bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Spectroscopic CalibrationUpdate based on the original article by H. Mark,
Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Mark Howard 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Spectroscopic calibration is the process of using mathematical calculations to relate the measured spectroscopic properties of a set of samples to the chemical composition (and sometimes other properties) of those samples. Any of several algorithms are employed to perform these calculations. Regardless of the algorithms used, however, successful execution of this process depends on properly performing several tasks before and after the main calibration algorithm is applied: selecting a suitable set of calibration samples to ‘train’ the system, using the correct algorithm to match the characteristics of the measured data, and properly evaluating and validating the calibration model developed. In this article, these various aspects of calibrating spectroscopic instruments to perform quantitative analysis are discussed. The article ends with an overview of the various algorithms that are available to perform the calibration process.
Dark‐Operative Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase
Authors: Moser Jürgen , Schubert Wolf‐Dieter 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Dark‐operative (or light‐independent) protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase is an enzyme of the chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathway catalyzing the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide. DPOR catalysis involves the ATP‐dependent, two‐electron reduction and trans‐hydrogenation of the C17–C18 double bond of the conjugated D ring system of protochlorophyllide converting the pheoporphyrin backbone of protochlorophyllide to a chlorin macrocycle characteristic of all chlorophylls. The process is mediated by the dynamic interaction of two DPOR subcomplexes, each carrying redox active 4Fe–4S clusters. We discuss all available structural and biochemical data on this enzyme and compare it to nitrogenase and other related enzyme systems.
Craniofacial evolution in polynesia: A geometric morphometric study of population diversity
Authors: Buck Trudi , Viđarsdóttir Una Strand 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives:This study tests differences in craniofacial size and shape attributed to demographic history and plastic responses to differing environments in the islands of Polynesia. The dispersal of modern humans into Polynesia provides a useful scenario to investigate the impact of migration on human craniofacial diversity.Methods:Three dimensional geometric morphometric techniques are used to examine morphological diversity within Oceanic population samples. The importance of geographic and climatic variables is quantified by partial linear regression.Results:The results show a homogeneous Polynesian morphology grouping in relation to neighboring regions. There is, however, considerable diversity within the Polynesian samples themselves. Natural selection due to environmental differences is not an important factor in the patterns of craniofacial diversity found in the samples.Conclusions:Historical patterns such as migration and population isolation influence patterns of craniofacial morphology within Polynesia, and our results demonstrate that morphological diversity can evolve in populations isolated for a relatively short period of time. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Central nervous system malformations and deformations in FGFR2‐related craniosynostosis
Authors: Khonsari Roman Hossein , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Kang Wenfei , Hébert Jean M. , Bessières Bettina , Bodiguel Valérie , Collet Catherine , Legeai‐Mallet Laurence , Sharpe Paul T. , Fallet‐Bianco Catherine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCentral nervous system anomalies in Pfeiffer syndrome (PS) due to mutations in the FGFR2 gene are poorly understood, even though PS is often associated with serious cognitive impairment. The aim of this study is to describe the neuropathological phenotype in PS. We present four severe fetal cases of sporadic PS with FGFR2 mutations who underwent termination followed by fetopathological and neuropathological examination. We studied the expression pattern of Fgfr2 in the mouse brain using radioactive fluorescence in situ hybridization. PS is associated with brain deformations due to the abnormal skull shape, but FGFR2 mutations also induce specific brain developmental anomalies: megalencephaly, midline disorders, amygdala, and hippocampus malformations, and ventricular wall alterations. The expression pattern of Fgfr2 in mice matches the distribution of malformations in humans. The brain anomalies in PS result from the combination of mechanical deformations and intrinsic developmental disorders due to FGFR2 hyperactivity. Several similarities are noted between these anomalies and the brain lesions observed in other syndromes due to mutations in FGF‐receptor genes. The specific involvement of the hippocampus and the amygdala should encourage the precise cognitive screening of patients with mild forms of PS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidental finding of alpha‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase deficiency in a patient with oculocutaneous albinism type 4
Authors: Verhagen Judith M.A. , Huijmans Jan G. , Williams Monique , van Ruyven Rutger L.J. , Bergen Arthur A.B. , Wouters Cokkie H. , Brooks Alice S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGenome‐wide studies may lead to the discovery of genetic variants of potential clinical importance beyond the aims of the study. We performed single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis in a boy with oculocutaneous albinism to identify copy‐neutral regions of homozygosity harboring genes involved in melanin biosynthesis. An unanticipated homozygous deletion of chromosome 5p13.3 was discovered, encompassing not only the OCA gene SLC45A2, but also four additional genes. This led to an unexpected presymptomatic diagnosis of alpha‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase deficiency in the same patient. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial and temporal coherence effects in interference microscopy and full‐field optical coherence tomography
Authors: Abdulhalim I. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLow‐coherence optical microscopy or optical coherence microscopy uses light with short coherence length. The well‐known case is: “white‐light interferometry”, which became recently more known as: “optical coherence tomography”. However, when lenses and microscope objectives are used to create interferometric images, in what is known classically as “interference microscopy” or today as “full‐field optical coherence tomography” the spatial coherence starts to play a critical role. In this article the coherence effects in low‐coherence optical microscopy are reviewed. As this technology is becoming increasingly publicized due to its importance in three‐dimensional imaging, particularly of scattering biological media and optical metrology, the understanding of the fundamental physics behind it is essential. The interplay between longitudinal spatial coherence and temporal coherence and the effects associated with them are discussed in detail particularly when high numerical apertures are used. An important conclusion of this study is that a high‐contrast, high‐resolution system for imaging of multilayered samples is the one that uses narrowband illumination and high‐NA objectives with an index‐matching fluid. Such a system, when combined with frequency‐domain operation, can reveal nearly real‐time three‐dimensional images, and is thus competitive with confocal microscopy.
Properties of recycled and virgin poly(ethylene terephthalate) blend fibers
Authors: Lee Joo Hyung , Lim Ki Sub , Hahm Wan Gyu , Kim Seong Hun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMaterial from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chips obtained from used water bottles was extruded with virgin fiber‐grade PET chips in blends of 20, 40, and 70 wt %. Filament fibers from the recycled/virgin PET blends were spun using a melt spinning process and drawn by a thermal drawing process to improve their mechanical properties. As the virgin PET chips were compounded with recycled PET chips, the thermal degradation temperature (Td) and the melting temperature (Tm) were increased, and the crystallization temperature (Tc) and crystallization rate were decreased. This means that virgin PET has a better thermal stability but a lower crystallization rate than recycled PET. The double melting behavior observed in the case of the drawn fibers may have been a consequence of larger crystallites or areas of crystallites being formed during the thermal drawing process. The birefringence and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and tensile modulus, increased and elongation at break decreased for the drawn fibers, and this was attributed to the orientation induced during crystallization. The effect of the virgin PET content in the blends on mechanical properties was investigated; 30/70 wt % recycled/virgin blended fibers showed comparable mechanical properties to virgin PET fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry as a tool for quantification of peptides in plasma samples: determination of sensory neuron‐specific receptors agonist BAM8‐22 and antagonist BAM22‐8 in plasma samples
Authors: Ashri Nadia Y. , Daryanavard Mosayeb , Abdel‐Rehim Mohamed 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTMicroextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a miniaturized, solid‐phase extraction (SPE) technique that works online with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). Not only is the automation process with MEPS advantageous, but the much smaller volumes of the samples, solvents and dead space in the system also provide other significant advantages such as the speed and the simplicity of the sample preparation process. In this study MEPS has been evaluated for quantification of sensory neuron‐specific receptors agonist (BAM8‐22). Owing to the instability of BAMs, the focus was on fast extraction and determination of the peptide online using LC‐MS/MS. Sorbents such as C2, C8 and ENV+ (hydroxylated polystyrene–divinylbenzene copolymer) were investigated in the present study. MEPS‐C8 gave the best results compared with C2 and ENV and it was used for the method validation. The calibration curve was obtained within the concentration range of 20.0–3045 nmol/L in plasma. The regression correlation coefficients for plasma samples were ≥0.99 for all runs (n = 6). The between‐batch accuracy and precision for BAM8‐22 ranged from −13 to −2.0% and from 4.0 to 14%, respectively. Additionally, the accuracy and precision for BAM22‐8 ranged from −13 to 7.0% and from 3.0 to 12%, respectively. The present method was used for pharmacokinetic studies for BAMs in plasma samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of p16INK4a/Ki‐67 dual stain in comparison with an mRNA human papillomavirus test on liquid‐based cytology samples with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
Authors: Waldstrøm Marianne , Christensen Rikke Kølby , Ørnskov Dorthe 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of the current study was to investigate the clinical performance of detecting high‐grade lesions with the CINtec PLUS p16INK4a/Ki‐67 dual stain and the APTIMA human papillomavirus (HPV) Assay in a cohort of women with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytology. The authors also assessed the reproducibility of the evaluation of immunocytochemical staining.METHODS:The 2 tests were performed on liquid‐based residual material from 469 women with LSILs. The samples had at least 5 years of follow‐up and the gold standard used was high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+/CIN3+) proven on histology.RESULTS:Approximately 69% of all the women included in the study had a positive test for HPV mRNA and 56% was positive for the dual stain. The 2 tests demonstrated high sensitivities. When examining the specificities, the APTIMA HPV Assay performed with significantly lower values than the CINtec PLUS test. For patients with CIN2+, the APTIMA HPV Assay had a specificity of 36.1% versus 51.3% for the CINtec PLUS test, and for women with CIN3+, the specificity was 33.8% versus 48.2%, respectively. The difference was even more pronounced when analyzing women aged < 30 years separately. The kappa values between the 3 observers in scoring the dual stain ranged from 0.43 to 0.49 and improved in a second evaluation round to values ranging from 0.50 to 0.66.CONCLUSIONS:The CINtec PLUS p16INK4a/Ki‐67 dual‐staining test in LSIL cytology samples demonstrated high sensitivity that was similar to that of the APTIMA HPV Assay in the detection of underlying high‐grade disease but with enhanced specificity, especially among women aged < 30 years. The kappa value for the evaluation of the CINtec PLUS dual‐staining test was moderate but could be improved through training. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of a simple PWM‐1 controlled interrupted electric circuit
Authors: Asahara Hiroyuki , Kousaka Takuji 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we analyze a simple PWM‐1 controlled interrupted electric circuit in order to essentially understand the circuit fundamental characteristics. First, we explain the circuit dynamics, and then we define the return map by using the exact solution. Next, we focus on the existence region of the solution (invariant interval) and bifurcation phenomena in the circuit. In particular, we find the circuit has three types of the invariant interval depending on the parameter. We also clarify that the period‐doubling bifurcation and the border‐collision bifurcation effect in the existence region of the periodic solution in a wide parameter plane. Finally, the mathematical results are verified by the laboratory experiment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wall Charge and Potential from a Microscopic Point of View
Authors: Bronold F.X. , Fehske H. , Heinisch R. L. , Marbach J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMacroscopic objects floating in an ionized gas (plasma walls) accumulate electrons more efficiently than ions because the influx of electrons outruns the influx of ions. The floating potential acquired by plasma walls is thus negative with respect to the plasma potential. Until now plasma walls are typically treated as perfect absorbers for electrons and ions, irrespective of the microphysics at the surface responsible for charge deposition and extraction. This crude description, sufficient for present day technological plasmas, will run into problems in solid‐state based gas discharges where, with continuing miniaturization, the wall becomes an integral part of the plasma device and the charge transfer across it has to be modelled more precisely. The purpose of this paper is to review our work, where we questioned the perfect absorber model and initiated a microscopic description of the charge transfer across plasma walls, put it into perspective, and indicate directions for future research (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of thin Film Formation From Silicon‐Containing Precursors Produced by an RF Non‐Thermal Plasma Jet at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Schäfer J. , Foest R. , Sigeneger F. , Loffhagen D. , Weltmann K.‐D. , Martens U. , Hippler R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe deposition of thin silicon‐organic films by atmospheric pressure PECVD using an RF‐excited plasma jet has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Static deposition experiments have been performed on flat polymer and glass samples using the silicon containing molecules HMDSO, OMCTS and silane. The experiments are classified with respect to power, flow rate, operating conditions and deposition rate. The deposited films have been analysed using profilometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is found that electric power and gas flow stability determine distinctive areas in the operating diagram characterized by the deposition rate, profile shape and the chemical properties of the film depending on introduced precursors. The highest O/Si ratio (close to two) is found for laminar flow regimes. Here, the films are characterized by a low carbon content, too. The experimental findings for different flow conditions are discussed in relation to results of a two‐dimensional axisymmetric fluid model. The model predicts the interaction of gas heating and flow, the plasma generation in the active volume, the transport of active plasma particles into the effluent and the generation and transport of precursor fragments towards the substrate surface. A remarkable influence of the gas flow on the plasma kinetics is observed only with respect to the density of molecular argon ions, which are transported together with electrons into the effluent. The calculated flux of precursor fragments onto the substrate surface agrees qualitatively with measured profiles of the film thickness (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Insights into the Thermal Decomposition of Lanthanide(III) and Actinide(III) Oxalates – from Neodymium and Cerium to Plutonium
Authors: De Almeida Lucie , Grandjean Stephane , Vigier Nicolas , Patisson Fabrice 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLanthanides are often used as surrogates to study the properties of actinide compounds. Their behaviour is considered to be quite similar as they both possess f valence electrons and are close in size and chemical properties. This study examines the potential of using two lanthanides (neodymium and cerium) as surrogates for plutonium during the thermal decomposition of isomorphic oxalate compounds, in the trivalent oxidation state, into oxides. Thus, the thermal decomposition of neodymium, cerium and plutonium(III) oxalates are investigated by several coupled thermal analyses (TG–DTA/DSC–MS/FTIR) and complementary characterisation techniques [XRD, UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), carbon analysis] under both oxidizing and inert atmospheres. The thermal decomposition mechanisms determined in this study confirmed some previously reported results, among diverging propositions, and also elucidated some original mechanisms not previously considered. The calculated thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the studied systems under both atmospheres are reported and compared with available literature data. Similarities and differences between the thermal behaviour of plutonium(III) and lanthanide(III) oxalates are outlined.
TADDOL‐Based Phosphane–Phosphite Ligands in Enantioselective Cu‐Catalyzed Grignard 1,4‐Additions Followed by Mannich‐Type Alkylations
Authors: Drusan Michal , Lölsberg Wibke , Škvorcová Andrea , Schmalz Hans‐Günther , Šebesta Radovan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCopper(I) complexes of TADDOL‐based phosphane–phosphite ligands catalyze enantioselective conjugate additions of various Grignard reagents to cyclic enones. Through trapping of the resulting chiral magnesium enolates with N‐benzylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide (as an imine) in one‐pot procedures, the corresponding Mannich products (i.e., β‐aminocarbonyl compounds) were obtained in good yields and high enantiomeric purities, although with only low diastereoselectivities.
Politics and US LNG export projects heat up
Authors: Sakmar Susan L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis summer was a busy time for US liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters. In June, the tiny Kenai LNG plant, located approximately 60 air miles from Anchorage, Alaska, resumed shipments of LNG to Japan. Kenai LNG, in operation since 1969 and currently the only US facility capable of exporting LNG, had previously been targeted for closure. But in the aftermath of the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami that shut down Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant, Japan has increased imports of LNG breathing new life into Kenai LNG, at least in the short term.1
Strategies: Outsourcing by energy equipment manufacturers
Authors: Whitfield Milton 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOver the last several years, there has been an increasing trend in outsourcing by manufacturers. Besides the traditional outsourcings of information processing (e.g., IT infrastructure) and business processes (e.g., finance and accounting, human resources/benefits, and facilities management), manufacturers have significantly increased outsourcing of industry‐unique functions such as assembly, energy supply management, fabrication, and transportation. For instance, manufacturers of drilling rigs and facilities for oil and gas exploration companies might engage other companies with expertise in die casting, grinding, forging, and other technical specialties to fabricate key parts and components.
The win‐win of adult degree programs
Authors: Ellis J. Richard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAdult degree programs have been seen as a win‐win solution for private colleges and adult learners, but their innovative and often‐entrepreneurial postures are not a natural fit with governance structures in more traditional institutions. Through narrative and illustrative vignettes, this chapter presents an overview of efforts employed by some institutions to strike a balance between their historic missions and these nontraditional programs.
Projected Hg dietary exposure of 3 bird species nesting on a contaminated floodplain (South River, Virginia, USA)
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Newman Michael C 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Dietary Hg exposure was modeled for Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), Eastern song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and Eastern screech owl (Otus asio) nesting on the contaminated South River floodplain (Virginia, USA). Parameterization of Monte-Carlo models required formal expert elicitation to define bird body weight and feeding ecology characteristics because specific information was either unavailable in the published literature or too difficult to collect reliably by field survey. Mercury concentrations and weights for candidate food items were obtained directly by field survey. Simulations predicted the probability that an adult bird during breeding season would ingest specific amounts of Hg during daily foraging and the probability that the average Hg ingestion rate for the breeding season of an adult bird would exceed published rates reported to cause harm to other birds (&gt;100 ng total Hg/g body weight per day). Despite the extensive floodplain contamination, the probabilities that these species' average ingestion rates exceeded the threshold value were all &lt;0.01. Sensitivity analysis indicated that overall food ingestion rate was the most important factor determining projected Hg ingestion rates. Expert elicitation was useful in providing sufficiently reliable information for Monte-Carlo simulation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 285–293. © 2013 SETAC