bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking placebo in psychiatry: the range of placebo effects
Authors: McQueen Daniel , Cohen Sarah , St John-Smith Paul , Rampes Hagen 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThis article, the first of two on placebo effects, provides a broad overview of placebo in the field of medicine. A brief conceptual history is followed by some basic facts about placebos. Problems of definition are identified. Additive and non-additive models of treatment effects, and problems of measurement of placebo effects are described. The role of placebo in the pharmacotherapy of depression and complementary and alternative medicine is discussed. The ‘efficacy paradox’ (that placebo treatments can have larger effects than ‘evidence-based treatments’) is introduced. Finally, ethical issues are discussed.
Rethinking placebo in psychiatry: how and why placebo effects occur
Authors: McQueen Daniel , Cohen Sarah , St John-Smith Paul , Rampes Hagen 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThis article outlines proximate (physical and mental) and ultimate mechanisms of placebo effects. Interpersonal processes contributing to placebo effects are reviewed and illustrated through research into the process of psychotherapy. Evolutionary theories of how and why the capacity for placebo effects might have evolved are described. The components of treatment and placebo effects are defined. It is concluded that maximising therapeutic placebo effects is effective and a valid clinical goal.
Mental Health Act 1983: use of urgent treatment in clinical practice
Authors: Yadav Rashmi , Zigmond Anthony S. 
Published: May 2013

Aims and methodTo understand circumstances in which urgent treatment provisions are used in clinical practice, by means of a retrospective study. A list of patients to whom Sections 62, 64B and 64G of the Mental Health Act 1983 were applied during the 1-year study period was obtained from the information technology department. Case notes were traced for detailed information on the circumstances of use of these provisions.ResultsThe most common reason for urgent treatment was to continue the established treatment plan rather than to start a new treatment (45% Section 62, 84% Section 64). The urgent treatment provisions were most commonly used because of a delay in examination by a second opinion appointed doctor in 45% cases for Section 62 and 84% cases for Sections 64B and 64G.Clinical implicationsThis is probably unlawful use of the urgent treatment provisions.
Addressing mental health needs of deaf children and their families: the National Deaf Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service
Authors: Sessa Ben , Sutherland Hilary 
Published: May 2013

SummaryRates of developmental delay, autism and mental illness in deaf children are higher than in hearing children. Early language acquisition (signed or spoken) is a protective factor against mental disorder. Deaf children and their families are often given conflicting messages and advice about their upbringing and many are unable to access generic child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). We describe the National Deaf CAMHS, a service that has been set up to answer the needs of this group of patients. It uses specialist intervention which incorporates some aspects of Deaf awareness to empower deaf children and reduce the burden of mental health problems that are likely to accompany them into and throughout their adulthood.
From DSM-IV to DSM-5: an interim report from a cultural psychiatry perspective
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: May 2013

SummaryIn July 2012, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) closed its final commenting period on draft criteria for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), slated for publication in May 2013. DSM-5 raises familiar questions about the cultural assumptions of proposed diagnoses, the scientific evidence base of these criteria and their validity in international settings. I review these issues since the publication of DSM-IV. I assess the cultural validity of DSM-5 and suggest areas of improvement.
Drug information update: paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia
Authors: Nussbaum Abraham M. , Stroup T. Scott 
Published: May 2013

Aims and methodTo review the evidence for the use of paliperidone palmitate for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like illnesses. We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Specialised Register and contacted the manufacturer of paliperidone palmitate, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the authors of papers that reported study results.ResultsBased on the evidence from five short-term, placebo-controlled studies, paliperidone palmitate is efficacious as an antipsychotic. Its adverse effects are similar to those of the closely related compounds paliperidone and risperidone. Extrapyramidal side-effects, weight gain and tachycardia are more common with paliperidone palmitate than placebo. Paliperidone palmitate was associated with substantial increases in serum prolactin but not with increased sexual side-effects in these studies. In two studies paliperidone palmitate was similar to depot risperidone.Clinical implicationsPaliperidone palmitate is an effective antipsychotic whose optimal dose appears to be between 39 and 234 mg every 4 weeks. We have no data assessing its long-term effectiveness or comparing it with any long-acting injected antipsychotic other than depot risperidone.
Comparisons of Immunoassay and Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Serum Estradiol Levels and Their Influence on Clinical Association Studies in Men
Authors: Ohlsson Claes , Nilsson Maria E. , Tivesten Åsa , Ryberg Henrik , Mellström Dan , Karlsson Magnus K. , Ljunggren Östen , Labrie Fernand , Orwoll Eric S. , Lee David M. , Pye Stephen R. , O'Neill Terence W. , Finn Joseph D. , Adams Judith E. , Ward Kate A. , Boonen Steven , Bartfai Gyorgy , Casanueva Felipe F. , Forti Gianni , Giwercman Aleksander , Han Thang S. , Huhtaniemi Ilpo T. , Kula Krzysztof , Lean Michael E. J. , Pendleton Neil , Punab Margus , Vanderschueren Dirk , Wu Frederick C. W. ,   the EMAS Study Group, Vandenput Liesbeth 
Published: May 2013

Context:
Immunoassay-based techniques, routinely used to measure serum estradiol (E2), are known to have reduced specificity, especially at lower concentrations, when compared with the gold standard technique of mass spectrometry (MS). Different measurement techniques may be responsible for the conflicting results of associations between serum E2 and clinical phenotypes in men.

Objective:
Our objective was to compare immunoassay and MS measurements of E2 levels in men and evaluate associations with clinical phenotypes.

Design and Setting:
Middle-aged and older male subjects participating in the population-based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Sweden study (n = 2599), MrOS US (n = 688), and the European Male Aging Study (n = 2908) were included.

Main Outcome Measures:
Immunoassay and MS measurements of serum E2 were compared and related to bone mineral density (BMD; measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and ankle-brachial index.

Results:
Within each cohort, serum E2 levels obtained by immunoassay and MS correlated moderately (Spearman rank correlation coefficient rS 0.53–0.76). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels associated significantly (albeit to a low extent, rS = 0.29) with immunoassay E2 but not with MS E2 levels. Similar associations of immunoassay E2 and MS E2 were seen with lumbar spine and total hip BMD, independent of serum CRP. However, immunoassay E2, but not MS E2, associated inversely with ankle-brachial index, and this correlation was lost after adjustment for CRP.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest interference in the immunoassay E2 analyses, possibly by CRP or a CRP-associated factor. Although associations with BMD remain unaffected, this might imply for a reevaluation of previous association studies between immunoassay E2 levels and inflammation-related outcomes.
Periodontal systemic associations: review of the evidence
Authors: Linden Gerard J. , Lyons Amy , Scannapieco Frank A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAim: To critically appraise recent research into associations between periodontal disease and systemic diseases and conditions specifically respiratory disease, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cognitive impairment, obesity, metabolic syndrome and cancer.Methods: A MEDLINE literature search of papers published between 2002 and April 2012 was conducted. Studies that included periodontitis as an exposure were identified. Cross‐sectional epidemiological investigations on large samples, prospective studies and systematic reviews formed the basis of the narrative review. A threshold set for the identification of periodontitis was used to identify those studies that contributed to the conclusions of the review.Results: Many of the investigations were cross‐sectional secondary analyses of existing data sets in particular the NHANES studies. There were a small number of systematic reviews and prospective studies. There was substantial variability in the definitions of exposure to periodontitis. A small number of studies met the threshold set for periodontitis and supported associations; however, in some of the chronic diseases there were no such studies. There was strong evidence from randomized controlled trials that interventions, which improve oral hygiene have positive effects on the prevention of nosocomial pneumonias.Conclusions: There was substantial heterogeneity in the definitions used to identify periodontitis and very few studies met a stringent threshold for periodontitis. Published evidence supports modest associations between periodontitis and some, although not all, of the diseases and conditions reviewed. There is a need to reach a consensus on what constitutes periodontitis for future studies of putative associations with systemic diseases.
Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Kornman Kenneth ,   on behalf of working group 3 of the joint EFP/AAP workshop
Published: May 2013

Background: Pregnancy sometimes has adverse outcomes including low birthweight (<2500 g), pre‐term birth (<37 weeks), growth restriction, pre‐eclampsia, miscarriage and/or stillbirth. Maternal periodontitis directly and/or indirectly have potential to influence the health of the foetal–maternal unit.Aims: To assess the epidemiological evidence for the impact of periodontal disease on adverse pregnancy outcomes and to identify potential underpinning mechanisms.Epidemiology: Low birthweight, pre‐term birth and pre‐eclampsia have been associated with maternal periodontitis exposure. However, the strength of the observed associations is modest and seems to vary according to the population studied, the means of periodontal assessment and the periodontal disease classification employed.Biological mechanisms: Two major pathways have been identified, One direct, in which oral microorganisms and/or their components reach the foetal–placental unit and one indirect, in which Inflammatory mediators circulate and impact the foetal–placental unit.Interventions: Although periodontal therapy has been shown to be safe and leads to improved periodontal conditions in pregnant women, case‐related periodontal therapy, with or without systemic antibiotics does not reduce overall rates of pre‐term birth and low birthweight.Guidelines: Given the current evidence, various treatment strategies could be evaluated that consider specific target populations, as well as timing and intensity of treatment.
Evidence that periodontal treatment improves diabetes outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Engebretson Steven , Kocher Thomas 
Published: May 2013

Abstract Context: The effect of periodontal therapy on diabetes outcomes has not been established. Objective: This update examines the effect of periodontal treatment on diabetes outcomes.Data sources: Literature since October 2009 using MEDLINE.Study eligibility criteria: Published RCTs including periodontal therapy for diabetic subjects, a metabolic outcome, an untreated control group, and follow‐up of 3 months. Data extraction: Pre‐defined data fields, including study quality indicators were used.Data synthesis: A search revealed 56 publications of which 9 met inclusion criteria. Mean change of HbA1c from baseline was compared across treatment groups. Pooled analysis was based on random effects models.Results: A meta‐analysis indicated a mean treatment effect of _0.36% HbA1c (CI _0.54, _0.19) compared to no treatment after periodontal therapy (p < 0.0001). Heterogeneity tests revealed only minimal evidence of publication bias (I2 = 9%).Limitations: Small sample size and high risk of bias remain problematic for studies of this type. Periodontal therapy varied considerably.Conclusion: The modest reduction in HbA1c observed as a result of periodontal therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes is consistent with previous systematic reviews. Despite this finding, there is limited confidence in the conclusion due to a lack of multi‐centre trials of sufficient sample size are lacking.
Organic amendments of soil as useful tools of plant parasitic nematodes control
Authors: Renčo M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Use of organic soil amendments is a traditional agricultural practice for improving physical and chemical soil properties, soil structure, temperature and humidity conditions as well as nutrients content which are needful for plants growth. Application of organic materials to soil can cause a change in soil microflora and microfauna including soil nematodes. Nematodes, are the most ample and varied group of soil fauna. They are ever-present habitants of all soil types with high population densities. The changes in soil nematodofauna can results in an increase in the number of beneficial nematodes such as bacterial or fungal feeders and decrease and/or suppression in the occurrence of economically important plant parasitic nematodes. A variety of organic amendments, such as animal and green manure, undecomposed (raw) or decomposed materials (compost) are used for this purpose. Generally, plant parasitic nematodes have been controlled mainly by chemical soil fumigants and nematicides, agricultural practices or resistant cultivars. However, organic amendments can provide an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of chemical nematicides, which are often expensive, of limited availability in many developing countries and above all environmentally hazardous.
But Not That: Caryl Churchill’s Political Shape Shifting at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Aston Elaine 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT: The article focuses on Caryl Churchill’s This Is a Chair (1997) and Far Away (2000) to analyse Churchill’s political shape shifting at the turn of the millennium, when ideological resistance to capitalism had all but disappeared. Positioning This Is a Chair as a critical-political turning point in Churchill’s repertoire, I argue that René Magritte’s visual thinking about the arbitrary relation of words and things is seminal to Churchill’s struggle to create a political-theatre canvas. In relation to Far Away, I demonstrate how Churchill’s critique of global capitalism involves a dissolve – the appearing, yet disappearing, traces of the Brechtian dramaturgy of her earlier playwriting, and a renewal of the epic through a composition that is both experiential and elliptical. Ultimately, the article argues that the need to impress on audiences the urgency of dis-identifying with capitalism informs Churchill’s political perspective through a dialectic shift from Herbert Blau’s “imminence of a ‘not-yet’” to the negative of “but not that.”
On Construction of Mean Graphs
Authors: Jeyanthi P. , Ramya D. 
Published: May 2013

A graph with p vertices and q edges is called a mean graph if there is an injective function f that maps V(G) to such that for each edge uv, is labeled with if is even and if is odd. Then the resulting edge labels are distinct. In this paper, we prove some general theorems on mean graphs and show that the graphs , Jewel graph , Jelly fish graph and are mean graphs.Keywords: Mean labeling; Mean graph.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11545 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 265-273 (2013)
Indexing the Diffraction Patterns and Investigating the Crystal Structure of Pb-doped Strontium Ferrites
Authors: Ullah Z. , Atiq S. , Naseem S. 
Published: May 2013

Strontium hexaferrites were prepared in powder form by sol-gel auto-ignition technique and Pb was doped in different concentrations to attain the various compositions Sr1-xPbxFe12O19 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20). Sintering treatment of the samples was made at 800 oC for the development of stable hexagonal phase. X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples was carried out for the confirmation and determination of crystal structure of the material. Data obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis helped in determining various parameters of the samples like lattice parameters, volume of the unit cell, crystallite size, bulk density of the samples, X-ray density and porosity of the samples.Keywords:Ferrites; Sol-gel method; X-Ray diffraction; Crystal structure.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11578 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 235-244 (2013)
Photocatalytic Degradation of Different Dyes Using TiO2 with High Surface Area: A Kinetic Study
Authors: Bin Mukhlish M. Z. , Najnin F. , Rahman M M. , Uddin M. J. 
Published: May 2013

Nanocrystalline TiO2 was synthesized by using one step sol-gel method and characterized by SEM, XRD and EDS. UV-Vis spectroscopic technique has been used for studying the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR). A comparative study with commercial TiO2 (P25) was also done to find out the effectiveness of this synthesized TiO2. The synthesized TiO2 exhibited a high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of MB and CR but the commercial TiO2 was more efficient.Keywords: Nanocrystalline TiO2; Methylene Blue; Congo Red; Photocatalytic degradation kinetics.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11641 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), xxx-xxx (2013)
Effects of Probiotics on Growth and Survival of Shrimp (<i>Penaeus monodon</i>) in Coastal Pond at Khulna, Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain M. I. , Hossain M. I. , Kamal M. M. , Mannan M. A. , Bhuyain M. A. B. 
Published: May 2013

The study was carried out for 138 days to know the growth and survival rate of P. monodon by applying probiotics in Gazi Fish Culture Ltd. Dacope, Khulna, Bangladesh. Six experimental ponds (4000 m2 in size i.e. one acre) were selected of which three were probiotic ponds and three were controlled. After pond preparation, PL15 (average weight of each 4.75±0.09 g) was stocked at the rate of 13 per m2 following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. CP NASA shrimp feed was used during the study period. Transparency, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) were recorded by standard measurements. The average final body weight of the harvested shrimp is 37.67±1.15 g in probiotics ponds and 27.33±0.58 g in controlled ponds and the difference was significant (P < 0.01) between these two productions. The average survival rate was 90.67±1.15 % in probiotic pond and 71.00±3.0 % in controlled pond. The average daily gain (ADG) in weight was 0.27±0.01 g and 0.19±0.01 g in probiotic and controlled ponds, respectively. The result showed that probiotic plays an important role in maintaining water quality parameters, soil quality and health management as well as increases the growth and survival of shrimp.Key words: Probiotics; P. monodon; Water quality parameter; Growth rate; Survival rate.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11815 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 363-370 (2013)
Comparative Effects of Animal and Vegetable Fats on Lipid Profile and Patho-physiological Changes in Mice
Authors: Akter S. , Miah A. , Islam K. , Khan A. H. 
Published: May 2013

Dietary intake of high amounts of animal fats can cause hypercholesterolemia whereas plant fat like soybean oil reduces serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in mice. The effects of animal fat (butter) and plant fat (soybean oil) fortified diet on lipid profile (serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides), body weight, blood glucose and on tissue texture were investigated in mice. 30 Swiss albino mice were divided equally into three groups. Mice were fed a normal diet (untreated control), a high-fat diet (5% butter) (butter group) and an unsaturated fat diet (5% soybean oil) (soybean oil group) for 90 days. Mice of butter group showed significantly increased level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides and decreased level of HDL-C in the serum but not found in mice of soybean fed diet group. Body weight and blood glucose were also markedly elevated in mice fed only butter enriched diet. Histological analysis of liver at the end of 90 days showed increased fat deposition in the mice fed with butter diet than those of control diet and plant fat diet group. Mice fed with butter showed an elevation of lipid levels and developed fatty changes in liver.Keywords: Butter; Soybean oil; Lipid profile; Fatty change; Mice.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11909 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 353-361 (2013)
Thrombolytic Activity and Antimicrobial Properties of <i>Ficus hispida</i>
Authors: Shahriar M. , Islam S. , Parvin S. , Hoque S. 
Published: May 2013

In this present study, the various plant parts of Ficus hispida were subjected to thrombolytic and antimicrobial activities. The thrombolytic activities were assessed by using human blood samples and the results were compared with standard streptokinase (SK). In this study, the methanol soluble fraction (MSF) exhibited highest thrombolytic activity (50.12±1.91). However, significant thrombolytic activity was demonstrated by the crude ethanol extract (CEE) and n-hexane soluble fraction (HSF) of F. hispida (21.74±0.69) and (42.22±1.42) respectively. On the other hand, the n- hexane soluble fraction (HSF) and methanol soluble fraction (MSF) of ethanol extract revealed moderate antibacterial activity against some microorganisms used in the screening.Keywords: Ficus hispida; Thrombolytic activity; Antimicrobial activity.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11988 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 393-397 (2013)