bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Creation and Segmentation of the Euronext Stock Exchange: A Solution to the Inadequacy of National Securities Regulators?
Authors: Pownall Grace , Vulcheva Maria , Wang Xue 
Published: June 2015

SYNOPSIS
We investigate whether cross-border stock exchange segmentation is a viable solution to persisting national institutional differences. To do so we examine the effect of exchange segmentation accompanying the Euronext merger on the liquidity and reporting quality of firms listed on the four exchanges (Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, and Lisbon) participating in the merger. Euronext integrated the four trading platforms and started clearing all trades through one system. While trading, clearance, and settlement became common for all Euronext firms, these firms continued to be regulated by the regulatory agencies of their own home exchanges, and the strength of enforcement differed considerably across the four exchanges. At the same time, Euronext required higher, uniform disclosure for firms choosing to list on its two named segments, which could lead to increased liquidity if the segments successfully circumvented national limitations on regulation. We document significant increases in liquidity and accounting quality for segment firms relative to non-segment firms, in particular for those segment firms that complied more fully with the provisions of their pre-commitments. Taken together, our findings suggest that exchange segmentation at the time of a cross-border exchange merger might circumvent the inadequacy of national security regulators.
Le réseau des collèges dans le Nord de la France en 1789 : les origines
Authors: Marchand Philippe 
Published: June 2015

"The school net in Northern France in 1789 : the origins".
In 1789, the Northern Provinces of France, i.e. the present "departements du Nord et du Pas-de- Calais", counted 35 secondary schools. In these few pages we try to make out the origins of such an outstanding density. We may see two main origins. First, the Catholic reconquest, which was pursued by the means of preaching but also of teaching, explains the opening of numerous colleges and above all of Jesuits colleges. Yet considering the movement of Catholic reconquest as the single explanation for this swarming of colleges is not sufficient. These colleges multiplied because they answered a request of the families who sought for their children the certificate of latinity which prepared for the "Employs". The municipal bodies encouraged this request without worrying if the recruiting areas would be wide enough to fill the schools then created. Thus many of these secondary schools are but vegetating on the eve of the Revolution.
L'évolution de la propriété immobilière à Roubaix : 1884-1974
Authors: Cornuel Didier , Duriez Bruno 
Published: June 2015

"The evolution of real estate in Roubaix".
The rebuilding of the industrial textile town of Roubaix has been carried on for a few years now. Hundreds of lodgings have been demolished. A study of the evolution of the ownership of these lodgings will tell us of the reason of their existence and of their architectural design, it will also allow us to throw a light on one essential signification of urban rebuilding,
The building of working-class lodgings in the Roubaix "courees" was ensured by a whole class of little landlords who found thus a means of subsistence. Under the influence of many different factors this building has stopped. In spite of attempts by certain organizations such as the "P.A.C.T." the ownership was gradually scattered to become nowadays a refuge-property for some categories of population having very little financial means.
The present rebuilding brings a conclusion to this evolution and to the gradual vanishing of the little landlords class by the replacing of the "courees" by subsidized flats and of individual initiative by the intervention of the State and of the "H.L.M. "organizations.
L'officine gallo-romaine de la Calotterie (Pas-de-Calais)
Authors: Couppe Jean , Tuffreau-Libre Marie , Vincent Frédéric 
Published: June 2015

J. Couppe, M. Tuffreau-Libre, F. Vincent, The Gallo-Roman site of La Calotterie (P.-de-C.)
The Gallo-Roman site of La Calotterie was excavated in 1973, which allowed the discovery of 1 5 furnaces and 3 refuse dumps with a great deal of common pottery : plates and round or carinate bowls, cooking pots, truncated cone-shaped vases, and bottles essentially. Ornaments are numerous and made of smoothed and combed bands, of incisions and excisions, of guilloche. All these items seem to follow precise rules corresponding to different sizes. All this pottery, representative of the regional pottery of this time was essentially dated in the IInd century, with some datations in the beginning of the Illrd.
Vieil-Hesdin : L 'exploration archéologique d'une ville disparue
Authors: Petit Christophe 
Published: June 2015

Ch. Petit, Vieil-Hesdin : Archaeological exploration of a vanished city.
The present village of Vieil-Hesdin has replaced the mediaeval city of Hesdin destroyed by Charles Quint in 1553. This city, famous in the XHth century for its cloth was still more highly reputed for its castle which the Dukes of Burgundy established as one of the most important halting- places for the nobility of the Occident in the XIV and XV centuries.
Apparently this important city (the 3rd in Artois after Arras and St. Omer) has a very ancient origin, probably Gallo-roman and its archaeological exploration has been going on since 1971 (Club Archéologique de l'Hesdinois). In the Carlovingian times a feudal mound must have been erected along the river Canche and later abandoned for a hillside castle.
Le site gallo-romain de Château-1'Abbaye : habitat et voirie
Authors: Florin Bernard , Schrevel Marc 
Published: June 2015

B. Florin et M. Schrevel, "The Gallo-Roman site of Château l'Abbaye, "housing and road system".
Situated near the junction of the Scheldt and Scarpe rivers, at the borders of the "civitates" of the Menapians, the Nervii, and the Atrebates, the site of Château-1'Abbaye has been known since the XVIIth century. The importance of ancient discoveries (a collection of funerary pottery, monetary treasury), the name of "Castellum" given to the temporal of the near-by Carlovingian Abbey of Saint-Amand, all these facts led to anticipate the existence of a vast Gallo-Roman archaeological field .
The threat of an imminent widening of the Scarpe river hastened the beginning of the excavations. Though unfinished yet, they already provide us with non-negligible results. Already occupied in proto-historical times, these damp grounds reveal the construction in the first and second centuries of a vast group of cellared buildings (a villa ?) replaced by a puzzling burying ground with graves showing no funeral material. A few hundred meters away, a section across the Bavay to Tournai road shows important wooden structures and above all the beginning of a powerful Lower Empire wall. An important study of the pottery findings is appended to this article.
Muscle Reaction Time During a Simulated Lateral Ankle Sprain After Wet-Ice Application or Cold-Water Immersion
Authors: Thain Peter K. , Bleakley Christopher M. , Mitchell Andrew C. S. 
Published: June 2015

Context
Cryotherapy is used widely in sport and exercise medicine to manage acute injuries and facilitate rehabilitation. The analgesic effects of cryotherapy are well established; however, a potential caveat is that cooling tissue negatively affects neuromuscular control through delayed muscle reaction time. This topic is important to investigate because athletes often return to exercise, rehabilitation, or competitive activity immediately or shortly after cryotherapy.

Objective
To compare the effects of wet-ice application, cold-water immersion, and an untreated control condition on peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscle reaction time during a simulated lateral ankle sprain.

Design
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting
University of Hertfordshire human performance laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 54 physically active individuals (age = 20.1 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.07 m, mass = 66.7 ± 5.4 kg) who had no injury or history of ankle sprain.

Intervention(s)
Wet-ice application, cold-water immersion, or an untreated control condition applied to the ankle for 10 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Muscle reaction time and muscle amplitude of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior in response to a simulated lateral ankle sprain were calculated. The ankle-sprain simulation incorporated a combined inversion and plantar-flexion movement.

Results
We observed no change in muscle reaction time or muscle amplitude after cryotherapy for either the peroneus longus or tibialis anterior (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Ten minutes of joint cooling did not adversely affect muscle reaction time or muscle amplitude in response to a simulated lateral ankle sprain. These findings suggested that athletes can safely return to sporting activity immediately after icing. Further evidence showed that ice can be applied before ankle rehabilitation without adversely affecting dynamic neuromuscular control. Investigation in patients with acute ankle sprains is warranted to assess the clinical applicability of these interventions.
Een nieuwe methode voor het berekenen van schade bij overlijden
Authors: Storm H.M. 
Published: June 2015

Een nieuwe methode voor het berekenen van schade bij overlijden. Totstandkoming van de nieuwe rekenmethodiek in de Richtlijn Rekenmodel Overlijdensschade
Samen met Jessica Laumen, initiatiefneemster en voorzitter van de Denktank Overlijdensschade, staat de auteur stil bij de totstandkoming van de Notitie Overlijdensschade van de Denktank en de inhoud daarvan. De Notitie bevat een nieuwe rekenmethodiek voor het vaststellen van overlijdensschade (derving levensonderhoud) en kwam na veel discussie en overleg met alle marktpartijen in de letselschadewereld en met behulp van onderzoek van het Nibud tot stand. Op deze nieuwe rekenmethodiek in de Notitie van de Denktank en het onderzoeksrapport van het Nibud is de nieuwe Richtlijn Rekenmodel Overlijdensschade van De Letselschade Raad gebaseerd. De inhoud van de richtlijn wordt besproken.
Disclosure statement voorafgaand aan het inhoudelijk onderzoek door de deskundige: een idee met haken en ogen
Authors: Visser M. 
Published: June 2015

Disclosure statement voorafgaand aan het inhoudelijk onderzoek door de deskundige: een idee met haken en ogen
In een letselschadezaak wordt een verzoek gedaan aan de rechter om een voorlopig deskundigenbericht te bevelen. Er wordt een deskundige benoemd, waarna deze wordt gevraagd om, voorafgaand aan het inhoudelijke deel van het deskundigenonderzoek, een disclosure statement af te geven. Aan de hand van drie tussenbeschikkingen wordt bezien wat de voor- en nadelen zijn van het loskoppelen van een disclosure statement van het inhoudelijke deel van het onderzoek. Geconcludeerd wordt dat wanneer enkele randvoorwaarden in acht worden genomen de voordelen uiteindelijk zwaarder wegen dan de nadelen.
Impact of co-morbidity on mortality after oesophageal cancer surgery
Authors: Backemar L , Lagergren P , Johar A , Lagergren J 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Background
There is limited knowledge of how co-morbidities influence survival after surgery for oesophageal cancer. This population-based cohort study investigated how Charlson co-morbidity index and specific co-morbidities influenced all-cause and disease-specific mortality.

Methods
Data from all patients who underwent oesophageal cancer surgery in Sweden in 1987–2010, with follow-up until 2012, came from histopathology records, operation charts and nationwide registers. Associations between co-morbidities (Charlson co-morbidity index) and mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazard regression with adjustment for potential confounding, and presented as hazard ratio (HR) with 95 per cent c.i.

Results
Among 1822 patients there were 1474 deaths (80·9 per cent), of which 1139 (77·3 per cent) occurred between 91 days and 5 years after surgery. Overall all-cause mortality was increased in patients with a Charlson score of 2 or more (HR 1·24, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 1·42), and those with a history of myocardial infarction (HR 1·23, 1·01 to 1·49) or congestive heart failure (HR 1·31, 1·04 to 1·67). Patients with squamous cell carcinoma had increased overall all-cause mortality if they had been diagnosed with cerebrovascular disease (HR 1·35, 1·00 to 1·83) or other cancers (HR 1·36, 1·09 to 1·71), whereas those with adenocarcinoma did not. A Charlson score of 1 or exposure to the co-morbidity groups peripheral vascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disease, peptic ulcer disease, diabetes and liver disease did not increase mortality. The disease-specific results were generally similar to the all-cause mortality data.

Conclusion
Co-morbidity with a Charlson score of 2 or more, previous myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure were associated with increased mortality after oesophageal cancer surgery undertaken with curative intent.
Semisynthesis of Azedarachol from Pregnanetriol, a Degradative Product of Tigogenin
Authors: Zhang Dongshan , Shi Yong , Tian Weisheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe report the first semisynthesis of the natural insect antifeedant azedarachol. The synthesis features the employment of pregnanetriol, a degradative product of the resource natural product tigogenin, as the starting material, the symbiotic reaction involving the mutually‐promoting elimination of toluene‐sulfonate and deprotection of acetonide, and the controllable reactions between the C16‐OH and the C20‐OH in pregnane‐16,20‐diols.
Subthreshold CMOS transistors are largely immune to magnetic field effects when operated above 11 T
Authors: Höfflin Jens , Sander Christian , Gieschke Pascal , Greiner Andreas , Korvink Jan G. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWe report on measurements of n‐channel field‐effect transistor structures with multiple drain/source contacts, fabricated in a commercial complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology, at high magnetic field strengths. The focus lies on field dependent effects such as the Hall effect to better understand how these key electronic devices behave when their embedding circuits are immersed in strong magnetic fields. In addition, measurement results of relevant electrical parameters for circuit design, i.e., the saturation current of IDS as well as the slope of IDS and threshold voltage Vt will be shown. The results are in agreement with theory and it is possible to predict the Hall voltage as well as the channel resistance. This allows to simulate noise behavior of amplifiers using silicon MOSFETs in high magnetic fields. The measurements show that, electrically, CMOS transistors operated in subthreshold mode are largely immune to magnetic field effects when operated above 11 T. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 97–105, 2015
Carbon Nanotubes as Support in the Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Chen Wenyao , Duan Xuezhi , Qian Gang , Chen De , Zhou Xinggui 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe report remarkable support effects for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the Pt/CNT‐catalyzed hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane. The origin of the support‐dependent activity and durability is elucidated by combining the catalytic and durability testing with characterization by a range of spectroscopy and high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques and ICP analysis. The effects mainly arise from different electronic properties and different abilities for the adsorption of boron‐containing species on platinum surfaces and changes in size and shape of the platinum particles during the reaction. Defect‐rich CNTs in particular are a promising support material, as it not only enhances the platinum binding energy, leading to the highest hydrogen generation rate, but also inhibits the adsorption of boron‐containing species and stabilizes the platinum nanoparticles to resist the agglomeration during the reaction, leading to the highest durability. The insights revealed herein may pave the way for the rational design of highly active and durable metal/carbon catalysts for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane.
Wireless network power optimisation using relay stations blossoming and withering technique
Authors: Al‐Samawi Aida , Sali A. , Nissirat Liyth , Noordin Nor Kamariah , Othman Mohamed , Hashim Fazirulhisyam 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPower consumption of wireless network is increasing as the demands in wireless data rates are escalating in modern life. Base stations are the major power consumption component in the wireless network. Therefore, the main challenge is to reduce the total power consumed in the network while maintaining the network coverage and its capacity. In this paper, a new relay switching perspective is introduced for relay blossoming and withering algorithm. First, relay switching is considered as a function of time representing the rate of active relays. The effect of the rate of active relays, arrival rate and average load factor of relays on the total network power consumption is modelled. It is found that the rate of active relay function that optimises the network power consumption obeys linear first‐order ordinary differential equation. The effect of different synthesised arrival rate profiles on the rate of active relay is presented. Moreover, relative relay to base station capacity parameter is defined, and its effect on the power optimisation is investigated. Based on the solutions of the ordinary differential equation, an approximate fuzzy‐based relay sleeping mode is introduced. The fuzzy logic sleeping mode utilises the arrival rate and its derivative as inputs. The solution of the differential equations shows that power saving up to 45 and 30 per cent can be achieved in sleeping and idling modes, respectively, in contrast to 42 per cent achieved from the fuzzy sleeping mode. The increasing slope of the arrival rate results in less power saving. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress and prospects of endothelial progenitor cell therapy in coronary stent implantation
Authors: Lan Hualin , Wang Yi , Yin Tieyin , Wang Yazhou , Liu Wanqian , Zhang Xiaojuan , Yu Qinsong , Wang Zhaoxu , Wang Guixue 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDrug‐eluting stents (DES) have been widely used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) since their clinical use has significantly reduced the occurrence of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) as compared with the initially applied bare‐metal stents (BMS). However, analyses of long‐term clinical outcome have raised concerns about the serious safety problem of DES, such as ISR caused by late or very late thrombosis. Various studies showed that those complications were associated with vascular endothelial injury/dysfunction or endothelialization delaying. Recently, through biological characterization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mechanistic understanding of rapid re‐endothelialization of the vascular injury sites after coronary stenting has become possible and is a new research hotspot in the prevention of ISR and late/very late stent thrombosis. It has been well recognized that the formation of a functional endothelial layer from EPCs requires a coordinated sequence of multistep and signaling events, which includes cell mobilization, adhesion, migration and finally the differentiation to vascular endothelial cells (VECs). In this review, we summarize and discuss the currently relevant information about EPCs, the mechanism of DES interfering with the natural vascular healing process in preventing or delaying the formation of a functional endothelial layer, and EPCs‐mediated acceleration of re‐endothelialization at vascular injury sites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1237–1247, 2016.
Review and the state of the art: Sol–gel and melt quenched bioactive glasses for tissue engineering
Authors: Kaur Gurbinder , Pickrell Gary , Sriranganathan Nammalwar , Kumar Vishal , Homa Daniel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBiomaterial development is currently the most active research area in the field of biomedical engineering. The bioglasses possess immense potential for being the ideal biomaterials due to their high adaptiveness to the biological environment as well as tunable properties. Bioglasses like 45S5 has shown great clinical success over the past 10 years. The bioglasses like 45S5 were prepared using melt‐quenching techniques but recently porous bioactive glasses have been derived through sol–gel process. The synthesis route exhibits marked effect on the specific surface area, as well as degradability of the material. This article is an attempt to provide state of the art of the sol–gel and melt quenched bioactive bioglasses for tissue regeneration. Fabrication routes for bioglasses suitable for bone tissue engineering are highlighted and the effect of these fabrication techniques on the porosity, pore‐volume, mechanical properties, cytocompatibilty and especially apatite layer formation on the surface of bioglasses is analyzed in detail. Drug delivery capability of bioglasses is addressed shortly along with the bioactivity of mesoporous glasses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1248–1275, 2016.
In vitro evaluation of thermal frontally polymerized thiol‐ene composites as bone augments
Authors: Totaro Nicholas P. , Murphy Zachari D. , Burcham Abigail E. , King Connor T. , Scherr Thomas F. , Bounds Christopher O. , Dasa Vinod , Pojman John A. , Hayes Daniel J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBecause of the large number of total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries conducted per year, and with projections of increased demand to almost a million primary TKR surgeries per year by 2030 in the United States alone, there is a need to discover more efficient working materials as alternatives to current bone cements. There is a need for surgeons and hospitals to become more efficient and better control over the operative environment. One area of inefficiency is the cement steps during TKR. Currently the surgeon has very little control over cement polymerization. This leads to an increase in time, waste, and procedural inefficiencies. There is a clear need to create an extended working time, moldable, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive bone augment as a substitution for the current clinically used bone cement where the surgeon has better control over the polymerization process. This study explored several compositions of pentaerythritol‐co‐trimethylolpropane tris‐(3‐mercaptopropionate) hydroxyapatite composite materials prepared via benzoyl peroxide‐initiated thermal frontal polymerization. The 4:1 acrylate to thiol ratio containing augment material shows promise with a maximal propagation temperature of 160°C ± 10°C, with mechanical strength of 3.65 MPa, and 111% cytocompatibility, relative to the positive control. This frontally polymerized material may have application as an augment with controlled polymerization supporting cemented implants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1152–1160, 2016.