bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivation in Psychotherapy
Authors: Holtforth Martin Grosse , Michalak Johannes 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMotivational issues are central to human life. Correspondingly, they are also central to the challenging endeavor of psychotherapy. Assisting patients to change involves motivational issues at various levels and at various stages of therapy. Patients might be more or less motivated to begin and to participate in the different stages of psychotherapy (therapy motivation). Besides these differences in therapy motivation, an understanding of the broader concepts of motivation in psychotherapy should mandate that motivational issues be considered in the treatment of all patients and not only in those with obvious deficits in therapy motivation: Motivational issues influence the therapeutic relationship, they should be considered in tailoring specific interventions, and they might be important factors for the onset and maintenance of psychological disorders. This chapter presents theoretical and empirical background information and illustrates therapeutic approaches for dealing with patients’ motivation. Moreover, it summarizes the implications of basic and clinical research for a motivationally informed psychotherapy.
Social cognition in non-primates
Authors: Bshary Redouan , Salwiczek Lucie H. , Wickler Wolfgang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article suggests that broad species comparisons including non-primate species provide the (only) key to several important issues for psychologists taking an evolutionary view/approach. It discusses that the theory of evolution provides alternative concepts that generate different predictions for the cognitive abilities of animals. The article deals with the comparison of distantly related species that live in similar environments. Any similarities in their cognitive abilities would thus reveal independently evolved (analogous) traits. Both concepts are unified in the ‘ethological approach’, which has been developed largely in the 1980s. The article also discusses the logic of evolutionary theory applied to animal cognition. In conclusion, this ‘ecological approach’ predicts analogous capacities in distantly related species due to common ecology, rather than homologous capacities in closely related species due to common ancestry.
Neural pathways of social cognition
Authors: Jellema Tjeerd , Perrett David I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews recent ideas about visual pathways and mechanisms in the brains of human and non-human primates that support social cognition. It shows how the detection of visual cues provides a basis for guiding the observer's behaviour in ways that are based on the current and likely future behaviour of others. These visual mechanisms underpin social cognition, but do not rely on understanding others' minds. They provide what one could call a ‘mechanistic’ description of others' behaviour and of social events in terms of constituent components of actions, their causes and consequences, and expected future occurrence. The article argues that the superior temporal sulcus forms the prime neural substrate for forming descriptions of the ‘mechanics’ of social events.
Evolution of stress response to social threat
Authors: Flinn Mark V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the idea that humans evolved large brains and an extended childhood as adaptations that enable the development of social skills for coping with an increasingly complex and dynamic social and cultural environment. It then explores relations between physiological stress response and the ontogeny of social competencies. Two complementary theoretical models of hormonal stress response are considered: maladaptation to the novelty of chronic stress in social environments, and adaptive neural reorganisation. These two perspectives are interwoven in an evolutionary developmental analysis, complicated by the pleiotropic nature of the key stress hormone, cortisol. The article provides a plausible model and some new pieces for the puzzle linking stress response to the neural plasticity that enables adaptation to the dynamic human social environment.
Symmetry, attractiveness and sexual selection
Authors: Rhodes Gillian , Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers whether a human preference for symmetry is an adaptation for mate choice. If it is, then symmetry should be attractive and it should signal mate quality. The article begins with a brief introduction to sexual selection and its proposed relation to fluctuating asymmetry (FA), highlighting some important methodological issues about the measurement of symmetry. The article then considers whether symmetry is attractive to humans, using meta-analyses to determine the strength of preferences for symmetric faces and bodies and to examine the effects of potential moderator variables. It is apparent from this review that FA has not always been measured appropriately. Therefore, the article presents some new data on the relationship between human FA and mate choice to illustrate some of the appropriate steps required for discussion. It then considers whether human symmetry honestly signals mate quality and reproduction.
Competitive altruism: a theory of reputation-based cooperation in groups
Authors: Van Vugt Mark , Roberts Gilbert , Hardy Charlie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article talks about altruism and morality. It defines altruism in terms of a design to benefit others at a cost to oneself, altruism is defined in terms of a motivation to help. It is often assumed that this motivation is conscious, although this is by no means necessary. Research suggests that humans are often not aware of why they behave as they do. Moral altruism is defined as a design to reward altruists and punish non-altruists. Moral altruists go one step further. Humans are unique in their propensity to cooperate with non-relatives, sometimes in very large groups. In other ultrasocial species, like the social insects, highly cooperative societies are based exclusively on kinship. Kin helping accounts for a substantial part of altruism in human society today.
Dual-inheritance theory: the evolution of human cultural capacities and cultural evolution
Authors: Henrich Joseph , McElreath Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumans learn, via observation of others. This article refers to this form of social learning, which may be particular to humans, as cultural learning. The combination of both the high fidelity and frequency of social learning in the lineage has generated cumulative cultural evolution, which may exist to any significant degree only in the lineage. Paleoarchaeology suggests that substantial cumulative cultural evolution has likely been occurring for at least the last 280,000 years, and is thus a key element in understanding human genetic evolution. The article's second point is illustrated by societies with partible paternity. In providing such a framework, dual-inheritance theory aims to incorporate these and other aspects of human culture under Charles Darwin's theory by focusing on three key concepts.
Modelling cultural evolution
Authors: McElreath Richard , Henrich Joseph 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe key to explaining long-run change in nature, to explaining the origin of new species, of whole new types of organisms, and of life itself is to apply Charles Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism to populations. By keeping track of how the small events of everyday life change the composition of populations, one can explain great events over long time scales. Population models allow for an explanation and real causation at both levels (and more than two levels) to exist seamlessly and meaningfully in one theory. One can build models about how individuals can create population-level effects which then change individuals in powerful ways. Cultural evolutionary models are much the same as better-known genetic ones: events in the lives of individuals interact at the scale of populations to produce feedback and powerful long-term effects on behaviour. This article suggests that there are three basic steps to attaining this.
Audiovisual speech perception and word recognition
Authors: Massaro Dominic W. , Jesse Alexandra 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the main research questions and findings unique to audiovisual speech perception research, and discusses what general questions about speech perception and cognition the research in this field can answer. The influence of a second perceptual source in audiovisual speech perception compared to auditory speech perception immediately necessitates the question of how the information from the different perceptual sources is used to reach the best overall decision. The article explores how our understanding of speech benefits from having the speaker's face present, and how this benefit makes transparent the nature of speech perception and word recognition. Modern communication methods such as Voice over Internet Protocol find a wide acceptance, but people are reluctant to forfeit face-to-face communication. The article also considers the role of visual speech as a language-learning tool in multimodal training, information and information processing in audiovisual speech perception, lexicon and word recognition, facial information for speech perception, and theories of audiovisual speech perception.
Eight questions about spoken word recognition
Authors: McQueen James M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Since word recognition is at the heart of the language-comprehension process, it has also always been a central topic in psycholinguistics. This article reviews current evidence on spoken word recognition, focusing on what is assumed to be the key aspect of the process: the way in which the listener derives from a spoken utterance a satisfactory lexical parse. The assumption is that this process entails abstraction, that is, a type of decoding in which the specific acoustic realisation of any given utterance is mapped onto store knowledge about the phonological form of individual words. To begin, what information in the speech signal is used in word recognition? Where are the words in the continuous speech stream? Which words did the speaker intend? When are the phonological forms of words recognised: How are words recognised? Whither spoken word recognition? The review of uptake of fine-grained segmental and suprasegmental information made clear that the speech signal is not just a sequence of phonemes.
Eye movements and visual word recognition
Authors: Shillcock Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between eye movements and word recognition, moving from what we know about isolated word recognition to the reading of text. There are clear points of contact between behaviour in laboratory tasks with isolated words and word recognition in text; for instance, Schilling et al. (1998) have shown consistent word frequency effects in naming, lexical decision, and fixation times in silent reading. However, there are also major differences between these two domains. Radach and Kennedy (2004) cite “integration with work on single word recognition” as an issue for future reading research. Equally, though, research on isolated visual word recognition can benefit from a consideration of normal reading; when a word is processed in isolation, its normal context has been replaced by a “null” context. The article concentrates on some of the anatomical and computational principles governing access to the mental lexicon. First, it considers eye movements in reading isolated words and then explores how fixation in word recognition is controlled. Finally, the article discusses the issues raised by binocularity.
Word recognition in aphasia
Authors: Blumstein Sheila 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews current knowledge about the nature of auditory word recognition deficits in aphasia. It assumes that the language functioning of adults with aphasia was normal prior to sustaining brain injury, and that their word recognition system was intact. As a consequence, the study of aphasia provides insight into how damage to particular areas of the brain affects speech and language processing, and thus provides a crucial step in mapping out the neural systems underlying speech and language processing. To this end, much of the discussion focuses on word recognition deficits in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics, two clinical syndromes that have provided the basis for much of the study of the neural basis of language. Clinically, Broca's aphasics have a profound expressive impairment in the face of relatively good auditory language comprehension. This article also considers deficits in processing the sound structure of language, graded activation of the lexicon, lexical competition, influence of word recognition on speech processing, and influence of sentential context on word recognition.
Representation and processing of lexically ambiguous words
Authors: Lupker Stephen J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the impact of ambiguity on word processing out of context, mostly in single word presentation tasks. These tasks should give us the best chance of uncovering the basic principles underlying how these words are represented in memory and how that memory representation is accessed. The article first discusses the key phenomenon and then considers attempts to model that phenomenon based on some possible ways in which ambiguous words might be represented in memory. It also focuses on more recent attempts to distinguish between different types of ambiguous words and what that research might have to say about the representation question. Moreover, the article assesses models based on multiple lexical units, models based on distributed representations, ambiguity effects in semantic tasks, the distinction between activation and selection, and eye movements. Finally, it analyses a prediction of all current models by considering data from other, neutral-context tasks before turning to the question of the impact of context.
Morphological Processes in language Comprehension
Authors: Marslen-Wilson William D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA psycholinguistic account of human communication must explain how linguistic inputs and outputs are structured to convey the speaker's intended meaning. The concept of a “mental lexicon” plays a key role in standard conceptions of this process, referring to the learned representations that mediate between the spoken utterance (or written text) and the interpretation computed by the listener or reader. The organisation of these representations needs to reflect, broadly speaking, two kinds of linguistic information being communicated: semantic information, about meanings in the world; and a wide range of syntactic information, specifying grammatical relations, tense, aspect, and so forth. These different kinds of linguistic information are associated with specific lexical entities—words and morphemes—which are assembled together, in different ways in different languages, to convey the necessary mix of semantic and syntactic cues to intended meaning as the speech input is heard over time (or as a written text is read). This article discusses morphological processes in language comprehension, focusing on inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. It also considers morphological decomposition and lexical representation.
Connectionist models of reading
Authors: Seidenberg Mark S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractConnectionist computational models have been extensively used in the study of reading: how children learn to read, skilled reading, and reading impairments (dyslexia). The models are computer programs that simulate detailed aspects of behaviour. This article provides an overview of connectionist models of reading, with an emphasis on the “triangle” framework. The term “connectionism” refers to a broad, varied set of ideas, loosely connected by an emphasis on the notion that complexity, at different grain sizes or scales ranging from neurons to overt behaviour, emerges from the aggregate behaviour of large networks of simple processing units. This article focuses on the parallel distributed processing variety developed by Rumelhart, McClelland, and Hinton (1986). First, it describes basic elements of connectionist models of reading: task orientation, distributed representations, learning, hidden units, and experience. The article then looks at how models are used to establish causal effects, along with quasiregularity and division of labor.
Language and action: creating sensible combinations of ideas
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCould two topics be less related than language and action? Both historical and contemporary philosophers have argued that language is separate from perception and action, that it is a higher faculty, or that it is what separates human from animal. The data, however, present an overwhelming case in favor of an intimate relation between language and action. Much of the data and theory derive from considerations of embodied cognition, and so this article begins with a brief overview of that notion. It then considers the relation between language and action from the perspectives of neuroscience, cognitive development, and behavioural research. The article concludes with a theoretical rationale for the relation: the mechanism of action planning is the mechanism that allows us to sensibly combine meanings across words and sentences.
The problem of speech patterns in time
Authors: Port Robert F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne of the ways in which spoken languages differ from each other is in the temporal patterning of speech. These temporal patterns can be examined on several time scales, from very local (subsegmental and segmental) to global. The global patterns lasting from a quarter second to a second or so are most noticeable when we listen to speech in any language but our own. We may also become aware of rhythmic patterns in our own language when we hear it spoken by someone whose native language is something else. Presumably there is some kind of pattern in the timing of speech gestures that accounts for our perception of rhythmic differences between languages. This article examines the problem of speech patterns in time, two conceptual frames for temporal patterns in speech (symbol strings and cycles), global timing constraints (“stress-timed” vs. “syllable-timed” languages), regular “mora timing” in Japanese, harmonic timing effect, modelling rhythm with dynamical systems, and phrase edge timing phenomena.
Concept formation and language development: count nouns and object kinds
Authors: Xu Fei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhat is the role of language in concept formation in infancy? More specifically, does learning count nouns play a causal role in infants' acquisition of object kind concepts? The relationship between language development and concept formation is an old question that has intrigued psycholinguists, philosophers, and psychologists for decades. Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in this area. Many domains of conceptual representations and the corresponding linguistic representations have been investigated. At the syntactic level, researchers have explored the role of morphsyntax in spatial representations as well as the understanding of false belief. At the lexical level, they have explored how words of various grammatical classes may impact on spatial category formation, number representations, and representations of objects and substances. This article focuses on a universal aspect of language: representations of count nouns that refer to object kinds. It discusses count nouns and categorization, individuation, and inductive inference.
Learning to parse and its implications for language acquisition
Authors: Trueswell John C. , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes what is known about the adult end-state, namely, that the adult listener recovers the syntactic structure of an utterance in real-time via interactive probabilistic parsing procedures. It examines evidence indicating that similar mechanisms are at work quite early during language learning, such that infants and toddlers attempt to parse the speech stream probabilistically. In the case of learning, though, the parsing is in aid of discovering relevant lower-level linguistic formatives such as syllables and words. Experimental observations about child sentence-processing abilities are still quite sparse, owing in large part to the difficulty in applying adult experimental procedures to child participants; reaction time, reading, and linguistic judgement methods have all have been attempted with children. The article discusses real-time sentence processing in adults, experimental exploration of child sentence processing, eye movements during listening and the kindergarten-path effect, verb biases in syntactic ambiguity resolution, prosody and lexical biases in child parsing, parsing development in a head-final language, and the place of comprehension in a theory of language acquisition.
Thinking across the boundaries: psycholinguistic perspectives
Authors: Garrett Merrill 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article claims that two things will bulk large in the historical scene. One is the importation of brain and biology into cognitive science in general and psycholinguistics in particular. The other is more subtle, but equally significant: the embedding of language in more general theories of mind. There is a reawakening of interest in the evolutionary underpinnings of language and other characteristically human features of cognition; an interest obviously confounded with the increased emphasis on the neuroscience of language and cognition. One might roughly describe the changes in practices and attitudes toward psycholinguistic problems in terms of three periods: 1955–1970: shaking the shackles of behaviorism and establishing the field; 1970–1990: exploring the fundamental problems and finding new directions; 1990s–: building cognitive science and investing in new methods. The article also looks at the state of current research and some probable future directions in several areas, including lexical processing, speech perception, developmental psycholinguistics, parsing, connectionism, cross-linguistic emphasis, language production, bilingualism, and the neuropathologies and biology of language.
Case in Decline
Authors: Barðdal Jóhanna , Kulikov Leonid 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the main aspects of the reduction/loss of case and the decay of case marking systems. The general mechanisms which lead to the merger of case and case syncretism and, eventually, to the loss of (some) cases include: phonetic processes which result in the loss of the difference between two or more case forms, that is, erosion of case inflection, and, thus, in case syncretism; the overlapping of syntactic and semantic functions and/or uses of individual cases, that is, syntactic and semantic affinity of some cases; semantic or functional overlapping of whole argument structures; and a variety of analogical developments and paradigmatic levelling. The interplay between phonetic erosion and the semantic/functional overlap of case forms and argument structure constructions can be demonstrated with examples from several Indo-European languages, as these provide rich evidence for various scenarios of the decay and collapse of case systems. The ultimate case syncretism is typically preceded by a period of variation and alternation between case forms or argument structures.