bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fallibility and Trust
Authors: Rosenkranz Sven 
Published: June 2013

AbstractI argue that while admission of one's own fallibility rationally requires one's readiness to stand corrected in the light of future evidence, it need have no consequences for one's present degrees of belief. In particular, I argue that one's fallibility in a given area gives one no reason to forego assigning credence 1 to propositions belonging to that area. I can thus be seen to take issue with David Christensen's recent claim that our fallibility has far‐reaching consequences for our account of rational belief and epistemic rationality. My argumentsinter aliarely on the idea that in basing one's beliefs on one's evidence, one trusts both that one's evidence has the right pedigree and that one gets its probative force right, where such trust can rationally be invested without the need of any further evidence.
The necrotrophic effector SnToxA induces the synthesis of a novel phytoalexin in wheat
Authors: Du Fall Lauren A. , Solomon Peter S. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis produce the effector ToxA that interacts with the dominant susceptibility gene in wheat, Tsn1. However, the way in which ToxA induces cell death and causes disease is unclear.

Here, we performed comprehensive metabolite profiling of ToxA‐infiltrated wheat (Triticum aestivum) to observe the secondary metabolite response to this effector.

A strong induction of secondary metabolism subsequent to SnToxA infiltration was observed, including the monoamine serotonin. We established a novel role for serotonin as a phytoalexin in wheat and demonstrated that serotonin strongly inhibited sporulation of S. nodorum. Microscopy revealed that serotonin interferes with spore formation and maturation within pycnidial structures of the fungus. Subsequent analysis of S. nodorum exposed to serotonin revealed metabolites changes previously associated with sporulation, including trehalose and alternariol. Furthermore, we identified significantly lower concentrations of serotonin during infection compared with infiltration with ToxA, providing evidence that S. nodorum may suppress plant defence.

This is the first study demonstrating induction of plant secondary metabolites in response to a necrotrophic effector that have significant antifungal potential against the pathogen. While it is generally accepted that necrotrophs exploit host cell responses, the current research strengthens the notion that necrotrophs require mechanisms to overcome plant defence to survive initial stages of infection.
Break Date Estimation for Models with Deterministic Structural Change
Authors: Harvey David I. , Leybourne Stephen J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article, we consider estimating the timing of a break in level and/or trend when the order of integration and autocorrelation properties of the data are unknown. For stationary innovations, break point estimation is commonly performed by minimizing the sum of squared residuals across all candidate break points, using a regression of the levels of the series on the assumed deterministic components. For unit root processes, the obvious modification is to use a first differenced version of the regression, while a further alternative in a stationary autoregressive setting is to consider a GLS‐type quasi‐differenced regression. Given uncertainty over which of these approaches to adopt in practice, we develop a hybrid break fraction estimator that selects from the levels‐based estimator, the first‐difference‐based estimator, and a range of quasi‐difference‐based estimators, according to which achieves the global minimum sum of squared residuals. We establish the asymptotic properties of the estimators considered, and compare their performance in practically relevant sample sizes using simulation. We find that the new hybrid estimator has desirable asymptotic properties and performs very well in finite samples, providing a reliable approach to break date estimation without requiring decisions to be made regarding the autocorrelation properties of the data.
Effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in obese children: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: García‐Hermoso A. , Saavedra J. M. , Escalante Y. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe purpose of this meta‐analysis was to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of exercise interventions on the resting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) of obese children. A computerized search was made of seven databases using keywords. Effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and the heterogeneity of the studies was estimated using Cochran's Q‐statistic applied to the effect size means. Nine randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies were selected for review as satisfying the inclusion criteria (n = 205 exercise, 205 control). The main cumulative evidence indicates that the exercise programmes with a frequency of three sessions weekly lasting longer than 60 min had a moderate effect on systolic blood pressure (ES = −0.46, I2 = 27%), and programmes of under 12 weeks with more than three sessions weekly were beneficial in terms of reduction of diastolic blood pressure (ES = −0.35, I2 = 78%).
Cone‐beam computed tomography for oral surgical applications: where is the evidence?
Authors: Horner K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDental cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been available for only about 15 years, but has already found many uses in the practice of oral surgery despite a limited evidence base for its diagnostic efficacy. As with all X‐ray techniques, careful attention must be given to justification and optimisation. It is usually associated with higher radiation doses and financial costs than conventional radiographic techniques, yet has corresponding advantages over multislice computed tomography. Equipment varies considerably in image quality, and it is hard to generalise about its clinical use, although it usually has acceptable accuracy for linear measurements. In terms of clinical applications, much of the literature remains dominated by opinion and case reports, with little published work relating to patient outcome efficacy. In implant dentistry, its use is well established, and guideline documents exist which favour selected use. For mandibular third molar surgery, it has good diagnostic accuracy for inferior dental canal relationships but, apart from ‘high‐risk’ cases, there is no evidence to support routine use. It has many other potential uses where three‐dimensional information will be of help. Use of CBCT has implications for training of users. At this time, the evidence base suggests that a restrained approach in using CBCT is appropriate, limiting it to situations where conventional radiography cannot provide the information required to manage a patient adequately, or to those where multislice computed tomography is the current imaging modality of choice and where limited soft tissue contrast is acceptable.
Relapse of minimal change nephrotic syndrome after intravitreal bevacizumab
Authors: Sato Tomoko , Kawasaki Yukihiko , Waragai Tomoko , Imaizumi Tomoko , Ono Atsushi , Sakai Nobuko , Hosoya Mitsuaki 
Published: June 2013

AbstractReported herein is a case of relapse of nephrotic syndrome (NS) after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in a 16‐year‐old girl. She had a diagnosis of steroid‐dependent NS and had been treated with prednisolone, and remained in remission. The patient had had visus brevior 10 years previously, and was diagnosed with severe myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Intravitreal bevacizumab was given for mCNV. At 9 days after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, proteinuria was positive. The patient had relapse of NS caused by bevacizumab, and steroid pulse therapy was then given and the proteinuria resolved. It is necessary to take particular care to prevent NS relapses in patients with mCNV treated with intravitreal bevacizumab.
Neonatal orbital abscess
Authors: Lin Chien‐Yu , Chiu Nan‐Chang , Lee Kuo‐Sheng , Huang Fu‐Yuan , Hsu Chyong‐Hsin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOrbital abscess is life‐threatening and rare in children. Reported herein is a term male neonate who had methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus orbital abscess, and a literature review of this disease. A total of 16 neonates diagnosed with neonatal orbital abscess are reported in the literature. There is a mild male predilection and two neonates were delivered prematurely. Leukocytosis, fever, ethmoiditis and associated upper respiratory tract infection were found in approximately half of them. Eight neonates had sepsis and 14 patients underwent surgical intervention. One patient died. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 14 out of 17 patients. Neonatal orbital abscess is rarely encountered but may be fatal. Although streptococci are prevalent in childhood orbital infection, S. aureus was predominant in neonatal orbital abscess in the present series. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy against S. aureus is essential in treating neonatal orbital abscess. This case suggests that a higher initial dose of vancomycin may be an effective and safe strategy for severe S. aureus infection in neonates.
Skin hamartoma on the hand of a newborn infant
Authors: Kaga Akimune , Itabashi Chieko , Kanda Susumu , Suzuki Yutaka , Tanabu Muneyuki , Kure Shigeo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSkin hamartoma is an extremely rare disease on the hand in newborn infants. Reported herein is the case of a newborn infant who presented with a skin hamartoma on the hand. The patient was a girl born at 37 weeks of gestational age. The mass was seen on her proximal left thumb at birth. The mass had a spherical diameter of 4 cm and was pedunculated. One the day after birth, the stalk on the mass was ligated in the neonatal intensive care unit. The mass was diagnosed as skin hamartoma on histopathology. At 1 year of age, the child had good hand function, and no recurrence of the neoplasia was evident.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis in non‐twin siblings
Authors: Yoon Jong Hyung , Park Hyeon Jin , Park Seog‐Yun , Park Byung‐Kiu 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), which has unknown pathogenesis, can manifest as many kinds of signs and symptoms at any age. Although its genetic background has not been exactly identified, the familial clustering of this disease has been described in some reports. It is very uncommon, however, in siblings who are not monozygotic or dizygotic twins. Reported herein is a case of LCH in non‐twin siblings (younger sister and elder brother) who were diagnosed at 3.3 and 14.5 years of age, respectively, and successfully treated with chemotherapy, with BRAF V600E mutation status, and a brief review of the literature.
Clinical spectrum of cleidocranial dysplasia in a family with twins
Authors: Wang Jiangping , Huang Xinwen , Lai Can , Jiang Kewen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare congenital defect of autosomal dominant inheritance, primarily affecting bones that undergo intra‐membranous ossification. Herein is reported the case of monozygotic male 13‐year‐old twins with typical features of this syndrome, such as large wide‐open fontanels, abnormal clavicles with narrow, sloping shoulders that can be apposed at the midline, short stature, mid‐face hypoplasia, multiple supernumerary teeth, and skeletal anomalies. Their physical appearance led to the diagnosis of CCD. Genetic analysis found a C–T exchange in exon 2 at cDNA position 568, which changes the codon CGG for arginine to TGG for tryptophan (R190W) of the runt‐related transcription factor 2 RUNX2 gene. CCD should be suspected in patients with persistence of the widely open anterior fontanels and sutures, short stature, and poor clavicles, calvarium, or teeth. Timely recognition and hereditary tendency counseling is required and useful because of the possibility of covert transmissibility and sporadic genetic mutation.
What Is Wrong withHacker'sWittgenstein? On Grammar, Context and Sense‐Determination
Authors: Dobler Tamara 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPeter Hacker defends an interpretation of the later Wittgenstein's notion of grammar, according to which the inherently general grammatical rules are sufficient for sense‐determination. My aim is to show that this interpretation fails to account for an important contextualist shift inWittgenstein's views on sense‐determination. I argue that Hacker attributes to the later Wittgenstein a rule‐based, combinatorial account of sense, which Wittgenstein puts forward in theTractatus. I propose that this is not how we should interpret the later Wittgenstein because he insists that particular circumstances of use play a necessary role in determining the boundary between sense and nonsense.
The Role of Bodily Perception in Emotion: In Defense of an Impure Somatic Theory
Authors: Barlassina Luca , Newen Albert 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we develop an impure somatic theory of emotion, according to which emotions are constituted by the integration of bodily perceptions with representations of external objects, events, or states of affairs. We put forward our theory by contrasting it with Prinz's (2004) pure somatic theory, according to which emotions are entirely constituted by bodily perceptions. After illustrating Prinz's theory and discussing the evidence in its favor, we show that it is beset by serious problems—i.e., it gets the neural correlates of emotion wrong, it isn't able to distinguish emotions from bodily perceptions that aren't emotions, it cannot account for emotions being directed towards particular objects, and it mischaracterizes emotion phenomenology. We argue that our theory accounts for the empirical evidence considered by Prinz and solves the problems faced by his theory. In particular, we maintain that our theory gives a unified and principled account of the relation between emotions and bodily perceptions, the intentionality of emotions, and emotion phenomenology.
Addressing the oral healthcare needs of special needs children: pediatric nurses’ self‐perceived effectiveness
Authors: Parish Carrigan L. , Singer Richard , Abel Stephen , Metsch Lisa R. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo examine the oral health knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses who coordinate healthcare services for special needs children and to identify those factors that influenced their perceived effectiveness in managing their patients’ oral health needs.MethodsSelf‐reported data were collected from 376 nurses employed at Children's Medical Services who responded to an online survey. Likert scale scores were used to specifically assess the nurses’ perceived effectiveness in addressing the oral health needs of special needs children.ResultsCharacteristics significantly associated with special needs pediatric nurses who described themselves as “effective or very effective” included: the self‐perception of being very knowledgeable about basic oral health, receiving four or more hours of continuing education training, and securing dental appointments for the majority of their pediatric special needs patients with minimal waiting times.ConclusionFindings reveal that oral health knowledge significantly influenced nurses’ perceived effectiveness in addressing the oral health needs of special needs children, as well as their ability to secure timely dental appointments. These results support the need to incorporate oral health education into nursing curricula and expand upon the dental workforce available and willing to treat disabled patients.
A qualitative study of the dimensions of patients’ perceptions of facial disfigurement after head and neck cancer surgery
Authors: Costa Edmar Fernandes , Nogueira Túlio Eduardo , de Souza Lima Nathália Caroline , Mendonça Elismauro Francisco , Leles Cláudio Rodrigues 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe study aim was to explore the underlying dimensions of patients’ perceptions and experiences of facial disfigurement following surgery for cancer treatment, using a qualitative approach based on individual in‐depth interviews. Data analysis and interpretation consisted of separating responses into phrases or statements with a single thematic aspect. Subsequently, a number of dimensions and categories were created using a deductive–inductive content analysis. Three main categories emerged: discovering of the cancer, coping with the disease and disfigurement, and reconstructing a new identity. The initial stage elicited feelings of fear, denial, and guilt as a reaction to the stigma and prejudice. Coping strategies included resignation and acceptance, deepening religiosity, reinforcement of familiar cohesion, and creation of a social network of solidarity and support. The final stage comprised incorporation of the altered facial image, rehabilitation possibilities, reconstruction of personality and self‐image, and the feeling of having overcome the disease. It was concluded that individual experiences are complex, challenging, and have striking effects on their lives. There is an urgent need for training and improvement in human resources to manage these patients in a multidisciplinary approach, aimed at their reintegration into society and reducing the prejudice and stigma of the disease and disfiguration.
A study of the behavior and mechanism of thermal conduction in the skin under moist and dry heat conditions
Authors: Igaki M. , Higashi T. , Hamamoto S. , Kodama S. , Naito S. , Tokuhara S. 
Published: June 2013

PurposeWe analyzed skin heat conduction under moist and dry heat conditions to confirm the influence of moist heat on the skin and subcutaneous region.MethodsSix healthy subjects placed their forearms in moist and dry heat air chambers, and the thickness of and moisture levels in the stratum corneum were measured. Skin surface temperatures, heat flux, and skin blood flow were measured in 11 healthy subjects.ResultsWithin 10 min, the stratum corneum in skin exposed to moist heat reached a thickness of about 150%, and water content in the stratum corneum increased to about 200%. In contrast, the thickness of water content in the stratum corneum did not change in the dry heat condition. Skin surface temperatures of skin exposed to moist heat were significantly higher after 0.5 min of exposure (P < 0.01), the skin surface heat flux was greater, and blood flow was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after 10 min than that of skin exposed to dry heat.ConclusionStratum corneum moisture levels and skin surface heat conductivity were higher in the moist heat condition and skin blood flow was significantly greater than that in skin exposed to dry heat. Therefore, moist heat is more efficient at warming the body than dry heat.
Expansion of recipient‐derived antiviral T cells may influence donor chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Borchers S. , Weissinger E.M. , Pabst B. , Ganzenmueller T. , Dammann E. , Luther S. , Diedrich H. , Ganser A. , Stadler M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDonor chimerism (DC) analysis is an important marker in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant follow‐up. Here, we present evidence for a possible relationship of infectious complications and declines in DC. We analyzed the DC in patients experiencing cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. In addition, in some patients chimerism analyses of T‐cell subsets were performed. CMV‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CMV‐CTL) were monitored using human leukocyte antigen‐restricted multimer staining. Interestingly, CMV reactivation was accompanied by changes in DC in 11 of 67 patients transplanted. For example, DC declined in a cord blood recipient, in both total leukocytes and CD4 and CD8 T‐cell subsets upon CMV reactivation. The latter was controlled after only 5 days through expanding CMV‐CTL of 96% recipient origin, according to chimerism analysis of CMV‐CTL (enriched beyond 50%). In another patient, transplanted after reduced‐intensity conditioning from a DQB1 mismatched, CMV seronegative donor, incipient CMV reactivation was completely aborted by CMV‐CTL of recipient origin. However, at the same time, mixed chimerism dropped from 51% to 0% donor type, resulting in late graft rejection. Our data indicate that chimerism analyses in subset populations lead to a better understanding of declining total leukocyte chimerism. Furthermore, recipient‐derived CMV‐CTL may be able to control CMV reactivation after reduced‐intensity conditioning. We speculate that autologous CMV‐CTL may be instrumental to overcome recurrent CMV reactivations, especially in patients transplanted from CMV‐seronegative donors. In addition, the expansion of recipient‐derived CMV‐CTL may contribute to both, graft failure or to conversion to full DC.
Effects of gastric distension on intraabdominal pressures in horses
Authors: Barrett Elizabeth J. , Munsterman Amelia S. , Hanson R. Reid 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of gastric distension on intraabdominal pressures (IAP) measured directly from the intraperitoneal space.DesignProspective, experimental study.SettingA university‐based equine research facility.AnimalsTen healthy adult horses, 5 males and 5 females.InterventionsIntraabdominal pressures were measured through an intraperitoneal cannula zeroed at a height midway between the height of the tuber ishii and point of the shoulder at 6 time points: at rest, after placement of a nasogastric tube, and after instillation of each 5 L increment up to a total of 20 L of water. Simultaneously, mean arterial pressures (MAP) were obtained using a tail cuff, and abdominal perfusion pressures (APP) were calculated using the measured IAP minus the measured MAP.Measurements and Main ResultsBaseline direct IAP measurements were subatmospheric (–4.5 ± 3.0 cm H2O). IAPs were not significantly affected by placement of a nasogastric tube (–2.69, 95% CI [–3.24, –2.14], P = 0.4195), but were significantly increased after placement of 5 L (–1.73, 95% CI [–2.28, –1.18], P = 0.0015), 10 L (–0.54, 95% CI [–1.09,0.01], P = 0.0001), 15 L (0.89, 95% CI [0.34, 1.44], P = 0.0001), or 20 L (3.08, 95% CI [2.53, 3.63], P = 0.0001) of water into the stomach. APPs were not significantly different for any volume of fluid infused into the stomach (P = 0.05 for all comparisons).ConclusionIAPs were significantly increased when > 5 L of water was infused into the stomach. These results indicate the need for further research in clinical cases to determine the relationship between gastric pressures and the development of intraabdominal hypertension in horses.