bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bi2S3Bipyramids in Layered SulfidesM2Bi2S3(AlCl4)2(M= Ag, Cu)
Authors: Groh Matthias F. , Knies Maximilian , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBlack Cu2Bi2S3(AlCl4)2and orange Ag2Bi2S3(AlCl4)2were synthesized by solvent‐free reaction (polycrystalline powders) as well as in Lewis‐acidic ionic liquids (crystals) at temperatures of 200 °C or lower. X‐ray diffraction on single‐crystals of Cu2Bi2S3(AlCl4)2revealed two centrosymmetric polytypes: a rhombohedral one, space groupR$\bar{3}$c[a= 658.02(3) pm,c= 6794.3(3) pm], with six formula units in the unit cell (6R polytype), and a hexagonal one, space groupP63/m[a= 658.71(6) pm,c= 2265.5(3) pm], with two formula units (2H polytype). Ag2Bi2S3(AlCl4)2is homeotypic and crystallizes in the acentric hexagonal space groupP$\bar{3}$2cwitha= 691.65(3) pm,c= 2207.86(9) pm, and two formula units per unit cell (2H′ polytype). All structures consist of2∞[(M+)2Bi2S3] layers (M= Cu, Ag) separated by double layers of AlCl4–tetrahedra and differ mainly in their stacking sequences and the orientation of the AlCl4–groups. The sulfidometalate layer is a honeycomb‐like network withM+and S2–ions in plane, whereas pairs of Bi3+cations occupy positions above and below the plane. The analysis of chemical bonding reveals strong covalent two‐center two‐electron bonds in the five‐atomic bipyramidal Bi2S3unit (D3hsymmetry) and covalent bonding with much higher ionic component to the coin metal cations. The DFT‐optimized shape of an isolated hypothetical Bi2S3molecule differs only marginally from that in the layer. Hence, the compounds might be interpreted as Bi2S3molecules embedded inMAlCl4salts. Optical bandgaps of 1.6 eV (M= Cu) and 2.2 eV (M= Ag) were deduced from diffuse reflectance measurements. DFT‐based quantum chemical calculations indicate direct bandgaps of the same magnitude.
Heller Myotomy for Achalasia. From the Open to the Laparoscopic Approach
Authors: Allaix Marco E. , Patti Marco G. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The last three decades have witnessed a progressive evolution in the surgical treatment of esophageal achalasia, with a shift from open to a minimally invasive Heller myotomy. The laparoscopic approach is currently the standard of care with better short‐term outcomes and similar long‐term functional results when compared to open surgery. More recently, the laparoscopic single‐site approach and the use of the robot have been proposed to further improve the surgical outcome in achalasia patients.
Youth services: meeting the mental health needs of adolescents
Authors: Vyas N. S. , Birchwood M. , Singh S. P. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesYouth mental health services are poised for a paradigm shift. Recent epidemiological evidence confirms the seriousness of adolescence as a risk period for mental ill-health - 50% of all adult mental disorders begin before the age of 16% and 75% before the age of 25. Here, we identify issues with transition of care between CAMHS-AMHS service, and effectiveness of early intervention services.MethodsWe provide a selective review providing evidence of adolescence as a risk period, discuss CAMHS-AMHS service transition problems, and discuss avenues for change to implement the early intervention model across youth mental health.ResultsTraditional service structures,with paediatric -adult split at 16–18 years increasingly appear not fit for purpose. A radical redesign of youth mental health services is not only necessary, it is also feasible and achievable, as illustrated by a pilot Birmingham youth service – Youthspace.ConclusionsPilot youth mental projects currently underway can help radically redesign the existing child and adolescent services. This will in turn lead to an improvement in the young people's experience of engagement with the services so that they too have a positive future.
Elevating form and elevating modulation
Authors: Griffiths Dai 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe device known as, among other terms, truck-driver modulation, arranger's modulation and pump-up modulation is an important procedure for popular music, and one that merits a place in the harmony textbook. Emerging from a discussion of nomenclature, this paper proposes the terms of its title, which distinguishes between modulation as part of the overall form of a track, and modulation as a technical device. Four models are presented for the modulation, with a final discussion of different models used in the one track.
Relationship of prenatal depression and comorbidities to infant outcomes
Authors: Flynn Heather A. , McBride Nicole , Cely Aura , Wang Yuxia , DeCesare Julie 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to provide information on the effect of prenatal depression and anxiety as assessed in the context of obstetrical care on key infant outcomes (gestational age at birth, birth weight, and APGAR scores), while simultaneously considering interactions with maternal medical conditions among primarily Medicaid enrollees.MethodsObstetrical medical records of 419 women presenting consecutively for prenatal care at a health system serving primarily Medicaid patients were examined. Information on maternal characteristics (age, race, education) and maternal medical health (BMI, high blood pressure, diabetes, and kidney problems), as well as mental health information, was extracted. Depression was assessed as part of routine care using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and any documentation of depression or anxiety by the obstetrics clinician was also used in the analyses.ResultsApproximately one-third of the sample showed some evidence of prenatal depression, either based on PHQ-9 score (≥10) or clinician documentation of depression, and close to 10% showed evidence of anxiety. Multivariate analyses showed significant interactions between depression and anxiety on gestational age and birth weight, between depression and high blood pressure on gestational age, and also between anxiety and kidney problems on gestational age.ConclusionAmong this sample, the effect of maternal depression and anxiety on birth outcomes was more evident when considered along with maternal chronic medical conditions. This information may be used to assist prenatal care clinicians to develop risk assessment based on knowledge of multiple risk factors that may exert and additive influence on poor birth outcomes.
“A DEAF VARIETY OF THE HUMAN RACE”: HISTORICAL MEMORY, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, AND EUGENICS
Authors: Greenwald Brian H. , Van Cleve John Vickrey 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlexander Graham Bell stood at the intersection of two late nineteenth-century American social developments. First, a nascent deaf community, threaded by residential schools and the use of a shared visual language, began to form by the 1850s, drawing deaf people into regular interaction and intermarriage. Second, the American eugenics movement, determined to eliminate perceived social problems through reproductive restrictions, came to prominence as the century neared its end. Bell's role in publicly connecting these two historical threads has earned him the approbation of the American deaf community and historians of disability.This article examines Bell's words and actions closely over thirty years to argue that a combination of Bell's own hubris and historians' tendency to conflate two aspects of his complex attitude toward disability has distorted historical memory. Bell feared that difference alone led to inequality, and he hoped that society could be improved through informed reproductive decisions. Ultimately, Bell found himself entangled in an alarming eugenic environment and sought to thwart eugenicists who would interfere with deaf reproductive rights.
Photonic quasi-crystal terahertz lasers
Authors: Vitiello Miriam Serena , Nobile Michele , Ronzani Alberto , Tredicucci Alessandro , Castellano Fabrizio , Talora Valerio , Li Lianhe , Linfield Edmund H. , Davies A. Giles 
Published: December 2014

AbstractQuasi-crystal structures do not present a full spatial periodicity but are nevertheless constructed starting from deterministic generation rules. When made of different dielectric materials, they often possess fascinating optical properties, which lie between those of periodic photonic crystals and those of a random arrangement of scatterers. Indeed, they can support extended band-like states with pseudogaps in the energy spectrum, but lacking translational invariance, they also intrinsically feature a pattern of ‘defects’, which can give rise to critically localized modes confined in space, similar to Anderson modes in random structures. If used as laser resonators, photonic quasi-crystals open up design possibilities that are simply not possible in a conventional periodic photonic crystal. In this letter, we exploit the concept of a 2D photonic quasi crystal in an electrically injected laser; specifically, we pattern the top surface of a terahertz quantum-cascade laser with a Penrose tiling of pentagonal rotational symmetry, reaching 0.1–0.2% wall-plug efficiencies and 65 mW peak output powers with characteristic surface-emitting conical beam profiles, result of the rich quasi-crystal Fourier spectrum.
Modulator-free quadrature amplitude modulation signal synthesis
Authors: Liu Zhixin , Kakande Joseph , Kelly Brian , O’Carroll John , Phelan Richard , Richardson David J. , Slavík Radan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe ability to generate high-speed on–off-keyed telecommunication signals by directly modulating a semiconductor laser’s drive current was one of the most exciting prospective applications of the nascent field of laser technology throughout the 1960s. Three decades of progress led to the commercialization of 2.5 Gbit s−1-per-channel submarine fibre optic systems that drove the growth of the internet as a global phenomenon. However, the detrimental frequency chirp associated with direct modulation forced industry to use external electro-optic modulators to deliver the next generation of on–off-keyed 10 Gbit s−1 systems and is absolutely prohibitive for today’s (>)100 Gbit s−1 coherent systems, which use complex modulation formats (for example, quadrature amplitude modulation). Here we use optical injection locking of directly modulated semiconductor lasers to generate complex modulation format signals showing distinct advantages over current and other currently researched solutions.
The Complexities of Fatigue in Children with Hearing Loss
Authors: Bess Fred H. , Hornsby Benjamin W. Y. 
Published: December 2014

Fatigue is a common phenomenon in our society, and it can have a major impact on an individual's performance and wellbeing. Parents and teachers have long believed that children with hearing loss (CHL) are at increased risk for fatigue. One could easily speculate that toward the end of a school day, CHL may be “physically and mentally spent” as a result of focusing so intently on a teacher's speech, as well as conversations with other students. Moreover, the increased listening effort, stress, and subsequent fatigue experienced by CHL could jeopardize the ability to learn in a noisy classroom environment, thus increasing the risk for problems in school. Only recently, however, have we begun to see empirical studies supporting the notion that CHL experience more fatigue than children with normal hearing (CNH).This review was developed to enhance the awareness of fatigue among those audiologists interested in serving CHL. To this end, we have presented an overview on fatigue in CHL, including its importance, definitions, prevalence, consequences, and recent developments. The complexity and multifaceted nature of fatigue has been highlighted and the need for additional research on fatigue in CHL is emphasized.
Pediatric Upper Cervical Spine Giant Cell Tumor: Case Report
Authors: Alfawareh Mohammad D. , Shah Irfanullah D. , Orief Tamer I. , Halawani Mohammad M. , Attia Walid I. , Almusrea Khaled N. 
Published: December 2014

Study Design Case report. Objective The purpose of this work is to report the case of a giant cell tumor involving the second cervical vertebra in a pediatric patient. Surgical management included a combined posterior and anterior cervical approach. There has been no recurrence in 2 years of follow-up. Case Report A 13-year-old girl presented with scoliosis with incidentally lytic lesion involving the second cervical vertebra. The radiologic investigations and biopsy result indicated a giant cell tumor of the bone. A combined posterior and anterior cervical approach was performed to resect the lesion, reconstruct the spine, and restore stability. Two years of follow-up revealed no recurrence of the lesion with stable reconstruction of the spine. Results The lesion was surgically managed for excision and spinal fusion by combining a posterior occipitocervical arthrodesis with an anterior retropharyngeal cervical approach. The final histopathology result confirmed a giant cell tumor of the bone. Conclusions Giant cell tumor involving the second cervical vertebra is uncommon; this tumor can be managed surgically by using a combined posterior and anterior cervical retropharyngeal approach. The presented case was unique in terms of the tumor location, patient age, and surgical management.
Feeding Ecology of the Sandbar Shark in South Carolina Estuaries Revealed through δ13C and δ15N Stable Isotope Analysis
Authors: Shiffman David S. , Frazier Bryan S. , Kucklick John R. , Abel Daniel , Brandes Jay , Sancho Gorka 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) from muscle samples were used to examine the feeding ecology of a heavily exploited shark species, the Sandbar Shark Carcharhinus plumbeus. Two hundred and sixty two Sandbar Sharks were sampled in five South Carolina estuaries. There were no significant differences in average δ13C or δ15N signatures between estuaries, between sampling years, or between male and female Sandbar Sharks, suggesting that these variables do not affect diet. A potential ontogenetic diet shift between young of year and juvenile Sandbar Sharks in South Carolina, similar to a shift previously described in Virginia and Hawaii populations, is suggested by significant differences in average δ13C and average δ15N signatures between these age classes. Results confirm that Sandbar Sharks in South Carolina are generalist predators and that juvenile Sandbar Sharks have a wider diet breadth than young of year sharks, a pattern common in elasmobranchs. Sandbar Shark diet in South Carolina is similar to that found in previous stomach content analysis studies. This study also demonstrates that nonlethal sampling methods can be applied to sharks to obtain diet and trophic information, including the detection of ontogenetic shifts in diet.
Received September 17, 2013; accepted April 1, 2014
Genetic Predisposition to Dyslipidemia and Risk of Preeclampsia
Authors: Spracklen Cassandra N. , Saftlas Audrey F. , Triche Elizabeth W. , Bjonnes Andrew , Keating Brendan , Saxena Richa , Breheny Patrick J. , Dewan Andrew T. , Robinson Jennifer G. , Hoh Josephine , Ryckman Kelli K. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND
Large epidemiologic studies support the role of dyslipidemia in preeclampsia; however, the etiology of preeclampsia or whether dyslipidemia plays a causal role remains unclear. We examined the association between the genetic predisposition to dyslipidemia and risk of preeclampsia using validated genetic markers of dyslipidemia.

METHODS
Preeclampsia cases (n = 164) and normotensive controls (n = 110) were selected from live birth certificates to nulliparous Iowa women during the period August 2002 to May 2005. Disease status was verified by medical chart review. Genetic predisposition to dyslipidemia was estimated by 4 genetic risk scores (GRS) (total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides) on the basis of established loci for blood lipids. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between each of the 4 genotype scores and preeclampsia. Replication analyses were performed in an independent, US population of preeclampsia cases (n = 516) and controls (n = 1,097) of European ancestry.

RESULTS
The GRS related to higher levels of TC, LDL-C, and triglycerides demonstrated no association with the risk of preeclampsia in either the Iowa or replication population. The GRS related to lower HDL-C was marginally associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99–1.07; P = 0.10). In the independent replication population, the association with the HDL-C GRS was also marginally significant (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest a potential effect between the genetic predisposition to dyslipidemic levels of HDL-C and an increased risk of preeclampsia, and, as such, suggest that dyslipidemia may be a component along the causal pathway to preeclampsia.
Simultaneous pulsed flowering in a temperate legume: causes and consequences of multimodality in the shape of floral display schedules
Authors: Wadgymar Susana M. , Austen Emily J. , Cumming Matthew N. , Weis Arthur E. 
Published: December 2014

Summary

In plants, the temporal pattern of floral displays, or display schedules, delimits an individual's mating opportunities. Thus, variation in the shape of display schedules can affect the degree of population synchrony and the strength of phenological assortative mating by flowering onset date. A good understanding of the mechanisms regulating the timing of flowering onset has been developed, but we know less about factors influencing subsequent patterns of floral display.

We observed unusual multimodal display schedules in temperate populations of the annual legume Chamaecrista fasciculata. Here, we ask whether ‘flowering pulses’ are simultaneous among individuals and populations and explore potential underlying mechanisms and consequences of pulsed flowering.

We monitored daily flower production for individual plants from genetically divergent populations during a series of field experiments that manipulated three potential influencers of display schedule shape: average daily temperature, pollinator availability and watering schedules. We measured floral longevity to isolate the contributions of flower retention and flower deployment to display schedules. We assessed relationships between flowering and environmental variables and compared estimates of population synchrony, individual synchrony and the strength of assortative mating with those of 29 unimodally flowering species from the area.

We observed simultaneous flowering pulses in all experiments, with peaks aligned among individuals and populations despite variation in flowering onset and/or duration. Pulses were not the result of increases in average temperature, pollinator availability or variation in watering schedules. Seasonal fluctuations in temperature correlated with floral longevity and flower deployment, suggesting that the shape of display schedules may be plastic in response to fluctuations in temperature. Average population and individual synchrony differed only slightly from those of the species with unimodal schedules, while the average strength of assortative mating for flowering onset date was strongly reduced (0.21 in C. fasciculata vs. 0.35 for the 29 other species).

Synthesis. Researchers should take caution in assuming that components of display schedules are genetically or developmentally correlated with flowering onset. Variation in the shape of display schedules can influence patterns of gene flow within or between populations, with potential effects on the strength of phenological assortative mating and subsequent responses to selection.
Assessment of clinical manifestations, disease activity and organ damage in 996 Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with other Asian populations
Authors: Joo Young Bin , Bae Sang Cheol 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimTo describe the clinical manifestations, disease activity and organ damage in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodAmerican College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR damage index (SDI) were assessed in patients with SLE from 1998 to 2012.ResultsA total of 996 SLE patients were analyzed. The common accrual of ACR criteria included: immunologic (93%), hematologic (93%), arthritic (66%) and nephritic (50%). In the inception cohort over 10 years of follow‐up (n = 120), the number of ACR criteria increased significantly (5.0 ± 1.2 to 5.7 ± 1.3), and nephritis, serositis and neuropsychiatric symptoms tended to increase continuously over time. SLEDAI‐2K decreased significantly (5.6 ± 3.4 to 4.1 ± 1.2), but the percentage of patients with SLEDAI scores ≥ 12 did not decrease over time. The common organ damages were musculoskeletal (14.9%) and renal (11.1%). The mean SDI score increased significantly (0.4 ± 0.8 to 1.1 ± 1.6) and renal damage had two peaks in 1 and 6–10 years, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric damage were predominant from 1 to 5 years, and ophthalmic damage increased sharply over 10 years.ConclusionCompared to other Asian cohorts, disease activity was lower and organ damage was less in our Korean cohort. Nephritis, serositis and neuropsychiatric symptoms increased continuously over time. Overall disease activity decreased significantly, but a small portion of severe disease activity continued during the disease course. The most common organ damage was musculoskeletal. The time in organ damage development varied, which reflects the possible causality, such as disease itself and/or treatment.
Review article: breath analysis in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Kurada S. , Alkhouri N. , Fiocchi C. , Dweik R. , Rieder F. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundThere is an urgent need for cheap, reproducible, easy to perform and specific biomarkers for diagnosis, differentiation and stratification of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Technical advances allow for the determination of volatile organic compounds in the human breath to differentiate between health and disease.AimReview and discuss medical literature on volatile organic compounds in exhaled human breath in GI disorders, focusing on diagnosis and differentiation of IBD.MethodsA systematic search in PubMed, Ovid Medline and Scopus was completed using appropriate keywords. In addition, a bibliography search of each article was performed.ResultsMean breath pentane, ethane, propane, 1‐octene, 3‐methylhexane, 1‐decene and NO levels were elevated (P < 0.05 to P < 10−7) and mean breath 1‐nonene, (E)‐2‐nonene, hydrogen sulphide and methane were decreased in IBD compared to healthy controls (P = 0.003 to P < 0.001). A combined panel of 3 volatile organic compounds (octene, (E)‐2‐nonene and decene) showed the best discrimination between paediatric IBD and controls (AUC 0.96). Breath condensate cytokines were higher in IBD compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.008). Breath pentane, ethane, propane, isoprene and NO levels correlated with disease activity in IBD patients. Breath condensate interleukin‐1β showed an inverse relation with clinical disease activity.ConclusionsBreath analysis in IBD is a promising approach that is not yet ready for routine clinical use, but data from other gastrointestinal diseases suggest the feasibility for use of this technology in clinical practice. Well‐designed future trials, incorporating the latest breath detection techniques, need to determine the exact breath metabolome pattern linked to diagnosis and phenotype of IBD.