bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive direct and plant‐mediated effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] and temperature on a eucalypt‐feeding insect herbivore
Authors: Murray T. J. , Ellsworth D. S. , Tissue D. T. , Riegler M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the direct and indirect effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on insect herbivores and how these factors interact are essential to predict ecosystem‐level responses to climate change scenarios. In three concurrent glasshouse experiments, we measured both the individual and interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on foliar quality. We also assessed the interactions between their direct and plant‐mediated effects on the development of an insect herbivore of eucalypts. Eucalyptus tereticornis saplings were grown at ambient or elevated [CO2] (400 and 650 μmol mol−1 respectively) and ambient or elevated ( + 4 °C) temperature for 10 months. Doratifera quadriguttata (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) larvae were feeding directly on these trees, on their excised leaves in a separate glasshouse, or on excised field‐grown leaves within the temperature and [CO2] controlled glasshouse. To allow insect gender to be determined and to ensure that any sex‐specific developmental differences could be distinguished from treatment effects, insect development time and consumption were measured from egg hatch to pupation. No direct [CO2] effects on insects were observed. Elevated temperature accelerated larval development, but did not affect leaf consumption. Elevated [CO2] and temperature independently reduced foliar quality, slowing larval development and increasing consumption. Simultaneously increasing both [CO2] and temperature reduced these shifts in foliar quality, and negative effects on larval performance were subsequently ameliorated. Negative nutritional effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature were also independently outweighed by the direct positive effect of elevated temperature on larvae. Rising [CO2] and temperature are thus predicted to have interactive effects on foliar quality that affect eucalypt‐feeding insects. However, the ecological consequences of these interactions will depend on the magnitude of concurrent temperature rise and its direct effects on insect physiology and feeding behaviour.
Survey of practices and policies relating to the use of complementary and alternative medicines and therapies in New South Wales cancer services
Authors: Raszeja V. M. , Jordens C. F. C. , Kerridge I. H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine policies and practices relating to the provision, prescription and monitoring of complementary and alternative medicine and therapies (CAM) in conventional cancer services in NSW.MethodsSelf‐administered questionnaire sent to directors of all 65 eligible cancer services in NSW in 2009.ResultsForty‐three services responded to the survey (response rate 66%). Only six (14%) services reported having formal policies about CAM. Most (n = 33, 77%) expected that patients would be asked about CAM use during their initial assessment. Eight services (19%) provided and/or prescribed CAM for patients, and most of these (n = 7) recorded details of CAM use in patients' records. Only four (9%) services permitted CAM practitioners from the community to attend inpatients, whereas 24 (56%) permitted inpatients to bring in their own CAM. Most of these services (n = 17) required medical approval for the use of CAM. Of the latter, most (n = 13) recorded the use of approved CAM, but only seven recorded use of unapproved CAM and only three refused permission to continue use of unapproved CAM.ConclusionMost cancer services in NSW recognise potential CAM use by patients and expect medical staff to ask patients about their use of CAM. While few cancer services provided or prescribed CAM, over half permitted inpatients to bring their own CAM into hospital. There was little control over the use of CAM, however, and monitoring was lax. Given the wide usage of CAM by patients with cancer, this lack of control may compromise clinical outcomes, with potentially dangerous consequences.
Illustrating the critical role of human dimensions research for understanding and managing recreational fisheries within a social‐ecological system framework
Authors: Hunt L. M. , Sutton S. G. , Arlinghaus R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEffective management of recreational fishing requires understanding fishers and their actions. These actions constitute critical links between social and ecological systems that result in outcomes that feedback and influence recreational fishers' actions and the management of these actions. Although much research exists on recreational fishers and their actions, this research is often disconnected from management issues. One way to help to overcome this disconnect is to illustrate how past research on the social component of recreational fishing fits within an emerging coupled social‐ecological system (SES) framework. Herein, a conceptual SES is first developed with specific attention to recreational fisheries. This SES is then used to illustrate the importance of considering human dimensions research for articulating, studying and ultimately managing key outcomes of recreational fisheries (e.g. fish population conservation, fisher well‐being) using the example of harvest regulations and a brief review of past interdisciplinary research on recreational fishing. The article ends by identifying key research needs including understanding: how factors such as management rules affect the diversity of actions by recreational fishers; how governance and management approaches adapt to changing social and resource conditions; and how recreational fishers learn and share information.
Hybridization and speciation
Authors: Abbott R. , Albach D. , Ansell S. , Arntzen J. W. , Baird S. J. E. , Bierne N. , Boughman J. , Brelsford A. , Buerkle C. A. , Buggs R. , Butlin R. K. , Dieckmann U. , Eroukhmanoff F. , Grill A. , Cahan S. H. , Hermansen J. S. , Hewitt G. , Hudson A. G. , Jiggins C. , Jones J. , Keller B. , Marczewski T. , Mallet J. , Martinez‐Rodriguez P. , Möst M. , Mullen S. , Nichols R. , Nolte A. W. , Parisod C. , Pfennig K. , Rice A. M. , Ritchie M. G. , Seifert B. , Smadja C. M. , Stelkens R. , Szymura J. M. , Väinölä R. , Wolf J. B. W. , Zinner D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHybridization has many and varied impacts on the process of speciation. Hybridization may slow or reverse differentiation by allowing gene flow and recombination. It may accelerate speciation via adaptive introgression or cause near‐instantaneous speciation by allopolyploidization. It may have multiple effects at different stages and in different spatial contexts within a single speciation event. We offer a perspective on the context and evolutionary significance of hybridization during speciation, highlighting issues of current interest and debate. In secondary contact zones, it is uncertain if barriers to gene flow will be strengthened or broken down due to recombination and gene flow. Theory and empirical evidence suggest the latter is more likely, except within and around strongly selected genomic regions. Hybridization may contribute to speciation through the formation of new hybrid taxa, whereas introgression of a few loci may promote adaptive divergence and so facilitate speciation. Gene regulatory networks, epigenetic effects and the evolution of selfish genetic material in the genome suggest that theDobzhansky–Muller model of hybrid incompatibilities requires a broader interpretation. Finally, although the incidence of reinforcement remains uncertain, this and other interactions in areas of sympatry may have knock‐on effects on speciation both within and outside regions of hybridization.
Lexicographic optimization of a permutation flow shop scheduling problem with time lag constraints
Authors: Dhouib E. , Teghem J. , Loukil T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper considers the permutation flow shop scheduling problem with minimal and maximal time lags. Time lags are defined as intervals of time that must exist between every pair of consecutive operations of a job. The objective is to hierarchically minimize two criteria, the primary criterion is the minimization of the number of tardy jobs and the secondary one minimizes the makespan. We propose a mixed integer mathematical programming formulation which can be solved with the subroutine CPLEX. We also propose several versions of simulated annealing algorithm to heuristically solve the problem. Computational experiments to compare the proposed procedures are presented and discussed.
Clinical Findings and Prognostic Factors for Dogs Undergoing Cholecystectomy for Gall Bladder Mucocele
Authors: Malek Sarah , Sinclair Elizabeth , Hosgood Giselle , Moens Noel M. M. , Baily Trina , Boston Sarah E. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo report clinical findings and explore prognostic factors for dogs that had cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucocele.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsDogs (n = 43) with gall bladder mucoceles.ResultsDiagnosis of gall bladder mucoceles was confirmed by histopathology and 74% were diagnosed based on preoperative abdominal ultrasonography. Intraoperative evidence of gall bladder rupture was noted in 10 dogs (23%), and 16 (37%) had evidence of previous leakage in the abdominal cavity. One dog had positive bacterial growth from the gall bladder content. The most common histopathologic findings in liver biopsies obtained at surgery were cholangiohepatitis, biliary hyperplasia, or cholestasis. Univariate analysis showed evidence of postoperative hypotension (P= .05) to be significantly negatively associated with survival. Significant difference in mean postoperative serum lactate (P= .034) and postoperative packed cell volume (P= .063) between dogs that survived and died was also noted.ConclusionsElevations in postoperative serum lactate concentrations and immediate postoperative hypotension in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucoceles are associated with poor clinical outcome.
International Financial Adjustment for China: A Financial Valuation Approach
Authors: Deer Luke , Song Ligang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInternational financial adjustment is the process whereby valuation shifts from asset price and currency changes result in relatively durable net wealth transfers across countries' international balance sheets. This paper applies a financial valuation approach to estimate the direction and the broad extent of recent international financial adjustments on China's international balance sheet. We estimate China's international balance sheet losses resulting from the valuation shifts over the period 2005–2010 and reveal that international currency shifts over the past decade have also generated a range of non‐balance sheet financial and monetary adjustment pressures for China. This paper also evaluates how China's evolving international financial policy arrangements could better mitigate China's exposure to international financial adjustments. These arrangements include a more effective currency mechanism and the mechanisms to internationalize the RMB to buffer international financial valuation shocks.
What Do National Poverty Lines Tell Us About Global Poverty?
Authors: Gentilini Ugo , Sumner Andy 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe basic question about ‘how many poor people are there in the world?’ generally assumes that poverty is measured according to international poverty lines (IPLs). Yet, an equally relevant question could be ‘how many poor people are there in the world, based on how poverty is defined where those people live?’ In short, rather than a comparison based on monetary values, the latter question is germane to estimates based on a concept –‘poverty’– as defined by countries’ specific circumstances and institutions.Estimates of poverty by national poverty lines (NPLs) and international poverty lines (IPLs) may vary in terms of technical grounds. But how similar are they? How different is poverty captured by comparable (in PPP monetary value) cross‐country measures as embodied by the IPL compared to that viewed in NPLs?This paper offers a new perspective on global poverty. It does so by estimating the distribution of poverty across countries, regions and income categories based on national poverty lines (NPLs). Even though comparing NPLs across countries means comparing poverty lines of different monetary value, we argue that exploring “poverty” as a nationally defined concept by countries at different stages of development unveils important and often unnoticed findings.By addressing the question of poverty as defined where those poor people live, this paper seeks to offer a new perspective on global poverty and at the same time extend thinking on the ‘middle‐income countries poverty paradox’– meaning that most of the world's poor do not live in the world's poorest countriesUsing data from 160 countries covering nearly 92 per cent of world population, we estimate that globally 1.5 billion people live in poverty as defined within their own countries (by NPLs), a billion of which are in middle‐income countries (MICs) and – surprisingly perhaps – one in ten of world's poor live in high‐income countries (HICs).Our analysis shows that NPL and IPL‐based estimates lead to similar poverty estimates only in a limited number of cases. In particular, we conclude that (i) there is a considerable difference between regional and national poverty estimates based on IPLs and NPLs – that is, differences for a same country could be as high as 55 percentage points in poverty rates, or about 45 million in the number of poor people; (ii) NPLs may be particularly important for analysis of poverty in MICs: indeed, their NPLs don't feed into the construction of IPLs. Hence, poverty at national level may not be adequately captured by IPLs themselves; (iii) NPLs are not substitutes for IPLs, but instead enrich and complement international analyses. Yet, there could be trade‐offs between the two, especially in terms of different development actors tracking different poverty estimates. Our findings also have implications for debates about global poverty targets and international assistance.
Early healing of the alveolar process after tooth extraction: an experimental study in the beagle dog
Authors: Discepoli Nicola , Vignoletti Fabio , Laino Luigi , de Sanctis Massimo , Muñoz Fernando , Sanz Mariano 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo describe the early healing events in the alveolar socket during the first 8 weeks of spontaneous healing after tooth extraction.Materials and Methods16 adult beagle dogs were selected and five healing periods were analysed (4 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks). Mandibular premolars were extracted and each socket corresponding to the mesial root was left to heal undisturbed. In each healing period, three animals were euthanatized, each providing four study sites. Healing was assessed by descriptive histology and by histometric analysis using as landmarks: the vertical distance between buccal and lingual crest (B'L') and the width of buccal and lingual walls at three different levels. Differences between means for each variable for each healing period were compared (ANOVA; p < 0.05).ResultsB'L' at baseline was 0.45 (0.18) mm and decreased during the healing period to a final value of 0.18 (0.08) mm. The lingual width (Lw) remains almost unchanged while the buccal width (Bw) at 1 (Bw1) and 2 (Bw2) mm was reduced in about 40% of its initial value.ConclusionsMinor vertical bone reduction in both the buccal and lingual socket walls were observed. A marked horizontal reduction of the buccal bone wall was observed mostly in its coronal aspect.
Experimental and genetic analyses reveal that inbreeding depression declines with increased self‐fertilization among populations of a coastal dune plant
Authors: Dart S. , Eckert C. G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTheory predicts that inbreeding depression (ID) should decline via purging in self‐fertilizing populations. Yet, intraspecific comparisons between selfing and outcrossing populations are few and provide only mixed support for this key evolutionary process. We estimatedIDfor large‐flowered (LF), predominantly outcrossing vs. small‐flowered (SF), predominantly selfing populations of the dune endemicCamissoniopsis cheiranthifoliaby comparing selfed and crossed progeny in glasshouse environments differing in soil moisture, and by comparing allozyme‐based estimates of the proportion of seeds selfed and inbreeding coefficient of mature plants. Based on lifetime measures of dry mass and flower production,IDwas stronger in nineLFpopulations [meanδ = 1−(fitness of selfed seed/fitness of outcrossed seed) = 0.39] than 16SFpopulations (meanδ = 0.03). However, predispersalIDduring seed maturation was not stronger forLFpopulations, andIDwas not more pronounced under simulated drought, a pervasive stress in sand dune habitat. Genetic estimates ofδwere also higher for fourLF(δ = 1.23) than fiveSF(δ = 0.66) populations; however, broad confidence intervals around these estimates overlapped. These results are consistent with purging, but selective interference among loci may be required to maintain strongIDin partially selfingLFpopulations, and trade‐offs between selfed and outcrossed fitness are likely required to maintain outcrossing inSFpopulations.
Lessons learned from microsatellite development for nonmodel organisms using 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Schoebel C. N. , Brodbeck S. , Buehler D. , Cornejo C. , Gajurel J. , Hartikainen H. , Keller D. , Leys M. , Říčanová Š. , Segelbacher G. , Werth S. , Csencsics D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicrosatellites, also known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are among the most commonly used marker types in evolutionary and ecological studies. Next Generation Sequencing techniques such as 454 pyrosequencing allow the rapid development of microsatellite markers in nonmodel organisms. 454 pyrosequencing is a straightforward approach to develop a high number of microsatellite markers. Therefore, developing microsatellites using 454 pyrosequencing has become the method of choice for marker development. Here, we describe a user friendly way of microsatellite development from 454 pyrosequencing data and analyse data sets of 17 nonmodel species (plants, fungi, invertebrates, birds and a mammal) for microsatellite repeats and flanking regions suitable for primer development. We then compare the numbers of successfully lab‐tested microsatellite markers for the various species and furthermore describe diverse challenges that might arise in different study species, for example, large genome size or nonpure extraction of genomicDNA. Successful primer identification was feasible for all species. We found that in species for which large repeat numbers are uncommon, such as fungi, polymorphic markers can nevertheless be developed from 454 pyrosequencing reads containing small repeat numbers (five to six repeats). Furthermore, the development of microsatellite markers for species with large genomes was also with Next Generation Sequencing techniques more cost and time‐consuming than for species with smaller genomes. In this study, we showed that depending on the species, a different amount of 454 pyrosequencing data might be required for successful identification of a sufficient number of microsatellite markers for ecological genetic studies.
Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid‐based plumage colouration
Authors: Romero‐Diaz C. , Richner H. , Granado‐Lorencio F. , Tschirren B. , Fitze P. S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany colour ornaments are composite traits consisting of at least four components, which themselves may be more complex, determined by independent evolutionary pathways, and potentially being under different environmental control. To date, little evidence exists that several different components of colour elaboration are condition dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid‐based plumage colouration, one of the best‐known condition‐dependent ornaments, colour elaboration stems from both condition‐dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here, we tested whether multiple colour components may be condition dependent, by using a comprehensive 3 × 2 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (Parus major) and quantified effects on different components of colouration. Plumage colouration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition‐dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine colour elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.
Effect of Obesity on the Acute Inflammatory Response in Pregnant and Cycling Female Rats
Authors: Pohl J. , Luheshi G. N. , Woodside B. 
Published: January 2013

Nonpregnant female rats have a lower inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than males and, at late stages of gestation, the fever response to this immunogen is almost completely suppressed. We have shown in males that obesity exacerbates sickness responses to pathogenic stimuli. In the present study, we investigated whether obesity would have a similar effect in females and reverse some of the suppressive effects of pregnancy on the innate immune response. Lean and diet‐induced obese adult Wistar rats were randomly separated into either cycling or mated groups. On day 18 of pregnancy or in the metestrous/dioestrous phase in cycling rats, a single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) was administered and rats were sacrificed 8 h or 24 h later. In pregnant females, LPS induced a higher increase in body temperature in obese rats only at the 24‐h time point and lower hypothalamic interleukin (IL)‐1β expression and higher circulating levels of IL‐1 receptor antagonist (ra) than their cycling counterparts. Conversely, there was no suppression of inflammatory signals in the white adipose tissue of pregnant rats. At 24 h post LPS, the cell surface marker CD11c and IL‐6 mRNA expression were increased in white adipose tissue from obese rats regardless of reproductive state, whereas IL‐1ra was highest in the LPS‐treated obese pregnant group. In cycling females, LPS induced a higher fever response in obese rats accompanied by higher circulating levels of IL‐6 and IL‐1ra, as well as an increase in circulating leptin only in the obese cycling group. In the hypothalamus, obese rats showed significantly higher expression of nuclear factor‐IL‐6 in at the 8‐h time point. Collectively, these results show that diet‐induced obesity in females is associated with a similar pattern of response to that previously observed in males. On the other hand, obesity had limited effects in pregnant rats, with the exception of white adipose tissue.