bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Estimation from Radiographic Images of the Knee
Authors: Hackman Lucina , Black Sue 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study examines the reliability of age estimation utilizing the Pyle and Hoerr atlas in relation to a modern Scottish population. The knee radiographs of 442 individuals (168 females, 274 males) were age assessed using the Pyle and Hoerr atlas. Analysis showed that there was a strong correlation between chronological age and estimated age (females R² = 0.968, males R² = 0.952). For females, the atlas method was most accurate between the ages of 9 and 15 years of age with an underage of 2.27 months and an overage of 2.38 months. For males, the atlas consistently overestimated age from the age of 9 years to the age of 16 years from between 0.14 and 8.81 months. The standard deviation for females was 9.86 months and for males was 10.75 months. This study showed that the Pyle and Hoerr atlas can be applied to a modern population with small modifications.
A Comparison of Common Swabbing Materials for the Recovery of Organic and Inorganic Explosive Residues
Authors: DeTata David A. , Collins Peter A. , McKinley Allan J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe efficiency of solvent based extraction methods used to remove explosive residues from four different swab types was investigated. Known amounts of organic and inorganic residues were spiked onto a swab surface with acetonitrile or ethanol:water combined with ultrasonication or physical manipulation used to extract the residues from each swab. The efficiency of each procedure was then calculated using liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection for organic residues and ion chromatography for inorganic residues. Results indicated that acetonitrile combined with physical agitation proved to be the most efficient method; returning analyte recoveries c. 95% for both alcohol based swabs and cotton balls. Inorganic residues were efficiently extracted using ethanol:water, while the use of acetonitrile followed by water significantly reduced the recovery of inorganic residues. Swab storage conditions were then investigated with results indicating decreased storage temperatures are required to retain the more volatile explosives.
Contrast Enhancement of Bite Mark Images Using the Grayscale Mixer in ACR in Photoshop®
Authors: Evans Sam , Noorbhai Suzanne , Lawson Zoe , Stacey‐Jones Seren , Carabott Romina 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEnhanced images may improve bite mark edge definition, assisting forensic analysis. Current contrast enhancement involves color extraction, viewing layered images by channel. A novel technique, producing a single enhanced image using the grayscale mix panel withinAdobeCameraRaw®, has been developed and assessed here, allowing adjustments of multiple color channels simultaneously. Stage 1 measuredRGBvalues in 72 versions of a color chart image; eight sliders inPhotoshop®were adjusted at 25% intervals, all corresponding colors affected. Stage 2 used a bite mark image, and found only red, orange, and yellow sliders had discernable effects. Stage 3 assessed modality preference between color, grayscale, and enhanced images; on average, the 22 survey participants chose the enhanced image as better defined for nine out of 10 bite marks. The study has shown potential benefits for this new technique. However, further research is needed before use in the analysis of bite marks.
Post‐operative hypercapnia‐induced hyperpnoea accelerates recovery from sevoflurane anaesthesia: a prospective randomised controlled trial
Authors: KATZNELSON R. , DJAIANI G. , NAUGHTON F. , WASOWICZ M. , RAGOONANAN T. , DUFFIN J. , FEDORKO L. , MURPHY J. , FISHER J. A. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThe time to recovery from vapour anaesthesia is shortened by an increase in ventilation while maintaining normocapnia. Hypercapnia during emergence from anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing patients also increases anaesthetic clearance from the brain by increasing cerebral blood flow. We hypothesised that hypercapnia‐induced hyperpnoea accelerates emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia compared to the standard anaesthesia protocol.MethodsAfter Ethics Review Board approval, 44 ASA I‐III patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgery were randomised after surgery to either hypercapnic hyperpnoea or control groups. In the hypercapnic hyperpnoea group, the end‐tidal CO2 was adjusted to a range of 6.0–7.3 kPa to maintain a minute ventilation of 10–15 l/min. Recovery indices were compared using unpaired t‐tests and ANOVA.ResultsPrior to extubation, minute ventilation and end‐tidal CO2 in hypercapnic hyperpnoea and control groups were 10.3 ± 1.7 l/min vs. 5.4 ± 1.2 l/min (P < 0.001) and 6.6 ± 0.6 kPa and 5.2 ± 0.5 kPa (P < 0.001), respectively. Compared to control, the study group had shorter time to extubation [4.4 ± 1.3 (SD) vs. 9.8 ± 4.4 min, P < 0.01], BIS recovery to > 75 (2.4 ± 0.9 vs. 6.1 ± 3.1 min, P < 0.01), eye opening (3.9 ± 1.6 vs. 9.8 ± 6.2 min, P < 0.01), eligibility for leaving operating room (5.1 ± 1.2 vs. 11.1 ± 4.6 min, P < 0.01), and post‐anaesthesia care unit (73.9 ± 14.2 vs. 89.4 ± 22.6)ConclusionHypercapnic hyperpnoea in spontaneously breathing patients halves the time of recovery from sevoflurane‐induced anaesthesia in the operating room.
Examination of Rare Missense Variants in the CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 Gene Cluster to Level of Response to Alcohol in the San Diego Sibling Pair Study
Authors: Choquet Hélène , Joslyn Geoff , Lee Andrew , Kasberger Jay , Robertson Margaret , Brush Gerry , Schuckit Marc A. , White Ray , Jorgenson Eric 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundCommon variants in the CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 gene cluster have been shown to be associated with nicotine dependence and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and related traits, including the level of response (LR) to alcohol. Recently, rare variants (MAF < 0.05) in CHRNB4 have been reported to be associated with a decreased risk of developing nicotine dependence. However, the role of rare variants in the CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 gene cluster to the LR to alcohol has not yet been established.MethodsTo determine whether rare variants in the CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 gene cluster contribute to the LR to alcohol, the coding regions of these 3 genes were sequenced in 538 subjects from the San Diego Sibling Pair study.ResultsThe analyses identified 16 rare missense variants, 9 of which were predicted to be damaging using in silico analysis tools. Carriers of these variants were compared to noncarriers using a family‐based design for each gene and for the gene cluster as a whole. In these analyses, a CHRNA5 carrier status was significantly associated with the phenotype related to the feeling of intoxication experienced during the alcohol challenge (p = 0.039).ConclusionsThese results indicate that rare genetic variation in the CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 gene cluster contributes modestly to the LR to alcohol in the San Diego Sibling Pair study and may protect against AUDs. However, replication studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Enzian classification: does it correlate with clinical symptoms and the rASRM score?
Authors: Haas Dietmar , Oppelt Peter , Shebl Omar , Shamiyeh Andreas , Schimetta Wolfgang , Mayer Richard 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the extent to which the Enzian classification correlates with the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) score and clinical symptoms in women with deeply infiltrating endometriosis.DesignRetrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II‐2).SettingEndometriosis competence center specializing in minimally invasive surgery.PatientsBetween 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2011, a total of 194 women underwent surgery due to deeply infiltrating endometriosis. After histological confirmation, they were classified using the rASRM and Enzian systems. Clinical symptoms were recorded preoperatively.InterventionsOperative laparoscopy to treat endometriosis.Main outcome measures and ResultsA clear correlation was seen between grades of severity in the rASRM score and the Enzian classification (p < 0.001). In addition, the rASRM severity grade and clinical symptoms correlated with the locations in the Enzian classification in relation to deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Pain and dysmenorrhea correlated strongly (p = 0.002, p < 0.001) with the severity grade in the Enzian classification.ConclusionsDeeply infiltrating endometriosis is well characterized using the Enzian classification as a supplement to the rASRM score. There is also a clear correlation between the rASRM and Enzian classifications, because of the way in which the disease crosses morphological boundaries. The locations in the Enzian classification correlate partially with clinical symptoms, and the classification's severity grades correlate substantially with pain and dysmenorrhea. In view of these clinical results, use of the Enzian classification can be recommended as a supplement to the rASRM score for detailed description of endometriosis.
Biocompatibility Assessment of a Long‐Term Wearable Artificial Pump‐Lung in Sheep
Authors: Zhou Kang , Niu Shuqiong , Bianchi Giacomo , Wei Xufeng , Garimella Narayana , Griffith Bartley P. , Wu Zhongjun J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the biocompatibility of a newly developed long‐term wearable artificial pump‐lung (APL) in a clinically relevant ovine animal model. The wearable APL device was implanted in five sheep through left thoracotomy. The device was connected between the right atrium and pulmonary artery and evaluated for 30 days. Three sheep were used as the sham control. Platelet activation was assessed by measuring platelet surface P‐selectin (CD62P) expression with flow cytometry and plasma soluble P‐selectin with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Thrombotic deposition on the device components and hollow fiber membranes were analyzed with digital imaging and scanning electron microscopy. Surface P‐selectin of the APL and sham groups changed significantly over the study period, but without significant differences between the two groups. Soluble P‐selectin for the two groups peaked in the first 24 h after the surgery. Soluble P‐selectin of the APL group remained slightly elevated over the study period compared to the presurgical baseline value and was slightly higher compared to that of the sham group. Plasma free hemoglobin remained in the normal ranges in all the animals. In spite of the surgery‐related alteration in laboratory tests and elevation of platelet activation status, the APL devices in all the animals functioned normally (oxygen transfer and blood pumping) during the 30‐day study period. The device flow path and membrane surface were free of gross thrombus. Electron microscopy images showed only scattered thrombi on the fibers (membrane surface and weft). In summary, the APL exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Two forms of platelet activation, surgery‐related and device‐induced, in the animals implanted with the wearable APL were observed. The limited device‐induced platelet activation did not cause gross thrombosis and impair the long‐term device performance.
Randomised clinical trial: the effects of daikenchuto, TU‐100, on gastrointestinal and colonic transit, anorectal and bowel function in female patients with functional constipation
Authors: Iturrino J. , Camilleri M. , Wong B. S. , Linker Nord S. J. , Burton D. , Zinsmeister A. R. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundDaikenchuto, a Japanese herbal medicine used for post‐operative ileus and constipation, dose dependently stimulates gastrointestinal (GI) motility and decreases rectal compliance and sensation. Effects of TU‐100 (commercial form of daikenchuto) in adults with constipation are unknown.AimTo compare the effects of oral TU‐100, 2.5 g t.d.s. or 5 g t.d.s. and placebo t.d.s. on GI and colonic transit (CT), rectal compliance (RC) and sensation thresholds (RST), anal sphincter pressures (ASP) and bowel function in female patients with functional constipation (FC).MethodsWe conducted a single‐centre, randomised, parallel‐group, double‐blind, pharmacodynamic study; 45 female patients with FC without evidence of rectal evacuation disorder were assigned to 28 days' treatment with oral placebo or TU‐100 (Tsumura USA, Princeton, NJ, USA). Demographic data and CT were measured at baseline and randomisation stratified by baseline CT (GC> or <1.9) and by BMI (<25 or ≥25 kg/m2). At the end of treatment period, we measured GI and CT by scintigraphy, RST and RC by barostat, ASP by manometry, psychosensory sensations, bowel function by daily diary and quality of life (QOL). The study had power to detect effect sizes of 33% (CT), 40% (RC) and 46% (RST). Statistical analysis included BMI as covariate.ResultsTU‐100 had no significant effects on GI or CT, RC, ASP, recto‐anal pressure difference, or RST. The 5 g t.d.s./day dose was associated with lower RST for first sensation and gas (unadjusted P: 0.045 and 0.024 respectively). There were no treatment effects on psychosensory symptoms, stool frequency, stool consistency or QOL.ConclusionMechanisms underlying the observed clinical benefit of TU‐100 remain unclear (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01139216).
Randomised clinical trial: once‐ vs. twice‐daily prolonged‐release mesalazine for active ulcerative colitis
Authors: Flourié B. , Hagège H. , Tucat G. , Maetz D. , Hébuterne X. , Kuyvenhoven J. P. , Tan T. G. , Pierik M. J. , Masclee A. A. M. , Dewit O. , Probert C. S. , Aoucheta D. ,   the MOTUS study investigators
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundAminosalicylates are first‐choice treatment for mild‐to‐moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC); however, multi‐dosing regimens are inconvenient.AimTo compare the efficacy and safety of once‐ (OD) vs. twice‐ (BD) daily prolonged‐release mesalazine (Pentasa, Ferring, Saint‐Prex, Switzerland) for active mild‐to‐moderate UC in a non‐inferiority study.MethodsEligible patients (n = 206) were randomised to 8 weeks of mesalazine (4 g/day), either OD with two sachets of 2 g mesalazine granules in the morning (n = 102) or BD with one 2 g sachet in the morning and one in the evening (n = 104). Patients also received 4 weeks of mesalazine enema 1 g/day. Disease activity was assessed at randomisation, weeks 4, 8 and 12 using the UC Disease Activity Index (UC‐DAI). Clinical and endoscopic remission (primary endpoint) was assessed after 8 weeks. Patients recorded stool frequency and rectal bleeding in a daily diary.ResultsThe primary endpoint, non‐inferiority in clinical and endoscopic remission with OD vs. BD mesalazine at 8 weeks, was met (intent‐to‐treat population: 52.1% vs. 41.8%, respectively, 95% confidence interval −3.4, 24.1; P = 0.14). Improvement of UC‐DAI score (92% vs. 79%; P = 0.01) and mucosal healing (87.5% vs. 71.1%; P = 0.007) were significantly better, time to remission significantly shorter (26 vs. 28 days; P = 0.04) and safety similar with OD vs. BD dosing.ConclusionsWhen combined with mesalazine enema, prolonged‐release mesalazine once‐daily 4 g is as effective and well tolerated as 2 g twice‐daily for inducing remission in patients with mild‐to‐moderately active ulcerative colitis (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00737789).
Weekend hospitalisations and post‐operative complications following urgent surgery for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
Authors: Ananthakrishnan A. N. , McGinley E. L. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBackgroundThere is increasing complexity in the management of patients with acute severe exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD; Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC)] with frequent requirement for urgent surgery.AimTo determine whether a weekend effect exists for IBD care in the United States.MethodsWe used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2007, the largest all‐payer hospitalisation database in the United States. Discharges with a diagnosis of CD or UC who underwent urgent intestinal surgery within 2 days of hospitalisation were identified using the appropriate ICD‐9 codes. The independent effect of admission on a weekend was examined using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsOur study included 7,112 urgent intestinal surgeries in IBD patients, 21% of which occurred following weekend admissions. There was no difference in disease severity between weekend and weekday admissions. Post‐operative complications were more common following weekend than weekday hospitalisations in UC [odds ratio (OR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–2.90]. The most common post‐operative complication was post‐operative infections (Weekend 30% vs. weekday 20%, P = 0.04). The most striking difference between weekend and weekday hospitalisations was noted for needing repeat laparotomy (OR 11.5), mechanical wound complications (OR 10.03) and pulmonary complications (OR 2.22). In contrast, occurrence of any post‐operative complication in CD was similar between weekday and weekend admissions.ConclusionPatients with UC hospitalised on a weekend undergoing urgent surgery within 2 days have an increased risk for post‐operative complications, in particular mechanical wound complications, need for repeat laparotomy and post‐operative infections.
Impact of a single human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele mismatch on the outcome of unrelated bone marrow transplantation over two time periods. A retrospective analysis of 3003 patients from the HLA Working Group of the Japan Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Kanda Yoshinobu , Kanda Junya , Atsuta Yoshiko , Maeda Yoshinobu , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Ohashi Kazuteru , Fukuda Takahiro , Miyamura Koichi , Iida Hiroatsu , Mori Takehiko , Iwato Koji , Eto Tetsuya , Kawa Keisei , Morita Satoshi , Morishima Yasuo 
Published: March 2013

SummaryA previous Japanese study revealed that a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A or ‐B allele mismatch was associated with higher overall mortality, whereas an HLA‐C or ‐DRB1 allele mismatch did not affect mortality after serologically matched unrelated bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This study reanalysed 3003 adult patients who underwent unrelated BMT from a serologically HLA‐A, ‐B, or ‐DR matched unrelated donor between 1993 and 2009 using the latest database, that included 1966 HLA‐matched unrelated BMT and 187, 31, 524, and 295 unrelated BMT with a single HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, or ‐DRB1 allele mismatch, respectively. As opposed to our previous findings, HLA‐C and ‐DRB1 mismatches had a significant negative impact [hazard ratio (HR) 1·35, P < 0·001, and HR 1·45, P < 0·001] on survival in the period 2000–2009. The negative impact of each single HLA allele mismatch was not significantly different among the HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, and ‐DRB1 mismatches (P = 0·79). An interaction test revealed that the effects of single HLA‐C and ‐DRB1 allele mismatches significantly differed over the two time periods (P = 0·032 and P = 0·0072, respectively). In conclusion, the impact of a single HLA allele mismatch changed over time. In the recent cohort, the negative impact of HLA‐DRB1 and ‐C mismatches became apparent.
Distribution of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the lateral wall of the guinea pig urinary bladder
Authors: Rahnama'i Mohammad S. , van Koeveringe Gommert A. , Hohnen Ramona , Ona Samsya , van Kerrebroeck Philip E.V. , de Wachter Stefan G.G. 
Published: March 2013

Objective
To study PDE5 localisation by visualising the product of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibition, namely cGMP, to determine the site of action of inhibitors in the urinary bladder.
Materials and Methods
Bladders of nine male guinea pigs were dissected and treated in wells containing 2 mL Krebs' solution and 1 μM of the specific PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil at 36 °C for 30 min.
After stimulating tissues with 100 μM of the nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylamine‐NONOate for 10 min, the tissues were snap‐frozen and 9–10 μm sections were cut.
Sections were examined for cGMP immunoreactivity and also stained for vimentin, a marker for interstitial cells and the neuromarkers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2), neurofilament (NF) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), using the two‐step indirect immunohistochemistry technique.
Results
After PDE5 inhibition, cGMP was found to be present in the urothelium, suburothelial interstitial cells and endothelium of blood vessels.
cGMP was not expressed in nerves positive for CGRP, NF and SV2, and was expressed only in very few efferent nerves positive for PGP9.5.
Conclusion
Our data show that the possible sites of action of PDE5 inhibition in the bladder are the urothelium, suburothelial interstitial cells and blood vessels, rather than the bladder nerve fibres.
A comparison of patient and tumour characteristics in two UK bladder cancer cohorts separated by 20 years
Authors: Bryan Richard T. , Zeegers Maurice P. , van Roekel Eline H. , Bird Deborah , Grant Margaret R. , Dunn Janet A. , Bathers Sarah , Iqbal Gulnaz , Khan Humera S. , Collins Stuart I. , Howman Andrew , Deshmukh Nayneeta S. , James Nicholas D. , Cheng Kar Keung , Wallace D. Michael A. 
Published: March 2013

Objectives
To compare patient and tumour characteristics at presentation from two large bladder cancer cohorts, with recruitment separated by 15–20 years
To identify significant differences in the West Midlands' urothelial cancer of the bladder (UCB) population during this period.
Patients and Methods
Data were collected prospectively from 1478 patients newly diagnosed with UCB in the West Midlands from January 1991 to June 1992 (Cohort 1), and from 1168 patients newly diagnosed with UBC within the same region from December 2005 to April 2011 (Cohort 2).
Gender, age, smoking history, and tumour grade, stage, type, multiplicity and size at presentation were compared using a Pearson chi‐square test or Cochran–Armitage trend test, as appropriate.
Result
Cohort 2 had a higher proportion of male patients (P = 0.021), elderly patients (P < 0.001), grade 3 tumours (P < 0.001), Ta/T1 tumours (P = 0.008), multiple tumours (P < 0.001), and tumours of ≤2 cm in diameter (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
There were significant differences between the cohorts.
These differences are potentially explained by an ageing population, changes in grading practices, improved awareness of important symptoms, improved cystoscopic technology, and reductions in treatment delays.
Regional cohorts remain important for identifying changes in tumour and patient characteristics that may influence disease management in the UK and beyond.