bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tillage and Crop Establishment Methods, Crop Residues, and Nitrogen Levels on Wheat Productivity, Energy-savings and Greenhouse Gas Emission under Rice -Wheat Cropping System
Authors: Sah G. , Shah S. C. , Sah S. K. , Thapa R. B. , McDonald A. , Sidhu H. S. , Gupta R. K. , Tripathi B. P. , Justice S. E. 
Published: February 2015

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate conventional tillage (CT), permanent raised bed (PRB), and zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention and removal at three nitrogen levels (0, 100, and 120 kg N ha-1) on wheat productivity, energy input and energy output, energy use efficiency, specific energy, and CO2 emission from 2010 to 2012 under rice-wheat system at Pheta V.D.C, Bara, Nepal. The experiments were carried out in strip split plot designs with three replications. Zero tillage wheat produced significantly higher grain yield (2616.5 kg ha-1), saved 10.4 % energy input, increased energy output (12.4 %), enhancing energy use efficiency by 25.2 % and reducing specific energy by 23.6 %, as compared to conventional tillage. Diesel consumption on crop establishment and irrigations were the lowest for ZT (48.6 liter ha-1) and the highest for CT (86.3 liter ha-1). PRB consumed the lowest quantity of diesel on two irrigations (34.6 liter ha-1) with higher energy use efficiency (3.4 %) and lower specific energy (8.76 MJ kg-1) over CT. The CO2 emission from CT was the highest (224.32 kg ha-1) over ZT (126.4 kg ha-1) and PRB (146.11 kg ha-1). Residue retention increased 4 % grain yield over residue removal. Without nitrogen application, energy output was the lowest (34192 MJ ha-1) with the highest specific energy (12.6 MJ kg-1). Thus, zero-till wheat with 40-cm residue retention and 100 kg N ha-1 application was suggested for mass scale adoption in the Tarai region of Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12104 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 1-10
Evaluation of Tomato Cultivars for Central Tarai of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Surendra Lal , Sah Raj Lal 
Published: February 2015

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is an important winter vegetable crop in Central Tarai. As compared to India (25 t/ha), the productivity of this crop in this area is quite low (17 t/ha). One of the major contributing factors of low productivity of tomato is the lack of suitable high yielding varieties under rice based cropping system. Ten tomato cultivars, 3 released check cultivars (Pusa ruby and CL-1131 open pollinated and Srijana hybrid cultivar), 7 superior cultivars from Initial Evaluation Trial in the past were planted in November 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2010 at RARS Parwanipur in rice-based cropping system. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seedlings were transplanted on beds at 60x60 cm spacing fertilized with 120:100:60 NPK + 15 t compost per hectare. Results showed that cv. HRDTOM-005XHRDTOM-010 (30.64 t/ha) followed by Makis (28.90 t/ha) and cv. Srijana (28.87 t/ha) gave higher yield among the tested cultivars. These cultivars had given 47.0%, 38.7%, and 38.5% more yield as compared to commercial hybrid variety Manisha (20.84t/ha) whereas Bari-4 and CL-1131 had superior performance among the tested open pollinated cultivars. On the basis of overall performance, cultivars, HRDTOM-005XHRDTOM-010, Makis and Srijana hybrid cultivars, and Bari-4 and CL- 1131from open pollinated cultivars were selected and recommended for cultivation in central Tarai.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12105 Nepal Journal Of Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2014, 11-16
Biofilm Formation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens on Abiotic Surface is Independent of Cellulose Synthesizing Gene
Authors: Tuladhar Reshma 
Published: February 2015

Surface attachment is indispensable in the process of biofilm formation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which has been attributed to the production of extracellular polysaccharide. Adherence of bacteria on the plant was expected to be strong with cellulose synthesis. However, its role in the biofilm formation on abiotic surface is not known. Biofilm cover-slip assay was carried to estimate the biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was not reduced by truncating ellulose synthesis gene. The celCD deleted strain produced biofilm slightly greater than normal strain NTL4 of A. tumefaciens. Besides, production of extracellular polysaccharide was not reduced in the cellulose gene deleted strain NTL4 celCD. Quantitative estimation showed increased exo-polysaccharide in celCD deleted strain. Abolishing the cellulose synthesis property by truncating the cellulose gene did not affect biofilm formation in abiotic surface. In fact cellulose might be repressing biosynthesis of other polysaccharides responsible in biofilm formation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12112Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 41-46
Susceptibility Pattern of Gram Negative Urine Pathogens with Exclusion of Escherichia coli to Quinolone/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Authors: Sapkota Bharat , Bhandari Ram Krishna , Tiwari Bishnu Raj 
Published: February 2015

Quinolone/Fluoroquinolones group of antibiotics are frequently used for the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). Because of high frequency of Gram negative bacterial infection in UTI and emerging resistant urinary pathogen in spite of lower prevalence with exclusion of Escherichia coli, the susceptibility pattern was subjected in this study. The study was conducted at National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) Teku, Kathmandu with an objective to study the antibiotic Quinolone/Fluoroquinolones susceptibility pattern. Out of 550 urine samples, 100 (18.18%) bacteria were isolated from NPHL. Also, 69 isolates from Blue-Cross Hospital and 83 isolates from Medicare Hospital were collected. Altogether 252 urine isolates, showing significant growth in MacConkey Agar and blood agar were identified by standard microbiological techniques. Among 62 Gram negative isolates other than Escherichia coli subjected for the study; Proteus mirabilis (27.42%), Proteus vulgaris (11.29%), Klebsiella oxytoca (12.90%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.75%), Citrobacter freundii (8.06%), Enteribacter cloaecae (6.45%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.90%), Acinetobacter spp. (3.23%). Altogether eight types of antibiotics belonging to quinolone/fluoroquinolone group were used in this study. Among them, norfloxacin was found most sensitive and nalidixic acid was most resistant against Gram negative isolates.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12119Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 77-84
Magnitude of Enterococcal Bacteremia in Trauma Patients Admitted for Intensive Trauma Care: A Tertiary Care Experience from South Asian Country
Authors: Rajkumari Nonika , Mathur Purva , Thanbuana Bariamtak , Sajan Swaminathan , Misra Mahesh C 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Bloodstream infection (BSI) and bacteremias due to Enterococcus spp. are increasing worldwide with the current need to understand its causes among hospitalized trauma patients. Hence, the study was conducted.
Methodology: A 3-year retrospective laboratory cum clinical based study was performed at a level I trauma center in India. Patients with health care associated enterococcal bacteremia were identified using the hospital database, their episodes of BSI/bacteremia calculated and their clinical records and treatment were noted.
Results: A total of 104 nonrepetitive Enterococcus spp. was isolated of which Enterococcus faecium was the most common (52%). High-level resistance to gentamicin high-level aminoglycoside resistance was seen in all the Enterococcus spp. causing bacteremia, whereas a low resistance to vancomycin and teichoplanin was observed. Overall mortality was more in patients infected with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (5/11, 46%) compared to those with vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus (9/93, 10%); though no significant association of mortality with Enterococcus spp. bacteremia (P > 0.05) was seen. The rate of bacteremia due to Enterococcus spp. was 25.4 episodes/1,000 admissions (104/4,094) during the study period.
Conclusion: Enterococcal bacteremia is much prevalent in trauma care facilities. Here, a microbiologist can act as a sentinel and help in preventing such infections.
Overwegingen over een Wereldwijd Parlement van Burgemeesters
Authors: Corijn Eric 
Published: February 2015

Reflecting on a global parliament of mayors
The central argument according to Eric Corijn in the book of Benjamin Barber is that a legitimate political authority should be created that can add some governance, some regulation to the world system. Within the world system a democratic deficit has emerged that is caused by the process of globalization, in which international political and economic decisions are taken without reference to a global constituency, civil society, citizenship or global public opinion. Eric Corijn sees four strong arguments for an increased political role of mayors through a Global Parliament of Mayors. He also discusses three structural global challenges that can better be dealt with by cities than by dysfunctional nations: a) our relationship with nature, b) the growing social inequality, c) superdiversity resulting from migration and socio-cultural diversification. In dealing with these issues (the political agenda) the Global Parliament of Mayors should act in a pragmatic way.
De officier van justitie als kampvechter
Authors: Elffers Henk 
Published: February 2015

The prosecutor as tournament knight
The public prosecutor should act as the knight fighting in court for a victim. A much more communicative strategy instead of one aiming at a juridical discourse will reframe what is happening in court and make it understandable for victims and public in general, Examples are given of how to do so. A discussion on the effects of such a strategy is presented.
Recht doen aan alternatieve scenario’s
Authors: Lettinga Berber 
Published: February 2015

The judge always looks twice; considering alternative scenario’s in court
This article presents how criminal court handle with stories alternative to the accusative story. By analysing verdicts it is showed that reasonable doubt is not merely caused by the simple possibility of an alternative scenario. Under condition of sufficient evidence for conviction criminal courts will reject alternative stories which are without likely indications as well as unusual stories presented in an tardy stadium of law. Therefor it is important for participants in law to focus on the (lack of) support and the (im)plausiblity of alternative stories, instead of (requesting) infinite search for discriminative evidence in merely suggested stories.
Flexible Workplace Practices: Employees’ Experiences in Small IT Firms
Authors: Gordon Catherine E. 
Published: February 2015

This paper examines how employees experience flexible workplace practices (FWPs), such as flex-time, in the context of small firms. Past research consistently documents that employees’ experiences vary according to whether or not the workplace culture is supportive of FWPs and work-life balance needs. Studies, however, typically use individual level data or focus on large companies. Little research has focused on the experiences of employees of small firms. Possibly, employees of small firms have somewhat unique experiences of FWPs because of the workplace context. Like past research, this paper considers how gender and age relations structure the workplace. Also taken into account are the control strategies that management employs over the workforce.
Data are taken from a Canadian study on small information technology (IT) firms that employed between four and 21 individuals. A multiple case study of 17 firms is conducted using web-surveys, semi-structured interviews, case study reports, field notes, and HR policy documents. Three different workplace contexts emerged among study firms based on their flexibility and workplace culture with respect to time. Some of these workplaces reproduced hegemonic gender, age, and class expectations, whereas others somewhat challenged them. The three firm-types did not vary according to firm-specific characteristics, such as business specialization, but patterns with regard to age and gender characteristics of the owners and employees were evident. Employees’ experiences varied according to where they worked. The findings suggest that similar and different processes occur in small firms compared to the large companies often studied in the literature. Like large firms, small firms are not neutral or based on a consensus. Small firm employees, however, may be considerably more vulnerable.
Preferential remineralization of dissolved organic phosphorus and non‐Redfield DOM dynamics in the global ocean: Impacts on marine productivity, nitrogen fixation, and carbon export
Authors: Letscher Robert T. , Moore J. Keith 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSelective removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool has been reported in several regional studies. Because DOM is an important advective/mixing pathway of carbon (C) export from the ocean surface layer and its non‐Redfieldian stoichiometry would affect estimates of marine export production per unit N and P, we investigated the stoichiometry of marine DOM and its remineralization globally using a compiled DOM data set. Marine DOM is enriched in C and N compared to Redfield stoichiometry, averaging 317:39:1 and 810:48:1 for C:N:P within the degradable and total bulk pools, respectively. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is found to be preferentially remineralized about twice as rapidly with respect to the enriched C:N stoichiometry of marine DOM. Biogeochemical simulations with the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling model using Redfield and variable DOM stoichiometry corroborate the need for non‐Redfield dynamics to match the observed DOM stoichiometry. From our model simulations, preferential DOP remineralization is found to increase the strength of the biological pump by ~9% versus the case of Redfield DOM cycling. Global net primary productivity increases ~10% including an increase in marine nitrogen fixation of ~26% when preferential DOP remineralization and direct utilization of DOP by phytoplankton are included. The largest increases in marine nitrogen fixation, net primary productivity, and carbon export are observed within the western subtropical gyres, suggesting the lateral transfer of P in the form of DOP from the productive eastern and poleward gyre margins may be important for sustaining these processes downstream in the subtropical gyres.
Seasonal changes of CO2, CH4, N2O, and SF6 in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere over the Eurasian continent observed by commercial airliner
Authors: Sawa Yousuke , Machida Toshinobu , Matsueda Hidekazu , Niwa Yosuke , Tsuboi Kazuhiro , Murayama Shohei , Morimoto Shinji , Aoki Shuji 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe seasonal variations of greenhouse gases at about 11 km altitude were analyzed from monthly air samples collected aboard a commercial airliner flying between Europe and Japan from April 2012 to March 2014. Compared to lower latitudes, the upper troposphere between 50 and 70°N showed higher CH4 and SF6 and an earlier seasonal phase of CO2. However, N2O values were similar to those in the subtropics. CH4, N2O, and SF6 in the lower stratosphere with potential temperature of up to 50 K above the tropopause showed seasonal variations with maxima in November/December and minima in April/May. At potential temperatures of 37.5–50 K above the tropopause, SF6 age was estimated to be about 22 months in May and 9 months in November. This strong seasonal variation is explained by the subsidence of high‐stratospheric air in spring and the effective flushing of the lowermost stratospheric air with tropospheric air in autumn.
On the azimuthal evolution and geoeffectiveness of the SIR‐associated stream interface
Authors: Kellerman A. C. , McPherron R. L. , Weygand J. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this study, the azimuthal evolution of stream interaction regions is investigated, with the goal of predicting the time of arrival of an interface at some later position near 1 AU. A new stream interaction region (SIR) data set is constructed from ACE, STEREO A, and STEREO B in situ measurements, and it is demonstrated that the magnetic pressure and azimuthal flow angle provide the simplest robust estimation of the interface time. This data set was applied in the investigation. In the analysis, the geometric effects of the magnetic spiral angle and the tilt angle of stream interfaces are considered, and it is demonstrated how they may be used to improve forecasts of the arrival time of stream interaction regions from a spacecraft located at 1 AU. The polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field, toward or away from the Sun, observed by consecutive spacecraft measurements is considered for the slow and fast streams straddling a stream interface, in order to investigate whether the geoeffectiveness of the two streams may also be forecast from 1 AU. It is found that the polarity of the magnetic field, associated with a given stream interface, is conserved when observed by two separate spacecraft at azimuthal separations of 20° or less and while in the fast wind, however, the field polarity was not always conserved when observed in the slow wind ahead of the interface. An analysis of the tilt angle evolution during 2008 showed that while the azimuthal tilt angles were generally similar between observations in the same Carrington rotation and in consecutive rotations of the same corotating interaction region, the meridional tilt angles may differ significantly. The forecast analysis showed that the azimuthal evolution of a SIR at 1 AU may be predicted to within a day or two of the actual evolution time, while any discrepancy was most likely caused by changes at the coronal hole on the solar surface, leading azimuthal and radial evolution of the SIR.
An unusual sequence of sprites followed by a secondary TLE: An analysis of ELF radio measurements and optical observations
Authors: Mlynarczyk Janusz , Bór József , Kulak Andrzej , Popek Martin , Kubisz Jerzy 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present an extraordinary case of sprites in rapid succession—four sprite clusters in only 400 ms—followed by a secondary jet. Simultaneous ELF and optical observations, as well as lightning data, enabled us to thoroughly document this unique event. Locations of the transient luminous events (TLEs) were triangulated using video recordings from Nydek (Czech Republic) and Sopron (Hungary). We found that sprites were displaced up to 70 km from their parent lightning. The current moment waveform and charge moment changes associated with the event were reconstructed from the ELF electromagnetic signature recorded at the Hylaty station (Poland) by a new method. The results suggest that both a short‐delayed and a long‐delayed sprite were generated by a single positive cloud‐to‐ground discharge that had an intense continuing current. It had an unusual progression and lasted 200 ms. A large increase in the current moment during the development of a massive carrot sprite provides evidence in favor of sprite current. Our results also support the formation of an electric environment hypothesized to be necessary for the generation of the secondary TLEs.
Quasi‐static slip patch growth to 20 m on a geological fault inferred from acoustic emissions in a South African gold mine
Authors: Naoi Makoto , Nakatani Masao , Kgarume Thabang , Khambule Sifiso , Masakale Thabang , Ribeiro Luiz , Philipp Joachim , Horiuchi Shigeki , Otsuki Kenshiro , Miyakawa Koji , Watanabe Atsushi , Moriya Hirokazu , Murakami Osamu , Yabe Yasuo , Kawakata Hironori , Yoshimitsu Nana , Ward Anthony , Durrheim Raymond , Ogasawara Hiroshi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThree months of acoustic emission (AE) monitoring in a South African gold mine down to Mw −5 revealed a newly emergent planar cluster of 7557 events −3.9 ≤ Mw ≤ −1.8 (typical rupture radius of 6–70 cm) that expanded with time to reach a size of 20 m on a preexisting geological fault near an active mining front 1 km beneath the ground. It had a sharply defined, planar configuration, with hypocenters aggregated within a thickness of only several decimeters. We infer that the zone defines an aseismic slip patch on the fault, wherein the individual AEs represent failures of very small asperities being loaded by the aseismic slip. Additional support for the interpretation was obtained by analyzing composite focal mechanisms and repeating events. The patch expansion over 2 months was likely quasistatic because all individual AEs ruptured much smaller areas than the cluster size at the corresponding time. The b values dropped gradually from 2.6 to 1.4, consistent with a significant increase in shear stress expected of the mining style. Another cluster with similar characteristics emerged later on a neighboring part of the same fault and grew to a 10 m extent in the last weeks of the study period. The quasi‐static expansion of inferred localized slow‐slip patches to sizes of 10–20 m suggests that the critical crack length on natural faults can be at least as large, much exceeding the decimeter range derived from laboratory stick‐slip experiments on saw‐cut rocks.
An experimental study of the flow of gas along synthetic faults of varying orientation to the stress field: Implications for performance assessment of radioactive waste disposal
Authors: Cuss Robert J. , Harrington Jon F. , Noy David J. , Sathar Shanvas , Norris Simon 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCritical stress theory states that fault transmissivity is strongly dependent upon orientation with respect to the stress tensor. This paper describes an experimental study aimed at verifying critical stress theory using a bespoke angled shear rig designed to examine the relationship between gas flows along a kaolinite‐filled synthetic fault as a function of fault dip. A total of 22 gas injection experiments were conducted on faults oriented 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° to horizontal; both with and without active shear. Gas flow was seen to be complex; repeat gas injection testing showed a consistent gas entry pressure but considerably different, nonrepeatable, gas peak or breakthrough pressure. Gas flow occurred along discrete, dilatant pathways. The physics governing the pressure at which these features formed was repeatable; however, permeability was dependent on the number, distribution, and geometry of the resultant pathways. The nonrepeatable gas response suggests that the number of pathways was dependent on very subtle variations in gouge properties. No fault orientations were seen to exhibit nonflow characteristics, although critical stress theory predicted that two of the investigated fault angles should be effective seals. However, a small variation in gas entry pressure was seen with fault angle as a result of varying normal and shear stress acting on the gouge material. Shear was seen to enhance gas movement by reducing gas entry pressure and increased permeability once gas became mobile. Therefore, in kaolinite gouge‐filled faults, shear is not an effective self‐sealing mechanism to gas flow.