bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are recent increases in deliberate self-harm associated with changes in socio-economic
conditions? An ecological analysis of patterns of deliberate self-harm in Bristol 1972–3 and 1995–6
Authors: GUNNELL D. , SHEPHERD M. , EVANS M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The incidence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Britain has increased markedly over the last 30 years. Reasons for this rise are not clear. We have investigated whether changes in the social and economic environment underlie any of the recent increase in DSH incidence.Methods. An ecological analysis was used to assess associations between changes in census-based measures of the social and economic environment – the Townsend Deprivation Index and a three-factor social fragmentation index – and changes in age- and sex-specific hospital attendance rates for DSH for the 28 wards of the city of Bristol between 1972–3 and 1995–6.Results. There were significant cross-sectional associations between the Townsend Index and rates of DSH in both males and females in both time periods. Increases in Townsend Index were also associated with increases in DSH. This association was statistically significant at the 5% level in 25–34 year-old females. Associations with the social fragmentation index were weak, although our index was based on rather limited data.Conclusions. This analysis suggests that changes in levels of socio-economic deprivation may influence area-specific patterns of DSH and such changes may have contributed to recent rises in DSH.
Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , KARKOWSKI L. M. , PRESCOTT C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Familial factors, which are partly genetic, influence risk for phobias. Prior family and
twin studies, however, were based on a single lifetime assessment, which may be only moderately
reliable.Methods. We obtained, 8 years apart, two assessments of lifetime history of five unreasonable fears
and phobias (agoraphobia and social, situational, animal and blood-injury phobia) from face-to-face and telephone interviews from 1708 individual female twins from a population-based registry.
We also obtained, 1 month apart, test–retest reliability on 192 twins. We fitted, using the program
Mx, a measurement model that estimates the role of genetic and environmental risk factors
correcting for measurement error.Results. Short-term reliability of the five phobias was modest (mean κ=0·46), but higher than long-term stability (mean κ=0·30). Unreliability occurred both for subject recall of unreasonable fears
and for interviewer assessment of which fears constituted phobias. Examining fears and phobias
together, in a multiple threshold model, results suggested that twin resemblance was due solely to
genetic factors, with estimated total heritabilities, corrected for unreliability, of: any 43%,
agoraphobia 67%, animal 47%, blood/injury 59%, situational 46% and social 51%. With the
exception of animal phobia, similar results were obtained analysing phobias alone.Conclusions. Lifetime histories of unreasonable fears and phobias assessed at personal interview
have substantial unreliability. Correcting for unreliability, the liability to fears and their associated
phobias is moderately heritable. Individual-specific environmental experiences play an important
role in the development of phobias, while familial–environmental factors appear to be of little
aetiological significance.
Channel-forming colicins: translocation (and
other deviant behaviour) associated with colicin
Ia channel gating
Authors: Jakes Karen S. , Kienker Paul K. , Finkelstein Alan 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 1892. Channel properties 1912.1 Voltage-dependent gating 1912.2 Ion permeability 1932.2.1 Selectivity between potassium and chloride 1932.2.2 Permeability to large cations and large anions 1932.3 Single-channel characteristics 1942.4 Molecularity of the channel 1953. Colicin Ia channel topology and protein translocation 1953.1 Channels formed by whole colicin Ia 1953.1.1 General channel topology 1963.1.2 The translocated region 1993.1.3 The nonuniqueness of the upstream membrane-inserted segment 1993.2 Channels formed by the C-terminal domain of colicin Ia 2004. Concluding remarks 2025. Acknowledgement 2036. References 203Colicins are plasmid-encoded proteins, produced by some strains of E. coli, that kill other
strains lacking the specific immunity protein encoded by the same plasmid. Most of the
colicins have a three-domain structure: a central domain that binds to a receptor in the outer
membrane of the target cell; an N-terminal domain that interacts with target cell proteins to
move the C-terminal domain across the outer membrane and periplasmic space to the inner
membrane; and a C-terminal domain that carries the toxic activity. In some colicins the C-terminal domain is an enzyme that kills the cell by entering the cytoplasm and attacking its
DNA (e.g. colicin E2), its ribosomal RNA (e.g. colicin E3), or another target (Schaller
et al. 1982; Ogawa et al. 1999). In other colicins, the C-terminal domain forms an ion-conducting channel in the inner membrane that ultimately leads to cell death by allowing
essential solutes to leak out of the cell. These colicins, or their isolated C-terminal domains,
can also form voltage-dependent channels in planar phospholipid bilayers. (For a review of
the E colicins, including enzymatic colicins, see James et al. 1996; for a review of channel-forming colicins, see Cramer et al. 1995; and for a review of colicin import into E. coli, see
Lazdunski et al. 1998.) The channel-forming colicins are the subject of this review, with
particular emphasis on one member of this group, colicin Ia, and the protein translocation
associated with the gating of its channel.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN November 1998 to January 1999
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: July 2002

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
The contents of consciousness during sleep: Some theoretical problems
Authors: Revonsuo Antti 
Published: July 2002

The approach of Hobson et al. is limited to the description of global states of consciousness, although more detailed analyses of the specific contents of consciousness would also be required. Furthermore, their account of the mind-brain relationship remains obscure. Nielsen's discussion suffers from conceptual and definitional unclarity. Mentation during sleep could be clarified by reconceptualizing it as an issue about the contents of consciousness. Vertes & Eastman do not consider the types of memory (emotional) and learning (implicit) that are relevant during REM sleep, and therefore dismiss on inadequate grounds the possibility of memory functions associated with REM sleep.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Vertes & Eastman]
Counting geodesics on a Riemannian manifold and
topological entropy of geodesic flows
Authors: BURNS KEITH , PATERNAIN GABRIEL P. 
Published: July 2002

Let $M$ be a compact $C^{\infty}$ Riemannian manifold.
Given $p$ and $q$ in $M$ and $T>0$, define $n_{T}(p,q)$ as the number of
geodesic segments joining $p$ and $q$ with length $\leq T$.
Mañé showed in [7] that
\[
\lim_{T\rightarrow \infty}\frac{1}{T}\log \int_{M\times M}n_{T}(p,q)\,dp\,dq
= h_{\rm top},
\]
where $h_{\rm top}$ denotes the topological entropy of the geodesic flow of
$M$.In this paper we exhibit an open set of metrics on the two-sphere for which
\[
\limsup_{T\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{T}\log n_{T}(p,q)< h_{\rm top},
\]
for a positive measure set of $(p,q)\in M\times M$.
This answers in the negative questions raised by Mañé in
[7].
Exploring modal subversions in alternative music
Authors: McDonald Chris 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThe concern of this article is with a particular set of harmonic practices that rock musicians, particularly those who participate in the domain of guitar-oriented ‘alternative’ rock, have been using with noticeable frequency in the last ten years. I am also interested in discussing the concept of the power chord (a term I shall explicate more clearly below) as a device in rock that has facilitated the above-mentioned set of harmonic practicesThe observations made in this paper come out of a previous research inquiry of mine into the devices which alternative musicians use to differentiate their music from other styles of mainstream rock. Also, the pursuit of this topic is partly a response to Allan Moore's admonition that ‘there is as yet very little concern for theorizing analytical method in rock music’, and his call for a ‘mapping-out of those harmonic practices that serve to distinguish rock styles . . . from those of common-practice tonality . . . and jazz’ (Moore 1995, p. 185).There has been some rather pointed criticism recently of musicological analyses of popular music (see Shepherd 1993; Frith 1990) on the charge that analysing music's purely sonic dimensions (i.e. melody, harmony, rhythm, structure, etc.) does not really help us understand musical communication. Speaking as a songwriter, however, I would argue that many musicians in rock are indeed concerned with harmonic progression (or ‘the changes’, to use the vernacular term) as an important device or jumping-off point in the process of songwriting. It also seems reasonable to suggest that harmonic progression is a contributing factor in the affective power of a song, although its importance here is likely to be variable and quite open to debate.
Behaviour-based robot program invariance
Authors: Pettinaro Giovanni C. 
Published: July 2002

Despite the numerous technical improvements, robot programming
is still today a very tedious activity requiring considerable efforts
for fine tuning programs written off-line. Moreover, such programs are
usually not particularly portable from one robot to another, sometimes
even when the robots are from the same maker.The issue
addressed in the work reported here is how to overcome
these shortcomings. In this respect, the argument is to develop
programs within the behaviour-based assembly paradigm which views tasks in
terms of goal-achieving entities (behaviours). The focus on the description
of a task more than its implementation is the key
to generality and portability. As shown with the aid of
two similar, but not identical, assembly benchmarks, behavioural programs are
independent of any specificity of each assembly kit and can,
indeed, be constructed using the very same code.
Effect of water, temperature and fertilizers on soil nitrogen net transformations and tree growth in an elfin cloud forest of Colombia
Authors: Cavelier Jaime , Tanner Edmund , Santamaría Johanna 
Published: July 2002

(Accepted 31st July 1999)In the ‘elfin’ cloud forest of Serrania de Macuira, exchangeable ammonium and nitrate, and the rates of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured in soil samples under different water, temperature and mineral nutrient additions. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization on radial trunk growth were measured in three tree species. In the cloud forest soils, concentrations of ammonium were much higher than those of nitrate. Nitrate was higher in samples collected during the afternoon than during the morning, probably as a result of leaching during the night or nitrification during the day. When samples were incubated under different water and temperature treatments, rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification increased more with changes in soil water content than with changes in temperature. Nitrification was significantly increased in soils amended with ammonium or with ammonium plus phosphorus, suggesting that nitrification is substrate-limited. Fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus resulted in significantly increased girth increments in Guapira fragrans (Dum. -Cours.) Little and Rapanea guianensis Aublet. Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) D.C. did not respond to the fertilization. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the characteristics of montane rain forest in small and large tropical mountains (the ‘Massenerhebung’ effect) are greatly controlled by soil water conditions and related soil nitrogen availability.
Dispersal of mimetic seeds of three species of Ormosia (Leguminosae)
Authors: Foster Mercedes S. , Delay Linda S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT. Seeds with ‘imitation arils’ appear wholly or partially covered by pulp or aril but actually carry no fleshy material. The mimetic seed hypothesis to explain this phenomenon proposes a parasitic relationship in which birds are deceived into dispersing seeds that resemble bird-dispersed fruits, without receiving a nutrient reward. The hard-seed for grit hypothesis proposes a mutualistic relationship in which large, terrestrial birds swallow the exceptionally hard mimetic seeds as grit for grinding the softer seeds on which they feed. They defecate, dispersing the seeds, and abrade the seed surface, enhancing germination. Any fruit mimicry is incidental. Fruiting trees of Ormosia spp. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) were observed to ascertain mechanisms of seed dispersal and the role of seemingly mimetic characteristics of the seeds in that dispersal. Seed predation and seed germination were also examined. Ormosia isthamensis and O. macrocalyx (but not O. bopiensis) deceived arboreally-foraging frugivorous birds into taking their mimetic seeds, although rates of seed dispersal were low. These results are consistent with the mimetic seed hypothesis. On the other hand, the rates of disappearance of seeds from the ground under the Ormosia trees, hardness of the seeds, and enhancement of germination with the abrasion of the seed coat are all consistent with the hard-seed for grit hypothesis. RESUMEN. Semillas con arilos falsos aparecen estar cubiertas en parte o completamente por pulpa o arilo, pero en realidad no llevan ninguna materia carnosa. El hipótesis semilla mímica propone que las semillas parecen frutos carnosos cuyas semillas están dispersadas por aves y que engañan las aves a dispersar sus semillas sin recibir una recompensa nutritiva — una relación parasítica. El hipótesis semilla dura para arenisca propone que aves grandes y terrestres tragan las semillas mímicas y excepcionalmente duras como arenisca para moler las semillas más suaves en que se alimentan; las aves defecan y dispersan las semillas, y las rascan, lo cual mejora la germinación — una relación mutua. Cualquier mimetismo es incidente. Se observaron árboles de Ormosia espp. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) con frutos para averiguar los mecanismos de dispersión de semillas y el papel que hacen las características aparentemente mímicas de sus semillas en esa dispersión. Se examinaron también la depredación y germinación de semillas. Las semillas mímicas de Ormosia isthamensis y O. macrocalyx (pero no O. bopiensis), engañaron aves frugivoras y arbóreas en comerlas, aunque las tasas de dispersión eran bajas. Estos resultados son consistente con el hipótesis semilla mímica. En cambio, las tasas de desaparición de semillas caídas de Ormosia, dureza de las semillas, y mejoramiento de germinación con la raedura de las capas de las semillas son consistente con el hipótesis semilla dura para arenisca.
Potential theory in conical domains (III)
Authors: VAROPOULOS N. Th. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we shall consider differential operators that admit a periodic structure (cf. [1, 2])(formula here),where(formula here),are Hölder continuous for some α > 0 and periodic, so that, say, without loss of
generality, we have(formula here).We shall assume that Q is elliptic, i.e. that the matrix A = (aij) satisfies(formula here),for some(formula here).
Subgroups of products of surface groups
Authors: JOHNSON F. E. A. 
Published: July 2002

The subgroup structure of a direct product of two Fuchsian groups
is very complicated;
for example, Baumslag and Roseblade [1] have shown that
a direct product
Fm1×Fm2

of finitely generated free groups contains continuously many distinct
isomorphism classes of finitely generated subgroups. The situation is much
simpler,
however, if attention is restricted to finitely generated normal subgroups
of
Fm1×Fm2;

then on general grounds one cannot expect to get more than a countable
infinity,
but, in fact, the situation is almost finite; we showed, in [4],
that
Fm1×Fm2

contains precisely 1+min{m1, m2}
orbits
of maximal normal subdirect products under the
natural action of its automorphism group.In this paper we study the situation which arises if the free groups

Fmi are replaced
by fundamental groups of closed surfaces. This question was previously
considered
by Nigel Carr in the final chapter of his (unpublished) thesis
[2]. By appealing to the relative invariant theory of
pairs of skew
bilinear forms, Carr was able to show that in a direct product
Σg1×Σg2

of orientable surface groups of genus [ges ]2 the number
of orbits of maximal normal subdirect products is always infinite. Here
we refine
and extend Carr's approach to study the manner in which the
finiteness result of [4]
breaks down on passing to more general Fuchsian groups.
The reproductive strategy of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): infant growth and development and mother–infant relationships
Authors: Zhu Xiaojian , Lindburg Donald G. , Pan Wenshi , Forney Karin A. , Wang Dajun 
Published: July 2002

AbstractReproductive activities of six giant panda females (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) living in the Qinling Mountains of China (Shaanxi Province) were recorded from 1989 into early 1995. Data on mating and birth dates, litter size, cub sex and den use were collected for three of the pandas. At this site, pregnant females migrated to lower elevations in advance of other pandas to seek dens for birthing. One dam was videotaped in the den with her cub from birth to the end of the denning phase at 94 days of age. This cub was repeatedly handled during the dam's absences to obtain data on development and weight. During the early part of the denning phase, the cub was maintained on the dam's body virtually continuously. Post‐partum fasting for up to 3 weeks was noted. Dams invariably moved cubs to new dens three or four times during the birth season. By the time cubs left the den at about 3–4 months, they were fully furred and capable of surviving winter temperatures without further shelter. Reproductive parameters for the wild population fell within the range of values for captive pandas, based on information in the literature and in the giant panda studbook. The combined data on length of gestation, intervals between births, litter size and weight, infant development, and reproductive life span reveal a range of life‐history variables that strongly resemble the Ursidae.
Reintroduction of the European beaver (Castor fiber) to Norfolk, U.K.: a preliminary modelling analysis
Authors: South A. B. , Rushton S. P. , Macdonald D. W. , Fuller R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn existing spatial population model, developed to assess the reintroduction of the European beaver Castor fiber to Scotland, was applied to predict the likely result of reintroducing beavers to Norfolk, England. A habitat analysis was conducted using the Land Cover Map (classified satellite imagery developed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology) to predict the location of areas suitable for beavers. The model was used to simulate population processes within these areas and dispersal between them following a range of reintroduction scenarios. To represent uncertainty regarding the probable behaviour of beavers in Norfolk, the habitat analysis and model were applied using three sets of parameter values (high, medium and low) derived from the literature. It was predicted that Norfolk could support between 18 and 40 beaver families. Using high or medium parameter values, beaver populations were predicted to expand following reintroduction and spread to new areas. Using low parameter values populations were predicted to decrease, risk extinction and not colonize new areas. This analysis is a preliminary investigation into the likely fate of beavers in Norfolk. Checking the estimates of habitat availability in the field would enable greater confidence to be placed in these predictions.
Examination of some factors affecting selection of fish prey by otters (Lutra lutra) living by eutrophic fish ponds
Authors: Lanszki J. , Körmendi S. , Hancz C. , Martin T. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study the predation and fish prey selection of otters Lutra lutra L. living by eutrophic fish ponds on agricultural land and in a protected area of temperate climate in Hungary were investigated. The correlations between fish in the diet of the otters (by spraint analysis involved 1942 and 1280 samples for the two habitats) and the fish stock available (by harvest and sample fishing) were generally close. Prey selection was significantly related to selected species of a particular size range (P<0.01). The preference calculations were performed with Ivlev's index of preference (Ei, minimum −1, maximum +1). Regardless of species, the otters avoided (Ei=−0.51) fish heavier than 1000 g, with a preference for individuals weighing between 500 and 1000 g (Ei=0.79). No substantial or clear preference was observed in the weight range below 500 g (Ei=−0.02–0.38). The preference for fish in accordance with their characteristic sites of occurrence within the body of water was also significant (P<0.01). They avoided fish living primarily in open water (Ei=−0.64) and to a lesser degree those occurring near the pond bed (Ei=−0.22). They favoured fish inhabiting the area with a covering of aquatic plants (Ei=0.46), and showed a preference to a lesser degree for fish living in the shallow littoral regions (Ei=0.14). With the cessation of fish farming and the effect of the drastic changes which occurred in the vegetation, the otters fed substantially on the stock of alternative sources of prey such as amphibians and water insects as well as terrestrial animals, and at such times, depending on season, fish became a secondary source of prey.
Decision‐maker expectations and the value of climate prediction information: conceptual considerations and preliminary evidence
Authors: Sherrick Bruce J , Sonka Steven T , Lamb Peter J , Mazzocco Michael A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the commonly used assumption that decision‐makers possess accurate prior probability information about climate events that affect their well‐being, and illustrates the impact of that assumption on the valuation of prediction information. A survey of large producers in the Mid‐western United States is used to recover their prior beliefs about climate variables. It is found that producers systematically misrepresent the probabilities of climate events that materially affect their well‐being. In particular, the most common form of the miscalibration between actual and subjective probabilities is to overstate the likelihood of adverse events and understate the likelihood of favourable events. As a result, common methods for valuing prediction information are likely to understate the true value when recipients begin with less accurate prior beliefs. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Introducing and verifying rainfall probability forecasts in a small meteorological office
Authors: Blancq Frank Le , Johnson Philip 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe introduction of a new medium‐range weather forecast presented an opportunity to establish a verification procedure for monitoring the reliability and accuracy of probability of precipitation (PoP) forecasts. The need for verification is discussed and a simple verification procedure described, using reliability diagrams as a visual guide to forecaster bias, Brier Scores to give levels of accuracy and Skill Scores to demonstrate skill levels when comparing forecast methods. The application of this verification procedure in a small meteorological office, with no dedicated research facilities, is presented and discussed. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society