bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic Nitrogen‐doped CVD‐grown TiO2 Thin Films from All‐N‐coordinated Ti Precursors for Photoelectrochemical Applications
Authors: Kim Sun Ja , Xu Ke , Parala Harish , Beranek Radim , Bledowski Michal , Sliozberg Kirill , Becker Hans‐Werner , Rogalla Detlef , Barreca Davide , Maccato Chiara , Sada Cinzia , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Fischer Roland A. , Devi Anjana 
Published: March 2013

AbstractN‐doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films are grown on Si(100) and indium tin oxide (ITO)‐coated borosilicate glass substrates by metal‐organic (MO)CVD. The intrinsic doping of TiO2 thin films is achieved using all‐nitrogen‐coordinated Ti precursors in the presence of oxygen. The titanium amide‐guanidinate complex, [Ti(NMe2)3(guan)] (guan = N,N′‐diisopropyl‐2‐dimethylamidoguanidinato) has been developed to compensate for the thermal instability of the parent alkylamide [Ti(NMe2)4]. Both of these amide‐based compounds are tested and compared as precursors for intrinsically N‐doped TiO2 at various deposition temperatures in the absence of additional N sources. The structure and morphology of TiO2 thin films are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Rutherford back scattering (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses are performed to determine N content and distribution in the films. The optical and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 thin films on ITO substrates are also examined. N‐doped TiO2 thin films, grown from [Ti(NMe2)3(guan)] at 600 °C, exhibit the lowest optical absorption edge (3.0 eV) and the highest visible light photocurrent response. When compared to undoped TiO2, while in UV light photoconversion efficiency decreases significantly, the intrinsically N‐doped TiO2 shows enhanced photocurrents under visible light irradiation.
Preparation of 1D CuO Nanorods by Means of a Metal Ion Containing Ionic Liquid and Their Supercapacitance
Authors: Xu Li , Xia Jiexiang , Wang Kun , Li Huaming , Huang Liying , Luo Zhijun , Wang Leigang 
Published: March 2013

Abstract1D CuO nanorods have been successfully prepared in the presence of a metal ion containing ionic liquid, namely bis(1‐hexadecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) tetrachlorocuprate ([C16mim]2CuCl4) under solvothermal conditions. The prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR spectroscopy and the Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller (BET) surface area method. The nanorods synthesized from metal ion containing ionic liquids showed good crystallinity, well‐defined morphologies, small sizes and large BET surface areas. The effect of changing the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquid's cation on the morphology of CuO has been investigated. It was found that the ionic liquid acted not only as a Cu source but also as a solvent and template for the fabrication of 1D CuO nanorods. In addition, the capacitance of CuO as an electrode material was tested by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometric measurements. With the morphologies changing from nanoparticles to nanorods, the BET surface area of CuO was significantly increased from 38.79 m2 g–1 to 88.46 m2 g–1 and the specific capacitance of CuO also increased from 58.25 F g–1 to 498.75 F g–1. Thus, the CuO nanorods are promising for the future development of supercapacitors.
Construction of Functionalized Carbocycles Having Contiguous Tertiary Carbinol and All‐Carbon Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Reddy Chennakesava , Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda , Aslam Nayyar Ahmad , Rajkumar Vadla 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA highly stereoselective protocol is reported for customizing functionalized carbocyclic building blocks (β‐hydroxy esters) and bicyclic lactones with a stereoarray that contains contiguous tertiary carbinol and all‐carbon stereocenters. The efficient asymmetric induction and diastereofacial selective addition of allyl and propargyl indiums to hindered α,α‐disubstituted cycloalkanones is presented. The stereochemistry of representative products was unequivocally established from single‐crystal X‐ray crystal structure analyses, and a plausible reaction pathway was proposed to support the high diastereofacial selectivity.
Neuro‐Fuzzy Prediction of Fe‐V2O5‐Promoted γ‐Alumina Catalyst Behavior in the Reverse Water–Gas–Shift Reaction
Authors: Takassi M. A. , Gharibi Kharaji A. , Esfandyari M. , KoolivandSalooki M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe application of an Fe‐V2O5‐promoted γ‐alumina catalyst was studied for the reverse water–gas–shift reaction. The reaction was performed under a wide range of synthesis conditions, temperatures, and CO2/H2 ratios in a batch reactor. The experimental results were compared with neuro‐fuzzy simulation results. The Mamdani algorithm (a gradient descent algorithm) was applied to train the fuzzy system, and a test set was used to evaluate the performance of the system by applying the efficiency coefficient (E), root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The predicted values from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data. The outcome of this study demonstrates how the neuro‐fuzzy method, as a promising prediction technique, can be effectively applied to the reverse water–gas–shift reaction. This study applies neuro‐fuzzy modelling to predict the product composition of CO, CO2 and CH4 in the reverse water–gas–shift reaction, for which the input vector was three‐dimensional (including the variables of operating temperature, time, and CO2/H2 ratio) for 34 different experiments, and the output vectors consisted of CO, CO2 and CH4 conversions.
Durability of Pt/C and Pt/MC‐PEDOT Catalysts under Simulated Start‐Stop Cycles in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Tintula K. K. , Jalajakshi A. , Sahu A. K. , Pitchumani S. , Sridhar P. , Shukla A. K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA composite of mesoporous carbon (MC) with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is studied as catalyst support for platinum nanoparticles. The durability of commercial Pt/carbon and Pt/MC‐PEDOT as cathode catalyst is investigated by invoking air‐fuel boundary at the anode side so as to foster carbon corrosion at the cathode side of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). Pt/MC‐PEDOT shows higher resistance to carbon corrosion in relation to Pt/C. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance measurements are used to evaluate the extent of degradation in the catalyst layer. It is surmised that the resistance of MC‐PEDOT as catalyst support toward electrochemical oxidation makes Pt/MC‐PEDOT a suitable and stable cathode catalyst for PEFCs.
Enhanced Performances of Structured Oxygen Electrodes for High Temperature Steam Electrolysis
Authors: Ogier T. , Bassat J. M. , Mauvy F. , Fourcade S. , Grenier J. C. , Couturier K. , Petitjean M. , Mougin J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe present study is focused on alternative structured oxygen electrodes for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). The Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La or Pr) nickelate oxides were selected as innovative electrode materials with respect to their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity. A thin interfacial ceria‐based layer was added in between the electrode and the zirconia‐based electrolyte to improve mechanical and electrochemical properties and to limit the chemical reactivity. These structured cells were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on symmetrical cells, under zero dc conditions and anodic polarization. Low polarization resistance RP and improved anodic overpotential ηA versus current density curves were obtained for the Pr2NiO4+δ electrode with Ce0.8Y0.2O2–δ interlayer: RP is decreased down to 0.06 Ω cm2 at 800 °C, under air and zero dc conditions. Then, complete hydrogen electrode‐supported cells including Pr2NiO4+δ as oxygen electrode were electrochemically characterized. At 800 °C, when the inlet gas composition is 90 vol.% H2O–10 vol.% H2 at the hydrogen electrode, air being swept at the oxygen electrode, the current density determined at 1.28 V reaches –0.9 A cm–2, the corresponding steam to hydrogen conversion ratio being 58%. These results are compared to those obtained with a reference cell including the oxygen deficient perovskite La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3–δ as oxygen electrode.
Verhalten von nichtbindigen Böden bei niederzyklischer Belastung
Authors: Danne Stefanie , Hettler Achim 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNiederzyklische Belastungen treten in der Praxis in verschiedenen Situationen und insbesondere bei geotechnischen Herstellvorgängen auf. Zur Erfassung der Größenordnung herstellbedingter Verformungen ist man bisher auf Beobachtungsmethoden und Messungen angewiesen, da gängige Stoffmodelle bei Verformungsberechnungen infolge niederzyklischer Belastungsvorgänge oft Defizite aufweisen. Mithilfe der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Triaxialversuchsserien wurden u.a. Antwort‐Ellipsen produziert, welche einen Beitrag zur Weiter‐ oder Neuentwicklung von höherwertigen Stoffmodellen leisten, mit welchen es möglich sein soll, herstellbedingte, aus niederzyklischen Beanspruchungen resultierende Verformungen numerisch zu prognostizieren.Incremental stress‐strain behaviour of non‐cohesive soils at low cycle loading. Low cycle loading‐processes occur in different situations and in particular during geotechnical construction‐processes. To capture the magnitude of deformations due to these processes, one is currently dependent on observations and measurements, because common constitutive models often show deficits when predicting these deformations. With the aid of triaxial series presented in this article, strain‐response‐envelopes amongst others were produced, which can contribute to the development of constitutive equations to improve the numerical prediction of deformation of construction‐induced, low cycle loading‐processes.
Möglichkeiten der Prognose von Oberflächensetzungen beim Tunnelvortrieb im Lockergestein – Teil 1: Empirisches Prognoseverfahren
Authors: Fillibeck Jochen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDer Bau von Tunneln im Lockergestein führt immer zu Spannungsumlagerungen und Verformungen im umliegenden Gebirge. Daher ist bei der Planung von oberflächennahen Tunneln in setzungsempfindlicher Umgebung die Prognose von Setzungen über dem Tunnel von ganz besonderer Bedeutung. Die Bestimmung derartiger Verformungen kann durch die Auswertung vorangegangener Tunnelbauprojekte – der empirischen Prognose – oder aber durch numerische Berechnungen erfolgen. Mit dem hier vorliegenden Teil 1 der Veröffentlichung wird ein empirisches Prognoseverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem sich die Setzungen beim Tunnelvortrieb einfach bestimmen lassen. Hierzu wurden insgesamt über 350 Messquerschnitte aus aktuellen Baumaßnahmen im Spritzbeton‐ und Schildvortrieb ausgewertet. Es wurde unter anderem der Einfluss der Vortriebsart, der Baugrundeigenschaften, der Tunneltiefe und der Querschnittsgröße auf die Größe der Setzungsmulde beschrieben. Aufgrund der Vielzahl vergleichbarer Messungen konnte der Größe der Setzungsmulde eine Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit zugeordnet werden. Im Teil 2 der Veröffentlichung wird auf numerische Berechnungen mit der FE‐Methode eingegangen. Es werden Aussagen über die Eignung verschiedener Stoffmodelle getroffen und Verfahren zur Setzungsberechnung beschrieben, wobei zwischen 2D‐, 3D‐ und 4D‐FE‐Berechnungen unterschieden wird. Schließlich werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und ‐grenzen von numerischen Verfahren im Vergleich mit dem empirischen Verfahren diskutiert.Possibilities to predict the surface settlement during tunnelling in soil – Part 1: empirical erediction method. Tunneling in soft ground always leads to stress rearrangements and deformations in the surrounding soil. Therefore, while planning shallow tunnels in areas sensitive to settlements, the prediction of the extent of ground subsidence is of prime importance. The deformations can be detected by the evaluation of measurement data available from previous tunnel project sites – the empirical prediction – or by numerical calculations. In part 1 of the following publication, the empirical prediction method of Fillibeck is introduced. For deriving this empirical method, more than 400 measuring sections from actual shotcrete and shield tunnel projects were analyzed. Among others, the influence of the excavation method, geological situation, tunnel depth and tunnel diameter on the settlement trough was described. Because of the large number of comparable measurements, it was possible to describe the size of the settlement trough in relation to the occurrence probability. The second part of the publication deals with numerical Finite Element Methods. For the calculation of settlement troughs, the suitability of different material models is analyzed and different calculation methods are described, distinguishing between 2D, 3D and 4D calculations. Finally, in comparison to the empirical method, the application spectrum and the limitations of numerical methods are discussed.
The influence of nonuniform ambient noise on crustal tomography in Europe
Authors: Basini P. , Nissen‐Meyer T. , Boschi L. , Casarotti E. , Verbeke J. , Schenk O. , Giardini D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAmbient‐noise seismology is of great relevance to high‐resolution crustal imaging, thanks to the unprecedented dense data coverage it affords in regions of little seismicity. Under the assumption of uniformly distributed noise sources, it has been used to extract the Green's function between two receivers. We determine the imprint of this assumption by means of wave propagation and adjoint methods in realistic 3‐D Earth models. In this context, we quantify the sensitivity of ambient‐noise cross‐correlations from central Europe with respect to noise‐source locations and shear wave‐speed structure. We use ambient noise recorded over 1 year at 196 stations, resulting in a database of 864 cross‐correlations. Our mesh is built upon a combined crustal and 3‐D tomographic model. We simulate synthetic ambient‐noise cross‐correlations in different frequency bands using a 3‐D spectral‐element method. Traveltime cross‐correlation measurements in these different frequency bands define the misfit between synthetics and observations as a basis to compute sensitivity kernels using the adjoint method. We perform a comprehensive analysis varying geographic station and noise‐source distributions around the European seas. The deterministic sensitivity analysis allows for estimating where the starting crustal model shows better accordance with our data set, and gain insight into the distribution of noise sources in the European region. This highlights the potential importance of considering localized noise distributions for tomographic imaging, and forms the basis of a tomographic inversion in which the distribution of noise sources may be treated as a free parameter similar to earthquake tomography.
From Protein Structure to Function via Computational Tools and Approaches
Authors: Kolodny Rachel , Kosloff Mickey 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structures of proteins are often considered fundamental for understanding their function. Yet, because of the complexity of protein structure, extracting specific functional information from structures can be a considerable challenge. Here, we present selected approaches and tools that we have developed to study and connect protein sequence, structure, and function spaces. First, we consider a global perspective of structure space and view the protein data bank (PDB) as a database. We highlight challenges in searching protein structure space and in using the PDB as the starting point for computational structural studies. Then we describe a function‐oriented view and show examples of how multiple protein structures can be used to extract insights about the function and specificity of proteins at the family level.
Entering the Arena: The Figured Worlds Transition of Preservice Teachers
Authors: Saunders Jane M. , Ash Gwynne Ellen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe article describes a semester‐long project that draws on Suzanne Collins’ The Hunger Games as a resource and over‐arching theme for preservice taking a content area literacy course. We examine how prepare preservice teachers learn to connect written texts to content area (disciplinary) literacy and consider ways to prepare them for the myriad hidden rules of teaching in today's complex public school environments. Included are examples from our students’ work, as is a detailed description of our over‐arching goals for The Hunger Games Achievements project.
Blood transcriptomics: applications in toxicology
Authors: Joseph Pius , Umbright Christina , Sellamuthu Rajendran 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe number of new chemicals that are being synthesized each year has been steadily increasing. While chemicals are of immense benefit to mankind, many of them have a significant negative impact, primarily owing to their inherent chemistry and toxicity, on the environment as well as human health. In addition to chemical exposures, human exposures to numerous non‐chemical toxic agents take place in the environment and workplace. Given that human exposure to toxic agents is often unavoidable and many of these agents are found to have detrimental human health effects, it is important to develop strategies to prevent the adverse health effects associated with toxic exposures. Early detection of adverse health effects as well as a clear understanding of the mechanisms, especially at the molecular level, underlying these effects are key elements in preventing the adverse health effects associated with human exposure to toxic agents. Recent developments in genomics, especially transcriptomics, have prompted investigations into this important area of toxicology. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory and elsewhere have demonstrated the potential application of blood gene expression profiling as a sensitive, mechanistically relevant and practical surrogate approach for the early detection of adverse health effects associated with exposure to toxic agents. The advantages of blood gene expression profiling as a surrogate approach to detect early target organ toxicity and the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity are illustrated and discussed using recent studies on hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, the important challenges this emerging field in toxicology faces are presented in this review article. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninvasive cross‐sectional imaging of proximal caries using swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) in vivo
Authors: Shimada Yasushi , Nakagawa Hisaichi , Sadr Alireza , Wada Ikumi , Nakajima Masatoshi , Nikaido Toru , Otsuki Masayuki , Tagami Junji , Sumi Yasunori 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of swept‐source optical coherent tomography (SS‐OCT) in detecting and estimating the depth of proximal caries in posterior teeth in vivo. SS‐OCT images and bitewing radiographs were obtained from 86 proximal surfaces of 53 patients. Six examiners scored the locations according to a caries lesion depth scale (0–4) using SS‐OCT and the radiographs. The results were compared with clinical observations obtained after the treatment. SS‐OCT could detect the presence of proximal caries in tomograms that were synthesized based on the backscatter signal obtained from the proximal carious lesion through occlusal enamel. SS‐OCT showed significantly higher sensitivity and larger area under the receiver operating characteristic curve than radiographs for the detection of cavitated enamel lesions and dentin caries (Student's t ‐test, p < 0.05). SS‐OCT appears to be a more reliable and accurate method than bitewing radiographs for the detection and estimation of the depth of proximal lesions in the clinical environment. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Route of infection and hematological effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin on Dysdercus cingulatus (Fab.) adult
Authors: Sahayaraj Kitherian , Borgio Jesu Francis , Lucini Luigi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe primary objective of this work was to identify, under laboratory conditions, the route of infection and hemogram of Dysdercus cingulatus (Fab.) adults by Metarhizium anisopliae. The infection process in D. cingulatus by M. anisopliae involved the conidia adherence to the host cuticle and germination after 24 h post‐infection, accompanied by falling of bristles. The subsequent step, within 24–48 h post‐infection, comprised penetration of fungus through spiracles, root of bristles, hemolymph, and the three dorsal sacs. Subsequently, within 72–96 h post‐infection, the fungus penetrated into trachea and sacs, then emerged on cuticular surface and was found to be maximum in hemolymph. A great decrease in hemocytes count was observed within 96 h from infection. The hemosomic index (HSI) decreased gradually as the incubation period increased. As far as we know, this is the first study to know the mechanism of action of M. anisopliae to D. cingulatus.
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: Magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Ford Andrew H. , Duncan Gordon W. , Firbank Michael J. , Yarnall Alison J. , Khoo Tien K. , Burn David J. , O'Brien John T. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundRapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder has poor prognostic implications for Parkinson's disease. The authors recruited 124 patients with early Parkinson's disease to compare clinical and neuroimaging findings based on the presence of this sleep disorder.MethodsThe presence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder was assessed with the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire. Magnetic resonance imaging sequences were obtained for voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging.ResultsPatients with sleep disorder had more advanced disease, but groups had similar clinical characteristics and cognitive performance. Those with sleep disorder had areas of reduced cortical grey matter volume and white matter changes compared with those who did not have sleep disorder. However, differences were slight and were not significant when the analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons.ConclusionsRapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder was associated with subtle changes in white matter integrity and grey matter volume in patients with early Parkinson's disease. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Ethnic group differences in cardiometabolic disease risk factors independent of body mass index among American youth
Authors: Messiah Sarah E. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Lopez‐Mitnik Gabriela , Lipshultz Steven E. , Miller Tracie L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this analysis was to identify any ethnic group differences in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disease risk factors independent of BMI in United States youth.Design and Methods: Data on 3,510 boys and girls aged 8‐11 years from the 1999‐2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed to determine the prevalence of 1 or ≥3 cardiometabolic disease risk factors: abnormal waist circumference and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), increased concentrations of fasting triglyceride, and decreased concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol before and after adjusting for BMI.Results: Abnormal waist circumference and HDL‐cholesterol significantly differed by ethnic group before and after adjusting for BMI (P < 0.01). Non‐Hispanic blacks were significantly less likely to have abnormal HDL‐cholesterol concentrations than were Hispanics and non‐Hispanic whites, but non‐Hispanic whites were significantly more likely to have elevated triglycerides and three or more abnormal cardiometabolic risk factors than non‐Hispanic blacks.Conclusion: These findings point to ethnic group disparities not related to BMI alone, even in children as young as 8‐11 years. Programs to prevent and treat eventual cardiometabolic disease in children could be tailored for specific ethnic backgrounds as a result.