bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Number Processing and Calculation is Not Your Cup of Tea
Authors: Noël Marie-Pascale 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This section of this volume deals with the study of numerical impairment occurring either after brain damage (i.e., acquired acalculia) or during development without any known brain damage (i.e., dyscalculia). The chapters in this section will report the research aiming at characterizing those difficulties. The study of atypical number processing and calculation in acalculia has contributed importantly to the understanding of how our brain is structured to process number and to calculate. The study of dyscalculia has shed light on the numerical bases for arithmetic learning. This research has also helped us in determining how other cognitive functions such as working memory, visuospatial processing, or phonological awareness have an impact on numerical cognition. These relations between different cognitive domains could partly explain the co-morbidities that are often observed in developmental disorders. Finally, this section also reviews the few attempts that have been made to enhance those numerical capacities.
Dislocations and Information Structure
Authors: López Luis 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDislocations are constituents in the periphery of the clause—or, depending on the analysis, outside the structure of the clause proper. In the canonical cases, they are doubled by a functional bundle and they are separated from the core clause by an intonational phrase boundary. In many languages we find that dislocations come in two classes: a class of dislocations that are syntactically linked to a position in the core structure (D-type) and a second class of dislocations that are connected only in the process of interpretation (H-type). This grammatical distinction maps onto a difference in the information structure properties: D-type dislocations are given, H-type dislocations signal topic promotion. Some languages seem to have only H-type dislocations, which take over the functions of both D-type and H-type dislocations.
Nuclear Stress and Information Structure
Authors: Zubizarreta Maria Luisa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses and evaluates different approaches to the nuclear stress (NS) algorithm in light of the variability in stress pattern observed for certain constructions in German and English in wide focus contexts (‘unmarked’ stress patterns), in opposition to the rigid (right-most) nature of NS in Spanish/Italian. The chapter also briefly discusses the case of nuclear stress in narrow focus contexts (‘marked’ stress patterns), and points to recent research that suggests that ‘unmarked’ and ‘marked’ stress patterns originate through distinct mechanisms.
Information Structure in First Language Acquisition
Authors: Höhle Barbara , Berger Frauke , Sauermann Antje 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSo far, research on the acquisition of information structure (IS) is still relatively sparse compared to other areas of first language acquisition research. A growing interest in this area has emerged with an increasing number of results indicating an asymmetry of an early production but late comprehension of linguistic means related to IS—which contrasts common findings in other areas of acquisition with comprehension skills typically being in advance to production skills and thus provides a challenge for theories of language acquisition. This chapter will give a review on recent findings on the acquisition of linguistic means to mark IS in first language acquisition focusing on studies looking at the production and comprehension of accentuation and word order. A further part will look at children’s production and comprehension of sentences with focus particles.
Second Occurrence Focus
Authors: Baumann Stefan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA ‘Second Occurrence Focus’ (SOF) is the semantic focus of a focus sensitive operator (like only) which is contextually given. SOF has been claimed to be phonologically unmarked, which poses a problem for association with focus theories assuming a direct relation between focus and pitch accent. This chapter discusses the main semantic-pragmatic accounts of the SOF challenge but also empirical investigations which found that SOF actually is marked by secondary (i.e. non-nuclear) prosodic prominence, providing evidence in favour of association with focus theories. A similar prosodic pattern could be found in semantically and prosodically comparable structures such as cases of implicational bridging. Finally, an outlook on a possible unified approach of the phonological representation of second occurrence expressions is presented which is based on metrical stress.
Vestibular Disorders following Concussion
Authors: Schneider Kathryn J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Individuals with persistent symptoms following a sport-related concussion sometimes report dizziness and/or vertigo. These symptoms may occur secondary to vestibular dysfunction. A variety of vestibular conditions have been reported following head trauma and may result in persistent dizziness. Vestibular rehabilitation has demonstrated functional and symptomatic improvements in a variety of vestibular disorders and may be of benefit in individuals with persistent symptoms of dizziness following sport-related concussion. In the case of ongoing dizziness, further assessment to delineate the cause of the dizziness may reveal vestibular involvement. In this case, vestibular rehabilitation may be of benefit.
How the Media Got Secularism—With a Little Help from the New Atheists
Authors: Cimino Richard P. , Smith Christopher 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article examines the increased coverage of atheism by newspapers, especially elite newspapers such as the New York Times and the Washington Post. It also looks at the role of the culture wars and church–state controversies in the coverage of atheism by analyzing the reporting and themes found in more conservative media coverage. The role played by the Internet in the atheist movement and its relationship with the mainstream press are discussed, along with the competition and cooperation between the print and electronic media in creating a public image for atheism. Textual analysis of the Times’ coverage of atheism in the 1960s and the 2000s and of the Washington Post from 1989 to 2013 reveals several trends in the media treatment of atheism. Finally, the article considers the atheists’ use of social media to create an alternative ethos and discourse by studying secularist websites, blogs, and YouTube sites.
Large‐scale solidarity? Effects of welfare state institutions on the admission of forced migrants
Authors: Boräng Frida 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe variation among countries when it comes to the admittance of forced migrants – refugees and asylum seekers – is substantial. This article explains part of this variation by developing and testing an institutional explanation to the admission of forced migrants; more precisely, it investigates the impact of domestic welfare state institutions on admission. Building on comparative welfare state research, it is hypothesised that comprehensive welfare state institutions will have a positive effect on the admission of forced migrants to a country. There are three features of comprehensive welfare state institutions that could steer policies towards forced migrants in a more open direction. First, these institutions have been shown to impact on the boundaries of social solidarity. Second, they enhance generalised trust. And third, they can impact on the citizens’ view of what the state should and can do in terms of protecting individuals. The argument is tested using a broad comparative dataset of patterns of forced migration, covering 17 OECD countries between 1980 and 2003. This analysis shows that comprehensive welfare state institutions have a significant positive effect on the admission of forced migrants, under control for a number of factors often highlighted in migration research.
Breast conservation treatment for multifocal and multicentric breast cancers in women with small‐volume breast tissue
Authors: Tan Mona P. , Sitoh Nadya Y. , Sim Amanda S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundBreast conservation treatment (BCT) is an established option in the treatment of early breast cancer, but women with small breast volume (SVB) are considered poor candidates for BCT. Multifocal and multicentric breast cancers (MFMCBC) are conventionally considered a relative contraindication to BCT. These arguments form the basis of limited eligibility for BCT for a woman with SVB and MFMCBC. This study was performed to investigate this syllogism.MethodsConsecutive patients with breast malignancies treated from 2009 to 2011 were included. Patients were deemed to have successful BCT if they had pathologically clear margins and had completed all recommended adjuvant treatment. Those who had MFMCBC based on clinical, imaging and pathological data were selected for detailed evaluation. Comparisons were made with unifocal breast cancer.ResultsData from a total of 160 patients who underwent treatment during the study period were analysed. The mean age was 48.8 years. One hundred and six patients (66.3%) were of Chinese ethnicity, 36 (22.5%) were of other Asian ethnicity and 18 were Caucasian (11.2%). Forty‐one (25.6%) patients had clinical evidence of MFMCBC. Of these patients, 35 (85.4%) underwent BCT. After a mean follow‐up of 45 months, none of the patients with MFMCBC developed a local recurrence. Two patients with MFMCBC, one who underwent mastectomy and one with BCT, succumbed to cancer from distant disease.ConclusionBCT is feasible in women with MFMCBC in a predominantly Chinese community where majority are expected to have SVB. Further investigation is warranted to confirm the findings.
A dynamic‐efficiency rationale for public investment in the health of the young
Authors: Andersen Torben M. , Bhattacharya Joydeep 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this paper we assume away standard distributional and static‐efficiency arguments for public health and instead seek a dynamic efficiency rationale. We study a lifecycle model wherein young agents make health investments to reduce mortality risk. We identify a welfare rationale for public health under dynamic efficiency and exogenous mortality even when private and public investments are perfect substitutes. If health investment reduces mortality risk but individuals do not internalize its effect on the life‐annuity interest rate, the “Philipson‐Becker effect” emerges; when the young are net borrowers, this works together with dynamic efficiency to support a role for public health.
Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells inversely correlate with plasma arginine and overall survival in critically ill patients
Authors: Gey A , Tadie J-M , Caumont-Prim A , Hauw-Berlemont C , Cynober L , Fagon J-Y , Terme M , Diehl J-L , Delclaux C , Tartour E 
Published: December 2014

SummaryCritically ill patients display a state of immunosuppression that has been attributed in part to decreased plasma arginine concentrations. However, we and other authors have failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit of L-arginine supplementation. We hypothesize that, in these critically ill patients, these low plasma arginine levels may be secondary to the presence of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (gMDSC), which express arginase known to convert arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline. Indeed, in a series of 28 non-surgical critically ill patients, we showed a dramatic increase in gMDSC compared to healthy subjects (P = 0·0002). A significant inverse correlation was observed between arginine levels and gMDSC (P = 0·01). As expected, gMDSC expressed arginase preferentially in these patients. Patients with high gMDSC levels on admission to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) presented an increased risk of death at day 7 after admission (P = 0·02). In contrast, neither plasma arginine levels, monocytic MDSC levels nor neutrophil levels were associated with overall survival at day 7. No relationship was found between body mass index (BMI) or simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score or gMDSC levels, eliminating a possible bias concerning the direct prognostic role of these cells. As gMDSC exert their immunosuppressive activity via multiple mechanisms [production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-10, arginase, etc.], it may be more relevant to target these cells, rather than simply supplementing with L-arginine to improve immunosuppression and its clinical consequences observed in critically ill patients.
Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Rapid Enhancement of Cortical Excitability in Juvenile Rats
Authors: Nichols Joshua , Perez Roxy , Wu Chen , Adelson P. David , Anderson Trent 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAimsFollowing a traumatic brain injury (TBI), 5–50% of patients will develop posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) with children being particularly susceptible. Currently, PTE cannot be prevented and there is limited understanding of the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms. We hypothesize that early after TBI the brain undergoes distinct cellular and synaptic reorganization that facilitates cortical excitability and promotes the development of epilepsy.MethodsTo examine the effect of pediatric TBI on cortical excitability, we performed controlled cortical impact (CCI) on juvenile rats (postnatal day 17). Following CCI, animals were monitored for the presence of epileptiform activity by continuous in vivo electroencephalography (EEG) and/or sacrificed for in vitro whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings.ResultsFollowing a short latent period, all animals subjected to CCI developed spontaneous recurrent epileptiform activity within 14 days. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of layer V pyramidal neurons showed no changes in intrinsic excitability or spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) properties. However, the decay of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) was significantly increased. In addition, CCI induced over a 300% increase in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic bursting. Synaptic bursting was prevented by blockade of Na+‐dependent action potentials or select antagonism of glutamate or GABA‐A receptors, respectively.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that CCI in juvenile rats rapidly induces epileptiform activity and enhanced cortical synaptic bursting. Detection of epileptiform activity early after injury suggests it may be an important pathophysiological component and potential indicator of developing PTE.
Tracking a century of change in trophic structure and dynamics in a floodplain wetland: integrating palaeoecological and palaeoisotopic evidence
Authors: Kattel Giri , Gell Peter , Perga Marie‐Elodie , Jeppesen Erik , Grundell Rosie , Weller Sandra , Zawadzki Atun , Barry Linda 
Published: December 2014

Summary

The palaeoecological assessment, and the use of stable isotopes of carbon in subfossils of herbivores and omnivores, represents a novel approach to understand transitions in past food‐web structure and the dynamics of lake ecosystems in response to natural perturbations and human impacts. Combined with records of subfossil assemblages of cladocerans and chironomids, it may be possible to decipher whether changes are attributable to external forces or internally derived system shifts.

A sediment record taken from the shallow (2.3 m depth) Kings Billabong in the River Murray floodplain (Australia) was analysed to explore changes in trophic dynamics over the past century.

The palaeoecological assessment revealed that littoral assemblages of cladocerans and benthic diatoms were gradually replaced by planktonic (planktonic and facultative planktonic) assemblages after river regulation in the 1920s.

The stable isotopic composition of carbon (δ13C), derived from chironomid head capsules, was relatively constant down‐core, ranging between −26.1‰ and −24.0‰, and coincided largely with the δ13C of bulk sediment samples (−25.6‰ to −22.0‰). The δ13C values of pelagic (Daphnia) and ubiquitous (Bosmina, Alona) cladocerans, however, varied markedly, with that for Daphnia between −29.8‰ (10–20 cm) and −23.2‰ (60–70 cm), and for ubiquitous cladocerans, between −29.4‰ (20–30 cm) and −24.5‰ (80–70 cm).

The temporal changes in the δ13C values of cladocerans also suggest a gradual transition from a macrophyte‐dominated state to a phytoplankton‐dominated state after river regulation and further indicate changes in the horizontal migration behaviour of Daphnia depending on macrophyte abundance and predation risk.

Our study demonstrates the potential of reconstructing, more precisely, the trophic dynamics of large river floodplain lakes and their ecological resilience by combining subfossil analyses with stable isotope analyses of selected subfossil groups.
Consensus guidelines for optimising antifungal drug delivery and monitoring to avoid toxicity and improve outcomes in patients with haematological malignancy, 2014
Authors: Chau M. M. , Kong D. C. M. , van Hal S. J. , Urbancic K. , Trubiano J. A. , Cassumbhoy M. , Wilkes J. , Cooper C. M. , Roberts J. A. , Marriott D. J. E. , Worth L. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAntifungal agents may be associated with significant toxicity or drug interactions leading to sub‐therapeutic antifungal drug concentrations and poorer clinical outcomes for patients with haematological malignancy. These risks may be minimised by clinical assessment, laboratory monitoring, avoidance of particular drug combinations and dose modification. Specific measures, such as the optimal timing of oral drug administration in relation to meals, use of pre‐hydration and electrolyte supplementation may also be required. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungal agents is warranted, especially where non‐compliance, non‐linear pharmacokinetics, inadequate absorption, a narrow therapeutic window, suspected drug interaction or unexpected toxicity are encountered. Recommended indications for voriconazole and posaconazole TDM in the clinical management of haematology patients are provided. With emerging knowledge regarding the impact of pharmacogenomics upon metabolism of azole agents (particularly voriconazole), potential applications of pharmacogenomic evaluation to clinical practice are proposed.
Stop talking and type: comparing virtual and face‐to‐face mentoring in an epistemic game
Authors: Bagley E.A. , Shaffer D.W. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractResearch has shown that computer games and other virtual environments can support significant learning gains because they allow young people to explore complex concepts in simulated form. However, in complex problem‐solving domains, complex thinking is learned not only by taking action, but also with the aid of mentors who provide guidance in the form of questions, instructions, advice, feedback and encouragement. In this study, we examine one context of such mentoring to understand the impact of replacing face‐to‐face interactions between mentors and students with virtual, chat‐based interactions. We use pre‐ and post‐measures of learning and a post‐measure of engagement, as well as epistemic network analysis (ENA), a novel quantitative method, to examine student and mentor discourse. Our results suggest that mentoring via online chat can be as effective as mentoring face‐to‐face in appropriately structured contexts more generally – and that ENA may be a useful tool for assessing student and mentor discourse in the context of learning interactions.
YM155 induces apoptosis through downregulation of specificity protein 1 and myeloid cell leukemia‐1 in human oral cancer cell lines
Authors: Sachita Khadka , Yu Hyun‐Ju , Yun Jun‐Won , Lee Jeong‐Sang , Cho Sung‐Dae 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundYM155 is a small‐molecule pro‐apoptotic agent which has shown to inhibit survivin expression and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the function and molecular mechanism of YM155 in human oral cancer cells.MethodsThe apoptotic effects and related signaling pathways of YM155 were evaluated using trypan blue exclusion assay, 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole staining, Western blotting, RT‐PCR, and siRNA.ResultsYM155 inhibited the growth and caused caspase‐dependent apoptosis in MC3 and HN22 cells. YM155 significantly suppressed the level of survivin protein expression through proteasome‐dependent protein degradation to confirm its survivin‐inhibiting function. YM155 reduced myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1) protein, but it did not alter Mcl‐1 mRNA. It was associated with the facilitation of lysosome‐dependent protein degradation. The modifications of Mcl‐1 and survivin by YM155 were caspase‐independent manner. Treatment of MC‐3 and HN22 cells with YM155 inhibited specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and the knockdown of Sp1 by siRNA demonstrated that Mcl‐1 was regulated by Sp1 protein.ConclusionsWe demonstrated the novel mechanism that YM155 causes apoptosis of human oral cancer cell lines through downregulation of Sp1 and Mcl‐1. Therefore, it may be a potential anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.
Growth performance and physiological parameters of conventional and specified pathogen‐free rats fed autoclaved diets with different protein sources
Authors: Barszcz M. , Paradziej‐Łukowicz J. , Taciak M. , Tuśnio A. , Staśkiewicz Ł. , Muszyńska‐Furas B. , Lewandowska A. , Pastuszewska B. , Skomiał J. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe effects of feeding autoclaved commercialSSNIFF(SN) diet and diets containing soya bean (S) and casein (C) to growing conventional (CON) and specified pathogen‐free (SPF) rats were determined. Diets S, C andSN, autoclaved at 121 °C during 20 min (T1), at 134 °C during 10 min (T2) and non‐autoclaved (T0), were fed during four weeks, each to 8CONmales and 8 females of mean initial body weight 56 g, kept individually. Diets S, C andSN, autoclaved at T1, were fed during two months, each to 20 SPF males and 20 females of mean initial body weight 58 g, kept in group of 5 animals per cage. InCONrats, autoclaving did not affect feed intake and weight gain, decreased thyroid and stomach weight, increased caecal tissue and digesta weight, and concentrations of isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric acid in caecal digesta. Among biochemical blood parameters, autoclaving decreased only total protein concentration and aspartate aminotransferase activity. Feeding C diet resulted in lower feed intake and weight gain inCONandSPFmales. Diet affected organ weights and the greatest differences were found in rats onSNdiet for weights of stomach, caecum and female reproductive organs. Diet affected concentration of all short‐chain fatty acids, pH and weight of caecal digesta, the most important being the greatest butyric acid concentration onSNdiet and isoacids on C diet. It is concluded that autoclaving of both soya‐containing and soya‐free diets does not affect negatively animal performance and physiology.