bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shadowing in/as work: ten recommendations for shadowing fieldwork practice
Authors: Gill Rebecca , Barbour Joshua , Dean Marleah 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for shadowing as a method of organizational study with a focus on the situated processes and practices of shadowing fieldwork.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper reflects on the shadowing experiences of three researchers – in a hospital emergency department, nuclear power plants, and entrepreneur workspaces – to generate recommendations by identifying and synthesizing solutions that emerged during the encounters with the challenges and opportunities in shadowing.

Findings
– Considering shadowing as an ongoing and emergent research process can be helpful to prepare for particular aspects of shadowing fieldwork. Shadowing presents research challenges that may emerge in the practice of fieldwork, including how to negotiate awkward conversations with participants, what to bring and wear, and how to take notes.

Practical implications
– Though the recommendations for shadowing are based on particular experiences and may not generalize to all shadowing engagements, they offer concrete, practical recommendations useful across experience levels. The recommendations should sensitize researchers to the intimate and situational character of shadowing, and offer strategies for coping with the distinctive requirements of shadowing.

Originality/value
– By looking across diverse experiences of shadowing, the paper generated guidelines that help to make sense of shadowing processes, manage uncertainty in the field, and build on the emerging work on shadowing. The ten recommendations provide insight into shadowing that are of particular value to graduate students, junior researchers, and those new to shadowing. Moreover, the experienced shadower may find value in the camaraderie of shared experience, the concrete ideas about another's experience of shadowing, and insight in recommendations that capture aspects of fieldwork that they are also exploring.
Assessing inter-organizational innovation performance through relational governance and dynamic capabilities in supply chains
Authors: Cheng Jao-Hong , Chen Mu-Chung , Huang Chung-Ming 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to examine the factors influencing innovation performance and implementation in inter-organizational relationships.Design/methodology/approach– A novel research model comprises five research hypotheses with four constructs, including information technology infrastructure flexibility, institutional orientation, dynamic capabilities and innovation performance. The hypotheses are tested on data collected from 260 of the top 1,000 Taiwanese manufacturing firms in 2011 listed byBusiness Weeklyin Taiwan, using structural equation modeling.Findings– The study provides insight into how supply chain members should reinforce their dynamic capabilities and relational and institutional view of relational governance so as to improve their value-based relationships and in turn enhance innovation performance.Research limitations/implications– The empirical study is conducted on supply chains, with data collected from Taiwan's manufacturing firms. With the research model developed, cross-industrial studies can be conducted to investigate whether differences exist in relation to the inter-relationship effects that affect inter-organizational innovation performance.Practical implications– The study provides useful insights into how supply chain members should reinforce their value-based relationships by focusing on activities that would enhance information technology infrastructure flexibility and institutional orientation, and improve activities that would reinforce the activities of dynamic capabilities, in order to achieve the competitive advantage of inter-organizational innovation performance.Originality/value– The novel research model developed may serve as a starting point for future theoretical and empirical research and measures for describing and modeling the role of value-based relationships from the relational and institutional view of relational governance and dynamic capabilities, which is not dealt with in previous studies.
Joint operational decision-making in collaborative transportation networks: the role of IT
Authors: Buijs Paul , (“Hans”) Wortmann J.C. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– This paper addresses horizontal supply chain collaboration among autonomous freight carriers in the less-than-truckload industry. The main purpose of the paper is to identify and explain the challenges with joint operational decision-making in this context and investigate the precise role of information technology (IT) therein.Design/methodology/approach– Empirical evidence is gathered by means of exploratory and explanatory case research, with multiple cases at the planning departments of European freight carriers operating in collaborative transportation networks.Findings– Collaborating carriers face fundamental challenges in joint operational planning and control of collaborative transportation, despite the broad availability of state-of-the-art IT. These operational supply chain challenges can be explained by technological differences of the available IT applications, which hinder integration.Research limitations/implications– Any expectations with regard to state-of-the-art XML or EDI-based IT integration for improved joint operational decision-making in collaborative transportation networks should be considered with care. In particular, the authors' research findings may encourage practitioners to consider new planning and control procedures and develop dedicated IT applications for collaborating freight carriers.Originality/value– The paper highlights the importance of horizontal supply chain collaboration for small and medium-sized freight carriers in the less-than-truckload industry and conceptualises how collaborative transportation networks are organised. Furthermore, an IT typology is introduced to explain the challenges with joint operational decision-making.
Statistical analysis of stencil technology for wafer-level bumping
Authors: W. Kay Robert , Cummins Gerard , Krebs Thomas , Lathrop Richard , Abraham Eitan , Desmulliez Marc 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Wafer-level stencil printing of a type-6 Pb-free SAC solder paste was statistically evaluated at 200 and 150 μm pitch using three different stencil manufacturing technologies: laser cutting, DC electroforming and micro-engineered electroforming. This investigation looks at stencil differences in printability, pitch resolution, maximum achievable bump height, print co-planarity, paste release efficiency, and cleaning frequency. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, the authors present a statistical evaluation of the impact of stencil technology on type-6 tin-silver-copper paste printing. The authors concentrate on performances at 200 and 150 μm pitch of full array patterns. Key evaluated criteria include achievable reflowed bump heights, deposit co-planarity, paste release efficiency, and frequency of stencil cleaning. Box plots were used to graphically view print performance over a range of aperture sizes for the three stencil types.

Findings
– Fabrication technologies significantly affect print performance where the micro-engineered electroformed stencil produced the highest bump deposits and the lowest bump height deviation. Second in performance was the conventional electroformed, followed by the laser-cut stencil. Comparisons between the first and fifth consecutive print demonstrated no need for stencil cleaning in the case for the micro-engineered stencil for all but the smallest spacings between apertures. High paste transfer efficiencies, i.e. above 85 per cent, were achieved with the micro-engineered stencil using low aperture area ratios of 0.5.

Originality/value
– Stencil technology influences the maximum reflowed solder bump heights achievable, and bump co-planarity. To date, no statistical analysis comparing the impact of stencil technology for wafer-level bumping has been carried out for pitches of 200 μm and below. This paper gives new insight into how stencil technology impacts the print performance for fine pitch stencil printing. The volume of data collected for this investigation enabled detailed insight into the limitations of the printing process and as a result for suitable design guidelines to be developed. The finding also shows that the accepted industry guidelines on stencil design developed by the surface mount industry can be broken if the correct stencil technology is selected, thereby increasing the potential application areas of stencil printing.
Zn diffusion and reflow behaviour of Sn-9Zn and Sn-8.5Zn-0.5Ag-0.01Al-0.1Ga solders on a Ni/Cu substrate under IR reflow
Authors: Mittal J. , Lin K.L. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to compare the reflow and Zn diffusion behaviors in Sn-Zn and Sn-8.5Zn-0.5Ag-0.01Al-0.1Ga (5E) solders during soldering on a Ni/Cu substrate under infrared (IR) reflow. The study proposes a model on the effect of various elements particularly Zn diffusion behavior in the solders on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs).

Design/methodology/approach
– The melting activities of two solders near their melting points on copper substrates are visualized in an IR reflow furnace. Reflowed solder joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

Findings
– Reflow behaviors of the solders are similar. During melting, solder balls are first merged into each other and then reflow on the substrate from top to bottom. Both solders show a reduced amount of Zn in the solder. Theoretical calculations demonstrate a higher Zn diffusion in the 5E solder; however, the amount of Zn actually observed at the solder/substrate interface is lower than Sn-9Zn solder due to the formation of ZnAg3 in the solder. A thinner IMC layer is formed at the interface in the 5E solder than the Sn-Zn solder.

Research limitations/implications
– The present work compares the 5E solder only with Sn-Zn solder. Additional research work may be required to compare 5E solder with other solders like Sn-Ag, SnAgCu, etc. to further establish its practical applications.

Practical implications
– The study ascertains the advantages of 5E solder over Sn-Zn solder for all practical applications.

Originality/value
– The significance of this paper is the understanding of the relation between reflow behavior of solders and reactivity of different elements in the solder alloys and substrate to form various IMCs and their influence on the formation of IMC layer at solder/substrate interface. Emphasis is provided for the diffusion behavior of Zn during reflow and respective reaction mechanisms.
A trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a fig–fig wasp mutualism
Authors: Wang Bo , Geng Xiang‐Zong , Ma Li‐Bin , Cook James M. , Wang Rui‐Wu 
Published: March 2014

Summary

A trophic cascade occurs when predators directly decrease the densities, or change the behaviour, of herbivores and thus indirectly increase plant productivity. The predator–herbivore–plant context is well known, but some predators attack species beneficial to plants (e.g. pollinators) and/or enemies of herbivores (e.g. parasites), and their role in the dynamics of mutualisms remains largely unexplored.

We surveyed the predatory ant species and studied predation by the dominant ant species, the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina, associated with the fig tree Ficus racemosa in southwest China. We then tested the effects of weaver ants on the oviposition behaviour of pollinating and non‐pollinating fig wasps in an ant‐exclusion experiment. The effects of weaver ants on fig wasp community structure and fig seed production were then compared between trees with and without O. smaragdina.

Oecophylla smaragdina captured more non‐pollinating wasps (Platyneura mayri) than pollinators as the insects arrived to lay eggs. When ants were excluded, more non‐pollinators laid eggs into figs and fewer pollinators entered figs. Furthermore, trees with O. smaragdina produced more pollinator offspring and fewer non‐pollinator offspring, shifting the community structure significantly. In addition, F. racemosa produced significantly more seeds on trees inhabited by weaver ants.

Oecophylla smaragdina predation reverses the dominance of the two commonest wasp species at the egg‐laying stage and favours the pollinators. This behavioural pattern is mirrored by wasp offspring production, with pollinators' offspring dominating figs produced by trees inhabited by weaver ants, and offspring of the non‐pollinator P. mayri most abundant in figs on trees inhabited by other ants.

Overall, our results suggest that predation by weaver ants limits the success of the non‐pollinating P. mayri and therefore indirectly benefits the mutualism by increasing the reproductive success of both the pollinators and the plant. Predation is thus a key functional factor that can shape the community structure of a pollinator‐plant mutualistic system.
Urban Governance and the ‘European City’: Ideals and Realities in Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Lawton Philip , Punch Michael 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThroughout recent decades, a significant amount of attention has been given to the notion of the ‘European city’ within policy formation and academic enquiry. From one perspective, the ideal of the ‘European city’ is presented as a densely developed urban area with a focus on quality public transport and a more balanced social structure. More recently, however, the particular elements of the ‘European city’ associated with pedestrianized public space, urban design and image‐making strategies have become central features of entrepreneurial urban policies throughout Europe. This article undertakes an examination of the notion of the ‘European city’ in urban change in Dublin since the 1990s. Specifically, the article illustrates the degree to which a wholly positive spin on the urban design and image‐making elements of the ‘European city’ in Dublin has served as a thin veil for the desired transformation of Dublin according to neoliberal principles.
Modern Scientific Evidence Pertaining to Criminal Investigations in the Chosun Dynasty Era (1392–1897 A.C.E.) in Korea
Authors: Nam Yun Sik , Won Sung‐Ok , Lee Kang‐Bong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA guidebook detailing the process of forensic investigation was written in 1440 A.C.E. It outlines the fundamentals and details of each element of criminal investigation during the era of the Chosun dynasty in Korea. Because this old guidebook was written in terms of personal experience rather than on scientific basis, it includes many fallacies from the perspective of modern forensic science. However, the book describes methods to form a scientific basis for the experiments performed. We demonstrate the modern scientific basis for ancient methods to monitor trace amounts of blood and detect lethal arsenic poisoning from a postmortem examination as described in this old forensic guidebook. Traces of blood and arsenic poisoning were detected according to the respective color changes of brownish red, due to the reaction of ferric ions in blood with acetic ions of vinegar, and dark blue, due to the reaction of silver with arsenic sulfide.
Analysis of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds in Split and Nonsplit Swiss Cheese Samples Using Selected‐Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS)
Authors: Castada Hardy Z. , Wick Cheryl , Taylor Kaitlyn , Harper W. James 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSplits/cracks are recurring product defects that negatively affect the Swiss cheese industry. Investigations to understand the biophysicochemical aspects of these defects, and thus determine preventive measures against their occurrence, are underway. In this study, selected‐ion, flow tube mass spectrometry was employed to determine the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles present in the headspace of split compared with nonsplit cheeses. Two sampling methodologies were employed: split compared with nonsplit cheese vat pair blocks; and comparison of blind, eye, and split segments within cheese blocks. The variability in VOC profiles was examined to evaluate the potential biochemical pathway chemistry differences within and between cheese samples. VOC profile inhomogeneity was most evident in cheeses between factories. Evaluation of biochemical pathways leading to the formation of key VOCs differentiating the split from the blind and eye segments within factories indicated release of additional carbon dioxide by‐product. These results suggest a factory‐dependent cause of split formation that could develop from varied fermentation pathways in the blind, eye, and split areas within a cheese block. The variability of VOC profiles within and between factories exhibit varied biochemical fermentation pathways that could conceivably be traced back in the making process to identify parameters responsible for split defect.
Sitagliptin reduces the urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetes through decreasing both blood pressure and estimated glomerular filtration rate 西格列汀通过降低2型糖尿病患者的血压以及估算的肾小球滤过率来减少尿白蛋白/肌酐的比值
Authors: Kawasaki Isao , Hiura Yoshikazu , Tamai Anna , Yoshida Yoko , Yakusiji Yosuke , Ikuno Yoshiko , Okada Megumi , Ueno Hiroki , Tanaka Nagaaki , Yamagami Keiko , Fukumoto Mariko , Hosoi Masayuki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the change in the urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) to examine the effect of sitagliptin on diabetic nephropathy.MethodsSitagliptin at a dose of 50 mg was administered to 247 outpatients with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected on the patients' laboratory results (including the ACR), blood pressure, and body weight. Clinical data were compared before and after 3 months' administration of sitagliptin.ResultsThe ACR changed from 150.0 ± 538.6 mg/gCre to 148.3 ± 764.6 mg/gCre over 3 months. In the patients with micro‐ and macro‐albuminuria, the ACR after 3 months significantly decreased compared with the baseline (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). The subjects whose ACR decreased experienced significantly larger decreases over the 3‐month period in blood pressure and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) than the other subjects. There was no significant correlation between change in ACR (ΔACR) and change in hemoglobin A1c (ΔHbA1c) during 3 months (r = 0.04, P = 0.59), but there was a significant correlation between change in ΔACR and change in systolic blood pressure (r = 0.16, P = 0.03). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors for ΔACR were change in systolic blood pressure (β = 0.21, P = 0.016) and change in eGFR (β = 0.20, P = 0.024) over 3 months (r = 0.35, P = 0.04).ConclusionsSitagliptin reduces the ACR through decreasing both blood pressure and eGFR, with no correlation with a decrease in HbA1c over a 3‐month period. These results may reflect the direct action of sitagliptin on the kidneys.
Sustaining motivational interviewing: a meta‐analysis of training studies
Authors: Schwalbe Craig S. , Oh Hans Y. , Zweben Allen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsPrevious research indicates that motivational interviewing (MI) skills decline over time among participants in training workshops when post‐workshop feedback and coaching are not provided. This study explored moderators of skill retention among trainees learning MI mainly for substance use disorder treatment in real‐world treatment settings, including workshop enhancements and type and dose of post‐workshop feedback and coaching.MethodsA meta‐analysis of training studies was conducted with studies that reported MI skills using observational measures and that included trainees from real‐world agency settings. Standardized change scores were calculated to indicate the magnitude of pre–post training change in MI skills; standardized change scores from post‐training to 3 and 6+ months follow‐up were calculated to indicate the sustainability of training gains over time. Effect sizes were aggregated using random effects models.ResultsTwenty‐one papers that reported the effects of MI training on agency staff were included in this review. Across studies, training yielded gains in MI skills (d = 0.76). Studies that did not include feedback and/or coaching reported eroding skills over a 6‐month follow‐up (d = −0.30), whereas post‐workshop feedback/coaching sustained skills (d = 0.03). Effects of post‐workshop feedback/coaching were moderated by frequency, duration and length of training. Moreover, studies reporting low levels of attrition from training protocols showed small increases in skills over the 6‐month follow‐up period (d = 0.12), whereas studies with high attrition showed skill erosion (d = −0.29).ConclusionsOn average, three to four feedback/coaching sessions over a 6‐month period sustain skills among trainees for motivational interviewing, mainly for substance use disorder treatment. However, high rates of attrition from feedback/coaching contributes to post‐workshop skill erosion.
A New Method to Increase the Adsorption of Protein‐Bound Toxins in Artificial Liver Support Systems
Authors: Ding Weiping , Zou Lili , Sun Sijie , Li Weili , Gao Dayong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this work, a new method, called the preconcentration method (PCM), is proposed to increase the adsorption of protein‐bound toxins onto adsorbents in artificial liver support systems. In the PCM, a concentrator is installed before the inlet of the adsorbent cartridge. This method is validated in an experiment using activated carbon to remove albumin‐bound bilirubin, and the mechanism of the increase in adsorption is theoretically explained with breakthrough curve and equilibrium adsorption analyses. Our results show that when this PCM is used, the mass transfer rate of bilirubin from solution to activated carbon is enhanced, the adsorbed bilirubin amount per unit mass of activated carbon is greatly increased, and more albumin‐bound bilirubin molecules are quickly removed from the albumin solution. When the concentration ratio (the ratio of the inlet flow rate to the outflow rate of the concentrator) is 2.59, the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon at 120 min is increased by approximately 36%. Only approximately 60 min is required for the bilirubin concentration to decrease from 19.3 to 13.0 mg/dL; however, without the PCM, nearly 180 min is needed. In addition, by adjusting the concentration ratio, the adsorption of albumin‐bound bilirubin onto activated carbon can be further increased.