bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Small Feature-Sized Organic interposer for 2.1D Packaging Solutions
Authors: Romero Christian , Lee Jeongho , Oh Kyungseob , Harr Kyoungmoo , Kweon Youngdo 
Published: October 2015

The continuing advancement of semiconductor devices steadily increase the number of global interconnects and higher I/O counts thus driving more the importance of smaller feature size interconnects. One of the most difficult technical challenge for interconnects involves new material development, however, it is believed that mitigation of the impact of size scaling such as its aspect ratio (thickness/width) and spacing could fill the gap for high dense packaging requirement brought by Moore's Law. The next generation substrate design rules require a process capability with less than 50um pitch to accommodate leading-edge mobile applications such as Wide I/O memory-Logic packaging integration.
In this paper, we describe an organic interposer that is capable of providing high density interface between chips with large I/O counts therefore could be an attractive low-cost 2.1D packaging solution. Our concept can demonstrate ultra fine line interconnects with width/space below 5um with microvias having pitch below 50um which can be effective solution for high density routing. This feature enables the ICs to be attached directly to the substrate therefore eliminating the need for a silicon interposer needed in conventional 2.5D package architecture.
Microvia formation using photo-imageable material is another key feature of our organic interposer offering favorable cost efficiency for designs requiring very large numbers of microvias. The buildup layers could be vertically connected by microvias with min. 10um diameter using this process. Aside from the simplicity in supply chain, the high density organic interposer has the potential to meet both power and bandwidth requirement therefore can be considered an incremental move from conventional system-in-package providing flexibility in performance and yield capacity that allows integration of advanced logic and memory devices.
We will present our various feasibility results of electrical/mechanical performance obtained from our fabricated test vehicles.
Interconnect and Packaging Techniques for System Integration of High Power Assemblies that Improve Assembly Efficiency and Design Flexibility
Authors: Lynch Joseph , Schneider Richard , Longford Andy 
Published: October 2015

Growth in electrification and power conversion is driving a large need for electrical efficiency and improved cost models that in theory can be gained through the design consolidation of secondary assemblies into complete single modules. To put this theory into practice, there must be a cost effective way to interconnect these subassemblies that is space efficient, easy to assemble, supports high power and is resilient to temperature cycles.
To integrate subassemblies cost effectively is to develop them so that they have interconnects between each subassembly that are an integral part of the subassembly itself and are not secondary add on or bolt on connector systems. Additionally these interconnects must be easily pluggable, to allow assembly methods that are manufacturing friendly, measureable and don't require secondary heating methods.
This paper will show how proven highly reliable interconnects like press-fit, IDC and wirebonds can be integrated into subassemblies along with capacitors, motors, DBC power substrates, thermal coolers, heats sinks, busbars and other subassemblies typically found in power assemblies, to create a cost effective design that provides flexibility in manufacturing assembly with measureable results.
Reliability of Cu Wirebonded ICs for Automotive Applications
Authors: McLeish Jim , Caswell Greg , Schueller Randy 
Published: October 2015

The transition to replace gold with copper bond wires in semiconductor components, primarily driven by the ever increasing price of gold wire, has been under way for several years. Cu wire bonds (Cu-WBs) are technically more challenging than gold to produce, requiring improved designs, processes and equipment. After introduction in consumer products, their use is now migrating to automotive electronics where product integrity for quality, reliability and durability (QRD) and safety over 10–15 years in a demanding harsh environment is paramount, in addition to managing cost in the highly competitive global automotive market.
Reliability issues with some Cu wire bonded components detected during the rigorous product validation durability–reliability tests of automotive electronics, however, are starting to appear. The indications are that only optimized package design with well-controlled assembly processes are suitable for high reliability (hi-rel) harsh environment applications such as automotive, military and aerospace. A concern is that non-optimized Cu-WBs and package materials issues are being detected in module-level durability validation tests in parts that were qualified as automotive grade per AEC Q-100 or AEC-Q101. This paper will explore the issues and discuss potential solutions as the Automotive Electronics Council (AEC) – the organization that defines requirements for automotive grade electronic components – works to update qualification procedures for evolving Cu-wire bond technology.
Developing Enterprise Skills in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Mixed-methods Evaluation
Authors: Dube Sharul , Underwood Sarah , Murdoch-Eaton Deborah 
Published: October 2015

Introduction Support for the development of enterprise skills in medical education exists from the perspectives of educators, researchers, and healthcare leaders. However, literature is limited evaluating the understanding of medical students about these skills. This study aimed to determine whether medical students valued gaining enterprise skills within the course and those skills that they identified and recognized contributed to enterprise practice in subsequent training. Methodology Quantitative and qualitative evaluations were undertaken for over three years. Students completed end-of-course evaluations ( n = 895) in 2011 and 2012, responding to closed questions utilizing a Likert scale. Subsequent qualitative reflections were collected by interviews one year later with nine students and eight supervisors. Results Immediately after course completion, students gave positive feedback, identifying the development of independent learning, creativity, and reflection, as these enterprise skills were most valued. However, in subsequent reflection one year later, they were unable to transfer the acquired knowledge and identify the examples of enterprise around them in their later experiences and had mixed beliefs about its value in medicine. Conclusion Enterprise skills need to be revisited explicitly throughout the medical curriculum, with authentic real-life examples, to sustain students' understanding about the role of enterprise in medicine.
An alternate approach to ensemble ENSO forecast spread: Application to the 2014 forecast
Authors: Larson Sarah M. , Kirtman Ben P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEvaluating the 2014 El Niño forecast as a “bust” may be tapping into a bigger issue, namely that forecast “overconfidence” from single‐model ensembles could affect the retrospective assessment of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions. The present study proposes a new approach to quantifying an “expected” spread and uncertainty from noise‐driven processes and supplementing these measures with actual ENSO forecasts. Expanding on a previously developed coupled model framework that isolates noise‐driven ENSO‐like errors, an experimental design is implemented to generate an expected December Niño‐3.4 spread from March initial condition sea surface temperature errors that have similar structure to the 2014 and 2015 observed. Results reveal that the 2014 ENSO forecast falls within the expected uncertainty generated by ENSO‐independent, forecast‐independent, noise‐driven errors.
Impact of sample geometry on the measurement of pressure‐saturation curves: Experiments and simulations
Authors: Moura M. , Fiorentino E.‐A. , Måløy K. J. , Schäfer G. , Toussaint R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study the influence of sample geometry on the measurement of pressure‐saturation relationships, by analyzing the drainage of a two‐phase flow from a quasi‐2‐D random porous medium. The medium is transparent, which allows for the direct visualization of the invasion pattern during flow, and is initially saturated with a viscous liquid (a dyed glycerol‐water mix). As the pressure in the liquid is gradually reduced, air penetrates from an open inlet, displacing the liquid which leaves the system from an outlet on the opposite side. Pressure measurements and images of the flow are recorded and the pressure‐saturation relationship is computed. We show that this relationship depends on the system size and aspect ratio. The effects of the system's boundaries on this relationship are measured experimentally and compared with simulations produced using an invasion percolation algorithm. The pressure build up at the beginning and end of the invasion process are particularly affected by the boundaries of the system whereas at the central part of the model (when the air front progresses far from these boundaries), the invasion happens at a statistically constant capillary pressure. These observations have led us to propose a much simplified pressure‐saturation relationship, valid for systems that are large enough such that the invasion is not influenced by boundary effects. The properties of this relationship depend on the capillary pressure thresholds distribution, sample dimensions, and average pore connectivity and its applications may be of particular interest for simulations of two‐phase flow in large porous media.
Channel adjustments to a succession of water pulses in gravel bed rivers
Authors: Ferrer‐Boix Carles , Hassan Marwan A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGravel bed rivers commonly exhibit a coarse surface armor resulting from a complex history of interactions between flow and sediment supply. The evolution of the surface texture under single storm events or under steady flow conditions has been studied by a number of researchers. However, the role of successive floods on the surface texture evolution is still poorly understood. An experimental campaign in an 18 m‐long 1 m‐wide flume has been designed to study these issues. Eight consecutive runs, each one consisting of a low‐flow period of variable duration followed by a sudden flood (water pulse) lasting 1.5 h, have been conducted. The total duration of the experiment was 46 h. The initial bed surface was created during a 280 h‐long experiment focused on the influence of episodic sediment supply on channel adjustments. Our experiments represent a realistic armored and structured beds found in mountain gravel bed rivers. The armor surface texture persists over the duration of the experiment. The experiment exhibits downstream fining of the bed‐surface texture. It was found that sorting processes were affected by the duration of low‐flow between flood pulses. Since bed load transport is influenced by sediment sorting, the evolution of bed load transport is impacted by the frequency of the water pulses: short interpulse durations reduce the time over which fine material (transported as bed load) can be winnowed. This, in turn, contributes to declining reduction of the bed load transport over time while the sediment storage increases.
Potential‐Assisted DNA Immobilization as a Prerequisite for Fast and Controlled Formation of DNA Monolayers
Authors: Jambrec Daliborka , Gebala Magdalena , La Mantia Fabio , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHighly reproducible and fast potential‐assisted immobilization of single‐stranded (ss)DNA on gold surfaces is achieved by applying a pulse‐type potential modulation. The desired DNA coverage can be obtained in a highly reproducible way within minutes. Understanding the underlying processes occurring during potential‐assisted ssDNA immobilization is crucial. We propose a model that considers the role of ions surrounding the DNA strands, the distance dependence of the applied potentials within the electrolyte solution, and most importantly the shift of the potential of zero charge during the immobilization due to the surface modification with DNA. The control of the surface coverage of ssDNA as well as the achieved speed and high reproducibility are seen as prerequisites for improved DNA‐based bioassays.
Solution blowing of thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibers: A facile method to produce flexible porous materials
Authors: Polat Yusuf , Pampal Esra Serife , Stojanovska Elena , Simsek Ramazan , Hassanin Ahmed , Kilic Ali , Demir Ali , Yilmaz Safak 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSolution blowing (SB) is a promising and scalable approach for the production of nanofibers. Air pressure, solution flow‐rate, and nozzle‐collector distance were determined as effective process parameters, while solution concentration was also reported as a material parameter. Here we performed a parametric study on thermoplastic polyurethane/dimethyl formamide (TPU/DMF) solutions to examine the effect of such parameters on the resultant properties such as fiber diameter, diameter distribution, porosity, and air permeability of the nanofibrous webs. The obtained solution blown thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibers had average diameter down to 170 ± 112 nm, which is similar to that observed in electrospinning. However, the production rate per nozzle can be 20 times larger, which is primarily dependent on air pressure and solution flow rate (20 mL/h). Moreover, it was even possible to produce nanofibers polymer concentrations of 20%; however, this increased the average nanofiber diameter. The fibers produced from the TPU/DMF solutions at concentrations of 20% and 10% had average diameters of 671 ± 136 nm and 170 ± 112 nm, respectively. SB can potentially be used for the industrial‐scale production of products such as nanofibrous filters, protective textiles, scaffolds, wound dressings, and battery components. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43025.
Halogen‐Adjusted Chemoselective Synthesis of Fluorene Derivatives with Position‐Controlled Substituents
Authors: Song Juan , Sun Wei , Li Yali , Wei Fuliang , Liu Chao , Qian Yan , Chen Shufen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFluorenes have been synthesized through an efficient novel Pd‐catalyzed tandem cross‐coupling reaction; these substrates are fascinating building blocks found in organic photoelectric materials. The position of the substituent on fluorenes could be conveniently tuned by changing the halogen in the ortho‐halobenzyl bromide substrates when coupled with various arylboronic acids. This newly developed synthetic approach could achieve the potential diversity in fluorene‐based molecular architectures.
The metabolomic study on atherosclerosis mice and its application in a traditional Chinese medicine Sishen granule
Authors: Tian Feng , Gu Lei , Si Aiyong , Yao Quanbao , Zhang Xianwei , Zhao Jihui , Hu Daode 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough an atherosclerosis (AS) model using low‐density lipoprotein receptor deletion mice has been widely applied, its pathological pathway in metabolite level is still not clear. To further reveal the metabolite profile and identify the potential biomarkers in AS development, a serum metabolomic approach was developed based on reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐Q‐TOF‐MS). The established metabolomic platform was also used for elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of a traditional Chinese medicine named Sishen granule (SSKL). Twenty‐one potential biomarkers in AS mouse serum were identified. Through functional analysis of these biomarkers, inflammation, proliferation, dysfunction of energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism were considered the most relevant pathological changes in AS. DNA damage products were found for the first time in the metabolomic study of AS. The network established by 20 biomarkers revealed that pyruvate metabolism, citrate cycle, fatty acid metabolism and urea metabolism were seriously disturbed. This metabolomic study not only supplied a systematic view of the progression of AS but also provided a theoretical basis for the treatment of AS. This metabolomic study also demonstrated that SSKL had therapeutic effectiveness for AS through partly reversing the inflammation reaction and amino acid metabolism dysfunction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein‐Specific Imaging of O‐GlcNAcylation in Single Cells
Authors: Lin Wei , Gao Ling , Chen Xing 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThousands of intracellular proteins are post‐translationally modified with O‐GlcNAc, and O‐GlcNAcylation impacts the function of modified proteins and mediates diverse biological processes. However, the ubiquity of this important glycosylation makes it highly challenging to probe the O‐GlcNAcylation state of a specific protein at the cellular level. Herein, we report the development of a FLIM–FRET‐based strategy, which exploits the spatial proximity of the O‐GlcNAc moiety and the attaching protein, for protein‐specific imaging of O‐GlcNAcylation in single cells. We demonstrated this strategy by imaging the O‐GlcNAcylation state of tau and β‐catenin inside the cells. Furthermore, the changes in tau O‐GlcNAcylation were monitored when the overall cellular O‐GlcNAc was pharmacologically altered by using the OGT and OGA inhibitors. We envision that the FLIM–FRET strategy will be broadly applicable to probe the O‐GlcNAcylation state of various proteins in the cells.
Secondary Binding Interactions in a Synthetic Receptor for Trimethyllysine
Authors: Pinkin Nicholas K. , Liu Ina , Abron Jessicca D. , Waters Marcey L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe have systematically studied how secondary interactions with neighboring lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg) residues influence the binding and selectivity of the synthetic receptor A2N for trimethyllysine (Kme3). Multiple secondary binding sites on A2N are formed by carboxylates rigidly positioned over aromatic rings, a motif that has been shown to stabilize salt bridges. We varied the spacing between KmeX (X=0, 3) and an ancillary Lys or Arg and measured binding by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). These studies revealed that both neighboring residues improve the binding of A2N to KmeX by approximately 1 kcal mol−1, with little influence of the spacing. Nonetheless, the improvement in affinity caused by Arg is enthalpically driven, while for Lys it is entropically driven, suggesting different mechanisms by which the residues interact with the secondary binding site.
Kinetics of reverse water‐gas shift reaction over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst
Authors: Jadhav Suhas G. , Vaidya Prakash D. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe CAMERE (Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Form Methanol via a Reverse Water‐Gas Shift Reaction) process for the transformation of CO2 into methanol comprises reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS) and methanol production. In this work, the reaction kinetics of RWGS was investigated using a commercial Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Catalytic runs were accomplished in a fixed‐bed flow reactor at 0.1 MPa in the 573–873 K range. The space time was varied in the 0.03–0.25 g · h/L range. The prevalence of the chemical control regime was established. The influence of reaction variables on the catalyst performance was investigated, and it was found that the increase in pressure resulted in a growing CO2 conversion value. The reactor was operated under differential reaction conditions and the influence of the H2/CO2 ratio in the feed on reaction rates was studied. Finally, the reaction pathway was analyzed using the associative and redox reaction mechanisms, and the latter appeared dominant over Pt/Al2O3.
Skin Bond Electron Relaxation Dynamics of Germanium Manipulated by Interactions with H2, O2, H2O, H2O2, HF, and Au
Authors: Wu Lihong , Bo Maolin , Guo Yongling , Wang Yan , Li Can , Huang Yongli , Sun Chang Q 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlthough germanium performs amazingly well at sites surrounding hetero‐coordinated impurities and under‐coordinated defects or skins with unusual properties, having important impact on electronic and optical devices, understanding the behavior of the local bonds and electrons at such sites remains a great challenge. Here we show that a combination of density functional theory calculations, zone‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and bond order length strength correlation mechanism has enabled us to clarify the physical origin of the Ge 3d core‐level shift for the under‐coordinated (111) and (100) skin with and without hetero‐coordinated H2, O2, H2O, H2O2, HF impurities. The Ge 3d level shifts from 27.579 (for an isolated atom) by 1.381 to 28.960 eV upon bulk formation. Atomic under‐coordination shifts the binding energy further to 29.823 eV for the (001) and to 29.713 eV for the (111) monolayer skin. Addition of O2, HF, H2O, H2O2 and Au impurities results in quantum entrapment by different amounts, but H adsorption leads to polarization.
Molecular Solution Behaviour of an Intermediate Biofuel Feedstock: Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE)
Authors: Zehentbauer Florian M. , Kiefer Johannes 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMixtures of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) are common intermediate products in the production of biofuels via biomass fermentation. Their separation to yield, for example, bio‐butanol, is still difficult due to the lack of a fundamental understanding of these mixtures at the molecular level. In order to bridge this gap, a detailed analysis of characteristic features of the vibrational spectrum is carried out. A systematic study of the binary solutions of acetone with ethanol and butanol does not only reveal a universal behaviour at the molecular level when acetone is mixed with short‐chain alcohols, it also shows that the phenomena at a length scale between the molecules and in the macroscopic solution need to be taken into account to understand the structure–property relationships. The size of self‐associated molecule clusters seems to determine whether or not a system exhibits an azeotrope. When a second alcohol is added to an acetone/alcohol solution, no additional non‐idealities are induced, which is advantageous for modelling ternary ABE mixtures and for improving their processing in the production of biofuels.