bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Flocculation of Egyptian Kaolin Suspensions by Anionic Polyacrylamide in the Presence of Surfactants
Authors: El-Rahiem Fatma H. Abd 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This papers reports the results of studies on flocculation of kaolin suspension by anionic polyacrylamide (PAM-A) flocculants in the presence of surfactant. They were namely anionic Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), cationic Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and a non-ionic surfactant of polyoxyethylenic ether with trade name Triton (TX 100). The adsorption of PAM-A for fresh kaolin as well as surfactant pretreatment kaolin corresponding to about 50% coverage on the surface. Pretreatment of kaolin with all three surfactants form bigger flocs with PAM-A. The highest settling rate is obtained by flocculation the SDS-pretreatment kaolin. The influence of simultaneous addition of PAM-A and surfactants from their mixtures on flocculation is dependent on the nature of mutual interaction of PAM-A and surfactant. Simultaneous addition of PAM-A with either SDS or TX 100 increases settling rate, whereas it decreases when added from its mixture with CTAB.
On the other hand, the optimum dose of PAM-A and 0.2 g/kg SDS-pretreatment preconcentrate El-Tih Egyptian kaolin is applied. The flocculation product a kaolin concentrate of minimum TiO2 content (0.27%) and the degree of whiteness (93.5) is obtained from TiO2 content (1.52%) and the degree of whiteness (63) of the original.
The Influence of Hydrophobic Counterion on the Phase Behavior of Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Abdel-Rahem Rami 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of counterion microenvironments on the phase properties of ionic surfactants. The results of different isomers of hydroxy naphthoic acids (x, y HNC) and the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (HTAOH) are included. Mixing 3,2 HNC, 2,1 HNC or 6,2 HNC with micellar solutions of HTAOH transforms the micellar microstructure into different morphologies depending on the counterion microenvironments. The vesicles at equal concentration ratio of 3,2 HNC/HTAOH and 2,1 HNC/HTAOH have been characterized by freeze fracture electron microscopy (FF-TEM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). 6,2 HNC/HTAOH system does not form a liquid crystalline phase (Lα-phase) at and above the equal concentration ratio. With these systems the effects that the hydrophobic counterion microenvironments have on the aggregate microstructure, rheological behavior, Krafft temperature and other physiochemical properties are discussed.
Influence of some Chromium Complexes on the Conversion Rate of Glycidol – Fatty Acid Reaction
Authors: Janiš R. , Klásek A. , Krejčí J. , Bobálová J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Monoacylglycerols – thanks to their amphipathic properties – belong among non-ionogenic surfactants. Their additional unique properties, such as antistatic, microbicidal, and lubricating, are also well known. One possibility for preparing pure individual monoacylglycerols is the reaction of fatty acid with glycidol. In this paper, the catalysis of this reaction with some chromium(III) complexes is described. Compounds prepared in high yields were 1-monoacylglycerols of caprylic, capric, lauric, oleic, and palmitic acids, the purity of which was verified by high performance liquid chromatography.
Pulmonary Surfactant and its in vitro Assessment Using Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA): A Review
Authors: Zuo Y. Y. , Neumann A. W. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Recent progress in the study of pulmonary surfactant is reviewed. The first half of this paper provides general background in both physiological and clinical perspectives. The second half focuses on the in vitro assessment of pulmonary surfactant using methods based on a drop shape technique, Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA). Theories, experiments, and techniques of image analysis used in these ADSA methods are briefly described. Typical applications of these methods are discussed in detail. It is concluded that the accuracy, versatility, and simplicity of these ADSA methods render them suitable to the study of pulmonary surfactant.
Soiling Tendency of Worn, Plastic Flooring Materials Related to their Surface Topography
Authors: Kuisma R. , Pesonen-Leinonen E. , Redsven I. , Reunanen E. , Kymäläinen H.-R. , Sjöberg A.-M. , Hautala M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe soiling and cleanability of eleven worn commercial plastic floor coverings were examined. The new and worn floor coverings appeared very similar in both visual and stereo microscopic inspection. However, wear had caused changes to both topography and cleanability parameters. Profilometer measurements provided information on the topography of new and worn floor coverings. According to the results new surfaces did not always clean better or become soiled more easily than worn coverings. Therefore, we cannot derive a general rule of relationship between wear, soiling and cleanability. The general premise that a rough surface will yield poor cleanability was not confirmed here for all materials.
Effect of Alcohols on the cmc and Micelle Ionization Degree of Alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(Dimethyldodecylammonium Bromide) Surfactants
Authors: Benrraou M. , Zana R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of three dimeric surfactants of the alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) type, one trimeric surfactant and two conventional monomeric surfactants has been measured in the presence of increasing amounts of linear 1-alcohols (methanol to hexanol), using the electrical conductivity method. The results show little difference in the variations of cmcA/cmcW (cmcA and cmcW = cmc values in a water/alcohol mixture and in water) for the monomeric, dimeric and trimeric surfactant with the alcohol concentration for alcohols that are very soluble in water (methanol and ethanol) or hardly soluble in water (pentanol and hexanol). Significant differences are observed only for alcohols that are partitioned between water and micelles (mainly propanol and butanol). Large differences in the solubility of butanol in micellar solutions of the three dimeric surfactants observed at high surfactant concentration appear to be associated to differences in micelle shape. The ionization of dimeric surfactant micelles in ethanol/water mixtures increases nearly linearly with the ethanol content.
Conductivity of Strontium Soaps in Water
Authors: Varma R. P. , Goel H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe conductance of the solutions of strontium octanoate, hexanoate and pentanoate have been measured in water at 35–50 °C in order to determine the micellar behavior of strontium soaps in water. The result shows that these soaps behave as weak electrolyte in water and the Debye Hückel Onsager equation fails for solution of these soaps.
Dynamic Surface Tension: Industrial Applications and Characterisation of Commercial Surfactants*
Authors: Miller Dennis , GmbH Clariant 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn recent years dynamic surface tension has become increasingly used in industrial laboratories. For a wide range of applications it can be used to improve surfactant selection.Dynamic surface tension is a non-linear function of surface age and concentration. This must be taken into account when comparing surfactants. The concepts of effectiveness (magnitude of effect) and efficiency (concentration required for desired effect) are discussed. Efficiency parameters are more time-consuming to measure, but may give more relevant and reliable information.A ring test with an anionic surfactant using the maximum bubble pressure method showed good agreement between six laboratories. The results indicated that c20(concentration for reducing surface tension by 20 mN m−1) at 0.1 s lifetime is a robust parameter for surfactant characterisation.
Surface and Foaming Properties of Alkylamine Oxide: Protonation and Counterion Effects
Authors: Song Shi-Li , Hu Zhi-Guo , Dong Jin-Feng , Zhang Gao-Yong 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The influence of protonated species or nonionic forms of N, N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecylamine oxide (C12DHEAO) on interfacial properties is studied by measuring foamability, foam stability, equilibrium surface tension and surface viscosity. Surface tensions of the protonated species with various counterions, Cl−, NO3
−, ClO4
− and BF4
− show a decrease in the following order: C12DHEAO Cl− > C12DHEAO NO3
− > C12DHEAO ClO4
− > C12DHEAO BF4
−. Foamability done using shaking method shows a reverse order for Cl−, NO3
−, ClO4
−. But the foamability of C12DHEAO BF4
− is lower than that of C12DHEAO ClO4
−. This has been explained in terms of the differences in the lipophilicity the micellar stability. This is further confirmed by our dynamic surface tension results. The equilibrium surface tension values for 20mM C12DHEAO solution shows a vague minimum in the range 4.20 < pH < 5.81. The foamability of C12DHEAO solution shows decrease with the values of pH. This can be elucidated by the differences in the interactions between cationic and nonionic species, nonionic and nonionic forms. The foam of protonated C12DHEAO having counterions Cl−, NO3
− and ClO4
− are very unstable. The foam stability of C12DHEAO BF4
− is much greater than other protonated C12DHEAO. The foam stability of C12DHEAO solution at different values of pH shows similar order as surface tension. Foam are more stable in the range 4.20 < pH < 5.81 than that at other values of pH.
Performance of some Surfactants as Wetting Agents
Authors: Shalaby M. N. , El-Shamy O. A. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The wetting power of anionic surfactant: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and nonionic surfactants: polyoxyethelene(14)monolaurate [La(EO)14] and polyoxyethelene(14)monooleate [Ol(EO)14] has been studied to determine their performance as wetting agents. The study reveals that the nonionic compound with a long hydrophobic chain exhibits higher wettability than the shorter one when used at very low concentrations (below CMC), and the reverse is shown with high concentrations (above CMC). The wetting power of the investigated surfactants increases as the CMC values increases. In case of the nonionic compounds and at surfactant concentrations equal their CMC values, Ol(EO)14 shows a higher wetting power than La(EO)14 while it possesses a lower HLB value. The anionic surfactant shows an optimum wetting in comparison with the tested nonionic ones. The wettability of all the investigated samples increases as the surface tension of their solutions increases to the allowed limit that can be reached in the presence of surfactant.
Polymeric Surfactants: Novel Agents with Exceptional Properties
Authors: Garnier S. , Laschewsky A. , Storsberg J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article presents recent progress in the field of polymeric surfactants made of permanently amphiphilic block copolymers or of stimulus-sensitive ones. We highlight key points in the design of amphiphilic macromolecules, to yield polymer surfactants with tailor-made properties, as well as recently developed and still challenging application fields for this new class of surfactants. The efficiency boosting of amphiphilic block copolymers as co-surfactants in microemulsions is discussed, as are surface modification by polymer surfactants, and stabilization of dispersions. Moreover, the use of block copolymers in nanosciences is presented, for instance as a tool for nanomaterial fabrication, or for biomedical and cosmetic applications in bio-nanotechnology. Finally, self-assembly and applications of some newly developed “exotic” amphiphilic block copolymer structures as new surface-active materials will be highlighted.
Hydrolysis of δ-Layered Sodium Disilicate in Ions Binding Process
Authors: Dong J.-X. , Xu H. , Zhang G.-Y. , Liu L. , Li J.-P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn different type water, the hydrolysis of δ-modification layered sodium disilicate (δ-Na2Si2O5) was investigated by employing XRD, FT-IR, SEM chemical analysis and residual solid yield. δ-Na2Si2O5was transported to another layered sodium silicate-kanemite (NaHSi2O5·3H2O with cation exchange ability) in distilled water near the concentration in a magnitude, which is used by washing clothing. At the same concentration, δ-Na2Si2O5changed to a mixture of kanemite, Ca(OH)2and insoluble amorphous solid in water with Ca2+cations; a mixture of kanemite and insoluble amorphous solid in water with Mg2+cations. The evidence which δ-Na2Si2O5partly transport to another ion exchangeable single layer silicate (kanemite) indicated the existence of cation exchange on δ-Na2Si2O5. Another evidence which δ-Na2Si2O5partly dissolve and react with Ca2+and Mg2+cations indicated the existence to form precipitation. The experimental data suggested that the divalent cation binding process of δ-Na2Si2O5belongs to a mixture process with divalent cations exchange with Na+cation and precipitation in form of insoluble amorphous solid.
Synthesis and Properties of Sugar-Based Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Shi J. , Li Q.-D. , Xia X.-C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of new gemini surfactants having hydrophilic glucosides were synthesized from glucose via two different synthesis roads, including N,N′-didodecyl-N,N′-bis-(1-glucosyl-2-hydroxyl-propyl)-p-phthaloyl amide [B(DG)PA], N,N′-didodecyl-N,N′-bis(1-glucosyl-2-hydroxyl-propyl)-2,5-dicarboxylate p-phthaloyl amide [B(DGC)PA], N,N′-didodecanoyl-N,N′-bis-(1-glucosyl-2-hydroxyl-propyl) ethylenediamine [B(DG)EA], and N,N′-didodecanoyl-N,N′-bis-(1-glucosyl-2-hydroxyl-propyl) hexanediamine [B(DG)HA]. The final products were characterized by IR and NMR spectral measurements and by interfacial tension measurements. The critical micellar concentrations (cmc) of these gemini surfactants were determined to be 2.49 × 10−6, 1.93 × 10−6, 2.47 × 10−6 and 1.66 × 10−6 mol L−1, respectively, which are about one order of magnitude lower than the corresponding monomeric surfactants (GHPDA). The results showed that these synthesized sugar-based gemini surfactants had high abilities to reduce the surface or oil-water interface tension. The high surface activity of these synthesized molecules was attributed to their unique structure where two optimally spaced hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic groups were present.
New Vesicle Gels in Household Applications
Authors: Müller F. , Peggau J. , Meyer J. , Scheuermann R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Stable dispersions of either gas bubbles or solid particles like abrasives become increasingly attractive for the home care market. The property to yield a stable dispersion is not necessarily linked to a high viscosity in general but requires a highly viscous, solid-like behaviour under rest as well as a liquid-like flow behaviour under shear. A gel comprising such a yield zone can be obtained by creating multi-lamellar vesicles with a rather stiff shell. Due to the repulsion forces of opposite electric charges the combination of suitable anionic and cationic surfactants yields vesicles that are inflexible enough to comprise a yield zone. Surfactants which are appropriate to yield suitable vesicle gels can be chosen according to their spatial dimensions since the geometry of the molecules determines their aggregation behaviour. With this, new formulation possibilities for bathroom cleaners or scouring liquids are available.
Sensitive Potentiometric Method for Determination of Micromolar Level of Polyethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants in Effluents
Authors: Sak-Bosnar M. , Madunic-Cacic D. , Matesic-Puac R. , Grabaric Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The Metrohm NIO surfactant electrode has been used as end-point indicator for potentiometric titration of low concentration level of polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants. This can be achieved by using of a diluted titrant concentration, thus reducing the amount of precipitate formed during titration and preventing the electrode deterioration. The solutions of low levels (down to 10−6 mol/L) of selected nonionic surfactants containing 5 to 23 EO groups were successfully titrated with diluted (as low as 10−4 mol/L) sodium tetraphenylborate as standard anionic titrant, increasing up to 20 times the sensitivity of the method. The low surfactant concentration has been determined in synthetic formulations of widely used detergent products and industrial waste waters. The titration end-point has been determined by applying extended Savitzky-Golay least-squares regression. The accuracy and precision has been evaluated by using the standard addition method. Relative standard deviation within results was between 3.4 and 12.8 % depending on the sample complexity and the surfactant concentration level.
Response Surface Methodology as an Approach to the Optimization of a Dishwashing Detergent
Authors: Zaïd T. Ahmed , Bensari L. , Benmaza K. , Chitour C. E. , Canselier J. P. , Pierlot C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the washing performance, viscosity, (cloud point) and turbidity of a model hand dishwashing (light duty) liquid detergent. Homogeneous mixtures of four ingredients represented typical formulations: an anionic surfactant (sodium linear alkylbenzenesulphonate, LAS, MW ∼350), a nonionic surfactant (C16 – C18 range ethoxylated alcohol with 11–12 EO), a 80/20 v/v glycerol/water mixture and an inorganic electrolyte (NaCl). The Statistica® software, and especially its (Design of Experiments) module, was used to model the above-mentioned properties (response functions) and to find out the best formulation with the help of the desirability profiler. RSM mainly helps to select regions of the experimental design where cloud point values are acceptable. Results show that, at high levels of anionic species, cloud point values are very sensitive to salt addition.
Formation of Multilamellar Vesicles in the Systems of Decyltrimethylammonium hydroxides/2-hydroxy 1-carboxy-naphthoate and Octyltrimethylammonium hydroxides/2-hydroxy 1-carboxy-naphthoate
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We have investigated the phase behavior and characterized the microstructure of the phases that result from mixing of alkyltrimethylammonium hydroxides CxTAOH (x = 10.8) with 2-hydroxy 1-carboxy-naphthoate. We compare the results of this work with the published one of alkyltrimethylammonium 2-hydroxy-1-carboxy-naphthoate (CxTA 2,1 HCN, x = 16.14 or 12) [2]. With increasing counter-ion surfactant ratio r we observed transition from the isotropic L1-phase to multilamellar vesicles (MLV) Lα-phase. The single phases are separated by a two phase L1/Lα region. The phases were characterized with FF-TEM, rheological and SANS measurements. For 100 mM solution of either C8TAOH/2,1 HNC or C10TAOH/2,1 HNC, both MLV phases behave like a weak gel and have a yield stress value. It is thus shown that it is possible to prepare viscoelastic surfactant solutions with a small yield stress value from single chain surfactants with decyl or octylchain.
Risk Analysis and Biocontamination Control – Hygiene Measures in Commercial Laundries
Authors: Heintz M. , Krämer J. , Vossebein L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The requirements for general and hygienic cleanliness are steadily increasing. Therefore the textiles used in food industry as well as in other hygienically demanding areas have to fulfil certain hygiene standards. The assurance of these microbiological quality is of increasing significance. National and international standards, guidelines as well as laws in some European countries ask for a professional reprocessing and advise clearly against washing the laundry in households.
In commercial laundries the implementation of EN 14065 (Laundry Processed Textiles – Risk Analysis and Biocontamination Control System) (RABC system) ensures a defined microbiological quality of processed textiles. EN 14065 is published as a European standard and offers a powerful technique to perform a risk analysis and with it achieve any constant microbiological quality of expedition textiles. However, it does not contain any microbiological limits.
This paper focuses on microbiological limits and hygiene instructions in laundry processes to fulfil the requirements of hygienically demanding areas such as food industry. Therefore hundreds of microbiological samples were taken at relevant process steps in nine laundries before and after installation of the RABC system. Samples were taken from wet and dry textiles, textile close surfaces and the interior of hands of the employees. Additionally water samples were analysed and the disinfection effect of washing procedures was investigated with biomonitors containing Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. The results show that the RABC system can constantly improve and guarantee the hygienic quality of the expedition textiles. Laundries with RABC system can easily fulfil the needs of hygienically demanding areas like food industry. Limit and/or orientation values for almost all relevant process steps as well as recommendations for sampling are set up.
Self-cleaning by Utilization of Photocatalytic Effects
Authors: Bettenbühl J. , Proft B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The addition of photoactive titanium dioxide to a coatings formulation leads to self-cleaning coatings. The activity can be tested using e. g. the methylene blue test. The photocatalytic effect impairs classical formulations under side reactions leading to yellowing, chalking and bleaching. Recent formulations overcome the side reactions to a good extend. The development of highly photoactive coatings showing a minimum of side reactions is still in progress.
A New Class of Labile Surfactants that Break Down to Non-surface Active Products upon Heating or after a Pre-set Time, without the Need for a pH Change
Authors: Andersson M. , Hillerström A. , Svensk A. , Younesi S. R. , Sjöström E. , Blute I. , Kjellin M. , Kizilng J. , Kronberg B. , Oldgren J. , Hansson A. , Sjöstrand S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new class of labile surfactants that break down at a controllable rate without the need for a change in pH will be presented. The invention has been patented by YKI Institute for Surface Chemistry, and is based on use of β-keto acids or their salts as surface-active compounds. These surfactants spontaneously break down through decarboxylation, to form an oil-like ketone and CO2/HCO3
−/CO3
2− depending on pH. The rate of breakdown can be controlled within a wide range by temperature or by certain additives, but, unlike most cleavable surfactants, a change in pH is not needed. Furthermore the surfactants can be conveniently activated from a stabile precursor just before use, and one (of many possible) precursors of this kind is already available on the industrial scale in the form of a well-known chemical that is FDA-approved in other, non-surfactant, applications. The compound in question, alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), is produced in large scale by a number of large chemical producers today, and used for hydrophobization of paper. The present article gives an overview of the surfactant chemistry, with focus on recent studies of the kinetics of activation of the surfactant precursor and breakdown kinetics of the labile surfactant at different conditions. Furthermore, possible industrial applications of the surfactant will be discussed, with one example taken from a recent feasibility study performed within the car washing area.