bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viewpoints: Diet and dietary adaptations in early hominins: The hard food perspective
Authors: Strait David S. , Constantino Paul , Lucas Peter W. , Richmond Brian G. , Spencer Mark A. , Dechow Paul C. , Ross Callum F. , Grosse Ian R. , Wright Barth W. , Wood Bernard A. , Weber Gerhard W. , Wang Qian , Byron Craig , Slice Dennis E. , Chalk Janine , Smith Amanda L. , Smith Leslie C. , Wood Sarah , Berthaume Michael , Benazzi Stefano , Dzialo Christine , Tamvada Kelli , Ledogar Justin A. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTRecent biomechanical analyses examining the feeding adaptations of early hominins have yielded results consistent with the hypothesis that hard foods exerted a selection pressure that influenced the evolution of australopith morphology. However, this hypothesis appears inconsistent with recent reconstructions of early hominin diet based on dental microwear and stable isotopes. Thus, it is likely that either the diets of some australopiths included a high proportion of foods these taxa were poorly adapted to consume (i.e., foods that they would not have processed efficiently), or that aspects of what we thought we knew about the functional morphology of teeth must be wrong. Evaluation of these possibilities requires a recognition that analyses based on microwear, isotopes, finite element modeling, and enamel chips and cracks each test different types of hypotheses and allow different types of inferences. Microwear and isotopic analyses are best suited to reconstructing broad dietary patterns, but are limited in their ability to falsify specific hypotheses about morphological adaptation. Conversely, finite element analysis is a tool for evaluating the mechanical basis of form‐function relationships, but says little about the frequency with which specific behaviors were performed or the particular types of food that were consumed. Enamel chip and crack analyses are means of both reconstructing diet and examining biomechanics. We suggest that current evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that certain derived australopith traits are adaptations for consuming hard foods, but that australopiths had generalized diets that could include high proportions of foods that were both compliant and tough. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:339–355, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low cerebrospinal fluid concentration of mitochondrial DNA in preclinical Alzheimer disease
Authors: Podlesniy Petar , Figueiro‐Silva Joana , Llado Albert , Antonell Anna , Sanchez‐Valle Raquel , Alcolea Daniel , Lleo Alberto , Molinuevo Jose Luis , Serra Nuria , Trullas Ramon 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo identify a novel biochemical marker that precedes clinical symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD).MethodsUsing quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques, we measured circulating cell‐free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from study participants, selected from a cohort of 282 subjects, who were classified according to their concentrations of amyloid β1–42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau and by the presence or absence of dementia, into asymptomatic subjects at risk of AD, symptomatic patients diagnosed with sporadic AD, presymptomatic subjects carrying pathogenic PSEN1 mutations, and patients diagnosed with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We performed equivalent studies in a separate validation cohort of sporadic AD and FTLD patients. In addition, we measured mtDNA copy number in cultured cortical neurons from mutant amyloid precursor protein/presenilin1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice.ResultsAsymptomatic patients at risk of AD and symptomatic AD patients, but not FTLD patients, exhibit a significant decrease in circulating cell‐free mtDNA in the CSF. These observations were confirmed in the validation cohort. In addition, presymptomatic subjects carrying pathogenic PSEN1 gene mutations show low mtDNA content in CSF before the appearance of AD‐related biomarkers in CSF. Moreover, mtDNA content in CSF discriminates with high sensitivity and specificity AD patients from either controls or patients with FTLD. Furthermore, cultured cortical neurons from APP/PS1 transgenic mice have fewer mtDNA copies before the appearance of altered synaptic markers.InterpretationLow content of mtDNA in CSF may be a novel biomarker for the early detection of preclinical AD. These findings support the hypothesis that mtDNA depletion is a characteristic pathophysiological factor of neurodegeneration in AD. Ann Neurol 2013;74:655–668
Amylin deposition in the brain: A second amyloid in Alzheimer disease?
Authors: Jackson Kaleena , Barisone Gustavo A. , Diaz Elva , Jin Lee‐way , DeCarli Charles , Despa Florin 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveHyperamylinemia, a common pancreatic disorder in obese and insulin‐resistant patients, is known to cause amylin oligomerization and cytotoxicity in pancreatic islets, leading to β‐cell mass depletion and development of type 2 diabetes. Recent data has revealed that hyperamylinemia also affects the vascular system, heart, and kidneys. We therefore hypothesized that oligomerized amylin might accumulate in the cerebrovascular system and brain parenchyma of diabetic patients.MethodsAmylin accumulation in the brain of diabetic patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer disease (AD), nondiabetic patients with AD, and age‐matched healthy controls was assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsAmylin oligomers and plaques were identified in the temporal lobe gray matter from diabetic patients, but not controls. In addition, extensive amylin deposition was found in blood vessels and perivascular spaces. Intriguingly, amylin deposition was also detected in blood vessels and brain parenchyma of patients with late onset AD without clinically apparent diabetes. Mixed amylin and amyloid β (Aβ) deposits were occasionally observed. However, amylin accumulation leads to amyloid formation independent of Aβ deposition. Tissues infiltrated by amylin showed increased interstitial space, vacuolation, spongiform change, and capillaries bent at amylin accumulation sites. Unlike the pancreas, there was no evidence of amylin synthesis in the brain.InterpretationMetabolic disorders and aging promote accumulation of amylin amyloid in the cerebrovascular system and gray matter, altering microvasculature and tissue structure. Amylin amyloid formation in the wall of cerebral blood vessels may also induce failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain, thus contributing to the etiology of AD. Ann Neurol 2013;74:517–526
Pituitary dysfunction after blast traumatic brain injury
Authors: Baxter David , Sharp David J. , Feeney Claire , Papadopoulou Debbie , Ham Timothy E. , Jilka Sagar , Hellyer Peter J. , Patel Maneesh C. , Bennett Alexander N. , Mistlin Alan , McGilloway Emer , Midwinter Mark , Goldstone Anthony P. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivePituitary dysfunction is a recognized consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that causes cognitive, psychological, and metabolic impairment. Hormone replacement offers a therapeutic opportunity. Blast TBI (bTBI) from improvised explosive devices is commonly seen in soldiers returning from recent conflicts. We investigated: (1) the prevalence and consequences of pituitary dysfunction following moderate to severe bTBI and (2) whether it is associated with particular patterns of brain injury.MethodsNineteen male soldiers with moderate to severe bTBI (median age = 28.3 years) and 39 male controls with moderate to severe nonblast TBI (nbTBI; median age = 32.3 years) underwent full dynamic endocrine assessment between 2 and 48 months after injury. In addition, soldiers had structural brain magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and cognitive assessment.ResultsSix of 19 (32.0%) soldiers with bTBI, but only 1 of 39 (2.6%) nbTBI controls, had anterior pituitary dysfunction (p = 0.004). Two soldiers had hyperprolactinemia, 2 had growth hormone (GH) deficiency, 1 had adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency, and 1 had combined GH/ACTH/gonadotrophin deficiency. DTI measures of white matter structure showed greater traumatic axonal injury in the cerebellum and corpus callosum in those soldiers with pituitary dysfunction than in those without. Soldiers with pituitary dysfunction after bTBI also had a higher prevalence of skull/facial fractures and worse cognitive function. Four soldiers (21.1%) commenced hormone replacement(s) for hypopituitarism.InterpretationWe reveal a high prevalence of anterior pituitary dysfunction in soldiers suffering moderate to severe bTBI, which was more frequent than in a matched group of civilian moderate to severe nbTBI subjects. We recommend that all patients with moderate to severe bTBI should routinely have comprehensive assessment of endocrine function. Ann Neurol 2013;74:527–536
Solvent‐Dependent Reversible Ligand Exchange in Nickel Complexes of a Monosulfide Bis(diphenylphosphino)(N‐thioether)amine
Authors: Ghisolfi Alessio , Fliedel Christophe , Rosa Vitor , Pattacini Roberto , Thibon Aurore , Yu. Monakhov Kirill , Braunstein Pierre 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe coordination chemistry of the DPPA‐type functional phosphine bis(diphenylphosphino)(N‐thioether)amine N(PPh2)2(CH2)3SMe (1) and its monosulfide derivative, (Ph2P)N{P(S)Ph2}(CH2)3SMe (1⋅S), towards NiII precursors has been investigated. The crystal structures of N{P(S)Ph2}2(CH2)3SMe (1⋅S2), [NiCl2{(Ph2P)2N(CH2)3SMe‐P,P}] (2), [NiCl2((Ph2P)N{P(S)Ph2}(CH2)3SMe‐P,S)] (3), [Ni((Ph2P)N{P(S)Ph2}(CH2)3SMe‐P,S)2]NiCl4 (3′), [Ni((Ph2P)N{P(S)Ph2}(CH2)3SMe‐P,S)2](BF4)2 (4), and [Ni((Ph2P)NH{P(S)Ph2}‐P,S)2]Cl2 (5) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In all of the complexes with the hybrid ligand 1⋅S, P,S‐chelation to the NiII center is observed. Despite the stability generally associated with five‐membered ring chelation, easy migration of this LL′‐type P,S‐chelating ligand from one metal center to another was observed, which accounts for the reversible ligand‐redistribution reaction occurring in the equilibrium between the neutral, diamagnetic complex [NiCl2LL′] and the paramagnetic ion‐pair [Ni(LL′)2][NiCl4]. Detailed investigations by multinuclear NMR, UV/Vis, and FTIR spectroscopic methods and DFT calculations are reported. Each of the formula isomers 3 and 3′ can be selectively obtained, depending on the experimental conditions.
Biochemical characterization and crystal structure of a GH10 xylanase from termite gut bacteria reveal a novel structural feature and significance of its bacterial Ig‐like domain
Authors: Han Qian , Liu Ning , Robinson Howard , Cao Lin , Qian Changli , Wang Qianfu , Xie Lei , Ding Haizhen , Wang Qian , Huang Yongping , Li Jianyong , Zhou Zhihua 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBacterial Ig‐like (Big) domains are commonly distributed in glycoside hydrolases (GH), but their structure and function remains undefined. Xylanase is a GH, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the internal β‐xylosidic linkages of xylan. In this study, we report the molecular cloning, biochemical and biophysical characterization, and crystal structure of a termite gut bacterial xylanase, Xyl‐ORF19, which was derived from gut bacteria of a wood‐feeding termite (Globitermes brachycerastes). The protein architecture of Xyl‐ORF19 reveals that it has two domains, a C‐terminal GH10 catalytic domain and an N‐terminal Big_2 non‐catalytic domain. The catalytic domain folds in an (α/β)8 barrel as most GH10 xylanases do, but it has two extra β‐strands. The non‐catalytic domain is structurally similar to an immunoglobulin‐like domain of intimins. The recombinant enzyme without the non‐catalytic domain has fairly low catalytic activity, and is different from the full‐length enzyme in kinetic parameters, pH and temperature profiles, which suggests the non‐catalytic domain could affect the enzyme biochemical and biophysical properties as well as the role for enzyme localization. This study provides a molecular basis for future efforts in xylanase bioengineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 3093–3103. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Methanethiol from CS2 on Ni‐, Co‐, and K‐Doped MoS2/SiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Gutiérrez Oliver Y. , Zhong Liangshu , Zhu Yongzhong , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of methanethiol from CS2 catalyzed by Ni‐, Co‐, or K‐modified MoS2/SiO2 through the sequence CS2→CH3SH→CH3SCH3 (DMS) has been studied. CS2 is readily hydrogenated to CH3SH, whereas CH3SH and DMS decompose to CH4 at high CS2 conversions and temperatures. Thus, very high yields of CH3SH can be obtained on all the catalysts. The addition of Co or Ni accelerates all reaction steps to allow the formation of CH3SH under relatively mild conditions. On the contrary, K suppresses the formation of byproducts but also lowers the activity. The surface reaction proceeds through a series of hydrogen‐addition steps, the rate‐controlling step of which is the addition of the first H atom. H2 adsorbs dissociatively, whereas CS2 adsorbs strongly in a single active site prior to hydrogenation. The addition of Ni has a stronger enhancing effect on hydrogenation and accelerates the CS bond cleavage to a smaller extent than Co. Therefore, Ni leads to optimum CH3SH yields and holds the best promise as promoter for the MoS2 phase in the synthesis of methanethiol from CS2.
Chiral Thin Films of Metal Oxide
Authors: Moshe Hagay , Vanbel Maarten , Valev Ventsislav Kolev , Verbiest Thierry , Dressler David , Mastai Yitzhak 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we describe for the first time the synthesis of new chiral nanosized metal oxide surfaces based on chiral self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) coated with metal oxide (TiO2) nanolayers. In this new type of nanosize chiral surface, the metal oxide nanolayers enable the protection of the chiral self‐assembled monolayers while preserving their enantioselective nature. The chiral nature of the SAM/TiO2 films was characterized by variety of unique techniques, such as second‐harmonic generation circular dichroism (SHG‐CD), quartz crystal microbalance, and chiral adsorption measurements with circular dichroism spectroscopy. The chiral resolution abilities of the SAMs coated with metal oxide (TiO2) nanolayers were investigated in the crystallization of a racemic mixture of threonine and glutamic acid. Our proposed methodology for the preparation of nanoscale chiral surfaces described in this article could open up opportunities in other fields of chemistry, such as chiral catalysis.
Importance of Size and Distribution of Ni Nanoparticles for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Microalgae Oil
Authors: Song Wenji , Zhao Chen , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractImproved synthetic approaches for preparing small‐sized Ni nanoparticles (d=3 nm) supported on HBEA zeolite have been explored and compared with the traditional impregnation method. The formation of surface nickel silicate/aluminate involved in the two precipitation processes are inferred to lead to the stronger interaction between the metal and the support. The lower Brønsted acid concentrations of these two Ni/HBEA catalysts compared with the parent zeolite caused by the partial exchange of Brønsted acid sites by Ni2+ cations do not influence the hydrodeoxygenation rates, but alter the product selectivity. Higher initial rates and higher stability have been achieved with these optimized catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid and microalgae oil. Small metal particles facilitate high initial catalytic activity in the fresh sample and size uniformity ensures high catalyst stability.
Correction of single‐beam sample absorption error in a hemispherical 45°/0° spectrophotometer measurement cavity
Authors: Sloan Walter W. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA mathematical model for quantifying single‐beam sample absorption error in a hemispherical 45°/0° measurement cavity is derived and tested by measuring diffuse reflectance standards with a prototype visible‐range spectrophotometer. A methodology is described for using this three‐parameter model to correct for sample absorption error in any single‐beam spectrophotometer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 436–441, 2014
Correlation and modeling between color variation and quality of the surface between accelerated and natural tropical weathering in Acacia mangium, Cedrela odorata and Tectona grandis wood with two coating
Authors: Valverde Juan Carlos , Moya Róger 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTo prevent the photodegradation process, a wide range of coatings have been developed. This study evaluated wood color change (ΔE*) and the surface quality index (SQI) generated by ASTM D‐660 standards in wood protected with polyurethane and varnish finishes of three tropical species (Acacia mangium, Cedrela odorata and Tectona grandis) in two weathering conditions (natural and accelerated condition). In addition, a model was developed to predict ΔE* and SQI in natural weathering based on ΔE* and SQI from accelerated weathering. The results showed that the application of these finishes generated variations in the color parameters of wood before being exposed to the elements. Additionally, it was found that finishes generated increases in ΔE*, especially the varnish type finish, and decreasing of SQI. Finally, models were found to predict color changes or surface quality in natural weathering based on color changes or surface quality in accelerated weathering. The model algorithm was expressed by ΔE* or SQI measured (X) and time exposure (t) in accelerated weathering by equation
. With these models, it is possible to predict the equivalence of exposure times in natural weathering in tropical conditions for different kinds of finishes in three tropical species. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 519–529, 2014
High‐Dimensional NMR Spectra for Structural Studies of Biomolecules
Authors: Kazimierczuk Krzysztof , Stanek Jan , Zawadzka‐Kazimierczuk Anna , Koźmiński Wiktor 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecent developments in the acquisition and processing of NMR data sets facilitate the recording of ultra‐high‐resolution NMR spectra in a reasonable time. The new experiments allow easy resonance assignment for folded and unfolded proteins, as well as the precise determination of spectral parameters, for example, chemical shifts, NOE contacts, coupling constants or cross‐correlated relaxation rates. Owing to exceptional resolution of 4D–6D spectroscopy, detailed studies of biomolecules of unprecedented complexity are now possible. Herein, the principles of acquisition and processing methods are presented. The main applications of high‐dimensional NMR experiments, including backbone and side‐chain resonance assignment in proteins, as well as heteronuclear edited NOE techniques are reviewed.
Genetic structure of wildcat (Felis silvestris) populations in Italy
Authors: Mattucci F. , Oliveira R. , Bizzarri L. , Vercillo F. , Anile S. , Ragni B. , Lapini L. , Sforzi A. , Alves P. C. , Lyons L. A. , Randi E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSevere climatic changes during the Pleistocene shaped the distributions of temperate‐adapted species. These species survived glaciations in classical southern refuges with more temperate climates, as well as in western and eastern peripheral Alpine temperate areas. We hypothesized that the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) populations currently distributed in Italy differentiated in, and expanded from two distinct glacial refuges, located in the southern Apennines and at the periphery of the eastern Alps. This hypothesis was tested by genotyping 235 presumed European wildcats using a panel of 35 domestic cat‐derived microsatellites. To provide support and controls for the analyses, 17 know wildcatxdomestic cat hybrids and 17 Sardinian wildcats (F. s. libyca) were included. Results of Bayesian clustering and landscape genetic analyses showed that European wildcats in Italy are genetically subdivided into three well‐defined clusters corresponding to populations sampled in: (1) the eastern Alps, (2) the peninsular Apennines, and (3) the island of Sicily. Furthermore, the peninsular cluster is split into two subpopulations distributed on the eastern (Apennine mountains and hills) and western (Maremma hills and lowlands) sides of the Apennine ridge. Simulations indicated Alpine, peninsular, and Sicilian wildcats were isolated during the Last Glacial Maximum. Population subdivision in the peninsula cluster of central Italy arose as consequence of a more recent expansions of historically or ecologically distinct European wildcat subpopulations associated with distinct the Continental or Mediterranean habitats. This study identifies previously unknown European wildcat conservation units and supports a deep phylogeographical history for Italian wildcats.
Synthesis and Characterization of Star‐Shaped Donor–Acceptor–Donor Structures
Authors: Pelz Simon , Zhang Jinming , Kanelidis Ioannis , Klink Dennis , Hyzak Lukas , Wulf Volker , Schmitz Oliver J. , Gasse Jan‐Christoph , Frahm Ronald , Pütz Andreas , Colsmann Alexander , Lemmer Uli , Holder Elisabeth 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA Sonogashira coupling reaction led to star‐shaped 1,3,5‐tris({5‐[7‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐yl]thiophen‐2‐yl}ethynyl)benzene derivatives. The star‐shaped molecules were optically analyzed, and – depending on their substitution pattern – they displayed bathochromically shifted absorptions, which were compared to their nonlinked arm precursors. The materials displayed a highly interesting morphology in bulk when blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). One derivative formed columnar structures and revealed prospective use in photodiodes.
Amperometric Detection of Histamine with a Pyrroloquinoline‐Quinone Modified Electrode
Authors: Young Joshua A. , Jiang Xiayu , Kirchhoff Jon R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for the amperometric detection of biogenic amines, particularly histamine. The electrode was modified with the co‐enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) by entrapment during electropolymerziation of pyrrole to form polypyrrole (PPy). This method formed a thin film on the electrode surface possessing very good stability with a shelf‐life exceeding one month without loss of signal. Optimal conditions for the PQQ/PPy electrode were determined and a linear response was found for histamine in phosphate buffer (pH 6) at +550 mV from 40 to 170 mg L−1 with a limit of detection (S/N≥3) of 38 mg L−1. The practical linear range offered by this method suggests ideal use for spoilage detection in fermented foods.
Applying Shape‐Controlled Pt Nano‐dendrites Supported on Carbon for Membrane‐Electrode Assembly in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Kim C. , Lee H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPlatinum nano‐dendrites of various sizes were applied as cathode catalysts in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabricated with Pt nano‐dendrites showed very high ORR activity at high potential ranges due to lower activation overpotential. But it showed the cell performance only comparable to commercial Pt/C due to Ohmic and mass transfer resistance at high current density ranges. These results demonstrate that both high intrinsic activity of the catalysts and the formation of three‐phase interface with efficient proton, electron, and mass transfer should be considered together when shape‐controlled metal nanoparticles are used as cathode catalysts in a PEMFC.