bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ritual Burning and Slaughtering in an AIC: Perspectives from Liturgical Studies and Old Testament Criticism
Authors: Wepener Cas , Meyer Esias E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article offers the results of research in which two theological fields cooperated in order to investigate one specific repertoire of liturgical rituals. From the perspective of both Liturgical Studies, and its focus on the functioning of ritual within its cultural context, and Old Testament Studies, and a focus on how biblical critics understand certain rituals described in the Priestly texts in the Pentateuch, ritual burning and slaughtering in an AIC was studied. Ritual Studies is beginning to play a much more prominent role in the engagement with books such as Leviticus and Numbers and also in Liturgical Studies, and this article is an example of how these two disciplines can fruitfully cooperate in the study of liturgical rituals in an AIC in South Africa.
Social Governance Innovations in Shenzhen: An Interview with Liu Runhua (刘润华)
Authors: Yushan Xu 
Published: February 2013

Editor’s Note
Over the past thirty years, as a special economic administrative region, Shenzhen has blazed many new paths of reform. Now, after thirty years, Shenzhen is once again leading the way with innovations and trials in the area of social reforms. From the Yantian Model (盐田模式) to “three half-steps”, the reformed method of social organization registration; from non-governmentally run social work units to establishment of community service centers; from encouraging the growth of the One Foundation’s operations in Shenzhen to inviting national philanthropic figures to participate in Shenzhen’s public-interest work, Shenzhen’s reforms have been inseparable from the encouragement of its Civil Affairs departments, inseparable from the innovative reform mindedness of the “Former Civil Affairs Bureau Chief”, Liu Runhua. In 2011, a team led by Professor Wang Ming (王名), Director of the NGO Research Center at the Tsinghua School of Public Policy and Management, conducted in-person interviews with this “social reformer”. Liu Runhua, then still Director of the Civil Affairs Bureau, stood both atop history and outside of his departmental context, to offer us far-reaching reflections on Shenzhen’s social management innovations. At the time of writing, Mr. Liu had been promoted up to Guangdong, where, as Managing Deputy Director of the Guangdong Provincial Social Work Committee, he is now able promulgate his ideas on public-interest activities in practice from a higher platform.
“Saving Lives”—Lü Kun’s Manual on City Defense
Authors: Filipiak Kai 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe subject of this article is theBook on Saving Lives(Jiuming shu) written by the late Ming scholar-official Lü Kun. The book enjoyed great popularity during the Ming and Qing dynasties and offers practical advice for those who were in charge of city defense. Lü wrote this text in anticipation of imminent social crises. His prime motivation was to save the lives of his fellow countrymen when “bandits” attacked the county seat. The book, which is a survival manual rather than a handbook for magistrates, was written for military non-professionals who would lead the civilian population to defend the county. On the other hand, the text is of a military nature and refers to the military function of Chinese towns.The majority of the book deals with military preparedness. Although the book also discusses various aspects of city defense such as weapons, tactics, fortification, training, and military law, Lü himself lacked combat experience. In this respect, the book illustrates a dilemma: The defense of small cities lay beyond the scope of the central government. This placed the responsible officials in a difficult and contradictory situation. The magistrate, for example, was not prepared for the job. He lacked military experience but had to lead the local population into war. Despite his power, he depended on the cooperation of the people, including the assistance of rich families and the support of armed villagers skilled in martial arts. In this way, Lü Kun’s treatise illustrates the consequences of earlier political decisions to concentrate the military on the northern border and around the capital.
Triggered Convection, Gravity Waves, and the MJO: A Shallow-Water Model
Authors: Yang Da , Ingersoll Andrew P. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. Despite its primary importance, a generally accepted theory that accounts for fundamental features of the MJO, including its propagation speed, planetary horizontal scale, multiscale features, and quadrupole structures, remains elusive. In this study, the authors use a shallow-water model to simulate the MJO. In this model, convection is parameterized as a short-duration localized mass source and is triggered when the layer thickness falls below a critical value. Radiation is parameterized as a steady uniform mass sink. The following MJO-like signals are observed in the simulations: 1) slow eastward-propagating large-scale disturbances, which show up as low-frequency, low-wavenumber features with eastward propagation in the spectral domain, 2) multiscale structures in the time–longitude (Hovmöller) domain, and 3) quadrupole vortex structures in the longitude–latitude (map view) domain. The authors propose that the simulated MJO signal is an interference pattern of westward and eastward inertia–gravity (WIG and EIG) waves. Its propagation speed is half of the speed difference between the WIG and EIG waves. The horizontal scale of its large-scale envelope is determined by the bandwidth of the excited waves, and the bandwidth is controlled by the number density of convection events. In this model, convection events trigger other convection events, thereby aggregating into large-scale structures, but there is no feedback of the large-scale structures onto the convection events. The results suggest that the MJO is not so much a low-frequency wave, in which convection acts as a quasi-equilibrium adjustment, but is more a pattern of high-frequency waves that interact directly with the convection.
Ocean Basin Geometry and the Salinification of the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Nilsson Johan , Langen Peter L. , Ferreira David , Marshall John 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA coupled atmosphere–sea ice–ocean model is used in an aqua-planet setting to examine the role of the basin geometry for the climate and ocean circulation. The basin geometry has a present-day-like topology with two idealized northern basins and a circumpolar ocean in the south. A suite of experiments is described in which the southward extents of the two (gridpoint wide) “continents” and the basin widths have been varied. When the two basins have identical shapes, the coupled model can attain a symmetric climate state with northern deep-water formation in both basins as well as asymmetric states, where the deep-water formation occurs only in one of the basins and Atlantic–Pacific-like hydrographic differences develop. A difference in the southward extents of the land barriers can enhance as well as reduce the zonal asymmetries of the atmosphere–ocean circulation. This arises from an interplay between the basin boundaries and the wind-driven Sverdrup circulation, which controls the interbasin exchange of heat and salt. Remarkably, when the short “African” continent is located near or equatorward of the zero wind line in the Southern Hemisphere, the deep-water formation becomes uniquely localized to the “Atlantic”-like basin with the long western boundary. In this case, the salinification is accomplished primarily by a westward wind-routed interbasin salt transport. Furthermore, experiments using geometries with asymmetries in both continental extents and basin widths suggest that in the World Ocean these two fundamental basin asymmetries should independently be strong enough for uniquely localizing the Northern Hemisphere deep-water formation to the Atlantic Ocean.
Intermodel Variability and Mechanism Attribution of Central and Southeastern U.S. Anomalous Cooling in the Twentieth Century as Simulated by CMIP5 Models
Authors: Pan Zaitao , Liu Xiaodong , Kumar Sanjiv , Gao Zhiqiu , Kinter James 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Some parts of the United States, especially the southeastern and central portion, cooled by up to 2°C during the twentieth century, while the global mean temperature rose by 0.6°C (0.76°C from 1901 to 2006). Studies have suggested that the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) may be responsible for this cooling, termed the “warming hole” (WH), while other works reported that regional-scale processes such as the low-level jet and evapotranspiration contribute to the abnormity. In phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3), only a few of the 53 simulations could reproduce the cooling. This study analyzes newly available simulations in experiments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) from 28 models, totaling 175 ensemble members. It was found that 1) only 19 out of 100 all-forcing historical ensemble members simulated negative temperature trend (cooling) over the southeast United States, with 99 members underpredicting the cooling rate in the region; 2) the missing of cooling in the models is likely due to the poor performance in simulating the spatial pattern of the cooling rather than the temporal variation, as indicated by a larger temporal correlation coefficient than spatial one between the observation and simulations; 3) the simulations with greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing only produced strong warming in the central United States that may have compensated the cooling; and 4) the all-forcing historical experiment compared with the natural-forcing-only experiment showed a well-defined WH in the central United States, suggesting that land surface processes, among others, could have contributed to the cooling in the twentieth century.
Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Global Warming in the CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble*
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Tong , Xie Shang-Ping , Du Yan , Liu Lin , Huang Gang , Liu Qinyu 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The response of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode to global warming is investigated based on simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In response to increased greenhouse gases, an IOD-like warming pattern appears in the equatorial Indian Ocean, with reduced (enhanced) warming in the east (west), an easterly wind trend, and thermocline shoaling in the east. Despite a shoaling thermocline and strengthened thermocline feedback in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, the interannual variance of the IOD mode remains largely unchanged in sea surface temperature (SST) as atmospheric feedback and zonal wind variance weaken under global warming. The negative skewness in eastern Indian Ocean SST is reduced as a result of the shoaling thermocline. The change in interannual IOD variance exhibits some variability among models, and this intermodel variability is correlated with the change in thermocline feedback. The results herein illustrate that mean state changes modulate interannual modes, and suggest that recent changes in the IOD mode are likely due to natural variations.
Generation Mechanism of the South Pacific Subtropical Dipole
Authors: Morioka Yushi , Ratnam J. V. , Sasaki Wataru , Masumoto Yukio 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Distinct pattern of interannual variability in sea surface temperature (SST) in the South Pacific [i.e., the South Pacific subtropical dipole (SPSD)] is examined using outputs from a coupled general circulation model. The SPSD appears as the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of the SST anomalies in the South Pacific and is associated with a northeast–southwest-oriented dipole of positive and negative SST anomalies in the central basin. The positive and negative SST anomaly poles start to develop during austral spring, reach their peak during austral summer, and gradually decay afterward. Close examination of mixed-layer heat balance yields that the SST anomaly poles develop mainly because warming of the mixed layer by shortwave radiation is modulated by the anomalous mixed-layer thickness. Over the positive (negative) pole, the mixed layer becomes thinner (thicker) than normal and acts to enhance (reduce) the warming of the mixed layer by climatological shortwave radiation. This thinner (thicker) mixed layer may be related to the suppressed (enhanced) evaporation associated with the overlying sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies. Weaker-than-normal surface wind also contributes to the thinner mixed layer in the case of the positive pole. Furthermore, the SLP anomalies are linked with the geopotential height anomalies in the upper troposphere and are associated with a stationary Rossby wave pattern along the westerly jet in the midlatitudes. This suggests that the SLP anomalies that generate the SPSD are not locally excited but remotely induced signals.
Measurement of Tidal Form Drag Using Seafloor Pressure Sensors
Authors: Warner Sally J. , MacCready Parker , Moum James N. , Nash Jonathan D. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
As currents flow over rough topography, the pressure difference between the up- and downstream sides results in form drag—a force that opposes the flow. Measuring form drag is valuable because it can be used to estimate the loss of energy from currents as they interact with topography. An array of bottom pressure sensors was used to measure the tidal form drag on a sloping ridge in 200 m of water that forms a 1-km headland at the surface in Puget Sound, Washington. The form drag per unit length of the ridge reached 1 × 104 N m−1 during peak flood tides. The tidally averaged power removed from the tidal currents by form drag was 0.2 W m−2, which is 30 times larger than power losses to friction. Form drag is best parameterized by a linear wave drag law as opposed to a bluff body drag law because the flow is stratified and both internal waves and eddies are generated on the sloping topography. Maximum turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates of 5 × 10−5 W kg−1 were measured with a microstructure profiler and are estimated to account for 25%–50% of energy lost from the tides. This study is among the first to measure form drag directly using bottom pressure sensors. The measurement and analysis techniques presented here are suitable for periodically reversing flows because they require the removal of a time-mean signal. The advantage of this technique is that it delivers a continuous record of form drag and is much less ship intensive compared to previous methods for estimation of the bottom pressure field.
A Generalized Method for Estimating the Structure of the Equatorial Atlantic Cold Tongue: Application to Drifter Observations
Authors: Hormann Verena , Lumpkin Rick , Perez Renellys C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A generalized method is developed to determine the position of the Atlantic northern cold tongue front across its zonal extent from satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data. Previous approaches estimated the frontal position subjectively or individually, calling for a more objective technique that is suitable for large datasets. The developed methodology is based on a median frontal SST, and associated positional uncertainties are on the order of 0.3° latitude for the period 1998–2011. Frontal characteristics are generally consistent with tropical instability waves (TIWs) and interannual variations are large. Application to drifter observations shows how the new methodology can be used to better understand circulation features near the northern cold tongue front. A drifter pair deployed on the eastern side of a passing TIW crest north of the front revealed that the trajectories of the drifters were clearly influenced by the shape of the front and they did not cross the front, but rather stayed close together about 2.5° north of the front. In a more complete analysis using all available drifters near the Atlantic northern cold tongue front, only about 12% of the trajectories crossed the front. Analyses in an along- and cross-frontal frame of reference complement isopycnal coordinate mapping, and tropical Atlantic drifter velocities averaged in frontal coordinates indicate a broadened shear zone between the northern branch of the South Equatorial Current and North Equatorial Countercurrent as well as meridional convergence near the front.
The Stormy Relations between Rafael Correa and Social Movements in Ecuador
Authors: Becker Marc 
Published: March 2013

Despite persistent calls for examining the diversity of Latin America’s “pink tide,” many scholars continue to divide the governments into a simplistic “good” or moderate left and a “bad” or radical/nationalist left. Ecuador’s Rafael Correa is inevitably included with Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez and Bolivia’s Evo Morales as part of a triad of radical left-leaning governments in South America. While Correa, along with Chávez and Morales, has faced threats to his power from the traditional conservative oligarchy, the greatest challenges to his government have come from the social-movement left. These dissidents have criticized his administration for failing to foster transformation of the structures that exploit and oppress marginalized communities. A constant difficulty for social-movement activists has been challenging Correa from the left without strengthening a common enemy on the right. A pesar de insistentes llamados a examinar la diversidad de la llamada “marea Rosa” latinoamericana, muchos académicos continúan dividiendo burdamente a estos gobiernos en una izquierda moderada o “buena” y una izquierda nacionalista, radical y “mala.” Rafael Correa de Ecuador se ve incluido, inevitablemente, en el grupo de Hugo Chávez de Venezuela y Evo Morales de Bolivia, una triada de radicales de izquierda en América del Sur. Aunque Correa, junto a Chávez y Morales, ha tenido que enfrentar a la oligarquía conservadora tradicional, los mayores desafíos a su gobierno han provenido del movimiento social izquierdista. Estos disidentes han criticado a su administración por no fomentar la transformación de las estructuras que explotan y oprimen a las comunidades marginadas. Una constante dificultad para los miembros dellos movimientos sociales ha sido desafiar a Correa desde la izquierda sin así fortalecer al enemigo común que es la derecha.
Malnutrition and Mother-Infant Asynchrony: Slow Mental Development
Authors: Ferreira Maria Clotilde Rossetti 
Published: March 2013

This paper suggests an explanation for the link between environment, malnutrition and rate of mental development. Its basic assumption is that biological factors, such as malnutrition or perinatal traumas, and difficult socioeconomic conditions interact to slow mental development by undermining the establishment and maintenance of a 'syntonic', 'synchronic' and 'reciprocal' relationship between the child and the mother. The family in a deprived social environment is usually burdened with socioeconomic and health problems. In these circumstances, the child will rarely find in its immediate environment a person available and prepared to 'syntonize', i.e. to tune in to him, and to be stimulating and responsive to his behavior. At the same time, children born in this environment, because of malnutrition and other ailments, will often be biologically less able to be stimulating and responsive to their caregivers. These children show apathy, irritability and a loss of interest in the social environment. Their behavior is often more disorganized and less predictable than that of the controls, requiring a special effort from those who interact with them to achieve syntony and synchrony with them. The combination of these conditions, acting throughout the child's early years, creates a cycle of interactional deprivation, which inhibits its intellectual development. In order to break this cycle, one needs to improve the environmental situation of the family in addition to improve its nutritional status.
Research and the Bernard Van Leer Foundation
Authors: Wall W. D. 
Published: March 2013

The Bernard van Leer Foundation differs from most other Foundations in that it conducts an integrated program of action-oriented and research studies in some twentyfive countries. Its goal is that of enabling children at a disadvantage "nevertheless to realise their human potential" and much of its work is concerned with educational programs for children of preschool and school age. More recently there have been extensions into older groups and the concept of "integrated education for development" has arisen greatly widening the earlier "compensatory education" notion. Projects are developed by consultation between HQ and the field and are conducted by local staff. They aim to be innovative, capable of generalisation and respectful of local values and culture. The problems and possibilities of such work are discussed from the viewpoint of evaluation and the contribution which can be made to the behavioural sciences notably to comparative child development.
Perceived Maternal Disciplinary Practices and Their Relation to Development of Moral Judgment
Authors: Saraswathi T. S. , Sundaresan J. 
Published: March 2013

The relationship between maternal disciplinary practices and moral judgment in children was examined. Sex and social class were included as variables. Two hundred and forty-nine children, from upper-middleand working-class samples, were interviewed on maternal disciplinary practices. Data on moral judgment were available from a previous study. Results indicated a general pattern of negative correlations between maternal power assertion and child's moral maturity scores (MMS), and positive correlations between maternal induction and MMS. The correlations were, however, statistically significant only in the case of upper-middle-class girls. Use of love withdrawal as a disciplinary measure was reported very infrequently. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical issues related to induction as a process variable, and a cross-cultural perspective of the empirical findings is described.
Ocular Strategies of Young Children and Adults in Two Memorization Tasks
Authors: Pf-Cheux Marie-Germaine , Baudonniere Pierre-Marie , Taranne Pierre 
Published: March 2013

Oculomotor activity during a 10-second inspection of stimuli to be subsequently recalled was recorded in 5and 7-year old subjects and in adults (20 subjects in each group). Subjects either memorized the content of three different designs, or the location of three identical flowers. The spatial characteristics of the two stimuli were the same. It was hypothesized that the Ss would organize their ocular activity in relation to the task. Of particular concern was the meaning young children would attribute to "the same place", as it could be inferred from points explored and from the sequence of fixations in the visual field. The data revealed that the 5-year olds used the same exploratory strategy in both tasks, perhaps because they lack a clear representational concept of what a location is. Seven-year olds used differentiated strategies, scanning as adults do in the content task, and relating elements to each other in the position task.