bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local up-regulation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ following disc herniation is involved in the inflammatory response underlying acute lumbar radicular pain
Authors: Moen G.H. , Moen A. , Gjerstad J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Aims
Lumbar radicular pain after disc herniation may be associated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. In the present study we examined the role of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) in the acute phase of this process.

Methods
First, in an animal model mimicking the clinical situation after disc herniation, the role of IFN-γ on the dorsal horn single cell activity and gene expression close to the nerve roots was studied. Second, in patients with severe lumbar radicular pain due to disc herniation, we examined how two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs2069705 and rs2069718) important for the IFN-γ expression influenced the pain and disability measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Results
The animal data demonstrated a significant increase in the nociceptive activity at the spinal level after local application of NP and IFN-γ onto the nerve-roots. A positive correlation between IFN-γ and CD68 in the NP tissue was also observed. Moreover, the data of the patients revealed that carriers of the IFN-γ SNPs; rs2069705 A allele and rs2069718 G allele had an increased disability score i.e. ODI.

Conclusions
The present data suggest that IFN-γ through activation of tissue-specific macrophages close to the nerve roots may be important for acute inflammatory pain and disability following lumbar disc herniation.
Pain intensity and duration in a cohort of Norwegian construction workers
Authors: Veiersted K.B. , Lunde L.-K. , Koch M. , Wærsted M. , Knardahl S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Aims
To compare musculoskeletal pain intensity and duration of construction workers as a function of type of work.

Methods
239 male construction workers in active employment filled out a (baseline) questionnaire for a prospective study of jobs with assumed heavy work load. Reports of pain presented here was collected from the men in four work categories; project leaders/foremen (N = 62, age 45 y, SD ± 13), carpenters (N = 60, 41 y ± 13), concrete workers (N = 35, 42 y ± 12) and miscellaneous other manual workers (e.g. brick layers, henchmen, N = 28, 45 y ± 13). The participants were asked to report pain intensity in different body regions during the last four weeks (0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate and 3: severe) and the duration of this pain (1: 1–5, 2: 6–10, 3: 11–14 and 4: 15–28 days). A severity index was constructed by multiplying the two recordings, intensity and duration (range 0–12). Two dichotomized variables were defined; for the intensity with a cut point ≥2 (in %) and for the index with a cut point ≥6 (in %). Five % trimmed mean is used due to skewed data.

Results
Low back pain was the most frequently reported pain symptom for all categories of workers (mean for all: mean intensity: 0.74, intensity ≥2: 23%, mean severity index: 1.64, index ≥6: 13%), expect carpenters that reported knee pain most frequent (mean intensity: 0.78, intensity ≥2: 26%, mean severity index: 2.08, index ≥6: 22%). The miscellaneous worker group reported the highest level of neck pain (mean intensity: 0.84, intensity ≥2: 25%, mean severity index: 2.03, index ≥6: 20%). Due to different time distribution of pain symptoms between individuals the use of pain duration gave additional information.

Conclusions
Most construction workers reported low levels of pain. The measurement of both intensity and duration allows computation of a proxy for pain severity.
Pituitary volume and clinical trajectory in young relatives at risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Shah J. L. , Tandon N. , Howard E. R. , Mermon D. , Miewald J. M. , Montrose D. M. , Keshavan M. S. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundStress and vulnerability likely interact to play a major role in psychosis. While much has been written about the neural diathesis-stress model in psychosis and its clinical risk states, little is known about HPA axis biomarkers in non-help-seeking individuals at familial high risk (FHR). We sought to prospectively measure pituitary volume (PV) in adolescents and young adults at FHR for schizophrenia and to follow their emerging sub-clinical psychotic symptoms and clinical trajectories.MethodForty healthy controls and 38 relatives of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were identified in Pittsburgh, USA. PV was derived from baseline 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. Chapman's schizotypy scales were acquired at baseline, and structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV-TR Axis I diagnoses were attempted annually for up to 3 years.ResultsSeven individuals converted to psychosis. PV did not differ between FHR and control groups overall. Within the FHR group, PV was positively correlated with Chapman's positive schizotypy (Magical Ideation and Perceptual Aberration) scores, and there was a significant group × PV interaction with schizotypy. PV was significantly higher in FHR subjects carrying any baseline Axis I diagnosis (p= 0.004), and higher still in individuals who went on to convert to psychosis (p= 0.0007).ConclusionsIncreased PV is a correlate of early positive schizotypy, and may predict trait vulnerability to subsequent psychosis in FHR relatives. These preliminary findings support a model of stress-vulnerability and HPA axis activation in the early phases of psychosis.
Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Ballard E. D. , Van Eck K. , Musci R. J. , Hart S. R. , Storr C. L. , Breslau N. , Wilcox H. C. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTo develop latent classes of exposure to traumatic experiences before the age of 13 years in an urban community sample and to use these latent classes to predict the development of negative behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood.MethodA total of 1815 participants in an epidemiologically based, randomized field trial as children completed comprehensive psychiatric assessments as young adults. Reported experiences of nine traumatic experiences before age 13 years were used in a latent class analysis to create latent profiles of traumatic experiences. Latent classes were used to predict psychiatric outcomes at age ⩾13 years, criminal convictions, physical health problems and traumatic experiences reported in young adulthood.ResultsThree latent classes of childhood traumatic experiences were supported by the data. One class (8% of sample), primarily female, was characterized by experiences of sexual assault and reported significantly higher rates of a range of psychiatric outcomes by young adulthood. Another class (8%), primarily male, was characterized by experiences of violence exposure and reported higher levels of antisocial personality disorder and post-traumatic stress. The final class (84%) reported low levels of childhood traumatic experiences. Parental psychopathology was related to membership in the sexual assault group.ConclusionsClasses of childhood traumatic experiences predict specific psychiatric and behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. The long-term adverse effects of childhood traumas are primarily concentrated in victims of sexual and non-sexual violence. Gender emerged as a key covariate in the classes of trauma exposure and outcomes.
An undefensive presence: the mission and identity of the church in Kathryn Tanner and John Howard Yoder
Authors: East Brad 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article proposes looking to Kathryn Tanner and John Howard Yoder as resources for moving beyond a stalemate in recent ecclesiology which locates competing centres of gravity ineitherchurchorworld. By contrast, Tanner and Yoder locate that centre outside of both church and world: in God, who ‘was in Christ, reconciling the world to himself . . . and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation’ (2 Cor 5:19). Accordingly, they articulate a vision of the church in the world whose posture is wholly, and constitutively, undefensive: a community free of the violence – actual, rhetorical or otherwise – produced by anxiety about securing its place vis-à-vis the wider society. Tanner envisages the church as a graced community of argument founded and sustained by God's cosmos-wide generosity in Christ, unconcerned with itself as such and instead intent on the world's good. In Yoder's case, his christological pacifism undergirds a church whose politics are Jesus' own, and which therefore seeks, forsaking all coercion, to embody God's eschatological peace in and for the world. These accounts share three theological moves in common. First is a Barthian priority of divine transcendence, whereby neither God, nor the gospel, nor the world is put in jeopardy by the church's fallibility (human or sinful). Second is a non-foundationalist commitment to social-historical process, to the particularities of context which constantly form (and reform) the church as a creature in time and space. Third is the generative root of all: the incarnation of God the Word. Insofar as the church is christocentric, it is by grace turned out to the world in commissioned blessing. The result is an account of the church as at once eccentric (its life hid with Christ in God) and firmly rooted in the messy realities of the here and now – realities just as present within the church as outside of it. To be sure, Tanner and Yoder are different theologians with different methods and ends; where Tanner perhaps lacks a sufficient theology of peoplehood, Yoder's ecclesiology verges at times on the heroic or ideal. Nevertheless, brought together in this way they make for productive partners in non-alarmist ecclesiology, freeing the church to fulfil its calling to serve and bless the world, even as it leaves its borders unsecured, because its faith abides not in itself but in God.
The Identity of Prakāśāditya
Authors: TANDON PANKAJ 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOne of the enduring open questions in ancient Indian history is the identity of the king who identifies himself on the reverse of his gold coins as prakāśāditya. Most authors have assumed that he was a Gupta king. This paper reviews the various proposals on the identity of Prakāśāditya, arguing why we can be quite sure, as suggested by Robert Göbl, that he was in fact a Hun king and not a Gupta. Then, by presenting a near-complete reading of the obverse legend, it is shown that it is virtually certain that he was in fact the Hun king Toramāṇa, as Göbl had speculated. Implications of this finding are then considered.
Training, Transformation and Education
Authors: Bakhurst David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInMind and World, John McDowell concludes that human beings ‘are born mere animals’ and ‘are transformed into thinkers and intentional agents’, principally by their initiation into language. Such ‘transformational views’ of human development typically represent first-language learning as a movement from a non-rationally secured conformity with correct practice, through increasing understanding, to a state of rational mastery of correct practice. Accordingly, they tend to invoke something like Wittgenstein's concept of training to explain the first stage of this process. This essay considers the cogency of this view of learning and development. I agree with Sebastian Rödl that the idea of training (as developed, say, by Meredith Williams) is inadequate to the nature of infancy and child-parent interaction, and I draw on the work of Lev Vygotsky and Michael Tomasello to offer McDowell a richer picture, which acknowledges the child's active role in fostering the second-personal relations that underlie the possibility of language learning. Such considerations force us to revise the transformational view, but do not refute it outright as Rödl believes. I conclude by considering the relevance of McDowell's view of second nature to two striking ideas: Ian Hacking's suggestion that the development of autistic children is ‘non-Vygotskian’ and Derek Parfit's claim that persons are not human beings.
From Phenomenal Selves to Hyperselves
Authors: Dainton Barry 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe claim that we aresubjects of experience, i.e. beings whose nature is intimately bound up with consciousness, is in many ways a plausible one. There is, however, more than one way of developing a metaphysical account of the nature of subjects. The view that subjects are essentially conscious has the unfortunate consequence that subjects cannot survive periods of unconsciousness. A more appealing alternative is to hold that subjects are beings with thecapacityto be conscious, a capacity which need not always be exercised. But this view can itself be developed in more than one way. The option I defend here is that subjects are nothing more than capacities for consciousness, a view I call the ‘C-theory’. Although the C-theory supplies us with a potentially appealing account of the nature of subjects (and hence ourselves), there are challenges to be overcome. Olson has argued that identifying ourselves with what are, in effect,partsof human organisms leads to a variety of intolerable problems. I suggest that these problems are by no means insuperable. Bayne and Johnston have argued that identifying subjects with experience-producing systems is confronted with a different difficulty. What if these systems can produce multiple streams of consciousness at once. Whatever else they may be, aren't subjects the kind of thing that can havejust onestream of consciousness at a time? In response I argue that this is true in one sense, but not in another. Once this is appreciated, the notion that a subject could have several streams of consciousness at once no longer seems absurd, or impossible.
The Place of The Self in Contemporary Metaphysics
Authors: Madden Rory 
Published: July 2015

AbstractI explain why the compositionalist conception of ordinary objects prevalent in contemporary metaphysics places the manifest image of the human self in a precarious position: the two theoretically simplest views of the existence of composites each jeopardize some central element of the manifest image. I present an alternative,nomologicalconception of ordinary objects, which secures the manifest image of the human self without the arbitrariness that afflicts compositionalist attempts to do the same. I close by sketching the consequences of the recommended position for the traditional personal identity debate about the nature and persistence of human selves.
Ambulo Ergo Sum
Authors: O'Brien Lucy 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIt is an extraordinary thing that Descartes' famous Cogito argument is still being puzzled over; this paper is another fragment in an untiring tradition of puzzlement. The paper will argue that, if I were to ask the question ‘do I have a grounds for thinking that I exist?’ the Cogito could provide for a positive answer. In particular, my aim in this is to argue, in opposition to recent discussion by John Campbell, that there is a way of construing conscious thinking on which the Cogito can be seen to provide a non-question begging argument for one's own existence.
On Parfit's View That We Are Not Human Beings
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDerek Parfit claims that we are not human beings. Rather, each of us is the part of a human being that thinks in the strictest sense. This is said to solve a number of difficult metaphysical problems. I argue that the view has metaphysical problems of its own, and is inconsistent with any psychological-continuity account of personal identity over time, including Parfit's own.
Power, Scepticism and Ethical Theory
Authors: Pink Thomas 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIt is often thought that as human agents we have a power to determine our actions for ourselves. And a natural conception of this power is as freedom – a power over alternatives so that we can determine for ourselves which of a variety of possible actions we perform. But what is the real content of this conception of freedom, and need self-determination take this particular form? I examine the possible forms self-determination might take, and the various ways freedom as a power over alternatives might be constituted. I argue that though ordinary ethical thought, and especially moral blame, may be committed to our possession of some capacity for self-determination, the precise nature of this power is probably ethically underdetermined – though conceptions of the nature of the power that come from outside ethics may then have important implications for ethics.
Microscopy and Microanalysis of an Extreme Case of Salt and Biodegradation in 17th Century Wall Paintings
Authors: Gil Milene , Martins Maria Rosário , Carvalho Maria Luisa , Souto Cátia , Longelin Stephane , Cardoso Ana , Mirão José , Candeias António Estevão 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe present study characterizes the main deterioration mechanisms affecting the early 17th frescoes ofCasa de Fresco, the only known example in Portugal of a semi-underground leisure room richly decorated with a balcony over a water well. Frescoes from the vault are at risk due to salt weathering and biodeterioration. The aim of the research was identification of the deterioration materials, determination of their origin, and their effect on the frescoes before future intervention. Scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDS) was used to determine salt morphology and microanalysis. The mineralogical characterization was performed by X-ray powder diffraction, complemented withµ-Raman andµ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biological assessment was evaluated with optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. Bacterial and fungal isolation and identification were performed using standard culture media and methods according toBergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriologyand from theCompendium of Soil Fungi. The results show that Ca and Ca-Mg carbonates from the paint renderings are the predominant salt species affecting the site. Bacterial strains from the generaBacillusandPseudomonasand fungal strains from theCladosporiumspp. andPenicilliumspp. were isolated in the salt formations, within and between the mortar layers. Azurite, malachite, and smalt paint layers are the most affected by the weathering conditions.
Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance in a quantum anomalous Hall insulator
Authors: Kandala Abhinav , Richardella Anthony , Kempinger Susan , Liu Chao-Xing , Samarth Nitin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhen a three-dimensional ferromagnetic topological insulator thin film is magnetized out-of-plane, conduction ideally occurs through dissipationless, one-dimensional (1D) chiral states that are characterized by a quantized, zero-field Hall conductance. The recent realization of this phenomenon, the quantum anomalous Hall effect, provides a conceptually new platform for studies of 1D transport, distinct from the traditionally studied quantum Hall effects that arise from Landau level formation. An important question arises in this context: how do these 1D edge states evolve as the magnetization is changed from out-of-plane to in-plane? We examine this question by studying the field-tilt-driven crossover from predominantly edge-state transport to diffusive transport in Crx(Bi,Sb)2−xTe3 thin films. This crossover manifests itself in a giant, electrically tunable anisotropic magnetoresistance that we explain by employing a Landauer–Büttiker formalism. Our methodology provides a powerful means of quantifying dissipative effects in temperature and chemical potential regimes far from perfect quantization.
Genomic modulators of gene expression in human neutrophils
Authors: Naranbhai Vivek , Fairfax Benjamin P. , Makino Seiko , Humburg Peter , Wong Daniel , Ng Esther , Hill Adrian V. S. , Knight Julian C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNeutrophils form the most abundant leukocyte subset and are central to many disease processes. Technical challenges in transcriptomic profiling have prohibited genomic approaches to date. Here we map expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in peripheral blood CD16+ neutrophils from 101 healthy European adults. We identify cis-eQTL for 3281 neutrophil-expressed genes including many implicated in neutrophil function, with 450 of these not previously observed in myeloid or lymphoid cells. Paired comparison with monocyte eQTL demonstrates nuanced conditioning of genetic regulation of gene expression by cellular context, which relates to cell-type-specific DNA methylation and histone modifications. Neutrophil eQTL are markedly enriched for trait-associated variants particularly autoimmune, allergy and infectious disease. We further demonstrate how eQTL in PADI4 and NOD2 delineate risk variant function in rheumatoid arthritis, leprosy and Crohn’s disease. Taken together, these data help advance understanding of the genetics of gene expression, neutrophil biology and immune-related diseases.
Voxel-based morphometry predicts shifts in dendritic spine density and morphology with auditory fear conditioning
Authors: Keifer Jr O. P. , Hurt R. C. , Gutman D. A. , Keilholz S. D. , Gourley S. L. , Ressler K. J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNeuroimaging has provided compelling data about the brain. Yet the underlying mechanisms of many neuroimaging techniques have not been elucidated. Here we report a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study of Thy1-YFP mice following auditory fear conditioning complemented by confocal microscopy analysis of cortical thickness, neuronal morphometric features and nuclei size/density. Significant VBM results included the nuclei of the amygdala, the insula and the auditory cortex. There were no significant VBM changes in a control brain area. Focusing on the auditory cortex, confocal analysis showed that fear conditioning led to a significantly increased density of shorter and wider dendritic spines, while there were no spine differences in the control area. Of all the morphology metrics studied, the spine density was the only one to show significant correlation with the VBM signal. These data demonstrate that learning-induced structural changes detected by VBM may be partially explained by increases in dendritic spine density.
Two-dimensional magnetotransport in a black phosphorus naked quantum well
Authors: Tayari V. , Hemsworth N. , Fakih I. , Favron A. , Gaufrès E. , Gervais G. , Martel R. , Szkopek T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBlack phosphorus (bP) is the second known elemental allotrope with a layered crystal structure that can be mechanically exfoliated to atomic layer thickness. Unlike metallic graphite and semi-metallic graphene, bP is a semiconductor in both bulk and few-layer form. Here we fabricate bP-naked quantum wells in a back-gated field effect transistor geometry with bP thicknesses ranging from 6±1 nm to 47±1 nm. Using a polymer encapsulant, we suppress bP oxidation and observe field effect mobilities up to 900 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off current ratios exceeding 105. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations observed in magnetic fields up to 35 T reveal a 2D hole gas with Schrödinger fermion character in a surface accumulation layer. Our work demonstrates that 2D electronic structure and 2D atomic structure are independent. 2D carrier confinement can be achieved without approaching atomic layer thickness, advantageous for materials that become increasingly reactive in the few-layer limit such as bP.