bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative method for measuring beeswax content in propolis from the Netherlands
Authors: Hogendoorn Elbert A. , Sommeijer Marinus J. , Vredenbregt Marjo J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A convenient method has been developed for the separation and determination of beeswax in propolis from beehives located in the Netherlands. The method is based on differences in specific density and involves the adding of water and microwave heating of a propolis sample. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting three phase system provides a full separation of the beeswax from the propolis in the upper layer. This layer can easily be collected to quantify the authentic beeswax content of the raw propolis sample. Confirmation of the identity of beeswax isolated from propolis with this procedure, was obtained using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR).
Propolis samples from 27 Dutch apiaries from various locations were analyzed using this method. The beeswax content varied between 1.0 and 42.5% with an average of 11.1%. This method may also serve for the de-waxing of raw propolis prior to the isolation of biologically active compounds to be used in medicinal products.
EFFECT OF GARLIC EXTRACT ON SEED GERMINATION, SEEDLING HEALTH, AND VIGOUR OF PATHOGEN-INFESTED WHEAT
Authors: Perelló Analía , Gruhlke Martin , Slusarenko Alan J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The effect of garlic extract containing bioactive allicin on the germination and subsequent seedling vigour of pathogeninfested wheat seeds, was tested. The first aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin, on the most frequently occurring wheat pathogens of the Helminthosporium genus (sensu lato) in Argentina. The second aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of garlic extract and pure allicin on moulds belonging to the natural endogenous microflora. Garlic extract showed fungicidal activity on the endogenous fungal contamination of the wheat seeds and particularly reduced the degree of disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and Drechslera tritici-repentis. Allicin in garlic juice corrected the poor germination of wheat seeds caused by natural mycoflora of grain. Growth promoting activities of garlic juice on wheat seedling vigour was reported. Interestingly, the inoculum on naturally infected wheat seeds could be reduced with garlic juice as a seed dressing biofungicide, before sowing. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy and the high control potential of garlic extract against seed-borne wheat fungi. Such results suggest that using garlic extract can minimise the risk of infection as well as minimise the risk of chemical fungicide exposure. On the basis of these results, scale-up to field trials using garlic extract and allicin as the dressing biofungicide before sowing for disinfection of wheat seeds, seems justified as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.
Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a practical review
Authors: Balderrama Jorge , Leal-Leal Carlos A. , Alvis-Miranda Hernando , Lee Angel , Zenteno Marco , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The use of chemotherapy for retinoblastoma constitutes a promising treatment strategy. Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer in the childhood.. Treatment depends on the laterality, intraocular location and tumor extension. Radiation therapy became an important element in the management of this type of injury risk of extraocular secondary tumor development. Eye salvage is mandatory when vision preserved. The current neuroendovascular techniques constitute a therapeutic tool for these tumors. We present a practical review of current concepts in the management of these tumors.
Intracranial-extracranial meningioma mimicking an aggressive skull bone tumor
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Mohan K.V. Murali , Shanthi Vissa , Reddy Umamaheshwar 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Intracranial meningiomas with extracranial extension are rare lesions with only few reported cases in literature. In present article we report a case of 62 year male patient presented with progressive swelling over right side frontal region of 2 year duration. In our case the tumor was in close proximity to right fronto-parietal suture and there was a possibility that suture line could have paved the way for its extracranial spread and also there was evidence of transdiploic extension on histopatholgical examination.
Ultrasonic and Lewis acid ionic liquid catalytic system for Kabachnik-Fields reaction
Authors: Rostamnia Sadegh , Amini Mojtaba 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA combination of ultrasonic (US) and [bmim]AlCl4 ionic liquid is used as an alternative to conventional acid catalysts in the Kabachnik-Fields reaction of an amine and aryl aldehyde with phosphite leading to the formation of aminophosphonates. The reaction time was significantly reduced and the reaction progressed very smoothly.
Rapid determination of fosetyl-aluminium in commercial pesticide formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Karasali Helen , Kasiotis Konstantinos , Machera Kyriaki 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was developed for the determination of aluminium tris(ethyl phosphonate) (fosetyl-aluminium, fosetyl-Al) in plant-protection products. The method involves extraction of the active ingredient by sonication of the sample with water and direct measurement by RPHPLC. The isocratic RP-HPLC method for the analysis of fosetyl-Al thus developed was then validated for specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The chromatographic peak confirmation was performed by LC-MS using electron spray ionisation in the negative-ion mode. The repeatability of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD, %), was found to be 0.5 % and the limit of detection was 0.035 mg mL−1. The average recoveries of the three fortification levels varied from 96.7 % to 100.6 % and the RSDs ranged between 2.6 % and 6.3 %. The precision of the method was also considered to be acceptable as the experimental repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) was lower than the RSDr, calculated using the Horwitz equation. The method is rapid, simple, accurate, cost-effective, and provides a new and reliable means for the analysis of fosetyl-Al in formulated products.
TEACHING AND LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES FOR LEGAL PURPOSES IN CROATIA
Authors: Kordić Ljubica , Cigan Vesna 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In accordance with the Bologna Declaration, modern languages and communication skills have a growing importance in all professions. With the prospect of Croatian membership of the EU and taking into consideration the conditions of the growing internationalization of law in general, knowledge of foreign languages represents an indispensable prerequisite for international com- munication within the legal profession. Thus, teaching foreign languages in the field of law, especially English and German, is necessary not only for the pro- fessional education of Croatian law students, but also for their mobility within the network of European universities. This paper presents a case-study of the current situation in teaching Legal English and Legal German in Croatian Law Schools. First, the status of foreign languages for specific purposes (FLSP) in the Higher Education System of the Republic of Croatia in general is analyzed. The main part of the paper is dedicated to teaching Legal English and / or Legal German as compulsory courses within the curricula of Croatian law faculties (status, syllabus design, teaching methods). Then some projects on teaching foreign languages to practicing lawyers will be presented. With the prospect of Croatian membership of the EU, specific education programmes for lawyer- linguists have been introduced by the Law Faculties of Zagreb and Osijek. These programmes, developed within the lifelong education project for lawyers, offer an opportunity for Croatian law students and young lawyers not only to im- prove their knowledge of Legal English and Legal German, but also to learn other languages of the EU, like French or Italian. These new programmes are the response of Croatian foreign language teachers to the current requirements of the European labour market and the challenges of the internationalization of the modern world.
LATIN MAXIMS AND PHRASES IN THE POLISH, ENGLISH AND FRENCH LEGAL SYSTEMS – THE COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Gałuskina Ksenia , Sycz Joanna 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The aim of this research paper is to examine Latin in the context of legal translation between the Polish, English and French languages. Latin ap- pears in contemporary legal discourse in the form of maxims, short phrases and terms. Even though it constitutes an integral element of legal drafting, Latin often attracts little attention from legal translators. It is falsely assumed that Latin elements of the text do not require translation due to several miscon- ceptions related to the Latin language. Firstly, Latin is generally perceived as a global language with no local variations in form. Secondly, Latin is believed to be the universal point of reference in international communication (which is true only in the case of the natural sciences). Thirdly, Latin legal phrases or maxims are thought to originate solely from Roman law, thus they express only Roman legal thought.
In the first part of the paper we will address the above issues. To this end, we will briefly discuss the historical presence of Latin in the European lin- guistic context. We will then present the results of our research into the use of Latinisms in the Polish, French and English legal systems. The subject of our research was a set of twenty Latin maxims and phrases that frequently appear in the decisions of the Polish courts. During the first stage of the analysis, the items in question were verified in Legalis (the on-line service devoted to Polish law). The second stage of the research involved the consultation of monolingual dictionaries of French and English legal language to verify the universal charac- ter of the analyzed Latinisms. During the third stage of the analysis, we looked at the practical use of Latinisms in online databases of legal texts (Dalloz.fr, Westlaw International). The paper concludes with some comments on Latinisms in lexicographical publications and online sources.
Temporal and spatial evolution of wave‐induced ripple geometry: Regular versus irregular ripples
Authors: Nelson Timothy Robert , Voulgaris George 
Published: January 2014

AbstractConcurrent observations of inner shelf near bed hydrodynamics and acoustic imagery of the seabed are used to relate wave‐induced ripple geometry (wavelength and orientation) to near bed directional wave velocities. The observations were collected on the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight at water depths of 9.5 and 30 m off the coasts of South Carolina (median size 177 µm) and Georgia (388 µm), respectively. 2‐D spectral analysis techniques are performed on the imagery to automate detection of ripple wavelength, orientation, and irregularity. Our analysis shows that ripple irregularity is a time‐dependent process dependent on magnitude, direction, and duration of wave forcing. During energetic events, ripple geometry changes rapidly and the ripples align with the main wave direction. During periods of low energy, close to the critical conditions for initiation of sediment motion, ripple evolution occurs at a much slower rate often leading to irregularities such as terminations and bifurcations along the ripple crest. Under constantly changing wave direction, the rippled bed becomes highly disorganized. Six types of ripples are defined based on newly developed irregularity parameters: linear, bifurcating‐linear, linear‐bifurcating, bifurcating and cross, irregular, and disorganized beds. Ripple irregularity depends on the time history of the bed; ripples remain irregular until their wavelength and orientation attain a nearly equilibrium geometry. The observations collected provide significant information on the response of the seabed to wave forcing and identify processes that should be reproduced by any time‐dependent ripple prediction model. Ripple irregularity can only be predicted using such time‐dependent models.
Infrared Detection of Criegee Intermediates Formed during the Ozonolysis of β‐Pinene and Their Reactivity towards Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Ahrens Jennifer , Carlsson Philip T. M. , Hertl Nils , Olzmann Matthias , Pfeifle Mark , Wolf J. Lennard , Zeuch Thomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecently, direct kinetic experiments have shown that the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide by reaction with stabilized Criegee intermediates (CIs) is an important source of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere. So far, only small CIs, generated in photolysis experiments, have been directly detected. Herein, it is shown that large, stabilized CIs can be detected in the gas phase by FTIR spectroscopy during the ozonolysis of β‐pinene. Their transient absorption bands between 930 and 830 cm−1 appear only in the initial phase of the ozonolysis reaction when the scavenging of stabilized CIs by the reaction products is slow. The large CIs react with sulfur dioxide to give sulfur trioxide and nopinone with a yield exceeding 80 %. Reactant consumption and product formation in time‐resolved β‐pinene ozonolysis experiments in the presence of sulfur dioxide have been kinetically modeled. The results suggest a fast reaction of sulfur dioxide with CIs arising from β‐pinene ozonolysis.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, a Novel Proinflammatory Mediator in Rheumatoid Arthritis That Potently Activates CD1c+ Myeloid Dendritic Cells to Attract and Stimulate T Cells
Authors: Moret Frederique M. , Hack Cornelis E. , van der Wurff‐Jacobs Kim M. G. , Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Lafeber Floris P. J. G. , van Roon Joel A. G. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and the numbers of TSLP receptor (TSLPR)–expressing CD1c+ (blood dendritic cell antigen 1–positive) myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) in the joints as compared with the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as to determine the capacity of TSLP to induce MDC‐dependent T cell activation.MethodsTSLP levels were measured in synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with RA and those with osteoarthritis (OA). MDC numbers in PB and SF samples from RA patients and TSLPR expression on these cells were assessed by fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analysis. PB and SF MDCs from RA patients were stimulated with TSLP, and cytokine production was measured by multiplex immunoassay. TSLP‐primed MDCs were cocultured with autologous CD4+ T cells in the absence of additional stimuli, and subsequently, cell proliferation and cytokine production were measured.ResultsTSLP levels were significantly increased in SF samples from RA versus OA patients. The numbers of TSLPR‐expressing MDCs in the SF of RA patients were significantly increased as compared to those in the PB, and SF MDCs displayed increased levels of TSLPR. TSLP selectively stimulated the production of thymus and activation–regulated chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α by CD1c+ MDCs. TSLP‐primed MDCs from PB and SF potently stimulated the proliferation of autologous CD4+ T cells as compared to unstimulated MDCs. Enhanced proliferation was associated with increased production of interferon‐γ, interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), and IL‐4.ConclusionThese data support an inflammatory mechanism by which increased intraarticular TSLP in RA potently activates TSLPR‐expressing CD1c+ MDCs in the joints to secrete chemokines, causing chemotaxis and subsequent activation of CD4+ T cells. In addition to the demonstrated inflammatory potential of TSLP in experimental arthritis, this suggests that TSLP and TSLPR‐expressing MDCs could both play a pivotal role in the immunopathology of RA.
Long‐Term Outcome of Neuro‐Behçet's Disease
Authors: Noel Nicolas , Bernard Remy , Wechsler Bertrand , Resche‐Rigon Matthieu , Depaz Raphaël , Le Thi Huong Boutin Du , Piette Jean‐Charles , Drier Aurélie , Dormont Didier , Cacoub Patrice , Saadoun David 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo report the long‐term outcome of neurologic involvement in patients with Behçet's disease (BD).MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 115 patients who fulfilled the international criteria for BD (57% male; median age 37 years [interquartile range (IQR) 30–46 years]) and had neuro‐BD (NBD) after exclusion of cerebral venous thrombosis. Factors associated with relapse of NBD, inability to perform activities of daily living, and mortality were assessed.ResultsSeventy‐eight patients (68%) presented with acute NBD and 37 (32%) presented with a progressive course. The HLA–B51 allele was carried by 49% of the patients. Overall, 46 of 115 patients (40%) had severe disability at baseline, represented by a Rankin score of ≥3. The 5‐ and 7‐year event‐free survival rates were 65% and 53%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, a positive HLA–B51 status was independently associated with the risk of NBD relapse, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.5–9.1). After a median followup of 73 months (IQR 59–102 months), 29 patients (25.2%) became dependent (were unable to perform activities of daily living) or died. Factors independently associated with poor outcome were paresis at onset (OR 6.47 [95% CI 1.73–24.23]) and location of inflammatory lesions at the brainstem on magnetic resonance imaging (OR 8.41 [1.03–68.43]). All 115 patients were treated with corticosteroids; 53 (46.1%) also took cyclophosphamide and 40 (34.8%) also took azathioprine. A trend toward longer event‐free survival was observed in patients with severe NBD (i.e., with a Rankin score of ≥3 at onset) receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide compared with those receiving azathioprine (P = 0.06).ConclusionOur findings indicate that NBD is a severe condition in which patients with the HLA–B51 allele appear to experience a worse prognosis.
Synthesis and application of a targeting diagnosis system via quantum dots coated by amphiphilic polymer for the detection of liver cancer cells
Authors: Sun Xiaoran , Li Yapeng , Huang Hailong , Yang Bohan , Wang Yuzhen 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWater‐soluble quantum dots (QDs) for liver cancer diagnosis were prepared using QDs with oleylamine ligand coated with poly(aspartate)–graft–poly(ethylene glycol)–dodecylamine (PASP–Na–g–PEG–DDA). Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy imaging showed that the novel QDs have an ellipsoidal morphology with a size of ~ 45 nm which could be used for biomedical application. Furthermore, the PASP–Na–g–PEG–DDA was then modified with anti‐(vascular endothelial growth factor) (VEGF antibody), and a 1‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐3,5‐diphenylformazan (MTT) assay showed that the novel anti‐VEGF‐targeting QDs in vitro had low toxicity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observations revealed an intracellular (HepG2) distribution of the novel anti‐VEGF‐targeting QDs and the targeting efficiency of anti‐VEGF. These novel QDs could be used as a probe for liver cancer cell imaging because of anti‐VEGF targeting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community Participation of Older Adults with Disabilities
Authors: Raymond Émilie , Grenier Amanda , Hanley Jill 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTContemporary discourses on ageing promote active participation as an ideal framework from which to encourage and support older people's health, independence and life satisfaction. But is such a vision of participation meaningful and/or accessible to all older adults? This paper explores how people ageing with disabilities understand the notion of social participation, juxtaposing their accounts with key trends found in ageing policy. Insights from individual interviews and a collective writing project conducted with older adults in Quebec who were living with lifelong disabilities (mobility, vision or hearing) reveal the tensions that exist between policy guidelines and participant narratives. Results highlight three crucial conditions with regard to the community participation of people ageing with disabilities: self‐determination, creating an inclusive environment and identity integration. Together, these themes reveal that ageing policies on participation should be revisited in order to improve opportunities for meaningful involvement. Our discussion suggests the need to widen the definition of participation so that it can be used to validate a variety of life options, guarantee structural and cultural access to participative settings and offer social spaces capable of supporting evolving identities, lived experiences and the collective circumstances of ageing with disabilities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Grafting Zirconia and Ceria onto Alumina as a Support for Silicotungstic Acid for the Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein
Authors: Haider Muhammad H. , D'Agostino Carmine , Dummer Nicholas F. , Mantle Mick D. , Gladden Lynn F. , Knight David W. , Willock David J. , Morgan David J. , Taylor Stuart H. , Hutchings Graham J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe effect of ceria and zirconia grafting onto alumina (α and θ–δ phases) as supports for silicotungstic acid for the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein was studied. 30 % Silicotungstic acid (STA) supported on 5 % zirconia/δ,θ‐alumina was the best catalyst, producing 85 % selectivity to acrolein at 100 % glycerol conversion, and it showed stable activity without using oxygen as a co‐feed. The catalyst produced a STA of 90 g(acrolein) kg(cat)−1 h−1, which was greater than the STA simply supported on δ,θ‐alumina, which only demonstrated 75 % selectivity towards acrolein. The effect of grafting on the support material was investigated by means of nitrogen adsorption, ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. A pulsed‐field gradient (PFG) NMR technique was also used to study diffusion processes associated with the catalysts. Diffusion studies of the grafted catalysts showed that zirconia contributes to the formation of more tortuous pathways within the pore structure, leading to the diminution of acid strength and making the catalyst less susceptible to coke formation.
Dormant versus Evolving Aminopalladated Intermediates: Toward a Unified Mechanistic Scenario in PdII‐Catalyzed Aminations
Authors: Rajabi Jamshid , Lorion Mélanie M. , Ly Vu Linh , Liron Frédéric , Oble Julie , Prestat Guillaume , Poli Giovanni 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPdII‐catalyzed alkene aminopalladation and allylic CH activation are two competing reaction sequences sharing the same reaction conditions. This study aimed at understanding the factors that bias one or the other path in the intramolecular oxidative cyclization of two types of N‐tosyl amidoalkenes. The results obtained are in accord with the initial generation of a high‐energy cyclic (5‐ or 6‐membered) aminopalladated intermediate. However, this latter species can evolve only if the following specific conditions are met: the availability of distocyclic β‐H elimination pathway, the presence of a strong terminal oxidant, or the availability of a carbopalladation pathway. Conversely, the cyclic alkylpalladium complex is only a latent species in equilibrium with the initial substrate and cannot evolve. Such a reactivity hurdle leaves the way open for alternative reactivities such as allylic CH activation of the olefinic substrate to generate a η3‐allyl complex followed by its interception by the nitrogen nucleophile, [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement, or decomposition. This study proposes a unifying mechanistic picture that connects these competing mechanisms.