bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of pharmacists in optimising medication management during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Grzeskowiak Luke E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPregnancy and lactation has a unique effect on decisions relating to medication use. Medication safety can often be a great source of concern for women and healthcare professionals alike, leading to decisions that can negatively impact on outcomes. Compounding this is that evidence regarding the benefits and risks of medication use in pregnancy and lactation can often be lacking, contradictory or difficult to interpret and apply to clinical practice. Pharmacists represent a key source of information on medication use in pregnancy and lactation and as such play an essential role in optimising medication use. Notably, the role of pharmacists extends well beyond that of addressing concerns relating to medication safety, and includes contributing towards therapeutic decision making, providing ongoing medication management, and influencing patterns of medication use. Opportunities for improving health outcomes for mothers and their babies are aplenty and the time has come for pharmacists to stand up to the challenge and play their role.
Comb‐Like Graft Copolymers of Poly(oxa)norbornene: Efficient Synthesis Using a Combination of ROMP and Click Chemistry
Authors: Eissa Ahmed M. , Khosravi Ezat 
Published: March 2015

The combination of ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is described as an efficient click reaction to synthesize a new range of well‐defined comb‐like polynorbornene/polyoxanorbornene graft copolymers containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and/or poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) as side chains. The “grafting through” method is applied for the synthesis of polyoxanorbornene‐g‐PEG via ROMP of oxanorbornenyl di‐PEG macromonomer prepared by click coupling of azide‐terminated PEG with di‐alkyne‐functionalized oxanorbornene. The well‐characterized macromonomer is then subjected to ROMP. Polynorbornene‐g‐PCL and polynorbornene‐g‐PEG are prepared by the “grafting onto” route. This is achieved by ROMP of 5‐bromohexyloxymethyl norbornene followed by reaction with NaN3 and then click reaction with alkyne‐terminated PEG and PCL. (Polyoxanorbornene‐g‐PEG)‐ran‐(polynorbornene‐g‐PCL) is prepared by ROMP of a mixture of oxanorbornenyl di‐PEG and 5‐bromohexyloxymethyl norbornene followed by reaction with NaN3 and subsequently click reaction with alkyne‐end‐capped PCL. All intermediates and final products are characterized by IR, NMR, MS, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Self‐assembly of these comb‐like polymers in solution into micro/nanostructures is foreseen, leading to a wide range of potential applications.image
A Timoshenko finite element straight beam with internal degrees of freedom
Authors: Caillerie Denis , Kotronis Panagiotis , Cybulski Robert 
Published: March 2015

SummaryWe present hereafter the formulation of a Timoshenko finite element straight beam with internal degrees of freedom, suitable for nonlinear material problems in geomechanics (e.g., beam type structures and deep pile foundations). Cubic shape functions are used for the transverse displacements and quadratic for the rotations. The element is free of shear locking, and we prove that one element is able to predict the exact tip displacements for any complex distributed loadings and any suitable boundary conditions. After the presentation of the virtual power and the weak form formulations, the construction of the elementary stiffness matrix is detailed. The analytical results of the static condensation method are provided. It is also proven that the element introduced by Friedman and Kosmatka in , with shape functions depending on material properties, is derived from the new beam element. Validation is provided using linear and material nonlinear applications (reinforced concrete column under cyclic loading) in the context of a multifiber beam formulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excess body mass index‐ and waist circumference‐years and incident cardiovascular disease: The CARDIA study
Authors: Reis Jared P. , Allen Norrina , Gunderson Erica P. , Lee Joyce M. , Lewis Cora E. , Loria Catherine M. , Powell‐Wiley Tiffany M. , Rana Jamal S. , Sidney Stephen , Wei Gina , Yano Yuichiro , Liu Kiang 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the influence of the total cumulative exposure to excess overall and abdominal adiposity on the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsProspective study of 4,061 white and black adults without CVD at baseline in 1985‐1986 (age 18‐30 years) from the multicenter, community‐based CARDIA study. Time‐varying excess body mass index (BMI)‐ and waist circumference (WC)‐years were calculated as products of the degree and duration of excess overall (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and abdominal adiposity [WC >94 cm (men) and >80 cm (women)], respectively, collected at up to eight examinations.ResultsDuring a median of 24.8 years, there were 125 incident CVD, 62 coronary heart disease (CHD), and 33 heart failure (HF) events. Adjusted hazard ratios for CVD, CHD, and HF for each additional 50 excess BMI‐years were 1.20 (1.08, 1.34), 1.25 (1.07, 1.46), and 1.45 (1.23, 1.72), respectively. For each 50 excess WC‐years, these hazard ratios were 1.10 (1.04, 1.18), 1.13 (1.03, 1.24), and 1.22 (1.11, 1.34), respectively. Akaike information criterion values were lowest in models containing time‐varying excess BMI‐ or WC‐years compared to those including time‐varying BMI or WC only.ConclusionsExcess BMI‐ and WC‐years are predictors of the risk of CVD and may provide a better indicator of the cumulative exposure to excess adiposity than BMI or WC only.
Fat distribution and mortality: The AGES‐Reykjavik study
Authors: Koster Annemarie , Murphy Rachel A. , Eiriksdottir Gudny , Aspelund Thor , Sigurdsson Sigurdur , Lang Thomas F. , Gudnason Vilmundur , Launer Lenore J. , Harris Tamara B. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThis study examined associations of regional fat depots with all‐cause mortality over 11 years of follow‐up.MethodsData were from 2,187 men and 2,900 women, aged 66‐96 years in the AGES‐Reykjavik Study. Abdominal visceral fat and subcutaneous fat and thigh intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat were measured by CT.ResultsIn men, every standard deviation (SD) increment in thigh intermuscular fat was related to a significantly greater mortality risk (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08‐1.26) after adjustment for age, education, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, BMI, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease. In women, visceral fat (per SD increment) significantly increased mortality risk (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.25) while abdominal subcutaneous fat (per SD increment) was associated with a lower mortality risk (HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.61‐0.80). Significant interactions with BMI were found in women, indicating that visceral fat was a strong predictor of mortality in obese women while abdominal and thigh subcutaneous fat were associated with a lower mortality risk in normal‐weight and overweight women.ConclusionsFat distribution is associated with mortality over 11 years of follow‐up independent of overall fatness. The divergent mortality risks for visceral fat and subcutaneous fat in women suggest complex relationships between overall fatness and mortality.
Proximal Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Alters Drug Absorption Pattern But Not Systemic Exposure of CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein Substrates
Authors: Chan Lingtak‐Neander , Lin Yvonne S. , Tay‐Sontheimer Jessica C. , Trawick Dorothy , Oelschlager Brant K. , Flum David R. , Patton Kristen K. , Shen Danny D. , Horn John R. 
Published: March 2015

Study ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate) and digoxin (a P‐glycoprotein substrate).DesignProspective, nonblinded, longitudinal, single‐dose pharmacokinetic study in three phases: presurgery baseline and postoperative assessments at 3 and 12 months.PatientsTwelve obese patients meeting current standards for bariatric surgery.Measurements and Main ResultsAt each study visit, patients received a single dose of oral digoxin and midazolam at 8 a.m. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals for 24 hours after dosing. Continuous 12‐lead electrocardiogram (EKG), heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were monitored, and pharmacokinetic parameters from the three visits were compared. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of midazolam increased by 66% and 71% at 3‐ and 12‐month post‐RYGB (p=0.017 and p=0.001, respectively), whereas the median time to peak concentration (Tmax) was reduced by 50%. The mean Cmax for 1′‐hydroxymidazolam increased by 87% and 80% at 3 and 12 months (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). However, neither the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) for midazolam nor the metabolite‐to‐parent AUC ratio changed significantly over time. For digoxin, the median Tmax decreased from 40 minutes at baseline to 30 and 20 minutes at 3 and 12 months, respectively. The mean AUC for digoxin, heart rate, and EKG patterns were similar across the three study phases.ConclusionContemporary proximal RYGB increases the rate of drug absorption without significantly changing the overall exposure to midazolam and digoxin. The Cmax of a CYP3A4 substrate with a high extraction ratio was substantially increased after RYGB.
Agenesis of right upper lobe of lung
Authors: Kuo Chiu‐Ping , Lu Yen‐Ta , Lin Rong‐Luh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAgenesis of the right upper lobe of the lung is a very uncommon congenital anomaly and may be referred to chest clinics in adulthood for an incidental finding of abnormal chest radiograph. The presentations of chest radiograph may imitate many common situations such as right upper lobe collapse presenting as an ipsilateral shifting of the mediastinum or elevation of the right hemidiaphragm due to eventration or subdiaphragmatic lesions. A chest computed tomography is considered the most conclusive examination used to diagnose lung agenesis. Three‐dimensional reconstructed images can be particularly helpful in delineating abnormalities of the bronchi and associated arterial and venous structures. We describe here a young woman with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma since her early childhood. She was referred to our clinic for an incidental finding of abnormal chest radiograph after a school health checkup. Right upper lobe atelectasis or intra‐abdominal lesions were initially suspected. After a thorough image study, she was diagnosed as a case of agenesis of the right upper lobe. Our report emphasizes the importance that a high index of suspicion and adequate image investigation are necessary to diagnose congenital lung anomalies.
Obstacles to wastewater reuse: an overview
Authors: Duong Kimberly , Saphores Jean‐Daniel M. 
Published: March 2015

With growing water scarcity worldwide, reclaimed wastewater is an increasingly attractive option for meeting household water demand, especially in urban areas. However, reluctance by households to use treated wastewater persists. In this article, we discuss the ‘yuck factor,’ health risk concerns, and cost considerations, which are key obstacles to wastewater reuse by households. We then summarize successful and unsuccessful case studies of wastewater reuse around the world. Reasons for the success (or failure) of each case study draws upon unique contextual, historical, and cultural circumstances. Direct potable reuse—where purified wastewater is added to the potable water supply directly—is rare; most successful projects are nonpotable wastewater reuse schemes—where purified water is placed into an environmental buffer before entering a drinking water distribution system. Our review of experiences around the world suggests approaches for improving public acceptability of wastewater reuse schemes. The literature also suggests that there is an urgent need to collect more wastewater treatment and reuse data, to research ways of better assessing and reducing health risk associated with emerging pollutants in reclaimed wastewater, and to better price both drinking water and recycled wastewater. WIREs Water 2015, 2:199–214. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1074This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
The Impact of In‐situ Fabric Surface Energy on Dehydration of Fabrics
Authors: Chen Tao , Liu Xiaoyun , You Qiushi , Yu Danni , Wang Jiping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractReducing liquid surface tension is widely used to increase the efficiency of the centrifugal dehydration in textile wet processing. However, increasing the dehydration efficiency by decreasing fabric surface energy is seldom studied. In this work, the impact of in situ fabric surface energy on residual moisture content (RMC) of fabrics in the dehydration processes was investigated. Different types of fluorocarbon surfactants including cationic, anionic, nonionic and amphoteric were adopted as additives in this study. The liquid surface tension and RMC were efficiently decreased when fluorocarbon surfactants were used. Notably, a cationic fluorocarbon surfactant displays similar surface tension but distinct dehydration efficiency. The in situ fabric surface energy was evaluated by measuring the n‐octane contact angle on the cotton fabric surface under the surfactant solution using the captive bubble method. It was found that the cationic fluorocarbon surfactant system gave the lowest fabric surface energy, which was probably because cationic fluorocarbon surfactants are easier to adsorb onto the surface of cotton fabric to form a fluorocarbon layer. The chemical composition (19F, 12C and 16O) analysis of the cotton fabric surface by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the hypothesis.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance of a Novel Polymeric Cationic Surfactant Based on Low Molecular Weight Chitosan and 3‐Chloro‐2‐Hydroxypropyl Dimethyl Dehydroabietyl Ammonium Chloride (CHPDMDHA)
Authors: Qi Fan , Cai Zhao‐sheng , Zhu Xue‐mei , Shang Shi‐bing , Pei Li‐jun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA series of novel polymeric cationic surfactants based on low molecular weight chitosan (LWCS) and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl dimethyl dehydroabietyl ammonium chloride (CHPDMDHA), LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA, were obtained by the grafting modification of LWCS with CHPDMDHA as grafting agent. The structure of LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA was confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H NMR, and the degree of quaternizing substitution (DS) of LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA was determined according to the results of elemental analysis. The aggregation behavior and surface activities of LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA in aqueous solution were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and determination of surface tension, respectively. The experimental results showed that the DS and molecular weight (Mw) of LWCS have significant influence on the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and the surface tensions at the CMC (γcmc). The shape of aggregates changed with the variation of concentration of LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA in aqueous solution. When the LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA was utilized as an emulsifier, the increase of DS of LWCS‐g‐CHPDMDHA and Mw of LWCS were favorable for improving the stability of emulsions composed of water and benzene.
Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of an Oleic Acid Derived Novel Bicephalous Dianionic Surfactant
Authors: Kalhapure Rahul S. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA novel oleic acid derived bicephalous dianionic surfactant disodium (Z) 3,3′‐(oleoylazanediyl)dipropanoate containing one hydrophobic carbon chain and two hydrophilic head groups was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity for the purpose of introducing a new biocompatible surfactant. The head group 3,3′‐azanediyldipropanoate was synthesized through Michael addition of methyl acrylate to benzylamine and subsequent reductive debenzylation with Pd/C, H2 and was condensed with an oleic acid moiety via amide bond formation. Ester groups at the periphery were hydrolyzed using acetyl chloride‐water and the diacid formed was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate to obtain the desired surfactant. The CMC was determined by conductometry, log Poctanol/water by ChemSW software and the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) by the Davies method and ChemSW. In vitro cytotoxicity study was performed using sulforhodamine B assay and the in vivo skin irritation study was performed on male New Zealand white rabbits as per OECD guideline 404. The CMC was found to be 1.9 mm/l which was almost half of the CMC of sodium oleate. The Log Poctanol/water value of −3.87 and the HLB values of 35.22 and 34.46 by the Davies method and ChemSW software respectively revealed the hydrophilic nature of the surfactant. The surfactant did not exhibit any cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested and was found to be non‐irritating by in vivo skin irritation studies. The findings of the present work suggest that the synthesized novel bicephalous dianionic surfactant is a safe and biocompatible excipient. It has the potential to be an attractive alternative to linear and gemini surfactants for applications in biological studies and pharmaceutical drug delivery systems.
Pregnancy outcome according to pre‐pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain
Authors: Gesche Joanna , Nilas Lisbeth 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess birth weight in relation to gestational weight gain (GWG) among women who were and were not obese before pregnancy.MethodsFor a retrospective cohort study, data were obtained for women with a pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of at least 30 who had a singleton delivery at a center in Denmark in 2010–2011. Data were also obtained for 455 non‐obese women (BMI 20.0–24.9). GWG was expressed in absolute terms and relative to published recommendations (11–16 kg in non‐obese women; 5–9 kg in obese women).ResultsA total of 231 obese women were included in analyses. In non‐obese and obese women, fetal weight was highest when GWG was above the recommended amount. Among women who had a GWG in line with the recommendations, mean birth weight was higher among those with a pre‐pregnancy BMI of 35.0–39.9 (3758 ± 410 g) or at least 40 (3671 ± 374 g) than among non‐obese women (3394 ± 453 g; P = 0.0058).ConclusionBirth weight is related to both maternal BMI and GWG. In obese women, adherence to GWG recommendations does not seem to prevent increased birth weights.
Meta‐analysis of Foley catheter plus misoprostol versus misoprostol alone for cervical ripening
Authors: Chen Wenhang , Xue Jing , Gaudet Laura , Walker Mark , Wen Shi Wu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe effectiveness of Foley catheter plus misoprostol for cervical ripening has not been convincingly shown in trials.ObjectivesTo summarize the evidence comparing Foley catheter plus misoprostol versus misoprostol alone for cervical ripening.Search strategyEmbase, Medline, and Cochrane Collaboration databases were searched with the terms “Foley catheter,” “misoprostol,” “cervical ripening,” and “labor induction.”Selection criteriaRandomized controlled trials comparing the methods of cervical ripening for delivery of a viable fetus were included.Data collection and analysisStudy characteristics, quality, and outcomes were recorded. Random‐effects models were used to combine data.Main resultsEight trials were included, with 1153 patients overall. In a pooled analysis of seven high‐quality studies, the combination group had a decreased time to delivery (mean difference –2.36 hours, 95% confidence interval [CI] –4.07 to –0.66; P = 0.007). Risk of chorioamnionitis was significantly increased in the combination group (risk ratio [RR] 2.07, 95% CI 1.04–4.13; P = 0.04), and that of tachysystole with fetal heart rate changes was decreased (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.91; P = 0.02). Frequency of cesarean did not differ (P = 0.77).ConclusionsThe combined use of Foley catheter and misoprostol results in a reduced time to delivery, a reduced frequency tachysystole with fetal heart rate changes, and an increased incidence of chorioamnionitis.
What adult electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnoses and/or findings do residents in emergency medicine need to know?
Authors: Patocka Catherine , Turner Joel , Wiseman Jeffrey 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThere is no evidence-based description of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation competencies for emergency medicine (EM) trainees. The first step in defining these competencies is to develop a prioritized list of adult ECG findings relevant to EM contexts. The purpose of this study was to categorize the importance of various adult ECG diagnoses and/or findings for the EM trainee.MethodsWe developed a list of potentially important adult ECG diagnoses/findings and conducted a Delphi opinion-soliciting process. Participants used a 4-point Likert scale to rate the importance of each diagnosis for EM trainees. Consensus was defined as a minimum of 75% agreement at the second round or later. In the absence of consensus, stability was defined as a shift of 20% or less after successive rounds.ResultsA purposive sampling of 22 emergency physicians participated in the Delphi process, and 16 (72%) completed the process. Of those, 15 were from 11 different EM training programs across Canada and one was an expert in EM electrocardiography. Overall, 78 diagnoses reached consensus, 42 achieved stability and one diagnosis achieved neither consensus nor stability. Out of 121 potentially important adult ECG diagnoses, 53 (44%) were considered “must know” diagnoses, 61 (50%) “should know” diagnoses, and 7 (6%) “nice to know” diagnoses.ConclusionWe have categorized adult ECG diagnoses within an EM training context, knowledge of which may allow clinical EM teachers to establish educational priorities. This categorization will also facilitate the development of an educational framework to establish EM trainee competency in ECG interpretation.
Resilience of plant-insect interactions in an oak lineage through Quaternary climate change
Authors: Su Tao , Adams Jonathan M. , Wappler Torsten , Huang Yong-Jiang , Jacques Frédéric M. B. , Liu Yu-Sheng (Christopher) , Zhou Zhe-Kun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPlant-insect interactions are vital for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. It is still unclear how climate change in geological time might have shaped plant-insect interactions leading to modern ecosystems. We investigated the effect of Quaternary climate change on plant-insect interactions by observing insect herbivory on leaves of an evergreen sclerophyllous oak lineage (QuercussectionHeterobalanus, HET) from a late Pliocene flora and eight living forests in southwestern China. Among the modern HET populations investigated, the damage diversity tends to be higher in warmer and wetter climates. Even though the climate of the fossil flora was warmer and wetter than modern sample sites, the damage diversity is lower in the fossil flora than in modern HET populations. Eleven out of 18 damage types in modern HET populations are observed in the fossil flora. All damage types in the fossil flora, except for one distinctive gall type, are found in modern HET populations. These results indicate that Quaternary climate change did not cause extensive extinction of insect herbivores in HET forests. The accumulation of a more diverse herbivore fauna over time supports the view of plant species as evolutionary “islands” for colonization and turnover of insect species.