bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgE Antibody Responses against Japanese Cedar Pollen in the Mouse
Authors: Tamura Shin‐Ichi , Kobayashi Toshiaki , Kikuta Kiyoshi , Nakagawa Masaro , Sakagughi Masahiro , Inouye Sakae 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIgE antibody responses against Japanese cedar pollen in the mouse were investigated to develop a mouse model of human allergy for combinations of factors including pollen administration routes, elicitation antigens and inbred mouse strains. Daily short term inhalation of native pollen or intratracheal administration of pollen suspended in saline induced IgE antibody responses in DBA/2, BDF1 and Balb/c mice, but failed to induce any detectable responses in C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice. Intraperitoneal injection of pollen suspension also induced IgE antibody responses in DBA/2, BDF1 and Balb/c mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. IgE antibody responses against pollen described above were detected by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions using crude extract of pollen as an elicitation antigen. On the other hand, IgE antibodies specific for antigen Sugi basic protein (AgSBP), which is a major allergen of pollen in humans (Yasueda, H., Yui, Y., Shimizu, T., and Shida, T., 1983. Isolation and partial characterization of the major allergen from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 71: 77–86), were also detected by PCA reactions using AgSBP in the sera from mice which received secondary or the tertiary stimulation by pollen. These results suggest that IgE antibody responses against Japanese cedar pollen in the mouse can be induced by airway sensitization and that the responses are genetically controlled by H‐2‐linked immune response genes. The results also suggest that not only IgE antibody responses specific for components other than AgSBP but also responses specific for AgSBP can be induced in the mouse by repeating appropriate sensitization by pollen.
Protective Effect of Acidic Mannan Fraction of Bakers' Yeast on Experimental Candidiasis in Mice
Authors: Okawa Yoshio , Suzuki Ko , Kobayashi Makiko , Asagi Masako , Sakai Kazuhiko , Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn acidic fraction of Bakers' yeast mannan, WAM025, showed a significant protective effect against Candida albicans infection in mice, but a neutral fraction of the same Bakers' yeast mannan, WNM, did not exhibit this effect. Moreover, pretreatment with WAM025 resulted in a marked reduction of proliferation of C. albicans cells in the organs of the infected mice. We investigated the stimulative effect of these mannan fractions on the function of mouse peritoneal phagocytes, and found that mice administered WAM025 showed a greater increase in the number of peritoneal exudate cells, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), than the mice treated with WNM, especially in the proportion of PMN. Peritoneal phagocytes, PMN and macrophages obtained from WAM025‐treated mice showed marked candidacidal activity. Of the phagocytes, PMN were responsible for the larger part of the candidacidal activity. The myeloperoxidase activities of PMN and macrophages in WAM025‐treated PEC were greater than in untreated macrophages. The myeloperoxidase activity of WAM025‐treated PMN was significantly greater than that of WAM025‐treated macrophages. This activity paralleled the active oxygen‐releasing activity of the phagocytes. On the other hand, the phagocytic activity of phagocytes from mice administered WNM or WAM025 for C. albicans cells was identical to that of untreated phagocytes. WAM025 seems to cause enhance elimination of the pathogen from mice, by increasing the number and candidacidal activity of phagocytic cells.
Increased Sensitivity to Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus E‐46 after Growth in Artificial Media
Authors: Yamamoto Mitsuyo , Iwata Kazuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStaphylococcus E‐46, which exhibits high virulence in mice mainly due to resistance to phagocytosis, gradually lost its virulence during growth in artificial media [Heart‐Infusion (HI) slants]. Staphylococcus E‐46 is coagulase‐negative and DNase‐positive, and has a capsule‐like structure, and the less‐virulent derivative (LVD) strain seemed not to be changed in this respect. The bacteria which had been exposed to HI slants for more than one year (=LVD strain) became more sensitive to phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages than bacteria which were kept in a lyophilized state. The chemiluminescent response of macrophages to the LVD strain was remarkably higher than that to the original Staphylococcus E‐46. When the LVD or the sera for opsonization were heated, the chemiluminescence to the LVD was as low as that to the original Staphylococcus E‐46. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sonication‐released membrane protein from the LVD strain showed a unique band with a molecular weight of about 40,000. The factor concerned with the virulence of Staphylococcus E‐46 is discussed based on these results.
Characterization of Purified Shiga Toxin from Shigella dysenteriae 1
Authors: Yutsudo Takashi , Honda Takeshi , Miwatani Toshio , Takeda Yoshifumi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractShiga toxin was purified from the culture supernatant of Shigella dysenteriae 1 by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography and repeated chromatofocusing column chromatography. About 1.6 mg of purified Shiga toxin was obtained from 15 liters of culture with a yield of about 27%. The molecular weight of purified Shiga toxin was estimated to be 62,000. The toxin consisted of A and B subunits with molecular weights of about 30,000 and 5,000–6,000, respectively. The isoelectric point of purified Shiga toxin was 7.0. Purified Shiga toxin showed the following biological activities: lethal toxicity to mice when injected intraperitoneally with an LD50 of 28 ng per mouse; cytotoxicity to Vero cells, killing about 50% of the cells at 1 pg and all of the cells at 10 pg; and fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops at a concentration of more than 1 μg.
Strain Differences of Interferon–Generating Capacity and Resistance in Toxoplasma–Infected Mice
Authors: Shirahata Toshikazu , Mori Akiko , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Goto Hitoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo explore a possible correlation between susceptibility to Toxoplasma and interferon (IFN)‐generating capacity in mice, we compared the levels of serum IFN induced by stimulation with Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA) in different strains of Toxoplasma‐infected and uninfected mice. Injection of TLA into five strains of mice with chronic Toxoplasma infection resulted in the release of considerable amounts of IFN into the circulation. Most of these IFN activities were acid labile and not neutralized by sheep antiserum against mouse IFN‐α/β, indicating that IFN‐γ was the dominant form produced in this system. In contrast, the majority of IFN induced in uninfected mice was characterized as IFN‐α/β by their acid stability and antigenicity. The response of IFN production in Toxoplasma‐infected and uninfected mice varied quantitatively depending on the mouse strains examined. C57BL/6 mice were found to be the best producers of both IFN‐α/β and IFN‐γ, while BALB/c mice were consistently poor producers of both IFN populations. A/J, DBA/2, and C3H/He mice could be roughly classified as intermediate producers of both IFN populations. C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice showed a significant prolongation of mean survival time following primary or secondary infection with Toxoplasma compared to that of BALB/c mice. However, there was no direct correlation between the susceptibility to Toxoplasma and the levels of serum IFN.
Epidemiological Studies on the Background of the Endemic Occurrence of Tsutsugamushi Disease in Toyama Prefecture
Authors: Ishikura Mitsuhiro , Watanabe Mamoru , Matsuura Kumiko , Nakayama Takashi , Morita Osayuki , Uetake Hisao , Sakurada Norio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWith a view to clarifying the actual state of inapparent infection of tsutsugamushi disease, inhabitants of endemic and nonendemic areas were screened for anti‐Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibody (anti‐Rt antibody) by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The anti‐Rt antibody‐positive rate in the inhabitants of the endemic area (about 50%) was statistically significantly higher than that in the nonendemic area (14.7%). The antibody titer in the inhabitants of the endemic area was 10–160, and the number of inhabitants showing a high antibody titer was 2–4 times larger than that of the nonendemic area. A total of 257 volunteers in the endemic area were analyzed for the changes in anti‐Rt antibody titer over 1.5–2 years on an individual basis. An increase in the antibody titer was found in 20 inhabitants. There was no difference in the anti‐Rt antibody‐positive rate between male and female in either the endemic or the nonendemic area. The positive rate was also compared as to the distribution by 10 years of age. In the endemic area, there were no significant differences in the positive rate between any pair of 10‐year age groups from 30s to 60s, whereas in the nonendemic area, the positive rate in the teen‐age group was significantly lower than those in the age groups of 20 years or older. In Yamada district, the numbers of serum samples obtained from each age group were about the same, and the distribution of the positive rates showed a normal distribution. The nurse students having their homes in Toyama Prefecture were plotted on the map as for their anti‐Rt antibody and geographical distribution. The results showed that many of them having homes in the endemic area were positive for the antibody, while some antibody‐positives were scattered all over Toyama Prefecture.
The Role of Interleukin 1 and 2 in Generation of Acquired Resistance against Mouse Typhoid Infection Afforded by Dialyzable Factor from Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kita Eiji , Emoto Masashi , Nishi Kazuyuki , Katsui Noriaki , Kashiba Shuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDialyzable factor (DF) prepared from a ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium was tested for its ability to induce interleukin 1 (IL 1) and 2 (IL 2) production, in relation to acquired resistance, after an intraperitoneal injection of DF. IL 1 production in vitro by peritoneal macrophages of DF‐treated mice reached the maximum 4 days after injection, at the time when the nonspecific local resistance via macrophages directly activated with DF became apparent (Kita et al, Microbiol. Immunol. 28: 807, 1984). Concanavalin A‐induced IL 2 production by splenocytes of DF‐treated mice reached the maximal level between days 6 and 8, and it could be enhanced even on day 14. Antigen‐induced blastogenic responses of splenocytes from DF‐treated mice reached the maximal level 14 days after treatment. Although DF did not show the mitogenic activity to normal splenocytes, T cells of DF‐treated mice could respond to S. typhimurium. On the contrary, T cells of normal mice could respond to heat‐killed cells of S. typhimurium when they were cultured with macrophages which had been directly stimulated in vitro with DF. Furthermore, T cells from DF‐treated mice could respond to antigens of different species of bacteria, and especially to Listeria monocytogenes. These results suggest that T cells of DF‐treated mice, being at the intermediate stage of activation via monokines including IL 1 which is produced by macrophages stimulated with DF, are able to proliferate immediately after the administration of challenging organisms as a second signal, and also that the specificity of the response may be defined by the challenging organisms.
Electron Microprobe X‐Ray Analysis of Polyphosphate Granules in Plesiomonas shigelloides
Authors: Ogawa Junko , Amano Yasuji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractElectron‐dense inclusion bodies were found in most Plesiomonas shigelloides cells, regardless of the incubation time. At the 4‐hr incubation period, the size of inclusion bodies was distributed in the range of 50 to 150 nm in diameter, and at the logarithmic phase of growth it increased up to a size visible by light microscope. By an electron microprobe X‐ray analysis, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium were detected in the inclusion bodies which confirms the assumption of Pastian and Bromel (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 216 (1984)) that the inclusion bodies have a very similar elemental composition to the polyphosphate granules of C. diphtheriae.
Prevalence of the Antibody to Influenza C Virus in a Northern Luzon Highland Village, Philippines
Authors: Nishimura Hidekazu , Sugawara Kanetsu , Kitame Fumio , Nakamura Kiyoto , Sasaki Hideo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 101 serum samples were collected from the persons (1 to 85 years of age) living in a Philippine mountain village where the contact with other communities has largely been restricted. These sera were tested for the presence of antibody to influenza C virus with hemagglutination‐inhibition and radioimmunoprecipitation tests. The results showed that all the subjects, including the persons who had never been outside the village, contained the antibody to the surface glycoprotein of the virus, and that the age of acquisition of the antibody was significantly lower in this village than in any of the previously studied communities. Thus it appeared that infection with influenza C virus was prevalent even in this small mountain village, presumably with a higher incidence than in the larger, industrialized communities.
Synthesis of Sterols and 5‐Lipoxygenase Products are Required for the G1‐S Phase Transition of Interleukin‐2‐Dependent Lymphocyte Proliferation
Authors: Hata Shingo , Sugama Kazushige , You‐Li Zu , Hatanaka Masakazu , Namba Yuziro , Hanaoka Masao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA murine killer T cell line, G‐CTLL 1, whose proliferation depends on the presence of interleukin 2 (IL‐2), was used to analyze the mechanism of IL‐2 action with respect to sterol synthesis and arachidonate metabolism. De novo sterol synthesis was substantially enhanced much earlier than DNA synthesis, and the rate reached a maximum at 13 hr after the addition of IL‐2. Compactin, which is a potent competitive inhibitor of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA reductase, the enzyme in the rate‐limiting step of the sterol synthesis), inhibited the IL‐2‐induced DNA synthesis. The addition of mevalonate, the product of HMG CoA reductase, prevented the inhibition of DNA synthesis by compactin, suggesting that the supply of a sufficient amount of sterol is an essential prerequisite for IL‐2 action. The IL‐2‐induced DNA synthesis was also inhibited by AA861, a specific inhibitor of arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase, and by other lipoxygenase inhibitors such as nordihydroguaiaretic acid and esculetin. In contrast, indomethacin, an inhibitor of arachidonate cyclooxygenase, had no effect. These findings suggest that synthesis of 5‐lipoxygenase products is also a prerequisite. The inhibition of DNA synthesis was effectively inhibited only when compactin or lipoxygenase inhibitors were added early enough to block the synthesis of sterols or 5‐lipoxygenase products; addition of the reagents after 3 hr decreased the inhibition with time. Therefore, about 3 hr after the addition of IL‐2, several drastic intracellular changes are assumed to begin and to lead to DNA synthesis.
Hemagglutination by Pilus Antigen 987P of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Ike Kazunori , Nakazawa Muneo , Tsuchimoto Mayumi , Ide Seiya , Kashiwazaki Mamoru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe hemagglutination (HA) by pilus antigen 987P of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain 987 was examined using fresh and glutaraldehyde (GA)‐fixed erythrocytes (RBC) of various animals. Only when GA‐fixed RBC was employed. a strain 987 exhibited striking HA activities. This was also demonstrated by using latex heads sensitized with the 987P antigen. The 987P‐specific antiserum inhibited HA of strain 987 and 987P sensitized latex beads against GA‐fixed RBC. We concluded that HA of strain 987 against GA‐fixed RBC was specifically associated with the presence of 987P pilus antigen but do not exclude a possibility that adhesin is distinct from pili antigen.
Electron Microscopic Demonstration and Isolation of Ribosomes in Mesosomes from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Nakasone Noboru , Kawata Tomio , Masuda Kuniyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMesosomes of Staphylococcus aureus 209P were observed to be extruded as tubules upon protoplast formation by electron microscopy and isolated under hypertonic conditions to maintain their structural integrity by differential centrifugation followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Isolated mesosomes were composed of long, branched tubules of irregular sizes and they were shortened during purification. Thin sections of isolated mesosomes showed that the mesosomal tubule was surrounded by a triple‐layered membrane and contained ribosome‐like particles in diameter of about 15 to 20 nm. These particles were isolated from purified mesosomal preparation by disrupting the mesosomal tubule with deoxycholate and Triton X‐100 under hypotonic conditions followed by a linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Negatively stained preparations of the isolated particles revealed the same appearance as those of the ribosomes isolated from the cytoplasm. The mesosomal particles sedimented at 70S in sucrose gradients in the presence of 10 mm Mg2+, but they were dissociated into two subparticles, 50S and 30S subunits, upon lowering the Mg2+ concentration to 1 mm. These findings indicate that the mesosomal tubule is packed with ribosomes.
Total Nucleotide Sequences of the Infectious Cloned DNAs of Bean Golden Mosaic Virus
Authors: Morinaga Tsuto , Ikegami Masato , Shimotohno Kunitada , Miura Kin‐Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractComplete nucleotide sequences of the infectious cloned DNA components (DNA A and B) of bean bolden mosaic virus were determined. The DNA A (2585 nucleotides) and DNA B (2647 nucleotides) have little sequence homology with each other, but both A and B contain a common region of 205 nucleotides. A possible large hairpin structure is detected in the common region. Nucleotide sequences of DNAs A and B revealed the presence of 8 potential coding regions for proteins (m.w.> 10,000). Among them, four open reading frames (ORFs 1–4) encode proteins of m.w. 30,000 or greater, and are individually coded in virion DNA A and B senses (+) and their complementary senses (‐), respectively. The other four ORFs 5–8 are in virion DNA B(+) and its complementary sense (‐). All of the ORFs 1–4 have regulatory signals for RNA synthesis (TATAA/T) in the region 5′ upstream from a potential start codon ATG.
Differential Recognition of Oral Indigenous Bacteria by Salivary Immunoglobulins A and G
Authors: Deslauriers Noëlla , Seguin Jacynthe , Trudel Luc 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAssuming that salivary immunity to indigenous microorganisms could develop, we assessed antibacterial reactivities of natural salivary antibodies in specific pathogen‐free inbred mice. An ELISA was set up, using whole bacterial cells, to map reactivities of salivary IgA and IgG which accounted respectively for 91% and 8.7% of salivary Ig's in the BALB/c mouse. Representative strains of seven species from three genera (Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, and Streptococci), including major and minor components of the murine oral flora (38, 43, and 8%, respectively), were used to determine the presence and level of specific antibodies in individual saliva. It was verified that naturally occurring IgA antibodies can display diverse antibacterial reactivities. A characteristic profile emerged for salivary IgA where antibodies to Streptococcus faecalis predominate. Natural salivary IgG antibodies did not show the same reactivity pattern as IgA, anti‐Lactobacilli and anti‐Staphylococci reactivities being much less frequent in the salivary IgG repertoire. However, antibodies to S. faecalis occurred at the same high frequency for both isotypes (62–70% of the samples). Besides being species‐specific, antibacterial reactivities were also found to be strain‐specific. Broad variations in antibacterial titers were detected among individual mice under standardized experimental conditions. Present data thus suggest that the dynamics of salivary antibody production in the mouse reflect a differential natural sensitization of the secretory (IgA) versus the systemic (IgG) immune systems by distinct populations of indigenous bacteria.
Comparison of Wheat Germ Agglutinin‐ and Phorbol Myristate Acetate‐Mediated Triggering for Macrophage H2O2 Release
Authors: Tomioka Haruaki , Saito Hajime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMurine peritoneal macrophages (Møs) elicited by a single injection of zymosan A showed a higher responsiveness to the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)‐ mediated triggering for H2O2 release than Møs activated by double injections of the agent. On the contrary, the response to phorbol myristate acetate(PMA)‐ mediated triggering was higher in the latter Møs than in the case of the former Møs. Furthermore, PMA‐triggered Mø H2O2 release was found to be inhibited by sarcoma 180 tumor cell‐derived proteinaceous factor in a much more marked fashion than the WGA‐triggered H2O2 release. These results indicate some significant differences between the cellular mechanisms of the WGA‐ and PMA‐triggering for Mø oxidative burst. On the other hand, microfilament‐inhibitors (cytochalasins B and E) and serine protease‐inhibitors (tosyl‐l‐lysine‐chloromethyl ketone and tosylamido‐2‐phenylethyl‐chloromethyl ketone), but not microtubule‐disrupting agents (colchicine, vinblastine, and vincristine), suppressed both the WGA‐ and PMA‐triggerings for Mø H2O2 release to a similar degree, thereby indicating that the WGA‐ and PMA‐triggerings for Mø oxidative burst have a common process which is dependent on microfilament and serine protease functions. In relation to this, the WGA‐ and PMA‐triggerings for Mø spreading were also depressed by microfilament‐ and serine protease‐inhibitors but not by microtubule‐inhibitors, indicating a participation of common membrane functions in the signal transduction in cases of Mø oxidative burst, and cell spreading induced by the WGA‐ as well as PMA‐triggering.
Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance in Mouse Typhoid
Authors: Chander Ramesh , Lewis Norman Francis 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA polyvalent radiovaccine of Salmonella was shown to induce protective immunity in mice. The results revealed that the immunized mice progressively eliminated the challenged organisms and no Salmonella could be isolated after a period of 21 days. In contrast, Salmonella grew in the control mice and reached levels of 108 to 109 cfu/spleen resulting in the death of animals. Sera from both control and the immune mice were found to lack bactericidal activity. It was further observed that the vaccine induced delayed type of hypersensitivity and that antibody production as measured by bacterial agglutination and passive hemagglutination were low in response to the vaccine. However, the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system was considerably enhanced by the immunization. The results of experiments with immunosuppressed mice suggested the role of thymus derived (T) lymphocytes in the protection.
17K‐Spore Coat Protein Antigen in Sporulating Cells of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213
Authors: El‐Belbasi Hussein I. , Imagawa Masayoshi , Nishihara Tsutomu , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUsing immunological techniques, we studied the behavior of spore coat protein during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213. Antibody specific to the main coat protein of 17,000 daltons was prepared and used to demonstrate that the spore coat protein was synthesized and deposited at a later stage during sporulation.