bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-class classification: taxonomy of study and review of techniques
Authors: Khan Shehroz S. , Madden Michael G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOne-class classification (OCC) algorithms aim to build classification models when the negative class is either absent, poorly sampled or not well defined. This unique situation constrains the learning of efficient classifiers by defining class boundary just with the knowledge of positive class. The OCC problem has been considered and applied under many research themes, such as outlier/novelty detection and concept learning. In this paper, we present a unified view of the general problem of OCC by presenting a taxonomy of study for OCC problems, which is based on the availability of training data, algorithms used and the application domains applied. We further delve into each of the categories of the proposed taxonomy and present a comprehensive literature review of the OCC algorithms, techniques and methodologies with a focus on their significance, limitations and applications. We conclude our paper by discussing some open research problems in the field of OCC and present our vision for future research.
Retaining Judicial Professionalism: The New Guiding Cases Mechanism of the Supreme People's Court
Authors: Ahl Björn 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn 2011 and 2012, the Supreme People's Court (SPC) published its first “guiding cases.” Guiding cases serve as decision-making models that must be taken into account by lower courts when deciding similar cases. This study argues that the establishment of a national formal legal mechanism to improve consistency in adjudication across jurisdictions and geographical boundaries will strengthen judicial professionalism. The guiding cases system provides the SPC with an instrument to steer adjudication in lower courts discreetly, thereby allowing it to exercise significant influence over legal developments. Given the complexity of cases, compared to law set out in statute, non-lawyers may have tremendous difficulty in understanding and assessing the effects of guiding cases; this in turn acts as a protective mechanism against extra-legal interference. The reform is an example of the SPC's delicate manoeuvring in order to retain judicial professionalism in a hostile yet politically conservative environment. It reflects an attempt by the SPC to strengthen its position vis-à-vis other actors of the party-state and to consolidate the judiciary's function as an adjudicative institution that works on the basis of formal legal mechanisms.
The Non-Appropriation Principle: The Grundnorm of International Space Law
Authors: PALIOURAS ZACHOS A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the normative essence of the principle of non-appropriation in outer space as envisaged in Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, as well as its standing under customary international law. The analysis is structured with reference to the general public international law framework that governs the acquisition of territory by states, following the territorially based paradigm still prevalent in international law theory in stressing that the non-appropriation principle is indeed a norm of most increased significance within the corpus juris spatialis, i.e. the Grundnorm of international space law.
Unity or Uniformity? Domestic Courts and Treaty Interpretation
Authors: AUST HELMUT PHILIPP , RODILES ALEJANDRO , STAUBACH PETER 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe role of domestic courts in the application of international law is one of the most vividly debated issues in contemporary international legal doctrine. However, the methodology of interpretation of international norms used by these courts remains underexplored. In particular, the application of the Vienna rules of treaty interpretation by domestic courts has not been sufficiently assessed so far. Three case studies (from the US Supreme Court, the Mexican Supreme Court, and the European Court of Justice) show the diversity of approaches in this respect. In the light of these case studies, the article explores the inevitable tensions between two opposite, yet equally legitimate, normative expectations: the desirability of a common, predictable methodology versus the need for flexibility in adapting international norms to a plurality of domestic environments.
Latent class comparison of test accuracy when evaluating antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion and broth microdilution to testEscherichia coliandMannheimia haemolyticaisolates recovered from beef feedlot cattle
Authors: BENEDICT K. M. , GOW S. P. , REID-SMITH R. J. , BOOKER C. W. , McALLISTER T. A. , MORLEY P. S. 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYThe study objective was to use Bayesian latent class analysis to evaluate the accuracy of susceptibility test results obtained from disk diffusion and broth microdilution using bacteria recovered from beef feedlot cattle. Isolates ofEscherichia coliandMannheimia haemolyticawere tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, ceftiofur, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Results showed that neither testing method was always or even generally superior to the other. Specificity (ability to correctly classify non-resistant isolates) was extremely high for both testing methods, but sensitivity (ability to correctly classify resistant isolates) was lower, variable in the drugs evaluated, and variable between the two bacterial species. Predictive values estimated using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo models showed that the ability to predict true susceptibility status was equivalent for test results obtained with the two testing methods for some drugs, but for others there were marked differences between results obtained from disk diffusion and broth microdilution tests.
AVICENNA'S DENIAL OF LIFE IN PLANTS
Authors: Tawara Akihiro 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAvicenna came to an unexpected conclusion in the treatiseOn Plantsinal-Šifāʾ: that plants are not alive. This judgment is surprising in view of Aristotle's opinion that that which has a soul is alive. This paper shows that there is a development in Avicenna's thought on plants' life. He begins with the Aristotelian view that plants are alive inasmuch as they possess a soul, as we see in his earlyA Compendium on the Soul.Later, however, through his investigation of the faculties of the soul, discussed mainly in the first part of theCanon of Medicine,he is led to conclude that plants could not be said to be alive. This paper indicates the importance of considering the influence of Avicenna's medical findings on his philosophical arguments when examining the development of his thought.
Two modes of exocytosis in an artificial cell
Authors: Mellander Lisa J. , Kurczy Michael E. , Najafinobar Neda , Dunevall Johan , Ewing Andrew G. , Cans Ann-Sofie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe details of exocytosis, the vital cell process of neuronal communication, are still under debate with two generally accepted scenarios. The first mode of release involves secretory vesicles distending into the cell membrane to release the complete vesicle contents. The second involves partial release of the vesicle content through an intermittent fusion pore, or an opened or partially distended fusion pore. Here we show that both full and partial release can be mimicked with a single large-scale cell model for exocytosis composed of material from blebbing cell plasma membrane. The apparent switching mechanism for determining the mode of release is demonstrated to be related to membrane tension that can be differentially induced during artificial exocytosis. These results suggest that the partial distension mode might correspond to an extended kiss-and-run mechanism of release from secretory cells, which has been proposed as a major pathway of exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells.
Hydrodynamics and collective behavior of the tethered bacteriumThiovulum majus
Authors: Petroff Alexander , Libchaber Albert 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceIn this paper we examine the dynamics underlying a form of collective behavior exhibited by bacteria. In a nutrient gradient,Thiovulum majuscells aggregate into a community in which cells attach to one another using mucus tethers. As tethered cells beat their flagella, they pull nutrient-laden water through the community. The flow of water created by many cells gives rise to variations in the nutrient concentration. As cells reorganize in response to these nutrient gradients, they change the flow of water. We show that the coupling between the motion of water, nutrients, and cells generates large-scale flows that dramatically increase the rate at which nutrients are pulled to the cells.
Cas-OFFinder: a fast and versatile algorithm that searches for potential off-target sites of Cas9 RNA-guided endonucleases
Authors: Bae Sangsu , Park Jeongbin , Kim Jin-Soo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSummary: The Type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system is an adaptive immune response in prokaryotes, protecting host cells against invading phages or plasmids by cleaving these foreign DNA species in a targeted manner. CRISPR/Cas-derived RNA-guided engineered nucleases (RGENs) enable genome editing in cultured cells, animals and plants, but are limited by off-target mutations. Here, we present a novel algorithm termed Cas-OFFinder that searches for potential off-target sites in a given genome or user-defined sequences. Unlike other algorithms currently available for identification of RGEN off-target sites, Cas-OFFinder is not limited by the number of mismatches and allows variations in protospacer-adjacent motif sequences recognized by Cas9, the essential protein component in RGENs. Cas-OFFinder is available as a command-line program or accessible via our website.Availability and implementation: Cas-OFFinder free access at http://www.rgenome.net/cas-offinder.Contact: baesau@snu.ac.kr or jskim01@snu.ac.kr
Hydrolyzed Formulas for Allergy Prevention
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , Bhatia Jatinder , Shamir Raanan , Agostoni Carlo , Turck Dominique , Staiano Annamaria , Szajewska Hania 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the present review was to provide recommendations on the use of hydrolysates in infants when formula feeding is initiated.Methods:We performed an overview of reviews followed by a systematic review of subsequently published trials.Results:We found 8 systematic reviews; only 1 study of limited quality was published afterwards. Certain extensively hydrolyzed casein and certain partially hydrolyzed whey formulas are appropriate for reducing the risk of allergy in infants at high risk when formula feeding is initiated.Conclusions:In high‐risk infants, when breast‐feeding is not possible, hydrolysates of documented safety and efficacy have an indication in infant feeding up to the age 4 to 6 months.
Genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the diversified chicken genomes using next-generation sequencing
Authors: Yi Guoqiang , Qu Lujiang , Liu Jianfeng , Yan Yiyuan , Xu Guiyun , Yang Ning 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCopy number variation (CNV) is important and widespread in the genome, and is a major cause of disease and phenotypic diversity. Herein, we perform genome-wide CNV analysis in 12 diversified chicken genomes based on whole genome sequencing. A total of 9,025 CNV regions (CNVRs) covering 100.1 Mb and representing 9.6% of the chicken genome are identified, ranging in size from 1.1 to 268.8 kb with an average of 11.1 kb. Sequencing-based predictions are confirmed at high validation rate by two independent approaches, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The Pearson’s correlation values between sequencing and aCGH results range from 0.395 to 0.740, and qPCR experiments reveal a positive validation rate of 91.71% and a false negative rate of 22.43%. In total, 2,188 predicted CNVRs (24.2%) span 2,182 RefSeq genes (36.8%) associated with specific biological functions. Besides two previously accepted copy number variable genesEDN3andPRLR, we also find some promising genes with potential in phenotypic variants.FZD6andLIMS1, two genes related to diseases susceptibility and resistance are covered by CNVRs. Highly duplicatedSOCS2may lead to higher bone mineral density. Entire or partial duplication of some genes likePOPDC3andLBFABPmay have great economic importance in poultry breeding. Our results based on extensive genetic diversity provide the first individualized chicken CNV map and genome-wide gene copy number estimates and warrant future CNV association studies for important traits of chickens.
Religious fasting: an alternative approach to improve hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Muzaffar Ali Khan Khattak Muhammad , Abu Bakar Ibrahim , Yeim Layana 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of fasting on blood lipid profile in fasting obese and non‐obese subjects.Design/methodology/approachMale and female subjects from the International Islamic University, Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan Campus were assessed for body compositional changes during Ramadan fasting. In total, 25 males and females volunteered to participate in this study in the holy month of Ramadan. The mean age of the volunteers was 26.5±5.86 years and the age range was 21‐45 years. The age, weight and height of the volunteers were recorded on day 1 of Ramadan and weight was also recorded on day 21. The volunteers were asked for donation of blood samples on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of the Ramadan. The blood serum was separated and stored at −20°C immediately after each collection. The serum samples stored at −20°C were analyzed for serum glucose and lipid profile. The analysis of serum lipid profile was performed with the help of clinical kits from Bayer Health Care using Bayer Express Plus Clinical analyzer. The serum was used for the estimation of total cholesterol (TC), HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐c) and triglycerides (TG) concentrations using kit reagents from M/s Bayer Diagnostics, whereas low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) was determined by calculation. The statistics were performed using MINITAB statistical software (release 8.2).FindingsThe serum triglyceride concentration was significantly reduced and the reduction was 17.48 percent from day 1‐21. The serum TC concentration also reduced from day 1‐21 and the reduction was 15.93 percent. The serum LDL‐c concentration also significantly reduced from day 1‐21 and the reduction was 21.67 percent. The serum HDL‐c concentration decreased in the first weak and second week but an improving trend was observed on day 21 of the Ramadan.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was not a controlled one and was conducted on free‐living individuals and therefore there is need to have controlled or adjusted physical activities studies in fasting individuals. It is always difficult to conduct experiment on human beings in the metabolic area. Furthermore, in this study it was not possible since it was a religious fasting. Another limitation is that the size of the sample was smaller than is advisable for this kind of study. However, the results were confirmed in the following month of Ramadan, as described in the paper.Originality/valueThe paper takes into consideration the effect of Ramadan fasting on blood lipid profile, which has ever been studied in obese individuals.
Characterization and fatty acids profile of the oils from Amazon nuts and walnuts
Authors: Costa Tainara , Jorge Neuza 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to characterize oils extracted from Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythis pisonis, Dipteryx lacunifera, Carya illinoensis and Juglans regia, regarding their characterization and fatty acid profile.Design/methodology/approachThe oils were extracted from oilseeds by cold pressing and physico‐chemical characterization was performed by using standard methods for oils and fats. The oxidative stability and fatty acid profile also were determined.FindingsAccording to the results, the physico‐chemical properties of oils from nuts and walnuts were comparable to those of good quality conventional oils. The oil seeds are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic acids.Research limitations/implicationsImplies the identification of fatty acid profile and physico‐chemical properties of oils extracted from nuts and walnuts, and to prevent certain types of diseases.Originality/valueThe paper identifies a new source of essential fatty acids extracted from oilseeds.
The effects of managerial transition training on organizational performance
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Buxton William A. 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a self‐managed transition process on the performance of mid‐level managers, specifically company commanders serving in the US Army.Design/methodology/approachThe transition process provided the new commanders with a flexible outline of topics used for interviewing key personnel within the larger organization (battalion) prior to and immediately following assumption of command. The authors measured the performance of commanders using a standardized Battalion Command Evaluation Form completed by the battalion commander. In addition, the effects of leader experience and locus of control were examined.FindingsIt was found that use of the transition process enhanced the performance of company commanders who had an external locus of control and/or did not come directly from a job proximal to command.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper provides a model that can be used with mid‐level managers in order to minimize the performance deficit often associated with turnover.Originality/valueMost research on managerial transition has focused on upper‐level management. The paper examines mid‐level managerial turnover and provides new information about how means and opportunities can affect leader effectiveness.
A transaction costs approach to purchasing portfolio management
Authors: Luzzini Davide , Caniato Federico , Ronchi Stefano , Spina Gianluca 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretically sound and empirically tested classification system composed of purchasing strategic categories as a basis for purchasing portfolio models.Design/methodology/approachAn international, cross‐industry survey has been designed to assess the characteristics and corresponding strategies of the purchasing categories.FindingsThe paper operationalises the constructs derived from previous scientific contributions related to purchasing portfolio management and transaction cost economics (TCE) to empirically test the purchasing portfolio. In total, four different types of strategic categories have been identified, and distinctive competitive priorities have been found.Research limitations/implicationsManagers might be able to identify different types of purchasing strategic categories, whose characteristics drive specific purchasing strategies. Longitudinal data and more extensive tests of the characteristics of each category might contribute to improving the proposed research framework.Originality/valueThe research overcomes some of the classical limits of purchasing portfolio models, including the absence of a theoretical and empirical basis. In particular, TCE is used to support and expand traditional purchasing portfolio approaches, and a broad empirical base is used to test such an approach.
Modelling the integration‐performance relationship
Authors: van der Vaart Taco , Pieter van Donk Dirk , Gimenez Cristina , Sierra Vicenta 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of different dimensions of supply chain integration on performance, while considering both the interconnections between these supply chain integration dimensions and the effect of context. Specifically, the authors investigate the relationship between two enablers (communication infrastructure and cooperative behaviour) and two practices (planning information and joint improvement), and the moderating effect of supply complexity on their relationship with performance.Design/methodology/approachA survey among 145 Dutch and Spanish manufacturers is used to gather data on the buyer‐supplier relationship. Both the sample and two subsamples – for high and low supply complexity – are analysed using SmartPLS.FindingsThe paper finds that two dimensions – communication infrastructure and cooperative behaviour – enable the two collaborative practices: joint improvement and planning information. All mentioned supply chain integration dimensions, except joint improvement are related to performance, but specifically if the supply complexity is high. Among these dimensions the effect of cooperative behaviour is relatively high.Originality/valueThis paper adds to our understanding of how contingencies influence the supply chain. It is the first paper that investigates the moderating effect of the complexity of the process of delivery (supply complexity) on the effectiveness of supply chain integration practices.
Cooperation in the supply chain and lean production adoption
Authors: Moyano‐Fuentes José , Sacristán‐Díaz Macarena , José Martínez‐Jurado Pedro 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of the level of cooperation in the supply chain on lean production (LP) adoption. The effect of the level of cooperation with both suppliers and customers with regards to the intensity of LP adoption is examined, as is the joint effect of cooperation and information integration with customers.Design/methodology/approachAnalysis is carried out on a sample of 84 manufacturing plants that are first tier suppliers to original equipment manufacturers in the Spanish automotive industry. Data were gathered from plant CEOs via a combination of regular mail, e‐mail and internet‐based survey methods. Data are analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression.FindingsThe results show that while greater levels of cooperation with suppliers do not impact on the intensity of LP adoption, greater levels of cooperation with customers do have a significant effect. Also, the greater the cooperation with customers and the more information integrated with them, the higher the intensity of LP adoption.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings stress the importance of having a holistic vision of the supply chain to explain the degree of LP adoption. Further developments include simultaneously studying the role of both information and physical flows along the supply chain in LP adoption, and analyzing the time lag that occurs between a company increasing cooperation with suppliers and customers, and progress being made in the intensity of LP adoption.Practical implicationsPractitioners must be mindful that a greater level of cooperation with customers creates a favourable environment for increasing the intensity of adoption of LP.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to research on the explanatory factors of LP adoption by adding new factors to explain it, including the level of cooperation between supply chain agents and the interaction of information integration and cooperation with customers.