bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einleitung
Authors: Tilly Stephanie , Ziegler Dieter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
During the 1960s contemporary economists expected a tendency of satiation on the automobile markets in the western world for the near future. Competition would intensify and growth would be possible only for those car manufacturers who superseded their concern for production by market orientation. Business historians of the car industry have adopted this perception and turned it into the dualism buyer’s market and seller’s market. This article questions the appropriateness of this concept, and argues that while an increase in the importance of market orientation during the 1960s cannot be denied the attention to both production and marketing are key elements of modern business management.
Das Zulieferproblem aus institutionenökonomischer Sicht. Die westdeutsche Automobil-Zulieferindustrie zwischen Produktionsund Marktorientierung (1960-1980)
Authors: Tilly Stephanie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The automotive supply industry represents an important segment of the automobile industry. As early as the 1960s it contributed a significant share of the latter′s total value-added, in spite of the fact that the suppliers were quite a distance away from the ultimate consumer. This article analyses the market behaviour of the auto-industry suppliers from the 1960s to the early 1980s and shows how the shift from a seller′s to a buyer’s market was reflected in the behaviour of the supplying industry. Starting from structural features of the supply business such as long-lasting business relationships with auto makers, mutual commitment, market power of the car manufacturers and sales policy-dependence of the suppliers it will be shown that many supplying firms were clearly production-oriented until the early 1980s. Little attention to sales within the firm, slack advertising activities, a focus on business conditions and relationship-fostering were typical features of sales-and-operation-practices in the supplying industry. This mirrored, as did the blurred profile of suppliers’ brands, the structural conditions of the supply business. Examination of the so-called replacement parts conflict in the 1970s, however, suggests that the half-hearted governance of the sales function among suppliers did not result simply from a conventional production-oriented management, but also from the self-interest of the automobile manufacturers, who obviously wished to remain in control of the ultimate consumer market. Nevertheless, some suppliers especially those with strong R&D capabilities succeeded in adapting a market-oriented business strategy, e.g. Peddinghaus as a troubleshooter for the car makers on the supply market or ABB with multi-stage marketing activities which directly reached the ultimate consumer market.
Die 1970er Jahre als „Sattelzeit“ im ostdeutschen Automobilbau
Authors: Bauer Reinhold 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Scarcely any industrial product manufactured in the German Democratic Republic became as well known in the capitalist world as its private passenger motorcars. Private car ownership in East Germany was based on two car types that were produced for over 20 years with only minor changes being made to them in this period. Such long running consistency in models is not only surprising in comparison with western car manufacturers, but was also unique in the so-called eastern block. To explain the obvious innovation problems this article focuses on the development of the industry in the 1970s. This decade can be regarded as a transitional phase between a more or less innovative period in the sixties and a period of continuing decline thereafter. By examining the specific problems of the East German automobile industry the article also illustrates general deficiencies in the functioning of centrally planned economies and elucidates the general economic development of the GDR since the 1970s.
Big Business im 20. Jahrhundert: Die 100 größten Arbeitgeber in Großbritannien und Deutschland in vergleichender Perspektive
Authors: Fiedler Martin , Gospel Howard 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper examines the dynamics of large firms as measured by employment in the UK and Germany over the course of the twentieth century. The paper presents a comparative overview of the major trends in terms of size and composition. It then examines the dynamics of change in terms of entry, survival, and exit of large firms in both countries. The findings reveal both differences and similarities between the two countries. However, the analysis suggests that similarities are more striking in the long run.
Die politische Säuberung der französischen Wirtschaftselite nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Barjot Dominique 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Historiography on the French post-World War Two economic purge has in the past been very limited. Recently, however, a radical change has occurred as a result of the intersection of two previously separate research fields: on the one hand economic and business life during the Occupation, and on the other hand, the purge of elites and other social groups. A conference addressing French Firms during the Occupation period paved the way for a synthesis round three axes: Firstly, it was necessary to estimate the effects of measures to seize illicit profits and to assess the impact of purges on business mobility after the War. Secondly, regional approaches could be used to define a French typology, which could then be compared to other occupied countries (Belgium for example) or occupying Nations (Germany). Thirdly, the study of branches, sectors and firms. Among these studies, two sectors have been privileged so far: the car industry as well as construction and civil engineering.
The Replacement of Economic Elites in Slovenia after World War II
Authors: Lazarević Žarko 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The replacement of elites was integral to the adoption of a centrally planned economy based on the Soviet model. As a result of the changes in the political and economic system pre-war elites were completely stripped of their social functions, and their members were politically and socially marginalised as individuals. The ways in which elites were recruited changed. Education or expertise did not remain crucial factors in the recruitment process, evident in the fact that in 1948 as much as 68 percent of the leading cadre of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had only primary school education, while an additional ten per cent had not even completed this level of education. Political loyalty in the form of Communist party membership was the most important criterion. In the centralised structure of that time individual members of the Communist Party leadership also played an extremely important role. A large group of collaborators and supporters formed around them, who then occupied the leading positions at various levels of economic life.
Der „Napoleon des deutschen Aktienmarktes“ Hermann D. Krages und die Netzwerke des „rheinischen Kapitalismus“: Die Geschichte einer scheiternden Karriere
Authors: Sattler Friederike 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Taking as an example the career of the medium-sized entrepreneur Hermann D. Krages, who was attracting wide public attention by spectacular stock market transactions in the West German coal and steel industry during the 1950s and soon became a predominantly yield oriented financial investor, this paper discusses, why an economically successful outsider like Krages was not able to establish himself as a respected member of the business elites’ networks within Rhenish Capitalism. For this purpose, the analysis focuses on a heavy conflict between Hermann Krages and Dresdner Bank AG between 1962 and 1966. As the article shows, Krages can be interpreted as an early, extremely stubborn and at the same time completely inopportune pioneer of shareholder value thinking. His initially so promising career finally failed, because his mentality and his business strategies, based on credit financed stockmarket speculations, did not at all correspond to the notion of steady and responsible business of the overwhelming majority of his contemporaries.
Austausch der wirtschaftlichen Führungskräfte in der SBZ/DDR nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Boldorf Marcel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
After World War II, a major part of the business elite managed to flee from the Soviet Occupation zone. Thus, in the period of trusteeship that followed, the volume of personnel changes remained rather low. In April 1948, when the industrial sector was finally nationalised, the SED reinforced personnel changes again. Key positions which dealt with the workforce were taken over by party members, whereas former engineers often succeeded in keeping their positions. Gradually, a widespread system of political control was introduced in order to survey the choice of cadres and to defend the party’s leading role in the economy.
Von der Fremdbesatzung zur kommunistischen Diktatur. Die personellen Umbrüche in der tschechoslowakischen Wirtschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Balcar Jaromir , Kučera Jaroslav 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
During the post-war period Czechoslovakia experienced a radical change in business and economic elites, which took place in three stages. The first phase commenced immediately after the end of World War II, when factory counsels conducted a personal purge within their enterprises. While German directors had fled or had been expelled, many of their Czech colleagues retained their positions, because the new regime seemed in need these experts’ ‘know-how’. In 1948, the Communists triggered a second wave of purges mainly directed against members of other political parties or managers supposed to be opponents of the new regime. When the Communist Party started to search for enemies within their own ranks, the remainder of the country’s economic elites familiar with the interwar period’s market economy was eliminated during the show trials of the early 1950s.
Kollaboration und der Wechsel der europäischen Wirtschaftseliten nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Boldorf Marcel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article explores the similarities and differences in the persecution of economic elites in Germany and the occupied countries after the war. The shift of power after the liberation deeply influenced the process by which national elites were formed. However, below the highest ranks of administration and business, a remarkable continuity among the industrial managers and entrepreneurs can be discerned. At the local level, the persecution of elites often stagnated because the commissions deployed in administrative capacities were not capable of affecting changes in personel. Besides the punishment of criminal offenders, sanctions on businesses were enforced (confiscation of illicit profits) as well as career-related sanctions for individual collaborators. It was only in the state socialist countries that there was a major shift in elites due to the expropriation and nationalisation of the industrial sector. Ultimately, all the countries urgently needed skilled people especially engineers and technicians for the reconstruction of the post-war economies.
Die Gründerkrise von 1873/79 - Fiktion oder Realität? Einige Überlegungen im Kontext der Weltfinanz- und Wirtschaftskrise von 2008/2009
Authors: Grabas Margrit 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The starting point of this article is the Great Recession of 2008/9. It is compared to the “Gründerkrise” of 1873/9 because monetary, institutional and structural problems overlapped. Discussing new quantitative studies this article suggests that business cycles should be analysed on the basis of disaggregate time series as well as by considering sociocultural factors. In this context, a historical economic barometer for the period of 1869-1900 is constructed according to the Ifo Business Climate Index for the first time. It confirms the well known “Gründerzeit”-pattern of boom and crisis which was revised for the real economy recently. With regard to the theoretical context of long-term structural cycles, the “Gründerkrise” is finally interpreted as a structural crisis whose course was extraordinarily severe because of unregulated stock market speculation.
Hitlers gläserne Arbeitskräfte. Das Arbeitsbuch als Quelle von Mikrodaten für die historische Arbeitsmarktforschung
Authors: Werner Stefanie , Degner Harald , Adamo Mark 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Using a newly developed dataset comprising detailed information about individual German workers in the Third Reich, this paper introduces compulsory workbooks as an important source for both economic and social historical research. The established dataset allows us to investigate questions concerning both the German workforce’s mobility as well as the efficiency of the Dienstverpflichtung introduced in July 1938, which allowed the regime to allocate workers to firms and sectors of strategic importance.
Finanzkrisen in Deutschland – Vergleichsperspektiven und Ursachenforschung
Authors: Wixforth Harald 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The current financial crisis has provoked keen discussion on how to analyze and compare similar types of crises, in order that we might be able to draw lessons from history. This article attempts to outline different instruments of comparison. It also tries to compare the German 1931 banking crisis to the current crisis, in order to highlight parallels and differences.
Fetters of Debt, Deposit, or Gold during the Great Depression? The International Propagation of the Banking Crisis of 1931
Authors: Richardson Gary , Van Horn Patrick 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A banking crisis began in Austria in May 1931 and intensified in July, when runs struck banks throughout Germany. In September, the crisis compelled Britain to quit the gold standard. Newly discovered data shows that failure rates rose for banks in New York City, at the center of the United States money market, in July and August 1931, before Britain abandoned the gold standard and before financial outflows compelled the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates. Banks in New York City had large exposures to foreign deposits and German debt. This paper tests to see whether the foreign exposure of money center banks linked the financial crises on the two sides of the Atlantic.
The historiography of the 1931 crisis in Germany
Authors: Burhop Carsten 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this article, I review the key research contributions written on the German financial crisis of 1931. After four decades, consent about the origins and course of the crisis has still not been reached, since a set of disentangled factors - reparations, short-term foreign bank debt, the design of the gold standard, and the behaviour of individual banks - all contributed to the crisis. It seems that the 1931 crisis was caused by the pressure of reparations in combination with substantial private foreign debt. Capital flight set in when the government announced it was unable to pay its reparations. The Reichsbank lost its reserves and was unable to act as lender of last resort when a bank failed shortly after the reparations crisis. As well as describing the literature, I also present some new insights from the archives. It seems that the Reichsbank thought the crisis to be over at the end of June 1931, that it was worried about the state of public finance, and that it was badly informed about the banks’ short-term foreign debt.
Job Stress and Intent to Stay at Work among Registered Female Nurses Working in Thai Hospitals
Authors: Kaewboonchoo Orawan , Yingyuad Boonrord , Rawiworrakul Tassanee , Jinayon Adchara 
Published: January 2014

Job Stress and Intent to Stay at Work among Registered Female Nurses Working in Thai Hospitals: Orawan KAEWBOONCHOO, et al. Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand—ObjectivesJob stress is one of the factors that increase the likelihood of turnover. Intent to leave work is one of the most accurate predictors of turnover. This cross‐sectional study was created to evaluate the intent of nurses working at hospitals to continue working and to determine the relationship between job stress and intent to stay at work.MethodsThe subjects were 514 female hospital nurses aged 21−58 years old, who had worked full time at the study hospitals for at least 1 year. Data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire, which included sections on demographic characteristics, the Thai version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), and intent to stay at work. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors related to intent to stay at work.ResultsThe prevalences of high job strain and low intent to stay at work were 17.5 and 22.4%, respectively. The mean (SD) scores of the nurses for psychological job demand, decision latitude, workplace social support, and intent to stay at work were 33.5 (4.4), 70.7 (6.9), 23.8 (2.8), and 14.6 (2.9), respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that intent to stay at work was significantly correlated with only supervisor support among the nurses with high‐strain jobs and with coworker support in nurses with active jobs.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that different job types need different sources of social support in the workplace. Proactive steps by nurse managers to increase workplace social support might lead to an increase in intent to stay and reduce nursing turnover in hospitals and possibly other settings.
Mechanical properties of polymer gels with bimodal distribution in strand length
Authors: Kondo Shinji , Chung Ung-il , Sakai Takamasa 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe understanding of the physical properties of hydrogels has been controversial because hydrogels inherently have a substantial amount of heterogeneities in their structures. In this study, we focused on one of the simplest heterogeneities, heterogeneous distribution of strand length, and investigated its influence on physical properties. We prepared Tetra-PEG gels with bimodal distribution in strand length (Tetra-PEG bimodal gels) by combining Tetra-PEG prepolymers with different molecular weights and measured the physical properties including elastic modulus and ultimate deformation ratio. The physical properties of Tetra-PEG bimodal gels were well described by the models for conventional Tetra-PEG gels with the average polymerization degrees between cross-links. We conclude that the mechanical properties of hydrogels that have heterogeneous distribution in strand length can be predicted from those of hydrogels with the average strand length in the range tested in this study.
Electrochemical Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Nitinol Stents for the Reduction of Metal Ions Elution
Authors: Kondo Daisuke , Yoshioka Tomohiko , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Takamatsu Kensuke , Ohta Kunihiro , Tanaka Junzo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTNitinol was coated with biocompatible calcium phosphate materials by pulsed electrolytic deposition (ELD) to reduce toxic metal-ions elution. The pulse ELD for the stents was carried out with changing the current off-periods (toff) of the pulse wave. The pulse ELD suppressed the generation of H2 gas due to the electrolysis of water on a calcium phosphate layer and improved the adhesiveness of the coating layer on nitinol compared with a conventional DC-ELD. The coating layers were identified to be octacalcium phosphate (OCP) at lower toff, while they were transformed to dicalcium phosphate anhydraous (DCPA) with an increase of toff. The layers of OCP or DCPA on the nitinol surface were subjected to a NaOH treatment at 60°C for 3days to transform them into hydroxyapatite (HAp). From results of a metal-ions elution test, the deposited calcium phosphates suppressed nickel ions elution at one quarter compared with the bare nitinol stent. These results indicate that the pulse ELD of biocompatible calcium phosphate materials on the nitinol stent was one of the best techniques to create firmly attached coating on it and reduce toxic nickel ions elution.
Novel Hydroxyapatite-Polysaccharide Composite Microparticles for Immunotherapy
Authors: Yoshida Mitsuhiro , Yoshioka Tomohiko , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Tanaka Junzo 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTHydroxyapatite-chondroitin sulfate (HAp/ChS) composites were synthesized with calcium hydroxide suspension and phosphoric acid solution containing ChS through a precipitation method, and the microparticles were then fabricated by a spray dry method with the suspension of the composites. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) with negative charge or lysozyme (LYZ) with positive charge at pH7.0 was adsorbed onto the HAp/ChS microparticles. However, the HAp/ChS microparticles adsorbed LYZ more than the HAp microparticles compared with BSA due to the electrostatic interaction from negatively-charged sulfate or carboxyl group of ChS in the composites. The release property of BSA from the HAp/ChS microparticles was evaluated in Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (pH7.2). The HAp/ChS microparticles released quickly 100% of the adsorbed BSA, while HAp microparticles released 45% of BSA. These results indicated that incorporation of ChS in the microparticles controls the adsorption and release properties of protein due to the electrostatic interaction. The HAp/ChS microparticles therefore are a candidate of a carrier for drugs like vaccines.
Electrochemical Deposition of Platinum Interconnects on Flexible Biocompatible Substrates
Authors: Radisic A. , Morcos B. M. , Op de Beeck M. , O’Callaghan J. M. , Van Hoof C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe explored the use of galvanostatic electrochemical deposition of Pt for cost-effective fabrication of interconnects in flexible implantable bio-medical devices. Initial studies were done on coupons diced from 200 mm Si wafers coated with PVD TiN. Based on the physical and chemical properties of the electrodeposited Pt films, optimal conditions were chosen for through-mask plating of centimeters long Pt lines on flexible, medical grade, releasable polyimide layers. Possibility for further up-scaling was considered with special emphasis on high throughput manufacturing of Pt interconnects with good adhesion to TiN/flexible substrates, low impurity content and resistivity, and acceptable roughness and uniformity.
Dislocation density based crystal plasticity finite element simulation of Al bicrystal with grain boundary effects
Authors: Leng Zhe , Field David P. , Alankar Alankar 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTCrystal plasticity finite element method is a useful tool to investigate the anisotropic mechanical behaviors as well as the microstructure evolution of metallic materials and it is widely used on single crystals and polycrystalline materials. However, grain boundary involved mechanisms are barely included in the polycrystalline models, and modeling the interaction between the dislocation and the grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials in a physically consisstent way is still a long-standing, unsolved problem. In our analysis, a dislocation density based crystal plasticity finite element model is proposed, and the interaction between the dislocation density and the grain boundaries is included in the model kinematically. The model is then applied to Al bicrystals under 10% compression to investigate the effects of grain boundary character, e.g. grain boundary misorientation and grain boundary normal, on the stress state and the microstructure evolution. The modeling results suggest a reasonable correspondence with the experimental result and the grain boundary character plays a crucial role in the stress concentration and dislocation patterning.