bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social entrepreneurship: answering “the call of nature”
Authors: Ogbechie Chris 
Published: October 2014

Subject area
The case concerns sustainability and social entrepreneurship.

Study level/applicability
The case is relevant for teaching sustainability and social entrepreneurship to MBA students as well as for executive training programmes for middle- and senior-level employees.

Case overview
The Dignified Mobile Toilets (DMT) case describes how the innovative idea of Isaac Durojaiye, popularly known as Otunba Gadaffi, yielded a lot of socioeconomic and environmental impact and changed the face of sanitary health in Nigeria as well as glamorized what he called “shit business.”
The case gives an account of how Isaac Durojaiye – a graphic artist and a credit card fraud investigator – conceived and built the first mobile toilet in Nigeria by using a 40-feet container. Initially, he had to battle with the lack of patronage, as not a single order came in for the first four years that the wagon toilet was displayed. But Durojaiye was not discouraged because he was involved in security consulting along with the sanitary job. The case recounts how the Founder/CEO of DMT mobile toilets identified social issues (lack of public toilet facilities, poverty, disease, unemployment, crime and so on) in the society and turned it into business success; his efforts helped the development of the social sector in Nigeria. The case also narrates the growth of the mobile toilet market in Nigeria and DMT's market share of this sector.
This case also describes the poor state of public toilet facilities in Nigeria, which forced people to answer the call of nature in open places, thereby polluting the environment and jeopardizing public health.
The DMT marketing strategy and how the company made proper use of the area boys and widows to franchise their toilets was stated. The case also highlights the social and environmental impact of DMT toilets and the company's future direction.

Expected learning outcomes
The case will help student see opportunities in the social space and understand that there are business models that provide both social and economic benefits simultaneously.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Entrepreneurship education and job creation for tourism graduates in Ghana
Authors: B. Owusu-Mintah Samuel 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a report on a tracer study conducted to find out the extent to which entrepreneurship education received by tertiary tourism graduates had been beneficial to them.

Design/methodology/approach
– Application of mixed methods research to collect data from 205 tertiary education graduates by the use of snowball sampling techniques and two entrepreneurship teachers selected purposively.

Findings
– The study revealed that <3 per cent of the graduates were operating their own businesses. Among the reasons given for the low level of entrepreneurship practice among the graduates included their inability to access initial capital, absence of entrepreneurship spirit in the graduates and the unrelated nature of entrepreneurship education studied at the polytechnic to the tourism and hospitality industry.

Research limitations/implications
– The main limitation with this study was sampling bias associated with the snowball sampling technique. This was, however reduced by initially selecting respondents to represent the various year groups of the alumni. In addition, it would have been more appropriate to have included present students in the study to find out their perception of the entrepreneurship education that they are receiving.

Practical implications
– The practical implication of this tracer study is the need for educators to evaluate the entrepreneurship programme to make it subject specific. The work will therefore help tourism educators to prepare syllabi and teach entrepreneurship education that will be relevant and beneficial to tourism and hospitality graduates. Another implication is the need to start teaching entrepreneurship as a course at the basic school level.

Social implications
– The social implications of this study is that it would enable managers of tertiary education institutions to find appropriate means to increase the number of its graduates who will be able to create their own jobs. These entrepreneurs will be able to create more employment avenues.

Originality/value
– The novelty of the work is in the use of a tracer study to obtain occupational distribution of graduates of a tertiary programme that enabled the author to ascertain the percentage of graduates who have started and are managing their own businesses.
An instructional cycle for enhancing innovation-embedded employability
Authors: Chang Chi-Cheng 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The capability of innovation is a major component of high-education students’ employability. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an instructional cycle specific to information technology-related disciplines that helps improve the students’ innovation capability and their employability.

Design/methodology/approach
– Literature review, expert adviceand quasi-experiments are used. Instructional activities were developed out of the innovative instructional cycle proposed in this study, which was adjusted in line with the opinions of 30 experts. Teaching experiments were then conducted on 120 college students to understand how well that instructional cycle leads to improvements regarding each creativity indicator, and how feasible the cycle's employability enhancement approach is.

Findings
– This study concluded eight indicators of employable creativity: the sensitivity to problems, organizing/integration ability, complexity, originality, flexibility, novelty, fluency and the desire to create.

Research limitations/implications
– This study does not focus on how creative thoughts are used to form a mental model that makes students more flexible and adaptable in workplaces.

Originality/value
– The contribution of this study lies in successfully verifying this “cycle” proposed has positive, beneficial effects on shaping a student's employability.
Breathing space – graduate entrepreneurs’ perspectives of entrepreneurship education in higher education
Authors: Fenton Mary , Barry Almar 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine graduate entrepreneurs’ perspectives of entrepreneurship education (EE) in higher education institutions (HEIs) in their formation as entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach
– This qualitative research study was conducted amongst 30 graduate entrepreneurs in the South East of Ireland, who established their businesses between 2001 and 2010 (inclusive).

Findings
– The findings challenge the notion that more EE provision at undergraduate level will lead to greater numbers of graduate entrepreneurs. This is because: HEIs are more focused on preparing students for employment; the academic nature of undergraduate EE; and a “one size fits all” approach to EE fails to recognise the heterogeneity of learners’ needs. However, the findings show that graduate entrepreneurs believed that EE at graduate level provided a welcome “breathing space” to develop their business.

Research limitations/implications
– This research was undertaken within a unique, regional environment, therefore, it is influenced by regional policies, priorities and factors and its main HEI. It does not include either other regional, national or international case studies.

Practical implications
– This research paper provides a conceptual framework or guiding principles for good practice in EE in higher education to include: an enterprise-centric, HEI; a graduated approach to EE; pracademics; a challenging learning environment; authentic experience; and links with the wider enterprise community.

Originality/value
– This research paper offers a nuanced understanding of EE in higher education. Moreover, it contributes to the advancement of knowledge, practice and policy by proposing a conceptual framework for EE in higher education to meet the diverse needs of future graduate entrepreneurs.
Working mothers’ gender ideologies on childcare and perception on existing childcare centres
Authors: Kodagoda Thilakshi 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– This purpose of this paper is to examine how working mothers understand childcare practices and perception on existing childcare centres in a different social context like Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approach– A thematic analysis approach is used to analyse mothers’ narratives, drawn from in-depth qualitative interviews, along with data from some representative secondary sources.Findings– The paper considers women professional and managerial employees in Sri Lanka, and demonstrates that working mothers use diverse childcare arrangements to harmonise their work and family life, strongly believing their own mother as the best caregiver for their small children.Research limitations/implications– This study represented only middle-class mothers, therefore the research suggested that different mothers (professional and managerial) take their decisions differently. Based on this argument, it can be expected that mothers of different occupations are more likely to take different decisions as they believe what is “right and proper”. Thus, extensive research is warranted.Practical implications– This paper discusses the implications while extending the geographical scope of the literature on mothers’ gender ideology on childcare and existing practices in childcare centres.Social implications– State and private organizations should consider investments in childcare support and other flexible work options so that women continue to remain in their careers.Originality/value– The paper extends the geographical scope of the literature on mothers’ gender ideology on childcare and existing practices in childcare centres. This would be the first research article directly focused on the impact of working mothers’ gender ideologies on childcare and perception on existing childcare centres in Sri Lanka. Thus, the present study provides a number of new research avenues for future researchers to use.
Judicial activism and human rights in Bangladesh: a critique
Authors: Hossain Mollah Awal 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of judicial activism as a golden mean approach of judiciary in protecting and promoting human rights from illegitimate interferences of government. With this aim, several case studies have been done on verdicts of higher judiciary in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is an exploratory case study focused on Bangladesh. The paper is qualitative in nature and based on secondary sources of published facts like books, journal articles and Dhaka Law Reports. Information also gathered through Internet browsing.Findings– Though judiciary is very effective to protect and promote human rights and rule of law in a country through judicial activism or public interest litigation, the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are crucial in Bangladesh. Delay and disposal of cases is one of the great impediments in the process of ensuring human rights in Bangladesh. Besides, negligence in implement the verdict of judiciary and interferences of executive over judiciary is another finding of this paper. Apart from these shortcomings, judicial activism is a very important potential instrument of judiciary to protect and promote human rights and the rule of law in Bangladesh.Research limitations/implications– The major limitation of this paper is it is based on secondary sources of information. It would have more rich if periodical data can be used for comparing theory and practice.Practical implications– This paper would be helpful for making a policy for overcoming limitations of judicial activism in Bangladesh to protect and promote human rights.Social implications– Social awareness can be build-up through NGOs and readers by disseminating and penetrating information of this paper’s findings and recommendations.Originality/value– This paper would an unique and add new knowledge in the literature of public interest litigation and Human Rights Law in the context of Bangladesh.
Branding of geographical indications in India
Authors: Aggarwal Rashmi , Singh Harvinder , Prashar Sanjeev 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify inherent deficiencies of the geographical indications (GIs) as protective brands adding to the premium value of the products as compared to the protection guaranteed to brands under the trademark route. Whereas the former protects the attributes of the goods, the latter adds to the brand equity of the goods. The paper attempts to find means to assign a strong visible identity that creates a premium visibility for GIs to help them emerge as strong brands just like the brands envisaged for the trademarks.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a qualitative research based on primary and secondary source of information. Secondary sources comprise statutory provisions of two main acts on GIs and trademarks, articles/news items available in academic/trade journals and information generated from Government of India websites. Primary research involved face-to-face interactions with practicing advocates and select holders of GIs. Information was collected on parameters related to efficacy, applicability, enforceability, monitoring, marketability and legal issues of GIs and trademarks.

Findings
– Though the GI Act was enacted to improve the commercial prospects of manufactured/grown outputs by entities based in a particular geographical limit, it has not delivered to the extent it was expected. The GI product still faces the challenges of poor awareness, fratricidal competition and threat of ingenuine products. The same concept under the trademarks is adequately promoted and protected by ensuring visibility through the logos. And hence, the same can be made mandatorily under the grant of GIs.

Originality/value
– Most of the research done so far on GIs is from a legal perspective. It is perhaps the first work on the theme that takes up the cross-functional approach and explores adding a marketing dimension to a concept that was considered only under the domain of law. The article tries to assimilate best of both the worlds in terms of legal protection and marketing appeal for the geographical indicators.
A closed-form solution to eye-to-hand calibration towards visual grasping
Authors: Pan Hui , Wang Na Li , Qin Yin Shi 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a method that calibrates the hand-eye relationship for eye-to-hand configuration and afterwards a rectification to improve the accuracy of general calibration.

Design/methodology/approach
– The hand-eye calibration of eye-to-hand configuration is summarized as a equation AX = XB which is the same as in eye-in-hand calibration. A closed-form solution is derived. To abate the impact of noise, a rectification is conducted after the general calibration.

Findings
– Simulation and actual experiments confirm that the accuracy of calibration is obviously improved.

Originality/value
– Only a calibration plane is required for the hand-eye calibration. Taking the impact of noise into account, a rectification is carried out after the general calibration and, as a result, that the accuracy is obviously improved. The method can be applied in many actual applications.
Design and experimental verification of an intelligent wall-climbing welding robot system
Authors: Gui Zhongcheng , Deng Yongjun , Sheng Zhongxi , Xiao Tangjie , Li Yonglong , Zhang Fan , Dong Na , Wu Jiandong 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to present a new intelligent wall-climbing welding robot system for large-scale steel structure manufacture, which is composed of robot body, control system and welding system.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors design the robot system according to application requirements, validate the design through simulation and experiments and use the robot in actual production.

Findings
– Experimental results show that the robot system satisfies the demands of automatic welding of large-scale ferromagnetic structure, which contributes much to on-site manufacturing of such structures.

Practical implications
– The robot can work with better quality and efficiency compared with manual welding and other semi-automatic welding devices, which can much improve large-scale steel structure manufacturing.

Originality/value
– The robot system is a novel solution for large-scale steel structures welding. There are three major advantages: the robot body with reliable adsorption ability, large payload capability and good mobility which meet the requirements of welding; the control system with good welding seam tracking accuracy and intelligent automatic welding ability; and friendly human – computer interface which makes the robot easy to use.
Inexpensive spatial position system for the automation of inspection with mobile robots
Authors: Al Rashed Mohammed Abdullah , Sattar Tariq Pervez 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a wireless positioning system. The automation of non-destructive testing (NDT) of large and complex geometry structures such as aircraft wings and fuselage is prohibitively expensive, though automation promises to improve on manual ultrasound testing. One inexpensive way to achieve automation is by using a small wall-climbing mobile robot to move a single ultrasound probe over the surface through a scanning trajectory defined by a qualified procedure. However, the problem is to guide the robot though the trajectory and know whether it has followed it accurately to confirm that the qualified procedure has been carried out.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach is to use sophisticated bulk electronics developed for game playing in combination with MATLAB to develop a wireless positioning system.

Findings
– The paper describes the development of an inexpensive wireless system comprising an optical spatial positioning system and inertial measurement unit that relates the 3D location of an NDT probe carried by a mobile robot to a computer-aided drawing (CAD) representation of the test structure in a MATLAB environment. The probe is located to an accuracy of ± 2 mm at distances of 5 m.

Research limitations/implications
– Positioning range is limited to 5 m. Further development is required to increase this range.

Practical implications
– The wireless system is used to develop tools to guide the robot remotely to follow a desired scanning trajectory, obtain feedback about the actual trajectory executed by the robot, know exactly where an ultrasound pulse echo was captured, map identified defects on the CAD and relate them to the real test object.

Originality/value
– An inexpensive spatial positioning system with sufficient accuracy for automated NDT purposes.
Mutual benefits of transferring stock risks to dividend policy
Authors: Ibrahim Eldomiaty Tarek , Atia Ola , Badawy Ahmad , Hafez Hassan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The literature on the relation between dividends and stock risks include mixed results. The related studies have reached either insignificant, or positive, or negative results. The authors offer a mathematical structure that addresses potential mutual benefits of dividends signaling under conditions of stock risks (systematic and unsystematic). The mathematical structure demonstrates explicitly a case of risk transfer. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential benefits to firms and stockholders when financial managers adjust dividends per share (DPS) using percentage change in the explanatory power of systematic and unsystematic risks. This perspective is derived from a practical consideration that dividends are part of stock returns that can be adjusted to take stock risks into account.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper utilizes the specifications of the two-stage (simultaneous) regression and partial adjustment model. The sample includes quarterly data for firms listed in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and NASDAQ for the period December 31, 1989-March 31, 2011.

Findings
– The authors have reached general results based on hypotheses developed from related literature. The results show that: first, benefits of risk transfer can be realized. That is, firms as well as stockholders achieve benefits when the DPS are adjusted using percentage change in the explanatory power of systematic risk only; second, dividend growth rates are affected positively by changes in systematic risks; third, the highest stock returns in the market are reached with sharp decreases in dividend growth rates; fourth, in the highest returns quartile, firm size and time do not matter but the industry type does; and fifth, the associations between dividend growth rates, systematic, unsystematic risks, and stock returns are intrinsically nonlinear.

Originality/value
– The study contributes to the literature in terms of first, providing practical insights on the financial strategies that help in the use of dividends to convey the right signals to stockholders, and second, empirically show the potential benefits of adjusting dividends growth rates according to systematic and unsystematic stock risks in a unified mathematical structure that adds to the current literature.
The development experiences of two small African and Northern European communities under globalisation
Authors: Ovaska Tomi , Van der Walt Louw , B. Anderson Robert 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to focus on the development experience in the global world of two small communities, Viimsi in Estonia and Magog in South Africa. These two communities were chosen as exemplars because the authors were familiar with both, and understood them to be illustrative of differing outcomes of interaction of small communities with the global economy offering the prospect of generalisation of findings to the framework and theory. Twenty years ago, both were poor, since then Viimsi has become wealthy, while Magopa remains poor. It is not believed that becoming the wealthiest community in Estonia was Viimsi’s per-determined destiny. What people of Viimsi did to make their community a success relative to the surrounding peer communities is a story of the visible as much as the invisible attributes.Design/methodology/approach– These attributes are examined using a framework the authors’ originally developed to explore the participation of Indigenous communities in the global economy in pursuit of development as they defined it. A thorough investigation was done on the interactions among various community stakeholder groups in an attempt to describe the social fabric of these two communities, and this was used to explain why Viimsi was able to take advantage of globalisation, when Magopa was not.Findings– While it will be hard, no doubt, to translate all the success attributes of Viimsi to a different location and time, some of the lessons that were uncovered from the study are universal in nature, making them potentially useable for other small communities trying to find their way in the global world.Research limitations/implications– Studying only two communities means that the generalisation of the findings is limited to theory. None can be made directly to the population of similar communities, except indirectly through exploration using the theory being developed to test its validity in other circumstances.Practical implications– The findings from this paper will increase the understanding of the factors that contribute the a community’s success of lack of, in participating in the global economy.Originality/value– This is an under-researched area within development literature.