bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of host‐inclusion systems: a visco‐elastic model
Authors: Zhukov V. P. , Korsakov A. V. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA visco‐elastic model is suggested to recover the P−T−t paths of spherically symmetrical host‐inclusion systems from residual pressure patterns. For a coesite–garnet, aragonite–garnet and diamond–garnet system with partial transition of high pressure polymorphs to low pressure ones, the model predicts that the exhumation history of ultra‐high pressure metamorphic rocks from depths below 90 km began with pressure decrease to ∼1 GPa (∼40 km depth), while the temperature remained high (>800 C); then the system cooled and decompressed to ambient conditions. Non‐spherical inclusion shapes in the 3‐D model lead to heterogeneities in residual pressure and shear stress distributions as well as to significant gradients of shear stress, which may affect the kinetics and thermodynamics of phase transformation in the inclusions.
Melatonin promotes adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes
Authors: Kato Hisashi , Tanaka Goki , Masuda Shinya , Ogasawara Junetsu , Sakurai Takuya , Kizaki Takako , Ohno Hideki , Izawa Tetsuya 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMelatonin is synthesized in the pineal gland, but elicits a wide range of physiological responses in peripheral target tissues. Recent advances suggest that melatonin controls adiposity, resulting in changes in body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin on adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in 3T3‐L1 mouse embryo fibroblasts. Melatonin significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ), a master regulator of adipogenesis, and promoted differentiation into adipocytes. Melatonin‐treated cells also formed smaller lipid droplets and abundantly expressed several molecules associated with lipolysis, including adipose triglyceride lipase, perilipin, and comparative gene identification‐58. Moreover, the hormone promoted biogenesis of mitochondria, as indicated by fluorescent staining, elevated the citrate synthase activity, and upregulated the expression of PPAR‐γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor‐1, and transcription factor A. The expression of uncoupling protein 1 was also observable both at mRNA and at protein level in melatonin‐treated cells. Finally, adiponectin secretion and the expression of adiponectin receptors were enhanced. These results suggest that melatonin promotes adipogenesis, lipolysis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and adiponectin secretion. Thus, melatonin has potential as an anti‐obesity agent that may reverse obesity‐related disorders.
Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing inflammation‐mediated alveolar bone loss: insights into polygenic inheritance of host–biofilm disequilibria in periodontitis
Authors: Sima C. , Cheng Q. , Rautava J. , Levesque C. , Sherman P. , Glogauer M. 
Published: June 2015

Background and ObjectiveThe relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the onset and progression of periodontitis is inconclusive. Despite the high prevalence, phenotypic heterogeneity and significant local and systemic implications of this disease, early detection and individualized therapy are problematic. Using a murine model of periodontitis in a panel of 17 recombinant inbred mice, the current study addressed the heritability of, and oral dysbiosis associated with, inflammation‐mediated alveolar bone loss (iABL), the hallmark of periodontitis.Material and MethodsQuantitative trait locus (QTL) genomics and quantitative PCR for over 99% of known murine oral microbiota were used.ResultsIt was found that iABL is a polygenic trait with 32.7% heritability. One suggestive QTL, nicknamed inflammation‐mediated alveolar bone loss locus (iABLL), was identified on chromosome 2. Eleven genes involved in innate immune responses and bone metabolism, particularly related to macrophage and osteoblast function, namely Etl4, Pdss1, Cobll1, 9330158F14Rik, Xirp2, Stk39, Mettl5, Metapl1, Itga6, Pdk1 and Sp3, were found in the iABLL using cis expression QTL and nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism analyses. Specific oral microbiome shifts in saliva and tongue mucosa are associated with disease in this model.ConclusionOur results indicate that complex host–biofilm interactions generate pathogenic states that extend beyond subgingival biofilms and periodontal tissues. Although no temporal relationship between the onset of iABL and microbiome changes were established, our findings suggest that host factors may be responsible for pathogenic shifts in subgingival biofilms when persistent and undisturbed.
Quantitation of the Regional Lymph Node Metastatic Burden and Prognosis in Malignant Mammary Tumors of Dogs
Authors: de Araújo M.R. , Campos L.C. , Ferreira E. , Cassali G.D. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundAs in women, regional lymph node status impacts survival in dogs with malignant mammary tumors. However, few studies have evaluated regional lymph node metastases in dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors.ObjectivesTo estimate overall survival based on the assessments of the lymph node status and the morphologic and morphometric features in female dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors.Materials and MethodsIn total, 178 lymph nodes from 97 female dogs were assessed and reviewed, and after confirmation by immunohistochemistry (IHC), 161 lymph nodes were selected for analysis of metastases. Animals were considered metastasis‐free (negative lymph nodes) only after IHC analysis for cytokeratin AE1/AE3. The number of positive lymph nodes, the number of metastatic foci, the maximum diameter and the area of metastasis were analyzed, and estimates of overall survival were made.ResultsDogs with metastasis had lower mean survival than those with metastasis‐free regional lymph nodes, showing a direct relationship between the number of affected lymph nodes and shorter survival. However, histologic analysis of the lymph nodes identified lower survival rates in animals with macrometastases and isolated tumor cells, areas of metastasis >20.11 mm², and metastatic diameters >7.32 mm.ConclusionThe identification of ≥1 lymph nodes positive for metastasis and morphometric characterization of lymphatic metastases indicate the prognostic relevance of lymph nodes status in dogs with mammary tumors.
Eurasian lynx natal den site and maternal home‐range selection in multi‐use landscapes of Norway
Authors: White S. , Briers R. A. , Bouyer Y. , Odden J. , Linnell J. D. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn carnivores, securing suitable den sites with associated early maternal home ranges is important for successful reproduction, and understanding natal den site selection is essential to ensure that these habitats are protected from human disturbance. This study investigated Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx natal den site selection across multiple use landscapes in Norway and explores whether the selection of early maternal home ranges across southern Norway involved a trade‐off of security for access to their preferred prey species, roe deer Capreolus capreolus. The characteristics of natal dens and home ranges from 33 reproductive events were quantified across south‐eastern and northern Norway. Natal dens were located in terrain further from the most accessible and disturbed areas (public roads) and in terrain more rugged than generally available. Early maternal home ranges were characterized by low human and low road density in rugged terrain and a selection for areas associated with higher or lower roe deer densities was not important in our analysis. Humans are the dominant cause of lynx mortality throughout Norway and our findings suggest that female lynx primarily chose areas that limited their interaction with people during the denning period.
On a so‐Called Solution to a Paradox
Authors: Veber Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe mooronic solution to the surprise quiz paradox says students know there will be a surprise quiz one day this week but they lose this knowledge on the penultimate day. This is because ‘there will be a surprise quiz one day this week’ then becomes an instance of Moore's paradox. This view has surprising consequences. Furthermore, even though the surprise quiz announcement becomes an instance of Moore's paradox on the penultimate day, this does not prevent the students from knowing the quiz is coming. I conclude that the first stage of the paradoxical argument succeeds and the mooronic solution fails.
Taxonomic re‐examination of Japanese Halimeda species using genetic markers, and proposal of a new species Halimeda ryukyuensis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Kojima Rei , Hanyuda Takeaki , Kawai Hiroshi 
Published: June 2015

SummaryIn order to elucidate the biodiversity of Japanese Halimeda species, we investigated molecular phylogenetic relationships using tufA and rbcL DNA sequences, and the occurrence of 9 of the 11 species previously reported in Japan was confirmed (i.e., H. borneensis, H. cuneata, H. discoidea, H. distorta, H. kanaloana, H. macroloba, H. opuntia, H. renschii and H. velasquezii). In addition, H. minima, which has not been recorded in Japan, as well as an undescribed taxon, were noticed at Okinawa Island, Okinawa, Japan. The undescribed taxon was genetically closest to H. lacunalis, but distinct from that species in having much smaller thalli, with elliptical segments and turbinate peripheral utricles. It appears to belong to the section Halimeda in the morphology of the segments, but differs from related taxa such as H. taenicola and H. tuna in its considerably smaller size and in showing fusion between the adjacent peripheral utricles. Therefore, we describe a new species Halimeda ryukyuensis sp. nov. In addition, based on morphological re‐examination of the type specimen of H. lacunalis, we suggest emendation of the description of the species as having siphons completely fused in pairs or triplets at the nodes.
Sputum matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and ‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 in bronchiectasis: Clinical correlates and prognostic implications
Authors: Guan Wei‐jie , Gao Yong‐hua , Xu Gang , Lin Zhi‐ya , Tang Yan , Gu Ying‐ying , Liu Gui‐hong , Li Hui‐min , Chen Rong‐chang , Zhong Nan‐shan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe triplet of airway infection, inflammation and bronchial wall destruction associated with excessive matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) release and imbalance of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) is implicated in bronchiectasis. We sought to determine the associations between sputum MMP (MMP‐8, MMP‐9) and TIMP‐1 and the severity of bronchiectasis; the utility of MMP in predicting risks of future bronchiectasis exacerbations (BE); and the changes in MMP levels during BE.MethodsWe recruited 102 patients with stable bronchiectasis and 22 healthy subjects. For bronchiectasis patients, baseline measurements consisted of sputum inflammation and MMP measurements, bacterial culture, spirometry and chest high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Bronchiectasis patients were followed up for 1 year to determine the frequency of BE. Changes in MMP levels during BE were assessed in 36 bronchiectasis patients.ResultsSputum MMP‐8, MMP‐9 and MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio in bronchiectasis patients were significantly increased compared with healthy subjects. MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 levels, but not TIMP‐1, were positively correlated with clinical measures, including HRCT scores, spirometry and Bronchiectasis Severity Index. Seventy‐nine bronchiectasis patients were included in survival analyses of BE. Lower levels of baseline MMP‐9 were associated with reduced risks of and a longer time to the first BE during follow‐up. MMP‐8 and MMP‐9, but not TIMP‐1 or MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio, were significantly heightened during BE.ConclusionsSputum MMP might be useful biomarkers for the assessment of bronchiectasis severity and the prediction of future risks of BE. Our results provide the rationales for the future clinical application of MMP inhibitors.
enviroCar: A Citizen Science Platform for Analyzing and Mapping Crowd‐Sourced Car Sensor Data
Authors: Bröring Arne , Remke Albert , Stasch Christoph , Autermann Christian , Rieke Matthes , Möllers Jakob 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article presents the enviroCar platform for collecting geographic data acquired from automobile sensors and openly providing those data for further processing and analysis. By plugging a low‐cost On‐Board Diagnostics (OBD‐II) adapter into a car and using an Android smartphone, various kinds of sensor data measured by today's cars can be collected and uploaded on to the Web. Once available on the Web, these data can be used to monitor traffic and related environmental parameters. We analyse the OBD‐II interface and its potential usage for environmental monitoring, e.g. to estimate fuel consumption and resulting emissions, noise emission, and standing times. Next, we present the main contribution of this article, the system design of the enviroCar platform. This system design consists of the enviroCar app and the enviroCar server, which allows for flexible geoprocessing of the uploaded data. We focus in this article on the description of the spatiotemporal RESTful Web Service interface and underlying data model specifically designed for handling the mobile sensor data. Finally, we present application scenarios in which the enviroCar platform can act as a powerful tool, e.g. regarding traffic monitoring and smarter cities (e.g. the detection of pollutant emission hotspots in the city), or towards applications for a quantified self (e.g. monitoring fuel consumption). We started the enviroCar project in 2013 and have been able to attract a growing number of participants since then. In a crowd‐funding initiative, enviroCar was successfully funded by volunteers, demonstrating the interest in this platform.
Sweat osmolarity shows intra‐animal regional variation in the horse
Authors: Potts Samantha , Thatcher Rhys , Jones Arwel W. , Warren Lori K. , Tenbroeck Saundra H. , Nottage Florence , McEwan Neil R. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundSweating is important in regulating body temperature but can be a source of loss of both fluids and electrolytes. Although the process has been studied in horses, the variation in sweat osmolarity across the body has not.ObjectivesThis work describes an investigation to determine if there is regional variation in the osmolarity of sweat across different anatomical regions of the horse.AnimalsTen horses were used in the study and were animals either stabled for riding lessons or had livery on‐site.MethodsSweat samples were collected from five regions on each horse following exercise and the osmolarity measurements were made using an Osmomat 030 (Gonotec, Berlin, Germany). Values were analysed by paired t‐tests and analysis of variance.ResultsSamples from the back and ears had statistically (P < 0.05) lower osmolarity values than those seen for the neck and forelimb, with thigh values intermediate between the other two sets of values.Conclusions and clinical importancePrevious studies have used osmolarity values based on the sweat collected from the horse's back. The current work demonstrates that these values are probably an underestimation of electrolyte loss, which may have implications for the composition and administration of rehydration compounds.
Adsorption characteristics of clay adsorbents – sepiolite, kaolin and synthetic talc – for removal of Reactive Yellow 138:1
Authors: Rahman Ari , Kishimoto Naoyuki , Urabe Takeo 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAdsorption characteristics of three clay adsorbents – sepiolite, kaolin and synthetic talc – were investigated to determine their applicability to remove an anionic reactive dye – Reactive Yellow 138:1 – from a water stream. Results showed that synthetic talc had the highest maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 10.07 mg/g, followed by kaolin (3.73 mg/g) and sepiolite (3.23 mg/g), for the removal of Reactive Yellow 138:1. Synthetic talc and sepiolite removed dyes from aqueous solutions mainly through physical adsorption depending on the surface area. By contrast, the adsorption mechanism of kaolin was strongly influenced by the anion exchange mechanism. Zeta potential analysis revealed that the adsorption capacity of clay adsorbents increased under acidic rather than alkaline conditions, owing to protonation of the clay surface. Moreover, synthetic talc was successfully regenerated by heating at more than 400°C, effectively restoring its original adsorption capacity.
Arachidonic acid‐derived signaling lipids and functions in impaired healing
Authors: Dhall Sandeep , Wijesinghe Dayanjan Shanaka , Karim Zubair A. , Castro Anthony , Vemana Hari Priya , Khasawneh Fadi T. , Chalfant Charles E. , Martins‐Green Manuela 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTVery little is known about lipid function during wound healing, and much less during impaired healing. Such understanding will help identify what roles lipid signaling plays in the development of impaired/chronic wounds. We took a lipidomics approach to study the alterations in lipid profile in the LIGHT−/− mouse model of impaired healing which has characteristics that resemble those of impaired/chronic wounds in humans, including high levels of oxidative stress, excess inflammation, increased extracellular matrix degradation and blood vessels with fibrin cuffs. The latter suggests excess coagulation and potentially increased platelet aggregation. We show here that in these impaired wounds there is an imbalance in the arachidonic acid (AA) derived eicosonoids that mediate or modulate inflammatory reactions and platelet aggregation. In the LIGHT−/− impaired wounds there is a significant increase in enzymatically derived breakdown products of AA. We found that early after injury there was a significant increase in the eicosanoids 11‐, 12‐, and 15‐hydroxyeicosa‐tetranoic acid, and the proinflammatory leukotrienes (LTD4 and LTE) and prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2α). Some of these eicosanoids also promote platelet aggregation. This led us to examine the levels of other eicosanoids known to be involved in the latter process. We found that thromboxane (TXA2/B2), and prostacyclins 6kPGF1α are elevated shortly after wounding and in some cases during healing. To determine whether they have an impact in platelet aggregation and hemostasis, we tested LIGHT−/− mouse wounds for these two parameters and found that, indeed, platelet aggregation and hemostasis are enhanced in these mice when compared with the control C57BL/6 mice. Understanding lipid signaling in impaired wounds can potentially lead to development of new therapeutics or in using existing nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents to help correct the course of healing.
Adequacy of High-Dose Cefepime Regimen in Febrile Neutropenic Patients with Hematological Malignancies
Authors: Sime Fekade Bruck , Roberts Michael S. , Tiong Ing Soo , Gardner Julia H. , Lehman Sheila , Peake Sandra L. , Hahn Uwe , Warner Morgyn S. , Roberts Jason A. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

While guidelines recommend empirical cefepime therapy in febrile neutropenia, the mortality benefit of cefepime has been controversial. In light of this, recent reports on pharmacokinetic changes for several antibiotics in febrile neutropenia and the consequent suboptimal exposure call for a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of current dosing. This study aimed to assess pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment from a 2-g intravenous (i.v.) every 8 h (q8h) cefepime regimen in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Cefepime plasma concentrations were measured in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th dosing intervals at 60% of the interval and/or trough point. The selected pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets were the proportion of the dosing interval (60% and 100%) for which the free drug concentration remains above the MIC (
f
T
>MIC
). Target attainment was assessed in reference to the MIC of isolated organisms if available or empirical breakpoints if not. The percentage of
f
T
>MIC
was also estimated by log-linear regression analysis. All patients achieved >60%
f
T
>MIC
in the 3rd and 6th dosing intervals. A 100%
f
T
>MIC
was not attained in 6/12, 4/10, and 4/9 patients in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th dose intervals, respectively, or in 14/31 (45%) of the dosing intervals investigated. On the other hand, 29/31 (94%) of trough concentrations were at or above 4 mg/liter. In conclusion, for patients with normal renal function, a high-dose 2-g i.v. q8h cefepime regimen appears to provide appropriate exposure if the MIC of the organism is ≤4 mg/liter but may fail to cover less susceptible organisms.
Meropenem Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients with Septic Shock and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Influence of Residual Diuresis on Dose Requirements
Authors: Ulldemolins Marta , Soy Dolors , Llaurado-Serra Mireia , Vaquer Sergi , Castro Pedro , Rodríguez Alejandro H. , Pontes Caridad , Calvo Gonzalo , Torres Antoni , Martín-Loeches Ignacio 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Meropenem dosing in critically ill patients with septic shock and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is complex, with the recommended maintenance doses being 500 mg to 1,000 mg every 8 h (q8h) to every 12 h. This multicenter study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of meropenem in this population to identify the sources of PK variability and to evaluate different dosing regimens to develop recommendations based on clinical parameters. Thirty patients with septic shock and CRRT receiving meropenem were enrolled (153 plasma samples were tested). A population PK model was developed with data from 24 patients and subsequently validated with data from 6 patients using NONMEM software (v.7.3). The final model was characterized by CL = 3.68 + 0.22 · (residual diuresis/100) and
V
= 33.00 · (weight/73)
2.07
, where CL is total body clearance (in liters per hour), residual diuresis is the volume of residual diuresis (in milliliters per 24 h), and
V
is the apparent volume of distribution (in liters). CRRT intensity was not identified to be a CL modifier. Monte Carlo simulations showed that to maintain concentrations of the unbound fraction (

f
u

) of drug above the MIC of the bacteria for 40% of dosing interval
T
(referred to as 40% of the ƒ

u
T

>MIC
), a meropenem dose of 500 mg q8h as a bolus over 30 min would be sufficient regardless of the residual diuresis. If 100% of the ƒ

u
T

>MIC
was chosen as the target, oligoanuric patients would require 500 mg q8h as a bolus over 30 min for the treatment of susceptible bacteria (MIC < 2 mg/liter), while patients with preserved diuresis would require the same dose given as an infusion over 3 h. If bacteria with MICs close to the resistance breakpoint (2 to 4 mg/liter) were to be treated with meropenem, a dose of 500 mg every 6 h would be necessary: a bolus over 30 min for oligoanuric patients and an infusion over 3 h for patients with preserved diuresis. Our results suggest that residual diuresis may be an easy and inexpensive tool to help with titration of the meropenem dose and infusion time in this challenging population.