bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incentives and Endogenous Risk Taking: A Structural View on Hedge Fund Alphas
Authors: BURASCHI ANDREA , KOSOWSKI ROBERT , SRITRAKUL WORRAWAT 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTHedge fund managers are subject to several nonlinear incentives: performance fee options (call); equity investors' redemption options (put); and prime broker contracts allowing for forced deleverage (put). The interaction of these option‐like incentives affects optimal leverage ex ante, depending on the distance of fund‐value from the high‐water mark. We study how these endogenous effects influence performance measures used in the literature. We show that reduced‐form measures that do not account for these features are subject to economically significant false discovery biases. The result is stronger for low‐quality funds. We propose an alternative structural methodology for conducting performance attribution in hedge funds.
Sizing Up Repo
Authors: KRISHNAMURTHY ARVIND , NAGEL STEFAN , ORLOV DMITRY 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTo understand which short‐term debt markets experienced “runs” during the financial crisis, we analyze a novel data set of repurchase agreements (repo), that is, loans between nonbank cash lenders and dealer banks collateralized with securities. Consistent with a run, repo volume backed by private asset‐backed securities falls to near zero in the crisis. However, the reduction is only $182 billion, which is small relative to the stock of private asset‐backed securities as well as the contraction in asset‐backed commercial paper. While the repo contraction is small in aggregate, it disproportionately affected a few dealer banks.
Psychological contract breach and employee innovation: A conservation of resources perspective
Authors: Kiazad Kohyar , Seibert Scott E. , Kraimer Maria L. 
Published: April 2014

Drawing on conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study examines conditions under which psychological contract breach relates to employees’ use of work‐role innovation as a means to acquire or conserve resources. Specifically, we used the organizational embeddedness dimensions of links, person–organization (P–O) fit, and sacrifices (Mitchell et al., , Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1102) to capture the kinds of resources that are likely to determine whether breach relates to more (resource acquisition) or less (resource conservation) innovation. We expected breach to relate to more innovation among employees with more links, better P–O fit, or fewer sacrifices. Using survey data from 90 university professionals and alumni in Australia, we found that links, P–O fit, and sacrifices moderated the breach–innovation relationship as hypothesized. Specifically, breach was related to more innovation after 6 months among employees with more links, better P–O fit, or fewer perceived sacrifices, as compared to those with fewer links, lower P–O fit, or greater perceived sacrifices. Implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.Practitioner points

To promote constructive employee responses to resource loss, organizations should find ways to increase employees’ instrumental social and psychological resources.

Employees’ social resources (links) can be increased through social events, mentoring programmes, or the use of role models during on‐the‐job socialization.

Building employees’ psychological resources (P–O fit) starts with recruitment and selection. Realistic information about the organization's values should be provided to job candidates, so they can make informed choices about their compatibility with this value system.

Binding employees to the organization with material and psychological job benefits (e.g., bonuses and interesting projects) might not encourage constructive employee responses to resource loss.
Comparison of muscle activity between two adult groups according to the number of Shaker exercise
Authors: Woo H.‐S. , Won S.‐Y. , Chang K.‐Y. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activity of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles according to the number of Shaker exercise. The 19 experimental subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to the two experimental groups. The 1st experimental group performed Shaker exercise once a day, and 2nd experimental group performed Shaker exercise three times a day for 6 weeks. Shaker exercise consists of isometric and isotonic contraction movement, enhancing the strength of suprahyoid muscle and increasing the opening of UES. After performing Shaker exercise for 6 weeks, the muscle activity of experimental groups was measured and analysed by surface electromyography. As a result, muscle activity of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles showed significant improvement in both groups (P < 0·05). Comparing muscle activity of both groups, there was no significant difference. This means the Shaker exercise shows similar exercise effects on suprahyoid muscle which is the primary target muscle irrespective of the number of Shaker exercise. The activity of the infrahyoid muscle, which takes a supportive role, also showed significant difference between the two groups. In the results of a follow‐up test after 4 weeks, muscle activity was higher than the initial status and the value of the EMG activity was statistically significant (P < 0·05). These results by EMG study may suggest that Shaker exercise performed once a day, like performing three times a day, has enough exercise effect and there is similar effect on the suprahyoid muscle between the 2 groups. In addition, the exercise effect lasts for 4 weeks after completing exercise.
The Development and Implementation of the Chicago Public Schools Emergency EpiPen® Policy
Authors: Zadikoff Emily H. , Whyte Stephanie A. , DeSantiago‐Cardenas Lilliana , Harvey‐Gintoft Blair , Gupta Ruchi S. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDFood allergy affects 1 in 13 children, or 2 children per classroom. Food allergies are the leading cause of anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction that can result in death. In fact, 25% of first‐time anaphylactic reactions among children occur in school. To address this, the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) Office of Student Health and Wellness amended the Administration of Medication Policy in 2012.METHODSThe CPS Administration of Medication Policy was reviewed and analyzed.RESULTSThe policy allows all CPS district schools to be stocked with EpiPens and authorizes school nurses to administer them to students that the nurse in good faith professionally believes is having a first‐time anaphylactic reaction. Although the policy has proven effective, CPS faces challenges during implementation. CPS school nurse coverage is low, and therefore, there are times when no nurse is onsite to administer EpiPen treatment to a student experiencing a first‐time reaction.CONCLUSIONSThis landmark policy provides quick and easy access to lifesaving treatment and protects nurses from liability in the event of an anaphylactic emergency. A challenge to this policy's utilization includes the lack of funding for daily nurse coverage in each school.
The Researchers Have Left the Building: What Contributes to Sustaining School‐Based Interventions Following the Conclusion of Formal Research Support?
Authors: Friend Sarah , Flattum Colleen F. , Simpson Danielle , Nederhoff Dawn M. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study examined the sustainability of New Moves, a school‐based program aimed at decreasing weight‐related problems in adolescent girls. The National Cancer Institute recognizes New Moves as a research‐tested intervention program that produced positive behavioral and psychosocial outcomes.METHODSTen schools participated in the sustainability study. Teachers completed a survey and interview, and research staff observed 1 physical education (PE) class within 2 years of the study's completion. Qualitative data were grouped by themes. Frequencies were calculated using quantitative data.RESULTSAll schools continued all‐girls PE classes using New Moves components following the study period. Fewer schools continued the nutrition and social support classroom modules and individual coaching sessions while no schools continued lunch get‐togethers. Program components were sustained in both New Moves intervention schools and control schools.CONCLUSIONSPrograms are most likely to be sustained if they (1) fit into the current school structure, (2) receive buy‐in by teachers, and (3) require minimal additional funds or staff time. Providing control schools with minimal training and intervention resources was sufficient to continue program components if staff perceived the program was important for students' health and compatible within the school's existing infrastructure.
State Farm‐to‐School Laws Influence the Availability of Fruits and Vegetables in School Lunches at US Public Elementary Schools
Authors: Nicholson Lisa , Turner Lindsey , Schneider Linda , Chriqui Jamie , Chaloupka Frank 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDState laws and farm‐to‐school programs (FTSPs) have the potential to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) availability in school meals. This study examined whether FV were more available in public elementary school lunches in states with a law requiring/encouraging FTSPs or with a locally grown‐related law, and whether the relationship between state laws and FV availability could be explained by schools opting for FTSPs.METHODSA pooled, cross‐sectional analysis linked a nationally representative sample of public elementary schools with state laws. A series of multivariate logistic regressions, controlling for school‐level demographics were performed according to mediation analysis procedures for dichotomous outcomes.RESULTSRoughly 50% of schools reported FV availability in school lunches on most days of the week. Schools with the highest FV availability (70.6%) were in states with laws and schools with FTSPs. State laws requiring/encouraging FTSPs were significantly associated with increased FV availability in schools and a significant percentage (13%) of this relationship was mediated by schools having FTSPs.CONCLUSIONSBecause state farm‐to‐school laws are associated with significantly higher FV availability in schools—through FTSPs, as well as independently—enacting more state legislation may facilitate increased FTSP participation by schools and increased FV availability in school meals.
Impact of Mississippi Healthy Students Act of 2007 on District‐ and School‐Level Health Policies: School Officials' Perspectives
Authors: Buffington Anne , McKee Colleen , Ragsdale Kathleen , Blanchard Troy C. , Baggett Dorris , Southward Linda H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAnnual evaluations of the Mississippi Healthy Students Act of 2007 (MHSA) were conducted during 2009‐2011 (years 1‐3) among 4 stakeholder groups: (1) parents of public school students, (2) adolescents, (3) state‐level policymakers (ie, legislators and other state officials), and (4) public school officials (ie, superintendents and school board members).METHODSWe examine results from the first state‐wide surveys conducted among purposive samples of superintendents (N = 314) and school board members (N = 689) on childhood obesity as it related to MHSA. These school officials were surveyed in years 1‐3 to determine their knowledge or attitudes toward MHSA and support of potential policies, such as reporting results of student body mass index (BMI) assessments to parents.RESULTSThrough the 3 years of the study, school officials were supportive of MHSA across a number of variables, although superintendents were consistently more supportive of current policies as compared with school board members.CONCLUSIONSResults underscore the current and potential role of school officials relative to the process of fully implementing MHSA within all public school districts in Mississippi. Implications and 3 cases that illustrate diverse ways that school districts have chosen to implement effective school‐based health initiatives are discussed.
Supplementing online surveys with a mailed option to reduce bias and improve response rate: the National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network
Authors: Funkhouser Ellen , Fellows Jeffrey L. , Gordan Valeria V. , Rindal D. Brad , Foy Patrick J. , Gilbert Gregg H. ,   National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network Collaborative Group
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveDentists in the National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network are offered online and mail options for most questionnaire studies. We sought to quantify differences a) in characteristics of dentists who completed a questionnaire online as compared with those who completed a mail option offered to online nonresponders and b) in prevalence estimates for certain practice characteristics.MethodsInvitation letters to participants provided an identification number and log‐in code with which to complete the online survey. Nonrespondents received a reminder letter after the fourth week, and after an additional 4‐week period, a final reminder was sent, along with a paper questionnaire version, allowing completion online or by paper.ResultsOf 632 US dentists who completed the survey, 84 (13 percent) used the paper version. Completion by paper was more common among males, older dentists, and those in general practice (P < 0.05). The proportions of dentists who used electronic dental records, who consistently used a rubber dam when performing root canals, and who either worked with or employed expanded‐function auxiliaries were lower among dentists who completed the survey using the paper‐mail version than among those who completed it online; these differences remained significant in models adjusted for gender, age, and practice type.ConclusionEven in an era of increasingly electronic communication by dentists, not including a paper option when conducting surveys can result in overestimation of the prevalence of key dental practice characteristics.
Melatonin reduces cardiac morbidity and markers of myocardial ischemia after elective abdominal aortic aneurism repair: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial
Authors: Gögenur Ismail , Kücükakin Bülent , Panduro Jensen Leif , Reiter Russel J. , Rosenberg Jacob 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim was to examine the effect of perioperative melatonin treatment on clinical cardiac morbidity and markers of myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing elective surgery for abdominal aortic aneurism. Reperfusion injury results in increased cardiac morbidity in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurisms (AAA). A randomized, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial including patients undergoing surgery for AAA was performed. The patients received by infusion over a 2‐hr period either, 50 mg melatonin or placebo intra‐operatively, and 10 mg melatonin or placebo orally, the first three nights after surgery. Postoperative cardiac morbidity was registered, and blood samples for analysis of troponin‐I (TpI) were collected preoperatively, and at 5 min, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after clamp removal/recirculation of the first leg. Continuous measurement of ST‐segment depression was performed by Holter monitoring. A total of 26 patients received melatonin, while 24 received placebo. A significant reduction in cardiac morbidity was seen in the melatonin‐treated patients compared with those given placebo [4% versus 29% (P = 0.02)]. Five patients (19%) who received melatonin had increased TpI levels in the postoperative period compared with 12 patients (50%) who were given placebo (P = 0.036). The median number of ST‐segment deviations was less in the melatonin‐treated patients compared with the placebo group [median 1 (range 0–4) versus 6 (range 0–13) (P = 0.01)], but no differences were found in the duration of ST‐segment deviations. Melatonin treatment in the perioperative period decreased clinical cardiac morbidity as well as the occurrence of myocardial ischemia after abdominal aortic aneurism repair.
Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib in preweaned calves after oral and intravenous administration
Authors: Stock M. L. , Gehring R. , Barth L. A. , Wulf L. W. , Coetzee J. F. 
Published: April 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral firocoxib in 10 healthy preweaned calves. Firocoxib (0.5 mg/kg) was initially administered i.v. to calves, and following a 14‐day washout period, animals received firocoxib orally prior to cautery dehorning. Firocoxib concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Changes in hematology and plasma chemistry were determined using automated methods. Computer software was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters best described with a two‐compartment model for i.v. administration and a one‐compartment model for p.o. administration. Following i.v. dosing, the geometric mean (range) T1/2K10and T1/2βwere 6.7 (4.6–9.7) and 37.2 (23.5–160.4) h, respectively, Vsswas 3.10 (2.10–7.22) L/kg, and CL was 121.7 (100.1–156.7) mL/h/kg. Following oral administration, geometric mean (range) Cmaxwas 127.9 (102.5–151.3) ng/mL, Tmaxwas 4.0 (2.6–5.6) h, and T1/2K10was 18.8 (14.2–25.5) h. Bioavailability of oral firocoxib was calculated using the AUC derived from both study populations to be 98.4% (83.1–117.6%). No adverse clinical effects were evident following firocoxib administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of i.v. and p.o. firocoxib indicates high bioavailability and a prolonged terminal half‐life in preweaned calves.
Discovery of a bifunctional cardiolipin/phosphatidylethanolamine synthase in bacteria
Authors: Moser Roman , Aktas Meriyem , Fritz Christiane , Narberhaus Franz 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPhosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) are major components of bacterial and eukaryotic membranes. In bacteria, synthesis of PE usually occurs via decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (PS) by PS decarboxylases (Psd). CL is produced by various CL synthases (Cls). Membranes of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris predominantly contain PE, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL. The X. campestris genome encodes one Psd and six putative CLs. Deletion of psd resulted in loss of PE and accumulation of PS. The mutant was severely affected in growth and cell size. PE synthesis, growth and cell division were partially restored when cells were supplied with ethanolamine (EA) suggesting a previously unknown PE synthase activity. Via mutagenesis, we identified a Cls enzyme (Xc_0186) responsible for EA‐dependent PE biosynthesis. Xanthomonas lacking xc_0186 not only lost its ability to utilize EA for PE synthesis but also produced less CL suggesting a bifunctional enzyme. Recombinant Xc_0186 in E. coli and in cell‐free extracts uses cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP‐DAG) and PG for CL synthesis. It is also able to use CDP‐DAG and EA for PE synthesis. Owing to its dual function in CL and PE production, we consider Xc_0186 the founding member of a new class of enzymes called CL/PE synthase (CL/PEs).
Global effects of the DEAD‐box RNA helicase DeaD (CsdA) on gene expression over a broad range of temperatures
Authors: Vakulskas Christopher A. , Pannuri Archana , Cortés‐Selva Diana , Zere Tesfalem R. , Ahmer Brian M. , Babitzke Paul , Romeo Tony 
Published: April 2014

SummaryIn Escherichia coli, activity of the global regulatory RNA binding protein CsrA is antagonized by two non‐coding sRNAs, CsrB and CsrC, which sequester it away from its lower affinity mRNA targets. Transcription of csrB/C requires the BarA‐UvrY two component signal transduction system, which responds to short chain carboxylates. We show that two DEAD‐box RNA helicases, DeaD and SrmB, activate csrB/C expression by different pathways. DeaD facilitates uvrY translation by counteracting the inhibitory effect of long distance base‐pairing between the uvrY mRNA leader and coding region, while SrmB does not affect UvrY or UvrY‐phosphate levels. Contrary to the prevailing notion that these helicases act primarily at low temperatures, DeaD and SrmB activated csrB expression over a wide temperature range. High‐throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross‐linking immunoprecipitation (HITS‐CLIP) revealed in vivo interactions of DeaD with 39 mRNAs, including those of uvrY and 9 other regulatory genes. Studies on the expression of several of the identified genes revealed regulatory effects of DeaD in all cases and diverse temperature response patterns. Our findings uncover an expanded regulatory role for DeaD, which is mediated through novel mRNA targets, important global regulators and under physiological conditions that were considered to be incompatible with its function.
Treatment of dermatophytosis by a new antifungal agent ‘apigenin’
Authors: Singh Geeta , Kumar Padma , Joshi Suresh Chandra 
Published: April 2014

SummaryDermatophytes are the most common causative agents of cutaneous mycosis and remain a major public health problem in spite of the availability of an increasing number of antifungal drugs. It was, therefore considered necessary to pursue the screening of different extracts (compounds) of selected traditional medicinal plants reportedly having antidermatophyte potential. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify specific compound from the most active extract (free flavonoid) of stem of Terminalia chebula of the selected plants to treat dermatophytosis induced on experimental mice. Mice which were experimentally induced with Trichophyton mentagrophytes were grouped in six of five animals each. To treat the lesions on infected mice, two concentrations of isolated apigenin ointment, i.e. 2.5 mg g−1 (Api I) and 5 mg g−1 (Api II), and terbinafine (standard) of concentration 5 mg g−1 were used. Complete recovery from the infection was recorded on 12th day of treatment for reference drug Terbinafine and Api II (5 mg g−1) concentration of ointment, whereas Api I (2.5 mg g−1) ointment showed complete cure on 16th day of treatment. Fungal burden was also calculated by culturing skin scraping from infected mice's of different groups. Apigenin has shown potency as the infected animals recover completely by Api II comparable to the standard drug in 12th day. So Apigenin can be explored as an antifungal agent in the clinical treatment of dermatophytosis in future.
A Partially Heterogeneous Framework for Analyzing Panel Data
Authors: Sarafidis Vasilis , Weber Neville 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article proposes a partially heterogeneous framework for the analysis of panel data with fixedT. In particular, the population of cross‐sectional units is grouped into clusters, such that slope parameter homogeneity is maintained only within clusters. Our method assumes noa prioriinformation about the number of clusters and cluster membership and relies on the data instead. The unknown number of clusters and the corresponding partition are determined based on the concept of ‘partitional clustering’, using an information‐based criterion. It is shown that this is strongly consistent, that is, it selects the true number of clusters with probability one asN→∞. Simulation experiments show that the proposed criterion performs well even with moderateNand the resulting parameter estimates are close to the true values. We apply the method in a panel data set of commercial banks in the US and we find five clusters, with significant differences in the slope parameters across clusters.