bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confronting Judicial Supremacy: A Defence of Judicial Activism and the Supreme Court of Cananda's Legal Rights Jurisprudence
Authors: Kelly James B. , Murphy Michael 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article étudie la relation entre le contrôle constitutionnel exercé par la Cour Suprême du Canada et la démocratie en analysant la jurisprudence portant sur les droits garantis par laCharte.Plus précisément, l'article vise à engager le débat avec un groupe influent d'universitaires, les interprétivistes canadiens, illustrés par les contributions scientifiques de F. L. Morton, Rainer Knopff et Christopher P. Manfredi. Contrairement aux interprétivistes qui concluent que l'activisme judiciaire de la Cour Suprême du Canada a compromis le constitutionnalisme libéral, cet article suggère qu'il a plutôt renforcé la suprématie de la Constitution. Cet argument est développé en deux parties. Dans la première, les limites théoriques de la compréhension de l'intention du législateur historique sont explorées pour illustrer les difficultés conceptuelles auxquelles font face les interprétivistes canadiens dans leur tentative de démontrer que le pouvoir judiciaire au Canada est sans contrainte. Nous soutenons que la construction de la compréhension historique est une entreprise hautement subjective qui a crée le mythe de la suprématie judiciaire. Dans la deuxième partie, les limites empiriques de ce mythe sont discutées en identifiant le paradoxe de l'activisme judiciaire: comment il varie, ainsi que son effet, selon l'acteur étatique qui se trouve au centre du recours à laCharte.Grâce à une analyse de cas d'un ensemble de décisions portant sur les droits garantis, l'article confronte ce mythe en démontrant que l'activisme judiciaire contre la police ne renforce point la suprématie judiciaire mais bien celle de la Constitution. En redéfinissant la relation entre les citoyens et l'État par une jurisprudence activiste des droits, la Cour suprême du Canada a effectivement contrôlé des abus de pouvoir par les agents de police. Cet activisme sert bien l'avancement de la suprématie constitutionnelle, quoi qu'en disent les interprétivistes canadiens‥
Integrating Reciprocal Perspectives: On Gurvitch's Theory of Immediate Jural Experience
Authors: Banakar Reza 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article suggère que plusieurs idées de Gurvitch, présentées à l'origine de manière abstraite, ont gardé leur pertinence pour l'analyse socio-juridique. Sous une forme révisée qui permettrait leur application, elles seraient utilisables en recherche empirique. À cette fin, je réinterprète quelques une des principales approches théoriques de Gurvitch à la lumière de la recherche socio-juridique des dernières décennies. Je les applique par la suite aux données empiriques recueillies personnellement ou par d'autres chercheurs dans des études variées. Il s'agit de savoir si les perspectives théoriques de Gurvitch peuvent approfondir leur compréhension et ainsi ouvrir de nouvelles voies à la recherche socio-juridique.
Collective Memory and Judicial Legitimacy: The Historical Narrative of the Israeli Supreme Court
Authors: Barak-Erez Daphne 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLes tribunaux jouent parfois le rôle d'historien et rapportent le récit d'affaires ayant une importance historique. Ils sont pleinement conscients de ce rôle “historique” lorsqu'ils sont appelés à prendre des décisions se rapportant à des faits historiques dans un litige relevant de leur compétence. Cet article est, par comparaison, centré sur l'écriture involontaire de l'histoire par les tribunaux lorsqu'ils rapportent un événement passé comme un fait historique incontestable, généralement à travers la doctrine de la connaissance judiciaire, en ignorant le fait que cette version puisse être contestée. Pour souligner ces propos, cet article se concentre sur les décisions prises par la Cour Suprême israélienne en particulier pendant la formation de l'Etat. Il affirme que le récit historique des juges, qui généralement font partie de l'élite d'une société, représente la version reconnue de la mémoire collective. Il s'efforce, ensuite, de mettre en lumière l'importance de ce récit dans la légitimité institutionnelle des tribunaux.
Extinction by Number: Colonialism Made Easy
Authors: Napoleon Val 
Published: August 2014

RésuméL'existence en tant que nation peut être définie positivement, ce qui amènera un modèle civique de citoyenneté, ou négativement, par un modèle ethnique de citoyenneté. Chaque approche a un effet direct et formatif sur le pouvoir politique de la nation et ses relations nationales et internationales. Le modèle ethnique de définir les Premières Nations, introduit par les gouvernements coloniaux par voie législative et par traités ensuite et qui est adopté par les Premières Nations, rend leur pouvoir politique diffus et dénature leurs enjeux nationaux, en les délimitant essentiellement aux désavantages sociaux et économiques. Un modèle civique inclusif de la nation, par contre, permettra aux Premières Nations de rebâtir et de maintenir leur pouvoir et intégrité politiques en avançant au-delà de l'établissement de leurs frontières et de leur identité interne fondée sur le sang et l'appartenance ethnique. Les débats politiques et juridiques contemporains sur l'autonomie, les droits et titres autochtones et les traités partent surtout de conceptions occidentales de la nation, sur fond d'histoire et de cultures européennes. Les conceptions des Premières Nations demeurent peu articulées ou obscurcies, si elles ne sont pas mises de côté aux tables de négociation sur l'autonomie et les traités, au détriment des Premières Nations. La conséquence de cette approche est de renforcer le déséquilibre structural du pouvoir, plutôt que d'encourager un changement politique, économique et social positif pour les Premières Nations. Une approche différente s'impose. Les conceptions occidentales et autochtones de la nation et de la citoyenneté doivent être analysées et comparées de manière critique. Les Premières Nations doivent commencer à rebâtir des sociétés inclusives, civiques et viables fondées sur des nations plutôt que sur la notion inefficace des bandes empruntée à la Loi sur les Indiens.
Social Cohesion and Privatization in Canadian Health Care
Authors: Armstrong Hugh 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article traite de certains aspects du système de santé canadien qui secouent la cohésion sociale. Le plus populaire de tous les programmes sociaux, le système de santé, est régi par cinq principes définis dans laLoi canadienne de la santé. Chacun en soi et comme ensemble, ces principes contribuent à la cohésion sociale. Le système universel est cependant sous attaque de la part de différentes élites qui souhaitent privatiser certains éléments et dont la stratégie principale est appelée ici privatisation à la dérobée. Le texte aborde la rupture de la cohésion sociale par la privatisation de manière générale mais aussi en analysant le cas des centres communautaires ontariens d'accès aux soins qui sous-traitent, à travers la province, des fonds publics à des agences de soins à domicile qu'ils soient à buts lucratifs ou non.
Pouvoir normatif et protection sociale dans les fédérations multinationales
Authors: Poirier Johanne 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn multinational polities, different orders of government are involved in determining the norms of social protection. In this context, this article addresses the question of who does what, how and why. The first section deals with the distribution of normative power concerning social protection in federal states and in the European Union. The second section examines a variety of devices enabling the articulation of shared power. Finally, a third section concentrates on the different functions of normative power in the social domain. The first one is obviously redistributive. Secondly, the exercise of normative power legitimises public institutions of all government levels involved. The third function, which is of particular interest in the context of multinational States (or political spaces such as Europe) consists in the consolidation of citizenship. The solidarity inherent in norms of social protection reflects the sense of belonging to a particular social group, and in this context, the nation. It can also serve to strengthen the sense of belonging to the larger political space, the multinational federation. In complex political structures, the power to establish norms of social protection contributes to the phenomenon of multiple loyalties and overlapping citizenship. Cementing citizenship in such a political context cannot succeed through homogenisation, but must respect the cultural dimension of social protection and the right to be different.
Droit et gouvernance. Pour une procéduralisation contextuelle du droit
Authors: Lenoble Jacques 
Published: August 2014

AbstractProfound transformations of Western democracies are apparent today. These transformations express an insufficiency in traditional forms of social organisation. The question of governance, of its efficiency, has thus progressively become the major theme of our social debates. Law and social sciences have provided two contradictory responses to meet the need for a new approach to governance: either in terms of efficiency or in terms of procedural ethics. Even if both of these perspectives contain an element of truth, they are no doubt perceived to be intuitively unsatisfactory. It is this intuition of the insufficiency of these two solutions which our hypothesis (contextual proceduralization) aims to construct and to overcome. Our hypothesis states that the two solutions share, beyond their apparent opposition, the same presupposition which explains their parallel insufficiency. This common presupposition concerns their answer to the question of the ‘norm's mode of action’. How should we understand the operation by which society aims to regulate itself and to act upon itself by norms which it considers legitimate?
Aboriginal Governments and theCharter: Lessons from the United States
Authors: McNeil Kent 
Published: August 2014

RésuméLe débat entourant l'application de laCharte canadienne des droits et libertésaux gouvernements autochtones se poursuit. Selon l'auteur, on n'a pas assez tenu compte au Canada de l'expérience américaine de l'application des droits garantis à ces gouvernements. Cette expérience montre qu'au cours des quarante dernières années décideurs politiques et juges se sont affrontés à cette question et ont tenté de trouver un équilibre entre la protection des droits individuels et le respect de la souveraineté et des traditions autochtones. À la lumière de l'expérience américaine, il serait trop simpliste de répondre par un simple oui ou non à la question de l'application de laCharteaux gouvernements autochtones. l'faudra notamment réfléchir à l'impact de laChartesur les cultures autochtones et au rôle des tribunaux canadiens dans l'adjudication de disputes à l'intérieur de communautés autochtones.
Les peuples américains et le système judiciaire canadien: Spéléologie d'un trou de mémoire
Authors: Savard Rémi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhy are First Nations overrepresented in Canadian prisons? The habitual answer is that the Canadian justice system is not adapted to Aboriginal cultures. This has given rise to various measures of adjustment, which have not, however, contributed significantly to halt the constant increase of overrepresentation. The author argues that this predicament is rather due to the lack of credibility that the Canadian justice system has in the eyes of Aboriginal peoples, given its involvement in the dismantling of Aboriginal institutions of social control since the middle of the nineteenth century. For this reason, first of all, one must dissociate oneself from certain founding myths of present-day Canada. Moreover, all must be set in motion to allow Aboriginal peoples to reappropriate their political institutions, including their own ways of administering justice. Make no mistake: it is not a question of returning to the past, but rather of moving ahead towards the future.
Mental Incapacity, Guardianship, and the Elderly: An Exploratory Study of Ontario's Consent and Capacity Board
Authors: Doron Israel 
Published: August 2014

RésuméEn 1992, l'Ontario a modifié complètement ses lois relatives à la tutelle d'un majeur et a promulgué de nouveaux textes de loi. Cette réforme légale novatrice a été l'aboutissement d'efforts législatifs longs et poussés, tendant à déplacer l'équilibre politique du paternalisme vers un système de tutelle du majeur respectant son autonomie. Depuis la promulgation des nouvelles lois portant sur la tutelle, aucune recherche evaluative (ni aucune autre recherche scientifique concernant ce problème) n'a été menée concernant le succès réel, les défaillances, l'implementation ou d'autres dimensions du nouveau régime. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude exploratoire quant à l'expérience de tutelle des personnes âgées en Ontario, dans la perspective étroite mais néanmoins importante de la Commission du consentement et de la capacité de l'Ontario. Les résultats permettent de porter un regard sur la réalité de la tutelle des personnes âgées, de soulever des questions de fond et de dégager les dimensions qui devront être analysées dans des recherches ultérieures.
Assessing Pediatric and Young Adult Substance Use Through Analysis of Prehospital Data
Authors: Seaman Elizabeth L. , Levy Mathew J. , Lee Jenkins J. , Godar Cassandra Chiras , Seaman Kevin G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionSubstance use in young adults is a significant and growing problem. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel often encounter this problem, yet the use of prehospital data to evaluate the prevalence and magnitude of substance abuse has been limited.Hypothesis/ProblemThis study evaluated drug and alcohol use through the use of prehospital and EMS data in one suburban county in Maryland (USA). The primary hypothesis was that the type of drug being abused is associated with age. The secondary hypothesis was substance abuse incidence is associated with location. The tertiary hypothesis was that substance abuse is associated with a history of mental illness.MethodsDeidentified patient care reports (PCRs) were obtained during a 24-month period from October 2010 through September 2012 for patients 0 through 25 years of age. Inclusion criteria included chief complaint of alcohol overdose, drug overdose, or the use of naloxone.ResultsThe primary hypothesis was supported that age was associated with drug category (P < .001). Younger adolescents were more likely to use household items, prescription drugs, or over-the-counter drugs, whereas older adolescents were more likely to use illicit drugs. The secondary hypothesis was supported that both alcohol (P < .001) and drugs (P < .001) were associated with location of call. Calls involving alcohol were more likely to be at a home or business, whereas calls involving drugs were more likely to be at home or at a public venue. The tertiary hypothesis was supported that both alcohol (P = .001) and drug use (P < .001) were associated with history of mental illness. Older adolescents were more likely to report a history of mental illness. Chi-squared tests indicated there were significant differences between genders and drug category (P = .002) and gender and current suicide attempt (P = .004). Females were more likely to use prescription drugs, whereas males were more likely to use illicit drugs. Calls involving younger adolescents under 18 were more likely to be at school or the mall, whereas calls involving older adolescents were likely to be at a prison, public venue, or a business.ConclusionAll three hypotheses were supported: the type of substance being abused was associated with both age and location, and substance abuse was associated with a history of mental illness. This research has important implications for understanding how EMS resources are utilized for substance use. This information is valuable in not only the education and training of prehospital care providers, but also for the targeting of future public health interventions.SeamanEL, LevyMJ, JenkinsJL, GodarCC, SeamanKG. Assessing pediatric and young adult substance use through analysis of prehospital data. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-6.
Dietary intake of Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Azeredo Catarina Machado , de Rezende Leandro Fornias Machado , Canella Daniela Silva , Moreira Claro Rafael , de Castro Inês Rugani Ribeiro , Luiz Olinda do Carmo , Levy Renata Bertazzi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the dietary intake of Brazilian adolescents and investigate its association with sociodemographic factors as well as health-risk and health-protective behaviours.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe study was based on data supplied by the National Survey of Schoolchildren’s Health (2012) on sociodemographic factors, dietary intake and health-risk and health-protective behaviours of schoolchildren in Brazil. A nutritional scale was elaborated combining markers of healthy and unhealthy diets. Poisson regression analysis was applied to investigate the association between the sociodemographic factors and regular intake (≥5 times/week) of selected foods; linear regression analysis was applied to investigate the association of sociodemographic and behavioural factors with nutritional scale score.SubjectsA total of 109 104 adolescents attending the ninth year of education at 2842 schools in Brazil.ResultsFewer than 30 % of the adolescents consumed raw or cooked vegetables on a regular basis, whereas more than one-third reported regular intake of sweets, soft drinks and sweet biscuits. Adolescents from the southern area and the oldest ones were those most exposed to inadequate dietary intake. The nutritional scale average score was higher in the students attending public school and exhibited a positive correlation with protective behaviours, such as being physically active, having meals with parents and eating breakfast, and a negative correlation with risk behaviours such as eating while studying or watching television and having smoked, drunk alcohol or used other drugs in the previous 30 d.ConclusionsThe results indicate an association between undesirable nutritional habits and other risk behaviours among Brazilian adolescents.
The LKB1-salt-inducible kinase pathway functions as a key gluconeogenic suppressor in the liver
Authors: Patel Kashyap , Foretz Marc , Marion Allison , Campbell David G. , Gourlay Robert , Boudaba Nadia , Tournier Emilie , Titchenell Paul , Peggie Mark , Deak Maria , Wan Min , Kaestner Klaus H. , Göransson Olga , Viollet Benoit , Gray Nathanael S. , Birnbaum Morris J. , Sutherland Calum , Sakamoto Kei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractLKB1 is a master kinase that regulates metabolism and growth through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and 12 other closely related kinases. Liver-specific ablation of LKB1 causes increased glucose production in hepatocytes in vitro and hyperglycaemia in fasting mice in vivo. Here we report that the salt-inducible kinases (SIK1, 2 and 3), members of the AMPK-related kinase family, play a key role as gluconeogenic suppressors downstream of LKB1 in the liver. The selective SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 promotes dephosphorylation of transcriptional co-activators CRTC2/3 resulting in enhanced gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production in hepatocytes, an effect that is abolished when an HG-9-91-01-insensitive mutant SIK is introduced or LKB1 is ablated. Although SIK2 was proposed as a key regulator of insulin-mediated suppression of gluconeogenesis, we provide genetic evidence that liver-specific ablation of SIK2 alone has no effect on gluconeogenesis and insulin does not modulate SIK2 phosphorylation or activity. Collectively, we demonstrate that the LKB1–SIK pathway functions as a key gluconeogenic gatekeeper in the liver.
Mechanism for direct graphite-to-diamond phase transition
Authors: Xie Hongxian , Yin Fuxing , Yu Tao , Wang Jian-Tao , Liang Chunyong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUsing classical molecular dynamics with a more reliable reactive LCBOPII potential, we have performed a detailed study on the direct graphite-to-diamond phase transition. Our results reveal a new so-called “wave-like buckling and slipping” mechanism, which controls the transformation from hexagonal graphite to cubic diamond. Based on this mechanism, we have explained how polycrystalline cubic diamond is converted from hexagonal graphite and demonstrated that the initial interlayer distance of compressed hexagonal graphite play a key role to determine the grain size of cubic diamond. These results can broaden our understanding of the high pressure graphite-to-diamond phase transition.
Quantum-enhanced metrology for multiple phase estimation with noise
Authors: Yue Jie-Dong , Zhang Yu-Ran , Fan Heng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present a general quantum metrology framework to study the simultaneous estimation of multiple phases in the presence of noise as a discretized model for phase imaging. This approach can lead to nontrivial bounds of the precision for multiphase estimation. Our results show that simultaneous estimation (SE) of multiple phases is always better than individual estimation (IE) of each phase even in noisy environment. The utility of the bounds of multiple phase estimation for photon loss channels is exemplified explicitly. When noise is low, those bounds possess the Heisenberg scale showing quantum-enhanced precision with the O(d) advantage for SE, where d is the number of phases. However, this O(d) advantage of SE scheme in the variance of the estimation may disappear asymptotically when photon loss becomes significant and then only a constant advantage over that of IE scheme demonstrates. Potential application of those results is presented.
Speech-Language Pathology and Concussion Management in Intercollegiate Athletics: The Miami University Concussion Management Program
Authors: Knollman Porter Kelly , Constantinidou Fofi , Marron Kathleen Hutchinson 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
The Miami University Concussion Management Program was established in 1999 to assess, manage, and monitor athletes who sustain concussions and experience neurobehavioral and neurocognitive symptoms secondary to their injury. The purpose of this article is to describe the established procedures of one of the oldest university-based interdisciplinary concussion management programs that is coordinated by speech-language pathologists (SLP).

Method
The theoretical and clinical underpinnings of baseline and postconcussion neurocognitive assessment and management procedures are discussed. Additionally, 2 illustrative case studies are presented to demonstrate the evolution and implementation of the interdisciplinary concussion management protocol and to present different patterns of concussion symptoms and recovery. Paper and computer-based neurocognitive assessment protocols are discussed and integrated in the case studies.

Results/Conclusions
Successful management of sport-related concussion requires an interdisciplinary team that understands the unique neurobehavioral and neurocognitive symptoms associated with sports concussions. SLPs can play a valuable role on the interdisciplinary team in the prompt and appropriate management of postconcussion symptoms so that athletes can successfully return to their athletic, academic, and social activities.