bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Print Culture after the Revolution
Authors: O’Donnell Catherine 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
During the American Revolution, print emerged as a medium to describe conversion experiences, to exhort to virtue, to plead for votes, to amuse, and to scandalize. Printed texts enabled ideas to float from one mind to another. Imprints and newspapers both experienced dramatic growth, in part due to advances in papermaking, typesetting, and bookbinding. The heart of early Republican print culture, though, was not books, but ephemera. Much of the power of print depended on Americans' ability to read. The new United States was a highly literate and schooled society. The first federal copyright law, passed in 1790, spurred the transition from printers to publishers, while the Sedition Act resulted in the significant expansion of the Republican press. Aside from newspapers, almanacs and magazines flourished in the decades after the Revolution.
The Laboring Republic
Authors: Hodges Graham Russell Gao 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The American Revolution enabled ordinary people to enjoy political freedom. The story of how the common people of the early American cities made and inherited the war has been intertwined with the meaning of American independence from Britain. After winning that freedom, all working people seemed to have a greater opportunity, whether through politics, an independent economy, or personal liberty. Historians have studied the roles of artisans or mechanics (as they were then known) in order to understand the common people of urban, Revolutionary America. Artisans asserted greater political freedom as a Revolutionary heritage and eventually joined forces with southern agrarians to form a Republican Party that competed with the dominant Federalists. By 1800, they played a key role in the election of President Thomas Jefferson. Aside from politics, two other factors that changed traditional craft relationships among artisans were the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of capitalist labor relations. This chapter explores how American workers between the American Revolution and the War of 1812 confronted shared challenges and different obstacles shaped by gender, race, and region.
Revisiting Lombroso
Authors: DeLisi Matt 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCesare Lombroso's atavism theory argues that criminals are primitive savages who are evolutionarily backward compared to normal citizens. According to Lombroso, born criminals possess an array of stigmata or markers that may be considered putative evidence of their criminality. These include their excessive tattoos, their manner of writing and talking, or the size and shape of their skull, ears, forehead, and hands. In his work, including Criminal Man , Lombroso provides a wide range of examples where he likens criminal offenders not only to primitive savages, but also to plants and animals. This article examines the factors that motivated Lombroso to become a criminologist, and the reasons why he used the approaches that he did to better understand the causes and correlates of crime. It first provides a brief overview of each chapter of each of the five editions of Criminal Man, before discussing differences between Lombroso's theory and current biosocial criminology.
General Strain and Urban Youth Violence
Authors: Brezina Timothy , Agnew Robert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article proposes Robert Agnew's general strain theory (GST) as an alternative to subcultural and social disorganization theories. Unlike other crime theories, GST highlights the negative social relations and emotions that pressure individuals into crime. GST is particularly relevant to urban youth violence; young people have a greater tendency to experience strains conducive to violence and to react to them with violence. Moreover, GST helps to explain the self-perpetuating cycle of violence that consumes many youth, a major phenomenon in many inner-city communities whereby high levels of violent victimization act as a major strain that prompts further violence. After providing an overview of GST, this article examines how it explains urban youth violence. It then reviews research on the validity of GST and its application to urban youth violence, giving special attention to research on community violence exposure/victimization. It also uses GST to explain the origin of those deviant subcultures that also trigger urban youth violence.
Contemporary Gang Ethnographies
Authors: Decker Scott , Pyrooz David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUntil the middle of the twentieth century, research on gangs was ethnographic in nature, with a strong journalistic approach. However, there has been a shift in the ethnographic study of gangs from serious fieldwork in America to the European setting. This article focuses on the state of contemporary gang ethnography by analyzing three periods of ethnographic research on gangs: the classic era, the “interstitial” period, and the contemporary period. It traces the evolution of the ethnographic approach to the study of youth behavior in the United States over the past century. It also looks at the interstitial period to provide a contrast to the state of gang ethnography in Europe.
Gender and Theories of Delinquency
Authors: De Coster Stacy , Heimer Karen , Cumley Samantha R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFemales are less likely than males to violate the law, a statement that has become a criminological truism and might help explain why the major theoretical paradigms in criminology tend to focus more on male offending than on female delinquency. Although females are less likely to engage in illegal behavior, they do so nonetheless. This article looks at the major criminological paradigms—control, strain, and learning—and the extent to which they have addressed female delinquency as well as the gender gap in delinquency. While it is true that the most prominent theories in each paradigm pay little attention to gender, some have suggested that these theories can explain delinquency in both males and females. In other words, the theories are believed to be gender-neutral. Indeed, there is empirical evidence to support the argument that the major social-psychological processes and variables in these theories—social bonds, self-control, strain, and learning—influence male and female delinquency.
Neighborhood Ties, Control, and Crime
Authors: Warner Barbara D. , Clubb Audrey C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSince E. A. Ross's ([1901] 1929) seminal work at the beginning of the twentieth century, social control has emerged as a central concept in American sociology. Recent research indicates that neighborhoods with high levels of informal social control have lower crime rates. This article reviews findings on the role of neighborhood social ties in providing informal social control and preventing crime, both theoretically and empirically. It discusses the important gaps in knowledge that are considered crucial in better understanding the role played by social ties in social control and crime prevention. The article first describes Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay's social disorganization theory and its extension, the systemic model of social disorganization. It then emphasizes the need to distinguish social disorganization theory from deterrence theory, highlighting the implications for models of justice and identifying areas for future research.
Community, Inequality, and Crime
Authors: Ousey Graham C. , Lee Matthew R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOne of the most exciting developments in the field of criminology is the emergence of studies that seek to explain variation in crime rates across aggregate social communities. These studies have an underlying theoretical theme: crime rates across communities are strongly correlated with structural inequality, or the stratification of communities on several key socioeconomic dimensions. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the link between structural inequality and crime rates across communities. Specifically, it looks at theory and research that examines whether and how structural inequality affects crime rates in macro-level social communities such as cities, metropolitan areas, counties, and neighborhoods. It also discusses the notion that dimensions of structural inequality increase crime rates by increasing criminal motivation among those individuals who directly experience deprivation, and that such inequality contributes to crime by creating community-level differences in the extent of collective informal social control.
The Code of the Suburb and Drug Dealing
Authors: Jacques Scott , Wright Richard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHigh rates of violence are characteristic of many urban drug markets because the individuals therein abide by a set of informal rules known as the code of the street. This code governs interpersonal conduct that emerges from the social circumstances found in various communities in America. Drug market participants who subscribe to this code view violence as a means to earn respect, status, and security. Not all drug markets are urban, how or exhibit high rates of violence, however. This is probably the reason why researchers have focused disproportionately on violent, inner-city drug markets to account for the conditions that facilitate violence in such environments. This article examines why there is a dearth of violence in drug markets in suburbs, focusing on the cultural context in which such markets operate. It first describes a study of twenty-five young suburban drug dealers before looking at the code of the suburb. It also assesses the code's impact on drug dealing, especially in relation to handling victimization, and concludes by highlighting the relevance of peace for understanding violence.
Social Institutions and Crime
Authors: Messner Steven F. , Rosenfeld Richard , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOver the past several years, criminological theorists have shown renewed interest in the role of social institutions in the onset of crime. This development has been aptly labeled the “new institutionalism” by Susanne Karstedt in 2010 and has been manifested most prominently in recent studies on criminal punishment. Recognition of the central role of institutions in trying to understand the societal response to crime is not new or surprising, given that the criminal justice system is itself an institution (or an institutional subsystem). Social institutions influence how social life is regulated and facilitate the functioning of social systems. There are three interrelated dimensions of social institutions that are particularly relevant to the study of crime: institutional structure, institutional regulation or legitimacy, and institutional performance.
The Market Economy and Crime
Authors: Currie Elliott 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOne of the earliest statements of a theoretical perspective on the impact of the market economy on crime can be found in Sir Thomas More's Utopia, his sixteenth-century critique of socioeconomic conditions in England. This article argues that the “holistic” and multi-layered character of the market society perspective makes it a very powerful framework for elucidating differences in crime, especially serious criminal violence, among contemporary societies; that there is strong and diverse empirical support for the relationship between “market society” and elevated rates of violence; that the market society perspective can shed light on the pronounced differences in violence between the United States and other advanced industrial societies; and that the global spread of neoliberal economic policies, along with the corollary elimination of long-established restraints on the unfettered operation of markets, have major implications for the future of crime and criminal justice.
Coercion and Crime
Authors: Vander Ven Thomas , Colvin Mark 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores the link between coercion and crime and how this link has evolved. It also presents five propositions relating coercion to crime. First, coercion is a primary mechanism in the social reproduction process of class society. Second, coercive messages from the larger culture help to enhance the coercive nature of this process. Third, economic conditions help shape the coerciveness of society. Fourth, long-term changes in crime rates are influenced by shifts in impersonal coercive forces related to economic and cultural changes. Fifth, the ratio of coercion to social support within a society is correlated with the shifting balance of power between capital and labor in continuing class struggles under capitalism.
Perceptual Deterrence Theory
Authors: Paternoster Ray , Bachman Ronet 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAccording to deterrence theory in criminology, we are affected by both the costs and rewards that are consequent to our behavior. In other words, we tend to behave based on the expectation that we will receive some type of reward for doing it while hoping to avoid some type of punishment for not doing it or doing something else. We also provide disincentives, such as the criminal justice system, in order to discourage crime. The criminal justice system can reduce crime by apprehending and punishing offenders based on two mechanisms: specific deterrence and general deterrence. Deterrence theory posits that the actual practices of the criminal justice system, or what is known as the objective properties of punishment, affect would-be offenders' decisions by way of the perceptual properties of punishment. The idea behind perceptual deterrence theory is that the perceived certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment are inversely related to the decisions by would-be offenders to commit crime.
The Effects of Imprisonment
Authors: Jonson Cheryl Lero 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOver the past forty years, the United States has relied on mass incarceration as a means to control crime. This reliance on imprisonment, known as the “penal harm movement,” has advocated incapacitation and other get-tough policies to punish offenders. This “get tough” era has made imprisonment one of the main crime control strategies utilized in the United States to incapacitate offenders and deter current and future offenders. Prisons exist for this purpose; they house both serious and minor offenders. This article assesses the impact of imprisonment on the reoffending of individuals sentenced to non-custodial sanctions as opposed to those given custodial sanctions, sentenced to shorter versus longer sentences, and placed in harsher compared to less harsh prison conditions.
Coercive Mobility
Authors: Frost Natasha A. , Clear Todd R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUsing Robert J. Bursik and Harold G. Grasmick's re-specification of social disorganization theory as systemic theory, Dina R. Rose and Todd R. Clear showed how high levels of incarceration, concentrated in poor places, would be expected to have a “tipping point” at which the incarceration would cause crime to go up rather than down. The Rose and Clear model, later called the coercive mobility thesis, treats the removal of residents for incarceration as a major source of instability in poor neighborhoods. Rose and Clear argue that the same sorts of destabilizing and norm-weakening effects that Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay originally attributed to residential mobility, would also occur when the cause of the outward migration is incarceration by the state. The coercive mobility thesis assumes that the cycling of people into and out of prison constitutes an important and distinct form of mobility which can harm the communities that are hardest hit by both crime and, perhaps ironically, crime control policies.
Molecular investigation of carbapenem resistance among multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated clinically in Thailand
Authors: Khuntayaporn Piyatip , Montakantikul Preecha , Santanirand Pitak , Kiratisin Pattarachai , Chomnawang Mullika Traidej 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTCarbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated among multidrug‐resistant (CR‐MDR) organisms from tertiary hospitals in Thailand. Decreased expression of oprD mRNA (93.65%) was predominant followed by increased expression of mexAB‐oprM mRNA (92.06%) and mexXY mRNA (63.49%). Interestingly, 23 of 126 (18.25%) isolates were susceptible to imipenem with down‐regulated oprD expression and non‐up‐regulated mexCD‐oprJ mRNA expression. Metallo‐β‐lactamases production was clearly positive in 24 isolates (18.46%) and weakly positive in 12 isolates (9.23%). Among both of these sets of isolates, imp‐1, imp‐14 and vim‐2 were identified. Hyperproduction of AmpC β‐lactamase had the lowest prevalence rate (3.97%). It was concluded that CR‐MDR P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Thailand possess multifactorial resistance mechanisms.
Interleukin‐8 and CXCL10 expression in oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts via Toll‐like receptors
Authors: Fukui Akiko , Ohta Kouji , Nishi Hiromi , Shigeishi Hideo , Tobiume Kei , Takechi Masaaki , Kamata Nobuyuki 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTOral keratinocytes and fibroblasts may be the first line of host defense against oral microorganisms. Here, the contention that oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts recognize microbial components via Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and participate in development of oral inflammation was examined. It was found that immortalized oral keratinocytes (RT7), fibroblasts (GT1) and primary cells express mRNA of TLRs 1–10. Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) production by RT7 cells was induced by treatment with TLRs 1–9 with the exception of TLR7 agonist, whereas GT1 cells were induced to produce IL‐8 by all TLR agonists tested except for TLR7 and TLR9. GT1 cells showed increased CXCL10 production following treatment with agonists for TLR1/2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5, whereas only those for TLR3 and TLR5 increased CXCL10 production in RT7 cells. Moreover, TLR agonists differentially regulated tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐induced IL‐8 and CXCL10 production by the tested cell types. These findings suggest that recognition of pathogenic microorganisms in oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts by TLRs may have important roles in orchestrating host immune responses via production of various chemokines.
Accumulation of major histocompatibility complex class II+CD11c− non‐lymphoid cells in the spleen during infection with Plasmodium yoelii is lymphocyte‐dependent
Authors: Kamei Rika , Miyakoda Mana , Tamura Takahiko , Kimura Daisuke , Honma Kiri , Kimura Kazumi , Yui Katsuyuki 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe spleen is the main organ for immune defense during infection with Plasmodium parasites and splenomegaly is one of the major symptoms of such infections. Using a rodent model of Plasmodium yoelii infection, MHC class II+CD11c− non‐T, non‐B cells in the spleen were characterized. Although the proportion of conventional dendritic cells was reduced, that of MHC II+CD11c− non‐T, non‐B cells increased during the course of infection. The increase in this subpopulation was dependent on the presence of lymphocytes. Experiments using Rag‐2−/− mice with adoptively transferred normal spleen cells indicated that these cells were non‐lymphoid cells; however, their accumulation in the spleen during infection with P. yoelii depended on lymphocytes. Functionally, these MHC II+CD11c− non‐T, non‐B cells were able to produce the proinflammatory cytokines alpha tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐6 in response to infected red blood cells, but had only a limited ability to activate antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells. This study revealed a novel interaction between MHC II+CD11c− non‐lymphoid cells and lymphoid cells in the accumulations of these non‐lymphoid cells in the spleen during infection with P. yoelii.
Genomic polymorphisms in 3β‐hydroxysterol Δ24‐reductase promoter sequences
Authors: Salem Nagla Elwy , Saito Makoto , Kasama Yuri , Ozawa Makoto , Kawabata Toshiko , Harada Shinji , Suda Hiroko , Asonuma Katsuhiro , El‐Gohary Ahmed , Tsukiyama‐Kohara Kyoko 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIt was recently reported by the present team that 3β‐hydroxysterol Δ24‐reductase (DHCR24) is induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In addition, upregulation of DHCR24 impairs p53 activity. In human hepatoma HuH‐7 cells, the degree of DHCR24 expression is higher than in normal hepatic cell lines (WRL68) at the transcriptional level. The genomic promoter sequence of DHCR24 was characterized and nucleotide substitutions were observed in HuH‐7 cells at nucleotide numbers −1453 (G to A), −1420 (G to T), −488 (A to C) and −200 (G to C). The mutations of these sequences from HuH‐7 cell types to WRL68 cell types suppressed DHCR24 gene promoter activity. The sequences were further characterized in hepatocytes from patient tissues. Four tissues from HCV‐positive patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (#1, 2, 3, 5) possessed HuH‐7 cell type sequences. Interestingly, one patient with liver cirrhosis (#4) possessed WRL68 cell‐type sequences; this patient had been infected with HCV and was HCV negative for 17 years after interferon therapy. Next, the effect of HCV infection on these polymorphisms was examined in humanized chimeric mouse liver and HuH‐7 cells. The human hepatocytes possess WRL68 cell type and did not show the nucleotide substitution after HCV infection. The HCV‐replicon was removed by interferon treatment and established the cured K4 cells. These cells possess HuH‐7 cell type sequences. Thus, this study showed the genomic polymorphism in DHCR24 promoter is not directly influenced by HCV infection.
Identification and structural characterization of serobactins, a suite of lipopeptide siderophores produced by the grass endophyte Herbaspirillum seropedicae
Authors: Rosconi Federico , Davyt Danilo , Martínez Verónica , Martínez Marcela , Abin‐Carriquiry Juan Andrés , Zane Hannah , Butler Alison , de Souza Emanuel M. , Fabiano Elena 
Published: December 2012

SummaryHerbaspirillum seropedicae Z67 is a diazotrophic endophyte able to colonize the interior of many economically relevant crops such as rice, wheat, corn and sorghum. Structures of siderophores produced by bacterial endophytes have not yet been elucidated. The aim of this work was to identify and characterize the siderophores produced by this bacterium. In a screening for mutants unable to produce siderophores we found a mutant that had a transposon insertion in a non‐ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) gene coding for a putative siderophore biosynthetic enzyme. The chemical structure of the siderophore was predicted using computational genomic tools. The predicted structure was confirmed by chemical analysis. We found that siderophores produced by H. seropedicae Z67 are a suite of amphiphilic lipopeptides, named serobactin A, B and C, which vary by the length of the fatty acid chain. We also demonstrated the biological activity of serobactins as nutritional iron sources for H. seropedicae. These are the first structurally described siderophores produced by endophytic bacteria.