bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le niveau des diplômes est-il toujours une garantie ?
Authors: Delès Romain 
Published: October 2013

L’évaluation classique de la rentabilité des études retient comme unique paramètre le niveau de diplôme : si les conditions d’insertion progressent à mesure que l’on s’élève dans la hiérarchie des niveaux de diplômes, on en conclut que la poursuite d’études est rentable. Mais, dans ce cadre, comment comprendre la situation, a priori paradoxale, de nombre de diplômés du supérieur qui, malgré le niveau élevé de leurs titres scolaires, peinent à décrocher un emploi stable, de qualité et rémunéré à la hauteur de leurs prétentions scolaires ? L’acquisition d’un niveau supérieur d’études est-elle rentable pour toutes les spécialités que compte l’université ? À une analyse globalisante de l’insertion professionnelle en termes de niveau de diplôme cet article oppose le souci du détail des spécialités d’études.
Convergence, transferts et traduction
Authors: Hassenteufel Patrick , de Maillard Jacques 
Published: October 2013

L’introduction de ce numéro spécial propose de mettre en relation deux approches de l’analyse de la transnationalisation des politiques publiques : les travaux portant sur la diffusion et les transferts, d’un côté, et ceux traitant de la convergence, de l’autre. Il plaide pour une démarche comparative - qualifiée de comparaison transnationale - n’isolant pas les différents niveaux d’action publique et centrée sur les acteurs en interaction afin de comprendre les processus de traduction, entendus comme opération cognitive de re-création d’un modèle et comme produit de négociations entre différents acteurs.
L'Unité d'éthique du CHUV de Lausanne
Authors: Benaroyo Lazare , Beaufils François , Bouleuc Carole , Degiovanni Chantal 
Published: October 2013

Pour une prise en charge adéquate, ce qui relève de l’humain est tout aussi important que ce qui est donné par la technique. Lazare Benaroyo présente l’approche du soin telle qu’elle est développée par l’Unité d’éthique du Centre hospitalier universitaire Vaudois de Lausanne (CHUV) : une visée qui englobe l’agir technique et l’agir relationnel.
Un continent, deux visions. La France, les États-Unis et le processus d'Helsinki
Authors: Badalassi Nicolas 
Published: October 2013

La fin des années 1960 et le début des années 1970 voient s’affronter en Occident deux modèles de détente Est-Ouest. Tandis que les États-Unis privilégient une détente militaire visant à négocier avec Moscou des mesures de limitation des armements, la France entend favoriser la détente politique, économique et culturelle, seul moyen selon elle de faciliter le dépassement de l’ordre bipolaire. La conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe est, pour le président Georges Pompidou, une excellente occasion de mettre en application les préceptes gaulliens de « détente, entente, coopération » et ainsi de travailler à la réunification de l’Europe tout en luttant contre le « condominium soviéto-américain ». Si Washington se désintéresse dans un premier temps de la CSCE, les événements des années 1973-1974 finissent par persuader Henry Kissinger que les États-Unis peuvent eux aussi tirer profit du processus d’Helsinki.
De la nature du régime iranien
Authors: Therme Clément 
Published: October 2013

La République islamique est-elle un État idéologique, une démocratie islamique ou une dictature classique ? La dimension heuristique de ce débat réside dans une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement politique de la République islamique. Ainsi, les critères choisis pour définir le système politique de la République islamique ont une incidence sur l’analyse du fonctionnement politique de la République islamique. Il faut donc mettre en perspective les différentes conceptualisations politiques proposées par les chercheurs tant celles-ci sont contradictoires. Enfin, il convient de noter que les événements postérieurs à l’élection présidentielle contestée de juin 2009 limitent l’intérêt des analyses soulignant l’importance de la dimension « élective » ou « républicaine » au sein de l’édifice institutionnel de la théocratie islamique.
The Quest for Competitive Advantage in Global Supply Chains:
Authors: Manuj Ila , Omar Ayman , Yazdanparast Atefeh 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to review literature on interorganizational learning (IOL) and related constructs systematically to develop a theoretical model of IOL. An extensive and systematic literature review was undertaken in major logistics, supply chain, operations, and strategic management journals to identify theories in which a model of IOL could be grounded and to document major relationships related to the concepts of organizational learning and IOL. Using resource-based view, relational view, and knowledge-based view as the theoretical foundations, a conceptual model depicting IOL as a source of a competitive advantage was developed. The proposed theoretical framework suggests IOL can be used to develop capabilities such as innovation and flexibility that, in turn, lead to higher levels of logistics performance and contribute to a firm's competitive advantage. Supply chain orientation is an important antecedent to IOL, and cultural distance is an important moderator of IOL. This article contributes to the body of knowledge on IOL by positioning IOL within the framework of received theories and constructs. Implications for managers and several directions for future research are also identified.
The Effect of Logistics Service Quality on Customer Loyalty through Relationship Quality in the Container Shipping Context
Authors: Jang Hyun Mi , Marlow Peter B. , Mitroussi Kyriaki 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The objective of this research is to explore the role of logistics service quality in generating shipper loyalty, considering relationship quality in the unique context of container shipping. This is to fill the gaps revealed in the current understanding of ocean carrier–shipper relationships, particularly the lack of studies attempting to investigate shippers' future intentions to use the same carrier as opposed to the previous studies that focused on carrier selection criteria or on shippers' satisfaction with the service attributes. Soft concepts such as customer loyalty and logistics service quality have been increasingly explored in a variety of industries to offer further insight into the relationship issues. However, it was discovered that relatively few studies on this topic have been conducted in the context of maritime transport. The theoretical model is tested on data collected through a postal questionnaire survey of 227 freight forwarders in South Korea. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed to rigorously examine relationships among the extensive set of key variables simultaneously in a holistic manner. The findings demonstrate that container shipping lines should develop a high level of logistics service quality as well as relationship quality in order to attain higher (beyond mere satisfaction) levels of shippers' loyalty.
Seismic slip deficit in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS observations
Authors: Schiffman Celia , Bali Bikram Singh , Szeliga Walter , Bilham Roger 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGPS measurements in Kashmir Himalaya reveal range‐normal convergence of 11 ± 1 mm/yr with dextral shear of 5 ± 1 mm/yr. The transition from a fully locked 170 km wide décollement to the unrestrained descending Indian plate occurs at ~25 km depth over an ~23 km wide transition zone. The convergence rate is consistent with the lower bounds of geological estimates for the Main Frontal Thrust, Riasi, and Balapora fault systems, on which no surface slip has been reported in the past millennium. Of the 14 damaging Kashmir earthquakes since 1123, none may have exceeded Mw = 7.6. Therefore, either a seismic moment deficit equivalent to a Mw ≈ 8.7 earthquake exists or the historical earthquake magnitudes have been underestimated. Alternatively, these earthquakes have occurred on reverse faults in the Kashmir Valley, and the décollement has been recently inactive. Although this can reconcile the inferred and theoretical moment release, it is quantitatively inconsistent with observed fault slip in Kashmir.
Source apportionment of aerosol iron in the marine environment using iron isotope analysis
Authors: Mead Chris , Herckes Pierre , Majestic Brian J. , Anbar Ariel D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIron (Fe) is a critical nutrient for phytoplankton. In the open ocean, this demand coupled with scarce supply often makes Fe the limiting factor in phytoplankton growth. The largest source, by mass, of Fe to the open ocean is windblown soil dust, but this Fe is much less soluble than Fe from other aerosol sources. Therefore, to fully understand how Fe reaches this ecosystem, it is necessary to understand the range of sources of aerosol Fe. To do this, we collected size‐segregated aerosol samples from Bermuda and analyzed them to determine their Fe isotope composition. From this analysis, we found clear evidence in the fine size fraction (< 2.5 µm) of an important non‐soil‐dust Fe source. Our isotope analysis of multiple oil and coal fly ashes shows that those materials cannot explain our finding. We suggest biomass burning as the most likely source.
Water retention curve for hydrate‐bearing sediments
Authors: Dai Sheng , Santamarina J. Carlos 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe water retention curve plays a central role in numerical algorithms that model hydrate dissociation in sediments. The determination of the water retention curve for hydrate‐bearing sediments faces experimental difficulties, and most studies assume constant water retention curves regardless of hydrate saturation. This study employs network model simulation to investigate the water retention curve for hydrate‐bearing sediments. Results show that (1) hydrate in pores shifts the curve to higher capillary pressures and the air entry pressure increases as a power function of hydrate saturation; (2) the air entry pressure is lower in sediments with patchy rather than distributed hydrate, with higher pore size variation and pore connectivity or with lower specimen slenderness along the flow direction; and (3) smaller specimens render higher variance in computed water retention curves, especially at high water saturation Sw > 0.7. Results are relevant to other sediment pore processes such as bioclogging and mineral precipitation.
ENSO signature in botanical proxy time series extends terrestrial El Niño record into the (sub)tropics
Authors: Donders Timme H. , Punyasena Surangi W. , de Boer Hugo J. , Wagner‐Cremer Friederike 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts significant control over the amount of Florida winter precipitation. We use a local near‐annual resolved palaeobotanical proxy record from southern Florida to test for historic ENSO variability over the past 125 years. Palaeobotanical proxies from a Florida wetland, pollen counts, and a new drought‐stress proxy based on leaf epidermal cell densities are used as indicators of moisture availability during the winter growing season. Spectral analysis and band‐pass filtering of the proxy records reveal significant variability within the 2–7 year bandwidth characteristic of ENSO, as well as decadal signatures. A maximum likelihood palaeoprecipitation reconstruction of the pollen record based on modern vegetation distributions shows values and variability comparable to instrumental records. The approach shows the dominant control of ENSO on Florida vegetation and provides a powerful means to detect discrete ENSO variability in older intervals.
Immunological Cytotoxic Factors
Authors: Martinez-Lostao Luis , Anel Alberto , Regner Matthias , Froelich Christopher J , Pardo Julian 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The host immune system has evolved a variety of strategies to control pathogens and tumour development. The beneficial outcome is the death of the offending cell (transformed or pathogen‐infected) and consequently the demise of the invading pathogen. However, if uncontrolled, these mechanisms will also contribute to host immunopathology. Many of the mechanisms used by the immune system to eliminate intracellular and extracellular pathogens and transformed cells include not only death mediators associated with cytotoxic lymphocytes, but also soluble proteins such as the complement system and the defensins, which are designed to eliminate extracellular pathogens. Recent evidences suggest that the major cytotoxic mediators of host cell‐mediated immunity may possess noncytotoxic functions such as induction of proinflammatory cytokines or inactivation of proteins involved in the pathogen life cycle.

Key Concepts:

The host immune system can kill transformed and infected cells by apoptosis.

The pleiotropism of host immune system‐induced cell death is a consequence of evolutionary pressure of tumour/pathogens.

Host cell‐mediated immunity use cytotoxic granule exocytosis, death receptors and the release of soluble cytokines to combat cancer and infection.

Death receptors are involved in the regulation of cell homoeostasis and prevention of autoimmune disorders.

Granule exocytosis possesses noncytotoxic functions like regulation or proinflammatory processes, cardiovascular diseases or inactivation of viruses.

Cytotoxic function of granule exocytosis critically depends on perforin.

Interferons regulate cell cycle and apoptosis susceptibiltiy of pathogen‐infected or cancer cells.

Complement system induces lysis of pathogen or tumour cells and helps to clear apoptotic cells.

Antimicrobial peptides eliminate extracellular and intracellular pathogens and induce apoptosis in some tumour cells.

Selectivity of antimicrobial peptides for pathogens is based on the lipid composition of membranes.
Hoppe‐Seyler, Ernst Felix Immanuel
Authors: Brock William H 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe‐Seyler (1825–1895) was a German biochemist who investigated the chemistry of haemoglobin, and who argued that biochemistry should be an independent science. Founding editor of
Zeitschrift
für Physiologischen Chemie
.
Psychoses
Authors: Moises Hans W 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Psychoses are serious psychiatric disorders characterised by the inability to differentiate reality from unreality. Major symptoms are disorganised thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and persistent profound sadness or euphoric mood without apparent reason. They are split into a group of known organic and a group of unknown causes. The latter are termed major psychoses and affect approximately 2% of the human population. The subdivision of major psychoses into schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is a matter of debate. In search of the aetiology of these disorders, different models have been applied, mainly medical, Darwinian, Mendelian, psychogenic, and genomic paradigms. These approaches, their results and the widely accepted neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia are summarised in this article. More details can be found in other articles in this encyclopedia, references and in a list for further reading.

Key Concepts:

Psychoses are caused by known or postulated brain disorders.

The classification of psychoses is based on aetiology and course.

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (manic‐depressive illness) are two major psychoses of postulated but unknown organic origin.

Major psychoses are polygenic disorders with heritability estimates of approximately 80%.

Genome research has identified several genes associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder which are, in part, identical.

Brain imaging revealed partly overlapping volume reductions in schizophrenia as well as in bipolar disorder.

Genes associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder play a role in neurodevelopment and synaptic regulation.

Dopamine hyperactivity, neurodevelopment, inflammation, neurodegeneration and synaptic dysregulation have been implicated in the aetiology of major psychoses.
Variable Drug Response: Genetic Evaluation
Authors: Madian Ashraf G , Baker Jones Richard 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The field of pharmacogenomics attempts to evaluate the contribution of genetic variants to drug sensitivity and adverse effects. Over the past decade, the pharmacogenomics field has evolved from using candidate gene approaches to application of genome‐wide approaches for the identification of genetic variants associated with drug responses. Understanding the underlying biology of these associations as well as their translation into clinical practice represents a major ongoing and future challenge.

Key Concepts:

A discussion on pharmacogenomics studies on drug response and adverse drug reactions.

History of pharmacogenomics

The ethnic component of pharmacogenomics

The impact of genetics on drug response

The impact of genetics on adverse drug reactions

Clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics
Comparison of Rates and Patterns of Meiotic Recombination between Human and Chimpanzee
Authors: Freudenberg Jan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Despite the high sequence similarity between the human and chimpanzee genomes, little conservation of recombination rates exists on a kilobase scale. In contrast, recombination rates are highly conserved on a larger scale, consistent with an influence of karyotype structure. In both species, recombination mainly occurs in recombination hotspots that are marked by histone‐methylation through PRDM9. A specific sequence motif was found enriched in hotspots in humans and may direct PRDM9 to the respective regions. The fast evolutionary change of fine‐scale recombination rates is paralleled by a fast sequence evolution of the nucleotide‐binding domain of
PRDM9
. Accordingly, the human hotspot motif is not enriched in chimpanzee recombination hotspots. As hotspots are sequence‐based traits that show heritable variation in the population, their specific locations could be influenced by natural selection. Consistently, recombination hotspots are enriched at genes that are under particularly strong selective pressure, such as immune and nervous system genes.

Key Concepts

Recombination is a fundamental force in inheritance and evolution.

Large‐scale recombination rates are highly conserved between humans and chimpanzees, whereas fine‐scale recombination rates evolve extremely fast.

Karyotype structure is a major determinant of large‐scale recombination rates.

Recombination mainly occurs in recombination hotspots that are marked by histone‐methylation through PRDM9 both in humans and chimpanzees.

A sequence motif is likely to direct PRDM9 to recombination hotspot regions.

Fine‐scale recombination rate is correlated with the rate of sequence evolution.

Fine‐scale recombination rates are increased around genes with role in the nervous system or the immune system.
Evolutionary History and Impact of Human
DNA
Transposons
Authors: Feschotte Cédric , McCormick John 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
transposons are mobile elements that move via a DNA intermediate. The (haploid) human genome harbours more than 300 000 DNA transposon copies, accounting for approximately 3% of the total genomic DNA. Nearly one‐third of these elements are specific to the primate lineage, but there is no evidence for transposition activity within the past 40 million years. However, there is growing evidence that DNA transposons have contributed in shaping the current genome architecture of humans and have been a recurrent source of new regulatory and coding DNA throughout mammalian evolution. Notably, more than 50 human genes are currently known to descend from transposase sequences recycled to perform diverse cellular functions.

Key Concepts:

DNA (or class 2) transposons represent a minority of the mobile genetic elements populating mammalian genomes, but still account for more DNA in our genome than all protein‐coding sequences.

DNA transposition was once very active in mammals and has generated approximately 100 000 primate‐specific insertions in our genome.

DNA transposon germline activity suddenly ceased ∼40 million years ago in the human lineage, but has persisted in other mammalian lineages – most prominently and recently in vesper bats.

Despite the lack of current transposition activity, DNA transposons may still be promoting genomic rearrangements, including recurrent ectopic recombination events associated with pathologies.

Like many other mobile elements in the human genome, some DNA transposons have been incorporated into the regulatory apparatus of the genome through the donation of enhancers and regulatory elements modulating adjacent gene expression.

Transposases have been a source of coding sequences for the assembly of several new genes during vertebrate evolution, including at least 50 genes in the human genome. The function of most human transposase‐derived genes remains unknown or poorly understood, but some have emerged as key regulators for a variety of cellular processes.
Apraxias
Authors: Pantelyat Alexander Y , Grossman Murray 
Published: October 2013

AbstractApraxia is defined as the difficulty or inability to perform learned skilled actions. We describe the various motor impairments classified as apraxia. The neuroanatomic network thought to underlie praxis encompasses frontal and parietal cortices and the basal ganglia. As corticobasal syndrome is characterised by frontal, parietal and basal ganglia disease, we highlight the frequent occurrence of apraxia in this disorder. We also discuss several current models of praxis to explain the findings seen in apraxic patients, focussing on the neuroanatomical networks described in the literature. Understanding the alterations in the networks underlying praxis during learning and as a result of injury will help guide the development of novel rehabilitative and therapeutic interventions.Key Concepts:Apraxia is the difficulty in performing acquired actions.Apraxia is not caused by a sensory or motor disorder, and is independent of other symbol‐mediated disorders such as aphasia as these have been dissociated in multiple reported patients.There are several different forms of apraxia such as ideomotor apraxia, and each is characterised by the specific manner in which action is compromised.The network of anatomical structures underlying praxis includes the frontal and parietal cortices, basal ganglia and white matter tracts projecting between these areas.Interruption of this frontal–parietal–basal ganglia network results in apraxia.Unilateral apraxia may be the first presenting sign of a neurodegenerative condition known as corticobasal syndrome, which is characterised by frontal, parietal and basal ganglia dysfunction.Apraxia also may be due to other conditions such as stroke and head trauma.