bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway Morphology From High Resolution Computed Tomography in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Moderate Persistent Asthma
Authors: Montesantos Spyridon , Katz Ira , Fleming John , Majoral Carolin , Pichelin Marine , Dubau Cecile , Piednoir Benoit , Conway Joy , Texereau Joëlle , Caillibotte Georges 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTModels of the human respiratory tract developed in the past were based on measurements made on human tracheobronchial airways of healthy subjects. With the exception of a few morphometric characteristics such as the bronchial wall thickness (WT), very little has been published concerning the effects of disease on the tree structure and geometrical features. In this study, a commercial software package was used to segment the airway tree of seven healthy and six moderately persistent asthmatic patients from high resolution computed tomography images. The process was assessed with regards to the treatment of the images of the asthmatic group. The in vivo results for the bronchial length, diameter, WT, branching, and rotation angles are reported and compared per generation for different lobes. Furthermore, some popular mathematical relationships between these morphometric characteristics were examined in order to verify their validity for both groups. Our results suggest that, even though some relationships agree very well with previously published data, the compartmentalization of airways into lobes and the presence of disease may significantly affect the tree geometry, while the tree structure and airway connectivity is only slightly affected by the disease. Anat Rec, 296:852–866, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left Ventricular Morphology of the Giraffe Heart Examined by Stereological Methods
Authors: Østergaard Kristine H. , Baandrup Ulrik T. , Wang Tobias , Bertelsen Mads F. , Andersen Johnnie B. , Smerup Morten , Nyengaard Jens R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe giraffe heart has a relative mass similar to other mammals, but generates twice the blood pressure to overcome the gravitational challenge of perfusing the cerebral circulation. To provide insight as to how the giraffe left ventricle (LV) is structurally adapted to tackle such a high afterload, we performed a quantitative structural study of the LV myocardium in young and adult giraffe hearts. Tissue samples were collected from young and adult giraffe LV. Design‐based stereology was used to obtain unbiased estimates of numbers and sizes of cardiomyocytes, nuclei and capillaries. The numerical density of myocyte nuclei was 120 × 103 mm−3 in the adult and 504 × 103 mm−3 in the young LV. The total number (N) of myocyte nuclei was 1.3 × 1011 in the adult LV and 4.9 × 1010 in the young LV. In the adult LV the volume per myocyte was 39.5 × 103 µm3 and the number of nuclei per myocyte was 4.2. The numerical density of myocytes was 24.1 × 106 cm−3 and the capillary volume fraction of the adult giraffe ventricle was 0.054. The significantly higher total number of myocyte nuclei in the adult LV, the high density of myocyte nuclei in the LV, and the number of nuclei per myocyte (which was unusually high compared to other mammalian, including human data), all suggest the presence of myocyte proliferation during growth of the animal to increase wall thickness and normalize LV wall tension as the neck lengthens and the need for higher blood pressure ensues. Anat Rec, 296:611–621, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary Anatomy and Phyletic Implication of the Extrinsic Cardiac Nervous System in the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta, Primates) in Comparisons With Strepsirrhines and New World Monkeys
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Thorington Richard W. , Murakami Kunio , Sato Fumi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTo provide information on evolutionary morphological differences and similarities between Tarsiformes (tarsiers) and other primates (Strepsirrhini and Platyrrhini), we examined the previously undescribed extrinsic cardiac nervous system (ECNS) and surrounding structures in three Philippine tarsiers (Tarsius syrichta). We found that the complicated ECNS morphology shows little variation in contrast to significant anatomical diversity of the surrounding somatic structures in tarsiers as reported in our previous primate studies. Further, our comparative morphological data on the ECNS show the following aspects of evolutionary anatomical significance; (1) the traits of the general relationship between the superior cervical ganglion and the spinal nerves are common to the Tarsii and Strepsirrhini, (2) the traits of the general composition of the cervicothoracic ganglion, its communicating branches to spinal nerves, and its cardiac nerve are common to the Tarsii and Platyrrhini, and (3) the traits of the general relationship between the middle cervical ganglion and the spinal nerves and its cardiac nerve are common among Strepsirrhini, Tarsii, and Platyrrhini. Therefore, the general anatomical characteristics of the ECNS in tarsiers retain a primitive state for some traits and exhibit a derived state for others. These characteristics of the ECNS also reflect an evolutionary history without the modification and specialization as seen in the surrounding somatic structures. It may play a key role in unifying future studies on molecular phylogeny and updating evolutionary anatomical information. Anat Rec, 296:798–806, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasticity in the Cerebellum and Primary Somatosensory Cortex Relating to Habitual and Continuous Slender Branch Climbing in Laboratory Mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Byron Craig D. , Vanvalkinburgh Daniel , Northcutt Katharine , Young Virginia 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe origin of the mammalian order Primates is nested within a Euarchontan ancestry that was probably exploiting the fine branch arboreal niche in a facultative way. A putative transition into this habitat may have begun with a more generalized small‐bodied mammal that lacked climbing specializations for grasping hands and feet. Here, we investigate whether mice exhibit central nervous system (CNS) plasticity associated with learning to grasp/climb proficiently. House mice were used to study phenotypic plasticity within the cerebellum and primary somatosensory cortex associated with the fine branch niche. This experimental treatment has previously been shown to influence skeletal plasticity in part because climb‐training encourages tail use and facultative pedal grasping. The CNS necessary to coordinate and control these locomotor behaviors was investigated in a standard mouse model (N = 10 male CD‐1/ICR mice), and plasticity was detected by histomorphometric and immunohistologic changes within the cerebellum and cerebrum. The climbing group had a significantly smaller relative granule cell layer in cerebellar lobule 1–3 than the control group (P < 0.10), but increased nerve growth factor immunoreactivity in white matter tracts of these lobules (P < 0.05). Qualitative observations in the primary somatosensory cortex revealed greater pyramidal/stellate cell counts in climbers. We suggest that coordinated tail and hindlimb learning within the arboreal milieu is facilitated by increased growth factor expression and neuronal alterations in the CNS. These findings suggest that mammals with a generalized Euarchontogliran body plan were capable of facultative pedal grasping and tail use so as to exploit the terminal branch niche. Anat Rec, 296:822–833, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of Cortical Bone Geometry in the Human Femoral and Tibial Diaphysis
Authors: Gosman James H. , Hubbell Zachariah R. , Shaw Colin N. , Ryan Timothy M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTOntogenetic growth processes in human long bones are key elements, determining the variability of adult bone structure. This study seeks to identify and describe the interaction between ontogenetic growth periods and changes in femoral and tibial diaphyseal shape. Femora and tibiae (n = 46) ranging developmentally from neonate to skeletally mature were obtained from the Norris Farms No. 36 archeological skeletal series. High‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography scans were collected. Whole‐diaphysis cortical bone drift patterns and relative bone envelope modeling activity across ages were assessed in five cross‐sections per bone (total bone length: 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80%) by measuring the distance from the section centroid to the endosteal and periosteal margins in eight sectors using ImageJ. Pearson correlations were performed to document and interpret the relationship between the cross‐sectional shape (Imax/Imin), total subperiosteal area, cortical area, and medullary cavity area for each slice location and age for both the femur and the tibia. Differences in cross‐sectional shape between age groups at each cross‐sectional position were assessed using nonparametric Mann‐Whitney U tests. The data reveal that the femoral and tibial midshaft shape are relatively conserved throughout growth; yet, conversely, the proximal and distal femoral diaphysis and proximal tibial diaphysis appear more sensitive to developmentally induced changes in mechanical loading. Two time periods of accelerated change are identified: early childhood and prepuberty/adolescence. Anat Rec, 296:774–787, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell Proliferation Patterns in Early Zebrafish Development
Authors: Mendieta‐Serrano Mario A. , Schnabel Denhi , Lomelí Hilda , Salas‐Vidal Enrique 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough cell proliferation is an essential cell behavior for animal development, a detailed analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of proliferation in whole embryos are still lacking for most model organisms. Zebrafish embryos are particularly suitable for this type of analysis due to their transparency and size. Therefore, the main objective of the present work was to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of proliferation during the first day of zebrafish embryo development by indirect immunofluorescence against phosphorylated histone H3, a commonly used mitotic marker. Several interesting findings were established. First, we found that mitosis metasynchrony among blastomeres could begin at the 2‐ to 4‐cell stage embryos. Second, mitosis synchrony was lost before the midblastula transition (MBT). Third, we observed a novel pattern of mitotic clusters that coincided in time with the mitotic pseudo “waves” described to occur before the MBT. Altogether, our findings indicate that early development is less synchronic than anticipated and that synchrony is not a requirement for proper development in zebrafish. Anat Rec, 296:759–773, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping Superficial Lymphatic Territories in the Rabbit
Authors: Soto‐Miranda Miguel A. , Suami Hiroo , Chang David W. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the anatomy of the lymphatic system in the rabbit with regard to relationships between the lymphatic vessel and lymph node. According to our previous studies in human cadavers and canines, the superficial lymphatic system could be divided into lymphatic territories. The aim of this study was to completely map the superficial lymphatic system in the rabbit. We used our microinjection technique and histological analysis for dissecting studies and recently developed indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent lymphography for demonstrating dynamic lymph flow in living rabbits. Real‐time ICG fluorescent lymphography was performed in two living New Zealand White rabbits, and direct dye microinjection of the lymphatic vessels was performed in eight dead rabbits. To assess the relationships between the vascular and lymphatic systems in rabbits, we performed radiocontrast injection into arteries in two dead rabbits prior to the lymphatic injection. The ICG fluorescent lymphography revealed eight lymphatic territories in the preauricular, submandibular, root of the lateral neck, axillary, lumbar, inguinal, root of the tail, and popliteal regions. We injected blue acrylic dye into every lymphatic vessel 0.1 mm in diameter or larger. We then dissected and chased the stained lymphatic vessels proximally until the vessels connected to the first tier lymph node. This procedure was repeated throughout the body until all the relationships between the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes were defined. The lymphatic system of the rabbit could be defined as eight lymphatic territories, each with its own lymphatic vessels and lymph node. Anat Rec, 296:965–970, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interspecific Variations of Inner Ear Structure in the Deep‐Sea Fish Family Melamphaidae
Authors: Deng Xiaohong , Wagner Hans‐Joachim , Popper Arthur N. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTInner ear structures are compared among three major genera of the deep‐sea fish family Melamphaidae (bigscales and ridgeheads). Substantial interspecific variation is found in the saccular otoliths, including the presence of a unique otolithic “spur” in the genera Melamphaes and Poromitra. The variation in the saccular otolith is correlated with an increase in the number of hair bundle orientation groups on the sensory epithelia from the genera Scopelogadus to Poromitra to Melamphaes. The diverse structural variations found in the saccule may reflect the evolutionary history of these species. The sensory hair cell bundles in this family have the most variable shapes yet encountered in fish ears. In the saccule, most of the hair bundles are 15–20 μm high, an exceptional height for fish otolithic end organs. These bundles have large numbers of stereovilli, including some that reach the length of the kinocilium. In the utricle, the striolar region separates into two unusually shaped areas that have not been described in any other vertebrates. The brains in all species have a relatively small olfactory bulb and optic tectum, as well as an enlarged posterior cerebellar region that is likely to be involved in inner ear and lateral line (octavolateral) functions. Data from melamphaids support the hypothesis that specialized anatomical structures are found in the ears of some (if not most) deep‐sea fishes, presumably enhancing their hearing sensitivity. Anat Rec, 296:1064–1082, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of the Cochlea using Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction based on Microcomputed Tomographic Images
Authors: Shin Kang‐Jae , Lee Ju‐Young , Kim Jeong‐Nam , Yoo Ja‐Young , Shin Chuog , Song Wu‐Chul , Koh Ki‐Seok 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to provide data on various dimensions of the normal cochlea using three‐dimensional reconstruction based on high‐resolution micro‐CT images. The petrous parts of 39 temporal bones were scanned by micro‐computed tomography (CT) with a slice thickness of 35 μm. The micro‐CT images were used in reconstructing three‐dimensional volumes of the bony labyrinth using computer software. The volumes were used to measure 12 dimensions of the cochlea, and statistical analysis was carried out. The dimensions of cochleae varied widely between different specimens. The mean height and length of the cochlea were 3.8 and 9.7 mm, respectively. The angle between the basal and middle turns was slightly larger in males than in females, while none of the other 11 dimensions differed significantly between males and females. The cochlear accessory canals were observed in about half of the cases (51.3%). Correlation analysis among measured items revealed positive correlations among several of the measured dimensions. The present study could investigate the detailed anatomy of the normal cochlea using high‐resolution imaging technologies. The results of the present study could be helpful for the precise diagnosis of congenital cochlear malformations and for producing optimized cochlear implants. Anat Rec, 296:1083–1088, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Examination of the Bottlenose Dolphin Cerebellum
Authors: Hanson Alicia , Grisham William , Sheh Colleen , Annese Jacopo , Ridgway Sam 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTNeuroanatomical research into the brain of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) has revealed striking similarities with the human brain in terms of size and complexity. However, the dolphin brain also contains unique allometric relationships. When compared to the human brain, the dolphin cerebellum is noticeably larger. Upon closer examination, the lobule composition of the cerebellum is distinct between the two species. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging to analyze cerebellar anatomy in the bottlenose dolphin and measure the volume of the separate cerebellar lobules in the bottlenose dolphin and human. Lobule identification was assisted by three‐dimensional modeling. We find that lobules VI, VIIb, VIII, and IX are the largest lobules of the bottlenose dolphin cerebellum, while the anterior lobe (I–V), crus I, crus II, and the flocculonodular lobe are smaller. Different lobule sizes may have functional implications. Auditory‐associated lobules VIIb, VIII, IX are likely large in the bottlenose dolphin due to echolocation abilities. Our study provides quantitative information on cerebellar anatomy that substantiates previous reports based on gross observation and subjective analysis. This study is part of a continuing effort toward providing explicit descriptions of cetacean neuroanatomy to support the interpretation of behavioral studies on cetacean cognition. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa
Authors: Ardeshir Amir , Oslund Karen L. , Ventimiglia Frank , Yee Joann , Lerche Nicholas W. , Hyde Dallas M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIdiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among juvenile rhesus macaques. While lesions may be absent at colonoscopy, the histopathologic evaluation of the biopsy specimens is consistent with human macroscopic colitis (MC). In this study, we developed an isotropic uniform random sampling method to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic changes and applied it on proximal ascending colon in monkeys. Colonic tissue and peripheral blood specimens were collected from six MC and six control juvenile macaques at necropsy. Uniform random samples were collected from the colon using punch biopsy tools. The volume of epithelium and lamina propria were estimated in thick (25 µm) sections using point probes and normalized to the area of muscularis mucosae. Our data suggests a significant increase of the Vs of the lamina propria (1.9‐fold, P = 0.02) and epithelium (1.4‐fold, P = 0.05) in subjects with MC. The average colonic surface mucosa area in the MC monkeys increased 1.4‐fold over the controls (P = 0.02). The volume of the proximal colon in animals with MC showed a 2.4‐fold increase over the non‐diarrhea control monkeys (P = 0.0001). Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in peripheral blood were found to be correlated with the volume estimate of the lamina propria and epithelium. We found that ICD in macaques has features which simulates human MC and can be used as a spontaneous animal model for human MC. Furthermore, this developed sampling method can be used for unbiased preclinical evaluation of therapeutics in this animal model. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inflammatory Process Induced by Carrageenan in Adjacent Tissue Triggers the Acute Inflammation in Deep Digital Flexor Tendon of Rats
Authors: Vieira Cristiano Pedrozo , De Aro Andrea Aparecida , Da Ré Guerra Flávia , De Oliveira Letícia Prado , De Almeida Marcos Dos Santos , Rosa Pimentel Edson 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTendinopathy is a pathology found mainly in the rotator cuff, patellar, Achilles and flexor tendons. Tendinopathy is a significant impediment to performance in athletes and in workers in the labor market. Some studies have indicated that inflammation in adjacent tissues may affect the rotator cuff and Achilles tendon. In this study alterations were verified in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the deep digital flexor tendon after two periods (12 and 24 hr) of induction inflammation in rat paw. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: those that received injection of 1% carrageenan; those that received 0.9% NaCl; and those that received no application. The tendon was divided into distal (d), proximal (p), and intermediate (i) regions. Biochemical analyses were performed and included non‐collagenous proteins (NCP), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hydroxyproline (HoPro) and metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue, hematoxylin‐eosin, and Ponceau SS and observed under polarization microscopy. Remarkable results were detected that included the presence of MMP‐9, degradation of NCP and GAG and the presence of cellular infiltrate closer to digits in d region. The different concentrations of HoPro, as well as alterations in the organization of the collagen fibers showed the collagenous matrix undergoing some alterations. The results indicated that the induced inflammation in rat paw exhibited characteristics similar to the typical acute inflammatory process observed in tendons. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular Neuroinflammation in a Lateral Forceps Compression Model of Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Vaughn Chloe N. , Iafrate Julia L. , Henley Jessica B. , Stevenson Edward K. , Shlifer Igor G. , Jones T. Bucky 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPostinjury inflammation has been implicated in secondary degeneration following injury to the spinal cord. The cellular inflammatory response to injury has not been described in the lateral compression injury model, although various types of compression injuries account for ∼20% of human spinal cord injuries (SCI). Here, we used forceps to induce a moderate compression injury to the thoracic spinal cord of female Sprague‐Dawley rats. We evaluated innate and adaptive components of the inflammatory response at various times postinjury using immunohistochemical techniques. We show that components of innate immunity (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells) peak between 1 and 2 weeks postinjury but persist through 42 days postinjury (dpi). CD163 and CD206 expression, associated with an anti‐inflammatory, reparative phenotype, was upregulated on activated macrophages in the injury site, as were MHC class II antigens. The expression of MHC class II antigens is necessary for the initiation of adaptive immunity and was accompanied by an influx of T cells. T cells were initially restricted to gray matter at the injury epicenter but were later observed throughout the lesioned parenchyma. In summary, we demonstrate that lateral forceps compression of the spinal cord produces a neuroinflammatory response similar to that described in human spinal cord trauma and in other experimental models of spinal cord trauma, thus is an appropriate model to study secondary neurodegeneration in SCI. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.