bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual distributions and sources of Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption
Authors: Breider Thomas J. , Mickley Loretta J. , Jacob Daniel J. , Wang Qiaoqiao , Fisher Jenny A. , Chang Rachel. Y.‐W. , Alexander Becky 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRadiative forcing by aerosols and tropospheric ozone could play a significant role in recent Arctic warming. These species are in general poorly accounted for in climate models. We use the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model to construct a 3‐D representation of Arctic aerosols and ozone that is consistent with observations and can be used in climate simulations. We focus on 2008, when extensive observations were made from different platforms as part of the International Polar Year. Comparison to aircraft, surface, and ship cruise observations suggests that GEOS‐Chem provides in general a successful year‐round simulation of Arctic black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate, and dust aerosol. BC has major fuel combustion and boreal fire sources, OC is mainly from fires, sulfate has a mix of anthropogenic and natural sources, and dust is mostly from the Sahara. The model is successful in simulating aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from Aerosol Robotics Network stations in the Arctic; the sharp drop from spring to summer appears driven in part by the smaller size of sulfate aerosol in summer. The anthropogenic contribution to Arctic AOD is a factor of 4 larger in spring than in summer and is mainly sulfate. Simulation of absorbing aerosol optical depth (AAOD) indicates that non‐BC aerosol (OC and dust) contributed 24% of Arctic AAOD at 550 nm and 37% of absorbing mass deposited to the snow pack in 2008. Open fires contributed half of AAOD at 550 nm and half of deposition to the snowpack.
Sediment dynamics in shallow tidal basins: In situ observations, satellite retrievals, and numerical modeling in the Venice Lagoon
Authors: Carniello L. , Silvestri S. , Marani M. , D'Alpaos A. , Volpe V. , Defina A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe morphological evolution of shallow tidal systems strongly depends on gradients in transport that control sediment erosion and deposition. A spatially refined quantitative description of suspended sediment patterns and dynamics is therefore a key requirement to address issues connected with dynamical trends, responses, and conservation of these systems. Here we use a combination of numerical models of sediment transport dynamics, high temporal resolution point observations, and high spatial resolution remote sensing data to overcome the intrinsic limitations of traditional monitoring approaches and to establish the robustness of numerical models in reproducing space‐time suspended sediment concentration (SSC) patterns. The comparison of SSC distributions in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) computed with a numerical model with SSC retrievals from remote sensing data allows us to define the ability of the model to properly describe spatial patterns and gradients in the SSC fields. The use of point observations similarly allows us to constrain the model temporally, thus leading to a complete space‐time evaluation of model abilities. Our results highlight the fundamental control exerted on sediment transport intensity and patterns by the sheltering effect associated with artificial and natural intertidal landforms. Furthermore, we show how the stabilizing effect of benthic vegetation is a main control of sediment dynamics at the system scale, confirming a notion previously established in the laboratory or at small field scales.
Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of a process‐based terrestrial ecosystem model using adjoint method
Authors: Zhu Qing , Zhuang Qianlai 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe developed an adjoint version of a process‐based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). The adjoint model of TEM was then used to: (1) conduct sensitivity studies of net ecosystem production (NEP) for three terrestrial ecosystems: grassland, deciduous broadleaf forest and evergreen needle‐leaf forest; (2) rank the importance of parameters in controlling NEP; (3) optimize the model parameters by assimilating eddy flux data of NEP; and (4) evaluate parameterization by extrapolating optimal parameters to other sites that have the same plant functional type as the calibration sites. We found that: (1) the maximum rate of photosynthesis (CMAX) was the most important parameter in determining NEP, while the importance of the remaining parameters varied depending on plant functional type, suggesting that the same ecosystem process has different degrees of importance in modeling carbon fluxes; (2) the sensitivity of NEP toCMAXhad a significant seasonal variability and the control ofCMAXon NEP was much larger in growing season (defined as from April to October) than that in nongrowing season (defined as from December to March); and (3) after parameterization, TEM could reasonably reproduce carbon fluxes observed at eddy flux tower sites. This study provided an effective model‐data fusion framework of TEM, which could improve the future quantification of terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes at both site and regional levels.
Contribution of impervious surfaces to urban evaporation
Authors: Ramamurthy P. , Bou‐Zeid E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObservational data and the Princeton urban canopy model, with its detailed representation of urban heterogeneity and hydrological processes, are combined to study evaporation and turbulent water vapor transport over urban areas. The analyses focus on periods before and after precipitation events, at two sites in the Northeastern United States. Our results indicate that while evaporation from concrete pavements, building rooftops, and asphalt surfaces is discontinuous and intermittent, overall these surfaces accounted for nearly 18% of total latent heat fluxes (LE) during a relatively wet 10 day period. More importantly, these evaporative fluxes have a significant impact on the urban surface energy balance, particularly during the 48 h following a rain event when impervious evaporation is the highest. Thus, their accurate representation in urban models is critical. Impervious evaporation after rainfall is also shown to correlate the sources of heat and water at the earth surface, resulting in a conditional scalar transport similarity over urban terrain following rain events.
You'd Better Ask an Expert: Mitigating the Comprehensibility Effect on Laypeople's Decisions About Science‐Based Knowledge Claims
Authors: Scharrer Lisa , Stadtler Marc , Bromme Rainer 
Published: March 2014

SummaryResearch shows that laypeople rely more on their capabilities to make decisions about science‐based knowledge claims after reading comprehensible compared with less comprehensible topic information. This can be problematic, because complex science‐based issues usually cannot be understood fully without experts' further advice. The present study investigated whether making readers aware of the ‘epistemic topic complexity’ of an issue (i.e., the extent of existing topic knowledge, the complexity of relationships between concepts, and the existence of multiple expert perspectives) can mitigate this influence of comprehensibility. Undergraduate students read comprehensible or less comprehensible health texts with topic knowledge being described as complex, uncomplex, or not described at all. They reported whether they agreed with the claim and would rely on their decision. Results showed that after reading comprehensible information, participants' reliance on their decision increased less when they considered topic knowledge to be complex. Practical implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finger Length Pattern as a Biomarker for Osteoarthritis and Chronic Joint Pain: A Population‐Based Study and Meta‐Analysis After Systematic Review
Authors: de Kruijf Marjolein , Kerkhof Hanneke J. M. , Peters Marjolein J. , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita , Hofman Albert , Uitterlinden Andre G. , Huggen Frank J. P. M. , van Meurs Joyce B. J. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveType 3 finger length pattern (longer fourth digit than second digit) is influenced by prenatal androgens and has been studied previously as a biomarker for sexually dimorphic traits. Because osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic pain are known to be sexually dimorphic traits, we evaluated the association between finger length pattern and OA and chronic joint pain.MethodsThis study was part of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population‐based cohort study. We examined 4,784 participants. Associations between type 3 finger length and radiologic knee, hip, and hand OA and chronic joint pain were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Our results for OA were combined with previously published data in a meta‐analysis.ResultsParticipants with type 3 finger length pattern had an odds ratio of 1.64 for hand OA (P = 1.06 × 10−7). No associations with radiologic knee or hip OA were observed in the Rotterdam Study. The meta‐analysis of previously published data and our novel data showed a significant association between type 3 finger length pattern and clinical symptomatic knee OA, but no association was found with radiologic knee OA. In addition, within the Rotterdam Study, we observed an odds ratio of 1.41 for individuals having joint pain at multiple sites (P = 1.4 × 10−3).ConclusionType 3 finger length pattern, as an indicator of prenatal androgen exposure, was associated with having symptomatic knee OA, chronic pain, and hand OA. Therefore, it may be applicable as an easy measurable biomarker to identify susceptible subjects for these traits.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Arylaminocyclobutanones
Authors: Aitken David J. , Caboni Pierluigi , Eijsberg Hendrik , Frongia Angelo , Guillot Régis , Ollivier Jean , Piras Pier Paolo , Secci Francesco 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA catalytic enantioselective synthesis of α‐arylaminocyclobutanones from racemic α‐hydroxycyclobutanone and a selection of N‐alkylanilines has been established, via a tandem condensation/keto‐enol tautomerization process reminiscent of the Amadori and Heyns rearrangements.magnified image
Price Volatility Transmission in Food Supply Chains: A Literature Review
Authors: Assefa Tsion Taye , Meuwissen Miranda P.M. , Oude Lansink Alfons G.J.M. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the literature on price volatility transmission in vertical food markets. The methods and major findings of the literature are discussed and avenues for future research are suggested. The literature review shows that price volatility is analyzed using a class of univariate and multivariate GARCH models. The reviewed studies conclude that price volatility transmits along food supply chains thereby exposing all chain actors to risk and uncertainty. Extension of the limited sample period, country, product, and chain stages coverage of the current literature are suggested as avenues for future research. A largely ignored aspect in the current literature is the identification and empirical testing of the role of contextual factors on the degree of price volatility transmission.
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 protein as a novel therapeutic target for spinal cord injury
Authors: Liu Nai‐Kui , Deng Ling‐Xiao , Zhang Yi Ping , Lu Qing‐Bo , Wang Xiao‐Fei , Hu Jian‐Guo , Oakes Eddie , Bonventre Joseph V. , Shields Christopher B. , Xu Xiao‐Ming 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate whether cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an important isoform of PLA2 that mediates the release of arachidonic acid, plays a role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsA combination of molecular, histological, immunohistochemical, and behavioral assessments were used to test whether blocking cPLA2 activation pharmacologically or genetically reduced cell death, protected spinal cord tissue, and improved behavioral recovery after a contusive SCI performed at the 10th thoracic level in adult mice.ResultsSCI significantly increased cPLA2 expression and activation. Activated cPLA2 was localized mainly in neurons and oligodendrocytes. Notably, the SCI‐induced cPLA2 activation was mediated by the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase signaling pathway. In vitro, activation of cPLA2 by ceramide‐1‐phosphate or A23187 induced spinal neuronal death, which was substantially reversed by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a cPLA2 inhibitor. Remarkably, blocking cPLA2 pharmacologically at 30 minutes postinjury or genetically deleting cPLA2 in mice ameliorated motor deficits, and reduced cell loss and tissue damage after SCI.InterpretationcPLA2 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of SCI, at least in the C57BL/6 mouse, and as such could be an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating secondary tissue damage and promoting recovery of function after SCI. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:644–658
A Small‐Molecule Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expressing Tumors
Authors: Krall Nikolaus , Pretto Francesca , Decurtins Willy , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , Supuran Claudiu T. , Neri Dario 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAntibody–drug conjugates are a very promising class of new anticancer agents, but the use of small‐molecule ligands for the targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs into solid tumors is less well established. Here, we describe the first small‐molecule drug conjugates for the treatment of carbonic anhydrase IX expressing solid tumors. Using ligand–dye conjugates we demonstrate that such molecules can preferentially accumulate inside antigen‐positive lesions, have fast targeting kinetics and good tumor‐penetrating properties, and are easily accessible by total synthesis. A disulfide‐linked drug conjugate with the maytansinoid DM1 as the cytotoxic payload and a derivative of acetazolamide as the targeting ligand exhibited a potent antitumor effect in SKRC52 renal cell carcinoma in vivo. It was furthermore superior to sunitinib and sorafenib, both small‐molecule standard‐of‐care drugs for the treatment of kidney cancer.
A Photo‐annealing Approach for Building Functional Polymer Layers on Paper
Authors: Qian Qiuping , Wang Jian , Yan Feng , Wang Yapei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA straightforward photo‐annealing approach was developed for building functional polymer layers on paper. Conducting polyaniline with the ability for photothermal conversion can be readily annealed by near‐infrared light. The annealed polymers become both insulating and hydrophobic. Selective photo‐annealing produces a functional layer with patterned conductive arrays. This material exhibits real‐time response to ammonium gas. Complete photo‐annealing preserves the porous structure but changes the wettability of the polyaniline‐nanofiber film.
Improvement of processing and mechanical properties of polyetherimide by antiplasticization with resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
Authors: Alexandrino Evandro M. , da Conceição Thiago F. , Felisberti Maria I. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis article describes the antiplasticization of a commercial polyetherimide ULTEM® series 1000 [poly(bisphenol A‐co‐4‐nitrophthalic anhydride‐co‐1,3‐phenylenediamine) by resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)] (RDP) and its implications on the thermomechanical processing, namely extrusion and injection molding, as well as on the thermal and mechanical properties of the formulations. This antiplasticization effect allows the processing of polyetherimide formulations at lower temperatures in comparison with neat polymer due to the progressive decrease of the glass transition temperature with increased RDP concentration, as observed by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The decrease of Tg occurs concomitantly with the overlap of the glass transition and β relaxation and with the shift of the γ relaxation to higher temperatures. These changes in the relaxation spectrum of polyetherimide formulations are possibly responsible for the increase of the tensile strength and Young's modulus and changes in the fracture mechanism, as observed by stress–strain tests and by scanning electron microscopy, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40619.
Preoperative assessment of retrorectal tumours
Authors: Sagar A J , Koshy A , Hyland R , Rotimi O , Sagar P M 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Retrorectal tumours present diagnostic and surgical challenges. This study aimed to identify whether preoperative imaging and/or biopsy provide diagnostic accuracy.

Methods
A consecutive series of patients who had undergone excision of a retrorectal tumour were identified from a database (2002–2013). Details of patient demographics, preoperative presentation, imaging, biopsy, surgical procedure, and gross and microscopic pathology were reviewed. Preoperative imaging and/or biopsies were compared with eventual pathology findings.

Results
In total, 76 patients were identified, all of whom had undergone preoperative cross-sectional imaging whereas only 22 had preoperative biopsy. Imaging correctly discriminated benign from malignant tumours in 72 of the 76 patients (specificity 97 per cent, sensitivity 88 per cent, positive predictive value 88 per cent and negative predictive value 97 per cent). The corresponding values for preoperative biopsy (benign versus malignant) were 100, 83, 100 and 93 per cent. None of the four patients who were assessed incorrectly as having benign or malignant disease on imaging would have undergone an alternative procedure had this been known before surgery. Preoperative biopsy did not significantly influence patient management, and the absence of preoperative biopsy had no detrimental effect; a definitive preoperative histological diagnosis would not have influenced subsequent management.

Conclusion
Preoperative imaging was accurate in the assessment of retrorectal tumours, whereas biopsy did not add to the surgical strategy.
X‐ray magnetic resonance fusion modality may reduce radiation exposure and contrast dose in diagnostic cardiac catheterization of congenital heart disease
Authors: Abu Hazeem Anas A. , Dori Yoav , Whitehead Kevin K. , Harris Matthew A. , Fogel Mark A. , Gillespie Matthew J. , Rome Jonathan J. , Glatz Andrew C. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRadiation exposure in the pediatric population may increase the risk of future malignancy. Children with congenital heart disease who often undergo repeated catheterizations are at risk. One possible strategy to reduce radiation is to use X‐ray Magnetic Resonance Fusion (XMRF) to facilitate cardiac catheterization.MethodsCatheterization data of patients who underwent diagnostic XMRF procedures between January 1, 2009 and February 1, 2012 were reviewed. Cases were matched 1:1 to contemporary controls who did not undergo XMRF based on weight and diagnosis and were compared in radiation exposure, contrast dose, and procedural and anesthesia times.ResultsForty‐four matched pairs were included. Baseline demographics were similar in both groups. Patients in the XMRF group had lower indices of radiation exposure measured by fluoroscopy time (14 vs. 16.4 vs. P = 0.047), dose‐area product from fluoroscopy (513.2 vs. 589.1 µGy·m2, P = 0.042), total dose‐area product (625.8 vs. 995.2 µGy·m2, P = 0.027), and total air kerma dose (94.5 vs. 153.8 mGy, P = 0.017). There was also a significant reduction in contrast dose (2 vs. 3.3 cc/kg, P <0.001). Procedural time tended to be shorter in the XMRF group but anesthesia time was significantly longer.ConclusionSelect diagnostic cardiac catheterization cases that utilized XMRF used less radiation and contrast than similar cases where XMRF was not used. Future work is needed to determine whether similar benefits can be extended to other types of diagnostic and complex interventional procedures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Clippers for Controlling Photophysical Processes through Preorganized Chromophores
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Ushie Onumashi Afi , George Subi J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA novel supramolecular clipping design for influencing the photophysical properties of functional molecular assemblies, by the preorganization (clipping) of chromophores, is described. Several chromophores end functionalized with molecular recognition units were designed. These molecular recognition units serve as handles to appropriately position these systems upon noncovalent interactions with multivalent guest molecules (supramolecular clippers). Towards this goal, we have synthesized 1,5‐dialkoxynaphthalene (DAN) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) functionalized with dipicolylethylenediamine (DPA) motifs. These molecules could preorganize upon noncovalent clipping with adenosine di‐ or triphosphates, which resulted in preassociated excimers and mixed (cofacial) charge‐transfer (CT) assemblies. Chiral guest binding could also induce supramolecular chirality, not only into the individual chromophoric assembly but also into the heteromeric CT organization, as seen from the strong circular dichroism (CD) signal of the CT transition. The unique ability of this design to influence the intermolecular interactions by changing the binding strength of the clippers furthermore makes it very attractive for controlling the bimolecular photophysical processes.
Riboflavin‐Based Fluorogenic Sensor for Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Detection of Amine Vapors
Authors: Iida Hiroki , Miki Marie , Iwahana Soichiro , Yashima Eiji 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA novel turn‐on fluorogenic chiral sensory system has been developed using a protonated riboflavin and riboflavin‐derived cationic polymer as a fluorophore precursor and a specific amine receptor, respectively, which enables the solid‐state chemo‐ and enantioselective fluorogenic visual detection of primary and secondary amine vapors.
Theoretical Investigation on Structures, Stabilities, and Hydrolysis Reactions of Small RuO2 Nanoclusters
Authors: Dong Hao , Zan Zhonghua , Zhou Xin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe geometric structures and relative stabilities of both neutral and ionic (RuO2)n (n=1–5) nanoclusters have been systematically investigated using density functional theory calculations. Differently from the crystal structure, ruthenium tends to adopt a 4‐fold coordination with either terminal RuO or bridging RuO bonds in gas phase clusters. Our calculations show that three‐dimensional compact structures are more preferred with the increase of the cluster size. For the low‐lying (RuO2)n clusters, the cluster formation energy per RuO2 unit and the electron affinity are found to increase whereas the ionization potential is computed to decrease with the cluster size. Based on the optimized lower‐energy structures of neutral and cationic (RuO2)n (n=1–5), the hydrolysis reactions of these clusters with water molecules have been further explored. The calculated results indicate that the adsorption of water molecules to the cationic species is much easier than the neutral ones. The overall hydrolysis reaction energies are more exothermic for the cationic clusters than for the neutral clusters. Our calculations indicate that thermodynamically, H2O can be more easily split on the cationic ruthenium oxide clusters than on the neutral clusters.