bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of leadership and management in process safety
Authors: King Charles 
Published: January 2013

Process safety management (PSM) is often presented as technically complex, requiring a large staff of engineers and specialists with an array of tools and techniques that appear to grow in intricacy and sophistication year by year. Large companies are generally well positioned to operate in this arena—they have the resources to afford a staff of professionals and invest in system development, research specific problem areas, and construct elaborate PSM programs. Smaller enterprises can have similar risks, yet seldom have the internal resources and expertise to match the PSM efforts of the majors. The role of management can be over‐simplified to employing the right expertise to take care of process safety.It is proposed that PSM is not, in fact, a technical issue but one of management and leadership. Keeping a plant safe is managerially complex, demanding strong leadership and attention from senior site management. Technically, it is fairly simple and well within the capacity of any organization that deals with hazardous materials. This article examines the key elements of PSM from both the technical and managerial perspectives. The importance of leadership is discussed and its impact on safety examined. A 12‐step guide to safely managing process hazards is outlined, which acknowledges the need for and role of process safety expertise while placing emphasis on the role of senior management: provide the leadership, oversight, and organizational culture for success. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013.
Growth of SiO2 and TiO2 thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering and PECVD by the incorporation of non‐directional deposition fluxes
Authors: Alvarez R. , Romero‐Gomez P. , Gil‐Rostra J. , Cotrino J. , Yubero F. , Gonzalez‐Elipe A. R. , Palmero A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe have deposited TiO2 and SiO2 thin films by techniques as different as plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and reactive magnetron sputtering under experimental conditions where highly directional deposition fluxes are avoided. The results indicate that whatever the deposition technique employed or even the precursor gas in the PECVD technique, films share common microstructural features: a mounded surface topography and a columnar arrangement in the bulk, with the column width growing linearly with film thickness. With the help of a Monte Carlo model of the deposition, we conclude that these common aspects are explained by solely taking into consideration the incorporation of a low‐energy, isotropically directed, deposition flux onto a substrate at low temperature and under a weak plasma/surface interaction environment.
Controllable amplification, absorption, and dispersion in double‐cascade‐type four‐level system of multiple quantum wells
Authors: Yan Wei , Wang Tao , Li Xiaoming , Dong Chuanbo , Yu Chunchao , Tang Jian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA double‐cascade‐type four‐level system of semiconductor multiple quantum wells (MQWs) was constructed with biexcitons and excitons. The nonlinear optical properties for amplification, absorption, and dispersion of 2‐weak fields in this scheme are investigated. It shows that the amplification, absorption, and dispersion responses of 2‐weak fields can be achieved by appropriately adjusting the relative phase, the probe detuning, and the two control Rabi frequencies. The investigation is much more practical than its atomic counterpart because of its flexible design and the widely adjustable parameters. It may provide a new possibility in technological applications for the light amplifier and optical switch working on quantum coherence effects in MQW solid‐state systems.
Shape‐ and Nitric Oxide Flux‐Dependent Bactericidal Activity of Nitric Oxide‐Releasing Silica Nanorods
Authors: Lu Yuan , Slomberg Danielle L. , Sun Bin , Schoenfisch Mark H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSilica nanorods (SNRs) are synthesized and then functionalized with aminoalkoxysilanes to prepare a new class of nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing materials. The aspect ratio and size of the SNRs are tuned by varying the temperature, pH, and silane concentration used during the surfactant‐templated synthesis. N‐Diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donors are formed on the secondary amine‐functionalized SNRs by reaction with NO gas under basic conditions. Particle surface modifications are employed to manipulate the NO release kinetics. The diverse morphology (i.e., aspect ratio ∼1–8), NO‐release kinetics (2000–14 000 ppb NO/mg particle) and similar sizes (i.e., particle volume ∼0.02 μm3) of the resulting NO‐releasing SNRs facilitates further studies of how particle shape and NO flux impacts bactericidal activity against Gram–positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram–negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria. The bactericidal efficacies of these materials improves with increasing particle aspect ratio and initial NO flux. Both chemical (i.e., NO‐release kinetics) and physical (i.e., morphology) properties greatly influenced the bactericidal activity of these materials.
Nanotopographical Cues Augment Mesenchymal Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Kingham Emmajayne , White Kate , Gadegaard Nikolaj , Dalby Matthew J. , Oreffo Richard O. C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe production of bone‐forming osteogenic cells for research purposes or transplantation therapies remains a significant challenge. Using planar polycarbonate substrates lacking in topographical cues and substrates displaying a nanotopographical pattern, mesenchymal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells is directed in the absence of chemical factors and without induction of differentiation by embryoid body formation. Cells incubated on nanotopographical substrates show enhanced expression of mesenchymal or stromal markers and expression of early osteogenic progenitors at levels above those detected in cells on planar substrates in the same basal media. Evidence of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition during substrate differentiation and DNA methylation changes akin to chemical induction are also observed. These studies provide a suitable approach to overcome regenerative medical challenges and describe a defined, reproducible platform for human embryonic stem cell differentiation.
Concise Review: Early Embryonic Erythropoiesis: Not so Primitive After All
Authors: Baron Margaret H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the developing embryo, hematopoiesis begins with the formation of primitive erythroid cells (EryP), a distinct and transient red blood cell lineage. EryP play a vital role in oxygen delivery and in generating shear forces necessary for normal vascular development. Progenitors for EryP arise as a cohort within the blood islands of the mammalian yolk sac at the end of gastrulation. As a strong heartbeat is established, nucleated erythroblasts begin to circulate and to mature in a stepwise, nearly synchronous manner. Until relatively recently, these cells were thought to be “primitive” in that they seemed to more closely resemble the nucleated erythroid cells of lower vertebrates than the enucleated erythrocytes of mammals. It is now known that mammalian EryP do enucleate, but not until several days after entering the bloodstream. I will summarize the common and distinguishing characteristics of primitive versus definitive (adult-type) erythroid cells, review the development of EryP from the emergence of their progenitors through maturation and enucleation, and discuss pluripotent stem cells as models for erythropoiesis. Erythroid differentiation of both mouse and human pluripotent stem cells in vitro has thus far reproduced early but not late red blood cell ontogeny. Therefore, a deeper understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the differences and similarities between the embryonic and adult erythroid lineages will be critical to improving methods for production of red blood cells for use in the clinic.
Man's Best Friend as A Reading Facilitator
Authors: Shaw Donita Massengill 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this manuscript was to describe information about an animal‐assisted therapy, specifically the Reading Education Assistance Dog (R.E.A.D.) program. In this manuscript I provide information about R.E.A.D. programs in general. Next, I share perspectives solicited from R.E.A.D. participants, specifically teachers, parents, students and volunteer handlers. Then I discuss how these practices may become a part of your classroom with possible adaptations. Finally, I summarize why R.E.A.D. makes a difference.
Olfactory perception, cognition, and dysfunction in humans
Authors: Stevenson Richard J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe main functions of olfaction relate to finding food, avoiding predators and disease, and social communication. Its role in detecting food has resulted in a unique dual mode sensory system. Environmental odorants are ‘smelled’ via the external nostrils, while volatile chemicals in food—detected by the same receptors—arrive via the nasopharynx, contributing to flavor. This arrangement allows the brain to link the consequences of eating with a food's odor, and then later to use this information in the search for food. Recognizing an odorant—a food, mate, or predator—requires the detection of complex chemical blends against a noisy chemical background. The brain solves this problem in two ways. First, by rapid adaptation to background odorants so that new odorants stand out. Second, by pattern matching the neural representation of an odorant to prior olfactory experiences. This account is consistent with olfactory sensory physiology, anatomy, and psychology. Odor perception, and its products, may be subject to further processing—olfactory cognition. While olfactory cognition has features in common with visual or auditory cognition, several aspects are unique, and even those that are common may be instantiated in different ways. These differences can be productively used to evaluate the generality of models of cognition and consciousness. Finally, the olfactory system can breakdown, and this may be predictive of the onset of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's, as well as having prognostic value in other disorders such as schizophrenia. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:273–284. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1224This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Exploring the gap between ‘best knowledge’ and ‘best practice’ in boundary layer meteorology for offshore wind energy
Authors: Kalvig Siri , Gudmestad Ove Tobias , Winther Nina 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTOnshore wind turbine technology is moving offshore, and the offshore wind industry tends to use larger turbines than those used over land. This calls for an improved understanding of the marine boundary layer. The standards used in the design of offshore wind turbines, particularly the rotor–nacelle assembly, are similar to those used for onshore wind turbines. As a result, simplifications regarding the marine boundary layer are made. Atmospheric stability considerations and wave effects, including the dynamic sea surface roughness, are two major factors affecting flow over sea versus land. Neutral stratification and a flat, smooth sea surface are routinely used as assumptions in wind energy calculations. Newly published literature in the field reveals that the assumption of a neutral stratification is not necessarily a conservative approach. Design tests based on neutral stratification give the lowest fatigue damage on the rotors. Turbulence, heat exchange and momentum transfer depend on the sea state, but this is usually ignored, and the sea surface is thought of as level and smooth. Field experiments and numerical simulations show that during swell conditions, the wind profile will no longer exhibit a logarithmic shape, and the surface drag relies on the sea state. Stratification and sea state are parameters that can be accounted for, and they should therefore be considered in design calculations, energy assessments and power output predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catecholamine Dosing and Survival in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Kastrup Marc , Braun Jan , Kaffarnik Magnus , von Dossow‐Hanfstingl Vera , Ahlborn Robert , Wernecke Klaus‐D , Spies Claudia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundVolume management and vasopressor support remain the gold standard of critical care for patients with shock. However, prolonged therapy with catecholamines in high doses is associated with a negative patient outcome. The aim of the present study was to analyze the administered levels of catecholamines over time with respect to survival, and to identify a cut‐off to allow a prediction of survival.MethodsConsecutively, 9,108 adult patients during 22 months were evaluated. This group included 1,543 patients treated with epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with any dose at any time. Time and dosages of the applied drugs, the sequential organ failure assessment and acute and chronic health evalutation II scores on admission and daily, the length of intensive care unit stay, and the outcomes were recorded.ResultsThe non‐survivors received higher doses of norepinephrine and epinephrine than the survivors (p < 0.001). The receiver operator characteristic curve for the area under the curve with non‐survival as the classifier revealed a cut‐off level of 294.33 μg/kg for norepinephrine with a sensitivity of 74.73 % and a specificity of 70.48 % and a cut‐off for epinephrine of 70.36 μg/kg with a sensitivity of 83.87 % and a specificity of 72.79 %. Dose‐dependent time curves using these cut‐off values were calculated.ConclusionsSurvival of patients with prolonged therapy with norepinephrine and epinephrine above the evaluated thresholds is poor, whereas short‐term application of high‐dose catecholamines is not associated with poor outcome. Therefore, it remains for the individual clinician, patients, and their surrogates to decide whether the use of high doses of vasopressors is appropriate in view of the low probability of survival.
Internet marketing: a content analysis of the research
Authors: Corley J. Ken , Jourdan Zack , Ingram W. Rhea 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The amount of research related to Internet marketing has grown rapidly since the dawn of the Internet Age. A review of the literature base will help identify the topics that have been explored as well as identify topics for further research. This research project collects, synthesizes, and analyses both the research strategies (i.e., methodologies) and content (e.g., topics, focus, categories) of the current literature, and then discusses an agenda for future research efforts. We analyzed 411 articles published over the past eighteen years (1994-present) in thirty top Information Systems (IS) journals and 22 articles in the top 5 Marketing journals. The results indicate an increasing level of activity during the 18-year period, a biased distribution of Internet marketing articles focused on exploratory methodologies, and several research strategies that were either underrepresented or absent from the pool of Internet marketing research. We also identified several subject areas that need further exploration. The compilation of the methodologies used and Internet marketing topics being studied can serve to motivate researchers to strengthen current research and explore new areas of this research.
Diagnostic accuracy of markers for prodromal Alzheimer's disease in independent clinical series
Authors: Prestia Annapaola , Caroli Anna , Herholz Karl , Reiman Eric , Chen Kewei , Jagust William J. , Frisoni Giovanni B. ,   Translational Outpatient Memory Clinic Working Group,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo capitalize on data from different clinical series to compare sensitivity and specificity of individual biomarkers for predicting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsMedial temporal atrophy, cortical hypometabolism, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were assessed in 18 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with prodromal AD (pAD; conversion time, 26 ± 12 months) and 18 stable MCI (sMCI) patients from the Translational Outpatient Memory Clinic cohort, as well as in 24 pAD patients (conversion time, 36 ± 12 months) and 33 sMCI patients from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. Medial temporal atrophy was measured by manual, semi‐automated, and automated hippocampal volumetry; cortical hypometabolism was measured using several indices of AD‐related hypometabolism pattern; and cerebrospinal fluid markers were amyloid β (Aβ)42 and total tau protein concentrations. For each biomarker, sensitivity for pAD, specificity for sMCI, and diagnostic accuracy were computed.ResultsSensitivity to predict MCI conversion to AD in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and Translational Outpatient Memory Clinic cohorts was 79% and 94% based on Aβ42, 46% and 28% based on hippocampal volumes, 33% to 66% and 56% to 78% based on different hypometabolism indices, and 46% and 61% based on total tau levels, respectively. Specificity to exclude sMCI was 27% and 50% based on Aβ42, 76% and 94% based on hippocampal volumes, 58% to 67% and 55% to 83% based on different hypometabolism indices, and 61% and 83% based on total tau levels, respectively.ConclusionsCurrent findings suggest that Aβ42 concentrations and hippocampal volumes may be used in combination to best identify pAD.
AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment
Authors: Jessen Frank , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Wiese Birgitt , Bickel Horst , Mösch Edelgard , Kaduszkiewicz Hanna , Pentzek Michael , Riedel‐Heller Steffi G. , Luck Tobias , Fuchs Angela , Weyerer Siegfried , Werle Jochen , van den Bussche Hendrik , Scherer Martin , Maier Wolfgang , Wagner Michael ,   German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia in late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), early MCI (EMCI), and subjective memory impairment (SMI) with normal test performance.MethodsThe baseline sample (n = 2892) of the prospective cohort study in nondemented individuals (German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients) was divided into LMCI, EMCI, SMI, and control subjects by delayed recall performance. These groups were subdivided by the presence of self‐reported concerns associated with experienced memory impairment. AD dementia risk was assessed over 6 years.ResultsAcross all groups, risk of AD dementia was greatest in LMCI. In those with self‐reported concerns regarding their memory impairment, SMI and EMCI were associated with a similarly increased risk of AD dementia. In those subgroups without concerns, SMI was not associated with increased risk of AD dementia, but EMCI remained an at‐risk condition.ConclusionsSMI and EMCI with self‐reported concerns were associated with the same risk of AD dementia, suggesting that pre‐LMCI risk conditions should be extended to SMI with concerns.
New ELISAs with high specificity for soluble oligomers of amyloid β‐protein detect natural Aβ oligomers in human brain but not CSF
Authors: Yang Ting , Hong Soyon , O'Malley Tiernan , Sperling Reisa A. , Walsh Dominic M. , Selkoe Dennis J. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundSoluble oligomers of amyloid ß‐protein (Aß) have been increasingly linked to synaptic dysfunction, tau alteration, and neuritic dystrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mouse models. There is a great need for assays that quantify Aß oligomers with high specificity and sensitivity.MethodsWe designed and validated two oligomer‐specific (o‐) enzyme‐linked immunoassays (ELISAs) using either an Aß aggregate‐selective monoclonal for capture and a monoclonal to the free N‐terminus for detection, or the latter antibody for both capture and detection.ResultsThe o‐ELISAs specifically quantified pure oligomers of synthetic Aß with sizes from dimers up to much larger assemblies and over a wide dynamic range of concentrations, whereas Aß monomers were undetectable. Natural Aß oligomers of similarly wide size and concentration ranges were measured in extracts of AD and control brains, revealing >1000‐fold higher concentrations of Aß oligomers than monomers in the soluble fraction of AD cortex. The assays quantified the age‐related rise in oligomers in hAPP transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, none of 90 human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples gave a specific signal in either o‐ELISA.ConclusionsThese new o‐ELISAs with rigorously confirmed specificity can quantify oligomer burden in human and mouse brains for diagnostic and mechanistic studies and for AD biomarker development. However, our data raise the likelihood that the hydrophobicity of Aß oligomers makes them very low in number or absent in aqueous CSF.
Fairness in supply chain contracts: A laboratory study
Authors: Katok Elena , Pavlov Valery 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVarious contracts can be designed to coordinate a simple supplier–retailer channel, yet the contracts proposed in prior research and tested in a laboratory setting do not perform as standard theory predicts. The supplier, endowed with all bargaining power, can neither fully coordinate the channel nor extract all of the channel profit. We report on a sequence of laboratory experiments designed to separate possible causes of channel inefficiency. The three causes we consider are inequality aversion, bounded rationality, and incomplete information. It turns out that all three affect human behavior. Inequality aversion has by far the most explanatory power regarding retailers’ behavior. Incomplete information about the retailer's degree of inequality aversion has the most explanatory power in regards to the suppliers’ behavior. Bounded rationality affects both players, but is of secondary importance.
Hausarztzentrierte Versorgung – im Interesse der Patienten?
Authors: Köster-Steinebach Ilona 
Published: January 2013

Einleitung
Hausarztzentrierte Versorgung (HzV) in Deutschland ist für gesetzliche Krankenkassen obligatorisch. Sie wäre vorteilhaft für Patienten und Versicherte, wenn die Versorgungsqualität verbessert und/oder die Kosten gesenkt würden. Zuverlässige Daten zur Wirkung liegen noch immer nicht vor. Insbesondere gibt es trotz jahrelang laufender Verträge keine Hinweise auf verbesserte Versorgung. Hingegen mehren sich die Indizien, dass die HzV deutlich erhöhte Kosten nach sich zieht und die Struktur und Funktionsfähigkeit der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung gefährdet.