bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimorbidity and chronic disease: an emergent perspective
Authors: Sturmberg Joachim P. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe concept of emergence offers a new way of thinking about multimorbidity and chronic disease. Multimorbidity and chronic disease are the end result of ongoing perturbations and interconnected activities of simpler substructures that collectively constitute the complex adaptive superstructure known as us, the person or patient. Medical interventions cause perturbations of many different sub‐systems within the patient, hence they are not limited to the person's bodily function, but also affect his general health perception and his interactions with his external environments. Changes in these domains inevitably have consequences on body function, and close the feedback loop of illness/disease, recovery and regained health.
Evolution of the platycodonoid group with particular references to biogeography and character evolution
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Xiao‐Quan , Sun Hang , Yu Yan , He Xing‐Jin , Hong De‐Yuan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) is an important center of origin and diversification for many northern temperate plants. The hypothesis “out‐of‐QTP” suggests that the majority of northern temperate plants have originated and dispersed from the QTP and adjacent regions. An interesting question is whether the biogeographic history of the platycodonoids (Campanulaceae), a group mainly distributed in the QTP and adjacent regions, coincides with the hypothesis “out‐of‐QTP”? Furthermore, how have the diagnostic characters of the platycodonoids evolved? In the present study, all 10 genera of the platycodonoids were sampled for molecular phylogeny and dating analyses, and ancestral states of distribution and characters were reconstructed. The results do not support the platycodonoids as an “out‐of‐QTP” group, but instead they might have descended from Tethyan ancestors. The dispersal and diversification of the platycodonoids in Asia might have been driven by the uplift of the QTP. The present study highlights the importance of the Tethyan Tertiary flora for the origin of the Sino‐Himalayan flora and the influence of the uplift of QTP on diversification of northern temperate plants. In addition, character state reconstruction reveals that the inferior ovary, capsule, long‐colpate pollen, and chromosome number 2n = 14 are probably ancestral states.
The effects of comprehensive mental intervention on the recovery time of patients with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome
Authors: Liu Yufen , Song Xin , Zhang Yumeng , Zhou Lei , Ni Runhong 
Published: April 2014

Aims and objectivesTo explore the effects of comprehensive mental intervention on the recovery time and symptoms of depression in patients with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome.BackgroundPostsurgical gastroparesis syndrome may occur after abdominal surgery. The development of postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome is believed to be influenced by neuropsychiatric factors, manifest as psychological dysfunction and distress.DesignRandomised controlled trial.MethodsA total of 120 patients with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome were randomly divided into a mental intervention group (n = 60) and a control group (n = 60) by odd or even numbers. The mental intervention group received comprehensive mental intervention including support, counselling, music and massage plus all aspects of conventional therapy. The control group received only conventional therapy, including a three‐cavity gastric tube, fasting, parenteral/enteral nutrition, routine care and health guidance. Pre intervention and postintervention depression levels were assessed in both groups by the Center for Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale. Gastric function recovery was assessed in all patients.ResultsPostintervention depression scores were significantly reduced in the mental intervention group, and pre‐/postdifferences were significantly greater compared to control group scores. The mental intervention group had significantly shorter times for symptom disappearance (nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention), extubation duration, eating recovery, gastric drainage volume >600 ml/day, gastroparesis recovery, as well as shorter hospital stays and lower hospital expenses.ConclusionsComprehensive mental intervention improved negative emotions and depression and shortened recovery time of patients with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome.Relevance to clinical practiceMental intervention is important to postsurgical recovery, and primary nurses are encouraged to understand how to care for postsurgical patients physically and psychologically, with at least one nurse in the postsurgical setting trained to provide mental intervention.
Florence Nightingale and Irish nursing
Authors: McDonald Lynn 
Published: April 2014

Aims and objectivesTo challenge statements made about ‘Careful Nursing’ as a ‘distinctive system’ of nursing established by the Irish Sisters of Mercy, prior to Florence Nightingale, and which is said to have influenced her.BackgroundNumerous publications have appeared claiming the emergence of a ‘distinctive system’ of nursing as ‘Ireland's legacy to nursing’, which, it is claimed, influenced Nightingale's system. One paper argues that the Irish system has its philosophical roots in Thomist philosophy. Several papers argue the ongoing relevance of the Irish system, not Nightingale's, for contemporary nursing theory and practice. Nightingale's influence on and legacy to Irish nursing are not acknowledged.DesignA Discursive paper.MethodsArchival and published sources were used to compare the nursing systems of Florence Nightingale and the Irish Sisters of Mercy, with particular attention to nursing during the Crimean War.ResultsClaims were challenged of a ‘distinctive system’ of nursing established by the Irish Sisters of Mercy in the early nineteenth century, and of its stated influence on the nursing system of Florence Nightingale. The contention of great medical satisfaction with the ‘distinctive’ system is refuted with data showing that the death rate at the Koulali Hospital, where the Irish sisters nursed, was the highest of all the British war hospitals during the Crimean War. Profound differences between the two systems are outlined.ConclusionsClaims for a ‘distinctive’ Irish system of nursing fail for lack of evidence. Nightingale's principles and methods, as they evolved over the first decade of her school's work, remain central to nursing theory and practice.Relevance to clinical practiceNightingale's insistence on respect for patients and high ethical standards remains relevant to practice no less so as specific practices change with advances in medical knowledge and practice.
Is there an association between temporomandibular disorders and playing a musical instrument? A review of literature
Authors: Attallah M. M. , Visscher C. M. , van Selms M. K. A. , Lobbezoo F. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryTemporomandibular disorders (TMDs) have a multifactorial etiology. Among others, parafunctions and oral habits have been suggested as important initiating and perpetuating factors. Playing a musical instrument that loads the masticatory system, like wind instruments and the violin or viola, has been suggested to be part of this group of etiological factors. However, the evidence base for this suggestion is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the literature on the possible association between playing a musical instrument and developing and/or having a TMD. A PubMed search, using the query [‘Music’(Mesh) AND ‘Craniomandibular Disorders’(Mesh)], yielded 19 articles, 14 of which were included in this review. Six of 14 papers had a case‐control or pre‐test‐post‐test design; the remaining eight papers were case reports of expert opinions. The former papers were analysed and tabulated according to the PICO (Patient/population‐Intervention‐Control/comparison‐Outcome/results) system; the latter ones were only summarised and tabulated. All articles with a case‐control or pre‐test‐post‐test design suggested a possible association between TMD and playing a musical instrument, especially the violin and viola. However, no clear‐cut conclusion could be drawn as to whether playing a musical instrument is directly associated with TMD, or only in combination with other factors. More and better research on this topic is needed, as to enable a better counselling and possibly even a better treatment of the suffering musician.
Effects of the masticatory demand on the rat mandibular development
Authors: Hichijo N. , Kawai N. , Mori H. , Sano R. , Ohnuki Y. , Okumura S. , Langenbach G. E. J. , Tanaka E. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe influence of masticatory loading stimulus on mandibular development is not fully clear. In this paper, experimental alterations in the daily muscle use, caused by a changed diet consistency, were continuously monitored, while adaptations in bone and cartilage were examined. It is hypothesised that decreased muscular loading will result in a decrease in the growth factor expression and mandible growth. Fourteen 21‐day‐old Wistar strain male rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed on either a hard or soft diet for 14 weeks. An implanted radio‐telemetric device recorded continuously muscle activity of the superficial masseter muscle. Chondroblast proliferation in the condylar cartilage was identified by insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1r) immunostaining. Furthermore, an X‐ray was taken for cephalometric analysis. In the soft‐diet group, the duty time of the superficial masseter muscle at higher activity levels was significantly lower than that in the hard‐diet group. This decrease in muscular loading of the jaw system was accompanied by: a significant reduction in (i) articular cartilage thickness, (ii) expression of IGF‐1r immunopositive cells and (iii) mandible ramus height. In conclusion, a decrease in masticatory demand during the growth period leads to insufficient mandibular development.
Liver transplantation: a systematic review of long‐term quality of life
Authors: Yang Linda S. , Shan Leonard L. , Saxena Akshat , Morris David L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsLiver transplantation is the only curative intervention for terminal liver disease. Accurate long‐term quality of life (QOL) data are required in the context of improved surgical outcomes and increasing post‐transplant survival. This study reviews the long‐term QOL after primary liver transplantation in adult patients surviving 5 or more years after surgery.MethodsA literature search was conducted on PubMed for all studies matching the eligibility criteria between January 2000 and October 2013. Bibliographies of included studies were also reviewed. Two authors independently performed screening of titles and abstracts. Consensus for studies included for review was achieved by discussion between authors based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Quality appraisal and data tabulation were performed using predetermined forms. Results were synthesized by narrative review.ResultsTwenty‐three studies (5402 patients) were included. QOL following liver transplantation remains superior to preoperative status up to 20 years post‐operatively. More post‐operative complications predicted worse QOL scores especially in physical domains. Benefits in functional domains persist long‐term with independence in self‐care and mobility. Employment rates recover in the short‐term but decline after 5 years, and differ significantly between various aetiologies of liver disease. Overall QOL improves to a similar level as the general population, but physical function remains worse. Participation in post‐operative physical activity is associated with superior QOL outcomes in liver transplant recipients compared to the general population. QOL improvements are similar compared to lung, kidney and heart transplantation. Heterogeneity between studies precluded quantitative analysis.ConclusionsLiver transplantation confers specific long‐term QOL and functional benefits when compared to preoperative status. This information can assist in providing a more complete estimate of the overall health of liver transplant recipients and the effectiveness of surgery. Guidelines for future studies are provided.
The organic solute transporters alpha and beta are induced by hypoxia in human hepatocytes
Authors: Schaffner Carlos A. , Mwinyi Jessica , Gai Zhibo , Thasler Wolfgang E. , Eloranta Jyrki J. , Kullak‐Ublick Gerd A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThe organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα‐OSTβ) form a heterodimeric transporter located at the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and hepatocytes. Liver injury caused by ischaemia‐reperfusion, cancer, inflammation or cholestasis can induce a state of hypoxia in hepatocytes. Here, we studied the effect of hypoxia on the expression of OSTα‐OSTβ.MethodsOSTα‐OSTβ expression was measured in Huh7 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) exposed to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), hypoxia or both. OSTα‐OSTβ promoter activity was analysed in luciferase reporter gene assays. Binding of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α) to the OSTα‐OSTβ gene promoters was studied in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA).ResultsExpression of OSTα and OSTβ increased in PHH under conditions of hypoxia. Exposure of Huh7 cells or PHH to CDCA (50 μM) enhanced the effect of hypoxia on OSTα mRNA levels. In luciferase assays and EMSA, the inducing effect of low oxygen could be assigned to HIF‐1α, which binds to hypoxia responsive elements (HRE) in the OSTα and OSTβ gene promoters. Site‐directed mutagenesis of either the predicted HRE or the bile acid responsive FXR binding site abolished inducibility of the OSTα promoter, indicating that both elements need to be intact for induction by hypoxia and CDCA. In a rat model of chronic renal failure, the known increase in hepatic OSTα expression was associated with an increase in HIF‐1α protein levels.ConclusionOSTα‐OSTβ expression is induced by hypoxia. FXR and HIF‐1α bind in close proximity to the OSTα gene promoter and produce synergistic effects on OSTα expression.
A chromosomal genomics approach to assess and validate the desi and kabuli draft chickpea genome assemblies
Authors: Ruperao Pradeep , Chan Chon‐Kit Kenneth , Azam Sarwar , Karafiátová Miroslava , Hayashi Satomi , Čížková Jana , Saxena Rachit K. , Šimková Hana , Song Chi , Vrána Jan , Chitikineni Annapurna , Visendi Paul , Gaur Pooran M. , Millán Teresa , Singh Karam B. , Taran Bunyamin , Wang Jun , Batley Jacqueline , Doležel Jaroslav , Varshney Rajeev K. , Edwards David 
Published: April 2014

SummaryWith the expansion of next‐generation sequencing technology and advanced bioinformatics, there has been a rapid growth of genome sequencing projects. However, while this technology enables the rapid and cost‐effective assembly of draft genomes, the quality of these assemblies usually falls short of gold standard genome assemblies produced using the more traditional BAC by BAC and Sanger sequencing approaches. Assembly validation is often performed by the physical anchoring of genetically mapped markers, but this is prone to errors and the resolution is usually low, especially towards centromeric regions where recombination is limited. New approaches are required to validate reference genome assemblies. The ability to isolate individual chromosomes combined with next‐generation sequencing permits the validation of genome assemblies at the chromosome level. We demonstrate this approach by the assessment of the recently published chickpea kabuli and desi genomes. While previous genetic analysis suggests that these genomes should be very similar, a comparison of their chromosome sizes and published assemblies highlights significant differences. Our chromosomal genomics analysis highlights short defined regions that appear to have been misassembled in the kabuli genome and identifies large‐scale misassembly in the draft desi genome. The integration of chromosomal genomics tools within genome sequencing projects has the potential to significantly improve the construction and validation of genome assemblies. The approach could be applied both for new genome assemblies as well as published assemblies, and complements currently applied genome assembly strategies.
Does expression of Bt toxin matter in farmer's pesticide use?
Authors: Huang Jikun , Chen Ruijian , Qiao Fangbin , Su Honghua , Wu Kongming 
Published: April 2014

SummaryDespite the widespread adoption of Bt cotton, farmers still spray excessive pesticides in their cotton fields. In contrast to scientists who always use high quality seeds in the laboratory and/or experimental fields, farmers may plant low quality seeds with a low expression of Bt toxin. How does the expression of Bt toxin influence farmers' pesticide use? On the basis of a plot‐level survey and laboratory test data, this study shows that pesticide use on one cotton plot is influenced not only by the expression of Bt crops in this plot, but also by the average expression in the village in the early stage of the cotton growing season. In other words, high expression of Bt toxin benefits not only the farmers who plant the varieties but also all the other villagers.
Prolonged (9 h) poikilocapnic hypoxia (12% O2) augments cutaneous thermal hyperaemia in healthy humans
Authors: Lawley Justin S. , Oliver Samuel J. , Mullins Paul G. , Macdonald Jamie H. , Moore Jonathan P. 
Published: April 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
It is widely reported that non‐painful, local warming of the skin elicits highly reproducible vasodilatation in young healthy individuals. Systemic hypoxia also elicits cutaneous vasodilatation, although this is modest in comparison to that elicited by skin heating. The interaction of simultaneous cutaneous local thermal hyperaemia and systemic hypoxia has not been investigated.
What is the main finding and its importance?
When compared with normoxia, systemic hypoxaemia enhances skin vasodilator capacity in response to local skin warming. This finding has important implications for understanding the physiology of skin microvascular reactivity in individuals exposed to systemic hypoxia or with a hypoxic microenvironment of the skin.
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic poikilocapnic hypoxia on forearm cutaneous thermal hyperaemia. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between the individual susceptibility to oxygen desaturation and cutaneous vasodilator capacity. Twelve healthy participants (seven male) were exposed to 9 h of normoxia and 12% poikilocapnic hypoxia in a temperature‐ and humidity‐controlled environmental chamber. Skin blood flow was assessed at the ventral forearm using laser Doppler flowmetry combined with rapid local heating. After 6 min at baseline (skin temperature clamped at 33°C), local skin temperature was elevated at a rate of 0.5°C every 5 s up to 42°C to elicit a sensory axon response and then held constant for 30 min to cause a plateau. Skin blood flow was calculated as cutaneous vascular conductance [CVC; in perfusion units/mean arterial blood pressure (APU mmHg−1)] and expressed in raw format and relative to heating at 44°C in normoxia (%CVC44). During hypoxaemia, vasodilatation was greater during the initial peak (raw, Δ0.35 APU mmHg−1, P = 0.09; %CVC44, Δ18%, P = 0.05) and the plateau phase (raw, Δ0.55 APU mmHg−1, P = 0.03; %CVC44, Δ26%, P = 0.02). The rate of rise in cutaneous blood flow during the initial peak was significantly greater during poikilocapnic hypoxia (P < 0.01). We observed a negative relationship between oxygen saturation in poikilocapnic hypoxia and the change in baseline (P = 0.06), initial peak (P = 0.01) and plateau phase of thermal hyperaemia (P = 0.01). Prolonged poikilocapnic hypoxia causes robust increases in CVC during both phases of thermal hyperaemia that are dependent on the oxygen saturation of the individual.
Diminished nitric oxide‐dependent sweating in older males during intermittent exercise in the heat
Authors: Stapleton Jill M. , Fujii Naoto , Carter Michael , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: April 2014

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Sweating during exercise in the heat is, in part, mediated through nitric oxide‐dependent mechanisms. It is unclear whether ageing reduces nitric oxide‐dependent sweating during exercise in the heat.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Nitric oxide‐dependent sweating during short bouts of exercise in the heat was observed in young men, but not in older adults. These findings show that age‐related impairment in sweating may be associated with age‐related reductions in nitric oxide‐mediated sweating.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling molecule that contributes to the control of many physiological pathways, including the heat‐loss response of skin vasodilatation. Recently, NO has been implicated in the control of sweating during exercise in young adults. We tested the hypothesis that ageing reduces NO‐dependent sweating during exercise in the heat. Ten young (23 ± 3 years old) and 10 older men (64 ± 5 years old), matched for body surface area, performed three successive 15 min bouts of exercise (Ex1, Ex2 and Ex3) at the same rate of metabolic heat production (300 W m−2) in the heat (35°C, 20% relative humidity). Exercise periods were interspersed with 15 min recovery periods. Local sweat rate (ventilated capsule) was measured on two forearm skin sites, which were continuously perfused via intradermal microdialysis with 0.9% saline as control (CON) or 10 mm NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), a non‐selective NO synthase inhibitor. Local sweat rate at the end of Ex1 was lower in the CON conditions in the older versus young men (0.69 ± 0.19 versus 0.90 ± 0.17 mg min−1 cm−2, P = 0.018). In the young men, local sweat rate was reduced in the l‐NAME‐treated conditions compared with the CON conditions at the end of Ex1 (0.67 ± 0.14 versus 0.90 ± 0.17 mg min−1 cm−2, P = 0.004), Ex2 (0.78 ± 0.20 versus 1.03 ± 0.20 mg min−1 cm−2, P = 0.013) and Ex3 (0.78 ± 0.20 versus 1.03 ± 0.21 mg min−1 cm−2, P = 0.014). In the older men, there was no main effect of treatment conditions on local sweat rate (P = 0.537) such that local sweat rates in the l‐NAME‐treated and CON conditions were similar (Ex1, 0.65 ± 0.20 versus 0.69 ± 0.19 mg min−1 cm−2; Ex2, 0.80 ± 0.27 versus 0.91 ± 0.29 mg min−1 cm−2; and Ex3, 0.84 ± 0.31 versus 0.94 ± 0.38 mg min−1 cm−2). We conclude that ageing attenuates the influence of NO in the control of local forearm sweating observed in young adults during short 15 min bouts of exercise in the heat. This mechanism may, in part, explain the age‐related impairments in sweating.