bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hadza hunter‐gatherer men do not have more masculine digit ratios (2D:4D)
Authors: Apicella Coren L. , Tobolsky Victoria A. , Marlowe Frank W. , Miller Kathleen W. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe ratio between the length of the second and the length of the fourth digit (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic such that males of many species possess a lower ratio than females, particularly in the right hand. Still, men and women often exhibit overlapping 2D:4D ranges and the ratio is highly variable between populations. In order to further explore populational variability, we chose to analyze 2D:4D in the Hadza, a population of hunter‐gatherers living in Tanzania.Materials and MethodsData were collected separately by two researchers over the course of three years (1998, 2001, 2006) from 152 adult participants (male: n = 76, female: n = 76). Independent samples t‐tests were used to explore sex differences, paired samples t‐tests were used to explore directional effects within each sex, and linear regression and one‐way ANOVA were used to test possible age effects.ResultsIn none of the years, or pooled (n = 152), did we find evidence that adult men have a lower 2D:4D than adult women. If anything, the data suggest that women in this population have a significantly lower right hand 2D:4D than men (P < 0.001, d = 0.57). In contrast, left hand 2D:4D did not exhibit a sex difference (P = 0.862, d = 0.03).DiscussionThese findings challenge the current view that lower 2D:4D in men is a uniform characteristic of our species. Cross‐populational variance in 2D:4D may be related to known patterns of hormonal variation resulting from both genetic and environmental mechanisms, though this relationship merits further investigation. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:223–232, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly (glycerol‐sebacate) bioelastomers: 2. Synthesis using Brabender Plasticoder® as a batch reactor
Authors: Maliger Raju B. , Halley Peter J. , Cooper‐White Justin J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPoly (glycerol‐sebacate) polymers are seen as useful materials for biomedical applications. In this article, poly (glycerol‐sebacate) oligomers were synthesized by modifying a Brabender Plasticorder® as a batch reactor. The samples collected over a reaction period of 5 h were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) and weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) of the oligoesters were determined using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight spectroscopy (MALDI‐TOF). The polydispersity indices of these oligoesters produced were within bounds of current commercial polymers. The gel‐point of the reaction was determined from the crossover point of the storage and loss moduli, and the reaction rate constant was calculated using the torque data of the rheometer. The kinetic rate constant and the extent of the reaction in the Brabender were higher than the corresponding values obtained from the conventional laboratory reaction process. The challenges and possibilities in scaling up a batch process to a continuous process (e.g., reactive extrusion) are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42852.
Is there value in chemical modification of fish scale surfaces?
Authors: Xiang Xu , Long Fei , Narkar Ameya , Kinnunen Ronald E. , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza , Lee Bruce P. , Heiden Patricia A. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTFish scales are an abundant biowaste apparently unused, except for isolating major components as feedstocks, sacrificing the useful properties inherent to scales. We modified scale surfaces using hydrophilic and hydrophobic (meth)acrylates and tetraethylorthosilicate with in situ polymerization, and partial degradation of the biomineral or collagen layer. Chemical changes were assessed qualitatively by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and quantitatively by nanomechanical analysis. No modification was selective but they were “preferential”. Hydrophobic modifications were inefficient and reduced scale modulus. Inorganic and hydrophilic modifications were efficient and increased modulus. On adding sodium‐citrate‐modified scales to a weak alginate hydrogel, rheology showed an order of magnitude increase in storage modulus compared to alginate with no or unmodified scale reinforcement. Fish scales can be a useful new reinforcement. This work highlights simple pathways to manipulate surface composition and modulus of waste fish scale to enhance composite properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42868.
Chinese Overseas Hydropower Dams and Social Sustainability: The Bui Dam in Ghana and the Kamchay Dam in Cambodia
Authors: Urban Frauke , Nordensvard Johan , Siciliano Giuseppina , Li Bingqin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThere is a shortage of empirical studies on the relationship between Chinese hydropower dams and social sustainability. Comparative research on Chinese‐funded and Chinese‐built hydropower projects is rare. This article aims to fill parts of this gap by discussing these issues in relation to Chinese overseas hydropower dams in Ghana (Bui Dam) and Cambodia (Kamchay Dam). Both projects are built by Sinohydro and financed by ExIm Bank. This article draws on in‐depths interviews and focus group discussions with local communities affected by the dams, institutional actors in Ghana and Cambodia, Chinese actors, and dam builders. The article uses an environmental justice perspective as an analytical framework. The article concludes that the dam projects could improve their social sustainability framework in practice and theory; social benchmarking should be introduced and social policies need to be improved to be in line with international social standards on hydropower projects.
Age of Choice: How Partner Countries Are Managing the New Development Assistance Landscape—The Cases ofFiji,PapuaNewGuinea,Timor‐Leste andVanuatu
Authors: Schmaljohann Maya , Prizzon Annalisa 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBased on a comparative case study approach, the article reviews trends in volumes and modalities of non‐traditional development assistance flows since 2003 (from emerging countries, philanthropic organisations and the private sector) for the governments ofFiji,PapuaNewGuinea,Timor‐Leste andVanuatu, and elaborates on the governments' priorities regarding the terms and conditions of development assistance flows and the impact on aid coordination of new providers. We found that the amount of non‐traditional development assistance has strongly increased inFiji but less so inPapuaNewGuinea,Timor‐Leste andVanuatu. Capacity building for government officials—both in the negotiation and management of these flows—is a priority aspect for development assistance for all of the four analysed governments, even forPapuaNewGuinea where the government introduced a target to reduce technical assistance, aiming to a more efficient use of this modality and improved knowledge transfer to government officials.
How Income Segmentation Affects Income Mobility: Evidence from Panel Data in the Philippines
Authors: Martinez Arturo , Western Mark , Haynes Michele , Tomaszewski Wojtek 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDespite vibrant economic growth, the Philippines confronts persistently high income inequality. Using household‐level panel data collected for the years 2003, 2006 and 2009, we investigate how income segmentation affects Filipinos' income mobility prospects. The results of the multinomial logistic models suggest that if households are grouped according to initial income (in 2003), richer households had the lowest propensity to experience slow to moderate income changes and were most likely to experience consistently downward mobility from 2003 to 2009, while initially poorer households had the highest propensity to experience consistently upward mobility. On the other hand, if households are grouped according to permanent income, we still find that lower income households experienced (slightly) better income mobility outcomes; however, their edge over higher income households was much smaller than when initial income was used. This result could indicate that convergence on the basis of initial income may be in part random variation. The findings are robust to heuristic and model‐based methods of grouping households into different income segments.
Gold/Palladium Alloy for Carbon–Halogen Bond Activation: An Unprecedented Halide Dependence
Authors: Dhital Raghu Nath , Bobuatong Karan , Ehara Masahiro , Sakurai Hidehiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNew catalytic activity of gold/palladium alloy nanoclusters (NCs) for carbon–halogen bond activation is demonstrated. In the case of an aryl chloride, the inclusion of gold in a bimetallic catalyst is indispensable to achieve the coupling reactions. Gold has the unique effect of stabilizing palladium, such that Pd2+ leached from clusters by means of spillover of chloride during oxidative addition. The thus‐formed spillover intermediate further reacts heterogeneously in both Ullmann and Suzuki‐type coupling reactions through a new type of mechanism. In the case of an aryl bromide, Ullmann coupling occurs through the spillover of bromide, similar to that of aryl chloride. However, a significant fraction of palladium also leached, which diminished the Ullmann coupling activity of the aryl bromide and, as a result, the order of reactivity was ArCl>ArBr. With regard to the activation of the C−Br bond towards a Suzuki‐type reaction, the inclusion of a higher gold content in gold/palladium clusters stabilized palladium to prevent the leaching of Pd2+ from the clusters by means of spillover of bromide. The spillover intermediate reacts heterogeneously with PhB(OH)2, palladium‐rich gold/palladium, or pure palladium clusters; the oxidative addition of ArBr favors the extraction of palladium from the clusters, yielding Pd2+ intermediates. The extracted intermediates react homogenously (Pd2+/Pd0 catalysis) with PhB(OH)2, which results in the higher selectivity of the cross‐coupling product. An initial step to observe such unprecedented halide dependency, together with the dynamic behavior of palladium on the surface of gold is the oxidative addition of Ar−X. A detailed insight into the first oxidative addition process was also examined by quantum chemical calculations.
Sheathless guide catheter in transradial percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Miyasaka Masaki , Tada Norio , Kato Shigeaki , Kami Masahiro , Horie Kazunori , Honda Taku , Takizawa Kaname , Otomo Tatsushi , Inoue Naoto 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of sheathless guide catheters in transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).BackgroundTransradial PCI for STEMI offers significant clinical benefits, including a reduced incidence of vascular complications. As the size of the radial artery is small, the radial artery is frequently damaged in this procedure using large‐bore catheters. A sheathless guide catheter offers a solution to this problem as it does not require an introducer sheath. However, the efficacy and safety of sheathless guide catheters remain to be fully determined in emergent transradial PCI for STEMI.MethodsData on consecutive STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI at the Sendai Kousei Hospital between September 2010 and May 2013 were analyzed. The primary endpoint was the rate of acute procedural success without access site crossover. Secondary endpoints included door‐to‐balloon time, fluoroscopy time, volume of contrast, and radial artery stenosis or occlusion rate.ResultsWe conducted transradial PCI for 478 patients with STEMI using a sheathless guide catheter. Acute procedural success was achieved in 466 patients (97.5%). The median door‐to‐balloon time was 45 min (range, 15–317 min). The median fluoroscopy time was 16.4 min (range, 10–90 min). The median volume of contrast was 134 mL (range, 31–431 mL). Radial stenosis or occlusion developed in 14 (3.8%) of the 370 evaluable patients.ConclusionsThis study showed that use of a sheathless guide catheter taking a transradial approach was effective and safe in primary PCI for STEMI. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy with or without warfarin in patients with a clinical indication for DAPT and chronic anticoagulation: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Bavishi Chirag , Koulova Anna , Bangalore Sripal , Sawant Ashwin , Chatterjee Saurav , Ather Sameer , Valencia Jose , Sarafoff Nikolaus , Rubboli Andrea , Airaksinen Juhani K. , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Tamis‐Holland Jacqueline E. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and triple therapy (TT, dual antiplatelet plus warfarin) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) or PCI with stenting (PCI‐S) who also require chronic oral anticoagulation. Background: Recommendations for the optimal antiplatelet/anticoagulant treatment regimen for patients undergoing PCI‐S or MI who also require oral anticoagulation are largely based on evidence from observational studies and expert opinions. Methods: A systematic search was performed for studies comparing TT vs. DAPT in patients post PCI‐S or MI and requiring chronic anticoagulation. Primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were ischemic stroke, major bleeding, MI, and stent thrombosis. Pooled relative risks (RR) were calculated using random effects model. Results: A total of 17 studies were included, with 14,921 patients [TT: 5,819(39%) and DAPT: 9,102(61%)] and a mean follow‐up of 1.6 years. The majority of patients required oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. Compared to DAPT, patients treated with TT had no significant difference in all‐cause mortality [RR: 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61–1.08, P = 0.15], MI [RR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.51–1.06, P = 0.10], and stent thrombosis [RR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.35–1.30, P = 0.24]. Patients treated with TT had significantly increased risk of major bleeding [RR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.39, P = 0.02], whereas the risk for ischemic stroke was significantly lower [RR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38‐0.92, P = 0.02]. Conclusions: All‐cause mortality appears similar in patients treated with TT or DAPT although TT was associated with higher rates of major bleeding and a lower risk for ischemic stroke. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left atrial appendage closure: First in man with the 4th generation watchman device
Authors: Ledwoch Jakob , Franke Jennifer , Gonzaga Maik , Bertog Stefan , Braut Annkathrin , Hofmann Ilona , Vaskelyte Laura , Gafoor Sameer , Reddy Vivek , Sievert Horst 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility and safety of the fourth generation WATCHMAN device.BackgroundThe WATCHMAN left atrial appendage (LAA) closure device has been shown to be non‐inferior to conventional oral anticoagulation with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation. A new (fourth) generation of the WATCHMAN device was designed to facilitate easier delivery and improve safety.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, non‐randomized study of LAA closure with use of the 4th generation WATCHMAN device in 36 patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation. Follow‐up was performed at 45 days, 6 months and 12 months following implantation.ResultsThe mean age of the population was 73 ± 6 years and 67% were male. The mean CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc Score were 2.5 and 4.5, respectively. The device was implanted successfully in 34/36 (94%). No serious hospital complications related to the device or procedure occurred. During 12 month follow‐up, three ischemic strokes (8%), one hemorrhagic stroke (3%), one TIA (3%) and three deaths (9%) occurred. Device‐associated thrombus formation was detected in one patient (3%) during six‐month follow‐up and was treated successfully with low molecular weight heparin.ConclusionsLAA closure with the 4th generation WATCHMAN device is feasible and safe. New technical features may contribute to a better performance of the occluder, particularly regarding the risk of pericardial effusions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Reporting on Closed Bipolar Microelectrodes and the Influence of Electrode Size
Authors: Oja Stephen M. , Zhang Bo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe report a fundamental study on the use of Ru(bpy)32+‐based electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) as an optical reporting system for the detection of redox‐active analytes on closed bipolar microelectrodes, focused on gaining an in‐depth understanding of the correlation between the ECL emission intensity and the electrochemical current. We demonstrate the significant effect that the size of the anodic and cathodic poles has on the resulting ECL signal and show how this influences the quantitative detection of an analyte on a closed bipolar electrode. By carefully designing the geometry of the bipolar electrode, the detection performance of the system can be tuned to different analyte concentration ranges. We show that, through a simple voltammetric study of the individual reactions, one can understand the coupled bipolar behavior and accurately predict the ECL signal response to a range of analyte concentrations, enabling the accurate prediction of calibration curves.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Hetero‐Michael Addition of Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Nucleophiles to Maleimides Catalyzed by BF3·OEt2.
Authors: An Yu‐Long , Deng Yun‐Xia , Zhang Wei , Zhao Sheng‐Yin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe addition of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur nucleophiles to maleimides catalyzed by boron trifluoride etherate is studied.
Abundance of phosphorylated Apis mellifera CREB in the honeybee's mushroom body inner compact cells varies with age
Authors: Gehring Katrin B. , Heufelder Karin , Kersting Isabella , Eisenhardt Dorothea 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTHymenopteran eusociality has been proposed to be associated with the activity of the transcription factor CREB (cAMP‐response element binding protein). The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a eusocial insect displaying a pronounced age‐dependent division of labor. In honeybee brains, CREB‐dependent genes are regulated in an age‐dependent manner, indicating that there might be a role for neuronal honeybee CREB (Apis mellifera CREB, or AmCREB) in the bee's division of labor. In this study, we further explore this hypothesis by asking where in the honeybee brain AmCREB‐dependent processes might take place and whether they vary with age in these brain regions. CREB is activated following phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue. An increase of phosphorylated CREB is therefore regarded as an indicator of CREB‐dependent transcriptional activation. Thus, we here examine the localization of phosphorylated AmCREB (pAmCREB) in the brain and its age‐dependent variability. We report prominent pAmCREB staining in a subpopulation of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. In these neurons, the inner compact cells (IC), pAmCREB is located in the nuclei, axons, and dendrites. In the central bee brain, the IC somata and their dendritic region, we observed an age‐dependent increase of pAmCREB.Our results demonstrate the IC to be candidate neurons involved in age‐dependent division of labor. We hypothesize that the IC display a high level of CREB‐dependent transcription that might be related to neuronal and behavioral plasticity underlying a bee's foraging behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1165–1180, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repeated game theory as a framework for algorithm development in communication networks
Authors: Coimbra J. , Correia N. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis article presents a tutorial on how to use repeated game theory as a framework for algorithm development in communication networks. The article starts by introducing the basis of one‐stage games and how the outcome of such games can be predicted, through iterative elimination and Nash equilibrium. In communication networks, however, not all problems can be modeled using one‐stage games. Some problems can be better modeled through multi‐stage games, as many problems in communication networks consist of several iterations or decisions that need to be made over time. Of all the multi‐stage games, the infinite‐horizon repeated games were chosen to be the focus in this tutorial, because optimal equilibrium settings can be achieved, contrarily to the suboptimal equilibria achieved in other types of game. With the theoretical concepts introduced, it is then shown how the developed game theoretical model, and devised equilibrium, can be used as a basis for the behavior of an algorithm, which is supposed to solve a particular problem and will be running at specific network devices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint channel and sink assignment for data collection in cognitive wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Xinglong , Huang Liusheng , Leng Bing , Xu Hongli , Yang Chenkai 
Published: September 2015

SummaryData collection is a fundamental operation in cognitive wireless sensor networks (CWSNs). However, previous works on data collection assume that a node can transmit data to any node within its transmission range, which is not reasonable in CWSNs. To ensure that the previous works can be applied in CWSNs, this paper focuses on the joint channel and sink assignment problem, which is a critical preparatory work for data collection in CWSNs. Because the capacity performance of a CWSN is usually considered as a key problem in fundamental understanding, we are interested in finding a joint channel and sink assignment for each sensor node, such that the minimum capacity of all sensor nodes is maximized. We formulate our problem as a mixed integer linear program by some elaborate mathematical skills. Then, two algorithms based on greedy strategy and linear relaxation technique are proposed. Extensive simulations results show that our algorithms are efficient and able to achieve near‐optimal performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indirect photochemical transformations of acyclovir and penciclovir in aquatic environments increase ecological risk
Authors: An Jibin , Li Guiying , An Taicheng , Nie Xiangping 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Acyclovir and penciclovir, 2 antiviral drugs, are increasingly detected in aquatic environments. The present study explores the natural photochemical transformation mechanisms and fate of these drugs, examining direct and indirect photochemical transformation under simulated sunlight irradiation. The 2 antiviral drugs are photostable under certain conditions but significantly degrade in the presence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (DOM). The degradation rate associated with the drugs' indirect photochemical transformation scaled with chromophoric DOM concentration. Quenchers and sensitizers were used to identify indirect photochemical transformation mechanism. Results suggested that both pharmaceuticals could be transformed by reacting with 1O2, •OH, and excited chromophoric DOM. The 1O2 played an important role in indirect photochemical transformation. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics between their substructural molecules, guanine, isocytosine, and imidazole, with different reactive oxygen species were evaluated to determine which substrate functionalities were most susceptible to singlet oxygenation. Imidazole was identified as the reaction site for 1O2, and preliminary 1O2 oxidation mechanisms were further evaluated based on liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric results. Finally, aquatic ecotoxicity assessment of phototransformed solutions revealed that the degradation of acyclovir and penciclovir may not ultimately diminish environmental risk because of either formation of more toxic intermediates than parent pharmaceuticals or some synergistic effects existing between the intermediates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:584–592. © 2015 SETAC