bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late data layout
Authors: Ureche Vlad , Burmako Eugene , Odersky Martin 
Published: January 2015

Values need to be represented differently when interacting with certain language features. For example, an integer has to take an object-based representation when interacting with erased generics, although, for performance reasons, the stack-based value representation is better. To abstract over these implementation details, some programming languages choose to expose a unified high-level concept (the integer) and let the compiler choose its exact representation and insert coercions where necessary.
This pattern appears in multiple language features such as value classes, specialization and multi-stage programming: they all expose a unified concept which they later refine into multiple representations. Yet, the underlying compiler implementations typically entangle the core mechanism with assumptions about the alternative representations and their interaction with other language features.
In this paper we present the Late Data Layout mechanism, a simple but versatile type-driven generalization that subsumes and improves the state-of-the-art representation transformations. In doing so, we make two key observations: (1) annotated types conveniently capture the semantics of using multiple representations and (2) local type inference can be used to consistently and optimally introduce coercions.
We validated our approach by implementing three language features as Scala compiler extensions: value classes, specialization (using the miniboxing representation) and a simplified multi-stage programming mechanism.
Checking correctness of TypeScript interfaces for JavaScript libraries
Authors: Feldthaus Asger , Møller Anders 
Published: January 2015

The TypeScript programming language adds optional types to JavaScript, with support for interaction with existing JavaScript libraries via interface declarations. Such declarations have been written for hundreds of libraries, but they can be difficult to write and often contain errors, which may affect the type checking and misguide code completion for the application code in IDEs.
We present a pragmatic approach to check correctness of TypeScript declaration files with respect to JavaScript library implementations. The key idea in our algorithm is that many declaration errors can be detected by an analysis of the library initialization state combined with a light-weight static analysis of the library function code.
Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach: it has found 142 errors in the declaration files of 10 libraries, with an analysis time of a few minutes per library and with a low number of false positives. Our analysis of how programmers use library interface declarations furthermore reveals some practical limitations of the TypeScript type system.
Flint
Authors: Liu Peng , Tripp Omer , Zhang Xiangyu 
Published: January 2015

Writing concurrent software while achieving both correctness and efficiency is a grand challenge. To facilitate this task, concurrent data structures have been introduced into the standard library of popular languages like Java and C#. Unfortunately, while the operations exposed by concurrent data structures are atomic (or linearizable), compositions of these operations are not necessarily atomic. Recent studies have found many erroneous implementations of composed concurrent operations.
We address the problem of fixing nonlinearizable composed operations such that they behave atomically. We introduce Flint, an automated fixing algorithm for composed Map operations. Flint accepts as input a composed operation suffering from atomicity violations. Its output, if fixing succeeds, is a composed operation that behaves equivalently to the original operation in sequential runs and is guaranteed to be atomic. To our knowledge, Flint is the first general algorithm for fixing incorrect concurrent compositions.
We have evaluated Flint on 48 incorrect compositions from 27 popular applications, including Tomcat and MyFaces. The results are highly encouraging: Flint is able to correct 96% of the methods, and the fixed version is often the same as the fix by an expert programmer and as efficient as the original code.
Statistical debugging for real-world performance problems
Authors: Song Linhai , Lu Shan 
Published: January 2015

Design and implementation defects that lead to inefficient computation widely exist in software. These defects are difficult to avoid and discover. They lead to severe performance degradation and energy waste during production runs, and are becoming increasingly critical with the meager increase of single-core hardware performance and the increasing concerns about energy constraints. Effective tools that diagnose performance problems and point out the inefficiency root cause are sorely needed.
The state of the art of performance diagnosis is preliminary. Profiling can identify the functions that consume the most computation resources, but can neither identify the ones that waste the most resources nor explain why. Performance-bug detectors can identify specific type of inefficient computation, but are not suited for diagnosing general performance problems. Effective failure diagnosis techniques, such as statistical debugging, have been proposed for functional bugs. However, whether they work for performance problems is still an open question.
In this paper, we first conduct an empirical study to understand how performance problems are observed and reported by real-world users. Our study shows that statistical debugging is a natural fit for diagnosing performance problems, which are often observed through comparison-based approaches and reported together with both good and bad inputs. We then thoroughly investigate different design points in statistical debugging, including three different predicates and two different types of statistical models, to understand which design point works the best for performance diagnosis. Finally, we study how some unique nature of performance bugs allows sampling techniques to lower the overhead of run-time performance diagnosis without extending the diagnosis latency.
i3QL
Authors: Mitschke Ralf , Erdweg Sebastian , Köhler Mirko , Mezini Mira , Salvaneschi Guido 
Published: January 2015

An incremental computation updates its result based on a change to its input, which is often an order of magnitude faster than a recomputation from scratch. In particular, incrementalization can make expensive computations feasible for settings that require short feedback cycles, such as interactive systems, IDEs, or (soft) real-time systems.
This paper presents i3QL, a general-purpose programming language for specifying incremental computations. i3QL provides a declarative SQL-like syntax and is based on incremental versions of operators from relational algebra, enriched with support for general recursion. We integrated i3QL into Scala as a library, which enables programmers to use regular Scala code for non-incremental subcomputations of an i3QL query and to easily integrate incremental computations into larger software projects. To improve performance, i3QL optimizes user-defined queries by applying algebraic laws and partial evaluation. We describe the design and implementation of i3QL and its optimizations, demonstrate its applicability, and evaluate its performance.
New records and new species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) developing on Chenopodiaceae in Egypt
Authors: ELSAYED AYMAN KHAMIS , SKUHRAVÁ MARCELA , KARAM HEDAYA HAMZA , ELMINSHAWY ABDELAZIZ , AL-ERYAN MOHAMED AWAD 
Published: January 2015

The Cecidomyiidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) fauna of Egypt is poorly known. Investigations in northern Egypt in 2013 revealed the presence of seven species of gall midges on three host plant species: Atriplex halimus L., Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) and Suaeda pruniosa Lange (all Chenopodiaceae). Among the gall midges, Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer and Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani are reconfirmed records in Egypt; Houardiella gracilis Dorchin & Freidberg and Asphondylia punica Marchal are new records; and Baldratia karamae Elsayed & Skuhraván. sp. , Primofavilla aegyptiaca Elsayed n. sp. and Stefaniella skuhravae Elsayed n. sp. are new to science. Adult morphology of the latter three new species is described and illustrated, and their biology and geographic distribution are given.
General teams in psychiatry
Authors: Fear Christopher F. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe past three decades in the UK have seen a prolonged experiment in community mental healthcare that has attempted to address the problem of the disgorgement of institutional psychiatry into a poorly prepared community service. The effectiveness of new ‘functionalised’ service models is considered, together with a reminder of the fundamental components of community mental healthcare and a statement of the principles that should inform future service models.
Religion and spirituality in clinical practice
Authors: Cook Christopher C. H. 
Published: January 2015

SummarySpirituality and religion have assumed importance in psychiatric practice in recent years because of both a growing evidence base and the desire of patients that such matters should be better addressed as an aspect of their care. However, there has been controversy regarding interpretation of the evidence base and issues of good practice, notably about defining appropriate professional boundaries. A sensitive and patient-focused clinical enquiry is therefore needed to discover whether and how spiritual/religious concerns are important to patients and, if they are, how they might most appropriately be addressed in treatment. Many of the concerns of patients and professionals regarding spirituality overlap with the recovery agenda and so are easily addressed implicitly and without need to impose the language of spirituality or religion. However, for some patients, transcendent concerns that are not a part of this agenda are easily overlooked.
Drug and alcohol addiction: new pharmacotherapies
Authors: Luty Jason 
Published: January 2015

SummaryOver the past decade, important research has been performed into the therapeutic use of dihydrocodeine, injectable opioids (diamorphine) and supervised disulfiram in addiction treatment. There have also been interesting developments regarding baclofen for alcohol problems and use of stimulants in adult Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, evidence for the effectiveness of medication to promote alcohol abstinence remains modest at best.
Human rights in psychiatric practice: an overview for clinicians
Authors: Kelly Brendan D. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryMatters relating to human rights arise in almost every area of psychiatric practice. Although some statements of rights are non-binding declarations (e.g. the United Nations' Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care), others are legally binding (e.g. the European Convention on Human Rights) and actively shape national laws. Persons with mental illness commonly experience violations of rights, including their economic and social rights. Psychiatrists can promote human rights through high-quality, evidence-based clinical practice; patient-centred service management; social awareness and engagement; and international activism to enhance protection and promotion of the rights of people with mental illnesses at global level.
Mechanisms Involved in Glucocorticoid Induction of Pituitary GH Expression During Embryonic Development
Authors: Ellestad Laura E. , Puckett Stefanie A. , Porter Tom E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGlucocorticoid hormones are involved in functional differentiation of GH-producing somatotrophs. Glucocorticoid treatment prematurely induces GH expression in mammals and birds in a process requiring protein synthesis and Rat sarcoma (Ras) signaling. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms through which glucocorticoids initiate GH expression during embryogenesis, taking advantage of the unique properties of chicken embryos as a developmental model. We determined that stimulation of GH expression occurred through transcriptional activation of GH, rather than enhancement of mRNA stability, and this process requires histone deacetylase activity. Through pharmacological inhibition, we identified the ERK1/2 pathway as a likely downstream Ras effector necessary for glucocorticoid stimulation of GH. However, we also found that chronic activation of ERK1/2 activity with a constitutively active mutant or stimulatory ligand reduced initiation of GH expression by glucocorticoid treatment. Corticosterone treatment of cultured embryonic pituitary cells increased ERK1/2 activity in an apparent cyclical manner, with a rapid increase within 5 minutes, followed by a reduction to near-basal levels at 3 hours, and a subsequent increase again at 6 hours. Therefore, we conclude that ERK1/2 signaling must be strictly controlled for maximal glucocorticoid induction of GH to occur. These results are the first in any species to demonstrate that Ras- and ERK1/2-mediated transcriptional events requiring histone deacetylase activity are involved in glucocorticoid induction of pituitary GH during embryonic development. This report increases our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid recruitment of somatotrophs during embryogenesis and should provide insight into glucocorticoid-induced developmental changes in other tissues and cell types.
Peripheral Insulin Resistance and Impaired Insulin Signaling Contribute to Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Preterm Baboons
Authors: Blanco Cynthia L. , McGill-Vargas Lisa L. , Gastaldelli Amalia , Seidner Steven R. , McCurnin Donald C. , Leland Michelle M. , Anzueto Diana G. , Johnson Marney C. , Liang Hanyu , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Musi Nicolas 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPremature infants develop hyperglycemia shortly after birth, increasing their morbidity and death. Surviving infants have increased incidence of diabetes as young adults. Our understanding of the biological basis for the insulin resistance of prematurity and developmental regulation of glucose production remains fragmentary. The objective of this study was to examine maturational differences in insulin sensitivity and the insulin-signaling pathway in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of 30 neonatal baboons using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Preterm baboons (67% gestation) had reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity shortly after birth (M value 12.5 ± 1.5 vs 21.8 ± 4.4 mg/kg · min in term baboons) and at 2 weeks of age (M value 12.8 ± 2.6 vs 16.3 ± 4.2, respectively). Insulin increased Akt phosphorylation, but these responses were significantly lower in preterm baboons during the first week of life (3.2-fold vs 9.8-fold). Preterm baboons had lower glucose transporter-1 protein content throughout the first 2 weeks of life (8%-12% of term). In preterm baboons, serum free fatty acids (FFAs) did not decrease in response to insulin, whereas FFAs decreased by greater than 80% in term baboons; the impaired suppression of FFAs in the preterm animals was paired with a decreased glucose transporter-4 protein content in adipose tissue. In conclusion, peripheral insulin resistance and impaired non-insulin-dependent glucose uptake play an important role in hyperglycemia of prematurity. Impaired insulin signaling (reduced Akt) contributes to the defect in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Counterregulatory hormones are not major contributors.
Reactions of a Stable Phosphinyl Radical with Stable Aminoxyl Radicals
Authors: Ishida Shintaro , Hirakawa Fumiya , Iwamoto Takeaki 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Reaction of stable phosphinyl radical 1a with AZADO gave aminoxyphosphine 3 as the primary product by selective radical coupling at −40 °C. Compound 3 decomposed to phosphorane 4, silyl phosphinate 5, and aminophosphine 6 at room temperature. The molecular structures of 4–6 were determined by X-ray structural analysis. The homolytic N–O bond cleavage of 3 and the subsequent silyl migration of the resulting phosphinoyl radical 7 would be key steps in the reaction.
Evaluation of Potential Usage of Incremental-Type Rotary Encoder Application for Angle Sensing in Steering System
Authors: Kaleg Sunarto , Muharam Aam , Kurnia M. Redho , Hapid Abdul 
Published: January 2015

The main target of a steering system is that the driver can change vehicle trajectory in accordance with the desired direction. Power steering has become a standard feature in automobile. It provides assisting power when the driver turns the steering wheel. The well-known power steering types include; Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS), Electro - Hydraulic Power Steering (EHPS), and Electric Power Steering (EPS). EHPS or EPS uses an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) which is specific for each vehicle. The ECU should be able to regulate power of electric motor to provide corresponding assisting power for the steering wheel. Therefore ECU requires input signals, one of which is vehicle wheel angle that can be indicated from the vehicle steering wheel angle. Incremental type of Rotary Encoder (RE) is used in steering angle sensor on a minibus. RE specification used was 60 pulses per rotation and the minibus steering transmission specification is 3.5 round of right wheel off angle to the left wheel off angle. So we get the RE angular resolution 6ºper pulse and 105 number of pulses to half of the steering transmission ratio. Repeatability then tested against to a steering angle counter module. Testing is done with a test cycle consisting of 3 repetitions: condition center of the steering wheel, the steering wheel is turned to full right, then to the full left, then back to the right up to the steering wheel center. The results obtained 2 pulses deviation, or equivalent to 12º of steering angle.
Distribution of Alloying Elements within the Constituent Phases of a C-containing γ-TiAl Based Alloy studied by Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Klein Thomas , Mendez-Martin Francisca , Schachermayer Michael , Rashkova Boryana , Clemens Helmut , Mayer Svea 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe distribution of alloying elements in the constituent phases of a C-containing γ-TiAl based alloy has been characterized locally by atom probe tomography. The major elements of the alloy under consideration – Ti, Al, Nb, and Mo – are distributed uniformly within each of the constituent phases. Furthermore, Mo is preferentially dissolved in the βo-phase, whereas Nb content is similar in all phases. The selected C concentration of the alloy is below the overall solubility limit as no precipitates have been observed. Therefore, C is enriched in the α2-phase, whereas the βo-phase is depleted of C. In addition, βo/γ-interfaces have been prepared by site specific sample preparation and characterized by atom probe tomography. Segregation of Mo and C into the interfaces and their close vicinity was observed.
Advanced intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys with improved microstructural stability during creep
Authors: Kastenhuber M. , Rashkova B. , Clemens H. , Mayer S. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTEnsuring microstructural stability under technical relevant conditions is a determining criterion for the development of innovative high-temperature materials. In this work, the influ-ence of C and Si on the microstructural stability during creep exposure was investigated for a β-solidifying γ-TiAl based alloy with a nominal composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at.%), named TNM. With a two-step heat treatment a microstructure consisting of fine lamellar α2/γ-colonies, surrounded by βo-phase and areas of discontinuous precipitation, starting from the boundaries of the lamellar colonies, was adjusted. Creep tests were carried out to examine the potential of C and Si to prevent microstructural instability during creep and hence improving the creep properties. At 815 °C the discontinuous precipitation process of the TNM alloy continues during ensuing creep testing leading to a reduced creep resistance. In comparison, the minimum creep rate of the TNM-0.3C-0.3Si alloy was significantly decreased caused by the lower βo-phase content and average lamellar spacing within the α2/γ-colonies, the precipitation of p-Ti3AlC carbides and the retarded kinetics of discontinuous precipitation.
Biblijne podstawy teologii zaślubin z Bogiem – punkt wyjścia dla teologii małżeństwa
Authors: Knotz Ksawery 
Published: January 2015

Artykuł przedstawia zarys teologii zaślubin człowieka z Bogiem. Włoski teolog Giorgio Mazzanti tworzy teologię zaślubin poprzez interpretację symbolu mężczyzny i kobiety na czterech poziomach znaczeń. Każde z tych znaczeń odsłania coraz pełniej Boską rzeczywistość. Stworzony przez Mazzantiego fundament dla teologii zaślubin obejmuje: określenie symbolu, dobór odpowiednich wydarzeń z Pisma Świętego i pokazanie związku między nimi zgodnie ze znaczeniem ustalonego symbolu. Te trzy elementy pozwalają Mazzantiemu na syntetyczne przedstawienie teologii małżeństwa połączonej z chrystologią, mariologią, sakramentologią, eschatologią i antropologią biblijną. Mazzanti nie interpretuje poszczególnych perykop biblijnych w sposób nowatorski, jednak kontekst wytworzony przez symbol łączący miłość Boga z miłością ludzką wprowadza pewną nowość w interpretację wydarzeń zbawczych.Według Mazzantiego symbolem, który pozwala rozpocząć drogę inicjacji w tajemnicę obecności Boga w życiu człowieka jest związek mężczyzny i kobiety. W trakcie historii zbawienia pojawiają się nowe odsłony znaczenia symbolu ukryte w pierwszym dosłownym znaczeniu. Odsłaniają one tajemnicę obecności Boga w życiu człowieka. Pojawia się nowa para: Jezus Chrystus, Syn Boga i Maria, Matka Boga, drugi Adam i druga Ewa. Ta para pozwala nam jeszcze głębiej odczytać tajemnicę Boga w życiu mężczyzny i kobiety. Kolejnym poziomem odczytania symbolu mężczyzny i kobiety jest Chrystus Oblubieniec i Kościół Oblubienica, którzy wprowadzają nas na ucztę weselną w niebie w miłosnym związku wszystkich świętych zaślubionych z Bogiem. Miłosna relacja mężczyzny i kobiety rozumiana jako symbol odsłaniający nam głębszą rzeczywistość może być interpretowana na nowych, coraz głębszych poziomach znaczeń. Taki przekaz można odnaleźć w symbolach: mężczyzna–kobieta; Adam–Ewa; Bóg–Lud Boży, Jezus–Maria, Syn–Matka; Oblubieniec–Oblubienica, Chrystus–Kościół, Bóg–zbawiona ludzkość.
The large carpenter bee <i>Xylocopa augusti</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae): New record for Chile
Authors: Montalva Jose Miguel , Allendes Juan L. , Lucia Mariano 
Published: January 2015

The large carpenter bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) augusti Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841, is here recorded for the first time in Chile. This new record increases to four the number of carpenter bees known for the country. Host plant associations for X. augusti in Chile are provided. A key to the species of Xylocopa Latreille in Chile as well as comments on the presence of X. (N.) bruesi Cockerell in the country are also presented.
A new species, <i>Lasioglossum (Eickwortia) hienae</i>, from Mexico (Apoidea: Halictidae)
Authors: Gibbs Jason , Dumesh Sheila 
Published: January 2015

A new species from Colima, Mexico, Lasioglossum (Eickwortia) hienae Gibbs & Dumesh, new species, is described and illustrated. Lasioglossum hienae is distinguished from related species based on a combination of morphological, geographical, and molecular evidence. A species distribution model is used to predict the potential distribution of the known species of L. (Eickwortia). An identification key is provided.