bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of PfTrxR inhibitors using antimalarial assays and in silicotechniques
Authors: Munigunti Ranjith , Gathiaka Symon , Acevedo Orlando , Sahu Rajnish , Tekwani Babu , Calderón Angela I 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe compounds 1,4-napthoquinone (1,4-NQ), bis-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)sulfide (2,4-DNPS), 4-nitrobenzothiadiazole (4-NBT), 3-dimethylaminopropiophenone (3-DAP) and menadione (MD) were tested for antimalarial activity against both chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (W2) strains ofPlasmodium falciparumthrough anin vitroassay and also for analysis of non-covalent interactions withP. falciparumthioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR) throughin silicodocking studies.ResultsThe inhibitors ofPfTrxR namely, 1,4-NQ, 4-NBT and MD displayed significant antimalarial activity with IC50values of < 20 μM and toxicity against 3T3 cell line. 2,4-DNPS was only moderately active.In silicodocking analysis of these compounds withPfTrxR revealed that 2,4-DNPS, 4-NBT and MD interact non-covalently with the intersubunit region of the enzyme.ConclusionsIn this study, tools for the identification ofPfTrxR inhibitors using phenotyphic screening and docking studies have been validated for their potential use for antimalarial drug discovery project.
Bringing English into the 21st century: A view from India
Authors: Bhaya Nair Rukmini 
Published: November 2013

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">E<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">nglish in India has had an extended and elite colonial history. It was the </span></span>dominant language of governance in the 19<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;">th </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">and 20</span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;">th </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">centuries till India became </span></span>independent and a new set of language policies came into being. This paper traces the narrative of English on the Indian subcontinent from its genesis as a foreign and imperial tongue to its acceptance and ‘democratization’ as one amongst the many languages of India. It is emphasized that English in India has always existed in a vibrant multilingual environment and that the emergence of Indian English as a ‘world’ variety owes much to this fact. A detailed analysis of the lexicon, grammar and pragmatics of the English spoken today in urban India especially by India’s youth who comprise over <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">65% of India’s population is undertaken in the paper with </span></span>a view to demonstrating that radical and striking shifts in attitudes toward English in India have occurred over the last few decades of economic liberalization and technological growth. Yet, the timeline created in this paper also shows that many of the paradoxes and dilemmas that attended English from its inception in India have not quite been banished. Rather, they have taken on new, acutely self-reflexive and challenging forms that will require a radical reassessment in the 21st century.</p>
Social Wasp-Flower Visiting Guild Interactions in Less Structurally Complex Habitats are More Susceptible to Local Extinction
Authors: Clemente Mateus Aparecido , Lange Denise , Dáttilo Wesley , Del-Claro Kleber , Prezoto Fábio 
Published: November 2013

Several studies have shown that habitat complexity is an important factor for the dynamic and stability of interacting species. However, it is not known how the habitat complexity may affect the tolerance of wasp-flower interactions to local extinction. Based on this perspective, in this study, we aimed to compare the tolerance of wasp flower visiting guild to local extinction in two different types of vegetation (Riparian Forest and Rocky Grassland). Through observations made during one year, we verified that the structure of the plant-wasp interaction network differed between the two areas, as well as that the robustness to cumulative extinctions had different patterns. The simulations of cumulative removal of species showed that the network in the Riparian Forest is more robust against the removal of both plants and wasps than that network in Rocky Grassland, since their extinction curves declined more slowly. Therefore, in our study area, we demonstrate that social wasp-plant interactions in areas with lower structural complexity are less tolerant to extinction (i.e. more fragile). We therefore suggest that studies that aim at biodiversity conservation should focus not only in areas where diversity is high, but also in area with lower species richness for the conservation of ecological roles within communities.
La competitividad turística de Cantabria para la demanda potencial de la población del sur de Francia
Authors: Sariego López Ignacio , Moreno Melgarejo Alberto 
Published: November 2013

El turismo está experimentando fuertes transformaciones, y la competitividad entre destinos es cada vez más fuerte. Ante esta situación, el conocimiento de los mercados potenciales, así como la percepción de los posibles competidores, facilitará que los destinos orienten sus políticas de desarrollo de forma adecuada.La siguiente investigación trata de dar a conocer las características del mercado turístico del sur de Francia como potencial flujo dirigido hacia Cantabria. Para ello se ha generado información precisa, fiable y comparable con la recolección de 1.700 encuestas, entre los meses de noviembre 2011 y febrero de 2012, evaluando los principales focos de población del sur de Francia: Anglet, Bayona, Biarritz, Burdeos, Pau, Tarbes y Toulouse, todas ellas ciudades situadas a menos de 6 horas de la capital cántabra: Santander. La recolección de muestras se realizó en diferentes áreas-motivo de la ciudad para captar distintos nichos socioeconómicos: mercados tradicionales, estaciones, hipermercados, centros comerciales, plazas principales, entradas en restaurantes y cines, entre otros.Los resultados del proyecto son de dos tipos; en el primero de ellos se muestran los datos del turista potencial en general, y en el segundo, aquellos turistas que sí han visitado Cantabria y tienen una percepción y valoración de los recursos, productos y servicios turísticos consumidos en esta Comunidad. El tratamiento de la información se realiza estadísticamente mediante el empleo de la herramienta SPSS, con la que se cruzan las 121 variables a estudio. La investigación finaliza con un apartado de consideraciones finales a partir del conjunto de los datos elaborados.
Optionality in grammar and language use
Authors: McGregor William B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates optionality in grammar and language use, and argues that there is optionality and optionality, and thus that it is essential that we be much more careful than hitherto in categorizing linguistic entities as optional. Equipped with a suitably constrained construal of the term, it is possible to formulate testable generalizations about optionality. Specifically, it is always meaningful in the sense that the contrast between use and non-use of a given linguistic element conveys meaning; use and non-use are never in absolutely free variation. Furthermore, there are restrictions on the type of meaning associated with the two contrasting paradigmatic “forms”. It is always a type of interpersonal meaning, concerning the domain of joint attention. It is further suggested that the connection between form and meaning is motivated, and thus this represents another domain in which the linguistic sign emerges as non-arbitrary. Evidence for the proposed meaning is presented from case studies of five diverse domains of grammar: complementizers, case markers, definiteness markers, person and number markers, and NP ellipsis. While these case studies only scratch the surface of the range of optional phenomena in the world’s languages, they provide sufficient circumstantial evidence to make an initial case for the proposals; they also raise numerous questions for future investigation.
Nanoscale and Microscale Hardness of Hydroxyapatite – BisGMA/TEGDMA Composites
Authors: Thompson Jesse E. , Kaufman Jessica D. , Lee David S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWe have investigated BisGMA-TEGDMA dental composites with varying mass fractions of hydroxyapatite and silica filler. Commercially available dental composites with 60% silica filler were synthesized in the presence of nanometer-sized hydroxyapatite crystals. We have compared the mechanical properties of BisGMA-TEGDMA samples filled with silica only and those filled with silica and hydroxyapatite particles. We report on hardness as a function of crystalline content as determined by nanoindentation and microindentation.
Bacterial Interactions with Necrophagous Flies
Authors: Thompson Christopher R , Brogan Rebecca S , Scheifele Lisa Z , Rivers David B 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Animal remains represent ephemeral resources that provide nutrients to a wide range of organisms. On death, vertebrate carrion is immediately colonized with a variety of microorganisms (typically obligate or facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the air, from insects, or from the corpse itself), which produce odors through the breakdown of tissues, the alteration of volatile chemicals present in the environment, or both. Within minutes, certain necrophagous flies are attracted by these chemical signals, resulting in waves of oviposition and larviposition activity. Although there are certainly detrimental (pathogenic) bacteria in the milieu, there is significant evidence suggesting that the presence of bacteria in or on the corpse seems to aid in larval development and pupariation. This may be because of a change in larval nutrition, with the bacteria either being used as a food source themselves or making nutrients more available to larvae. Maggots also produce and secrete or excrete antimicrobial molecules that are effective in killing certain bacteria. It is unclear whether this is a defensive mechanism, a selective measure to enhance the survival of bacteria beneficial to the larva, or a combination of both. Significant research is still needed to fully appreciate the potential role that these bacteria—insect interactions have in conferring a competitive advantage for surviving in a carrion community.
The Population Ecology and Conservation ofPterourus esperanza(Insecta: Lepidoptera): An Ancestral Swallowtail Butterfly in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Almaraz-Almaraz M E , León-Cortés J L , Molina-Martínez A 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe relict and threatened butterfly Pterourus esperanza (Beutelspacher, 1975) (Papilionidae) is known to have an extremely restricted distribution in the cloud forests of the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico. Little is known of the conservation implications of its distribution, abundance, mobility, and population structure. In total, 411 transects (from May 2010 to May 2012) were performed along an altitudinal gradient (117–3,104 m) to estimate range, population abundance, and between-year population variations of P. esperanza. Mark-release-recapture experiments were performed to estimate population structure during March and April of 2011 (N = 32 d) in a 25-km2 landscape. Our results indicate that P. esperanza exhibited an extremely localized spatial distribution in the study region, mostly associated with cloud forest and pine-oak forest habitats distributed between 1,600 and 2,500 masl. Fixed transects throughout breeding populations registered a mean population density of 0.05 (±0.007 SE) individuals per 100-m transect, with no indication of significant between-year population variations (Mann-Whitney test, Z = -1.653; N = 148; P = 0.098). Based on mark-recapture data, we estimated a total population size of 243 (±36 SE) male individuals, and 43 (±13 SE) female individuals corresponding to a density of 11 individuals/km2, an extremely low population density. Our results indicate that P. esperanza persists in extremely low numbers and is vulnerable to stochastic and demographic variation. Habitat protection in conjunction with explicit agreements with the local communities is required to maintain populations and ensure the continuity of important cloud forest tracts for effective long-term conservation. This research provides a case study of conservation biology of a Neotropical butterfly, emphasizing the importance of acquiring ecological data to assist management recommendations.
Review of Tuxenentulus and Fjellbergella Species (Protura: Acerentomidae, Acerentominae)
Authors: Shrubovych Julia , Bernard Ernest C 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Two new species of Tuxenentulus Rusek, 1974 and FjellbergellaNosek, 1978 are described: Tuxenentulus solncevae n. sp. from the Russian Far East and Fjellbergella uteorum n. sp. from Colorado. T. solncevae n. sp. is characterized by short and broad foretarsal sensilla c and e, presence of cephalic seta d6 on head, presence of seta Pla on abdominal tergites I–VI, and sensilliform accessory setae on segments I–VI. F. uteorum n. sp. (Colorado) possesses 19 posterior setae on abdominal tergite VII, including median seta Pc, and 14 setae on tergite IX. A key to known world Tuxenentulus and Fjellbergella spp. is provided.
Aspects of the Natural History of Neochlamisus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) II: Characterization of Parasitoid Guilds from Different Plant Hosts
Authors: Forbes Andrew A , Funk Daniel J 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
This study represents the first characterization of parasitoid guilds associated with Neochlamisus leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a group for which minimal information on parasitoids existed previously. Specifically, we combine morphotaxonomic and DNA barcode methods to document the identities and host associations of hymenopteran parasitoids that emerge from egg, larval, and pupal stages of seven Neochlamisus species and four Neochlamisus bebbianae (Brown) “host forms.” Data derive from 7,839 specimens reared from field-collected Neochlamisus eggs, larvae, and pupae. Twenty-two species of parasitoid were identified, of which 17 had not previously been documented from Neochlamisus. These represented seven families: Eulophidae (six species), Ichneumonidae (six sp.), Pteromalidae (four sp.), Eupelmidae (three sp.), Chalcididae (one sp.), Eurytomidae (onesp.),and Torymidae (onesp.). Twenty of 22 species were reared from N. bebbianae, the host for which sampling was most intensive. Considerable overlap was observed in the parasitoid guilds associated with different Neochlamisus taxa, but differences in guild composition were also observed. N. bebbianae is of interest to evolutionary biologists because populations associated with different tree taxa (different “host forms”) exhibit host-plant-specific ecological differentiation and appear to be undergoing ecological speciation. This work will allow for future explorations into whether parasitoids identified here likewise exhibit host-beetle-associated differentiation, such that ecological speciation “cascades” across trophic levels.
An Evaluation of the Species Status ofBactrocera invadensand the Systematics of theBactrocera dorsalis(Diptera: Tephritidae) Complex
Authors: Jose Michael San , Leblanc Luc , Geib Scott M , Rubinoff Daniel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe genus Bactrocera (Tephritidae) contains &gt;500 species, including many severe pests of fruits and vegetables. Although native to tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Australasia, a number of the pest species, largely members of the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex, have become widespread through accidental introduction associated with agricultural trade. The B. dorsalis complex includes several morphologically and ecologically similar pests, making species designations uncertain. One of these, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta, and White, endemic to Sri Lanka, has spread across Africa in the last decade and become a major agricultural pest. We sequenced one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes from 73 specimens, belonging to 19 species to construct phylogenies and examine species relationships and limits within the genus Bactrocera and several species of the B. dorsalis complex-specifically addressing the placement of B. invadens. Results indicate the B. dorsalis complex is polyphyletic. B. invadens and several other species within the B. dorsalis complex (B. dorsalis, Bactrocera papayae Drew &Hancock, and Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock) are also paraphyletic with respect to each other and probably represent a single genetically indistinguishable, phenotypically plastic, pest species that has spread throughout the world.
Description of a New Spotted-Thorax Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Species and its Evolutionary Relationships Inferred by a Cladistic Analysis of Morphological Traits
Authors: Acurio Andrea , Rafael Violeta , Céspedes Diego , Ruiz Alfredo 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A phylogenetic approach based on morphological characters is the only alternative applicable in cases where molecular data are unavailable. During a taxonomic inventory of Drosophilidae in 12 localities of Ecuador (South America), we discovered a new species of cactophilic spotted-thorax Drosophila Fallen that here we formally describe as Drosophila machalilla Acurio 2013. To classify this new species, we analyzed the terminalia of male and female adults, finding similarities with flies of two neotropical spotted-thorax species groups of Drosophila, namely rep leta and peruensis. Flies or DNA sequence data are unavailable for the latter species group, hindering a molecular approach. Thus, to accurately classify the new species, we carried out a maximum parsimony cladistic analysis using 52 morphological characters from nine representative taxa of virilis, willistoni, repleta, and peruensis species groups. The results indicate that D. machalilla sp. nov. belongs neither to the repleta group nor to the peruensis group and suggest that a new species group should be erected to house D. machalilla and Drosophila atalaia Vilela & Sene (1982, previously considered a member of the peruensis species group).
Morphology of Mature Larvae of Three Species of the Genus Anthrenus (Dermestidae: Megatominae: Anthrenini) with Comparisons to Related Species
Authors: Kadej Marcin , Jaroszewicz Sylwia , Tarnawski Dariusz 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Description of the last larval instar (based on larvae or exuviae) of Anthrenus (Helocerus) minutus (Erichson, 1848), Anthrenus (Nathrenus) biskrensis (Reitter, 1886), and Anthrenus (Nathrenus) signatus (Erichson, 1848; Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is presented. Morphological characters of Anthrenus larvae such as general morphology of antenna, epipharynx, mandible, maxilla, ligula with labial palpi, hastisetae, legs, and terga, and condition of antecostal suture, are documented and discussed. Structural differences among mature larvae of the following Anthrenus species are compared and summarized: Anthrenus coloratus (Reitter, 1881), Anthrenus delicatus delicatus (Kiesenwetter, 1851), Anthrenus flavipes flavipes (LeConte, 1854), Anthrenus fuscus (Olivier, 1789), Anthrenus museorum (L., 1761), Anthrenus latefasciatus (Reitter, 1892), Anthrenus oceanicus (Fauvel, 1903), Anthrenus olgae (Kalík, 1946), Anthrenus picturatus makolskii (Mroczkowski, 1950), Anthrenus pimpinellae pimpinellae (F., 1775), Anthrenus sarnicus (Mroczkowski, 1963), Anthrenus scrophulariae scrophulariae (L., 1758), Anthrenus sophonisba (Beal, 1998), and Anthrenus verbasci (L., 1767).
Description of a New Species of Diastrophus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: “Aylacini”) from Colombia: The First Herb Gall Wasp Native to the Neotropical Region
Authors: Nieves-Aldrey José Luis , Rodríguez Pedro A , Medianero Enrique 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
We describe Diastrophus colombianus Nieves-Aldrey sp. nov., a gall inducer on Rubus glaucus Bentham (Rosaceae) in Colombia. This is the first reliable record of a species of Diastrophus Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and of an herb gall wasp (Cynipidae: “Aylacini”) native to the Neotropical region. The phylogenetic relationships among the members of Diastrophus—D. colombianus and the species considered by a previous study—were inferred from adult morphological and gall characteristics. Our results suggest that D. colombianus is more closely related to a clade composed of Diastrophus austrior Kinsey, Diastrophus rubi (Bouché), Diastrophus fragariae Beutenmüller, and Diastrophus tumefactus Kinsey.
The Effect of Prior Chilling Exposure on Supercooling Ability and Developmental Success in Third-Instars of Eurosta solidaginis(Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Robich Sarah R , Layne Jack R 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The ability to initiate freezing at elevated subzero temperatures is deemed an important adaptation in freeze-tolerant insects, as this phenotype allows them to avoid potentially lethal flash freezing and to conserve both body water and stored energy. We investigated the effects of recent freeze exposure on the subsequent supercooling points (SCPs) of overwintering freeze-tolerant larvae (third instars) of the dipteran Eurosta solidaginis Fitch. This large data set also allowed us to characterize the distribution profile for SCPs and the potential impact of body size on this parameter. Larvae having recent freeze exposure maintained their seasonally elevated SCPs, with one group, 2 d postfreeze, showing a significant (P &lt; 0.05) rise in their SCPs. Larvae that experienced supercooling to -7°C did not show a significant (P&gt; 0.05) rise in their SCPs. Despite differences in total body water content among larvae of varying body sizes, there was not a significant (P&gt;0.05) relationship between body mass and the initial SCP values, but there was an absence of normality (negative skewing) in the SCP values. Larvae completing their life cycles had SCPs equivalent to values for larvae that failed to complete the life cycle. Our findings demonstrate actions of potent ice nucleators such that the response is maintained and possibly enhanced following a recent freeze event. Ice nucleation in Eurosta larvae negates the impact of variation in water content, but individual variation in SCP does not have a survival consequence when gauged under laboratory conditions.