bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of cytogenetics for venous thromboembolism in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Kwon Ji-hyun , Yoon Sung , Song Leo , Yoon Jae-Ho , Shin Seung-Hwan , Min Woo-Sung , Lee Yun-Gyoo , Kim Inho , Park Seongyang , Kim Hee-Je 
Published: October 2014

SummaryDue to the high risk of thrombocytopenia and haemorrhage, thrombotic complications have received little attention in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Furthermore, the predictive role of cytogenetics on venous thromboembolism (VTE) has largely been ignored. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and prognostic aspects of VTE in AML. A total of 811 consecutive patients with AML were enrolled and analysed retrospectively. Cox time-dependent covariate regression analysis was used to identify the significant predictors of VTE development. To minimise potential confounding factors, we used propensity-score matching to compare overall survival between patients with and without VTE. The six-month and one-year cumulative incidences of VTE were 3.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.0–4.7) and 3.9 % (95 % CI, 2.6–5.7), respectively. Of the 26 cases of VTE, 22 (85 %) developed within 6 months of leukemia diagnosis and 13 (50 %) were catheter-related. In multivariate analysis, advanced age (≥ 65 years) (hazard ratio [HR], 2.70; p = 0.03) and increasing cytogenetic risk (common HR, 1.84; p = 0.05) were independent predictors of VTE. There was no significant association between VTE development and decreased survival (p = 0.32 for matched analysis). Advanced age and increasing cytogenetic risk, well-known predictors for clinical outcome in AML, were also independent risk factors of VTE development. Our results suggest that VTE does not hold prognostic implications for AML.
Adipokines at the crossroad between obesity and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Morel Sandrine , Kwak Brenda , Rohner-Jeanrenaud Françoise , Steffens Sabine , Molica Filippo 
Published: October 2014

SummaryObesity, and especially excessive visceral adipose tissue accumulation, is considered as a low-grade inflammatory state that is responsible for adipocyte dysfunction and associated metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue displays endocrine functions by releasing pro- or antiinflammatory bioactive molecules named adipokines. An altered expression of these molecules, provoked by obesity or adipocyte dysregulation, contributes to major metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus that are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, obesity is also characterised by the expansion of perivascular adipose tissue that acts locally via diffusion of adipokines into the vascular wall. Local inflammation within blood vessels induced by adipokines contributes to the onset of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, but also to vascular remodelling and hypertension. A fast expansion of obesity is expected in the near future, which will rapidly increase the incidence of these cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this review is to summarise the link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease and discuss current treatment approaches, limitations and future perspectives for more targeted therapies.
Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide-1-108 Processing and Degradation in Human Heart Failure
Authors: Huntley Brenda K. , Sandberg Sharon M. , Heublein Denise M. , Sangaralingham S. Jeson , Burnett John C. , Ichiki Tomoko 
Published: October 2014

Background—
We have reported that pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)-1-108 circulates and is processed to mature BNP1-32 in human blood. Building on these findings, we sought to determine whether proBNP1-108 processed forms in normal circulation are biologically active and stimulate cGMP, and whether proBNP1-108 processing and activity are altered in human heart failure (HF) compared with normal. Because BNP1-32 is deficient whereas proBNP1-108 is abundant in HF, we hypothesize that proBNP1-108 processing and degradation are impaired in HF patients ex vivo.

Methods and Results—
We measured circulating molecular forms, including BNP1-32, proBNP1-108, and N-terminal-proBNP, and all were significantly higher in patients with HF when compared with that in normals. Fresh serum samples from normals or patients with HF were incubated with or without exogenous nonglycosylated proBNP1-108 tagged with 6 C-terminal Histidines to facilitate peptide isolation. His-tag proBNP1-108 was efficiently processed into BNP1-32/3-32 at 5 minutes in normal serum, persisted for 15 minutes, then disappeared. Delayed processing of proBNP1-108 was observed in HF samples, and the degradation pattern differed depending on left ventricular function. The 5-minute processed forms from both normal and HF serums were active and generated cGMP via guanylyl cyclase-A receptors; however, the 180-minute samples were not active. The proBNP1-108 processing enzyme corin and BNP-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 were reduced in HF versus normal, perhaps contributing to differential BNP metabolism in HF.

Conclusions—
Exogenous proBNP1-108 is processed into active BNP1-32 and ultimately degraded in normal circulation. The processing and degradation of BNP molecular forms were altered but complete in HF, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of HF.
Improved Tropical-Cyclone Flight-Level Wind Estimates Using Routine Infrared Satellite Reconnaissance
Authors: Knaff John A. , Longmore Scott P. , DeMaria Robert T. , Molenar Debra A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new and improved method for estimating tropical-cyclone (TC) flight-level winds using globally and routinely available TC information and infrared (IR) satellite imagery is presented. The developmental dataset is composed of aircraft reconnaissance (1995–2012) that has been analyzed to a 1 km × 10° polar grid that extends outward 165 km from the TC center. The additional use of an azimuthally average tangential wind at 500 km, based on global model analyses, allows the estimation of winds at larger radii. Analyses are rotated to a direction-relative framework, normalized by dividing the wind field by the observed maximum, and then decomposed into azimuthal wavenumbers in terms of amplitudes and phases. Using a single-field principal component method, the amplitudes and phases of the wind field are then statistically related to principal components of motion-relative IR images and factors related to the climatological radius of maximum winds. The IR principal components allow the wind field to be related to the radial and azimuthal variability of the wind field. Results show that this method, when provided with the storm location, the estimated TC intensity, the TC motion vector, and a single IR image, is able to estimate the azimuthal wavenumber 0 and 1 components of the wind field. The resulting wind field reconstruction significantly improves on the method currently used for satellite-based operational TC wind field estimates. This application has several potential uses that are discussed within.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclones to Parameterized Convection in the NASA GEOS-5 Model
Authors: Lim Young-Kwon , Schubert Siegfried D. , Reale Oreste , Lee Myong-In , Molod Andrea M. , Suarez Max J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The sensitivity of tropical cyclones (TCs) to changes in parameterized convection is investigated to improve the simulation of TCs in the North Atlantic. Specifically, the impact of reducing the influence of the Relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS) scheme-based parameterized convection is explored using the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) model at 0.25° horizontal grid spacing. The years 2005 and 2006, characterized by very active and inactive hurricane seasons, respectively, are selected for simulation.
A reduction in parameterized deep convection results in an increase in TC activity (e.g., TC number and longer life cycle) to more realistic levels compared to the baseline control configuration. The vertical and horizontal structure of the strongest simulated hurricane shows the maximum wind speed greater than 60 m s−1 and the minimum sea level pressure reaching ~940 mb, which are never achieved by the control configuration. The radius of the maximum wind of ~50 km, the location of the warm core exceeding 10°C, and the horizontal compactness of the hurricane center are all quite realistic without any negatively affecting the atmospheric mean state.
This study reveals that an increase in the threshold of minimum entrainment suppresses parameterized deep convection by entraining more dry air into the typical plume. This leads to cooling and drying at the mid to upper troposphere, along with the positive latent heat flux and moistening in the lower troposphere. The resulting increase in conditional instability provides an environment that is more conducive to TC vortex development and upward moisture flux convergence by dynamically resolved moist convection, thereby increasing TC activity.
Linking Emergence of the Central Pacific El Niño to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Yu Jin-Yi , Kao Pei-ken , Paek Houk , Hsu Huang-Hsiung , Hung Chih-wen , Lu Mong-Ming , An Soon-Il 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The ocean–atmosphere coupling in the northeastern subtropical Pacific is dominated by a Pacific meridional mode (PMM), which spans between the extratropical and tropical Pacific and plays an important role in connecting extratropical climate variability to the occurrence of El Niño. Analyses of observational data and numerical model experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the PMM (and the subtropical Pacific coupling) experienced a rapid strengthening in the early 1990s and that this strengthening is related to an intensification of the subtropical Pacific high caused by a phase change of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). This PMM strengthening favored the development of more central Pacific (CP)-type El Niño events. The recent shift from more conventional eastern Pacific (EP) to more CP-type El Niño events can thus be at least partly understood as a Pacific Ocean response to a phase change in the AMO.
A Climatology of Cold Air Outbreaks and Their Impact on Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in the High-Latitude South Pacific
Authors: Papritz Lukas , Pfahl Stephan , Sodemann Harald , Wernli Heini 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA climatology of cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in the high latitudes of the South Pacific and an analysis of the dynamical mechanisms leading to their formation are presented. Two major and distinct regions with frequent CAOs from autumn to spring are identified: one in the Ross Sea and another in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas. Using an objective method to attribute CAOs to extratropical cyclones, it is shown that about 80% of the CAOs occur in association with the cyclonic flow induced by the passage of extratropical cyclones. Based on kinematic backward trajectories it is quantified that more than 40% of the air masses leading to CAOs originate from Antarctica and descend substantially, with the Ross Ice Shelf corridor as the major pathway. CAO trajectories descending from Antarctica differ from those originating over sea ice by a much lower specific humidity, stronger diabatic cooling, and much more intense adiabatic warming, while potential vorticity evolves similarly in both categories. In winter, CAOs are the major contributor to the net turbulent heat flux off the sea ice edge and CAO frequency strongly determines its interannual variation. Wintertime variations of the frequency of extratropical cyclones are strongly imprinted on the frequency of CAOs and the net turbulent heat and freshwater fluxes. In particular, much of the precipitation associated with the passage of extratropical cyclones is compensated by intense evaporation in cyclone-induced CAOs. This highlights the dominant role of the extratropical storm track in determining the variability of the buoyancy flux forcing of the Southern Ocean.
An Assessment of the Precision and Confidence of Aquatic Eddy Correlation Measurements
Authors: Donis Daphne , Holtappels Moritz , Noss Christian , Cathalot Cecile , Hancke Kasper , Polsenaere Pierre , Wenzhöfer Frank , Lorke Andreas , Meysman Filip J. R. , Glud Ronnie N. , McGinnis Daniel F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe quantification of benthic fluxes with the aquatic eddy correlation (EC) technique is based on simultaneous measurement of the current velocity and a targeted bottom water parameter (e.g., O2, temperature). High-frequency measurements (64 Hz) are performed at a single point above the seafloor using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and a fast-responding sensor. The advantages of aquatic EC technique are that 1) it is noninvasive, 2) it integrates fluxes over a large area, and 3) it accounts for in situ hydrodynamics. The aquatic EC has gained acceptance as a powerful technique; however, an accurate assessment of the errors introduced by the spatial alignment of velocity and water constituent measurements and by their different response times is still needed.Here, this paper discusses uncertainties and biases in the data treatment based on oxygen EC flux measurements in a large-scale flume facility with well-constrained hydrodynamics. These observations are used to review data processing procedures and to recommend improved deployment methods, thus improving the precision, reliability, and confidence of EC measurements. Specifically, this study demonstrates that 1) the alignment of the time series based on maximum cross correlation improved the precision of EC flux estimations; 2) an oxygen sensor with a response time of <0.4 s facilitates accurate EC fluxes estimates in turbulence regimes corresponding to horizontal velocities < 11 cm s−1; and 3) the smallest possible distance (<1 cm) between the oxygen sensor and the ADV’s sampling volume is important for accurate EC flux estimates, especially when the flow direction is perpendicular to the sensor’s orientation.
An OSSE-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Variational–Ensemble Data Assimilation for the NCEP GFS. Part II: 4DEnVar and Hybrid Variants
Authors: Kleist Daryl T. , Ide Kayo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This work describes the formulation of a hybrid four-dimensional ensemble--variational (4DEnVar) algorithm and initialization options utilized within the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global data assimilation system. Initialization schemes that are proposed for use are the tangent-linear normal mode constraint, weak constraint digital filter, and a combination thereof.
An observing system simulation experiment is carried out to evaluate the impact of utilizing hybrid 4DEnVar with various initialization techniques. The experiments utilize a dual-resolution configuration, where the ensemble is run at roughly half the resolution of the deterministic component. It is found that by going from 3D to 4D, analysis error is reduced for most variables and levels. The inclusion of a time-invariant static covariance when used without a normal mode–based strong constraint is found to have a small, positive impact on the analysis. The experiments show that the weak constraint digital filter degrades the quality of analysis, due to the use of hourly states to prescribe high-frequency noise. It is found that going from 3D to 4D ensemble covariances has a relatively larger impact in the extratropics, whereas the original inclusion of ensemble-based covariances was found to have the largest impact in the tropics. The improvements found in going from 3D to 4D covariances in the hybrid EnVar formulation are not as large as was found in Part I from the original introduction of the hybrid algorithm. The analyses generated by the 4D hybrid scheme are found to yield slightly improved extratropical height and wind forecasts, with smaller impacts on other variables and in general in the tropics.
Capillary flow of liquid water through yarns: a theoretical model
Authors: Almoughni Hend , Gong Hugh 
Published: October 2014

In extreme weather conditions and activity levels of human subjects, evaporation of sweat is critical for maintaining the sensorial and thermal comfort. Fabrics, from which clothes worn next to the skin are made, play an important role in facilitating the transfer of body liquid perspiration away from the skin to the environment through the mechanisms of capillary flow and evaporation. This work is a theoretical and experimental investigation of water flow characteristics of yarns with relevance to their structure geometry and constituent fiber chemistry. A theoretical model to predict the capillary flow of liquid water through yarns was proposed. The model is based on the Kozeny–Carman equation, which represents interfiber pores in terms of the hydraulic radius theory. Cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester yarns were produced by systematically varying different production parameters, including fiber type, yarn twist, yarn linear density and blend ratio. Plain knitted fabrics were produced and yarns taken from the produced fabrics were tested for horizontal linear flow of liquid water. The experimental results showed a strong correlation with the estimated results based on the theoretical model. The model predicts that as the ratio of interfiber pore space area to the total fiber perimeter within yarn increases, the flow rate is expected to increase.
A LPV model-based chilled water temperature controller for HVAC systems
Authors: Zhu Jianhua , Yang Qinmin , Xu Xiangguo , Lu Jiangang 
Published: October 2014

In this paper, a linear parameter varying (LPV) model-based predictive control method is proposed to regulate the chilled water temperature of centralized heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. First, a LPV model structure is proposed to identify the dynamics of the refrigerant loop under varying cooling load. By defining the scheduling variable to be the chilled water mass flow rate, the working conditions, under which the HVAC system is operating, can be quantified. Thereafter, a certain number of operating points across the whole operation range can be determined and the corresponding local linear models are built. Subsequently, a global LPV model is attained by interpolating all local models along with transition process data. With the aid of the model, a LPV-based model predictive control mechanism is implemented to control the compressor frequency in order to maintain the chilled water temperature in the presence of varying cooling load and external disturbance. Experimental tests on a pilot HVAC system demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can accurately capture the nonlinearity of the process and deliver satisfactory performance to maintain a desired chilled water temperature. Practical application: HVAC systems equipped with variable chilled water loop can save energy at part-load conditions. But modeling the dynamical characteristics of regulating chilled water temperature of such systems is challenging. This paper offers an LPV model methodology that can be implemented on a polite HVAC system to represent the dynamics of chilled water temperature. Based on the obtained LPV model, model predictive controller is subsequently designed to maintain the chilled water temperature. Specific procedures of LPV model identification and LPV-based predictive controller implementation have also been shown.
Comparison of mammographic density estimation by Volpara software with radiologists' visual assessment: analysis of clinical–radiologic factors affecting discrepancy between them
Authors: Lee Han Na , Sohn Yu-Mee , Han Kyung Hwa 
Published: October 2014

Background Volumetric breast density analysis is useful for quantitative mammographic assessment. However, there are few studies about clinical–radiologic factors contributing to discrepancies in the visual assessment by radiologists. Purpose To compare automated volumetric breast density measurement with BI-RADS breast density category by radiologists' visual assessments and to evaluate the clinical–radiologic factors affecting disagreement between two estimations. Material and Methods From February 2011 to September 2012, 860 patients (mean age, 54.7 ± 10.2 years) who had undergone digital mammography including fully automated volumetric breast density analysis, were enrolled. The agreement in breast density assessments between two radiologists, and between an experienced radiologist and the automated software were evaluated using a weighted kappa ( k) value. Clinical–radiologic factors contributing to disagreement between the results obtained by a radiologist and the automated software were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Breast density assessments obtained by two different radiologists were in good agreement (weighted k statistics 0.835%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8098–0.8608); breast density assessments obtained by an experienced radiologist versus automated software were in moderate agreement (weighted k statistics 0.799%; 95% CI, 0.7708–0.8263). Univariate analysis identified a difference in bilateral breast density and patient age as two factors that significantly contributed to disagreement between the two approaches ( P = 0.0002, P = 0.019). Multivariate analysis only identified a difference in bilateral breast density as a contributing factor. Conclusion The automated volumetric breast density measurement showed good agreement with radiologists' assessment. The difference in bilateral breast density affected the disagreement between results from visual assessment and automated software.
Sickle cell disease increases high mobility group box 1: a novel mechanism of inflammation
Authors: Xu Hao , Wandersee Nancy J. , Guo YiHe , Jones Deron W. , Holzhauer Sandra L. , Hanson Madelyn S. , Machogu Evans , Brousseau David C. , Hogg Neil , Densmore John C. , Kaul Sushma , Hillery Cheryl A. , Pritchard Kirkwood A. 
Published: October 2014

Key PointsSCD increases release of HMGB1. HMGB1 plays a major role in increasing TLR4 activity in SCD.