bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions to Promote Sun Protection Behaviors: What Do We Know About the Efficacy of Health‐ and Appearance‐based Messages and the Role of Cognitions and Emotions?
Authors: Mahler Heike I. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHuman behavior has been implicated as a critical component in the development of a number of diseases, including skin cancer. More than 85% of all skin cancers are attributed to over‐exposure to the sun, and two primary types of interventions have been utilized to motivate sun protection practices – those that focus on the health consequences (i.e., skin cancer) and those that highlight the negative appearance consequences (i.e., wrinkles and age spots) of sun exposure. Both health‐based and appearance‐based interventions have been demonstrated to increase awareness of sun exposure dangers and of recommended risk reduction behaviors. Much of the literature examining the efficacy of appearance‐based interventions also contains evidence ofbehaviorchange in response to such interventions. The role of consciously accessible attitudes and perceptions as mechanisms of behavior change has been extensively examined, and there is evidence that sun protection interventions may promote behavior change in part by altering various health‐related cognitions (e.g., perceived susceptibility to skin damage). However, the role of nonconscious mechanisms in the efficacy of sun protection interventions has received little empirical attention. A growing body of literature, primarily in other health contexts, has demonstrated that behavior is sometimes more strongly predicted by emotions than cognitions, and that processes outside of conscious awareness may affect behavior change. It is suggested that both future sun protection interventions, and health promotion theories in general, could benefit from a thorough examination of the role that emotions and autonomic reactions may play in intervention efficacy.
An in vitro study comparing two dose regimes of fresh frozen plasma on conventional and thromboelastographic tests of coagulation after major hepatic resection
Authors: Schofield N. , Sugavanam A. , Henley M. , Thompson K. , Riddell A. , Mallett S. V. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundAfter hepatic resection, post‐operative increases in international normalised ratio (INR) are frequent, but rarely associated with bleeding complication. Coagulation as assessed by thrombin generation may be normal, despite the increased INR. This study tests the hypothesis that viscoelastic tests (VET) of coagulation remain normal, despite mild elevations in INR, examines the efficacy of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in reversing prolongation of INR in such patients and determines the effect of FFP on VET.MethodsA prospective cohort study of 47 patients undergoing major hepatectomy. In vitro spiking with FFP (7·5 and 15 mL kg−1) was carried out if post‐operative day 2 (POD2) INR levels were ≥1·5. Thromboelastography (TEG®) and INR were measured before and after FFP spiking.ResultsBlood from patients with an INR  ≥ 1·5 on POD2 was spiked with FFP. There was a significant reduction in the INR from 1·94 [standard deviation (SD): 0·59] to 1·46 (SD: 0·27, P = 0·005) and 1·36 (SD: 0·18, P = 0·0007) with FFP 7·5 or 15 mL kg−1, respectively. At baseline, the TEG R‐time [6·17 min (NR, 9–27 min)] and maximum amplitude (MA) [66·9 mm (NR, 44–64 mm)] were hypercoagulable, and remained so on POD2 for the R‐time (6·7 min), but fell to within the normal range for the MA (54·0 mm). FFP spiking had no significant effect on TEG variables.ConclusionsDespite the rise in INR after hepatectomy, VET do not show evidence of hypocoagulability. In vitro addition of FFP had no significant effect on TEG parameters. Clinical use of FFP in this situation is questionable.
Administration of fenoldopam in critically ill small animal patients with acute kidney injury: 28 dogs and 34 cats (2008–2012)
Authors: Nielsen Lindsey K. , Bracker Kiko , Price Lori Lyn 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical features and outcomes of critically ill dogs and cats with acute kidney injury (AKI) receiving fenoldopam infusions compared to patients with AKI that did not receive fenoldopam.DesignRetrospective clinical study from May 1, 2008 until June 1, 2012.SettingPrivate emergency and specialty referral hospital.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (28) and cats (34) with AKI that received fenoldopam compared with similar patients with AKI (30 dogs and 30 cats) that did not.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThe medical records of 62 critically ill dogs and cats with AKI that received fenoldopam were reviewed. Presenting clinical signs, physical examination findings, and primary and secondary disease processes were identified in all patients. The mean number of days on fenoldopam was 1.5 days (range 0.3–4.0 days) for dogs and 1.9 days (range 1.0–4.0 days) for cats. Eleven of 28 (39%) dogs survived to discharge and 13 of 34 (38%) of the cats survived to discharge. Of the animals in the group receiving fenoldopam that died, the majority (84%) were euthanized. Potential adverse reactions were evaluated, with hypotension being the most commonly encountered adverse effect (7% of fenoldopam group [FG] dogs and 23% of FG cats). When compared with patients with AKI that did not receive fenoldopam, no significant differences were found between the groups with regards to survival, length of hospital stay, adverse effects, or changes in creatinine, BUN, or sodium concentrations except that patients receiving fenoldopam were significantly more likely to have received other renally active medications.ConclusionsIn this study of patients with AKI, fenoldopam administration at 0.8 μg/kg/min in dogs and 0.5 μg/kg/min in cats appeared relatively safe but was not associated with improvement in survival to discharge, length of hospital stay, or improvement in renal biochemical parameters when compared to patients with AKI not receiving fenoldopam.
High-permittivity microwave dielectric ceramics based on (1 - x)(Li1/2Nd1/2)TiO3–xCaTiO3
Authors: Zhang Weijun , Chen Xingyu , Jia Aiqing , Bai Shuxin 
Published: April 2015

Microwave (MW) dielectric ceramics in (1 - x)( Li 1/2 Nd 1/2) TiO 3–x CaTiO 3 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) composition were prepared through the conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) indicated that the matrix phase was a continuous solid solution with orthorhombic perovskite structure. A minor amount of secondary phase was detected only in the composition of x = 0.7 and 0.8. The (1 - x)( Li 1/2 Nd 1/2) TiO 3–x CaTiO 3 ceramics showed a very high permittivity of 118–153 and reasonable Q × f0 values of 2360–5930 GHz as x increased from 0.2 to 0.8. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of the samples increased with increasing x value and was approximately linearly proportional to εr. Bi 4 B 2 O 9 addition effectively tailored the τf of (1 - x)( Li 1/2 Nd 1/2) TiO 3–x CaTiO 3 ceramics to near zero at low temperature, and induced no degradation of Q × f0 value. The x = 0.3 composition with 20 wt .% Bi 4 B 2 O 9 addition sintered at 1050°C exhibited dielectric properties of εr = 112.4, Q × f0 = 2414 GHz and τf = 8.9 ppm/°C.
Enhanced GAB2 Expression Is Associated with Improved Survival in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer and Sensitivity to PI3K Inhibition
Authors: Davis Sally J. , Sheppard Karen E. , Anglesio Michael S. , George Joshy , Traficante Nadia , Fereday Sian , Intermaggio Maria P. , Menon Usha , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Lubinski Jan , Gronwald Jacek , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Pike Malcolm C. , Wu Anna , Kommoss Stefan , Pfisterer Jacobus , du Bois Andreas , Hilpert Felix , Ramus Susan J. , Bowtell David D.L. , Huntsman David G. , Pearson Richard B. , Simpson Kaylene J. , Campbell Ian G. , Gorringe Kylie L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Identification of genomic alterations defining ovarian carcinoma subtypes may aid the stratification of patients to receive targeted therapies. We characterized high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) for the association of amplified and overexpressed genes with clinical outcome using gene expression data from 499 HGSC patients in the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis cohort for 11 copy number amplified genes: ATP13A4, BMP8B, CACNA1C, CCNE1, DYRK1B, GAB2, PAK4, RAD21, TPX2, ZFP36, and URI. The Australian Ovarian Cancer Study and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets were also used to assess the correlation between gene expression, patient survival, and tumor classification. In a multivariate analysis, high GAB2 expression was associated with improved overall and progression-free survival (P = 0.03 and 0.02), whereas high BMP8B and ATP13A4 were associated with improved progression-free survival (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02). GAB2 overexpression and copy number gain were enriched in the AOCS C4 subgroup. High GAB2 expression correlated with enhanced sensitivity in vitro to the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502 and could be used as a genomic marker for identifying patients who will respond to treatments inhibiting PI3K signaling. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(6); 1495–503. ©2015 AACR.
Effect of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction on Postoperative Outcome in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Dahl Jordi S. , Eleid Mackram F. , Michelena Hector I. , Scott Christopher G. , Suri Rakesh M. , Schaff Hartzell V. , Pellikka Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Background—
In asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis, guidelines recommend left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of <50% as the threshold for referral for aortic valve replacement. We investigated the importance of LVEF on long-term outcome after aortic valve replacement in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis.

Methods and Results—

We retrospectively identified 2017 patients with severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area<1 cm
2
, mean gradient≥40 mm Hg, or indexed aortic valve area<0.6 cm
2
/m
2
) who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement from January 1995 to June 2009. Patients were divided into 4 groups depending on preoperative LVEF (<50% in 300 [15%] patients, 50%–59% in 331 [17%], 60%–69% in 908 [45%], and ≥70% in 478 [24%]). During follow-up of 5.3±4.4 years, 1056 (52%) patients died. A decrease in mortality was observed with increasing LVEF,
P
<0.0001; 5-year mortality estimates (95% confidence interval) were 0.41 (0.35–0.47), LVEF<50%; 0.35 (0.29–0.41), LVEF 50% to 59%; 0.26 (0.23–0.29), LVEF 60% to 69%; and 0.22 (0.18–0.26), LVEF≥70%. Compared with patients with LVEF≥60%, patients with LVEF 50% to 59% had increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.58;
P
<0.001), with similar risk increase in both symptomatic (HR, 1.56;
P
<0.001) and asymptomatic patients (HR, 1.58;
P
=0.006). Correcting for risk factors, LV mass index, aortic valve area, and stroke volume index, LVEF was independently predictive of mortality (HR, 0.88 per 10%;
P
<0.001). When this analysis was repeated in the subset of 1333 patients without history of coronary artery disease, LVEF remained associated with mortality (HR, 0.90 per 10%;
P
=0.009).

Conclusions—
LVEF is a powerful predictor of outcome in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement, independent of the presence of valve-related symptoms.
Lee Waves Associated with a Commercial Jetliner Accident at Denver International Airport
Authors: Keller Teddie L. , Trier Stanley B. , Hall William D. , Sharman Robert D. , Xu Mei , Liu Yubao 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAt 1818 mountain standard time 20 December 2008, a Boeing 737 jetliner encountered significant crosswinds while accelerating for takeoff at the Denver International Airport (DIA), ran off the side of the runway, and burst into flames. Passengers and crew were able to evacuate quickly, and, although there were injuries, there were no fatalities. Winds around the time of the accident were predominantly from the west, with substantial spatial and temporal speed variability across the airport property. Embedded in this mostly westerly flow were intermittent gusts that created strong crosswinds for the north–south runways. According to the report from the National Transportation Safety Board, it was one of these strong gusts that initiated the events that led to the runway excursion and subsequent crash of the aircraft. Numerous aircraft reported significant mountain-wave activity and turbulence over Colorado on the day of the accident. To determine whether wave activity may have contributed to the strong, intermittent gustiness at DIA, a high-resolution multinested numerical simulation was performed using the Clark–Hall model, with a horizontal grid spacing of 250 m in the inner domain. Results from this simulation suggest that the surface gustiness at DIA was associated with undulations in a train of lee waves in a midtropospheric stable layer above the airport, creating regions of higher-velocity air descending toward the surface. In contrast, a simulation with horizontal grid spacing that was similar to that of a state-of-the-art operational forecast model (3 km) did not predict strong winds at DIA.
Precipitation and Cloud Structures of Intense Rain during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood
Authors: Friedrich Katja , Kalina Evan A. , Aikins Joshua , Gochis David , Rasmussen Roy 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Radar and disdrometer observations collected during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood are used to diagnose the spatial and vertical structure of clouds and precipitation during episodes of intense rainfall. The analysis focuses on 30 h of intense rainfall in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado, during 2200–0400 UTC 11–13 September. The strongest rainfall occurred along lower parts of the Colorado Front Range at &gt;1.6 km MSL and on the northern side of the Palmer Divide. The vertical structure of clouds and horizontal distribution of rainfall are strongly linked to upslope flow and low-level forcing, which resulted in surface convergence. During times of weak forcing, shallow convection produced rain at and below the melting layer through collision–coalescence and, to a lesser extent, riming. A mesoscale circulation interacting with the local terrain produced convective rainfall with high cloud tops that favored ice crystal production. During moderate forcing with cloud tops slightly exceeding the 0°C level, both cold- and warm-phase microphysical processes dominated. Less rain with weaker rainfall rates was observed over the higher-elevation stations compared to the lower-elevation stations across the foothills.
Mood instability as a precursor to depressive illness: A prospective and mediational analysis
Authors: Marwaha Steven , Balbuena Lloyd , Winsper Catherine , Bowen Rudy 
Published: April 2015

Objective: Mood instability levels are high in depression, but temporal precedence and potential mechanisms are unknown. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (1) mood instability is associated with depression cross-sectionally, (2) mood instability predicts new onset and maintenance of depression prospectively and (3) the mood instability and depression link are mediated by sleep problems, alcohol abuse and life events. Method: Data from the National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 at baseline ( N = 8580) and 18-month follow-up ( N = 2413) were used. Regression modeling controlling for socio-demographic factors, anxiety and hypomanic mood was conducted. Multiple mediational analyses were used to test our conceptual path model. Results: Mood instability was associated with depression cross-sectionally (odds ratio: 5.28; 95% confidence interval: [3.67, 7.59]; p < 0.001) and predicted depression inception (odds ratio: 2.43; 95% confidence interval: [1.03–5.76]; p = 0.042) after controlling for important confounders. Mood instability did not predict maintenance of depression. Sleep difficulties and severe problems with close friends and family significantly mediated the link between mood instability and new onset depression (23.05% and 6.19% of the link, respectively). Alcohol abuse and divorce were not important mediators in the model. Conclusion: Mood instability is a precursor of a depressive episode, predicting its onset. Difficulties in sleep are a significant part of the pathway. Interventions targeting mood instability and sleep problems have the potential to reduce the risk of depression.
Estimating effective dose from 3D imaging with interventional fluoroscopy systems using limited exposure data
Authors: Svalkvist Angelica , Hansson Jonny , Båth Magnus 
Published: April 2015

Background Estimations of the effective dose from three-dimensional (3D) rotational imaging with interventional fluoroscopy systems are hampered by the fact that not all systems provide individual exposure values for each projection image included in the examination. Purpose To investigate the error in resulting effective dose introduced by not using individual exposure values for each projection image in the dose calculations for 3D rotational imaging with interventional fluoroscopy systems. Material and Methods An interventional fluoroscopy system was used to acquire images of two anthropomorphic phantoms. Calculations of the effective dose were performed using two different methods: 1, using individual exposure values for each projection image; and 2, using the mean tube voltage and the total dose-area product (DAP), evenly distributed over a selection of projection images. The second method was also tested in hypothetical examinations to investigate the effects of worst-case scenarios regarding the effect of exposure asymmetry on the error. Results The error in resulting effective dose obtained when simplifying the dose calculations by using Method 2 instead of Method 1 was within ±14%. The error increased slightly for the worst-case scenarios but was still smaller than ±20%, regardless of anatomical region, tube voltage variation, and patient size. Conclusion Given the uncertainties associated with the effective dose concept as well as of reported DAP values, the present study indicates that dose calculations based on average exposure values distributed over a smaller selection of projection angles can provide reasonably accurate estimations of the radiation doses from 3D imaging using interventional fluoroscopy systems.
Fiscal Sustainability of India’s National Food Security Act 2013
Authors: Pradhan Krishanu 
Published: April 2015

Forward-looking approaches to fiscal sustainability generally assess the fiscal implications of future programme-specific expenditure. This article attempts to assess the future fiscal implications of the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, for the Indian economy. The results, under the baseline scenario based on the projected debt–GDP ratio, indicate a modest increase till 2021–22 and then debt/GDP declines towards the current level of 70% in 2012–13, signifying fiscal sustainability. The dynamics of the projected baseline debt–GDP ratio are largely shaped by the provisions of the Act and underlying demographic factors during the projection horizon. Sensitivity analysis under different assumptions about productivity growth, the interest on government borrowing and primary deficit–GDP ratios show mixed results and hence provide necessary policy pointers towards restoring fiscal sustainability under the Act. Keeping the primary deficit–GDP ratio below 1.5 per cent through periodic upwards revisions in the issue price of food grains, as envisaged in the Act, coupled with higher productivity growth and lower interest on government debt, would ensure long-term fiscal sustainability of the Act. JEL Classification: H24, H62, H68, J11, Q18
Integrity and Virtue: The Forming of Good Character
Authors: Mitchell Louise A. 
Published: April 2015

Moral character is formed by one's actions. The habits, actions, and emotional responses of the person of good character all are united and directed toward the moral and the good. Because human beings are body/soul unities, actions of the body are actions of the self, that is, human beings are self-possessing, self-governing, and self-determining. In order to be of good character, one must know the good, act in morally good ways, and be disposed and inclined toward the good through the development of virtues. Character and action are intertwined so intimately that one's professional duties, or even what is perceived by others as one's duties, cannot override one's conscience without negatively affecting (and changing) one's character. For the physician to be of good character, it is vital that he or she follow his or her conscience in all things: in private life and also in his or her profession, i.e., in the treatment of patients. Lay summary Character cannot be separated from the person. To be of good character means that one's habits, actions, and emotional responses all are united and directed toward the moral and the good. In this, public actions cannot be separated from private actions. Both sets of actions affect one's character. For example, a physician believes use of contraceptives to be immoral yet prescribes them in the office because he or she feels a duty to provide what the patient asks for, or a pharmacist who believes abortion to be immoral fills prescriptions for the abortifacient RU-486. These public acts affect one's character even if one's private belief is the opposite of the action. They leave traces on one's character. Not only do actions reflect the goodness or badness of one's character, one's actions also change one's character. The more one does an immoral action or recommends an immoral action for others, the more it becomes part of one's character to be the type of person who condones that immoral action. In order to be of good character one must not only know and desire the good, one must also pursue it in both private and public actions. Virtue is an aid in this; it is the act of good character. Growing in the virtues, especially prudence (knowing what to seek and what to avoid) forms good character. What is at stake is the integrity of the person. The physician who believes that use of contraception is immoral must also act in ways that display that belief and avoid actions that promote contraception use by his or her patients.
The role of stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia in the 21st century
Authors: Barrett A. John , Ito Sawa 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), has largely replaced curative strategies based on allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, SCT still remains an option for accelerated/blastic-phase and selected chronic-phase CML. Transplant outcomes can be optimized by peritransplant TKIs, conditioning regimen, BCR-ABL monitoring, and relapse management. Controversies exist in transplant timing, pediatric CML, alternative donors, and economics. SCT continues to serve as a platform of “operational cure” for CML with TKIs and immunotherapies.