bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Text‐Based Approaches to Translation
Authors: Giannossa Leonardo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The text‐based or textual approach to translation regards a text as a communicative act which takes places in a situationally and culturally significant context. In this sense, translation is more than a mere interlinguistic transcoding activity. The text to be translated, or, as is often referred to by translation scholars and translators, the source text (ST), is viewed as a coherent chunk of lexical items and is analyzed globally at the supra‐sentential level by looking at its overall meaning, textual features, and communicative function(s). The translation unit is no longer the word or sentence, as is the case with the linguistic approach, but rather the text as a whole. The translator's task is to produce a translation or target text (TT) which is textually and communicatively equivalent to the ST. This is accomplished by encoding the ST information into equivalent target culture textual prototypes (see Neubert & Shreve, 1992, discussed below).
Tiersma, Peter
Authors: Howald Blake Stephen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPeter Meijes Tiersma (1952– ) is a linguist and lawyer who is Professor of Law and Honorable William Matthew Byrne, Jr. Chair at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles, California. Tiersma's research and scholarship focuses on numerous types of language in the legal system from a linguistic science perspective, typically drawing on theoretical constructs in historical linguistics, discourse analysis and pragmatics (e.g., speech act theory, Austin, 1962; and implicature, Grice, 1975). For example, Tiersma'sLegal Language(1999) explores the origins of legal language from the early Anglo‐Saxons, through the Norman Conquest, to present day forms (e.g., statutes, testimony, contracts, judicial opinions, etc.) from the perspective of both linguistic and jurisprudential theory and practice. The relevance of this work, which expands the early work of Mellinkoff (1963), stems from the fact that, in a given legal system, there is often a disconnect between the structure and meaning of written laws and the application of those written laws to factual scenarios in the real world, potentially leading to incongruous results. Linguists have sought to correct this disconnect by highlighting the need to understand the history of a given language and basic ideas in linguistics (with an eye toward making intelligent reforms—e.g., the plain language movement). Tiersma also tackles these issues in the face of modern‐day computer technology inParchment, Paper, Pixels: Law and the Technologies of Communication(2010).
Transcription
Authors: Dittmar Norbert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTranscription(from Latintranscribere, ‘to transcribe’) means “any graphic representation of selective aspects of speaking and of one or more persons’ behaviour and setting concomitant with speaking” (O'Connell & Kowal, 1995, p. 646). The Latin proverbverba volant, scripta manent(“words are fleeting, but written they remain”) reflects the fact that only written discourses were taken as “legitimate” text resources in developed societies before the 20th century. Most of the world's societies use a coded written alphabet which fits the norms of a standard language and serves as a normative system for any legitimate public communication. It is a code independent of social context and the changing conditions of verbal interactions in situational settings.
Translation, Localization, and Internationalization
Authors: Dunne Keiran J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Translation, localization, and internationalization are interdependent processes whereby digital content and products developed in one locale are adapted for sale and use in one or more other locales. To understand the meaning of localization and internationalization and their relationship both to each other and to translation, it is necessary to consider when, why, and how they arose and the ways they have changed over time.
Word Associations
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tess 
Published: December 2012

AbstractProbably the most pervasive metaphor used in relation to the mental lexicon is that of a network. The nodes of the network are seen as representing words, and the lines linking them are the connections between those words. Word association research is particularly consistent with this metaphor, and it is used in applied linguistics to investigate the nature of interlexical connections and the factors which might influence them.
Young, Richard
Authors: NGUYEN HANH THI 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRichard Frederick Young was born in London on October 15 in 1948. After graduating from Oxford with a degree in philosophy, politics, and economics, he taught at the University of Turin, then returned to England to earn a master's degree in applied linguistics from the University of Reading. He was with the British Council in Hong Kong as Materials and Methodology Officer before settling in the United States in 1983. Young earned his PhD in educational linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1989, with a dissertation that was the first extension of quantitative variation theory to interlanguage. He then taught at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale until he joined the faculty at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison in 1993, where he is currently Professor in English Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Young has also held visiting professorships at Pennsylvania State University, International Islamic University of Malaysia, and two universities in Germany.
Conversation Analysis and Interaction in Standardized Survey Interviews
Authors: Maynard Douglas W. , Schaeffer Nora Cate 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Surveys use questions to collect measurements from a sample in order to estimate characteristics of a population. The “objective” data obtained by survey interviews are achieved in the interaction between respondents and interviewers who have been trained to behave in a standardized manner. Over the years, both critics and practitioners of standardized survey interviewing have considered how the fundamentally social nature of the interview affects the data produced there. Both groups consider the interaction between the interviewer and respondent when they evaluate the quality of survey data. Critics present examples of interactions that depart from ordinary conversation as evidence that the resulting data cannot be valid. Practitioners suggest that surveys are about measurement rather than meaning in a conventional sense and view such individual incidents as leading to measurement error that results from unusual circumstances or “bad” survey questions. They also consider that adherence to rules of standardization improves the overall quality of the data in the aggregate by increasing reliability. We consider these issues by reviewing the meaning of standardization, the role of tacit knowledge for conducting and participating in the interview, and recent conversation analytic (CA) studies of interaction during survey calls.
Conversation Analysis and Other‐Initiated Repair
Authors: Benjamin Trevor , Mazeland Harrie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis entry builds on the entry “Conversation Analysis and Repair Organization: Overview” by examining the organization of other‐initiated repair. Excerpts (1) and (2) illustrate the two varieties, or trajectories, of other‐initiated repair: those in which the repair proper is performed by the speaker of the troublesome talk (other‐initiatedself‐repair)and by its recipient (other‐initiatedother‐repair). Thetrouble‐source(TS), theinitiation(I), and therepair proper(R) are labeled in the transcripts:
Light‐Metal Foams—History of Innovation and Technological Challenges
Authors: Banhart John 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe history of metallic foams and the key innovations that have led to the variety of processing methods known today are reviewed. It is evident that the idea of foaming metals is very old and that most of the techniques used today have been proposed already in the 1950s. The most important milestones in the development of foaming technologies and the some of the attempts to commercialize metal foams are reviewed.
Silver as Antibacterial Agent: Ion, Nanoparticle, and Metal
Authors: Chernousova Svitlana , Epple Matthias 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe antibacterial action of silver is utilized in numerous consumer products and medical devices. Metallic silver, silver salts, and also silver nanoparticles are used for this purpose. The state of research on the effect of silver on bacteria, cells, and higher organisms is summarized. It can be concluded that the therapeutic window for silver is narrower than often assumed. However, the risks for humans and the environment are probably limited.
Degradation behaviors of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells under varied acceleration conditions
Authors: Mu Shichun , Xu Cheng , Yuan Qing , Gao Ying , Xu Feng , Zhao Pei 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes (e.g., Nafion membranes) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells has caused wide widespread concern. However, their degradation behaviors, which lead to the damage of fuel cells, need to be investigated under alternative accelerating environments by the simulation of fuel‐cell operating conditions. Nafion membranes showed a homogeneous degradation behavior during hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) aging, whereas a nonhomogeneous (or crack‐type) degradation behavior occurs for Nafion membranes aged in an H2O2/Fe2+ system (Fenton's reagent), where plenty of the typical microcracks appeared. Interestingly, in the case of nonhomogeneous degradation, the membrane presented a lower fluoride emission rate than that with the homogeneous degradation; this indicates a possible selective attack model of free radicals to both CF2 and the defect end groups in PFSA membranes. In addition, the effects of the different degradation behaviors on the thermal stability and water uptake of membranes were examined by thermogravimetric analyses. H2 crossover and single‐fuel‐cell tests were carried out to evaluate the influence of the degradation behaviors on the fuel‐cell performance. These showed that the membrane with a nonhomogeneous degradation behavior had a higher hydrogen crossover and was more destructive than that with a homogeneous behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Poly (D,L) lactic acid blending with vitamin E increases polymer hemocompatibility: An hydrophilic effect
Authors: Renò Filippo , Paul Geo , Rizzi Manuela , Gatti Giorgio , Marchese Leonardo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBiocompatible and resorbable polylactic acid (PLA) derived polymers are used for clinical applications. Antioxidant vitamin E (Vit.E) and vitamin E acetate (Vit.E Ac), a Vit.E commercial analog, were added to PLA during films preparation. Wettability, protein adsorption analysis, platelet adhesion and whole blood coagulation experiments highlighted that Vit.E incorporation improved PLA hemocompatibility. NMR analysis showed that Vit.E and Vit.E Ac blending differentially altered PLA polymer organization with Vit.E leading to the formation of microcavities, as observed by SEM analysis, while reducing surface hydrophobicity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Flexible ITO‐free polymer solar cells
Authors: Angmo Dechan , Krebs Frederik C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIndium tin oxide (ITO) is the material‐of‐choice for transparent conductors in any optoelectronic application. However, scarce resources of indium and high market demand of ITO have created large price fluctuations and future supply concerns. In polymer solar cells (PSCs), ITO is the single‐most cost driving factor due to expensive raw materials and processing. Given the limited lifetime and stability of PSCs as compared with other mature technologies such as silicon‐based solar cells, the technological future of PSCs beyond that of academic interests rests in reducing cost of production. In this regard, replacing ITO has the potential to dramatically reduce material and processing cost and the energy payback time of PSCs. Several alternatives to ITO are present but not all of them bring competitive advantage over ITO for application in PSCs. This review explores some potentially low‐cost alternatives to ITO suitable for use in PSCs. These alternatives belong to four material groups: polymers; metal and polymer composites; metal nanowires and ultra‐thin metal films; and carbon nanotubes and graphene. We further present the progress of employing these alternatives in PSCs and identify future challenges. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Phytosynthesis of intracellular and extracellular gold nanoparticles by living peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Raju Dugyala , Mehta Urmil J. , Ahmad Absar 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInorganic nanomaterials of different chemical compositions are conventionally synthesized under harsh environments such as extremes of temperature, pressure, and pH. Moreover, these methods are eco‐unfriendly and cumbersome, yield bigger particles, and agglomerate because of not being capped by capping agents. In contrast, biological synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials occurs under ambient conditions, namely room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and physiological pH. These methods are reliable, eco‐friendly, and cheap. In this paper, we report for the first time the extracellular and intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using living peanut seedlings. The formed GNPs were highly stable in solution and inside the plant tissue. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that extracellular GNPs distributions were in the form of monodispersed nanoparticles. The nanoparticles ranged from 4 to 6 nm in size. The intercellular nanoparticles were of oval shape and size ranged from 5 to 50 nm. Both extracellular and intracellular nanoparticles were further characterized by standard techniques. The formed GNPs inside the plant tissue were estimated by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. This opens up an exciting possibility of a plant‐based nanoparticle synthesis strategy, wherein the nanoparticles may be entrapped in the biomass in the form of a film or produced in the solution, both of which have interesting applications.
Fine‐Tuning the Reactivity and Stability by Systematic Ligand Variations in CpCoI Complexes as Catalysts for [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Thiel Indre , Jiao Haijun , Spannenberg Anke , Hapke Marko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCpCoI‐olefin‐phosphite and CpCoI‐bisphosphite complexes were systematically prepared and their reactivity in [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions compared with highly active [CpCo(H2CCHSiMe3)2] (1). Whereas 1 is an excellent precursor for the synthesis of [CpCo(olefin)(phosphite)] complexes (2 a–f), [CpCo(phosphite)2] complexes (3 a–e) were prepared photochemically from [CpCo(cod)]. The complexes were evaluated in the cyclotrimerization reaction of diynes with nitriles yielding pyridines. For [CpCo(olefin)(phosphite)], as well as some of the [CpCo(phosphite)2] complexes, reaction temperatures as low as 50 °C were sufficient to perform the cycloaddition reaction. A direct comparison showed that the order of reactivity for the complex ligands was olefin2>olefin/phosphite>phosphites2. The complexes with mixed ligands favorably combine reactivity and stability. Calculations on the ligand dissociation from [CpCo(olefin)(phosphite)] proved that the phosphite is dissociating before the olefin. [CpCo(H2CCHSiMe3){P(OPh)3}] (2 a) was investigated for the co‐cyclization of diynes and nitriles and found to be an efficient catalyst at rather mild temperatures.
Bioconjugatable Azo‐Based Dark‐Quencher Dyes: Synthesis and Application to Protease‐Activatable Far‐Red Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Chevalier Arnaud , Massif Cédrik , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Romieu Anthony 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe describe the efficient synthesis and one‐step derivatization of novel, nonfluorescent azo dyes based on the Black Hole Quencher‐3 (BHQ‐3) scaffold. These dyes were equipped with various reactive and/or bioconjugatable groups (azido, α‐iodoacetyl, ketone, terminal alkyne, vicinal diol). The azido derivative was found to be highly reactive in the context of copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions and allowed easy synthetic access to the first water‐soluble (sulfonated derivative) and aldehyde‐modified BHQ‐3 dyes, the direct preparation of which failed by means of conventional azo‐coupling reactions. The aldehyde‐ and α‐iodoacetyl‐containing fluorescence quenchers were readily conjugated to aminooxy‐ and cysteine‐containing peptides by the formation of a stable oxime or thioether linkage, respectively. Further fluorescent labeling of the resultant peptide conjugates with red‐ or far‐red‐emitting rhodamine or cyanine dyes through sequential and/or one‐pot bioconjugations, led to novel Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based probes suitable for the in vivo detection and imaging of urokinase plasminogen activator, a key protease in cancer invasion and metastasis.
Ethylenediamine: A Highly Effective Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of Aryl Nitroalkenes via Henry Reaction and Dehydration
Authors: Yang Jianxin , Dong Jing , Lü Xia , Zhang Qiang , Ding Wei , Shi Xiaoxin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEthylenediamine (H2NCH2CH2NH2) was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the condensation of aryl aldehydes with nitromethane (or nitroethane). When 1%–2% (mol%) of ethylenediamine was used as the catalyst, the one‐pot reaction of aryl aldehydes with nitromethane (or nitroethane) by refluxing for 3–10 h efficiently afforded various arylnitroalkenes1a–1yin 85%–97% yields.
The Discovery of Phenylbenzamide Derivatives as Grb7‐Based Antitumor Agents
Authors: Ambaye Nigus D. , Gunzburg Menachem J. , Lim Reece C. C. , Price John T. , Wilce Matthew C. J. , Wilce Jacqueline A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGrb7 is a non‐catalytic protein, the overexpression of which has been associated with the proliferative and migratory potentials of cancer cells. Virtual screening strategies involving a shape‐based similarity search, molecular docking, and 2D‐similarity searches complemented by experimental binding studies (Thermofluor and isothermal titration calorimetry) resulted in the identification of nine novel phenylbenzamide‐based antagonists of the Grb7 SH2 domain. Moderate binding affinities were observed, ranging from Kd=32.3 μM for lead phenylbenzamide NSC 104999 (1) to Kd=1.1 μM for a structurally related compound, NSC 57148 (2). Deconvolution of the affinity data into its components revealed differences in lead binding, from being entropy based (lead 1) to enthalpically driven (NSC 100874 (3), NSC 55158 (4), and compound 2). Finally, the lead compound 1 was found to decrease the growth of MDA‐MB‐468 breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 39.9 μM. It is expected that these structures will serve as novel leads in the development of Grb7‐based anticancer therapeutics.
Dietary patterns and colorectal adenomas in Lynch syndrome
Authors: Botma Akke , Vasen Hans F. A. , van Duijnhoven Fränzel J. B. , Kleibeuker Jan H. , Nagengast Fokko M. , Kampman Ellen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Patients with Lynch syndrome (LS) have a high risk of developing colorectal cancer due to mutations in mismatch repair genes. Because dietary factors, alone and in combination, influence sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis, the association of dietary patterns with colorectal adenomas in LS patients was assessed.METHODS:In the GEOLynch cohort of 486 persons with LS, dietary information was collected, using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary pattern scores were obtained by principal components analysis. Hazard ratios (HR) between dietary patterns and colorectal adenomas were calculated using Cox regression models. Robust sandwich variance estimates were used to control for dependency within families. Final models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking habits, colorectal adenoma history, and extent of colon resection.RESULTS:During a median follow‐up of 20 months, colorectal adenomas were detected in 58 persons. Four dietary patterns were identified: a “Prudent,” “Meat,” “Snack,” and “Cosmopolitan” pattern. Individuals within the highest tertile of the “Prudent” pattern had a HR of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32‐1.66) for colorectal adenomas, compared with the lowest tertile. Those with high “Meat” pattern scores had a HR of 1.70 (95% CI, 0.83‐3.52). A high “Snack” pattern was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.03‐4.49). A HR of 1.25 (95% CI, 0.61‐2.55) was observed for persons in the highest tertile of the “Cosmopolitan” pattern.CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that dietary patterns may be associated with development of colorectal adenoma in patients with Lynch syndrome. The directions of these findings are corroborative with those observed in studies investigating sporadic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Design of a high‐speed‐sampling stochastic flash analog‐to‐digital converter using device mismatch
Authors: Ham Hyunju , Matsuoka Toshimasa , Wang Jun , Taniguchi Kenji 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA stochastic flash analog‐to‐digital converter (SF‐ADC) utilizing device mismatch is designed using a 65‐nm CMOS process. Since the proposed SF‐ADC uses thresholds determined by the input‐referred comparator offsets, large input‐referred offsets are allowed. The quantization error and nonlinearity of SF‐ADC are demonstrated, and the input range is enlarged by using nonlinearity reduction technique. At 1.6 GS/s sampling, the designed ADC achieves 34.7‐dB SFDR and 29.0‐dB SNDR without any calibration circuits despite the large input‐referred offset of 102 mV. At this conversion speed, it consumes 134 mW with a 1.2‐V power supply. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(1): 51–62, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11411
Gradient‐based edge preserving interpolation and its application to super‐resolution
Authors: Iwamoto Yutaro , Han Xian‐Hua , Tateyama Tomoko , Ohashi Motonori , Sasatani So , Chen Yen‐Wei 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSuper‐resolution is a process for obtaining high‐quality, high‐resolution images from one or a set of low‐resolution images. The most practical methods for image super‐resolution are reconstruction‐based methods, which minimize the difference between observed low‐resolution images and the estimate for high‐resolution images. Therein, the interpolation step plays a key role in the estimated high‐resolution image quality. Usually, the conventional bilinear or bicubic methods are used in reconstruction‐based super‐resolution. However, these conventional interpolations generally lead to blurring in edge regions and need more time for convergence in the reconstruction‐based super‐resolution method. Therefore, this paper proposes a gradient‐based edge‐preserving interpolation method, which can reduce not only artifact noise but also blurring near the edge regions in the estimated high‐resolution image. Furthermore, our proposed interpolation method can also solve high‐complexity, time‐consuming problems in the recently developed new edge‐directed interpolation, which usually can achieve sharp edges in the high‐resolution reconstructed image. Experiments confirm that our proposed interpolation method for image super‐resolution is more effective than the conventional interpolation methods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(1): 43–50, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11413