bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ferreira Sergio T. , Clarke Julia R. , Bomfim Theresa R. , De Felice Fernanda G. 
Published: February 2014

A link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and metabolic disorders has been established, with patients with type 2 diabetes at increased risk of developing AD and vice versa. The incidence of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is increasing at alarming rates worldwide, primarily as a result of poor lifestyle habits. In parallel, as the world population ages, the prevalence of AD, the most common form of dementia in the elderly, also increases. In addition to their epidemiologic and clinical association, mounting recent evidence indicates shared mechanisms of pathogenesis between metabolic disorders and AD. We discuss the concept that peripheral and central nervous system inflammation link the pathogenesis of AD and metabolic diseases. We also explore the contribution of brain inflammation to defective insulin signaling and neuronal dysfunction. Last, we review recent evidence indicating that targeting neuroinflammation may provide novel therapeutic avenues for AD.
A case of inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock due to epileptic seizures: A possible limitation of the Wavelet discrimination algorithm
Authors: Ishida Yuji , Sasaki Shingo , Tomita Hirofumi , Kimura Masaomi , Owada Shingen , Horiuchi Daisuke , Sasaki Kenichi , Itoh Taihei , Endo Tomohide , Suzuki Akiko , Tateyama Shunta , Kinjo Takahiko , Okumura Ken 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the present report, we describe the case of a 63‐year‐old man who received an inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock due to an epileptic seizure. He experienced an acute myocardial infarction 12 months previously, and his left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was markedly reduced (21.1%) due to the presence of advanced LV remodeling and an LV aneurysm. An implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD, Medtronic Protecta XT VR) was implanted for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. After the implantation, ICD shock data were transmitted via a remote monitoring system. Although many episodes of tachycardia due to atrial fibrillation (AF) were detected, inappropriate discharge was avoided by the use of the Wavelet™ morphology discrimination algorithm (Medtronic Inc., MN, USA). However, an ICD shock was inappropriately delivered for AF tachycardia accompanied by frequent noise detected in the intracardiac electrocardiogram. A detailed analysis showed that the observed noise was derived from the myopotential induced by an epileptic seizure, which overlapped with the QRS wave. This resulted in inappropriate ICD shock delivery that could not be avoided with the use of Wavelet algorithm. To eliminate the involvement of the myopotential derived from an epileptic seizure, the nominal direction of the intracardiac electrocardiogram was changed. This adjustment prevented inappropriate ICD shock delivery during subsequent epileptic seizures. Here, we describe for the first time a case of inappropriate ICD shock delivery induced by an epileptic seizure, suggesting a possible limitation of the Wavelet discrimination algorithm.
Differences in the Association of Hip Cartilage Lesions and Cam‐Type Femoroacetabular Impingement With Movement Patterns: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Dillon Alexander , Nardo Lorenzo , Link Thomas M. , Majumdar Sharmila , Souza Richard B. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the differences in hip movement patterns during different daily and athletic activities in persons with cam‐type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) with and without cartilage lesions compared with control subjects in a preliminary study.DesignControlled laboratory study using a cross‐sectional design.SettingResearch institution with a tertiary care medical center.ParticipantsFifteen subjects [M:F, 13:2; age, 31.6 ± 9.7 years (range, 22‐52 years); body mass index, 24.9 ± 4.6 (range, 18.8‐38.4); FAI:control, 7:8].MethodsAll subjects had 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the hip and also underwent 3‐dimensional motion capture during walking, deep‐squat, and drop‐landing tasks. Experienced radiologists graded cartilage lesions on clinical magnetic resonance images.OutcomesPeak kinematic and kinetic variables were compared between subjects who did and did not have FAI, and subjects who had FAI and cartilage lesions were compared with subjects who did not have cartilage lesions.ResultsSubjects who had FAI demonstrated no significant differences for walking or drop landing compared with control subjects. However, during the deep‐squat task, subjects with FAI adducted more and had a greater internal rotation moment. Subjects who had cartilage lesions in the presence of a cam lesion demonstrated (1) no difference for walking; (2) greater adduction, greater internal rotation moment, and lower transverse plane range of motion during the deep‐squat task; and (3) greater adduction and lower internal rotation during the drop‐landing task compared with subjects who did not have cartilage lesions.ConclusionsWe observed differences in movement patterns between subjects who had FAI compared with control subjects. However, the differences were more pronounced between subjects with FAI who had cartilage lesions compared with subjects who did not have cartilage lesions. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex interplay between bony morphologic features, cartilage lesions, and movement patterns in persons with cam‐type FAI.
Influence of a Walking Aid on Temporal and Spatial Parameters of Gait in Healthy Adults
Authors: Jayakaran Prasath , DeSouza Lorraine , Cossar John , Gilhooly Kenneth 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of using a walking aid on temporal and spatial parameters of gait when used for balance versus support on the dominant and nondominant hand side.DesignRepeated measures observational study design.SettingUniversity gymnasium.ParticipantsTwenty‐seven healthy male and female adults of mean ± standard deviation age 44.74 ± 10.00 years.MethodsFive walking conditions (C) were completed by all participants on the GAITRite pressure mat. Normal walking (C1), walking with a cane in the dominant hand (C2) and nondominant hand (C3) as if using for balance, walking with a cane in the dominant hand (C4) and nondominant hand (C5) while allowing approximately 10% of the body weight through the cane.Main Outcome MeasurementsTemporal measurements (swing time, stance time, single limb support time, double limb support time) as percentage of a gait cycle and the base of support for the left and the right foot for all 5 walking conditions.ResultsA significant difference (P < .001) was observed between C1, C2, and C3 in percentage swing time and percentage stance time of the ipsilateral side, and in percentage single limb support time of the contralateral side. The double limb support time was significantly different (P ≤ .04) for both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. Comparisons among C1, C4, and C5 demonstrated significance (P < .001) for all variables. Post hoc analysis showed significance between C1 and C4, and C1 and C5 for all variables except percentage stance time of the ipsilateral side and percentage single limb support of the contralateral side.ConclusionsIn healthy adults, use of a cane for balance modifies swing and stance parameters of the ipsilateral side and does not affect the base of support formed by the feet. When used for support, the cane alters the swing and stance parameters, and also the base of support formed by the feet.
Resident Accuracy of Joint Line Palpation Using Ultrasound Verification
Authors: Rho Monica E. , Chu Samuel K. , Yang Aaron , Hameed Farah , Lin Cindy Yuchin , Hurh Peter J. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of knee and acromioclavicular (AC) joint line palpation in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) residents using ultrasound (US) verification.DesignCohort study.SettingPM&R residency program at an academic institution.ParticipantsTwenty‐four PM&R residents participating in a musculoskeletal US course (7 PGY‐2, 8 PGY‐3, and 9 PGY4 residents).MethodsTwenty‐four PM&R residents participating in an US course were asked to palpate the AC joint and lateral joint line of the knee in a female and male model before the start of the course. Once the presumed joint line was localized, the residents were asked to tape an 18‐gauge, 1.5‐inch, blunt‐tip needle parallel to the joint line on the overlying skin. The accuracy of needle placement over the joint line was verified using US.Main Outcome MeasuresUS verification of correct needle placement over the joint line.ResultsOverall AC joint palpation accuracy was 16.7%, and knee lateral joint line palpation accuracy was 58.3%. Based on the resident level of education, using a value of P < .05, there were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy of joint line palpation.ConclusionsResidents in this study demonstrate poor accuracy of AC joint and lateral knee joint line identification by palpation, using US as the criterion standard for verification. There were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy rates of joint line palpation based on resident level of education. US may be a useful tool to use to advance the current methods of teaching the physical examination in medical education.
Confined Space Medicine and the Medical Management of Complex Rescues: A Case Series
Authors: Petinaux Bruno , Macintyre Anthony G. , Barbera Joseph A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveA variety of hazards can precipitate the full or partial collapse of occupied structures. The rescue of entrapped survivors in these situations can be complex, require a multidisciplinary approach, and last for many hours.MethodsThe modern discipline of Urban Search and Rescue, which includes an active medical component, has evolved to address such situations. This case series spans several decades of experience and highlights the medical principles in the response to collapsed structure incidents.ResultsRecurring concepts of confined space medicine include rescuer safety, inter-disciplinary coordination, patient protection, medical resuscitation in austere environments, and technical extrications.ConclusionStrategies have been developed to address the varied challenges in the medical response to collapsed structure incidents. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–10)
51.5 W monolithic single frequency 1.97 m Tm-doped fiber amplifier
Authors: Wang Xiong , Zhou Pu , Wang Xiaolin , Xiao Hu , Si Lei 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate a monolithic single frequency Tm-doped fiber amplifier with output power of 51.5 W. A single frequency fiber laser at 1.97 $\mathrm {\mu} $m is amplified by a cascaded master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system with all-fiber configuration. The optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of the main fiber amplifier is 45%. No amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) or stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect is observed in the fiber amplifier. The output power could be further scaled by launching more pump power.
Energy measurement system of a large-aperture high power laser experiment
platform
Authors: Xia Yanwen , Liang Yue , Li Sen , Zhao Junpu , Peng Zhitao , Li Hongguang , Liu Hua , Sun Zhihong , Zheng Kuixing , Wei Xiaofeng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn energy measurement system in a Large-aperture high power laser experiment platform
is introduced. The entire measurement system includes five calorimeters, which carry
out the energy measurement of the fundamental frequency before the frequency
conversion unit, remaining fundamental frequency, remain second-harmonics, third
harmonics, as well as the energy balance measurement after the frequency conversion
unit. Combinational indirect calibration and direct calibration are employed to
calibrate the sampling coefficients of the calorimeters. The analysis of the data
showed that, regarding the energy balance coefficients, combinational calibration
approach gives a higher precision, and leads to an energy balance with 1%; and
regarding the energy sampling coefficients for the various wavelengths after the
frequency conversion, the results from direct and combinational calibration are
consistent. The uncertainties for all energy sampling coefficients are within 3%,
which guarantees the reliability of the energy measurement for the laser
facility.
An important effect of filamentation instability on laser fusion physical processes
Authors: Lin Zunqi , Lei Anle , Fan Wei , Zhou Shenlei , Wang Li 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe process of high power laser interaction with the large scale length corona plasma produced by the leading edge of the laser pulse has been investigated. Early experimental results are re-analyzed and conclusions drawn. In particular, studies of the close connection of unstable filamentation instability with – mainly – two-plasmon decay and – partly – stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Brillouin scattering, and resonance absorption are carried out in this paper. The positive and negative effects of filamentation instability are also discussed.
THE BURDENS OF SUBJECTHOOD: THE OTTOMAN STATE, RUSSIAN FUGITIVES, AND INTERIMPERIAL LAW, 1774–1869
Authors: Smiley Will 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article analyzes the changing treaty law and practice governing the Ottoman state's attitude toward the subjects of its most important neighbor and most inveterate rival: the Russian Empire. The two empires were linked by both migration and unfreedom; alongside Russian slaves forcibly brought to the sultans’ domains, many others came as fugitives from serfdom and conscription. But beginning in the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire reinforced Russian serfdom and conscription by agreeing to return fugitives, even as the same treaties undermined Ottoman forced labor by mandating the return of Russian slaves. Drawing extensively on Ottoman archival sources, this article argues that the resulting interimperial regulations on unfreedom and movement hardened the empires’ human and geographic boundaries, so that for many Russian subjects, foreign subjecthood under treaty law was not a privilege, but a liability.
BETWEEN PERMEABLE AND SEALED BORDERS: THE TRANS-ARABIAN PIPELINE AND THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT
Authors: Kaufman Asher 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline), which extended from Dhahran in Saudi Arabia to Zahrani in Lebanon and operated from 1950 to 1982, was haunted by the Arab–Israeli conflict throughout the years of its operation. The route of the pipeline—which traversed Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon—was chosen so as to circumvent Palestine/Israel. However, following the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights in the 1967 war, Israel became an active participant in this project, with the full consent of the transit states and Egypt. This article uses Tapline as a means to analyze the interconnected world facilitated by oil pipelines, which defies common wisdom about state sovereignty or the function of interstate boundaries. In addition, Tapline demonstrates how this interconnected network created possibilities for Arab–Israeli cooperation that might have seemed inconceivable initially, given the hostile dynamics of the conflict.
ARABIC THEATER IN EARLY KHEDIVIAL CULTURE, 1868–72: JAMES SANUA REVISITED
Authors: Mestyan Adam 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article revisits the official culture of the early khedivate through a microhistory of the first modern Egyptian theater in Arabic. Based on archival research, it aims at a recalibration of recent scholarship by showing khedivial culture as a complex framework of competing patriotisms. It analyzes the discourse about theater in the Arabic press, including the journalist Muhammad Unsi's call for performances in Arabic in 1870. It shows that the realization of this idea was the theater group led by James Sanua between 1871 and 1872, which also performed ʿAbd al-Fattah al-Misri's tragedy. But the troupe was not an expression of subversive nationalism, as has been claimed by scholars. My historical reconstruction and my analysis of the content of Sanua's comedies show loyalism toward the Khedive Ismail. Yet his form of contemporary satire was incompatible with elite cultural patriotism, which employed historicization as its dominant technique. This revision throws new light on a crucial moment of social change in the history of modern Egypt, when the ruler was expected to preside over the plural cultural bodies of the nation.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN SPAIN: BIOLOGICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES
Authors: FUSTER VICENTE , ZULUAGA PILAR , COLANTONIO S. E. , ROMÁN-BUSTO J. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe geographic and demographic dimensions of Spain, in terms of surface and number of inhabitants, and its heterogeneous socioeconomic development offer an adequate opportunity to study the provincial differences in birth weight from 1996 to 2010, focusing on possible factors determining the relative frequency of low birth weight. The study analysed geographic differences with regard to biological, demographic and socioeconomic factors that interfere with the female reproductive pattern. The variables considered here were: birth order, proportion of premature deliveries, mother's age, multiparity, mother's country of origin and professional qualifications. Two periods (1996–2000 and 2006–2010) were compared by means of principal components analysis. An increase in the relative frequency of deliveries weighing less than 2500 g occurred in most of the 52 geographic units studied, differences being significant in 42. Only in five cases was there a non-significant reduction in the proportion of low weight births. The first component after principal component analysis indicated that low birth weight was positively related to maternal age and to multiple deliveries, and negatively to the mother's low professional qualification. The second component related positively to the incidence of premature deliveries and to non-Spanish status and negatively in the case of primiparous mothers. The progressive increase in low birth weight incidence observed in Spain from 1996 onwards has occurred with considerable variation in each province. In part, this diversity can be attributed to the unequal reproductive patterns of immigrant mothers.
Prosodic disambiguation of scopally ambiguous quantificational sentences in a discourse context
Authors: SYRETT KRISTEN , SIMON GEORGIA , NISULA KIRSTEN 
Published: February 2014

Researchers have long sought to determine the strength of the relation between prosody and the interpretation of scopally ambiguous sentences in English involving quantification and negation (e.g. All the men didn't go). While Jackendoff (1972) proposed a one-to-one mapping between sentence-final contour and the scope of negation (falling contour: narrow scope, fall-rise contour: wide scope), in subsequent work, researchers (e.g. Ladd 1980; Ward & Hirschberg 1985; Kadmon & Roberts 1986) disentangled the link between prosody and scope. Even though these pragmatic accounts predict variability in production, they still allow for some correlation between scope and prosody. To date, we lack systematic evidence to bear on this discussion. Here, we present findings from two perception experiments aimed at investigating whether prosodic information – including, but not limited to, sentence-final contour – can successfully disambiguate such sentences. We show that when speakers provide consistent auditory cues to sentential interpretation, hearers can successfully recruit these cues to arrive at the correct interpretation as intended by the speaker. In light of these results, we argue that psycholinguistic studies (including language acquisition studies) investigating participants’ ability to access multiple interpretations of scopally ambiguous sentences – quantificational and otherwise – should carefully control for prosody.
Fiscal federalism and American exceptionalism: why is there no federal equalisation system in the United States?
Authors: Béland Daniel , Lecours André 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article addresses the absence of a federal equalisation programme in the United States, which is a significant aspect of “American exceptionalism”. Comparing the United States with Australia and Canada, we argue that three factors are relevant when accounting for this absence. On one hand, we turn to two societal factors to explain why there was never much political appetite for the creation of a stand-alone equalisation programme in the United States, namely the lack of a direct threat to the territorial integrity of the United States after 1865 and the comparative weakness of the idea of social citizenship in that country. On the other hand, our analysis shows that key institutional features of American political institutions, particularly strong bicameralism combined with the absence of formal party discipline, help illuminate why it would have been difficult to create an equalisation programme even if there had been some societal pressures to do so.
IR in France: state and costs of a disciplinary variety
Authors: CHILLAUD MATTHIEU 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article addresses the issue of disciplinary variety in French International Relations (IR) from the perspective of Bourdieu's scientific field theory. The tug of war between ‘dominants’ and ‘pretenders’ for the control of IR as ‘their’ discipline in French academia originates from the difficulty of (only) one discipline, that is, political science, monopolising IR. Compared to other subfields of political science, IR is the field of research that borrows most from other scholarly disciplines. These difficulties strengthened the imperviousness of French IR to the works of IR scholars from the Anglo-American world; until very recently, insularity and particularism could not proceed much further. This period matches roughly to one in which IR was dominated, in France, by law and history. Today there is still a very strong influence of this period when scholars from disciplines other than political science distrusted IR theories. Other reasons related to the issue of the disciplinary variety of IR, for instance the absence of a general acknowledgment of the peer-review system, may contribute to the complexity, if not confusion, which characterises the identify of French IR.
Resilience and the ‘everyday’: beyond the paradox of ‘liberal peace’
Authors: CHANDLER DAVID 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOver the last decade there has been a shift towards critical understandings of ‘liberal peace’ approaches to international intervention, which argue that local culture holds the key to the effectiveness of peace interventions. In this ‘bottom-up’ approach, peace, reconciliation, and a ‘culture of law’ then become secondary effects of sociocultural norms and values. However, these liberal peace critiques have remained trapped in the paradox of liberal peace: the inability to go beyond the binaries of liberal universalism and cultural relativism. This understanding will be contrasted with the rise of ‘resilience’ approaches to intervention – which build on this attention to the particular context of application but move beyond this paradox through philosophical pragmatism and the focus on concrete social practices. This article clarifies the nature of this shift through the focus on the shifting understanding of international intervention to address the failings of the ‘war on drugs’ in the Americas.