bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detergent Phosphates and their Environmental Relevance in Future European Perspectives
Authors: Wind T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper provides a generic overview of the relative contribution of different sources to the load of phosphorus (P) in surface waters in 18 European countries. Based on the current P-inputs into surface waters, future scenarios reflecting further reductions of P from municipal waste water are presented. A significant P-reduction can be achieved by improving the wastewater treatment situation and by introducing P-free product alternatives for laundry detergents. The remaining fraction of P in surface waters originating from automatic dishwashing detergents (ADD) only has a minor relevance for the aquatic ecosystem and may be reduced to a maximum of <1–4% when sewage treatment situation is improved. It can be concluded that ADD as P-source in the aquatic environment may not significantly contribute to the nutrient status, especially in eutrophication sensitive areas, where efficient P removal from sewages is regulated by the Urban Wastewater Directive (91/271/EEC). With respect to a requested evaluation of potential legislative steps by the EUDetergent Regulation (648/2004/EEC), a total ban of P in detergents seems not an appropriate measure to achieve significant reductions of P-concentrations in surface waters.
Importance of Micellar Lifetime and Sub-micellar Aggregates in Detergency Processes
Authors: James-Smith M. A. , Shekhawat D. , Shah D. O. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Micelles are known to be dynamic entities, rapidly breaking and reforming continuously. Micellar dynamics can be manipulated by the addition of non-ionic or oppositely charged cosurfactant to a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. Using filtration through nanoporous membranes we have shown that sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solutions are not only made up of micelles and monomers, but also contain a high concentration of sub-micellar aggregates. The concentration of sub-micellar aggregates decreases as the micellar stability increases. We have investigated the role of micellar stability and sub-micellar aggregates in cleaning of fabrics and hard surfaces such as porcelain dishes. After careful observation, it was determined that more stable micelles and lower concentrations of sub-micellar aggregates lead to more efficient detergency. In summary, it is desirable to have relatively stable micelles and the least number of sub-micellar aggregates for efficient detergency.
Sanitary Ware with Easy Cleaning and/or Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Agné T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
When the sanitary ware (ceramicplus) was launched it was one of the first product in consumer market that offered a surface based on nanotechnology. (ceramicplus) is a ceramic material that is modified by sol-gel methods, the so called wet-chemical nanotechnology thus creating a material of very low surface energy which results in a particularly dirt-repellent and easy-care surface. A further innovative surface is called (activecare). This ceramic glaze contains small quantities of antibacterial silver ions which prevent the build-up of bacteria and ensures hygienic cleanliness. Independent tests by renowned research institutes have verified the properties and long-term effect of (ceramicplus) and (activecare). Because of its water- and dirt-repellent properties (ceramicplus) requires minimum care without influencing the established good properties typical of ceramic materials. The roughness and hardness of ceramicplus is not significantly different from those of conventional ceramic glaze for sanitary ware. Scrubbing tests have proven that only the long-run use of highly abrasive cleaning agents – like scouring powder – may scratch the surface and impair the properties of (ceramicplus) as well as conventional ceramics. Thanks to the easy-care properties of these functionally modified ceramic surfaces such aggressive cleaning agents are not required for cleanliness.
Interaction between Lemna Minor and Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Ojeda C. A. , Castro M. J. L. , Torchinsky A. R. , Cirelli A. Fernández 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the interaction between anionic surfactants and macrophytes. Two different types of surfactants were chosen for the study: SDS (non-aromatic) and LAS (aromatic). Lemna minor was the macrophyte of choice, an aquatic plant, useful for its selective removal of ammonia, its ability to cover the surface of water bodies, and to remove heavy metals from effluents. The experiments with L. minor were performed in the presence and absence of nutrients. The concentrations of surfactants used were similar to those which can be found in wastewater. Under these experimental conditions L. minor was not affected. Because of this, L. minor used in treatment ponds appears not to be affected by the presence of surfactants. Moreover it can diminish their concentration in effluents prior to its disposal in water bodies.
The Prediction of Microemulsion Properties: Molecular Theory and the Lattice Fluid Self-Consistent Field Theory
Authors: Blagojević S. , Potkonjak N. , Ilić M. , Kolarić B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Structural features of microemulsions such as the droplet radius, thickness of the surfactant layer at the interface, number and distribution of molecules within a droplet are calculated using LSCF field theory. The theory was also used to calculate the composition ratio, interfacial tension (γ) and bending moment (c) of spherical interfaces between oil and water. Presented results show that LFSCF approach can be used to predict microemulsion properties.
Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Dialkylbenzenesulfonates for Producting Low Interfacial Tensions
Authors: Wang Y.-X. , Zhao Y. , Hou Q. , Qi J. , Li Z.-S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new method of synthesis a series of pure dialkylbenzene sulfonates is described. The benzene ring carries a major alkyl substituent, consisting of a linear chain of sixteen carbon atoms long, and one additional methyl group. Products are charactered by EI-MS and 1H NMR. Experimental investigations have been conducted to explore the interfacial tension behavior of crude oil with dialkylbenzenesulfonates. The effects of various parameters such as surfactant concentration, salinity concentration on the interfacial tension of crude oil-water were investigated in detail. The transient low interfacial tensions in crude oil/alkali system were caused by the synergistic effects between surfactant and the active species generated at interface, but surfactant molecules plays the dominant role at equilibrium.
Surface Activity of Newly Nonionic Surfactants at Air/Water Interface and their Interaction with Clay and Teflon
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. , Ayesh A. S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe surface activity of newly nonionic hydroxyl mixed ether surfactants HMEnat air/water and solid/water interfaces was studied as a function of ethoxylation degree (n-value). The characteristics of this series of nonionic surfactant, including surface tension, critical micelle concentration cmc, adsorption onto hydrophilic saponite clay and hydrophobic Teflon are reported. The surface tension results indicate that cmc, surface tension after γcmc, and the minimum surface area per adsorbed HME-surfactant molecule Aminare all increased with n-value. Results of static light scattering are in agreements with those obtained using surface tension method. For HME-surfactants, strong adsorption measured by surface tension onto the hydrophilic synthetic clay mineral saponite. This result was also observed by atomic force microscopy AFM for HME9.7onto hydrophilic mica surface. On the other hand, the adsorption of HME-surfactant onto hydrophobic polytetraflouroethylene PTFE (Teflon) is less than that measured onto saponite. However, the adsorption at both surfaces has the same dependency on n-value.
50 Years of Environmental Monitoring at Henkel
Authors: Wind T. , Steber J. , Tolls J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The gradually increasing detergents consumption in Germany since 1950 resulted in higher emissions of their ingredients to the environment. The first generation of mineral oil-based surfactants, tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate (TPS), exhibited poor biodegradability and caused public environmental concerns. These prompted Henkel in 1958 to start a systematic measurement of some main detergent constituents in the river Rhine in Germany. Since then, a number of monitoring activities regarding the determination of detergent ingredients concentrations and freights in rivers and waste water treatment plants (WWTP) followed. This paper summarizes 50 years experience at Henkel in monitoring of detergent ingredients in the aquatic environment. The long-term monitoring results on the river Rhine provides an impressive record of the development of the environmental burden by surfactant emissions and of the gradual improvement of river water quality over time. The reasons for the changes are discussed. Further monitoring activities on WWTPs have shown for the first time, that domestic wastewater treatment plants (DWTP) are similarly suitable for the removal of surfactants like municipal ones. The good removal of prominent organic detergent ingredients was shown by several time-proportional sampling campaigns in municipal WWTPs. Finally the positive impact of the modernisation of a municipal WWTP on the chemical and biological water quality on a small river creek is reported over the time period of 7 years. All of the reported studies indicate a low environmental burden due to the use of detergents ingredients today. The learnings from the different activities in environmental monitoring by Henkel have contributed to a solid understanding of the fate of detergent ingredients in the environment. This in turn was the prerequisite for development of reliable exposure prediction models. Today, Henkel employs both, environmental monitoring and modeling instruments, for assessing the environmental exposure of chemicals.
Study of Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on Alumina Using Surfactant Ion-selective Electrode
Authors: Liu B.-X. , Wang W.-X. , Lu Y.-H. , Du Z.-P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on alumina was studied by using the surfactant ion-selective electrode. The adsorbance could be calculated from the potential and concentration response characteristics of surfactant ion-selective electrode to get surfactant adsorption isotherm. Further experiment results show that the adsorbance was greatly influenced by pH of the solution. It is demonstrated that surfactant ion-selective electrode could be utilized to measure surfactant concentrations in solution after adsorption equilibrium without solid-liquid separation.
Compositional Analysis and Environmental Performance of LAS Produced from GTL Normal Paraffin and Different Alkylation Routes
Authors: Eadsforth C. V. , Dirkzwager H. , Maase B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The production of normal paraffin from Gas to Liquids (GTL) plants provides LAB producers with a more cost-effective feedstock than normal paraffin extracted from kerosene. Test results to date demonstrate that the performance of GTL Normal Paraffin, and LAB and LAS derived from it, however, is equal to that of kerosene derived normal paraffin. Recent work has particularly focussed on the environmental performance of LAS produced from GTL Normal Paraffin. Detailed GC and NMR analyses confirm that there is little, if any, significant difference in the analytical “profiles” of the kerosene and GTL Normal Paraffin derived LAS samples. It is therefore not surprising that there is no difference in the biodegradability of kerosene and GTL Normal Paraffin derived LAS samples. All samples achieved > 60% mineralisation after 28 days (OECD 301B); all these data were consistent with previous biodegradability data for LAS from European Chemical Bureau (ECB) and Human & Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) databases. Similarly, there is no difference in the ecotoxicity of kerosene and GTL Normal Paraffin derived LAS samples. Test results to fish (LC50), invertebrates (EC50) and algae (EC50) lay in the range 1–10 mg/l, 1–10 mg/l and 10–100 mg/l respectively; again these data are entirely consistent with previous ecotoxicity data for LAS from ECB and HERA databases.
A Biodegradation Study of Triethylene Glycol Monododecyl Ether under the Conditions of the OECD Screening Test 301E
Authors: Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. , Grześkowiak T. , Wyrwas B. , Frańska M. , Borkowska M. , Łukaszewski Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The biodegradation of triethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12EO3) was studied under the conditions of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Screening Test. Primary biodegradation of C12EO3 and concentration profiles of its metabolites were measured by the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FD) after derivatisation with 1-naphthoyl chloride. High performance liquid chromatography – electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used for the identification and analysis of C12EO3 and its metabolites.
Micellar Studies of Magnesium Soaps Using Ion-selective Electrode
Authors: Heda L. C. , Pareek D. , Pareek C. , Mosalpuri S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Magnesium soaps of caproic and caprylic acids were prepared and a cell was set up for the measurement of EMF (electromotive force) of the cell containing referred soap solutions in methanol water solvent system with the aid of ion-selective electrode. The critical micelle concentration of soap solutions was determined by plotting the electromotive force of the cell against soap concentration. The critical micelle concentration of these soap solutions varies with increase in chain length of the fatty acids in the soap. The energetic studies of the system have been carried out from the electromotive force values of the cell containing soap solution to ascertain the chain length compatibility and agglomeration profile. The values of free energy change are negative indicating the spontaneity of cell reaction and decreases with increasing soap concentration while increases with the increase methanol concentration in solvent mixture.
Phosphorylation of Mono- or Di-octadienyl-D-xylosides. Influence towards Surfactant Properties
Authors: Pradeau S. , Pezron I. , Komunjer L. , Bouquillon S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Phosphorylation of mono- or dioctadienyl-D-xylosides has been studied and led to mono- or dioctadienyl-D-xylosides phosphate derivatives. Comparison between monooctadienyl-D-xylosides and monooctadienyl-D-xyloside phosphate derivatives are not easy because of the complexity of having pure forms and corresponding data. However, comparison of dioctadienyl-D-xyloside diethoxyphosphate derivatives to dioctadienyl-D-xylosides indicates similar cmc values and surface activity. Dioctadienyl-D-xyloside phosphate derivatives, on the other hand, are characterized by a high hydrophilicity and a poor surface activity. Mostly, it was found that the introduction of these ethoxylated or non-ethoxylated phosphate groups influences the solubility and the surfactant properties of the mono- or dioctadienyl-D-xylosides.
Polymer-modified Microemulsions – a Template for the Formation of BaSO4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Koetz J. , Lutter S. , Fechner M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Polymer-modified microemulsions can be obtained by adding polymers to a mixture consisting of water, oil, and a cosurfactant. In dependence on the type of polymer used quite different effects can be observed. On the one hand water soluble polymers can be incorporated into the individual water droplets of a water-in-oil microemulsion, or into droplet clusters, and on the other hand they can induce the formation of a sponge phase, that means a bicontinuous microemulsion. Our experiments have shown that nonionic polymers, hydrophobically modified polyampholytes, as well as polycations can induce the formation of a phase channel between the water-in-oil and the oil-in-water microemulsion. The polymer-modified microemulsions can be used as a new type of template for the formation of nanoparticles. Therefore, polymer-stabilized barium sulfate nanoparticles of quite different size and shape can be formed in the microemulsion template phase, and redispersed after solvent evaporation in water.
Use of Biomonitors for the Validation of Chemo-thermal Disinfecting Washing Procedures
Authors: Kagemann G. , Hilgenberg B. , Rech J. , Heintz M. , Vossebein L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of different commercially available biomonitors for the validation of chemo-thermal disinfecting washing procedures in textile service enterprises. In the course of quality management systems (e.g. acc. to EN 14065: Risk Analysis and Biocontamination Control System, RABC-System) the performance of disinfecting washing procedures has to be controlled and validated periodically by the use of biomonitors. Biomonitors (typically small cotton fabrics) are loaded with bacteria and often encapsulated in semipermeable membranes. The following types of biomonitors are commercially available: a) “open design”, fabrics soaked with blood and bacteria enclosed in textile bags, b) monitors with bacteria enclosed in a semipermeable membrane and c) monitors surrounded by a semipermeable membrane and covered with a hard plastic surface. The membranes should avoid bacterial contamination of the textiles and environment because bacteria are too large to pass the membrane. It is commonly accepted in practice that liquids, proteins and disinfecting agents can diffuse through the membrane. However, big differences in the germ reductions measured with different biomonitors were detected, depending on their individual design. Therefore the diffusion properties of several detergent ingredients were quantified by using semipermeable membranes. It is demonstrated that proteins and even active oxygen species, are retained by these membranes and are thus not able to kill or inactivate bacteria inside the monitors. Hence the use of biomonitors with membranes should be reconsidered, because they are mainly able to detect thermal disinfection, but barely react to the chemical part of chemo-thermal disinfection procedures.
Chitosan Hydrogels Covalently Crosslinked with a Natural Reagent
Authors: Vílchez S. , Samitier V. , Porras M. , Esquena J. , Erra P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by crosslinking them with genipin at different concentrations. The time required for obtaining the hydrogel and their physico-chemical properties, such as rheological analysis, stability at different pH's and water absorption capacity were studied as a function of the genipin concentration. The morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy on freeze-dried hydrogels. The results revealed that low genipin concentration allowed to obtain well crosslinked hydrogels and indicated that the genipin concentration influenced the physico-chemical properties studied. Moreover, the results showed that the swelling percentage of chitosan hydrogels depends highly on the crosslinking degree and on the medium pH.
Sustainability in Industrial Laundering
Authors: Hloch H. G. , Bohnen J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The paper presents results concerning the sustainability of laundering processes which were achieved by BMBF research projects of the wfk Cleaning Technology Research Institute on reduction of energy and detergent in professional laundries (01 RT 9973) and by the development of economical laundering processes with optimised water-, energy- and detergent consumption to achieve an appropriate particle content for operating theatre textiles (0330466). General reduction of water and energy consumption was reached by optimisation of mechanical agitation in tunnel washers (continuous batch washers). Investigations in laundries showed significant increase of soil removal by rotating drum in comparison to oscillation drum systems with consequence of reduced dosage of detergents. This is especially for soil which is mainly removed by mechanical action. At the same time no higher values of textile damage occurred. In addition, the total water consumption was reduced to 4 L/kg. In research project 0330466 economical washing processes were developed with appropriate particle release for surgical textiles (drapes, gowns, clean air suits). The investigations were carried out with respect to textile material and its making up, washing and rinsing technology, drying technology as well as detergents and laundry aids. By use of suitable textiles, optimisation of laundering and drying processing, application of suitable detergents and installation of an online-particle control system in the tumble dryer, the specific water consumption was reduced from about 40 L/kg to 20 L/kg. In addition, the detergent dosage was reduced to 60%.
Interaction between α, β Layered Sodium Disilicate and Surfactants
Authors: Wei H.-B. , Wang Y.-J. , Fu Y.-C. , Xu H. , Li J.-P. , Dong J.-X. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper investigated the interaction of α-Na2Si2O5 and β-μNa2Si2O5 with surfactants sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), sodium lauryl sulfate (K12), alkyl polyglycol ether-9 (AEO-9) and α-olefin hydrocarbon sulfonate (AOS) under condition approximating the detergent spray drying process. The interaction samples were characterized by XRD and TG. The experimental results showed that α-Na2Si2O5 and β-Na2Si2O5 sustained their phases after interacted with surfactants. The relative crystallinity of α-Na2Si2O5 had little change after interacting with surfactants exception of AOS because it had better adsorbable effect on the surface of α-Na2Si2O5 than LAS, K12 and AEO-9. At the same conditions, the amount of H2O and surfactants were both important factors on the relative crystallinity of β-μNa2Si2O5. It also was proved that the temperature had little influence on the relative crystallinity of both α-Na2Si2O5 and β-Na2Si2O5. Compared with Al-δ-Na2Si2O5, α-Na2Si2O5 and β-μNa2Si2O5 were more stable than Al-δ-Na2Si2O5 after interacted with surfactants.
The UV Spectroscopic Determination of Two Critical Micelle Concentrations of Domiphen Bromide in Solutions with KBr and Calculations of the Packing Parameter
Authors: Kopecká B. , Fazekaš T. , Kaclík P. , Kopecký F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Three different forms of the surface-active domiphen cations were detected by the UV spectroscopy in aqueous solutions of domiphen bromide, eventually with KBr additive. In sufficiently dilute solutions there are free domiphen cations, which aggregate into two types of micelles at two distinct concentrations, interpreted as the first and second critical micelle concentration, cmc and cmc2. From the logarithmic dependences of cmc and cmc2 on the bromide concentrations the corresponding degrees of counterion binding were estimated. Conformation analysis of the domiphen cation was performed and the packing parameters of the lowest energy conformers were calculated. The observed spectral shifts and the calculated packing parameters suggest that two conformers of domiphen cation with different arrangement of the phenoxyethyl group are responsible for the respective formation of two types of micelles.