bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate use of urinary catheters among hospitalized elderly patients: Clinician awareness is key
Authors: Hu Fang‐Wen , Yang Deng‐Chi , Huang Chi‐Chang , Chen Ching‐Huey , Chang Chia‐Ming 
Published: December 2014

AimTo investigate incidence, reasons, risk factors and outcomes for inappropriate use of urinary catheters in hospitalized elderly patients.MethodsThe prospective study enrolled 321 patients aged 65 years and older with a urinary catheter placed within 24 h of hospitalization. Collected data included characteristics of patients and catheter use, reasons for urinary catheter use, mortality, length of hospital stay, time to first removal of catheter, catheter remaining in place at discharge, catheter‐associated urinary tract infections and complications, change of activities of daily living, and new admission to nursing home after discharge.ResultsThe use of 418 urinary catheters was observed. Among these patients with a total of 1958 urinary catheter‐days, 1035 (52.8%) urinary catheter‐days were inappropriate in hospitalized elderly patients. Inappropriate catheter use occurred mostly in women and surgical patients, and was associated with initially inappropriate catheter use and lack of medical documentation. “Convenience of care” was the most common reason for inappropriate catheter use. Inappropriate use was a significant predictor for longer hospital stay, delayed timing of first removal of catheter, increased rate of catheterization in place at discharge, increased incidence of catheter‐associated urinary tract infections and catheter‐related complications, and decline in activities of daily living.ConclusionsThe study highlights a considerable percentage of inappropriate use of urinary catheters and its association with adverse outcomes in hospitalized elderly patients. Efforts to improve quality of documentation by clinicians and to emphasize catheterization education for patients and caregivers are necessary to reduce the incidence of inappropriate urinary catheter use. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1235–1241.
Is some better than none: are TEG and TGA profiles different in severe FVIII‐deficient patients with inhibitors?
Authors: Salinas V. , Carmona R. , Mohammed B. M. , Martin E. J. , Brophy D. F. , Young G. 
Published: December 2014

SummarySevere factor VIII (FVIII)‐deficient patients with and without FVIII inhibitors cannot be distinguished using FVIII levels. The FVIII assay is sensitive to detect factor levels below 1%. While severe FVIII‐deficient, non‐inhibitor patients have FVIII < 1%, they may retain unmeasurable residual factor activity. In contrast, inhibitor patients have a FVIII antibody that presumably fully eliminates FVIII activity. It is unknown whether thromboelastography (TEG) and thrombin generation assay (TGA) can differentiate between patients with FVIII < 1% with and without the presence of FVIII inhibitors. The primary objective was to discern whether TEG and TGA could differentiate between severe FVIII‐deficient patients with and without the presence of FVIII inhibitors. A secondary objective was to correlate TEG and TGA to annualized bleeding rates. This observational study performed TEG and TGA in healthy volunteers (N = 15), severe FVIII‐deficient (N = 15) and severe FVIII‐deficient patients with inhibitors (N = 15). Kaolin‐activated TEG was better at differentiating reaction time (31.3 vs. 120 min respectively, P = 0.004) and kinetics time (6.1 vs. 23.1 min respectively, P = 0.028) between the non‐inhibitor and inhibitor patients. TEG activated by tissue factor in plasma‐containing corn trypsin inhibitor failed to differentiate groups. The TGA failed to differentiate peak thrombin, endogenous thrombin potential and lag time between groups. There was no correlation between TEG and TGA with annualized bleeding rates. Kaolin‐activated TEG, but not TGA, differentiated between severe FVIII‐deficient patients with and without inhibitors. These assays did not find a correlation to annualized bleeding rate.
A TREASURE TROVE OF CHRONOLOGICAL LEARNING
Authors: Choptiany Michał 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe recent facsimile edition of Henricus Glareanus's Chronology of Livy, prepared by Anthony T. Grafton and Urs B. Leu, provides access to a primary source that is unique from the point of view of the history of science and scholarship and of the book and reading. The basis of the edition, a copy of Chronologia annotated by Glareanus's disciple Gabriel Hummelberg II, now preserved at the Princeton University Library, serves scholars both as a point of departure for outlining hypotheses on the teaching methods of early modern humanists as well as the role of chronology in the humanist curriculum. My reading of their edition is based on three points. First, I put the primary source of their choice in a context that includes provincial early modern educational centers as I believe that their enterprise could clear the way for future narratives on forgotten scholars who dealt with the issues of technical chronology. Second, I show the importance of Grafton and Leu's thesis on the procedures of transmission of teachers’ commentary, which, according to them, is documented by the Princeton copy of Chronologia. Third, I argue that the seemingly conservative decision to publish a paper edition of an annotated volume at the moment when state‐of‐the‐art digital tools for such editions are being tailored through the alliance of scholars and IT specialists should open a discussion among historians of the book and reading, science, and education that would lead to the determination of standards for scholarly editions of libri annotati.
Switching from zidovudine/lamivudine to tenofovir/emtricitabine improves fat distribution as measured by fat mass ratio
Authors: Martínez E , Ribera E , Clotet B , Estrada V , Sanz J , Berenguer J , Rubio R , Pulido F , Larrousse M , Curran A , Negredo E , Arterburn S , Ferrer P , Álvarez ML 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesFat mass ratio (FMR) has been suggested as an objective indicator of abnormal body fat distribution in HIV infection. Although it could provide more comprehensive information on body fat changes than limb fat mass, FMR has scarcely been used in clinical trials examining body fat distribution in HIV‐infected patients.MethodsA subanalysis of a controlled, randomized clinical trial in virologically suppressed HIV‐1‐infected men switching from zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC) to emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir (TDF) versus continuing on ZDV/3TC was carried out. FMR was assessed by dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for a period of 72 weeks. Lipoatrophy was defined as FMR ≥ 1.5. Multivariate linear regression models for the change in FMR from baseline were fitted.ResultsSixty‐five men were randomized and treated (28 in the FTC/TDF arm and 37 in the ZDV/3TC arm), and 57 completed the study (25 and 32 in each arm, respectively). In the FTC/TDF arm, adjusted mean FMR decreased by 0.52 at week 72 (P = 0.014), and in the ZDV/3TC arm it increased by 0.13 (P = 0.491; P between arms = 0.023). Among subjects with lipoatrophy (baseline FMR ≥ 1.5), adjusted FMR decreased by 0.76 (P = 0.003) in the FTC/TDF arm and increased by 0.21 (P = 0.411; P between arms = 0.009) in the ZDV/3TC arm. Baseline FMR and treatment group were significant predictors (P < 0.05) of post‐baseline changes in FMR.ConclusionsSwitching from ZDV/3TC to FTC/TDF led to an improvement in FMR, compared with progressive worsening of FMR in subjects receiving ZDV/3TC, showing that fat mass not only increased but was also distributed in a healthier way after the switch.
Patient safety culture among nurses
Authors: Ammouri A.A. , Tailakh A.K. , Muliira J.K. , Geethakrishnan R. , Al Kindi S.N. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundPatient safety is considered to be crucial to healthcare quality and is one of the major parameters monitored by all healthcare organizations around the world. Nurses play a vital role in maintaining and promoting patient safety due to the nature of their work.AimsThe purpose of this study was to investigate nurses’ perceptions about patient safety culture and to identify the factors that need to be emphasized in order to develop and maintain the culture of safety among nurses in Oman.MethodsA descriptive and cross‐sectional design was used. Patient safety culture was assessed by using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture among 414 registered nurses working in four major governmental hospitals in Oman. Descriptive statistics and general linear regression were employed to assess the association between patient safety culture and demographic variables.ResultsNurses who perceived more supervisor or manager expectations, feedback and communications about errors, teamwork across hospital units, and hospital handoffs and transitions had more overall perception of patient safety. Nurses who perceived more teamwork within units and more feedback and communications about errors had more frequency of events reported. Furthermore, nurses who had more years of experience and were working in teaching hospitals had more perception of patient safety culture.ConclusionLearning and continuous improvement, hospital management support, supervisor/manager expectations, feedback and communications about error, teamwork, hospital handoffs and transitions were found to be major patient safety culture predictors. Investing in practices and systems that focus on improving these aspects is likely to enhance the culture of patient safety in Omani hospitals and others like them.Implications for Nursing and Health PolicyStrategies to nurture patient safety culture in Omani hospitals should focus upon building leadership capacity that support open communication, blame free, team work and continuous organizational learning.
Hypoxia inhibits baroreflex vagal bradycardia via a central action in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Kongo Mariko , Yamamoto Rie , Kobayashi Masayoshi , Nosaka Shoichiro 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYIt is known that arterial baroreflexes are suppressed in stressful conditions. The present study was designed to determine whether and how hypoxia affects arterial baroreflexes, especially the heart rate component, baroreflex vagal bradycardia. In chloralose‐urethane‐anaesthetized rats, baroreflex vagal bradycardia was evoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve, and the effect of 15 s inhalation of hypoxic gas (4% O2) was studied. Inhalation of hypoxic gas was found to inhibit baroreflex vagal bradycardia. The inhibition persisted after bilateral transection of the carotid sinus nerve. Cervical vagus nerves were cut bilaterally and their peripheral cut ends were stimulated to provoke vagal bradycardia of peripheral origin so as to determine whether hypoxia could inhibit vagal bradycardia by acting on a peripheral site. In contrast to baroreflex vagal bradycardia, the vagus‐induced bradycardia was not affected by hypoxic gas inhalation. It is concluded that baroreflex vagal bradycardia is inhibited by hypoxia and the inhibition is largely mediated by its direct central action.
Volumetric change of the lateral ventricles in the human brain following glucose loading
Authors: Puri B. K. , Lewis H. J. , Saeed N. , Davey N. J. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYLateral ventricular volumes were monitored and quantified using accurately registered magnetic resonance images (MRIs) in six healthy individuals 30 min before and up to 4 h after ingestion of a glucose drink. The volume of the lateral ventricles increased by an average (± S.E.M.) of 2.4 ± 0.4 % as blood glucose levels rose from 4.8 ± 0.2 mmol l−1 to 8.4 ± 0.4 mmol l−1. This was followed by a peak decrease of 5.99 ± 3.3 % below initial fasting volumes as blood glucose levels fell to 5.0 ± 0.3 mmol l−1. We suggest that the secondary volume decrease demonstrates a homeostatic process of brain volume regulation for which the mechanism remains uncertain.
Changes in prevalence of periodontitis in two German population‐based studies
Authors: Schützhold Svenja , Kocher Thomas , Biffar Reiner , Hoffmann Thomas , Schmidt Carsten O. , Micheelis Wolfgang , Jordan Rainer , Holtfreter Birte 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimWe aimed to assess changes of periodontal status in Germany.Materials & MethodsThe Studies of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) are two cross‐sectional population‐based studies conducted during 1997–2001 (SHIP‐0, 20–81 years,n = 3736) and 2008–2012 (SHIP‐Trend, 20–84 years,n = 3622) in northeast Germany. The German Oral Health Studies (DMS, 35–44 and 65–74 years) are national cross‐sectional population‐based surveys conducted in 1997 (DMS III,n = 1454) and 2005 (DMS IV,n = 1668), whose results were separately reported for West and East Germany. Prevalences, percentages and numbers of teeth affected were defined.ResultsInSHIP, prevalence of attachment loss (AL) ≥3 mm decreased from 89.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 88.6–90.8) to 85.1% (95%CI: 83.9–86.3) (p < 0.05) and the mean extent reduced from 62.8% (95%CI: 61.7–63.8) to 55.9% (95%CI: 54.9–56.9) (p < 0.05). Probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm and the respective extent remained unchanged. In West Germany,AL≥3 mm decreased for 35–44‐year‐olds and increased for 65–74‐year‐olds (p < 0.05). InSHIPandDMS, the number of teeth in dentates increased significantly in all age groups.ConclusionsPrevalences and extents ofALimproved almost in all age categories inSHIPand West German adults, whereasPDs remained unchanged. Nonetheless, the improvement of periodontal conditions implies an increase of treatment needs regarding moderately diseased teeth because of simultaneous increases of the number of present teeth.
Clinical use of conventional reference intervals in the frail elderly
Authors: Edvardsson Maria , Levander Märtha Sund , Ernerudh Jan , Theodorsson Elvar , Grodzinsky Ewa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesReference intervals provided by the laboratory are commonly established by measuring samples from apparently healthy subjects in the ages 18–65 years, excluding elderly individuals with chronic diseases and medication. The aim of our study was to establish whether current reference intervals for immune parameters and chemical biomarkers are valid for older individuals including those with chronic diseases, so‐called frail elderly.MethodsData from our cohort of 138 non‐infected nursing home residents (NHR), mean age 86.8 years, range 80–98, were compared with raw data, as basis for the development of reference intervals, obtained from reference populations, like blood donors (IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and C4) and from the Nordic Reference Interval Project (NORIP) (alanine aminotransferase, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphate, sodium and urea). Immune parameters were measured by nephelometry and in NORIP the measurements were performed by means of different routine methods, in more than 100 laboratories.ResultsOnly nine individuals (7%) of NHR were found to be free from chronic disease. C3, C4 (P < 0.001) and IgG levels (P < 0.05) were higher, while IgM levels (P < 0.001) were lower in NHR compared with reference blood donors. Levels of alanine aminotransferase, phosphate (P < 0.001), albumin (P < 0.05) and sodium (P < 0.01) were lower while creatinine and urea levels were higher (P < 0.001) in NHR compared with NORIP subjects.ConclusionComparing laboratory results from elderly people with conventional reference intervals can be misleading or even dangerous, as normal conditions may appear pathological, or vice versa and thus lead to unnecessary or even harmful treatment.
Pharmacological reactivation of p53 as a strategy to treat cancer
Authors: Zawacka‐Pankau J. , Selivanova G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIt has been confirmed through studies using the technique of unbiased sequencing that the TP53 tumour suppressor is the most frequently inactivated gene in cancer. This finding, together with results from earlier studies, provides compelling evidence for the idea that p53 ablation is required for the development and maintenance of tumours. Genetic reconstitution of the function of p53 leads to the suppression of established tumours as shown in mouse models. This strongly supports the notion that p53 reactivation by small molecules could provide an efficient strategy to treat cancer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of small molecules that restore the function of mutant p53 by different mechanisms, including stabilization of its folding by Apr‐246, which is currently being tested in a Phase II clinical trial. We discuss several classes of compounds that reactivate wild‐type p53, such as Mdm2 inhibitors, which are currently undergoing clinical testing, MdmX inhibitors and molecules targeting factors upstream of Mdm2/X or p53 itself. Finally, we consider the clinical applications of compounds targeting p53 and the p53 pathway.
Rural Affordable Care Act Outreach and Enrollment: What We Learned During the First Marketplace Open Enrollment Period
Authors: Kwon Linda 
Published: December 2014

As part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act) of 2010, 2 new opportunities for health care coverage were established for many uninsured individuals beginning on January 1, 2014. The first opportunity was through Medicaid expansion where states had the opportunity to expand Medicaid coverage to individuals with household incomes up to 133% of the federal poverty level. The second opportunity was through the establishment of Health Insurance Marketplaces where individuals could purchase private health plans and potentially qualify for financial assistance in paying for their plans.The Office of Rural Health Policy (ORHP) provided supplemental grant awards to help stimulate Affordable Care Act outreach and education efforts in rural communities that were being served by the Rural Health Care Services Outreach (Outreach) Grant Program. As a result, Outreach grantees enrolled 9,300 rural Americans during the initial Open Enrollment period.Valuable outreach and enrollment lessons were learned from rural communities based on discussions with the Outreach grantees who received the supplemental funding. These lessons will help rural communities prepare for the next Open Enrollment period.
Superior orbital fissure syndrome caused by aspergillus infection from maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Matsuda Masazumi , Hanazono Akira , Kamada Sachiko , Okawa Satoshi , Kawasaki Youhei , Honda Kouhei , Ishikawa Kazuo , Sugawara Masashiro , Ohnishi Hirohide 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA 62‐year‐old woman who was prescribed prednisolone and cyclosporine for uveitis developed right blepharoptosis, diplopia and hypesthesia of superficial sensation of the trigeminal nerve V1 domain. Preserved right visual acuity led to a diagnosis of superior orbital fissure syndrome. We could not find any abnormalities on computed tomography except for right maxillary sinusitis associated with calcification. No infectious agents were detected in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. We concluded that maxillary aspergillus, which was proven histopathologically after surgery, caused superior orbital fissure syndrome through the ophthalmic veins. Surgical excision of the lesion and voriconazole administration resulted in complete remission. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no other reports of superior orbital fissure syndrome caused by maxillary aspergillus sinusitis. The calcified sinusitis suggested fungal infections, which allowed us to avoid using corticosteroids.
Dimensions of nurse work time: Progress in instrumentation
Authors: Jones Terry L. , Yoder Linda H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBecause the work of health care is embedded in time, understanding nursing time‐allocation practices is essential for identifying nurse staffing and workflow patterns that optimize healthcare cost and quality outcomes. The interdependent nature of nursing care requires that nurses share time with other members of their work group. Shared time, also known as social or organizational time, requires careful negotiation of workflows within healthcare teams. Evaluation of negotiated workflows is contingent upon valid and reliable measures of sociological nursing time. In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a newly adapted instrument for measuring sociological nursing time and describe the experience of sociological time among hospital‐employed nurses. Using a cross‐sectional survey design with a convenience sample of nurses (n = 359), we identified nine reliable components of sociological nursing time: insufficient time allocation; strict adherence to schedules; increased time awareness; value of quality over speed; fast and unpredictable pace changes; predictable job duties punctuated with unpredictable job demands; expectations for a fast work pace; inconsistent work‐hour expectations across departments; and high expectations for punctuality.
A mechanism of deficient interregional neural communication in schizophrenia
Authors: Popov Tzvetan , Wienbruch Christian , Meissner Sarah , Miller Gregory A. , Rockstroh Brigitte 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCognitive interference control is disrupted in schizophrenia (SZ). Neuroimaging studies relate interference control to 4–7 Hz (theta) neural activity in a network spanning prefrontal, anterior cingulate (ACC), and parietal cortices. The mechanism of communication in this network and how it is disrupted in schizophrenia are unclear. Behavioral performance and EEG theta oscillations were examined in a Stroop color‐word interference task in 17 healthy controls (HC) and 14 SZ patients. Color‐word incongruence induced less theta power increase in SZ than in HC around 400 ms and 600–900 ms after word onset in ACC, left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and inferior parietal regions. Coupling of ACC theta phase to MFG gamma amplitude, indexing interregional communication, was weaker in SZ than in HC. Results suggest ACC‐MFG theta power modulation as a mechanism of interference control that supports executive function and is disrupted in schizophrenia.
Genetic Analysis of the Localization of APOBEC3F to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virion Cores
Authors: Donahue John P. , Levinson Rebecca T. , Sheehan Jonathan H. , Sutton Lorraine , Taylor Harry E. , Meiler Jens , D'Aquila Richard T. , Song Chisu 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Members of the APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases vary in their proportions of a virion-incorporated enzyme that is localized to mature retrovirus cores. We reported previously that APOBEC3F (A3F) was highly localized into mature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cores and identified that L306 in the C-terminal cytidine deaminase (CD) domain contributed to its core localization (C. Song, L. Sutton, M. Johnson, R. D'Aquila, J. Donahue, J Biol Chem
287:
16965–16974, 2012,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.310839
). We have now determined an additional genetic determinant(s) for A3F localization to HIV-1 cores. We found that one pair of leucines in each of A3F's C-terminal and N-terminal CD domains jointly determined the degree of localization of A3F into HIV-1 virion cores. These are A3F L306/L368 (C-terminal domain) and A3F L122/L184 (N-terminal domain). Alterations to one of these specific leucine residues in either of the two A3F CD domains (A3F L368A, L122A, and L184A) decreased core localization and diminished HIV restriction without changing virion packaging. Furthermore, double mutants in these leucine residues in each of A3F's two CD domains (A3F L368A plus L184A or A3F L368A plus L122A) still were packaged into virions but completely lost core localization and anti-HIV activity. HIV virion core localization of A3F is genetically separable from its virion packaging, and anti-HIV activity requires some core localization.

IMPORTANCE
Specific leucine-leucine interactions are identified as necessary for A3F's core localization and anti-HIV activity but not for its packaging into virions. Understanding these signals may lead to novel strategies to enhance core localization that may augment effects of A3F against HIV and perhaps of other A3s against retroviruses, parvoviruses, and hepatitis B virus.