Abstract 3367: Understanding the role of metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer progression and metastasis
Authors: Dupuy Fanny , Blagih Julianna , Tabariès Sébastien , St-Pierre Julie , Jones Russell G. , Siegel Peter M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Background: The emergence of metastatic breast cancer is the most deadly aspect of the disease and once it has spread from the primary site, it is largely incurable. Important metabolic changes have been correlated with breast cancer progression and acquisition of the metastatic phenotype. One prominent example includes the well-established Warburg effect, which stipulates that cancer cells preferentially utilize rapid glycolytic metabolism over mitochondrial respiration to produce energy. Such a metabolic shift ensures that cancer cells can meet the bioenergetics and biosynthetic demands associated with increased proliferation.
Objectives: The energetic requirements of individual cancer cells will greatly vary as the tumor grows and acquires malignant characteristics. The metabolic demands during tumor initiation will differ from those that occur during tumor growth at the primary site and dissemination to distant metastatic sites. Therefore, we hypothesize that distinct metabolic signatures are associated with each one of these steps and that a better characterization of these transitions, as well as the key regulators governing this process, will help identifying potential therapeutic targets.
Results: Using a series of mouse mammary cancer cells derived from a spontaneous mammary tumor, which includes 67NR (tumorigenic/non-metastatic), 66cl4 (tumorigenic/lung metastatic) and 4T1 (tumorigenic/metastatic to multiple sites), we examined changes in several parameters of cellular metabolism that could be associated with different stages of tumor progression. Using mass spectrometry, we assessed the uptake and metabolic flux of labeled glucose through the cellular metabolic pathways. Our results suggest that there is a further shift towards a “Warburg-like” phenotype as tumor cells acquire aggressive characteristics. Using an in vivo selection approach on the 4T1 breast cancer cells, we have established subpopulations that aggressively form liver metastases. Glucose tracing experiments reveal an accumulation of lactate at the expense of reduced allocation of glucose towards citrate production suggesting that these cells have a further increased glycolytic phenotypes compared to the 4T1 parental cells. These results raise the possibility that unique metabolic processes and checkpoints are engaged in metastatic populations that contribute to their metastatic ability. PDK1 is an enzyme that prevents the uptake of pyruvate into the TCA cycle. We show that PDK1 is upregulated with the increase in metastatic potential. This has led us to hypothesize that the “Warburg-like” phenotype observed is mediated by a PDK1-induced switch favouring glycolysis. We demonstrate that PDK1 is required to form liver metastases in vivo following splenic injections. Ongoing experiments are being pursued to uncover the mechanism by which PDK1 is regulated and how it influences the metastatic process.
Citation Format: Fanny Dupuy, Julianna Blagih, Sébastien Tabariès, Julie St-Pierre, Russell G. Jones, Peter M. Siegel. Understanding the role of metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer progression and metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3367. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3367