bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Configurationally Varied Azobenzene Glycosides
Authors: Chandrasekaran Vijayanand , Johannes Eugen , Kobarg Hauke , Sönnichsen Frank D. , Lindhorst Thisbe K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInvited for this months cover is the group of Prof. Thisbe K. Lindhorst from Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Germany. The cover picture shows the principal structures of the azobenzene glycosides, which were synthesized in this work using glycosylation for preparation of the 1,2‐trans glycosides and Mills reaction for azobenzene coupling (as indicated by the retrosynthetic pair of scissors). Irradiation of these glycoconjugates effects­ E→Z isomerization of the azobenzene N=N double bond, thus causing a significant change of the relative spatial orientation of the conjugated sugar moiety. The photochromic properties of these ‘sweet switches’ were systematically investigated. For more details, see the Full Paper on 10.1002/open.201402010 (p. 99 ff.)
Synthesis, characterization, and organic field‐effect transistors study of conjugated D–A copolymers based on dialkylated naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene/naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]difuran and benzodiathiazole/benzoxadiazole
Authors: Shi Shaowei , Shi Keli , Chen Song , Qu Rui , Wang Liwei , Wang Meng , Yu Gui , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Haiqiao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this report, four donor–acceptor copolymers, P(NDT3‐BT), P(NDT3‐BO), P(NDF3‐BT), and P(NDF3‐BO), using 5,10‐didodecyl‐naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene (NDT3) or 5,10‐didodecyl‐naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]difuran (NDF3) as an electron‐rich unit and benzodiathiazole (BT) or benzoxadiazole (BO) as an electron‐deficient one, were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Detailed systematical investigation was developed for studying the effect of the S/O atoms on the optical, electrochemical, and morphological properties of the polymers, as well as the subsequent performance of the organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated from these copolymers. It was found that, compared with NDF3‐based P(NDF3‐BT)/P(NDF3‐BO), by replacing NDF3 with stronger aromatic NDT3, the resultant P(NDT3‐BT)/P(NDT3‐BO) show smaller lamellar distance with an increased surface roughness in solid state, and relatively higher hole mobilities are obtained. The hole mobilities of the four polymers based on OFETs varied from 0.20 to 0.32 cm2 V−1 s−1 depending on their molecular structures, giving some valuable insights for the further design and development of a new generation of semiconducting materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2465–2476
ɛ‐caprolactone and lactide polymerization promoted by an ionic titanium(IV)/iron(III) polynuclear halo‐alkoxide
Authors: Egevardt Cristiano , Giese Siddhartha O. K. , da C. Santos Alan D. , Barison Andersson , de Sá Eduardo L. , Filho Arion Zandoná , da Silva Thiago A. , Zawadzki Sônia F. , Soares Jaísa F. , Nunes Giovana G. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe ionic [Ti3(µ3‐OPri)2(µ‐OPri)3(OPri)6][FeCl4] halo‐alkoxide (A) was investigated for its activity towards the bulk polymerization of rac‐lactide (rac‐LA) and ɛ‐caprolactone (ɛ‐CL) in various temperatures, monomer/A molar proportions, and reaction times. The reactivity of A in the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of both monomers is mainly due to the cationic [Ti3(OPri)11]+ unity and proceeds through the coordination–insertion mechanism. Molecular weights ranging from 6,379 to 13,950 g mol−1 and PDI values varying from 1.22 to 1.52 were obtained. Results of ROP kinetic studies for both ɛ‐CL and rac‐LA confirm that the reaction rates are first‐order with respect to monomers. The production of poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) shows a higher sensitivity of the reaction rate to temperature, while the polymerization of rac‐LA is slower and more dependent on the thermal stability of the active species during the propagation step. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2509–2517
Wilcoxon's signed‐rank statistic: what null hypothesis and why it matters
Authors: Li Heng , Johnson Terri 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn statistical literature, the term ‘signed‐rank test’ (or ‘Wilcoxon signed‐rank test’) has been used to refer to two distinct tests: a test for symmetry of distribution and a test for the median of a symmetric distribution, sharing a common test statistic. To avoid potential ambiguity, we propose to refer to those two tests by different names, as ‘test for symmetry based on signed‐rank statistic’ and ‘test for median based on signed‐rank statistic’, respectively. The utility of such terminological differentiation should become evident through our discussion of how those tests connect and contrast with sign test and one‐sample t‐test. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Behaviour of fatigue loaded self‐compacting concrete compared to vibrated concrete
Authors: Korte Sara , Boel Veerle , De Corte Wouter , De Schutter Geert 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFatigue loading and its sometimes inevitable fatigue failure are common in many civil engineering construction projects. The behaviour of vibrated concrete (VC) under this type of loading is well understood. However, the fracture and fatigue resistance of self‐compacting concrete (SCC) is poorly documented in literature. Considering the substantially different composition of the two concrete types (VC and SCC), it is uncertain whether their mechanical properties are similar or not. This paper describes the results of a series of destructive static and cyclic four‐point bending tests on inverted T‐shaped reinforced concrete beams, made from VC and SCC in equal quantities and of equal compressive strength. A comparison of the two concrete types is made, based on deflection, strain, crack width evolution and failure mechanism. The experiments prove that these mechanical properties of VC and SCC, subjected to a fatigue load, in some cases relate differently from a static loading process. Furthermore, the results reveal a faster concrete strain and crack width development for SCC during the fatigue tests. Regarding the number of cycles to failure, the applied load level is crucial.
Human Pharyngeal Microbiome May Play A Protective Role in Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Gao Zhancheng , Kang Yu , Yu Jun , Ren Lufeng 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The human pharyngeal microbiome, which resides at the juncture of digestive and respiratory tracts, may have an active role in the prevention of respiratory tract infections, similar to the actions of the intestinal microbiome against enteric infections. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pharyngeal microbiome comprises an abundance of bacterial species that interacts with the local epithelial and immune cells, and together, they form a unique micro-ecological system. Most of the microbial species in microbiomes are obligate symbionts constantly adapting to their unique surroundings. Indigenous commensal species are capable of both maintaining dominance and evoking host immune responses to eliminate invading species. Temporary damage to the pharyngeal microbiome due to the impaired local epithelia is also considered an important predisposing risk factor for infections. Therefore, reinforcement of microbiome homeostasis to prevent invasion of infection-prone species would provide a novel treatment strategy in addition to antibiotic treatment and vaccination. Hence continued research efforts on evaluating probiotic treatment and developing appropriate procedures are necessary to both prevent and treat respiratory infections.
Social‐cognitive, physiological, and neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation impairments: understanding anxiety in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: White Susan W. , Mazefsky Carla A. , Dichter Gabriel S. , Chiu Pearl H. , Richey John A. , Ollendick Thomas H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAnxiety is one of the most common clinical problems among children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet we know little about its etiology in the context of ASD. We posit that emotion regulation (ER) impairments are a risk factor for anxiety in ASD. Specifically, we propose that one reason why anxiety disorders are so frequently comorbid with ASD is because ER impairments are ubiquitous to ASD, stemming from socio‐cognitive, physiological, and neurological processes related to impaired cognitive control, regulatory processes, and arousal. In this review, we offer a developmental model of how ER impairments may arise in ASD, and when (moderating influences) and how (meditational mechanisms) they result in anxiety.
Association of fish oil supplement use with preservation of brain volume and cognitive function
Authors: Daiello Lori A. , Gongvatana Assawin , Dunsiger Shira , Cohen Ronald A. , Ott Brian R. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of fish oil supplements (FOSs) is associated with concomitant reduction in cognitive decline and brain atrophy in older adults.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine the relationship between FOS use during the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and indicators of cognitive decline. Older adults (229 cognitively normal individuals, 397 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 193 patients with Alzheimer's disease) were assessed with neuropsychological tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging every 6 months. Primary outcomes included (1) global cognitive status and (2) cerebral cortex gray matter and hippocampus and ventricular volumes.ResultsFOS use during follow‐up was associated with significantly lower mean cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale and higher Mini‐Mental State Examination scores among those with normal cognition. Associations between FOS use and the outcomes were observed only in APOE ε4–negative participants. FOS use during the study was also associated with less atrophy in one or more brain regions of interest.
Quasi-geostrophic approximation of anelastic convection
Authors: Busse Friedrich H. , Simitev Radostin D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe onset of convection in a rotating cylindrical annulus with parallel ends filled with a compressible fluid is studied in the anelastic approximation. Thermal Rossby waves propagating in the azimuthal direction are found as solutions. The analogy to the case of Boussinesq convection in the presence of conical end surfaces of the annular region is emphasised. As in the latter case, the results can be applied as an approximation for the description of the onset of anelastic convection in rotating spherical fluid shells. Reasonable agreement with three-dimensional numerical results published by Jones, Kuzanyan & Mitchell (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 634, 2009, pp. 291–319) for the latter problem is found. As in those results, the location of the onset of convection shifts outwards from the tangent cylinder with increasing number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}N_{\rho }$ of density scale heights until it reaches the equatorial boundary. A new result is that at a much higher number $N_{\rho }$ the onset location returns to the interior of the fluid shell.
Autonomy for ground-level robotic space exploration: framework, simulation, architecture, algorithms and experiments
Authors: Correal R. , Pajares G. , Ruz J. J. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYRobotic surface planetary exploration is a challenging endeavor, with critical safety requirements and severe communication constraints. Autonomous navigation is one of the most crucial and yet risky aspects of these operations. Therefore, a certain level of local autonomy for onboard robots is an essential feature, so that they can make their own decisions independently of ground control, reducing operational costs and maximizing the scientific return of the mission. In addition, existing tools to support research in this domain are usually proprietary to space agencies, and out of reach of most researchers. This paper presents a framework developed to support research in this field, a modular onboard software architecture design and a series of algorithms that implement a visual-based autonomous navigation approach for robotic space exploration. It allows analysis of algorithms' performance and functional validation of approaches and autonomy strategies, data monitoring and the creation of simulation models to replicate the vehicle, sensors, terrain and operational conditions. The framework and algorithms are partly supported by open-source packages and tools. A set of experiments and field testing with a physical robot and hardware are described as well, detailing results and algorithms' processing time, which experience an incremented of one order of magnitude when executed in space-certified like hardware, with constrained resources, in comparison to using general purpose hardware.
Petawatt laser absorption bounded
Authors: Levy Matthew C. , Wilks Scott C. , Tabak Max , Libby Stephen B. , Baring Matthew G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe interaction of petawatt (1015 W) lasers with solid matter forms the basis for advanced scientific applications such as table-top particle accelerators, ultrafast imaging systems and laser fusion. Key metrics for these applications relate to absorption, yet conditions in this regime are so nonlinear that it is often impossible to know the fraction of absorbed light f, and even the range of f is unknown. Here using a relativistic Rankine-Hugoniot-like analysis, we show for the first time that f exhibits a theoretical maximum and minimum. These bounds constrain nonlinear absorption mechanisms across the petawatt regime, forbidding high absorption values at low laser power and low absorption values at high laser power. For applications needing to circumvent the absorption bounds, these results will accelerate a shift from solid targets, towards structured and multilayer targets, and lead the development of new materials.
Model‐Based Optimal Design and Execution of the First‐Inpatient Trial of the Anti‐IL‐6, Olokizumab
Authors: Kretsos K , Jullion A , Zamacona M , Harari O , Shaw S , Boulanger B , Oliver R 
Published: June 2014

The first‐in‐patient study for olokizumab (OKZ) employed model‐based, optimal design and adaptive execution to define the concentration–C‐reactive protein (CRP) suppression response. Modeling and exploratory statistics activities involved: reverse engineering of first‐in‐class (tocilizumab) pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, adaptation of models to OKZ with a priori knowledge and preclinical data translation, application of multidimensional Desirability Index for optimal study design, sample size reestimation based on new information, optimization of second study part via Bayesian analysis of interim data, and interim and final analysis for PK/PD objective attainment. Design work defined a dose window (0.1–3 mg/kg) for CRP suppression exploration and suggested 72 patients in five single‐dose levels would suffice. During execution, new information resulted in reestimating the study size to half. Halting the first part and conducting interim analysis for second part optimization followed. Second interim and final analyses confirmed attainment of study objective, illustrating efficiency and optimality of the study.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e119; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.17; published online 18 June 2014
Chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry targeting acidic residues in proteins and protein complexes
Authors: Leitner Alexander , Joachimiak Lukasz A. , Unverdorben Pia , Walzthoeni Thomas , Frydman Judith , Förster Friedrich , Aebersold Ruedi 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Most proteins carry out their function by associating with other proteins in stable or transient complexes. Structural analysis of such complexes, for example by crystallography, is frequently performed to study their function or mode of action. However, many large complexes are refractory to traditional structural biology methods. Alternative methods have been developed that are often combined with computational methods in hybrid structural biology strategies. Among these, the combination of chemical cross-linking and MS (XL-MS) has shown to be particularly informative. Current XL-MS methods mainly rely on the coupling of lysine residues. Here we describe a chemistry to cross-link acidic residues that generates structural information complementary to that obtained by amine-specific cross-linking, thus significantly expanding the scope of XL-MS analyses.
Origins of specificity and affinity in antibody–protein interactions
Authors: Peng Hung-Pin , Lee Kuo Hao , Jian Jhih-Wei , Yang An-Suei 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Natural antibodies perform their biological function by recognizing all sorts of foreign proteins—seemly unlimited structural and sequence diversities in antigens can be recognized by a limited repertoire of antibodies, for which the sequence and structure are relatively homogeneous. We found that the energetically critical epitope portions are largely composed of backbone atoms, side-chain carbons, and hydrogen bond donors/acceptors. These key components are ubiquitous on protein surfaces and can be recognized by the enriched aromatic side chains and, to a lesser extent, short-chain hydrophilic residues on the antibody paratopes; antibodies, with relatively limited sequence and structural diversities in the antigen binding sites, can recognize unlimited protein antigens through recognizing the common physicochemical features on all protein surfaces.
Differences in nucleation behavior underlie the contrasting aggregation kinetics of the Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides
Authors: Meisl Georg , Yang Xiaoting , Hellstrand Erik , Frohm Birgitta , Kirkegaard Julius B. , Cohen Samuel I. A. , Dobson Christopher M. , Linse Sara , Knowles Tuomas P. J. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Alzheimer's disease and several related disorders are associated with the assembly of specific proteins into ordered fibrillar aggregates. In Alzheimer's disease, the key component of pathological aggregates, the Aβ peptide, is produced from a precursor protein in variable lengths: Aβ40 is more abundant and Aβ42 more aggregation-prone. To shed light on the molecular basis of disease progression, the aggregation process has been studied in vitro. New theoretical models allow us to relate kinetic measurements to the rates of the individual processes underlying the aggregation reaction. We find that the loss of two residues in Aβ40 relative to Aβ42 significantly slows nucleation of aggregates in solution, thereby shifting the mechanism yet more strongly towards nucleation on the surface of fibrils.
Loss ofProx1in striated muscle causes slow to fast skeletal muscle fiber conversion and dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Petchey Louisa K. , Risebro Catherine A. , Vieira Joaquim M. , Roberts Tom , Bryson John B. , Greensmith Linda , Lythgoe Mark F. , Riley Paul R. 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceHow cardiac and skeletal muscle function is maintained and regulated is important in terms of understanding normal muscle physiology and muscle-based disease (myopathy). The two striated muscle types are structurally and functionally divergent, suggesting alternate molecular regulation. However, our discovery that the transcription factor Prox1 controls the same fast skeletal muscle gene program in both cardiac and slow skeletal muscle is significant in assigning a common genetic mechanism to striated muscle development. These studies establish a novel model of human dilated cardiomyopathy and reveal how loss of a single factor underpins conversion of slow to fast skeletal muscle, with implications for the molecular specification of endurance (stamina) versus rapidly contractile muscle function (speed).
MicroRNA binding to the HIV-1 Gag protein inhibits Gag assembly and virus production
Authors: Chen Antony K. , Sengupta Prabuddha , Waki Kayoko , Van Engelenburg Schuyler B. , Ochiya Takahiro , Ablan Sherimay D. , Freed Eric O. , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer 
Published: June 2014

Significance
MicroRNAs normally function to regulate gene expression through RNA-interference–mediated gene silencing. Here, we demonstrate that microRNAs can inhibit HIV-1 virus production by a novel mechanism not involving RNAi-mediated interference. The new mechanism involves interactions between microRNA and HIV-1 Gag protein’s RNA-binding (nucleocapsid) domain. These interactions prevent Gag proteins from effectively multimerizing into viral complexes at the plasma membrane and lead to inhibition of viral particle production. The microRNA–Gag interactions further result in Gag proteins being redirected into the endocytic pathway where they are degraded in lysosomes. These findings have significant implications for understanding how cells modulate HIV-1 infection and raise the possibility of manipulating total expression levels of host miRNAs to combat HIV-1 replication.
Protective effects of oral administration of yeast thioredoxin against gastric mucosal injury
Authors: Taketani Yukiko , Kinugasa Kimihiro , Kitajima Rie , Nishiumi Shin , Ashida Hitoshi , Nakamura Hajime , Fujita Tuyosi , Kanzaki Ken , Masutani Hiroshi , Yodoi Junji 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) is a redox regulating protein which has protective effects against oxidative stress-induced damage to cells and tissues. In this study, we investigated the effects of orally administered TRX derived from edible yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on gastric mucosa. First, we examined the digestibility of orally administered yeast TRX in mice, and detected yeast TRX in the stomach for 4 h after administration. Next, we investigated the mitigation of gastric mucosal injury after the oral administration of yeast TRX in water-immersion restraint stress and HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models. Furthermore, we conducted DNA microarray analysis, using the HCl/ethanol-induced model, which revealed that several groups of genes related to tissue repair were upregulated in ulcer regions in the stomachs of rats administered with yeast TRX. These results demonstrated the viability of the use of oral administrations of yeast TRX to protect the gastric mucosa.
The Visible/Invisible Screenwriter: The Strange Case of Harold Pinter
Authors: Roblin Isabelle 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhile best known as a playwright, Harold Pinter (1930–2008, Nobel Prize for Literature in 2005) also wrote twenty-six screenplays between 1963 and 2007, all of which are adaptations since he never produced an original script. Seven were based on plays and nineteen were adapted from fictions by other writers. Pinter worked with some of the leading directors of his time: Joseph Losey, for whom he wrote four screenplays, and also Karel Reisz, Elia Kazan, Volker Schlöndorff among others. His often stormy relationship with some of these directors, but also with some actors and authors of the source novels he had adapted, is linked to his conception of the screenwriter as the co-author of the film and of his screenplays as intertexts, as part of his literary output. In 2000, he decided to make these screenplays highly visible and readable by publishing in three volumes with Faber and Faber sixteen of the shooting scripts he had adapted from novels, including those which have, to this day, never been produced but excluding the three which had been, as he wrote in his introduction, ‘rewritten by others’ (Pinter 1, xi). In this paper, I shall try and show how Pinter’s vision of screenwriting was in total opposition to the auteur theory developed by New Wave directors and how he made the texts he adapted truly his.