bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difference in perception of heat and the thermal grill illusion (TGI) in relation to the expression of the serotonin transporter and the effect of cutaneous capsaicin sensitization on the TGI
Authors: Schaldemose E.L. , Baastrup C. , Horjales E. , Demontis D. , Svensson P. , Finnerup N.B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Aims
The aims of this study are to investigate the differences in (1) heat pain threshold, (2) pain and temperature perception of the TGI and (3) the sensation of capsaicin between subjects with high and low expression of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). In addition the effects of capsaicin sensitization on the thermal grill illusion are studied.

Methods
A total of 80 healthy subjects are selected on the basis of their tri-allelic 5-HTTLPR genotype. Threshold for heat pain is examined and pain and unpleasantness of cutaneous capsaicin application are rated on visual analog scales (VAS). The sensory dimensions of the TGI (before and after capsaicin) is determined i.e. description of temperature (burning hot, hot, neutral, cold or freezing cold) and potential pain and intensity of cold and warmth are rated on respective VAS-scales.

Results
The study is ongoing. We expect that the low expression group has a higher heat pain threshold and rates the TGI and capsaicin less painful. The capsaicin sensitization lowers the heat pain threshold and increases the cold pain threshold. Therefore we hypothesize a lower rating of the TGI, determined as a lower heat VAS-score.

Conclusions
No conclusions yet. Preliminary results from the study will be presented at the SASP14.
Palicella, a new genus of lichenized fungi and its phylogenetic position withinLecanoraceae
Authors: RODRIGUEZ FLAKUS Pamela , PRINTZEN Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNon-saxicolous lecideoid lichens form a diverse and polyphyletic group of species with a worldwide distribution. The phylogenetic relationships of the taxa and major clades are still largely unresolved. Here we introduce a new genusPalicellaRodr. Flakus & Printzen forLecidea glaucopaHook. f. & Tayl. and two closely related species. Our molecular phylogenetic results, based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees, and a combined dataset of five gene loci (ITS, nrLSU, mrSSU, RPB1 and RPB2), indicate thatPalicellaforms a monophyletic clade sister toLecanora symmictaandPyrrhospora quernea. The new genus is characterized by biatorine apothecia, which are often darkened (by the pigment Cinereorufa-green), an exciple of radiating, narrow hyphae with strongly elongate lumina, a hymenium with branched and sparsely anastomosed paraphyses, an ascus with a broad axial body surrounded by a distinct darker staining layer, and narrowly ellipsoid ascospores. Atranorin is present in all, usnic acid in two and pannarin in one species of the genus. Three new combinations are proposed:Palicella filamentosa(Stirt.) Rodr. Flakus & Printzen,P. glaucopa(Hook. f. & Taylor) Rodr. Flakus & Printzen, andP. schizochromatica(Pérez-Ortega, T. Sprib. & Printzen) Rodr. Flakus & Printzen. The molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms thatLecidea hercynicaHauck & Schmull is a synonym ofP. filamentosa. An identification key to the species is provided.
Clinopyroxene precursors to amphibole sponge in arc crust
Authors: Smith Daniel J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe formation of amphibole cumulates beneath arc volcanoes is a key control on magma geochemistry, and generates a hydrous lower crust. Despite being widely inferred from trace element geochemistry as a major lower crustal phase, amphibole is neither abundant nor common as a phenocryst phase in arc lavas and erupted pyroclasts, prompting some authors to refer to it as a ‘cryptic’ fractionating phase. This study provides evidence that amphibole develops by evolved melts overprinting earlier clinopyroxene—a near-ubiquitous mineral in arc magmas. Reaction-replacement of clinopyroxene ultimately forms granoblastic amphibole lithologies. Reaction-replacement amphiboles have more primitive trace element chemistry (for example, lower concentrations of incompatible Pb) than amphibole phenocrysts, but still have chemistries suitable for producing La/Yb and Dy/Yb ‘amphibole sponge’ signatures. Amphibole can fractionate cryptically as reactions between melt and mush in lower crustal ‘hot zones’ produce amphibole-rich assemblages, without significant nucleation and growth of amphibole phenocrysts.
CA3 size predicts the precision of memory recall
Authors: Chadwick Martin J. , Bonnici Heidi M. , Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
How does the brain allow us to recall numerous life experiences despite there often being a high degree of similarity between memories? This is a key question in neuroscience. Moreover, there is also keen interest in understanding why some people are able to recall memories with greater clarity than other people. In this study, we identified a specific brain region, CA3, an area within a structure called the hippocampus, and a mechanism within it that helps to explain individual differences in recollection. These findings have relevance for all of us in elucidating memory muddles in general, in aging, and possibly also in conditions such as dementia, where confusion about the past is often evident.
The transcription factor
Fezf2
directs the differentiation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone toward a cortical phenotype
Authors: Zuccotti Annalisa , Le Magueresse Corentin , Chen Min , Neitz Angela , Monyer Hannah 
Published: July 2014

Significance
To study whether and to what extent neuronal stem cells can be reprogrammed postnatally and in the adult is of great importance because they hold the potential to treat neurological diseases for which there are no remedies so far. In the postnatal brain, neurogenesis is restricted to two brain regions: The subventricular zone (SVZ) gives rise to new neurons that preferentially develop a GABAergic phenotype, whereas in the dentate gyrus, glutamatergic neurons are produced. In this study, we took recourse to virus-mediated gene expression, and by introducing a key gene that is normally expressed in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons into SVZ-derived stem cells, we changed their GABAergic fate.
The role of older children and adults in wild poliovirus transmission
Authors: Blake Isobel M. , Martin Rebecca , Goel Ajay , Khetsuriani Nino , Everts Johannes , Wolff Christopher , Wassilak Steven , Aylward R. Bruce , Grassly Nicholas C. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped precipitously over the last decade. However, persistent transmission in three countries and outbreaks elsewhere challenge the end-2014 eradication target. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is considering expanding the age range of vaccination campaigns even in the absence of adult cases, because of concerns about imperfect, waning intestinal immunity. The success of this approach will depend on the contribution to transmission by older ages, which we estimated during two large outbreaks affecting adults. Their contribution was found to depend on the setting, but there was no evidence for imperfect immunity contributing to the transmission of infection. Even small gains in the speed of vaccination response were found to have substantially greater benefit compared with expanded age range campaigns.
Tif1γ regulates the TGF-β1 receptor and promotes physiological aging of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Quéré Ronan , Saint-Paul Laetitia , Carmignac Virginie , Martin Romain Z. , Chrétien Marie-Lorraine , Largeot Anne , Hammann Arlette , Pais de Barros Jean-Paul , Bastie Jean-Noël , Delva Laurent 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceHematopoietic stem cell aging has been directly linked to the development of several hematological disorders, including myeloproliferative diseases. Here we show that in elderly mice (20 mo old), physiological aging of the hematopoietic system is linked to a decreased expression of transcription intermediary factor 1γ (Tif1γ) in HSCs. In turn, in young Tif1γ−/−mice (4 mo old), the hematopoiesis aging phenotype is exacerbated. In both sets of mice, Tif1γ level controls the TGF-β receptor 1 (Tgfbr1) turnover and subtly regulates the number of myeloid-biased HSCs in bone marrow. We establish that young Tif1γ−/−mice develop a phenotype of premature hematopoietic aging that may explain their predisposition to myeloproliferative disease.
How short and light can a simple pendulum be for classroom use?
Authors: Oliveira V 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We compare the period of oscillation of an ideal simple pendulum with the period of a more ‘real’ pendulum constituted of a rigid sphere and a rigid slender rod. We determine the relative error in the calculation of the local acceleration of gravity if the period of the ideal pendulum is used instead of the period of this real pendulum.
Brain Correlates of Numerical Disabilities
Authors: Kucian Karin , Kaufmann Liane , von Aster Michael 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
What are the brain correlates of numerical disabilities? To date only few studies have examined the neuronal underpinnings of specific numerical learning disabilities like developmental dyscalculia (DD). However, first results provide important insights if and where brains of children diagnosed with DD differ from those of typically achieving peers. Main deficits are apparent in core regions for number processing, which mainly comprise gray, as well as white matter in parietal lobes. Moreover, it already can be demonstrated that brain activation in DD is changing according to learning and intervention. The present chapter will bring together existing puzzle pieces of brain imaging findings in DD, as well as highlight some critical issues that have to be considered when comparing studies including children with DD.
The Internal Dynamics and Political Power of Small Group Political Deliberation
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. , Gilmore Jason 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The authors essay summarize the implications of public deliberation scholarship for the study of political communication as it occurs in small social bodies, from dyadic conversations and small groups to structured deliberative bodies, such as Citizens’ Assemblies. They begin by illustrating the growth, impact, and importance of this relatively new area of study in political communication. The heart of the essay contains a review of the findings of key studies relevant to, influenced by, or designed to advance deliberative theories of group behavior. The third section emphasizes one particular subarea of importance in this body of work—the potential power of connecting small group deliberation with large-scale public judgment. In the final section, the authors identify some of the key unanswered questions about group deliberation.
Free Will
Authors: Proust Joëlle 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Determinism—the idea that we have no power to do otherwise than we do— denies free will; therefore having the capacity to do otherwise means that determinism does not hold. However, the concept of responsibility creates a motivation for making determinism and free will compatible—for arguing, in an “incompatibilist” vein, that the human brain is not subject to deterministic laws. Libertarianism—the view that human agency allows exceptions to occur in mind-brain activity—is untenable in the light of current evidence about human cognition. Compatibilism holds that an agent with no power to do otherwise can still enjoy free will. Frankfurt’s theory of a layered will is discussed, as is neuroscientific evidence in favor of Frankfurt’s model. It allows for a form of compatibilism in which an agent may be somewhat in control of what she does, depending on her environment, and thereby have a will that is somewhat free.
The Role of Religion in the “Arab Spring”
Authors: Muedini Fait 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of religion in the Arab uprisings as well as the influence of religion after the uprisings and in the first postrevolutionary elections. It begins by analyzing the role of the various Islamist parties, arguing that in many cases the Islamist parties played only a limited role in the revolutions. While the protesters themselves represented various social, political, and economic groups and were demonstrating against authoritarian governments, often for nonreligious reasons, the Islamist parties also understood that being the image of the uprisings would be risky for their respective organizations because their heavy involvement would upset non-Islamist protesters and also that a strong Islamist presence in the protests could spark government action against them. The chapter then briefly examines the level of influence and electoral success of Islamist parties in the politics of Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco while also discussing the role of religion after the uprisings.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate decreases excessive ethanol intake in dependent animals
Authors: Simon‐O'Brien Emmanuelle , Alaux‐Cantin Stéphanie , Warnault Vincent , Buttolo Romain , Naassila Mickaël , Vilpoux Catherine 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConverging evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in drug addiction, and that enzymes involved in chromatin remodeling may represent interesting targets in addiction treatment. No study has addressed whether histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) can reduce excessive ethanol intake or prevent relapse in alcohol‐dependent animals. Here, we assessed the effects of two HDACi, sodium butyrate (NaB) and MS‐275, in the operant ethanol self‐administration paradigm in dependent and non‐dependent rats. To characterize some of the epigenetic mechanisms associated with alcohol dependence and NaB treatment, we measured the levels of histone H3 acetylation in different brain areas of dependent and non‐dependent rats, submitted or not to NaB treatment. Our results demonstrated that (1) NaB and MS‐275 strongly decreased excessive alcohol intake of dependent rats in the operant ethanol self‐administration paradigm but not of non‐dependent rats; (2) NaB reduced excessive drinking and prevented the escalation of ethanol intake in the intermittent access to 20% ethanol paradigm; and (3) NaB completely blocked the increase of ethanol consumption induced by an alcohol deprivation, thus demonstrating a preventive effect of NaB on relapse. The mapping of cerebral histone H3 acetylation revealed a hyperacetylation in the amygdala and cortical areas in dependent rats. Interestingly, NaB did not exacerbate the hyperacetylation observed in these regions, but instead restored it, specifically in cortical areas. Altogether, our results clearly demonstrated the efficacy of NaB in preventing excessive ethanol intake and relapse and support the hypothesis that HDACi may have a potential use in alcohol addiction treatment.
Effects of a selection of additives on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis and in situ and in vivo NDF digestibility
Authors: Pirondini Mario , Colombini Stefania , Malagutti Luca , Rapetti Luca , Galassi Gianluca , Zanchi Raffaella , Crovetto Gianni Matteo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe effects of 18 essential oils, yeast, Quebracho tannin and Quillaja saponin on ruminal methane and gas production (GP) were studied in vitro. A lactating cow diet was incubated with rumen inoculum. Doses of the additives (mg/L) were: essential oils = 500; tannin = 67; yeast = 8.35 and 16.7; and saponin = 300. Lemongrass, estragole, eugenol, geraniol, limonen, thyme oil and thymol produced less gas (overall mean 33.8 mL/200 mg dry matter (DM)) than control (43.6 mL/200 mg DM; P < 0.001). Methane produced (mL/200 mg DM) by guaiacol (10.7), lemongrass (9.6), limonene (11.4), thyme oil (10.9) and thymol (2.1) was lower than control (12.5) (P < 0.001). Methane percentage on total GP was lower (P < 0.001) for cinnamic alcohol (25.4), guaiacol (24.5), thymol (19.7) and vanillin (26.3) than control (28.8). In a second experiment, thymol, guaiacol and yeast were added to the diet of dry fistulated cows to determine in situ neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of six forages and in vivo dietary NDFD. Thymol and yeast decreased in situ NDFD after 24 h (33.9% and 33.5% vs. 38.1%; P = 0.008). Thymol decreased in vivo total tract NDFD (40.8% vs. 51.4%; P = 0.02). Differences in GP and methane levels were registered within classes of additives. A careful selection of additives may allow for the manipulation of ruminal fermentation.
Associations of retinal oximetry in persons with diabetes
Authors: Man Ryan EK , Sasongko Muhammad B , Xie Jing , Kawasaki Ryo , Best William J , Noonan Jonathan E , Luu Chi D , Wang Jie Jin , Lamoureux Ecosse L 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data available on the variables that might affect retinal vessel oxygen saturation (SO2) in diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess factors associated with retinal oximetry values in persons with diabetes.DesignClinic‐based cross‐sectional study.ParticipantsFifty‐eight persons with diabetes aged 18+ years, recruited from the University of Melbourne, the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and St. Vincent's Hospital (Melbourne), Australia.MethodsRetinal oximetry was performed using the oximetry module of the Vesselmap system (Imedos UG, Jena, Germany) in 92 diabetic eyes. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the associations between candidate variables (age; gender; retinal capillary flow; duration of diabetes; hypertension; smoking status; presence of diabetic retinopathy [DR]; glycated haemoglobin; triglyceride; total cholesterol; finger SO2 and ocular perfusion pressure) with retinal oximetry measures.Main Outcome MeasureArteriolar SO2, venular SO2 and the arterio‐venous (A‐V) difference.ResultsOf the candidate factors assessed, only the presence of DR was significantly associated with increased venular SO2 and decreased A‐V difference in unadjusted analyses. In models adjusting for age and gender and significant variables from unadjusted analyses, compared with no DR, the presence of DR was significantly associated with greater retinal venular SO2 values (β = 3.65%, 95% confidence interval: 0.67–6.63%) and decreased A‐V difference (β = −2.00%, 95% confidence interval: −3.46 to −0.53%).ConclusionIn patients with diabetes, eyes with DR were associated with increased venular SO2 and decreased A‐V difference compared with eyes without DR, suggesting an altered metabolic state in DR.
The effect of implant diameter on osseointegration utilizing simplified drilling protocols
Authors: Jimbo Ryo , Janal Malvin N. , Marin Charles , Giro Gabriela , Tovar Nick , Coelho Paulo G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo observe and to compare histologically and histomorphometrically, the combined effect of drilling sequence and implant diameter in vivo.Material and MethodsA total of 72 alumina‐blasted and acid‐etched Ti‐6Al‐4V implants with three different diameters (3.75, 4.2, and 5 mm, n = 24 for each group) were placed in the right and left tibiae of 12 beagle dogs. Within the same diameter group, half of the implants were inserted after a simplified drilling procedure (pilot drill + final diameter drill) on one tibia and the other half were placed using the conventional drilling procedure on the other tibia. After 1 week, half of the animals (n = 6) were sacrificed, and the other half was sacrificed after 5 weeks (n = 6). The retrieved bone‐implant samples were subjected to non‐decalcified histologic sectioning, and the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and the bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) were analyzed. Primary statistical analysis used a mixed model analysis of variance with significance level set at P < 0.05.ResultsHistologic observation showed that at 1 week, immature woven bone formed in vicinity of the implant, whereas at 5 weeks, the woven bone was replaced by lamellar bone, which formed in proximity with the implant.Histomorphometrically, the simplified technique was associated with significantly greater BIC and BAFO after 1 week. Differences between techniques were not longer apparent after 5 weeks, but BAFO was inversely and significantly associated with implant diameter at that time.ConclusionsThe simplified technique did not impair either early or late bone formation for any tested implant diameter; however, wider diameters were associated with less bone formation at longer healing times for both techniques.
Musical auditory stimulation at different intensities and its effects on the geometric indices of heart‐rate variability
Authors: do Amaral Joice AT , Guida Heraldo L , Nogueira Marcela L , Roque Adriano L , de Abreu Luiz Carlos , Raimundo Rodrigo D , Ferreira Celso , Valenti Vitor E 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionPrevious studies have shown that relaxation music increases the heart's parasympathetic modulation as well as reducing its sympathetic activity. However, what is lacking in the literature is information on the acute effects of different intensities of music on cardiac autonomic regulation. We aimed to evaluate the acute effects of baroque and heavy‐metal music on cardiac autonomic regulation at different intensities.MethodThe study was performed in 16 healthy men aged between 18 and 25 years. The main outcomes were the geometric indices of heart‐rate variability (HRV) [i.e. triangular index (RRtri); triangular interpolation of RR intervals (TINN) and Poincaré plot: SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio]. First, HRV was recorded at rest for 10 min. The volunteers were then exposed to baroque or heavy‐metal music for 5 min through an earphone; subjects were exposed to each song at three different sound levels (60–70, 70–80 and 80–90 decibels). After the first song, subjects remained at rest for 5 min before being exposed to the next song. The sequence of songs and sound intensity were randomised for each individual.ResultsMusical auditory stimulation with baroque music did not influence the geometric indices of HRV. The same was observed with heavy‐metal musical auditory stimulation at the three sound‐level ranges.ConclusionMusical auditory stimulation at different sound intensities did not influence the geometric indices of HRV in men.