bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic dental injury in permanent teeth of young patients attended at the federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Campos Soares Thais , de Andrade Risso Patrícia , Cople Maia Lucianne 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground/AimRisk factors for dental trauma, such as gender and age, have not been studied in much detail in the past. So, this study was to determine the frequency of Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and the association of gender and age with the different types of injuries in permanent teeth of patients treated at the Dental Trauma Surveillance Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Material and MethodsData from records of 1022 patients were evaluated, and patients with TDI in permanent teeth were included and descriptively analyzed. The Chi‐squared test and logistic regression were also used (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsA total of 352 (34.4%) records from patients (mean age 9.29 ± 1.97) with 676 affected permanent teeth were included in the final sample. Children (55.7%) have a higher frequency of TDI than adolescents (42.9%). Falls (54.3%) was the most common cause, and the street (37.5%) was the most frequent place of occurrence. Enamel and dentin fracture without pulp exposure (69.2%) was the most common TDI for both genders (P = 0.16). Avulsion (29.2%) was the most frequent injury to supportive tissues for both genders; however, this was more numerous in girls (P < 0.001). Intrusive luxation was more common in boys (P = 0.01). According to logistic regression, intrusive luxation affects girls less (OR = 0.394; IC = 0.178–0.875) than boys, while girls have more chance of suffering from avulsion (OR = 1.912; IC = 1.197–3.055) and avulsion was less frequent in children (OR = 0.588; IC = 0.373–0.928).ConclusionsEnamel and dentin fractures without pulp exposure and avulsion were the most common TDI. Gender (female) and age (adolescent) were considered risk factors for the occurrence of avulsion. However, male gender was a risk factor for the occurrence of intrusive luxation. So public health policies and educational programs aimed at prevention need to be developed, and the differences among groups should be respected.
Clinical significance of nonhabitual seizures during intracranial EEG monitoring
Authors: Kovac Stjepana , Rodionov Roman , Chinnasami Suganthi , Wehner Tim , Scott Catherine A. , McEvoy Andrew W. , Miserocchi Anna , Diehl Beate 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThis study sought to determine the frequency and clinical significance of nonhabitual seizures in 101 consecutive patients undergoing presurgical intracranial electroencephalography intracranial (icEEG) recording. We compared clinical data, recording details, and postsurgical outcome in patients with nonhabitual seizures to those without nonhabitual seizures during icEEG. In patients with nonhabitual seizures we compared icEEG recordings of nonhabitual seizures to recordings of habitual seizures. Nonhabitual seizures were recorded in 10% of patients. Those patients had a significantly higher rate of procedure‐related complications compared to patients without nonhabitual seizures. Ultimate seizure outcome did not differ between the groups. Nonhabitual seizures often occurred within the first 3 days of icEEG recording and had larger seizure‐onset zones compared to the patient's habitual seizures. Nonhabitual seizures have no effect on outcome of epilepsy surgery but may serve as important markers of procedure‐related complications during icEEG.
Clinical characteristics of patients with treated epilepsy in Korea: A nationwide epidemiologic study
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Lee Seo‐Young , Chung Soo‐Eun , Cheong Hae‐Kwan , Jung Ki‐Young ,   the Korean Epilepsy Society
Published: December 2013

SummaryObjectiveAlthough a number of epidemiologic studies have been conducted on the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy around the world, only a few studies have investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with epilepsy in a population‐based sample. The purpose of the present study was to describe the clinical characteristics of treated patients with epilepsy in Korea via a nationwide medical records survey.MethodsThe study population was obtained through a nationwide database registered to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service. Patients were recruited from clinics and hospitals in each cluster according to region and referral level by random selection from a preallocated sample of patients. All patients were being treated with antiepileptic drug medication with or without a diagnosis code for epilepsy or seizure between January 2009 and December 2009. Among the 6,436 selected patients, 2,150 met the diagnostic criteria for epilepsy and were included in our survey on the clinical characteristics of patients who were with treated epilepsy.ResultsThe proportion of male patients with epilepsy in this study was higher (1,226; 57.0%) than that of female patients. In addition, 10.6% of patients were first diagnosed with epilepsy in 2009, and 53.6% of patients experienced at least one seizure over the course of 2009; 78.1% were classified as having localization‐related epilepsy, whereas 7.3% were considered to have generalized epilepsy. Thirty‐five percent of patients were thus classified as idiopathic or cryptogenic cases. The most common cause of symptomatic epilepsy was trauma (10.0%), followed by stroke (9.6%), central nervous system (CNS) infection (5.7%), and hippocampal sclerosis (4.9%).SignificanceThis is the first nationwide study of the clinical characteristics of treated epilepsy in Korea using a national database validated by medical records survey. The etiologies of epilepsy and epilepsy syndrome classifications were comparable to those previously reported in other developed countries.
Tribute to Tinbergen: The Place of Animal Behavior in Biology
Authors: Strassmann Joan E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTinbergen is famous for emphasizing behavioral fieldwork and experimentation under natural circumstances, for founding the field of ethology, for getting a Nobel Prize, and for mentoring Richard Dawkins. He is known for dividing behavior studies into physiology, development, natural selection, and evolutionary history. In the decades since Tinbergen was active, some of the best research in animal behavior fuses Tinbergen's questions, connecting genes to behavioral phenotypes, for example. Behavior is the most synthetic of the life sciences, because observing the actions of an organism can tell us what all those physical and physiological traits are for. Insights from behavior tell us how traits in one individual impact those in another in ways that challenge our definition of an organism. Behavioral conflict and cooperation among animals has led to theory that explains within‐organism conflict and cooperation and human malfunctions of many kinds. Darwin certainly began the evolutionary study of behavior, but Tinbergen brought it forward to the heart of biology. The challenge for the future is to apply concepts from animal behavior across biology with tools that would have amazed Tinbergen.
The way forward in biochar research: targeting trade‐offs between the potential wins
Authors: Jeffery Simon , Bezemer T. Martijn , Cornelissen Gerard , Kuyper Thomas W. , Lehmann Johannes , Mommer Liesje , Sohi Saran P. , van de Voorde Tess F.J. , Wardle David A. , van Groenigen Jan Willem 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBiochar application to soil is currently widely advocated for a variety of reasons related to sustainability. Typically, soil amelioration with biochar is presented as a multiple‐‘win’ strategy, although it is also associated with potential risks such as environmental contamination. The most often claimed benefits of biochar (i.e. the ‘wins’) include (i) carbon sequestration; (ii) soil fertility enhancement; (iii) biofuel/bioenergy production; (iv) pollutant immobilization; and (v) waste disposal. However, the vast majority of studies ignore possible trade‐offs between them. For example, there is an obvious trade‐off between maximizing biofuel production and maximizing biochar production. Also, relatively little attention has been paid to mechanisms, as opposed to systems impacts, behind observed biochar effects, often leaving open the question as to whether they reflect truly unique properties of biochar as opposed to being simply the short‐term consequences of a fertilization or liming effect. Here, we provide an outline for the future of soil biochar research. We first identify possible trade‐offs between the potential benefits. Second, to be able to better understand and quantify these trade‐offs, we propose guidelines for robust experimental design and selection of appropriate controls that allow both mechanistic and systems assessment of biochar effects and trade‐offs between the wins. Third, we offer a conceptual framework to guide future experiments and suggest guidelines for the standardized reporting of biochar experiments to allow effective between‐site comparisons to quantify trade‐offs. Such a mechanistic and systems framework is required to allow effective comparisons between experiments, across scales and locations, to guide policy and recommendations concerning biochar application to soil.
Two methods to simulate intrapulpal pressure: effects upon bonding performance of self‐etch adhesives
Authors: Feitosa V. P. , Gotti V. B. , Grohmann C. V. , Abuná G. , Correr‐Sobrinho L. , Sinhoreti M. A. C. , Correr A. B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effects of two methods to simulate physiological pulpal pressure on the dentine bonding performance of two all‐in‐one adhesives and a two‐step self‐etch silorane‐based adhesive by means of microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage surveys.MethodologyThe self‐etch adhesives [G‐Bond Plus (GB), Adper Easy Bond (EB) and silorane adhesive (SIL)] were applied to flat deep dentine surfaces from extracted human molars. The restorations were constructed using resin composites Filtek Silorane or Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE). After 24 h using the two methods of simulated pulpal pressure or no pulpal pressure (control groups), the bonded teeth were cut into specimens and submitted to μTBS and silver uptake examination. Results were analysed with two‐way anova and Tukey's test (P < 0.05).ResultsBoth methods of simulated pulpal pressure led statistically similar μTBS for all adhesives. No difference between control and pulpal pressure groups was found for SIL and GB. EB led significant drop (P = 0.002) in bond strength under pulpal pressure. Silver impregnation was increased after both methods of simulated pulpal pressure for all adhesives, and it was similar between the simulated pulpal pressure methods.ConclusionsThe innovative method to simulate pulpal pressure behaved similarly to the classic one and could be used as an alternative. The HEMA‐free one‐step and the two‐step self‐etch adhesives had acceptable resistance against pulpal pressure, unlike the HEMA‐rich adhesive.
Quality in Acute Stroke Care (QASC): Process Evaluation of an Intervention to Improve the Management of Fever, Hyperglycemia, and Swallowing Dysfunction following Acute Stroke
Authors: Drury Peta , Levi Christopher , D'Este Catherine , McElduff Patrick , McInnes Elizabeth , Hardy Jennifer , Dale Simeon , Cheung N Wah , Grimshaw Jeremy M , Quinn Clare , Ward Jeanette , Evans Malcolm , Cadilhac Dominique , Griffiths Rhonda , Middleton Sandy 
Published: December 2013

Background Our randomized controlled trial of a multifaceted evidence-based intervention for improving the inpatient management of fever, hyperglycemia, and swallowing dysfunction in the first three-days following stroke improved outcomes at 90 days by 15%. We designed a quantitative process evaluation to further explain and illuminate this finding. Methods Blinded retrospective medical record audits were undertaken for patients from 19 stroke units prior to and following the implementation of three multidisciplinary evidence-based protocols (supported by team-building workshops, and site-based education and support) for the management of fever (temperature ≥37·5°C), hyperglycemia (glucose >11 mmol/l), and swallowing dysfunction in intervention stroke units. Results Data from 1804 patients (718 preintervention; 1086 postintervention) showed that significantly more patients admitted to hospitals allocated to the intervention group received care according to the fever ( n = 186 of 603, 31% vs. n = 74 of 483, 15%, P < 0·001), hyperglycemia ( n = 22 of 603, 3·7% vs. n = 3 of 483,0·6%, P = 0·01), and swallowing dysfunction protocols ( n = 241 of 603, 40% vs. n = 19 of 483, 4·0%, P ≤ 0·001). Significantly more patients in these intervention stroke units received four-hourly temperature monitoring ( n = 222 of 603, 37% vs. n = 90 of 483, 19%, P < 0·001) and six-hourly glucose monitoring (194 of 603, 32% vs. 46 of 483, 9·5%, P < 0·001) within 72 hours of admission to a stroke unit, and a swallowing screen (242 of 522, 46% vs. 24 of 350, 6·8%, P ≤ 0·0001) within the first 24 hours of admission to hospital. There was no difference between the groups in the treatment of patients with fever with paracetamol (22 of 105, 21% vs. 38 of 131, 29%, P = 0·78) or their hyperglycemia with insulin (40 of 100, 40% vs. 17 of 57, 30%, P = 0·49). Interpretation Our intervention resulted in better protocol adherence in intervention stroke units, which explains our main trial findings of improved patient 90-day outcomes. Although monitoring practices significantly improved, there was no difference between the groups in the treatment of fever and hyperglycemia following acute stroke. A significant link between improved treatment practices and improved outcomes would have explained further the success of our intervention, and we are still unable to explain definitively the large improvements in death and dependency found in the main trial results. One potential explanation is that improved monitoring may have led to better overall surveillance of deteriorating patients and faster initiation of treatments not measured as part of the main trial.
Drug susceptibility surveillance of influenza viruses circulating in the United States in 2011‐2012: application of the WHO antiviral working group criteria
Authors: Okomo‐Adhiambo Margaret , Nguyen Ha T. , Abd Elal Anwar , Sleeman Katrina , Fry Alicia M. , Gubareva Larisa V. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundAssessing susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) is primarily done in NA inhibition (NI) assays, supplemented by NA sequence analysis. However, two factors present challenges for NI assay data interpretation: lack of established IC50 values indicative of clinically relevant resistance and insufficient harmonization of NI testing methodologies among surveillance laboratories. In 2012, the WHO working group on influenza antiviral susceptibility (WHO‐AVWG) developed criteria to facilitate consistent interpretation and reporting of NI assay data.MethodsThe WHO‐AVWG classification criteria were applied in interpreting NI assay data for two FDA‐licensed NAIs, oseltamivir and zanamivir, for viruses collected in the United States during the 2011–2012 winter season.ResultsAll A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses (n = 449) exhibited normal inhibition by oseltamivir and zanamivir, with the exception of eight viruses (1·8%) with highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, which carried the H275Y marker of oseltamivir resistance. A (H3N2) viruses (n = 978) exhibited normal inhibition by both NAIs, except for one virus with highly reduced inhibition by zanamivir due to the cell culture‐selected NA change, Q136K. Type B viruses (n = 343) exhibited normal inhibition by both drugs, except for an isolate with reduced inhibition by both NAIs that had the cell culture‐selected A200T substitution.ConclusionsWHO‐AVWG classification criteria allowed the detection of viruses carrying the established oseltamivir resistance marker, as well as viruses whose susceptibility was altered during propagation. These criteria were consistent with statistical‐based criteria for detecting outliers and will be useful in harmonizing NI assay data among surveillance laboratories worldwide and in establishing laboratory correlates of clinically relevant resistance.
THE LETTER AS OBJECT: ON THE EXPERIENCE OF ACHAEMENID LETTERS
Authors: ALLEN LINDSAY 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper arises from research undertaken as part of the AHRC-funded project, ‘Communication, Language and Power in the Achaemenid empire: the correspondence of the satrap Arshama’. The project enabled a reengagement with the letters, sealings, and bag purchased in the 1940s by the Bodleian Library from the estate of the archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt. The discussion explores two parallel approaches to reconstructing the three-dimensional function of Achaemenid letters. First, technical variations in letter format and state of preservation reveal a range of physical interactions with letters, both open and closed. Second, Greek prose representations of Persian history imagine letters as objects working with their messengers within Achaemenid (usually royal) communications. This focus on the letter as object prompts us to hypothesize social, performative, and oral elements within the epistolary system.
ON KISSING AND MAKING UP: COURT PROTOCOL AND HISTORIOGRAPHY IN ALEXANDER THE GREAT's ‘EXPERIMENT WITH PROSKYNESIS’
Authors: BOWDEN HUGH 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
It is widely accepted that Alexander attempted to persuade his Macedonian followers to accept the Persian practice of proskynesis (possibly, but not necessarily involving prostration), that this was opposed by members of his court, and that the attempt was given up. This article re-examines the evidence and the assumptions, both ancient and modern, that lie behind the episode as reported. It argues that the words proskynesis and proskynein had a range of meanings in Greek, but were primarily associated with Greek ideas of Persian behaviour; the gestures covered by the term proskynesis were not primarily associated with the gods by Greeks; the depiction of Callisthenes as representing principled opposition to Alexander is fictitious; the objection to the adoption by Alexander of ‘barbarian’ practices reflects Roman prejudices, rather than any concern of Alexander's contemporaries; the surviving literary sources do not provide reliable evidence for any ‘experiment with proskynesis’ by Alexander.
THE DELEGATION OF THE XVIRI TO ENNA CA. 133 BC AND THE MURDER OF TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
Authors: DILLON JOHN NOËL 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In the Verrine orations, Cicero mentions an unusual delegation of public Roman priests, members of the xviri sacris faciundis, to the Sicilian city of Enna shortly after the death of Tiberius Gracchus. Most historians have traditionally followed Cicero's lead in associating these two events, assuming that the religious mission was orchestrated by the Roman Senate in order to influence the Roman plebs in the aftermath of Gracchus' spectacular murder. An alternative interpretation makes the Sicilians the intended audience. A closer look at the evidence for the delegation, however, and consideration of Roman conceptions of religious territory make both connections unlikely. I argue instead that the delegation of priests was motivated above all by territorial religious concerns raised by recent catastrophes in the Roman province.
TO LIVE IN JOY AND DIE WITH HOPE: EXPERIENTIAL ASPECTS OF ANCIENT GREEK MYSTERY RITES
Authors: USTINOVA YULIA 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The paper focuses on embodied mystery experiences of initiates in ancient Greek mystery cults. Four main questions are addressed: what kind of experience was considered the core of Greek mystery initiations, how was this experience attained, in what way did it influence the life of the initiates, and what real-life experience could prompt the idea of mystery initiations. Mystery initiation may be defined as ersatz-death, a rehearsal of the real one. Modelled as it seems on near-death experiences, these rites comprised alterations of the initiate's state of consciousness. For trivial events to be remembered by the mystai as revelations, they were brought to a state of heightened sensitivity and perhaps also suggestibility. The knowledge of life and death thus acquired was a holistic and ineffable sensation, rather than a learnt doctrine: in Aristotle's words, the initiates were ‘not to learn anything, but rather to experience and to be inclined’.
Participatory Data Analysis Alongside Co‐researchers who have Down Syndrome
Authors: Stevenson Miriam 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThere is comparatively little published research that transparently charts the contribution of people with an intellectual disability to a collaborative research process. This paper illustrates the process of data analysis in a project located within the Emancipatory Disability Research (EDR) paradigm.Materials and methodsTextual data was made available from a participatory action research project involving young people who have Down syndrome. A university based researcher analysed a portion of the data set using thematic networks with the participation of co‐researchers in iterative cycles of reflexivity.ResultsThe participation of the co‐researchers is demonstrated and a global theme, deduced from the collaborative analysis, is described.ConclusionAuthentic participation of co‐researchers in the data analysis stage of the research process is an example of ‘inclusive research’ and assures adherence to the principles of EDR in informing the theory and practice of social inclusion for young adults with an intellectual disability.Accessible AbstractBackgroundThere are not many research projects which include people with an intellectual disability in data analysis. This paper tells the story of how a small group of people with Down syndrome called co‐researchers, joined in analysing data from their peers in a research project.Materials and methodsThe co‐researchers worked in a group. They took some copies of typed up interviews, underlined words and made notes on parts of the interview they found interesting and important.ResultsThrough their work, the co‐researchers found that being involved with other people and having friends is important but can be hard sometimes.ConclusionThis work is important as it shows the abilities of some people with Down syndrome in data analysis work. The co‐researchers were included in research that is about themselves and other people with intellectual disabilities.