bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Insect Species Associated with Decomposing Remains Recovered Inside Dwellings and Outdoors on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii
Authors: Goff ML 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A comparison of insects collected from 35 cases of decomposing remains on the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (14 from indoor situations and 21 from outdoors), yielded a total of 22 species of insects in 3 orders and 12 families. Of these, five species were recovered in both indoor and outdoor situations. Remains recovered indoors had a greater variety of Diptera larvae associated with them, while remains discovered outdoors had a greater variety of Coleoptera species present. Some species of insects were restricted to remains discovered indoors, while others were found only associated with remains in outdoor situations. Knowledge of the species of insects associated with different habitats may serve to provide information concerning the history of the remains.
Differentiation of Hydrocephalic Calf and Human Calvariae
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Berryman HE , Sutton TP , Ray CE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Occasionally, partial calvariae of hydrocephalic calves are found in forensic contexts and mistakenly identified as human. Such specimens can be properly identified through immunological assessment of associated soft tissue, microscopic analysis of associated hair, and morphological comparison with documented museum specimens. Morphological comparison should focus on the form of the occiput, supraorbital grooves, and bulbous vault and presence of coronal processes.
Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): II. Final Report
Authors: Mazzella WD , Lennard CJ , Margot PA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique has been employed to record the IR spectra of 152 different black and color toners used in photocopiers and laser printers. Based on characteristic absorption bands in the infrared (IR) spectra, 149 of these toners were classified into 36 distinct groups. A small sample of toner was removed from the surface of a questioned document (produced on a photocopier or laser printer), the IR spectrum was recorded using the diffuse reflectance technique, and the class of toner was determined by comparison with a collection of standard spectra. A knowledge of the compatibility of each type of toner can then be employed to provide a list of photocopying machines (or laser printers) that could have produced the questioned document. The technique does not appear to be affected by the age of the photocopy, the batch or toner, or the prior treatment of the questioned document with a fingerprint development reagent such as ninhydrin.
Laboratory Investigation of Deaths Due to Anaphylaxis
Authors: Yunginger JW , Nelson DR , Squillace DL , Jones RT , Holley KE , Hyma BA , Biedrzycki L , Sweeney KG , Sturner WQ , Schwartz LB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To establish a useful laboratory protocol to investigate possible cases of fatal anaphylaxis, we measured mast-cell-derived tryptase levels and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody levels in sera obtained prior to or within 24 h after death from 19 anaphylaxis victims. Elevated serum tryptase levels (range = 12 ng/mL to 150 μg/mL) were found in nine of nine Hymenoptera sting fatalities, six of eight food-induced fatalities, and two of two reactions to diagnostic/therapeutic agents. Tryptase levels were normal (&lt;10 ng/mL) in 57 sequential sera obtained postmortem from six control patients. Tryptase could not be measured by pleural or pericardial fluids for technical reasons. Serum IgE antibodies were elevated in five of the nine Hymenoptera sting fatalities and in eight of the eight fatal food reactions; assays were unavailable for the two diagnostic/therapeutic agents. If elevated, the victim's serum IgE antibodies to food could be used to identify allergens in uneaten portions of foods consumed shortly before the anaphylactic event. IgE antibodies were moderately stable during storage in a variety of anticoagulants at room temperature for up to 11 weeks. Elevated mast-cell-derived tryptase levels in postmortem sera reflect antemortem mast cell activation and may be used as a marker for fatal anaphylaxis. If assays are available for IgE antibodies to relevant allergens, such assays provide evidence for antemortem sensitization; these assays may be modified to identify allergens in foods consumed by victims of food-induced anaphylaxis.
Polymorphisms of the Enzyme Systems Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT) and Esterase D (EsD) in the Province of Cádiz, Southern Spain
Authors: Gamero-Lucas JJ , Romero J-L , Vizcaya MA , Arufe MI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Galactose-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and esterase D (EsD) phenotypes were determined by isoelectric focusing in ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel (PAGIF) for 406 healthy subjects randomly chosen and residing in the province of Cádiz, in Southern Spain. The following gene frequencies were observed: for GALT, GALT1 = 0.952 970 3 and GALT2 = 0.047 029 71; for EsD, EsD1 = 0.895 320 2, EsD2 = 0.094 827 59, and EsD5 = 0.009 852 21.
Corrections for Age in Estimating Older Adults' Stature from Long Bones
Authors: Giles E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Stature estimates based on long bone measurements require a correction factor to compensate for stature decrease in older people. Such a correction should exclude the effect of any secular trend in stature and reflect the age at which stature begins to decrease, sex differences, and the increasing rate of change with age. Stature corrections which meet these requirements for ages 46 through 85, based upon two recent large-scale longitudinal anthropometric studies, are provided in tabular form.
Microcrystalloscopic Differentiation of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and Related Amphetamine Derivatives
Authors: Simpson BJ , Simpson TP , Liu RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Commonly used gold chloride and its diluted forms are compared with gold bromide for potential microcrystalloscopic differentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and related amphetamine derivatives. The crystal formation characteristics of MDA, mescaline, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET) with diluted and undiluted gold chloride allow differentiation of these drugs, while 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) form similar crystals and are not easily differentiated. The compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and N-hydroxy-MDA were soluble in the gold chloride reagents, and no crystals were formed.
Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropan-1-One (Jeff)
Authors: Zhingel KY , Dovensky W , Crossman A , Allen A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, commonly used in clandestine laboratories within the United States to synthesize methamphetamine by means of reduction, are utilized within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in synthetic oxidation with potassium permanganate to form 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one. This ketone product of methamphetamine, termed “ephedrone” and “Jeff,” is profiled with the use of spot tests, infrared spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and hydrogen (1H) and carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Fatal Acetaminophen Poisoning with Evidence of Subendocardial Necrosis of the Heart
Authors: Price LM , Poklis A , Johnson DE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors describe a case of fatal acetaminophen overdose which occurred in a 16-year-old female. Her serum acetaminophen concentration 11.5 h postingestion was 154 mg/L. Antidotal therapy was unsuccessful, and after 9 days she died. Autopsy findings included centrilobular zonal liver necrosis, acute proximal renal tubular necrosis, and diffuse alveolar pulmonary damage. Her heart was transplanted into a young woman with congenital heart disease. The recipient expired 14 days after the transplant as a result of sepsis complicating bowel ischemia. The transplanted heart showed extensive subendocardial myocyte necrosis related to acetaminophen toxicity and not rejection.
Bones, Blood, Pellets, Glass, and No Body
Authors: Dix JD , Stout SD , Mosley J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A man was found guilty of killing his wife, although her body was never found. The case centered on her car, which contained fragments of bone, glass, shotgun pellets, and dried blood. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting techniques were used to establish the decedent's identity. Examination of the bone fragments revealed that they were from the skull. These two pieces of information, added to other evidence, proved that the defendant's wife had received a fatal injury in her car, and a guilty verdict was rendered.
A Review of Forensic Pathology
Authors: Dana SE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ever since being enticed into the field of forensic pathology some 15 years ago, I have awaited the publication of a concise, definitive text in the field which would encompass the numerous and varied aspects of potential cases sure to be encountered in the routine workday of a practicing forensic pathologist. Up until now, I had to be content with the sparse number of texts in the field, most of which were outdated, too cumbersome to carry, and filled with oversized photographs but very little text. With the publication of Forensic Pathology, the field of death investigation has finally been given a reference that encompasses a broad range of subjects, in a manner sure to instruct those individuals less familiar with scientific terminology, while at the same time acting as a reference for all pathologists, whether they are performing forensic investigation on a daily basis or only a few times a year.
Lewis Blood Group Determination in Bloodstains by Planimetric Measurement of Eluted Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Kimura H , Matsuzawa S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Planimetric measurements were employed for reading the results of an elution test to determine Lewis blood groups in dry human bloodstains. In the absorption-elution test, two varieties of indicators were used to detect eluted Lewis antibodies. First, 64 bloodstains aged between 2 to 8 months were tested with glutaraldehyde (GLA)-treated erythrocytes (planimetric hemagglutination assay, PMHA). This method demonstrated that dry stains weighing approximately 0.4 mg (equivalent to 3 µL of whole blood) were sufficient for detection of Lea or Leb antigen. Results were obtained within 1 h. Then, 37 of these stains were tested with Lewis substance-coated latex particles (planimetric latex agglutination assay, PMLA). The presence of Lea and Leb antigen were detected from dry stains weighing 0.1 mg (equivalent to 1 µL of whole blood) within 3 h. Both these assays are faster and simpler with accuracy than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Latex particles coated with Lewis substance are, in particular, strongly agglutinated and show agglutination patterns more clearly than erythrocytes. The blind tests using these two methods properly classified 7 Le(a + b -) and 23 Le(a - b +) bloodstains; whereas, 5 Le(a - b -) stains were undetermined by the criteria for these tests. These results indicate the usefulness of the PMHA and PMLA for typing Lewis blood groups from small bloodstains.
Anabolic Steroids—Analysis of Dosage Forms from Selected Case Studies from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Scientific Services Bureau
Authors: Colman PD , A'Hearn E , Taylor RW , Le SD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four selected case studies are described to demonstrate the detection and identification of anabolic steroids in dosage forms as typically encountered in the forensic laboratory. General analytical schemes are presented to provide conclusive identification of anabolic steroids and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as required by the California Uniform Controlled Substances Act. Methodology designed to simplify and reduce analysis time, and yet comply with the legal reporting requirements for anabolic steroids, is reviewed.
A Method for Identification of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Using a Microscope Sampling Device with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT/IR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Harris HA , Kane T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has posed an analytical challenge for forensic science laboratories. In those cases in which a few doses are seized, only microgram quantities are available, often in forms which make isolation of the miniscule amount of LSD difficult. A method is described which yields small crystals of pure LSD in a form well-suited for analysis using a microscope sampling device with a Fourier transform infrared (FT/IR) spectrometer. These crystals produce excellent spectra from samples containing less than 50 µg of LSD. Distinguishing between LSD, iso-LSD, and lysergic acid N-methylpropylamide (LAMPA) poses no problem with the spectra obtained. This scheme combines preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) followed by wick evaporation, an old but not well-known technique for separating soluble components from high-solid mixtures without filtration.
A Video Microscopy System for Teaching and Casework
Authors: Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper discusses an inexpensive video microscopy system built around a high-resolution, solid-state color camera. The system includes a VHS-format videocassette recorder, a color monitor, and a home computer to provide titling and other data input. The entire system is mounted on a small table designed as a personal-computer workstation so that it can be moved to different locations within the laboratory.
Parentage Determination on Aborted Fetal Material Through Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Profiling
Authors: Ludes BP , Mangin PD , Malicier DJ , Chalumeau AN , Chaumont AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
After a rape, women who are pregnant often elect to abort the fetus. The authors describe ten cases in which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing was performed on the aborted fetal material to provide evidence of the genetic constitution of the suspect. The problems encountered with this new technique are discussed.
Review of 1989 Yearbook of Toxicology
Authors: Garriott JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is a compilation of abstracts of articles published in the fields of toxicology between July 1987 and June 1988. Each abstract has a critical comment by one of 15 members of the editorial board. The abstracts are categorized into 9 subunits (for example, Animal Studies, Clinical Studies, Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Treatment of Poisoning, Analytical Toxicology).
Simultaneous Analysis of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Urine Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gan BK , Baugh D , Liu RH , Walia AS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid and effective solid-phase extraction procedure using Bond Elute Certify™ bonded silica sorbent cartridges was adopted to extract amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) from urine samples. The extract was derivatized with trichloroacetic anhydride prior to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis with selected ion monitoring of the following ions: 190, 91, 188; 204, 91, 202; 162, 135, 202; 194, 123; and 211, 209 for the derivatized amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, d5-amphetamine, and d9-methamphetamine, respectively. The first of the ions listed for each compound was used for quantitation. The compound d5-amphetamine was used as the internal standard for amphetamine, and d9-methamphetamine was used for methamphetamine and MDMA. Results showed a higher than 65% recovery and a reproducibility with less than a 5% coefficient of variation. When a sample size of 2 mL was used, the lowest detectable concentration was about 50 ng/mL, and a near-perfect fit can be obtained (within the 250 to 4000-ng/mL concentration range studied) using a second-order polynomial model.
Identification of Match Head Residues in Post-Explosion Debris
Authors: Glattstein B , Landau E , Zeichner A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method is described to detect and identify match head residues in post-explosion debris of improvised explosive devices. The method consists of visual microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and spot tests for elemental sulfur and chlorate ion. The technique was applied in 13 cases of exploded pipe bombs devices. In 10 of them, match head residues were detected and identified.
Flake Metal Powders for Revealing Latent Fingerprints
Authors: James JD , Pounds CA , Wilshire B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fine flake powders, having flake diameters ranging from 50 to 1 μm and stearic acid/powder ratios varying from 0 to 50 weight percent, were produced by laboratory-scale milling of aluminum, zinc, copper, and iron powders. The effectiveness of these flakes for detection of latent fingerprints was then assessed by comparing the print qualities obtained when using these flake powders with those achieved using commercial aluminum, commercial black, and commercial dark magnetic dusting powders. While the commercial aluminum powder was found to have an average flake diameter and stearic acid level close to the optimum values required to obtain bright fingerprints, several potential avenues of development were identified which could lead to the commercial availability of superior black powders.
Shots Fired with Silencers—A Report on Four Cases and Experimental Testing
Authors: Missliwetz J , Denk W , Wieser I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four cases of homicide, in which silenced firearms were used, are reported and supplemented by data from experimental investigations regarding wound features, marks, traces, and ballistic behavior. Wound features are largely determined by the construction of the silencer. In one case, even a muzzle imprint was produced by a silenced weapon fired at contact range. In general, silencers are likely to result in a decrease in bullet energy and accelerated energy release in the target (tissue). In terms of wound morphology, silencers produced a reduction in or even a lack of the contact ring (ring of dirt). In close-range and contact wounds, any features indicative of shots fired at close range were missing (such as soot deposit and powder tattooing). It is also worth mentioning that biological matter may get into the silencer in shots fired at contact range.
Corrections and Criminalistics: Pragmatism, Principles, and Policy
Authors: Stoney DA , Klug DJ , McConville S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A survey and analysis was conducted regarding the use of forensic science services in a correctional setting. Within the broader context of issues affecting involvement of police and prosecutions in custodial criminality, we have considered (a) whether existing forensic science services meet the needs of those who live and work in prisons and (b) the likely benefits of making specially tailored and easily accessible forensic services available. Investigative policies were reviewed for three correctional institutions including federal, state, and county jurisdictions. Also examined were types of cases, investigative effort, and relationships with outside investigative bodies. This study found a surprising underutilization of forensic science matters. The potential benefits of such services are considered from the view of the forensic scientist, the prison investigator, and society. In the light of these benefits, policy options are discussed.
On the Predictability of Violent Behavior: Considerations and Guidelines
Authors: Palermo GB , Liska FJ , Palermo MT , Forno GD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Following a semantic discussion of dangerousness, and having established its dynamic concept, the authors define the prediction of dangerous behavior as the anticipation of an antisocial act towards others. The present-day dilemma of predicting dangerous behavior is discussed. An extensive review of sociological and psychiatric studies is presented. Further, the authors stress the vital importance of predicting violent behavior in view of statistical data concerning rampant violent crime in the United States. They encourage more cooperation between psychiatric experts and the judicial system in view of the common social problem all are faced with. Better diagnostic procedures and more logically deductive factual expert reports are hoped for. The authors postulate that prediction is strictly connected with the possible prevention of dangerous behavior and the continuation of a civilized, secure society.
Drug and Alcohol Involvement in Railroad Accidents
Authors: Moody DE , Crouch DJ , Smith RP , Cresalia CW , Francom P , Wilkins DG , Rollins DE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Postaccident testing of railroad employees for drugs and alcohol was performed in 175 qualifying accidents or incidents (events) from April 1987 through March 1988. Initial tests for drugs were performed on urine, and for alcohol on blood. Presumptive positives were confirmed and quantitated using both blood and urine when available. In 42 of these events (24%), at least 1 employee tested positive (6.7% of 736 employees) for drugs or alcohol. A higher proportion of drug or alcohol-positive events, or both, 40 versus 21%, was found when a fatality was involved. In 11 of the 32 fully investigated drug or alcohol-positive events (involving 14 employees), the investigating agencies determined that substance use was determined to be a probable cause of, or a factor relating to, the accident. Cannabinoids, ethanol, cocaine, or multiple-drug use were found in 5, 3, 3, and 3 of those employees, respectively. Detectable drug and alcohol use occurs among railroad employees; occasionally it has resulted in accidents.
Effects of Luminol on the Subsequent Analysis of Bloodstains
Authors: Laux DL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effects of luminol upon additional presumptive chemical tests, subsequent confirmatory blood tests, species determination by immunoelectrophoresis, ABO typing by absorption elution, and genetic marker analysis by multienzyme system electrophoresis were examined. Results indicate that luminol does not affect additional presumptive chemical tests, confirmatory tests, species determination, or ABO typing, but does affect certain genetic marker systems.
Haptoglobin Typing in Canine Bloods
Authors: Harrington J , Heaney H , McSweeney C , Quarino L , Schwartz T , Versoza J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Haptoglobin typing by vertical electrophoresis in a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel was conducted on 47 dog blood samples, of which 19 were from Doberman pinschers, 20 from German shepherds, and 8 from pit bullterriers. Two phenotypes were common in the three breeds and could not be used to differentiate between them. Canine haptoglobin phenotypes were, however, sufficiently different from those of humans to warrant using haptoglobin typing as a method for determining the origin of bloodstains.