bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Quantitative Risk Assessment: Case Study
Authors: Mangold David , Muhlbauer W. Kent , Ponder Jim , Alfano Tony 
Published: December 2014

Risk management of pipelines is a complex challenge due to the dynamic environment of the real world coupled with a wide range of system types installed over many decades. Various methods of risk assessment are currently being used in industry, many of which utilize relative scoring. These assessments are often not designed for the new integrity management program (IMP) requirements and are under direct challenge by regulators.
SemGroup had historically used relative risk assessment methodologies to help support risk management decision-making. While the formality offered by these early methods provided benefits, it was recognized that, in order to more effectively manage risk and better meet the United States IMP objectives, a more effective risk assessment would be needed.
A rapid and inexpensive migration into a better risk assessment platform was sought. The platform needed to be applicable not only to pipeline miles, but also to station facilities and all related components. The risk results had to be readily understandable and scalable, capturing risks from ‘trap to trap’ in addition to risks accompanying each segment.
The solution appeared in the form a quantitative risk assessment that was ‘physics based’ rather than the classical statistics based QRA. This paper will outline the steps involved in this transition process and show how quantitative risk assessment may be efficiently implemented to better guide integrity decision-making, illustrated with a case study from SemGroup.
The Integrity Review Process for an Asset Acquisition
Authors: Figueiredo Cristina , Dawe Shaun 
Published: December 2014

Frequently, a comprehensive due diligence process is required when a company evaluates a potential asset acquisition. It can become more complex in the pipeline industry considering the number of stakeholders that can be involved to assess scope, schedule, estimate and the risks associated with such a project.
When a pipeline company contemplates an acquisition of an existing pipeline system, the Integrity group becomes a key supporter during the process. The condition of the pipeline shall be scrutinized in order to evaluate and manage the integrity risks associated with the project, which will contribute to successfully securing the business opportunity.
A well-established process facilitates and supports effective analysis. This paper will review the methodology that has been used by a pipeline company to assess the integrity of potential asset acquisitions; challenges and the overall pipeline company’s experience will also be covered.
A Novel Approach for Automatic Matching and Updating Pipeline Data
Authors: Morgan Michel , Giles Lindsay 
Published: December 2014

Pipelines are multidisciplinary projects from their planning, design, and construction to their maintenance and upgrade. The success of a pipeline project relies heavily on coordination among environmental assessment disciplines, clients, subcontractors, and vendors. Geographic information systems (GIS) play a major role in managing data and information across disciplines, and each environmental consulting company usually has at least one GIS department, which takes a lead role in maintaining current and historical data and information, and distributing it to various disciplines and business partners.
We are developing a novel algorithm to utilize spatial data and convert it into useful geo-spatial information that a GIS department can directly utilize. Pipeline and environmental data from different sources undergo automatic registration, where common features between datasets are automatically detected and geometric transformation functions are automatically estimated. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm against changes or outliners and the accuracy of the transformation.
Curved-Wide Plate Testing of X100 Girth Welds
Authors: Weeks Timothy S. , McColskey J. David , Richards Mark D. , Wang Yong-Yi , Quintana Marie 
Published: December 2014

Curved-wide plate (CWP) tests are frequently used for assessing the quality of pipeline girth welds. Despite a large number of CWP tests having been conducted at great expense over many decades, an industry consensus standard remains unavailable. Considerable effort at several research institutions is focused on the standardization of test protocols. It is widely recognized that comparing results from CWP tests from different institutions is difficult without accounting for all the possible parametric differences.
This paper presents the procedural details recently used in testing X100 girth welds. The protocols cover (1) specimen design and dimensions, (2) instrumentation plan and data acquisition, (3) specimen fabrication and preparation, (4) preparing and executing the tests, (5) processing of raw test data and (6) post-test metallurgical examination.
The evaluation of specimen deformation, flaw growth, and comparison of test data with model predictions will be presented in a future paper. Selected CWP test data from this program were evaluated and compared to tensile strain models of the girth welded pipe in a recent paper [1].
Development and Implementation of a Liquid Pipeline Quantitative Risk Assessment Model
Authors: Perez Jerico , Weir David , Seguin Caroline , Ferdous Refaul 
Published: December 2014

To the end of 2012, Enbridge Pipelines employed an in-house developed indexed or relative risk assessment algorithm to model its liquid pipeline system. Using this model, Enbridge was able to identify risk control or treatment projects (e.g. valve placement) that could mitigate identified high risk areas. A changing understanding of the threats faced by a liquid pipeline system and their consequences meant that the model changed year over year making it difficult to demonstrate risk reduction accomplished on an annual basis using a relative scoring system.
As the development of risk management evolved within the company, the expectations on the model also evolved and significantly increased. For example, questions were being asked such as “what risk is acceptable and what risk is not acceptable?”, “what is the true risk of failure for a given pipe section that considers the likelihood of all threats applicable to the pipeline”, and “is enough being done to reduce these risks to acceptable levels?”
To this end, starting in 2012 and continuing through to the end of 2013, Enbridge Pipelines developed a quantitative mainline risk assessment model. This tool quantifies both threat likelihood and consequence and offers advantages over the indexed risk assessment model in the following areas:
• Models likely worst case (P90) rupture scenarios
• Enables independent evaluation of threats and consequences in order to understand the drivers
• Produces risk assessment results in uniform units for all consequence criteria and in terms of frequencies of failure for likelihood
• Aggregates likelihood and consequence at varying levels of granularity
• Uses the risk appetite of the organization and its quantification allows for the setting of defined high, medium, and low risk targets
• Quantifies the amount of risk in dollars/year facilitating cost-benefit analyses of mitigation efforts and risk reduction activities
• Grounds risk assessment results on changes in product volume-out and receptor sensitivity
• Balances between complexity and utility by using enough information and data granularity to capture all factors that have a meaningful impact on risk
Development and implementation of the quantitative mainline risk assessment tool has had a number of challenges and hurdles. This paper provides an overview of the approach used by Enbridge to develop its quantitative mainline risk assessment model and examines the challenges, learnings and successes that have been achieved in its implementation.
Characterization of Thermal and Acoustic Profiles of Potential Underwater Pipeline Leaks
Authors: Siebenaler Shane , Tervo Eric , Kulkarni Mohan , Patni Sandeep , Gesoff Glenn 
Published: December 2014

Reliable detection of small potential leaks is a topic of significant interest for remote offshore pipelines. Potential leak cases of interest are pinhole leaks out of the bottom of the pipe due to corrosion, weld or seam cracks, or damage due to third-party contact. There are several emerging technologies that may have the potential to provide a means of detecting such leaks over long segments of underwater pipe. These technologies include distributed acoustic and distributed temperature sensing.
A key element of evaluating the applicability of these systems is to characterize the behavior of leaks. It is critically important to understand how leaks behave when employing a technology that has only been previously used for other conditions. A joint-industry program was initiated to evaluate the thermal and acoustic behavior of hypothetical underwater leaks. The environments studied range from shallow, Arctic applications to deep offshore installations.
Analytical models were assessed to predict the jetting behavior of simulated leaks and their near-field thermal response. This analysis was performed for both liquid and gas media. These models were validated by means of laboratory experiments. Acoustic characteristics of hypothetical liquid and gas leaks were determined by means of testing with hydrophones.
This information can be leveraged by a number of technologies as the data are independent of the measurement mechanism. While the motivation of this work is to evaluate distributed fiber-optic systems, the data on leak characteristics may also provide indications on applicability of other techniques for detecting potential underwater leaks. The data from this project will allow the industry to improve the understanding of potential leaks from underwater pipelines and, hence, lay the foundation for determining appropriate detection systems.
Pump Station Design
Authors: Horner Jim W. , DeBusman Martin R. 
Published: December 2014

This paper reviews Enbridge’s recent experience with the design and construction of new pump stations during its most recent wave of expansion that started in 2007. This expansion includes over $4 billion in pump station construction and upgrade. Enbridge is working on its third generation station design and is starting to benefit from a consistent design composed of standard elements.
The principle objective of this design effort was to improve environmental protection at pump stations. In the design’s development many different areas of concern were investigated including: building code compliance, pump shelter ventilation requirements, improvements to station metering accuracy, mitigations to improve fire safety, inclusion of an aboveground sump tank, and equipment access and removal to name a few. While work has been done to improve mechanical and structural systems, they have also been standardized in an attempt to develop consistent components. The objective of the paper is to provide a summary of these developments and some background on the thinking that shaped the design.
On the convex-exponent product of logharmonic mappings
Authors: AbdulHadi Zayid , Alareefi Najla M , Ali Rosihan M 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Sufficient conditions are obtained on two given logharmonic mappings

f
1

and

f
2

that ensure the product

F
(
z
)
=

f
1
λ

(
z
)

f
2

1
−
λ

(
z
)

,

0
≤
λ
≤
1

, is a univalent starlike logharmonic mapping. Several illustrative examples are constructed from this product.

MSC: 30C35, 30C45, 35Q30.
Pain in chronic venous insufficiency (including venous claudication)
Authors: Dörler M. , Stücker M. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryPain in chronic venous insufficiency can indicate an acute complication in the form of superficial thrombosis or deep venous thrombosis of the leg or chronic symptoms associated with venous leg ulcers or venous claudication. Up to 80 % of patients with venous leg ulcers report pain. This pain is a principal cause of the reduced quality of life of such patients. A distinction must be made between the acute pain arising from dressing changes, wound cleaning and debridement and pain occurring between these procedures. The pain should be evaluated systematically using visual analogue scales, as any increase in pain can be a warning sign of wound infections, irritation or allergic reactions to the wound dressings or exacerbation of a vascular disorder (e.g. additional peripheral arterial occlusive disease). Venous claudication occurs in the form of leg pain with a sensation of constriction on physical exertion, which subsides with rest. In the majority of cases, it is a symptom of reduced iliofemoral venous outflow. It occurs in up to 43.6 % of patients after iliofemoral thromboses.
Discovery of functional non-coding conserved regions in the α-synuclein gene locus
Authors: Sterling Lori , Walter Michael , Ting Dennis , Schüle Birgitt 
Published: December 2014

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the Rep-1 microsatellite marker of the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene have consistently been shown to be associated with Parkinson’s disease, but the functional relevance is unclear. Based on these findings we hypothesized that conserved cis-regulatory elements in theSNCAgenomic region regulate expression ofSNCA, and that SNPs in these regions could be functionally modulating the expression ofSNCA, thus contributing to neuronal demise and predisposing to Parkinson’s disease.In a pair-wise comparison of a 206kb genomic region encompassing theSNCAgene, we revealed 34 evolutionary conserved DNA sequences between human and mouse. All elements were cloned into reporter vectors and assessed for expression modulation in dual luciferase reporter assays. We found that 12 out of 34 elements exhibited either an enhancement or reduction of the expression of the reporter gene. Three elements upstream of theSNCAgene displayed an approximately 1.5 fold (p<0.009) increase in expression. Of the intronic regions, three showed a 1.5 fold increase and two others indicated a 2 and 2.5 fold increase in expression (p<0.002). Three elements downstream of theSNCAgene showed 1.5 fold and 2.5 fold increase (p<0.0009). One element downstream ofSNCAhad a reduced expression of the reporter gene of 0.35 fold (p<0.0009) of normal activity.Our results demonstrate that theSNCAgene contains cis-regulatory regions that might regulate the transcription and expression ofSNCA. Further studies in disease-relevant tissue types will be important to understand the functional impact of regulatory regions and specific Parkinson’s disease-associated SNPs and its function in the disease process.
Diffusion and Equilibrium Adsorption Coefficients of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Species in Capillary Columns
Authors: Navarro-Tovar Gabriela , Moreira Jesús , Valadés-Pelayo Patricio J. , de Lasa Hugo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This study focuses on a mathematical description of elution of aromatic species in a 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm BPX5 capillary column. Experimental studies involve the detection of chemical species at the capillary column outlet. Using the recorded peaks, statistical moments of different orders are calculated for both toluene and naphthalene. Modeling studies involve a laminar flow model with an equilibrium coefficient (Ks) and a solute diffusion coefficient in the stationary phase (Ds). Model validation is developed by performing experiments at different carrier gas velocities and GC oven temperatures. Under the conditions, neither the first statistical moment (M1) nor the second statistical moment (M2) is affected by the carrier gas velocity. Thus, the interface equilibrium coefficients (Ks) and the diffusion coefficients (Ds) solely depend on the solute and the capillary column polymer coating properties. Furthermore, the statistical moments of different orders show that the proposed interface equilibrium based model in the “narrow bore” 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm BPX5 capillary column is adequate for aromatic species such as toluene and naphthalene.
Recognition and Ecumenical Recognition – Distinguishing the Idea of Recognition in Modern Ecumenism
Authors: Hietamäki Minna 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe notion of recognition has been part of the vocabulary of the modern ecumenical movement since its beginning but the idea has not been thoroughly researched within theology. The fields of social and political philosophy have produced a larger body of research on recognition since the early 1990s. The aim of this article is to describe the notion of recognition as it appears in the more recent discourse on political and social philosophy and discuss the possibilities of further developing the idea of recognition as an ecumenical and theological concept in dialogue with scholars from these fields. The article begins by investigating and discerning a working description of the notion of recognition amidst a plethora of various usages. It then continues by identifying yet unexplored ecumenical questions around recognition. Among these are: Why is “recognition” perceived as important or necessary in the first place? How do we perceive the relationship between recognizing persons and recognition of institutions, and how does recognizing beliefs or principles relate to these two? Finally, the article discusses the question of mutuality of recognition.
Vitalistic Discourses of Violin Pedagogy in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Knapik Stefan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The pedagogical treatise is generally understood to be a manual of singing or instrumental techniques that is largely practical in approach, yet a critique of violin tutor books dating from the early twentieth century, especially those written by the renowned violinists Joseph Joachim (writing in conjunction with Andreas Moser), Leopold Auer, and Carl Flesch, reveals an extensive engagement with a range of wider ideologies. In a bid to trump the supposedly deadening effects of both a historicism resulting from the availability of earlier treatises, as well as the overly scientific approach taken by contemporaneous treatises, these violinist-authors embrace metaphysical ideals of mind or vitality, and the result is a model of violin playing founded on the concept of “singing tone,” an idea developed out of nineteenth-century notions of song/melody as embodying a vital essence. As did Wagner, in his 1869 essay Über das Dirigiren, writers play with the idea that theoretical and performative categories, such as tempo, phrasing, dynamics, vibrato, and types of bow stroke, both conflict with each other and find a deeper unity in a subjectivist ideal of tone. The approach of these texts is not explorative, however, so much as a rather defensive championing of the idea of mind or vitality: ideologies of self, health, and nationalism ultimately prevail over an engagement with historical evidence in Moser's discussion of ornaments, and Auer's intolerance of any mitigating influence that might qualify the artist's final word on aesthetic matters is reminiscent of a reductive, Nietzschean ideal of vitality. Nevertheless, writers struggle to reconcile it with the messier realities of performing, as an embodied and collaborative activity, and subsequently what speaks louder in their texts are anxieties over affronts to notions of self, expressed using pathological notions common to the era. Whereas at times writers encourage students of the violin to share in their lauding of vitalistic ideals, more often than not they try to impose disciplinary measures as a means of inculcating them.
Bulk-Fill Resin Composites: Polymerization Contraction, Depth of Cure, and Gap Formation
Authors: Benetti AR , Havndrup-Pedersen C , Honoré D , Pedersen MK , Pallesen U 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY
The bulk-filling of deep, wide dental cavities is faster and easier than traditional incremental restoration. However, the extent of cure at the bottom of the restoration should be carefully examined in combination with the polymerization contraction and gap formation that occur during the restorative procedure. The aim of this study, therefore, was to compare the depth of cure, polymerization contraction, and gap formation in bulk-fill resin composites with those of a conventional resin composite. To achieve this, the depth of cure was assessed in accordance with the International Organization for Standardization 4049 standard, and the polymerization contraction was determined using the bonded-disc method. The gap formation was measured at the dentin margin of Class II cavities. Five bulk-fill resin composites were investigated: two high-viscosity (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SonicFill) and three low-viscosity (x-tra base, Venus Bulk Fill, SDR) materials. Compared with the conventional resin composite, the high-viscosity bulk-fill materials exhibited only a small increase (but significant for Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill) in depth of cure and polymerization contraction, whereas the low-viscosity bulk-fill materials produced a significantly larger depth of cure and polymerization contraction. Although most of the bulk-fill materials exhibited a gap formation similar to that of the conventional resin composite, two of the low-viscosity bulk-fill resin composites, x-tra base and Venus Bulk Fill, produced larger gaps.
The assessment of muscle strength symmetry in kayakers and canoeists
Authors: Wietrzyński Michał , Mazur-Różycka Joanna , Gajewski Jan , Michalski Radosław , Różycki Sebastian , Buśko Krzysztof 
Published: December 2014

Summary
Study aim: To determine and compare the muscle strength profile and muscle strength symmetry of kayakers and canoeists.
Material and methods: A total of 36 male participants participated in the study, including 25 kayakers and 9 canoeists. Measurements of maximum muscle torque were taken under static conditions for 10 muscle groups: flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, and trunk. Muscle torque was allometrically scaled by body mass. To determine the muscle strength profiles of athletes in both disciplines, residual analysis was used. Two methods were utilized to assess and compare the muscle strength symmetry between left and right limbs. The first one is known as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The second one is an asymmetry coefficient proposed by authors.
Results: The study showed that kayakers obtained lower rates of asymmetry indicators than canoeists in most muscle groups. An overall asymmetry coefficient amounted to 0.77 ± 0.20 and 0.99 ± 0.31 (p < 0.05) for kayakers and canoeists, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the kayakers and canoeists had similar strength profile. The symmetry assessment of maximum muscle torque corresponds to the characteristics of the studied disciplines.
Conclusions: The intraclass correlation coefficient is recommended as a measure of strength symmetry for muscle groups comparisons. The asymmetry coefficient is recommended for comparison of individuals.
Analysis of multi-step algorithms for cognitive maps learning
Authors: Jastriebow A. , Poczęta K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article is devoted to the analysis of multi-step algorithms for cognitive maps learning. Cognitive maps and multi-step supervised learning based on a gradient method and unsupervised one based on the non-linear Hebbian algorithm were described. Comparative analysis of these methods to one-step algorithms, from the point of view of the speed of convergence of a learning algorithm and the influence on the work of the decision systems was performed. Simulation results were done on prepared software tool ISEMK. Obtained results show that implementation of the multi-step technique gives certain possibilities to get quicker values of target relations values and improve the operation of the learned system.