bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining injury risk and pain perception in runners using minimalist footwear
Authors: Ryan Michael , Elashi Maha , Newsham-West Richard , Taunton Jack 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThis study examines the effect of progressive increases in footwear minimalism on injury incidence and pain perception in recreational runners.MethodsOne hundred and three runners with neutral or mild pronation were randomly assigned a neutral (Nike Pegasus 28), partial minimalist (Nike Free 3.0 V2) or full minimalist shoe (Vibram 5-Finger Bikila). Runners underwent baseline testing to record training and injury history, as well as selected anthropometric measurements, before starting a 12-week training programme in preparation for a 10 km event. Outcome measures included number of injury events, Foot and Ankle Disability (FADI) scores and visual analogue scale pain rating scales for regional and overall pain with running.Results99 runners were included in final analysis with 23 injuries reported; the neutral shoe reporting the fewest injuries (4) and the partial minimalist shoe (12) the most. The partial minimalist shoe reported a significantly higher rate of injury incidence throughout the 12-week period. Runners in the full minimalist group reported greater shin and calf pain.ConclusionsRunning in minimalist footwear appears to increase the likelihood of experiencing an injury, with full minimalist designs specifically increasing pain at the shin and calf. Clinicians should exercise caution when recommending minimalist footwear to runners otherwise new to this footwear category who are preparing for a 10 km event.
Geomagnetic and mineral magnetic characterization of the Anthropocene
Authors: Snowball Ian , Hounslow Mark W. , Nilsson Andreas 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Geomagnetic and mineral magnetic data provide geological indices that are both independent of human impact (i.e. geomagnetic) and respond to human-induced environmental impact (i.e. mineral magnetic). We provide the first discussion of such magnetic events for help in defining the Anthropocene. Within the Holocene, a potential geomagnetic marker for the Anthropocene is the low dipole latitude at
c.
2700 cal a BP, which is associated with distinct palaeosecular variation features in northerly mid- to high-latitude sites. Mineral magnetic records from lake and marine sediments identify major deforestation and soil delivery events from catchment systems in many parts of the world during the last 4000 years. In Europe, clusters of these events occur around both 2600 cal a BP and AD 1100, the former coinciding with a low in geomagnetic field dipole latitude and peak intensity. Mineral magnetic records in peats and lake sediments can reflect particulate pollution from fossil fuel burning. The expansion of major coal burning began
c.
AD 1800 in western Europe and eastern North America, but around AD 1900 this expanded due to more widely distributed coal use, and this event is the most clear mineral magnetic marker for the base of the Anthropocene.
CORFU
Authors: Balakrishnan Mahesh , Malkhi Dahlia , Davis John D. , Prabhakaran Vijayan , Wei Michael , Wobber Ted 
Published: December 2013

CORFU is a global log which clients can append-to and read-from over a network. Internally, CORFU is distributed over a cluster of machines in such a way that there is no single I/O bottleneck to either appends or reads. Data is fully replicated for fault tolerance, and a modest cluster of about 16--32 machines with SSD drives can sustain 1 million 4-KByte operations per second.
The CORFU log enabled the construction of a variety of distributed applications that require strong consistency at high speeds, such as databases, transactional key-value stores, replicated state machines, and metadata services.
Analyzing an embedded sensor with timed automata in uppaal
Authors: Bourke Timothy , Sowmya Arcot 
Published: December 2013

An infrared sensor is modeled and analyzed in Uppaal. The sensor typifies the sort of component that engineers regularly integrate into larger systems by writing interface hardware and software.
In all, three main models are developed. In the first model, the timing diagram of the sensor is interpreted and modeled as a timed safety automaton. This model serves as a specification for the complete system. A second model that emphasizes the separate roles of driver and sensor is then developed. It is validated against the timing diagram model using an existing construction that permits the verification of timed trace inclusion, for certain models, by reachability analysis (i.e., model checking). A transmission correctness property is also stated by means of an auxiliary automaton and shown to be satisfied by the model.
A third model is created from an assembly language driver program, using a direct translation from the instruction set of a processor with simple timing behavior. This model is validated against the driver component of the second timing diagram model using the timed trace inclusion validation technique. The approach and its limitations offer insight into the nature and challenges of programming in real time.
GPR56 Inhibits Melanoma Growth by Internalizing and Degrading Its Ligand TG2
Authors: Yang Liquan , Friedland Scott , Corson Nancy , Xu Lei 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark of tumor microenvironment and plays active roles during tumor progression. How this process is regulated and whether it is reversible for cancer treatment are outstanding questions. The adhesion G protein–coupled receptor GPR56 inhibits melanoma growth and binds to tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a major crosslinking enzyme in ECM. To understand the function of TG2 in GPR56-mediated melanoma inhibition, we performed xenograft studies in immunodeficient Tg2−/− mice. Our results revealed an antagonistic relationship between GPR56 and TG2 in melanoma, although TG2 and its crosslinking activity promote melanoma growth, GPR56 antagonizes this effect by internalizing and degrading it. The negative regulation of TG2 by GPR56 associates with the decreased deposition of a major ECM protein, fibronectin, and impaired accumulation of focal adhesion kinase, indicating that the GPR56–TG2 interaction regulates ECM deposition and cell–ECM adhesion. Taken together, our findings establish the roles of TG2 in GPR56-mediated melanoma inhibition. The uncovered antagonistic relationship between GPR56 and TG2 proposes a mechanism by which ECM accumulation/crosslinking in tumors may be reversed, and thus could have therapeutic potential for cancer control and treatment. Cancer Res; 74(4); 1022–31. ©2013 AACR.
High Fidelity Patient-Derived Xenografts for Accelerating Prostate Cancer Discovery and Drug Development
Authors: Lin Dong , Wyatt Alexander W. , Xue Hui , Wang Yuwei , Dong Xin , Haegert Anne , Wu Rebecca , Brahmbhatt Sonal , Mo Fan , Jong Lina , Bell Robert H. , Anderson Shawn , Hurtado-Coll Antonio , Fazli Ladan , Sharma Manju , Beltran Himisha , Rubin Mark , Cox Michael , Gout Peter W. , Morris James , Goldenberg Larry , Volik Stanislav V. , Gleave Martin E. , Collins Colin C. , Wang Yuzhuo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Standardized and reproducible preclinical models that recapitulate the dynamics of prostate cancer are urgently needed. We established a bank of transplantable patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts that capture the biologic and molecular heterogeneity currently confounding prognostication and therapy development. Xenografts preserved the histopathology, genome architecture, and global gene expression of donor tumors. Moreover, their aggressiveness matched patient observations, and their response to androgen withdrawal correlated with tumor subtype. The panel includes the first xenografts generated from needle biopsy tissue obtained at diagnosis. This advance was exploited to generate independent xenografts from different sites of a primary site, enabling functional dissection of tumor heterogeneity. Prolonged exposure of adenocarcinoma xenografts to androgen withdrawal led to castration-resistant prostate cancer, including the first-in-field model of complete transdifferentiation into lethal neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Further analysis of this model supports the hypothesis that neuroendocrine prostate cancer can evolve directly from adenocarcinoma via an adaptive response and yielded a set of genes potentially involved in neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. We predict that these next-generation models will be transformative for advancing mechanistic understanding of disease progression, response to therapy, and personalized oncology. Cancer Res; 74(4); 1272–83. ©2013 AACR.
Activation of AR Sensitizes Breast Carcinomas to NVP-BEZ235's Therapeutic Effect Mediated by PTEN and KLLN Upregulation
Authors: Wang Yu , Yu Qi , He Xin , Romigh Todd , Altemus Jessica , Eng Charis 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
NVP-BEZ235 is a newly developed dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, being tested in multiple clinical trials, including breast cancer. NVP-BEZ235 selectively induces cell growth inhibition in a subset, but not all, breast cancer cell lines. However, it remains a challenge to distinguish between sensitive and resistant tumors, particularly in the pretreatment setting. Here, we used ten breast cancer cell lines to compare NVP-BEZ235 sensitivity and in the context of androgen receptor (AR) activation during NVP-BEZ235 treatment. We also used female SCID mice bearing breast tumor xenografts to investigate the beneficial effect of dihydrotestosterone/NVP-BEZ235 combination treatment compared with each alone. We found that AR-positive breast cancer cell lines are much more sensitive to NVP-BEZ235 compared with AR-negative cells, regardless of PTEN or PI3KCA status. Reintroducing AR expression in NVP-BEZ235 nonresponsive AR-negative cells restored the response. DHT/NVP-BEZ235 combination not only resulted in a more significant growth inhibition than either drug alone, but also achieved tumor regression and complete responses for AR+/ER+ tumors. This beneficial effect was mediated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PTEN and KLLN expression. Furthermore, DHT could also reverse NVP-BEZ235–induced side effects such as skin rash and weight loss. Our data suggest that AR expression may be an independent predictive biomarker for response to NVP-BEZ235. AR induction could add benefit during NVP-BEZ235 treatment in patients, especially with AR+/ER+ breast carcinomas. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(2); 517–27. ©2013 AACR.
Stereospecific PARP Trapping by BMN 673 and Comparison with Olaparib and Rucaparib
Authors: Murai Junko , Huang Shar-Yin N. , Renaud Amèlie , Zhang Yiping , Ji Jiuping , Takeda Shunichi , Morris Joel , Teicher Beverly , Doroshow James H. , Pommier Yves 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Anti-PARP drugs were initially developed as catalytic inhibitors to block the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. We recently reported that several PARP inhibitors have an additional cytotoxic mechanism by trapping PARP–DNA complexes, and that both olaparib and niraparib act as PARP poisons at pharmacologic concentrations. Therefore, we have proposed that PARP inhibitors should be evaluated based both on catalytic PARP inhibition and PARP–DNA trapping. Here, we evaluated the novel PARP inhibitor, BMN 673, and compared its effects on PARP1 and PARP2 with two other clinical PARP inhibitors, olaparib and rucaparib, using biochemical and cellular assays in genetically modified chicken DT40 and human cancer cell lines. Although BMN 673, olaparib, and rucaparib are comparable at inhibiting PARP catalytic activity, BMN 673 is ∼100-fold more potent at trapping PARP–DNA complexes and more cytotoxic as single agent than olaparib, whereas olaparib and rucaparib show similar potencies in trapping PARP–DNA complexes. The high level of resistance of PARP1/2 knockout cells to BMN 673 demonstrates the selectivity of BMN 673 for PARP1/2. Moreover, we show that BMN 673 acts by stereospecific binding to PARP1 as its enantiomer, LT674, is several orders of magnitude less efficient. BMN 673 is also approximately 100-fold more cytotoxic than olaparib and rucaparib in combination with the DNA alkylating agents methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and temozolomide. Our study demonstrates that BMN 673 is the most potent clinical PARP inhibitor tested to date with the highest efficiency at trapping PARP–DNA complexes. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(2); 433–43. ©2013 AACR.
Carboxyl Terminus of ADAMTS13 Directly Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Ultra Large von Willebrand Factor String Formation Under Flow in a Free-Thiol–Dependent Manner
Authors: Bao Jialing , Xiao Juan , Mao Yingying , Zheng X. Long 
Published: December 2013

Objective—
ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin type 1 repeats, 13) cleaves von Willebrand factor (VWF), thereby inhibiting thrombus formation. Proteolytic cleavage relies on the amino-terminal (MDTCS) domains, but the role of the more distal carboxyl-terminal domains of ADAMTS13 is not fully understood. A previous study demonstrated the presence of multiple surface-exposed free sulfhydryls on ADAMTS13 that seemed to interact with those on VWF under shear. Here, we determined the physiological relevance of such an interaction in antithrombotic responses under flow.

Approach and Results—
A microfluidic assay demonstrated that a carboxyl-terminal fragment of ADAMTS13, comprising either 2 to 8 thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1) repeats and CUB domains (T2C) or 5 to 8 Thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1) repeats and CUB domains (T5C), directly inhibited platelet adhesion/aggregation on a collagen surface under arterial shear. In addition, an intravital microscopic imaging analysis showed that the carboxyl-terminal fragment of ADAMTS13 (T2C or T5C) was capable of inhibiting the formation and elongation of platelet-decorated ultra large (UL) VWF strings and the adhesion of platelets/leukocytes on endothelium in mesenteric venules after oxidative injury. The inhibitory activity of T2C and T5C on platelet aggregation and ULVWF string formation were dependent on the presence of their surface free thiols; pretreatment of T2C and T5C or full-length ADAMTS13 with N-ethylmaleimide that reacts with free sulfhydryls abolished or significantly reduced its antithrombotic activity.

Conclusions—
Our results demonstrate for the first time that the carboxyl terminus of ADAMTS13 has direct antithrombotic activity in a free-thiol–dependent manner. The free thiols in the carboxyl-terminal domains of ADAMTS13 may also contribute to the overall antithrombotic function of ADAMTS13 under pathophysiological conditions.
Comparison of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Women With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease From the Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease (CE-MARC) Trial
Authors: Greenwood John P. , Motwani Manish , Maredia Neil , Brown Julia M. , Everett Colin C. , Nixon Jane , Bijsterveld Petra , Dickinson Catherine J. , Ball Stephen G. , Plein Sven 
Published: December 2013

Background—
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in women, and underdiagnosis contributes to the high mortality. This study compared the sex-specific diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Methods and Results—

A total of 235 women and 393 men with suspected angina underwent CMR, SPECT, and x-ray angiography as part of the Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease (CE-MARC) study. CMR comprised adenosine stress/rest perfusion, cine imaging, late gadolinium enhancement, and magnetic resonance coronary angiography. Gated adenosine stress/rest SPECT was performed with
99m
Tc-tetrofosmin. For CMR, the sensitivity in women and men was similar (88.7% versus 85.6%;
P
=0.57), as was the specificity (83.5% versus 82.8%;
P
=0.86). For SPECT, the sensitivity was significantly worse in women than in men (50.9% versus 70.8%;
P
=0.007), but the specificities were similar (84.1% versus 81.3%;
P
=0.48). The sensitivity in both the female and male groups was significantly higher with CMR than SPECT (
P
<0.0001 for both), but the specificity was similar (
P
=0.77 and
P
=1.00, respectively). For perfusion-only components, CMR outperformed SPECT in women (area under the curve, 0.90 versus 0.67;
P
<0.0001) and in men (area under the curve, 0.89 versus 0.74;
P
<0.0001). Diagnostic accuracy was similar in both sexes with perfusion CMR (
P
=1.00) but was significantly worse in women with SPECT (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
In both sexes, CMR has greater sensitivity than SPECT. Unlike SPECT, there are no significant sex differences in the diagnostic performance of CMR. These findings, plus an absence of ionizing radiation exposure, mean that CMR should be more widely adopted in women with suspected coronary artery disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN77246133.
Non-ST–Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy or Carotid Artery Stent Placement
Authors: Khan Amir , Adil Malik M. , Qureshi Adnan I. 
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose—
The significance of non-ST–elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) after carotid endarterectomy or carotid angioplasty and stent placement is unknown. We performed this study to identify the frequency of NSTEMI and impact on outcomes related to carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stent placement in patients treated in a large national cohort.

Methods—
We determined the frequency of NSTEMI and associated in-hospital outcomes including mortality and composite of stroke, cardiac events, and mortality using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Survey from 2002 to 2009.

Results—

Of 1 083 688 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stent placement, 11 341 (1%) patients developed NSTEMI during hospitalization. After adjusting for constitutional variables and risk factors, NSTEMI was associated with higher rates of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 8.6; 95% confidence interval, 7.0–10.7;
P
≤0.0001) and composite end point of stroke, cardiac events, and death (odds ratio, 14.6; 95% confidence interval, 13.0–16.5;
P
≤0.0001).

Conclusions—
Our results contradict the notion that NSTEMI is a relatively benign entity after carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stent placement.
Prospective Study of Anxiety and Incident Stroke
Authors: Lambiase Maya J. , Kubzansky Laura D. , Thurston Rebecca C. 
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose—
Higher levels of anxiety are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease. However, few studies have investigated whether anxiety is associated with stroke risk. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between anxiety symptoms and incident stroke in a nationally representative longitudinal study of the US population.

Methods—
Participants (n=6019) in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were assessed at baseline and followed for 16.29±4.75 years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of incident stroke associated with a 1 SD increase in anxiety symptoms. Models were adjusted for standard cardiovascular risk factors and additionally for depression.

Results—
A total of 419 incident stroke cases were identified from hospital/nursing home discharge reports and death certificates. Reporting more anxiety symptoms at baseline was associated with increased risk of incident stroke after adjusting for standard biological and behavioral cardiovascular risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.25). Findings persisted when additionally controlling for depression. Exploratory analyses considering the role of potential confounding versus pathway variables suggested that behavioral factors may be a key pathway linking anxiety to stroke risk.

Conclusions—
Higher anxiety symptom levels were associated prospectively with increased risk for incident stroke independent of other risk factors, including depression. Anxiety is a modifiable experience that is highly prevalent among the general population. Its assessment and treatment may contribute to developing more effective preventive and intervention strategies for improving overall cardiovascular health.
Two new species of Dryophthorinae in the genera Metamasius and Melchus from the Lesser Antilles (Coleoptera: urculionidae)
Authors: ANDERSON ROBERT S. 
Published: December 2013

Metamasius planatus and Melchus jessae, are described and illustrated from the Lesser Antilles islands of Dominica and St. Lucia. Metamasius planatus (Dominica) is distinguished by a relatively flat profile and presence of dense, very fine, golden micropilosity covering most of the dorsal surface. Melchus jessae (Dominica and St. Lucia) is the sixth species known in the genus and is distinguished by the cylindrical rostrum (not laterally compressed apically). Information on natural history for both species is limited: some Metamasius planatus and one Melchus jessae were collected in bases of Euterpe globosa fronds. A revised key to genera of Neotropical Litosomini is presented.
Moisture Sources of Semiarid Grassland in China Using the Lagrangian Particle Model FLEXPART
Authors: Sun Bo , Wang Huijun 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study, a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, Flexible Particle (FLEXPART), is employed to simulate the trajectories of global air parcels during 2000–09 with the purpose of revealing the moisture sources of the semiarid grasslands of China, especially on precipitation days. Based on land-cover and precipitation data, two areas of semiarid grasslands are identified: one in North China and one in the Tibetan Plateau. Using the FLEXPART simulation results, air parcels reaching these two target regions are traced back for 10 days to examine their temporal variations in position (longitude, latitude, and altitude) and specific humidity. The moisture sources of these semiarid grasslands are discussed for different precipitation categories. Moreover, the contributions of different moisture sources to the precipitation in the target regions are computed and compared. The results indicate that the moisture released in the target regions is substantially from the Eurasian continent, in both summer and winter. During May–September, the southern and eastern adjacent land areas seem to be the main moisture sources of rainfall in the grasslands of North China, while the Eurasian continent on the north and west tends to be the predominant contributor to the rainfall over the grasslands of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. During October–April, moistures released in both target regions principally originate from the Eurasian continent on the north and west. Overall, although the moisture uptake over oceanic sources is also considerable, most released moisture over the target regions is from the Eurasian continent throughout the year, while little of the contribution of oceanic sources is due to great loss of moisture en route.