bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
G20 Endorsement in Post Crisis Global Governance: More Than a Toothless Talking Shop?
Authors: Eccleston Richard , Kellow Aynsley , Carroll Peter 
Published: December 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract This article Highlights how G20 ‘endorsement’ promotes and enhances the legitimacy of specialist technical agencies and organisations Provides a case study highlighting the impact of G20 endorsement on the OECD's international tax transparency agenda Develops a mid-level theory of G20 endorsement in order to analyse this emerging form of authority in global governance The G20 Leaders' Forum has been touted as ‘The world's premier forum for promoting global cooperation’, yet beyond this rhetoric the track record of the G20 is varied leading critics to claim sit is little more than a ‘toothless talkshop’. We argue that such sweeping generalisations are difficult to sustain in the light of evidence from some issue arenas in which the G20 has been active. This article draws on the extant literature on the ‘Gs'and network governance in an attempt to theorise and explain the G20's endorsement function, or its capacity to promote and legitimise the work of specialised organisations and networks. We build on the extant literature using a semi-inductive method focusing on the G20's endorsement of the OECD's international tax transparency agenda to develop a mid-level framework for analysing this important source of authority in global governance.
Demand for maize hybrids and hybrid change on smallholder farms in Kenya
Authors: Smale Melinda , Olwande John 
Published: December 2013

AbstractKenya is a globally recognized maize “success story.” As the overall percentage of maize farmers growing hybrids tops 80% and the seed industry matures, the slow pace of hybrid replacement on farms, and the continued dominance of the seed industry by Kenya Seed Company, may dampen productivity. Our econometric analysis identifies the factors that explain farmer demand for hybrid seed, and the age of hybrids they grow, considering hybrid seed ownership. Male‐headed households with more education, more assets, and more land plant more hybrid seed. Scale of seed demand per farm is differentiated by agroecology. We find a strong farmer response to the seed‐to‐grain price ratio, which we interpret as evidence of a commercial orientation even on household farms. However, despite the dramatic increase in the number of hybrids sold and the breadth of seed suppliers as seed markets liberalize, an older hybrid still dominates national demand.
Repair of Segmental Long Bone Defect in a Rabbit Radius Nonunion Model: Comparison of Cylindrical Porous Titanium and Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wang Guang‐lin , Zhang Hong‐fang , Hu Xu‐dong , Shi Xiao‐yuan , Li Sen , Lin Wei 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA segmental long bone defect in a rabbit radius nonunion model was repaired using cylindrical porous titanium (Ti) and hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. Each scaffold was produced using the same method, namely, a slurry foaming method. Repairing ability was characterized using x‐radiographic score 12 and 24 weeks postprocedure; failure load of the radius–ulna construct, under three‐point bending, 12 weeks postprocedure; and the percentage of newly formed bone within the implant, 12 and 24 weeks after postprocedure. For each of these parameters, the difference in the results when porous Ti scaffold was used compared with when HA scaffolds were used was not significant; both porous scaffolds showed excellent repairing ability. Because the trabecular bone is a porous tissue, the interconnected porous scaffolds have the advantages of natural bone, and vasculature can grow into the porous structure to accelerate the osteoconduction and osteointegration between the implant and bone. The porous Ti scaffold not only enhanced the bone repair process, similar to porous HA scaffolds, but also has superior biomechanical properties. The present results suggest that porous Ti scaffolds may have promise for use in the clinical setting.
Slc26a3 deficiency is associated with loss of colonic HCO3− secretion, absence of a firm mucus layer and barrier impairment in mice
Authors: Xiao F. , Yu Q. , Li J. , Johansson M. E. V. , Singh A. K. , Xia W. , Riederer B. , Engelhardt R. , Montrose M. , Soleimani M. , Tian D. A , Xu G. , Hansson G. C. , Seidler U. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimDownregulated in adenoma (DRA, Slc26a3) is a member of the solute carrier family 26 (SLC26), family of anion transporters, which is mutated in familial chloride‐losing diarrhoea (CLD). Besides Cl−‐rich diarrhoea, CLD patients also have a higher‐than‐average incidence of intestinal inflammation. In a search for potential explanations for this clinical finding, we investigated colonic electrolyte transport, the mucus layer and susceptibility against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)‐induced colitis in Slc26a3−/− mice.MethodsHCO3− secretory (JHCO3−) and fluid absorptive rates were measured by single‐pass perfusion in vivo and in isolated mid‐distal colonic mucosa in Ussing chambers in vitro. Colonocyte intracellular pH (pHi) was assessed fluorometrically, the mucus layer by immunohistochemistry and colitis susceptibility by the addition of DSS to the drinking water.ResultsHCO3− secretory (JHCO3‐) and fluid absorptive rates were strongly reduced in Slc26a3−/− mice compared to wild‐type (WT) littermates. Despite an increase in sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) mRNA and protein expression, and intact acid‐activation of NHE3, the high colonocyte pH in Slc26a3−/− mice prevented Na+/H+ exchange‐mediated fluid absorption in vivo. Mucin 2 (MUC2) immunohistochemistry revealed the absence of a firm mucus layer, implying that alkaline secretion and/or an absorptive flux may be necessary for optimal mucus gel formation. Slc26a3−/− mice were highly susceptible to DSS damage.ConclusionsDeletion of DRA results in severely reduced colonic HCO3− secretory rate, a loss of colonic fluid absorption, a lack of a firmly adherent mucus layer and a severely reduced colonic mucosal resistance to DSS damage. These data provide potential pathophysiological explanations for the increased susceptibility of CLD patients to intestinal inflammation.
Prospective longitudinal course of aggression among adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Ballester Javier , Goldstein Benjamin , Goldstein Tina R , Yu Haifeng , Axelson David , Monk Kelly , Hickey Mary Beth , Diler Rasim S , Sakolsky Dara J , Sparks Garrett , Iyengar Satish , Kupfer David J , Brent David A , Birmaher Boris 
Published: December 2013

ObjectivesBipolar disorder (BP) has been associated with increased aggressive behaviors. However, all existing studies are cross‐sectional and include forensic or inpatient populations and many do not take into account the effects of comorbid conditions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal course of aggression among adult outpatients with BP compared with non‐BP patients and healthy controls.MethodsSubjects with bipolar I disorder (BP‐I)/bipolar II disorder (BP‐II) (n = 255), those with non‐BP psychopathology (n = 85), and healthy controls (n = 84) (average 38.9 years, 78.7% female, and 84.9% Caucasian) were evaluated at intake and after two and four years of follow‐up. Aggression was self‐rated using the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Comparisons were adjusted for any significant demographic and clinical differences and for multiple comparisons. For subjects with BP, associations of AQ with subtype of BP, current versus past mood episodes, polarity and severity of the current episode, psychosis, and current pharmacological treatment were evaluated.ResultsIn comparison with subjects with non‐BP psychiatric disorders and healthy controls, subjects with BP showed persistently higher total and subscale AQ scores (raw and T‐scores) during the four‐year follow‐up. There were no effects of BP subtype, severity or polarity of the current episode, psychosis, and current pharmacological treatments. Subjects in an acute mood episode showed significantly higher AQ scores than euthymic subjects.ConclusionsBP, particularly during acute episodes, is associated with increased self‐reported verbal and physical aggression, anger, and hostility. These results provide further evidence of the need for treatments to prevent mood recurrences and prompt treatment of acute mood episodes in subjects with BP.
Prevalence of Achromobacter xylosoxidans in pulmonary mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in different regions of Europe
Authors: Adam Patrick , Czapiewski Piotr , Colak Seba , Kosmidis Perikles , Tousseyn Thomas , Sagaert Xavier , Boudova Ludmila , Okoń Krzysztof , Morresi‐Hauf Alicia , Agostinelli Claudio , Pileri Stefano , Pruneri Giancarlo , Martinelli Giovanni , Du Ming‐Qing , Fend Falko 
Published: December 2013

SummaryExtranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) comprises 7–8% of B‐cell lymphomas and commonly originates from a background of long‐standing chronic inflammation. An association with distinct bacteria species has been confirmed for several anatomical sites of MALT lymphoma. For pulmonary MALT lymphoma, however, a clear link with an infectious agent or autoimmune disorder has not yet been reported. Using a 16S rRNA gene–based approach, we have recently identified Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans in eight of nine cases of pulmonary MALT lymphoma. A. xylosoxidans is a gram‐negative betaproteobacterium with low virulence, but high resistance to antibiotic treatment. To further examine a potential association with A. xylosoxidans, 124 cases of pulmonary MALT lymphoma and 82 control tissues from six European countries were analysed using a specific nested PCR. Although prevalence rates for A. xylosoxidans varied significantly from country to country, they were consistently higher for MALT lymphoma as compared to controls. Overall, 57/124 (46%) pulmonary MALT lymphomas and 15/82 (18%) control tissues were positive for A. xylosoxidans (P = 0·004). Whether the significant association of A. xylosoxidans with pulmonary MALT lymphoma demonstrated in our study points to a potential causal role in the pathogenesis of this lymphoma will require further studies.
Stress‐Induced Upregulation of SLC19A3 is Impaired in Biotin‐Thiamine‐Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease
Authors: Schänzer Anne , Döring Barbara , Ondrouschek Michelle , Goos Sarah , Garvalov Boyan K. , Geyer Joachim , Acker Till , Neubauer Bernd , Hahn Andreas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBiotin‐thiamine‐responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a potentially treatable disorder caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 gene, encoding the human thiamine transporter 2. Manifestation of BTBGD as acute encephalopathy triggered by a febrile infection has been frequently reported, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We investigated a family with two brothers being compound heterozygous for the SLC19A3 mutations p.W94R and p.Q393*fs. Post‐mortem analysis of the brain of one brother showed a mixture of acute, subacute and chronic changes with cystic and necrotic lesions and hemorrhage in the putamen, and hemorrhagic lesions in the caudate nucleus and cortical layers. SLC19A3 expression was substantially reduced in the cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum compared with an age‐matched control. Importantly, exposure of fibroblasts to stress factors such as acidosis or hypoxia markedly upregulated SLC19A3 in control cells, but failed to elevate SLC19A3 expression in the patient's fibroblasts. These results demonstrate ubiquitously reduced thiamine transporter function in the cerebral gray matter, and neuropathological alterations similar to Wernicke's disease in BTBGD. They also suggest that episodes of encephalopathy are caused by a substantially reduced capacity of mutant neuronal cells to increase SLC19A3 expression, necessary to adapt to stress conditions.
Metformin modulates hyperglycaemia‐induced endothelial senescence and apoptosis through SIRT1
Authors: Arunachalam Gnanapragasam , Samuel Samson Mathews , Marei Isra , Ding Hong , Triggle Chris R 
Published: December 2013

Background and PurposeEndothelial dysfunction can be detected at an early stage in the development of diabetes‐related microvascular disease and is associated with accelerated endothelial senescence and ageing. Hyperglycaemia‐induced oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Clinical data indicate that the hypoglycaemic agent, metformin, has an endothelial protective action; however, its molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we have investigated the protective effect of metformin during hyperglycaemia‐induced senescence in mouse microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs).Experimental ApproachMMECs were cultured in normal glucose (11 mM) and high glucose (HG; 40 mM) in the presence and absence of metformin (50 μM) for 72 h. The expression of sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) and senescence/apoptosis‐associated markers was determined by immunoblotting and immunocyto techniques. SIRT1 expression was inhibited with appropriate siRNA.Key ResultsExposure of MMECs to HG significantly reduced SIRT1 protein expression, increased forkhead box O1 (FoxO‐1) and p53 acetylation, increased p21 and decreased Bcl2 expression. In addition, senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase activity in MMECs was increased in HG. Treatment with metformin attenuated the HG‐induced reduction of SIRT1 expression, modulated the SIRT1 downstream targets FoxO‐1 and p53/p21, and protected endothelial cells from HG‐induced premature senescence. However, following gene knockdown of SIRT1 the effects of metformin were lost.Conclusions and ImplicationsHG‐induced down‐regulation of SIRT1 played a crucial role in diabetes‐induced endothelial senescence. Furthermore, the protective effect of metformin against HG‐induced endothelial dysfunction was partly due to its effects on SIRT1 expression and/or activity.
Glucoamylase is a major allergen of Schizophyllum commune
Authors: Toyotome T. , Satoh M. , Yahiro M. , Watanabe A. , Nomura F. , Kamei K. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackgroundSchizophyllum commune is one of the causative agents of basidiomycosis including disorders such as allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, allergic fungal sinusitis, and mucoid impaction of bronchi, the incidence of those of which has been increasing. These mycoses are difficult to diagnose because only a limited number of diagnostic tools are currently available. The biggest problem is that no specific antigens of S. commune have been identified to enable serodiagnosis of the disease.ObjectiveIn this study, we attempted to identify a major antigen of S. commune to establish a reliable serodiagnostic method.MethodsWe used mass spectrometry to identify an antigen that reacted with the serum of a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis caused by S. commune. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, highly purified, and the patient sera IgG and IgE titres against the protein were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe protein identified as a major antigen of S. commune was named Sch c 1; it was a homolog of glucoamylase. The IgG and IgE titres against Sch c 1 in patient sera were significantly higher than those in healthy volunteer sera (P < 0.01).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceSch c 1 is recognized by the host immune system of patients as an antigen/allergen. The purified glucoamylase Sch c 1 is a promising candidate antigen for the serodiagnosis of S. commune‐induced mycosis.
Sexual Differences in Parental Investment in Response to Parent‐Absent Calls
Authors: Jimeno Blanca , Muriel Jaime , Pérez‐Rodríguez Lorenzo , Gil Diego 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBegging in birds is a complex behaviour used by nestlings to solicit feeds from caregivers. Besides calling when parents are present, nestlings of some species also perform less conspicuous repeat calls when parents are absent. The fact that these calls are produced when parents are not at the nest does not mean that parents cannot hear them when they approach the nest or forage in its vicinity. In this study, we experimentally investigated the relationship between parent‐absent repeat calls (ARC) and frequency of parental visits, considering parent/offspring communication as a possible implication of these acoustic signals. A playback experiment was conducted to detect changes in parental investment in response to increases in parent‐ARC, expecting a differential sexual response. Results showed that females clearly responded to repeat calls, increasing their visit rate significantly with respect to females that received the control treatment. Males, on the contrary, did not change their visit rate in response to the treatment. This result provides evidence for a role of parent/offspring communication in parent‐absent repeat calling, an additional function to sibling negotiation processes. The sex‐specific response that we found is in agreement with previous studies that have found that females are more responsive than males to variation in solicitation and hunger signals performed by nestlings.
Prediction of Helicobacter pylori Status by Conventional Endoscopy, Narrow‐Band Imaging Magnifying Endoscopy in Stomach after Endoscopic Resection of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yagi, Kazuyoshi , Saka, Akiko , Nozawa Yujiro , Nakamura Atsuo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo reduce the incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy has been endorsed. It is not unusual for such patients to be H. pylori negative after eradication or for other reasons. If it were possible to predict H. pylori status using endoscopy alone, it would be very useful in clinical practice. To clarify the accuracy of endoscopic judgment of H. pylori status, we evaluated it in the stomach after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of gastric cancer.Materials and MethodsFifty‐six patients treated by ESD were enrolled. The diagnostic criteria for H. pylori status by conventional endoscopy and narrow‐band imaging (NBI)‐magnifying endoscopy were decided, and H. pylori status was judged by two endoscopists. Based on the H. pylori stool antigen test as a diagnostic gold standard, conventional endoscopy and NBI‐magnifying endoscopy were compared for their sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Interobserver agreement was assessed in terms of κ value.ResultsInterobserver agreement was moderate (0.56) for conventional endoscopy and substantial (0.77) for NBI‐magnifying endoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 0.79, 0.52, 0.70, and 0.63 for conventional endoscopy and 0.91, 0.83, 0.88, and 0.86 for NBI‐magnifying endoscopy, respectively.ConclusionsPrediction of H. pylori status using NBI‐magnifying endoscopy is practical, and interobserver agreement is substantial.
Changes to Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Bone Strength after Stroke: A Prospective Study
Authors: Borschmann Karen , Pang Marco Y. C. , Iuliano Sandra , Churilov Leonid , Brodtmann Amy , Ekinci Elif I. , Bernhardt Julie 
Published: December 2013

Rationale and aim Stroke survivors experience accelerated bone loss and increased fracture risk, particularly in paretic weight bearing limbs. Understanding how these changes unfold and their relationship to stroke severity and physical activity could help in the development of targeted interventions to prevent or reduce the severity of these outcomes. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the time course and magnitude of changes in volumetric bone mineral density within the first year after stroke, and to examine relationships with physical activity and motor recovery. Design This is a prospective, observational study of 43 nondiabetic, nonambulant adults with first ever hemispheric stroke. Primary outcome The primary outcome was the difference in six-month change of total volumetric bone mineral density between paretic and nonparetic distal tibiae, measured at 7% of bone length site using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Secondary outcomes The secondary outcomes are cortical and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density, cortical thickness, and total and cross-sectional areas of distal tibiae and radii of paretic and nonparetic limbs. Also included are total body and regional bone mineral density derived using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, physical activity measured using accelerometry, and motor recovery (Chedoke McMaster Stroke Assessment). Discussion Measuring the timing and magnitude of changes to volumetric bone mineral density and bone structure from immediately after stroke, and relationships between these changes with physical activity and motor recovery will provide the basis for targeted interventions to reduce fracture risk in stroke survivors.
Book Review
Authors: Glynne Jon 
Published: December 2013

Steel Engraved Book Illustrations in England by Basil Hunnisett, London: Scolar Press, 1980, 263 pp., 66 ills. £17.50.Prints and Printmaking. An Introduction to the History and Techniques by Antony Griffiths, London: British Museum Publications, 1980, 152 pp., 121 ills., 12 colour pls. £5.95.
LOOK AT LIFE
Authors: McWilliam Neil 
Published: December 2013

Hier pour Demain: Arts, Traditions et Patrimoine (Paris: Grand Palais), Paris: Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1980, 248 pp., 150 ills, 12 colour pls, c. £5The Peasant in French Nineteenth‐century Art (Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery), Dublin, 1980, 192 pp., 25 ills, 100 small figs, £3.50Peintres de la Bretagne: Découverte d'une Province by Denise Delouche, Paris: Klincksieck, and Rennes: Université de la Haute Bretagne, 1978, 402 pp., 120 ills, c. £20The Realist Tradition: French Painting and Drawing 1830–1900 (The Cleveland Museum of Art and Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) by Gabriel Weisberg, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1981, 346 pp., 280 ills, 25 colour pls, £25
Reviews
Authors: Baxandall Michael , Freedberg David , Vaughan William 
Published: December 2013

Albrecht Altdorfer: Four Centuries of Criticism by Reinhild Janzen, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 188 pp., 14 ills, £18.50The Oil Sketches of Peter Paul Rubens A Critical Catalogue by Julius Held, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, 2 vols, 713 pp., 575 ills, 24 colour pls, £68.10The Rape of the Lock and its Illustrations 1714–1896 by Robert Halsband, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980, 160 pp., 68 ills, 6 colour pls, £11.50
UNDERSTANDING GOETHE
Authors: Gombrich E.H. 
Published: December 2013

Goethe on Art selected, edited and translated by John Gage, London: Scolar Press, 1980, 251 pp., 31 ills, £4.95 paperThe Younger Goethe and the Visual Arts (Anglica Germanica Series 2) by W.D. Robson‐Scott, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, 175 pp., 8 ills, £19.50
FRENCH PAINTERS ABROAD
Authors: Conisbee Philip 
Published: December 2013

Recherches sur le Séjour des Peintres Français à Rome au XVIIe Siècle by Jacques Bousquet, Montpellier: ALPHA, 1980, 248 pp., 45 ills, c. £32Nicolas Bertin, 1668–1736 by Thierry Lefrançois, Paris: Arthena, 1981, 250 pp., 180 ills, c. £25Miguel Angel Houasse (Madrid, Museo Municipal) by Juan J. Luna, Madrid: Delegación de Cultura del Ayunamiento de Madrid, 1981, 250 pp., 209 ills, 24 colour pls
NEW HORIZONS IN CHINESE ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: Rawson Jessica 
Published: December 2013

The Great Bronze Age of China, an exhibition from the People's Republic of China edited by Wen Fong, New York and London: Thames & Hudson, 1980, 401 pp., 142 ills, 120 colour pls, £20Out of China's Earth, Archaeological Discoveries in the People's Republic of China, by Qian Hao, Chen Heyi and Ru Suichu, London: Frederick Muller and Beijing: China Pictorial, 1981, 206 pp., 286 ills, mainly in colour, £25The First Emperor of China, by Arthur Cotterell, London: Macmillan 1981, 208 pp., 73 ills, 17 colour pls, £9.95Han Civilisation, by Wang Zhongshu, translated by K.C. Chang and others, London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982, 261 pp., 320 ills, £24.50Art of Dynastic China, by William Watson, London: Thames & Hudson, 1981, 633 pp., 831 ills, 160 colour pls, £60