bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Sex Offender and Offense Traits by Victim Age
Authors: Harry B , Pierson TR , Kuznetsov A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors studied offender, offense, and victim characteristics according to victim age cohort among a sample of over 800 incarcerated sex offenders. Their findings were somewhat different from those previously reported, and suggest that rapists of adults were more psychopathic, sexual assailants against adolescents appeared to be more typical family men, and child molesters were more opportunistic chronic sex offenders. The authors believe their findings begin to shed light on the nature of sex crimes committed against victims of different age.
Seroprevalence of Parenterally Transmitted Viruses (HIV-1, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-I/II) in Forensic Autopsy Cases
Authors: Li L , Zhang X , Constantine NT , Smialek JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
HIV, HBV, HCV, and HTLV show similar modes of transmission and infection is frequently identified in certain population groups. The seroprevalence of these infectious agents and interrelation in forensic autopsy populations are described here.
A total of 414 serum samples were collected sequentially from autopsy cases at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland. All samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to HIV-1, HCV, HTLV-I/II, and hepatitis B core antigen, using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Samples yielding repeatedly reactive results were confirmed by Western Blots (WB) for HIV-1 and HTLV-/I/II, while for HCV confirmation, the second generation recombinant immunoblot (RIBA-2) was used.
Of the 414 cases, 32.6% (135/414) were infected with at least one of the four viruses. 5.6% were seropositive for HIV-1, 23.2% for HBV, 19.1% for HCV, and 1.0% for HTLV-I/II. Intravenous drug users (IVDU) showed significant increased prevalences of HIV-1, HBV, and HCV. 83.6% of the IVDU were infected with at least one of the three viruses, 25.5% with HIV-1, and 47.3% with both HBV and HCV.
The data indicate that the overall prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV seropositivity in the autopsy population of an inner city medical examiner office is much higher than that of the general population. Routine testing only for HIV-1 would have missed 86% of the infections with HCV or HBV. Universal precautions should be strictly employed by all personnel working in this environment.
Sudden Out-of-Hospital Coronary Death in Patients with No Previous Cardiac History. An Analysis of 221 Patients Studied at Autopsy
Authors: Fornes P , Lecomte D , Nicolas G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many epidemiological, clinical, and autopsy studies have demonstrated that the risk of sudden coronary death (SCD) is linked to the severity of coronary atherosclerotic lesions and to their thrombotic potential. However it remains unknown why some individuals manifest no clinical evidence of coronary disease until the onset of sudden death. The aim of this autopsy study has been to analyze the sociodemographic, clinical, and pathological features in case of sudden out-of-hospital coronary death where the death was the first manifestation of coronary disease. The results have been compared with those obtained from victims of SCD with known cardiac history. A total of 377 autopsies of sudden out-of-hospital cardiovascular deaths were performed at the Forensic Institute of Paris between 1989 and 1991. A total of 221 were SCD. A total of 160 of these subjects (72.4%) had no cardiac history (group A). The other 61 victims of SCD had cardiac antecedents (group B). Men account for 63% and 77% of the SCD in groups A and B respectively and are 12 years younger than women at the onset of SCD in both groups (65/77 years). Our study showed that in both groups SCD occurs in 83% of cases at home (and at rest) and in 30% of these cases while sleeping. Autopsy showed that SCD be it with or without antecedent occurs on a background of severe coronary disease with multivessels stenoses but coronary thrombosis was rarely observed (15%). SCD occurred in the context of underlying cardiomegaly. The increase in heart weight was significantly less marked in subjects of group A than in those of group B whereas the average age at the onset of SCD was the same in both groups. In conclusion it appears from our results that more than 70% of victims of SCD have no cardiac history and thus are unknown to cardiologists and to hospital statistics. The present study carried out in Paris over a three-year period is of interest and use not only to forensic pathologists but also to epidemiologists and cardiologists concerned with the problem of sudden death.
Neck Injuries: III. Ligamentous Injuries of the Craniocervical Articulation Without Occipito-atlantal or Atlanto-axial Facet Dislocation. A Pathologic Study of 21 Traffic Fatalities
Authors: Adams VI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Craniocervical ligamentous injuries without dislocation of the occipito-atlantal or atlantoaxial motion segments have been described rarely if at all. Among 155 traffic fatalities were 21 persons with such injuries. Among the 21 fatalities were 20 alar ligament injuries, eight tectorial membrane injuries, and ten injuries of the subaxial cervical spine. All 21 had craniocerebral trauma, including twelve with skull fractures, seven with facial or mandibular fractures, eight with subdural hemorrhages, twelve with subarachnoid hemorrhages, seven with cerebral contusions, five with cerebral lacerations, two with midbrain lacerations, nine with pontomedullary lacerations, and four with spinomedullary injuries. The mechanism of death was acute neurogenic shock in seven victims, acute neurogenic shock in combination with other physiological derangements in six, acute neurogenic respiratory arrest in three, brain swelling in two, and mechanisms unrelated to head and neck trauma in three victims. In six victims, the neck injury did not contribute to death. No conclusions regarding the biomechanical mode of injury are drawn.
Study of the Extraction of LSD from Illicit Blotters for HPLC Determination
Authors: Veress T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effect of different parameters (extraction method, temperature, time, solvent) on the extraction efficiency of LSD from impregnated papers has been investigated. Designed experiments have been applied according to the Plackett-Burman method. For the quantitative determination of LSD reversed phase ion-pair chromatography has been used with UV detection. The experimental conditions assuring maximal LSD recovery have been determined, as well as the constant and proportional bias of the extraction procedure elaborated.
Comparative Examination of Inks by Using Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography and Microspectrophotometry
Authors: Aginsky VN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It is well-known that in thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) densitometry and reflectance microspectrophotometry (MSP) the relationship between signal output and content of substance(s) absorbing light is neither a directly, nor reciprocally proportional one. For this reason, the discriminating power of the widespread signal-to-signal ratio technique is not high in relation to similarly colored materials, especially to those having subtle differences of same colored components.
In this paper the modified signal-to-signal ratio approach applicable for both, TLC and MSP methods, is proposed. The approach includes transforming (by using the recommended equations and iterative procedure) the values of the signals obtained for compared materials, in such a manner that the ratios of these transformed signals become less mass-dependent in compared with the ratios obtained by using the signal-to-signal ratio technique. As a result of applying this approach, the discriminating power of densitometric TLC and MSP methods has been enhanced significantly. The value and limitations of the proposed techniques are considered
Forensic Examination of “Slightly Soluble” Ink Pigments Using Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Aginsky VN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A three-step thin-layer chromatographic procedure for examining colored components of printing and writing inks and other marking materials is described. The procedure uses the original stage of separating phthalocyanine pigments and other “slightly soluble” organic pigments.
Experimental conditions are given.
Some New Ideas for Dating Ballpoint Inks—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Aginsky VN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper introduces four techniques developed with the goal of estimating the age of ballpoint inks. These techniques are based on using the microspectrophotometric determination of the rates of color changing in inks as a result of the reaction with chemicals—the older the ink the less the rate (procedure 1); a combination of gas chromatographic (GC) and spectrophotometric methods for determining the masses' ratios “volatile component/dye component” in ink that decrease with the age of inks (procedure 2); a GC method of determining the extent of extraction of ink volatile components that decreases as ink ages on paper (procedure 3); a thin-layer chromatographic method for determining age changes in resins and other colorless nonvolatile ballpoint ink components: these changes are detected by observing the resulting thin-layer chromatograms under UV illumination and can be evaluated by using scanning densitometry (procedure 4). Suggestions for further work are proposed.
HPLC Analysis of Printing Inks
Authors: Löfgren A , Andrasko J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for analyzing printing inks extracted from documents is described. The procedure is sufficiently sensitive for analysis of small areas of printing inks. The analysis can distinguish between different production lots from the same manufacturer. The method was applied on two forensic cases involving forged documents.
Lead Isotope Ratios in Lead Smears and Bullet Fragments and Application in Firearm Investigations
Authors: Andrasko J , Kopp I , Åbrink Å , Skiöld T 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the use of lead isotopes ratios for an investigation of a homicide. Lead smears and bullet fragments recovered from a victim's clothing were compared with lead samples from two suspect bullets.
More than 90 bullets of the same caliber and produced by the same manufacturer as the suspect bullets were analyzed. The lead isotopic compositions were found homogeneous within individual bullets. Different bullets from the same ammunition box also showed indistinguishable lead isotope ratios. Bullets from ammunition boxes produced in 27 different months were analyzed. The results were compared with those obtained for bullets and bullet fragments from the homicide case. The high precision isotope ratio measurements could distinguish between lead from the homicide case and nearly all bullets from the ammunition boxes that were investigated. The isotope ratios for bullets from one of the ammunition boxes were indistinguishable from those for the homicide bullets. Some bullets of the same caliber as the suspect bullets but produced by different manufacturers were also analyzed by this technique. All these bullets showed clear differences in their lead isotope ratios.
Microbial DNA Challenge Studies of Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Probes Used for DNA Profiling Analysis
Authors: Webb MBT , Williams NJ , Sutton MD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA probes commonly used for forensic DNA profiling analysis were hybridized to Hinfl digested DNA isolated from various common microbial species. Extended exposures to light sensitive film failed to detect any DNA fragments of a microbial origin following hybridizations to radio-labeled DNA insert single-locus probes (SLPs) and nonisotopically labeled oligonucleotide SLPs.
Multigenerational Amplification of a Reference Ladder for Alleles at Locus D1S80
Authors: Baechtel FS , Smerick JB , Presley KW , Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The interlaboratory typing of DNA specimens that have been amplified at the D1S80 locus necessitates the use of a standard allelic reference ladder. This communication describes a technique in which individual, amplified alleles are isolated, combined, and amplified by PCR to produce a functional reference ladder composed of many of the alleles that occur at this locus. The amplified ladder can serve directly as a template source for production of the next generation of reference ladder. This process, in which each amplified ladder serves as the template for the next has been carried through multiple generations.
A Simplified Method for Phenotyping Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
Authors: López-Abadía I , Ruiz de la Cuesta JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein is considered a reliable genetic marker for paternity testing and forensic investigation.
We describe a simple, semiautomated method for phenotyping this protein in serum samples, bloodstains and dental pulp using isoelectric focusing methods followed by immunofixation techniques. This method produces clear results even with very old biological evidence.
Comparison of Postmortem Autolysis in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Tokunaga I , Takeichi S , Yamamoto A , Gotoda M , Maeiwa M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To understand the mechanism in postmortem autolysis better, processes in the postmortem degradation of myofibril proteins in the presence of protease inhibitors were studied. Male Wistar rats were given injections of the carboxyl-, thiol-, and serine-protease inhibitors, pepstatin, Ep-475[L-transepoxysuccinyl-leucylamide(3-methyl) butane; E-64-C], and chymostatin, via the femoral vein. Control rats were similarly treated with saline. Then, myofibril proteins were isolated from their cardiac and femoral muscles and from those of control animals at various times after death, and degradation of these myofibril proteins with time was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
In cardiac muscle, α-actinin was degraded rapidly, followed by the heavy chain of myosin and light chain of myosin (L2). Actin and the light chain of mosin (L1) were degraded slowly. The degradations of the heavy chain of myosin, α-actinin, tropomyosin and L2 after 14 days were not inhibited by pepstatin, but were inhibited by Ep-475 and chymostatin.
In skeletal muscle, L1 and L2 were degraded rapidly, followed by the heavy chain of myosin and α-actinin. Actin was degraded slowly and was still unchanged 2 weeks after death. The degradations of protein components were inhibited by pepstatin, Ep-475 and chymostatin. These results indicated that after death the components of myofibrils are degraded by various proteases at various rates depending on their properties or structures. This degradation is fundamentally the same in cardiac and skeletal muscles, but inhibitors have somewhat different effects on the postmortem degradation processes after death in the two types of muscle.
A Systematic Approach to the Sampling of Dental DNA
Authors: Smith BC , Fisher DL , Weedn VW , Warnock GR , Holland MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As investigations into the forensic aspects of DNA analysis continue, the human tooth will play a dual role in identification. Dentin and enamel provide a protective enclosure for genomic and mitochondrial DNA as well as providing the basis for radiographic, biochemical, and ultrastructural forensic studies. The purpose of this investigation is to establish technical guidelines, based on histology and experimental evidence, for the management and sampling of dental DNA. The anatomic location of dental DNA is discussed with emphasis on the conservation of tooth structure during sampling. Ten pairs of maxillary right and left third molars were sampled for DNA following storage for 18 weeks at ambient temperature and humidity. Right third molars were crushed, whereas the left third molars were sectioned conservatively prior to sampling the DNA. The quantity and quality of human DNA obtained from each tooth was compared, as well as the radiographic appearance of remaining hard tissue and the overall simplicity of each approach. DNA typing was performed, both sequence and length based analyses, comparing teeth from the same individual and teeth from different donors. The results of this study suggest that the odontologist will maximize the dental DNA yield by crushing the entire specimen but that substantial yields of human DNA can be obtained by using a conservative technique that preserves the tooth structure. In addition, the method of sampling does not affect the ability to perform DNA typing analyses.
GC/MS Quantitation of Benzoylecgonine Following Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Urine
Authors: Gerlits J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An analytical procedure for the determination of benzoylecgonine in urine by GC/MS using a two step liquid-liquid extraction scheme has been developed. Benzoylecgonine is one of the principle metabolites of cocaine. The extraction uses a wash step prior to extraction and derivatization and requires 0.5 mL of urine. Benzoylecgonine is extracted in good % recovery at a basic pH by using 4 mL of dichloromethane. The method is accurate and sensitive and allows the quantitation of benzoylecgonine in urine at or below the National Institute on Drug Abuse confirmation cutoff level of 150 ng/mL.
Endomyocardial Fibrosis in a Scuba Diving Death
Authors: Obafunwa JO , Purdue B , Busuttil A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A death of an amateur SCUBA diver with undiagnosed late phase endomyocardial fibrosis is reported. This 27-year-old man found himself in difficulties during a Sub-Aqua Club outing and drowned.
Autopsy revealed features of drowning in addition to severe endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) with collagenization of the left ventricle and interventricular septum with foci of chronic myocarditis. Other organs were essentially normal and toxicological studies were negative.
Examination of the air tank revealed a normal oxygen circulation with elevation of the carbon dioxide content above recommended limits. Sudden ventricular arrhythmia underwater due to EMF is believed to have precipitated drowning.
Stricter medical monitoring of amateur divers should prevent similar accidents in the future.
Victim Selection in the Jeffrey Dahmer Slayings: An Example of Repetition in the Paraphilias?
Authors: Bennett KA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It has been suggested that Jeffrey Dahmer, who was convicted for the serial murders of 15 people, carefully selected most of his victims on the basis of their external phenotype. Although the sample size is small, both univariate and multivariate methods support the possibility that similarity in craniofacial architecture strongly influenced his choice of victims. Because necrophilia played a key role during expert testimony at his trial, and because Dahmer retained most of the skulls and one postcranial skeleton, the results suggest that his actions represent an example of repetition in the paraphilias.
A Condom—the Critical Link in a Rape
Authors: Brauner P , Gallili N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An intact condom, reputedly used during a rape, was submitted for forensic examination. Conventional biochemistry results indicated that blood found on one side of the condom may have originated from the victim. Semen from the other side of the condom was not characterizable by conventional biochemical methods. Pubic hairs recovered from the condom matched those of the victim and not those of the suspect.
Testing the blood and semen from the condom by DNA analysis gave the profile of the victim from the blood and the profile of the suspect from the semen.
Identification of Ammunitions Used in a Lethal Robbery. Comparison Between Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) Measurements
Authors: Moauro A , Falso G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Gunshot residues (GSRs) sampled in proximity of the hole left by a bullet on the clothes of a person wounded during a homicidal robbery, have been examined by the authors, on request of the Court. These investigations have shown that gunshot residues GSRs can be considered consistent with a shot discharged by a pistol SIG SAUER, found on the crime scene, with Sellier & Bellot (S&B) ammunition. Actually, these cartridges leave residues in which tin is present together with lead and barium, as found in the examined GSRs. An evaluation of the firing distance and a comparison between scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) have been also performed.
Problems with the Dating of a Polaroid SX-70 Photograph
Authors: Davis NA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In most cases the dating of a Polaroid SX-70 photograph is accomplished by deciphering the manufacturing code found on the frame located on the reverse side of the photograph. However, instances arise where the numerals are either faded or obliterated to the extent that the reading and deciphering of such numbers are impossible. Research has determined the existence of chemical pod codes which can also be used to date Polaroid photographs.
Alcohol in Decomposed Bodies: Postmortem Synthesis and Distribution
Authors: Gilliland MGF , Bost RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Blood alcohol (ethanol) concentrations in decomposed bodies can mean drinking during life and/or endogenous production after death. The correct interpretation is important in medicolegal cases. This retrospective study of 286 autopsied medical examiner cases was undertaken to evaluate alcohol concentrations and distribution in various fluids and tissues in decomposed bodies. Cases with alcohol present were classified as endogenous production, ingestion, or unable to determine based upon one or more of the following criteria: the presence of ethanol in only one of more than one body fluids, an atypical distribution of ethanol in body fluids, reliable scene or historical information, the presence of C3 alcohols in body fluids.
Alcohol was classified as endogenously produced in 55 cases. The presence of alcohol was attributed to ingestion in 130 cases. No alcohol was detected in 39 cases. We were unable to determine the source of the remaining 62 alcohol concentrations.
The highest blood alcohol concentration derived from endogenous production was 0.07% in the cases with other fluids negative. The mean blood alcohol concentration was 0.06% and ranged as high as 0.16% in cases having atypical ratios. Alcohol was found in blood and bile while urine and vitreous fluid were negative or had lower concentrations in cases with endogenous production.
We conclude that for the majority of cases in which endogenous blood production of alcohol occurs the concentration in blood may be as high as 0.15%.