bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid‐State Image Sensors
Authors: Fowler Boyd 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of solid‐state image sensor technology. It starts with a historical review of CCDs and MOS image sensors since the late 1960s. Then, the basic theory of silicon photon detection is presented. Pixel‐level optics is described next, followed by an analysis of photodetector quantum efficiency and modulation transfer function. Then, the various noise sources in solid‐state image sensors are reviewed, followed by a discussion about CCD and CMOS image sensor readout architectures. Finally, various methods for extending the dynamic range of solid‐state image sensors are reviewed.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Authors: Gu Claire , Yeh Pochi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel electronic visual display that uses a two‐dimensional array of liquid crystal (LC) cells, each of which can be electrically controlled to modulate the transmission of light for the display of digital images. Among all the electronic visual displays in the current world, LCD is taking the dominant position owing to its flat panel, light weight, low driving voltage, low power consumption, high resolution, large viewing angle, high color quality, and availability in a large range of screen size. In this chapter, we describe the basic device structure including various components, principle of operation, properties of LC materials, and various LCD modes of operation and their applications. We also point out some of the fundamental limitations of the LCDs.
Digital Micromirror Device and Digital Light Processing
Authors: Ramanath Rajeev 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDigital light processing (DLP) technology as used in display projection applications brings forth an unparalleled use of micromirror technology to selectively steer light while providing unparalleled speeds, contrast ratios, and chipset efficiencies. Innovations in optics, electronics, and illumination technologies have enabled a unique convergence of this microelectromechanical system technology to bring forth a compelling solution for consumer and professional projection. Applications outside of image and video projection make for a unique innovation vehicle that continues to push the limits of technology.
Electrophotography
Authors: Cousoulis Marc 
Published: March 2015

AbstractElectrophotography is the underlying print engine technology that drives the multimillion‐dollar laser printer and toner industries. This chapter provides a review of the foundational science required to understand the functional and architectural decisions that define the design of modern toner‐based imaging systems. The six primary steps associated with electrophotography are defined and explained. They are broken down into individual sections where the physics and characteristics are explored. Toner design philosophy is discussed, and toner‐manufacturing processes are described. The most common print quality defects are discussed along with their causes. An overview of process architecture and controls is given and connected to the technology choices available. A brief review of some of the most important trends in electrophotography is discussed.
Thick FilmACElectroluminescence
Authors: Winscom Christopher J. , Withnall Robert , Silver Jack 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe background to thick film AC electroluminescence, also known asACpowder electroluminescence(ACPEL), is developed to cover modern materials and the fundamental characteristics of light sources using this technology. The currently accepted mechanism for typical ZnS:Cu,Cl phosphor materials is discussed in terms of CuxS precipitates, while noting that these have yet to be directly imaged. Other surface‐distributed light sources based on AC thin film electroluminescence (ACTFEL) and the more recent smOLED and pOLED technologies are compared with ACPEL with respect to display and solid‐state lighting applications. Additional issues important for display applications, such as lifetimes and associated degradation mechanisms, and color conversion strategies are also reviewed.
Touch Displays
Authors: Walker Geoff 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA touch display is a display that includes an attached, integrated, or embedded touch screen. A touch screen is an electronic subsystem that detects a user's touch on the surface of a display and translates it into information that a computer can understand and use. The key characteristic of a touch screen is its touch technology, the particular method by which the electronic subsystem detects a user's touch. All touch technologies can be categorized into six basic types, each with a number of subtypes (indicated in parentheses), as follows: capacitive (projected and surface), resistive (analog, digital multi‐touch, and analog multi‐touch), acoustic (surface acoustic wave, Acoustic Pulse Recognition™, and Dispersive Signal Technology™), optical (traditional infrared, multi‐touch infrared, camera‐based, in‐glass/planar scatter detection, and vision‐based), embedded (on‐cell capacitive, hybrid in‐cell/on‐cell capacitive, in‐cell capacitive, and light‐sensing), and other (force‐sensing). A total of 18 different touch technologies are therefore described, all of which are in current use with displays today. With the exception of embedded touch technology, where the touch screen is designed‐in as part of the display, the display underneath the touch screen in a touch display is just a standard display, not unique in any way. The descriptions of the 18 touch technologies are not highly technical; depth of technical information on any one technology is sacrificed for breadth of information on multiple technologies.
Understanding Glare and How it Limits Scene Reproduction
Authors: Rizzi Alessandro , McCann John J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOptical veiling glare limits the dynamic range of light on image sensors. The linit is a variable modification of scene radiances that depends on scene content. The limit is found in photographic scene capture, and in human intraocular glare. Glare effects viewing real scenes, and all stages of scene reproduction. This article describes the optical physics of scene capture, measurements of camera acqisition limits, and measurements of intraocular glare limits. Human vision has two opposing spatial mechanisms: glare and neural contrast. While scene‐dependent glare reduces the dynamic range of the image on the retina, post‐receptor neural mechanisms counteract this loss of range. Human spatial‐processing renders low‐range (high glare) beach scenes with high apparent contrast. Further, it renders high‐range (low glare) stars at night with low apparent contrast. This article reviews the steps necessary to calibrate cameras for accurate scene radiance measurements, and spatial models of human neural contrast.
Digital Imaging for Planetary Exploration
Authors: Nikzad Shouleh , Jewell April D. , Carver Alexander G. , Hoenk Michael E. , Maki Justin N. , Bell L. Doug 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the history and current use of digital imaging in planetary remote andin situexploration. The focus is mainly on visible as well asUV(ultraviolet) and nearIR(infrared) imaging. We briefly discuss the operation of digital imagers, followed by the various readout schemes. We outline the requirements specific to planetary missions and review the history of planetary exploration through digital imaging. We examine the present and under‐planning instruments for remote sensing of planets. Finally, we discuss current trends in digital imaging and outline a possible path for future developments.
Aminomethylation of Enals through Carbene and Acid Cooperative Catalysis: Concise Access to β2‐Amino Acids
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Chen Xingkuan , Wang Ming , Zheng Pengcheng , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA convergent, organocatalytic asymmetric aminomethylation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes by N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and (in situ generated) Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis is disclosed. The catalytically generated conjugated acid from the base plays dual roles in promoting the formation of azolium enolate intermediate, formaldehyde‐derived iminium ion (as an electrophilic reactant), and methanol (as a nucleophilic reactant). This redox‐neutral strategy is suitable for the scalable synthesis of enantiomerically enriched β2‐amino acids bearing various substituents.
Photoinduced Postsynthetic Polymerization of a Metal–Organic Framework toward a Flexible Stand‐Alone Membrane
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Feng Xiao , Li Haiwei , Chen Yifa , Zhao Jingshu , Wang Shan , Wang Lu , Wang Bo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising class of nanoporous polymeric materials. However, the processing of such fragile crystalline powders into desired shapes for further applications is often difficult. A photoinduced postsynthetic polymerization (PSP) strategy was now employed to covalently link MOF crystals by flexible polymer chains, thus endowing the MOF powders with processability and flexibility. Nanosized UiO‐66‐NH2 was first functionalized with polymerizable functional groups, and its subsequent copolymerization with monomers was easily induced by UV light under solvent‐free and mild conditions. Because of the improved interaction between MOF particles and polymer chains, the resulting stand‐alone and elastic MOF‐based PSP‐derived membranes possess crack‐free and uniform structures and outstanding separation capabilities for CrVI ions from water.
Activation energy distribution in pyrolysis of Thar coal, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Nasiruddin , Sarwar Anila , Shah Syed Kabir 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThermochemical decomposition of 16 samples of low‐rank Thar coal has been investigated using non‐isothermal thermogravimetric data under an inert environment. Rapid weight loss of volatiles was found in the regions of 164–233 and 473–503 °C. Kinetics of pyrolysis reaction showed that the volatiles released in three consecutive steps follow first‐order reaction. The kinetic evaluation focuses on all the steps to estimate activation energy, pre‐exponential factor and the contribution of each step to the overall reaction. The results showed that evaporation of moisture and low‐temperature volatile compounds require 3.17–4.81 kJ mol−1 activation energy. The combustion of char required a higher amount of energy (10.86–36.11 kJ mol−1). The formation of secondary char required 10.34–24.00 kJ mol−1 energy. The results suggested that Thar coal has a substantial potential for gasification due to high volatile content and low activation energy. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent developments in polymers derived from industrial lignin
Authors: Ten Elena , Vermerris Wilfred 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTLignin is an aromatic polymer that makes up 15–30% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants. While lignin's role in facilitating water transport through the vasculature, providing rigidity and acting as a defense against pests and pathogens is important for the plant's survival, industries that process plant biomass for the production of biofuels and bio‐based chemicals have historically primarily been interested in the cell wall polysaccharides, especially cellulose. Consequently, lignin is generated in large quantities as a by‐product that is often burned to generate heat and electricity, or that is used in low‐value applications. It is becoming clear that, rather than treating it as waste, lignin is very suitable for the production of enhanced composites, carbon fibers, and nanomaterials, which offers both economic and environmental benefits. This review highlights recent uses of these polymers as adsorbents, flocculants, adhesives, anti‐oxidants, energy storing films, and vehicles for drug delivery and gene therapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42069.
Morphometrics and Structure of Complete Baleen Racks in Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) From the Eastern North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Young Samantha , DeméRé Thomas A. , Ekdale Eric G. , Berta Annalisa , Zellmer Nicholas 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMysticetes have evolved a novel filter feeding apparatus—baleen—an epidermal keratinous tissue composed of keratin that grows as a serial arrangement of transverse cornified laminae from the right and left sides of the palate. The structure and function of baleen varies among extant mysticete clades and this variation likely can be viewed as adaptations related to different filter feeding strategies. In one of the first morphometric studies of the full baleen apparatus, we describe the morphology of complete baleen racks in neonate, yearling and adult gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus), and note morphometric variations between age groups as well as within individual racks. Morphometric data and detailed descriptions were collected from the full baleen apparatus of three frozen specimens of E. robustus using previously derived ecologically significant and broad scale measurements of baleen. Additionally, characters of the baleen apparatus were described based on visible patterns of baleen laminae and plates on the dorsal root of the rack. Results indicate that the longest, widest, and thickest plates and laminae are found toward the posterior half of the rack, resulting in the greatest surface area for filtration of prey occurring in this region. Ontogenetic changes were also documented that reveal a progressive increase in the filter surface area of the developing baleen apparatus as baleen laminae and main plates grow in length and width. Also noted was a progressive posterior shift in the position of greatest filtration area. Histological examination of the epithelial base (Zwischensubstanz) and laminae showed basic epidermal layers, as well as gapping between layers and vacuoles. Anat Rec, 298:703–719, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eye, Nose, Hair, and Throat: External Anatomy of the Head of a Neonate Gray Whale (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Eschrichtiidae)
Authors: Berta Annalisa , Ekdale Eric G. , Zellmer Nicholas T. , Deméré Thomas A. , Kienle Sarah S. , Smallcomb Meghan 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTInformation is scarce on gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) anatomy and that of mysticetes in general. Dissection of the head of a neonatal gray whale revealed novel anatomical details of the eye, blowhole, incisive papilla with associated nasopalatine ducts, sensory hairs, and throat grooves. Compared to a similar sized right whale calf, the gray whale eyeball is nearly twice as long. The nasal cartilages of the gray whale, located between the blowholes, differ from the bowhead in having accessory cartilages. A small, fleshy incisive papilla bordered by two blind nasopalatine pits near the palate's rostral tip, previously undescribed in gray whales, may be associated with the vomeronasal organ, although histological evidence is needed for definitive identification. Less well known among mysticetes are the numerous elongated, stiff sensory hairs (vibrissae) observed on the gray whale rostrum from the ventral tip to the blowhole and on the mandible. These hairs are concentrated on the chin, and those on the lower jaw are arranged in a V‐shaped pattern. We confirm the presence of two primary, anteriorly converging throat grooves, confined to the throat region similar to those of ziphiid and physeteroid odontocetes. A third, shorter groove occurs lateral to the left primary groove. The throat grooves in the gray whale have been implicated in gular expansion during suction feeding. Anat Rec, 298:648–659, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Orienting Effect of the Cage Addends: The Case of Nucleophilic Cyclopropanation of C2‐C70(CF3)8
Authors: Apenova Marina G. , Semivrazhskaya Olesya O. , Borkovskaya Eugenia V. , Belov Nikita M. , Ioffe Ilya N. , Markov Vitaliy Yu. , Troyanov Sergey I. , Lukonina Natalia S. , Sidorov Lev N. , Goryunkov Alexey A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractC2‐C70(CF3)8 was found to be a very promising substrate in the Bingel and the Bingel–Hirsch reactions combining perfect regioselectivity with much higher reactivity compared to its analogs. The reactions with diethyl malonate yield a single isomer of the monoadduct C70(CF3)8[C(CO2Et)2] and a single C2‐symmetrical bisadduct C70(CF3)8[C(CO2Et)2]2. The Bingel–Hirsch variation is particularly interesting in that it additionally affords, in a similar regioselective manner, the unexpected alkylated derivatives C70(CF3)8[CH(CO2Et)2]H and C70(CF3)8[C(CO2Et)2][CH(CO2Et)2]H. The novel compounds have been isolated and structurally characterized by means of 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The mechanistic and regiochemical aspects of the reaction are explained with the aid of DFT calculations.
Greenhouse gas performance of heat and electricity from wood pellet value chains – based on pellets for the Swedish market
Authors: Hansson Julia , Martinsson Fredrik , Gustavsson Mathias 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIncreased bioenergy demand has triggered a discussion on the sustainability of solid biomass‐based fuels and a system for sustainability criteria has been discussed within the EU. This paper assesses the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for heat and electricity from selected wood pellet value chains for the Swedish market and the associated potential emissions reduction in relation to fossil fuels using a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective, and in relation to the approach described in recent EU policy developments. Nine different wood pellet value chains for heat and/or power production in Sweden are assessed (including pellets from Sweden, Latvia, Russia, and Canada). Selected assumptions are varied in a sensitivity analysis. The total factory‐gate GHG emissions at the conversion facility for the wood pellet value chains studied, range between 2 and 25 g CO2‐eq/MJ pellets with Swedish pellets at the lower end, and Russian pellets using natural gas for drying the raw material at the higher end. Imported pellets from Latvia, Russia, and Canada that use biomass for drying may also reach relatively low levels of GHG emissions. The potential GHG reduction as compared to a certain fossil fuel default energy comparator is 64–98% for the electricity produced in the pellet value chains studied and 77–99% for the heat produced. Thus, many wood pellet value chains on the Swedish market will most likely be able to meet strict demands for sustainability from a GHG perspective. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Turning It Around: What Do Young Women Say Helps them to Move On from Child Sexual Exploitation?
Authors: Gilligan Philip 
Published: March 2015

Twenty‐four young women and one young man, aged between 13 and 23 years, who are current or former service users of two voluntary‐sector projects specialising in services for young people and who have been or are at risk of child sexual exploitation (CSE), shared their views about what had helped and what will help them to move on from CSE. They were accessed via the projects and invited to choose how they gave their views, which ultimately they did through combinations of semi‐structured interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaires, artwork and poetry. Their views are summarised in the context of other relevant literature. The findings emphasise that: these young people have important things to say about what will help them; they need workers who are friendly, flexible, persevering, reliable and non‐judgemental; they need information, advice, safe places, enrichment experiences and services which are available during evenings and at weekends; and they are unlikely to engage positively with statutory services (police and children's social care) unless those services convince them more effectively that they will listen to, protect and respect them. Their pain, resilience and anger are illustrated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘These young people have important things to say about what will help them’Key Practitioner MessagesYoung women affected by CSE:

Have important things to say about what will help them;
Need workers who are friendly, flexible, persevering, reliable and non‐ judgemental;
Need information, advice, safe places, enrichment experiences and services which are available during evenings and at weekends;
Are unlikely to engage effectively with statutory services (police and children's social care) unless those services demonstrate that they will listen to, protect and respect them.
‘[They] need workers who are friendly, flexible, persevering, reliable and non‐judgemental’
Intervening with Severely and Chronically Neglected Children and their Families: The Contribution of Trauma‐Informed Approaches
Authors: Milot Tristan , St‐Laurent Diane , Éthier Louise S. 
Published: March 2015

Many clinicians and researchers have proposed considering child abuse and neglect from a traumatic stress perspective to better understand how they so profoundly impact child development. According to this perspective, child maltreatment (both child abuse and neglect) is viewed as a chronic interpersonal trauma which may severely interfere with normal developmental processes, often resulting in long‐lasting behavioural, emotional and psychophysiological dysregulations. In this paper, we summarise theoretical and empirical literature addressing the traumatic nature of child neglect, with a specific focus on short‐term consequences of neglect in childhood. We then give an overview of some key intervention elements stemming from trauma‐informed approaches with traumatised children and their families.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘We summarise theoretical and empirical literature addressing the traumatic nature of child neglect’Key Practitioner Messages

Child neglect is viewed as a chronic interpersonal trauma which may severely interfere with normal developmental processes, often resulting in long‐lasting behavioural, emotional and psychophysiological dysregulations.
Key intervention guidelines stemming from trauma‐informed approaches include:

A detailed assessment of the child's trauma history and characteristics
Providing a safe environment for the child
Helping the child build feelings of emotional security
Improving parental sensitivity
Developing child emotional self‐regulation
Offering emotional therapeutic support to the parent.
A Life Less Ordinary: Foster Carers' Views and Experiences of Negative Peer Interactions in Fostering Households
Authors: Barter Christine , Lutman Eleanor 
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this paper is to explore negative peer interactions in foster care. Looked after children and young people have highlighted the impact of negative peer interactions, and especially peer violence and intimidation, on their care experiences. However, to date, no specific fostering research has addressed this important issue. In response to this gap, we undertook focus groups with 32 foster carers in the South West of England. Group discussions were semi‐structured based around the issue of negative peer interactions in foster care. The analysis revealed five main associated themes: the impact on the carers' birth children; a lack of placement planning; inadequate referral information; a negative view of social work support; and insufficient external interventions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘We undertook focus groups with 32 foster carers in the South West of England’Key Practitioner Messages

Negative peer interactions, particularly violence, were a major concern for foster carers, especially if they negatively impacted on the welfare of carers' birth children.
An absence of pre‐placement referral information on negative peer interactions was commonly reported and placed all children in the fostering household at risk.
Associated social work support and external interventions were often perceived as lacking and inadequate.
Fostering procedures, review and decisions need to recognise the impact of peer violence on all members of the fostering household.