bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unclassifiable interstitial lung disease: A review
Authors: Skolnik Kate , Ryerson Christopher J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAccurate classification of interstitial lung disease (ILD) requires a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates input from an experienced respirologist, chest radiologist and lung pathologist. Despite a thorough multidisciplinary evaluation, up to 15% of ILD patients have unclassifiable ILD and cannot be given a specific diagnosis. The objectives of this review are to discuss the definition and features of unclassifiable ILD, identify the barriers to ILD classification and outline an approach to management of unclassifiable ILD. Several recent studies have described the characteristics of these patients; however, there are inconsistencies in the definition and terminology of unclassifiable ILD due to limited research in this population. Additional studies are required to determine the appropriate evaluation and management of patients with unclassifiable ILD.
After Moral Error Theory, After Moral Realism
Authors: Ingram Stephen 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTMoral abolitionists recommend that we get rid of moral discourse and moral judgement. At first glance this seems repugnant, but abolitionists think that we have overestimated the practical value of our moral framework and that eliminating it would be in our interests. I argue that abolitionism has a surprising amount going for it. Traditionally, abolitionism has been treated as an option available to moral error theorists. Error theorists say that moral discourse and judgement are committed to the existence of moral properties, and that no such properties exist. After error theory is established, abolitionism is one potential way to proceed. However, many error theorists suggest that we retain moral discourse as a sort of fiction. I evaluate some attractions of both fictionalism and abolitionism, arguing that abolitionism is a plausible position. No one doubts that error theorists can be abolitionists. However, what has gone largely undiscussed is that it is open to others to be abolitionists as well. I argue that moral realists of a metaphysically robust sort can and perhaps should be abolitionists. ‘Realist abolitionism’ makes for a surprisingly neat theoretical package, and I conclude that it represents an interesting new option in the theoretical landscape.
A molecular phylogenetic study of Cucujidae s.l. (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)
Authors: MCELRATH THOMAS C. , ROBERTSON JAMES A. , THOMAS MICHAEL C. , OSBORNE JONATHAN , MILLER KELLY B. , MCHUGH JOSEPH V. , WHITING MICHAEL F. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOf all the superfamilies within the megadiverse order Coleoptera (Insecta), Cucujoidea (Cucujiformia) is arguably the most problematic taxonomically. The families comprising Cucujidae s.l. (Silvanidae, Laemophloeidae, Passandridae and Cucujidae s.s. represent a large portion of cucujoid diversity. Herein we present the results of a rigorous molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cucujidae s.l. using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian analyses of seven genes. Representatives of over half of the families of Cucujoidea (excluding the cerylonid series), as well as a broad sampling of Silvanidae and Laemophloeidae, were analysed. The monophyly of Cucujidae s.l. is rejected but a subgrouping of taxa that may form the core of a natural cucujoid lineage is recovered. This clade consists of two large monophyletic groups including several families each. Relationships among these smaller cucujoid groups are discussed, including several novel phylogenetic hypotheses, whereas morphological characters considered significant for classification in Cucujidae s.l. are evaluated in light of these phylogenetic hypotheses. Silvaninae, Telephanini, Brontini and Brontinae are recovered as monophyletic in the Bayesian analysis, but the former two are recovered as paraphyletic in the maximum‐likelihood analysis. Our results support the placement of Psammoecus Latreille within Telephanini and also recover a paraphyletic Telephanus Erichson. Silvaninae is divided into three lineages, each representing a potential tribal lineage. Laemophloeidae is rendered paraphyletic in all analyses by Propalticidae and the latter is herein formally transferred to Laemophloeidae stat.n. Several suprageneric laemophloeid clades are recovered and discussed as potential higher‐level groups. Laemophloeus Dejean is not recovered as monophyletic.
Micrometer‐resolved film dosimetry using a microscope in microbeam radiation therapy
Authors: Bartzsch Stefan , Lott Johanna , Welsch Katrin , Bräuer‐Krisch Elke , Oelfke Uwe 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a still preclinical tumor therapy approach that uses arrays of a few tens of micrometer wide parallel beams separated by a few 100 μm. The production, measurement, and planning of such radiation fields are a challenge up to now. Here, the authors investigate the feasibility of radiochromic film dosimetry in combination with a microscopic readout as a tool to validate peak and valley doses in MRT, which is an important requirement for a future clinical application of the therapy.Methods:Gafchromic® HD‐810 and HD‐V2 films are exposed to MRT fields at the biomedical beamline ID17 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and are afterward scanned with a microscope. The measured dose is compared with Monte Carlo calculations. Image analysis tools and film handling protocols are developed that allow accurate and reproducible dosimetry. The performance of HD‐810 and HD‐V2 films is compared and a detailed analysis of the resolution, noise, and energy dependence is carried out. Measurement uncertainties are identified and analyzed.Results:The dose was measured with a resolution of 5 × 1000 μm2 and an accuracy of 5% in the peak and between 10% and 15% in the valley region. As main causes for dosimetry uncertainties, statistical noise, film inhomogeneities, and calibration errors were identified. Calibration errors strongly increase at low doses and exceeded 3% for doses below 50 and 70 Gy for HD‐V2 and HD‐810 films, respectively. While the grain size of both film types is approximately 2 μm, the statistical noise in HD‐V2 is much higher than in HD‐810 films. However, HD‐810 films show a higher energy dependence at low photon energies.Conclusions:Both film types are appropriate for dosimetry in MRT and the microscope is superior to the microdensitometer used before at the ESRF with respect to resolution and reproducibility. However, a very careful analysis of the image data is required. Dosimetry at low photon energies should be performed with great caution due to the energy sensitivity of the films. In this respect, HD‐V2 films showed to have an advantage over HD‐810 films. However, HD‐810 films have a lower statistical noise level. When a higher resolution is required, e.g., for the dosimetry of pencil beam irradiations, noise may render HD‐V2 films inapplicable.
Identification of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Results of an Interlaboratory Ring Trial
Authors: Lasch Peter , Wahab Tara , Weil Sandra , Pályi Bernadett , Tomaso Herbert , Zange Sabine , Kiland Granerud Beathe , Drevinek Michal , Kokotovic Branko , Wittwer Matthias , Pflüger Valentin , Di Caro Antonino , Stämmler Maren , Grunow Roland , Jacob Daniela 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

In the case of a release of highly pathogenic bacteria (HPB), there is an urgent need for rapid, accurate, and reliable diagnostics. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a rapid, accurate, and relatively inexpensive technique that is becoming increasingly important in microbiological diagnostics to complement classical microbiology, PCR, and genotyping of HPB. In the present study, the results of a joint exercise with 11 partner institutions from nine European countries are presented. In this exercise, 10 distinct microbial samples, among them five HPB,
Bacillus anthracis
,
Brucella canis
,
Burkholderia mallei
,
Burkholderia pseudomallei
, and
Yersinia pestis
, were characterized under blinded conditions. Microbial strains were inactivated by high-dose gamma irradiation before shipment. Preparatory investigations ensured that this type of inactivation induced only subtle spectral changes with negligible influence on the quality of the diagnosis. Furthermore, pilot tests on nonpathogenic strains were systematically conducted to ensure the suitability of sample preparation and to optimize and standardize the workflow for microbial identification. The analysis of the microbial mass spectra was carried out by the individual laboratories on the basis of spectral libraries available on site. All mass spectra were also tested against an in-house HPB library at the Robert Koch Institute (RKI). The averaged identification accuracy was 77% in the first case and improved to >93% when the spectral diagnoses were obtained on the basis of the RKI library. The compilation of complete and comprehensive databases with spectra from a broad strain collection is therefore considered of paramount importance for accurate microbial identification.
Reducing Unnecessary and Duplicate Ordering for Ovum and Parasite Examinations and Clostridium difficile PCR in Immunocompromised Patients by Using an Alert at the Time of Request in the Order Management System
Authors: Otto Caitlin C. , Shuptar Susan L. , Milord Philippe , Essick Connor J. , Nevrekar Reshma , Granovsky Svetlana L. , Seo Susan K. , Babady N. Esther , Martin Steven C. , Tang Yi-Wei , Pessin Melissa S. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

We implemented hospital information system (HIS) alerts to deter unnecessary test orders for ovum and parasite (O&P) exams and
Clostridium difficile
PCR. The HIS alerts decreased noncompliant O&P orders (orders after >72 h of hospitalization) from 49.8% to 30.9%, an overall decrease of 19%, and reduced noncompliant
C. difficile
PCR orders (orders <7 days after a previous positive result) from 30.6% to 19.2%, an overall decrease of 31.9%.
SIRT1 Suppresses Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Transcription
Authors: Tang Hei-Man Vincent , Gao Wei-Wei , Chan Chi-Ping , Cheng Yun , Deng Jian-Jun , Yuen Kit-San , Iha Hidekatsu , Jin Dong-Yan 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated diseases are poorly treatable, and HTLV-1 vaccines are not available. High proviral load is one major risk factor for disease development. HTLV-1 encodes Tax oncoprotein, which activates transcription from viral long terminal repeats (LTR) and various types of cellular promoters. Counteracting Tax function might have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits. In this work, we report on the suppression of Tax activation of HTLV-1 LTR by SIRT1 deacetylase. The transcriptional activity of Tax on the LTR was largely ablated when SIRT1 was overexpressed, but Tax activation of NF-κB was unaffected. On the contrary, the activation of the LTR by Tax was boosted when SIRT1 was depleted. Treatment of cells with resveratrol shunted Tax activity in a SIRT1-dependent manner. The activation of SIRT1 in HTLV-1-transformed T cells by resveratrol potently inhibited HTLV-1 proviral transcription and Tax expression, whereas compromising SIRT1 by specific inhibitors augmented HTLV-1 mRNA expression. The administration of resveratrol also decreased the production of cell-free HTLV-1 virions from MT2 cells and the transmission of HTLV-1 from MT2 cells to uninfected Jurkat cells in coculture. SIRT1 associated with Tax in HTLV-1-transformed T cells. Treatment with resveratrol prevented the interaction of Tax with CREB and the recruitment of CREB, CRTC1, and p300 to Tax-responsive elements in the LTR. Our work demonstrates the negative regulatory function of SIRT1 in Tax activation of HTLV-1 transcription. Small-molecule activators of SIRT1 such as resveratrol might be considered new prophylactic and therapeutic agents in HTLV-1-associated diseases.

IMPORTANCE
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes a highly lethal blood cancer or a chronic debilitating disease of the spinal cord. Treatments are unsatisfactory, and vaccines are not available. Disease progression is associated with robust expression of HTLV-1 genes. Suppressing HTLV-1 gene expression might have preventive and therapeutic benefits. It is therefore critical that host factors controlling HTLV-1 gene expression be identified and characterized. This work reveals a new host factor that suppresses HTLV-1 gene expression and a natural compound that activates this suppression. Our findings not only provide new knowledge of the host control of HTLV-1 gene expression but also suggest a new strategy of using natural compounds for prevention and treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
Inhibition of Glucosylceramide Synthase Sensitizes Head and Neck Cancer to Cisplatin
Authors: Roh Jong-Lyel , Kim Eun Hye , Park Jin Young , Kim Ji Won 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) overexpression is associated with multidrug resistance in several human cancers. GCS blockade, which overcomes multidrug resistance by downregulating P-glycoprotein (P-gp), has not been tested in head and neck cancer (HNC). This study investigates whether GCS is targetable in HNC by assessing whether GCS inhibition sensitizes HNC to cisplatin. The effect of genetic or pharmacologic GCS inhibition (using GCS siRNA/shRNA or d,l-threo-PPMP, respectively) on cisplatin sensitivity was assessed in several human HNC cells and acquired cisplatin-resistant HNC cells by measuring cell viability, cell cycle, death, mRNA and protein expression, ceramide production, and in preclinical tumor xenograft mouse models. GCS and P-gp expression were significantly associated with cisplatin resistance in several HNC cell lines (P = 0.007). Both were significantly increased in HN9-cisR cells, which display acquired cisplatin resistance (P &lt; 0.001). Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of GCS induced accumulation of increased ceramide levels. GCS inhibition increased cisplatin-induced cell death in HNC cells via P-gp downregulation and proapoptotic protein activation, which were abrogated by siPUMA transfection. Genetic and pharmacologic GCS inhibition sensitized resistant HNC cells to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. GCS and P-gp overexpression is associated with acquired cisplatin resistance, suggesting a role for these molecules as therapeutic targets for HNC. Genetic or pharmacologic GCS blockade may have therapeutic benefit in cisplatin-resistant HNC. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(8); 1907–15. ©2015 AACR.
Human megakaryocytes confer tissue factor to a subset of shed platelets to stimulate thrombin generation
Authors: Canzano Paola , Rossetti Laura , Ferri Nicola , Balduini Alessandra , Abbonante Vittorio , Boselli Daniela , De Marco Luigi , Di Minno Matteo , Toschi Vincenzo , Corsini Alberto , Tremoli Elena , Brambilla Marta , Facchinetti Laura , Camera Marina 
Published: June 2015

SummaryTissue factor (TF), the main activator of the blood coagulation cascade, has been shown to be expressed by platelets. Despite the evidence that both megakaryocytes and platelets express TF mRNA, and that platelets can make de novo protein synthesis, the main mechanism thought to be responsible for the presence of TF within platelets is through the uptake of TF positive microparticles. In this study we assessed 1) whether human megakaryocytes synthesise TF and transfer it to platelets and 2) the contribution of platelet-TF to the platelet hemostatic capacity. In order to avoid the cross-talk with circulating microparticles, we took advantage from an in vitro cultured megakaryoblastic cell line (Meg-01) able to differentiate into megakaryocytes releasing platelet-like particles. We show that functionally active TF is expressed in human megakaryoblasts, increased in megakaryocytes, and is transferred to a subset of shed platelets where it contributes to clot formation. These data were all confirmed in human CD34pos- derived megakaryocytes and in their released platelets. The effect of TF silencing in Meg-megakaryoblasts resulted in a significant reduction of TF expression in these cells and also in Meg-megakaryocytes and Meg-platelets. Moreover, the contribution of platelet-TF to the platelet hemostatic capacity was highlighted by the significant delay in the kinetic of thrombin formation observed in platelets released by TF-silenced megakaryocytes. These findings provide evidences that TF is an endogenously synthesised protein that characterises megakaryocyte maturation and that it is transferred to a subset of newly-released platelets where it is functionally active and able to trigger thrombin generation.
ФАКТОРИ РИЗИКУ В ПРОГНОЗУВАННІ ВИХОДУ ХІРУРГІЧНОГО ЛІКУВАННЯ ПРОЛІФЕРАТИВНОЇ ДІАБЕТИЧНОЇ РЕТИНОПАТІЇ
Authors: Риков С. О. , Рубан А. М. , Зольнікова А. Ю. 
Published: June 2015

<p>The article describes the results in detection different factors that may predict visual outcome after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p>
Elevation of the Pharynx and the Width of the Pharyngo-Esophageal Segment during Swallow
Authors: Ekberg O. 
Published: June 2015

The elevation of the pharynx and larynx at swallowing in 10 patients with a defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle, was compared with that in 10 normals. The pharynx and larynx moved higher among patients with a defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle. Therefore, it can be concluded that a defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle at swallowing has no relationship to a defective pharyngo-laryngeal elevation. References
Normal and Abnormal Temporomandibular Joints as Demonstrated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Kreipke D. L. , Conces D. J. , Sondhi A. , Lappas J. C. , Augustyn G. T. 
Published: June 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was performed on two normal volunteer subjects and two symptomatic subjects using a 0.15 T resistive magnet. A spin echo pulse sequence with a TE of 38 ms and a TR of 500 ms was employed. The TMJ meniscus is a low signal structure, and the bilaminar zone behind it is a relatively high signal structure. In normal closed mouths, the demarcation between meniscus and bilaminar zone is located at the vertex position above the mandibular condyle. When the condyle translates, the posterior portion of the meniscus bulges into the joint space. Dislocated meniscus can be identified by a gray mass anterior to the condylar head. The joint space is filled with the higher signal of the bilaminar zone. In non-reducible dislocations, the meniscus remains anterior to the condylar head with opening of the mouth. Reduced dislocations appear similar to normal joints in the open mouth. References
Amount of Bone and Bone Remodelling in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Andresen J. , Nielsen H. E. 
Published: June 2015

Quantitative radiologic measurements of the second left metacarpal bone were performed on 63 normal men and 71 normal women, 105 patients with non-dialyzed chronic renal failure and on 32 chronic hemodialyzed men and women. For prospective analysis 42 non-dialyzed patients and 31 patients on chronic hemodialysis were available. Measurements of the total width, medullary cavity and combined cortical thickness at the midshaft of the metacarpal bone were made on postero-anterior hand radiographs with a readout of 0.1 mm using a direct reading needle-tipped calliper. Hereafter the cortical area and metacarpal bone mass were calculated. Mean values of the various parameters in the patient groups were compared with mean values of age-matched normal controls. For the prospective analysis the calculated, yearly change of the various parameters during the observation period were compared with the yearly change in normal persons, being estimated by regression analysis between age and radiologic values. Measurements of the amount of bone in normals and in patients with chronic renal failure were reliable, the intraobserver variation coefficient varying from 0.7 to 2.5 per cent and the interobserver variation coefficient from 1.0 to 5.8 per cent. Changes in thickness of the soft tissue of the hand only slightly affected the values, a change of 10 mm resulted in a change of one per cent of the measured and calculated values. Metacarpal bone mass was significantly reduced in normal men and women older than 50 years of age compared with younger persons. In older women, a significant yearly increase in the width of the bone marrow cavity occurred compared with younger women, reflecting a significant loss of cortical thickness, cortical area and metacarpal bone mass. In patients with chronic renal failure, a marked and, compared with normal control persons, significant bone loss with time occurred. In non-dialyzed men and hemodialyzed women this was probably due to a higher endosteal bone resorption than bone formation and in hemodialyzed men and non-dialyzed women, due to a higher resorption than formation both at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces. References
MR Imaging of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
Authors: Ha H. K. , Lim G. Y. , Cha E. S. , Lee H. G. , Ro H. J. , Kim H. S. , Kim H. H. , Joo S. W. , Jee M. K. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose, and Material and Methods: MR findings of 9 surgically proven tubo-ovarian abscesses were analyzed in 8 patients. The images were evaluated for signal intensity characteristics and morphologic appearance of the mass, and presence of secondary changes in adjacent pelvic organs and structures. Results: The signal intensity of the lesions on T1-weighted images was hypointense to the surrounding muscle and myometrium in 5 patients, isointense in 3 and hyperintense in 1. On T2-weighted images the signal intensity was hyperintense (n=6) or heterogeneous (n = 3). A thin rim (1–3 mm) with hyperintensity on T1-weighted images was noted in the innermost aspect of the masses. Other findings were ill-defined margin, thickened wall, multiple internal septa, shading and gas collection. “Mesh-like” linear strands were noted in the pelvis in all patients, with involvement of adjacent pelvic organs in 7 and lymphadenopathy in 3. Conclusions: In this limited number of cases MR imaging showed great potential for demonstrating the extent of the disease, characterizing the lesions and making a specific diagnosis.
Use of an Enhanced Gradient System for Diffusion MR Imaging with Motion-Artifact Reduction
Authors: Brockstedt S. , Thomsen C. , Wirestam R. , De Poorter J. , De Wagter C. , Salford L. G. , Holtås S. , Ståhlberg F. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose: A spin-echo diffusion-sensitized pulse sequence using high gradients (23 mT/m) is introduced. Material and Methods: In order to minimize motion artefacts, velocity-compensating gradients, ECG-triggering and post-processing with phase correction and raw data averaging using navigator echoes was performed. The in vitro ratio of diffusion coefficients for water and acetone was determined and the water self-diffusion coefficient at different temperatures was evaluated. The pulse sequence was tested in 7 healthy volunteers and in 2 tumour patients with astrocytomas of grades I—II and III—IV. Both single-slice and multi-slice techniques were used. Results: The incorporation of phase correction clearly improved the quality of both diffusion-encoded images and the calculated diffusion maps. Mean values of the diffusion coefficients in vivo were for CSF 2.66×10−9 m2/s and for white and grey matter 0.69×10−9 m2/s and 0.87×10−9 m2/s, respectively. Conclusion: Velocity-compensating gradients in combination with a high gradient strength were shown to be useful for in vivo diffusion MR imaging.