bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covalent Triazine Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Cyclic and Linear Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides
Authors: Roeser Jérôme , Kailasam Kamalakannan , Thomas Arne 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe base catalytic properties of a series of triazine‐based covalent organic frameworks were evaluated for the conversion of CO2 to organic carbonates. The high number of basic nitrogen sites of the as‐synthesized frameworks efficiently catalyzed the formation of cyclic carbonates via the cycloaddition of CO2 to different starting epoxides. The structural and chemical tunability of the covalent triazine frameworks allowed the fine evaluation of key parameters influencing the observed catalytic activities. An increased surface area and presence of additional mesopores dramatically enhance the activity of the investigated catalytic materials. The chemical composition was also found to influence the reaction, as evidenced by an increased activity at lower reaction temperatures, when a more basic, pyridine‐based, framework was used as catalyst. Finally, the activity in the two‐step cycloaddition/transesterification catalysis of dimethyl carbonate was evaluated in a one‐batch process.
Bio‐oil Deoxygenation by Catalytic Pyrolysis: New Catalysts for the Conversion of Biomass into Densified and Deoxygenated Bio‐oil
Authors: Sanna Aimaro , Andrésen John M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis work proposes an innovative catalytic pyrolysis process that converts bio‐refinery residues, such as spent grains, into intermediate bio‐oil with improved properties compared to traditional bio‐oils, which allows the use of existing crude‐oil refinery settings for bio‐oil upgrading into fuels. The integration of bio‐oil into a crude‐oil refinery would decrease the economic disadvantage of biomass compared to fossil fuels. The catalytic pyrolysis was able to produce bio‐oil with a lower O and N content and high levels of aliphatics and H by using activated serpentine and olivine at 430–460 °C. The activated materials seem to be beneficial to the bio‐oil energy content by increasing it from less than 20 MJ kg−1 in the original biomass to 26 MJ kg−1. Approximately 70–74 % of the starting energy remains in the bio‐oil using activated olivine (ACOL) and activated serpentine (ACSE) at 430 °C, whereas only 52 % is retained using alumina (ALU) at the same temperature. There was a strong reduction of the O content in the bio‐oils, and the deoxygenation power decreased in the following order: ACOL>ACSE>ALU. In particular, ACOL at 430–460 °C was able to reduce the O content of the bio‐oil by 40 %. The oxygenated bio‐oil macromolecules interact in the catalyst’s active sites with the naturally present metallic species and undergo decarboxylation with the formation of C5–C6 O‐depleted species.
Photocatalytic thin Films Prepared by Plasma Curing of Non‐Reactive Siloxane Dispersions Containing TiO2 Particles
Authors: Ott M. , Dölle C. , Danilov V. , Hartwig A. , Meichsner J. , Salz D. , Schmüser C. , Schorsch O. , Sebald M. , Wagner H.‐E. , Vissing K.‐D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPhotocatalytic TiO2 layers prepared by PVD or CVD processes are already produced industrially. The deposited TiO2 needs a sufficiently high concentration of the photocatalytically active anatase phase which is produced at higher substrate temperature. As a consequence, the PVD/CVD techniques are limited to heat‐resistant substrates. A novel approach for plasma hybrid coating technology is presented here using the advantages of a cold low‐pressure plasma process in combination with non‐reactive siloxane (polydimethylsiloxane – PDMS) dispersions containing sub‐micron TiO2 particles for surface functionalisation. As the result, a mechanically stable composite film containing TiO2 particles with a diameter of up to several times the average coating thickness is generated. The film consists of a top SiO2‐like surface layer and, depending on the initial film thickness, an underlying gradually demethylated and crosslinked siloxane. Although the TiO2 particles are partially covered by a thin matrix layer of several nanometres, the thin coating shows photocatalytic activity as demonstrated by UV‐degradation of methylene blue. The photocatalytic activity depends on the TiO2 particle concentration in the film and can be further enhanced by exposing the TiO2 surface by CF4 plasma etching of the composite film (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of (Cr0.75Al0.25)N Coatings Deposited by Conventional and High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Bagcivan N. , Bobzin K. , Theiß S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPulsed high power plasma discharges offer high potential by means of developing new coating systems with out‐standing characteristics and enhanced application possibilities. To get high‐performance materials the plasma physics of sputtering, transport and deposition during a High Power Pulse Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS) process have to be investigated and correlated to coating characteristics as well as compound and system char‐acteristics. Every coating has to be adapted to the specific application which it addresses. In the frame of this research project the HPPMS technology is used to investigate coating systems regarding their possibility to be used in injection molding processes.This manuscript shows a first comparison of conventional sputtered ternary Cr‐Al‐N by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering (MS), pulsed middle frequency (MF) MS and Cr‐Al‐N deposited by HPPMS. The Cr:Al ratio was kept constant at about 75: 25 (at‐%). All three coatings were analyzed regarding thickness, morphology, chemical composition, texturing and mechanical properties like hardness and Young's modulus. Furthermore, all three coatings were deposited on the complex structure of a gear wheel to obtain the uniformity of the coating.The results show that coatings cannot provide outstanding advantages regarding mechanical properties or advantages in morphology compared to conventionally deposited coatings. However, HPPMS shows a completely different phase texturing measured by X‐ray diffraction and a better uniformity on complex components (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microwave Plasma Sources ‐Applications in Industry
Authors: Kaiser M. , Baumgärtner K.‐M. , Mattheus A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPlasma, excited with microwave energy, has very interesting properties which are in direct correlation with the excitation frequency. This is due to the reachable high electron density, which itself has an influence on the density of further generated particles like ions, radicals, excited atoms and molecules or UV light. Altogether they are responsible for the high chemical reactivity of microwave plasmas attaining their maximum in the pressure regime between 1 and a few hundred Pa. Therefore, comparatively low end pumping systems can be used to achieve good results in etching, activation and deposition processes. Together with the availability of microwave generators, grown with the market of microwave heating technology, microwave plasma is an interesting tool for industrial applications. Scalability of power up to 100 kW per single magnetron tube and lateral dimensions of a few square meters per single plasma source have opened the field to industrial thin film technology for typical large area applications as solar or other flat panel industries.Roth & Rau Muegge is utilizing these advantages to supply microwave generators and plasma technology for various fields of applications which will be provided as an overview to give insight into running activities in industry. Although the presented applications are part of publicly funded programs and projects together with partners from several research institutes and universities, the technical depth of this contribution has to consider running contracts and non disclosure agreements (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Objectives of Laser‐Induced Energy Deposition for Active Flow Control
Authors: Sperber D. , Eckel H.‐A. , Steimer S. , Fasoulas S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA highly concentrated energy deposition has been proposed for a flow control concept in super‐ and hypersonic transportation. The plasma source can be implemented by laser‐, microwave‐ or DC‐discharge phenomena in the flow field upstream of a blunt body. In a wide range of Mach numbers the thermal modification of the gas condition mitigates the strength of the shock waves and improves the aerodynamic performance. This paper presents a discussion of the methodology and objectives of laser‐induced energy deposition particularly with regard to the generation of laser‐sustained plasma in supersonics. A steady‐state argon plasma is maintained by an intensity field in the focal region of a continuous wave laser. The experimental results using drag, laser energy transmission and plasma radiation measurements determine the requirements for laser‐sustained plasma and validate the control authority of this concept (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Health Care ‐ Old Problems, New Solutions
Authors: Morfill G. E. , Zimmermann J. L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper tries to focus on pertinent issues in health care and analyses how cold atmospheric plasmas can contribute towards the long‐standing problems identified. It starts quite generally by looking at the major elements that make up our current health care system, the aims that govern these and the corresponding requirements on health care products. It then proceeds to identify areas where current research promises contributions from the new cold plasma technologies. It turns out that there are indeed many areas where investments in plasma health care could pay off, both in terms of cost and in reduction of human suffering (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
User‐defined protein marker assay development for characterization of circulating tumor cells using the CellSearch® system
Authors: Lowes Lori E. , Hedley Benjamin D. , Keeney Mike , Allan Alison L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe majority of cancer‐related deaths result from metastasis, which has been associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). It has been shown that CTC cut‐off values exist that predict for poorer overall survival in metastatic breast (≥5), prostate (≥5), and colorectal (≥3) cancer based on assessment of 7.5 ml of blood. Development of the CellSearch® system (Veridex) has allowed for sensitive enumeration of CTCs. In the current study, protocols were developed and optimized for use with the CellSearch system to characterize CTCs with respect to user‐defined protein markers of interest in human blood samples, including the cancer stem cell marker CD44 and the apoptosis marker M‐30. Flow cytometry (FCM) experiments were initially carried out to assess expression of CD44 and M‐30 on MDA‐MB‐468 human tumor cells. Human blood samples were then spiked with MDA‐MB‐468 cells and processed with the appropriate antibody (CD44/M‐30) on the CellSearch. Detailed optimization of CD44 was carried out on the CellSearch using various antibody concentrations, exposure times, and cell lines with varying CD44 expression. Troubleshooting experiments were undertaken to explain observed discrepancies between FCM and CellSearch results for the M‐30 marker. After extensive optimization, the best CD44/M‐30 concentrations and exposure times were determined to be 1.5/3.5 μg/ml and 0.2/0.8 s, respectively. The percentage of CD44+ tumor cells was 99.5 ± 0.39% by FCM and 98.8 ± 0.51% by the CellSearch system. The percentage of M‐30+ tumor cells following paclitaxel treatment was 17.6 ± 1.18% by FCM and 10.9 ± 2.41% by CellSearch. Proper optimization of the CD44 marker was achieved; however, M‐30 does not appear to be a suitable marker for use in this platform. Taken together, the current study provides a detailed description of the process of user‐defined protein marker development and optimization using the CellSearch, and will be an important resource for the future development of protein marker assays by users of this platform. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Regioselective Synthesis of Alkylarenes by Two‐Step ipso‐Substitution of Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Bramborg Andrea , Linker Torsten 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA strategy for the regioselective alkylation of arenes was developed, starting from commercially available and inexpensive terephthalic acid or naphthalene‐1,4‐dicarboxylic acid. The method entails a formal ipso‐substitution of the carboxylate groups by a sequence of reductive alkylation under Birch conditions and subsequent acid‐mediated rearomatization with loss of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. More than 20 different arenes with various side‐chains were synthesized. With naphthalene‐1,4‐dicarboxylic acid as starting material, we were able to control the degree of alkylation by choosing the appropriate electrophile in the Birch reduction. Thus, bisalkylated naphthalenes and naphthoic acids became available chemoselectively. All reactions afforded a single regioisomer exclusively in high yields. Overall, aromatic dicarboxylic acids are suitable substrates for a two‐step ipso‐substitution that allows the selective synthesis of alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes.
One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles Starting from Primary Alcohols
Authors: Jin Guanyi , Zhang Jian , Fu Dan , Wu Jingjing , Cao Song 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA novel, one‐pot, three‐component approach for the synthesis of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles through the cycloaddition of a wide range of primary alcohols with sodium azide and active methylene ketones in the presence of N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)imidazole, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and triethylamine in DMF/DMSO has been developed.
Modeling of a large‐scale magneto‐rheological damper for seismic hazard mitigation. Part II: Semi‐active mode
Authors: Chae Yunbyeong , Ricles James M. , Sause Richard 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYA magneto‐rheological (MR) damper is a semi‐active device where the damper force capacity is controlled by varying the input current into the damper. In this paper, the dynamics of MR dampers associated with variable current input is studied. Electromagnetic theory is used to model the dynamics of an MR damper including the eddy current effect and the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of damper material magnetization. A nonlinear differential equation that relates the input current to the damper with a constant equivalent current is proposed. The nonlinear differential equation is combined with the Maxwell Nonlinear Slider (MNS) model to create the variable current MNS model to predict the damper force under variable input current and random damper displacement loading. The model is evaluated by comparing the predicted response of a large‐scale MR damper to the measured damper response from experiments. The experiments include a real‐time hybrid simulation of a 3‐story building structure with a large‐scale MR damper subjected to the design earthquake. The exceptional agreement observed between the predicted and experimental results illustrate the robustness and the accuracy of the variable current MNS model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural gas production—international/cross‐border: Rest of world learning from US shale gas experience
Authors: Sakmar Susan L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCanada has significant petroleum, natural gas, and coal reserves and is one of only three member‐states of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) that is a net energy exporter.1 Canada is the largest source of US energy imports, and nearly all of Canada's oil and gas exports go to the United States. Recognizing the importance of energy trade, both the United States and Canada, along with Mexico, participate in the North American Energy Working Group, which seeks to improve energy integration and cooperation between the countries in the region.2
Gas and electric transmission: Right‐of‐way acquisition surveys and elements critical to acquisition process
Authors: Hart James M. (Mike) 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe acquisition of rights to construct, operate, and maintain a linear facility such as an overhead electric transmission line or an underground gas or petroleum pipeline involves many players. Initial contact with landowners (the grantor as well as those unaffected by the corridor) is most often made by the right‐of‐way (ROW) acquisition specialist or negotiator for the purpose of acquiring right of entry (ROE) to perform surveys for engineering design, geotechnical analysis, and environmental studies. Field surveys for engineering design are often conducted in conjunction with land ties for the preparation of legal descriptions and plats/exhibits for the acquisition of rights necessary to the project.
Sex bias occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Poly7 molecular subclass is associated with EGFR
Authors: Keng Vincent W. , Sia Daniela , Sarver Aaron L. , Tschida Barbara R. , Fan Danhua , Alsinet Clara , Solé Manel , Lee Wai L. , Kuka Timothy P. , Moriarity Branden S. , Villanueva Augusto , Dupuy Adam J. , Riordan Jesse D. , Bell Jason B. , Silverstein Kevin A.T. , Llovet Josep M. , Largaespada David A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest solid cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. There is a universal estimated male/female ratio of 2.5, but the reason for this is not well understood. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system was used to elucidate candidate oncogenic drivers of HCC in a forward genetics screening approach. Sex bias occurrence was conserved in our model, with male experimental mice developing liver tumors at reduced latency and higher tumor penetrance. In parallel, we explored sex differences regarding genomic aberrations in 235 HCC patients. Liver cancer candidate genes were identified from both sexes and genotypes. Interestingly, transposon insertions in the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) gene were common in SB-induced liver tumors from male mice (10/10, 100%) but infrequent in female mice (2/9, 22%). Human single-nucleotide polymorphism data confirmed that polysomy of chromosome 7, locus of EGFR, was more frequent in males (26/62, 41%) than females (2/27, 7%) (P = 0.001). Gene expression–based Poly7 subclass patients were predominantly male (9/9) compared with 67% males (55/82) in other HCC subclasses (P = 0.02), and this subclass was accompanied by EGFR overexpression (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Sex bias occurrence of HCC associated with EGFR was confirmed in experimental animals using the SB transposon system in a reverse genetic approach. This study provides evidence for the role of EGFR in sex bias occurrences of liver cancer and as the driver mutational gene in the Poly7 molecular subclass of human HCC. (Hepatology 2013)
Directly acting drugs prostacyclin or nitroglycerine and endothelin receptor blocker bosentan improve cell engraftment in rodent liver
Authors: Bahde Ralf , Kapoor Sorabh , Bandi Sriram , Bhargava Kuldeep K. , Palestro Christopher J. , Gupta Sanjeev 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
To optimize strategies for liver-directed cell therapy, prevention of initial transplanted cell losses is particularly important for subsequent liver repopulation. After cell transplantation in hepatic sinusoids, perturbations in hepatic microcirculation along with changes in various liver cell types are among the earliest changes. Therefore, for advancing further concepts in cell engraftment we studied vascular and related events in the liver after transplanting syngeneic hepatocytes into dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient rats. We treated rats with vascular drugs to define whether deleterious cell transplantation-induced events could be controlled followed by improvements in transplanted cell engraftment and proliferation. We found cell transplantation altered liver gene expression related to vessel tone, inflammation, cell adhesion, thrombosis, or tissue damage/remodeling. This was due to hepatic ischemia, endothelial injury, and activation of neutrophils, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Treatment of rats before cell transplantation with the angiotensin converting enzyme blocker, lisinopril, or angiotensin II receptor blocker, losartan, did not improve cell engraftment. By contrast, direct-acting nitroglycerine or prostacyclin improved cell engraftment and also kinetics of liver repopulation. These drugs lowered hepatic ischemia and inflammation, whereas pretreatment of rats with the dual endothelin-1 receptor blocker, bosentan, improved cell engraftment independently of hepatic ischemia or inflammation, without improving liver repopulation. However, incubation of hepatocytes with bosentan protected cells from cytokine toxicity in vitro and produced superior cell engraftment and proliferation in vivo. Conclusion: Cell transplantation-induced changes in hepatic microcirculation contributed to transplanted cell clearances from liver. Vascular drugs, such as nitroglycerine, prostacyclin, and bosentan, offer opportunities for improving cell therapy results through superior cell engraftment and liver repopulation. Ongoing clinical use of these drugs will permit rapid translation of the findings in people. (Hepatology 2013)
Genetic and functional identification of the likely causative variant for cholesterol gallstone disease at the ABCG5/8 lithogenic locus
Authors: von Kampen Oliver , Buch Stephan , Nothnagel Michael , Azocar Lorena , Molina Hector , Brosch Mario , Erhart Wiebke , von Schönfels Witigo , Egberts Jan , Seeger Marcus , Arlt Alexander , Balschun Tobias , Franke Andre , Lerch Markus M. , Mayerle Julia , Kratzer Wolfgang , Boehm Bernhard O. , Huse Klaus , Schniewind Bodo , Tiemann Katharina , Jiang Zhao-Yan , Han Tian-Quan , Mittal Balraj , Srivastava Anshika , Fenger Mogens , Jφrgensen Torben , Schirin-Sokhan Ramin , Tönjes Anke , Wittenburg Henning , Stumvoll Michael , Kalthoff Holger , Lammert Frank , Tepel Jürgen , Puschel Klaus , Becker Thomas , Schreiber Stefan , Platzer Matthias , Völzke Henry , Krawczak Michael , Miquel Juan Francisco , Schafmayer Clemens , Hampe Jochen 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

The sterolin locus (

ABCG5/ABCG8

) confers susceptibility for cholesterol gallstone disease in humans. Both the responsible variant and the molecular mechanism causing an increased incidence of gallstones in these patients have as yet not been identified. Genetic mapping utilized patient samples from Germany (2,808 cases, 2,089 controls), Chile (680 cases, 442 controls), Denmark (366 cases, 766 controls), India (247 cases, 224 controls), and China (280 cases, 244 controls). Analysis of allelic imbalance in complementary DNA (cDNA) samples from human liver (n = 22) was performed using pyrosequencing. Transiently transfected HEK293 cells were used for [3H]-cholesterol export assays, analysis of protein expression, and localization of allelic constructs. Through fine mapping in German and Chilean samples, an ˜250 kB disease-associated interval could be defined for this locus. Lack of allelic imbalance or allelic splicing of the

ABCG5

and

ABCG8

transcripts in human liver limited the search to coding single nucleotide polymorphisms. Subsequent mutation detection and genotyping yielded two disease-associated variants: ABCG5-R50C (

P

= 4.94 × 10−9) and ABCG8-D19H (

P

= 1.74 × 10−10) in high pairwise linkage disequilibrium (

r

2 = 0.95). [3H]-cholesterol export assays of allelic constructs harboring these genetic candidate variants demonstrated increased transport activity (3.2-fold,

P

= 0.003) only for the ABCG8-19H variant, which was also superior in nested logistic regression models in German (

P

= 0.018), Chilean (

P

= 0.030), and Chinese (

P

= 0.040) patient samples.

Conclusion

: This variant thus provides a molecular basis for biliary cholesterol hypersecretion as the mechanism for cholesterol gallstone formation, thereby drawing a link between “postgenomic” and “pregenomic” pathophysiological knowledge about this common complex disorder.