bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do mothers prefer helpers or smaller litters? Birth sex ratio and litter size adjustment in cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Boulton Rebecca A. , Fletcher Alison W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSex allocation theory has been a remarkably productive field in behavioral ecology with empirical evidence regularly supporting quantitative theoretical predictions. Across mammals in general and primates in particular, however, support for the various hypotheses has been more equivocal. Population‐level sex ratio biases have often been interpreted as supportive, but evidence for small‐scale facultative adjustment has rarely been found. The helper repayment (HR) also named the local resource enhancement (LRE) hypothesis predicts that, in cooperatively breeding species, mothers invest more in the sex which assists with rearing future offspring and that this bias will be more pronounced in mothers who require extra assistance (i.e., due to inexperience or a lack of available alloparents). We tested these hypotheses in captive cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) utilizing the international studbook and birth records obtained through a questionnaire from ISIS‐registered institutions. Infant sex, litter size, mother's age, parity, and group composition (presence of nonreproductive subordinate males and females) were determined from these records. The HR hypothesis was supported over the entire population, which was significantly biased toward males (the “helpful” sex). We found little support for helper repayment at the individual level, as primiparous females and those in groups without alloparents did not exhibit more extreme tendencies to produce male infants. Primiparous females were, however, more likely to produce singleton litters. Singleton births were more likely to be male, which suggests that there may be an interaction between litter size adjustment and sex allocation. This may be interpreted as supportive of the HR hypothesis, but alternative explanations at both the proximate and ultimate levels are possible. These possibilities warrant further consideration when attempting to understand the ambiguous results of primate sex ratio studies so far.
Bifunctional N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ferrocenyl Ligands – Synthesis and Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Loxq Pauline , Daran Jean‐Claude , Manoury Eric , Poli Rinaldo , Labande Agnès 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTwo ferrocenylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate salts [R = Me, 7 and R = (2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl), 8], precursors of new ferrocenylimidazol‐2‐ylidene bifunctional ligands, have been prepared for the first time. The free 1‐(2‐dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenyl‐3‐methylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (12) was isolated and characterised by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and represents the second example of an isolated and characterised imidazol‐2‐ylidene directly linked to ferrocene. Neutral (compound 13) and cationic (compound 14) palladium(II) complexes were obtained in moderate yields and characterised by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
Li14(PON3)2O – A Non‐Condensed Oxonitridophosphate Oxide
Authors: Baumann Dominik , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLi14(PON3)2O was synthesized by reaction of phosphoric triamide PO(NH2)3 with LiNH2 at 550 °C. It crystallizes in a trigonal structure [P$\bar {3}$ (no. 147), a = 5.6880(5), c = 8.0855(8) Å, V = 226.55(5) Å3, Z = 1] that can be described as a defect variant of the antifluorite structure type. The crystal structure was elucidated from X‐ray powder diffraction data and corroborated by FTIR and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Li14(PON3)2O is composed of non‐condensed PON36– tetrahedra and O2– ions that are surrounded by tetrahedrally coordinated Li+. This is the first example of an ortho‐oxonitridophosphate.
Stereocontrolled One‐Step Synthesis of Difunctionalised Cispentacin Derivatives through Ring‐Opening Metathesis of Norbornene β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Kiss Loránd , Kardos Márton , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThrough the ring‐opening metathesis of norbornene or oxanorbornene β‐amino acids with ethylene in the presence of certain Ru catalysts, a facile and convenient stereocontrolled one‐step method was devised for the preparation of divinylated cispentacins and oxacyclic cispentacin stereoisomers with four chiral centres. The products are interesting scaffolds for peptide chemistry and for the synthesis of novel functionalised materials through olefinic bond transformations. The ring‐opening metathesis proceeds without affecting the chiral centres of the starting molecules, so that their stereochemistry was conserved and determines the configuration of the chiral centres in the products.
Carbon capture and geological storage in Brazil: an overview
Authors: Iglesias Rodrigo S. , Ketzer J. Marcelo , Melo Clarissa L. , Heemann Roberto , Machado Claudia X. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBrazil is recognized for possessing a low carbon‐intensive energy matrix, with most of its power being generated from hydroelectricity. Its greenhouse gas emissions profile is dominated by deforestation and land‐use change. Despite this characteristic, the country has been committed to the development of carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) research since this technology started to be recognized as a relevant solution for greenhouse gas emission reductions. This development has gained attention recently owing to the beginning of the production of pre‐salt reservoirs, which may contain significant amounts of CO2 in the produced fluids. The work has been carried out mostly through the efforts of the academia and industrial enterprises. This paper presents a summary and a brief description of the recent activities being carried out by these sectors, aiming to develop and promote CCS in Brazil.
There Is Enough Time
Authors: Hobson Sarah R. , Vu Julie F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper draws upon an explanation of the proleptic, an understanding of time as being socially constructed within specific contexts, to interpret a series of dramatic sequences enacted in ethnodramatic pedagogy. The authors present two major arguments: (1) teachers can help students analyze the processes that influence and shape their identities by adopting a proleptic framework; (2) ethnodrama, a dramatic and dialogic approach to interpreting texts, creates an opportunity for students to evaluate the social forces that shape identity construction as they situate and reflect on texts within multiple contexts. The authors delineate the ways in which teachers can use ethnodrama to help students revise their understandings of the personal and cultural implications of texts by situating these understandings in different configurations of place, space, and time.
Cytotoxicity associated with electrospun polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Pathan Saif G. , Fitzgerald Lisa M. , Ali Syed M. , Damrauer Scott M. , Bide Martin J. , Nelson David W. , Ferran Christiane , Phaneuf Tina M. , Phaneuf Matthew D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic, water‐soluble polymer, with applications in industries ranging from textiles to biomedical devices. Research on electrospinning of PVA has been targeted toward optimizing or finding novel applications in the biomedical field. However, the effects of electrospinning on PVA biocompatibility have not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, the cytotoxicity of electrospun PVA (nPVA) which was not crosslinked after electrospinning was assessed. PVA polymers of several molecular weights were dissolved in distilled water and electrospun using the same parameters. Electrospun PVA materials with varying molecular weights were then dissolved in tissue culture medium and directly compared against solutions of nonelectrospun PVA polymer in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells and human coronary artery endothelial cells cultures. All nPVA solutions were cytotoxic at a threshold molar concentration that correlated with the molecular weight of the starting PVA polymer. In contrast, none of the nonelectrospun PVA solutions caused any cytotoxicity, regardless of their concentration in the cell culture. Evaluation of the nPVA material by differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that polymer degradation had occurred after electrospinning. To elucidate the identity of the nPVA component that caused cytotoxicity, nPVA materials were dissolved, fractionated using size exclusion columns, and the different fractions were added to HCASMC and human coronary artery endothelial cells cultures. These studies indicated that the cytotoxic component of the different nPVA solutions were present in the low‐molecular‐weight fraction. Additionally, the amount of PVA present in the 3–10 kg/mol fraction was approximately sixfold greater than that in the nonelectrospun samples. In conclusion, electrospinning of PVA resulted in small‐molecular‐weight fractions that were cytotoxic to cells. This result demonstrates that biocompatibility of electrospun biodegradable polymers should not be assumed on the basis of success of their nonelectrospun predecessors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1652–1662, 2015.
An analytical model of triple‐material double‐gate metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor to suppress short‐channel effects
Authors: Baral Biswajit , Das Aloke Kumar , De Debashis , Sarkar Angsuman 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThis paper presents an analytical subthreshold model for surface potential and threshold voltage of a triple‐material double‐gate (DG) metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor. The model is developed by using a rectangular Gaussian box in the channel depletion region with the required boundary conditions at the source and drain end. The model is used to study the effect of triple‐material gate structure on the electrical performance of the device in terms of changes in potential and electric field. The device immunity against short‐channel effects is evaluated by comparing the relative performance parameters such as drain‐induced barrier lowering, threshold voltage roll‐off, and subthreshold swing with its counterparts in the single‐material DG and double‐material DG metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors. The developed surface potential model not only provides device physics insight but is also computationally efficient because of its simple compact form that can be utilized to study and characterize the gate‐engineered devices. Furthermore, the effects of quantum confinement are analyzed with the development of a quantum‐mechanical correction term for threshold voltage. The results obtained from the model are in close agreement with the data extracted from numerical Technology Computer Aided Design device simulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative approach for quasi‐static large deformation analysis of saturated porous media using meshfree method
Authors: Khoshghalb Arman , Khalili Nasser 
Published: January 2015

SummaryAn alternative coupled large deformation formulation combined with a meshfree approach is proposed for flow–deformation analysis of saturated porous media. The formulation proposed is based on the Updated Lagrangian (UL) approach, except that the spatial derivatives are defined with respect to the configuration of the medium at the last time step rather than the configuration at the last iteration. In this way, the Cauchy stresses are calculated directly, rendering the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor not necessary for the numerical solution of the equilibrium equations. Moreover, in contrast with the UL approach, the nodal shape function derivatives are calculated once in each time step and stored for use in subsequent iterations, which reduces the computational cost of the algorithm. Stress objectivity is satisfied using the Jaumann stress rate, and the spatial discretisation of the governing equations is achieved using the standard Galerkin method. The equations of equilibrium are satisfied directly, and the nonlinear parts of the system matrix are derived independent of the stresses of the medium resulting in a stable numerical algorithm. Temporal discretisation is effected based on a three‐point approximation technique that avoids spurious ripple effects and has second‐order accuracy. The radial point interpolation method is used to construct the shape functions. The application of the formulation and the significance of large deformation effects on the numerical results are demonstrated through several numerical examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐domain vector potential technique for the meshless radial point interpolation method
Authors: Shaterian Zahra , Kaufmann Thomas , Fumeaux Christophe 
Published: January 2015

SummaryA time‐domain meshless algorithm based on vector potentials is introduced for the analysis of transient electromagnetic fields. The proposed numerical algorithm is a modification of the radial point interpolation method, where radial basis functions are used for local interpolation of the vector potentials and their derivatives. In the proposed implementation, solving the second‐order vector potential wave equation intrinsically enforces the divergence‐free property of the electric and magnetic fields. Furthermore, the computational effort associated with the generation of a dual node distribution (as required for solving the first‐order Maxwell's equations) is avoided. The proposed method is validated with several examples of 2D waveguides and filters, and the convergence is empirically demonstrated in terms of node density or size of local support domains. It is further shown that inhomogeneous node distributions can provide increased convergence rates, that is, the same accuracy with smaller number of nodes compared with a solution for homogeneous node distribution. A comparison of the magnetic vector potential technique with conventional radial point interpolation method is performed, highlighting the superiority of the divergence‐free formulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying parasitic current pathways in CIGS solar cells by modelling dark J–V response
Authors: Williams Benjamin L. , Smit Sjoerd , Kniknie Bas J. , Bakker Klaas J. , Keuning Wytze , Kessels W. M. M. , Schropp Ruud E. I. , Creatore M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe non‐uniform presence of shunting defects is a significant cause of poor reproducibility across large‐area solar cells, or from batch‐to‐batch for small area cells, but the most commonly used value for shunt parameterisation (the shunt resistance) fails to identify the cause for shunting. Here, the use of equivalent circuit models to describe dark current–voltage characteristics of ZnO:Al/i‐ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo devices in order to understand shunting behaviour is evaluated. Simple models, with a single shunt pathway, were tested but failed to fit experimental data, whereas a more sophisticated model developed here, which includes three shunting pathways, yielded excellent agreement throughout the temperature range of 183–323 K. The temperature dependence of fitting parameters is consistent with known physical models. Activation energies and contact barriers are determined from the model, and extracted diode factors are unique across the voltage range. A case study is presented whereby the model is used to diagnose poor reproducibility for CIGS devices (efficiency ~3–14% across a 100 cm2 plate). It's shown that lower efficiencies correlated with greater prevalence of Ohmic and non‐Ohmic shunt currents, which may form due to pinholes in absorber and buffer layers respectively, whereas the quality of the main junction was constant for all cells (diode factor ~1.5–2). Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of ZnO:Al/i‐ZnO/Mo and ZnO:Al/CIGS/Mo regions, supporting the multi‐shunt pathway scheme disclosed by modelling. While the model is tested with CIGS cells here, this general model is a powerful diagnostic tool for process development for any type of thin‐film device. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic effects of tributyltin on multiple biomarkers responses in juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Li Zhi‐Hua , Li Ping , Shi Ze‐Chao 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the chronic toxic effects of tributyltin (TBT), an antifouling paints commonly present in surface and ground water, on morphological indices, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and ATPase activity and heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 protein in tissues (liver, gill, and white muscle) of common carp were investigated. Fish were exposed at sublethal concentrations of TBT (75 ng/L, 0.75 μg/L, and 7.5 μg/L) for 60 days. When compared with the control, there was significant lower condition factor in fish exposed at the higher concentration of TBT. ROS levels in three tissues increased significantly at higher TBT concentrations (0.75 and 7.5 μg/L). The hepatic antioxidant enzymes (total antioxidative capacity and superoxide dismutase) activities were induced at higher concentrations (0.75 μg/L) of TBT. When compared with the hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities in fish exposed to 0.75 μg/L of TBT, there was a decreasing trend in those exposed to TBT with a concentration of 7.5 μg/L. However, all the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly inhibited in gill and muscle of fish exposed to higher TBT concentrations (0.75 and 7.5 μg/L). Moreover, there was significant lower Na‐K‐ATPase in three tissues after long‐term exposure to higher concentration of TBT, but a significant higher Hsp70 protein levels was observed. In short, environmental concentrations of TBT could not induce obvious impacts on fish, but long‐term exposure to higher concentrations of TBT could affect seriously the health status of fish. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 937–944, 2016.
Trihalomethanes in liver pathology: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the mouse
Authors: Faustino‐Rocha Ana I. , Rodrigues D. , da Costa R. Gil , Diniz C. , Aragão S. , Talhada D. , Botelho M. , Colaço A. , Pires M. J. , Peixoto F. , Oliveira P. A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTTrihalomethanes (THMs) are disinfection byproducts found in chlorinated water, and are associated with several different kinds of cancer in human populations and experimental animal models. Metabolism of THMs proceeds through enzymes such as GSTT1 and CYP2E1 and gives rise to reactive intermediates, which form the basis for their toxic activities. The aim of this study was to assess the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by THMs at low levels, and the resulting hepatic histological and biochemical changes in the mouse. Male ICR mice were administered with two THMs: dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM); once daily, by gavage, to a total of four administrations. Animals were sacrificed four weeks after DBCM and BDCM administrations. Blood biochemistry was performed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), creatinine, and urea. Animals exposed to DBCM and BDCM showed elevated ALT and TB levels (p < 0.05) as compared with controls. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of vacuolar degenerescence and a multifocal necrotizing hepatitis in 33% of animals (n = 2). Mitochondrial analysis showed that THMs reduced mitochondrial bioenergetic activity (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR), cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and ATP synthase) and increased oxidative stress (glutathione S‐transferase (GST)) in hepatic tissues (p < 0.05). These results add detail to the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying THM‐induced toxicity, supporting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver toxicity caused by DBCM and BDCM. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1009–1016, 2016.
Social Media as Social Capital of LGB Individuals in Hong Kong: Its Relations with Group Membership, Stigma, and Mental Well‐Being
Authors: Chong Eddie S. K. , Zhang Yin , Mak Winnie W. S. , Pang Ingrid H. Y. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSocial media are found to facilitate social information exchange among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals who are subjected to social stigma. This study tested the protective role of LGB‐tailored social media uses and gratifications in promoting LGB group membership, which we hypothesized to reduce LGB stigma and enhance mental health among LGB individuals in Hong Kong. Based on a sample of 233 Chinese LGB individuals in Hong Kong, structural equation modeling showed evidence for our hypotheses, χ(df=62)2 = 88.20, GFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.98, NNFI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.07, RMSEA = 0.04. Community surveillance, identity expression, and emotional support on social media may promote mental health by instilling a sense of group membership and reducing stigma. Social media may build camaraderie and bolster resilience among LGB individuals that may otherwise be difficult in conservative regions.
Comprehensive evaluation of high-steep slope stability and optimal high-steep slope design by 3D physical modeling
Authors: Lai Xing-ping , Shan Peng-fei , Cai Mei-feng , Ren Fen-hua , Tan Wen-hui 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
High-steep slope stability and its optimal excavation design in Shuichang open pit iron mine were analyzed based on a large 3D physical simulation technique. An optimal excavation scheme with a relatively steeper slope angle was successfully implemented at the northwest wall between Nos. 4 and 5 exploration lines of Shuichang Iron Mine, taking into account the 3D scale effect. The physico-mechanical properties of rock materials were obtained by laboratory tests conducted on sample cores from exploration drilling directly from the iron mine. A porous rock-like composite material was formed for the model, and the mechanical parameters of the material were assessed experimentally; specifically, the effect of water on the sample was quantitatively determined. We adopted an experimental setup using stiff modular applied static loading to carry out a visual excavation of the slope at a random depth. The setup was equipped with acoustic emission (AE) sensors, and the experiments were monitored by crack optical acquirement, ground penetrating radar, and close-field photogrammetry to investigate the mechanisms of rock-mass destabilization in the high-steep slope. For the complex study area, the model results indicated a clear correlation between the model’s destabilization resulting from slope excavation and the collected monitoring information. During the model simulation, the overall angle of the slope increased by 1–6 degrees in different sections. Dramatically, the modeled excavation scheme saved over 80 million tons of rock from extraction, generating enormous economic and ecological benefits.
Mental health and psychosocial functioning in adolescence: An investigation among Indian students from Delhi
Authors: Singh Kamlesh , Bassi Marta , Junnarkar Mohita , Negri Luca 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWhile developmental studies predominantly investigated adolescents' mental illness and psychosocial maladjustment, the present research focused on positive mental health of Indian adolescents within the Mental Health Continuum model. Aims were to estimate their prevalence of mental health and to examine its associations with mental distress and psychosocial functioning, taking into account age and gender. A group of 539 students (age 13–18; 43.2% girls) in the National Capital Territory of Delhi completed Mental Health Continuum Short Form, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales‐21, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Findings showed that 46.4% participants were flourishing, 51.2% were moderately mentally healthy, and only 2.4% were languishing. A higher number of girls and younger adolescents were flourishing compared to boys and older adolescents. Moreover, flourishing youths reported lower prevalence of depression and adjustment difficulties, and more prosocial behavior. Findings support the need to expand current knowledge on positive mental health for well‐being promotion in adolescence.