bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Losers, Winners, and Their Crimes in the Context of the Themes of Józef Mackiewicz’s Selected Works
Authors: Bałżewska Katarzyna 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The article gives an overview of Józef Mackiewicz’s outlook on the ambivalent status quo of World War II "winners" and "losers." The author of The Triumph of Provocation suggests that the only real winner in 1945 turned out to be communist ideology because after the war there were disproportions in perceptions of Nazi and communist war crimes. Mackiewicz, who was "a witness" to both German and Soviet murders (at Ponary and Katyń), also referred in his works to little known war facts about which it was "better not to talk aloud" and crimes and abuses of the Allies.
A Talk with Halik Kochański
Authors: Grondelski John M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Dr. Halik Kochański, the author of a new, comprehensive history of World War II Poland, The Eagle Unbowed, holds a doctorate in war studies from King’s College, London. Born in Britain of Polish parents who met in London in 1946 (her father was deported with his family to Kazakhstan before joining the Anders Army, her mother left Poland in 1944, eventually reaching the United Kingdom via Italy), Dr. Kochański also holds a master’s degree from Oxford University. She taught briefly at University College London and King’s College, London. Her first book was Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero, about an Anglo-Irish officer who served in military expeditions throughout the British Empire. She also contributed chapters to several books, the latest being a chapter on Poland in Women in War: From Home Front to Front Line. She is currently exploring various ideas for another book on some aspect of World War II.
Análisis de la red de noticias científicas y técnicas del siglo XIX recuperadas del Boletín Oficial de la provincia de Badajoz (España)
Authors: Fernández Falero M. Rosario , Sánchez Gil Libertad , Peral Pacheco Diego 
Published: April 2014

En este trabajo se recuperan y clasifican noticias científicas y técnicas del Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Badajoz (España), correspondientes a un determinado periodo del siglo XIX, con la Nomenclatura internacional de la UNESCO para la ciencia y la tecnología, para su posterior automatización. Una vez clasificadas y contabilizadas las noticias, se tabulan los resultados y la representación matricial resultante se estudia mediante el análisis de redes, mostrando las tendencias de la ciencia y la tecnología en esta época, así como las relaciones entre las distintas áreas.En conclusión, podemos determinar que el análisis de la red de relaciones de las noticias científicas y técnicas es un método válido, dentro de las Ciencias Sociales, para el estudio de la información recuperada a través de las diferentes investigaciones historiográficas.[1] Sistema de clasificación del conocimiento ampliamente, creado y desarrollado por la UNESCO, usado en la ordenación de proyectos de investigación y de las tesis doctorales.
Behavioural assessment of dental pain in captive Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus)
Authors: Fleming M , Burn CC 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCaptive bears are prone to developing dental pathology for reasons including longevity in captivity, inappropriate diet, trauma, and stereotypical bar biting. If not detected, this can cause pain and suffering, with negative welfare consequences. As animals cannot verbally express feelings, objective methods are required to detect pain. Some methods of pain assessment can be invasive and impractical but behavioural observations offer a non-invasive alternative. Behavioural assessment for the detection of pain has been described in some domestic species but little published research has applied this to wild animal species. Eight Malayan sun bears(Helarctos malayanus)required dental extractions under anaesthesia. Their behaviour was observed, alongside a control cohort with no visible disease, pre-operatively and at one, two and four weeks post-operatively, when it was assumed the pain had resolved from the original pathology and surgery performed. Behavioural indices measured included general activity, social behaviours, stereotypies, eating-related behaviours and oro-facial behaviours hypothesised to be affected by dental pain. Bears that had received treatment took significantly longer to eat hard sugarcane pre-operatively compared to four weeks post-operatively, and took longer to eat soft porridge one week post-operatively compared to four weeks post-operatively. Untreated bears tended to be more active outdoors one week postoperatively compared to the treatment cohort. Results suggest that using hard foods and assessing the duration of eating behaviours could be useful to indicate dental pain in sun bears. General behavioural assessment of dental pain in sun bears is unlikely to be effective as a single diagnostic tool, but may be combined with other methods of assessment, and further research into this area is warranted.
Are severely depressed suckling pigs resistant to gas euthanasia?
Authors: Sadler LJ , Karriker LA , Schwartz KJ , Johnson AK , Widowski TM , Wang C , Sutherland MA , Millman ST 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeverely depressed pigs exhibit differences in a number of important parameters that may affect gas euthanasia, including decreased respiration rate and tidal volume. Hence, the objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy and animal welfare implications of gas euthanasia of suckling pigs with varied disease severity (severely depressed [DP] vs other [OT]). A 2 × 2 factorial design was utilised with two gas types (carbon dioxide [CO2]; argon [Ar]) and two flow rates (G = gradual, 35% box volume exchange per min [BVE min−1]; P = prefill + 20% BVE min−1). Sixty-two pigs were enrolled and tested as DP/OT pairs in each gas treatment combination. Pigs identified for euthanasia were assigned a subjective depression score (0 = normal to 3 = severely depressed). Pigs scored 3 and ≤ 1 were categorised as DP and OT, respectively. Significantly lower respiration, rectal temperature, pulse and weight were observed for the DP pigs relative to OT. Pigs were assessed for behavioural indicators of efficacy and welfare. No differences were observed between DP and OT when using P-CO2or G-CO2. However in P-Ar, DP had greater latency to loss of consciousness relative to OT (212 [± 22] vs 77 [± 22] s), decreased latency to last limb movement (511 [± 72] vs 816 [± 72] s), greater duration of open-mouth breathing (151 [± 21] vs 69 [± 21] s), decreased duration ataxia (101 [± 42] vs 188 [± 42] s) and decreased righting response (27 [± 11] vs 63 [± 11] s). The G-Ar treatment was removed due to ethical concerns associated with prolonged induction. In conclusion, depression score did not affect pig responses to euthanasia with CO2gas, but did affect responses to Ar. Furthermore, Ar was associated with a prolonged euthanasia process, including frequencies and durations of distress behaviours.
Estimating the economic value of Australian stock herding dogs
Authors: Arnott ER , Early JB , Wade CM , McGreevy PD 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study aimed to estimate the value of the typical Australian herding dog in terms of predicted return on investment. This required an assessment of the costs associated with owning herding dogs and estimation of the work they typically perform. Data on a total of 4,027 dogs were acquired through The Farm Dog Survey which gathered information from 812 herding dog owners around Australia. The median cost involved in owning a herding dog was estimated to be a total of AU$7,763 over the period of its working life. The work performed by the dog throughout this time was estimated to have a median value of AU$40,000. So, herding dogs typically provided their owners with a 5.2-fold return on investment. When respondents were asked to nominate the maximal, one-off, veterinary expenditure they would consider to remedy an illness or injury for an especially valued dog, the median response was AU$1,001-2,000 which is not concordant with the dogs’ calculated median lifetime value. The current findings equip working dog owners with useful information to make financially appropriate expenditure decisions related to their working dogs. This is expected to increase farm profitability and improve welfare for farm dogs.
Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using nociceptive threshold tests
Authors: Pairis-Garcia MD , Johnson AK , Stalder KJ , Karriker LA , Coetzee JF , Millman ST 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLameness in breeding swine can cause severe pain leading to on-farm welfare issues and significant economic impacts. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including meloxicam and flunixin meglumine are commonly used in veterinary medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Pressure algometry and thermal sensitivity tests are non-invasive methods to quantify pain sensitivity using nociceptive thresholds to provoke withdrawal responses on lame and sound legs. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of these drugs on nociceptive thresholds in sows induced lame using pressure algometry and thermal sensitivity tests. Lameness was induced in 24 mature, mixed-parity sows using a chemical synovitis model and three treatments were compared: meloxicam (1.0 mg kg−1PO), flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg kg−1IM) and sterile saline (IM). Pressure algometry was measured on sound and lame rear legs with three replicates at three landmarks. Thermal sensitivity tests were done on sound and lame rear legs with three replicates using a thermal stimulus at one landmark. From 37 to 72 h after lameness induction, meloxicam- and flunixin meglumine-treated sows tolerated higher pressure algometer nociceptive thresholds compared to saline-treated sows. Changes in thermal nociceptive thresholds were evident at the Tmaxtime-points for meloxicam administration and 72 and 168 h post lameness induction for flunixin meglumine-treated sows. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam administration mitigated pain sensitivity in lame sows post lameness induction when pain sensitivity was evaluated with pressure algometry. These analgesic drugs may be a key tool to manage pain associated with lameness.
Linking variability in soil solution dissolved organic carbon to climate, soil type, and vegetation type
Authors: Camino‐Serrano Marta , Gielen Bert , Luyssaert Sebastiaan , Ciais Philippe , Vicca Sara , Guenet Bertrand , Vos Bruno De , Cools Nathalie , Ahrens Bernhard , Altaf Arain M. , Borken Werner , Clarke Nicholas , Clarkson Beverley , Cummins Thomas , Don Axel , Pannatier Elisabeth Graf , Laudon Hjalmar , Moore Tim , Nieminen Tiina M. , Nilsson Mats B. , Peichl Matthias , Schwendenmann Luitgard , Siemens Jan , Janssens Ivan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLateral transport of carbon plays an important role in linking the carbon cycles of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. There is, however, a lack of information on the factors controlling one of the main C sources of this lateral flux, i.e., the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution across large spatial scales and under different soil, vegetation, and climate conditions. We compiled a database on DOC in soil solution down to 80 cm and analyzed it with the aim, first, to quantify the differences in DOC concentrations among terrestrial ecosystems, climate zones, soil, and vegetation types at global scale and second, to identify potential determinants of the site‐to‐site variability of DOC concentration in soil solution across European broadleaved and coniferous forests. We found that DOC concentrations were 75% lower in mineral than in organic soil, and temperate sites showed higher DOC concentrations than boreal and tropical sites. The majority of the variation (R2 = 0.67–0.99) in DOC concentrations in mineral European forest soils correlates with NH4+, C/N, Al, and Fe as the most important predictors. Overall, our results show that the magnitude (23% lower in broadleaved than in coniferous forests) and the controlling factors of DOC in soil solution differ between forest types, with site productivity being more important in broadleaved forests and water balance in coniferous stands.
Summit low‐angle faults in the Central Apennines of Italy: Younger‐on‐older thrusts or rotated normal faults? Constraints for defining the tectonic style of thrust belts
Authors: Pace Paolo , Domenica Alessandra Di , Calamita Fernando 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLow‐angle faults that juxtapose younger rocks over older ones are widely documented in fold‐thrust belts, and reconstruction of tectonic style is strictly dependent on their interpretation. Various modes exist for generating hinterland‐dipping low‐angle faults with younger‐on‐older relationships. Indeed, in the Central Apennines of Italy, the hinterland‐dipping younger‐on‐older low‐angle faults, which rest on the summits of the major anticlines (i.e., summit low‐angle faults), have been interpreted variously as younger‐on‐older thrusts within out‐of‐sequence thrust systems, postorogenic normal faults, gravity‐driven slides, or as rotated prethrusting normal faults. In this study, we provide a new and robust structural‐geological data set, corroborated with stratigraphic timing constraints and balanced geological cross sections, bringing an essential contribution to the interpretation of the hinterland‐dipping younger‐on‐older low‐angle faults as preexisting normal faults rotated within the shortcut anticlines during the Neogene thrust‐related fold emplacement. A detailed geological and structural characterization carried out on four remarkable examples from the Central Apennines allowed reconstructing an inversion tectonics model. The lack or reverse reactivation of the rotated prethrusting normal faults here analyzed is consistent with fault bend and fault propagation folding models associated with break forward in‐sequence thrust propagation implying more conservative estimates of shortening for the Central Apennines thrust system, compared to the previous out‐of‐sequence models. Taking into account the various possible causes for the development of hinterland‐dipping younger‐on‐older low‐angle faults, the structural‐geological characterization presented in this study and the results achieved could be critically applied when examining similar structures in other thrust belts.
A novel framework for quantifying past methane recycling by Sphagnum‐methanotroph symbiosis using carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of leaf wax biomarkers
Authors: Nichols Jonathan E. , Isles Peter D. F. , Peteet Dorothy M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe concentration of atmospheric methane is strongly linked to variations in Earth's climate. Currently, we can directly reconstruct the total atmospheric concentration of methane, but not individual terms of the methane cycle. Northern wetlands, dominated by Sphagnum, are an important contributor of atmospheric methane, and we seek to understand the methane cycle in these systems. We present a novel method for quantifying the proportion of carbon Sphagnum assimilates from its methanotrophic symbionts using stable isotope ratios of leaf‐wax biomarkers. Carbon isotope ratios of Sphagnum compounds are determined by two competing influences, water content and the isotope ratio of source carbon. We disentangled these effects using a combined hydrogen and carbon isotope approach. We constrained Sphagnum water content using the contrast between the hydrogen isotope ratios of Sphagnum and vascular plant biomarkers. We then used Sphagnum water content to calculate the carbon isotope ratio of Sphagnum's carbon pool. Using a mass balance equation, we calculated the proportion of recycled methane contributed to the Sphagnum carbon pool, “PRM.” We quantified PRM in peat monoliths from three microhabitats in the Mer Bleue peatland complex. Modern studies have shown that water table depth and vegetation have strong influences on the peatland methane cycle on instrumental time scales. With this new approach, δ13C of Sphagnum compounds are now a useful tool for investigating the relationships among hydrology, vegetation, and methanotrophy in Sphagnum peatlands over the time scales of entire peatland sediment records, vital to our understanding of the global carbon cycle through the Late Glacial and Holocene.
Resonance scattering of sunlight by modulation of temporal coherence in microscale water aerosol
Authors: Penchev Stoyan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResonance scattering of sunlight is an effect deduced from a rare atmospheric phenomenon known as solar glory. Its impressive spectral appearance is established by optical interference at precise modulation of the temporal coherence of sunlight within delaylines of microscale water droplets confined by refractive index. A ray‐tracing method is used in the study correlated with analysis of the simulated convolution spectrum of backscatter pattern. Resonance modes of low finesse are formed on spectrally isolated intracavity optical paths preventing their destructive interference. The relevant modal wavelengths and diffraction angles are derived for selected temperature and droplet size. Simultaneously, the model explains the alternating polarization of the successive diffraction series.
Bouguer gravity anomaly and isostasy at western Sichuan Basin revealed by new gravity surveys
Authors: Fu Guangyu , Gao Shanghua , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Zhang Guoqing , Zhu Yiqing , Yang Guangliang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA dense relative gravity and Global Positioning System observation network with 302 stations was measured in the western Sichuan Basin (SB) to study gravity and isostasy. Bouguer Gravity Anomalies are negative in the study area, and change gradually from about −110 mGal (10‐ 5m s‐ 2) in the southeast to −220 mGal in the northwest. The new data reveal that the Moho beneath the western SB changes gradually from 39.5 km in the southeast to 43.7 km in the northwest and is inclined slightly to the northwest beneath the Chengdu Plain. The isostatic crustal thickness calculated by Airy isostatic theory varies between 39.5 and 42.0 km. The Longquan Shan (LQS) marks a clear boundary in the state of isostastic compensation in the study area. The Moho depth is almost identical to the Airy isostatic crustal thickness east of the LQS, where the crust is in isostatic balance. However, on the Chengdu Plain west of the LQS, differences between the Moho depth and Airy isostatic crustal thickness became larger from east to west, where the crust is out of isostatic balance. This indicates that the load of the Longmen Shan (LMS) on the west part of the crust of SB is mainly borne by the crust beneath the Chengdu Plain, and does little influence the crust east of the LQS. As a result we deduce that the LQS fault zone is a deeply rooted high angle fault zone that was broken by the load of the LMS.
VAV1 and BAFF, via NFκB pathway, are genetic risk factors for myasthenia gravis
Authors: Avidan Nili , Le Panse Rozen , Harbo Hanne F. , Bernasconi Pia , Poulas Konstantinos , Ginzburg Elizabeta , Cavalcante Paola , Colleoni Lara , Baggi Fulvio , Antozzi Carlo , Truffault Frédérique , Horn‐Saban Shirley , Pöschel Simone , Zagoriti Zoi , Maniaol Angelina , Lie Benedicte A. , Bernard Isabelle , Saoudi Abdelhadi , Illes Zsolt , Casasnovas Pons Carlos , Melms Arthur , Tzartos Socrates , Willcox Nicholas , Kostera‐Pruszczyk Anna , Tallaksen Chantal , Mantegazza Renato , Berrih‐Aknin Sonia , Miller Ariel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify novel genetic loci that predispose to early‐onset myasthenia gravis (EOMG) applying a two‐stage association study, exploration, and replication strategy.MethodsThirty‐four loci and one confirmation loci, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRA, were selected as candidate genes by team members of groups involved in different research aspects of MG. In the exploration step, these candidate genes were genotyped in 384 EOMG and 384 matched controls and significant difference in allele frequency were found in eight genes. In the replication step, eight candidate genes and one confirmation loci were genotyped in 1177 EOMG patients and 814 controls, from nine European centres.ResultsAllele frequency differences were found in four novel loci: CD86, AKAP12, VAV1, B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and these differences were consistent in all nine cohorts. Haplotype trend test supported the differences in allele frequencies between cases and controls. In addition, allele frequency difference in female versus male patients at HLA‐DRA and TNF‐α loci were observed.InterpretationThe genetic associations to EOMG outside the HLA complex are novel and of interest as VAV1 is a key signal transducer essential for T‐ and B‐cell activation, and BAFF is a cytokine that plays important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of B‐cells. Moreover, we noted striking epistasis between the predisposing VAV1 and BAFF haplotypes; they conferred a greater risk in combination than alone. These, and CD86, share the same signaling pathway, namely nuclear factor‐kappaB (NFκB), thus implicating dysregulation of proinflammatory signaling in predisposition to EOMG.
Cooperative catalytic activity of cyclodextrin and Ag nanoparticles immobilized on spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
Authors: Liu Jianjia , Wang Jie , Zhu Zhongming , Li Li , Guo Xuhong , Lincoln Stephen F. , Prud'homme Robert K. 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceSpherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NP) were synthesized, and they were characterized in aqueous solution using TEM, ICP‐AES and UV‐vis spectroscopy. While the size distribution of the Ag‐NP synthesized at a given temperature is quite uniform this distribution varies with change in synthesis temperature. The Ag‐NP have a strong catalytic effect on the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol by NaBH4. The addition of α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) further accelerates this 4‐nitrophenol reduction and modifies the associated activation parameters. This is attributed to α‐CD complexing 4‐nitrophenol in the vicinity of the Ag‐NP surface and thereby aiding the catalysis. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1977–1982, 2014
Brief communication: Developmental versus functional three‐dimensional geometric morphometric‐based modularity of the human proximal humerus
Authors: Arias‐Martorell Julia , Potau Josep Maria , Bello‐Hellegouarch Gaëlle , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe proximal humerus is formed by three secondary ossification centers during the postnatal trajectory of the human infant. The ossification centers later grow into the structures of the articular surface, major tubercle, and minor tubercle. There is a purported functional division between the articular surface and the tubercles, with the articular surface mainly responsible for the range of movement of the shoulder joint, and the tubercles bearing the insertions of the rotator cuff muscles, mainly devoted to securing the joint against humeral displacement. Using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics, we tested the presence of such developmental and functional divisions in the proximal humerus, applying the RV coefficient of Escoufier to these a priori hypothesized modules. Our results indicate that the proximal humerus might be a generally integrated structure. However, a weak signal for modular configuration was present, with slightly stronger support for the two modules depicting the boundaries between the purported functional regions of the epiphysis: the articular surface and the tubercles. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:459–465, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.