bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anoctamin 1 Positive Esophageal Interstitial Cajal Cells in Late Stage Human Embryos
Authors: Rusu Mugurel Constantin , Poalelungi Cristian Viorel , Vrapciu Alexandra Diana , Păduraru Luminiţa , Didilescu Andreea Cristiana , Stan Cristinel Ionel 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTInterstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are located in various smooth muscle organs and act as pacemaker cells, or ensure neuromodulation or mechanosensory roles. The study aims to investigate functional states of human ICCs in morphogenesis, focusing on the anoctamin 1 phenotype. The investigation was performed in five late stage human embryos with lengths varying between 23 and 29 mm. Immunohistochemistry on paraffin embedded specimens was performed for a series of antibodies: α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), desmin, CD31, CD34, CD117/c‐kit, DOG1, and nestin. Longitudinal and circular muscle layers were α‐SMA+/desmin+/nestin+. An immature microvascular layer located in the inner submucosa was CD34+/CD31+/α‐SMA+/nestin+; endothelial tip cells were supporting active processes of sprouting angiogenesis. A CD34+/CD31‐ mesenchymal network was found in the circular muscle layer. CD117/c‐kit+ multipolar ICCs with dichotomizing processes were found mostly in the myenteric plexus layer; processes were configuring a network within the circular muscle layer where intramuscular ICCs were scarcely found. A strong DOG1+ reaction was found for the ICCs of the myenteric plexus layer apposed on the outer surface of the circular muscle layer, and for the intramuscular ICCs. The evidence of a sublayer of DOG1+ myenteric ICCs is suggestive for a subpopulation of ICCs being qualified for pacemaking at this early developmental stage. Anat Rec, 297:301–307, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technique: Imaging Earliest Tooth Development in 3D Using a Silver‐Based Tissue Contrast Agent
Authors: Raj Muhammad T. , Prusinkiewicz Martin , Cooper David M.L. , George Belev , Webb M. Adam , Boughner Julia C. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTLooking in microscopic detail at the 3D organization of initiating teeth within the embryonic jaw has long‐proved technologically challenging because of the radio‐translucency of these tiny un‐mineralized oral tissues. Yet 3D image data showing changes in the physical relationships among developing tooth and jaw tissues are vital to understand the coordinated morphogenesis of vertebrate teeth and jaws as an animal grows and as species evolve. Here, we present a new synchrotron‐based scanning solution to image odontogenesis in 3D and in histological detail using a silver‐based contrast agent. We stained fixed, intact wild‐type mice aged embryonic (E) day 10 to birth with 1% Protargol‐S at 37°C for 12–32 hr. Specimens were scanned at 4–10 µm pixel size at 28 keV, just above the silver K‐edge, using micro‐computed tomography (µCT) at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron. Synchrotron µCT scans of silver‐stained embryos showed even the earliest visible stages of tooth initiation, as well as many other tissue types and structures, in histological detail. Silver stain penetration was optimal for imaging structures in intact embryos E15 and younger. This silver stain method offers a powerful yet straightforward approach to visualize at high‐resolution and in 3D the earliest stages of odontogenesis in situ, and demonstrates the important of studying the tooth organ in all three planes of view. Anat Rec, 297:222–233, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sarcoglycan Complex in Human Normal and Pathological Prostatic Tissue: An Immunohistochemical and RT‐PCR Study
Authors: Cutroneo Giuseppina , Bramanti Placido , Favaloro Angelo , Anastasi Giuseppe , Trimarchi Fabio , Di Mauro Debora , Rinaldi Carmela , Speciale Francesco , Inferrera Antonino , Santoro Giuseppe , Salvatore Arena , Patricolo Mario , Magno Carlo 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe sarcoglycan complex is a trans‐membrane system playing a key role in mechano‐signaling the connection from the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. While β‐, δ‐, and ε‐sarcoglycans are widely distributed, γ‐ and α‐sarcoglycans are expressed exclusively in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Insufficient data are available on the distribution of sarcoglycans in nonmuscular tissue. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical and RT‐PCR techniques to study the sarcoglycans also in normal human glandular tissue, a type of tissue never studied in relation to the sarcoglycan complex, with the aim of verifying the real wider distribution of this complex. To understand the role of sarcoglycans, we tested specimens collected from patients affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. For the first time, our results showed that all sarcoglycans are detectable in normal samples both in epithelial and in myoepithelial cells; in pathological prostate, sarcoglycans appeared severely reduced in number or were absent. These data demonstrated that all sarcoglycans have a wider distribution suggesting a new unknown role for these proteins. The decreased number of sarcoglycans, containing cadherin domain homologs in samples of prostate affected by hyperplasia, and the absence of proteins in prostate biopsies, in cases affected by adenocarcinoma, could be responsible for the loss of adhesion between epithelial cells, which in turn facilitates the progression of benign tumors and the invasive potential of malignant tumors. Anat Rec, 297:327–336, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal Change in Sulcal Length Asymmetry in Cerebrum of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Sakamoto Kazuhito , Sawada Kazuhiko , Fukunishi Katsuhiro , Noritaka Imai , Sakata‐Haga Hiromi , Yoshihiro Fukui 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the timing of the onset of adult‐type sulcal length asymmetry during postnatal development of the male cynomolgus monkey cerebrum. The monkey brain has already reached adult size by 3 months of age, although the body weight only represents 1/8 of the adult body weight by that time. The fronto‐occipital length and the cerebral width also reached adult levels by that postnatal age with no left/right bias. Consistently, lengths of the major primary sulci reached adult levels by 3 months of age, and then decreased slightly in sexually mature monkeys (4–6.5 years of age). Asymmetry quotient analysis showed that sulcal length asymmetry patterns gradually changed during postnatal development. The male adult pattern of sulcal length asymmetry was acquired after 24 months of age. In particular, age‐dependent rightward lateralization of the arcuate sulcal length was revealed during cerebral maturation by three‐way ANOVA. The results suggest that the regional difference in cerebral maturation from adolescence to young adulthood modifies the sulcal morphology with characteristic asymmetric patterns in male cynomolgus monkeys. Anat Rec, 297:200–207, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone Histology of Phytosaur, Aetosaur, and Other Archosauriform Osteoderms (Eureptilia, Archosauromorpha)
Authors: Scheyer Torsten M. , Desojo Julia B. , Cerda Ignacio A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAs in other archosauriforms, phytosaurs and aetosaurs are characterized by the presence of well‐developed osteoderms. Here we provide a comparative study on the microstructure of phytosaur (five taxa) and aetosaur (thirteen taxa) osteoderms. For outgroup comparison, we sampled osteoderms of the sister taxon to Aetosauria, Revueltosaurus callenderi, and the doswelliid Jaxtasuchus salomoni. Phytosaur, aetosaur, and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms are composed of a diploe structure, whereas the Revueltosaurus osteoderm microanatomy is more compact. The external cortex of phytosaurs, Revueltosaurus and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms is mainly composed of parallel‐fibered bone. In aetosaurs, the external cortex mainly consists of lamellar bone, with lines of resorption within the primary bone indicating successive cycles of bone erosion and deposition. The basal cortex in all the specimens is composed of parallel‐fibered bone, with the cancellous internal core being more strongly developed in aetosaurs than in phytosaurs. Woven or fibro‐lamellar bone was recorded in both phytosaurian and aetosaurian taxa, as well as in Jaxtasuchus. Structural fibers, which at least partly suggest metaplastic origin, were only recorded in the internal core of two phytosaurs and in the basal cortex of one aetosaur. Osteoderm thickness and cancellous to compact bone ratios appear to be subject to ontogenetic change. Minimum growth mark counts in osteoderms sampled indicate that some aetosaurs and phytosaurs lived for at least two decades. Bone microstructures are more uniform in phytosaur osteoderms and show a higher level of disparity among aetosaur osteoderms, and at least in the latter, histological features are potentially apomorphic for species/genus level. Anat Rec, 297:240–260, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy of the Crus and Pes of Neotropical Iguanian Lizards in Relation to Habitat use and Digitally Based Grasping Capabilities
Authors: Abdala Virginia , Tulli María José , Russell Anthony P. , Powell George L. , Cruz Félix B. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTEcomorphological studies of lizards have explored the role of various morphological traits and how these may be associated with, among other things, habitat use. We present an analysis of selected traits of internal morphology of the hind limbs of Neotropical iguanian lizards and their relationship to habitat use. Considering that one of the most widely‐held hypotheses relating to the origin of grasping is associated with the exploitation of the narrow‐branch arboreal habitat, we include subdivisions of this designation as two of our ecologically defined categories of habitat exploitation for analysis, and compare lizards assigned to these categories to the features displayed by terrestrial lizards. The influence of phylogeny in shaping the morphology of lizards was assessed by using the comparative method.Kvalues were significant for several osteological traits. Most of theKvalues for the variables based upon muscle and tendon morphometric characters (13 out 21), by contrast, had values <1, suggesting that their variation cannot be explained by phylogeny alone. Results of our phylogenetic and conventional ANCOVA analyses reveal that the characters highlighted through the application of the comparative method are not absolutely related to habitat in terms of the categories considered here. It appears that the bauplan of the lizard pes incorporates a morphological configuration that is sufficiently versatile to enable exploitation of almost all of the available habitats. As unexpected as conservation of internal gross morphology appears, it represents a means of accommodating to environmental challenges by apparently permitting adequacy for all situations examined. Anat Rec, 297:397–409, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Atlas‐Axis Complex in Chamaeleonids (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), with Description of a New Anatomical Structure of the Skull
Authors: Čerňanský Andrej , Boistel Renaud , Fernandez Vincent , Tafforeau Paul , Nicolas Le Noir , Herrel Anthony 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe comparative vertebral morphology of different chamaeleonid genera has been generally neglected and some aspects such as the comparative anatomy of the neck region remain poorly known. The atlas and axis of all chamaeleonid genera (Brookesia, Rieppeleon, Archaius, Rhampholeon, Nadzikambia, Bradypodion, Chamaeleo, Calumma, Furcifer, Kinyongia, and Trioceros) are studied here. Considerable morphological differences are revealed. Additionally, some taxa exhibit sexual dimorphism in the atlas and axis. An extremely long, divided posterodorsal process is present in males of the Trioceros johnstoni + Trioceros jacksonii clade. The solid and well‐developed morphology of the posterodorsal process in males of this taxon could reflect its competitive behavior—males fight with their horns and attempt to dislodge one another from branches during encounters. An additional area of insertion for the cervical musculature may indicate an incremental cervical musculature mass and cross sectional area that can add extra support and stability to the head and assist during combat involving lateral pushing. This character is not present in females. Heterochronic processes have played a role in the evolution of chamaeleonids, as evidenced in many characters of the atlas–axis complex. A new hypothesis of an anterior shifting of synapophyses of the axis is erected and a new derived anatomical structure of the parietal of Chamaeleo calyptratus is described (the processus parietalis inferior). The presence of the processus parietalis inferior is associated with the evolution of the dorsally elevated parietal crest. Anat Rec, 297:369–396, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pedal Proportions of Poposaurus gracilis: Convergence and Divergence in the Feet of Archosaurs
Authors: Farlow James O. , Schachner Emma R. , Sarrazin John Cody , Klein Hendrik , Currie Philip J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe crocodile‐line basal suchian Poposaurus gracilis had body proportions suggesting that it was an erect, bipedal form like many dinosaurs, prompting questions of whether its pedal proportions, and the shape of its footprint, would likewise “mimic” those of bipedal dinosaurs. We addressed these questions through a comparison of phalangeal, digital, and metatarsal proportions of Poposaurus with those of extinct and extant crocodile‐line archosaurs, obligate or facultatively bipedal non‐avian dinosaurs, and ground birds of several clades, as well as a comparison of the footprint reconstructed from the foot skeleton of Poposaurus with known early Mesozoic archosaurian ichnotaxa. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of phalangeal and digital dimensions showed numerous instances of convergence in pedal morphology among disparate archosaurian clades. Overall, the foot of Poposaurus is indeed more like that of bipedal dinosaurs than other archosaur groups, but is not exactly like the foot of any particular bipedal dinosaur clade. Poposaurus likely had a digitigrade stance, and its footprint shape could have resembled grallatorid ichnotaxa, unless digit I of the foot of Poposaurus commonly left an impression. Anat Rec, 297:1022–1046, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bronchiolar Remodeling in Adult Mice Following Neonatal Exposure to Hyperoxia: Relation to Growth
Authors: O'Reilly Megan , Hansbro Philip M. , Horvat Jay C. , Beckett Emma L. , Harding Richard , Sozo Foula 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPreterm infants who receive supplemental oxygen for prolonged periods are at increased risk of impaired lung function later in life. This suggests that neonatal hyperoxia induces persistent changes in small conducting airways (bronchioles). Although the effects of neonatal hyperoxia on alveolarization are well documented, little is known about its effects on developing bronchioles. We hypothesized that neonatal hyperoxia would remodel the bronchiolar walls, contributing to altered lung function in adulthood. We studied three groups of mice (C57BL/6J) to postnatal day 56 (P56; adulthood) when they either underwent lung function testing or necropsy for histological analysis of the bronchiolar wall. One group inhaled 65% O2 from birth until P7, after which they breathed room air; this group experienced growth restriction (HE+GR group). We also used a group in which hyperoxia‐induced GR was prevented by dam rotation (HE group). A control group inhaled room air from birth. At P56, the bronchiolar epithelium of HE mice contained fewer Clara cells and more ciliated cells, and the bronchiolar wall contained ∼25% less collagen than controls; in HE+GR mice the bronchiolar walls had ∼13% more collagen than controls. Male HE and HE+GR mice had significantly thicker bronchiolar epithelium than control males and altered lung function (HE males: greater dynamic compliance; HE+GR males: lower dynamic compliance). We conclude that neonatal hyperoxia remodels the bronchiolar wall and, in adult males, affects lung function, but effects are altered by concomitant growth restriction. Our findings may partly explain the reports of poor lung function in ex‐preterm children and adults. Anat Rec, 297:758–769, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical Variations in the Aortic Bifurcation in New Zealand White Rabbits on Arteriography
Authors: Balastegui Maria Teresa , Ramos‐Plá Juan José , Ferrer‐Puchol Maria Dolores , Carrillo Jose Maria , Monteagudo‐Franco Sergio Pedro , Esteban Enrique , Liste Fernando 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe radiologic anatomy of the aortic bifurcation in the rabbit has received little study but it is important as this anatomical area is widely used in atherosclerosis research. Thirty rabbits were used to study the aortic bifurcation and subsequent branching patterns on arteriography. Fifteen different arteries were identified. Mean arterial diameters of 2.88 ± 0.7 and 2.27 ± 0.55 mm were obtained for the aorta and external iliac arteries, respectively. The cranial and middle aspects at the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) were the most frequent anatomical landmarks (53.3% of the cases) for aortic and common iliac bifurcations, respectively. The caudal aspect of L6 was the most frequent origin (50% of the cases) for the median sacral artery. Deep circumflex iliac arteries originated from common iliac arteries and not the abdominal aorta in the rabbit, showing anatomical asymmetry in 73.3% of the cases. No gender disparity was found in the anatomical location of any of the arteries of the study. Knowledge of normal vascular landmarks for the aortic bifurcation as well as anatomical variations should be helpful to future experimental studies. Anat Rec, 297:663–669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cerebral Cortex of the Pygmy Hippopotamus, Hexaprotodon liberiensis (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae): MRI, Cytoarchitecture, and Neuronal Morphology
Authors: Butti Camilla , Ewan fordyce R. , Ann Raghanti Mary , Gu Xiaosi , Bonar Christopher J. , Wicinski Bridget A. , Wong Edmund W. , Roman Jessica , Brake Alanna , Eaves Emily , Spocter Muhammad A. , Tang Cheuk Y. , Jacobs Bob , Sherwood Chet C. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe structure of the hippopotamus brain is virtually unknown because few studies have examined more than its external morphology. In view of their semiaquatic lifestyle and phylogenetic relatedness to cetaceans, the brain of hippopotamuses represents a unique opportunity for better understanding the selective pressures that have shaped the organization of the brain during the evolutionary process of adaptation to an aquatic environment. Here we examined the histology of the cerebral cortex of the pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) by means of Nissl, Golgi, and calretinin (CR) immunostaining, and provide a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural and volumetric dataset of the anatomy of its brain. We calculated the corpus callosum area/brain mass ratio (CCA/BM), the gyrencephalic index (GI), the cerebellar quotient (CQ), and the cerebellar index (CI). Results indicate that the cortex of H. liberiensis shares one feature exclusively with cetaceans (the lack of layer IV across the entire cerebral cortex), other features exclusively with artiodactyls (e.g., the morphologiy of CR‐immunoreactive multipolar neurons in deep cortical layers, gyrencephalic index values, hippocampus and cerebellum volumetrics), and others with at least some species of cetartiodactyls (e.g., the presence of a thick layer I, the pattern of distribution of CR‐immunoreactive neurons, the presence of von Economo neurons, clustering of layer II in the occipital cortex). The present study thus provides a comprehensive dataset of the neuroanatomy of H. liberiensis that sets the ground for future comparative studies including the larger Hippopotamus amphibius. Anat Rec, 297:670–700, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somatotopic Changes in the Nucleus Ambiguus After Section and Regeneration of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve of the Rat
Authors: Hernández‐Morato Ignacio , Berdugo‐Vega Gabriel , Sañudo Jose R. , Mchanwell Stephen , Vázquez Teresa , Valderrama‐Canales Francisco J. , Pascual‐Font Arán 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTChanges in motoneurons innervating laryngeal muscles after section and regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are far from being understood. Here, we report the somatotopic changes within the nucleus ambiguus (Amb) after the nerve injury and relates it to the resulting laryngeal fold impairment. The left RLN of each animal was transected and the stumps were glued together using surgical fibrin glue. After several survival periods (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks; at least six rats at each time point) the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were injected with fluorescent‐conjugated cholera toxin and the motility of the vocal folds evaluated. After section and subsequent repair of the RLN, no movement of the vocal folds could be detected at any of the survival times studied and the somatotopy and the number of labeled motoneurons changed. From 4 wpi award, the somatotopy was significantly disorganized, with the PCA motoneurons being located rostrally relative to their normal location. A rostrocaudal overlap between the two pools of motoneurons supplying the PCA and TA muscles was observed from 2 wpi onwards. Hardly any labeled neurons were found in the contralateral Amb in any of the experimental groups. An injury of the RLN leads to a reinnervation of the denervated motor endplates of PCA and TA. However, misdirected axons sprout and regrowth from the proximal stump to the larynx. As a result, misplaced innervation of muscles results in a lack of functional recovery of the laryngeal folds movement following a RLN injury. Anat Rec, 297:955–963, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contrasting Histopathology and Crystal Deposits in Kidneys of Idiopathic Stone Formers Who Produce Hydroxy Apatite, Brushite, or Calcium Oxalate Stones
Authors: Evan Andrew P. , Lingeman James E. , Worcester Elaine M. , Sommer Andre J. , Phillips Carrie L. , Williams James C. , Coe Fredric L. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTOur previous work has shown that stone formers who form calcium phosphate (CaP) stones that contain any brushite (BRSF) have a distinctive renal histopathology and surgical anatomy when compared with idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers (ICSF). Here we report on another group of idiopathic CaP stone formers, those forming stone containing primarily hydroxyapatite, in order to clarify in what ways their pathology differs from BRSF and ICSF. Eleven hydroxyapatite stone formers (HASF) (2 males, 9 females) were studied using intra‐operative digital photography and biopsy of papillary and cortical regions to measure tissue changes associated with stone formation. Our main finding is that HASF and BRSF differ significantly from each other and that both differ greatly from ICSF. Both BRSF and ICSF patients have significant levels of Randall's plaque compared with HASF. Intra‐tubular deposit number is greater in HASF than BRSF and nonexistent in ICSF while deposit size is smaller in HASF than BRSF. Cortical pathology is distinctly greater in BRSF than HASF. Four attached stones were observed in HASF, three in 25 BRSF and 5–10 per ICSF patient. HASF and BRSF differ clinically in that both have higher average urine pH, supersaturation of CaP, and calcium excretion than ICSF. Our work suggests that HASF and BRSF are two distinct and separate diseases and both differ greatly from ICSF. Anat Rec, 297:731–748, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.