bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nefrolitiasi: Aspetti Metabolici e Implicazioni Terapeutiche
Authors: Tasca Andrea , Ammendola Ciro 
Published: May 2014

Nephrolithiasis: Metabolic defects and terapeutic implications Over the past 10 years, major progress has been made in the knowledge of urinary lithogenesis, including the potential pathogenetic role of Randall's plaques and renal tubular crystal retention. Urine supersaturation is the driving force of this process and can be induced by some risk factors, including low urine volume, high urinary excretion of calcium oxalate and uric acid and low urinary excretion of citrate. Primary hypercalciuria can be due to intestinal overabsorption renal leak and bone reabsorption of calcium. Prophilaxis is mainly conducted with thiazides and low calcium diet which is indicated only in the intestinal form. Primary hyperoxaluria is treated with pyridoxine and may require in the severe forms simultaneous renal and liver transplantation. Enteric hyperoxaluria is secondary to fatty acids malabsorption and requires diet, oral calcium and cholestiramine. Hyperuricosuria is caused by diet endogenous overproduction, mainly due to enzymatic defects or high renal excretion of uric acid. Urine alkalinization with K or K and Mg citrate can prevent stone formation even in idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis, in which a defect of urine acidification is supposed to be the main abnormality, and in hypocitraturic patients. Cystinuria is a rare inherited defect with an intense clinical impact. It can be classified in three forms and urinary stone formation is the role. Increased solubility and conversion of cystine in a more soluble form are the main goals of the prophylaxis which includes K citrate and thiol agents administration. Tiopronin is preferred to D-penicillamine due to its lower side effects.
Fattori Predittivi di Margini Chirurgici Positivi Dopo Chirurgia Conservativa per Neoplasia Renale: Analisi Retrospettiva Monocentrica su 298 Pazienti
Authors: Schiavina Riccardo , Borghesi Marco , Chessa Francesco , Rizzi Simona , Martorana Giuseppe 
Published: May 2014

Predictors of positive surgical margins after nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma: retrospective analysis on 298 consecutive patients Objectives Aim of our study was to evaluate the predictive factors of positive surgical margins (PSM) in a cohort of patients who underwent partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal cell carcinoma. Material and Methods We retrospectively evaluated our Institutional database of patients treated with open or laparoscopic PN between 200 and 2013. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson's chi-square test and linear-by-linear association. Multivariable Cox analysis was used in order to evaluate independent predictors of PSM. Results Surgical margins were found to be negative in 274 out of 298 patients (91.9%), and the remaining 24 (8.1%) patients had PSM at the final pathological exam. The median clinical size was significantly lower in patients with PSM than those with negative margins (2.6 vs. 3 cm, p=0.03). At univariable analysis, a shorter operative time (p=0.04), a malignant histotype (p=0.04) and higher Fuhrman grade (p=0.02) were observed in patients with positive surgical margins compared to those without PSM. At multivariable analysis, median tumor dimension (p=0.02), the malignant histotype (p=0.01) and the high Fuhrman grade (3-4) (p=0.01) were found to be independent predictive factors of PSM. Conclusions The most important goal of any PN is to reach negative surgical margins. In our study, clinical tumor dimensions, malignant tumor histotype and the high Fuhrman grade demonstrated to be independent predictive factors of PSM after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Other prospective, multi-institutional studies are needed in order to confirm these results.
Margini Chirurgici Positivi Nella Chirurgia Conservativa del Carcinoma Renale
Authors: Foschi Nazario , Vittori Matteo , Sacco Emilio , Recupero Salvatore Marco , Palermo Giuseppe , Bassi Pierfrancesco 
Published: May 2014

Positive surgical margins in nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) with a minimal tumor-free margin is considered the cornerstone in the contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stage T1. The aim of this study is to review incidence, predictive risk factors, clinical significance and oncologic outcomes of positive surgical margins (PSM) in NSS. English articles published before March 2014 have been searched in MEDLINE Databank. PSM are present in 0-7% of patients in all surgical approaches considered. Some predictive factors, such as tumor size, localization, and histology have been identified in the past. Other topics concerning surgical technique and approach are discussed. The majority of patients with PSM do not experience disease recurrence and PSM impact on overall survival and cancer-specific survival seems to be irrelevant. These results lead to more conservative clinical strategies. However, an active surveillance is mandatory for all patients with PSM and especially for those with high risk disease. Generalization of these results is limited by the low level of evidence of available studies. Further efforts are necessary to avoid PSM intraoperatively and to provide prospective information in order to standardize the postoperative management.
Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Colic during Pregnancy
Authors: Grasso Angelica Anna Chiara , Cozzi Gabriele 
Published: May 2014

Objectives To assess the incidence and causes of renal stones in pregnant women, investigate the reliability and accuracy of diagnostic investigations and to consider the various therapeutic options available. Methods A review of the literature was conducted, searching for relevant papers on the physiology of urinary apparatus changes during pregnancy, as well as the etiology, diagnosis and management of renal colic in pregnant women. Results Standards of care in renal colic during pregnancy include accurate diagnosis primarily with ultrasound, or MRI if necessary, conservative therapy and careful surgical approach for urinary drainage in the first place or ureterorenoscopy when needed. Conclusions Renal colic during pregnancy is potentially troublesome and likely to lead to serious adverse effects on both mother and fetus. A multi-disciplinary approach is needed, which includes experts in the fields of Urology, Obstetrics, Radiology and Anesthesiology, to ensure the optimal care of this delicate cohort of patients.
Improved transport estimate of the East Icelandic Current 2002–2012
Authors: Macrander Andreas , Valdimarsson Héðinn , Jónsson Steingrímur 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe East Icelandic Current (EIC) is one of the major export pathways from the Iceland Sea north of Iceland, carrying mostly cold and fresh waters of Arctic origin. In this study, volume and freshwater transports are estimated using current profiles and salinity time series from a mooring deployed from 2011 to 2012 over the insular slope northeast of Iceland. These data are extended by hydrographic sections spanning the entire EIC four times per year. In combination with altimetry, geostrophic current profiles of the whole section are obtained for the period 2002–2012. The data are analyzed with respect to volume and freshwater transport variability and their relation to atmospheric forcing. The observations show a mean transport of 0.75 ± 0.08 Sv, and a mean freshwater transport of 3.4 ± 0.3 mSv in the upper 170 m. There is large interannual variability which appears to depend more on local conditions rather than large‐scale atmospheric forcing. The freshwater transport is small compared to the export in the East Greenland Current.
Characterization and variability of particle size distributions in Hudson Bay, Canada
Authors: Xi Hongyan , Larouche Pierre , Tang Shilin , Michel Christine 
Published: May 2014

AbstractParticle size distribution (PSD) plays a significant role in many aspects of aquatic ecosystems, including phytoplankton dynamics, sediment fluxes, and optical scattering from particulates. As of yet, little is known on the variability of particle size distribution in marine ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the PSD properties and variability in Hudson Bay based on measurements from a laser diffractometer (LISST‐100X Type‐B) in concert with biogeochemical parameters collected during summer 2010. Results show that most power‐law fitted PSD slopes ranged from 2.5 to 4.5, covering nearly the entire range observed for natural waters. Offshore waters showed a predominance of smaller particles while near the coast, the effect of riverine inputs on PSD were apparent. Particulate inorganic matter contributed more to total suspended matter in coastal waters leading to lower PSD slopes than offshore. The depth distribution of PSD slopes shows that larger particles were associated with the pycnocline. Below the pycnocline, smaller particles dominated the spectra. A comparison between a PSD slope‐based method to derive phytoplankton size class (PSC) and pigment‐based derived PSC showed the two methods agreed relatively well. This study provides valuable baseline information on particle size properties and phytoplankton composition estimates in a sub‐arctic environment subject to rapid environmental change.
Cross‐shore tracer exchange between the surfzone and inner‐shelf
Authors: Hally‐Rosendahl Kai , Feddersen Falk , Guza R. T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCross‐shore tracer exchange between the surfzone and inner‐shelf is examined using temperature and dye measurements at an approximately alongshore‐uniform beach. An alongshore‐oriented plume is created by releasing dye continuously for 4.5 h in a surfzone alongshore current. The plume is sampled for 13 h from the release point to 700 m downstream, between the shoreline and 250 m offshore (6 m water depth). Within the surfzone (≤2 m depth), water is relatively warm, and dye is vertically well mixed. On the inner‐shelf (3–6 m depth), alongshore currents are weak, and elevated temperature and dye co‐occur in 25–50 m wide alongshore patches. Within the patches, dye is approximately depth‐uniform in the warm upper 3 m where thermal stratification is weak, but decreases rapidly below 3 m with a strong thermocline. Dye and temperature vertical gradients are correlated, and dye is not observed below 18 °C. The observations and a model indicate that, just seaward of the surfzone, thermal stratification inhibits vertical mixing to magnitudes similar to those in the ocean interior. Similar surfzone and inner‐shelf mean alongshore dye dilution rates are consistent with inner‐shelf dye properties being determined by local cross‐shore advection. The alongshore‐patchy and warm inner‐shelf dye is ejected from the surfzone by transient rip currents. Estimated Stokes drift driven cross‐shore exchange is small. The transient rip current driven depth‐normalized heat flux out of the surfzone has magnitude similar to those of larger‐scale shelf processes. Dye recycling, from the inner‐shelf back to the surfzone, is suggested by relatively long surfzone dye residence times.
Global ocean current reconstruction from altimetric and microwave SST measurements
Authors: González‐Haro C. , Isern‐Fontanet J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOcean currents are a key component to understanding many oceanic and climatic phenomena and knowledge of them is crucial for both navigation and operational applications. Currently, they are derived from Sea Surface Height (SSH) measurements provided by altimeters. However, distances between tracks and the limited number of available altimeters lead to errors in the accurate location of oceanic currents. In this study, we investigate the capability of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) observations to reconstruct surface currents at a global scale. The methodology we use consists of estimating the stream function by taking the phase from SST and the spectrum of SSH and then comparing it with altimetric measurements. Results reveal that SST provided by microwave radiometers can be used to retrieve ocean currents during winter near the major extratropical current systems, which are characterized by an intense mesoscale activity and the presence of strong thermal gradients. We have also found that surface ocean current reconstruction based on Surface Quasi‐Geostrophic approach can be improved if the information about the energy spectrum provided by altimeters is used. This points to the development of a new method of reconstructing ocean currents based on the combination of the phase of SST images with the energy spectrum derived from along‐track altimetric measurements.
Vertical velocity in shallow convection for different plume types
Authors: Wang Xiaocong , Zhang Minghua 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the bulk budgets of the vertical velocity and its parameterization in convective cores, convective updrafts, and clouds by using large‐eddy simulation (LES) of four shallow convection cases in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud System Study (GCSS) programs. The relative magnitudes of the dominant momentum budget terms for the three types of plumes are presented. For all shallow cumulus except stratocumulus, the buoyancy force and the subplume transport in the core plume are the momentum source that offset the pressure gradient force. In the cloud updraft and cloud plumes, the buoyancy source is dominant in the lower and middle parts of the clouds, while the subgrid transport is a dominant source in the upper part, and the entrainment term is also a momentum source. For the stratocumulus, the subplume transport is a sink almost in the whole convective layer. For all types of plumes, the Simpson and Wiggert (1969) equation is found to be good paramaterization of the mean plume vertical velocity when appropriate scaling coefficients to buoyancy and entrainment terms are used. Optimal forms of the Simpson and Wiggert equation are given for convective cores, convective updrafts, and convective clouds. Results are compared with other studies published in the literature.
Brief Communication: Quantitative‐ and molecular‐genetic differentiation in humans and chimpanzees: Implications for the evolutionary processes underlying cranial diversification
Authors: Weaver Timothy D. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTEstimates of the amount of genetic differentiation in humans among major geographic regions (e.g., Eastern Asia vs. Europe) from quantitative‐genetic analyses of cranial measurements closely match those from classical‐ and molecular‐genetic markers. Typically, among‐region differences account for ∼10% of the total variation. This correspondence is generally interpreted as evidence for the importance of neutral evolutionary processes (e.g., genetic drift) in generating among‐region differences in human cranial form, but it was initially surprising because human cranial diversity was frequently assumed to show a strong signature of natural selection. Is the human degree of similarity of cranial and DNA‐sequence estimates of among‐region genetic differentiation unusual? How do comparisons with other taxa illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying cranial diversification? Chimpanzees provide a useful starting point for placing the human results in a broader comparative context, because common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are the extant species most closely related to humans. To address these questions, I used 27 cranial measurements collected on a sample of 861 humans and 263 chimpanzees to estimate the amount of genetic differentiation between pairs of groups (between regions for humans and between species or subspecies for chimpanzees). Consistent with previous results, the human cranial estimates are quite similar to published DNA‐sequence estimates. In contrast, the chimpanzee cranial estimates are much smaller than published DNA‐sequence estimates. It appears that cranial differentiation has been limited in chimpanzees relative to humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:615–620, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decreasing bacterial cross‐contamination with a pulsating nasal irrigation device
Authors: Keen Mark , Chen Philip G. , Wormald Peter‐John 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundThe use of nasal irrigation in the management of postoperative endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) patients is commonplace; however, the potential contamination of these bottles is concerning. The Sinugator® cordless pulsating nasal wash (NeilMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA) is a battery‐operated, positive pressure, pulsatile pump with a unidirectional flow. The principal aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cross‐contamination using the pulsating nasal irrigation device and compare it with the traditional squeeze bottle.MethodsEleven post‐ESS patients were given a NeilMed Sinugator nasal wash to use 3 times per day. A sterile nasal swab was obtained at the initial and second postoperative visits. A swab of the plastic irrigation reservoir was collected at the second visit.ResultsThe overall contamination rate of bottles was found to be 45%. During the study several different organisms were cultured in the nose and bottles. The most commonly isolated organisms were coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus. We did not observe concomitant organisms in the nasal cultures and bottles in any subject.ConclusionDespite using a motorized irrigation device, patients and their bottles grew positive cultures. However, no cross‐contamination between the patients and bottles was identified, which can be attributed to a design that minimizes backwash.
Guest‐Induced Photophysical Property Switching of Artificial Light‐Harvesting Dendrimers
Authors: Jeong Young‐Hwan , Son Minjung , Yoon Hongsik , Kim Pyosang , Lee Do‐Hyung , Kim Dongho , Jang Woo‐Dong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn artificial light‐harvesting multiporphyrin dendrimer (8PZnPFB) composed of a focal freebase porphyrin (PFB) with eight zinc(II) porphyrin (PZn) wings exhibited unique photophysical property switching in response to specific guest molecule binding. UV/Vis titration studies indicated stable 1:2 host–guest complex formation between 8PZnPFB and meso‐tetrakis(4‐pyridyl)‐porphyrin (TPyP) for which the first and second association constants were estimated to be >108 M−1 and 3.0×107 M−1, respectively. 8PZnPFB originally shows 94 % energy transfer efficiency from PZn to the focal PFB. By the formation of the host–guest complex (8PZnPFB⋅2TPyP) the emission intensity of 8PZnPFB is significantly decreased, and an ultrafast charge separation state is generated. The energy transfer process from PZn wings to the PFB core in 8PZnPFB is almost entirely switched to an electron transfer process by the formation of 8PZnPFB⋅2TPyP.
Organic Photovoltaics: Elucidating the Ultra‐Fast Exciton Dissociation Mechanism in Disordered Materials
Authors: Heitzer Henry M. , Savoie Brett M. , Marks Tobin J. , Ratner Mark A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOrganic photovoltaics (OPVs) offer the opportunity for cheap, lightweight and mass‐producible devices. However, an incomplete understanding of the charge generation process, in particular the timescale of dynamics and role of exciton diffusion, has slowed further progress in the field. We report a new Kinetic Monte Carlo model for the exciton dissociation mechanism in OPVs that addresses the origin of ultra‐fast (<1 ps) dissociation by incorporating exciton delocalization. The model reproduces experimental results, such as the diminished rapid dissociation with increasing domain size, and also lends insight into the interplay between mixed domains, domain geometry, and exciton delocalization. Additionally, the model addresses the recent dispute on the origin of ultra‐fast exciton dissociation by comparing the effects of exciton delocalization and impure domains on the photo‐dynamics.This model provides insight into exciton dynamics that can advance our understanding of OPV structure–function relationships.
Ligand‐Enabled Triple CH Activation Reactions: One‐Pot Synthesis of Diverse 4‐Aryl‐2‐quinolinones from Propionamides
Authors: Deng Youqian , Gong Wei , He Jian , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiverse 4‐aryl‐2‐quinolinones are prepared from propionamides in one pot by ligand‐promoted triple sequential CH activation reactions and a stereospecific Heck reaction. In these cascade reactions, three new CC bonds and one CN bond are formed to rapidly build molecular complexity from propionic acid.
Comparative α‐Helicity of Cyclic Pentapeptides in Water
Authors: de Araujo Aline D. , Hoang Huy N. , Kok W. Mei , Diness Frederik , Gupta Praveer , Hill Timothy A. , Driver Russell W. , Price David A. , Liras Spiros , Fairlie David P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHelix‐constrained polypeptides have attracted great interest for modulating protein–protein interactions (PPI). It is not known which are the most effective helix‐inducing strategies for designing PPI agonists/antagonists. Cyclization linkers (X1–X5) were compared here, using circular dichroism and 2D NMR spectroscopy, for α‐helix induction in simple model pentapeptides, Ac‐cyclo(1,5)‐[X1‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐X5]‐NH2, in water. In this very stringent test of helix induction, a Lys1→Asp5 lactam linker conferred greatest α‐helicity, hydrocarbon and triazole linkers induced a mix of α‐ and 310‐helicity, while thio‐ and dithioether linkers produced less helicity. The lactam‐linked cyclic pentapeptide was also the most effective α‐helix nucleator attached to a 13‐residue model peptide.
Direct Observation of the Orientation Dynamics of Single Protein‐Coated Nanoparticles at Liquid/Solid Interfaces
Authors: Xu Dong , He Yan , Yeung Edward S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe have observed the rotational dynamics of single protein‐coated gold nanorods (AuNRs) on C18‐modified silica surfaces in real time by dual‐channel polarization dark‐field microscopy. Four different rotational states were identified, depending on the apparent strength of interactions between the AuNRs and the surface. The distributions of the states could be regulated by adjusting the salt concentration, and the state transitions were verified by monitoring the entire desorption process of a single AuNR. Our study provides insight into the interfacial orientation and dynamics of nanoparticles and could be useful for in vitro biophysics and the separation of proteins.
Building Proficient Enzymes with Foldamer Prostheses
Authors: Mayer Clemens , Müller Manuel M. , Gellman Samuel H. , Hilvert Donald 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFoldamers are non‐natural oligomers that adopt stable conformations reminiscent of those found in proteins. To evaluate the potential of foldameric subunits for catalysis, semisynthetic enzymes containing foldamer fragments constructed from α‐ and β‐amino acid residues were designed and characterized. Systematic variation of the α→β substitution pattern and types of β‐residue afforded highly proficient hybrid catalysts, thus demonstrating the feasibility of expanding the enzyme‐engineering toolkit with non‐natural backbones.