bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification and comparison of natural and altered flow regimes to support an Australian trial of the Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration framework
Authors: Mackay Stephen J. , Arthington Angela H. , James Cassandra S. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) is a new framework designed to develop environmental flow prescriptions for many streams and rivers in a user‐defined geographic region or jurisdiction. This study presents hydrologic classifications and comparisons of natural and altered flows in southeast Queensland, Australia, to support the ecological steps of a field trial of the ELOHA framework. We extended existing protocols for flow classification by assessing the stability of flow classes. Model‐based clustering distinguished six Reference classes (based on modelled pre‐development flow data) and five Historic classes (based on stream gauge data). The principal flow regime change was loss of some of the original (natural) flow diversity accompanied by the emergence of a perennial flow class in the Historic classification composed mostly of gauges with flow regimes influenced by dams. However, similarities between Reference and Historic classifications indicate that hydrologic changes in southeast Queensland have not totally obscured Reference (pre‐development) characteristics. Duration of low flow spells has undergone the greatest absolute change from Reference values.Dams had substantial but variable impacts on downstream flow regimes. Each dam created a unique downstream flow signature, indicating that environmental flow guidance for each regulated river must be tailored to the particulars of flow alterations, the associated ecological impacts and the desired future ecological state of the aquatic ecosystem. Other stressors were implicated in flow regime change, highlighting the need to consider the potential influence of factors other than prominent water infrastructure on flow regime alterations and associated ecological responses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triazolium Salts as Appropriate Catalytic Scaffolds for 1,4‐Additions to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls
Authors: Bratko Ielyzaveta , Guisado‐Barrios Gregorio , Favier Isabelle , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Teuma Emmanuelle , Peris Eduardo , Gómez Montserrat 
Published: January 2014

Abstract1,2,3‐Triazole derivatives containing a rigid dihydroanthracenyl skeleton are suitable precursors for both organometallic and organo‐based catalysts. A Rh–carbene complex and the triazolium salt efficiently catalyzed the 1,4‐additions of C‐ and heterodonor reagents to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl substrates, respectively.
A General Synthesis of Sphinganines through Multicomponent Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination
Authors: Mukherjee Munmun , Zhou Yubai , Gupta Anil K. , Guan Yong , Wulff William D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA catalytic asymmetric synthesis of all four stereoisomers of sphinganine is described starting from hexadecanal. Utilizing either the (R) or (S) enantiomer of a BOROX catalyst, a multicomponent reaction of this aldehyde with an amine and ethyl diazoacetate gives rise to enantiomeric aziridine‐2‐carboxylates. Access to all diastereomers of sphinganine is realized upon ring opening of the enantiopure aziridine‐2‐carboxylate at the C‐3 position by direct SN2 attack of an oxygen nucleophile, which occurs with inversion of configuration and by ring expansion of an N‐acyl aziridine to an oxazolidinone and then hydrolysis. Overall, this process results in the formal ring opening of the aziridine with an oxygen nucleophile with retention of configuration.
Sequential C3 and C5 Direct C–H Arylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines with (Hetero)aryl Bromides
Authors: Johnson Brett M. , Huestis Malcolm P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn efficient reaction manifold for the preparation of C3/C5‐diarylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines through sequential C3 and C5 direct arylation is disclosed. The two distinct palladium catalyst systems showcased herein are compatible with a wide variety of aryl and heteroaryl bromides and are also operative in a one‐pot, twofold C–H functionalization event.
Dynamic liquefaction of Jurassic sand dunes: processes, Origins, and implications
Authors: Chan Marjorie A. , Bruhn Ronald L. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTSoft‐sediment deformation occurs in ancient eolian dune deposits, but understanding its extent and the conditions and forces behind the deformation often remains elusive. Here we gain insight into the aerial extent and environmental conditions related to intense soft‐sediment deformation, based on an exceptional three dimensional (3D) exposure of eolian dune deposits and preserved geomorphic landscape expressions in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone at White Pocket, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona. Deformation features include elongate northeast trending decameter‐scale mounds and raised ridges cored by deformed and upturned eolian dune sets, overlain by a massive blanket sandstone with breccia blocks. The geomorphic mounds display ~40–60 m spacing, roughly perpendicular to the southerly paleoflow dune foreset directions. The geometry of the deformation is imaged by oblique aerial photography using cameras mounted on a remote control airplane and high resolution panoramas with a robotic camera mount.We interpret the exquisitely preserved deformation features as liquefaction‐induced ground failure, consistent with theoretical and laboratory studies of deformation in saturated sand. A shallow water table affected by differential dune loading facilitated lateral spreading and failure. The transition to steady‐state flow liquefaction near the top of the shallow water table destroyed original sedimentary structure, creating a massive sand blanket that entrained brecciated blocks ripped up during flow. The water‐pressurized, upwelled sediment created the mounds (a relief inversion). In underlying deformed dune sets, deformation was intense but sedimentary structure was not obliterated as deformation progressed from initial cyclic mobility to strain‐softening, but ceased prior to steady‐state flow liquefaction. The spatial extent, topographic relief, and intensity of dynamic deformation suggest an origin of strong ground motion driven by long‐duration surface waves of a large earthquake (> Mw 7–8), possibly related to back arc thrusting from Jurassic subduction of the Pacific plate under North America. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cocaine‐ or stress‐induced metaplasticity of LTP in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus
Authors: Keralapurath Madhusudhanan M. , Clark Jason K. , Hammond Sherri , Wagner John J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTDespite the well documented role of the hippocampus in various modes of drug reinstatement behavior, the persisting effects of in vivo cocaine exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity are not sufficiently understood. In this report we investigated the effects of cocaine conditioning on long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocampus along its septotemporal axis. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats experienced a behavioral protocol, in which locomotor activity was monitored in response to various conditioning treatments. LTP was measured in ex vivo slice preparations taken 1–2 weeks after the last behavioral session from the ventral (vH) and dorsal (dH) sectors of hippocampus. Unexpectedly, experiencing the minor intermittent stimuli of the behavioral protocol caused stress‐induced metaplastic changes in both vH (increased LTP) and dH (decreased LTP) in the saline conditioned rats relative to behaviorally naïve controls. These stress effects in the vH and dH were blocked by conditioning with either mineralocorticoid (spironolactone) or glucocorticoid (mifepristone) antagonists, respectively. Stress‐induced metaplasticity in the vH was also prevented by prior administration of the kappa opioid antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine. Cocaine conditioning induced locomotor sensitization and significantly increased LTP in the vH without causing significant change in LTP in the dH. Cocaine‐induced metaplasticity in the vH was prevented by co‐administration of the dopamine D2‐like antagonist eticlopride during cocaine conditioning, but not by co‐administration of the D1/5 antagonist SCH 23390. Our results suggest that the functional connectivity of hippocampus is altered by metaplastic triggers such as exposure to drugs of abuse and/or stressors, thereby shifting the efferent output of hippocampus from dH (cortical) toward vH (limbic) influenced circuits. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Investigation of Free Radical Intermolecular Addition Following Free Radical SH2′ Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Wu Yuh‐Wern , Wang Pai‐Lin , Kong Yao‐Zhang , Chen Ai‐Ru , Yang Jyh‐Ferng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe photolytic radical intermolecular addition following SH2′ cyclization reactions of t‐BuHgCl with 1‐bromo‐4‐(2‐choroallyloxy)‐but‐2‐ene and (E)‐4‐bromobut‐2‐enyl acrylate gave the good yields and the chemoselectivity of the cyclized product. The high stereoselectivity of the reactions is discussed.
Bond Dissociation Energies and Electronic Structures in a Series of Peroxy Radicals: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Zeng Hui , Zhao Jun 
Published: January 2014

AbstractQuantum chemical calculations are performed to estimate the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for 18 peroxy radicals. Since DFT methods are researched to have low basis sets sensitivity, these radicals are studied by utilizing the hybrid density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91 and PBE1PBE) in conjunction with the 6‐311G** basis set and the complete basis set (CBS‐Q) method. On the basis of comparisons of the computational results and the experimental values, we evaluate the effectiveness of above methods. It is demonstrated that CBS‐Q method is the best method for computing the reliable BDEs of C—OO bond, with the average absolute errors of 2.1 kcal/mol. So CBS‐Q method is suitable to predict accurate BDEs of C‐OO bond for peroxy compounds. The computational energy gaps between the HOMO and LUMO of studied compounds are almost identical from the point of view of stability and substantial HOMO‐LUMO gaps for all molecules suggest their electronic stability. In addition, substituent effect on the C—OO BDE of peroxy radicals is analyzed. It is noted that the effects of substitution on the C—OO BDE of peroxy radicals are significant. Our results will shed lights on future theoretical and experimental work.
Chiral Separation of Ofloxacin Enantiomers by Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection
Authors: Chen Bing , Zhang You , Xie Hai‐Ling , Chen Qiu‐Mei , Mai Qi‐Hong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe describe a chiral separation method for ofloxacin enantiomers, levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin by microchip capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The running buffer included 1 mmol L−1 MES and 1 mmol L−1 Tris (pH 8.0) with a separation voltage of 1.5 kV and an injection time of 10s. Under these conditions, the enantiomers were completely separated within 1 min. The linear calibration curves were A = 5.76 c — 0.00587 for levofloxacin and A = 5.41 c — 0.00551 for dextrofloxacin, in which the linear concentration of the components all ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mg mL−1 (regression coefficients were both 0.9996). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were, respectively, 18 and 21 μg mL−1. The relative standard deviations of migration time were both 2.0% (n = 6). The relative standard deviations of peak area were 3.4% (n = 6) for levofloxacin and 4.0% (n = 6) for dextrofloxacin. The effects of some factors on resolutions, such as separation voltage and injection time, concentration of running buffers, were studied. The method was simple, rapid, high‐efficient. Furthermore, the method could be applied to the chiral separation of the product containing these enantiomers, such as Ofloxacin Eye Drops.
Novel Adeno‐Associated Viral Vector Delivering the Utrophin Gene Regulator Jazz Counteracts Dystrophic Pathology in mdx Mice
Authors: Strimpakos Georgios , Corbi Nicoletta , Pisani Cinzia , Di Certo Maria Grazia , Onori Annalisa , Luvisetto Siro , Severini Cinzia , Gabanella Francesca , Monaco Lucia , Mattei Elisabetta , Passananti Claudio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver‐expression of the dystrophin‐related gene utrophin represents a promising therapeutic strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The strategy is based on the ability of utrophin to functionally replace defective dystrophin. We developed the artificial zinc finger transcription factor “Jazz” that up‐regulates both the human and mouse utrophin promoter. We observed a significant recovery of muscle strength in dystrophic Jazz‐transgenic mdx mice. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of an experimental gene therapy based on the systemic delivery of Jazz gene in mdx mice by adeno‐associated virus (AAV). AAV serotype 8 was chosen on the basis of its high affinity for skeletal muscle. Muscle‐specific expression of the therapeutic Jazz gene was enhanced by adding the muscle α‐actin promoter to the AAV vector (mAAV). Injection of mAAV8‐Jazz viral preparations into mdx mice resulted in muscle‐specific Jazz expression coupled with up‐regulation of the utrophin gene. We show a significant recovery from the dystrophic phenotype in mAAV8‐Jazz‐treated mdx mice. Histological and physiological analysis revealed a reduction of fiber necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration associated with functional recovery in muscle contractile force. The combination of ZF‐ATF technology with the AAV delivery can open a new avenue to obtain a therapeutic strategy for treatment of DMD. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1283–1291, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The color properties of a reflective CMYK module using polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)
Authors: Qian Jun , Gao Feng , Liu Hui‐Hui , Tang Chao‐Qun , Liu Feng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA reflective CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) module using polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is investigated for multi‐color reflective display. Combined with the electro‐optical properties and visible spectral reflectivity of PDLC films, the color properties of the reflective CMYK module were evaluated in terms of the Uniform Color Space‐CIE 1976 L*a*b*. It is found that the blue light reflectivity of the PDLC films is lower than green light and red light reflectivity. With the increase of the voltage applied on PDLC, the color lightness of the CMYK module generally decreases, while the color saturation increases. When the voltage changed from 0 to 70 V with a 5‐V change amplitude, modules C, M, Y, and K severally exhibit at least five, six, three, and seven colors.
Master Equation Modeling of the Unimolecular Decompositions of α‐Hydroxyethyl (CH3CHOH) and Ethoxy (CH3CH2O) Radicals
Authors: Dames Enoch E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe unimolecular decomposition of two radical isomers of C2H5O (CH3CH2O/ethoxy, CH3CHOH/α‐hydroxyethyl) are investigated by means of Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus/master equation simulations in helium and nitrogen bath gases on an accurate one‐dimensional potential energy surface. For ethoxy, simulations are carried out between temperatures of 406 and 1200 K and pressures of 0.001 and 100 atm. For CH3CHOH, simulations are carried out between temperatures of 800 and 1500 K and pressures of 0.001 and 100 atm. Results are compared with available experimental data, with good agreement. The dominant product of α‐hydroxyethyl decomposition is CH3CHO + H, with C2H3OH + H and CH3 + CH2O, being minor channels. Rate coefficients are strongly dependent on temperature and pressure and are recommended with attendant uncertainty factor estimates. The relative roles of vinyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in the context of combustion chemistry are also discussed.
Does endolymphatic sac decompression surgery prevent bilateral development of unilateral Ménière disease?
Authors: Kitahara Tadashi , Horii Arata , Imai Takao , Ohta Yumi , Morihana Tetsuo , Inohara Hidenori , Sakagami Masafumi 
Published: January 2014

Objectives/HypothesisThe aim of the study was to elucidate whether endolymphatic sac decompression surgery (ESDS) has the potential to prevent unilateral Ménière disease (MD) from becoming bilateral.Study DesignProspective case–control study at tertiary referral center.MethodsBetween 1996 and 2008, we performed a glycerol test (G‐test) and electrocochleography (ECoG) on 237 patients with intractable unilateral MD. We performed ESDS on 179 patients (144 with no endolymphatic hydrops and 35 with silent endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear). The other 58 patients (40 without endolymphatic hydrops and 18 with silent endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear) were given available medical treatments. All underwent regular follow‐up for at least 5 years.ResultsAltogether, 22.4% (53 of 237) of patients with clinically diagnosed unilateral intractable MD had silent endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear using G‐test and ECoG. In the nonsurgical group, six of 40 patients with unilateral MD with no endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear developed bilateral disease, whereas in the surgical group 12 of 144 patients did so (P = .231, Fisher test). In the nonsurgical group, nine of 18 patients with unilateral MD and silent endolymphatic hydrops developed the disease in the contralateral ear, whereas in the surgical group six of 35 patients developed bilateral disease (P = .022, Fisher test).ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that ESDS may decrease the incidence of developing MD in silent endolymphatic hydronic contralateral ears diagnosed with G‐test and ECoG within the first 5 postoperative years.Level of Evidence3b Laryngoscope, 124:1932–1936, 2014
Aggregation‐Induced Emission of Tetraphenylethylene in Styrene‐Based Polymers
Authors: Iasilli Giuseppe , Battisti Antonella , Tantussi Francesco , Fuso Francesco , Allegrini Maria , Ruggeri Giacomo , Pucci Andrea 
Published: January 2014

In the present work, the preparation of different styrene‐based polymer films containing small amounts of TPE and the evaluation of their photoluminescent behaviour is reported. When TPE is dispersed in a poor solvent or in a glassy PS matrix, the arrested intramolecular rotations of its aryls favour the strong emission of light centred at about 455–460 nm. Conversely, TPE fluorescence significantly weakens to a faint signal when good solvents or viscous but not glassy polymer matrices are used. Near‐field optical microscopy correlates the fluorescence behaviour with the different matrix morphologies. These results should be able to be used for developing a new tool for polymer traceability.
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Functionalization at the Central Position of Vinyl Polymer Chains: Highly Associable Multipoint Hydrogen Bonds for Complementary Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ho , Ouchi Makoto , Sawamoto Mitsuo 
Published: January 2014

This paper deals with the precision introduction of a multiple hydrogen‐bonding site of a high association constant at the central position of a vinyl polymer chain for complementary self‐assemblies. The interactive site consists of an array of hydrogen donors (D) and acceptors (A) to induce a multiple and highly associable interaction with a complementary counterpart. A bifunctional initiator (Cl–DADDAD–Cl) for metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization is thus designed and synthesized to embed a “Hamilton receptor” (DADDAD) between two terminal chlorides (Cl). In the presence of a ruthenium complex, the dichloride gives controlled polymers (Cl∼∼∼DADDAD∼∼∼Cl, ∼∼∼: polymer backbone) of narrow molecular weight distributions (/ < 1.2) from common monomers such as styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The receptor‐decorated polystyrene recognizes complementary associable molecules and polymers carrying an ADADA unit (ADADA–Anthracene and ADADA–PMMA) to form self‐assemblies where the association constant is as high as Kass ≈ 8000 m−1.
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Controlling cavitation‐based image contrast in focused ultrasound histotripsy surgery
Authors: Allen Steven P. , Hall Timothy L. , Cain Charles A. , Hernandez‐Garcia Luis 
Published: January 2014

PurposeTo develop MRI feedback for cavitation‐based, focused ultrasound, tissue erosion surgery (histotripsy), we investigate image contrast generated by transient cavitation events.MethodsChanges in GRE image intensity are observed while balanced pairs of field gradients are varied in the presence of an acoustically driven cavitation event. The amplitude of the acoustic pulse and the timing between a cavitation event and the start of these gradient waveforms are also varied. The magnitudes and phases of the cavitation site are compared with those of control images. An echo‐planar sequence is used to evaluate histotripsy lesions in ex vivo tissue.ResultsCavitation events in water cause localized attenuation when acoustic pulses exceed a pressure threshold. Attenuation increases with increasing gradient amplitude and gradient lobe separation times and is isotropic with gradient direction. This attenuation also depends upon the relative timing between the cavitation event and the start of the balanced gradients. These factors can be used to control the appearance of attenuation while imaging ex vivo tissue.ConclusionBy controlling the timing between cavitation events and the imaging gradients, MR images can be made alternately sensitive or insensitive to cavitation. During therapy, these images can be used to isolate contrast generated by cavitation. Magn Reson Med 73:204–213, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and morphology of all‐conjugated donor–acceptor block copolymers based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly(naphthalene diimide)
Authors: Wang Jin , Ueda Mitsuru , Higashihara Tomoya 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA series of all‐conjugated diblock and triblock copolymers comprised of poly(naphthalene diimide) (PNDI)‐based n‐type and the poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) segments could be synthesized via the Kumada catalyst‐transfer polycondensation process. The crystalline structures and chain orientation of the block copolymer thin films were systematically studied by grazing incident wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS). The GIWAXS results indicated that both the P3HT and PNDI segments in the block copolymers form exclusive crystalline domains in which the P3HT domain aligns with an edge‐on rich orientation, and the PNDI domain aligns with a face‐on rich orientation. In contrast, the blend films of the P3HT and PNDI homopolymers also show two distinguished crystalline domains in which the P3HT domain aligns with an edge‐on rich orientation, and the PNDI domains align in different ways depending on the chemical structure of n‐type polymers, that is, PNDI1Th is isotropically dispersed, while PNDI2Th aligns with a face‐on rich orientation. In addition, the effect of thermal annealing on the crystalline behavior of the block copolymers is reported. The GIWAXS results indicated that thermal annealing increases the crystallinity of both segments without affecting their chain orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1139–1148