bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalyst‐Dependent Selectivity in the Relay Catalytic Branching Cascade
Authors: Bansode Avinash H. , Shaikh Aslam C. , Kavthe Rahul D. , Thorat Shridhar , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Patil Nitin T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of small organic molecules as probes for discovering new therapeutic agents has been an important aspect of chemical biology. One of the best ways to access collections of small molecules is to use various techniques in diversity‐oriented synthesis (DOS). Recently, a new form of DOS, namely “relay catalytic branching cascades” (RCBCs), has been introduced, wherein a common type of starting material reacts with several scaffold‐building agents (SBAs) to obtain structurally diverse molecular scaffolds under the influence of catalysts. Herein, the RCBC reaction of a common type of substrate with SBAs is reported to give two different types of molecular scaffolds and their formation is essentially dependent on the type of catalyst used.
Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones by Biocatalysis Using Clementine Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) Fruit Grown in Annaba or by Ruthenium Catalysis for Access to Both Enantiomers
Authors: Bennamane Manhel , Zeror Saoussen , Aribi‐Zouioueche Louisa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBiocatalytic reduction of prochiral ketones using freshly ripened clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in aqueous medium is reported. High enantioselectivities were observed, especially for the bioreduction of indanone 3, tetralone 4, and thiochromanone 5 with respectively 95%, 99%, and 86% enantiomeric excess (ee). Enantioselective bio‐ and metal‐catalyzed reactions were compared. Chiral ruthenium catalysts afforded good asymmetric inductions (>75% ee) in most cases, enantiomeric excesses depending on the nature of substrate and ligand. N‐aminoindanol prolinamide L3 was revealed as the best ligand for most ketones. Interestingly, for several substrates both enantiomers could be obtained using either Citrus reticulata or ruthenium complex. Chirality 27:205–210, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bedrohung durch den Islamischen Staat (IS)?
Authors: Wöhrle Dieter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn ChiuZ 5/2014 wurde auf die Rolle und Bedeutung der Chemie im Terrorismus betreffend Missbrauch u.a. von Explosivstoffen, toxischen Chemikalien und radiologischen Waffen eingegangen. Der erst kürzlich ausgerufene Islamische Staat stellt ein neues terroristisches Gefahrenpotential dar, dessen mögliche Auswirkungen in dem Artikel nicht mehr berücksichtigt werden konnten. Daher ist es notwendig, auf mögliche Gefahren ganz neuer Quantität hinzuweisen.
Teichrosen, Bibergeil und traditionelle Medizin
Authors: Oltmanns Dörte 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTeichrosen als Bestandteil traditioneller japanischer Medizin enthalten Nuphar‐Alkaloide. Pflanzen sind jedoch nicht die alleinige Quelle dieser Alkaloide: Sie finden sich auch in Bibergeil, dem in Antike und Mittelalter große Heilkräfte zugesprochen wurden. Ein Nuphar‐Alkaloid konnte nun enantiospezifisch in neun Schritten aus N‐Boc‐(L)‐Prolin synthetisiert und die Struktur mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt werden. Biologische Untersuchungen zeigen die medizinische Wirkung dieses Naturstoffs.
Bio oder nicht – lassen sich die Produkte durch 1H‐NMR‐Spektroskopie unterscheiden?
Authors: Hohmann Monika , Christoph Norbert , Wachter Helmut , Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDie Nachfrage nach ökologisch produzierten Lebensmitteln steigt an. Da diese zu höheren Preisen als entsprechende konventionell produzierte Ware verkauft werden können, steigt gleichzeitig das Betrugsrisiko. Deshalb bedarf es geeigneter Analyseverfahren, um biologisch und konventionell hergestellte Lebensmittel unterscheiden zu können. Allerdings beschreibt die Deklaration “bio” die Anforderungen an die Herstellungsmethode und nicht an das Produkt. Mit den bisher verfügbaren Analysemethoden ist eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Anbaumethode nicht immer gegeben.
Supramolecular Assembly Models of siRNA Delivery Systems
Authors: Sun Jing , Wang Jiancheng , Yang Zhenjun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSmall interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, which could be able to silence specific targeted mRNAs rapidly and efficiently, has been regarded as a novel and potent gene therapeutic approach for diseases, such as cancers, infections, inflammations and neurological disorders. However, some conspicuous intrinsic defects of siRNA including the poor cellular uptake, low biological stability, unfavorable pharmacokinetics and bio‐distribution properties, have hindered further applications in clinic. Therefore, it is prerequisite to design safe and effective siRNA delivery systems for the successful development of siRNA‐based various diseases therapeutics. This review aims to analyze and summarize these supramolecular assembly models in the process of siRNA delivery, namely recent nanotechnological strategies for carrying siRNA by using diverse non‐viral vehicles such as cationic liposomes, stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs), cationic polymers, cationic dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles and others. Eventually, it is concluded with future perspectives of siRNA therapeutics in the field of non‐viral carriers.
Second Generation Nitrogen Doped Titania Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Electronic and Microstructural Picture
Authors: Spadavecchia Francesca , Ceotto Michele , Presti Leonardo Lo , Aieta Chiara , Biraghi Iolanda , Meroni Daniela , Ardizzone Silvia , Cappelletti Giuseppe 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA state‐of‐the‐art overview of N‐dopant characterizations in nano‐TiO2 second‐generation photocatalysts is provided. The related literature is very rich and sometimes offers contrasting interpretations. Here we critically discuss up‐to‐date literature results and our own findings, as retrieved by several experimental (BET, HR‐TEM, XPS, DRS, HR‐XRPD, EXAFS, electrochemical tools) and theoretical (periodic DFT) techniques. Our intent is to pull together outcomes from very different and complementary sources to make an as much as possible coherent picture of the morphological, electrochemical and electronic properties of N‐TiO2 materials. It is commonly accepted that critical issues to be considered in the design of high‐performing N‐TiO2 photocatalysts are synthetic strategy, defect concentration and chemical nature of the lattice point defects. We focus on the latter two issues, with emphasis on sol‐gel prepared materials, according to the specific area of expertise of our group. The problem of the chemical nature of guest N species into the lattice is crucial, as substitutional (Ns) or interstitial (Ni) nitrogen place their valence states just above the valence band or deeper into the band gap. Overall, we show how synergism among experimental and theoretical techniques is decisive to disentangle structural, electronic and morphological effects in complex N‐doped TiO2 matrices.
Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Application of Saddle‐shaped Cyclooctatetrathiophenes and Their Derivatives
Authors: Zhao Chunmei , Xu Li , Wang Yong , Li Chunli , Wang Hua 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCyclooctatetrathiophene (COTh) shows a novel saddle‐shaped molecular structure, which has been applied in organic synthesis and material science. In this paper, the design and synthesis of COThs and their derivatives were described. The derivatives of COThs include mainly four types. One is isomer with different sequences of the four thiophene rings; the second is oligomer such as dimmer and dendrimer; the third is derivative functionalized by substituent groups at the four α positions; the last is the one planarized by sulfur, silicon or sulfone bridges. The applications of COThs and their derivatives in molecular muscles and field effect transistors were also discussed.
Smart Supramolecular Nanosystems for Bioimaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Yang Peipei , Wang Lei , Wang Hao 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe application of smart supramolecular nanosystems in biomedicine increases rapidly and offers promising prospects for disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Supramolecular nanosystems such as liposomes, micelles, organic nanoaggregates and metallic nanostructures etc. have been widely explored as diagnostic/therapeutic tools. Here, we review the recent advances in supramolecular nanosystems with different built‐in reporters, e.g., fluorescent, magnetic and photoacoustic signals for bioimaging. In addition, the substantial progress of supramolecular nanosystems as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy, including chemotherapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapies is also summarized.
An Efficient Synthesis of Spiroquinoxalinones via Tandem Reactions
Authors: Leong Seh Yong , Smith Paul W. , Zou Bin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract A mild and efficient synthesis of spiroquinoxalinones via tandem condensation of chlorooxoindoline 1 with benzene‐1,2‐diamines 2 is described. And a plausible mechanism for the reaction is proposed.
Insurance status and risk of cancer mortality among adolescents and young adults
Authors: Rosenberg Abby R. , Kroon Leah , Chen Lu , Li Christopher I. , Jones Barbara 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDAdolescents and young adults with cancer have inferior survival outcomes compared with younger pediatric patients and older adult patients. Lack of insurance may partly explain this disparity. The objective of this study was to identify associations between insurance status and both advanced‐stage cancer and cancer‐specific mortality.METHODSUsing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registries, 57,981 patients ages 15 to 39 years were identified who were diagnosed between 2007 and 2010 and had complete insurance and staging information. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify associations between insurance type and disease stage, with the models adjusted for sex, age, and race. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate cancer‐specific mortality.RESULTSOverall, 84% of patients were aged ≥25 years, 64% were women, and 79% were privately insured. Compared with patients who had private insurance, those who had nonprivate insurance tended to present with more advanced‐stage disease and to die more quickly and more commonly from their cancer. Patients ages 25 to 39 years who had Medicaid coverage or no insurance had 3.2 times and 2.4 times higher odds of having stage IV disease, respectively, than privately insured patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0‐3.5 times higher odds and 2.1‐2.6 times higher odds, respectively). Among those with stage I/II and III/IV cancers, the risk of death was 2.9 times greater (95% CI, 2.2‐3.9 times greater) and 1.7 times greater (95% CI, 1.5‐1.9 times greater), respectively, than the risk for privately insured patients. Patients who died from stage III/IV cancers survived at least 2 months longer if they had private insurance.CONCLUSIONSAmong young adults, insurance status is independently associated with advanced‐stage cancer and the risk of death from cancer, even for patients who have low‐stage disease. Broader insurance coverage and access to health care may improve some of the disparate outcomes of adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer 2015;121:1279–1286. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Increasing time to treatment initiation for head and neck cancer: An analysis of the National Cancer Database
Authors: Murphy Colin T. , Galloway Thomas J. , Handorf Elizabeth A. , Wang Lora , Mehra Ranee , Flieder Douglas B. , Ridge John A. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to identify trends and predictors of the time to treatment initiation (TTI) for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).METHODSThe National Cancer Database (NCDB) was reviewed for the following head and neck cancer sites: oral tongue, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. TTI was defined as the number of days from diagnosis to the initiation of definitive treatment and was measured according to covariates. Significant differences in the median TTI across each covariate were measured using the Kruskal‐Wallis test, and the Spearman test was used to measure trends within covariates. For multivariate analysis, a zero‐inflated, negative, binomial regression model was used to estimate the expected TTI, which was expressed in the predicted number of days; and the Vuong test was used to identify the predictors of TTI.RESULTSIn total, 274,630 patients were included. Between 1998 and 2011, the median TTI for all patients was 26 days, and it increased from 19 days to 30 days (P < .0001). Treatment with chemoradiation (CRT) (P < .0001), treatment at academic facilities (P < .0001), and stage IV disease (P < .0001) were associated with increased TTI. TTI significantly increased for each disease stage (P < .0001), treatment modality (P < .0001), and facility type (P < .0001) over time. In addition, patients became more likely to transition care between facilities after diagnosis for treatment initiation (P < .0001) over time. On multivariate analysis, treatment at academic facilities (33 days), transitioning care (37 days), and receipt of CRT (39 days) predicted for a longer TTI.CONCLUSIONSTTI is rising for patients with HNSCC. Those who have advanced‐stage disease, receive treatment with CRT, are treated at academic facilities, and who have a transition in care realized the greatest increases in TTI. Cancer 2015;121:1204–1213. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Cytomorphologic and clinicoradiologic analysis of primary nonhematologic central nervous system tumors with positive cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Ho Cheng‐Ying , VandenBussche Christopher J. , Huppman Alison R. , Chaudhry Rabia , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDPositive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology typically indicates leptomeningeal dissemination of metastatic, secondary, or rarely, primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. To the authors' knowledge, large‐scale studies on clinicocytologic features of various primary CNS tumors in CSF are lacking.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective cytomorphologic study on 127 positive CSF specimens from 87 patients with a history of primary nonhematologic CNS tumors. Pertinent clinical, radiological, and histologic findings were reviewed.RESULTSPediatric tumors accounted for the majority (82.6%) of the primary CNS tumors with positive CSF cytology. The most common radiological finding of neuraxial dissemination was diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement. Greater than 95% of the cases with positive CSF cytology were high‐grade or malignant tumors. The most common tumor type was central primitive neuroectodermal tumors (47.2%). Overall, the frequency of initial metastasis was found to be lowest in central primitive neuroectodermal tumors and retinoblastomas (approximately one‐third). They also had the longest latency (1.5‐2 years) in cases without initial metastasis. The majority of metastatic tumors in CSF demonstrated distinct cytomorphology reminiscent of the histologic features of the primary tumor, such as prominent nucleoli, cell wrapping, and apoptosis in large cell/anaplastic medulloblastomas; rhabdoid morphology and cytoplasmic inclusions in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors; large clusters of cells with scant cytoplasm and nuclear molding in retinoblastomas; nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia in high‐grade infiltrating astrocytomas; and small clusters/rosettes of epithelioid cells in ependymomas.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study provide useful clinicoradiological information and cytomorphologic findings for both common and rare primary CNS tumors that cytopathologists might encounter on CSF examination. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:123–135. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Multielement Crystalline and Pseudocrystalline Oxides as Efficient Catalysts for the Direct Transformation of Glycerol into Acrylic Acid
Authors: Chieregato Alessandro , Soriano M. Dolores , García‐González Ester , Puglia Giuseppe , Basile Francesco , Concepción Patricia , Bandinelli Claudia , López Nieto José M. , Cavani Fabrizio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGlycerol surplus from biodiesel synthesis still represents a major problem in the biofuel production chain. Meanwhile, those in the acrylic acid market are looking for new processes that are able to offer viable alternatives to propylene‐based production. Therefore, acrylic acid synthesis from glycerol could be an effective solution to both issues. Among the viable routes, one‐pot synthesis theoretically represents the most efficient process, but it is also highly challenging from the catalyst design standpoint. A new class of complex WMoV mixed‐oxide catalysts, which are strongly related to the hexagonal tungsten bronze structure, able to directly convert glycerol into acrylic acid with yields of up to 51 % are reported.
A bag of cells approach for antinuclear antibodies HEp‐2 image classification
Authors: Wiliem Arnold , Hobson Peter , Minchin Rodney F. , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe antinuclear antibody (ANA) test via indirect immunofluorescence applied on Human Epithelial type 2 (HEp‐2) cells is a pathology test commonly used to identify connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Despite its effectiveness, the test is still considered labor intensive and time consuming. Applying image‐based computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems is one of the possible ways to address these issues. Ideally, a CAD system should be able to classify ANA HEp‐2 images taken by a camera fitted to a fluorescence microscope. Unfortunately, most prior works have primarily focused on the HEp‐2 cell image classification problem which is one of the early essential steps in the system pipeline. In this work we directly tackle the specimen image classification problem. We aim to develop a system that can be easily scaled and has competitive accuracy. ANA HEp‐2 images or ANA images are generally comprised of a number of cells. Patterns exhibiting in the cells are then used to make inference on the ANA image pattern. To that end, we adapted a popular approach for general image classification problems, namely a bag of visual words approach. Each specimen is considered as a visual document containing visual vocabularies represented by its cells. A specimen image is then represented by a histogram of visual vocabulary occurrences. We name this approach as the Bag of Cells approach. We studied the performance of the proposed approach on a set of images taken from 262 ANA positive patient sera. The results show the proposed approach has competitive performance compared to the recent state‐of‐the‐art approaches. Our proposal can also be expanded to other tests involving examining patterns of human cells to make inferences. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
3‐acetylpyridine‐induced degeneration in the adult ascidian neural complex: Reactive and regenerative changes in glia and blood cells
Authors: Medina Bianca N. S. P. , Santos de Abreu Isadora , Cavalcante Leny A. , Silva Wagner A. B. , da Fonseca Rodrigo N. , Allodi Silvana , de Barros Cintia M. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAscidians are interesting neurobiological models because of their evolutionary position as a sister‐group of vertebrates and the high regenerative capacity of their central nervous system (CNS). We investigated the degeneration and regeneration of the cerebral ganglion complex of the ascidian Styela plicata following injection of the niacinamide antagonist 3‐acetylpyridine (3AP), described as targeting the CNS of several vertebrates. For the analysis and establishment of a new model in ascidians, the ganglion complex was dissected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), routine light microscopy (LM), immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, 1 or 10 days after injection of 3AP. The siphon stimulation test (SST) was used to quantify the functional response. One day after the injection of 3AP, CNS degeneration and recruitment of a non‐neural cell type to the site of injury was observed by both TEM and LM. Furthermore, weaker immunohistochemical reactions for astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal βIII‐tubulin were observed. In contrast, the expression of caspase‐3, a protein involved in the apoptotic pathway, and the glycoprotein CD34, a marker for hematopoietic stem cells, increased. Ten days after the injection of 3AP, the expression of markers tended toward the original condition. The SST revealed attenuation and subsequent recovery of the reflexes from 1 to 10 days after 3AP. Therefore, we have developed a new method to study ascidian neural degeneration and regeneration, and identified the decreased expression of GFAP and recruitment of blood stem cells to the damaged ganglion as reasons for the success of neuroregeneration in ascidians. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 877–893, 2015
Hydrological impacts of climate and land‐use changes in a mountain watershed: uncertainty estimation based on model comparison
Authors: Morán‐Tejeda Enrique , Zabalza Javier , Rahman Kazi , Gago‐Silva Ana , López‐Moreno J. Ignacio , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio , Lehmann Anthony , Tague Christina L. , Beniston Martin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper evaluates the response of streamflow and other components of the water balance to changes in climate and land use in a Pyrenean watershed. It further provides a measure of uncertainty in water resources forecasts by comparing the performance of two hydrological models: the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Regional Hydro‐ecological Simulation System (RHESSys). Regional climate model outputs for the 2021–2050 time frame and hypothetical (but plausible) land‐use scenarios considering re‐vegetation and wildfire processes were used as inputs to the models. Results indicate an overall decrease in river flows (up to 30%, depending on the combination of scenarios) when the scenarios are considered, except for the post‐fire vegetation scenario, in which streamflows are simulated to increase (between 2% and 10%). However, the magnitude of these projections varies between the two models used, as SWAT tends to produce larger hydrological changes under climate change scenarios and RHESSys shows more sensitivity to changes in land cover. The final prediction will therefore depend largely on the combination of the land‐use and climate scenarios and on the model used. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Click Chemistry to Tune the Properties and the Fluorescence Response Mechanism of Structurally Similar Probes for Metal Ions
Authors: Ast Sandra , Kuke Stefanie , Rutledge Peter J. , Todd Matthew H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFour cyclam‐based fluorescent molecular probes were prepared using “click” chemistry and investigated to determine the effect of the triazole connectivity and fluorophore substitution on the photophysical properties and metal‐ion response mechanism. The fluorescence of the ligands is turned on in the presence of ZnII but varies in intensity depending on the solvent; the highest signal changes are found in MeCN. Complexation with CuII leads to fluorescence quenching, but only in the aqueous solvent, in which the triazole is involved in coordination of the metal. The length of the pendant triazole arm influences the ligand field around pentacoordinate CuII to yield a distorted square‐planar coordination geometry in the ligands with an ethylene linker. The quantum yield (QY) of the emission intensity can be tuned by the triazole substitution, thereby resulting in increases in QY of more than one order of magnitude (ligand 1 versus 3). Changing the fluorophore opens up alternative radiative processes, thus leading to phosphorescence‐like behavior in coumarin probe 2. Steady‐state fluorescence emission spectra of the free ligands and their respective CuII complexes in a “glass environment” reveal two different inherent fluorescence quenching mechanisms. In the free ligands an electron‐transfer deactivates the excited chromophore, whereas in the CuII complexes it is energy transfer that results in complete quenching of the emission of the ligands.