bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood Obesity, Physical Activity, and Exercise
Authors: Nemet Dan 
Published: March 2015

Importance:Little evidence exists on which exercise modality is optimal for obese adolescents. Objective: To determine the effects of aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training on percentage body fat in overweight and obese adolescents.Design, Setting, and Participants:Randomized, parallel-group clinical trial at community-based exercise facilities in Ottawa (Ontario) and Gatineau (Quebec), Canada, among previously inactive postpubertal adolescents aged 14-18 years (Tanner stage IV or V) with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex or at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular risk factor. Interventions: After a 4-week run-in period, 304 participants were randomized to the following 4 groups for 22 weeks: aerobic training (n = 75), resistance training (n = 78), combined aerobic and resistance training (n = 75), or nonexercising control (n = 76). All participants received dietary counseling, with a daily energy deficit of 250 kcal.Main Outcomes and Measures:The primary outcome was percentage body fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 6 months. We hypothesized that aerobic training and resistance training would each yield greater decreases than the control and that combined training would cause greater decreases than aerobic or resistance training alone.Results:Decreases in percentage body fat were −0.3 (95% CI, −0.9 to 0.3) in the control group, −1.1 (95% CI, −1.7 to −0.5) in the aerobic training group (p = .06 vs. controls), and −1.6 (95% CI, −2.2 to −1.0) in the resistance training group (p = .002 vs controls). The −1.4 (95% CI, −2.0 to −0.8) decrease in the combined training group did not differ significantly from that in the aerobic or resistance training group. Waist circumference changes were −0.2 (95% CI, −1.7 to 1.2) cm in the control group, −3.0 (95% CI, −4.4 to −1.6) cm in the aerobic group (p = .006 vs controls), −2.2 (95% CI −3.7 to −0.8) cm in the resistance training group (p = .048 vs controls), and −4.1 (95% CI, −5.5 to −2.7) cm in the combined training group. In per-protocol analyses (> 70% adherence), the combined training group had greater changes in percentage body fat (-2.4, 95% CI, −3.2 to −1.6) vs the aerobic group (-1.2; 95% CI, −2.0 to −0.5; p = .04 vs the combined group) but not the resistance group (-1.6; 95% CI, −2.5 to −0.8).Conclusions and Relevance:Aerobic, resistance, and combined training reduced total body fat and waist circumference in obese adolescents. In more adherent participants, combined training may cause greater decreases than aerobic or resistance training alone.
Use of Whole-Genome Phylogeny and Comparisons for Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay To Identify Sequence Type 36 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Whistler Cheryl A. , Hall Jeffrey A. , Xu Feng , Ilyas Saba , Siwakoti Puskar , Cooper Vaughn S. , Jones Stephen H. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
sequence type 36 (ST36) strains that are native to the Pacific Ocean have recently caused multistate outbreaks of gastroenteritis linked to shellfish harvested from the Atlantic Ocean. Whole-genome comparisons of 295 genomes of
V. parahaemolyticus
, including several traced to northeastern U.S. sources, were used to identify diagnostic loci, one putatively encoding an endonuclease (
prp
), and two others potentially conferring O-antigenic properties (
cps
and
flp
). The combination of all three loci was present in only one clade of closely related strains of ST36, ST59, and one additional unknown sequence type. However, each locus was also identified outside this clade, with
prp
and
flp
occurring in only two nonclade isolates and
cps
in four. Based on the distribution of these loci in sequenced genomes,
prp
identified clade strains with >99% accuracy, but the addition of one more locus increased accuracy to 100%. Oligonucleotide primers targeting
prp
and
cps
were combined in a multiplex PCR method that defines species using the
tlh
locus and determines the presence of both the
tdh
and
trh
hemolysin-encoding genes, which are also present in ST36. Application of the method
in vitro
to a collection of 94 clinical isolates collected over a 4-year period in three northeastern U.S. states and 87 environmental isolates revealed that the
prp
and
cps
amplicons were detected only in clinical isolates identified as belonging to the ST36 clade and in no environmental isolates from the region. The assay should improve detection and surveillance, thereby reducing infections.
Successful Combination of Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Diagnostics and Targeted Deferred Neisseria gonorrhoeae Culture
Authors: Wind Carolien M. , de Vries Henry J. C. , Schim van der Loeff Maarten F. , Unemo Magnus , van Dam Alje P. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are recommended for the diagnosis of
N. gonorrhoeae
infections because of their superior sensitivity. Increasing NAAT use causes a decline in crucial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance data, which rely on culture. We analyzed the suitability of the ESwab system for NAAT diagnostics and deferred targeted
N. gonorrhoeae
culture to allow selective and efficient culture based on NAAT results. We included patients visiting the STI Clinic Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2013. Patient characteristics and urogenital and rectal samples for direct
N. gonorrhoeae
culture, standard NAAT, and ESwab were collected. Standard NAAT and NAAT on ESwab samples were performed using the Aptima Combo 2 assay for
N. gonorrhoeae
and
C. trachomatis
. Two deferred
N. gonorrhoeae
cultures were performed on NAAT-positive ESwab samples after storage at 4°C for 1 to 3 days. We included 2,452 samples from 1,893 patients. In the standard NAAT, 107 samples were
N. gonorrhoeae
positive and 284 were
C. trachomatis
positive. The sensitivities of NAAT on ESwab samples were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75 to 90%) and 87% (95% CI, 82 to 90%), respectively. ESwab samples were available for 98 of the gonorrhea-positive samples. Of these, 82% were positive in direct culture and 69% and 56% were positive in the 1st and 2nd deferred cultures, respectively (median storage times, 27 and 48 h, respectively). Deferred culture was more often successful in urogenital samples or when the patient had symptoms at the sampling site. Deferred
N. gonorrhoeae
culture of stored ESwab samples is feasible and enables AMR surveillance. To limit the loss in NAAT sensitivity, we recommend obtaining separate samples for NAAT and deferred culture.
Combat-Related Pythium aphanidermatum Invasive Wound Infection: Case Report and Discussion of Utility of Molecular Diagnostics
Authors: Farmer Aaron R. , Murray Clinton K. , Driscoll Ian R. , Wickes Brian L. , Wiederhold Nathan , Sutton Deanna A. , Sanders Carmita , Mende Katrin , Enniss Brent , Feig James , Ganesan Anuradha , Rini Elizabeth A. , Vento Todd J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

We describe a 22-year-old soldier with 19% total body surface area burns, polytrauma, and sequence- and culture-confirmed
Pythium aphanidermatum
wound infection. Antemortem histopathology suggested disseminated
Pythium
infection, including brain involvement; however, postmortem PCR revealed
Cunninghamella elegans
,
Lichtheimia corymbifera
, and
Saksenaea vasiformis
coinfection. The utility of molecular diagnostics in invasive fungal infections is discussed.
Us9-Independent Axonal Sorting and Transport of the Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein gM
Authors: Kratchmarov R. , Enquist L. W. , Taylor M. P. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Axonal sorting and transport of fully assembled pseudorabies virus (PRV) virions is dependent on the viral protein Us9. Here we identify a Us9-independent mechanism for axonal localization of viral glycoprotein M (gM). We detected gM-mCherry assemblies transporting in the anterograde direction in axons. Furthermore, unlabeled gM, but not glycoprotein B, was detected by Western blotting in isolated axons during Us9-null PRV infection. These results suggest that gM differs from other viral proteins regarding axonal transport properties.
Risk factors for groin injury in sport: an updated systematic review
Authors: Whittaker Jackie L , Small Claire , Maffey Lorrie , Emery Carolyn A 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundThe identification of risk factors for groin injury in sport is important to develop and implement injury prevention strategies.ObjectiveTo identify and evaluate the evidence examining risk factors for groin injury in sport.Material and methodsNine electronic databases were systematically searched to June 2014. Studies selected met the following criteria: original data; analytic design; investigated a risk factor(s); included outcomes for groin injury sustained during sport participation. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and two independent authors assessed the quality and level of evidence with the Downs and Black (DB) criteria and Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine model, respectively.ResultsOf 2521 potentially relevant studies, 29 were included and scored. Heterogeneity in methodology and injury definition precluded meta-analyses. The most common risk factors investigated included age, hip range of motion, hip adductor strength and height. The median DB score across studies was 11/33 (range 6–20). The majority of studies represented level 2 evidence (cohort studies) however few considered the inter-relationships between risk factors. There is level 1 and 2 evidence that previous groin injury, higher-level of play, reduced hip adductor (absolute and relative to the hip abductors) strength and lower levels of sport-specific training are associated with increased risk of groin injury in sport.ConclusionsWe recommended that investigators focus on developing and evaluating preparticipation screening and groin injury prevention programmes through high-quality randomised controlled trials targeting athletes at greater risk of injury.
Social support and the incidence and persistence of depression between antenatal and postnatal examinations in Turkey: a cohort study
Authors: Cankorur Vesile Senturk , Abas Melanie , Berksun Oguz , Stewart Robert 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThis study aims to measure incidence and persistence of depression and to investigate the influence of self-reported antenatal social support and traditional/nuclear family structure on incidence and persistence of depression between the third trimester of pregnancy and following childbirth. We hypothesised that lower antenatal social support would be associated with incidence and persistence of case-level depressive symptoms and the family structure would have an effect on the incidence and persistence of depressive symptoms.SettingsThe cohort study described here was carried out in and around Ankara the capital of Turkey, because of the considerable heterogeneity of the population in terms of traditional Middle Eastern and ‘modern’ Western lifestyle and social environment. Samples were drawn from 20 urban and rural antenatal clinics (mainly primary care settings) within the geographic catchment.ParticipantsOf 730 women recruited in their third trimester, 578 (79.2%) were re-examined between 2 and 6 months after childbirth. Exclusion criteria were as follows: aged younger than 18 years, illiteracy, significant health problems and refusal to participate.Primary and secondary outcome measuresClose Persons Questionnaire items enquired about relationships with the husband, mother and mother-in-law and depression was ascertained using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at the each assessments.ResultsIn those followed, onset of postnatal depression occurred in 13.9% and persistence of antenatal depression in 49.7%. After adjustment, worse emotional support from the mother-in-law was significantly associated with postnatal depression incidence (OR=0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.99) and worse emotional support from the husband with postnatal persistence (OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.96) of antenatal depression. Family structure was not a risk or modifying factor.ConclusionsThe incidence and persistence of postnatal depression in this Middle Eastern cohort were comparable to international findings. Certain family relationships predicted incidence and persistence of postnatal depression but no role of traditional/nuclear family structure was found.
Community-based physical activity interventions among women: a systematic review
Authors: Amiri Farahani Leila , Asadi-Lari Mohsen , Mohammadi Eesa , Parvizy Soroor , Haghdoost Ali Akbar , Taghizadeh Ziba 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveReview and assess the effectiveness of community-based physical activity interventions among women aged 18–65 years.DesignSystematic reviewMethodsTo find relevant articles, the researcher selected reports published in English between 1 January 2000 and 31 March 2013. Systematic search was to find controlled-trial studies that were conducted to uncover the effect of community-based interventions to promote physical activity among women 18–65 years of age, in which physical activity was reported as one of the measured outcomes. The methodological quality assessment was performed using a critical appraisal sheet. Also, the levels of evidence were assessed for the types of interventions.ResultsThe literature search identified nine articles. Four of the studies were randomised and the others studies had high methodological quality. There was no evidence, on the basis of effectiveness, for social cognitive theory-based interventions and inconclusive evidence of effectiveness for the rest of interventions.ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of community-based interventions for enhancing physical activity among women. There is a need for high-quality randomised clinical trials with adequate statistical power to determine whether multicomponent and community-based intervention programmes increase physical activity among women, as well as to determine what type of interventions have a more effective and sustainable impact on women's physical activity.
Susceptibility and radiometry data used for stratigraphic correlations: case study on Upper Triassic beds in Turkey
Authors: Mayrhofer Susanne , Lukeneder Alexander 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

A Julian/Tuvalian (=Lower/Upper Carnian) substage boundary within the Kasımlar Formation, recently detected at Aşağiyaylabel (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) by facies analyses and biostratigraphic ammonoid investigations, was additionally detected by magnetic susceptibility (MS) and radiometry data. The Aşağiyaylabel sequence, a key section concerning environmental changes during Early to Late Carnian time, represents a deepening sequence from platform carbonates to pelagic limestones and marls. The Julian/Tuvalian boundary strata can be correlated over wide areas due to a positive shift in MS values from 11–105×10
−6
SI (range AS I, KA IV) at the Lower Carnian sediments to 62–458×10
−6
SI (range AS I, KA IV) at the Upper Carnian sediments as well as in radiometry values from 21.35–83.27 nGy h
−1
(range AS I, KA IV) at the Lower Carnian sediments to 38.43–130.24 nGy h
−1
(range AS I, KA IV) at the Upper Carnian sediments. A second, smaller positive shift in MS occurs at the transition from shallow-water carbonates of the Kartoz Formation (−11 to 71×10
−6
SI; range AS I–KA II) into deeper-water carbonates from the base of the Kasımlar Formation (3–108×10
−6
SI; range AS I–KA II). This study presents the first MS and radiometry data from Lower to Upper Carnian sediments. They reliably reflect lithological changes and display a direct function of enhanced terrigenous input into marine sediment systems, most probably caused by variations in climatic conditions.
Optimizing a Lupus Autoantibody for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Authors: Noble Philip W. , Chan Grace , Young Melissa R. , Weisbart Richard H. , Hansen James E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The specificity of binding by antibodies to target antigens is a compelling advantage to antibody-based cancer therapy, but most antibodies cannot penetrate cells to affect intracellular processes. Select lupus autoantibodies penetrate into cell nuclei, and the potential for application of these antibodies in cancer therapy is an emerging concept. Here, we show that a divalent lupus anti-DNA autoantibody fragment with enhancing mutations that increase its ability to penetrate cell nuclei and bind DNA causes accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks in and is highly and selectively toxic to cancer cells and tumors with defective homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These findings provide proof of principle for the use of optimized lupus autoantibodies in targeted cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 75(11); 2285–91. ©2015 AACR.
CTLA-4+ Regulatory T Cells Increased in Cetuximab-Treated Head and Neck Cancer Patients Suppress NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Correlate with Poor Prognosis
Authors: Jie Hyun-Bae , Schuler Patrick J. , Lee Steve C. , Srivastava Raghvendra M. , Argiris Athanassios , Ferrone Soldano , Whiteside Theresa L. , Ferris Robert L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The EGFR-targeted antibody cetuximab is effective against head and neck cancer (HNSCC), but in only 15% to 20% of patients, and the variability and extent of cetuximab-mediated cellular immunity is not fully understood. We hypothesized that regulatory T cells (Treg) may exert a functional and clinical impact on antitumor immunity in cetuximab-treated individuals. The frequency, immunosuppressive phenotype, and activation status of Treg and natural killer (NK) cells were analyzed in the circulation and tumor microenvironment of cetuximab-treated patients with HNSCC enrolled in a novel neoadjuvant, single-agent cetuximab clinical trial. Notably, cetuximab treatment increased the frequency of CD4+FOXP3+ intratumoral Treg expressing CTLA-4, CD39, and TGFβ. These Treg suppressed cetuximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and their presence correlated with poor clinical outcome in two prospective clinical trial cohorts. Cetuximab expanded CTLA-4+FOXP3+ Treg in vitro, in part, by inducing dendritic cell maturation, in combination with TGFβ and T-cell receptor triggering. Importantly, cetuximab-activated NK cells selectively eliminated intratumoral Treg but preserved effector T cells. In ex vivo assays, ipilimumab targeted CTLA-4+ Treg and restored cytolytic functions of NK cells mediating ADCC. Taken together, our results argue that differences in Treg-mediated suppression contribute to the clinical response to cetuximab treatment, suggesting its improvement by adding ipilimumab or other strategies of Treg ablation to promote antitumor immunity. Cancer Res; 75(11); 2200–10. ©2015 AACR.
JAK Inhibition Impairs NK Cell Function in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Schönberg Kathrin , Rudolph Janna , Vonnahme Maria , Parampalli Yajnanarayana Sowmya , Cornez Isabelle , Hejazi Maryam , Manser Angela R. , Uhrberg Markus , Verbeek Walter , Koschmieder Steffen , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Brossart Peter , Heine Annkristin , Wolf Dominik 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Ruxolitinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of the JAK kinases, which has been approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis, a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), but clinical trials are also being conducted in inflammatory-driven solid tumors. Increased infection rates have been reported in ruxolitinib-treated patients, and natural killer (NK) cells are immune effector cells known to eliminate both virus-infected and malignant cells. On this basis, we sought to compare the effects of JAK inhibition on human NK cells in a cohort of 28 MPN patients with or without ruxolitinib treatment and 24 healthy individuals. NK cell analyses included cell frequency, receptor expression, proliferation, immune synapse formation, and cytokine signaling. We found a reduction in NK cell numbers in ruxolitinib-treated patients that was linked to the appearance of clinically relevant infections. This reduction was likely due to impaired maturation of NK cells, as reflected by an increased ratio in immature to mature NK cells. Notably, the endogenous functional defect of NK cells in MPN was further aggravated by ruxolitinib treatment. In vitro data paralleled these in vivo results, showing a reduction in cytokine-induced NK cell activation. Further, reduced killing activity was associated with an impaired capacity to form lytic synapses with NK target cells. Taken together, our findings offer compelling evidence that ruxolitinib impairs NK cell function in MPN patients, offering an explanation for increased infection rates and possible long-term side effects associated with ruxolitinib treatment. Cancer Res; 75(11); 2187–99. ©2015 AACR.
A Representative Democracy to Reduce Interdependency in a Multimodel Ensemble
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin M. , Knutti Reto , Caldwell Peter 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The collection of Earth system models available in the archive of phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) represents, at least to some degree, a sample of uncertainty of future climate evolution. The presence of duplicated code as well as shared forcing and validation data in the multiple models in the archive raises at least three potential problems: biases in the mean and variance, the overestimation of sample size, and the potential for spurious correlations to emerge in the archive because of model replication. Analytical evidence is presented to demonstrate that the distribution of models in the CMIP5 archive is not consistent with a random sample, and a weighting scheme is proposed to reduce some aspects of model codependency in the ensemble. A method is proposed for selecting diverse and skillful subsets of models in the archive, which could be used for impact studies in cases where physically consistent joint projections of multiple variables (and their temporal and spatial characteristics) are required.