bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perioperative pulmonary aspiration is infrequent and low risk in pediatric anesthetic practice
Authors: Kelly Christopher J. , Walker Robert W. M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryRecent studies have reported perioperative pulmonary aspiration in pediatric practice to be an uncommon problem associated with low morbidity and mortality. This paper examines the recent publications in both the adult and pediatric literature and looks at some of the potential risk factors involved, both patient and anesthetic, in the development of aspiration of gastric contents. We also look at the risk of severe morbidity following pulmonary aspiration and speculate on possible reasons behind the assertion that pulmonary aspiration in pediatric anesthetic practice is rare and a low‐risk event.
Quantitative analysis of motifs contributing to the interaction between PLS‐subfamily members and their target RNA sequences in plastid RNA editing
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Shoki Harumi , Arai Miho , Shikanai Toshiharu , Small Ian , Nakamura Takahiro 
Published: October 2014

SummaryIn plant organelles, RNA editing alters specific cytidine residues to uridine in transcripts. Target cytidines are specifically recognized by pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins of the PLS subfamily, which have additional C‐terminal E or E‐DYW motifs. Recent in silico analysis proposed a model for site recognition by PLS‐subfamily PPR proteins, with a correspondence of one PPR motif to one nucleotide, and with the C‐terminal last S motif aligning with the nucleotide at position –4 with respect to the editing site. Here, we present quantitative biochemical data on site recognition by four PLS‐subfamily proteins: CRR28 and OTP85 are DYW‐class members, whereas CRR21 and OTP80 are E‐class members. The minimal RNA segments required for high‐affinity binding by these PPR proteins were experimentally determined. The results were generally consistent with the in silico‐based model; however, we clarified that several PPR motifs, including the C‐terminal L2 and S motifs of CRR21 and OTP80, are dispensable for the RNA binding, suggesting distinct contributions of each PPR motif to site recognition. We also demonstrate that the DYW motif interacts with the target C and its 5′ proximal region (from −3 to 0), whereas the E motif is not involved in binding.
First Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Strain ATCC 13311 (NCTC 74), a Reference Strain of Multidrug Resistance, as Achieved by Use of PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology
Authors: Terabayashi Yasunobu , Juan Ayaka , Tamotsu Hinako , Ashimine Noriko , Nakano Kazuma , Shimoji Makiko , Shiroma Akino , Teruya Kuniko , Satou Kazuhito , Hirano Takashi 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

We report the first complete genomic sequence of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 13311, the leading food-borne pathogen and a reference strain used in drug resistance studies.
De novo
assembly with PacBio sequencing completed its chromosome and one plasmid. They will accelerate the investigation into multidrug resistance in
Salmonella
Typhimurium.
The lithospheric density structure below the western Himalayan syntaxis: tectonic implications
Authors: Tiwari V. M. , Mishra D. C. , Pandey A. K. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

The differences in the tectonic regimes of the western part of the India–Asia collision zone (western Himalayan syntaxis), consisting of the Ladakh–Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir terrains, are examined through the analyses and modelling of gravity anomalies, computed from global gravity model and terrestrial data. Long-wavelength (>450 km) anomalies are related to isostatic compensation and correspond to topographic variations. The short-wavelength gravity highs are primarily due to upthrust blocks and are mostly linked to crustal seismicity. The intermediate depth-focused earthquake region of Hindu Kush–Pamir is characterized by a gravity low probably caused by crustal underthrusting. The deep density structure of the crust and upper mantle constructed from the modelling of gravity anomalies with constraints from seismological information suggests crustal underthrusting of the Indian and the Asian plates in the Hindu Kush–Pamir section unlike that in the Ladakh–Karakoram region, where underthrust Indian lithosphere underplates beneath the Asian plate. The density model supports a hypothesis of slab break-off of Indian and Eurasian plates in the Ladakh–Karakoram segment, and of the Indian plate in the Hindu Kush–Pamir region, whereas the Eurasian plate drastically underthrusts deeper (
c.
200 km), causing deep seismicity in the Hindu Kush–Pamir section.
Long Noncoding RNA GAPLINC Regulates CD44-Dependent Cell Invasiveness and Associates with Poor Prognosis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Hu Ye , Wang Jilin , Qian Jin , Kong Xuan , Tang Jieting , Wang Yingchao , Chen Haoyan , Hong Jie , Zou Weiping , Chen Yingxuan , Xu Jie , Fang Jing-Yuan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
It is increasingly evident that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) have causative roles in carcinogenesis. In this study, we report findings implicating a novel lncRNA in gastric cancer, termed GAPLINC (gastric adenocarcinoma predictive long intergenic noncoding RNA), based on the use of global microarray and in situ hybridization (ISH) analyses to identify aberrantly expressed lncRNA in human gastric cancer specimens. GAPLINC is a 924-bp-long lncRNA that is highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues. GAPLINC suppression and with gene expression profiling in gastric cancer cells revealed alterations in cell migration pathways, with CD44 expression the most highly correlated. Manipulating GAPLINC expression altered CD44 mRNA abundance and the effects of GAPLINC on cell migration and proliferation were neutralized by suppressing CD44 expression. Mechanistic investigations revealed that GAPLINC regulates CD44 as a molecular decoy for miR211-3p, a microRNA that targets both CD44 and GAPLINC. Tissue ISH analysis suggested that GAPLINC overexpression defines a subgroup of patients with gastric cancer with very poor survival. Taken together, our results identify a noncoding regulatory pathway for the CD44 oncogene, shedding new light on the basis for gastric cancer cell invasiveness. Cancer Res; 74(23); 6890–902. ©2014 AACR.
Activation of Liver-X-Receptor α But Not Liver-X-Receptor β Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: He Qing , Pu Jun , Yuan Ancai , Lau Wayne Bond , Gao Erhe , Koch Walter J. , Ma Xin-Liang , He Ben 
Published: October 2014

Background—
Liver-X-receptors, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), encode 2 different but highly homologous isoforms of transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Whether LXRα and LXRβ subtypes have discrete roles in the regulation of cardiac physiology/pathology is unknown. We determine the role of each LXR subtype in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury.

Methods and Results—
Mice (wild type; those genetically depleted of LXRα, LXRβ, or both; and those overexpressing LXRα or LXRβ by in vivo intramyocardial adenoviral vector) were subjected to MI/R injury. Both LXRα and LXRβ were detected in wild-type mouse heart. LXRα, but not LXRβ, was significantly upregulated after MI/R. Dual activation of LXRα and LXRβ by natural and synthetic agonists reduced myocardial infarction and improved contractile function after MI/R. Mechanistically, LXR activation inhibited MI/R-induced oxidative stress and nitrative stress, attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in ischemic/reperfused myocardium. The aforementioned cardioprotective effects of LXR agonists were impaired in the setting of cardiac-specific gene silencing of LXRα, but not LXRβ subtype. Moreover, LXRα/β double-knockout and LXRα-knockout mice, but not LXRβ-knockout mice, increased MI/R injury, exacerbated MI/R-induced oxidative/nitrative stress, and aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, cardiac LXRα, not LXRβ, overexpression via adenoviral transfection suppressed MI/R injury.

Conclusions—
Our study provides the first direct evidence that the LXRα, but not LXRβ, subtype is a novel endogenous cardiac protective receptor against MI/R injury. Drug development strategies specifically targeting LXRα may be beneficial in treating ischemic heart disease.
Age-Related Normative Changes in Phasic Orthostatic Blood Pressure in a Large Population Study
Authors: Finucane Ciarán , O’Connell Matthew D.L. , Fan Chie Wei , Savva George M. , Soraghan Christopher J. , Nolan Hugh , Cronin Hilary , Kenny Rose Anne 
Published: October 2014

Background—
In this report, we provide the first normative reference data and prevalence estimates of impaired orthostatic blood pressure (BP) stabilization, initial orthostatic hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension based on beat-to-beat blood pressure methods in a population-representative sample.

Methods and Results—
Participants were recruited from a nationally representative cohort study (≥50 years). Beat-to-beat systolic BP, diastolic BP, and heart rate records were analyzed among those who underwent an active stand test (n=4475). Normograms were estimated by use of generalized additive models for location, shape, and scale with Box-Cox power exponential distribution. Prevalence estimates of impaired BP stabilization, initial orthostatic hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension are reported. Orthostatic BP responses in adults aged 50 to 59 years stabilized within 30 seconds of standing, with older groups taking 30 seconds or longer. The total prevalence of impaired BP stabilization was 15.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1%–17.1%), increasing with age to 41.2% (95% CI, 30.0%–52.4%) in people ≥80 years old. Initial orthostatic hypotension occurred in 32.9% (95% CI, 31.2%–34.6%) of the population aged ≥50 years, with no age gradient evident. The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension was 6.9% (95% CI, 5.9%–7.8%) in the total population, increasing to 18.5% (95% CI, 9.0%–28.0%) in those aged ≥80 years old.

Conclusions—
Significant age-related differences exist in the time course of postural BP responses, with abnormal responses taking longer than 30 seconds to stabilize. Impaired BP stabilization is more common as we age, affecting more than two-fifths of the population aged ≥80 years, and may play a future role in the management of falls and syncope.
A Mechanism for Land–Atmosphere Feedback Involving Planetary Wave Structures
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Chang Yehui , Schubert Siegfried D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
While the ability of land surface conditions to influence the atmosphere has been demonstrated in various modeling and observational studies, the precise mechanisms by which land–atmosphere feedback occurs are still largely unknown: particularly the mechanisms that allow land moisture state in one region to affect atmospheric conditions in another. Such remote impacts are examined here in the context of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations, leading to the identification of one potential mechanism: the phase locking and amplification of a planetary wave through the imposition of a spatial pattern of soil moisture at the land surface. This mechanism, shown here to be relevant in the AGCM, apparently also operates in nature, as suggested by supporting evidence found in reanalysis data.
Timing of Glottic Closure during Swallowing: A Combined Electromyographic and Endoscopic Analysis
Authors: Van Daele Douglas J. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Palmer Phyllis M. , Langmore Susan E. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: We performed a case series to enhance our understanding of the coupling between neuromuscular events and glottic closure. Methods: We performed combined flexible video laryngoscopy and electromyography in 4 healthy human subjects. Hooked-wire electrodes were placed in the superior pharyngeal constrictor, longitudinal pharyngeal, cricopharyngeus, thyroarytenoid, genioglossus, suprahyoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. A flexible endoscope tip was positioned in the oropharyngeal-hypopharyngeal region. The subjects performed multiple trials each of 10-mL normal and super-supraglottic liquid swallows. Results: Arytenoid movement consistently preceded full glottic closure and was associated with cessation of activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. In 89% of normal swallows, the glottis was partially open in the video frame before bolus passage. The maximum amount of thyroarytenoid electromyographic activity occurred during endoscopic white-out. When subjects executed a super-supraglottic swallow, early thyroarytenoid activity coincided with arytenoid contact. Conclusions: The initial medialization of the arytenoids is due to a decrease in motor tone of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Full glottic closure typically occurs late in the process of swallowing, with activation of the thyroarytenoid muscle. Shifting of arytenoid medialization and glottic closure earlier in the super-supraglottic swallow indicates that glottic closure is under significant voluntary control.
Audiologic Features of Norrie Disease
Authors: Halpin Chris , Owen Grace , Gutiérrez-Espeleta Gustavo A. , Sims Katherine , Rehm Heidi L. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: Norrie disease is an X-linked recessive disorder in which patients are born blind and develop sensory hearing loss in adolescence. The hearing loss associated with Norrie disease has been shown in a genetically altered knockout mouse to involve dysfunction of the stria vascularis; most other structures are preserved until the later stages of the disease. The objective of this study was to characterize the audiologic phenotype of Norrie disease for comparison with the pathophysiologic mechanism. Methods: The design combined two series of clinical audiologic evaluations, with special attention to speech intelligibility. Results: The audiologic results for 12 affected individuals and 10 carriers show that patients with Norrie disease retain high speech intelligibility scores even when the threshold loss is severe. Conclusions: The cochlear mechanism — failure of the stria vascularis — accounts for some of the higher values in the wide distribution of speech scores in cases with similar pure tone audiograms.
Extensive Acquired Cholesteatoma in Children: When the Penny Drops
Authors: Semple Craig W. , Mahadevan Murali , Berkowitz Robert G. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: To determine the factors associated with the diagnosis of acquired cholesteatoma (AC) in children, we performed a retrospective chart review at a tertiary care center. Methods: We reviewed children with a diagnosis of AC that extended beyond the mesotympanum in the presence of a nonintact tympanic membrane who underwent surgical treatment over a 14-year period. Results: There were 116 children (78 male, 38 female) between 3 and 18 years of age (mean, 9.5 years). Their average period of management in a specialist otolaryngology clinic before the diagnosis of cholesteatoma was made was 3.2 years, and 68% of the children had previously undergone insertion of tympanostomy tubes. Symptoms and signs included chronic otorrhea (59%), recurrent acute otitis media (58%), and conductive hearing loss (51%). The diagnosis of AC was eventually made after office otoscopy (26%), temporal bone computed tomography (24%), or examination under anesthesia (17%). In 33% of children, the diagnosis was made only after surgical exploration of the middle ear and mastoid. Conclusions: Our data underscore the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for AC in managing children with long-standing otologic symptoms, and considering otomicroscopy, computed tomographic scanning, or tympanomastoid exploration if medical treatment fails.
Cochlear Wall Erosion after Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Cervera-Paz Francisco J. , Linthicum Frederick H. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: Cochlear implantation is a clinically satisfactory procedure, but it is associated with a variable degree of histologic intracochlear trauma. We report a new histologic finding in a cochlear implant specimen from the House Ear Institute collection. Methods: An analysis of 34 temporal bones with single-channel (n = 23) or multichannel (n = 11) cochlear implants was performed. All temporal bones had been fixed for a month in 10% buffered formalin, progressively decalcified in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and embedded in celloidin. After electrode removal, the bones were cut into 20-μm sections and stained. Results: In 1 specimen, the implanted electrode had caused erosion of the bone through the endosteum into the marrow spaces, at the superior-anterior portion of the basal turn. This area showed an intense lymphocytic infiltration surrounded by some new bone formation. Conclusions: Trauma may provoke an inflammatory reaction due to the presence of the foreign body after violation of the endosteum.
Tuberculous Parotitis: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Lee Ing-Kit , Liu Jien-Wei 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: Our aim was to better understand the rarely encountered tuberculous (TB) parotitis. Methods: A case of TB parotitis is reported, and the literature is reviewed. Results: Forty-nine patients (27 men, 22 women; mean age, 38.3 ± 16.4 years) were enrolled. The median duration of symptoms before these patients sought medical help was 6 months. Except for 1 patient with bilateral TB parotitis, all had unilateral involvement; complications included draining sinuses in 4 patients (8%) and facial palsy in 2 patients (4%). Twenty-one of 36 patients (58%) had a painless parotid mass, 12 of 19 (63%) had cervical lymphadenitis, 8 of 11 (73%) had fever, and 11 of 44 (25%) had pulmonary tuberculosis (4 active and 7 inactive cases). Neoplasm was the most common presumptive diagnosis. The diagnosis of TB parotitis in most cases was made on the basis of cytologic analysis of the fine-needle aspirate or histopathologic analysis of the excised tissue. Forty-six patients with TB parotitis who had a traceable outcome survived after 6 to 10 months of antituberculosis chemotherapy. Conclusions: Physicians should have a high index of suspicion for TB parotitis in patients with a chronic parotid lump, even if the chest radiographs appear normal. Fine-needle aspiration should be performed first for diagnosis, and TB parotitis should be medically treated.
Radiographic and Endoscopic Measurements of Esophageal Length in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Yang Grace S. , Bishop Warren P. , Smith Brian J. , Goudy Steven L. , Sato Yutaka , Bauman Nancy M. 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: Knowledge of the length between the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in pediatric patients is essential for intraluminal impedance and dual pH probe recordings. Methods: We measured the vertical distance between the true vocal cords (TVCs) and the LES in chest x-rays (CXRs) of 118 children (ages, 6 weeks to 13 years) and measured the vertical distance between the UES and the LES during endoscopy in 31 patients (ages, 14 months to 17 years) and correlated the measurements to height, weight, and age. Results: Esophageal length correlated best with patient height (R = 0.96 by CXR, R = 0.88 by endoscopy) and less well with weight (R = 0.87, R = 0.67) and age (R = 0.94, R = 0.86). Linear regression analyses using radiographic measurements revealed that esophageal length (TVC to LES) can be estimated from a patient's height by the following equation: 1.048 + 0.167 × height (in centimeters). With the upper pH probe placed in the hypopharynx at the TVC level and the inferior probe placed in the esophagus 3 to 6 cm above the LES, the patients were divided into 6 groups corresponding to the currently available number of sizes of dual pH-impedance probes. With the patients' heights between 71.5 and 161.3 cm, 64.7% to 100% of patients were within 1 cm of the desired location with preselected probes. Confirmation of placement was performed with CXR. Conclusions: A pediatric patient's height can be used to estimate the esophageal length (TVC to LES) and facilitate the selection of dual pH—impedance probes. Our method decreases the risk of morbidity while increasing the accuracy of the study of extraesophageal reflux disease.
Prediction of Difficult Laryngeal Exposure in Patients Undergoing Microlaryngosurgery
Authors: Roh Jong-Lyel , Lee Yong-Won 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: Although difficult laryngeal exposure (DLE) is a common problem encountered during microlaryngosurgery, reliable predictors of DLE and grading systems of laryngeal exposure have been scarcely suggested in the field of laryngology. We propose a new classification of laryngeal exposure focusing on the extent of glottic visualization. Methods: We investigated physical parameters that could predict DLE; 73 patients underwent a physical examination including 15 parameters. During endotracheal intubation and suspension laryngoscopy, Cormack-Lehane and laryngeal exposure scores were obtained for each patient and compared with the parameters. Results: The patients' ages ranged from 23 to 77 years. The laryngeal exposure score was correlated with the Cormack-Lehane score (p < .001, r = 0.469). Of all parameters, body mass index, neck circumference, thyroid-mental distance, and horizontal thyroid-mental distance showed significant correlation with the laryngeal exposure score (p < .05). From analysis of the candidate parameters in 13 patients with DLE and the non-DLE group, we found that the cutoff values for predicting DLE were a body mass index of >25.0 kg/m2, a neck circumference of >39.5 cm, a thyroid-mental distance of <5.5 cm, and a horizontal thyroid-mental distance of <4.0 cm. Conclusions: According to the proposed classification of laryngeal exposure, patients with obesity, a muscular neck, or retrognathia are likely to present DLE, and preoperative measurement of the predictors may be useful in preparing for microlaryngosurgery.
Effect of Climate on the Bacteriology of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Yildirim Altan , Erdem Hakan , Kilic Selim , Yetiser Sertac , Pahsa Alaaddin 
Published: October 2014

Objectives: We evaluated the correlation between the microbial content of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and regional climatic parameters. Methods: We assessed the interrelations between monthly mean records of temperature, maximum temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity and the aerobic microbial flora in CSOM. Results: Forty-three bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae, 67 staphylococcal spp, 51 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 α-hemolytic Streptococcus, 1 Enterococcus sp, and 2 Edwardsiella tarda strains were recovered from 173 patients with CSOM. There was a good relationship between enteric bacteria and monthly mean temperature (r = 0.501) and significant colonization rates due to increasing monthly mean temperature (p = .040) and monthly mean maximum temperature values (p = .048). Conclusions: When the weather warmed, the frequency of isolation of enteric bacteria increased significantly. Temperature changes may affect the enteric bacterial colonization of CSOM.