bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overactivation of NR2B‐containing NMDA receptors through entorhinal–hippocampal connection initiates accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in rat hippocampus after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Xu Cheng‐Shi , Liu An‐Chun , Chen Juan , Pan Zhi‐Yong , Wan Qi , Li Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Ze‐Fen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMiddle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induces secondary damages in the hippocampus that is remote from primary ischemic regions. Tau hyperphosphorylation is an important risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Increased tau phosphorylation has been identified in ischemic cortex, but little is known regarding the changes in the hippocampus. We showed that unilateral transient MCAO induced accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and concurrent dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β at Ser 9 in the ipsilateral hippocampus. These MCAO‐induced changes were not reproduced when glutamatergic inputs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus were transected; however, the changes were mimicked by intrahippocampal N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) administration. Inhibition of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR2B, but not NR2A activity in the hippocampus attenuated the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and spatial cognitive impairment in MCAO rats. Together, our data suggest that overactivation of NR2B‐containing NMDARs through entorhinal–hippocampal connection plays an important role in the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus following MCAO. Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β is an important protein kinase involved in NMDARs‐mediated tau hyperphosphorylation. This study indicates that early inhibition of NR2B‐containing NMDARs may represent a potential strategy to prevent or delay the occurrence of post‐stroke dementia.
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Middle cerebral artery occlusion induces secondary damage in the hippocampus that is remote from primary ischemic regions. We propose that excessive activation of NR2B‐containing NMDA receptors through entorhinal–hippocampal connection initiated the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus, which subsequently induced cognitive deficit. This study provides new insights into the prospects of NR2B inhibition in stoke therapy.
The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Implementing a Paradigm Shift
Authors: Mittler Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractImplementation of the United Nations' (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), together with the new UN commitment to ensure the inclusion of people with disabilities in the post‐2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), should now be considered an overarching priority by organizations and individuals committed to improving the quality of life of people with disabilities. The CRPD is not merely the latest in a long line of UN declarations, but a potential catalyst for a radical reappraisal of policy and practice among governments and organizations of persons with disabilities (disabled persons organizations (DPOs)) and by service planners and providers, members of professional and voluntary organizations, the research community, and by society at large. The 152 governments that have ratified the CRPD have entered into a commitment in international law to submit detailed reports to the CRPD Committee of the UN human rights commission. Although some DPOs have made good use of their right of access to this Committee, there is cause of concern about resources available to others. The Committee's criticisms of the nature and quality of government implementation highlight the need for sustained and informed advocacy by civil society and the use of the Internet and social media to raise public awareness about the potential of the CRPD to benefit people with disabilities. The author posits that lack of data on persons with disabilities in many countries now presents the most serious obstacle to accountability and monitoring. It is suggested that scientific and professional bodies need to work more earnestly in partnership with DPOs in a combined effort to make a reality of the Convention and the emerging SDGs in a new dynamic of “research to practice.”
The Influence of Different Emulsifiers on the Physical and Textural Characteristics of Gluten‐Free Cheese Bread
Authors: López‐Tenorio Julián Alfredo , Rodríguez‐Sandoval Eduardo , Sepúlveda‐Valencia José Uriel 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two emulsifiers, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides (DATEM) on the physical and textural characteristics of gluten‐free (GF) cheese bread and the influence they have during storage. DATEM and SSL in percentages of 0.5 and 1.0 were added based on the amount of cheese in the formula. The dough behaved as a viscoelastic solid, adjusting itself to a model consisting of three Maxwell elements with a spring in parallel. The results indicate that emulsifiers had no significant effect on dough rheology. The emulsifiers affected the physical and textural characteristics of GF cheese bread. The height, diameter and specific volume of the samples decreased with higher concentrations of emulsifiers in the formula, while the yield and crumb hardness increased. Crust fracture and crumb hardness of samples increased during storage, thus the emulsifiers did not control product aging.Practical ApplicationsLarge‐scale production and the rise in consumers that demand good‐quality GF products have brought about the need to use food additives, such as emulsifiers, which are used as antiaging agents in bakery products by increasing their shelf life. Few studies have been carried out into the use of emulsifiers in GF products. For this reason, it is considered of great importance to evaluate the effect that these additives have on GF cheese bread, which is made by blending mainly sour cassava starch, water or milk, cheese, salt, sugar and fat. This product has a large market in South America and could be an alternative for celiac patients in that region.
Early Tumor Response to Intraarterial or Intravenous Administration of Carboplatin to Treat Naturally Occurring Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma in Dogs
Authors: Culp W.T.N. , Weisse C. , Berent A.C. , Reetz J.A. , Krick E.L. , Jackson D.E. , Kass P.H. , Clifford C.A. , Sorenmo K.U. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundSurvival times and tumor responses associated with malignant neoplasia of the lower urinary tract are poor despite the vast array of current treatments. Therefore, the evaluation of alternative treatments, such as intraarterial administration of chemotherapy (IAC) should be considered.ObjectiveTo describe a technique for superselective catheterization for IAC and to evaluate initial tumor response by ultrasonography after both IAC and intravenous administration of chemotherapy (IVC).AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with lower urinary tract neoplasia treated with either IVC (n = 15) or IAC (n = 11).MethodsRetrospective study. An arterial approach via the carotid or femoral artery was utilized to obtain superselective access and administer chemotherapy in the IAC cases. Medical record review was performed, data were recorded, and recorded variables were evaluated statistically.ResultsIntraarterial chemotherapy was successfully administered in all cases. There was a significantly greater decrease in longest unidimensional measurement in the IAC group as compared to the IVC group (P = .013). The IAC group was also significantly more likely to have a tumor response as assessed by modified RECIST guidelines (P = .049). Dogs in the IAC group were significantly less likely to develop anemia (P = .001), lethargy (P = .010) and anorexia (P = .024).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThis study demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of performing IAC for lower urinary tract neoplasia. Further investigation is necessary as the follow‐up time was short and the impact on long‐term outcome and survival was not determined.
Fentanyl with ropivacaine infusion for postoperative pain relief in infants and children. Kinetics of epidural fentanyl
Authors: Karas‐Trzeciak Magdalena , Grabowski Tomasz , Woloszczuk‐Gebicka Bogumila , Borucka Beata 
Published: April 2015

SummaryObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered as continuous epidural infusion with 0.2% ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief in infants and toddlers, and older children undergoing major abdominal and urological procedures.MethodsThirteen infants and toddlers (median age 14 [range 3–36] months, 11 [5–17] kg, Group I) and 11 children (68 [45–131] months, 21 [16–52] kg, Group II) participated in the study. Epidural catheter was placed under general anesthesia in the L1–L2, L2–L3, or L3–L4 epidural space and threaded up to 4 cm into the epidural space. Bolus dose of 0.2% ropivacaine, 0.5 ml·kg−1 and fentanyl, 2 μg·kg−1 was given, then followed by continuous infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine, 0.15 ml·kg−1·h−1 with fentanyl 1.12 μg·kg−1·h−1. In the postoperative period, fentanyl dose was reduced to 0.375 μg·kg−1·h−1.ResultsWith this dosing regimen, fentanyl concentration in plasma was within the range of analgesic concentrations, and did not exceed 1.0 ng·ml−1. After discontinuation of epidural infusion, pharmacokinetics of fentanyl was complicated by a slight increase in plasma concentration during the elimination phase. Both elimination half‐life of fentanyl (t1/2,MRT) and mean residence time (MRT) were much longer than those observed after single IV bolus dose, and longer in Group I than in Group II (t1/2MRT 15.9 [3.6–31.5] h vs 8.0 [7.1–13.3] h, P < 0.05, MRTstop‐last 22.9 [5.1–45.5] h vs 11.5 [10.2–19.1] h, P < 0.05). Therefore, monitoring of vital signs seems warranted for several hours after the termination of the epidural infusion because risk of respiratory depression may persist, especially in the younger age group.
Ground
Authors: Raven Michael J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis essay focuses on a recently prominent notion of (metaphysical) ground which is distinctive for how it links metaphysics to explanation. Ground is supposed to serve both as the common factor in diverse in virtue of questions as well as the structuring relation in the project of explaining how some phenomena are “built” from more fundamental phenomena. My aim is to provide an opinionated synopsis of this notion of ground without engaging with others. Ground, so understood, generally resists illumination by appeal to more familiar models of explanation. Nevertheless, its distinctive explanatory and metaphysical aspects guide us on characterizing its explanatory logic and its metaphysical features. Some issues concerning the meta‐question of what (if anything) grounds ground are explored, as well as some recent skeptical challenges to ground.
Classical Chinese Logic
Authors: Rošker Jana S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe present article provides an introduction to classical Chinese logic, a term which refers to ancient discourses that were developed before the arrival of significant external influences and which flourished in China until the first unification of China, during the Qin Dynasty (221 BC). Taking as its premise that logic implies both universal and culturally conditioned elements, the author describes the historical background of Chinese logic, the main schools of Chinese logical thought, the current state of research in this area and the crucial concepts and methods applied in classical Chinese logic. The close link between Chinese logic and the Chinese language is also stressed.
Antidiabetic Therapy in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Boyle Suzanne M. , Simon Barbara , Kobrin Sidney M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThere has been substantial growth in the variety of available antidiabetic agents during the last decade and a half. The role of these newer agents in patients with diabetes and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) population, and their relative benefits and risks in this population compared to patients without ESRD are not yet clear. This stems from the altered state of glucose homeostasis in ESRD, which places patients at high risk for hypoglycemia and, in certain situations, hyperglycemia. In addition, there is a dearth of evidence to support a benefit of tight glycemic control on either micro‐ or macrovascular outcomes in ESRD patients; furthermore, the metrics by which glycemic control is conventionally measured are less valid in ESRD. In this review, we will discuss noninsulin and insulin‐based therapies as well as unique challenges, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages to their use in ESRD. We will also review issues pertinent to both hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.
Unionism, Loyalism, and the Ulster‐Scots Ethnolinguistic ‘Revival’
Authors: Gardner Peter Robert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Ulster‐Scots ethnolinguistic ‘revival’ in Northern Ireland has been appropriated, promoted, and internalized by many across the varieties of unionism and loyalism. Much of the academic literature on Ulster‐Scots has focused on political and cultural dimensions of the ‘revival’. This article analyses the written promotion of the Ulster‐Scots movement by those who purport to conceptualize it primarily in terms of a literary‐linguistic revival. Through a close textual analysis of the Ulster‐Scots Language Society's journal, Ullans, I investigate where this part of the Ulster‐Scots ‘revival’ fits in the nexus of unionism and loyalism. Although Ullans does contain markers of the ‘Protestant community’, in general its Ulster‐Scots narrative fails to conform to any specific form of unionist ideology. Rather, this victimhood narrative may be more mimetic towards Irish linguo‐cultural promotion, defence, and legitimization than a development of various strands of endogenous unionist ideology.
‘Two Ukraines’ Reconsidered: The End of Ukrainian Ambivalence?
Authors: Riabchuk Mykola 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe 2014 Russo‐Ukrainian war, euphemistically called the ‘Ukraine crisis’, has largely confirmed, on certain accounts, a dramatic split of the country and people's loyalties between the proverbial ‘East’ and ‘West’, between the ‘Eurasian’ and ‘European’ ways of development epitomized by Russia and the European Union. By other accounts, however, it has proved that the Ukrainian nation is much more united than many experts and policymakers expected, and that the public support for the Russian invasion, beyond the occupied regions of Donbas and Crimea, is close to nil. This article does not deny that Ukraine is divided in many respects but argues that the main – and indeed the only important – divide is not between ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, or Russophones and Ukrainophones, or the ‘East’ and the ‘West’. The main fault line is ideological – between two different types of Ukrainian identity: non/anti‐Soviet and post/neo‐Soviet, ‘European’ and ‘East Slavonic’. All other factors, such as ethnicity, language, region, income, education, or age, correlate to a different degree with the main one. However divisive those factors might be, the external threat to the nation makes them largely irrelevant, bringing instead to the fore the crucial issue of values epitomized in two different types of Ukrainian identity.
Understanding Taliban Resurgence: Ethno‐Symbolism and Revolutionary Mobilization
Authors: Kamel Kareem 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article argues that the post‐2001 Taliban resurgence was due to their capacity to act as resourceful ethnic entrepreneurs through selective usage of dominant Pashtun and Islamic mythomoteurs in the process of symbolic cultivation. Through comparative historical analysis and an ethno‐symbolist theoretical framework, it shows that the main identity determinants informing the movement's behaviour have played a fundamental role in the process of revolutionary mobilization. With Afghanistan as their territorial referent, the ideological lenses of Pashtun nationalism and Islamism, coupled with their situational ‘village’ lens, have been used interchangeably by the Taliban to shed light on specific symbolic resources for successful resistance.
Clustered Survival Data with Left‐truncation
Authors: Eriksson Frank , Martinussen Torben , Scheike Thomas H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLeft‐truncation occurs frequently in survival studies, and it is well known how to deal with this for univariate survival times. However, there are few results on how to estimate dependence parameters and regression effects in semiparametric models for clustered survival data with delayed entry. Surprisingly, existing methods only deal with special cases. In this paper, we clarify different kinds of left‐truncation and suggest estimators for semiparametric survival models under specific truncation schemes. The large‐sample properties of the estimators are established. Small‐sample properties are investigated via simulation studies, and the suggested estimators are used in a study of prostate cancer based on the Finnish twin cohort where a twin pair is included only if both twins were alive in 1974.
Cytokinin is required for escape but not release from auxin mediated apical dominance
Authors: Müller Dörte , Waldie Tanya , Miyawaki Kaori , To Jennifer P.C. , Melnyk Charles W. , Kieber Joseph J. , Kakimoto Tatsuo , Leyser Ottoline 
Published: April 2015

SummaryAuxin produced by an active primary shoot apex is transported down the main stem and inhibits the growth of the axillary buds below it, contributing to apical dominance. Here we use Arabidopsis thaliana cytokinin (CK) biosynthetic and signalling mutants to probe the role of CK in this process. It is well established that bud outgrowth is promoted by CK, and that CK synthesis is inhibited by auxin, leading to the hypothesis that release from apical dominance relies on an increased supply of CK to buds. Our data confirm that decapitation induces the expression of at least one ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE (IPT) CK biosynthetic gene in the stem. We further show that transcript abundance of a clade of the CK‐responsive type‐A Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) genes increases in buds following CK supply, and that, contrary to their typical action as inhibitors of CK signalling, these genes are required for CK‐mediated bud activation. However, analysis of the relevant arr and ipt multiple mutants demonstrates that defects in bud CK response do not affect auxin‐mediated bud inhibition, and increased IPT transcript levels are not needed for bud release following decapitation. Instead, our data suggest that CK acts to overcome auxin‐mediated bud inhibition, allowing buds to escape apical dominance under favourable conditions, such as high nitrate availability.
The Establishment of the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (COIPARS): A Pilot Project on Poultry Farms, Slaughterhouses and Retail Market
Authors: Donado‐Godoy P. , Castellanos R. , León M. , Arevalo A. , Clavijo V. , Bernal J. , León D. , Tafur M. A. , Byrne B. A. , Smith W. A. , Perez‐Gutierrez E. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe development of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria (AMR) is currently one of the world's most pressing public health problems. The use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals has resulted in AMR which has narrowed the potential use of antibiotics for the treatment of infections in humans. To monitor AMR and to develop control measures, some countries, such as the USA, Canada and Denmark, have established national integrated surveillance systems (FDA, , CIPARS, 2007, DANMAP,2002). The components of these programs monitor changes in susceptibility/resistance to antimicrobial agents of selected zoonotic pathogens and commensal organisms recovered from animals, retail meats and humans. The rapid development of Colombia's animal production industry has raised food safety issues including the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The Colombian Integrated Surveillance Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (COIPARS) was established as a pilot project to monitor AMR on poultry farms, slaughter houses and retail markets.
A method for volumetric imaging in radiotherapy using single x‐ray projection
Authors: Xu Yuan , Yan Hao , Ouyang Luo , Wang Jing , Zhou Linghong , Cervino Laura , Jiang Steve B. , Jia Xun 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:It is an intriguing problem to generate an instantaneous volumetric image based on the corresponding x‐ray projection. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method to achieve this goal via a sparse learning approach.Methods:To extract motion information hidden in projection images, the authors partitioned a projection image into small rectangular patches. The authors utilized a sparse learning method to automatically select patches that have a high correlation with principal component analysis (PCA) coefficients of a lung motion model. A model that maps the patch intensity to the PCA coefficients was built along with the patch selection process. Based on this model, a measured projection can be used to predict the PCA coefficients, which are then further used to generate a motion vector field and hence a volumetric image. The authors have also proposed an intensity baseline correction method based on the partitioned projection, in which the first and the second moments of pixel intensities at a patch in a simulated projection image are matched with those in a measured one via a linear transformation. The proposed method has been validated in both simulated data and real phantom data.Results:The algorithm is able to identify patches that contain relevant motion information such as the diaphragm region. It is found that an intensity baseline correction step is important to remove the systematic error in the motion prediction. For the simulation case, the sparse learning model reduced the prediction error for the first PCA coefficient to 5%, compared to the 10% error when sparse learning was not used, and the 95th percentile error for the predicted motion vector was reduced from 2.40 to 0.92 mm. In the phantom case with a regular tumor motion, the predicted tumor trajectory was successfully reconstructed with a 0.82 mm error for tumor center localization compared to a 1.66 mm error without using the sparse learning method. When the tumor motion was driven by a real patient breathing signal with irregular periods and amplitudes, the average tumor center error was 0.6 mm. The algorithm robustness with respect to sparsity level, patch size, and presence or absence of diaphragm, as well as computation time, has also been studied.Conclusions:The authors have developed a new method that automatically identifies motion information from an x‐ray projection, based on which a volumetric image is generated.