bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Liver Failure on the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in Man and the Goat
Authors: Stanley N. N. , Kelsen S. G. , Cherniack N. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ventilatory responses to transient and steady-state hypoxia were measured in ten patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in ten healthy control subjects. Successive measurements of these responses were also obtained in six goats before and after the experimental production of liver failure. Changes in the effect of steady-state hypoxia on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia were evaluated by successive studies in another goat.
2. In spite of a respiratory alkalosis during liver failure, the response to transient hypoxia was greater in the patients than in the control subjects. This response was increased after the onset of liver failure in all the goats.
3. In healthy humans and goats the responses to transient and steady-state hypoxia were similar in magnitude. During liver failure there was a disparity between the size of these responses, since the ventilatory increment evoked by steady-state hypoxia was unchanged in spite of the increase in response to transient hypoxia. Steady-state hypoxia consistently enhanced the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in a healthy goat, but frequently depressed the response to hypercapnia during liver failure.
4. The findings suggest that liver failure heightens the sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors to the hypoxic stimulus, but may increase the tendency of the medullary centres to become depressed in hypoxia.
Measurement by Venous Occlusion Plethysmography of Blood Flow through Surgically Created Arteriovenous Fistulae in the Human Forearm
Authors: Wallace W. F. M. , Jamison J. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plethysmographs containing the hand plus forearm were used to measure blood flow in patients with a surgically created arteriovenous fistula in one forearm.
2. Apparent flow rate was stable over a limited range of collecting pressures; the absolute value of these pressures varied from patient to patient.
3. After arterial occlusion, blood flow increased by a similar amount on the normal side and on the side with the fistula.
4. Occlusion of fistular flow produced no significant change in heart rate.
5. Fistular flow, estimated as the difference between flow on the two sides, averaged 525 ml/min in seventeen patients.
Plasma Renin Activity as a Function of Age in Two New Strains of Spontaneously Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats
Authors: Vincent Madeleine , Dupont Jeanne , Sassard J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Strains of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were selected by repeated inbreeding.
2. Brief ether anaesthesia was shown to produce a two- to three-fold increase in plasma renin activity in both strains.
3. Plasma renin activity was significantly higher in young spontaneously hypertensive than in normotensive rats of the same age (5–7 weeks). After the ninth week plasma renin activity decreased and, at week 45, became significantly lower in hypertensive than in normotensive rats.
4. When hypertension was established a significant inverse relationship was found between plasma renin activity and systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive and in normotensive rats.
5. It seems unlikely that the renin—angiotensin system plays a major role in the maintenance of the established spontaneous hypertension in this strain. However, renin hypersecretion may be important in the early pre-hypertensive stage of genetic hypertension in rats.
Morphology and Function of the Dog Ileum after Mechanical Occlusion
Authors: Mirkovitch V. , Cobo F. , Robinson J. W. L. , Menge H. , Gomba Sz. 
Published: August 2015

1. Complete mechanical occlusion of the ileum was produced in dogs and the loops above and below the obstruction were examined functionally and morphologically 4 or 7 days later.
2. The intraluminal pressure in the occluded loop never exceeded 8 cm water.
3. The mucosa above the obstruction secreted water and ions into the lumen in vivo, though it absorbed glucose normally. Mucosal slices also absorbed amino acids and monosaccharides normally in vitro.
4. The mucosa below the obstruction absorbed ions and glucose in vivo and non-electrolytes in vitro to a slightly smaller extent than normal intestine.
5. The morphological changes above the occlusion included shorter, plumper villi and shorter crypts, a reduction in histochemically stainable brush-border enzymes, but an increase in acid phosphatase. Below the obstruction, there was atrophy of the villi and crypts and reductions in all enzymes studied.
6. The results suggest that the mucosa above the occlusion possesses an intact and almost normal epithelial layer, but that it has been stimulated to secrete in vivo, presumably by intraluminal factors. Below the obstruction, true atrophy of the mucosa has promptly developed.
Assessment of Responsiveness to Carbon Dioxide in Patients with Chronic Airways Obstruction by Rate of Isometric Inspiratory Pressure Development
Authors: Matthews A. W. , Howell J. B. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Responsiveness to CO2 was measured in forty patients with chronic airways obstruction in terms of ventilation and rate of isometric inspiratory pressure change [(dP/dt)max.].
2. The ventilatory response was below the normal range in eighteen out of twenty-two patients with normal arterial CO2 tensions and in all of eighteen patients with CO2 retention.
3. The (dP/dt)max. response was distributed throughout the normal range in all but one of the patients with normal arterial CO2 tension. In all the patients with CO2 retention the (dP/dt)max. response was either at or below the lower limit of the normal range.
4. Although the ventilatory responses correlated significantly with FEV1 there was no such correlation for the (dP/dt)max. responses.
5. The (dP/dt)max. response showed a significant negative correlation with Pa,co2.
6. It is believed that the (dP/dt)max. response to CO2 can be used to assess central CO2 responsiveness in subjects with airways obstruction independently of mechanical factors limiting their ventilation.
Post-Heparin Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase and Hepatic Lipase in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Hypertriglyceridaemia: Correlations to Sex, Age and Various Parameters of Triglyceride Metabolism
Authors: Huttunen J. K. , Ehnholm C. , Kekki M. , Nikkilä E. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A selective immunochemical method was used to measure post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activity in eighty-two normal subjects and in twenty patients with type IIb, IV or V hypertriglyceridaemia. In twenty-six normal subjects the activity of post-heparin plasma lipases was compared with the kinetic parameters of endogenous plasma triglyceride metabolism.
2. The activity of post-heparin lipoprotein lipase was significantly higher in normal females than in males, whereas the activity of hepatic lipase showed an opposite sex ratio. The activity of lipoprotein lipase decreased with age both in males and females, whereas no significant age variation was observed in the activity of hepatic lipase.
3. In normal subjects a highly significant negative correlation was present in both sexes between the activity of post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and fasting serum triglyceride concentration, but not between the activity of post-heparin hepatic lipase and serum triglycerides.
4. The fractional removal rate of endogenous triglycerides was positively correlated to the activity of lipoprotein lipase but not to the activity of hepatic lipase. No relationship was found between the activities of post-heparin plasma lipases and the absolute turnover of serum triglycerides.
5. The mean activity of post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase was significantly lower in subjects with hyperprebetalipoproteinaemia than in normal individuals. However, many hypertriglyceridaemic patients had lipoprotein lipase within the normal range and there was no correlation between serum triglyceride concentration and the activity of post-heparin lipases.
6. All three patients with fasting chylomicronaemia had low post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity. Several subjects with high post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase activity were present in the group with hyperprebetalipoproteinaemia, but the mean value of the hepatic lipase was not significantly different from normal.
Effect of Phenobarbitone on Plasma Lipids in Normal Subjects
Authors: Durrington P. N. , Roberts C. J. C. , Jackson Lyn , Branch R. A. , Hartog M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Phenobarbitone in a dose of 180 mg daily was administered to ten normal subjects for 3 weeks. There was a significant increase in total plasma cholesterol, plasma low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides and plasma LDL protein. The increase in plasma LDL cholesterol accounted for the increase in total plasma cholesterol. There was a significant reduction in the ratio of LDL cholesterol to LDL protein.
2. No significant changes were observed in total plasma triglycerides, plasma very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides, plasma VLDL cholesterol or plasma VLDL protein.
3. Evidence that drug-metabolizing enzymes were induced by phenobarbitone was provided by an increase in antipyrine clearance. No relationship was observed between changes in plasma cholesterol and changes in antipyrine clearance. Serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was also increased after phenobarbitone administration, the increase being unrelated to changes in antipyrine clearance or plasma cholesterol.
Renal Haemodynamics and Plasma Renin in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Pedersen E. B. , Kornerup H. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were measured in twenty-three patients with essential hypertension and in twenty-one control subjects. Plasma renin concentration was measured in all the hypertensive patients and in fifteen control subjects.
2. GFR and RPF were similar in the hypertensive group and in the control group, whereas the renal vascular resistance was significantly higher in the hypertensive patients. GFR and RPF decreased with increasing blood pressure in both groups. Increasing age induced a further reduction in GFR and RPF in the control subjects but not in the hypertensive patients.
3. Plasma renin concentration in the hypertensive group did not differ from that in the control subjects. The concentration was not correlated to age in either the hypertensive or normal group.
4. Plasma renin index was positively correlated to GFR and RPF and inversely correlated to filtration fraction and renal vascular resistance.
5. It is concluded that GFR and RPF depend on blood pressure in both hypertensive patients and normotensive control subjects. In contrast to the control group, the age effect was negligible in the hypertensive group. It is suggested that renin release depends on changes in renal vascular resistance in the arterioles at the glomerulus and the results support the baroreceptor theory of renin release.
The Relation between Potassium in Body Fluids and Total Body Potassium in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Boddy K. , Hume R. , White C. , Pack A. , King P. C. , Weyers E. , Rowan T. , Mills E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The concentration of potassium in the erythrocytes and the plasma of forty-one normal subjects and twenty-five diabetic patients was measured and the results were used to calculate the total amount of potassium in the erythrocyte mass and the total amount of potassium in the plasma. The total body potassium was measured in a whole-body monitor.
2. In normal subjects a close correlation was found between total erythrocyte potassium and total body potassium and also between total plasma potassium and total body potassium.
3. The regression relation between total body potassium and total erythrocyte potassium in normal subjects was used to predict the total body potassium in diabetic patients. There was reasonable agreement between the measured and predicted total body potassium but there was poor agreement between the measured total body potassium and that predicted from the patient's height and age or height, weight and age.
Effect of Sotalol on Haemodynamics and Renin—Angiotensin—Aldosterone System in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Verniory A. , Staroukine M. , Delwiche F. , Telerman M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty-three hypertensive patients were treated by sotalol, a pure beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. The drug produced a significant decrease of blood pressure in nineteen patients.
2. On average, cardiac index decreased but not significantly; heart rate decreased and stroke index increased significantly. Total peripheral resistance varied in both directions.
3. Sotalol determined a fall in plasma renin concentration (only significant in the high-renin group), a fall in plasma angiotensin II concentration and in urinary excretion rate of aldosterone accompanied by a rise in plasma potassium concentration.
4. The fall of blood pressure was not correlated with the decreases of renin and angiotensin II concentrations or excretion rate of aldosterone. However, in the placebo period plasma angiotensin II concentration was significantly correlated with total peripheral resistance; during sotalol treatment the variations of these two parameters seemed also to be correlated.
5. There was a poor correlation between decreases of cardiac output and of blood pressure; it was impossible to foresee the magnitude of the lowering of the blood pressure from the initial cardiac index.
6. The association of a diuretic with sotalol enhanced the hypotensive effect of the beta-receptor blocking drug, without significant increase of plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations.
The Effect of the Porphyrogenic Compound, Hexachlorobenzene, on the Activity of Hepatic Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase in the Rat
Authors: Elder G. H. , Evans J. O. , Matlin S. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. A new method for the measurement of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.37) in rat liver homogenates, with 5-carboxyl porphyrinogen as substrate, is described.
2. The administration of a diet containing 0·3% (w/w) hexachlorobenzene produces porphyria in female Wistar rats after a delay of at least 4 weeks. The development of porphyria is accompanied by a progressive fall in hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity to 18% of control values after 11 weeks. The features of hexachlorobenzene porphyria are consequences of this enzyme defect.
3. Feeding with hexachlorobenzene did not lead to the accumulation of iron in the liver. It is suggested that hexachlorobenzene or a metabolite acts directly to decrease the activity of the enzyme.
The Renin—Angiotensin System and the Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease in Malignant Hypertension
Authors: Giese J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The syndrome of malignant hypertension in man and animals has three fundamental components: high blood pressure, activation of the renin—angiotensin system and the rapid development of necrotizing arteriolar disease.
2. The high blood pressure can be associated with different conformations of the arteriolar microcirculation. The emergence of an arteriolar reaction pattern characterized by the formation of focal dilatations, with intervening constricted segments, is of fundamental pathophysiological importance.
3. Activation of the renin system is reflected in an increased renin secretion rate from the kidneys and an increased rate of angiotensin II generation in the pulmonary vascular bed.
4. The crucial pathogenetic process, leading eventually to severe arteriolar wall damage, is a penetration of plasmatic macromolecules into the wall of distended arteriolar segments, as observed in states of severe experimental hypertension.
5. Renin can induce vascular disease, but hypersecretion of renin is not a necessary condition for the development of hypertensive arteriolar necrosis.
Gas Exchange during Exercise in Healthy People: II. Venous Admixture
Authors: Harris E. A. , Seelye Eve R. , Whitlock R. M. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Venous admixture/cardiac output ratio (Q̇va/Q̇t) has been measured in twenty-four healthy volunteer subjects of both sexes aged 20–71 years, at rest and during the steady state of treadmill exercise at two rates of work, and breathing air and breathing oxygen.
2. With oxygen breathing, Q̇va/Q̇t was considerably less during exercise than during the time subjects were taking either normal or deep breaths of oxygen at rest, and did not significantly increase with the intensity of exercise. It is postulated that the increase in ventilation during exercise opens most or all of those alveoli which, during oxygen breathing at rest, close because of critically low ventilation/perfusion (V̇/Q̇) ratios.
3. With air breathing, Q̇va/Q̇t fell from rest to exercise (especially in older subjects), presumably due to improved ventilation of alveoli at the lung bases. With an increase in work rate Q̇va/Q̇t increased in all age groups. This increase was not due to increase in the shunt fraction (Q̇s/Q̇t), nor to limitation of diffusing capacity; it arose from an increase in V̇/Q̇ variance.
4. Equations have been derived for the prediction of normal Q̇va/Q̇t during exercise, with or without correction for the effects of increasing pulmonary capillary temperature. These effects do not materially influence the accuracy of prediction, but may be relevant to some of the interpretations. In particular, they provide a further indication that Q̇s/Q̇t probably cannot be measured by breathing oxygen at rest, even in deep breathing.
The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide Orally on Calcium, Phosphorus and Aluminium Metabolism in Normal Subjects
Authors: Cam J. M. , Luck V. A. , Eastwood J. B. , de Wardener H. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Five normal subjects were given 100 ml of aluminium hydroxide gel per day for 28 days.
2. The phosphorus balance became more positive in one subject, less negative in two and changed from negative to positive in the other two subjects. This was accompanied by a rise in the concentration of the fasting morning plasma phosphorus. Calcium balance did not change.
3. The normal subjects absorbed 0·3–3·6 mmol of aluminium/day, which is significantly less than that absorbed by five patients with chronic renal failure, three of whom were studied before, and two after, the observations on the normal subjects had been completed.
4. In a further five normal subjects on 100 ml of aluminium hydroxide gel/day the 08.00 hours concentration of plasma phosphorus did not fall, though there was a fall at 11.00, 14.00 and 17.00 hours.
Tissue and Hepatic Subcellular Distribution of Liposomes Containing Bleomycin after Intravenous Administration to Patients with Neoplasms
Authors: Segal A. W. , Gregoriadis G. , Lavender J. P. , Tarin D. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Liposomes containing 111In-labelled bleomycin were injected intravenously into two patients. One patient had a hepatoma and the other had secondary adenocarcinomatous deposits in the liver.
2. The tissue distribution of 111In was determined by whole-body scanning and by measurement of the radioactivity in organs at autopsy.
3. Scans in vivo and post-mortem measurement of radioactivity indicated that liposomes accumulate predominantly in the liver, but that there is no selective uptake of liposomes by the malignant tissue.
4. The subcellular distribution of radioactivity in the liver was measured 90 min after injection by fractionation of percutaneous liver biopsies on sucrose density gradients.
5. Radioactivity within the liver was concentrated in lysosomes.
6. Electron microscopy of tissue obtained before the administration of liposomes revealed particles morphologically indistinguishable from liposomes in hepatoma cells and hepatocytes.
Regulation of the Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Authors: Stansbie D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from human heart has been partially purified and shown to be regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle similar to that previously found for other mammalian tissues.
2. Incubation of the complex with ATP (2 mmol/l) led to its inactivation associated with the concomitant incorporation into the protein of 32P from the terminal phosphate group of the ATP. Pyruvate, ADP, thiamin pyrophosphate and dichloroacetate diminished the rate of inactivation by ATP.
3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase from human heart requires Mg2+ for activity and is sensitive to Ca2+ at concentrations of a few μmol/l. Similar ionic requirements of the skeletal muscle phosphatase have been demonstrated in a crude tissue extract.
4. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in human adipose tissue was less than 10% of typical values in rats. This could be due to the high level of dietary fat consumed by humans, which is known to repress the enzyme activity in rats.
The Safety Assessment in the Dog of a Charcoal Haemoperfusion Column
Authors: Kolthammer J. C. , Watson P. A. , Lang S. , Fennimore J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The safety of a carbon haemoperfusion column, Haemocol, has been studied in beagle dogs.
2. Only minor changes in physiology, haematology and plasma chemistry were detected, except those associated with an improvement in clinical status.
3. It is concluded that haemoperfusion through this column is a safe and simple procedure, which merits evaluation in the treatment of severe drug overdose in man.
Accelerated Hypertension in the Rat: Relation between Renin, Renal Vascular Lesions, Salt Intake and Blood Pressure
Authors: Chusilp Sauwaluck , Hua A. S. P. , Kincaid-Smith Priscilla 
Published: August 2015

1. Complete ligation of the aorta between the origins of the two renal arteries in the rat produces a predictable form of accelerated hypertension. Changes in the blood pressure, plasma renin activity and renal histological lesions have been studied.
2. Group 1 rats and their control group (group 2) received tap water, and group 3 and its control group (group 4) received sodium chloride solution (0·154 mol/l) in place of tap water, for 4 weeks before aortic ligation. In the experimental groups 1 and 3, complete ligation was carried out. In groups 2 and 4 the aorta and renal arteries were exposed, but not ligated. Interlobular artery lesions were studied on a blind basis and graded 0–4 according to severity.
3. Groups 1 and 3 developed severe hypertension. In group 1 the raised mean arterial pressure showed a significant correlation with increased plasma renin activity. Both mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity also showed a significant correlation with changes in interlobular arteries. In group 3 the raised mean arterial blood pressure did not show a significant correlation with the depressed plasma renin activity, or with changes in interlobular arteries. A significant correlation was, however, found between plasma renin activity and interlobular artery lesions in group 3.
4. These results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system may influence renal vascular lesions through some mechanism independent of the blood pressure.
The Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Vascular Changes in the Rat: Microscopic and Ultrastructural Correlation in Vivo
Authors: Hobbs J. B. , Chusilp S. , Hua A. , Kincaid-Smith P. , McIver M. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. This study describes the changes observed in the rat microcirculation in vivo in the transparent tissue chamber of the rat back, during the florid hypertension produced by ligation of the rat aorta between both renal arteries.
2. Besides providing a new model for analysis of the action of therapeutic agents in hypertension, direct evidence of the variation in blood flow in hypertension is discussed. Fixation of the chamber tissues allows direct ultrastructural correlation with the altered function of particular vessels observed and recorded cinemicroscopically in vivo.