bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypospadias: Prevalence, birthweight and associated major congenital anomalies
Authors: Nissen Karin Bækgaard , Udesen Ann , Garne Ester 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypospadias over 24 years in a Danish population and to describe the relation to birthweight and associated major congenital anomalies. It is a population‐based study of all cases (live births, fetal deaths and elective terminations of pregnancy) with hypospadias born in the period 1986–2009 in Funen County and reported to the EUROCAT registry of congenital anomalies. Cases were included only if surgery for hypospadias was performed. 223 cases of hypospadias were registered during the period 1986–2009 with an overall prevalence of 16.9 per 10 000 births. The prevalence was significantly higher in 2000–2009 compared to 1986–1999 (P < 0.001). We found a three times higher occurrence of VLBW (very low birthweight) infants among cases with hypospadias. Infants with isolated hypospadias were more likely to have mild hypospadias (68%) while cases with associated major congenital anomalies were less likely to have mild hypospadias (42%) (P < 0.05). Hypospadias was associated with VLBW and the severity of the defect was related to the presence of major congenital anomalies. The prevalence of hypospadias has increased during the study period. The relation to VLBW could indicate a causal relationship for hypospadias or a shared pathogenic factor.
Complete digital workflow for the production of implant‐supported single‐unit monolithic crowns
Authors: Joda Tim , Brägger Urs 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this case series was to introduce a complete digital workflow for the production of monolithic implant crowns.Material and methodsSix patients were treated with implant‐supported crowns made of resin nano ceramic (RNC). Starting with an intraoral optical scan (IOS), and following a CAD/CAM process, the monolithic crowns were bonded either to a novel prefabricated titanium abutment base (group A) or to a CAD/CAM‐generated individualized titanium abutment (group B) in premolar or molar sites on a soft tissue level dental implant. Economic analyses included clinical and laboratory steps. An esthetic evaluation was performed to compare the two abutment‐crown combinations.ResultsNone of the digitally constructed RNC crowns required any clinical adaptation. Overall mean work time calculations revealed obvious differences for group A (65.3 min) compared with group B (86.5 min). Esthetic analysis demonstrated a more favorable outcome for the prefabricated bonding bases.ConclusionsPrefabricated or individualized abutments on monolithic RNC crowns using CAD/CAM technology in a model‐free workflow seem to provide a feasible and streamlined treatment approach for single‐edentulous space rehabilitation in the posterior region. However, RNC as full‐contour material has to be considered experimental, and further large‐scale clinical investigations with long‐term follow‐up observation are necessary.
Baseline Characteristics and Treatment Response of Patients from the Philippines in the CHIMES Study
Authors: Navarro Jose C. , Gan Herminigildo H. , Lao Annabelle Y. , Baroque Alejandro C. , Hiyadan John H. B. , Chua Carlos L. , Jose Ma. Cristina San , Advincula Joel M. , Lee Chun Fan , Bousser Marie-Germaine , Chen Christopher L. H. ,   for the CHIMES Study Investigators
Published: July 2014

Background The CHIMES Study compared MLC601 with placebo in patients with ischemic stroke of intermediate severity in the preceding 72 h. Sites from the Philippines randomized 504 of 1099 (46%) patients in the study. We aimed to define the patient characteristics and treatment responses in this subgroup to better plan future trials. Methods The CHIMES dataset was used to compare the baseline characteristics, time from stroke onset to study treatment initiation, and treatment responses to MLC601 between patients recruited from Philippines and the rest of the cohort. Treatment effect was analyzed using end-points at month 3 as described in the primary publication, that is, modified Rankin Score, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Barthel Index. Results The Philippine cohort was younger, had more women, worse baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and longer time delay from stroke onset to study treatment compared with the rest of the cohort. Age ( P = 0·003), baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ( P < 0·001), and stroke onset to study treatment initiation ( P = 0·016) were predictors of modified Rankin Score at three-months. Primary analysis of modified Rankin Score shift was in favor of MLC601 (adjusted odds ratio 1·41, 95% confidence interval 1·01–1·96). Secondary analyses were likewise in favor of MLC601 for modified Rankin Score dichotomy 0–1, improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (total and motor scores), and Barthel Index. Conclusions The treatment effects in the Philippine cohort were in favor of MLC601. This may be due to inclusion of more patients with predictors of poorer outcome.
Proposing the control‐reactance compliance model (CRCM) to explain opposing motivations to comply with organisational information security policies
Authors: Lowry Paul Benjamin , Moody Gregory D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOrganisations increasingly rely on information and related systems, which are also a source of risk. Unfortunately, employees represent the greatest risk to organisational information because they are the most frequent source of information security breaches. To address this ‘weak link’ in organisational security, most organisations have strict information security policies (ISPs) designed to thwart employee information abuses. Regrettably, these ISPs are only partially effective because employees often ignore them, circumvent them or even do the opposite of what management desires. Research on attempts to increase ISP compliance has produced similarly mixed results. Lack of compliance with ISPs is a widespread organisational issue that increasingly bears disproportionately large direct and qualitative costs that undermine strategy.Consequently, the purpose of our study was to contribute to the understanding of both motivations to comply with new ISPs and motivations to react negatively against them. To do so, we proposed an innovative model, the control‐reactance compliance model (CRCM), which combines organisational control theory – a model that explains ISP compliance – with reactance theory – a model used to explain ISP noncompliance. To test CRCM, we used a sample of 320 working professionals in a variety of industries to examine the likely organisational outcomes of the delivery of a new ISP to employees in the form of a typical memo sent throughout an organisation. We largely found support for CRCM, and this study concludes with an explanation of the model's contributions to research and practice related to organisational ISP compliance.
Diabetes Mellitus, Physical Activity, and Longevity Between the Ages of 70 and 90
Authors: Stessman Jochanan , Jacobs Jeremy M. 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the effect of physical activity (PA) on survival in older adults (70–90) with diabetes mellitus (DM).DesignThe Jerusalem Longitudinal Cohort Study (1990–2010) prospectively follows up a representative cohort born in 1920–1921.SettingHome‐based assessment.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 70 in 1990 (n = 463), 78 in 1998 (n = 972), and 85 in 2005 (n = 1,181).MeasurementsComprehensive geriatric assessment; self‐reportedPAdichotomized to active (≥4 hours of activity/wk) or inactive (<4 hours of activity/wk); mortality data (1990–2010).ResultsPrevalence ofDMwas 15.7% at age 70, 18.4% at age 78, and 21.3% at age 85.DMwas associated with greater morbidity. Survival was higher in active than inactive withDM(aged 70–77: 78.8% vs 48.7%,P = .008; aged 78–84: 60.0% vs 40%,P = .01; aged 85–90: 70.2% vs 49.6%,P < .001) and withoutDM(aged 70–77: 85.9% vs 74.1%,P = .002; aged 78–84: 75.0% vs 64.0%,P = .004; aged 85–90: 82.3% vs 60.3%,P < .001). Cox proportional hazards ratios (HRs) according toPAstatus compared active subjects withoutDM(reference) with inactive subjects withoutDM, active subjects withDM, and inactive subjects withDMafter adjusting for sex, self‐rated health, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, and body mass index. AdjustedHRs were 1.39 for inactive subjects withoutDM, 1.34 for active subjects withDM, and 3.54 for inactive subjects withDMfor age 70 to 77 (P < .001); 1.43 for inactive subjects withoutDM, 1.55 for active subjects withDM, and 3.74 for inactive subjects withDMfor age 78 to 84 (P < .001); and 1.98 for inactive subjects withoutDM, 1.56 for active subjects withDM, and 2.18 for inactive withDMfor age 85 to 90 (P < .001).ConclusionIn adults withDM, greater survival continues to be associated withPAup to and including very old adults (70–90). These findings support the encouragement of regularPAin people withDMregardless of advancing age.
Regulation of pepc gene expression in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and its effects on cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and tolerances to environmental stresses
Authors: Jia Xiao‐Hui , Zhang Peng‐Peng , Shi Ding‐Ji , Mi Hua‐Ling , Zhu Jia‐Cheng , Huang Xi‐Wen , He Pei‐Min 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSince pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet. In this study, we constructed mutants containing either upregulated (forward) or downregulated (reverse) pepc gene in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Results from real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), Western blot and enzymatic analysis showed that PEPCase activity was significantly reduced in the reverse mutant compared with the wild type, and that of the forward mutant was obviously increased. Interestingly, the net photosynthesis in both the reverse mutant and the forward mutant were higher than that of the wild type, but dark respiration was decreased only in the reverse mutant. The absorbance changes of P700 upon saturation pulse showed the photosystem I (PSI) activity was inhibited, as reflected by Y(I), and Y(NA) was elevated, and dark reduction of P700+ was stimulated, indicating enhanced cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI in the reverse mutant. Additionally, the reverse mutant photosynthesis was higher than that of the wild type in low temperature, low and high pH, and high salinity, and this implies increased tolerance in the reverse mutant through downregulated pepc gene.
Further Evidence for the Topography and Connectivity of the Corpus Callosum: An fMRI Study of Patients with Partial Callosal Resection
Authors: Polonara G. , Mascioli G. , Foschi N. , Salvolini U. , Pierpaoli C. , Manzoni T. , Fabri M. , Barbaresi P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThis functional MRI study was designed to describe activated fiber topography and trajectories in the corpus callosum (CC) of six patients carrying different degree of partial callosal resection.METHODSPatients receiving gustatory, tactile, and visual stimulation according to a block‐design protocol were scanned in a 1.5 Tesla magnet. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were also acquired to visualize spared interhemispheric fibers.RESULTSTaste stimuli evoked bilateral activation of the primary gustatory area in all patients and foci in the anterior CC, when spared. Tactile stimuli to the hand evoked bilateral foci in the primary somatosensory area in patients with an intact posterior callosal body and only contralateral in the other patients. Callosal foci occurred in the CC body, if spared. In patients with an intact splenium central visual stimulation induced bilateral activation of the primary visual area as well as foci in the splenium itself.CONCLUSIONPresent data show that interhemispheric fibers linking sensory areas crossed through the CC at the sites where the different sensory stimuli evoked activation foci, and that topography of callosal foci evoked by sensory stimulation in spared CC portions is consistent with that previously observed in subjects with intact CC.
Effects of a Hydrogel Patch on Denture‐Related Traumatic Ulcers; an Exploratory Study
Authors: Jivanescu Anca , Borgnakke Wenche Sylling , Goguta Luciana , Erimescu Raluca , Shapira Lior , Bratu Emanuel 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the effects of hydrogel patch wound dressing on healing time and pain level of denture‐related lesions of the oral mucosa in edentulous individuals.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐three adults with newly fabricated complete sets of dentures who subsequently developed at least two ulcerative lesions related to their complete dentures were included in the study. For each participant, the smaller lesion (control lesion) was allocated to usual care, that is, adjustment of the denture's margins, whereas the larger lesion (test lesion) was assigned to receive usual care plus application of a hydrogel patch. In the latter, a patch was applied directly on the affected area three times within the first 24 hours, followed by application of three additional patches, namely one during each of the following 3 days. Participants were monitored until complete healing of all ulcers. The primary outcome measures were changes since baseline in each lesion's greatest dimension at days 1 and 7, as well as improvement in ulcer‐related pain experienced.ResultsParticipants were on average about 70 years old, about half were women, and just over 40% had type 2 diabetes. Lesions treated with the hydrogel patch extended between 4.3 and 10.2 mm (mean 7.1 mm) in their greatest dimension, and the smaller lesions receiving usual care were initially 4 mm on average, ranging from 2.0 to 7.0 mm. The hydrogel patch lesions attained 25% to 75% reductions in their greatest lesion extent from baseline to days 1 and 7, respectively, compared to 10% and just over 50% reduction in the lesions that received usual care. Healing rates were similar in patients with and without diabetes. The participants reported significant improvement in pain level 1 day following treatment initiation for 30% of the control lesions, compared to 65% of the lesions treated with the hydrogel patch.ConclusionsThe results of this exploratory study suggest that application of hydrogel patches may represent a novel, effective treatment for accelerating the healing process and pain reduction in mucosal lesions associated with complete dentures also in people with type 2 diabetes; however, larger studies need to confirm these findings.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Awareness, Uptake, and Parental and Health Care Provider Communication Among 11‐ to 18‐Year‐Old Adolescents in a Rural Appalachian Ohio County in the United States
Authors: Bhatta Madhav P. , Phillips Lynette 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeThis study examined human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine awareness and uptake, and communication with a parent and/or a health care provider among 11‐ to 18‐year‐old male and female adolescents in an Appalachian Ohio county.MethodsFive questions regarding the HPV vaccine were added to the 2012 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) surveys administered to middle and high school students in the county. The YRBSS surveys are school‐based, anonymous, and voluntary. The questions added were about vaccine awareness and uptake, and communication with a parent or health care provider about the vaccine.ResultsOf the 1,299 participants, 51.9% were male and 90.3% were white. Overall, 49.2%, 23.5%, 19.2%, and 24.6%, respectively, reported vaccine awareness, uptake of at least 1 dose of the HPV vaccine, communication with a parent, and communication with a health care provider. Females and adolescents ≥15 years were significantly more likely to report awareness, uptake, and parental and provider communication than males and adolescents ≤14 years. Adolescents receiving any dose of the vaccine were significantly more likely to have had a parent (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 2.30‐6.06) or a health care provider (OR: 10.91; 95% CI: 6.42‐18.6) discuss the vaccine than those who had not received any dose.ConclusionsDespite the strong link between parental and health care provider communication and HPV vaccine uptake, the levels of communication remain low in this Appalachian population. These findings suggest the need for public health education programs targeting the health care providers, the parents, and the adolescents to improve awareness, knowledge, and HPV vaccine uptake.
Points in Time: The Mesolithic–Neolithic Transition and the Chronology of Late Rod Microliths in Britain
Authors: Griffiths Seren 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThis paper presents the results of the Bayesian statistical modelling of radiocarbon dates associated with diagnostic late Mesolithic rod microliths from England and Wales. These date estimates are compared with results for the earliest evidence for Neolithic material culture and practices in Britain (Whittle et al. 2011; Griffiths 2011; 2014; forthcoming). The chronology of some rod microlith sites indicates a potential overlap between the earliest Neolithic and latest Mesolithic material culture and practices, in the first three centuries of the fourth millennium cal BC across England and Wales. The locations of late Mesolithic sites suggest regional processes of ‘neolithization’ may have occurred. In the region where we have the best chronological evidence for late Mesolithic sites – in Yorkshire – the location of the very latest Mesolithic sites suggests these lifeways may have persisted in landscapes which had been foci of hunter‐gatherer activity for hundreds of years, and which might have been understood as ‘ancestral’ or ‘persistent’ places.
Outcomes of a nurse‐managed service for stable HIV‐positive patients in a large South African public sector antiretroviral therapy programme
Authors: Grimsrud Anna , Kaplan Richard , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Myer Landon 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesModels of care utilizing task shifting and decentralization are needed to support growing ART programmes. We compared patient outcomes between a doctor‐managed clinic and a nurse‐managed down‐referral site in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsAnalysis included all adults who initiated ART between 2002 and 2011 within a large public sector ART service. Stable patients were eligible for down‐referral. Outcomes [mortality, loss to follow‐up (LTFU), virologic failure] were compared under different models of care using proportional hazards models with time‐dependent covariates.ResultsFive thousand seven hundred and forty‐six patients initiated ART and over 5 years 41% (n = 2341) were down‐referred; the median time on ART before down‐referral was 1.6 years (interquartile range, 0.9–2.6). The nurse‐managed down‐referral site reported lower crude rates of mortality, LTFU and virologic failure compared with the doctor‐managed clinic. After adjustment, there was no difference in the risk of mortality or virologic failure by model of care. However, patients who were down‐referred were more likely to be LTFU than those retained at the doctor‐managed site (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.09–1.69). Increased levels of LTFU in the nurse‐managed vs. doctor‐managed service were observed in subgroups of male patients, those with advanced disease at initiation and those who started ART in the early years of the programme.ConclusionReorganization of ART maintenance by down‐referral to nurse‐managed services is associated with programme outcomes similar to those achieved using doctor‐driven primary care services. Further research is necessary to identify optimal models of care to support long‐term retention of patients on ART in resource‐limited settings.
Cotrimoxazole prophylactic treatment prevents malaria in children in sub‐Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mbeye Nyanyiwe M. , ter Kuile Feiko O. , Davies Mary‐Ann , Phiri Kamija S. , Egger Matthias , Wandeler Gilles ,   IeDEA‐Southern Africa
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesCotrimoxazole prophylactic treatment (CPT) prevents opportunistic infections in HIV‐infected or HIV‐exposed children, but estimates of the effectiveness in preventing malaria vary. We reviewed studies that examined the effect of CPT on incidence of malaria in children in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsWe searched PubMed and EMBASE for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies on the effect of CPT on incidence of malaria and mortality in children and extracted data on the prevalence of sulphadoxine‐pyrimethamine resistance–conferring point mutations. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) from individual studies were combined using random effects meta‐analysis; confounder‐adjusted estimates were used for cohort studies. The importance of resistance was examined in meta‐regression analyses.ResultsThree RCTs and four cohort studies with 5039 children (1692 HIV‐exposed; 2800 HIV‐uninfected; 1486 HIV‐infected) were included. Children on CPT were less likely to develop clinical malaria episodes than those without prophylaxis (combined IRR 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.21–0.66), but there was substantial between‐study heterogeneity (I‐squared = 94%, P < 0.001). The protective efficacy of CPT was highest in an RCT from Mali, where the prevalence of antifolate resistant plasmodia was low. In meta‐regression analyses, there was some evidence that the efficacy of CPT declined with increasing levels of resistance. Mortality was reduced with CPT in an RCT from Zambia, but not in a cohort study from Côte d'Ivoire.ConclusionsCotrimoxazole prophylactic treatment reduces incidence of malaria and mortality in children in sub‐Saharan Africa, but study designs, settings and results were heterogeneous. CPT appears to be beneficial for HIV‐infected and HIV‐exposed as well as HIV‐uninfected children.
Influence Of Composition and Sintering Temperature on Density for Pure and Titanium Alloy Foams
Authors: Ahmad S. , Muhamad N. , Muchtar A. , Sahari J. , Jamaludin K. R. , Ibrahim M. H. I. , Mohamad Nor N. H. 
Published: July 2014

Metallic foams with high fraction of porosity have gained their usefulness and are now becoming a new class of materials for various engineering applications. Due to this, the present work aims to produce pure titanium and alloy titanium foams with high density using different composition and sintering temperature. The slurry method is selected to produce the pure titanium and alloy titanium foam. The titanium slurry is prepared by mixing pure or titanium alloy powder, polyethylene glycol (PEG), methylcellulose and water. Polyurethane (PU) foam is then impregnated in the slurry and dried at room temperature. This is later sintered in a high temperature vacuum furnace with different sintering temperatures. The density of the samples was tested using Archimedes test. From the result of analysis of variance, composition and sintering temperature affect the density of the samples for pure and titanium alloy foams. The suitable compositions of pure and alloy titanium are 60 wt%, 65 wt%, 70 wt% and sintering temperatures are 1200°C, 1250°C and 1300°C to produce a high density for the pure and titanium alloy foams.