bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of crizotinib absolute bioavailability, the bioequivalence of three oral formulations, and the effect of food on crizotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects
Authors: Xu Huiping , O'Gorman Melissa , Boutros Tanya , Brega Nicoletta , Kantaridis Constantino , Tan Weiwei , Bello Akintunde 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCrizotinib (Xalkori®) is an orally administered, selective, small‐molecule, ATP‐competitive inhibitor of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor/hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, and has recently been approved for the treatment of ALK‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer. The absolute bioavailability of crizotinib, effect of a high‐fat meal on crizotinib pharmacokinetics (PK), and bioequivalence of several oral formulations (powder in capsule [PIC], immediate‐release tablet [IRT], and commercial formulated capsule [FC]) were evaluated in two phase I clinical studies involving healthy volunteers who received single doses of crizotinib. PK parameters for crizotinib and its metabolite, PF‐06260182, were determined using non‐compartmental methods. The absolute oral bioavailability of crizotinib was approximately 43%, with a slight decrease in crizotinib exposures (area under the plasma concentration–time profile and maximum plasma concentration) following a high‐fat meal that was not considered clinically meaningful. The FC was bioequivalent to the clinical development IRT and PIC formulations. No serious adverse events were observed during either study and the majority of adverse events were mild, the most common being diarrhea. Single‐dose crizotinib could be safely administered to healthy subjects.
Procalcitonin as a useful biomarker for determining the need to perform emergency biliary drainage in cases of acute cholangitis
Authors: Shinya Satoshi , Sasaki Takamitsu , Yamashita Yuichi , Kato Daisuke , Yamashita Kanefumi , Nakashima Ryo , Yamauchi Yasushi , Noritomi Tomoaki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIt is important to identify biomarkers for sepsis and organ damage in acute cholangitis patients. We investigated the usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) as a biomarker of inflammation based on the Tokyo Guidelines 2013 (TG13).MethodsA total of 110 acute cholangitis patients were categorized based on TG13, and the PCT levels and common laboratory inflammatory markers were measured. The cases undergoing hemoculture (n = 72) at the time of diagnosis also correlated with the PCT levels.ResultsThe PCT and C‐reactive protein levels were significantly higher in grade III cases versus grade I. The mean PCT levels for positive hemoculture cases (8.6 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those for negative cases (0.7 ng/ml). In hemoculture positive cases or when purulent bile was obtained from the duodenal papilla, i.e., cases clearly requiring emergency biliary drainage and necessitating categorization as grade III, three cases were categorized as grade I and 13 as grade II. Only PCT showed statistically significant increases in severe cases underestimated as grade I or II despite them being fundamentally grade III cases.ConclusionsAcute cholangitis with high PCT levels can signify the need to perform emergency biliary drainage and institute intensive care even if categorized by TG13 as not being severe cases.
COLLECTIVE LEARNING IN YOUTH‐FOCUSED CO‐OPERATIVES IN LESOTHO AND UGANDA
Authors: Hartley Sally 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe co‐operative revival in some African countries includes a focus on youth as the next generation of co‐operators, where youth are increasingly establishing co‐operatives and joining existing ones. Based on fieldwork with youth co‐operatives in Lesotho and Uganda, the article shows how co‐operatives promote collective learning, and how members learn ‘from’ and ‘with’ each other, leading to new ways of thinking and action. The dynamics are influenced by trust and power relations, the specificities of different co‐operatives and access to co‐operative networks. These findings reinforce the need for a youth policy in the African co‐operative movement and supporting organisations. © 2014 The Authors.Journal of International Developmentpublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
RETHINKING RURAL CO‐OPERATIVES IN DEVELOPMENT: INTRODUCTION TO THE POLICY ARENA
Authors: Johnson Hazel , Shaw Linda 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe global resurgence of co‐operatives has given rise to debate about their role in development. What challenges do they offer to current models of social and economic organisation in the light of crisis? Can co‐operatives go beyond their mixed history and create opportunities for new thinking, policy and practice? This introduction examines some aspects of the history of the co‐operative movement in development and identifies contemporary themes, particularly with respect to rural co‐operatives. It outlines how the articles in the Policy Arena address some of the key questions in current policy debates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The best candidates for nerve‐sparing stripping surgery for facial nerve schwannoma
Authors: Park Soon H. , Kim Jin , Moon In S. , Lee Won S. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives/HypothesisClinical decision making for facial nerve schwannoma is particularly complicated in patients with good facial nerve function; however, an early nerve‐sparing tumor resection stripping technique minimizes facial deficits associated with treatment. The present study characterized the optimal candidate for this nerve‐sparing surgical strategy in patients with good facial function.Study DesignRetrospective study.MethodsNerve‐sparing stripping surgery was performed on 28 patients with facial nerve schwannoma. The House‐Brackmann grading system was used to assess pre‐ and postoperative facial function. We retrospectively analyzed pre‐ and postoperative facial function, duration of facial palsy, tumor size, and location and number of involved segments. The data were analyzed using Fisher exact test and independent t tests.ResultsOf the 28 patients, 18 successfully underwent stripping surgery and 16 had a favorable outcome. Favorable postoperative facial function was associated with good preoperative facial function (House‐Brackmann grade [HBG] ≤II); small, localized tumors; and tumors located in the geniculate ganglion and/or its proximal portion.ConclusionsPatients with facial nerve schwannoma who have good preoperative facial function (HBG ≤2), tumor located in the proximal portion of the geniculate ganglion, and small tumors (<2 cm) involving one or two facial nerve segments can be the best candidates for nerve‐sparing stripping surgery.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 124:2610–2615, 2014
Effects of Soil Water Repellency on Moisture Patterns in a Degraded Sapric Histosol
Authors: Hewelke Edyta , Szatyłowicz Jan , Gnatowski Tomasz , Oleszczuk Ryszard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn understanding of soil moisture content variability is fundamental in hydrological studies of peat soils, whose preservation depend on water‐related processes. Dehydration of fens and adapting them for agricultural production have contributed to the degradation of peat soils. The goal of this study was to determine how the critical soil moisture content (CSMC) and soil water repellency (SWR) affect soil moisture patterns in a degraded peat‐muck soil profile. SWR was measured under laboratory conditions using the water drop penetration time test, and then the CSMC was assessed. An investigation of moisture patterns was based on soil moisture data collected over short distances in a grass‐covered peat‐muck soil profile on seven dates. Observed differences in moisture patterns demonstrate that the CSMC can be used for the prediction of preferential flow occurrences in peat‐muck soils. Lower values of the CSMC and lower levels of SWR persistence in muck layers than in peat layers indicate that degradation of peat soils improves their wettability. The relatively low values of CSMC and the low shrinkage potential in the muck layer suggest that preferential water flow in the degraded organic soils can occur when heavy rains are preceded by long periods of summer drought. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O6‐carboxymethylguanine DNA adduct formation and lipid peroxidation upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of haem‐rich meat
Authors: Bussche Julie Vanden , Hemeryck Lieselot Y. , Van Hecke Thomas , Kuhnle Gunter G. C. , Pasmans Frank , Moore Sharon A. , Van de Wiele Tom , De Smet Stefaan , Vanhaecke Lynn 
Published: July 2014

ScopeEpidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated that the consumption of red haem‐rich meat may contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer. Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain this causal relationship, i.e. N‐nitroso compound (NOC) formation and lipid peroxidation (LPO).Methods and ResultsIn this study, the NOC‐derived DNA adduct O6‐carboxymethylguanine (O6‐CMG) and the LPO product malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in individual in vitro gastrointestinal digestions of meat types varying in haem content (beef, pork, chicken). While MDA formation peaked during the in vitro small intestinal digestion, alkylation and concomitant DNA adduct formation was observed in seven (out of 15) individual colonic digestions using separate faecal inocula. From those, two haem‐rich meat digestions demonstrated a significantly higher O6‐CMG formation (p < 0.05). MDA concentrations proved to be positively correlated (p < 0.0004) with haem content of digested meat. The addition of myoglobin, a haem‐containing protein, to the digestive simulation showed a dose–response association with O6‐CMG (p = 0.004) and MDA (p = 0.008) formation.ConclusionThe results suggest the haem‐iron involvement for both the LPO and NOC pathway during meat digestion. Moreover, results unambiguously demonstrate that DNA adduct formation is very prone to inter‐individual variation, suggesting a person‐dependent susceptibility to colorectal cancer development following haem‐rich meat consumption.
Psychometric functioning, socio‐demographic variability of childhood maltreatment in the general population and its effects of depression
Authors: Schulz Andrea , Schmidt Carsten Oliver , Appel Katja , Mahler Jessie , Spitzer Carsten , Wingenfeld Katja , Barnow Sven , Driessen Martin , Freyberger Harald J. , Völzke Henry , Grabe Hans J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMaltreatment of children is a major public‐health and social‐welfare problem but socio‐demographic variability has received little attention. This work addresses such variability in a general population cohort and associations with depression. Analyses were based on the cross‐sectional SHIP‐LEGEND examination among 2265 adults (29–89 years). Childhood maltreatment was multi‐dimensionally assessed with the German 28‐item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): emotional neglect; emotional abuse; physical neglect; physical abuse; sexual abuse. Non‐linear associations between CTQ responses and age were assessed with fractional polynomials and cubic splines. Scale properties were analysed with confirmatory factor analyses and item response models. Associations between childhood maltreatment domains and depression [Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II)] were assessed. The majority (58.9%) reported events indicative of at least mild levels of childhood maltreatment. CTQ subscales showed characteristically different non‐linear associations to age across the five studied domains, indicating methodological issues like recall bias and the influence of seminal events. Psychometric scale properties were acceptable to good for all subscales except for physical neglect. Associations to depression measures varied systematically across socio‐demographic strata. We conclude that socio‐demographic variability is a major issue when studying self‐reported childhood maltreatment in a community sample. This needs to be taken into account for the study of associations to psychiatric key outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion‐weighted chemical shift imaging of human brain metabolites at 7T
Authors: Ercan Ayse Ece , Techawiboonwong Aranee , Versluis Maarten J. , Webb Andrew G. , Ronen Itamar 
Published: July 2014

PurposeDiffusion‐weighted chemical shift imaging (DW‐CSI) of brain metabolites poses significant challenges associated with the acquisition of spectroscopic data in the presence of strong diffusion weighting gradients. We present a reproducible DW‐CSI acquisition and processing scheme that addresses most of the potential sources of instability and provides reproducible and anatomically meaningful diffusion‐weighted and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) metabolite maps.MethodsA real‐time navigator‐based acquisition scheme was used, allowing instantaneous reacquisition of corrupted k‐space data and postprocessing correction of gradient‐induced phase fluctuations. Eddy current correction based on residual water resonance was implemented and improved the quality of the data significantly.ResultsHighly reproducible diffusion‐weighted metabolite maps of three highest concentration brain metabolites are shown. The navigator‐based accept/reject strategy and the postacquisition corrections improved the stability of the DW‐CSI signal and the reproducibility of the resulting DW‐CSI maps significantly. The metabolite ADC values could be related to the underlying tissue cellular composition.ConclusionRobust investigation of DW‐CSI of brain metabolites is feasible and may provide information complementary to that obtained from more sensitive but less specific methods such as diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med 73:2053–2061, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iterative reweighted linear least squares for accurate, fast, and robust estimation of diffusion magnetic resonance parameters
Authors: Collier Quinten , Veraart Jelle , Jeurissen Ben , den Dekker Arnold J. , Sijbers Jan 
Published: July 2014

PurposeDiffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging suffers from physiological noise, such as artifacts caused by motion or system instabilities. Therefore, there is a need for robust diffusion parameter estimation techniques. In the past, several techniques have been proposed, including RESTORE and iRESTORE (Chang et al. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:1088–1095; Chang et al. Magn Reson Med 2012; 68:1654–1663). However, these techniques are based on nonlinear estimators and are consequently computationally intensive.MethodIn this work, we present a new, robust, iteratively reweighted linear least squares (IRLLS) estimator. IRLLS performs a voxel‐wise identification of outliers in diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance images, where it exploits the natural skewness of the data distribution to become more sensitive to both signal hyperintensities and signal dropouts.ResultsBoth simulations and real data experiments were conducted to compare IRLLS with other state‐of‐the‐art techniques. While IRLLS showed no significant loss in accuracy or precision, it proved to be substantially faster than both RESTORE and iRESTORE. In addition, IRLLS proved to be even more robust when considering the overestimation of the noise level or when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is low.ConclusionThe substantially shortened calculation time in combination with the increased robustness and accuracy, make IRLLS a practical and reliable alternative to current state‐of‐the‐art techniques for the robust estimation of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance parameters. Magn Reson Med 73:2174–2184, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidermal innervation in healthy children and adolescents
Authors: Panoutsopoulou Ioanna G. , Luciano Carlos A. , Wendelschafer‐Crabb Gwen , Hodges James S. , Kennedy William R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) density, morphology, and epidermal innervation patterns were examined in children using 2 different techniques, punch biopsy and suction blister. Methods: Healthy children without symptoms or history of peripheral neuropathy and normal by neurologic examination were studied. Punch biopsy and suction blister specimens were collected from the lateral thigh and distal leg. ENFs were traced from confocal images of immunohistochemically stained samples. Statistical methods included repeated‐measures analysis of covariance. Results: Blister and biopsy nerve counts were associated. ENF density in children was dense, lower for older children (P < 0.01) and with no difference between boys and girls (P = 0.92). Many ENFs appeared multibranched and elongated. Conclusions: Epidermal innervation in the pediatric population is dense and age‐dependent. Blister specimens are less invasive and may provide an alternative to punch biopsy for determining ENF density in children at risk for neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 51: 378–384, 2015
Naturstoffe und ihre zellulären Angriffsziele
Authors: Eirich Jürgen , Sieber Stephan A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNaturstoffe spielen durch ihre biologische Aktivität eine wichtige Rolle bei der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Sie beeinflussen unter anderem die Funktion vieler Biomoleküle, darunter Proteine, Zucker und DNA.
A Probable Case of Acute Childhood Leukemia: Skeletal Involvement, Differential Diagnosis, and the Bioarchaeology of Cancer in South America
Authors: Klaus H. D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCancer involves a complex spectrum of disease conditions. However, cancer has received relatively limited attention in paleopathology and bioarchaeology as it is infrequently encountered in the skeletal record, and its differential diagnosis in dry bone remains challenging. Of all neoplastic disorders, one of the most infrequently described forms in ancient skeletons is leukemia, or the myeloproliferative neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system affecting bone marrow and blood. This case study describes and interprets a suite of lytic and proliferative lesions in the skeletal remains of an Early/Middle Colonial‐era child (ca. A.D. 1533–1620) excavated at the ruins of Eten, southwestern Lambayeque Valley Complex (north coast of Peru). A secondary burial contained the incomplete postcranial remains of a 5–6 year‐old child whose bones were characterized by abnormal porous loci in the right clavicle, scapulae, long bones of the upper limb, ribs, and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Additionally, fine areas of new bone formation were present on the clavicle and ribs. Multiple pathological conditions were evaluated in a differential diagnosis, including taphonomic changes and various bone resorbing and forming disorders. The lesions are most consistent with acute childhood leukemia and represent the first of its kind described in Andean South America. The identification of this condition helps focus research questions involving the bioarchaeology of cancer in the Andes, especially regarding the significance of neoplastic disorders in relation to the broader reconstruction of past human health in Peru. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unendliche Spiegelfechtereien
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans Joachim 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMit Spiegeln lassen sich überraschende Effekte erzielen. Zwei gegenüberstehende Spiegel erzeugen Vielfachreflexionen mit enormer Tiefenwirkung. Lichtkünstler kreieren auf diese Weise reizvolle Designobjekte. Bei normalen Glasspiegeln mit rückwärtiger Verspiegelung kann man Mehrfachbilder in der Glasschicht selbst beobachten. In einem begehbaren Dreieck mit Spiegeln oder in Spiegellabyrinthen irritieren unendlich viele Mehrfachreflexionen die Wahrnehmung. Mit leicht erhältlichen Materialien lassen sich derartige Aufbauten auch in kleinerem Maßstab realisieren.
Antimaterie im freien Fall
Authors: Haslinger Philipp , Müller Holger 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNach dem schwachen Äquivalenzprinzip müssen sämtliche massebehafteten Objekte unabhängig von ihren sonstigen Eigenschaften dieselbe Fallbeschleunigung besitzen. Dieses Prinzip, das die Grundlage der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie bildet, gilt auch für Antimaterie. Für unterschiedliche Elemente wurde das Äquivalenzprinzip mit sehr hoher Genauigkeit bestätigt. Nun bietet sich zum ersten Mal die Möglichkeit, diese Theorie für neutrale Antimaterie direkt zu testen. Eine kürzlich erschienene Veröffentlichung beschreibt einen speziellen experimentellen Aufbau, mit dem sich die Fallbeschleunigung von Antiwasserstoff‐Atomen interferometrisch vermessen lässt.
Wirbel, Knoten, Vortices
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn der Schule ist er Klassenbester – wegen seiner Leistungen in klassischer Bildung. Naturwissenschaften oder Mathematik sind für ihn in der Jugend zweitrangig. Das ändert sich erst an der Universität: Hier steigt er auf Physik um und schafft es bis zum Senior Wrangler, dem “Klassenbesten” im berühmten Mathematiktest für die Undergraduates in Cambridge, dem Tripos.
Seitan: elastisch und schmackhaft
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDas Eiweiß des Weizens, Gluten, ist eines der längsten natürlichen Eiweißmoleküle und birgt Eigenschaften, die von Kautschuk und Kunststoffen bekannt sind: hohe Elastizität und außergewöhnliche Dehnbarkeit. Das eröffnet beispielsweise der veganen Küche viele Möglichkeiten, wie das Experimentieren mit der japanischen Spezialität Seitan.
The politics of Amazonian deforestation: environmental policy and climate change knowledge
Authors: Monteiro Marko S. A. , Seixas Sonia Regina da Cal , Vieira Simone Aparecida 
Published: July 2014

This article reviews literature on the science and politics of deforestation in the Amazon from 1970 until today, focusing on their shifting meanings and the increasing relevance of climate change knowledge to their understanding and management. Since large‐scale colonization of the region began in the 1970s, the debate on deforestation has been crucial in disputes involving science, development, and the environment. In the last decade, the issue of climate change has become more present in the science, politics, and policies related to deforestation in the Amazon. This debate has helped shift discussions on both the environmental and the development agenda for the region. Although there is a broad agreement that the Amazon is being increasingly integrated into global fluxes of knowledge, goods, and people, not all view this process under the same light. The review concludes that scientific views help condition the development of changing policy arrangements aimed at curbing deforestation, and the incorporation of climate change knowledge is an important aspect of the dynamics of environmental policies in the region. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:689–701. doi: 10.1002/wcc.298This article is categorized under:

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice