bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal associations between breastfeeding and observed mother–child interaction qualities in early childhood
Authors: Papp L. M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundDespite extensive literature on the role of breastfeeding in maternal and child health and cognitive development, few studies have systematically tested whether breastfeeding predicts children's socio‐emotional outcomes. The present study examined associations between trajectories of breastfeeding and observed parent–child interaction qualities of maternal sensitivity, child positivity, and child negativity from 6 months to 3 years of age.MethodsData were drawn from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1306 US families). Hierarchical linear modelling accounted for demographic and early characteristics, including home environment, maternal depression, and observed global relationship quality.ResultsBreastfeeding was associated with increases in observed maternal sensitivity over time, even after the effects of demographic and early characteristics were controlled. Accounting for the covariates, breastfeeding was not associated with child behaviour (i.e. positivity, negativity) in mother–child interaction across early childhood.ConclusionsImproved relationship quality, specifically through changes in maternal behaviour, may be another advantage experienced by breastfeeding mothers and children.
Understanding the healthcare experiences of teenaged cancer patients and survivors
Authors: Farjou G. , Sinha R. , Dix D. , Shahbaz A. , Klaassen R. J. , Klassen A. F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundDespite literature supporting a client and family‐centred approach to healthcare delivery in paediatric facilities, there is little information about healthcare delivery from the perspective of teenagers in the oncology setting. The objective of this study is to describe the healthcare experiences of teenagers with cancer.MethodsAs part of a larger study on teen‐centred care delivery in paediatric oncology, a survey included several open‐ended questions to learn about the following: (1) what teenagers liked about the cancer care they received; (2) what they disliked about the cancer care received; and (3) what they would include if they could design the perfect cancer centre for teenagers. The survey was completed by 200 teenagers (aged 12–20 years) from three paediatric hospitals inCanada. Answers to these questions were coded and developed into themes and subthemes using a thematic analysis approach.ResultsThe number of patients providing answers was 89% for question 1, 63% for question 2 and 68.5% for question 3. Likes and dislikes were conceptualized in terms of four key themes as follows: (1) staff at the treatment centre; (2) the cancer care they received; (3) the treatment centre itself; and (4) social activities. The most common suggestions for the perfect cancer centre included having access to better entertainment, more social opportunities to interact with peers, and a more comfortable environment for themselves and their families.ConclusionUnderstanding teenagers' experiences in the paediatric oncology setting provides information that could be used to shape the delivery of healthcare in a way that is tailored to their needs. Further research in this area is required in order to improve existing oncology care.
Addressing Important Questions in the Field of Adolescent Purpose
Authors: Hill Patrick L. , Burrow Anthony L. , Sumner Rachel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this review, we discuss three questions about the importance of studying purpose as a construct relevant to adolescence. We consider how finding a purpose can help youth answer questions such as “Who am I?” and “Where am I going?” and summarize the benefits of finding a purpose during adolescence. Purposeful youth are more agentic and driven in their lives, as well as happier and less susceptible to risks common in adolescence. We conclude by identifying areas that merit study, including the need to understand which contexts best scaffold the development of purpose among youth and the need for experimental research to strengthen causal claims.
Age‐Related Changes in Spreading Activation During Infancy
Authors: Barr Rachel , Walker Joanne , Gross Julien , Hayne Harlene 
Published: October 2013

The concept of spreading activation describes how retrieval of one memory cues retrieval of other memories that are associated with it. This study explored spreading activation in 6‐, 12‐, and 18‐month‐old infants. Infants (n = 144) learned two tasks within the same experimental session; one task, deferred imitation (DI), is typically remembered longer than the other task, visual recognition memory (VRM). At all ages, retrieval of the DI memory facilitated retrieval of the VRM memory, but the conditions under which this spreading activation occurred changed as a function of age. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the development of mnemonic networks during infancy and the value of studying infants for our understanding of memory more generally.
Deconstructing Building Blocks: Preschoolers' Spatial Assembly Performance Relates to Early Mathematical Skills
Authors: Verdine Brian N. , Golinkoff Roberta M. , Hirsh‐Pasek Kathryn , Newcombe Nora S. , Filipowicz Andrew T. , Chang Alicia 
Published: October 2013

This study focuses on three main goals: First, 3‐year‐olds' spatial assembly skills are probed using interlocking block constructions (N = 102). A detailed scoring scheme provides insight into early spatial processing and offers information beyond a basic accuracy score. Second, the relation of spatial assembly to early mathematical skills was evaluated. Spatial skill independently predicted a significant amount of the variability in concurrent mathematical performance. Finally, the relation between spatial assembly skill and socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and parent‐reported spatial language was examined. While children's performance did not differ by gender, lower SES children were already lagging behind higher SES children in block assembly. Furthermore, lower SES parents reported using significantly fewer spatial words with their children.
Cultural Socialization and Ethnic Pride Among Mexican‐Origin Adolescents During the Transition to Middle School
Authors: Hernández Maciel M. , Conger Rand D. , Robins Richard W. , Bacher Kelly Beaumont , Widaman Keith F. 
Published: October 2013

The relation between cultural socialization and ethnic pride during the transition to middle school was examined for 674 fifth‐grade students (50% boys; Mage = 10.4 years) of Mexican origin. The theoretical model guiding the study proposes that parent–child relationship quality is a resource in the transmission of cultural values from parent to child and that parental warmth promotes the child's positive response to cultural socialization. Results showed that mother and father cultural socialization predicted youth ethnic pride and that this relation was stronger when parents were high in warmth. The findings highlight the positive role parent cultural socialization may play in the development of adolescent ethnic pride. Furthermore, findings reveal the role of parent–child relationship quality in this process.
Preschoolers Selectively Infer History When Explaining Outcomes: Evidence From Explanations of Ownership, Liking, and Use
Authors: Nancekivell Shaylene E. , Friedman Ori 
Published: October 2013

Two experiments provide evidence that preschoolers selectively infer history when explaining outcomes and infer past events that could have plausibly happened. In Experiment 1, thirty‐three 3‐year‐olds and thirty‐six 4‐year‐olds explained why a character owns or likes certain objects. In Experiment 2, thirty‐four 4‐year‐olds and thirty‐six 5‐year‐olds explained why a character either owns or is using the objects. Children aged 4 and 5 years, but not 3 years, inferred history when explaining ownership, but not when explaining liking or use. They also tailored their explanations to reflect likelihood, allowing them to infer plausible past events. These findings are informative about the development of children's ability to infer history in their explanations and also suggest that preschoolers appreciate that ownership depends on past investment.
Sociodemographic disparities and behavioral factors in clinical oral health status during pregnancy
Authors: Chung Lisa H. , Gregorich Steven E. , Armitage Gary C. , Gonzalez‐Vargas Judy , Adams Sally H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesAlthough oral health (OH) problems are common during pregnancy, little is known about individual characteristics or behaviors relating to clinically assessed OH during pregnancy. This cross‐sectional study describes the clinical OH status of a sample of pregnant women, examines relationships between sociodemographic factors and OH, behavioral factors and OH, and the influence of behavior on the relationships between sociodemographic clusters and OH. Baseline data were utilized from a pilot intervention study promoting OH during pregnancy.MethodsParticipants (n = 99), recruited from CenteringPregnancy® prenatal care groups completed questionnaires addressing race/ethnicity, income, education, dental insurance, oral hygiene practices, and dental care utilization; and clinical examinations for periodontal probing depths (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque assessment, and visual detection of untreated decay. Chi‐squares and one‐way anovas with Tukey's studentized range test of planned comparisons were conducted to examine bivariable relationships between both sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics to OH status. Multivariable logistic regression analyses tested whether the effects of sociodemographic variables on OH status might be mediated by behaviors, including self‐reported oral hygiene and recent dental visits.ResultsForty‐five percent of the sample had untreated decay and the mean percentage of sites with BOP = 18%. Bivariable analyses of sociodemographic factors indicated that compared with Whites, Hispanic women had greater % of sites with: BOP, PD ≥5 mm plus BOP, and Plaque Index (PI) scores of ≥2, all P = 0.05; and greater untreated decay (Chi‐square 13.3, P < 0.001). Lower income was related to greater untreated decay (Chi‐square 7.6, P < 0.01). Compared with the highest education level, the lowest level group had higher % BOP, P < 0.05. Public dental insurance (versus private) was associated with greater % BOP, PD ≥5 mm plus BOP, both P < 0.05, and greater untreated decay (Chi‐square 16.9, P < 0.001). Regarding behaviors, lacking a past 6‐month dental visit was related to greater: BOP, PD ≥5 mm plus BOP, and PI ≥2 (F range 6.2–8.7, P < 0.01–0.05); and greater untreated decay (Chi‐square 12.0, P < 0.001). Self‐reported optimal oral hygiene was related to lower % BOP and PD ≥5 mm plus BOP (F range 4.5–6.7, both P < 0.05). Mediation analyses indicated that there were significant indirect effects of racial/ethnic differences on OH outcomes via having a recent dental visit (OR range 1.2–1.9). However, significant differences between the Hispanic and White groups remained.ConclusionsThis study highlights sociodemographic disparities in clinical OH during pregnancy, the importance of dental care, and provides useful findings for tailoring interventions for expectant mothers and their infants.
Recurrent reactions to food among children at paediatric emergency departments
Authors: Vetander M. , Ly D. H. , Håkansson N. , Lilja G. , Nilsson C. , Östblom E. , Wickman M. , Bergström A. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundKnowledge about repeated food reactions in paediatric emergency departments (ED) is sparse.ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and potential risk factors for repeated ED visits for food‐allergic reactions among children with a prior ED visit due to reactions to food.MethodsA total of 358 children with ED visits at paediatric hospitals in Stockholm due to reactions to foods during 2007 (index‐reaction) were investigated in relation to recurrent reactions until 30 June 2010. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to compute relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsA total of 80 children had 116 ED revisits over a period of 873 patient‐years, yielding an incidence rate of 9 per 100 patient‐years. Known food allergy before the index ED visit in 2007 increased the risk for ED revisits (RR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.35–3.94). Likewise, prescription of adrenaline auto‐injector before the index‐reaction increased the risk (RR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.17–3.49). Twenty‐one percent of the children had more severe reactions at the revisit, 38% less severe and 41% had reactions of comparable severity. However, among 44% of the children with comparable or less severe reaction at revisit, early treatment with adrenaline hampered the classification of change in severity.Conclusions and Clinical RelevancePreviously known food allergy and prior prescription of adrenaline are significant risk factors for ED revisits among children with a prior ED visit due to reactions to food. Our results indicate that the severity of the index‐reaction cannot be used to predict the severity of the relapse.
Identification of putative new tomato allergens and differential interaction with IgEs of tomato allergic subjects
Authors: Welter S. , Lehmann K. , Dölle S. , Schwarz D. , Weckwerth W. , Scheler C. , Worm M. , Franken P. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundTomato became one of the world‐wide most consumed vegetables, unfortunately accompanied by an increasing risk of tomato allergy affecting certain people. As tomato allergic subjects show highly variable reactions in clinical allergy tests, it is difficult to identify cultivars or differentially treated tomato plants where a significant reduction in the allergenic potential over all subjects of a cohort can be detected.ObjectiveThis study was carried out to test the hypothesis that individual variability is based on differential reactions of single subjects to particular allergens in tomato fruits of plants with certain genetic background or cultivated under distinct conditions.MethodsProteins were extracted from tomato fruits of the previously investigated genotypes 76R, its mycorrhizal mutant RMC, and the cultivar Counter, fertilized with different forms of nitrogen in deficit or excess. 2‐D immunoblots were carried out with sera of nine tomato allergic subjects, beforehand analysed in skin prick tests.ResultsIn total, ten putative tomato allergens were identified in these immunoblots. No correlation was detected between individual skin prick test results and the quantity of positive reactions to putative allergens. IgEs of each subject showed reactions to nearly every identified putative allergen, but reactions were dependent on genotype and growth conditions. Among the ten putative tomato allergens, five new candidates were identified as follows: an endo‐β‐mannanase, a pectinacetylesterase, a pectinesterase inhibitor, an aspartyl protease family protein and a protein of unknown function.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceThe hypothesis that high interindividual differences in allergic reactions are based on the interactions between the IgEs of allergic subjects with particular allergens has to be rejected. However, five proteins with putative clinical relevance as tomato allergens could be newly identified.
Deep phenotyping of the unselected COPSAC2010 birth cohort study
Authors: Bisgaard H. , Vissing N. H. , Carson C. G. , Bischoff A. L. , Følsgaard N. V. , Kreiner‐Møller E. , Chawes B. L. K. , Stokholm J. , Pedersen L. , Bjarnadóttir E. , Thysen A. H. , Nilsson E. , Mortensen L. J. , Olsen S. F. , Schjørring S. , Krogfelt K. A. , Lauritzen L. , Brix S. , Bønnelykke K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundWe hypothesize that perinatal exposures, in particular the human microbiome and maternal nutrition during pregnancy, interact with the genetic predisposition to cause an abnormal immune modulation in early life towards a trajectory to chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and others.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore these interactions by conducting a longitudinal study in an unselected cohort of pregnant women and their offspring with emphasis on deep clinical phenotyping, exposure assessment, and biobanking. Exposure assessments focus on the human microbiome. Nutritional intervention during pregnancy in randomized controlled trials are included in the study to prevent disease and to be able to establish causal relationships.MethodsPregnant women from eastern Denmark were invited during 2008–2010 to a novel unselected ‘COPSAC2010’ cohort. The women visited the clinic during pregnancy weeks 24 and 36. Their children were followed at the clinic with deep phenotyping and collection of biological samples at nine regular visits until the age of 3 and at acute symptoms. Randomized controlled trials of high‐dose vitamin D and fish oil supplements were conducted during pregnancy, and a trial of azithromycin for acute lung symptoms was conducted in the children with recurrent wheeze.ResultsSeven hundred and thirty‐eight mothers were recruited from week 24 of gestation, and 700 of their children were included in the birth cohort. The cohort has an over‐representation of atopic parents. The participant satisfaction was high and the adherence equally high with 685 children (98%) attending the 1 year clinic visit and 667 children (95%) attending the 2 year clinic visit.ConclusionsThe COPSAC2010 birth cohort study provides longitudinal clinical follow‐up with highly specific end‐points, exposure assessments, and biobanking. The cohort has a high adherence rate promising strong data to elucidate the interaction between genomics and the exposome in perinatal life leading to lifestyle‐related chronic inflammatory disorders such as asthma.
Effects of adjuvants for human use in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone (New Zealand black/New Zealand white) F1 mice
Authors: Favoino E , Favia E I , Digiglio L , Racanelli V , Shoenfeld Y , Perosa F 
Published: October 2013

Summary
The safety of four different adjuvants was assessed in lupus-prone New Zealand black/New Zealand white (BW)F1 mice. Four groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), squalene (SQU) or aluminium hydroxide (ALU). An additional group received plain phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (UNT group). Mice were primed at week 9 and boosted every other week up to week 15. Proteinuria became detectable at weeks 17 (IFA group), 24 (CFA group), 28 (SQU and ALU groups) and 32 (UNT group). Different mean values were obtained among the groups from weeks 17 to 21 [week 17: one-way analysis of variance (anova) P = 0·016; weeks 18 and 19: P = 0·048; weeks 20 and 21: P = 0·013] being higher in the IFA group than the others [Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) post-test P &lt; 0·05]. No differences in anti-DNA antibody levels were observed among groups. Anti-RNP/Sm antibody developed at week 19 in only one CFA-treated mouse. Mean mouse weight at week 18 was lower in the ALU group than the IFA (Tukey's HSD post-test P = 0·04), CFA (P = 0·01) and SQU (P &lt; 0·0001) groups, while the mean weight in the SQU group was higher than in the IFA (P = 0·009), CFA (P = 0·013) and UNT (P = 0·005) groups. The ALU group weight decreased by almost half between weeks 29 and 31, indicating some toxic effect of ALU in the late post-immunization period. Thus, SQU was the least toxic adjuvant as it did not (i) accelerate proteinuria onset compared to IFA; (ii) induce toxicity compared to ALU or (iii) elicit anti-RNP/Sm autoantibody, as occurred in the CFA group.
Blockade of tumour necrosis factor-α in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reveals differential effects on the antigen-specific immune response and central nervous system histopathology
Authors: Batoulis H , Recks M S , Holland F O , Thomalla F , Williams R O , Kuerten S 
Published: October 2013

Summary
In various autoimmune diseases, anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α treatment has been shown to reduce both clinical disease severity and T helper type 1 (Th1)1/Th17 responses. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), however, the role of TNF-α has remained unclear. Here, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35–55 and treated with anti-TNF-α, control antibody or vehicle. The clinical disease course, incidence and severity were assessed. On day 20 after immunization the antigen-specific Th1/Th17 response was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) in spleen and central nervous system (CNS). Also, the extent of spinal cord histopathology was analysed on semi- and ultrathin sections. Our results demonstrate that anti-TNF-α treatment reduced the incidence and delayed the onset of EAE, but had no effect on disease severity once EAE had been established. Whereas anti-TNF-α treatment induced an increase in splenic Th1/Th17 responses, there was no effect on the number of antigen-specific Th1/Th17 cells in the spinal cord. Accordingly, the degree of CNS histopathology was comparable in control and anti-TNF-α-treated mice. In conclusion, while the anti-TNF-α treatment had neither immunosuppressive effects on the Th1/Th17 response in the CNS nor histoprotective properties in EAE, it enhanced the myelin-specific T cell response in the immune periphery.
CD3ζ-based chimeric antigen receptors mediate T cell activation viacis- andtrans-signalling mechanisms: implications for optimization of receptor structure for adoptive cell therapy
Authors: Bridgeman J S , Ladell K , Sheard V E , Miners K , Hawkins R E , Price D A , Gilham D E 
Published: October 2013

SummaryChimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can mediate redirected lysis of tumour cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby enabling autologous adoptive T cell therapy for a variety of malignant neoplasms. Currently, most CARs incorporate the T cell receptor (TCR) CD3ζ signalling chain; however, the precise mechanisms responsible for CAR-mediated T cell activation are unclear. In this study, we used a series of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mutant and transmembrane-modified receptors to demonstrate that CARs activate T cells both directly via the antigen-ligated signalling chain and indirectly via associated chains within the TCR complex. These observations allowed us to generate new receptors capable of eliciting polyfunctional responses in primary human T cells. This work increases our understanding of CAR function and identifies new avenues for the optimization of CAR-based therapeutic interventions.