bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N2O Emission From a Subtropical Forest Is Dominantly Regulated by Soil Denitrifiers Under Exogenous N Enrichment and Seasonal Precipitation Distribution Change
Authors: Han Xiaoge , Xu Changchao , Tan Xiangping , Nie Yanxia , He Jinhong , Deng Qi , Shen Weijun 
Published: February 2025

AbstractNitrogen‐rich tropical/subtropical forest soil acts as a terrestrial source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas commonly affected by soil nitrogen availability and soil moisture. However, in tropical and subtropical regions experiencing both elevated nitrogen deposition and altered precipitation regimes, it is unclear whether nitrogen deposition and precipitation regimes have interactive effects on forest soil N2O emissions and what roles N2O‐associated nitrifiers/denitrifiers play in these interactions. We conducted a 2 year field study in a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest in southern China by applying four treatments: nitrogen addition (N), seasonal precipitation distribution change (PC), both nitrogen addition and seasonal precipitation distribution change (NPC) and a control (C). We found that N2O efflux from the forest soil was significantly greater in the wet season than in the dry season, but was promoted by 77.4% by the NPC treatment only in the dry season. Soil moisture and pH decreased in the PC and N treatments, respectively. The abundance of nitrifying gene AOA‐amoA and denitrifying gene nosZ in the wet season and the abundance of denitrifying gene nirK in the dry season differed significantly among the four treatments. A structural equation model showed that precipitation change was more important than nitrogen addition in affecting soil properties (e.g., moisture and pH) and N2O‐associated nitrifiers/denitrifiers, while soil nirK‐ and nosZ‐denitrifiers were the dominant functional microbes in regulating N2O emissions. The results support predictions of future nitrogen losses (N2O) in subtropical forests in the context of interactions between elevated nitrogen deposition and altered precipitation regimes.
A hybrid single quantum dot coupled cavity on a CMOS-compatible SiC photonic chip for Purcell-enhanced deterministic single-photon emission
Authors: Zhu Yifan , Liu Runze , Yi Ailun , Wang Xudong , Qin Yuanhao , Zhao Zihao , Zhao Junyi , Chen Bowen , Zhang Xiuqi , Song Sannian , Huo Yongheng , Ou Xin , Zhang Jiaxiang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The ability to control nonclassical light emission from a single quantum emitter by an integrated cavity may unleash new perspectives for integrated photonic quantum applications. However, coupling a single quantum emitter to cavity within photonic circuitry towards creation of the Purcell-enhanced single-photon emission is elusive due to the complexity of integrating active devices in low-loss photonic circuits. Here we demonstrate a hybrid micro-ring resonator (HMRR) coupled with self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) for cavity-enhanced deterministic single-photon emission. The HMRR cavity supports whispering-gallery modes with quality factors up to 7.8×103. By further introducing a micro-heater, we show that the photon emission of QDs can be locally and dynamically tuned over one free spectral ranges of the HMRR ( ~ 4 nm). This allows precise tuning of individual QDs in resonance with the cavity modes, thereby enhancing single-photon emission with a Purcell factor of about 4.9. Our results on the hybrid integrated cavities coupled with two-level quantum emitters emerge as promising devices for chip-based scalable photonic quantum applications.
Validation of L-type calcium channel blocker amlodipine as a novel ADHD treatment through cross-species analysis, drug-target Mendelian randomization, and clinical evidence from medical records
Authors: Þorsteinsson Haraldur , Baukmann Hannes A. , Sveinsdóttir Hildur S. , Halldórsdóttir Dagmar Þ. , Grzymala Bartosz , Hillman Courtney , Rolfe-Tarrant Jude , Parker Matthew O. , Cope Justin L. , Ravarani Charles N. J. , Schmidt Marco F. , Karlsson Karl Æ. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that significantly affects life outcomes, and current treatments often have adverse side effects, high abuse potential, and a 25% non-response rate, highlighting the need for new therapeutics. This study investigates amlodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, as a potential foundation for developing a novel ADHD treatment by integrating findings from animal models and human genetic data. Amlodipine reduced hyperactivity in SHR rats and decreased both hyperactivity and impulsivity in adgrl3.1−/− zebrafish. It also crosses the blood-brain barrier, reducing telencephalic activation. Crucially, Mendelian Randomization analysis linked ADHD to genetic variations in L-type calcium channel subunits (α1-C; CACNA1C, β1; CACNB1, α2δ3; CACNA2D3) targeted by amlodipine, while polygenic risk score analysis showed symptom mitigation in individuals with high ADHD genetic liability. With its well-tolerated profile and efficacy across species, supported by genetic evidence, amlodipine shows potential to be refined and developed into a novel treatment for ADHD.
Frontostriatal regulation of brain circuits contributes to flexible decision making
Authors: Duan Ying , Ma Zilu , Tsai Pei-Jung , Lu Hanbing , Xiao Xiang , Wang Danni , Siddiqi Aslaan , Stein Elliot A. , Michaelides Michael , Yang Yihong 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Deficits in behavioral or cognitive flexibility that are linked to altered activity in both cortical and subcortical brain regions, are often observed across multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway in rats plays a critical role in flexible control of behavior. However, the modulation of this pathway on activity and functional connectivity with the rest of the brain remains unclear. In this study, we first confirmed the role of the mPFC-NAc pathway in behavioral flexibility using a set-shifting task in rats and then evaluated the causal effects of mPFC-NAc activation induced by chemogenetic stimulation of the terminal axons of the NAc with DREADD expression on whole-brain activity and functional connectivity measured by functional MRI. mPFC-NAc activation improved performance on the set-shifting task by reducing perseverative errors. Additionally, stimulation of this pathway increased activity in a set of brain regions within the basal ganglia-thalamus-cortical loop network including NAc, thalamus, hypothalamus and various connected cortical regions, while also decreased functional connectivity strength of NAc-mPFC, NAc-secondary motor cortex (M2), and various cortical circuits. Moreover, performance on the set-shifting task was related to the functional connectivity strength of the above frontostriatal and cortical circuits. These findings provide insights into the link between specific frontostriatal circuits on decision making flexibility, which may inform potential future interventions for behavioral flexibility deficits.
Parental perception of the application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for dental caries treatment among Iraqi school children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Albujeer Ammar , Ghasemi Hadi , Namdari Mahshid , Taher Abbas , Almahafdha Alya , Khoshnevisan Mohammad H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
The present study aimed to assess parental acceptance of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) treatment for dental caries in children in Najaf city, Iraq.

Methods
A cross-sectional design was used, involving 670 parents of children aged 6–7 years from primary schools in Najaf city, Iraq, during the academic year 2023–2024. The participants were selected via a multistage random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was administered to gather the participants’ views on tooth staining caused by SDF application to cavitated teeth. Statistical procedures included descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and ordinal logistic regression.

Results
In total, 670 parents were recruited for this study. The mean age of the participants was 34.47 ± 8.2 Approximately half of the respondents were male and aged 31–50 years, and approximately three-fourths of the parents reported having a low education level and were in the low-income category. Parental acceptance of SDF treatment was greater for posterior teeth, with 51.2% agreeing, and 24.2% strongly agree. For anterior teeth, acceptance was lower, with only 23.3% agreeing and 10.7% strongly agreeing. Parental age (p = 0.008), education level (p < 0.001), and income (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with acceptance of SDF treatment for posterior teeth. However, for anterior teeth, parental education (p < 0.001) and income (p = 0.029) were significantly associated with acceptance of SDF treatment.

Conclusion
Parents showed high acceptance of SDF treatment, particularly for posterior teeth, although concerns about aesthetics affected their views of anterior teeth. Improving parents’ awareness and addressing their apprehensions could increase the adoption of this evidence-based caries management approach for children.
Structural insights into human brachyury DNA recognition and discovery of progressible binders for cancer therapy
Authors: Newman Joseph A. , Gavard Angeline E. , Imprachim Nergis , Aitkenhead Hazel , Sheppard Hadley E. , te Poele Robert , Clarke Paul A. , Hossain Mohammad Anwar , Temme Louisa , Oh Hans J. , Wells Carrow I. , Davis-Gilbert Zachary W. , Workman Paul , Gileadi Opher , Drewry David H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Brachyury is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in tumour growth of the rare bone cancer chordoma and is implicated in other solid tumours. Brachyury is minimally expressed in healthy tissues, making it a potential therapeutic target. Unfortunately, as a ligandless transcription factor, brachyury has historically been considered undruggable. To investigate direct targeting of brachyury by small molecules, we determine the structure of human brachyury both alone and in complex with DNA. The structures provide insights into DNA binding and the context of the chordoma associated G177D variant. We use crystallographic fragment screening to identify hotspots on numerous pockets on the brachyury surface. Finally, we perform follow-up chemistry on fragment hits and describe the progression of a thiazole chemical series into binders with low µM potency. Thus we show that brachyury is ligandable and provide an example of how crystallographic fragment screening may be used to target protein classes that are difficult to address using other approaches.
Evaluating normative representation learning in generative AI for robust anomaly detection in brain imaging
Authors: Bercea Cosmin I. , Wiestler Benedikt , Rueckert Daniel , Schnabel Julia A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Normative representation learning focuses on understanding the typical anatomical distributions from large datasets of medical scans from healthy individuals. Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) leverages this attribute to synthesize images that accurately reflect these normative patterns. This capability enables the AI allowing them to effectively detect and correct anomalies in new, unseen pathological data without the need for expert labeling. Traditional anomaly detection methods often evaluate the anomaly detection performance, overlooking the crucial role of normative learning. In our analysis, we introduce novel metrics, specifically designed to evaluate this facet in AI models. We apply these metrics across various generative AI frameworks, including advanced diffusion models, and rigorously test them against complex and diverse brain pathologies. In addition, we conduct a large multi-reader study to compare these metrics to experts’ evaluations. Our analysis demonstrates that models proficient in normative learning exhibit exceptional versatility, adeptly detecting a wide range of unseen medical conditions. Our code is available at https://github.com/compai-lab/2024-ncomms-bercea.git.
Excellent energy storage properties in lead-free ferroelectric ceramics via heterogeneous structure design
Authors: Chai Qizhen , Liu Zhaobo , Deng Zhongqi , Peng Zhanhui , Chao Xiaolian , Lu Jiangbo , Huang Houbing , Zhang Shujun , Yang Zupei 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Dielectric capacitors with ultrahigh power density have emerged as promising candidates for essential energy storage components in electronic and electrical systems. They enable enhanced integration, miniaturization, and lightweight design. However, the development of dielectric materials for cutting-edge energy storage applications has been significantly limited by their low recoverable energy storage density (W
rec) and energy efficiency (η), especially at moderate electric fields. In this study, we fabricated 0.85K0.5Na0.5NbO3-0.15Sr0.7Nd0.2ZrO3 ceramics with an outstanding energy storage performance (W
rec ~ 7 J cm−
3, η ~ 92% at 500 kV cm−
1; W
rec ~ 14 J cm−
3, η ~ 89% at 760 kV cm−
1). The exceptional energy storage performance can be primarily attributed to the heterogeneous structure, where orthorhombic and tetragonal polar nanoregions are embedded in a cubic matrix. This work provides a good paradigm for designing dielectric materials with ultrahigh energy storage density and excellent energy efficiency at a moderate applied electric field, aligning with the stringent demands for advanced energy storage applications.
Non-Hermitian Dirac cones with valley-dependent lifetimes
Authors: Xie Xinrong , Ma Fei , Rui W. B. , Dong Zhaozhen , Du Yulin , Xie Wentao , Zhao Y. X. , Chen Hongsheng , Gao Fei , Xue Haoran 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Relativistic quasiparticles emerging from band degeneracies in crystals play crucial roles in the transport and topological properties of materials and metamaterials. Quasiparticles are commonly described by Hermitian Hamiltonians, with non-Hermiticity usually considered detrimental. In this work, we show that such an assumption of Hermiticity can be lifted to bring quasiparticles into non-Hermitian regime. We propose a concrete lattice model containing two Dirac cones with valley-dependent lifetimes. The lifetime contrast enables an ultra-strong valley selection rule: only one valley can survive in the long-time limit regardless of the excitation, lattice shape and other details. This property leads to an effective parity anomaly with a single Dirac cone and offers a simple way to generate vortex states. Additionally, extending non-Hermitian features to boundaries generates valley kink states with valley-locked lifetimes, making them effectively unidirectional and more resistant against inter-valley scattering. All these phenomena are experimentally demonstrated in a non-Hermitian electric circuit lattice.
Anisotropy visualisation from X-ray diffraction of biological apatite in mixed phase calcified tissue samples
Authors: Scott Robert , Lyburn Iain D. , Cornford Eleanor , Bouzy Pascaline , Stone Nicholas , Greenwood Charlene , Gosling Sarah , Arnold Emily L. , Bouybayoune Ihsanne , Pinder Sarah E. , Rogers Keith 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
X-ray diffraction is widely used to characterise the mineral component of calcified tissue. Broadening of the diffraction peaks yields valuable information on the size of coherently diffracting domains, sometimes loosely described as crystallite size or crystallinity. These domains are markedly anisotropic, hence a single number describing their size is misleading. We present a novel variation on a method for visualising crystallographic anisotropy in X-ray diffraction data. This provides an intuitively interpretable depiction of crystalline domain size and anisotropy. The new method involves creating a polar plot of calculated domain thickness for peaks in a diffractogram versus crystallographic direction. Points with the least error are emphasised. Anisotropic domain dimensions are calculated by refining an ellipsoidal model in a whole pattern fit. These dimensions are then used to overlay an ellipse on the peak broadening plot. This is illustrated by application of the method to calcifications in breast tissue with suspected cancer, which frequently contain whitlockite as well as nanocrystalline apatite. Like most biogenic apatite, this exhibits markedly anisotropic peak broadening. The nature of this anisotropy offers potentially useful information on normal function and pathology of calcified tissue and is a frequently neglected crystallographic feature of these materials.
Tracing the Neovolcanic zone along the sediment-covered regions of the Red Sea Rift
Authors: Preine Jonas , Augustin Nico , Mitchell Neil C. , van der Zwan Froukje M. , Wölfl Annne-C , Schade Martin , Izzeldin Yousif A. , Osman Mudather A. M. , Hübscher Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Red Sea Rift is an ultra-slow spreading rift filled with Miocene salt and younger sediments. While volcanic features can be observed in exposed areas in the southern Red Sea Rift, evidence of volcanism in the sediment-blanketed regions in the central and northern Red Sea Rift has been lacking, leaving open whether the mid-ocean rift axis continues beneath them. Here, we present new multichannel seismic and high-resolution bathymetric data of these blanketed regions. Our data reveals multiple instances where oceanic crust can be traced beneath the evaporite cover, forming volcanic edifices protruding through the sediment cover. We identify abundant circular depressions in the sediment cover as volcanic craters, which formed by deep-sea explosive volcanism or caldera collapses. The common occurrence of volcanic features in the sediment-covered regions supports the continuous formation of oceanic crust along large parts of the Red Sea Rift.
New approach to improve COP and heat recovery in transcritical CO2 refrigeration system for milk processing application
Authors: Singha Prosenjit , Das Chayan , Dasgupta Mani Sankar , Bhattacharyya Souvik , Hafner Armin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In hot climates, subcooling or after-cooling is an effective method to enhance the coefficient of performance (COP) of CO2 transcritical refrigeration system. This study investigates improvement of two contemporary subcooling arrangements: Integrated mechanical subcooling (IMS) and dedicated mechanical subcooling (DMS) and evaporative cooling arrangement to gascooler by introduction of gravity-fed evaporator in a dual evaporator parallel compression system suitable for milk processing. Using location-specific average meteorological data, the performance of the proposed systems is evaluated for Pune, India. Comparative analysis is conducted against a baseline transcritical CO2 system with flash gas bypass but lacking any subcooling arrangement. A considerable improvement in COP is observed when subcooling is combined with parallel compression. Incorporation of evaporative cooling with parallel compression yields 62.3% improvement in COP over the flash gas bypass system. However, heat recovery potential is considerably reduced by adopting evaporative cooling. Additionally, the study quantifies a potential reduction in water consumption of 45.6% over a system using flash gas bypass with an indirect evaporative cooling arrangement, and a reduction of 34.3% over a system employing parallel compression with a split gas cooler indirect evaporative cooling arrangement.
Urban Travel Chain Estimation Based on Combination of CHMM and LDA Model
Authors: Xiao Chenxi , Tang Jinjun , Lee JaeYoung Jay , Liang Yunyi 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTUnderstanding travel patterns and predicting travel destinations has gained significant attention in the field of transportation research. This study proposes a methodology that utilizes continuous hidden Markov models (CHMMs) to estimate activity sequences for each travel chain and employs a travel destination prediction model based on a random forest (RF) model. Furthermore, it explores the optimization of the results from HMM using the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model and applies it in predicting travel destinations. In the experiment, the dataset collected from unique travellers in Seoul city, South Korea, is used to validate the proposed model, which includes time stamps of origin and destination, location, travel mode and transfer nodes. Research findings show that during the modelling phase of the continuous hidden Markov model, the Gaussian mixture model categorizes the feature vectors into eight distinct groups. The estimated membership probability indicates involvement in four different activities. It also explains the relationship between derived activities. Finally, given the observed features, the proposed model provides an effective method for estimating the most likely sequence of activities in the travel chain. The results can help conduct further activity‐based traffic demand analysis and improve the service quality of the transportation system.
Melkerknoten
Authors: Ludwig Ralf J. 
Published: February 2025

ZusammenfassungDer Melkerknoten ist eine an den Händen auftretende Zoonose, die durch das Paravaccinia-Virus verursacht wird. Reservoir sind Kühe. Die Ansteckung erfolgt durch Kontakt mit den Tieren oder Kontaktflächen. Nach einer Inkubationszeit von ca. einer Woche zeigen sich klinisch zunächst Erytheme, dann kleine Papeln an den Händen. Im weiteren Verlauf kommt es zu einem umgebenden weißen Ring, dann zu einer Sekretbildung und schließlich zur narbenfreien Abheilung. Die Diagnose wird mittels Anamnese und Klinik gestellt. Tragen entsprechender Schutzkleidung (Handschuhe) schützt vor der Infektion.
Erythrasma
Authors: Ludwig Ralf 
Published: February 2025

ZusammenfassungDas Erythrasma manifestiert sich v.a. auf feuchter Haut. Klinisch imponieren gelb/rot-braune Maculae, v.a. in den Zwischenzehenräumen, inguinal und/oder axillär. Subjektiv kann Juckreiz auftreten. Das Erythrasma ist häufig (ca. 5% der Bevölkerung in gemäßigten Breitengraden betroffen; in tropischen Klimazonen wesentlich häufiger – bis zu 20%). Es können alle Altersgruppen betroffen sein; geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede sind nicht bekannt. Es handelt sich um eine bakterielle Infektion der oberen Hautschichten mit Corynebacterium minutissimum. Aufgrund der Produktion von Porphyrin durch C. minutissimum wird die Diagnose mittels Wood-Licht-Untersuchung (rötliche Fluoreszenz) gestellt. Die Therapie mit topischer Applikation von Fusidinsäure für 14 Tage führt in über 90% der Patienten zu einer Abheilung. Rezidive sind häufig, diese sprechen jedoch ebenfalls gut auf die lokale antibiotische Therapie an.