bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressurized groundwater outflow experiments and numerical modeling for outflow channels on Mars
Authors: Marra Wouter A. , Hauber Ernst , McLelland Stuart J. , Murphy Brendan J. , Parsons Daniel R. , Conway Susan J. , Roda Manuel , Govers Rob , Kleinhans Maarten G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe landscape of Mars shows incised channels that often appear abruptly in the landscape, suggesting a groundwater source. However, groundwater outflow processes are unable to explain the reconstructed peak discharges of the largest outflow channels based on their morphology. Therefore, there is a disconnect between groundwater outflow processes and the resulting morphology. Using a combined approach with experiments and numerical modeling, we examine outflow processes that result from pressurized groundwater. We use a large sandbox flume, where we apply a range of groundwater pressures at the base of a layer of sediment. Our experiments show that different pressures result in distinct outflow processes and resulting morphologies. Low groundwater pressure results in seepage, forming a shallow surface lake and a channel when the lake overflows. At intermediate groundwater pressures, fissures form and groundwater flows out more rapidly. At even higher pressures, the groundwater initially collects in a subsurface reservoir that grows due to flexural deformation of the surface. When this reservoir collapses, a large volume of water is released to the surface. We numerically model the ability of these processes to produce floods on Mars and compare the results to discharge estimates based on previous morphological studies. We show that groundwater seepage and fissure outflow are insufficient to explain the formation of large outflow channels from a single event. Instead, formation of a flexure‐induced subsurface reservoir and subsequent collapse generates large floods that can explain the observed morphologies of the largest outflow channels on Mars and their source areas.
Bulk or modal parameterizations for below‐cloud scavenging of fine, coarse, and giant particles by both rain and snow
Authors: Wang Xihong , Zhang Leiming , Moran Michael D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBulk or modal parameterizations for below‐cloud mass and number scavenging coefficients Λm (s−1) and Λn (s−1) of three aerosol modes—fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM2.5–10), and giant (PM10+)—for both rain and snow scavenging are developed for use in modal‐approach aerosol transport models. The new bulk parameterizations are based on the size‐resolved Λ(d) parameterization of Wang et al. (2014), using assumed lognormal mass and number size distributions for PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM10+. The resulting modal‐mean formulas for Λm and Λn follow power law relationships with precipitation intensity R, consistent with most existing studies. The empirical parameters in the power law relationships obtained in this study are also within the range of parameter values obtained in previous field and theoretical studies. Uncertainties in Λm due to the size distribution or size range assumed for each aerosol mode are generally smaller than 30% for PM2.5–10 and PM10+ but could be on the order of factor of 2 for PM2.5. These uncertainties, however, are much smaller than other known uncertainties in existing Λ formulations, which are typically larger than 1 order of magnitude. Moreover, the new bulk parameterizations are believed to be more representative than most existing schemes because the size‐resolved parameterization of Wang et al. (2014), which they are based on, was developed with consideration of all available theoretical formulations and field‐derived estimates for size‐resolved Λ and their associated uncertainties.
Risk Classification, Practical Aspects
Authors: Finger Robert J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Risk classification involves the formulation of different premiums for the same coverage based on group characteristics. That is, the task is to price an individual insured, but the available claim data for that individual is insufficient for the purpose. The recourse is to measure group costs and assume that the individual belongs to a certain group. The grouping process may proceed in several dimensions (e.g. class, territory, use).
Premiums should vary because underlying costs vary. Costs may vary because of different claim frequency or average claim size, different administrative expense requirements, different investment income potential, or differing assessments of risk. Risk classification proceeds by identifying variables that distinguish these costs among different insureds. In addition to classification variables, premiums can also vary because of the choice of different exposure bases, individual risk rating methods, and marketing or underwriting strategies.
Various criteria, actuarial, operational, social, and legal, have been suggested for formulating classification variables. Actuarial criteria attempt most accurately to group individual insureds into groups that (1) are relatively homogeneous, (2) are sufficiently large to estimate relative cost differences (credibility), and (3) maintain stable mean costs over time (reliability).
Operational criteria include objective definitions, reasonable administrative expense, and verifiability. Social criteria include privacy, causality, controllability, and affordability.
Neuroanatomic correlates of poststroke hyperglycemia
Authors: Winder Klemens , Seifert Frank , Ohnemus Tessa , Sauer Eva‐Maria , Kloska Stephan , Dörfler Arnd , Hilz Max J. , Schwab Stefan , Köhrmann Martin 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveA study was undertaken to determine associations between ischemic stroke sites and poststroke hyperglycemia (PSH).MethodsNondiabetic patients with first ever ischemic stroke confirmed by imaging were prospectively included. Blood glucose level (BGL), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, and clinical parameters were assessed on admission. BGL was dichotomized for elevated versus normal levels using a cutoff value of >7.0 mmol/l. Clinical parameters were correlated with BGL and were compared between patient groups with elevated versus normal glucose values. A voxel‐based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) analysis adjusted for confounding variables was performed correlating sites of ischemic lesions with PSH.ResultsOf 1,281 stroke patients screened, 229 (mean age = 66.3 ± 15.9 years) met the inclusion criteria. Patients with elevated BGL were older, had higher NIHSS scores, and had larger infarcts compared to those without elevated glucose levels. Spearman rank analysis showed correlations between BGL and age, infarct size, heart rate (HR), and NIHSS scores (p ≤ 0.05). The VLSM analysis adjusted for these confounding factors demonstrated associations between PSH and damaged voxels in right hemispheric insular and opercular areas.InterpretationThe data indicate that damage in the right insulo‐opercular areas contributes to PSH. The association between sympathetically mediated increase of HR and BGL suggests disinhibition of sympathetic outflow as a possible mechanism for PSH. Ann Neurol 2015;77:262–268.
Promoter or enhancer, what's the difference? Deconstruction of established distinctions and presentation of a unifying model
Authors: Andersson Robin 
Published: December 2014

SummaryGene transcription is strictly controlled by the interplay of regulatory events at gene promoters and gene‐distal regulatory elements called enhancers. Despite extensive studies of enhancers, we still have a very limited understanding of their mechanisms of action and their restricted spatio‐temporal activities. A better understanding would ultimately lead to fundamental insights into the control of gene transcription and the action of regulatory genetic variants involved in disease. Here, I review and discuss pros and cons of state‐of‐the‐art genomics methods to localize and infer the activity of enhancers. Among the different approaches, profiling of enhancer RNAs yields the highest specificity and may be superior in detecting in vivo activity. I discuss their apparent similarities to promoters, which challenge the established view of enhancers and promoters as distinct entities, and present a unifying model of regulatory elements in transcriptional regulation, in which activity, transcriptional output and regulatory function is context specific.
Electrospinning preparation and photoluminescence properties of Y3Al5O12:Tb3+ nanostructures
Authors: Bi Fei , Dong Xiangting , Wang Jinxian , Liu Guixia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNovel nanostructures of Y3Al5O12:Tb3+ (denoted as YAG:Tb3+ for short) nanobelts and nanofibers were fabricated by calcination of the respective electrospun PVP/[Y(NO3)3 + Tb(NO3)3 + Al(NO3)3] composite nanobelts and nanofibers. YAG:Tb3+ nanostructures are cubic in structure with a space group of Ia3d. The thickness and width of the YAG:7%Tb3+ nanobelts are respectively ca. 125 nm and 5.9 ± 0.3 µm, and the diameter of YAG:7%Tb3+ nanofibers is 166.0 ± 20 nm (95% confidence level). The YAG:Tb3+ nanostructures emit predominantly at 544 nm from the energy levels transition of 5D4 → 7 F5 of Tb3+ ions under the excitation of 274‐nm ultraviolet light. It was found that the optimum doping molar concentration of Tb3+ ions for YAG:Tb3+ nanostructures was 7%. Compared with YAG:7%Tb3+ nanofibers, YAG:7%Tb3+ nanobelts exhibit a stronger photoluminescence (PL) intensity under the same doping concentration. Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) analysis demonstrates that the emitting colors of YAG:Tb3+ nanostructures are located in the green region and color‐tuned luminescence can be obtained by changing the doping concentration of Tb3+ and morphologies of the nanostructures, which could be applied in the field of optical telecommunication and optoelectronic devices. The possible formation mechanisms of YAG:Tb3+ nanobelts and nanofibers are also proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing proteome coverage for gel‐based human tear proteome maps: towards a more comprehensive profiling
Authors: Saraygord‐Afshari Neda , Naderi‐Manesh Hossein , Naderi Mostafa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn situations where the molecular mechanism of many ocular disorders is unknown, owing to the difficulties associated with sampling from ocular tissues, human tear film can be a promising medium in ophthalmic research. The present study demonstrates an in‐depth gel‐based proteome optimization survey to approach more appropriate and efficient systems in various situations such as normal and dry‐eye syndromes. Therefore, systematic and statistical evaluations were performed on different preparation methods, including acetone, acetone–methanol, chloroform–methanol–water, trichloroacetic acid (TCA)–acetone, tri‐n‐butylphosphate–acetone–methanol precipitations and ammonium sulfate fractionation at three different percentages of saturations (50, 70 and 90%). Methods were compared quantitatively on both one‐ and two‐dimensional patterns. Some important parameters such as total protein recovery yield, densitometric analysis of some protein contaminants, banding patterns and total spot numbers along with statistical models for proper clustering were considered. Findings revealed noticeable impacts of preparation methods on all aspects of gel‐based separations as well as recovery yield (ranging from 5.29 ± 0.96 to 22.56 ± 1.77 µg/mm) and banding and pattern resolution. In addition to all these, the most important point is that the total protein spot number on the final two‐dimensional patterns (varied from 528.00 ± 19.00 to 657.00 ± 21.52 for different methods) were also noticeably increased in comparison with previously published reports (maximum of 250 spots), which is essential for a more comprehensive analysis. Increasing the proteome coverage in the present study is supposed to originate from improved solubility and effective rehydration during the sample application and isoelectric focusing (IEF) procedure along with proper sample preparation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral blood hemophagocytosis in an unusual lymphoma
Authors: Fragasso Alberto , Mannarella Clara , Ciancio Angela , Scarciolla Oronzo 
Published: December 2014

Key Clinical MessageWe describe a patient with fever, pancytopenia, and hepato‐splenomegaly associated with the finding of neoplastic lymphoid cells and histiocytes with hemophagocytosis in the peripheral smear; the diagnostic features were suggestive for a biological overlap between a large B‐cell lymphoma with intravascular involvement and the Asian variant of intravascular B‐cell lymphoma.
Pediatric ovarian torsion: an uncommon clinical entity
Authors: Rajwani Kapil M. , Mahomed Anies 
Published: November 2014

Key Clinical MessagePediatric ovarian torsion is an infrequent diagnosis and it often mimics acute appendicitis. Most cases are due to underlying ovarian pathology and if left untreated, ovarian torsion may eventually cause peritonitis. Emergency exploratory laparoscopy represents a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in suspected ovarian torsion.
Catalytic Performance of Coal Char for the Methane Reforming Process
Authors: He Tao , Sun Zhiqiang , Wu Jinhu , Xu Zexi , Zhang Dongke , Han Dezhi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA new concept of combined coal gasification and methane reforming in a single reactor was proposed as an alternative path for syngas production using coal and coalbed methane. Here, the results of this process are summarized. The experimental work was carried out in a fixed‐bed reactor. Methane cracking, CO2/steam reforming of methane over coal char, and the effects of chars made from different types of parent coal on methane conversion were examined. The catalytic effect of coal char on methane cracking and reforming increased with decreasing coalification degree. A synergistic effect was observed in that, while the coal char catalyzed the methane reforming reactions, gasification of the coal char took place simultaneously, which counter‐balanced the deposition of carbon especially for the methane‐steam‐char system.
Improved Density Correlation for Supercritical CO2
Authors: Wang Zhiyuan , Sun Baojiang , Yan Linlin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn experimental apparatus was designed to measure accurately the density of supercritical CO2 in wide temperature and pressure ranges. Based on experimental results, the curves for CO2 density as function of pressure at certain temperatures were divided into linear‐growth, rapid‐growth, and slow‐growth intervals. The relative error between the experimental and calculated density values for a number of frequently used equations of state was evaluated. These equations were corrected after analyzing the accuracy of each equation in the different intervals. A new method for calculating the density of supercritical CO2 that includes 28 constant parameters is proposed to determine the density at a known temperature and pressure.
ChemInform Abstract: (MMgBO3)n (n = 1, M: Li, Na, K, Rb and n = 4, M: Cs): An Investigation on the Structure Transition and Optical Properties.
Authors: Wang Zheng , Jing Qun , Zhang Min , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Hui 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA force‐equilibrium model is established to discuss the size effects of alkali metal cations on structural transitions in the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design of Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited LiFePO4 as a High‐Performance Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Liu Jian , Banis Mohammad N. , Sun Qian , Lushington Andrew , Li Ruying , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLiFePO4 is deposited on CNTs (CNT: carbon nanotube) by atomic layer deposition at 300 °C to form LiFePO4/CNT nanocomposite using ferrocene, ozone, trimethylphosphate, water, and LiO‐tBu as precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Structure Determination of Double Hydroxides LiSb(OH)6, BaSn(OH)6, and SrSn(OH)6.
Authors: Mizoguchi Hiroshi , Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. P. , Kim Young‐Il , Ohara Satoshi , Woodward Patrick M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractColorless single crystals of (III) and (VI) are grown hydrothermally and the crystal structures are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bulk Kesterite — A Prospective Photovoltaic Material.
Authors: Podisiadlo Slawomir , Bialoglowski Maciej , Matyszczak Grzegorz , Marek Paulina , Gebicki Wojciech , Bacewicz Rajmund , Stachowicz Marcin , Dluzewski Piotr , Wozniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBulk single crystals of Cu2ZnSnS4 of kesterite structure with dimensions up to 1 x 1 x 0.5 mm are prepared from naturally abundant CuS, ZnS, and SnS in a molar ratio of 2:1:1 (evacuated quartz ampule, 700 °C, 24—240 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Selective Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanocrystals Through Cation Exchange for Photovoltaic Devices.
Authors: Wang Yi‐Xiu , Wei Ming , Fan Feng‐Jia , Zhuang Tao‐Tao , Wu Liang , Yu Shu‐Hong , Zhu Chang‐Fei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPrecursor Cu2SnS3 (CTS) nanoparticles with zinc blende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) derived structure are prepared by dissolving CuCl2 and SnCl2 in oleylamine (180 °C, 30 min) followed by addition of different S sources (ZB‐type: elemental S, 280 °C; WZ‐type: 1‐dodecanethiol, 230 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrans via Organocatalytic Michael Addition Reactions.
Authors: Niu Zhiqiang , He Xinwei , Shang Yongjia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMichael addition of α‐cyanoketones to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amounts of a L‐proline derivative affords 3,4‐dihydropyrans with moderate diastereoselectivity, high yields, and excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Markovnikov Hydroamination of Alkenes Catalyzed by a Two‐Component Organic Photoredox System: Direct Access to Phenethylamine Derivatives.
Authors: Nguyen Tien M. , Manohar Namita , Nicewicz David A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAliphatic alkenes as well as α‐ and β‐substituted styrenes undergo anti‐Markovnikov hydroamination with triflamide or heterocyclic amines in the presence of a novel photoredox catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Enol Ethers via Zn(OTf)2‐Mediated Formal Alkyne Hydration‐Smiles Rearrangement.
Authors: Chew Xinying , Lin Yuhan , Lim Yee Hwee 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTerminal alkynes are transformed into enol ethers in a chemoselective manner via a formal tandem Markovnikov hydration‐Smiles rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: gem‐Difluoroolefination of Diaryl Ketones and Enolizable Aldehydes with Difluoromethyl 2‐Pyridyl Sulfone: New Insights into the Julia—Kocienski Reaction.
Authors: Gao Bing , Zhao Yanchuan , Hu Mingyou , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEfficient reaction conditions are developed for using difluoromethyl‐2‐pyridyl sulfone as reagent to convert diarylketones (II) as well as aliphatic aldehydes (IV) into the corresponding difluoroolefins (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Partial Hydrogenation of Trichloromethyl to gem‐Dichloromethyl Groups in Platinum on Carbon‐Catalyzed System.
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Imanishi Takahiro , Nakatani Ryosuke , Fujiwara Yuta , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe catalyst can be recycled and reused at least 4 times without a significant loss in activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Cyclic N‐Sulfamidate Alkylketimines: A New Access to Chiral β‐Alkyl‐β‐aryl Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Chen Ya‐Jing , Chen Ya‐Heng , Feng Chen‐Guo , Lin Guo‐Qiang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe method allows an efficient installation of a chiral quaternary center.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Triarylmethanes by Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H/C—O Coupling of Oxazoles and Diarylmethanol Derivatives.
Authors: Tabuchi Sho , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPreliminary investigations [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,9‐Diethynylanthracene Derivatives.
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Kawakami Takahiro , Iwanaga Tetsuo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSequential reaction of substrate (I) with ethynyllithium reagents (II) and Grignard reagents (IV) provides silylated 2,9‐diethynylanthracenes (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Promoted Heterocyclization of Internal Alkynes: A Comparative Study of Direct Metallate 5‐endo‐dig Cyclization versus a Stepwise Cyclization.
Authors: French Jonathan M. , Diver Steven T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe title reaction affords five‐ and six‐membered ring nitrogen heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Perfluoroalkylated meso‐Aryl‐Substituted Subporphyrins: Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Liu Chao , Guo Yong , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Chen Qing‐Yun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSubporphyrin (I) shows a red‐shifted UV/Vis absorption band that arises from macrocycle nonplanar distortion induced by the trifluoromethyl groups.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Cross‐Aza‐Benzoin Reaction of Enals with Isatin‐Derived Ketimines: Access to Chiral Quaternary Aminooxindoles.
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Mou Chengli , Zhu Tingshun , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroduction of halogen substituents onto the isatin phenyl ring suppresses the formation of the corresponding cross‐aza benzoin products almost completely.
ChemInform Abstract: Bicyclization of Isocyanides with Alkenoyl Bis(ketene Dithioacetals): Access to 6,7‐Dihydro‐1H‐indol‐4(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Li Yifei , Xu Xianxiu , Shi Hui , Pan Ling , Liu Qun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe tandem [3 + 2] cycloaddition/intramolecular imidoyl anion trapping strategy is successfully applied for the synthesis of the title compounds from alkenoyl bis(ketene dithioacetals) and tosylmethyl isocyanide.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Access to Yne‐Functionalized Benzoisoindolines from Triynes.
Authors: Li Lidong , Hu Qiong , Zhou Pingping , Xie Haifeng , Zhang Xiaorong , Zhang Hao , Wang Hua , Hu Yimin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA Cu(I)‐catalyzed regioselective [4 + 2]‐type cycloaddition reaction leading to yne‐functionalized benzoisoindoles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Warfarin and Its Analogues on Water.
Authors: Rogozinska‐Szymczak Maria , Mlynarski Jacek 
Published: November 2014

Abstract(S,S)‐Diphenylethylenediamine is demonstrated to be an excellent organocatalyst for the enantioselective Michael addition of 4‐hydroxycoumarins to α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Chemoselective Synthesis of 2,4,6,8‐Tetrasubstituted Quinazolines via Microwave‐Assisted Consecutive Bis‐SNAr/Bis‐Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Kabri Youssef , Crozet Maxime D. , Redon Sebastien , Vanelle Patrice 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe practical and efficient title two‐step procedure tolerates a wide range of functional groups in both reaction partners.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected TFA‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Benzo[d]oxazoles with 2‐Oxo‐2‐arylacetic Acids: Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazin‐2‐ones and Cephalandole A.
Authors: Yan Shaoxi , Ye Leping , Liu Miaochang , Chen Jiuxi , Ding Jinchang , Gao Wenxia , Huang Xiaobo , Wu Huayue 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synthetic value of this reaction is demonstrated by preparation of the natural product cephalandole A (IIIg).
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenoids from Gynocardia odorata and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Ghosh Pranab , Ghosh Ashim , Chakraborty Prasanta , Saha Bittu 
Published: November 2014

Abstractisolation, structure determination, and antimicrobial activity of two new friedelane‐type triterpenoids (I) and (II) along with five known triterpenoids
ChemInform Abstract: Dammarane‐Type Triterpenoids as 11β‐HSD1 Inhibitors from Homonoia riparia.
Authors: Yu Jin‐Hai , Shen Yu , Liu Hong‐Bing , Leng Ying , Zhang Hua , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHoripenoids A (Ia), B (Ib), C (IIa), D (IIb), E (III), F (IV), G (V), and H (VI) are isolated and their structures are elucidated.