bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
miR-195 plays a role in steroid resistance of ulcerative colitis by targeting Smad7
Authors: Chen Guodong , Cao Shan , Liu Feng , Liu Yulan 
Published: August 2015

An imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammation is an important mechanism of steroid resistance in UC (ulcerative colitis), and miRNAs may participate in this process. The present study aimed to explore whether miRNAs play a role in the steroid resistance of UC by regulating gene expression of the inflammation signal pathway. SS (steroid-sensitive) patients, SR (steroid-resistant) patients and healthy individuals were recruited. In vivo miRNA profiles of serum samples showed that miR-195 was decreased significantly in the SR group compared with the SS group (P&lt;0.05). This result was confirmed by qPCR (quantitative real-time PCR) and miRNA ISH (in situ hybridization) in serum and colon tissue samples. Online software was used to identify Smad7 mRNA as a potential target of miR-195. The direct interaction of miR-195 and Smad7 mRNA was investigated using a biotinylated miR-195 pull-down assay. Overexpression of a miR-195 precursor lowered cellular levels of Smad7 protein; conversely, antagonism of miR-195 enhanced Smad7 translation without disturbing Smad7 mRNA levels. A luciferase reporter assay revealed a repressive effect of miR-195 via a single Smad7 3′-UTR target site, and point mutation of this site prevented miR-195-induced repression of Smad7 translation. Furthermore, increased levels of miR-195 led to a decrease in c-Jun and p65 expression. In contrast, transfection with anti-miR-195 led to increased levels of c-Jun and p65 protein. The decrease in miR-195 led to an increase in Smad7 expression and corresponding up-regulation of p65 and the AP-1 (activator protein 1) pathway, which might explain the mechanism of steroid resistance in UC patients.
Coordinating generation and load pickup during load restoration with discrete load increments and reserve constraints
Authors: Qin Zhijun , Hou Yunhe , Liu Chen‐Ching , Liu Shanshan , Sun Wei 
Published: August 2015

After a major outage happens, the independent system operator, transmission owners (TOs), generation owners (GOs), and distribution owners (DOs) should coordinate control actions to restore the power system timely and reliably. This study proposes a methodology to establish load restoration plans for the coordination among these participants. This methodology models the load restoration as a multi‐stage decision‐making process. At each stage, a mixed‐integer nonlinear load restoration model (MINLR) is formulated to maximise load pickup subject to AC power flow and reserve constraints. Comprehensive load characteristics are considered in this model. The solution of the MINLR model provides power set points for GOs/TOs and load pickup amount for DOs. A complete load restoration plan is obtained by solving a series of MINLR models. To solve MINLR models efficiently, a branch‐and‐cut solver is constructed by identifying efficient cutting planes and a reliable problem‐specific branching method. The applicability of cutting planes is proven. This methodology is tested using a 24‐bus system with 170 interrupted load increments, and a 118‐bus system with 637 interrupted load increments. The simulation results show that the proposed methodology can be efficiently applied to aid restoration participants pickup load increments within the TO's islands, while maintaining adequate reserve margins.
Base drive energy recovery for a silicon bipolar junction transistors
Authors: Zhu Hui , Sweet Mark , Sankara Narayanan E.M. 
Published: August 2015

To enable fast switching of a silicon carbide bipolar junction transistor a low impedance base current path is required, traditionally implemented by a RC speed up circuit in parallel to the base resistance. For fast switching speeds the capacitance of this circuit has to be large, dissipating significant power during high frequency switching. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the implementation of an energy recovery (ER) circuit into the base drive; transferring stored energy within the pulse capacitor of the RC circuit back to the power supply. Measured performance of a 1.7 kW boost converter demonstrates an 15.1% reduction in base power losses of the proposed driver when compared with a conventional benchmark operated at a switching frequency of 143 kHz.
The Permanent People’s Tribunals and indigenous people’s struggles in Mexico: between coloniality and epistemic justice?
Authors: Icaza Rosalba 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOn 21 October 2011, hundreds of Mexican civil society organizations formally submitted a petition to the Lelio e Lisli Basso Foundation in Rome to justify the opening of a Mexican Chapter of the Permanent People’s Tribunals (PPT). The PPT was established in 1979 as the successor to the Russell Tribunals on Vietnam (1966–1967) and on the Latin American Dictatorships (1974–1976). The PPT is considered an ethical non-governmental tribunal and their sessions are described as a mechanism for raising awareness of national and international public opinion on rights violations. This article investigates the potential of the PPT for contributing to epistemic justice in Mexico, by focusing on indigenous people communities’ long-term struggle for legal pluralism and autonomy. In so doing, it offers an analysis about the coloniality of international human rights law operating in non-governmental mechanisms of popular litigation such as the PPT; a perspective that has remained absent in critical international and global studies. In particular, the article argues that the PPT in Mexico is imbricated with Eurocentric modes of legal production but that it nonetheless has the potential to contribute, in a relevant but fragile way, to epistemic justice. On the one hand, it is observed that PPT key documents and statements explaining different forms of violence in Mexico emphasize causal relationships based on the all-encompassing power or logic of capitalism. This perspective, it is argued, has the effect of epistemic erasure: notions and practices of justice that exceed this logic are silenced in the process of legal translation for the construction of “model cases”. On the other hand, the article highlights the coexistence of different notions of justice in one of the PPT thematic hearings on Violence against Corn, food sovereignty and autonomy hold in Oaxaca, Mexico, to argue for a re-thinking of the monocultural state-centric legal frames that ground PPT legal qualification. As the PPT classify social grievances in legal terms through the lens/gaze of international law, this legal qualification works as an activity of “translation”, in some cases of incommensurable notions of justice or absence of justice, violence or well-being. The article concludes with an emphasis on the potential contributions of the PPT to epistemic justice as the political visibility of the many ways in which justice is understood and experienced despite the many forms of violence and oppression in contemporary Mexico.
Tectonics, climate, and the rise and demise of continental aquatic species richness hotspots
Authors: Neubauer Thomas A. , Harzhauser Mathias , Georgopoulou Elisavet , Kroh Andreas , Mandic Oleg 
Published: August 2015

Significance
To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of the evolution of species richness hotspots in continental aquatic systems. We demonstrate the development of European richness hotspots over the last 23 My based on a comprehensive dataset combining recent and fossil occurrences of gastropod species. We show that changes in species richness patterns can be related to geodynamic and climatic processes. The addition of tectonics, geological time, and spatial scales to ecology and climate is essential for understanding hotspot development in general. These insights also provide a foundation to explain the modern, uneven distribution of species richness as a whole. The pattern for Recent European faunas is a geologically young phenomenon, triggered by the ice sheet retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum.
RGS9-2–controlled adaptations in the striatum determine the onset of action and efficacy of antidepressants in neuropathic pain states
Authors: Mitsi Vasiliki , Terzi Dimitra , Purushothaman Immanuel , Manouras Lefteris , Gaspari Sevasti , Neve Rachael L. , Stratinaki Maria , Feng Jian , Shen Li , Zachariou Venetia 
Published: August 2015

SignificanceNeuropathic pain is a complex disorder, characterized by affective and sensory symptoms. Efficient treatment of this condition should target both pain-modulating pathways and mood/affect networks. We show that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which modulate spinal pain processing, also act in the brain reward center to alleviate allodynia and depression-like behaviors. We reveal how one key protein of nucleus accumbens (NAc)-specific signaling affects several molecules/pathways with emerging roles in antinociceptive and antidepressant mechanisms. Our study provides information about the cellular adaptations induced by TCAs in the NAc and novel targets for pain treatment.
Cohesin recruits the Esco1 acetyltransferase genome wide to repress transcription and promote cohesion in somatic cells
Authors: Rahman Sadia , Jones Mathew J. K. , Jallepalli Prasad V. 
Published: August 2015

Significance
The cohesin complex holds sister chromatids together from their duplication in S phase to their separation in anaphase. Cohesin is also involved in other aspects of chromosome structure and function, including the regulation of gene expression. To connect sister chromatids, cohesin must be modified by conserved acetyltransferases, known as Esco1 and Esco2 in humans. We investigated how Esco1 and Esco2 interact with chromosomes. Surprisingly, cohesin recruits Esco1 to numerous sites throughout the genome, while Esco2 is rarely seen at these sites. Esco1’s colocalization with cohesin requires two short regions that have been conserved throughout its evolution. Deleting these regions prevents Esco1 from establishing cohesion, and from silencing genes near its binding sites, a newly identified function of this factor.
Hybrid bioinorganic approach to solar-to-chemical conversion
Authors: Nichols Eva M. , Gallagher Joseph J. , Liu Chong , Su Yude , Resasco Joaquin , Yu Yi , Sun Yujie , Yang Peidong , Chang Michelle C. Y. , Chang Christopher J. 
Published: August 2015

Significance
Natural photosynthesis, a process of solar-to-chemical conversion, uses light, water, and carbon dioxide to generate the chemical products needed to sustain life. Here we report a strategy inspired by photosynthesis in which compatible inorganic and biological components are used to transform light, water, and carbon dioxide to the value-added product methane. Specifically, this solar-to-chemical conversion platform interfaces photoactive inorganic materials that produce hydrogen from water and sunlight with microorganisms that consume this sustainably derived hydrogen to drive the transformation of carbon dioxide to methane with high efficiency. This system establishes a starting point for a broader materials biology approach to the synthesis of more complex chemical products from carbon dioxide and water.
Local host specialization, host-switching, and dispersal shape the regional distributions of avian haemosporidian parasites
Authors: Ellis Vincenzo A. , Collins Michael D. , Medeiros Matthew C. I. , Sari Eloisa H. R. , Coffey Elyse D. , Dickerson Rebecca C. , Lugarini Camile , Stratford Jeffrey A. , Henry Donata R. , Merrill Loren , Matthews Alix E. , Hanson Alison A. , Roberts Jackson R. , Joyce Michael , Kunkel Melanie R. , Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: August 2015

Significance
Within eastern North America, distributions of vector-transmitted haemosporidian blood parasites of birds, commonly known as “avian malaria parasites,” are associated with the distributions of their host species independently of direct effects of climate on potential vectors. Spatial analyses additionally indicated an absence of dispersal limitation for these parasites. Finally, host-breadth, ranging continuously from specialist to generalist, varies among parasite lineages and is dynamic within parasite assemblages over space and time. The distributions of avian haemosporidian parasites emphasize the ability of parasites to disperse across broad regions and to switch readily between hosts to become emerging infectious diseases.
Dynamic equilibrium between closed and partially closed states of the bacterial Enzyme I unveiled by solution NMR and X-ray scattering
Authors: Venditti Vincenzo , Schwieters Charles D. , Grishaev Alexander , Clore G. Marius 
Published: August 2015

Significance
The bacterial phosphotransferase system couples phosphoryl transfer to sugar transport across the cell membrane. The first protein in the pathway, Enzyme I (EI), undergoes two large rigid body domain reorientations between an autophosphorylation-competent closed state and an open state that allows subsequent phosphoryl transfer to its downstream protein partner. Simultaneous use of solution X-ray scattering and NMR dipolar coupling data to guide simulated annealing refinement reveals the existence of a dynamic equilibrium between closed and partially closed conformations in a complex of a mutant of EI with phosphoenolpyruvate. The partially closed conformation represents an intermediate in the open-to-closed transition.
Role of activating transcription factor 3 in the synthesis of latency-associated transcript and maintenance of herpes simplex virus 1 in latent state in ganglia
Authors: Shu Minfeng , Du Te , Zhou Grace , Roizman Bernard 
Published: August 2015

Significance
A major unresolved issue confronting infectious diseases is the mechanism by which virulent, potentially lethal viruses remain silent (latent) in selected cells in the human body until induced to replicate and spread in response to stress. The establishment of latent infection by herpes simplex viruses in sensory or autonomic neurons is a common event in a large fraction of the human population. Here we report that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is induced by stress both in infected cells in culture and in ganglia harboring latent virus. The function of ATF3 is to block the reactivation of virus induced by neuronal stress.
Greater basal skeletal muscle AMPKα phosphorylation in men than in women: Associations with anaerobic performance
Authors: Guadalupe‐Grau Amelia , Rodríguez‐García Lorena , Torres‐Peralta Rafael , Morales‐Álamo David , Ponce‐González Jesús Gustavo , Pérez‐Suarez Ismael , Santana Alfredo , Calbet Jose Al 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectives: This study was designed to investigate the association of gender, fibre type composition, and anaerobic performance with the basal skeletal muscle signalling cascades regulating muscle phenotype. Design: Muscle biopsies were obtained from 25 men and 10 women all young and healthy. Methods. Protein phosphorylation of Thr172AMPKα, Ser221ACCβ, Thr286CaMKII as well as total protein abundance of PGC‐1α, SIRT1, and CnA were measured by Western blot and anaerobic performance by the Wingate test. Results: Percent type I myosin heavy chain (MHC I) was lower in men (37.1 ± 10.4 vs. 58.5 ± 12.5, P < .01). Total, free testosterone and free androgen index were higher in men (11.5, 36.6 and 40.6 fold, respectively, P < .01). AMPKα phosphorylation was 2.2‐fold higher in men compared to women (P < .01). Total Ser221ACCβ and Thr286CaMKII fractional phosphorylation tended to be higher in men (P = .1). PGC1‐α and SIRT1 total protein expression was similar in men and women, whereas CnA tended to be higher in men (P = .1). Basal AMPKα phosphorylation was linearly related to the percentage of MHC I in men (r = 0.56; P < .01), but not in women. No association was observed between anaerobic performance and basal phosphorylations in men and women, analysed separately. Conclusion: In summary, skeletal muscle basal AMPKα phosphorylation is higher in men compared to women, with no apparent effect on anaerobic performance.
An occlusion paradigm to assess the importance of the timing of the quiet eye fixation
Authors: Vine Samuel J. , Lee Don Hyung , Walters‐Symons Rosanna , Wilson Mark R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of the study was to explore the significance of the ‘timing’ of the quiet eye (QE), and the relative importance of late (online control) or early (pre‐programming) visual information for accuracy. Twenty‐seven skilled golfers completed a putting task using an occlusion paradigm with three conditions: early (prior to backswing), late (during putter stroke), and no (control) occlusion of vision. Performance, QE, and kinematic variables relating to the swing were measured. Results revealed that providing only early visual information (occluding late visual information) had a significant detrimental effect on performance and kinematic measures, compared to the control condition (no occlusion), despite QE durations being maintained. Conversely, providing only late visual information (occluding early visual information) was not significantly detrimental to performance or kinematics, with results similar to those in the control condition. These findings imply that the visual information extracted during movement execution – the late proportion of the QE – is critical when golf putting. The results challenge the predominant view that the QE serves only a pre‐programming function. We propose that the different proportions of the QE (before and during movement) may serve different functions in supporting accuracy in golf putting.
Lu Yu: the past and future of condensed matter physics
Authors: Poo Mu-ming , Wang Ling 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Lu Yu, a distinguished theoretical physicist at the Institute of Physics (IOP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), has witnessed the development of Chinese physics over the past five decades, from the difficult period of 1960s when physicists worked in a ‘half-fed’ state to the present flowering springtime of Chinese physics in which many breakthroughs at the frontier of physics are attracting international recognition. He considers these achievements to be not merely ‘intermittent bubbles’, but the cumulative result of sustained governmental support of basic research over the past decades. In his area of condensed-matter physics, Yu sees ‘a big deep-rooted tree with many branches—some old branches have withered away, but new shoots continue to appear’. In a recent interview with NSR, Yu reflected upon the recent history of condensed-matter physics in China—what has been accomplished and what lies ahead—and his view on the development of physics in general.
Combating H7N9: an interview with Lanjuan Li and Yi Shi
Authors: Xu Xiuling 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On March 31, 2013, the Chinese government reported that three persons from Shanghai and Anhui had died from a novel avian influenza virus, known as H7N9. This avian flu is unique in that it has a high human mortality rate, while fatality in poultry remains low. In other words, this virus can circulate ‘silently’ among poultry, but be a very possible cause of the next flu pandemic. Since 2013, human cases of H7N9 infection have been reported continuously, posing a potential threat to public health in China and attracting global attention. Will H7N9 be the next flu pandemic? With this question, NSR spoke to clinical expert, Professor Lanjuan Li from Zhejiang University, and the virologist, Dr. Shi Yi, from the Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shenzhen Third People's Hospital. In this interview, they share with us the biological information of H7N9, its clinical manifestation and treatment, and its future pandemic potential.
Control of sensory ectopic spike initiation by descending modulatory projection neurons
Authors: Städele Carola , Stein Wolfgang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDescending pathways are important modulators of motor networks and allow the dynamic adjustment of behaviors to changing internal and external conditions. Central pattern generating networks (CPG) have been particularly amenable to study the modulation of motor networks and demonstrated that virtually all levels of information processing are controlled by descending projections. CPGs receive sensory feedback and while it is known that sensory activity can be gated by central pathways, we here present for the first time that descending projection neurons modulate action potential initiation in sensory neurons.We used the fact that the anterior gastric receptor neuron (AGR), a single-cell bipolar muscle tendon organ in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, generates spontaneous ectopic action potentials in its axon. We found that axonal spike initiation is under direct neuromodulatory control by a pair of descending projection neurons. These IV (inferior ventricular) neurons descend from the brain and are known to control CPGs in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). Activation of the IV neurons elicited a long-lasting decrease in AGR ectopic spike activity. This decrease was only observed when spikes were generated ectopically in the central portion of the axon, i.e. the modulation was specific to the site of spontaneous spike initiation. The decrease could be mimicked by focal application of the IV neuron co-transmitter histamine and IV neuron actions were diminished after blocking H2receptors, indicating a direct descending modulation of the axonal spike initiation site. In contrast, the propagation dynamics of en-passant action potentials were not affected. Descending modulatory projection neurons therefore control axonal spike initiation in sensory neurons without affecting afferent spike propagation to increase the physiological activity repertoire of sensory pathways.
Construction of relatedness matrices using genotyping-by-sequencing data
Authors: Dodds Ken G , McEwan John C , Brauning Rudiger , Anderson Rayna M , van Stijn Tracey C , Kristjánsson Theodor , Clarke Shannon M 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundGenotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is becoming an attractive alternative to array-based methods for genotyping individuals for a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Costs can be lowered by reducing the mean sequencing depth, but this results in genotype calls of lower quality. A common analysis strategy is to filter SNPs to just those with sufficient depth, thereby greatly reducing the number of SNPs available. We investigate methods for estimating relatedness using GBS data, including results of low depth, using theoretical calculation, simulation and application to a real data set.ResultsWe show that unbiased estimates of relatedness can be obtained by using only those SNPs with genotype calls in both individuals. The expected value of this estimator is independent of the SNP depth in each individual, under a model of genotype calling that includes the special case of the two alleles being read at random. In contrast, the estimator of self-relatedness does depend on the SNP depth, and we provide a modification to provide unbiased estimates of self-relatedness. We refer to these methods of estimation as kinship using GBS with depth adjustment (KGD). The estimators can be calculated using matrix methods, which allow efficient computation. Simulation results were consistent with the methods being unbiased, and suggest that the optimal sequencing depth is around 2-4 for relatedness between individuals and 5-10 for self-relatedness. Application to a real data set revealed that some SNP filtering may still be necessary, for the exclusion of SNPs which did not behave in a Mendelian fashion. A simple graphical method (a ‘fin plot’) is given to illustrate this issue and to guide filtering parameters.ConclusionWe provide a method which gives unbiased estimates of relatedness, based on SNPs assayed by GBS, which accounts for the depth (including zero depth) of the genotype calls. This allows GBS to be applied at read depths which can be chosen to optimise the information obtained. SNPs with excess heterozygosity, often due to (partial) polyploidy or other duplications can be filtered based on a simple graphical method.