bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Iodide Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative C—N and C—S Bond Formations Through C—H Activation: Synthesis of Functionalized Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Mohan Darapaneni Chandra , Rao Sadu Nageswara , Ravi Chitrakar , Adimurthy Subbarayappa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe reaction conditions are unsuitable for the transformation of aminothiazoles, pyrimidines and pyrazines.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Iridoids from the Root and Rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Authors: Wang Su‐Juan , Qiu Xiao‐Qian , Zhu Jian‐Yong , Ma Xue‐Qing , Lin Bing , Zheng Cheng‐Jian , Qin Lu‐Ping 
Published: October 2014

Abstractisolation and structure elucidation of new iridoids, jatamanvaltrate P (Ia) and Q (Ib)
ChemInform Abstract: Topotactic Transformations of Metal—Organic Frameworks to Highly Porous and Stable Inorganic Sorbents for Efficient Radionuclide Sequestration.
Authors: Abney Carter W. , Taylor‐Pashow Kathryn M. L. , Russell Shane R. , Chen Yuan , Samantaray Raghabendra , Lockard Jenny V. , Lin Wenbin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTi and Zr nanoscale metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are prepared from a mixture of Ti(O‐iPr)4, terephthalic acid, DMF, and EtOH (autoclave, 150 °C, 20 h) and from a mixture of terephthalic acid, benzoic acid, DMF, and ZrCl4 (autoclave, 120 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals: A Review Article on Sulfur‐Metal Chemistry and Surface Structures
Authors: Vericat C. , Vela M. E. , Corthey G. , Pensa E. , Cortes E. , Fonticelli M. H. , Ibanez F. , Benitez G. E. , Carro P. , Salvarezza R. C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractReview: 212 refs.
Photogeneration of Hydrogen from Water by Hybrid Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters Immobilized on Titania
Authors: Recatalá David , Llusar Rosa , Gushchin Artem L. , Kozlova Ekaterina A. , Laricheva Yuliya A. , Abramov Pavel A. , Sokolov Maxim N. , Gómez Roberto , Lana‐Villarreal Teresa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo new hybrid molybdenum(IV) Mo3S7 cluster complexes derivatized with diimino ligands have been prepared by replacement of the two bromine atoms of [Mo3S7Br6]2− by a substituted bipyridine ligand to afford heteroleptic molybdenum(IV) Mo3S7Br4(diimino) complexes. Adsorption of the Mo3S7 cores from sample solutions on TiO2 was only achieved from the diimino functionalized clusters. The adsorbed Mo3S7 units were reduced on the TiO2 surface to generate an electrocatalyst that reduces the overpotential for the H2 evolution reaction by approximately 0.3 V (for 1 mA cm−2) with a turnover frequency as high as 1.4 s−1. The nature of the actual active molybdenum sulfide species has been investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In agreement with the electrochemical results, the modified TiO2 nanoparticles show a high photocatalytic activity for H2 production in the presence of Na2S/Na2SO3 as a sacrificial electron donor system.
Quantitative UV/Vis Spectroscopic Investigations of the In Situ Synthesis of Neutral μ2‐Chloro‐Bridged Dinuclear (Diphosphine)rhodium Complexes
Authors: Fischer Christian , König Anja , Meißner Antje , Thede Richard , Selle Carmen , Pribbenow Cornelia , Heller Detlef 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe stepwise in situ formation of neutral μ2‐chloro‐bridged dinuclear (diphosphine)rhodium complexes of the type [{Rh(PP)(μ2‐Cl)}2] (PP = chelating diphosphine) following the reaction of [{Rh(COD)(μ2‐Cl)}2] (COD = cyclooctadiene) with the ligands BINAP, SegPhos, DM‐SegPhos and DiFluorPhos was investigated quantitatively by stopped‐flow UV/Vis spectroscopy at 25.0 °C. The second‐order rate constants of each step of the consecutive reactions were determined. The investigations were hindered by an unexpected equilibrium reaction between starting and target complex on one side and an intermediate species formed during the ligand‐exchange process on the other. The rate constants of this equilibrium were also determined. The results reveal that the in situ formation of neutral μ2‐chloro‐bridged dinuclear (diphosphine)rhodium complexes, which are commonly applied in homogeneous catalysis as catalyst precursors, requires longer reaction times than is generally expected.
Xavier's Take on Authentic Writing
Authors: Behizadeh Nadia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBecause authenticity in education is a subjective judgment regarding the meaningfulness of an activity, a need exists to co‐investigate with students classroom factors increasing authenticity of writing. In this case study, one 8th grade student's needs for authentic writing are explored in detail. Xavier's take on authentic writing illustrates how the factors of impact, choice, expression, and sharing connect in a unique way for this particular individual on specific writing tasks. Also, by examining in depth Xavier's individual perspective, one can see how Xavier's views align with and differ from previous research on authentic writing. Additionally, this article offers a conversation between the author and Xavier, depicting a method for structuring students’ choices to increase authenticity. Additionally, the current study contributes to the extant literature by illustrating how authenticity depends on the values and life experiences students bring to the writing task, not the inherent value of the task itself.
The near‐symmetry of proteins
Authors: Bonjack‐Shterengartz Maayan , Avnir David 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe majority of protein oligomers form clusters which are nearly symmetric. Understanding of that imperfection, its origins, and perhaps also its advantages requires the conversion of the currently used vague qualitative descriptive language of the near‐symmetry into an accurate quantitative measure that will allow to answer questions such as: “What is the degree of symmetry deviation of the protein?,” “how do these deviations compare within a family of proteins?,” and so on. We developed quantitative methods to answer this type of questions, which are capable of analyzing the whole protein, its backbone or selected portions of it, down to comparison of symmetry‐related specific amino‐acids, and which are capable of visualizing the various levels of symmetry deviations in the form of symmetry maps. We have applied these methods on an extensive list of homomers and heteromers and found that apparently all proteins never reach perfect symmetry. Strikingly, even homomeric protein clusters are never ideally symmetric. We also found that the main burden of symmetry distortion is on the amino‐acids near the symmetry axis; that it is mainly the more hydrophilic amino‐acids that take place in symmetry‐distortive interactions; and more. The remarkable ability of heteromers to preserve near‐symmetry, despite the different sequences, was also shown and analyzed. The comprehensive literature on the suggested advantages symmetric oligomerizations raises a yet‐unsolved key question: If symmetry is so advantageous, why do proteins stop shy of perfect symmetry? Some tentative answers to be tested in further studies are suggested in a concluding outlook. Proteins 2014; 83:722–734. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CAPTCHA and its Alternatives: A Review
Authors: Moradi Mohammad , Keyvanpour MohammadReza 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNowadays, because of the undeniable impact of the Internet on all aspects of human life, security preserving has received more attention. To reach an acceptable level of security, Completely Automatic Public Turing test to tell Computer and Human Apart or simply CAPTCHA as a security preserving tool has been tailored for situations that need to prevent bots from doing a specific action; for example, signing up and downloading. Simultaneously, it should be also designed in such a way to allow humans to perform the same action. Despite its advantageous applications, there are several important issues such as security, usability, and accessibility that make its use controversial. In this paper, attempts were made to do a comprehensive review on various aspects and state‐of‐the‐art of CAPTCHA in general and its alternatives in particular to help researchers easily focus on specific issues for the sake of proposing new solutions and ideas. Regarding the advancement in CAPTCHA development, new classifications were proposed to categorize different variations of CAPTCHAs and their problems and then compare them. Moreover, different types of CAPTCHAs' alternatives were classified and evaluated by introducing several proposed measures. This evaluation could come in handy for future studies that aim to develop new techniques for overcoming current deficiencies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐Term Efficacy of Sacroiliac Joint Corticosteroid Injection Based on Arthrographic Contrast Patterns
Authors: Scholten Paul M. , Patel Shounuck I. , Christos Paul J. , Singh Jaspal R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relationship between sacroiliac joint (SIJ) contrast dispersal patterns during SIJ corticosteroid injection and pain relief at 2 and 8 weeks after the procedure. The association between the number of positive provocative SIJ physical examination maneuvers (minimum of one in all patients undergoing SIJ injection) and the patient's response to the intervention was also assessed.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingAcademic outpatient musculoskeletal practice.PatientsFifty‐four subjects who underwent therapeutic SIJ corticosteroid injection were screened for inclusion; 49 subjects were included in the final analysis.MethodsA retrospective review of electronic medical records identified patients who underwent SIJ corticosteroid injection. Fluoroscopic contrast flow patterns were categorized as type I (intra‐articular injection with cephalad extension within the SIJ) or type II (intra‐articular injection with poor cephalad extension). Self‐reported numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) values at the time of injection and 2 and 8 weeks after the procedure were recorded. The number of positive provocative SIJ physical examination maneuvers at the time of the initial evaluation was also recorded.Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was the effect of contrast patterns (type I or type II) on change in NPRS values at 2 weeks and 8 weeks after the injection. The secondary outcome measure was the association between the number of positive provocative SIJ physical examination maneuvers and decrease in the level of pain after the procedure.ResultsAt 2 weeks after the procedure, type I subjects demonstrated a significantly lower mean NPRS value compared with type II subjects (2.8 ± 1.4 versus 3.8 ± 1.6, respectively, P = .02). No statistically significant difference was observed at 8 weeks after the procedure. NPRS values were significantly reduced both at 2 weeks and 8 weeks, compared with baseline, in both subjects identified as having type I flow and those with type II flow (P < .0001 for all within‐group comparisons).ConclusionsFluoroscopically guided corticosteroid injections into the SIJ joint are effective in decreasing NPRS values in patients with SIJ‐mediated pain. Delivery of corticosteroid to the superior portion of the SIJ leads to a greater reduction in pain at 2 weeks, but not at 8 weeks. Patients with at least one positive provocative maneuver should benefit from an intra‐articular corticosteroid injection.
Academic resistance to quality assurance processes in higher education in the UK
Authors: Lucas Lisa 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The focus of this article is on academic resistance to quality assurance processes that have developed within UK higher education in relation to both research and teaching. These quality processes are often seen as forms of disciplining technologies (Blackmore, 2009) and are arguably an important part of the means by which new public management has been introduced to the sector. They have been perceived to monitor and control academic work in relation to teaching and research within UK universities over the last 20 years or so. However, this article attempts to look at the complexity of academic reactions to these processes and the ways in which academics situated within particular contexts might challenge and resist the discourses and subject positions that are being offered to them Thomas and Davies (2005). Following the work of Graham (2011) and Hyatt (2013) a Foucauldian informed critical discourse analysis is used to examine two critical case studies of resistance to both the quality assurance processes for teaching and the assessment and evaluation of university research work.
The evolution of pentameric ligand-gated ion-channels and the changing family of anthelmintic drug targets
Authors: BEECH ROBIN N. , NEVEU CÉDRIC 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYPentameric ligand-gated ion-channels rapidly transduce synaptic neurotransmitter signals to an electrical response in post-synaptic neuronal or muscle cells and control the neuromusculature of a majority of multicellular animals. A wide range of pharmaceuticals target these receptors including ethanol, nicotine, anti-depressants and other mood regulating drugs, compounds that control pain and mobility and are targeted by a majority of anthelmintic drugs used to control parasitic infection of humans and livestock. Major advances have been made in recent years to our understanding of the structure, function, activity and the profile of compounds that can activate specific receptors. It is becoming clear that these anthelmintic drug targets are not fixed, but differ in significant details from one nematode species to another. Here we review what is known about the evolution of the pentameric ligand-gated ion-channels, paying particular attention to the nematodes, how we can infer the origins of such receptors and understand the factors that determine how they change both over time and from one species to another. Using this knowledge provides a biological framework in which to understand these important drug targets and avenues to identify new receptors and aid the search for new anthelmintic drugs.
Recent large-scale colonisation of southern pine plantations by Swainson’s WarblerLimnothlypis swainsonii
Authors: GRAVES GARY R. 
Published: October 2014

SummarySwainson’s WarblerLimnothlypis swainsoniiis a secretive species of high conservation concern with an estimated global breeding population of 90,000 individuals sparsely distributed across 15 states in the south-eastern United States. Its status as one of the rarest songbirds in North America has been attributed to the scarcity of breeding and wintering habitat. Although the warbler was once thought to be a habitat specialist of lowland canebrakes, it is now known to breed in a wide spectrum of broadleaf forest habitats linked by the common denominator of high stem densities and visual screening in the understorey stratum. Scattered instances of a fundamental habitat expansion into early seral stages of even-aged pine plantations were first observed in east Texas in 1992. Here I report that the colonisation of pine plantations is not only locally extensive in Texas but that it is widespread on the coastal plain eastward to south-eastern Virginia. During two decades of field surveys, breeding territories (n =297) were documented in young pine plantations in 95 counties and parishes in 10 states. Occupied plantations were mostly 6–12 m tall (median = 7.5 m), corresponding to 8–15 years after planting. Soil type and the presence of interspersed broadleaf vegetation may be important co-factors in plantation occupancy. The chronology of this breeding niche expansion is poorly known but it appears to have occurred after the 1970s, most likely catalysed by the rapid growth of pine plantation silviculture after World War II. As late as 2001, it was believed that > 90% of the breeding population occurred in broadleaf floodplain forest. The recent range-wide colonisation of pine plantations changes the calculus. If the current trend continues, forest lands managed for short-rotation pine plantations will support the majority of breeding populations by the end of the 21stcentury.
Associations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone with serum lipids differ by sex and vitamin D status
Authors: Jungert Alexandra , Roth Heinz J , Neuhäuser-Berthold Monika 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectiveAlthough emerging evidence indicates an association between vitamin D and serum lipids, the data are still inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 25(OH)D3) or intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was independently related to serum lipids in elderly women and men.DesignCross-sectional study. Fasting serum levels of 25(OH)D3, iPTH, TAG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) were assessed. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Lifestyle factors, such as nutrient intake, time spent outdoors, physical activity, smoking, supplement intake and medication, were assessed by questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine associations of 25(OH)D3and iPTH with serum lipids.SettingGiessen, Germany.SubjectsOne hundred and ninety-three well-functioning German elderly aged 66–96 years.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, body fat, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, lipid-modifying drugs and either iPTH or 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D3was a predictor of TAG (standardised coefficient beta (β)=–0·180), HDL-C (β=0·197), LDL-C:HDL-C (β=−0·298) and TC:HDL-C (β=−0·302) in women, whereas iPTH was a predictor of HDL-C (β=−0·297) in men. In sub-analysis, associations between 25(OH)D3and TC (β=−0·252), HDL-C (β=0·230), LDL-C (β=−0·324), LDL-C:HDL-C (β=−0·412) and TC:HDL-C (β=−0·380) were found in women with 25(OH)D3concentrations above or equal the median vitamin D status (62·3 nmol/l), but not in women with lower 25(OH)D3concentrations.ConclusionsIn the elderly, associations of 25(OH)D3and iPTH with serum lipids may differ by sex and may require a vitamin D status above 62 nmol/l.
Cosmic radiation exposure of biological test systems during the EXPOSE-R mission
Authors: Berger Thomas , Hajek Michael , Bilski Pawel , Reitz Günther 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the frame of the EXPOSE-R mission outside the Russian Zvezda Module of the International Space Station (ISS) passive thermoluminescence dosimeters were applied to measure the radiation exposure of biological samples. The detectors were located beneath the sample carriers to determine the dose levels for maximum shielding. The dose measured beneath the sample carriers varied between 317 ± 10 and 230 ± 2 mGy, which amount to an average dose rate of 381 ± 12 and 276 ± 2 μGy d−1. These values are close to those assessed for the interior of the ISS and reflect the high shielding of the biological experiments within the EXPOSE-R facility. As a consequence of the high shielding (several g cm−2), the biological samples were predominantly exposed to galactic cosmic heavy ions and trapped protons in the Earth's radiation belts, whereas the trapped electrons did not reach the samples.
The impact of organic cotton cultivation on the livelihood of smallholder farmers in Meatu district, Tanzania
Authors: Altenbuchner Christine , Larcher Manuela , Vogel Stefan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn Tanzania, as in many developing countries, cotton is an important source of income for smallholder farmers but also causes various negative effects through high pesticide and intensive land use. To overcome these effects organic agriculture is promoted by different non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and companies. This study examines how organic cotton cultivation influences the livelihood of smallholder farmers in rural Tanzania and focuses on three areas: (1) the motivation to change from conventional to organic farming, (2) experiences and challenges of farmers in the conversion process as well as in the period following the conversion, and (3) the attitude and perceptions of farmers toward organic farming in general. Qualitative interviews with organic farmers in Meatu district in the north of Tanzania, as well as expert interviews, were conducted and observations were made. Results show that although the organic price premium is an important incentive for farmers to convert to organic agriculture, access to training and advisory service are even more important, as no other sufficient agriculture extension service is available in the region. Due to a high level of poverty in the region, environmental motivations for conversion are not in the foreground. Furthermore, the study shows that organic farming can contribute greatly to the improvement of livelihoods in the region (improved soil fertility, increased yields and income, higher standard of living) and increases farmers’ ability to cope with challenges, mainly through knowledge transfer, access to capital and capacity building on a local level. Although positive effects on female farmers were identified, cultural preconditions (e.g., polygamy) harm efforts to strengthen women to a higher degree and gender disparities are still challenging. Further social problems (i.e., high birth rates, a poor education system and a lack of health care), global trading schemes as well as environmental factors (i.e., water scarcity and extreme weather events) cannot be fully offset by the conversion to organic cotton cultivation. Farmers in the Meatu region profit to a high degree from organic agriculture, mainly due to access to knowledge and extension services, nevertheless important challenges remain for farmers and their families.
Caspase-dependent cell death-associated release of nucleosome and damage-associated molecular patterns
Authors: Yoon S , Park S J , Han J H , Kang J H , Kim J-h , Lee J , Park S , Shin H-J , Kim K , Yun M , Chwae Y-J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractApoptosis, which is anti-inflammatory, and necrosis, which is pro-inflammatory, represent the extremes of the cell death spectrum. Cell death is complex and both apoptosis and necrosis can be observed in the same cells or tissues. Here, we introduce a novel combined mode of cellular demise – caspase-dependent regulated necrosis. Most importantly, it is mainly characterized with release of marked amount of oligo- or poly-nucleosomes and their attached damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and initiated by caspase activation. Caspase-activated DNase has dual roles in nucleosomal release as it can degrade extracellularly released chromatin into poly- or oligo-nucleosomes although it prohibits release of nucleosomes. In addition, osmotically triggered water movement following Cl− influx and subsequent Na+ influx appears to be the major driving force for nucleosomal and DAMPs release. Finally, Ca2+-activated cysteine protease, calpain, is an another essential factor in nucleosomal and DAMPs release because of complete reversion to apoptotic morphology from necrotic one and blockade of nucleosomal and DAMPs release by its inhibition.