bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemistry and kraft pulping of seven hybrid aspen clones. Dimension measurements on the vessels and UMSP of the cell walls
Authors: Sable Inese , Grinfelds Uldis , Zeps Martins , Irbe Ilze , Noldt Guna , Jansons Aris , Treimanis Arnis , Koch Gerald 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Micropropagated hybrid aspen clones (Populus tremuloides Michx.×Populus tremula L.) and a plus-tree (superior phenotypes selected) aspen (Populus tremula L.) were grown under similar conditions in the central part of Latvia. After cutting at the age of 12 years, 64 sample trees were examined. The dimensions of the vessels and the content of cellulose, lignin, extractives and ash were determined. The cell walls were characterised by UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) in the UV range. The dimensions of fibres obtained by kraft pulping were determined such as length, width, and their shape factors. Coarseness measurements were performed, and strength properties of the handsheets were tested. One of the clones (no. 44) had a significantly higher stem volume of 208 dm3 and stem diameter of 17 cm at a height of 1.3 m. This clone had otherwise no notable differences to the other clones concerning the chemical composition, except a slightly higher lignin content (20.0% as compared with the mean value of 19.3% for other clones). Kraft cooking of hybrid aspen chips gave pulp yields in the range of 48.6–52.4%. Slightly higher strength properties (10–15%) were found for the handsheets prepared from a common aspen pulp (reference) as compared with those from hybrid aspen fibres.
Improved heat insulation system (Mirrorpanel) for construction of wood buildings
Authors: Pásztory Zoltán 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A new thermal insulation system (Mirrorpanel) based on an effective thermal insulation of the air by multiple heat reflection of the radiation heat flux was produced at the Innovation Center of the University of West Hungary. The system was created for wood frame structure buildings where the units of the framework provide the fixing points. In the panels of the new system, there are narrow air fields with high thermal resistance and the lamellae in the field have low surface emission properties, which reflect a considerable part of heat radiation. This system of heat reflection and the narrow air fields was formed with the help of stretched foils. Based on the results of tests gained from the small and medium-sized insulation panels, a life-size test building was constructed, where the performance and conduct of the Mirrorpanel can be continuously studied.
The diet of Schreiber’s bent-winged bat, Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae), in northeastern Slovenia (Central Europe)
Authors: Presetnik Primož , Aulagnier Stéphane 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The diet of Miniopterus schreibersii was investigated by morphological analysis of prey remains in droppings from the spring to the autumn of 2000 from a bat roost in northeastern Slovenia (Central Europe). Lepidoptera dominated, having an average percent volume (APV) of 79% and constituting the bulk of the diet throughout the year. By decreasing importance in the diet, the insects identified were Neuroptera – mostly Chrysopidae (APV 9.2%), Diptera (APV 7.4%), Trichoptera (APV 2.2%) and Coleoptera (APV 1.4%). The diet was most diverse in late October. It seems that M. schreibersii is an aerial hawker that specialises in eating moths, but can opportunistically switch to other seasonably abundant prey. It hunts small- to medium-sized winged prey (wing length: 2–18 mm), of which most are tympanate insects.
Study of the Effects of a Two-Step Anneal on the End of Range Defects in Silicon
Authors: Camillo-Castillo Renata A. , Jones Kevin. S. , Law Mark E. , Rubin Leonard M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTransient enhanced diffusion (TED) is a challenge that the semi-conductor industry has been faced with for more than two decades. Numerous investigations have been conducted to better understand the mechanisms that govern this phenomenon, so that scale down can be acheived. {311} type defects and dislocation loops are known interstitial sources that drive TED and dopants such as B utilize these interstitials to diffuse throughout the Si lattice. It has been reported that a two-step anneal on Ge preamorphized Si with ultra-low energy B implants has resulted in shallower junction depths. This study examines whether the pre-anneal step has a measurable effect on the end of range defects. Si wafers were preamorphized with Ge at 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30keV at a dose of 1x1015cm-2 and subsequently implanted with 1x1015cm-2 1keV B. Furnace anneals were performed at 450, 550, 650 and 750°C; the samples were then subjected to a spike RTA at 950°C. The implant damage was analyzed using Quantitative Transmission Electron Microscopy (QTEM). At the low energy Ge preamorphization, little damage is observed. However at the higher energies the microstructure is populated with extended defects. The defects evolve into elongated loops as the preanneal temperature increases. Both the extended defect density and the trapped interstitial concentration peak at a preanneal temperature of 550°C, suggesting that this may be an optimal condition for trapping interstitials.
S/D Engineering for Sub-100 nm MOSFET using Ultra Shallow Junction Formation Technique, Elevated S/D Structure and SALICIDE Technique
Authors: Ohuchi Kazuya , Adachi Kanna , Hokazono Akira , Toyoshima Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSuppression of short channel effect (SCE) by utilizing the technology of formation of ultrashallow junctions is one of the important issues. The annealing process of implantation-damage that induces transient enhanced diffusion during a subsequent thermal process, such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) for gate sidewall spacer, should be optimized. To pursuit high performance of MOSFETs, parasitic resistance must be reduced with scaling. On the other hand, it is difficult to decrease the parasitic resistance in the region of contact junction, which is a function of physical constant such as Schottky barrier height of silicide materials and solid solubility of dopant. The elevated source/drain structure reduces parasitic resistance of contact junction due to reduction of resistance of diffusion beneath salicide materials. Cobalt salicide is widely used till 100nm node. However, cobalt salicide has disadvantage in the thermal budget for shallow junction and quantity of silicon consumption during silicidation. Nickel salicide is one of the candidates for successor of cobalt salicide to 70 nm node or above, because of its characteristics of low temperature formation, low silicon consumption and low contact resistivity on p+ junctions. In this paper, S/D engineering will be discussed from the viewpoint of the process integration of sub-100 nm physical gate length complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (CMOSFET) device.
Silicon Self-Interstitial Cluster Formation and Dissolution in SOI
Authors: Saavedra A. , Frazer J. , Wrigley D. , Jones K. , Avci I. , Earles S. , Law M. , Jones E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSilicon-on-insulator (SOI) is a promising alternative to bulk silicon as ultra shallow junction depths have begun to shrink below 50 nm. This study examined the effect of the SOI surface silicon/buried oxide interface on {311} defect evolution after Si+ ion implantation. SOI wafers were produced such that the surface silicon thickness varied from 300Å to 1600Å. Non-amorphizing Si+ implants at 5 and 20 keV with a dose of 2x1014 cm-2 were performed into SOITEC SOI wafers. Furnace anneals were done at 750°C from 5 minutes to 4 hours and quantitative transmission electron microscopy (QTEM) was used to study the implant damage evolution. At 5 keV, the dissolution behavior of the SOI was very similar to that of the bulk. However, the extended defects in the 300 Å SOI did not nucleate the same as those observed in the bulk or thicker SOI. Similar results were seen at 20 keV for the 700 Å SOI, but a slight decrease in the concentration of trapped interstitials was observed due to interface recombination as a result of the increased projected range of the implant. It is concluded that the surface Si/BOX interface does not significantly affect recombination of interstitials trapped in extended defects unless the interstitial profile is close to or truncates the interface. However, the interface does appear to affect the stability of zig-zag {311} defects and dislocation loops in thin SOI at lower implant energies.
Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests
Authors: Weed Aaron S. , Ayres Matthew P. , Hicke Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2013

About one‐third of North America is forested. These forests are of incalculable value to human society in terms of harvested resources and ecosystem services and are sensitive to disturbance regimes. Epidemics of forest insects and diseases are the dominant sources of disturbance to North American forests. Here we review current understanding of climatic effects on the abundance of forest insects and diseases in North America, and of the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of biotic disturbances. We identified 27 insects (6 nonindigenous) and 22 diseases (9 nonindigenous) that are notable agents of disturbance in North American forests. The distribution and abundance of forest insects and pathogens respond rapidly to climatic variation due to their physiological sensitivity to temperature, high mobility, short generation times, and high reproductive potential. Additionally, climate affects tree defenses, tree tolerance, and community interactions involving enemies, competitors, and mutualists of insects and diseases. Recent research affirms the importance of milder winters, warmer growing seasons, and changes in moisture availability to the occurrence of biotic disturbances. Predictions from the first U.S. National Climate Assessment of expansions in forest disturbances from climate change have been upheld, in some cases more rapidly and dramatically than expected. Clear examples are offered by recent epidemics of spruce beetles in Alaska, mountain pine beetle in high‐elevation five‐needle pine forests of the Rocky Mountains, and southern pine beetle in the New Jersey Pinelands. Pathogens are less studied with respect to climate, but some are facilitated by warmer and wetter summer conditions.Changes in biotic disturbances have broad consequences for forest ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Climatic effects on forest insect and disease outbreaks may foster further changes in climate by influencing the exchange of carbon, water, and energy between forests and the atmosphere. Climate‐induced changes in forest productivity and disturbance create opportunities as well as vulnerabilities (e.g., increases in productivity in many areas, and probably decreases in disturbance risks in some areas). There is a critical need to better understand and predict the interactions among climate, forest productivity, forest disturbance, and the socioeconomic relations between forests and people.
Effects of Resolvin D1 on Cell Survival and Cytokine Expression of Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Khaled Mohamed , Shibani Nouf‐Al , Labban Nawaf , Batarseh Ghada , Song Fengyu , Ruby John , Windsor L. Jack 
Published: February 2013

Background: Tissue breakdown in periodontitis is initiated by bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, and is caused largely by host responses. Resolvins protect the host against acute inflammation by blocking the migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to initiate resolution. The effects of resolvins on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) are unknown. This study examines the effects of resolvin D1 on HGF survival and cytokine expression when treated with or without P. gingivalis supernatant.Methods: Cytotoxicity of resolvin D1 on HGFs with or without a toxic level of P. gingivalis supernatant was measured with lactate dehydrogenase assays. Cytokine arrays were performed on HGF‐conditioned media treated with or without resolvin D1 and with or without P. gingivalis supernatant.Results: Resolvin D1 had no cytotoxic effects on HGFs at concentrations between 1 and 1,000 nM (all P > 0.05). Resolvin D1 (1,000 nM) significantly inhibited the toxic effects of 13.5% (v/v) P. gingivalis supernatant on HGFs (P = 0.002). Resolvin D1 significantly reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)‐6 (P = 0.010) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 (P = 0.04) in untreated fibroblasts. P. gingivalis (10%) supernatant significantly increased the expression levels of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (CSF), granulocyte CSF, growth‐regulated oncogene (GRO), IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP‐1, MCP‐2, MCP‐3, and monokine induced by γ‐interferon. Resolvin D1 significantly reduced the expression of GRO (P = 0.04), marginally reduced the levels of MCP‐1 (P = 0.10), and marginally increased the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 (P = 0.07) from HGFs treated with P. gingivalis supernatant.Conclusions: Resolvin D1 altered the cytotoxicity of P. gingivalis supernatant on HGFs. Resolvin D1 significantly reduced GRO, marginally reduced MCP‐1, and marginally increased TGF‐β1 from P. gingivalis–treated HGFs, which could alter the ability of P. gingivalis to induce inflammation.
Assessment of sanitary infrastructures and polluting loads in Pojuca river (Brazil)
Authors: Collivignarelli C. , De Felice V. , Di Bella V. , Sorlini S. , Torretta V. , Vaccari M. 
Published: February 2013

This study was carried out to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate sources of water pollution in Pojuca river basin, in order to define ameliorative interventions.
The basin of Pojuca river is located in Recôncavo Norte region, immediately northwards from Salvador da Bahia, capital city of Bahia State (Brazil). River Pojuca is the main water body of the region and it represents a very important potential source of water to be used for drinking purposes, in order to face the rapidly growing population of Salvador da Bahia Metropolitan Area.
According to previous studies, its quality did not meet the minimum standards set for surface water withdrawn for potabilization treatment in 2000. In the present study, the most polluting activities have been identified as urban sewage discharges. Wastewater management coverage rate ranged between 30 and 90% in a high number of municipalities in the basin. Wastewaters were commonly discharged on the soil or into it (by means of septic and rudimental tanks) and also urban sewage systems, where existing, often did not convey wastewaters to treatment plants.
Polluting loads were estimated according to a methodology elaborated during the study. The estimation was based on the data collected by the authors through field visits and the ones available in the federal databases (updated to year 2007). It allowed to establish that diffuse loads were major than point loads: point discharges were quite rare, whereas pipelines discharging in water bodies and infrastructures such as septic or rudimental tanks were widespread. Treatment plants and septic tanks presented small removal efficiencies of nutrients. This justified also the high organic and microbiological concentrations registered in the river as well as the high content of nutrients.
Water quality could be improved in order to meet standards for drinking purposes by building new wastewater treatment plants or upgrading the existing ones. In particular, in urban areas dynamic systems for wastewater collection and treatment plants should be built, whereas in rural areas scattered households should be provided with septic tanks.
Higher OPEX enables CAPEX savings – an analysis of the cost effectiveness of the Maynilad NRW management project
Authors: Liemberger R. , Jamora R. , Iglesia J. 
Published: February 2013

This paper analyses the NRW reduction efficiency gains made by Maynilad based on NRW strategy design and constant improvement using Miya's know how and experience.
These different stages of project design and budgets have been analyzed:The initial plans prepared in 2006The final business plan prepared in 2008The actual situationThe results confirm that a holistic, well designed, NRW management strategy and sufficient OPEX budgets allow CAPEX reductions and helps to reduce NRW more aggressively than initially planned.
Manila water's experience in the provision of sewerage service in the east zone of Metro Manila
Authors: Baffrey R. , Adis A. 
Published: February 2013

In 1997, major improvements were needed in the provision of water and sewerage services in Metro Manila. Only 26% of the population served had 24-hour access to potable water and a mere 3% were connected to adequate wastewater treatment facilities. Coupled with these conditions were issues of high non-revenue water and indiscriminate discharge of untreated wastewater to all major water bodies of the metropolis. As a result, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), the government agency mandated to provide water and sewerage services in Metro Manila, privatized its operation via a public-private partnership. Manila Water Company obtained the exclusive right of providing these services for the East Zone of Metro Manila.
This paper identifies the challenges encountered in providing sewerage services during Manila Water's first 15 years of operation. Poor data availability, lack of available land, fragmented infrastructure planning, and low customer acceptance were among the key challenges that threatened the efficient delivery of service. Consequently, this paper also highlights the resultant strategies employed by Manila Water to address the aforementioned challenges. Implementation of inventive technical solutions, combined with the harnessing of human resources and increased stakeholder awareness, were among the strategies utilized to provide sewerage and sanitation services in the most efficient manner possible.
As of 2012, Manila Water now operates 38 wastewater facilities with a total capacity of 135 million liters per day (MLD) corresponding to 100% septage coverage and 23% sewerage coverage of the East Zone of Metro Manila.
Combined CCTV and leak detection technology for in-service water transmission mains
Authors: Jo Brian youngpyo , Boon Jon 
Published: February 2013

The reduction of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) through leakage detection is gaining ever higher significance for well-run water utilities. Tethered leak detection technology has become an essential tool for detecting the presence pinpointing the location as well as estimating the magnitude of leaks in large diameter (300 mm and above) water transmission mains of all pipe materials. For the past 7 years, inline CCTV inspection has also been available for in-service water mains using the Sahara® tethered video inspection system. These two technologies were used independently, which required two surveys for the same pipeline to deliver leak detection and CCTV inspection.
This paper introduces Sahara AV, tethered combined leak detection and CCTV inspection technology designed to deliver multi functions such as leak detection, leak location and CCTV inspection through only one deployment for in-service water mains; recently wall thickness assessment has also been added to the list of technologies which can be mounted on the Sahara system. This paper introduces the Sahara AV system along with its specifications and explains the mechanism adopted to introduce the sensor into the live pipeline. The paper also discusses Sahara case study from Asia describing the benefits and return on investment experienced by clients that have engaged with programs involving Sahara technology.
Integrating imperfection of information into the promethee multicriteria decision aid methods: a general framework
Authors: Ben Amor Sarah , Mareschal Bertrand 
Published: February 2013

Abstract.Multicriteria decision aid methods are used to analyze decision problems including a series of alternative decisions evaluated on several criteria. They most often assume that perfect information is available with respect to the evaluation of the alternative decisions. However, in practice, imprecision, uncertainty or indetermination are often present at least for some criteria. This is a limit of most multicriteria methods. In particular the PROMETHEE methods do not allow directly for taking into account this kind of imperfection of information. We show how a general framework can be adapted to PROMETHEE and can be used in order to integrate different imperfect information models such as a.o. probabilities, fuzzy logic or possibility theory. An important characteristic of the proposed approach is that it makes it possible to use different models for different criteria in the same decision problem.
A two-stage flow shop scheduling with a critical machine and batch availability
Authors: Gerstl Enrique , Mosheiov Gur 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe study a two-stage flowshop, where each job is processed on the first (critical) machine, and then continues to one of two second-stage (dedicated) machines. We assume identical (but machine-dependent) job processing times. Jobs are processed on the critical machine in batches, and a setup time is required when starting a new batch. The setting assumes batch-availability, i.e., jobs become available for the second stage only when their entire batch is completed on the critical machine. We consider three objective functions: minimum makespan, minimum total load, and minimum weighted flow-time. Polynomial time dynamic programming algorithms are introduced, which are numerically shown to be able to solve problems of medium size in reasonable time. A heuristic for makespan minimization is presented and shown numerically to be both accurate and efficient.
A tabu search algorithm for the cell formation problem with part machine sequencing
Authors: Papaioannou G. , Wilson J.M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract.This paper presents extensions of the IP model where part-machine assignment and cell formation are addressed simultaneously and part machine utilisation is considered. More specifically, an integration of inter-cell movements of parts and machine set-up costs within the objective function, and also a combination of machine set-up costs associated with parts revisiting a cell when the part machine operation sequence is taken into account are examined and an enhanced model is formulated. Based upon this model’s requirements, an initial three stage approach is proposed and a tabu search iterative procedure is designed to produce a solution. The initial approach consists of the allocation of machines to cells, the allocation of parts to machines in cells and the evaluation of the objective function’s value. Special care has been taken when allocating parts to machine cells as part machine operation sequence is preserved making the system more complex but more realistic. The proposed tabu search algorithm integrates short term memory and an overall iterative searching strategy where two move types, single and exchange, are considered. Computational experiments verified both the algorithm’s robustness where promising solutions in reasonably short computational effort are produced and also the algorithm’s effectiveness for large scale data sets.