bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the boundary between a siphon and barometer in a hypobaric chamber
Authors: Hughes Stephen , Gurung Som 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSiphons have been used since ancient times, but exactly how they work is still a matter of debate. In order to elucidate the modus operandi of a siphon, a 1.5 m high siphon was set up in a hypobaric chamber to explore siphon behaviour in a low-pressure environment. When the pressure in the chamber was reduced to about 0.18 atmospheres, a curious waterfall-like feature appeared downstream from the apex of the siphon. A hypothesis is presented to explain the waterfall phenomenon. When the pressure was reduced further the siphon broke into two columns - in effect becoming two back-to-back barometers. This experiment demonstrates the role of atmospheric pressure in explaining the hydrostatic characteristics of a siphon and the role of molecular cohesion in explaining the hydrodynamic aspects.
Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological record
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q , Denham Tim , Arroyo-Kalin Manuel , Lucas Leilani , Stevens Chris J. , Qin Ling , Allaby Robin G. , Purugganan Michael D. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Agriculture was a transformative development in the history of human societies and natural environments and drove the evolution of new domesticated species. Crop plants are the predominant domesticated species in most agricultural systems and are an essential component in all the food production systems that underpinned the development of urban societies. Archaeological plant remains provide a range of insights into the processes by which plants were domesticated in different parts of the world. The present paper provides a unique synthesis of evidence, including quantitative evidence on the trajectory and rate of domestication in seed crops and patterns in the development of tropical vegetatively propagated crops.
The dynamic role of genetics on cortical patterning during childhood and adolescence
Authors: Schmitt J. Eric , Neale Michael C. , Fassassi Bilqis , Perez Javier , Lenroot Rhoshel K. , Wells Elizabeth M. , Giedd Jay N. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Quantitative genetic studies have established that evolutionarily novel regions of the cerebral cortex have high heritability within human populations. Longitudinal imaging studies have demonstrated that the cerebral cortex is highly dynamic in childhood. In the current study, we examine how genetic effects on cortical thickness change longitudinally over childhood and adolescence using a large genetically informative imaging sample. We find rapid changes in genetic effects in early childhood, with stabilization in late adolescence. The areas with the greatest changes include evolutionarily novel regions. These findings have implications for future molecular genetic studies of imaging endophenotypes and further our sparse understanding of how genes help to shape the brain after birth.
Interepithelial signaling with nephric duct is required for the formation of overlying coelomic epithelial cell sheet
Authors: Yoshino Takashi , Saito Daisuke , Atsuta Yuji , Uchiyama Chihiro , Ueda Shinya , Sekiguchi Kiyotoshi , Takahashi Yoshiko 
Published: April 2014

Significance
We demonstrate that one type of epithelial tissue acts on another type and also that such interepithelial signaling is important for the coordination between different types of epithelia. When one epithelium is ablated, its adjacent epithelium becomes sensitized to external stress such as that produced by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducers. For such interactions, fibronectin serves as a prominent mediator, being translocated from one epithelium (fibronectin-producing) to the other (fibronectin-receiving). This type of interepithelial signaling and the role of fibronectin in these events are conceptually novel and thus open a new way to understand not only how epithelial tissues form in harmony but also how therapeutically to prevent EMT, a critical event in cancer initiation.
Visuospatial selective attention in chickens
Authors: Sridharan Devarajan , Ramamurthy Deepa L. , Schwarz Jason S. , Knudsen Eric I. 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceTop-down selective attention, which is fundamental to cognition, has been studied extensively in humans and nonhuman primates. Here we report the behavioral hallmarks of selective attention in a nonprimate species, the domestic chicken. When provided with a spatial cue, birds exhibited dramatic improvements in accuracy, faster reaction times, and higher choice certainty in a target localization task. Our results reveal that chickens shift spatial attention rapidly and dynamically following principles remarkably similar to those documented in primates. Given the evolutionary distance (>250 million years) and enormous ethological differences between chickens and primates, our findings suggest that neural mechanisms mediating selective attention appeared early in vertebrate evolution and that they are conserved across phylogeny.
Myosin-10 produces its power-stroke in two phases and moves processively along a single actin filament under low load
Authors: Takagi Yasuharu , Farrow Rachel E. , Billington Neil , Nagy Attila , Batters Christopher , Yang Yi , Sellers James R. , Molloy Justin E. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Filopodia act as organelles for sensing and exploring the environment, as well as producing traction forces during cellular locomotion. Myosin-10 is a molecular motor crucial for intrafilopodial trafficking and filopodia formation. To decipher how myosin-10 generates force and movement, we used electron microscopy and a combination of ensemble biochemical and single molecule mechanical techniques to help elucidate its structure and mechano-chemical coupling. Our results clarify current controversies about myosin-10 structure and function by revealing that it generates an unexpectedly large biphasic power stroke and moves processively along actin, but detaches rapidly at relatively low force. These adaptations may be advantageous features for a myosin motor that carries bulky cargo within the narrow confines of the filopodium.
Heterogeneous organization of the locus coeruleus projections to prefrontal and motor cortices
Authors: Chandler Daniel J. , Gao Wen-Jun , Waterhouse Barry D. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
The locus coeruleus projection system in the brain is thought to exert uniform and synchronous modulatory effects on cells and circuits throughout the CNS by widespread release of its transmitter, norepinephrine. We challenge this notion by demonstrating that neurons in the locus coeruleus maintain segregated connections to brain regions with distinctly different functions. Specifically, cells that communicate with the prefrontal cortex, a region involved in cognition and executive function, are characterized by properties that allow for independent and asynchronous modulation of operations in this area, compared with those that project to the motor cortex and regulate movement generation. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of this system in normal brain physiology and pathologic neuropsychiatric conditions.
Interferon induction of IFITM proteins promotes infection by human coronavirus OC43
Authors: Zhao Xuesen , Guo Fang , Liu Fei , Cuconati Andrea , Chang Jinhong , Block Timothy M. , Guo Ju-Tao 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Here we report that all three types of IFNs, the primary mediators of host innate and adaptive antiviral responses, promote infection by human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. They do so through the IFN-induced transmembrane proteins that normally restrict a broad spectrum of viruses but serve as entry factors for HCoV-OC43 to infect its host cells. Our finding reveals a unique mechanism by which HCoV-OC43 evades host antiviral immune responses and suggests that the cytokine response to infection or noninfectious stimuli can be co-opted to promote the infection and spreading of opportunistic pathogens that have evolved adaptations similar to that of HCoV-OC43.
Control of dopaminergic neuron survival by the unfolded protein response transcription factor XBP1
Authors: Valdés Pamela , Mercado Gabriela , Vidal Rene L. , Molina Claudia , Parsons Geoffrey , Court Felipe A. , Martinez Alexis , Galleguillos Danny , Armentano Donna , Schneider Bernard L. , Hetz Claudio 
Published: April 2014

Significance
The selective loss of dopaminergic neurons is characteristic of Parkinson disease (PD). Protein folding stress is a salient feature of PD. This study uncovers a previously undefined function of a major unfolded protein response (UPR) transcription factor (XBP1) in supporting the survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons at basal levels and under pathological conditions. Our results reveal an important role for a canonical UPR pathway in the maintenance of dopaminergic neuron proteostasis, which also could be relevant to understand the selective neuronal vulnerability observed in Parkinson disease.
Crystal structure ofStreptococcus pyogenesEndoS, an immunomodulatory endoglycosidase specific for human IgG antibodies
Authors: Trastoy Beatriz , Lomino Joseph V. , Pierce Brian G. , Carter Lester G. , Günther Sebastian , Giddens John P. , Snyder Greg A. , Weiss Thomas M. , Weng Zhiping , Wang Lai-Xi , Sundberg Eric J. 
Published: April 2014

SignificanceBecause bacteria colonize hostile environments they have evolved immune evasion mechanisms, including the expression of enzymes that specifically modify host immune system proteins.Streptococcus pyogenessecretes an enzyme called EndoS that removes carbohydrates specifically from human antibodies, impairing their ability to activate immune defenses. Because of its high substrate specificity, EndoS is also being developed as a treatment for autoimmune diseases and is a key enzyme used in the production of antibodies bearing customized carbohydrates. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of EndoS and present a molecular model depicting how EndoS engages antibodies with high specificity. Our data provide a roadmap for engineering EndoS variants with unique activities for clinical and biotechnological applications.
Automatic ultrarapid activation and inhibition of cortical motor systems in spoken word comprehension
Authors: Shtyrov Yury , Butorina Anna , Nikolaeva Anastasia , Stroganova Tatiana 
Published: April 2014

Significance
The mechanisms through which our brain generates complex cognitive percepts from simple sensory and motor events remain unknown. An important question is whether the basic brain structures controlling movements and perceptions directly participate in higher-order cognitive processes such as language comprehension. Using neurophysiology, we found ultrarapid (starting at ∼80 ms) activations in the human motor cortex in response to unattended action-related verbs and nouns, with words related to different body parts activating corresponding body representations. Accompanying this category-specific activity was activation suppression by words with area-incompatible meaning, demonstrating operation of the neurophysiological principles of lateral/surround inhibition in language processing. These instant activations and deactivations emerging for words of different types in the absence of attention advocate automatic involvement of neural sensorimotor circuits in language comprehension.
Solid MRI contrast agents for long-term, quantitative in vivo oxygen sensing
Authors: Liu Vincent H. , Vassiliou Christophoros C. , Imaad Syed M. , Cima Michael J. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Information on tissue oxygen tension is critical to the successful treatment of many human diseases. Clinical decisions for diseases such as cancer benefit from knowing how oxygen tension changes in response to treatment. Acquiring this knowledge obviously requires a series of measurements and is limited currently by the use of invasive oxygen electrodes. We have developed an oxygen-sensitive MRI contrast agent for chronic oxygen tension measurements. This contrast agent can be delivered with a small-gauge needle that is minimally invasive, and subsequent measurements are entirely noninvasive. The material is stable in the body for at least 1 mo, and we envision that other types of responsive contrast agents can be used with this technology to detect different metabolites.
Crystal structure of
Arabidopsis
glutamyl-tRNA reductase in complex with its stimulator protein
Authors: Zhao Aiguo , Fang Ying , Chen Xuemin , Zhao Shun , Dong Wei , Lin Yajing , Gong Weimin , Liu Lin 
Published: April 2014

Significance
The glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR)-catalyzed reduction of glutamyl-tRNA is the rate-limiting and a pivotal regulation step in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. In chloroplast-containing photosynthetic organisms, GluTR binding protein (GluBP) is a newly identified spatial regulator that allocates GluTR for synthesis of different tetrapyrrole products. We find that GluBP stimulates GluTR catalytic efficiency. The structure of the GluTR–GluBP complex shows that GluBP binding promotes GluTR to a hydride-transferring state, the second step of the glutamyl-tRNA reduction, revealing structural details for the catalytic process. These findings clarify a series of arguments regarding the activation and regulation of GluTR. The GluBP structure also suggests that GluBP may have a novel role in heme metabolism.
Theory for plasticity of face-centered cubic metals
Authors: Jo Minho , Koo Yang Mo , Lee Byeong-Joo , Johansson Börje , Vitos Levente , Kwon Se Kyun 
Published: April 2014

Significance
The ultimate goal of materials science can be reached only from a thorough understanding of the underlying physics of the materials properties. Accordingly, the present global need for high-technology metallic materials strongly depends on the development of robust theoretical understandings that can help to elucidate and optimize their performance. Although plastic deformation is a common denominator in many of these problems, no reliable microscopic theory of plasticity has been presented to date. We demonstrate that fundamental concepts in atomic theory provide a unified solution to plasticity and invite multidisciplinary contributions to deepen and extend the scope to a number of engineering applications. The present work will form a solid basis for many scientific and engineering disciplines.
Endoscopic photoconversion reveals unexpectedly broad leukocyte trafficking to and from the gut
Authors: Morton Angela M. , Sefik Esen , Upadhyay Rabi , Weissleder Ralph , Benoist Christophe , Mathis Diane 
Published: April 2014

Significance
Gut-microbiota/immune-cell interactions play important roles in immune system homeostasis and responsiveness, but surprisingly little is known about the movement of immune cells into and, particularly, out of the gut. We used a minimally invasive system to monitor immigration of diverse innate and adaptive immune-cell types to the intestine from a distant lymph node, and a novel endoscopic adaptation of the system to follow their emigration from the distal colon to nearby and distal lymphoid organs. We uncovered an unexpectedly broad movement of leukocytes to and from the gut at steady state, as well as subset-specific migration proclivities. Moreover, we evidenced a critical cellular link between an intestinal microbe, segmented filamentous bacteria, and an extraintestinal autoinflammatory disease, the K/BxN model of arthritis.
Music and Contemplation in the Twelfth-Century Dulcis Jesu memoria
Authors: Deeming Helen 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe music of the twelfth-century song Dulcis Jesu memoria has been almost entirely neglected in modern scholarship, though its text (or rather a version of it) is well known in settings by fifteenth- and sixteenth-century composers. This article presents a new edition and translation of the song, and seeks to interpret its music and text as partners in an exegetical whole. The song's complicated relationship with the sequence genre proves a fruitful backdrop against which to interpret both text and melody, and analysis of the song's only notated manuscript source leads to new conclusions about the purpose to which the song may have been put by the manuscript's first readers.
Pilot randomised controlled trial of school‐based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: Outcomes and methodological reflections
Authors: Pybis Joanne , Cooper Mick , Hill Andy , Cromarty Karen , Levesley Ruth , Murdoch Jamie , Turner Nick 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to replicate and extend a pilot evaluation of the effectiveness of school‐based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people.MethodData were available on 32 young people who were randomised to either school‐based humanistic counselling or waiting list conditions for one school term. The primary outcome measure was of psychological distress using the Young Person's CORE (YP‐CORE), at six and 12 weeks post‐assessment. Secondary measures at these time‐points were of psychological difficulties, self‐esteem, levels of depression, and attainment of personal goals; with longitudinal evaluation of outcomes at six months post‐assessment.ResultsOn the primary outcome measure, participants who received counselling were significantly less distressed at six weeks than those in the waiting list group but not at 12 weeks, with effect sizes (Cohen's d) of 0.59 and 0.39 respectively. Reductions in psychological distress were maintained at follow‐up.DiscussionAlthough the present findings, in isolation, are equivocal, they contribute to a body of evidence that supports the effectiveness of school‐based humanistic counselling. However, the principal lesson learnt from this study was the need for rigorous training of researchers, counsellors and pastoral care teachers to ensure adherence to protocols.
Efficient Bayesian inference under the structured coalescent
Authors: Vaughan Timothy G. , Kühnert Denise , Popinga Alex , Welch David , Drummond Alexei J. 
Published: April 2014

Motivation: Population structure significantly affects evolutionary dynamics. Such structure may be due to spatial segregation, but may also reflect any other gene-flow-limiting aspect of a model. In combination with the structured coalescent, this fact can be used to inform phylogenetic tree reconstruction, as well as to infer parameters such as migration rates and subpopulation sizes from annotated sequence data. However, conducting Bayesian inference under the structured coalescent is impeded by the difficulty of constructing Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithms (samplers) capable of efficiently exploring the state space.
Results: In this article, we present a new MCMC sampler capable of sampling from posterior distributions over structured trees: timed phylogenetic trees in which lineages are associated with the distinct subpopulation in which they lie. The sampler includes a set of MCMC proposal functions that offer significant mixing improvements over a previously published method. Furthermore, its implementation as a BEAST 2 package ensures maximum flexibility with respect to model and prior specification. We demonstrate the usefulness of this new sampler by using it to infer migration rates and effective population sizes of H3N2 influenza between New Zealand, New York and Hong Kong from publicly available hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences under the structured coalescent.
Availability and implementation: The sampler has been implemented as a publicly available BEAST 2 package that is distributed under version 3 of the GNU General Public License at http://compevol.github.io/MultiTypeTree.
Contact: tgvaughan@gmail.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A model for fast extragalactic radio bursts
Authors: Lyubarsky Yuri 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Bursts of millisecond duration were recently discovered in the 1 GHz band. There is a strong evidence that they come from ∼1 Gpc distances, which implies extraordinary high-brightness temperature. I propose that these bursts could be attributed to synchrotron maser emission from relativistic, magnetized shocks. At the onset of the magnetar flare, a strongly magnetized pulse is formed, which propagates away through the relativistic magnetar wind and eventually reaches the nebula inflated by the wind within the surrounding medium. I show that the observed radio bursts could be generated at shocks formed via the interaction of the magnetic pulse with the plasma within the nebula. The model predicts strong millisecond bursts in the TeV band, which could be observed even from distant galaxies.
Experience with Thoracoscopic Pneumonectomies at a Single Institution
Authors: Kim Anthony W. , Fonseca Annabelle L. , Boffa Daniel J. , Detterbeck Frank C. 
Published: April 2014

Objective The aim of this study was to review a single-institution experience with video-assisted thoracoscopic pneumonectomy (VATP). Methods From July 2008 through December 2012, the medical records of all patients undergoing pneumonectomy (total and completion) for lung cancer were reviewed. Clinical parameters were recorded and analyzed. Results During this period, 16% (7/45) of pneumonectomies for malignancy were performed thoracoscopically. Patient selection was performed in the context of a multidisciplinary tumor board. Of the seven VATPs, five were standard (Video 1, available at http://links.lww.com/INNOV/A40 ) and two were completion pneumonectomies (Video 2, available at http://links.lww.com/INNOV/A41 ). Indications were primary lung cancer in six (three adenocarcinoma, one squamous carcinoma, one large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and one mixed adenocarcinoma cell and small cell lung carcinoma) and metastatic esophageal cancer in one patient. Preoperative selection was based on unfavorable location of the primary tumor, which excluded the possibility of a lesser resection such as sleeve resection while permitting an R0 resection by pneumonectomy. Pathologic staging was consistent with clinical staging except for one patient who was upstaged. There were four complications: atrial fibrillation, pneumonia, and two bronchopleural fistulas. The median length of stay was 4 days (excluding one outlier). Distant disease recurrence occurred in one patient. Kaplan-Meier survival at 24 months was 75%. Conclusions Introduction of VATP into the armamentarium of the experienced thoracoscopic surgeon is feasible with acceptable outcomes and a complication profile that is not dissimilar to the open pneumonectomy experience. Greater experience with this approach should provide additional data to more objectively evaluate the merits of this approach.