bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of IL-1β Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Involves p38 Kinase and Activating Transcription Factor-2 Activation
Authors: Al-Sadi Rana , Guo Shuhong , Ye Dongmei , Dokladny Karol , Alhmoud Tarik , Ereifej Lisa , Said Hamid M. , Ma Thomas Y. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The defective intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier has been postulated to be an important pathogenic factor contributing to intestinal inflammation. It has been shown that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β causes an increase in intestinal permeability; however, the signaling pathways and the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the p38 kinase pathway and the molecular processes involved. In these studies, the in vitro intestinal epithelial model system (Caco-2 monolayers) was used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms, and a complementary in vivo mouse model system (intestinal perfusion) was used to assess the in vivo relevance of the in vitro findings. Our data indicated that the IL-1β increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability correlated with an activation of p38 kinase. The activation of p38 kinase caused phosphorylation and activation of p38 kinase substrate, activating transcription factor (ATF)-2. The activated ATF-2 translocated to the nucleus where it attached to its binding motif on the myosin L chain kinase (MLCK) promoter region, leading to the activation of MLCK promoter activity and gene transcription. Small interfering RNA induced silencing of ATF-2, or mutation of the ATF-2 binding motif prevented the activation of MLCK promoter and MLCK mRNA transcription. Additionally, in vivo intestinal perfusion studies also indicated that the IL-1β increase in mouse intestinal permeability required p38 kinase–dependent activation of ATF-2. In conclusion, these studies show that the IL-1β–induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability in vitro and in vivo was regulated by p38 kinase activation of ATF-2 and by ATF-2 regulation of MLCK gene activity.
Markers of Nonselective and Specific NK Cell Activation
Authors: Fogel Leslie A. , Sun Michel M. , Geurs Theresa L. , Carayannopoulos Leonidas N. , French Anthony R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
NK cell activation is controlled by the integration of signals from cytokine receptors and germline–encoded activation and inhibitory receptors. NK cells undergo two distinct phases of activation during murine CMV (MCMV) infection: a nonselective phase mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and a specific phase driven by signaling through Ly49H, an NK cell activation receptor that recognizes infected cells. We sought to delineate cell surface markers that could distinguish NK cells that had been activated nonselectively from those that had been specifically activated through NK cell receptors. We demonstrated that stem cell Ag 1 (Sca-1) is highly upregulated during viral infections (to an even greater extent than CD69) and serves as a novel marker of early, nonselective NK cell activation. Indeed, a greater proportion of Sca-1+ NK cells produced IFN-γ compared with Sca-1− NK cells during MCMV infection. In contrast to the universal upregulation of Sca-1 (as well as KLRG1) on NK cells early during MCMV infection, differential expression of Sca-1, as well as CD27 and KLRG1, was observed on Ly49H+ and Ly49H− NK cells late during MCMV infection. Persistently elevated levels of KLRG1 in the context of downregulation of Sca-1 and CD27 were observed on NK cells that expressed Ly49H. Furthermore, the differential expression patterns of these cell surface markers were dependent on Ly49H recognition of its ligand and did not occur solely as a result of cellular proliferation. These findings demonstrate that a combination of Sca-1, CD27, and KLRG1 can distinguish NK cells nonselectively activated by cytokines from those specifically stimulated through activation receptors.
Nietzsche's Schadenfreude
Authors: Ure Michael 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent scholarship shows that in the late 1870s and early 1880s Nietzsche attempted to make contemporary naturalism, especially various strands of evolutionary biology, the basis of a new method of historical inquiry and a new style of moral criticism and experimentation. This scholarship demonstrates that nineteenth-century evolutionary thought was crucial to Nietzsche's formulation of his moral and political project. In this article I claim that Nietzsche did not simply draw on and apply contemporary naturalistic theories. Rather I argue that he attempted to refract the ancient model of philosophy and its “spiritual exercises” through the new evolutionary paradigm. In particular, this article argues that Nietzsche tried to hinge one particular ancient spiritual exercise—the “view from above”—to the new evolutionary naturalisms. Nietzsche, I suggest, recast this spiritual exercise in terms of Darwinian evolution. Nietzsche's anchoring of the classical model of philosophy in contemporary naturalisms underpins and explains his claims that joy is the key “philosophical” emotion. By ascending to the Darwinian view from above, as we might call it, Nietzsche suggests that the “joyful” scientist experiences Schadenfreude—he can delight in rather than lament human misfortune and suffering. Nietzsche's fröhliche Wissenschaft derives from and expresses Schadenfreude. I argue that despite his attempt to found his philosophy on the new strands of Darwinian naturalism Nietzsche's own ethical orientation fatally compromises his naturalism.
Disgust, Purity, and a Longing for Companionship: Dialectics of Affect in Nietzsche's Imagined Community
Authors: Faulkner Joanne 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
In his writings, Nietzsche often figured his relationship to his contemporaries using corporeal imagery evocative of disgust. For instance, in On the Genealogy of Morality Nietzsche declares himself (and a hypothetical “we”) to suffer from mankind—which he then proceeds to describe as “maggot”- or wormlike. Nietzsche's philosophical project can be interpreted as a visceral protest against, and attempt to overcome (“digest”), humanity. This article argues that Nietzsche attempted through his writings to create a future community of like-constituted companions in his readers through a transmission of affect and education in taste. This would-be “community” is premised on a curious affective dialectic that seeks to transform disgust for humanity into a pure movement of self-creation. I examine the sociopolitical effects of this dialectic of disgust alongside Nietzsche's co-option of images of purity, in order to evaluate his response to modern nihilism.
Nietzsche, Tristan, and the Rehabilitation of Erotic Distance
Authors: Kuzma Joseph D. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
Though Nietzsche's lifelong fascination with Wagner's Tristan and Isolde is well documented, its impact upon the developmental trajectory of his philosophy and in particular, his thinking on the nature of eroticism remains far from obvious. This article examines the previously unheralded influence of Wagner's opera on Nietzsche's various attempts, throughout the 1880s, at forging an alternative conception of erotic desire—a conception no longer subordinated to the pursuit for fusional reconciliation but rather linked to the eternal return and the unconditional affirmation of distance itself.
Rapid Generation of Functional Dopaminergic Neurons From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Through a Single-Step Procedure Using Cell Lineage Transcription Factors
Authors: Theka Ilda , Caiazzo Massimiliano , Dvoretskova Elena , Leo Damiana , Ungaro Federica , Curreli Sebastiano , Managò Francesca , Dell'Anno Maria Teresa , Pezzoli Gianni , Gainetdinov Raul R. , Dityatev Alexander , Broccoli Vania 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Current protocols for in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate dopamine (DA) neurons are laborious and time-expensive. In order to accelerate the overall process, we have established a fast protocol by expressing the developmental transcription factors ASCL1, NURR1, and LMX1A. With this method, we were able to generate mature and functional dopaminergic neurons in as few as 21 days, skipping all the intermediate steps for inducting and selecting embryoid bodies and rosette-neural precursors. Strikingly, the resulting neuronal conversion process was very proficient, with an overall efficiency that was more than 93% of all the coinfected cells. hiPSC-derived DA neurons expressed all the critical molecular markers of the DA molecular machinery and exhibited sophisticated functional features including spontaneous electrical activity and dopamine release. This one-step protocol holds important implications for in vitro disease modeling and is particularly amenable for exploitation in high-throughput screening protocols.
Never tested for HIV in Latin‐American migrants and Spaniards: prevalence and perceived barriers
Authors: Hoyos Juan , Fernández‐Balbuena Sonia , de la Fuente Luis , Sordo Luis , Ruiz Mónica , Barrio Gregorio , José Belza María ,   Madrid Rapid HIV Testing Group
Published: May 2013

IntroductionIncreasing the uptake of HIV testing and decreasing the number of undiagnosed people is a priority for HIV prevention. Understanding the barriers that hinder people from testing is vital, particularly when working with especially vulnerable populations like migrants. Most data available on migrants are based on African migrants in the UK, while barriers to HIV testing in Latin‐American migrants living in Europe remain unexplored. Still, they account for a quarter of new diagnosis in Spain and suffer higher rates of delayed diagnosis.MethodsBetween May 2008 and March 2011, a mobile unit offered free rapid HIV tests in different Spanish cities. We compared the prevalence of no previous testing, adjusting for potential confounders by two multivariate logistic models, and described differences in perceived barriers to testing in Latin‐American migrants living in Spain versus Spaniards. Participants included men who have sex with men (MSM), men who have sex exclusively with women (MSW), and women.ResultsOf the 5920 individuals who got tested and answered a self‐administered questionnaire, 36.5% were MSM (20.4% previously untested), 28.9% were MSW (49% previously untested) and 34.6% were women (53% previously untested). Almost one quarter were Latin‐American, of whom 30% had never been tested versus 45% of untested Spaniards. After adjusting for potential confounders, Spaniards were more likely to report no previous testing than Latin‐Americans among women and MSW all together (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.0; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.7–2.4) and among MSM (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0). Among the 2455 who had never undergone an HIV test before, main barriers to testing were low perceived risk (54% Spaniards vs. 47% Latin‐American) and concerns arising from the loss of anonymity (19.5% vs. 16.9%). Fear of rejection or discrimination and fear of legal problems were a barrier for <2%.ConclusionsLatin‐American migrants living in Spain were more likely to get tested than Spaniards. Regardless of nationality, low perceived risk was the main barrier to testing whereas fear of stigma or discrimination and fear of legal problems were merely incidental. However, new Spanish austerity policies regarding healthcare for migrants in response to the economic crisis may reverse this situation.
Expanding Donor Muscle‐Derived Cells for Transplantation
Authors: Parker Maura H. , Tapscott Stephen J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStudies in mice showed tremendous promise for the eventual clinical utility of myoblast transplantation to treat human muscular dystrophies. Initial attempts to translate the murine studies to humans, however, were not successful, due in part to limited engraftability of expanded donor myoblasts. Conventionally, muscle cells have been cultured on collagen‐coated tissue culture‐treated polystyrene. However, this promotes lineage progression and differentiation of cells, which limits engraftment potential. This unit describes the isolation of canine muscle‐derived cells, ex vivo expansion of cells on plates coated with a modified Notch ligand, and the xenotransplant method used to evaluate engraftment potential. Activation of Notch signaling in freshly isolated canine muscle‐derived cells with Delta‐1ext‐IgG inhibits myogenic differentiation, and maintains cells earlier in myogenic lineage progression. Delta‐1ext‐IgG‐expanded cells engraft into the regenerating muscle of NOD/SCID mice more effectively than control cells expanded on human IgG, as evidenced by a significant increase in the number of muscle fibers expressing canine dystrophin in recipient murine muscle. Therefore, this protocol provides the basis for further developing culture conditions for ex vivo expansion of donor muscle cells for transplant. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 25:2C.4.1‐2C.4.16. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electronic Activation of Cathode Superlattices at Elevated Temperatures – Source of Markedly Accelerated Oxygen Reduction Kinetics
Authors: Chen Yan , Cai Zhuhua , Kuru Yener , Ma Wen , Tuller Harry L. , Yildiz Bilge 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSolid‐oxide fuel cells are an attractive energy conversion technology for clean electric power production. To render them more affordable, discovery of new cathode materials with high reactivity to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at temperatures below 700 °C is needed. Recent studies have demonstrated that La0.8Sr0.2CoO3/(La0.5Sr0.5)2CoO4 (LSC113/214) hetero‐interfaces exhibit orders of magnitude faster ORR kinetics compared with either single phase at 500 °C. To obtain a microscopic level understanding and control of such unusual enhancement, we implemented a novel combination of in situ scanning tunneling spectroscopy and focused ion beam milling to probe the local electronic structure at nanometer resolution in model multilayer superlattices. At 200–300 °C, the LSC214 layers are electronically activated through an interfacial coupling with LSC113. Such electronic activation is expected to facilitate charge transfer to oxygen, and concurrent with the anisotropically fast oxygen incorporation on LSC214, quantitatively explains the vastly accelerated ORR kinetics near the LSC113/214 interface. Our results contribute to an improved understanding of oxide hetero‐interfaces at elevated temperatures and identify electronically coupled oxide structures as the basis of novel cathodes with exceptional performance.
Feeding on the edge: δ13C analysis of a macrofauna food web from disappearing seagrass beds in a polluted urban harbour – implications for biomonitoring and restoration efforts
Authors: France R. L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Thirty‐five macrofaunal species were collected from several eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds in Boston Harbour to determine whether food provenance and carbon flow as measured by δ13C analysis differed for a seagrass community exposed to dense urbanization compared with those documented for populations distant from cities, and whether such isotopic determinations might be used for purposes of biomonitoring such disturbance.
In support of other studies and a previous global synthesis, the majority of benthic and epibenthic fauna inhabiting Boston Harbour eelgrass beds were found to have δ13C values within the range, –20 to –17 ‰, indicative of epiphytic algae being the most important food source. However, the proportional abundance‐weighted assessment of the distribution of individual δ13C measurements was found to be quite different from that revealed by non‐quantitative, species‐only assessments.
Because the chink shell, Lacuna vincta, which was the only species to demonstrate primary assimilation of eelgrass δ13C, numerically dominated the benthic food web in Boston Harbour, over three‐quarters of the total abundance of macroinvertebrates were likely to be directly dependent upon eelgrass carbon. Nevertheless, food web transfer, as measured through δ15N analysis, was extremely limited as no direct mechanism appeared to presently exist by which eelgrass carbon could be exclusively passed from chink shells to animals of higher trophic positions.
The dietary fidelity of these animals while experiencing severe habitat loss due to anthropogenic pollution – neither a shift toward increased vascular plant detritivory nor toward increased planktonic algivory occurred – indicates that pathways of carbon flow may offer little use as an early warning biomonitor for gauging either individual stress or community‐level disturbance from coastal development.
Because epiphytic algae are the major food source for most macrobenthos species rather than the vascular plants themselves, the possibility exists that seagrass simulacra might be used as interim installations in order to sustain communities until such time as the aquatic conditions improve to such a degree as to enable the successful restoration of the degraded beds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptome Analysis of Injured Human Meniscus Reveals a Distinct Phenotype of Meniscus Degeneration With Aging
Authors: Rai Muhammad Farooq , Patra Debabrata , Sandell Linda J. , Brophy Robert H. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveMeniscus tears are associated with a heightened risk of osteoarthritis. This study aimed to advance our understanding of the metabolic state of injured human meniscus at the time of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy through transcriptome‐wide analysis of gene expression in relation to the patient's age and degree of cartilage chondrosis.MethodsThe degree of chondrosis of knee cartilage was recorded at the time of meniscectomy in symptomatic patients without radiographic osteoarthritis. RNA preparations from resected menisci (n = 12) were subjected to transcriptome‐wide microarray and QuantiGene Plex analyses. Variations in the relative changes in gene expression with age and chondrosis were analyzed, and integrated biologic processes were investigated computationally.ResultsWe identified a set of genes in torn menisci that were differentially expressed with age and chondrosis. There were 866 genes that were differentially regulated (≥1.5‐fold difference and P < 0.05) with age and 49 with chondrosis. In older patients, genes associated with cartilage and skeletal development and extracellular matrix synthesis were repressed, while those involved in immune response, inflammation, cell cycle, and cellular proliferation were stimulated. With chondrosis, genes representing cell catabolism (cAMP catabolic process) and tissue and endothelial cell development were repressed, and those involved in T cell differentiation and apoptosis were elevated.ConclusionDifferences in age‐related gene expression suggest that in older adults, meniscal cells might dedifferentiate and initiate a proliferative phenotype. Conversely, meniscal cells in younger patients appear to respond to injury, but they maintain the differentiated phenotype. Definitive molecular signatures identified in damaged meniscus could be segregated largely with age and, to a lesser extent, with chondrosis.
Two Lanthanide(III)Copper(II) Organic Frameworks Based on {OLn6} Clusters that Exhibited a Large Magnetocaloric Effect and Slow Relaxation of the Magnetization
Authors: Bing Yanmin , Xu Na , Shi Wei , Liu Ke , Cheng Peng 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTwo new 3D lanthanide(III)copper(II) organic frameworks based on unusual {OLn6} clusters have been successfully synthesized and fully characterized. Crystallographic studies showed that the {OLn6} clusters acted as 12‐connected nodes that were linked together by [CuL2] (H2L=3‐hydroxypyrazine‐2‐carboxylic acid) moieties to construct an interesting 4,12‐c net with the point symbol {436.630}{44.62}3. Magnetic studies revealed that these two isostructural heterometallic frameworks exhibited different magnetic properties, depending on the different anisotropies of the lanthanide spin carriers: Gd‐Cu showed a large magnetocaloric effect, with an entropy change (−ΔSm) of 35.76 J kg−1 K−1, which is one of the largest values in high‐dimensional complexes, whilst Dy‐Cu exhibited slow relaxation of the magnetization at low temperatures.
Desulfurization activity and reusability of magnetite nanoparticle–coated Rhodococcus erythropolis FMF and R. erythropolis IGTS8 bacterial cells
Authors: Bardania Hassan , Raheb Jamshid , Mohammad‐Beigi Hossein , Rasekh Behnam , Arpanaei Ayyoob 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe application of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the separation of desulfurizing bacterial cells and their influence on the desulfurization activity and reusability of the two bacterial strains Rhodococcus erythropolis FMF and R. erythropolis IGTS8 were investigated. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized via the reverse coprecipitation method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the magnetite nanoparticles had sizes of 5.35 ± 1.13 (F1 nanoparticles) and 8.74 ± 1.18 nm (F2 nanoparticles) when glycine was added during the synthesis of nanoparticles and when it was absent from the reaction mixture, respectively. Glycine was added after the synthesis of both F1 and F2 nanoparticles to stabilize the nanoparticle dispersion. TEM images of cells treated with magnetite nanoparticles indicated that F1 nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of bacterial cells more evenly than the F2 nanoparticles. Desulfurization activities of the F1 magnetite nanoparticle–coated R. erythropolis FMF and R. erythropolis IGTS8 cells (with sulfur‐removal percentage values of 70 ± 4 and 73 ± 3, respectively), as examined with the spectrophotometric Gibbs assay (based on dibenzothiophene degradation and sulfur‐removal percentage), were not significantly different from those for the free bacterial cells (67 ± 3 and 69 ± 4, respectively). These results indicate that magnetite nanoparticles cannot affect the desulfurization activity of cells examined in this work. Isolation of bacterial cells from the suspension using a magnet and evaluation of desulfurization activity of separated cells showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles can provide a high‐efficiency recovery of bacterial cells from a suspension, with the reused magnetite nanoparticle–coated bacterial cells being able to maintain their desulfurization activity efficiently.
Amylase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis S8‐18: A potential desizing agent from the marine environment
Authors: Kalpana Balu Jancy , Sindhulakshmi Muthukrishnan , Pandian Shunmugiah Karutha 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe present study is aimed at developing an economical medium for the production of α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8‐18, a marine sediment isolate from Palk Bay, with various agricultural by‐products that are cheap and rich in starch. These products include wheat bran, wheat husk, rice bran, rice husk, and potato peel and are used to replace soluble starch present in the Luria Bertani (LB) broth (synthetic medium). The rice husk was found to be the best to influence enzyme production significantly (61,186 IU mL−1) when compared with the yield of 30,026 IU mL−1 obtained by commercial starch. Hence, LB broth containing rice husk was considered an economical medium. In addition, the effect of various nutritional and physiological factors on enzyme production was also investigated. Furthermore, the desizing efficiency of α‐amylases produced by synthetic and economical media was evaluated through various assays like reducing sugar estimation, weight loss assay, drop absorbency assay, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. In addition, a commercial α‐amylase from B. subtilis was also used in desizing analyses for comparative purposes. It revealed that the α‐amylase from the economical medium was as effective in desizing the cotton fabrics as that of the commercial enzyme and much superior to the enzyme produced through the synthetic medium.