‐OA) developed not only long‐lived memory cells for delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH), capable of differentiating into DTH‐effector T cells (DTH‐Te) against ovalbumin (OA) when restimulated in vitro with OA, but also spleen cells capable of augmenting recipients' DTH responses to OA when transferred into cyclophosphamide (CY)‐pretreated mice. The augmenting activity in spleen cells, upon transfer, was found 7 days, but not 21 or 91 days, after priming with RA‐OA, although memory DTH‐Te were present throughout the period of observation. The loss of augmenting activity after day 7 of priming was not due to the presence of suppressor cells; spleen cells taken 21 days after priming failed to suppress, upon transfer, the augmenting activity in 7‐day‐primed spleen cells as well as induction and expression of DTH responses to OA. When 7‐day‐primed spleen cells were fractionated on a discontinuous bovine serum albumin density gradient, the augmenting activity was found only in the medium‐density‐cell layer, although memory DTH‐Te were separated in the high‐density layer. Augmentation of DTH‐Te generation could also be demonstrated in vitro when 7‐day‐primed spleen cells, but not 21‐day‐primed spleen cells, were added to cultures of spleen cells from CY‐pretreated mice. These results indicate that, in the 7‐day‐primed spleen, there is an augmentor cell population which is different from memory DTH‐Te and interacts with CY‐resistant unprimed cells to facilitate DTH‐Te generation.
Chemical and Biological Properties of Lipopolysaccharide from a Marine Bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum PJ‐1
Authors: Kuwae Toyoyasu , Sasaki Takeji , Kurata Munetsugu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe chemical and biological properties of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from a marine bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum PJ‐1, were studied.This LPS consists of 40.6% carbohydrate, 27.3% fatty acid, 0.2% 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate (KDO) and other components. One characteristic of this LPS is its small amount of KDO, the basic component of the usual LPS. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel revealed at least two staining bands for carbohydrates. These bands were continuous and broad, and showed rapid electrophoretic mobility which corresponded closely to the fastest moving band of LPS from Salmonella typhimurium.This LPS preparation had adjuvant activity, lethality for ddY mice, and the ability to gel Limulus amebocyte lysate, and the strength of these activities corresponded closely to those of LPS preparations from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and S. typhimurium. In the test for lethality of the LPS for ddY mice, the lethal action appeared in two phases depending on the dose used for intravenous (i.v.) injection : the early lethal action appeared within 30 min after injection of 250 μg or less, and the late lethal action occurred gradually after 16 hr at doses of 500 μg or more. The total (both phases) LD50 of this LPS (i.v.) for ddY mice was 265 μg per mouse and in only the late phase it was 500 μg.These results show that in spite of structual differences in regard to KDO content, LPS from P. phosphoreum PJ‐1 has some biological properties similar to those of LPS from E. coli 0111:B4 and S. typhimurium but it shows no immunological cross‐reaction with other LPS.