bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase change materials: Chalcogenides with remarkable properties due to an unconventional bonding mechanism
Authors: Wuttig Matthias 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPhase change materials are characterized by a unique property combination which encompasses a pronounced property contrast between the amorphous and crystalline state, as well as rapid crystallization. This property portfolio is ideally suited for data storage applications. In this paper, the understanding of the relationship between the properties of phase change materials and their mechanism of chemical bonding will be reviewed in an attempt to provide a generic explanation for many of the unconventional properties of phase change materials.
A Path Analysis of the Variables Related to the Quality of Life of Mothers with Disabled Children in Korea
Authors: Cho Kyung Seu , Hong Eun Joo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study examines how different variables affect the quality of life of mothers of children with disabilities. We attempted to identify the relationship between child variables (age and whether the child has single or multiple disabilities), economic variables (monthly income and average monthly treatment cost), mother‐related variables (parenting stress) and social variables (social support) as predictors of the quality of life of mothers of children with disabilities, and the path along which these variables affect their quality of life. The dataset comprised 160 mothers of children with disabilities, who resided in Seoul city and Gyeonggi province. The participants answered questions related to their general information, quality of life, social support and parenting stress. The data were analysed using SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 16.0. We found that social support not only influences the quality of life through parenting stress but also is a direct factor. We also found that both whether a child had single or multiple disabilities and the average monthly treatment cost were significant factors that influenced the parent's quality of life indirectly through parenting stress. Moreover, we concluded that whereas the age of children with disabilities is only a direct impact on the mother's quality of life, monthly income has a direct influence on both parenting stress and quality of life separately, but it does not directly influence quality of life through parenting stress. In our opinion, this is the first study that has conducted a holistic analysis of the quality of life of Korean mothers of children with disabilities by considering a range of variables. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal racial origin and adverse pregnancy outcome: a cohort study
Authors: Khalil A. , Rezende J. , Akolekar R. , Syngelaki A. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the association between maternal racial origin and a wide range of adverse pregnancy outcomes after adjustment for confounding factors in obstetric history and maternal characteristics.MethodsThis was a retrospective study in women with singleton pregnancies attending their first routine hospital visit at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Data on maternal characteristics, and medical and obstetric history were collected and pregnancy outcomes ascertained. Regression analysis was performed to examine the association between racial origin and adverse pregnancy outcomes including pre‐eclampsia (PE), gestational hypertension (GH), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm delivery (PTD), small‐for‐gestational age (SGA), large‐for‐gestational age (LGA), miscarriage, stillbirth and elective and emergency Cesarean section (CS).ResultsThe study population included 76 158 singleton pregnancies with a live fetus at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks. In addition to maternal characteristics and obstetric history, Afro‐Caribbean racial origin was associated with increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, PE, GH, spontaneous PTD, GDM, SGA and CS. In women of South Asian racial origin there was increased risk for PE, GDM, SGA and CS, and East Asian race contributed to the prediction of GDM and SGA.ConclusionMaternal racial origin should be combined with other maternal characteristics and obstetric history when calculating an individualized adjusted risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counseling in fetal medicine: agenesis of the corpus callosum
Authors: Santo S. , D'Antonio F. , Homfray T. , Rich P. , Pilu G. , Bhide A. , Thilaganathan B. , Papageorghiou A. T. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this Review, we aim to provide up‐to‐date and evidence‐based answers to common questions regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of prenatally detected agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). A systematic literature search was performed to identify all reports of ACC and reference lists of articles were identified. ACC involves partial or complete absence of the main commissural pathway that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, and can be isolated (with no other abnormalities) or complex (coexisting with other abnormalities). It is a rare finding and the prevalence is difficult to estimate because of selection bias in reported series. The corpus callosum (CC) can be assessed on ultrasound by direct visualization, but indirect features, such as ventriculomegaly, absence of the cavum septi pellucidi or widening of interhemispheric fissure, are often the reason for detection in a screening population. Careful imaging in a center with a high level of expertise is required to make a full assessment and to exclude coexisting abnormalities, which occur in about 46% of fetuses. When available, magnetic resonance imaging appears to be an important adjunct as it allows direct visualization. It can reduce false‐positive rates on ultrasound and can confirm ACC, it can assess whether this is complete or partial and it can help in detecting coexisting brain abnormalities not seen on ultrasound. The overall rate of chromosomal abnormality in fetuses with ACC is 18%, but this high rate includes both isolated and complex ACC; more recent studies suggest that chromosomal abnormalities are rare in isolated cases. Nevertheless, postnatal follow‐up studies suggest that about 15% of cases thought to be isolated prenatally were found to have associated abnormalities after birth. Neurodevelopmental outcome in isolated ACC was recently reported in a systematic review and suggested normal outcome in about 65–75% of cases. Findings need to be considered in light of the several limitations of existing studies, in terms of study design, selection bias, varying definitions and imaging protocols, ascertainment bias and lack of control groups. These uncertainties mean that antenatal counseling is difficult and further large prospective studies are needed.
Use of a Transanal Drainage Tube for Prevention of Anastomotic Leakage and Bleeding after Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Zhao Wen‐Tao , Hu Feng‐Liang , Li Yu‐Ying , Li Hong‐Jie , Luo Wei‐Ming , Sun Feng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of the transanal drainage tube for prevention of anastomotic leakage and bleeding after anterior resection for rectal cancer.MethodsBetween January 2007 and May 2011 a nonrandomized prospective study of patients undergoing anterior resection for rectal cancer was done. The patients were divided into the transanal drainage tube (TDT) and non‐transanal drainage tube (NTDT) groups according to whether the transanal drainage tube was used in the operation. Clinical characteristics and postoperative complications were compared between the TDT and NTDT groups.ResultsThe study included 81 patients in the TDT group and 77 patients in the NTDT group. In the TDT group, anastomotic leakage occurred in 2 patients and no anastomotic bleeding occurred. In the NTDT group, anastomotic leakage occurred in 7 patients and anastomotic bleeding occurred in 2 patients. The TDT group had significantly fewer anastomotic complications compared with the NTDT group (2.5 vs 11.7 %; P = 0.029). Furthermore, the TDT group showed an obvious reduction in the rate of anastomotic leakage and anastomotic bleeding compared with the NTDT group (2.5 vs 7.8 % and 0.0 vs 2.6 %), but because the number of cases is relatively small, the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.160 and P = 0.236).ConclusionsThe use of a transanal drainage tube in anterior resection for rectal cancer may be a simple, safe, and effective means of preventing or reducing the occurrence of anastomotic leakage and bleeding. A larger‐scale single or multi‐center prospective randomized study or a meta‐analysis including similar studies is necessary for further elucidation of this issue.
Image and Pathological Changes after Radiofrequency Ablation of Invasive Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study of Nonsurgical Therapy of Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Yoshinaga Yasuteru , Enomoto Yasuko , Fujimitsu Ritsuko , Shimakura Mikiko , Nabeshima Kazuki , Iwasaki Akinori 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe surgical treatment of early breast cancer has proceeded to less invasive approaches with better cosmetic results. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical and pathological findings after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) without resection for a longer period of time.MethodA total of 14 patients with breast cancer were enrolled. All patients were diagnosed to have invasive ductal carcinoma, and the median breast tumor size was 12 mm (range, 6–20 mm). Six patients received RFA treatment followed by immediate resection and eight patients without resection. The patients without resection were evaluated by ultrasound, MRI, and the pathological findings of a core needle biopsy after RFA. The removed specimens were examined by hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase staining. The median follow‐up of the patients was 39.9 months.ResultsNADH staining was necessary to diagnose complete tumor cell death in the tissue for 3 months after RFA. However, HE staining alone could confirm the effect without NADH staining more than 6 months after RFA. Post‐RFA, MRI scans clearly demonstrated the area as a complete ablated lesion in all patients without resection. The ablated area detected by MRI or ultrasound became gradually smaller. All patients that underwent RFA with no resection were alive without relapse.ConclusionRFA therefore could be an effective alternative to partial mastectomy for early breast cancer. Further research will be necessary to establish the standardization of the indications, as well as the optimal techniques and post treatment evaluation modalities.
Evaluation of Dysphagia and Diminished Airway Protection after Three‐Field Esophagectomy and a Remedy
Authors: Yasuda Takushi , Yano Masahiko , Miyata Hiroshi , Yamasaki Makoto , Takiguchi Shuji , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundRecently, reports from the West have indicated three‐field lymphadenectomy (3FL) for esophageal cancer increases the accuracy of tumor staging and survival. However, this cervical procedure is likely to lead to swallowing dysfunction and aspiration, which are barriers to introducing this procedure in clinical practice.MethodsOur goal is to elucidate the etiology of swallowing dysfunction after 3FL and devise a remedy. First, based on evaluation of swallowing function in ten patients with two‐field lymphadenectomy (2FL) and ten with 3FL, we hypothesized that the scarred sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles might be impairing laryngeal elevation after 3FL; thus, complete division of the bilateral infrahyoid muscles attached to the sternum (CDBIMS) could be an effective remedy. Next, the utility of this additive procedure was examined in 20 patients with 3FL. Swallowing function was evaluated by the distance of total laryngeal elevation (TLE) and the frequency of incomplete airway protection (IAP) (laryngeal penetration or aspiration) on videofluoroscopic study.ResultsThe average TLE and frequency of IAP were, respectively, 0.37 cm and 70 % in the 3FL group, showing significant deterioration (p < 0.001 and 0.025), in contrast to 1.79 cm and 20 % in the 2FL group. The 3FL + CDBIMS group showed significant improvements in the average TLE and the frequency of IAP (1.70 cm and 25 %), compared with the 3FL group (p < 0.001 and 0.018). Multivariate logistic regression identified additive CDBIMS as a significant suppressor of IAP after 3FL.ConclusionsLaryngeal elevation was significantly impaired after 3FL. Adding CDBIMS might improve swallowing function in these patients.
Home‐field advantage in decomposition of leaf litter and insect frass
Authors: Kagata Hideki , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHome‐field advantage (HFA) hypothesis regarding litter decomposition states that litter is decomposed more rapidly in the habitat from which it is derived (i.e., home) than in other habitat (i.e., away) due to local adaptation of soil decomposers. We tested the HFA hypothesis regarding decomposition of leaf litter, insect frass, and their mixtures, using laboratory incubation of leaf litter from an evergreen (Pinus densiflora) and a deciduous (Quercus acutissima) tree species, frass excreted by two insect herbivores (Dendrolimus spectabilis and Lymantria dispar) fed on one of the two trees, and soil collected underneath the two trees. We found evidence that decomposers in each soil were specialized to decompose the litter derived from the tree species above them, indicating that the HFA occurred in litter decomposition. In contrast, the HFA was not detected in the decomposition of insect frass or litter‐frass mixtures. Mixing with D. spectabilis frass non‐additively decelerated, while mixing with L. dispar frass non‐additively accelerated, decomposition of the mixtures, independent of soil and litter types. These indicate that the presence of insect herbivores may make it difficult to form and maintain a decomposer community specialized to a certain leaf litter, and that it may consequently cancel or weaken HFA in litter decomposition.
Production of organic acids by periplasmic enzymes present in free and immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis
Authors: Malvessi Eloane , Carra Sabrina , Pasquali Flávia Cristina , Kern Denise Bizarro , da Silveira Mauricio Moura , Ayub Marco Antônio Záchia 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this work the periplasmic enzymatic complex glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR)/glucono-δ-lactonase (GL) of permeabilized free or immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis was evaluated for the bioconversion of mixtures of fructose and different aldoses into organic acids. For all tested pairs of substrates with permeabilized free-cells, the best enzymatic activities were obtained in reactions with pH around 6.4 and temperatures ranging from 39 to 45 °C. Decreasing enzyme/substrate affinities were observed when fructose was in the mixture with glucose, maltose, galactose, and lactose, in this order. In bioconversion runs with 0.7 mol l−1 of fructose and with aldose, with permeabilized free-cells of Z. mobilis, maximal concentrations of the respective aldonic acids of 0.64, 0.57, 0.51, and 0.51 mol l−1 were achieved, with conversion yields of 95, 88, 78, and 78 %, respectively. Due to the important applications of lactobionic acid, the formation of this substance by the enzymatic GFOR/GL complex in Ca-alginate-immobilized cells was assessed. The highest GFOR/GL activities were found at pH 7.0–8.0 and temperatures of 47–50 °C. However, when a 24 h bioconversion run was carried out, it was observed that a combination of pH 6.4 and temperature of 47 °C led to the best results. In this case, despite the fact that Ca-alginate acts as a barrier for the diffusion of substrates and products, maximal lactobionic acid concentration, conversion yields and specific productivity similar to those obtained with permeabilized free-cells were achieved.
Odor Significance of the Volatiles Formed During Deep‐Frying With Palm Olein
Authors: Osawa C. C. , Gonçalves L. A. G. , Da Silva M. A. A. P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPalm olein is currently considered to be one of the best options for deep‐frying, but as with any other edible oil, during frying, deteriorative reactions produce off‐flavor compounds that reduce the oil sensory quality. This study assessed the odor significance of the volatiles formed during 136 h of deep‐frying a chicken product in palm olein, aiming to identify potential markers of the oil sensory quality during frying. The volatiles were isolated by solid phase microextraction, and identified by GC–MS. Trained judges assessed the odor intensity and quality of the volatiles formed during frying, evaluating the GC effluents through a GC–olfactometry technique called OSME. Two hundred and eight volatiles were detected by GC/MS in the palm olein after 136 h frying. Of these, heptanal, t‐2‐heptenal, decanal and t‐2‐undecenal were identified as potential markers of the sensory quality of palm olein during frying. Hexanal, pentanal and pentane, usually associated with lipid oxidation, showed no odor impact in the GC effluents, and were thus proven not to be good markers of the sensory quality of palm olein when used for a long frying period.
Adult Mortality From Sibling Survival Data: A Reappraisal of Selection Biases
Authors: Masquelier Bruno 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Because of incomplete registration of deaths in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, data on the survival of close relatives constitute the cornerstone of estimates of adult mortality. Since 1990, sibling histories have been widely collected in Demographic and Health Surveys and are increasingly being relied upon to estimate both general and maternal mortality. Until recently, the use of sibling histories was thought to lead to underestimates of mortality, but a more optimistic view in the literature emerged with the development by Gakidou and King (Demography 43:569–585, 2006) of corrections for selection biases. Based on microsimulations, this article shows that Gakidou and King’s weighting scheme has been incorrectly applied to survey data, leading to overestimates of mortality, especially for males. The evidence for an association between mortality and sibship size in adulthood is reviewed. Female mortality appears to decline slightly with the number of surviving sisters, although this could be an artifact of severe recall errors in larger sibships or familial clustering of deaths. Under most circumstances, corrections for selection biases should have only a modest effect on sibling estimates.
Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System
Authors: Blau Francine D. , Brummund Peter , Liu Albert Yung-Hsu 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this article, we develop a gender-specific crosswalk based on dual-coded Current Population Survey data to bridge the change in the census occupational coding system that occurred in 2000 and use it to provide the first analysis of the trends in occupational segregation by sex for the 1970–2009 period based on a consistent set of occupational codes and data sources. We show that our gender-specific crosswalk more accurately captures the trends in occupational segregation that are masked using the aggregate crosswalk (based on combined male and female employment) provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Using the 2000 occupational codes, we find that segregation by sex declined substantially over the period but at a diminished pace over the decades, falling by only 1.1 percentage points (on a decadal basis) in the 2000s. A primary mechanism by which segregation was reduced was through the entry of new cohorts of women, presumably better prepared than their predecessors and/or encountering less labor market discrimination; during the 1970s and 1980s, however, occupational segregation also decreased within cohorts. Reductions in segregation were correlated with education, with the largest decrease among college graduates and very little change in segregation among high school dropouts.
Geometric scaling of a purely elastic flow instability in serpentine channels
Authors: Zilz J. , Poole R. J. , Alves M. A. , Bartolo D. , Levaché B. , Lindner A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA combined experimental, numerical and theoretical investigation of the geometric scaling of the onset of a purely elastic flow instability in serpentine channels is presented. Good qualitative agreement is obtained between experiments, using dilute solutions of flexible polymers in microfluidic devices, and three-dimensional numerical simulations using the upper-convected Maxwell model. The results are confirmed by a simple theoretical analysis, based on the dimensionless criterion proposed by Pakdel & McKinley (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 77, 1996, pp. 2459–2462) for onset of a purely elastic flow instability. Three-dimensional simulations show that the instability is primarily driven by the curvature of the streamlines induced by the flow geometry and not due to the weak secondary flow in the azimuthal direction. In addition, the simulations also reveal that the instability is time-dependent and that the flow oscillates with a well-defined period and amplitude close to the onset of the supercritical instability.
Spreading dynamics of drop impacts
Authors: Lagubeau Guillaume , Fontelos Marco A. , Josserand Christophe , Maurel Agnès , Pagneux Vincent , Petitjeans Philippe 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe present an experimental study of drop impact on a solid surface in the spreading regime with no splashing. Using the space–time-resolved Fourier transform profilometry technique, we can follow the evolution of the drop shape during the impact. We show that a self-similar dynamical regime drives the drop spreading until the growth of a viscous boundary layer from the substrate selects a residual minimal film thickness. Finally, we discuss the interplay between capillary and viscous effects in the spreading dynamics, which suggests a pertinent impact parameter.