bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Host Resistance to Bacterial Infections
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Kato Osamu , Nakashima Izumi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn normal mice, the total count of peritoneal leukocytes was markedly decreased after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) depending on the dosage injected. This decrease was mainly due to the depletion of macrophages, and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes occurred to a lesser extent. CPS‐K in relatively smaller doses mobilized polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) into the peritoneal fluid but it decreased them transiently in larger doses. In mice infected i.p. with a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis, there was an abundant emigration of PMN into the peritoneal fluid. When 200 μg of CPS‐K was injected i.p. immediately before bacterial challenge, emigration of PMN was markedly delayed for 48 hr after infection. Associated with this suppressed emigration of PMN, the numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes in the peritoneal fluid were significantly less in mice treated with CPS‐K than those in untreated control mice for 48 hr after infection. The numbers of both cell‐associated and extracellular bacteria in the peritoneal fluid were markedly greater in mice treated with CPS‐K than those in untreated control mice. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, ingestion of bacteria by macrophages and PMN was not blocked by CPS‐K or neutral CPS‐K, the active substance responsible for the infection‐promoting effect of CPS‐K. It appeared that CPS‐K somehow impaired the intraphagocytic bactericidal activity.
Multiple Mating Types of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Mizuguchi Yasuo , Suga Kiyoko , Tokunaga Tohru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMultiple mating systems were found in the strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Nineteen wild type strains were classified into five different groups according to their mating behavior. All crosses between substrains derived from the same wild type strain or between substrains belonging to the same group were infertile, while eight different intergroup crosses were fertile. It was suggested that in most of the fertile crosses, chromosome transfer was unidirectional. Genes controlling matings were resistant to curing by acridine dye, sodium dodecyl sulfate and higher temperature suggesting that they were chromosomal genes. However, the location of these genes could not be demonstrated because none of the chromosomal markers tested was found to be linked to these mating genes.
Cytoplasmic Budding of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus and Comparative Ultrastructural Studies of Envelopes
Authors: Kawamoto Fumihiko , Suto Chiharu , Kumada Nobuo , Kobayashi Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe processes of cytoplasmic budding in Euproctis subflava nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) were investigated, and comparisons were made among three types of envelopes which were acquired by, 1) de novo morphogenesis in the nuclei, 2) nuclear budding, and 3) cytoplasmic budding. The direction of nucleocapsids in the envelope was the same in these three modes of envelopment; the envelopment seemed to occur from a nipple end which was at one extremity of the nucleocapsid. After the envelopment, electron‐dense materials were seen between the envelope and nucleocapsid, though their contents and morphological features were different among the three types of envelopes. However, these materials seemed to function similarly as a mediator between the envelope and nucleocapsid as have been observed in many vertebrate viruses which acquire envelopes.A marked difference among the three types of envelope was the characteristic cap‐shaped structures with spikes which were seen only on the surface of envelope derived from the plasma membrane. After cytoplasmic budding, nucleocapsids enveloped by this way were located on the basement membrane or liberated in the hemocoel, and then they appeared to enter neighboring healthy cells via viropexis with the spike end at the head. At the sites where these spikes came into contact with healthy cells, coated vesicle‐like structures were observed inside the plasma membrane. Occasionaly, incomplete particles which lacked nucleocapsids were also budded through the plasma membrane and released into extracellular space.
Fate of Tobacco Mosaic Virus after Entering the Host Cell
Authors: Hayashi Takaharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDiminutive viral RNAs recovered from tobacco leaves inoculated with 32P‐TMV were investigated. At 3.5 hr after inoculation, most of the viral RNA without coat protein revealed two peaks after sucrose density gradient analysis of SDS‐extract from 12,000 × g leaf pellet. The first peak appeared between bacterial ribosomal RNA of 16 S and 5 S and the second peak was around 5 S. These two peaks were digestible with RNase and they appeared as early as 5 min after inoculation. These diminutive RNAs seemed to be derived from partially uncoated parental virus by abscission of their naked RNA tails. The active formation of these diminutive RNAs and their early appearance after inoculation seemed to indicate that most of the inoculated TMV received incomplete uncoating.
Biochemical Properties of a Penicillinase from Escherichia coli Carrying Rms 298
Authors: Sawada Yosuke , Tai Masaru , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe obtained two R plasmids, i.e., Rms195 and Rms298, from a clinical isolate, E. coli GN5503. Penicillin β‐lactamase (PCase) was extracted from ML1410 Rms195+ and Rms298+, and was purified by chromatography. Rms195 PCase was identical to the type I PCase mediated by R‐TEM, RI and Rms212. The isoelectric point of Rms298 PCase was 5.9 and its molecular weight was 21,000 ± 1,000. The substrate profile and physicochemical properties indicate that Rms298 PCase belongs to the type IV PCase mediated by Rms139 isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Experimental Pneumonitis: Changes in the Phospholipid Metabolism of the Lung of Guinea Pigs and Rats
Authors: Ito Masami , Takeuchi Nozomu , Masuno Tomiya , Kikui Masanori , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChanges of the metabolism of lung phospholipids and alveolar wash lipids were studied in guinea pigs and rats with experimental pneumonitis produced by the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. The amount of total lipid obtained by lung lavage decreased significantly in contrast to a marked increase in the content of total protein in treated animals. Among the lipids in the pulmonary washings, only phospholipids were strikingly reduced, and free fatty acids were increased somewhat. However, the composition of phospholipids was not affected by the treatment. The in vitro incorporation of 1‐14C‐acetate into the total lipid and phospholipids in the lung with pneumonitis was slightly lower compared to controls, but the difference was not significant. The in vitro 1‐14C‐palmitic acid incorporation into phospholipids of the lesioned lung, was also similar to that in controls. Thus, phospholipid biosynthesis in the lung was not affected by pneumonitis. On the other hand, the in vitro activity of total phospholipase in rat lung with experimental pneumonitis was enhanced significantly. These results suggest that phospholipase activity is increased in the diseased lung and this may participate in the process of the inflammatory reaction. The possible role of activated macrophages in the inflammatory response of the lung is discussed.
The Host‐Dependent Restriction of Growth of an RNA Coliphage FI
Authors: Hirashima Akikazu , Furuse Kohsuke , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPhage FIC is a spontaneous host‐dependent mutant of phage FI which is classified into the fourth group of RNA Escherichia coli phages (RNA coliphages). The mutant phage (FIC) grows normally in E. coli strain Q13 (permissive host), but poorly in strain A/λ (non‐permissive host) (9). Attempts to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of growth of the mutant phage in the non‐permissive host revealed the following: (a) growth of the mutant phage was specifically restricted in E. coli strains that have certain suppressor genes for amber mutation; (b) the mutant phage RNA (FIC‐RNA) could not produce progeny in the spheroplasts of the non‐permissive host; (c) adsorption of the mutant phage to, and penetration of the mutant phage RNA into, the non‐permissive host were normal; and (d) biosynthesis of the phage‐specific late protein and RNA did not occur in the non‐permissive host. Based on these results we conclude that phage FIC is a spontaneous azure‐type mutant of the fourth group of RNA coliphage FI.
A Simple and Efficient Microassay Method for Titration of Interferon
Authors: Ishitsuka Hideo , Nomura Yasuko , Takano Kouichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simple and efficient microassay method for the titration of interferon was developed by the use of microtest plates for handling a large number of samples. L929 cells pretreated with interferon were infected with vesicular stomatitits virus (VSV) and cultured in the presence of 3H‐uridine. The activity was expressed by the reduction of extracellular radioactive RNA released after destruction of the infected cells, which was measured in terms of the radioactivity incorporated into cold TCA‐insoluble materials in the culture fluid. The interferon titer determined by this method was in the same order as that by the plaque reduction method. The activity by this method was parallel to, but lower than that expressed by the yield reduction of infectious viruses. This method requires only 0.025 ml of each test sample with higher than 1 NIH ref. unit/ml to detect its interferon activity and takes 2 to 3 days for assaying hundreds of samples.
Effect of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on the Differentiation and Functional Capacity of Macrophages Cultured In Vitro
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) on the differentiation and functional capacity of macrophages cultured in vitro from various lymphoid tissues was investigated. In cultures of peritoneal cells, the number of macrophages did not change throughout incubation periods of from 1 hr to 3 days, and the addition of CPS‐K had no affect. It appears therefore that CPS‐K does not exhibit cytotoxic effects on macrophages. In cultures of spleen cells, only a small number of macrophages appeared within 1 hr, but the number of macrophages increased during further incubation. The addition of CPS‐K to cultures of spleen cells at the start of incubation suppressed markedly the increase in the numbers of macrophage. This finding indicates that CPS‐K blocks the process of the generation of macrophages, probably from their precursor cells in cultures of spleen cells. Only a small number of macrophages appeared in cultures of thymocytes or lymph node cells either with or without CPS‐K. The phagocytic capacity of either peritoneal macrophages or macrophages generated in cultures of spleen cells was activated during incubation in vitro. Macrophages cultured in the presence of CPS‐K for 24 hr or longer appeared to have an enhanced phagocytic activity, although the enhancement of their phagocytic activity by the addition of CPS‐K was less marked in cultures of spleen cells than in those of peritoneal macrophages. Morphologically, macrophages in both cultures of peritoneal cells and spleen cells incubated in the presence of CPS‐K for 4 days possessed much longer cytoplasmic processes than those incubated in the absence of CPS‐K. From the present study, it appears that CPS‐K exhibits dual effects on macrophage precursor cells and macrophages, a blocking effect on the differentiation from the former to the latter and an enhancing effect on the functional capacity of the latter.
Failure of the Reaction of β2‐Microglobulin with Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Ochi Yukio , Hachiya Takashi , Kajita Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBecause β2‐microglobulin is structurally similar to IgG, the reaction of β2‐microglobulin with Staphylococcal Protein A, which is known to react with the Fc region of IgG, was examined. 125I‐β2‐microglobulin did not bind to Protein A. This may due to the difference in the amino acid sequence between β2‐microglobulin and the Fc region of IgG.
An Endotoxin Induced Serum Factor That Causes Enhancement of Antibody Response to Heterologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Tanabe Masao J. , Tsurumi Yoshiko , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe sera obtained from blood of the mice, which had been intravenously injected with LPS several hours in advance, contained some active substance capable of enhancing anti‐sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody responses in mice. Activity of the sera was still retained after passage through a rabbit anti‐LPS antibody‐coated Sepharose 4B column, but greatly reduced by passage through a rabbit anti‐mouse thymocyte antibody‐coated Sepharose 4B column. The active substance in the sera was eluted through a Sephadex G‐200 column at the same position as the serum albumin.The addition of this substance to B cell rich spleen cell cultures in vitro in the presence of SRBC generated tremendous numbers of antibody forming cells 4 days after the incubation, suggesting that this substance was able to take over the helper function of T cells in thymus dependent antibody responses. However, this substance was not capable of stimulating 3H‐thymidine‐uptake into cultured spleen cells. The possible role of this substance in the adjuvant effect of LPS is discussed.
Studies on the Toxin of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Yokota Katsushi , Shimada Hideaki , Kamaguchi Arihide , Sakaguchi Osamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA hemolytic toxin has been obtained from mycelia and culture filtrates of Aspergillus fumigatus by the procedures that included precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography of DEAE‐Sephadex, affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A‐Sepharose and gel filtration on Sephadex G‐50, G‐100 and G‐150. The purified homolytic toxin was homogeneous on immunological and disk electrophoretic analysis, and the toxin from culture filtrates was identical with that from mycelia by the immunodiffusion technique. The hemolytic toxin was obtained for the first time from fungi and designated as Asp‐hemolysin. The molecular weight of Asp‐hemolysin was estimated to be approximately 30,000 by the gel‐filtration technique and its isoelectric point was found to be around pH 4.0. This Asp‐hemolysin contained large amounts of protein and very small amounts of carbohydrate. The UV absorption spectrum of Asp‐hemolysin showed a maximum absorption at 280 nm and minimum absorption at 251 nm. The extinction coefficient at 280 nm, E 1%1cm, was 12.4 and the ratio of absorbance at 280 nm to that at 260 nm was 2.3. The optimum pH for the hemolytic activity of the toxin toward chicken erythrocytes was 5.0 at room temperature and it was active in the pH range of 3.5 to 10.5. The optimum temperature was 21 C and about 50% of the activity was lost by incubation at 50 C for 5 min or 45 C for 23 min. The hemolytic activity was remarkably inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Ag1+, iodine and p‐CMB, but enhanced slightly by Zn2+ and Co2+.
Common Antigen between Coxsackievirus A 16 and Enterovirus 71
Authors: Hagiwara Akio , Tagaya Isamu , Yoneyama Tetsuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCross immunofluorescence revealed that coxsackievirus A 16 (CA 16) shared a common antigen with enterovirus 71 (E 71). The cross reactivity of these two serotypes was also examined by complement fixation test with purified virus preparations fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and two peaks of antigenicity were detected, one being type‐specific and the other cross‐reacting. The common antigen was heat‐stable and attributable to empty capsids. Immunodiffusion also revealed the common antigen. Infants without antibody to E 71 developed complement fixing and precipitin antibody to E 71 after recovery from hand, foot and mouth disease caused by CA 16.
Thymidine Metabolism in Cells Treated with DNA‐Suppressing Factor (DSF)
Authors: Fujii Nobuhiro , Minagawa Tomonori , Kato Tsuneo , Iida Hiroo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA in cells treated with DNA‐suppressing factor (DSF) has been studied. After 16 hr treatment with DSF, transport of labeled thymidine across the cell membrane was not inhibited, since equilibrium of labeled thymidine with the acid‐soluble pool occurred at the same rate and the radioactivity was at the same level as in untreated cells. The values of Vmax and Km in the kinetics of transport of exogenous thymidine were not changed by DSF. Phosphorylation of labeled thymidine to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) was not inhibited by DSF. After a chase of labeled thymidine, radioactivity of the acid‐soluble fraction in DSF‐treated cells decreased more rapidly but that of the acid‐insoluble fraction remained at a lower level than in untreated cells. It was assumed that DSF might block the entry of dTTP into DNA.
R Plasmids among Gram‐Negative Bacteria with Multiple Drug Resistance Isolated in a General Hospital
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Miyoshi Yasushi , Nakaya Rintaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe incidence of conjugative R plasmids in multiple drug‐resistant strains of gram‐negative bacteria isolated in 1973 from patients in a 700‐bed general hospital in Tokyo and some properties of the R plasmids isolated are described. Conjugative R plasmids were found in 52 of the 96 strains (54%), from which 74 R plasmids were demonstrated. It is remarkable that the isolation frequency of R plasmids mediating quadruple‐ or five‐drug resistance was rather low, and the complete pattern of multiple resistance of the original isolates was only rarely transferred by conjugation. These results revealed the existing state of the distribution of R plasmids among hospital strains with multiple drug‐resistance.
Further Studies on Amplification of Cell‐Associated Immunological Memory by Secondary Antigenic Stimulus
Authors: Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUsing the hapten‐carrier system in which the dinitrophenyl group (DNP) served as a B cell reactive hapten and bovine serum albumin (BSA) or human gammaglobulin (HGG) as a T cell reactive carrier, changes in the hapten‐specific memory (B cell‐associated memory) and the carrier‐specific memory (T cell‐associated memory) after a secondary antigenic stimulus were analyzed in mice. Since an immunological adjuvant was indispensable in the induction of the primary increase in memory, antigen used for the primary antigenic stimulus was injected together with the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) which has already been shown to exhibit a potent adjuvant effect. With the cell‐transfer technique, it was found that the cell‐associated hapten‐specific memory for anti‐DNP antibody response to DNP‐BSA was truly amplified by the secondary injection of DNP‐HGG into mice primed with DNP‐HGG, and that the cell‐associated carrier‐specific memory as judged by the helper effect on anti‐DNP response to DNP‐BSA was also truly amplified by the secondary injection of BSA into mice primed with BSA. However, when memory was assessed in actively immunized mice, the secondary injection of BSA into mice primed with DNP‐BSA and HGG decreased anti‐DNP responsiveness to the tertiary injection of DNP‐BSA, whereas the secondary injection of DNP‐HGG secondarily increased anti‐DNP responsiveness. In mice primed with DNP‐BSA the titers of serum antibodies to BSA increased after the secondary injection of DNP‐BSA or BSA. From these results it has been concluded that, like B cell‐associated memory, T cell‐associated memory is also amplified by a secondary antigenic stimulus, although its expression is inhibited in actively immunized mice through negative control by their antibodies.
Effects of Homologous O‐Antibody on Host Responses to Lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia enterocolitica: Neutralization of Its Pyrogenicity
Authors: Ogata Sachio , Kanamori Masato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe pyrogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Yersinia enterocolitica was neutralized by the homologous O‐antiserum at the optimal antigen/antibody ratio. The level of neutralization in either antigen excess or extreme antibody excess was significantly lower than that at the optimal ratio. These facts suggested that the structure of the so‐called “lattice” of LPS/antibody complex might influence the neutralization of pyrogenic activity. Moreover, when LPS was gradually added to the antiserum to reach the optimal antigen/antibody ratio, the pyrogenic activity of LPS was only slightly neutralized by the antibody. The similar event to Danysz phenomenon that has been known in the diphtheria toxin‐antitoxin system was also observed in the LPS‐anti‐LPS system.
Microbial Adjuvant and Autoimmunity
Authors: Yokochi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo , Asai Junpei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExperimental autoimmune thyroiditis could be produced in SMA, C3H/He and C57BL mice by repeated injection at intervals of 30 days of syngeneic thyroid extract mixed with the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) as a powerful adjuvant. The sequence of the development of autoimmune thyroiditis was histologically followed using SMA strain of mice, in which the thyroid lesions were most marked. A single injection of the thyroid extract mixed with CPS‐K induced interstitial infiltration of small lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells, and follicular architecture was partially damaged. At early times (5 to 12 days) after the secondary injection of the material, there were aggregation of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes with formation of microabscesses in the follicles and hyaline degeneration of small vessels in the thyroid glands, suggesting that this stage of the thyroid lesions was expression of an Arthus reaction. The maximal severity of the thyroid lesions was reached at 30 days after the secondary injection. At this time, the thyroid lesions consisted of extensive infiltration of small lymphocytes, plasma cells and other mononuclear cells with complete loss of follicular architecture and mild proliferation of fibrous connective tissues. Even at 200 days after the secondary injection, there was no evidence of spontaneous regression and resolution of the thyroid lesions. Based on the histological findings, it seems likely that in our system cell‐mediated immunity plays a dominant role in initiation and maintenance of thyroiditis and humoral antibodies do so in its aggravation.
Separation of Four Components of the Phosphoenolpyruvate: Glucose Phosphotransferase System in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Kubota Yoneo , Iuchi Shiro , Fujisawa Asako , Tanaka Shuji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour classes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus mutants defective in the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS) are described. They were phenotypically different, and were defective in different PTS components. The components designated tentatively as II, I, III, and H were separated by gel filtration of a wild‐type extract. Component II, which was specific for glucose and found in the particulate fraction, is probably membrane‐bound, glucose‐specific enzyme II. Both components I and H were soluble proteins, and the latter was relatively heat‐stable. Component I was required for phosphorylation of glucose, trehalose, fructose, mannose, and mannitol. Component H was also required for phosphorylating all the above sugars except fructose. These and some additional findings strongly suggest that components I and H correspond to enzyme I and HPr, respectively. Component III, a soluble heat‐stable protein, may be equivalent to the sugar‐specific factor III found in other organisms, although it seems to participate in phosphorylating two sugars, glucose and trehalose. There were evidences that mutants defective in components I and III were deficient in cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate synthesis under certain conditions.