bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which White Horse Temple? Some Difficulties in Achieving a Singular Nationalist Archaeological Narrative in Republican China
Authors: Kyong‐McClain Jeff 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe modern academic discipline of archaeology in China was born in a period of heightened nationalism. This fact, combined with repeated pronouncements by early twentieth‐century Chinese archaeologists, museum curators, and nationalist intellectuals that archaeology could ‘awaken’ the Chinese to patriotism, has led many contemporary historians to assert that archaeology was an effective tool in educating the people in nationalist ideology at the time. This research note seeks to qualify that assessment by calling for closer attention to the working of the discipline at the local level. Using archaeological activities conducted under the auspices of the Sichuan Provincial Education Office in the late 1930s and early 1940s as a case study, this essay suggests the ambiguities inherent in the discipline, as local actors used it to bolster their case for historic differences from the putative centre of Chinese civilization, thus creating a sort of provincial nationalism, which stood in contrast to the version of national history expounded by the centre.
Blood group B gene is barely expressed in in vitro erythroid culture of Bm‐derived CD34+ cells without an erythroid cell‐specific regulatory element
Authors: Sano R. , Nogawa M. , Nakajima T. , Takahashi Y. , Takahashi K. , Kubo R. , Kominato Y. , Yokohama A. , Tsukada J. , Yamao H. , Kishida T. , Ogasawara K. , Uchikawa M. 
Published: December 2014

Background and ObjectivesPreviously, a weak phenotype Am or Bm was assumed to be caused by a reduction of A or B gene expression in bone marrow cells, but not in mucus‐secreting cells. However, ABO expression has not been examined in erythroid progenitor cells of Am or Bm individuals.Materials and MethodsWe carried out in vitro erythroid differentiation of CD34+ cells from peripheral blood of a Bm individual harbouring a 3·0‐kb deletion including an erythroid cell‐specific regulatory element, named the +5·8‐kb site, in intron 1 of the human ABO blood group gene.ResultsDuring the in vitro differentiation of CD34+ cells from this Bm individual into erythroid cells, B‐antigens were not detectable on the cultured cells by flow cytometric analysis, and allele‐specific RT‐PCR consistently detected the transcripts from the O allele, but not from the B allele. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that both RUNX1 and GATA‐2 or GATA‐1 were bound to the +5·8‐kb site in cultured erythroid cells expressing ABO.ConclusionIt is likely that the +5·8‐kb site enhances transcription from the ABO promoter in erythroid cells through binding of RUNX1 and GATA‐2 or GATA‐1.
Accelerated mobilization and formation of histamine in the gastric mucosa evoked by vagal excitation
Authors: Kahlson G. , Rosengren Elsa , Thunberg R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The changes in the rate of histamine formation and in the histamine content of the parietal cell containing region of the gastric mucosa have been studied in rats under the influence of agents which evoke or abolish vagal excitation.2. The hypoglycaemia producing agents, insulin and 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG), raised the mucosal histamine‐forming capacity (HFC) in a way similar to that previously observed on re‐feeding, gastrin injection, and distension of the stomach wall.3. In cats, insulin injection elicited an elevation of mucosal HFC similar to the corresponding effect of insulin in rats.4. Hoechst 9980, which inhibits post‐ganglionic cholinergic transmission, counteracted the elevation of mucosal HFC following vagal excitation, but did not inhibit changes produced by gastrin, thus indicating the absence of a cholinergic intermediary link between gastrin and changes in mucosal histamine.5. It is emphasized that although re‐feeding, vagus excitation, gastrin and distension all produce similar changes in mucosal histamine, the clarification of the precise role of histamine as a natural stimulant for the parietal cells may require a fresh kind of approach.
Myelinated afferent fibres responding specifically to noxious stimulation of the skin
Authors: Burgess P. R. , Perl E. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The characteristics of receptors from the hairy skin of the hind limb of cat were studied by recording from single primary afferent fibres with fine micropipettes. The distinctive features of 513 fibres conducting under 51 m/sec are described.2. Seventy‐four fibres conducting between 6 and 37 m/sec were classified as nociceptors because they responded only to damaging mechanical stimulation of the skin. These fibres responded maximally to pinching the skin with a serrated forceps or to cutting the skin. Noxious heat, noxious cold, acid applied to the receptive field and bradykinin injected into skin cuts did not evoke discharges from such receptors. Typically their receptive fields were 2‐5 cm long by 1‐2·5 cm wide and consisted of responsive spots (under 1 mm diameter) separated by unresponsive areas. There was a tendency for the most slowly conducting fibres so classified to be the least sensitive.3. Other afferent fibres had receptive fields similar to the nociceptors; however, they were excited by substantial but not noxious mechanical deformation. Their conduction velocities overlapped those of the nociceptors and extended upwards to 51 m/sec; the most rapidly conducting fibres tended to be the most sensitive to mechanical stimuli. These insensitive mechanoreceptors or moderate pressure receptors adapted more slowly than the nociceptors.4. The majority of fine myelinated axons originated from hair receptors and had conduction velocities concentrated between 14 and 22 m/sec.5. The possible relation of these observations to pain and reactions typical of pain is considered.
An afferent pathway for the selective release of vasopressin in response to carotid occlusion and haemorrhage in the cat
Authors: Clark Barbara J. , Silva M. Rocha E 
Published: December 2014

1. The release of neurohypophysial hormones in response to carotid occlusion and haemorrhage has been studied in anaesthetized cats. Samples of jugular venous blood were extracted with alcohol and the extracts assayed for antidiuretic and milk‐ejecting activity.2. The release of vasopressin in response to bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries has been confirmed in the cat; this effect was abolished when the sinus nerves were divided.3. Using a new sensitive preparation for the assay of milk‐ejecting activity in blood extracts, it has been shown that no oxytocin accompanies the release of vasopressin during carotid occlusion.4. The independent release of vasopressin without oxytocin during haemorrhage has also been confirmed, and the role of the sinus nerves and vagi in this response investigated. Bilateral division of either nerve reduced the response, but the vagus appeared to be of greater importance than the sinus nerve.5. A reflex arc for the selective release of vasopressin has been proposed, of which the fibres of the sinus nerves and vagi form the afferent component and the neurones of the supraoptic nucleus the efferent component.
Responses of a spino‐olivo‐cerebellar pathway in the cat
Authors: Armstrong D. M. , Harvey R. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Surface potentials, similar to those found by earlier workers, have been recorded from the vermis of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum following stimulation of muscular, cutaneous and articular nerves of the ipsilateral hind limb. The most conspicuous component of the response consisted of a positive potential succeeded by a smaller negative potential.2. Micro‐electrode recordings showed that this component coincided both with climbing fibre responses in individual Purkinje cells, and with extracellular field potentials within the cerebellar cortex which closely resembled those found by Eccles, Llinás & Sasaki (1966) following electrical stimulation of the inferior olive.3. Stimulation of the cerebellar surface, in the region where the responses to limb nerve stimulation were largest, led to antidromic invasion of neurones of the contralateral inferior olive. The antidromic action potentials were sometimes followed by up to three orthodromic spikes. Histological techniques were used to show that these neurones were located in the caudal parts of the dorsal and medial accessory olives.4. Stimulation of nerves of the hind limb evoked discharges of the same neurones of the dorsal accessory olive which were antidromically invaded from the vermis of the anterior lobe. The nerves used (quadriceps, gastrocnemius‐soleus, sural and the posterior nerve to the knee joint) were shown to excite heavily overlapping populations of neurones.5. Those neurones of the medial accessory olive, which were identified antidromically from the anterior lobe vermis, were not discharged by stimulation of hind limb nerves.6. Simultaneous recording from the surface of the anterior lobe and from the dorsal accessory olive showed that the onset of olive cell discharges occurred about 5 msec before the onset of the positive potential at the cerebellar surface.
Ionic requirements for arterial action potential
Authors: Keatinge W. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Strips of smooth muscle from common carotid arteries of sheep were electrically quiescent in solution containing Na 148 m
M and Ca 2·5 m
M.2. When Ca was removed they became electrically active. Addition of low concentrations of Ca (0·025‐0·075 m
M) or Mg (0·025‐0·750 m
M) stopped their activity while ethylenediamine tetra‐acetate (EDTA) (1·25 m
M) accelerated it.3. Replacement of Na by Tris or choline stopped the activity in Ca‐free solution. After partial replacement of Na electrical activity could be restored by lowering the resting potential but after complete replacement of Na it could not.4. In the presence of Ca (2·5 m
M) small spikes could sometimes be induced after 20 min in Na‐free Tris solution by lowering the resting potential by an increase in the external K concentration.5. The results indicate that the depolarizing current of action potentials in this smooth muscle was largely carried by Na, although a little may have been carried by Ca in Ca‐containing solutions.6. The arteries in general resembled striated muscle rather than intestinal smooth muscle in these respects, but unlike striated muscle their action potentials were not stopped by tetrodotoxin.
Reticulospinal inhibition of interneurones
Authors: Engberg I. , Lundberg A. , Ryall R. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of electrical stimulation of the brain stem on interneurones in the dorsal horn and intermediary region has been investigated in decerebrate cats after partial transection of the spinal cord.2. Stimuli that effectively depress reflex transmission without giving a primary afferent depolarization inhibit the discharge evoked from the flexor reflex afferents in interneurones.3. Brain stem stimulation did not give post‐synaptic potentials in the great majority of interneurones but effectively depressed the excitatory post‐synaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials (IPSPs) evoked from the flexor reflex afferents in these interneurones.4. IPSPs were, however, evoked in five of seventy‐eight intracellularly recorded interneurones. These five interneurones were monosynaptically activated from primary afferents.5. It is tentatively postulated that a dorsal reticulospinal system inhibits reflex transmission by giving post‐synaptic inhibition in first order interneurones. The results are also discussed in relation to effects on interneurones from other descending pathways.
Electrical potential and short circuit current of an in vitro preparation of rat colon mucosa
Authors: Edmonds C. J. , Marriott Jane 
Published: December 2014

1. Using a preparation of rat colon mucosa mounted in vitro in small chambers, some factors which influence the electrical properties of the mucosa have been investigated.2. The mucosa behaved mainly as an ohmic resistance although a very brief transient occurred on first passing current. At 32° C, the fresh preparation had a mean resistance of 108Ω/cm2 and a mean short circuit current (s.c.c.) of 143 μA/cm2. Tissues taken from Na‐depleted and adrenalectomized rats differed little from normal tissues in electrical resistance but those from Na‐depleted rats had higher potential difference (p.d.) and s.c.c.3. Increase of temperature led to a rise of conductance of similar order to that found for ions in aqueous solution. S.c.c. also rose with increase of temperature but the effect was relatively greater consistent with its being dependent on metabolic processes.4. Anoxia or the addition of cyanide, iodoacetate or 2,4‐dinitrophenol to the bath fluid caused considerable fall in the p.d. and s.c.c.5. Ouabain decreased the p.d. and s.c.c. when added to the serosal side but had no effect when on the luminal side.6. Aldosterone and acetazolamide had no effect.7. Varying serosal side [K] produced only minor changes in p.d.8. Reducing [Na] of the luminal solution caused a considerable fall of p.d. but similar reduction of [Na] on the serosal side had little effect.9. The frequently employed model which represents the transepithelial p.d. as the sum of diffusion potentials originating at the luminal and serosal sides of the cell layer is not consistent with the present results. The colonic transmucosal p.d. probably originates in the electrogenic transport of Na by a mechanism located on the serosal side of the epithelium.
Release of noradrenaline from the cat spleen by potassium
Authors: Kirpekar S. M. , Wakade A. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Cat spleens were perfused with Krebs‐bicarbonate solution by means of a constant flow pump. The amount of noradrenaline released by an injection of potassium chloride solution (3·7
M) was measured. The dependence of noradrenaline released by KCl on the ionic composition of perfusion medium was determined.2. In normal cats, the average output was 166 ng following a low dose of KCl (0·2 ml.), and 507 ng following a high dose (0·8 ml.). After phenoxybenzamine treatment, the outputs with both doses were nearly doubled.3. In both normal and phenoxybenzamine treated cats, removal of calcium from the perfusing solution nearly abolished the release of noradrenaline. Replacing the calcium in Krebs solution restored the output. Increasing the magnesium concentration to 20 m
M also markedly reduced the noradrenaline output.4. Lowering the sodium concentration to either 25 or 0 m
M increased the noradrenaline output by nearly two‐ to threefold. In solutions with reduced concentrations of sodium, noradrenaline was released over longer periods following KCl injections. In phenoxybenzamine treated cats, reduction of sodium in the perfusing solution also increased the noradrenaline output by nearly twofold following either the low or the high dose of KCl.5. It is concluded that calcium ions are necessary for the release of noradrenaline from post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves following depolarization by potassium ions. It is also suggested that sodium ions are specifically needed for the reincorporation of released transmitter into the sympathetic nerve endings.
Factors influencing noradrenaline uptake by the perfused spleen of the cat
Authors: Kirpekar S. M. , Wakade A. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Noradrenaline was infused intra‐arterially at the constant rate of 0·51 μg/min for 22 min into the cat spleen perfused with Krebs saline, and the amount appearing in the perfusate was assayed either chemically or on the blood pressure of the pithed rat.2. In normal animals, 34% of the infused noradrenaline appeared in the perfusate, indicating 66% removal by the spleen.3. Neither removal of calcium from Krebs solution nor perfusion with 25 m
M‐Ca2+ Krebs solution had significant effects on noradrenaline recovery.4. In spleens perfused with 0 or 50 m
M‐K+ Krebs solution the noradrenaline recoveries were not significantly different from the control recoveries.5. Removal of sodium from Krebs solution increased the recoveries to 92%.6. The effect of interference with energy metabolism on noradrenaline recoveries was investigated. Iodoacetate or dinitrophenol alone increased the recoveries only moderately, but combined treatment with both metabolic inhibitors increased the recoveries to 74%.7. If the temperature of the perfusion fluid was reduced to 15° C, noradrenaline recoveries increased to 96%. At 27° C the recoveries were 48%.8. At pH 5·6, noradrenaline recoveries in the venous effluent increased to 63%. At pH 9·0 the recoveries were not significantly different from the control recoveries.9. When (+)‐noradrenaline was infused at 0·51 μg/min into the spleen, 55% of the infused amount was recovered in the venous effluent. This recovery is significantly higher than the 34% for (‐)‐noradrenaline.10. Ouabain and tetracaine increased the recoveries to over 70%, whereas mercuric chloride and insulin had no effect.11. Neither the flow rate nor the size of the spleen correlated with noradrenaline recovery.12. Our results suggest that uptake of infused noradrenaline is energy dependent and has an absolute requirement for the presence of sodium ions in the perfusion medium.
Parturient pressures in the ovine uterus
Authors: Hindson J. C. , Schofield Brenda M. , Turner C. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. Intra‐uterine pressure changes were followed by radio‐telemetry in ten ewes carrying one lamb in each horn. One endo‐radiosonde was implanted in each horn some 2‐3 weeks before term and the pressure changes in the two horns were recorded simultaneously thereafter.2. The first isolated pressure waves which could be ascribed to myometrial activity were detected about 12 hr before delivery. Once pressure waves had become established, it was found that one horn developed waves which were about double the amplitude of those in the other horn and of greater duration. Thus one horn became dominant and the lamb occupying this horn was the first to be presented at the cervix. There appeared to be no difference between the two horns in the frequency of the waves.3. Digital examination of the os led to a phase of increased pressure waves which was considered to be due to oxytocin release.4. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that some local factor maintains the dominance of one horn and that this factor may be related to the local influence of the placenta.
Excitation in the goldfish retina: evidence for a non‐linear intensity code
Authors: Easter S. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments were done on isolated photopic goldfish retinas. They were stimulated by brief flashes of red light, and the spike activity of single ganglion cells was monitored by micro‐electrodes. Red‐ON‐units were used exclusively.2. The spatial integration of intensity was investigated using concentric disks of various diameters. Under these conditions, Ricco's relation (1877) was obtained.3. Two small spots of light were positioned on two equisensitive sites in the receptive field; the (equal) intensities of both were varied in unison, and the responses recorded. An identical response was evoked by simultaneous illumination of both sites with an intensity, I, or by illumination of a single one of the sites with an intensity, KI. K always exceeded 2 (it averaged about 4) and it was constant in any one experiment.4. The analysis of these results employed the assumption that an hypothetical quantity, the excitation, intervenes between the stimulus (light intensity) and the response (spike train). The excitation is a function of intensity, and it determines the response. The excitation from two spots is assumed to be twice that from one.5. It was inferred that the excitation (E) was a power function of the intensity (I): E = CIn, in which C and n are constants. The exponent, n, was always less than unity.6. Two other experiments tested the predictive value of this inference. It accurately predicted the responses to a single spot anywhere in the field, and to two unequal intensities simultaneously illuminating two equisensitive sites.
The role of calcium in neuromuscular facilitation
Authors: Katz B. , Miledi R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The hypothesis is put forward that a residue of the ‘active calcium’ which enters the terminal axon membrane during the nerve impulse is responsible for short‐term facilitation.2. This suggestion has been tested on the myoneural junction by varying the local calcium concentration so that during the first of two nerve impulses [Ca]o is either much lower than, or raised to a level approaching that, during the second impulse. Facilitation is much larger in the latter case, which is in accordance with the ‘calcium hypothesis’.3. A short pulse of depolarization focally applied to the junction is followed by a brief period of very intense facilitation. This can be seen in the tetrodotoxin‐treated preparation, e.g. by lengthening the depolarization from 1 to 2 msec which can cause a more than fifty‐fold increase in transmitter release. This large ‘early facilitation’ (which presumably occurs also during the course of a normal action potential) is discussed in relation to the ‘calcium hypothesis’.
The effect of atropine on the frog sartorius neuromuscular junction
Authors: Beránek R. , Vyskočil F. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of atropine sulphate and of (+)‐tubocurarine chloride (TC) on the amplitude and time course of end‐plate potentials (e.p.p.s) and miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) was studied in the sartorius muscle of the frog.2. Atropine sulphate reduces the amplitude of intracellularly recorded e.p.p.s and m.e.p.p.s, in concentrations 100 times higher than TC (6 × 10−5
M for 50% reduction of amplitude compared with 6 × 10−7
M for TC).3. Atropine sulphate causes a marked shortening of both e.p.p.s and m.e.p.p.s: when the amplitude of e.p.p.s or m.e.p.p.s is reduced by 50%, their rise‐time and half‐decay time are both shortened by 40%. The corresponding shortening produced by TC is 15%.4. E.p.p.s prolonged by prostigmine 10−6 g/ml. undergo a larger shortening (30%) in TC, while atropine‐induced shortening related to the corresponding drop of amplitude is the same whether prostigmine is used or not.5. On repeated applications after recovery of amplitude and time course, TC loses its shortening effect on e.p.p.s while the atropine shortening effect remains unchanged.6. Atropine sulphate shortens the rise‐time but not the falling phase of brief depolarizations produced by electrophoretic applications of acetylcholine (ACh) to the muscle fibre surface in the end‐plate region. It also reduces their amplitude, in the same way that it reduces the amplitude of e.p.p.s.7. Atropine sulphate in concentrations which markedly reduce the amplitude and time course of e.p.p.s has no effect on their quantum content.8. Atropine sulphate at a concentration of 10−4
M does not change the amplitude and time course of an electrotonic potential produced by a rectangular current pulse passed through the end‐plate region of a muscle fibre.9. It is suggested that either enhanced removal of ACh or a spatial gradient of effectiveness of the blocking drugs, or both these mechanisms, participate in shortening the e.p.p. by atropine sulphate and TC.