bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der Eintritt von Physikern in das Berufsleben: Eine Untersuchung an der Universität Gießen
Authors: Schneider Fritz , Schalch Sowie Dirk , Scharmann Arthur 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNoch bis vor wenigen Jahren konnte ein Physiker davon ausgehen, daß er nach seinem Studium eine Stelle in einem der „klassischen”︁ Bereiche Forschung, Entwicklung und Lehre bekommen würde. Heute trifft das nur noch für die Hälfte aller Absolventen zu. Bei der Erschließung neuer Arbeitsmärkte kommt den Physikern ihre breite Ausbildung zugute.
Kernenergie — Folgen für die Gesellschaft Antwort auf die Erklärung der Groupe de Bellerive
Authors: Rudloff Werner , Waas Ulrich 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnter dem Titel „Kernenergie — Folgen für die Gesellschaft”︁ wurde im September‐Heft 1981 der Physikalischen Blätter eine Erklärung der Groupe de Bellerive abgedruckt, die u. a. sieben kritische Fragen an die Industrie enthält. Die im folgenden wiedergegebene Stellungnahme steht stellvertretend für mehrere Zuschriften, die bei der Redaktion eingegangen sind.
Turbulenz: Durchbruch in einem lange ungelösten Problem? (Teil I): Die Ideen von Ruelle und Takens zur Entstehung der Turbulenz
Authors: Mayer Dieter H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat das Problem der Turbulenz wieder breitere Aufmerksamkeit gefunden. Dazu trugen nicht zuletzt eine Reihe von experimentellen Untersuchungen bei, die neue theoretische Vorstellungen vom Zustandekommen dieses Phänomens zu bestätigen scheinen und in denen Turbulenz mit dem häufigen irregulären zeitlichen Verhalten nichtlinearer dynamischer Systeme in Verbindung gebracht wird. Ursache für solch ein chaotisches Verhalten können die von Ruelle und Takens gefundenen „seltsamen Attraktoren”︁ sein, die auch über das Problem der Turbulenz hinaus in Zukunft von großer Bedeutung sein dürften.
Strahlenexposition und Strahlenrisiko der Bevölkerung Teil I
Authors: Jacobi Wolfgang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTeil I gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Quellen der natürlichen und künstlichen Strahlenexposition sowie über die biologische Strahlenwirkung und die Arten von Strahlenschäden; im Anhang zu diesem Teil werden die Dosisbegriffe und Dosiseinheiten erläutert. Teil II behandelt ausführlich das karzinogene und das strahlengenetische Risiko, er schließt mit einer zusammenfassenden Bewertung.
Unsere Aufgaben für die Zukunft
Authors: Schmidt‐Tiedemann K. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDer neue Präsident der DPG, Prof. Dr. K. J. Schmidt‐Tiedemann, hat sich auf der Mitgliederversammlung am 31. März 1982 in Münster mit einer kurzen Ansprache vorgestellt. Wir veröffentlichen hier eine von ihm überarbeitete Fassung dieser Rede.
Der Betazerfall neutronenreicher Kerne und Konsequenzen für die Kernphysik, Astrophysik und Kerntechnik
Authors: Klapdor Hans Volker 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEs wird über die Berechnung der Betazerfallseigenschaften neutronenreicher Kerne berichtet. Die Ergebnisse sind von Bedeutung für die Elementsynthese in thermonuklearen Prozessen, die Auslegung von Notkühlsystemen für Leichtwasserreaktoren, die Bestimmung von Spaltbarrieren kalter Kerne, die Synthese schwerer Elemente im Universum, die Ermittlung des Alters der Galaxis sowie die Berechnung des Antineutrinospektrums von Reaktoren.
Polarlicht
Authors: Gustafsson Georg 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPolarlichter zählen zu den eindrucksvollsten Erscheinungen am nächtlichen Himmel. Obwohl die Polarlichtforschung auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken kann, gibt es für viele häufig zu beobachtende Polarlichtstrukturen noch keine befriedigende Erklärung.
Physikalische Untersuchungen der Bildung und Eigenschaften wäßriger Mikrophasen
Authors: Eicke Hans‐Friedrich 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBestimmte Tenside können in Gegenwart von Wasser thermodynamisch stabile und weitgehend monodisperse Mikrobereiche von etwa 5 bis 50 nm Durchmesser in flüssigen Dielektrika bilden. Diese kolloid‐dispersen Systeme besitzen eine Reihe von interessanten physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften.
1982: Jubiläumsjahr der Kernspaltungsforschung
Authors: Hanle Wilhelm , Rechenberg Helmut 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVor vierzig Jahren — drei Jahre nach der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung — gelang Robert und Klara Döpel gemeinsam mit Werner Heisenberg der Beweis, daß sich mit einem Schichtensystem aus Uran und D2O die Zahl der Neutronen vermehren läßt. Ende des Jahres 1942 nahm Enrico Fermi in Chicago den ersten Uran‐Reaktor in Betrieb.
Der Weg zum Tokamakreaktor im Lichte neuer experimenteller Ergebnisse
Authors: Lackner K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDer Tokamak ist das magnetische Einschlußprinzip, das auf dem Weg zum Fusionsreaktor bereits am weitesten fortgeschritten ist. Im folgenden wird versucht, den hierbei erreichten experimentellen Stand auf die Notwendigkeiten eines Reaktors zu projizieren.
The ABC transporters in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
Authors: Li Wenlin , Cong Qian , Pei Jimin , Kinch Lisa N. , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus) is a Gram‐negative bacterium and the pathogen of Citrus Greening disease (Huanglongbing, HLB). As a parasitic bacterium, Ca. L. asiaticus harbors ABC transporters that play important roles in exchanging chemical compounds between Ca. L. asiaticus and its host. Here, we analyzed all the ABC transporter‐related proteins in Ca. L. asiaticus. We identified 14 ABC transporter systems and predicted their structures and substrate specificities. In‐depth sequence and structure analysis including multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree reconstruction, and structure comparison further support their function predictions. Our study shows that this bacterium could use these ABC transporters to import metabolites (amino acids and phosphates) and enzyme cofactors (choline, thiamine, iron, manganese, and zinc), resist to organic solvent, heavy metal, and lipid‐like drugs, maintain the composition of the outer membrane (OM), and secrete virulence factors. Although the features of most ABC systems could be deduced from the abundant experimental data on their orthologs, we reported several novel observations within ABC system proteins. Moreover, we identified seven nontransport ABC systems that are likely involved in virulence gene expression regulation, transposon excision regulation, and DNA repair. Our analysis reveals several candidates for further studies to understand and control the disease, including the type I virulence factor secretion system and its substrate that are likely related to Ca. L. asiaticus pathogenicity and the ABC transporter systems responsible for bacterial OM biosynthesis that are good drug targets. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thumb inhibitor binding eliminates functionally important dynamics in the hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase
Authors: Davis Brittny C. , Thorpe Ian F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected almost 200 million people worldwide, typically causing chronic liver damage and severe complications such as liver failure. Currently, there are few approved treatments for viral infection. Thus, the HCV RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (gene product NS5B) has emerged as an important target for small molecule therapeutics. Potential therapeutic agents include allosteric inhibitors that bind distal to the enzyme active site. While their mechanism of action is not conclusively known, it has been suggested that certain inhibitors prevent a conformational change in NS5B that is crucial for RNA replication. To gain insight into the molecular origin of long‐range allosteric inhibition of NS5B, we employed molecular dynamics simulations of the enzyme with and without an inhibitor bound to the thumb domain. These studies indicate that the presence of an inhibitor in the thumb domain alters both the structure and internal motions of NS5B. Principal components analysis identified motions that are severely attenuated by inhibitor binding. These motions may have functional relevance by facilitating interactions between NS5B and RNA template or nascent RNA duplex, with presence of the ligand leading to enzyme conformations with narrower and thus less accessible RNA binding channels. This study provides the first evidence for a mechanistic basis of allosteric inhibition in NS5B. Moreover, we present evidence that allosteric inhibition of NS5B results from intrinsic features of the enzyme free energy landscape, suggesting a common mechanism for the action of diverse allosteric ligands. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selected ion flow tube studies of several siloxanes
Authors: Langford Vaughan S. , Gray John D. C. , McEwan Murray J. 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEPeople are using increasing amounts of siloxanes that ultimately end up in landfills and then in landfill gas and biogas digesters. Their presence poses difficulties for industries seeking to utilize the energy content of landfill and biogas, as the combustion process oxidises silicon to silicon dioxide that in turn damages engine parts. Rapid, efficient and accurate methods are needed to quantify their presence.METHODSSelected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFTMS) is an emerging real‐time technique that has found application for monitoring trace volatiles in air. Samples containing the trace volatiles are simply drawn into the flow tube and convected in a stream of helium. Chemical ionization reactions from mass‐selected reagent ions with the volatiles ensue. To quantify the volatiles in the sample, the ion chemistry of the reagent ion with each volatile must be known.RESULTSRate coefficients and product ion branching ratios were found for the compounds dodecamethylpentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, triethylsilanol, tetramethylsilane and hexamethyldisilazane.CONCLUSIONSThe ion‐molecule reactions of the seven silicon‐containing compounds examined here were fast, occurring at or near the collision rate, thus allowing for detection at low levels. The very simple reaction chemistry found of proton transfer, electron transfer and methyl loss will enable easy quantitation of the siloxanes in landfill gas and biogas using the SIFTMS technique. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Macrophages
Authors: Pratsinis Anna , Hervella Pablo , Leroux Jean‐Christophe , Pratsinis Sotiris E. , Sotiriou Georgios A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (nanosilver) are broadly used today in textiles, food packaging, household devices and bioapplications, prompting a better understanding of their toxicity and biological interactions. In particular, the cytotoxicity of nanosilver with respect to mammalian cells remains unclear, because such investigations can be biased by the nanosilver coatings and the lack of particle size control. Here, nanosilver of well‐defined size (5.7 to 20.4 nm) supported on inert nanostructured silica is produced using flame aerosol technology. The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanosilver with respect to murine macrophages is assessed in vitro because these cells are among the first to confront nanosilver upon its intake by mammals. The silica support facilitates the dispersion and stabilization of the prepared nanosilver in biological suspensions, and no other coating or functionalization is applied that could interfere with the biointeractions of nanosilver. Detailed characterization of the particles by X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy reveals that the size of the nanosilver is well controlled. Smaller nanosilver particles release or leach larger fractions of their mass as Ag+ ions upon dispersion in water. This strongly influences the cytotoxicity of the nanosilver when incubated with murine macrophages. The size of the nanosilver dictates its mode of cytotoxicity (Ag+ ion‐specific and/or particle‐specific). The toxicity of small nanosilver (<10 nm) is mostly mediated by the released Ag+ ions. The influence of such ions on the toxicity of nanosilver decreases with increasing nanosilver size (>10 nm). Direct silver nanoparticle–macrophage interactions dominate the nanosilver toxicity at sizes larger than 10 nm.
Bioinspired Patterning with Extreme Wettability Contrast on TiO2 Nanotube Array Surface: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lai Yuekun , Lin Longxiang , Pan Fei , Huang Jianying , Song Ran , Huang Yongxia , Lin Changjian , Fuchs Harald , Chi Lifeng 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBinary wettability patterned surfaces with extremely high wetting contrasts can be found in nature on living creatures. They offer a versatile platform for microfluidic management. In this work, a facile approach to fabricating erasable and rewritable surface patterns with extreme wettability contrasts (superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic) on a TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) surface through self‐assembly and photocatalytic lithography is reported. The multifunctional micropatterned superhydrophobic TNA surface can act as a 2D scaffold for site‐selective cell immobilization and reversible protein absorption. Most importantly, such a high‐contrast wettability template can be used to construct various well‐defined 3D functional patterns, such as calcium phosphate, silver nanoparticles, drugs, and biomolecules in a highly selective manner. The 3D functional patterns would be a versatile platform in a wide range of applications, especial for biomedical devices (e.g., high‐throughput molecular sensing, targeted antibacterials, and drug delivery). In a proof‐of‐concept study, the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and antibacterial performance of the fabricated 3D AgNP@TNA pattern, and the targeted drug delivery for site‐specific and high‐sensitivity cancer cell assays was investigated.
Active Tundish Slag
Authors: Holappa Lauri , Kekkonen Marko , Louhenkilpi Seppo , Hagemann Rene , Schröder Christina , Scheller Piotr 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe concept of “active tundish slag” aims definitely at improving of steel cleanliness by tailoring a proper tundish slag. In this project, active tundish metallurgy was investigated and assessed. Computation of phase diagrams was used as an approach to understand properties and behavior of tundish slags in casting conditions. Eventual reactions between steel and slag in the tundish were examined by equilibrium calculations. Interfacial phenomena controlling inclusion removal and dissolution into tundish slag were investigated by applying several experimental techniques. Dissolution of alumina and spinel inclusions into slag were studied by model experiments applying CLSM and DHTT methods. Viscosity of slags was measured at different temperatures. Interfacial tension between steel and slag was measured by drop weight method for several slag/steel systems. The study showed the complexity and multi‐disciplinarity in designing slags which can efficiently absorb macro‐ and micro‐inclusions from different steels and at the same time act as protective cover against reoxidation and thermal losses. The final conclusion was that slag optimization is a challenging issue on which favorable metallurgical and thermal properties should be combined with long‐lasting effect during sequential casting operation.
Electromagnetic energy harvester for monitoring wind turbine blades
Authors: Joyce B. S. , Farmer J. , Inman D. J. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe long composite blades on large wind turbines experience tremendous stresses while in operation. There is an interest in implementing structural health monitoring (SHM) systems inside wind turbine blades to alert maintenance teams of damage before serious component failure occurs. This paper proposes using an energy harvesting device inside the blade of a horizontal axis wind turbine to power a SHM system. The harvester is a linear induction energy harvester placed radially along the length of the blade. The rotation of the blade causes a magnet to slide along a tube as the blade axis changes relative to the direction of gravity. The magnet induces a voltage in a coil around the tube, and this voltage powers the SHM system. This paper begins by discussing motivation for this project. Next, a harvester model is developed, which encompasses the mechanics of the magnet, the interaction between the magnet and the coil, and the current in the electrical circuit. A free fall test verifies the electromechanical coupling model, and a rotating test examines the power output of a prototype harvester. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proprioceptive performance of bilateral upper and lower limb joints: side-general and site-specific effects
Authors: Han Jia , Anson Judith , Waddington Gordon , Adams Roger 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Superiority of the left upper limb in proprioception tasks performed by right-handed individuals has been attributed to better utilization of proprioceptive information by a non-preferred arm/hemisphere system. However, it is undetermined whether this holds for multiple upper and lower limb joints. Accordingly, the present study tested active movement proprioception at four pairs of upper and lower limb joints, after selecting twelve participants with both strong right arm and right leg preference. A battery of versions of the active movement extent discrimination apparatus were employed to generate the stimuli for movements of different extents at the ankle, knee, shoulder and fingers on the right and left sides of the body, and discrimination scores were derived from participants’ responses. Proprioceptive performance on the non-preferred left side was significantly better than the preferred right side at all four joints tested (overall F
1, 11 = 36.36, p < 0.001, partial η
2 = 0.77). In the 8 × 8 matrix formed by all joints, only correlations between the proprioceptive accuracy scores for the right and left sides at the same joint were significant (ankles 0.93, knees 0.89, shoulders 0.87, fingers 0.91, p ≤ 0.001; all others r ≤ 0.40, p ≥ 0.20). The results point to both a side-general effect and a site-specific effect in the integration of proprioceptive information during active movement tasks, whereby the non-preferred limb/hemisphere system is specialized in the utilization of the best proprioceptive sources available at each specific joint, but the combination of sources employed differs between body sites.
Early Predictor of Mortality due to Irreversible Posthepatectomy Liver Failure in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kim Sung Hoon , Kang Dae Ryong , Lee Jae Gil , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Kim Kyung Sik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlthough mortality after liver resection has declined, posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) remains a major cause of operative mortality. To date there is not consensus on a definition for PHLF. However, there have been many efforts to define PHLF causing operative mortality. In the present study we sought to identify early predictors of death from irreversible PHLF.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 359 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent liver resection between March 2000 and December 2010. Various biochemical parameters from postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, and 7 were analyzed and compared with the “50–50” criterion.ResultsOperative mortality was 4.7 %. Prothrombin time (PT) <65 % and bilirubin ≥38 μmol/L on POD 5 showed the only significant difference as compared with “50–50” criterion. The new combination of bilirubin level and the international normalized ratio showed higher sensitivity, area under the curve, as well as similar accuracy (sensitivity 78.6 vs. 28.6 %; p = 0.002; area under the curve 0.8402 vs. 0.6396; p = 0.00176; accuracy 88.6 vs. 93.4 %; p = 0.090). Multivariate analysis revealed the combination of PT <65 % and bilirubin ≥38 μmol/L on POD 5 to be the only independent predictive factor of mortality (odds ratio, 82.29; 95 % confidence interval 8.69–779.64; p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn patients with chronic liver disease who will undergo liver resection the combination of PT <65 % and bilirubin ≥38 μmol/L on POD 5 may be a more sensitive predictor than the “50–50” criterion of mortality from PHLF. Although it needs to validated by prospective study, this measure may be applied to select patients receiving artificial liver supports or liver transplantation.
Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for mixed anxiety and depression: a randomized controlled trial and evidence of effectiveness in primary care
Authors: Newby J. M. , Mackenzie A. , Williams A. D. , McIntyre K. , Watts S. , Wong N. , Andrews G. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have the highest co-morbidity rates within the internalizing disorders cluster, yet no Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) programme exists for their combined treatment.MethodWe designed a six-lesson therapist-assisted iCBT programme for mixed anxiety and depression. Study 1 was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the iCBT programme (n = 46)versuswait-list control (WLC;n = 53) for patients diagnosed by structured clinical interview with MDD, GAD or co-morbid GAD/MDD. Primary outcome measures were the Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item scale (depression), Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven-item scale (generalized anxiety), Kessler 10-item Psychological Distress scale (distress) and 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (disability). The iCBT group was followed up at 3 months post-treatment. In study 2, we investigated the adherence to, and efficacy of the same programme in a primary care setting, where patients (n = 136) completed the programme under the supervision of primary care clinicians.ResultsThe RCT showed that the iCBT programme was more effective than WLC, with large within- and between-groups effect sizes found (>0.8). Adherence was also high (89%), and gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. In study 2 in primary care, adherence to the iCBT programme was low (41%), yet effect sizes were large (>0.8). Of the non-completers, 30% experienced benefit.ConclusionsTogether, the results show that iCBT is effective and adherence is high in research settings, but there is a problem of adherence when translated into the ‘real world’. Future efforts need to be placed on developing improved adherence to iCBT in primary care settings.
The 1973 Chilean coup and the origins of transnational human rights activism
Authors: Kelly Patrick William 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe 1973 Chilean coup gave rise to an unprecedented growth in a global human rights consciousness. In its aftermath, transnational activists from a diverse array of political and ideological backgrounds found common cause – indeed, a common language of human rights – in campaigns to ameliorate the repressive acts of the Chilean military junta. This article focuses on two models of activism in particular: Amnesty International, whose 1973 investigative mission set the terms of the global debate about human rights in Chile; and transnational solidarity activists, especially Chilean exiles from leftist parties, whose vision of social activism narrowed as their interest in human rights surged. These campaigns – while not without tensions over the role of politics in the moral appeal to human rights – both articulated a transnational discourse of human rights and created new activist techniques to foment moral outrage by revealing the prevalence of torture through the power of personal testimony.