bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes to Pedlars and Street Traders in Late Eighteenth-Century England: ‘Commercial Hatred’ or Anti-Jewish Prejudice?
Authors: Smilg Jeremy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The late eighteenth century saw intense debate over the status of pedlars. In 1785, Pitt imposed a tax on shopkeepers and attempted to placate them by suggesting that he would ban the economic competition they faced from pedlars. It was only thanks to the support of manufacturers that pedlars were saved from economic destitution. Following the eventual repeal of the legislation, the spotlight moved to the itinerant tradesmen of London. The work of Patrick Colquhoun, a magistrate, highlighting Jewish street traders in London, led to proposed legislation which would have identified all Ashkenazi Jews in England and created a board with the power to levy a tax on the Jewish community. This article seeks to explain the complexity and inadequacy of the pedlars’ licensing legislation. It considers both economic and class conflicts and the anti-Jewish prejudices behind both debates. The article argues that the national debate over the tax on shopkeepers was a question of economic conflict and that anti-Jewish stereotypes played a limited role. In contrast, it argues that the debate over tradesmen in London was heavily influenced by anti-Jewish sentiments which were particularly powerful in the City of London. The debates highlight both the nature of economic conflict in late eighteenth-century England and the way in which anti-Jewish prejudice led to the proposal of legislation identifying and stigmatising the Jewish community.
Closing the gap? Results-based financing and socio-economic-related inequalities in maternal health outcomes in Zimbabwe
Authors: Makate Marshall , Mahonye Nyasha 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The results-based financing (RBF) programme, first implemented in Zimbabwe in 2011 and gradually expanded to other districts, aimed to address disparities in maternal health outcomes by improving the utilization of health services. This study leverages the staggered rollout of the programme as a quasi-experimental design to assess its impact on asset wealth-related inequalities in selected maternal health outcomes. The objective is to determine whether RBF can effectively reduce these disparities and promote equitable healthcare access. We employ an extended two-way fixed effects (ETWFE) model to exploit temporal variation in RBF implementation as well as individual-level variation in birth timing for identification. Utilizing pooled cross-sectional and nationally representative data from the Zimbabwe demographic and health surveys collected between 1999 and 2015, our analysis reveals significant reductions in relative and absolute maternal health inequalities, especially in the frequency and timing of prenatal care, delivery by caesarean section and family planning. Specifically, the RBF programme is associated with reductions in disparities for completing at least four or more prenatal care visits (−0.026, P &lt; 0.01), first-trimester prenatal care (−0.033, P &lt; 0.01), delivery by caesarean section (−0.028, P &lt; 0.005) and family planning (−0.033, P &lt; 0.005). Additionally, the programme is associated with improved prenatal care quality, as evidenced by progress on the prenatal care quality index (−0.040, P &lt; 0.01). These effects are more pronounced among lower socio-economic groups in RBF districts, highlighting RBF’s potential to promote equitable healthcare access. Our findings advocate for targeted policy interventions prioritizing expanding access to critical maternal health services in underserved areas and incorporating equity-focused measures within RBF frameworks to ensure inclusive and effective healthcare delivery in Zimbabwe and other low-income countries.
Long-term measurements reveal a 100-day lag between peaks in phytoplankton chlorophyll and benthic bacterial abundance in the Fram Strait
Authors: Ramondenc Simon , Iversen Morten H , Soltwedel Thomas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Repeated measurements of benthic and pelagic parameters in the rapidly changing Arctic Ocean provide a unique insight into spatial and interannual trends and changes in the ecosystem. Here, we compiled biogenic and biogeochemical measurements collected from sediment cores at the Long-Term Ecological Research Observatory HAUSGARTEN located in the Fram Strait. A total of 21 stations were visited yearly over a period of 18 years (2002–2019). The time series highlighted an increase in bacterial numbers for samples collected 50 days after the peak phytoplankton bloom. Although bacterial abundances were not bathymetric depth-dependent when viewed across all years, we observed a seasonal trend in benthic microbial abundance closely related to the timing of the phytoplankton bloom with a time-lag of 100 days between the surface phytoplankton peak and the peak in bacterial abundance in the sediment. Considering the residence time of phytoplankton in the upper ocean and the water depth, we estimated an average settling velocity for phytodetritus of 30 m.d−1, which is similar to previous observations from Fram Strait. This suggests that settling organic matter promotes vertical microbial connectivity and benthic bacterial abundance in the deep ocean, shaping the microbial biogeography, diversity, and biogeochemical processes.
Improvement in the 95-95-95 Targets Is Accompanied by a Reduction in Both the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Rate and Incidence in China
Authors: Ye Jingrong , Lan Yun , Wang Juan , Feng Yi , Lin Yi , Zhou Ying , Liu Jinjin , Yuan Dan , Lu Xinli , Guo Weigui , Zheng Minna , Song Xiao , Zhou Quanhua , Yang Hong , Zheng Chenli , Guo Qi , Yang Xiaohui , Yang Kai , Zhang Lincai , Ge Zhangwen , Liu Lifeng , Yu Fengting , Han Yang , Huang Huihuang , Hao Mingqiang , Chen Qiang , Ling Xuemei , Ruan Yuhua , Dong Yuan , Zhou Chang , Liu Xuangu , Bai Jianyun , Tong Xue , Gao Ya , Yang Zhengrong , Wang Ao , Wei Wei , Mei Fanghua , Qiao Ruijuan , Luo Xinhua , Huang Xiaojie , Chen Jing , Hu Fengyu , Shen Xin , Tan Wei , Tu Aixia , Zhang Xinhui , He Shufang , Ning Zhen , Fan Jixiang , Liu Cong , Xu Conghui , Ren Xianlong , Sun Yanming , Li Yang , Liu Guowu , Li Xiyao , Li Jie , Duan Junyi , Huang Tao , Liu Shuiqing , Yu Guolong , Wu Donglin , Shao Yiming , Pan Qichao , Zhang Linglin , Su Bin , Wu Jianjun , Jiang Tianjun , Zhao Hongxin , Zhang Tong , Chen Faqing , Cai Kun , Hu Bing , Wang Hui , Zhao Jin , Gao Baicheng , Sun Wei , Ning Tielin , Li Jianjun , Liang Shu , Huo Yuqi , Fu Gengfeng , Chen Xin , Li Feng , Xing Hui , Lu Hongyan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
In 2016, China has implemented the World Health Organization's “treat all” policy. We aimed to assess the impact of significant improvements in the 95-95-95 targets on population-level human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission dynamics and incidence.

Methods
We focused on 3 steps of the HIV care continuum: diagnosed, on antiretroviral therapy, and achieving viral suppression. The molecular transmission clusters were inferred using HIV-TRACE. New HIV infections were estimated using the incidence method in the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control HIV Modelling Tool.

Results
Between 2004 and 2023, the national HIV epidemiology database recorded 2.99 billion person-times of HIV tests and identified 1 976 878 new diagnoses. We noted a roughly “inverted-V” curve in the clustering frequency, with the peak recorded in 2014 (67.1% [95% confidence interval, 63.7%–70.5%]), concurrent with a significant improvement in the 95-95-95 targets from 10-13-&lt;71 in 2005 to 84-93-97 in 2022. Furthermore, we observed a parabolic curve for a new infection with the vertex occurring in 2010.

Conclusions
In general, it was suggested that the improvements in the 95-95-95 targets were accompanied by a reduction in both the population-level HIV transmission rate and incidence. Thus, China should allocate more effort to the first “95” target to achieve a balanced 95-95-95 target.
Welcome back! The impact of ‘return initiatives’ on return migration to rural regions
Authors: Meister Moritz , Peters Jan Cornelius , Rossen Anja 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article studies the effect of return initiatives in rural regions of Germany on interregional return migration. The initiatives aim to increase return migration by, amongst other things, providing information on local employment opportunities and personal support to workers interested in returning to find a job in the former rural region of residence. Analysing administrative data on individual labour market trajectories through survival analysis and difference-in-differences estimation, we find that return initiatives, on average, promote interregional return migration. Among the considered workers, particularly those in the middle and at the top of the wage distribution are more likely to return.
Role of lipids in the organization of tight junction
Authors: Ikenouchi Junichi , Shigetomi Kenta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cell membrane structures are supramolecular complexes that require the ordered assembly of membrane proteins and lipids. The morphology of various cell adhesion structures in multicellular organisms, such as those between epithelial cells, neural synapses and immune synapses, was initially described through electron microscopic analyses. Subsequent studies aimed to catalog their constituent proteins, which encompass transmembrane cell adhesion molecules, cytoskeletal proteins and scaffolding proteins that bind the two components. However, the diversity of plasma membrane lipids and their significance in the organization of cell adhesion structures were underappreciated until recently. It is now understood that phase separation of lipids and liquid–liquid phase separation of proteins are important driving forces for such self-assembly. In this review, we summarized recent findings on the role of lipids as scaffolds for supramolecular complexes using tight junctions in epithelial cells as an example.
Executive and attentional functioning interventions in preterm children: a systematic review
Authors: Maalouf Yara , Provost Sarah , Gaudet Isabelle , Dodin Philippe , Paquette Natacha , Gallagher Anne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
This systematic review, performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, seeks to summarize the interventions that have been developed in order to improve executive functioning and attention in children born prematurely.

Methods
The PICOS framework helped guide the structure and relevant terms selected for the study. Electronic systematic searches of the databases PubMed (NLM), Ovid Medline, Ovid All EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, and Ovid PsycINFO were completed in March 2022. This review focuses on interventions that target attention and executive functioning in prematurely born children between birth and 12 years old, with outcome measures assessed between 3 and 12 years old, even if the age range in the study can exceed our own parameters. Data extraction included sample characteristics, country of recruitment, type of intervention, description of the intervention group and control group, outcome measures, and overall results. An assessment of the quality of methodology of studies was performed through an adaptation of the Downs and Black checklist for both randomized and nonrandomized studies in healthcare interventions. An assessment of the risk of bias was also presented using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials 2.0.

Results
A total of 517 premature children received an intervention at some point between birth and early adolescence. Eleven different interventions were assessed in 17 studies, with rating of the quality of methodology and outcomes ranging from lower quality studies (44% quality rating) to robust studies (96% quality rating) in terms of reporting standards, external and internal validity, and power. Five of those studies focused on interventions administered in the neonatal intensive care unit or shortly postdischarge (e.g., the Mother–Infant Transaction Program and the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program, documented in two articles each [11%] or the Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program assessed in one study [about 5%]), while 12 articles reported on interventions administered between the ages of 1.5–12 years old [mostly computerized cognitive training programs such as Cogmed (23%) and BrainGame Brian (17%)]. Of the 17 articles examined, 12 (70%) showed positive short-term outcomes postintervention and 3 (17%) demonstrated positive long-term results with small to large effect sizes (0.23–2.3). Among included studies, 50% showed an overall high risk of bias, 21.4% showed some concerns, and 28.6% were low risk of bias.

Conclusions
Due to the heterogeneity of the programs reviewed, the presented findings should be interpreted as descriptive results. A careful and individualized selection from the various available interventions should be made based on the target population (i.e., age at intervention administration and outcome testing) before implementing these program protocols in clinical settings.
Exploration of the potential mechanism of aqueous extract of Artemisia capillaris for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on network pharmacology and experimental verification
Authors: Liang Meng , Dong Siyu , Guo Yi , Zhang Yuyi , Xiao Xiao , Ma Jun , Jiang Xiaowen , Yu Wenhui 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a nutritional and metabolic disease with a high prevalence today. Artemisia capillaris has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other effects. However, the mechanism of A. capillaris in treating NAFLD is still poorly understood.

Methods
This study explored the mechanism of A. capillaris in the treatment of NAFLD through network pharmacology and molecular docking, and verified the results through in vivo experiments using a high-fat diet-induced mouse model and in vitro experiments using an oleic acid-induced HepG2 cell model.

Key findings
Aqueous extract of A. capillaris (AEAC) can reduce blood lipids, reduce liver lipid accumulation and liver inflammation in NAFLD mice, and improve NAFLD. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that 51 drug ingredients in A. capillaris correspond to 370 targets that act on NAFLD. GEO data mining obtained 93 liver differentially expressed genes related to NAFLD. In the UHPLC-MS detection results, 36 components were characterized and molecular docked with JNK. Verified in vitro and in vivo, the results show that JNK and the phosphorylation levels of IL-6, IL-1β, c-Jun, c-Fos, and CCL2 are key targets and pathways.

Conclusions
This study confirmed that AEAC reduces lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver of NAFLD mice by inhibiting the JNK/AP-1 pathway.
First Case of HIV Seroconversion With Integrase Resistance Mutations on Long-Acting Cabotegravir for Prevention in Routine Care
Authors: Koss Catherine A , Gandhi Monica , Halvas Elias K , Okochi Hideaki , Chu Carolyn , Glidden David V , Georgetti Gomez Lisa , Heaps Amy L , Conroy Amy A , Tran Michael , Shetler Cory , Hoeth Dianna , Kuncze Karen , Louie Alexander , Rivera Garza Hana , Wafula Mugoma Erick , Penrose Kerri J , Chohan Bhavna H , Ayieko James O , Mills Anthony , Patel Rupa R , Mellors John W , Parikh Urvi M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Long-acting cabotegravir (CAB-LA) is highly effective for HIV prevention, but delayed HIV diagnoses and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance were observed in trials. We report the first case in routine clinical care of HIV infection on CAB-LA with INSTI resistance.

Methods
The SeroPrEP study enrolls individuals in the United States who acquire HIV on pre-exposure prophylaxis modalities to assess diagnostics, antiretroviral (ARV) drug levels, resistance, and treatment outcomes. Resistance mutations in full-length HIV-1 integrase were identified by single-genome sequencing (SGS). Cabotegravir concentrations in plasma and hair segments were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results
A 23-year-old gender-nonbinary person, male at birth, restarted CAB-LA 6 months after discontinuation due to losing insurance. Prior to restart, HIV-1 RNA was not detected, but 20 days elapsed before CAB-LA injection. After the second CAB-LA injection, HIV antigen/antibody returned reactive (HIV-1 RNA 451 copies/mL). SGS of plasma HIV-1 RNA identified INSTI mutation Q148R in 2/24 sequences 2 days postdiagnosis; commercial genotype failed amplification. Cabotegravir hair concentration was 0.190 ng/mg 2 weeks prediagnosis; plasma cabotegravir was high (3.37 μg/mL; ∼20× PA-IC90) 14 days postdiagnosis. Viral suppression was maintained for 6 months on darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, then switched to doravirine + emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide due to nausea.

Conclusions
In this first case of HIV infection on CAB-LA with INSTI resistance in routine care, cabotegravir resistance was detected only with a sensitive research assay. Accelerated pathways to minimize time between HIV testing and CAB-LA initiation are needed to optimize acute HIV detection and mitigate resistance risk. Sustained product access regardless of insurance is imperative to reduce HIV infections on CAB-LA.
Associations of Early Prolonged Secondary Amenorrhea in Women With and Without HIV
Authors: Swann Shayda A , King Elizabeth M , Pang Davi , Silva Marcela A P , Campbell Amber R , Prior Jerilynn C , Loutfy Mona , Kaida Angela , Côté Hélène C F , Murray Melanie C M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
The menstrual cycle is a critical indicator of women's health. Early prolonged secondary amenorrhea increases risks for morbidity and mortality. Menstrual cycle research in women with HIV is inconsistent and often lacks an adequate comparison sample. We aimed to determine whether women with HIV have a higher lifetime prevalence of amenorrhea and whether this is independently associated with HIV and/or other biopsychosocial variables.

Methods
With data from 2 established HIV cohorts, participants assigned female at birth were eligible if aged ≥16 years, not pregnant/lactating, and without anorexia/bulimia nervosa history. Amenorrhea was defined by self-reported history of (1) no menstrual flow for ≥12 months postmenarche not due to pregnancy/lactation, medications, or surgery or (2) early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency. Multivariable logistic regression models explored biopsychosocial covariates of amenorrhea.

Results
Overall, 317 women with HIV (median age, 47.5 years [IQR, 39.2–56.4]) and 420 women without HIV (46.2 [32.6–57.2]) were included. Lifetime amenorrhea was significantly more prevalent among women with HIV than women without HIV (24.0% vs 13.3%). In the multivariable analysis, independent covariates of amenorrhea included HIV (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.10–2.64]), older age (1.01 [1.00–1.04]), White ethnicity (1.92 [1.24–3.03]), substance use history (6.41 [3.75–11.1]), and current food insecurity (2.03 [1.13–3.61]).

Conclusions
Nearly one-quarter of women with HIV have experienced amenorrhea, and this is associated with modifiable risk factors, including substance use and food insecurity. Care providers should regularly assess women's menstrual health and advocate for actionable sociostructural change to mitigate risks.
Nutrient Requirements Shape the Preferential Habitat of Allorhizobium vitis VAR03-1, a Commensal Bacterium, in the Rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hemelda Niarsi Merry , Bao Jiyuan , Watanabe Megumi , Matsui Hidenori , Toyoda Kazuhiro , Ichinose Yuki , Noutoshi Yoshiteru 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A diverse range of commensal bacteria inhabit the rhizosphere, influencing host plant growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. While root-released nutrients can define soil microbial habitats, the bacterial factors involved in plant–microbe interactions are not well characterized. In this study, we investigated the colonization patterns of two plant disease biocontrol agents, Allorhizobium vitis VAR03-1 and Pseudomonas protegens Cab57, in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana using Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium. VAR03-1 formed colonies even at a distance from the roots, preferentially in the upper part, while Cab57 colonized only the root surface. The addition of sucrose to the agar medium resulted in excessive proliferation of VAR03-1, similar to its pattern without sucrose, whereas Cab57 formed colonies only near the root surface. Overgrowth of both bacterial strains upon nutrient supplementation inhibited host growth, independent of plant immune responses. This inhibition was reduced in the VAR03-1 ΔrecA mutant, which exhibited increased biofilm formation, suggesting that some activities associated with the free-living lifestyle rather than the sessile lifestyle may be detrimental to host growth. VAR03-1 grew in liquid MS medium with sucrose alone, while Cab57 required both sucrose and organic acids. Supplementation of sugars and organic acids allowed both bacterial strains to grow near and away from Arabidopsis roots in MS agar. These results suggest that nutrient requirements for bacterial growth may determine their growth habitats in the rhizosphere, with nutrients released in root exudates potentially acting as a limiting factor in harnessing microbiota.
Barking up the wrong tree? Voter bias and female underrepresentation in Japanese politics
Authors: Lim Sijeong , Tanaka Seiki 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Previous studies on gender bias in the evaluation of politicians by voters have reported mixed results. We seek to understand these mixed findings by focusing on Japan, where female political representation is the lowest among advanced democracies and gender stereotypes are prevalent. We consider that gender stereotypes and the dearth of women in politics affect the evaluation of politicians via two distinct mechanisms: biased beliefs and weak priors. The two mechanisms are assumed to run counter to each other, thus leading to the null or mixed findings for gendered evaluation reported by previous studies. To test our argument, we conduct a series of survey experiments in Japan. Our findings conform to neither of the two mechanisms. Even in a society with low female political representation, we find no evidence of the gendered evaluation of candidates by voters. We suggest that rather than biasing voters’ evaluation of candidates, gender stereotypes dissuade women from aspiring to a political career and elite electoral gatekeepers from selecting female candidates.