bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Structural and Spatiotemporal Factors on Fish Use of Artificial Habitat in a Texas Reservoir
Authors: Daugherty Daniel J. , Driscoll M. Todd , Ashe Daniel E. , Schlechte J. Warren 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We evaluated fish use of artificial habitat in relation to structure size and shape and the spatiotemporal factors of season, diel period, and reservoir region in Striker Reservoir, Texas. Recycled Christmas trees were used to construct three sizes of cluster- and linear-shaped structures; fish at each were sampled seasonally during the day and night with electrofishing. Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus comprised 57% of the fish collected; other centrarchids comprised an additional 33%. Overall fish assemblages at the habitat structures were not related to the factors we examined. However, species-specific analyses indicated that the percentage of structures occupied, catch per unit effort (CPUE), and mean size of Largemouth Bass and Bluegills were influenced by the factors we examined. Largemouth Bass exhibited a greater percent occupancy of the largest structures and a higher CPUE in small structures; the mean size (TL) of Largemouth Bass was lower in cluster-shaped structures at night. Bluegill percent occupancy and CPUE were significantly greater in cluster-shaped structures than in linear-shaped ones; however, larger individuals were more often found in linear-shaped structures. Spatiotemporal differences in percent occupancy, CPUE, and mean TL were apparent, with greater abundance of both species during summer and fall and larger mean TL of Largemouth Bass during spring. The percentage of structures occupied by Largemouth Bass was significantly higher in the lower reservoir; however, mean TL was higher among structures in the upper reservoir. The percentage of structures occupied by Bluegills, as well as CPUE, was greater in the lower reservoir. Our results suggest that both the size and shape of artificial habitats, as well as spatiotemporal factors, should be considered when planning habitat enhancement efforts.
Received September 4, 2013; accepted December 19, 2013
Effects of Dietary Protein and Fish Density on Performance and Production Economics of Golden Shiners in Pools
Authors: Lochmann R T , Phillips H , Weldon D , Stone N , Engle C 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We conducted an outdoor feeding trial with Golden Shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas using diets with 22% or 28% protein from different sources. The 28% protein diet with soybean (SOY) meal was the control, and the three other diets contained 22% protein mainly from SOY, corn gluten feed (CGF), or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The 22% protein SOY diet was also offered as a meal or pellet in separate treatments. Each of the five diets was fed to fish at two densities: 250,000 fish/ha (low density) or 750,000 fish/ha (high density). Fish with an initial weight of 0.25 ± 0.003 g (mean ± SE) were stocked into four 4.1-m3 pools per treatment and fed daily to apparent satiation for 9 weeks. Diet effects were assessed by measuring growth, survival, feed conversion, condition index, and body composition. An enterprise budget analysis was conducted to determine the economic effects of different treatments. Fish weight gain was higher at the low density regardless of diet. Weight gain was also higher in fish fed the diet with 28% protein than in those fed other diets at either density. Relative weight (Wr) was higher at the high density and in fish fed the SOY diets compared with those fed the CGF or DDGS diets. Survival was higher at the high density, and no diet effects were apparent. Gross yield was higher at the high density and in the 28% protein SOY control. Feed conversion ratio was better at the low density. Whole-body lipid was higher in fish at the low density. The most economically beneficial diet was the 28% protein SOY diet, but producers must consider feed choice in the context of their overall business model. The 22% protein diets were inadequate for rapid growth, but did not compromise survival, indicating a possible use for maintenance feeding when fish reach market size.
Effect of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of the Prawn Macrobrachium tenellum Cultured in a Cage-Pond System
Authors: López-Uriostegui Fermín , Ponce-Palafox Jesús T , Arredondo-Figueroa José L , Benítez-Mandujano Mario A , Gómez Manuel García-Ulloa , Vargasmachuca Sergio Castillo , Esparza-Leal Héctor M 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium tenellum, were reared at four stocking densities (6, 12, 18, and 24 prawns/m3), with three replicates each, in 12 bottom cages of 3 m3 capacity that were placed in a 1,422-m2 earthen pond. The growth, weight gain, production, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival of the prawns were determined. We stocked 540 juveniles that had an average weight of 1.57 ± 0.09 g (mean ± SE) for 180 d and fed them twice a day with commercial shrimp pellets containing 35% crude protein. Water quality variables were measured during the study. All of the growth and production parameters were affected by stocking density (P &lt; 0.05). The mean weight and SGR increased at low densities. The lowest mean weight (17.2 ± 2.0 g) was observed at the higher density (24 prawns/m3), although production increased at high densities and varied from 1,307.2 kg/ha at a density of 6 prawns/m3 to 2,013.3 kg/ha at a density of 24 prawns/m3. Survival varied from 79 ± 1% at a density of 6 prawns/m3 to 47.5 ± 0.6% at a density of 24 prawns/m3. The overall results suggested that stocking density affected the growth and survival of M. tenellum cultured in the cage-pond system. The initial stocking density represents a very important culture variable in terms of marketing for this freshwater prawn because at all tested densities the prawns reached their individual market size.
Methods and Accuracy of Sexing Sockeye Salmon Using Ultrasound for Captive Broodstock Management
Authors: Frost Deborah A , McAuley W Carlin , Kluver Bryon , Wastel Mike , Maynard Desmond , Flagg Thomas A 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Ultrasound has been widely used to noninvasively examine the internal anatomy and reproductive status of many fish species. Since 2003, ultrasonography has been an integral part of broodstock management for Endangered Species Act–listed endangered Redfish Lake Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Initial ultrasound screenings for each year's broodstock were conducted 3 to 4 months prior to anticipated maturation, before external signs of maturation developed. In keeping with the natural life history of these fish, this permitted the separation of nonmaturing fish from maturing fish so the immature fish could maintain feeding and growth. It also permitted maturing seawater-reared fish to be transferred to freshwater for final maturation. Designing a spawning matrix to maintain genetic diversity requires knowledge of the sex of each fish before spawning. Approximately 1 month prior to spawning, a second ultrasound was performed to verify sex identification and thus ensure the accuracy of the spawning matrix. Over a 9-year period, 2,662 fish were examined. The accuracy of sexing age-3 adult Sockeye Salmon ranged from 94.0% to 100%, with an average of 97.7%, while the accuracy of sexing age-4 adult fish ranged from 92.0% to 100%, with an average of 94.4%. The average accuracy was similar for fish examined in seawater or freshwater (98.1% versus 97.3%, respectively). Ultrasound was shown to be an accurate and effective tool for managing the husbandry of our captive broodstock life history.
The brain in micro‐ and hypergravity: The effects of changing gravity on the brain electrocortical activity
Authors: Marušič Uroš , Meeusen Romain , Pišot Rado , Kavcic Voyko 
Published: April 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of increased and decreased gravity on central nervous system is essential for developing proper physical and cognitive countermeasures to assure safe and effective space missions and human survival in space. This short review covers the available literature on the brain electrocortical activity effects of decreased and increased gravitational force comparing to the 1g Earth conditions. Among all neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron‐emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the electroencephalography (EEG) was found to be suitable method to monitor brain electrocortical activity in the extreme environments. Due to complexity and high cost of space flight missions, ground‐based models have been employed to simulate microgravity effects on human body. Surprisingly, there is very limited number of publications reporting gravity‐dependent EEG spectral changes. With increased gravity there are initially increased EEG activity in higher frequencies and at around 4g appears loss of consciousness with accompanying slowing of EEG due to hypoxia. In microgravity, the most prevalent changes in EEG are faster frequencies such as alpha and beta. The results from simulated microgravity (bed rest) are pointing to changes in theta and alpha, representing signs of cortical inhibition. The changes in EEG activity in space flight are attributed to a decreased sensorimotor input while in parabolic flights short and fast transitions from hyper to microgravity presumably reflect lower arousal levels and emotional processes in microgravity. Thus, based on limited research about gravity‐related changes in EEG from different environments it is difficult to draw any unequivocal conclusions. Additional systematic studies about electrocortical activity in space and parabolic flights, as well as longer bed rest studies are needed in order to advance knowledge about brain functioning in extreme conditions such as space flights.
Computed Tomography Correlates with Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamics in Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Linguraru Marius George , Pura John A. , Gladwin Mark T. , Koroulakis Antony I. , Minniti Caterina , Machado Roberto F. , Kato Gregory J. , Wood Bradford J. 
Published: April 2014

Our objective was to determine whether computed tomography angiography (CTA) measurements of pulmonary artery size can noninvasively assess hemodynamics and diagnose pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to sickle cell disease (SCD). Twenty SCD patients with confirmed PH were compared with 20 matched controls. Diameters of the pulmonary artery trunk and branches were measured with CTA and a semiautomatic segmentation algorithm. Measurements were normalized by body size and correlated (Spearman rank) with hemodynamic markers from right‐heart catheterization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to investigate the role of pulmonary artery sizes in diagnosing PH. Analysis of pulmonary artery sizes adjusted for body surface area (BSA) resulted in the most significant discrimination between subjects with PH secondary to SCD and controls (P < 0.001); PH was diagnosed accurately with an area under the ROC curve of 0.99. There was significant correlation between pulmonary artery sizes and body mass index (BMI) and BSA only in controls (r = 0.46–0.68, P < 0.04 for all). The most significant correlations with hemodynamic markers were found between BMI‐adjusted pulmonary artery sizes and high systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, high pulmonary vascular resistance, high systemic vascular resistance, and low cardiac output (r = 0.47, 0.62, 0.61, and 0.66, respectively; P < 0.04 for all). BMI‐adjusted CTA measures of the pulmonary artery relate to high pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced cardiac output in patients with SCD and PH. CTA with quantitative image analysis is a powerful noninvasive diagnostic tool for PH in SCD and shows promise as estimator of hemodynamic markers.
R PheWAS: data analysis and plotting tools for phenome-wide association studies in the R environment
Authors: Carroll Robert J. , Bastarache Lisa , Denny Joshua C. 
Published: April 2014

Summary: Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) have been used to replicate known genetic associations and discover new phenotype associations for genetic variants. This PheWAS implementation allows users to translate ICD-9 codes to PheWAS case and control groups, perform analyses using these and/or other phenotypes with covariate adjustments and plot the results. We demonstrate the methods by replicating a PheWAS on rs3135388 (near HLA-DRB, associated with multiple sclerosis) and performing a novel PheWAS using an individual’s maximum white blood cell count (WBC) as a continuous measure. Our results for rs3135388 replicate known associations with more significant results than the original study on the same dataset. Our PheWAS of WBC found expected results, including associations with infections, myeloproliferative diseases and associated conditions, such as anemia. These results demonstrate the performance of the improved classification scheme and the flexibility of PheWAS encapsulated in this package.
Availability and implementation: This R package is freely available under the Gnu Public License (GPL-3) from http://phewascatalog.org. It is implemented in native R and is platform independent.
Contact: phewas@vanderbilt.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Distinct Copy Number, Coding Sequence, and Locus Methylation Patterns UnderlieRhg1-Mediated Soybean Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode
Authors: Cook David E. , Bayless Adam M. , Wang Kai , Guo Xiaoli , Song Qijian , Jiang Jiming , Bent Andrew F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCopy number variation of kilobase-scale genomic DNA segments, beyond presence/absence polymorphisms, can be an important driver of adaptive traits. Resistance to Heterodera glycines (Rhg1) is a widely utilized quantitative trait locus that makes the strongest known contribution to resistance against soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, the most damaging pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). Rhg1 was recently discovered to be a complex locus at which resistance-conferring haplotypes carry up to 10 tandem repeat copies of a 31-kb DNA segment, and three disparate genes present on each repeat contribute to SCN resistance. Here, we use whole-genome sequencing, fiber-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), and other methods to discover the genetic variation at Rhg1 across 41 diverse soybean accessions. Based on copy number variation, transcript abundance, nucleic acid polymorphisms, and differentially methylated DNA regions, we find that SCN resistance is associated with multicopy Rhg1 haplotypes that form two distinct groups. The tested high-copy-number Rhg1 accessions, including plant introduction (PI) 88788, contain a flexible number of copies (seven to 10) of the 31-kb Rhg1 repeat. The identified low-copy-number Rhg1 group, including PI 548402 (Peking) and PI 437654, contains three copies of the Rhg1 repeat and a newly identified allele of Glyma18g02590 (a predicted α-SNAP [α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein]). There is strong evidence for a shared origin of the two resistance-conferring multicopy Rhg1 groups and subsequent independent evolution. Differentially methylated DNA regions also were identified within Rhg1 that correlate with SCN resistance. These data provide insights into copy number variation of multigene segments, using as the example a disease resistance trait of high economic importance.
Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Nitric Oxide Production Contributes to Hydrogen-Promoted Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xie Yanjie , Mao Yu , Zhang Wei , Lai Diwen , Wang Qingya , Shen Wenbiao 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The signaling role of hydrogen gas (H2) has attracted increasing attention from animals to plants. However, the physiological significance and molecular mechanism of H2 in drought tolerance are still largely unexplored. In this article, we report that abscisic acid (ABA) induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by triggering intracellular signaling events involving H2, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and the guard cell outward-rectifying K+ channel (GORK). ABA elicited a rapid and sustained H2 release and production in Arabidopsis. Exogenous hydrogen-rich water (HRW) effectively led to an increase of intracellular H2 production, a reduction in the stomatal aperture, and enhanced drought tolerance. Subsequent results revealed that HRW stimulated significant inductions of NO and ROS synthesis associated with stomatal closure in the wild type, which were individually abolished in the nitric reductase mutant nitrate reductase1/2 (nia1/2) or the NADPH oxidase-deficient mutant rbohF (for respiratory burst oxidase homolog). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the HRW-promoted NO generation is dependent on ROS production. The rbohF mutant had impaired NO synthesis and stomatal closure in response to HRW, while these changes were rescued by exogenous application of NO. In addition, both HRW and hydrogen peroxide failed to induce NO production or stomatal closure in the nia1/2 mutant, while HRW-promoted ROS accumulation was not impaired. In the GORK-null mutant, stomatal closure induced by ABA, HRW, NO, or hydrogen peroxide was partially suppressed. Together, these results define a main branch of H2-regulated stomatal movement involved in the ABA signaling cascade in which RbohF-dependent ROS and nitric reductase-associated NO production, and subsequent GORK activation, were causally involved.
Corporate personality: the Achilles' heel of executive remuneration policy
Authors: Nyombi Chrispas 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the role corporate personality has played in the battle between executive remuneration and fairness, which is linked to rewarding performance. This paper also aims to explore some of the policy measures taken by the UK Government to curb excessive remuneration especially in the banking sector.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper employs an analytical approach. An analytical approach relies on the collection of new information upon which to base any conclusions. The research supports the arguments being made in the paper.

Findings
– The paper shows how the ruling in Salomon, over a century ago, that cemented corporate personality and limited liability in the UK, is hampering many of the measures aimed at rewarding performance and promoting fairness in relation to executive remuneration.

Originality/value
– Limited research has been done on executive remuneration. Since executive pay has recently hit the media agenda, this paper purports to tackle a current and ongoing issue.
Negligent retention of counterproductive employees
Authors: R. Self Dennis , B. Self Terry 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to encourage organizations to recognize the potential risks of retaining counterproductive employees on their payrolls and the steps they should take to prevent and/or correct the situation should it exist within their organizations.

Design/methodology/approach
– Literature examining a broader definition of the negligent retention doctrine, which includes employees who lack the qualifications for the positions they hold, those who are nonperformers, and/or those who exhibit toxic behaviours, and the consequences for retaining these counterproductive employees on the payroll. By using a multilayered approach, the article discusses the efforts organizations can use to identify potentially counterproductive employee behaviour and the steps the organizations should take to provide appropriate developmental strategies/programs to assist counterproductive employees, as well as, provide appropriate disciplinary action, as the situation dictates.

Findings
– The review highlights the potential financial drain and performance threats counterproductive employees create for organizations; offers explanations as to why counterproductive employees are often allowed to stay on the payroll; and provides suggestions for preventing the selection of counterproductive employees, for providing appropriate developmental.

Practical implications
– The article offers practical insights and suggestions to organizations that are interested in upholding their fiduciary responsibility to their stakeholders, while providing counterproductive employees opportunity to improve their performance/behaviours or to exit the organization.

Originality/value
– The article expands the definition of the negligent retention doctrine to include the often-ignored financial and emotional dangers of retaining unfit or counterproductive employees on the payroll.
Intertemporal changes in the antecedents of migration in 1990-2000 period
Authors: Seong Ow Chee , Hamid Baharom Abdul , Shah Habibullah Muzafar 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of paper is to investigate and determine the intertemporal changes in linkages between migration (both emigration and immigration) and economic conditions in during 1990-2000 period.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper employed cross-sectional analysis to investigate the relationship by employing data on immigration and emigration and as for economic condition the paper employed macro-variables such as real income differential (real gross domestic per capita), price level differential (consumer price index) and distance among the countries. Two different points of time were regressed cross-sectionally, with White standard being employed to remove traces of heterogeneity, albeit, 1990 and 2000.

Findings
– Results clearly indicate that there are significant changes in terms of the relationship of chosen variables with migration over time. The results provide some evidence on the important role played by these variables in influencing migration throughout the period in question.

Research limitations/implications
– Data covered is limited to 24 countries. The results from these countries alone are not sufficient to address the full impact of migration.

Originality/value
– The study covers the traditional topic of migration with an econometric approach, with some empirical regression and findings.
Economic risk analysis of alternative farming systems for smallholder farmers in central and north-east Thailand
Authors: Aditto Satit , Gan Christopher , Nartea Gilbert 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate farmers’ risk aversion using the equally likely certainty equivalent approach and the negative exponential utility function to identify risk preference classification.Design/methodology/approach– Stochastic efficiency with respect to a function is applied to determine the risk efficient farming systems for the farmers in central and north-east regions of Thailand.Findings– The study results showed that maize followed by sorghum is the most risk efficient farming system for the extremely risk averse rain-fed farmers in the central region of Thailand. Intensive planting of wet rice and dry rice cultivation is preferred by the extremely risk averse central region irrigated farmers. Wet rice and cassava together with raising small herd of cattle is the most economically viable farming system for the extremely risk averse rain-fed farmers in the north-east region, while two rice crops with raising cattle is preferred by the extremely risk averse north-east irrigated farmers of Thailand.Originality/value– The findings of this study provide useful information to reinforce the empirical basis for risk analysis for Thai farmers. The results will provide more accurate information regarding risk at the farm level to policy makers and researchers.