bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Subutex® une drogue, mais qu'est-ce qu'une drogue ? Esquisse d'une anthropologie sémiotique des psychotropes
Authors: Escots Serge 
Published: November 2014

Les traitements de substitution aux opiacés (TSO) se sont mis en place en France au milieu des années 1990 dans un contexte polémique. Le laboratoire pharmaceutique trouva dans la situation sanitaire et politique française de l’époque une opportunité pour obtenir une autorisation de mise sur le marché de la BHD. La France changea de paradigme en matière de soin aux toxicomanes et les évaluations tirèrent de ce changement un bilan globalement positif. Toutefois, des études montrent que la BHD fait l’objet de diverses formes de mésusages et qu’elle est utilisée parfois comme une « drogue ». Mais, dès lors, qu’est-ce qu’une drogue ? Définir la drogue comme ce qu’une société considère comme tel ne nous permet pas de répondre à la question si la limite entre médicament et drogue est renvoyée aux discours normatifs. Or il s’agit de comprendre et d’expliquer pourquoi et comment un médicament devient une drogue par la reconfiguration de ses usages. La BHD est un cas contemporain exemplaire de ce processus de reconfiguration, mais où s’origine ce processus ? Au XIX e siècle naissant, l’opiomane anglais Thomas de Quincey témoigne dans ses « confessions » d’une pratique qui se répandait à son époque. Le livre connut un grand succès et son texte constitue le récit canonique d’un mythe qui institue un rapport inédit et irréversible d’Homo sapiens avec les psychotropes. Pour l’anthropologue, les mythes sont des narrations qui, en fixant des signes, instituent des formes de donation du sens. L’anthropologie sémiotique se propose d’étudier la culture envisagée comme mode de donation du sens. En nous appuyant sur son programme épistémologique, nous analyserons le cas de la BHD en France dans la perspective de celui de l’opium de T. de Quincey. Le retour à cette source originaire permet de reconsidérer différents discours en jeu actuellement sur « la drogue » et les psychotropes. Cet article vise à clarifier l’aspect instituant du geste littéraire de « l’opiophage anglais » et de vérifier ce qu’il devient 200 ans plus tard à l’introduction de la BHD. Une idée largement répandue considère que la drogue est un mythe, une construction sociale, bref que « ça n’existe pas ». Pourtant, comme forme symbolique, elle institue des conditions de possibilités d’usages de psychotropes. Cette forme symbolique sera travaillée pour elle-même, dans une diversification de formes, par des pratiques langagières, techniques et d’interactions sociales innombrables.
Entre impuissance et abstinence chez les Alcooliques Anonymes : vers le développement du pouvoir d'agir
Authors: Suissa Amnon Jacob 
Published: November 2014

En Amérique du Nord, et dans une moindre mesure en Europe et ailleurs dans le monde, le discours fondé sur les 12 étapes exerce une influence considérable dans la conception du phénomène des dépendances d’une part, et des interventions à privilégier d’autre part. Quels sont les fondements et les finalités sociales du discours AA qui permettent d’expliquer son succès ? Dans quelle mesure le discours des 12 étapes des AA est-il compatible avec les valeurs du DPA (développement du pouvoir d’agir) des personnes ? Y a-t-il des conditions plus propices à la motivation et au changement personnel et social en contexte de dépendance ? Face à ces questions, et à partir d’une analyse sociale critique, l’auteur propose d’explorer et d’identifier certains paradoxes pour des pistes alternatives dans le processus de changement personnel et social. Enfin, il illustre les fondements qui favorisent le développement du pouvoir d’agir (DPA) des personnes et de leur réseau social.
TCRklass: A New K-String–Based Algorithm for Human and Mouse TCR Repertoire Characterization
Authors: Yang Xi , Liu Di , Lv Na , Zhao Fangqing , Liu Fei , Zou Jing , Chen Yan , Xiao Xue , Wu Jun , Liu Peipei , Gao Jing , Hu Yongfei , Shi Yi , Liu Jun , Zhang Ruifen , Chen Chen , Ma Juncai , Gao George F. , Zhu Baoli 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The next-generation sequencing technology has promoted the study on human TCR repertoire, which is essential for the adaptive immunity. To decipher the complexity of TCR repertoire, we developed an integrated pipeline, TCRklass, using K-string–based algorithm that has significantly improved the accuracy and performance over existing tools. We tested TCRklass using manually curated short read datasets in comparison with in silico datasets; it showed higher precision and recall rates on CDR3 identification. We applied TCRklass on large datasets of two human and three mouse TCR repertoires; it demonstrated higher reliability on CDR3 identification and much less biased V/J profiling, which are the two components contributing the diversity of the repertoire. Because of the sequencing cost, short paired-end reads generated by next-generation sequencing technology are and will remain the main source of data, and we believe that the TCRklass is a useful and reliable toolkit for TCR repertoire analysis.
A Novel Flow Cytometric Method To Assess Inflammasome Formation
Authors: Sester David P. , Thygesen Sara J. , Sagulenko Vitaliya , Vajjhala Parimala R. , Cridland Jasmyn A. , Vitak Nazarii , Chen Kaiwen W. , Osborne Geoffrey W. , Schroder Kate , Stacey Katryn J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInflammasomes are large protein complexes induced by a wide range of microbial, stress, and environmental stimuli that function to induce cell death and inflammatory cytokine processing. Formation of an inflammasome involves dramatic relocalization of the inflammasome adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) into a single speck. We have developed a flow cytometric assay for inflammasome formation, time of flight inflammasome evaluation, which detects the change in ASC distribution within the cell. The transit of ASC into the speck is detected by a decreased width or increased height of the pulse of emitted fluorescence. This assay can be used to quantify native inflammasome formation in subsets of mixed cell populations ex vivo. It can also provide a rapid and sensitive technique for investigating molecular interactions in inflammasome formation, by comparison of wild-type and mutant proteins in inflammasome reconstitution experiments.
ATAD5 Deficiency Decreases B Cell Division and Igh Recombination
Authors: Zanotti Kimberly J. , Maul Robert W. , Castiblanco Diana P. , Yang William , Choi Yong Jun , Fox Jennifer T. , Myung Kyungjae , Saribasak Huseyin , Gearhart Patricia J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Mammalian ATPase family AAA domain–containing protein 5 (ATAD5) and its yeast homolog enhanced level of genomic instability 1 are responsible for unloading proliferating cell nuclear antigen from newly synthesized DNA. Prior work in HeLa and yeast cells showed that a decrease in ATAD5 protein levels resulted in accumulation of chromatin-bound proliferating cell nuclear antigen, slowed cell division, and increased genomic instability. In this study, B cells from heterozygous (Atad5+/m) mice were used to examine the effects of decreased cell proliferation on Ab diversity. ATAD5 haploinsufficiency did not change the frequency or spectrum of somatic hypermutation in Ab genes, indicating that DNA repair and error-prone DNA polymerase η usage were unaffected. However, immunized Atad5+/m mice had decreased serum IgG1 Abs, demonstrating a functional effect on class switch recombination. The mechanism of this altered immune response was then examined following ex vivo stimulation of splenic B cells, where Atad5+/m cells accumulated in the S phase of the cell cycle and had reduced proliferation compared with wild-type cells. These haploinsufficient cells underwent a significant decline in activation-induced deaminase expression, resulting in decreased switch region DNA double-strand breaks and interchromosomal translocations in the Igh locus. Class switch recombination to several isotypes was also reduced in Atad5+/m cells, although the types of end-joining pathways were not affected. These results describe a defect in DNA replication that affects Igh recombination via reduced cell division.
Helminth Infection Alters IgE Responses to Allergens Structurally Related to Parasite Proteins
Authors: Santiago Helton da Costa , Ribeiro-Gomes Flávia L. , Bennuru Sasisekhar , Nutman Thomas B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractImmunological cross-reactivity between environmental allergens and helminth proteins has been demonstrated, although the clinically related implications of this cross-reactivity have not been addressed. To investigate the impact of molecular similarity among allergens and cross-reactive homologous helminth proteins in IgE-based serologic assessment of allergic disorders in a helminth-infected population, we performed ImmunoCAP tests in filarial-infected and noninfected individuals for IgE measurements to allergen extracts that contained proteins with high levels of homology with helminth proteins as well as IgE against representative recombinant allergens with and without helminth homologs. The impact of helminth infection on the levels and function of the IgE to these specific homologous and nonhomologous allergens was corroborated in an animal model. We found that having a tissue-invasive filarial infection increased the serological prevalence of ImmunoCAP-identified IgE directed against house dust mite and cockroach, but not against timothy grass, the latter with few allergens with homologs in helminth infection. IgE ELISA confirmed that filaria-infected individuals had higher IgE prevalences to those recombinant allergens that had homologs in helminths. Mice infected with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus displayed increased levels of IgE and positive skin tests to allergens with homologs in the parasite. These results show that cross-reactivity among allergens and helminth proteins can have practical implications, altering serologic approaches to allergen testing and bringing a new perspective to the “hygiene hypothesis.”
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Regulates Invariant NKT Cell Development and Function Independent of Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc-Finger
Authors: Prevot Nicolas , Pyaram Kalyani , Bischoff Evan , Sen Jyoti Misra , Powell Jonathan D. , Chang Cheong-Hee 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses and incorporates different environmental cues via the two signaling complexes mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. As a result, mTOR controls cell growth and survival, and also shapes different effector functions of the cells including immune cells such as T cells. We demonstrate in this article that invariant NKT (iNKT) cell development is controlled by mTORC2 in a cell-intrinsic manner. In mice deficient in mTORC2 signaling because of the conditional deletion of the Rictor gene, iNKT cell numbers were reduced in the thymus and periphery. This is caused by decreased proliferation of stage 1 iNKT cells and poor development through subsequent stages. Functionally, iNKT cells devoid of mTORC2 signaling showed reduced number of IL-4–expressing cells, which correlated with a decrease in the transcription factor GATA-3–expressing cells. However, promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger (PLZF), a critical transcription factor for iNKT cell development, is expressed at a similar level in mTORC2-deficient iNKT cells compared with that in the wild type iNKT cells. Furthermore, cellular localization of PLZF was not altered in the absence of mTOR2 signaling. Thus, our study reveals the PLZF-independent mechanisms of the development and function of iNKT cells regulated by mTORC2.
Indian Council of Medical Research consensus document for the management of gastric cancer
Authors: Shrikhande Shailesh V. , Sirohi Bhawna , Barreto Savio G. , Chacko Raju T. , Parikh Purvish M. , Pautu Jeremy , Arya Supreeta , Patil Prachi , Chilukuri Srinivas C. , Ganesh B , Kaur Tanvir , Shukla Deepak , Rath Goura Shankar 
Published: November 2014

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe document is based on consensus among the experts and best available evidence pertaining to Indian population and is meant for practice in India.Evaluation of a patient with newly diagnosed gastric cancer should include essential tests: A standard white light endoscopy with multiple biopsies from the tumor for confirmation of the diagnosis, a computed tomography (CT) scan (multi-detector or helical) of the abdomen and pelvis for staging with a CT chest or chest X-ray, and complete blood counts, renal and liver function tests. Endoscopic ultrasonography/ magnetic resonance imaging/positron emission tomography-CT is not recommended for all patients.For early stage disease (IA/B, N0), surgery alone is recommended. The need for adjuvant treatment would be guided by the histopathological analysis of the resected specimen.For locally advanced stage (IB, N + to IIIC), neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be considered to downstage the disease followed by surgery. This may be followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (as part of the peri-operative chemotherapy regimen)Patients with stage IV/metastatic disease must be assessed for chemotherapy versus best supportive care on an individual basis.Clinical examination including history and physical examination are recommended at each follow-up visit, with a yearly CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.HER2 testing should be considered in patients with metastatic disease.5-FU may be replaced with capecitabine if patients do not have gastric outlet obstruction. Cisplatin may be replaced with oxaliplatin in the regimens.>
Innovation in Diabetes Care: Improving Consumption of Healthy Food through a “Chef Coaching” Program: A Case Report
Authors: Polak Rani , Dill Diana , Abrahamson Martin J. , Pojednic Rachele M. , Phillips Edward M. 
Published: November 2014

Nutrition therapy as part of lifestyle care is recommended for people with type 2 diabetes. However, most people with diabetes do not follow this guideline. Changing eating habits involves obtaining knowledge and building practical skills such as shopping, meal preparation, and food storage. Just as fitness coaches use their specific knowledge base in fitness to enhance the effectiveness of their coaching, credentialed chefs trained as health coaches might combine their culinary expertise with coaching in order to improve clients’ food choices and lifestyles. This report documents the case of a 55-year-old white male physician, single and living alone, who was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and reported chronic stress, sedentary behavior, and unhealthy eating habits. He participated in a chef coaching program of 8 weekly one-on-one 30-minute coaching sessions via Skype delivered by a chef trained as a health coach. During the first five meetings, the patient's goals were primarily culinary; however, with his success in accomplishing these goals, the patient progressed and expanded his goals to include other lifestyle domains, specifically exercise and work-life balance. At the end of the program, the patient had improved both his nutritional and exercise habits, his confidence in further self-care improvement, and his health parameters such as HgA1c (8.8% to 6.7%; normal <6.5%). We conclude that chef coaching has the potential to help people with diabetes improve their practical culinary skills and implement them so that they eat better and, further, has the potential to help them improve their overall self-care. We intend to further develop chef coaching and assess its potential as we learn from its implementation.
Solution Radioimmunoassay of Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Smith John A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis unit deals with solution radioimmunoassays (RIAs), using the double antibody/polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. A solution RIA determines the amount of a specific protein (or peptide) in an unknown sample by comparison to a standard curve developed using known amounts of the same protein (or peptide) (i.e., so‐called standards). The amount of protein (or peptide) antigen in an unknown sample is determined based on its ability to compete with a radiolabeled protein (or peptide) (i.e., so‐called tracer) for binding to the primary anti‐protein (or anti‐peptide) antibody. A secondary antibody directed at the primary antibody in the presence of PEG is used to precipitate the primary antibody‐protein (or protein) complexes. The amount of radioactivity in the complex is inversely proportional to the amount of protein in the unknown sample, since there is competition between the radiolabeled tracer and the unlabeled protein (or peptide) in the unknown. Under ideal conditions, an RIA is capable of measuring picograms (10−12 g) of a protein (or peptide) antigen, but only if high specific activity radiolabeling of the standard protein (or peptide) can be achieved. Radioiodine (either 125I or 131I) is the label of choice, because of the significant increase in radioactive disintegrations per unit time (in comparison to 3H or 14C).
Imaging methane hydrates growth dynamics in porous media using synchrotron X‐ray computed microtomography
Authors: Kerkar Prasad B. , Horvat Kristine , Jones Keith W. , Mahajan Devinder 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCommercial‐scale methane (CH4) extraction from natural hydrate deposits remains a challenge due to, among other factors, a poor understanding of hydrate‐host sediment interactions under low‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions that are conducive to their existence. We report the use of synchrotron X‐ray computed microtomography (CMT) to image, for the first time, time‐resolved pore‐scale methane CH4 hydrate growth from an aqueous solution containing 5 wt % barium chloride (BaCl2) and pressurized CH4 hosted in glass beads, all contained in an aluminum cell with an effective volume of 3.5 mL. Multiple two‐dimensional (2‐D) cross‐sectional images show CH4 hydrates, with 7.5 µm resolution, distributed in patches throughout the system without dependence on distance from the cell walls. The time‐resolved three‐dimensional (3‐D) images, constructed from the 2‐D slices, exhibited pore‐filling hydrate formation from dissolved CH4 gas, similar to natural CH4 hydrates (sI) in the marine environment. Furthermore, the 3‐D images show that the aqueous phase was the wetting phase of the glass beads, i.e., the host and the formed hydrate were separated by an aqueous layer. These results provide some fundamental understanding of the nucleation phenomenon of gas hydrate formation at the pore scale. Pore‐filling CH4 hydrate growth is likely to result in a reduced bulk modulus, and thus, could affect seafloor stability during the reverse phenomenon, i.e., dissociation of natural hydrate deposits.
Modeling the climate impact of Southern Hemisphere ozone depletion: The importance of the ozone data set
Authors: Young P. J. , Davis S. M. , Hassler B. , Solomon S. , Rosenlof K. H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe ozone hole is an important driver of recent Southern Hemisphere (SH) climate change, and capturing these changes is a goal of climate modeling. Most climate models are driven by off‐line ozone data sets. Previous studies have shown that there is a substantial range in estimates of SH ozone depletion, but the implications of this range have not been examined systematically. We use a climate model to evaluate the difference between using the ozone forcing (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC)) used by many Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) models and one at the upper end of the observed depletion estimates (Binary Database of Profiles (BDBP)). In the stratosphere, we find that austral spring/summer polar cap cooling, geopotential height decreases, and zonal wind increases in the BDBP simulations are all doubled compared to the SPARC simulations, while tropospheric responses are 20–100% larger. These results are important for studies attempting to diagnose the climate fingerprints of ozone depletion.
Mice homozygous for c.451C>T mutation in Cln1 gene recapitulate INCL phenotype
Authors: Bouchelion Ashleigh , Zhang Zhongjian , Li Yichao , Qian Haohua , Mukherjee Anil B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveNonsense mutations account for 5–70% of all genetic disorders. In the United States, nonsense mutations in the CLN1/PPT1 gene underlie >40% of the patients with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), a devastating neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. We sought to generate a reliable mouse model of INCL carrying the most common Ppt1 nonsense mutation (c.451C>T) found in the United States patient population to provide a platform for evaluating nonsense suppressors in vivo.MethodsWe knocked‐in c.451C>T nonsense mutation in the Ppt1 gene in C57 embryonic stem (ES) cells using a targeting vector in which LoxP flanked the Neo cassette, which was removed from targeted ES cells by electroporating Cre. Two independently targeted ES clones were injected into blastocysts to generate syngenic C57 knock‐in mice, obviating the necessity for extensive backcrossing.ResultsGeneration of Ppt1‐KI mice was confirmed by DNA sequencing, which showed the presence of c.451C>T mutation in the Ppt1 gene. These mice are viable and fertile, although they developed spasticity (a “clasping” phenotype) at a median age of 6 months. Autofluorescent storage materials accumulated throughout the brain regions and in visceral organs. Electron microscopic analysis of the brain and the spleen showed granular osmiophilic deposits. Increased neuronal apoptosis was particularly evident in cerebral cortex and abnormal histopathological and electroretinographic (ERG) analyses attested striking retinal degeneration. Progressive deterioration of motor coordination and behavioral parameters continued until eventual death.InterpretationOur findings show that Ppt1‐KI mice reliably recapitulate INCL phenotype providing a platform for testing the efficacy of existing and novel nonsense suppressors in vivo.
Synthesis and evaluation of fluorosilicone‐modified starch for protection of historic stone
Authors: Qu Jia , Liu Jing , He Ling 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTStarch is sensitive to moisture and is weak to durability in the protection application to ancient relics. Therefore, two fluorosilicone‐modified starches are firstly prepared and evaluated for the protection of historic stones. The fluoro‐silicone copolymer grafted starch of P(VTMS/12FMA)‐g‐starch is synthesized by grafting copolymer of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (12FMA) onto starch. While the fluoro‐silicone starch latex of VTMS‐starch@P(MMA/BA/3FMA) is obtained by emulsion polymerization of VTMS primarily grafted‐starch (VTMS‐starch) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate (3FMA). The grafting fluorosilicone copolymer onto starch improves obviously their hydrophobic and thermal properties. Comparatively, VTMS‐starch@P(MMA/BA/3FMA) film performs higher water contact angle (107°) and thermal stability (350–430°C) than p(VTMS/12FMA)‐g‐starch film (72°, 250–420°C) due to the migration of fluorine‐containing group onto the surface of film during the film formation. Therefore, VTMS‐starch@P(MMA/BA/3FMA) shows much better protective performance in water‐resistance, and salt/freeze‐thaw resistance for stone samples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41650.