bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community
Authors: Shrank Cathy 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In 1590, Edward Allde printed a slim quarto of thirty-six leaves containing John Lydgate’s The Serpent of Devision (1422) and Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville’s Tragedye of Gorboduc (first performed in 1561). This article examines the extent and nature of the “cultural reformations” that occurred in late medieval and Tudor England, using the joint publication of the two works as a useful starting point. It considers three types of community: the national communities – Gorboduc’s Britain and Caesar’s Rome – that these texts depict; the imagined communities of readers/spectators that they address; and the Elizabethan political community that they envisage. It also discusses the often interrelated processes of religious, social, political, technological, and cultural change witnessed in the period and analyses the ways in which these processes can be traced through the revisions made to the fifteenth-century Serpent for its publication in 1590.
Nuns
Authors: Wallace David 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In his poem Upon Appleton House, Andrew Marvell implies that the Appleton nunnery in Yorkshire, along with all its works, vanish “in one instant.” The suggestion that the English nuns disappear the moment they are chased from their buildings is iconic both of English Renaissance imaginings and of modern scholarship. The mysterious absence of nuns was compounded with their excessive presence, a paradox that in many ways compares with medieval Catholic thinking and feeling about nuns. This article examines the representations of nuns in English Renaissance literature and their habitual failure to portray the kinds of lives, and conditions of enclosure, actually known to nuns in England. It also considers how the long history of convent literacies in England, leading from Anglo-Saxon and Latin to Anglo-Norman and English, results in gradual separation of women from the literacy of the clerical elite. The article analyzes Caesarius of Heisterbach’s Dialogus Miracolorum, a compilation of miniature ascetic romances written for Cistercian novice monks.
Active and Contemplative Lives
Authors: Summit Jennifer 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article examines the debate over the vita activa versus the vita contemplativa in England across the late medieval and early modern periods. After considering the inversion of the traditional hierarchy of contemplative life over active life as the defining paradigm shift of modernity, it explains how contemplation and the contemplative enterprise offered a vocabulary and a conceptual framework for Francis Bacon’s sense of his own project. It also analyzes Margaret Cavendish’s appropriation of intellectual stances and methods associated with the contemplative life.
Childbirth
Authors: Barratt Alexander 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
During the latter part of Henry VIII’s reign, humanism became entrenched, England broke with Rome, and monasteries disappeared. More subtle changes occurred in other, quite different, parts of the cultural landscape, including the discourse of childbirth. This article examines, in the light of vernacular versions of the Trotula (the standard authority on childbirth during the medieval period), two editions of an English gynecological handbook, The Byrth of Mankynde, published in 1540 and 1545, and also their immediate source, the Roszgarten, composed by Eucharius Rösslin and translated into Latin as De Partu Hominis. It argues that, at some point between the two editions of the English text, there had been a reorientation of the place of women in the discourse of childbirth: the new edition significantly ‘empowers’ women.
Persona
Authors: Parker John 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that Christian antitheatricalists could persuasively oppose pagan theater only by offering their faith as a superior but fundamentally similar substitute — starting with Tertullian's use of persona (the Latin term for a theater mask) to describe the multiple facets of a Trinitarian godhead. The patristic hermeneutics of prosopopoeia (or in Latin, fictio personae) likewise treated scripture explicitly as a drama in which God plays multiple roles. Medieval Christians went even further by staging the Bible and once again using masks as an indispensable theatrico-theological property; hence the common English Protestant position that Christian culture had devolved into little more than paganism by a different name. Ironically enough, early modern antitheatricalists constantly cited their patristic antecedents in order to demonstrate the theater's dangerous allegiance to polytheism — even as they once again implicitly positioned their "strictly scriptural" version of Christianity as the ultimate drama. By the time Sidney published his Defense of Poesie it was in fact possible to argue that scripture itself had achieved such sublime effects only by means of its quasi-theatrical impersonation of multiple sacred figures.
Land and Environment
Authors: Moon David 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This chapter aims to step outside prevailing environmental determinist interpretations, to treat the land and environment as more than a stage for history, and to look afresh at the story of human engagement with the natural world across the lands that have been Russia’s. The chapter considers in turn the diversity of natural habitats in these lands, the range of determinist interpretations that have dominated the historiography of the Russian environment, and the history of human impact on that environment over the very long term. Russians, it is argued, have made their own history and constructed their own identities in processes of interaction with the land and environment they have lived in, albeit one so naturally inhospitable as to be an unlikely first choice for a homeland.
Religion
Authors: Werth Paul 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Given its ruling status under the old regime and the sheer numbers of its adherents, Orthodoxy has enjoyed an especially prominent place in Russian history. But Russia’s non-Orthodox religions have been equally important for their smaller communities and have been implicated in Russian politics, both internal and external, in profound ways. Drawing on recent scholarship about a long neglected field, this chapter explores the interplay between the many faiths and denominations represented in Russia and the Soviet Union. It focuses in turn on the relationship between the state and religious institutions, on local religious communities, both real and imagined, and on the ways in which lived religion proved remarkably adaptable to change and fundamentally compatible with modernity.
Urban Russia at the fin de siècle
Authors: McReynolds Louise 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Because the history of prerevolutionary urban Russia has largely been written from the perspective of the revolution that engulfed all cities in 1917, historians have traditionally concentrated on the failures of urbanization, the limited ability of both state and local officials to manage growth and the horrific conditions at most factories. Since the collapse of the USSR in 1991, however, labour history as the dominant mode of analysing urban history has given way to scholarship taking the ‘cultural turn’ and focus has shifted from strikes and strikers towards an investigation into how people experienced city life. This chapter follows that trend, taking the emergence of the modern industrial city as a topic in its own right, and examining not only familiar facets of urbanization such as in-migration, demographic flux and industrial unrest, but also conspicuous consumption, leisure and nightlife, religion and the role of women in urban society and culture.
Soldiers and Civilians, 1914–1917
Authors: Sanborn Joshua 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Great War so utterly transformed Russian society that the shift from a ‘sedimentary society’ (Alfred Rieber) to a ‘quicksand society’ (Moshe Lewin) was already well underway before either the October or the Stalin Revolutions. This chapter explores the disruptive effects between 1914 and 1917 of mass migrations, of a transfiguration of the ethnic order of the Empire, and of the dislocation of the imperial economy, including a major move away from a market system and the realignment of labour and authority in urban and rural areas alike. Among the most important social consequences of these developments was the emergence of an unstable mixture of refugees, soldiers and soldiers’ wives who together formed the wounded society of victims that emerged from the war years.
The Neuropsychology of Acquired Number and Calculation Disorders
Authors: Cappelletti Marinella 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Acalculia is an acquired disorder of number and/or calculation skills following cerebral damage (Henschen, 1919) which affects about 20% of patients with left hemisphere injury. The inability to use numbers can be very incapacitating as it interferes with several everyday activities such as shopping and using bank accounts and telephones (Butterworth, 1999; Dehaene, 1997). After introducing the main cognitive and anatomical features of the normal number system, this chapter will discuss the main historical and contemporary achievements in the neuropsychology of number cognition. These achievements concern: understanding that the number system is fractionated in distinct subcomponents; characterizing the relation between number and other cognitive skills; defining the role of the brain regions that cause number and calculation disorders or that allow maintenance of residual number skills; and identifying tools for the assessment and the possible rehabilitation of acalculia.
Information Structure in Bantu
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Hyman Larry M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFor some 40 years, the role that information structure (IS) plays in the grammatical structure of the ca. 500 Bantu languages has been the topic of considerable research. In this chapter we review the role of prosody, morphology and syntax in expressing IS in Bantu languages. We show that prosodic prominence does not play an important role; rather syntax and morphology are more important. For example, syntactic constructions like clefts and and immediately after the verb position correlate with focus, while dislocations correlate with topic. Among the morphological properties relevant to IS are the “inherently focused” TAM features (progressive, imperative, negative etc.) and the “conjoint-disjoint” distinction on verbs, as well as well as the presence vs. absence of the Bantu augment on nominals. Finally, we consider a range of tonal effects which at least indirectly correlate with IS (tonal domains, metatony, tone cases).
Predicate Focus
Authors: Zimmermann Malte 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter discusses a grammatically defined sub-class of focus: that on verbal predicates and on functional elements in the extended verbal projection. The phenomena falling under the label of predicate focus are introduced, and it is shown that predicate focus is interpretable on a par with argument or term focus on DPs and PPs. A unified structured-meaning approach that treats focus as the psychological predicate of the clause allows for singling out DP-terms and transitive verbs as categories in need of explicit marking when focused. A cross-linguistic overview of the grammatical strategies for marking predicate focus is provided, focusing on asymmetries in the realization of predicate as opposed to in terms of obligatory marking, grammatical strategy, and complexity. The information-structural and grammatical factors behind such focus asymmetries are discussed with some tentative universals concerning the explicit marking of information-structural categories on verbal predicates.
Latin Didactic, Scientific, and Technical Literature
Authors: Roby Courtney 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Roman authors developed a rich and creative literature in Latin on a wide range of scientific and technical subjects, intended for a variety of readerships and spanning many different genres, including didactic poetry, as well as technical prose. This essay discusses literature in Latin that sought to illuminate the natural world for its readers or instruct them in manipulating it. Particular focus is placed on the problems of identifying and classifying these varieties of literature and their relationship to other literary genres; their structure, language, and style; and their engagements with Greek technical literature. The literary traditions of individual disciplines (e.g., agriculture, architecture, astronomy, and surveying) are examined as case studies of broad patterns in literary developments including the building of technical vocabularies, the choice of poetry and prose, and the degree of organization of the text.
Philology and Greek Literature
Authors: Gurd Sean 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This essay provides an overview of the recent revival of interest in philology (a discipline in which both textual criticism and interpretation are at home). Although Greek and Latin have long been central to philological practice, this has changed, and a new renaissance in philology is emerging in the modern languages and comparative literature. Nonetheless, it is clear that this new, global, and comparative philology owes much to Greek philology, just as Greek philology may in turn learn much from it. After suggesting that philology today includes both textual scholarship and interpretation (this is slightly controversial), I turn to philology’s tendency to take place behind the scenes, then to its role as the site of literature; its inevitably self-critical procedures; its commitment to the concrete; and, finally, its use of figural rhetoric to generate meaning.
Patient expectations of emergency hospital admission: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey
Authors: Whyte Erin , Goodacre Steve 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesEmergency admissions are rising, but little is known about the patient perspective. We aimed to explore the views of patients assessed for admission in terms of (i) whether they expected to be admitted, (ii) the comfort, convenience and safety of admission and (iii) whether satisfaction with care was influenced by expectations of admission being met.Patients and methodsWe undertook a cross-sectional survey of 200 patients who arrived by emergency ambulance and were assessed for the need for admission. Patients completed a questionnaire that recorded their expectations of hospital admission before a decision was made to admit or discharge and their satisfaction with the decision when it was made.ResultsThe study population was 63% (127/200) female, with a mean age of 61 years. Around 45 of 200 (22.5%) patients expected themselves to be admitted, whereas 85/200 (42.5%) were actually admitted. Responses indicated that 74.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 68.0–80.0%] agreed or strongly agreed that they felt safer in hospital than at home, 47.5% (95% CI 40.7–54.4%) felt more comfortable in hospital and 86.0% (95% CI 81.1–90.6%) agreed that it would be easier to provide treatment for them if they were admitted. We found no evidence of an association between patient satisfaction and expectations being met in those expecting admission (P=0.301) or expecting discharge home (P=0.885).ConclusionMost patients being assessed for admission do not expect to be admitted, but most report positive views about the safety, comfort and convenience of hospital admission. We found no evidence of reduced satisfaction if expectations about admission are not met.
Individualized rescuer change by a team leader during uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison with rescuer change in 2-min intervals
Authors: Shin Dong Hyuk , Cho Jun Hwi , Park Sang O 
Published: March 2015

Objective
Currently recommended cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines to change rescuers in 2-min intervals do not consider the differences in the physical capability of individual rescuers. We compared the quality of chest compressions between the conventional rescuer rotation method (RC2, rescuers changed in 2-min intervals) and the novel rescuer rotation method (RCL, rescuers changed by a team leader’s decision on the basis of gross assessment of the quality of chest compression).

Methods
Ninety-six rescuers (48 pairs) were recruited and the sequence of the two-rescuer change methods (RC2 and RCL) was randomized. Forty-eight teams performed 8 min of uninterrupted two-rescuer CPR on a manikin with Skill-Reporter during two consecutive days (one method for each day).

Results
The RCL method achieved deeper compression depth (mm) (52.6±3.8 vs. 49.5±4.7, P=0.002) and a higher number of correct chest compressions per minute (96.3±41.2 vs. 77.6±52.7, P<0.0001) than the RC2 method. However, the RCL method showed a longer total interruption time (s) than the RC2 method (21.1±3.9 vs. 14.8±1.0, P<0.0001) during 8 min of uninterrupted CPR.

Conclusion
The quality of chest compression was better with RCL than the conventional RC2 method in terms of compression depth and proportions of correct compressions. RCL may be a practical alternative rescuer change strategy during uninterrupted chest compressions, especially when objective parameters to monitor the quality of chest compression are not readily available.
War or the business of God
Authors: Banos Sanchez-Matamoros Juan , Funnell Warwick 
Published: March 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance of accounting in the management of Spanish military hospitals by the St John’s Order (SJO) of the Roman Catholic Church in the eighteenth century, a time of crisis between the Church and the State. The sacred mission of the Order required that they had a significant role outside the Roman Catholic Church in the care and treatment of the sick and infirm which required them to establish hospitals throughout Spain and across the lands that it had conquered. The study establishes that accounting played a key role in ensuring the success of the unconventional commercial relationship between the SJO and the government and the military.Design/methodology/approach– Niebuhr’s typology is used to help understand how accounting practices were consistent, indeed essential, expectations of the sacred mission of the SJO and not something which represented a denial of the Order’s religious beliefs. The paper relies primarily on documents and other material located in Spanish archives.Findings– The SJO accepted that secular accounting and accountability processes were relevant to their search for God’s love and to showing this love to others. The need for the Order to be accountable to the State was not regarded as profane and antithetical to their religious beliefs. Adopting Niebuhr’s typology of religion and society, this study concludes that the Order was an extraordinary example of Christ the transformer of the culture.Originality/value– This study recognises the need to deepen the understanding of the way in which accounting practices have often played a critical role in the activities of religious organisations by examining an extraordinary example of one organisation which was engaged in an unusual, ongoing, highly complex commercial relationship with the Spanish State.
Do clinicians and clinical researchers do enough to foster social inclusion?
Authors: Holttum Sue 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to raise questions about the social issues involved in mental and physical health. It highlights how, even where social issues are evident, clinicians and clinical researchers often focus mainly on individual people and what has gone wrong with them. This has the effect of making it less likely that social exclusion and adversity will be taken into account or that clinicians will help to change these.

Design/methodology/approach
– Three journal papers are summarised. The first one reports an attempt to test whether depression is a result of people feeling defeated and trapped. The second paper reports the results of analysing medical writing about domestic abuse. The third paper discusses the need for trainee clinicians to be made more aware of social conditions that affect people's lives.

Findings
– It does appear that people who feel defeated and trapped are more likely to become depressed. However, the life circumstances that lead to feeling trapped need more attention. Medical writing about domestic abuse may need to incorporate the broader context so that it is not just seen as a “women's problem”. It may be worth training clinicians about social conditions and how they might help to change them.

Originality/value
– These papers highlight important links between social exclusion and mental and physical health. There is a key role for clinicians and clinical researchers to be more part of the solution where they sometimes unwittingly help maintain the problems.
Creative minds: developing supportive creative opportunities in our communities
Authors: Walters Philip 
Published: March 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe South West Yorkshire Partnerships Foundation Trust's Creative Minds Strategy designed to build a strong infrastructure of community and voluntary organisations able to work with the Trust providing creative opportunities for all who access services.

Design/methodology/approach
– A descriptive account of the background, philosophy, benefits, operation and role of Creative Minds in developing more recovery-focused services. Case studies by people who have been involved in Creative Minds are included.

Findings
– Creative Minds has been successful in forming partnerships between the Trust and community/voluntary organisations that afford opportunities to explore different activities and discover their passions and talents. It provides an opportunity for service users and practitioners to engage as equals for mutual benefit.

Originality/value
– This original, award winning initiative enables the Trust to work closely with a range of community organisations thus enhancing and extending the service offered and enabling people to gage in meaningful activities and become a part of their local community.
Molecular markers useful for epidemiology of dermatophytoses
Authors: Mochizuki Takashi , Takeda Kiminobu , Anzawa Kazushi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDermatophytosis is a very common skin disorder and the most prevalent infectious disease treated by dermatologists. Recent developments in molecular techniques have markedly changed methods of identifying dermatophytes, with these methods showing intraspecies polymorphisms in some molecular markers. Intraspecies subtyping and strain differentiation have made possible the tracking of infections, the identification of common sources of infections and recurrence or reinfection after treatment. This review describes methods of intraspecies differentiation using mitochondrialDNA, random amplification of polymorphicDNA, non‐transcribed spacer regions of ribosomalRNAgenes and microsatellite markers, as well as their usefulness and limitations.