bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Humoral and Cellular Mediators in Enhanced Mammary Inflammatory Reactions to Staphylococcal Infection in Systemically Immunized Ewes
Authors: Colditz Ian G. , Watson Dennis L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrior systemic immunization with live Staphylococcus aureus vaccine enhances the early recruitment of neutrophils into nonlactating mammary glands infected with staphylococci. The study investigates the role of humoral and cellular mediators in this phenomenon. Intramammary infusion of bacteria suspended in immune sheep serum did not enhance the inflammatory response to infection in nonimmunized ewes despite the presence of complement in the infused serum. Infusion of complement activated by incubation with zymosan evoked a massive neutrophil influx into mammary secretions by 4 hr after infusion. Hemolytic complement activity was not detected in mammary secretions of immunized or nonimmunized ewes. These findings indicate that, despite the inflammatory effect of complement activation, humoral immune factors did not promote neutrophil migration into infected glands. Mammary glands of systemically immunized ewes stimulated 5 days previously with staphylococcal soluble antigens (SSA) supported larger neutrophil influxes during staphylococcal infection than contralateral glands stimulated with endotoxin 5 days prior to infection. Exudates of SSA‐stimulated glands had significantly higher cell concentrations, prior to infection, than endotoxin‐stimulated glands; however elevated cell concentrations in endotoxin‐stimulated glands of nonimmune ewes did not support enhanced inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that qualitative but not quantitative characteristics of mammary leucocytes influence the inflammatory response to infection in systemically immunized ewes.
Distribution of RNA Coliphages in Senegal, Ghana, and Madagascar
Authors: Furuse Kohsuke , Sakurai Toshizo , Inokuchi Yoshio , Inoko Hidetoshi , Ando Asako , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe distribution patterns of RNA coliphages (phages) in Senegal, Ghana, and Madagascar were investigated by collecting sewage samples from domestic drainage in November, 1980. In Senegal, among 65 sewage samples collected mainly from Dakar and its vicinity, 14 (22%) contained RNA phages (16 strains). By serological analysis, 13 of the 16 strains were found to belong to group III. This is consistent with the distribution pattern of RNA coliphages in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. In Ghana, however, among 106 samples collected from Accra, Suhum, and their vicinities, only seven (7%) contained RNA phages (seven strains) (groups I, II, and III [1:3: 3]). In Madagascar, among 124 samples collected from Antananarivo, Moramanga, and their vicinities, seven (6%) contained RNA phages (seven strains) (groups I, II, III, and IV [1:1:1:4]). In spite of the low isolation frequency, it can be said that Madagascar appears to have a unique distribution pattern (abundance of group IV phages) which differs from that of any other countries we have examined. The generality of the distribution pattern of RNA phages in the tropical region (abundance of group III phages) was thus verified at least in Senegal.
Inhibition of Macrophage DNA Synthesis by Immunomodulators
Authors: Nagao Shigeki , Tanaka Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOil‐induced guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages were found to incorporate actively [3H]thymidine without any tissue fluids such as conditioned medium, lymphokines or inflammatory tissue exudates. The [3H]thymidine incorporation was markedly suppressed by macrophage stimulants such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while glucosamine incorporation was simultaneously increased by these stimulants. The degree of suppression of thymidine incorporation depended on the cell density, the concentrations of the stimulants, and sera or culture media used. The exposure of macrophages to MDP for 30 min was sufficient to cause significant suppression.
Plaque Formation by Tyzzer's Organism in Primary Monolayer Culture of Mouse Hepatocytes
Authors: Kawamura Seiji , Taguchi Fumihiro , Fujiwara Kosaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTyzzer's disease organism propagated on primary monolayer cultures of mouse hepatocytes and produced definite plaques. In phase contrast microscopy, the organisms were motile in the plaques. Plaque formation was inhibited by antiserum. After serial plaque cloning the organisms still had virulence in mice. To establish a standard plaquing procedure, factors affecting plaque formation were studied. The critical factors in plaque formation were the culture period of host cells before inoculation, medium for suspending the organisms, and temperature and time of infection. A 24 to 36 hr‐preculture of host cells and trypticase soy broth (BBL) as the suspending medium gave the best results. The optimal conditions for infection were 37 C for 90 min. The plaquing efficiency was higher when a larger volume of inoculum was applied to host cell monolayers, suggesting that the organism played an active role in the initial stage of infection.
Production and Purification of Human MG63 Cell Interferon
Authors: Watanabe Yoshihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMG63 cells induced by Sendai virus were a convenient source of human interferon, which was of the β type in antigenicity. When analyzed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), the interferon migrated as a single component with a molecular weight of 22,000 daltons. It was purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on Blue Sepharose, followed by SDS‐PAGE, and estimated to have a specific activity of 4 × 108 international units/mg of protein.
Changes in the Intestinal Microflora in Association with Colon Tumorigenesis in Rats Treated with 1,2‐Dimethylhydrazine Hydrochloride
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Tsukada Taro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to determine whether the intestinal microflora change during the tumorigenic process in the colon of rats treated with 1,2‐dimethylhydrazone (DMH), and to compare the intestinal microflora of rats with colon tumors induced by DMH with that of rats with gastric tumors induced by N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). When compared with those in the control animals, the numbers of streptococci and bacteroidaceae were moderately increased in the intestinal tract of DMH‐treated rats before the development of visible intestinal tumors. The DMH‐treated rats bearing small intestinal and colonic tumors were found to have markedly increased numbers of enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium perfringens, streptococci, bacteroidaceae, and bifidobacteria. In DMH‐induction the overgrowth of enterobacteriaceae and/or C. perfringens was found to correlate with the size and number of tumors in both the small intestine and colon. The increased number of streptococci in the DMH‐treated rats was principally due to an increase in the number of the streptococci which did not reduce triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). On the other hand, in the rats with gastric tumors induced by MNNG the numbers of enterobacteriaceae and TTC‐reducing streptococci were remarkably increased in the intestinal tract of only the debilitated animals, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in all of them. The number of anaerobic gram‐positive cocci was significantly but not remarkably increased in the gastric tumor‐bearing rats compared with the controls. These results indicate that the intestinal microflora of rats may change depending on the gastrointestinal site where tumors develop and the degree of malignancy in tumorigenesis.
Characterization of Canine Distemper Viruses Adapted to Neural Cells and Their Neurovirulence in Mice
Authors: Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Yamanouchi Kazuya , Morikawa Yuko , Sakaguchi Masahiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInteraction of the Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) with three established human neural cells, i.e. IMR‐32 neuroblastoma, 118‐MGC glioma and KG‐1 oligodendroglioma, was examined, and adaptation of CDV to these cells was also attempted. The unadapted virus was found to grow at relatively low titers in the three neural cells inducing moderate to minimal cytopathic effects (CPE). The virus was successfully grown at high titers in these cells after 8 to 10 passages. Biological characteristics such as growth rate, morphology of CPE and plaque size changed after adaptation. Analysis by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, however, failed to show any difference in the molecular weight of component proteins among the unadapted and three adapted viruses.Inbred DDD strain of mice developed clinical signs after intracerebral inoculation with the unadapted virus but most of them survived with histological lesions of encephalitis. Neuroblastoma‐adapted virus induced only transient clinical signs in some animals with mild encephalitic lesions in the gray matter. Increases in neurovirulence were found for viruses adapted to glioma and oligodendroglioma cells. Almost all mice inoculated with these two viruses at 3 weeks of age died within 8 days with histological lesions consisting of hyperemia, edema, severe degeneration of nerve cells and a few giant cells. Demyelinating lesions in the absence of inflammatory changes were observed in the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata of animals inoculated with oligodendroglioma‐adapted virus.
Macrophage Activation by Lactobacillus casei in Mice
Authors: Kato Ikuo , Yokokura Teruo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEffects of Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 (LC 9018), which has antitumor activities against allogeneic and syngeneic murine tumors, on macrophage functions were examined.By intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LC 9018, acid phosphatase activity and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages were enhanced significantly compared with those of normal peritoneal macrophages. The phagocytic activities showed peaks 2–3 days after the LC 9018‐injection. LC 9018 accelerated the phagocytic function of the reticuloendotherial system in ICR mice tested by the carbon clearance test. The cytostatic activity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) induced by i.p. injection of LC 9018 into C57BL/6 mice against EL4 cells was also enhanced. On the other hand, PEC induced by L. fermentum YIT 0159, which has no antitumor activity, did not have cytostatic activity. These observations showed that LC 9018 was able to activate macrophages in mice.
The Klebsiella O3 Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from Culture Fluid
Authors: Hasegawa Takaaki , Ohta Michio , Mori Masashi , Nakashima Izumi , Kato Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn a series of our earlier studies, the O3 antigen isolated from culture supernatant of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain Kasuya (O3:K1) (KO3) was shown to exhibit very strong adjuvant activity in mice. KO3 obtained was homogeneous in analyses by either gel filtration or ultracentrifugation. Its molecular weight determined by ultracentrifugal analysis was greater than 2 × 106. It contained 37.9% C, 6.20% H, 0.24% N, and less than 0.1% P. KO3 was degraded into the polysaccharide moiety and lipid moiety (about 20%) by hydrolysis with 1% acetic acid at 100 C for 1 hr. The molecular weight of the polysaccharide moiety obtained by the hydrolysis was 16,200 as determined by the Somogyi‐Nelson method. Chemical analyses using methylation analysis and Smith degradation as the principal methods indicated that the polysaccharide moiety consisted of a mannan which has a pentasaccharide repeating unit of α‐mannosyl‐1,3‐α‐mannosyl‐1,2‐α‐mannosyl‐1,2‐α‐mannosyl‐1,2‐α‐mannose joined through α‐1,3‐mannosyl linkages. The number of repetitions was less than 20. The fact that minor components such as 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate and glucose were detected suggests the presence of a core oligosaccharide, but its precise structure is unknown.
Effect of Disruption by Sonication under Different Conditions on the Activity of Glucose Dehydrogenase from Resting Spores of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Tochikubo Kunio , Yasuda Yoko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe activity of glucose dehydrogenase present in resting spores of Bacillus subtilis varied strikingly with the conditions for disrupting the spores by sonic treatment, namely, the time and strength of sonication, and the type and pH of the solution used for suspending the spores. When the resting spores were sonicated for 30 min at a current of 1.45 A in 100 mm phosphate buffer in the range of pH 6.0 to 6.6 or in deionized water, the enzyme activity of the former suspension was approximately 10 times higher than that of the latter suspension. However, the enzyme activity of the latter was markedly stimulated in the presence of sodium chloride. The glucose dehydrogenase from resting spores disrupted in 100 mm phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) was a salt‐independent, active enzyme with a molecular weight of about 120,000, whereas the enzyme from resting spores disrupted in deionized water was a salt‐dependent, inactive one with a molecular weight of about 55,000. A high concentration of dipicolinic acid strongly inhibited activation by a salt of inactive glucose dehydrogenase from resting spores in deionized water, suggesting one of its several important roles in vivo.
Preparation of Membrane Fraction from Herpes Simplex Virus‐Infected Cells which Induce Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Hitsumoto Yasuo , Sonoda Shunro , Okuyama Masaaki , Miki Yoshiharu , Utsumi Sayaka 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe immunogenic capacity of herpes simplex virs (HSV)‐infected cells and their subcellular membrane fractions was investigated by assessing the anti‐HSV cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in cultures of spleen lymphocytes from HSV‐primed BALB/c mice. Methylchloranthrane‐induced fibrosarcoma (Meth A) cells infected with HSV (HSV‐Meth A) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or by heating at 56 C to preserve their immunogenic competence and then used as a stimulator. Microsomes and plasma membranes were prepared from HSV‐Meth A and their immunogenic activities were determined. Though the recovery of stimulatory activity in the plasma membrane fraction was half of that in the microsome fraction, the activity in the former was much more stable than in the latter and the plasma membrane fraction proved to be well qualified as an immunogen for anti‐HSV CTL induction. Upon purification, the specific activity of the membrane fraction, on the basis of protein concentration, increased 43‐fold.
Suppression of Cell Mediated Immunity to Cytomegalovirus and Tuberculin in Pregnancy Employing the Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Test
Authors: Tanaka Akira , Hirota Kiyokata , Takahashi Katsuyuki , Numazaki Yoshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo clarify the mechanism of reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pregnancy, cell mediated immunity to CMV was investigated in 108 pregnant and 29 postpartal women employing the leukocyte migration inhibition technique. It was demonstrated that CMV‐specific cell mediated immunity was suppressed as gestation progressed in 20% of the seropositive women during the first trimester, in 78% during the second trimester and in all at term. The suppression of cell mediated immunity during pregnancy ceased 8 weeks after parturition. The results suggested that reactivation of CMV in pregnancy was probably caused by the suppression of CMV‐specific cell mediated immunity.
Drug Resistance and Conjugative R Plasmids in Fecal Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Healthy Younger Animals (Chickens, Piglets, Calves) and Children
Authors: Kanai Hisashi , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA total of 11,777 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from 90 chickens, 103 piglets, 96 calves, and 104 children in 1979 in Gunma Prefecture and tested for drug resistance and the presence of conjugative R plasmids. The percentages of individuals that excreted drug‐resistant strains were: chickens, 100%; piglets, 99%; calves, 100%; and children, 64%. The frequency of isolation of drug‐resistant strains among the total isolates was: chickens, 98%; piglets, 93%; calves, 94%; and children, 41%. Frequency of isolation of R plasmids among the strains tested was: chickens, 48%; piglets, 33%; calves, 38%; and children, 10%.Resistance patterns of the strains isolated most frequently among the four groups were tetracycline (TC), sulfonamides (SA) in single resistance, TC.SA in double resistance, TC.streptomycin (SM).SA in triple resistance and TC.SM.SA. kanamycin (KM) in quadruple resistance.R plasmids were isolated frequently from animals (over 33%) but infrequently from children (about 10%).The high frequency of isolation of drug‐resistant strains and R plasmids from animals was caused by the heavy use of chemicals in the period of growth of younger animals.
Transformation of Human Embryonic Kidney Cells by a Viable Deletion Mutant of BK Virus
Authors: Hara Kazuya , Yogo Yoshiaki , Uchida Seijiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInfection by a viable deletion mutant of BK virus (pm‐522) of human embryonic kidney (HEK) cultures originating from different fetuses generated cell lines, designated pmHEK, resistant to superinfection by the virus. However, infection of HEK cultures by a cloned wild‐type BK virus (wt‐501) did not generate a cell line. In medium with 10% calf serum all pmHEK cells reached saturation densities significantly higher than those of HEK cells and could grow in medium containing 1% serum. They did not form colonies in soft‐agar medium, and had limited life‐spans greatly extended beyond that of HEK cells. These results suggest that pmHEK cells are partially transformed. T antigen was uniformly expressed by all pmHEK cells, while V antigen was present in only a small minority of the cells. Thirty to 5,000 copies of the viral DNA per cell were detected, primarily in a nonintegrated form, in all pmHEK cell lines and the clones isolated from one of them. Since at least in two pmHEK lines, the actual quantities of free viral DNA per cell were sig‐nificantly greater than those estimated on the basis of the assumption that free viral DNA was produced only by the V‐antigen‐positive cells, it can be concluded that free viral DNA is also present in the V‐antigen‐negative cells predominant in the cell populations. Although the existence of a few copies of integrated viral sequences in pmHEK cells was not ruled out, the large amount of free viral DNA present in each cell probably plays a prominent role in the production of T antigen required for maintenance of transformation.
Immunogenic Dialyzable Factor Derived from a Ribosomal Fraction of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kita Eiji , Matsuura Hiroshi , Masuda Shuji , Tomihata Shigeru , Kashiba Shuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe preparation, properties, and immunogenicity of the dialyzable factor from a ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium are described. The ribosomal fraction was purified to eliminate O‐antigenic components, by affinity chromatography (Sepharose‐anti‐O antibody conjugates used as immunoadsorbent). The dialyzable factor was obtained in the concentrated dialysate of the purified ribosomal fraction which was alternately frozen in dry‐ice acetone and thawed in an 80 C water bath, for a total of five or six cycles. When this preparation was tested for its ability to protect mice against challenge with 1,000 LD50 of the homologous bacteria, it afforded 100% protection at a dose equivalent to 5.0 μg of RNA. The protection conferred by this factor was mainly cell mediated but immune serum enhanced this immunity despite the fact that no antibodies were detected in it. The protective activity of this factor was sensitive to RNase digestion but resistant to proteolytic enzymes. Ion exchange chromatography of this factor with DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25 (in 7 M Urea‐0.02 M Tris‐HCl buffer, pH 7.5) resulted in a single A260 peak which was found to be immunogenic. Chemical analysis of this peak after it was concentrated and desalted revealed that this immunogenic fraction was composed mainly of mixed nucleotides. The data indicate that protective immunity conferred by a ribosomal vaccine is associated with RNA but may not require the intact RNA molecule.
Typing of Isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma salivarium by Growth Inhibitors Derived from Mycoplasmal Cells Treated with Chloroform
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Itoh Tohru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIsolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. salivarium could be subclassified at the strain level by inhibitors (ch‐Mcin) derived from mycoplasmal cells treated with chloroform. Sixty‐one isolates of M. pneumoniae obtained from oral cavities of patients were divided into three types by their ch‐Mcin: a definite type which completely inhibits the growth of M. fermentans PG18, an indefinite type and a no‐inhibition type. Sixty‐seven isolates of M. salivarium were also divided into similar types by their ch‐Mcin which does or does not inhibit the growth of M. salivarium Hup127. In the case of isolates of M. pneumoniae and M. salivarium belonging to the indefinite type which gave ambiguous patterns in the ch‐Mcin typing, it was demonstrated that they could be clearly typed by further testing after repeated cloning.
Effect of Yersinia enterocolitica ST on Cyclic Guanosine 3′, 5′‐Monophosphate Levels in Mouse Intestines and Cultured Cells
Authors: Inoue Takashi , Okamoto Keinosuke , Moriyama Takeshi , Takahashi Tetsuomi , Shimizu Kiyoji , Miyama Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe determined the effect of heat‐stable enterotoxin produced by Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica ST) on cyclic nucleotide levels in the intestines of 6‐day‐old mice and in cultured cell line cells. The concentration of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in homogenates of the intestines increased four‐ to fivefold by 3 min after intragastric administration of 10 units of purified Y. enterocolitica ST. This increase continued for 60 min, and then the concentration of cyclic GMP fell toward the levels of the controls. On the other hand, fluid accumulation in the intestines was not evident until 60 min after administration of the toxin. Thus, the increase in intestinal cyclic GMP concentration preceded measurable fluid accumulation. The effect on both cyclic GMP levels and fluid accumulation was abolished by treatment of the ST with either alkali solution (pH 10.7) or 2‐mercaptoethanol. Likewise, cyclic GMP levels in cultured cells (CCL‐6, HeLa, L, and Mm‐1 cells) increased dose‐dependently by 10 min after incubation of the cells with the ST. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate levels in both intestines and cultured cells were not affected by the toxin.